Jain Gyan Mimansa

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Prachya Vidyapith Shajapur
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004419/1

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA-50 na jJAnamAmAsA asA DaoN. sAgaramala jaina prakAzaka : prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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samarpaNa pa. pU. mAlava siMhanI zrI vallabhaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. sevAmUrti zrI pAnaku~varajI ma.sA. pa. pU. suprasiddha vyAkhyAtrI zrI hemaprabhAzrIjI ma.sA. pa.pU.adhyAtma rasikA zrI maNiprabhAzrIjI ma.sA.

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ISBN-No.978-81-910801-8-6 (3) prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka-50 jaina jJAnamImAMsA - lekhaka - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina cya vi rAjApura yA vidyA prakAzaka - prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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prAcya vidyApITha granthamAlA kramAMka-50 jaina jJAnamImAMsA lekhaka : . DaoN. pro. sAgaramala jaina prakAzakaprAcya vidyApITha, dupADA.roDa zAjApura (ma.pra.) phona na. 07364-222218 email - sagarmal.jain@gmail.com prakAzana varSa 2014-15 kApIrAiTa mUlya - lekhaka - rUpaye 200/ mudraka AkRti oNphaseTa 5, naI peTha, chatrI cauka ke pAsa ujjaina (ma.pra.) phonaH 0734-2561720

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prakAzakIya - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina vidyA ke adhikRta viddhAna haiN| unhoMne hamAre Agraha para "jaina jJAna mImAMsA" para atyAdhika parizrama pUrvaka yaha grantha taiyAra kiyA hai| aba ve apane jIvana ke 8 3 veM varSa meM cala rahe haiM, phira bhI jana sAmAnya ke upayoga ke lie unake dvArA racita yaha grantha prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai / grantha kI bhASA pravAha yukta, sarala evaM subodha hai / hameM AzA hai ki jaina jagata isa kRti kA adhyayana kara jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM apane jJAna kI abhivRddhi kregaa| narendra jaina saciva prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra.)

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svakathya jaina jJAna mImAMsA para vaise to Aja taka aneka kRtiyA~ prakAzita huI hai| phira bhI yugIna paristhitiyoM tulanAtmaka aitihAsika gaveSaNA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara isa kRti kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| isa sampUrNa prayAsa meM merA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai| sabhI kucha paM. dalasukhabhaI Adi gurujanoM kA diyA huaahai| isameM maiM apanI maulikatA kA kyA karU~? phira isa grantha meM maiMne vibhinna avadhAraNAoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jainadarzana ke anya granthoM meM prAyaH isa dRSTi kA utanI gambhIratA se nirvAha nahIM huA hai yahI isa kRti kI vishesstaahai| yadA sauSThavaM kizcid gurudeva me nhi| yada trAsoSThavaM kiJcit tanmamaiva te nahi // - sAgaramala jaina

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jainadharma evaM darzana-293 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-1 vibhAga-3 jaina jJAnamImAMsA jaina darzana meM paMcajJAnavAda jaina darzana meM jJAna ke do rUpa mAne gaye - 1. yathArthajJAna (samyakjJAna) aura 2. mithyAjJAna / sAmAnyatayA, vastue~ yA tathya jaise haiM, vaise jAnanA yathArthajJAna yA samyajJAna hai aura vastu yA tathya ko yathArtha svarUpa meM na jAnakara usase bhinna yA itara rUpa se jAnanA mithyAjJAna hai| punaH, jaina-darzana ke anusAra hamArI yathArtha anubhUti bhI do prakAra kI hotI hai - 1. vastu jaisI hai, vaisI hI anubhava karanA aura 2. vastu jaisI pratIta hotI hai, vaisI anubhUti krnaa| yadyapi ye donoM jJAna apekSA-bheda se satya haiM, kintu ve donoM apanI pRthak-pRthak anubhUti ke kAraNa apekSA bheda se hI satya haiM, phira bhI AMzika satya hI haiM, sampUrNa satya nahIM haiN| jaina-darzana meM vastu-svarUpa kI yathArtha anubhUti ko nizcaya satya kahA gayA hai, jabaki pratItigamya satya ko mAtra vyavahAra satya kahA gayA hai| yathArtha anubhUti ko nizcaya satya aura pratItIgata anubhUti ko vyavahAra satya kahA gayA hai| nizcaya aura vyavahAra kI carcA hama alaga se kreNge| yahA~ to mAtra ina donoM pakSoM kA digdarzana karA rahe haiN| dUsare, jaina darzana satya jJAna yA anubhUti ko hI pramANarUpa nahIM mAnatA hai| cAhe vyAvahArika rUpa se unheM satya kahA jAye; kintu vastutaH to ve samyak yA satya nahIM haiN| isa hetu jainoM ne usa jJAna ko hI samyakajJAna kahA hai, jo jiyA jAtA hai| mAna leM ki eka vyakti yathArtha rUpa se yaha jAnatA hai ki zarAba pIne se kauna-kaunasI hAniyA~ hotI haiM, phira bhI yadi vaha zarAba pItA hai, to jainadRSTi se use jJAnI nahIM mAnA jaaegaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-darzana meM jJAna se tAtparya vahIM jJAna hai, jo AcaraNa meM utArA jAtA hai, anya jJAna to mAtra jAnakArI yA sUcanAe~ haiM, isalie kahA gayA hai ki - .. jeNa taccaM vibujjhejja, jeNa cittaM nniruujjhdi|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-294 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-2 jeNa attA visujjhejja, taM gANaM jinnsaasnne|| jeNa rAgA virajjejja, jeNa seesu rjjdi| jeNa mittI pabhAvejja, taM NANaM jinnsaasnne|| . jisase tattva kA jJAna hotA hai, jisase citta kA nirodha hotA hai tathA AtmA kI vizuddhi hotI hai, athavA jisase jIva rAga-dveSa se vimukha hotA hai, zreyas meM anurakta hotA hai aura jisase maitrIbhAva prakaTa hotA (bar3hatA) hai, usI ko jinazAsana meM samyak jJAna kahA gayA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra, jJAna kevala racanAtmaka jAnakArI nahIM hai| mithyAdRSTi ko matijJAna, zrutajJAna aura avadhijJAna hote haiM, kintu jaina-darzana unheM ajJAna hI kahatA hai| jo jJAna samyak prakAra se jiyA nahIM jAtA hai, use jaina-darzana ajJAna kahatA hai| mithyAdRSTi ke uparokta tInoM jJAna bhI ajJAna hI haiM, ajJAna bhI tIna prakAra kA hai- 1. saMzaya, 2. viparyaya (viparIta jJAna) 3. anadhyavasAya | jo ajJAna ko naSTa kare, vahI jJAna hai| ata; saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya ko jo samApta karatA hai, vahI jJAna hai| 1. jJAna prApti kI do vidhAe~ , jJAna-prApti ke do sAdhana haiM - 1. anubhUti aura 2. buddhi / jJAna ke kSetra meM hamArA anubhava aura hamArA bauddhika-cintana sat ke kama-se-kama do pakSa to upasthita kara hI detA hai| eka, vaha jo dikhAI par3atA hai aura dUsarA, vaha jo isa dikhAI par3ane vAle ke mUla meM hai- eka, vaha jo pratIti (anubhUti) hai aura dUsarA, vaha jo usa pratIti kA AdhAra hai| buddhi kabhI bhI isa bAta se santuSTa nahIM hotI ki jo kucha pratIti hai, vaha usI rUpa meM satya hai, varan vaha svayaM usa pratIti ke pIche jhA~kanA cAhatI hai, vaha sat ke indriyagamya sthUla svarUpa se santuSTa na hokara usake sUkSma aura mUla svarUpa taka jAnA cAhatI hai| dRzya se santuSTa na hokara usakI taha taka praveza karanA mAnavIya-buddhi kI naisargika prakRti hai aura jaba apane isa prayAsa meM vastutattva ke pratIta hone vAle svarUpa aura usa pratIti ke mUla meM nihita Atma-nirdiSTa yA buddhi-nirdiSTa svarUpa meM antara pAtI hai, to vaha svataH prasUta isa duvidhA meM par3a jAtI hai ki inameM se yathArtha kauna hai -

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-295 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-3 pratIti kA viSaya, yA tattva kA buddhi-nirdiSTa svarUpa ? cArvAka dArzanikoM, bhautikavAdI-vaijJAnikoM evaM anubhavavAdI- dArzanikoM ne vastutattva yA sat ke indriyapradatta jJAna ko hI yathArtha samajhA aura buddhipradatta usa jJAna ko, jo indriyAnubhUti kA viSaya nahIM ho sakatA thA, ayathArtha khaa| dUsarI ora, kucha buddhivAdI tathA adhyAtmavAdI-dArzanikoM ne usa indriyagamya jJAna ko ayathArtha kahA, jo bauddhika-tarka kI kasauTI para kharA nahIM utaratA thA, lekina ye donoM ekAMgI dRSTikoNa samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna prastuta nahIM karate the| yahI kAraNa thA ki prabuddha dArzanikoM ko apanI vyAkhyAoM ke lie sat ke sambandha meM vibhinna dRSTikoNoM kA avalambana lenA pdd'aa| jina dArzanikoM ne sat kI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha meM dRSTikoNoM kA avalambana lene se inakAra kiyA, ve ekAMgI raha gae aura unheM indriyajanya saMvedanAtmaka jJAna aura tArkika cintanAtmaka jJAna meM se kisI eka ko ayathArtha mAnakara usakA parityAga karanA pdd'aa| sambhavataH, isa dArzanika-samasyA ke nirAkaraNa evaM sat ke sandarbha meM sarvAMga dRSTikoNa prastuta karane kA prathama prayAsa jaina aura bauddha-AgamoM meM parilakSita hotA hai| jaina-vicAradhArA ke anusAra, na to indriyAnubhUti hI asatya hai aura na buddhipradatta jJAna hii| eka meM sat kA vaha jJAna hai, jisa rUpa meM hamArI indriyA~ use grahaNa kara pAtI haiN| dUsare meM sat kA vaha jJAna hai, jisa rUpa meM vaha hai, athavA buddhi usake maulika svarUpa ke viSaya meM jo jJAna hameM pradAna karatI hai| jaina-AgamoM ke anusAra, pahalI ko vyavahAranaya kahate haiM aura dUsarI ko nizcayanaya / vyavahAradRSTi sthUlatattvagrAhI hai, jo yaha batAtI hai ki tattva yA sattA ko janasAdhAraNa kisa rUpa meM samajhatA hai| nizcayadRSTi sUkSmatattvagrAhI hai, jo sattA ke buddhipradatta vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna karAtI hai, jaise, pRthvI sapATa evaM sthira hai - yaha vyavahAradRSTi hai, kyoMki hamArA loka - vyavahAra aisA hI mAnakara calatA hai aura pRthvI gola evaM gatizIla hai- yaha nizcayadRSTi hai, arthAt vaha usakA vAstavika svarUpa hai| donoM meM se kisI ko bhI ayathArtha to kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA, kyoMki eka indriyapratIti ke rUpa meM satya hai aura dUsarA buddhiniSpanna satya hai| sat ke viSaya meM ye do dRSTiyA~ haiM, donoM hI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-296 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-4 apane-apane kSetra meM satya haiM, yadyapi donoM meM se koI bhI akele svatantra rUpa meM sat kA pUrNa svarUpa prakaTa nahIM karatI hai| vastusvarUpa kI anubhUti aura abhivyakti- donoM hI sApekSa haiN| eka buddhi aura indriya sApekSa hai, to dUsarI bhASA-sApekSa hai, ataH naya yA dRSTi para AdhArita hai| naya-jJAna sImita yA sApekSa hai| nayoM evaM dRSTiyoM se jAnA gayA aura bhASA dvArA abhivyakta jJAna bhI sImita yA sApekSa satya hI hotA hai, jo jJAna jisa dRSTi se jAnA gayA yA jina zabdoM ke mAdhyama se kahA gayA, usakI satyatA usI dRSTikoNa para AdhArita hotI hai| saMsAra meM kucha bhI nirapekSa satya nahIM hai, sabhI kathana sApekSa satya hI haiN| 2. jaina-darzana ke anusAra jJAna kI vividha vidhAe~ ___ jaisA ki Upara kahA gayA hai, jaina-dArzanika sat ke sambandha meM do dRSTikoNa lekara calate haiM - nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya / jaina-darzana ke . anusAra, 'sat apane Apa meM eka pUrNatA hai, anantatA hai| indriyAnubhUti, buddhi, bhASA aura vANI apanI sImA meM ananta ke ekAMza kA hI grahaNa kara pAtI haiN| vahI ekAMza kA bodha naya (dRSTikoNa) kahalAtA hai| sata ke ananta pakSoM ko jina-jina dRSTikoNoM se dekhA jAtA hai, ve sabhI naya kahe jAte haiN| dRSTikoNoM ke sambandha meM jaina-dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki sat kI abhivyakti ke lie bhASA ke jitane prArUpa (kathana ke DhaMga) ho sakate haiM, utane hI naya ke bheda haiN| jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra, jitane naya ke bheda ho sakate haiM, utane hI vAda yA matAntara athavA dRSTikoNa hote haiN| vaise to jaina-darzana meM nayoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI gaI hai, lekina phira bhI moTe taura para nayoM ke do aura sAta bheda kie gae haiN| ___eka anya apekSA se, jaina-darzana meM jJAna kI tIna vidhAe~ mAnI gaI haiN| jaina-darzana meM jJAna pA~ca prakAra kA hai - (1) matijJAna, (2) zrutajJAna, (3) avadhijJAna, (4) manaHparyavajJAna aura (5) kevljnyaan| inameM matijJAna aura zrutajJAna parokSajJAna haiM aura zeSa tIna aparokSajJAna haiN| aparokSajJAna meM AtmA ko sat kA binA kisI sAdhana ke sIdhA bodha hotA hai| ise aparokSAnubhUti bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| zeSa do, matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kramazaH anubhUtyAtmaka-jJAna aura bauddhika-jJAna se sambandhita haiN| matijJAna meM jJAna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-297 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-5 ke sAdhana mana aura indriyA~ haiN| isa AdhAra para matijJAna ko anubhUtyAtmaka jJAna aura zrutajJAna ko tArkika yA bauddhika-jJAna kahA jA sakatA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM vitarka (buddhi) ko zruta kahA hai| vaise, zrutajJAna kA eka artha Agamika-jJAna bhI mAnA gayA hai, lekina Agama bhI bauddhika-jJAna hI hai, ataH zrutajJAna bauddhika jJAna hI hai| isa prakAra, jaina-vicAraNA meM jJAnaprApti ke sAdhanoM ke rUpa meM tIna vidhAe~ upasthita ho jAtI haiM - (1) anubhUti (darzana), (2) aindrika evaM mAnasika-saMvedana, (3) bauddhika yA Agamika-jJAna yA Atmika jJAna / anubhUti ke bhI do rUpa haiM- 1. aindrika yA mAnasika-saMvedana 2.aparokSAnubhUti yA Atmika-jJAna / ise antardRSTi (Indtution) yA prajJA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| inameM anubhUti yA darzana sAmAnya bodha aura jJAna vizeSa bodha hai| yahA~ hama, prathama, jainoM ke paMcajJAnavAda kI carcA kareMge aura phira unakI pramANa sambandhI avadhAraNA kI carcA kreNge| jaina-jJAnamImAMsA - jaina-nyAyazAstra ko mUlataH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai- 1. jJAna-mImAMsA aura 2. prmaann-miimaaNsaa| jJAna-mImAMsA aura pramANa-mImAMsA meM jaina-jJAnamImAMsA pramANa-mImAMsA kI apekSA prAcIna aura unakI apanI maulika hai, jabaki jaina-pramANamImAMsA kA vikAsa anya pramANa-mImAMsAoM ke prakAza meM hI huA hai| jaina-jJAnamImAMsA kI carcA mUlabhUta jaina Agama-sAhitya meM bhI hai, jabaki jaina-pramANamImAMsA kA prArambha siddhasena divAkara ke nyAyAvatAra se hI dekhA jAtA hai| AgamoM meM eka do sandarbho ke atirikta pramANazAstra kI koI carcA nahIM hai| jainoM ke prathama dArzanika grantha tattvArthasUtra meM bhI pramANamImAMsA kI koI vistRta carcA nahIM hai| jaina-pramANamImAMsA para kahIM bauddhoM kA aura kahIM naiyAyikoM kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| pramANa-mImAMsA meM jainoM ne apane anekAMta-siddhAnta kA vyApaka prayoga kiyA hai aura isa kSetra meM rahI huI do virodhI dhAraNAoM ko anekAMtadRSTi se samanvita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| . jaina-jJAnamImAMsA ke ullekha prAkRta Agama-sAhitya meM vistAra se milate haiN| nandIsUtra to pUrNataH jaina-jJAnamImAMsA kA hI grantha hai, kintu isa paravartI Agama-grantha kI apekSA bhI prAcIna stara ke bhagavatIsUtra aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-298 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-6 prajJApanAsUtra meM bhI paMcajJAnoM kI carcA milatI hai| tattvArthasUtra bhI paMca jJAnoM kI carcA pramANa-carcA kI apekSA vistAra se karatA hai, jabaki pramANacarcA meM pAMcoM jJAnoM ko pramANa kahakara apanI bAta ko samApta kara detA hai| yahA~ yaha prazna bhI uThatA hai ki jJAna yA pramANa kyA hai ? isakA saMkSipta uttara yaha hai ki jo bodha (Atma-saMvedana) saMzaya, viparyaya (viparIta jJAna) aura anadhyavasAya rUpa ho aura AtmasajagatA se rahita ho, vaha ajJAna hai aura apramANa bhI hai| isake viparIta jo bodha hai, vahI jJAna hai, ise hI abhinibodhika-jJAna bhI kahate haiN| paMcajJAnavAda jaina-paramparA meM jJAna pAMca mAne gaye haiM- 1. matijJAna, 2. zrutajJAna, 3. avadhijJAna, 4. manaHparyavajJAna aura 5. kevljnyaan| ina pA~ca jJAnoM meM . matijJAna, zrutajJAna aura avadhijJAna - ye tIna jJAna mithyAdRSTi vyaktiyoM kI apekSA se ajJAnarUpa bhI mAne gaye haiN| jaina-karmasiddhAnta meM AtmA ke jJAnopayoga ko bhI ATha prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai - 1. mati-jJAna, 2. mati-ajJAna, 3. zruta-jJAna, 4. zruta-ajJAna, 5. avadhijJAna, 6. vibhaMgajJAna, 7. manaHparyavajJAna aura 8. kevalajJAna / manaHparyavajJAna aura kevalajJAna ajJAnarUpa nahIM ho sakate haiM, kyoMki ve sAkSAt jJAna haiN| avadhijJAna bhI yadyapi sAkSAt jJAna hai, phira bhI vikRta AtmA arthAt vibhAvadazAyukta nArakI jIvoM yA tiryaca AtmA meM isakI sambhAvanA hone se vaha ajJAnarUpa bhI ho sakatA hai| prathamatayA, manaHparyava kevala samyakadRSTi apramatta muniyoM ko hotA hai, ve mithyAtva se yukta nahIM hote haiM, ataH manaHparyavajJAna vikRta yA ajJAnarUpa nahIM hotA hai| dUsare, yadi manaHparyavajJAna para sva-cetanA kI apekSA se vicAra kareM, to mana kI paryAyeM to cetanA meM yathAvat hI anubhUta hotI haiM, ataH ve ajJAnarUpa nahIM ho sakatI haiN| manaHparyavajJAna aura kevalajJAna bhI mana aura indriyoM ke Azrita nahIM haiM, ataH ve bhI vikRta nahIM hote haiN| (1) matijJAna _ mana aura iMdriyoM ke mAdhyama se vastu kA jo vizeSa-jJAna hotA hai, use matijJAna kahate haiN| prathamatayA, indriyoM ke mAdhyama se bAhyArthoM kA jo

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-399 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -7 sAmAnya avabodha hotA hai, use 'darzana' (aindrikasaMvedana) kahate haiM, vaha bodha sAmAnya rUpa hotA hai| usa bodha meM mana kA yogadAna hone para vastu kA usakI vizeSatAoM sahita jo nizcita jJAna hotA hai, vaha matijJAna kahalAtA hai| matijJAna kI isa prakriyA ke cAra stara hote haiM, jinheM kramaza:- 1. avagraha, 2. IhA, 3. avAya (apAya) aura 4. dhAraNA kahA jAtA hai| prathama, indriya kA apane viSaya se samparka hotA hai, kintu usa samaya jo aspaSTa avabodha hotA hai, use vyaMjanAvagraha kahate haiM, jaise- gaharI nidrA meM kisI ke dvArA eka-do bAra pukAre jAne para zravaNendriya kA apane viSaya 'zabda' se samparka to hotA hai, kintu usakA spaSTa avabodha nahIM hotA hai| usake pazcAt, jaba cetanA meM yaha bodha hotA hai ki koI mujhe pukAra rahA hai, taba use arthAvagraha kahate haiN| usake pazcAta, jaba cetanA usa bodha ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnane meM pravRtta hotI hai, to usa prakriyA ko IhA kahate haiM, jaise- yaha kisakI AvAja hai ? phira bhI IhA saMzaya kI avasthA nahIM hai, yaha bodha kI nirNayAbhimukha avasthA hai, jaise - ye kisI strI ke zabda honA cAhie, kyoMki ye madhura haiN| usake pazcAt, jo nirNayAtmaka nizcita bodha hotA hai, use avAya yA apAya kahA jAtA hai| jaba yaha nizcita bodha smRti meM surakSita kiyA jAtA hai, to use dhAraNA kahate haiN| isa prakAra, matijJAna kI prakriyA avagraha se prArambha hokara dhAraNA meM pUrNa hotI hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki tattvArthasUtra Adi kI prAcIna paramparA meM matijJAna ko parokSa jJAna hI mAnA gayA thA, kyoMki isameM AtmA ko jo jJAna hotA hai, vaha indriyoM evaM mana ke mAdhyama se hI hotA hai| jo jJAna iMdriyoM yA mana ke dvArA hotA hai, use parokSajJAna hI kahA gayA, kyoMki yaha parAzrita hai| isa prakAra ke jJAna meM hama vastu ke nijasvarUpa na jAnakara indriya yA mana use jisa prakAra dikhAte haiM, vaisA dekhate haiN| dUsare yaha ki matijJAna indriya aura mana ke mAdhyama se padArtha yA manovikalpoM kA bodha karatA hai- ye sabhI 'sva' se bhinna haiM, parApekSI haiM, ataH matijJAna parokSa jJAna hI hai, kintu lagabhaga pAMcavIM zatI se jainAcAryoM ne isa jJAna ko sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa kahA hai, kyoki anya dArzanika-paramparAeM mana aura indriyajanya

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* jaina dharma evaM darzana-300 ... jaina jJAnamImAMsA-8 jJAna ko bhI pratyakSa jJAna hI mAna rahI thiiN| matijJAna ke viSaya matijJAna ke viSaya padArtha athavA manovikalpa hI haiN| padArtha 'sva' se bhinna hai, ataH 'para' hai| manovikalpa hamAre hokara bhI hama unake draSTA hote haiM, ataH ve hamAre jJAna ke viSaya hote haiN| hama jJAtA hote haiM aura ve jJeya hote haiM, jJeya hone se ve hamase itara yA bhinna hote haiM, ataH matijJAna bheda-dRSTivAlA hotA hai| matijJAna yadyapi sImita jJAna hai, phira bhI usakA viSaya samasta padArtha (dravya), samasta kSetra, sabhI kAla aura samasta avasthAe~ (bhAva) hote haiN| isa prakAra, matijJAna ke viSayoM ke nimna bAraha prakAra banate haiM - 1. eka (alpa), 2. aneka (bahu), 3. eka prakAra ke (ekavidha), 4. aneka prakAra ke (anekavidha), 5. zIghragrAhI (kSipra), 6. kaThinatA yA derI se grAhI (akSipra), 7. nizrita (anya ke Azrita), 8. anizrita (anya kisI para Azrita nahIM), 9. asaMdigdha (spaSTa), 10. saMdigdha (aspaSTa), 11. dhruvagrAhI (zAzvata mUlya vAle) aura 12. adhruvagrAhI (sAmayika mUlya vaale)| matijJAna ke bheda apane viSaya kI apekSA se yaha matijJAna eka vastu kA, aneka vastuoM kA, eka prakAra kI vastuoM kA, aneka prakAra kI aneka vastuoM kA ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra, jJAna ke svarUpa kI apekSA se zIghragrAhI, saMketa se artha kA grAhI, sAkSAt artha kA grAhI, saMdigdha, asaMdigdha tathA sthAyI yA asthAyI rUpa hotA hai| isa prakAra, matijJAna ke uparyukta bAraha bheda bhI hote haiN| avagraha ke mUlataH do bheda haiM - vyaJjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha / vyaJjanAvagraha avyakta anubhUti hai, yaha nimnAnusAra cAra prakAra kA hotA hai - 1. ghrANaja, 2. zrotraja, 3. rasanaja, 4. sparzaja / cakSu aura mana se vyaJjanAvagraha nahIM hotA hai, inase sIdhA arthabodha yA arthAvagraha hotA hai| cakSu aura mana ko chor3akara zeSa cAra indriyoM, arthAt zrautendriya (kAna), ghrANendriya (nAsikA), rasanendriya (jIbha) aura sparzendriya (tvacA) se hone ke kAraNa yaha cAra prakAra kA hai, jabaki arthAvagraha pAMcoM indriyoM aura mana se

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-301 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-9 hone ke kAraNa cha: prakAra kA hotA hai| vyaJjanAvagraha ke cAra evaM arthAvagraha ke chaha- isa prakAra avagraha ke dasa, IhA ke chaha, avAya ke chaha, dhAraNA ke chaha, kula 28 bheda hote haiN| inakA uparyukta 12 prakAroM se guNA karane para matijJAna ke kula 336 bheda mAne gaye haiN| __eka anya apekSA se matijJAna ke anya do bheda bhI haiM- 1. zrutanizrita matijJAna aura 2. azrutanizrita mtijnyaan| bhASAyI jJAna ke AdhAra para matijJAna kI jo abhivyakti hotI hai, vaha zruta-nizrita matijJAna hai, kintu antaHprajJA yA viveka- buddhi ke dvArA jo matijJAna hotA hai, vaha azrutanizrita matijJAna hai| zrutanizrita matijJAna ko bauddhika-jJAna bhI kahA gayA hai, isake cAra bheda haiM- 1. autpAtika-buddhi (tAtkAlika-buddhi) 2. vainayikI-buddhi (gurU-paramparA se prApta buddhi) 3. karmajA-buddhi (zilpajJAna kI zakti) aura 4. pariNAmikI-buddhi (kisI kArya ko karate hue dekhakara use sIkha jAne kI shkti)| ina cAroM ko milAne para matijJAna ke 336 + 4 = 340 kula 340 bheda bhI hote haiN| matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA sambandha _____ matijJAna aura zrutajJAna eka-dUsare se abhinna haiN| jahA~ taka indriya saMvedanAjanya matijJAna kA prazna hai, vaha jJAna zrutajJAna kA AdhAra banatA hai| indriya saMvedanAoM kA arthabodha zrutajJAna ke antargata AtA hai, ataH aindrika- saMvedanAoM ke binA zrutajJAna nahIM hotaa| aindrika-saMvedanAoM se hama jo artha kA bodha karate haiM, vahI zrutajJAna kahA jAtA hai| ataH, tattvArthasUtra kA yaha kathana satya hai ki matijJAnapUrvaka hI zrutajJAna hotA hai, kintu yaha bhI ekAntataH satya nahIM hai| jina prANiyoM ko mana hai, arthAta jinameM mAnasika-stara para saMkalpa-vikalpa calate haiM, ve sabhI vikalpa zabdoM para AdhArita hone se matijJAna ke lie bhI zrutajJAna Avazyaka hotA hai| kyoMki binA zAbdika arthabodha ke vicAra yA vikalpa saMbhava nahIM hote, isalie jaina-AcAryoM ne isa dRSTi se matijJAna ke bhI do bheda kie haiM1. zrutanizrita matijJAna aura 2. azrutanizrita matijJAna / mAtra aindrika-saMvedanoM se jo bodha prApta hotA hai, vaha azrutanizrita matijJAna hai, jabaki citta meM jo vikalpa utpanna hote haiM, ve vikalpa zabdarUpa hone se vikalpa yA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-302 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-10 vicArarUpa matijJAna zrutanizritamatijJAna kahalAtA hai, kyoMki vikalpa zabdoM ke binA nahIM banate haiN| jaina-dArzanikoM ne matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA saMbaMdha batAte hue eMkAgI dRSTikoNa nahI apanAyA hai| eka ora, ve yaha mAnate haiM ki aindrika-saMvedanoM se jo jJAna hotA hai, usameM matijJAna prathama aura zrutajJAna bAda meM hotA hai, jabaki isake viparIta, manovikalpoM kA jo bodha hotA hai, usameM zrutajJAna prathama aura matijJAna bAda meM hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-AcAryoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki jahA~ matijJAna hai, vahA~ zrutajJAna hai aura jahA~ zrutajJAna hai, vahA~ matijJAna hai| ___ matijJAna kA eka paryAyavAcI zabda 'abhinibodha' yA AbhinibodhikajJAna bhI hai, isakA artha hotA hai - eka samagra aura sambandhita arthabodha / ataH, zrutajJAna se bhinna matijJAna aura matijJAna se bhinna zrutajJAna sambhava nahIM hai| jahA~ bhI vastu ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM, yaha aisI hai aura aisI nahIM hai- isa prakAra kA jo bodha hotA hai, usameM matijJAna aura zrutajJAna eka-dUsare meM pUrI taraha samAhita hote haiN| matijJAna aura zrutajJAna ko hama vaicArika-stara para alaga-alaga kara sakate haiM, lekina sattA ke stara para to ve abhinna hI haiM, arthAt (They are distinguisable but not spreatable) / ve pRthaka-pRthak rUpa se jAne jA sakate haiM, kintu pRthak kiye nahIM jA sakate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAcAryoM ne yaha mAnA ki matijJAna aura zrutajJAna sadaiva sAtha-sAtha rahate haiM aura ekendriya Adi sabhI jIvoM meM sAtha-sAtha pAye jAte haiN| . zrutajJAna kA svarUpa __ zrutajJAna zAbdika-jJAna hai| zabdoM ke mAdhyama se hameM jo arthabodha hotA hai, usako sAmAnyatayA zrutajJAna kahate haiN| kucha logoM ne isa AdhAra para ise bhASAyIjJAna bhI kahA hai| vastutaH, aindrika evaM mAnasika-saMvedanoM se jo bhI arthabodha hama grahaNa karate haiM, vaha cAhe zabda yA akSara-rUpa ho yA na ho, use zrutajJAna hI kahA jAtA hai, isalie anubhUtijanya saMketoM se jo arthabodha hotA hai, vaha bhI zrutajJAna ke antargata AtA hai, ataH zrutajJAna kevala bhASAyI jJAna nahI hai| zabda ke uccAraNa yA lekhana ke binA bhI saMketoM ke AdhAra para jo arthabodha kiyA jAtA hai, vaha bhI zrutajJAna ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-303 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -11 antargata AtA hai| sAmAnyatayA, zrutajJAna kA artha sunakara- aisA hotA hai aura sunane kI yaha prakriyA zabdoM ke uccAraNapUrvaka hotI hai aura isalie kucha logoM ne yaha mAna liyA ki zrutajJAna zAbdika yA bhASAyI-jJAna hai, kintu jaina AgamoM meM ekendriya jIvoM meM bhI zrutajJAna kI sambhAvanA mAnI hai, usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ekendriya jIva bhI sparza-indriya ke mAdhyama se jo saMketa unheM milate haiM, unase arthabodha grahaNa kara lete haiN| ataH, zrRtajJAna meM zabda yA bhASA kA upayoga hotA hai, phira bhI vaha Avazyaka nahIM hotaa| zrutajJAna meM mAtra itanA Avazyaka hai ki indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hameM jo saMvedanAe~ prApta hotI haiM, unake artha kA bodha hameM ho, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM skAuTsa jhaNDI yA sITI Adi ke mAdhyama se arthabodha prApta karate haiN| yadyapi sITI dhvani-rUpa hai, zabdarUpa nahIM hai, isalie jaina AcAryoM ne bhASA ko bhI do prakAra kA mAnA hai, zabda yA dhvani-rUpa bhASA aura saMketa-grahaNarUpa bhASA / vyavahAra meM hama zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM aura una zabdoM se arthabodha karate haiM, kintu indriya-saMketoM meM, cAhe ve zabdarUpa ho yA nA hoM, unase arthabodha karane kI jo sAmarthya rahI hai, vahI to zrutajJAna hai| ataH, zrutajJAna zabdarUpa bhI hotA hai aura artharUpa bhI hotA hai| - zrutajJAna kA eka sAmAnya artha hotA hai- jo jJAna sunakara prApta hotA hai, vaha jJAna, kintu matijJAna meM bhI zrotendriya se sunakara jJAna prApta hotA hai, phira bhI donoM meM antara hai| sunakara jo arthabodha hotA hai, vaha zrutajJAna hai, jabaki mAtra dhvanitaraMgoM kA zravaNamAtra matijJAna hai, jaisekisI tamila bhASA ke ajJAnI vyakti ke sammukha koI tamila bhASA meM gAnA gAe, to vaha dhvaniyoM ko sunatA to hai, ve dhvaniyA~ use anukUla yA pratikUla bhI lagatI haiM; kintu yaha dhvanisaMvedana mAtra matijJAna hai, parantu jaba koI tamila bhASA kA jJAtA una dhvanitaraMgoM kA saMvedana kara arthAt unheM sunakara jo arthabodha karatA hai, arthAt kyA kahA jA rahA hai aura usakA artha kyA hai- yaha jAnatA hai, to vaha arthabodha zrutajJAna hotA hai| zrutajJAna mAtra dhvani-saMvedanarUpa na hokara arthabodha-rUpa hotA hai, ataH zrutajJAna bhASika-jJAna . hai aura bhASika-jJAna ke rUpa meM yaha arthasaMketa-grahaNa-rUpa hai, ataH anya indriyoM dvArA gRhIta saMvedanoM se bhI jaba arthabodha prApta hotA hai, to ve bhI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-304 .. 'jaina jJAnamImAMsA-12 zrutajJAnarUpa ho jAte haiM, jaise- koI vyakti hameM hAtha ke saMketa se praveza niSedha kA saMketa detA hai, to vaha arthabodha bhI zrutajJAna hotA hai, isalie zruta ke do bheda haiM - 1. akSara-zruta aura 2. anakSara-zruta / zrutajJAna bhASika yA zabdadhvani-rUpa bhI ho sakatA hai| zabda-dhvani se rahita AkRti ke saMvedanapUrvaka usase hone vAle arthabodha-rUpa bhI / vaha zabdadhvani-rUpa bhI hotA hai aura zabda-AkRti ke cakSu-saMvedana-rUpa yA anya saMketa-rUpa bhI hotA hai, jaise- ekendriya jIva mAtra zArIrika-saMvedana se bhI arthabodha karate haiM, athavA pazu-pakSI anakSara dhvani-saMketoM se athavA zArIrika-saMvedanoM se bhI arthabodha kara lete haiM, jaise- pakSiyoM ko tUphAna, bhUkampa Adi kA pUrva se hI bodha ho jAtA hai| ataH, merI dRSTi meM pAMcoM indriyoM eva mana dvArA jo mAtra saMvedana-rUpa hai, vaha matijJAna hai aura jo artharUpa hai, vaha zrutajJAna hai| zrutajJAna meM bhASA kA vahIM taka sthAna hai, jahA~ taka arthabodha yA arthAbhivyakti meM sahAyaka hai| zrutajJAna kA eka artha zAstra-jJAna bhI hai| zAstra ko zruti yA Agama bhI kahate haiM - yahA~ zrutajJAna kA sambandha bhASAyIjJAna yA zAstrajJAna bhI hotA hai| prAcIna paramparA meM zrutajJAna kA tAtparya AgamajJAna yA zAstrajJAna bhI thaa| nandIsUtra meM zrutajJAna ko AgamajJAna yA zAstrajJAna ko bhI zrutajJAna kahA gayA hai| zrutajJAna ke bheda kisI bhI zabda kA zravaNa karane para vAcya-vAcakabhAva saMbaMdha ke AdhAra se artha-bodha kI jo upalabdhi hotI hai, use zrutajJAna kahate haiN| yaha jJAna bhI mana aura indriyoM ke nimitta se utpanna hotA hai, kintu phira bhI isake utpanna hone meM indriyoM kI apekSA mana kI mukhyatA hotI hai, ataH ise mana kA viSaya mAnA gayA hai, yA zrutajJAna bhI matijJAna kI taraha parokSa hai| zrutajJAna matipUrvaka hotA hai, isIlie sUtrakAra ne matijJAna ke pazcAt zrutajJAna kA varNana kiyA hai| nandIsUtra meM zruta ke caudaha bhedoM kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para zrutajJAna caudaha prakAra kA bhI hai, jaise- 1. akSarazruta, 2. anakSarazruta, 3. saMjJizruta, 4. asaMjJizruta, 5. samyakazruta, 6. mithyAzruta, 7. sAdikazruta, 8. anAdikazruta, 9.saparyavasitazruta, 10. aparyavasitazruta, 11. gamikazruta, 12. agamikazruta, 13. aMgapraviSTazruta,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-305 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-13 14. anaMgapraviSTazruta / isake atirikta, zruta ke aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya - aise do vibhAga bhI kiye gaye haiN| aMgapraviSTa ke AcArAMga Adi se lekara dRSTivAda taka 12 bheda haiM, isameM bhI dRSTivAda ke antargata bhI 14 pUrvo evaM aneka granthoM kA ullekha huA hai| aMgabAhya granthoM ke bhI aneka bheda haiN| nandIsUtra meM isake do bheda kiye haiM- 1. Avazyaka aura 2. Avazyaka-vyatirikta / punaH, Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi chaha bheda haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke punaH kAlika aura utkAlika - aise do bheda haiN| isake kAlika ke antargata 31 evaM utkAlika ke antargata 29 granthoM kA ullekha hai| vartamAna meM aMgabAhya meM 12 upAMga 6 cheda 4 mUla 10 prakIrNaka evaM 2 cUlikAsUtra mAne gaye haiN| digambara-paramparA meM aMgabAhya meM 14 grantha mAne gaye haiM, jabaki sthAnakavAsI evaM zvetAmbara-terApaMtha 12 upAMga 4 cheda 4 mUla evaM 1 AvazyakasUtra evaM inameM 11 aMgasUtra milAkara kula 32 Agama mAnate haiN| paramparAgata dRSTi se zrutajJAna AgamajJAna hai, kintu zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI. lor3hA kA kathana isase bhinna hai| unake anusAra, matijJAna 'para' vastu kA jJAna yA padArtha-jJAna hai, kyoMki vaha indriyAdhIna hai, unake viSaya varNa, gaMdha, rasa, sparza Adi haiN| punaH, mana kI apekSA se bhI vaha bauddhikajJAna hai, vicArajanya hai, ataH bhedarUpa hai, phira bhI matijJAna ke samAna zrutajJAna ko indriya yA buddhi kI apekSA nahIM hai, vaha zAzvata satyoM kA bodha hai| ve likhate haiM- 'zrutajJAna indriya, mana, buddhi kI apekSA se rahita svataH hone vAlA nija kA jJAna hai, arthAt sva-svabhAva kA jJAna hai| zrutajJAna svAdhyAyarUpa hai aura svAdhyAya kA eka artha hai- 'sva' kA adhyayana yA svAnubhUti / yadi zrutajJAna kA artha Agama yA zAstrajJAna leM, to bhI vaha heya, jJeya yA upAdeya kA bodha hai, isa prakAra vaha viveka-jJAna hai| viveka antaHsphUrta hai| vaha ucita-anucita kA sahaja bodha hai| niSkarSa yaha ki matijJAna parAdhIna hai, jabaki zrutajJAna svAdhIna hai| isa prakAra, AdaraNIya lor3hAjI ne Agamika- AdhAroM ko mAnya karake bhI zrutajJAna kI eka navIna dRSTi se vyAkhyA kI hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-306 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-14 avadhijJAna jaina-darzana meM paMca jJAnoM meM avadhi, manaHparyava aura kevalajJAna - ye tIna jJAna pratyakSa jJAna haiN| avadhijJAna zabda kA zAbdika artha hotA hai - sImita jJAna / sImita jJAna hote hue bhI yaha pratyakSa jJAna hai, kyoMki isa jJAna meM AtmA mana evaM indriyoM para nirbhara nahIM rahatA hai, ataH ise Atmika- pratyakSa athavA atIndriya-jJAna bhI kahate haiN| kevalajJAna yA sarvajJa ke jJAna kI apekSA isakA viSaya evaM kSetra sImita hone ke kAraNa hI ise avadhijJAna kahate haiN| SadravyoM meM yaha loka meM sthita mAtra mUrta pudgala-dravya ko jAna pAtA hai| avadhijJAnI indriyoM ke mAdhyama ke binA jagat ke bhautika padArthoM ko jAnane kI sAmarthya prApta kara letA hai| anya paramparA meM ise atIndriya jJAna (Extra Sensory Perception) kahate haiM, kintu yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki sabhI avadhijJAniyoM kI jJAna-sAmarthya samAna nahIM hotI hai, unameM taratamatA hotI hai, kama-se-kama eka aMgula ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga ko aura adhikatama lokAnta taka ke bhautika dravyoM ko jAnane kI kSamatA usameM hotI hai| yaha avadhijJAna do prakAra kA hotA hai - 1. bhavapratyaya aura 2. kssaayopshmik| . tIrthaMkaroM, devoM aura nArakIya-jIvoM ko, jo avadhijJAna janma se hI prApta hotA hai, vaha bhavapratyaya avadhijJAna hai| kisI prakAra kI sAdhanA yA cAritrika - pavitratA ke dvArA manuSya yA paMcendriya samanaska tiryaMca jIvoM arthAt pazuoM ko jo avadhijJAna prApta hotA hai, vaha kSAyopazamika avadhijJAna kahalAtA hai| ise kSAyopazamika isalie kahate haiM ki sAdhanA ke dvArA pUrva-baddha karmoM ke kSaya yA upazama se yaha jJAna prApta hotA hai| kSAyopazamika avadhijJAna ke chaha bheda haiM - 1. Anugamika avadhijJAna, jo jIva kA anugamana karatA hai, arthAt jo avadhijJAna jIva ko jisa kSetra yA sthAna para utpanna hotA hai, vahA~ se uThakara jAne para bhI samApta nahIM hotA hai, vaha Anugamika avadhijJAna kahalAtA hai| 2. anAnugamika avadhijJAna - vaha hai, jo usa kSetra yA sthAna se uThakara jAne para bhI samApta ho jAtA hai| 3. vardhamAna, arthAt jo avadhijJAna kramazaH vRddhi ko prApta hotA hai, vaha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-307 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -15 vardhamAna avadhijJAna hai| 4. hIyamAna, arthAt jo kramazaH kSINa hotA rahatA hai, vaha avadhijJAnaM hIyamAna avadhijJAna hai| 5. pratipAtika, arthAt jo avadhijJAna eka. bAra prApta hone para kucha samaya bAda samApta ho jAtA hai, pratipAtika-avadhijJAna hai aura 6. apratipAtika avadhijJAna vaha hai, jo prApta hone para samApta nahIM hotA hai| avadhijJAna kA kSetra evaM viSaya avadhijJAna kA nyUnatama kSetra eka aMgula kA asaMkhyAtavA~ bhAga aura adhikatama kSetra sampUrNa loka hotA hai| usameM loka ke bAhara aloka ke kucha bhAga ko jAnane kI zakti to hotI hai, phira bhI aloka meM usakA viSaya 'rUpI dravya' nahIM hotA hai, ataH vaha loka meM sthita rUpI dravyoM ko hI jAnatA hai| dUsare yaha ki avadhijJAna kevala tIrthakara, deva aura nAraka - tInoM ko janmanA hotA hai| nAraka aura devatA sabhI dizAoM aura vidizAoM meM dekhate haiM, phira bhI unake avadhijJAna kA kSetra sImita hI hotA hai| mAtra tIrthakara ko, jaba ve kevalajJAna prApti ke pUrva bArahaveM guNasthAna meM hote haiM, taba ve paramaavadhi ko prApta karate haiM, kintu koI bhI deva, nAraka aura tiryaJaca parama avadhijJAna ko prApta nahIM karate haiN| manuSyoM meM kevala ve manuSya, jo tadbhava meM mokSagAmI haiM, ve bhI kevalajJAna aura nirvANa ke pUrva bArahaveM guNasthAna meM parama avadhijJAna ko prApta karate haiN| parama avadhijJAna avadhijJAna ke jina bhedoM kI carcA kI, unameM usake nimna do bheda bhI samAhita haiM - 1. pratipAtI-avadhijJAna aura 2. apratipAtI-avadhijJAna / parama-avadhijJAna apratipAtI avadhijJAna hai- yaha prApta hone para jAtA nahIM hai, kintu isakA samApana kevalajJAna meM hotA hai| jaba AtmA meM jJAnAvaraNIyakarma kA eka pradeza mAtra avaziSTa raha jAtA hai, taba yaha parama avadhijJAna prApta hotA hai| isakA viSaya aura kSetra loka ke samasta rUpI dravya hote haiN| keMvalajJAna meM aura parama avadhijJAna meM antara yaha hai ki kevalajJAnI loka meM sthita sabhI rUpoM aura arUpI-dravyoM ko jAnatA hai, jabaki parama

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-308 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-16 avadhijJAnI kevala loka ko aura usameM sthita sabhI rUpI dravyoM ko hI jAnatA hai| parama avadhijJAna yadyapi apratipAtI hai, phira bhI isakA samApana kevalajJAna meM ho jAtA hai| dUsare, yaha parama avadhijJAna kI zakti lokAkAza ke bAhara jAnane kI hai, kinta lokAkAza ke bAhara rUpI dravya haiM hI nahIM, ataH vaha vyavahAra meM lokAkAza taka hI jAnatA hai| parama avadhijJAna kI prApti mAtra bArahaveM gaNasthAna meM sthita jIvoM (AtmAoM) ko hI hotI hai, anya kisI guNasthAnavartI jIva ko nahIM hotI hai| manaHparyavajJAna aura usakA viSaya manaHparyavajJAna ke viSaya ko lekara jaina-paramparA meM bhI do bhinna mata pracalita rahe haiN| prathama mata ke anusAra manaHparyavajJAna kA viSaya cintyamAn vastu hai, ataH manaHparyavajJAnI mana ke jJeya viSaya yA vastu ke svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| niyukti-sAhitya aura tattvArthasUtra isa mata ke samarthaka haiM, yaha vastuvAdI prAcIna mata hai| dUsare mata ke anusAra, manaHparyavajJAna kA viSaya - cintana meM pravRtta manodravya kI avasthAe~ arthAt manovRttiyAM haiN| isa dUsare pakSa kA samarthana vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM milatA hai| ina donoM matoM meM mUla antara yaha hai ki jahA~ prathama mata cintyamAn vastu ko manaHparyavajJAna kA viSaya mAnatA hai, vahA~ dUsare mata kI apekSA se manaHparyavajJAna manovargaNAoM arthAt paudagalika-dravya mana kI avasthAoM ko hI viSaya mAnatA hai, ataH usakA viSaya manovijJAna yA mAnasika avasthA hai| yaha vijJAnavAdI mata hai| jahA~ prathama mAnyatA para nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kA prabhAva hai, yaha mata vastuvAdI (Realist) hai, vahIM dUsare mata para vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM kA prabhAva hai| yaha mata cetanAvAdI (Idealist) hai| satya yahI hai ki manaHparyavajJAna manodravya kI cintyamAn vastu ko nahIM, kintu usakI mAnasika-AkRti (Mentalimage) ko jAnatA hai| manaHparyavajJAna kA viSaya paudagalika dravyamana hai, phira bhI cintyamAn mana meM cintyapadArtha kI jo AkRtiyA~ banatI haiM, manaHparyavajJAna unhIM AkRtiyoM ko, jo paudagalika-manovargaNAoM se banatI hai, unako jAnatA hai, vaha vastu ko sIdhe na jAnakara vastu ke manogata AkAra ko jAnatA hai| usakA manoAkRti kA yaha jJAna bhI aparokSa hai, phira bhI usa AkRti kI AdhArabhUta vastu kA jJAna to parokSa hI hai| phira

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-309 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -17 bhI, itanA satya hai ki manaHparyavajJAna kA viSaya rUpI mUrta-dravya hI haiM, amUrta dravya nahIM, kyoMki dravyamana meM nirmita ye AkRtiyA~ bhI dravya manovargaNAoM se hI banatI haiN| __manaHparyavajJAna 'sva' ke mana kI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai yA para (dUsaroM) ke mana kI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai- yaha prazna bhI vivAdAspada rahA hai| jaina- granthoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se yaha kathana pracalita hai ki manaHparyavajJAnI na kevala apane mana kI paryAyoM (avasthAoM) ko jAnatA hai, apitu dUsaroM ke mana kI paryAyoM ko bhI jAnatA hai| yogasUtra (pataMjalI) evaM majjhimanikAya meM paracitta (dUsaroM ke citta) ke jJAna kI sambhAvanA bhI mAnI gaI hai| isI AdhAra para jaina-paramparA meM bhI manaHparyavajJAna ke dvArA 'para' citta-jJAna kI avadhAraNA para bala diyA gayA, kintu merI dRSTi meM yaha mAnyatA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki manaHparyavajJAna ke lie apramattasaMyata muni hone kI jo zarta lagAI gaI hai, vaha zarta Avazyaka isalie hai ki apramattasaMyata muni hI apanI manovRttiyoM ko samyak prakAra se jAna sakatA hai, pramattasaMyata vyakti bhI nhiiN| manaHparyavajJAna ke lie apramattatA kI zarta yahI sUcita karatI hai ki manaHparyavajJAna svacitta yA apane hI mana kI paryAyoM kA jJAna hai| manaHparyavajJAnI svacitta kA jJAtA hotA hai, ataH vaha Atma-sajaga yA apramatta hotA hai| dUsare, manaHparyavajJAna ke lie AtmasajagatA yA apramattatA kI sthiti isalie bhI Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai, kyoMki jo vyakti mano-vikalpoM kA jJAtA-draSTA hotA hai, vaha usI samaya manovikalpoM kA kartA nahIM hotA hai| manaHparyavajJAna AtmasajagatA yA sva-bodha kI avasthA hai, ataH usameM 'para' ke vikalpayukta citta jAnane kI pravRtti sambhava nahIM hai| cAhe eka bAra paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anusAra yaha mAna bhI leM ki manaH paryavajJAnI meM paracitta ko jAnane kI zakti hotI hai, kintu usameM paracitta ko jAnane kA prayatna nahIM hotA hai, ataH merI dRSTi meM manaHparyavajJAna apane mana kI paryAyoM arthAt mAnasika avasthAoM yA cittavRttiyoM kA jJAna hai, usakA sambandha svacitta se hI hai| paramparAgata dRSTi se use paracitta kA jJAna mAnane para to usameM aneka bAdhAe~ AtI haiN| yadi vaha paracitta kA jJAna hai, to usakA kSetra DhAI dvIpa se bAhara bhI mAnA jAnA thA, kyoMki

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-310 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-18 paJacendriya samanaska (saMjJI) jIva to DhAI dvIpa se bAhara bhI hote haiM, ataH merI dRSTi meM manaHparyavajJAna svamana kI paryAyoM arthAt manodazAoM kA jJAna hai| vaha AtmasajagatA yA apramattatA kI avasthA hai| yaha jJAtA-draSTAbhAva meM AtmaramaNatA kI sthiti hai| ataH, jaina-darzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki tIrthakara dIkSA grahaNa karate hI manaHparyavajJAna prApta kara lete haiN| manaHparyavajJAna ke bheda . manaHparyavajJAna ke do bheda haiM - Rjumati aura vipulamati / yadyapi apane viSaya Adi kI apekSA se manaHparyavajJAna meM bheda nahIM haiM, phira bhI cittavRtti kI saralatA aura vyApakatA kI apekSA se yA apane viSaya kI apekSA se usameM bheda haiN| Rjumati manaHparyavajJAna citta kI sarala vRttiyoM ko jAnatA hai yA sarala manobhAvoM ko jAnatA hai, saMkliSTa manobhAvoM ko nhiiN| Rjumati manaHparyavajJAna kI apekSA vipulamati kA viSaya adhika vyApaka hotA hai aura vaha mana ke saMkliSTa pariNAmoM ko bhI jAnatA hai, ataH eka apekSA se ina donoM manaHparyavajJAnoM meM cittavRtti kI saralatA yA vizuddhi kI apekSA se antara hai| eka anya apekSA se ina donoM meM jJAna kI spaSTatA kI apekSA bhI antara hotA hai| kevalajJAna karma-siddhAnta kI apekSA se jJAna ke do prakAra haiM - 1. kSAyopazamika aura 2. kSAyika / matizruta Adi cAroM jJAna kSAyopazamika haiM, jabaki kevalajJAna kSAyika hai| kSAyika hone ke kAraNa yaha jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura aMtarAya - ina cAra ghAtIkarmoM kA pUrNataH kSaya hone para hI hotA hai, ataH nirAvaraNa aura pUrNajJAna hai| ananta aura pUrNajJAna hone se isameM na to kisI prakAra kI apUrNatA yA kamI hotI hai aura na ise kisI prakAra ke anya sAdhanoM kI apekSA hotI hai, ataH yaha jJAna nirapekSa yA asahAya hotA hai| jJAnAvaraNa Adi ghAtIkarmoM kA pUrNa kSaya hone para hI yaha jJAna hotA hai, ataH pUrNataH zuddha bhI hotA hai| kevalajJAna sabhI jJAnoM meM sarvazreSTha jJAna hai| jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA hai, kisI vyakti meM pAMcoM jJAnoM meM se matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna aura manaHparyavajJAna - ye

