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(142) : Nandanavana
Based on the four co-existing physical properties, atoms may have sixteen types which could be extended to 200 types based on the combinational aspects of 4-touches (out of 4 opposing pairs), 5 colours, 5 tastes, and two smells, thus forming 4 x 5 x 5 x 2 = 200 varieties. If intensities of these qualities are also taken into account, infinite type of atoms could be thought of. The current science also takes physical properties as the basis of atomic classification where 106 types is the latest figure. It seems that the Jainas classification is more conceptual while the scientists are more experimental. One cannot judge about the validity of intuitional reasonability in comparison to scientific facts. (iv) Theory of Bonding and Molecular formations
Bhagavati mentions that the cause of atomic bonding is the presence of some gluey (sineha) substance in atoms. The true meaning of this statement became clear when post-canonical scholars like Pūjyapāda mentioned the existence of opposite charges - termed as Snigdha (+) and Rukṣa (-). Kundakunda and Umāsvāmi went deeper into the problem and postulated some rules based on their electrical nature. Accordingly, the following postulates could be made:
(a) All atoms have qualitatively and quantitatively differing electrical nature of smoothness and roughness equivalent to positive and negative electrical charges.
(b) Atoms always combine totally leading to chemical bond. Partial combinations may lead to physical bonds.
(c) The atomic combinations take place between the atoms of opposite electrical nature, which may be qualitative and quantitative too.
(d) However, no combination can occur between atoms of lowest level of electrical nature, i.e. 0 or 1. In earlier days, zero was not taken as a number, it seems. But if charges of atom are differing, combination may occur (i.e. inert gases). .
(e) Under some circumstances, atoms with quantitatively similar nature may also combine. Atoms having quantitatively similar but opposite nature may also combine. The formation of hydrogen molecule, sodium hydride and methane are current example. (This rule is given here in positive forms, Electrovalent, Covalent).
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