Hindi Jain Sahitya Me Krishna Ka Swarup Vikas

Author(s): Pritam Singhvi
Publisher: Parshva Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002435/1

Page #1
hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa vikAsa DA. prItama siMghavI

Page #2
sammati hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa vikAsa DaoN. (zrImatI) prItama siMghavI dvArA gujarAta yunivarsiTI kI pIeca.DI. upAdhi ke lie svIkRta zodha-prabaMdha hai / isa maulika evaM bodhavardhaka zoSa prabaMdha meM vidvAna lekhikA ne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura hindI jaina sAhitya ke AdhAra para vAsudeva zrIkRSNa ke svarUpa kA gaveSaNAtmaka adhyayana prastuta DaoN. (zrImatI) siMghavI ne isa tathya ko sapramANa siddha kiyA hai ki vaiSNava-paraMparA meM jahA~ zrIkRSNa viSNu ke avatAra mAne gaye hai, vahA~ jaina sAhitya meM unheM sauMdarya, prema, dayAlutA, vIratA aura zaraNAgata vatsalatA jaise mAnavocita guNoM se maMDita zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai kahIM-kahIM unheM jaina tIrthaMkara kA cacerA bhAI bhI batAyA gayA haiM / jaina sAhitya meM nirUpita kRSNa ahiMsaka, vinayI, kSamAzIla, zAMtidUta hai / unakA rasika aura kUTanItijJa rUpa jaina kAvya meM svacita hI dekhane ko milatA hai| zrImatI (DaoN.) siMdhavI ne prastuta zodhaprabaMdha meM atyaMta taTasthatA ke sAtha jaina sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa ke svarUpa-vaiziSTaya kA anuzIlana kiyA hai / unakA yaha zodhakArya sarvathA maulika evaM bodhavardhaka hai / mujhe vizvAsa hai, isake prakAzana se kRSNa-kAvya ke adhyayana anuzIlana ke lie eka nayA gavAkSa udghATita hogaa| hindI pravana gujarAta vidyApITha ahamadAbAda-14. dinAMka- 14.1.92 DaoN. ambAzaMkara nAgara nirdezaka, bhAratIya bhASAsAMskRtika kendra

Page #3
hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa DaoN. prItama siMghavI pArzva prakAzana : ahamadAbAda

Page #4
HINDI JAIN SAHITYA MEN KRISHNA KA SVAROOP VIKAS By DR. PRITAM SINGHVI prakAzaka bAbUbhAI eca. zAha pArzva prakAzana nizApola, jhaverIvADa, rilIpharoDa, ahamadAbAda-380 001 prathama saMskaraNa : 1992 mUlya : Rs. 100-00 mudraka hindustAna ophaseTa 22, dUsarI maMjIla, elIsabrIja zopIMga senTara, TAunahola ke sAmane, elIsabrIja, ahamadAbAda-380 006.

Page #5
cira smaraNIya sva. pUjya pitAzrI zrI nAthulAla jI sAhaba boharA kI smRti meM, jinake ArzIvacanarUpa bIja ke prasphuTana kA hI yaha sAkAra phala hai / DA. prItama siMghavI

Page #6
abhiprAya zrImatI prItama siMghavI ne "hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa vikAsa zodha prabandha likhA hai / hindI sAhitya se pUrva jo veda se lekara jaina-bauddha sAhitya-saMskRta-prAkRta-apabhraMza meM likhA hai, usame kRSNa svarUpa kA jo vikAsa huA hai, usakA nirUpaNa karake hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa caritra kA jo rUpa milatA hai usakA vivecana kiyA hai / unakA yaha prayala sarvaprathama hai / aisA mere alpajJAna ke AdhAra para kahU~ to anucita nahIM hogaa| vaidika sAhitya meM viSNu ke avatAra rUpa se kRSNa kA carita niSpanna huA hai jabaki jaina dharma meM avatAravAda kA koI sthAna nahIM hone se jaina paraMparA ne apanI dRSTi se mahApuruSoM kA ( zalAkA puruSoM kA ) vibhAjana jo kiyA hai vaha isa prakAra hai-1 24 tIrthaMkara aura 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva, 9 vAsudeva aura 9 prati vAsudeva saba milakara 6, zalAkApuruSa kAlacakra ke utsarpinI aura avasarpinI meM hote haiM / prastuta avasarpinI meM jo 9 vAsudeva hue unameM eka zrI kRSNa bhI hai| vAstavika paristhiti yaha hai ki jainoM ne apane yahA~ arthAt jaina samAja meM jo tIrthaMkara hue unako to mahApuruSoM meM sthAna denA hI thA / kintu samagra samAja meM bhI jo mahApuruSa mAne gae unakI upekSA bhI jaina kara nahIM sakate the / ataeva unhoMne kRSNa-rAma jaise samagra samAja ko jo mAnya the unhe bhI apane mahApuruSo meM samAviSTa kara diyA kintu vartamAna kAlacakra meM unheM tIrthaMkara kA darajA diyA nhiiN| Age calakara ve bhI tIrthakara padavIprApta kara sakeMge aisI bhI vyavasthA banA dI hai| prastuta meM zrImatI siMghavI ne kRSNa carita jo ki jaina matAnusAra vAsudeva koTi meM AtA hai, usakA vistAra se aneka grantho kI tulanA karake kiyA haiM / vizeSakara zrI kRSNa ke jIvana ke tIna pakSa - bAla gopAla, rAjanItika netA aura AdhyAtmika netA - ke viSaya meM hindI grantho kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta hai| unake isa parizrama se, vAcaka ko avazya lAbha hogA aisA meM mAnatA huuN| dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ahamadAbAda 7-1-92 padma bhUSaNa hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * I

Page #7
prAkkathana bhArata adhyAtma-pradhAna deza hai| samaya-samaya para yahA~ aneka mahApuruSa utpanna hue jinhoMne apane-apane samaya meM viziSTa pratiSThA prApta kI / kaI mahApuruSoMne to janamAnasa para itanA gaharA prabhAva DAlA ki unheM Izvara kA avatAra mAna liyA gyaa| unakI pUjA, bhakti, upAsanA Aja bhI kI jAtI hai| purANoM meM dasa evaM caubIsa avatAroM kI carcA hai / yadyapi unameM se sabhI ne vaisI lokazraddhA prApta nahIM kI jaisI zrIrAma aura kRSNa ne prApta kI / viSaya kI maulikatAH- dvArakAdhIza kRSNa ke jIvana kI vibhinna ghaTanAoM ko AdhAra banAkara jaina sAhityakAroM ne vipula sAhitya kA, vibhinna bhAratIya bhASAoM meM sRjana kiyA hai| yaha sAhitya saMskRta, prAkRta tathA hindI bhASA meM jaina sAhityakAroM aura muniyoM ne likhA hai / jainetara samAja tathA adhikAMza jaina samAja isase anabhijJa hai / bahuta sArA sAhitya hastalikhita granthoM ke rUpa meM hai, jo abhI taka prakAzita nahIM hue haiM / zrIkRSNa ke aitihAsika, paurANika tathA dhArmika svarUpa ko hindI jaina sAhitya meM udghATita karane ke lie svataMtra rUpa se anusaMdhAna kA abhAva - sA hai / prastuta viSaya ko adhyayana ke lie cayana karane kA uddezya prastuta sAhitya ko prakAza meM lAnA tathA usameM varNita kRSNa ke tInoM svarUpoM - yogI dharmAtmA kA svarUpa, lalita madhura mopAla kA svarUpa tathA vIra zalAkApuruSa ke svarUpa kA vistRta adhyayana karanA hai / bhAratIya dharma aura saMskRti ke itihAsa meM kRSNa kA vyaktitva vilakSaNa va bahuAyAmI hai / ve eka ora yadi yogezvara haiM to dUsarI ora praNayalIlA meM lIna rahanevAle premI bhI haiM / prakhara kUTanItijJa - rAjanItijJa tathA Adarza sakhA, vicAraka, gRhastha aura upadezaka bhI haiN| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki ve solahoM kalAoM se paripUrNa haiM / bhAratavarSa ke adhikAMza hinduoM kI AsthA hai ki zrIkRSNa viSNu ke avatAra the - kRSNastu bhagavAn svayam / " hindI ke pramukha kavi zrI ghanAnanda ne bhI kahA haiM ki jo karSaNa ke dvArA pApoM kA nAza kare vahI kRSNa hai / hamAre deza ke dhArmika kSetra meM zrIkRSNa apane lokaraMjaka vyaktitva ke kAraNa sAhityAkAroM, kaviyoM evam janasAdhAraNa ke kaNThahAra rahe haiM / bhAratIya sAhitya kI tInoM dhArAoM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika meM, unake jIvana ke vividha rUpoM kI manohara jhA~kiyA~ upalabdha haiM / * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #8
zrIkRSNa zArIrika, mAnasika, Atmika evaM AdhyAtmika-sabhI prakAra kI suSamAoM se vibhUSita the / dArzanikoM, bhaktoM evam kaviyoM ke anusAra unakA zArIrika saMsthAna atyuttama thA aura zarIra kI prabhA nirmala indIvara ke samAna thI / unako vANI gambhIra aura madhura thI / unakA zarIra-bala bhI apratima thA / ve advitIya yoddhA aura kuzala senAnAyaka the / inakI medhA vimala aura buddhi sarjanAtmaka zakti se alaMkRta thI / ve mahAna, dhIra-vIra, kartavya-parAyaNa, buddhimAna, nItivAna, svabhAva se dayAlu, zaraNAgata-vatsala, vinayI aura tejasvI the / ve karmayogI the, - niSkAma karmayogI / unhoMne apane jIvana meM satata niSkAma karma ko apanAyA / vahI unakA jIvanasandeza aura gItA kA jJAna bana gayA / akarmaNyatA aura Alasya ko unhoMne kabhI prazraya nahIM diyA / isake sAtha hI unhoMne kore bhAgyavAda ko nirAsita kara puruSArthavAda kA mahattva sthApita kiyA / sabase bar3I bAta jo kRSNa ke viSaya meM kahI jA sakatI hai vaha yaha hai ki zrIkRSNa ne apanI ora se kabhI kisI ko nahIM satAyA aura na apanI ora se vyartha hI yuddha karake raktapAta kiyA, yA na kahIM kisI para yuddha thopane kA prayAsa kiyA / yahA~ taka ki AtatAyI jarAsaMdha aura zizupAla ko bhI prAyazcitta ke aneka avasara pradAna kie / jaina kRSNacaritra ke anusAra kRSNa na to koI divya puruSa the, na to Izvara ke avatAra yA svayaM bhagavAna, ve mAnava hI the / Izvara kI tamAma udAtta evaM utkaTa zaktiyA~ bhI mAnava-jIvana meM hI apanI sampUrNa bhavyatA ke sAtha prasphuTita hotI haiM taba vizva unake samakSa vismayAnanda vimugdha hokara nata mastaka hotA hai aura sahasra-sahasra kaNThoM se unakA abhivAdana karatA hai / kRSNa aise hI asAdhAraNa puruSa the / ve svabhAva se ahiMsAvAdI the / jaina granthoM meM eka bhI aisA prasaMga nahIM AyA hai jisameM zrIkRSNa ne zikAra khelA ho, aura mAMsAhAra kiyA ho / yaha una para unake cacere bhrAtA ariSTanemi (neminAtha) kA prabhAva mAnA jAtA hai jo jainoM ke 22 veM tIrthaMkara hue| zrIkRSNa ke jIvana ke prasaMgoM ko paurANika sAhitya meM vistAra se Alokita kiyA gayA hai / kintu bahuta se aise prasaMgoM kA varNana bhI isa sAhitya meM hai, jinakA varNana bauddha yA jaina sAhitya meM nahIM huA hai / tathApi mahAbhArata, harivaMzapurANa, zrImadbhAgavata purANa Adi meM upalabdha kRSNakathA tathA jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha kRSNakathA para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to donoM paramparAoM kI kathAoM ke caritanAyaka kRSNa eka hI lagate haiM / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * I

Page #9
kyoMki kaMsa-vadha, dvArakA meM rAjya sthApanA, rukmiNI se vivAha, kAlasaMvara ke prasaMga, jarAsaMdha-vadha ityAdi ke prasaMga donoM meM hI lagabhaga samAna rUpa meM upalabdha haiM / donoM meM hI kRSNa kI advitIya vIratA tathA parAkrama kA yazogAna huA hai| donoM vicAradhArAoM ke antara kI dRSTi se jaina-kathA ke ariSTanemi viSayaka prasaMga, mahAbhArata meM varNita yuddha kA svarUpa tathA usameM kRSNa dvArA gItA ke tattvajJAna kA upadeza evaM zrImadbhAgavata purANa meM varNit kRSNa gopiyoM ke prasaMgoM para hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa hotA hai| sAmya aura antara ke ye prasaMga kRSNa-carita ke aitihAsika svarUpa ke anusaMdhAna meM upayogI ho sakate haiM / vastutaH dvArakAdhIza kRSNa ke aitihAsika evaM paurANika donoM rUpoM kA adhyayana apekSita hai / mahAbhArata kI kathA meM kRSNa ke jisa parAkramapUrNa lokottara vyaktitva kA varNana hai, vaha jaina-kathA meM bhI upalabdha hai / mahAbhArata meM kRSNa, bhagavAna viSNu ke avatAra, bhagavAna vAsudeva ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiM aura unake vAsudevAvatAra kA prayojana duSToM kA dalana hai| __jaina kathA meM kRSNa zalAkA(zreSTha)puruSa vAsudeva kahe gae haiM / isa svarUpa meM ve mahAna vIra evaM zaktizAlI arddha cakravartI nareza ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiM / isa prakAra kRSNa ke vIra svarUpa kI mAnyatA donoM paraMparA meM hai| mahAbhAratetara vaiSNava paurANika sAhitya meM kRSNa ke vIra nAyaka ke lokarakSaka vyaktitva ke sAtha-sAtha unake gokula-pravAsa meM gopa-bAlAoM / 1- mAnuSaM lokamAtiSTha vAsudeva iti zrutaH / asurANAM vadhAdhIya sambhavasya mahItale / / -mahAbhArata : bhISma parva : 66/8 2- zalAkA-puruSoM ke sambandha meM jaina-paraMparAgata viziSTa mAnyatA hai / isa mAnyatA ke anusAra eka kAla khaNDa meM presaTha zalAkA puruSa loka meM janma lete haiM / inakI gresaTha saMkhyA isa prakAra hai:24 tIrthakara, 12 cakravartI, 9 vAsudeva, 9 prativAsudeva tathA 9 baladeva / jaina mAnyatAnusAra kAla anAdi ananta cakra hai / isa cakra ke do mukhya kAla-khaNDa haiM (1) unnatikAla (utsarpiNI) (2) avanati kAla (avasarpiNI) pratyeka kAla-khaNDa ke chaH vibhAga haiM-ati sukha rUpa, sukha rUpa, sukha-duHkha rUpa, duHkha-sukha rUpa, duHkha rUpa, ati duHkha rUpa / ye vibhAga kAlacakra ke vibhinna Are haiN| inameM pravahamAna hokara kAla-cakra sadA calatA rahatA hai / yaha sukha se duHkha kI ora evaM punaH duHkha se sukha kI ora kramazaH calatA rahatA hai| IV . hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #10
ke sAhacarya ke sandarbho ke kAraNa, unake nAyakatva ke mAdhurya-svarUpa kA zanaiHzanaiH vikAsa evaM vistAra hotA gayA hai / lalita kAvyoM evaM unakI paramparA para likhI gaI hindI kAvya-kRtiyoM meM kRSNa ke isI lalita-madhura zRMgArika vyaktitva ko uttarottara pradhAnatA prApta hotI gaI hai aura kRSNa kA vIra rAjapuruSa kA vyaktitva varNana kI dRSTi se gauNa hotA gayA hai / abalattA isameM kathA-purANa-vAcakoM evaM bhAvuka bhaktoM kA bhI yoga hai / jaina sAhityika kRtiyoM meM yaha sthiti nahIM hai / vahA~ kRSNa ke vIra rAjapuruSa ke svarUpa kA varNana hI pramukha rahA hai| koI bhI vyakti yadi pakkA rAjanItijJa ho aura dharmAtmA bhI ho taba usa vyakti kA svarUpa kaisA hogA ? yaha bAta jAnane ke lie zrIkRSNa kA jaina sAhitya meM varNita svarUpa eka uttama udAharaga hai / bhAgavata tathA mahAbhArata ke kRSNa kI tulanA meM jaina sAhitya meM varNita kRSNa kA svarUpa adhika nyAyapUrNa tathA tarkasaMgata hai / jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa ke kapaTa, tathA jhUTha ko bhI jaina dRSTi se tarkasaMgata tathA satya mAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki vaidika dRSTi se aisA pratIta nahIM hotaa| . prastuta grantha tulanAtmaka zodha ke kSetra meM eka navIna aura harI-bharI pagaDaNDI kI ora saMketa karatA hai / isa kSetra meM adyavadhi aneka sambhAvanAoM ke lie avakAza hai / isase jJAna-pipAsA bujhatI nahIM, varan aura adhika bar3hatI hai, jisake pariNAma-svarUpa hamAre samakSa naye hIre-motI apanI AbhA dikhAte haiN| unase hamArI rASTrIya evaM sAMskRtika ekatAdevI kA svarNa-kirITa jagamagA uThatA hai / yaha kahane meM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki prastuta grantha isa dizA meM eka choTA-sA, saMtulita aura vidheyAtmaka prayAsa hai / AzA hai, vidvajjana isakA svAgata kreNge| zodha eka yAtrA kI samApti nahIM, varan durgama patha para agrasara hone aura sarasvatI kI ArAdhanA meM tatpara hone kA utkrama hai| kRtajJatA-jJApana "hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa vikAsa viSayaka mere isa adhyayana evaM cintana ko mUrta rUpa pradAna karane meM jina mahApuruSo, vicArako, lekhakoM, gurujanoM evaM mitroM kA sahayoga rahA hai una sabake prati AbhAra pradarzita karanA maiM apanA punIta kartavya samajhatI huuN| AdaraNIya paMDitavarya, AgamavettA, mahAmanISI udAramanA padma bhUSaNa pro. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyAjI kI preraNA aura mArgadarzana ke binA yaha kArya asambhava thaa| unake RNa kA ullekha mAtra karatI hU~ kyoMki merI icchA hai ki mai sadaiva hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * v

Page #11
unakI RNI banI rahU~ / DaoN bI.esa. agravAla, zrI rUpendrakumArajI pagAriyA, DaoN. caMdrA, DaoN. ojhA, DaoN. nAgara Adi gurujanoM kI maiM kRtajJa haiM, jinhoMne apane bahumUlya vivecana aura sujhAvoM se mujhe protsAhita kiyaa| . DaoN. mahAvIra koTiyA, AcArya candrazekhara sUrijI, AcArya devendra muni evaM anya aneka vidvAnoM evaM lekhakoM kI bhI AbhArI hU~, jinake sAhitya ne na kevala mere cintana ko dizA-nirdeza diyA hai varana jaina granthoM ke aneka mahattvapUrNa sandoM ko binA prayAsa ke mere lie upalabdha karAyA hai| una gurujanoM ke prati, jinake vyaktigata sneha, protsAhana evaM mArgadarzana ne mujhe isa kArya meM abhUtapUrva sahayoga diyA haiM, yahA~ zraddhA prakaTa karanA bhI merA anivArya kartavya hai / sauhArda, saujanya evaM saMyama kI mUrti DaoN. bhAyANI sA. kI maiM atyanta AbhArI hU~ / apane svAsthya tathA vyaktigata kAryoM kI ciMtA nahI karate hue bhI unhoMne prastuta grantha ke aneka aMzoM ko dhyAnapUrvaka paDhA yA sunA evaM yathAvasara usameM sudhAra evaM saMzodhana ke lie nirdeza bhI diyA / maiM nahIM samajhatI hU~ ki kevala zAbdika AbhAra vyakta karane mAtra se maiM unake prati apane dAyitva se uRNa ho sakatI huuN| lekhanakArya kI vyastatA ke avasara para mere pati tathA baccoM kA jo samaya-samaya para sarAhanIya sahayoga rahA hai, usake liye maiM AbhArI huuN| isa grantha ko prakAzita karane meM pArzva prakAzana dvArA jo sahayoga pradAna kiyA gayA usake liye bhI maiM hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| yaha merA prathama prayAsa hai / isa prayAsa meM merA apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai, sabhI gurujanoM kA diyA huA hai, isameM maiM apanI maulikatA kA bhI kyA dAvA karU~ ? maiMne to anekAneka AcAryo, vicArakoM evaM lekhakoM ke zabda evaM vicAra-sumanoM kA saMcaya kara mA~ sarasvatI ke samarpaNa hetu isa mAlA kA grathana kiyA hai / jise Apake samakSa prastuta kara rahI huuN| DaoN. prItama siMghavI VI * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #12
anukrama prakaraNa peja naM. prathama adhyAya 1-38 prAcIna sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa ke svarUpa kA udbhava . . evam vikAsa dvitiya adhyAya 39-70 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa-kathA kA svarUpa, usakI rUparekhA tathA pramukha ghaTanAe~ tatIya adhyAya 71-14 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa varNana caturtha adhyAya 115-165 vaidika kAla se Adhunika kAla taka vaiSNava sAhitya meM kRSNa ke svarUpa-vikAsa aura hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa ke svarUpa vikAsa se - usakI tulanA . pariziSTasaMdarbha grantha sUcI

Page #13
hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa DaoN. prItama siMghavI

Page #14

Page #15
prathama adhyAya "prAcIna sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa ke svarUpa kA udbhava evam vikAsa bhUmikAH ___ bhArata ke prAcIna sAhitya evaM saMskRti meM bhagavAna zrIkRSNa kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / zrIkRSNa kI lIlAoM se sambandhita kathAe~ vaiSNava, jaina aura bauddha sampradAyoM se sambandhita sAhitya meM vividha rUpoM meM prApta hotI haiM / vaiSNava sampradAya kI dRSTi se bhagavAna zrIkRSNa viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAte haiM to jaina-paramparA meM ve eka bhAvI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM / bauddha-paramparA meM bhI zrIkRSNa ko buddha bhagavAna ke avatAra ke rUpa meM mAnakara unake prati apanI AsthA prakaTa kI hai / yahI nahIM, ina tInoM sampradAyoM ke atirikti kucha anya bhAratIya sampradAyoM ke sAhitya meM bhI zrIkRSNa sambandhI vividha kathAe~ dekhane meM AtI haiM / Adhunika yuga meM to kucha vidvAnoM ne zrIkRSNa aura krAisTa taka ko eka siddha karane kI bhI koziza kI hai / ina saba aitihAsika tathyoM kA vizleSaNa karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kevala vaiSNava sampradAya meM hI nahIM, balki bhArata ke vibhinna dhArmika evam sAMskRtika granthoM meM kRSNa sambandhI vibhinna kathAe~ milatI haiM / kRSNa se sambandhita darzana evaM bhakti kI vyApakatA ko dekhate hue isa bAta meM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki bhAratIya dharmasAdhanA, sAhitya evam samAja para zrIkRSNa ke svarUpa evam caritra kA prabhAva hajAroM varSoM se calA A rahA haiM / hama yahA~ apane zodha prabandha ke viSaya kA anuzIlana se pahale, eka pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM yaha spaSTa karanA Avazyaka samajhate haiM ki jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa sambandhI sAhitya kI racanA se pUrva kRSNa zabda kA prayoga tathA zrIkRSNa ke svarUpa kA vikAsa kina-kina matoM, aura kina-kina bhASAoM meM, kina-kina rUpoM meM sthApita ho cukA thA / 1. vaidika sAhitya meM kRSNa :(ka) vedoM meM kRSNa - prAcIna dharma, darzana, saMskRti evam sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha Rgveda hI hai / vaidika vAGmaya meM kRSNa ke asAdhAraNa, adbhuta evam alaukika vyaktitva aura kRtitva para vistAra se prakAza DAlA gayA hai / kintu yaha samajhanA samIcIna na hogA ki kRSNa nAmaka eka 1. hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #16
hI viziSTa vyakti hue haiM / vizAla adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki devakI putra kRSNa se bhinna anya kRSNa bhI hue haiM / jinakA apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa sAhitya meM ullekha huA haiM / Rgveda saMhitA meM aneka bAra kRSNa kA nAma AyA haiM / kRSNa sUtroM ke racayitA bhI mAne gaye haiM / sUtroM ke racayitA kRSNa AMgirasa gotra ke the| Rgveda ke aSTam maNDala, 74 veM maMtra ke sraSTA RSi kRSNa batalAye gaye haiM / aSTam maNDala ke 85, 86, 87 tathA dazam maNDala ke 42, 43, 44 veM sUtroM ke RSi kA nAma bhI kRSNa hI hai / kintu vidvAnoM kA abhimata haiM ki ye kRSNa devakIputra kRSNa se bhinna haiM / kRSNa RSi ke nAma para kArNAyana gotra pracalita huA / vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki isa gotra-pravartaka ke nAma para hI vasudeva ke putra kA nAma kRSNa rakhA gayA hai / Rgveda kI anya do zAkhAoM meM apatya bAlaka ke rUpa meM kRSNiya' zabda AyA hai / AMgirasa RSi ke ziSya kRSNa kA nAma kauSItaki brAhmaNa meM milatA hai / aitareya AraNyaka meM kRSNa harita nAma AyA hai / 6 kRSNa nAmaka eka asura rAjA apane dasa sahasra sainikoM ke sAtha aMzumatI (yamunA) ke taTavartI pradeza meM rahatA thA bRhaspati kI sahAyatA lekara indra ne use parAjita kiyA / Rgveda meM indra ko kRSNAsura kI garbhavatI striyoM kA vadha karane vAlA bhI kahA hai / Rgveda meM 'viSNu zabda kA prayoga anekArtha aura vipula hai / kintu isakI eka vizeSatA yaha hai / ki vaha sarvatra eka divya mahAn aura vyApaka zakti kA pratIka rahA hai / viSNu ke vividha rUpoM kA varNana je.. goMDA nAmaka vidvAna ne vistArapUrvaka kiyA hai / viSNu kI zakti kA uttarottara vikAsa brAhmaNa granthoM meM milatA hai / viSNu ke vaiziSTya kI kathAe~ zatapatha brAhmaNadeg aura. taitirIyAraNyaka meM milatI haiM / aura usakI mahattA 1- braja kA sAMskRtika itihAsa : prabhudayAla mittala, pR. 15-16 / 2- vaiSNavijma-zaivijma-bhaNDArakara, pR. 15 / 3- hindI sAhitya meM rAdhA : dvArakAprasAda mittala, pR.28 / 4- vahI, pR. 28 / 5- Rgveda 1-116-23, 17-7 / 6- kRSNo hatAMgiraso brAhmaNAm chaMsIya tRtIyaM savanaM dadarza - sAMkhyAyana brAhmaNa a. 3 AnandAzrama pUnA / 7- aitareya AraNyaka 3/2/6 / 8- Rgve da 1/10/11 / 9- je. goMDA : eksapekTa oNpha aralI vaiSNavijma, pR.3 / 10- zatapatha 1/2/5 / 14-1-1 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 2

Page #17
maitreya upaniSada aura kaThopaniSada' meM bhI batAI gaI hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM nArAyaNa kA bhI ullekha hai / Rgveda meM pAMcarAtra satra kA prayojaka puruSa tathA puruSa-sUkta kA kartA bhI nArAyaNa ko batAyA haiM / taitirIyAraNyaka meM nArAyaNa ko sarvaguNa-samapanna kahA hai| zrI dharmAnanda kosAmbI ne Rgveda kI tIna RcAoM kA udAharaNa dekara, yaha siddha karane kI koziza kI hai ki ina RcAoM meM jisa kRSNa kA ullekha huA hai, yaha mahAbhArata ke zrIkRSNa ho sakate haiM / kosAmbI ke isa dRSTikoNa kA vizleSaNa karane se pahale hama yahA~ ina RcAoM kA artha denA Avazyaka samajhate haiM / "vaha zIghragAmI kRSNa dasa hajAra senA ke sAtha aMzumatI nadI ke samIpa AyA / cAroM ora mahAzabda karane vAle usa kRSNa ke pAsa indra AyA aura sandhi karane ke vicAra se usane kRSNa se mitratA kI bAtacIta Arambha kI / apanI senA se kahA, aMzumatI kI taMga ghATI meM jaMgala meM chIpakara baiThe hue usa dUragAmI aura AkAza ke samAna tejasvI kRSNa ko maiM dekha rahA hU~ aura vIroM, merI icchA hai ki aba tuma usase yuddha karo / tadanantara usa kRSNa ne apanI senA aMzumatI nadI kI ghATI meM ekatra kI aura baDA parAkrama dikhAyA cAroM ora se caDhAI karane vAlI isa devetara senA ko indra ne bRhaspati kI sahAyatA se parAjita kiyA (athavA indra ne isa senA ke AkramaNa sahana kie / ) inhI RcAoM ke AdhAra para zrI kosAmbI ne yaha niSkarSa vyakta kiyA hai ki kRSNa para AkramaNa karane ke lie indra ke apane deza se aMzamatI nadI taka pahu~cane para vahA~ kRSNa ne aise vikaTa sthAna para apanI senA kA 1- kaThopaniSada 3/6 / 2- zatapatha brAhmaNa 13-3-4 / 3- Rgveda 12/6/1, 12/10/90 / 4- taitirIyAraNyaka 10/11 / 5 "ava drapso aMzumatImatiSThadiyAnaH kRSNo dazabhiH sahasro / ___ AgatamindraH zacyA dhamantamapasnehitIpaNA adhata // drapsamapazyaM - viSNu carantamupahvare nadyo aMzamatyAH / nabho na kRSNabhavatasthivAMsamivyAmi vo vRSNo yudhyatAo / adya drapso aMzumatyA upastheadhArayattatvaM titviSANaH vizo adevIramyA caratIddhRhaspatinA yujendraH sasAhe Rgveda 3/96/13/15 / 3 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #18
vyUha racA ki indra ke lie usa para AkramaNa karanA kaThina ho gayA / parAjaya na hone ko hI vijaya mAnakara indra vahA~ se pIche haTA yA yaha kahie ki isa saMkaTa se vRhaspati ne use bcaayaa| ___ Rgveda meM kRSNa-indra ke saMgharSa ke isa ullekha para vicAra karane ke sAtha hI bhAgavata purANa ke dazam skandha ke caubIsaveM aura paccAsaveM adhyAyoM meM varNita kRSNa-indra ke saMgharSa kI kathA kA bhI kosAmbI ne ullekha kiyA hai / tadnusAra - nandAdika gopAloM ne yajJa se indra ko santuSTa karane kA vicAra kiyA, para kRSNa ko yaha bAta pasanda nahIM AI / usane sAdA bhojana karane ko bAdhya kiyA aura gopa-gopiyoM ko lekara vaha govardhana parvata kI ora calA gayA / isakA yaha kArya indra ko acchA nahIM lagA aura usane mUsalAdhAra varSA karake gokula kA nAza karane kA prayatna kiyA / taba kRSNa ne govardhana parvata hAtha para uThA liyA aura usake nIce gokula ko Azraya dekara indra kI kucha nahIM calane dI " zrI kosAmbI ke anusAra bhAgavata kI isa dantakathA kA aura Rgveda kI uparyukta RcAoM kA nikaTa sambandha honA cAhie / bhAgavata kI kathA indra ko devatva prApta hone ke bAda kI hai, tathApi usameM kucha aitihAsika aMza honA cAhie / isa kathA se, uparyukta RcAoM para vicAra karate hue par3hane para, yaha niSkarSa milatA hai-indra ne parAkramI kRSNa para AkramaNa kiyA / indra ke pAsa azvArohI hone ke kAraNa usakI senA balavatI thI / kRSNa kA bala thA gAya, baila aura teja calanevAlI senA / para kRSNa ne aisA sthAna DhUMDha nikAlA ki usake sAmane indra kI kucha na calI, usakI azvArohI senA kucha kAma na A sakI / anta meM use apanI senA lekara lauTa jAnA pdd'aa| ____ paurANika-sAhitya meM devetara (asura) rAjAoM se indra ke saMgharSa kI aneka kathAe~ varNita haiM / isase hama yaha anumAna lagA sakate haiM ki indra jisa jana(kabIlA)kA pramukha thA, vaha jaise-jaise bhArata bhUmi para Age bar3hA, usase pahale base hue janoM se saMgharSa huA / Rgveda meM jina pAMca pramukha janoM (kabIlo) kA ullekha hai, unameM yadu kabIlA bhI thA / 2 indra se saMgharSa meM isa kabIle ke sAhasI yuvakoM kA netRtva parAkramI kRSNa ne kiyA-yaha hama Rgveda kI upara uddhata RcAoM se artha grahaNa kara sakate haiM / astu / jo bhI ho, parantu isa Rgvedika ullekha se yaha spaSTa hai ki indra kA yaha pratispardhI 1- bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA-dharmAnanda kosAmbI, hindI anuvAdaH pR.47-48 2- prAcIna bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti-dAmodara dharmAnanda kosAmbI, (hindI anuvAda-pR. 146) hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 4

Page #19
kRSNa Rgveda kAla meM apane advitIya parAkrama tathA vIratA ke lie pratiSThA prApta kara cukA thA / : kha : upaniSadoM meM kRSNa : upaniSada - sAhitya meM paryApta prAcIna mAnI jAnevAlI racanA chAndogya upaniSad' meM devakIputra kRSNa ke AdhyAtmika guru ghora AMgirasa kA varNana milatA hai / isa upaniSad ke adhyAya 3 khaNDa 17 meM AtmayajJopAsanA kA varNana hai / isa yajJa kI dakSiNA ke rUpa meM tapa, dAna, Arjava - ( saralatA), ahiMsA aura satya vacana kA ullekha hai / yaha yajJa - darzana ghora AMgirasa RSi ne devakIputra kRSNa ko sunAyA thA isa upadeza ko sunakara kRSNa kI anya vidyAoM ke viSaya meM koI tRSNA nahIM rahI / ghora AMgirasa ne kRSNa ko yaha bhI upadeza diyA thA ki jaba mAnava kA anta samaya nikaTa Aye taba use tIna mantroM kA japa karanA cAhie 1 1 - tvaM akSatamasi - tU avinazvara hai / 2 - tvaM acyutamasi - tU ekarasa meM rahane vAlA hai / 3- tvaM prANasaMzitamasi - tU prANiyoM kA jIvanadAtA hai / 2 isa, prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki devakIputra zrIkRSNa kA sarva prathama ullekha hameM chAndogya upaniSad meM milatA haiM / : ga : mahAbhArata meM kRSNa : 'mahAbhArata' meM kRSNa do rUpoM meM nirUpita hue milate haiM / eka to mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM evam dUsare devatA ke rUpa meM / 'mahAbhArata' kA racanAkAla 350 I. pUrva mAnA gayA hai / 3 'mahAbhArata' kA mahad aMza prakSipta mAnA jAtA hai / 'harivaMzapurANa' 'mahAbhArata' kA likhA aMza arthAt prakSipta aMza hai / isameM zrIkRSNa kI 1 - ataH yat tapodAnamArjavamahiMsA satyavacanamititA asya dAkSINA / - chAndoghya upaniSad 3 / 1728 2 - tadvaitad ghoraM AMgirasa; kRSNAya devakI putrAyoktvovAcA'pipAsa eva sa babhUva, so'ntavelAyAmetattrayaM pratipadye tAkSatamasyacyutamasi prANasa - zitamasIti 3- vaiSNava dharma no saMkSipta itihAsa - ke. zAstrI, pR. 39 chAnyogyopaniSada : pR. 3, khaNDa 18 5 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #20
lIlAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / vinTara niTja ne isako mahAbhArata kA prakSipta aMza mAnA hai / isakA racanAkAla cauthI zatAbdI hai / vinTara niTja ne mahAbhArata ke tIna saMskaraNa mAne haiM, arthAt mahAbhArata tIna bAra saMpAdita huA hai / prathama saMskaraNa meM 8800 zloka haiM / dUsare saMskaraNa meM 24000 zloka haiM aura tIsare saMskaraNa meM 100000 (eka lAkha) zloka haiM / mahAbhArata ke jisa aMza meM kRSNa kA mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM citraNa huA hai, vaha apekSAkRta adhika prAcIna hai tathA devatA evam brajavAsI gopAla kRSNa ke rUpa kA jo aMza hai, vaha paravartI kAlpanika evam prakSipta aMza hai / kRSNa jaba pANDavoM ke salAhakAra ke rUpa meM hote haiM taba ve pUrNa mAnava haiM / mahAbhArata kAla meM kRSNa eka ora jahA~ vIra yoddhA the, to dUsarI ora se vAsudeva, nArAyaNa aura Izvara ke avatAra bhI the / adhika vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki mahAbhArata kAla meM kRSNa meM avatAratva kA Aropa hone lagA thA / mahAbhArata meM govinda zabda milatA hai / usakA artha gocAraNa karane vAle kRSNa nahIM, kintu go arthAt pRthvI, vida arthAt rakSA karane vAle / yaha eka prasiddha purANakathA hai ki viSNu ne varAha avatAra lekara pRthvI kI rakSA kI thI / DaoN. bhaNDArakara ne govinda zabda ko go+viMda zabda se vyutpanna mAnA hai / DaoN. bhaNDArakarane kezInisUdana ko bhI kRSNa kA nAma na mAnakara indra kA vizeSaNa mAnA hai / jaise govinda, gopAla, kRSNa jaise vizeSaNoM kA sambandha kRSNa se kara liyA gayA, vaise hI Rgveda meM prayukta go, vRSNi, gopa, braja, rAdhA, rohiNI ina nAmoM kA kRSNa ke sAtha sambandha na hone para bhI inako kRSNa ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai / jisa prakAra ghora. AMgirasa kRSNa kA sambandha mahAbhArata ke kRSNa ke sAtha joDa diyA gayA hai, usI taraha govinda, gopAla, kRSNa, go, gopa, viSNu, rAdhA, rohiNI aura arjuna zabdoM kA sambandha bhI purANakAla meM kRSNa ke sAtha jor3a diyA gayA hai / 'mahAbhArata' meM dvArakAvAsI kRSNa ke jIvana kA varNana milatA hai aura vaha bhI bAla evam kizora nahIM, para samartha yoddhA, rAjanItijJa evam dArzanika ke rUpa meM / kRSNa ke vAsudeva nAma kI pratiSThA mahAbhArata meM tIna rUpoM meM batAI gaI hai1- harivaMza kA sAMskRtika adhyayana : Amukha-12 2- vahI3- vahI-pR.40 4- sUra sAhitya : AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pR.24 / 5 vaiSNavijma eNDa zaivijma : bhaNDArakara, pR. 51 / 6- vahI, pR.51 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 6

Page #21
(1) vyApakatA kI dRSTi se jagat ke nivAsa rUpa evam jagata ke prakAzaka sUrya rUpa hone se / (2) vRSNiyoM se vAsudeva nAma se prasiddha hone ke kAraNa / 2 (3) vAsudeva upAdhidhArI pauNaDraka rAjA puruSottama tathA karavIrapura ke rAjA zRgAla kA vadha karake apane eka mAtra vAsudevatva ko pramANita karane ke kAraNa / 3 DaoN. bhaNDArakara mAnate hai ki - "vAsudeva, nArAyaNa tathA viSNu ke ekIkaraNa ne vaiSNavadharma, bhAgavata dharma yA sAtvata dharma ke lie eka puSTa AdhArabhUmi taiyAra kI / isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki kRSNa ke aitihAsika vyaktitva ko kiMcit aMza meM prastuta karane kA sarva prathama prayAsa 'mahAbhArata' meM huA hai / 'mahAbhArata' kisI aMza meM aitihAsika grantha to haiM hI 'mahAbhArata' meM kRSNa ke vyaktitva kI tIna sthitiyA~ to spaSTa haiM / (1) sAmAnya mAnava, arjuna ke mitra aura pANDavoM ke hitecchu evam salAhakAra, (2) laukika evaM alaukika zakti sampanna, (3) parabrahma / 'mahAbhArata' meM kRSNa nara rUpa meM avarita hokara bhI nArAyaNa rUpa kI sabhI viziSTatAoM se yukta haiM / " nArAyaNaM namaskRtya naraM caiva narottamam " kahakara mahAbhAratakAra ne unakA abhinandana kiyA hai / unake divya mAnavIya svarUpa ke darzana hameM 'mahAbhArata' meM hote haiM / I 'mahAbhArata' ke kRSNa kA vyaktitva AkarSaka hai / indranIlamaNi ke samAna unakA zyAma - varNa zobhAyukta thA / kamala saddasa unake netra the, suDaula, manamohaka unakI bAhya chabi thI / apane apratima rUpa ke sAtha hI ve atula balasampanna bhI the unakA uttama caritra sabhI prakAra ke zreSTha guNoM aura AdarzoM kI khAna hai / ve mahAna vIra, mitrajanoM ke prazaMsaka, jAti aura bandhu-bAndhavoM ke premI, kSamAzIla, ahaMkArarahita, brAhmaNabhakta, bhayAturoM kA bhaya dUra karane vAle, mitroM kA Ananda baDhAne vAle, samasta prANiyoM ko zaraNa dene vAle, dIna-duHkhiyoM ko pAlane meM tatpara, zAstrajJAna - sampanna dhanavAna, 1 - mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, adhyAya 342, zloka 20-21 / 2 - 'gItAM - vRSNInAM vAsudevo'smi, 0 - 37 / 3 - harivaMza purANaM viSNu parva 44 / 22- 29 / 4- hindI kRSNakAvya : paramparA kA svarUpa vikAsa, pR. 17 / 5- di kalcarala herITeja oNpha inDiyA - Do. rAma svAmI ailiyora, volyUma -2 pR. 85 / 7* hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #22
sarvabhUtavandita, zaraNAgata ko vara dene vAle, zatru ko abhaya dene vAle, dharmajJa, nItijJa, vedoM ke vaktA, tathA jitendraya kahe gaye haiN| ve dhairyazAlI, parAkramI, buddhimAna aura tejasvI haiN| isa prakAra kRSNa loka ke rakSaka, dharma va nIti ke saMsthApaka aura Adarza puruSottama haiN| kRSNa kA pramukha kRtya duSTa-dalana ghoSita karake mahAbhArata ke racayitA ne kRSNa kI vIratA tathA parAkrama kA hI varNana kiyA hai / apanI bAta spaSTa karane ke lie hama yahA~ mahAbhArata udyoga-parva kA eka prasaMga uddhRta kara rahe haiM / prasaMga isa prakAra hai kRSNa pANDavoM kI ora se dUta banakara kauravasabhA meM gae isa avasara para kRSNa ko kaida karane kI yojanA duryodhana ne banAI / yaha bAta vidura ko mAlUma par3I duryodhana kI bhatsarnA karate hue vidura ne kRSNa ke parAkrama, bala tathA vIratA kA isa prakAra varNana kiyA hai :-3 1-" vIro mitrajana zlAdhI, jJAti-bandhujanapriyaH / __ kSamAvAzcAnahaMvAdI, brahmajJo brahmanAyakaH / bhayahartA bhayArtAnAM, mitrANAM nandivardhanaH // zaraNyaM sarvabhUtAnAM dInAnAM pAlane rataH / zrutavAnarthasampannaH sarvabhUta namaskRtaH ____samAzritAnAM varadaH zatrUNAmapi dharmavit nItijJo nItisampanno, brahmavAdI jitendiyaH / / mahAbhArata anuzAsana parva, 147/19-20 / 2- tasmina dhRtizca, vIrya ca prajJA caujazcamAdhave / udyoga parva 95/9 / 3- "duryodhana nibodhedaM bacanaM mama sAmpratam / . ___saumadvAre dAnavendro dvivido nAma nAmataH / zilAvarSeNa mahatA adayAmAsa kezavam // 41 / grahItukAmo vikramya sarveyalena mAdhavam / grahItuM nAzakaccainaM taM tvaM prArthyate balAt / / 42 prAgjyotiSmataM zauri narakaH saha dAnavaiH / grahItuM nAzakta tatra taM tvaM prArthyase balAt / / 43 aneka yugavarSAyurnihatya narakaM mRSa / nItvA kanyA sahasraNi upayeme yathAvidhi / / 44 (zeSa agale pRSTha para) hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 8

Page #23
saumadvAra meM dvivida nAma se prasiddha bAnara-rAja rahatA thA / usane eka dina pattharoM kI bhArI varSA karake kRSNa ko AcchAdita kara diyA / usane aneka parAkramapUrNa upAyoM se kRSNa ko pakar3anA cAhA, parantu inheM nahIM pakar3a sakA prAgjotiSpura meM narakAsura ne kRSNa ko bandI banAne kI ceSTA kI parantu vaha bhI saphala na ho sakA / kRSNa ne narakAsura ko mArakara usake yahA~ bandI sahasroM rAja-kanyAoM kA uddhAra kiyA / nirmocana meM chaha hajAra bar3e-bar3e asuroM ko inhoMne pAzoM meM bA~dha liyA / ve asura bhI jinheM bandI nahIM banA sake una kRSNa ko tuma balapUrvaka vaza meM karanA cAhate ho / ' bharata zreSTha, inhoMne bAlyAvasthA meM pUtanA kA vadha kiyA thA, aura gopoM kI rakSA ke lie govardhana parvata ko dhAraNa kiyA thA / ariSTAsura, dhenuka, mahAbalI cANura, azvarAja kezI aura kaMsa bhI kRSNa ke hAtha se mAre gae the / jarAsaMdha, dantavakra, parAkramI zizapAla aura bANAsura bhI inhIM ke hAtha se mAre gae haiM tathA anya bahuta se rAjAoM kA bhI inhoMne saMhAra kiyA hai / amita tejasvI kRSNa ne varuNa para vijaya pAyI hai tathA agnideva ko bhI nirmocane SaT sahasrA : vAzairvadvA mAsurAH / grahItuM nAzakaMkSacainaM taM tvaM prArthyase balAt // 45 anena hi hatA bAlye pUtanA zakunI tathA / govardhano ghArItazca gavArthe bharatarSabha / / 46 1- ariSTo dhenukazcaiva cANUrazca mahAbalaH / / azvarAjazca nihataH kaMsazcAriSTamAcaran / / 47 jarAsaMdhazca vakrazya zizupAlazca vIryavAn / * vANazca nihata : saMkhoM rAjAnazya niSUditAH // 48 varuNo nirjito rAjA pAvakazcAmitaujasA / pArijAtaM ca haratA jitaH sAdhtAcchacIpatiH / / 49 ekArNave ca svapatA nihato madhukaiTabho / janmAntaramupAgamya hayagrIvastathA hataH / / 50 aye kartA na kriyate kAraNaM cApi pauruSe / ____ yad yadiccheIM zauristat tat kuryAdayatmataH / / 51 . taM na biyati govinda ghoravikramamacyutam / ___ AzI viSamivaM kRddhaM tejogazimaninditam // 52 pradharSayan mahAbAhuM kRSNamavilaSTakAriNam / pataMgoagnimisadya sAmAtyo na bhaviSyati // 53 mahAbhArata : udyoga parva 30/41-53 / 9 . hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #24
parAjita kiyA hai / pArijAtaharaNa karate samaya inhoMne sAkSAt zacipati indra ko bhI jItA hai / inhoMne ekArNava ke jala meM sote samaya madhu aura kaiTabha nAmaka daityoM ko mArA thA aura dUsarA zarIra dhAraNa karake hayagrIva nAmaka rAkSasa kA bhI inhoMne vadha kiyA thA ye hI sabake kartA haiM, inakA dUsarA koI kartA nahIM hai / sabake puruSArtha ke kAraNa bhI ye hI haiN| ye jo bhI cAheM vaha anAyAsa hI kara sakate haiM / apanI mahimA se kabhI cyuta na hone vAle ina govinda kA parAkrama bhayaMkara hai / tuma inheM acchI taraha nahIM jAnate / ye krodha meM bhare hue viSaghara sarpa ke samAna bhayAnaka haiM / ye satpuruSoM dvArA prazaMsita evaM teja kI rAzI haiM / anAyAsa hI mahAna parAkrama karane vAle mahAbAhu kRSNa kA tiraskAra karane para tuma apane maMtriyoM sahita usI prakAra naSTa ho jAoge, jaise pataMgA agni meM paDakara bhasma ho jAtA hai| isa samasta vivaraNa meM vidura ke mAdhyama se kRSNa kI vIratA tathA parAkrama kA hI varNana hai / kRSNa kI vIratA kAla pAkara pUjanIya banI mahAbhArata meM unake vIratApUrNa kRtyoM ke sAtha unakI vAsudeva saMjJA abhinna rUpa se jur3I huI hai / bhISma parva meM brahmAjI dvArA bhagavAna viSNu se kI gaI prArthanA meM yaha spaSTa ullekha hai ki prabho, Apa vAsudeva nAma se vikhyAta hokara kucha kAla taka manuSya loka meM raheM aura vahA~ asuroM kA vadha kareM / isa ullekha ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kRSNa kI vAsudeva saMjJA kA sambandha unake vIratApUrNa kRtyoM tathA parAkrama se hai / kRSNa ke vAsudeva svarUpa kI pUjA mUlataH unakI vIratA va parAkrama ko pUjA hai / bhagavAna vAsudeva kA AvirbhAva hI duSToM kA damana kara pRthvI kA bhAra utArane ke lie huA thA mahAbhArata ke pazcAta kRSNa sambandhI jo kathAe~ vibhinna purANoM meM AI haiM, unakA saMkSipta anuzIlana hama Age de rahe haiN| : gha : purANoM meM kRSNa : vaidika sAhitya ke pazcAt vibhinna avatAroM ke caritroM ke AkhyAna purANa sAhitya meM milate haiM / purANoM kI saMkhyA 18 hai, una saba meM kRSNa kA vRttAnta nahIM hai, kevala viSNu, vAyu, zrImadbhAgavata, kUrma, vAmana, brahmANDa, skanda, agni, liMga, brahmavaivarta, garuDa, brahma tathA padmapurANa meM hai| 1- mAnuSaM lokamAtiSTha vAsudeva iti zrutaH / asurANAM vadhArthAya sambhavasya mahItale // mahAbhArata : bhISma parva hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 10

Page #25
purANoM kA krama zabdakalpaduma ke anusAra nimnalikhita rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai1. brahma purANa 10. brahmavaivarta purANa 2. padma purANa 11. liMga purANa 3. viSNu purANa 12. varAha purANa 4. ziva purANa 13. skandha purANa 5. bhAgavata purANa 14. vAmana purANa 6. nArada purANa 15. kUrma purANa 7. mArkaNDeya purANa 16. matsya purANa 8. agni purANa 17. garuDa purANa 9. bhaviSya purANa 18. brahmANDa purANa isI zabda-koza meM sUtajI aura brahmA ke saMvAdoM ke mAdhyama se matsya, kUrma, liMga, ziva, skanda aura agni purANoM ko tAmasa purANoM ke rUpa meM, brahmANDa, brahmavaivarta, mArkaNDeya, bhaviSya, vAmana purANa ko rAjasa purANoM ke rUpa meM aura viSNu, nArada, bhAgavata, garUDa, padma aura varAha purANa ko sAttvika purANa ke rUpa meM batAyA gayA hai / isI koza meM Age calakara brahmA ne purANoM ke nAma sUtajI ko isa prakAra batalAe haiN| - 1. brahma purANa 10. brahmavaivarta purANa 2. padma purANa 11. liMga purANa 3. viSNu purANa 12. varAha purANa 4. vAyu purANa 13. skandha purANa 5. bhAgavata purANa 14. vAmana purANa 6. nArada purANa 15. kUrma purANa 7. mArkaNaDeya purANa 16. matsya purANa 8. agni purANa 17. garUDa purANa 9. bhaviSya purANa 18. brahmANDa purANa AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya ne apane purANa vimarza nAmaka grantha meM purANoM kA samaya isa prakAra nirdhArita kiyA hai1. brahma purANa I.sa. 13 vIM zatI 2. padma purANa I..sa. 16 vIM zatI ___ 11 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #26
3- viSNu purANa I.sa. 100se 300 I. taka 4. vAyu purANa I.sa. 350-550 ke bIca kA 5. zrImadbhAgavata I. chaThI zatI 6. nAradIya purANa I. 700 se 900 ke bIca 7. mArkaNDeya purANa I. 400 se 500 ke bIca 8. agni purANa I. 700 se 900 I.ke bIca 9. bhaviSya purANa I. 10 vIM zatI 10. brahmavaivarta purANa I. navama dasama zatI 11. kalaMga purANa I. aSTam navam zatI 12. varAha purANa I. navam-dazam zatI 13. skandha purANa I. saptam-navam zatI 14. vAmana purANa I. 600 se 900 ke bIca 15. kUrma purANa I. 600 se 700 ke bIca 16. matsya purANa I. 200 400 ke bIca 17. garUDa purANa I. 900 ke AsapAsa 18. brahmANDa purANa I. 600 se 900 ke bIca yadi hama AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya kI isa mAnyatA ko svIkAra kareM to purANoM kI racanA kA krama isa prakAra hogA1. viSNu purANa I.sa. 100 se 300 ke madhya 2. matsya purANa I.sa. 200 se 400 3. vAyu purANa / I.sa. 350 se 550 . 4. mArkaNDeya purANa I.sa. 400 se 500 zrImadbhAgavata I.sa. 501 se 600 . kUrma purANa I.sa. 600 se 700 7. vAmana purANa I.sa. 600 se 900 8. brahmANDa purANa I.sa. 600 se 900 " 9. skanda purANa I.sa. 601 se 900 10. agni purANa I.sa. 700 se 900 11. nAradIya purANa I.sa. 700 se 900 12. liMga purANa I.sa. 701 se 900 ke madhya . . . . . . . . . . hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 12

Page #27
13. varAha purANa I.sa. 801 se 1000 " 14. brahmavaivarta purANa I.sa. 809 se 1000 15. garuDa purANa I.sa. 900 se AsapAsa 16. bhaviSya purANa I.sa. 901 se 1300 I. 17. brahma purANa I.sa. 1201 se 1300 I. 18. padma purANa I.sa. 1501 se 1600 arthAt sarva prathama viSNu purANa kI racanA huI aura aMta meM padma purANakI / aba hama ina purANoM meM AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya dvArA die gae kAlacakra ke anusAra kRSNa ke svarUpa-vikAsa kA zodha-paraka adhyayana prastuta kara rahe haiN| viSNu purANa : viSNu purANa chaH aMzoM meM vibhakta hai / isake cauthe aMza ke 15 veM adhyAya meM zrIkRSNa ke janma kA varNana hai| aura pAcaveM aMza meM kRSNa kA caritra vistAra se diyA hai / isameM yaha varNana vAsudeva-devakI ke vivAha se prAraMbha hotA hai / isameM arjuna kA ullekha hai, para mahAbhArata ke yuddha kA kahIM saMketa mAtra bhI nahIM milatA hai / isa purANa meM kRSNa kI lIlAoM, unake rAsa khelane tathA unake deha-tyAga taka kA varNana hai / vAyu purANa : . vAyu purANa ke dvitIya khaNDa ke cauMtIsaveM adhyAya meM syamaMtaka maNi kI kathA ke varNana meM kRSNa kA vivaraNa AyA hai / vAyu purANa ke dvitIya khaNDa ke bayAlIsa veM adhyAya meM zrIkRSNa ko akSara brahma ke pare aura rAdhA ke sAtha goloka-lIlA vilAsI batAyA hai / isa purANa ke anusAra yahI upaniSadoM kA arUpa, anirdezya aura anirvAcya brahma hai / yahI kisI nAma dvArA abhihita na kiyA jAnevAlA param tattva hai, jise sAtvata vaiSNava zrIkRSNa kahate haiM / zrImadbhAgavata : zrImadbhAgavata mahApurANa 12 skandhoM meM vibhakta hai / dazam skandha sabase baMDA hai / isake 90 adhyAyoM meM vistArapUrvaka vAsudeva devakI ke vivAha se lekara yAdava kala ke naSTa hone taka kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa purANa meM kRSNa kI bAla-lIlAoM evam rasika lIlAoM kA 1- vAyu purANa : dvitIya khaNDa - a.42 13 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #28
vistArapUrvaka varNana milatA hai / gopikAoM ke sAtha kRSNa rAsalIlA karate haiM / rAdhA kA isameM kahIM nAma nahIM hai / isase spaSTa hotA hai ki kRSNacaritra meM rAdhA ko isa purANa ke racanA kAla taka nahIM jor3A gayA thA rAdhA isa purANa ke racanAkAla kI kalpanA hai / zrImadabhAgavata ke kRSNa ko parama brahma bhI batAyA gayA hai / isake satrahaveM aura unnIsaveM adhyAya meM gopoM aura gAyoM ko dAvAnala se bacAne kA ullekha hai / ikkIsaveM adhyAya meM veNugIta hai / bAvIsaveM adhyAya meM cIraharaNa lIlA kA varNana hai / gItA aura bhAgavata donoM ne zrIkRSNa ko jJAna, zAnti, bala, aizvarya, vIrya aura teja-ina chaha guNoM se viziSTa mAnA haiM / zrImad bhAgavata meM kRSNa ke rUpoM kA citraNa isa prakAra huA hai / - 1. adbhuta-karmA asura-saMhAraka kRSNa, 2. bAlakRSNa 3. gopI bihArI kRSNa 4. rAjanItivettA, kUTanIti-vizArada zrIkRSNa 5. yogezvara zrIkRSNa 6. parabrahmasvarUpa zrIkRSNa bhAgavata ke dvitIya skandha ke saptam adhyAya meM kRSNa aura balarAma ke avatAroM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai / tRtIya adhyAya meM anya lIlAoM kA varNana hai / dazam skandha ke pUrvArdha meM zrIkRSNa kA bAlacaritra tathA gopI-vihAra hai / dazama skandha meM lIlAoM kA vizad citraNa haiM / eka vAkya meM kahA jAya to zrImadbhAgavat meM mahAbhArata, gItA Adi kA samanvaya huA hai| usameM eka ora mahAbhArata meM kurukSetra ke yuddha meM pANDavoM ke sakhA vIra kRSNa kA rUpa tathA dUsarI ora gItA ke sAdhuoM ke paritrANa tathA pApiyoM ke vinAzaka evaM dharma kI sthApanA kara niSkAma karmayoga kA upadeza dene vAle zrIkRSNa kA rUpa nihArane ko milatA hai| kUrma purANa : kUrma purANa ke pUrvArdha meM yaduvaMza kA varNana hai / paccIsaveM adhyAya meM kRSNa putra prApti ke lie mahAdeva Adi kI ArAdhanA karate haiM / sattAIsaveM adhyAya meM sAmba Adi kumAroM kA varNana hai / isa purANa meM zrIkRSNa kA svadhAma-gamana kA bhI vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / vAmana purANa : vAmana purANa meM kezI, sura tathA kAlanemi ke vadha kI kathA hai / brahmANDa purANa : 1. zrImadbhAgavata : dazama skandha 8-45, 3-13, 24, 25 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 14

Page #29
brahmANDa purANa ke bIsaveM adhyAya meM kRSNa ke janma lene Adi kI ghaTanAe~ haiN| agni purANa : agni purANa ke 12 veM adhyAya meM kRSNAvatAra kI kathA varNita hai / tathA isI purANa ke adhyAya 13,14,15 meM mahAbhArata kI kathA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai jisameM kRSNa-carita kA ullekha hai / agni purANa' viSaya kI vyApti kI dRSTi se bhAratIya saMskRti kA vizvakoza kahalAtA hai / kaI dRSTiyoM se yaha anya purANoM kI apekSA zreSTha hai / isameM alaMkArazAstra kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai| liMga purANa : liMga purANa' ke prathama khaNDa ke 49 veM adhyAya meM kRSNa bhagavAna kA AvirbhAva aura caritra varNana hai / brahmavaivarta purANa : brahmavaivarta purANa meM zrIkRSNa ke carita kA pUrNa vivecana hai / usake terahaveM adhyAya meM kRSNa zabda kI aneka dRSTiyoM se vyAkhyA kI gaI hai kRSNa zabda kA kA akSara brahmavAcaka, 'zra anantavAcaka, Sa' zIrSavAcaka, na dharmavAcaka, a viSNuvAcaka, aura visarga nara-nArAyaNa artha kA vAcaka hai / sarvAdhAra, sarvabIja, aura sarvamUrti svarUpa hone ke kAraNa ve kRSNa kahalAte haiN| isa purANa meM kaSNa ke ardhanArIzvara rUpa kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai / isake anusAra rAdhA kRSNa hI vizva saMcAlaka sattA ke do rUpa haiM / rAdhA kRSNa ke tattva aura lIlAoM kA isa purANa meM vistArapUrvaka varNana huA hai / kRSNa kI bhA~ti isameM rAdhA ko bhI avatAra mAnA gayA hai / isameM rAdhA-pUjA paddhati, rAdhA-kavaca ityAdi kA nirdeza hai / brahmavaivarta purANa ke sRSTi prakaraNa meM bhI anya purANoM kI apekSA bahuta antara hai / anya saba purANoM meM avyakta param brahma ko hI sRSTi kA nimitta batAyA gayA haiM / aura usI se mUla prakRti tathA brahmA, viSNu Adi devoM kI utpatti batalAI hai, para brahmavaivarta purANa meM saba kA srota eka mAtra goloka nivAsI zrIkRSNa ko kahA hai| ukta purANoM ke adhyAya zrIkRSNaguNA kIrtanam meM kRSNa ke guNoM kA 1. brahmavaivarta purANa : 13/55-68 / 15 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #30
kIrtana nirupita kiyA gayA hai / garuDa purANa: garUDa purANa ke AcAra kANDa meM kRSNa-lIlAoM kA varNana hai / isame pUtanA-vadha, yamalArjuna uddhAra, kAliyadamana, govardhana dhAraNa, kesIcANUra vadha, saMdIpani guru se zikSAlAbha Adi sabhara kathAe~ saMkSepa meM dI gaI haiM / gopiyoM kA tathA kRSNa kI rukmiNI, satyabhAmA, Adi aSTa patniyoM kA ullekha hai, kintu rAdhA kA nAma nahIM AyA hai / 23 veM adhyAya meM gItA kA sAra bhI prastuta kiyA hai / 27 veM adhyAya meM jAmbavatI ke sAtha kRSNa pANigrahaNa kA varNana bhI hai / brahma purANa : 'brahma purANa meM kRSNa kI kathA vistAra se dI gaI hai / brahmapurANa meM adhyAya 180 se 212 taka meM kRSNa-carita varNita hai / isameM kRSNa kI bAla evaM rAsakrIDA Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isake aMtima adhyAya meM AbhIroM ke sAtha arjuna kA yuddha, mlecchoM ke dvArA yAdavastrIharaNa, parIkSita ko rAjya dekara yudhiSThira kA vana-gamana ityAdi kA varNana hai| . . padma purANa : padma purANa ke pAtAla khaNDa meM kRSNa carita kA varNana AyA hai / zrIkRSNa ke mahAtmya kA prarUpaNa 69 veM adhyAya se 72 veM adhyAya taka hai / aura 73 se 83 adhyAya taka vRndAvana Adi kA mahAtmya aura kRSNa lIlA kA varNana hai| ___sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hamane yahA~ purANoM meM varNita kRSNa ke svarUpa kI atyanta sAMketika rUparekhA hI prastuta kI hai| kintu isa rUparekhA se itanA to spaSTa ho hI jAtA hai ki adhikAMza purANoM meM kRSNa ke vibhinna svarUpoM se saMbaMdhita jo mAnyatAe~ sthApita kI gaI thIM, unake kAraNa hI purANottara kAlIna dharma, samAja, loka-saMskRti aura sAhitya para unakA vyApaka prabhAva par3A hai| harivaMza purANa : __ yaha eka vaiSNava purANa hai / tathA isakA uddezya kRSNa caritra kA utkarSa tathA usakA vistAra karanA hai| sAmAnyataH ise mahAbhArata kA khila (aipiDiksa) kahA gayA hai / arthAt mahAbhArata meM apUrNa raha gaI kucha ghaTanAoM kI pUrti ke lie yaha eka upasaMhAra bhAga kI taraha likhA gayA hai / isakI gaNanA hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 16