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-311 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -19 cAroM jJAna eka sAtha ho sakate haiM, kintu kevalajJAna to akelA hI hotA hai| kevalajJAna hone para anya jJAnoM kI apekSA hI nahIM hotI hai| kevalajJAna hote hI ina cAroM jJAnoM kI sthiti vaisI hI ho jAtI hai, jaise sUrya ke udita hote hI candra aura tArAgaNoM ke prakAza kI koI apekSA nahIM raha jAtI hai, unakA prakAza gauNa ho jAtA hai| kevalajJAna ko asahAya kahA hai, arthAt isa jJAna ke lie kisI prakAra ke jJAnoM yA jJAna ke sAdhanoM kI apekSA nahIM hotI hai| dUsare, kevalajJAna ananta, pUrNa evaM aparyavasita jJAna hotA hai| yaha jJAna prApta hone para jAtA bhI nahIM hai, isalie yaha jJAna apratipAti jJAna hai aura isameM na kabhI kamI rahatI hai| yaha sabhI kAloM ke loka meM sthita sabhI mUrta-amUrta dravyoM aura unakI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai| kevalajJAna kA viSaya - sAmAnyatayA mati, zruta, avadhijJAna aura manaHparyavajJAna kA viSaya rUpI-dravya hI hote haiN| manaHparyavajJAna kA viSaya bhI sUkSma rUpI-dravya hI haiM, kyoki vaha bhI mUrta rUpI-dravya kI sUkSma manovargaNAoM ko hI jAnatA hai, jabaki kevalajJAna kA viSaya mUrta aura amUrta arthAt rUpI aura arUpI - donoM dravya haiM, ataH kevalajJAna pudgala ke atirikta AtmA, dharma, adharma aura AkAza - aisI pAMcoM astikAyoM ko bhI yA kAla sahita chahoM dravyoM ko bhI jAnatA hai| umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM kevalajJAna kA viSaya sabhI dravyoM kI loka aura alokavartI sabhI paryAyoM ko batAyA hai, isIlie tattvArthasUtra meM kevalajJAna kA viSaya-kSetra batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki 'sarvadravyeSu vA srvpryaayessu'| vaha loka-aloka meM sthita sarvadravyoM kI sarvatraikAlika paryAyoM (avasthAoM) ko jAnatA hai, ataH usake viSaya kSetra kI apekSA se loka aura aloka- donoM hI haiM, sAtha hI, dravyoM kI apekSA se vaha loka-aloka ke sabhI dravyoM ko aura bhAva evaM kAla kI apekSA se unakI traikAlika paryAyoM ko bhI jAnatA hai, ataH vaha kevalajJAna traikAlika jJAna hai, ataH vaha bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya - trikAloM ko jAnatA hai| nandIsUtra (33) ke anusAra, jo jJAna sarvadravyoM, sarvakSetroM, sarvakAloM aura sarvabhAvoM (paryAyoM yA avasthAoM) ko jAnatA hai, vaha kevalajJAna hai| ___ kintu, kevalajJAna ke viSaya ke sambandha meM AcArya kundakunda kA mantavya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-312 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-20 thor3A bhinna hai| niyamasAra gAthA 159 meM ve likhate haiM ki vyavahAranaya se kevalajJAnI sabako jAnate aura dekhate haiM, kintu nizcayanaya se to kevalajJAnI apanI AtmA ko hI jAnate aura dekhate haiN| kevalajJAna kI dazA meM AtmA nirAvaraNa aura zuddha hotA hai, ataH sabhI kucha jo AtmA meM pratibimbita hotA hai, kevalajJAnI use jAnatA aura dekhatA hai| isI apekSA se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki kevalI saba kucha jAnatA aura dekhatA hai| kevalI sarvadravyoM kI sabhI traikAlika paryAyoM ko jAnatA aura dekhatA hai - aisA ekAntataH mAnane para aneka visaMgatiyAM bhI utpanna hotI haiM aura jainadarzana puruSArthavAdI se niyativAdI bana jAtA hai| yadi, kevalI sabhI dravyoM kI traikAlika paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai - aisA mAneM, to usake jJAna kI apekSA se samagra bhaviSya bhI niyata hogA, ataH usameM kisI prakAra ke parivartana kI koI sambhAvanA nahIM rahegI, ataH hameM niyativAda yA kramabaddhaparyAyavAda mAnanA hogA, kintu Agamika-dRSTi se aisA nahIM hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM jaba yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki kevalI kyA jAnatA hai aura kyA nahIM jAnatA hai ? to usakA uttara diyA gayA - " kevalI siya jANaI siya Na jaannii"| jaina-darzana kI dRSTi se bhI kaheM, to jo 'anAdi hai, kevalI bhI usakI Adi/prArambha ko nahIM jAna sakatA hai| kevalI se yadi prazna pUchA jAe ki AtmA kabase hai ? saMsAra kabase hai ? Sadravya kabase hai ? AtmA karma se baddha kaba aura kaise huA? jIvAtmA saMsAra meM kabase bhava-bhramaNa kara rahA hai ? kisI jIva kA prathama bhava kaunasA thA ? to kevalI bhI inakA uttara nahIM dekara mAtra yahI kahegA ki ye anAdikAla se haiN| anAdi tathyoM kI Adi batAnA - yaha kevalI ke lie bhI sambhava nahIM hai, isIlie bhagavatIsUtra meM kahA gayA hai- kevalI bhI kucha jAnatA hai, kucha nahIM jAnatA hai| kevalI ko sarvajJa bhI kahA jAtA hai| sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA zramaNa aura vaidika - donoM paramparAoM kI prAcIna dhAraNA hai| sarvajJatAvAda yaha mAnatA hai ki sarvajJa deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara kAlAtIta dRSTi se sampanna hotA hai aura isa kAraNa use bhUta ke sAtha-sAtha bhaviSya kA bhI pUrvajJAna hotA hai, lekina jo kevala jJAna hai, usameM sambhAvanA, saMyoga yA aniyatatA nahIM ho sakatI,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-313 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -21 niyata ghaTanAoM kA pUrvajJAna ho sakatA hai, aniyata ghaTanAoM kA nhiiN| yadi sarvajJa ko bhaviSya kA pUrvajJAna hotA hai aura vaha yathArtha bhaviSyavANI kara sakatA hai, to isakA artha hai ki bhaviSya kI samasta ghaTanAe~ niyata haiN| bhaviSyadarzana aura pUrvajJAna meM pUrvanirdhAraNa garbhita hai| yadi bhaviSya kI sabhI ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata haiM, to vaiyaktika-svAtantrya aura puruSArtha kA kyA artha hai ? yadi jIvana kI samasta ghaTanAe~ pUrvaniyata haiM, to naitika-Adarza, vaiyaktika-svAtantrya aura puruSArtha kA koI artha nahIM rhtaa| sarvajJa ke pUrvajJAna meM karma kA cayana bhI nizcita hotA hai, usameM koI anya vikalpa nahIM hotA, taba vaha cayana cayana hI nahIM hogA aura cayana nahIM hai, to uttaradAyitva bhI nahIM hogA, arthAt sarvajJatAvAda anivAryataH niyativAda kI ora le jAtA hai| sarvajJatA kA artha ___ jaina-darzana sarvajJatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| jainAgamoM meM aneka aise sthala haiM, jinameM tIrthaMkaroM evaM kevalajJAniyoM ko trikAlajJa yA sarvajJa kahA gayA hai| vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, aMtakRtdazAMgasUtra evaM anya jainAgamoM meM isa trikAlajJa sarvajJatAvAdI dhAraNA ke anusAra gozAlaka, zreNika, kRSNa Adi ke bhAvI jIvana ke sambandha meM bhaviSyavANI bhI kI gaI hai| yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki sarvajJa jisa rUpa meM ghaTanAoM kA ghaTita honA jAnatA hai, ve usI rUpa meM ghaTita hotI haiN| kArtikeyAnuprekSA meM kahA gayA hai ki jisakI jisa deza, jisa kAla aura jisa prakAra se janma athavA mRtyu kI ghaTanAoM ko sarvajJa ne dekhA hai, ve usI deza, usI kAla aura usI prakAra se hoNgii| usameM indra yA tIrthakara koI bhI parivartana nahIM kara sktaa| uttarakAlIna jaina-granthoM meM isa traikAlika jJAna sambandhI sarvajJatva kI avadhAraNA kA mAtra vikAsa hI nahIM huA, varan usako tArkika-AdhAra para siddha karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi buddha ne mahAvIra kI trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kA khaNDana karate hue usakA upahAsAtmaka-citraNa bhI kiyA aura apane sambandha meM trikAlajJa sarvajJatA kI isa dhAraNA kA : niSedha bhI kiyA thA, lekina paravartI bauddha-sAhitya meM buddha ko bhI usI artha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-314 .. jaina jJAnamImAMsA-22 meM sarvajJa svIkAra kara liyA gayA, jisa artha meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM athavA IzvaravAdI-darzanoM meM Izvara ko sarvajJa mAnA jAtA hai| sarvajJatva ke isa artha ko lekara ki "sarvajJa hastAmalakavat sabhI jAgatika-padArthoM kI traikAlika-paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai", jaina vidvAnoM ne bhI kAphI UhApoha kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jainadarzana meM sarvajJatA kI naI paribhASAeM bhI prastuta kI gaI haiN| kundakunda aura haribhadra kA dRSTikoNa __ prAcIna yuga meM AcArya kundakunda aura yAkinIsunU haribhadra ne sarvajJatA kI trikAladarzI upayukta paramparAgata paribhASA ko mAnya rakhate hue bhI naI paribhASAe~ prastuta kii| AcArya kundakunda ne niyamasAra meM kahA hai - jANadi passadi savvaM vavahAraNaeNa kevliibhgvN| kevalaNANI jANadipassadi niyameNa appaannN|| . - niyamasAra, 159 sarvajJa lokAloka jaisI Atmetara sabhI vastuoM ko jAnatA hai- yaha vyavahAranaya hai, jabaki yaha kahanA ki sarvajJa apane AtmasvarUpa ko jAnatA hai- yaha paramArthadRSTi hai| isake atirikta, niyamasAra (166), pravacanasAra (80) evaM samayasAra (11) draSTavya haiN| AcArya haribhadra ne bhI sarvajJatA kA sarvasampradAya-aviruddha artha kiyA thaa| paM. sukhalAlajI likhate haiM ki prathamataH haribhadra ne sarvajJatva ke traikAlikajJAna hone kA hetuvAda se samarthana kiyA, kintu jaba unako hetuvAda meM truTi yA virodha dikhAI diyA, to unhoMne sarvajJatva sarvasampradAya aviruddha artha kiyA, 'apanA yoga sulabha mAdhyastha bhAva- yaha artha prakaTa kiyA (dekheM- darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pR. 553) / paM. sukhalAlajI kA dRSTikoNa ___ vartamAna yuga ke paNDita sukhalAlajI ne AcArAMga evaM vyAkhyAprajJapti ke sandarbho ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki Atma, jagat evaM sAdhanA- mArga sambandhI dArzanika-jJAna ko hI usa yuga meM sarvajJatva mAnA jAtA thA, na ki traikAlika-jJAna ko| jaina-paramparA kA sarvajJatva sambandhI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-315 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -23 dRSTikoNa mUla meM kevala itanA hI thA ki dravya aura paryAya ubhaya ko samAnabhAva se jAnanA hI jJAna kI pUrNatA hai| buddha jaba mAluMkyaputta nAmaka apane ziSya se kahate haiM ki maiM cAra AryasatyoM ke jJAna kA hI dAvA karatA hU~ aura dUsare agamya evaM kAlpanika tattvoM ke jJAna kA nahIM, taba vaha vAstavikatA kI bhUmikA para haiN| usI bhUmikA ke sAtha mahAvIra ke sarvajJatva kI tulanA karane para bhI phalita yahI hotA hai ki atyukti aura alpokti nahIM karane vAle santa-prakRti ke mahAvIra dravya-paryAyavAda kI purAnI nirgrantha-paramparA ke jJAna ko hI sarvajJatva-rUpa mAnate hoNge| jaina aura bauddha - paramparA meM itanA pharka avazya rahA hai ki aneka tArkika bauddha-vidvAnoM ne buddha ko traikAlika-jJAna ke dvArA sarvajJa sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, tathApi aneka asAdhAraNa (pratibhAsampanna) bauddha vidvAnoM ne unako sIdhe-sAde artha meM hI sarvajJa ghaTAyA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM sarvajJa kA artha dharmajJa yA vastu-svarUpa kA jJAtA - itanA hI rahA hai, jabaki jaina-paramparA meM sarvajJa kA sIdhA-sAdA artha bhulA diyA gayA aura usake sthAna para tarkasiddha artha hI pracalita evaM pratiSThita ho gyaa| jaina-paramparA meM sarvajJa ke sthAna para pracalita pAribhASika zabda kevalajJAnI bhI apane mUla artha meM dArzanika-jJAna kI pUrNatA ko hI prakaTa karatA hai, na ki traikAlika-jJAna ko| 'kevala' zabda sAMkhyadarzana meM bhI prakRtipuruSaviveka ke artha meM hI prayukta hotA hai aura yadi yaha zabda sAMkhya-paramparA se jaina-paramparA meM AyA hai- yaha mAnA jAe, to isa AdhAra para bhI kevalajJAna kA artha dArzanika-jJAna athavA tattva ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna hI hogA, na ki traikaalik-jnyaan| AcArAMga kA yaha vacana- 'je egaM jANaI, se savvaM jANai', yahI batAtA hai ki jo eka AtmasvarUpa ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai, vaha usakI sabhI kaSAyaparyAyoM ko bhI yathArtha rUpa se jAnatA hai, na ki traikaalik-srvjnytaa| kevalajJAnI ke sambandha meM Agama kA yaha vacana ki 'sI jANai, sI Na jANai' (bhagavatIsUtra) bhI yahI batAtA hai ki kevalajJAna traikAlika-sarvajJatA nahIM hai, varan AdhyAtmika yA dArzanika-jJAna hai| DaoN. indracandrazAstrI kA dRSTikoNa sarvajJatA ke sthAna para prayukta hone vAlA anantajJAna bhI traikAlika-jJAna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-316 .. -- jaina jJAnamImAMsA-24 nahIM ho sktaa| ananta kA artha sarva nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| vastutaH, yaha zabda stutiparaka artha meM hI AyA hai, jaise vartamAna meM bhI kisI asAdhAraNa vidvAn ke bAre meM yaha kaha dete haiM ki unake jJAna kA kyA anta ? unakA jJAna to athAha hai| isI prakAra, dUsare zabdoM meM, kevalajJAna Atma-anAtma ke viveka yA AdhyAtmika-jJAna se sambandhita hai| sarvajJatA kA traikAlika-jJAna sambandhI artha aura puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA lekina, eka gaveSaka vidyArthI ke lie yaha ucita nahIM hogA ki paramparAsiddha traikAlika-sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kI avahelanA kara dI jaae| na kevala jaina-paramparA meM, varan bauddha aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM bhI sarvajJatA kA traikAlika-jJAnaparaka artha svIkRta rahA hai| gItA meM zrIkRSNa ne arjuna se yaha kahakara ki "una aneka janmoM ko maiM jAnatA hU~, tU nahIM", apanI sarvajJatA kA hI nirdeza kiyA hai| yadyapi mImAMsA-darzana ke anusAra yaha prazna zaMkA kI dRSTi se dekhA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra, buddha aura kRSNa sarvajJa the yA nahIM, athavA kisI vyakti ko aisA traikAlika-jJAna ho sakatA hai yA nahIM ? phira bhI, traikAlika-sarvajJa kI kalpanA tarkaviruddha nahIM kahI jA sktii| deza aura kAla kI sImAoM se Upara uThakara trikAlajJa-sarvajJa kI dhAraNA siddha ho jAtI hai| prabuddha vaijJAnika evaM sApekSavAda ke pravartaka AinsTIna ne nirapekSa-dRSTA kI parikalpanA ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| koI trikAlajJa-sarvajJa astittva meM hai yA thA- yaha cAhe satya na ho, lekina koI trikAlajJa-sarvajJa ho sakatA hai- yaha tArkika satya avazya hai, kyoMki yadi jagat eka niyamabaddha vyavasthA hai, to usa vyavasthA ke jJAna ke sAtha hI ThIka vaise hI traikAlika-ghaTanAoM ke jJAna kI sambhAvanA spaSTa ho jAtI hai, jaise eka jyotiSI ko nakSatra-vijJAna ke niyamoM ke jJAna ke AdhAra para bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI sUrya evaM candra-grahaNoM kI ghaTanAoM kA traikAlika-jJAna ho jAtA hai| yadi sarvajJa Atma-dravya kI sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnatA hai, to hameM AtmA kI sabhI paryAyoM ko niyata bhI mAnanA hogaa| yaha mAnyatA spaSTa rUpa se pUrva

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-317 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -25 nirdhAraNavAda yA niyativAda kI dizA meM le jAtI hai| yadyapi niyativAda aura jaina-sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM pramukha antara yaha hai ki jahA~ niyativAda meM puruSArtha yA vyakti kI svatantratA ko asvIkAra kara niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, vahA~ sarvajJa ke jJAna meM bhI puruSArtha aura vyakti kI svatantratA ko mAnakara hI saba bhAvoM kI niyatatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| AcArya hastImalajI ma.sA. ne apane eka lekha meM isakA samarthana kiyA thaa| yadyapi unhoMne mahAvIra ke jIvanaprasaMgoM ke AdhAra para ghaTanAoM ko niyatAniyata mAnakara sarvajJatA aura puruSArthavAda meM saMgati biThAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai, tathApi paryAyoM ko niyatAniyata mAnane se trikAlajJa-sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA kAphI nirbala ho jAtI hai| trikAlajJa-sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha kI sambhAvanA niyata-puruSArtha ke rUpa meM hI ho sakatI hai| pAzcAtya-vicAraka spInojA ne bhI aise hI niyata-puruSArtha kI dhAraNA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha niyata hotA hai, aniyata nhiiN| vaha dhAraNA puruSArtha yA vaiyaktika-svatantratA kA apaharaNa to nahIM karatI, lekina use aninata bhI nahIM rahane detii| upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM ki niyativAda puruSArtha kA apalApa nahIM karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki siddharUpa sAdhya bhI niyata hai, tadaiva puruSArtharUpa sAdhana bhI niyata hai| donoM hI AtmA kI paryAya haiN| eka siddhirUpa paryAya hai, dUsarI sAdhanarUpa paryAya hai| niyativAda meM puruSArtha ko sthAna nahIM hai, binA kAraNa ke hI vahA~ kArya hotA hai, yaha bAta nahIM hai| niyati meM puruSArtha hotA hai, para vaha bhI niyata hI hotA hai, aniyata nahIM, sAtha hI, sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha kA apalApa isalie bhI nahIM hotA ki sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA niyatatA kA pramANa ho sakatI hai, lekina kAraNa nhiiN| sarvajJatA kA pratyaya vyakti kA niyAmaka nahIM banatA, vaha mAtra usakI niyatatA ko jAnatA hai| puruSArtha jJAna kI dRSTi se niyata avazya hotA hai, lekina puruSArtha jinake dvArA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha to jJAtA hai aura jJAtA jJAna se niyata nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra, sarvajJatA ke pratyaya meM vyakti kI svatantratA kA kuNThana nahIM hotaa| sarvajJa se vyakti kA kartRtva nirdhArita nahIM hotA, varan sarvajJa bhaviSya meM jo kiyA jAne vAlA hai, usako jAnatA hai| sarvajJa jo jAnatA hai, vyakti vaisA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-318 - jaina jJAnamImAMsA-26 karane ko bAdhya hai - aisA nahIM, varan jo vyakti ke dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA hai, use sarvajJa jAnatA hai - aisA mAnane para sarvajJatA kI dhAraNA meM puruSArtha aura vyakti kI svatantratA kA apalApa nahIM hotaa| zrI yadunAtha sinhA bhI likhate haiM ki Izvara kA pUrvajJAna bhI mAnavIya-svatantratA kA virodhI nahIM hai| prAkdRSTi athavA pUrvajJAna kA artha anivAryataH pUrvanirdhAraNa nahIM hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki sarvajJatAvAda nirdhAraNavAda yA niyativAda nahIM hai| kyA kevalajJAna nirvikalpa hai ? paNDita kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA ne sarvajJatA ke sambandha meM eka yaha prazna upasthita kiyA hai ki kevalajJAna kI prApti hone para vicAra-vikalpa rahate haiM yA nahIM rahate haiM ? sAmAnya dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki kevalajJAna kI avasthA nirvicAra aura nirvikalpa kI avasthA hai, kintu jaina-karma-siddhAnta kI dRSTi se yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kevalI meM jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga- donoM hI hote haiN| darzanopayoga ko nirvikalpa yA anAkAra tathA jJAnopayoga ko savikalpa yA sAkAra mAnA gayA hai| punaH, kevalI bhI jaba caudahaveM guNasthAna meM zukladhyAna ke caturtha pAda para ArUr3ha hote haiM, taba hI ve nirvicAra avasthA ko prApta hote haiN| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki kevalajJAna kI avasthA meM vicAra to rahatA hai, kyoMki kevalajJAnI jaba taka sayoga-avasthA meM rahatA hai, taba taka usakI mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRtti hotI hai| usameM manoyoga kA abhAva nahIM hai, mana kI pravRtti hai, ataH vicAra hai| yadi kevalI nirvicAra yA nirvikalpa hotA, to phira use ayogIkevalI- avasthA meM pahale sthUla mana aura phira sUkSma mana ke nirodha kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM rhtii| mana kI pravRttiyoM kA nirodha yadi ayogIkevalI avasthA meM hI hotA hai, to phira sayogIkevalI-avasthA meM mana kyA kArya karatA hai ? kyoMki nirvikalpatA kI avasthA meM to mana ke lie koI kArya hI zeSa nahIM rahatA hai| yadi aisA mAneM ki kevalI meM bhAva-mana nahIM rahatA hai, mAtra dravya-mana rahatA hai, kintu dravyamana bhI binA bhAva-mana ke nahIM raha sktaa| bhAva-mana ke abhAva meM dravya-mana to mAtra eka paudgalika-saMracanA hogA, jo jar3a hogA aura jar3a meM vicAra-sAmarthya saMbhava nahIM hai aura vicAra ke binA manoyoga ke nirodha kA bhI koI artha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-319 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -27 nahIM raha jAtA hai| merI dRSTi meM isa saMdarbha meM paM. kanhaiyAlAlajI lor3hA kA yaha mantavya ucita hI lagatA hai ki vastutaH vicAra yA vikalpa do prakAra ke hote haiM - eka, kAmanArUpa vicAra aura dUsarA, nirvikAra yA niSkAmabodha vicAra / niSkAma vicAra meM mAtra kartavya-buddhi hotI hai| kevalI meM kAmanArUpa yA jijJAsArUpa vikalpa nahIM hote, kintu vivekarUpa vikalpa to hote haiN| yaha bhI dravya ko dravya ke rUpa meM, guNa ko guNa ke rUpa meM aura paryAya ko paryAya ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai aura aisA jJAna vikalparUpa samyak jJAna bhI hai| jainadarzana meM pramANa-mImAMsA jaina-nyAya kI vikAsa yAtrA .... nyAya evaM pramANa-carcA ke kSetra meM sAmAnya rUpa se jaina-dArzanikoM kA aura unake granthoM kA pramANamImAMsA ke kSetra meM kyA avadAna hai, yaha jAnane ke lie jaina-nyAya ke vikAsakrama ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| yadyapi jainoM kA paMcajJAna kA siddhAnta paryApta prAcIna hai aura jaina-vidyA ke kucha vidvAn use pArzva ke yuga taka le jAte haiM, kintu jahA~ taka pramANa-vicAra kA kSetra hai, usameM jaina kA praveza naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM aura bauddhoM ke pazcAt hI huA hai| pramANa-carcA ke prasaMga meM jainoM kA praveza cAhe paravartI ho, kintu isa kAraNa se isa kSetra meM ve jo viziSTa avadAna de sake haiM, vaha hamAre lie gaurava kI vastu hai| .. isa kSetra meM paravartI hone kA lAbha yaha huA ki "jainoM ne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke siddhAntoM ke guNa-doSoM kA samyaka mUlyAMkana karake phira apane mantavya ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA ki vaha pakSa aura pratipakSa kI tArkika-kamiyoM kA parimArjana karate hue eka vyApaka aura samanvayAtmaka sidvAnta bana ske|" paM. sukhalAlajI ke anusAra, jaina pramANa-mImAMsA ne mukhyataH tIna yugoM meM apane kramika-vikAsa ko pUrNa kiyA hai - 1. Agama- yuga, 2. anekAntasthApana-yuga aura 3. nyAya evaM prmaannsthaapn-yug| yahA~ hama ina yugoM kI viziSTatAoM kI carcA na karate hue kevala itanA kahanA cAheMge ki jainoM ne apane anekAnta-siddhAnta ko sthira karake phira pramANa-vicAra ke kSetra meM kadama rakhA thaa| unake isa paravartI praveza kA eka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-320 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-28 lAbha to yaha huA ki pakSa aura pratipakSa kA adhyayana kara ve una donoM kI kamiyoM aura tArkika-asaMgatiyoM ko samajha sake tathA dUsare, pUrva-vikasita unakI anekAntadRSTi kA lAbha yaha huA ki ve una donoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita kara ske| unhoMne pakSa aura pratipakSa ke bIca samanvaya sthApita karane kA jo prayAsa kiyA, usI meM unakA siddhAnta sthira ho gayA aura yahI unakA nyAya evaM kSetra meM viziSTa avadAna khlaayaa| isa kSetra meM unakI bhUmikA sadaiva eka taTastha nyAyAdhIza kI rhii| unhoMne apane pUrvavartI siddhAntoM kI samIkSA ke mAdhyama se sadaiva apane cintana ko samRddha kiyA aura jahA~ Avazyaka lagA, vahA~ apanI pUrva mAnyatAoM ko saMzodhita aura parimArjita bhI kiyaa| cAhe siddhasena hoM yA samantabhadra, akalaMka hoM yA vidyAnanda, haribhadra hoM yA hemacandra - sabhI ne apane granthoM ke nirmANa meM jahA~ apanI paramparAoM ke pUrvAcAryoM ke granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA, vahIM anya paramparA ke pakSa aura pratipakSa kA bhI gambhIra adhyayana kiyA, ataH jainanyAya yA pramANa-vicAra sthira na rahakara gRtizIla banA rhaa| vaha yuga-yuga meM pariSkRta, vikasita aura samRddha hotA rhaa| . isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jainadarzana meM pramANa-carcA eka paravartI avadhAraNA hai| naiyAyikoM, mImAMsakoM aura bauddhoM ke pazcAt hI jainoM ne pramANa-vivecana ko apanA viSaya banAyA thaa| sambhavataH, isakA kAla lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI-pAMcavI zatAbdI se prArambha hotA hai, kyoMki lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdI ke jaina-grantha tattvArthasUtra meM 'jJAnaM pramANam'- mAtra itanA hI ullekha milatA hai| jaina-AgamoM meM bhI pamANa (pramANa) zabda kA ullekha to milatA hai, kintu unameM prAyaH pramANa se kSetragata yA kAlagata parimANa ko hI sUcita kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna stara ke digambara-granthoM meM bhI ukta pramANa' zabda vastutaH nApataula kI IkAI ke rUpa meM hI mAnA gayA hai| AgamoM meM kevala eka sthAna para cAra pramANoM kI carcA huI hai, kintu ve cAra pramANa vastutaH naiyAyikoM ke pratyakSa, anumAna, zabda aura upamAna-pramANa ke samarUpa hI haiM, ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainoM meM pramANa-carcA kA vikAsa eka paravartI ghaTanA hai| AgamoM meM ukta pramANa-carcA kA vizeSa ullekha hameM nahIM milatA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM kahA, AgamoM meM mAtra

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-321 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -29 eka sthAna para naiyAyikoM kA anusaraNa karate hue cAra pramANoM kA ullekha dekhA jA sakatA hai| kAlakrama kI apekSA se Agamayuga ke pazcAt jainadarzana meM 'anekAnta sthApanA kA yuga AtA hai| isakA kAla lagabhaga cauthI zatAbdI se prArambha karake AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI taka jAtA hai| isa kAlakhaNDa ke prathama dArzanika siddhasena divAkara aura digambara-paramparA kI apekSA se samantabhadra mAne jA sakate haiN| isa yuga meM pramANa-carcA kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| isa yuga meM pramANa ko paribhASita karate hue jainAcAryoM ne kahA- " pramIyate yena tat pramANam ", arthAt jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vaha pramANa hai, isa prakAra jJAna kA sAdhana hai| tattvArthasUtra (1/10) meM sarvaprathama pratyakSa aura parokSa- aise do pramANoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai, usameM jainoM ke dvArA mAnya pAMca jJAnoM ko hI ina do pramANoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| kAlAntara meM 'nandIsUtra' meM pratyakSa-pramANa ke do vibhAga kiye gaye - 1. pAramArthika-pratyakSa aura 2. saaNvyaavhaarik-prtykss| tattvArthasUtra meM pratyakSa ke aise do vibhAga nahIM karake mAtra pA~ca jJAnoM meM mati aura zrutajJAna ko parokSa tathA avadhi, manaHparyava tathA kevalajJAna ko pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jainoM ne lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM hI aindriya-pratyakSa ko, jo ki pUrva meM parokSa jJAna ke antargata hI AtA thA, loka-paramparA kA anusaraNa karate hue sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa nAma diyaa| isa prakAra, pratyakSa ke do vibhAga sunizcita hue - sAMvyAvahArikapratyakSa aura pAramArthikapratyakSa / inameM pAramArthikapratyakSa ko AtmikapratyakSa aura sAMvyAvahArikapratyakSa ko aindrikapratyakSa bhI kahA gyaa| parokSapramANa ke vibhAgoM kI carcA paravartIkAla meM uThI thii| digambara-paramparA meM akalaMka ne prAyaH AThavIM zatI meM aura zvetAmbara-paramparA meM siddhaRSi ne lagabhaga navIM zatAbdI meM parokSa-pramANa ke pA~ca bheda kiye, jo kramazaH isa prakAra haiM - (1) smRti, (2) pratyabhijJAna (pahacAnanA), (3) tarka, (4) anumAna aura (5) aagm| digambara-paramparA meM AcArya akalaMka ne bhI pratyakSa ko milAkara apanI kRtiyoM meM cha: pramANoM kI carcA kI thI - (1) pratyakSa, (2) smRti, (3) pratyabhijJAna, (4) tarka, (5) anumAna aura (6) Agama, kintu isa vyavasthA ke pUrva jainoM meM bhI pratyakSa,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-322 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-30 anumAna aura Agama yA zabda - aise tIna hI pramANa mAne the| yadyapi jaina-AgamoM ne upamAna ko pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA thA, kintu kAlAntara meM isakA antarbhAva anumAna meM karake svataMtra pramANa ke rUpa meM isakA parityAga kara diyA gayA thaa| jahA~ taka bhAratIya-cintana kA prazna hai, usameM sAmAnyatayA jainoM ko tIna pramANa mAnane vAlA hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya-cintana meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA sambandhI carcA ko lekara vibhinna darzanoM meM isa prakAra kI vyavasthA rahI hai - (1) cArvAka-darzana- 1 pratyakSa-pramANa / (2) vaizeSika evaM bauddha-darzana - 1. pratyakSa aura 2. anumAna pramANa / (3) sAMkhya evaM prAcIna jaina-darzana - 1. pratyakSa 2. anumAna aura 3. Agama yA zabda prmaann| (4) nyAyadarzana- 1. pratyakSa, 2. anumAna, 3. zabda aura 4. upamAna-pramANa / (5) mImAMsAdarzana (prabhAkara-sampradAya) - 1. pratyakSa, 2. anumAna, 3. zabda, 4. upamAna aura 5. arthaaptti-prmaann| (6) mImAMsAdarzana kA bhATTa-sampradAya aura vedAnta- 1. pratyakSa, 2. anumAna, 3. zabda, 4. upamAna, 5. arthApatti aura 6. abhAva-pramANa / pramANa-lakSaNa sAmAnyataH, 'pramANa' zabda se prAmANika-jJAna kA hI arthabodha hotA hai, kintu kaunasA jJAna prAmANika hogA, isake liye vibhinna darzanoM meM pramANa ke lakSaNoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnyataH, usa jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnA jA sakatA thA, jo jJAna kisI anya jJAna yA pramANa se khaNDita na ho aura vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko prakaTa kare, kintu kAlAntara meM pramANa ke lakSaNoM kI carcA kAphI vikasita huii| sAmAnyataH, isameM pramANa ke svarUpa ko lekara do varga sAmane Ae - prathama varga meM naiyAyikoM (nyAyadarzana) kA kahanA yaha thA ki pramANa vaha hai, jo padArtha ko usake yathArtha rUpa meM jAnatA ho, kintu isake viparIta, dUsare varga meM bauddhoM kA kahanA yaha thA ki pramANa vaha hai, jo apane svAnubhUta jJAna ko hI prAmANika rUpa se jAnatA hai| isa dUsare varga ne pramANa ke saMbaMdha meM yaha nizcita kiyA ki svAnubhUta jJAna hI pramANa hai| isa prakAra, pramANa-lakSaNa ke sandarbha meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-323 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -31 punaH do mata dekhe jAte haiN| jahA~ bauddhoM ne jJAna ko pramANa mAnakara bhI jJAnAkAratA/tadAkAratA ko pramANa rUpa mAnA, vahIM jainoM ne isa tadAkAratA kA .khaNDana karake sva-para prakAzakatva ko pramANa rUpa maanaa| jahA~ naiyAyikoM kA kahanA thA ki jJAna para (padArtha) prakAzaka hai, ataH jJAna ke karaNa (sAdhana) hI pramANa hote haiM, ve 'indriyArtha sannikarSa' ko pramANa mAnate the| jahA~ tattvArthasUtra meM jainoM ne 'tat pramANe' kahakara jJAna ko pramANa mAnane ke mata kA samarthana kiyA thA, vahA~ naiyAyikoM ne jJAna ke karaNa arthAt sAdhana-iMndriya aura padArtha ke sannikarSa arthAt saMyoga ko hI pramANa mAnA, yadyapi bauddha aura jaina - donoM jJAna ko hI pramANa mAnate the| jainoM ke anusAra, na to bauddhoM dvArA mAnya jJAna meM vastu kI cetanA, jo tadAkAratA banatI hai, vahI jJAnarUpatA pramANa hai aura na naiyAyikoM dvArA mAnya 'indriyArthasannikarSa' hI pramANa hai| jainAcAryoM ne isa sambandha meM bauddhoM aura naiyAyikoM - donoM kI AlocanA kii| naiyAyikoM ke mata ke anusAra, pramANa 'para' (padArtha) kA prakAzaka arthAt padArtha kA jJAna karAne vAlA hotA hai, jabaki bauddhoM ne yaha mAnA thA ki pramANa 'sva' kA arthAt apane jJAna kA hI jJAna karAtA hai, arthAt vaha sva-prakAzaka hai| isa prakAra, pramANa ke lakSaNa meM do prakAra kI avadhAraNAeM banIM - eka, pramANa sva-prakAzaka hai aura dUsarI, pramANa para (padArtha)-prakAzaka hai| pramANa para-prakAzaka hai - isa mata ke samarthaka naiyAyika aura vaizeSika- darzana the, jabaki, pramANa mAtra sva-prakAzaka hai - isa mata ke samarthaka vijJAnavAdI-bauddha the| jainoM ke sAmane jaba pramANa ke svaprakAzakatva aura paraprakAzakatva kA prazna AyA, to unhoMne apanI anekAnta-dRSTi ke AdhAra para use sva-paraprakAzaka maanaa| sarvaprathama zvetAmbara-paramparA meM AcArya siddhasena ne nyAyAvatAra (1) meM aura digambaraM-paramparA meM AcArya samantabhadra ne sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA (1/10) meM isa mata kA samarthana kiyA aura isa prakAra pramANa kA jainoM ne jo lakSaNa nirdhArita kiyA, usameM unhoMne use 'sva' arthAt apane jJAna kA tathA 'para' arthAt padArtha-jJAna kA prakAzaka maanaa| bauddha padArtha-jJAna ko isalie pramANabhUta nahIM mAnate the ki vijJAnavAdI bauddha jJAna se pRthak jJeya arthAt padArtha kI svatantra sattA hI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-324 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-32 nahIM mAnate the| - AcArya siddhasena ne nyAyAvatAra kI nimna kArikA meM isa bAta ko spaSTa kiyA hai - pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM, bAdhavivarjitam / pratyakSaM ca parokSaM ca dvidhA, meyavinizcayAt || - nyAyAvatAra, 1 isa prakAra, nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa kA lakSaNa karate hue use sva aura para - donoM kA jJAna yA prakAzaka honA mAnA hai, sAtha hI, use bAdhavivarjita arthAt svataH susaMgata bhI mAnA gayA hai, susaMgata hone kA artha haiavisaMvAdita yA pArasparika-virodha se rahita honAM / isa prakAra, prArambha meM pramANa ke do mukhya lakSaNa mAne gye| ye do lakSaNa the - 1.sva-paraprakAzatva 2. bAdha-vivarjitatva, kintu pramANanayatattvAloka meM prakAzatva ke sthAna para vyavasAyAtmakatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA ki "sva para vyavasAyatmakaM jJAnaM pramANama" | vyavasAyAtmakatA ke mAdhyama se pramANa ko nizcayAtmaka jJAna mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra, nirvikalpAtmaka pratyakSa kA arthAt jJAna kA khaNDana kiyA gayA, sAtha hI, use samAroyaparipaMthI kahakara yaha batAyA ki jo jJAna saMzaya, viparyaya adhyayana se rahita hokara nizcayAtmaka ho, vahI pramANa-rUpa hotA hai| isake pazcAt, akalaMka ne bauddha-paramparA kA anusaraNa karate hue aSTazatI meM bAdhavivarjita ke sthAna para avisaMvAditA ko pramANa kA lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA, kintu ina donoM meM zabda-bheda hote hue bhI arthabheda nahIM thaa| isI krama meM, mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se akalaMka ne anadhigatArthaka yA apUrva ko bhI pramANa-lakSaNa ke rUpa meM sanniviSTa kiyaa| akalaMka aura mANikyanaMdI ne pramANa-lakSaNa ke rUpa meM apUrva ko adhika mahatva diyA thaa| isa prakAra, jaina-paramparA meM prArambha meM pramANa ke cAra lakSaNa mAne the - 1. svaprakAzaka, 2. paraprakAzaka, 3. bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAdI aura 4. anaadhigatArthaka yA apUrva / lagabhaga hemacandra ke pUrva taka jaina-paramparA meM pramANa ke yahI cAra lakSaNa mAne jAte rahe the, kintu hemacandra ne inheM anya zabdAvalI meM prakaTa kiyA hai, unake anusAra 'samyak arthaniNaryaH' hI pramANa hai| AcArya hemacandra kA pramANamImAMsA nAmaka yaha grantha bhI isI krama meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-325 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -33 hue jaina pramANa-mImAMsA ke vikAsa kA eka caraNa hai| pramANamImAMsA eka apUrNa grantha hai| na to mUlagrantha aura na usakI vRtti hI pUrNa hai| upalabdha mUla sUtra mAtra 100 haiM aura inhIM para vRtti bhI upalabdha hai| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki yaha grantha AcArya hemacandra apane jIvana kAla meM pUrNa nahIM kara sake the| isakA phalita yaha bhI hai ki unhoMne apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM hI isa kRti kA lekhana prArambha kiyA hogaa| yaha grantha bhI kaNAdasUtra yA vaizeSikasUtra, brahmasUtra evaM tattvArthasUtra kI taraha sUtra-zailI kA grantha hai, phira bhI isa grantha kI vargIkaraNa-zailI bhinna hI hai| AcArya kI yojanA ise pA~ca adhyAyoM meM samApta karane kI thI aura ve pratyeka adhyAya ko do-do AhikoM meM vibhakta karanA cAhate the, kintu Aja isake mAtra do adhyAya apane do-do AhnikoM ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| adhyAya aura Ahnika kA yaha vibhAga-krama isake pUrva akSapAda ke nyAyasUtroM evaM jaina-paramparA meM akalaMka ke granthoM meM dekhA jAtA hai| apUrNa hone para bhI isa grantha kI mahattA va mUlyavattA akSuNNa banI huI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne isa grantha ke lekhana meM apanI paramparA aura anya dArzanika-paramparAoM ke nyAya sambandhI granthoM kA pUrA avalokana kiyA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM, "Agamika-sAhitya ke ati vizAla khajAne ke uparAnta 'tattvArtha' se lekara syAdvAdaratnAkara' taka ke saMskRta tArkika jaina-sAhitya kI bhI bahuta bar3I rAzi hemacandra ke parizIlana-patha meM AI, jisase hemacandra kA sarvAMgINa sarjaka vyaktitva santuSTa hone ke bajAya eka aise nae sarjana kI ora pravRtta huA, jo aba taka ke jaina- vAGmaya meM apUrva sthAna rakha ske|" vastutaH; niyukti, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, tattvArtha aura usakA svopajJabhASya jaise Agamika evaM dArzanika-grantha tathA siddhasena divAkara, samantabhadra, akalaMka, mANikyanandI aura vidyAnanda kI prAyaH samagra kRtiyA~ isakI upAdAna sAmagrI banI haiN| paM. sukhalAlajI kI mAnyatA hai ki prabhAcandra ke 'prameyakamalamArtaNDa', anantavIrya kI 'prameyaratnamAlA' aura vAdidevasUri ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' kA isameM spaSTa upayoga huA hai, phira bhI unakI daSTi meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kA mArgAnugamana pradhAnatayA dekhA jAtA hai| isI prakAra, bauddha aura vaidika-paramparA ke ve sabhI grantha,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-326 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-34 jinakA upayoga, pUrvAcAryoM kI jainanyAya kI kRtiyoM meM huA hai| svAbhAvika rUpa se ve sabhI grantha unakI kRti ke AdhAra bane haiN| punaH, ve spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM ki bauddha-paramparA ke diGnAga, dharmakIrti, dharmottara, arcaTa aura zAntarakSita tathA vaidika-paramparA ke kaNAda, bhAsarvajJa, vyomaziva, zrIdhara, akSapAda, vAtsAyana, udyotakara, jayanta, vAcaspati mizra, zabara, prabhAkara aura kumArila kI kRtiyA~ unake adhyayana kA viSaya rahI haiN| vastutaH, apanI paramparA ke aura pratipakSI bauddha evaM vaidika-paramparA ke ina vividha granthoM ke adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI hemacandra jaina-nyAya ke kSetra meM eka viziSTa kRti pradAna kara ske| hemacandra ko isa kRti kI AvazyakatA kyoM anubhUta huI? jaba unake sAmane abhayadeva kA 'vAdArNava' aura vAdideva ke 'syAdvAdaratnAkara' jaise apanI paramparA ke sarvasaMgrAhaka grantha upasthita the, phira unhoMne yaha grantha kyoM racA ? isa sambandha meM paM. sukhalAlajI kahate haiM- yaha saba hemacandra ke sAmane thA, para unheM mAlUma huA ki nyAya-pramANa-viSayaka (isa) sAhitya meM kucha bhAga to aisA hai, jo ati mahattva kA hote hue bhI eka-eka viSaya kI hI carcA karatA yA bahuta saMkSipta hai| dUsarA (kucha) bhAga aisA hai ki jo sarva viSaya saMgrAhI to hai, para vaha uttarottara itanA adhika vistRta tathA bhASA kI apekSA se kliSTa hai ki sarvasAdhAraNa ke abhyAsa kA viSaya nahIM bana sktaa| isa vicAra se hemacandra ne eka aisA pramANa-viSayaka grantha banAnA cAhA, jo unake samaya taka carcita eka bhI dArzanika-viSaya kI carcA se khAlI na rahe, phira bhI vaha sAmAnya buddhi ke pAThaka ke paThana-pAThana ke yogya tathA madhyama kada kA ho| isI dRSTi se 'pramANamImAMsA' kA janma huaa| yaha ThIka hai ki pramANamImAMsA sAmAnya bauddhika-stara ke pAThakoM ke lie madhyama AkAra kA paThana-pAThana ke yogya grantha hai, kintu isase usake vaiduSyapUrNa aura viziSTa hone meM koI A~ca nahIM AtI hai| yadyapi hemacandra ne isa grantha kI racanA meM apane evaM itara paramparA ke pUrvAcAryoM kA upayoga kiyA hai, phira bhI isa grantha meM yatra-tatra apane svatantra cintana aura pratibhA kA upayoga bhI unhoMne kiyA hai, ataH isakI maulikatA ko nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI racanA meM aneka sthaloM para hemacandra ne viSaya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-327 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-35 ko apane pUrvAcAryoM kI apekSA adhika susaMgata DhaMga se prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura isI kAraNa grantha meM yatra-tatra unake vaiduSya aura svatantra cintana ke darzana hote haiM, kintu usa sabakI carcA isa laghu nibandha meM kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ne isa grantha meM hemacandra ke vaiziSTya kI carcA apane bhASA-TippaNoM meM kI hai, jinheM vahA~ dekhA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ to hama mAtra pramANa-nirUpaNa meM hemacandra ke pramANamImAMsA ke vaiziSTya taka hI apane ko sImita rkheNge| pramANamImAMsA meM pramANa-lakSaNa : ___ pramANamImAMsA meM hamacandra ne pramANa kA lakSaNa 'samyagarthanirNayaH' kaha kara diyA hai| yadi hama hemacandra dvArA nirUpita isa pramANalakSaNa para vicAra karate haiM, to yaha pAte haiM ki yaha pramANalakSaNa pUrva meM die gae pramANalakSaNoM se zAbdika-dRSTi se to nitAnta bhinna hI hai| vastutaH, zAbdika-dRSTi se isameM na to sva-para-prakAzatva kI carcA hai, na bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAditva kI, jabaki pUrva ke sabhI jaina-AcAryoM ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM ina donoM kI carcA avazya kI hai| isameM 'apUrvatA' ko bhI pramANa ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM nirUpita nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jisakI carcA kucha digambara jainAcAryoM ne kI hai| nyAyAvatAra meM pramANa ke jo lakSaNa nirUpita kiye gaye haiM, unameM sva-para-prakAzatva aura bAdhavivarjita honA - ye donoM usake Avazyaka lakSaNa batAe gae haiN| nyAyAvatAra kI isa paribhASA meM bhI bAdhavivarjita avisaMvAditva kA hI paryAya hai| jaina-paramparA meM yaha lakSaNa bauddha-paramparA ke prabhAva se gRhIta huA hai , jise aSTazatI Adi granthoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA haiN| isI prakAra, mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se anadhigatArthaka honA yA apUrva honA bhI jaina-pramANalakSaNa meM sanniviSTa ho gyaa| akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ne ise bhI pramANa-lakSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| ___ isa prakAra, jaina-paramparA meM hemacandra ke pUrva pramANa ke cAra lakSaNa nirdhArita ho cuke the - 1. sva-prakAzaka - 'sva' kI jJAnaparyAya kA bodha karAne vaalaa| 2. para-prakAzaka - padArtha kA bodha karAne vaalaa|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-328 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-36 3. bAdhavivarjita yA avisNvaadii| 4. anadhigatArthaka yA apUrva (sarvathA nviin)| ina cAra lakSaNoM meM se 'apUrva lakSaNa kA pratipAdana mANikyanandI ke pazcAta digambara-paramparA meM bhI nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| vidyAnanda ne akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kI paramparA se alaga hokara siddhasena aura samantabhadra ke tIna hI lakSaNa grahaNa kiye| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM kisI AcArya ne pramANa kA 'apUrva lakSaNa pratipAdita kiyA ho, aisA hamAre dhyAna meM nahIM AtA hai| yadyapi vidyAnanda ne mANikyanandI ke 'apUrva lakSaNa ko mahatvapUrNa nahIM mAnA, kintu unhoMne 'vyavasAyAtmakatA ko Avazyaka smjhaa| paravartI zvetAmbara- AcAryoM ne bhI vidyAnanda kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| abhayadeva, vAdidevasUri aura hemacandra - sabhI ne pramANa-lakSaNa-nirdhAraNa meM 'apUrva pada ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnA hai| jaina-paramparA meM hemacandra taka pramANa kI jo paribhASAe~ dI gaI haiM, unheM paM. sukhalAlajI ne cAra vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai - ___ 1. prathama varga meM sva-para avabhAsa vAlA siddhasena (siddharSi ) aura samantabhadra kA lakSaNa AtA hai, smaraNa rahe ki ye donoM lakSaNa bauddhoM evaM naiyAyikoM ke dRSTikoNoM ke samanvaya kA phala haiN| 2. isa varga meM akalaMka aura mANikyanandI kI anadhigata, avisaMvAdi aura apUrva lakSaNa vAlI paribhASAe~ AtI haiN| ye lakSaNa spaSTa rUpa se bauddha-mImAMsakoM ke prabhAva se Ae haiN| jJAtavya hai ki nyAyAvatAra meM 'bAdhavivarjita' rUpa meM avisaMvAditva kA lakSaNa A gayA hai| 3. tIsare varga meM vidyAnanda, abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri ke lakSaNa vAlI paribhASAe~ AtI haiM, jo vastutaH sidvasena (siddharSi ) aura samantabhadra ke lakSaNoM kA zabdAntaraNa mAtra hai aura jinameM avabhAsa pada ke sthAna para vyavasAya yA nirNIta pada rakha diyA gayA hai| 4. caturtha varga meM AcArya hemacandra kI pramANa-lakSaNa kI paribhASA AtI hai, jisameM 'sva', bAdhavivarjita, anadhigata yA apUrva Adi sabhI pada haTAkara pariSkAra kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi yaha ThIka hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-329 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-37 nayI zabdAvalI kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki unhoMne apane pUrva ke jainAcAryoM ke pramANa-lakSaNoM ko pUrI taraha se chor3a diyA hai| yadyapi itanA avazya hai ki hemacandra ne digambarAcArya vidyAnanda aura zvetAmbarAcArya abhayadeva aura vAdidevasUri kA anusaraNa karake apane pramANalakSaNa meM apUrva pada ko sthAna nahIM diyA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke zabdoM meM - unhoMne 'sva' pada, jo sabhI pUrvavartI jainAcAryoM kI paribhASA meM thA, nikAla diyaa| avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi padoM ko dAkhila kiyA11 aura umAsvAti, dharmakIrti, bhAsarvajJa Adi ke 'samyak pada ko apanAkara 'samyagarthanirNayaH pramANam' ke rUpa meM apanA pramANalakSaNa prastuta kiyaa| isa paribhASA yA pramANa-lakSaNa meM samyak pada kisI sImA taka pUrvavartI AcAryoM dvArA prayukta bAdhavivarjita yA avisaMvAdi kA paryAya mAnA jA sakatA hai, 'artha' zabda kA prayoga bauddhoM ke vijJAnavAdI-dRSTikoNa kA khaNDana karate hue pramANa ke 'para' arthAt vastu ke avabodhaka hone kA sUcaka hai, jo jainoM ke vastuvAdI (Realistic) dRSTikoNa kA samarthaka bhI hai| __punaH, 'nirNaya' zabda jahA~ eka ora avabhAsa, vyavasAya Adi kA sUcaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora vaha prakArAntara se pramANa ke 'svaprakAzaka hone kA bhI sUcaka hai| isa prakAra, pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM anadhigatArthaka yA apUrvArthagrAhaka honA hI aisA lakSaNa hai, jisakA hemacandra ne pUrvavartI zvetAmbara AcAryoM ke samAna parityAga kiyA hai| vastutaH, smRti ko pramANa mAnane vAle jainAcAryoM ko yaha lakSaNa Avazyaka pratIta nahIM huaa| zvetAmbara-paramparA ne to use kabhI svIkAra hI nahIM kiyaa| digambara-paramparA meM bhI akalaMka aura mANikyanandI ke pazcAt vidyAnanda ne isakA parityAga kara diyaa| isa prakAra, AcArya hemacandra ne apane pUrvAcAryoM ke dRSTikoNoM kA sammAna karate hue aura unake pramANa-lakSaNoM ko sanniviSTa karate hue pramANamImAMsA meM 'pramANa' kI eka viziSTa paribhASA prastuta kI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM 'sva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara svayaM unhoMne prathama adhyAya ke prathama Ahnika ke caturtha pada kI svopajJa TIkA meM diyA hai, unhoMne batAyA hai ki jJAna to sva-prakAza hI hai, kintu 'para' kA vyAvarttaka nahIM hone se lakSaNa meM isakA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-330 - 'jaina jJAnamImAMsA-38 praveza anAvazyaka hai| paM. sukhalAlajI ke anusAra, aisA karake unhoMne eka ora apane vicAra-svAtantrya ko spaSTa kiyA, vahI dUsarI ora, pUrvAcAryoM ke mata kA khaNDana na karake, 'sva' pada ke prayoga karane kI unakI dRSTi dikhAkara unake prati Adara bhI vyakta kiyA, sAtha hI, jJAna ke svabhAvataH sva-prakAzaka hone se unhoMne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'sva' pada nahIM rkhaa| isI prakAra, AcArya hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'adhigata' yA 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA ? isakA uttara bhI pramANamImAMsA meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya kI carcA meM mila jAtA hai| bhAratIya-darzana meM dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya ko lekara do dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiN| eka ora, nyAya-vaizeSika aura mImAMsakoM ke prabhAkara evaM bhATTa - sampradAya kucha sUkSma matabhedoM ko chor3akara sAmAnyatayA dhArAvAhika jJAna ke prAmANya ko svIkAra karate haiM, dUsarI ora, bauddha-paramparA sAmAnya vyakti (pramAtA) ke jJAna meM sUkSma kAla-bheda kA grahaNa nahIM hone se dhArAvAhikaM jJAna ko apramANa mAnatI hai, yadyapi kumArila bhaTTa kI paramparA bhI apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva pada rakhane ke kAraNa sUkSma kAla-kalA ke bhAna (bodha) ko mAnakara hI usameM prAmANya kA utpAdana karatI hai| isI prakAra, bauddha-dArzanika arcaTa ne apane hetubindu kI TIkA meM sUkSma-kalA ke bhAna ke kAraNa yogiyoM ke dhArAvAhika jJAna ko pramANa mAnA hai| jahA~ taka jainoM kA prazna hai, sAmAnyatayA, kucha digambara-AcAryoM ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'apUrva pada ko sthAna diyA hai, ataH unake anusAra bhI dhArAvAhika jJAna jaba kSaNa-bhedAdi kI sthiti meM vizeSa kA bodha karAtA ho aura viziSTa pramAjanaka ho, tabhI vaha pramANa kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta, zvetAmbara-paramparA ke AcArya apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada nahIM rakhate haiM aura smRti ke samAna dhArAvAhika jJAna ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM hemacandra ne apane pramANalakSaNa meM 'apUrva' pada kyoM nahIM rakhA, isakA uttara bhI unakI pramANamImAMsA meM mila jAtA hai| AcArya svayaM hI svopajJa-TIkA meM isa sambandha meM pUrvapakSa kI udbhAvanA karake uttara dete haiN| pratipakSa kA kathana hai ki dhArAvAhika smRti Adi

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-331 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-39 jJAna adhigatArthaka pUrvArthaka haiM aura inheM sAmAnyatayA apramANa samajhA jAtA hai| yadi inheM apramANa mAnate ho, to (tumhArA) samyagarthanirNayarUpa lakSaNa ativyApta ho jAtA hai ? pratipakSa ke isa prazna ke uttara meM AcArya hemacandra ne kahA thA ki yadi dhArAvAhika jJAna aura smRti pramANa haiM, to phira pramANa ke lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI kA kathana hai ki zvetAmbara AcAryoM meM hemacandra kI khAsa vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne gRhItagrAhI aura grahISyamANagrAhI meM samatva dikhAkara sabhI dhArAvAhika jJAnoM meM prAmANya kA jo samarthana kiyA hai, vaha viziSTa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hemacandra ne apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata pada kI udbhAvanA nahIM kI hai| . vastutaH, hemacandra kI pramANa-lakSaNa kI avadhAraNA hameM pAzcAtyatarkazAstra ke satya ke saMvAditAsiddhAnta kA smaraNa karA detI hai| pAzcAtya-tarkazAstra meM satyatA-nirdhAraNa ke tIna siddhAnta haiM - 1. saMvAditA-siddhAnta, 2. saMgati-siddhAnta aura 3. upayogitAvAdI yA arthakriyAvAdI-siddhAnta / uparyukta tIna siddhAntoM meM hemacandra kA siddhAnta apane pramANa-lakSaNa meM avisaMvAditva aura apUrvatA ke lakSaNa nahIM hone se tathA pramANa ko samyagarthanirNayaH ke rUpa meM paribhASita karane ke kAraNa satya ke saMvAditA-siddhAnta ke nikaTa hai| isa prakAra, AcArya hemacandra ne pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM apane pUrvAcAryoM ke matoM ko samAhita karate hue bhI eka vizeSatA pradAna kI hai| pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM yahI unakA vaiziSTya hai| isI prakAra, pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa meM jainoM kA dUsarA vaiziSTya yaha hai ki unhoMne isake mAdhyama se bauddha-naiyAyika aura mImAMsaka-darzanoM ke madhya eka samanvaya kA sUtra prastuta kiyA hai| pramANa-lakSaNa-nirUpaNa ke sAtha pramANa ke prakAroM ko lekara bhI jaina-dArzanikoM kA eka vaiziSTya hai| prathama to, jaina-dArzanikoM ne tattvArthasUtra meM pratyakSa aura parokSa- aise do pramANoM kI hI carcA kI, kintu kAlAntara meM unhoMne apanI pramANa-carcA meM vikAsa bhI kiyaa| jahA~ AgamoM meM nandIsUtra ko chor3akara zeSa AgamoM meM tathA tattvArthasUtra aura usake svopajJabhASya meM pratyakSa ko eka hI prakAra kA mAnA gayA thA aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-332 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-40 use Atmika-pratyakSa ke rUpa meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA thaa| vahA~ kAlAntara meM anya darzanoM ke prabhAva se pratyakSa ko bhI sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa aura pAramArthika-pratyakSa - aise do vibhAgoM meM bA~Takara matijJAna ke aindrika-bodha ko parokSa jJAna ke sthAna para pratyakSa jJAna ke antargata mAna liyA gyaa| merI dRSTi meM jainoM ko yaha isalie karanA par3A ki anya sabhI dArzanika-paramparAe~ aindrika-pratyakSa ko pratyakSa hI mAna rahI thiiN| unakA to sUtravAkya yahI thA- 'indriyArthasannikarSa utpannaM jJAnaM pratyakSam' / yahA~ jainoM ne naiyAyikoM ke sAtha samanvaya karane kA prayatna kiyA aura bauddhoM ke nirvikalpAtmaka-jJAna ko pratyakSa-pramANa mAnane se iMkAra kiyA aura kahA ki jo jJAna nirvikalpa hogA, vaha pramANabhUta nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki jJAna ko pramANabhUta hone ke lie use nirNayAtmaka yA vyavasAyAtmaka honA caahie| nirvikalpAtmaka-jJAna nirNayAtmaka nahIM hone se pramANabhUta nahIM ho sktaa| dUsare, unhoMne apane parokSa-pramANa meM se matijJAna ko nikAlakara usake aindrika-pratyakSa vAle aMza ko sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa ke antargata vargIkRta kara use bhI pramANarUpa mAna liyaa| isake sAtha hI, parokSa-jJAna ke rUpa meM svIkRta anumAna aura Agama ko bhI pramANarUpa maanaa| na kevala itanA hI, unhoMne parokSa-jJAna ko pramANabhUta mAnane vAle naiyAyikoM ke upamAna ko, mImAMsakoM ke 'arthApatti' ko aura vedAntiyoM ke abhAva ko pramANarUpa nahIM mAnakara unake sthAna para tIna nae parokSa-pramANa sthApita kie - 1. smRti, 2. pratyabhijJA aura 3. Uha yA trk| isa prakAra, pramANa-saMkhyA bhATTamImAMsakoM ke samAna chaha rakhakara bhI pramANa ke kSetra meM eka nayI sthApanA kii| Age hama inhIM chaha pramANoM kI vistAra se carcA kreNge| pratyakSa-pramANa jainadarzana meM prAcInakAla meM jina 3 aura paravartIkAla meM jina 6 pramANoM kA ullekha huA hai, unameM pratyakSa-pramANa atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai, kyoMki ise anya sabhI bhAratIya-darzanoM ne svIkRta kiyA hai, tathA isake abhAva meM anya pramANa bhI kAryakArI nahIM hote haiN| pratyakSa' zabda mUlataH do zabdoM ko milAkara banA hai - prati + akss| jaina-paramparA meM 'akSa' zabda

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-333 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-41 kA eka ati vyApaka artha liyA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA, 'akSa' zabda kA artha A~kha yA cakSu-indriya hotA hai, kintu bhAratIya-darzana kI anya paramparAoM meM bhI isakA kvacit vyApaka artha karate hue ise sabhI indriyoM kA vAcaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina-paramparA meM 'akSa' zabda kI vyutapatti a + kSa se karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jisakA kabhI nAza yA kSaya nahIM hotA, vaha akSa arthAt AtmA hai aura aisA akSaya tattva AtmA hai, ataH AtmA ke dvArA jo jJAna prApta hotA hai, vahI pratyakSa hai, kintu yaha artha mUlataH Atmika-pratyakSa arthAt avadhijJAna, manaHparyavajJAna aura kevalajJAna ke sandarbha meM hI lAgU hotA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM pratyakSa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai- "tadindriyAnindriyanimittam", kintu yaha paribhASA matijJAna ke antargata hone vAle aindrika evaM sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa, jo matijJAna kA hI eka prakAra hai, usa para hI lAgU hotI hai| tattvArthasUtra ke anusAra, sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa indriya aura mana ke nimitta se hotA hai aura isakA viSaya padArtha yA mAnasika-saMpratyaya hote haiN| yahA~ 'artha' zabda padArtha (vastu) evaM usakA mAnasika-saMpratyaya (Meaning) - donoM se hai, ataH usakA viSaya bAhyArtha aura mAnasika avadhAraNAeM - donoM hI haiM, jinheM tattvArthasatra meM mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA, abhinibodha (matiH, smRtiH, saMjJA, cintA 'bhinibodha ityanAntara - tattvArtha - 1/13) Adi ke rUpa meM abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai, kintu jaba pratyakSa meM indriyAnubhUti ke atirikta mAnasika-saMpratyaya bhI jur3a jAte haiM, to sAM vyAvahArika-pratyakSa ko kevala aindrika-saMvedanoM se utpanna pratyakSa jJAna nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, vaha indriyAnubhUti ke rUpa meM pratyakSa aura mAnasika- saMpratyayoM ke rUpa meM parokSa hotA hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAcAryoM ne use vizuddha-pratyakSa nahIM kahA, isIlie paravartI kAla meM jaina-AcAryoM ne pratyakSa kI paribhASA ko adhika vyApaka bnaayaa| pramANanayatattvAloka meM 'spaSTaM pratyakSama' (2/2) kahakara spaSTa jJAna ko hI pratyakSa mAnA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki kAlAntara meM pramANamImAMsA meM AcArya hemacandra ne bhI 'vizadaH pratyakSam' kahakara ise spaSTa kiyA thA aura vizada-pada kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA gayA"pramANAntarAna pekSedantapA pratibhAso vA vaizadyam", arthAt jisako kisI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-334 . . jaina jJAnamImAMsA-42 anya pramANa kI apekSA na ho - aise jJAna ko vizada kahA gayA hai| isI bAta ko spaSTa karate hue pramANanayatattvAloka meM bhI kahA gayA thA ki anumAna Adi kI apekSA bhI vizeSa rUpa se jJeya viSaya kA prakAzana karane vAlA (jJAna) spaSTa hotA hai| isa prakAra, spaSTa yA vizada zabdoM kI paribhASA karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha pratyakSa do prakAra kA hotA hai - sAMvyAvahArika aura paarmaarthik| pAramArthika-pratyakSa kA sambandha Atmika-jJAna se hai aura sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa kA sambandha aindrika-jJAna se hai| ise aura adhika spaSTa karate hue pramANanayatattvAloka meM yaha kahA bhI gayA hai ki sAMvyAvahArika pratyakSa do prakAra kA hotA hai - indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hone vAlA aura mana ke mAdhyama se hone vaalaa| isa prakAra, jaina AcAryoM ne pratyakSa ke do prakAra karate hue indriya aura mana ke nimitta se hone vAle jJAna ko sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa meM aura AtmA ke dvArA hone vAle jJAna ko pAramArthika-pratyakSa meM antarbhUta kiyA hai aura pAramArthika-pratyakSa ke antargata avadhijJAna, manaHparyavajJAna aura kevalajJAna ko hI mAnA hai| ina tInoM jJAnoM kI carcA jJAnamImAMsA ke antargata pUrva meM kI jA cukI hai, yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jaina-dArzanika nyAyadarzana ke indriya aura artha ke sannikarSa se hone vAle pratyakSa ko pratyakSa-pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| nyAyadarzana meM pratyakSa kI nimna paribhASA dI gaI hai - ___"indriyArthasannikarSotpannaM jJAnamanyapadezamavyabhicAri vyavasAyAtmakaM pratyakSam" sAmAnyatayA, nyAyadarzana indriyoM kA apane viSaya se samparka hone para aura anya rUpa se vyapaddezya na hone vAle, avyabhicArI aura nizcayAtmaka-jJAna ko hI pratyakSa mAnA hai, kintu jaina-dArzanikoM ne usakI pratyakSa kI isa avadhAraNA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra, indriyoM kA apane viSaya se samparka yA sannikarSa jJAna kA nimitta kAraNa to ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha jJAnarUpa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki indriyA~ aura unakA artha se sannikarSa yA saMyoga - donoM hI jar3a hote haiN| do jaDa. tattvoM ke sannikarSa arthAt saMyoga se jJAnarUpa cetanA utpanna nahIM ho sakatI, isalie jaina- dArzanikoM kA mAnanA hai ki indriya aura usake viSayoM ke saMyoga

