________________
(136) : Nandanavana
3.
300 BC
App. 300 BC 150 BC 100 BC 100 CE 400-500 CE 450-550 CE 529-589 CE 850 CE and onwards
Sthănănga, Sūtrakstänga Bhagavati Bhadrabāhu Vararuci Pādalipta Aryarakṣita Mahābandha Trilokaprajñapti Tattvārtha-sūtra Sabhāsya, Vịhat-kşetrasamāsa Ganitasāra-samgraha etc., Mathematics of zero
Use of Sünya Large numbers Stibuka term for 0 Alphabetical system Word numeral Digital numeral, zero Blank space for zero All three symbols Use of zero as 0 O for zero O for zero
11.
9. Conclusion
The references in Jaina texts regarding zero are summarised in Table 5. They indicate the use of zero concept even before 200-300 BC and the current circular symbol for it, О appears in them by fourthfifth century CE in Trilokaprajñapti. The mathematical operations based on zero appear soon afterwards.
References 1. Svāmi, Sudharmā; Ācārārga-1, Agama Prakashan Samiti, Beawar, 1983, p.
320 2. Apte, V. S.; Students Sanskrta -English Dictionary, MLBD, Delhi, 1993, p. 560 3. Basu, N. N.; Hindi Viśvakosa-23, BRP House, Delhi-52, p. 173
Acārya, Puspadanta-Bhūtabali; Satkhandāgama-14, SL Jain Trust, Amaraoti, 1956, p. 554-9 Sarasvati, Satyaprakash; Speeches, Writings and Addresses, R. S. Sansthana, Allahabad, 1981, p. 227
Svāmi, Sudharmā; Bhagavati-1, Jaina Vishva Bharati, Ladnun, 1994, p. 66 7. Svāmī, Sudharmā; Sūtrakstānga-1, ibid, 1984, p. 106 8. Varni, Jinendra; Jainendra-siddhānta-kośa -2, Bharatiya Jnanapith, Delhi, 1971,
p. 438 9. Ibid, p. 523 10. Svāmī, Sudharmā; Prašnavyākarana, Agama Prakashan Samiti, Beawar. 1983,
p. 54 11. Shastri, Balchandra; Lakṣaṇāvali-3, Vir Seva Mandir, 1979, p. 1065 12. Rajgopal, P., Arhat Vacana, 10.3. 1998 p. 9-26 13. Gupta, R. C.; Gaņita Bhārati, 17. 1-4. 1995 p. 45-61 14. See ref. 5 p. 226 15. Svāmi, Sudharmă; Samavão, Jaina Vishva Bharati, Ladnun, 1984 p. 105 16. Mahāvīrācārya; Ganitasāra-sargraha, JSS Sangha, Sholapur, 1963 p. 7 17. See ref. 8, p. 128
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