Page #31
kaI vidvAna eka svataMtra upapurANa ke rUpa meM bhI karate haiN| harivaMza purANa meM gopAla kRSNa sambandhI sabase adhika kathAe~ haiM / yaha purANa gAthAtmaka hai / aura laukika zailI meM nirmita hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne isako IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI kI kRti mAnA hai / isameM pUtanAvadha, zakaTa-bhaMga, yamalArjuna-patana, mAkhana-corI, kAliya-damana, dhainuka-vadha, govardhana-dhAraNa-Adi lIlAoM kA vistAra se varNana hai / viSNa parva meM kRSNa jIvana kI sampUrNa kathA hai / kRSNa ke saundarya kA nirUpaNa hai|4 yamAlArjuna-bhaMga meM kRSNa va balarAma ke aMgoM kA varNana hai / ' harivaMza ke kRSNa AbAlavRddha sabhI ko priya haiM / jaba kabhI gokula meM upadrava hotA taba gopikAe~ zrIkRSNa ko surakSita dekhane ke lie Akula-vyAkula ho jAtI thiiN| usameM rAsa-lIlA kA bhI varNana hai / zrIkRSNa ko viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / jaina tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi yAdava kula ke the aura kRSNa ke atibandhu the / isakA bhI isa purANa meM ullekha milatA hai / mahAbhArata kI lakSAdhika zloka saMkhyA harivaMza purANa ko isakA aMza mAna lene para hI pUrI hotI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhASA aura viSaya-vaividhya kI dRSTi se purANa eka kAla meM nirmita nahIM hue haiM, apitu inakI vibhinna kAloM meM racanA huI hai / sAmpradAyika AcArya apanI-apanI paramparA ke anukUla ina purANoM meM zrIkRSNa ke caritra kA nirUpaNa karate haiM / : 2 : bauddha sAhitya meM kRSNa : bauddha-kRSNa kathA ghaTa jAtaka meM milatI hai / jAtakoM ko kacha vidvAna mahAbhArata tathA rAmAyaNa kA pUrvavartI mAnate haiM / kintu ghaTa jAtaka ko jAtakoM meM arvAcIna mAnA gayA hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki yaha jAtaka kRSNakathA ke vikasita rUpa kI ora saMketa karatA hai / DaoNkaTara bhAyANI kA mata hai ki ghaTa jAtaka ke brAhmaNa sAhitya kI kisI prasiddha kathA ke prAcIna 1. hindutva - rAmadAsa gaur3a, pR. 49 / 2. hindI sAhitya meM rAdhA - pR. 41 / 3. viSNuparva adhyAya 128 / 4. harivaMza purANa a. 20, zloka 19-20-21 / / 5. adhyAya 7, zloka 7 / 6- Ara. DeviDasa, buddhisTa inDiyA, pR.80 7- Ara.jI. bhaNDAra, vaiSNavijma, zaivijma eNDa di mAinara rilIjasa sisTamsa, 1913, pR. 38 17 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #32
svarUpa ke rUpAntara hone kI pUrNa sambhAvanA hai / kintu itanA dhyAna meM rahe ki IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke bAda koI bhI jAtaka kathA nahIM likhI gaI hai| ghaTa jAtaka ke anusAra bauddha-kRSNa-kathA rUpa isa prakAra hai-uttarApatha ke kaMsa pradeza ke asitAMjana nagara ke rAjA mahAkaMsa kI tIna saMtAnoM meM kaMsa aura upakaMsa do putra the aura devagarbhA eka putrI thI / devagarbhA ke janma para bhaviSyavettA brAhmaNoM ne kahA thA ki usake garbha se jo putra hogA vaha kaMsa pradeza aura kaMsa-vaMza kA nAza karegA / mahAkaMsa kI mRtyu ke pazcAt jaba kaMsa rAjA banA aura upakaMsa yuvarAja huA to unhoMne kula kA nAza bacAne ke lie bahina ko AjIvana kumArI rakhane kA nirNaya kiyA aura eka daNDIya prAsAda banAkara usameM devagarbhA ko akelI rakha diyA / dAsI nandagopA ko isakI paricArikA tathA nandagopA ke pati andhakavRSNi ko ekadaNDIya prAsAda kA rakSaka niyukta kiyA gayA / isI samaya uttara mathurA meM mahAsAgara rAjA rAjya karatA thA jisake sAgara aura upasAgara do putra the / upasAgara aura upakaMsa meM baDI mitratA thI jaba sAgara mathurA kA rAjA banA taba usakI akRpA kA bhAjana banane ke kAraNa upasAgara ko mathurA tyAga kara apane mitra upakaMsa kI zaraNa meM jAnA paDA / vahA~ vaha rAjyasevA meM rakha liyA gayA / kramazaH usakI daSTi ekadaNDIya prAsAda para gaI aura dAsI nandagopA ke dvArA use usakI ekAntavAsinI devagarbhA ke viSaya meM jJAta huA / upasAgara ko devagarbhA ke prati ekAeka anurAga ho gayA / devagarbhA ne upasAgara ko bhAI ke sAtha Ate-jAte rAjamArga meM dekhA to vaha bhI upasAgara para anurakta ho gaI / phira to nandagopA kI sahAyatA se donoM premiyoM kA gupta-milana hone lagA / yaha rahasya taba prakaTa huA jaba devagarbhA garbhavatI huI / vivaza hokara bhAiyoM ne devagarbhA kA vivAha upasAgara se kara diyA / sAtha hI unhoMne nirNaya liyA ki agara use putrI prApta ho to bhale hI jIvita rahe lekina agara putra prApta huA to usakA vadha kara diyA jaaegaa| samaya para devagarbhA ko putrI prApta huI / bhAIyoM ne utsava manAkara usakA nAma aMjanAdevI rakhA / bahina-bahanoI ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie unhoMne govardhamAna nAmakA gA~va unheM diyA aura upasAgara ke sAtha devagarbhA vahA~ rahane lgii| devagarbhA phi, garbhavatI huI, daiva yoga se usI samaya nandagopA bhI garbhavatI banI / jisa dina devagarbhA ko patrotpatti huI usI dina nandagopA ne 1 ghaTa jAtaka, jarnala Ava da gujarAta risarca sosAyaTI, varSa 18, saM. 4, akTubara 1956 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa . 18

Page #33
putrI prasava kiyA / bhAI putra kA vadha kareMge, isa Dara se devagarbhA ne ajJAta rUpa se apanA putra nandagopA ko dekara usakI putrI le lI / isa taraha devagarbhA ko dasa putra hue aura nandagopA ko dasa putriyA~ huI donoM meM ajJAtarUpa meM adala-badala hotA rahA / devagarbhA ke sabase bar3e putra kA nAma vAsudeva thA anya putra baladeva, candradeva, sUryadeva, agnideva, varuNadeva, arjuna, prArjuna, dhRta paMDita tathA aMkura the / dAsI-putra ke nAma se ye putra bar3hane lge| bar3e hokara dasoM bhAI bar3e ddaDha-citta aura svacchanda nikale aura cAroM ora lUTa-pATa karane lage / prajA ne unake utpAta se taMga Akara rAjA se nivedana kiyA / eka dina unhoMne rAjakoSa lUTa liyA / aMdhakavRSNi rAjA ke sAmane prastuta kiyA gayA / prANa saMkaTa meM jAnakara aMdhakavRSNi ne rAjA se abhayavacana prApta kiyA aura sArA satya prakaTa kara diyaa| aba kaMsa upakaMsa ko apane prANoM aura kula kI ora cintA huI / amAtyoM kI maMtraNA se dasoM bhAiyoM ko pakar3akara mAra DAlane kA SaDayaMtra racA gayA / cANUra aura muSTika nAmaka malloM se mallayuddha karane ke lie unheM cunautI bhejI gaI / dasoM bhAI akhAr3e meM praviSTa hue aura dekhate-dekhate baladeva ne donoM malloM kA kAma tamAma kara diyA / kaMsa ne unheM pakar3ane kI AjJA dI usI kSaNa vAsudeva ne usakI ora apanA cakra prerita kiyA aura rAjA tathA usake bhAI kA sira dhaDa se alaga ho gayA / darzaka-prajA vAsudeva ke caraNoM para gira par3I aura usane unheM apanA rakSaka ghoSita kiyA / isa taraha dasoM bhAI mAmA ke rAjya asitAMjana nagara ke adhipati bana gae / isake bAda ve jambUdvIpa kI digvijaya ke lie nikale / ayodhyA ke rAjA kAlasena ko vijita kara ve dvArAvatI nagarI pahu~ce / vahA~ unheM eka apUrva camatkAra dikhAI par3A / jyoM hI ve dvArAvatI para AkramaNa karate vaha nagarI adRzya ho jAtI, unake lauTate hI vaha yathApUrva dazyamAna hone lagatI / anta meM nirAza hokara dasoM bhAI nikaTastha kRSNa dvaipAyana muni ke pAsa gae aura sahAyatA kI yAcanA kI / muni ne camatkAra kA rahasya batAte hue unheM dvArAvatI ke rakSaka gardabha bheSadhArI yakSa ke pAsa bhejA aura usakI anukampA se yukti sIkhakara ve dvArAvatI para adhikAra karane meM saphala hue| samasta jambUdvIpa ko adhikRta kara dasoM bhAiyoM ne use dasa bhAgoM meM bA~Ta liyA aura eka-eka bhAga para rAjya karate hue ve dvArAvatI meM rahane lge| bAda meM aMkura ne apanA bhAga bahina ko sauMpa diyA aura vaha svayaM vyApAra meM laga gayA / 19 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #34
mahArAja vAsudeva ke bar3e putra kI mRtyu huI to ve putrazoka meM unmAda ko prApta hokara rAta-dina usake palaMga kA pAyA pakar3akara baiThe rahane lge| unhe svastha citta banAne ke sAre prayatna viphala ho gae taba dhRta paMDita ne bhAI kA zoka dUra karane ke lie eka yukti socI / vaha svayaM pAgala bana beThA aura candramA ke kharagoza kI taraha raTa lagAne lagA / vAsudeva bAhara nikale aura bhAI se bole-aprApya kI AzA kyoM karate ho ? dhRta paMDita ne kahA- maiM to usa vastu ko mA~ga rahA hU~, jo dRSTi se dikhAI par3a rahI hai / tuma to usa vastu ke lie zoka-magna ho jisakA nAma-nizAna bhI nahIM raha gayA hai / bhAI kI ukti sunate hI vAsudeva kA zoka dUra ho gayA / / eka bAra putra prApti ke vicAra se vAsudeva Adi dasoM bhAI kRSNa dvaipAyana muni kI divyadaSTi kI parIkSA ke lie ge| ve sAtha meM eka choTe laDake ko, usakA garbhavatI strI kA sA peTa banAkara, le gae aura muni se bole - ise putra hogA yA putrI ? rAja-puruSoM kI duSTatA se kupita hokara muni ne kahA - isa vyakti ko Aja se sAtaveM dina lakaDI kI eka gA~Tha paidA hogI aura usase samasta vAsudeva-vaMza kA nAza ho jAegA / muni kI vANI se kRddha hokara kumAroM ne usake gale meM rassI kA phaMdA DAlakara use mAra ddaalaa| sagarbha lar3ake kI dekharekha kI jAne lagI sAtaveM dina usake peTa se eka gA~Tha nikalI to use turanta jalA diyA gayA aura rAkha ko nadI meM bahA diyA gayA / pravAhita hotI huI rAkha nadI ke muhAne para phaila gii| thor3e dinoM meM vahA~ kucha jhAr3iyA~ uga AIM eka dina saba bhAI anya yaduvaMziyoM ke sAtha jalakrIDA ke lie nadI ke mukha ke pAsa gae / khAna-pAna kI vyavasthA huI / phira naze meM cUra hokara ve eka dUsare se kalaha para utara Ae / Asa-pAsa kI jhADiyoM se lakar3iyA~ tor3akara eka dUsare para prahAra karane lage / eka ne rAkha se utpanna huI jhAr3I meM hAtha lagAyA to usake hAtha meM eka pAna AyA jo dekhate-dekhate eka muMgarI bana gayA / yaha dekhakara sabane yahI kiyA aura hara eka ke hAtha meM eka muMgarI ho gaI / phira Amane-sAmane muMgariyA~ calane lagI aura eka-eka karake saba dharAzAyI ho gae / kevala, vAsudeva, aMjanA aura rAjapurohita baca gae / ve ratha meM baiThakara bhAga nikle| , kAlamRtikA aTavIM meM pahoMcane para unakA sAmanA eka gaMdharva se huA / jo pUrva-janma meM muSTika malla thA aura baladeva se apane vaira kA badalA lene ke lie gandharva banakara yahA~ upasthita thaa| usake yuddha kA AhvAna suna jyoM hI baladeva usakI ora bar3he usane unheM kanda-mUla kI taraha khA DAlA / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 20

Page #35
bhAI ko khokara vAsudeva, aMjanA aura rAjapurohita ke sAtha Age bar3he / dvArAvatI kI sImA para pahu~ca kara ve eka jhADI ke nIce vizrAma karane lage aura aMjanA tathA rAjapurohita ko gA~va se kucha khAdyAnna lAne ke lie bheja diyA / itane meM jarA nAmaka pAradhI ne dUra se jhADI ko hilatI dekhakara vanya pazu ke bhrama ke bhAlA pheMkA jisase vAsudeva kA padatala biMdha gayA unakI ArtavANI sunakara jarA unake sAmane prakaTa huA aura pazcAttApa karane lagA / vasudeva ne use samajhAyA - " pachatAne kI koI bAta nahIM hai / mere pUrvaja kahate the ki jarA se biMdha kara merI mRtyu hogI / " I itane meM aMjanA aura rAjapurohita gA~va se lauTe / vAsudeva ne unheM eka vidyA sikhAI aura phira unakA prANAnta ho gayA / isa prakAra vAsudeva ke kula meM aMjanA ke atirikta saba kA nAza ho gayA / (3) jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa jaina sAhitya kI paramparA jaina sAhitya paramparAgata rUpa meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra (I. pUrva san 599 - 537 ) kI dezanA se sambaddha hai / mAnyatAnusAra mahAvIra ke pramukha ziSya (gaNadhara gautama indrabhUti ne jinavANI ko bAraha aMga granthoM evaM caudaha pUrvI ke rUpa meM vyavasthita kiyA thA / - jo sAdhu isa vANI kA avadhAraNa kara sakA, vaha 'zrutakevalI kahalAyA / 'zruta kevala zabda se yaha dhvanita hai ki jinavANI prArambha meM zruta rUpa meM hI surakSita rahI / jisa prakAra veda-vedAMga bahuta samaya taka zruta rUpa meM rahe, lagabhaga vahI sthiti prArambha meM jaina sAhitya kI bhI thI / zruta kevalI kevala pAMca hI ho sake, jinameM aMtima bhadrabAhu the / ' bhadrabAhu ( I. pU. 325) ke samaya magadha meM bAraha varSa kA bhayaMkara durmikSa par3A isa samaya bhadrabAhu apane sAdhu saMgha ke sAtha magadha se cale gae the / durmi kI isa lambI avadhi meM sUtra ke lupta hote jAne kA khatarA utpanna ho gayA / ataH durmikSa ke pazcAt bhadrabAhu svAmI kI anupasthiti meM pATalIputra nagara meM muni sthUlabhadra kI adhyakSatA meM zramaNa saMgha Ayojita kiyA gayA aura isameM lupta hote jA rahe sUtroM ko vyavasthita evaM saMkalita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA / isa prayAsa meM prathama gyAraha aMga grantha hI 1 - zvetAMbara mAnyatAnusAra digambara mAnyatAnusAra prabhava svAmI, zabhava, yazobhadra, pA~ca zruta kevalI haiM sambhUta vijaya, bhadrabAhu / AryaviSNu (nandi), nandimitra, bhadrabAhu (jaina dharma kA maulika aparAjita, Arya govardhana, 'itihAsa : AcArya zrI hastimalajI mahArAja, khaNDa 2, pR. 315 - 21 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #36
saMkalita kie jA sake / bArahavA~ aMga grantha dRSTivAda tathA caudaha pUrvI kA jJAna niHzeSa ho gayA / jo aMga graMtha saMkalita kiye jA sake, unakI prAmANikatA ko lekara bhI matabheda ho gayA / bhadrabAhu svAmI ke sAtha magadha se jo sAdhu saMgha calA gayA usane ise prAmANika svIkAra nahIM kiyA / isa prakAra sUtra kI prAmANikatA ko lekara mahAvIra kA anuyAyI sAdhu saMgha do vargoM meM vibhakta ho gayA / eka varga-zvetAMbara sampradAya-upalabdha gyAraha aMga granthoM ko prAmANika svIkAra karatA hai / jabaki dUsarA varga (digambara sampradAya) samasta Agama sAhitya ko vicchinna mAnatA hai| ___ zvetAMbara sampradAya dvArA mAnya Agamika sAhitya kA vartamAna meM upalabdha saMkalana AcArya devardigaNi kI adhyakSatA meM Ayojita zramaNa saMgha (I. san. 453-466, sthAna-valabhInagara, kAThiyAvADa-gujarAta) dvArA kiyA gayA thA / isa prakAra zvetAMbara sampradAya dvArA prAmANika svIkAra kiyA jAnevAlA Agamika sAhitya mahAvIra-nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa ke bAda saMkalita huA thaa| zvetAMbara martipUjaka inameM paiMtAlIsa granthoM ko prAmANika mAnate haiM / jabaki zvetAMbara sthAnakavAsI tathA terApaMthI mAtra battIsa granthoM ko prAmANika rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| (ka) prAkRta jaina kRSNa-sAhitya - brAhmaNa dharma ke hAsa ke sAtha-sAtha saMskRta bhASA kA mahattva bhI ghaTA aura loka-pracalita bhASAoM ko prazraya milA / vardhamAna mahAvIra aura gautamabuddha ne ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ko apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama banAyA tathA zikSita varga meM bhI prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga hone lagA / ataH bhAratIya madhyayuga kI sAmAjika, rAjanItika, dhArmika Adi tathyoM kI samyak jAnakArI prAkRta vAGmaya se jitanI sambhava hai utanI kisI anya sAhitya se nahIM / prAkRta sAhitya kA isa dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva hai| jaina dharma sambandhI adhika racanAe~ ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM upalabdha hotI haiM / isameM siddhAnta-grantha tathA TIkAe~, donoM sammilita haiM / vidvAnoMne 1- jainadharma : zrI kailAzacanda zAstrI, pR 405 2- Agama-sAhitya ke saMklana ke nimna prayatna hueprathama - mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 160 varSa bAda (I.san pUrva 267 meM) sthUlabhadrAcArya kI adhyakSatA meM pATalIputra meM dvitIya - I.san 327-340 ke madhya mathurA meM skandilacArya kI adhyakSatA meM evaM tRtIya I.san 453-466 ke madhya vallabhI meM AcArya devagiNI kI adhyakSatA meM / isa samaya yahI saMklana upalabdha mAnA jAtA hai| hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 22

Page #37
siddhAnta-granthoM ko Agama sAhitya tathA itara siddhAnta granthoM ko Agametara sAhitya ke antargata vibhAjita kiyA hai / vardhamAna mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI meM apane upadeza diye, isake aneka ullekha milate haiM / Agama granthoM kA vibhAjana, aMga, upAMga, sUtra Adi bhedoM meM milatA hai / aMga kI saMkhyA 12 hai / inameM gadya-padya, donoM kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai / dRSTAntoM dvArA jaina dharma kI vyavahAropayogI bAtoM yA tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvanI, brAhmaNa tathA anya dharmoM ke khaNDana, nirvANa, mokSa Adi kA vivecana milatA hai / ukta aMgoM ke 12 upAMga haiM / inameM mRtyu, pUrvajanma, punarjanma, AtmA, nakSatra loka, bhUgola, svarga naraka, Adi kI dRSTAntoM sahita vivecanA kI gaI hai / / siddhAnta granthoM ke antargata chayasta aura mUla sUtra haiM / prathama kI saMkhyA chaH hai / inameM jaina dharma sambandhI AcAra-vyavahAra, tapa Adi kA vidhAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai / mUla sUtra cAra haiM / inameM vrata, anuzAsana Adi dhArmika viSayoM kA vizada varNana hai / paiNNa (prakIrNa) granthoM kI saMkhyA 19 hai / inameM manuSya ke janma, roga sambandhI upacAra, tyAga, maraNa, jIvana Adi kI vidhiyA~ dI gaI haiM / do cUlikA sUtra haiM / inheM jaina dharma kA jJAnakoSa kahA jA sakatA hai / ye sabhI Agama grantha sAhityika dRSTi se bhI kAphI mahattvapUrNa haiM / inameM se aneka meM AlaMkArika bhASA tathA samAsazailI kA prayoga huA hai| kAlAntara meM jaina-dharma zvetAmbara tathA digambara - do zAkhAoM meM ba~Ta gayA / zvetAmbara zAkhA ke anuyAyiyoM ne mahArASTrI tathA digambara ne zaurasenI prAkRta meM sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA / ina prAkRtoM ko jaina-mahArASTrI tathA jaina-zaurasenI kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / inameM gadya-padya, sabhI prakAra kI racanAe~ likhI gaI haiM / gadya-sAhitya kA vibhAjana nibaMdha, AkhyAyikA, upanyAsa, kathA-carita Adi vidyAoM meM kiyA gayA hai / jaina sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa ke sambandha meM vistArase prakAza DAlA gayA hai / dvAdazAMgI ke aMtima aMga kA nAma dRSTivAda hai / usakA eka vibhAga anyoga hai / anuyoga ke do bheda haiM - mUla prathamAnuyoga aura gaMDikAnuyoga / gaDikAnuyoga meM aneka gaDikAe~ thIM, unameM eka gaMDikA kA nAma vAsudeva gaMDikA hai / usa gaDikA meM isa avasarpiNI kAla ke nau vAsudevoM kA vistAra se varNana thA / aMtima vAsudeva zrIkRSNa haiM, ataH unakA bhI usameM savistRta varNana honA cAhie / para kheda hai ki Aja vaha gaMDikA anupalabdha 1- (ka) samavAyAMga sUtra 147 (kha) nandIsUtra sUtra 56, pR0 151- 152, mu.hastImalajI, ma.sA. hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 23

Page #38
hai / yadi vaha gaMDikA upalabdha hotI to saMbhavataH zrIkRSNa ke sambamdha meM anya aneka ajJAta bAteM bhI prakAza meM A sakatI thiiN| upalabdha jaina Agama sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa ke saMbaMdha meM sAmagrI bikharI huI milatI hai / AgamoM meM yadyapi paravartI sAhitya kI taraha vyavasthita jIvanacaritra kahIM para bhI nahIM hai tathApi jo sAmagrI hai use vyavasthita rUpa se eka sthAna para ekatrita karane se kRSNa kA tejasvI rUpa hamAre sAmane AtA hai / / antakRtadazAMga,' samavAyAMga,2 NAyAdhammakahAo,3 sthAnAMga, niriyAvalikA,5 praznavyAkaraNa, uttarAdhyayana Adi granthoM meM unake mahAna vyaktitva ke darzana hote haiM / jaise ki ve aneka guNa-sampanna aura sadAcAraniSTha the, atyanta ojasvI, tejasvI, varcasvI aura yazasvI mahApuruSa the / unheM oghabalI, atibalI, mahAbalI, apratihata aura aparAjita kahA gayA hai / unake zarIra meM apAra bala thA / ve mahA ratnavajra ko bhI cuTakI se . pIsa DAlate the| jaina dRSTi se jo tirasaTha zlAghanIya puruSa hue haiM, una sabhI kA zArIrika saMsthAna atyuttama thA / 8 unake zarIra kI prabhA nirmala svarNarekhA ke samAna hotI hai / zrIkRSNa kA zarIra mAna, unmAna aura pramANa meM pUrA, sujAta aura sarvAMga 1- varga 1, adhyayana 1 meM dvArikA ke vaibhava va vAsudeva kA varNana hai / varga 3, a0 8 veM meM kRSNa ke laghubhrAtA gajasukumAra kA varNana hai / varga 5 meM veM dvArikA kA vinAza aura kRSNa ke dehatyAga kA ullekha hai| 2- zlAghanIya puruSoM kI paMkti meM zrIkRSNa kA ullekha tathA unake pratidvaMdvI jarAsaMdha ke vadha kA varNana hai| 3- prathama zrutaskaMdha ke adhyayana 5 veM meM thAvaccA putra kI dIkSA aura zrIkRSNa kA dala-bala sahita raivataka parvata para ariSTanemi ke darzanArtha jAne kA varNana hai| a0 16 veM meM amarakaMkA jAne kA bhI varNana hai| 4- a0 8 veM meM kRSNa kI ATha agra mahiSiyoM tathA unake nAmoM kA varNana hai| 5- prathama adhyAya meM dvArikA nagarI ke rAjA kRSNa vAsudeva kA raivataka parvata para arhat ariSTanemi kI sabhA meM jAne kA varNana hai| 6- caturtha Azrava dvAra meM, zrIkRSNa dvArA do agramahiSiyoM rukmiNI aura padmAvatI ke lie kiye gae yuddhoM kA varNana hai / 7- adhyayana 22 meM neminAtha carita tathA kRSNa sambandhI ullekha hai| 8- prajJApanA sUtra 23 / 9- hAribhadrIyAvazyaka, prathama bhAga gA0 392-93 / 24 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #39
sundara thA / ve lakSaNoM, vyaMjanoM aura guNoM se yukta the / unakA zarIra dasa dhanuSa lambA thA / dekhane meM bar3e hI kAnta, saumya, sabhaga - svarUpa aura atyanta priyadarzI the / ve pragalbha, dhIra aura vinayI the / sukhazIla hone para bhI unake pAsa Alasya phaTakatA nahIM thA / 1 unakI vANI gambhIra, madhura aura prItipUrNa thI / unakA ninAda krauMca pakSI ke ghoSa, zarada Rtu kI megha - dhvani aura duMdubhi kI taraha madhura va gambhIra thA / ve satyavAdI the / unakI cAla madamatta zreSTha gajendra kI taraha lalita thI / ve pIle raMga ke kauzeya - vastra pahanA karate the / unake mukuTa meM uttama dhavala, zukla, nirmala kaustubha maNi lagA rahatA thA / unake kAna meM kuMDala, vakSasthala para ekAvalI hAra laTakatA rahatA thA / unake zrIvatsa kA lAMchana thA / ve sugandhita puSpoM kI mAlA dhAraNa kiyA karate the / 1 ve apane hAtha meM dhanuSa rakhA karate the, ve durdhara dhanurdhara the / unake dhanuSa kI TaMkAra bar3I hI udghoSakara hotI thI / ve zaMkha, cakra, gadA, zakti aura nandaka dhAraNa karate the / UMcI garur3a dhvajA ke dhAraka the / I ve zatruoM ke mada ko mardana karane vAle, yuddha meM kIrti prApta karane vAle, ajita aura ajitaratha the / etadartha ve mahArathI bhI kahalAte the / ' zrIkRSNa sabhI prakAra ke guNa-sampanna aura zreSTha caritravAna the / unake jIvana ke vividha prasaMgoM se sahaja hI jJAta hotA hai ki ve prakRti se dayAlu, zaraNAgata vatsala, pragalbha, dhIra, vinayI, mAtR-bhakta, mahAna vIra, dharmAtmA, kartavya parAyaNa, buddhimAn, nItimAna tathA tejasvI the / AgaMmetara sAhitya meM bhI zrIkRSNa kA vahI vyaktitva akSuNNa rahA hai / I Agametara sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna grantha saMghadAsagaNI viracita vasudeva hiNDI hai / vasudeva zrIkRSNa ke pitA the / unhIM kA bhramaNa vRttAnta prastuta * grantha meM hai / devakI lambaka meM zrIkRSNa ke janma Adi kA varNana hai| pIThikA meM pradyumna, zAmbakumAra kI kathA, balarAma aura zrIkRSNa kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai / isa grantha kI zailI kA AdhAra guNADhya kRta bRhatkathA ko batalAyA gayA hai / 3 1 - praznavyAkaraNa : a0 4, pR0 1217, sutAgame bhAga 1 | 2- muni puNyavijayajI dvArA saMpAdita AtmAnanda jaina granthamAlA - bhAvanagara kI ora se san 1930-31 meM prakAzita / 3 - kathA saritsAgara kI bhUmikA : pR0 13; DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa * 25

Page #40
isa grantha meM kaurava - pANDavoM kA varNana bhI huA hai para vizeSa nahIM / isakI bhASA prAcIna mahArASTrI prAkRta hai / " "cauppanna mahApuriSacariyaM 2 yaha AcArya zIlAMka kI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai / isameM nau prativAsudevoM ko chor3akara zeSa cauppanna mahApuruSoM kA jIvana uTaMkita kiyA gayA hai / 49, 50, 51 veM adhyAya meM ariSTanemi, kRSNa vAsudeva aura baladeva kA caritra citrita kiyA gayA hai, bhASA sAhityika prAkRta hai I bhava - bhAvanA isake racayitA malladhArI AcArya hemacandra sUri haiM / unhoMne vi0 saM0 1223 (san 1970 ) meM prastuta grantha kI racanA kI hai / isameM bhagavAna neminAtha kA caritra, kaMsa kA vRttAnta, vasudeva-devakI kA vivAha, kRSNajanma, kaMsa vadha, Adi vividha prasaMga haiM / kumArapAla paDiboha (kumArapAla pratibodha ) - isake racayitA somaprabhasUri haiM / prastuta grantha meM madyapAna ke durguNa batAte hue dvArikA dahana kI kathA dI gaI hai / tapa ke sambandha meM rukmiNI kI kathA bhI AyI hai / kaNhavacarita' (kRSNacaritra) isa grantha ke racayitA tapAgacchIya devendrasUri | prastuta carita meM vasudeva ke pUrvabhava, kaMsa kA janma vasudeva kA bhramaNa, aneka kanyAoM se pANigrahaNa, kRSNa kA janma, kaMsa kA vadha, dvArikA nagarI kA nirmANa, kRSNa kI agramahiSiyA~, pradyumna kA janma, jarAsaMdha ke sAtha yuddha, neminAtha aura rAjImatI ke sAtha vivAha kI carcA Adi sabhI viSaya Ae haiM / inake atirikta bhI aneka racanAe~ haiM / ( kha ) saMskRta jaina kRSNa - kAvya jaina lekhakoM ne prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASA meM hI nahIM, saMskRta bhASA meM 1 - prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, pR0 382 / 2- paM0 amRtalAla mohanalAla bhojaka dvArA saMpAdita - prAkRta grantha pariSada vArANasI dvArA san 1961 meM prakAzita / gujarAtI anuvAda AcArya hemasAgarasUri dvArA seTha devacanda lAlabhAI dvArA 1969meM prakAzita huA hai / 3- RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI jaina zvetAmbara saMsthA - ratalAma dvArA vi. saMvat 1992 meM do bhAgoM meM prakAzita / 4- yaha grantha gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIriz2a, bar3audA se muni jinavijayajI dvArA san 1920 meM saMpAdita hokara prakAzita huA hai / isakA gujarAtI anuvAda jaina AtmAnanda bhA kI ora se prakAzita huA / 5- kezarImalajI saMsthA ratalAma dvArA san 1930 meM prakAzita / 26 - * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #41
bhI vipula kRSNa-sAhitya likhA hai / saMskRta kRSNa-sAhitya ke lekhaka, zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparA ke vidvAna rahe haiN| . harivaMza purANa-1 jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa-carita varNana kI dRSTi se isa paurANika kRti kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / upalabdha jaina sAhitya meM yaha aisI prathama kRti hai jisameM kRSNa kA sampUrNa jIvanacarita vyavasthita va kramabaddha rUpa meM varNita huA hai / kRSNa-carita varNana kI dRSTi se bAda ke jainasAhityakAroM ke lie yaha anukaraNIya kRti rahI hai / isake racayitA digambara AcArya jinasena hai / isameM 66 sarga haiM, aura 12 hajAra zloka hai / isake 32 veM sarga meM kRSNa ke bar3e bhAI baladeva kA varNana hai / paiMtIsaveM sarga meM kRSNajanma se lekara aMtima sarga taka zrIkRSNa ke jIvana ke vividha prasaMga vistAra ke sAtha likhe gae haiM, jaise kAliya-mardana, kaMsa-vadha, ugrasena kI mukti, satyabhAmA se vivAha, jarAsaMdha ke putra kA vadha, jarAsaMdha ke bhaya se mathurA se prasthAna, dvArakA-nirmANa, rukmiNI kA vivAha, zizupAla-vadha, pradyumna kA janma, jAmbavatI kA vivAha, jarAsaMdha-vadha, kRSNa kI dakSiNa bhArata vijaya, kRSNa kI rAniyoM ke pUrva-bhava, dvIpAyana kA krodha, dvArikA vinAza, baladevazrIkRSNa kA dakSiNa-gamana, kRSNa-maraNa, baladeva-vilApa, baladeva kI jindiikssaa| .. hindI meM jaina-dharma meM harivaMza purANa zIrSaka kRtiyA~ isase prabhAvita racanAe~ haiM, jaise zAlivAhana kRta harivaMza purANa, khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta harivaMza purANa Adi / uttara purANa-2 isake lekhaka guNabhadra haiM / unhoMne 71, 72, 73 veM parva meM kRSNa-kathA kA ullekha kiyA hai / harivaMza purANa kI apekSA isameM kathA bahuta hI saMkSipta rUpa meM dI gaI hai| hindI meM khuzAlacandaM kAlA kRta uttara purANa isI graMtha se prabhAvita racanA ___ harivaMza purANa aura uttarapurANa ko AdhAra banAkara anya digambara vidvAnoM ne bhI zrIkRSNa saMbaMdhI sAhitya kI racanA kii| 1- zrI. paM. pannAlAla jaina sAhityAcArya dvArA saMpAdita aura bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI dvArA san 1962 meM prakAzita / 2- paM. pannAlAla jaina, sAhityAcArya dvArA saMpAdita aura bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI dvArA prakAzita / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 27

Page #42
dvisaMdhAna yA rAghavapANDavIya mahAkAvya-1 isake racayitA dhanaMjaya haiM / isameM 18 sarga haiM / isake pratyeka padya se do artha prakaTa hote haiM / pratyeka pada ke eka artha meM rAmAyaNa aura dUsare artha meM mahAbhArata kI kathA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to eka artha meM rAma tathA dvitIya artha meM kRSNa-kathA kA sRjana huA hai / dhvanyAloka ke racayitA Anandavardhana ne nimna zabdoM meM isakI prazaMsA kI hai ___ "dvisaMdhAne nipuNatAM satAM cakre dhanaMjayaH / yathA jAtaM phalaM tasya, satAM cakre dhanaMjayaH // " pradyumna-carita-2 zrIkRSNa ke putra pradyumna ke jIvana-carita para AdhArita yaha saMskRta khaNDa kAvya hai / isake racayitA mahAsenAcArya haiM / sva0 nAthUrAma premI ke abhimatAnusAra isakA racanAkAla vi.saM. 1031-1066 hai / isameM zrIkRSNa ke putra pradyumna ke parAkrama kA varNana hai / pradyumna-carita nAma se anya lekhakoM ke bhI aneka grantha haiM / pradyumna carita ke anusAra kAlAntara me hindI jaina-sAhitya meM bhI khaNDa kAvya prastuta kie gae / yathA saMghAsa kA pradyumna-carita tathA devendra kIrti kA pradyumna-prabandha Adi / bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti ne bhI jinasena aura guNabhadra ke mahApurANa Adi ke anusAra hI harivaMza purANa aura pradyumna-caritra likhe haiM / jayapura ke vibhinna grantha-bhaNDAroM meM ina granthoM kI kaI hastalikhita pratiyA~ upalabdha haiM / pANDava purANa-4 isake lekhaka bhaNDAraka zubhacandra haiM / pANDava purANa kI kathA harivaMza purANa meM varNita pANDavoM kI kathA para AdhArita hai| bhaTTAraka zrI bhUSaNa kI pANDava purANa bhI sundara racanA hai / inhIM kA likhA huA eka harivaMza purANa bhI milatA hai, jisakA racanAkAla vi.sa. 1675 hai / mahAkavi vAgbhaTTa kA neminirvANa kAvya, brahmacArI nemidatta kA neminAtha purANa (vi.saM. 1575 ke lagabhaga) bhaTTAraka dharmakIrti kA harivaMza purANa (vi.sa. 1671) bhI kRSNa saMbaMdhI sundara kRtiyA~ haiM / zvetAmbara paramparA meM triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra eka mahattvapUrNa racanA 1- lekhaka zrI dhanaMjaya 2- paM. nAthUrAma premI dvArA saMpAdita aura hindI grantha kAryAlaya-bambaI dvArA prakAzita / 3- jinavANI - julAI 1969, pR0 26 / 4- pro0 e0 ena0 upAdhye dvArA saMpAdita hokara san 1954 meM jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha solApura se prakAzita huA hai| 5- (ka) jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa - nAthUrAma premI, pR0 383-84 / (kha) saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - vAcaspati gairolA - pR0 361-62 / 28 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #43
hai / yaha virATa kAvyagrantha hai / isake racayitA AcArya hemacandra haiM jo kalikAlasarvajJa ke nAma se vizruta haiM / DaoN.0 vhIlara ke abhimatAnusAra vikrama saM0 1216 se 1229 ke madhya meM isa grantha kI racanA huI / isake AThaveM parva meM bhagavAna neminAtha, kRSNa-balabhadra aura jarAsaMdha kA vistRta varNana milatA hai / zrI kalyANavijayajI ke ziSya ne bhI 50 dohoM meM triSaSTi zalAkA paMcAzikA kI racanA kI thI aura kisI anya ajJAta lekhaka ne bhI taiMtIsa gAthAoM meM triSaSTi zalAkApuruSa-vicAra karake eka grantha likhA hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSa-carita hemacandra gujarAta ke bar3e prabhAvazAlI jainAcArya the jinakA sambandha siddharAja jayasiMha tathA kumArapAla jaise gujarAta ke prasiddha rAjAoM se thA / inakA vyAkaraNa-grantha siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsana -siddharAja jayasiMha ko samarpita kiyA gayA thA / kahate haiM isa vyAkaraNa grantha kI hAthI para savArI nikAlI gaI thii| svayaM hemacandrAcArya bhI usI hAthI para virAjamAna karAe gae the / inakA janma gujarAta ke eka jaina parivAra meM vikrama saMvata 1145 meM huA thA tathA mRtyu vikrama saMvat 1229 meM huI / hemacandrAcArya ne isa grantha kI racanA rAjA kumArapAla ke anurodha para kI thI / isa carita-grantha meM paramparAgata 63 zalAkApuruSo kA carita-varNana hai / isa dRSTi se yaha mahApurANa kI paramparA kI racanA hai / isameM jainoM kI aneka kathAe~, itihAsa, paurANika mAnyatAe~, siddhAnta, evaM tattvajJAna kA varNana huA hai / grantha meM 10 parva haiM / pratyeka parva meM aneka sarga haiM / kRSNa-carita kA varNana AThaveM parva meM huA hai / isI parva meM neminAtha, balarAma, jarAsandha Adi kA carita-varNita hai / __ isakI bhASA sarala va prasAdaguNa-sampanna hai / gujarAta kA tatkAlIna samAja kRti meM acchI taraha pratibiMbita huA hai| jaina zvetAmbara sampradAya meM yaha grantha adhika pracalita rahA hai / isa sampradAya ke sAhityakAroM ne apanI hindI kRtiyoM ke kathAnakoM ke lie Agamika kRtiyoM ke sAtha hI isa grantha kA bhI pramukha srota grantha ke rUpa meM upayoga kiyA hai| (ga) apabhraMza jaina kRSNa-sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya meM kRSNa-viSayaka racanAoM kA svarUpa, iyattA, prakAra aura mahattva kaisA thA, yaha samajhane ke lie sabase pahale usa sAhitya se saMbaMdhita kucha sarvasAdhAraNa prAstAvika tathyoM para lakSya denA Avazyaka hogA / 1- jaina sA0 kA bRhad itihAsa : bhAga 6; DaoN0 gulAbacanda caudharI. hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 29

Page #44
samaya kI dRSTi se apabhraMza sAhitya pA~cavIM-chaThThIM zatAbdI se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka panapA aura bAda meM bhI usakA pravAha kSINa hotA huA bhI cAra sau pA~ca sau varSa taka bahatA rahA / itane dIrgha samaya-paTa para phaile hue sAhitya kI hamArI jAnakArI kaI kAraNoM se atyanta truTita hai / pahalI bAta to yaha ki navIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kI eka bhI apabhraMza kRti aba taka hameM hastagata nahIM huI hai / prAyaH tIna sau sAla kA prAraMbhika kAlakhaNDa sArA kA sArA andhakAra se AvRta sA hai / aura bAda ke samaya meM bhI dasavIM zatAbdI taka kI kRtiyoM meM se bahuta svalpa upalabdha haiM / dUsarA yaha ki apabhraMza kI kaI eka lAkSaNika sAhityika vidhAoM kI ekAdha hI kRti bacI hai aura vaha bhI ThIka uttarakAlIna hai / aisI pUrvakAlIna kRtiyoM ke nAma mAtra se bhI hama vaMcita haiM / isase apabhraMza ke prAcIna sAhitya kA citra acchI taraha dhuMdhalA aura kaI sthaloM para to bilakula korA hai / tIsarA yaha ki apabhraMza kA bacA huA sAhitya bahuta karake dhArmika sAhitya hai, aura vaha bhI svalpa apavAdoM ke sivA kevala jaina sAhitya hai / jainetara-hindU evaM boddha-sAhitya kI aura zuddha sAhitya kI kevala do-tIna racanAe~ milI haiM / isa taraha prApta apabhraMza sAhitya jaina-prAya hai aura isa bAta kA zreya jainiyoM kI grantha surakSA kI vyavasthita paddhati ko denA cAhie / yadi aisI paristhiti na hotI to aprabhaMza sAhitya kA citra aura bhI khaMDita evaM ekAMgI rhtaa| ___ isa silasile meM eka bAta kA bhI nirdeza karanA hogA / jo kucha apabhraMza sAhitya baca gayA hai usameM bhI bahuta thor3A aMza aba taka prakAzita ho sakA hai| bahuta sI kRtiyA~ bhANDAroM meM hastalikhita pratiyoM ke hI rUpa meM hone se asulabha haiM / ina saba ke kAraNa apabhraMza sAhitya ke koI ekAdha aMga yA pahalU kA bhI vRttAnta taiyAra karane meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ sAmane AtI haiM aura phalasvarUpa vaha vRttAnta apUrNa evaM truTaka rUpa meM hI prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai / yaha to huI sarva-sAdhAraNa apabhraMza sAhitya kI bAta / phira yahA~ para hamArA sIdhA nAtA kRSNa-kAvya ke sAtha hai / ataH hama usakI bAta lekara cleN| bhAratIya sAhitya ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se jo apabhraMza kA utkarSa kAla hai, vahI kRSNa-kAvya kA madhyAhnakAla hai / saMskRta evam prAkRta meM 30 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #45
isI kAla khaNDa meM paurANika aura kAvya-sAhitya kI anekAneka kRSNaviSayaka racanAe~ huIM / harivaMza viSNupurANa bhAgavata purANa Adi kI kRSNa kathAoMne tatkAlIna sAhitya-racanAoM ke lie eka akSaya mUlasrota kA kAma kiyA hai / viSaya, zailI Adi kI dRSTi se apabhraMza sAhitya para saMskRta-prAkRta sAhitya kA gaharA prabhAva par3A dikhAI detA hai / ataH apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI kRSNa-viSayaka racanAoM kI dIrgha aura vyApaka paramparA kA sthApita honA atyanta sahaja thA / kintu UparavarNita paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa hameM apabhraMza kA eka bhI zuddha kRSNa-kAvya prApta nahIM hotA / yA kahie jainetara kRSNa-kAvya prApta nahIM hotA / aura jaina-paramparA kI jo racanAe~ milatI haiM ve bhI bahuta karake anya bRhat paurANika racanAoM ke eka aMza ke rUpa meM milatI haiM / itanA hI nahIM, unameM se adhikAMza kRtiyA~ aba taka aprakAzita haiM / isakA artha yaha nahIM hotA ki apabhraMza kA ukta kRSNasAhitya kAvya-guNoM se vaMcita hai / phira bhI itanA to avazya hai ki kRSNakathA jaina sAhitya ke eka aMza ke rUpa meM rahane ke kAraNa vaha tajjanya maryAdAoM se bAdhita hai / kRSNa-viSayaka vibhinna apabhraMza racanAoM kA paricaya hama nIce de rahe haiM apabhraMza sAhitya meM aneka kaviyoM kI kRSNa-viSayaka racanAe~ haiM / jaina kaviyoM meM neminAtha kA caritra atyanta rur3ha aura priya viSaya thA aura kRSNa-caritra usI kA eka aMza hone se apabhraMza meM kRSNa-kAvyoM kI koI kamI nahIM hai / yahA~ para eka sAmAnya paricaya dene kI dRSTi se kucha pramukha apabhraMza kaviyoM kI kRSNa-viSayaka racanAoM kA vivecana aura unake kucha viziSTa aMza prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM / jaina kRSNa-kAvya meM svayambha, puSpadaMta, haribhadra aura dhavala kavi kI racanAe~ pramukha rUpa se AtI haiM / kavi puSpadaMta kI kRtiyoM ke sivA anya sabhI kaviyoM kI kRtiyA~ abhI taka aprakAzita haiM / hastapratiyoM ke AdhAra para hI unakA zodhaparaka adhyayana yahA~ para diyA jA rahA hai / navIM zatAbdI ke apabhraMza ke mahAkavi svayambhU ke pUrva kI kRSNaviSayaka apabhraMza racanAoM ke bAre meM hameM jo AdhAra milate haiM ve haiMsvayambhU kRta chandograntha svayambhU chanda meM die gae kucha uddharaNa aura nAma, bhojakRta sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa' meM prApta ekAdha uddharaNa hemacandrakRta "siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsana ke apabhraMza vibhAga meM diye gaye tIna uddharaNa aura kucha apabhraMza kRtiyoM meM kiyA huA kucha kaviyoM kA nAma-nirdeza / / svayambhU ke purogAsiyoM ke caturmukha kavi svayambhU kI hI zreNI kA eka hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 31

Page #46
samartha mahAkavi thA aura saMbhavataH vaha jainetara kavi thA / usane eka rAmAyanaviSayaka aura eka mahAbhArata-viSayaka - mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kI thii| yaha mAnane ke lie hamAre pAsa paryApta AdhAra haiM | usake mahAbhArata-viSayaka kAvya meM kRSNacaritra ke bhI kucha aMza avazya hI Ae hoMge, aisA hama mAna sakate haiN| caturmukha ke sivA svayambhU kA eka aura khyAtanAma pUrvavartI thA / usakA nAma thA govinda / svayambhU chanda meM diye gaye usake uddharaNa hamAre lie amUlya haiM / govinda ke jo chaha chanda svayambhU ne diye haiM ve kRSNa ke bAlacarita-viSayaka kisI kAvya meM se lie hue jAna par3ate haiM / isameM kRSNa aura rAdhA ke prema-prasaMga viSayaka chanda bhI haiM / vizeSa chandoM ke kAraNa govinda kavi kA kAvya jainetara jAna par3atA hai / svayambhU chanda meM govinda se lie gae mattavilAsinI mAtrA chanda kA udAharaNa kRSNa bAlacaritra kA eka suprasiddha prasaMga-viSayaka hai / yaha prasaMga hai kAliyanAga ke nivAsasthAna bane hue kAlindI hRda se kamala nikAla kara bheMTa karane kA Adeza, jo nanda ko kaMsa se diyA gayA thaa| padya isa prakAra hai| "ehu visamau suThTha Aesu pANaMtiu mANusaho, diTThivisu sappu kAliyau / kaMsu vi mArei dhuu, ki kahiM gammau kAikijjau / (sva.chaM.4-10-1) yaha Adeza atIva viSama thA / eka ora thA manuSya ke lie prANaghAtaka dRSTiviSa kAliya sarpa, aura dUsarI ora thA Adeza ke anAdara se kaMsa se avazya prApya mRtyudaNDa, to aba kahA~ jAyA jAe aura kyA kiyA jAe ? govinda kA dUsarA padya rAdhA aura kRSNa kA premAtireka prakaTa karatA hai / hemacandra ke siddhahaima meM bhI yaha uddhata huA hai aura vahIM kucha aMza meM prAcInatara pATha surakSita hai / svayambhU chanda meM diyA gayA govindakRta vaha dUsarA chanda isa prakAra hai / (kucha aMza hemacandravAle pATha se liyA gayA hai- / ) "ekkamekkauM jai vi joedi hari suThu vi AareNa to di dehi jahiM kahiM vi rAhI / ko sakkai saMvarevi dakRNaaNa NeheM paluTTA / / (sva. chaM.4-10-2) eka-eka gopI kI ora hari yadyapi pUre Adara se dekha rahe haiM tathApi unakI dRSTi vahIM jAtI hai jahA~ kahIM rAdhA hotI hai : sneha se jhuke hue nayanoM kA saMvaraNa kauna kara sakatA hai bhalA ? 32 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #47
isI bhAva se saMlagna "siddha haima" meM uddhata dohA isa prakAra hai 1 "hari naccAviraM pragaNai, vimhai pADiu lou / . evahiM rAha-paoharahaM, jaM bhAvai taM hou / / " "hari" ko apane ghara ke prAMgaNa meM nacAkara rAdhA ne logoM ko vismaya meM DAla diyA / aba to rAdhA ke payodharoM kA jo honA ho so ho / " hemacandra ke "triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra (8, 5) meM kiyA gayA varNana isase tulanIya hai - gopiyoM ke gIta ke sAtha bAlakRSNa nRtya karate the aura balarAma tAla bajAte the / 1 svayambhU - navIM zatAbdI ke mahAkavi svayambhU ke do apabhraMza mahAkAvyoM meM se eka hai "harivaMza purANa" yA "ariSTanemiciritra" - (riTThaNemicariu ) / yaha abhI taka upalabdha sabhI - sampUrNa kRtiyoM meM prAcInatam apabhraMza kRSNakAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / aThAraha sahasra zloka jitane bRhat vistArayukta isa mahAkAvya kI 112 saMdhiyoM meM se 99 saMdhiyA~ svayambhU viracita haiM / zeSa kA kartRtva svayambhU ke putra tribhuvana kA aura paMdrahavI zatAbdI meM hue yazaHkIrti bhaTTAraka kA hai / harivaMza ke cAra kANDa isa prakAra haiM- yAdava kANDa (13 saMdhi), kurukANDa (19 saMdhi), yuddha kANDa (60 saMdhi), uttarakANDa (20 saMdhi) | kRSNa - janma se lekara dvArAvatI-sthApana taka kA vRttAnta yAdavakANDa ke cAra se lekara ATha saMdhi taka calatA hai / svayambhU ne kucha aMzo meM jinasena vAle kathAnaka meM to vaidika-paraMparA vAle kathAnaka kA anusaraNa kiyA hai / kRSNa-janma kA praMsaga svayambhU ne isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai ( saMdhi 4, kavaka 12) / "bhAdrapada zukla dvAdazI ke dina svajanoM ke abhimAna ko prajvalita karate hue asuravimardana janArdana kA ( mAno kaMsa ke mastaka - zUla kA janma huA / jo sau siMhoM ke parAkrama se yukta aura atulabala thA, jinakA vakSaHsthala zrIvatsa se lAMchita thA, jo zubha lakSaNoM se alaMkRta evam eka sau ATha nAmoM se yukta thA, aura jo apanI dehaprabhA se AvAsa ko ujjvala karatA thA, usa madhumathana ko vasudevane uThAyA / baladeva ne Upara chatra rakhate hue usakI barasAta se rakSA kI / nArAyaNa ke caraNAMguSTha kI Takkara se 1- malladeza meM mathurA pahu~cane para mArga meM kRSNa dhobI ko lUMTa letA hai aura sairandhrI se vilepana balajorI se lekara gopasakhAoM meM bA~Ta detA hai- ye do prasaMga hindu paramparA kI hI kRSNa - kathA meM prApta hote haiM aura ye svayambhU meM bhI haiM / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa vikAsa * 33

Page #48
pratolI ke dvAra khula gae / dIpikA ko dhAraNa kiyA huA eka vRSabha usake Age Age calatA thA / usake Ate hI yamunA-jala do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayA / hari yazodA ko sauMpA gayA / yazodA kI putrI ko badale meM lekara haladhara aura vasudeva kRtArtha hue / gopabAlikA ko lAkara unhoMne kaMsa ko de diyA, magara vindhyAcala kA adhmi yakSa usako uThAkara vindhya meM le gyaa| jaise gagana meM bAlacandra kA vardhana hotA hai, vaise goSTha ke prAgaNa meM govinda kA saMvardhana hotA rahA / jaise kamalasara meM svapakSa-maNDana, nirdUSaNa koI rAjahaMsa kI vRddhi ho vaise hI harivaMza-maNDala, kaMsakhaNDana harinanda ke ghara vRddhi pAte rahe / ___ isake bAda ke kaDavaka meM kRSNa kI upasthiti ke kAraNa gokula kI pratyeka viSaya meM jo zrIvRddhi evaM mathurA kI zrIhInatA huI usakA nirUpaNa hai / Amane-sAmane AtI huI paMktiyoM meM gokula aura mathurA ina donoM sthAnoMkI paraspara viruddha paristhitiyA~ grathita kara ke yaha nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / ___ pAMcavIM saMdhi ke prathama kaDavaka meM bAlakRSNa ko nIMda nahIM AtI hai aura ve akAraNa rote haiM, isa bAta ko eka sundara utprekSA ke dvArA prastuta kI gaI hai / kavi batAte haiM ki kRSNa ko isa cintA se nIMda nahIM AtI. thI ki pUtanA, zakaTAsura, yamalArjuna, kezI, kAliya Adi ko apanA parAkrama dikhAne ke lie kaba taka pratIkSA karanI hogI / isake bAda ke kar3avava, meM sote hue kRSNa kI ghuraghurAhaTa ke pracaNDa nAda kA varNana hai / pA~cavIM saMdhi ke zeSa bhAga meM bAlakRSNa ke pUtanAvadha se lekara kamala lAne ke lie kAlindI ke hRda meM praveza karane taka kA viSaya hai / chaThI saMdhi ke Arambha ke cAra kaDavaka kAliyamardana ko die gae haiM / zeSa bhAga meM kaMsavadha aura satyabhAmA-vivAha hai| viSama lIlA karatA huA viSadhara kRSNa ke prati lapakA / kalikAla aura kRtAnta jaise raudra kAliya re kAlindI jitanA aMga phailAyA / jalacara aura jalataraMga pratIpa gamana karane lage / usake phaNAmaNi se kiraNajAla kA visphuraNa hone lagA / phutkAra se vaha bhavanoM ke aMtarAla ko bhara detA thA / usake mukhahara se nikalate hue nizvAsoM kI jhapaTa se pahAr3a bhI kA~pate the / usakI dRSTi kI agnijvAlA se devagaNa bhI jalate the / usake viSa se yamunA kA jala-pravAha daSita ho gayA / kRSNa kI avagaNanA karake darpoddhata kAliya ne pracaNDa vAla ko U~cA uThAyA : mAno yamunA ne apane bhujadaNDa pasAre / yaha koI ajeya pannaga utpanna huA hai / usa para he nAtha, niHzaMka hokara prahAra karo / taba ugra viSavamana karate hue ugane hari ke 34 . hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #49
uraHpradeza ko lapeTa liyA / yamunAda meM eka muhUrta kezava jalakrIr3A karane lage / viSadhara se veSTita hue ve sAgara meM mandarAcala kI taraha ghUmane lge|" apanI zyAma kAnti se nArAyaNa kAliya ko dekha na pAye / unako bhrAnti ho gaI isase nAga cInhA na gayA / itane meM kAliya ke phana ke maNigaNa jhalamalAe / isa udyota se nAga ko acchI taraha pahacAna liyA / guNoM se kauna bhalA bandhana nahIM pAtA ? aba sahasroM saMgrAmoM ke vIra madhumathana ne pA~ca nakhoM se ujjavala banI huI pA~ca aMgulI vAle apane bhujadaNDa pasAre / mAno ve phaNAmaNi se sphurita bar3e bhujaMga hoM / inase unhoMne kAliya ke phaNAmaNDala ko pakar3a liyA / aba kauna-sA hAtha hai aura kauna-sA sarpa isakA patA nahIM calatA thaa| puSpadaMta caturmukha aura svayambhU ke stara ke apabhraMza mahAkavi puSpadaMta racita *mahApurANa" (I0 957-965) ko sandhi 81 se 92 jaina harivaMza kI kathA se saMbaMdhita hai / saM.84 meM vAsudeva janma kA, 85 meM nArAyaNa kI bAlakrIr3A kA aura 86 meM kaMsa evaM cANUra ke saMhAra kA viSaya hai / puSpadanta ke yuddhavarNana-sAmarthya ke acche udAharaNa 88-5 se lekara 15 taka (kRSNajarAsaMdha yuddha) hama pAte haiN| haribhadra aura dhavala puSpadanta ke bAda apabhraMza kRSNa-kAvya kI paramparA meM do aura kavi ullekhanIya haiM / ve haiM haribhadra aura dhavala / dhavala kI kRti abhI to aprakAzita hai / hastilikhita prati ke AdhAra para yahA~ usakA paricaya diyA jAtA hai| haribhadra ___ haribhadra kA "neminAhacariu (1160 meM racita) adhika vistAra kA mahAkAvya hai / unase 653 chanda samagra kRSNacarita ko-kRSNa janma se lekara dvArAvatIdahana taka - diyA gayA hai / zatAdhika chandoM meM kRSNajanma se kaMsavadha taka kI kathA saMkSepa meM dI gaI hai| dhavala kavi dhavala kA harivaMzapurANa" gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke bAda kI racanA hai / "harivaMzapurANa kI bhASA meM AdhunikatA ke cihna suspaSTa haiM / usake kaI padoM evaM prayogoM meM hama AdikAlIna hindI ke saMketa pAte haiN| hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 35

Page #50
dhavalakRta harivaMza kI 53, 54 aura 55 ina tIna sandhiyoM meM kRSNajanma se lekara kaMsavadha taka kI kathA hai / kathA ke nirUpaNa meM aura varNanoM meM bahuta kucha ruDhikA hI anusaraNa hai / navajAta kRSNa ko nanda-yazodA ke karoM meM vasudeva se sauMpane kA prasaMga isa prakAra aMkita kiyA gayA hai: nanda ke vacana sunakara vasudeva gadgad kaNTha se kahane lagA, - tuma merA sarvottama iSTa mitra, svajana, sevaka, evaM bAndhava ho / bAta yaha hai ki jo jo durjaya, atulabala, tejasvI, putroM ne mere yahA~ janma pAyA una sabakI kaMsa ne mere pAsa se kapaTabhAva se vacana lekara hatyA kara dI / taMba iSTaviyoga ke duHkha se taMga hokara isa bAra maiM tumhArA Azraya DhU~r3hatA AyA huuN| bArabAra nanda ke karoM ko grahaNa karate vasudeva ne kahA- yaha merA putra tumheM arpaNa kara rahA huuN| apane peTa ke putra kI nAIM usakI dekhabhAla karanA / kaMsa ke bhaya se usakI rakSA karanA / kaMsa ne sabhI putroM kI hatyA karake bAra bAra rulAyA hai, / devaniyoga ho to yaha baccA ubaregA / yaha hamArA ikalautA hai, yaha jAnakara isako sa~bhAlanA / (53-14) 53-17 meM naimittika bAlakRSNa ke asAmAnya gaNalakSaNoM kA varNana karatA hai / loga badhAI dene ko Ate haiM / yahA~ para janmotsava meM gvAlinoM ke nRtya ke varNana meM dhavala ne apanI samasAmayika grAmINa vezabhUSA kA kucha saMketa kiyA hai : kAsu vi khavarI uppari netI kAsu vi loI lakkhAratI / kAsu vi sIse liMja dharAlI kAsu vi cuNNI phullaDiyAlI / / kAsu vi tuMgu mauDa suvisuTThau oDhaNu voDu kaha mi maMjiTThau savbahaM sIse ste baddhA rIrI ghaDiya kaDAkaDi muddA / "kisI ke kaMdhe para netI (netra vastra kI sADI) thI to kisI kI loI kamalI (lAla jaisI raktavarNa thI) sira para dhAradAra "liMja" (nIja) thI to kisI kI cunarI phalavAlI thI / kisI kA maura U~cA aura darzanIya thA to kisI kI or3hanI aura bor3a (eka prakAra kI kaMcukI) majIThI the / sabhI ke sira para lAla (vastra khNaDa) baMdhA thA aura ve pItala ke kar3e kar3iyA~ aura mudrikA pahane huI thiiN| nanda-yazodA aura gopiyoM kA dulArA bAlakRSNa bhAgavatakAra se lekara asaMkhya kaviyoM kA kAvya-viSaya rahA hai, jisakI parAkASThA hama sUra meM dekhate haiN| 36 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #51
___ lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka ke apabhraMza sAhitya ke kRSNa-kAvya kI isa jhA~kI se pratIta hogA ki usa sAhitya meM kRSNa-carita ke nirUpaNa kI (aura vizeSa rUpa se bAlacaritra ke nirUpaNa kI) eka baliSTha paramparA sthApita huI thI / isameM bhAvAlekhana evaM varNanazailI kI daSTi se ullekhanIya guNavattA kA darzana hama pAte hai|| kRSNa-kAvya kI sadIrgha aura vividhabhASI paramparA ke kaviyoM meM svambha aura puSpadanta niHsandeha ucca sthAna ke adhikArI haiN| aura isa viSaya meM bAda meM sUradAsa Adi jo siddhi-zikhara para pahu~ce haiM usake lie samacita pUrvabhUmikA taiyAra karane kA bahuta kucha zreya apabhraMza kaviyoM ko denA hogA / bhAratIya sAhitya meM kRSNa-kAvya kI isa dIptimAna paramparA meM eka ora saMskRta-prAkRta kA kRSNa-kAvya hai to dUsarI ora Adhunika bhASAoM kA kRSNa-kAvya / ina donoM ke bIca apabhraMza kA kRSNa-kAvya eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura nijI vaiziSTya evaM vyaktitva se yukta kar3I ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| niSkarSa vaidika sAhitya se apabhraMza sAhitya taka kRSNa ke svarUpa kA jo varNana bhinna-bhinna maharSiyoM evaM kaviyoM ne kiyA hai, usakA saMkSipta paricaya hamane Upara diyA hai / isa paricaya se hindI jaina sAhitya meM kaSNa ke svarUpa vikAsa kI pRSThabhUmi spaSTa ho jAtI hai aura hama dekhate haiM ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI jaina, bauddha aura vaidika - ina tInoM dhArAoM ne karmayogI zrIkRSNa ke jIvana ko vistAra aura saMkSepa - donoM meM yugAnukUla bhASA meM citrita kiyA hai / jahA~ vaidika dharma ke anusAra viSNu kA pUrNa avatAra mAnakara zraddhA aura bhakti se kRSNa kI stavanA kI hai, vahA~ jaina paramparA ne bhAvi tIrthaMkara aura zlAghanIya puruSa mAnakara unakA guNAnuvAda kiyA hai tathA bauddha paramparA ne bhI unheM buddha kA avatAra mAnakara unakI upAsanA kI hai| __ jaina sAhitya ke anusAra kRSNa devakI ke putra the jinhoM ne dvArakA meM jAkara eka nae rAjya kI sthApanA kI / ve asAdhArANa parAkramI va advitIya vIra puruSa the / unhoMne apane bAhubala se dvArakA meM apane kula kA rAjya sthApita kiyA thA tathA apane samaya ke rAjAoM meM evaM samAja meM zreSThatA arjita kI / unake asAdhAraNa parAkrama ne unheM janamAnasa meM pUjanIya banA diyA / kRSNa ke asAdhAraNa parAkrama va vIratva kI pUjA ko zanaiH zanaiH pratiSThA prApta hotI gaI tathA unakI apane jIvanakAla meM hI loga, pUjA karane lage hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 37