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-335 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -43 mAtra se jJAna nahIM hotA hai| jJAna ke lie cetanA yA upayoga arthAt usa viSaya ke prati cetanA kI sajagatA kA honA Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra, jaina-dArzanika bauddhoM ke samAna nirvikalpatA ko bhI pratyakSa kA AdhAra nahIM mAnate haiN| kyoMki pramANa meM nizcayAtmakatA hotI hai aura nirvikalpaka-jJAna meM nizcayAtmakatA nahIM hotI hai, ataH nirvikalpa anubhUti bhI pramANa nahIM ho sakatI, isalie jaina-dArzanika jJAna aura darzana meM antara karate haiM aura kahate haiM ki mAtra jJAna hI pramANarUpa hotA hai, darzana nhiiN| unake anusAra, bauddhoM kA nirvikalpa-pratyakSa vastutaH darzana hI hai| jaina-dArzanika naiyAyikoM ke samAna vyavasAyAtmakatA ko pramANabhUta jJAna kA Avazyaka tattva mAnate haiN| isa prakAra, pratyakSa ke saMbaMdha meM jaina-dArzanikoM kA bauddhoM se bhI matabheda hai| dUsare, jaina-dArzanika pratyakSa ke viSaya bAhyArtha yA vasturUpa viSaya kI sattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki yadi bAhyArtha nahI hoMge, to unake abhAva meM pratyakSa jJAna kI sambhAvanA bhI nahIM hogii| kyoMki mAnasika-saMpratyaya bhI bAhyArtha ke nimitta se hI banate haiM, ataH pratyakSa ke viSaya ko lekara jainoM kA bauddhoM ke vijJAnavAda se bhI matabheda hai| dUsare, unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve bAhyArtha ke saMvedana ke sAtha-sAtha mAnasika-saMvedanoM ko bhI pratyakSa kA viSaya mAnate haiM aura isIlie ve kahate haiM ki bhrAnta jJAna pratyakSa nahIM ho sakatA hai, pratyakSAbhAsa hotA hai| isa prakAra, jaina-dArzanikoM ne pratyakSa ke sandarbha meM jo mata prastuta kiyA hai, vaha naiyAyikoM aura bauddhoM se bhinna hai| pratyakSa ke saMbaMdha meM jainoM ki jo avadhAraNA hai, vaha bauddhadarzana aura nyAyadarzana ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karatI huI pratIta hotI hai| unake anusAra, pratyakSa-indriyoM aura mana ke saMyoga se tathA bAhyArtha ke nimitta se jo aindrika yA mAnasika-saMvedanA (jJAna) utpanna hotI hai, vahI pratyakSa yA sAMvyAvahArika hai| pAramArthika-pratyakSa avadhi, manaHparyava evaM kevalajJAna-rUpa hotA hai, jinakI carcA hama jJAnamImAMsA ke antagata kara cuke haiN| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki prAcInakAla meM mana, indriyA~, prakAza aura paropadeza ke nimitta se hone vAle isa sAMvyAvahArikapratyakSa ko parokSa bhI kahA gayA hai| matijJAna ke samAna hI sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa kI bhI jJAna ke staroM kI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-336 -- jaina jJAnamImAMsA-44 apekSA se cAra avasthAe~ mAnI gaI haiM- 1. avagraha, 2. IhA, 3. avAya (apAya), 4. dhaarnnaa| Age hama inake svarUpa kI carcA kreNge| jJAtavya hai ki avagraha Adi sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa ke prakAra na hokara usake stara haiM, kyoMki sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa bhI apanI pUrNatA para ina staroM se hokara hI gujaratA hai| avagraha - jJeya vastu yA viSaya ke sAtha indriya kA samparka hone ke bAda jo artha kA sAmAnya avabodha hotA hai, use avagraha kahate haiN| Azaya yaha hai ki cakSu Adi indriyoM aura ghaTAdi padArthoM kA samparka hote hI jo prathama darzana hotA hai yaha darzana sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatA hai| pIche vahI darzana vastu ke svarUpa Adi kA nirNaya hone para avagraha yA avabodha-jJAnarUpa pariNata ho jAtA hai| avagraha ke pUrva darzana hotA hai, kintu vaha darzana nahIM hai| vaha darzana ke jJAnarUpa meM pariNata hone kI prathama kar3I hai| avagraha ke bhI do bheda haiM - (1) vyaMjanAvagraha aura (2) arthAvagraha / aspaSTa grahaNa ko vyaMjanAvagraha kahate haiM aura spaSTa grahaNa ko arthAvagraha kahate haiN| AcArya pUjyapAda ne eka dRSTAnta ke dvArA donoM kA bheda spaSTa karate hue likhA haijaise miTTI ke naye sakore para jala ke do-cAra chIMTe dene se vaha gIlA nahIM hotA, kintu bAra-bAra pAnI ke chIMTe dete rahane para vaha korA sakorA dhIre-dhIre gIlA ho jAtA hai, isI prakAra zrotra, ghrANa Adi indriyoM meM AyA huA zabda athavA gandha Adi do-tIna kSaNa taka spaSTa hI nahIM hote, kintu bAra-bAra grahaNa karane para spaSTa ho jAte haiM, ataH spaSTa grahaNa se pahale jJeya viSaya aura jJAnendriya kA saMyoga mAtra vyaMjanAvagraha hotA hai| vaha vyaMjanAvagraha Age calakara arthAvagraha ko janma detA hai, kintu aisA koI niyama nahIM hai ki jaise avagraharUpI jJAna darzanapUrvaka hI hotA hai, vaise hI arthAvagraha bhI vyaMjanAvagrahapUrvaka hI hotA hai, kyoMki arthAvagraha to pAMcoM indriyoM se aura mana se hotA hai, kintu vyaMjanAvagraha cakSu aura mana ke atirikta zeSa cAra indriyoM se hI hotA hai| jo indriyA~ apane viSaya ko usase samparka karake jAnatI haiM, unhIM se vyaMjanAvagraha hotA hai| aisI indriyA~ kevala cAra haiM - sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa aura zrotra / ye cAroM indriyA~ apane viSaya se sambandha hone para hI sparza, rasa, gandha aura zabda ko jAnatI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-337 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -45 haiM, kintu cakSu aura mana apane viSaya se dUra rahakara hI use jAnate haiM, tabhI to jo vastu A~kha ke atyanta najadIka athavA ati dUra hotI hai, use vaha nahIM jAnatI, jaise - A~kha meM lagA huA aNjn| isI se jaina-darzana meM cakSu ko aprApyakArI mAnA hai| indriyoM ke prApyakAritva evaM aprApyakAritva kI carcA Age vistAra se kreNge| IhA - avagraha meM indriyoM kA apane viSaya se samparka hone para jo sAmAnya avabodha hotA hai, vaha avagraha kahA jAtA hai, kintu yahI avagraha jaba sAmAnya jJAna nahIM hokara vastu yA viSaya ko vizeSarUpa se jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai, to vaha IhA bana jAtA hai, ataH avagraha ke pazcAt jaba jJeya viSaya ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnane ke lie jo prayatna hotA hai, vaha IhA kahA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, anubhUti ke viSaya ko vizeSarUpa se jAnane kI jijJAsA ko hI IhA kahA jAtA hai| isI jijJAsA meM IhA kA janma huA hai, jaise - koI vyakti gaharI nIMda meM soyA huA ho aura use koI vyakti AvAja deve - prathama sthiti meM vaha zabda-dhvani usake kAna meM jAtI hai, kintu use isakA koI bodha nahIM hotA hai, vaha vyaMjanAtmaka-avagraha kI sthiti hotI hai| yahA~ indriyoM kA apane viSaya se samparka to hotA hai, kintu phira bhI vyakti ko cetana-upayoga usa ora nahIM hone ke kAraNa bodha kA abhAva hotA hai| jaise sUkheM sakore meM DAlI huI pAnI kI bUndeM sakore kA saMsparza karate hue bhI abhivyakta nahIM hotI haiM, isI prakAra indriya kA apane viSaya se saMmparka hone para bhI anabhivyakta samparkarUpa bodha hotA hai, yahI vyaMjanAvagraha hai| isake pazcAt, jaba cetanA meM isa bAta kA bodha ho ki koI mujhe AvAja de rahA hai, to vaha arthAvagraha kahA jAtA hai, kintu IhA isase bhinna hotI hai| prathamatayA, usa AvAja ko jAnane kI jo jijJAsA utpanna hotI hai, jaise ki vaha kisakI AvAja thI, to yaha jijJAsA hI IhA kA kAraNa banatI hai, kintu IhA mAtra jijJAsArUpa bodha nahIM hotI hai| vaha kisI sImA taka nirNaya kI ora abhimukha bhI hotI hai, arthAt ise kisI strI kI AvAja honI cAhie, kyoMki yaha madhura thI - aisA nirNayAbhimukha bodha IhA kahA jAtA hai| IhA saMzaya, viparyaya aura ajJAna - ina tInoM se bhinna hotI hai, kyoMki yaha pratyakSa jJAna kA eka aMga

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-338 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-46 hotI hai, ataH aindrika yA mAnasika-viSaya ke saMbaMdha meM jo nirNayAbhimukha jJAna hotA hai, use hI IhA kahA jAtA hai| IhA saMzaya se isa artha se bhinna hotI hai ki saMzaya meM ubhayakoTiyoM ke madhya vyakti koI nirNaya nahIM kara paataa| IhA bhI nirNaya to nahIM karatI, kintu nirNayAbhimukha avazya hotI hai| ataH, IhA nizcayAtmaka-bodha to nahIM hai, kintu vyakti ko nizcaya kI ora abhimukha avazya karatI hai| ___ apAya - IhA ke dvArA jo nirNayAbhimukhatA prApta hotI hai, use nirNIta kara denA hI avAya yA apAya hai| vastutaH, vastu ke vizeSa dharmoM kA jJAna honA apAya hai| apAya nirNayAtmaka-jJAna hai, vaha jJeya vastu ko yathArtha rUpa meM jAnatA hai| jaise AkAza meM ur3atI huI sapheda vastu ko dekhane para, yaha patAkA hai, yA baguloM kI paMkti hai- aisI jijJAsA hotI hai, phira usa ur3atI huI vastu ko Age gatizIla dekhakara, ise baguloM kI paMkti honA cAhie- isa rUpa meM IhA hotI hai| jaba yaha IhA yaha nirNaya kara letI hai ki yaha baguloM kI paMkti hai, to yaha apAya kahalAtI hai| apAya nirNayAtmaka-jJAna hotA hai, phira usake, saMskAra cetanA meM sthira nahIM rahate haiM, vaha kSaNajIvI hotA hai, usake una saMskAroM ko bhaviSya meM 'sthira rakhane ke lie cetanA kA jo prayAsa hotA hai, use jaina-dArzanikoM ne 'dhAraNA' nAma diyA hai| dhAraNA - mana aura indriyoM ke apane viSaya se saMsparza hone para avagraha hotA hai| avagraha se IhA nirNayAbhimukha hotI hai| IhA se hama nirNaya taka pahuMcate haiN| yaha nirNaya apAya hotA hai| jaba yaha dhAraNA hamArI cetanA kA eka aviyogya aMga bana jAtI hai aura bhaviSya meM jaba bhI hama cAhe una saMskAroM ko jagA sakate haiM, to vaha dhAraNA bana jAtI hai| apAya ke dvArA nirNIta viSaya ko bhaviSya ke hetu cetanA meM dhArita karane kI prakriyA hI dhAraNA hai| isa prakAra avagraha, IhA, apAya aura dhAraNA krama se hote haiN| paM. kailAzacandrajI likhate haiM ki ye avagraha Adi cAroM jJAna isI krama se hote haiM, inakI utpatti meM koI vyatikrama nahIM hotA, kyoMki adRSTa kA avagraha nahIM hotA, anavagRhIta sandeha nahIM hotA, sandeha ke hue binA IhA nahIM hotI, IhA ke binA avAya nahIM hotA aura avAya ke binA dhAraNA nahIM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-339 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-47 hotI, kintu jaise kamala ke sau pattoM ko Upara-nIce rakhakara suI se chedane para aisI pratIti hotI hai ki sAre patte eka hI samaya meM chede gaye, yadyapi vahA~ kAlabheda hai, jo atyanta sUkSma hone se hamArI dRSTi meM nahIM AtA, vaise hI abhyasta viSaya meM yadyapi kevala avAya-jJAna kI hI pratIti hotI hai, phira bhI usase pahale avagraha aura IhA-jJAna bar3I druta gati se ho jAte haiN| isase unakI pratIti nahIM hotii| ___ yaha bhI koI niyama nahIM hai ki inameM se pahalA jJAna hone para Age ke sabhI jJAna hote hI haiN| kabhI kevala avagraha hI hokara raha jAtA hai, kabhI avagraha ke pazcAt saMzaya hokara hI raha jAtA hai, kabhI avagraha, saMzaya aura IhA hI hote haiM, kabhI-kabhI avagraha, saMzaya, IhA aura avAya-jJAna hI hote haiM, aura kabhI dhAraNA taka hote haiN| ye sabhI jJAna eka caitanya ke hI vizeSa haiM, kintu ye saba krama se hote haiM tathA inakA viSaya bhI eka-dUsare se apUrva hai, ataH ye saba Apasa meM bhinna-bhinna mAne jAte haiN| ___ isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki pratyakSa kI anubhUti ko usa sthiti meM rakhanA, jise hama cAhe jaba cetanA ke stara para lAkara koI nirNaya le sakeM, to vaha dhAraNA hamAre vartamAnakAlIna pratyakSa kA hI eka rUpa hotI hai| isI bhUtakAlIna smRti se vartamAnakAlIna pratyakSa kI tulanA karake sAdRzya, vaidRzya kA nirNaya lenA pratyabhijJAna hai| avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA ke tattva mukhya rUpa se hamAre nirNaya meM sahAyaka hote haiM, ataH pratyakSa-pramANa ke hI aMga mAne gae haiN| dUsare, unase anumAna hetu vyApti-sambandha kA bodha hotA hai, ataH ve anumAna ke lie bhI aparihArya haiN| 'indriya' zabda kA artha- 'indriya' zabda ke artha kI vizada vivecanA na karate hue yahA~ hama kevala yahI kaheMge ki jina-jina sAdhanoM kI sahAyatA se jIvAtmA viSayoM kI ora abhimukha hotA hai, athavA viSayoM ke upabhoga meM samartha hotA hai, ve indriyA~ haiM / isa artha ko lekara kahIM koI vivAda nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| indriyoM kI saMkhyA- (a) jaina-dRSTikoNa - jaina-darzana meM indriyA~ pA~ca mAnI gaI haiM- 1. zrotra, 2. cakSu, 3. ghrANa, 4. rasanA aura 5. sparzana (tvcaa)| jaina-darzana meM mana

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-340 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-48 ko noindriya (Quasi sense organ) kahA jAtA hai| jaina-darzana meM karmendriyoM kA vicAra upalabdha nahIM hai, phira bhI pA~ca karmendriyoM meM se tIna to usakI dasa bala kI avadhAraNA meM se vAkbala, zarIrabala aura zvAsocchavAsa-bala meM samAviSTa ho jAtI haiN| yadyapi jainoM ne jananendriya aura gudA ko pRthak se indriya to nahIM kahA hai, phira bhI ve zArIrika-zakti ke rUpa meM zarIra-bala meM samAvaSTi haiN| (ba) bauddha-dRSTikoNa- bauddha-grantha visuddhimagga meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 22 varNita hai| bauddha-vicAradhArA ukta pA~ca indriyoM evaM mana ke atirikta puruSatva, strItva, sukha-duHkha, zubha-azubha manobhAvoM ko bhI indriyoM meM mAna letI hai| (sa) gItA kA dRSTikoNa- gItA meM bhI jaina-darzana ke samAna pA~ca indriyoM evaM chaThaveM mana ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zAMkara-vedAnta evaM sAMkhya darzana meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 11 mAnI gaI hai - 5 jJAnendriyA~, 5 karmendriyA~ aura 1 antHkrnn| . jaina-darzana meM indriya-svarUpa- , jaina-darzana meM ukta pA~coM indriyA~ do prakAra kI haiM- 1. dravyendriya, 2.. bhAvendriya / indriyoM kA bAhya saMracanAtmaka pakSa (Structural aspect) dravyendriya hai aura unakA Antarika kriyAtmaka-pakSa (Functioual aspect) bhAvendriya hai| inameM se pratyeka meM punaH upavibhAga kie gae haiM, jaisA ki nimna sAraNI se spaSTa hai : indriya dravyendriya bhAvendriya nivRtti upakaraNa (indriya-rakSaka aMga) (indriya-aMga) bahiraMga aMtaraMga labdhi aMtaraMga upayoga aMtaraMga jaina-darzana meM indriyoM ke ye do vibhAga dravya-indriya aura bhAva-indriya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-341 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -49 ke rUpa meM varNita haiN| dravya-indriya indriya kI zArIrika-saMracanA hai aura bhAva-indriya aindrika kSamatA kI paricAyaka hai| jaina AcAryoM ne dravya-indriya ke upakaraNa aura nivRtti- aise do vibhAga kiye haiN| indriya kA kArya karane vAlA aMga upakaraNa aura indriyarakSaka aMga nivRtti kahA jAtA hai| ina donoM ke bhI ataraMga aura baiyaraMga-aise do-do vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| punaH, bhAvendriya ko do bhAgoM meM bATA gayA hai - labdhi aura upayoga / pratyeka indriya kI jo jJAna-kSamatA hai, vaha labdhi kahI jAtI hai aura usa indriya kI apane viSaya ke prati jo saMcetanA hotI hai, use upayoga kahate haiN| jaina-darzana meM indriyoM ke viSaya- (1) zrotrendriya kA viSaya zabda hai| zabda tIna prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- jIva-zabda, ajIva-zabda aura mizra-zabda / kacha vicAraka 7 prakAra ke zabda bhI mAnate haiN| (2) cakSa-indriya kA viSaya rUpa-saMvedanA hai| rUpa pA~ca prakAra kA hai- kAlA, nIlA, pIlA, lAla aura zveta, zeSa raMga inhIM ke sammizraNa ke pariNAma haiN| (3) ghrANendriya kA viSaya gandha-saMvedanA hai| gandha do prakAra kI hai- 1. sugandha aura 2. durgandha / (4) rasanA kA viSaya rasAsvAdana hai| rasa pA~ca haiM - kaTu, amla, lavaNa, tikta aura mdhur| (5) sparzana-indriya kA viSaya sparzAnubhUti hai| sparza ATha prakAra kA hai- uSNa, zIta, rUkSa, cikanA, halkA, bhArI, karkaza, komala / isa prakAra, zrotrendriya ke 3, cakSurindriya ke 5, ghrANendriya ke 2, rasanA ke 5 aura sparzendriya ke 8, kula milAkara pA~coM indriyoM ke teIsa viSaya haiN| indriyoM ke prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva kA svarUpa jainadarzana ke anusAra, sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa meM nimitta-kAraNa mana aura indriyAM haiM, ataH yahA~ mUla prazna yaha hai ki indriyAM apane viSaya kA jJAna kisa prakAra se karatI haiN| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM jahA~ taka nyAyadarzana kA prazna hai, vaha spaSTa rUpa se yaha mAnatA hai ki indriyA~ apane-apane viSayoM kA saMsparza yA sannikarSa karake hI unheM jAnatI haiN| yaha siddhAnta indriyArtha-sannikarSavAda yA indriyoM ke prApyakAritva ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| yaha bAta to sAmAnyatayA sabhI svIkAra karate haiM ki indriyA~ apane-apane viSayoM ko grahaNa karake hI unheM jAnatI haiM, kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se nikaTastha rUpa meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-342 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-50 saMsparza hotA hai, yA ve dUra se hI unheM grahaNa kara letI haiN| jahA~ taka nyAyadarzana kA prazna hai, vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se vAstavika rUpa meM saMsparza yA sannikarSa hotA hai aura tabhI ve use jAnatI haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, pA~coM indriyA~ apane-apane viSayoM se yathArtha samparka sthApita karake arthAt unakA saMsparza karake hI unheM jAnatI haiM, jabaki jaina aura bauddha-darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki kucha indriyA~ to apane viSayoM kA saMsparza karake hI unheM jAnatI haiM, kintu kucha indriyA~ aisI bhI haiM, jo dUra se hI apane viSayoM kA grahaNa kara letI haiM, unakA vAstavika rUpa se saMsparza nahIM karatI haiN| isake sAtha hI, bhAratIya-dArzanikoM meM vizeSa rUpa se jaina aura bauddha-dArzanikoM ne yahA~ yaha prazna bhI uThAyA ki samparka-sthApana, saMsparzana yA sannikarSa kI isa prakriyA meM viSaya indriyoM kI ora Akara unase samparka sthApita karate haiM yA indriyA~ apane viSaya kI ora jAkara unase samparka sthApita karatI haiM, yA unakA saMsparza karatI haiM ? jahA~ taka nyAyadarzana kI mAnyatA hai, to kucha sthitiyoM meM viSaya indriyoM ke sannikaTa Akara unase samparka sthApita karate haiM, jaise- gandha aura kucha sthitiyoM meM indriyA~ bhI una viSayoM ke sannikaTa jAkara unase samparka sthApita karatI haiM, jaise - ckssurindriy| basa, yahIM se indriyoM ke prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva ko lekara bhAratIya dArzanika-cintana meM vivAda kA prArambha hotA hai| prApyakAritva vaha siddhAnta hai, jo yaha mAnatA hai ki indriyA~ apane viSaya kA vAstavika rUpa se saMsparza karake yA usase samparka sthApita karake sannikarSa ke mAdhyama se use grahaNa karatI haiM, jabaki indriyoM kA aprApyakAritva vaha siddhAnta hai, jo yaha mAnatA hai ki kucha indriyA~ aisI bhI haiM, jo apane viSayoM se dUrastha rahakara hI unakA grahaNa kara letI haiM, unameM vAstavika rUpa se saMsparza, samparka yA sannikarSa nahIM hotA hai| jaina-darzana meM indriyoM ke prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva kI avadhAraNA bhAratIya-darzanoM meM nyAyadarzana pA~coM indriyoM aura mana ko prApyakArI mAnatA hai, jabaki bauddha-darzana sparzendriya, rasanendriya, ghrANendriya ko

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-343 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-51 prApyakArI mAnatA hai aura zravaNendriya tathA cakSurindriya ko aprApyakArI mAnatA hai, arthAt zravaNendriya aura cakSurindriya dUra se hI apane viSaya kA grahaNa kara letI haiN| unakA apane viSayoM se vAstavika saMsparza yA sannikarSa nahIM hotA hai| jahA~ taka jaina-darzana kA prazna hai, vaha sparzendriya, rasanendriya, ghrANendriya aura zravaNendriya - ina cAra indriyoM ko prApyakArI mAnatA hai, kintu cakSurindriya aura mana ko aprApyakArI mAnatA hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra, cakSurindriya aura mana aprApyakArI haiM, kyoMki ye donoM apane viSayoM kA saMsparza karake unheM grahaNa nahIM karate haiM, apitu dUra se hI apane viSayoM ko jAna lete haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki indriya ke prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva ko lekara jainadarzana kA nyAyadarzana aura bauddhadarzana-donoM se hI matabheda hai| jahA~ nyAyadarzana pA~coM hI indriyoM ko niyama se prApyakArI mAnatA hai, vahA~ jainadarzana cAra indriyoM ko prApyakArI mAnatA hai, kintu cakSurindriya ko aprApyakArI mAnatA hai| isI sandarbha meM jaba hama bauddha-darzana se jaina-darzana kI tulanA karate haiM, to yaha pAte haiM ki jahA~ bauddhadarzana zravaNendriya aura cakSurindriya-donoM ko aprApyakArI mAnatA hai, vahA~ jainadarzana zravaNendriya ko prApyakArI mAnatA hai aura mAtra cakSurindriya ko aprApyakArI mAnatA hai| punaH, isa prazna ko lekara bhI jaina-darzana kA nyAya-darzanaM se dUsarA matabheda yaha bhI hai ki nyAyadarzana yaha mAnatA hai ki cakSurindriya ke viSaya svayaM Akara cakSurindriya kA saMsparza nahIM karate, apitu cakSurindriya se tejorazmiyA~ nikalakara unase saMsparza karatI haiM, jabaki jainadarzana kA kahanA hai ki koI bhI indriya apane svakSetra se bAhara jAkara viSaya-saMsparza nahIM karatI hai, apitu jo viSaya indriyoM ke saMsparza-kSetra meM Ate haiM, unheM hI jAnatI hai aura aisI indriyA~ hI prApyakArI kahI jA sakatI haiM, jabaki jo indriyA~ apane svakSetra meM rahate hue bhI dUrastha viSayoM ko grahaNa kara letI haiM, ve aprApyakArI kahalAtI haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra; sparza, rasa, gandha aura zabda aise viSaya haiM, jinakA jJAna unakI grAhaka cAroM indriyA~ saMsparza karake karatI haiM, ataH ve prApyakArI kahI jAtI haiN| isake viparIta, cakSurindriya dUra se hI apane viSaya kA grahaNa kara letI hai, ataH vaha aprApyakArI kahI jAtI hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-344 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-52 jainadarzana ke anusAra, cakSurindriya ke viSaya na to svayaM cakSurindriya se saMsparza karate haiM aura na cakSu apane svakSetra se bAhara jAkara unakA saMsparza karatI haiN| vastutaH, cakSurindriya meM aisI asAdhAraNa sAmarthya hai ki vaha binA saMsparza kiye apane viSayoM ko jAna letI haiM, isalie jainadarzana pA~coM indriyoM meM se cAra indriyoM ko prApyakArI aura cakSurindriya ko aprApyakArI mAnatA hai| paravartI jaina AcAryoM (6 vIM se 10 vIM zatI) ne apanI mAnyatA ke samarthana meM bauddhoM aura naiyAyikoM kI tatsambandhI avadhAraNAoM kI samIkSA bhI kI hai| yadyapi tattvArthasUtra mUla (I. san -3 rI zatI) meM indriyoM ke prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva ko lekara koI carcA nahIM milatI hai, kintu usI ke samakAlika yA kiMcit pUrvavartI prajJApanAsUtra (I. san prathama-dvitIya zatI) nAmaka upAMga ke indriyadvAra meM indriyoM ke prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva kI carcA sarvaprathama upalabdha hotI hai| digambara-paramparA ke granthoM meM bhI tattvArthasUtra kI prathama TIkA sarvArthasiddhi (lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatI) meM sarvaprathama yaha carcA milatI hai| prajJApanAsUtra ke indriya-pada meM yaha prazna upasthita kiyA gayA hai ki zravaNendriya spRSTa arthAt saMsparzita zabdoM ko sunatI hai yA aspRSTa (asparzita) zabdoM ko sunatI hai ? usake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki zravaNendriya spRSTa zabdoM ko sunatI hai, kintu jaba cakSurindriya ke sambandha meM yahI prazna pUchA gayA ki cakSurindriya spRSTa rUpa ko dekhatI hai yA aspRSTa rUpa ko dekhatI hai, to usake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki cakSurindriya aspRSTa rUpa ko dekhatI hai, spRSTa rUpa ko nhiiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki indriyoM ke aprApyakAritva aura prApyakAritva kI carcA ke mUlabIja jainadarzana meM kama-se-kama prajJApanAsUtra ke kAla se arthAt IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI se upalabdha hote haiN| digambara-paramparA meM sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM prajJApanA ke samarUpa Agama-vacanoM ko uddhRta karate hue cakSurindriya kI aprApyakAritA aura anya indriyoM kI prApyakAritA siddha kI gaI hai| prajJApanA ke atirikta zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anya dArzanika granthoM, yathA - pramANanayatattvAloka, ratnAkarAvatArikA, syAdvAdaratnAkara Adi meM tathA digambara-paramparA ke aneka granthoM, yathA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-345 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-53 sarvAthasiddhi, rAjavArttika, paMcasaMgraha (prAkRta), dhavalA, prameyakamalamArtaNDa Adi meM bhI yaha carcA milatI hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki jaina-darzana meM yaha carcA IsA kI prathama zatI se lekara gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI taka pUre jora-zora se calatI rahI hai| jahA~ prajJApanAsUtra, paMcasagraha (prAkRta) Adi meM mAtra itanA hI kahA gayA hai ki zravaNendriya, ghrANendriya, rasanendriya aura sparzendriya- ye cAra indriyA~ apane-apane sparzita viSayoM kA hI anubhava karatI haiM, jabaki cakSurindriya asparzita rUpa ko dekhatI hai, vahA~ paravartIkAla ke jaina-darzana ke granthoM meM isa sambandha meM anya darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai| jJAtavya hai ki prajJApanA-sUtra ke indriya-pada meM yaha prazna bhI uThAyA gayA hai ki zravaNendriya praviSTa zabdoM ko sunatI hai yA apraviSTa zabdoM ko sunatI hai| isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki zravaNendriya praviSTa zabdoM ko hI sunatI hai, apraviSTa zabdoM ko nahIM sunatI hai| zravaNendriya ke samAna hI ghrANendriya, rasanendriya, sparzendriya bhI apane-apane praviSTa viSayoM ko grahaNa karatI haiN| prajJApanAsUtra kI malayagiri kI vRtti meM (13 vIM zatI) spRSTa aura praviSTa kA antara batAte hue bhI kahA gayA hai ki jaise zarIra para reta yA dhUla-kaNa lagate haiM, usI taraha indriya kA apane viSaya ke sAtha mAtra saMsparza ho, to vaha viSaya spRSTa (sparzita) kahalAtA hai, jabaki ve viSaya, jo indriya ke pradezoM ke sAtha ekAkAra hote haiM, unameM praveza karate haiM, to ve baddha aura praviSTa kahalAte haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, kisI khAdya-padArtha kA rasanendriya se sparzita honA spRSTa hai, kintu usa padArtha ke rasa kA hamAre svAda-koSoM se ekAkAra honA - vaha baddha yA praviSTa honA hai| jainadarzana kI yahA~ yaha mAnyatA hai ki cAroM indriyA~ apane spRSTa, baddha aura praviSTa viSayoM ko hI jAnatI haiM, parantu cakSurindriya aspRSTa, abaddha aura apraviSTa viSayoM ko jAnatI hai| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki Agama-yuga taka yA sarvArthasiddhi ke kAla taka jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa isa sambandha meM apane pakSa kA prastutikaraNa mAtra rahA hai, anya matoM kI samIkSA nahIM, jabaki tattvArthasUtra kI rAjavArtika-TIkA (AThavIM zatI), pramANanayatattvAloka, prameyakamalamArtaNDa, syAdvAdaratnAkara, ratnAkarAvatArikA (sabhI prAyaH 11

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-346 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-54 vIM zatI) Adi granthoM meM indriyoM ke prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva ke prazna para na kevala svapakSa kA maMDana hai, apitu prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva ke prazna para naiyAyikoM aura bauddhoM ke matoM kI vistAra se samIkSA bhI kI gaI hai| cakSu ke prApyakAritva ke sambandha meM naiyAyikoM kI samIkSA yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki pA~coM indriyoM ke prApyakAritva ke prazna para vaizeSika, mImAMsaka aura sAMkhya-dArzanika bhI nyAyadarzana kI mAnyatA ke samarthaka rahe haiM, arthAt nyAya-vaizeSika, mImAMsaka aura sAMkhya - sabhI pA~coM indriyoM ko prApyakArI mAnate haiM, ataH isa sambandha meM jaina-dArzanikoM dvArA kI gaI nyAya-darzana kI samIkSA ina sabhI darzanoM para bhI lAgU ho jAtI hai| punaH, yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaina-dArzanika bhI cakSu ke atirikta anya cAroM indriyoM ko prApyakArI mAnate haiM, ataH eka ora unhoMne naiyAyika Adi kI samIkSA mAtra cakSu kI prApyakAritA ke sambandha meM kI hai, to dUsarI ora, bauddhoM kI zrotrendriya kI aprApyakAritA kI bhI samIkSA kI hai| yahA~ hama sarvaprathama cakSu kI prApyakAritA kI samIkSA kareMge, phira . zrotrendriya kI aprApyakAritA kI samIkSA kreNge| cakSurindriya kI prApyakAritA ke sambandha meM naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki cakSurindriya ke viSaya svayaM Akara to cakSurindriya kA saMsparza nahIM karate haiM, kintu cakSurindriya se taijasa nikalakara cakSurindriya ke viSayoM kA saMsparza kara unheM jAnatI haiN| isa para jainoM kI prathama Apatti yaha hai ki taijasa cakSu se nikalakara jAtA huA dikhAI nahIM detA hai, dUsare, yadi cakSu prApyakArI hai, to vaha eka sAtha parvata, candra Adi aneka viSayoM kA saMsparza kaise kara sakatI hai| tIsare, yadi cakSurindriya prApyakArI hai, to vaha apane AkAra se kaI gunA bRhadakAya padArthoM, yathA- parvata Adi kA saMsparza kaise kara sakatI hai ? naiyAyikoM ne jainoM ke ina tInoM AkSepoM kA uttara isa krama meM prastuta kiyA hai ki prathama to cakSu se jo taijasa nikalakara cakSurindriya ke viSayoM kA saMsparza karatA hai, usakA jJAna pratyakSa-pramANa se nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usa taijasa meM rUpa anubhUta hai, arthAt vaha amUrta hai, ataH usakA jJAna anumAna-pramANa se hotA hai| isa para jainoM kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-347 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-55 pratyuttara yaha hai ki anumAna to vyApti para nirbhara hotA hai aura vyApti-jJAna kI saMsthApanA binA pratyakSa ke sambhava nahIM hai, ataH jisakA pratyakSa sambhava nahIM hai, usakI vyApti-sthApanA sambhava nahIM hai aura jahA~ vyApti-jJAna nahIM hai, vahA~ anumAna nahIM hai| yadi yaha kahA jAye ki billI, zera, vRSabha Adi kI A~khoM meM prabhA (camaka) dekhI jAtI hai, kintu vaha prabhA naitrasthita pratIta hotI hai, bAhara jAtI huI pratIta nahIM hotI hai, ataH isa tarka ke Adha pAra para cakSu prApyakArI siddha nahIM hotA hai, yadi yaha kahA jAe ki A~kha meM lage hue aMjana kA pratyakSa nahIM hotA hai, phira bhI vaha cakSu-jJAna kI nirmalatA kA kAraNa hotA hai, usI taraha, cAhe taijasa kA pratyakSa na ho, phira bhI vaha cAkSuSa-jJAna kA hetu hotA hai| naiyAyikoM ke isa tarka kA uttara dete hue jaina-dArzanika kahate haiM ki cakSu meM aMjana kI upasthiti cAhe vaha cakSu nahIM dekha pAe, kintu anya vyakti ke cakSu se to usakA bhI pratyakSa hotA hai| dUsarA vyakti yaha jAna letA hai - isa A~kha meM aMjana hai aura isa A~kha meM nhiiN| punaH, jaise aMjana dravya kA astitva hai, vaise hI cAhe prabhA (razmicakra) kA astitva ho bhI, kintu cakSu se prabhA ko bAhara jAte hue to dekhA nahIM jAtA hai| ulla, billI Adi andhere meM isalie nahIM dekhate haiM kiM unakI A~khoM se razmicakra (taMjodravya) bAhara jAtA hai, yadi aisA hotA, to phira manuSya bhI aMdhakAra meM dekhane meM utanA hI sakSama honA thA, kyoMki tejodravya donoM kI cakSuoM meM hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki unakI A~khoM kI putaliyA~ aMdhere meM adhika phailakara pratichAyA ko grahaNa karane meM adhika samartha hotI haiN| unakI A~khoM kI razmi nikalakara bAhara nahIM jAtI hai| punaH, prabhA yA razmi yA to sUkSma hogI yA vibhu: yadi vaha sUkSma hai, to sthUla padArthoM kA samagra rUpa se saMsparza nahIM kara pAegI aura yadi vaha vyApaka hai, to phira sabhI ko eka sAtha jAna legI, kintu aisA hotA nahIM hai| cakSu dIvAra Adi kI oTa meM rahe hue viSayoM ko nahIM jAna pAtI hai, ataH cakSu prApyakArI nahIM ho sakatI hai| yadi naiyAyikoM kI ora se yaha kahA jAye ki cakSu nikaTastha aura dUrastha padArthoM ko eka sAtha na jAnakara kramapUrvaka hI jAnatI hai, vaha taijasa pahale nikaTastha padArtha kA grahaNa karate haiM aura phira dUrastha ko, kintu samaya kA antarAla itanA kama hotA hai ki ve eka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-348 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-56 sAtha pratIta hote haiM, jaise - suI se sau kamala-pattoM ko chedate hue bhI hama unheM kramazaH chedate haiM, kintu aisA lagatA hai ki hamane unheM eka sAtha cheda diyaa| isa sambandha meM jaina-dArzanikoM kA uttara yaha hai ki cAkSuSajJAna meM aneka viSayoM kA jo bodha hotA hai, usameM krama nahIM hotA hai| cakSurindriya aneka viSayoM ko eka sAtha jAnatI hai| bhIr3a meM hama aneka manuSyoM ke aMga-pratyaMgoM aura unakI vezabhUSA Adi ko eka sAtha jAnate haiN| jainoM ke isa AkSepa kA ki yadi cakSu prApyakArI hai, to vaha apane se bRhatkAya parvata Adi ko saMsparza karake nahIM jAna sakatI hai, naiyAyikoM kA uttara yaha hai ki cakSu vAstavika indriya nahIM hai, vAstavika indriya taijasa hai aura tejasa jaise dIpaka AkAra meM choTA hokara bhI apane prakAza ko vyApta karake sampUrNa kamare (kakSa) kI vastuoM ko prakAzita kara detA hai, usI prakAra taijasa yA razmicakra bhI phailakara cakSa se bRhatkAya vastuoM ko prakAzita kara jAna letA hai| isake pratyuttara meM jainoM kA kathana hai ki prakAza to paudgalika hai aura usakA phailanA yA vyApta honA pratyakSa anubhava meM AtA hai, jabaki cakSu-taijasa yA razmicakra kA vyApta honA anubhava meM nahIM AtA hai, ataH jaba cakSu-taijasa kA astitva hI siddha nahIM hai, to usake vyApta hone kA kathana kaise svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare, jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi cakSu-taijasa ko amUrta (anudbhUta rUpavAlA) mAnakara use vyApta mAnA jAye, jaise- AkAza, to aisI sthiti meM use vizva ke samasta padArthoM kA eka sAtha dRSTA yA prakAzaka mAnanA hogA aura taba vyakti cakSu ke mAdhyama se vizva ke samasta padArthoM kA dRSTA-jJAtA ho jAyegA, kintu yaha satya nahIM hai| hama dIvAra Adi ke usa pAra ke padArthoM ko bhI nahIM jAna pAte haiM, cakSu kA taijasa na to amUrta mAnA jA sakatA hai aura na vyApaka guNa vaalaa| yadi kahA jAye ki jaina bhI amUrta AtmA ko mAtra zarIravyApI mAnate haiM, sarvavyApI nahIM, to phira cakSu-taijasa ko cakSu meM hI vyApta mAnanA hogA, sAtha hI, yadi naiyAyika use prasAraNazIla mAnatA hai, to prasAraNa ko dRzya mAnanA pdd'egaa| jaina prakAza ko prasAraNazIla mAnate haiM, kiMtu unake anusAra prakAza paudgalika hai aura dRzya hai, jabaki naiyAyikoM ko taijasa dRzya nahIM hai, ataH cakSu se taijasa nikalakara bAhyArtha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-349 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-57 kA saMsparza karake use jAnatA hai- yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai| . punaH, naiyAyikoM ke dvArA yaha kahA jAye ki rasanendriya ke samAna cakSu bhI bAhyendriya hai, ataH vaha bhI bAhyArtha ko saMsparza karake hI use jAnatI hai, to unakA yaha kathana bhI samyak nahIM hai, kyoMki jo bhI bAhyendriya hotI haiM, ve saba prApyakArI hI hotI haiM - aisA niyama yA vyApti nahIM hai| bAhyArtha cakSu ke samIpa Akara na to cakSu kA saMsparza karate haiM aura na cakSu ko bAhyArthoM ke samIpa jAkara unakA saMsparza karate dekhA jAtA hai, ataH cakSu aprApyakArI hai| anya indriyoM ke viSaya jaise una-una indriyoM ke saMsparza karate haiM, vaise cakSu ke viSaya usakA saMsparza nahIM karate haiM, ataH cakSu-indriya prApyakArI siddha nahIM hotI hai| cakSu ke aprApyakAritva ke viSaya meM jainAcAryoM kA eka tarka yaha hai ki yadi cakSu prApyakArI hai, to use apanA saMsparza karate rahe hue ati nikaTavartI aMjana Adi ko bhI jAnanA cAhie, kyoMki sparzendriya Adi jo bhI prApyakArI indriyA~ haiM, ve apane ati nikaTavartI saMsparzita apane viSaya ko jAnatI haiM, jabaki cakSu apanA sparza karate rahe hue aMjana Adi ke rUpa ko jAnane meM samartha nahIM hai, ataH cakSu aprApyakArI hai, vaha dUra se hI apane viSayoM kA grahaNa karatI hai| bauddhasammata zravaNendriya kI aprApyakAritA kI samIkSA jJAtavya hai ki jainAcAryoM ne jahA~ eka ora naiyAyika Adi dArzanikoM ke cakSu ke prApyakAritva kA khaNDana kiyA, vahIM dUsarI ora, unhoMne bauddhoM ke zravaNendriya ke aprApyakAritva kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai| bauddhoM kA mAnanA hai ki zravaNendriya bhI aprApyakArI hai aura vaha bhI apane viSaya ko binA saMsparza kiye hI jAna letI hai, vaha dUrastha dhvani kA grahaNa karatI hai, kintu jainAcArya unake maMtavya se sahamata nahIM haiM, ve naiyAyikoM ke samAna hI zravaNendriya ko prApyakArI hI mAnate haiN| .. zravaNendriya ko aprApyakArI siddha karane ke lie bauddhoM kA prathama tarka yaha hai ki jo indriya prApyakArI hotI hai arthAt apane viSaya kA 'saMsparza karake jAnatI hai, use digdeza arthAt dUrI aura nikaTatA kA tathA pUrva-pazcima Adi dizA kA bodha nahIM hotA hai, jaise rasanendriya ko apane viSaya kI dUrI, nikaTatA Adi digdeza kA jJAna nahIM hotA hai, jabaki

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-350 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-58 zravaNendriya ko digdeza kA jJAna hotA hai, vaha yaha jAnatI hai ki zabda kitanI dUrI se evaM kisa dizA se A rahA hai, ataH zravaNendriya bhI aprApyakArI hai, kyoMki use digdeza kA jJAna hotA hai| jainAcAryoM ne unakI isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana svayaM unhIM kI mAnyatA se kiyA hai| ratnAkarAvatArikA meM ratnaprabhasUri likhate haiM ki Apa (bauddha) yaha mAnate ho ki ghrANendriya aura sparzendriya prApyakArI haiN| ina donoM indriyoM ko apane viSayoM ke digdeza kA jJAna hotA hai| ghrANendriya yaha jAnatI hai ki kisa phUla kI sugandha kisa dizA se A rahI hai, isI prakAra, sparzendriya vAyu ke sparza se yaha bhI jAna letI hai ki yaha zItala vAyu kisa dizA se A rahI hai| yadi ghrANendriya aura sparzendriya digdeza kA jJAna rakhate hue bhI prApyakArI haiM, to phira zravaNendriya digdeza kA jJAna rakhate hue prApyakArI kyoM nahIM ho sakatI hai| isa para bhI yadi bauddhaM yaha kaheM ki ghrANendriya aura sparzendriya ko digdeza kA pratyakSa jJAna nahIM hotA hai, ve anumAna se hI digdeza kA jJAna prApta karatI haiM, unheM digdeza kA pratyakSa jJAna nahIM hotA hai, isa saMbaMdha meM jainoM kA uttara yaha hai - ghrANendriya aura sparzendriya ke samAna hI zrotrendriya ko bhI digdeza kA jJAna to anumAna se hotA hai, kyoMki digdeza kA jJAna usakA apanA viSaya nahIM hai, ataH ghrANendriya aura sparzendriya ke samAna zravaNendriya ko bhI prApyakArI mAnanA hogaa| punaH, yadi zravaNendriya aprApyakArI hotI, to anukUla vAyu se dUra ke zabda kA bhI jJAna aura pratikUla vAyu ke samIpa ke zabda ke jJAna kA abhAva kaise siddha hotA? isase siddha hotA hai ki zravaNendriya apane viSaya 'zabda' ko saMsparza karake hI jAnatI hai, ataH vaha prApyakArI hai| punaH, bauddhoM kA tarka yaha bhI hai ki yaha zravaNendriya prApyakArI hai, to banda kamare meM bAhara ke zabda kA jJAna kaise ho jAtA hai ? isa saMbaMdha meM jainoM kA uttara yaha hai ki jisa prakAra banda kamare meM vAyu ke sahAre bAhara rahe hue karpUra Adi sugandhita dravyoM kI gaMdha praveza kara jAtI hai, vaise hI vAyu ke sahAre zabda-dhvani bhI kamare meM praveza kara jAtI hai, ataH ghrANendriya ke samAna zravaNendriya bhI prApyakArI hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-351 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-59 Adhunika vijJAna kI dRSTi meM prApyakAritva aura aprApyakAritva kI samIkSA jainAcArya zravaNendriya ko ghrANendriya ke samAna prApyakArI isalie bhI mAnate haiM, kyoMki unake anusAra, jisa prakAra gandha paudgalika evaM prasaraNazIla hai, usI prakAra zabda bhI paudgalika evaM prasaraNazIla haiN| jainadarzana kI mAnyatA hai ki zabda jahA~ bole jAte haiM, vahA~ se yAtrA karate hue sampUrNa loka meM vyApta ho jAte haiM, ataH hama jo bhI zabda sunate haiM, ve zravaNendriya se saMsparzita hokara hI apanA bodha karAte haiN| Aja vijJAna bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki zabda paudgalika aura gatizIla haiN| dhvani kI yAtrA sambandhI jo bhI khoja huI hai, vaha jaina-darzana kI dhvani (zabda) sambandhI mAnyatAoM kI vaijJAnika-satyatA hI siddha karatI hai, ataH zravaNendriya kI prApyakAritA aba Adhunika vijJAna se bhI siddha ho jAtI hai| . kintu, jahA~ taka cakSurindriya kI aprApyakAritA kA prazna hai, vaijJAnika-dRSTi se usa para cintana apekSita hai| nyAyadarzana kI yaha mAnyatA to vijJAna-sammata nahIM hai ki cakSu se taijasa nikalakara apane rUpa kA sparza karatA hai, kintu isa bAta meM AMzika satyatA avazya hai ki rUpa prakAza aura chAyA ke rUpa meM apanI yAtrA karate hue hamArI cakSurindriya kA saMsparza karatA hai| vastutaH, cakSu jise jAnate haiM, vaha vastu nahIM, apitu vastu kA pratibimba hotA hai, jo cakSu dvArA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| jainadarzana meM zabda ke samAna hI prakAza aura chAyA ko bhI paudgalika mAnA gayA hai, ataH jainadarzana meM prakAza aura chAyA ke rUpa meM cakSurindriya ko prApyakArI mAnane meM bAdhA nahIM hai| cakSu saMsparza karake rUpa ko jAnatI hai, sAkSAt vastu ko nhiiN| jise vaha jAnatI hai, vaha usakA pratibimba hI hai, ataH vastu kI apekSA se cakSurindriya aprApyakArI hI siddha hotI hai, kyoMki vasturUpa usakI viSaya kA saMsparza nahIM hotA hai, jisakA grahaNa hotA hai, vaha prakAza aura chAyA ke rUpa meM pariNata usakA pratibimba hI hai, mUla viSaya nhiiN| vastutaH, pratibimbagrAhitA cakSurindriya kI indriyoM meM viziSTatA hai aura isa saMdarbha meM arthAt prApyakAritva-aprApyakAritva kI samasyA para cakSurindriya kI isa viziSTitA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-352 - jaina jJAnamImAMsA-60 2. smRti-pramANa jainadarzana meM parokSa-pramANoM ke antargata nimna pA~ca pramANoM kI carcA kI gaI hai - 1. smRti, 2. pratyabhijJAna, 3. tarka yA Uha, 4. anumAna aura 5. Agama yA zabda / kevala eka apavAda hai, nyAya-vinizcaya ke TIkAkAra vaadiiraajsuuri| unhoMne pahale parokSa ke do bheda kiye -- 1. anumAna aura 2. Agama aura phira anumAna ke mukhya aura gauNa - aise do bheda karake smRti, pratyabhijJAna aura tarka kA antarbhAva gauNa anumAna meM kiyA hai| jainadarzana dvArA svIkRta isa pramANa-yojanA ko atIndriya Atmika-pratyakSa ke antargata evaM nyAyadarzana meM yogaja-pratyakSa ke rUpa meM svIkRta mAnA hai| jahA~ taka sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa yA indriya-pratyakSa kA prazna hai, use sabhI bhAratIya- darzanoM ne pramANa mAnA hai, cAhe usake svarUpa Adi ke sambandha meM thor3A matabheda rahA ho| parokSa pramANoM meM anumAna aura Agama ko bhI adhikAMza bhAratIya-darzanoM ne pramANa kI koTi meM mAnA hai| pratyabhijJA ko bhI nyAyadarzana pratyakSa-pramANa ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai, mAtra antara yahI hai ki jahA~ jaina-dArzanika use parokSa-pramANa kA bheda mAnate haiM, vahA~ nyAyadarzana use pratyakSa-pramANa kA eka bheda mAnatA hai| yadyapi yaha antara adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, kyoMki akalaMka ne bhI use zabda-saMsarga se rahita hone para sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa ke antargata mAna hI liyA thaa| apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se bhI pratyabhijJAna meM aindrika-pratyakSa aura smRti - donoM kA yoga hotA hai, ataH vaha AMzika rUpa se pratyakSa aura AMzika rUpa se parokSa siddha hotA hai| nyAyadarzana meM smRti ko jJAna kA sAdhaka tattva to mAnA hai, kintu use pramANa-rUpa nahIM batAyA hai, jabaki jainadarzana smRti ko pramANa-rUpa mAnatA hai| jainoM ke smRti-pramANa kI samIkSA naiyAyikoM aura bauddhoM - donoM ne kI hai| 'smRti' zabda kA artha hai - pUrvAnubhUta viSaya kA punaH jJAna yA bodha honaa| smRtipramANa meM bhUtakAlIna anubhUti kA vartamAna-kAla meM smaraNa hotA hai, vartamAnakAlIna pratyakSa se bhUtakAlIna anubhUti arthAt smRti kI tulanA karane para, yaha vahI hai - aisA jo bodha hotA hai, vaha pratyabhijJAna

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-353 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-61 kahalAtA hai| sAmAnya bhASA meM ise pahacAna bhI kahate haiM, kintu yaha saba smRti para AdhArita hai, ataH jahA~ taka smRti kA prazna hai, vaha to mAtra bhUtakAlIna anubhUtiyoM ke saMskAroM kA vartamAnakAla meM jAgrata ho jAnA hai| pratyeka bhUtakAlIna anubhUti kA apanI vartamAnakAlIna anubhUti se sAdRzya aura vaidRzya hotA hai, jo pratyabhijJAna kA AdhAra banatA hai| isa sAdRzya aura vaidRzya kI kalpanA binA pUrva anubhUti ke smaraNa yA smRti ke binA saMbhava nahIM hotI hai| bhAratIya-darzanoM meM jainadarzana hI eka aisA darzana hai, jo smRti ko pramANa-rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| yadyapi jaina-nyAya ke prArambhika-kAla meM smRti ko svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| jaina-nyAya ke praNetA siddhasena divAkara ne apane grantha nyAyAvatAra meM smRti ke pramANa-rUpa hone kI koI carcA nahIM kI hai| smRti pramANa hai, isakA sarvaprathama ullekha digambara AcArya akalaMka devaM.(8vIM zatI kA antima bhAga) ne apane granthoM meM kiyA hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM smRti ke pramANarUpa hone kI carcA nyAyAvatAra kI siddhaRSi (lagabhaga 9 vIM zatI) kI TIkA meM milatI hai| digambara-paramparA meM akalaMka ke pazcAt ke granthoM meM smRti ke pramANabhUta hone kI carcA vistAra se milatI hai| bauddha-paramparA meM diD-nAga ke nyAyapraveza, vasubandhu kI vAdavidhi, dharmakIrti ke pramANavArttika, pramANavinizcaya, nyAyabiMdu, hetubiMdu Adi granthoM meM smRti Adi ke khaNDana kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| bauddha-AcArya dharmottara ne bhI, smRti Adi pramANa haiM yA nahIM - isa saMbaMdha meM koI carcA nahIM kI hai| bauddha-paramparA meM sarvaprathama arcaTa ne hetubiMdu kI TIkA meM smRti-pratyabhijJAna Adi pramANatA kA nirasana yA khaNDana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| isa prakAra, smRti ko pramANa-rUpa mAnane kI aura usakI pramANatA kA khaNDana karane kI - ye donoM hI pravRtiyA~ 8vIM-9vIM zatAbdI kI ghaTanA hai| jaina-dArzanika smRti ko pramANabhUta isalie mAna rahe haiM ki smRti aura pratyabhijJAna ko pramANa mAne binA vyAptisaMbaMdha kI sthApanA saMbhava nahIM hai aura vyAptisambandha ke binA anumAna bhI pramANabhUta nahIM hotA hai| bauddhoM aura naiyAyikoM ne anumAna kI pramANatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha sahI hai ki bauddhadarzana ke

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.. jaina dharma evaM darzana-354 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-62 kSaNikavAda aura santativAda meM smRti ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kSaNajIvI vastu kI smRti yathArtha nahIM hogI, kyoMki usa vastu ke abhAva meM usakI pramANarUpatA siddha nahIM ho sakatI hai| yahA~ jainoM kA kathana hai ki smRti ko pramANabhUta mAne binA pratyabhijJAna pramANarUpa nahIM hogA aura usake pramANarUpa hue binA anumAna kI AdhAra vyApti bhI pramANarUpa nahIM hogii| bauddha- dArzanikoM ne smRti, pratyabhijJAna aura tarka ko jo pramANa-rUpa nahIM mAnA, usakA mukhya kAraNa unakI kSaNabhaMgavAdI tattvamImAMsA hI hai| nyAyadarzana meM bhI smRti ko pramANarUpa nahIM mAnA thA, usakA kAraNa yaha thA ki unake yahA~ pratyakSa ke eka vibhAga ke rUpa meM sAmAnya lakSaNA pratyAsatti ko svIkAra kiyA gayA thA, jisake AdhAra para vyAptisaMbaMdha kI sthApanA ho sakatI thI, kintu jainoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve vyApti-saMbaMdha kI sthApanA ke lie tarka yA Uha ko pramANarUpa mAneM aura tarka ko pramANarUpa mAnane ke lie pratyabhijJAna ko pramANarUpa mAnanA Avazyaka hogA aura pratyabhijJAna ko pramANarUpa mAnane ke lie smRti ko pramANarUpa mAnanA hI hogaa| yadi smRti pramANarUpa nahIM hogI, to pratyabhijJAna (pahacAna) bhI pramANarUpa nahIM hogA aura binA pratyabhijJAna yA pahacAna ko pramANabhUta mAne do tattvoM ke madhya traikAlika vyAptisaMbaMdha kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hogI aura vyAptisambandha ke binA anumAna bhI saMbhava nahIM hogaa| ataH, jainanyAya kI yaha vizeSatA thI ki use smRpti, pratyabhijJAna aura tarka ko bhI pramANarUpa mAnanA par3A hai| smRti kA artha hai bhUtakAla ke anubhavoM kA vartamAna meM punaH jAgrata ho jAnA, ataH smRti kA saMbaMdha bhUta aura vartamAna - donoM se hotA hai| vartamAnakAla meM kisI nimitta ko pAkara vartamAna meM usa bhUtakAlIna anubhUti ke saMskAroM ko punaH cetanA ke stara para A jAnA, bhUtakAlIna anubhUti kA vartamAna meM sajaga ho jAnA hI smRti hai| yaha do kAloM kI anubhUtiyoM kA saMkalana hai| isa AdhAra para yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki smRti bhI saMkalanAtmaka jJAna hai| hetu se jo sAdhya ke traikAlika saMbaMdha kA bodha hotA hai, usameM smRti eka pramANabhUta ghaTaka hai| yadi smRti ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAneMge, to anumAna kI pramANabhUtatA para bhI praznacihna laga sakatA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-355 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-63 ataH, jaina AcAryoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki ve smRti ko arthAt bhUtakAla meM anubhUta saMskAroM ke vartamAna meM jAgrata hone ko pramANabhUta mAne, yahI smRti kI pramANarUpatA kA AdhAra hai| ise anumAna meM sahAyaka hone se hI lagabhaga 12vIM zatI meM vAdirAjasUrI ne ise anumAna-pramANa kA hI eka aMza mAna liyA thA, parantu aMza ke pramANabhUta hue binA aMzI bhI arthAt anumAna bhI pramANarUpa nahIM hogA, ataH, smRti pramANarUpa hai - yahI siddha hotA hai| __ jaina-dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta pramANoM meM kevala smRti, pratyabhijJA aura tarka hI aise haiM, jinheM anya darzanoM meM pramANa kI koTi meM vargIkRta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| nyAyadarzana pramA aura apramA ke vargIkaraNa meM smRtijanya jJAna aura tarkajanya jJAna - donoM ko hI apramA athavA ayathArtha jJAna mAnatA hai| yadyapi annambhaTTa kA vargIkaraNa thor3A bhinna hai| ve pahale jJAna ko smRti aura anubhava - ina do bhAgoM meM vargIkRta karate haiM aura bAda meM anubhava ko yathArtha aura ayathArtha - ina do bhAgoM meM bA~Ta dete haiN| isa prakAra, ve spaSTa rUpa se smRti ko ayathArtha jJAna nahIM mAnate haiN| annambhaTTa tarka ko ayathArtha jJAna meM hI vargIkRta karate haiN| yadyapi ve use saMzaya aura viparyaya se bhinna avazya mAnate haiN| unhoMne ayathArtha jJAna ke tIna bheda kiye haiM - 1. saMzaya, 2. viparyaya aura 3. tarka / isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki nyAyadarzana smRti, pratyabhijJA Adi ke samAna tarka ko bhI pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM rakhatA hai, yadyapi yaha svatantra prazna hai ki kyA saMzaya, viparyaya aura tarka eka hI stara ke jJAna haiM yA bhinna-bhinna stara ke jJAna haiM ? kyA ayathArtha jJAna kA artha bhramayukta yA mithyA jJAna hai ? jisa para hama Age vicAra kreNge| cAhe nyAya-darzana ne tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnA ho, phira bhI vaha apane SoDaza padArthoM meM tarka ko eka svatantra sthAna to detA hI hai| 3. pratyabhijJA-pramANa . bhUtakAla aura vartamAnakAla kI anubhUti ke madhya sAdRzya yA vaidRzya ke anubhava ko hI pratyabhijJA kahate haiN| isameM bhUtakAla ke pratyakSa se janita anubhUti ke saMskAroM aura vartamAna kI pratyakSajanita anubhUti ke saMskAroM ke madhya eka tulanA hotI hai aura usa tulanA ke mAdhyama se yaha bodha hotA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-356 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-64 hai ki yaha usake samAna (sadRzya) hai, athavA yaha usase bhinna (vaidRzya) hai| aise sadRzya yA vaidRzya ke bodha ko hI pratyabhijJAna kahate haiN| yaha eka tulanAtmaka jJAna hai| vyAptisambandha kI sthApanA ke lie sAdRzya kA bodha aura vyApti- saMbaMdha ke niSedha ke lie vaidRzya kA bodha sahAyaka hotA hai| isase hameM do tathyoM ke madhya vyAptisambandha kI sthApanA meM sahAyatA milatI hai| ise hI pratyabhijJA-pramANa kahate haiN| bhUtakAla kI anubhUti aura vartamAna ke pratyakSa ke AdhAra para yaha nizcaya karanA ki 'yaha vahI hai - pratyabhijJA kA hI eka rUpa hai, ataH pratyabhijJA do kAloM ke anubhavoM kA eka saMkalana hai, jisameM una anubhavoM kI sAdRzyatA yA vaidRzyatA kA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, pratyabhijJA eka saMkalanAtmaka evaM tulanAtmaka jJAna hai, isameM kabhI bhUtakAlIna smRti aura vartamAnakAlIna pratyakSa kA saMkalana hotA hai, jaise - ye vahI muni haiM, athavA ye unake samAna haiM, athavA ye unase bhinna haiM, athavA ye unase choTe haiM, athavA ye unase bar3e haiM, kintu pratyabhijJA meM kevala bhUtakAlIna smRti aura vartamAnakAlIna pratyakSa kA hI saMkalana evaM tulanA nahIM hotI hai, apitu usameM kabhI-kabhI do pratyakSoM kA bhI saMkalana hotA hai, athavA kabhI do smRtiyoM kA bhI saMkalana hotA hai| do pratyakSoM ke saMkalana meM aisA jJAna hotA hai ki 'yaha isake samAna hai, athavA 'yaha isase bhinna hai, yA 'yaha isase choTA hai', athavA 'yaha isase bar3A hai / isI prakAra, kabhI-kabhI do smRtiyoM ke saMkalana evaM tulanA meM bhI pratyabhijJA hotI hai, jaise - 'vaha usase bhinna hai', athavA 'vaha usake samAna hai, athavA 'vaha usase choTA hai, yA 'vaha usase bar3A hai / isa prakAra, yaha satya hai ki pratyabhijJA eka saMkalanAtmaka jJAna hai, kintu yaha saMkalana evaM tulanA bhI tIna rUpoM meM hotI hai - prathamataH, usameM yaha saMkalana yA tulanA bhUtakAlIna smRti aura vartamAnakAlIna pratyakSa meM bhI hotI hai, to kabhI vartamAnakAlIna do pratyakSoM meM bhI hotI hai, athavA kabhI bhUtakAlIna do smRtiyoM meM bhI hotI hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra, yaha saMkalanAtmaka evaM tulanAtmaka bodha vyAptisambandha kI sthApanA athavA vyAptisambandha ke niSedha ke lie Avazyaka hotA hai, isake binA vyAptisambandha kA aisA prAmANika-bodha nahIM hotA hai, jo anumAna kA AdhAra bana sake, ataH pratyabhijJAna bhI eka pramANa hai| yadi

