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Studies on Biology in Tattvārtha-Stūra :
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current biology. Moreover, there is no direct basis of senses or mind in biological classification, though they become part of the structural systems of any living being. The basis of volitions or psychology is also not there is Biology, but this forms the most important part of Jainology, as it is the purity of the psyche of the living beings that leads to happiness.
Table 4 : Jaina Taxonomy and Biological Taxonomy S.N. Classification
Canonical
Scientific Plants Animals Plants Animals Basis
32 9
4 No. of major classes 406
48
202 13 No. of types
350+100 302 No. of types of human
742-854 beings
3. Classification on the Basis of Senses
The T.S. classifies the living beings on the basis of evolution of cognitive senses and sense organs. It is worthy of note that the senses of the living beings mentioned in T.S. seem to be physical only and they may represent a pre-microscopic age description. The T.S. mentions five classes of 1-sensed or non-mobile beings and one class each of 2,3,4 and five sensed beings, mentioning one representative of each class. Other members of the same class are not mentioned there though the Svetāmbara canons," Mūlācāra and other texts have listed them.
Table 5 gives the T.S. description of senses and other organs among the various classes along with current biological information. It is clear that T.S. sense-based description represents eye-perceptible senses, which goes contrary to biologically and microscopically observed senses. The botany and zoology texts can be consulted on the point. Though it is said that every living being may posses all the senses psychically but they do not perform their functions because of absence physical sense organs. However, Pañca-sargraha 1.691 indicates that the one-sensed plants do perform the functions of all the sense with their one sense. This is in tune with the researches of J.C. Bose and Haldane. There is one super attainment of sensibility of all
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