Page #52
the / kAlAntara meM dvArakAdhIza kRSNa vAsudeva kI pUjA karane vAloM kA eka prabhAvazAlI sampradAya astitva meM AyA jisake mAdhyama se kRSNa kI pUjA aura bhI lokapriya hotI gii| - kRSNa, hiMsApUrNa vaidika yajJoM ke virodhI the, aura isake sthAna para AtmayajJoM kI vicAradhArA ko unhoMne poSita kiyA / isa vicAradhArA ke anusAra tapa, tyAga, hRdayakI saralatA, satya vacana tathA ahiMsA Adi ke AcaraNa dvArA Atmazuddhi kA mArga hI dharma mAnA gayA / isa vicAradhArA kI zikSA kRSNa ne apane cacere bhAI ariSTanemi se prApta kI thii| ___ jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa, zreSTha puruSa vAsudeva haiM aura sAtha hI ve bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke samakAlIna haiM / ve niyamita rUpa se upadeza sabhAoM meM upasthita hone vAle dharmaprANa puruSa haiM / samasta jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa inhIM do tathyoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM citrita huA hai| 38 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #53
dvitiya adhyAya "hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kathA kA svarUpa, usakI rUparekhA tathA pramukha ghaTanAe~" bhUmikA : kRSNa kI lIlAe~ pratyeka yuga meM naye-naye sandarbhoM aura rahasyoM kI sRSTi karatI rahI haiM / kRSNa ne eka akalpanIya gati aura apratihata pravAha se apane samaya kI gatividhiyoM ko saMcAlita kiyA thA / usa samaya bar3e-bar3e atyAcArI kaMsa, jarAsaMdha, zizupAla aura duryodhana jaise durdharSa aura durdamanIya yoddhA vibhinna kSetroM para apanA AMtaka jamAe the / kRSNa ne ina sabakI zakti aura gati ko apanI vilakSaNa prabhaviSNutA aura tejasvitA se bAdhita kiyA thA / bar3e-bar3e zatruoM ko unhoMne apanI asIma nijI zakti ke bala para parAsta kiyA thA / 1 isa adhyayana meM hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa - kathA kA svarUpa, usakI rUparekhA tathA kRSNa ke jIvana se saMbaMdhita pramukha ghaTanAoM kA varNana bhI diyA gayA hai; jinako AdhAra mAnakara bAda meM vipula hindI jaina sAhitya kI racanA kI gaI / ye ghaTanAe~ kRSNa ke sampUrNa jIvana kI kathA pradarzita karatI haiM tathA batAtI haiM ki kisa prakAra apane adamya sAhasa aura sadguNoM ke bala para kRSNa vijayI hue / unake jIvana kI vibhinna ghaTanAe~, unake vibhinna svarUpoM ko udghATita karatI haiM / unakI bAlapana kI ghaTanAe~ jo gokula aura vRndAvana meM ghaTita huIM, unake sundara, pratibhAzAlI, camatkArI, rasika aura rocaka vyaktitva ko prakaTa karatI haiM / unakA dUsarA rUpa mathurA kA hai jahA~ unhoMne kaMsa aura unake sAthiyoM kA vadha karake vahA~ ke jana-samAja ko atyAcAra se mukta kiyA aura ugrasena ko rAjya diyA / unakA tIsarA svarUpa hastinApura aura kurukSetra kA hai, jahA~ kRSNa ne kauravoM aura pANDavoM ke bIca samajhautA karane kA prayatna kiyA, pANDavoM ke dUta bane aura duryodhana ke na mAnane para kurukSetra meM raNa kA zaMkhanAda ghoSita kiyA / unakA cauthA rUpa dvArakA kA hai, jahA~ unhoMne yAdavoM ko susaMgaThita aura vyavasthita kara eka uttama rAjya kA nirmANa kiyA aura vahIM se yAdavoM ke pArasparika lar3AI-jhagar3e se kSubdha hokara kRSNa ne vana ko prayANa kiyA aura jarAkumAra ke zarAghAta ke pariNAma svarUpa apanI loka-lIlA samApta kI / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa * 39

Page #54
jaina kathAo meM ye sabhI prasaMga kina-kina rUpoM meM Ae haiM, unhIM kA anuzIlana karanA hamArA pratipAdya viSaya hai / isa saMdarbha meM hama sabase pahale jaina kRSNa-kathA kA svarUpa tathA rUparekhA prastuta kara rahai haiM, tatpazcAt kRSNa ke jIvana se saMbaMdhita pramukha ghaTanAoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai / ina ghaTanAoM kA AdhAra AcArya jinasena kRta harivaMza purANaM tathA khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta evaM zIlivAhana kRta harivaMza purANa (hindI) hai / jaina kRSNa-kathA kA svarUpaH vaidika paramparA kI taraha jaina-paramparA meM bhI kRSNacaritra purANakathAoM kA hI eka aMza thA / jaina kRSNacaritra vaidika paramparA ke kRSNacaritra kA hI sampradAyAnukUla rUpAntara thA / yahI paristhiti rAma kathA Adi kaI anya purANakathAoM ke bAre meM bhI hai / jaina-paramparA itara paramparA ke mAnya kathAsvarUpoM meM vyAvahArika dRSTi se evaM tarkabuddhi kI dRSTi se kucha asaMgatiyA~ batAkara use mithyA kahatI hai aura usase bhinna svarUpa kI kathA jise vaha sahI samajhatI hai usako prastuta karatI hai / tathApi jahA~ taka sabhI pramukha pAtroM kA, mukhya ghaTanAoM kA aura unake kramAdi kA sambandha hai, vahA~ sarvatra jaina-paramparA ne hindU paramparA kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| jaina kRSNakathA meM bhI pramukha prasaMga, unake krama, evaM pAtra ke svarUpa Adi dIrghakAlIna paramparA se niyata the / ataH jahA~ taka kathAnaka kA sambandha hai, jaina kRSNa-kathA para AdhArita vibhinna kRtiyoM meM parivartanoM ke lie svalpa avakAza rahatA thA / phira bhI kucha choTI-moTI taphasIloM ke viSaya meM, kAryoM ke pravRtti-nimittoM ke viSaya meM evaM nirUpaNoM kI iyattA ke viSaya meM eka kRti aura dUsarI kRti ke bIca paryApta mAtrA meM antara rahatA thA / digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke kRSNa caritroM kI bhI apanI apanI viziSTatAe~ haiM / aura unameM se koI eka rUpAntara ke anusaraNakartAo meM bhI Apasa Apasa meM kucha bhinnatA dekhI jAtI hai / mUla kathAnaka ko kucha viSayoM meM sampradAyAnukUla karane ke lie koI sarvamAnya praNAlikA ke abhAva meM jaina racanAkAroM ne apane apane mArga liye haiM / jaina kRSNacaritra ke anusAra kRSNa na to koI divya puruSa the, na to Izvara ke avatAra yA "bhagavAna svayaM / ve mAnava hI the, hAlA~ki eka asAmAnya zaktizAlI vIra puruSa evaM samrATa the / jaina purANakathA ke anusAra prastuta kAlakhaNDa meM tirasaTha mahApuruSa yA zalAkA-puruSa ho gae : caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nava vAsudeva (yA nArAyaNa), nava, baladeva aura nava prativAsudeva / vAsudevoM kI samRddhi, sAmarthya evaM padavI cakravartiyoM 40 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #55
se AdhI hotI thIM / pratyeka vAsudeva tIna khaNDoM para zAsana calAtA thA / vaha apane prativAsudeva kA yuddha meM saMhAra karake vAsudevatva prApta karatA thA aura isa kArya meM pratyeka baladeva usakI sahAya karatA thA / rAma, lakSmaNa aura rAvaNa kramazaH AThaveM, baladeva, vAsudeva aura prativAsudeva the / navIM tripuTI thI kRSNa, balarAma aura jarAsaMdha kI / tirasaTha mahApuruSoM ke caritroM ko grathita karane vAlI racanAoM ko "triSaSTizalAkApuruSa carita" yA "triSaSTimahApuruSa carita" aisA nAma diyA jAtA thA / jaba jaba prativAsudevoM kI ginatI nahIM kI jAtI thI taba aisI racanA catuSpaMcAzatmahApuruSa carita" kahalAtI thI / digambara paramparA meM isako 'mahApurANa bhI kahA jAtA thA / mahApurANa meM do bhAga hote the-AdipurANa aura uttara purANa / AdipurANa meM prathama tIrthaMkara aura prathama cakravartI ke caritra diye jAte the / uttarapurANa meM zeSa mahApuruSoM ke caritra / sabhI mahApuruSoM ke caritroM kA nirUpaNa karanevAlI aisI racanAoM ke alAvA koI eka tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, vAsudeva, Adi ke caritra ko lekara bhI kRtiyA~ racI jAtI thI / aisI racanAe~ purANa' nAma se khyAta rthI / kRSNa vAsudeva kA caritra tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke caritra ke sAtha saMlagna thaa| unake caritroM ko lekara kI gaI racanAe~ harivaMza" yA " ariSTanemi purANa ke nAma se jJAta haiN| ___. jahA~ kRSNa vAsudeva aura balarAma kI kathA svataMtra rUpa se prApta hai vahA~ bhI vaha anya ekAdhika kathAoM ke sAtha saMlagna to rahatI thI hI / jaina kRSNa-kathA niyama se hI alpAdhika mAtrA meM anya tInacAra vibhinna kathAsUtroM ke sAtha guMphita rahatI thI / eka kathAsUtra hotA thA kRSNapitA vasudeva ke bhramaNoM kI kathA / dUsarA bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemI kA caritra / tIsarA kathAsUtra hotA thA pANDavoM kA caritra / inake atirikta mukhya mukhya pAtroM ke bhavAntaroM kI kathAe~ bhI dI jAtI thI / vasudeva ne eka sau barasa taka vividha dezoM meM bhramaNa karake anekAneka mAnava-kanyAe~ aura vidyAdhara kanyAe~ prApta kI thiiN| usakI rasika kathA vasudevahiNDi ke nAma se jainaparamparA meM pracalita thI / vAstava meM yaha guNADhya kI lupta bRhatkathA kA hI jaina-rUpAntara thA / kRSNa-kathA ke prArambha meM vasudeva kA vaMzavarNana aura caritra AtA hai / vahA~ para vasudeva kI bhramaNakathA bhI choTe-moTe rUpa meM dI jAtI thii| ariSTanemi kRSNa vAsudeva ke cacere bhAI the / bAIsaveM tIrthakara hone se unakA caritra jainadharmiyoM ke lie sarvAdhika mahattva rakhatA hai / ataH aneka hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 41

Page #56
bAra kRSNacaritra nemicaritra ke ekadeza ke rUpa meM milatA hai / isake alAvA pANDavoM ke sAtha evaM pANDava-kaurava-yuddha ke sAtha kRSNa kA ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hone se kRSNa ke caritra ke sAtha mahAbhArata kI kathA bhI grathita hotI thI / phalasvarUpa aisI racanAoM kA jaina mahAbhArata aisA bhI eka nAma pracalita thA / isa prakAra sAmAnyataH jisa aMza ko prAdhAnya diyA gayA ho usake anusAra kRSNacaritra viSayaka racanAoM kA ariSTanemicaritra yA nemipurANa', harivaMza, pANDava purANa), "jaina mahAbhArata - Adi nAma diye jAte the / kintu isa viSaya meM ekavAkyatA nahIM hai / amuka viziSTa aMza ko sAmAnya prAdhAnya denevAlI kRtiyoM ke bhinna bhinna nAma bhI milate haiM / jaise ki Arambha meM sUcita kiyA thA, jaina purANakathAoM kA svarUpa paryApta mAtrA meM ruDhibaddha evam paraMparAniyata thA / dUsarI ora hindI kRtiyoM meM bhI viSaya, vastu Adi meM saMskRta, - prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kI pUrva pracalita racanAoM kA anusaraNa hotA thA / isalie yahA~ para hindI kRSNa-kAvya kA vivaraNa evaM AlocanA prastuta karane se pahale jaina-paramparA kI mAnya kRSNa-kathA kI eka sarvasAdhArANa rUparekhA prastuta karanA Avazyaka hogA / isase uttaravartI AlocanA Adi ke lie Avazyaka saMdarbha sulabha ho jAe~ge / nIce dI gaI rUparekhA san 784 meM digambarAcArya jinasena racita saMskRta harivaMza purANa ke mukhyataH 33, 34, 35, 36, 40 aura 41 sargo para AdhArita hai / zvetAmbarAcArya hemacandra ke san 1165 ke karIba race hue .saMskRta "triSaSTizalAkApuruSa carita" ke AThaveM parva meM bhI savistAra kRSNa-carita hai / jinasena ke vRttAnta se hemacandra kA vRttAnta kucha bheda rakhatA hai / kucha mahattva kI vibhinnatAe~ pAda-TippaNI meM sUcita kI gaI haiM / harivaMzapurANa kA saMketa hapu0" aura triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra kA saMketa "trica0" rakhA hai / kRSNacaritra atyanta vistRta hone se yahA~ para usakI sarvAMgINa samAlocanA karanA saMbhava nahIM hai / jaina kRSNacarita ke spaSTa rUpa se do bhAga kie jA sakate haiM / kRSNa aura yAdavoM ke dvArAvatI praveza taka eka bhAga aura zeSa carita kA dUsarA bhAga / pUrvabhAga meM kRSNa jitane kendravartI haiM utane uttara bhAga meM nahIM haiN| (2) jaina kRSNa-kathA kI rUparekhA __ harivaMza meM jo ki harirAjA se zuru huA thA, kAlakrama se mathurA meM yadu nAmaka rAjA huA / usake nAma se usake vaMzaja yAdava kahalAe / yadu kA putra narapati huA aura narapati ke putra zUra aura suvIra / suvIra 42 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #57
ke mathurA ke rAjya ko dekhakara zUra ne kuzala deza meM zauryapura basAyA / zUra ke andhakavRSNi Adi putra hue aura suvIra ke bhojakavRSNi Adi / andhakavRSNi ke dasa putra hue, unameM sabase bar3A samudravijaya aura sabase choTA vasudeva thA / ye saba dazArha nAma se khyAta hue / kuntI aura mAdI ye do andhakavRSNi kI putriyA~ thIM / bhojakavRSNi ke ugrasena Adi putra the / krama se zoryapura ke siMhAsana para samudravijaya aura mathurA ke siMhAsana para ugrasena Arur3ha hue / ___ atizaya saundarya yukta vasudeva se mantramugdha hokara nagara kI striyA~ apane gharabAra kI upekSA karane lagIM / nAgarikoM kI zikAyata se samudravijaya ne yukti-pUrvaka vasudeva ke ghara se bAhara nikalane para niyantraNa lagA diyA / vasudeva ko eka dina akasmAt isakA patA laga gayA / usane pracchanna rUpa se nagara chor3a diyA / jAte-jAte usane logoM meM aisI bAta phailAI ki vasudeva ne to agnipraveza karake AtmahatyA kara lI / bAda meM vaha kaI dezoM meM bhramaNA karake aura bahuta sI mAnava kanyAe~ evaM vidyAdhara kanyAe~ prApta kara eka sau varSa ke bAda ariSTapura kI rAjakumArI rohiNI ke svayaMvara meM A pahu~cA / rohiNI ne usakA varaNa kiyA / vahA~ Aye samudravijaya Adi bandhuoM ke sAtha usakA punarmilana huA / vasudeva ko rohiNI se rAma nAmaka putra huA / kucha samaya ke bAda vaha zauryapura meM vApasa A gayA aura vahIM dhanurveda kA AcArya banakara rahA / magadharAja jarAsaMdha ne ghoSaNA kara dI ki jo siMhapura ke rAjA siMharatha ko jIvita pakar3a kara use sauMpegA usako apanI kumArI jIvayazA evaM manapasaMda eka nagara diyA jaaegaa| vasudeva ne yaha kArya uThA liyA / saMgrAma meM siMhastha ko vasadeva ke kaMsa nAmaka eka priya ziSya ne pakar3a liyA / apanI pratijJA ke anusAra jIvayazA dene ke pahale jarAsaMdha ne jaba ajJAtakula kaMsa ke kula kI jA~ca kI taba jJAta huA ki vaha ugrasena kA hI putra thA / jaba vaha garbha meM thA taba usakI jananI ko patimAMsa khAne kA dohada huA thA / putra kahIM pitRghAtaka hogA isa bhaya se jananI ne janmate hI putra ko eka kAMse kI peTI meM rakhakara yamunA meM bahA diyA / eka kalAlina ne peTI meM se bAlaka ko nikAla kara apane pAsa rakha liyA thA / kaMsa nAmaka yaha bAlaka jaba bar3A huA taba usakI ugra kalaha priyatA ke kAraNa kalAlina ne usako ghara se nikAla diyA thaa| taba se vaha dhanurveda kI zikSA prApta karatA huA vasudeva ke pAsa hI rahatA thA aura usakA bahuta prItipAtra bana gayA thA / isI samaya kaMsa ne bhI pahalI bAra apanA sahI vRttAnta jAnA / usane pitA se apane baira kA badalA lene ke lie jarAsaMdha se hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa . 43

Page #58
mathurA nagara mA~ga liyA / vahI jAkara usane apane pitA ugrasena ko parAsta kiyA ora usako bandI banAkara durga meM dvAra ke samIpa rakha diyA / kaMsa ne vasudeva ko mathurA bulA liyA / aura gurudakSiNA ke rUpa meM apanI bahana devakI usako dii| devakI ke vivAhotsava meM jIvayazA ne atimuktaka muni kA aparAdha kiyA / phalasvarUpa muni ne bhaviSyakathana ke rUpa meM kahA ki jisake vivAha meM matta hokara nAca rahI ho usake hI putra se tere pati kA evaM pitA kA vinAza hogA / bhayabhIta jIvayazA se yaha bAta jAnakara kaMsa ne vasudeva ko isa vacana se pratibaddha kara diyA ki pratyeka prasUti ke pUrva devakI ko jAkara kaMsa ke AvAsa meM ThaharanA hogA / bAda meM kaMsa kA malina Azaya jJAta hone para vasudeva ne jAkara atimuktaka muni se jAna liyA ki prathama chaH putra carama zarIrI hoMge isalie unakI apamRtyu nahIM hogI aura sAtavA~ putra vAsudeva banegA aura vaha kaMsa kA ghAtaka hogA / isake bAda devakI ne tIna bAra yugala putroM ko janma diyA / pratyeka bAra indrAjJA se naigama deva ne unako uThAkara bhradilanagara ke sudRSTi zreSThI kI patnI alakA ke pAsa rakha diyA / aura alakA ke mRtaputroM ko devakI ke pAsa rakha diyA / isa bAta se ajJAta pratyeka bAra kaMsa ina mRta putroM ko pachAr3a kara samajhatA thA ki maiMne devakI ke putroM ko mAra DAlA / devakI ke sAtaveM putra kRSNa kA janma sAta mAsa ke garbhAvAsa ke bAda bhAdrapada zukla dvAdazI ko rAtri ke samaya huaa| balarAma navajAta zizu ko uThAkara ghara se bAhara nikala gayA / ghanaghora varSA se usakI rakSA karane ke lie vasudeva usa para chatra dharakara calatA thaa| nagara ke dvAra kRSNa ke caraNa 1- dIkSA lene ke pUrva atimuktaka kaMsa kA choTA bhAI thA / hapu. ke anusAra jIvayazA ne ha~sate-ha~sate, atimuktaka muni ke sAmane devakI kA rajomalina vastra pradarzita karake unakI azAtanA kI / trica0 ke anusAra madirA ke prabhAvavaza jIvayazA ne atimuktaka muni ke gale laga kara apane sAtha nRtya karane ko nimaMtrita kiyA / 2- trica0 ke anusAra janmate hI zizu apane ko sauMpa dene kA vacana kaMsa ne vasudeva se le liyaa| 3- trica0 meM seTha seThAnI ke nAma nAga aura sulasA haiN| 4- trica0 ke anusAra kRSNa janma kI tithi aura samaya zrAvaNakRSNASTamI aura madhyarAtri hai / 5- trica0 ke anusAra devakI ke parAmarza se vasudeva kRSNa ko gokula le calA / isameM kRSNa para chatra dharane kA kArya unake rakSaka deviyA~ haiM / 44 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #59
sparza se khula ge| usI samaya kRSNa ko chIMka AI / yaha sunate hI vahIM bandhana meM rakhe hue ugrasenane AziSa kA uccAraNa kiyA / vasudeva ne usako yaha rahasya gupta rakhane ko kahA / kRSNa ko lekara vasudeva aura balarAma nagara se bAhara nikala gae / dedIpyamAna zaMgadhArI daivI vRSabha unako mArga dikhAtA unake Age-Age daur3a rahA thA / yamunA nadI kA mahApravAha kRSNa ke prabhAva se vibhakta ho gayA / nadI pAra karake vasudeva vRndAvana pahu~cA aura vahA~ goSTha meM base hue apane vizvasta sevaka nandagopa aura usakI patnI yazodA ko kRSNa ko sauMpA / unako navajAta kanyA apane sAtha lekara vasudeva aura balarAma vApasa Ae / kaMsa prasUti kI khabara pAte hI daur3atA AyA / kanyA jAna kara usakI hatyA to nahIM kI phira bhI usake bhAvI pati kI ora se bhaya hone kI AzaMkA se usane usakI nAka ko dabA kara cipaTA kara diyA / gopa gopIjanoM ke lADale braja meM vaddhi pAne lage / kaMsa ke jyotiSI ne batAyA ki tumhArA zatru kahIM para bar3A ho rahA hai / kaMsa ne apanI sahAyaka deviyoM ko Adeza diyA ki ve zatru ko DhU~Dha nikAleM aura usakA nAza kareM / isa Adeza se eka devI ne bhISaNa pakSI kA rUpa lekara kRSNa para AkramaNa kiyA / kRSNa ne usakI coMca jora se dabAI to vaha bhAga gaI / dUsarI devI pUtanA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara apane viSalipta stana se kRSNa ko stanapAna karAne lagI / taba devo ne kRSNa ke mukha meM atizaya dabAva pradAna kiyA / isase pUtanA kA stanAgra itanA daba gayA ki vaha bhI cillAtI bhAga gaI / tIsarI zakaTa rUpadhArI pizAcI jaba dhAvA mAratI AI taba kRSNa ne lAta lagA kara zakaTa ko tor3a DAlA / kRSNa ke bahuta adhamoM se taMga Akara yazodA ne eka bAra unako U~khalI ke sAtha bA~dha diyA / usa samaya do deviyA~ yamalArjuna kA rUpa dhAraNa kara kRSNa ko mArane AIM / kRSNa ne donoM 1- trica0 ke anusAra deviyA~ ATha dIpikAoM se mArga ko prakAzita karatI thIM / aura unhIM ne zveta vRSabha kA rUpa dhara kara nagara dvAra khola diye the| 2- trica0 ke anusAra ye prArambha ke upadrava kaMsa kI ora se nahIM, apitu vasudeva ke bairI zUrpaka vidyAdhara kI ora se Aye the / vidyAdhara putrI zakuni zakaTa ke Upara baiThakara nIce khela rahe kRSNa ko dabAkara mArane kA prayAsa karatI hai aura pUtanA nAmaka dUsarI putrI kRSNa ko viSalipta stana pilAtI hai| kRSNa kI rakSaka deviyA~ donoM kA nAza karatI haiN| 3- trica0 ke anusAra bAlakRSNa kahIM calA na jAya isalie unako UkhalI ke sAtha bA~dha kara yazodA kahIM bAhara gaI / taba zUrpaka ke putra ne yamalArjuna bana kara kRSNa ko dabAkara mAranA cAha / kintu devatAoM ne usakA nAza kiyA / trica0 meM govardhana kI bAta nahIM hai| hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 45

Page #60
ko girA diyA / chaThavIM vRSabha rUpadhArI devI kI garadana mor3akara usako bhagA diyA / aura sAtavIM devI jaba kaThora varSA karane lagI taba kRSNa ne govardhana giri U~cA uThAkara sAre gokula kI rakSA kI / kRSNa ke parAkramoM kI bAta sunakara unako dekhane ke lie devakI balarAma ko sAtha lekara gopUjana ko nimitta banAkara gokula AI aura gopaveza kRSNa ko nihArakara vaha AnaMdita huI aura mathurA vApasa AI / balarAma pratidina kRSNa ko dhanurvidyA aura anya kalAoM kI zikSA dene ke lie mathurA se Ate the| bAlakRSNa gopAla-kanyAoM ke sAtha rAsa khelate the / gopa-kanyAe~ kRSNa ke sparzasukha ke lie utsuka rahatI thIM, kintu kRSNa svayaM nirvikAra the / loga kRSNa kI upasthiti meM atyanta sukha kA aura unake viyoga meM atyanta duHkha kA anubhava karate the / eka bAra zaMkita hokara kaMsa svaMya kRSNa ko dekhane ke lie gokula AyA / yazodA ne pahale se hI kRSNa ko dUra vana meM kahIM bheja diyA / vahA~ para bhI kRSNane tANDavI nAmaka pizAcI ko mAra bhagAyA evaM maNDapa banAne ke lie zAlmali kI lakar3I ke atyanta bhArI stambhoM ko akele hI uThA liyA / isase kRSNa ke sAmarthya ke viSaya meM yazodA niHzaMka ho gaI aura kRSNa ko vApasa vana se lauTA liyaa| mathurA vApasa Akara kaMsa ne zatru kA patA lagAne ke lie jyotiSI ke kahane para aisI ghoSaNA kara dI ki jo mere pAsa rakhI gaI siMhavAhinI nAgazayyA para Arur3ha ho sake, ajitaMjaya dhanuSa ko car3hA sake evam pA~cajanya zaMkha ko phUMka sake usako apanI manamAnI cIja pradAna kI jaaegii| aneka rAjA yaha kArya siddha karane meM niSphala hue / eka bAra jIvayazA kA bhAI bhAnu kRSNa kA bala dekhakara unako mathurA le gayA aura vahA~ kRSNa ne tInoM parAkrama siddha kiye / isase kaMsa kI zaMkA prabala ho gaI / kintu balarAma ne zIghra hI kRSNa ko braja bheja diyA / kRSNa kA vinAza karane ke lie kaMsa ne gopa logoM ko Adeza diyA ki yamunA ke hRda meM se kamala lAkara bheTa kareM / isa hada meM bhayaMkara 1- trica0 ke anusAra kRSNa ke parAkramoM kI bAta phailane se vasudeva ne kRSNa kI surakSA ke lie balarAma ko bhI nanda-yazodA ko sauMpa diyaa| unase kRSNa ne vidyAkalAe~ sIkhIM / 2- trica0 ke anusAra jo zAGga dhanuSya car3hA sake usako apanI bahina satyabhAmA dene kI ghoSaNA kaMsa ne kI / aura isa kArya ke lie kRSNa ko mathurA le jAne vAlA kRSNa kA hI sautelA bhAI anAdhRSTi thA / 46 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #61
kAliyanAga rahatA thA / kRSNa ne hada meM praveza kara ke kAliya kA mardana kiyA aura ve kamala lekara bAhara Ae / jaba kaMsa ko kamala bheMTa kiye gae taba usane nanda ke putra ke sahita sabhI gopakumAroM ko mallayuddha ke lie upasthita hone kA Adeza diyA / apane bahuta se malloM ko usane yuddha ke lie taiyAra kara rakhA thaa| kaMsa kA malina Azaya jAnakara vasudeva ne bhI milana ke nimitta se apane nava bhAIyoM ko mathurA meM bulA liyA / balarAma gokula gae aura kRSNa ko apane sahI mAtA-pitA, kula Adi ghaTanAoM se paricita kiyA / isase ruSTa hokara kRSNa, kaMsa kA saMhAra karane ko utsuka ho uThe / donoM bhAI mallaveza dhAraNa karake mathurA kI ora cale / mArga meM kaMsa se anurukta tIna asuroM ne kramazaH nAga ke, gadhe ke aura azva ke rUpameM unako rokane kA prayAsa kiyA / kRSNa ne tInoM kA nAza kara diyA / aura mathurA ke nagara dvAra para kRSNa aura balarAma jaba A pahu~ce taba inake upara kaMsa ke Adeza se campaka aura pAdAbhara nAmaka do madamatta hAthI chor3e gae / balarAma ne campaka ko aura kRSNa ne pAdAbhara ko unake danta ukhAr3akara mAra ddaalaa| nagara praveza karake ve akhAr3e meM Ae / balarAma ne izAre se kRSNa ko * vasudeva, anya dAzArha, kaMsa Adi kI pahacAna karAI / kaMsa ne cANUra aura muSTi ina do pracaMDa malloM ko kRSNa ke sAmane bhejA / kintu kRSNa meM eka sahasra siMha kA aura balarAma meM eka sahasra hAthI kA bala thA / kRSNa ne 1- trica0 meM kAliyamardana kA aura kamala lAne kA prasaMga kaMsa kI mallayuddha ghoSaNA ke bAda AtA hai / trica0 ke anusAra gopoM ko malla yuddha ke lie Ane kA koI Adeza nahIM bhejatA / usane jo mallayuddha ke utsava kA prabandha kiyA thA usameM saMmilita hone ke lie kRSNa aura balarAma kautukavaza svecchA se calate haiM / jAne ke pahale jaba kRSNa snAna ke lie yamunA meM praveza karate haiM taba kaMsa kA mitra kAliya Dasane ko AtA hai / taba kRSNa usako nAtha kara usa para Arur3ha hokara use khUba ghumAte haiM aura nirjIva sA karake chor3a dete haiN| 2- trica. meM sarpazayyA para ArohaNa aura kAliyamardana ina parAkramoM ko jaba kRSNa gyAraha sAla ke the taba karane kI bAta hai / trica0 ke anusAra kRSNa kI kasauTI ke lie jyotiSI ke kahane para kaMsa ariSTa nAmaka vRSabha ko, kezI nAmaka azva ko, eka khara ko aura eka meSa ko kRSNa kI ora bhejatA hai / ina sabako kRSNa mAra DAlate haiN| jyotiSI ne kaMsa se kahA thA ki jo inako mAregA vahI kAliya kA mardana karegA, malloM kA nAza karegA aura kaMsa kA bhI ghAta kregaa| 3- trica0 meM pAdAbhara ke sthAna para padmottara aisA nAma hai / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 47

Page #62
cANUra ko masala kara mAra DAlA aura balarAma ne muSTika ke prANa muSTi prahAra se hara lie / itane meM svayaM kaMsa tIkSNa khaDga lekara kRSNa ke sAmane AyA / kRSNa ne khaDga chIna liyA / kaMsa ko pRthvI para paTaka diyA / use pairoM se pakar3akara patthara para pachAr3a kara mAra DAlA / aura eka pracaNDa aTTahAsya kiyA / AkramaNa karane ko khar3I huI kaMsa kI senA ko balarAma ne maMca kA khaMbhA ukhAr3a kara prahAra karake bhagA diyA / vahA~ para kRSNa pitA aura svajanoM se mile / ugrasena ko bandhana mukta kiyA aura usako mathurA ke siMhAsana para phira se baiThAyA / jIvayazA jarAsaMdha ke pAsa jA pahu~cI / kRSNa ne vidyAdharakumArI satyabhAmA' ke sAtha aura balarAma ne revatI ke sAtha vivAha kiyaa| ___ kaMsa-vadha kA badalA lene ke lie jarAsaMdha ne apane putra kAlayavana ko bar3I senA ke sAtha bhejA / satraha bAra yAdavoM ke sAtha yuddha karake anta meM vaha mArA gayA / tatpazcAt jarAsaMdha kA bhAI aparAjita tIna sau chiyAlisa bAra yuddha karake kRSNa ke bANoM se mArA gayA / taba pracaNDa senA lekara jarAsaMdha ne mathurA kI ora prayANa kiyA / isake bhaya se aThAraha koTi yAdava mathurA chor3akara pazcima dizA kI ora cala par3e / jarAsaMdha ne unakA pIchA kiyA / vindhyAcala ke pAsa jaba jarAsaMdha AyA taba kRSNa kI sahAyaka deviyoM ne aneka citAe~ racI aura vRddhA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara unhoMne jarAsaMdha ko samajhA diyA ki usase bhAgate hue yAdava kahIM zaraNa na pAne se sabhI jala kara mara gae / isa bAta ko sahI mAnakara jarAsaMdha vApasa lauTA / jaba yAdava samudra ke nikaTa pahuMce taba kRSNa aura balarAma kI tapazcaryA se prabhAvita indra ne gautama deva ko bhejA / usane samudra ko dUra haTAyA / vahA~ para samudravijaya ke putra evam bhAvI tIrthaMkara neminAtha kI bhakti se prerita kubera 1- trica0 ke anusAra prathama kaMsa kRSNa aura balagama ko mAra DAlane kA apane sainikoM ko Adeza detA hai / taba kRSNa kUdakara maMca para pahu~cate haiM aura kezoM se khIMcakara kaMsa ko paTakate haiM / bAda meM caraNaprahAra se usakA sira kucalakara usako maNDapa ke bAhara pheMka dete haiN| 2- trica0 ke anusAra satyabhAmA kaMsa kI hI bahana thii| 3- trica0 ke anusAra pahale jarAsaMdha samudravijaya ke pAsa kRSNa aura balarAma ko usako sauMpa dene kA Adeza bhejatA hai / samudravijaya isa Adeza kA tiraskAra karatA hai / bAda meM jyotiSI kI salAha se yAdava mathurA chor3akara cala dete haiM / jarAsaMdha kA putra kAla yAdavoM ko mArane kI pratijJA karake apane bhAI yavana aura sahadeva ko sAtha lekara yAdavoM kA pIchA karatA hai / rakSaka devatAoM se die gae yAdavoM ke agnipraveza ke samAcAra sahI mAnakara vaha pratijJA kI pUrti ke lie svayaM agnipraveza karatA hai / 48 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM dRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #63
ne dvArakA nagarI kA nirmANa kiyA / usane bAraha yojana lambI aura nau yojana caur3I isa vajramaya koTa se yukta nagarI meM sabhI ke liye yogya AvAsa banAe aura kRSNa ko aneka divya zastrAstra, ratha Adi bheMTa kie / yAdava vaMzI vahA~ para nivAsa karane lge| yahA~ para pUrva kRSNacaritra samApta hotA hai / uttara kRSNacaritra rukmiNI ke haraNa se zurU hotA hai / eka bAra nArada dvArakA Aye aura ve satyabhAmA ke vyavahAra se asaMtuSTa ho gaye / unhoMne satyabhAmA kA gumAna dUra karane ke lie kuNDinapura kI rAjakumArI rukmiNI ke rUpa meM kRSNa ke vAste eka dUsarI - paTarAnI khoja nikAlI aura usakA citrapaTa dikhAkara kRSNa ko usa para anurakta bhI kara diyA / kRSNa kuNDinapura jA pahuMce aura pUrva-yojanA ke anusAra, nAgadeva kI pUjA ke bahAne udyAna meM AI huI rukmiNI kA haraNa karake calate bane / yuddha meM unhoMne zizupAla ko mAra girAyA aura rukmiNI ke bhAI rukmI ko bandI banA liyA / dvArakA pahu~ca kara rukmiNI ke sAtha vidhivat vivAha kara ve sukha se rahane lage / kucha kAloparAnta rukmiNI ko putrotpatti huI / pUrvabhava ke bairI dhUmaketu asura dvArA apahRta hokara kAlasaMvara vidyAdhara dvArA vaha bacA liyA gayA / aura usakI strI kanakamAlA dvArA pAlA gayA / usakA nAma pradyumna rakhA gayA / jaba kanakamAlA pradyumna ke prati kAma se vihvala ho gaI aura use rijhAne kA prayatna karane lagI, taba pradyumna ne jinAlaya meM jAkara sAgaracandra munirAja se isakA rahasya pUchA / munirAja ne pradyumna ko una donoM ke pUrvabhava batAe / pradyumna kanakamAlA ke pUrvabhava kI kAmecchA ko apUrNa chor3a kisI prakAra usake prapaMca se bacakara dvArakA pahu~cA / vahA~ taraha-taraha kI adbhuta ceSTAoM ke bAda usakA milana mAtA-pitA se huA / satyabhAmA ko bhI eka putrakI prApti huI / usakA nAma bhAnukumAra rakhA gayA / kRSNa ne jAmbavatI, lakSmaNA, susImA, gauro, padmAvatI aura gAMdhArI nAmaka kanyAoM kA pANigrahaNa kiyA / jAmbavatI se zAmba nAga ke putra kI utpatti huii| kauravoM ke utpAta se taMga hokara aura unake SaDyaMtra se prANa bacAkara pANDava vana-vana bhaTakate rahe / hastinApura lauTakara ve juA meM hAre aura bAraha varSa taka ajJAta vAsa karane ke pazyAt ghara Ae / duryodhana kA bar3hatA huA durbhAva dekhakara unheM eka bAra phira hastinApura chor3anA par3A / isa bAra ve kRSNa ke yahA~ dvArakA pahuMce jahA~ yAdavoM ne unakA bar3A satkAra kiyaa| dvArakA meM yAdavoM ke bar3hate hue vaibhava ko suna jarAsaMdha ne yuddha kI hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarU-dikAya * 49

Page #64
taiyArI ke sAtha AkramaNa kiyA / donoM ora kI senAoM kA ghora yuddha huA / anta meM zrIkRSNane cakraratna se jarAsaMdha kA sira kATakara use niSprANa kara diyA / isa avasara para santuSTa hue devoM ne ghoSaNA kI ki vasudeva kA putra kRSNa nauvA~ vAsudeva huA hai aura usane cakradhArI hokara dveSa rakhanevAle pratizatru jarAsaMdha ko usI ke cakra se yuddhameM mAra DAlA hai / tatpazcAt rAjAoM ne atizaya prasiddha kRSNa tathA baladeva kA ardha bharatakSetra ke svAmitva pada para abhiSikta kiyA / tatpazcAt ve digvijaya ke lie nikala par3e / mAgadha devoM ko harAkara unhoMne vijayArdha-sthita mleccha rAjAoM Adi ko vijita kiyA / tatpazcAt ve nArAyaNa rUpameM prasiddha hue / eka bAra zrIkRSNa kI sabhA meM unake pitRvya samudravijaya ke putra nemikumAra gaye / prasaMgavaza donoM bhAIyoM ke bala kI parIkSA huI aura kRSNa neminAtha ke bala se parAsta ho gaye / unheM zaMkA huI ki kahIM rAjya na calA jAya / neminAtha ke vivAha ke liye unakI svIkRti pAkara zrIkRSNa ne bhojakavaMziyoM kI kumArI rAjamatI (rAjulA) ko unakI vadhU ke rUpa meM nizcita kiyA / kintu rAjamArga para jAte hue neminAtha ne jaba vivAhotsava meM vadha ke lie lAe gae nAnA jAti ke pazu dekhe to unakA hRdaya prANIdayA se sarAbora ho gayA / avadhijJAna se unheM isake kAraNa kA patA laga gayA / vairAgya dhAraNa kara ve sahasrAm vana meM tapazcaryA meM lIna ho gae / Azvina zuklA, citrA nakSatra meM unheM kevala jJAna huA / anta meM ve irAvatI meM Akara khetaka giri ke udyAna meM virAjamAna ho gae / eka-eka karake kRSNa, devakI, baladeva, satyabhAmA, Adi ne unase prazna kie aura unhoMne sabake bhavAntaroM kA varNana kiyA / baladeva ne svAmI neminAtha se kRSNa kI Ayu ke bAre meM pUchA / neminAtha ne batAyA ki 12 varSa bAda madirA nimitta se dvaipAyana muni ke dvArA dvArAvatI kA nAza ho jaaegaa| jaratkumAra kRSNa kI mRtyu kA kAraNa banegA / kRSNa ke prayatna karane para bhI honahAra hokara rahA aura dvaipAyana muni ke krodha se dvArAvatI bhasmIbhata ho gaI / kaSNa aura baladeva bhramaNa karate-karate kauzAmba vana meM pahu~ce / vahA~ kRSNa ko pyAsa lagI / baladeva pAnI ke lie gaye aura kRSNa pItAmbara or3hakara leTa gae / isI samaya dhokhe se jaratkumAra ke bANa se unake padatala meM coTa lagI aura unakI mRtyu ho gaI / jaratkumAra se yAdava vaMza kI paramparA calI / 50 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #65
(3) jaina granthoM tathA hindI kRSNa-sAhitya meM varNita kRSNa ke jIvana se saMbaMdhita pramukha ghaTanAe~ - jaina aura vaidika donoM hI paramparAoM ke granthoM meM zrIkRSNa ke alaukika vyaktitva aura kRtitva ko batAnevAlI bAlyakAla evaM yuvAvasthA kI aneka camatkArika ghaTanAe~ likhI huI milatI haiM / ve sArI ghaTanAe~ aitihAsika hI haiM, aisA nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA / yahA~ hamArA uddezya kevala itanA hI batAnA hai ki ve ghaTanAe~ jaina aura vaidika granthoM meM kisa-kisa rUpa meM AyI haiM, ina prasaMgoM ke zIrSaka jaina granthoM tathA usa para AdhArita hindI jaina sAhitya ke AdhAra para diye gae haiN| (ka) zakunI aura pUtanA-vadha :____ AcArya hemacandra racita "triSaSTizalAkAparuSa caritra 1 evaM AcArya malladhArI hemacandra racita bhava-bhAvanA ke anusAra surpaka vidyAdhara kI putriyA~ zakunI aura pUtanA ye donoM vasudeva kI virodhinI thiiN| unheM kisI taraha jJAta ho gayA thA ki kRSNa vasudeva kA putra hai / ataH zrIkRSNa ko mArane ke lie ve gokula meM AIM / zakunI ne zrIkRSNa ko jora se dabAyA, bhaya utpanna karane ke lie jora se karNa-kaTu kilakAriyA~ kI, kintu kRSNa Dare nahIM, apitu unhone zakunI ko hI samApta kara diyA / pUtanA ne viSalipta stana zrIkRSNa ke mu~ha meM diye, para kRSNa kA bAla baoNkA na huA, vaha svayaM hI nirjIva ho gii| ___jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa tathA hindI meM racita khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta harivaMza purANAnusAra eka dina kaMsa ke hitaiSI varuNa nAmaka nimittajJa ne usase kahA-rAjan / yahA~ kahIM nagara athavA vana meM tumhArA zatru bar3ha rahA hai, usakI khoja karanI cAhie / usake pazcAt zatru ke nAza kI bhAvanA se kaMsa ne tIna dina kA upavAsa kiyA, deviyA~ AyIM aura kaMsa se kahane lagI ki hama saba Apake pUrvabhava ke tapa se siddha kI huI deviyA~ haiM / ApakA jo kArya ho vaha kahie / kaMsa ne kahA - hamArA koI vairI kahIM gupta rUpa se bar3ha rahA hai / tuma dayA se nirapekSa ho zIghra hI usakA patA lagAkara use mRtyu ke mu~ha meM pahu~cAo / use mAra DAlo / kaMsa ke kathana ko svIkRta kara deviyA~ calI gaIM / unameM se eka devI zIghra hI bhayaMkara pakSI kA rUpa 1- (ka) triSaSTi. 8/5/123-126 (kha) bhava-bhAvanA gA. 2206 se 2210-pR. 147 2- harivaMza purANa (hindI) dohA 104 se 115 taka, pR. 75 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 51

Page #66
banAkara AyI / coMca dvArA prahAra kara bAlaka kRSNa ko mArane kA prayatna karane lagI, parantu kRSNa ne usakI coMca pakar3akara itane jora se dabAI ki vaha bhayabhIta ho pracaNDa zabda karatI huI bhAga gaI / dUsarI devI prapUtana bhUta kA rUpa dhAraNa kara kupUtanA bana gaI aura apane viSa sahita stana unheM pilAne lgii| parantu devatAoM se adhiSThita hone ke kAraNa zrIkRSNa kA mukha atyanta kaThora ho gayA thA, isalie unhoneM stana kA agra bhAga itane jora se cUsA ki vaha becArI cillAne lgii|| zrImadbhAgavata ke anusAra kaMsa kRSNa ke nAza ke lie pUtanA rAkSasI ko braja meM bhejatA hai / vaha bAlakRSNa ko viSamaya stana kA pAna karAtI hai / yaha rahasya zrIkRSNa jAna jAte haiM / ataH ve stanapAna itanI ugratA se karate haiM ki pUtanA pIDita hokara mara jAtI hai / (kha) yamalArjunoddhAra zrIkRSNa bar3I hI caMcala prakRti ke the / eka sthAna para Tikakara nahIM rahA karate the / ataH parezAna hokara yazodA unake udara para paTTe sI eka rassI bAMdha diyA karatI thI / eka dina yazodA rassI bAMdhakara kisI Avazyaka kArya hetu paDausI ke ghara gaI / usa samaya sUrpaka vidyAdhara kA putra apane pitA ke baira ko smaraNa kara yaha vasudeva kA putra hai- aisA socakara jahA~ zrIkRSNa khela rahe the vahA~ para AyA aura vidyA ke bala se do arjuna jAti ke vRkSoM kA rUpa banAyA / zrIkRSNa una vRkSoM ke bIca meM se gaye aura 1- "sA khevaryekadopetya pUtanA nandagokulam / yoSitvA mAyayAtmAnaM pravizatkAmacAriNI // 4 // . bAlagrahastatra vicinvatI zizUna / ___ yadacchayA nandagRhe'sadantakam // bAlaM praticchannanijostejasaM / dadarza talpe'grimivAhitaM bhasi // 7 // tasminastanaM durjaravIryamulvaNaM / ghorAMkamAdAya zizordadAvatha // gADhaM karAbhyAM bhagavAnaprapIDya tatprANaiH samaM roSasamanvito'pibat / / 10 / / nizAcarItthaM vyathitastanA vyasu pdAya kezAMzcaraNo bhujAbala / / prasArya goSThe nijarUpamAsthitA / / vajrAhato vRtra ivApatannRpa // 13 // - zrImadbhAgavata 10/6/4 se 13 52 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #67
unhoMne una vRkSoM ke Tukar3e-Tukar3e kara diye / zrIkRSNa ke apUrva bala se vaha usI kSaNa mara gayA / zrIkRSNa ke peTa para DorI bAMdhI jAtI thI, ataH ve dAmodara ke nAma se bhI vizruta hue| AcArya jinasena ne jamala aura arjuna ko deviyA~ mAnI haiM / harivaMzapurANa" meM bhI yamalArjunoddhAra kI kathA nimna prakAra se milatI hai / 2 zrImadbhAgavat meM yamalArjunoddhAra kI kathA nimna prakAra se dI huI hai - nalakUbara aura maNigrIva-ye donoM eka to dhanAdhyakSa kubera ke lAr3ale lar3ake the aura dUsare inakI ginatI ho gayI rudrabhagavAna ke anucaroM meM / isase unakA ghamaNDa bar3ha gayA / eka dina ve donoM mandAkinI ke taTa para kailAza ke ramaNIya upavana meM vAruNI madirA pIkara madonmatta hokara apsarAoM ke sAtha nagnaavasthAmeM jalakrIr3A kara rahe the / usI vakta saMyogavaza usa ora nAradajI kA Agamana huA / nAradajI ko dekhakara zApa ke Dara se apsarAoM ne jhaTapaTa apane-apane kapar3e pahana liye, parantu ina yakSoM ne kapar3e nahIM pahane / isa para unakI nirlajjatA ko dekhakara nAradajI ko krodha A gayA aura unhoMne unheM vRkSayoni meM jAne kA zrApa diyA, ye donoM eka hI sAtha arjuna vRkSa hokara yamalArjuna nAma se prasiddha hue| - vRkSayoni meM jAne para bhI nAradajI kI kRpA se unheM bhagavAna kI smRti banI rahI / nAradajI ne yaha bhI kahA ki unakA uddhAra sau varSa pazcAt bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ke caraNoM ke sparza se hI hogaa| bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ne apane parama premI bhakta devarSi nAradajI kI bAta 1- (ka) tau. dhUlidhUsaraM kRSNaM mosanmUrchina cucuMbatuH / / dAmodaretyUcire ca taM gopA dAmabaMdhanAt // ___- triSaSTi. 8/5/141 (kha) bhava-bhAvanA-gA0 2211-2215 2- (ka) yazodayA dAmaguNena jAtu yadacchayodUkhalabaddhapAdaH nipIDayanto ripudevatAgau nyapAtayantau jamalArjunau saH - harivaMzapurANaM 35/45 pR. 453 (kha) eka samai mAMSana savai / / bAya gayau hari Aya / deSi yasodA bAMdhiyau / / UMbala taidi DhiMkAya / / jIha samai ika devatA // leya gaI nabha mAMhi // hari vAkU pImA daI / / yApi gaI bhuvatrayAMhi / ___-harivaMza purANa 115, pR. 75 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 53

Page #68
I satya karane ke lie dhIre-dhIre Ukhala ghasITate hue usa ora prasthAna kiyA, jidhara yamalArjuna vRkSa the / bhagavAna zrIkRSNa donoM vRkSoM ke bIca meM ghusa gae / ve to dUsarI ora nikala gae, parantu Ukhala Ter3hA hokara aTaka gayA / dAmodara bhagavAna zrIkRSNa kI kamara meM rassI kasI huI thI / unhoMne apane pIche lur3hakate hue Ukhala ko jyoM hI tanika jora se khIMcA, tyoM hI per3oM kI sArI jar3e ukhar3a gayIM aura ve donoM bar3e jora se tar3atar3Ate hue pRthvI para gira par3e / una donoM vRkSo meM se agni ke samAna tejasvI do siddha puruSa nikale / unhoMne saMpUrNa lokoM ke svAmI bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ke pAsa Akara unake caraNoM meM sira rakha kara praNAma kiyA tathA unakA AzIrvAda prApta kara apane loka ko cale gae / (ga) kAliya nAgadamana AcArya hemacandra racita "triSaSTizalAkApuruSa carita" ke anusAra yamunA meM kAliya nAma kA eka bhayaMkara nAga rahatA thA / isakA rahasya na kRSNa ko patA thA aura na balarAma hI kucha jAnate the / zrIkRSNa ne jyoM hI snAna karane ke lie yamunA meM praveza kiyA, kAliya nAga zrIkRSNa kI ora daur3A / usakI maNi ke prakhara prakAza se sArA pAnI prakAzita ho gayA / zrIkRSNa ne use kamala nAga kI taraha pakar3a liyA, aura usakI nAsikA nAtha kara usake sAtha krIr3A karate rahe / kAliya nAga ke upadrava ko unhoMne zAnta kiyA / 2 aura snAna karake mathurA kI ora cale gae / khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta "harivaMza purANa" ke anusAra kRSNa kA anta 1- zrImadabhAgavata: pR. 184-190 / 2- triSaSTi. 8/5/262-265 / 3- kamala taNI ahi sevA karai / jA DhigI kou dhIra na dhare / aisau paMkaja byAje kAhi / / kiSna kumAra tai ima batalAhi / / 182 kaMsa bhUpakI AgyArAha || kamala taNUM avakIjai keha / farad bhASaNAta / / punpatha kI durlabha ko bAta / / 183 soka karo mati janaka lagAra || maiM paMkaja lyAU~ tatakAra / ima kahi hari gayo jahi thAni / / sarpathakI jItyau sunidAnI // / 184 tava nAgina AI hari pAya / mo pati upari SimA karAya // kamala magAye nAgina pAsi / / leya calyau paMkaja guNarAsi / / 185 kaMsa samIpa kamala SinavAya || deSi padamasava aciraja pAya / / kaMsa corI hivAra / / vairI tau balavAna apAra / / 186 - khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta "harivaMzapurANa" - pR. 79 / 54 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #69
karane kI bhAvanA se kaMsa ne kamala lAne ke lie samasta gopoM ke samaha ko yamunA ke usa hUda ke sammukha bhejA jo prANiyoM ke lie atyanta durgama thA, aura jahA~ viSama sA~pa laharAte rahate the| ___ apanI bhujAoM ke bala se suzobhita kRSNa anAyAsa hI usa hRda meM ghusa gae aura kAliya nAmaka nAga kA jo kupita hokara sAmane AyA thA, mahAbhayaMkara phaNa para sthita maNiyoM kI kiraNoM ke samUha se agni ke sphuliMgoM kI zobhA ko prakaTa kara rahA thA, tathA atyanta kAlA thA-unhoMne zIghra hI mardana kara DAlA / nadI ke kinAre para gopa bAla jayajayakAra karane lage / zrIkRSNa kamaloMko tor3akara vAyu ke samAna zIghra hI taTa para A gae aura ve kamala kaMsa ke sAmane upasthita kie gae / unheM dekhakara kaMsa ghabarA gayA / usane AjJA dI ki nanda gopa ke putra sahita samasta gopa avilamba mallayuddha ke lie taiyAra ho jAveM / zrImadabhAgavata ke anasAra yamanAjI meM kAliya nAga kA eka kuNDa thaa| usakA jala viSa kI garmI se khaulatA rahatA thA / jaba zrIkRSNa ne dekhA ki usa sA~pa ke viSa kA vega bar3A pracaNDa hai aura vaha bhayAnaka viSa hI usakA mahAna bala hai tathA usake kAraNa unakA vihAra kA sthAna yamunAjI dUSita ho gayI haiM, taba bhagavAna zrIkRSNa apanI kamara kA pheMTA kasakara eka bahuta U~ce kadamba ke vRkSa para car3ha gae aura vahA~ se tAla Thokakara usa viSaile jala meM kUda par3e / A~kha se hI sunanevAle kAliya nAga ne yaha AvAja sunI aura dekhA ki koI mere nivAsasthAna kA tiraskAra kara rahA hai / use yaha sahana na huaa| vaha cir3hakara bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ke sAmane A gyaa| usane zrIkRSNa ke marmasthAnoM meM Dasakara apane zarIra ke bandhana se unheM jakaDa liyA / bhagavAna zrIkRSNa nAgapAza meM ba~dhakara nizceSTa ho gae / yaha sA~pa ke zarIra se ba~dha jAnAM to zrIkRSNa kI manuSyoM jaisI lIlA thii| jaba unhoMne dekhA ki braja ke sabhI loga strI aura baccoM ke sAtha mere lie isa prakAra atyanta duHkhI ho rahe haiM aura sacamuca mere sivAya inakA koI dUsarA sahArA nahIM hai, taba ve eka muhUrta taka sarpa ke bandhana meM rahakara bAhara nikala Ae / taba bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ne usake bar3e-bar3e siroM ko tanika davA diyA aura uchalakara una para savAra ho gae tathA pairoM kI coTa se usake saroM ko kucala DAlA / sira ke kucala jAne se usakI zakti kSINa ho gaI aura vaha behoza ho gayA / bAda meM nAgapatniyoM ke Agraha karane para zrIkRSNa ne usako chor3a diyA tathA Adeza diyA ki vaha yamunA ko chor3akara samudra meM rahane ke lie calA jAya / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 55

Page #70
usane zrIkRSNa ke Adeza kA pAlana kiyA tathA apanI paliyoM, putroM aura bandhu-bAndhavoM ke sAtha ramaNaka dvIpa kI, jo samudra meM sarpo ke rahane kA eka sthAna hai, yAtrA kI / zrIkRSNa kI kRpA se yamunAjI kA jala viSahIna hI nahIM, balki usI samaya amRta ke samAna madhura ho gayA / (gha) kaMsa vadha :___ "triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra bhava-bhAvanA evam harivaMzapurANa ke anusAra kaMsake vadha kI kathA isa prakAra milatI hai / pahale kaMsa kI AjJA se prathama aneka malla paraspara yuddha karane lage / ekadUsare ko parAjita karane ke lie aneka dA~vapeca dikhalAte hue jana-samUha kA manoraMjana karane lage / anta meM cANUra malla khar3A huA | usane sabhI rAjAoM ko yuddha ke lie lalakArA / kintu koI bhI rAjA usase yuddha karane ko prastuta nahIM huA / cANUra ne dubArA kahA-kyA koI bhI mere sAtha malla yuddha karane ko taiyAra nahIM hai ? yaha lalakAra sunate hI zrIkRSNa akhAr3e meM utara par3e / logoM ne AvAz2a lagAI-kahA~ cANUra aura kahA~ dudhamu~hA baccA ? loga isa viSama yuddha kA virodha karane lge| kintu usI samaya kaMsa garajA-inheM yahA~ kisane bulAyA thaa| mere yahA~ Ae hI kyoM ? aba to yaha kuztI hogI hii| kRSNane logoM se kahA-Apa ghabarAiye nahIM / dekhie, abhI isakI bhujAoM kA mada utAratA hU~ / itane meM dUsarA malla muSTika bhI akhAr3e meM kUda par3A / taba usase lar3ane ke lie balarAma akhAr3e meM utare / donoM jor3iyoM meM bhayaMkara mallayuddha huA / kRSNa aura balarAma ne kramazaH cANUra aura muSTika ko tRNa ke Dhera kI taraha uchAlakara eka tarapha pheMka diyA / cANUra uThA / usane zrIkRSNa ke urusthala para jora se muSTi kA prahAra kiyA / muSTi ke prahAra se zrIkRSNa behoza ho gaye / kRSNa ko behoza dekhakara kaMsa prasanna huA / usane A~kha se cANUra ko saMketa kiyA ki ise mAra DAle | vaha zrIkRSNa ko mArane ke lie udyata huA tyoM hI baladeva ne usa para aisA jora se prahAra kiyA ki cANUra dUra jAkara gira 1- zrImadabhAgavata : zloka 67, pR. 231-241 2- (ka) triSaSTi. 8/5/274-283 / (kha) bhava-bhAvanA 2435-2442, pR. 163 (ga) harivaMzapurANa (hindI) - khuzAlacandra kAlA - pR.40, dohya 181-185 3- (ka) triSaSTi. 8/5/284-295 / (kha) bhava-bhAvanA 2443-2456 / (ga) harivaMzapurANa meM kRSNa ke behyeza hone kA varNana nahIM hai| 56 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #71
par3A / kucha hI kSaNoM meM zrIkRSNa punaH taiyAra ho gae / unhoMne cANUra ko phira se lalakArA / donoM bhujAoM ke bIca meM r3Alakara use aisA dabAyA ki cANUra ko rakta kA vamana hone lagA / A~khe phira gaIM aura kucha hI kSaNoM meM vaha nirjIva ho gayA / cANUra ko marA huA dekhakara kaMsa cillA uThA - ina adhama gopa bAlakoM ko mAra do| inakA poSaNa karane vAle nanda ko bhI samApta kara do / usakA sarvasva lUTakara yahA~ le Ao aura jo nanda kA pakSa leM unheM bhI mAra DAlo kaMsa kI yaha bAteM sunate hI zrIkRSNa ke netra krodha se lAla sUrkha ho gaye / unake roma-roma meM se Aga barasane lagI / ve bole are narAdhama / cANUra mara gayA tathApi tU apane Apako marA huA nahIM samajhatA hai ? mujhe mArane se pahale tU apane prANoM kI rakSA kara / itanA kahakara aura siMha kI taraha uchalakara zrIkRSNa maMca para car3ha gae / kezoM ko pakar3akara use jamIna para paTaka diyA / usakA mukuTa bhUmi para gira par3A / kRSNa bole - are duSTa ! tUne apanI rakSA ke lie vyartha hI garbha - hatyAe~ kIM, para yAda rakha aba tU bhI bacanevAlA nahIM hai / udhara balarAma ne muSTika ko bhI mAra DAlA thA / kaMsa hatAza ho gayA thA / kaMsa kI rakSA ke lie aneka sainika hAthoM meM zastrAstra lekara kRSNa ko mArane ke lie taiyAra hue ki balarAma ne maMca ke eka khambhe ko lekara una sabhI ko bhagA diyA / udhara zrIkRSNa ne kaMsa ke mastiSka para paira rakhA aura use mAra diyA / jaise dUdha meM se makkhI bAhara nikAla kara pheMka dI jAtI hai, vaise hI use maNDapa meM se bAhara pheMka diyA / 3 harivaMzapurANa ke anusAra kaMsa svayaM talavAra lekara kRSNa ko mArane AtA hai taba kRSNane 1 (ka) triSaSTi. 8/5/296 -300 / (kha) bhava- bhAvanA - 2450 - 2461 / (ga) harivaMzapurANa - khuzAlacanda, dohA - 181 - 184 / 2- (kaM) triSaSTi. 8/5/301-302/ (kha) bhava - bhAvanA - 2462 - 2464 / - 3 - kRSNo'pi pAdaM zirasi nyasya kaMsaM vyapAdayat / kezaiH kRSTvAkSipadaMgAdbahistaM dArvivArNivaH / / - triSaSTi. 8/5/3130 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa * 57

Page #72
usakI talavAra chIna lI, aura bAla pakar3akara pRthvI para pachAr3akara mAra diyA / (Da) zizupAla vadha guNabhadrAcArya ke uttarapurANa tathA khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta hindI harivaMzapurANa meM zizupAla vadha kI kathA isa prakAra hai / 2 / kauzala ke rAjA bheSaja the / unakI patnI kA nAma mAdI thaa| unake tIna netravAlA zizupAla putra huA / tIna netroM ko nihAra kara unhoMne kisI nimitta-jJAnI se pUchA / nimittavetA ne kahA-jise dekhane se isakA tIsarA netra naSTa ho jAyegA, yaha usI ke dvArA mArA jAegA / kisI dina rAjA bheSaja, rAnI mAdI, zizapAla aura anya loga zrIkRSNa ke darzana ke lie dvArAvatI nagarI gaye / vahA~ para zrIkRSNa ko dekhate hI zizupAla kA tIsarA netra adRzya ho gayA / yaha dekha mAdrI ko nimittajJAnI kA kathana smaraNa aayaa| usane zrIkRSNa se yAcanA kI-pUjya / mujhe putra bhikSA diijie| zrIkRSNa ne uttara diyA-he amba 1 jaba taka yaha sau aparAdha nahIM karegA taba taka meM ise nahIM mArU~gA / isa prakAra kRSNa se varadAna prApta kara mAdI apane nagara ko calI gaI / zizapAla kA teja dhIre-dhIre sUrya kI taraha baDhane lagA | vaha apane Apako sarvazreSTha samajhane lagA / siMha ke samAna zrIkRSNa ke upara bhI AkramaNa kara unheM apanI icchAnusAra calAne kI icchA 2- malla muSTi yama maMdira gayau / / kaMsa tabai krodhita ati bhayau // Apa judhaH karane kU uThau // krisna tabai ati hI so ruThau // 194 carana pakari bhAyau harI // bhUparipaTiki mAriyo arI // kaMsa prANa taji nidi gati gayau / inike jayajayakAra ju bhayo / / 195 -doho naM. 194-195, pR. 80 / 2- harivaMzapurANaH khuzAlacanda kAlA-dohA-738 se 752, pR0 114 / 3- rugmiNyatha puraH kausalAkhyayA bhUpateH sutaH / / bheSajasyAbhavanbhadrayAM zizupAlastrilocanaH / / -uttarapurANa 71/342, pR0 398 4- uttara purANa 71/343-344 / 5- vahI, 71/347 jhanaka japaNAra 58 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #73
karane lagA / isa prakAra ahaMkArI, samasta saMsAra meM phailane vAle yaza se upalakSita aura apanI Ayu ko samarpaNa karane vAle usa zizupAla ne zrIkRSNa ke sau aparAdha kara DAle / vaha apane Apako sabase zreSTha samajhatA thA / zrIkRSNa ko bhI lalakAra kara unakI lakSmI chInane kA udyama karatA thaa| isI bIca rukmiNI kA pitA rukmiNI ko zizupAla ko dene taiyAra huA / yuddha kI cAha karane vAle nArada ne jaba yaha bAta sunI to usane zrIkRSNa ko yaha samAcAra sunAyA / zrIkRSNa ne chaha prakAra kI senA ke sAtha jAkara usa balavAna zizupAla ko mArA aura rukmiNI ke sAtha vivAha kiyA / triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra Adi ke anusAra, jarAsaMdha ke yuddha ke samaya zizupAla kA vadha huA hai, rukmiNI ke vivAha ke samaya nahIM / mahAbhArata ke anusAra rAjasUya yajJa karanevAle pANDavoMne prathama zrIkRSNa kI arcanA kI / zrIkRSNa kI arcanA ko dekhakara zizupAla atyanta ruSTa huA aura anargala pralApa karane lagA / zizupAla kI uddaNDatA ko dekhakara bhIma ko bahuta hI krodha AyA / usake netra lAla ho gae / vaha zizupAla ko mArane daudd'aa| kintu bhISma pitAmaha ne use roka diyA / zizupAla kahane lagA ki Apa ise chor3a deM, maiM ise abhI samApta kara dU~gA / taba bhISma pitAmaha ne zizupAla kI janma kahAnI sunAte hue kahA- jaba yaha janmA thA, taba gadhe kI taraha cillAne lagA / mAtApitA Dra gaye / usI samaya AkAzavANI huI ki yaha tumhArA kucha bhI nukasAna nahIM karegA, isakI mRtyu usase hogI jisakI goda meM jAne se isa bAlaka ke do hAtha aura eka AMkha gAyaba ho jAyeMge | yaha sUcanA sarvatra prasArita ho gaI / eka dina zrIkRSNa apanI phaphI se,. jo zizupAla kI mAtA hai, milane gaye / zizupAla ko jyoMhI zrIkRSNa kI goda meM biThAyA gayA, tyoM hI isake do hAtha aura eka A~kha gAyaba ho gaye / mAtA ne zrIkRSNa se prArthanA kI / kRSNa ne kahAtumhArA putra mAra DAlane yogya aparAdha karegA to bhI maiM to sau aparAdhoM taka kSamA karU~gA / isIlie yaha tumheM yuddha ke lie lalakAra rahA hai / phira zizupAla ne kRSNa ko lalakArA / jaba usake sau aparAdha pUre ho gaye taba zrIkRSNa ne krodhakara cakra ko chor3A, jisase zizupAla kA sira kaTakara pRthvI 1- triSaSTi 8/7/400-404 / 2- aparAdhazataM kSAmyaM mayA hanasya pitRSvasaH / putrasya te vadhArhasya mA tva zoke manaH kRthAH // -mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, a043 zloka 24 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 59

Page #74
para gira par3A / isa prakAra zrIkRSNa ne zizupAla kA vadha kiyA / (Ta) mahAbhArata kA yuddha- . mahAbhArata kA yuddha kauravoM aura pANDavoM kA yuddha thA / usa yuddha meM zrIkRSNa ne arjuna ke sArathI kA kArya kiyA / kintu svaMya ne yuddha nahIM kiyA / usa yuddha kA vistRta varNana mahAbhArata, pANDava caritra Adi meM kiyA gayA hai / mahAna yoddhA aura vIra bhISma pitAmaha, droNAcArya, karNa, abhimanyu, duryodhana, aura aneka vIroM kA usa yuddha meM saMhAra huaa| AcArya zIlAMka ne mahAbhArata kA ullekha nahIM kiyA, "cauppana mahApurisa cariya2 meM kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandra ne triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra meM, AcArya malladhArI hemacandra ne bhava-bhAvanA meM, tathA anya kitane hI jaina granthoM meM bhI, mahAbhArata ke yuddha kA varNana nahIM hai / kitane hI lekhakoM ne jarAsaMdha ke sAtha yuddha evaM mahAbhArata yuddha ko eka mAnakara hI varNana kiyA hai| devaprabhasUri ke pANDava caritra ke anusAra kauravoM aura pANDavoM. kA yuddha jarAsaMdha ke yuddha se pUrva huA thA / kaurava-pANDava-yuddha meM jarAsaMdha duryodhana ke pakSa meM AyA thA, kintu usane lar3AI meM bhAga nahIM liyA thA / kauravapANDavoM kA yuddha kurukSetra ke maidAna meM huA thA / aura jarAsaMdha ke sAtha kRSNa kA yuddha dvArakA se paiMtAlIsa yojana dUra senapallI meM huA thA / " digambara AcArya jinasena ne harivaMzapurANa meM tathA inake AdhAra para hindI meM racita zAlivAhana kRta harivaMzapurANa evaM khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta harivaMzapurANa meM tathA digambara AcArya zubhacandra ne pANDavapurANa meM jarAsaMdha ke yuddha ko aura kaurava-pANDavoM ke yuddha ko eka mAnA hai / jarAsaMdha kA vaha yuddha kurukSetra meM huA batAyA gayA hai / usI yuddha meM zrIkRSNa jarAsaMdha ko * mahAbhArataH sabhAparva, a0 45, zloka 24-26 / 2- pANDava caritra - devaprabhasUrI - anuvAda sarga 12, pR0 380 / 3- a0 49-50-51, pR0 187-190 / 4- parva 8 / 5- bhava-bhAvanA / 6- pANDava critr-srg| 3, pR0 391 / 7- (ka) triSaSTi0 8/7/196 / / (kha) cauppana mahApurisa cariyaM, pR0 186 8- (ka) harivaMzapurANa, sarga 50, pR. 587 / (kha) harivaMzapurANa, khuzAlacanda kAlA, sandhi 25, pR0 185- 190 / 60 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa .