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-357 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -65 pratyabhijJAna pramANa nahIM hogA, to phira anumAna bhI pramANa nahIM hogA, kyoMki anumAna jisa vyApti-sambandha ke bodha para AdhArita hai, usa vyApti-sambandha ke bodha meM pratyabhijJA hI sAdhaka hai| bauddha-dArzanika kSaNikavAdI hone ke kAraNa pratyabhijJAna ko pramANa nahIM mAnakara bhrAMtirUpa mAnate haiN| inakA siddhAnta hai ki jaba vastu kA lakSaNa pratikSaNa badalane kA hai, to badalane vAle ko pratyabhijJAna kaise mAna sakate haiM ? pratyakSa ko hI pratyabhijJAna mAnanA caahie| isakI samIkSA karate hue ratnaprabha likhate haiM ki pratyakSa meM to sirpha vartamAna kI vastu kA hI bodha hotA hai, kintu pratyabhijJAna meM bhUta evaM vartamAna- donoM kA bodha hotA hai| naiyAyika Adi prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya-dArzanikoM ne pratyabhijJA ko svatantra pramANa to nahIM mAnA, kintu use vyAptisthApana meM sahAyaka mAnane se iMkAra bhI nahIM kiyA hai, jabaki bauddha-dArzanikoM ne pratyabhijJA kI pramANarUpatA kA spaSTa khaNDana kiyA hai aura use bhrAntajJAna kahA hai| unake anusAra, pratyabhijJA ekaM tulanAtmaka evaM saMkalanAtmaka jJAna hai, jabaki unakI kSaNikavAdI tattvamImAMsA meM aisA tulanAtmaka jJAna arthAt 'yaha vahI hai, sambhava hI nahIM hai, kyoMki koI sattA do kSaNa bhI ekarUpa nahIM rahatI hai, ataH do tathyoM ke madhya tulanAtmaka evaM saMkalanAtmaka jJAna prAmANika yA abhrAMta nahIM ho sakatA hai| cAhe bauddha-dArzanika apanI tattvamImAMsA ke prati satyaniSTha rahate hue pratyabhijJA ko pramANa nahIM mAna sake hoM, kintu vyAptisthApana meM evaM vyAvahArika-jIvana meM usakI upayogitA se iMkAra bhI to nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| bauddhoM ko bhI yaha to mAnanA hogA ki binA kisI sArvakAlika aura sArvadezika tathya kI kalpanA ke vyAptisambandha kI sthApanA ko siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai aura vyAptisambandha. ke abhAva meM unake dvArA mAnya anumAna pramANa bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| naiyAyikoM ne pratyabhijJA ko svatantra pramANa isalie nahIM mAnA, kyoMki unhoMne vyAptisthApana hetu pratyakSa ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM sAmAnya lakSaNa pratyAsatti ko mAna rakhA thA, kintu jainoM ke lie vyApti hetu sAdRzya yA vaidRzya sambandharUpa pratyabhijJA jaise tulanAtmaka evaM saMkalanAtmaka jJAna ko pramANabhUta mAnanA Avazyaka thA, kyoMki tulanA ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-358 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-66 binA sArvakAlika evaM sArvadaizika sambandha ko jAnA hI nahIM jA sakatA . thaa| yaha satya hai ki pratyabhijJA meM do vizeSa jJAnoM ke madhya tulanA hotI hai, kintu una donoM vizeSa jJAnoM kI samarUpatA hI hameM eka sAmAnya nirNaya kI ora le jAtI hai| yaha satya hai ki vyAptisambandha hetu ina donoM vizeSa jJAnoM se sAmAnya kI dizA meM chalAMga lagAnI hotI hai aura isa hetu jainoM ne eka anya pramANa kI saMkalpanA kI hai, jise ve Uha yA tarka kahate haiN| isa prakAra, jaba hama pratyakSa se smRti, smRti se pratyabhijJA aura pratyabhijJA se Uha yA tarka-pramANa kI ora jAte haiM, to vyAptisambandha kI sthApanA hotI hai aura isI vyApti ke AdhAra para hI anumAna pramANarUpa hotA hai| 4. jaina-darzana kA tarka-pramANa' tarka kI pramANa ke rUpa meM pratisthApanA kA aitihAsika-pariprekSya bhAratIya darzanoM meM kevala jaina-darzana kI hI yaha vizeSatA hai ki vaha pramANa-vivecana meM tarka ko eka svatantra pramANa mAnatA hai, phira bhI hameM itanA dhyAna avazya hI rakhanA hogA ki pramANa ke rUpa meM tarka-pratisthApanA jaina-nyAya kI vikAsa yAtrA kA eka paravartI caraNa hai| tattvArthasUtra aura zvetAmbara-Agama nandIsUtra meM to hameM jJAna aura pramANa ke bIca bhI koI vibhAjaka-rekhA hI nahIM milatI hai, unameM pA~coM jJAnoM ko hI pramANa mAna liyA gayA hai (mati zrutAvadhiH paryAyakevalAnijJAnam / tat pramANe-tattvArtha 1/6-10), kintu zvetAmbara-Agama bhagavatI, sthAnAMga aura anuyogadvAra meM pramANoM kA svatantra vivecana upalabdha hai| unameM kahIM pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama - ina tIna pramANoM kI aura kahIM pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna aura Agama - ina cAra pramANoM kI carcA milatI hai| sambhavataH, pramANoM kA yaha svatantra vivecana Agama-sAhitya meM sarvaprathama anuyogadvAra meM kiyA gayA ko, kyoMki bhagavatIsUtra meM unakA nAma-nirdeza karake yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki 'jahA aNuogadvAre', arthAt anuyogadvArasUtra ke samAna hI inheM yahA~ bhI samajha lenA caahie| yadyapi ina AdhAroM para nandisUtra, anuyogadvAra, sthAnAMga aura bhagavatI ke vartamAna pAThoM kI pUrvAparatA ke prazna ko eka naye sandarbha meM vicArA jA sakatA hai, kintu prastuta carcA ke lie yaha Avazyaka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-359 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -67 nahIM hai| eka vizeSatA yaha bhI dekhane ko milatI hai ki sthAnAMgasUtra meM inake lie pramANa zabda kA prayoga na hokara 'heta' aura 'vyavasAya' zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki yahA~ 'hetu' kA tAtparya prAmANika jJAna ke sAdhanoM se aura 'vyavasAya' kA tAtparya jJAnAtmaka-vyApAra ke svarUpa se hai, joki apane lAkSaNika artha meM pramANa-carcA se bhinna nahIM hai| dhyAna dene yogya dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki sthAnAMgasUtra meM vyavasAya ke antargata kevala tIna pramANoM kI aura hetu ke antargata cAra pramANoM kI carcA upalabdha hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-nyAya meM pramANa-carcA ke prasaMga meM bhI Agama yuga taka 'tarka' ko svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita karane kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| yadyapi isakI sambhAvanA ke bIja Agama-sAhitya meM tathA tattvArthasUtra meM avazya hI upasthita the, kyoMki nandIsUtra aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM IhA, apoha, vimarza, mArgaNA, gaveSaNA, smRti, saMjJA, prajJA aura mati ko paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gayA thaa| isI prakAra, umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra evaM usake bhASya meM bhI mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ko eka hI artha kA vAcaka mAnA thaa| merI dRSTi meM yahA~ inheM paryAyavAcI yA ekArthavAcaka kahane kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai ki ye saba matijJAna ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiN| umAsvAti ke tattvArthabhASya meM 'IhA ke paryAya ke rUpa meM bhI tarka aura Uha - ina donoM zabdoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| kyoMki IhA avagRhIta artha (padArtha) ke vizeSa svarUpa ko jAnane kI AkAMkSA ke rUpa meM guNa-doSa vicArAtmaka jJAna vyApAra hI hai, ataH usakA paryAya tarka yA Uha ho sakatA hai, phira bhI yahA~ tarka ko IhA se pRthak eka svatantra pramANa nahIM mAnA gayA hai, sAtha hI, 'tarka pramANa' meM 'tarka zabda kA jo artha gRhIta hai, vaha bhI yahA~ anupasthita hI hai| isase pramANa-carcA ke prasaMga meM tarka' zabda kA jo artha-vikAsa huA hai, vaha eka paravartI ghaTanA hI siddha hotA hai, phira bhI, ye saba bAteM eka aisI AdhArabhUmi to avazya prastuta kara rahI thIM, jisake sahAre akalaMka ke dvArA sAtavIM zatI meM tarka ko pramANa ke pada para pratiSThita kiyA jA skaa| vastutaH, tarka ko svatantra rUpa se pramANa mAnanA isalie Avazyaka ho gayA ki usake binA vyAptigrahaNa kI samasyA kA sahI hala prastuta kara pAnA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-360 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-68 sambhava nahIM thA, kyoMki pratyakSa, cAhe vaha indriya-pratyakSa ho yA anindriya mAnasa-pratyakSa ho, traikAlika evaM sArvalaukika-vyApti kA grahaNa nahIM kara sakatA thA, dUsarI ora, anumAna to svayaM vyApti para nirbhara thA, ataH pratyakSa aura anumAna ke bIca eka setu kI AvazyakatA thI jise tarka ko pramANa mAnakara pUrA kiyA gyaa| 'tarka' ko pramANa ke pada para pratiSThita karane ke sAtha hI akalaMka ke sAmane dUsarI mahatvapUrNa samasyA yaha thI ki use sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa evaM parokSa meM se kisa pramANa ke antargata vargIkRta kiyA jAve? cU~ki tattvArthasUtra-bhASya meM IhA kA. antarbhAva sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa meM hotA thA, ataH sUtrakAra ke mata kI rakSA karane hetu usakA samAveza sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa meM honA thA, kintu pratyakSa kA hI eka bheda hone kI sthiti meM tarka vyApti kA grAhaka nahIM bana sakatA thA - isa hetu usake bauddhika, vimarzAtmaka evaM sAmAnya jJAnAtmaka svarUpa para bala denA bhI jarUrI thA aura yaha tabhI sambhava thA, jabaki use zabda-saMsargayukta evaM aindrika tathA mAnasika-pratyakSa se bhinna svatantra pramANa mAnA jAve, kintu aisI sthiti meM use parokSa-pramANa meM vargIkRta karanA jarUrI thaa| akalaMka ne donoM hI dRSTikoNoM kI rakSA hetu yaha mAnA ki 'tarka Adi jaba zabda-saMsarga se rahita hoM, to unakA samAveza sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa meM aura zabda-saMsarga se yukta hoM, to unakA samAveza parokSa zrutajJAna meM karanA cAhie, lekina paramparA kI rakSA karane kA unakA yaha prayAsa saphala nahIM huA aura uttarakAlIna anantavIrya, vidyAnanda Adi sabhI jaina-tArkikoM ne tarka kA samAveza parokSa-pramANa meM hI kiyaa| jaina-tArkikoM kA pramANoM kA sarvamAnya vargIkaraNa tarka kA antarbhAva parokSa-pramANa meM hI karatA hai| sabhI jaina-tArkikoM ne parokSa-pramANa ke smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama- aise pA~ca bheda kiye haiM, kevala eka apavAda hai - nyAya-vinizcaya ke TIkAkAra vaadiiraajsuuri| unhoMne pahale parokSa ke do bheda kiye - 1. anumAna aura 2. Agama aura phira anumAna ke mukhya aura gauNa - aise do bheda karake smRti, pratyabhijJAna aura tarka kA antarbhAva gauNa anumAna meM kiyA hai| jainadarzana dvArA svIkRta isa pramANa yojanA ko atIndriya Atmika-pratyakSa ke rUpa meM evaM nyAyadarzana meM yogaja-pratyakSa ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-361 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-69 rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ taka sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa yA indriya-pratyakSa kA prazna hai, use sabhI bhAratIya-darzanoM ne pramANa mAnA hai, cAhe usake svarUpa Adi ke sambandha meM thor3A matabheda rahA ho| parokSa-pramANoM meM anumAna aura Agama ko bhI adhikAMza bhAratIya-darzanoM ne pramANa kI koTi meM mAnA hai| pratyabhijJA ko bhI nyAya-darzana pratyakSa-pramANa ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai, mAtra antara yahI hai ki jahA~ jaina-dArzanika use parokSa-pramANa kA bheda mAnate haiM, vahA~ nyAyadarzana use pratyakSa-pramANa kA eka bheda mAnatA hai| yadyapi yaha antara adhika mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai, kyoMki akalaMka ne bhI use zabda-saMsarga se rahita hone para sAMvyAvahArika-pratyakSa ke antargata mAna hI liyA thaa| apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se bhI pratyabhijJAna meM aindrika-pratyakSa aura smRti - donoM kA yoga hotA hai, ataH vaha AMzika rUpa se pratyakSa aura AMzika rUpa se parokSa siddha hotA hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki tarka-pramANa jaina-dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta pramANoM meM kevala smRti aura tarka hI aise haiM, jinheM anya darzanoM meM pramANa kI koTi meM vargIkRta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| nyAyadarzana pramA aura apramA ke vargIkaraNa meM smRti aura tarka - donoM ko hI apramA athavA ayathArtha jJAna mAnatA hai| yadyapi annambhaTTa kA vargIkaraNa thor3A bhinna hai| * ve pahale jJAna ko smRti aura anubhava - ina do bhAgoM meM vargIkRta karate haiM aura bAda meM anubhava ko yathArtha aura ayathArtha - ina do bhAgoM meM bA~Ta dete haiN| isa prakAra, ve spaSTa rUpa se smRti ko ayathArtha jJAna nahIM mAnate haiN| annambhaTTa tarka ko ayathArtha jJAna meM hI vargIkRta karate haiM, yadyapi ve use saMzaya aura viparyaya se bhinna avazya mAnate haiN| unhoMne ayathArtha jJAna ke tIna bheda kiye haiM -.1. saMzaya, 2. viparyaya aura 3. trk| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki nyAyadarzana tarka ko pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM rakhatA hai, yadyapi yaha svatantra prazna hai ki kyA saMzaya, viparyaya aura tarka eka hI stara ke jJAna haiM, yA bhinna-bhinna stara ke jJAna haiM ? kyA ayathArtha jJAna kA artha bhramayukta yA mithyA jJAna hai ? jisa para Age vicAra kreNge| cAhe nyAyadarzana ne tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnA ho, phira bhI vaha apane SoDaza padArthoM meM tarka ko eka svatantra sthAna to detA hI hai tathA vyApti-sthApanA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-362 . . jaina jJAnamImAMsA-70 meM tarka kI upayogitA ko bhI nirvivAda rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai| yadyapi bhAratIya-darzanoM meM sAMkhya-yoga tathA mImAMsA-darzana tarka ko 'pramANa' mAnate haiM, kintu unake tarka ko pramANa mAnane ke sandarbha bilkula bhinna haiN| ve sandarbha jJAnamImAMsA ke na hokara bhASAzAstrIya evaM karmakANDIya haiN| jJAnamImAMsA ke kSetra meM to ve bhI apanI-apanI pramANoM kI mAnyatA meM tarka ko koI svatantra sthAna nahIM dete haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, mImAMsA-darzana to vyApti-nizcaya meM bhI tarka kI upAdeyatA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| isa prakAra, hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki bhAratIya-darzana meM ekamAtra jainadarzana hI aisA darzana hai, jo tarka ko svatantra rUpa se pramANa kI koTi meM rakhatA hai| tarka zabda kA artha : sarvaprathama pramANa ke pada para pratiSThita hone ke pUrva tarka ke arthoM kI jo vikAsa-yAtrA hai, usa para bhI yahA~ vicAra kara lenA apekSita hai| prAcIna bhAratIya-sAhitya meM 'tarka' zabda kA prayoga vividha arthoM meM hotA rahA hai aura arthoM kI yaha vividhatA hI bhAratIya-darzana meM tarka ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna dhAraNAoM ke nirmANa ke lie uttaradAyI bhI hai| yaha dRSTavya hai ki zabdoM kA aniyata evaM vividha arthoM meM prayoga hI unake sambandha meM galata dhAraNAoM ko janma detA hai, isIlie DA. bAralige nyAyadarzana ke tarka-svarUpa kI samIkSA karate hue yaha kahate haiM - "It is such a loose use of words which has been responsible for mis-carriage of the true import of words and concepts". (A modern Introduction to Indian Logic, p. 121) ataH tarka-pramANa kI carcA ke prasaMga meM hameM yaha bhI dekha lenA hogA ki tarka zabda ke arthoM meM kisa prakAra kA parivartana hotA rahA hai| apane vyApaka artha meM 'tarka' zabda usa buddhi-vyApAra kA sUcaka hai, jise vimarzAtmaka-cintana (Speculative Thinking) bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| abhidhAnarAjendrakoza meM tarka ke tarkanA, paryAvalocanA, vimarza, vicAra Adi paryAyavAcI zabda diye gaye haiN| isa prasaMga meM usakA aMgrejI paryAya rIjaniMga (Reasoning) hai| kaThopaniSad ke 'naiSAM tarkeNa matirApaneyA', AcArAMga ke 'takka tattha na vijjai mayI tattha na gahiyA', athavA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-363 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-71 mahAbhArata ke 'tarko'pratiSTho' Adi prasaMgoM meM tarka zabda kA prayoga isI vyApaka artha meM huA hai| 'tarka' kA eka dUsarA artha bhI hai, jisake anusAra Anabhavika evaM bauddhika-AdhAroM para kisI bAta ko siddha karane, puSTa karane yA khaNDita karane kI sampUrNa prakriyA ko bhI tarka kahA jAtA hai| tarka-zAstra, tarka-vijJAna Adi meM tarka zabda isI artha kA sUcaka hai, ise AnvIkSakI bhI kahA jAtA hai| yahA~ usakA aMgrejI paryAya 'lAjika' (Logic) hai| isa prasaMga meM tarka zabda sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI pramANoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kara letA hai| nyAyadarzana meM tarka zabda kA prayoga eka tIsare artha meM huA hai, yahA~ vaha cintana kI aisI avasthA hai, jo saMzaya se janita dolana meM nirNayAbhimukha hai| isa prakAra, vaha saMzaya aura nirNaya ke madhya nirNayAbhimukha jJAna hai| sAMkhya, yoga aura mImAMsA-darzana meM usake lie 'Uha' zabda kA prayoga huA, jise bhASAyI-viveka kahA jA sakatA hai, kintu jainadarzana ke tarka-pramANa ke prasaMga meM 'tarka' zabda kA prayoga eka cauthe atyanta sImita aura nizcita artha meM huA hai| yahA~ tarka eka antaHprajJAtmaka (Intuitive) sunizcita jJAna hai| use 'sAmAnya' kA jJAna (Knowledge of universals) bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, yaha indriya-jJAna ke mAdhyama se atIndriya jJAna ke kSetra meM praveza hai| jJAta se ajJAta kI khoja hai| yahA~ taka vaha pAzcAtya-tarkazAstra kI AgamanAtmaka kUdAna (Inductive leap) kA sUcaka hai| vaha una traikAlika evaM sArvalaukika-sambandhoM kA jJAna hai, jinheM hama vyApti-sambandha yA kArya-kAraNa-sambandha ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM aura jinake AdhAra para koI anumAna nikAlA jA sakatA hai| yaha anumAna kI eka anivArya pUrva zarta hai, use hama vizeSa se sAmAnya kI ora, pratyakSa se anumAna kI ora, athavA .. Agamana se nigamana kI ora jAne kA setu yA praveza-dvAra kaha sakate haiN| pramANamImAMsA meM tarka ke uparyukta svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA upalambhAnupalambha nimittaM vyAptijJAnam UhaH - 2/5 arthAta; upalambha arthAt yaha hone para yaha hotA hai aura anupalambha arthAt yaha nahIM hone para yaha nahIM hotA hai ke nimitta se jo vyApti kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-364 - jaina jJAnamImAMsA-72 jJAna hotA hai, vahI tarka hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, pratyakSAdi ke nimitta se jisake dvArA avinAbhAva sambandha yA kArya-kAraNa-sambandha ko jAna liyA gayA hai, vahI tarka hai| yaha avinAbhAva sambandha tathA kArya-kAraNa-sambandha sArvakAlika aura sArvalaukika hotA hai, ataH isakA grahaNa indriya-jJAna se nahIM hotA hai, apitu atIndriya-prajJA se hotA hai, ataH tarka aindrika-jJAna nahIM, apitu atIndriya-prajJA hai, jise hama antaHprajJA yA antarbodhi kaha sakate haiN| tarka ke isa atIndriya svarUpa kA samarthana pramANa-mImAMsA kI svopajJavRtti meM svayaM hemacandra ne kiyA hai| __ve kahate haiM - vyApti grahaNa kAle yogI va pramAttA (2/5 vRtti), arthAta vyApti-grahaNa ke samaya jJAtA yogI ke samAna ho jAtA hai| tarka avinAbhAva ko apane jJAna kA viSaya banAtA hai aura yaha avinAbhAva eka prakAra kA sambandha hai, ataH tarka sambandhoM kA jJAna hai| punaH, yaha avinAbhAva-sambandha sArvakAlika evaM sArvalaukika hotA hai, ataH tarka kA svarUpa sAmAnya-jJAnAtmaka hotA hai| avinAbhAva kyA hai aura usakA tarka se kyA sambandha hai - ise spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai- sahakramabhAvinoH sahakramabhAva'niyamo binAbhAvaH UhAt tannizcaya - pramANamImAMsA 2/10-11, arthAta sahabhAviyoM kA sahabhAva-niyama aura kramabhAviyoM kA kramabhAva-niyama hI avinAbhAva hai aura isakA nirNaya tarka se hotA hai| ye sahabhAva evaM kramabhAva bhI do-do prakAra ke haiN| sahabhAva ke do bheda haiM- 1. sahakArI sambandha se yukta, jaise- rasa aura rUpa, tathA 2. vyApta-vyApaka yA vyakti-jAti sambandha se yukta, jaise - baTatva aura vRksstv| isI prakAra, kramabhAva ke bhI do bheda haiM - 1. pUrvavartI aura paravartI sambandha, jaise - grISma-Rtu tathA 2. kArya-kAraNa sambandha, jaise - dhUma aura agni / isa prakAra, sahakAra-sambandha, vyApta-vyApaka sambandha, vyakti-jAti-sambandha, pUrvopara-sambandha aura kArya-kAraNa-sambandha ke rUpa niyama avinAbhAva hai, inakA nizcaya tarka ke dvArA hotA hai| isa prakAra, tarka sambandhoM aura sambandha-niyamoM kA jJAna hai| cUMki ye sambandha padoM ke ApAdana (Implication) ko sUcita karate haiM, ataH tarka ApAdana kA nizcaya karanA hai aura yaha ApAdana vyApti kI anivArya zarta hai, ataH tarka vyApti kA grAhaka bhI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-365 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -73 hai, isIlie dArzamikoM ne kahA- "vyAptijJAnamUhaH uhAt tannizcaya" arthAt vyAptijJAna hI tarka hai aura tarka se hI vyApti (avinAbhAva yA ApAdana) kA nizcaya hotA hai| jaina-darzana meM tarka-pramANa ke ina lakSaNoM kI puSTi DA. bAralige ne nyAyadarzana ke tarka ke svarUpa kI samIkSA karate hue anajAne meM hI kara dI hai| unakI vivecanA ke kucha aMza haiM - "Tarka is something non-empirical, Tarka is that argument which goes to the root of Anuman and so is its pre-supposition or condition". It given the relation between Apadya and Apadak in its anuava of vyatireka form. It is clearly the knowledge of the implication which is evidently pre-supposed by any vyapti Tarka indicates the relation which is pre-supposed by vyapti. (See: A modern introduction to Indian Logic, p. 123-125) vastutaH, tarka ko antarbodhAtmaka yA antaHprajJAtmaka prAtibha-jJAna kahanA i lie Avazyaka hai ki unakI prakRti indriyAnubhavAtmaka jJAna arthAt lau.i ka-pratyakSa (Empirical knowledge or preception) se aura bauddhika nigamanAtmaka anumAna (Deductive inference) - donoM se bhinna hai| tarka atIndriya (Non-empirical) aura ati-bauddhika (Super rational) hai, kyoMki vaha atIndriya evaM amUrta sambandhoM. Non-empirical relations) ko apane jJAna kA viSaya banAtA hai| usake viSaya haiM - jAti-upajAti-sambandha, jAti-vyakti-sambandha, sAmAnya-vizeSa-sambandha, kAryakAraNa-sambandha aadi| vaha ApAdana (Implication), anuvartitA (Entailment), varga-sadasyatA (Class membership), kAryakaraNatA (Causality) aura sAmAnyatA (Universality) kA jJAna hai| vaha vastuoM ko hI nahIM, apitu unake tAtvika svarUpa evaM sambandhoM ko bhI jAnatA hai, isalie use ApAdana kA jJAna (Knowledge of imlication) bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| tarka una niyamoM kA dRSTA (yahA~ maiM dRSTA zabda kA prayoga jAna-bUjhakara kara rahA hU~) hai, jinake dvArA vizva kI vastueM paraspara sambandhita yA asambandhita haiM, jinake AdhAra para sAmAnya vAkyoM kI sthApanA kara unase anumAna nikAle jAte haiM aura jinheM pAzcAtya AgamanAtmaka-tarkazAstra meM kArya-kAraNa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-366 . jaina jJAnamImAMsA-74 aura prakRti kI samarUpatA ke niyamoM ke rUpa meM tathA nigamanAtmaka tarkazAstra meM vicAra ke niyamoM ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai aura jo kramazaH Agamana aura nigamana kI pUrva mAnyatA ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiN| isa prakAra, tarka kI viSaya-vastu tarkazAstra kI adhimAnyatAeM (Postulates of Logic and Reasoning) haiM, vaha pratyakSa aura anumAna se tathA Agamana aura nigamana se vilakSaNa hai| vaha sampUrNa tarkazAstra kA AdhAra hai, kyoMki vaha usa ApAdana (Implication) yA vyApti ke jJAna ko pradAna karatA hai, jisa para nigamanAtmaka-tarkazAstra TikA huA hai aura jo AgamanAtmaka-tarkazAstra kA sAdhya hai| tarka kA yahI vilakSaNa svarUpa eka ora use pratyakSa aura anumAna-pramANoM se bhinna eka svatantra pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita karatA hai, dUsarI ora; use Agamana aura nigamana ke bIca eka yojaka kar3I ke rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai| sambhavataH, yaha nyAyazAstra ke itihAsa meM jaina-tArkikoM kA syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ke siddhAntoM ke bAda eka aura maulika yogadAna hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ke isa yogadAna kA samyak prakAra se mUlyAMkana karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama vibhinna bhAratIya-darzanoM meM prastuta tarka ke svarUpa kI samIkSA karake yaha dekheM ki jainadarzanaM ke dvArA prastuta tarka ke svarUpa kI unase kisa artha meM vizeSatA hai| anya bhAratIya-darzanoM meM tarka kA svarUpa __ bhAratIya-darzanoM meM tarka kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra karane vAloM meM jaina-darzana ke sAtha-sAtha sAMkhyayoga evaM mImAMsA-darzana kA bhI nAma AtA hai, kintu ina darzanoM meM jina prasaMgoM meM tarka kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kiyA, ve prasaMga bilakula bhinna haiN| sAMkhyadarzana ke lie Uha yA tarka, vAkyoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa meM bhASAgata niyamoM kI upayoga kI prakriyA hai| DA. surendranAthadAsa guptA likhate haiM- sAMkhya ke lie Uha zabdoM athavA vAkyoM ke artha ko nirdhArita karane ke lie mAnya bhASAgata niyamoM ke prayoga kI prakriyA hai (yuktyA prayoga nirUpaNamUhaH-nyAyamaMjarI, pR. 588) pataMjali ne bhI vyAkaraNazAstra ke prayojana hetu Uha kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai, kyoMki vedAdi meM sabhI liMgoM aura vibhaktiyoM meM maMtroM kA kathana

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-367 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -75 huA hai, ataH devatA evaM dravya kA dhyAna rakhakara unameM pariNamana kara lenA cAhie (mahAbhASya 1/111) / yahA~ Uha bhASAyI-viveka aura bhASAyI-niyamoM ke pAlana se adhika kucha nahIM hai| bhASAyI-niyamoM ke AdhAra para svarUpa evaM artha ko nirdhArita karane kI prakriyA vastutaH anumAna kA hI eka rUpa hai, ataH tarka anumAna ke hI antargata hai, usakA svatantra sthAna nahIM hai| isa prakAra, ina donoM darzanoM meM hI tarka kA prasaMga jJAnamImAMsIya na hokara bhASAzAstrIya hI hai| mImAMsA-darzana meM bhI tarka kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu usakA sandarbha bhI pramANamImAMsA na hokara vizuddha rUpa se karmakANDa sambandhI bhASA kA hI hai| mImAMsAkoSa meM Uha ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM likhA hai - anyathA zrutasya zabdasya anyathA liMga vacanAdibhedena vipariNabhanam UhaH, arthAt maMtra Adi meM diye gaye mUla pATha meM viniyoga ke anusAra liMga, vacana Adi meM parivartana karanA Uha kahA jAtA hai| mImAMsAzAstra ke sampUrNa navam adhyAya ke cAra pAdoM ke 224 sUtroM meM Uha para vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu sArA prasaMga karmakANDIya bhASAzAstra kA hI hai| unameM tIna prakAra ke Uha mAne gaye haiM - 1. maMtra- viSayaka UMha 2. sAma-viSayaka Uha, aura 3. saMskAra-viSayaka Uha, kintu tInoM ke sandarbha karmakANDIya-bhASA se sambandhita haiN| bhATTa dIpikAkAra kA kathana hai ki prakRti-yoga (arthAt jisake lie vaha maMtra racA gayA hai) meM paThita maMtra kA vikRti-yoga meM usake anurUpa parivartana kara lenA hI Uha hai udAharaNa ke lie yajJakarma meM jahA~ brIhi (cAvala) dravya hai, vahA~ avahanana brIhi meM kiyA jAtA hai| yahI yajJakarma agara nIvAra (jaMgalI cAvala) se kiyA jAe, to avahanana nIvAra meM sampanna hogA, yaha dravya-viSayaka Uha hai| isI prakAra, agnidevatA ke lie carU nirvapana karate samaya 'agnayetvA juSTaM nirvapAmi' maMtra kA prayoga prAkRta hai, kintu jaba agni ke sthAna para sUryadevatA ke lie carU nirvapana karanA ho, to caturthI vibhaktyanta sUrya zabda kA prayoga karate hue 'sUryAm tvA juSTaM nirvayAmi' maMtra kA prayoga hotA hai| yaha maMtra zruti meM paThita nahIM hai, kintu Uha siddha hai| saMkSepa meM, yajJa evaM saskAra Adi ko sampanna karate samaya devatA, dravya, yajamAna Adi kA dhyAna rakhate hue paristhiti ke svarUpa maMtroM ke zabda tathA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-368 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-76 liMga, vacana evaM vibhakti Adi ke parivartana kara lenA Uha yA tarka hai| isa prakAra, mImAMsAdarzana meM Uha yA tarka kA artha karmakANDIya-bhASA ke viveka se adhika kucha nahIM hai| saMkSepa meM, uparyukta tInoM darzanoM me tarka kA kArya yA to vyAkaraNa sambandhI niyamoM kA dhyAna rakhate hue zabda evaM vAkya ke artha kA nirdhAraNa karanA hai, yA yajJa-yAga Adi karmoM ko sampanna karate samaya bhASAyI-viveka dhyAna rakhanA hai, cAhe ina darzanoM ne tarka kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra kiyA ho, kintu na to ve use svatantra pramANa mAnate haiM aura na vyApti-grahaNa meM usake yogadAna ko hI svIkAra karate haiN| 5. anumAna-pramANa ___ bhAratIya-darzanoM meM cArvAk-darzana ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI darzanoM meM anumAna ko bhI eka pramANa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 'anumAna' zabda kA artha hotA hai - eka jJAna ke pazcAt hone vAlA dUsarA jJAna / anumAna ko paribhASita karate hue nyAyAvatAra meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhya ke binA na hone vAle hetu se sAdhya kA nizcaya karAne vAlA jo jJAna hotA hai, use anumAna kahA jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki do tathyoM ke bIca hone vAle vyApti-sambandha ke AdhAra para kisI eka kI upasthiti se dUsare kA jJAna karanA - vaha anumAna hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, hetu aura sAdhya meM jo avinAbhAva-sambandha yA vyApti-sambandha hotA hai, usake AdhAra para hetu kI upasthiti se sAdhya kA nizcaya kara lenA anumAna hai, jaise - parvata para dhueM ko dekhakara vahA~ agni ke hone kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai| anumAna meM hetu kA pratyakSa hotA hai, kintu sAdhya kA pratyakSa nahIM hotA hai, kintu hetu ke pratyakSIkaraNa ke AdhAra para hI vahA~ sAdhya kI upasthiti kA nizcaya hotA hai, ataH anumAna ko parokSa jJAna mAnA gayA hai| hetu ke sAdhya ke madhya rahe hue avinAbhAva-sambandha ko hI vyApti-sambandha bhI kahA gayA hai| prAyaH, sabhI dArzanikoM ne vyApti-sambandha ko anumAna kA AdhAra mAnA hai| hetu vaha hotA hai, jisameM sAdhya kA nizcaya hotA hai| hetu ke lakSaNoM ko lekara jahA~ naiyAyikoM ne hetu ke ye pA~ca - 1. pakSadharmatva,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-369 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-77 2. sapakSasattva, 3 vipakSaasattva, 4. abAdhita viSayatva aura 5. asatpratipakSatva lakSaNa mAne haiM, vahA~ bauddhoM ne hetu ke - 1. pakSadharmatva, 2. sapakSasattva 3. vipakSaasattva - aise tIna lakSaNa mAne haiN| jaina-dArzanika avinAbhAva-sambandha ko hI hetu yA vyApti kA lakSaNa mAnate haiN| mANikyanandI aura hemacandra ke anusAra, jisakA sAdhya ke sAtha avinAbhAvitva nizcita ho, vahI hetu hai, jaise - dhuA~ (hetu) agni (sAdhya) ke binA nahIM hotA hai| vAdidevasUrI ke anusAra, nizcita anyathAnupapatti-rUpa eka lakSaNa vAlA hI hetu hotA hai| yahA~ hama yaha dekhate haiM ki bauddhoM ne hetu ke jo tIna lakSaNa aura naiyAyikoM na jo pA~ca lakSaNa batAye haiM, ve zAbdika-rUpa meM isI eka lakSaNa kA vistAra mAtra haiN| ratnAkarAvatArikA meM ratnaprabha AcArya ne sAdhya aura sAdhana ke gamya-gamaka- bhAva-sambandha ko hI dhyAna meM rakhakara kahA hai ki jisa prakAra dhUma agni se utpanna hone ke kAraNa agni kA kArya kahalAtA hai aura agni kAraNa kahalAtI hai, ataH do tathyoM ke madhya niyata kArya-kAraNa-bhAva hone se vyApti kA nizcaya ho jAtA hai, jaise - jahA~-jahA~ dhuAM hotA hai, vahA~ agni hotI hai| anumAna ke prakAra : jaina-dArzanikoM ne anumAna ke do prakAra mAne haiM - svArtha-anumAna aura praarth-anumaan| jisa anumAna meM kartA svayaM hI dhUma ko dekhakara agni kA nizcaya kara letA hai, vaha svArtha-anumAna kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta, jisameM hetu ko dikhAkara dUsare vyaktiyoM ko sAdhya kA nizcaya karAte haiM, vaha parArtha-anumAna hotA hai| ___ jaina-dArzanikoM ne anumAna ke ina donoM prakAroM ko pramANa ke rUpa meM hI svIkAra kiyA hai aura ve kahate haiM ki bauddha-dArzanika, jo anumAna ko pramANa mAnakara bhI use abhrAMta nahIM mAnate haiM, ve vastutaH bhrAnta hI haiM, unakA yaha siddhAnta samyaka nahIM hai| nyAyAvatAra meM siddhasena ke dvArA kahA gayA hai ki anumAna pramANa hone ke kAraNa abhrAMta hI hotA hai, kyoMki eka ora, anumAna ko abhrAMta nahIM mAnanA aura dUsarI ora, use pramANa kahanA - yaha paraspara virodhI bAta hai| isa dRSTi se jaina-AcAryoM ne bauddhoM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-370 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-78 ke anumAna-pramANa ko abhrAMta pramANa nahIM mAnane kA vistAra se khaNDana bhI kiyA hai| anumAna ke avayava ___ jaina-dArzanikoM meM anumAna ke avayavoM ko lekara cAra mata milate haiN| prathamataH, svArtha-anumAna meM to hetu-darzana se anumAna ho jAtA hai| parArtha-anumAna meM prabuddha vyaktiyoM ke lie to pratijJA aura hetu - ye do avayava hI paryApta haiM, kintu sAmAnya buddhi ke vyaktiyoM ke lie nyAyikoM ke samAna hI anumAna ke pA~ca avayava bhI mAne gaye haiM - 1. pratijJA, 2. hetu, 3. dRSTAnta, 4. upanaya aura 5. nigamana aura ise nimna prakAra se abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai - 1. pratijJA- parvata para Aga hai| 2. hetu - kyoMki parvata para dhuAM hai| 3. dRSTAnta- jahA~-jahA~ dhuAM hotA hai, vahA~-vahA~ Aga hotI hai, jaise - rsoiighr| 4. upanaya- parvata para bhI dhuAM hai| 5. nigamana- parvata para bhI Aga hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki kucha jaina-dArzanikoM ne anumAna ke dasa avayava bhI mAne haiM, usake bhI do rUpa milate haiM, prathama rUpa meM unhoMne uparyukta pA~ca avayavoM meM se pratyeka avayava kI vizuddhi ko jor3akara nimna dasa aMgoM kI carcA bhI kI hai, jaise - 1. pratijJA, 2. pratijJA-vizuddhi, 3. hetu, 4. hetu-vizuddhi, 5. dRSTAMta, 6. dRSTAMta-vizuddhi, 7. upanaya, 8. upanaya-vizuddhi, 9. nigamana aura 10. nigamana-vizuddhi / anyatra, ve nyAya-bhASya kA anumAna karate hue prakArAntara se nimna dasa aMgoM kA bhI nirdeza karate haiM- 1. pratijJA, 2. pratijJA-vibhakti, 3. hetu, 4. hetu- vibhakti, 5. vipakSa, 6. vipakSa-pratiSedha, 7. dRSTAMta, 8. AzaMkA, 9. AzaMkA-pratiSedha aura 10. nigamana / yadyapi jaina-dArzanika siddhasena, akalaMka Adi bhI bauddha-dArzanika dharmakIrti ke samAna hI vyutpannamati ke lie do avayavoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, phira bhI jahA~ bauddha-dArzanika dharmakIrti pakSa ko

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-371 . jaina jJAnamImAMsA-79 anumAna kA Avazyaka avayava nahIM mAnate haiM, vahIM jaina-dArzanika pakSa aura hetu- aise do avayavoM ko to avazya hI svIkAra karate haiN| isa prakAra, yaha spaSTa hai ki bauddha-dArzanikoM meM dharmakIrti hI eka aise dArzanika haiM, jo spaSTa rUpa se parArthAnumAna ke avayavoM meM pakSa yA pratijJA ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnate haiN| jaina-dArzanikoM meM vAdidevasUrI ne syAdvAdaratnAkara meM aura ratnaprabhasUri ne ratnAkarAvatArikA meM dharmakIrti dvArA pakSa ko anumAna kA Avazyaka avayava nahIM mAnane kI avadhAraNA kI vistRta rUpa se samIkSA kI jisakI jisameM siddhi kI jAtI hai, vaha 'pakSa' hotA hai, kintu jo vastutaH pakSa na ho, phira bhI use pakSa mAna lenA - jaina-dArzanikoM ne ise hI pakSAbhAsa kahA hai| jahA~ taka jaina-dArzanikoM kA prazna hai, unhoMne anumAna meM pakSa aura hetu - aise do avayayoM ko to avazya hI svIkAra kiyA hai| bauddha-dArzanika pakSa kI anivAryatA kA niSedha isalie karate haiM, kyoMki vijJAnavAdI-bauddha bAhyArtha kI sattA ko hI svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| bauddha-dArzanikoM ne aprasiddha-vizeSaNa, aprasiddha-vizeSya aura aprasiddha-ubhaya - ina tInoM ko pakSAbhAsa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thA, kintu jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra, aprasiddha-vizeSaNa Adi ko siddha karanA to ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu jo siddha hai, use siddha karane kA koI aucitya hI nahIM rahatA, isalie pakSAbhAsa kA kathana karanA hI yukti-saMgata nahIM hai| ___ pakSa ke atirikta, anumAna meM dUsarA avayava hetu hai aura isalie yahA~ hetvAbhAsa kI carcA bhI Avazyaka hai| jaina AcArya ratnaprabhasUri kA kathana hai ki jo hetu sAdhya ke binA nahIM hotA, vahI ekamAtra sad hetu hotA hai, kintu jo hetu mithyA hetu hokara bhI sad hetu ke samAna dikhAI detA hai, use hetvAbhAsa kahA jAtA hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ne hetvAbhAsa ko tIna prakAra kA kahA hai - asiddha, viruddha aura anekAntika / sAdhya ke viparIta kisI anya tathya ke sAtha jisakI vyApti nizcita ho, vaha viruddha hetvAbhAsa kahalAtA hai, sAtha hI, sAdhya ke sAtha hetu ke anyathAnupapatti honA cAhie, arthAt hetu ko sAdhya ke sAtha hI honA cAhie, anya tathya ke sAtha nahIM, kintu jo hetu sAdhya ke sAtha bhI ho tathA sAdhya ke itara kisI bhI anya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-372 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-80 tathya ke sAtha ho - aisA hetu anekAntika-hetvAbhAsa kahalAtA hai, sAtha .hI, jisa hetu se sAdhya kI siddhi sambhava nahIM ho, usako asiddha hetvAbhAsa kahate haiN| aise tInoM prakAra ke hetu vastutaH hetvAbhAsa kI koTi meM Ate haiN| jaina-dArzanika hetvAbhAsa ke hone para anumAna-pramANa kI siddhi sambhava nahIM mAnate haiN| jaina-AcAryoM ne pakSAbhAsa, hetvAbhAsa aura dRSTAntAbhAsa - tInoM ko hI anumAna kI pramANarUpatA meM bAdhaka mAnA hai, ataH anumAna ko pakSAbhAsa, hetvAbhAsa aura dRSTAntAbhAsa se rahita honA caahie| jJAtavya hai ki jo dRSTAnta vAstavika na hokara dRSTAnta yA udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, vaha dRSTAntAbhAsa hotA hai| ina tInoM AbhAsoM se rahita anumAna hI pramANarUpa hotA hai| (6) zabda yA Agama-pramANa jaina-dArzanika prAcInakAla se hI zabda evaM Agama ko pramANarUpa mAnate rahe haiN| yadyapi yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kisake zabda yA kathana yA kisake dvArA kathita Agama pramANarUpa mAne jAeM ? isa sambandha meM jaina-dArzanika isa nizcaya para pahaMcate haiM ki Apta-puruSa kA kathana hI pramANarUpa hotA hai| prazna uThatA hai ki Apta kauna hotA hai ? isake uttara meM jaina-dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki jo sarvajJa aura vItarAga ho, vahI Apta ho sakatA hai| ina donoM meM se kisI eka kA abhAva hone para usake vacana mAnya nahIM ho sakate haiM, kyoMki jo sarvajJa nahIM hogA, vaha jo kucha jAnatA hai, vaha sahI ho - aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isI prakAra, jisameM vItarAgatA nahIM ho, usake vacana bhI pramANarUpa nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM, isalie jaina-dArzanikoM ne apane tIrthaMkaroM ko sarvajJa aura vItarAga - donoM hI mAnA hai| prAcInakAla meM jaina-dArzanikoM ne Agama-granthoM ko pramANabhUta mAnA thaa| nandIsUtra ke kAla taka Agama yA zrutajJAna kI pramANatA hI mukhya rahI, kintu kAlAntara meM zabda yA kathana kI pramANatA ke sandarbha meM bhI vicAra huaa| zabda-pramANa ke sandarbha meM mukhya rUpa se zabda aura artha ke sambandha ko lekara jaina-AcAryoM ne vistAra se carcA kI hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-373 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-81 zabda aura usake artha meM kyA sambandha hai, isako lekara bhAratIya-dArzanikoM meM tIna mata pramukha rahe haiM - (1) prathama mata yaha hai ki zabda aura artha meM tAdAtmya-sambandha hai| zabdoM se hI usakA artha (Meaning) prakaTa hotA hai| isa prakAra, zabda aura artha meM tadrupatA mAnI gaI hai| mImAMsaka aura kisI sImA taka nyAya-dArzanikoM ne isa mata kI puSTi kI hai| isa mata kI puSTi ke lie pramukha rUpa se sphoTavAda kA siddhAnta sAmane aayaa| (2) isake viparIta, bauddha-dArzanikoM ne isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA aura dUsarA mata prastuta kiyA, unhoMne kahA ki zabda aura artha meM koI sambandha hI nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra, zabda aura artha ke sambandha ko lekara paraspara virodhI do mata aae| zabda aura artha ke sambandha meM yaha dUsarA bauddhoM kA mata 'apohavAda' ke nAma se jAnA gyaa| jaina-dArzanikoM ne ina donoM matoM kA khaNDana kiyaa| prathama, unhoMne kahA ki yadi zabda aura artha meM tAdAtmya-sambandha ho, to 'laDDU' zabda kA uccAraNa karane para mIThA svAda AnA cAhie, kintu aisA nahIM hotA hai, ataH zabda aura artha meM tadrupatA-sambandha nahIM hai| bauddhoM ke isa kathana para bhI jaina-AcArya sahamata nahIM rahe haiM ki zabda aura artha meM kisI prakAra kA sambandha hI nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki zabda aura artha meM kisI prakAra kA sambandha hI nahIM hai- yadi aisA mAnA jAegA, to zabdoM ko sunakara hameM kisI prakAra kA artha-bodha hogA hI nahIM, 'gAya' zabda ko sunakara hamAre citta meM eka vizeSa prakAra ke prANI kA jo bodha hotA hai, vaha nahIM hogA, jabaki zabda hamArI cetanA meM apane artha ko udghATita karate haiN| (3) ataH, zabda aura artha meM eka sambandha hai, jise jaina-dArzanikoM ne vAcya-vAcaka-sambandha kahA hai| " isa prakAra, jainadarzana zabda aura artha meM vAcya-vAcaka-sambandha mAnatA hai| zabda vAcaka hai aura artha vAcya hai| isa prakAra, zabda aura artha ke sambandha ko lekara jaina-dArzanikoM ne donoM paraspara virodhI matoM meM samanvaya kiyA zabda artha kaise pAte haiM? kintu, punaH yaha prazna upasthita huA ki yadi zabda aura artha meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-374 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-82 vAcya-vAcaka sambandha hai, to zabda apanA artha kaise pAte haiM ? isa sambandha meM, jahA~ nyAyadarzana evaM prAcIna mImAMsA-darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki zabda aura artha kA yaha sambandha Izvara ke dvArA pUrva niyata kara diyA gayA hai, jaina-dArzanika isa mata ko bhI svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki yadi zabda aura artha kA sambandha Izvara dvArA pratiniyata hotA, to kAlakrama meM zabdoM ke artha meM parivartana nahIM honA cAhie, kintu yaha dekhate haiM ki kAlakrama meM zabdoM ke artha badala jAte haiM, jaise- Aja se 50-60 varSa pUrva taka 'dAdA' zabda eka sammAnita vyakti kA sUcaka hotA thA, kintu Aja dAdA zabda guMDe vyakti kA vAcaka ho gayA hai, ataH zabda aura artha meM kAlakrama meM jo parivartana hotA hai, vaha yaha siddha karatA hai ki zabda apane sAtha apanA artha lekara utpanna nahIM hotA, apitu zabdoM ko yaha artha diyA jAtA hai| zabdoM ko artha samAja aura paramparAgata prayogoM se milatA hai, ataH zabda aura artha meM kisI prakAra aniyata sambandha nahIM hai| zabda kA prayoga jisa artha meM samAja dvArA mAnya kara liyA jAtA hai, usake prayoga se vaha zabda usa artha kA vAcaka ho jAtA hai, arthAt jaina-dArzanikoM ke anusAra, zabda ko artha abhisamaya se prApta hotA hai| zabda apanA artha lekara utpanna nahIM hote, kintu unako samAja dvArA eka artha de diyA jAtA hai aura ve usake vAcaka bana jAte haiN| zabda kA vAcya sAmAnya yA vizeSa ? 'zabda' sAmAnya kA vAcaka hai yA vizeSa kA vAcaka hai ? yaha prazna bhI bhAratIya-darzana meM pramukha rahA hai| isa sambandha meM bhI do prakAra kI avadhAraNAe~ pracalita rahI haiN| prathama avadhAraNA ke anusAra, zabda sAmAnya yA jAti kA vAcaka hotA hai| mImAMsaka-dArzanikoM kI yahI mAnyatA hai ki zabda sAmAnya ke sUcaka evaM grAhaka haiM, jaise - 'manuSya' zabda manuSya-jAti kA aura 'gau' zabda gau jAti kA vAcaka hai| jahA~ taka bauddha-dArzanikoM kA prazna hai, unhoMne yaha mAnA hai ki saba zabda vyakti ke hI sUcaka aura grAhaka haiN| isake viparIta, mImAMsaka yaha kahate rahe yahA~ taka ki vyaktivAcaka nAma bhI sAmAnya ke hI sUcaka haiM, jaise -

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-375 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-83 'sAgaramala' zabda kA vAcya vaha vyakti vizeSa nahIM hai, jo pratikSaNa badala rahA hai, apitu vaha hai, jo ina badalatI huI avasthAoM meM bhI anusyUta (sAmAnya) hai| isake viparIta, bauddhoM kA kahanA thA ki vizeSa se pRthaka hokara sAmAnya kI koI sattA nahIM hai, ataH zabda kA vAcya yA saMketaka samaSTi na hokara vyaSTi hI hai| bauddha-dArzanika yaha kahate haiM ki zabda kA mukhya kArya 'anya kI vyAvRtti yA anyApoha hai, ataH usakA vAcya vizeSa hI hotA hai| jaina-dArzanikoM ne ina donoM paraspara virodhI matoM kA samanvaya karate hue kahA hai ki zabda kA vAcya, jAtyAnvit vyakti hotA hai| zabda na to ekAnta rUpa se 'sAmAnya' yA 'jAti' kA saMketaka hai aura na ekAnta rUpa se vizeSa' yA vyakti kA saMketaka hai, apitu vaha sAmAnya-yukta-vizeSa kA yA jAtyAnvita-vyakti kA saMketaka hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra, zabda sAmAnya kA saMketaka hai yA vizeSa kAM - yaha prazna hI galata hai, yaha prazna tabhI sambhava hai, jaba sAmAnya aura vizeSa eka-dUsare se pUrNataH svataMtra sattAeM hoN| jainadarzana ke anusAra, sAmAnya aura vizeSa athavA jAti aura vyakti vicAra ke stara para pRthak-pRthak ho sakate haiM, kintu sattA ke stara para ve pRthak-pRthak nahIM haiN| vyakti se bhinna na to jAti hotI hai aura na sAmAnya yA jAti se rahita vyakti hii| manuSyatva manuSyoM se pRthak nahIM dekhA jAtA hai| yahA~ bhI jaina-dArzanika do paraspara virodhI matoM kA samanvaya karake calate haiN| zabda aura usake vAcyArtha ke sandarbha meM tadrUpatA yA tAdAtmya-sambandha yA tadutpatti-sambandha ko asvIkAra karake vAcya-vAcaka-sambandha ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| nityA-anityA-sambandha - zabda artha ke sambandha meM eka anya prazna yaha uThatA hai ki zabda aura artha meM nitya-sambandha hai yA anitya-sambandha hai ? mImAMsaka-dArzanika zabda aura artha meM nitya-sambandha mAnate haiN| isake viparIta, bauddha-dArzanika zabda aura artha meM anitya-sambandha mAnate haiN| isa sambandha meM jaina-dArzanikoM kA kahanA yaha hai ki zabda apane Apa meM nitya nahIM hai, vaha utpanna hotA hai aura naSTa hotA hai, kintu jahA~ taka zabdArtha meM zabda aura usake artha kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-376 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-84 sambandha hai, vaha na to ekAntanitya hai aura na ekAnta-anitya hai| zabdoM ke artha meM parivartana to hotA hai, kintu kabhI-kabhI eka hI zabda kAlakrama meM varSoM taka usI artha kA vAcaka bhI banA rahatA hai, ataH zabda aura. artha meM nityAnitya-sambandha hai| .. vastutaH, zabdArtha-sambandha ko lekara jaina-dArzanikoM ne virodhoM meM samanvaya kiyA hai| unhoMne sphoTavAda aura apohavAda - donoM kI samIkSA kI hai aura una donoM kI samIkSA ke uparAnta jaina-darzana ke AkRtivAda kI sthApanA aura isa prakAra zabda aura artha ko lekara virodhI matoM kA samAhAra kiyA hai, jise hama agrima pRSThoM para de rahe haiMsphoTavAda aura usakI samAlocanA sphoTavAda pUrvapakSa- . bhASA-darzana ke kSetra meM sphoTavAda vaiyAkaraNikoM kI eka pramukha avadhAraNA hai| vyutpatti ke anusAra, jisase artha-pratIti ho, use sphoTa kahate haiM (sphuTati arthoyasmAt sa sphott:)| vastutaH, pada yA vAkya ko sunakara pada yA vAkya ke vAcyArtha kA jo eka samanvita samagra citra hamAre sAmane prastuta hotA hai, vahI sphoTa hai| sphoTa pada yA vAkya ke vAcyArtha ko prakaTa karanevAlA tattva hai| vaiyAkaraNikoM ke anusAra, pada yA vAkya ke vAcyArtha kA bodha varNa-dhvaniyoM se nahIM hotA, apitu varNoM kI una dhvaniyoM ke pUrNa hone para svataH hI prakaTa hotA hai| 'go' zabda kA vAcyArtha gakAra, okAra aura visarjanIya ke yoga se banI huI vaha dhvani nahIM hai, jo zrotR se sunAI detI hai, apitu ina dhvaniyoM ke zravaNa ke sAtha janmA eka mAnasabodha hai| ise hama buddhyartha bhI kaha sakate haiN| pataMjali ne isa bAta ko eka udAharaNa se bhI spaSTa kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki pada yA vAkya ke antima varNa kA uccAraNa hote hI vastu kA jo akhaNDa citra sAmane A jAtA hai, vahI sphoTa hai| unake anusAra, dhvani anitya hai, vaha utpanna hokara nahIM rahatI hai, ataH vaha arthabodha karAne meM asamartha hai, kyoMki vaha vAcyArtha ke saMketakAla meM naSTa ho jAtI hai| vastutaH, dhvani ko sunakara jo

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-377 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-85 arthabodha hotA hai, vahI sphoTa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jisase artha kA prakaTana hotA hai, vahI sphoTa hai aura yaha sphoTa zabda-dhvani se bhinna hai| zabda ke do pakSa haiM- (1) dhvani aura (2) sphoTa / dhvani kramazaH hotI hai, pratyeka varNa kI dhvani se eka prakAra kA saMskAra utpanna hotA hai, usa saMskAra ke sahakRta antya varNa ke zravaNa se eka mAnasika-pada kI pratIti utpanna hotI hai; isI kA nAma pada-sphoTa hai| isI prakAra, vAkya ke sandarbha meM bhI antima pada ke zravaNa se eka mAnasika-vAkya kI pratIti hotI hai, yahI vAkyasphoTa hai| sphoTa vAcyArtha kA Antarika yA bauddhika-pakSa hai| nyAyakumudacandra meM AcArya prabhAcandra bhI vaiyAkaraNikoM kA pUrvapakSa prastuta karate hae kahate haiM ki varNa, pada aura vAkya artha ke pratipAdaka nahIM haiM, kyoMki ve dhvanirUpa haiM, kintu sphoTa hI artha kA pratipAdaka hai| artha kI pratIti meM hetu varNa-dhvaniM nahIM, apitu sphoTa nAmaka tattva hI hai| dhvani to anitya hai, jabaki sphoTa nitya hai| sphoTa ko yadi anitya mAnA jAyegA, to usase kAlAntara aura dezAntara meM 'go' zabda ko sunakara usake vAcyArtha kI pratIti nahIM hogI, kyoMki saMketarahita zabda se artha kI pratIti honA asaMbhava hai| ataH, jo eka nitya akhaNDa sphoTa artha kI pratipatti meM hetu hai, varNadhvani usako vyakta karake naSTa ho jAtI hai| sphoTavAda kA khaNDana (1) sphoTavAda ke khaNDana meM jaina-AcArya prabhAcandra kA kahanA hai ki yadi pUrva vargoM ke saMskAroM se sahakRta antima varNa pada ke vAcyArtha kA jJAna karAtA hai, to phira sphoTa kI kalpanA vyartha hai, kyoMki sphoTa ke abhAva meM bhI artha kI pratipatti ho sakatI hai| isake lie sphoTa kI kalpanA Avazyaka nahIM lgtii| jaba dRSTa kAraNa se hI arthAt pUrva vargoM ke saMskAra kI smRti tathA antima varNa ke zravaNa se kArya arthAt arthabodha ho sakatA hai, to phira adRSTa kAraNAntara ke rUpa meM sphoTa kI kalpanA karanA buddhiyukta nahIM hai| (2) punaH, yadi samaSTi yA vyaSTi-rUpa meM varNa artha kA jJAna karAne meM asamartha hai, to phira ve sphoTa ko bhI abhivyakta karane meM samartha nahIM mAne

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-378 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-86 jA skte| punaH, yaha prazna bhI upasthita hotA hai ki vargoM ke dvArA utpanna honevAlA yaha saMskAra svayaM sphoTa hai, yA sphoTa kA eka dharma hai| yadi vargoM ke saMskAroM kA hI nAma sphoTa hai, to phira sphoTa ko varNoM se utpanna huA mAnanA hogA aura aisI sthiti meM vaha nitya nahIM hogaa| yadi yaha saMskAra svayaM sphoTarUpa na hokara sphoTa kA hI dharma hai, to phira prazna yaha uThatA hai ki vaha sphoTa se bhinna hai athavA abhinna hai| yadi hama saMskAroM ko sphoTa kA dharma mAnakara sphoTa se abhinna mAnate haiM, to vargoM ke dvArA usa dharma kI utpatti ko sphoTa kI hI utpatti mAnanI hogI aura aisI sthiti meM sphoTa anitya ho jaaegaa| yadi saMskAroM se utpanna vaha dharma sphoTa se bhinna hai, to usakA pArasparika sambandha nahIM bana sakegA aura aisI sthiti meM varNa-dhvani se sphoTa kI abhivyakti mAnanA saMbhava nahIM hogaa| punaH, abhinna hone kI dazA meM yadi varNa-dhvani artha kA jJAna utpanna nahIM kara sakatI, to phira sphoTa bhI artha kA, jJAna utpanna nahIM kara sakatA hai| punaH, sphoTa kA sadabhAva bhI kisI-kisI AdhAra para siddha nahIM hotA hai| cetana sattA ke sivAya anya kisI tattva meM vAcyArtha ke prakAzana kI sAmarthya nahIM hai| yadi cidAtmA ko hI sphoTa kaheM, to usameM jainoM ko bhI koI Apatti nahIM, kyoMki jisameM artha sphuTa arthAt prakaTita hotA hai, use sphoTa kahate haiN| punaH, cidAtmA ke sivAya sphoTa nAma ke kisI svatantra tattva kA astitva siddha nahIM hotA hai; ataH zabda meM hI vAcyArtha ko spaSTa karane kI sAmarthya mAna lenA caahie| vAcyArtha ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie anya kisI sphoTa nAmaka svatantra tattva ko mAnanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| na kevala jaina, apitu mImAMsaka aura naiyAyika bhI sphoTavAda ke siddhAnta kI AlocanA karate haiN| kumArila ne sphoTavAda kA khaNDana karake varNavAda kI sthApanA kI hai| zabda vargoM kI saMhati hai aura ve hI arthAkAra ko prakaTa karate haiN| zabdadhvani meM pUrva-pUrva varNoM kI dhvani ko nirarthaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH, varNoM ke saMskAra hI samaSTirUpa se zabda ke vAcyArtha kA jJAna karAte haiM, ataH svatantra rUpa se zabdAkAra arthAt sphoTa ko mAnanA Avazyaka nahIM hai| jainoM kI bhI yaha mAnyatA hai ki sApekSa vargoM kI saMhati se pada aura sApekSa padoM kI saMhati se vAkya banatA hai, jo svataH

