Bhupendranath Jain Abhinandan Granth

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/012065/1

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Aspects of Jainology Vol.7 jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAma, khaNDa7 Bhupendranath Jain Felicitation Volume. bhUpendranAtha jaina abhinandana grantha vArANasI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vArANasI 1998 (Gain Eocenion Irde national

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Parsvanatha Vidyapitha Series No. 107 Aspects of Jainology Vol. VII (Bhupendra Nath Jain Felicitation Volume) Editorial Board Dr. Sagarmal Jain Dr. Shriprakash Pandey Dr. Vijay Kumar Jain Dr. Sudha Jain Parsvanatha Vidyapitha Varanasi 1998 Jain Education Intemational

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Jain Education Intemational

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA saMkhyA 107 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 (bhUpendranAtha jaina abhinandana grantha) sampAdaka maNDala DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya DaoN. vijaya kumAra jaina DaoN0 sudhA jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vArANasI 1998 Jain Education Intemational

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Parsvanath Vidyapitha Series No. 107 Aspects of Jainology Vol. VII (Bhupendranath Jain Felicitation Volume) Publisher : Parsvanath Vidyapitha I.T.I.Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5 Tel:316521,318046 I. S. B. N. 81-86715-29-0 First Edition : 1998 Price : Rs. 300.00 Type setting at: Sun Computer Softec, Varanasi Rajesh Computers, Varanasi Printed at: Ratna Printing Press pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA saM0 107 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 7 (bhUpendranAtha jaina abhinandana graMtha) prakAzaka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha AI. TI. AI. mArga, karauMdI, vArANasI-5 dUrabhASa-316521, 318046 I. S. B. N. 81-86715-29-0 prathama saMskaraNa 1998 mUlya - ru. 300.00 akSara sajjA sana kampyUTarsa sAphTeka, vArANasI rAjeza kampyUTarsa, vArANasI mudraka - ratnA priTiMga presa, vArANasI Jain Education Intemational

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sampAdakIya pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ne jaina vidyA se sambandhita vividha viSayoM para likhe gaye mahattvapUrNa lekhoM ke prakAzana hetu jaina vidyA ke AyAma' ke nAma se eka prakAzana yojanA bnaayii| isameM abhI taka hama cha: khaNDoM kA prakAzana kara cuke haiN| isakA prathama khaNDa saMsthAna ke saMsthApaka lAlA harajasarAya jI kI smRti meM nikAlA gyaa| isI krama meM dUsarA khaNDa saMsthA ke mArgadarzaka paM0 becaradAsa dosI tathA tRtIya khaNDa padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke abhinandana grantha ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA gyaa| caturtha khaNDa meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI svarNa jayantI ke avasara para Ayojita 'prAkRta aura jaina vidyA pariSada' meM paThita lekhoM kA saMgraha prakAzita kiyA gyaa| isI prakAra pAMcaveM khaNDa meM zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jainasabhA kalakattA, ke hIraka jayantI ke avasara para pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke sahayoga se Ayojita saMgoSThI meM paThita lekhoM kA saMgraha prakAzita kiyA gyaa| SaSTha khaNDa DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina abhinandana grantha ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA gayA hai, isI krama meM yaha saptama khaNDa pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke saciva zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina ke abhinandana grantha ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai| isa khaNDa meM mukhya rUpa se hamane zramaNa meM prakAzita kucha zodhaparaka pratinidhi-lekhoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai| lekha-saMgraha meM hamArI dRSTi yahI rahI hai ki isameM una lekhoM kA vizeSa rUpa se saMgraha kiyA jAya jo jaina vidyA ke vyAvahArika pakSa se sambandhita hoM tathA sAtha hI zUdhaparaka bhI hoM aura eka naI dRSTi pradAna karate hoN| isa prakAra yaha saMgraha 'zramaNa kI pacAsa varSa kI yAtrA' kA eka pratinidhi saMkalana hai| yadyapi eka hI vyakti ke adhika lekha na A jAyeM isa dRSTi se hameM kucha acche lekhoM ko chor3ane ke liye bAdhya honA pdd'aa| Aja saMsthA kI hIraka jayantI ke pAvana prasaMga para jaba mere abhinandana grantha ke prakAzana kI bAta calI to maiMne usa sambandha meM apanI sahamati isI zarta para dI ki mere sAtha-sAtha bhAI bhUpendranAtha jI kA abhinandana grantha bhI prakAzita ho| yadyapi isa yojanA meM ve anya-manaska hI rahe kintu merI yaha bhAvanA rahI ki saMsthA ke vikAsa kI yAtrA meM hama donoM sahabhAgI aura sahayAtrI rahe haiN| ata: mere abhinandana grantha ke sAtha unakA abhinandana grantha prakAzita ho, yaha Avazyaka hai| yadyapi bhAI bhUpendranAtha jI yaza:kIrti kI AkAMkSA se dUra niSkAma bhAva se saMsthA ke liye kArya karate rhe| isa abhinandana grantha ke prakAzana se cAhe bhAI bhUpendranAtha jI adhika prasanna na hoM kintu yadi samAja meM sevA bhAvanA kI jyoti ko nirantara prajvalita rakhanA hai to aise mUka sevakoM kA abhinandana Avazyaka hai| yadyapi hamane unakI hI saMsthA meM unakI AjJA ke viruddha yaha duHsAhasa kiyA hai kintu bhaviSya meM isase logoM ko jaina vidyA kI sevA kI nirantara preraNA milatI rahegI, ise lakSya meM rakhakara hamane unakI sahamati ke binA yaha kadama uThAyA hai| bhAI sAhaba hameM kSamA kreNge| isa abhinandana grantha kI yojanA hetu hameM saMsthA ke saMrakSaka bhAI neminAtha jI, adhyakSa nRparAja jI evaM sahasaciva indrabhUti barar3a Adi ne hameM sahamati pradAna kI, ata: hama unake prati AbhAra prakaTa karate haiN| isa grantha ke prakAzana kI belA meM hama DaoN0 ziva prasAda jI, DaoN0 asIma kumAra mizra evaM zrI omaprakAza siMha kA AbhAra prakaTa karate haiM unhoMne lekhoM ke saMkalana aura prUpha rIDiMga Adi meM hamArA sahayoga kiyA hai| DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina Jain Education Intemational

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anukramaNikA lekhaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina pRSTha saMkhyA AcArya devendra muni zAstrI DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 ratanacanda jaina DaoN0 triveNI prasAda siMha pro0 sudarzanalAla jaina I-XIX 1-5 6-13 14-20 21-24 25-33 ra krama saM0 lekha sampAdakIya bhUpendranAtha jaina : eka abhinandanIya vyaktitva adhyAtmavAda : eka adhyayana jainadharma kI AdhyAtmika jIvanadRSTi jaina AcAra meM indriyadamana kI manovaijJAnikatA mAnava vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa AdhyAtmika yajJa : eka anucintana samayasAra ke anusAra AtmA kA kartRttva-akartRtva evaM bhoktRttva-abhoktRttva bhagavAna mahAvIra : samatA dharma ke prarUpaka bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA dvandva aura dvandva nivAraNa tanAva : kAraNa aura nivAraNa guNasthAna: manodazAoM kA AdhyAtmika vizleSaNa vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna 13. AcArya haribhadra aura unakA yoga prAcIna jaina granthoM meM karma siddhAnta kA vikAsa krama jaina dharma meM anIzvaravAda syAdvAda kI avadhAraNA : udbhava evaM vikAsa jaina. bauddha aura vaidika sAhitya : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jainAcAryoM kA Ayurveda sAhitya meM yogadAna AcArya jinasena (dvitIya) aura unakA pArzvabhyudaya kAvya' kAlidAsa kI kAvyatrayI para jaina TIkAyeM pravarasena aura unakA setubandha anekAntavAda aura usakI vyAvahArikatA mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta-sAmAjika nyAya kA amogha mantra bIkAnera kI jaina vAstukalA kA anUThA trailokyadIpaka prAsAda jaina paramparA ke vikAsa meM striyoM kA yogadAna 26. jaina sAhitya aura zilpa meM vAgdevI sarasvatI mAnava saMskRti kA vikAsa 28. yuddha aura yuddha nIti : jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zramaNa aura zrAvaka kA pArasparika sambandha AgamoM ke Aloka meM jainadharma aura varNavyavasthA gujarAta kA jainadharma jJAtAdharmakathA kI sAMskRtika virAsata jainavAstukalA- saMkSipta vivecana 34. jainakalA viSayaka sAhitya tamila itihAsa lekhana meM jaina lekhakoM kA avadAna 36. tapAgaccha kA itihAsa 37. tapAgaccha-kamalakalazazAkhA kA itihAsa 38. tapAgaccha-kutubapurAzAkhA kA itihAsa o- N NNNNNNNY m mmmmm webook DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya paM, dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA sva0 upA0 amaramani jI pro0 surendra varmA DaoN0 sudhA jaina zrI abhaya kumAra jaina DaoN0 rajjana kumAra DaoN0 kamala jaina DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha DaoN0 DI. Ara. bhaNDArI DaoN0 sItArAma dube AcArya devendramuni zAstrI AcArya rAjakumAra jaina DaoN0 zrIraMjana sUrideva DaoN0 ravizaMkara mizra DaoN ajita zukadeva zarmA DaoN. vijaya kumAra jaina DaoN. kamalacanda sogAnI zrI hajArImala bAThiyAM DaoN. aruNa pratApa siMha DaoN0 mAruti nandana prasAda tivArI zrI kanhaiyAlAla sarAvagI DaoN0 indrezacandra siMha DaoN. sAgaramala jaina DaoN0 phUlacanda siddhAnta zAstrI muni jinavijaya pro0 premasumana jaina DaoN0 zivakumAra nAmadeva sva0 DaoN0 jyotiprasAda jaina DaoN0 asIma kumAra mizra DaoN. zivaprasAda DaoN0 zivaprasAda DaoN0 zivaprasAda 34-39 40-43 44-47 48-53 54-62 63-72 72-78 78-90 90-98 99-100 101-106 107-117 118-121 121-125 125-128 129-132 132-141 142-143 143-145 145-148 149-150 154-159 160-164 165-168 169-174 175-192 193-196 197-199 200-201 202-203 204-217 218-222 223-225 Jain Education Intemational

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zramaNa saMgha ho avicala maMgala baar ........... t r vigaaN ......11/2/1 AcArya zrI devendra muni jI ma0 337rc |q714) dna 972) dsy lii dhuul too laidaa dhd ph'soo gyaa phai, jhc cNd gee gairll sooN daa vaiph'rchii kuur huc Graa , dvNdhuuph jaaNd7 vaiblnooN googooii lii rul liiroosaag dnfbrli vai / ailnnaafgooN jee # # pr aNdrld jddnr jgr Gsii kr lai| pruur lai giaa dsdaa jiinee daa naa boogs ph'rchii sbbug dvaa vai/ jhl diNdgoo jg, sg, is joo joo dsbNr chiild nivai clooN chaadnd cooN 7 sviichoom/ ku9l hookrrg clii jNgd ddee dg vaiHbijlee ujsc sooN hoo ridaad daa vph'd jooroo dvooveeNpluur ribbaas needh sooN jg-jaagdaa sooNdhr cheed vaalee j'ilhaa claa lquc kii cl dph vai| | G7 vaism phoojsii gl daarree baag phoogaigoorivaajb pheedh chugaidr dmglraacii ds| s'eenachii / maiNpr d7 go cu-57ddd j heerrg bbaig lee sdaar jhrs| dr samparka sUtra - AcArya devendra muni,

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zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina : eka racanAtmaka vyaktitva vyakti vizva ke raMgamaMca para avatarita hotA hai aura jIvana ke kucha khaTTe-mIThe anubhavoM ko lekara eka dina isa saMsAra se vidA ho jAtA hai / janma aura mRtyu aise do chora haiM jo pratyake vyakti ke jIvana meM ghaTita hote haiM / janma ke pUrva aura mRtyu ke pazcAta kyA hogA? ise cAhe hama na jAneM kintu saMsAra meM avatarita hokara vyakti ne apanA jIvana kaise jiyA, yaha aneka loga jAnate haiN| janma aura mRtyu ye donoM hI hamAre adhikAra kSetra ke bAhara haiM / isake saMbaMdha meM eka urdU zAyara ne kahA hai - "lAyI hayAta A gae kaz2A je calI cale cale / na apanI khuzI Aye na apanI khuzI ge| kintu ina donoM choroM ke madhya jo jIvana hai vaha hamArA apanA hai| vyakti kI jIvana zailI aura usake kAryAdarza hI aise tattva haiM jo vyakti kI vizeSatA kA nirdhAraNa karate haiM / vyakti kA vyaktitva kaisA rahA yaha usakI jIvana zailI aura kAryAdarza hI batAte haiM / zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina ke vyaktitva kA mUlyAMkana bhI unakI jIvana zailI aura jIvana Adarza se hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne apane jIvana meM jisa mUka bhAva se, yaza lipsA se nirlipta hokara pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke vikAsa hetu jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM jo sevA dI vaha unake vyaktitva kA eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa hai / vastuta: apane lie to sabhI koI jIte haiN| ghara-parivAra ke lie tathA bhoga-upabhoga ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke lie puruSArtha to sabhI koI karate haiM / bhoga-upabhoga ke pIche bhAgate hue vipula dhana kA saMcaya kara lenA aura use yA to apane bhoga-upabhoga meM kharca kara lenA yA parivAra ke lie chor3a jAnA, isa saba meM vyakti ke vyaktittva kI mahattA nahIM hai / mahattA isa bAta meM hai ki usane dUsaroM ke lie kyA kiyA ? deza aura samAja ko usase kyA lAbha milA ? vastuta: bhUpendranAtha jI jaina eka aise mUka sevaka rahe haiM jinhoMne apane yaza kI apekSA kiye binA samAja kI sevA kI hai| zrI bhUpendra nAtha jI kA janma amRtasara ke prasiddha evaM sammAnita osavAla parivAra meM lAlA jagannAtha jI ke pautra aura lAlA harajasarAya jI putra ke rUpa meM dinAMka 8 navambara, 1918 ko huaa| lAlA jagannAtha jI kA parivAra apanI samRddhatA aura samAjasevA ke lie amRtasara meM prasiddha thaa| lAlA jagannAtha jI ke tIna putra the- lAlA ratanacaMda jI, lAlA harajasarAya jI aura lAlA haMsarAja jii| lAlA ratanacaMda jI ke putroM meM bambaI ke bhUtapUrva zerIpha zrI zAdIlAla jI jaina jyeSTha putra the| unake anya putroM meM lAlA sumatiprakAza jI, jagatabhUSaNa jI Adi haiM / lAlA harajasarAya jI kA vivAha syAlakoTa ke prasiddha hakIma lAlA belIrAma jI kI suputrI zrImatI lAbha devI se huA thA / lAlA harajasarAya jI evaM zrImatI lAbhadevI ke isa yugala se kula chaha putra aura do putriyoM ne janma liyA / zrI amaracaMda jI, zrI bhUpendranAtha jI, zrI subuddhinAtha jI, zrI vidyAbhUSaNa jI, zrI ramezacaMndra jI aura zrI kailAza caMdra jI - ye chaha putra aura zrImatI sunandA jaina tathA zrImatI karuNA jaina -ye do putriyA~ huiiN| lAlA harajasarAya jI ke prathama putra zrI amaracaMda jI evaM zrI subuddhinAtha jI kramaza: 1985 evaM 1958 meM svargavAsI ho gae / zeSa cAroM putra aura donoM putriyAM Aja bhI apane pitA ke dvArA ropita pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke vikAsa meM rucipUrvaka bhAga le rahe haiM / mAtra yahI nahIM lAlA ratanacaMda jI ke pautra aura zrI zAdIlAla jI ke putra zrI nRparAja jI aura unakA parivAra bhI vidyApITha ke vikAsa meM rucipUrvaka bhAga le rahe haiN| isI prakAra lAlA harajasarAya ke pautra aura amaracaMda jI ke putra zrI indrabhUti barar3a ne bhI saMsthA ke vikAsa meM ruci lenA prArambha kiyA hai| vastuta: pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke janma se lekara Aja taka yaha parivAra isa saMsthA ke vikAsa hetu apanI sevAe~ samarpita karatA rahA jisa prakAra pUrva meM lAlA jagannAtha jI ke parivAra ne lAlA harajasarAya jI ke pArivArika vyavasAya kI cintA se mukta hokara isa saMsthA ke lie samarpita hokara kArya karane kI preraNA dI thI usI prakAra lAlA harajasa rAya jI ko parivAra ne bhI bhUpendra nAtha jI ko pArivArika dAyitvoM se mukta karake isa vidyA saMsthA kI sevA meM samarpita kara diyaa| ye pArivArika saMskAra hI ye jinhoMne zrI bhUpendra nAtha jI jaina ko isa saMsthA ke prati samarpita banAyA / vastuta: vyakti kI jIvana zailI aura AdarzoM ke vikAsa meM parivAra kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hotA hai / mAtA-pitA aura parijana Jain Education Intemational

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- hI vyakti kI vaha prathama pAThazAlA hai jahA~ se use saMskArita jIvana kI zikSA milatI hai| zrI bhUpendra nAtha jI jaina kA yaha saubhAgya rahA ki unheM lAlA harajasarAya jI jaisA saMskAravAna pitA aura zrImatI lAbhadevI jaisI dharmaniSTha mAtA kA sAnnidhya prApta rhaa| zrI bhUpendra nAtha jI jaina kI prArambhika zikSA amRtasara meM hI prArambha huI aura unhoMne apane pUjya pitAjI ke dvArA sthApita zrI rAmAzraya hAI skUla, amRtasara se 1937 meM hAI skUla kI parIkSA uttIrNa kii| zrI rAmAzraya hAIskUla bhAratIya saMskAroM ko vikasita karane ke lie svataMtratA premI aura AdhyAtmika dRSTi saMpanna bhAratIya saMskRti ke prati samarpita una vyaktiyoM ke dvArA nirmita kiyA gayA thA jo vidyArthiyoM meM rASTrabhakti, naitikatA, aura dezaprema ke bIja vapita karanA cAhate the aura ina vyaktiyoM meM hama zrI bhUpendranAtha jI ke pitA lAlA harajasarAya jI ko amRtasara kA vaha prathama vyakti pAte haiM jo rASTrIya zikSA ke prati samarpita thaa| jJAtavya hai ki lAlA harajasarAya jI isa hAIskUla kI sthApanA se lekara san 1966 taka, jaba ki unakA parivAra sthAyI rUpa se Akara pharIdAbAda meM basa nahIM gayA, isakA saMcAlana karate rahe / parivAra ke sAtha-sAtha isa zrI rAmAzraya hAIskUla ke saMskAra bhI bhUpendra jI ke jIvana para pdd'e| hAIskUla ke pazcAt saMbhAvanA to yahI thI ki zrI bhUpendranAtha jI apane paitRka vyavasAya meM jur3a jAte, kintu unhoMne paitRka vyavasAya se na jur3akara zikSA ke kSetra meM jur3anA hI ucita samajhA aura iMjIniyariMga kI ucca zikSA ke lie ve bI. eca. yU. Aye / usa samaya pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama sthApita ho cukA thA / pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI sthApanA aura apanI uccazikSA ke lie zrI bhUpendranAtha jI kA vArANasI AnA ye do aise tathya the jinhoMne bhUpendranAtha jI ko AjIvana isa saMsthA se jor3a diyA / yadyapi saMyogavazAt vArANasI meM zrI bhUpendranAtha jI kA svAsthya anukUla nahIM rahA aura unheM kucha samaya ke antarAla ke pazcAt yahA~ se vApasa jAkara paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya, lAhaura meM bhartI honA pdd'aa| unhoMne paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya, lAhaura se san 1941 meM B. Sc. Mechanical Eng. (Hons.) kI parIkSA prathama zreNI se na kevala uttIrNa kI apitu usameM prathama sthAna pAkara apane parivAra aura jaina samAja ko gauravAnvita kiyA / jJAtavya hai ki usa yuga meM jaba jaina samAja zikSA ke prati apanA upekSita dRSTikoNa banAe hae thA taba eka jaina parivAra ke bAlaka kA iMjIniyariMga kI ucca zikSA meM prathama sthAna prApta karanA kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM thaa| pitA ke samAna putra kA bhI yaha zikSA-prema paravartI kAla meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama jaise zikSA saMsthAna se jur3e rahane meM sahAyaka banA hai| vaha yuga thA jaba jaina samAja meM alpavaya meM hI vivAha ho jAyA karate the / phalata: zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina ko bhI yauvana kI dehalIja para kadama rakhate hI vivAha ke bandhana meM baMdhanA par3A / vivAha ke saMdarbha meM zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina ke pUjya pitAjI kA yaha dRSTikoNa thA ki jIvana meM saMyama kI maryAdA ko vikasita karane ke lie samAja meM vivAha kI vyavasthA huI hai / vaivAhika jIvana pUrNa saMyama taka pahu~cane ke lie rakhA gayA prathama caraNa hai / yaha cAritrika pavitratA kA samyak avasara hai aura pUrNa saMyama kI dizA meM bar3hA eka kadama / unakI dRSTi meM vyakti ke jIvana ko yadi koI nArakIya banAtA hai to vaha hai vilAsitA, svArthaparatA evaM uddAta kAma vAsanA na ki vaivAhika evaM pArivArika jIvana to saMyama kI sAdhanA kA eka sundara avasara hai / apane pitA ke isa dRSTikoNa ke anurUpa hI zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina ne pArivArika dAyitva aura maryAdA ko svIkAra kiyaa| zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina ne pArivArika maryAdAoM ko to svIkAra kiyA, kintu vo pardA prathA jaisI vikRta sAmAjika mAnasikatA se sahamata nahIM ho ske| ve amRtasara ke samAja aura apane parivAra meM prathama vyakti haiM, jinhoMne parivAra meM pardA prathA ko samApta kiyA / parivAra ke rur3higrasta variSTha janoM ko sammAna dete hue bhI na kevala apane virodha ko mukhara kiyA apitu use yathArthatA pradAna kii| yadyapi kucha samaya taka parivAra ke variSTha sadasya unase nArAja bhI rahe kintu bAda meM jaba unheM yathArtha sthiti kA bodha huA to na kevala unake isa kadama ke samarthaka hI bane apitu prazaMsaka bhI bne| apanI iMjIniyariMga kI snAtaka parIkSA uttIrNa karane ke pazcAt prArambha meM zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina zAsakIya sevA se jur3e aura unhoMne bambaI aura kalakattA meM apanI sevAe~ dI / usake kucha samaya pazcAt ve ArDinensa phaikTrI, amRtasara meM niyukta kiye gaye aura yahA~ lagabhaga 3 varSa (1942-1945) taka kArya kiyaa| kintu bhArata kI gulAmI ke usa yuga meM naukarazAhI kI Jain Education Intemational

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mAnasikatA unheM rucikara nahIM lagI aura zAsakIya sevA ko chor3akara 1947 meM ve apane pArivArika vyavasAya ke sAtha jur3e aura usa vyavasAya ko eka nayA AyAma dene kA prayatna kiyaa| usa samaya taka unakA parivAra mukhya rUpa se taiyAra vastuoM ko kharIda kara athavA videzoM se maMgAkara unheM vyApAriyoM ko becA karatA thaa| zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina apane deza meM vastuoM kA utpAda ho isa dRSTi ko lakSya meM rakhakara apane tAUjI ke suputra zrI zAdIlAla jI ke sAtha jur3akara barAra lAyansa baTansa prA. li. ke nAma se eka phaikTrI kI sthApanA kI aura usake saMcAlaka kA dAyitva grahaNa kiyaa| usake bAda Apake mArga-darzana meM parivAra ne nyUkema plAsTika li0, nyUveyara iNDiyA li0, pharIdAbAda TeksaTAilsa prA. li., Adi utpAdaka ikAIyoM kI sthApanA kI aura unakA saMcAlana kiyA / nyUkema plAsTika li. ke Apa prArambha se lekara mArca 1977 taka mainejiMga DAirekTara rhe| Apake dvArA sthApita utpAdaka ikAiyoM kI vizeSatA rahI ki unhoMne apane utpAdanoM kI guNavattA aura prAmANikatA ko barAbara banAe rakhA / phalata: kabhI-kabhI nimna starIya utpAdanoM se bAjAra meM pratispardhA meM asaphala bhI honA par3A, phira bhI Apane apane utpAdana kI guNavattA aura prAmANikatA ke sAtha kabhI samajhautA nahIM kiyA / cAhe Apako isa saMbaMdha meM Arthika hAni hI kyoM na uThAnI pdd'e| yaha eka aisI vizeSatA hai jo vartamAna yuga meM durlabha hai / aneka avasaroM para paristhitiyoM se samajhautA karane meM cAhe Apa saphala na rahe ho kintu apanI prAmANikatA yA sAkha ko Apane yathAvat banAe rakhA / cAhe ApakI aura Apake parijanoM ke nirdezana meM kAryarata ina ikAIyoM ne adhika lAbha na kamAyA Arthika lAbha na kamAyA to kintu apanI utpAda kI mAnakatA meM koI antara nahIM Ane diyaa| lagabhaga san 1980 ke pazcAt Apa ina pArivArika dAyitvoM se mukta raha kara mukhya rUpa se samAja sevA ke kAyoM meM hI lage rahe / vyavasAya ke kSetra meM rahate hue bhI Apane aneka gauravapUrNa pada prApta kiye| Apa Institute of Marketing Management, New Delhi ke rASTrIya adhyakSa rahe / isI prakAra YMCA, Institute of Eng. Faridabad ke borDa Apha gavarnara ke sadasya rahe / isI prakAra roTarI klaba ceriTebala TrasTa skUla, pharIdAbAda ke projekTa ceyaramaina ke rUpa meM ApakI sevAoM ko sammAnita bhI kiyA gayA thA / paramArtha phanDa sosAyaTI, amRtasara aura pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama (aba pArzvanAtha vidyApITha) ke kramaza: adhyakSa va saciva haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama Aja pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke rUpa meM jina u~cAiyoM taka paha~ca pAyA hai usake pIche ApakA sahayoga va sevA-bhAva hI pramukha hai| Jain Education Interational

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zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nirmAtA evaM zrI bhUpendranAthajI jaina ke pitAzrI sva0 zrI harajasarAya jI jaina janma : 13-06-1896 svargavAsa : 18-06-19 zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina aura unakI dharmapatnI zrImatI zakuntalA rAnI jaina

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zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina apanI 75vIM sAla giraha para apane parivAra ke sAtha . zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina apanI 75vIM sAla giraha para apanI bahU-beTe eva pautro ke sAtha

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zrImatI zIlA dIkSita, padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA evaM zrI zAMtibhAI banamAlI seTha ke sAtha vicAra vimarza karate hue akhila bhAratIya prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA pariSad meM atithiyoM kA svAgata karate hue

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saMsthAna meM Ayojita kAnphrensa meM zrI nRparAja jI jaina ke sAtha saMsthAna ke pUrva adhyakSa zrI dIpacanda jI gArDI, zrI aridamana jI evaM zrI sumati prakAza jI ke sAtha vimarza mudrA meM

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zrI bhUpendranAthajI ke dAdA jI zrI jagannAthajI jaina zrI bhUpendranAthajI ke tAUjI zrI ratanacandra jI jaina For Private & Personal

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seTha zrI zAMtilAla jaina evaM saMsthAna ke nidezaka DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ke sAtha buddhisTa sosAiTI ke saciva thera revata evaM zrI nRparAja jI jaina ke sAtha

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ApakAhAdika Abhanandana atithigRha ke udghATana ke avasara para DA0 mAdhurI zAha, adhyakSa, vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga ke sAtha zrI bI0ena0 jaina : eka prakhara vaktA

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atithi gRha ( pArzvanAtha vidyApITha) ke zilAnyAsa ke avasara para gaNivarya zrI mahimAprabhasAgarajI se vAsakSepa grahaNa karate hue

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Shri Bhupendra Nath Jain by- S. L. Jain * An Introduction : Shri B.N. Jain was born at Amritsar (Panjab.) on 8th November, 1918. He is the son of Late Shri Harjas Rai Ji Jain, a prominent leader of the Jaina Community (Punjab) and belongs to M/s Rattanchand Harjas Rai Firm Amritsar, well known for their contribution in the service of the Punjab Jaina Samaj. He passed his B.Sc. (Hons.) in Mechanical Engg. 1st Class First from Punjab University in 1941. Working Experience : He has served with the following Govt. & Private Institutions in different capacitiy. 1. DGMP Bombay/Calcutta. 2. Ordinance Factory, Amritsar. 3. Family Business. 4. Bararlion Buttons Pvt. Ltd. 5. Nudhem Plastics Ltd. as a Managing Director. 6. Past President, Quality Control, Faridabad Chapter. 7. Past President Faridabad Industries Association. 8. Past National President, Institute of Marketing and Management, New Delhi. 9. Ex-Secretary, Jaina Parmartha Fund Society, Amritsar. 10. Past President of National Association for Blind Branch, Faridabad. 11. Member, Board of Governors YMCA Institute of Engineering, Faridabad. 12. Project Chairman Rotary Club, Faridabad Charitable Trust. Presently he is the director of the following companies: 1. Vardhaman Spinning & Weaving Mills, Ludhiyana. 2. Nuchem Engg. Ltd. Faridabad. 3. Nuware India Ltd. Faridabad. 4. Nuchem Investment Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 5. Delhi Faridabad Textiles Pvt. Ltd. Faridabad. On 10th Nov.1935, in the memory of Pujya Shri Sohan Lal Ji, Shri Sohan Lal Jain Vidya Prasarak Samiti was formed and in 1936 deputation of 3 founder members Shri Tribhuvan Nath Jain, President, Shri Harjas Rai Jain, Secretary of the Samiti and Prof. Mast Ram Ji had gone to Banaras for seeking advice and

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An guidance of Pt. Sukhlal Ji, a renowned scholar of Jainology and on his advice a Institution was started in the name of Parshvanath Vidyashram Shodh Sansthan at Banaras, birth place of 23rd Tirthankara, Lord Parshvanath near Banaras Hindu University in a humble way in a rented premises and scholarships were provided to students who wished to study in Jainology. For the promotion of studies at the Ashram a Library in the name of Satavadhani Ratanchand was established and Boarding and and Lodging was also arranged for the students. As the activities of the Ashram were increasing every year, so it was decided to procure more land for the institution and in 1953 the management succeeded in purchasing about 4 acre land from the Govt. and took possession in 1956 and the construction of Parshvanath Vidyashram Building was started. At present there is vast accomodation having Directors Bunglaow, Library, Big Halls, Hostels, Teachers Quarters, A Museum, Guest house for visitors, Sadhanabhavan for Jain saints. It was all accomplished due to dedication and hard work put by Late Shri Harjas Rai Ji, and presently by Shri Bhupendra Nath ji Jain, Secreatary, Parshvanath Vidyapitha Managing Committee. On account of hard work and dedication fo Shri Bhupendra Nath Ji Jain, the institute is now under active considertaion of University Grants Commission and ministry of eduaction, Govt. of India for status of Deemed to be University. It is matter of Plaeasure for me that on the eve of Parsvanatha Vidyapitha's Diamond Jubilee Celebration he is being fecilitated. I pray to God to let him live longer. 56-B, Dilshad Garden, Shahdara, Delhi. BCM

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utkRSTa samAja sevI : bhAI bhUpendranAtha jI nemanAtha jaina* mujhe yaha jAnakara apAra harSa huA ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI hIraka jayantI ke suavasara para Apa bhAI zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina ke sammAna meM abhinandana graMtha prakAzita karane jA raheM haiN| bhAI bhUpendrajI ko maiM pichale do dazaka se jAnatA hU~ aura merA saubhAgya hai ki ve mere cuniMdA abhinna mitroM meM se eka haiN| ve kevala eka mitra hI nahIM, balki jIvana ke patha pradarzaka raheM hai- kevala mere hI lie nahIM balki una sabake lie jo unake nikaTa samparka meM AyeM haiN| zrI bI0 ena0 jaina sAhaba kA vyaktitva vilakSaNa aura bahumukhI hai| ve eka saphala udyamI udyogapati ke sAtha-sAtha utkRSTa samAjasevI aura sudhAraka bhI haiM aura unhoMne jaina samAja ke utthAna aura pragati evaM jaina darzana va dharma ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie nirantara bahumUlya yogadAna diyA hai| vastutaH zrI pArzvanAtha vidyApIThaM kI saphalatA aura yazakIrti kI kuMjI prArambha se hI inake pitA zrI lAlA harajasarAya jI aura svayaM inake karmaTha hAthoM meM rahI hai| inhoMne apane bujurgoM dvArA sthApita evaM poSita isa saMsthA ko na kevala aMtarrASTrIya stara para lAkara khar3A kiyA, apitu apanI bahumukhI sevA niSThA aura lagana se svayaM hI eka saMsthA bana gaye haiN| bhAI bhUpendra jI ke vyaktitva meM gaharAI hai eka vidvAna kI, caturAI hai eka udyamI kI, sAdagI hai eka ni:svArtha samAjasevI kI, zAlInatA aura gaMbhIratA hai, eka viziSTa anubhavI kI aura saMskAra hai eka dharmaniSTha, utsAhI aura kartavyaparAyaNa iMsAna kii| " bhAI bhUpendra jI ke jIvana kA lekhA jokhA zabdoM meM sadA hI aparyApta rahegA kyoMki vaha unakI upalabdhiyoM kI gaharAI taka nahIM pahu~ca paaye| ve kabhI prazaMsA ke bhUkhe nahIM rahe, phira bhI yazakIrti to unake caraNa cUmatI rahI hai| aise anUThe vyakti ko maiM sAdara aura sasneha namana karatA hU~ aura merI yahI kAmanA hai ki ve jaina samAja ke patha pradarzaka ke rUpa meM apanI sevAyeM Age bhI utanI hI UrjA, utsAha aura umaMga se dete raheM jaise dete Aye haiN| unhoMne sadA jIvana meM kevala varSa nahIM jor3e balki umra ke hara bar3hate varSa meM jIvana jor3A hai aisA jIvana jo umaMga bharA ho| * saMrakSaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI :

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bahumukhI pratibhA ke dhanI zrI bhUpendranAthajI jaina nRparAja esa. jaina* pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama, vArANasI ke maMtrI zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina bahamukhI pratibhA ke dhanI haiN| Apako dhArmika saMskAra evaM sevA bhAvanA virAsata meM apane svargIya pitAzrI harajasarAyajI se prApta huI hai / madhuravANI, cehare para sadA muskurAhaTa liye svargIya harajasarAyajI ne apane audyogika evaM vyApArika kAryoM ke sAtha dezabhara kI anekoM zaikSaNika evaM sAmAjika saMsthAoM meM ni:svArtha sevAeM pradAna kI thii| unhIM ke padacihnoM para calate hue zrI bhUpendranAtha jI ne zikSA evaM sevA ke kSetra meM apanA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai aura de rahe haiN| pharIdAbAda (hariyANA) kI suprasiddha kampanI "nyUkema plAsTika li." ke mainejiMga DAyarekTara rahe zrI jaina hasamukha evaM milanasAra haiM, Apa dInadukhiyoM tathA jarUratamaMdoM ko harasaMbhava sahayoga karate haiM / Apa pharIdAbAda iMDasTriyala esoziezana ke pradhAna bhI rahe haiM / isake atirikta jaina paramArthaphaMDa ke pradhAna ke pada para raha kara Apane mAnava mAtra kI ni:svArtha sevA kI hai| ApakA sArA parivAra dhArmika evaM sAmAjika kAryoM meM sadA agraNI rahatA hai| Apa utsAhI, milanasAra, udAra, sevAbhAvI aura karmaTha vyaktitva ke dhanI haiM / asAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa aura mAnavasevA ApakI vizeSatA hai / anAgrahapUrNa ciMtana aura vyavahAra meM ahiMsA ke prati jAgarUka zrI jaina kA parivAra eka Adarza parivAra hai| vidyApITha ke hIraka jayaMtI ke avasara para zrI bhUpendranAtha jI kI sevAoM ke upalakSya meM gaurava graMtha prakAzita kara unake guNoM kA Akalana kiyA jA rahA hai jisake lie mujhe prasannatA hai / vIra prabhu se prArthanA hai ki - zrI jaina svastha raheM aura dIrghAyuSya ko prApta hoM tAki samAja ko hara kSetra meM apanI sevAeM pradAna karate rheN| inhIM zubhakAmanAoM sahita / *adhyakSa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha prabandha smiti| Jain Education Intemational

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mere ananya bhUpa jI aridamana jaina* hama donoM kA janma, eka hI parivAra ke vRkSa kI do zAkhAoM meM bAjAra DholanadAsa ke samIpa galI bhAvar3ayA (bhAva bar3ejainiyoM ko una dinoM paMjAba meM isI nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thA), amRtasara ke eka hI makAna meM huA thA / bhUpendra nAtha svargIya lAlA harajasarAya jI ke dvitIya putra mere se eka sAla se kucha adhika choTe haiN| eka hI skUla meM hamArI zikSA huii| eka hI parivAra, eka hI makAna, eka hI zikSA sthAna para ikaTThe hI khelanA, dina bhara itanI nikaTatA thii| dasavIM zreNI kI parIkSA pAsa karake maiM apane svargIya pUjya pitA jasavaMtarAya jI ke sAtha dukAna para ho liyA thaa| bhUpendranAtha eka sAla bAda dasavIM pAsa karake lAhaura phArmana krizciyana kAleja meM praveza pA gaye the| vahIM se unhoMne mAdhyamika parIkSA pAsa karake san 1936 meM eka sAla ke lie kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM san 1936 meM injIniyariMga kI zikSA pAne ke lie praveza liyA, para svAsthya ThIka na rahane ke kAraNa eka sAla bAda mugalapurA lAhaura meM A ge| vahIM se anta meM ucca zreNI meM maikenikala injIniyariMga kI parIkSA meM uttIrNa hue / 1937 meM jaba pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama kI tArANasI meM sthApanA huI, to ve vArANasI meM hI kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM hI the / isake bAda hamArA samparka TUTa sA gyaa| ApakI zAdI san 1941 pharavarI ke anta meM kasUra meM seTha mohanalAlajI kI jyeSTha lar3akI svargIya zrImatI zakuntalA rAnI se huI thii| bhUpendranAtha jI ko prArambha se hI saMgIta, kalA Adi meM ruci thii| skUla meM DrAIMga meM yA koI anya kalAtmaka vastuoM kI banAvaTa Adi samajhane meM vizeSa ruci thii| isI kAraNa unakA uddezya va mana injIniyariMga par3hane kI ora vizeSa thaa| skUla meM baiNDa yA gAyana samUha meM bhAga lenA, hAramoniyama Adi ko sIkhane kI ruci bhI rhii| bAda meM rAga Adi kA bhI abhyAsa kiyA aura guru-ziSya kI paramparA ke anusAra eka varSa taka sIkhA bhii| guru mahArASTriyana the / snehazIla, ghRNA, krodha va dveSa se dUra, jaisA hI unakA AcaraNa rhaa| ve sahayoga dene va lene meM vizvAsa rakhate haiN| apane pitA kI taraha samAja sevA kI unameM Antarika icchA hai aura aisA prayAsa bhI rahatA hai| samAja meM "pArzvanAtha vidyApITha" ke saMcAlaka ke nAte unakA vizeSa Adara hai| hameM unapara pArivArika garva hai| Adara va sneha se bar3e-choTe sabhI unako bhUpajI kahakara hI sambodhita karate rahe haiM / * pUrva adhyakSa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI /

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niSkAma sevaka : bhAI bhUpendranAtha jI pro0 sAgaramala jaina* bhAI sAhaba zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina se merA prathama paricaya mere pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna ke nidezaka pada para niyukti ke pazcAt huA isake pUrva merI pratiniyukti ke sambandha meM jo bhI carcA huI, vaha paMDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, zrI zAdIlAla jI jaina aura zrI gulAba candra jaina se huii| mere vArANasI Agamana ke pazcAt jaba prathama bAra bhAI sAhaba bhUpendranAtha jI vArANasI padhAre, taba hI ve mere nikaTa paricaya meM aaye| yadyapi prathama bAra ve hoTala meM ruke kintu bAda meM mere Agraha se parivAra ke sAtha hI rukane lge| kramaza: hamAre bIca kI dUrI samApta ho gayI aura ve mujhe apanA eka vizvasta sAthI mAnane lge| yaha abhinnatA isa sImA taka Age bar3hI ki ye mujhe choTA bhAI hI mAnane lge| svabhAva se bhAI bhUpendra nAtha jI kisI para sahaja vizvAsa nahIM kara pAte, kintu jaba ve kisI para vizvAsa kara lete haiM to phira vaha pUrI taraha vizvAsa kara lete haiM / mere liye yaha saubhAgya kA viSaya hI rahA ki 18 varSoM kI isa avadhi meM hama donoM ke bIca avizvAsa kI koI rekhA na khiMca pAI aura na hamArI abhitratA meM koI kamI A paayii| bhAI sAhaba bhUpendranAtha jI se mujhe jo sneha, AtmIyatA aura vizvAsa milA, maiM samajhatA hU~ pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke hetu maiM jo kucha bhI kara sakA vaha usI kA pariNAma hai / kisI bhI saMsthA kI saphalatA aura asaphalatA kA rahasya usake kAryakartAoM ke bIca pArasparika vizvAsa, sahayoga kI bhAvanA aura vaicArika sAmaMjasya hI hotA hai| parivAra se bahuta dUra vArANasI meM utpanna paristhatiyoM vaza aneka bAra maiM vArANasI meM rahane hetu anyamanaska bhI huA kintu bhAI sAhaba ke sahaja sneha ke kAraNa kabhI kucha kahane kA sAhasa nahIM kara pAyA / yaha unakA mere prati aTUTa vizvAsa hI thA ki maiM itanI lambI avadhi taka vArANasI meM rahakara saMsthA kI vikAsa-yAtrA meM unakA sahabhAgI banA rhaa| bhAI bhUpendranAtha ke socane aura kArya karane kA DhaMga eka krAntikArI jaisA hI hai / paristhitiyoM se samajhautA karane kI apekSA ve satya ke nikaTa aDiga bhAva se khar3e rahane meM hI adhika vizvAsa karate haiM aura isalie kabhIkabhI sAmAjika burAiyoM ke prakhara Alocaka ke rUpa meM unase koI samajhautA nahIM kara pAte / unakA yaha guNa merI manobhUmikA ke atinikaTa hone ke kAraNa hama donoM meM vaicArika sAmaMjasya banA rhaa| yadyapi hamArA yaha svabhAva saMsthA kI vikAsa-yAtrA meM kahIM-kahIM bAdhaka pratIta huaa| kintu manobhUmikA kA yaha naikaTya hamArI sahayAtrA meM sAdhaka hI rhaa| Aja ve lagabhaga assI varSa kI isa Ayu meM saMsthA ke vikAsa ke liye sajaga haiM / saMsthA kA yaha saubhAgya hai ki use eka sajaga praharI milA hai / bhAIsAhaba ne saMsthA ke liye bahuta kucha kiyA, kintu zreya hamezA dUsaroM ko diyA / pada aura yazakIrti kI AkAMkSA se bahuta dUra ve saMsthA ke niSkAma sevaka ke rUpa meM kArya karate raheM haiN| *mAnada nidezaka, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vaaraannsii|

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lakSmI evaM sarasvatI kI pratimUrti : AdaraNIya zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina DaoN0 sureza sisodiyA * sampannatA kI pratimUrti 'lakSmI' evaM vidyA kI pratimUrti 'sarasvatI' ina donoM kA nivAsa sAtha-sAtha bhI ho sakatA hai, isa kathana kI satyatA ko vaha vyakti sahaja hI svIkAra kara sakatA hai jo AdaraNIya zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina ke vyaktitva evaM kRtitva se paricita ho / mUlata: amRtasara evaM samprati pharIdAbAda nivAsI zrImAna bhUpendranAtha jI jaina se merA paricaya vigata dasa varSoM se usa sthii meM hai jaba se maiM jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM adhyayana anusaMdhAna hetu vidyA-nagarI vArANasI meM Apa dvArA saMcAlita zrI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka bahuzruta jaina vidvAn pro0 sAgaramala jaina ke sAnnidhya meM jAtA rahA hU~ / bhautika dRSTi se dekheM to zrImAn bhUpendranAtha jI jaina sA0 ke pAsa pracura sampatti hai tabhI Apa evaM ApakA parivAra vigata kaI varSoM se pArzvanAtha zodhapITha nAmaka usa saMsthAna kA saMcAlana kara rahA hai jahA~ Aya ke srota sarvathA banda haiM kevala vyaya ke mArga hI khule haiN| aisI saMsthAoM kA saMcAlana evaM saMpoSaNa Apa jaise lakSmIputra hI kara sakate haiM aura kara rahe haiM / zaikSika dRSTi se dekheM to pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI asAmpradAyika saMsthAna ke rUpa meM jo khyAti hai vaha yahA~ ke nidezaka evaM zodhakartAoM ke kAraNa to hai hI kintu isake mUla meM zrI bhUpendranAtha jI kI sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi hai| samaya-samaya para vidyApITha meM adhikArI evaM karmacArIgaNa naye-naye Ate rahe, badalate rahe kintu yaha vidyApITha sadaiva sampradAya nirapekSa banA rahA, isakA mUlakAraNa isa vidyApITha kA satata saMcAlana karane vAle sarasvatI putta zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina kI sAmpradAyika AgrahoM se sarvathA vimukta dRSTi hI hai / zrI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha apanI isa asAmpradAyika dRSTi ko sadaiva banAe AdaraNIya bhUpendra nAtha jI jaina sA0 zatAyu tathA sasvastha jIvana paryanta isI lagana, niSThA, samarpaNa evaM asAmpradAyika dRSTi se pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kA saMcAlana karate raheM, yahI maMgala kAmanA hai / * zodhAdhikArI, Agama ahiMsA, samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura /

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ahiMsAvAdI siddhAnta kI pratimUrti : zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina DaoN0 rameza candra gupta* varSa 1982 meM jaba maiMne pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se zodha chAtra ke rUpa meM kArya prArambha kiyaa| usa samaya mujhe jJAta huA ki zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina, prabandha nidezaka, nyUkema li0 pharIdAbAda isa vidyApITha ke mantrI haiN| varSa 1984 meM prathama bAra vidyApITha ke kArya hetu maiM pharIdAbAda unake nivAsa para milane gayA, to unhoMne bahuta hI AtmIyatA evaM mRdulatA ke sAtha mere bAre meM tathA vidyApITha kI gatividhiyoM ke bAre meM sahaja DhaMga se bAta kii| taba mujhe vismaya huA ki kyA eka bahuta bar3I kampanI ke prabandha nidezaka itane sarala evaM vinamra svabhAva ke vyaktitva bhI ho sakate haiM / vAstava meM ve jina dharma ke ahiMsAvAdI siddhAnta (mana, vacana evaM zarIra se bhI kisI prANI ko da:kha na paha~ce) kI pratimUrti haiN| isakA pratyakSa darzana mujhe usa samaya huA jaba dopahara ke bhojanoparAnta jaina sAhaba mujhe nyUkema phaikTarI dikhAne le gye| phira sampUrNa phaikTarI parisara meM paidala hI mere sAtha-sAtha rahe / usa samaya sabhI karmacArI bahuta hI Adara ke sAtha unakA abhivAdana kara rahe the, yaha unake manasA, vAcA, karmaNA vyavahAra kA hI pratiphala kahA jAye to koI atizayokti na hogii| zrI jaina sAhaba kI adhyayana ke prati bhI pragAr3ha ruci kA pramANa hI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha hai / varSa 1996 meM unake athaka prayAsa se hI vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga kI eka samiti ne mAnya vizvavidyAlaya ke bAre meM apanI AkhyA kA karor3a kI sthAyI nidhi ke parantuka ke sAtha kI hai / mujhe AzA hI nahIM varan pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki zrI jaina sAhaba apane lakSya meM avazya saphala hoNge| maiM zrI jaina sAhaba ke bahumukhI vyaktitva ko namana karate hue Izvara se unake zatAyu hone kI maMgala kAmanA karatA huuN| *saMsthApaka : bAla vidyApITha, A~valA (brelii)|

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eka udAramanA vyaktitya : zrI bhUpendranAtha jaina DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha maiMne jaba san 1975 meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna meM zodha-chAtra ke rUpa meM paJjIkaraNa karAyA thA taba usa samaya zrImAn harajasarAya jI jaina saMsthAna ke mantrI the / ve atyanta dayAlu, dharmaniSTha evaM sAmAjika kAryoM hetu samarpita eka suzrAvaka the| unhoMne jaina vidyA ke vikAsa ke liye apanA sampUrNa jIvana samarpita kara diyA / zrI harajasarAya jI ke divaMgata hone ke pazcAt unake suyogya putra zrImAn bhUpendranAtha jI ne maMtrI ke rUpa meM saMsthAna kI bAgaDora sambhAlI aura apane satprayAsoM se saMsthAna ko pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke rUpa meM vikasita karake zramaNa vidyA ke vibhinna zAkhAoM meM zodha ke liye eka navIna mArga prazasta kiyA hai / zrI bhUpendranAtha jI atyanta sarala evaM udAra vyaktitva ke dhanI haiM / kula kramAgata dhArmika niSThA unheM virAsata meM milI hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki ve vidyApITha ke satat vikAsa hetu pUrNataH samarpita haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha dvArA unake sammAna meM Ayojita samAroha ke avasara para maiM yaha maGgalakAmanA karatA hU~ ki unakA vidyAnurAga uttarottara vRddhigata hotA rhe| *pravaktA, itihAsa vibhAga, esa0 bI0 DigrI kAleja, bliyaa| (uttara-pradeza) Jain Education Intemational

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eka nirabhimAnI vyaktitya : zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya* kisI bhI vyakti ke vyaktitva kA mUlyAMkana apane Apa meM eka durUha kArya hotA hai kyoMki vyakti kA vyaktitva usake caritrapaTala para ubharane vAlI Ar3I-tirachI bahuraMgI rekhAoM kA vitAna hotA hai / aisA hI indradhanuSI vyaktitva hai zraddheya zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina kA, jinake vyaktitva ke sAta raMga haiM- saralatA, mRdutA, dUradarzitA, vivekazIlatA, nirabhimAnatA, kAryakuzalatA evaM dRr3ha sNklp| Apase milane se pUrva maiM socA karatA thA ki usa vyakti kA vyaktitva kaisA hogA jo itane bar3e zodha-saMsthAna kA gurutara bhAra apane akele kandhoM para vahana kara rahA hai| hamArI parikalpanAoM ko mUrta rUpa taba milA jaba san 1990 meM Apase merA prathama sAkSAtkAra huA, aura taba maine jAnA ki Apa saumyatA evaM sAdagI kI pratimUrti haiM / dhana, vaibhava kA lezamAtra bhI abhimAna Apane meM nahIM hai / pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se jur3ane ke bAda, saMsthAna ke saciva ke rUpa meM ApakA sAnidhya mere lie garva kI bAta hai| vivekazIlatA, nirNaya lene kI apratima kSamatA, satya kI pakSadharatA evaM karmaThatA Apake vyaktitva ke kucha aise bindu haiM jo kisI ko bhI anAyAsa hI apanI ora AkarSita kara lete haiN| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha Aja pragati ke jina sopAnoM para car3ha sakA hai usameM ApakI sUjha-bUjha evaM kuzala prabandhana kA bahuta baDA hAtha hai| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama se pArzvanAtha vidyApITha taka kI sATha varSoM kI vikAsa yAtrA-mArga para Apake mArgadaza spaSTataH dekhe jA sakate haiM / saMsthAna uttarottara vikAsa karatA rahe, yahI Apake lie sabase bar3A prAptavya hai| apane pUrvajoM kI dharohara ko apanI lagana va mehanata se Apane jo sammAna aura ijjata bakhzI hai, vaha nizcita hI anukaraNIya hai / Apake eka-eka zabda mere lie preraNA srota haiN| ___ Apake abhinandana ke isa punIta avasara para ApakA abhinandana karate hue Izvara se yahI prArthanA karatA hU~ ki Apa zatAyu hoM, dIrghAyu hoN| *pravaktA, jaina vidyA vibhAga, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha / Jain Education Intemational

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sevAbhAvI : bhUpendranAtha jI DaoN0 baziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA* AdaraNIya zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke dvitIya maMtrI haiM / inase merA paricaya kAphI purAnA hai| jaba maiM san 1958 meM ema0e0 dvitIya varSa kA vidyArthI banA, apane pAThyakrama ke vaikalpika patra ke rUpa meM jaina darzana liyA jisake kAraNa mujhe isa saMsthA se chAtravRtti milI, sAtha hI saMsthA meM rahane kI suvidhA bhii| usa samaya zrI bhUpendranAtha jI ke pitA zrI sva0 lAlA harajasarAya jI jaina saMsthAna ke maMtrI the tathA sva0 muni kRSNacandrAcArya jI adhIkSaka / pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna taba apane nijI bhavana meM nahIM balki karauMdI meM hI kirAye ke makAna meM thaa| sva0lAlA harajasarAya jI saMsthA kI gatividhi ke nirIkSaNa hetu saMsthAna meM AyA karate the| ve svabhAvata: sarala aura sajjana the| ve eka adhikArI ke rUpa meM Ate the, kintu unake vyavahAra se pArivArika apanatva kA sukha milatA thaa| hama vidyArthI unakA sammAna usa taraha karate the jaise koI vyakti apane abhibhAvaka ko Adara karatA zraddheya lAlA harajasarAya jI jaina ke svargArohaNa ke bAda pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna meM eka riktatA sI sAmane AyI, usakI pUrti turanta hI bandhuvara zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina dvArA ho gyii| taba se lekara Aja taka ye pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke maMtrI pada ko suzobhita kara rahe haiN| mantrI banane se pahale bhI zrI jaina apane pitAzrI ke sAtha yahA~ AyA karate the aura inase bheMTa huA karatI thii| ye apane pitAzrI kI taraha hI mRdubhASI aura sahRdaya vyakti haiN| saMsthAna ke adhikArI hone tathA isase pUrva kI sthitiyoM meM honevAle inake vyavahAroM meM koI antara dikhAI nahIM detA hai| ye pahale jisa taraha apane lagate the Aja bhI usI taraha apane lagate haiN| zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke mAtra aupacArika maMtrI nahIM hai balki tana, mana tathA dhana se samarpita hokara ye isa saMsthAna ke vikAsa ke lie prayatnazIla rahate haiN| inake maMtrItvakAla meM saMsthAna kA dina va dina bahumukhI vikAsa hotA A rahA hai| bhavana nirmANa, aitihAsika purAtAttvika saMgraha, prakAzana, pustakAlaya, saMgoSThI, sAmAjika kArya Adi saba meM saMsthAna ko prazaMsanIya sampannatA prApta hai| saMbhavata: aisA isalie ho rahA hai ki zrI jaina kI anubhUti meM zAstroM kI yaha mAnyatA bilkula ghara kara gaI hai"pitA dvArA prArambha kiye gaye kisI bhI zubha saMkalpa ko sampUrNa saphalatA taka pahu~cAnA putra kA parama dharma hotA hai|" maiM AdaraNIya zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina kA hArdika abhinandana karatA hU~, sAtha hI inake svastha evaM sukhI jIvana kI zubhakAmanA karatA hU~ tAki inakI chatrachAyA meM pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI uttarottara samRddhi ho aura jaina paramparA hI kyA balki sampUrNa bhAratIya paramparA ko samucita sevA va sahayoga prApta ho ske| Jain Education Intemational

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mere agraja bhUpendranAtha jaina zrI romeza candra barar3a zrI bhUpendranAtha jI mere bar3e bhAI haiN| mujhe udyoga sambandhI jJAna saba unhIM se milA hai| san 1951 se san 1976 taka maiMne unakI chatra-chAyA meM kAma kiyA aura 1977 se unhoMne kAma-kAja kA bhAra mujha para chor3a diyA aura pitAjI ke sAtha dhArmika aura sAmAjika kAryoM meM ruci lene lge| pitAjI ne hI pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI jo rUparekhA apane mana meM banAI thI, Aja bhUpendranAtha jI use lekara cala rahe haiN| sArA barar3a parivAra unakI isa upalabdhi se gaurava kA anubhava karatA hai aura Izvara se unakI dIrgha Ayu kI prArthanA karatA hai| *prabandha nirdezaka, nyUlema limiTeDa, pharIdAbAda / AdaraNIya bAbUjI zrI aruNa jaina* AdaraNIya bAbUjI zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina ko maiM bacapana se jAnatA huuN| mere pitA sva0 zrI gulAbacanda jaina ke Aja Apa mitra evaM sahayogI rahe haiN| pitAjI ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt bAbUjI kI preraNA se merA samparka pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se huaa| vigat dasa varSoM se maiM saMsthAna kI prabandha samiti kI vibhinna mITigoM meM sakriya rUpa se bhAga letA rahA huuN| AdaraNIya zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina aise vyakti haiM jo saMsthA kI choTI se choTI gatividhi meM bhI eka kAryakartA kI taraha samarpita haiN| yadi yaha kahA jAe ki ve apane Apa meM eka saMsthA haiM to koI atizayokti nahIM hogI, kyoMki kisI bhI kArya ko pUrNa karake saMsthA ke sammAnita vyakti ko usa kArya kA zreya denA unakI sAdagI, mahAnatA aura ni:svArtha sevA bhAvanA kA paricAyaka hai| merI prabhu se prArthanA hai ki Apa varSoM-varSoM taka isI prakAra kArya karate hue yuvaka sAthiyoM kI preraNA ke jvalanta udAharaNa bane rheN| *InA, kAlindI kAlonI, naI dillI-110065 Jain Education Intemational

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DaoN0 bhUpendranAtha jaina : eka karmaTha vyaktitva mohanalAla kharIvAla* yaha jAnakara prasannatA huI ki pArzvanAtha vidyApITha apanI hIraka jayantI apraila meM manA rahA hai| zrImAn bhapendranAtha jI jaina abhinandana graMtha isa zubha avasara para prakAzita ho rahA hai, yaha una sabhI logoM ke lie saMtoSaprada hai, jinhoMne saMsthA meM rahakara apanA jIvana banAyA hai| isa saMsthA kI sthApanA kA itihAsa bhI anokhA evaM abhUtapUrva hai / prajJAcakSu paMDita sukhalAlajI ke netRtva meM paMjAba ke sthAnakavAsI samAja ne eka aisI saMsthA kI sthApanA kI, jisameM sAMpradAyikatA kA kahIM bhI nAmo nizAna nahIM hai| Aja taka nikale 60 pI-eca0DI0 isake udAharaNa haiM / svargIya pUjya harajasarAyajI ke bAda isakA saMcAlana zrImAn bhUpendranAthajI ne apane hAtha meM liyA aura kazalatA pUrvaka isakA saMcAlana kiyA / Arthika dRSTi se isako saMpanna banAne meM inakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| jabajaba bhI saMsthA Arthika abhAva meM AI, unhoMne apane parivAra evaM mitroM ke sahayoga se usako pUrNa karane kA bharasaka prayatna kiyA cUMki yaha saMsthA kisI bhI saMpradAya se saMbaMdhita nahIM thI, isalie artha saMgraha meM unheM khUba parizrama karanA pdd'aa| mujhe bhI unake sAtha eka-do bAra rahane kA maukA milA aura patra vyavahAra bhI rahA / unakI hara samaya yahI cintA rahatI hai ki saMsthA kA sabhI dRSTiyoM se kaise vikAsa ho / pUjya paMDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA evaM pUjya paMDita zAntibhAI vanamAlI seTha kI mere prati bahuta sahAnubhUti rahI parantu takanIkI kAraSoM se merA isa saMsthA meM praveza milanA saMbhava nahIM huaa| phira bhI bIca kA rAstA kA nikAlakara mujhe eka kAryakartA ke rUpa meM cAra varSa rakhA aura mere Upara sampUrNa prema aura sadbhAva rakhA / svargIya pUjya harajasarAyajI ke kArya ko unake suputra ne usI yogyatA se saMbhAlA aura saMsthA ko isa mor3a para lAkara khar3A kara diyA ki Aja yaha vizvavidyAlaya banane kI dahalIja para khar3I hai| yaha zrI bhUpendranAtha jI kI hI yogyatA evaM unake parizrama kA phala hai ki Aja hama pArzvanAtha vidyApITha kI hIraka jayaMtI manA rahe haiM / svarNa jayaMtI para Ane kA bhI mujhe zubha avasara milA thaa| asAmpradAyika saMsthA ko isa stara para lAnA eka kaThina hI nahIM, balki asaMbhava hai| jina kAryakalApoM evaM uddezya se saMsthA kI sthApanA kI, saMsthA Aja bhI unhIM para aDiga hai phira cAhe usa para kaisI bhI musIbata A jAe / vaha lohe ke staMbha kI taraha aDiga hai| maiM isa zubha avasara para zrImAn bhUpendranAtha jI kI cirAyu kI kAmanA karatA hU~ aura Izvara se yahI prArthanA karatA hU~ ki unheM vaha zakti pradAna kare jisase ve saMsthA kA saMcAlana sucAru rUpa se kara skeN| mere hRdaya meM saMsthA ke prati itanI zraddhA, samarpaNa evaM AdarabhAva hai jisakA maiM varNana nahIM kara sakatA / maiM evaM merA parivAra hamezA isa saMsthA ke prati pUjya bhAva rakhegA / kyoMki isa saMsthA kA mere para bahuta upakAra hai / ___maiM to lekhaka hU~ aura na hI vidvAn / sirpha eka ekAunTenTa hU~ phira bhI saMsthA se jur3e rahane se mujhe bahuta lAbha milA hai| maiM cira RNI hU~ saMsthA kA, saMsthA ke saMsthApakoM evaM usake saMcAlakoM kA / Jain Education Intemational

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bhUpajIke sAtha bitAye kSaNoM kImadhura smRtiyA~ DaoN0 kamala jaina* jina viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke saMparka se jiivn| samRddha haA hai, jinakI mahaka jIvana ko niraMtara surabhita karatI rahatI hai, una zreSTha mAnavoM kI isa viziSTa paramparA meM AdaraNIya zrI bI0 ena0 jaina jI bhI haiM, jinheM hama bhUpa bhAIsAhaba kahate haiN| Apa saphala udyogapati, anekAneka saMsthAoM ke praNetA evaM AzrayadAtA, samAjasevI, jainadharmadarzana ke prati gahana AsthA rakhane vAle evaM mAnavIya bhAvanA se ota-prota haiN| AdarzoM se saMpUrita bhAIsAhiba kA jIvana jana mAnasa ko naI dizA dene vAlA hai| samAjasevA, sneha, karuNA, sadbhAvanA Adi mAnavIya saMskAroM ke bIja inheM apane agrajoM se uttarAdhikAra meM mile haiN| yaha inake agrajoM kI dUra-dRSTi hI thI jo unhoMne vidyA kI puNyasthalI kAzI meM jaina vidyAmandira 'pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna' kI sthApanA krvaaii| apane pUrvajoM se prApta gauravamayI thAtI ko inhoMne akSuNNa rakhA hai| ApakA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki prAcIna jaina sAhitya kI saMpadA kI sAra saMbhAla na kI gaI to vaha kAla kavalita ho jaayegii| bahuta se amUlya grantha ratna jo vismRti kI dhUla se dhUsarita evaM upekSita par3e haiM, unakA udghATana honA cAhiye / unake saMpAdana evaM prakAzana hetu Apa sadaiva prayAsarata rahate haiM / jaina dharma evaM darzana ke adhyayana ke liye vidvAnoM ko sAmagrI hindI yA aMgrejI meM upalabdha ho sake, isake liye vidyArthiyoM evaM zodhakartAoM ko gaveSaNAtmaka tathA prAmANika zodhagraMtha likhane hetu protsAhana dete haiM / unheM vibhinna suvidhAyeM aura Arthika saMbala pradAna karate haiM / vicAroM ke AdAnapradAna ko bauddhika vikAsa ke liye Avazyaka mAnate huye samaya-samaya para vidvatvarga kI goSThiyoM ko Ayojita karavAnA bhI ApakI vizeSatA hai| apanI pArivArika, sAmAjika evaM vyAvasAyika vyastatAoM ke bAvajUda Apa ina goSThiyoM meM bhAga lete haiN| jahAM Apake pragatizIla vicAra mukharita ho uThate haiM / ApakA dhyeya aisI sRjanAtmaka zakti ko jAgrata karanA hotA hai jisake dvArA samAja meM sAmAjika aura naitika dAyitvoM ke prati sajagatA utpanna ho sake / yuga kI AvazyakatAoM ke anusAra AcAra-vyohAra meM parivartana honA cAhiye, aisI ApakI mAnyatA hai / kAla kI kasauTI para camakane vAlA purAtana bhI Apako mAnya hai / purAtana aura AdhunikatA kA adbhuta sAmaJjasya hai, Apake vyaktitva meM / Apake karmaTha, dAyitva bodha se paripUrNa evaM prabandha-paTa vyaktitva ke kAraNa hI Aja pArzvanAtha vidyApITha isa unnati ke zikhara para pahuMcA hai| ApakI yojanAbaddha kAryapraNAlI meM vyakti kI mAnasikatA ke anusAra kArya nirdezana kI dRSTi evaM yojanAoM ko kuzalatA se kAryAnvita karavAne meM ApakI viziSTa kSamatA hai / saca to yaha hai ki Apake sarvatomukhI vyaktitva ke binA vidyApITha kI jIvantatA kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sktii| vAtsalya kI zItalatA se yukta ApakA vyaktitva anAyAsa hI Agantuka ko apanI ora AkarSita kara letA hai / mujhe aura mere patideva ko jaba-jaba bhAI sAhaba ke samparka meM Ane kA avasara milA hai, hama unake bahumukhI garimA maMDita zAlIna vyaktitva se prabhAvita huye haiM / Apake sAtha bitAye huye bhAvapUrNa kSaNoM ke saMsmaraNa hamAre hRdaya meM gahare utara gaye haiM / 12 disambara 1994 meM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM zaMkarAcArya ke svAgata samAroha meM ApakA AnA huA, 14 disambara ko mere putra kA vivAha thA, merI hArdika icchA thI ki Apa isa samAroha kI zobhA bar3hAyeM, para Apake svAsthya aura vyastatA ko dekhate huye, kucha asamaMjasa kI sthiti meM thii| para jaba maine Apako AMmatrita kiyA to apane saharSa svIkRti dete huye kahA ki bahana ke ghara to mujhe AnA hI hai, Apake ina zabdoM meM mujhe aura mere parivAra ko kitanA praphullita kiyA, use zabdoM meM nahIM batA sktii| ApakA sneha aura AzIrvAda mujhe sadaiva milatA rahA hai| nirapekSa bhAva se apane sneha kI sugandha cAroM ora bikharane vAle isa karmayogI kA sahayoga jaina vidyA aura pArzvanAtha vidyApITha se jur3e hara vyakti ko aura jaina samAja ko milatA rahe tathA Apa svastha evaM dIrghAyu hoM aisI, merI usa maMgalakArI bhagavAna se prArthanA *pUrva pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI / Jain Education Intemational

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saMsmaraNa/maMgala kAmanA DaoN. vijaya kumAra jaina* yaha maiM apanA saubhAgya samajhatA hU~ ki mujhe zrI pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama meM rahane kA saubhAgya prApta huA, jisake maMtrI zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaina usa samaya the aura Aja bhI haiM / Apake kuzala prabandhana kA pariNAma hai ki pAzvanArtha vidyAzrama (Aja vidyApITha) eka Adarza (maMDala) saMsthAna bana gayA hai / isakA jaina vidyA ke adhyayana meM evaM zodha saMsthAnoM ke mAnaka meM prathama sthAna hai / Aja, jaba deza meM zikSA-saMsthAnoM ke prabandhaka zikSA-mAphiyA ke rUpa meM saMsthAnoM kA dohana karane meM lage haiM, zrI bhUpendranAtha jI jaise prabandhaka isa saMsthAna ko dAna dekara kuzala prabandhana se vidyAzrama rUpI vaTavRkSa kA siMcana kara isakA sarvato mukhI vikAsa kara rahe haiN| vidyAzrama meM rahane ke daurAna zrI bhUpendranAtha jI se kaI bAra milane kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| ApakA vidvAnoM ke prati sammAna kI bhAvanA evaM chAtroM ke prati sneha dekhate banatA hai| Adhunika suvidhAe~ evaM saMsAdhana juTAkara Apane vidyAzrama parivAra ko hamezA hI pragati ke mArga para prazasta kiyA / Apake parivAra ke hI dvArA sthApita yaha saMsthAna Apake kAryakAla meM bhalIbhA~ti phalaphUla rahA hai| Age Ane vAlI pIr3hiyAM isI taraha sIMcatI rahegI, isI zubhakAmanA ke sAtha punaH kAmanA karatA hU~ ki Apa dIrghAyu hoM / *adhyakSa-bauddhadarzana vibhAga, kendrIya saMskRta vidyApITha, gomatInagara, lakhanaU Jain Education Intemational

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hindIkhaNDa (zramaNameM pUrvaprakAzitalekhoMkAsaMgraha)

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Jain Education Intemational

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adhyAtmavAda : eka adhyayana AcArya devendra muni zAstrI bhAratavarSa sadaiva adhyAtma-vidyA kI lIlA-bhUmi rahA hai| aura vyApaka vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmA pratApapUrNa pratibhAsampanna vijJoM ne adhyAtma-kSetra meM jisa cirantana satya caitanya svarUpa hai, SaDa dravyoM meM svataMtra dravya hai| nava padArthoM meM prathama kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA, usakI prabhAsvara-razmimAlA se vizva kA pratyeka padArtha hai| sapta tattva meM prathama tattva hai| paMcAstikAya meM caturtha asti bhabhAga Alokita hai| bhAratIya itihAsa va sAhitya prastuta kathana kA kAya hai| upayoga hI usakA mukhya lakSaNa hai upayoga zabda jJAna aura jvalanta pramANa hai ki AdhyAtmika gaveSaNA, anveSaNA aura usakA darzana kA saMgrAhaka haiN| cetanA ke bodharUpa vyApAra ko upayoga kahate samyak AcaraNa hI bhArata ke satyazodhI sAdhakoM ke jIvana kA haiN| vaha do prakAra kA hai: (1) sAkAra upayoga, (2) aura anAkAra ekamAtra abhilaSita lakSya rahA hai| AdhyAtmika utkAnti ke dvArA hI upyog| sAkAra upayoga jJAna hai aura anAkAra upayoga darzana hai jo bhArata ne vizva kA netRtva kiyA aura vizvaguru ke mahattvapUrNa pada se upayoga padArthoM ke vizeSa dharma kA (jAti, guNa, kriyA Adi kA) apane ko samalaMkRta kiyaa| bodha karAtA hai vaha sAkAra upayoga hai aura jo sAmAnya sattA kA bodha bhAratIya saMskRti kI vicAradhArAe~ vividha rUpoM va raMgoM meM karAtA hai vaha anAkAra upayoga hai| yoM AtmA meM ananta guNa paryAya vyakta huI haiM, jinakI gaNanA karanA asambhava na sahI kaThina avazya haiM kintu una sabhI meM upayoga hI pramukha aura asAdhAraNa hai| vaha hai, tathApi yaha nirvivAda hai ki jaina, bauddha aura vaidika ye tInoM svapara prakAzaka hone se apanA tathA dUsare dravya, guNa, paryAyoM kA dhArAe~ hI unameM pramukha haiN| ina trividha dhArAoM meM hI prAya: anya sabhI jJAna karA sakatA hai| sukha-duHkha kA anubhava karanA, asti-nAsti ko dhArAeM antarhita ho jAtI haiN| unameM adhyAtmavidyA kI garimA kA jo jAnanA, yaha saba upayoga kA hI kArya hai| upayoga jar3a padArthoM meM nahIM madhura gAna gAyA gayA hai vaha bhautika-bhakti ke yuga meM pale-pose hotA kyoMki unameM cetanA zakti kA abhAva hai| insAna ko bhI vismaya se vimugdha kara detA hai| vimugdha hI nahIM, jo AtmA ko jJAnasvarUpa kahA hai| isakA artha yaha nahIM ki mAnava bhautikatA kI cakAcauMdha meM pratipala pratikSaNa bahirdraSTA banate jA vaha jJAna ke atirikta anya kucha nahIM hai, isameM darzana bhI hai, Ananda rahe haiM, jinheM antardarzana kA avakAza nahIM hai, Atma-mArjana kI bhI hai, anantavIrya bhI hai, anya dharma bhI haiN| vastuta: jJAna aura AtmA cintA nahIM haiM, antaratama kI parizuddhi aura pariSkRti kA uddezya meM guNa-guNI kA tAdAtmya sambandha hai| jJAna guNa hai, AtmA gaNI jinake sAmane nahIM hai, kevala bahirdarzana hI jinake jIvana kA parama (dravya) hai| isI bhAva ko vyakta karane ke liye bhagavatIsUtra meM kahA hai aura carama dhyeya hai, unheM bhI prastuta saMgIta ekabAra to Atma-darzana AtmA jJAna bhI hai, aura jJAna ke atirikta bhI hai kintu jJAna niyama kI pavitra preraNA pradAna karatA hI hai| se Atma hI hai| AtmA sAkSAt jJAna hai aura jJAna hI sAkSAt AtmA maiM kauna hU~? kahA~ se AyA hU~? yahA~ se kahA~ AU~gA? hai| jo AtmA hai vahI vijJAtA hai, jo vijJAtA hai vahI AtmA hai| jo kyA merA punarjanma hogA? merA svarUpa kyA hai? kyA maiM deha hU~? isa tattva ko svIkAra karatA hai vaha AtmA-vAdI hai| jJAna aura AtmA indriya hU~? mana hU~? yA ina sabase bhinna kucha aura hU~? ina sabhI ke dvaita ko jainadarzana svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| AtmA aura jJAna meM praznoM kA sahI samAdhAna bhArata ke manISI mUrdhanya-muniyoM ne pradAna tAdAtmya hai, ve alaga-alaga tattva nahIM haiM, jaisA ki kaNAda Adi kiye haiN| bhASA, paribhASA, pratipAdana-paddhati aura pariSkAra meM svIkAra karate haiN| antara hone para sUkSma va samanvaya dRSTi se avalokana karane para vistAra kI dRSTi se AtmA kA lakSaNa batalAte hue bhagavAn sUrya ke prakAza kI bhAMti yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki ve sabhI eka mahAvIra ne kahA hai- jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya, upayoga ye hI rAha ke rAhI haiN| jIva ke lakSaNa haiN| arthAt AtmA jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, (zakti) aura upayogamaya hai| jaina dRSTi : AtmA arUpI hai| zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina saMskRti kA svatantra sthAna hai, rahita hai| vaha na lambA hai. na choTA hai. na TeDhA hai na gola. na corasa svatantra vicAra dhArA hai aura svatantra virUpaNa-paddhati hai jaina darzana hai, na maNDalAkAra hai arthAt usakI apanI koI AkRti nahIM hai| na ko jinadarzana yA Atma darzana bhI kaha sakate haiN| jaina-darzana meM halkA hai, na bhArI hai| kyoMki laghutA-gurutA jar3ake dharma haiN| vaha na strI AtmA ke lakSaNa aura svarUpa ke sambandha meM atyanta sUkSma, gambhIra hai, na puruSa hai, kyoMki ye zarIrAzrita upAdhiyA~ haiN| vaha anAdi hai,

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 anidhana hai, avinAzI, akSaya hai, dhruva aura nitya hai| vaha pahale bhI isa prakAra na AtmA zarIra ke eka bhAga meM rahatI hai, na zarIra ke bAhara thA, aba bhI hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI rahegA; tInoM kAloM meM bhI vaha jIva hotI hai aura na sarvavyApI hai| alabattA kevalI samudghAta ke samaya rUpa meM hI vidyamAna rahatA hai| jIva kabhI ajIva nahIM hotA, loka meM usake pradeza samasta loka meM vyApta ho jAte haiM, isa apekSA se use jIva zAzvata hai| AtmA jJAnamaya asaMkhya pradezoM kA piNDa hai| vaha lokavyApaka kahA jA sakatA hai| magara eka samayabhAvI usa avasthA arUpa hai, etadartha netroM se dekhA nahIM jaataa| kintu cetanA guNoM se kI vivakSA nahIM karake AtmA zarIra pramANa hI mAnI jAtI hai| usakA astitva jAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha vANI dvArA pratipAdya aura jaise dIpaka ko eka ghar3e ke nIce rakha diyA jAya to usakA tarka dvArA gamya nahIM hai| prakAza ghar3e meM samA jAtA hai| usI dIpaka ko yadi kisI vizAla gaNadhara gautama ke prazna ke uttara meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kamare meM rakha deM to vahI prakAza phaila kara usa kamare ko vyApta kara anekAnta kI bhASA meM AtmA ko jahA~ nitya batAyA hai, vahA~ anitya letA hai aura yadi khule AkAza meM rakha deM to aura bhI adhika kSetra bhI batAyA hai| ko avagAhana kara letA hai, usI taraha Atma pradezoM kA saMkoca aura eka samaya kI bAta hai bhagavAn mahAvIra ke caraNAravindoM meM vistAra hotA hai| yaha anubhava siddha hai ki zarIra meM jahA~ kahIM coTa gautama svAmI aae| vandanA karake vinamra bhAva se bole-bhagavana! jIva lagatI hai vahA~ sarvatra du:kha kA anubhava hotA hai zarIra se bAhara kisI nitya hai yA anitya? bhI vastu ko kATane para du:kha anubhava nahIM hotaa| yadi zarIra se bAhara bhagavAn bole-gautama! jIva nitya bhI hai aura anitya bhii| AtmA hotI to avazya hI duHkha hotA, ata: AtmA sarvavyApI na gautama-bhagavan! yaha kisa hetu se kahA gayA ki jIva nitya hokara deha pramANa hI hai| bhI hai aura anitya bhI! bhagavAna- gautama! dravya kI apekSA se nitya gautama ne jijJAsA vyakta kI- bhagavan jIva saMkhyAta haiM, hai aura paryAya kI apekSA se anitya hai| asaMkhyAta haiM yA ananta haiM? bhagavAn ne samAdhana kiyA- gautama! jIva abhiprAya yaha hai ki jIvatva kI dRSTi se jIva zAzvata hai| ananta haiN| apane mUla dravya ke rUpa meM usakI sattA traikAlika hai| atItakAla jIvoM kI saMkhyA kabhI nyUnAdhika hotI hai yA avasthita meM jIva thA, vartamAna meM hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI rahegA, kyoMki sat rahatI hai| isa prazna kA uttara dete hue bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahApadArtha kabhI asat nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra dravyataH nitya hone para gautama-! jIva kabhI kama aura kabhI adhika nahIM hote kintu avasthita bhI jIva paryAyataH anitya hai, kyoMki paryAya kI dRSTi se vaha sadA rahate haiM, arthAt jIva saMkhyA kI dRSTi se sadA ananta rahate haiN| ananta parivartanazIla hai| jIva vividha gatiyoM meM, vibhinna avasthAoM meM hone para bhI sabhI AtmAeM cetana aura asaMkhyAta pradezI haiM, ata: pariNata hotA rahatA hai| eka haiN| kSetra kI dRSTi se jIva lokaparimita haiM jahA~ loka hai vahA~ jIva jaise sone ke kuNDala, mukuTa, hAra Adi aneka AbhUSaNa hai| jahA~ taka jIva hai vahA~ taka loka hai| banane para bhI nAma aura rUpa meM antara par3a jAne para bhI sonA-sonA AtmA acchedya hai, abhedya hai, use agni jalA nahIM sakatI, hI rahatA hai, vaise hI vidha yoniyoM meM bhramaNa karate hue jIva ke paryAya zastra kATa nahIM sktaa| jIva kadApi vilaya ko prApta nahIM hotaa| yaha badalate haiM- rUpa aura nAma badalate haiM- magara jIva dravya vahI rahatA hai| eka parakhA huA siddhAnta hai ki astitva astitva meM pariNamana jIvana meM sukha aura duHkha kisa kAraNa se paidA hote haiM? karatA hai aura nAstitva nAsitatva meN| dravya se astitvavAn jIva isa prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA-AtmA hI bhaviSya meM nAstitva meM pariNamana nahIM kara sktaa| apane sukha aura duHkha kA kartA hai aura bhoktA hai| AtmA hI apane jaise dUdha aura pAnI bahirdaSTi se eka pratIta hote haiM vaise kRta karmoM ke anusAra vividha gatiyoM meM paribhramaNa karatA hai aura hI saMsArI dazA meM jIva aura zarIra eka lagate haiM, para ve pRthakaapane hI puruSArtha se karma-paramparA kA uccheda kara siddha, buddha aura pRthak haiN| mukta banatA hai| vAdidevasUri ne saMkSepa meM sAMsArika AtmA kA svarUpa isa jaisAki pahale kahA jA cukA hai, AtmA kA koI AkAra prakAra batAyA hai- "AtmA pratyakSAdi pramANoM se siddha hai| vaha caitanya nahIM hai, kintu sakarmaka AtmA kisI na kisI zarIra ke sAtha hI svarUpa haiM, pariNAmI hai, karmoM kA kartA haiN| sukha-duHkha kA sAkSAt rahatI hai, ataeva prApta zarIra kA Akara hI usakA AkAra ho jAtA bhoktA hai, svadehaparimANa hai, pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna hai, paigalika karmoM hai| isa kAraNa jaina darzana meM AtmA ko kAyaparimita mAnA gayA haiN| se yukta hai|'' prastuta paribhASA meM jaina darzana-sammata AtmA kA AtmA svabhAvata: asaMkhyAta pradezI hai aura usake pradeza saMkoca- pUrNarUpa A gayA hai| vikAsazIla hote haiN| ataeva karmodaya ke anusAra jo zarIra use AtmA ke svatantra astitva kI siddhi ke lie zrI jinabhadra prApta hotA hai, usI meM usake samasta pradezoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| ne vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM vistAra se anya dArzanikoM ke tarkoM kA Jain Education Intemational

