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(254) Nandanavana
also come to exist. Its conduct is nearly monk-like (but it has some freedoms like going abroad etc.). All the laymen have six daily duties. They worship deities prominently. This creates a positive mental state. Fynes, Hopfe and others have described it on the basis of Śvetambara system and no Digambara process has been mentioned despite Jaini's book (1979).
Most of the western scholars presume Jaina tenets as tenets of austerity and salvation. Many authors up to 1995 have postulated them to be following detachmental path where the life and the world are negated and there is an idea of escape from both the corners. It is pessimistic towards life and the world and discourages every type of activities. Its ethics and practices are based on this concept. The Jainas are like Quakers - worshippers of peace and satisfaction. But their five principles of non-violence, non-false-speaking, non-stealing, non-sex and non-attachmental possession are indicative of the tendency of life negation. Prof. Hopfe states that the laity generally observes the first three as far as possible but there is laxity in observing the last two. However, the monks and nuns do observe them fully. Secondly, all these five concepts have no boundary. They apply to all the living creatures. Prof. Schweitzer has said that these concepts are not the basic concepts of the Jainas. They are originated from their detachmental ideology, which promotes in-activity in life. The Jainas talk about compassion etc. so that they may become detached from the world. What is the purpose there for others for them? They accept the passionate in activity and negate the sympathetic assistance for others. It is due to this that the Jaina ethics/practices promote individualism and egoism (Acharya Rajneesh had also similar thoughts). According to Basham also, the Jaina ethics and practices are basically negative and selfish. They are individualistic rather than socialistic. That is why; the life-style of a Jaina is controlled by harsh rules. This is the secret of the longevity. Despite this, the Jaina tenets do not offer permanent happiness without monkhood. This is in contrast with other religions.
All the above five principles of the Jainas are the same for both -- the laity and monks. However, their total observation is there in the monkhood only. (Many scholars discussed the effect of the principles of non-violence in terms of the life-style of the Jainas in the form of
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