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-379 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-87 hI apane vAcyArtha ko spaSTa kara detA hai, ataH sphoTa varNa yA pada-saMskAroM ke atirikta anya kucha bhI nahIM hai| apohavAda aura usakA khaNDana bauddhoM kA pUrvapakSa zabda kA vAcyArtha kyA hai-yaha prazna bhAratIya-dArzanikoM ke lie vivAdAspada rahA hai| bauddha-dArzanikoM ne isa sambandha meM apohavAda ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| apoha kA tAtparya atad-vyAvRtti yA anya-vyAvRtti hai| zabda ke vAcyArtha ko anya zabdoM ke vAcyArtha se pRthak karanA arthAt anyApoha hI apoha hai| apane vAcyArtha kA anya vAcyArtha se pRthakkIkaraNa hI zabda kI apohAtmakatA hai, udAharaNa ke lie - 'gAya' zabda yaha batAtA hai ki usakA vAcyArtha mahiSa, azva, puruSa Adi nahIM hai| isa prakAra, zabda kA kArya apane artha se bhinna anya arthoM kA niSedha karanA bauddhoM ke anusAra, zabda kA vAcyArtha na to vyakti hai aura na jAti; kyoMki unake anusAra, aisI koI yathArtha (Real) vastu hI nahIM hai, jisameM zabda kA saMketa grahaNa ho ske| svalakSaNa vastu mAtra kSaNajIvI hai aura dravya, nAma, jAti Adi kevala bhASAgata vyavahAra haiM, yathArtha vastue~ nahIM haiN| zabda aura zabda kA vAcyArtha kevala vikalpa yA kalpanA hai| usakI mAnyatA hai ki zabda se vikalpa aura vikalpa se zabda janma lete haiN| unake anusAra, vyAvahArika-jagat ko yathArtha mAnane kA mukhya AdhAra bhASA hI hai; kyoMki bhASAyI-vyavahAra meM zabda ko bAhya vastu-jagat kA saMketaka mAnA jAtA hai| zabda vikalpa ke sahacArI hone ke kAraNa vyavahAra meM upayogI hote haiM, kintu unakA artha vAstavika na hokara kAlpanika hI hotA hai| yadi vastu kSaNika aura svalakSaNa arthAt advitIya svabhAva se yukta hai, to zabda unakA saMketaka nahIM ho sakatA; kyoMki saMketa grahaNa karane ke kAla meM vaha vastu hI nahIM rahegI, ataH zabda kA vAcyArtha kSaNajIvI-vizeSa nahIM ho sktaa| yadyapi zabda kA vAcyArtha sAmAnya ho sakatA hai, kintu sAmAnya kI koI vAstavika sattA hI nahIM hai| zabda se pratipAdya artha na to vizeSAtmaka ho sakatA hai aura na sAmAnyAtmaka / kSaNajIvI-vizeSa meM saMketa-grahaNa saMbhava

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-380 . . jaina jJAnamImAMsA-88 nahIM hai aura sAmAnya abhilApya hokara bhI vAstavika nahIM hotaa| sAmAnya ko vAstavika mAnane meM aneka kaThinAiyAM haiN| prathamataH to, vaha khara-viSANa (kharagoza ke sIMga) ke samAna asat hai aura asat hone se usameM arthakriyAkArI-zakti bhI nahIM hai| bauddhoM ke anusAra, aneka gAyoM meM anusyUta eka nitya aura niraMza gotva ayathArtha hai, kyoMki vibhinna dezoM (sthAnoM) aura vibhinna kAloM meM sthita vyaktiyoM arthAt gAyoM meM eka sAtha eka hI gotva kA pAyA jAnA anubhava se viruddha hai| jisa prakAra chAtrasaMgha kA chAtroM se pRthak koI astitva nahIM hai, vaha eka prakAra kI kalpanA hai aura sambandhita vyaktiyoM kI buddhi kA vikalpa hai, usI taraha gotva, manuSyatva Adi bhI buddhi-vikalpa yA kalpanA-prasUta haiM, bAhya sat vastue~ nahIM haiN| bauddhoM ke anusAra, yaha vikalpita sAmAnya hI zabda kA vAcya hai aura yaha anyApohAtmaka yA atad-vyAvRtti-rUpa hai, ataH zabda artha (bAhya vastu) kA vAcaka nahIM hai, kyoMki indriyagrAhya artha (bAhyavastu) bhinna hai aura zabda goghara artha (tAtparya=Meaning) bhinna hai, kyoMki andhA vyakti bAhya artha (vastu) ko dekha nahIM pAtA hai, kintu vaha zabda se usake artha (tAtparya=Meaning) ko jAna letA hai| punaH, agni kA sparza hone se jisa taraha ke dAha kA anubhava hotA hai, vaha dAha aura dAha zabda ko sunakara jisa taraha kA arthabodha hotA hai, vaha alaga-alaga hai, ataH zabda kA vAcya indriyagrAhya artha (bAhyavastu) nahIM hai| punaH, yaha zabda isa artha yA vastu-vizeSa kA vAcaka hai - isa prakAra kA kathana bhI kSaNajIvI svalakSaNayukta vizeSa meM saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki saMketa-grahaNakAla taka to vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| jisa prakAra 'go' zabda kA 'azva artha ke sAtha koI sambandha nahIM hai aura isalie 'go' zabda 'azva artha (vastu) kA jJAna karAne meM asamartha hai, usI prakAra svalakSaNayukta bAhya artha (vastu) ke sAtha bhI zabda kA koI sambandha nahIM hai, ataH kSaNajIvI svalakSaNayukta vizeSa artha zabda kA viSaya nahIM ho sktaa| ataH bauddhoM ke anusAra, zabda na sAmAnya ke vAcaka haiM aura na vizeSa ke, ve kevala atad-vyAvRtti ke dvArA vikalpita viSaya ko hI sUcita karate haiM, bAhya vastu ko nahIM, yahI unakA apohavAda hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-381 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-89 apohavAda kI samAlocanA prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM jainoM ne bauddhoM ke isa apoha-siddhAnta kA vividha AdhAroM para khaNDana kiyA hai - (1) bauddhoM ke apohavAda ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA prathama AkSepa yaha hai ki zabda kA viSaya kevala vikalpita sAmAnya nahIM, apitu yathArtha sAmAnya hai| yaha satya hai ki vyaktiyoM se pRthak kisI sAmAnya ko sattA nahIM hai, sAmAnya vyaktiniSTha hai, kintu phira bhI vaha yathArtha hai, kAlpanika nhiiN| jainoM ke anusAra, vastu anantadharmAtmaka hai| pratyeka vastu ke kucha dharma anya vastuoM ke sadRza hote haiM aura kucha vidRsh| ina sadRza dharmoM ko hI jainoM ne sAmAnya mAnA hai| ve yaha mAnate haiM ki sAmAnya anekAnugata na hokara pratyeka vyaktiniSTha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, sAmAnya nAma kA koI eka tattva nahIM hai, jo ki sabhI vyaktiyoM meM anusyUta hai, apitu vyaktiyoM ke alaga-alaga sadRza guNa-dharma hI sAmAnya haiM, joki pratyeka vyakti meM upasthita rahakara use eka varga yA jAti kI sadasya banAte haiN| sAdRzyatA vyakti kA dharma hai aura vyakti ke dharma ke rUpa meM vaha yathArtha hai| jisa taraha pratyakSa Adi pramANa kA viSaya jAtyAnvita vyakti yA sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka vastu hotI hai, usI taraha zabda kA viSaya bhI sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka yathArtha vastu hI hai, vikalpita vastu nhiiN| (2) yadi zabda kA vAcyArtha vikalpita vastu hai, to aisI sthiti meM kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA kA nirdhAraNa saMbhava hI na hogA, kyoMki kathana kI satyatA aura asatyatA kA AdhAra usake vAcyArtha kI yathArtha Anubhavika-jagat meM prApti aura aprApti hI hai| jisa kathana ke anurUpa bAhya-jagat meM vastu upalabdha ho, vaha satya mAnA jAtA hai aura jisa kathana ke anurUpa bAhyArtha prApta na ho, vaha mithyA mAnA jAtA hai| bauddhoM ke anusAra, jJAna kI prAmANikatA kA AdhAra usakI avisaMvAditA hai aura isa avisaMvAditA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra bAhyArtha ko chor3akara anya koI dUsarA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki jisa kathana ke anurUpa bAhyArtha (vastu) prApta nahIM hote haiM, unheM hI hama visaMvAdI yA mithyA kahate haiN| ataH, zabda kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-382 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-90 vAcyArtha yathArtha vastu ho sakatI hai, vikalpita vastu nhiiN| . (3) bauddhoM ke isa apohavAda ke khaNDana meM jainoM kA eka tarka yaha bhI hai ki yadi Apa savikalpa buddhi meM jo arthAkAra pratibimba utpanna hotA hai, use hI anyApoha mAnate haiM, to phira yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki yaha pratibimba kisakA hai - svalakSaNa kA yA sAmAnya kA ? vaha svalakSaNa kA pratibimba nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki svalakSaNa to vyAvRttAkAra arthAt niSedha-rUpa hai aura pratibimba anugata, ekarUpa yA vidhirUpa hai| punaH, yadi yaha svalakSaNa kA pratibimba hai, to isakA svalakSaNa ke sAtha tAdAtmya bhI hogA, kintu Apa svalakSaNa ke sAtha zabda kA tAdAtmya nahIM mAnate haiN| yadi yaha pratibimba sAmAnya kA hai, to sAmAnya kI bhI to Apake matAnusAra sattA nahIM hai aura jisakI sattA hI nahIM hai, usakA pratibimba kaise ho sakatA hai| yadi bauddha- dArzanika isake pratyuttara meM yaha mAneM ki anartha meM artha kA adhyavasAya karane se bAhya, meM pravRtti hotI hai, to unakI yaha mAnyatA samucita nahIM hai| yadi isake viparIta, bAhyArtha ko grahaNa karane ko hI arthAdhyavasAya kahate haiM, to isase jaina-mata kI hI puSTi hotI hai| (4) yadi zabda kA kArya anya yA atad kI vyAvRtti hI hai, to vaha kevala niSedharUpa hogA, jabaki pratyeka vastu meM astitvamUlaka aura nAstitvamUlaka - donoM prakAra ke dharma pAye jAte haiN| jainoM ke anusAra, svacatuSTya ke vidhAna aura paracatuSTya ke niSedha se hI vastu ke svarUpa kA nizcaya hotA hai| yadi zabda kA vAcya vastu hai, to hameM zabda ke vAcyArtha ke nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA ko vidhimukha aura niSedhamukha - donoM hI mAnanA hogA, kyoMki pratyeka vidhAna niSedha kI apekSA karatA hai aura pratyeka niSedha vidhAna kI apekSA karatA hai, niSedha binA vidhAna ke, vidhAna binA niSedha ke pUrNa nahIM hai, ataH bauddhoM ko apoha meM vidhimUlaka pakSa ko svIkAra karanA hogA, arthAt yaha mAnanA hogA ki zabda kA kArya na kevala atad yA anya kI vyAvRtti hai, apitu vastu ke tadrUpa kA prastutikaraNa bhI hai, arthAt zabda vastu ke sva-svarUpa kA pratipAdaka hai| (5) apoha vastutaH niSedhamUlaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| vyavahAra ke kSetra meM bhI hama dekhate haiM ki 'gAya' zabda ko sunakara hama sIdhe 'gAya' nAmaka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-383 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-91 vastu kA bodha karate haiN| aisA nahIM hotA ki hama, yaha mahiSa nahIM hai, azva nahIM hai Adi niSedha karate hue 'gAya' zabda ke vAcyArtha taka pahuMcate haiN| yadyapi 'gAya' meM ago nivRtti pAyI jAtI hai, kintu isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki saba gAyoM meM eka samAna dharma hai aura isa sAdRzyamUlaka dharma ko vidhimUlaka prakriyA se hI jAnA jA sakatA hai| __(6) punaH, zabda aura artha ke sambandha mAnane kA tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM hai ki donoM eka hI haiN| jainoM ne una donoM kI bhinnatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyA, lekina yaha bhinnatApUrNa bhinnatA nahIM hai, kathaMcit bhinnatA hI hai| jaina bhI gAya nAmaka vastu aura gAya zabda meM tAdAtmya nahIM mAnate haiM, ve donoM meM bhinnatA mAnakara bhI donoM meM vAcya-vAcaka-sambandha mAnate haiN| do bhinna evaM svatantra vastue~ bhI eka-dUsare se sambandhita ho sakatI haiM, jaise - pati-patnI / ataH, zabda aura artha meM kathaMcit-abheda aura kathaMcit-bheda mAnanA hI ucita hai aura isI se unakA vAcya-vAcaka-sambandha siddha hotA hai| . (7) punaH, anyApoha yA atad-vyAvRtti ke bauddhoM ke isa siddhAnta meM anyonyAzraya-doSa bhI AtA hai, kyoMki 'ago' ke vyavaccheda (niSedha) se 'go' kI pratipatti hotI hai aura 'go ke vyavaccheda (niSedha) se 'ago' kI pratipatti hotI hai aura yaha doharA niSedha vidhirUpa hI siddha hotA hai| atad ke niSedha se jisakI upalabdhi hotI hai, vaha to vidhirUpa hI hogaa| (8) punaH, jise 'goM' zabda kA artha jJAta na ho, vaha 'ago' zabda kA artha bhI nahIM jAna pAyegA, arthAt vyavaccheda (niSedha) ke lie bhI vidhirUpa jJAna Avazyaka hai| . (9) 'punaH, aneka sthitiyoM meM zabdoM ke eka-dUsare kA paraspara pUrNa niSedha karane vAle aise do vyAvartaka-varga bhI nahIM bana pAte haiM, udAharaNa ke lie - 'sarva' zabda se parihRta 'asarva' zabda nirarthaka hotA hai| (10) yadi sabhI zabdoM kA vAcyArtha atadvyAvRtti yA niSedha hI hai, to aisI sthiti meM sabhI zabda niSedha yA vyAvRtti ke vAcaka hone se paryAyavAcI ho jAeMge, kyoMki unake vAcyabhUta viSaya ke tuccha svabhAva hone ke kAraNa unameM koI bhI bheda nahIM rhegaa| svarUpataH eka hI svabhAva ke arthAt niSedha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-384 ... jaina jJAnamImAMsA-92 T-mUlaka hone ke kAraNa unameM koI bheda nahIM hai aura unake vAcya-viSaya ke vikalpita hone ke kAraNa bhI unameM koI bheda nahIM hogA aura aisA hone para vizeSaNa- vizeSya-bheda, atIta-anAgata Adi kAla-bheda, strI-puruSAdi liMga-bheda, go, mahiSa Adi jAti-bheda, ekavacana, dvivacana Adi vacana-bheda bhI nahIM raha jaaeNge| punaH, yadi bauddha apoha meM bheda svIkAra kareMge, to phira vaha apoha bhI vikalparUpa na rahakara vasturUpa ho jAegA aura isa prakAra prakArAntara se jaina-mata kA hI samarthana hogaa| DA. govindacandra pANDeya kA abhimata hai ki apoha kevala niSedhamUlaka nahIM hai| ve likhate haiM - apoha meM pratyakSa aura kalpanA, vastu aura avastu, vidhi aura niSedha - inakA eka jaTila mizraNa hai| AkRtivAda aura jainadarzana ___zabda kA vAcyArtha sAmAnya hai athavA vizeSa - isa carcA ke prasaMga meM hamane dekhA thA ki jaina-dArzanika zabda ke vAcyArtha ko jAtyAnvitavyakti/sAmAnyAnvita-vizeSa mAnate haiN| yadyapi yaha prazna phira bhI samAdhAna kI pratIkSA karatA hai ki yaha sAmAnyAnvita-vizeSa kyA hai ? yaha vastu hai yA buddhyartha / buddhyartha se tAtparya mAnasika-bimba yA citta-vikalpa se hai| jahA~ nyAyavaizeSika use vastu mAnate haiM, vahA~ vaiyAkaraNika aura kisI sImA taka bauddha use buddhyartha yA buddhi AkAra mAnate haiN| jaina ina donoM ke madhya eka samanvayavAdI dRSTikoNa apanAte haiM, unake anusAra, zabda kA vAcyArtha na to buddhyAkAra yA jJAnAkAra yA citta-vikalpa hai aura na bAhyavastu, apitu zabda- zravaNa se vastu kI cetanA meM udbhUta AkRti hai| sAkAra jJAnavAda ke AdhAra para yaha siddhAnta AkRtivAda kahA jAtA hai| zabdoM ke zravaNa yA cintana ke mAdhyama se hamArI cetanA meM zabda dvArA vAcya vastu kI eka AkRti ubharatI yA pratibimbata hotI hai aura yahI AkRti hamAre saMvedana yA bodha kA viSaya hotI hai| jaba hama 'gAya' zabda sunate haiM, to cetanA meM gAya kI AkRti kA saMvedana yA bodha hotA hai, joki azva kI AkRti se bhinna hotA hai| isI AkRti ke sahAre tadrUpa vastuM meM hamArI pravRtti hotI hai| ataH, zabda kA vAcyArtha anubhavagamya vastu kI eka AkRti

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-385 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-93 hai| 'gAya' zabda ke zravaNa se galakambalayukta pazu kI AkRti cetanA meM ubharatI hai aura usake pazcAt tadrUpa 'gAya' vastu meM pravRtti hotI hai| isa prakAra jainoM ke anusAra, yadyapi zabda se saMketa-grahaNa yathArtha vastu (Real object) meM hotA hai, kintu zabda jisakA paryAya hai, vaha AkRti hai aura yaha vizeSAnvita hI hai| jaina isake sAtha yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa yA cetanA meM zabda ke viSaya kI AkRti kA nirmANa jJAna aura pravacana ke dvArA hotA hai| jaba mAtA-pitA, guru Adi gAya zabda kA uccAraNa karake gAya nAmaka vastu dikhAte haiM, to hama jAna jAte haiM ki gAya zabda kA vAcyArtha vaha pazu hai, jo galakambalayukta hai| punaH, gAya zabda kA vAcya-viSaya eka yathArtha vastu hai, kintu usakA vAcyArtha gAya kI AkRti hai| jaina vAcya-viSaya aura vAcyArtha meM bheda karate haiN| zabda kA vAcya-viSaya bAhya vastu hai kintu usakA vAcyArtha yA tAtparya AkRti hai| AkRti hI aisA tattva hai, jo eka ora bAhyArtha (Object) se tathA dUsarI ora vAcyArtha (Meaning) se sambandhita hotA hai| .. . nyAya-dArzanikoM ne isa AkRtivAda ke siddhAnta kI nimna AlocanA kI hai| prathamataH, cU~ki vyakti aneka haiM, isalie AkRti aneka hoNgii| punaH, eka vyakti kI AkRti dUsare vyakti kI AkRti se bhinna hotI hai| eka zabda paraspara bhinna aneka AkRtiyoM kA vAcaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| punaH, kisI bhI vyakti ke lie yaha asambhava hai ki vaha usa jAti kI sabhI vyaktiyoM kI AkRti ko jAna le, kyoMki vizeSa yA vyakti aneka aura alaga-alaga haiM, isalie unakI koI eka AkRti nahIM ho sktii| eka sapheda gAya kI AkRti kAlI gAya kI AkRti se avazya bhinna hogii| ataH, AkRtivAda ko mAnane para zabda ke aneka vAcyArtha mAnane hoNge| punaH, vyakti meM hI kriyAkAritva ho sakatA hai, AkRti meM arthakriyAkAritva sambhava nahIM, udAharaNa ke lie - jaba eka vyakti dUsare vyakti ko gAya lAne yA haTAne ke lie kahatA hai, to dUsarA vyakti gAya ke citra yA usakI mUrti ko nahIM lAtA hai| ataH, naiyAyikoM kA kathana hai ki AkRtivAda kI yaha avadhAraNA samucita nahIM hai| jainoM ne bhI ekAntika - .

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-386 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-94 AkRtivAda kI AlocanA kI hai| . vastutaH, AkRtivAda kA yaha siddhAnta bhAratIya-paramparA kI dRSTi se naiyAyikoM aura vaiyAkaraNikoM kI vicAradhArA ke samanvaya kA prayatna hai| naiyAyika zabda kA vAcyArtha vastu mAnate haiM aura vaiyAkaraNika tathA kisI sImA taka bauddha use buddhyAkAra mAnate haiN| jaina apane AkRtivAda meM ina donoM kA samanvaya isa prakAra karate haiM ki eka ora usameM vAcyArtha ke caitasika-pakSa yA buddhyAkAra kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai, to dUsarI ora, vaha buddhyAkAra kAlpanika na hokara ke yathArtha hotA hai, kyoMki AkRti sadaiva hI kisI anubhUta yathArtha vastu kI hI hotI hai| AkRtivAda sAmAnya ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM nAmavAda aura vastuvAda ke bIca kI sthiti hai| vaha yaha mAnatA hai ki sAmAnya jise mImAMsaka zabda kA vAcya mAnate haiM, vaha na to kevala nAma (mAnasika kalpanA) hai aura na vizeSa yA vyakti se pRthaka usakI koI svataMtra yathArtha sattA hI hai| vaha eka aisA mAnasika-bimba yA Akati hai, jo vibhinna vizeSoM/vyaktiyoM kI sAdRzyatA ke AdhAra para banatI hai| vaha mAnasika hote hue bhI kAlpanika yA ayathArtha nahIM hai| jaina ise hI zabda kA vAcyArtha mAnate haiM, sAtha hI, yaha mAnate haiM ki isa AkRti ke AdhAra para, jisameM saMketa-grahaNa hotA hai, vaha vAstavika vastu-vizeSa hai| zabda se jisa vastu-vizeSa kA grahaNa hotA hai, vaha apanI varga kI vastuoM se kathaMcit sAdRzya rakhatI hai aura isI sAdRzyatA ke AdhAra para hama una sabhI sAdRzya rakhanevAlI vastuoM ko eka hI zabda kA vAcyArtha mAnate haiM / jainoM kA yaha AkRtivAda kA siddhAnta viTagensTAina ke citra-siddhAnta (Picture theory) se kisI sImA taka samAnatA rakhatA hai| viTagensTAina Arambha meM yahI mAnate the ki zabda yA kathana yathArtha jagat ke citra haiM aura bhASA hameM ina citroM ke mAdhyama se yathArtha jagat se sambandhita karatI hai| yadyapi Age calakara usane isa citra-siddhAnta ke sthAna para upayoga-siddhAnta (Use theory) ko adhika upayukta mAnA aura yaha batAyA kI zabdoM kA vAcyArtha unake zravaNa se udbhASita hone vAlI AkRti ke sthAna para unake upayoga-saMdarbha para nirbhara karatA hai| zabda kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-387 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-95 vAcyArtha kyA hai - yaha isa bAta para nirbhara hai ki use kisa sandarbha meM aura kisa prakAra prayukta kiyA gayA hai| viTagensTAina ne apane paravartI grantha Philosophical Investigation meM isa upayoga-siddhAnta para adhika bala diyA hai| jahA~ jaina-dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kA prazna hai, hameM viTagensTAina ke ina donoM hI siddhAntoM ke pUrva bIja unameM upasthita milate haiN| eka ora, ve zabda kA vAcyArtha AkRti mAnakara viTagensTAina ke citra-siddhAnta kA samarthana karate haiM, to dUsarI ora, zabda ke vAcyArtha ke nirdhAraNa meM abhisamaya-paramparA yA prayoga-sandarbha ko sthAna dekara viTagensTAina ke upayoga-siddhAnta kA bhI samarthana karate haiN| vastutaH, merI dRSTi meM ye donoM avadhAraNAeM eka-dUsare kI virodhI nahIM haiN| zabda ko sunakara hamArI cetanA meM eka AkRti ubharatI hai, kintu kisa zabda ke kisa prakAra prayoga se kisa prakAra kI AkRti ubharegI, isakA nirdhAraNa abhisamaya/paramparA yA prayoga- sandarbha hI nizcita kregaa| vastutaH, zabda ke vAcyArtha ke sandarbha meM jainoM kA AkRtivAda kA yaha siddhAnta isa saMbaMdha meM pracalita vibhinna matavAdoM ke samanvaya kA eka prayAsa hai| jainoM ne apane anekAntika-dRSTi ke AdhAra para zabda ke vAcyArtha ko lekara tatkAlIna paraspara virodhI siddhAntoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, yahI unake zabda-darzana kI vizeSatA hai| jJAna kA prAmANya jJAna kI prAmANikatA ke nirNaya ko lekara bhAratIya-paramparA meM do prakAra kI vicAra-dhArAe~ pracalita rahI haiM - 1. svataH prAmANyavAda aura 2. parataH prAmANyavAda / bauddha svataH-prAmANyavAda mAnate haiM aura naiyAyika parataH prAmANyavAda mAnate haiN| svataH-prAmANyavAda yaha mAnatA hai ki jJAna kI prAmANikatA yA satyatA kA nirNaya svataH hI, arthAt usI jJAna ke dvArA ho jAtA hai, kyoMki pramANa-lakSaNa meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo jJAna anya pramANoM yA jJAnoM se bAdhita nahIM hotA hai, vaha jJAna svataH hI pramANa rUpa hotA hai| jJAna kI prAmANikatA kA nirNaya karane ke lie

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-388 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-96 bAhyArtha ke punaH jJAna kI yA jJAnAnantara-jJAna kI apekSA nahIM hotI hai| usakI prAmANikatA yA satyatA kA nirNaya svayaM usI jJAna se ho jAtA hai, yahI svataH-prAmANyavAda hai, jabaki naiyAyika Adi dUsare kucha darzana yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna kI prAmANikatA kA nirNaya bAhyArtha ke jJAnAnantara-jJAna se hotA hai, ise parataH-prAmANyavAda kahA jAtA hai| ina donoM avadhAraNAoM kA samanvaya karate hue jaina-dArzanika kahate haiM- jJAna kI prAmANikatA ke sambandha meM svataH-prAmANyavAda aura parata:-prAmANyavAda-donoM darzana ekAMgI hai| jJAna kI prAmANikatA ke nirNaya ke sambandha meM hameM usa sthiti meM jAnA hogA, jisa sthiti meM vaha jJAna huA hai| yadi jJAtA prabuddha hai, arthAt use usa padArtha kA svarUpa-jJAna pUrva anubhUta hai, to use usa jJAna ke sAtha hI usakI prAmANikatA kA nirNaya bhI svataH hI ho jAtA hai, yahI svataHprAmANyavAda hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, anubhavadazA meM jJAna ke prAmANya kA nirNaya svataH hotA hai| isake viparIta, pUrva anubhava ke abhAva meM jJAna ke prAmANya kA nirNaya bAhyArtha ke jJAnAnantara-jJAna yA anya jJAna se hotA haiM, ise hI. parataH prAmANyavAda kahate haiN| saMkSepa meM, jaina-darzana ke anusAra jJAna ke prAmANya kA nirNaya anubhavadazA meM svataH hI hotA hai, jabaki pUrva anubhava ke abhAva meM jJAna ke prAmANya kA nirNaya bAhyArtha ke jJAnAnantara anya jJAna se arthAt parataH-prAmANya se hotA hai| pramANanayatattvAloka meM kahA bhI hai prAmANya nizcayaH svataH parato vA mImAMsaka jJAna kA prAmANya svataH mAnate haiM aura jJAna kA aprAmANya parataH mAnate haiM, jabaki naiyAyika jJAna ke prAmANya aura aprAmANya-donoM ko hI parataH mAnate haiM / bauddhoM ke anusAra, jJAna kA prAmANya svataH hotA hai aura aprAmANya parataH hotA hai| jainoM ke anusAra, jJAna kA prAmANya aura aprAmANya- svataH bhI hotA hai aura parataH bhI hotA hai| abhyAsadazA meM svataH aura anabhyAsadazA meM vaha parataH hotA hai / vibhajyavAda, nikSepa, naya, anekAnta, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI jaina-jJAnamImAMsA aura pramANamImAMsA kI pariNati jainadarzana meM anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI meM dekhI jAtI hai, kintu isake pUrva

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-389 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-97 bhI kucha avadhAraNAeM aisI rahI haiM, jinakA upayoga anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda ke vikAsa meM huA hai| ina siddhAntoM meM vibhajyavAda kA siddhAnta prAcInatama hai| vibhajyavAda ko samajhAne ke lie bhI punaH nayavAda aura nikSepavAda kA janma huaa| aMtataH, anekAntavAda ko samyak prakAra se . samajhane ke lie hameM vibhajyavAda, nayavAda aura nikSepavAda ko bhI samajhanA hogaa| vibhajyavAda - vibhajyavAda eka prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai, jisakA ullekha jaina aura bauddha - donoM hI darzanoM ke mUlabhUta granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| vibhajyavAda se hI zabda ke artha ko samajhane ke lie nikSepa-siddhAnta kA aura kathana yA vAkya ke artha ko samajhane ke lie naya-siddhAnta kA vikAsa huaa| Agamika-granthoM, vizeSa rUpa se bhagavatIsUtra aura samayasAra Adi granthoM meM nayoM meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA tathA dravyArthikanaya aura paryAyArthikanaya kA hI. ullekha milatA hai, inhIM se Age calakara vastu ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa pakSoM ko lekara naigama Adi saptanayoM kA vikAsa huA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tattvArthasUtra ke bhASyamAnya pATha meM evaM SaTkhaNDAgama mUla meM evaM usakI dhavalA TIkA meM bhI pAMca nayoM kA hI ullekha hai| Age calakara, savArthasiddhimAnya pATha meM zabdanaya ke do anya vibhAgoM ko jor3akara naigamAdi sAta naya banAye gaye haiN| agrima pRSThoM meM hama kramazaH vibhajyavAda, nikSepavAda, nayavAda, anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kI carcA kreNge| vibhajyavAda __ jaina-darzana meM anekAntavAda aura bauddha-darzana meM zUnyavAda ke dArzanika-siddhAntoM ke udbhava evaM vikAsa ke mUla meM vibhajyavAda kI . avadhAraNA rahI huI hai| vibhajyavAda kA sAmAnya artha hai ki kisI bhI prazna kA uttara usa prazna kA vizleSaNa karake hI denA cAhie, arthAt prazna kyA hai? kisake sandarbha meM hai? aura kisa pariprekSya meM pUchA gayA hai? ina tathyoM ko samajhe binA kisI bhI prazna kA uttara nahIM denA caahie| bauddha-paramparA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-390 . . jaina jJAnamImAMsA-98. meM aMguttaranikAya (khaNDa 2, pRSTha 47) meM tathA jaina-paramparA meM sUtrakRtAMga (1/14/22) meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki sAdhu ko vibhajyavAda kA anusaraNa karake hI praznoM ke uttara dene cAhie (vibhajyavAyaM viyaagrejjaa)| bauddha-paramparA meM vibhajyavAda kA yaha vivaraNa udAna (1/1/6/4), thera-gAthA (1/106), suttanipAta (50/3,51/2 aura 51/10) Adi meM bhI milate haiN| bauddha-darzana meM kahA gayA hai- kisI bhI prazna kA uttara dene ke cAra tarIke ho sakate haiM - (1) ekAMzavAda - AMzika rUpa se yA sApekSa rUpa se uttara denA, (2) vibhajyavAda - prazna ke vizleSaNapUrvaka uttara denA, (3) prati-praznavAda - pratiprazna karake uttara denA aura (4) maunavAda yA sthApanAvAda - prazna ko uttara dene yogya nahIM maannaa| ina cAra prakAra ke vAdoM meM buddha ne ekAMzavAda ko asvIkAra karate hue vibhajyavAda kI sthApanA kI thI aura batAyA ki praznoM ke uttara prazna : ko vibhAjita karake hI denA cAhie, ekAntika rUpa se uttara nahIM denA caahie| yadi ekAntika uttara hI denA ho, to usake sandarbha ko spaSTa karate hue usakA sApekSa yA AMzika-uttara hI denA cAhie, arthAt usakA sApekSa rUpa se hI yA kisI eka dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para hI uttara denA cAhie, arthAt isa dRSTikoNa se yaha aisA hai - aisA sApekSa uttara hI denA caahie| sAmAnyatayA, prazna kA vizleSaNa karake hI uttara denA cAhieyahI vibhajyavAda hai| vibhajyavAda kA artha hai- vizleSaNapUrvaka uttara denA, isake lie bhI jahA~ Avazyaka ho, vahA~ pUchane vAle se prati-prazna bhI kiye jA sakate haiN| isakA eka acchA udAharaNa jaina-Agama bhagavatIsUtra meM milatA hai, jahA~ zrAvikA jayantI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA thA ki bhagavAn sonA acchA hai, yA jAganA ? isakA uttara dene hetu prati-prazna yaha uThAyA gayA ki - kisakA ? bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA ki adhArmika-vyaktiyoM kA sonA acchA hai aura dhArmika . vyaktiyoM kA jAganA acchA hai| isa prakAra, prati-praznavAda bhI viSaya ko spaSTa rUpa se samajhane meM Avazyaka hotA hai, kintu yaha bhI mUla meM vibhajyavAda kA hI eka rUpa hai| isameM bhI praznoM ke uttara vizleSaNapUrvaka hI diye jAte haiN| vibhajyavAda meM ekAntika uttara kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-391 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-99 tathA yaha batAyA gayA hai ki kisI bhI prazna ke uttara sApekSa-rUpa meM yA AMzika rUpa se prazna kA vizleSaNa karake hI diyA jAnA caahie| bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pravAhI-gur3a ke svAda evaM kaue ke raMga ke sambandha meM isI prakAra nizcaya aura vyavahAra-naya ke AdhAra para arthAt alaga-alaga dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna uttara diye the| yahI sApekSika-uttara dene kI paddhati Age calakara jainadarzana meM nayavAda aura syAdvAda ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hii| yaha satya hai ki aneka praznoM kA ekAntika rUpa se yA vizleSaNapUrvaka bhI koI uttara nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai, jaise - murgI pahale yA aNDA ? bhagavAn buddha ne aise praznoM ko ThapanIya (sthApanIya) kahA, arthAt kucha prazna aise hote haiM, jinakA uttara sambhava hI nahIM hotA hai| jaina-darzana meM saptabhaMgI meM ise hI avaktavya-bhaMga kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra, vibhajyavAda meM ekAntika-uttaroM ko bhI pUrvataH asvIkAra to nahIM kiyA, kintu isake lie sApekSika-dRSTi se hI uttara dene ki bAta kahI gii| bauddha-darzana meM jo praznoM ke uttara prati-prazna ke mAdhyama se dene kI bAta kahI gaI hai, use kisI viziSTa pariprekSya meM uttara denA mAnA jA sakatA hai, jo ki syAdvAda-siddhAnta evaM nayavAda kA AdhAra rahA hai| prati-prazna ke mAdhyama se uttara dene kI yahI paddhati Age calakara jaina-darzana meM nayavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita huI hai| jahA~ taka bauddha-darzana meM ThapanIya yA sthApanIya-rUpa meM prastuta praznoM ke sIdhe uttara kI samasyA hai, unakA sIdhA uttara asambhava mAnA gayA aura aise praznoM ko eka ora rakha denA hI ucita samajhA gayA hai, vahA~ jaina-darzana meM aise praznoM ko sApekSika-rUpa meM avaktavya kahakara uttara dene kI bAta kahI gaI aura "ThapanIya' ko saptabhaMgI ke avaktavya-bhaMga meM samAhita karane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa| jaisA ki hamaneM pUrva meM kahA - bauddhoM kA prati-praznavAda bhI eka prakAra se anekAntavAda kA hI eka rUpa hai, ataH bauddha-darzana meM vibhajyavAda ke spaSTIkaraNa ke rUpa meM praznoM ke uttara dene kI jo cAra zailiyAM mAnI gaI thIM, unheM jainoM ne syAdvAda ke vibhinna bhaMgoM kI dRSTi se spaSTa kiyaa| isa prakAra, vibhajyavAda se nayavAda kA aura anekAntavAda kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-392 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-100 vikAsa huA hai| vibhajyavAda aura Adhunika-bhASA vizleSaNavAda vastutaH, jaina aura bauddha-paramparAoM meM svIkRta vibhajyavAda, jisakA paravartI vikAsa kramazaH syAdvAda aura zUnyavAda meM huA, mUlataH bhASA-vizleSaNa kI eka paddhati hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha samakAlIna pAzcAtyabhASA-vizleSaNavAda kA hI eka pUrvarUpa yA agraja hai| - vibhajyavAda ko spaSTa karane ke lie yahA~ hama kucha dArzanika aura kucha vyAvahArika-praznoM ko leMge aura dekheMge ki vibhajyavAda usakA vizleSaNa kisa prakAra karatA hai| mAna lIjie- kisI ne prazna kiyA ki zarIra aura cetanA (jIva) bhinna-bhinna haiM yA abhinna haiM ? vibhajyavAdI isakA sIdhA uttara na dekara pahale to yaha jAnanA cAhegA ki bhinnatA athavA abhinnatA se praznakartA kA kyA tAtparya hai ? dUsare yaha ki yaha bhinnatA aura abhinnatA bhI kisa sandarbha meM pUchI jA rahI hai| punaH, bhinnatA se usakA tAtparya tathyAtmaka-bhinnatA se hai athavA vaicArika yA pratyayAtmaka-bhinnatA se hai ? aura yaha bhinnatA bhI Anubhavika-jagat ke sandarbha meM yA tAttvika-sandarbha meM pUchI jA rahI hai, kyoMki 'bhinnatA' zabda ke pratyeka tAtparya ke AdhAra para aura pratyeka sandarbha meM isa prazna ke uttara alaga-alaga ho sakate haiM, jaise - zarIra aura cetanA (AtmA) ko vicAra ke kSetra meM pRthak-pRthak kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu tathyAtmaka kSetra meM hama unheM eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara skte| ve cintana ke kSetra meM bhinna mAne jA sakate haiM, lekina jAgatikaM- anubhava ke kSetra meM to abhinna haiM, kyoMki jagat meM zarIra se pRthak cetanA kahIM upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| punaH, mRta vyakti ke sandarbha meM zarIra ko cetanA se pRthak mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu jIvita vyakti ke sandarbha meM unheM eka-dUsare se pRthaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, ataH mahAvIra aura paravartI jaina-AcAryoM ne kahA thA ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna-bhinna bhI haiM aura abhinna bhI haiM (AyA, bhante ! kAye, anne kAye ? goyamA ! AyA vi kAye anne vi kaaye| - bhagavatI, 13.7 ) / isa prakAra, vyAvahArika-jIvana ke kSetra meM jaba yaha pUchA jAye ki sonA acchA hai yA jAganA acchA hai, to isa prazna kA koI bhI nispekSa uttara taba taka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-393 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -101 nahIM diyA jA sakatA, jaba taka ki yaha spaSTa na ho ki sone aura jAgane se praznakartA kA kyA tAtparya hai| punaH, yaha bAta kisa prasaMga meM aura kisa vyakti ke sambandha meM pUchI jA rahI hai, udAharaNa ke lie, sonA kaI uddezyoM se ho sakatA hai - zarIra kI thakAvaTa miTAkara sphUrti prApta karane ke lie sonA athavA Alasyavaza sonA, isI prakAra sonA kaI sthitiyoM meM bhI ho sakatA hai - rAtri meM sonA, dina meM sonA, kakSA meM sonA; punaH, sone vAle vyakti kaI prakAra ke ho sakate haiM - hiMsaka, atyAcArI aura duSTa athavA sajjana, sadAcArI aura sevAbhAvI / yahA~ kisalie, kaba aura kisakA- ye sabhI tathya sone yA jAgane ke tAtparya ke sAtha jur3e hue haiM, inakA vizleSaNa kiye binA hama nirapekSa rUpa se yaha nahIM kaha sakate haiM ki sonA acchA hai yA burA hai| zArIrika-sphUrti ke lie, rAtri meM sonA acchA ho sakatA hai, jabaki Alasyavaza dina meM sonA burA ho sakatA hai| vibhajyavAda anya kucha nahIM, apitu praznoM yA pratyayoM ke tAtparya kA vizleSaNa karake unheM sApekSa rUpa se spaSTa karanA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM bhagavAn buddha kahate haiM ki vidvAn (zabdoM, kathanoM aura pratyaya ke) satya artha (Right-meaning) aura anartha (False-meaning) - donoM kA jJAtA hotA hai| jo anartha kA parityAga karake artha kA grahaNa karatA hai, vahI artha ke siddhAnta (artha-abhisamaya) kA jAnakAra paNDita (dArzanika) kahA jAtA hai| buddha ke uparyukta kathana meM samakAlIna bhASA-darzana kA utsa nihita hai| jaina-paramparA bhI zabda para nahIM, unake artha (Meaning) para bala detI hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra, tIrthaMkara artha kA pravaktA hotA hai| Aja kA bhASA-vizleSaNa bhI pratyayoM yA zabdoM ke artha kA vizleSaNa karake unheM spaSTa karatA hai tathA Anubhavika- sandarbha meM unakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| dArzanika-AdhAroM meM AMzika-bhinnatA ke hote hue bhI paddhati kI dRSTi se vibhajyavAda aura -bhASA-vizleSaNavAda meM AMzika-samAnatA hai aura isI AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki Aja se 2500 varSa pUrva prastuta mahAvIra aura buddha kA vibhajyavAda samakAlIna bhASA-vizleSaNavAda kA pUrvaja hai| Age hama nikSepavAda evaM nayavAda kI hI carcA kareMge aura anta meM syAdvAda evaM saptabhaMgI kA nirdeza karake virAma leNge|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-394 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-102 jaina-darzana kA nikSepa-siddhAnta jaina-darzana meM zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie eka pramukha siddhAnta prastuta kiyA gayA hai, use nikSepa kA siddhAnta kahate haiN| nikSepa ke artha ko spaSTa karate hue upAdhyAya yazovijayajI kahate haiM ki jisase prakaraNa (sandarbha) Adi ke anusAra apratipatti Adi kA nirAkaraNa hokara zabda ke vAcyArtha kA yathAsthAna viniyoga hotA hai, aisI racanA vizeSa ko nikSepa kahate haiN| laghIyastra meM bhI nikSepa kI sArthakatA ko spaSTa karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki nikSepa ke dvArA aprastuta artha kA niSedha aura prastuta artha kA nirUpaNa hotA hai| vastutaH, zabda kA prayoga vaktA ne kisa artha meM kiyA hai, isakA nirdhAraNa karanA hI nikSepa kA kArya hai| hama 'rAjA' nAmadhArI vyakti, nATaka meM rAjA kA abhinaya karane vAle vyakti, bhUtapUrva zAsaka aura vartamAna meM rAjya ke svAmI - sabhI ko 'rAjA' kahate haiN| isI prakAra, gAya nAmaka prANI ko bhI gAya kahate haiM aura usakI AkRti ke bane hue khilaune ko bhI gAya kahate haiN| ata:, kisa prasaMga meM zabda kisa artha meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai, isakA nirdhAraNa karanA Avazyaka hai| nikSepa hameM isa artha nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA ko samajhAtA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI saMghavI apane tattvArthasUtra ke vivacana meM likhate haiM - "samasta vyavahAra yA jJAna ke lena-dena kA mukhya sAdhana bhASA hai| bhASA zabdoM se banatI hai| eka hI zabda prayojana yA prasaMga ke anusAra aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai| pratyeka zabda ke kama-se-kama cAra artha milate haiN| ve hI cAra artha usa zabda ke artha-sAmAnya ke cAra vibhAga haiN| ye vibhAga hI nikSepa yA nyAsa kahalAte haiN| inako jAna lene se vaktA kA tAtparya samajhane meM saralatA hotI hai|" jaina-AcAryoM ne cAra prakAra ke nikSepoM kA ullekha kiyA hai - 1. nAma, 2. sthApanA, 3. dravya aura 4. bhaav| nAma-nikSepa - vyutpattisiddha evaM prakRta artha kI apekSA na rakhane vAlA jo artha mAtA-pitA yA anya vyaktiyoM ke dvArA kisI vastu ko de diyA jAtA hai, vaha nAmanikSepa hai| nAmanikSepa meM na to zabda ke vyutpattiparaka artha kA vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, na usake loka-pracalita artha kA vicAra

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-395 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-103 kiyA jAtA hai aura na usa nAma ke anurUpa guNoM kA hI vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, apitu mAtra kisI vyakti yA vastu ko saMketita karane ke lie usakA eka nAma rakha diyA jAtA hai, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM - kurUpa vyakti kA nAma sundaralAla rakha diyA jaanaa| nAma dete samaya anya arthoM meM pracalita zabdoM jaise- sarasvatI, nArAyaNa, viSNu, indra, ravi Adi athavA anya arthoM meM apracalita zabdoM, jaise- Dittha, riMkU, piMkU, monU, TonU Adi se kisI vyakti kA nAmakaraNa kara dete haiM aura usa zabda ko sunakara usa vyakti yA vastu meM saMketa-grahaNa hotA hai| nAma kisI vastu yA vyakti ko diyA gayA vaha zabda-saMketa hai, jisakA apane pracalita artha, vyutpattiparaka artha aura guNa- niSpanna artha se koI sIdhA sambandha nahIM hotA hai| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki nAmanikSepa meM koI bhI zabda paryAyavAcI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM eka zabda se eka hI artha kA grahaNa hotA hai| ___ sthApanA-nikSepa - kisI vastu kI pratikRti, mUrti yA citra meM usa mUlabhUta vastu kA AropaNa kara use usa nAma se abhihita karanA sthApanAnikSepa hai, jaise - jina-pratimA ko jina, buddha-pratimA ko buddha aura kRSNa kI pratimA ko kRSNa kahanAM / nATaka ke pAtra, pratikRtiyA~, mUrtiyA~, citra - ye saba sthApanAnikSepa ke udAharaNa haiN|.jain-aacaaryoN ne isa sthApanAnikSepa ke do prakAra mAne haiM1. tadAkAra-sthApanAnikSepa aura 2. atdaakaar-sthaapnaanikssep| vastu kI AkRti ke anurUpa AkRti meM usa mUla vastu kA AropaNa karanA - yaha tadAkAra-sthApanAnikSepa hai, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM - gAya kI AkRti ke khilaune ko gAya khnaa| jo vastu apanI mUlabhUta vastu kI pratikRti to nahIM hai, kintu usameM usakA AropaNa kara use jaba usa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai, to vaha atadAkAra-sthApanAnikSepa hai, jaise - hama kisI anagar3ha prastara-khaNDa ko kisI devatA kA pratIka mAnakara athavA zataraMja kI moharoM ko rAjA, vajIra Adi ke rUpa meM parikalpanA kara unheM usa nAma se pukArate haiN| dravya-nikSepa - jo artha yA vastu pUrva meM kisI paryAya, avasthA yA sthiti meM raha cukI ho, athavA bhaviSya meM kisI paryAya, avasthA yA sthiti

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-396 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-104 meM rahane vAlI ho, use vartamAna meM bhI usI nAma se saMketita karanA - yaha dravyanikSepa hai, jaise - koI vyakti pahale kabhI adhyApaka thA, kintu vartamAna meM sevAnivRtta ho cukA hai, use vartamAna meM bhI adhyApaka kahanA, athavA usa vidyArthI ko, jo abhI DAkTarI kA adhyayana kara rahA hai, DAkTara kahanA, athavA kisI bhUtapUrva vidhAyaka ko tathA vartamAna meM vidhAyaka kA cunAva lar3a rahe vyakti ko vidhAyaka kahanA-ye sabhI dravyanikSepa ke udAharaNa haiN| lokavyavahAra meM hama isa prakAra kI bhASA ke anekazaH prayoga karate haiM, yathA- vaha ghar3A, jisameM kabhI ghI rakhA jAtA thA, vartamAnakAla meM cAhe vaha ghI rakhane ke upayoga meM na AtA ho, phira bhI ghI kA ghar3A kahA jAtA hai| bhAva-nikSepa - jisa artha meM zabda kA vyutpatti yA pravRtti nimitta samyaka prakAra se ghaTita hotA ho, vaha bhAvanikSepa hai, jaise-kisI dhanADhya vyakti ko lakSmIpati kahanA, sevAkArya kara rahe vyakti ko sevaka kahanA aadi| vaktA ke abhiprAya athavA prasaMga ke anurUpa zabda ke vAcyArtha ko grahaNa karane ke lie nikSepoM kI avadhAraNA kA bodha honA Avazyaka hai, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM - kisI chAtra ko kakSA meM praveza karate samaya kahA gayA - 'rAjA AyA' - isa kathana kA vAcyArtha kisI nATaka meM maMca para kisI pAtra ko Ate hue dekhakara kahA gayA -'rAjA AyA- isa kathana ke vAcyArtha se bhinna hai| prathama prasaMga meM 'rAjA' kA vAcyArtha hai - rAjA nAmadhArI chAtra, jabaki dUsare prasaMga meM 'rAjA' zabda kA vAcyArtha hai - rAjA kA abhinaya karane vAlA pAtra / Aja bhI hama 'mahArAjA banArasa' aura 'mahArAjA gvAliyara' zabdoM kA prayoga karate haiM, kintu Aja ina zabdoM kA vAcyArtha vaha nahIM hai, jo san 1947 ke pUrva thaa| vartamAna meM ina zabdoM kA vAcyArtha dravyanikSepa ke AdhAra para nirdhArita hogA, jabaki san 1947 ke pUrva vaha bhAvanikSepa ke AdhAra para nirdhArita hotA thaa| rAjA' zabda kabhI rAjA nAmadhArI vyakti kA vAcaka hotA hai, to kabhI rAjA kA abhinaya karane vAle pAtra kA vAcaka hotA hai| kabhI vaha bhUtakAlIna rAjA kA vAcaka hotA hai, to kabhI vaha vartamAna meM zAsana karane vAle pAtra kA vAcaka hotA hai| nikSepa kA siddhAnta hameM yaha batAtA hai ki hameM kisI zabda ke vAcyArtha kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-397 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-105 nirdhAraNa usake kathana-prasaMga ke anurUpa hI karanA cAhie, anyathA arthabodha meM anartha hone kI saMbhAvanA banI rhegii| nikSepa kA siddhAnta zabda ke vAcyArtha ke samyak nirdhAraNa kA siddhAnta hai, jo ki jaina-dArzanikoM kI apanI eka vizeSatA hai| jaina-darzana kA naya-siddhAMta kathana kA vAcyArtha aura naya ___ zabda athavA kathana ke sahI artha ko samajhane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki zrotA na kevala vaktA ke zabdoM kI ora jAe, apitu usake abhiprAya ko bhI samajhane kA prayatna kre| aneka bAra samAna padAvalI ke vAkya bhI vaktA ke abhiprAya, vaktA kI kathanazailI aura tAtkAlika-sandarbha ke AdhAra para bhinna artha ke sUcaka ho jAte haiN| vaktA ke abhiprAya ko samajhane ke lie jaina-AcAryoM ne naya aura nikSepa - aise do siddhAnta prastuta kiye haiN| naya aura nikSepa ke siddhAntoM kA mUlabhUta uddezya yahI hai ki zrotA vaktA ke dvArA kahe gaye zabdoM athavA kathanoM kA sahI artha jAna ske| naya kI paribhASA karate hue jaina AcAryoM ne kahA hai ki 'vaktA ke kathana kA abhiprAya' hI naya kahA jAtA hai| kathana ke samyaka artha-nirdhAraNa ke lie vaktA ke abhiprAya ko evaM tAtkAlika sandarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| naya-siddhAnta hameM vaha paddhati batAtA hai, jisake AdhAra para vaktA ke Azaya evaM kathana ke tAtkAlika-sandarbha (Context) ko samyak prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina-darzana meM naya aura nikSepa kI avadhAraNAe~ syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ke vikAsa ke bhI pUrva kI hai| tattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya meM hameM naya evaM nikSepa avadhAraNAe~ spaSTa rUpa meM upalabdha ho jAtI haiM, jabaki vahA~ syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kI spaSTa avadhAraNA anupasthita hai| tattvArtha ke pA~caveM adhyAya kA 'arpitAnArpite siddhe' sUtra bhI mUlataH naya-siddhAnta arthAt sAmAnya evaM vizeSa dRSTi kA hI sUcaka hai| Agamika-vibhajyavAda evaM dArzanika-nayavAda kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para hI Age syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa huA hai| yadi hama gambhIratApUrvaka dekheM, to jainoM ke naya, nikSepa, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI - ina sabhI siddhAntoM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-398 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-106 kA sambandha bhASA-darzana evaM artha-vijJAna (Science of meaning) se hai| - nayoM kI avadhAraNA ko lekara jainAcAryoM ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vaktA kA abhiprAya athavA vaktA kI kathana-zailI yA abhivyaktizailI hI naya hai, to phira nayoM ke kitane prakAra hoMge? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue AcArya siddhasena dvArA kahA gayA hai ki jitane vacana-patha (kathana karane kI zailiyA~) ho sakate haiM, utane hI nayavAda ho sakate haiN| vastutaH, nayavAda bhASA ke artha-vizleSaNa kA siddhAnta hai| bhASAyI-abhivyakti ke jitane prArUpa ho sakate haiM, utane hI naya ho sakate haiM, phira bhI moTe rUpa se jaina-darzana meM do, pA~ca aura sapta nayoM kI avadhAraNA milatI hai| yadyapi ina sAta nayoM ke atirikta nizcaya-naya aura vyavahAra-naya tathA dravyArthika-naya aura paryAyArthika-naya kA bhI ullekha jaina-granthoM meM hai, kintu ye naya mUlataH tattvamImAMsA yA adhyAtmazAstra se sambandhita haiM, jabaki naigama Adi sapta naya mUlataH bhASA-darzana se sambandhita haiN| 'naya aura nikSepa - donoM hI siddhAnta yadyapi zabda evaM kathana ke vAcyArtha (Meaning) kA nirNaya karane se sambandhita haiM, phira bhI donoM meM antara hai| nikSepa mUlataH zabda ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai, jabaki naya vAkya yA kathana ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai| jaina-darzana meM nayoM kA vivecana tIna rUpoM meM milatA hai - (1) nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya (2) dravyArthikanaya aura paryAyArthikanaya tathA (3) naigamAdi saptanaya | bhagavatIsUtra Adi AgamoM meM nayoM ke prathama evaM dvitIya vargIkaraNa hI varNita haiM, jabaki samavAyAMga, anuyogadvAra, nandIsUtra evaM tattvArthasUtra meM nayoM kA tRtIya vargIkaraNa naigamAdi ke rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai, isakA bhASya-mAnya pATha naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra evaM zabda - aise pA~ca nayoM kA ullekha karatA hai, jabaki sarvArthasiddhi-mAnya pATha naigama Adi sAta nayoM kA ullekha karatA hai| nizcaya aura vyavahAra - naya mUlataH jJAnaparaka dRSTikoNa se sambandhita haiN| ve vastu-svarUpa ke vivecana kI zailiyA~ haiM, jabaki dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika-naya vastu ke zAzvata pakSa aura parivartanazIla pakSa kA vicAra karate haiN| sapta nayoM kI carcA meM jahA~ taka naigamAdi prathama cAra nayoM kA prazna hai, ve mUlataH vastu ke sAmAnya aura vizeSa svarUpa kI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-399 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-107 carcA karate haiM, jabaki zabdAdi tIna naya, vastu kA kathana kisa prakAra se kiyA gayA hai - yaha batAte haiN| nizcayanayaM aura vyavahAranaya 'jJAna kI prApti ke tIna sAdhana haiM - (1) aparokSAnubhUti, (2) indriyajanyAnubhUti aura (3) buddhi| inameM aparokSAnubhUti yA AtmAnubhUti nizcayanaya kI aura indriyAnubhUti yA buddhi vyavahAranaya kI pratIka hai| tattvamImAMsA meM sat ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA pramukha rUpa se nizcaya aura vyavahAra - do dRSTikoNoM ke AdhAra para hotI hai| jaina-darzana ke anusAra, sat apane-Apa meM eka pUrNatA hai, anantatA hai| indriyAnubhUti, buddhi, bhASA aura vANI apanI-apanI sImA ke kAraNa ananta guNa dharmAtmaka sat ke ekAMza kA hI grahaNa kara pAtI haiM, yahI ekAMza kA bodha naya kahalAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, sat ke ananta pakSoM ko jina-jina dRSTikoNoM se dekhA jAtA hai, ve sabhI naya kahalAte haiN| nayoM kA svarUpa jaina-dArzanikoM kA kahanA hai ki sat kI abhivyakti ke lie bhASA .. ke jitane prArUpa (kathana ke DhaMga) ho sakate haiM, utane hI naya, vAda athavA dRSTikoNa ho sakate haiN| vaise to jaina-darzana meM nayoM kI saMkhyA ananta mAnI gaI hai, lekina moTe taura para nayoM ke do bheda kiye jAte haiM, jinheM - 1. nizcayanaya aura 2. vyavahAranaya kahate haiN| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya meM sabhI nayoM kA antarabhAva ho jAtA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM ina donoM nayoM kA pratipAdana bar3he hI rocaka rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai- gautamasvAmI bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUchate haiM - "bhagavan ! pravAhI gur3a meM kitane rasa, varNa, gandha aura sparza hote haiM ?" mahAvIra kahate haiM- "gautama ! meM isa prazna kA uttara do nayoM se detA huuN| vyavahAranaya se to vaha madhura kahA jAtA hai, lekina nizcayanaya se usameM pA~ca varNa, pA~ca rasa, do gandha aura ATha sparza hote haiN|" vastutaH, nizcaya aura vyavahAra-dRSTiyoM kA vizleSaNa yaha batAtA hai ki vastu-tattva na kevala utanA hI hai, jitanA indriyoM ke mAdhyama se vaha hameM pratIta hotA hai, athavA buddhi usake svarUpa kA nizcaya kara pAtI hai| .