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adhyAtmavAda : eka adhyayana khaNDana kara AtmA kI saMsiddhi kI hai vistAra bhaya se vaha sArI carcA yahA~ nahIM kI jA rahI hai| pAThakoM ko mUla grantha dekhanA caahiye| jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhI yathA prasaMga nAstika darzana kA ullekha kara usakA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai sUtrakRtAna meM anya matoM kA nirdeza karate hue nAstikoM ke sambandha meM kahA hai- kucha loga kahate haiM- pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, AkAza ye pA~ca mahAbhUta haiN| ina pA~ca mahAbhUtoM ke yoga se AtmA utpanna hotI hai aura inake vinAza va viyoga se AtmA bhI naSTa ho jAtI hai / AcArya zIlAGka ne prastuta gAthAoM kI vRtti meM likhA haibhUtasamudAya kAThinya Adi dharmoM vAle haiN| unakA guNa caitanya nahIM hai| pRthak-pRthak guNa vAle padArthoM ke samudAya se kisI apUrva guNa vAle padArtha kI niSpatti nahIM hotI, vaise hI caitanya guNa vAlI AtmA kI jar3atva dharma vAle bhUtoM se utpatti honA sambhava nahIM bhinna guNa vAle pA~ca bhUtoM ke saMyoga se cetanA guNa kI niSpatti nahIM hotii| yaha pratyakSa hai ki pA~coM indriyoM apane-apane viSaya kA hI parijJAna karatI haiN| eka indriya dvArA jAne hue viSaya ko dUsarI indriya nahIM jAnatI, kintu pA~coM indriyoM ke jAne hue viSaya ko samaSTi rUpa se anubhUti karAne vAlA dravya koI bhinna hI honA cAhie aura use hI AtmA kahate haiN| bauddha dRSTi mahAtmA buddha ne sAMsArika viSayAsakti se dUra rahakara AtmagaveSaNA aura Atma-zAnti kA upadeza diyA hai| unhoMne kahAAtma- dIpa hokara bihAra karo, Atma-zaraNa, ananyazaraNa hI raho 'attadIpA viharatha, attasaraNA anaJJasaraNa unakI dRSTi se jo / nirmohI hai vahI akSaya AdhyAtmika Ananda kA adhikArI hai aura vaha sukha binA kAma sukha tyAge prApta nahIM ho sktaa| kAma-sukha hIna aura anArya hai| jaba taka usakA parityAga nahIM kiyA jAtA, usa para vijaya prApta nahIM kI jAtI, taba taka AdhyAtmika Ananda kA anubhava nahIM hotA / AdhyAtmika sukhAnubhUti hone ke pazcAt punaH prANI kisI sAMsArika sukha tRSNA meM nahIM par3a sktaa| yaha AdhyAtmika sukha samrAToM ke aura devatAoM ke sukha se bar3hakara hai| AtmazaraNa kI prabala preraNA dene para bhI bauddha darzana AtmA ke sambandha meM eka nirAlI dRSTi rakhatA hai| vaha kisI dRSTi se AtmavAdI hai aura kisI dRSTi se anAtmavAdI bhI haiM eka ora puNya pApa, punarjanma, karma, svarga, naraka, mokSa ke svIkArane ke kAraNa AtmavAdI hai, to dUsarI aura AtmA ke astitva ko satya nahIM kintu kAlpanika saMjJA mAnane ke kAraNa AnAtmavAdI hai| mahAtmA buddha kA mantavya thA ki janma, jarA, maraNa Adi kisI sthAyI dhruva jIva ke nahIM hote, kintu ve sabhI viziSTa kAraNoM se samutpanna hote haiM, arthAt janma, jarA, maraNa ina sabakA astitva to hai, kintu usakA sthAyI AdhAra ve svIkAra nahIM karate jahA~ unheM / cArvAka kA dehAtmabAda svIkAra nahIM hai vahA~ upaniSad kA zAzvata Atma-svarUpa bhI amAnya hai| unake mantavyAnusAra AtmA zarIra se atyanta bhinna bhI nahIM hai aura zarIra se abhinna hI hai| cArvAka darzana ekAnta bhautikavAdI hai, upaniSadoM kI vicAradhArA ekAnta kUTastha isa prakAra AtmA ke sambandha meM jaina darzana ke maulika aura AtmavAdI hai, kintu buddha kA mArga madhyama mArga haiM jise bauddha darzana spaSTa vicAra hai| meM pratItyasamutpAda- amuka vastu kI apekSA se amuka vastu utpanna huI kahA hai| 3 mahAtmA buddha ne anAtmavAda kA upadeza diyA hai| isakA artha AtmA jaise padArtha kA sarvathA niSedha nahIM hai, kintu upaniSadoM meM jo zAzvata, advaita AtmA kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai aura use saMsAra kA ekamAtra maulika tattva mAnA hai, usakA khaNDana hai| yadyapi cArvAka kI taraha buddha bhI anAtmavAdI haiM, kintu buddha pudgala, AtmA, jIva, cita Adi ko eka svatantra vastu mAnate haiM jabaki cArvAka darzana meM caitanya kI utpatti meM caitanya ke atirikta bhUta hI kAraNa hai, caitanya nahIM / sArAMza yaha hai ki bhUtoM ke sadRza vijJAna bhI eka mUla tattva hai, jo buddha kI dRSTi se janma aura anitya hai kintu cArvAka bhUtoM ke atirikta vijJAna ko mUla tattva nahIM mAnate caitanya vijJAna kI saMtati-dharA ko buddha anAdi mAnate haiM kintu cArvAka nhiiN| jaba kabhI bhI mahAtmA buddha se AtmA ke sambandha meM kisI jijJAsu ne prazna kiyA taba usakA uttara na dekara ve mauna rahe haiN| mauna rahane kA kAraNa pUchane para unhoMne kahA- yadi maiM kahU~ ki AtmA hai to loga zAzvatavAdI bana jAte haiM aura yadi kahU~ ki AtmA nahIM hai to loga ucchedavAdI bana jAte haiM, etadartha una donoM ke niSedha ke liye maiM mauna rahatA huuN| eka sthAna para nAgArjuna likhate haiM- "buddha ne yaha bhI kahA ki AtmA hai aura yaha bhI kahA ki AtmA nahIM hai / buddha ne AtmA - anAtmA kisI kA bhI upadeza nahIM diyA / " AtmA kyA hai? kahA~ se AyA hai aura kahA~ AyegA ? ina praznoM ke uttara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne spaSTatA se pradAna kiye haiN| unakA uttara dete samaya buddha ne upekSA pradarzita kI hai aura unheM avyAkRta kahakara chor3a diyA haiM ve mukhyataH duHkha aura duHkhanirodha, ina do tatvoM para prakAza DAlate haiN| unhoMne apane priya ziSya ko kahA - "tIra se vyathita vyakti ke ghAva ko ThIka karane kI bAta vicAranI caahiye| tIra kahA~ se AyA hai? kisane mArA hai? ise kisane banAyA hai? mArane vAle kA raMga-rUpa kaisA hai? Adi-Adi prazna karanA nirarthaka hai|" bauddhadarzana meM Atma-tattva ke lie pRthaka pRthak sthaloM para kahIM mukhya rUpa se aura kahIM gauNa rUpa se aneka zabda vyavahata hue

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 7 haiN| jaise ki pudgala, purisa, sattA, jIva, citta, mana, vijJAna, nAmarUpa aadi| laukika dRSTi se AtmA kI sattA hai; jo vijJAna, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura rUpa- ina pA~ca skandhoM kA saMghAtamAtra hai kintu pAramArthika rUpa se AtmA nahIM hai| "milindra prazna" meM bhadanta nAgasena aura rAjA milinda kA saMvAda hai| rAjA milinda ke prazna ke uttara meM bhadanta nAgasena ne batAyA ki pugala kA astitva keza, dA~ta Adi zarIra ke avayavoM tathA rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra, vijJAna ina sabakI apekSA se hai, kintu pAramArthika tattva nahIM hai| vaidika dRSTi upaniSad Adi paravartI sAhitya meM jisa prakAra AtmAmImAMsA kI gaI hai vaisI mImAMsA vedoM meM nahIM hai| kaThopaniSad meM naciketA kA eka madhura prasaMga hai| bAlaka naciketA ke pitA vAjazravas RSi ne bhISma pratijJA grahaNa kI ki "maiM sarvasva dAna duuNgaa|" pratijJAnusAra saba kucha dAna de diyaa| bAlaka naciketA ne vicAra kiyA- pitA ne anya vastue~ to dAna de dI haiM para abhI taka mujhe dAna meM kyoM nahIM diyA? usane pitA se pUchA- Apa mujhe kisako dAna de rahe haiM? pitA mauna rhe| usane puna: vahI prazna doharAyA, phira bhI pitA kA mauna bhaMga nahIM huaa| tRtIya bAra kahane para pitA ko krodha A gayA aura usane jhajhalA kara kahA- jA, tujhe yamarAja ko diyaa| bAlaka naciketA yama ke ghara phuNcaa| yamarAja ghara para nahIM the| vaha bhUkhA pyAsA hI tIna dina taka yamarAja ke dvAra para baiTha kara unakI pratIkSA karatA rhaa| yamarAja aaye| bAlaka kI bhadratA para ve mugdha ho gye| tIna vara mA~gane ke lie khaa| naciketA ne tIsarA vara mA~gA-mRtyu ke pazcAt kucha kahate haiM mAnava kI AtmA kA astitva hai, kucha kahate haiM nahIM hai, satya tathya kyA, yaha Apa mujhe batAyeM- yahI merA tRtIya vara hai| yamarAja ne anya vara mA~gane kI preraNA dI, para naciketA apane kathana se tanika bhI vicalita nahIM huaa| usane kahA mujhe vahI vidhi batAiye, jisase amaratA prApta ho| yamarAja ne kahA- tU isa Atma-vidyA ke lie Agraha na kara isakA 2 jJAna honA sAdhAraNa bAta nahIM hai| devatA bhI isa viSaya meM sandehazIla rahe haiN| para naciketA kI tIvra abhilASA se yamarAja ne prasanna hokara Atmasiddhi kA sUkSma rahasya use btaayaa| aatmvidy.....| va yogavidhi ko pAkara naciketA ko brahmAnanda anubhava huaa| usakA rAga-dveSa naSTa ho gyaa| isI prakAra jo Atma-tattva ko pAkara AcaraNa kareMge, ve bhI amaratA ko prApta kreNge| caraka ke anusAra agniveza ke uttara meM punarvasu ne bhI Atma-tattva kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| saMkSepa meM yadi kahanA cAheM to bauddhadarzana AtmA ko sthAyI nahIM, kintu cetanA kA pravAha mAtra mAnatA hai| dIpazikhA ke rUpaka se prastuta kathana kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA haiN| jaise, dIpaka kI jyoti jagamagA rahI hai kintu jo lau pUrva kSaNa meM hai, vaha dvitIya kSaNa meM nhiiN| tela pravAha rUpa meM jala rahA hai, lau usake jalane kA pariNAma kA jJAna prApta karane kI jijJAsA vyakta kii| hai pratipala, pratikSaNa vaha naI utpanna ho rahI hai kintu usakA bAhya rUpa usI prakAra sthitizIla padArtha ke rUpa meM dRSTigocara ho rahA hai| bauddhadarzana ke anusAra AtmA ke sambandha meM bhI ThIka yahI sthiti caritArtha hotI hai| spaSTa hai ki bauddha darzanazranAtmavAdI hote hue bhI AtmavAdI hai| chAndogya upaniSad meM maharSi nArada aura sanatkumAra kA saMvAda haiN| sanatkumAra ke pUchane para nArada ne kahA-veda, purANa, itihAsa Adi sabhI vidyAoM kA adhyayana karane para bhI AtmasvarUpa na pahacAnane se maiM zoka grasta haiM, ataH AtmajJAna pradAna kIjiye, aura cintAoM se mukta kiijie| vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM yAjJavalkya se maitreyI ne bhI AtmaviyA upaniSad ke RSiyoM ne kahA hai- AtmA hI darzanIya hai, zravaNIya hai, mananIya hai aura dhyAna kiye jAne yogya hai / manusmRti ke racayitA AcArya manu kahate haiM saba jJAnoM meM Atma jJAna hI zreSTha hai| sabhI vidyAoM meM vahI parA vidyA hai, jisase mAnava ko amRta (mokSa) prApta hotA hai| AtmA zarIra se vilakSaNa hai| vaha vANI dvArA agamya hai| na vaha sthUla hai, na hrasva hai, na virAT hai, na aNu hai, na aruNa hai, na drava hai, na chAyA hai, na andhakAra hai, na havA hai, na AkAza hai, na saMga hai, na rasa hai, na gaMdha hai, na netra hai, na karNa hai, na vANI hai, na mana hai, na teja hai, na prANa hai, na mukha hai, na mApa hai, usameM na antara hai, na bAhara hai| upaniSadoM meM AtmA ke parimANa kI vibhinna kalpanAe~ milatI haiN| chAndogyopaniSad meM batAyA hai- "yaha merI AtmA antarhadaya meM rahatI hai| yaha cAvala se, jau se, sarasoM se, zyAmAka (sA~vA~) nAmaka dhAna se bhI laghu hai|" bRhadAraNyaka meM kahA hai- "yaha puruSarUpI AtmA manomaya bhAsvAna tathA satyarUpI hai aura usa antarhRdaya meM aisI rahatI hai jaise cAvala yA jau kA dAnA ho" / kaThopaniSad meM kahA hai- "AtmA aMgUThe jitanI bar3I haiM, aMgUThe jitanA vaha puruSa AtmA ke madhya meM rahatA hai|" kauSItakI upaniSad meM kahA hai yaha AtmA zarIra vyApI haiM taittirIya upaniSada ne pratipAdita kiyA hai atramaya, prANamaya, manomaya, vijJAnamaya, Anandamaya ye sabhI AtmAe~ zarIra pramANa haiN| muNDakopaniSad Adi meM AtmA ko vyApaka mAnA gayA hai:"hRdaya kamala ke bhItara yaha merA AtmA pRthvI, antarikSa, dyuloka athavA ina saba lokoM kI apekSA bar3A hai|" :

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adhyAtmavAda : eka adhyayana gItA ke anusAra- AtmA ko zastra cheda nahIM sakate, agni hai sAMkhya dRSTi se AtmA kartA nahIM, kintu phala kA bhoktA hai| kartRtva jalA nahIM sakatI. pAnI gIlA nahIM kara sakatA aura havA sakhA nahIM prakati meM hai| sakatI hai| jaise mAnava jIrNa-zIrNa vastra ko utAra kara navIna vastroM ko mImAMsA darzana ke anusAra AtmA eka hai, kintu dehAdi kI dhAraNa karatA hai, vaise hI yaha AtmA bhI jIrNa zarIra kA parityAga vividhatA ke kAraNa vaha aneka pratIta hotA hai| mImAMsaka kumArila ne kara navIna zarIra ko dhAraNa karatA hai| AtmA ko nitya nitya mAnA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM, vaidika vaidika saMskRti meM hI naiyAyika, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, mImAMsaka dArzanikoM ne bhI AtmA ke sambandha meM gahana cintana kiyA hai, kinta aura yoga ina darzanoM kA samAveza hotA hai| ye sabhI darzana AtmA ko jaina darzana jitanA gaMbhIra cintana ve nahIM kara pAye haiN| anekAnta dRSTi svIkAra karate haiM aura AtmA, mokSa Adi kI svatantra paribhASAeM se jaina darzana ne AtmA kA sarvAGga vivecana kiyA hai, vaisA anyatra prastuta karate haiN| naiyAyika va vaizeSika darzana kA mantavya hai ki AtmA durlabha hai| ekAnta, nitya aura sarvavyApI hai| icchA, dveSa, prayatna, sukha-du:kha uparyukta paMktiyoM meM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika darzana-mAnya Adi ke rUpa meM jo parirvatana parilakSita hotA hai, vaha AtmA ke AtmA kI eka halkI sI jhA~kI prastuta kI gaI hai| Adhunika guNoM meM hai, svayaM AtmA meM nhiiN| AtmA ke guNa AtmA se bhitra haiM, vaijJAnika bhI AtmA ke maulika astitva ko svIkAra karane lage haiN| inase hama AtmA kA astitva jAnate haiN| prophesara alabarTa AiMsTIna ne, jo pAzcAtya dezoM ke pratibhA-sampanna sAMkhya darzana AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai usake vidvAn mAne gaye haiM, likhA hai- "maiM jAnatA hU~ ki sArI prakRti meM anusAra AtmA sadA-sarvadA ekarUpa rahatA hai| usameM parivartana nahIM cetanA kAma kara rahI hai" inake atirikta anya aneka mUrdhanya hotaa| saMsAra aura mokSa bhI AtmA ke nahIM, pratyuta prakRti ke haiN|sukh- vaijJAnikoM ke vicAra bhI mananIya haiN| para sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa unheM du:kha aura jJAna bhI prakRti ke dharma haiM, AtmA ke nhiiN| AtmA to yahA~ udbhata karanA sambhava nahIM haiN| sthAyI, anAdi, anante, avikArI, nitya citsvarUpa aura niSkriya Jain Education Intemational

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jaina dharma kI AdhyAtmika jIvanadRSTi pro0 sAgaramala jaina mAnava jAti ko duHkhoM se mukta karanA hI bhagavAn mahAvIra upalabdhi hI jIvana kA antima lakSya hai| jaina vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM kA pramukha lakSya thaa| unhoMne isa tathya ko gaharAI se samajhane kA adhyAtmavAda kA artha hai, padArtha ko paramamUlya na mAnakara AtmA ko prayatna kiyA ki duHkha kA mUla kisameM hai| ise spaSTa karate hue paramamUlya maannaa| bhautikavAdI dRSTi mAnavIya duHkha aura sukha kA uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki samasta bhautika aura mAnasika AdhAra vastu ko mAnakara calatI hai usake anusAra sukha aura duHkha duHkhoM kA mUla vyakti kI bhogAsakti meM hai| yadyapi bhautikavAda vastugata tathya hai| bhautikavAdI sukhoM kI lAlasA meM vastuoM ke pIche manuSya kI kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke dvArA duHkhoM kA nivAraNa kA prayatna daur3atA hai aura unake upalabdhi hetu corI, zoSaNa evaM saMgraha jaisI karatA hai kintu vaha usa kAraNa kA uccheda nahIM kara sakatA, jisase sAmAjika burAIyoM ko janma detA hai| isake viparIta jaina adhyAtmavAda duHkha kA yaha srota prasphuTita hotA hai| bhautikavAda ke pAsa manuSya kI hameM yaha sikhAtA hai ki sukha aura duHkha kA kendra vastu meM na hokara tRSNA ko samApta karane kA koI upAya nahIM hai| vaha icchAoM kI pUrti AtmA meM hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra sukha-duHkha AtmakRta haiN| ata: ke dvArA mAnavIya AkAMkSAoM ko paritRpta karanA cAhatA hai, kintu yaha vAstavika Ananda kI upalabdhi padArthoM se na hokara AtmA se hotI agni meM DAle gaye ghRta ke samAna use parizAnta karane kI apekSA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai ki AtmA hI apane bar3hAtA hI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bahuta hI spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai sukha-duHkhoM kA kartA aura bhoktA hai| vahI apanA mitra hai aura vahI ki cAhe svarNa aura rajata ke kailAza ke samAna asaMkhya parvata bhI apanA zatru haiM supratiSThita arthAt sadguNoM meM sthita AtmA mitra hai aura khar3e ho jAye kintu ve manuSya kI tRSNA ko pUrA karane meM asamartha duSpatiSThita arthAt durguNoM meM sthita AtmA zatru hai| AturapratyAkhyAna haiN| na kevala jainadharma apitu sabhI AdhyAtmika dharmoM ne ekamata se nAmaka jaina grantha meM adhyAtma kA hArda spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki samasta duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa ki jJAna aura darzana se yukta zAzvata Atmatattva hI merA hai, zeSa sabhI Asakti, tRSNA yA mamatva buddhi hai, kintu tRSNA kI samApti kA bAhya padArtha saMyoga se upalabdha hue hai, isalie ve mere apane nahIM hai| upAya icchAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti nahIM hai| bhautikavAda hameM ina saMyogajanma upalabdhiyoM kA apanA mAna lene yA una para mamatva sukha aura suvidhA ke sAdhana to de sakatA hai kintu vaha manuSya kI rakhane ke kAraNa hI jIva du:kha paramparA ko prApta hotA hai, ata: una Asakti yA tRSNA kA nirAkaraNa nahIM kara sktaa| isa dizA meM sAMyogika padArthoM ke prati mamatva bhAva kA sarvathA visarjana kara denA usakA prayatna to TahaniyoM ko kATakara jar3a ko sIMcane ke samAna hai| caahie| saMkSepa meM jaina adhyAtmavAda ke anusAra deha Adi sabhI jaina AgamoM meM spaSTarUpa se kahA gayA hai ki tRSNA AkAza ke samAna Atmetara padArthoM ke prati mamatva buddhi kA tyAga hI sAdhanA kA mUla ananta hai, usakI pUrti sambhava nahIM hai| yadi hama mAnava jAti ko utsa hai| vastutaH jahA~ adhyAtmavAda padArtha ke sthAna para AtmA ko svArtha, hiMsA, zoSaNa, bhraSTAcAra evaM tajjanita duHkhoM se mukta karanA apanA sAdhya mAnatA hai, vahA~ bhautikavAda meM padArtha hI parama mUlya bana cAhate haiM, to hameM bhautikavAdI dRSTi kA tyAga karake AdhyAtmika dRSTi jAtA hai| adhyAtmavAda meM AtmA hI parama mUlya hotI hai| jaina kA vikAsa karanA hogaa| adhyAtmavAda Atmopalabdhi ke lie padArthoM ke prati mamatva buddhi kA tyAga Avazyaka mAnatA hai| usake anusAra mamatA ke virsajana se hI AdhyAtmavAda kyA hai? samatA kA sarjana hotA hai| kintu yahA~ hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki adhyAtmavAda se hamArA tAtparya kyA hai? adhyAtma zabda kI vyutpati adhi+Atma se jaina adhyAtmavAda kA lakSya Atmopalabdhi hai arthAt vaha AtmA kI zreSThatA yA uccatA kA sUcaka hai| AcArAMga jainadharma meM mamatva ke visarjana ko hI Atmolabdhi kA meM isake liye ajjhappa yA ajjhattha zabda kA prayoga hai jo Antarika ekamAtra upAya isalie mAnA gayA hai ki jaba taka vyakti meM mamatva pavitratA yA Antarika vizuddhi kA sUcaka hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra buddhi yA Asakti bhAva rahatA hai taba taka vyakti kI dRSTi 'sva' meM nahIM adhyAtmavAda vaha dRSTi hai jo yaha mAnatI hai ki bhautika sukha- apit 'para' arthAt padArtha meM kendrita rahatI hai| vaha para meM sthita suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi hI antima lakSya nahIM hai| daihika evaM hotA hai| yaha padArtha kendrita dRSTi hI yA para meM sthita honA hI Arthika mUlyoM ke pare ucca mUlya bhI haiM aura ina ucca mUlyoM kI bhautikavAda kA mUla AdhAra hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra 'para' Jain Education Intemational

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jaina dharma kI AdhyAtmika jIvanadRSTi arthAt Atmetara vastuoM meM apanatva kA bhAva aura padArtha ko kahAnI hai|" kintu yaha eka mithyA dhAraNA hai| saMgharSa sadaiva nirAkaraNa parama mUlya mAnanA yahI bhautikavAda yA mithyAdRSTi kA lakSaNa hai| kA viSaya rahA hai| koI bhI cetana sattA saMgharSazIla dazA meM nahIM rahanA AtmavAdI yA adhyAtmavAdI vyakti kI dRSTi padArtha-kendrita na cAhatI, vaha saMgharSa kA nirAkaraNa karanA hI cAhatI hai| yadi saMgharSa hokara Atma-kendrita hotI hai| vaha AtmA ko hI parama mUlya nirAkaraNa kI vastu hai to use svabhAva nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| saMgharSa mAnatA hai aura apane svasvarUpa yA svabhAvadazA kI upalabdhi ko mAnava itihAsa kA eka tathya ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha manuSya ke hI apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya banAtA hai, ise hI jaina pAribhASika vibhAva kA itihAsa hai, svabhAva kA nhiiN| caitasika jIvana meM tanAva zabdAvalI meM samyagdRSTi kahA gayA hai| bhautikavAda mithyAdRSTi hai yA vicalana pAye jAte haiM, kintu ve jIvana ke svabhAva nahIM haiM kyoMki aura adhyAtmavAda samyakadRSTi haiN| jIvana kI prakriyA sadaiva hI unheM samApta karane kI dizA meM prayAsazIla hai| caitasika jIvana kA mUla svabhAva yahI hai ki vaha bAhya aura AtmA kA svarUpa evaM sAdhya Antarika uttejanAoM evaM saMvedanAoM se utpanna vikSobhoM ko samApta yahA~ svAbhAvikarUpa se yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki jainadharma kara, samatva ko banAye rakhane kA prayAsa karatA hai| ata: jainadharma meM meM AtmA kA svarUpa kyA hai? AcArAMgasatra meM AtmA ke svarUpa- samatA ko AtmA yA cetanA kA svabhAva kahA gayA hai aura use hI lakSaNa ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo AtmA hai vaha vijJAtA dharma ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| yaha satya hai ki jainadharma meM hai aura jo vijJAtA hai vahI AtmA hai| isa prakAra jJAtAbhAva meM sthita dharma-sAdhanA kA mUlabhUta lakSya kAmanA, Asakti, rAga-dveSa aura honA hI sva svabhAva meM sthita honA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna meM vitarka Adi mAnasika asantulanoM aura tanAvoM ko samApta kara cetanA ke tIna pakSa mAne gaye hai|-jnyaanaatmk, bhAvAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka, anAsakta aura nirAkula vItarAga cetanA kI upalabdhi mAnA gayA hai| usameM bhAvAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSa vastutaH bhoktAbhAva aura Asakti yA mamatvabuddhi rAga aura dveSa ke bhAva utpanna kara vyakti ko kartAbhAva ke sUcaka haiN| jaba taka Atma kartA yA bhoktA hotA hai taba padArthApakSI banAtI hai| Asakta vyakti apane ko 'para' meM khojatA hai| taka vaha sva svarUpa ko upalabdha nahIM hotA kyoMki yahA~ citta- jabaki anAsakta yA vItarAga dRSTi vyakti ko sva meM kendrita karatI hai| vikalpa yA AkAMkSA banI rahatI hai| ata: usake dvArA citta-samAdhi yA dUsare zabdoM meM, jainadharma meM vItarAgatA kI upalabdhi ko hI jIvana kA Atmopalabdhi saMbhava nahIM hai| vizuddha jJAtAbhAva yA sAkSI bhAva hI parama lakSya ghoSita kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki vItarAga hI sacce artha meM aisA tathya hai jo AtmA ko nirAkuMla samAdhi kI avasthA meM sthita samabhAva meM athavA sAkSIbhAva meM sthita raha sakatA hai jo cetanA kara duHkhoM se mukta kara sakatA hai| samabhAva yA sAkSI bhAva meM sthita raha sakatI hai vahI nirAkula dazA ko eka anya dRSTi se jainadharma meM AtmA kA svarUpa-lakSaNa prApta hotI hai aura jo nirAkula dazA ko prApta hotI hai, vahIM zAzvata samatva bhI batAyA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama ne mahAvIra ke sukhoM kA AsvAda karatI hai| jainadharma meM Atmopalabdhi yA svarUpasammukha do prazna upasthita kiye| AtmA kyA hai aura usakA sAdhya upalabdhi ko, jo jIvana kA lakSya mAnA gayA hai, vaha vastuta: kyA hai? mahAvIra ne ina praznoM ke jo uttara diye the ve jaina dharma ke vItarAga dazA meM hI sambhava hai aura isalie prakArAntara se vItarAgatA hArda ko spaSTa kara dete haiN| unhoMne kahA thA ki AtmA samatva svarUpa ko bhI jIvana kA lakSya kahA gayA hai| vItarAgatA kA hI dUsarA nAma hai aura samatva kI upalabdhi kara lenA yahI AtmA kA sAdhya hai| samabhAva yA sAkSIbhAva haiM, yahI samabhAva hamArA vAstavika svarUpa hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM bhI samatA ko dharma kahA gayA hai| vahA~ samatA ko isa avasthA ko prApta kara lenA hI hamAre jIvana kA parama sAdhya hai| dharma isalie kahA gayA hai ki vaha hamArA sva svabhAva hai aura vastu svabhAva hI dharma hai (vatthu sahAvo dhammo) yaha dharma kI dUsarI paribhASA sAdhya aura sAdhanA mArga kA AtmA se abheda hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra svabhAva se bhinna Adarza kI kalpanA jainadharma meM sAdhaka, sAdhya aura sAdhanAmArga tInoM hI AtmA ayathArtha hai| jo hamArA mUla svabhAva aura svalakSaNa hai vahI hamArA se abhinna mAne gaye haiN| AtmA hI sAdhaka hai, AtmA hI sAdhya hai aura sAdhya ho sakatA hai| jaina paribhASA meM nitya aura nirapavAda vastu dharma AtmA hI sAdhanA mArga hai| adhyAtmatattvAloka meM kahA gayA hai ki hI svabhAva hai| AtmA kA svasvarUpa aura AtmA kA sAdhya donoM hI AtmA hI saMsAra hai aura AtmA hI mokSa hai, jaba taka AtmA kaSAya samatA hai| yaha bAta jIvavaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI satya siddha hotI hai| aura indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hai, vaha saMsAra hai| kintu jaba vaha inheM apane Adhunika jIva vijJAna meM bhI samatva ke saMsthApana ko jIvana kA vazIbhUta kara letA hai to mukta kahA jAtA hai"| AcArya amRtacandrasUrI lakSaNa batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda 'samatva' ke samayasAra kI TIkA meM likhate haiM ki para dravya kA parihAra aura zuddha sthAna para 'saMgharSa' ko jIvana kA svabhAva batAtA hai aura kahatA hai ki Atma tattva kI upalabdhi hI siddhi hai 12 / AcArya hemacandra ne bhI "saMgharSa hI jIvana kA niyama hai, mAnavIya itihAsa varga saMgharSa kI sAdhya aura sAdhaka meM bheda batAte hue yogazAstra meM kahA hai ki kaSAya Jain Education Intemational

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8 aura indriyoM se parAjita AtmA baddha aura unako vijita karanevAlA AtmA hI prabuddha purUSoM dvArA mukta kahA jAtA hai 13 / vastutaH AtmA kI vAsanAoM se yukta avasthA hI bandhana hai aura vAsanAoM tathA vikalpoM se rahita zuddha AtmadazA hI mokSa hai jaina adhyAtmavAda kA kathana hai ki sAdhaka kA Adarza usake bAhara nahIM varan usake andara hai / dharma sAdhanA ke dvArA jo kucha pAyA jAtA hai vaha bAhya upalabdhi nahIM apitu nija guNoM kA pUrNa prakaTana hai| hamArI mUlabhUta kSamatAyeM sAdhaka avasthA aura siddha avasthA meM samAna hI hai| sAdhaka aura siddha avasthAoM meM antara kSamatAoM kA nahIM varan kSamatAoM ko yogyatAoM meM badala dene kA hai| jisa prakAra bIja vRkSa ke rUpa meM vikasita hone kI kSamatA rakhatA hai aura vaha vRkSa rUpa meM vikasita hokara vaha apanI pUrNatA ko prApta kara letA hai vaise hI AtmA bhI paramAtmadazA prApta karane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai aura use upalabdha kara pUrNa ho jAtA hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra apanI hI bIjarUpa kSamatAoM ko pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa karanA hI mukti hai| jaise sAdhanA 'sva' ke dvArA 'sva' ko upalabdha karanA hai, nija meM prasupta jinatva ko abhivyakta karanA hai| AtmA ko hI paramAtmA ke rUpa meM pUrNa banAnA hai| isa prakAra AtmA kA sAdhya AtmA hI hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 mAnya kiyA hai| jainadharma kA sAdhanA mArga bhI AtmA se bhinna nahIM hai| hamArI hI cetanA ke jJAna, bhAva aura saMkalpa ke pakSa samyak dizA meM niyojita hokara sAdhanA mArga bana jAte haiN| jaina darzana meM samyakjJAna, samyak-darzana aura samyak cAritra ko, jo mokSa mArga kahA gayA hai, usakA mUla hArda itanA hI hai ki cetanA ke jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSa kramazaH samyak jJAna samyak darzana aura samyak cAritra ke rUpa meM sAdhanAmArga bana jAte haiN| * isa prakAra sAdhanAmArga bhI AtmA hI hai| AcArya kundakunda kahate haiM ki mokSakAmI ko AtmA ko jAnanA cAhie, AtmA para hI zraddhA karanA cAhie aura AtmA kI hI anubhUti ( anucaritavyazca ) karanA caahie| samyagjJAna samyagdarzana, pratyAkhyAna (tyAga), saMvara (saMyama) aura yoga saba apane Apako pAne ke sAdhana haiN| kyoMki vahI jaina darzana AtmA jJAna meM hai, darzana meM hai, cAritra meM hai, tyAga meM hai, saMvara meM hai aura yoga meM hai14| jinheM vyavahAranaya se jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kahA gayA hai, ve nizcayanaya se to AtmA hI haiN| trividha sAdhanAmArga jainadarzana meM mokSa kI prApti ke lie trividha sAdhanAmArga batAyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM samyak darzana samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritra ko mokSamArga kahA gayA hai15|| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samyak jJAna, samyak darzana, samyak cAritra aura samyak tapa aise caturvidha mokSamArga kA bhI vidhAna hai 16 kintu jaina AcAyoM ne tapa kA antarbhAva cAritra meM karake isa trividha sAdhanA mArga ko hI sambhavataH yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki trividha sAdhanAmArga kA hI vidhAna kyoM kiyA gayA hai? vastutaH trividha sAdhanAmArga ke vidhAna meM jainAcAryoM kI eka gahana manovaijJAnika sUjha rahI hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna pahalU mAne gae hai- 1. jJAna 2. bhAva aura 3. saMkalpa / cetanA ke ina tInoM pakSoM ke samyak vikAsa ke lie hI trividha sAdhanAmArga kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko sahI dizA meM niyojita karane ke lie samyak darzana, jJAnAtmaka pakSa ke sahI dizA meM niyojana ke lie samyak jJAna aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSa ko sahI dizA meM niyojita karane ke lie samyak cAritra kA prAvadhAna kiyA gayA hai| jaina-darzana ke samAna hI bauddha darzana meM bhI trividha sAdhanAmArga kA vidhAna hai| bauddha darzana ke isa trividha sAdhanAmArga ke tIna aMga hai- 1. zIla, 2. samAdhi aura 3. prajJA 17 hindU dharma ke jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga bhI trividha sAdhanA mArga kA hI eka rUpa haiN| gItA meM prasAMgAntara se trividha sAdhanAmArga ke rUpa meM praNipAta, pariprazna aura sevA kA bhI ullekha hai| isameM praNipAta zraddhA kA pariprazna jJAna kA aura sevA karma kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| upaniSadoM meM zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana ke rUpa meM bhI vividha sAdhanAmArga kA prastutIkaraNa huA hai| yadi hama gaharAI se dekheM to inameM zravaNa zraddhA ke manana jJAna ke aura nididhyAsana karma ke antarbhUta ho sakate haiN| . pAzcAtya paramparA meM bhI tIna Adeza upalabdha hote haiM - 1. svayaM ko jAno (Know Thyself), 2. svayaM ko svIkAra karo (Accept cintana ke tIna Adeza jJAna, darzana aura cAritra ke hI samakakSa haiN| Thyself) aura 3. svayaM hI bana jAo (Be Thyself) 19 pAzcAtya AtmajJAna meM jJAna kA tattva, AtmasvIkRti meM zraddhA kA tattva aura Atma- ramaNa meM cAritra kA tattva upasthita hai| prajJA samyak jJAna samyak darzana samAdhi samyak caritra zIla bauddha darzana hindU dharma gItA upaniSada pariprazna manana praNipAta zramaNa nididhyAsana Be thvself jJAna bhakti karma sevA pAzcAtyadarzana Know Thyself Know Thys trividha sAdhanAmArga aura mukti kucha bhAratIya vicArakoM ne isa trividha sAdhanAmArga ke kisI eka hI pakSa ko mokSa kI prApti kA sAdhana mAna liyA hai| AcArya zaMkara mAtra jJAna se aura rAmAnuja mAtra bhakti se mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate hai| lekina jaina dArzanika aise kisI ekAntavAditA meM nahIM girate haiN| unake anusAra to jJAna, karma aura bhakti kI samaveta sAdhanA hI mokSa kI prApti kA mArga hai| inameM se kisI eka ke abhAva meM mokSa kI prApti sambhava nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra

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jaina dharma kI AdhyAtmika jIvanadRSTi ke anusAra darzana ke binA jJAna nahIM hotA aura jJAna ke abhAva meM AcaraNa samyak nahIM hotA hai aura samyak AcaraNa ke abhAva meM mukti bhI nahIM hotI hai| isa prakAra mukti kI prApti ke lie tInoM hI aMgoM kA honA Avazyaka hai| samyak darzana kA artha jaina AgamoM meM darzana zabda aneka arthoM meM prayukta huA hai aura isake artha ke sambandha meM jaina paramparA meM kAphI vivAda rahA hai| darzana zabda ko jJAna se alaga karate hue vicArakoM ne darzana ko antarbodha yA prajJA aura jJAna ko bauddhika jJAna kahA hai| darzana zabda kA dRSTikoNaparaka artha bhI liyA gayA hai| prAcIna jainAgamoM meM darzana zabda ke sthAna para dRSTi zabda kA prayoga usake dRSTikoNaparaka artha kA dyotaka hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra evaM tattvArthasUtra meM darzana zabda kA artha tattvazraddhA bhI mAnA gayA hai 21 / paravartI jaina sAhitya meM darzana zabda ko deva, guru aura dharma ke prati zraddhA yA bhakti ke artha meM bhI prayukta kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra jaina paramparA meM samyak darzana-Atma-sAkSAtkAra tattva zraddhA, antarbodha, dRSTikoNa, zraddhA aura bhakti Adi aneka arthoM ko apane meM sameTe hue hai| samyagdarzana' ko cAhe yadhArtha dRSTi kaheM yA tattvArthaM zraddhA usameM vAstavikatA kI dRSTi se adhika antara nahIM hotA hai| antara hotA hai unakI upalabdhi kI vidhi meM eka vaijJAnika svataH prayoga ke AdhAra para kisI satya kA udghATana kara vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, kintu dUsarA vaijJAnika ke kathanoM para vizvAsa karake bhI vastutattva ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnatA hai| yadyapi yahA~ donoM kA hI dRSTikoNa yathArtha hogA, phira bhI eka ne svAnubhUti meM pAyA hai to dUsare ne use zraddhA ke mAdhyama se zraddhA hI samyak dRSTi ho to bhI vaha artha antima nahIM hai, antima artha svAnubhUti hI hai aura yahI samyagdarzana kA vAstavika artha hai| aisA samyagdarzana hotA hai nirvikAra, nirAkula cittavRtti se| ataH prakArAntara se vaha bhI samyagdRSTi kahA jAtA hai| samyakdarzana ke pA~ca lakSaNa jainadharma meM samyak darzana ke nimna pA~ca lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM: 1. sam arthAt samabhAva 2. saMvega arthAt AtmA ke AnaMdamaya svarUpa kI anubhUti athavA satyAbhIpsA, 3. nirveda arthAt anAsakti yA vairAgya, 4. anukampA arthAt dUsare vyakti ko pIr3A ko Atmavat pIr3A samajhanA aura usake prati karuNA kA bhAva rakhanA aura 5. Astikya arthAt puNya-pApa, punarjanma, karma siddhAnta aura AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra krnaa| samyak darzana ke chaha sthAna jisa prakAra bauddha sAdhanA ke anusAra duHkha hai, duHkha kA kAraNa hai, duHkha nivRtti ho sakatI hai aura duHkhanivRtti kA mArga hai| ina cAra Arya satyoM kI svIkRti samyagdRSTi hai, usI prakAra jainasAdhanA ke anusAra SaT sthAnakoM (chaha bAtoM) kI svIkRti samyakdarzana hai- (1) AtmA hai, (2) AtmA nitya hai, (3) AtmA apane karmoM kA kartA hai, (4) AtmA kRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai, (5) AtmA mukti prApta kara sakatA hai aura (6) mukti kA upAya (mArga) hai 22 / jaina tattva - vicAraNA ke anusAra ina SaTsthAnakoM para dRr3ha pratIti samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga hai| dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhatA evaM sadAcAra donoM hI ina para nirbhara haiM; ye SaTsthAnaka jaina sAdhanA ke kendra bindu haiM / samyak- jJAna kA artha dRSTikoNa kI vizuddhi para hI jJAna kI samyaktA nirbhara karatI hai| ataH jaina sAdhanA kA dUsarA caraNa haiM samyak jnyaan| samyakjJAna ko mukti kA sAdhana svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, lekina kauna-sA jJAna mukti ke lie Avazyaka hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| jaina darzana meM samyak jJAna ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiN| sAmAnya dRSTi se samyak jJAna vastutattva kA usake ananta pahaluoM se yukta jJAna hai aura isa rUpa meM vaha vicAra zuddhi kA mAdhyama hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra ekAMgIjJAna mithyAtva hai, kyoMki vaha satya ke ananta pakSoM kA apalApa karatA hai| jaba taka Agraha buddhi hai, taba taka vItarAgatA sambhava hI nahIM hai aura jaba taka vItarAga dRSTi nahIM hai taba taka yathArtha jJAna bhI asambhava hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra satya ke ananta pahaluoM ko jAnane ke lie anekAnta dRSTi samyak jJAna kI anivArya zarta hai| ekAnta dRSTi yA vaicArika Agraha apane meM nihita chadma rAga ke kAraNa satya ko raMgIna kara detA hai| ataH ekAnta aura Agraha satya ke sAkSAtkAra meM bAdhaka haiM jaina sAdhanA kI dRSTi se vItarAgatA ko upalabdha karane ke lie vaicArika Agraha kA parityAga aura anAgrahI dRSTi kA nirmANa Avazyaka hai aura isake mAdhyama se prApta jJAna kI samyak jJAna hai| samyagjJAna kA artha hai vastu ko usake ananta pahaluoM se jAnanA / jainadharma meM eka anya dRSTi se samyak jJAna Atma-anAtma kA viveka hai| yaha sahI hai ki Atmatattva ko jJAna kA viSaya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, banAyA jA sakatA, use jJAtA jJeya ke dvaita ke AdhAra para nahIM jAnA jA sakatA kyoMki vaha svayaM jJAna svarUpa hai, jJAtA hai aura jJAtA kabhI zeya nahIM bana sakatA, ataH AtmajJAna durUha hai| lekina anAtma tattva to aisA hai jise hama jJAtA aura zeya ke dvaita ke AdhAra para jAna sakate haiN| sAmAnya vyakti bhI apane sAdhAraNa jJAna ke dvArA itanA to jAna hI sakatA hai ki usake jJAna ke viSaya kyA hai ? aura isase vaha yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakatA hai ki jo usake jJAna ke viSaya haiM ve

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10 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 usake svasvarUpa nahIM hai, ve anAtma haiN| samyak jJAna Atma-jJAna hai, aura gyAraha pratimAoM kA pAlana AtA hai| zramaNAcAra ke antargata kintu AtmA ko anAtma ke mAdhyama se hI pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| paMcamahAvrata, rAtribhojana niSedha, paMcasamiti, tIna gupti, dasa yatidharma, anAtma ke svarUpa ko jAnakara anAtma se Atma kA bheda karanA yahI bAraha anuprekSAeM, bAIsa parISaha, aTThAvIsa mUlaguNa, bAvana anAcAra bheda vijJAna hai aura yahI jaina-darzana meM samyak jJAna kA mUla artha hai| Adi kA vivecana upalabdha hai| isake atirikta bhojana, vastra, AvAsa isa prakAra jaina-darzana meM samyagjJAna Atma-anAtma kA sambandhI vidhi-niSedha haiN| viveka hai| jainoM kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM ise bheda vijJAna kahA jAtA hai| AcArya amRtacandra sUri ke anusAra jo koI siddha hai ve isa sAdhanatraya kA pUrvApara sambandha Atma-anAtma ke viveka yA bheda vijJAna se hI siddha hue haiM aura jo darzana, jJAna aura cAritra kI pUrvAparatA ko lekara jaina bandhana meM haiM, ve isake abhAva ke kAraNa hI haiN23| AcArya kundakunda vicAraNA meM sAmAnyatayA koI vivAda nahIM hai| jaina AgamoM meM darzana ne samayasAra meM isa bheda vijJAna kA atyanta gahana vivecana kiyA hai kI prAthamikatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki samyak darzana ke abhAva kintu vistAra bhaya se yaha samagra vivecanA yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai|24 meM samyak cAritra nahIM hotaa| bhaktaparijJA meM kahA gayA hai ki 'darzana se bhraSTa (patita) hI vAstavika rUpa meM bhraSTa hai, cAritra se bhraSTa, bhraSTa nahIM samyak cAritra kA artha hai kyoMki jo samyak darzana se yukta vyakti saMsAra meM adhika paribhramaNa jaina paramparA meM sAdhanA kA tIsarA caraNa samyak cAritra hai| nahIM karatA hai, jabaki darzana se bhraSTa vyakti saMsAra se mukta nahIM isake do rUpa mAne gae haiM 1. vyavahAra cAritra 2. nizcaya caaritr| hotaa|25 kadAcit cAritra se rahita siddha bhI ho jAve lekina darzana AcaraNa kA bAhya pakSa yA AcaraNa ke vidhi-vidhAna vyavahAra cAritra se rahita kabhI bhI mukti nahIM paataa| vastuta: dRSTikoNa yA zraddhA hI kahe jAte haiN| jabaki AcaraNa kI antarAtmA nizcaya cAritra kahIM jAtI eka aisA tattva hai jo vyakti ke jJAna aura AcaraNa ko sahI dizA hai| jahAM taka naitikatA ke vaiyaktika dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai athavA nirdeza kara sakatA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu AcArAMganiyukti meM kahate haiM vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA prazna hai, nizcayAtmaka cAritraM hI ki samyak dRSTi se hI tapa, jJAna aura sadAcaraNa saphala hote haiN|26 mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| lekina jahAM taka sAmAjika jIvana kA prazna hai, jahAM taka jJAna aura cAritra kA sambandha hai, jaina vicArakoM cAritra kA bAhya pakSa hI pramukha hai| ne cAritra ko jJAna ke bAda hI sthAna diyA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM yahI nizcaya dRSTi se cAritra kA saccA artha samabhAva yA samatva batAyA gayA hai ki samyak jJAna ke abhAva meM sadAcaraNa nahIM hotA hai| kI upalabdhi hai| mAnasika yA caitasika jIvana meM samatva kI upalabdhi- isa prakAra jaina darzana meM AcaraNa ke pUrva samyak jJAna kA honA yahI cAritra kA pAramArthika yA naizcayika pakSa hai| vastutaH cAritra kA Avazyaka hai, phira bhI ve yaha svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki akelA jJAna pakSa Atma-ramaNa kI sthiti hai| naizcayika cAritra kA prAdurbhAva kevala hI mukti kA sAdhana ho sakatA hai| mahAvIra ne jJAna aura AcaraNa donoM apramatta avasthA meM hI hotA hai| apramatta cetanA kI avasthA meM hone se samanvita sAdhanA patha kA upadeza diyA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra vAle sabhI kArya zuddha hI mAne gae haiN| cetanA meM jaba rAga, dveSa, kahate haiM ki 'manuSya cAhe vaha brAhyaNa ho, bhikSuka ho athavA aneka kaSAya aura vAsanAoM kI agni pUrI taraha zAMta ho jAtI hai tabhI zAstroM kA jAnakara ho yadi usakA AcaraNa acchA nahIM hai to vaha sacce naitika evam dhArmika jIvana kA udbhava hotA hai aura aisA hI apane kRtya karmoM ke kAraNa duHkhI hI hogaa'|27 uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM sadAcAra mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai| sAdhaka jaba jIvana kI pratyeka kahA gayA hai ki aneka bhASAoM evam zAstroM kA jJAna AtmA ko kriyA ke sampAdana meM Atma-jAgrata hotA hai, usakA AcaraNa bAhya zaraNabhUta nahIM hotaa| durAcaraNa meM anurakta apane Apa ko paMDita AvegoM aura vAsanAoM se cAlita nahIM hotA hai tabhI vaha sacce arthoM mAnane vAle loga vastuta: mUrkha hI haiN| ve kevala vacanoM se hI apane meM zcaya cAritra kA pAlana-kartA mAnA jAtA hai| yahI naizcayika cAritra ko AzvAsana dete haiN|28 Avazyakaniyukti meM jJAna aura AcaraNa ke mukti kA sopAna kahA gayA hai| pArasparika sambandha kA vivecana atyanta vistRta rUpa se kiyA gayA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kahate haiM ki 'AcaraNavihIna aneka zAstroM ke vyavahAra cAritra jJAtA bhI saMsAra samudra se pAra nahIM hote'| jJAna aura kriyA ke vyavahAra cAritra kA sambandha AcAra ke niyamoM ke paripAlana pArasparika sambandha ko loka prasiddha aMdha-paMgu nyAya ke AdhAra para se hai| vyavahAracAritra ko dezavratI cAritra aura sarvavratI-cAritra aise spaSTa karate hue AcArya likhate haiM ki jisa prakAra eka cakra se ratha vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| dezavratIcAritra kA sambandha gRhastha nahIM calatA hai yA akelA aMdhA athavA akelA paMgu icchita sAdhya upAsakoM se aura sarvavratIcAritra kA sambandha zramaNa varga se hai| jaina- ko nahIM pahu~cate, vaise hI mAtra kriyA yA mAtra jJAna se mukti nahIM paramparA meM gRhasthAcAra ke antargata aSTamUlaguNa, SaTkarma, bAraha vrata hotI, apitu donoM ke sahayoga se hI mukti hotI hai|29 Jain Education Intemational

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jaina dharma kI AdhyAtmika jIvanadRSTi jaina parvo kI AdhyAtmika prakRti na kevala jaina sAdhanA kI prakRti adhyAtmavAdI hai apitu jaina parva bhI mUlata: adhyAtmavAdI hI haiN| jaina parva Amoda-pramoda ke lie na hokara Atma sAdhanA aura tapa ke lie hote haiN| unameM mukhyataH tapa; tyAga, vrata evaM upavAsoM kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| jainoM ke prasiddha parvoM meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM paryuSaNa parva aura digambara paramparA meM dazalakSaNa parva haiM jo bhAdrapada meM manAye jAte haiN| ina dinoM meM jina pratimAoM kI pUjA, upavAsa Adi vrata tathA dharma granthoM kA svAdhyAya yahI sAdhakoM kI dinacaryA ke pramukha aMga hote haiN| ina parvo ke dinoM meM jahA~ digambara paramparA meM pratidina kSamA, vinamratA, saralatA pavitratA, satya, saMyama, brahmacarya Adi dasa dharmoM (sadguNoM) kI viziSTa sAdhanA kI jAtI hai, vahAM zvetAmbara paramparA meM ina dinoM meM pratikramaNa ke rUpa meM Atma paryAvalocana kiyA jAtA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA kA antima dina saMvatsarI parva ke nAma se manAyA jAtA hai aura isa dina samagra varSa ke cAritrika skhalana yA asadAcaraNa aura vaira-virodha ke lie Atma paryAvalocana (pratikramaNa ) kiyA jAtA hai evaM prAyazcitta prahaNa kiyA jAtA hai isa dina zatru mitra Adi sabhI se kSamA-yAcanA kI jAtI hai| isa dina jaina sAdhaka kA mukhya udghoSa hotA hai- maiM saba jIvoM ko kSamA pradAna karatA hUM aura sabhI jIva mujhe kSamA pradAna kreN| merI pRdhI prANIvarga se mitratA hai aura kisI se koI vaira-virodha nahIM hai| ina parva ke dinoM meM ahiMsA kA pAlana karanA aura karavAnA eka pramukha kArya hotA hai| prAcIna kAla meM aneka jainAcAryoM ne apane prabhAva se zAsakoM dvArA ina dinoM ko ahiMsaka dinoM ke rUpa meM ghoSita karavAyA thaa| isa pramukha parva ke atirikta aSTAhikA parva atupaMcamI tathA vibhinna tIrthakaroM ke garbha praveza, janma, dIkSA, kaivalya prApti evaM nirvANa divasoM ko bhI parva ke rUpa meM manAyA jAtA hai| ina dinoM meM bhI sAmAnyatayA vrata rakhA jAtA hai aura jina pratimAoM kI vizeSa samAroha ke sAtha pUjA kI jAtI hai| dIpAvalI kA parva bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa divasa ke rUpa meM jaina samudAya ke dvArA bar3e utsAha ke sAtha manAyA jAtA hai| 11 lauTa aaye| unhoMne caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kI tathA jIvana bhara usakA mArga-darzana karate rhe| jainadharma sAmAjika kalyANa aura sAmAjika sevA ko Avazyaka to mAnatA hai, kintu vaha vyakti ke sudhAra se samAja ke sudhAra kI dizA meM Age bar3hatA hai| vyakti samAja kI prathama ikAI hai, jaba taka vyakti nahIM sudharegA taba taka samAja nahIM sudhara sakatA hai| jaba taka vyakti ke jIvana meM naitika aura AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa nahIM hotA taba taka sAmAjika jIvana meM suvyavasthA aura zAnti kI sthApanA nahIM ho sktii| jo vyaktitva apane svArthoM aura vAsanAoM para niyaMtraNa nahIM kara sakatA vaha kabhI sAmAjika ho hI nahIM sktaa| lokasevaka aura jana-sevaka apane vyaktigata svArthoM aura dvandvoM se dUra raheM yaha jaina AcAra saMhitA kA AdhArabhUta siddhAnta hai caritrahIna vyakti sAmAjika jIvana ke lie ghAtaka hI siddha hogeN| vyaktigata svArthoM kI pUrti ke nimitta jo saMgaThana yA samudAya banate haiM, ve sAmAjika jIvana ke sacce pratinidhi nahIM haiN| kyA cora, DAkU aura zoSakoM kA samAja, samAja kahalAne kA adhikArI hai ? mahAvIra kI zikSA kA sAra yahI hai ki vaiyaktika jIvana meM nivRtti hI sAmAjika kalyANa ke kSetra meM pravRtti kA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAna kA yaha sukathita pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| " jaina sAdhanA meM ahiMsA, satya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha- ye jo pA~ca vrata mAne gaye haiM ve kevala vaiyaktika sAdhanA ke lie nahIM hai, ve sAmAjika maMgala ke lie bhI haiN| ve Atma zuddhi ke sAtha hI hamAre sAmAjika sambandhoM kI zuddhi kA prayAsa bhI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne Atmahita kI apekSA lokahita ko sadaiva hI mahattva diyA hai| jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara gaNadhara aura sAmAnya kevalI ke jo Adarza sthApita kiye gaye haiM aura unameM jo tAratamyatA nizcata kI gaI usakA AdhAra vizva kalyANa varga kalyANa aura vyakti kalyANa kI bhAvanA hI hai| isa tripuTI meM vizva kalyANa ke lie pravRtti karane ke kAraNa hI tIrthaMkara ko sarvocca sthAna prApta hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM grAmadharma, nagaradharma, rASTradharma Adi kI upasthiti isa bAra kA spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina sAdhanA kevala Atmahita yA vaiyaktika vikAsa taka hI sImita nahIM hai varan usameM lokahita yA loka kalyANa kI pravRtti bhI pAyI jAtI hai31| jaina adhyAtmavAda aura loka kalyANa kA prazna yaha satya hai ki jainadharma saMnyAsamArgI dharma hai| usakI sAdhanA meM Atmazuddhi aura Atmopalabdhi para adhika jora diyA gayA hai, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM loka maMgala yA loka kyA jainadharma jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai? kalyANa kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| jainadharma yaha to avazya mAnatA hai ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se ekAkI jIvana adhika upayukta hai, kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha vaha bhI mAnatA hai ki usa sAdhanA se prApta siddhi kA upayoga sammAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM honA caahie| mahAvIra kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA sAkSI hai, ki 12 varSoM taka ekAkI sAdhanA karane ke pazcAt ve punaH sAmAjika jIvana meM jainadharma meM tapa tyAga kI jo mahimA gAyI gaI hai usake AdhAra para yaha bhrAnti phailAI jAtI hai ki jainadharma jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai| ataH yahAM isa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa kara denA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki jainadharma ke tapa tyAga kA artha zArIrika evaM bhautika jIvana ko asvIkRti nahIM hai| AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI svIkRti kA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki zarIrika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI pUrNatayA

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12 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 upekSA kI jaay| jainadharma ke anusAra zArIrika mUlya adhyAtma ke paramappA' arthAt AtmA hI paramAtmA hai| manuSya ko kisI kA kRpAkAMkSI bAdhaka nahIM, nizIthabhASya meM kahA hai ki mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna hai, na banakara svayaM hI puruSArtha karake paramAtma-pada ko prApta karanA hai| jJAna kA sAdhana zarIra hai, zarIra kA AdhAra AhAra hai,|32 zarIra (ba) mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa- jainadharma zAzvat AnaMda ke kUla para le jAne vAlI naukA hai| isa dRSTi se kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usane varNavAda, jAtivAda Adi una usakA mUlya bhI hai, mahattva bhI hai aura usakI sAra-saMbhAla bhI karanA sabhI avadhAraNAoM kI jo manuSya-manuSya meM U~ca-nIca kA bheda utpanna hai| kintu dhyAna rahe, dRSTi naukA para nahIM kUla para honA hai, naukA karatI thI, asvIkAra kiyaa| usake anusAra sabhI manuSya samAna haiN| sAdhana hai, sAdhya nhiiN| bhautika evaM zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI eka manuSyoM meM zreSThatA aura kaniSThatA kA AdhAra na to jAti vizeSa yA sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkRti jainadharma aura sampUrNa adhyAtma vidyA kA kula vizeSa meM janma lenA hai aura na sattA aura sampatti hii| vaha varNa, hArda hai| yaha vaha vibhAjana rekhA hai,jo AdhyAtma aura bhautikavAda meM raMga, jAti, sampatti aura sattA ke sthAna para AcaraNa kI zreSThatA kA antara karatI hai| bhautikavAda meM upalabdhiyA~ yA jaivika mUlya svayameva pratipAdana karatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 12 veM evaM 25 veM adhyAya sAdhya haiM, antima haiM, jabaki adhyAtma meM ve kinhIM ucca mUlyoM kA meM varNavyavasthA aura brAhmaNa kI zreSThatA kI avadhAraNA para karArI sAdhana haiN| jainadharma kI bhASA meM kaheM to sAdhaka ke dvArA vastuoM kA coTa karate hue yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo sarvathA anAsakta, medhAvI tyAga aura grahaNa, donoM hI sAdhanA ke lie hai| jainadharma kI sampUrNa aura sadAcArI hai vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai aura vahI zreSTha hai| na ki sAdhanA kA mUla lakSya to eka aise nirAkula, nirvikAra, niSkAma kisI kula vizeSa meM janma lenevAlA vykti| aura vItarAga mAnasa kI abhivyakti hai jo vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika (sa) yajJa Adi bAhya kriyA-kANDoM kA AdhyAtmika jIvana ke samasta tanAvoM evaM saMgharSoM ko samApta kara ske| usake artha-jaina paramparA ne yajJa, tIrtha sthAna Adi dharma ke nAma para kiye sAmane mUla prazna daihika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI svIkRti kA nahIM hai jAnevAle karmakANDoM kI na kevala AlocanA kI, apitu unheM eka apitu vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti kI saMsthApanA hai| AdhyAtmika artha bhI pradAna kiyaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika ataH jahA~ taka aura jisa rUpa meM daihika aura bhautika upalabdhiyA~ svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jIvAtmA usameM bAdhaka ho sakatI haiM, vahA~ taka ve svIkArya haiM aura jahA~ taka agnikuNDa hai; mana, vacana, kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI (cammaca) usameM bAdhaka haiM, vahIM taka tyAjya haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne AcArAMga haiM aura karmoM (pApoM) kA naSTa karanA hI Ahuti hai, yahI yajJa evaM uttarAdhyanasUtra meM isa bAta ko bahuta hI spaSTatA ke sAtha prastuta zAntidAyaka hai aura RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kI hai35| kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jaba indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka tIrtha-snAna ko bhI AdhyAtmika artha pradAna karate hue kahA gayA haihotA hai, taba usa samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa sukhada-duHkhada anubhUti dharma jalAzaya hai, brahmacarya ghATa (tIrtha) hai, usameM snAna karane se hI bhI hotI hai aura jIvana meM yaha zakya nahIM hai ki indriyoM kA apane AtmA nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai36|| viSayoM se samparka na ho aura usake kAraNa sukhada yA du:khada anubhUti (da) dAna, dakSiNA Adi ke sthAna para saMyama kI na ho, ata: tyAga indriyAnubhUti kA nahIM apitu usake prati citta meM zreSThatA-yadyapi jaina paramparA ne dharma ke cAra aMgoM meM dAna ko sthAna utpanna honevAle rAga-dveSa kA karanA hai33 kyoMki indriyoM ke manojJa diyA hai kintu vaha yaha mAnatI hai ki dAna kI apekSA bhI saMyama hI yA amanojJa viSaya Asaktacitta ke lie hI rAga-dveSa (mAnasika zreSTha hai| uttarAdhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki pratimAsa sahasroM gAyoM kA vikSobhoM) kA kAraNa banate haiM, anAsakta yaha vItarAga ke lie dAna karane kI apekSA saMyama kA pAlana adhika zreSTha hai37|| nhiiN34| ata: jainadharma kI mUla zikSA mamatva ke visarjana kI hai, isa prakAra jaina dharma bAhya karmakANDa ke sthAna para dharma jIvana ke niSedha kI nhiiN| sAdhanA meM Atma tattva kI pratiSThA karatA hai, yahI usakA adhyAtmavAda haiN| jaina adhyAtmavAda kI vizeSatAe~ . (a) IzvaravAda se mukti-jaina adhyAtmavAda ne manuSya ko sandarbha IzvarIya dAsatA se mukta kara mAnavIya svatantratA kI pratiSThA kI hai| 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana usane yaha udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na to koI anya zakti prakAzana, AgarA, 1972 32/9 hI mAnava kI nirdhAraka hai| manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| jainadharma 2. vahI, 9/48 ne kisI vizvaniyantA Izvara ko svIkAra karane ke sthAna para manuSya meM 3. vahI, 9/48 Izvaratva kI pratiSThA kI aura yaha batAyA ki vyakti hI apanI sAdhanA 4 AcAraMga, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0- zrIAgama prakAzana ke dvArA paramAtma dazA ko prApta kara sakatA hai usane kahA 'appA so samiti, vyAvara 5/36,4/27 Jain Education Intemational

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jaina dharma kI AdhyAtmika jIvanadRSTi 13 5. uttarAdhyayana, (saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana prakAzana, 23. samayasAra TIkA, (prakA0- mA0 varNI jai0 sAhitya mandira, AgarA, 1972) 20/37 (pUrvAddha) muz2aphphara nagara,1977) 132 vahI, 20/37 (uttarArddha) 24. jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanAmArga, DaoN0 sAgara mala jaina, 7. AturapratyAkhyAna, 26, 27 prakA0 rA0 prAkRta bhAratIya saMsthAna, jaiyapura adhyAya 5 8. AcArAMgasUtra, (saMpA0-madhukaramuni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 25. bhaktaparijJA, 65-66 samiti, byAvara), 1980 5/104 26. AcArAMganiyukti, (saMpA0- vijayAmRta sUrIzvara, prakA0- zrI 9. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/9 harSapuSpAmRta, jainagraMtha- mAlA, zaMtipurI, 1989 221 10. AcArAMgasUtra, (saMpA0-madhukaramuni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 27. sUtrakRtAMga, 2/1/3 samiti, byAvara, 1980) 8/31 28. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, (saMpA0 - sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana 11. adhyAmatattvAloka, 4/6 prakAzana, AgarA, 1972) 6/9-11 12. samayasAra TIkA, (prakA0- bhA0 varNI jai0 sAhitya mandira, 29. Avazyakaniyukti, (saMpA0- vijayAmRta sUrIzvara, prakA0- zrI muz2aphphara nagara, 1977), 305 harSapuSpAmRta jainagraMtha- mAlA, zaMtipurI, 1989 95-97 13. yogazAstra, 4/5 30. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, (saMpA0- madhukaramuni, prakA0- zrI Agama 14. samayasAra, (prakA0- bhA0 vI jai0 sAhitya mandira, muz2aphphara prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 2/1/2 nagara, 1977) 277 31. sthAnAMgasUtra, (saMpA0- madhukaramuni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana 15. tattvArthasUtra, vivecaka-pu0 sukhalAla saMghavI prakA0-vi0 dhye0 samiti, byAvara, 1981) 10 saMsthAna vArANasI 1976, 1/1 32. nizIthabhASya, 4159 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana 33. AcArAMgasUtra, (saMpA0-madhukaramuni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana prakAzana, AgarA, 1972, 28/2 samiti, byAvara, 1980) 2/15 17. suttanipAta, 28 34. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, (saMpA0- sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana 18. gItA, 4/34 prakAzana, AgarA, 1972), 32/101 19. Psychology and Morals, P 32 35. vahI, 12/44 20. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, (saMpA0 sAdhvI candanA, prakA0- vIrAyatana 36. vahI, 12/46 prakAzana, AgarA, 1972) 28/30 37. vahI, 9/40 21. uttarAdhyayana, 28/35 tatvArthasUtra, 1/2 22. AtmasiddhizAstra, pR0 43 Jain Education Intemational

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jaina AcAra meM indriya-damana kI manovaijJAnikatA DA0 ratanacanda jaina prAya: sabhI bhAratIya muktimArgoM meM mukti ke lie vItarAgatA hai| kintu viSayarAga banA rahane ke kAraNa yaha nirvAha prAya: damana ke yA niSkAmabhAva ekamAtra sAdhana mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki bandhana aura dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| saMsAra bhramaNa kA mUla kAraNa hai-rAgadveSa-moha se grasta honaa| rAgadveSa damana ke duSpariNAma- damana se niSkAmatA yA vItarAgatA nAnA prakAra kI icchAoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM jinakI santuSTi ke nahIM AtI, apitu caritra meM vikRti utpanna hotI hai| Adhunika yuga lie vyakti taraha-taraha ke zubhAzubha karma karatA hai aura unase navIna ke prasiddha manovizleSaka phrAyaDa ne damana kI kaTu AlocanA kI hai| karmoM kA bandha kara anantakAla taka saMsAracakra meM bhaTakatA rahatA hai| usane ise sabhya samAja kA sabase bar3A abhizApa batalAyA hai aura 'mokSamArga prakAzaka' meM paM0 ToDaramala jI ne kahA hai- "nizcaya se kahA hai ki sabhya saMsAra kI jitanI bhI vikRtiyA~ haiM, jitanI bhI vItarAgabhAva hI mokSamArga hai|" vItarAgatA kA lakSaNa hai- samasta mAnasika aura zArIrika bImAriyA~ haiM, jitanI hatyAe~ aura AtmahatyAe~ zubhAzubha icchAoM kI nivRtti| isI dazA meM AtmA kA bhAva zuddha hotI haiM, jitane loga pAgata hote haiM, jitane pAkhaNDI banate haiM, unameM arthAt vItarAga hotA hai aura usase navIna karmoM kA Asrava rukatA adhikAMza kA kAraNa icchAoM kA kAraNa hai| icchAoM ke damana se hai tathA pUrva saMcita karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai, jisase kramaza: mokSa vyaktitva antardvandva se grasta ho jAtA hai| prAkRtika mana aura naitika pratiphalita hotA hai| isa icchAnivRttirUpa vItarAgabhAva ko hI tapa mana meM saMgharSa chir3a jAtA hai| prAkRtika mana bhoga kI icchA utpanna kahA gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ne bhI kahA hai, "chettvA rAgaJca dohaJca karatA hai, naitika mana use dabAne kA prayatna karatA hai| isa saMgharSa meM tato nibbaanmehisi|" tathA "taNhakkhayo sabbadukkhaM jinaati|" icchAe~ daba jAtI haiM, para naSTa nahIM hotii| ve gUr3ha (acetana) mana kI gItA meM jaba arjuna bhagavAn kRSNa se pUchate haiM- "he vASrNeya, vaha gaharAiyoM meM calI jAtI haiM aura gA~Tha banakara baiTha jAtI haiN| ye gA~The kaunasA tattva hai jisase prerita hokara puruSa na cAhatA huA bhI pApa meM caritra meM vikRti utpanna karatI haiM, manuSya ko rUgNa, vikSipta, chadmI pravRtta hotA hai?" taba bhagavAn uttara dete haiM, "rajoguNa se utpanna yaha yA bhraSTa banA detI haiN| icchAoM ke damana kA pariNAma hara hAlata meM kAma hI vaha tattva hai jo manuSya ko pApa meM pravRtta karatA hai| ise hI vinAzakArI hai| isalie phrAyaDa ne damana kA pUrI taraha niSedha kiyA tU sabase bar3A vairI samajhA6" ve Age kahate haiM, "gatAgataM kAmakAmA hai aura unmukta kAmabhoga kI salAha dI hai| labhante," icchAgrasta jIva saMsAra meM bhramaNa karate haiM aura AtmaramaNa phrAyaDa ke pUrva paM0 ToDaramala- bhAratIya muktimArgoM meM bhI yA vItarAgatA nirvANa kA hetu hai| damana ko nirarthaka aura hAnikAraka batalAyA gayA hai| phrAyaDa se eka isa prakAra mukti kI sArI sAdhanA icchAoM ke visarjana sau bIsa varSa pahale janme jaina vidvAn paM0 ToDaramala jI ne damana ke kI sAdhanA hai| icchAe~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM-indriya viSaya- duSpariNAmoM kA bilkula vaisA hI varNana kiyA hai jaisA phrAyaDa ne| sambandhI aura mAnasa vissy-smbndhii| aindriyaka viSaya to prasiddha 'mokSamArgaprakAzaka' ke saptama adhikAra meM ve kahate haiM, "kitane hI hI haiN| mAnasika viSaya haiM-yaza, pratiSThA, prabhutva, aizvarya aadi| jIva pahale to bar3I pratijJA dhAraNa kara baiThate haiM, parantu antaraMga meM ye moha, tRSNA, ahaMkAra Adi kaSAyoM se prasUta hote haiN| jaina viSaya-kaSAya-vAsanA miTI nahIM hai isalie jaise-taise pratijJA pUrI adhyAtma meM prathama ko viSayajanya icchAe~ aura dvitIya ko kaSAyajanya karanA cAhate haiN| vahA~ usa pratijJA ke pariNAma (manobhAva) du:khI hote icchAe~ kahate haiN| haiN| jaise koI bahuta upavAsa kara baiThatA hai aura pazcAt pIr3A se duHkhI icchAoM kA damana- icchAoM se mukti kA ekamAtra upAya huA rogI kI bhA~ti kAla ga~vAtA hai|... du:khI hone meM ArtadhyAna ho, vairAgya hai aura vairAgya kA hetu hai- jJAna yA smygdrshn| para prAyaH usakA phala acchA kaise lagegA?" gRhasthajIvana meM aura kisI hada taka saMnyAsa-jIvana meM balapUrvaka "athavA usa pratijJA kA duHkha nahIM sahA jAtA taba usake icchAoM kA damana kiyA jAtA hai| donoM hI jIvana-dharmasAdhanA ke badale viSaya-poSaNa ke lie anya upAya karatA hai| jaise (pyAsa) lage kSetra haiM aura dhArmika vrata jaba svIkAra kara liye jAte haiM taba unheM taba pAnI to na piye aura anya zItala upacAra aneka prakAra kare, va nibhAnA anivArya ho jAtA hai| kucha dhArmika AcAra kula aura ghRta to chor3e aura anya snigdha vastu kA upAya karake bhakSaNa kre|" samAja-paramparA se Aropita hote haiM jinakA nirvAha aparihArya hotA "athavA pratijJA meM duHkha ho taba pariNAma lagAne ke lie Jain Education Intemational

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jaina AcAra meM indriya-damana kI manovaijJAnikatA 15 koI Alambana vicAratA hai| jaise upavAsa karake phira krIr3A karatA hai, zuddhi na ho to kevala zarIra ko kSINa karanA vyartha hai15| viSayakitane hI pApI juA Adi kuvyasanoM meM laga jAte haiM athavA so kaSAyoM meM citta kA lipta na honA hI vAstavika saMyama hai16|| rahanA cAhate haiN| aisA jAnate haiM ki kisI prakAra kAla pUrA krnaa|" unmukta bhoga damana kA vikalpa nahIM- kintu icchA-damana ke "athavA kitane hI pApI aise bhI haiM ki pahale pratijJA karate hAnikAraka pariNAmoM se bacane ke lie phrAyaDa ne jo unmukta bhoga kA haiM bAda meM usase duHkhI hoM taba pratijJA chor3a dete haiN|" upAya batalAyA hai vaha bhAratIya AcAra meM aMgIkRta nahIM kiyA gayA, "tathA jinake antaraMga viraktatA nahIM huI aura bAhya pratijJA kyoMki yaha to usa auSadhi ke samAna hai jo rogI ko eka sAdhAraNa dhAraNa karate haiM ve pratijJA ke pahale aura bAda meM jisakI pratijJA kareM roga se bacAne ke lie usase bhI bhaMyakara roga se grasta kara de| usameM ati Asakta hokara lagate haiN| jaise upavAsa ke dhAraNe-pAraNe ke icchAoM kA damana jitanA hAnikAraka hai usase bhI kahIM jyAdA ghAtaka bhojana meM atilobhI hokara gariSThAdi bhojana karate haiM, zIghratA bahuta unmukta bhoga hai| isake lomaharSaka pariNAma hama amerikA jaise svacchanda karate haiN| jaise jala ko roka rakhA thA, jaba vaha chUTA tabhI pravAha bhogI dezoM meM dinoMdina bar3hatI huI vikSiptatA aura AtmahatyAoM ke calane lgaa| usI prakAra pratijJA pUrNa hote hI atyanta viSaya pravRtti rUpa meM dekha rahe haiN| hone lgii| so pratijJA ke kAla meM viSaya vAsanA miTI nahIM, AgepIche usake badale adhika rAga kiyA, so phala to rAgabhAva miTane se viSaya-virAga hI ekamAtra upAya hogaa| isalie jitanI virakti huI ho utanI hI pratijJA krnaa|" (pR0 bhAratIya AcAra-paddhatiyoM meM icchAoM se mukti ke lie 238-240) unake damana ke bajAya viSaya-virAga kI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI ___ ina zabdoM meM paMDita jI ne jaise-taise pratijJA pUrI karane ke gaI hai| icchAoM kA kAraNa viSayoM ke prati rAga hai|17 ata: unase duSpariNAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jaise-taise kA artha hai antaraMga meM vairAgya hI icchAoM kI samApti kA vaijJAnika upAya hai| svAmIkumAra uThatI huI viSayecchA kA yena kena prakAreNa damana krke| aura, isake ne kahA hai| duSpariNAma unhoMne pramukhata: pA~ca batalAye haiM- (1) ArtadhyAna yA jo puNa visayaviratto appANaM savvado visNvri| tanAva utpanna honA (2) prakArAntara se icchAtRpti kI ceSTA karanA, maNaharavisaehito tassa phuDaM saMvaro hodi18|| (3) kaSTa ko bhulAne ke lie vyasanoM meM citta lagAnA (4) pratijJA se jo muni viSayoM se virakta hokara, mana ko harane vAle cyuta ho jAnA (5) Asakti kA aura bar3ha jaanaa| indriya-viSayoM se apane ko sadA dUra rakhatA hai usI ke nizcaya se ina duSpariNAmoM se bacane ke lie unhoMne kahA hai ki phala saMvara hotA hai| tAtparya yaha ki viSaya-virakti se hI AtmA ko indriya to rAgabhAva miTane se lagatA hai, isalie jitanI virakti huI ho viSayoM meM pravRtta hone kI icchA dUra ho sakatI hai| isalie paM0 utanI pratijJA karanI caahie| ToDaramala jI ne kahA hai-jitanI virakti huI ho utanI hI pratijJA antaraMga virakti hI kAryakArI-jaina AcAra meM antaraga krnaa| virakti ko kAryakArI kahA hai, bAhya virakti arthAt indriya nirodhamAtra ko niSphala batalAyA hai| indriya hone para bhI antaraMga virakti ke caMcala aura durnigraha mana abhyAsa aura vairAgya se vaza meM hotA hai19|| abhAva meM manarUpI hAthI viSayavana meM krIDA karatA rahatA hai vairAgya kA upAya jJAna- viSayarAga ajJAna yA mohajanya bhAvavirado du virado Na davvaviradassa sugaI hoI / hai| ajJAna ke kAraNa indriya aura mana ke viSaya manuSya ko sukhada aura visayavaNaramaNalIlo dhariyavyo teNa maNahatthI 11 / / sAra pratIta hote haiN| ata: vaha unake prati AkRSTa hotA hai| isalie gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki damana se indriyA~ to viSayoM vairAgya kA upAya jJAna yA samyagdarzana hai| jJAna se viSayoM kI se nivRtta ho jAtI haiM, kintu indriya-viSayoM ke prati mana kA rAga asAratA aura duHkhadatA kA bodha ho jAtA hai| taba unake prati rahane samApta nahIM hotaa| vaha unhI meM DUbA rahatA hai| vAlA rAga svayameva nivRtta ho jAtA hai| AcArya guNabhadra 'AtmAnuzAsana' vahIM Age kahA gayA hai meM kahate haiM- "jaise bIja se mUla aura aMkura utpanna hote haiM vaise hI karmendriyANi saMyamya ya Aste manasA smaran / moharUpI bIja se rAga aura dveSa paidA hote haiN| inakA dahana jJAnAgni se indriyArthAn vimUDhAtmA mAyAcAraH sa ucyte13|| hotA hai|20" bhagavAn kundakunda ne 'bhAvaprAbhRta' me kahA hai- "viSayarUpa jo mUr3hAtmA indriyoM kA damana kara mana hI mana viSayoM kA viSapuSpoM se khilI huI mohalatA ko jJAnIjana jJAnarUpI zastra se cintana karatI rahatI hai usakA yaha AcaraNa mAyAcAra hai| ucchinna karate haiM / mana zuddhi ke abhAva meM saMyama nahIM ho sktaa| mana icchA ke abhAva meM damana kA prazna nahIM-bhItara icchA Jain Education Intemational