Page #75
mArate haiN| ___mahAbhArata ke anusAra jarAsaMdha kA yuddha kaurava-pANDavoM ke yuddha se pahale huA thaa| vaidika mAnyatA ke anusAra usa yuddha meM zrIkRSNa ne arjuna ko gItA kA upadeza diyA / gItA vaidika paramparA kA eka adbhuta grantha hai / saMta jJAnezvara ne kahA hai-gItA viveka rUpI vRkSoM kA apUrva bagIcA hai / vaha navarasa rUpI amRta se bharA samudra hai / lokamAnya tilaka ne likhA-gItA hamAre dharmagranthoM meM eka atyanta tejasvI aura nirmala hIrA hai / maharSi ravIndranAtha ThAkura kA abhimata hai ki, gItA vaha tailajanya dIpaka hai jo anantakAla taka hamAre jJAnamaMdira ko prakAzita karatA rhegaa| baMkimacandra kA mAnanA hai ki, gItA ko dharma kA sarvottama grantha mAnane kA yahI kAraNa hai ki usameM jJAna, karma aura bhakti tInoM yogoM kI nyAyayukta vyAkhyA hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI gItA ko mAtA va sadguru mAnate the / jaina granthoM meM kurukSetra meM gItopadeza kI koI carcA nahIM milatI / kucha samIkSakoM kA mata hai ki gItA kA upadeza vAstava meM kurukSetra meM yuddha ke samaya kA upadeza nahIM hai, kintu yuddha kA rUpaka banAkara vaha bhAratIya jIvana dRSTi kA mahattvapUrNa kiyA gayA vizleSaNa hai| . kucha bhI ho, gItA bhAratIya cintana evaM jIvanadarzana kI eka amUlya maNi hai, isameM koI do mata nahIM ho sakate / (Tha) jarAsaMdha yuddha (ka) AcArya hemacandra racita triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra evaM AcArya malladhArI hemacandra racita bhava-bhAvanA va yati ratnasundara racita amama svAmI caritra ke anusAra kitane hI vyApArI vyApArArtha yavana dvIpa ke samudra ke rAste dvArakA nagarI meM Aye / dvArakA ke vaibhava ko dekhakara ve cakita ho gaye / ratnakambala ke atirikta ve jitanI bhI vastue~ lAye the, sabhI unhoM ne dvArakA meM beca dIM / ratnakambaloM ko lekara ve rAjagRha nagara pahu~ce / ve ratnakambala unhoMne jIvayazA ko batAe / jIvayazA ko kambala pasanda Ae aura usane AdhI kImata meM lenA cAhA / vyApAriyoM ne kahA- yadi hameM itane kama mUlya meM dene hote. to dvArakA meM hI kyoM na beca dete, jahA~ para isase dugunI kImata A rahI thii| 1- triSaSTi0-8/7/134-148 / 2- bhava-bhAvanA, gA0 2659-2665, pR0 176 177 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 61

Page #76
jIvayazA ne jijJAsA prastuta kI ki, "dvArakA nagarI kahA~ hai ? usake rAjA kauna haiM ?" vyApArIne kahA dvArakA samudra ke kinAre hai aura vahA~ para vasudeva ke putra zrIkRSNa rAjya kara rahe haiM / unake bhAI balarAma haiM / nagarI kyA hai, svarga kI alakApurI hai / yaha sunate hI jIvayazA cauMkI / usake Azcarya kA pAra na rahA / kyA mere pati kaMsa ko mAranevAlA zrIkRSNa abhI taka jIvita hai ? vaha marA nahIM ? vaha rone lagI to jarAsaMdha ne kahA- putrI ro mata / maiM abhI jAtA hU~ aura yAdava kula kA samUla nAza kara detA huuN| yaha AzvAsana dekara aura virATa senA lekara jarAsaMdha yuddha ke lie prasthita huaa| apazukana hone para bhI vaha Age bar3hatA rhaa| (kha) jainoM ke uttara purANa ke anusAra yaha kathA isa prakAra hai - ___kucha vyApArI jalamArga se vyApAra karate hue bhUla se dvAravatI nagarI pahu~ce / vahA~ kI vibhUti ko nihAra kara ve Azcarya cakti hue, unhoMne dvAravatI nagarI se bahuta se zreSTha rana kharIde aura unhoMne ve ratna rAjagRha nagarI meM jarAsaMdha ko arpita kiye / bahumUlya ratnoM ko dekhakara jarAsaMdha ne cakita hokara pUchA-kahA~ se lAye ? unhoMne dvAravatI kA vistAra se varNana kiyA / (ga) jaina harivaMzapurANa ke anusAra jarAsaMdha rAjA ke pAsa amUlya maNirAziyoM ke vikrayArtha eka vaNika pahu~cA / 2 / - (gha) zubhacandrAcArya praNita pANDavapurANa meM eka samaya kisI vidvAna puruSa ne rAjagRhanagara pahuMcakara jarAsaMdha rAjA ko uttama rala arpita kiye / rAjA ke pUchane para usane batAyA ki maiM dvArakApurI se AyA hU~ / vahA~ bhagavAna neminAtha ke sAtha kRSNa rAjya karate haiM / isa prakAra usake kathana se dvArakA meM yAdavoM ke sthita hone ke samAcAra ko jAna karake jarAsaMdha ko una para bahuta hI krodha huA / vaha una para AkramaNa karane kI taiyArI karane lgaa| (Da) khuzAlacanda kAlA ne hindI harivaMzapurANa meM likhA hai-jarAsaMdha virATasenA lekara yuddha ke lie A rahA hai, nArada se yaha samAcAra jAnakara zrIkRSNa ne nemikumAra se apanI vijaya ke sambandha meM pUchA / nemIzvara ne 1- uttarapurANaH 71/52-64, pR0 378-379 / 2- harivaMza purANa 50-1-8 / 3- pANDava purANa -19/8/11, pR0 390 / 62 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #77
manda hAsyapUrvaka "om" kaha kara isa yuddha meM prApta honevAlI vijaya kI sUcanA dI / zrIkRSNa yuddha ke lie samudyata ho gaye / kintu prastuta varNana triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra, bhava-bhAvanA, harivaMzapurANa, uttara purANaM Adi anya graMthoM meM nahIM hai / zvetAmbara granthoM ke anusAra to neminAtha usa samaya gRhasthAzrama meM the, ve usa yuddha meM sAtha rahe haiM, ataH unake dvArA svIkRti denA saMbhava ho sakatA hai / kyoMki ve gRhasthAzrama meM tIna jJAna ke dhAraka the / ve yaha bhI jAnate the ki prativAsudeva ke sAtha vAsudeva kA yuddha anivArya rUpa se hotA hI hai, prativAsudeva parAjita hote haiM aura vAsudeva kI vijaya hotI hai / 2 I 1 zrIkRSNa ne garuDavyUha kI racanA kI / bhrAtRsneha se utprerita hokara ariSTanemi yuddha sthala para sAtha meM Aye haiM, yaha jAnakara zakrendra ne mAtalI nAmaka sArathI ke sAtha apanA ratha unake lie bhejaa| donoM ora se bhayaMkara yuddha prAraMbha huaa| donoM ora ke sainika apanI vIratA dikhAne lage / bANoM kI varSA hone lagI / jarAsaMdha ke parAkramI yoddhAoM ne jaba vIratA dikhalAyI to yAdava bhI pIche na rahe / unhoM ne bhI jarAsaMdha kI senA ko titara-bitara kara diyA / jaba jarAsaMdha kI senA bhAgane lagI taba svayaM jarAsaMdha yuddha ke maidAna meM AyA, aura usane samudravijayajI ke kaI putroMko mAra diyA / usa samaya usakA rUpa sAkSAt kAla ke samAna thA / yAdava senA idhara udhara bhAgane lagI taba balarAma ne jarAsaMdha ke aTThAisa putroM ko mAra diyA / yaha dekha jarAsaMdha ne balarAma para gadA kA prahAra kiyA, jisase rakta kA vamana karate hue balarAma bhUmi para gira par3e / usa samaya yAdava senA meM hAhAkAra maca gayA / punaH jarAsaMdha balarAma para prahAra karane ko A rahA thA ki vIra arjuna ne jarAsaMdha ko bIca meM hI roka diyA / isa bIca zrIkRSNa ne jarAsaMdha ke anya unahattara putroM ko bhI mAra DAlA / apane putroM ko danAdana mArate hue. dekhakara jarAsaMdha kRSNa para lapakA / usa samaya cAroM ora yaha AvAja phaila gaI ki "kRSNa mara gaye haiM / " yaha sunate hI mAtalI sArathI ne ariSTanemi se namra nivedana kiyA - "prabhu ! Apake sAmane jarAsaMdha kI kyA himmata hai / svAmI ! yadi Apane isa samaya jarA bhI upekSA kI to yaha yAdava kula naSTa 1 - khuzAlacanda kAlAH harivaMzapurANa 770 - 771 - pR0 184 | hindI hastalikhita | 2- triSaSTi0 8/7/242-260 / 3- bhrAtR - snehAdyuyutsu ca zakro vijJAya neminam / praiSIdrathaM mAtalinA jaitrazastrAMcitaM nijam // - triSaSTi0 8/7/260-261 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa 63

Page #78
ho jAegA / yadyapi Apa sAvadha karma se vimukha haiM, tathApi lIlA batAye binA isa samaya gati nahIM hai / yaha sunate hI ariSTanemi ne kopa kiye binA hI pauraMdara nAmaka zaMkha bajAyA / zaMkhanAda ko sunate hI yAdava senA sthira ho gaI aura zatru senA kSobha ko prApta huI / phira ariSTanemi ke saMketa se mAtalI sArathI ne usa ratha ko yuddha ke maidAna meM ghumAyA / ariSTanemi ne hajAroM bANoM kI vRSTi kI / una bANoM kI vRSTi ne kisI ke ratha, kisI ke mukuTa, kisI kI dhvajA cheda dI, kintu kisI bhI zatru kI zakti ariSTanemi ke sAmane yuddha karane kI nahIM huI / prativAsudeva ko vAsudeva hI naSTa karatA hai, yaha eka maryAdA thI / ataH ariSTanemi ne jarAsaMdha ko mArA nahIM / apitu jarAsaMdha ke sainika dala ko kucha samaya taka roka diyA / taba taka baladeva aura zrIkRSNa svastha ho gaye / yAdava senA bhI punaH lar3ane ko taiyAra ho gii| jarAsaMdhane punaH yuddha ke maidAna meM Ate hI kRSNa se kahA- are kRSNa ! tU kapaTamUrti hai / Aja dina taka tU kapaTa se jIvita rahA hai, para Aja maiM tujhe chor3anevAlA nahIM hU~ / tUne kapaTa se hI kaMsa ko mArA hai, kapaTa se hI kAlakumAra ko mArA hai / tUne astra-vidyA kA to kabhI abhyAsa hI nahIM kiyA hai / para Aja terI mAyA kA anta lAU~gA aura merI putrI jIvayazA kI pratijJA pUrNa karU~gA / 3 kRSNane muskurAte hue kahA-'are jarAsaMdha ! tU isa prakAra vRthA ahaMkAra ke vacana kisalie bolatA hai ? vAkcAturya na dikhAkara zakti dikhA / maiM zastravidyA bhale nahIM sIkhA tathApi tumhArI putrI jIvayazA kI agnipraveza kI pratijJA ko maiM avazya pUrNa krugaa|" phira donoM yuddha ke maidAna meM aise kUde ki dekhane vAle avAk raha gye| unakI A~khe ThagI sI raha gaIM / dhanuSa kI TaMkAra se AkAza guMjane lagA / parvata bhI mAno kA~pane lage / jarAsaMdha bANoM kI varSA karane lagA / para zrIkRSNa una sabhI bANoM ko chedanabhedana karane lage / jaba jarAsaMdha ke 1- triSaSTi0 8/7/420-426 / 2 prativiSNurviSNunaiva vadhya ityanupAlayat / / svAmI trailokyAnAthauDpi jarAsaMdha jaghAnana // -triSaSTi08/7/432 / 3 tava prANaiH sahaivAdya mAyA paryaMtayAmyare / eko'dya jIvayazasaH pratijJA pUrayAmi ca / / -triSaSTi08/7/438 / 64 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #79
pAsa sabhI anyAnya zastra aura astra samApta ho gaye taba usane antima zastra ke rUpa meM cakra zastra ko hAtha lagAyA / use AkAza meM ghumAkara jyoM hI zrIkRSNa para cakra kA prahAra kiyA ki eka kSaNa meM darzaka staMbhita ho gaye / kintu cakra zrIkRSNa kI pradakSiNA dekara unheM binA kaSTa diye unake pAsa avasthita ho gayA / zrIkRSNa ne use apane hAtha meM le liyA / usI samaya "nauvA~ vAsudeva utpanna ho gayA hai" aisI udghoSaNA huI / 1 zrIkRSNa ne dayA lAkara jarAsaMdha se kahA - "are mUrkha ! kyA yaha bhI merI mAyA hai ! abhI bhI tU jIvita ghara calA jA, merI AjJA kA pAlana kara aura vyartha ke zrama ko chor3akara apanI saMpatti bhoga / vRddhAvasthA Ane para bhI jIvita raha / I jarAsaMdhane kahA- "kRSNa ! yaha cakra mere sAmane kucha bhI nahIM hai / maiMne isake sAtha aneka bAra krIr3A kI hai / yaha to laghu paudhe kI taraha ukhAr3a kara pheMkA jA sakatA hai 1 tU cAhe to cakra ko pheMka sakatA hai|" phira zrIkRSNa ne 1- (ka) jAte sarvAstravaiphalye vailakSyArSapUritaH / cakra sasmAra durvAramanyAstrairmagadhezvaraH / / ...navamo vAsudevo'yamutpanna iti ghoSitaH / gaMghAMbukusumavRSTi kRSNe vyomno'mucatsurAH / / (kha) harivaMza purANa 52 / 67/601 / (ga) cakra kisne ke Ayau pAsi / tIna pradakSiNAM dInhIM tAsi / dakSiNaM kara madhi Ayau javai / srava rAjA suSaM mAnyU tavai / jaijaikAra sakala sura kare / iha navamUM hari ima uccare // cakra nihAryau hari kara mA~hi / - . 835 harivaMzapurANa: khuzAlacanda kAlA -triSaSTi0 8/7/446 - 457 jarAsaMdha vikalpa upajAhiM || - 837 - harivaMzapurANa: khuzAlacanda kAlA / maiM tInA SaMDa ko svAmI / sava ava napatI maiM mAnI // AgyA laMghe nahIM koii| saba hI mere vaMsi hoI - 839 - harivaMzapurANa: khuzAlacanda kAlA / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa * 65

Page #80
vaha cakra chor3A / cakra ne jAkara jarAsaMdha kA mastiSka chedana kara diyA / zrIkRSNa kA sarvatra jaya-jayakAra hone lgaa| mahAbhArata meM jarAsaMdha-yuddha varNanaH jaina sAhitya meM jaisA jarAsaMdha-yuddha kA varNana milatA hai, vaisA mahAbhArata meM nahIM hai / vaha bilakula hI pRthaka DhaMgakA hai / vaha varNana isa prakAra hai - mahAbhArata ke anusAra bhI jarAsaMdha eka mahAn parAkramI samrATa thA / usakA ekachatra sAmrAjya thA / jaba kRSNa ne kaMsa ko mAra DAlA aura jarAsaMdha kI kanyA vidhavA ho gaI taba zrIkRSNa ke sAtha jarAsaMdha kI zatrutA ho gaI / jarAsaMdha ne vaira kA badalA lene ke lie apanI rAjadhAnI se hI eka bar3I bhArI gadA ninyAnave bAra ghumAkara jora se pheMkI / vaha gadA ninyAnave yojana dUra mathurA ke pAsa girI / usa samaya zrIkRSNa mathurA meM hI the / para vaha gadA unakI kucha bhI hAni na kara skii| jarAsaMdha ke haMsa aura Dimmaka nAmaka senApati bar3e bahAdura the, ataH yAdavoM ne unake sAtha yuddha karanA acchA nahIM samajhA / jaba ve yamunA meM DUbakara mara gaye taba zrIkRSNa ne vicAra kiyA ki jarAsaMdha ko yuddha meM mAranA kaThina hI nahIM, kaThinatara hai / ataH use dvandva yuddha meM hI harAyA va mArA jAya / isalie zrIkRSNa, bhImasena va arjuna ke sAtha brAhmaNoM ke veza meM magadha kI ora cala diye / ve jarAsaMdha ke vahA~ pahu~ce / unheM dekhate hI jarAsaMdha Asana se uThakara khar3A huA / unakA Adara-satkAra kara kuzala prazna pUche / bhImasena aura arjuna mauna rahe / buddhimAna zrIkRSNane kahA- rAjan ! ye isa samaya maunI haiM, isI lie nahIM boleMge / AdhI rAtri ke pazcAt ye Apase bAtacIta kreNge| tInoM vIroM ko yajJazAlA meM ThaharAkara jarAsaMdha apane ranavAsa meM calA 1- (ka) triSaSTi0 8/7/453-457 / (kha) harivaMzapurANaM 52483-84, pR0 602 (ga) mana meM vyauma dharyo / ati dhIra cakra phirAya calAyau jvai| jAya cakra ura bhedyau tvai|| __ - 846 - harivaMzapurANaH khuzAlacandra kAlA-pR0 190 2- mahAbhArata sabhAparva-a0 19, zloka 19-25 / / 3-vahI, zloka 27-28 / 4-vahI, adhyAya-20, zloka 1-2 / 5- mahAbhArataH sabhAparva-a0 21, zloka 30-34 / 66 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #81
gayA / ardharAtri ke vyatIta ho jAne para vaha phira unake pAsa AyA / unake apUrva veza ko dekhakara jarAsaMdha ko Azcarya huA / brahmacAriyoM kI vezabhUSA se viruddha tInoM kI vezabhUSA ko dekhakara jarAsaMdha ne kahA- he snAtaka brAhmaNo ! maiM acchI taraha jAnatA hU~ ki snAtaka vratadhArI brAhmaNa gRhasthAzrama meM jAne se pahale na to kabhI mAlA pahanate haiM aura na candana Adi lagAte haiN| tuma apane ko brAhmaNa batA cuke ho, para mujhe tuma meM kSatriyo ke bhAva dIkha par3ate haiM / tumhAre cehare para kSatriyoM kA teja sApha jhalaka rahA hai / satya kaho tuma kauna ho ?" zrIkRSNa ne apanA paricaya diyA aura sAtha hI bhIma va arjuna kA bhI / apane Ane kA prayojana batalAte hue unhoMne kahA - "tumane balapUrvaka bahuta se rAjAoM ko harAkara balidAna kI icchA se apane yahA~ kaida kara rakhA hai / aisA ati kuTila doSa karake bhI tuma apane ko nirdoSa samajha rahe ho / kauna puruSa binA kisI aparAdha ke apane sajAtIya bhAiyoM kI hatyA karanA cAhegA ? phira tuma to nRpati ho ! kyA samajhakara una rAjAoM ko pakar3akara mahAdeva ke Age unakA balidAna karanA cAhate ho ? hama loga dharmakA AcaraNa karane vAle aura dharma kI rakSA karane meM samartha haiM / isa kAraNa yadi hama tumhAre isa krUra kArya meM hastakSepa na kareM to hameM bhI tumhAre kie pApa kA bhAgI bananA par3egA / hamane kabhI aura kahIM manuSya bali hote nahIM dekhI hai, na sunI hI / phira tuma manuSyoM ke balidAna se kyoM devatA ko santuSTa karanA cAhate ho ? he jarAsaMdha ! tuma kSatriya hokara pazuoM kI jagaha kSatriyoM kI bali denA cAhate ho ! tumhAre sivAya kauna mUr3ha aisA karane kA vicAra karegA ? tumheM una karmoM kA phala avazya bhoganA par3egA / tuma apanI jAti kA vinAza karate ho aura hama loga pIr3itoM kI sahAyatA karate haiM / 2 he magadharAja ! yA to tuma una rAjAoM ko chor3a do, yA phira hamAre sAtha yuddha karo / "3 jarAsaMdhane kRSNa se kahA - "jina rAjAoM ko meM apane bAhubala se harA cukA hU~ unhIM ko maiMne balidAna ke lie kaida kara rakhA hai / hAre hue rAjAoM ke atirikta yahA~ koI kaida nahIM hai / isa pRthvI para aisA kauna vIra hai, jo mere sAtha yuddha kara sake / maiMne jina rAjAoM ko kaida kara rakhA hai unheM tumase 1 - mahAbhArata sabhAparva, a0 21, zloka 35 - 48 / 2- mahAbhArataH sabhAparva, a0 22, zloka 8 se 14 / 3 - vahI, zloka 26 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa 67

Page #82
Dara kara kaise chor3a sakatA huuN| maiM tumhAre sAtha yuddha karane ko taiyAra hU~ / " kRSNane jarAsaMdha se pUchA- hama tIna meM se kisake sAtha yuddha karanA cAhate ho ? jarAsaMdha ne bhImasena ko pasanda kiyaa| donoM kA paraspara yuddha calane lagA / ve bAhupAza, urohasta, pUrNakumbha, atikrAnta, maryAdA, pRSThabhaMga, sampUrNa mUrchA, tRNapIr3a, pUrNayoga, muSTika Adi vicitra yuddha karake apanA bala aura kauzala dikhAne lage / donoM hI vIra yuddha-kalA meM suzikSita aura bala meM bhI barAbara the| ___ una donoM kA yuddha kArtika kRSNA pratipadA se prArambha hokara caturdazI kI rAtri taka calatA rahA / jarAsaMdha thaka gayA thA, vaha yuddha kucha samaya ke lie baMda karanA cAhatA thA / ' taba zrIkRSNa ne bhIma se kahA-he kuntInandana ! thakA huA zatru pIr3A nahIM de sakatA aura bar3I sugamatA se mArA jA sakatA hai / isalie isa samaya tuma isase barAbara yuddha kro| zrIkRSNa ke isa prakAra kahane se bhIma adhika uttejita hue / unhoMne jhapaTakara bar3e vega se usa para hamalA kiyA / phira vaha use Upara uThA kara vega se ghumAne lagA / sau bAra Upara uThAkara bhImasena ne jarAsaMdha ko pRthvI para paTakA aura ghuTanA mArakara usakI pITha kI haDDI tor3a DAlI / phira garajate hue bhImasena ne use pRthvI para khUba ragar3a cukane ke pazcAt bIca se usakI TA~geM cIra ddaalii| tatpazcAt tInoM vIra jarAsaMdha ke patAkAyukta ratha meM baiThakara vahA~ pahu~ce jahA~ jarAsaMdha ne rAjAoM ko kaida kara rakhA thA / unako bandhana se mukta kara zrIkRSNa, bhImasena aura arjuna una rAjAoM ke sAtha girivraja se bAhara nikale / zrIkRSNa ne jarAsaMdha ke lar3ake sahadeva ko magadha deza kI rAjagaddI dekara rAjyAbhiSeka kara diyA / 1- mahAbhArataH sabhAparva, a022, zloka 27-30 / 2- vahI, a0 23, zloka 2 / / 3- vahI, a0 23, zloka 4 / 4- vahI, a0 23, zloka 5-20 / 5- vahI, a0 23, zloka 25-30 / 6- vahIM, a0 23, zloka 31-35 / 7- mahAbhArataH sabhAparva, a0, zloka 5-6 / 8- vahI, a0 24, zloka 10-13 / 9- vahI, zloka 40-43 / 68 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #83
mahAbhArata ke anusAra jarAsaMdha vadha kauravoM aura pANDavoM ke yuddha se pahale huA / kaurava-pANDavoM ke yuddha ke samaya jarAsaMgha vidyamAna nahIM thaa| niSkarSa niSkarSataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina kathA ke nAyaka kRSNa na to koI divya puruSa the, na to Izvara ke avatAra yA svayaM bhagavAna / ve mAnava hI the / Izvara kI tamAma udAtta eka utkaTa zaktiyA~ bhI mAnavajIvana meM hI apanI sampUrNa bhavyatA ke sAtha prasphurita hotI haiM // taba vizvAusake samakSa vismayAnanda vimugdha hokara natamastaka ho jAtA hai / zrIkRSNa kA vyaktitva isI bAta kA uttama udAharaNa haiM / zalAkApuruSa bAsudeva ke rUpa meM kRSNa mahAna vIra va zaktisampanna rAjA ke rUpa meM ke dvArakA sahita Adhe dakSiNa bhastakSetra ke prabhAvazAlI adhipati haiM / unake jIvana se saMbaMdhita pramukha ghaTanAe~ pramANita karatI haiM ki ve mahAma zakti vA vaibhava se yukta haiM / samAna zaktizAlI magadha ke sajA jarAsaMdha ko yuddha bhUmi meM pasabhUta karake ve bhArata ke narezoM meM prathama pUjA va vandanA ke adhipati hue / unake caritra kI vilakSaNatA isI se pratIta hotI haiM ki zaktisampanna hote hue bhI zrIkRSNa ahiMsA ke pujArI haiM tathAH jahA~ taka ho sakatA hai vahA~ taka yuddha tathA hiMsA se dUra rahate haiM / yahA~ taka ki AtatAyI jarAsaMdha tathA zizapAla ko bhI prAyazcitta ke aneka avasara pradAna kiye / kRSNa vAsudeva apane samaya ke AdhyAtmika puruSa tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke prati zraddhA bhAva rakhanevAle nareza ke rUpa meM jaina-sAhitya meM varNita hue haiN| unake jIvana kI ghaTanAe~ unake caritra ke vibhinna svarUpoM ko udghATita karatI haiN| eka akalpanIya gati aura apratihata pravAha se kRSNa ne apane samaya kI gatividhiyoM ko saMcAlita kiyA thA / usa samaya bar3e-bar3e atyAcArI kaMsa, jarAsaMdha, zizupAla, duryodhana, jaise durdharSa aura durdamanIya yoddhA vibhinna kSetroM para apanA AtaMka jamAe the, kRSNane apanI asImita zakti aura buddhikauzala ke bala para sabhI ko parAsta kara diyA / unakA rUpa mAnava-jIvana ko udAtta cintana aura sAhasapUrNa kartavya kI preraNA detA hai| ve karmayogI the,-niSkAma karmayogI / unhoM ne apane jIvana meM satata niSkAma karma ko apanAyA aura vahI unakA jIvana-sandeza bana gayA / . akarmaNyatA aura Alasya ko unhoMne kabhI prazraya nahIM diyA / isake sAtha hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 69

Page #84
hI unhoMne kore bhAgyavAda ko nirasita kara puruSArthavAda kA mahattva sthApita kiyA / saMkSepa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki kRSNa ke jIvana se saMbaMdhita ghaTanAoM kA adhyayana karane para kRSNa eka zalAkApuruSa, kuzala rAjanItika netA, anubhavI mitra tathA sarvocca jIvanadraSTA tathA eka dharmaparAyaNa ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiM / unake svarUpa meM carama saundarya, carama pratibhA, akalpanIya lIlA, evaM asIma zakti vidyamAna milate haiN| unake jIvana kI lIlAe~ aisI haiM ki unase mana, buddhi aura hRdaya tInoM ko hI apanI apanI pravRtti ke anusAra Ananda prApta hotA hai / / 70 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #85
tRtIya adhyAya hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa varNana bhUmikAH pichale adhyAya meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki hindI bhASA meM kRSNa ke vibhinna svarUpoM se saMbaMdhita sAhitya ke vipula vistAra kI pRSThabhUmi meM mukhya rUpa se saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza sAhitya hI hai / kAlAntara meM isI sAhitya ko AdhAra banAkara hindI jaina kRSNa-sAhitya kI racanA kI gaI / kintu jahA~ bhakta aura upAsakoM ne kRSNa ke mAnavIya svarUpa kA varNana bhAva vibhora hokara kiyA hai, vahIM sAhityakAroM ne ina sambandhoM kA sahArA lete hue utkRSTa prakAra kI sarjanAe~ prastuta kI haiM / kRSNa kA jo svarUpa ina racanAoM meM prakaTa hotA hai, usameM unake carama saundarya, carama pratibhA, akalpanIya lIlA evaM asIma zakti vidyamAna milatI haiN| hindI jaina kRSNa-sAhitya ke srota-grantha, Agama Agametara kRSNa svarUpa varNana ke pramukha srota rahe haiN| jainAgama-sAhitya prAkata bhASA meM nibaddha hai / yaha sAhitya mUlataH siddhAnta-nirUpaNa se saMbaMdhita hai / siddhAnta-nirUpaNa kI eka zailI ke rUpa meM kathA-kahAniyoM tathA vyakti-caritoM kA upayoga huA hai / kRSNa-carita ke vividha prasaMgoM kA sandarbhAnusAra isa dRSTi se vibhinna Agamika kRtiyoM meM varNana huA hai / isa varNana meM eka zreSTha puruSa evaM dvArakA ke mahAna zakti sampanna, aizvaryamAna rAjA ke rUpa meM kRSNa kA yazogAna huA hai / zalAkA (uttama) puruSa vAsudeva ke rUpa meM unakI vizeSatAoM, uttama lakSaNoM, unake viziSTa vyaktitva-svarUpa kA citraNa huA hai / kRSNakathA ke avAntara prasaMgoM evaM kRSNa ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA alaga-alaga sandarbho meM varNana huA hai| isI prakAra Agametara sAhitya meM kRSNa-carita viSayaka do prakAra kI kRtiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiM / eka ve kRtiyA~ haiM, jinameM sAmUhika rUpa se zreSTha . puruSoM kA carita-varNana kiyA gayA hai / aisI kRtiyoM meM paraMparAgata mAnyatAnusAra zalAkApuruSoM kA carita varNana hai / inameM anya zalAkApuruSoM ke carita-varNana ke sAtha-sAtha zalAkApuruSa kRSNa vAsudeva kA bhI caritavarNana huA hai / aisI kRtiyA~ mahApurANa yA zreSTha zalAkApuruSa carita zIrSaka se haiM / isake atirikta harivaMza purANa' zIrSaka se bhI katipaya kRtiyA~ hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa . 71

Page #86
upalabdha haiM / inameM harivaMza meM utpanna zreSTha puruSoM kA carita-varNana hai / harivaMza meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa kRSNa" ina kRtiyoM meM pramukhatA se sthAna pA sake haiM / jaina sAhitya meM unakA sampUrNa tathA vistRta carita-varNana inhIM kRtiyoM meM upalabdha hai / kRSNa ke atirikta ina kRtiyoM meM ariSTanemi, pradyumna, vasudeva Adi anya viziSTa yAdava puruSoM kA vistAra se varNana huA hai| - kRSNa-carita se saMbaMdhita dvitIya zreNI kI ve kRtiyA~ haiM jo ariSTanemi, vasudeva, gajasukumAla, pradyumna, balarAma tathA pANDavagaNa se saMbaMdhita haiM aura unameM prasaMgAnusAra kRSNa-carita kA varNana huA hai / ina kRtiyoM kI AdhikArika viSayavastu yadyapi saMbaMdhita viziSTa puruSa kA carita-varNana hai tathApi kRSNa-carita kA varNana inameM aparihArya rUpa se huA hai / kyoMki dvArakA ke rAjA tathA yAdavoM ke zreSTha puruSa kRSNa ke varNana ke binA inakA carita-varNana adhUrA hI rahatA / kRSNa inase ghaniSTha rUpa meM saMbaMdhita haiM / ye saba kRSNa ke parivAra-jana haiM aura inake jIvana ke aneka prasaMga kRSNa ke sAtha abhinna rUpa se jur3e hue haiN| hindI jaina-sAhitya apanI pUrvavartI paramparA se bhinna nahIM hai / kRti vizeSa kA nAmakaraNa, usakI kathAvastu, prasaMga varNana kA svarUpa tathA kRti ke bhAva-pakSa kI dRSTi se bhI hindI jaina-sAhityakAra paraMparA-poSaka hai / zrIkRSNa ke svarUpa kA sarvAdhika vistRta citraNa hameM jaina dharma ke harivaMza purANa meM milatA hai / unake caritra kA parokSa citraNa gajasukumAla, pradyumna, neminAtha, balabhadra aura pANDavoM se saMbaMdhita granthoM tathA uttarapurANa meM milatA hai / hindI meM do jaina harivaMza purANa race gaye haiM / ina donoM hI kRtiyoM meM zrIkRSNa ke svarUpa kA varNana lagabhaga eka-sA huA hai / ina donoM hI kaviyoM ne AcArya jinasena ke harivaMzapurANa ko hI AdhArabhUta grantha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara ina granthoM kI racanA kI hai / isa tathya kA paricaya hameM kRSNa ke bAla-svarUpa ke citraNa ko dekhane se milatA hai / AcArya jinasena se pahale jaina sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa kI mahattA do svarUpoM meM hI prastuta kI huI milatI hai / eka zalAkApuruSa ke rUpa meM tathA dUsare AdhyAtmika puruSa ke rUpa meN| AcArya jinasena ne sarva prathama zAyada vaiSNavoM ke paurANika sAhitya se 1- (a) harivaMza purANa-lekhaka zAlivAhana / (ba) harivaMza purANa-lekhaka khuzAlacanda kAlA / 72 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #87
prabhAvita hokara zrIkRSNa ke bAla-gopAla svarUpa kA varNana apane harivaMza purANa meM kiyA thA / prastuta adhyAya meM maiMne prathama hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa-viSayaka racanAoM kA svarUpa, iyattA, prakAra aura mahattva kaisA thA, yaha samajhAne ke lie sabase pahale isa sAhitya se saMbaMdhita kucha sarvasAdhAraNa aura prAstAvika tathyoM kA varNana kiyA hai / isake uparAnta isa sAhitya se saMbaMdhita pramukha kRtiyoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai jinameM pratyakSa athavA parokSa rUpa se zrIkRSNacaritra kA varNana huA hai / isake uparAnta zAlivAhana kRta harivaMza purANa tathA khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta harivaMza purANa meM varNita zrIkRSNa ke bAlagopAla svarUpa kA, zalAkA puruSa kA tathA AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| uparokta varNanoM meM maiMne zrIkRSNa ke svarUpa se saMbaMdhita pratyakSa tathA parokSa donoM prakAra kI racanAoM kI sahAyatA lI hai / zrIkRSNa kA prathama svarUpa jo hamAre sAmane AtA hai vaha hai unakA bAla-gopAla rUpa / yaha unake paraMparAgata vyaktitva se kucha bhinna hai / kRSNa ke isa svarUpa para vaiSNava paraMparA tathA saMskRta harivaMza purANa kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai / ina donoM kA prabhAva apabhraMza va hindI jaina kAvya kRtiyoM meM dRSTavya hai / ina kRtiyoM meM naTakhaTa gvAla-bAlaka ke rUpa meM dAnoM meM kuNDala pahanane, pItAmbara dhAraNa karane, mukuTa lagAne, bA~surI bajAne Adi kA tathyAtmaka varNana huA hai I dvitIya zrIkRSNa eka ardhacakravartI tathA rAjA ke rUpa meM, eka mahAna vIra, advitIya parAkramI tathA zaktisAmarthya se paripUrNa advitIya zalAkApuruSa the / bhAratabhUmi ke rAjAoM meM ve agraNI the / apanI buddhi kauzala aura vIratA ke bala para kRSNa Adhe bharata kSetra ke adhipati abhisikta hue aura unheM vAsudeva ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milI / kRSNa kA tRtIya svarUpa eka dharma-niSTha Adarza rAjapuruSa ke rUpa meM varNita hai, jinakA arihaMta ariSTanemi evaM unake dhArmika siddhAtoM ke prati zraddhAbhAva thA / maiMne apane isa anuzIlana meM kRSNa ke tInoM rUpoM ko aneka udAharaNa dekara spaSTa kiyA hai / isIke sAtha hindI sAhitya ke paraMparAgata svarUpavarNana ko bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa 73

Page #88
(1) hindI jaina sAhitya se saMbaMdhita kucha sarvasAdhAraNa va prAstAvika tathya hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNaviSayaka racanAoM kA svarUpa, iyattA, prakAra aura mahattva kaisA thA, yaha samajhane ke lie sabase pahale usa sAhitya se saMbaMdhita kucha sarva-sAdhAraNa aura prAstAvika tathyoM para lakSya denA Avazyaka hogaa| samaya kI dRSTi se hindI jaina sAhitya vi0 10 vIM zatAbdI se lekara Adhunika yuga taka hai / isako hamane nimna samaya-krama se vibhAjita kiyA hai - apabhraMza hindI - vi0 10vIM zatAbdI se 16 vIM ke pUrvArddha paryanta / hindI - vi0 16 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArdha se vi0 19 vI zatAbdI paryanta / Adhunika hindI - vi0 20 vIM zatAbdI / apabhraMza-hindI kAla vi0 chaTThI zatAbdI se 12 vI paryanta to apabhraMza kA svarNayuga hI rahA aura 16vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha-paryanta jaina sAhitya meM apabhraMza prabhAvita racanAe~ hotI rahIM / DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne apane hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla itihAsa meM hindI kA AdikAla 7 vIM zatAbdI I0 se 14 vIM paryanta mAnA hai jo upayukta hI hai / kyoMki vahA~ to 15 vIM zatAbdI se hI bhaktikAla prArambha ho jAtA hai jisameM bhakta aura premamArgI kaviyoM kI hindI meM Thosa racanAe~ hone laga gaI thIM / hindI jaina kaviyoM ne apanI racanAe~ jaba ki prArambha hI kI thIM / hindI jaina sAhitya meM bhI usako hindI kA AdikAla athavA prAcIna hindI-kAla hI kahA hai, aura samaya bhI utanA hI mAnA hai, jo apabhraMza prabhAvita racanAoM ke prAcurya para hindI jaina sAhitya kI dRSTi se utanA spaSTa aura arthapUrNa nahIM hai jitanA apabhraMza hindI kAla kahanA / bhale hindI sAhitya vizAradoM ne apabhraMza ko "Adi hindI athavA prAcIna hindI kahA hai, parantu apabhraMza prabhAvita isa kAla ko ye nAma denA na spaSTa hai, aura na arthapUrNa / apabhraMza-hindI kAla se sIdhA artha nikalatA hai ki apabhraMza prabhAvita hindI racanAoM kA kAla / 74 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #89
"apabhraMza kA sAhitya mahAn vipula, vividha viSayaka aura vividhamukhI hai / apabhraMza kI prAMjalatA isake mahAkAvyoM meM dekhane ko milatI hai / isake kAvyoM meM isake samRddhatA ke darzana hote haiM / isake khaNDakAvyoM meM jIvana ke aneka rUpoM kI vividha bhA~ti se jo abhivyaMjanA huI hai, vaha bahuta hI rocaka aura prabhAvaka hai / pichale varSoM meM jaina vidvAna muni jinavijayajI, AdinAtha, upAdhyAye, DaoN0 hIrAlAla, DaoN0 parazurAma vaidya, paM0 lAlacandra bhagavAna gAMdhI, mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana 'prabhRtti vidvAnoM ne apabhraMza sAhitya kA gambhIra adhyayana kiyA / kucha ne aneka apabhraMza granthoM kA prakAzana kiyA hai aura isakA hindI sAhitya meM vikAsa ke itihAsa para gaharA prabhAva hI nahIM par3A, varan vahA~ isake abhAva meM jo gar3abar3a ho gaI thI, vahA~ aba spaSTa pratilakSita hone lagI hai / DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedIjI ne apane "hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla nAmaka graMtha meM spaSTa kahA hai- jaba taka isa vizAla upalabdha sAhitya ko sAmane rakhakara isa kAla ke kAvya kI parIkSA nahIM kI jAtI, taba taka hama isa sAhitya kA ThIka-ThIka marma upalabdha nahIM kara sakate / idhara udhara ke pramANoM se kucha kaha denA, kucha para kucha kA prabhAva batalA denA na to bahuta ucita hai aura na bahuta hitakara / yaha kahanA hogA ki Aja, apabhraMza kA sAhitya jo kucha bhI upalabdha hai vaisA 80-90 varSa pUrva prApya nahIM thaa| tabhI to prasiddha bhASAzAstrI jarmana vidvAna pezala ko yaha anubhava karake bahuta hI duHkha huA thA ki apabhraMza kA samRddha aura vipula sAhitya kho gayA hai / ___ jaina sAhitya-seviyoM kI pratyeka yuga aura pratyeka kAla meM vizeSa athavA sAdhAraNa kucha aisI paraMparAe~ rahatI haiM, jo samaya kI kar3I se kaDI milA kara Age-Age calI jAtI haiM / jaina sAhitya ko samRddha banAne kI dRSTi se, usako vividhamukhI evaM vividhaviSayaka karane kI dRSTi se vidvAna granthakAra kI paraMparA rahI hai / isa paraMparA kA kartavya yahI rahatA hai ki vaha AgamoM kA svAdhyAya kare, loka-jIvana kA adhyayana kare, jainetara sAhitya kA anuzIlana kare aura maulika grantha likhe, TIkAe~ banAve, bhASya race Adi / dUsarI paramparA hai jJAna-bhaNDAra-saMsthApana-paramparA / isa paraMparA kA uddezya samRddha jaina sAhitya kI rakSA karane kA hai / sAhitya kI surakSA kI dRSTi se yaha jJAna-bhaNDAra kI sthApanA karatI hai aura vahA~ jaina-jainetara sAhitya pratiSThita hokara surakSita rahA hai / jaina jJAna-bhaNDAroM kA mahattva Aja sarvavidita ho cukA hai| tIsarI paramparA hai loka-bhASA aMgIkaraNa kI / jaina vidvAna athavA granthakartA jisa yugameM jo jana-sAdhAraNa kI sarvapriya bhASA hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 75

Page #90
hotI hai, usI meM yaha apanA sAhitya racatA haiM, apanA vicAra, upadeza, saMdeza. bhI usI ke mAdhyama ke dvArA loka samAja taka pahu~cAtA hai / ina tIna viziSTa paraMparAoM se hI jaina sAhitya, prAkRta aura saMskRta tathA apabhraMza meM eka-sA samRddha, vividha aura vipula milatA hai / ' loka-bhASA bananevAlI bolI athavA bhASA ko jaina sAhitya sadA varadAna athavA adbhuta dena ke rUpa meM prApta hotA AyA haiM / hindI ko apabhraMza kI bhArI dena hai - isameM tanika bhI matabhinnatA nahIM / apabhraMza se jaise anya Adhunika loka - bhASAe~ udbhUta huIM, usI prakAra hindI bhI usI se banI aura nikalI hai / isako rAjasthAnI - gujarAtI chor3akara, anya bhASAoM kI apekSA apabhraMza se adhika yoga prApta huA / isa kathana kI ThIka-ThIka aura saccI pratIti to jaina- jJAna bhaNDAroM meM aprakAzita par3e hue apabhraMza sAhitya ke prakAza meM Ane para dhIre-dhIre vidita hogI / phira bhI abhI taka jitanA aura jo kucha apabhraMza sAhitya prakAza meM A cukA hai, usa ke AdhAra para yaha sarvavidita ho cukA hai ki hindI ke nirmANa meM apabhraMza kA mahattvapUrNa yoga hai I svarNakAla ko prApta huI pratyeka bhASA hI apane madhya kAlIna bhAga apane udara meM koI anya aisI bhASA kA garbhadhAraNa kara bar3hatI calatI hai ki jyoMhI vaha apane prAcIna rUpa se uttara kAla meM vArdhakyagrasta hokara nisceSTa banane lagatI hai, madhyakAla se usake udara meM palatI huI vaha bhASA janasAdhAraNa ke mukha-mArga se nissarita hone lagatI hai aura apanI pramukhatA sthApita karatI huI anta meM pramukha bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai / apabhraMza bhASA ke svarNayuga ke madhyabhAga arthAt vi0 kI AThavIM zatAbdI ke pichale varSoM meM vi0 saM0 734 ke bAda mahAkavi svayaMbhU ne "harivaMza purANa" aura padma purANa (rAmAyaNa) kI racanA kI thI / hindI bIja prakSepa karanevAloM meM ye hI prathama apabhraMza - hindI kavi mAne jAte haiM / inakI racanA meM hindI ke bIja dekhiye / sItA - ( agni - parIkSA ke samaya ) " icchauM yadi mama mukha na nihArai / yadi puni nayanAnandahiM, na samarpe u raghunandanahiM / / "" jise Aja hindI ke pramukha vidvAnoM - mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana tathA Do. hajArIprasAda dvivedI Adi ne hindI bhASA kA prathama mahAkAvya mAna liyA / isa prakAra jaina vidvAnoM dvArA rakhI huI nIMva itanI majabUta thI ki Aja 1- hindI kAvyadhArA - pR0 69 (svayaMbhU kRta rAmAyaNa - 4915) / hai 76 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #91
usI bhASA ko svataMtra bhArata meM rASTrabhASA hone kA saubhAgya milA hai / hindI ke prasiddha vidvAna Do. hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne jaina sAhitya ke sambandha meM nimna udgAra prakaTa kiye haiM - idhara jaina apabhraMza-carita kAvyoM kI jo vipula sAmagrI upalabdha huI hai vaha sirpha dhArmika sampradAya kI muhara lagAne mAtra se alaga kara dI jAne yogya nahIM hai / svayaMbhu, caturmukha, puSpadaMta aura dhanapAla jaise kavi kevala jaina hone ke kAraNa hI kAvyakSetra se bAhara nahIM cale jAte / dhArmika sAhitya hone mAtra se koI racanA sAhityika koTI se alayA nahIM kI jA sakatI / yadi aisA samajhA jAne lage to tulasIdAsa kA rAmacaritamAnasa bhI sAhitya meM vivecya ho jAvegA aura jAyasI kA padmAvata bhI sAhitya kI sImA ke bhItara nahIM ghusa sakegA / vastutaH laukika nijadharI kahAniyoM ko Azraya karake dharmopadeza denA isa deza kI cirAcarita prathA hai / kabhI-kabhI ye kahAniyA~ paurANika aura aitihAsika caritroM ke sAtha ghulA dI jAtI haiM / yaha to na jainoM kI nijI vizeSatA hai na sUphiyoM kI / . hindI-apabhraMza : vi., 12 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se rAjasthAnI hindI kA uttarottara vikAsa kI ora gatizIla rahane ke pramANa milate haiM, aura apabhraMza zrI hemacandra yuga meM Akara gauNa arthAt apradhAna banane laga jAtI hai arthAt rAjasthAnI-hindI racanAe~ banane lagI / apabhraMza-hindI racanAoM kA kAla hamane vi. 16 vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha paryanta hI samIcInataH mAnA hai| ___isa samaya taka kI prApta zvetAmbara racanAe~ jinheM hindI kahA jAtA hai ve rAjasthAnI kI haiM aura apabhraMza prabhAvita prApta hindI jaina di. sAhitya meM hindI kA nikharA huA rUpa 16vIM zatI ke uttarArddha kI racanAoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| apabhraMza rahita hindI : _ vi. 14vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM "hindI, apabhraMza ke prabhAva se mukta banane lagatI hai jo 16vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM apabhraMza mukta hokara svataMtra bhASA ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / isa upakAla meM ullekhanIya hindI jaina kavi dharmasUri, ghelha, vinayaprabhasUri, ambadeva, dayAsAgarasUri, aura saMvegasundara haiM / dharmasUri ne jambUsvAmIrAsa" ghelha ne vi.saM. 1371 meM caubIsI gIta tathA gajasukumAra rAsa vinayaprabha ne vi.saM. 141rameM gautama rAsA" ambadeva ne saMghapati samarArAsa dayAsAgara ne vi.saM. 1486meM dharmadatta hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 77

Page #92
caritra aura saMvegasundara ne saM. 1548 meM - "sArasikhAmaNarAsa" kI hindI racanAe~ kI haiN| Upara aba taka jo hamane likhA hai usakA sAra itanA hI hai ki "prAkRta se apabhraMza bhASA kA udbhava huA aura "apabhraMza se Adhunika boliyoM kA nirmANa huA / hindI bhI Adhunika boliyoM meM eka bolI hai / hindI kA udbhava apabhraMza se hai aura hindI kA vikAsa apabhraMza meM hI huA hai | hindI meM hama aneka bhASAoM ke zabda dekhate haiM, parantu isa para vaha anya bhASA se saMbhUta huI nahIM mAnI jA sakatI / hindI bhASA ke vikAsa ke adhyayana ke lie apabhraMza kA sAhitya bahuta upayogI hai, kyoMki "apabhraMza meM prAcIna athavA Adi hindI kahA jAne vAlA svarUpa yathAvat vidyamAna hai aura apabhraMza meM prAcIna hindI-gadya surakSita hai / upalabdha hindI jaina sAhitya jainetara hindI sAhitya se milAne baiTheMge to vahA~ thor3A antara kAla ke nirdhAraNa meM par3A huA milegA / kAraNa spaSTa hai - jaina vidvAna apabhraMza ke paMDita the aura apabhraMza meM aneka upayogI dharmagraMtha race jA cuke the aura jainetara hindI vidvAna apabhraMza ke na to paMDita hI the aura na unake dhArmika grantha hI isameM racita the, ataH jainetara hindI vidvAna vi. 14 vIM zatAbdI se hI hindI meM Thosa racanAe~ kara sake / hindI jaina vidvAnoM ko apabhraMza ke gAr3ha prabhAva se mukta hone meM adhika samaya laganA svAbhAvika hai, ataH hindI jaina vidvAnoM kI hindI kahI jAnevAlI racanAe~ vi. 14 vIM zatAbdI se prArambha nahIM ho kara vi. 16 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM prAraMbha haI milatI haiM arthAta hindI jaina vidvAna vi. 16 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM pUrNataH apabhraMza mukta hindI racanA karane lge| ___anya prAntIya loka-bhASAoM meM bhI jaina vidvAnoM ne racanAe~ kI haiM / zvetAmbara sAdhu aura AcAryoM kI rAjasthAna, mAlavA, gurjara adhikatara vihAra bhUmi rahI hai| unhoMne rAjasthAnI aura gurjara bhASAoM meM bhI ina zatAbdiyoM meM bar3e mahattva ke kaI grantha likhe haiM / rAjasthAnI aura gUrjara bhASA anya loka bhASAoM kI apekSA hindI ke adhika nikaTa mAnI jAtI haiM; ataH maru-gUrjara jaina sAhitya bhI hindI ke lie eka bahuta bar3I dena aura mahattva kI vastu hai / hindI-kAla - hindI jaina sAhitya kI dRSTi se yaha kAla vi. 16vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se vi.saM. 19vIM paryanta mAnA gayA hai / hindI kA utkarSarUpa isa kAla ke prArambha meM banane lagatA hai jo isake anta meM Adhunika rUpa meM parivartita huA hai / isa kAla ke hindI jaina vidvAnoM meM vi. saM. 1581 meM "yazodhara 78 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #93
caritra ke kartA gauravadAsa aura prasiddha kRpaNa-caritraM tathA nemizvara kI bolI ke kartA kavi ThAkurasI, dharmadAsa ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| kavi ThakarasI ke pazcAt 17vIM zatI meM to hindI jaina kavi, lekhaka, granthakAra, TIkAkAroM kI bAr3hasI A gaI aura hindI jaina dhArmika sAhitya ke sAtha hI anya aneka viSayoM meM racanAe~ aura anuvAda grantha likhe gaye / jaina, vidvAna paramparA meM isa hindI kAla meM vividhamukhI aura vividha viSayaka racanAe~ karake hindI jaina sAhitya ko vipula aura vividha viSayaka bnaayaa| hindI jaina sAhitya vikAsa kI dRSTi se to vi. 16 vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha paryanta hamane apabhraMza-hindI kAla mAnA hai, parantu viSaya kI dRSTi se jaisA hindI jainetara sAhitya meM vi. caudahavIM zatAbdI ke antima bhAga se bhakti kAla kA jo prArambha honA mAnA gayA hai vaisA hamako koI kAla nirdhArita karane ke lie bAdhita nahIM honA par3A hai / kAraNa ki jaina sAhitya samayAnusArI nahIM, varan zAzvata dharmAnusArI hI adhikatara pradhAna rahatA hai / hA~; racanAoM meM vega aura zaithilya deza, kAla aura sthiti ke hI kAraNa bar3hate-ghaTate avazya rahate hai| caudahavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima bhAga meM uttara bhArata meM sarvatra muslimarAjya sthApita ho cuke the / rAjapUta rAjA yA to unake AdhIna ho cuke the yA azakta hokara zithila se bana cuke the / kabhI-kabhI talavAra bhI camaka uThatI thI; parantu vaha kisI-kisI aura amuka sthala meM hI / muslima zAsakoM ne yavana-rAjyoM kI sthApanA karake hI vizrAma lenA nahIM socA thA / aba ve balaprayoga se yahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ko musalamAna banAne para tula uThe the / rAjAjana to abala ho cuke the aura prajA bhI sarva prakAra asahAya thI / aisI dharmasaMkaTakI sthiti meM Izvara ke bhakta Izvara kI upAsanA ke sivAya aura kyA kara sakate the aura hamAre syAdvAda ke vidvAna Atmadharma aura mAnavocita vyavahAra kA upadeza dene ke atirikta aura kara hI kyA sakate the / jainetara saMta aura bhaktoM kA eka samudAya nikalA jisameM nAmadeva, rAmAnanda, raidAsa, kabIra, dharmadAsa, nAnaka, zekha pharIda, malUkadAsa, dAdudayAla aura sundaradAsa ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / musalamAnoM ke bhItara se bhI eka dala nikalA jisane prema-paMtha kA pracAra kiyA / prema-paMtha suphI mata ke nAma se itihAsa meM prasiddha hai / jaina vidvAna sAdhu aura AcAryoM ne apane tattvapUrNa vyAkhyAna diye / sarvatra bhArata meM unhoMne vihAra karake mAnava-dharma ko samajhAyA; yavana-rAjAoM kI rAjya-pariSadoM meM, bAdazAhoM ke hajUragAha meM jAkara unhoMne dharma-sahiSNutA aura abhayadAna kA mahattva samajhAyA / jo saMta-sAhitya, bhakta hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 79