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-400 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-108 sat svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie indriyAnubhUtijanya jJAna aura buddhijanya jJAna usake vyAvahArika-pakSa ko hI pakar3a pAte haiM, kyoMki buddhi bhI bhASA para AdhArita hai aura bhASA kA zabda-bhaNDAra ati sImita hai| isI prakAra, aparokSAnubhUti bhI yA Atmika-anubhUti bhASA aura buddhi-nirapekSa hotI hai, jise antardaSTi yA prajJA kahA jAtA hai| nizcayanaya aparokSAnubhUti para aura vyavahAranaya indriyAnubhUti aura bauddhika-jJAna para nirbhara karatI hai| isa prakAra, vyavahAranaya bhI indriyAnubhUti aura bauddhika vimarza - donoM kI apekSA rakhatA hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana meM jJAna aura usakI abhivyakti ke indriyAnubhUtijanya-jJAna, bauddhika-jJAna aura Atmika-jJAna - aise tIna vibhAga bhI kiye gaye haiM, ThIka isI prakAra, bauddhadarzana ke vijJAnavAda meM bhI parikalpita, parataMtra aura pariniSpanna - aise jJAna ke tIna bheda kiye gaye haiN| bauddhadarzana kA zUnyavAda bhI ise mithyA-saMvRtti, tathya-saMvRtti aura . paramArtha - aise tIna rUpoM meM vyakta karatA hai| AcArya zaMkara ne bhI inheM hI pratibhASita-satya, vyAvahArika-satya aura pAramArthika-satya - aise tIna vibhAgoM meM bATA hai| indriyAnubhUti aura bauddhika-jJAna vyavahAra-pakSa ko pradhAnatA dete haiM, ataH inako milA dene para do vidhAe~ hI zeSa rahatI haiMvyavahAra (vyavahAranaya) aura paramArtha (nishcyny)| pAzcAtya-paramparA meM jJAna kI hI vidhAe~ - nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya . . na kevala bhAratIya-darzanoM meM, varan pAzcAtya-darzanoM meM bhI pramukha rUpa se vyavahAra aura paramArtha ke dRSTikoNa svIkRta rahe haiN| DaoN. candradhara zarmA ke anusAra bhI pazcimI darzanoM meM bhI vyavahAra aura paramArtha-dRSTikoNoM kA yaha antara sadaiva hI mAnA jAtA rahA hai| vizva ke sabhI mahAn dArzanikoM ne ise kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| herAkliTasa ke Kato aura Ano pAramenIDIja ke mata (Opinion) aura satya (Truth), sukarAta ke rUpa aura AkAra (Word and Form), pleTo ke darzana meM saMvedana (Sense) aura pratyaya (Idea), arastU ke padArtha (Matter) aura cAlaka (Mover), spinojA ke dravya (Substance) aura paryAya (Modes), kAMTa ke

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-401 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-109 prapaMca (Phenomenal) aura tattva, hegala ke viparyaya aura nirapekSa tathA braiDale ke AbhAsa (Appearance) aura sat (Reality) kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM usI vyavahAra aura paramArtha kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa karate haiN| bhale hI inameM nAmoM kI bhinnatA ho, lekina unake vicAra inhIM do dRSTikoNoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| yahA~ yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki jahA~ taka vyavahAra kA prazna hai, usake jJAna ke sAdhana indriyAM, mana aura buddhi haiM aura ye tInoM sImita aura sApekSa haiM, isalie samasta vyAvahArika jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| jaina-dArzanikoM kA kathana hai ki eka bhI kathana aura usakA artha aisA nahIM hai, jo naya-zUnya ho, sArA jJAna dRSTikoNoM para AdhArita hai, yahI dRSTikoNa mUlataH nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kahe jAte haiN| tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA artha tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi sat ke usa svarUpa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, jo sat kI trikAlAbAdhita svabhAvadazA aura svalakSaNa hai, jo paryAya yA parivartanoM meM bhI sattA ke sAra ke rUpa meM banA rahatA hai| nizcayadRSTi abhedagAmI sattA ke zuddha svarUpa yA svabhAvadazA kI sUcaka hai aura usake para-nirapekSa svarUpa kI vyAkhyA karatI hai, jabaki vyavahAranaya pratIti ko AdhAra banAtI hai, ataH vaha vastu ke para-sApekSa svarUpa kA vivecana karatA hai| nizcayanaya vastu yA AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa yA svabhAva-lakSaNa kA nirUpaNa karatA hai, jo para se nirapekSa hotA hai, jabaki vyavahAranaya para-sApekSa pratItirUpa vastu-svarUpa ko batAtA hai| AtmA karma-nirapekSa, zuddha, buddha, nitya, mukta hai - yaha nizcayanaya kA kathana hai, jabaki vyavahAranaya kahatA hai ki saMsAra-dazA meM AtmA karmamUla se lipta hai, rAga-dveSa evaM kASAyika-bhAvoM se yukta hai| pAnI sva-svarUpataH zuddha hai - yaha nizyacanaya hai| pAnI meM kacarA hai, miTTI hai, vaha gandA hai - yaha vyavahAranaya hai| __tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM vyavahAradRSTi sattA ke usa pakSa kA pratipAdana karatI hai, jisa rUpa meM vaha pratIta hotI hai| vyavahAradRSTi bhedagAmI hai aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-402 ... jaina jJAnamImAMsA-110 sat ke Agantuka lakSaNoM yA vibhAvadazA kI sUcaka hai| sat ke parivartanazIla pakSa kA prastutikaraNa vyavahAranaya kA viSaya hai| vyavahAranaya deza aura kAla-sApekSa hai| vyavahAradRSTi ke anusAra, AtmA janma bhI letI hai aura maratI bhI hai, vaha bandhana meM bhI AtI hai aura mukta bhI hotI hai| AcAra-darzana ke kSetra meM vyavahAranaya aura nizcayanaya kA antara jaina-paramparA meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya nAmaka do nayoM' yA dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai| ve tattvajJAna aura AcAradarzana - donoM kSetroM para lAgU hotI haiM, phira bhI AcAradarzana aura tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM nizcayadRSTi aura vyavahAradRSTi kA pratipAdana bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM huA hai| paM. sukhalAlajI isa antara ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA meM jo nizcaya aura vyavahAra-rUpa se do dRSTiyA~ mAnI gaI haiM, ve tattvajJAna aura AcAra - donoM kSetroM meM lAgU kI gaI haiN| sabhI bhAratIya-darzanoM kI taraha jaina-darzana meM bhI tattvajJAna aura AcAra - donoM kA samAveza hai| nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA prayoga tattvajJAna aura AcAra - donoM meM hotA hai, lekina sAmAnyataH zAstrAbhyAsI isa antara ko jAna nahIM paataa| tAttvika nizcayadRSTi aura AcAraviSayaka-nizcayadRSTi - donoM eka nahIM haiN| yahI bAta ubhayaviSayaka-vyavahAradRSTi kI bhI hai| tAttvika- nizcayadRSTi zuddha nizcaya-dRSTi hai aura AcAraviSayakanizcayadRSTi azuddha nizcayanaya hai| isI prakAra, tAttvika vyavahAradRSTi bhI AcAra-sambandhI vyavahAradRSTi se bhinna hai| yaha antara dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai| dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika - naya jainadarzana ke anusAra, sattA apane Apa meM utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya- yukta hai| usakA dhrauvya (sthAyI) pakSa aparivartanazIla hai aura usakA utpAda-vyaya kA pakSa parivartanazIla hai| sattA ke aparivartanazIla pakSa ko dravyArthika-naya aura parivartanazIla pakSa ko paryAyArthika-naya kahA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-403 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-111 jAtA hai| pAzcAtya-darzanoM meM sattA ke usa aparivartanazIla pakSa ko Being aura parivartanazIla pakSa ko Becoming bhI kahA gayA hai| sattA kA vaha pakSa, jo tInoM kAloM meM ekarUpa rahatA hai, jise dravya bhI kahate haiM, usakA bodha dravyArthika-naya se hotA hai aura sattA kA vaha pakSa, jo parivartita hotA rahatA hai, use paryAya kahate hai, usakA kathana paryAyArthika-naya hI hai| jJAna-mImAMsA kI dRSTi se yaha parivartanazIla pakSa bhI do rUpoM meM kAma karatA hai, jinheM.svabhAva-paryAya aura vibhAva-paryAya ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai, jisameM svabhAva- paryAyAvasthA ko prApta karanA hI usakA naitika-Adarza hai| svabhAva-paryAya tattva ke nija guNoM ke kAraNa hotI hai evaM anya tattvoM se nirapekSa hotI hai, isake viparIta, vibhAva-paryAya anya tattva se sApekSa vibhAva-paryAya hotI hai| AtmA meM jJAtAdraSTA-bhAva yA jJAtAdraSTA kI avasthA svabhAvaparyAyarUpa hotI hai| krodhAdibhAva vibhAvaparyAyarUpa hote haiN| parivartanazIla svabhAva evaM vibhAva- paryAyoM kA kathana vyavahAranaya hotA hai, jabaki sattArUpa AtmA ke jJAtAdraSTA nAmaka guNa kA kathana nizcayanaya se hotA hai| naigama Adi sapta naya ___ yaha vargIkaraNa apekSAkRta eka paravartI ghaTaka hai| tattvArthasUtra ke bhASyamAnya pATha meM naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra aura zabdanaya - aise pA~ca bheda kiye gaye haiN| ye pA~coM bheda digambara paramparA ke SaTkhaNDAgama meM bhI ullekhita haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke bhASyamAnya pATha meM usake pazcAt naigamanaya ke do bheda aura zabdanaya ke do bheda bhI kiye gaye haiN| paravartIkAla meM zabda-naya ke ina do bhedoM ko mUla-pATha meM samAhita karake sarvArthasiddhimAnya pATha meM nayoM ke naiMgama Adi sapta nayoM kI carcA bhI kI gaI hai| digambara-paramparA isa sarvAthasiddhimAnya pATha ko AdhAra mAnakara ina sAta nayoM kI hI carcA karatI hai| vartamAna meM to zvetAmbara aura digambara - donoM hI paramparAoM meM ina saptanayoM kI carcA hI mukhya rUpa se milatI hai| ina sAta nayoM meM naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra aura RjusUtra - ina cAra nayoM ko arthanaya arthAt vastusvarUpa kA vivecana karane vAle aura zabda samabhirUr3ha.

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-404 - jaina jJAnamImAMsA-112 aura evaMbhUta - ina tIna nayoM ko zabdanaya arthAt vAcya ke artha kA vizleSaNa karane vAle kahA gayA hai| arthanaya kA saMbaMdha vAcya-viSaya (vastu) se hotA hai, ataH ye naya apane vAcya-viSaya kI carcA sAmAnya aura vizeSa - ina pakSoM ke AdhAra para karate haiM, jabaki zabdanaya kA saMbaMdha vAcyArtha (Meaning) se hotA hai| Age hama ina naigama Adi sapta nayoM kI saMkSepa meM carcA kreNge| .. naigama-naya - ina sapta nayoM meM sarvaprathama naigamanaya AtA hai| naigamanaya mAtra vaktA ke saMkalpa ko grahaNa karatA hai| naigamanaya kI dRSTi se kisI kathana ke artha kA nizcaya usa saMkalpa athavA sAdhya ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai, jise vaha vaktA batAnA cAhatA hai| naigamanaya sambandhI prakathanoM meM vaktA kI dRSTi sampAdita kI jAnevAlI kriyA ke antima sAdhya kI ora hotI hai| vaha karma ke tAtkAlika-pakSa para dhyAna na dekara karma ke prayojana kI ora dhyAna detI hai| prAcIna AcAryoM ne naigamanaya kA udAharaNa dete hue batAyA hai ki jaba koI vyakti stambha ke lie kisI jaMgala se lakar3I lene jAtA hai aura usase jaba pUchA jAtA hai ki bhAI tuma kisalie jaMgala jA rahe ho? to vaha kahatA hai - maiM stambha lene jA rahA huuN| vastutaH, vaha jaMgala se stambha nahIM, apitu stambha banAne kI lakar3I hI lAtA hai, lekina usakA saMkalpa yA prayojana stambha banAnA hI hai, ataH vaha apane prayojana ko sAmane rakhakara hI vaisA hI kathana karatA hai| hamArI vyAvahArika bhASA meM aise aneka kathana hote haiM, jaba hama apane bhAvI saMkalpa ke AdhAra para hI vartamAna vyavahAra kA pratipAdana karate haiN| DAkTarI meM par3hane vAle vidyArthI ko usake bhAvI lakSya kI dRSTi se DAkTara kahA jAtA hai| naigamanaya ke kathanoM kA vAcyArtha bhUta para AdhArita bhaviSyakAlIna sAdhya yA saMkalpoM ke AdhAra para hotA hai, jaise - pratyeka bhAdra kRSNa aSTamI ko kRSNajanmASTamI khnaa| yahA~ vartamAna meM bhUtakAlIna ghaTanA kA upacAra kiyA gayA hai| saMgraha-naya - bhASA ke kSetra meM aneka bAra hamAre kathana vyaSTi ko gauNa kara samaSTi ke AdhAra para hote haiN| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra, jaba vizeSa yA bhedoM kI upekSA karake mAtra sAmAnya lakSaNoM yA abheda ke AdhAra para jaba koI kathana kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha saMgrahanaya kA. kathana mAnA jAtA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-406 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -113 hai, udAharaNa ke lie - jaba koI vyakti yaha kahe ki bhAratIya garIba haiM, to usakA yaha kathana vyakti-vizeSa para lAgU na hokara sAmAnya rUpa se samagra bhAratIya janasamAja kA vAcaka hotA hai| prajJApanAsUtra meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki jAti-prajJApanIya-bhASA satya mAnI jAe athavA asatya yA vyakti vizeSa ke AdhAra para satya yA asatya mAnI jaae| jAti-prajJApanIya- bhASA meM samagra jAti ke sambandha meM guNa, svabhAva Adi kA pratipAdana hotA hai, kintu aise kathanoM meM apavAda kI sambhAvanA se iMkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sAmAnya yA jAti ke sambandha meM kiye gaye kathana kabhI vyakti ke sambandha meM satya bhI hote haiM aura kabhI asatya bhI hote haiM, ataH yaha prazna bhI uTha sakatA hai ki yadi usa kathana ke apavAda upasthita haiM, to use satya kisa AdhAra para kahA jAya / udAharaNa ke lie - yadi koI kahe ki striyA~ bhIrU (Darapoka) hotI haiM, to yaha kathana sAmAnyatayA strI-jAti ke sambandha meM to satya mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu kisI strI-vizeSa ke sambandha meM yaha satya hI ho - aisA Avazyaka nahIM hai, ataH saMgrahanaya ke AdhAra para kiye gae kathana, jaise - bhAratIya garIba haiM, athavA striyA~ bhIrU hotI haiM, samaSTi ke sambandha meM hI satya ho sakate haiM, unheM usa jAti ke pratyeka sadasya ke bAre meM satya nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi koI isa sAmAnya vAkya se yaha niSkarSa nikAle ki sabhI bhAratIya garIba haiM aura bir3alA bhAratIya hai, isalie bir3alA garIba hai, to usakA yaha niSkarSa satya nahIM hogaa| sAmAnya yA samaSTigata kathanoM kA artha samudAyarUpa se hI satya hotA hai| yaha samaSTi yA jAti ke pRthaka-pRthaka vyaktiyoM ke sambandha meM satya bhI ho sakatA hai aura asatya bhI ho sakatA hai| saMgrahanaya hameM yahI saMketa karatA hai ki samaSTigata kathanoM ke tAtparya ko samaSTi ke sandarbha meM hI samajhane kA prayatna karanA cAhie aura usake AdhAra para usa samaSTi ke pratyeka sadasya ke bAre meM koI niSkarSa nahIM nikAlanA caahie| vyavahAra-naya - vyavahAranaya sAmAnyagarbhita vizeSa para bala detA hai| vyavahAranaya ko hama upayogitAvAdI-dRSTi bhI kaha sakate haiN| vaise, jaina AcAryoM ne ise vyaktipradhAna dRSTikoNa bhI kahA hai| artha-prakriyA ke sambandha meM yaha naya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki kucha vyaktiyoM ke sandarbha meM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-406 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-114 nikAle gae niSkarSoM evaM kathanoM ko samaSTi ke artha meM satya nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie, sAtha hI, vyavahAranaya kathana ke zabdArtha para na jAkara vaktA kI bhAvanA yA lokaparamparA (abhisamaya) ko pramukhatA detA hai| vyavahAra-bhASA ke aneka udAharaNa haiN| jaba hama kahate haiM ki ghI ke ghar3e meM laDDU rakhe haiM - yahA~ ghI ke ghar3e kA artha ThIka vaisA nahIM hai, jaisA ki miTTI ke ghar3e kA artha hai| yahA~ ghI ke ghar3e kA tAtparya vaha ghar3A hai, jisameM pahale ghI rakhA jAtA thaa| RjusUtra-naya - RjusUtranaya ko mukhyataH paryAyArthika-dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdaka kahA jAtA hai aura use bauddhadarzana kA samarthaka batAyA jAtA hai| RjusUtranaya vartamAna sthitiyoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara koI prakathana ' karatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie - 'bhAratIya vyApArI prAmANika nahIM haiM - yaha kathana kevala vartamAna sandarbha meM hI satya ho sakatA hai| isa kathana ke AdhAra para hama bhUtakAlIna aura bhaviSyakAlIna bhAratIya vyApAriyoM ke caritra kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kara skte| RjusUtranaya hameM yaha batAtA hai ki usake AdhAra para kathita koI bhI vAkya apane tAtkAlika-sandarbha meM hI satya hotA hai, anyakAlika sandarbho meM nhiiN| jo vAkya jisa kAlika-sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai, usake vAkyArtha kA nizcaya usI kAlika-sandarbha meM honA caahie| zabda-naya - naya-siddhAnta ke uparyukta cAra naya mukhyataH zabda ke vAcya-viSaya (artha) se sambandhita haiM, jabaki zeSa tIna nayoM kA sambandha zabda ke vAcyArtha (Meaning) se hai| zabdanaya yaha batAtA hai ki zabdoM kA vAcyArtha unakI kriyA yA vibhakti ke AdhAra para bhinna-bhinna ho sakatA hai, udAharaNa ke lie - ' banArasa bhArata kA prasiddha nagara thA' aura 'banArasa bhArata kA prasiddha nagara hai - ina donoM vAkyoM meM 'banArasa' zabda kA vAcyArtha bhinna-bhinna hai| eka bhUtakAlIna banArasa kI bAta kahatA hai, to dUsarA vrtmaankaaliin| isI prakAra, 'kRSNa ne mArA' - isameM kRSNa kA vAcyArtha kRSNa nAmaka vaha vyakti hai, jisane kisI ko mArane kI kriyA sampanna kI hai, jabaki ' kRSNa ko mArA' - isameM kRSNa kA vAcyArtha vaha vyakti hai, jo kisI ke dvArA mArA gayA hai| zabdanaya hameM yaha batAtA hai

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-407 . jaina jJAnamImAMsA-115 ki zabda kA vAcyArtha kAraka, liMga, upasarga, vibhakti, kriyA-pada Adi ke . AdhAra para badala jAtA hai| samabhirUr3ha-naya - bhASA kI dRSTi se samabhirUr3hanaya yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki abhisamaya yA rUr3hi ke AdhAra para eka hI vastu ke paryAyavAcI zabda, yathA - nRpa, bhUpati, bhUpAla, rAjA Adi apane vyutpatyArtha kI dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna artha ke sUcaka haiN| jo manuSya kA pAlana karatA hai, vaha nRpa kahA jAtA hai| jo bhUmi kA svAmI hotA hai, vaha bhUpati hotA hai| jo zobhAyamAna hotA hai, vaha rAjA kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra, paryAyavAcI zabda apanA alaga-alaga vAcyArtha rakhate hue bhI abhisamaya yA rUr3hi ke AdhAra para eka hI vastu ke vAcaka mAna lie jAte haiM, kintu yaha naya paryAyavAcI zabdoM, yathA - indra, zakra, purandara meM vyutpatti kI dRSTi se artha-bheda mAnatA evaMbhUta-naya - evaMbhUtanaya zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa mAtra usake vyutpattiparaka artha ke AdhAra para karatA hai, udAharaNa ke lie - koI rAjA jisa samaya zobhAyamAna ho rahA hai, usI samaya rAjA kahA jA sakatA hai| eka adhyApaka usI samaya adhyApaka kahA jA sakatA hai, jaba vaha adhyApana kA kArya karatA hai, yadyapi vyavahAra-jagat meM isase bhinna prakAra ke hI zabdaM prayoga kiye jAte haiN| jo vyakti kisI samaya adhyApana karatA thA, apane bAda ke jIvana meM vaha cAhe koI bhI pezA apanA le, 'mAsTarajI' ke hI nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa naya ke anusAra, jAtivAcaka, vyaktivAcaka, guNavAcaka, saMyogI-dravya-zabda Adi sabhI zabda mUlataH kriyAvAcaka haiN| zabda kA vAcyArtha kriyAzakti kA sUcaka hai, ataH zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa usakI kriyA ke AdhAra para karanA caahie| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-AcAryoM kA naya-siddhAnta yaha - prayAsa karatA hai ki para vAkya-prArUpoM ke AdhAra para kathanoM kA zrotA ke dvArA samyak artha grahaNa kiyA jAya / vaha yaha batAtA hai ki kisI zabda athavA vAkya kA abhipreta artha kyA hogaa| yaha bAta usa kathana ke prArUpa para nirbhara karatI hai, jisake AdhAra para vaha kathana kiyA gayA hai| naya-siddhAnta yaha bhI batalAtA hai ki kathana ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-408 . jaina jJAnamImAMsA-116 bhASAyI-saMracanA evaM vaktA kI abhivyakti-zailI para AdhArita hai aura isalie yaha kahA gayA hai ki jitane vacana-patha haiM, utane hI nayavAda haiN| naya-siddhAnta zabda ke vAcyArtha kA nirdhAraNa ekAntika-dRSTi se na karake usa samagra pariprekSya meM karatA hai, jisameM vaha kahA gayA hai| . anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI (siddhAnta evaM vyavahAra). anekAnta eka vyAvahArika-paddhati anekAntavAda eka dArzanika-siddhAnta hone kI apekSA dArzanikamantavyoM, mAnyatAoM aura sthApanAoM ko uneka samyak pariprekSya meM vyAkhyAyita karane kI paddhati-vizeSa hai / isa prakAra, anekAntavAda kA mUla prayojana satya ko usake vibhinna AyAmoM meM dekhane, samajhane aura samajhAne kA prayAsa karanA hai, ataH vaha satya ke khoja kI eka vyAvahArika-paddhati hai, jo sattA ko usake vividha AyAmoM meM dekhane kA prayatna karatI hai| dArzanika-vidhiyAM do prakAra kI hotI haiM-1. tArkika yA bauddhika aura 2. Anubhavika / tArkika-vidhi saiddhAntika hotI hai, vaha dArzanika-sthApanAoM meM tArkika-saMgati ko dekhatI hai| isake viparIta, Anubhavika vidhi satya kI khoja tarka ke sthAna para mAnavIya-anubhUtiyoM ke sahAre karatI hai| usake lie tArkika-saMgati kI apekSA Anubhavika- saMgati hI adhika mahatvapUrNa hotI hai| anekAntavAda kI vikAsa yAtrA isI Anubhavika paddhati ke sahAre calatI hai| usakA lakSya, 'satya' kyA hai- yaha batAne kI apekSA, satya kaisA anubhUta hotA hai- yaha batAnA hai| anubhUtiyA~ vaiyaktika hotI haiM aura isIlie anubhUtiyoM ke AdhAra para nirmita darzana bhI vividha hote haiN| anekAMta kA kArya una sabhI darzanoM kI sApekSika-satyatA ko ujAgara karake unameM rahe hue virodhoM ko samApta karanA hai| isa prakAra, anekAMta eka siddhAnta hone kI apekSA eka vyAvahArika-paddhati hI adhika hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki anekAntavAda kI eka dArzanika-siddhAnta ke rUpa meM sthApanA karane vAle AcArya siddhasena divAkara (I. caturtha zatI) ko bhI anekAntavAda

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-409 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -117 kI isa vyAvahArika- mahattA ke Age natamastaka hokara kahanA par3AjeNa viNA logassa vavahAro savvahA Na nnivvddi| tassa muvaNekka guruNo Namo annegNtvaayss|| . -sanmati-tarka-prakaraNa-3/70 arthAt, jisake binA loka-vyavahAra kA nirvahana bhI sarvathA sambhava nahIM hai, usa saMsAra ke ekamAtra guru anekAntavAda ko namaskAra hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki anekAntavAda vyAvahArika-darzana hai| isakI mahattA usakI vyAvahArika-upayogitA para nirbhara hai| usakA janma dArzanika-vivAdoM ke sarjana ke lie nahIM, apitu unake nirAkaraNa ke lie huA hai| dArzanika-vivAdoM ke bIca samanvaya ke sUtra khojanA hI anekAntavAda kI vyAvahArika-upAdeyatA kA pramANa hai| anekAntavAda kA yaha kArya trividha hai__1. pratyeka dArzanika avadhAraNA ke guNa-doSoM kI samIkSA krnaa| isa samIkSA meM yaha dekhane kA prayatna karanA ki usakI hamAre vyAvahArika-jIvana . meM kyA upayogitA hai, jaise- bauddha- darzana ke kSaNikavAda aura anAtmavAda kI samIkSA karate hue yaha dekhanA ki tRSNA ke uccheda ke lie kSaNikavAda aura anAtmavAda kI dArzanika- avadhAraNAeM kitanI Avazyaka evaM upayogI 2. pratyeka dArzanika avadhAraNA kI sApekSika-satyatA ko svIkAra karanA aura yaha nizcita karanA ki usameM jo satyAMza hai, vaha kisI apekSA-vizeSa se hai, jaise- yaha batAnA ki sattA kI nityatA kI avadhAraNA dravya kI apekSA se arthAt dravyArthika-naya kI apekSA se satya hai aura sattA kI anityatA usakI paryAya kI apekSA se aucityapUrNa hai| isa prakAra, vaha pratyeka darzana kI sApekSika-satyatA ko svIkAra karatA hai aura vaha sApekSika-satyatA kisa apekSA se hai, use bhI spaSTa karatA hai| __ 3. anekAntavAda kA tIsarA mahatvapUrNa upayogI kArya vibhinna ekAMtika-mAnyatAoM ko samanvaya ke sUtra meM pirokara unake ekAntarUpI doSa kA nirAkaraNa karate hue unake pArasparika-vidveSa kA nirAkaraNa kara unameM sauhArda aura saumanasya sthApita kara denA hai| jisa prakAra eka vaidya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-410 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-118. kisI viSa-vizeSa ke doSoM kI zuddhi karake use auSadhi banA detA hai, usI prakAra anekAMtavAda bhI darzanoM athavA mAnyatAoM ke ekAntarUpI viSa kA nirAkaraNa karake unheM eka-dUsare kA sahayogI banA detA hai| anekAMtavAda ke ukta tInoM hI kArya (function) usakI vyAvahArika-upAdeyatA ko spaSTa kara dete haiN| darzana kA janma ___ darzana kA janma mAnavIya-jijJAsA se hotA hai| IsA pUrva chaThavIM zatI meM manuSya kI yaha jijJAsA paryApta rUpa se praur3ha ho cukI thii| aneka vicAraka vizva ke rahasyodghATana ke lie prayatnazIla the| ina jijJAsu cintakoM ke sAmane aneka samasyAe~ thIM, jaise-isa dRzyamAn vizva kI utpatti kaise huii| isakA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? vaha mUla kAraNa yA paramatattva jar3a hai yA cetana? punaH, yaha jagat sat se utpanna huA hai yA asat se? yadi yaha saMsAra sat se. utpanna huA, to vaha sat yA mUla tattva eka hai yA anek| yadi vaha eka hai, to vaha purUSa (brahma) hai yA puruSatara (jar3atattva) hai, yadi puruSatara hai, to ve aneka tatva kauna se haiM? agni, AkAza Adi meM se kyA haiM? punaH, yadi ve aneka haiM, to ve aneka tattva kauna haiM? punaH, yadi yaha saMsAra sRSTa hai, to vaha sraSTA kauna hai? usane jagat kI sRSTi kyoM kI aura kisase kI? isake viparIta, yadi ve asRSTa haiM, to kyA anAdi haiM? punaH, yadi ye anAdi haiM, to inameM hone vAle utpAda, vyaya-rUpI parivartanoM kI kyA. vyAkhyA hai? aadi| isa prakAra ke aneka prazna mAnava-mastiSka meM uTha rahe the| cintakoM ne apane cintana evaM anubhava ke bala para inake aneka prakAra se uttara diye| cintakoM yA dArzanikoM ke ina vividha uttaroM yA samAdhAnoM kA kAraNa doharA thA, eka ora, vastutattva yA sattA kI bahuAyAmitA aura dUsarI ora, mAnavIya- buddhi, aindrika anubhUti evaM abhivyakti-sAmarthya kI siimittaa| phalataH, pratyeka cintaka yA dArzanika ne sattA ko alaga-alaga rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyaa| sAmAnyatayA, isa anaikAntika-dRSTi ko jainadarzana ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai aura isa satya ko nakArA bhI nahIM jA sakatA hai, kyoMki

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-411 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-119 anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI ke vikAsa kA zreya jaina-dArzanikoM ko hai, phira bhI isase yaha nahIM samajha lenA cAhie ki anekAnta-dRSTi kevala jaina-dArzanikoM kI ekamAtra bapautI hai| dArzanika-matavaibhinya aura unake samanvaya ke prayAsoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa to vaidika aura aupaniSadika-sAhitya meM bhI milate haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, anya bhAratIyadarzanoM meM bhI aise prayAsa hue haiN| anekAntavAda ke vikAsa kA itihAsa bhAratIya sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama haiN| unameM bhI Rgveda sarvAdhika prAcIna hai| usake nAsadIyasUkta (10. 12 : 2) meM paramatattva ke sat yA asat hone ke sambandha meM na kevala jijJAsA prastuta kI gaI, apitu anta meM RSi ne kaha diyA ki usa parasattA ko na sata kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asat / isa prakAra, sattA kI bahuAyAmitA aura usameM apekSA-bheda se paraspara virodhI guNa-dharmoM kI upasthiti kI svIkRti vedakAla meM bhI mAnya rahI hai aura RSiyoM ne usake vividha AyAmoM ko jAnane-samajhane aura abhivyakta karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, Rgveda (1. 164. 46) meM hI paraspara virodhI mAnyatAoM meM nihita sApekSika-satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai- ekaM sad viprAH bahudhA vadaMti, arthAt, sat eka hai, vidvAn use aneka dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita karate haiN| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki anaikAMtika-dRSTi kA itihAsa ati prAcIna hai| na kevala vedoM meM, apitu upaniSadoM meM bhI isa anaikAMtika-dRSTi ke ullekha ke anekoM saMketa upalabdha haiN| upaniSadoM meM aneka sthaloM para paramasattA ke bahuAyAmI hone aura usameM paraspara virodhI kahe jAne vAle guNadharmoM kI upasthiti ke saMdarbha milate haiN| jaba hama upaniSadoM meM anaikAntikadRSTi ke sandarbho kI khoja karate haiM, to unameM hameM nimna tIna prakAra ke dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiM (1) alaga-alaga sandarbho meM paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM kA . prstutikrnn| . (2) ekAntika-vicAradhArAoM kA niSedha /

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-412 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-120 (3) paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pryaas| * sRSTi kA mUlatattva sat hai yA asat- isa samasyA ke sandarbha meM hameM upaniSadoM meM donoM hI prakAra kI vicAradhArAoM ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| taittirIya-upaniSad (2.7) meM kahA gayA hai ki prArambha meM asat hI thA, usI se sat utpanna huaa| isI vicAradhArA kI puSTi chAndogyopaniSad (3/19/1) meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| usameM bhI kahA gayA hai ki sarvaprathama asata hI thA, usase sat huA aura sat se sRSTi huii| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki ina donoM meM asatvAdI-vicAradhArA kA pratipAdana huA, kintu isI ke viparIta, usI chAndogyopaniSad (6 : 2 : 1, 3) meM yaha bhI kahA gayA ki pahale akelA sat hI thA, dUsarA kucha nahIM thA, usI se yaha sRSTi huI hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (1 : 4: 1-4) meM bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate hae kahA gayA hai ki jo kucha bhI sattA hai, usakA AdhAra lokAtIta sat hI hai| prapaMcAtmaka-jagat isI sat se utpanna hotA hai| - isI taraha, vizva kA mUlatattva jar3a hai yA cetana- isa prazna ko lekara upaniSadoM meM donoM hI prakAra ke sandarbha upalabdha hote haiN| eka ora, bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2: 4: 12) meM yAjJavalkya maitreyI se kahate haiM ki cetanA inhIM bhUtoM meM se utpanna hokara unhIM meM lIna ho jAtI hai, to dUsarI ora, chAndogyopaniSad (6: 2: 1, 3) meM kahA gayA hai ki pahale akelA sat (citta-tattva) hI thA, dUsarA koI nahIM thaa| usane socA ki maiM aneka ho jAUM aura isa prakAra sRSTi kI utpatti huii| isI tathya kI puSTi taittirIyopaniSad (2 : 6) se bhI hotI hai| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSadoM meM paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAeM prastuta kI gayI haiN| yadi ye sabhI vicAradhArAeM satya haiM, to isase aupaniSadika-RSiyoM kI anekAntadRSTi kA hI paricaya milatA hai| yadyapi ye sabhI saMketa ekAntavAda ko prastuta karate haiM, kintu vibhinna ekAntavAdoM kI svIkRti meM hI anekAntavAda kA janma hotA hai, ataH hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki aupaniSadika-cintanoM meM vibhinna ekAntavAdoM ko svIkAra karane kI anaikAntika-dRSTi avazya thI, kyoMki upaniSadoM meM hameM aise aneka saMketa milate haiM, jahA~ ekAntavAda kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (3 : 8: 8) meM RSi kahatA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-413 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -121 hai ki 'vaha sthUla bhI nahIM hai aura sUkSma bhI nahIM hai| vaha hRsva bhI nahIM aura dIrgha bhI nahIM hai| isa prakAra, yahA~ hameM spaSTatayA ekAntavAda kA niSedha prApta hotA hai| ekAnta ke niSedha ke sAtha-sAtha sattA meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa bhI hameM upaniSadoM meM mila jAte haiN| taittirIyopaniSad (2:6) meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha parama sattA mUrta-amUrta, vAcya-avAcya, vijJAna (cetana) avijJAna (jar3a), sat-asat- rUpa hai| isI prakAra, kaThopaniSad (1 : 20) meM usa parama sattA meM sUkSmatA aura mahattA-donoM hI paraspara virodhI dharma eka sAtha svIkAra karane kA artha anekAnta kI svIkRti ke atirikta kyA ho sakatA hai? punaH, usI upaniSad (3: 12) meM eka sattA ko guNa kI apekSA bhI sUkSma va mahAn kI apekSA bhI mahAn kahA gayA hai| yahA~ parama sattA meM sUkSmatA aura mahattA-donoM hI paraspara virodhI dharma eka sAtha svIkAra karane kA artha anekAnta kI svIkRti ke atirikta kyA ho sakatA hai? punaH, usI upaniSada (3 : 12) meM eka ora AtmA ko jJAna kA viSaya batAyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, use jJAna kA aviSaya batAyA gayA hai| jaba isakI vyAkhyA kA prazna AyA, to AcArya zaMkara ko bhI kahanA par3A ki yahA~ apekSA-bheda se jo ajJeya hai, use hI sUkSma jJAna kA viSaya batAyA gayA hai| yahI upaniSadkAroM kA anekAnta hai| isI prakAra, zvetAzvataropaniSad (1. 7) meM bhI usa parama sattA ko kSara evaM akSara, vyakta evaM avyakta-aise paraspara virodhI dharmoM se yukta kahA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI sattA yA paramatattva kI bahuAyAmitA yA anaikAntikatA spaSTa hotI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, yahA~ paraspara viruddha dharmoM kI eka sAtha svIkRti isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki upaniSadkAroM kI zailI anekAntAtmaka rahI hai| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSadoM kA darzana jainadarzana ke samAna hI sattA meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM ko svIkAra karatA pratIta hotA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM, upaniSadoM meM paraspara virodhI matavAdoM ke samanvaya ke sUtra bhI upalabdha hote haiM, jo yaha siddha karate haiM ki upaniSadkAroM ne na kevala ekAnta kA niSedha kiyA, apitu sattA meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM ko svIkRti bhI pradAna kii| jaba aupaniSadika- RSiyoM ko yaha lagA hogA ki paramatattva meM paraspara virodhI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-414 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-122 guNadharmoM kI eka hI sAtha svIkRti tArkika-dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM hogI, to unhoMne usa paramatattva ko anirvacanIya yA avaktavya bhI mAna' liyaa| taittarIya upaniSad (2) meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki vahA~ vANI kI pahu~ca nahIM hai aura use mana ke dvArA bhI prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA (yato vAco nivartante aprApyamanasA sh)| isase aisA lagatA hai ki upaniSad -kAla meM sattA ke sat, asat, ubhaya aura avaktavya/anirvacanIya-ye cAroM pakSa svIkRta ho cuke the, kintu aupaniSadika-RSiyoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne una virodhoM ke samanvaya kA mArga bhI prazasta kiyaa| isakA sabase uttama pratinidhitva hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad (4) meM milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai "anejadekaM manaso javIyo nainadevA ApnuvanpUrvamarzat". arthAt, vaha gatirahita hai, phira bhI mana se evaM devoM se teja gati karatA hai| "tadejati tannejati tadUre tadvantike, arthAt, vaha calatA hai aura nahIM bhI calatA hai, vaha dUra bhI hai, vaha pAsa bhI hai| isa prakAra, upaniSadoM meM jahA~ virodhI pratIta hone vAle aMza haiM, vahIM unameM samanvaya ko mukharita karane vAle aMza bhI prApta hote haiN| paramasattA ke ekatva- anekatva, jar3atva-cetanatva Adi vividha AyAmoM meM se kisI eka ko svIkAra kara upaniSad-kAla meM aneka dArzanika-dRSTiyoM kA udaya huaa| jaba ye dRSTiyA~ apane-apane mantavyoM ko hI ekamAtra satya mAnate hue dUsare kA niSedha karane lagI, taba satya ke gaveSakoM ko eka aisI dRSTi kA vikAsa karanA par3A, jo sabhI kI sApekSika-satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue una virodhI vicAroM kA samanvaya kara ske| yaha vikasita dRSTi anekAnta-dRSTi hai, jo vastu meM pratIti ke stara para dikhAI dene vAle virodha ke antas meM avirodha ko dekhatI hai aura saiddhAntika dvandvoM ke nirAkaraNa kA eka vyAvahArika evaM sArthaka samAdhAna prastuta karatI hai| isa prakAra, anekAntavAda virodhoM ke zamana kA eka vyAvahArika-darzana hai| vaha unheM samanvaya ke sUtra meM pirone kA saphala prayAsa karatA hai| - IzAvAsya meM paga-paga anekAnta jIvana-dRSTi ke saMketa prApta hote haiN| vaha apane prathama zloka meM hI "tyena tyaktena bhuNjIthA mA gRdhaH

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-415 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -123 kasyasvidvanam" kahakara tyAga evaM bhoga-ina do virodhI tathyoM kA samanvaya karatA hai evaM ekAnta-tyAga aura ekAnta-bhoga- donoM ko samyak jIvana-dRSTi ke lie asvIkAra karatA hai| jIvana na to ekAnta-tyAga para calatA hai aura na ekAnta-bhoga para, balki jIvanayAtrA tyAga aura bhogarUpI donoM cakroM ke sahAre calatI hai| isI prakAra, karma aura akarma-sambandhI ekAntika-vicAradhArAoM meM samanvaya karate hue IzAvAsya (2) kahatA hai ki "karvanneveha karmANi jijIvizecchatA samAH", arthAta, manuSya niSkAma bhAva se karma karate hue sau varSa jiiye| nihitArtha yaha hai ki jo karma sAmAnyatayA sakAma yA saprayojana hote haiM, ve bandhanakAraka hote haiM, kintu yadi karma niSkAma bhAva se binA kisI spRhA ke hoM, to unase manuSya lipta nahIM hotA, arthAt ve bandhanakAraka nahIM hote| niSkAma karma kI yaha jIvana-dRSTi vyAvahArika-jIvana-dRSTi hai| bheda-abheda kA vyAvahArika dRSTi se samanvaya karate hue usI meM Age kahA gayA hai yastu srvaannibhuutaanyaatmnyevaanupshyti| sarvabhUtezucAtmAnaM tato na vijugupsate / / (IzA. 6) arthAt, jo sabhI prANiyoM meM apanI AtmA ko aura apanI AtmA meM sabhI prANiyoM ko dekhatA hai, vaha kisI se bhI ghRNA nahIM krtaa| yahAM jIvAtmAoM meM bheda evaM abheda-donoM ko eka sAtha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI RSi kI anekAntadRSTi hI parilakSita hotI hai, jo samanvaya ke AdhAra para pArasparika-ghRNA ko samApta karane kI bAta kahatI hai| eka anya sthala para vidyA (adhyAtma) aura avidyA (vijJAna) (IzA.10) meM tathA sambhUti (kAryabrahma) evaM asambhUti (kAraNabrahma) (IzA. 12) athavA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA meM bhI samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| RSi kahatA hai ki jo avidyA kI upAsanA karatA hai, vaha andhakAra meM praveza karatA hai aura jo vidyA kI upAsanA karatA hai, vaha usase bhI gahana andhakAra meM praveza karatA hai (IzA. 9) aura vaha, jo donoM ko jAnatA hai, yA donoM kA samanvaya karatA hai, vaha avidyA se mRtyu para vijaya prApta kara vidyA se amRta-tattva ko prApta karatA hai (IzA. 11) / yahA~ vidyA aura * avidyA arthAt adhyAtma aura vijJAna kI paraspara samanvita sAdhanA anekAntadRSTi

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-416 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-124 ke vyAvahArika-pakSa ko prastuta karatI hai| uparokta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki sattA kI bahuAyAmitA aura samanvayavAdI vyAvahArika-jIvanadRSTi kA astitva buddha aura mahAvIra se pUrva bhI thA, jise anekAnta-darzana kA AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| ___ anekAntavAda kA mUla prayojana satya ko usake vibhinna AyAmoM meM dekhane, samajhane aura samajhAne kA prayatna hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mAnavIya prajJA ke vikAsa ke prathama caraNa se hI aise prayAsa parilakSita hone lagate haiN| bhAratIya-manISA ke prArambhika kAla meM hameM isa dizA meM do prakAra ke prayatna dRSTigata hote haiM- (ka) bahuAyAmI sattA ke kisI pakSa-vizeSa kI svIkRti ke AdhAra para apanI dArzanika-mAnyatA kA prastutikaraNa tathA (kha) una ekapakSIya (ekAntika) avadhAraNAoM ke samanvaya kA pryaas| samanvayasUtra kA sRjana hI anekAntavAda kI vyAvahArika-upAdeyatA ko spaSTa karatA hai| vastutaH, anekAntavAda kA kArya trividha hai- prathama to, yaha vibhinna ekAntika avadhAraNAoM ke guNa-doSoM kI tArkika-samIkSA karatA hai, dUsare, vaha usa samIkSA meM yaha dekhatA hai ki isa avadhAraNA meM jo satyAMza hai, vaha kisI apekSA se hai, tIsare, vaha una sopakSika-satyAMzoM ke AdhAra para una ekAntavAdoM ko samanvita karatA hai| isa prakAra, anekAntavAda mAtra tArkika-paddhati na hokara eka vyAvahArika-dArSanika-paddhati hai| yaha eka siddhAnta-mAtra na hokara satya ko dekhane aura samajhane kI paddhati-viSeza hai aura yahI usakI vyAvahArika-upAdeyatA hai| anekAMta kyoM? __ jainadarSana kI viziSTatA usakI anekAnta-dRSTi meM hai| usakI tattvamImAMsIya evaM jJAnamImAMsIya-dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI saMracanA meM isa anaikAntika-dRSTi kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| apanI anekAnta-dRSTi ke kAraNa hI jainadarzana ne bhAratIya-darzana ke vibhinna sampradAyoM kI paraspara virodhI dArzanika avadhAraNoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karake unheM eka vyApaka pariprekSya meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina- dArzanikoM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-417 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-125 kI yaha dRr3ha mAnyatA hai ki anaikAntika-dRSTi ke dvArA paraspara virodhI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM ke madhya rahe hue virodha kA parihAra karake unameM samanvaya sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| usakI isa anaikAntika-samanvayazIla dRSTi kA paricaya hameM usakI vastutattva-sambandhI vivecanAoM meM bhI parilakSita hotA hai| vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA ___ jainadarzana meM vastu ko anantadharmAtmaka evaM anaikAntika kahA gayA hai| vastu kI yaha tAttvika anantadharmAtmakatA arthAt anaikAntikatA hI jainadarzana ke anekAnta-siddhAnta kA AdhAra hai| vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai, ataH use anaikAntika-zailI meM hI paribhASita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha kahanA atyanta kaThina hai ki vastutattva kI ananta-dharmAtmakatA aura anaikAntikatA meM kauna prathama hai? vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA meM usakI anaikAntikatA aura usakI anaikAntikatA meM usakI anantadharmAtmakatA sannihita hai| yaha eka anubhUta satya hai ki vastu meM na kevala vibhinna guNadharmoM kI pratIti hotI hai, apitu usameM aneka virodhI dharmayugala bhI pAye jAte haiN| eka hI Amraphala kabhI khaTTA, kabhI mIThA aura kabhI khaTTA-mIThA hotA hai| eka pattI, jo prArambhika avasthA meM lAla pratIta hotI hai, vahI kAlAntara meM harI aura phira sUkhakara pIlI ho jAtI hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki vastutattva apane meM vividhatA liye hue hai| usake vividha guNadharmoM meM samaya-samaya para kucha prakaTa aura kucha gauNa bane rahate haiM, yahI vastu kI ananta dharmAtmakatA hai aura vastu meM paraspara virodhI dharma-yugaloM kA pAyA jAnA usakI anaikAntikatA hai / dravya aura paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra kareM, to jo sat hai vahI asat bhI hai, jo eka hai, vahI aneka bhI hai, jo nitya hai, vahI anitya bhI hai| isase siddha hai ki vastu na kevala ananta dharmoM kA puMja hai, balki usameM eka hI samaya meM paraspara virodhI guNadharma bhI pAye jAte haiN| punaH, vastu ke svasvarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kevala bhAvAtmaka-guNoM ke AdhAra para nahIM hotA, balki usake abhAvAtmaka-guNoM kA bhI nizcaya karanA hotA hai| gAya ko gAya hone ke lie usameM gotva kI upasthiti ke sAtha-sAtha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-418. jaina jJAnamImAMsA-126 mahiSatva, azvatva Adi kA abhAva honA bhI Avazyaka hai| gAya gAya haiyaha nizcaya tabhI hogA, jaba hama yaha nizcaya kara leM ki usameM gAya ke viziSTa guNadharma pAye jAte haiM aura bakarI ke viziSTa lakSaNa nahIM pAye jAte haiM, isalie pratyeka vastu meM jahA~ anekAneka bhAvAtmaka-dharma hote haiM, usameM anantAnanta abhAvAtmaka-dharma bhI hote haiM, anekAneka dharmoM kA sadbhAva aura usase kaI gunA adhika dharmoM kA abhAva milakara hI usa vastu kA svalakSaNa banAte haiN| bhAva aura abhAva milakara hI vastu ke svarUpa.ko nizcita karate haiN| vastu isa-isa prakAra kI hai aura isa-isa prakAra kI nahIM hai, isI se vastu kA svarUpa nizcita hotA hai| vastutattva kI anaikAMtikatA vastu yA sat kI paribhASA ko lekara vibhinna darzanoM meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| jahA~ aupaniSadika aura zAMkara-vedAntadarzana 'sat' ko kevala kUTasthanitya mAnatA hai, vahA~ bauddhadarzana vastu ko niranvaya, kSaNika aura utpAda-vyayadharmA mAnatA hai| sAMkhyadarzana kA dRSTikoNa tIsarA hai| vaha jahAM cetana sattA puruSa ko kUTastha-nitya mAnatA hai, vahIM jar3a-tattva prakRti ko pariNAmI-nitya mAnatA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika-darzana jahA~ paramANu, AtmA Adi dravyoM ko kUTastha-nitya mAnatA hai, vahIM ghaTa-paTa Adi padArthoM ko mAtra utpAda-vyayadharmA mAnatA hai| isa prakAra, vastutattva kI paribhASA ke sandarbha meM vibhinna darzana alaga-alaga dRSTikoNa apanAte haiN| jainadarzana ina samasta ekAntika avadhAraNAoM ko samanvita karatA huA sat yA vastutattva ko apanI anaikAntika-zailI meM paribhASita karatA hai| jainadarzana meM Agama-yuga se hI vastutattva ko anaikAntika-zailI meM paribhASita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| jainadarzana meM tIrthaMkaroM ko tripadI kA pravaktA kahA gayA hai| ve vastu-tattva ko "uppannei vA, vigamei vA, dhuvei vA"- ina tIna padoM ke dvArA paribhASita karate haiN| unake dvArA vastutattva ko anekadharmA aura anaikAMtika rUpa meM hI paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| utpatti, vinAza, dhrauvyatA Adi ina virodhI guNadharmoM meM aisA nahIM hai ki utpanna koI dUsarA hotA hai, vinaSTa koI dUsarA hotA hai| vastutaH, jainoM ke anusAra, jo

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-419 __ jaina jJAnamImAMsA-127 utpanna hotA hai, vahI vinaSTa hotA hai aura jo sattA eka paryAyarUpa meM vinaSTa ho rahI hai, vahI dUsarI paryAya ke rUpa meM utpanna bhI ho rahI hai aura paryAyoM ke utpatti aura vinAza ke isa krama meM bhI usake svalakSaNoM kA astitva banA rahatA hai| umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra (5.29) meM "utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmakaM sat" kahakara vastu ke isI anaikAntika- svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki utpatti aura vinAza kA sambandha paryAyoM se hai| dravya to nitya hI hai, paryAya parivartita hotI hai, kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki dravya, guNa aura paryAya vivikta sattAeM nahIM haiM, apitu eka hI sattA kI abhivyaktiyAM haiN| na to guNa aura paryAya se pRthak dravya hotA hai aura na dravya se pRthaka guNa aura paryAya hI, isIlie tattvArthasUtra (5. 37) meM 'guNaparyAyavat dravyam' kahakara dravya ko paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| dravya kI pariNAma-jananazakti ko hI guNa kahA jAtA hai aura guNajanya pariNAma-vizeSa paryAya hai| yadyapi guNa aura paryAya meM kArya-kAraNa-bhAva hai, kintu yahA~ yaha kArya-kAraNa-bhAva paraspara bhinna sattAoM meM na hokara eka hI sattA meM hai| kArya aura kAraNa paraspara bhinna na hokara bhinnAbhinna hI haiN| dravya usakI aMzabhUta zaktiyoM ke utpanna aura vinaSTa na hone para nitya arthAt dhruva hai, parantu pratyeka paryAya utpanna aura vinaSTa hotI hai, isalie vaha sAdi aura sAnta bhI hai| kyoMki dravya kA hI paryAya rUpa meM pariNamana hotA hai, isalie dravya ko dhruva mAnate hue bhI apanI pariNamanazIlatA guNa ke kAraNa utpAda-vyayayukta bhI kahA gayA hai| cUMki paryAya aura guNa dravya se pRthak nahIM haiM aura dravya guNa aura paryAyoM se pRthak nahIM hai, ataH yaha mAnanA hogA ki jo nitya hai, vahI parivartanazIla bhI hai arthAt anitya bhI hai| yahI vastu yA sattA kI anaikAntikatA hai aura isI ke AdhAra para loka-vyavahAra calatA hai| yadyapi yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki utpAda-vyayAtmakatA aura dhrauvyatA athavA nityatA aura anityatA paraspara viruddha dharma hone se eka hI sAtha eka vastu meM nahIM ho skte| yaha kathana ki jo nitya hai, vahI anitya bhI hai, jo parivartanazIla hai, vahI aparivartanazIla bhI hai, tArkika- dRSTi se

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-420 .jaina jJAnamImAMsA-128 virodhAbhAsapUrNa pratIta hotA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddhoM aura vedAntiyoM ne isa anekAnta-dRSTi ko anargala pralApa kahA hai, kintu anubhava ke stara para inameM koI virodha pratIta nahIM hotA hai| eka hI vyakti bAlyAvasthA, yuvAvasthA aura vRddhAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai| ina vibhinna avasthAoM ke phalasvarUpa usake zarIra, jJAna, buddhi, bala Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se parivartana parilakSita hote haiM, phira bhI use vahI vyakti mAnA jAtA hai| jo bAlaka thA, vahI yuvA huA aura vahI vRddha hogaa| ataH, jainoM ne vastu ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka kahakara jo isakA anaikAntika svarUpa nizcita kiyA hai, vaha bhale hI tArkika-dRSTi se AtmavirodhI pratIta hotA ho, kintu Anubhavika-stara para usameM koI virodha nahIM hai| jisa prakAra vyakti badalakara bhI nahIM badalatA, usI prakAra vastu bhI parivartanoM ke bIca vahI banI rahatI hai| jainoM ke anusAra, nityatA aura.parivartanazIlatA meM koI Atmavirodha nahIM hai| vastu ke apane svalakSaNa sthira rahate hue bhI nimitta ke anusAra parivartana ko prApta karate haiN| astitva yA sattA kI dRSTi se dravya nitya hai, kintu paryAyoM kI apekSA se usameM anityatA parilakSita hotI hai| yadi vastu ko sarvathA kSaNika mAnA jAyegA, to usameM yaha anubhava kabhI nahIM hogA ki yaha vahI hai| yaha vahI hai- aisA pratyabhijJAna to tabhI sambhava ho sakatA hai, jaba vastu meM dhrauvyatA ko svIkAra kiyA jaay| jisa prakAra, vastu kI paryAyoM meM hone vAlA parivartana anubhUta satya hai, usI prakAra vaha vahI haiisa rUpa meM hone vAlA pratyabhijJAna anubhUta satya hai| eka vyakti bAlabhAva kA tyAga karake yuvAvasthA ko prApta karatA hai- isa ghaTanA meM bAlabhAva kA kramika vinAza aura yuvAvasthA kI kramika utpatti ho rahI hai, kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki 'vaha' jo bAlaka thA, 'vahI' yuvA huA hai aura yaha vahI honA hI dhrauvyatva hai| isa prakAra, vastutattva ko anaikAntika mAnane kA artha hai- vaha na kevala ananta guNadharmoM kA puMja hai, apitu usameM paraspara virodhI kahe jAne vAle guNadharma bhI apekSA-vizeSa se eka sAtha upasthita rahate haiN| astitva nAstitvapUrvaka hai aura nAstitva astitvapUrvaka hai| ekatA meM anekatA aura anekatA meM ekatA anusyUta hai, jo dravya-dRSTi se nitya hai,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-421 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -129 vahI paryAyadRSTi se anitya bhI hai, utpatti aura vinAza ke lie dhauvyatva bhI apekSita hai, anyathA utpatti saMbhava nahIM hai| punaH, utpatti aura vinAza ke lie dhauvyatva bhI apekSita hai, anyathA utpatti aura vinAza kisakA hogA? kyoMki vizva meM vinAza ke abhAva meM utpatti jaisI bhI koI sthiti nahIM hai| yadyapi dhrauvyatva aura utpatti-vinAza ke dharma paraspara virodhI haiM, kintu donoM ko sahavartI mAne binA vizva kI vyAkhyA asambhava hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane yuga meM pracalita zAzvatavAdI aura ucchedavAdI Adi paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM ke madhya meM samanvaya kiyA, udAharaNArthabhagavatIsUtra meM svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra se gautama ne yaha pUchA ki he bhagavan ! jIvana nitya yA anitya hai? to unhoMne kahA- he gautama! jIva apekSAbheda se nitya bhI aura anitya bhii| bhagavan! yaha kaise? he gautama! dravya dRSTi se jIva nitya hai, paryAya-dRSTi se anitya / isI prakAra, eka anya prazna ke uttara meM unhoMne somila ko kahA thA- he somila ! dravya-dRSTi se maiM eka hU~, kintu parivartanazIla cetanAoM (paryAyoM) kI apekSA se maiM aneka bhI hU~ (bhagavatIsUtra 7.3.273) / . vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki jinheM hama virodhI dharma-yugala mAna lete haiM, unameM sarvathA yA nirapekSa rUpa se virodha nahIM hai| apekSA-bheda se unakA eka hI vastutattva meM eka hI samaya meM honA sambhava hai| bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se eka hI vyakti choTA yA bar3A kahA jA sakatA hai, athavA eka hI vastu ThaNDI yA garama kahI jA sakatI hai| jo saMkhiyA janasAdhAraNa kI dRSTi meM viSa (prANApahArI) hai, vahI eka vaidya kI dRSTi meM auSadhi (jIvana-saMjIvanI) bhI hai| ataH, yaha eka anubhavajanya satya hai ki vastu meM aneka virodhI dharma-yug2aloM kI upasthiti dekhI jAtI hai| yahA~ hameM yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki vastu meM aneka virodhI dharma- yugaloM kI upasthiti to hotI hai, kintu sabhI virodhI dharma-yugaloM kI upasthiti nahIM hotI hai| isa sambandha meM dhavalA kA nimna kathana draSTavya hai-"yadi (vastu meM) sampUrNa dharmoM kA eka sAtha rahanA mAna liyA jAye, to paraspara viruddha caitanya, acaitanya, bhavyatva aura abhavyatva Adi dharmoM kA eka sAtha AtmA meM rahane kA prasaMga A jAyegA, ataH yaha mAnanA adhika tarkasaMgata hai ki vastu meM kevala ve hI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-422 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-130 virodhI dharma-yugala yugapat rUpa meM raha sakate haiM, jinakA usa vastu meM atyantAbhAva nahIM hai, kintu isa bAta se vastutattva kA anantadharmAtmaka svarUpa khaNDita nahIM hotA hai aura vastutattva meM nityatA-anityatA, ekatva-anekatva, astitva-nAstitva, bhedatva-abhedatva Adi aneka virodhI dharmayugaloM kI yugapat upasthiti mAnI jA sakatI hai| AcArya amRtacandra 'samayasAra' kI TIkA meM likhate haiM ki apekSA-bheda se jo hai, vahI nahIM bhI hai, jo sat hai, vaha asat bhI hai, jo eka hai, vaha aneka bhI hai, jo nitya hai, vahI anitya bhI hai- yadeva tat tadeva atat (samayasAra ttiikaa)| vastu ekAntika na hokara anaikAntika hai| AcArya hemacandra anyayoga-vyavacchedikA (5) meM likhate haiM ki vizva kI samasta vastueM syAdvAda kI mudrA se yukta haiM, koI bhI usakA ullaMghana nahIM kara sktaa| yadyapi vastutattva kA yaha anUntadharmAtmaka evaM anaikAntika svarUpa hameM asamaMjasa meM avazya DAla detA hai, kintu yadi vastu svabhAva aisA hI hai, to hama kyA kareM? bauddha-dArzanika dharmakIrti ke zabdoM meM- 'yadidaM svayamarthebhyo rocate ke vayaM? punaH, hama jisa vastu yA dravya kI vivecanA karanA cAhate haiM, vaha hai kyA? jahA~ eka ora dravya ko guNa aura paryAyoM kA Azraya kahA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, use guNoM kA samUha bhI kahA gayA hai / guNa aura paryAyoM se pRthak dravya kI aura dravya se pRthak guNa aura paryAyoM kI koI sattA nahIM hai| yaha hai vastu kI sApekSikatA aura yadi vastutattva sApekSika, anantadharmAtmaka aura anaikAntika hai, to phira usakA jJAna evaM usakI vivecanA nirapekSa evaM ekAntika-dRSTi se kaise sambhava hai? isalie jaina AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki (anantadharmAtmaka) mizrita tattva kI vivecanA binA apekSA ke sambhava nahIM hai (abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa-4, pR.1833)| mAnavIya jJAna prApti ke sAdhanoM kA svarUpa yaha to huI vastu svarUpa kI bAteM, kintu jisa vastu-svarUpa kA jJAna hama prApta karanA cAhate haiM, usake lie hamAre pAsa sAdhana kyA haiM, hameM una sAdhanoM ke svarUpa evaM unake dvArA pradatta jJAna ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kara lenA hogaa| manuSya ke pAsa apanI satyAbhIpsA aura jijJAsA kI santuSTi

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-423 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-131 ke lie jJAna-prApti ke do sAdhana haiM 1. indriyA~ aura 2. tarkabuddhi / mAnava apane inhIM sImita sAdhanoM dvArA vastutattva ko jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai| jahA~ taka mAnava ke aindrika-jJAna kA prazna hai, yaha spaSTa hai ki aindrika-jJAna na pUrNa hai aura na nirapekSa / mAnava-indriyoM kI kSamatA sImita hai, ataH ve vastutattva kA jo bhI svarUpa jAna pAtI haiM, vaha pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA hai| indriyA~ vastu ko apane pUrNa svarUpa meM dekha pAne meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki hama vastutattva ko jisa rUpa meM vaha hai, vaisA nahIM jAnakara, use jisa rUpa meM indriyAM hamAre samakSa prastuta karatI haiM, usI rUpa meM jAnate haiN| hama indriya saMvedanA ko jAna pAte haiM, vastutattva ko nhiiN| isakA artha yaha huA ki hamArA Anubhavika-jJAna indriya sApekSa hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vaha indriya sApekSa hone ke sAtha-sAtha una koNoM para bhI nirbhara rahatA hai, jahA~ se vastu dekhI jA rahI hai aura yadi hama usa koNa (sthiti) ke vicAra ko apane jJAna se alaga karate haiM, to nizcita hI hamArA jJAna bhrAnta ho jAyegA, udAharaNArtha- eka gola sikkA apane aneka koNoM se hameM vRttAkAra na lagakara aNDAkAra dikhAI detA hai| vibhinna gurutvAkarSaNoM evaM vibhinna zArIrika-sthitiyoM se eka hI vastu halkI yA bhArI pratIta hotI hai| hamArI pRthvI ko jaba hama usake gurutvAkarSaNa kI sImA se Upara jAkara dekhate haiM, to gatizIla dikhAI detI hai, kintu yahA~ vaha hameM sthira pratIta hotI hai| dUra se dekhane para vastu choTI aura pAsa se dekhane para bar3I dikhAI detI hai| eka Tebala ke jaba vividha koNoM se phoTo lie jAte haiM, to ve paraspara bhinna-bhinna hote haiN| isa prakAra, hamArA sArA Anubhavika-jJAna sApekSa hI hotA hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| indriya- saMvedanoM ko una saba apekSAoM se alaga haTakara nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, jinameM ki ve hue haiN| ataH, aindrikajJAna dika, kAla aura vyakti-sApekSa hI hotA hai| kinta, mAnava-mana kabhI bhI indriyAnabhati yA pratIti ke jJAna ko hI antima satya mAnakara santuSTa nahIM hotA, vaha usa pratIti ke pIche bhI jhAMkanA cAhatA hai| isa hetu vaha apanI tarkabuddhi kA sahArA letA hai, kintu .

