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days. As it was the area where the Jain and the Buddhist cultures flourished it is considered a pious and revered area by both these traditions. However, in the Vedic tradition there are mentions that it is prohibited to enter this area for any purpose other than pilgrimage. Mention of procedures of ritual penitence for a forced stay for a longer period can also be found. In spite of the contracting and expanding of its boundaries with the passage of time the present state of Bihar roughly covers the area that was known as Magadh in the remote past.
(King) Shrenik-Emperor of ancient Magadh, belonging to the Shishunaag family. Son of king Prasenjit and father of Ajatshatru Kunik. Other namesBimbisar, Bhimbhisar, and Bhambhasar.
Dreams-In almost all ancient Indian traditions there was a belief that whenever a great soul descends into the womb, the mother has auspicious dreams. In almost all traditions there are mentions of dream-diviners and augurs. Dream divining is a part of the Ashtanga Nimitta or the eight pronged science of augury. In the Jain tradition there are seventy two types of dreams, out of which forty two are known as common dreams and the remaining thirty as great dreams. When an Arihant or a Chakravarti is conceived, his mother sees fourteen of the thirty great dreams. When a Vasudev is conceived his mother sees any seven out of these fourteen dreams. When it is a Baldev in the womb the mother sees any four of these fourteen dreams. When it is a Mandalik Raja (regional sovereign) in the womb the mother sees any one of these fourteen dreams. Details on this subject can be found in many ancient works; some of which are-Sushrut Samhita thirty third chapter of the section Sharirasthan, Brahmavaivarta Purana - chapter seven of the Janma section, and Bhagavati Sutra-Shatak 6 of Uddeshak 6. During those days this subject was properly and thoroughly studied. Those who practiced this were known as dreamdiviners. The modern discipline of psychology is also indulging in profound study and research on this subject. Many western scholars have written books on the subject of dreams establishing it as an independent area in the field of para-psychology.
Ashtanga Nimitta-The field of study that deals with prediction of future. It has eight sections-1. Bhaum (relating to the earth, like earth-quake), 2.Utpat (natural calamities), 3. Swapna (dreams), 4. Antariksh (sky or space), 5. Aanga (parts of the human body), 6. Swara (sound, sounds emitted by birds etc.), 7. Lakshan (attributes of man, woman, animals, etc.), 8. Vyanjan (marks on the body, like warts, birth marks, etc.). Detailed information on these subjects is available in the Vrihat Samhita of Varah Mihir.
Kautumbik Purush-Personal aides or servants. The literal meaning of this term is family members or relatives. But here it has been used to represent family workers. It seems that for special, important, confidential, and personal duties it must have been a norm to appoint relatives. Thus this term acquired this particular meaning. These people must have been salaried employees but otherwise independent and not slaves or bonded labours.
Dohad-The literal meaning of this term is having two hearts. When a woman is pregnant she is in this state. She has two hearts, one her own and the other that of the fetus. A pregnant woman gets some cravings during the second or third month of her pregnancy; these pregnancy desires are known as Dohad or Dohala. It is believed
Bacon
CHAPTER-1: UTKSHIPTA JNATA
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