Page #94
kAvya, dharma-saMgIta inakI vANI se, kalama se, sitAra se nikalA usane dharma-saMkaTa ko TAlane meM pUrI-pUrI saphalatA prApta kI / hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa ke itihAsa ko likhane vAloM ne aneka jainetara bhakta saMta aura sUphI mata ke premapaMthiyoM kA nAmollekha kiyA aura unakA pUrNa paricaya dene kI udAratA batalAI hai / parantu inake hI sAthI jaina dharmAtmA-puruSoM meM se, jinake nAma do yA dasa nahIM, saiMkaDoM upalabdha haiM, unameM se, eka banArasIdAsa kA nAma kevala ullekhita kiyA / tisa para hindI jaina sAhitya meM to atirikta saMta athavA bhakta yA dhArmika sAhitya ke anya prAyaH sabhI viSayoM meM bhI racanAe~ huI haiM | ina zatAbdiyoM meM jainetara sAhitya jahA~ kevala saMta-sAhitya ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai, vahA~ jaina hindI sAhitya meM vaha vividha viSayaka aura vividhamukhI hai| hindI meM dhArmika sAhitya ke atirikta jaina vidvAnoM dvArA likhA hindI sAhitya- purAtana kAvya, carita kAvya, prabandha kAvya, gItakAvya, rAsA sAhitya, purANa evaM kathA sAhitya, adhyAtmika sAhitya evaM prakIrNaka sAhitya Adi zreNiyoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai / purAtana kAvya - ___apabhraMza kAvyoM ko purAtana kAvyoM kI zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| apabhraMza bhASA meM jainoM kI apAra saMpatti hai jo anyatra nahIM mila sakatI / svayaMbhU kA paumacariu tathA riTThaNemicariu (8vIM zatAbdI), puSpadaMta kRta mahApurANa (11 vIM zatAbdI), dhavalakRta harivaMza purANa vIrakRta jambUsAmI cariu (1070) Adi racanAe~ apabhraMza ke ucca koTi ke mahAkAvya haiM / puSpadaMta kA mahApurANa" evaM dhavala kA harivaMza purANa, apabhraMza kI vizAla racanAe~ haiM jinake gUDha adhyayana ke pazcAt apabhraMza bhASA kI samRddhi kA patA calatA hai / ye aisI amara kRtiyA~ haiM, jo kisI bhI kAvya meM apane mahattva ke kAraNa camakatI raheMgI / paravartI hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa meM ina racanAoM ne mahattvapUrNa yoga diyA hai jisako kisI bhI dRSTi se ojhala nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / sUradAsa, tulasIdAsa, jAyasI, kezava Adi mahAkavi ina racanAoM se kAphI upakRta haiM, kyoMki unhoMne apabhraMza kAvyoM kI zailI ko apane kAvyoM meM kAphI vikasita kiyA hai / carita kAvya athavA prabandha kAvya - jaina vidvAnoM ne hindI meM saikar3oM kI saMkhyA meM carita kAvyoM kI racanA kI hai / ina carita kAvyoM meM kisI na kisI mahApuruSa ke jIvana kA varNana 80 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #95
kiyA huA hotA hai / carita kAvyoM kA uddezya zreSTha puruSoM ke jIvana pAThakoM ke sAmane rakhanA hai jisase ve bhI apane jIvana ko sudhAra sakeM / jaina vidvAnoM kI cAhe hama ise vizeSatA kaha sakeM, cAhe kAvyaracanA kI zailI, unhoMne jo bhI racanA kI hai, usakA uddezya apanA kAvya camatkAra prakaTa karanA na hokara pAThakoM ke kalyANa kI ora vizeSa dhyAna rakhanA hai / isa kAraNa kitanI hI racanAe~ hindI kI ucca racanAe~ hone para bhI mahAkAvya kI usa paribhASA meM nahIM AtIM jisa paribhASA meM vidvAnoM ne mahAkAvya ko tolanA cAhA hai / lekina isI se ina carita - kAvyoM kA mahattva kama nahIM ho jAtA / mahA bhUdhara kA pAzrvapurANa (1789) parimala kA zrIpAla caritra' Adi kitane hI hindI ke sundara carita - kAvya haiM jinheM mahAkAvyoM ke samakakSa meM rakhA jA sakatA hai / prabandha-kAvya kI paribhASA meM adhikAMza carita-kAvya upayukta baiThate haiM / pradyumna carita' (1411), jinadAsa kA 'jambusvAmI caritaM (1542) Adi prabandha-kAvya kI zreSTha racanAe~ haiM / ina kAvyoM meM apane nAyakoM kA bar3A sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai / rAsA sAhitya I rAsA sAhitya jaina vidvAnoM ko kAphI priya rahA hai / 13 vIM zatAbdI se lekara 18vIM zatAbdI taka ina rAsAoM kI racanA hotI rahI / rAsA kA artha hindI jaina sAhitya meM kathA ke rUpa meM varNana karanA hai; kintu yaha kathA kAvya-camatkAra sahita kahI huI hotI hai / ye eka prakAra ke khaNDa-kAvya haiM, jinameM apane nAyakoM ke jIvana ke kisI bhI aMza kA uttama varNana kiyA gayA hai / yadi jaina rAsAoM kI eka sUcI taiyAra kI jAye to vaha kAphI vistRta hogI / 13vIM zatAbdI meM dharmasUri ne 'jambUsvAmI rAsAM tathA vijayasena sUri ne revaMtagiri rAsA ko likhakara hindI bhASA ke vikAsa meM eka mahattvapUrNa kar3I jor3a dI / isI prakAra ambadeva dvArA racita 'saMghapatirAsA' ( 14 vIM), vinayaprabha kA gautama rAsA (15vIM zatAbdI) hindI sAhitya kI uttama saMpatti hai / 17vIM zatAbdI meM jaina vidvAnoM ne sabase adhika rAsA likhe / brahmarAyamala ne zrIpAlarAsA' (1630), 'nemizvara rAsA ( 1615 ), pradyumnarAsA (1629), kalyANakIrti ne pAzvarnAtha rAso (1697), pAMDe jinadAsa ne jogI rAsoM tathA zrAvakAcAra rAsa (1615 ), brahmajJAnasAgara ne "hanumatarAsA" (1630), bhuvanakIrti ne "jIvaMdhara rAsa" (1606), tathA "jambUsvAmI rAsa" (1630), rUpacanda ne "neminAtha rAso - Adi racanAe~ likhakara hindI rAsA sAhitya kA bhaNDAra bhara diyA / isI prakAra 18 vIM zatAbdI meM bhI kAphI rAsA sAhitya likhA gayA jo jaina grantha-bhaNDAroM meM upalabdha hote haiM / - hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa vikAsa * 81

Page #96
purANa evam kathA-sAhitya - ___saMskRta, prAkRta, evaM apabhraMza Adi sabhI bhASAoM meM jainoM ne vizAla purANa evaM kathA-sAhitya likhA hai / isalie ina sabhI purANa evaM kathAoM kA hindI meM rUpAntara vidvAnoM dvArA kara diyA gayA hai / jaina. purANa sAhitya kevala paurANika kathAoM kA hI saMkalana nahIM hai, kintu kAvya kI dRSTi se bhI uttama racanAe~ haiM / kitane hI purANa to kAvya-camatkAra kI dRSTi se kAphI uttama hote haiM / jaina vidvAnoM ne hindI padya meM hI purANoM kI racanAe~ nahIM kI, kintu hindI gadya bhASA meM bhI purANoM ko likhA hai aura hindI gadya sAhitya ke vikAsa meM paryApta yoga diyA hai / brahma-jinadAsa kRta Adi purANa, zAlivAhana kRta harivaMza purANa (1695), navalarAma dvArA likhita vardhamAna purANa (1825), khuzAlacanda kRta padmapurANaM (1783), harivaMzapurANa (1780), vratakathAkoza (1783), daulatarAma kRta puNyAzrava kathAkoza (1773), Adi purANa (1824), padmapurANa (1823), harivaMza purANa (1829), bulAkhIdAsa kRta pANDavapurANa (1754) bhaTTAraka vijayakIrti kA karNAmRta purANa (1826) sevArAma zAha kA zAntinAtha purANa Adi uttama evaM ullekhanIya racanAe~ haiM / isI prakAra jaina vidvAnoM dvArA likhA huA kathA-sAhitya bhI kama nahIM hai / adhyAtma sAhitya adhyAtmavAda jaina sAhitya kA pramukha aMga rahA hai / AcArya kundakundana ne sarvaprathama prAkRta bhASA meM samayasAra evaM SaTpAhuDa kI racanA karake isa sAhitya kI nIMva rakhI thI / isake pazcAt to jainAcAryoM ne isa para khUba likhA / hindI bhASA meM bhI isa sAhitya kI kamI nahIM hai / yogIndra kA 'paramAtmaprakAza tathA dohA pAhuDa adhyAtma viSaya kI uccatam racanAe~ haiM / gIti-kAvya - ___gIti kAvyoM meM bhAvanA kI anubhUti adhika gaharI hotI hai, isalie gIti-kAvya bhI jaina sAhitya kA pramukha bhAga rahA hai / jitane bhI hindI gadya aura padya sAhitya ke vidvAna hue, unhoMne gIta, pada, bhajana Adi ke rUpa meM thor3A bahuta avazya likhA hai / kitane hI kaviyoM ne to apanI racanAoM ke Age gIta zabda bhI jor3a diyA hai / isase unake gIti-sAhitya ke prati anurAga kA patA calatA hai / inameM pUnoM kA meghakumAra gIta, sakalakIrti kA muktAvali gIta, nemIzvara gIta, NamokAra phala gIta, Adi ullekhanIya haiM / jaina bhaNDAroM meM saMgrahita guTakoM meM ina padoM evaM bhajanoM kA khUba saMgraha milatA hai / jisakA adhikAMza bhAga abhI taka prakAza meM bhI nahIM AyA hai / 82 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #97
yaha to huI sarva sAdhAraNa hindI jaina sAhitya kI bAta / phira yahA~ para hamArA sIdhA nAtA kRSNa-kAvya ke sAtha hai / ataH hama usakI bAta lekara cleN| (2) hindI jaina kRSNa-sAhitya (kAlakramAnusAra sUcI tathA vistRta kRti paricaya) hindI meM kRSNa-carita se saMbaMdhita do prakAra kI kRtiyA~ upalabdha haiM - vizAlakAya kAvya kRtiyA~ jo mUlataH saMskRta granthoM yathA - jinasenAcArya kRta harivaMza purANa guNabhadrAcArya kRta uttara purANa (mahApurANa) tathA hemacandrAcArya kRta "triSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita ke anukaraNa para racI gaI haiM, ina kRtiyoM meM kRSNa-carita kA sampUrNa varNana hai, sAtha hI paramparAgata anya zalAkA puruSoM kA bhI ukta kRtiyoM ke anukaraNa para varNana huA hai / ye kRtiyA~ haiM - zAlivAhana kRta harivaMza purANa, khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta harivaMza purANa, evaM uttara purANa', muni cothamalajI kRta bhagavAna neminAtha aura puruSottama kRSNa Adi / (2) * laghu kAvya kRtiyA~ jo rAsa, prabandha, caupAI, phAgu, beli, carita Adi saMjJaka haiM / ye kRtiyA~ neminAtha, gajasukumAla, pradyumna, balarAma, pANDavagaNa Adi se saMbaMdhita haiM aura inameM kRSNa-carita kA prasaMgAnukUla varNana Avazyaka rUpa meM huA hai / ina kRtiyoM ke racayitAoM ne Agama granthoM tathA saMskRta ke purANa va carita granthoM se apane kathAnaka cune haiM aura inako AdhAra banAkara apanI kRtiyA~ prastuta kI haiM / isa taraha kI aneka kRtiyA~ upalabdha haiM / yathA pradyumna carita (sadhArU kavi), neminAtha phAgu (jayazekhara sUri), balabhadra caupAI (kavi yazodhara) gajasukumAra rAsa (kavi delhaNa) Adi / kRSNa viSayaka vibhinna hindI jaina racanAoM kA paricaya hama kAlakramAnusAra nIce de rahe haiM / hindI jaina sAhitya meM aneka kRSNa-viSayaka racanAe~ haiM / jaina kaviyoM meM neminAtha kA citraNa atyanta rur3ha aura priya viSaya thA aura kRSNa-carita usI kA eka aMza hone se hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa-kAvyoM kI koI kamI nahIM hai / yahA~ para eka sAmAnya paricaya dene kI dRSTi se kucha pramukha hindI jaina kaviyoM kI kRSNa-viSayaka racanAoM kA vivecana aura kucha viziSTa aMza prastuta kiye haiN| hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 83

Page #98
mukhya krama nAma-kRti kRSNa carita kRtikAra bhASA racanAkAla abhivyakti 1. harivaMza purANa mukhya zAlivAhana hindI 1638 I0 2. harivaMza purANa mukhya khuzAlacanda hindI 1723 I0 kAlA 3. harivaMza purANa ajJAta hindI gadya prati apUrNa hai, (166 se Age ke pRSTha nahIM haiM / ) 4. harivaMza purANa mukhya nemicandra hindI 1712 I0 (isakA dUsarA nAma nemIzvara rAsa bhI hai / ) 5. neminAtha rAsa gauNa sumatigaNi hindI-1238 I0 6. gajasukumAlarAsa gauNa kavi delhaNa hindI 13 vIM zatA0 I0 (devendra sari) 7. pradyumna carita gauNa kavi sadhAru prAcIna hindI 1354 I0 8. raMga sAgara nemiphAgu gauNa somasundara sUri hindI 1426 I0 9. suraMgAmiya nemi phAgu gauNa dhanadeva gaNi hindI 1445 I0 10. neminAtha phAgu0 gauNa jayazekhara sUri hindI 15vIM zatA0 I0 1 - aprakAzita : prati upalabdha di0 jaina pallIvAla maMdira, ghuliyAgaMja,AgarA evaM Amera zAstra bhnnddaar,jypur| 2 - aprakAzita : prati upalabdha Amera zAstra bhaNDAra,jayapura evaM hastalikhita prati ___ khaNaDelavAla di0 jaina maMdira, udayapura meM upalabdha / 3 - aprakAzita : prati upalabdha Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / 4 - aprakAzita : prati upalabdha Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / 5. hastalikhita prati : jaisalamera durga sthita zAstra bhaNDAra meM upalabdha / 6. 'AdikAla kI prAmANika hindI racanAe~ (saMpA) DaoN. gaNapaticandra gupta) pR057-60 para prakAzita / 7. prakAzaka mahAvIrajI atizaya kSetra prabandha kAriNI samiti, jayapura / saMpA0 paM0 nainasukhadAsa nyAyatIrtha evaM DaoN. kasturacandra kAsalIvAla / 8 hindI kI Adi aura madhyakAlIna phAgu kRtiyA~ : prakAzaka-maMgala prakAzana,jayapura, pR0 136-148 para prakAzita / 9. vahI, pR0 119-126 para prakAzita / 10. hindI kI Adi aura madhyakAlIna phAgu kRtiyA~- pR. 110-117 84 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #99
11. balibhadra caupAI gauNa kavi yazodhara hindI 528 I0 12. neminAtha rAsa2 gauNa muni puNya ratana hindI-1529 I. 13. pradyumna rAso3 . gauNa brahma rAyamalla hindI-1579 I. 14. nemizvara rAsa4 gauNa brahma rAyamalla hindI-1558 I. 15. nemIzvara kI beli5 gauNa kavi ThAkurasI hindI-16vIM zatA. I. 16. balabhadra beli16 gauNa . kavi sAliga hindI-I. sana 1612 17. nemizvara candrAyaNa7 gauNa narendra kIrti 1969 vi. kI pratilipi upalabdha) 18..neminAtha rAsasa gauNa kanakakIrti hindI-1635 I. 19. neminAtha rAsa9 gauNa muni kesara sAgara hindI-pratilipi san 20. pradyumna prabandha gauNa devendra kIrti hindI-1635-1665 I. 21. pANDava purANa gauNa bulAkIdAsa. hindI-1697 I. 22. nemIzvara rAsa22 gauNa nemicandra hindI-1712 I. 23. neminAtha caritra23 gauNa ajayarAja pATanI hindI-1736 i. 24. uttara purANa24 gauNa khuzAlacaMdra kAlA hindI-1732 I. 25. neminAtha caritra25. gauNa jayamala hindI-1757 I. 11. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / 12. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha di. jaina maMdira, TholiyAna, jayapura / 13. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / 14. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / 15. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, di. jaina maMdira, bavIcandajI, jayapura / . 16. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, abhaya jaina granthAlaya, bIkAnera / 17. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / 18. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, vinayacandra jJAna bhaNDAra, jayapura / 19. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, vinayacandra jJAna bhaNDAra, jayapura / 20. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, di. jaina maMdira, saMbhavanAthajI, udayapura / 21. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, zAstra bhaNDAra, zrI mahAvIrajIkSetrajayapura / 22. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / 23. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, di. jaina maMdira, TholiyAna, jayapura / 24. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, di. jaina maMdira, luNakaraNajI pAMDyA, jayapura / 25. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, vinayacandra jJAna bhaNDAra, jayapura / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 85

Page #100
26. neminAtha rAsa gauNa ratanamuni hindI-1667 I. 27. nemanAtha rAsa7 gauNa vijayadeva sUri hindI-1769 I. 28. nemicandrikATa gauNa manaraMgalAla hindI-1823 I. pallIvAla 29. kRSNa kI Rddhi gauNa buddhamala - hindI-1849 I. 30. pradyumna carita gauNa mannAlAla hindI-1844 I. 31. bhagavAna neminAtha gauNa muni cauthamala hindI-1941 I. aura puruSottama kRSNa hindI meM racita jaina kRSNa kAvya kRtiyoM kI kAla kramAnusAra sUcI prastuta kI gaI hai, tathA upalabdha kRtiyoM ke viSaya kI pramukhatA athavA gauNatA ke AdhAra para vistRta paricaya yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai - kRti paricaya : (1) harivaMza purANa-2 prastuta kRti ke racayitA zAlIvAhana haiM / unhoMne jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa (saMskRta) ke AdhAra para isakI racanA kI hai / isakA ullekha kRti kI pratyeka sandhi ke anta meM isa prakAra upalabdha hai - iti zrI harivaMza purANe saMgrahe bhavya samaMgalakarNe, AcArya zrI jinasenaviracite tasyopadeze zrI zAlivAhana viracite / - isa grantha kI racanA (saM. 1695) I. sana 1638 meM pUrNa huI thI / kavi ne svayaM isakA ullekha kiyA 'saMvata sorahase tahA bhae, tApara pacAnava ge| . mAgha mAsa kRSNApachi jAni, somavAra sumavAra baravAni // 3/78 // 26. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, vinayacandra jJAna bhaNDAra, jayapura / 27. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, di. jaina maMdira, TholiyAna, jayapura / 28. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, di. jaina maMdira, baMr3A terahapaMthiyoM kA, jayapura / 29. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, vinayacandra jJAna bhaNDAra, jayapura / 30. aprakAzita : prati upalabdha, di. jaina maMdira, TholiyAna, jayapura / 31. prakAzita : prakAzaka siremalajI, nandalAlajI, pItoliyA, sihora, kenTa / 1- jaina kRSNa svarUpa - mahAvIra koTiyA kRtiparicaya kA AdhAra ukta grantha hai| 2- kavi zAlIvAhana : (hastalikhita prati) upalabdha, Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / 86 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #101
isakI racanA ke samaya kavi AgarA meM nivAsa karatA thA aura vahIM isakI racanA pUrNa huI / AgarA meM usa samaya zAhajahA~ rAjya karatA thA - *nagara AgarA uttama thAnu, zAhajahA~ sAhi diye manu bhAnu (348) / prastuta kRti kI hastalikhita pratiyAM kaI sthAnoM para upalabdha haiN| isI kRti kI 12 se 26 taka kI saMdhiyoM meM kRSNacarita kA varNana hai / prathama saMdhi meM kavi ne 24 tIrthaMkara tathA sarasvatI mAtA kI vandanA kI hai / dUsarI aura tIsarI saMdhi meM tInoM lokoM ke varNana ke pazcAt cauthI saMdhi meM Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva tathA bharata cakravartI kA carita-varNana hai / __ 4 se 11 taka kI saMdhiyoM meM prathama 21 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 8 baladeva, 8 vAsudeva tathA 8 prati vAsudevoM kA saMkSipta carita-varNana hai / isake bAda saMpUrNa kRti meM 22 veM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi tathA navam vAsudeva kRSNa kA carita-varNana vistAra se huA hai| ____ vastutaH kRti kI mukhya AdhikArika kathAvastu inhIM do zalAkA puruSoM kA carita-varNana hai / kRSNa ke anuja gajasukumAla tathA putra pradyumna kA carita-varNana bhI avAntara prasaMgoM ke rUpa meM huA hai / kRti kI bhASA rAjasthAnI prabhAvita brajabhASA hai / yaha mukhyataH dohA caupAI chandoM meM racita hai / kRSNa ke vIra zreSTha puruSa ke vyaktitva kA varNana hI kRti meM mukhyataH huA hai| - kaMsa kI malla-zAlA meM kizora kRSNa kA parAkrama dekhie - "caDUra malla uThyo kAla samAna vajramuSTi deyata samAna / __jAni kRSNa donoM kara gahai, ___ phera pAI dharatI para vahai // 2 rukmiNI haraNa karate samaya kRSNa jaba apanA pA~cajanya zaMkha pha~kate haiM to sampUrNa dharAmaNDala tharatharA uThatA hai tathA duzmana kA sainyadala kA~pane lagatA hai - "laI rukamaNi ratha car3hAI, paMcAiNa taba pUrIyo / Ni suni vayaNu saba saina kaMpyau mahimaNDala dharaharyo / 1 eka prati zrI pallIvAla di. jaina maMdira dhUliyAgaMja AgarA meM upalabdha hai jisakI pratilipi saM. 1808 kI hai / dUsarI prati Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura meM hai jisakI pratilipi saM. 1759 kI hai| 2- zAlivAhana kRta harivaMza purANa (hastalikhitaM AgarA prati) pR. 45, 1780-81 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 87

Page #102
meru kamaTha tathA zeSa kaMpyau mahalau jAi pukAriyo / puhumi rAhu avadhAriyo, rukmaNi hari lai gayo / isa avasara para hue yuddha kA kavi ne atyanta ojasvI varNana kiyA hai / ojasvI varNana kI dRSTi se kavi ki bhASA bahuta hI samartha hai / isa yuddha kA varNana karate hue kavi zabdabaddha karatA hai - "sezapAla aru bhIkhama rAu, paidala milai Na sUjhe ThAuM / choraNa bUMdata uchalI kheha, jANau garaje bhAdoM meha // zAraMgapANi dhanaka le hAtha, zasipAlai paThau jama sAtha / hAki pacAri uThe doU vIra, barase bANa zayaNa dhanavIra // 2 kRSNa tathA balarAma kI yaha vIratA tathA parAkrama kRti meM aneka sthaloM para varNita hai| kRSNa kA yaha advitIya parAkrama unake zreSTha argha cakravartI rAjA ke rUpa ke anukUla hai / jarAsaMdha ke sAtha yuddha meM unakA yaha vIra svarUpa sAkAra ho uThA hai / jisa cakra ko jarAsaMdha ne kRSNa ko mArane ke lie pheMkA, vahI cakra kRSNa kI pradakSiNA karake unake dAhine hAtha para sthira ho . jAtA hai / aura punaH kRSNa dvArA chor3e jAne para vahI jarAsaMdha kA sira kATa DAlatA hai| kavi ke zabdoM meM - taba mAgadha tA sanmukha gayau, ___cakra phirAI hAki kari layau / tApara cakra chAriyo jAmA tInoM loka kaMpiyo tAmA / / hari ko namaskAra kari jAni, dAhine hAtha caDhyau so Ani / taba nArAyaNa choDyo soha, mAgadha Traka ratana-sira hoI // 3 1- zAlivAhana kRta harivaMza purANa (pR.52, 1953) 2- harivaMza purANa (AgarA prati) pR. 52 / 1958 va 1953 / 3- harivaMza purANa (AgarA prati) 2501-2504 88 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #103
kRti ke ukta vIra svarUpa varNana ke atirikta prastuta kRti meM kRSNa ke dUdha-dahI khAne-phailAne kA bhI varNana huA hai / yathA - "Apuna khAI, gvAla dhara deI, ghara ko kSAra virANo leI / ghara-ghara vAsaNa phor3e jAI / dUdha-dahI saba lehi chir3AI / / (2) khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta harivaMza purANa evaM uttara purANa:2 __ kRSNa carita se saMbaMdhita ukta donoM hindI kAvyakRtiyoM kI hastalikhita pratilipiyA~ jaina grantha bhaNDAroM meM upalabdha haiM / ye donoM kRtiyA~ kramazaH jinasenAcArya kRta harivaMza purANa (saMskRta) tathA guNabhadrAcArya kRta uttara purANa (saMskRta) kI zailI para racita haiM / .. harivaMza purANa kI racanA saMvata 1780 (sana 1723) tathA uttara purANa kI racanA saMvat 1799 (san 1742) meM pUrNa huI-aisA ullekha svayaM granthakartA ne graMthoM kI samApti para kiyA hai / harivaMza purANa meM kavi khuzAlacanda apanI kathA kI paramparA isa prakAra kahate haiM - prathama bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yaha kathA gautama svAmI ko kahI, gautama ne sudharmAsvAmI ko kahI, tatpazcAt sudharmA svAmI ne jambU svAmI ko kahI / isake pazcAt jambu svAmI ne vidyutacara ko kahI, vidyutacara ne ravizeNAcArya ko kahI / usake pazcAt isa kathA ko jinasenAcArya ne kahA aura unhIM kI paraMparA ke anusAra brahma jinadAsa ne yaha likhA / usI jinadAsa ke kathAnaka ko bhASA ke rUpa meM khuzAlacanda ne vyakta kiyA / ina granthoM ke racayitA zrI khuzAlacanda kAlA khaNDelavAla jAti ke digambara jaina the / inakA janma Tor3A (jayapura) nAmaka grAma meM huA thaa| bAda meM ve sAMgAnera (jayapura) meM Akara basa gaye the / inakA zeSa jIvana 1- harivaMza purANa (AgarA prati) 1707-1708 / 2- harivaMza purANa : hastalikhita prati upalabdha - Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / khaNDelavAla di. jaina maMdira, udayapura; uttara purANa : bAbA dulI canda zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / tathA saugAniyoM kA maMdira, karolI (rAja.) 3- harivaMza purANa : hastalikhita prati, di. jaina maMdira / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 89

Page #104
sAMgAnera meM hI vyatIta huA / yahIM para unhoMne ukta donoM granthoM kI racanA kI thii| kavi ke saMbaMdha meM yaha jAnakArI uttara purANa grantha meM upalabdha hai| kavi svayaM harivaMza purANa meM bhI apanA paricaya isa prakAra dete haiM - "zahara jahAnAbAda nAmakA eka zahara hai, usameM jayasiMgapurA eka sthAna hai, vahA~ maiM rahatA thA / vahA~ mahamada bAdazAha rAjya karatA thaa| unhIM ke rAjya meM maiMne grantha Arambha kiyA / zahara ke madhya meM zAha sukhAnanda nAmakA eka vaNika rahatA thA / usake ghara meM gaukulacanda nAmakA eka vidvAna paMDita rahatA thA / usake pAsa maiM pratidina jAtA thA aura zAstra aura upadeza sunatA thA / maiMne brahma jinadAsa kA harivaMza purANa jo thA usako gaukulacanda se sunA aura usIkI maiMne apanI bhASA meM racanA kI / isakI racanA saMvat 1780 vaizAkha sudI 3, zukravAra ko maiMne isa grantha ko pUrA kiyA / aura isa grantha kA lekhana amaracanda saugAnI ne ko likhavAyA / miti 2 guruvAra saMvat 1828 kI hai aura isake pR. 315 haiM / isakI sAIja 11 x 5hai / yaha prati di. khaNDelavAla jaina maMdira se prApta huI hai| harivaMza purANa tathA uttara purANa granthoM meM paraMparAgata jaina paurANika kathAvastu kA varNana huA hai / inakI kathAvastu va varNya viSayoM kA AdhAra saMskRta purANa grantha haiM / tadnusAra harivaMza purANa meM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi. tathA unake samakAlIna kRSNa, balarAma, jarAsaMdha Adi zalAkA puruSoM kA carita varNita hai / uttarapurANa meM RSabhadeva ke atirikta sabhI anya teIsa tIrthaMkaro va unake samakAlIna zalAkA puruSoM kA carita-varNana saMkSepa meM huA hai / ____donoM kRtiyoM meM bolacAla kI sarala hindI bhASA kA prayoga huA hai / donoM hI prasAda guNa-sampanna racanAe~ haiM / caupAI, dohA, soraThA, Adi mAtrika chanda kRtiyoM meM pramukhatA se prayukta hue haiM / kahIM-kahIM aDila chanda kA bhI prayoga huA hai / sarga ke lie sandhi" zabda kA prayoga huA hai / udAharaNa ke lie unakI kRti hindI harivaMza purANa ke kucha pramukha caupAI, dohA, prazasti, savaiyA, chappaya ityAdi prastuta haiM / / / maMgalAcaraNa "mahAvIra vaMdau jinadeva, iMdrAdika karihai tinaseva / tIna loka meM maMgalarUpa, to vaMdau jinarAja anupa / / 1 / / 1- uttara purANa (ukta hastalikhita prati) pR. 308, chanda 91-107 / 90 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #105
nemisura vaMdau cina lAya, tihuM jaga kari pada aghAya / pApavinAzana hai jinanAma, saba jina mAma vaMdau guNadhAma IN aMtima pATha"nemanAtha jinake vacana, saba jIvana sukhadAya / tahA~ brahma jinadAsa jU, kari lInhIM adhikAra // 1 // tAhI zrI jinadAsajI, grantha racyo iha sAra / so anusAra khusyAla le, kaho bhavika sukhakAra / / 2 / / " prazasti - ||dohaa|| "merI bAta sunI abai, bhavya jIva mama lAya / kAlau jAti khusyAla jU, sundara suta jina pAya IRII ||caupaaii|| "deza hu~DhAhara jANau sAra, tAmaiM dharama taNuM adhikAra / _ visana siMgha sutta jaisiMharAya, rAjakarai sabakU sukhadAya // 2 // dezatanI mahimA ati ghanI, jina geMhA kari ati hI banI / jina maMdira bhavi pUjA karai, keika vrata le keika dhareM // 3 // - jina maMdira karavAyai na, surama vimala tanIvara chavA / . ratha jAtrAdi hota bahu jahA~, punya upAvana bhaviyata tahA~ // 4 // ityAdika mahimA juta deza, kahi na sakauM maiM aura asesa / ... jA maiM pura sAMgAvati jAni, dharama upAvana kau kara dhAna // 5 // jAkI soMbhA hai adhikAra, kabaloM bhAkhU bhavi vistAra / jA madhi zrI mUlanAyaka dhAMni, so maiM bhavi jIvAM sukha dAMni / / 6 / / // savaiyA / / "saMgha mUlasaMgha jAni gacha sAradA bakhAMni, gaNaju balAtakAra jAnau mana lAyakai / kuMda kuMda muni kI su AmanAya mAhi, bhaye devaindrakIrti paThaSyatara pAyakai // jina su bhaye tahA~ nAma likhamIdAsa, * catura vivekI zruta-jJAna * upAya ke| hindI. jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 91

Page #106
tihane pAsa maiM bhI kachu alpa sau prakAza bhayo, pheri maiM vasyo jihAMnAbAda madhya Ayakai // 7 // // dohaa|| "sahara jihAMnAbAda meM jaisiMgha puro suthAMna / __ maiM vasihUM sukhaH sadA jinezaU~ citta Ani // 8 // ||chppy|| 'mahamadasAha pAtisAha rAjakarai sucikachau, nItavaMta balavaMta nyAya vina lena arathau / tAke amala sumAMhi grantha AraMbharu kInhauM, para ko bhaya dukha soka kabhUha hama kauyana lInhau / iha vicAra rAjA tanau itano hI upagAra hai, kauU daMDana sakai jinamata ko vistAra hai // 9 // ||dohaa|| "sahara madhya ika vaNika vara, sAha sukhAnaMda jAMni / tAke geha viSai rahai, gokula caMda sujAMni / / 10 / / tina Dhiga maiM jAUM sadA, puDhe zAstra subhAya / tinakau vara upadeza lai, maiM bhASA banavAya / / 11 / / grantha tanI bhASA racI, jina sevaka anusAra / jasakau kArija nA karayo, karayo bhaviMka upagAra / / 12 / / ||caupaaii|| . esI jAMni bhavika sukhadAya, par3hijeM suni0 manavacakAya / __kAlA jAti khusyAla sunAma, bhASA racI parama sukha dhAma // 13 / / saMvata satarAsai aru asI, sudI vaizAkha tIja vara lasI / sukaravAra ati hI vara joga, sAra nakhyatara ko saMjoga // 14 // pahara Dor3ha dina bAkI rahyau, bhASA pUraNa kari sukha lahyau / kasara dekhi paMr3ita jana kauya, sunakara lIjyau akSara soya // 15|| maiM to grantha par3he kachu nAhi, sAra vicAra nahIM mujha mAMhi / yAtai doSa na dIjo koya, alapa ghaNau guNa lIjyau joya // 16 // 92 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #107
jinavara carita suvarNataiM, upajai punya apAra 1 je bhavi sumaraiM bhAva sauM, te pAvai zivasAra ||17|| harivaMza mahatzAstraM tasya bhASA vinirmitaM / nAmnA khusyAla caMdreNa bhavyAnAM khalu zarmadA ||1TA Alocya kRtiyoM meM kRSNa kA paramparAgata vIra zreSTha puruSa kA jaina- vyaktitva varNita huA hai / donoM kRtiyoM se katipaya udAharaNa draSTavya haiM - 1 bAlaka kRSNa gokula meM khelate-kUdate aneka parAkramapUrNa kArya karate bar3e ho rahe the / kaMsa ko jaba kisI nimitta jJAnI se yaha jAnakArI milI ki unakA zatru gokula meM vRddhi ko prApta ho rahA hai to usane pUrva bhava meM siddha kI huI deviyoM kA kRSNa kA prANAnta karaneke lie AhvAna kiyA / deviyoM ne jo aneka prayatna kiye unameM eka prayatna mUsalAdhAra varSA karake kRSNa sahita samasta gokula ko Dubo dene kA thA / parantu parAkramI kRSNa ne govardhana ko hI uThA liyA aura isa prakAra gokula kI rakSA kI / deviyoM ke samasta prayatna niSphala ho gae / kavi ke varNanAnusAra "devAM vana meM jAya, megha tanI varaSA karI / govaradhana girirAya, kRSNa uThAyo cAva so // / 1 prayatna kI isa niSphalatA ke bAda kaMsa ne kRSNa ko mallayuddha kA AmaMtraNa diyA / malla- yuddha meM Ane ke avasara para unheM kucala kara mAra DAlane ke lie madamasta hAthI chur3avA diyA / parAkramI, mahAna, balazAlI va dhairyavAna kRSNa ne hAthI ke dA~ta ukhAr3a lie aura use mArakara bhagA diyA / sAmane Ane para apane se dugane malla ko phirAkara de maaraa| aura anta meM krodhita hue kaMsa ko mArane ke lie apanI ora Ate dekha, use paira pakar3a, pakSI ke samAna phirA kara pRthvI para de mArA / apane balavAna zatru ko mArakara parAkramI kRSNa usa sabhA maNDapa meM atyadhika zobhita hue / kavi ne apane uttara purANa meM kRSNa ke isa vIra svarUpa kA bar3e utsAha se varNana kiyA hai / yathA- " jAke sammukha doDyo jAya / daMta upAri laye umagAya / tAhI daMta thakI gaja mAri / hasti bhAgi calI puraM majhAhi // tAhI jIti zobhita hari bhae / kaMsa Apa malla mRti lakhi lae / rudhira pravAha thakI viparItA | dekha krodha dhari kari taji nIti / 1- harivaMza purANa - pR0 64, chanda 47 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa 93

Page #108
Apa malla ke Ayo sAya / raba hari vega ari nija joya // caraNa pakari taba layo uThAya / paMkhI sana uta tAhi phirAya // pheri dharaNi paTakyo tara, kRSNa kopa upajAya / mAnUM yama rAjA taNI, so le bheMTa car3hAya // jarAsaMdha ke sAtha hue yuddha meM kRSNa kA yahI parAkrama apane pUrNa rUpa meM prakaTa huA hai tathA parAkrama ke aise aneka varNana upalabdha haiM / (3) nemizvara rAsaH- 2 isake racayitA nemicandra haiM / isakI racanA I0 san 1712/vi0saMvat 1769 meM huii| __ kRSNa kRti ke pramukha pAtra haiM / kRti ke adhikAMza meM unake vIratApUrNa kRtyoM kA varNana upalabdha hai / isa varNana meM vIra rasa kI sundara abhivyakti huI hai / yathA"kAnha gayo jaba cauka meM, cANDUra Ayau tihiM bAra / pakar3i pachADyo Avatau, cANDUra pahu~cyau yama dvAra / kaMsa kopa kari uThyo, pahuMcyau jAdurAya pai| eka palaka meM mAriyo, jama-ghari pahu~cyau jAya to / / jai jai kAra sabada huA, bAjA bAjyA sAra / ___ kaMsa mAri dhIsyau tabai, palaka na tAi bAra // 3 kRSNa dvArA govardhana dhAraNa kI ghaTanA kA kavi ne nimnAnusAra ullekha / kiyA hai| *keso mana meM cintave, paravata goradhana lIyo uThAya / ciTI AMgulI upare, taliu yA saba gopI-gAya // 4 kRti ke aMtima aMza meM kRSNa kI dharma viSayaka ruci tathA neminAtha ke prati zraddhAbhAva kA varNana huA hai / kavi ke zabdoM meM"namaskAra phiri-phiri kiyA, prazna kiyo taba kezorAya __ bheda kahyo sapta tattva ko, dharma-adharma kahyo jinarAya // 5 1- uttara purANa - pR0 200, chanda 3-6 / 2 hastalikhita prati vikrama saMvata 1793 pratilipikAra pANDe dayArAma, upalabdha Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jypur| 3- hastalikhita prati pada saMkhyA 70-73 / 4- vahI, 184 / 5- hastalikhita prati pada saMkhyA 1110 / 94 . hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #109
kRti meM kRSNa ke bAla-gopAla svarUpa kA varNana draSTavya hai / isa rUpa meM bAlaka kRSNa ke gopAla veza kA tathA dadhi-mAkhana khAne va phailAne kA varNana huA hai / yathA"mAMkhana khAyaru phailAya, mAta jasodA bAMdhe ANi hai| DarapAyo Darapai nahIM mAtA taNIya na mAne kANi te|| kRSNa kA gopAla veza- varNana nimna prakAra huA hai - "kAnA kuNDala jagamage, tana sohe pItAmbara cIra to| makaTa virAje ati bhalo, baMsI bajAve zyAma zarIra to ra kRti kI bhASA rAjasthAnI prabhAvita hindI hai / (4) gajasukumAla rAsa-2 . gajasukumAla rAsa AdikAlIna racanA hai / isakA racanAkAla I0 san 1258-68 (vikrama saMvata 1313-25) ke bIca anumAnita kiyA gayA hai / usake racayitA kavi devendrasUri the| kRti meM kRSNa ke vIra va parAkrama-sampanna rAjapuruSa ke svarUpa kA varNana hai / unakI tulanA indra se karate hue kavi likhatA hai - nayarihi rajju kareI tahi kahu naridU / / naravaI mani khaNho jiva suragaNa haMdra // kRSNa ke dvArA cANUra malla, kaMsa tathA jarAsaMdha hanana kA kavi ne ullekha kiyA hai / ve vAsudeva rAjA haiM / zaMkha, cakra tathA gadA Adi kA dhAraNa karanA jaina paraMparAnusAra vAsudeva kA lakSaNa hai / isakA bhI kavi ne ullekha kiyA hai / yathA"saMkha cavaka gaja paharaNa dhArA / . kaMsa narAhiva kaya saMhArA // jiNa cANauri mallu viyariu / jarasiMdhu balavaMtaU dhAriu // kRti kI bhASA se 13 vIM zatAbdI I. ke bhASA rUpa kI jAnakArI milatI hai / isakI bhASA ko paravartI apabhraMza athavA prAcIna rAjasthAnI kahA jA sakatA hai / jo ki hindI bhASA kA AdikAlIna rUpa hai / 1- hastalikhita pratipada saMkhyA - 168-69 / 2 gajasukumAla rAsa, aprakAzita, hastilikhita pratiyA~ upalabdha - (a) abhaya jaina graMthAlaya, bIkAnera / (ba) graMtha bhaNDAra, jaisalamera-durga / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 95

Page #110
(5) pradyumna carita pradyumna carita kavi sadhAru kI racanA hai / yaha kRti saMpAdita hokara prakAzita ho gaI hai| isakA racanAkAla san 1354 saM0 1411 mAnA gayA hai / kRti meM zrIkRSNa ke rukmiNI se utpanna putra pradyumna kA jIvana-carita kA varNana hai| kRSNa kA varNana eka mahAna zaktizAlI nareza ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / ve aparimita dalabala va sAdhanoM se sampanna the / ve trikhaNDAdhipati (ardhacakravartI) rAjA the / unakI garjanA se pRthvI kA~pa jAtI thI / ve apane zatruoM ke damana meM pUrNataH samartha the / yathAdalabala sAhaNa gaNata ananta / karaha garja medanI vilasaMtu / tIna khaNDa cakrakesarI rAu / ariyaNa dala bhAnaha bharivAu // 3 kRSNa kA svarUpa-varNana karate hue kavi likhatA hai ki ve zaMkha cakra tathA gadA dhAraNa karate haiM / balabhadra unake agraja haiM / ve advitIya parAkrama sampanna haiM / sAta tAla vRkSoM ko eka bANa se girAne meM samartha haiM / ve apane komala hAthoM se vajra ko bhI cUra-cUra kara sakate haiM / yathAsaMkha cakra gajApahaNa jAsu, aru balibhadra sahodara taas| . sAta tAla jo bANAni chaNaI so nArAyaNa nArada bhaNaI / / AyI tAhi vajra muMdar3I, johai ratana padAratha jdd'ii| komali hAtha karaha cakacUru, so nArAyaNa guNa paripUnu // 4. __ parAkramI rAjA kRSNa apanI talavAra hAtha meM lekara yuddha bhUmi meM aise zobhita hote haiM jaise mAnoM svayaM yamarAja upasthita haiM / unake khaDga dhAraNa karane para samasta loka Akula-vyAkula ho jAtA hai / svayaM devarAja indra tathA zeSanAga bhI vyAkula ho jAte hai / yathA"tava tihi dhanahara ghAliu rAli, candra ha~sa kara lIyo saMbhAli / vIju samisu camakai karavAlu, jANau su jIbha pasAre kAla / / jabahi kharaga hAtha hari layau, candra rayaNi cAmbaha kara gahiu / ratha te utari cale bhara jAma, tInI bhuvana akulAne tAma / / / 1- pradyumna carita : saMpA0 paM0 cainasukhadAsa va DaoN0 kasturacanda kAsalIvAla (prakAzaka-atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI prabandhakAriNI samiti, jayapura / ) 2- pradyumna carita : prastAvanA, pR0 26 / 3- pradyumna carita : sarga-1/21 / 4- vahI, chanda 51-52 / 96 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #111
iMdu caMdu phaNu mai khalamalaMDa, jANai giri parvatau Talamalau / ana mA kahai suraMgini nAri, avayahu ihai kahasI mAri // 2 (6) neminAtha phAgu (jayazekhara sUri ) kRti ke racayitA zrI jayazekhara sUri kA samaya paMdrahavIM zatAbdI vikrama kA pUrvArddha hai / ve zvetAmbara jaina sampradAya ke santa the / 1 kRti meM zrIkRSNa kA zaurya varNana nimna prakAra huA hai aura "dIpai jiNi jiNamaMdira maMdara zikhara samAna, dIsaha disAkA kahu~ ka vimAna / / dhana dihi sahaM hathi dhApiNa vANI avara ArAMmi, mANa kaNa dhaNa saMpUriya pUriya dvArakA nAmi // 2 // Akuli kulavaTa lopiya gopiya ramai raMgi, kAMsa kesi jANUra e cUrae je bahu bhaMgi / vasudhA vIra vadItau jItau jiNi jArAsiMdhu, tahi hari aribala TAlae rAja subaMdhu / / 3 / / ukta do chando meM dvArakA tathA kRSNa kA varNana karane ke pazcAt kavine nemi - rAjula ke paraMparAgata kathAnaka kA varNana kiyA hai / (7) raMga sAgara nemi phAguH - 3 isake racayitA zrI somasundarasUri haiM / kRti meM kRSNa ke zaurya - varNana meM unake prAraMbhika jIvana kI sAhasa va vIratApUrNa ghaTanAoM kA varNana nimna paMktiyoM meM draSTavya hai 4 - "avatarIA iNi avasarari mathurA purisa rayaNa nava nehare sukha lAlita lIlA prIti ati baladeva vAsudeva ve hure / vasudeva rohiNi devakI naMdana caMdana aMjana vAnare, vRndAvani yamunA jali niramali ramati sAMI gAI gAna re / 1- pradhumna carita : chanda saM0 539, 540, 541 / 2- hindI kI Adi aura madhyakAlIna phAgu kRtiyA~ saMpAdaka- DaoNkTara govinda rajanIza prakA0 maMgala prakAzana, jayapura, pR0 110-117 3-- hindI kI Adi aura madhyakAlIna phAgu kRtiyA~0 136 - 148 saMpA0 DaoN govinda rajanIza, prakA0 magaMla prakAzana, jayapura / 4- raMga sAgara nemiphAga : khaNDa prathama 32-36 / : hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa 97

Page #112
ramati karaMtA raMgi car3ai govardhana zRMgi gUjari govAlaNae gAi gopI siDaM milIe kAlI nAga jala aMtarAli komala kamalinI nAla nAkhiu nArAyaNie ramali parAjaNIe kaMsa mallA khAui vIra pahutA sAhasa dhIra ' behu vAi vAkarIe balavaMtA vAhiM karIe balabhadra valiA sAra mAriu mauSTika mAra / kRSNi bala pUriue cANUra cUriu e . . mauSTika cANUra cyUrie dekhIya UThiu kaMsa nava balavanta nArAyaNi tAsa kA dhau vidhvaMsa // (8) balibhadra caupAI isa kRti ke racayitA kavi yazodhara the| dvArikA nagarI kA varNana karate hue kavi ne use indrapurI ke samAna batAyA hai / yaha bAraha yojana vistAra vAlI thI / vahA~ U~cI-U~cI aTTAlikAe~ thIM / aneka dhanapati evaM vIravara vahA~ nivAsa karate the / zrIkRSNa yAcakoM ko mukta hasta se dAna dete the / yathA'nagara dvArikA deza majhAra-jANe indrapurI avatAra / bAra joyaNa te phira tuMvasi, te dekhI janamana ulasi // 11 // nava khaNa tera khaNA prAsAda, dRga zreNI sama lAgu vAda / / koTIdhana tihA~ rahINa ghaNA, ratna hema hIre nahIM maNA // 12 // yAcaka janani deha dAna, na hIyalu haraSa nahIM abhimAna / sUra subhaTa eka dIsi ghaNA, sajjana loka nahIM dujeNA // 13 // dvArikA ke vinAza tathA kRSNa ke paramadhAmagamana kI ghaTanA ko neminAtha kI bhaviSyavANI ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai"dvIpAyana munivara je sAra, te karasi nagarI saMghAra / madya bhAMDa je nAmi kahIM, teha thakI valI jalahi sahIM // 12 // poraloka savi jalasi jisi, bandhana nIkkasasa tisi / tahya sahodara jarAkumAra, te hani hAthi mAri morAra / / 63 / / " yaha rAsa unakI aneka kRtiyoM meM sabase acchI kRti batAyI jAtI hai / balarAma kRSNa ke sahodara-prema kA Adarza isameM prastuta huA hai| 98 . hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #113
(9) balabhadra beli balabhadra beli ke racayitA kavi sAliga the / prastuta beli 28 chando kI choTI racanA hai jisameM dvArakA vinAza, kRSNa kA paramadhAmagamana tathA unake agraja balabhadrajI ke aMtima samaya kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana huA hai / kathAvastu nimna prakAra se hai dvIpAyana muni ke zApa se dvArikA agni meM svAhA ho gaI / kRSNa-balarAma vahA~ se nikala kara kauzAmbI bana-pradeza kI ora gae / mArga meM kRSNa ko tIvra pyAsa lagI / ve eka vRkSa kI chAyA meM so gae / balabhadra jI. pAnI lene gae / tabhI jarAkumAra ne hariNa ke dhokhe meM bANa calAyA jisase kRSNa kA prANAnta ho gayA // pAnI lekara lauTane para balabhadra ne kRSNa ko mohavaza pragAr3ha nidrA meM nimagna samajhA aura ve unake mRta zarIra ko kaMdhe para lie chaH mAha taka vicaraNa karate rahe / anta meM devatAoM ne unheM prabodhana dene ke lie ghANI se reta pIsakara tela nikAlane tathA patthara para kamala puSpa khilAne kA nATaka kiyA / isase unakA moha dUra huA tathA unhoMne kRSNa ke mRta zarIra kA dAha saMskAra kiyA / pazcAt unhoMne arhanta ariSTanemi ke pAsa jAkara dIkSA aMgIkAra kI / dIkSita hokara saMyamArAdhanA karate hue mRtyu ko prApta hokara ve pA~caveM devaloka meM gae / (10) nemicandrikAH "nemicandrikA kavi manaraMgalAla kI racanA hai / kRSNa vAsudeva ke caritra-varNana meM kavi ne unakI vIratA, parAkrama tathA zreSTha sAmarthya se yukta eka nareza ke rUpa kA varNana kiyA hai / vIra kRSNa ne kAliya nAga kA mardana kiyA / atyAcArI kaMsa ko mArakara usake pitA ugrasena ko siMhAsanAsIna kiyA / zizupAla tathA zaktizAlI jarAsandha para vijaya prApta kI / isa prakAra apane kAryoM dvArA anIti ke mArga ko nirAvRta kiyA / kRSNa ke ina kAryoM kA ullekha karate hue kavi ne likhA hai'nAga sAdhi karake muralIdhara / sahasa patra lyAye iMdIvara / / * kaMsa nAsa kInhoM china mA~hi / ugrasena kahaM rAjya karAMhi / / 1- samakita viNa kAja na sIjhai / sAliga kahai sudhau kIjai / 2- nemicandrikA-manaraMgalAla pallIvAla-hastalikhita prati upalabdha di0 jaina maMdira bar3A terApaMthiyoM kA, jayapura / ' hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 99

Page #114
jIta lIna zizupAla naresa / jarAsaMdha jIto cakresa // ityAdika bahu kAraNa kare / sakala anIti mArga tina hare // aisA parAkramI, sAmarthyavAna, tathA jarAsaMdha jaise cakradhArI nareza kA hantA kRSNa kyoM nahIM bhAratabhUmi ke sabhI rAjAoM meM zreSTha va pUjanIya hogA / kavi ke anusAra bhAratabhUmi ke sabhI napatigaNa unake caraNoM ke sevaka the tathA svayaM devagaNa unakI AjJA kA pAlana karate the / yathA - "sakala bhUpa sevata tina pAya / / deva karata AjJA mana bhAya // apane samakAlIna rAja-samAja meM pUjanIya parAkramI va vIra rAjapuruSa kRSNa kA svarUpa-varNana kRti meM huA hai| (3) hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa varNana vibhinna AyAma zrIkRSNa zArIrika, mAnasika evaM Atmika sabhI prakAra kI suSamAoM se sampanna the / ve niSkAma karmayogI the / unhoMne apane jIvana meM satata niSkAma karma ko apanAyA aura isI kI preraNA dii| unhoMne bhAgyavAda kA nirasana kara puruSArthavAda kA mahattva sthApita kiyA / hindI jaina-sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa ke tIna svarUpoM kA varNana huA hai prathama zrIkRSNa kA bAlagopAla rUpa / dvitIya eka arddhacakravartI rAjA ke rUpa meM tathA tRtIya ve eka dharma-niSTha Adarza rAjapuruSa ke rUpa meM varNita haiN| (ka) kRSNa kA bAla-gopAla svarUpa : ___AcArya jinasena kRta saMskRta harivaMza purANa (8 vIM zatAbdI I0) meM kRSNa vAsudeva ke paraMparAgata svarUpa varNana ke sAtha sAtha unakI bAlyAvasthA ke varNana krama meM unake bAla-gopAla rUpa kA varNana dhyAna dene yogya hai / ___ AcArya jinasena se pahale jaina sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa kI mahattA do svarUpoM meM hI prastuta milatI hai-eka zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM, dUsare AdhyAtmika puruSa ke rUpa meM / AcArya jinasena ne sarva prathama zAyada vaiSNava paramparA se prabhAvita hokara zrIkRSNa ke bAla-gopAla svarUpa kA varNana apane 1- nemicandrikAH chanda 19-20 / 2- jinasenaH- harivaMza purANa 35/55-57/ 100 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #115
harivaMza purANa meM kiyA / jaina sAhitya para bhAgavata purANa meM varNita kRSNA ke bAla-gopAla svarUpa ko jo varNana hai, usakA spaSTa prabhAva dikhAI nahIM detA / vaiSNava harivaMza purANa hI eka aisA grantha hai jisakA prabhAva jaina paramparAgata kRSNa svarUpa varNana para par3A hai| gopAlaka nanda ke yahA~ bAlaka kRSNa kA gvAla-bAlaka kA veza dhAraNa karanA tathA dUdha-dahI kA khAnA-phailAnA sAmAnya hai / ataH kRSNa ke bAlagopAla rUpa kA varNana karate samaya AcArya jinasena isa tathya kA hI apane harivaMza purANa grantha meM varNana karate haiM / yaha varNana bhI saMkSipta rUpa meM bAlaka kRSNa kI krIDAoM kA AcArya jinasena ne nimna rUpa meM varNana kiyA hai bAlaka kRSNa kabhI sotA thA, kabhI baiThatA thA, kabhI-kabhI chAtI ke bala sarakatA thA, kabhI lar3akhar3Ate. paira uThAte hue calatA thA, kabhI daur3A-daur3A phiratA thA, kabhI madhura AlApa karatA thA, kabhI makkhana khAtA huA dinarAta vyatIta karatA thA isI eka mAtra zloka meM kavi ne kRSNa kI zizukrIr3A kA varNana kara diyA hai / .. ___ AcArya jinasena kRSNa ke gopAla-veza kA varNana nimna zabdoM meM karate "jo pIle raMga ke do vastra pahane thA, vana ke madhya meM mayara-piccha kI kalagI lagAe hue thA, akhaNDa nIla kamala kI mAlA jisake gale para par3I huI thI, jisakA zaMkha ke samAna sundara kaNTha uttama kaNThI se vibhUSita thA, suvarNa ke karNAbharaNoM se jisakI AbhA atyanta ujjvala ho rahI thI, jisake lalATa para dupahariyA ke phala laTaka rahe the| sira para U~cA mukuTa ba~dhA thA, kalAiyoM meM svarNa ke kar3e suzobhita the. jisake sAtha aneka sundara gopAla bAlaka the evaM jo yaza aura dayA bhAve se suzobhita thA, aiseM putra ko lekara yazodA ne devakI ke caraNoM meM praNAma kraayaa| uttama gopa ke veza ko dhAraNa karane vAlA vaha putra praNAma kara pAsa hI meM baiTha gayA / 1. zrIkRSNa kA yaha gopAla-veza varNana ullekha jaisA hI hai / jaina kavi isake bhI vizeSa vistAra meM nahIM gae haiN| bAla-gopAla rUpa varNana kI pravRtti hindI jaina sAhitya meM bhI rahI hai| (hindI jaina kaviyoM ne bhI gopa-bAlaka kRSNa kI dUdha-dahIM khAne-phailAne kI 1- harivaMza purANa : AcArya jinasena, 35/43 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa .. 101

Page #116
bAla-krIr3AoM kA tathA gopa-bAlaka kRSNa ke gopa-veza kA sAmAnya - sA varNana karake kathAkrama ko Age bar3hA diyA hai / ) kavi zAlivAhana ne apane harivaMzapurANa grantha meM kRSNa kI bAlalIlA kA varNana karate hue likhA hai / " Apuna khAI gvAla para deI, ghara kI kSIra virANI leI / ghara-ghara bAsaNa phor3e jAI, dUdha-dahIM saba lehi chir3AI // pANDava yazorasAyana kAvya ke racayitA muni mizrImala ke gopa bAlaka kRSNa ke isa naTakhaTa rUpa kA varNana draSTavya hai "dahIr3o DAle dUdha meM, mAMkhaNa jala mAMhI re / jala rAle kabhI chAchameM, maiM rAkha bharAI re // kautuka dUdha kA kara rahyA, khele apane dAve re / adhara bajAve bA~sUrI saba hI ha~sa jAve re || purasyo re khAvai nahIM, mAtA najara curAde re / chAne koThA meM ghusI, mAkhana gaTakAve re // 2 kRSNa ke bAla - gopAla svarUpa kA gopiyoM para prabhAva batAte hue kavi mizrImalajI ne 'pANDava yazorasAyana meM likhA hai "mukuTa dhara morano, mujha mana hara lIno re / kAmaNadharI kAnhar3au, mo pai jAdU kIno re || Thuma Thuma cAla suhAvanI, adhiyAlI A~khaDatyA re / ghugharavAlA keza hai, julpho bAkaDatyA re / / " kha) zrIkRSNa mahAna vIra evaM zakti - sampanna zalAkApuruSa ke rUpameM kRSNa eka advitIya vIra tathA mahAna puruSa the / unhoMne apanI zaktibala se dvArakA meM rAjya kI sthApanA kI tathA kAlAntara meM bhAratabhUmi ke agraNI rAjapuruSa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hue / unakA yaha zaktizAlI rAjapuruSa kA svarUpa jaina - - paramparA meM zalAkA puruSa vAsudeva ke rUpa meM mAnya hai / jaina - paramparA meM vAsudeva se tAtparya hai, vaha zaktizAlI rAjA, jisakA I 1 - harivaMzapurANa zAlivAhana chanda 707-8 2 - pANDava yazorasAyana muni zrI mizrImala, pR0 117 / 47 / : - 102 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #117
Adhe bharata-kSetra para prabhutva ho / jaina-Agama grantha samavAyAMga meM vAsudeva kA pramukha lakSaNa Adhe bharata-kSetra kA svAmI honA (arddha bharaha sAmI) batAyA gayA hai| arthAt dvArAvatI nagarI meM kRSNa nAma ke vAsudeva rAjA the jo usa nagarI kA zAsana karate hue vicarate the / aneka adhInastha rAjAoM, aizvaryavAna nAgarikoM sahita vaitAr3ayAgiri (vindhyAcala) se sAgara paryanta dakSiNa bharata kSetra unake prabhAva meM thA / kRSNa apane samaya ke vAsudeva zalAkA puruSa the / isa rUpa meM ve mahAna zaktizAlI arddhacakravartI rAjA the / unakA dvArakA sahita saMpUrNa dakSiNa bharata kSetra para prabhAva va prabhutva thaa| jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa meM kRSNa ke bAlakAla kI parAkramapUrNa aneka krIr3AoM kA varNana hai / cANUra malla tathA kaMsa vadha kA varNana karate hue kavi ne kRSNa ke parAkrama kA tathA advitIya bala kA nimna zabdoM meM varNana kiyA hai - ___ "siMha ke samAna zakti ke dhAraka evaM manohara huMkAra se yukta kRSNa ne bhI cANUra malla ko jo unase zarIra meM dUnA thA apane vakSasthala se lagAkara bhujayantra ke dvArA itane jora se dabAyA ki usase atyadhika rudhira kI dhArA bahane lagI aura vaha niSprANa ho gayA / kRSNa aura balabhadra meM eka hajAra siMha aura hAthiyoM kA bala thA / isa prakAra akhAr3e meM jaba unhoMne dRr3hatApUrvaka kaMsa ke donoM pradhAna mallo ko mAra DAlA to unheM dekha, kaMsa hAtha meM painI talavAra lekara unakI ora calA / usake calate hI samasta akhAr3e kA janasamUha samudra kI taraha joradAra zabda karatA huA uTha khar3A huA / kRSNa ne sAmane Ate hue zatru ke hAtha se talavAra chIna lI aura majabUtI se usake bAla pakar3a use krodhavaza pRthvI para paTaka diyA / tadanantara usake kaThora pairoM ko khIMcakara usake yogya yahI daNDa hai, yaha socakara use patthara para pachAr3a kara mAra DAlA / kaMsa ko mArakara kRSNa ha~sane lage / rAjAoM meM zreSThatam va prathama sammAnanIya hone ke lie kisI rAjapuruSa kA advitIya vIra, sAhasI, parAkrama-sampanna, nIti-nipuNa Adi guNoM se vibhUSita honA anivArya hai / ataH jainAgamoM ke kRSNa vAsudeva aneka guNoM se 1- samavAyAMga sUtra 207 2- harivaMza purANa : SaTha tizatama sarga 43-45, prakA. bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kaashii| hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 103

Page #118
paripUrNa vyaktitva vAle uttama puruSa the / samavAyAMga sUtra meM uttama puruSa vAsudeva ke advitIya svarUpa kA varNana nimna zabdoM meM kiyA gayA hai / / "ojasvI, tejasvI, varcasvI, yazasvI, camakIle zarIravAle, saumya, subhaga, priya-darzana, svarUpavAna, sundara svabhAva vAle, sabhI prANiyoM ko priya, svAbhAvika balI, atyadhika bala-sampanna, Ahata na hone vAle, aparAjita, zatru kA mardana karane vAle, dayAlu, amatsara, acapala, akrodha, parimita va priya saMbhASaNa karane vAle, gambhIra, madhura va satyavacana bolane vAle, zaraNAgata vatsala, lakSaNa, vyaMjana va guNoM se yukta, mAna-upamAna pramANa se pUrNa, sarvAMga sundara, candramA ke samAna, priya-darzana x x x x x mahAna dharnudhArI, viziSTa baladhAraka, durdhara dharnadhArI, dhIra puruSa, yuddha meM kIrti pAne vAle, ucca kulotpanna, bhayaMkara yuddha ko bhI vighaTita kara sakane vAle Adhe bharatakSetra ke svAmI, saumya, rAjavaMza ke tilaka, ajita tathA ajita rathI x x x xx dIpta tejavAle pravIra puruSa, narasiMha, parapati, narendra, naravRSabha, devarAja indra ke samAna rAjyalakSmI ke teja se dIpta Adi-Adi / kAlAntara meM hindI bhASA meM likhita jaina kAvyakRtiyoM meM bhI kRSNa kI vIratA, parAkrama tathA zaktizAlI vAsudeva rAjA ke svarUpa kA vibhinna prakAra se varNana huA hai| .. kRSNa kA advitIya parAkrama bAlyAvasthA se hI prakaTa hone lagA thA / isa parAkrama ko prakaTa karane ke lie hindI kaviyoM ne kaMsa dvArA pUrva janma meM siddha kI huI deviyoM dvArA, kaMsa kI AjJA se kRSNa kI khoja kara, unheM mArane ke prayatnoM kA varNana kiyA hai / isa varNana-krama meM pUtanA ke parAbhava tathA govardhana dhAraNa kI ghaTanA kA jaina kaviyoM ne varNana kiyA hai / pUtanA vadha jaina kAvya meM nahIM dikhAyA hai / isake sthAna para pUtanA kA rote-cillAte hue bhAga jAne kA varNana hai / kavi nemicandra ke zabdoM meM - rUpa kiyo ika dhAya ko, A~cala diyA jAya / A~cala baiMcyA ati ghaNA, devA pukAra bhaji jAya // 2 pUtanA ke isa prayatna ke bAda deviyoM ne bAlaka kRSNa ko mArane ke anya prayatna bhI kiye para ve saphala nahIM ho sakIM / anta meM sabane milakara pralayakArI varSA dvArA kRSNa sahita samasta gokula ko hI naSTa kara dene kA 1- samavAyAMga sUtra 207 / 2- nemicandra % nemizvararAsa : chanda saM0 120 (hastalikhita prati upalabdha - Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / 104 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #119
prayatna kiyA / kRSNa ne gokula kI rakSA karane ke lie govaddhana parvata ko hI isa bhAMti uThA liyA jaise ki vIra yoddhA zatru-saMhAra hetu apanA dhanuSa uThAtA hai - "devA vana meM jAya, meghatanI varaSA karI / .. . govarddhana girirAya, kRSNa uThAyo cApa so // 1 kavi nemicandra ne isa ghaTanA kA varNana nimna prakAra kiyA hai - 'keso mana meM cintave, paravata goradhana lIyo uThAya / . ciMTI a~gulI uparai, taliu yA saba gopI gAya // 2 kavi khuzAlacandra ne apane uttara purANa" grantha meM hAthI choDane se lekara kaMsa-vadha taka kA varNana nimna zabdoM meM kiyA hai - "jAke sammukha dauDyo jAya / daMta upari layo umagAya / tAhI daMta thakI gaja mAri / hasti bhAgi calI pura majhAri / / tAhI jIti zobhita hari bhae / kaMsa Apa malla mRti lakhi lie / rudhira pravAha thakI viparIti / dekha krodha dhari kari taji nIti // Apa malla ke Aye soca / taba hari baiga ari nija jA~ca / caraNa pakari taba liye uThAya / pAkhi sanauna tAhi phirAya // ' dohA- "pheri dharaNi paTakyo taNe, - kRSNa kopa upajAya / . mAnoM yamarAjA taNI, sau le bheMTa caDhAya 3 kRSNa dvArA cANUra-vadha kA varNana kavi zAlivAhana ne nimna zabdoM meM kiyA hai - caNDUra malla uThyo kAla samAna, vajramuSTi deyata samAna / 1- khuzAlacandra kAlA : harivaMza purANa 14/47, prati upalabdha : di. jaina maMdira, luNakaraNa jI pANDyA , jayapura / 2- nemizvara rAsa : chanda 184, prati-Amera zAstra bhaNDAra-jayapura / 3- khuzAlacanda : uttara purANa, pR. 199-200 / hastalikhita prati-Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jypur| . hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 105