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-424 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-132 kyA tArkika-jJAna nirapekSa ho sakatA hai? prathama to, tArkika-jJAna bhI pUrI taraha se indriya-saMvedanA se nirapekSa nahIM hotA hai, dUsare, tArkika-jJAna vastutaH eka sambandhAtmaka-jJAna hai| bauddhika-cintana kAraNa-kArya, eka-aneka, asti-nAsti Adi vicAra-vidhAoM se ghirA huA hai aura apanI ina vidhAoM ke AdhAra para vaha sopakSa hI hogaa| tarkabuddhi jaba bhI kisI vastu ke svarUpa kA nizcaya kara koI nirNaya prastuta karatI hai, to vaha hameM do tathyoM ke bIca kisI sambandha yA asambandha kI hI sUcanA pradAna karatI hai aura aisA sambandhAtmaka-jJAna sambandha-sApekSa hI hogA, nirapekSa nahIM, kyoMki sabhI sambandha sApekSa hote haiN| mAnavIya-jJAna kI sImitatA evaM sApekSatA ___ vastutaH, vastutattva kA yathArtha evaM pUrNa jJAna sImita kSamatA vAle mAnava ke lie sadaiva hI eka jaTila prazna rahA hai| apUrNa ke dvArA pUrNa ko jAnane ke samasta prayAsa AMzika satya ke jJAna se Age nahIM jA pAye haiM aura jaba isa AMzika satya ko pUrNa satya mAna liyA jAnA hai, to vaha satya satya na rahakara asatya bana jAtA hai| vastutattva na kevala utanA hI hai, jitanA . ki hama ise jAna pA rahe haiM, balki vaha isase itara bhI hai| manuSya kI aindrika-jJAnakSamatA evaM tarkabuddhi itanI apUrNa hai ki vaha sampUrNa satya ko eka sAtha grahaNa nahIM kara sakatI, ataH sAdhAraNa mAnava pUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM kara pAtA hai| jaina-dRSTi ke anusAra, satya ajJeya to nahIM hai, kintu binA pUrNatA ko prApta kiye use pUrNa rUpa se nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| prasiddha vaijJAnika albarTa AinsTIna ne kahA thA ki 'hama kevala sApekSika-satya ko jAna sakate haiM, nirapekSa- satya ko to koI pUrNa draSTA hI jAna sakegA aura aisI sthiti meM, jabaki hamArA samasta jJAna AMzika, apUrNa tathA sApekSika hai, hameM yaha dAvA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ki merI dRSTi hI eka mAtra satya hai aura satya mere hI pAsa hai| hamArA AMzika, apUrNa aura sApekSika-jJAna nirapekSa-satyatA kA dAvA nahIM kara sakatA hai, ataH aise jJAna ke lie hameM aisI kathana-paddhati kI yojanA karanI hogI, jo ki dUsaroM ke anubhUta satyoM kA niSedha nahIM karate hue

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-425 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-133 apanI bAta kaha ske| hama apane jJAna kI sImitatA ke kAraNa anya sambhAvanAoM ko nirasta nahIM kara sakate haiM / kyA sarvajJa kA jJAna nirapekSa hotA hai? yadyapi jaina-darzana meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki sarvajJa yA kevalI sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai, ataH yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki kyA sarvajJa kA jJAna nirapekSa hai? isa sandarbha meM jaina-dArzanikoM meM bhI matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| kucha samakAlIna jaina-vicAraka sarvajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa mAnate haiM, jabaki dUsare kucha vicArakoM ke anusAra sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI sApekSa hotA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne 'syAdvAdamaMjarI kI bhUmikA meM sarvajJa ke jJAna ko nirapekSa satya batAyA hai, jabaki mani zrI nagarAjajI ne 'jaina-darzana aura Adhunika vijJAna' nAmaka pustikA meM yaha mAnA hai ki sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI kahane bhara ko hI nirapekSa hai, kyoMki syAdasti, syAnnAsti se pare vaha bhI nahIM hai, kintu vastusthiti yaha hai ki jahA~ taka sarvajJa ke vastu-jagat ke jJAna kA prazna hai, use nirapekSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki usake jJAna kA viSaya ananta-dharmAtmaka vastu hai, ataH sarvajJa bhI vastutattva ke ananta guNoM ko ananta apekSAoM se hI jAna sakatA hai| vastugata jJAna yA vaiSayika-jJAna kabhI bhI nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA, phira cAhe vaha sarvajJa kA hI kyoM na ho? isIlie jaina-AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki dIpa se lekara vyoma taka vastu-mAtra syAdvAda kI mudrA se aMkita ho, kintu hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki jahA~ taka sarvajJa ke Atma-bodha kA prazna hai, vaha nirapekSa ho sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha vikalparahita hotA hai| sambhavataH, isI dRSTikoNa ko lakSya meM rakhakara AcArya kundakunda ko yaha kahanA par3A thA ki vyavahAradRSTi se sarvajJa sabhI dravyoM ko jAnatA hai, kintu paramArthataH to vaha AtmA ko hI jAnatA hai| sarvajJa kA Atma-bodha to nirapekSa hotA hai, kintu usakA vastu-viSayaka jJAna sApekSa hotA hai| bhASA kI abhivyakti-sAmarthya kI sImitatA aura sApekSatA sarvajJa yA pUrNa ke lie bhI, jo sampUrNa satya kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-426 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-134 hai, satya kA nirapekSa kathana yA abhivyakti sambhava nahIM hai| sampUrNa satya ko cAhe jAnA jA sakatA ho, kintu kahA nahIM jA sktaa| usakI abhivyakti kA jaba bhI koI prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, to vaha sApekSika bana jAtA hai, kyoMki sarvajJa ko bhI apanI abhivyakti ke lie usI bhASA kA sahArA lenA hotA hai, jo ki sImita evaM apUrNa hai, 'hai' aura 'nahIM haiM kI sImA se ghirI huI hai| ataH, bhASA pUrNa satya ko nirapekSatayA abhivyakta nahIM kara sakatI hai| prathama to, vastutattva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai, jabaki mAnavIya-bhASA kI zabda-saMkhyA sImita hai| jitane vastu-dharma haiM, utane zabda nahIM haiM, ataH aneka dharma anukta (akathita) raheMge hii| punaH, mAnava kI jitanI anubhUtiyA~ haiM, una sabake lie bhI bhASA meM pRthak-pRthak zabda nahIM haiN| hama gur3a, zakara, Ama Adi kI miThAsa ko bhASA meM pUrNa rUpa se abhivyakta nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki sabhI kI miThAsa ke lie alaga-alaga zabda nahIM haiN| AcArya nemicandra 'gommaTasAra' meM likhate haiM ki hamAre anubhUta bhAvoM kA kevala anantavAM bhAga hI kathanIya hotA hai aura jitanA kathanIya hai, usakA bhI eka aMza hI bhASA meM nibaddha karake likhA jAtA hai (gommaTasAra-jIvakANDa 334) / cAhe nirapekSa jJAna ko sambhava bhI mAna liyA jAe, kintu nirapekSa kathana to kadApi sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki jo kucha bhI kahA jAtA hai, vaha kisI-na-kisI sandarbha meM kahA jAtA hai aura usa sandarbha meM hI use ThIka prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai, anyathA bhrAnti hone kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai, isIlie jaina- AcAryoM kA kathana hai ki jagat meM jo kucha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai, vaha saba kisI vivakSA yA naya se garbhita hotA hai| jina yA sarvajJa kI vANI bhI apekSArahita nahIM hotI hai, vaha sApekSa hI hotI hai, ataH vaktA kA kathana samajhane ke lie bhI apekSA kA vicAra Avazyaka hai| punazca, jaba vastutattva meM aneka viruddha dharma-yugala bhI rahe hue haiM, to zabdoM dvArA unakA eka sAtha pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai| unheM kramika rUpa meM hI kahA jA sakatA hai| zabda eka samaya meM eka hI dharma ko abhivyakta kara sakatA hai| anantadharmAtmaka vastutattva ke samasta dharmoM kA eka sAtha kathana bhASA kI sImA ke bAhara hai, ataH kisI bhI kathana meM vastu ke aneka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-427 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-135 dharma anukta (akathita) hI raha jAyeMge aura eka nirapekSa kathana anukta dharmoM kA niSedha karane ke kAraNa asatya ho jaayegaa| hamArA kathana satya rahe aura hamAre vacana-vyavahAra se zrotA ko koI bhrAnti na ho, isalie sApekSikakathana-paddhati hI samucita ho sakatI hai| jainAcAryoM ne 'syAt' ko satya kA cihana isIlie kahA hai ki vaha apekSApUrvaka kathana karake hamAre kathana ko avirodhI aura satya banA detA hai tathA zrotA ko koI bhrAnti bhI nahIM hone detA hai| syAdvAda aura anekAnta sAdhAraNatayA, anekAnta aura syAdvAda paryAyavAcI mAne jAte haiN| aneka jainAcAryoM ne inheM paryAyavAcI batAyA bhI hai, kintu phira bhI donoM meM thor3A antara hai| anekAnta syAdvAda kI apekSA adhika vyApaka artha kA dyotaka hai| jainAcAryoM ne donoM meM vyApaka-vyApya-bhAva mAnA hai| anekAntavAda vyApaka hai aura syAdvAda vyApya / anekAnta vAcya hai, to syAdvAda vaack| anekAnta vastusvarUpa hai, to syAdvAda usa anaikAntika vastu-svarUpa ke kathana kI nirdoSa bhaassaa-pddhti| anekAnta darzana hai, to syAdvAda usakI abhivyakti kA ddhNg| vibhajyavAda aura syAdvAda vibhajyavAda syAdvAda kA hI eka anya paryAyavAcI evaM pUrvavartI hai| sUtrakRtAMga (1.1.4.22) meM mahAvIra ne bhikSuoM ke lie yaha spaSTa nirdeza diyA ki ve vibhajyavAda kI bhASA kA prayoga kreN| isI prakAra, bhagavAn buddha ne bhI majjhimanikAya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA thA ki he mANavaka! maiM vibhAjyavAdI hU~, ekAntavAdI nhiiN| vibhajyavAda vaha siddhAnta hai, jo prazna ko vibhAjita karake uttara detA hai| jaba buddha se yaha pUchA gayA ki gRhastha ArAdhaka hotA hai yA pravrajita? unhoMne isa prazna ke uttara meM yaha kahA ki gRhastha evaM tyAgI yadi mithyAvAdI haiM, to ArAdhaka nahIM ho sakate, kintu yadi donoM hI samyak AcaraNa karane vAle haiM, to donoM hI ArAdhaka ho sakate haiM (majjhima ni.-19)| isI prakAra, jaba mahAvIra se jayaMtI ne yaha pUchA ki sonA acchA hai yA jAganA, to unhoMne kahA thA ki kucha jIvoM ko sonA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-428 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-136 acchA hai aura kucha kA jaagnaa| pApI kA sonA acchA hai aura dharmAtmAoM kA jAganA (bhagavatIsUtra 12. 2. 442) / isase yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki vaktA ko usake prazna kA vizleSaNapUrvaka uttara denA vibhajyavAda hai| praznoM ke uttaroM kI yaha vizleSaNAtmaka-zailI vicAroM ko sulajhAne vAlI tathA vastu ke aneka AyAmoM ko spaSTa karane vAlI hai| isase vaktA kA vizleSaNa ekAMgI nahIM banatA hai| buddha aura mahAvIra kA yaha vibhajyavAda hI Age calakara zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda meM vikasita huA hai| .. zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda __ bhagavAn buddha ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda- ina donoM ko asvIkAra kiyA aura apane mArga ko madhyama mArga kahA, jabaki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ko apekSAkRta rUpa se svIkRta karake eka vidhi-mArga apnaayaa| bhagavAn buddha kI paramparA meM vikasita zUnyavAda aura jaina-paramparA meM vikasita syAdvAda-donoM kA hI lakSya ekAntika-dArzanikavicAradhArAoM kI asvIkRti hI thaa| donoM meM pharka itanA hI hai ki jahAM zUnyavAda eka niSedhapradhAna-dRSTi hai, vahIM syAdvAda meM eka vidhAyaka-dRSTi hai| zUnyavAda jo bAta saMvRtti-satya aura paramArtha-satya ke rUpa meM kahatA hai, vahI bAta jaina-dArzanika vyavahAra aura nizcaya-naya ke AdhAra para pratipAdita karatA hai| zUnyavAda aura syAdvAda meM maulika bheda apane niSkarSoM ke sambandha meM hai| zUnyavAda apane niSkarSoM meM niSedhAtmaka hai aura syAdvAda vidhAnAtmaka hai| zUnyavAda apanI sampUrNa tArkika-vivecanA meM isa niSkarSa para AtA hai ki vastutattva zAzvata nahIM hai, ucchinna nahIM hai, eka nahIM hai, aneka nahIM hai, sat nahIM hai, asat nahIM haiM, jabaki syAdvAda apane niSkarSoM ko vidhAnAtmaka rUpa se prastuta karatA hai ki vastu zAzvata bhI hai aura azAzvata bhI hai, eka bhI hai aura aneka bhI hai, sat bhI hai aura asat bhI hai| ekAnta meM rahA huA doSa zUnyavAdI aura syAdvAdI-donoM hI dekhate haiN| isa ekAnta ke doSa se bacane kI tatparatA meM zUnyavAda dvArA prastuta zUnyatA-zUnyatA kI dhAraNA aura syAdvAda dvArA prastuta anekAnta kI anekAntatA kI dhAraNA bhI vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai, kintu jahA~ zUnyavAdI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-429 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-137 usa doSa ke bhaya se ekAnta ko svIkAra karatA hai, vahIM syAdvAdI usake Age 'syAt' zabda rakhakara usa dUSita ekAnta ko nirdoSa banA detA hai| donoM meM yadi koI maulika bheda hai, to vaha apanI niSedhAtmaka aura vidhAnAtmaka-dRSTiyoM kA hI hai| zUnyavAda kA vastutattva jahA~ catuSkoTivinirmukta zUnya hai, vahIM jaina-darzana kA vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai, kintu zUnya aura ananta kA gaNita to samAna hI hai, vaha usa dRSTi kA hI pariNAma hai, jo vaicArika-AgrahoM se janamAnasa ko mukta karane ke lie buddha aura mahAvIra ne prastuta kI thii| buddha ke niSedhAtmaka-dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma zUnyavAda thA, to mahAvIra ke vidhAnAtmaka-dRSTikoNa kA pariNAma syaadvaad| isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki IsA pUrva chaThavIM zatAbdI meM paramatattva, AtmA aura loka ke svarUpa evaM sRSTi ke viSaya meM aneka matavAda pracalita the| yadyapi aupaniSadika-RSiyoM ne inake samanvaya kA prayatna kiyA thA, kintu ve eka aisI dArzanika-paddhati kA vikAsa nahIM kara pAye the, jo ina matavAdoM kI dArzanika evaM vyAvahArika-asaMgatiyoM aura kaThinAiyoM kA nirAkaraNa kara ske| ye paraspara virodhI dArzanika-mata eka-dUsare kI AlocanA meM par3e the aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa AdhyAtmika-vizuddhi yA rAga-dveSa, Asakti yA tRSNA se vimukti kA prayatna gauNa ho gayA thaa| sabhI dArzanika-mata eka-dUsare kI AlocanA meM par3e the aura isake pariNAmasvarUpa AdhyAtmika-vizuddhi yA rAga-dveSa, Asakti yA tRSNA se vimukti kA prazna gauNa thaa| sabhI dArzanika-matavAda apane-apane AgrahoM meM dRr3ha banate jA rahe the, ataH sAmAnya manuSya kI digbhrAnta sthiti ko samApta karane aura ina paraspara virodhI matavAdoM ke AgrahI gheroM se mAnava ko mukta karane ke lie buddha va mahAvIra-donoM ne prayatna kiyA, kintu donoM ke prayatnoM meM mahattvapUrNa antara thaa| buddha kaha rahe the ki ye sabhI dRSTikoNa ekAnta haiM, ataH unameM se kisI ko bhI svIkAra karanA ucita nahIM hai| kisI bhI dRSTi se na jur3akara tRSNA-vimukti ke hetu prayAsa kara duHkha-vimukti ko prApta karanA hI mAnava kA ekamAtra lakSya hai| buddha kI isa niSedhAtmaka-dRSTi kA pariNAma yaha huA ki bauddha-darzana meM Age calakara

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-430 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-138 zUnyavAda kA vikAsa huA va sabhI dRSTiyoM kA prahANa sAdhanA kA eka lakSya bnaa| dUsarI ora, mahAvIra ne ina vividha dArzanika-dRSTiyoM ko nakArane ke sthAna para unameM nihita sApekSika-satyatA kA darzana kiyA aura sabhI dRSTiyoM ko sApekSa rUpa se arthAt vividha nayoM ke AdhAra para satya mAnane kI bAta khii| isI ke AdhAra para jaina-dArzanikoM ne anekAnta, syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa kiyaa| buddha evaM mahAvIra-donoM kA lakSya vyakti ko ekAntika-avadhAraNAoM meM par3ane se bacAnA thA, kintu inake isa prayAsa meM jahAM buddha ne una ekAntika-dhAraNAoM ko tyAjya batAyA, vahIM mahAvIra ne unheM sApekSika-satya kahakara samanvita kiyaa| isase yaha tathya phalita hotA hai ki syAdvAda evaM zUnyavAda- donoM kA mUla udgama-sthala eka hI hai| vibhajyavAdI-paddhati taka yaha dhArA ekarUpa rahI, kintu apanI vidhAyaka evaM niSedhaka-dRSTiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gaI, jinheM hama syAvAda va zUnyavAda ke rUpa meM jAnate __ isa prakAra, sattA ke vividha AyAmoM evaM usameM nihita sApekSika-viruddhadharmatA ko dekhane kA jo prayAsa aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kiyA thA, vahI Age calakara zramaNa-dhArA meM syAdvAda va zUnyavAda ke vikAsa kA AdhAra bnaa| anya dArzanika-paramparAe~ aura anekAMtavAda yaha anekAnta-dRSTi zramaNa-paramparA ke anya dArzanikoM meM bhI prakAra-bheda se upalabdha hotI hai| saMjayavelaTThiputra kA mantavya bauddha-grathoM meM nimna rUpa se prApta hotA hai (1) hai? nahIM kaha sktaa| (2) nahIM hai? nahIM kaha sktaa| (3) hai bhI aura nahIM bhI? nahIM kaha sktaa| (4) na hai aura na nahIM hai? nahIM kaha sktaa| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki saMjayavelaTThiputra bhI ekAntavAdI dRSTi ke samarthaka nahIM the| unakI uttara dene kI zailI anekAnta-dRSTi kI hI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-431 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-139 paricAyaka hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki rAhula sAMskRtyAyana jaise vicArakoM ne yaha anumAna bhI kiyA ki saMjayavelaTThiputra ke darzana ke AdhAra para hI jainoM ne syAdvAda va saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa kiyA, kintu smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki saMjayavelaTThi kI yaha dRSTi niSedhAtmaka hai| asti, nAsti evaM avaktavya saptabhaMgI- naya ke ye jo tIna mUla naya haiM, ve to upaniSad-kAla se pAye jAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, upaniSadoM meM hameM sat-asat, ubhaya va anubhaya, arthAt ye cAra bhaMga bhI prakIrNa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| aupaniSadika- cintana evaM usake samAnAntara vikasita zramaNa-paramparA meM yaha anekAnta- dRSTi kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM avazya upasthita rahI hai, kintu usakI abhivyakti kI zailI bhinna hai| isa yuga ke bAda bhAratIya-cintana ke dArzanika yuga meM bhI vividha darzanoM ne isa zailI ko apanAyA hai| vastutaH, vastutattva yA paramasattA kI bahuAyAmitA, mAnavIya-jJAnasAmarthya, bhASAI-abhivyakti-sAmarthya kI sImitatA manuSya ko anekAnta-dRSTi apanAne ke lie prerita karatI rhii| vastu-svarUpa ke sambandha meM ekAntika-uttara mAnava ko saMtoSa nahIM de ske| isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki mAnava apane jJAna ke do sAdhana-anUbhUti va tarka meM se kisI kA bhI parityAga nahIM karanA caahtaa| anubhava ke isa virodhAbhAsa ke samanvaya ke prayatna sabhI dArzanikoM ne kiye haiM aura inhIM prayatnoM meM unheM kahIM-na-kahIM anekAnta-dRSTi kA sahArA lenA pdd'aa| pataMjali ne mahAbhASya meM (vyAr3I ke) isa dRSTi kA ullekha kiyA hai| unake sAmane mukhya prazna thA- zabda nitya hai yA anitya hai| isa saMdarbha meM ve vyAr3I ke mata ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki guNa-doSoM kI parIkSA karake tathA prayojana ke AdhAra para yaha batAyA gayA hai ki zabda nitya va anitya-donoM hai| jJAtavya hai ki pataMjali kA paramasatya zabda brahma hI hai| usameM nityatA va anityatA-donoM ko svIkAra karake ve anya rUpa meM anekAnta-dRSTi kA hI pratipAdana karate haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, jainadarzana meM jisa rUpa meM sat kI anaikAntika-vyAkhyA kI gayI hai, usI rUpa meM pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM unhoMne dravya kI nityatA va AkRti kI anityatA ko vistAra se pratipAdita kiyA hai| punaH, unhoMne yaha bhI mAnA hai ki AkRti bhI sarvathA anitya nahIM hai| eka ghaTa ke naSTa

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-432 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-140 hone para dUsarI ghaTAkRti to rahatI hai| hama yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki AkRti cAhe bAhya rUpa meM naSTa huI ho, kintu sraSTA ke cetanA kI AkRti to banI rahatI hai| kumhAra dvArA banAyA ghar3A TUTa jAtA hai, kintu kumhAra ke manasa meM jo ghaTAkRti hai, vaha banI rahatI hai| mahAbhASyakAra ne sattA ko nitya mAnakara bhI usameM kArya-rUpa meM utpatti va vinAza ko svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha isa bAta kA paricAyaka hai ki pataMjali ke darzana meM sat kI pariNAmI-nityatA kI avadhAraNA usI rUpa meM hai, jisa prakAra jainadarzana meM ___ bhAratIya-darzanoM meM sAMkhya-darzana bhI eka prAcInatama darzana hai| sAMkhya-darzana prakRtipariNAmavAdI hai| vaha puruSa ko kUTasthanitya mAnatA hai, jabaki prakRti ko parivartanazIla / usake dvaitavAda kA eka tattva parivartanazIla hai, to dUsarA aparivartanazIla hai, lekina yaha avadhAraNA mUlataH usa puruSa . ke saMdarbha meM hI ghaTita hotI hai, jo apane ko prakRti se pRthak jAna cukA hai| zeSa cetana-sattAeM, jo prakRti ke sAtha apane mamatva ko banAe huI haiM, ve to kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM parivartanazIla haiM hii| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAMkhya apane satkAryavAda meM pariNAmavAda ko svIkAra karane ko bAdhya huaa| sAMkhya darzana ke vyAvahArika yA sAdhanAtmaka-pakSa yogadarzana meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se vastu kI vividha dharmAtmakatA svIkAra kI gayI hai, jaise-eka hI strI apekSA-bheda se patnI, mAtA, putrI, bahana Adi kahI jAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, eka hI dharmI apekSA-bheda se aneka dharma vAlA kahA jAtA hai| dravya kI nityatA va paryAyoM kI anityatA bhI sAMkhya evaM yoga-darzana meM bhI usI rUpa meM svIkRta hai, jisa rUpa meM vaha jaina-darzana meN| yaha isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki sattA kI bahuAyAmitA ke kAraNa usakI anaikAntika-vyAkhyA hI adhika saMtoSaprada lagatI hai| sAMkhya darzana meM aneka aise tattva haiM, jo paraspara virodhI hote hue bhI eka sattA ke sandarbha meM svIkRta haiM, jaisesAMkhyadarzana meM mana ko jJAnendriya va karmendriya-donoM mAnA gyaa| isI prakAra, usake 25 tattvoM meM buddhi, ahaMkAra tathA pA~ca tanmAtrAoM ko prakRti va vikRti-donoM kahA gayA hai, yadyapi prakRti va vikRti-donoM paraspara viruddha haiN| isI prakAra, puruSa ke saMdarbha meM bhI apekSA-bheda se bhoktRtva aura

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-433 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -141 abhoktRtva donoM svIkRta haiM, athavA prakRti meM sAMsArika-puruSoM kI apekSA se pravRtyAtmakatA va puruSa kI apekSA se nivRtyAtmakatA-donoM hI svabhAva svIkAra kie gaye haiN| mImAMsA-darzana meM bhI dravya kI nityatA va AkRti kI anityatA usI prakAra svIkAra kI gayI, jisa prakAra vaha pAtaMjala-darzana meM svIkAra kI gyii| sarvaprathama mImAMsA-darzana meM jJAtA, jJeya va jJAnarUpatA vAle trividha jJAna ko jJAna kahA gyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, jJAna ke trayAtmaka hone para bhI use ekAtmaka maanaa| jJAna meM jJAtA svayaM ko; jJAna ke viSaya ko aura apane jJAna- tInoM ko jAnatA hai| jJAna meM yaha trayAtmakatA rahI hai, phira bhI use jJAna hI kahA jAtA hai| yaha jJAna kI bahuAyAmitA kA hI eka rUpa hai| punaH, mImAMsA-darzana meM kumArila ne svayaM hI sAmAnya va vizeSa meM kathaMcit-tAdAtmya evaM kathaMcit-bheda dharma-dharmI kI apekSA se bhedAbheda mAnA hai| mImAMsAzlokavArtika meM vastu kI utpAda, vyaya va dhrauvyatA ko isI prakAra pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, jisa prakAra se use jaina-paramparA meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| - jaba svarNakalaza ko tor3akara kuNDala banAyA jAtA hai, to jise kalaza kI apekSA hai, use duHkha va jise kuNDala kI apekSA hai, use sukha hotA hai, kintu jise svarNa kI apekSA hai, use mAdhyasthabhAva hai| vastu kI yaha trayAtmakatA jaina va mImAMsA- donoM darzanoM meM svIkRta hai| cAhe zAMkara-vedAnta apane advaitavAda ke pariprekSya meM paramasattA ko apariNAmI mAnatA ho, kintu use bhI anta meM paramArtha aura vyavahAra- ina do dRSTiyoM ko svIkAra karake parokSa rUpa se anekAnta-dRSTi ko svIkAra karanA par3A, kyoMki usake abhAva meM isa parivartanazIla jagat kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM thii| isa prakAra, sabhI bhAratIya-darzana kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM anekAMta-zailI ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina-paramparA meM anekAntavAda kA vikAsa jainadarzana meM anekAnta-dRSTi kI upasthiti ati prAcIna hai| jaina-sAhitya meM AcArAMga atyanta prAcIna graMtha hai| isameM bhI hameM 'z2e

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-434 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-142 AsavA te parissavA, je parissavA to AsavA, arthAt, jo Asrava ke kAraNa haiM, ve hI nirjarA ke kAraNa bana jAte haiM aura jo nirjarA ke kAraNa haiM, ve Asrava ke kAraNa bana jAte haiM- yaha kahakara usI anekAnta-dRSTi kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| AcArAMga ke bAda sthAnAMga meM muni ke lie vibhajyavAda kA Azraya lekara hI koI kathana karane kI bAta kahI gii| yaha sunizcita hai ki vibhajyavAda syAdvAda evaM zUnyavAda kA pUrvaja hai aura vaha bhI. anekAnta-dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki kisI bhI prazna kA uttara vibhinna apekSAoM se bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM diyA jA sakatA hai aura ve sabhI uttara apekSAbheda se saphala ho sakate haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM isa prakAra ke anekoM praznottara saMkalita haiM, jo vibhajyavAda ke AdhAra para vyAkhyAyita. haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM hameM naya-dRSTi kA paricaya milatA hai| isameM dravyArthikanaya va paryAyArthikanaya tathA nizcayanaya va vyavahAranaya kA AdhAra lekara aneka kathana kie gae haiN| nizcaya va vyavahAranaya kA hI agalA vikAsa naigama Adi pAMca nayoM aura phira sAta nayoM meM huaa| yadyapi nayoM kI yaha vivecanA I. san kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI ke bA, ke graMthoM meM spaSTa rUpa se milatI hai, kintu isameM ekarUpatA lagabhaga tIsarI zatI ke bAda AyI hai| Aja jo sAta naya haiM, unameM umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM evaM bhUtabali aura puSpadanta ne SaTkhaNDAgama meM mUla meM pAMca ko hI svIkAra kiyA thaa| siddhasena ne sAta meM se naigama ko svataMtra naya na mAnakara cha: nayoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kI thii| vaise nayoM kI saMkhyA ke bAre meM siddhasena Adi AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa ati udAra rahA hai| unhoMne anta meM yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki jitane-vacana bheda ho sakate haiM, utane naya ho sakate haiN| kundakunda ke bAda ke digambara-AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita. zuddhanaya va azaddhanaya ko nizcayanaya kA hI bheda mAnate hue unhoMne isake do bhedoM kA ullekha kiyaa| bAda meM, paM. rAjamala ne isameM upacAra ko sammilita karake nizcaya va vyavahAra-nayoM kA vargIkaraNa aneka prakAra se kiyaa| isa prakAra, nayoM ke siddhAMta kA vikAsa huaa| __jahA~ taka saptabhaMgI kA prazna hai, vaha bhI eka paravartI vikAsa hI hai| yadyapi saptabhaMgI kA AdhAra mahAvIra kI anaikAntika va samanvayavAdI-dRSTi

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-435 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -143 hI hai, phira bhI saptabhaMgI kA pUrNa vikAsa paravartI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM ina bhAMgoM para aneka prakAra se cintana kiyA gayA hai| usameM mUla naya to tIna hI rahe haiM- asti, nAsti va avaktavya, kintu unase apekSA-bheda ke AdhAra para aura vividha saMyogoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhaMgoM kI yojanA milatI hai| usameM SaDapradezIya bhaMgoM bhI apekSA se teIsa bhaMgoM kI yojanA bhI kI gayI haiN| sarvaprathama, siddhasena divAkara ne sanmati-prakaraNa (prathamakANDa, gAthA 36) meM sAMyogika-bhaMgoM kI carcA kI hai| vahA~ sAta bhaMga banate haiN| sAta bhaMgoM kA spaSTa pratipAdana hameM samaMtabhadra, kundakunda aura unake paravartI zvetAmbara evaM digambara-AcAryoM meM milane lagatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki saptabhaMgI kA suvyavasthita rUpa meM dArzanika-pratipAdana lagabhaga 5 vIM zatI ke bAda hI huA hai, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM ki usake pUrva bhaMgoM kI avadhAraNA nahIM thii| bhaMgoM kI avadhAraNA to isake bhI pUrva meM hameM milatI hai, kintu saptabhaMgI kI eka suvyavasthita yojanA pAMcavIM zatI ke bAda astitva meM aayii| syAdvAda evaM saptabhaMgI, anekAntavAda kI bhASAyI abhivyakti ke prArUpa haiN| anekAMtavAda kA saiddhAntika-pakSa : syAdvAda syAdvAda kA artha-vizleSaNa : syAdvAda zabda 'syAt' aura 'vAda'- ina do zabdoM se niSpanna huA hai, ataH syAdvAda ko samajhane ke lie ina donoM zabdoM kA artha- vizleSaNa Avazyaka hai| syAt zabda ke artha-sandarbha meM jitanI bhrAnti dArzanikoM meM rahI hai, sambhavataH utanI anya kisI zabda ke sambandha meM nhiiN| vidvAnoM dvArA hindI bhASA meM syAt kA artha 'zAyada', 'sambhavataH', 'kadAcit aura aMgrejI bhASA meM Adi kiyA gayA hai aura inhIM arthoM ke AdhAra para use saMzayavAda, sambhAvanAvAda yA anizcayavAda samajhane kI bhUla kI jAtI rahI hai| yaha sahI hai ki kinhIM saMdarbho meM syAt zabda kA artha kadAcit, zAyada, sambhava Adi bhI hotA hai, kintu isa AdhAra para syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda yA anizcayavAda mAna lenA eka bhrAnti hI hogii| hameM yahA~ isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki prathama to eka hI zabda ke aneka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-436 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-144 artha ho sakate haiM, dUsare, aneka bAra zabdoM kA prayoga unake pracalita artha meM na hokara viziSTa artha meM hotA hai, jaise- jaina-paramparA meM dharma zabda kA prayoga dharma-dravya ke rUpa meM bhI hotA hai| jaina-AcAryoM ne syAt zabda kA prayoga eka viziSTa pAribhASika artha meM hI kiyA hai| yadi syAdvAda ke Alocaka vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda sambandhI kisI bhI mUla grantha ko dekhane kI koziza kI hotI, to unheM syAt zabda kA jaina-paramparA meM kyA artha haiyaha spaSTa ho jaataa| syAt zabda ke artha ke sambandha meM. jo bhrAnti utpanna hotI hai, usakA mUla kAraNa use tiDanta pada mAna lenA hai, jabaki samantabhadra, vidyAnandi, amRtacanda, malliSeNa Adi sabhI jaina-AcAryoM ne ise nipAta yA avyaya mAnA hai| samantabhadra syAt zabda kA artha spaSTa karate hue AptamImAMsA meM likhate haiM ki syAt- yaha nipAta zabda hai, jo artha ke sAtha saMbaMdhita hone para vAkya meM anekAntatA kA dyotaka aura vivakSita artha kA eka vizeSaNa hai (aaptmiimaaNsaa-103)| isI prakAra, paMcAstikAya kI TIkA meM AcArya amRtacandra bhI syAt zabda ke artha ko spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM ki 'syAt' ekAntatA kA niSedhaka, anekAntatA kA pratipAdaka tathA kathaMcit artha kA dyotaka eka nipAta zabda hai (paMcAstikAya ttiikaa)| __malliSeNa ne bhI syAdvAdamaMjarI meM syAt zabda ko anekAntatA kA dyotaka eka avyaya mAnA hai| isa prakAra, yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki jaina-vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM syAt zabda saMzayaparaka na hokara anaikAntika, kintu nizcayAtmaka-artha kA dyotaka hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, jaina-dArzanika isa sambandha meM bhI sajaga the ki Alocaka yA jana-sAdhAraNa dvArA syAt zabda kA saMzayaparaka artha grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie unhoMne syAt zabda ke sAtha 'eva' zabda ke prayoga kI yojanA bhI kI hai, jaise'syAdastyeva ghaTaH', arthAt, kisI apekSA se yaha ghar3A hI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki "eva' zabda nizcayAtmakatA kA dyotaka hai| 'syAta' tathA 'eva' zabdoM kA eka sAtha prayoga zrotA kI saMzayAtmakatA kA dyotaka hai| 'syAt' tathA 'eva' zabdoM kA eka sAtha prayoga zrotA ko saMzayAtmakatA ko samApta kara use sApekSika kintu nizcita jJAna pradAna karatA hai| vastutaH, isa prayoga meM 'eva' zabda 'syAta' zabda kI anizcitatA ko samApta kara detA hai aura isa prakAra

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-437 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-145 ve donoM milakara kathita vastu-dharma kI sImA niyata karate hue sApekSa kintu nizcita jJAna prastuta karate haiN| ataH, syAdvAda ko saMzayavAda yA sambhAvanAvAda nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| 'vAda' zabda kA artha kathanavidhi hai| isa prakAra, syAdvAda sApekSika kathana paddhati yA sApekSika-nirNaya-paddhati kA sUcaka hai| vaha eka aisA siddhAnta hai, jo vastutattva ke vividha nirNayoM ko isa prakAra kI bhASA meM prastuta karatA hai ki ve apane pakSa kI sthApanA karate hue bhI vastutattva meM nihita anya 'anukta' anekAneka dharmoM evaM sambhAvanAoM (paryAyoM) kA niSedha na kreN| vastutaH syAdvAda hamAre nirNayoM evaM tajjanita kathanoM ko prastuta karane kA eka nirdoSa evaM ahiMsaka tarIkA hai, avirodhapUrvaka kathana kI eka zailI hai| usakA pratyeka bhaMga anaikAntika DhaMga se ekAntika kathana karatA hai, jisameM vaktA apanI bAta isa DhaMga se kahatA hai ki usakA vaha kathana apane pratipakSI. kathanoM kA pUrNa niSedhaka na bne| saMkSepa meM, syAdvAda apane samagra rUpa meM anekAnta hai aura pratyeka bhaMga kI dRSTi se samyaka-ekAMta hai| saptabhaMgI anantadharmAtmaka vastutattva ke saMbaMdha meM eka aisI kathana-paddhati yA vAkya- yojanA hai, jo usameM anukta dharmoM kI saMbhAvanA kA niSedha na karate hue sApekSika kintu nizcayAtmaka-DhaMga se vastutattva ke pUrNa svarUpa ko apanI dRSTi meM rakhate hue usake kisI eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se pratipAdana yA niSedha karatI hai| isI prakAra, anekAntavAda bhI vastutattva ke sandarbha meM ekAdhika nirNayoM ko svIkRta karatA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki eka hI vastutattva ke sandarbha meM vibhinna apekSAoM ke AdhAra para aneka nirNaya (kathana) diye jA sakate haiM, arthAt anekAnta vastu-svarUpa ke sambandha meM aneka nirNayoM yA niSkarSoM kI sambhAvyatA kA siddhAMta hai| jainAcAryoM ne anekAMta ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai ki 'sarvathaikAnta pratikSepa lakSaNoManekAMtaH', arthAt, anekAMta mAtra ekAMta kA niSedha hai aura vastu meM nihita paraspara viruddha dhamoM kA prakAzana hai| syAdvAda ke AdhAra sambhavataH, yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki syAdvAda yA sApekSika-kathana-paddhati kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? syAdvAda yA

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jainadharma evaM darzana-438 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-146 sApekSika-kathana-paddhati kI AvazyakatA ke mUlataH cAra kAraNa haiM 1. vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA, 2. mAnavIya-jJAna-prApti ke sAdhanoM kI sImitatA, 3. mAnavIya-jJAna kI apUrNatA evaM sApekSatA, tathA 4. bhASA ke abhivyakti-sAmarthya kI sImitatA evaM saapeksstaa| anekAMtavAda kA bhASika-pakSa : saptabhaMgI saptabhaMgI syAdvAda kI bhASAyI-abhivyakti ke sAmAnya vikalpoM ko prastuta karatI hai| hamArI bhASA vidhi-niSedha kI sImAoM se ghirI huI hai| hai aura 'nahIM hai hamAre kathanoM ke do prArUpa haiM, kintu kabhI-kabhI hama apanI bAta kI spaSTatA 'hai (vidhi) aura 'nahIM hai (niSedha) kI bhASA meM prastuta karane meM asamartha hote haiM, arthAt sImita zabdAvalI kI yaha bhASA hamArI anubhUti ko karane meM asamartha hotI haiN| aisI sthiti meM hama eka tIsare vikalpa 'avAcya' yA avaktavya' kA sahArA lete haiM, arthAta zabdoM ke mAdhyama se hai' aura 'nahIM hai kI bhASAyI. sImA meM bA~dhakara use kahA nahIM jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra, vidhi, niSedha aura avaktadhyatA se jo sAta prakAra kA vacana-vinyAsa banatA hai, use saptabhaMgI kahA jAtA hai| saptabhaMgI meM syAt asti, syAt nAsti aura syAta avaktavya- ye tIna asaMyogI maulika bhaMga haiM, zeSa cAra bhaMga ina tInoM ke saMyoga se banate haiN| unameM syAt asti-nAsti, syAta asti-avaktavya aura syAta nAsti- avaktavya- ye tIna dvisaMyogI aura antima, syAt- asti- nAsti- avaktavya- yaha trisaMyogI bhaMga hai| nirNayoM kI bhASAyI-abhivyakti vidhi, niSedha aura avaktavya- ina tIna hI rUpoM meM hotI hai, ataH usase tIna hI maulika bhaMga banate haiM aura ina tIna maulika bhaMgoM meM se gaNita-zAstra ke saMyoga-niyama ke AdhAra para sAta bhaMga hI banate haiM, na kama, na adhik| aSTasahasrI TIkA meM AcArya vidyAnandi ne isIlie yaha kahA hai ki jijJAsA aura saMzaya aura unake samAdhAna sapta prakAra ke hI ho sakate haiN| ataH, jaina-AcAryoM kI saptAbhari kI yada rAdazA nirsata nahI hai pastutattva ke ananta dhamoM meM se pratyeka ko lekara eka-eka saptabhaMgI aura isa prakAra ananta saptabhaMgiyA~

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-439 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-147 to banAI jA sakatI haiM, kintu anantabhaMgI nhiiN| zvetAmbara-Agama bhagavatIsUtra meM SaTpradezI-skandha ke saMbaMdha meM jo 23 bhaMgoM kI yojanA hai, vaha vacana-bheda kRta saMkhyAoM ke kAraNa hai| usameM bhI mUla bhaMga sAta hI haiN| paMcAstikAyasAra, pravacanasAra Adi prAcIna digambara-Agama-granthoM meM aura zeSa paravartI-sAhitya meM saptabhaMga hI mAnya rahe haiM, ataH vidvAnoM ko ina bhramoM kA nivAraNa kara lenA cAhiye ki aise saMyogoM se saptabhaMgI hI kyoM, anantabhaMgI bhI ho sakatI haiM, athavA AgamoM meM sAta bhaMga nahIM haiM, athavA saptabhaMgI bhI eka paravartI vikAsa hai| saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka sApekSika-nirNaya prastuta karatA hai| saptabhaMgI meM syAt, asti Adi jo sAta bhaMga haiM, ve kathana ke tArkikaAhAra-mAtra haiN| usameM syAt zabda kathana kI sApekSikatA kA sUcaka hai aura asti evaM nAsti kathana ke vidhAnAtmaka aura niSedhAtmaka hone ke sUcaka haiN| kucha jaina-vidvAn asti ko sattA kI bhAvAtmakatA kA aura nAsti ko abhAvAtmakatA kA sUcaka mAnate haiM, kintu yaha dRSTikoNa jainadarzana ko mAnya nahIM ho sakatA, udAharaNa ke lie- jainadarzana meM AtmA bhAvarUpa hai, vaha abhAvarUpa nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataH, hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenA cAhie ki syAt asti, syAt nAsti apane-Apa meM koI kathana nahIM haiM, apitu kathana ke tArkika-AkAra haiM, ve kathana ke prArUpa haiN| una prArUpoM ke lie apekSA tathA udadezya aura vidheya-padoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai, jaise- syAd asti bhaMga kA Thosa udAharaNa hogAdravya kI apekSA AtmA nitya hai| yadi hama isameM apekSA (dravyatA) aura vidheya (nityatA) kA ullekha nahIM kareM aura kaheM ki syAt AtmA hai, to hamAsa kathana bhramapUrNa hogaa| apekSA aura vidheya-pada ke ullekha ke abhAva meM saptabhaMgI ke AdhAra para kiye gaye kathana aneka bhrAntiyoM ko janma dete haiM, jisakA vizeSa vivecana hamane dvitIya bhaMga kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kiyA ___ Adhunika tarkazAstra kI dRSTi se saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga eka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-440 sApekSika cihna jA saka use ni sapta na 48 4.4U jaina jJAnamImAMsA-148 artha stuta kiyA. yadi- to (hetuphalAzrita kathana) bane ke lie apekSA (dRSTikoNa) saMyojana (aura) cihanoM kA yugapat (ekasAtha) anantatva vyAghAtaka uddezya vidheya . . bhaMgoM ke Agamika rUpa bhaMgoM ke sAMketika rUpa Thosa udAharaNa .. 1. syAt asti - u vi hai. yadi dravya kI apekSA se : vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai| 2. syAt nAsti a a vi nahIM hai. yadi paryAya kI apekSA se vicAra karate hai to AtmA nitya nahIM hai| 3. syAt asti nAsti ca a> u vi hai. . yadi dravya kI apekSA se a u vi nahIM hai. vicAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya hai aura yadi paryAya kI apekSA se ciAra karate haiM to AtmA nitya nahIM hai| 4. syAt avaktavya (a. a) u. yadi dravya aura paryAya donoM avaktavya hai. hI apekSA se eka sAtha vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| (kyoMki deM bhinna-bhinna apekSAoM se alaga-alaga kathana hai| sakate haiM kintu eka kA nahIM ho sakatA hai|)

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-441 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-149 5. syAt asti ca avaktavya ca a- u vi hai. (a. a) u avaktavya hai. athavA a'- uvi hai. yadi dravya kI apekSA vicAra karate haiM to Ata nitya hai kintu yadi A kA dravya, paryAya dona ananta apekSAoM kI 6. syAd nAsti ca avaktavya ca (a)53 se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai| avaktavya hai| a u vi nahIM hai. yadi paryAya kI apekSA se (a.a) vicAra karate haiM to AtmA avaktavya hai. nitya nahIM hai kintu yadi ananta apekSAoM kI dRSTi * se vicAra karate hai to AtmA athavA avaktavya hai| a- u vi nahIM hai. (a) 35 avaktavya hai| a u vi hai. yadi dravya dRSTi se vicAra au vi nahIM hai karate hai to AtmA nitya hai (a)- avaktavya hai aura yadi paryAya dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA athavA nitya nahIM kintu yadi apanI a- uvi hai. ananta apekSAoM kI dRSTi au vi nahIM haiM se vicAra karate haiM to AtmA (a. a) ya u avaktavya hai| avaktavya hai. 7. syAd asti ca, nAsti ca avaktavya ca ... saptabhaMgI ke prastuta sAMketika-rUpa meM hamane kevala do apekSAoM kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-442 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-150 ullekha kiyA hai, kintu jaina-vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAvaaisI cAra apekSAeM mAnI haiM, usameM bhI bhAva-apekSA vyApaka hai, usameM vastu kI avasthAoM (paryAyoM) evaM guNoM-donoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, kintuM yadi hama pratyeka apekSA kI saMbhAvanAoM para vicAra kareM, to ye apekSAeM bhI ananta hoMgI, kyoMki vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai| apekSAoM kI ina vividha sambhAvanAoM para vistAra se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu isa choTI-sI bhUmikA meM yaha sambhava nahIM hai| isa saptabhaMgI kA prathama bhaMga 'syAt asti' hai| yaha svacatuSTaya ko apekSA se vastu ke bhAvAtmaka-dharma yA dharmoM kA vidhAna karatA hai, jaiseapane dravya kI apekSA se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai, kSetra kI apekSA se indaura nagara meM banA huA hai, kAla kI apekSA se zizira Rtu kA banA huA hai, bhAva arthAt vartamAna paryAya kI apekSA se lAla raMga kA hai yA ghaTAkAra hai Adi / isa prakAra, vastu ke sva-dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva kI apekSA se usake bhAvAtmaka-guNoM kA vidhAna karanA- yaha prathama 'asti' nAmaka bhaMga kA kArya hai| dUsarA syAt, 'nAsti' nAmaka bhaMga vastutattva ke abhAvAtmaka-dharma yA dharmoM kI anupasthiti yA nAstitva kI sUcanA detA hai| vaha yaha batAtA hai ki vastu meM sva se bhinna para- catuSTaya kA abhAva hai, jaise- yaha ghar3A tAmbe kA nahIM hai, bhopAla nagara meM banA huA nahIM hai, grISma Rtu kA banA huA nahIM hai, kRSNa varNa kA nahIM hai aadi| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, yaha bhaMga isa bAta ko bhI spaSTa karatA hai ki yaha ghar3A hI hai, vahA~ dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA hai ki ghar3A, ghaTa itara anya kucha nahIM hai| kahA gayA hai- 'sarvamasti svarUpeNa pararUpeNa nAsti ca', arthAt, sabhI vastuoM kI sattA svarUpa se hai, para svarUpa se nhiiN| yadi vastu meM anya vastuoM ke guNa-dharmoM kI sattA bhI mAna lI jAyegI, to phira vastuoM kA pArasparika-bheda hI samApta ho jAyegA aura vastu kA sva-svarUpa hI nahIM raha jAyegA, ataH vastu meM para-catuSTaya kA niSedha karanA dvitIya bhaMga hai| prathama bhaMga batAtA hai ki vastu kyA hai, jabaki dUsarA bhaMga yaha batAtA ki vastu kyA nahIM hai| sAmAnyatayA, isa dvitIya bhaMga ko 'syAt nAsti ghaTaH', arthAt, kisI apekSA se ghar3A nahIM hai- isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu isake

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-443 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -151 prastutikaraNa kA yaha DhaMga thor3A bhrAntijanaka avazya hai, sthUla dRSTi se dekhane para aisA lagatA hai ki prathama bhaMga meM ghaTa ke astitva kA jo vidhAna kiyA gayA thA, usI kA dvitIya bhaMga meM niSedha kara diyA gayA aura aisI sthiti meM syAdvAda ko sandehavAda yA AtmA-virodhI kathana karane vAlA siddhAnta samajha lene kI bhrAnti ho jAnA svAbhAvika hai| zaMkara prabhRti vidvAnoM ne syAdvAda kI jo AlocanA kI thI, usakA mukhya AdhAra yahI bhrAnti hai| 'syAt nAsti ghaTaH' meM jaba syAt zabda ko dRSTi se ojhala kara yA use sambhAvanA ke artha meM grahaNa kara 'asti' aura 'nAsti' para bala diyA jAtA hai, to Atma-virodha kA AbhAsa hone lagatA hai| jahA~ taka maiM samajha pAyA hU~, syAdvAda kA pratipAdana karane vAle kisI AcArya kI dRSTi meM dvitIya bhaMga kA kArya prathama bhaMga meM sthApita kiye gaye guNadharma kA usI apekSA se niSedha karanA nahIM hai, apitu yA to prathama bhaMga meM asti-rUpa mAne gaye guNa-dharma kA niSedha karanA hotA hai aura isa prakAra dvitIya bhaMga prathama bhaMga ke kathana ko puSTa karatA hai, khaNDita nhiiN| yadi dvitIya bhaMga ke kathana ko usI apekSA se prathama bhaMga kA niSedhaka yA virodhI mAna liyA jAyegA, to nizcita hI yaha siddhAnta saMzayavAda yA Atma-virodha ke doSoM se grasita ho jAyegA, kintu aisA nahIM hai| yadi prathama bhaMga meM 'syAdastyeva ghaTa:' kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A hai aura dvitIya bhaMga 'syAda nAstyeva ghaTa:' kA artha kisI apekSA se ghar3A nahIM hai- aisA kareMge, to AbhAsI rUpa se aisA lagegA ki donoM kathana virodhI haiM, kyoMki ina kathanoM ke bhASAyI-svarUpa se aisA AbhAsa hotA hai ki ina kathanoM meM ghaTa ke astitva aura nAstitva ko hI sUcita kiyA gayA hai, jabaki jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM ina kaMthanoM kA bala unameM prayukta 'syAt' zabda meM hI hai| ve yaha nahIM mAnate haiM ki dvitIya bhaMga prathama bhaMga meM sthApita satya kA pratiSedha karatA hai| donoM bhaMgoM meM ghaTa ke sambandha meM jinakA vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, ve apekSAzrita dharma haiM, na ki ghaTa kA svayaM kA astitva yA nAstitva / punaH, donoM bhaMgoM ke 'apekSAzrita dharma' eka nahIM haiM, bhinna-bhinna haiN| dUsare bhaMga meM jina apekSAzrita dharmoM kA niSedha huA hai, ve dUsare arthAt para-catuSTaya ke haiM, ataH prathama bhaMga ke vidhAna aura dvitIya bhaMga ke niSedha meM koI Atmavirodha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-444 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-152 | nahIM hai| merI dRSTi meM isa bhrAnti kA mUla kAraNa prastuta vAkya meM usa vidheya pada ke spaSTa ullekha kA abhAva hai, jisakA ki vidhAna yA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai| yadi 'nAsti' pada ko vidheya-sthAnIya mAnA jAtA hai, to punaH yahA~ yaha bhI prazna uTha sakatA hai ki jo ghaTa astirUpa hai, vaha nAstirUpa kaise ho sakatA hai? yadi yaha kahA jAye ki paradravyAdi kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai, kintu paradravyAdi ghaTa ke astitva ke niSedhaka kaise bana sakate haiM? ___ yadyapi yahA~ pUrvAcAryoM kA mantavya spaSTa hai ki ve ghaTa kA nahIM, apitu ghaTa meM paradravyAdi kA bhI niSedha karanA cAhate haiN| ve kahanA yaha cAhate haiM ki ghaTa, paTa nahIM hai, yA ghaTa meM paTa Adi ke dharma nahIM haiM, kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki isa kathana meM prathama aura dvitIya bhaMga meM apekSA nahIM badalI hai| yadi prathama bhaMga se yaha kahA jAye ki ghar3A miTTI kA hai aura dUsare bhaMga meM yaha kahA jAye ki ghar3A pItala kA nahIM hai, to donoM meM apekSA eka hI hai, arthAt donoM kathana dravya kI yA upAdAna kI apekSA se haiN| aba dUsarA udAharaNa leM- kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya hai, kisI apekSA se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai, yahA~ donoM bhaMgoM meM apekSA badala jAtI hai| yahA~ prathama bhaMga meM dravya kI apekSA se ghar3e ko nitya kahA gayA aura dUsare bhaMga meM paryAya kI apekSA se ghar3e ko nitya nahIM kahA gayA hai| dvitIya bhaMga ke pratipAdana ke ye donoM rUpa bhinna-bhinna haiN| dUsare, yaha kahanA ki paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se ghaTa nahIM hai, yA paTa kI apekSA ghaTa nahIM hai, bhASA kI dRSTi se thor3A bhrAntijanaka avaSya hai, kyoMki paracatuSTaya vastu kI sattA kA nizedhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastu meM paracatuSTaya arthAt sva-bhinna paradravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kA abhAva to hotA hai, kintu unakI apekSA vastu kA abhAva nahIM hotA hai| kyA yaha kahanA ki kursI kI apekSA Tebala nahIM hai, yA pItala kI apekSA yaha ghar3A nahIM hai, bhASA ke abhrAnta prayoga haiM? isa kathana meM jainAcAryoM kA Azaya to yahI hai ki Tebala kursI nahIM yA ghar3A pItala kA nahIM hai| ataH, paracatuSTaya kI apekSA se vastu nahIM hai- yaha kahane kI apekSA yaha kahanA ki vastu meM paracatuSTaya kA abhAva hai, bhASA kA samyak prayoga hogaa|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-445 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -153 vidvAnoM se merI vinatI hai ki ve saptabhaMgI ke vizeSa rUpa se dvitIya evaM tRtIya bhaMga ke bhASA ke svarUpa para aura svayaM unake AkArika-svarUpa para punarvicAra kareM aura Adhunika tarkazAstra ke sandarbha meM use punargaThita kareMge, to jaina-nyAya ke kSetra meM eka bar3I upalabdhi hogii| kyoMki dvitIya evaM sAMketika rUpa (1) prathama bhaMga - a dvitIya bhaMga-a u vi hai| u nahIM hai| (2) prathama bhaMga - a, u.vi hai dvitIya bhaMga-a- U~vi hai| udAharaNa prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma (vidheya) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| apekSA badalakara dvitIya bhaMga meM usI dharma (vidheya) kA niSedha kara denaa| jaise : dravyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai| paryAyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya nahIM hai| (2) prathama bhaMga meM jisa dharma kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, apekSA badalakara dvitIya bhaMga meM usake viruddha dharma kA pratipAdana kara denA hai| jaise- dravyadRSTi se ghar3A nitya hai paryAyadRSTi se ghar3A anitya hai| (3) prathama bhaMga meM pratipAdita dharma ko puSTa karane hetu usI apekSA se dvitIya bhaMga meM usake viruddha dharma yA bhinna dharma kA vastu meM niSedha kara denaa| jaise - raMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja nIlI (3) prathama bhaMga - a u vi hai| dvitIya bhaMga-a'53 vi nahIM hai raMga kI dRSTi se yaha kamIja pIlI nahIM hai| athavA apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA meM cetana apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se AtmA acetana nahIM hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-446 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-154 (4) prathama bhaMga - a u hai dvitIya bhaMga-au nahIM hai athavA upAdAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A miTTI kA hai| upAdAna kI dRSTi se yaha ghar3A svarNa kA nahIM hai| (4) jaba pratipAdita kathana deza yA kAla yA donoM ke sambandha meM ho taba deza-kAla Adi kI apekSA ko badalakara prathama bhaMga meM pratipAdita kathana kA niSedha kara denaa| jaise- 27 navambara kI apekSA se maiM yahA~ para huuN| 20 navambara kI apekSA se maiM yahA~ para nahIM thaa| tRtIya bhaMgoM kI kathana-vidhi ke vividha rUpa parilakSita hote haiM, ataH yahA~ dvitIya bhaMga ke vividha svarUpoM para thor3A vicAra karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogaa| merI dRSTi meM dvitIya bhaMga ke nimna cAra rUpa ho sakate haiM - __ dvitIya bhaMga ke uparyukta cAroM rUpoM meM prathama aura dvitIya rUpa meM bahuta adhika maulika bheda nahIM hai| antara itanA hI hai ki jahAM prathama bhaMga meM vidhAna aura dUsare bhaMga meM niSedha hotA hai, vahA~ dUsare rUpa meM donoM bhaMgoM meM alaga-alaga rUpa meM do viruddha dharmoM kA vidhAna hotA hai| prathama rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai, jaba vastu meM eka hI guNa apekSA-bheda se kabhI upasthita rahe aura kabhI upasthita nahIM rhe| isa rUpa ke lie vastu meM do viruddha dharmoM ke yugala kA honA jarUrI nahIM hai, jabaki dUsare rUpa kA prastutikaraNa kevala usI sthiti meM sambhava hotA hai, jabaki vastu meM dharma-viruddha yugala ho| tIsarA rUpa taba banatA hai, jabaki usa vastu meM pratipAdita dharma ke viruddha dharma kI upasthiti hI na ho| caturtha rUpa kI AvazyakatA taba hotI hai, jaba ki hamAre pratipAdana meM vidheya kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha na ho| dvitIya bhaMga ke pUrvokta rUpoM meM prathama rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) vahI rahatA hai aura kriyApada niSedhAtmaka hotA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-447 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-155 dvitIya rUpa meM apekSA.badalatI hai, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA viruddha dharma (vidheya kA vyAghAtaka pada) hotA hai, kriyApada vidhAnAtmaka hotA hai| tRtIya rUpa se apekSA vahI rahatI hai, dharma (vidheya) ke sthAna para usakA viruddha yA viparIta pada rakhA jAtA hai aura kriyApada niSedhAtmaka hotA hai tathA antima caturtha rUpa meM apekSA badalatI hai aura pratipAdita kathana kA niSedha kara diyA jAtA hai| ___ saptabhaMgI kA tIsarA maulika bhaMga avaktavya hai, ataH yaha vicAraNIya hai ki isa bhaMga kI yojanA kA uddezya kyA hai? sAmAnyatayA, yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vastu meM eka hI samaya meM rahate hue sat-asat, nitya-anitya Adi viruddha dharmoM kA yugapat arthAt eka sAtha pratipAdana karane vAlA koI zabda nahIM hai, ataH viruddha dharmoM kI eka sAtha abhivyakti kI zAbdika asamarthatA ke kAraNa avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA kI gaI hai, kintu avaktavya kA yaha artha usakA ekamAtra artha nahIM hai| yadi hama avaktavya zabda para aitihAsika-dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM, to usake artha meM eka vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| DaoN. padmarAje ne avaktavya ke artha ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se cAra avasthAoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai___(1) : pahalA, vedakAlIna-niSedhAtmaka dRSTikoNa, jisameM vizva kAraNa kI khoja karate hue RSi usa kAraNa-tattva ko na sat aura na asat kahakara vivecita karatA hai, yahA~ donoM pakSoM kA niSedha hai| . (2) dUsarA, aupaniSadika-vidhAnAtmaka-dRSTikoNa, jisameM sat, asat Adi virodhI tattvoM meM samanvaya dekhA jAtA hai, jaise- 'tadejati tannejati' 'aNoraNIyAn mahato mahIyAn' aadi| yahA~ donoM pakSoM kI svIkRti hai| (3) tIsarA dRSTikoNa, jisameM tattva ko svarUpataH avyapadezya yA anirvacanIya mAnA gayA hai, yaha dRSTikoNa bhI upaniSadoM meM bhI milatA hai, yathA- 'yato vAco nivartante', yaddhAcAnabhyuditaM, naiva vAcA na manasA prAptuM zakyAH Adi / buddha ke avyAkRtavAda evaM zUnyavAda kI catuSkoTi vinirmukta tattva kI dhAraNA meM bhI bahuta kucha isI dRSTikoNa kA prabhAva dekhA jA sakatA hai|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-448 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-156 (4) cauthA dRSTikoNa jaina-nyAya meM sApekSika-avaktavyatA yA sApekSika-anirvacanIyatA ke rUpa meM vikasita huA hai| sAmAnyatayA avaktavya ke nimna artha ho sakate haiM (1) sat va asat-donoM kA niSedha krnaa| (2) sat, asat aura sadasat-tInoM kA niSedha krnaa| (3) sat-asat, sata-asat (ubhaya) aura na sat, na asat (anubhaya)cAroM kA niSedha karanA / (4) vastutattva ko svabhAva se hI avaktavya mAnanA, arthAt yaha ki vastutattva anubhava meM to A sakatA hai, kintu kahA nahIM jA sakatA / (5) sat aura asat-donoM ko yugapat rUpa se svIkAra karanA, kintu usake yugapatkathana ke lie koI zabda na hone ke kAraNa avaktavya khnaa| (6) vastutattva anantadharmAtmaka hai, arthAt vastutattva ke dharmoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai, kintu zabdoM kI saMkhyA sImita hai aura isIlie usameM jitane dharma haiM, utane vAcaka zabda nahIM haiM, ataH vAcaka zabdoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa use aMzataH vAcya aura aMzataH avAcya maannaa| yahA~ yaha prazna vicAraNIya ho sakatA hai ki jaina-vicAra-paramparA meM isa avaktavyatA ke kaunase artha mAnya rahe haiN| sAmAnyatayA, jaina- paramparA meM avaktavyatA ke prathama tInoM niSedhAtmaka artha mAnya nahIM rahe haiN| usakA mAnya artha yahI hai ki sat aura asat-donoM kA yugapat vivecana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, isalie vastutattva avaktavya hai, kintu yadi hama prAcIna jaina-AgamoM ko dekheM, to avaktavyatA kA yaha artha antima nahIM kahA jA sktaa| AcArAMgasUtra (1-5-171) meM AtmA ke svarUpa ko jisa rUpa meM vacanAgocara kahA gayA hai, vaha vicAraNIya hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki "AtmA dhvanyAtmaka kisI bhI zabda kI pravRtti kA viSaya nahIM hai| vANI usakA nirvacana karane meM kathamapi samartha nahIM hai| vahA~ vANI mUka ho jAtI hai, tarka kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca nahIM hai, buddhi (mati) use grahaNa karane meM asamartha hai, arthAt vaha vANI, vicAra aura buddhi kA viSaya nahIM haiN| kisI upamA ke dvArA bhI use nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki use koI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-449 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-157 upamA nahIM dI jA sakatI, vaha anupama hai, arUpI sattAvAna hai| usa apada kA koI pada nahIM hai, arthAt aisA koI zabda nahIM hai, jisake dvArA usakA nirUpaNa kiyA jA ske|" ise dekhate hue yaha mAnanA par3egA ki vastusvarUpa hI kucha aisA hai ki use vANI kA mAdhyama nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai| punaH, vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA aura zabdasaMkhyA kI sImitatA ke AdhAra para bhI vastutattva ko avaktavya mAnA gayA hai| AcArya nemicandra ne gommaTasAra meM anabhilApya bhAva kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki anubhava meM Aye avaktavya bhAvoM kA anantavA~ bhAga hI kathana kiyA jAne yogya hai (gommaTasAra, jIva. 334) / ataH, yaha mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina-paramparA meM avaktavyatA kA kevala eka hI artha mAnya hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana meM avaktavyatA ke cauthe, pA~caveM, chaThaveM artha mAnya rahe haiM, phira bhI hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki sApekSa- avaktavyatA aura nirapekSa-avaktavyatA meM jainadRSTi sApekSa-avaktavyatA ko svIkAra karatI hai, nirapekSa ko nhiiN| vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki vastutattva pUrNatayA vaktavya to nahIM hai, kintu vaha pUrNatayA avaktavya bhI nahIM hai| yadi hama vastutattva pUrNatayA avaktavya arthAt anirvacanIya mAna leMge, to phira bhASA evaM vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAyegA, ataH jaina-dRSTikoNa vastutattva kI anirvacanIyatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki sApekSa rUpa se vaha nirvacanIya bhI hai| sattA aMzataH nirvacanIya hai aura aMzataH anirvacanIya, kyoMki yahI bAta usake sApekSavAdI-dRSTikoNa aura syAdvAda-siddhAnta ke anukUla hai| isa prakAra, pUrva nirdiSTa pA~ca arthoM meM se pahale do ko chor3akara antima tInoM ko mAnane meM use koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| merI dRSTi meM avaktavya bhaMga kA bhI eka hI rUpa nahIM hai| prathama to, 'hai aura 'nahIM hai- aise vidhi-pratiSedha kA yugapad (eka hI sAtha) pratipAdana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH avaktavya bhaMga kI yojanA hai| dUsare, nirapekSa rUpa se vastutattva kA kathana sambhava nahIM hai, ataH vastutattva avaktavya hai| tIsare, apekSAe~ ananta ho sakatI haiM, kintu ananta apekSAoM se yugapad rUpa meM vastutattva kA pratipAdana saMbhava nahIM hai, isalie bhI use avaktavya mAnanA . hogaa| isake nimna tIna prArUpa haiM