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 utpanna ho aura phira usakA damana kiyA jAya taba hAni kI saMbhAvanA yahA~ manonirodha kA abhiprAya viSaya-rAga kI nivRtti aura hai| kintu icchA hI samApta ho jAya to usake damana kA prazna hI indriyanirodha kA Azaya indriyoM kA viSaya pravRtti kA nivAraNa hai| kahA~? aura taba tajjanita hAni ke lie bhI avakAza kahA~ ? phrAyaDa manonirodha yA manovijaya kA tAtparya viSaya-rAga kA damana nahIM ho zuddha bhautikavAdI yA dehamanovAdI the| ve manuSya ko mUla pravRttiyoM sakatA, kyoMki sarvatra saMyama, saMvara nirjarA Adi ke lie viSayaaura saMvegoM kA putalA mAtra mAnate the| manuSya ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa virAga kI hI apekSA kI gaI hai| viSaya-rAga kA damana aura viSayakI kalpanA bhI unake mastiSka meM nahIM thii| ata: ve yaha mAna hI nahIM virAga donoM meM mahAn antara hai| prathama meM rAga sadbhAva hai, sirpha vaha sakate the ki icchAe~ samApta bhI ho sakatI haiN| unakI mAnyatA to yaha dabA huA hai| dvitIya meM rAga kI sattA hI nahIM hai| dUsarI bAta rAgadveSa thI ki icchAe~ sadA utpanna hotI raheMgI aura unakI tRpti bhI sadA kA kabhI damana nahIM ho sakatA unakI abhivyakti mAtra kA nirodha ho Avazyaka hogii| AdamI ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa ko to bhAratIya sakatA hai| icchAoM ke damana kA tAtparya balapUrvaka unakI tRpti antardRSTi hI dekhane meM samartha huI aura usane pAyA hai ki AtmA rokanA mAtra hai| icchA kI anubhUti ko nahIM rokA jA sktaa| aura rAgadveSa bhinna-bhinna haiN| AtmA to jJAtA-draSTA-mAtra hai| rAgadveSa bhagavAn kundakunda bhI 'sIlapAhuDa' meM siddhoM ko 'visayavirattA mohajanita hai| ata: moha kI samApti se rAgadveSa ko samApta kiyA jidiMdiyA27' kahakara viSayaviraktatA aura jitendriyatA donoM kI jA sakatA hai aura rAgadveSa kI samApti se icchAoM kA mUlAccheda AvazyakatA pratipAdita karate haiN| dhammapada ke 'kAyena saMvaro sAdhu... ho jAtA hai| taba na to unake damana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai na manasA saMvaro sAdhu28' isa prakAra dhammapada meM bhI indriya aura mana unmukta bhoga kii| yaha eka zuddhi kA mArga hai jisameM avAMchanIya donoM ke saMvara (saMyama) kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| anAtmatattva kA visarjana kiyA jAtA hai| isa jJAnajanya viSaya- paM0 ToDaramala jI ne viSayavirakti ke abhAva meM pratijJA virAga ko 'zama' bhI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki viSaya-virAga se AtmA dhAraNa karane kI kaTu AlocanA kI hai, tathApi virakti hone para meM zAnti kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai| pratijJA Avazyaka batalAI hai| isakA artha yahI hai ki ve bhI virakti viSaya-virAga ke sAtha damana kA bhI vidhAna- kintu aura indriya-nigraha donoM ko Avazyaka samajhate haiN29|| viSaya-virAga ke sAtha jaina AcAra aura anya bhAratIya AcAroM meM indriya damana kA vidhAna kyoM yahA~ vicAraNIya hai ki 'damana' kA bhI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| jaina AgamoM meM jahA~ bhI saMyama, viSaya-virAga ke sAtha indriya-damana kA vidhAna kyoM kiyA gayA hai? saMvara, nirjarA athavA icchAnivRttirUpa tapa kA prakaraNa AyA hai sarvatra kyA dono kI vyavasthA alaga-alaga hai? viSayevirakti se hI svayameva 'zama' aura 'dama' athavA viSaya-virAga aura indriya-nigraha kI AvazyakatA indriyanigraha nahIM ho jAtA? indriyadamana kA aucitya kyA hai? yaha pratipAdita kI gaI hai| 'zama' se tAtparya viSayavirAga se hai aura 'dama' kahA~ taka manovijJAnasaMgata hai? yaha vicAra hI isa zodhanibandha kA se tAtparya damana yaha indriyanigraha se hai| saMvara ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM lakSya hai| inakA paryAyavAcI kI taraha prayoga kiyA gayA hai jaisA ki nIce ke indriya damana kI manovaijJAnikatA- uparyukta uddharaNoM meM uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai| paM0 daulatarAma jI ne 'chahaDhAlA' meM kahA hai- dhyAna dene yogya bAta yaha hai ki damana kA vidhAna indriyoM ke prasaMga 'zama dama teM jo karma na Ave so saMvara Adariye'22 aura 'kArtikeyAnuprekSA meM hI kiyA gayA hai, manogata viSayavAsanA ke prasaMga meM nhiiN| kI pUrvoddhRta gAthA meM viSaya-virAga aura indriya-saMvRtti ko saMvara hetu viSayavAsanA ke prasaMga meM zama yA virakti ko hI Avazyaka batalAyA batalAyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM zama aura dama kI jagaha manovijaya aura gayA hai| yahIM para damana kI manovaijJAnikatA nihita hai| indriyavijaya athavA kaSAyavijaya aura indriyavijaya zabda prayukta hue sAmAnya dhAraNA yaha hai ki indriyoM kI viSaya pravRtti-sarvathA haiN| kaSAya ke antargata viSayarati kA samAveza ho jAtA hai 23 aura manogata viSayavAsanA para Azrita hai| mana kI viSayAsakti ke kAraNa sampUrNa kaSAyoM kA mana ke viSaya hone ke kAraNa mana zabda se hI icchAe~ paidA hotI haiM aura indriyA~ apane-apane viSayoM meM pravRtta pratinidhitva ho jAtA hai| svAmikumAra ne 'maNa-iMdiyANa-vijaI 24' hotI haiN| isalie mana ke viSayavirakta ho jAne para icchAe~ samApta ho aura 'iMdiya-kasAya-vijaI25' zabdoM dvArA nirjarA ke lie manovijaya jAtI haiN| ata: indriyoM para alaga se nigraha Avazyaka nahIM hai| aura indriyanigraha athavA kaSAyavijaya aura indriyanigraha donoM kI icchAoM ke do srota--para yaha dhAraNA tathya ke viparIta AvazyakatA batalAI hai| paJcAdhyAyIkAra ne saMyama meM mana aura indriya hai| yadi hama sUkSma dRSTi se dekheM to pAyeMge ki icchAoM se mukti ke donoM ke nigraha para jora diyA hai lie viSayoM se virakti hI paryApta nahIM hai| kyoMki icchAe~ kevala paJcAnAmindriyANAM manasazca nirodhanAt / / viSayAsakti se hI utpanna nahIM hotI, indriyoM ke vyasana yA bhogAbhyAsa syAdindriyanirodhAkhyaH saMyamaH prathamo mataH 26 / / se bhI utpanna hotI haiN| yaha eka zuddha zArIrika yA snAyu-tantrIya sAhasa

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jaina AcAra meM indriya-damana kI manovaijJAnikatA 17 prakriyA hai| malarUpa se icchAe~ viSayarAga se hI utpanna hotI haiM, kintu viSaya-virakta ho jAne para bhI indriyoM ke abhyAsavaza viSayecchA tRpti ke lie jaba indriyA~ viSayabhoga karatI haiM taba unake snAyuoM utpanna hotI raha sakatI hai| jaise ki cAya Adi kI Adata par3a jAne meM bhoga kA eka saMskAra par3atA hai| yaha saMskAra jaba bAra-bAra AvRtta para unase virakti hone ke bAvajUda unake bhoga kI icchA utpanna hotI hotA hai taba vaha eka vyasana yA lata meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| taba rahatI hai| isa tathya ko dekhate hue gItA kA yaha kathana bilakula satya indriyoM meM saMbaMdhita viSaya ke bhoga kI icchA apane Apa utpanna hone pratIta hotA hai ki 'kAma' (icchA) kA nivAsa mana, buddhi aura indriya lagatI hai| jisa samaya jisa vastu ke bhoga kA abhyAsa indriyoM ko ho tInoM meM rahatA hai31| gayA hai usa samaya usa vastu kI prApti ke lie aindrika snAyuoM meM vyasanajanya icchAe~ adhika- hama jIvana meM dekhate haiM uddIpana hotA hai| isase zarIra aura mana meM vyAkulatA kI anubhUti ki viSaya-rAga ke kAraNa jitanI icchAe~ paidA hotI haiM usase adhika hotI hai jisase mukta hone ke lie usa vastu kA bhoga Avazyaka ho indriyoM ke bhogAbhyAsa se paidA hotI haiN| prAcIna yuga meM bhoga kI jAtA hai| isa uddIpana ko 'talaba' kahate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie jinheM vastue~ sImita thIM jisase logoM ko kama vastuoM kA hI bhogAbhyAsa bIr3I, sigareTa, tambAkU, cAya, zarAba Adi kI lata par3a jAtI hai hotA thaa| ata: unakI bhogecchAe~ sImita rahatI thiiN| Aja jitanI unake aindriyaka tantuoM meM nirdhArita samaya para ina dravyoM ke bhoga kI adhika bhogya sAmagrI paidA hotI jA rahI hai manuSya kI bhogecchA bhI uttejanA paidA hotI hai aura taba unheM barabasa inakA sevana karanA par3atA utanI hI bar3hatI jA rahI hai| hai| isI prakAra jinheM adhika bhojana karane kI yA adhika kAmasevana bhogAbhyAsa sArvajanika-bhogAbhyAsa prAya: sabhI kI indriyoM kI Adata par3a jAtI haiM unakI indriyA~ utane hI bhojana aura utane hI ko ho jAtI hai, bhale hI usakI mAtrA nyUnAdhika ho janma se hI kAmasevana kI mA~ga karane lagatI haiN| ise manovaijJAnika bhASA meM indriyA~ bhoga meM pravRtta ho jAtI haiN| icchAoM se mukti kA prazna pratibaddhIkaraNa kahate haiN| AdhyAtmika cetanA jAgrata hone para uThatA hai aura isakA avasara indriyoM kA eka alaga vidhAna-bhogAbhyAsa ho jAne Ate-Ate prAya: AdhI se adhika umra bIta jAtI hai, taba taka para indriyoM kA apanA eka alaga vidhAna bana jAtA hai| pahale ve mana bhogAbhyAsa dRr3ha ho jAtA hai aura indriyA~ vyasanagrasta ho jAtI haiN| ke anusAra calatI haiM, bAda meM mana ko apane anusAra calAne lagatI vyasananivRtti abhyAsa se- icchAoM ke srota do haiNhaiN| aura unakI cAlaka zakti itanI prabala ho jAtI hai ki na cAhate viSayarAga tathA indriya vysn| viSayarAga to jJAna se naSTa ho jAtA hue bhI ve mana ko balapUrvaka apanI ora khIMca letI haiN| yaha tathya to hai, indriya-vyasana kI nivRtti kaise ho? indriyA~ to jar3a haiN| unakI sarvavidita hai ki mana hI hamAre samasta kAryoM kA srota hai, mana hI vyavasthA pUrNata: bhautika yA snAyuvika hai| unakI abhyAsajanya snAyuvika indriyoM ko apane-apane viSayoM meM pravRtta karatA hai, para isa tathya para vyavasthA ko jJAna se kaise badalA jA sakatA hai? snAyutantra AdhyAtmika zAyada sabakA dhyAna na gayA ho ki indriyA~ bhI mana ko balAt apane satya aura dArzanika tarkoM ko kaise samajhe? tarkoM ko cetana tattva hI viSayoM kI ora AkRSTa kara letI haiN| gItA meM yaha tathya spaSTa zabdoM samajha sakatA hai| jo vikAra ajJAnajanya ho use hI jJAna se naSTa kiyA meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai jA sakatA hai, lekina jo vikAra abhyAsajanya ho use jJAna se samApta yatato hyapi kaunteya puruSasya vipshcit:3deg| karanA kaise saMbhava hai?...mana kI yadi koI dhAraNA galata ho to use indriyANi pramAthIni haranti prasabhaM mnH|| kevala samajha se badalA jA sakatA hai, lekina tana kI yadi koI yahI kAraNa hai ki kaI bAra loga bIr3I, sigareTa, zarAba Adata galata hai to use kevala samajha se kaise badalA jA sakatA hai? Adi kI hAniyoM se saceta hokara jaba unheM chor3ane kA prayatna karate jise bhadde akSara likhane kI Adata par3a gaI hai usake akSara kyA haiM to bAra-bAra koziza karane para bhI nahIM chor3a paate| isIlie jahA~ kevala yaha samajha A jAne se sudhara sakate haiM ki usake akSara bhadde haiM, yaha satya hai ki indriyoM ke viSaya-nivRtta ho jAne para bhI mana kA use sundara akSara likhane cAhie? jo jyAdA khAne yA jyAdA sone viSaya-virakta honA anivArya nahIM hai, vahA~ yaha bhI satya hai ki mana kA AdI ho gayA hai usakI ina AdatoM meM kyA kevala inakI ke viSaya-virakta ho jAne para bhI indriyoM kA viSaya-nivRtta honA hAnikArakatA kA bodhamAtra ho jAne se parivartana ho sakatA hai? nahIM, nizcita nahIM hai| yadyapi yaha sunane meM kucha vicitra lagegA, kyoMki samajha ke atirikta ina AdatoM ko badalane ke lie abhyAsa kI hamAre mana meM yahI dhAraNA hai ki mana hI indriyoM kI viSaya-pravRtti kA jarUrata hai| abhyAsa se utpanna vyavasthA abhyAsa se hI badalI jA ekamAtra hetu hai aura usake virakta ho jAne para indriyoM kA bhI viSaya- sakatI hai| hA~, usa vyavasthA ke galata hone kA bodha tathA use badalane nivRtta ho jAnA anivArya hai| para anubhava aisA nahIM khtaa| mana ke kI icchA avazya pahale mana meM utpanna honI caahie| nahIM to badalane Jain Education Intemational

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18 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 ke abhyAsa kA prazna hI kahA~ uThegA? paM0 ToDaramala jI ne kahA hai, indriyadamana kA artha-indriyoM kA damana karane kA artha "pahale tattvajJAna kA upAya karanA, pazcAt kaSAya ghaTAne ke lie bAhya yaha nahIM hai ki unheM naSTa kara diyA jAya yA ekadama nirAhAra rakhA sAdhana krnaa|... jaina dharma meM to aisA upadeza hai ki pahale to tattva jaay| yaha kaise saMbhava hai? isase to dharma kA sAdhanabhUta zarIra hI naSTa jJAnI ho, phira jisakA tyAga kare usakA doSa pahacAne, tyAga karane ho jaayegaa| indriyoM ko naSTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, na hI unheM meM jo guNa ho use jAne, phira apane pariNAmoM ko ThIka kare, vartamAna nirAhAra rakhA jA sakatA hai| zarIra kI sArabhUta, jIvanadhAriNI icchAoM pariNAmoM hI ke bharose pratijJA na kara baiThe, bhaviSya meM nirvAha hotA ko pUrNa karanA hogaa| damana kA artha hai-vyasanajanya uttejanA ke kAraNa jAne to pratijJA kareM, tathA zarIra kI zakti va dravya, kSetra, kAla, viSayoM meM hone vAlI indriyoM kI pravRtti ko dRr3ha saMkalpa zakti ke bhAvAdika kA vicAra kreN| isa prakAra vicAra karake phira pratijJA dvArA roknaa| indriyoM kI viSaya pravRtti ko dRr3ha saMkalpa-zakti ke dvArA krnaa|...smygdRsstti jo pratijJA karate haiM so tattvajJAnAdipUrvaka hI karate rokA jA sakatA hai| ata: isa zubha kArya meM saMkalpa kI dRr3hatA yA haiN| 32" yogIndudeva kA bhI kathana hai ki samyagdarzana kI bhUmi ke pariNAmoM kI dRr3hatA kA nAma hI dama yA damana hai| binA vrata-rUpI vRkSa utpanna nahIM hote-"daMsaNabhUmiha bAhirA jiya dama saMkalpa aura vrata-jaina AcAra meM ise hI vrata kahA vayarUkkha Na huNti33|" gayA hai| brahmadeva ne viSayakaSAyoM se nivRtta hone ke pariNAma (bhAva) Adata badalane ke abhyAsa kI prakriyA-Adata badalane ko vrata kahA hai35| yaha Atma pariNAma dRr3ha saMkalparUpa hotA hai| ke abhyAsa kI prakriyA kyA hai? Adata ke anusAra hone vAlI pravRtti isase hI manuSya ke mana, vacana, kAya azubha pravRttiyoM se virata hote ko dRr3ha saMkalpa zakti se rokane kI ceSTA karanA hI vaha prakriyA hai| haiN| jaina sAdhanA meM anazana, avamaudarya Adi bAhya tapoM kA, ahiMsA, jaise koI sigareTa ko hAnikAraka samajhakara use chor3anA cAhatA hai to brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi vratoM kA tathA parISaha-jaya Adi kA vidhAna yaha Avazyaka hogA ki sigareTa ke vyasana se grasta snAyutantra jaba- indriyoM ke pUrva bhogAbhyAsa tathA navIna bhoga saMskAra kI saMbhAvanA ko jaba uttejita hokara sigareTa pIne kI icchA utpanna kare taba-taba vyakti nirasta karane ke lie hI kiyA gayA hai| pUrI zakti se isa icchA ko pUrNa na karane kA prayatna kre| isake lie virakti ke bAda hI dama kI sArthakatA-yahA~ yaha duharA koI pratipakSI upAya bhI apanAyA jA sakatA hai jaise sigareTa ke badale denA Avazyaka hai ki viSayavirakti ke bAda hI vrata yaha dama sArthaka kisI anya ahAnikara vastu kA sevana kiyA jAya yA citta ko kisI hai, kyoMki tabhI saccI niSkAmatA phalita hotI hai, jaisA ki paM0 rUcikara kArya meM vyasta kara diyA jaay| para vyasanajanya icchA ko ToDaramala jI ne kahA hai, "phala to rAgabhAva miTane se hogA, isalie kisI bhI dazA meM tRpta na kiyA jaay| isa kArya meM AraMbha meM kaSTa to jitanI virakti huI ho utanI hI pratijJA karanA36" isake atirikta bahuta hogA, lekina hama pAyeMge ki dhIra-dhIre indriyoM kI vyasanajanya viSayoM se virakti ke bAda hI indriyadamana saphala hotA hai / uttejanA tRpti kI sAmagrI na milane se kSINa hotI jA rahI hai aura indriyadamana hAnikAraka nahIM-indriyadamana arthAt vyasanaunake snAyuoM kI vyavasthA kA svabhAva badala rahA hai| isa prakAra vaha janya icchAoM kA damana hAnikAraka bhI nahIM hai, isake viparIta vyasana eka dina pUrNata: samApta ho jaayegaa| ise hI jaina AcAra meM svAsthyaprada tathA zAntiprada hai| ye icchAe~ prAkRtika nahIM apitu dama yA indriyadamana kahA gayA hai aura isI kAraNa indriyadamana kI aprAkRtika haiN| prAkRtika icchAoM kA ajJAnatApUrNa damana vyaktitva meM AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI gaI hai| vikRti utpanna karatA hai, aprAkRtika icchAoM kA damana nhiiN| ulaTe ___ indriyadamana aparihArya-phrAyaDa ke manovaijJAnika siddhAntoM yaha to vyaktitva kI asvAbhAvikatA aura jaTilata miTAkara svAbhAvikatA kA pracAra hone ke bAda 'damana' zabda khataranAka mAlUma hone lagA hai, aura saralatA utpanna karatA hai| aprAkRtika icchAoM ko pUrNa na karanA para uparyukta tathya se isakI manovaijJAnikatA siddha hai| rAgajanya icchAoM koI prakRti virUddha kArya nahIM hai, balki prakRtisaMgata kArya hai| isase ko jJAnajanya vairAgya se visarjita kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu vyasanajanya zArIrika aura mAnasika svAsthya kA ghAta karanevAlI prakRtivirUddha icchAoM se mukti pAna ke lie uparyukta indriyadamana yA indriyanigraha icchAoM ko rokakara jIvana meM zAnti aura svAsthya lAne kA hI aparihArya hai| isake binA vyasanajanya icchAe~ samApta nahIM ho sktiiN| prayatna kiyA jAtA hai| yaha to koI prakRti saMgata kArya na haA ki viSaya vAsanA aura indriya vyasana donoM ko jItane se hI niSkAmatA indriyoM ko khataranAka lata DAla dI jAya aura phira usakA poSaNa AtI hai| jaisA ki pahale kahA gayA hai-gItA kA mata hai ki kAma kA kiyA jAtA rhe| yaha to zarIra-vidhvaMsa ke alAvA kucha nahIM hai| nivAsa mana, buddhi aura indriya tInoM meM hotA hai ata: usake anusAra AdamI ko jitanA bhojana cAhie usase jyAdA kI Adata DAla le bhI ina tInoM ko jItane vAlA hI mukta hotA hai| __ aura phira jyAdA hI bhojana karatA jAya to isakA pariNAma kyA Jain Education Intemational

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jaina AcAra meM indriya-damana kI manovaijJAnikatA 19 sandarbha hogA, anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| aba yadi bhojana puna: Avazyaka prakAza yogendu, paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, bambaI, 1937 mAtrA meM karane kA abhyAsa kiyA jAya to isase hAni hogI yA lAbha, 3/66 AsAnI se samajhA jA sakatA hai| ise hI indriyadamana yaha indriyAnuzAsana 15. (ka) manazuddhayaiva zuddhiH syAddehinAM nAtra sNshyH| kahate haiN| vyasanajanya icchAoM kA damana rAgajanya icchAoM ke damana vRthA tadvayatirekeNa kAyasyaiva kadarthanam / / ke samAna nahIM hai| rAgajanya icchAoM ko dabAne se ve naSTa nahIM hotI jJAnArNavA, 22/14 apit gar3ha mana meM jAkara baiTha jAtI haiN| kintu rAga samApta hone yA manda hone ke bAda jaba vyasanajanya icchAoM kA damana kiyA jAtA hai (kha) rAgadveSapravRtasya pratyAkhyAnAdikaM vRthA'- yogasAra, taba unake baca rahane kA koI avakAza nahIM rahatA, kyoMki taba amitagati, 9/71 aindrika snAyuoM kI vyasanAtmaka vyavasthA hI samApta ho jAtI hai to 16. (ka) jaha salileNa Na lippai kamaliNipattaM tajjanya icchAe~ bhI svayameva naSTa ho jAtI haiN| shaavpyddiie| uparyukta tathyoM ke pariprekSya meM jaina AcAra meM pratipAdita tAha bhAveNa Na lippai kasAyavisaehiM sppuriso|| indriyadamana pUrNata: manovaijJAnika hai| bhAvapAhur3a, aSTaprAbhRta, prakA0- paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, agAsa, 1969,153 mokSamArga prakAzaka, paM0 ToDaramala, ToDaramala granthamAlA, satyAmakSArthasambandhAjjJAnaM nAsaMyamAya yt| jayapura, vi.sa. 2023, 7/252 tatra rAgAdibuddhiryA sNymstnnirodhnm|| vahI, 7/230 paJcAdhyAyI (uttarArdha), saMpA0 pra0 devakInandana 'tasmAdvIryasamudrekAdicchArodhastapo viduH'-mokSapaJcAzat-48 zAstrI, prakA0 gaNeza prasAda varNI jainagraMthamAlA, 'icchAnirodhastapaH'-mo0 mA0 pra0, 7/230 para uddhRta banArasa, vini0saM02476,1121 dhammapada-caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, gAthA 369 17. (ka) "tIvra kaSAyase jisake icchA bahuta hai use duHkhI vahI, 354 kahate haiN| maMda kaSAya se jisake icchA thor3I hai gItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura 3/36, 37 Thase sukhI kahate hai|" -mo0 mA0 pra0, 3/71 vahI, 9/21 (kha) api sutapasAmAzAvallIzikhA truunnaayte| vahI, 5/24 bhavati hi manomUle yaavnmmtvjlaardrtaa|| 'indriya-mana ke viSayoM meM pravRtti',- mo0 mA0 pra0 7/ AtmAnuzAsana, guNabhadra, prakA0 jainagrantha ratnAkara 226 / mana kA viSaya hai-'vikalpa', go0 jI0, 479/ kAryAlaya, kAryAlaya bambaI, vi0 saM0 1986, 885 (jai0 si0 ko 0bhAga, 3 pR0 578) 252 "abhyantare sukhyahaM du:khyahamiti harSaviSAdakaraNaM vikalpa viSayecchA bhI 'rati' kaSAya ke antargata hai-'manojJeSu iti| athavA vastuvRtyA saGkalpa iti ko'rtho vikalpa iti viSayeSa paramAprItireva ratiH'-niyamasAra (tA070) tasyaiva paryAya" dravya saMgraha-TIkA-41 "putrAdi mere haiM' aisA bhAva saMkalpa kahalAtA hai| vikalpa saMkalpa kI paryAya rati hI autsukya (abhilASA) kI jananI haihai| (jai0 si0 ko0, bhAga 3 pR0 545) 'yadudayAddezAdiSvautsukyaM sa ratiH-sasika, 10. aise muniyoM ko AcArya kundakunda ne dravyaliMgI muni kahA pUjyapAda, saMpA0 paM0 phUlacaMda zAstrI, prakA0 hai aura unheM kAphI sAvadhAna kiyA hai| bhAvapAhuDa-5, 72, bhAratIya jJAnapITha kAzI, 1955,8/9 73, 121 gaathaa| 'prItyaprItI rAgadveSI rAgadveSI'-paMcAstikAya (ta0pra0) 11. mUlAcAra, baTTakera,mANikacandradiga0 jainagraMtha mAlA, bambaI. 131 (=iSTaaniSTa padArthoM meM prIti-aprItirUpa vI0ni0 saM0 2449 gAthA 995 pariNAma ko rAgadveSa kahate haiN|) 12. gItA, 2/59 rAga aura icchA meM antara hai| rAga to iSTa padArthoM vahI, 3/6 meM prItirUpa pariNAma hai| una padArthoM kI prApti 14. 'para tasu saMjama atthi Navi jaM maNasuddhi Na tAsa'- paramAtma kI AzA icchA kahalAtI hai-'ciramete IdRzA (ga) Jain Education Intemational

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 18. viSayA mamoditoditA bhUyAsurityAzaMsA-bhagavatI 25. vahI, 114 ArAdhanA, zivakoTyAcArya, prakA0- sakhArAma 26. pazcAdhyAyI (uttarArdha), 1118 nemicanda digambarajaina granthamAlA, zolApura, 27. sIlapAhur3a, gA0 35 1935,1981 dhammapada, gA0 360-61 kArtikeyAnuprekSA (gAthA) saMpAM0e0ena0 upAdhye, prakA0 'isalie jitanI virakti huI ho utanI hI pratijJA karanA' rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA agAsa 1960 101 mo0 mA0 pra0, 7/240 gItA, 6/35 gItA, 2/60 20. mohabIjAdati dveSau biijaanmuulaangkraaviv| vahI 3/40 tasmAjjJAnAgninA dAhyaM tadetau nirdidhikssunnaa|| AtmAnuzAsana, mo0 mA0 pra0, 7/238-39 pR0 182. sAvayadhammadohA, 57 (ka)mAyAvelli asesA mohamahAtarUmmi aaruuddhaa| 34. gItA, 3/40, 5/28 visayavisapupkaphulliya luNAMti muNi nnaannstthehi|| 35. (ka) viSayakaSAyanivRttirUpaM pariNAmaM kRtvA...dravyasaMgraha bhAvapAhur3a, 157 TIkA, gA0 57 (kha) mahAprazamasaMgrAme shivshriisnggmaatsukaiH|| 'vrataM kA'rtha:? sarvanivRttipariNAma:-' yogibhirjJAnazastreNa rAgamallo nipaatitH|| paramAtmaprakAza-TIkA 2/52 36. mokSa mArga jJAnArNava, 23/12 pra0, 7/240 22. chahaDhAlA, 3/9 23. 'manojJeSu viSayeSu paramAprItireva ratiH'-niyamasAra (tA.vR0)6 24. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gA0 112 My My my my my (kha) ,

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mAnava vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa DaoN0 triveNI prasAda siMha jaina darzana meM mAnava vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa ke vibhinna huA hotA hai aura nIce bhAga meM sukucita hotA hai, usI prakAra jisa mAnaka pracalita rahe haiN| inameM eka mAnaka zArIrika saMracanA ke AdhAra saMsthAna meM nAbhi ke Upara kA bhAga vistAra vAlA ho aura nIce kA para bhI hai, hAlA~ki zArIrika saMracanA ke AdhAra para bhI mAnava bhAga hIna avayava vAlA ho use nyagrodhaparimaNDala saMsthAna kahate haiN| vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa karane kI vibhinna zailiyAM pracalita haiM, yathA- isakI puSTi akalaMkadeva ne bhI kI hai|2 zarIra kI banAvaTa, zarIra kA AkAra-prakAra, liMga aadi| Adhunika manovaijJAnikoM meM kretsamara aura zelDana ne zArIrika saMracanA (vizeSa 3. sAdi saMsthAna se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa:rUpa se zarIra ke AkAra-prakAra) ko dhyAna meM rakhakara mAnava-vyaktitva jisa saMsthAna meM nAbhi se nIce kA bhAga pUrNa aura Upara kA kA vargIkaraNa kiyA aura usa zarIra ke AkAra-prakAra kA mAnava bhAga hIna ho, use sAdi saMsthAna kahate haiN| svabhAva ke sAtha saha sambandha khojane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaina Agama sAdi samela (zAlmalI) vRkSa ko kahate haiN| zAlmalI vRkSa granthoM meM zArIrika AdhAroM para mAnava vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa ke tIna kA dhar3a (tanA) jaisA puSTa hotA hai vaisA Upara kA bhAga nahI hotaa| prArUpa pracalita rahe haiN| saMhanana, saMsthAna aura liNg| yadyapi jaina dArzanikoM ne eka manovaijJAnika ke rUpa meM ina zArIrika saMracanAoM 4. kubja saMsthAna se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa kA svabhAvagata vizeSatAoM ke sAtha saha-sambandha ko spaSTa karane kA jisa vyakti ke chAtI, pITha Adi avayava Ter3he hoM lekina koI prayatna nahIM kiyA, phira bhI ve eka dArzanika ke rUpa meM ina hAtha, paira, sira, gardana Adi avayava ThIka hoM, vaha kubja saMsthAna se zArIrika saMracanAoM kA AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke sAtha saha-saMbaMdha yukta vyaktitva vAlA hai| dekhane kA prayAsa avazya karate haiN| ye jainoM ke saMsthAna-siddhAnta maiM rAjavArtika meM pITha para pudgagala piNDoMvAle arthAt kubar3Apana cha: prakAra ke haiM- samacaturasra saMsthAna, nyagrodhaparimaNDala saMsthAna, vAle vyakti ko kuMbja saMsthAna se abhihita kiyA gayA hai|3 sAdi saMsthAna, kubjasaMsthAna, vAmana saMsthAna aura huMDaka sNsthaan| 5. vAmana saMsthAna se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa 1. samacaturastra saMsthAna se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa jisa vyakti ke chAtI, pITha, peTa Adi avayava pUrNa hoM, yaha zabda sama+catu:+asra se banA hai| sama kA artha hai para hAtha, paira Adi choTe hoM, use vAmana saMsthAna kahate haiN| samAna, catuH kA artha hai cAra aura asra kA artha hai koNA pAlathI. jaina paramparA meM sabhI aMga-upAMgoM ke choTA hone vAle vyakti mArakara baiThane para jisa zarIra ke cAroM koNa samAna hoM arthAt Asana ko vAmana saMsthAna vAlA batAyA gayA hai| aura kapAla kA antara, donoM jAnuoM kA antara, vAma skandha aura vAma jAnu kA antara samAna ho, use samacaturasra saMsthAna se yukta 6. huNDa saMsthAna ke yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa vyakti kahate haiN| . jisa vyakti ke zarIra ke samasta avayava beDhaba hoM,vaha haMka sAtha hI jisa zarIra ke sampUrNa avayava ThIka pramANa vAle saMsthAna vAlA vyakti hai| rAjavArtika meM jisa vyakti ke sabhI aMga aura ho, ise samacaturasra saMsthAna se yukta vyaktitva kahate haiM upAMgoM kI racanA betaratIba, yA huMDaka kI taraha hai use haMDaka saMsthAna dUsare prakAra se kaha sakate haiM ki Upara, nIce aura madhya meM vAlA vyakti kahA gayA hai| isa saMsthAna se yukta vyaktitva kA kuzala zilpI dvArA banAye gaye samacakra kI taraha samAna rUpa se zarIra udAharaNa hameM aSTAvakra RSi meM dekhane ko milatA hai| avayavoM kI racanA honaa| jaina paramparA meM zalAkApuruSoM kI zarIra- Adhunika manovaijJAnikoM dvArA zArIrika saMracanA ke AdhAra racanA isI saMsthAna se yukta hotI hai| para kiye gaye mAnava vyaktitva ke vargIkaraNa ko hama nimna prakAra prastuta kara rahe haiM:.. 2. nyagrodhaparimaNDala saMsthAna se yukta vyaktitva ke lakSaNa kretsamara ke anusAra mAnava-vyaktitva ke cAra prakAra hai| nyagrodha vaTa vRkSa ko kahate haiN| jaise vaTa vRkSa Upara phailA 1. puSTakAya (Atheletic)

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22 2. kRzakAya (Asthenic) 3. tuMdila (Pyknic) 4. mizrakAya (Dysplastic ) 1. puSTakAya prakAra kA vyaktitva puSTakAya prakAra ke vyaktitva vAle mAnava kA zArIrika gaThana acchA hotA hai unameM sAhasa, nirbhayatA evaM saphalatA kI AkAMkSA pradhAna hotI hai| isake sAtha hI sAtha unameM kriyAzIlatA adhika pAyI jAtI hai| ye samAja meM Avazyaka samAyojana karane meM saphala hote haiM aura apanA sthAna bhI banA lete haiN| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 3. tuMdila prakAra kA vyaktitva tuMdila prakAra kA vyaktitva vAle vyakti ke zarIra meM toMda kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| isa prakAra ke vyaktitva vAle manuSya milanasAra evaM maitrIyukta hote haiN| ye ArAmatalabI aura bAtacIta meM bahuta Anandalene vAle hote haiN| isa kAraNa tuMdila prakAra kA vyakti lokapriya bana jAtA hai| 2. kRzakAya prakAra kA vyaktitva kRzakAya prakAra kA vyaktitva vAlA vyakti zArIrika rUpa se lambA aura kuza hotA hai vaha dUsaroM kA Alocaka hotA hai| lekina 3. lambAkAritA aura vyaktitva dUsaroM dvArA usakI AlocanA karane para use burA lagatA hai| 4. mizrakAya prakAra kA vyaktittva mizrakAya prakAra ke vyaktitva vAle logoM meM Upara varNita tInoM prakAra guNoM kA mizraNa pAyA jAtA hai kretsamara kA yaha mata hai ki adhikatara mAnasika rogiyoM ke zarIra kI banAvaTa mizrakAya prakAra kI hotI hai| ataH isa prakAra ke vyaktitva meM sAmAnyatA kI sambhAvanA pAyI jAtI hai| zelDana ne bhI vyakti ke zarIra kI banAvaTa ke AdhAra para vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa kiyA hai| ye nimna haiM 1. golAkAra 2. AyatAkAra 3. lambAkAra 1. golAkAritA aura vyaktitva jisa zarIra kI banAvaTa golAkAra hotI hai, usakI pAcana kriyA bahuta acchI hotI hai aura usake samasta vyavahAra meM ArAma pasandagI pAyI jAtI hai| isase prabhAvita vyaktitva meM acche bhojana karane kI ruci kI pradhAnatA, gaharI nIMda meM sone kI icchA, mitratA bar3hAne kI icchA, parivAra ke prati adhika lagAva dikhAyI par3ate haiN| zelDana ne isa taraha ke vyaktitva ko viseroToniyA zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| 2. AyatAkAritA aura vyaktitva zelDana ne AyatAkAra zarIravAle vyakti ke vyaktitva ko someToToniyA zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| isase prabhAvita vyakti ke vyavahAra meM zArIrika zakti evaM gati kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| isa taraha ke vyaktitva vAle loga vyAyAma ke premI aura sAhasI hote haiN| ye vyakti apane jIvana ke lakSya ke prati niSThAvAna rahate haiM aura apane lakSya ko chor3akara kisI anya vastu se prema nahIM karate haiN| zelDana ne lambAkAritA zarIra vAle vyaktitva ke lie serobroToniyA zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| isa prakAra ke vyaktitva vAle loga mAnasika kAryoM meM adhika ruci lete haiM arthAt anya logoM kI tulanA meM inakI bauddhika kSamatA adhika hotI hai| zArIrika kSamatA kI dRSTi se isa prakAra ke loga jaldI thaka jAte haiN| inheM ekAnta meM rahanA adhika priya hai| aise loga mAnasika kAryoM se adhika lage rahate haiN| tathA inameM thakAna bhI jaldI A jAtI hai|, uparyukta vargIkaraNa ke sambandha meM ullekha hai ki kisI bhI vyakti meM zuddha rUpa se eka hI prakAra kI banAvaTa nahIM pAyI jAtI hai| balki kucha aise bhI vyakti hote haiM jinameM tInoM guNa pAye jAte haiN| lekina jisa vyakti meM jisa prakAra kI banAvaTa kI adhikatA hotI haiM usI AdhAra para usake zarIra kI banAvaTa kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM zarIra saMracanA ke AdhAra para samacaturakha, nyagrodha, svAti (sAdi), kubja, vAmana aura huMDaka aise jo chaha vibhAga kiye gaye haiM, unakI kretsamara dvArA kiye gaye vyaktitva ke cAra prakAra puSTakAya, kRzakAya, tuMdila aura mizrakAba se tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| jainoM kA samacaturasra zarIra saMsthAna, kretsamara ke puSTakAya prakAra se tulanIya hai, kyoMki donoM ke anusAra yahI vyaktitva kA aisA prakAra hai, jisameM zarIra ko pUrNatayA susaMgaThita aura suDaula mAnA gayA hai| jainoM ke anusAra samacaturastra saMsthAna meM zarIra ke pratyeka aMga apane samucita AkAra-prakAra meM hote haiN| koI bhI aMga na to maryAdA se adhika lambA-caur3A hotA hai aura na moTA aura dubalA hI kretsara ne bhI puSTakAya prakAra ke yahI lakSaNa batAye hai| susaMgaThita aura suDaula zarIra vyaktitva kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga hai|

