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Medical Sciences in Jaina Canons :
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(i) Paediatrics (Kaumārabhịtya, Bālarakṣā) (ii) Surgery and Midwifery (Šalya) (iii) Ear, Nose, Throat and Eye treatment (śālākya) (iv) Internal and External Medicines (Kāya-cikitsa) (v) Toxicology (Agada or Jāngala) (vi) Demonology and Ash-thread Therapy (Bhūtavidyā,
Bhūtikarma) (vii) Geriatrics or Longevity (Rasāyana) (viii) Aphrodisiacology or Rejuvenation (Vājikaraṇa, Kșāra
tantra) These topics seem to be quite few and their scopes should also be quite incomplete with respect to twentieth century development of appliances of mechanical, electrical, electronical and penetrating rays nature besides more accurate knowledge about the internal and external systems and their mechanisms in the body. Still, they could not be discarded off hand as they contain the seeds for all later developments. Moreover, the general Indian villager is still being cured by this system in majority. Though anatomy and physiology do not find mention here, but they seem to be included in surgery and other related branches. Diseases and Their Causes
The disease, in general, is a disturbance in human physical and/or psychological system. This may be natural or accidental, temporary, chronic or fatal. It always causes pain and undesirability. The external causes of pain are nine as per Sthānānga : Overeating, improper posture or food, oversleeping, over-walking, constipation, urinalobstruction, over-sex and adverse food. These causes result in four types of internal, external or humoural change named as disturbances in (i) rhenium (air), (ii) bile substances, (iii) phlegmic substances and (iv) in the mixture of these three. This canonical statement differs from three defect-based Ayurvedic systems. The medical diseases are, therefore, classified on the basis of these causes. B. A.” and Ugrāditya also support this three-principle system in contrast to the canonical one, which seems to be more accurate. However, Ugrāditya has classified the diseases under 'two common-sense heads: (i) significant numbering eight and (ii) non-significant including
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