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-450 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-158 1. (a. a)45 u avaktavya hai, 2. ~ aD u avaktavya hai, 3. (a)2 u avaktavya hai / saptabhaMgI ke zeSa cAroM bhaMga sAMyogika haiN| vicAra kI spaSTa abhivyakti kI dRSTi se inakA mahatva to avazya hai, kintu inakA apanA koI svatantra dRSTikoNa nahIM hai, ye apane saMyogI mUlabhaMgoM kI apekSA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hI vastusvarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa karate haiM, ataH ina para yahA~ vistRta vicAra apekSita nahIM hai| saptamaMgI aura trimUlyAtmaka-tarkazAstra vartamAna yuga meM pAzcAtya-tarkazAstra ke vicArakoM meM lyusAivika ne eka nayI dRSTi dI hai, usake anusAra, tArkika-nirNayoM meM kevala satya, asatya-aise do mUlya hI nahIM hote, apitu satya, asatya aura sambhAvita satya- aise tIna mUlya hote haiN| isI saMdarbha meM, DaoN. esa.esa bAraliMge ne jaina-nyAya ko trimUlyAtmaka siddha karane kA prayAsa jayapura kI eka goSThI meM kiyA thaa| jahA~ taka jainanyAya yA syAdvAda ke siddhAMta kA prazna hai, use trimUlyAtmaka mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki jaina-nyAya meM pramANa, sunaya aura durnaya-aise tIna kSetra mAne gaye haiM, isameM pramANa sunizcita satya, sunaya sambhAvita satya aura durnaya asatyatA ke paricAyaka haiN| punaH, jaina-dArzanikoM ne pramANavAkya aura nayavAkya-aise do prakAra ke vAkya mAnakara pramANavAkya ko sakalAdeza (sunizcita satya yA pUrNa satya) aura nayavAkya ko vikalAdeza (sambhAvita satya yA AMzika satya) kahA hai| nayavAkya ko na satya kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asatya, ataH satya aura asatya ke madhya eka tIsarI koTi AMzika satya yA sambhAvita satya mAnI jA sakatI hai| punaH, vastutattva kI ananta- dharmAtmakatA anya sambhAvanAoM ko nirasta nahIM karatI hai aura syAdvAda usa kathita satyatA ke atirikta anya sambhAvita satyatAoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| isa prakAra, jainadarzana kI vastutattva kI anantadharmAtmakatA tathA pramANa,

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-451 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -159 naya aura durnaya kI dhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para syAdvAda-siddhAMta trimUlyAtmaka tarkazAstra yA bahumUlyAtmaka-tarkazAstra kA samarthana mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu jahAM taka saptabhaMgI kA prazna hai, use trimUlyAtmaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki usameM nAsti nAmaka bhaMga evaM avaktavya nAmaka bhaMga kramazaH asatya evaM aniyatatA ke sUcaka nahIM haiN| saptabhaMgI kA pratyeka bhaMga satya mUlya kA sUcaka hai, yadyapi jaina-vicArakoM ne pramANa-saptabhaMgI aura naya-saptabhaMgI ke rUpa meM saptabhaMgI ke jo do rUpa mAne haiM, usake AdhAra para yahA~ kahA jA sakatA hai ki pramANa-saptabhaMgI ke sabhI bhaMga sanizcita satyatA aura naya-saptabhaMgI ke sabhI bhaMga sambhAvita yA AMzika satyatA kA pratipAdana karate haiN| asatya kA sUcaka to kevala durnaya hI hai| ataH, saptabhaMgI trimUlyAtmaka nahIM hai| yaha to anekAMta ke saiddhAntika-pakSa kI carcA huI, aba hama usake vyAvahArika- pakSa kI carcA kreNge| anekAntavAda kA vyAvahArika-pakSa . anekAntavAda kA vyAvahArika-jIvana meM kyA mUlya aura mahatva hai, isakA yadi aitihAsika-dRSTi se adhyayana kareM, to hameM sarvaprathama usakA upayoga vivAda-parAD.mukhatA ke sAtha-sAtha parapakSa kI anAvazyaka AlocanA va svapakSa kI atireka prazaMsA se bacanA hai| isa prakAra kA nirdeza hameM sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga (1/1/2/23) meM milatA hai, jahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo apane pakSa kI prazaMsA aura para-pakSa kI nindA meM rata haiM, ve dUsaroM ke prati dveSa-vRtti kA vikAsa karate haiM, pariNAmasvarUpa saMsAra meM bhramaNa karate haiM, sAtha hI, mahAvIra cAhate the ki anekAnta-zailI ke mAdhyama se kathya kA samyaka rUpa se spaSTIkaraNa ho aura isa taraha kA prayAsa unhoMne bhagavatIsUtra meM anaikAntika-uttaroM ke mAdhyama se kiyA hai, jaise- jaba unase pUchA gayA ki sonA acchA hai yA jAganA, to unhoMne kahA ki pApiyoM kA sonA va dhArmikoM kA jAganA acchA hai| jaina-dArzanikoM meM isa anekAntadRSTi kA vyAvahArika-prayoga sarvaprathama siddhasena divAkara ne kiyaa| unhoMne udghoSa kiyA ki saMsAra ke ekamAtra guru usa anekAntavAda

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-452 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-160 ko namaskAra hai, jisake binA saMsAra kA vyavahAra hI asambhava hai| paramatattva yA paramArtha kI bAta bahuta kI jA sakatI hai, kintu vaha manuSya, jo isa saMsAra meM rahatA hai, usake lie paramArtha satya kI bAta karanA uttanI sArthaka nahIM hai, jitanI vyavahAra- jagat kI aura vyavahAra kA kSetra eka aisA kSetra hai, jahA~ anekAMta-dRSTi ke binA kAma nahIM calatA hai| parivAra kI eka hI strI ko koI patnI kahatA hai, koI putravadhU kahatA hai, koI mAM kahatA hai, to koI dAdI, koI bahana kahatA hai, to koI. cAcI, nAnI Adi nAmoM se pukAratA hai| eka vyakti ke sandarbha meM vibhinna pArivArika saMbaMdhoM kI isa saMbhAvanA se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| Arthika kSetra meM bhI aneka aise prazna haiM, jo kisI eka tAttvika-ekAntavAdI-avadhAraNA ke AdhAra para nahIM sulajhAe jA sakate haiM, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, yadi hama ekAntarUpa se vyakti ko parivartanazIla mAnate haiM, to Adhunika zikSA praNAlI meM parIkSA, pramANapatra va usake AdhAra para milane vAlI naukarI Adi meM ekarUpatA nahIM hogii| yadi vyakti parivartanazIla hai, kSaNa-kSaNa badalatA hI rahatA hai, to adhyayana karane vAlA chAtra bhinna hogA aura jise pramANa-patra milegA, vaha parIkSA dene vAle se bhinna hogA aura una pramANa-patroM ke AdhAra para jise naukarI milegI, vaha unase pRthaka hogaa| isa prakAra, vyavahAra ke kSetra meM asaMgatiyAM hoMgI, yadi isake viruddha hama yaha mAneM ki vyaktitva meM parivartana hI nahIM hotA, to usake prazikSaNa kI vyavasthA nirarthaka hogii| isa prakAra, anekAnta-dRSTi kA mUla AdhAra vyavahAra kI samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM isakA upayoga vivAdoM aura AgrahoM se bacane tathA kathanoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie hI kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama, AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne isa anekAnta-dRSTi kA prayoga dArzanika-virodhoM ke samanvaya kI dizA meM kiyaa| unhoMne eka ora paraspara virodhI ekAntika-mAnyatAoM meM doSoM kI udbhAvanA karake batAyA ki koI bhI ekAntika-mAnyatA na to vyAvahArika hai, na hI sattA kA samyaka evaM satya svarUpa hI prastuta karatI hai, kintu unakI vizeSatA yaha rahI ki ve anyadarzanoM meM kevala doSoM kI udabhAvanA taka hI sImita nahIM rahe, apitu unhoMne una paraspara virodhI dhAraNAoM meM nihita satyatA kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-453 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -161 bhI darzana kiyA aura satya ke samagra svarUpa ko spaSTa karane ke lie unheM samanvita karane kA bhI prayatna kiyA / jahA~ unake pUrva taka dUsare darzanoM ko mithyA kahakara unakA makhaula ur3AyA jAtA thA, vahIM unhoMne vibhinna nayoM ke AdhAra para unakI satyatA ko spaSTa kiyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, jina-mata ko bhI mithyA-mata- samUha kahakara una sabhI ke prati samAdara kA bhAva prakaTa kiyaa| siddhasena ke pazcAt yadyapi samantabhadra ne bhI aisA hI eka prayAsa kiyA aura vibhinna darzanoM meM nihita sApekSika satyoM ko vibhinna nayoM ke AdhAra para vyAkhyAyita kiyA, phira bhI jina-mata ko mithyA-mata-samUha kahane kA jo sAhasa siddhasena ke cintana meM thA, vaha samaMtabhadra ke ciMtana meM nahIM A paayaa| siddhasena aura samaMtabhadra ke pazcAt jisa dArzanika ne anekAMta-dRSTi kI samanvayazIlatA kA sarvAdhika upayoga kiyA, ve AcArya haribhadra haiM, haribhadra se pUrva digambara-paramparA meM kundakunda ne bhI eka prayatna kiyA thaa| unhoMne niyamasAra meM vyakti kI bahuAyAmitA ko spaSTa karate hue yaha kahA thA ki vyakti ko svamata meM va paramata meM vivAda meM nahIM par3anA cAhie, kintu anekAnta-dRSTi se vibhinna darzanoM meM pArasparika-samanvaya kA jo prayatna haribhadra ne, vizeSa rUpa se apane graMtha zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM kiyA, vaha nizcaya hI virala hai| haribhadra ne aneka prasaMgoM meM apanI vaicArika-udAratA va samanvayazIlatA kA paricaya diyA hai, jisakI carcA hamane apanI laghu pustikA, 'AcArya haribhadra va unakA avadAna' meM kI hai| vistArabhaya se hama una saba meM yahA~ jAnA nahIM caahte| anekAnta kI isa udAra zailI kA prabhAva paravartI jaina-AcAryoM para bhI rahA aura yahI kAraNa thA ki dUsare darzanoM kI samAlocanA karate hue bhI ve AgrahI nahIM bane aura unhoMne eka sImA taka unameM nihita satyoM ko dekhane kA prayatna kiyA / dArzanika-vicAroM ke samanvaya kA AdhAra : anekAMtavAda * bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya bhArata meM vaicArika-saMgharSa aura dArzanika-vivAda apane carama sImA para the| jaina-AgamoM ke anusAra, usa samaya 363 aura bauddha-AgamoM ke anusAra 62 dArzanika-mata pracalita the|

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-454 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-162 vaicArika Agraha aura matAndhatA ke isa yuga meM eka aise dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA thI, jo logoM ko Agraha evaM matAndhatA se Upara uThakara sahI dizA-nirdeza de ske| bhagavAna buddha ne isa Agraha evaM matAndhatA se Upara uThane ke lie vivAda-parAD.mukhatA ko apnaayaa| suttanipAta meM ve kahate haiM ki 'maiM vivAda ke do phala batAtA huuN| eka to vaha apUrNa va ekAMgI hotA hai aura dUsare, kalaha evaM azAnti kA kAraNa hotA hai| ataH, nirvANa ko nirvivAda bhUmi samajhane vAlA sAdhaka vivAda meM na par3e (suttanipAta 51-21) / buddha ne apane yuga meM pracalita sabhI paravirodhI dArzanika-dRSTikoNoM ko sadoSa batAyA aura isa prakAra apane ko kisI bhI dArzanika-mAnyatA ke sAtha nahIM bAMdhA / ve kahate haiM ki paMDita kisI dRSTi yA vAda meM nahIM par3atA (suttanipAta- 51-3) / buddha kI dRSTi meM dArzanika-vAdavivAda nirvANa-mArga ke sAdhaka ke kArya nahIM haiM (suttanipAta-46 -8-9) / anAsakta, mukta puruSa ke pAsa vivAdarUpI yuddha ke lie koI kAraNa hI zeSa nahIM raha jaataa| isI prakAra, bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI Agraha ko sAdhanA kA samyak patha nahIM smjhaa| unhoMne kahA ki Agraha, matAndhatA yA ekAMgI-dRSTi ucita nahIM hai| jo vyakti apane mata kI prazaMsA aura dUsaroM kI nindA karane meM hI pAMDitya dikhAte haiM, ve saMsAra-cakra meM ghUmate rahate haiM (sUtrakRtAMga 1/1/2-23) / isa prakAra, bhagavAn mahAvIra va buddha-donoM hI usa yuga kI Agraha-vRtti evaM matAndhatA se janamAnasa ko mukta karanA cAhate the, phira bhI buddha aura mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM thor3A antara thaa| jahA~ buddha ina vivAdoM se bacane kI salAha de rahe the, vahIM mahAvIra inake samanvaya kI eka aisI vidhAyaka-dRSTi prastuta kara rahe the, jisakA pariNAma syAdvAda hai| syAdvAda vividha dArzanika-ekAntavAdoM meM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM anityavAda-kSaNikavAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, bhedabhAva-abhedabhAva Adi sabhI vastu-svarUpa ke AMzika-pakSoM ko spaSTa karate haiN| inameM se koI bhI asatya to nahIM hai, kintu pUrNa satya bhI nahIM hai| yadi inako koI asatya banAtA hai, to vaha AMzika-satya ko pUrNa satya mAna lene kA unakA Agraha hI hai| syAdvAda apekSA-bheda se ina sabhI ke bIca samanvaya karane kA prayAsa karatA hai aura yaha batAtA hai ki satya

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-455 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-163 tabhI asatya bana jAtA hai, jabaki hama AgrahI- dRSTi se use dekhate haiN| yadi hama hamArI dRSTi ko yA apane ko Agraha se Upara uThAkara dekheM, to hameM satya kA darzana ho sakatA hai| satya kA saccA prakAza kevala anAgrahI ko hI mila sakatA hai| mahAvIra ke prathama ziSya gautama kA jIvana svayaM isakA eka pratyakSa udAharaNa hai| gautama ke kevalajJAna meM Akhira kaunasA tattva bAdhaka bana rahA thA? mahAvIra ne svayaM isakA samAdhAna karate hue gautama se kahA thA- he gautama! terA mere prati jo mamatva hai, yahI tere kevalajJAna (satya darzana) kA bAdhaka hai| mahAvIra kI spaSTa ghoSaNA thI ki satya kA sampUrNa darzana Agraha ke ghere meM rahakara nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Agraha-buddhi yA dRSTirAga satya ko asatya banA detA hai| satya kA prakaTana Agraha meM nahIM, anAgraha meM hotA hai, upAdhyAya yazovijayajI syAdvAda kI isI anAgrahI evaM samanvayAtmaka-dRSTi ko spaSTa karate hue adhyAtmopaniSad meM likhate haiM yasya sarvatra samatA nayeSu, tanayeSviva / tasyAnekAntavAdasya kva nyUnAdhikazemuSI / 161 / / tena syAdvAdvamAlaMbya sarvadarzana tulyatAm / mokSoddezAvizeSeNa yaH pazyati saH zAstravit / / 70 || mAdhyasthyameva zAstrArtho yena taccAru siddhayati / sa eva dharmavAdaH syAdanyadvAlizavalganam ||71 || mAdhyastha sahitaM hye kapadjJAnamapi pramA / zAstrakoTitathaivAnyA tathA coktaM mahAtmanA / / 73 / / saccA anekAntavAdI kisI darzana se dveSa nahIM krtaa| vaha sampUrNa dRSTikoNoM (darzanoM) ko isa prakAra vAtsalya-dRSTi se dekhatA hai, jaise koI pitA apane putra ko, kyoMki anekAntavAdI kI nyUnAdhika buddhi nahIM ho sktii| saccA zAstrajJa kahe jAne kA adhikArI to vahI hai, jo syAdvAda kA Alambana lekara sampUrNa darzanoM meM samAna bhAva rakhatA hai| vAstava meM, mAdhyastha-bhAva hI zAstroM kA gUr3ha rahasya hai| mAdhyastha-bhAva rahane para zAstra ke pada kA jJAna bhI saphala hai, anyathA karor3oM zAstroM kA jJAna bhI vRthA hai, kyoMki jahA~ Agraha-buddhi hotI hai, vahA~ vipakSa meM nihita satya kA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-456 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-164 darzana saMbhava nahIM hotA / vastutaH, zAzvatavAda, ucchedavAda, nityavAda, anityavAda, bhedavAda, abhedavAda, dvaitavAda, hetuvAda, niyativAda, puruSArthavAda Adi jitane bhI dArzanika-mata-matAntara haiM, ve sabhI parama sattA ke vibhinna pahaluoM se liye gaye citra haiM aura ApekSika-rUpa se satya haiN| dravya-dRSTi aura paryAya-daSTi ke AdhAra para ina virodhI siddhAntoM meM samanvaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH, eka saccA syAdvAdI kisI bhI darzana se dveSa nahIM karatA hai, vaha sabhI darzanoM kA ArAdhaka hotA hai| paramayogI AnandaghanajI likhate SaT darasaNa jina aMga bhaNAje, nyAya SaDaMga jo sAdhe re| nami jinavaranA caraNa upAsaka, SaTadarzana ArAdhe re / / 1 / / jina sura pAdapa pAya bakhANuM, sAMkhya joga doya bhede re / Atama sattA vivaraNa karatA, lahI duya aMga akhede re ||2|| bheda abheda sugata mImAMsaka, jinapara doya kara bhArI re| lokAloka avalaMbana bhajiye, gurugamathI avadhArI re|| 3 / / lokAyatika sukha kUkha jinavara kI, aMza vicAra jo kiije| tattva vicAra sudhArasa dhArA, gurugama viNa kema pIje / / 4 / / jaina jinezvara uttama aMga, aMtaraMga bahiraMga re| akSara nyAsa dharA ArAdhaka, ArAdhe dharI saMge re|| 5 / / anekAMta dhArmika sahiSNutA ke kSetra meM : sabhI dharma-sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA mukhya lakSya rAga, Asakti, ahaM evaM tRSNA kI samApti rahA hai| jahA~ jaina dharma kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vItarAgatA honA aura bauddha-darzana kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vItatRSNa honA mAnA gayA hai, vahIM vedAnta meM ahaM aura Asakti se Upara uThanA hI mAnava kA sAdhya batAyA gayA hai, lekina kyA ekAMta yA Agraha vaicArika- rAga, vaicArika Asakti, vaicArika-tRSNA athavA vaicArika-ahaM ke hI rUpa nahIM haiM aura jaba taka ve upasthita haiM, dhArmika-sAdhanA ke kSetra meM lakSya kI siddhi kaise hogI? jina sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM meM ahiMsA ke Adarza ko svIkAra kiyA gayA, unake lie Agraha yA ekAnta vaicArika-hiMsA kA pratIka bhI bana jAtA hai| eka ora, sAdhanA ke vaiyaktika-pahalU kI dRSTi se matAgraha

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-457 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-165 vaicArika-Asakti. yA rAga kA hI rUpa hai, to dUsarI ora, sAdhanA ke sAmAjika-pahalU kI dRSTi se vaha vaicArika-hiMsA hai| vaicArika-Asakti aura vaicArika-hiMsA se mukti ke lie dhArmika kSetra meM anAgraha aura anekAnta kI sAdhanA apekSita hai| vastutaH, dharma kA AvirbhAva mAnava-jAti meM zAMti aura sahayoga ke vistAra ke lie huA thaa| dharma manuSya ko manuSya se jor3ane ke lie thA, lekina Aja vahI dharma manuSya-manuSya meM vibheda kI dIvAreM khIMca rahA hai| dhArmika-matAndhatA meM hiMsA, saMgharSa, chala, chadma, anyAya, atyAcAra- kyA nahIM ho rahA hai? kyA vastutaH isakA kAraNa dharma ho sakatA hai? isakA uttara nizcita rUpa se 'hA~' meM nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yathArtha meM dharma nahIM, kintu dharma kA AvaraNa DAlakara mAnava kI mahattvAkAMkSA, usakA ahaMkAra hI yaha saba karavAtA rahA hai| yaha dharma nahIM, dharma kA nakAba DAle adharma hai| mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA dharma aneka haiM yA ho sakate haiM? isa prazna kA uttara anaikAMtika-zailI se yaha hogA ki dharma eka bhI hai aura aneka bhii| sAdhyAtmaka-dharma yA dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai, jabaki sAdhanAtmaka-dharma aneka haiN| sAdhya-rUpa meM dharmoM kI ekatA aura sAdhana- rUpa se anekatA ko hI yathArtha dRSTikoNa kahA jA.sakatA hai| sabhI dharmoM kA sAdhya haisamatvalAbha (samAdhi) arthAt Antarika tathA bAhya-zAnti kI sthApanA tathA usake lie vikSobha ke janaka rAga-dveSa aura asmitA (ahaMkAra) kA nirAkaraNa, lekina rAga-dveSa aura asmitA ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya kyA hoM? yahIM vicAra-bheda prArambha hotA hai, lekina yaha vicAra-bheda virodha kA AdhAra nahIM bana sktaa| eka hI sAdhya kI ora unmukha hone se ve paraspara virodhI nahIM kahe jA skte| eka hI kendra se yojita hone vAlI paridhi se khiMcI huI vibhinna rekhAoM meM pArasparika virodha pratIta avazya hotA hai, kintu vaha yathArtha meM hotA nahIM, kyoMki kendra se saMyukta pratyeka rekhA meM eka-dUsare ko kATane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI hai, kintu jaise hI vaha kendra kA parityAga karatI hai, vaha dUsarI rekhAoM ko avazya hI kATatI hai| sAdhya sabhI ekatA meM sAdhanarUpI dharmoM kI anekatA sthita hai| ataH, yadi dharmoM kA sAdhya eka hai, to unameM virodha kaisA? anekAnta, dharmoM kI sAdhyaparaka

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-458 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-166 mUlabhUta ekatA aura sAdhanaparaka anekatA ko iMgita karatA hai| vizva ke vibhinna dharmAcAryoM ne apane yuga kI tAtkAlika- paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hokara apane siddhAntoM evaM sAdhanoM ke bAhya-niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM aura sAdhakoM kI sAdhanA kI kSamatA kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa dharma-sAdhanA ke bAhya-rUpoM meM vibhinnatAoM kA A jAnA svAbhAvika hI thA aura aisA huA bhI, kintu manuSya kI apane dharmAcArya ke prati mamatA (rAgAtmakatA) aura usake apane mana meM vyApta Agraha aura ahaMkAra ne use apane dharma yA sAdhanA-paddhati ko hI ekamAtra evaM antima satya mAnane ko bAdhya kiyaa| phalasvarUpa, vibhinna dhArmika sampradAyoM aura unake bIca sAmpradAyika-vaimanasya prArambha huaa| muni zrInemicandra ne dharma-sampradAyoM ke udbhava kI eka sajIva vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| ve likhate haiM- 'manuSya-svabhAva bar3A vicitra hai, usake ahaM ko jarA-sI coTa lagate hI vaha apanA akhAr3A alaga banAne ko taiyAra ho jAtA hai| yadyapi vaiyaktika- ahaM dharma-sampradAyoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa avazya hai, lekina vahI ekamAtra kAraNa nahIM hai| bauddhika-bhinnatA aura dezakAlagata tathya bhI isake kAraNa rahe haiM aura isake atirikta pUrva pracalita paramparAoM meM AyI huI vikRtiyoM ke saMzodhana ke lie bhI sampradAya bne| unake anusAra, sampradAya banane ke nimna kAraNa ho sakate (1) IrSyA ke kAraNa, (2) kisI vyakti kI prasiddhi kI lipsA ke kAraNa, (3) kisI vaicArika matabheda matAgrahaNa ke kAraNa, (4) kisI AcAra-saMbaMdhI niyamopaniyama meM bheda ke kAraNa, (5) kisI vyakti yA pUrva sampradAya dvArA apamAna yA khIMcatAna hone ke kAraNa, (6) kisI vizeSa satya ko prApta karane kI dRSTi se aura (7) kisI sAmpradAyika-paramparA yA kriyA meM dravya, kSetra evaM kAla ke anusAra saMzodhana yA parivartana karane kI dRSTi se| uparyukta kAraNoM meM aMtima do ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI kAraNoM se utpanna sampradAya Agraha, dhArmika-asahiSNutA aura sAmpradAyika vidveSa ko janma dete haiN| vizva-itihAsa kA adhyetA ise bhalIbhAMti jAnatA hai ki

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-459 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-167 dhArmika-asahiSNutA ne vizva meM jaghanya duSkRtya kraaye| Azcarya to yaha hai ki isa damana, atyAcAra, nRzaMsatA aura rakta-plAvana ko dharma kA bAnA pahanAyA gyaa| zAnti-pradAtA dharma hI azAMti kA kAraNa bnaa| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM dhArmika-anAsthA kA mukhya kAraNa uparokta bhI haiN| yadyapi vibhinna matoM, paMthoM aura vAdoM meM bAhya-bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, kintu yadi hamArI dRSTi vyApaka aura anAgrahI ho, to usameM bhI ekatA aura samanvaya ke sUtra parilakSita ho sakate haiN| . anekAMta-vicAradaSTi vibhinna dharma-sampradAyoM kI samApti dvArA ekatA kA prayAsa nahIM karatI hai, kyoMki vaiyaktika ruci-bheda evaM kSamatA-bheda tathA dezakAlagata bhinnatAoM ke hote hue vibhinna dharmoM evaM sampradAyoM kI upasthiti aparihArya hai| eka dharma yA eka sampradAya kA nArA asaMgata evaM avyAvahArika nahIM, apita azAMti aura saMgharSa kA kAraNa bhI hai| anekAMta vibhinna dharma-sampradAyoM kI samApti kA prayAsa na hokara unheM eka vyApaka pUrNatA meM susaMgata rUpa se saMyojita karane kA prayAsa ho sakatA hai, lekina isake lie prAthamika AvazyakatA hai- dhArmika sahiSNutA aura sarvadharma samabhAva kii| anekAMta ke samarthaka jainAcAryoM ne isI dhArmika sahiSNutA kA paricaya diyA hai| AcArya haribhadra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA to sarvavidita hI hai| apane grantha zAstravArtA-samuccaya meM unhoMne buddha ke anAtmavAda, nyAyadarzana ke Izvara-kartRtvavAda aura vedAnta ke sarvAtmavAda. (brahmavAda) meM bhI saMgati dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| apane grantha lokatattva-saMgraha meM AcArya haribhadra likhate haiM - ... pakSapAto na me vIre na dveSaH kapilAdiSu / yuktimadvacanaM yasya, tasya kArya parigrahaH / / ___ mujhe na to mahAvIra ke prati pakSapAta hai aura na kapilAdi munigaNoM ke prati dveSa hai| jo bhI vacana tarkasaMgata ho, use grahaNa karanA caahie| - isI prakAra, AcArya hemacandra ne ziva-pratimA ko praNAma karate samaya sarvadeva samabhAva kA paricaya dete hue kahA thA - bhavabIjAMkurajananA, rAgadyA kSayamupAgatA yasya /

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-460 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-168 brahmA vA viSNurvA harau, jino vA namastasmai / / saMsAra-paribhramaNa ke kAraNa rAgAdi jisake kSaya ho cuke haiM, use. maiM praNAma karatA hU~, cAhe ve brahmA hoM, viSNU hoM, ziva hoM yA jina hoN| rAjanItika kSetra meM anekAMtavAda ke siddhAMta kA upayoga __ anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta na kevala dArzanika evaM dhArmika, apitu rAjanItika-vivAda bhI hala karatA hai| Aja kA rAjanItika-jagata bhI vaicArika-saMkulatA se paripUrNa hai| pUMjIvAda, samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, phAsIvAda, nAjIvAda Adi aneka rAjanItika-vicAradhArAeM tathA rAjatantra, kulatantra, adhinAyaka-tantra Adi anekAneka zAsana-praNAliyAM vartamAna meM pracalita haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, unameM se pratyeka eka-dUsare kI samApti ke lie prayatnazIla haiN| vizva ke rASTra khemoM meM baMTe hue haiM aura pratyeka khemeM kA agraNI rASTra apanA prabhAva kSetra bar3hAne hetu dUsare ke vinAza meM tatpara hai| mukhya bAta yaha hai ki Aja kA rAjanItika-saMgharSa mAtra Arthika hitoM kA saMgharSa na hokara vaicArikatA kA bhI saMgharSa hai| Aja. amerikA, cIna aura rUsa apanI vaicArika-prabhusattA ke prabhAva ko bar3hAne ke lie hI pratispardhA meM lage hue haiN| eka-dUsare ko nAma-zeSa karane kI unakI yaha mahattvAkAMkSA kahIM mAnava-jAti ko hI nAma-zeSa na kara de| __Aja ke rAjanItika jIvana meM syAdvAda ke do vyAvahArika- phalita vaicArika sahiSNutA aura samanvaya atyanta upAdeya haiN| mAnava- jAti ne rAjanItika-jagat meM rAjatantra se prajAtantra taka kI jo lambI yAtrA taya kI hai, usakI sArthakatA syAdvAda-dRSTi ko apanAne meM hI hai| virodhI pakSa dvArA kI jAne vAlI AlocanA ke prati sahiSNu hokara usake dvArA apane doSoM ko samajhanA aura unheM dUra karane kA prayAsa karanA Aja ke rAjanItika-jIvana kI sabase bar3I AvazyakatA hai| vipakSa kI dhAraNAoM meM bhI satyatA ho sakatI hai aura sabala virodhI dala kI upasthiti se hameM apane doSoM ke nirAkaraNa kA acchA avasara milatA hai, isa vicAra-dRSTi aura sahiSNu-bhAvanA meM hI prajAtantra kA bhaviSya ujjvala raha sakalA hai| rAjanItika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtantra vastutaH rAjanItika-syAdvAda hai| isa paramparA meM bahumata dala dvArA gaThita sarakAra alpamata dala ko apane

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-461 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -169 vicAra prastuta karane kA adhikAra mAnya karatI hai aura yathAsambhava usase lAbha bhI uThAtI hai| dArzanika-kSetra meM jahA~ bhArata syAdvAda kA sarjaka hai, vahIM vaha rAjanItika kSetra meM saMsadIya prajAtantra kA samarthaka bhI hai, ataH Aja syAdvAda-sidvAnta kA vyAvahArika kSetra meM upayoga karane kA dAyitva bhAratIya rAjanItijJoM para hai| isI prakAra, hameM yaha bhI samajhanA hai ki rAjya-vyavasthA kA mUla lakSya janakalyANa ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue vibhinna rAjanItika-vicAradhArAoM ke madhya eka sAMga saMtulana sthApita karanA hai| AvazyakatA saiddhAMtika-vivAdoM kI nahIM, apitu janahita ke saMrakSaNa evaM mAnava kI pAzavika-vRttiyoM ke niyantraNa. kI hai| manovijJAna aura anekAntavAda vastutaH, anekAntavAda na kevala eka dArzanika-paddhati hai, apitu vaha mAnavIya-vyaktitva kI bahuAyAmitA ko bhI spaSTa karatI hai| jisa prakAra vastutattva vibhinna guNadharmoM se yukta hotA hai, usI prakAra se mAnavavyaktitva bhI vividha vizeSatAoM yA vilakSaNatAoM kA puMja hai, usake bhI vividha AyAma haiN| pratyeka vyakti ke vyaktitva ke bhI vividha AyAma yA pakSa hote haiM, mAtra yahI nahIM, usameM paraspara virodhI guNa bhI dekhane ko milate haiN| sAmAnyatayA, vAsanA va viveka paraspara virodhI mAne jAte haiM, kintu mAnava-vyaktitva meM ye donoM virodhI guNa eka sAtha upasthita haiN| manuSya meM eka ora anekAneka vAsanAeM, icchAeM aura AkAMkSAeM rahI haI hotI haiM, to dUsarI ora usameM viveka kA tattva bhI hotA hai, jo usakI vAsanAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura icchAoM para niyaMtraNa rakhatA hai| yadi mAnava- vyaktitva ko samajhanA hai, to hameM usake vAsanAtmaka-pahalU aura AdarzAtmaka-pahalU (viveka) donoM ko hI dekhanA hogaa| manuSya meM na kevala vAsanA aura viveka ke paraspara virodhI guNa pAye jAte haiM, apitu usameM aneka dUsare bhI paraspara virodhI guNa dekhe jAte haiM, udAharaNArtha- vidvattA yA mUrkhatA ko leN| pratyeka vyakti meM vidvattA meM mUrkhatA aura mUrkhatA meM vidvattA samAhita hotI hai| koI bhI vyakti samagrataH vidvAn yA samagrataH mUrkha nahIM hotA hai| mUrkha meM bhI kahIM-na-kahIM vidvattA aura vidvAn meM bhI kahIM-na-kahIM mUrkhatA chipI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-462 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-170 rahatI hai| kisI ko vidvAn yA mUrkha mAnanA- yaha sApekSika-kathana hI ho sakatA hai| mAnava-vyaktitva ke sandarbha meM manovizleSaNavAdiyoM ne vAsanAtmaka-aham ora AdarzAtmaka- aham kI jo avadhAraNAeM prastuta kI haiM, ve yahI sUcita karatI haiM ki mAnava-vyaktitva bahuAyAmI hai| usameM aise aneka paraspara virodhI guNadharma chipe hue haiN| pratyeka vyakti meM jahA~ eka ora komalatA yA karuNA kA bhAva rahA huA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM Akroza aura ahaMkAra bhI vidyamAna hai| eka hI manuSya ke andara inaphiriyAriTI-kAmpaleksa aura supIriyAriTI-kAmpaleksa-donoM hI dekhe jAte haiN| kabhI-kabhI to hInatva kI bhAvanA hI uccatva kI bhAvanA meM anusyUta dekhI jAtI hai| bhaya aura sAhasa paraspara virodhI guNadharma haiM, kintu kabhI-kabhI bhaya kI avasthA meM hI vyakti akalpanIya sAhasa kA pradarzana karatA hai| isa prakAra, mAnava-vyaktitva meM vAsanA aura viveka, jJAna aura ajJAna, rAga aura dveSa, kAruNikatA aura Akroza, hInatva aura uccatva kI granthiyAM eka sAtha dekhI jAtI haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki mAnava-vyaktitva bhI bahuAyAmI hai aura use sahI prakAra se samajhane ke lie anekAnta kI dRSTi Avazyaka hai| prabandhazAstra aura anekAMtavAda vartamAna yuga meM prabandhazAstra eka mahattvapUrNa vidhA hai, kintu yaha vidhA bhI anekAnta-dRSTi para hI AdhArita hai| kisa vyakti se kisa prakAra kArya liyA jAye, tAki usakI sampUrNa yogyatA kA lAbha uThAyA jA sake, yaha prabandhazAstra kI viziSTa samasyA hai| prabandhazAstra, cAhe vaha vaiyaktika ho yA saMsthAgata, usakA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa pakSa to vyakti hI hotA hai aura prabandha aura prazAsana kI saphalatA isI bAta para nirbhara hotI hai ki hama usa vyakti ke vyaktitva aura usake preraka-tattvoM ko kisa prakAra smjhaaeN| eka vyakti ke lie mRdu AtmIya-vyavahAra eka acchA preraka ho sakatA hai, to dUsare ke lie kaThora anuzAsana kI AvazyakatA ho sakatI hai| eka vyakti ke lie Arthika-upalabdhiyA~ hI preraka kA kArya karatI haiM, to dUsare ke lie pada aura pratiSThA mahatvapUrNa preraka-tattva ho sakate haiN| prabandhavyavasthA

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-463 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-171 meM hameM vyakti kI prakRti aura svabhAva ko samajhanA Avazyaka hotA hai| eka prabandhaka tabhI saphala ho sakatA hai, jaba vaha mAnava-prakRti kI isa bahuAyAmitA ko samajhe aura vyakti vizeSa ke sandarbha meM yaha jAne kI usake jIvana kI prAthamikatAeM kyA haiM? prabandha aura prazAsana ke kSetra meM eka hI cAbuka se sabhI ko nahIM hA~kA jA sktaa| jisa prabandhaka meM pratyeka vyakti kI prakRti kI jitanI acchI samajha hogI, vahI utanA saphala prabandhaka hogA, isake lie anekAMta-dRSTi yA sApekSa-dRSTi ko apanAnA Avazyaka hai| prabandhazAstra ke kSetra meM vartamAna meM samagra guNavattA-prabandhana kI avadhAraNA pramukha banatI jA rahI hai, kintu vyakti athavA saMsthA kI samagra guNavattA kA Akalana nirapekSa nahIM hai| guNavattA ke antargata aneka guNoM kI pArasparika-samanvayAtmakatA Avazyaka hotI hai| vibhinna guNoM kA pArasparika-sAmaMjasya meM rahate hue jo eka samagra rUpa banatA hai, vaha hI guNavattA kA AdhAra hai| aneka guNoM ke pArasparika-sAmaMjasya meM hI guNavattA nihita hotI hai| vyakti ke vyaktitva meM vibhinna guNa eka-dUsare ke sAtha samanvaya karate hue rahate haiN| vibhinna guNoM kI yahI sAmaMjasyatApUrNa sthiti hI guNavattA kA AdhAra hai| vyakti ke vyaktitva meM vibhinna guNa ThIka usI prakAra sAmaMjasyapUrvaka rahate haiM, jisa prakAra zarIra ke vibhinna avayava sAmaMjasyapUrNa sthiti meM rahate haiN| jaise zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM kA sAmaMjasya TUTa jAnA zArIrika-vikRti yA vikalAMgatA kA pratIka hai, usI prakAra vyakti ke jIvana ke guNoM meM pArasparika-sAmaMjasya kA abhAva vyaktitva ke vikhaNDana kA AdhAra banatA hai| pArasparika-sAmaMjasya meM hI samagra guNavattA kA vikAsa hotA hai| anekAnta-dRSTi vyaktitva ke una vibhinna guNoM yA pakSoM aura unake pArasparika-sAmaMjasya ko samajhane kA AdhAra hai| vyakti meM vAsanAtmaka-pakSa arthAt usakI jaivika AvazyakatAeM aura vivekAtmaka-pakSa arthAt vAsanAoM ke saMyamana kI zakti-donoM kI apUrNa samajha kisI prabandhaka ke prabandhana kI asaphalatA kA kAraNa hI hogii| samagra guNavattA vibhinna guNoM athavA pakSoM aura unake pArasparikasAmaMjasya kI samajha para hI AdhArita hotI hai aura yaha samajha hI

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-464 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-172. prabandhazAstra kA prANa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM, to anekAnta-dRSTi ke AdhAra para hI sampUrNa prabandhazAstra avasthita hai| vividha pakSoM ke astitva kI svIkRti ke sAtha unake pArasparika-sAmaMjasya kI saMbhAvanA ko dekha pAnA prabandhazAstra kI sarvotkRSTatA kA AdhAra hai| samAjazAstra aura anekAntavAda samAjazAstra ke kSetra meM sabase mahatvapUrNa samasyA vyakti aura samAja ke pArasparika saMbaMdhoM ko samyak prakAra se samajha pAnA yA samajhA pAnA hI hai| vyakti ke binA samAja aura samAja ke binA vyakti (sabhya vyakti) kA astitva saMbhava nahIM hai| jahA~ eka ora vyaktiyoM ke AdhAra para hI samAja khar3A hotA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora, vyakti ke vyaktitva kA nirmANa samAjarUpI kAryazAlA meM hI sampanna hotA hai| jo vicAradhArAeM vyakti aura samAja ko eka-dUsare se nirapekSa mAnakara calatI haiM, ve na to sahI rUpa meM vyakti ko samajha pAtI haiM aura na hI samAja ko| vyakti aura samAja-donoM kA astitva paraspara sApekSa hai| isa sApekSatA ko samajhe binA na to vyakti ko hI samajhA jA sakatA hai aura na samAja ko| . samAjazAstra ke kSetra meM anekAnta-dRSTi vyakti aura samAja ke isa sApekSika-saMbaMdha ko dekhane kA prayAsa karatI hai| vyakti aura samAja eka-dUsare se nirapekSa nahIM haiM- yaha samajha hI 'samAjazAstra ke sabhI siddhAntoM kA mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| sAmAjika-sudhAra ke jo bhI kAryakrama haiM, unakA Avazyaka aMga vyakti-sudhAranA bhI hai| na to sAmAjika-sudhAra ke binA vyakti sudhAra saMbhava hai, na vyakti-sudhAra ke binA sAmAjika-sudhAra / vastutaH, vyakti aura samAja meM AMgikatA kA saMbaMdha hai| vyakti meM samAja aura samAja meM vyakti isa prakAra anusyUta haiM ki unheM eka-dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vyakti aura samAja kI isa sApekSikatA ko samajhanA samAjazAstra ke lie Avazyaka hai aura yaha samajha anekAnta-dRSTi ke vikAsa se hI saMbhava hai, kyoMki vaha ekatva meM anekatva athavA ekatA meM vibhinnatA tathA vibhinnatA meM ekatA kA darzana karatI hai, usake lie ekatva aura pRthaktva-donoM kA hI samAna mahatva hai| vaha yaha mAnakara

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-465 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -173 calatI hai ki vyakti aura samAja paraspara sApekSa haiM aura eka ke abhAva meM dUsare kI koI sattA nahIM hai| sAmAjika-naitikatA se jur3A eka dUsarA mahatvapUrNa prazna haivaiyaktika-kalyANa aura sAmAjika-kalyANa meM kise pramukha mAnA jAya? isa samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie bhI hameM anekAnta-dRSTi ko hI AdhAra banAkara calanA hogaa| yadi vyakti aura samAja paraspara sApekSa haiM, vyakti ke hita meM samAja kA hita hai aura samAja ke hita meM vyakti kA hita samAyA hai, to inheM alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo loga vaiyaktika-hitoM aura sAmAjika hitoM ko paraspara nirapekSa mAnate haiM, ve vastutaH vyakti aura samAja ke pArasparika saMbaMdhoM se anabhijJa haiN| vaiyaktika-kalyANa aura sAmAjika-kalyANa paraspara bhinna pratIta hote hue bhI eka-dUsare se pRthak nahIM haiN| hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki samAja ke hita meM hI vyakti kA hita hai aura vyakti ke hita meM samAja kA hita / ataH, ekAnta-svArthaparatAvAda aura ekAnta-paropakAravAda-donoM hI saMgata siddhAnta nahIM ho skte| na to vaiyaktika-hitoM kI upekSA kI jA sakatI hai, na hI sAmAjika-hitoM kii| anekAnta-dRSTi hameM yahI batAtI hai ki vaiyaktika-kalyANa meM sAmAjika-kalyANa aura sAmAjika-kalyANa meM vaiyaktika-kalyANa anusyUta hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, ve paraspara sApekSa haiN| pArivArika jIvana meM syAdvAda-dRSTi kA upayoga kauTumbika-kSetra meM isa paddhati kA upayoga paraspara kuTumboM meM aura kuTumba ke sadasyoM meM saMgharSa ko TAlakara zAntipUrNa vAtAvaraNa kA mArga prazasta kara sakatA hai| sAmAnyatayA, pArivArika jIvana meM saMgharSa ke do kendra hote haiM- pitA-putra tathA saas-bhuu| ina donoM vivAdoM meM mUla kAraNa donoM kA dRSTibheda hai| pitA jisa pariveza meM bar3A huA, unhIM saMskAroM ke AdhAra para putra kA jIvana DhAlanA cAhatA hai| pitA kI dRSTi anubhava-pradhAna hotI hai, jabaki putra kI dRSTi tarkapradhAna / eka prAcIna saMskAroM se grasita hotA hai, to dUsarA unheM samApta kara denA cAhatA hai| yahI sthiti sAsa-bahU meM hotI hai| sAsa yaha apekSA karatI hai ki baha aisA jIvana

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-466 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-174 jiye, jaisA usane svayaM bahU ke rUpa meM jiyA thA, jabaki bahU apane yuga ke anurUpa aura apane mAtR-pakSa ke saMskAroM se prabhAvita jIvana jInA cAhatI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, usakI apekSA yaha bhI hotI hai ki vaha utanA hI svatantra jIvana jiye, jaisA vaha apane mAtA-pitA ke pAsa jItI thii| isake viparIta, zvasura-pakSa usase eka anuzAsita jIvana kI apekSA karatA hai| yahI saba vivAda ke kAraNa banate haiN| isameM jaba taka sahiSNu dRSTi aura dUsare kI sthiti ko samajhane kA prayAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka saMgharSa samApta nahIM ho sktaa| vastutaH, isake mUla meM jo dRSTibheda hai, use anekAnta-paddhati se samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki hama jaba dUsare ke sambandha meM koI vicAra kareM, koI nirNaya leM, to svayaM apane ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kara socanA caahie| dUsare kI bhUmikA meM svayaM ko khar3A karake hI use samyak prakAra se jAnA jA sakatA hai| pitA putra se jisa bAta kI apekSA karatA hai, usake pahale apane ko putra kI bhUmikA meM khar3A kara vicAra kara le| adhikArI karmacArI se kisa DhaMga se kAma lenA cAhatA hai, usake pahale svayaM ko usa sthiti meM khar3A kare, phira nirNaya le| yahI eka aisI dRSTi hai, jisake abhAva meM loka-vyavahAra asambhava hai aura isI AdhAra para anekAntavAda jagadguru hone kA dAvA karatA hai| arthazAstra aura anekAnta . sAmAnyatayA, arthazAstra kA udadezya jana-sAmAnya kA ArthikakalyANa hotA hai, kintu Arthika-pragati ke pIche mUlataH vaiyaktika-hitoM kI preraNA hI kArya karatI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki arthazAstra ke kSetra meM pUMjIvAdI aura sAmyavAdI-dRSTiyoM ke kendra-bindu hI bhinna-bhinna bana ge| sAmyavAdI zaktiyoM kA Arthika kSetra meM pichar3ane kA ekamAtra kAraNa yaha rahA ki unhoMne Arthika-pragati ke lie vaiyaktika-preraNA kI upekSA kI, kintu dUsarI ora yaha bhI huA ki vaiyaktika-Arthika-preraNA aura vaiyaktika-arthalAbha ko pramukhatA dene ke kAraNa sAmAjika-kalyANa kI Arthika-dRSTi asaphala ho gayI aura upabhoktAvAda itanA prabala ho

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-467 jaina jJAnamImAMsA -175 gayA ki usane sAmAjika-Arthika-kalyANa kI pUrNataH upekSA kara dii| pariNAmasvarUpa, amIra aura garIba ke bIca khAIM adhika gaharI hotI gyii| ___ isI prakAra, arthazAstra ke kSetra meM Arthika-pragati kA AdhAra vyakti kI icchAoM, AkAMkSAoM aura AvazyakatAoM ko bar3hAnA mAna liyA gayA, kintu isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki arthazAstra ke kSetra meM svArthaparatA aura zoSaNa kI dRSTi hI pramukha ho gyii| AvazyakatAoM kI sRSTi aura icchAoM kI pUrti ko hI Arthika-pragati kA preraka-tattva mAnakara hamane Arthika-sAdhana aura suvidhAoM meM vRddhi kI, kintu usake pariNAmasvarUpa Aja mAnava-jAti upabhoktAvAdI-saMskRti se grasita ho gayI hai aura icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI dRSTi ke sAthaM cAhe bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM ke sAdhana bar3he bhI hoM, kintu usane manuSya kI antarAtmA ko vipanna banA diyaa| AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti kI daur3a meM mAnava apanI Antarika-zAnti kho baiThA, phalataH, Aja hamArA Arthika kSetra viphala hotA dikhAI de rahA hai| vastutaH, isa sabake pIche Arthika-pragati ko hI ekamAtra lakSya banA. lene kI ekAntika-jIvanadRSTi hai| - koI bhI taMtra, cAhe vaha arthataMtra ho, rAjataMtra yA dharmataMtra, binA anekAnta-dRSTi ko svIkAra kiye saphala nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki ina sabakA mUla kendra to manuSya hI hai| jaba taka ve mAnava-vyaktitva kI bahuAyAmitA aura usameM nihita sAmAnyatAoM ko nahIM svIkAra kareMge, taba taka ina kSetroM meM hamArI saphalatAeM bhI antataH viphalatAoM meM hI badalatI rheNgii| vastutaH, anekAnta-dRSTi hI eka aisI dRSTi hai, jo mAnava ke samagra kalyANa kI dizA meM hameM agrasara kara sakatI hai| samagratA kI dizA meM aMgoM kI upekSA nahIM, apitu unakA pArasparika-sAmaMjasya hI mahatvapUrNa hotA hai aura anekAMntavAda kA yaha siddhAnta isI vyAvahArika jIvanadRSTi ko samupasthita karatA hai| anekAnta ko jIne kI AvazyakatA ___ mujhe yaha jAnakara prasannatA ho rahI hai ki anekAnta ke vyAvahArika-pakSa para zrI navIna bhAI zAha kI hArdika icchA, preraNA aura artha-sahayoga se

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jaina dharma evaM darzana-468 jaina jJAnamImAMsA-170 mere nirdezana meM lagabhaga chaH varSa pUrva ahamadAbAda meM jo saMgoSThI huI thI, usameM prastuta kucha mahatvapUrNa nibandha aba prakAzita ho rahe haiN| anekAMtavAda ke saiddhAntika-pakSa para to prAcIna kAla se lekara aba taka bahuta vicAra-vimarza yA Alocana-pratyAlocana huA, kintu usakA vyAvahArika pakSa upekSita hI rhaa| yaha zrI navIna bhAI kI utkaTa preraNA kA hI pariNAma thA ki anekAnta ke isa upekSita pakSa para na kevala saMgoSThI aura nibandha-pratiyogitA kA Ayojana huA, apitu isa hetu prApta nibandhoM yA nibandhoM ke cayanita aMza kA prakAzana bhI ho rahA hai| anekAMtavAda mAtra saiddhAntika-carcA kA viSaya nahIM hai, vaha prayoga meM lAne kA viSaya hai, kyoMki isa prayogAtmakatA ke dvArA hI hama vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika-jIvana ke saMgharSoM evaM vaicArika-vivAdoM kA nirAkaraNa kara sakate haiN| anekAMtavAda ko mAtra jAna lenA yA samajha lenA hI paryApta nahIM hai, use vyAvahArika-jIvana meM jInA bhI hogA aura tabhI usakI vAstavika mUlyavattA ko samajha skeNge| hama dekhate haiM ki anekAMta evaM syAdvAda ke siddhAnta dArzanika, dhArmika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika evaM pArivArika-jIvana ke virodhoM ke samanvaya kI eka aisI vidhAyaka-dRSTi prastuta karate haiM, jisase mAnava-jAti ko saMgharSoM ke nirAkaraNa meM sahAyatA mila sakatI hai|

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prAcya vidyApITha : eka paricaya DaoN. sAgaramala jaina pAramArthika zikSaNa nyAsa dvArA san 1997 se saMcAlita prAcya vidyA pITha, zAjApura AgarA-mumbaI mArga para sthita isa saMsthAna kA mukhya udezya bhAratIya prAcya vidyAoM ke ucca starIya adhyayana, prazikSaNa evaM zodhakArya ke sAtha-sAtha bhAratIya sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko punaHpratiSThita karanA hai| _isa vidyApITha meM jaina, bauddha aura hindu dharma Adi ke lagabhaga 12,000 durlabha grantha upalabdha hai| isake atirikta 700 hastalikhita pANDulipiyA~ bhI hai| yahA~ 40 patra patrikAe~ bhI niyamita AtI hai isa parisara meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zodhArthiyoM aura mumukSujanoM ke lie adhyayana adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha nivAsa, bhojana Adi kI bhI uttama vyavasthA hai| zodhakArya ke mArgadarzana evaM zikSaNa hetu DaoN. sAgaramalajI jaina kA satat sAnidhya prApta hai| ise vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjaina dvArA zodha saMsthAna ke rupa meM mAnyatA pradAna kI gaI hai|

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DaoN. sAgaramala jaina janma di. 22.02.1932 janma sthAna zAjApura (ma.pra.) zikSA sAhityaratna : 1954 ema.e. (darzana zAstra) : 1963 pI-eca.DI. : 1969 akAdamika upalabdhiyA~ : pravaktA (darzanazAstra) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevAH 1964-67 sahAyaka prAdhyApaka ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1968-85 prAdhyApaka (prophesara) ma.pra. zAsa. zikSA sevA : 1985-89 nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI : 1979-1987 evaM 1989-1997 lekhana :49 pustakeM sampAdana : 160 pustakeM pradhAna sampAdaka :jaina vidyA vizvakoSa (pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI mahatvAkAMkSI pariyojanA) puraskAra : pradIpakumAra rAmapuriyA puraskAra : 1986, evaM 1998 svAmI praNavAnanda puraskAra : 1987 DipTImala puraskAra : 1992 AcArya hastImala smRti sammAna : 1994 vidyAvAradhi sammAna :2003 presIDensIyala avArDa A~pha jainA yU.esa.e: 2007 vAgArtha sammAna (ma.pra. zAsana) : 2007 gautama gaNadhara sammAna (prAkRta bhAratI) : 2008 ArcAya tulasI prAkRta sammAna : 2009 vidyAcandrasUrI sammAna : 2011 samatA manISI sammAna : 2012 sadasya : akAdamika saMsthAe~ : pUrva sadasya - vidvata pariSada, bhopAla vizvavidyAlaya, bhopAla sadasya - jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM pUrva sadasya - mAnada nidezaka, Agama, ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udypur| samprati saMsthApaka - prabaMdha nyAsI evaM nidezaka prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura (ma.pra) pUrvasacivaHpArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI videza bhramaNa : yU.esa.e., zikAgoM, rAle, hyUTana, nyUjarsI, uttarIkarolInA, vAziMgaTana, senaphrAMsisko, laoNsa eMjilsa, phinIksa, seMTa luIsa, piTsabarga, ToraNToM, (kanAr3A) nyUyArka, landana (yU.ke.) aura kATamA (nepAla) Drintedat Alirati Offset II TITAIN Ph 0724.2561700