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mAnava vyaktitva kA vargIkaraNa 23 ise jaina darzana aura Adhunika manovijJAna donoM hI svIkAra karate haiN| kisI sImA taka nyagrodha aura svAti saMsthAna ke hI rUpa haiN| kretsamara jainoM ke anusAra tIrthaGkara, cakravatI, vAsudeva Adi zalakApuruSa ke anusAra mizrakAya prakAra meM puSTakAya aura kRzakAya prakAroM ke (mahApuruSa) samacaturasra saMsthAna vAle hote haiN| isakA artha yaha hai ki mizrita lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| nyagrodha aura svAti saMsthAna meM bhI zarIra inake prabhAvazAlI vyaktitva kA eka kAraNa inakI zArIrika saMracanA ke Adhe bhAga ko puSTa aura Adhe bhAga ko hIna mAnakara mizrita kretsamara ne paSTakAya prakAra ke vyaktitva meM sAhasa, nirbhayatA, saphalatA, vyaktitva kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM jainoM ne svAti sAmAjika samAyojana Adi guNoM kI jo carcA kI hai ve jainoM ke saMsthAna aura nyagrodha saMsthAna kI jo carcA kI hai vaha Anubhavika zalAkApuruSoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiM, isalie ve viziSTa vyakti mAne AdhAra para satya pratIta hotI hai| jAte haiN| jainoM kA vAmana saMsthAna bhI kisI sImA taka kretsamara ke isa prakAra donoM hI paramparAyeM eka dUsare se bhinna haiM, kintu tuMdila prakAra ke nikaTa AtA hai phira bhI donoM ko pUrNata: samAna nahIM donoM ne saphala vyaktitva ke lie suDaula aura sugaThita zarIra ko kahA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi tuMdila prakAra aura vAmana saMsthAna donoM meM samAnarUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai| vyaktitva ko nATA mAnA gayA hai| vAmana saMsthAna vAlA vyakti nATA to jainoM kA nyagrodha parimaNDala zarIra saMsthAna kisI sImA hotA hai kintu vaha moTA bhI ho, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| taka kretsamara ke kRzakAya prakAra se tulanIya ho sakatA hai| yadyapi jainoM ne kubjaka aura huMDaka saMsthAnoM kI jo carcA kI hai donoM meM yahA~ eka mahattvapUrNa antara hai, vaha yaha ki kRzakAya prakAra vaha yadyapi kretsamara ke vyaktitva ke prakAroM kI carcA ke sAtha tulanIya kA vyakti lambA aura charahare badana kA hotA hai jabaki nyagrodha saMsthAna to nahIM parantu Anubhavika AdhAra para satya hai| Anubhavika AdhAra vAlA vyakti lambA hokara bhI pUrNatayA charahare badana kA nahIM hotA hai| para kubjaka aura huMDaka saMsthAna vAle aneka vyakti upalabdha hote haiN| jainoM ke anusAra nyagrodha parimaNDala vAle vyakti ke zarIra kA Adhunika manovijJAna meM yadi inake svabhAvoM ke sambandha meM vizeSa adhobhAga lambA aura patalA hotA hai kintu usake zarIra kA UparI adhyayana kiyA jAya to hameM aneka manovaijJAnika tathya prApta ho bhAga arthAt vakSasthala, mukhamaNDala Adi sugaThita hote haiN| manovaijJAnikoM sakate haiN| ne svabhAva kI dRSTi se ise antarmukhI aura dUsaroM kA Alocaka zelDana nAmaka manovaijJAnika ne zarIra kI banAvaTa ke AdhAra batAyA hai| jaina paramparA meM nyagrodha parimaNDala saMsthAna vAle vyakti ke para vyaktitva ko golAkAra, AyatAkAra aura lambAkAra rUpa meM svabhAva ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa sUcanA hameM prApta nahIM hotI hai| vargIkRta kiyA hai| unake AyatAkAra vyaktitva ke varga kI tulanA jaina vaise jainoM kA nyagrodha parimaNDala zarIrasaMsthAna kretsamara ke mizrakAya paramparA ke samacaturasra saMsthAna se kara sakate haiM unhoMne isa prakAra ke prakAra ke adhika nikaTa hai| zarIra saMracanA vAle vyaktitva ko udyamI aura sAhasI kahA hai sAtha hI kretsamara kA tuMdila prakAra kA vyakti jainoM ke svAti use balavAna bhI mAnA hai| yahI guNa hameM jaina paramparA ke samacatrasra saMsthAna se tulanIya hai| jainoM ke anusAra svAti saMsthAna se yukta saMsthAna se yukta vyaktitva meM milate haiN| vyakti ke zarIra kA nAbhi se nIce kA bhAga moTA aura Upara kA bhAga zelDana kA golAkAra vyaktitva jaina paramparA ke svAti hIna hotA hai| 'dhavalA' meM isa saMsthAna kI tulanA vAlmIka se kI saMsthAna se tulanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki svAti saMsthAna ko gayI hai| vAlmIka nIce se caur3A aura Upara patalA hotA hai| kretsamara vAlmIka ke AkAra ke samAna batAyA gayA hai, jo zelDana ke ke dila prakAra ke vyaktitva meM bhI hameM yahI vizeSatA milatI hai| golAkAra vyaktitva ke samAna mAnA jA sakatA hai| kisI sImA taka ata: donoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatA mAnI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra kI zArIrika saMracanA vAle vyaktitva ko jainoM ke vAmana Adhunika manovijJAna isa prakAra ke vyaktitva ko milanasAra, saMsthAna vAle vyaktitva ke bhI nikaTa mAnA jA sakatA hai| sAmAjika aura ArAmapasanda kahatA hai| jainoM ke anusAra bhI hama isa zelDana ne lambAkAra zarIra saMracanA kI jo carcA kI hai vaha prakAra ke vyaktitva ko bahirmukhI kaha sakate haiN| bahirmukhI kA mukhya jainoM ke nyagrodha saMsthAna ke nikaTa kahI jA sakatI hai kintu donoM meM lakSaNa jainoM ne batAyA hai vaha hai antara bhI hai| kyoMki isa saMsthAna vAle vyakti ke nAbhi ke Upara kA 'sAMsArika bhogoM meM Ananda lenA' / kretsamara ne bhI aise bhAga puSTa hotA hai| lambAkAra vyaktitva ke samarUpa koI bhI vyaktitva vyaktitva ke sambandha meM sAmAjikatA aura AnandapriyatA ko svIkAra hameM jaina paramparA meM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai| lambAkara vyaktitva meM kiyA hai| ata: donoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| __ mukhyarUpa se lambA aura patalA donoM bAteM A jAtI haiM, jabaki jainoM kretsamara ne jisa mizra prakAra kI carcA kI hai vastuta: ve meM zarIra ke vargIkaraNa meM aisA koI saMsthAna nahI haiM, jo lambA aura Jain Education Interational

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2 24 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 kRza donoM ho| sandarbha jainoM ke nyagrodha parimaNDala saMsthAna meM zarIra ke adhobhAga 1. tatrodhiomadhyeSa samapravibhAgena zarIrAvayavasannivezavyavasthApana ko kRza aura UparI bhAga ko puSTa mAnA gayA hai aura svAti saMsthAna kuzalazilpinirvatitasamasthiticakravata avasthAnakaraM samacaturasra meM bhI zarIra ke adhobhAga ko puSTa aura UparI bhAga ko kRza mAnA saMsthAnanAma rAjavArtika, saMpA0 mahendra kumAra jaina, prakAzaka gayA hai| ata: donoM hI zelDana ke lambAkAra vyaktitva se bhinna haiN| bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI1953, pR0 576 / huMDaka aura kubjaka saMsthAnoM kI carcA hameM Adhunika nAbherupariSTAd bhUyaso dehasannivezaSyAdhastAccAlpIyaso janakaM manovaijJAnika zelDana dvArA kI gayI vargIkaraNa meM nahIM prApta hotI hai| ' nygrodhprimnnddlsNsthaannaam| vhii| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki Adhunika manovaijJAnika sAdhAraNatayA sAmAnya vyaktiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara, unakA adhyayana tathA vargIkaraNa prastuta pRSThadezabhAvibahupudgalapracayavizeSalakSaNasya nirvartakaM kubjasaMsthA karate haiN| agara ina vyaktiyoM ke bhI svabhAvoM kA adhyayana manovaijJAnika nanAm rAjavArtika, saMpA0 mahendrakumAra jaina, prakA0. bhAratIya dRSTi se kiyA jAya to bahuta kucha satya prApta ho sakatA hai| jJAnapITha kAzI 1953, pR. 577) jahA~ taka 'aSTAvakra RSi' ke zArIrika banAvaTa aura 4. sarvAGgopAGhasvavyavasthAvizeSakAraNaM vAmanasaMsthAnanAma vhii| bauddhika sAmarthya kA prazna hai, unheM to apavAda hI mAnanA hogaa| 5., sarvAGgopAGgAnAM hunnddsNsthittvaathunnddsNsthaannaam| vhii| zarIra-saMracanA mAnava vyaktitva ke lie eka mahatvapUrNa 6. Kretschmer, Physique and Character, New York tathya hai| jaina paramparA ke sAtha-sAtha Adhunika manovaijJAnika bhI mAnate 1925. haiM ki zArIrika saMracanA kA prabhAva vyakti ke sAmAjika jIvana para bhI uddhata-vyaktitvamanovijJAna-sItArAma jAyasavAla, u0pra0 hindI par3atA hai| yadyapi jainadharma meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se saMsthAna ko vizeSa graMtha akAdamI lakhanaU 1974, pR0164| mahattva nahIM diyA gayA hai, kyoMki unake anusAra chahoM saMsthAnoM ke vyakti nirvANa (mukti) prApta kara sakate haiN| zArIrika saMracanA, vyakti 7. W. H. Sheldon, The Varieties of Human Physique. ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM to bAdhaka nahIM kintu vyAvahArika jIvana uddhRta- vahI, pR0165| kA mahattvapUrNa tathya hai| Jain Education Intemational

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Atmika yajJaH eka anucintana jaina, bauddha evaM brAhmaNa granthoM ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA the| unake nAma aura kArya nimna prakAra se thehai ki jisa samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ne janma liyA thA usa samaya vedavihita hiMsA pradhAna yajJoM kA pracalana dharma ke rUpa meM itanA vyApaka thA ki pratyeka Avazyaka kAryoM kI saphalatA ke liye ina yajJoM ko karanA anivArya thaa| jaise putraprApti ke lie dhana kI prApti ke lie, yuddha meM vijaya prApta karane ke lie aadi| isa yuga ko karmakANDI brAhmaNa yuga kahA jAtA hai jisameM paurohityavAda ne jora pakar3A tathA purohita (pujArI) devoM ke tulya samajhe jAne lge| vedoM ke nitya, apauruSeya evaM Izvarapradatta mAnane kI pravRtti kA bhI udaya isI kAla meM huaa| parama puruSa ke niHzvAsa ke rUpa meM bhI inakI prasiddhi huii| jo inakA jJAtA hotA thA vahI paNDita kahalAtA thA tathA samAja meM Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA / yajJAnna prApta karane kA bhI adhikArI vedavid brAhmaNa hI samajhA jAtA thaa| brAhmaNa loga yajJoM meM niraparAdha evaM mUka pazuoM kA hanana va havana yaha kaha kara kiyA karate the ki vihita hiMsA, hiMsA nahIM kahalAtI hai vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati tathA isake saMdarbha meM auSadhi, pazu, vRkSa, tiryaJca aura pakSI yajJa meM homa kI vidhAse mRtyu ko prApta hokara svarga ko prApta karate haiN"| pazu Adi ko sRSTi yajJa meM havana karane ke lie hI hai| eka tarapha gAya meM 33 karor3a devatAoM kA nivAsa mAnate the aura dUsarI tarapha dharma ke nAma para yajJamaNDapa meM usake karuNakrandana karane para bhI hiMsA kiyA karate the| jJAna-puJjarUpa Rgveda meM yajJa ke yathArtha rUpa kA darzana devoM kI ArAdhanA ke rUpa meM hotA hai parantu kAlAntara meM brAhmaNa granthoM meM yajJa ko eka jAdU-TonA kA rUpa prApta huA jo yajJa prakriyA kI eka avanati thI tathA vedavihita dharma ko kaluSita karanA thaa| kisa taraha vedavihita dharma ko ina dhUrta mAMsa lolupa veda ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne azvamedha, rAjasUya Adi yajJoM meM dharma nAma para agaNita niraparAdha prANiyoM kI hiMsA dvArA, kaluSita kiyA tathA svayaM patita hokara dUsaroM ko bhI patitAcAra meM pravRtta karAyA, isakA varNana hama Age kreNge| sarvaprathama hama yaha jAna leM ki ina brAhmaNa granthoM meM, jinameM yajJa yoga kA hI savistAra varNana hai, kisa taraha yajJa karane kI prathA thI tathA yajJa meM kauna-kauna se upakaraNa hote the ? yajJa ke avasara para eka yajJamaNDapa banavAyA jAtA thA jisake bIca meM yajJa vedikA hotI thI jahA~ prajvalita agni meM AhutiyA~ dI jAtI thiiN| ina yajJoM kA sampAdana cAra viziSTa vyakti Rtvija milakara karate the jo cAroM vedoM ke viziSTa jJAtA kahalAte pro0 DaoN0 sudarzanalAla jaina (1) hotA Rtvija yaha yajJa ke samaya viziSTa maMtroM dvArA devatA kA AhvAna karatA thaa| una viziSTa maMtroM kA saMkalana Rgveda meM hone se yaha Rgveda kA pUrNajJAtA hotA thaa| (2) adhvaryuRtvija - yajJoM kA vidhivat sampAdana karanA isakA kArya hai| isa viSaya ke jJAna ke lie Avazyaka maMtroM kA saMkalana yajurveda saMhitA meM hone se, yaha Rtvija yajurveda kA pUrNajJAtA hotA thaa| (3) udgAtA Rtvija isakA kArya hai ki ucca evaM madhurasvara se RcAoM kA gAna kre| sAmaveda meM aisI RcAoM kA saMkalana hai ataH yaha Rtvija sAmaveda kA pUrNajJAtA hotA thaa| (4) brahmA Rtvija yaha sampUrNa yajJa kA nirIkSaNa karatA thA jisase yajJa meM kisI prakAra kI truTi na rahe / ataH ise samagra vedoM kA jJAna honA jarUrI thaa| atharvaveda kA saMkalana isI Rtvija ke nimitta hai kyoMki veda tIna hI haiM 'trayI vedA' 10 ataH Rtvija mukhyarUpa se atharvaveda kA jJAtA hotA thaa| 'yajJa' zabda 'yaj' pUjArthaka dhAtu se niSpanna hotA hai ataH 'ijyate 'neneti yazaH' jisake dvArA havana-pUjana kiyA jAya use yajJa kahate haiN| isa prakAra yajJa eka prakAra kA karma hai, karma cAhe zubharUpa ho yA azubharUpa hoM donoM hI saMsAra bhramaNa ke kAraNa haiM tathA saMsArabhramaNa duHkha kA hetu hai yaha sampUrNa saMsAra cakra yaza kI prakriyA se hI pracalita hai 11 / tathA hamArI jo bhI kriyAe~ haiM ve sabhI eka prakAra kI yajJa kriyAe~ hI haiN| parantu brAhmaNa graMthoM meM pracalita 'yajJa' zabda eka viziSTa kriyA kA dyotaka hai| ina yajJoM ko dravya aura bhAva ke bheda se do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| dravya-yajJa ke punaH do mukhya bheda haiM: zrItadravyayajJa aura smArtadravyayajJa / inake svarUpa kramazaH nimna prakAra haiM " zrItadravyayajJaH jinameM jaMgama aura sthAvara jIvoM kI bali dI jAtI hai unheM zrItadravya yajJa kahate haiN| jaise azvamedha, vAjapeya jyotiSToma aadi| ye yajJa bahuta kharcIle the 12 ataH sAdhAraNa janatA ina ko nahIM kara sakatI thii| inameM aneka pazuoM kI nirmama hatyAe~ hotI thiiN| isa taraha dharma ke nAma para hiMsA kA pracAra dekhakara tatkAlIna tattva - manISiyoM ne isakA ghora khaNDana kiyA / yadyapi eka sunizcita dharma-paramparA ke viruddha jAne kA kisI kA sAhasa na hotA thA parantu viruddha vicAroM ko prakaTa karate hue bhI veda ko pramANa mAnate rahe / veda ko pramANa mAnane vAle bhAratIya darzanoM meM jo paraspara

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26 . jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 virodha hai yaha una manISiyoM kI caturatA hai| ata: upaniSadoM meM tathA prakAra kI pravRttiyoM se sampUrNa yAjJika vidhAna pratiSThita hai|15 - bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ne isa vaidika karmakANDa kI tIvra AlocanA isI taraha aupaniSadika RSiyoM kA bhI vizvAsa yAjJika kii| ve isa vaidika karmakANDa aura veda prAmANya ke prabalatama virodhI vidhAna meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai| ve yajJAdi kriyAoM ko yadyapi the tathA unake sthAna para ahiMsApradhAna dharma kA pracAra karane vAloM meM paramArtha prApti meM Avazyaka nahIM samajhate haiM16 tathApi adhikArI zreSThatama the| bauddhoM para yAjJika kriyAkANDa kI itanI pratikriyA huI bheda se Azrama-dharma kI vyavasthA ke lie unakA pUrNa nirAkaraNa bhI ki unheM AtmA zabda se hI ghRNA ho gii| cU~ki AtmA ke nimitta se nahIM karate haiN| isa taraha unakI pravRtti eka tarapha samanvayAtmaka hai17 svarga kI prApti ke lie logoM ko pralobhita kiyA jAtA thA ata: usa aura dUsarI tarapha nindaatmk18| jaise kahIM-kahIM purohitoM kI khAnezAzvata Atmatattva ko rAgadveSa kI amarabela mAnakara usakA khaNDana pIne kI lolupatA ko dekhakara unako evaM unake yAjJika kriyAhI kara diyaa13| jaina aura bauddha granthoM meM ina yajJoM ke khaNDana meM jo kalApoM ko eka ghRNA kI vastu batAyI gayI hai| eka sthAna para to tarkapUrNa yuktiyA~ pradarzita kI gaI haiM unheM dekhakara koI bhI sahRdaya unheM kuttoM kI eka pA~ta meM khar3e jaise bhI dikhAyA hai| ve lolupatApUrvaka vyakti puna: ina yajJoM kI tarapha dekhane kA sAhasa na kregaa| syAdvAdamaJjarI kahate haiM- 'omadA om pivA, oma devoM varuNa: Adi (OM mujhe meM eka kArikA uddhRta hai khAne do, OM mujhe pIne do, deva varuNa)19 isa lena-dena ke vyApAra .. devopahAravyAjena yajJavyAjena ye 'thvaa| ke kAraNa hI devoM kA bhI darjA bahuta nimna aura lolupatApUrNa ghranti jantUn gatavRNA ghorAM te yAnti durgtim|| dikhalAI par3atA hai| gosvAmI tulasIdAsa jI ne isakA acchA varNana arthAt- jo loga deva-prasAdArtha athavA yajJa ke bahAne ghRNA kiyA hai jisameM indra ko 'zvAna' kI upamA dI gaI hai| isase vaidika se rahita hokara prANiyoM kI hiMsA karate haiM ve ghora andhakAra se pUrNa devoM kI pratiSThA para dhakkA paha~catA hai| durgati meM jAte haiN| veda ko pramANa mAnane vAle sAMkhyAcAryoM ne ina yajJoM kI vAvari brAhmaNa kA ziSya puNNaka bhagavAn buddha se nimna nindA karate hue kahA haiprazna pUchatA hai- 'bhagavan! kisa kAraNa se RSiyoM, manuSyoM, kSatriyoM, yUpaM chitvA pazUn hatvA kRtvA rudhirkrdmm| brAhmaNoM ne isa loka meM devatAoM ke lie pRthak-pRthak yajJa kalpita yadyevaM gamyate svarge narake kena gmyte|| kie haiM? yaha pUchatA hU~ bhagavana! btaaveN|' artha-yUpAdi (vRkSAdi) kA chedana karake, pazuoM kI hiMsA bhagavAn buddha -'jina kinhIM RSiyoM, manuSyoM, kSatriyoM, karake tathA khUna kA kIcar3a karake yadi svarga kI prApti hotI hai to brAhmaNoM ne isa loka meM devatAoM ke lie pRthak-pRthak yajJa kalpita vaha kauna-sA ghora karma hai jisake karane se naraka jAyA jAtA hai| tathA kie haiM, unhoMne isa janma kI cAha rakhate hue jarA Adi se amukta sAMkhyakArikA ke prArambha meM daihika, daivika aura bhautika duHkhoM se hokara hI kie|' Atyantika nivRtti kA upAya vyAvahArika (auSadhAdi) sAdhanoM kI puNNaka -'jina kinhIM ne yajJa kalpita kie, bhagavan! kyA taraha zrautavihita yajJaprakriyA ko nahIM mAnA haive yajJa-patha meM apramAdI the? he mArSa, kyA ve janma-jarA ko pAra dR STavadAnuzravikaH shyvishuddhikssyaatishyyuktH| hue? he bhagavAn Apa se yaha pUchatA huuN| mujhe btaaveN|' tadviparItaH zreyAn vyktaavyktjnyvijnyaanaat||2|| bhagavAna buddha -'ve jo AzaMsana karate, stoma karate, artha-laukika (dRSTa) upAyoM kI taraha zrutivihita yajJa bhI abhijalpa karate, havana karate haiM so vaha apane lAbha ke lie yA du:khoM se Atyantika nivRtti nahIM kara sakate kyoMki zrutivihita yajJa kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke lie karate haiN| ve yajJa ke yoga se, bhava ke rAga vizuddhi se rahita, kSaya aura atizaya se yukta haiN20| isake viparIta se anurakta ho janma-jarA ko pAra nahIM hue, aisA maiM kahatA huuN|' prakRti-puruSa kA jJAna hI zreyakArI hai| puNNaka -'he mArSa! yadi yajJa ke yoga se, yajJoM ke dvArA veda ko hI pramANa svIkAra karane vAle vedAntiyoM ne bhI janma-jarA ko pAra nahIM hue, to mArSa, phira loka meM kauna deva janma- hiMsApradhAna yajJoM kI nirmamatA dekhakara kahA ki jo loga pazuoM kI jarA ko pAra hue? bhagavAn! use btlaaveN|' hiMsA karake yajJa karate haiM ve ghora aMdhakAra meM vilIna ho jAte haiM bhagavAn buddha - jise loka meM kahIM bhI tRSNA nahIM hai, jo kyoMki hiMsA na to kabhI dharma rahI hai, na thI aura na rhegii| zAnta, duzcarita rahita, rAgAdi se virata, AzArahita hai, vaha janma- anye tamasi majjAmaH pazubhirye ryjaamhe| jarA ko pAra kara gayA, aisA maiM kahatA huuN|14 hiMsA nAma bhaveddhoM na bhUto na bhvissyti||2|| isa taraha bhagavAn buddha ke anusAra vaidika karmakANDa vizuddhi- isa varaha vedAntiyoM ne hiMsApradhAna dharma kA traikAlika kA sAdhaka nahIM hai, vaha to sirpha lena-denarUpI vyApAra kI bhAvanA para niSedha karake ahiMsA pradhAna dharma kI pratiSThApanA kii| pratiSThita hai| arthAt 'tuma mujhe yaha do, maiM tumheM yaha detA hU~' isa yazastilakacampU meM eka prasaMGga AtA hai jisameM rAjA yazodhara Jain Education Intemational

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Adhatmika yajJa: eka anucintana 27 ATe kA kalpita margA banAkara bali car3hAte haiM jisake phalasvarUpa ve gAyeM bhI hamArI mitra haiM kyoMki khetI unapara nirbhara hai| ve anna, bala, kaI bhavoM taka saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate haiN| isa prakAra yaha batalAyA kAnti evaM sukha dene vAlI haiN| aisA socakara prAcIna kAla meM gAyoM gayA hai ki jaba kalpita pazu kI bali itanI aniSTakara ho sakatI hai kI hatyA nahIM karate the| yahA~ para hama 'bauddhadarzana aura anya bhAratIya to sAkSAtpazu kI bali car3hAne se kyA durgati hogI isakI kalpanA darzana'21 se eka prasaGga uddhRta karate haiMnahIM kI jA sakatI hai| . 'hama bhagavAn kI una pUrva RSiyoM ke prati Adara vRddhi kA eka anya saMvAda jaina 'padmapurANa' meM AtA haiM jisameM nArada prakAzana aura kara deM jo ki eka atyanta sarala DhaMga se yajJa karate the aura parvata ke zaiva 'ajairyaSTavyam' zabda ke artha ko lekara vivAda aura jinake AcaraNa atyanta pavitra the| ye RSi saMbhavata: saMhitA utpanna ho jAtA hai| taba ve se vo salAha karake ucita nirNaya karAne kAla ke hI ho sakate haiM, kyoMki isI yuga meM isa prakAra kA sarala ke lie rAjA vasu ke pAsa agrima dina jAte haiN| rAjA vasu satyavAdI yajJamaya vidhAna pracalita thaa| kucha-kucha ise hama brAhmaNa yuga kA bhI thA tathA usake prabhAva se unakA siMhAsana pRthvI se Upara uThA rahatA paricAyaka kaha sakate haiN| purAne RSi saMyamI aura tapasvI hote the| thaa| rAjadarabAra meM pahu~cakara donoM apane-apane pakSAnusAra 'ajairyaSTavyam' pA~ca kAmaguNoM ko chor3a ve apanA artha (jJAna, dhyAna) karate the| usa kA artha batAte haiM- . samaya brAhmaNoM ke pAsa na pazu the, na hiraNya, na anaaj| ve svAdhyAyarUpI (1) nArada-'aja se yajJa karanA cAhie' kA artha hai- 'usa dhana-dhAnya vAle the| brahmanidhi kA pAlana karate the| nAnA raMga ke vastroM, prakAra ke hAtya (dhAna) se yajJa (havana) karanA jisameM sahakArI kAraNa zayana aura AvasathoM (atithi zAlAoM) se samRddha janapada-rASTra una milane para bhI aMkara utpanna karane kI zakti vartamAna na ho|' brAhmaNoM ko namaskAra karate the| brAhmaNa abadhya, ajeya, dharma se rakSita (2) parvata- 'aja se yajJa karanA cAhie' kA artha hai- the, kuladvAroM para unheM kabhI koI nahIM rokatA thaa| ...... ve taNdula, 'bakare kI bali car3hAkara yajJa (havana) krnaa| zayana, vastra, ghI aura tela ko mAMgakara dharma ke sAtha nikAlakara yajJa rAjA yadyapi aja' zabda kA artha kaI bAra dhAnyavizeSa kara karate the| yajJa-upasthiti hone para ve gAya ko nahIM mArate the|22 cuke the parantu kisI eka vacanabaddhatA ke kAraNa parvata ke pakSa meM brAhmaNatva kI mahimA kA kitanA sundara prakhyApana hai, sAtha hI vaidika apanA nirNaya de dete haiN| phalasvarUpa rAjA kA siMhAsana pRthvI para gira yuga ke nirvyAja samAja aura pazu-hiMsA ke abhAva kA kitanA bar3A par3atA hai aura ve 7veM naraka meM jAkara ananta kaSToM ko jhelate haiN| isa sAkSya bhii|' prasaMga meM sirpha itanA hI batAyA hai ki 'aja' zabda kA artha bakarA 'pazu hiMsAmayI nikRSTa tapasyA to buddha ko hI nahIM sabhI nahIM hai apitu dhAnya vizeSa hai jisameM aMkura utpanna karane kI zakti bhAratIya manISiyoM ke lie ghRNA kI vastu hai, kintu vAstavika kSINa ho cukI hai| 'aja' zabda kA mithyA artha karanA mAtra durgati kA 'dravyayajJa' ko bhagavAn ghRNita vastu nahIM samajhate the aura adhikatara kAraNa ho jAtA hai taba phira pazu-yajJa kaise dharma kahe jA skeNge| pravRtti to unakI yajJAdikoM ko naitika vyAkhyA pradAna karane kI thI pazu-yajJa kI yaha prathA anArya, mAMsa-lolupa, brAhmaNoM dvArA jaisI ki upaniSadoM kI AdhyAtmika vyAkhyA pradAna karane kI thii'23| pracalita kI gii| jaisA ki mahAbhArata meM kahA hai eka Adarza dravyayajJa kA varNana karate hue bhagavAn kahate 'surA matsyA madhu-mAMsamAsavaM kRsaraudanam / hai: 'brAhmaNa! isa yajJa meM gaue~ nahIM mArI gaIM, bakare, bheMDe, murge, dhUtaiH pravartitaM hyetan naitad vedeSu kalpitam / / ' suara Adi nahIM mAre gae, na nAnA prakAra ke prANI mAre ge| na yUpa mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 265/9 / / ke lie vRkSa kATe gye| jo bhI usake dAsa, preSya, karmakara the unhoMne cUMki saMsArI prANI svabhAva se viSayAsakta hote haiM phira yadi bhI daMDa-tarjita ho, azrumukha rote hue sevA nahIM kii| jinhoMne cAhA unheM isa prakAra kA upadeza mila jAya to zIghra hI use grahaNa kara unhoMne kiyA, jinhoMne nahIM cAhA unhoMne nahIM kiyaa| jo cAhA so lete haiN| phalasvarUpa pazu-yajJoM kA pracalana bar3ha gyaa| parantu jo Arya kiyA, jo nahI cAhA so nahIM kiyaa| ghI, tela, makkhana, dahI, madha, brAhmaNa the unameM yaha bAta nahIM thii| unakA Adarza U~cA thaa| bauddha gur3a se hI vaha yajJa samApta huaa|24" isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki veda grantha suttanipAta ke brAhmaNa dhammika sutta meM jo brAhmaNoM kA AcaraNa meM pazu-hiMsA maulika nahIM hai kintu bAda meM anArya mAMsa-lobhI batalAyA hai vaha bar3A hI ucca evaM Adarzamaya hai brAhmaNoM dvArA lAI gaI hai25| yadi aisA na hotA to jo yAjaka yaha 'yathA mAtA pitA bhAtA aJce vApi ca aatkaa| kahate haiM ki yajJa meM jisa pazu kA havana kiyA jAtA hai vaha svarga ko gAvo no paramAmittA yAsu jAyanti osghaa|| jAtA hai, ve svayaM ko kyoM nahIM havana kara dete jisa svarga kI prApti annadA valadA cetA vaNNadA sukhadA tthaa| ke lie itanA drAviDa-prANAyAma karate haiN| etamatthavasaM JatvA nAssu gAvo haniMsu te||' isI taraha jaina Agamagrantha uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI Adarza artha- mAtA, pitA, bhAI aura anya nAtedAroM kI taraha brAhmaNa kA svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai26 use yahA~ prastuta karanA Jain Education Intemational

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28 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 Avazyaka hai jo agni kI taraha saMsAra meM (pAparahita hone se ) pUjanIya hai tathA kuzaloM (zreSTha - mahApuruSoM) dvArA saMdiSTa hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| jo svajanoM meM Asaktirahita hai, pravrajyA lekara zoka karatA hai tathA AryavacanoM meM ramaNa karatA hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| jo kAlimA Adi mailApana se rahita, svarNa kI taraha rAga, dveSa, bhaya Adi doSoM se rahita hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| jo tapasvI, kRza, damitendriya sadAcArI, nirvANa ke sammukha hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| jo mana, vacana, kAya se trasa evaM sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA kiyA gyaa| jaina sampradAya meM bhI aise yajJa vidyamAna haiM- jaise paMcakalyANaka, nahIM karatA hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| maMdira vedI pratiSThA aadi| parantu inakA vidhAna sirpha gRhasthoM ke lie jo krodha, hAsya, lobha athavA bhaya se mithyA vacana nahIM hI kiyA gayA hai jisase spaSTa hai ki ye yajJa paramArthasAdhaka nahIM haiN| bolatA use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| inakA uddezya sirpha dharma kA pracAra evaM prasAra hai| bhAvayajJaH jo sacitta athavA acitta vastu ko thor3I athavA adhika mAtrA meM binA die hue grahaNa nahIM karatA hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| jo mana, vacana, kAya se divya loka sambandhI, manuSyaloka sambadhI evaM tiryaJaca sambandhI maithuna kA sevana nahIM karatA hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| yahI sarvazreSTha yajJa hai 32 bhAvoM kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa ise bhAvayajJa kahate haiN| isa yajJa ke sampAdana meM bAhya kisI sAmagrI kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3atI hai| koI bhI isa yajJa ko kara sakatA hai| jo jala meM utpanna hokara bhI jala se bhitra kamala kI taraha vibhinna granthoM meM isa yajJa ke vibhinna nAma hai jo apanI sArthakatA lie kAmabhogoM meM alipta hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| jo lolupatA se rahita, mudhAjIvI (bhikSAnnajIvI), anagAra, akiJcana vRttivAlA gRhasthoM meM asaMsakta hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| jo pUrva saMyoga (mAtApitAdi), jJAtijanoM ke saMyoga tathA bandhujanoM ke saMyoga ko tyAgakara punaH bhogoM meM Asakta nahIM hotA use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| isa vivecana se jJAta hotA hai ki jo hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, kuzIna aura parigraha ko tyAgakara ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura akiJcana bhAva ko dhAraNa karatA hai, rAga-dveSa se rahita hai, sadAcArI hai vahI brAhmaNa hai| kevala oMkAra kA jApa kara lene mAtra se koI brAhmaNa nahIM kahalAtA hai apitu brahmacarya ko jo dhAraNa kare vahI brAhmaNa hai 27 / aisA brAhmaNa sabake dvArA pUjya, abadhya aura mukti ko prApta karanevAlA hotA hai jo ina lakSaNoM se rahita hokara 'yajJa' 'yajJa' cillAyA karate haiM ve mUDha zuSka tapazcaryA karane aura veda ke asalI rahasya ko jAne binA sirpha adhyayana karane vAle rAkha se AvRtta aMgAra kI taraha hai 28 | 2 ataH jo veda pazuvadha kA upadeza dete haiM una vedoM ke veda mantroM dvArA dI gaI yajJa kI AhutiyA~ duHzIla vedapAThI evaM yajJakartA kI rakSA nahIM karatI haiM kyoMki karma balavAna haiM aura ve binA phala die dUra nahIM hote haiM29 / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki prAcIna kAla meM brAhmaNoM kA AcAra kitanA AdarzapUrNa aura ucca thA tathA ve jo yajJa karate the the pazu-hiMsA se rahita aura nirdoSa sAmagrI se nirmita hote the aura jaina sAdhu bhI usa yajJAnna ko khAte the 30 / parantu bAda meM yajJa pazu-hiMsA se dUSita ho gaye jisase mahApuruSoM ke dvArA nindanIya hue| smArta dravyayajJaH , inameM hiMsA nahIM hotI hai apitu inakA saMpAdana dhRta dhAnya Adi se hotA hai 31 / ina yajJoM meM yAjaka kI bhAvanA hiMsA karane kI nahIM rahatI hai phira bhI jo sthAvara jIvoM kI hiMsA isa yajJa kI vyavasthA meM hotI hai vaha nagaNya hai| ataH ina yajJoM kA virodha nahIM hue haiN| jaise - (1) yamayajJa 33 yama mRtyu kA devatA mAnA jAtA hai| saMsAra meM aisA koI bhI prANI (devatA bhI) nahIM hai jo mRtyurUpa yama devatA ke dvArA prasita na hotA ho| ataH jisa yajJa meM mRtyurUpI yama devatA kA havana kiyA jAtA hai aura jisase saMsAra kA AvAgamana chUTa jAtA hai use yamayajJa kahate haiN| (2) ahiMsAyajJa 34- isa yajJa meM ahiMsA kI pradhAnatA hone se ise ahiMsA yajJa kahate haiM ahiMsA saba dharmoM kA mUla hai| kahA hai' ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' jainadharma meM jo pA~ca mahAvrata batAye haiM unameM ahiMsA mahAnata hI pradhAna hai| isa ahiMsA kI rakSA ke lie hI anya satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha mahAvrata mAne gaye haiN| pAMcoM mahAvratoM kA mahattva acintya hai / inake pAlana se brahma kI prApti hotI hai35 isI prakAra bauddha granthoM meM kaI yajJoM ke nAma haiM 36 / jaise(1) dAnayajJa- zIlavAna pravrajitoM ke lie nitya dAna denA / (2) trizaraNayajJa - buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa meM jAnA / (3) zikSApadavajJa yama niyamoM kA grahaNa karanA / (4) zIlayajJa - pA~ca zIlavratoM kA pAlana karanA / (5) prajJAyajJa ajJAna kA vinAza karake jJAnArjana krnaa| (6) samAdhiyajJa -- dhyAna dvArA cittaikAgra karake cittavizuddhi karanA dIghanikAya ke kUTadaMta sula meM rAjAoM aura brAhmaNoM ke --- -

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Adhatmika yajJa: eka anucintana dvArA karane yogya yajJoM kA pratipAdana hai| eka kUTadaMta brAhmaNa 700 isa adhyAtma yajJa ko vaidika saMskRti kI pratIka gItA meM gAyoM, itane hI bachar3oM va itane hI anyAnya pazuoM dvArA yajJa karanA karma-yogarUpI zreSTha yajJa kahA hai| bhagavAn zrIkRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM cAhatA hai taba prasaGgavaza bhagavAn gautamabuddha ahiMsAmaya AdarzayajJa (a03, zloka 10 se 13)- 'he arjuna! maiM agnimukha meM AhatiyA~ kA pratipAdana karate haiN| isI taraha kosala saMyukta meM kosala rAjA arpaNa karane ko yajJa kI AtmA nahIM samajhatA, kintu parizramapUrvaka pasenAdi bhI 500baila, 500bachiyA, 500 bakare, 500 mer3he utpanna kie dhanadhAnyAdi tathA apanI sampUrNa zaktiyoM ko kisI Adi kI bali car3hAne ke lie yUpoM se ba~dhavAte haiM tathA rAjA ke viziSTa prANI ko uddiSTa karake hI nahIM varan saMsAra meM jo koI usake sevaka daNDa ke bhaya se AkhoM meM A~sU bharakara yajJa kA kAma karate haiM kSetra meM A jAya una sabake hitArtha bhaktipUrvaka arpaNa karane ko maiMne taba bhagavAn isa prakAra ke yajJoM kA niSedha karate haiN| isa prakAra ke jIvana kA karmayogarUpI zreSThayajJa mAnA hai| isa prakAra karate hae jo ahiMsA yajJoM kA sampAdana mahArAjA vijita aura azoka ne kiyA thaa| kucha nirvAhArtha mila sake use hI Izvara kA anugraha samajhakara upayoga azoka kA ahiMsA cakra to lokavikhyAta hI hai| karatA hU~ isase Atmazuddhi hotI hai| ata: yahI yajJa kI AtmA hai|37 isa taraha sabhI bhAratIya cintakoM ne vaidika karmakANDI yajJa adhyAtmayajJa yA jJAnayajJa kI AdhyAtmaparaka vyAkhyA kI hai| yahA~ para hama uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke adhyAtmapradhAna hone se ise adhyAtmayajJa kahate haiM aura jJAna 25 veM yajJIya adhyayana se eka prasaGga uddhRta karanA cAhate haiM jisase kI pradhAnatA hone se jJAnayajJa kahate haiN| __ yajJa sambandhI bahuta sI bAtoM kA spaSTIkaraNa ho jaavegaa| yajJa kI AdhyAtmika vyAkhyA karanA tathA usake dravyamaya . jayaghoSa nAmaka eka jaina muni jaba vihAra karate hue apane svarUpa ko haTAkara 'jJAnamaya' rUpa dene kI pravRtti kA udaya brAhmaNa bhAI vijayaghoSa brAhmaNa ke yajJamaNDapa meM pahu~cate haiM to vahA~ para yuga meM hI ho gayA thaa| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM hama yatratatra AdhyAtmika upasthita brAhmaNa yAjakoM se yajJAnna kI yAcanA karate haiN| yaha sunakara arthoM meM yajJa prakriyA kI vyAkhyA ko dekhate haiN| jaise-aiSA nu devatA brAhmaNa loga kupita ho jAte haiM aura muni kI nindA karate hue kahate dazaurNamAsayoH sampat athAdhyAtmam-yajJoM vai zreSThatamaM karma, eSa vai haiM ki isa yajJAna ko sirpha vedavid, yajJakartA, jyotiSAGgavid, mahAndevo yadyajJaH, vaizo vai vRhatvipazcit yajJo vai brahma, saMvatsaro vai dharmazAstrajJAtA tathA svapara kA kalyANakartA brAhmaNa hI prApta kara yajJaH, AtmA vai yajJaH, paruSoM vai yajJa: aadi| AraNyakoM ne isa dizA sakatA hai| taba munirAja isake uttara meM kahate haiM ki Apa loga na to meM gati pradAna kI aura vAnaprastha muniyoM ke lie isa adhyAtmayajJa kA vedoM ke mukha ko jAnate ho, na yajJoM ke mukha ko, na nakSatroM ke mukha pratipAdana karate hue ise sarvazreSTha yajJa khaa| dharma ke 10 prakAra ko, na dharmoM ke mukha ko aura na svapara ke kalyANakartA ko| ata: na batalAte hue AraNyaka meM kahA hai to Apa loga veda-vid haiM, na yajJavid haiM, na jyotiSAGgavid haiM, na satyaM tapazca saMtoSaH kSamA cAritramArjavam / dharmazAstra ke jJAtA haiM aura na svapara ke kalyANakartA haiN| isa bAta ko zraddhA dhRtirahiMsA ca saMvarazca tathA prH|| sunakara ve brAhmaNa munirAja se pUchate haiM ki kauna vedAdi ke mukha ko ___ artha- satya, tapa, saMtoSa, kSamA, cAritra, RjutA (Arjava), jAnatA hai aura vedAdi ke mukha kyA hai? yaha sunakara munirAja gambhIra zraddhA, dhRti, ahiMsA tathA saMvara- ye 10 dharma ke prakAra haiN| artha se yukta bhASA meM vaidika aura jaina dRSTi se samanvita jo uttara dete isake bAda upaniSadoM meM to isa pravRtti kI gatizIlatA haiM vaha nimna prakAra haispaSTa aura sudRr3ha ho jAtI hai jo gItA meM paripUrNatA prApta kara letI (1) vedoM kA mukha-agnihotra vedoM kA mukha hai (jisa hai| chAndogya upaniSad ke tRtIya adhyAya meM manuSya ko yajJa aura veda meM sacce agnihotra kA pradhAnatA se varNana ho vahI veda vedoM kA manuSya kI samasta kriyA-kalApoM ko hI yajJa kI vibhinna avasthAoM mukha hai)| 'agnimukhA vai vedAH' aisI zruti bhI hai| vedoM meM isI agni kA rUpa diyA gayA hai| isI taraha bRhadAraNyaka, aitareyAraNyaka Adi kI pradhAnatA hone se agni ke saMskAra ko hI yajJa kahA jAtA hai| upaniSadoM meM yajJa ko 'jJAna-yajJa' kA rUpa diyA gayA hai tathA jIvana vaidika, daivika aura bhautika agni meM vaidika agni 'yaja' kahalAtI kI samasta kriyAoM ko yajJarUpa batAyA hai| jaise-kauSItaki (2/5) hai| isa taraha vedAnusAra artha saMgata ho jAtA hai| parantu munirAja ko me agnihotra ko prANAyAma ke rUpa meM, chAndogya meM (4/11-14) yahA~ para tapa rUpa agni abhipreta hai, jisa tapAgni se karmarUpI tInoM prakAra kI agniyoM ko AtmA ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyA mahAvana dhvasta kiyA jA ske| kahA bhI haihai| taittarIya (2/5) meM jJAna ko yajJa aura karma donoM hI kahA hai karmendhanaM samAzritya dRDhasadbhAvanAhutiH / (vijJAna yajJaM tanute karmANi tanute c)| aise aneka sthala upaniSadoM meM dharmadhyAnAgninA kAryA dIkSitenAgnikArikA / / vidyamAna haiM jinameM yajJa ke dravyamaya bAhyasvarUpa ke sthAna para jJAnamaya arthAt dharmadhyAnarUpI agni se karmarUpI indhana ko jalAnA AdhyAtmika yajJa kI pratiSThApanA hai| caahie| isa taraha maiM vedoM kA mukha jAnane se vedavid hU~, ata: yajJAna Jain Education Intemational