Page #120
jAni kRSNa donoM kara gahe, pheri pAi dharatI para bahe // 1 kavi soma sundara (sana 1426) ke raMgasAgara nemiphAgu" meM kaMsa kI mallazAlA meM pradarzita yuvaka kRSNa ke isa parAkrama kA varNana karate hue likhate haiM ki yaha parAkrama sAmAnya vyakti meM nahIM ho sakatA / yaha vIra to nArAyaNa (vAsudeva) hai jisane kaMsa kA vidhvaMsa kiyA hai / kavi ke zabdoM meM - "avatArIA haNi avasarari mathurA purisa nava nehare, .. . sukha lAlita lIlA prIti ati baladeva vAsudeva ve hure / vasudeva rohiNa devakI naMdana caMdana aMjana dhAna re, __ vRMdAvani yamunA jali niramali ramati sAMI goI gAna re / ramati karaMtA raMgi car3ai govarddhana zRMgi, gUjarI govalaNie gAiMgopI siuM milIe / kAlI nAga jala aMtarAli komala kamalinI nAla, nAkhiu nArAyaNie ramali parAyaNIe / kaMsa mallA khADai vIra pahutA sAhasa dhIra, vehu bAi vAkarIe balavaMtA bAhiM karIe, balabhadra valiA sAra mAriu mauSTika mAra // kRSNi bala pUriue cANUra curiu e, mauSTika cANUra cyUrie dekhoya aThiu kaMsa, nava balavanta nArAyaNi tAsa kIthau dhvaMsa // 2 apane pradyumna caritra kAvya meM kavi sadhAru ne nArada ke mukha se rukmiNI ke samakSa kRSNa ke jo guNa-varNana karAe haiM, unameM kRSNa meM vidyamAna una lakSaNoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jo vAsudeva (nArAyaNa) zalAkA puruSa meM hote haiN| nArada kahate haiM - saMkha cakra gajApahaNa jAsu, aru balabhadra sahodara tAsu / sAta tAla jo bANani haNai, so nArAyaNa nArada bhaNai / 1- zAlivAhana : harivaMza purANa, pannA 45, - hastalikhita prati di. jaina - pallIvAla maMdira, dhUliyAgaMja, AgarA / 2- somasundara : raMgasAgara nemi phAgu : prathama khaNDa 32-36. ma khaNDa 32-36. 106 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #121
AdhI tAhi vajra muMdaDI, sohai ratana padAratha jar3hI / komala hAtha karai cakacuru, so nArAyaNaM guNa paripunu / parAkramI vAsudeva kRSNa jaba rukmiNI-haraNa ke pazcAt apanA pA~cajanya saMkha pheMkate haiM to sArI pRthvI thara-tharA jAtI hai / sumeru parvata, kacchapa tathA zeSanAga, bhI kA~pa uThate haiM / kavi zAlivAhana isa dRzya kA varNana karate hue likhate haiM - - laI rukmiNI ratha car3hAI, paMcAhaNaM tava bhUriyA / Ni suni vayaNu saba zaina kapyau, mahimaNDala dhara hau / meru kamaTha tathA zeSa kaMpyo, mahalI jAi pukAriyo / puhumi rAhu avadhAriyo, rukmiNI hari le gayo // 2 . isa ghaTanA se kupita rukmiNI ke pitA bhISmaka tathA rikmiNI ke lie nizcita vara zizupAla donoM kI saMmilita vAhinI kRSNa para AkramaNa karatI hai / isa bhayaMkara yuddha meM kRSNa-balarAma kA parAkrama tathA kRSNa dvArA zizupAla-vadha kA varNana kavi nimna zabdoM meM karatA hai- sezapAla aru bhIkhama rAu, paidala mila Na sUjhe ThA~u / choraNi bUMdata uchalI kheha, jANo garajo bhAdoM-meha / / zAraMgapANi dhanaka le hAtha, zazipAla paThau jama sAtha // haki pacAri uThe doU vIra, barase bANa zayaNa dhanaNIra // 3 nemizvara rAsa' ke racayitA nemicandra kRSNa dvArA zizupAla-vadha kA 1- saghAru : pradyumna caritra (prakAzaka-atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI, prakA. samiti, jayapura) chanda 51-53 / 2- zAlivAhana : harivaMza purANa (aprakAzita-hastalikhita prati-AgarA) 52/1957 3- zAlivAhana : harivaMza purANa (aprakAzita, hastalikhita prati, AgarA) 52/1957 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 107

Page #122
varNana karate samaya isa bAta kA bhI ullekha karate haiM ki zizupAla para yaha jo bANa chor3a rahA hai, vaha nArAyaNa (vAsudeva) hai| itanA kahi jaba kopiyoM, .nArAyaNa jaba choDyo bANa to| sira chedo zizupAla ko, bhAji gayA saba dala bala pANa to // zizupAla mAryo paiNasyo, rukmayo liyo ju bA~dha / __ paraNI rANI rukmaNI, lagana muhurata sAdhi // " isa sAre sandarbha meM kRSNa kA adbhuta parAkrama va teja prakaTa huA hai / devagaNa ne vAsudeva rAjA kRSNa kI arcanA kI / jaina divAkara muni cauthamalajIne apane kAvya-grantha "bhagavAna nemanAtha aura puruSottama zrIkRSNa meM isa tathya ko nimna zabdoM meM abhivyakta kiyA hai - jarAsaMdha aura zrIkRSNane bhArI yuddha macAyA / zUravIra bhI dahala gae haiM, vidyAdhara kaMpAyA / " phira to jarAsaMdha ne jhuMjhalAkara cakraratna claayaa| yAdava subhaTa dekha usa tAI, turata mukha kumhalAyA // * * * zrI zrIkRSNa ne usa cakra ko, grahaNa kiyA kara bhAI / sabake jI meM jI AyA, phira sabhI rahe hulasAI // devagaNa kaheM bharatakSetra meM, pragaTe vAsudeva / gaMdhodaka aura puSpa varSAkara, konI deva na seva // 2 jarAsaMdha-vadha ke kAraNa tInoM lokoM meM kRSNa kA jayajayakAra huA aura unakA vAsudeva rUpa meM abhinandana kiyA gayA / isa ghaTanA kA varNana karate hue kavi zAlivAhana ne likhA hai - taba magadha tA sanmukha gayau, ............... cakra phirAI hAtha kari layau, / ... 1- nemicanda : nemIzvara rAsa (Amera zAstra bhaNDAra prti)| 2- cauthamala : bhagavAna nemanAtha aura puruSoM ttama zrIkRSNa-pada saMkhyA 243, 245, 248 va 249 / .. . 108 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #123
tApara cakra DAriyo jAmA, pa. tInoM loka kaMpiyo tAmA // . hari ko namaskAra kari jAni / dAhine hAtha caDhyau so Ani // ... taba nArAyaNa choDyo soi / ___ mAgadha TraeNka ratana-sira hoI / / yahI kRSNa kA vAsudeva (nArAyaNa) svarUpa hai| kavi devendrakIrti ke zabdoM meM -- "tahA~ kRSNa dhArApati, bhAvI trikhaNDa nareza / amara bhUpa rasAdhipati, saba rAjAna vizeSa // rAjya vaibhava bhogavi, yAdava kulA~ vara sUra / nAgaM zaiyyA jiNi dalo, ari karayA bakacUra // 2 aise zreSTha rAjA ke rAjya meM saba prakAra se sukha aura samRddhi kA prajAjana anubhava karate haiM / apane pANDava-yazorasAyana" mahAkAvya meM marudharakesarI muni zrI mizrImallajI ne ina bhAvoM ko prakaTa karate hue eka . sundara savaiyA likhA hai, jo isa prakAra hai - . "sabadeza kise sukha saMpati hai aru neha bar3he nita ko saba meM, vita, vAhaka, sAjana dharma dhurI kula jAti dipAvata hai taba meM, nahi jhUTha lavAra julAghata jovata meM vyasanI zubha bhAvana meM, . madhusUdana rAja meM sarvasukhI ita-kita ru bhIta lakhI taba meM // " kavi jayazekhara sari ne bhI apane neminAtha phAgu meM zreSTha nagarI dvArakA aura vahA~ ke mahAna vIra, jarAsaMdhahantA vAsudeva rAjA kRSNa kA varNana kiyA hai / yathA - 'dIpa' jiNi jiNamaMdira maMdara zikhara samAna, dIsai~ disi disi hATaka hATa kahu~ka vimAna / dhana diheM sai~ hathi thApiya vApI avara ArA~mi / . . maNi kaNa dhaNa sapUriya pUriya dvArakA nA~bhi / Tom 1-zAlivAhana : harivaMza purANa, 18/22 2- devendrakIrti : pradyumna prabandha, 23-24 / 3- mizrIlAla : pANDava yazorasAyana, pR. 285 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 109

Page #124
vasudhA vIra vadItau bItau jiNi jarAsiMdhu / tAhi hari aribala TAlae rAja subaMdhu // (ga) adhyAtmika bhAvanA se yukta rAjapuruSa ke rUpa meM 1 jaina sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa ko AdhyAtmika bhAvanA se yukta rAjapuruSa ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / kRSNa kI yaha dhArmika niSThA tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke saMdarbha meM varNita huI hai / jaina sAhityika kRtiyoM meM prApta varNana ke anusAra ariSTanemi dvArakA ke nAgarikoM ko udbodhana dene hetu dvArakA Ate hI rahate the / ariSTanemi ke dvArakA pravAsa kA prasaMga aneka Agamika kRtiyoM meM tathA jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa meM huA hai / ina sabhI kRtiyoM meM zrIkRSNa, unake parivArajana tathA dvArakA ke anya nAgarikoM ke isa dharmasabhA meM jAne kA tathA pratyeka avasara para ariSTanemi ke upadeza se prabhAvita hokara kRSNa vAsudeva ke hI parivAra tathA dvArakA ke anya nAgarikoM kA ariSTanemi ke sAnnidhya meM dIkSA lene kA prasaMga varNana hai / isI prakAra kI eka sabhA meM zrIkRSNane ariSTanemi se prazna kiyA ki "kyA unake lie ariSTanemi ke pAsa pravrajita honA sambhava hai yA nahIM ?" isakA uttara dete hue arhata ariSTanemi ne vAsudeva se kahA- "he kRSNa ! sabhI vAsudeva ( zreSTha puruSa ) pUrvabhava meM nidAna kiye hue hote haiM / arthAt vAsudeva apane pUrva janma meM kisI anuSThAna vizeSa se phala-prApti kI abhilASA kie hue hote haiM / isa kAraNa se he kRSNa ! aisA kahA jAtA hai ki aisA pahale kabhI nahIM huA ki vAsudeva pravrajita ho sake ho / " ukta kathana se hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki zrI kRSNa kI tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke dhArmika siddhAntoM ke prati ruci thI tathApi vAsudeva hone kI vajaha se ve vairAgya mArga ke pathika nahIM ho sakate the / kAlAntara meM isI sAhitya ko AdhAra banAkara hindI jaina kaviyoM ne bahuta sI kRtiyA~ prastuta kIM / ina kRtiyoM kA sArAMza ariSTanemi kI sabhAoM meM jAnA, upadezoM ko sunanA tathA dIkSA lenA hI hai / kavi nemicanda ke zabdoM meM "namaskAra phira-phira kiyo, prazna kiyo taba kezorAya / bheda ko sapta tattva ko, dharma-adharma kahyau jinarAya || M 1 - jayazekhara sUri : neminAtha phAgu 2-3 | 2 nemIzvara rAsa : nemicandra- chanda saM0 1100 110 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #125
tathA "paTarAnI kesa taNI, rukmiNI ne de Adi / dIkSA lI jinarAja kI, tapasyA kare sukhAdi / tathA- pradyumna, saMbukumAra anirudhau pradyumna-suta dhIra / tInoM jAya dIkSA grahI, jAdava aura sabe vIra vIra tau / / isI prakAra kavi sadhAru ne ariSTanemi ke dvArakA Ane para kRSNa kA apane daba-bala sahita unakI sabhA meM upasthita hone kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai| chappana koTi jAdava mana rale, nArAyaNa syo halaghara cle| . samausaraNa paramesaru jahA~, haladhara kAnha pahu~ce vahA~ // 2 . vibhinna hindI kaviyoM meM lagabhaga isI zabdAvalI meM ariSTanemi ke dvArakA Agamana, unakI upadeza-sabhA meM kRSNa-balarAma tathA unake parivAra jana sahita aneka dvArakAvAsiyoM kA upasthita honA tathA upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara unameM se kucha kA vairAgya kI dIkSA le lene kA varNana huA hai| isI tathya-kathana kI punarAvRtti sabhI kRtiyoM meM prasaMgAnusAra huI hai / isase adhika varNana athavA vivaraNa ina kRtiyoM meM nahIM huA hai / niSkarSa hindI jaina sAhitya se saMbaMdhita sarva-sAdhAraNa aura prAstAvika tathyoM kA adhyayana karane ke uparAnta hama niSkarSataH kaha sakate haiM ki hindI jaina sAhitya vividha viSayaka aura vividhamukhI rahA hai / isa sAhitya kI paramparA rahI hai ki isake vidvAna jisa yuga meM jo janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA hotI hai, usImeM veM apanA sAhitya racate haiM / mukhyataH 15 vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha taka jaina sAhitya ke vidvAnoM ne apanI mukhya racanAe~ apabhraMza, prAkRta tathA saMskRta 1-nemizvara rAsaH nemicandra chanda saM0 1998 evaM 1200 2-pradyumna caritaH sadhAru : chanda 665 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 111

Page #126
bhASAoM meM hI racI / hindI jaina sAhitya meM racita racanAoM meM apabhraMza sAhitya kA prabhAva spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai / yaha prabhAva 16 vIM zatAbdI pUrvArddha taka hindI jaina sAhitya kI racanAoM para rahA / 16 vIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM hindI apabhraMza se mukta hokara eka svataMtra bhASA bana jAtI hai / vikAsa kI dRSTi se ise hama apabhraMza hindI kAla mAnate haiM, jahA~ taka hindI jaina sAhitya ke viSaya kA prazna hai, aisA koI nizcita kAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / kyoMki jaina sAhitya samayAnusArI nahIM, varan zAzvata dharmAnusArI adhika rahA hai / racanAoM meM vega aura zaithilya deza, kAla aura sthiti ke hI kAraNa bar3hate-ghaTate avazya rahe haiM / kaviyoM kI kRSNa viSayaka hindI jaina vizAla kAvya-kRtiyA~ jo mUlataH saMskRta granthoM tathA jinasenAcArya kRta harivaMza purANa, guNabhadrAcArya kRta uttara purANa (mahApurANa) tathA hemacandrAcArya kRta triSaSTizalAkApuruSa carita tathA laghu kAvya kRtiyA~ jo rAsa, prabandha, caupAI, phAgu, beli, caritra Adi ke rUpa meM likhI gaIM tathA jina kRtiyoM meM kRSNa caritra kA mUla tathA prasaMgAnukUla rUpa meM varNana huA hai, una sabhI kA adhyayana karane para kRSNa kA jo svarUpa hamAre sAmane ubhara kara AtA hai hama saMkSepa meM isa prakAra kaha sakate haiM hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa ke bAla-gopAla rUpa-varNana ke do hI rUpa haiM-pahalA naTakhaTa va capala gvAla bAlaka va dvitIya kRSNa kA gopAla-veza / eka naTakhaTa va capala gvAla bAlaka ke rUpa meM kRSNa ke dUdha-dahI khAne-phailAne tathA vividha bAla-sulabha krIr3Ae~ karane kA varNana huA hai / dUsare rUpa meM gopAla-veza meM pItAmbara pahanane, mayUra-piccha kA mukuTa dhAraNa karane, AbhUSaNa pahanane tathA puSpoM kI mAlA dhAraNa karane kA varNana huA hai| jainAgamoM meM kRSNa ke gokula-pravAsa kI kathA tathA kRSNa ke bAla-gopAla svarUpa kA varNana nahIM hai / AcArya jinasena se pahale jaina sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa kI mahattA do svarUpoM meM hI prastuta kI huI milatI hai / eka zalAkApuruSa ke rUpa meM dUsare AdhyAtmika puruSa ke rUpa meM / AcArya jinasena ne sarva prathama zAyada vaiSNava paramparA tathA harivaMza purANa se prabhAvita hokara zrIkRSNa ke bAla-gopAla svarUpa kA varNana apane harivaMza purANa meM kiyA / jaina sAhitya para bhAgavata purANa meM varNita bAla-gopAla svarUpa kA jo varNana hai, usakA spaSTa prabhAva dikhAI nahIM detaa| dvitIya-kRSNa eka advitIya vIra puruSa the / unakA advitIya parAkrama 112 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #127
bAlyAvasthA se hI spaSTa hone lagA thA / isa parAkrama ko prakaTa karane ke lie hindI kaviyoM ne kaMsa dvArA pUrva janma meM siddha kI huI deviyoM dvArA kRSNa kI khoja kara, unheM mArane ke prayatnoM kA varNana hai / isa varNana-krama meM pUtanA ke parAbhava tathA govardhana dhAraNa kI ghaTanA kA varNana milatA hai / jaina kAvyoM meM pUtanA kA vadha nahIM dikhAyA gayA hai, isake sthAna para pUtanA kA rote-cillAte bhAga jAne kA varNana hai / unake parAkrama pUrNa kAryoM meM yamalArjunoddhAra, kAliya nAgadamana tathA padmottara va campaka vadha tathA kaMsa vadha ityAdi haiN| __ kRSNa eka cakravartI rAjA ke rUpa meM mahAna vIra, advitIya parAkramI tathA zakti-sAmarthya se paripUrNa zalAkApuruSa the / apane buddhikauzala ke bala para kRSNa Adhe bharata-kSetra ke adhipati abhiSikta hue aura unheM vAsudeva ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milI / tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM kA Akalana karane se vidita hotA hai ki zrIkRSNa ke samaya meM rAjakIya sthiti bar3I beDhaMgI thI / kSatriya nRpagaNa prajArakSaNa ke apane sAmAjika dAyitva ko vismRta kara adhikAra mada se matavAle bana gae the / eka ora kaMsa ke atyAcAra bar3hate jA rahe the, dUsarI ora jarAsaMdha apane bala-parAkrama ke abhimAna ke vazIbhUta hokara nIti-anIti ke vicAra ko tilAMjali de baiThA thA / tIsarI ora zizupAla apanI prabhutA se madAndha ho rahA thA to cauthI ora duryodhana apane sAmane saba ko tRNavat samajha kara nyAya kA ullaghaMna kara rahA thA / isa prakAra bhArata varSa meM sarvatra anIti kA sAmrAjya phailA huA thA / aisI paristhitiyoM meM ripumadamardana zrIkRSNa kAryakSetra meM kUdate haiM aura apane anupama sAhasa, asAdhAraNa vikrama, vilakSaNa buddhikauzala evaM atula rAjanItika paTutA ke bala para AsurI zaktiyoM kA damana karate haiM / unhoMne sabhI se yuddha karake unako parAjita kiyA / jaina sAhitya meM varNita vAsudeva rAjA kRSNa dvArakA sahita sampUrNa dakSiNa bhArata pradeza ke zaktizAlI adhipati haiM tathA kaMsa va jarAsaMdha ke hantA haiM / jaina hindI kAvyoM meM rAjagaha ke zaktizAlI adhipati jarAsaMdha tathA kaMsa ke vadha se prasanna hue devagaNoM ne vasudevanandana kRSNa kA navama vAsudeva ke rUpa meM abhinandana kiyA thA / ina granthoM meM kRSNa kA jo tRtIya svarUpa hamAre sAmane AtA hai, vaha hai dharmaniSThaM Adarza rAjapuruSa ke rUpa meM / kRSNa kI yaha dhArmika niSThA tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke saMdarbha meM varNita huI hai / jaina paramparAnusAra kRSNa tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke samakAlIna hI nahIM, unake cacere bhAI bhI haiM / ve unakI dharma-sabhAoM meM upasthita rahanevAle tathA unase dharmopadeza sunanevAle hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 113

Page #128
rAjapuruSa ke rUpa meM varNita haiM / dvArakAdhIza zrIkRSNa kA tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi kI dharmasabhAoM meM upasthita honA, tathA unase dhArmika carcA karanA, zaMkA samAdhAna karanA, bahuta hI svAbhAvika rUpa meM hindI jaina-sAhitya meM varNita hai| kRSNa kI dhArmika niSThA ke aneka aise pramANa haiM, jinase yaha siddha hotA hai ki unakA dharma evaM satya avicalita thA / baladdapta logoM kI apekSA adhika balavAna hote hue bhI unhoMne loka kA hita socakara zAnti ke lie bharapUra prayatna kiyA / jo kArya yuddha ke binA sampanna ho sakatA hai, usake lie kRSNa ne kabhI bhI yuddha nahIM hone diyA / kaMsa-vadha ke pazcAt ugrasena ko rAjA banAkara unhoMne apane dharma kA pAlana kiyA / kyoki rAjya ugrasena kA hI thA tathA kaMsa ne use balapUrvaka prApta kiyA thA / kAlayavana ko jisa kauzala se kRSNane samApta kiyA, usase bhI vidita hotA hai ki vaha anarthaka jIva hatyA ke virodhI the / jaina hindI kAvyoM ke anusAra kRSNa apane yuga meM bhI asAdhAraNa puruSa mAne jAte the / tatkAlina rAjAoM tathA jana-sAdhAraNa meM unakA bahuta mAna thA / unheM jo mahattA aura garimA apane jIvana meM prApta huI, usase sahaja hI unake caritra kI ujjvalatA kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / unake vyaktitva meM ekAMgitA nahIM, sarvAMgINatA hai / isI vyaktitva ke kAraNa vaidika paraMparA ke anusAra ve Izvara ke pUrNAvatAra kahalAe aura jaina paraMparA meM unheM bhAvI tIrthaMkara kA ucca-pada pradAna kiyA gayA / 114 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #129
caturtha adhyAya vaidika kAla se Adhunika kAla taka vaiSNava sAhitya meM kRSNa ke svaspa-vikAsa aura hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa ke svarUpa vikAsa se usakI tulanA bhUmikA : AdikAla se hI kRSNa kA bhAratIya vAGmaya aura bhAratIya jIvana se avicchinna sambandha rahA hai / bhAratIya sAhitya meM kRSNa kA caritra itanA vyApaka aura vividhatApUrNa hai ki vedoM se lekara Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya taka vaha vibhinna bhAvoM aura svarUpoM ko lekara vikasita huA hai / vaidika sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa ke jIvana ko vistAra se likhA gayA hai| prAcIna aura madhya yuga ke sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa kI lIlAoM kA nirUpaNa hai, unheM rAdhA aura gopI-vallabha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / parantu jaina sAhitya meM unake usa rUpa ke darzana nahIM hote haiM / isI prakAra unake jIvana se saMbaMdhita ghaTanAoM kA bhI sabhI sAhitya meM zabdoM ke hera-phera ke sAtha samAna rUpa se huA hai / madhyakAlIna hindI jaina sAhitya meM unake jIvana se saMbaMdhita kucha ghaTanAoM kA varNana alaga rUpa se huA hai / prastuta adhyayana meM vaidika kAla se lekara Adhunika kAla taka kRSNa ke svarUpa-vikAsa aura hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa ke svarUpa-vikAsa se usakI tulanA prastuta kI hai / vaidika sAhitya meM kRSNa ke vaMza kI utpatti tathA usakI jaina sAhitya se tulanA va vaidika kRSNa kathA tathA jaina kRSNa-kathA kA sAmya-vaiSamya tathA vaidika sAhitya ke avatAravAda kI jaina sAhitya ke uttAravAda se tulanA bhI prastuta kI hai| (1) vaidika tathA hindI jaina sAhitya meM varNita kRSNa ke vaMza kI utpatti : vaidika harivaMza purANa meM maharSi veda vyAsa ne zrIkRSNa ko ariSTanemi kA cacerA bhAI mAnA hai / unhoneM yaduvaMza kA paricaya dete hue likhA hai ki mahArAjA yadu ke sahasrada, payoda, kroSTI, nIla aura aMjika nAma ke devakumAroM ke tulya pA~ca putra hue / kroSTa kI mAdI nAmaka dvitIya rAnI se yudhAjita aura devamIDhuSa nAmaka do putra hue| kroSTa ke jyeSTha putra yudhAjita ke vRSNi 1- harivaMza parva / , adhyAya 33, zloka 1 / 2- harivaMza 1/34/1-2 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 115

Page #130
aura aMdhaka nAma ke do putra hue / vRSNi ke bhI do putra hue, eka kA nAma svaphalka aura dUsare kA nAma citraka thA / ' svaphalka ke akrUra nAmaka mahAdAnI putra huA / citraka ke pRthu vipRthu, azvagrIva, azvabAhu, supArzvaka, gaveSaNa, ariSTanemi, azva, sudharmA, dharmabhRta, subAhu, bahubAhu nAmaka bAraha putra aura zraviSThA tathA zravaNA nAmaka do putriyA~ huIM / zrImadbhAgavata meM vRSNi ke do putroM kA nAma svaphalka tathA citraratha (citraka) diyA hai / citraratha (citraka) ke putroM kA nAmollekha karate hue "pRthurvipRthu dhanyAdyAH" likhA hai, "pRthurvidUrathAdyAzca" kA ullekha kara kevala tIna aura do putroM ke nAma likhakara Age prabhRti likha diyA hai / 1 harivaMza meM ariSTanemi ke vaMzavarNana ke sAtha hI zrIkRSNa kA vaMzavarNana bhI diyA hai / yadu ke kroSTa, kroSTa ke dvitIya putra devamIDhuSa ke putra zUra aura unake putra vasudeva prabhRti daza putra tathA pRthukIrti Adi pA~ca putriyA~ huIM / vasudeva kI devakI nAmaka rAnI se zrIkRSNa kA janma huA / ' kroSTa ke prathama putra yudhAjita ke do putra hue, vRSNa aura andhaka / andhaka ke koI santAna nahIM thI jabaki vRSNi ke do putra the / svaphalka va citraka / ariSTanemi citraka ke putra the 1 jaina sAhitya meM caubIsa tIrthaMkara, bAraha cakravartI, nau vAsudeva, nau prativAsudeva aura nau baladeva - ina tirasaTha vyaktiyoM ko zlAdhanIya aura uttama puruSa mAnA hai / sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, Avazyaka niyukti Adi meM una sabhI ke nAma, unake mAtA-pitA ke nAma, unakI lambAI-caur3AI aura AyuSya ke viSaya meM prakAza DAlA hai / 1 - harivaMza, 1/34 / 3 / 2- harivaMza 1/34/1 / 3- harivaMza parva 1, adhyAya 14, zloka 14 - 15 / 4- devabhAgastato jajJe, tathA devazravA punaH / - anAdhRSTi kanavako, vatsavAnatha gUMjimaH ||21|| zyAmaH zamIko gaNDUSaH paMca cAsya varAMganAH / pRthukIrti pRthA caiva zruta devA zrutazravAH ||22|| rAjAdhidevI ca tathA, paMcaite vIramAtaraH ||23|| 5- vasudevAcca devabhyAM, jajJe zauri mahAyazAH / - harivaMza, 1/34 - harivaMza purANaM, parva 1, adhyAya 35, zloka 7 / 116 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #131
I jaina sAhitya meM vasudeva ke putra ko hI vAsudeva nahIM kahA gayA hai / nau vAsudevoM meM kevala eka zrIkRSNa hI vasudeva ke putra haiM, anyathA nahIM / dasaveM jaina granthoM ke anusAra harivaMza kI utpatti isa prakAra ' hai tIrthaMkara bhagavAna zItalanAtha ke nirvANa ke pazcAt aura gyArahaveM tIrthaMkara zreyAMsanAtha ke pUrva harivaMza kI sthApanA huI / usa samaya vatsa deza meM kauzAmbI nAmaka nagarI thiiN| vahA~ kA rAjA sumukha thA / usane eka dina vIraka nAmaka eka vyakti kI patnI vanamAlA dekhI / vanamAlA kA rUpa atyanta sundara thA / vaha usa para mugdha ho gayA / usane vanamAlA ko rAjamahaloM meM bulA liyA / patnI ke viraha meM vIraka arddhavikSipta ho gayA / vanamAlA rAjamahaloM meM Ananda krIr3A karane lagI / eka dina rAjA sumukha apanI priyA vanamAlA ke sAtha vanavihAra ko gayA / vahA~ para vIraka kI dayanIya avasthA dekhakara apane kukRtya ke lie pazcAttApa karane lagA - "maine kitanA bhayaMkara duSkRtya kiyA hai, mere hI kAraNa vIraka hI yaha avasthA huI hai / " vanamAlA ko bhI apane kRtya para pazcAtAp huaa| unhoMne usa samaya sarala aura bhadra pariNAmoM ke kAraNa mAnava ke Ayu kA baMdhana kiyA / sahasA AkAza se vidyut girane se donoM kA prANAnta ho gayA, aura ve harivAsa nAmaka bhogabhUmi meM yugala rUpa meM utpanna hue / - kucha samaya ke pazcAt vIraka bhI marakara bAla - tapa ke kAraNa saudharmakalpa meM kilviSI deva banA / vibhaMgajJAna se dekhA ki merA zatru "hari" apanI priyA "hariNI" ke sAtha anapavartya Ayu se utpanna hokara Ananda krIr3A kara rahA hai / vaha kruddha hokara vicArane lagA "kyA ina duSToM ko niSThuratApUrvaka kucala kara cUrNa kara dU~ ? merA apakAra karake bhI ye bhogabhUmi meM utpanna hue haiN| maiM isa prakAra inheM mAra nahIM sakatA / yaugalika nizcita rUpa se mara kara deva hI banate haiM, bhaviSya meM ye yahA~ se marakara deva na baneM aura ye apAra duHkha bhogeM aisA mujhe prayatna karanA cAhie / " - " bharatakSetra meM campAnagarI kA / usane apane viziSTa jJAna se dekhA nareza abhI-abhI kAladharma ko prApta huA hai kyoMki eka dina bhI AsaktipUrvaka kiyA gayA phira lambe samaya kI to bAta hI kyA hai ? ataH inheM vahA~ pahu~cA dU~ rAjya durgati kA kAraNa hai, deva ne apanI devazakti se hariyugala kI karor3a varSa kI Ayu kA 1 - cauppanna mahApurisa cariyaM pR. 180 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa 117

Page #132
eka lAkha varSa meM apavartana kiyA aura avagAhamA (zarIra kI U~cAI) ko bhI ghaTAkara 100 dhanuSa kI kara dii| deva unako uThAkara vahA~ le gayA, aura nAgarikoM ko sambodhita kara kahA - Apa rAjA ke lie cintita kyoM haiM, maiM tumhAre para karuNA kara rAjA lAyA hU~ / nAgariko ne hari kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyaa| rAjA hari kI jo santAna huI vaha harivaMza ke nAma se vizruta huI / hari ke chaha putra the - 1-pRthvIpati 2-mahAgiri 3-himagiri 4-vasugiri 5-naragiri 6-indragiri / aneka rAjAoM ke pazcAt bIsaveM tIrthaMkara munisuvrata bhI isI vaMza meM jaina harivaMza purANa ke anusAra yaduvaMza kA udbhava harivaMza se huA hai| rAjA yadu ikkIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna neminAtha ke samaya hue / ye harivaMza rUpI udayAcala meM sUrya ke samAna the aura inhIM se yAdavavaMza kI utpatti huI thI / rAjA yadu ke narapati nAma kA putra utpanna huaa| aura narapati ke zUra aura suvIra do putra hue / rAjA narapati ne ina donoM ko rAjya diyA / rAjA zUra ke atizaya zUra andhaka vRSNi aura suvIra ke atizaya vIra bhojaka vRSNi putra hue / rAjA andhaka vRSNi kI patnI kA nAma subhadA thA, aura usase - 1- harivaMza purANaM : khuzAlacanda kAla (hindI : hastalikhita) khuzalacanda ne harivaMza kI utpatti kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai - neminAtha phuni aMtarai / / kete kAla vitIta / . jaha piche yAdUrAyasu // harivaMsI varanIti / / 218 jisau yAdava baMsa ko // bhayo bahuta visatAra // tAke suta narapati bhayo / saba jana ko sukhakAra // 219 jadu jaga setI viraka tamayau // rAja deya suta UMvanigayo / tapakari suragayaU~ to jAya / / rAjA narapati rAjakumAya // (zeSa agale pRSTha para) 118 . hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #133
1. samudravijaya 2 akSaumya, 3. stimitasAgara, 4. hitavAna, 5. vijaya, 6. acala, 7. dhAraNa, 8. pUraNa, 9. abhicandra aura 10. vasudeva- ye dasa putra aura do kanyAyeM kuntI aura mAdrI thIM / vasudeva ke putra zrIkRSNa hue / sArAMza yaha hai ki vaidika paraMparA kI dRSTi se bhI zrIkRSNa aura ariSTanemi donoM cacere bhAI siddha hote haiM / donoM ke paradAdA yudhAjita aura devamIDhuSa sahodara the / 1 meM vaidika aura jaina saMskRti kI paraMparA meM yahI antara hai ki jaina sAhitya kRSNa ke pitA vasudeva samudravijaya ke choTe bhAI haiM jabaki vaidika paraMparA meM citraka joki ariSTanemi ke pitA haiM vaha vasudeva ke cacere bhAI haiM / zrImadbhAgavat meM citraka kA hI "citraratha nAma AyA hai / (2) vaidika aura jaina dharmoM meM pracalita kRSNa ke kathA - rUpoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana : jaina aura vaidika donoM dharmoM meM pracalita kRSNa ke kathA - rUpoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se unameM nyUnAdhika mahattva ke kaI antara prakaTa hoMge / inameM vyaktiyoM aura sthAnoM ke nAmoM kA antara bhI saMmilita hai / jaina rUpameM hindU - kathA kI bhA~ti, vAsudeva ke atirikta kRSNa nArAyaNa, kezava, mAdhava, Adi nAmoM kA prayoga barAbara milatA hai / jaina kathA meM, hindU kathA ke anukaraNa para, kRSNa ke pitA kA nAma vasudeva aura mAtA kA nAma devakI hai / kaMsa ko vyAhI gaI jarAsaMdha kI putrI kA nAma jaina kathA meM jIvayazA tAmarapati ke juga suta bhayA / / sUra suvIra nAma sUta dayA || narapati putra nikauMde rAja || bhayau munI sura niji hita kAja // tava suvIra mathurA puri rahyau | sUra rAya saurI pura lahyau // sUratiyA sura suMdarinAma || rUpa mA ini kau rati kAma | aMdhaka viSTI suta avatarayau / / samyak diSTI bahu guNa bharayau | jovana kari kaiMmamita bhayau / pApa subhadAttiya sukhalayau // aMdhakaviSTi subhAnAri // tinikaiM dasa suta upaje sAra / / 224 samadavijaimati sAgara tIjau / / nAma bhayau himavAMsa susAro // tUryavijaivala paMcama dhAraNa / / SaSTama nAma lahyo avikAro // sapatama pUraNa nAma viSpAtajU / / aSTama sUrabhayau adhikAro || abhinaMdana naumUM dasamuM // vasudevajU kauM vara rUpa apAye / / juga kanyA uttama bhaI || kUMtI mI jAni // khuzAlacandra kAlA - pannA 15 - 16, zloka saM. 298 - 227 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 119

Page #134
hai / hindU kRSNa-kathA meM jarAsaMdha kI do putriyA~ kaMsa ko byAhI gaI haiM aura unakA nAma asti aura prApti hai| nAmoM se bhI adhika bhinnatA ghaTanAoM, prasaMgoM aura upAkhyAnoM meM milatI hai / jaina kathAnusAra kRSNa kI vaMza-paraMparA, jo kAphI lambI hai, hinduoM se, nitAnta bhinna hai / jaina kathA-rUpa kI yaha eka khAsa vizeSatA hai ki kRSNa-janma ke pUrva unake pitA vasudeva ke saundarya-prabhAva, paribhramaNa tathA anekAneka vivAhoM kA vRttAnta bar3e vistAra se diyA gayA hai / kRSNa janma kI tithiyA~ aura paristhitiyA~ donoM dharmoM meM kiMcit bhinna haiM / hindU mAnyatAnusAra kRSNa bhAdrapada kRSNASTamI ko devakI ke garbha se avatarita hote haiM / ve vasudeva-devakI kI AThavIM santAna haiM / jaina dharmAnusAra kRSNa kA janma bhAdrapada zuklA dvAdazI ko hotA hai / ve apane mAtA-pitA kI sAtavIM santAna haiM / hinduoM ke lie ve viSNu ke avatAra haiM, jainoM ke lie naveM vAsadeva haiN| , kaMsa se kRSNa kI rakSA kI vyavasthA donoM dharmoM meM lagabhaga samAna hai - donoM meM kanyA kRSNa kA sthAna grahaNa karatI hai / hindU dharma meM kaMsa use zilA para paTaka kara mArane kA prayatna karatA hai aura AkAzagAminI usa kanyArupiNI devI se apanI mRtyu kI bhaviSyavANI sunatA hai / jaina dharma meM kaMsa kanyA kI nAka capaTI karake chor3a detA hai / zakaTa-bhaMjana, yamalArjuna-bhaMjana Adi ghaTanAe~ hindU-kathA meM yA to kRSNa kI adbhuta lIlA yA unake bAla-parAkrama ke udAharaNa rUpa meM pradarzita haiM, unakA kRSNa ko mArane ke lie kaMsa ke upAyoM se koI sambandha nahIM hai / parantu jaina kathAnusAra ye kaMsa dvArA kRSNa ke saMhAra ke prayatna haiM / pUrvabhava meM kaMsa ne sAta deviyA~ siddha kI thiiN| ve hI deviyA~ kaMsa ke Adeza para zakaTa, krUrapakSI, yamala, arjuna, pUtanA, vRSabha aura tIvra varSA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara kRSNa ke vinAza kA prayatna karatI haiM / aMtima ghaTanA meM usa hindU kathA kA jaina rUpa citrita hai, jisameM indra-kopa ke pariNAma svarUpa ajasra varSA se vrajavAsiyoM ke rakSArtha kRSNa govardhana parvata dhAraNa karate haiM / / 1- bhAdauM badi AveM dina sAra / / jAMnisi upanUM kRSNa kumAra // saMkharu cakra padama lachi pare / / sujanAM kai tau sukha avatare // -khuzAlacandra kAlAH harivaMza purANa (hindI hastalikhita) / 2- jina-harivaMza purANaMH sarga 53, zloka 38-48 / 3- devAvana maiM Aya meghataNI varaSA karI govardhanaga / / krina uThAyau vAvasau -khuzAlacanda kAlA - dohA 135, pR. 76 / 120 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #135
jaina kRSNa kathA meM devakI putra ko dekhane ke lie mathurA se gokula jAtI hai| jaina kathA meM yaha bhI eka navIna udbhAvanA hai ki deviyoM ke prayatno ke viphala hone para kaMsa kRSNa kI khoja meM svayaM gokula jAtA hai / para mAtA yazodA, isakI gaMdha lagane para, kisI bahAne kRSNa-balarAma ko braja bheja detI hai, jahA~ kRSNa tADavI rAkSasI kA vadha karate haiN| ___kaMsa kI ghoSaNA para kRSNa kA nAgazaiyyA para car3hakara ajitaMjaya dhanuSa kI pratyaMcA car3hAnA aura pA~cajanya zaMkha pha~kanA bhI jaina kRSNa-kathAkI apanI vizeSatA hai / nAgazaiyyA kI kalpanA hindU-kathA kI kAliyanAga parAjaya se anUprerita pratIta hotI hai| jaina-kathA meM aisA ullekha hai ki jaba kaMsa ne kRSNa balarAma ko gokula se mathurA bulAyA to usakI nIyata ke prati AzaMkA se bharakara vasudeva ne zauryapura ke samudravijaya Adi yAdavoM ko mathurA bulA liyA / hindU-kathA meM na to vasudeva ke samudravijaya Adi bhAiyoM kA prasaMga hai, aura na unake isa prakAra ke bulAne jAne kaa| ___ mallayuddha ke liye kaMsa dvArA AhUta hone para kRSNa-baladeva jaba akhAr3e ke lie calate haiM to, hinda-kathA meM ve eka dhaubI kA, jo mA~gane para. unheM raMgIna kapar3e nahIM detA aura duvinIta bhAva se bolatA hai, vadha karate haiM, guNaka nAmaka mAlI ko jo premapUrvaka unheM mAlAe~ samarpita karatA hai, varadAna dete haiM, kubjA ke premabhAva para rIjhakara usase aMgarAga svIkAra karate hue usakA kubar3Apana dUra karate haiM aura kaMsa kA atyanta samRddhizAlI vizAla dhanuSa bhaMga karate haiM / jaina-kathA meM kRSNa-baladeva ke kisI aise kAma kA ullekha nahIM hai / usameM eka dUsarI hI udbhAvanA hai, kaMsa-bhakta tIna asura raMgazAlA ke mArga meM nAga, gadhe aura ghor3e kA vikarAla veza banAkara unako hAni pahu~cAnA cAhate haiM, para donoM bhAI unheM mAra bhagAte haiM / . raMgazAlA ke dvAra para hindU kasa ke kuvalaya ger3a kI jagaha jaina 1- nIlavaraNa ati somaikala / / komala mana mohana sukumAla / lakhi sukumAra suSI ati bhaI // taba devaki mana sAtA laI // -khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta hindI harivaMzapurANa, dohA 125, pannA 76 / 2- harivaMza, parva-2, adhyAya 27 / 3- jina-harivaMzapurANa, 36, 35 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 121

Page #136
I I kathAnusAra campaka aura pAdAmara (padmAvata ) nAmaka do hAthI donoM bhAiyoM para hUla diye jAte haiM / baladeva campaka ko tathA kRSNa pAdAmara ko samApta kara raMgabhUmi meM praveza karate haiM / hindU harivaMza ke anusAra kRSNa cANUra kA vadha karate haiM aura balarAma muSTika kA / jaina mAnyatAnusAra bhI cANUra kRSNa dvArA mArA jAtA hai aura muSTika balarAma dvArA / donoM kathAoM meM malloM ke mAre jAne kI kriyA bhinna rUpa se varNita hai / jaina - kathA meM jaba kRSNa cANUra ke sAtha guthe hote haiM taba muSTika pIche se una para prahAra karanA cAhatA hai / yaha dekhakara balarAma use eka mukke se niSprANa kara dete haiM 1 I I hindU aura jaina mAnyatAoM meM kaMsa kI mRtyu ke viSaya meM lagabhaga samAnatA kRSNa kaMsa ko keza pakar3a kara use ghasITate haiM aura zilAtala para paTaka kara usake prANa le lete haiM / kaMsa ke janma ke viSaya meM hindU kRSNa-kathA ke anusAra vaha ugrasena. kA jAraja nahIM, kSetraja putra hai / usakI mAtA se suyAmuna parvata para dAnavarAja dumila ne ugrasena kA chadma rUpa banAkara samAgama kiyA jisase kaMsa kI utpatti huI / jinasena ke harivaMza purANa ke anusAra kaMsa rAjA ugrasena aura padmAvatI kA putra hai / usake garbha - sthita hote hI padmAvatI ke mana meM nara - mA~sa- bhakSaNa Adi kI krUra icchAe~ utpanna hone lagI / ataH putrotpatti ke sAtha hI use kulaghAtI samajha, kAMse kI piTArI meM bhara kara nAma - mudrikA ke sAtha yamunA meM bahA diyA gayA / eka kalArina ke hAtha usakA saMrakSaNa tathA pAlana-poSaNa huA / bar3A hokara jaba vaha atyanta utpAtI huA taba kalArina ne use ghara se nirvAsita kara diyA aura vaha jAkara vasudeva kA ziSya bana gayA / antataH jarAsaMdha kI ghoSaNA para siMharatha ko pakar3a lAne ke pazcAt jIvayazA ke vivAha ke prazna para kaMsa ke rAjavaMzI hone kA bheda prakaTa huA / kAMse kI piTArI se prApta hone ke kAraNa usakA nAma kaMsa par3A yaha ullekhanIya hai ki hindU - kathA - rUpa meM vasudeva aura kaMsa meM guru-ziSya sambandha nahIM milatA / jaina mAnyatAnusAra vasudeva ke upakAroM se anugRhIta hokara kaMsa unheM apanI rAjadhAnI mathurA le jAtA hai aura apanI bahina devakI kA vivAha unake sAtha karatA hai I 1 - harivaMza, 2, 30 tathA jina - harivaMza purANa - 36, 45 / (harivaMza purANa) khuzAlacandra kAlA, dohA 194 - 195 2- harivaMza 2, 28 / 3- (ka) jina - harivaMzapurANa 33, 23 (kha) harivaMza purANa khuzAlacandra saMdhi 14 122 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #137
kaMsa ke nidhana se vidhavA banI jIvaghazA ke karuNa vilApa se kuddha hokara jarAsaMdha, jaina-kathA meM, kRSNa se pratizodha lene ke lie pahale Apane putra kAlayavana ko bhejatA hai aura usake mAre jAne para jarAsaMdha kA bhAI aparAjita prabala senA ke sAtha zatru para AkramaNa karatA hai / hindU kathA meM jarAsaMdha svayaM hI sasainya mathurA para car3hAI karatA hai aura senA ke parAjita hone para balarAma se gadA-yuddha karatA hai aura hAra kara bhAga nikalatA hai / jaina kathA meM jisa kAlayavana ko jarAsaMdha kA putra kahA gayA hai vaha hindU kathAnusAra gArya mahAmuni kA putra hai jise unhoMne 12 varSa ke tapa aura zaMkara ke varadAna se prApta kiyA hai / vaha mathurA-maNDala meM utpanna logoM dvArA avadhya hai / jarAsaMdha tathA anya kRSNa-virodhI rAjAoM ke anunaya para vaha mathurA ke prati abhiyAna karatA hai aura palAyamAna kRSNa kI cAla se rAjA mucakunda ke kupita netroM dvArA bhasmIbhUta hotA hai| satyabhAmA-rukmiNI-nArada-prasaMga jaina aura hindU-kathAoM meM bhinnatA lie hue hai / hindU harivaMza meM satyabhAmA kI rukmiNI ke prati IrSyA kA kAraNa pArijAta-puSpa hai jisakA vRkSa kRSNa, narakAsura ke vadha ke pazcAt satyabhAmA ke sAtha svarga jAkara indra ke udyAna se ukhAr3a kara lAye the / jina-harivaMza meM pArijAta-prasaMga nahIM hai / satyabhAmA aura rukmiNI ke paraspara IrSyAlu hone meM nArada kI bhUmikA donoM kathAoM meM AtI hai, para kucha bhinnatA ke sAtha / hindU kathAnusAra raivata parvata para rukmiNI ke vratodhAna ke avasara para kRSNa pArijAta puSpa dekara rukmiNI kA sammAna karate haiM / isa para nArada satyabhAmA se rukmiNI ke sarvAdhika saubhAgya kI prazaMsA karate haiM jise sunakara satyabhAmA atizaya IrSyA se bhara jAtI hai aura kopa-bhavana meM calI jAtI hai / zrIkRSNa ke manAne para usakA mana svastha hotA hai aura vaha kheda prakaTa karatI hai| ___ jaina kathA-rUpa ke anusAra nArada kRSNa ke antaHpura meM jAte haiM kintu satyAbhAmA apane zrRgAra meM lIna hone ke kAraNa unakA svAgata nahIM karatI hai / satyabhAmA kA mAna bhaMga karane ke lie nArada kuMDinapura pahuMcate haiM aura rAjakumArI rukmiNI ko dekhakara use kRSNa kI paTarAnI hone kA AzIrvAda 1- jina-harivaMza purANa : 36, 70-73 2- harivaMza 2, 36 / 3- harivaMza, 2, 53 / 4- harivaMza, 2, 57 / 5- harivaMza 2, 65 / ' hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 123

Page #138
dete haiM / idhara rukmiNI kRSNa para Asakta huI, idhara nArada usakA citrapaTa lekara kRSNa ke pAsa pahu~cate haiM aura unheM rukmiNI unake prati anurakta batAte haiM / rukmiNI kI faphI madhyastha banatI hai aura kRSNa ko gupta patra likhatI haiM / kRSNa kuMDinapura pahuMcate haiM aura pUjA ke bahAne udyAna meM AI huI rukmiNI kA haraNa kara use dvArakA lAte haiM / rukmiNI ke vivAhoparAnta satyabhAmA ke mana meM usake prati sapatnIbhAva utpanna hotA hai aura vaha usa rUpavatI ko dekhane ke lie kRSNa se Agraha karatI hai / jaina kathA meM zizupAla kA vadha rukmiNI-haraNa ke avasara para dikhAyA gayA hai, jabaki hindU kathA meM usakA vadha yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya yajJa ke avasara para hotA hai| jarAsaMdha kI senA jaba dUsarI bAra mathurA para AkramaNa karatI hai usake bAda ke ghaTanAkrama meM hindU aura jaina kathAoM meM antara hai / hindu harivaMza ke anusAra vidura kA upadeza svIkAra kara kRSNa-balarAma mathurA nivAsiyoM ko yuddha ke bhISaNa pariNAmoM se bacane ke lie mathurA-tyAga kA nizcaya karate haiM / mathurA se prasthAna kara ve dakSiNa bhArata kI ora jAte haiM aura mArga meM parazurAma se bheMTa hone para unakA parAmarza mAna kara gomanta parvata para car3hate haiM / jarAsaMdha dvArA gomanta parvata meM Aga lagAye jAne para ve zatru-senA para TUTa kara usakA vinAza karate haiM aura jarAsaMdha ko palAyana ke lie vivaza karate haiM / tatpazcAt donoM bhAI mathurA lauTa Ate haiM / phira ve rukmiNI-svaMyavara meM jAte haiM jahA~ se unake vApasa Ane ke bAda kAlayavana mathurA para AkramaNa karatA hai / taba kRSNa apane sarga-saMbaMdhiyoM ke sAtha aMtima bAra mathurA kA parityAga karate haiM aura samudra-taTa para pahu~ca kara dvArakA ko apanA nivAsasthAna banAte haiM / jina harivaMza ke anusAra jaba kAlayavana aura aparAjita mAre jAte haiM taba jarAsaMdha svayaM zauryapura para AkramaNa karatA hai / isa para yAdava paraspara 1- (ka) jina-harivaMza, sarga 42, (kha) harivaMza purANaH khuzAlacandakAlA, saMdhi 18, pR0 116 - 171 / 2- jina-harivaMza, sarga 43 / 3- (ka) jina-harivaMza purANa, 42, 94 / (kha) harivaMza purANaH khuzAlacanda kAlAH dohA 738-752, pR0 114 4- harivaMza 2, 36-45 / 124 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #139
maMtraNA karate haiM aura ve pazcima dizA kI ora cala par3ate haiM / jarAsaMdha unakA pIchA karatA hai / vindhyAcala ke vana meM eka devI kRtrima citAe~ jalAkara yAdavoM ke naSTa hone kA mithyA samAcAra phailAtI hai aura jarAsaMdha ko vApasa kara detI hai / yAdavoM ke samudra-taTa para pahu~cane para kubera dvArakApurI kI racanA karate haiN| zrIkRSNa aura rukmiNIke putra pradyumna kA AkhyAna hindU aura jaina dharmoM meM kucha samAna hote hue bhI bhinnatA rakhatA hai / jaina mAnyatAnusAra pradyumna ko zizu avasthA meM hI usake pUrvabhava kA vairI dhUmaketu nAmaka asura hara le jAtA hai / mUdhakUTa nagara ke rAjA kAlasaMvara vidyAdhara dvArA usakI rakSA hotI hai / kAlasaMvara kI strI kanakamAlA pradyumna ke rUpa para Asakti anubhava kara pahale usase prema karatI hai aura usake viphala hone para apanA rUpa bigAr3a kara usa para balAtkAra kA Aropa lagAtI hai / kAlasaMvara aura usake pA~ca sau putra pradyumna ke prANoM ke gAhaka bana jAte haiM / pradyumna kisI prakAra usa prema-jAla se bacakara mArga meM adbhuta kRtya karatA huA apane mAM-bApa kI nagarI dvArakA pahu~catA hai aura aneka mAyApUrNa krIr3Ae~ karane ke pazcAt apanA asalI rUpa prakaTa karatA hai / hindU harivaMza ke anusAra pradyumna-janma ke sAtaveM dina daityarAja zaMbarAsura unheM hara le jAtA hai aura putra-rUpa meM apanI rUpavatI bhAryA mAyAvatI ke hAtha meM detA hai / mAyAvatI meM pUrva-kAla kI smRti jAga uThatI hai ki yaha to pUrva-janma meM usakA priyatama pati thA / vaha dhAya ke hAtha pradyumna kA pAlana karAtI hai aura rasAyana ke prayoga se use zIghra hI bar3A kara detI hai / jaba pradyumna para mAyAvatI kA maMtavya prakaTa hotA hai aura usake mukha se vaha apane apaharaNakartA ke viSaya meM sunatA hai to vaha atyanta kupita hokara zaMbarAsura kA yuddha meM AhvAna karatA hai / yuddha ke madhya nArada pradyumna ko batAte haiM ki vaha pUrvabhava kA kAmadeva hai aura mAyAvatI usakI strI rati hai / zaMbarAsura kA saMhAra kara pradyumna mAyAvatI se milatA hai aura donoM sAnanda dvArakA lauTate haiM / jaina-kathA meM pradyumna aura usakI premikA ko pUrvabhava ke kAmadeva aura rati rUpa meM nahIM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jainakathA meM 1- (ka) jina harivaMza, sarga 40 / (kha) harivaMza purANaH khuzAlacanda kAlA, saMdhi 47 / 2- (ka) jina-harivaMza purANa, sarga 47 / (kha) hindI jaina harivaMza purANaH khuzAlacanda kAlAH saMghi 2 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 125

Page #140
pradyumna ke dvArakA lauTate hI isa prasaMga kA anta ho jAtA hai| para hindU kathA meM usake anya aneka parAkramapUrNa kArya Age dikhAye gaye haiM / usakA vivAha apane mAmA rukmI kI putrI zubhAMgI se hotA hai / pArijAta ke lie jaba indra ke viruddha kRSNa ko yuddha karanA par3atA hai taba pradyumna jayanta ke viruddha morcA saMbhAlatA hai / brAhmaNa brahmadatta ke yuddha meM jaba daityoM dvArA usakI kanyAoM kA haraNa hotA hai, taba pradyumna mAyA dvArA unakI rakSA karatA hai / nikumbha rAkSasa jaba bhAnumatI kA apaharaNa karatA hai taba anta meM pradyumna usakA uddhAra kara use lekara dvArakA pahuMcAtA hai / triloka-vijaya kI AkAMkSA rakhanevAle asurarAja bajranAma kA vadha pradyumna ke hAtha se hotA hai / jaina harivaMza ke anusAra dvArakA meM yAdavoM ke bar3hate hue vaibhava ko sunakara jarAsaMdha yuddha ke lie phira udyata hotA hai aura isa bAra ke yuddha meM kRSNa dvArA usakA saMhAra hotA hai / mahAbhArata ke anusAra kRSNa, bhIma tathA arjuna brAhmaNa veza meM rAjagaha jAte haiM / yahA~ para bhIma kA jarAsaMdha se dvandva yuddha hotA hai tathA jarAsaMdha kI mRtyu hotI hai / harivaMza meM jarAsaMdha kI mRtyu kA varNana nahIM miltaa| jaina dharma kI kRSNakathA meM dvaipAyana athavA kRSNa dvaipAyana muni ke krodha athavA abhizApa se dvArakApurI ke bhasma hone yA yAdava-kula ke naSTa hone kI bAta kahI gaI hai / jaina kathA meM baladeva ke pUchane para jinendra neminAtha (ariSTanemi) bAraha varSa pazcAt ghaTita hone vAle vinAza kA pUrA byaurA bhaviSya vANI ke rUpa meM de dete haiM aura tadnurUpa hI saba kucha hotA hai / . hindU kathA meM dvaipAyana ke abhizApa yA krodha kI carcA kahIM nahIM hai / aura na dvArakA kA nAza yA kRSNa kA nidhana dikhAyA gayA hai / kevala pUrva-sUcanA ke rUpa meM eka sthAna para usakA saMketa-mAtra hai / jaratkumAra, jisake bANa se ghAyala hokara kRSNa kI mRtyu hotI hai, jabaki jaina-kathA meM 1- harivaMzaH 2, 73 / . 2- vahI, 2,83 / 3- vahI, 2, 97 / 4- (ka) jina-harivaMza, sarga 51 / (kha) harivaMza purANaH khuzAlacandra kAlA, dojha 835 / 5- (ka) jina-harivaMza, sarga 61, 62, (kha) harivaMza purANa, khuzAlacanda kAlA, saMdhi 33 / 6- harivaMzaH 2, 102 / 126 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #141
vaha vasudeva kI rAnI jarA se utpanna yaduvaMzI rAjakumAra aura kRSNa kA sautelA bhAI hai / jainakathA meM yaduvaMziyoM kI saMhAra-lIlA kA abhiprAya honahAra kI anivAryatA pradarzita karanA hai / jaratkumAra aura dvaipAyana ke sabhI prayaloM aura sAvadhAniyoM ke hote hue bhI dvArakA kA dAha aura kRSNa kI mRtyu unhIM ke nimitta se huii| jaina kathA kA hindU kRSNa-kathA se pArthakya sUcita karane vAlA sabase mahattvapUrNa aMza nemicarita hai / hindU-kathA meM kRSNa sarvopari haiM, jainakathA meM jinendra nemi kA sthAna sarvocca hai, bAkI saba unake nIce haiM / nemicarita se saMbaMdhita kRSNa-vRttAnta kevala jaina kRSNa-kathA kI vizeSatA hai / ataeva hindU kathA se usakI tulanA kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| harivaMza tathA purANoM meM varNita kRSNakathA meM kaurava-pANDava yuddha ke antargata kRSNa kI bhUmikA kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA | kintu jina-harivaMza meM kaurava-pANDava-vigraha kA saMkSipta varNana kucha sargoM meM prApta hotA hai| yahA~ vAstavika mahAbhArata ke yuddha kA varNana nahIM hai, kevala kauravoM ke anItipUrNa vyavahAra kA varNana pANDavoM ke dvArakA-gamana ke prasaMga meM kara diyA gayA hai| (3) vaiSNava sAhitya ke avatAravAda aura hindI jaina sAhitya meM nihita uttAravAda kA tulanAtmaka adhyayanaH vaiSNava paramparA kA vizvAsa avatAravAda meM hai / avataraNAmavatAraH (ucca sthAna se nimna sthAna para utaranA hI avataraNa yA avatAra hai / ) bhagavAna kA baikuNThadhAma se bhU-loka para lIlAdi ke nimitta avatAra hotA hai / kahA jAtA hai ki buddha kI devatAoM ke samAna gaNanA hone ke pazcAt se hI avatAravAda kA pracalana huA aura purANoM ne ise purassara tathA pracArita kiyA / parantu avatAroM ke bIja vaidika sAhitya meM bhI khoje gaye haiM / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM matsyAvatAra tathA kUrmAvatAra, taitarIya saMhitA aura "taitarIya brAhmaNa evaM zatapatha brAhmaNa" meM vAmanAvatAra kA ullekha hai / Rgveda meM viSNu kI tIna DagoM se sRSTi nApane kI kalpanA hai / aitareya brAhmaNa tathA chAndogyopaniSada meM devakIpatra kaSNa tathA taitirIya AraNyaka meM vAsudeva zrIkRSNa kA ullekha hai / vaidika granthoM meM inheM brahmA kA avatAra kahA hai, parantu purANoM meM ye viSNu ke avatAra mAne gae haiM / gItA ke abhimatAnusAra Izvara aja, ananta aura parAtpara hone para bhI 1- jina-harivaMzapurANaH sarga 45-47 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa . 127