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30 pAne kA adhikArI huuN| yaha prathama prazna kA uttara hai| (2) yajJoM kA mukha --- yajJArthI (saMyamarUpI yajJa karane vAlA sAdhu) hai| jisa yajJa se karmoM kA kSaya ho vahI yajJoM kA mukha hai| athavA jo pApabandha meM kAraNa na ho vahIM yajJoM kA mukha hai aura aisA yajJa hai bhAvayajJa yA yamayajJa / hiMsA pradhAna vaidika yajJa karmakSaya meM kAraNa nahIM hai apitu karmabandha meM hI kAraNa hai38 / ataH bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM pUchA hai - 'kimahaM tena kuryAM yenAhaM nAmRtA syAma / ' yahA~ para agnihotra yajJa meM jIvarUpI kuMDa, taparUpI vedikA, karmarUpI indhana, dhyAnarUpI agni, zubhopayogarUpI kaDachulI, zarIrarUpI hotA (yajJakartA) tathA zuddhabhAvanArUpI Ahuti batalAI hai| jina zAstroM meM aise yajJoM kA vidhAna hai unheM veda kahate haiM aura jo aise yajJoM ko karatA hai vahI sarvottama yAjaka hai| isa uttara se muni ne apane ko yajJakartA batalAyA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 (3) nakSatroM kA mukha - candramA nakSatroM kA mukha hai| jyotiSa zAstra kA viSaya nakSatra, candramaNDala Adi hai ataH nakSatroM kA mukha aisA prazna kiyA gayA hai aura tadanusAra candramA ko pradhAnatA ke kAraNa mukha kahA gayA hai ataH maiM jyotiSazAstra kA vettA bhI hU~ / isa taraha yaha tRtIya prazna kA uttara hai| (4) dharmoM kA mukha - kAzyapa dharmoM kA mukha hai| dharmazAstra kA vettA vahI ho sakatA hai jo dharmoM ke mukha ko phcaane| ataH aisA prazna sArthaka hai| yahA~ kAzyapa se tAtparya kAzyapagotrIya bhagavAn RSabhadevapraNIta dharma se hai| vedoM meM bhI bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI stuti bahuta sthAnoM para kI gaI hai 39 / jaise candramA kI nakSatra Adi stuti karate rahate haiM vaise hI indrAdideva kAzyapa (bhagavAn RSabhadeva ) kI stuti karate rahate haiM 40 / (5) svapara kA kalyANakartA jo Adarza brAhmaNa hai jisake svarUpa kA varNana hama pahale kara Aye haiM vahI sva aura para kA kalyANa karane meM samartha hai| arthAt jo ahiMsArUpa yamayajJa kA anuSThAna karatA hai vahIM sva aura para kA kalyANakartA hai| pazuoM kI hiMsA karane vAlA yAjaka brAhmaNa, yA brAhmaNakula meM janma lene mAtra se koI svapara kA kalyANakartA nahIM ho sakatA hai- 'na vi muNDieNa samaNo na oMkAreNa bambhaNo / na muNI raNNavAseNaM kusacIreNa taavso'|| uttarAdhyayana 25 / 31 / / artha- sira muNDana se zramaNa, oMkAra jApa se brAhmaNa, araNyavAsa se muni aura kuzatRNa ke vastra dhAraNa karane se koI tapasvI nahIM kahalA sakatA hai| ye cihna to mAtra bAhya liGga ke paricAyaka haiM 41 / bAhyaveSa ko hI antaraGga zuddhi kA kAraNa mAna baiThanA bhUla 42 / bAhya pavitratA kI apekSA antaraGga kI pavitratA ko vidvAn loga uttama mAnate haiM kyoMki antaraGga zuddhi hI vAstavika zuddhi hai| zarIra kI bImArI kA nivAraNa Antarika kharAbI ke dUra karane se hI hotA hai| ataH prAta: aura sAyaMkAla jala kA sparza karanA, kuza-yUpAdi kA sparza karanA Adi ye sabhI bAhyazuddhi sAdhana haiM, inheM Antarika zuddhi ke sAdhana mAnanA mUr3hatA hai| aba prazna uThatA hai ki yadi aisI sthiti hai to brAhmaNAdi ke Antarika zuddhi ke lakSaNa kyA haiM? isake uttara meM munirAja ne kahA hai43. samayAe samaNo hor3a bambhacereNa bambhaNo / nANeNa u muNI hoi taveNa hoi tAvaso / kampuNA bambhaNo hoi kampuNA hoi khattio / vaiso kampuNA hoi suddo hoI kammuNA / / ee pAThakare buddhe jehiM hoi siNAyao savvakammavinimmukkaM taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / evaM guNa samAutA je bhavanti diuttmaa| te samatyA u uddhatuM paramapyANameva c|| artha- samabhAva se zramaNa, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa, manana (jJAna) se muni, tapa (icchAnirodha) se tapasvI hotA hai| karma se ( AcAra se) brAhmaNa, karma se kSatriya, karma se vaizya aura karma se hI zUdra hotA hai / isa prakAra vistAra se saba bAteM bhagavAn ne batalAI haiN| snAtaka bhI ukta guNoM vAlA hI ho sakatA hai tathA jo samasta karmoM se mukta hone ke lie prayatnazIla hai vaha brAhmaNa hai aura vahI uttama brAhmaNa sva aura para kA44 kalyANa karane meM samartha hai| kyoMki zIlasaMyama se hI pUjyatA AtI hai| ataH siddha hai ki dravyayajJa se bhAvavajJa, dravyaliGgI muni se bhAvaliGgI muni, dravyasaMyama se bhAvasaMyama, dravyazuddhi bhAvazuddhi se zreSTha hai| isa taraha pA~caveM prazna kA uttara diyA gyaa| bhAvayajJa karane kA adhikArI : isa yajJa ko vahI kara sakatA hai jo hiMsAdi pApoM se saMvRta, zarIra meM mamattva aura kaSAyoM meM pravRtti se rahita hokara saMyata hai 45 / isameM vaidika karmakANDI yajJa kI taraha jAti kA koI mahattva nahIM hai| isa yajJa ko brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaizya kI taraha zUdra bhI kara sakate haiN| jaise cANDAla kulotpanna harikezI muni jitendriya aura pradhAna guNoM se yukta hokara mokSa ko prApta karatA hai46 citta aura saMbhUta ke jIva bhI pUrva janma meM cANDAla kulotpanna hokara isa yajJa ko karake kramazaH mokSa aura cakravatIMpada ko prApta karate haiM 47 / jisa taraha puruSa isa yajJa ko karane ke adhikArI haiM usI prakAra striyA~ bhI isa yajJa ko karake paramArtha (mokSa) ko prApta kara sakatI haiN| jaise rAjImatI ne prApta kiyA 48 / isa taraha isa yajJa ko sabhI jIva kara sakate haiM jo sadAcAra pAlana karane kA prayatna kre| bhAvayajJa ke upakaraNa evaM vidhiH aba hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki isa bhAvayajJa ko kaise karanA

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Adhatmika yajJaH eka anucintana caahie| isake upakaraNa kauna-kauna haiN| isa viSaya meM uttarAdhyayana meM rUpakAzrita bahuta sundara varNana hai / jaise-- vaidika dravyayajJa ke upakaraNa (1) agni (2) agnikuMDa (jahA~ agni prajvalita kI jAtI hai) (3) khuvA (jisase ghRta kI Ahuti dI jAtI hai) (4) karISAda (jisase agni prajvalita kI jAtI hai| jaise madhu, ghRta Adi) (5) samidhA (edhA- zamI palAzAdi kI lakar3iyA~) (6) zAnti pAna ( kaSToM ko dUra karane pAGga ke lie) (7) labana yA homa (jisase agni prasanna ho) (8) jalAzaya (snAna ke lie) (9) zAnti tIrtha (sopAna) (10) jala kaisA ho ? - (jisase karma raja dUra ho|) (11) nirmalatA isa taraha isa bhAvayajJa karane vAlA yAjaka taparUpa agni ko jIvAtmA rUpI agnikuMDa meM, zarIrarUpI karISAda se prajvalita karake karmarUpI IMdhana (samidhA Adi) kA tIna yogarUpI khuvA (Ahuti dene kA pAtra) se havana kre| saMyama vyApArarUpI zAnti pATha ko par3he tathA zuklalezyA kI taraha nirmala AtmA rUpI jala se yukta brahmacaryarUpI zAntitIrtha meM snAna kare 49 / isa taraha adhyAtma yajJa karane vAlA jaba adhyAtma - jalAzaya meM snAna karatA hai taba vaha atyanta zItala aura nirmala hokara karmarajarUpI maloM ko dho detA hai| yaha snAna RSiyoM dvArA prazasta hai| jo isameM snAna karatA hai vaha uttamagati (mokSa) ko prApta karatA 51 nandamAnava pucchA (suttanipAta) meM bhagavAn buddha aura nanda brAhmaNa kA saMvAda hai jisameM bhagavAn buddha ne batAyA hai ki jo koI zramaNa yA brAhmaNa yajJa aura zruta se zuddhi cAhate haiM ve janma-jarA se nivRtta nahIM hote haiM apitu tRSNA ke tyAga aura anAsrava se yukta manuSya saMsAra ke jarAmaraNa se tara jAte haiN| arthAt prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi kA jo yajJAnuSThAna karatA hai vaha saMsAra ke duHkhoM se nivRtta ho jAtA hai| unhoMne suttanipAta meM kahA hai- he brAhmaNa! lakar3I jalAne bhAvayajJa ke upakaraNa (1) tapa (jyotirUpa) kyoMki tapa meM agni kI taraha karmamala bhasma karane kI zakti hai| jIvAtmA (taparUpa agni kA sthAna ) mana, vacana, kAyarUpa yoga khuvA (cammaca) hai kyoMki zubhAzubha karmendhanoM kA Agamana inhIM ke dvArA hotA hai (4) zarIra kyoMki taparUpAgni isI se pradIpta hotI hai| (2) (3) (5) zubhAzubhakarma kyoMki tapa rUpa agni meM lakar3I kI taraha bhasma ho jAte haiN| (6) saMyama vyApAra kyoMki isase saba jIvoM ko zAnti milatI hai| (7) (8) (9) cAritrarUpa bhAva yajJAnuSThAna- isase agni ko prasanna karate haiN| ahiMsA dharmarUpa jalAzaya brahmacarya aura zAnti (10) kaluSa bhAvarahita prasanna lezyA vAlI AtmA / arthAt uparokta guNarUpI tIrthajala meM snAna karane se karmaraja dUra jo jAtI hai| (11) bAhya snAna kI taraha antaraGga AtmA nirmala aura tAjI ho jAtI hai| 31 ko zuddhi mata samajho kyoMki yaha sirpha bAhya upacAra hai| ise kuzala loga zuddhi nahIM mAnate haiM ataH terA yaha abhimAna khariyA kA bhAra (khAribhAra) hai, krodha dhUma hai, mithyA vacana bhasma hai, rasanA (jihvA) khuvA hai, aura hRdaya jyoti hai|' ataH he brAhmaNa kuzaloM se prazaMsita, nirmala dharma ke tAlAba meM jisameM zIla tIrtha (ghATa) haiM, usameM nahAne se vedajJa binA bhIMge hue pAra utara jAte haiN| isa parama sthAnakI prApti satya, dharma, saMyama aura brahmacarya para nirbhara hai| ata: tU aisI havana kriyAoM ko namaskAra kara jise maiM (bhagavAn buddha) puruSadamya sArathI (purUSoM ko vinamra banAne meM sArathI rUpa mAnatA huuN| isI taraha maharSi lyAsa RSi ne bhI kahA hai-jJAnarUpI jAdara se Dhake hue, brahmacarya aura kSamArUpI jala se pUrNa, pAparUpI kIcar3a ko naSTa karane vAle atyanta nirmala tIrtha meM snAna karake jIvakuMDameM damarUpI pavana se uddIpita, dhyAnarUpI agni meM azubha karmarUpI kASTha kI Ahuti dekara uttama agnihotra yajJa ko karo kAma aura artha ko naSTa karane vAle zamarUpI mantroM se duSTakaSAyarUpI pazuoM kA yajJa karo jo mUDha prANI mUka prANiyoM kA vadha karake dharma kI kAmanA karate haiM ve loga kAle sarpa kI khola meM amRta kI varSA cAhate hai52 rA

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32 isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki sabhI bhAratIya manISiyoM ne hiMsA-pradhAna yajJoM kA prabala virodha karake ahiMsAmUlaka yajJoM kI pratiSThA kI gRhasthI ke lie kucha ghRtAdi se sampanna hone vAle dravyayajJoM kA khaNDana na karate hue bhAvayajJoM yA yamayajJoM yA adhyAtmayajJoM ko sarvazreSTha yajJa btlaayaa| isa prakAra ke hI yajJa vastutaH parama tattva kI prApti meM sahAyaka haiN| isa prakAra ke yajJoM kI pUrNatA samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcaritra kI samaSTi meM yA prajJA, zIla aura samAdhi kI samaSTi meM yA bhaktiyoga, jJAnayoga aura karmayoga kA samaSTi meM hai, ekatva meM nhiiN| ataH kahA hai-- cAritra kI pUrNatA jJAna ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai tathA jJAna guNa kI pUrNatA cAritra ke abhAva meM nahIM hai apitu donoM kI samapti meM hI pUrNatA hai53 upaniSadoM meM jo 'jJAnayajJa' kI carcA hai so usameM cAritra bhI gatArtha hai kyoMki jise samyagjJAna ho jAvegA vaha kabhI mithyAcaraNa kara nahIM sakatA hai tathA pUrNajJAna kI prApti binA cAritra ke A nahIM sakatI hai| cU~ki saMsAra kA mUlakAraNa ajJAna hai ataH usase nivRtti kA kAraNa bhI jJAna hai| isa dRSTi se vahA~ para 'jJAnayajJa' kI carcA hai ataH bhAvoM kI nirmalatA jisameM pradhAna hai aisA ahiMsAtmaka antaraGga zuddhi ko karane vAlA yajJa hI sarvazreSTha hai| use hama adhyAtmayajJa yamayajJa, ahiMsAyajJa, bhAvayajJa, jJAnayajJa, dhyAnayajJa, zIlayajJa kucha bhI kaheM una sabakA tAtparya eka hI hai antarAtmA kI zuddhi aura yahI mukti hai| sandarbha / " 1. jar3atA viule jane bhoittA smnnmaahnne| dattA bhoccA ya jiTThA ya, tao gacchasi khattiyA / / uttarAdhyayana, saMpA0 bhagavAn vijayajI, prakA0 zrI candra bhaTTAcAryA, kalakattA, vi0saM0 1936 9/38 2. bauddhadarzana aura anya bhAratIya darzana, bharatasiMha apAdhyAya, baMgAla hindI maMDala, kalakattA, vi0saM0 2011, pR0 739 tathA zatapathabrAhmaNa 2/2/2/6, 2/4/3/14 3. vahI "" 4. 8. 9. jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 "" 5. 6. 7. auSadhayaH pazavo vRkSAstiryaJcaH pkssinnstthaa| Rgveda 1/37/4 3/18/3 zatapathabrAhmaNa 11/5/81, bRhadAraNyaka 2/4 / 26. uttarAdhyayana 25 vAM yajJIya adhyayana, gAthA 19 se 29 tk| 10 evaM paruSasUkta 27. vahI 25/31,32 / nahAne se zuddhi nahIM hotI apitu jo satya, dharma aura zuci se yukta haiM ve hI brAhmaNa haiN| isa viSaya meM jaina aura bauddha Agama granthoM ko dekhie / uttarA0 25 / 7, 8 evaM 12 / 11 jaTilasutta; udAna 1/9 tathA jo satyavratI, jitendriya, vedantagU aura brahmacArI haiM ve hI yajJopavIta haiM saMyuktanikAya 7/1/9 28. uttarA0 25/18 29. vahI, 25/30 30. vahI, 12 vAM evaM 25vAM adhyayana 31. vahI, 12 / 34 yajJArthaM nidhanaM prAptAH prApnuvantyucchritaM punaH / zatapathabrAhmaNa zrI candradhara zarmA, prakA0 acyutagraMthamAlAkAryAlaya, kAzI vi0saM0 1994 / / yajJArthaM pazavaH sRSTAH / vaidika saMskRti kA vikAsa, lakSmaNa zAstrI jozI, hindI graMtha ratnAkara limiTeDa, bambaI 1957 I0 pR0 42 1 10. bau0 darzana aura a0 bhA0 darzana, bharatasiMha, pR0 739 tathA Rgveda 1/37/4; 3/18/3 11. yajJAd bhavati parjanyo yajJaH karmasamudbhavaH, gItA, zrI harikRSNadA goyanakA, gItA presa gorakhapura, vi0saM0 1995 3-14 / 12. uttarA0 bhagavAna vijayajI, 12/10 13. pramANavArtika saMpA0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 1959 1/219-21,25. suttanipAta (puNNaka- mANavapucchA) anu0 bhikSu dharmaratna, mahAbedhi 14. sabhA, sAranAtha (banArasa), 1951, 5/3 15. vAjasaneyisaMhitA 3/50, zatapathabrAhmaNa, saMpA0, zrI candradhara zarmA, 2/5/3/19 / 16. yajJAdi se hameM svarga kI prApti bhale hI ho jAve parantu usase paramArtha kI prApti nahIM hotI hai dekhiye, chAndogya 1 / 2 / 10: bRhadANyaka 1 / 5 / 16; 6 / 2 / 16; prazna 1 / 9; muNDaka 1/ 2/ 10 / aSTAdaza upaniSada saMpA0 AcArya vi0pra0 limaye, vaidika saMzodhanamaNDala, puNyaptana, vi0saM0 1880 17. kaTha 1/17 3/2 zvetAzvatara 2 / 6-7 Adi 18. bRhadAraNyaka 1/4/10 3/9/6, 21 19. chAndogya 1 / 12 / 4,51 20. dekhie sAMkhyakArikA para gauDapAdabhASyA 21. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya, dvitIya bhAga baMgAla hindI maMDala, kalakattA, vi.sa. 2011. pR0 738, 742, 743. 22. suttanipAta (dhambhiyasutta brAhmaNa) anu0 bhikSudharmaratna, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha (banArasa), 1951 tathA aMguttaranikAya droNasuta 23. dekhie, bauddha dRSTikoNa ke lie dIghanikAya kUTadaMtasutta tathA sucnipaataa| 24. vahI 25. aTThakathA caMkisuta, buddhacaryA, paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, prakA0 zivaprasAda gupta, sevA upavana, kAzI, vi0saM0 1988. pR0 224 // 32. vahI, 12 / 42 33. vahI, 25/1 34. vahI, 12 evaM 25 vA~ adhyayana /

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Adhatmika yajJa: eka anucintana acaurya brahmacarya 35. ahiMsA- yadA na kurute pApaM sarvabhUteSu daarunnm| dharmaH svayameva cIrNaH kevalajJAnalambhAcca maharSiNo ye parameSThino karmaNA manasA vAcA brahma sampadyate tdaa|| vItarAga: snAtakA nirgranthA naiSThikA teSAM pravartita AkhyAtaH satya- yadA sarvAnRtaM tyaktaM mithyAbhASA vivrjitaa| praNItazca tretaayaamaadau|" anavadyaM ca bhASeta brahma sampadyate tdaa|| 40. uttarA0 25/17 azvamedhasahasraM ca satyaM ca tulayA ghRtm| 41. bAhyaliGga ke tIna prayojana haiM: (1) saMyamanirvAha (2) jJAnAdigrahaNa azvamedhasahasrAddhi satyameva vishissyte|| aura (3) loka meM pratIti karAnA ki yaha amUka hai| uttarA0 paradravyaM yadA dRSTaM Akule hyathavA rhe| 23/32 dharmakAmo na gRhNAti brahma sampadyate tdaa|| 42. uttarA0 12/38, 39; 20/43 se 50; 22/46 devamAnuSatiryakSu maithunaM vrjyedydaa| 43. vahI, 25/32 se 35 kAmarAgaviraktazca brahma sampadyate tdaa|| 44. vahI, adhyayana 23 akiJcanabhAva- yadA sarva parityajya nissaMgo nissprigrhH| 45. vahI, 12/42 nizcintazca cared dharmaM brahma sampadyate tdaa|| 46. vahI, 12/1 uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, AtmArAma, pR0 1121 se 47. vahI, adhyayana 13 vA~ 1125 48. vahI adhyayana 22 vA~ 36. dIghanikAya, kuuttdNtsutt| 49. vahI, 12/42 se 45 37. gItAmanthana- kizorIlAla, sastA sAhitya maMDala, dillI 50. vahI, 12/46 1939, pR0 97 51. vahI, 12/47 38. uttarA0 12/39; 25/30 52. syAdvAdamaJjarI-hindI TIkA, saMpA0 DaoN0 jagadIza candra jaina, 39. AraNyaka meM-"RSabha evaM bhagavAn brahmA tena bhagavatA brahmaNA paramazruta pramAvaka maMDala, agAsa 1935, pR0 131 svayameva cIrNAti praNItAni braahmnnaani| yadA ca tapasA prAptapadaM 53. caraNakaraNappahANA ssmyprsmymukkvaavaaraa| yad brahma kevalaM tadAM ca brahmarSiNA praNItAni tAni pustakAni caraNakaraNassasAraM NicchayasuddhaM Na maannNti|| braahmnnaani|" sanmatitarka, saMpA0, paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, gujarAta purAtattva brahmANDa purANa meM bhI likhA hai-"iha hi icchavAkuvaMzodbhavena maMdira, ahamadAbAda vi0sa0 1982, 3/67 nAbhistena marudevyA nandanena mahAdevena RSabheNa dazaprakAro Jain Education Intemational

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'samayasAra' ke anusAra AtmA kA kartRtva-akartRtva evaM bhoktRtva-abhoktRtva DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM dakSiNa bhArata ke digambara AcArya kundakunda ne apane 'samayasAra' meM AtmA kA vizada koNDakunda nAmaka sthala para avatIrNa hue AcArya kundakunda kA vivecana kiyA hai| digambara jaina paramparA ke AcAryoM meM apratima sthAna hai| unakI mahattA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM AcArya kundakunda kA isI pramANa dvArA siddha ho jAtI hai ki digambara paramparA ke maGgalAcaraNa mata hai ki AtmA svata: siddha hai| apane astitva kA jJAna pratyeka meM unakA sthAna gautama gaNadhara ke tatkAla pazcAt AtA hai| dakSiNa jIva ko sadaiva rahatA haibhArata ke cAra digambara saMghoM meM se tIna kA kuMdakuMdAnvaya kahA jAnA pANehiM caduhiM jIvadi jIvassadi jo hi jIvido puvvN| isI tathya kA pratipAdaka hai| kuMdakuMdAcArya kI gaNanA una zIrSastha jaina so jIvo te pANA poggala davbehiM nnivntaa|| AcAryoM meM kI jAtI hai jinhoMne AtmA ko kendra-bindu mAnakara jo indriya, bala, Ayu aura zvAsocchvAsa ina cAra prANoM apanI samasta kRtiyoM kA sRjana kiyaa| unakI kRtiyoM meM se pramukha se jItA thA, jItA hai aura jIegA, vaha jIva dravya hai aura cAroM prANa tIna paMcAstikAya, pravacanasAra evaM samayasAra kA jaina AdhyAtmika pudgala dravya se nirmita haiN| pUjyapAda ne sarvArthasiddhi meM AtmA ke granthoM meM vahI sthAna hai jo prasthAnatrayI (upaniSad, brahmasUtra, gItA) kA astitva ko siddha karate hue kahA hai ki jisa prakAra yantra pratimA kI vedAnta darzana meM hai| prastuta nibandha meM hamArA abhISTa ina tInoM ceSTAyeM apane prayoktA ke astitva kA jJAna karAtI haiM usI prakAra prANa racanAoM meM se 'samayasAra' ke anusAra AtmA ke kartRtva-bhoktRtva kI Adi kArya bhI kriyAvAna AtmA ke sAdhaka haiN| kundakundAcArya ne vivecanA hai| prakArAntara se AtmA ko 'ahaM' pratIti dvArA grAhya kahA hai| 'jo caitanya samayasAra Atmakendrita grantha hai| amRtacandra svAmI ne AtmA hai, nizcaya se vaha maiM (ahaM) hU~, isa prakAra prajJA dvArA grahaNa 'samaya' kA artha 'jIva' kiyA hai- 'TotkIrNacitsvabhAvo jIvo karane yogya hai aura avazeSa samasta bhAva mujhase pare hai, aisA jAnanA nAma padArthaH sa smyH| samayata ekatve yuga pajjAnAti gacchati caahie| isa prakAra AtmA svata: siddha hai| ceti nirukte'2 arthAt TaGkotkIrNa citsvabhAvavAlA jo jIva nAma AtmasvarUpa kA vivecana samayasAra meM AcArya kuMdakuMda ne kA padArtha hai, vaha samaya kahalAtA hai| jayasenAcArya ne bhI 'samyag do dRSTiyoM se kiyA hai: pAramArthika dRSTikoNa evaM vyAvahArika dRssttikonn| aya: bodho yasya bhavati sa samaya: AtmA' athavA 'samaM ekabhAvenAyanaM dRSTikoNa ko jainadarzana meM naya kahA gayA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se gamanaM samaya:3 isa vyutpatti ke anusAra samaya kA artha AtmA naya do prakAra ke hote haiM-(1) nizcaya aura (2) vyavahAra ny| kiyA hai| svayaM AcArya kundakunda ne nirmala AtmA ko 'samaya' pAramArthika dRSTi hI nizcaya naya hai| kuMdakuMda ne nizcaya naya ko kahA hai|-'smyo khalu Nimmalo appA' ata: samayasAra kA artha bhUtArtha10, paramArtha11, tattva12 evaM zuddha 13 kahA hai| nizcaya naya hai traikAlika zuddha svabhAva athavA siddhaparyAya aatmaa| dUsare zabdoM vastu ke zuddha svarUpa kA grAhaka arthAt bheda meM abheda kA grahaNa karane meM AtmA kI zuddhAvasthA hI samayasAra hai evaM isI zuddhAvasthA kA vAlA aura vyavahAra naya ko abhUtArtha athavA vastu ke azuddha svarUpa vivecana isa grantha kA pratipAdya hai| ___ kA grAhaka kahA gayA hai7| AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA vivecana zuddha AtmA kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana meM pramukha evaM maulika hai| nizcaya se (arthAt jo zuddha vastu hai usameM koI bheda na karatA huA, jaina-darzana meM AtmA kI siddhi pratyakSa aura anumAnAdi sabala eka hI tattva kA kathana zuddha nizcaya karatA hai) evaM usake azuddha akATya pramANoM dvArA kI gaI hai| zvevAtAmbara Agama AcArAMgAdi meM svarUpa kA vivecana vyavahAra naya se (arthAt azuddha nizcaya naya kI yadyapi svatantra rUpa se tarkamUlaka AtmAstitva sAdhaka yuktiyA~ nahIM haiM dRSTi se kathana karatA hai)! zuddha svarUpa kA vivecana kuMdakuMda ne phira bhI aneka aise prasaMga haiM jinase AtmAstitva para prakAza par3atA bhAvAtmaka aura abhAvAtmaka donoM dRSTiyoM se kiyA hai| bhAvAtmaka hai| AcArAMga ke prathamazrutaskandha5 meM kahA gayA hai ki 'jo bhavAntara meM paddhati meM unhoMne batAyA hai ki AtmA kyA hai? aura niSedhAtmaka dizA-vidizA meM ghUmatA rahatA hai vaha "maiM" huuN| yahA~ "maiM" AtmA ke paddhati meM batAyA hai ki bauddha darzana kI bhA~ti pudgala usakI paryAya liye AyA hai| digambara AmnAya ke SaTakhaNDAgama meM AtmA kA tathA dravya AtmA nahIM haiN| vivecana hai kintu AtmAstitva sAdhaka svatantra tarkoM kA abhAva hai| nizcaya tathA vyavahAra naya ke mAdhyama se AtmA kA vivecana Jain Education Intemational

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'samayasAra' ke anusAra AtmA kA kartRtva akartRtva evaM bhoktRtva ....... karate huye AcArya ne kahA ki- 'nizcaya naya ke anusAra AtmA caitanya svarUpa tathA eka hai, vaha baMdhavihIna, nirapekSa, svAzrita, acala nissaMga, jJAyaka evaM jyotimAtra hai 14 / nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se AtmA na pramatta hai na apramatta hai aura na jJAnadarzanacAritra svarUpa hai95| vaha to ekamAtra jJAyaka hai / vaha azeSa dravyAntaroM se tathA usake nimitta se hone vAle paryAyoM se bhinna zuddha dravya hai| AtmA ananya zuddha evaM upayoga svarUpa hai| vaha rasa, rUpa aura gandharahita, avyakta caitanyaguNa yukta, zabdarahita cakSu indriya Adi se agocara aliMga evaM pudgalAkAra se rahita hai| vaha zarIra saMsthAna, saMhanana, rAga, dveSa, moha, pratyaya, karma, varga, vargaNA, adhyavasAya, anubhAga, yoga, baMdha, udaya, mArgaNA, sthitabaMdha, saMkleza sthAna se rahita hai16 AtmA nirdhanya vItarAga va niHzalya hai| paramAtmaprakAza meM zuddha AtmA ke svarUpa ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki 'na maiM mArgaNA sthAna hU~, na guNasthAna hU~, na jIvasamAsa hU~, na bAlaka-vRddha evaM yuvAvasthA rUpa hU~18 | samayasAra meM AcArya ne kahA hai ki 'nizcaya se maiM eka hU~, zuddha hU~, darzana jJAnamaya evaM sadAkAla arUpI hU~, anya paradravya paramANumAtra bhI merA kucha nahIM hai 19 nizcaya naya se yaha AtmA anAdikAla se apratibuddha ho rahA hai, isI apratimuddhatA ke kAraNa vaha 'sva' aura 'para' ke bheda se anabhijJa hai| AtmA hai to AtmA meM hI parantu ajJAnI use zarIrAdi para padArthoM meM khojakara duHkha kA pAnI banatA hai| niyamasAra meM bhI AcArya ne kahA hai ki nizcaya naya se AtmA janma, jarA-maraNa evaM utkRSTa karmoM se rahita, zuddha jJAna, darzana, sukhavIrya svabhAva vAlA, nitya avicala rUpa hai| ataH nizcaya naya se AtmA caitanya upayoga svarUpa 19, svayaMbhU, dhruva, amUrtika, siddha, anAdi, dhana, atIndriya, nirvikalpa evaM zabdAtIta hai| samasta SaTkAracakra kI prakriyA bheda dRSTi yA vyavahAra naya se hai abheda dRSTi meM isakA astitva hI nahIM hai| vyavahAra naya kI dRSTi se AcArya ne azuddha saMsArI AtmA kA vivecana kiyA hai / isa dRSTi se adhyavasAya Adi karma se vikRta bhAvoM ko AtmA kahA hai| jIva ke ekendriyAdi bheda, guNasthAna, jIva samAsa evaM karma ke saMyoga se utpanna gorAdi varNa tathA jarAdi avasthAeM aura nara-nArI Adi paryAyeM azuddha AtmA kI hotI haiM22 vyavahAra naya dRSTi se hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra AtmA ke kahalAte haiN| AtmA caitanya svarUpa, prabhukartA, dehapramANa evaM karmasaMyukta hai 23 / vyavahAra naya se AtmA zubha-azubha karmoM kA kartA evaM sukha-sukhAdi phaloM kA bhotA hai| vyavahAra se hI jIva va zarIra ko eka samajhA jAtA hai nizcaya naya se jIva va zarIra kabhI eka nahIM ho skte| zarIra ke sAtha AtmA kA eka kSetrAvagAha hone se zarIra ko AtmA kahane kA vyavahAra hotA hai jaise-cA~dI va sone ko galA dene para eka piNDa ho jAtA hai para vastutaH donoM alaga hote haiM, usI prakAra AtmA aura zarIra ina donoM ke eka kSetra meM avasthita hone se donoM kI jo 35 avasthAyeM haiM yadyapi ve bhinna haiM tathApi unameM ekapana kA vyavahAra hone lagatA hai| isa prakAra vyavahAra naya se AtmA zubha-azubha karmoM kA kartA evaM sukhAdi phaloM kA bhoktA hai| AtmA kA kartRtva- akartRtva : nyAya-vaizeSika, mImAMsA va vedAnta kI taraha jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI AtmA ko zubha-azubha, dravyabhAva karmoM kA kartA va bhoktA mAnA hai| sAMkhya darzana eka aisA darzana hai jo AtmA ko kartA to nahIM mAnatA para bhoktA mAnatA hai| anya bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI apekSA jaina dArzanikoM kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki ve apane mUlabhUta siddhAnta syAdvAda ke anusAra AtmA ko kathaMcit kartA va kathaMcit akartA mAnate haiN| jainadarzana kI paramparAgata mAnyatA ke anurUpa AcArya kundakunda bhI AtmA ko kartA evaM bhoktA nirdiSTa karate haiN| unhoMne Atma ke kartRtva-bhoktRtva para tIna dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA hai- nizcaya naya, azuddhanizcaya naya evaM vyavahAra ny| ina tInoM dRSTiyoM se vicAra karane para AtmA meM kartRtva-akartRttva evaM bhoktRtva abhoktRva donoM parilakSita hotA hai| jise hama Ane vAlI paMktiyoM meM dekheNge| kundakundAcArya ke anusAra AtmA ko kartA kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha pariNamanazIla hai| 'yaH pariNamati saH kartA 24 anya dravyoM kI bhAMti AtmA meM bhI svabhAva va vibhAva do paryAya mAne gaye haiN| ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha tathA ananta vIrya ye AtmA ke svabhAva guNa paryAya haiM / pudgala yA pudralakamoM ke saMyoga ke kAraNa AtmA meM hone vAle paryAya vibhAva paryAya kahalAte haiM jaise- manuSya, nArakIya, tiryaJca Adi gatiyoM meM AtmapradezoM kA ekAkAra honA vibhAva paryAya hai| cUMki vyavahAra va azuddha naya kI apekSA hI AcArya kuMdakuMda AtmA meM kartRtva mAnate haiM isaliye unake anusAra vyavahAra naya kI apekSA AtmA dravyakarma, nokarma evaM ghaTapaTAdi karmoM kA kartA hai aura azuddha nizcaya naya kI apekSA se bhAvakarmoM kA kartA hai / samayasAra 25 meM AcArya ne kahA hai ki vyavahAra naya se AtmA ghaTa, paTa, ratha Adi kAryoM ko karatA hai, sparzanAdi paMcendriyoM ko karatA hai jJAnAvaraNAdi dravya karmoM tathA krodhAdi bhAvakarmoM ko karatA hai|' vyavahAra naya se jIva jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM, audArikAdi zarIra evaM AhAra paryAptiyoM ke yogya pudgala rUpa nokarmoM aura bAhyapadArtha ghaTapaTAdi kA kartA hai kintu azuddha nizcaya naya se rAgadveSAdi bhAvakarmoM kA kartA hai| 26 paMcAstikAya kI tAtparya vRtti 27 meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki azuddha nizcaya naya kI dRSTi meM zubhAzubha pariNAmoM kA pariNamana honA hI AtmA kA kartRtva hai| ataH vyavahAranaya yA upacAra se hI AtmA jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM kA kartA hai| 'karmabandha kA nimitta hone ke kAraNa upacAra se kahA jAtA hai ki jIva ne karma kiye haiM,