Page #142
apanI anantatA ko, apanI mAyA zakti saMkucita kara zarIra ko dhAraNa karatA hai / gItA kI dRSTi se Izvara to mAnava bana sakatA hai, kintu mAnava kabhI Izvara nahIM bana sakatA / Izvara ke avatAra lene kA eka mAtra uddezya hai sRSTi meM cAroM ora jo adharma kA aMdhakAra chAyA huA hotA hai use naSTakara dharma kA prakAza kiyA jAya / sAdhuoM kA paritrANa, duSToM kA nAza, aura dharma kI sthApanA kI jAya / jaina dharma kA vizvAsa avatAravAda meM nahIM, uttAravAda meM hai / avatAravAda meM Izvara ko svayaM mAnava banakara puNya aura pApa karane par3ate haiM / bhaktoM kI rakSA ke lie adharma bhI karanA par3atA hai / svayaM rAga-dveSa se mukta hone para bhI bhaktoM ke lie use rAga bhI karanA par3atA hai aura dveSa bhI / vaiSNava paramparA ke vicArakoM ne isa vikRti ko Izvara kI lIlA kahakara usa para AvaraNa DAlane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jaina dRSTi se mAnava kA uttAra hotA hai / vaha prathama vikRti se saMskRti kI ora bar3hatA hai phira prakRti meM pahu~ca jAtA hai / rAga-dveSa yukta jo mithyAtva kI avasthA hai, vaha vikRti hai / rAga-dveSa mukta jo vItarAga avasthA hai, vaha saMskRti hai / pUrNa rUpa se karmoM se mukta jo zuddha-siddha avasthA hai, vaha prakRti hai / siddha banane kA tAtparya hai ki anantakAla ke lie ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha aura ananta zakti meM lIna ho jAnA / vahA~ karmabaMdha aura karmabaMdha ke kAraNoM kA sarvathA abhAva hone se jIva punaH saMsAra meM nahIM aataa| jaina zAstroM meM kahA gayA hai ki jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, vedanIya, mohanIya, AyuSya, nAma, gotra, antarAya - ina aSTa karmoM kA jinhoMne jar3amUla nAza kara diyA ve phira saMsAra meM janma dhAraNa nahIM karate / unako janma dhAraNa karane yogya koI karma nahIM hai aura kAraNa bhI nahIM haiM / kahA bhI hai kidagdhe bIje yathAtyantaM, prAdurbhavati nAMkuraH / karma bIje tathA dagdhe, na rohati bhavAMkuraH // 2 arthAt bIja ke jala jAne ke bAda aMkura paidA nahIM ho sakatA, usI prakAra karma rUpa bIja jala jAne ke pazcAt bhavarUpa aMkura paidA nahIM hotA yAnI janma-maraNa nahIM karanA pdd'taa| 1- yadA yadA hi dharmasya glAnirbhavati bhArata / ___abhyutthAnam dharmasya tadAtmAnaM sRjAmyaham / paritrANAya sAdhUnAM vinAzAya ca duSkRtAm / / ____dharmasaMsthApanArthAya saMbhavAmi yuge yuge / -zrImadbhagavat gItA / 2- jaina darzana-devendra muni / 128 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #143
jaina-sAhitya meM avatAravAda pramukha abhivyakti kA viSaya nahIM hai, phira bhI usameM katipaya avatAravAdI tatvoM ke darzana hote haiM / isa dRSTi se isa sAhitya meM vyApta 63 mahApuruSoM kI paramparA ullekhanIya hai / kyoMki eka ora to inameM gRhIta 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke ArvibhAva para avatAravAdI raMga car3hAyA gayA hai aura nau baladeva, nau vAsadeva aura nau prativAsadeva ke rUpa meM vaiSNava paramparA meM pracalita avatAravAdI rUpoM kA jainIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| yoM to jaina apabhraMza hindI sAhitya meM abhI taka jitane mahAkAvya upalabdha ho sake haiM, sabhI meM dhArmika bhAvanAoM kA prAdhAnya rahA hai / inameM "pauma cariu ke uparAnta svambhU tathA jaina kaviyoM dvArA likhe gae "riTThaNemi cariu, harivaMzapurANa, hemacandra kA, "triSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita, puSpadaMta ke "mahApurANa" aura "uttarapurANa" - ina pramukha graMthoM meM vaiSNava avatAroM ke jainIkRta rUpa tathA jaina avatAravAda ke katipaya upAdAna milate haiN| jaina parANoM meM varNita tIrthaMkaroM kA avatAravAda vaiSNava, avatAravAda se kucha aMza meM bhinna pratIta hotA hai / vaiSNava avatAroM meM paramapuruSa paramAtmA viSNu avatarita hote haiM / unako yaha pada kisI sAdhanA ke bala para nahIM prApta huA hai apitu ve svayaM advitIya brahma, sraSTA pAlaka aura saMhAraka haiM / isake viparIta jaina tIrthaMkara prArambha meM hI advitIya brahma yA paramAtmA na hokara sAdhanA ke dvArA utkramita hokara paramAtmA yA lokeza hote haiM / santoM evaM sAmpradAyika AcAryoM sadRza jaina mata meM bhAvanA kI apekSA sAdhanA kA atyadhika mUlya samajhA jAtA hai / bAraha cakravartI, baladeva-vAsudeva aura prativAsudevaH tIrthaMkaroM ke pazcAt tirasaTha mahApuruSoM meM bAraha cakravartI parigaNita hote haiM / jaina purANoM meM ye pRthvI maNDala ko siddha karane vAle batalAye gaye haiN| jaina sAhitya meM kramazaH nau baladeva, nau vAsudeva, nau prativAsudeva, ko triSaSTi mahApuruSoM meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / aneka viSamatAoM ke hote hue bhI ina tInoM kA sambandha viSNu ke paurANika avatAroM aura unake zatruoM se vidita hotA hai / jaina purANoM meM dI huI inakI kathAoM se yat kiMcit vaiSamya hote hue bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke sadRza inakI kathAoM meM bhI punarAvRtti huI hai / sAmAnyataH sabhI kathAoM meM eka baladeva, eka vAsudeva aura eka prativAsudeva grahIta hue haiM / ataH prathama triSaSTha vAsudeva (jinheM nArAyaNa aura viSNu bhI 1- tiloyapaNNati, pR0 204, 4, 515-516 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 129

Page #144
kahA jAtA hai) ke sAtha vijaya-baladeva aura azvagrIva (hayagrIva) prativAsudeva haiM / tadanantara kramazaH dviSaSTha ke sAtha acala aura tAraka, svayambhU ke sAtha dharma aura madhusUdana, puruSasiMha ke sAtha sudarzana aura madhukrIr3a, puNDarIka ke sAtha nAndeSeNa aura nizumbha, datta ke sAtha nandimitra aura vali, lakSmaNa ke sAtha rAma aura rAvaNa aura kRSNa ke sAtha baladeva aura jarAsaMdha saMyojita haiN| ukta sUcI meM balarAmoM kI yojanA jaina sAhitya kI apanI vizeSatA hai / isa yojanA ke AdhAra para aMtima baladeva pratIta hote haiM / kyoMki isa sUcI meM vaise baladeva kI saMkhyA sarvAdhika hai jo pUrNa rUpa se jaina sAhitya kI kalpanA hai / vaiSNava purANa meM rAma aura balarAma ko chor3akara anya kisI bhI balarAma kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai / AThavIM joDI meM lakSmaNa ke sthAna para rAma balarAma se nAma-sAmya ke kAraNa AThaveM baladeva ho gaye aura lakSmaNa, kRSNa-viSNu ke sthAna meM bar3e bhAI balarAma kI tulanA meM hI kRSNa varNa rAma tathA rAvaNa ko mArane vAle mAne gaye / isa prakAra jaina mahAkavi puSpadaMta vAlmIki aura vyAsa kI bhUloM ko sudhArate pratIta hote hai / harivaMza purANa 88, 9 meM kRSNa gopAla ko pRthvI kA rakSaka kahA gayA hai / ye zeSazAyI tathA paMcajanya aura dhanuSa dhAraNa karane vAle haiM / jaina purANakAra ke anusAra bhI inakA avatAra prayojana kaMsa-vadha hI rahA hai / phira bhI saMbhavataH baladeva-kRSNa ko jaina paramparA meM sameTane ke lie batAyA gayA hai ki pUrvakAlIna janmoM meM kRSNa aura baladeva jaina muni the / dUsare janma meM ve muni dvaya baladeva-kRSNa ke rUpa meM avatarita hote haiM / punaH dUsare sthala para batAyA gayA hai ki kRSNa jo viSNu-vAmana ke avatAra haiM, kasakA vadha karane ke lie vAmanAvatAra ke deva punaH avatarita hote haiM / ina prasaMgo se svataH spaSTa hai ki kRSNa kI avatAra kathAoM ko 1- mahApurANa 74, 11, 11 / / lakkhava dAmodaraNamiyakamu, aTThama halaharu raNarasa visamu / 2- mahApurANa 69, 3, / 0- 11 / ki malasiM sahAsahi dhaulaii lai lou asaccu savvu kahai / vammIya vAsavayaNihi pahiu aNNANu kumbhaggakavi paDiu / 3- jaina parivaMza purANaM 85, 17 / 4- jaina parivaMza purANa, 89, 8-18 / 5- vahI, 85-8 / 130 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #145
vaiSNava purANoM meM hI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / sAmpradAyika raMga dekara kevala balarAma-kRSNa ko jaina muni hI pramANita karane kI ceSTA nI huI hai, apitu anya avatAra prasoM ko bhI vikRta rUma meM sambaddha kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra jaina sAhitya meM jaina tIrthakoM ke divya janma meM avatAravAdI tattvoM ke darzana hote haiM / asaMkhya avatAroM ke sadazA tInoM kAloM meM hone vAle jinoM kI saMkhyA bhI ananta vidita hotI hai / ve nitya rUpa meM sthita vimAnoM se saMbhavataH jaina dharma ke nimitta avatarita hote haiM / inameM RSabha to viSNu evaM aneka avatAroM se bhI abhihita kiye gae haiM / isake atirikta usA sAhitya meM upalabdha upAdAnoM se rAma, kRSNa, prabhRti vaiSNava avatAroM ke hI saMketa nahIM milate apitu baladeva, vAsudeva kA AdhAra spaSTa lakSita hotA hai / jaina mahAkAvyoM meM viSNu kI apekSA hari-haladhara kI avatAra paramparA pracalita huI hai| (4) vaidika sAhitya se lekara Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya taka kRSNa ke svaspa-varNana kI tulanAH(ka) vaidika sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa/jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa: vedoM se lekara purANoM taka ke vistRta kSetra meM kRSNa kA vyaktitva vikasita huA hai / kRSNa kA eka rUpa gopAla kRSNa kA hai, jisakA prAraMbhika vikAsa Rgveda kI RcAoM meM milatA hai / rAya caudharI sudUra vedoM ke antargata viSNu ke naTakhaTa rUpa meM bAlakRSNa ke bIja kI utpatti batalAte haiM / Rgveda meM viSNu ko saMbodhita kI gaI Rka unheM kucara" aura "giriSThA kahatI hai / yahIM se kRSNa kI bAla-lIlAoM kA AbhAsa milatA hai / Rgveda ke anya sthaloM meM gopA nAma se viSNu kA saMbodhana gopoM se unake nikaTa saMbaMdha ko sUcita karatA hai / maikaDAnala aura kItha ne bhI *gopA se gauoM ke rakSaka" kA artha liyA hai / hApakinsa ne isakA artha gopa liyA hai| 1- arlI hisTrI apha dI vaiSNava sekTa, kalakattA 1920, pR0 46-48 / 2- R0 154, 2, pratadaviSNuH stavate vIryeNa mRgo na bhImaH kucaro giriSThAH / __yazcoruSu triSu vikramaNeSvadhikSiyanti bhuvanAli vizva // 3- Rgveda 1, 22, / 8 trINi yadA vicakame viSNu gopA adAbhyaH // 4- vaidika inDeksa, jilda 1, pR0 278 / / 5- hApakinsa, rilIjansa Apha iMDiyA, pR0 57 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 131

Page #146
ina vidvAnoM dvArA gopA zabda kI vyutpatti go, gopa aura kRSNa ke sambandha ko puSTa karatI hai| Rgveda meM anyatra aneka sIMgoM vAlI gAyoM se yukta uccaloka kI kalpanA kI gaI hai jise viSNu kA paramapada kahA gayA hai / vaiSNava purANoM ke goloka, vRndAvana aura gokula kI mUla udbhAvanA kA AbhAsa bhI ina Rk meM pAyA jA sakatA hai| uttara vaidika sAhitya meM bhI kRSNa aura viSNu kI abhinnatA ko siddha karane vAle kucha pramANa milate haiM / taitirIya AraNyaka (10, 1, 6) meM vAsudeva evaM viSNu kI abhinnatA ke ullekha vidyamAna hai / baudhAyana dharmasUtra meM viSNu ko govinda aura dAmodara kahA gayA hai jo kRSNa ke hI upanAma haiM / kRSNa kA dUsarA rUpa dArzanika hai jisakA vikAsa upaniSadoM se Arambha huA / chAndogyopaniSada meM kRSNa ghora AMgirasa RSi kA ziSya aura devakI kA putra batAyA gayA hai / isa upaniSada ke adhyAya 3, khaNDa 17 meM AtmayajJopAsanA kA varNana hai / isa yajJa kI dakSiNA ke rUpa meM tapa, dAna, Arjava (saralatA), ahiMsA, aura satya vacana kA ullekha hai| yaha yajJa-darzana ghora AMgirasa RSi ne devakI putra kRSNa ko sunAyA thA / isa. upadeza ko sunakara kRSNa kI anya vidyAoM ke viSaya meM koI tRSNA nahIM rahI, arthAt unakI jijJAsA zAnta ho gaI aura unheM kucha jAnanA zeSa nahIM rahA / ghora AMgirasa ne kRSNa ko yaha bhI upadeza diyA thA ki antakAla meM unheM tIna maMtroM kA japa karanA cAhie:- (1) tU akSikta (akSaya) hai, (2) tU acyuta (avinAzI), tathA (3) tU ati sUkSma prANa hai / chAndogya ke isa ullekha se yaha spaSTa hai ki AMgirasa ne kRSNa ko AtmavAda kA upadeza diyA thA / isa AtmavAda yA AtmayajJa ke upakaraNa ke rUpa meM tapa, dAna, Arjava, ahiMsA aura satyavacana kA ullekha hai / spaSTa hI yaha vicAradhArA vaidika yajJopAsanA se bhinna prakAra kI thI / vaidika paraMparAgata yajJopAsanA ke bAre meM yaha mAnya tathya hai ki vaha hiMsA evaM karma-kANDa pradhAna thI; jabaki AtmayajJa kI isa dhAraNA meM tapa, tyAga, hRdaya kI saralatA (niSkapaTa bhAva) satya vacana va ahiMsA Adi zreSTha 1- zrImatI vINApANi : harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 13-14 / 2- Rg0 1, 154-6 3- rAya caudharI : pR0 37 / 132 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #147
muNoM ko aMmIkAra karane ke dvArA Atmazuddhi ca AtmA kA pariSkAra hI mukhya bAta thii| jaina dharma ke darzana kI samasta paraMparA bhI inhIM vicAroM para AdhArita haiM / AtmA kI zreSThatA bahA~ mAnya hai| ahiMsA ko yaha paraMparA parama dharma mAnatI haiM / tama, tyAga aura satya kA AcaraNa isa dharma ke lakSaNa haiM / ___ isa prakAra ghora AMgirasa dvAsa devakI putra kRSNa ko diyA gayA yaha upadeza jahA~ jaina-pasampasa yA zramaNika vicAradhArA ke nikaTa hai, vahIM vaidika paraMparA tathA vicAsthAsa se viparIta hai| DaoN. sadhAkRSNana ne bhI likhA hai ki - "kRSNa vaidika dharma ke bhAjaka kA virodhI the aura una siddhAntoM kA pracAra karate the jo unhoMne ghora AMgirasa se sIkhe the / sAtha hI unake vicAra se, ghora AMgirasa kI zikSAoM aura gItA meM kRSNa kI zikSAoM meM paraspara bahuta adhika samAnatA hai| lekhaka ke anusAra gItA hamAre sammukha jo Adarza upasthita karatI hai, vaha ahiMsA kA hai / yaha bAta sAtaveM adhyAyaH meM mana, vacana aura karma kI pUrNa dazA hai aura bArahaveM adhyAya meM bhakta ke mana kI dazA ke varNana se spaSTa ho jAtI hai / . - isa prakAra kRSNa kA ahiMsA dharma ke prati lagAva hameM socane ko bAdhya karatA hai / ghora AMgirasa kI zikSAoM kA jainaparaMparA se sAmya vicAraNIya lagatA hai / puna : jaina paraMparAgata sAhitya meM tIrthaMkara arriSTanemi tathA kRSNa kA pArivArika sambandha isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa lagatA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki kRSNa apane jIvana ke uttarArddha meM apane hI kula ke rAjaputra ariSTanemi ke ahiMsA tathA AtmA kI zreSThatA va amaratA ke vicAroM se prabhAvita hue the| .. mahAbhArata meM vAsudeva ko viSNu kA avatAra mAnA hai / mahAbhArata meM vAsudeva kA ullekha AyA hai, kintu vAsudeva ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM paryApta matabheda hai / vAsudeva vaidika paramparA meM kaba se upAsya rahe haiM, isako 1- bhagavadgItA : paricayAtmaka nibandha, pR0 32 -DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana / 2- vahI, pR0 32 / 3- vahI, pR0 75 / 4- : ka : masabhArata : bhISma parva, a. 65 / : kha : sarveSAmAzrayo viSNuraizvarya - vidhimAsthitaH / sarvebhUtakRtAvAso vAsudeveti cocyate // - mahAbhArata : zAntiparva, a. 347, zloka 94 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 133

Page #148
batAte hue bhaNDArakara, lokamAnya tilaka, DA. rAya caudharI Adi vidvAnoM ne pANini vyAkaraNa ke sUtra kA pramANa prastuta kiyA hai aura isake AdhAra para unhoMne batAyA hai ki, IsA ke pUrva sAta zatAbdI se vAsudeva kI upAsanA pracalita ho gaI thI / kintu vAsudeva kI bhakti kA vikasita rUpa hameM mahAbhArata meM milatA hai / paM. rAmacandra zukla ne bhI sUradAsa meM spaSTa likhA hai ki - vAsudeva bhakti kA tAttvika nirUpaNa mahAbhArata ke kAla meM hI pracalita huaa| viSNu aura vAsudeva kA aikya bhI mahAbhAratakAra ne svIkAra kiyA hai / ve viSNu ko hI vAsudeva kA rUpa mAnate haiN| vaidika paramparA meM zrIkRSNa kA apara nAma hI vAsudeva hai / DaoN. bhaNDArakara kA anumAna hai ki -- vAsudeva bhakti sampradAya ke pravartaka kA nAma thA / mahAbhArata ke zAnti parva meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki sAtvata yA bhAgavata dharma kA sabase pahale kRSNa vAsudeva ne arjuna ko upadeza diyA / yahA~ para vAsudeva aura kRSNa do pRthaka vyakti na hokara eka hI haiM, kintu DaoNkTara bhaNDArakara ne ina donoM ko pRthaka-pRthaka svIkAra kiyA hai / unakI yaha dhAraNA hai ki prArambha meM ye do pRthak astitva vAle devatA the jo bAda meM eka ho gae / isa mata ko paravartI vidvAnoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / mahAbhArata meM jisa zrIkRSNa kA varNana hai, vaha eka hI hai, usake nAma cAhe aneka hoN| gItA rahasya mmeM tilaka ne spaSTa likhA hai - hamArA mata yaha hai ki kRSNa cAra-pA~ca nahIM hue haiM, ve kevala eka hI aitihAsika puruSa the / 10 1- kalekTeDa varka oNpha sara Ara. jI. bhaNDArakara, kolyuma 4, pR. 415 / 2- gItA rahasya, pR. 546-47, bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka / 3- eca. rAya caudharI,. di arlI hisTrI oNpha di vaiSNava sekTa, pR.124 / 4- vAsudevArjunAbhyAM vuna - pANini aSTAdhyAyI-4/3/98 - sUtra ke vasudevaka zabda se vasudeva kI bhakti karane vAlA siddha hotA hai| 5- rAdhAvallabha sampradAya : siddhAMta aura sAhitya, pR.1 / 6- sUradAsa (bhakti kA vikAsa) - pR.26 / / 7- mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, a. 347, zloka 94 / 8- eca. rAya caudharI : arlI hisTrI opha di vaiSNava sekTa, pR. 44 / 9- mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, a. 347-48 / / 10- gItA rahasya athavA karmayoga : pR.548 (pAda TippaNI sahita) -- zrI bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka / 134 . hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #149
hemacandra rAya caudharI ne apane vaiSNava dharma sambandhI grantha meM kRSNa aura vAsudeva kA pArthakya svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai / apane mata kI puSTi meM unhoMne kItha ke lekha kA udAharaNa diyA hai / / vAsudeva aura zrIkRSNa kA sAmaMjasya ghadita karane ke lie yaha bhI kahA jAtA haiM ki vAsudeva mukhya nAma thA aura kRSNa gotrasUcaka nAma ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA thA / ghaTajAtaka meM vAsudeva ke sAtha kRSNa yA kAnha eka vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai, kintu usase bhinna vyaktitva sUcita nahIM hotA / dIrdhanikAya ke anusAra vAsudeva kA hI dUsarA nAma kRSNa thA / mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne eka sthAna para likhA hai ki - kRSNa ne kaMsa ko mArA aura dUsare sthAna para likhA hai ki vAsudeva ne kRSNa ko mArA / Isa kathana se yaha jJAta hotA haiM kiM vAsudeva aura zrIkRSNa eka hI haiM / mahAbhASyameM vAsudeva zabda cAra bAra ora kRSNa zabda eka bAra AyA hai / pANini, kAtyAyana aura pataMjali jaise vaiyAkaraNoM ke granthoM meM vAsudevaka evaM jaghAna kaMsa "kila vAsudevaH Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai / caMdragupta maurya ke darabAra meM makadUniyA ke rAjadUta maigasthanIja ne sAtvatoM aura vAsudeva kRSNa kA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai / DaoN. rAjakumAra varmA kRSNako vAsudeva kA paryAyavAyI mAnate haiM / Ara. jI. bhaNDArakara ne apane vaiSNavijma aura zaivijma grantha meM vAsudeva saMbaMdhI zilAlekhoM kA varNana kiyA haiM / . isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki vaidika paramparA meM vAsudeva aneka nahIM, apitu eka hI hue haiN| zrIkRSNa ko hI vahA~ vAsudeva kahA gayA hai / kintu jaina paramparA meM vAsudeva nau haiM / zrIkRSNa una sabhI meM aMtima vAsudeva the|6 zrIkRSNa ko jaina aura vaidika donoM hI paramparAoM ne vAsudeva mAnA hai| 1 - "But it is impossible to accept the Statement that Krishna Whom epic tradition identifies with Vasudeo was originally an altogether different individual. On the contrary, all available evidence, Hindu,' Buddhist, and Greek, points to the Correctness of the identity, and we agree with Keith when he says that "the separation of Vasudeva and Krishna as two entities it is impossible to justify." ___-H. Ray chaudhuri, early history of the Vaishanav Sect., P.36 2- hindI sAhitya meM rAdhA : pR. 31 se uddhata / 3- hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa : rAmakumAra varmA, pR. 472 / 4- vaiSNavijma-zaivijma-bhanDArakara, pR. 45 / / 5- vRSNInAM vAsudevo'smi pANDavAnAM dhanaMjaya-gItA 10/37 / 6- navamo vAsudevo'yamiti devA jagustadA -jaina harivaMzaM purANaM 55/60 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 135

Page #150
mahAbhArata ke antargata kRSNa ke vyaktittva ke vividharUpa dekhe jA sakate haiM / "mahAbhArata" ke Arambha meM hI kRSNa ko "yudhiSThira rUpI dharma - vRkSa kA mUla" kahakara kaurava aura pANDavoM ke vRttAnta meM unake svataMtra vyaktittva ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / usake "vanaparva" meM mArkaNDeya RSi pralaya - kAla meM jagat ko AtmasAt karake vaTa vRkSa ke patra meM zayana karane vAle viSNu ko "kRSNa rUpa" batalAte haiM / " zAntiparva" kA nArAyaNIya - vRttAnta "kRSNa ke parabrahma svarUpa para sabase adhika prakAza DAlatA hai / isameM nara-nArAyaNa, kRSNa aura hari ko sanAtana nArAyaNa ke cAra avatAra kahA gayA hai / zAnti - parva ke "bhISma stavarAja" ke antargata kRSNa ke viSNu svarUpa kI stuti kI gaI hai| sabhI parva meM rAjasUya yajJa ke avasara para kRSNa kI agrapUjA meM zizupAla Adi rAjAoM ke virodha karane para bhI bhISma kRSNa ke viSNu svarUpa para jora dete haiM / mahAbhArata ke kucha sthaloM para kRSNa ke deva-svarUpa ko chor3akara unake mAnava-rUpa ko hI prastuta kiyA gayA hai / pANDavoM ke salAhakAra ke rUpa meM kRSNa ke Izvaratva para vizvAsa na karane vAle brAhamaNaM unakI sImita zakti kI aura saMketa karate haiM / azvamedha - parva ke anugItA bhAga meM uttaka RSi kA kRSNa ko zApa dene ko udyata honA bhI unake mAnava - caritra kI ora saMketa karatA hai / sabhAparva, vanaparva tathA zAMtiparva meM kRSNa ke gopAla rUpa kA varNana bhI pAyA jAtA hai / 1 pataMjali kA "mahAbhASya" kRSNa ke vyaktittva para paryApta prakAza DAlatA hai / isameM vAsudeva ko kaMsa kA nihantA kahA gayA hai / kaMsa kI ghaTanA prastuta karane ke kAraNa "vAsudeva" kRSNa kA hI nAma jJAta hotA hai / pANini kI " aSTAdhyAyI" meM bhI vAsudeva kA ullekha hai / pANini kA samaya vidvAnoM ne lagabhaga DhAI hajAra varSa prAcIna mAnA hai / isa pramANa se kRSNa - pUjA pANini se bahuta adhika purAnI siddha hotI hai / vAsudeva kA Azaya kRSNa se hI hai, yaha "gItA" ke dasaveM adhyAya ke isa zloka se bhI siddha hotA hai "vRSNInAM vAsudevo smi pANDavAnAM dhanaMjaya / " jaina mahAbhArata kA kendrabindu zrIkRSNa - vAsudeva donoM haiM / bAkI ke sabhI pAtra unake iI-girda ghUmate haiM / jaina sAhitya meM vasudeva ke putra ko hI vAsudeva nahIM kahA gayA hai| nau vAsudevoM meM kevala eka zrIkRSNa hI vasudeva ke putra haiM, anya nahIM / vAsudeva yaha eka upAdhi vizeSa hai / jo tIna khaNDa ke adhipati hote haiM, jinakA tIna khaNDa para eka - chatra sAmrAjya hotA hai ve 136 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #151
vAsudeva kahalAte haiM / unheM ardha-cakrI bhI kahA jAtA hai / yaha pada nidAnakRta hotA hai / vAsudeva ke pUrva prativAsudeva hotA hai, unakA bhI tIna khaNDa para sAmrAjya hotA hai / jIvana kI sAMdhyabelA meM ve adhikAra ke naze meM bebhAna bana jAte haiM aura anyAya, atyAcAra karane lagate haiM / usa atyAcAra ko miTAne ke lie vAsudeva unake sAtha yuddha karate haiM / yuddha meM prativAsudeva vAsudeva se parAjita hote haiM / yuddha ke medAna meM vAsudeva ke hAtha se prativAsudeva kI mRtyu hotI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to svacakra se unakA hanana hotA hai / prativAsudeva ke tIna khaNDa ke rAjya ko vAsudeva prApta kara lete haiM / vAsudeva mahAna vIra hote haiM, koI bhI yuddha meM unheM parAjita nahIM kara sakatA / kahA jAtA hai ki vAsudeva apane jIvana meM tIna sau sATha yuddha karate haiM, para kabhI bhI kisI yuddha meM ve parAjita nahIM hote / vAsudeva meM bIsa lAkha aSTapadoM kI zakti hotI hai / kintu ve zakti kA kabhI bhI durUpayoga nahIM karate / jaina paramparA meM vAsudeva ko bhI Izvara kA aMza yA avatAra nahIM mAnA gayA hai / vAsudeva zAsaka hai, para upAsya nahIM / tirasaTha zlAghanIya puruSoM meM caubIsa tIrthaMkara hI upAsya mAne gaye haiM / vAsudeva bhI tIrthaMkara kI upAsanA karate haiM / bhautika dRSTi se vAsudeva usa yuga ke sarvazreSTha adhinAyaka hote haiM, para nidAnakRta hone se ve AdhyAtmika dRSTi se caturtha guNa ke Age nahIM bar3ha pAte / vAsudeva svayaM tIrthaMkara va zramaNoM kI upAsanA karate haiM / zrIkRSNa vAsudeva bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke parama bhakta the / jaba ariSTanemi dvArakA padhArate taba zrIkRSNa anya kArya chor3akara unheM vaMdana karane ke lie avazya jAte / ariSTanemi se zrIkRSNa vaya kI dRSTi se jyeSTha the tathApi AdhyAtmika dRSTi se ariSTanemi jyeSTha the / ataH ve unakI upAsanA karate the / - kRSNa kA vAsudevatva unake vIratva kA dyotaka hai / kRSNa kI apratima vIratA va zaktisampannatA ko jaina-paramparA ne zalAkApuruSa vAsudeva ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dekara grahaNa kiyA / jabaki vaiSNava-paramparA ne apanI avatAravAda kI bhAvanA ke anukUla unheM bhagavAna viSNu ke avatAra, svayaM bhagavAna vAsudeva ke rUpa meM mAnA tathA svIkAra kiyA / vAsudeva rUpa meM kRSNa kA mukhya kArya pRthvI para utpanna asuroM kA saMhAra karanA hai| 1- samavAyAMga- 158 / 2- (ka) samaMvAyAMga 154 / . (kha) Avazyaka bhASya gA. 43 / 3- (ka) samavAyAMga 158 / / (kha) Avazyaka niyukti 415 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 137

Page #152
jaina daSTi meM kRSNa nikaTa bhaviSya meM hone vAle bhagavAna haiM / bhaviSya meM hone vAle tIrthaMkaroM meM zrIkRSNa bAharaveM krama ke amama" nAmaka tIrthaMkara hoMge / yaha to unakI AtmA ke mahattva ko samajhate hue jaina zailI se usako sthAna diyA gayA hai / kintu yahI AtmA kRSNa ke svarUpa meM bhI jaina dRSTi se eka ati ucca koTi kI AtmA svIkAra karane meM AI hai / dhArmika tathA rAjanItika donoM hI kSetroM meM zrIkRSNa vilakSaNa pratibhA ke svAmI the / jo vyakti pakkA rAjanItijJa hote hue bhI dharmAtmA ho, aise hI vyakti zrIkRSNa the / zrIkRSNa mahAbhArata ke yuddha ke pakSa meM nahIM the / kintu unake prayatnoM ke uparAnta bhI jaba yuddha zuru ho gayA taba pANDvoM kA pakSa lekara unheM vijayazrI se maMDita karane meM bhI kRSNa kA uddezya sAmAjika tathA dhArmika donoM hI thA / unakA uddezya duSToM kA Adhipatya samApta karake unake sthAna para satpuruSoM kA sthApita karanA thaa| jaina mahAbhArata meM kRSNa ke mana meM eka hI nyAya kI paribhASA thI, eka hI satya thA / unakI rAjanIti bhI yahI thI, jagat para se duSToM kA zAsana samApta ho tathA use dUra karane ke lie jo kucha bhI karanA par3e vaha nyAya, jo kucha bolanA par3e vaha satya, jo kucha karanA par3e vaha nIti / kRSNa kA yaha satya jaina paramparA ke anusAra anubandha satya kahalAtA hai| jaina zailI ke anubandha satya ko jAnane vAlI AtmAe~ kRSNa ke svarUpa ko jitanA nyAya de sakatI haiM utanA nyAya ajaina loga bhI nahIM de sakate / zrIkRSNa kA satya, nyAya, nIti, dayA ityAdi sabhI anubandha pariNAma para AdhArita hai / pariNAma ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI kRSNa ne usako prApta karane ke sAdhana nizcita kiye / jaina zailI meM kRSNa kA gItA kA upadeza nahIM hai / isake viparIta arjuna ne mahAbhArata ke yudhdha meM jaba apane bandhuoM se lar3ane ko manA kiyA taba zrIkRSNa ne kahA- ye sabhI vyakita apane pApa ke bhAra se marane vAle haiM / tU to nimitta mAtra hai / isake viparIta ajaina mahAbhArata meM kRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM - tU kahA~ kisI ko mArane vAlA hai / mArane tathA jIvana dene vAlA to maiM Izvara huuN| tujhe to sirpha bANa calAne kA kArya karanA hai|" mahAbhArata se anuprANita hokara paurANika kAla meM kRSNa ke vividha rUpoM kI vistRta vyAkhyAe~ prastuta kI gaIM, yadyapi inameM pradhAnatA inake avyakta aura vyakta rUpoM kI rahI / brahmapurANa, padmapurANa, viSNupurANa, bhAgavatapurANa, vAyupurANa, agnipurANa, brahmavaivartapurANa, skandapurANa, vAmanapurANa, garuDapurANa, harivaMzapurANa, Adi sabhI purANoM meM zrIkRSNa ke vividha rUpoM aura lIlAoM 138 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #153
ke mArmika varNana milate haiM / inameM bhAgavatapurANa nizeSa rUpa se mahattvapUrNa hai, kyoMki isameM kRSNa ke rUpoM ke sabase adhika varNana hue haiM, aura yahI vaiSNava bhakti kA mUlAdhAra rahI hai / DaoN. vizvanAtha zukla ke zabdoM meM zrImadbhAgavata meM varNita kRSNa rUpoM kA sArAMza yaha hai I - zrIkRSNa prakRti se pare, prakRti niyAmaka sAkSAt Izvara haiM / ve apanI vicchitti se mAyA ko nirAsa kara apane kaivalyarUpa meM sthita haiM / kRSNa, vAsudeva, devakI putra, nandagopakumAra, govinda Adi nAmoM se isI parabrahma paramezvara ko praNAma kiyA jAtA hai / ve vastutaH ajanmA aura akarmA haiM, kintu RSi, manuSya, tirthaMka, jalacarAdi yoniyoM meM janma lenA aura tat yoniyoM ke anurUpa AcaraNa karanA inakI lIlA mAtra hai / ve kAlarUpa, anAdi-nidhana aura sarvavyApaka haiM / ve AtmArAma haiM, kintu bhaktoM kI kIrti - kaumudI vikIrNa karane ke lie usa ajanmA ne yadukula meM janma liyA / bhaktiyoga kI sthApanA karanA bhI usakA lakSya thA / bhakti - parAdhIna hone ke kAraNa bhagavAna kRSNa ko putra, mitra, pati, maMtrI, dUta aura sArathI taka bananA par3A / vastutaH to ve samadarzI, advitIya paramAtmA haiM / ve AdipuruSa nArAyaNa haiM jo logoM ko vimohita karate hue gUDha rUpa se vRSNi vaMza meM vicaraNa kara rahe haiM / parama premavihvalA bhakta gopiyoM ke sAtha usa yogezvara AtamArAma ko sAdhAraNa prAkRta puruSa ke samAna bhI ramaNa karanA par3A / " jaina samAja meM jo bhI purANa - sAhitya vidyamAna hai, ve apane DhaMga kA nirAlA hai / jahA~ anya purANakAra itivRtta kI yathArthatA surakSita nahIM rakha sake haiM, vahA~ jaina purANakAroM ne itivRtta kI yathArthatA ko adhika surakSita rakkhA hai / yati vRSabhAcArya ne "tiloyapaNNati" ke caturtha' adhikAra meM tIrthaMkaroM ke mAtA-pitA ke nAma, janma nagarI, paMcakalyANatithi, antarAla, Adi kitanI hI Avazyaka vastuoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai / jAna paDatA hai ki hamAre vartamAna purANakAroM ne usa AdhAra ko dRSTigata rakha kara purANoM kI racanAe~ kI haiM / purANoM meM adhikatara tresaTha zalAkApuruSa kA caritracitraNa hai / prasaMgavaza anya puruSoM kA bhI caritra-citraNa huA hai I jaina purANoM kI khAsa vizeSatA yaha hai ki inameM yadyapi kAvya zailI kA Azraya liyA gayA hai tathApi itivRtta kI prAmANikatA kI ora paryApta dRSTi rakhI gaI hai / jaina sAhitya meM harivaMza purANa meM zalAkApuruSa vAsudeva kRSNa kI hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa * 139

Page #154
vIratA, tejasvitA, apratima zakti sampannatA Adi kA varNana hai / isameM kRSNa ke bAla kAla ke parAkrama kI aneka krIDAoM kA varNana haiM / kRSNa ko sarvaguNa sampanna viziSTa uttama puruSa ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA (kha) madhyakAlIna vaiSNava sampradAyoM meM kRSNa kA svarUpa tathA madhyakAlIna hindI jaina sAhitya se usakI tulanA : madhyayugIna kRSNa-sAhitya parimANa aura guNa donoM meM zreSTha hai / aneka kaviyoM ne kAvya likhakara kRSNa-kAvya kI zrIvRddhi kI hai / madhkAlIna sampradAyoM ke adhikAMza bhakta vANIkAra haiM / patra-puSpa ke sAtha ina bhakta kaviyoM ne apanI bhAvanA-baddha vANI kA naivedya bhI bhagavAna kRSNa ko samarpita kiyA hai / pratyeka sampradAya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa abhinna hote hue bhI bhinna rUpa meM abhivyakta huA hai / madhyayugIna sampradAyoM ne kRSNa ke vividha rUpoM ko apane-apane sAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa se dekhA hai / zrIkRSNa ke saMbaMdhita pramukha rUpa se nimnalikhita sampradAya Ate haiM(a) 1. vallabha sampradAya 2. nimbArka sampradAya 3. caitanya athavA gauDIya sampradAya 4. haridAsI sampradAya 5. rAdhAvallabha sampradAya 6. zrInAthajI ke dhAmI sampradAya meM kRSNa 7. vaMzI ali ke lalita sampradAya meM kRSNa 8. mIrA sampradAya meM kRSNa (ba) uttara madhyayugIna (rItikAla) hindI sAhitya meM kRSNa (ka) rIti-mukta kaviyoM ke sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa a (1) vallabha sampradAya meM kaSNa :* vallabha sampradAya meM zrIkRSNa ko parabrahma mAnA jAtA hai / jisa parama tattva ko zratiyoM ne parabrahma kahA hai, usI ko vallabhAcAryajI ne purANezvara puruSottama kahA hai / jaba bhagavAna vyApI vaikuNTha meM virAjate haiM taba 1- parabrahma tu kRSNo hi saccidAnandaka bRhat-siddhAnta muktAvalI zloka 3 ___SoDaSa grantha pR. 24 / / 2- yatra yena yato yasya yasme yadyadyathA yadA / syAdidaM bhagavAnsAkSAtpradhAna puruSezvaraH // ...... tatvadIpa nibandha zAstrArtha prakaraNa jJAna sAgara bambaI, pR. 237 / 140 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #155
puruSottama kahalAte haiM tathA jaba prakaTa hote haiM taba ve hI zrIkRSNa kahalAte hai / vedAnta zAstra meM jise brahma kahA gayA hai, smRti athavA purANoM meM jo paramAtmA zabda se saMhitA hai, bhAgavata zAstra meM jise bhagavAna zabda se vyakta karate haiM, ve puSTi-mArga meM sma-svarUpa zrIkRSNa haiN| zrI vallabhAcArya kA siddhAnta zuddhAdvaita thA / AcArya zaMkara ke advaita se bhinnatA dikhAne ke lie hI advaita ke sAtha zuddha vizeSaNa diyA gayA hai / advaita mata meM mAyAzaMbalita brahma jagata kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai, parantu isa mata meM mAyA se alipta, mAyA sambandha se virahita ataeva nitAnta zuddha brahma jagata kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai / - bhakti ke jisa mArga kA nirdezana zrI vallabhAcArya ne kiyA use puSTi mArga kahA gayA / zrIkRSNa pUrNAnanda svarUpa pUrNa puruSottama parabrahma haiM / adbhuta alaukika karma karane vAle usa kRSNa ko meM namaskAra karatA hU~, jisase jagata kA AvirbhAva huA aura jo rUpa aura nAma ke bheda se isa jagata meM ramaNa kara rahe hai / Ananda-svarUpa zrIkRSNa hI parabrahma haiM / vallabhAcArya ne unhIM ko apane mArga kA iSTa aura unhIM kI bhakti ko paramAnanda prApti kA zreSTha sAdhana mAnA hai / sampradAya meM zrIkRSNa ke avatAra rUpa meM do rUpa mAnya hai / eka loka-veda kathita puruSottama, dUsarA lokavedAtIta puruSottama, madhurA, dvArakA, tathA kurukSetra meM lIlA karane vAle, braja meM duSToM kA saMhAra karane vAle, tathA dharma kI sthApanA karane vAle veda-rakSaka kRSNa haiM tathA bAla-rUpa se yazodA aura nanda ko mohane vAle vRndAvana meM gvAla-bAloM ke sAtha gAyeM carAne vAle tathA vRndAvipina meM gopiyoM ke sAtha rAsa karane vAle kRSNa kA rUpa rasAtmaka hai / devakInandana vAsudeva dharmarakSaka-rUpa haiM tathA yazodA- nandana aura nandanandana rasarUpa haiN| jaba yaha parabrahma apane aparimita AnaMda ko bAhya rUpa se anubhava karanA cAhatA hai taba vaha apanI AtmA ke do vibhAga karake usake strI-bhAva aura puM-bhAva 1- zrIkaMTha maNi puSTi mA. siddhAnta kI AdhyA. pRSThabhUmi / 2- mAyA sambandha rahitaM zuddhamityucyate budhaiH / / kAryakAraNa rUpaMhi zuddhaM brahma na mAvikam // - zuddhAdveta mArtaNDa-28 3- namo bhagavate tasmai kRtarAyAbhuta karmaNe, rUpa nAma vibhedena jagataH krIDati yo yajJaH // - sa.dI. nie zAstrArtha, prakaraNaM zloka / pR. / 4- Do. dIna dayAla gupta : aSTachApa aura vallabhasampradAya, pR. 404 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 141

Page #156
ko prakaTa karatA hai / do. hokara bhI parabrahma pUrNa hI rahatA hai / isa prakAra usakA dvividha antaryAmI rUpa pUrNa ho puruSottama meM svAminI bhAva ( sadhA bhAva ) evaM svAminI meM puruSottama bhAva se sthita rahatA hai / jaba puruSottama bAhya rUpa se lIlA karate haiM taba unakI zaktiyA~ bhI bAhya-sthita rahatI haiM aura vividha rUpa, guNa aura nAmoM se unase vilAsa karatI haiM / unaH ananta zaktiyA~meM zriyA, puSTi, girA aura kAntyA Adi dvAdaza zaktiyA~ mukhya haiN| ye hI zrIsvAminI, candrAvalI, rAdhA aura yamanA Adhidaivika rUpa aura nAmoM se prakaTa hokara puruSottama ke sAtha hI sthita rahatI haiM / zrIkRSNa avatAra tathA avatArI bhI haiM / jo brahma prAkRta guNoM se rahita nirgaNa svarUpa haiM vahI isa loka meM avatAra dhAraNa kara saguNa rUpa se lIlAe~ karate haiM / isI siddhAnta ke anusAra vallabha sampradAyI bhaktoM ne bhagavAn kRSNa kI aneka lIlAoM kI avatAraNA kI hai / sampradAya meM bhAgavata ko vizeSa rUpa se mAnyatA prApta hai / jitane bhI vallabha-sampradAyI kRSNa-bhakta kavi hue prAyaH sabhI ne bhAgavata ko AdhAra mAnakara zrIkRSNa kI aneka manohArI, lIlAoM kA udghATana kiyA / kAvya ke lie bhI unhoMne bhAgavata ko AdhAra banAyA / sUradAsa kA sUrasAgara" naMdadAsa kA bha~varagIta tathA rAsa-paMcAdhyAyI Adi racanAe~ isakA pramANa hai| vallabha-sampradAya meM kRSNa ke sAtha rAdhA kA bhI samAveza hai kinta unheM saccidAnanda prabhu kI AlhAdinI zakti mAnA jAtA hai / apanI AlhAdinI zakti ke sAtha brahma kA jagata meM AvirbhAva evaM tirobhAva hotA hai / vallabha sampradAya meM zrIkRSNa ke svarUpoM kI sevA aura pUjA hotI hai / sampradAya meM inheM mUrti na kahakara bhagavAna kA sAkSAt svarUpa mAnA jAtA hai / isIlie inheM svarUpa kahA jAtA hai / zuddhAdvaita siddhAnta ke anusAra zrI rAdhA parabrahma kI Atmazakti hone se sarvathA abhinna mAnI gaI hai / zrInAthajI ke sAtha rAdhA-bhAva abhinna hai / isI kAraNa rAdhA kA prathama vigraha daSTigocara nahIM hotA / zuddhAdvaita siddhAnta meM zrIkRSNa kI pradhAnatA hai kyoMki yahA~ zakti zaktivAna ke adhIna hI mAnI gaI hai / vastutaH rAdhA aura kRSNa abhinna aura ekarUpa hai, yahI zuddhAdvaita siddhAnta kA vAstavika svarUpa hai / 1- saekAkI nAramat / saAtmAnaM dvadhA pAtayata tathA - bhajanAnaMdasiddhayartha dvirUpatvamayISyate / - bhA. e. eka ni. kArikA 2- dvArakAdAsa parIkha sUra-nirNaya pR. 190 / 142 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #157
(2) nimbArka sampradAya meM kRSNa : nimbArka sampradAya ke anusAra Izvara cit aura acit haiM, sAtha hI bhinna bhI hai / eka mAtra vedapramANa se jAnane yogya, sabase bhinna aura phira sabase abhinna bhI vizvasta bhagavAna hI Izvara tatva hai / ' ve svayaM Anandamaya hai, aura jIva ke Ananda kA kAraNa bhI hai / vaha puNya pApa se pare hai // sampradAya ke kRSNa sadaiva rAdhA ke sAtha virAjita haiM / gopiyoM se ghire hue kRSNa ko jinameM rAdhA pradhAna hai, mahattva diyA gayA hai / rAdhA kRSNa ko vAmAMginI kahI gayI hai / 2 yugalakizora zrI sAdhA-kRSNa kI pUjA-upAsanA aura unakA hI dhyAna karane kA vidhAna sampradAya meM padmapurANa ke pAtAla khaNDa se liyA gayA pratIta hotA hai / 3 nimbArka sampradAya meM bhAgavata kA vizeSa Adara haiM / bhAgavata ke anusAra navadhA-bhakti kA mahattva yahA~ bhI hai / kIrtana-paddhati unameM bhI vizeSa hai / kRSNa-rAdhA kI mAdhurya - lIlA isa sampradAya kI pramukha bhAvalIlA hai / sAdhanA aura siddhAnta athavA AdhAra - pakSa tathA mAnyatA -pakSa donoM meM hI nimbArka sampradAya bhAgavata se prabhAvita haiM / sampradAya kI anurAgAtmikA upAsanA meM nikuMjabihArI zrIrAdhA priyA-priyatamA ke bhAva se ArAdhya haiM / isa bhAva kA sthala isa bhUmaNDala se pare goloka dhAma hai jisakA dUsarA rUpa braja - maNDala meM nitya vRndAvana dhAma hai / (3) caitanya athavA gaur3Iya sampradAya meM kRSNa : I caitanya sampradAya ke anuyAyI zrI caitanya mahAprabhu ko sAkSAt kRSNa mAnate haiM / zrIkRSNa rAdhA - bhAva kA AsvAda karanA cAhate the / kevala kRSNa rUpa se to unakA avatAra braja meM hI ho cukA thA, aba rAdhA - bhAva se saMyukta hokara unhoMne premarasa - mAdhurI kA AsvAdana karAne ke hetu navadvIpa meM avatAra liyA / ataH caitanyadeva kRSNa-rAdhA saMyuktAvatAra hai / unakA gaura 1- vedAnta pArijAta saurabha- 1-1-2, 4, 10, 12 2 - aMgetu bAme vRSabhAnujAM mudA, virAjamAnAmatasa saubhagAm / sakhI sahastraiH parisevitAM sadA, smareya devIM sakaleSTakAmadAm // - dazazlokI, zloka - 5 3- padmapurANa- pAtAla khaNDa, adhyAya 81 - 35 -50 zloka 4- rAdhA bhAva kAMti dui aMgIkAra kari / zrIkRSNa caitanya rUpa kaila avatAra // cai. ca. Adi lIlA 4 pR. 25 hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa 143

Page #158
varNa bhI isI bAta kA dyotaka hai ki unameM rAdhA-bhAva samAviSTa hai / bhAva aura varNa unameM donoM hI rAdhA ke the / unake antara kA varNa to bhinna hai, kRSNa hai, bAhara kA varNa zrIrAdhA kI aMga kAnti hai / zrI caitanya daiva ke zabdoM meM - brajendanandanamadvaya jJAna-tattva vastu hai / sabake Adi sarvAMzI, kizora, zekhara, cidAnanda, svarUpa, sarvAzraya aura sarvezvara haiM / ve svayaM bhagavAna haiM, inakA dUsarA nAma govinda haiM, sarvaizvaryapUrNa hai, goloka dhAma haiN| kRSNa avatAra nahIM, avatArI haiM, aMza nahIM aMzI haiM / iSTadeva kRSNa kI deha kA dharma bAlya aura poganDa hai, kintu svayaM avatArI aura govinda mohinI haiM / ve samasta kAMtAoM kI ziromaNi haiM / ye rAdhA kRSNamayI haiM, ve saba jagaha kRSNa ko hI dekhatI haiM / rAdhA sarvapUjya parama devatA haiM, sabhI kI pAlana-katR jagata-mAtA haiM / kRSNa svayaM jagata-mohana haiM, rAdhA inheM bhI mohita karatI haiM / ataH ve sabase zreSTha haiM / rAdhA pUrNa zakti haiM, kRSNa pUrNa zaktimAna haiM / ina donoM meM isI prakAra koI bheda nahIM hai, jaise magamada aura isakI gaMdha meM tathA agni aura usakI jvAlA meM / rAdhA-kRSNa eka hI svarUpa hai kevala lIlA rasa ke AsvAdana karane ke lie do rUpa dhAraNa kiye 1- aMtare varaNa bhinna, bAhiu gogaMga cinha / zrI rAdhAra aMga kAMti rAje // go. pa. ta. 1/3/11 / / 2- kRSNe-svarUpa vicAra zuna sanAtana / advaya jAna tattva vastu brajendra nandana / sarvApi sarva aMzI kizora shekhr| citAnanda deha sarvAzraya sarvezvara / / svayaM bhagavAna kRSNa govinda paranAma / ___sarvezvaryapUrNa jAra goloka nitya dhAma / / -cai.ca. madhyalIlA pari. 20 pR.261 / 3- aMza zaktyAvaMza rUpe dvividhAvatAra / bAlya aura poganDa dharma duita prakAra / / kizora svarUpa svayaM avatArI / cai. ca. Adi lIlA pari. 2, pR.16 / 4 govindA nandinI rAdhA govinda mohinI / govinda sarvasva sarva kAMtA ziromaNi / / 144 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #159
caitanya mata acintya bhedAbheda ke siddhAnta ko mAnatA hai / bhagavAna zrIkRSNa hI parama tattva haiM / unako ananta zaktiyA~ haiM / zakti aura zaktimAna meM na to paraspara bheda hI siddha hotA hai aura na abheda, -ina donoM kA saMbaMdha tarka ke dvArA acintya hai / brajasvAmI nanda ke putra zrIkRSNa hI ArAdhanIya bhagavAna haiM / inakA dhAma vRndAvana hai / braja kI gopikAoM ke dvArA kI gaI ramaNIya upAsanA hI sAdhakoM ke lie mAnanIya pramANika upAsanA hai / zrImadbhAgavata nirmala pramANa-zAstra hai / prema hI sarvazreSTha puruSArtha hai-caitanya mata kA yahI sArAMza hai / ' kaSNa ke prati prema kAma kisI prakAra nahIM ho saktA / gopiyoM kA kRSNa ke prati bhAva kAma kA nahIM, prema kA thaa| isalie vaha ujjvala thA / gopiyA~ apane sukha ke lie nahIM, kRSNa ke sukha ke lie unase prema karatI thiiN| kRSNamayI kRSNa jAra mitare bAhire / .. joha johA netra par3e lohA kRSNa sphure // ataeva sarvapUjyA parama devatA / sarvapAlikA sarva jagatare mAtA / / jagata mohana kRSNa tAhAra mohinI / / ataeva samastera parA tthkuraannii| rAdhA pUrNa zakti kRSNa pUrNa zaktimAna / dui vastu bheda nAhiM zAstreNa pramANa / mRgamada tAragaMdha jaise jaise aviccheda / agnijvAlA te jaiche vasu nAhi bheda / rAdhAkRSNa eche sadA ekai svarUpa / lIlArasa AsvAdi te ghare dui rUpa // -cai.ca.AdilIlA 4, pR. 24-25 1- ArAdhye bhagavAna brajezatanaya stadhAma vRndAvana / ramyA kAcidupAsanA braja vadhUvargeNa yA kalpitA // zAstra bhAgavataM pramANa mamale, premA pumarthI mahan / zrI caitanyamahAprabhomaMtamidaM tatrAdaro naH paraH // ___ -vizvanAtha cakravartI de.da.pR.527 / 2- kAma tAtparya kahai kevala saMbhoga nija, kRSNa sukha tAtparya prema bala yahI hai / veda, dharma, loka dharma, dehadharma, karma lajjA, dhairya Atmadeha sukha joI priya sahI hai / dustyaja jo Aryapatha parijana svajana koM, tADana aura bhartsana soU sukha nahIM hai| savai tyAgi kRSNa bhaje, tatsukha hI heta sajai, kara prema sevA bhA~ti priya ruci lahI hai / subala zyAmakRta caitanya caritAmRta hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 145

Page #160
caitanya sampradAya meM kRSNa hI aMtima tattva haiM / kRSNa kI tIna zaktiyA~ hai - cit, mAyA aura jIva / cit zakti se bhagavAna apane guNoM kI abhivyakti karate haiM / rAdhA unakI AhlAdinI zakti Ananda - zakti hai kRSNa priyA hI apane vyakta svarUpa meM rAdhikA kahI jAtI hai / mAyA zakti se bhagavAna jaD jagat ko utpanna karate haiM aura jIva zakti se ananta AtmAoM ko / jIva bhagavAna se bhinna hai aura aNu - paramANu vAlA hai / jIva aura jagat bhagavAna ke vizeSaNa nahIM, unakI zakti kI abhivyaktiyA~ hai / bhagavAn kI icchA mAtra se mAyA meM gati utpanna hotI hai / saMpradAya meM mokSa kA artha hai- bhagavAn kI prIti kA nirantara anubhava prema hI mukti hai / bhakti vAstavika mokSa hai aura bhagavada - bhakti kI prApti hI jIvana kA lakSya hai 1 (4) haridAsI saMpradAya meM kRSNaH svA. haridAsa sakhi bhAva ke upAsaka, atyanta rasika bhAvuka bhakta the / unhoMne apane iSTadeva kA jo rUpa rakhA, saMpradAya meM vahI mAnya huA / ataH saMpradAya meM parAtpara rasa svarUpa nitya kizora vRndAvana - bihArI zrIkRSNa hI ArAdhya haiM / svA. haridAsa ananya sakhI lalitA kA avatAra mAne jAte haiM / lalitA sakhI kI dRSTi ne vRndAvana - bihArI aura vihAraNI kI nitya keli krIr3AoM kI jo jhA~kI dekhI vaha saMpradAya kI atula saMpatti hai / yugala sarakAra kI rasAtmaka upAsanA ke antargata hI unake sAre svarUpoM parabrahma, lIlAvatArI, duSTadalana, bhaktatrAtA Adi kA antarbhAva ho gayA hai / dayanIya kizora mUrti zrIkRSNa kI rUpa- mAdhurI ke madhupAyI caMcarIka haridAsajI evaM paravartI bhaktoM ne bhagavAna kI rasAtmaka keli aura kizora krIr3A meM apane ko nimajjita kara diyA hai / svAmI haridAsajI ke parAtpara rasa svarUpa nitya bihArI zrIkRSNa ke bhI avatArI haiM / ' upAsanA kA yaha chA~Ta rasa dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / svAmI haridAsajI ne spaSTa kahA hai ki unakI upAsanA braja kI upAsanA nahIM hai -- unakA yaha upAsya braja kA nahIM hai, yaha to nava nikuMja sukhapuMja mahala 1- sari zrI haridAsa jI ko kari hai / karma dharma bhakti mukti iti bharajA dahi ko Tari hai / asakalA avatArana ke, braja ke rasa - siMdhuhiM ko tari hai / rasa rIti soM rIti pratIta yahai zrI vihArinadAsahi jo bari hai / jinake sukha sAra bihAra sahI, sari zrI haridAsa kI ko kari hai / - bihArinadAsa / 146 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #161
meM basane vAlA hai / jise veda-tattva aura vicAra se bhI nahIM pAyA jA sakatA-usI rasa ko svAmI haridAsa pratyakSa rUpa se pAte hai / unake iSTa kA nAma zrI kuMjabihArI hai / dhAma vRndAvana hai aura nitya bihAra unakA krama hai / haridAsajI yugala kI kAma-keli ke atirikta anya kisI prakAra ke prema prakAzana ko mahattva nahIM dete ! sarvadA nava-yauvana se unmatta kizora kizoriyA~ eka dUsare ke premameM Abaddha haiN| nitya bihAra meM gopiyoM kI pahu~ca nahIM hai / yaha sakhI saMpradAya hai / sakhI bhI nitya bihArI parAtpara prema kA eka svarUpa hai / yaha prema parAtpara prema hai / nitya tattva hai / ataH prema ke ye sabhI svarUpa nitya haiM / sakhI sahacarI nitya hai / isa nitya Ananda kI upAsanA bhI nitya hai / (5) rAdhAvallabha sampradAya meM kRSNaH - zrI rAdhAvallabha sampradAya vRndAvana kA pramukha saMpradAya hai / yaha sakhi saMpradAya hai / zrIkRSNa tathA rAdhA isa saMpradAya ke upAsya haiM / bhakti meM mAdhurya bhAvanA kI jo dhArA nimbAkAcArya ne Arambha kI thI rAdhAvalalbha sampradAya meM Akara usakA vikAsa huA / rAdhA vallabha saMpradAya kI bhAvapUrNa mAdhurya upAsanA kA zreya zrI hitaharivaMza gosvAmI ko hai| ___ sampradAya meM nitya bihArI yugala kI upAsanA kI jAtI hai kintu unakI bhAva-paddhati kI vizeSatA hai-rAdhA kI pradhAnatA / unakI harite prathama pUjiyata rAdhA ArAdhya mukhya rUpa se rAdhA tathA unake dvArA unhIM ke saMbaMdha se madhura saMbaMdha vAle kRSNa unheM priya the / sudharma bodhinI ke anusAra zrI rAdhA ke caraNoM meM sundara zyAma kI adhika Asakti dekhakara hI hita harivaMza una para rIjhe the / ataH rAdhAvallabha sampradAya meM zrI rAdhA-kRSNa ke anusaMga se pUjita hote haiM / vastutaH rAdhA hI isa saMpradAya kI iSTa haiM / ve kRSNa kI ArAdhyA haiM tathA prema svarUpA haiM / (6) zrI prANanAtha jI ke dhAmI sampradAya meM kRSNaH isa sampradAya ke pravartaka zrI prANanAthajI the / ye zrI rAdhAkRSNa kI rAsa 1- zrIkuMja bihArI sarva saMsAra-bihArinadAsa jI kI vANI, siddhAnta ke pada, saM0 141 / 2- nitya bihArini nitya bihArI / nitya nikuMja maMju sukha puMjani, nitya neha upacArI // nityaM sakhI sahacarI, saMpati vana, nitya moda manuhArI / nitya upAsa kizoradAsa basi nita Ananda udArI // -siddhAnta sAra saMgraha kizoradAsa, pR0 215 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 147

Page #162
lIlA ke upAsaka haiM tathA sakhI bhAva se yugala kI mAnasI ArAdhanA karate hai| Apane zrIkRSNa lIlA ke vyAvahArikI, pratibhAsikI. vAstavI-tIna bheda mAne jo kramazaH zreSTha haiM / nitya brajalIlA vyAvahArikI lIlA hai / nitya rAsalIlA, pratibhAsikI hai evaM divya brahmapura kI vAstavI lIlA ko brahmAnanda mAnakara ye usakI upAsanA karate the| zrI zyAmA jU ThakurAina rAsezvarI zrI rAdhA para ApakA ananya prema thA / zrIkRSNa kI parAbhakti karane kA upadeza Apane diyA hai| zrI prANanAthajI kI vANI ke antargata "zrIdhAma kI pahelI" meM ghATa, pula, mahala, cabUtarA, pahADoM vAle dhAma kA varNana hai, yogamAyA prakaraNa meM rAsa kA tattva batAyA hai tathA bhAgavata ko sAra meM brahmalIlA, brajalIlA, rAsalIlA kI uttarottara sUkSmatA batAyI hai| (7) vaMzIali ke lalita sampradAya meM kRSNa : lalita sampradAya rAdhA kRSNa bhakti ko lekara calane vAlA eka navIna sampradAya hai / ise vaMzIali jI kA sampradAya kahA jAtA hai / isa sampradAya meM rAdhA ko viziSTa sthAna kI adhikArI mAnA jAtA hai / yaha sthAna haridAsI evaM harivaMzI sampradAya se kucha aura bhI. vizeSa hai | zrI vaMzIali kI dRSTi meM zrI rAdhA kA hI amara nAma brahma hai / ve hI parA zakti ke rUpa meM sarvatra sUtra kI bhA~ti vyApta haiM aura samasta jar3a-cetana unhIM kI svataMtratA ke AdhIna hai / kintu zrI rAdhA sarvopari hote hue bhI bhakta- parAdhIna haiM / zrIkRSNacandra zrI rAdhA ke ananya bhakta hai ataH unake sAtha samAna bhAva se vihAra karane ke lie hI zrI rAdhA ne avatAra grahaNa kiyA hai| zrI rAdhA sarvezvarI hai, ataH vihAra meM unakI samAnatA aura kRSNa patnItva bhaktoM ke Ananda ke lie hI hai / vaMzIali jI ne rAdhA ko dArzanika AdhAra bhI diyA hai / rAdhA prAdhAnya ke prabhAva se mahArAsa meM rAdhA hI mahArAsa kI ThIka vaisI nAyikA hai jisa prakAra zrImadbhAgavata meM zrIkRSNa / ataH yahA~ zrIkRSNa kI sthiti sevaka ke samAna hai / vaMzIalijI ne kahA hai'sevya sadA zrI rAdhikA sevaka naMda kumAra / dUje sevaka sahacarI; sevA vipula vihAra / / (8) mIrAM sampradAya meM kRSNaH mIrAM sampradAya kI pravartaka mevADa kI rAnI mIrAbAI kahI jAtI haiM / inakA janma san 1498 I0 meM huA / kavitA-kAla 16 vIM zatI hai / AcArya pravartita sampradAyoM kI kisI paraMparA meM unheM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA / unheM bacapana se kRSNa ko pati rUpa meM pAne kI dhuna thii| kisI anya 148 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #163
ko dekhane kI na unheM AvazyaktA thI aura na avakAza hI / kRSNa ananya rUpa se mIrA ke prabhu, premI tathA pati haiM / kRSNa kI bAla-lIlAoM kA unheM jJAna thA / kAliyanAga nAthane kI lIlA kA varNana bhI unhoMne apane eka pada meM kiyA hai / kintu unakA kRSNa ke prati prema mAdhurya bhAva kA hI thA / mAdhurya bhAva meM hI unakI Asakti thI / yuvAkAla kI prema tathA mAdhurya se bhInI lIlAe~ hI unake prANa haiM, jinameM kRSNa se unakA sIdhA samparka hai / isa samparka meM rAdhA kA astittva nahIM hai / yahA~ to mIrA hI sadhA hai / eka-do sthaloM para jahA~ rAdhA kA nAma unhoMne liyA hai vahA~ bhI kadAcita unakA tAtparya apane se hI hai / mIrA ke hRdaya meM kRSNa kI sA~valI mUrti basI huI hai / mora mukuTa, pItAmbara aura gale meM vaijayantI mAlA dhAraNa karake muralI bajA bajA kara vRndAvana meM jo gaue~ carAtA hai vahI kRSNa unakA priyatama hai / rAdhA bana kara mIrA unake sAtha lagI phiratI hai / mIrA kI bhakti-bhAvanA meM kRSNa apanA aitihAsika, paurANika tathA pAralaukika astittva samApta kara prema kI paripUrNatA aura rasa-niSThA ke pratIka banakara raha gaye hai| (ba) uttara madhyayugIna, (rItikAla) hindI sAhitya meM kRSNa : - isa kAla meM dAsya, sakhya tathA vAtsalya bhAva kI bhakti kI apekSA mAdhurya bhAva ne kRSNa ke svarUpa ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA / madhyayuga ke sabhI sampradAya, mAdhurya-bhakti ko pradhAnatA dete the / caitanya tathA vallabha sampradAya kA gopIbhAva tathA haridAsa, rAdhAvallabha , nimbArka sampradAya kA sakhI bhAva mAdhurya ke hI do rUpa haiM / vividhatAoM ke hote hue bhI una saba meM mAdhurya bhAva kI ekatA dRSTigata hotI hai / bhakti ke vibhora-bhAva ne zrRMgAra rasa ko bhI ujjvala rasa banA diyA thA kintu kAlAntara meM sthUla rasa sthUlatA ko prApta hokara punaH zrRMgAra ke rUpa meM pariNita ho gayA / zrRMgAra raMsa ke prabhAva se kRSNa kA rUpa isa kAla meM parivartita ho gayA / kRSNa ke prati AsthA kama ho gaI tathA unakA varNana yadi kiyA bhI gayA to vilAsitA ke vAtAvaraNa ke bIca unheM sthAna diyA gayA / yahA~ taka ki kRSNa apanA samasta rUpa bhUla kara mAtra zrRMgAra ke nAyaka zeSa raha ge| (sa) rItibaddha kaviyoM ke sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa : rItibaddha kaviyoM meM kRSNa ko zrRMgAra kA nAyaka mAnA gayA hai / rAdhA ke pairoM ko paloTane vAle rAdhAvallabha kRSNa rItikAla ke kaviyoM ko priya 1- bhuvanezvara nAtha mizra : mAdhava -mIrAM kI prema sAdhanA-pR0 26 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 149

Page #164
haiM / bihArI ne kRSNa ko rAdhA ke paira paloTane vAle kahakara citrita kiyA hai / rasakhAna ne devyo durayo vaha kuMja kuTira meM beTho paloTana rAdhikA pAyana kahakara kRSNa kA rAdhA ke prati atizaya premabhAva pradarzita kiyA hai to bihArI ne mAna karane para kRSNa kA unake caraNoM para loTane kA saMketa kiyA hai / rItikAla meM kRSNa kA rasika athavA rasAtmaka rUpa hI adhika ciMtrita huA hai / nAyaka ke vividha rUpoM kI carcA kRSNa ke zrRMgAra prasaMga meM huI hai / yadyapi kRSNa ke bAla rUpa kI carcA bhI rItikAla ke kaviyoM ne yadAkadA kI hai, kintu viSaya kA mukhya svara zrRMgAra hI hai / rItikAlIna kaviyoM kA kRSNa vinayI, kSamAvAna, karuNa, satyavAna, navayauvana sampanna evaM parihAsa vizArada hai / kRSNa kA vyaktitva mAdhurya se mukta hai / / jahA~ bhakta kaviyoM ne zrIkRSNa ke zrRMgAra citraNa para bahuta adhika bala diyA hai aura kSaNa-kSaNa unakI nayanAbhirAma jhA~kI kI carcA kI hai vahA~ rItibaddha kaviyoM ne kRSNa ke zrRMgAra se eka prakAra se dRSTi haTA lI hai tathA nArI saundarya ke citraNa meM apanI saMpUrNa kAvya-pratibhA kA apavyaya kara DAlA hai / bhagavAna zrIkRSNa ke kamanIya rUpa ko kAmuka rUpa citrita karate hue ina kaviyoM ne vilAsapriyatA kA paricaya diyA hai| (Da) rItimukta kaviyoM ke sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa : jisa svacchanda premadhArA kA pravartana rasakhAna ne kiyA, vaha hindI sAhitya meM Adhunika kAla taka calI / rasakhAna tathA Alama bhaktikAla ke aMtima caraNa ke kavi haiM / ataH ve rItikAla kI paridhi meM nahIM Ate / rItikAla kI paridhimeM Ane vAle ye svacchanda kAvyadhArA vAle kavi ghanAnanda, bodhA, aura ThAkura haiM / AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedIne inheM rItimukta kavi kahA hai| vastutaH ye kavi apanI svacchandatA ke lie kisI paraMparA meM nahIM Ate / isIlie inakI carcA pRthaka rUpa se kI jA rahI hai / rasakhAna ne kRSNa ko prabhu nahIM kintu apanA priya mAnA / kintu unhoMne parabrahma kA svarUpa bhulAyA nahIM / unake kRSNa godhana carAnevAle tathA veNu bajAne vAle hote hue bhI zeSa, ganeza, maheza, dineza aura sureza ke dvArA geya haiM / rasakhAna ke kRSNa mAnava adhika hai, alaukika kama / parama jyoti hI sIdhI kRSNa rUpa meM avatarita huI / usakI anubhUti aura usake kArya saba mAnavIya hai / isIlie nandanandana brajarAja kRSNa avatArI haiM / 1- hindI sAhityaH pR0 341 150 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #165
kavi Alama kI premAnubhUti bhI vyaktigata hai / inake kRSNa bhI rasa nAyaka tathA rasAtmaka haiM / kRSNa gopIvallabha haiM aura anukUla nAyaka bhI / Alama meM kRSNa kA bhakta-kalyANakArI rUpa bhI prastuta kiyA hai / dhanAnanda ke kRSNa zAnta bhakti ke ArAdhya kRSNa haiM / kRSNa ke caraNa parama sukha kI sImA aura duHkha ko dUra karane vAle haiM / ve pyAsa ko dUra karane vAle rasa-nivAsa Ananda ke dhana haiM / ghanAnanda jI mukhya rUpa se madhurA bhakti tathA svacchanda prema ke kavi haiM / ghanAnanda ke kRSNa rAdhA ke pati haiM aura rAdhA patnI / unhoMne kRSNa ko 'dulhA tathA banA banAyA hai aura rAdhA ko banI" yA dulahina / ataH kRSNa rAdhA ke svakIya pati haiM kintu rAdhA-kRSNa ke paraspara prema meM parakIyA kI sI unmada bhAva-dhArA bahatI hai / yaha dhanAnanda kA apanA bhAva hai / rAdhA mahAbhAva kI Azraya haiM tathA zrIkRSNa usake AlaMbana / ghanAnanda ke kRSNa prema-svarUpa haiM / rAdhA aura kRSNa kA prema mAnavIya ucca stara kA hai / ve prema ke apAra sAgara meM ekarasa hokara sadA nimagna rahA karate haiN| unameM sUra aura mIrA kI sI tanmayatA, tulasI kI sI udAratA, vidyApati kA sA pada-lAlitya tathA bihArI kA sA artha gaurava hai / ve premamArga ke dhIra pathika the tathA unake kRSNa prema-svarUpa / kavi bodhA ne kRSNa ko sAkSAt prema-svarUpa mAnA hai / kRSNa premasvarUpa haiM isIlie bodhA ke priya haiM, jo priya haiM ve hI bhagavAna haiM, ataH zrIkRSNa bhagavAna hai / tAtparya yaha ki bodhA ke kRSNa pUrNa rasAtmaka haiM aura isake atirikta kucha nahIM / isI paramparA meM ThAkura bhI rItimukta kavi hai / unhoMne kRSNa kI madhura lIlAoM kA, unake rUpa-saundarya kA sIdhA sAdA varNana kiyA hai / unake apane aizvarya meM bhagavAna aura prema meM mAnava hai / madhyakAlIna hindI sAhitya meM vaiSNava dharma paramparA se saMbaMdhita vividha sampradAyoM evaM rItikAlIna kRSNa ke svarUpa-vikAsa kA anuzIlana prastuta karane ke pazcAt aba hama usI yuga-vizeSa meM jaina kRSNa-sAhitya meM unake svastha vikAsa kA adhyayana prastuta kara rahe hai| jaina lekhakoM ne madhyakAla meM prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza bhASA meM hI nahIM, hindI bhASA meM bhI vipula kRSNa sAhitya kI racanA kI / isa bhASA ke lekhaka zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparA ke sAhityakAra rahe haiM / jyAdAtara lekhakoM ne apanI racanA kA AdhAra AcArya jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa va guNabhadra kRta uttara purANa ko hI banAyA hai / ina kRtiyoM meM kucha hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 151

Page #166
vizAlakAya kRtiyA~ hai' jaise khuzAlacanda kAlA kRta harivaMza purANa, zAlivAhana kRta harivaMza purANa,mahAsenAcArya kRta pradyumna caritra, nemicandra kRta harivaMzapurANa, bulAkIdAsa kRta pANDava purANa ityAdi / isake viparIta kucha laghu kRtiyA~ haiM jo rAsa, caupAI, phAgu, veli Adi ke rUpa meM likhI gaI haiM / ye kRtiyA~ neminAtha, pradyumna, balarAma, pANDava ityAdi se saMbaMdhita haiM / hindI kA utkarSa-rUpa isa kAla ke prArambha meM banane lagatA hai jo isake anta meM Adhunika rUpa meM parivartita huA hai / isa kAla ke hindI jaina vidvAnoM meM yazodhara caritra ke kartA gauravadAsa aura prasiddha kRSNa caritra tathA nemIzvara kI veli ke kartA kavi ThAkurasI ke nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / jaina purANa-sAhitya kevala paurANika kathAoM kA hI saMkalana nahIM hai, kintu kAvya kI dRSTi se bhI uttama racanAe~ haiM / jaina vidvAnoM ne hindI padya meM hI purANoM kI racanAe~ nahIM kI, kintu hindI gadya bhASA meM bhI ina purANoM ko likhA hai aura hindI gadya sAhitya ke vikAsa meM paryApta yoga diyA hai / isa kAla meM hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa-svarUpa se saMbaMdhita do pramukha racanAe~ likhI gaIM - zAlivAhana kRta harivaMza purANa tathA khuzAlacandra kAlA kRta harivaMza purANa / ina donoM kRtiyoM kA AdhAra jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa hai / ina donoM kRtiyoM meM harivaMza kI utpatti va kRSNa ke janma se lekara anta taka kI sabhI ghaTanAoM kA kavi ne apane tarIke se varNana kiyA hai / inhoMne kRSNa ke alaukika svarUpa kA varNana kiyA hai| ina racanAoM meM kRSNa ke jIvana se saMbaMdhita ghaTanAoM kA varNana kucha sthAnoM para parivartana ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / jaise-kRSNa gokula se jAne ke pazcAt punaH yazodA ko lene mathurA se gokula jAne kA varNana, bAla svarUpa kA varNana bhI hindI harivaMza purANa meM bahuta saMkSipta kiyA hai / putanA-vadha kA varNana isameM nahIM hai / isI prakAra hindI harivaMza purANa meM nAradajI kRSNa ke vaibhava kA varNana jarAsaMdha ko karate hai, jabaki jinasena ne apane harivaMza 1- ukta kRtiyoM kA vistRta paricaya tRtIya adhyAya meM diyA gayA hai / 2- bhAdau badi Ave dina sAra / / jAnisi upa kRSNa kumAra // saMkharu cakra padama lachi pare / / sujanAM kai tau sukha avatare / / -khuzAlacandra kAlA kRta harivaMza purANa 3- vahI, pR0 81 / 4- nIla varaNa ati so maivAla / komala mana mohana sukumAla / lakhi sukumAra suSI ati bhaI / taba devaki mana sAtA laI / dohA 125, pannA 76 / --khuzAlacandra kAlA kRta harivaMza purANa 152 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #167
purANa meM yahI varNana vyApAriyoM dvArA karAyA hai / ina purANoM ke anusAra jarAsaMdha kA yuddha hI mahAbhArata kA yuddha thA / madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM kRSNa kA jo svarUpa hamAre sAmane AtA hai vaha hai unakA bAla-gopAla rUpa / yaha unake paramparAgata vyaktitva se kucha bhinna hai| kRSNa ke isa svarUpa para vaiSNava paramparA tathA saMskRta harivaMza purANa kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai / ina donoM kA prabhAva hindI jaina kAvya kRtiyoM para draSTavya hai / ina kRtiyoM meM naTakhaTa gvAla-bAlaka ke rUpa meM kAnoM meM kuNDala pahanane, pItAmbara dhAraNa karane, mukuTa lagAne, bAMsurI bajAne Adi kA tathyAtmaka varNana huA hai / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kahIM bhI kRSNa va gopiyoM kI rAsalIlA va rAdhA kA varNana nahIM hai / kRSNa kA dvitIya svarUpa arddhacakravartI rAjA ke rUpa meM, eka mahAna vIra advitIya parAkramI tathA zakti-sAmarthya se paripUrNa zalAkA puruSa the| __kRSNa kA tRtIya svarUpa eka dharmaniSTha Adarza rAjapuruSa ke rUpa meM varNita hai, jinakA arihanta ariSTanemi evaM unake dhArmika siddhAtoM ke prati zraddhAbhAva hai| (ga) Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa aura jaina - sAhitya meM nirupita kRSNa se usakI tulanA : Adhunika kAla ke hindI kaviyoM ne jahA~ kRSNa ke paramparAgata svarUpa varNana ko apanI kRtiyoM kA AdhAra banAyA hai vahIM nae yuga-bodha ke anurUpa kRSNa ke mahAmAnavatva ke svarUpa ko bhI prastuta kiyA hai / Adhunika sAhitya meM kRSNa kA rUpa bhI parivartita hokara eka nae rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai / buddhivAda, AdarzavAda, janavAda, mAnavavAda, rASTravAda tathA krAntivAda isa yuga kI pradhAna pravRttiyA~ thii| unake prakAza meM kRSNa ko eka navIna rUpa meM dekhA gyaa| - bhAratendu harizcandra naI dhArA ke kavi the| unakI adhikAMza kavitA kRSNa-bhakta kaviyoM ke anukaraNa para geya padoM ke rUpa meM hai, jinameM rAdhAkRSNa kI premalIlA aura vihAra kA varNana hai / unake padoM meM do prakAra ke pada vizeSa haiM - vinaya saMbaMdhI tathA prema saMbaMdhI / vinaya ke padoM meM viSNu aura kRSNa kI abhinnatA sthApita karake kavi unase 'mahApatitaM ko tAra dene kI prArthanA karatA hai / prema saMbaMdhI padoM meM rAdhA-kRSNa kA prema vyaMjita huA hai / kavi svayaM bhI rAdhA-kRSNa kI prema-madirA ke Ananda se 1- AcArya rAmacandra zukla : hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa - pR. 591 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 153

Page #168
chakanA cAhatA hai / kRSNa aura gopiyoM kI rAsalIlA para deva-deviyA~ tathA ziva-brahmA bhI mohita ho jAte hai / bhAratendujIne dAnalIlA rAnIchadmalIlA mAnalIlA tathA phala-bujhauala' - Adi sphuTa prabandha likhe haiM tathA unake anta meM rAdhA-kRSNa ke vilAsa kI divyatA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / prema mAdhurI meM kRSNa ke rUpa tathA mudrAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / prema-taraMga" meM kRSNa zaTha nAyaka ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM / "prema-mAlikA meM kRSNa ke parakIyA-prema ke antargata unakI vidagdhatA, ghRSTatA aura laMpaTatA kI abhivyakti huI hai / phUloM kA gucchA" nAmaka kAvya meM rAdhA-kRSNa ke mAdhurya-bhAva kI abhivyakti urdU-phArasI kI prema-varNana zailI para huI hai| braja bhASA ke dUsare Adhunika kavi zrI jagannAthadAsa ratnAkara' haiM / ratnAkara' kI kavitA meM kRSNa kA rAdhA-vallabha tathA gopI-vallabha rUpa khUba ubharA hai / uddhava zataka meM rAdhAviSayaka Asakti kI gahanatA kA atyanta mArmika citraNa huA hai / yamunA meM snAna karate hue kRSNa kA usakI jala dhAra meM bahate hue murajhAe hue kamala ko dekhakara rAdhA kA smaraNa, mUrchita honA, saceta hone para uddhava ke kaMdhe kA sahArA lekara Dagamaga calanA, citta kI becainI ke kAraNa netroM ko na kholanA unake rAdhA-prema kA paricAyaka hai / gopI-prema uddhava ke sandarbha meM prakaTa huA hai| satyanArAyaNa "kaviratna bIsavIM zatI ke kavi haiM / bhakti evaM rASTrIyatA Apake kAvya kI mUla preraNA hai / bhakti ke kSetra meM ve bhakta kaviyoM kI taraha kRSNa ke prati apanI bhAvanA vyakta karate haiM - ve dAnazIla, dayAlu, azaraNa-zaraNa, karuNAsindhu tathA zaraNAgata-vatsala kaha gaye haiM / kRSNa kA yaha rUpa rur3higata hai / kRSNa gopI-vallabha haiM / "priya pravAsa : ayodhyAsiMha upAdhyAya 'hariaudha' dvArA viracita "priya pravAsa khar3IbolI kA prathama mahAkAvya hai / isameM kRSNa ko kevala laukika nara rUpa meM hI citrita kiyA gayA hai | buddhivAda, AdarzavAda, jAtIyatA tathA rASTrIyatA Adi pravRttiyoM se preraNA lekara hariaughajI ne kRSNa ko eka mahAmAnava kA rUpa pradAna kiyA hai / bhAgavata ke gopAla kRSNa ko nara rUpa meM upasthita karane kA zreya hariaudhajI ko hI hai / samasta alaukika tattvoM kA vi karake kRSNa ko laukika rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai / / ___"priya pravAsa ke kRSNa Adarza mAnava hai / vibhinna pAtroM dvAra kRSNa ke guNoM kA gAna kiyA gayA hai / yazodA unakI anuraMjanakArI pravRtti, saumyatA, 154 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #169
zIla-saujanya, paradukha-kAtaratA, saralatA, sahaja-sneha, zIlatA, sahRdayatA, ziSTatA, vinamratA, zAMtipriyatA, mRdutA Adi kA bArabAra smaraNa karatI hai / ve nisvArtha bhAva se loka-sevA meM nirata haiM, isalie mahAtmA kahe jAte haiM / uddhava ne bhI braja se Akara gopiyoM ke sammukha unako niSkAma vRtti, kartavya-niSThA, nyAya-priyatA, anAsakti tathA lokopakArI pravRttiyoM kI prazaMsA kI hai| bAla-sulabha lIlAoM kA bhI ullekha "priya pravAsa meM huA hai / kintu usameM koI navInatA nahIM hai / bar3e hokara ve gopI-vallabha tathA rAdhA-vallabha ho jAte haiM / kRSNa rAdhA ke priya evaM premI donoM rUpoM meM citrita kiye gaye haiM tathA unake cAritrika gaurava kI pUrNa rakSA kI gaI hai| jayadratha vadha : maithilIzaraNa gupta ne prastuta kAvya meM paraMparA se pare mahAbhArata ke kRSNa ko liyA hai / jayadratha-vadha eka khaNDa kAvya hai / isameM gItA ke upadeSTA kRSNa ke Adarza ko janatA ke sammukha rakhane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai / rASTrIya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke liye mahAbhArata ke vismRta kRSNa para sarva prathama daSTi DAlane vAle zrI maithilIzaraNa guptajI hI haiM / dvApara : dvApara ke kRSNa gatAnugatikatA kA virodha karate haiM tathA yuga-dharma ke anukUla usakA pariSkAra karane para bala dete haiM / dvApara meM kRSNa ke caritra-nirmANa meM isI siddhAnta para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / rASTra tathA samAja kI AvazyakatAoM ke anukUla gopAla kRSNa kI navIna rUpa meM pratiSThA kI gaI hai| dvApara" meM kRSNa gItA ke kRSNa haiM / saba dharmoM ko tyAgakara jo unakI zaraNa meM AyegA, use ve saba pApoM se mukta kara deMge / yazodA unheM 1- thor3I abhI yadica hai unakI avasthA / to bhI nitAnta-rata ve zubha karma meM haiN| aisA viloka vara-bodha svabhAva se ho / hotA su-siddha yaha hai, vaha hai mahAtmA // -priya pravAsa, sarga 12, pada 91 / 2- koI ho saba dharma chor3a ta, A, basa merA zaraNa dhre| Dara mata, kauna pApa vaha jisase, mere hAthoM tU na tare // -dvApara-zrIkRSNa srg| - hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa * 155

Page #170
atyadhika sneha karake bhI avatArI samajhatI haiM / unakA zyAma salonA rUpa hai tathA "madhu se mIThI bolI hai / kuTila alkoM vAle kI AkRti bholI hai, "maga se netra aura "anI sI tIkSNa daSTi hai / / dvApara ke kRSNa rAdhA-vallabha tathA gopI-vallabha haiM / mathurA jAne para jaba kRSNa kubjA para kRpA karate haiM to vaha rAdhA ko brajezvarI kahakara pukAratI hai / kRSNa rAdhA ke priya tathA premI donoM hI haiM / gopiyoM ke dvArA varNita mAna-prasaMga meM kRSNa ke premI. rUpa kI vyaMjanA huI hai / isameM ve atyanta Asakta evaM adhIna nAyaka ke rUpa meM dikhAe gae haiM / yaha rUpa paraMparita hai / rAdhA eka samarpita bhakta ke rUpa meM citrita huI hai / rAdhA kRSNamayI ho jAtI hai aura bhAvAveza kI avasthA meM kRSNa rUpa ho jAtI hai / uddhava eka mUrti ke ardhAga meM rAdhA kA tathA Adhe meM kRSNa kA darzana karate haiM / yaha rUpa paraMparita hote hue bhI navIna rUpa meM citrita huA hai| "jayabhArata : jayadatha-vadha" kI taraha isa kAvya kI racanA bhI maithilIzaraNa gupta ne mahAbhArata ke AdhAra para kI hai / pANDavoM ke sAtha kRSNa kI kathA bhI *jayabhArata meM yathAsthAna kahI gaI hai / draupadI-cIraharaNa tathA kRSNa dUtatva prasaMgoM meM se alaukikatA kA nivAraNa karake manovaijJAnikatA kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai / jayabhArata ke pAtra adhika mAnavIya haiM / yaha kAvya-grantha mAnavatAvAda se adhika prabhAvita hai / isI pravRtti ke anukUla kRSNa kA aMkana karane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai / "kRSNAyana" : kRSNAyana avadhI bhASA meM tulasI ke rAmacaritamAnasa kI paramparA para likhA huA zreSTha kAvya hai / isake kavi zrI dvArikAprasAda mizra haiM, jinhoMne kRSNa kI saMpUrNa kathA ko saMkalita karake use mahAkAvya kA rUpa pradAna kiyA hai / madhyayugIna kaviyoM kI kRSNa saMbaMdhI uktiyA~ kahIM-kahIM bhASAntara karake jyoM-kI tyoM uddhRta kara dI gaI haiM / Adhunika yuga meM kRSNa meM 1- jiye bAla gopAla hamArA, ___ vaha koI avatArI // - dvApara - yazodA sarga / 2- mere zyAma salAne kI hai madhu se mIThI bolii| kuTila alaka vAle kI AkRti, hai kyA bholI bholI // - dvApara - yazodA sarga / 156 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #171
rASTrIyatA kA samAveza tathA navacetanA ke prakAza meM unake caritra kA pariSkAra karake unheM uttama mAnava ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA hai / guNa tathA parimANa donoM meM yaha graMtha zreSTha hai / tathA kRSNa kA samyak caritra sammukha lAtA hai / "kRSNAyana" meM gopIjana - vallabha, bhakta-vallabha aura asura saMhAraka kRSNa Aja ke yuga kI dhArmika, sAmAjika aura rAjanItika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karate hue eka dharma - saMsthApaka, samAja-sudhAraka, rASTra-nAyaka ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiM / isa grantha ke racayitA ne kRSNa ke paramparAgata rUpoM ko grahaNa karake bhI dezakAla kI AvazyakatA ke anusAra usameM saMzodhana, parimArjana, pariSkaraNa tathA vikAsa kI avatAraNA kI hai / "kRSNAyana" ke kRSNa devakI ke putra haiM tathA viSNu ke avatAra haiM / ve kArAvAsa meM vasudeva-devakI ko tathA sarovara meM akrUra ko viSNu ke rUpa meM darzana dete haiM / ve mAyApati haiM / isI kI sahAyatA se indra ke prakopa ko prabhAvahIna banAte haiM tathA akrUra kI buddhi ko bhrama meM DAlate haiM / unake asura - vinAzaka kArya alaukika zakti-sampanna hone ke paricAyaka haiM / kavi ne unake kRtyoM ko lIlA tathA unheM lIlApati kahA hai / 1 I bAla-rUpa kA varNana paramparA ke anusAra huA hai / ve thor3A khAte, kintu bahuta lipaTAte haiM / svayaM khAkara nanda ko khilAte tathA mirca lagane para rote haiM / candra prastAva, dAU kA khijAnA Adi sabhI kathAyeM bhakta kaviyoM jaisI haiM / kaMdhe para "kamarI" aura lakuTI rakhe tathA veNu bajAte hue kRSNa ko gocAraNa ke lie prasthAna karate dikhAyA hai / gopI - vallabha tathA rAdhA - vallabha rUpa paraMparita haiM / gopI-vallabha kRSNa meM mAdhurya ke sthAna para dAsya tathA vAtsalya bhAva kA samAveza karake kRSNa caritra ko deza - kAla kI mA~ga ke anurUpa ujjvala banA diyA hai / rAdhA-vallabha kRSNa kA citraNa AdhyAtmika stara para huA hai / usake pArasparika anurAga ko viSNu-lakSmI ke prema kA rUpa pradAna kiyA hai / 3 : 1 - DaoN. govindarAma zarmA hindI ke Adhunika mahAkAvya : kRSNAyana, pR. 318 / 2- vihaMsata pitu kachu kaura khavAye / / lAgi mirica locana bhari Aye / / " - kRSNAyana : avataraNa kAMDa, pR. 40 3- janu kachu kSIra siMdhu sudhi AI / - -kRSNAyana : avataraNa kANDa, pR. 54 / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa 157

Page #172
kRSNa sambandhI upanyAsa sAhitya meM baMkimacandra upAdhyAya kA "kRSNa caritra" eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa kRti hai / mUla kRti baMgalA bhASA meM hai jisakA hindI anuvAda DaoN. omaprakAza ne 1985 meM kiyA hai / yaha eka vistRta, vyavasthita evaM vicArapUrNa kRti hai / adhyayana, manana ke phalasvarUpa baMkimacandra ne zrIkRSNa ke vyaktitva ke anya pakSoM kA anusaMdhAna kiyA aura unake pUrNa vyaktitva kI sthApanA kI purANoM kA adhyayana karane para vaha isa natIje para pahu~ce ki kRSNa saMbaMdhI jo pApa - kathA janamAnasa meM pracalita ho gaI hai, vaha samasta nirmUla hai aura managaDhanta kathAoM ko bAhara nikAla dene para kRSNa caritra meM jo kucha bacatA hai vaha ati vizuddha, parama pavitra evaM atizaya mahAna hai / lagatA hai aisA sarvaguNa sampanna, samasta - pApasaMsparzazUnya Adarza caritra anyatra kahIM bhI nahIM / na kisI deza ke itihAsa meM hai, aura na kisI deza ke kAvya meM hai / unake anusAra vaha mahAna balazAlI, atizaya sundara, tathA astravidyA meM pUrNa nipuNa the / unakA jJAna va buddhi sarvavyApI tathA sarvadarzinI thI / unhoMne mAnava-zakti dvArA nija karma kA nirvAha kiyA, parantu unakA caritra atimAnavIya hai / ve eka Adarza puruSa the I Adhunika hindI jaina kRSNa sAhityaH Adhunika kAla meM bhI hindI jaina kRSNa sAhitya kI racanA kI gaI hai / marudharIya kavivarya cauthamalajI ne bhI kRSNalIlA kA nirmANa kiyA hai / nemicandrajI ne neminAtha aura rAjula kI racanA kI / AcArya khUbacandajI ne pradyumna aura zAmbakumAra para likhA / jaina divAkara cauthamalajI ma. ne "bhagavAna neminAtha aura puruSottama zrIkRSNa" tathA marudhara kezarI mizrImalajI kA "mahAbhArata", kAzInAthajI kA "neminAtha caritra tathA devendra muni kA "bhagavAna ariSTanemi" aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa Adi sundara racanAe~ hai / racanAoM ke alAvA bhI zrIkRSNa se saMbaMdhita kucha zodha - patra bhI hindI bhASA meM prakAzita hue haiM jinameM pramukha zrI sukhAlAlajI kA "cAra tIrthaMkara zrI agaracandajI nAhaTA ne "prAcIna jaina graMthoM meM zrIkRSNa" zrIcandajI rAmapurIyA ne "arhanta ariSTanemi aura vAsudeva zrIkRSNa" mahAvIra koTIyA ne jinavANI patrikA va muni hajArImalajI smRti - grantha meM "jaina sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa lekha likhakara prakAza DAlA hai / prophesara hIrAlAla rasikadAsa kApaDiyA ne "vAsudeva zrIkRSNa aura jaina sAhitya" meM acchA saMkalana kiyA hai / ina sabhI kRtiyoM meM zrIkRSNa se saMbaMdhita eka bAta jo sAmAnya taura para dRSTigocara hotI hai vaha yaha hai ki jaina sAhitya samayAnusArI nahIM, varan 158 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa

Page #173
zAzvata dharmAnusArI hI adhikatara rahatA hai / sabhI kRtiyoM meM kRSNa ke paramparAgata vIra zreSTha puruSa kA vyaktitva hI citrita kiyA gayA hai / jaina vicAraka muni cauthamalajI apane kAvya grantha "bhagavAna nemanAtha aura puruSottama zrIkRSNa" meM isa tathya ko nimna zabdoM meM abhivyakta karate haiM " jarAsaMdha aura zrIkRSNa meM bhArI yuddha macA / zUravIra bhI dahala gae haiM, vidyAdhara kaMpAyA | * * * phira to jarAsaMdha ne jhuMjhalAkara cakra ratna calAyA / - yAdava subhaTa dekha usa tAI, turata mukha kumhalAyA / / * * * zrIkRSNa ne usa cakraM ko, grahaNa kiyA kara mAMhI / sabake jI meM jI AyA, phira sabhI rahe hulasAI / / devagaNa kaheM bharata kSetra meM, pragaTe vAsudeva / gaMdhodaka aura puSpa varSAkara, kInI deva ne seva // 1 - eka zreSTha rAjA ke rAjya meM saba prakAra se sukha aura samRddhi kA prajAjana anubhava karate hai / apane "pANDava - yazorasAyana " mahAkAvya meM marudhara kezarI muni zrI mizrImallajI ne ina bhAvoM ko prakaTa karate hue eka sundara savaiyA likhA hai, jo isa prakAra hai "saba deza kise sukha saMpati hai aru neha bar3he nita ko saba meM, vita, vAhaka, sAjana dharma dhurI kula jAti dipAvata hai saba meM, nahi jhUTha lavAra ju lAghata jovata meM vyasanI zubha bhAvana meM, madhusUdana rAja meM sarva sukhI ita- kita ru bhIta lakhI taba meM ||2 hindI jaina kRSNa - svarUpa saMbaMdhita adhikatara kRtiyoM meM kRSNa ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana lagabhaga samAna rUpa se huA hai / adhikAMza kRtiyoM ke racanAkAroM ne apanI kRti kA AdhAra AcArya jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa ko hI banAyA hai / AcArya jinasena se pahale jaina sAhitya meM zrIkRSNakI mahattA do svarUpoM meM hI prastuta kI huI milatI hai| eka zalAkApuruSa ke rUpa meM tathA dUsare AdhyAtmika puruSa ke rUpa meM / AcArca jinasena ne sarvaprathama zAyada vaiSNavoM ke paurANika sAhitya se prabhAvita hokara - 1- cauthamala : bhagavAna nemanAtha aura puruSottama zrIkRSNa, pada saM. 243, 245, 2- mizrIlAla : pANDava yazorasAyana - pR. 285 / (248 va 249) hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa - vikAsa * 159

Page #174
zrIkRSNa ke bAlagopAla svarUpa kA varNana kiyA hai / bAda meM isa racanA ko AdhAra banAkara jo hindI jaina harivaMza purANa likhe gae unameM kRSNa ke bAlagopAla svarUpa kA varNana hai / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa ke bAlagopAla svarUpa kA jyAdA rocaka varNana nahIM hai jabaki vaiSNava sAhitya isase otaprota hai| ___ Adhunika hindI jaina sAhitya meM naTakhaTa gvAlabAla ke rUpa meM, kAnoM meM kuNDala pahanane, pItAmbara dhAraNa karane, mukuTa lagAne, bA~surI bajAne Adi kA tathyAtmaka varNana huA hai / kRSNa ke mAkhana khAne tathA gopa-gopiyoM ke sAtha ghUmane phirane kA bhI varNana huA hai / yaha varNana hindI jaina sAhitya meM saMkSipta hai tathA sAmAnya hai / kRSNa kA rUpa gokula kI gvAlaniyoM ke lie jAduI AkarSaNa hai / hindI jaina kavi muni mizrImalajI ne apanI kRti "pANDava yazorasAyana" meM isakA manohArI varNana kiyA hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa . meM - 'dahIDo DAle dUdha meM, mAMkhaNa jala mAhI re / jala rAle kabhI chAcha meM, muM rAkha bharAI re / / kautuka dUdha kA kara rahyA, khele apane dAve re / adhara bajAvai bA~sUrI saba hI ha~sa jAve re / / parasyo re khAvai nahIM, mAtA najara curAve re / ___ chAne koThA meM ghusI, mAkhana gaTakAve re / / * * * 'mukuTa dhara moranI, mujha para hera lIno re / . kAmaNArI kAnhar3au, mo pai jAdu kIno re / / Thuma Thuma cAla suhAvanI, aNiyAlI A~khaDtyA re / ghugharavAlA keza hai, julphA bAkaDatyA re // 2 upasaMhAra jaina paramparAgata kRSNa kathA, jaina sAhityakAroM, TIkAkAroM tathA jaina muniyoM dvArA praNIta kRSNa viSayaka saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA hindI jaina sAhitya tathA usameM varNita kRSNa ke vividha svarUpoM kA hamane pichale adhyAyoM meM adhyayana kiyA hai / upasaMhAra" meM yaha dekhanA ucita hogA ki 1- pANDava yazorasAyana : muni zrI mizrImalla, pR. 177/47 / 2- vahI, pR. 177 / 160 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #175
jitane jaina sAhitya kA hamane adhyayana kiyA, utane se kRSNa caritra kA kathA - svarUpa pratipanna hotA hai ? vaidika sAhitya se apabhraMza sAhitya taka kRSNa ke svarUpa kA varNana bhinna-bhinna vidvAnoM tathA kaviyoM ne kiyA hai / isa paricaya se hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa ke svarUpa - vikAsa kI pRSThabhUmi spaSTa ho jAtI hai aura hama dekhate haiM ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI jaina, bauddha aura vaidika ina tInoM dhArAoM ne karmayogI zrIkRSNa ke jIvana ko vistAra aura saMkSepa meM yugAnukUla bhASA meM citrita kiyA hai / jahA~ vaiSNava dharma ke anusAra kRSNa ko viSNu kA pUrNa avatAra mAna kara zraddhA aura bhakti se kRSNa kA stavana kiyA hai, kahA~ jaina paramparA ne bhAvI tIrthaMkara aura zlAdhanIya puruSa mAnakara unakA guNAnuvAda kiyA hai tathA bauddha paramparA ne bhI unheM buddha kA avatAra mAnakara unakI upAsanA kI hai / vaidika sAhitya se lekara apabhraMza sAhitya taka sabhI vidvAnoM ne kRSNa ko parAkramI, mahAvIra tathA eka mahApuruSa mAnA hai / ve loka - rakSaka, dharma va nIti ke saMsthApaka aura Adarza puruSa haiM / I - jahA~ taka kRSNa sambandhI jaina sAhitya kA prazna hai, yaha mukhyataH prabandhabaddha hai tathA bar3e parimANa meM upalabdha hai / eka aura jahA~ jainetara hindI sAhitya kI lambI kAlAvadhi meM kRSNa sambandhI adhikAMza sAhitya muktaka rUpa meM likhA gayA, vahA~ jaina sAhitya kI paramparA meM prArambha se hI kRSNa carita prabandha kAvya kA viSaya rahA / ina prabandha kAvyoM meM kRSNa kI vIratA, parAkrama tathA dvArakAdhIza rUpa meM unakA vAsudeva rAjA kA rUpa hI mukhya varNya viSaya rahA hai / jabaki hindI ke muktaka sAhitya meM kRSNa ke kAlAntara meM vikasita gokula - pravAsa kI kathA va unakA gopAla, gopIjana - priya rUpa hI varNana kA mukhya AdhAra rahA / isa prakAra hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa ke apekSAkRta prAcIna va aitihAsika svarUpa kA varNana huA hai / hindI ke pUrva ke bhASA rUpa - apabhraMza tathA AdikAlika hindI meM kRSNa-sambandhI racanAe~, pramukhataH jaina - sAhityakAroM kI hI upalabdha haiM / inameM svayaMbhU, puSpadaMta jaise apabhraMza - kAvya ke advitiya mahAkaviyoM kI vizAlakAya paurANika racanAe~ haiM to AdikAlika hindI meM racita phAgu, rAsa, belizIrSaka avivAdAspada racanAoM meM se aneka jaina - sAhityakAroM kI kRSNa - carita viSayaka racanAe~ haiM / ye sabhI racanAe~ tatkAlIna bhASA - rUpa tathA kAvya - rUpa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva rakhatI haiM / jaina kavi mukhyataH paramparAvAdI haiM / isa kAraNa kRSNa carita ke ati prAcIna aitihAsika svarUpa ko akSuNNa rakhane meM ve saphala rahe haiM / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 161

Page #176
bAlyAvasthA se hI kRSNa zArIrika bala meM Adarza the / unake sahaja bala ke prabhAva se vRndAvana hiMsra prANiyoM se surakSita bana gayA thA / usI bala ke kAraNa pUtanA, kAliyanAga, campaka, kaMsa ke malla va svayaM kaMsa Adi mAre gae the / bala kA parimArjita rUpa zastra vidyA meM dikhalAI par3atA hai jisake kAraNa usa samaya kA kSatriya samAja unako sarvapradhAna zastravida mAnatA thA / koI bhI yoddhA unako kabhI bhI parAjita nahIM kara pAyA / kaMsa, jarAsaMdha, zizupAla Adi yoddhAgaNa evaM kAzI, kaliMga, paunDraka, gAndhAra, prabhRti bahutere rAjAoM ke sAtha unakA yuddha huA jisameM unhoMne sabako parAjita kiyA / zrIkRSNa ke vIra puruSa ke aitihAsika vyaktitva ne kAlAntara meM devatva kA svarUpa dhAraNa kara liyA aura avatAravAda ke vikAsa krama meM kRSNa viSNu ke avatAra rUpa meM pratiSThita hue / unakI pUjA-arcanAne eka sampradAya kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA, jo vAsudeva mata, bhAgavata sampradAya athavA vaiSNava mata Adi nAmoM se jAnA gayA / kRSNa isa sampradAya meM svayaM bhagavAna vAsudeva rUpa meM pUjya hue / mahAbhArata meM kRSNa kA svarUpa citraNa isa dhAraNA ke anurUpa hai| jaina kathA ke nAyaka kRSNa bhI vAsudeva haiN| ve amita vaibhava va zakti se sampanna dvArakA ke rAjA haiM / jaina paramparA meM kRSNa kI vAsudeva saMjJA biruda sUcaka hai, ThIka vaise hI jaise cakravartI, vikramAditya Adi aitihAsika biruda rahe haiM / jaina-paramparAnusAra vAsudeva rAjA arddhacakravartI rAjA mAnA gayA hai / jaina-sAhitya meM aise nau vAsudeva rAjAoM kA varNana huA hai jinameM dvArakAdhIza kRSNa aMtima vAsudeva kahe gae haiN| purANoM ke adhyayana se yaha natIjA nikalatA hai ki kRSNa saMbaMdhita jo samasta pApa-kathA jana samAja meM pracalita ho gaI hai vaha samasta hI nirmala hai aura managaDhanta kathAoM ko bAhara nikAla dene para kRSNa caritra meM jo kucha zeSa bacatA hai vaha ati vizuddha, parama pavitra evaM mahAna hai / zrIkRSNa jaisA sarvaguNa-sampanna, sarvapApa-saMsparzazUnya Adarza vyaktitva anyatra kahIM bhI nahIM hai - na kisI deza ke itihAsa meM hai aura na kisI deza ke kAvya meM hai| jainAgamoM meM kRSNa ke gokula-pravAsa kI kathA tathA kRSNa ke bAla-gopAla svarUpa kA varNana nahIM hai / AcArya jinasena se pahale jaina sAhitya meM zrIkRSNa kI mahattA do svarUpoM meM hI prastuta huI milatI hai - eka zalAkApuruSa ke rUpa meM aura dUsare AdhyAtmika puruSa ke rUpa meM / AcArya jinasena ne sarvaprathama zAyada vaiSNava paramparA tathA harivaMza purANa se 162 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #177
prabhAvita hokara zrIkRSNa ke bAla - gopAla svarUpa kA varNana apane "harivaMza purANa" meM kiyA / jisako AdhAra mAnakara bAda meM usI prakAra kA varNana zAlivAhana va khuzAlacanda kAlA ne apane hindI bhASA meM racita "harivaMza purANa" meM kiyA / jaina sAhitya para bhAgavata purANa meM varNita kRSNa ke bAla gopAla svarUpa kA jo varNana hai, usakA spaSTa prabhAva dikhAI nahIM detA / dvitIya kRSNa eka advitIya vIra puruSa the / eka cakravartI rAjA ke rUpa meM mahAnavIra, advitIya parAkramI tathA zakti - sAmarthya se paripUrNa zalAkApuruSa the / apanI buddhi-kauzala ke bala para kRSNa Adhe bharatakSetra ke adhipati, abhiSikta hue aura unheM vAsudeva ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milI / kRSNa ke samaya meM bhArata varSa meM sarvatra anIti kA sAmrAjya phailA huA thA / aisI paristhitiyoM meM ripumardaka zrIkRSNa kArya kSetra meM kUdate haiM aura apane anupama sAhasa, asAdhAraNa vikrama, vilakSaNa buddhi-kauzala evaM atula rAjanItika paTutA ke bala para AsurI zaktiyoM kA damana karate haiM / aise yuddhoM meM vijayazrI varamAlA unake gale meM pahanAtI hai / I jaina granthoM meM kRSNa kA jo tRtIya svarUpa hamAre sAmane AtA hai vaha hai dharmaniSTha Adarza rAjapuruSa kA rUpa / kRSNa kI yaha dhArmika-niSThA tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke sandarbha meM varNita huI hai / jaina paramparAnusAra kRSNa tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke samakAlIna hI nahIM, unake cacere bhAI bhI haiM / ve unakI dharma sabhAoM meM upasthita rahane vAle tathA unake dharmopadeza sunanevAle rAjapuruSa ke rUpa meM varNita haiM / dvArakAdhIza zrIkRSNa kA tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi kI dharmasabhAoM meM upasthita honA, tathA unase dhArmika carcA karanA, zaMkA-samAdhAna karanA bahuta hI svAbhAvika rUpa meM hindI jaina sAhitya meM varNa hai| kRSNa Adarza dhArmika vyakti the / unakI dhArmika niSThA ke aneka aise pramANa haiM, jinase siddha hotA hai ki unakA dharma evaM satya avicalita thA / kRSNa hiMsApUrNa vaidika yajJoM ke virodhI the aura usake sthAna para AtmayajJoM kI vicAradhArA ko unhoMne poSita kiyA / isa vicAradhArA ke anusAra tapa, tyAga, hRdaya kI taralatA, satya vacana tathA ahiMsA ke AcaraNa ke dvArA Atmazuddhi kA mArga hI dharma mAnA gayA / baladRpta logoM kI apekSA adhika balavAna hote hue bhI unhoMne lokahita socakara sadaiva zAnti ke lie prayatna kiyA / jo kArya yuddha ke binA sampanna ho sakatA ho, usake lie kRSNa ne kabhI bhI yuddha nahIM hone diyA / kaMsa kA vadha karake kRSNa ne kaMsa ke pitA ugrasena ko hI rAjA banAyA / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa vikAsa - * 163

Page #178
hamAre deza kI yaha rIti-nIti hai ki jo rAjA kA vadha karatA hai, vahI usakI gaddI para baiThatA hai / kRSNa bhI aisA kara sakate the, parantu unhoMne vaisA nahIM kiyA / dharmAnusAra vaha rAjya ugrasena kA hI thA / kaMsa unako rAjyacyuta karake svayaM siMhAsana para jama gayA thA / kRSNa janma se hI dharmAtmA the / ve svabhAvataH dharmapAlana meM nirata the / ataH jisakA rAjya thA, usako dekara unhoMne dharma kA nirvAha kiyA / kRSNa parahita sAdhana ko sabase bar3A dharma mAnate the| unhoMne kaMsa kA vadha bhI dharma hita meM hI kiyA thA - yAdava jAti kA hita sAdhane ke lie atyAcArI kaMsa kA vadha kiyA thA / kaMsa-vadha kA pramANa hameM itihAsa meM milatA hai / isI prasaMga se hameM vidita hotA hai ki kRSNa atyanta balazAlI, parama kAryadakSa, parama dharmAtmA, para-hita-nirata evam parama karuNAkara the / / kRSNa kA dharmapracAra - kAryapradhAna thA na ki upadezapradhAna / zizupAla jaba taka kRSNa ke prati atyAcAra karatA rahA, ve sahate rahe / parantu jaba zizupAla pANDava yajJa kA dhvaMsa karane aura dharma-rAjya sthApanA meM vighna DAlane para tatpara ho gayA to kRSNa ne usakA vadha kara diyA / kSamA aura daNDa donoM meM kRSNa Adarza puruSa the / jaina dRSTi se kRSNa bhaviSya meM honevAle AgAmI caubIsa tIrthaMkaro meM gyArahaveM nambara ke amama nAmaka tIrthaMkara hoMge / yaha bAta to unakI AtmA ko bhaviSya kI mahattA ke hisAba se jaina zailI se rakhane meM AI hai / kintu yahI AtmA zrIkRSNa svarUpa meM bhI jaina dRSTi se eka bahuta ucca koTi kI AtmA svIkArane meM AI hai| koI vyakti yadi catura rAjanItijJa ho aura dharmAtmA bhI ho taba usa vyakti kA svarUpa kaisA hogA ? yaha bAta jAnane ke lie zrIkRSNa kA hindI jaina sAhitya meM varNita svarUpa eka uttama udAharaNa hai / bhAgavata tathA mahAbhArata ke kRSNa kI tulanA meM jaina sAhitya meM varNita kRSNa kA svarUpa jyAdA nyAyapUrNa tathA tarkasaMgata hai / jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa ke kapaTa tathA jhUTha ko bhI jaina dRSTi se tarkasaMgata tathA satya mAnA jA sakatA hai jabaki vaidika dRSTi se aisA nahIM hai / vaidika dRSTi meM kRSNa ke jhUTha, kapaTa, chala ityAdi ko Izvara kI lIlA batAkara nyAya dene kA prayatna kiyA hai jabaki jaina paramparA meM zrIkRSNa ke prati khUba aucitya evaM nyAyapUrNa dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai / kRSNa kA satya, nyAya, nIti, dayA ityAdi anubaMdha" (pariNAma) ke vicAra ke Upara AdhArita hai / kRSNa kA satya jaina paribhASA ke anusAra anubaMdha satya hai / kRSNa ke mana meM eka hI nyAya, eka hI satya, 164 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #179
eka hI rAjanIti thI / unakA eka hI uddezya thA ki jagata ke Upara duSToM kA Adhipatya samApta karanA / usako samApta karane ke lie jo kucha karanA par3e vahI satya, vahI nIti, vahI dharma / jaina zailI dharma-kSetra meM bhI anubaMdha satya, anubaMdha nyAya, anubaMdha nIti ityAdi ko hI satya, nyAya aura nIti mAnatI hai / kurukSetra kI yuddha-nIti meM tathA pApiyoM kA nAza karane meM zrIkRSNa ne anubaMdha satya, nyAya, nIti ityAdi kA vicAra karake hI sAre nirNaya lie to isameM koI navInatA nahIM hai / 1 anta meM yaha kahanA zeSa hai ki kRSNa sarvatra, samakAlIna, sarvaguNamayI abhivyakti meM ujjvalatama hai / ve aparAjeya, aparAjita, vizuddha, puNyamaya, prItimaya, dayAmaya, anuSTheya, karma meM aparAGmukha, dharmAtmA, vedajJa, nItijJa, dharmajJa, loka- hitaiSI, nyAyaniSTha, kSamAzIla, nirapekSa, jJAtA, nirmama, nirahaMkAra, yogI, tapasvI haiM / unhoMne zakti dvArA nija karma kA nirvAha kiyA, parantu unakA caritra atimAnavIya hai / isa prakAra mAnavIya zakti dvArA atimAnavIya caritra kA vikAsa hone se unameM Izvaratva kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / jaina hindI sAhitya - vaiSNava sAhitya meM varNita kRSNa ke zrRMgArI nAyaka ke svarUpa ke vikAra se dUra rahA / usameM kRSNa eka udAtta, vIra, evam dharmaniSTha nAyaka ke rUpa meM pratiSThita raheM / kRSNa ke svarUpa citra kI dRSTi se jaina sAhitya kI yaha eka aitihAsika dena hai / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 165

Page #180
pariziSTa-1 : saMdarbha grantha sUcI: saMskRta (mUla grantha) - 1. Adi purANa : AcArya jinasena-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kaashii| 2. uttara purANa (mahApurANa) : AcArya guNabhadrAcArya-bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kaashii| 3. uttara purANa sakalakIrti (aprakAzita prati : upalabdha-Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jypur)| : pratiSThA soma / 4. Rgveda / 5. aitareya brAhmaNa / 6. aitareya AraNyaka / kRSNa kathA 8. chAndogya upaniSada / triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa carita (mUla) 10. nemijina carita 11. pANDava carita (mahAkAvyam) 12. pANDava purANa 13. pANDava purANa AcArya hemacandra / : brahmanemidatta / 14. pradyumna carita 15. pradyumna caritra : malladhArI devaprabhasUri / / : zubhacandra / zrIbhUSaNa (aprakAzita pratiH upalabdha di. jaina maMdira, jypur)| : mahAsena / : ratnacandramaNi (aprakAzita pratiH upalabdha di. jaina maMdira, jypur)| : brahmarAya malla (aprakAzita pratiH upalabdha - Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jypur)| 16. pradyumna rAso 17. bhagavad gItA / 18. mahAbhArata / 166 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svaspa-vikAsa

Page #181
19. zrImadbhAgavata purANa / 20. zizupAla - vadha | mahAkAvyam 21. harivaMza purANa 22. harivaMza purANa (jaina) 23. harivaMza purANa 24. harivaMza purANa 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. : 8. 9. jAtaka kathA (pAli) 10. NemiNAha cariu - : prAkRta, pAlI aura apabhraMza ke mUla grantha : antakRddazAMga (prAkRta) antagaDDadazA Avazyaka niryukti : uttarAdhyayana sUtra ( prAkRta) | kaNha carita (kRSNa caritra) kalpasUtra (prAkRta) caupanna mahApura AcArya zIlAMka | : cariya (prAkRta) caturthakhaNDa (pAli) / : :: : : : : 00 : mahAkavi mAgha / vaiSNava purANa / AcArya jinasena / brahmajinadAsa (aprakAzita pratiH upalabdha - Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / brahma nemidatta (aprakAzita pratiH upalabdha - Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura) | : bhadanta Ananda kauzalyAyana / lakhamadeva (aprakAzita pratiH upalabdha di. jaina maMdira, pAThodI) / 11. NemiNAha cariu (riTThaNemi : ( raighu, hastalikhita pratiH upalabdha jaina siddhAnta bhavana, ArA / ) cariu athavA harivaMza purANa 12. tiloya paNNati ( prAkRta) | 13. nirayAvalikA (prAkRta) / 14. pANDava purANa ( apabhraMza) : 15. prazna vyAkaraNa (prAkRta) / 16. pradyumna carita (apabhraMza) : AcArya hastImalajI ma.sA. / jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha, sailAnA / AcArya bhadrabAhu | devendrasUri / Agama prabhAkara muni puSpavijayajI / - yazakIrti / mahAkavi siMha (aprakAzita pratilipiH upalabdha : Amera zAstra bhaNDAra / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa 167

Page #182
17. bhavaHbhAvanA (prAkRta) : malladharI hemacandrasUri / 18. riTThaNemi cariu (apabhraMza) : svayaMbhU (hstlikhit)| 19. samavAyAMgasUtra (praakRt)| 20. jJAtAdharma kathA (praakRt)| 21. harivaMza purANa : yazakIrti (aprakAzita pratiH upalabdha di. jaina maMdira, jypur)| 22. harivaMza purANa : zrutakIrti (aprakAzita pratiH upalabdha Amera zAstra, bhaNDAra, jayapura) / 23. harivaMza purANa : mahAkavi dhavala, (aprakAzita pratiH / upalabdha di. jaina maMdira, jypur)| 24. harivaMza purANa (aprabhaMza) : tisaTTi mahApuriSNuNAlaMkAsa puSpadanta / hindI (mUla grantha) :1. ariSTanemi caritra : kAzInAtha jaina svaMyamU (hindI anuvAdaH DaoN. devendrakumAra) / arihanta ariSTanemi aura vAsudeva kRSNa : zrI canda rAmapuriyA / 3. Agama sAhitya kA paryAlocana : mani zrI kanhaiyAlAla (kml)| 4. uttara purANa : khuzAlacanda kAlA (hastalikhita pratiH upalabdha Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, . jypur)| 5. kRSNa carita cintAmaNi vinAyaka veda / 6. kRSNa nIti : somanAtha (rAjasthAna purAtana graMthamAlA) / kRSNa caritra : samudragupta / 8. kRSNa caritra : devendra sUri / 9. kRSNa krIr3A kAvya : somasundara sUri / 10. kRSNa sakhI gIta : narasiMha / 11. gajasukumAra rAsa : devendra sUri / 12. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsaH nAthUrAma premI / 13. jaina dharma : paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI / 14. jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa : AcArya hastImalajI / >> 168 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #183
15. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa : Do. gulAbacandra caudhrii| 16. jaina zrIkRSNa kathA : rAjendramuni zAstrI / 17. triSaSTi jIva mahApuruSa varNana : banArasIdAsa / 18. neminAtha caritra : kAzInAtha jaina / 19. nemicandrikA : manaraMgalAla pAlivAla (hastalikhita) / 20. neminAtha phAgu : jayazaMkara sUri (hastalikhita) / 21. nemizvara rAsa : nemicandra (hstlikhit)| 22. neminAtha rAsa : sumatigaNi (hstlikhit)| 23. neminAtha caritra : ajayarAja pATanI (hstlikhit)| 24. nemizvara kI beli : kavi ThAkurasI (hstlikhit)| 25. nemizvara candrAyaNa : narendra kIrti (hastalikhita) / 26. neminAtha caritra : ajayarAja pATanI (hstlikhit)| 27. pANDava purANa : bulAkIdAsa / 28. paramAtma prakAza : dolatarAmajI kI hindI TIkA / 29. pANDava yazorasAyana : munizrI mizrImalajI / 30. prAcIna bhArata kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti : dAmodara dharmAnanda kausambI / 31. pradyumna carita : mannAlAla (hstlikhit)| 32. pradyumna rAsa brahmarAyamalla (hastalikhita) / 33. pradyumna prabandha devendra kIrti (hstlikhit)| 34. pradyumna carita . : sadhAru / 35. balabhadra caupAI : yazodhara (hstlikhit)| 36. balabhadra beli : kavi sAliga (hastalikhita) / 37. bhagavAna neminAtha aura puruSottama zrIkRSNa : muni cauthamalajI / 38. bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura . karmayogI zrIkRSNa : eka anuzIlana devendramuni zAstrI / 39. zAmba pradyumna rAsa (hastalikhita) / 40. harivaMza purANaM : zAlivAhana (hastalikhita) pratiH upalabdha Amera zAstra bhaNDAra, jayapura / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 169

Page #184
41. harivaMza purANa khuzAlacanda kAlA (hastalikhita pratiH upalabdha di. jaina maMdira, udypur)| 42. hindI jaina sAhitya : nemicandra zAstrI / hindI (samIkSA grantha) - 1. apabhraMza sAhitya : Do. harivaMza kochaDa / 2. atIta kA anAvaraNa : muni zrI nathamalajI / 3. ariSTanemi : dhIrajalAla TokarazI zAha / 4. ariSTanemi caritra : zrI ratnapremI suri / 5. atharvaveda / 6. amama svAmI caritra : muni ratnasUri racita : anuvAdaka - ___ bhAnucandra vijaya / 7. AdikAla kI pramANika : DaoN. gaNapaticandra gupta / rcnaaeN| uttarAdhyayana eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana : muni nthmljii| 9. kalpasUtra : Agama prabhAkara muni puSpavijayajI / 10. kalpasUtra : devendrasUri / 11. kalpasUtra kalpa saMbodhikA TIkA : upAdhyAya vinaya vijayajI / 12. kathAkoSa prakAza : jinezvara sUri / 13. kaThopaniSada / 14. kAnha caritra : devendra sUri / 15. kRSNAvatAra (bhAga-4) : ka.mA. muMzI / 16. zrIkRSNodaya : vedaprakAza zarmA / 17. kRSNa caritra : baMkimacandra / 18. kRSNa merI dRSTi meM : AcArya rajanIza / 19. kRSNAyana : dvArikAprasAda mizra / 20. kRSNa prasaMga : kavirAja gopInAtha / 21. kRSNalIlA rAsa : sadAnanda / 22. kRSNa beli : pRthvIrAja raatthodd'| 23. kRSNa rukmiNI belI : pRthvIrAja / . 170 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #185
itihAsa 24. gItA rahasya athavA karmayoga : bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka / 25. cAra tIrthaMkara : paM. sukhalAlajI siMghavI / 26. caitanya caritAmRta : subalazAyAma / 27. cauppana mahApuruSaunAM caritroH (anuvAda) AcArya hemasAgara / 28. chAndogya upaniSada : paM. sukhalAlajI siMghavI / 29. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa : pUrva pIThikA : paM. kailAzacandrajI / 30. jaina Agama sAhitya meM : Do. jagadIzacandra jaina / bhAratIya samAja / 31. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad . : kathA sAhitya, kAvya sAhitya volyUma 6, 7 (pAzvarnAtha vidyAAzrama, banArasa) / 32. nemi caritra . : kavi vikrama / 33. padma purANa 34. prAkRta sAhitya : jagadIzacandra jaina / 35. brahmavaivarta purANa / 36. brahmANDa purANa / 37. bhagavata gItA paricayAtmaka nibaMdha Do. rAdhAkRSNana / 38. bhaviSya purANa / 39. bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA : dharmAnanda kausaambii| 40. .mahAbhArata kathA : cakravartI rAja gopAlAcArya / 41. madhyakAlIna dharma-sAdhanA : Do. hajArIprasAda dvivedI / 42. madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti : gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA / 43. mahAbhArata ke preraNA pradIpa caritra : upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni / 44. mahAbhArata paricaya grantha : gItApresa, gorakhapura / 45. mIrAM kI prema sAdhanA : bhuvanezvaranAtha mizra / 46. bhAratIya bhASAoM meM kRSNa kAvya : bhagIratha mizra / 47. bhAratIya saMskRti ko jaina dharma kA yogadAna : Do. hIrAlAla jaina / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa * 171

Page #186
48. raidhu sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana : Do. rAjArAma jaina / 49. rAdhAvallabha sampradAya : siddhAnta aura sAhityaH rAmacandra zukla / 50. rAjasthAnI veli sAhitya : Do. narendra bhAnAvata / 51. rItikAlIna hindI jaina kAvya _: Do. kirana jain| 52. laghu triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra : zrI meghavijayajI / 53. vasudeva hiNDI (bhAga 1, 2) : pusspvijyjii| 54. vasudeva hiNDI : DaoN. bhogIlAla sAMDesarA / 55. vAyupurANaM / 56. vAsudeva zrIkRSNa ane : pro. hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA / jaina sAhitya / 57. saMskRta jaina sAhityano : hIrAlAla rasikadAsa kApaDiyA / itihAsa (bhAga 1, 2) / , saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa : vAcaspati gairolA / 59. sUra nirNaya : dvArakAdAsa pArekha / 60. skandha purANa / 61. ziva purANa / 62. harivaMza purANa kA sAMskRtika adhyayana : zrImatI vINApANi / 63. hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa : Do. rAmakumAra varmA / 64. hindI aura malayAlama meM kRSNa bhakti kAvya : Do. bhAskarana nAyara / 65. hindI ke Adhunika mahAkAvya : Do. govindarAma zarmA / 66. hindI ke Adi aura madhyakAlIna phAgu kRtiyA~ : saMpA. govinda rajanIza / 67. hindI rAsa kAvya : Do. harIza / 172 * hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa-vikAsa

Page #187
68. hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla videzI bhASAoM ke samIkSAtmaka grantha 1. arli hisTrI Apha dI vaiSNava sekTa rilIjiyansa Apha iMDiyA vaiSNavijma - zaivijma 2. 3. koSa : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. : 6. 7. hindI vizvakoSa prAkRta propara nemasa DiksanarI 8. 9. . pAli propara nemasa DiksanarI 10. jaina kathA ratnakoSa patra-patrikAe~ : :: 1. kalyANa kA kRSNAka (kalyANa vizeSAMka) 2. zrIkRSNa vacanAmRtAMka 3. jayavANI : : bhAratIya kAvyazAstra koSa : bhAratIya kAvyazAstra koSa : bhArgava Adarza hindI zabdakoSa sAhitya koSa abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, bhAga-7 : rAjendra sUri (ratalAma) / abhidhAna cintAmaNi. hemacandrAcArya | DaoN. nagendra ! Do. rAjavaMza / : : : rAmacandra pAThaka / : : : : Do. hajArIprasAda dvivedI / : * 4. jaina darzana aura saMskRti : pariSada zodha patra / 5. jinavANI (patrikA) bAya rAya caudharI / hAkinsa | Do. bhaNDArakAra | dhIrendra varmA, jJAnamaNDala, li. vArANasI / nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI / Do. ema. ela. mehatA, DaoN. candrAkara / malana sAkara / 1386 / gItApresa gorakhapura / varSa 38, aMka gItA presa, gorakhapura / AcArya jayamalajI ma. sanmati, jJAnapITha, AgarA / jaina zve. terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA / : samyag jJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura / hindI jaina sAhitya meM kRSNa kA svarUpa vikAsa 173

Page #188

Page #189
nAma : DaoN. zrImatI prItama siMghavI janma sthAna : udayapura, rAjasthAna zikSA : bI. e. udayapura vizvavidyAlaya. ema. e. gujarAta vizvavidyAlaya ena. DabalyU DI. rAjasthAna mahilA vidyAlaya, udayapura pI. eca. DI. gu 'rAta vizvavidya laya ahamadAbAda bizeSa : adhyayana evaM zodha-kAya meM vizeSa ruci pichale do varSo se 'smatA se mokSa' viSaya para pro. mAlaraNiya sAhaba ke mArga darzana meM posTa DAkTareTa kara rahI hai / isake uparAnta khuzAlacanda kAlA racita hindI harivaMza purANa kA sampAdana bhI kara rahI hai|

Page #190
Dr. (Smt.) Pritam Singhvi's present study attempts an over-all historical-comparative survey of the Krsna-carita in the long Hindu and Jain literary traditions. In the earlier section the main events in Krsna's life are summarized on the basis of well-known source-works in Sanskrit and Prakrut. This provides a frame for examining the continuatin of the traditions in the pre-Hindi, 'Early Hindi and Modern Hindi works in the subject. The specific value of this latter section lies in presentig a systematic, detailed account of neui developments in the kisna-carita traditions We can certainly flope that Dr. Singhvi will continu to work in this less explored area and urge fier in particular to undetake editing of some unpublished Early Hindi text relating to the Jain Harivansa. H.C. Bhayani Ilon. Professor, L.D. Instiiute, Ahmedabad.