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36 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 udAharaNArtha-senA yuddha karatI hai kintu upacAra se kahA jAtA hai ki Adi karma ke vipAka ko nimitta pAkara jIva svayaMmeva rAgAdi rUpa rAjA yuddha karatA hai, usI prakAra AtmA vyavahAra dRSTi se hI pariNamana karatA hai| ata: 'jIva apane bhAvoM kA kartA hai padrala jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM kA kartA kahalAtA hai| 28 pravacanasAra kI TIkA karmakRta saba bhAvoM kA nahIM34' jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM kA kartA padgala meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA apane bhAvakarmoM kA kartA hone ke kAraNa hai| isa prakAra zuddha nizcaya kI dRSTi se vaha parabhAva kA akartA hai upacAra se dravya karma kA kartA kahalAtA hai,29 jisaprakAra loka para azuddha nizcaya kI dRSTi se vaha apane azuddhabhAva kA kartA hai| rUr3hi hai ki kumbhakAra ghar3e kA kartA va bhoktA hotA hai usI prakAra Atma pariNAmoM ke nimitta se karmoM ko karane ke kAraNa AtmA rUr3hivaza AtmA karmoM kA kartA va bhoktA hai|3deg para aura Atmadravya vyavahAra naya se kartA kahalAtA hai35| ke ekatvAdhyAsa se AtmA kartA hotA hai|31 jIva (AtmA) aura pudgala meM nimitta-naimittika sambandha hai| sAMkhya-sammata akartRtvavAda kA khaNDana : kisI bhI kriyA ke sampAdita hone meM upAdAna-upAdeya bhAratIya darzanoM meM sAMkhya hI eka aisA darzana hai jo AtmA evaM nimitta-naimittika kAraNa mukhya haiN| jo svayaM kAryarUpa pariNamana ko akartA mAnate haye bhoktA mAnatA hai| sAMkhyavAdiyoM kA mata hai ki karatA hai vaha upAdAna kahalAtA hai aura jo kArya hotA hai vaha puruSa apariNAmI evaM nitya hai isalie vaha kartA nahIM ho sakatA; upAdeya kahalAtA hai, jaise-miTTI ghaTAkAra meM pariNita hotI hai, pApa-puNya, zubha-azubha karma prakRti ke haiM isaliye prakRti hI kartA ataH vaha ghaTa kA upAdAna hai aura ghaTa usakA upAdeya hai| yaha hai36| anya dArzanikoM kI taraha jaina-dArzanikoM ne bhI sAMkhyoM ke isa upAdAna-upAdeya bhAva sadA eka hI dravya meM banatA hai kyoMki eka siddhAnta kI samIkSA karate hue kahA hai ki yadi puruSa akartA hai aura dravya anya dravya rUpa pariNamana trikAla meM bhI nahIM kara sktaa|32' puruSa prakRti dvArA kiye gaye karmoM kA bhoktA hai to aise puruSa kI upAdAna ko kAryarUpa meM pariNita karane vAlA yA pariNita karane meM parikalpanA hI vyartha hai37| kundakundAcArya kahate haiM 'yadi puruSa ko jo sahAyaka hai, vaha nimitta kahalAtA hai, aura usa nimitta se akartA mAnA jAya aura samasta kAryoM ko karane vAlI jar3a prakRti ko upAdAna meM jo kArya niSpanna huA hai vaha naimittika kahalAtA hai- mAnA jAya to prakRti hiMsA karane vAlI hogI tathA vahI hiMsaka jaise kumbhakAra tathA usake daNDa, cakra, cIvara Adi upakaraNoM se kahalAyegI, jIva asaMga va nirlipta hai isalie jIva hiMsaka nahIM miTTI meM ghaTAkAra pariNamana huA to yaha saba nimitta huye va ghaTa hogA, aisI sthiti meM vaha hiMsA ke phala kA bhAgI bhI nahIM hogaa| jaina naimittika huaa| yahAM nimitta va naimittika donoM pudgala dravya ke darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra pratyeka jIva apane pariNAmoM se dUsare andara niSpanna haiM aura jIva ke rAgAdibhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara kI hiMsA karatA hai, phalataH vaha jIva dUsare kI hiMsA ke phala kA karmavargaNA rUpa pudgala dravya meM pariNamana huaa| jaba upAdAna upAdeyabhAva bhAgI hotA hai|37 isa prakAra sAMkhyamata meM jar3a prakRti kartA ho kI apekSA vicAra hotA hai taba cU~ki karmarUpa pariNamana pudgala rUpa jAyegI tathA sabhI AtmAyeM akartA ho jaayeNgii| jaba AtmA meM upAdAna meM huA hai, isalie isakA kartA pudgala hI hai, jIva nhiiN| kartRttva nahIM rahegA taba usameM karmabandha kA abhAva ho jaayegaa| kintu jaba nimitta-naimittika bhAva kI apekSA vicAra hotA hai taba karmabandha kA abhAva ho jAne se saMsAra kA abhAva ho jAyegA, evaM jIva ke rAgAdika bhAvoM kA nimitta pAkara pudgala meM karmarUpa saMsAra na hone se AtmA ko sadA mokSa hone kA prasaMga A jAyegA pariNamana huA hai, kumbhakAra ke hastavyApAra kA nimitta pAkara ghaTa jo pratyakSa viruddha hai| ata: sAMkhya kI taraha AcArya kundakunda kA nirmANa huA hai isalie inake nimitta kramaza: rAgAdika bhAva AtmA ko sarvathA akartA nahIM mAnate kyoMki bhedajJAna ke pUrva va kambhakAra haiN| isI prakAra dravya karmoM kI udayAvasthA kA nimitta ajJAnadazA meM AtmA rAgAdibhAvoM kA kartA hai aura bheda jJAna ke pAkara jIva meM rAgAdika pariNati huI hai isalie isa pariNati kA anantara vaha ekamAtra jJAyaka raha jAtA hai| . upAdAna kAraNa jIva svayaM hai aura nimitta kAraNa dravya karma kI udayAvasthA hai arthAt pudgala dravya jIva ke rAgAdika pariNAmoM kA bauddhoM ke kSaNikavAda kA khaNDana:nimitta pAkara karmabhAva ko prApta hotA hai, isI taraha jIva dravya bhI AtmakartRtvavAda ke prasaMga meM kundakundAcArya ne kSaNikavAda pudgalakarmoM ke vipAkakAla rUpa nimitta ko pAkara rAgAdibhAva rUpa kA khaNDana kiyA hai| kSaNikavAdI bauddhoM ke anusAra 'yatsat kSaNikam' pariNamana karatA hai| aisA nimitta-naimittika sambandha hone para bhI isa siddhAnta ke anurUpa jo vastu jisa kSaNa meM vartamAna hai, usI kSaNa jIva, dravya karma meM kisI guNa kA utpAdaka nahIM hotA arthAt usakI sattA hai, aisA mAnane para vastu ke kSaNika hone se, jo kartA padgala dravya svayaM jJAnAvaraNAdi bhAva ko prApta hotA hai| isI taraha hai vahI bhoktA nahIM hogA kyoMki vaha to usI kSaNa vinaSTa ho gyaa| karma bhI jIva meM kinhI guNoM kA utpAdaka nahIM apitu mohanIya isa prakAra anya hI kartA aura anya hI bhoktA siddha hogA jo ki Jain Education Intemational

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'samayasAra' ke anusAra AtmA kA kartRtva-akartRtva evaM bhoktRtva..... pratyakSa viruddha hone se mithyA hai| kuMdakuMdAcArya ne dravya kI paryAya rUpa AtmA zubha-azubha karmoM kA kartA evaM una karmaphaloM kA bhoktA hai| avasthAoM ko 'kSaNika kiMvA anitya svIkAra karake bhI una paryAyoM jisaprakAra vyAvahArika dRSTi yA vyavahAra naya se AtmA pudgala karmoM meM sarvadA vidyamAna rahane vAle guNa ke kAraNa dravya kI nitya sattA kA kartA hai usI prakAra vaha paudgalika karmajanya phala sukha-du:kha evaM svIkAra kI hai| yadi aisA mAnA jAya to paryAyArthika dRSTi se AtmA bAhyapadArthoM kA bhoktA hai| AtmA jaba taka prakRti ke nimitta se meM kartRtva-bhoktRtva ke samaya anya paryAya kA kartRtva evaM anya paryAya vibhinna paryAya rUpa utpAda evaM vyaya kA parityAga nahIM karatA tabataka kA bhoktRtva sambhava hai jaise manuSya paryAya meM kiye gaye zubhakarmoM kA vaha mithyAdRSTi va asaMyamI rahakara sukha duHkha kA upabhoga karatA rahatA phala deva paryAya meM hogA kintu dravyArthika dRSTi se dekhA jAya to hai| avadheya hai ki jainadarzana meM AtmA ke bhoktRtva ko sAMkhya kI motiyoM kI mAlA meM anusyUta sUtra ke samAna samasta paryAyoM meM dravya taraha upacAra se bhoktRtva nahIM kahA gayA hai| sAMkhyavAdI puruSa ko anusyUta rahatA hai ata: vahI nitya dravya kartA evaM bhoktA hai| upacAra se karmaphaloM kA bhoktA mAnate haiM43, AcArya kundakunda aisA AtmA ke akartRtva kA pratipAdana karate hue AcArya kundakunda na mAnakara AtmA ko vyAvahArika stara para vAstavika rUpa se bhoktA ne kahA hai ki nizcaya naya (zuddha nizcaya) se yaha pAramArthika dRSTi se mAnate haiN|4| sAMkhyoM ke upacAra se bhoktA kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki AtmA ko kartA mAnanA mithyA hai, aisA mAnane vAle ajJAnI haiN39| yadyapi puruSa bhoktA nahIM hai lekina buddhi meM pratibimbita sukha-du:kha AtmA kisI se utpanna nahIM huA hai isalie kArya nahIM hai aura kisI kI chAyA puruSa meM par3ane lagatI hai yahI usakA bhoga hai| unake anusAra ko utpanna nahIM karatA isalie kAraNa bhI nahIM hai| karma kI apekSA bhoga kriyA vastutaH buddhigata hai parantu buddhi ke pratisaMvedI puruSa meM kartA va kartA kI apekSA karma utpanna hote haiM-aisA niyama hai| kartA va bhoga kA upacAra hotA hai, jisaprakAra sphaTika maNi lAlaphUla ke karma anya kI apekSA siddha na hokara svadravya kI apekSA se hI siddha sAnnidhya ke kAraNa lAla evaM pIle phUla ke saMsarga ke kAraNa pIlI hote haiM, ata: AtmA-akartA hai4deg| AtmA jo svabhAva se zuddha tathA dikhAI detI hai evaM evaM phUla ke haTa-jAne para apane svaccha svarUpa dedIpyamAna caitanyasvakhepa jyoti ke dvArA jisane saMsAra ke vistAra meM pratIta hone lagatI hai| usI prakAra cetana puruSa buddhi meM pratiphalita rUpa bhavana ko prApta kara liyA hai-akartA hai41| ata: zuddhanizcaya naya hotA hai| jainadArzanika sAMkhya ke ukta mata se sahamata nahIM haiN| cUMki kI dRSTi se AtmA akartA hai| AtmA meM kartRkatvapana para aura puruSa amUrta hai isalie eka to usakA pratibimba nahIM ho sakatA hai, Atmadravya ke ekatvAdhyAsa se hotA hai| 'ajJAnI jIva bheda saMvedana dUsare puruSa kA pratibimba buddhi meM par3ane se puruSa ko yadi bhoktA mAnA zakti ke tirohita ho jAne ke kAraNa AtmA ko kartA samajhatA hai| vaha jAya to mukta puruSa ko bhI bhoktA mAnanA par3egA kyoMki usakA para aura AtmA ko ekarUpa samajhatA hai, isI mizrita jJAna se AtmA pratibimba bhI buddhi meM par3a sakatA hai| yadi sAMkhya bhukta puruSa ko ke akartRtva va ekasvarUpa vijJAnaghana se pathabhraSTa hokara AtmA ko bhoktA na svIkAra kare to tAtparyata: puruSa ne apanA bhoktRtva svabhAva kartA samajhatA hai| AtmA to anAdighana nirantara samastarasoM se bhinna chor3a diyA hai aura aisA mAnane para AtmA pariNAmI ho jaayegaa| ata: atyaMta madhura eka caitanya rasa se paripUrNa hai| kaSAyoM ke sAtha AtmA AtmA upacAra rUpa se bhoktA nahIM balki vaha bhoktRtva ke artha meM kA vikalpa ajJAna se hotA hai, jise AtmA va kaSAyoM kA bhedajJAna bhoktA hai, samayasAra ke anusAra jIva kA karma evaM karmaphalAdi ke ho jAtA hai, vaha jJAnI AtmA sampUrNa kartabhAva ko tyAga detA hai, vaha sAtha nimitta-naimittika rUpeNa sambandha hI kartAkarmabhAva athavA bhoktA nitya udAsIna avasthA ko dhAraNa kara kevala jJAyaka rUpa meM sthita bhogya vyavahAra hai|45 rahatA hai aura isI se nirvikalpaka akRta, eka, vijJAnaghana hotA AtmA ke abhoktRtva kI vyAkhyA karate hue samayasAra meM huA atyanta akarttApratibhAsatA hai42|' ajJAnAndhakAra se yukta jo AcArya ne kahA hai ki prakRti ke svabhAva meM sthita hokara hI karmaphala AtmA ko kartA mAnate haiM, ve mokSa ke icchuka hote hue bhI mokSa ko kA bhoktA hai isake viparIta jJAnI jIva udIyamAna karmaphala kA jJAtA prApta nahIM hote| ata: nizcayanaya yA pAramArthika dRSTi se kundakunda hotA hai bhoktA nahIM 6 / vaha aneka prakAra ke madhura, kaTu, zubhAzubha AtmA meM kartRtva nahIM mAnate, vaha to Asa, arUpa, agaMdha saba karmoM ke phala kA jJAtA hote hue bhI abhoktA kahalAtA hai| jisa prakAra prakAra ke liMga AvRtti se rahita, azabda, azarIrI, jJAyaka svabhAva netra vibhinna padArthoM ko dekhatA mAtra hai, unakA kartA bhoktA nahIM hotA evaM zuddha hai| usI prakAra AtmA baMdha tathA mokSa ko karmodaya evaM nirjarA ko jAnatA mAtra hai, unakA kartA bhoktA nahIM hotaa| pudgala janya karmoM kA bhoktA AtmA kA bhoktRtva-abhoktRtva : hote haye bhI jJAnI AtmA usI prakAra karmoM yA tajjanya phaloM se nahIM ___ AcArya kundakunda ke anusAra vyavahAra naya kI apekSA se baMdhatA hai jisa prakAra vaidya viSa kA upabhoga karatA huA bhI maraNa ko Jain Education Intemational

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38 hArA jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 prApta nahIM hotaa| suSamA gAMga, prastAvanA, pR0 31, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki samayasAra meM AcArya kundakunda dillI, vArANasI-1982 ne azuddha nizcaya evaM vyavahAranaya kI dRSTi se AtmA ko kartA-bhoktA 2. samayasAra-paM0 pannAlAla dvArA sampAdita-prastAvanA, pR0 evaM zuddhanizcaya naya kI dRSTi se akartA va abhoktA kahA hai| kandakandAcArya 17, gaNezaprasAda varNI granthamAlA, vArANasI-vI0ni0saM0kA mukhya prayojana saMsArI jIvoM ke sammukha AtmA ke zuddhasvarUpa ko 2501 isa prakAra prastuta karanA thA jisake dvArA jIva anantaguNAtmaka 3. samayasAra, 'tAtparyavRtti', pR0 5 / vizuddha AtmA ke svarUpa ko jAna ske| isIlie unhoMne AtmasvarUpa 4. rayaNasAra-kundakundAcArya, saM0 devendrakumAra zAstrI, gAthA ko samajhAne ke lie nizcaya evaM vyavahAra donoM nayoM kA sahArA 153, pR0 194 liyaa| jahA~ kandakandAcArya ne 'vyavahAra naya ke mAdhyama se. AtmA kI 5. AcArAMga, 1/1/1/4 saMsArI avasthA kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai vahIM nizcayanaya ke mAdhyama se 6. pravacanasAra, saM0, e0 ena0 upAdhye, zrImad rAjacandra jaina Atmadravya ko pUrNata: vizuddha tathA samasta para padArthoM se pUrNata: zAstramAlA, agAsa 1964, 2/55, pR0 189 asambaddha nirdiSTa kiyA hai| zuddhAvasthA meM AtmA svacatuSTaya meM lIna 7. sarvArthasiddhi, saM0 jagarUpa sahAya, bhAratIya jaina siddhAnta kisI kArya kA kartA-bhoktA na hokara jJAtA-draSTA mAtra hotA hai| prakAzinI saMsthA, kalakattA vi0sa0 1985, 5/19, vyavahAra naya ke mAdhyama se kundakundAcArya kA uddezya yaha darzAnA hai pR0 166 ki yadyapi saMsArI49 AtmA kI azuddhAvasthA jisameM vaha samasta 8. samayasAra, gAthA 297 karmoM kA kartA-bhoktA hai, eka vAstavikatA hai lekina yaha AtmA ke 9. vahI, gAthA 11 vAstavika svarUpa ke pratikUla hai, kyoMki yaha Agantuka hai isIlie 10. vahI, gA0 156 heya bhI hai| parantu usa vizuddhAvasthA ko prApta karane ke lie AtmA 11. vahI, gA0 29 kI azuddhAvasthA kA jJAna utanA hI Avazyaka hai jitanA zuddhAvasthA 12. vahI, gA0 11. kaa| unhoMne nizcaya-naya dvArA AtmA kI zuddhAvasthA ko upAdeya 13. vahI, gA0 11 batAyA hai| padmaprabha ne naya vivakSA se AtmA ke kartRtva-bhoktRtva bhAva 14. vahI, gA0 14-15 ko spaSTa karate huye kahA hai ki 'nikaTavartI anupacarita asadbhUta 15. Na vi hodi apamatto pA matto jANao du jo bhaavo| vyavahAra naya kI apekSA AtmA dravya karma kA kartA va tajjanyaphalopabhoktA evaM bhaNaMti zuddhaM NAo jo so u so cevaa| vahI, gAthA 6 hai| vizuddha nizcaya kI apekSA samasta moha, rAga-dveSarUpa bhAvakarmoM kA 16. vahI, gAthA 50-55, niyamasAra, 3/38-46, 5/78 kartA hai tathA unhIM kA bhoktA hai| upacarita asadbhUta vyavahAra naya se evaM 80 vaha ghaTapaTAdi kA kartA va bhoktA hai| nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se vaha 17.. niyamasAra, saM0, AryikA jJAnamatI jI, prakAzaka di0 kartA-karma se pare eka mAtra jJAyaka bhAva evaM eka TotkIrNa hai| evaM jaina triloka zodha saMsthAna, hastinApura, 1985, gAthAzuddha hai ve AcAryazaMkara kI taraha AtA kI azuddhAvasthA ko mithyA 3/44-48 na mAnate huye AtmA kI saMsArI avasthA ko eka vAstavikatA ke 18. paramAtmaprakAza, saM0 e0ena0 upAdhye, zrImad rAjacandra rUpa meM svIkAra karane se inkAra nahIM krte| ve AtmA ke jJAtA Azrama, agAsa, 1960, gAthA 91 draSTApakSa para bala dete samaya sAMkhya ke nikaTa va zuddha nizcaya naya para 19. .. samayasAra, gAthA 78 bala dete samaya vedAnta ke nikaTa khar3e dikhAI dete haiN| AcArya 20. niyamasAra, gAthA 12/1 177-78 kundakunda kI vyApaka dRSTi jainadarzana kI paridhi meM rahakara bhI jainetara 21. paMcAstikAya, saM0 paM0 manoharalAla, prakA0, zrI paramazruta darzanoM kI paridhi ko chU letI hai jo isa bAta kI sUcaka hai ki 'eka prabhAvaka maMDala, zrImad rAjacaMdra Azrama, Agasa vi.sa. sat viprAbahudhAvadanti' evaM jijJAsu kevalamayaM viduSAM vivAdaH' kI 2025, gAthA 16; 109, 124 ghoSaNAeM satya haiN| samayasAra, gAthA, 56-67 maGgalam bhagavAn vIro maGgalam gautamo gnnii| paMcAstikAya-27 maGgalam kundakundArya: jaina dharmo'stu mngglm|| samayasAra, AtmakhyAti TIkA, gAthA 86, kalaza-51 kundakundAcArya kI pramukha kRtiyoM meM dArzanika dRSTi: DaoN0 25. samayasAra-gAthA 96 24. Jain Education Intemational

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'samayasAra' ke anusAra AtmA kA kartRtva-akartRtva evaM bhoktRtva..... 39 26. dravya saMgraha-TIkA, nemicandra, saM0 darabArIlAla koThiyA, 40. samayasA, gAthA- 308-310 zrI gaNeza prasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA-16 vArANasI, 41. vahI, 194 gAthA 1966 pR08 edeNaduso kattA AdA NicchayabiihiM prikhdo| evaM khalu paMcAstikAya, jo jANadi so muMcadi svvkttittN|| samayasAra, gAthA- 97 samayasAra, 105-81 43. etena vizeSaNAda-upacarita vRtyA bhoktAraM cAtmAnaM manyamAnA pravacanasAra-tattvadIpikA TIkA, 29 sAMkhyA-97 nAm niraas:| SaDdarzanasamuccaya- saM0, DaoN0 samayasAra, AtmakhyAti TIkA gAthA 84 mahendrakumAra, jaina nyAyAcArya, prakA0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha samayasAra, gAthA 97 prakAzana, vArANasI, 1970, kArikA-49 32. no bhau pariNamataH khalu pariNAmo nobhayoH prajAyeta, vahI, 44. paMcAstikAya, gAthA- 68, puruSArtha siddhayupAya, prakAzaka86 zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maMDala, zrImad rAjacaMdra Azrama, agAsa, 33. paMcAstikAya, gAthA 61; pravacanasAra, 62, samayasAra, 1977, gAthA-10 126 45. samayasAra, gAthA- 345-348 34. paMcAstikAya, gAthA-27 bhoktRtvaM na svabhAvo'sya smRta: kartutva vccitH| ajJAnAdeva 35. sAMkhyakArikA-11, 19, 20, 57, 26, 47, 49, bhoktAyaM tdbhaavaadvedk:| samayasAra, gAthA- 96 saM0 ramAzaMkara tripAThI, prakAzaka, bAlakRSNa tripAThI, bhadainI, 47. samayasAra, gAthA- 314-20 vArANasI 1970. 48. vahI, 195 36. zrAvakAcAra-(amitagati) gAthA-4/35. nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se AtmA ke do hI bheda haiM- mukta evaM 37. samayasAra, gAtho 338-39. saMsArI- ina donoM bhedoM meM hI bhavya, abhavya, azubhopayogI, samayasAra, gAthA-345-348 zuddhopayogI sabakA samAveza ho jAtA hai, mokSapAhaDa 5 meM 39. akartA jIvo'ya sthita iti vizuddha svarasata: samayasAra- AcArya ne bahirAtmA, antarAtmA evaM paramAtmA tIna bheda gAthA- 311 kie haiN| 49. Jain Education Intemational

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bhagavAn mahAvIra : samatAdharma ke prarUpaka paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA zramaNa-saMskRti kI hI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM prAkRtika paristhiti : Adhidaivika devoM yA nityamukta Izvara kA pUjyasthAna nahIM hai| eka bhagavAn mahAvIra ko jisa paristhiti kA sAmanA karanA sAmAnya manuSya hI apanA carama vikAsa karake Ama janatA ke lie par3A, usakA saMkSipta kathana Avazyaka hai| dhArmika anuSThAna brAhmaNoM hI nahIM kintu yadi kisI deva kA astitva ho to usake lie bhI ke hAthoM meM the| manuSya aura devoM kA sIdhA sambandha ho nahIM sakatA pUjya bana jAtA hai| isIlie indrAdi devoM kA sthAna zramaNa-saMskRti thA, jaba taka purohita madada meM na aaye| eka sahAyaka ke taura para yadi meM pUjaka kA hai, pUjya kA nhii| bhAratavarSa meM rAma aura kRSNa jaise ve Ate to usameM Apatti kI koI bAta na thI, kintu apane nihita manuSya kI pUjA brAhmaNa saMskRti meM hone to lagI, kintu unhoMne unheM svArthoM kI rakSA ke lie pratyeka dhArmika anuSThAna meM unakI madhyasthatA kevala manuSya, zuddha manuSya na rahane diyaa| unheM mukta Izvara ke sAtha anivArya kara dI gaI thii| ataeva eka ora dhArmika anuSThAnoM meM jor3a diyA, Izvara kA avatAra mAna liyaa| kintu zramaNa-saMskRti ke atyanta jaTilatA kara dI gaI thI ki jisase unake binA kAma hI na buddha aura mahAvIra pUrNa puruSa yA kevala manuSya hI rhe| unako cale aura dUsarI ora apane svArtha kI siddhi ke lie anuSThAna nityabaddha nityamuktarUpa Izvara kabhI nahIM kahA gyaa| vipula sAmagrI se sampanna hone vAle banA diye gaye the jisase unakI kAphI arthaprApti bhI ho jaay| ye anuSThAna brAhmaNoM ke sivAya aura avatAravAda kA niSedha : koI karA na sakatA thaa| ataeva una logoM meM jAtyabhimAna kI mAtrA ___ eka sAmAnya manuSya hI jaba apane karmAnusAra avatAra letA bhI bar3ha gaI thii| manuSyajAti kI samAnatA aura ekatA ke sthAna para hai taba U~ca-nIca-bhAvanA ke AdhAra para jAtibada kA bhUta khar3A kara diyA yadA yadA hi dharmasya glAnirbhavati bhaart| gayA thA aura samAja ke eka aMga arthAt zUdra ko dhArmika Adi sabhI abhyutthanamadharmasya tadAtmAnaM sRjaamyhm|| lAbhoM se vaMcita kara diyA gayA thaa| jaise siddhAnta ko avakAza nahIM raha jaataa| saMsAra kabhI ucca jAti ne apane gaura varNa kI rakSA ke lie striyoM kI svarga huA nahIM aura hogA bhI nhiiN| isameM to sadAkAla dharmoddhAraka svatantratA chIna lI thI, unakoM dhArmiko anuSThAna kI svatantratA na kI AvazyakatA hai| sudhAraka ke lie, krAMti ke dhvajAdhArI ke liye, thii| apane pati kI sahacAriNI ke rUpa meM hI dhArmika kSetra meM unako isa saMsAra meM hamezA avakAza hai| samakAlIna samAja ko usa sudharaka sthAna thaa| gaNarAjyoM ke sthAna para vyaktigata svArthoM ne Age Akara yA krAntikArI kI utanI pahacAna nahIM hotI jitanI AnevAlI pIr3hI vaiyaktika rAjya jamAne zurU kiye the aura isa kAraNa rAjyoM meM paraspara ko| jaba taka vaha jIvita rahatA hai usake bhI kAphI virodhI rahate haiN| zaMkA kA vatAvaraNa phailA thaa| kAlabala hI unheM bhagavAna buddha yA tIrthaMkara banAtA hai| matalaba yaha ki dharma yA dhArmika anuSThAnoM kA artha itanA hI thA ki isa pratyeka mahApuruSa ko apanI samakAlIna paristhitiyoM kI burAiyoM se saMsAra meM jitanA aura jaisA sukha hai usase adhika isa janma meM tathA lar3anA par3atA hai, krAnti karanI par3atI hai| mRtyu ke bAda mile| dhArmika sAdhanoM meM mukhya yajJa thA, jisameM vedamantra zramaNasaMskRti kA mantavya hai ki jo bhI tyAga aura tapasyA ke pATha ke dvArA atyadhika hiMsA hotI thii| isakI bhASA saMskRta hone ke mArga para calakara apane Atma-vikAsa kI parakASThA para pahu~catA ke kAraNa lokabhASA prAkRta kA anAdara huaa| vedamantroM meM RSiyoM ne hai, vaha pUrNa banatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke samakAlIna nAnA prakAra ke devatAoM kI stuti kI hai, prArthanA kI hai aura apanI aneka pUrNa puruSa hue haiM, kintu Aja unakI koI prasiddhi nahIM AzA-nirAzA vyakta kI haiN| inhIM mantroM ke AdhAra para yajJoM kI saSTi jitanI una donoM mahApuruSoM kI hai kAraNa yahI hai ki dUsaroM ne apanI huI hai| ataeva mokSa yA nirvANa kI, Atyantika sukha kI, punarjanma pUrNatA meM hI kRta kRtyatA kA anubhava kiyA aura unako samakAlIna ke cakra ko kATane kI bAta ko usameM avakAza nhiiN| dharma, artha aura samAja aura rASTra ke utthAna meM utanI saphalatA na milI, jitanI ina kAma, ina tIna puruSArthoM kI siddhi ke AsapAsa hI dhArmika anuSThAnoM do mahApuruSoM ko milii| svayaM ve aura unake ziSyoM ne cAroM ora kI saSTi thii| pAdavihAra karake janatA ko svatantratA kA sandeza sunAyA aura Antara isa paristhati kA sAmanA bhagavAn mahAvIra se bhI pahale aura bAhya bandhanoM se anekoM ko mukta kiyaa| zurU ho gayA thA, jisakA AbhAsa hameM AraNyoM aura prAcIna upaniSadoM Jain Education Intemational

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bhagavAn mahAvIra : samatAdharma ke prarUpaka 41 se milatA hai| kintu bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ne jo krAnti kI kI isa sAdhanA ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki apanI pravRtti saMkucita aura usameM jo saphalatA pAI vaha adbhuta hai| isIlie ina donoM kI jAya, kyoMki manuSya cAhe. taba bhI sabhI jIvoM ke sukha ke lie mahApuruSoM kA nAma Aja taka lAkhoM logoM kI jubAna para hai| ' ceSTA akelA nahIM kara sktaa| apane Asa-pAsa ke jIvoM ko bhI vaha saMkSipta caritra : mahAvIra kA janma kSatriyakuMDapura meM (vartamAna bar3I muzkila se sukhI banA sakatA hai| taba saMsAra ke sabhI jIvoM ke basAr3a) jo paTanA se kucha hI mIla dUra hai, huA thaa| unake pitA kA sukha kI jimmedArI koI akelA kaise le sakatA hai? kintu isakA nAma siddhArtha aura mAtA kA nAma trizalA thaa| unake pitA jJAtRvaMza ke matalaba yaha nahIM hai ki use kucha na karanA caahie| use apanI maitrIkSatriya the aura ve kAphI prabhAvazAlI rahe hoMge, kyoMki unakI patnI bhAvanA kA vistAra karanA cAhie tathA apane zArIrika vyavahAra ko, trizalA vaizAlI ke adhipati ceTaka kI bahana thii| isI sambandha ke apanI AvazyakatAoM ko itanA kama karanA cAhie ki usase dUsaroM kAraNa tatkAlIna magadha, vatsa, avantI Adi ke rAjAoM ke sAtha bhI ko jarA bhI kaSTa na ho| vahI vyavahAra kiyA jAya, usI pravRtti aura unakA sambandha honA svAbhAvika hai, kyoMki ceTaka kI putriyoM ke usI cIja ko svIkAra kiyA jAya, jo anivArya ho| apanI pravRtti vivAha ina saba rAjAoM ke sAtha hue the| ceTaka kI eka putrI kA ko, anivArya pravRtti ko bhI apramAda pUrvaka kiyA jaay| yahI saMyama vivAha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bar3e bhAI ke sAtha huA thaa| saMbhava hai hai aura yahI nivRtti-mArga hai| bhagavAn ko apane dharma ke pracAra meM isa sambandha ke kAraNa bhI kucha isa saMyama-mArga kA avalaMbana bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apramatta anukUlatA huI ho| bhAva se kiyaa| AtmA ko zuddha karane ke lie vijJAna, sukha aura mAtA-pitA ne unakA nAma vardhamAna rakhA thA, kyoMki unake zakti se paripUrNa karane ke lie aura doSAvaraNoM ko haTAne ke lie janma se unakI sukha-sampatti meM vRddhi huI thii| kintu isI sampatti kI unhoMne jo parAkrama kiyA usakI gAthA AcArAMga ke atiprAcIna ni:sAratA se prerita hokara unhoMne tyAga aura tapasyA kA jIvana aMza-prathama zrutaskaMdha meM grathita hai usase eka dIrgha tapasvI kI sAdhanA svIkAra kiyaa| unakI ghora atyutkaTa sAdhanA ke kAraNa unakA nAma kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai usa caritra meM aisI koI divya bAta nahIM, aisA mahAvIra ho gayA aura usI nAma se ve prasiddha hue| vardhamAna nAma ko koI camatkAra varNita nahIM hai jo apratItikara ho yA aMzataH bhI loga bhUla taka gye| asatya yA asaMbhava mAlUma ho| vahA~ unakA zuddha mAnavIya caritra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA bha0 pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI varNita hai, vaha apUrNatA se pUrNatA kI ora prasthita eka apramatta the| ataeva bAlyakAla se hI unakA saMsarga tyAgI-mahAtmAoM se saMyamI kA caritra hai| usa caritra kA aura jaina dharma ke AcaraNa ke haA, yahI kAraNa hai ki unako sAMsArika vaibhavoM kI anityatA aura vidhi-niSedhoM kA milAna karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhagavAn nissAratA kA jJAna huaa| saMsAra kI anityatA aura azaraNatA ke ne jisa prakAra kI sAdhanA khuda kI hai usI mArga para dUsaroM ko le jAne anubhava ne hI unako bhI tyAga aura vairAgya kI ora jhukaayaa| unhoMne ke liye unakA upadeza rahA hai| jisakA unhoMne apane jIvana meM aura sukha, vaibhava ke bhoga meM nahIM, tyAga meM dekhaa| 30 varSa kI pAlana nahIM kiyA aisI koI kaThina tapasyA yA aisA koI AcAra yuvAvasthA meM saba kucha chor3a kara tyAgI bana gye| 30 varSa taka bhI niyama dUsaroM ke lie unhoMne nahIM btaayaa| jo unhoMne gRhavAsa svIkAra kiyA, usakA kAraNa bhI apane-mAtA- gRhatyAga ke bAda ve nirvastra hI rhe| ataeva kaThora zIta, pitA aura bar3e bhAI kI icchA kA anusaraNa thaa| saMsAra meM rahate hue garamI, DAMsa-macchara aura nAnA kSudra-jantu-janya paritApa ko unhoMne bhI unakA mana sAMsArika padArthoM meM lipta nahIM thA, aMtima eka varSa samabhAvapUrvaka shaa| kisI ghara ko apanA ghara nahIM bnaayaa| zmazAna meM to unhoMne apanA saba kucha dIna-hIna janoM ko de diyA thA aura aura araNya, khaNDahara aura vRkSachAyA- ye hI inake AzrayasthAna the| akiMcana hokara ghara chor3akara nikala gaye the| nagna hone ke kAraNa bhagavAn ko capala bAlakoM ne apane khela kA sAdhana banAyA, una para patthara-kaMkar3a pheNke| ve rAta ko nidrA kA saMyama aura sAdhanA : tyAgakara barAbara dhyAnastha rhe| nidrA se satAye jAne para thor3A caMkramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI tapasyA saMyamamUlaka thii| mahAvIra ke kiyaa| kabhI-kabhI caukIdAroM ne unheM kAphI takalIpheM dii| garama pAnI pUrva bha0 pArzvanAtha ne paMcAgni tapa, vRkSa para laTakanA, lohe ke kAToM aura bhikSAcaryA se jaisA mila gayA apanA kAma calA liyaa| kintu para sonA Adi tApasI tapasyA ke sthAna para ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, kabhI bhI apane nimitta banA anna-pAna svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| bAraha varSa aparigraha Adi para jora diyA thaa| usI paramparA kA vikAsa mahAvIra kI kaThora tapazcaryA meM, paramparA kahatI hai ki, unhoMne saba milAkara ne kiyaa| unakI pratijJA thI ki 'kisI prANI ko pIr3A na denaa| sarva 350 se adhika dina AhAra nahIM kiyaa| mAna-apamAna ko usa sattvoM se maitrI rkhnaa| jIvana meM jitanI bhI bAdhAe~ upasthita hoM unheM jitendriya mahApuruSa ne samabhAva se shaa| unheM sAdhaka jIvana meM kabhI binA kisI dUsare kI sahAyatA ke samabhAvapUrvaka sahana krnaa|' saMyama auSadha ke prayoga kI AvazyakatA hI pratIta unhIM huI, itane ve Jain Education Intemational

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42 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 saMyamI aura mAtrAjJa the| anArya deza meM unhoMne vihAra kiyA taba vahA~ apekSA se diyA jaay| yahI kalyANakArI dharma hai| logoM ko zAnti ke ajJAnI jIvoM ne una para kutte chor3e kintu ve duHkhoM kI kucha bhI aura sukha, vijJAna aura zakti isI dharma para cala kara mila sakatI hai| paravAha na karake apane dhyAna meM aTala rhe| hiMsA aura dharma yaha to virodha hai- isakA jJAna logoM ko karAnA hI isa prakAra kaSAyoM para vijaya pAne ke liye, doSoM ko unake upadeza kA sAra hai| nirmala karane ke liye sAr3he bAraha varSa tapasyA, dvArA unhoMne 42 varSa kI umra meM vItarAgatA pAI aura 'jina' hue, tatva kA sAkSAtkAra jainasaMgha : kiyA aura 'kevalI' hae tathA hita kA upadeza dekara 'tIrthakara' bne| unake upadeza ko sunakara vIrAMgaka, vIrayaza, saMjaya, eNeyaka, seya, ziva, udayana aura zaMkha ina ATha samakAlIna rAjAoM ne upadeza: pravrajyA aMgIkAra kI thii| abhayakumAra, meghakumAra Adi aneka rAjakumAroM tIrthaMkara hone ke bAda sarvaprathama unhoMne brAhmaNa paMDitoM ko ne bhI ghara-bAra chor3a kara vratoM ko aMgIkAra kiyA thaa| skaMdhaka pramukha apanA ziSya bnaayaa| veda ke laukika artha meM tathA usake svAdhyAya aneka tApasa tapasyA kA rahasya jAnakara bhagavAn ke ziSya bane the| meM ye nipuNa the| kintu usakA AdhyAtmika artha jaba bhagavAn mahAvIra aneka striyAM bhI saMsAra kI asAratA samajhakara unake zramaNI-saMgha meM ne batAyA to unako pAramArthika dharma kA svarUpa jJAta ho gyaa| yajJa zAmila ho gaI thiiN| unameM aneka to rAjapatriyAM bhI thiiN| unake gRhastha kyA hai, yajJakuNDa kyA hai, samidha kise kahate haiM, AhUti kisakI dI anuyAyiyoM meM magadharAja zreNika aura kuNika, vaizAlIpati ceTaka, jAya, snAna kaise kiyA jAya, ina bAtoM kA abhUtapUrva spaSTIkaraNa avantIpati caNDapradyota Adi mukhya the| Ananda Adi vaizya zramopAsakoM jaba bhagavAn ne kiyA, veda meM ApAtataH dikhane vAle kucha virodhoM ke alAvA zakaDAla-putra jaise kuMbhakAra bhI upAsaka-saMgha meM zAmila ko tathA usameM hone vAlI zaMkAoM ko bhagavAn ne jaba dUra kiyA, the| arjunamAlI jaise duSTa hatyAre bhI unake pAsa vairatyAga karake taba veda-niSNAta ina brAhmaNoM ne bhagavAn meM eka naI pratibhA aura zAntirasa kA pAna kara, kSamA ko dhAraNa kara dIkSita hue the| zUdroM prajJA kA darzana kiyA / veda ko jaina-dharma meM ekAnta mithyA nahIM kahA aura atizUdroM ko bhI unake saMgha meM sthAna thA / gayA, kintu samyagdRSTI arthAt jaina-dharma ke rahasya kA jisane pAna unakA saMgha rAr3ha deza, magadha, videha, kAzI, kosala, kiyA hai, aura jo usameM tanmaya ho gayA hai usake lie vaha samyak zUrasena, vassa, avantI Adi dezoM meM phailA huA thaa| unake zrati hI hai| veda-vedAMga una mogha purUSoM ke lie mithyA siddha hotA vihAra ke mukhya kSetra magadha, videha, kAzI, kosala, rADhadeza aura hai jinhoMne dharma kA yathArtha svarUpa nahIM pahacAnA hai| vatsa deza the| jina brAhmaNoM ko apanI jAti kA, apanI saMskRta bhASA kA, tIrthaMkara hone ke bAda 30 varSa paryanta satata vihAra karake apanI vidvatA kA abhimAna thA unakA vaha abhimAna bhagavAn ke sAmane logoM ko Adi meM kalyANa, madhya meM kalyANa aura anta meM kalyANa khaNDita ho gyaa| ve bhagavAn ke samabhAva ke sandeza kA lokabhASA prAkRta aise ahiMsaka dharma kA upadeza kara 72 varSa kI Ayu meM mokSalAbha meM pracAra karane lge| jina zUdroM ko dhArmika adhikAroM se ve pahale vaMcita kiyaa| logoM ne dIpaka jalAkara nirvANotsava mnaayaa| taba se divAlI samajhate the unako bhI dIkSA dekara zramaNa-saMgha meM sthAna dekara gurupada kA parva prAraMbha huA hai aisI paramparA hai| adhikArI bnaayaa| itanA hI nahIM, harikezI jaise cANDAla muni ko| itanI unnata bhUmikA para pahu~cAyA ki vaha brAhmaNoM kA guru ho gayA,eka caritra kI vizeSatA : samaya kI bAta hai ki vaha cANDAla muni yajJavATikA meM bhikSA ke lie bhagavAn mahAvIra ke caritra kI vizeSatA atizayoM meM nahIM calA gayA, tiraskAra aura apamAna, DaNDoM kI mAra aura dutkAra ko thii| janma ke samaya devaloka se deva-deviyoM ne Akara unakA janmasamabhAva pUrvaka sahana karake bhI usane jaba una yajJa karanevAle brAhmaNoM ko mahotsava kiyA, janmAbhiSeka ke samaya zizu mahAvIra ne merukampana ahiMsaka yajJa kA rahasya batalAyA taba una brAhmaNoM ne cANDAla muni se kiyA, sAdhanA ke samaya aneka indrAdi devoM ne unakI sevA karane kI kSamA mAMgI aura usakI tapasyA kI prazaMsA kI aura jAtivAda kA icchA vyakta kI, unake samavasaraNa meM deva-deviyoM kA Agamana huA, tiraskAra karake usake anuyAyI bana gye| unake zarIra meM sapheda rakta thA, unake dAr3hI-mUMcha na hotI thii| ye saba ___bhagavAn mahAvIra ne tIrthaMkara hokara bhI apanA aniyata vAsa to atizaya kI bAteM haiN| ye bAteM to unake mAnavIya caritra ko kAyama rakhA / ve aura unake ziSya bhArata meM cAroM ora pAda-vihAra alaukika rUpa dene ke lie yA bhArata ke anya kRSNAdi mahApuruSoM ke karake ahiMsA ke sandeza ko phailAne lge| unakA Adeza thA ki paurANika caritra kI pratispardhA meM AcAryoM ne unake caritra meM raca dI logoM ko zAMti, vairAgya, upazama, nirvANa, zauca, RjutA, nirabhimAnatA, haiN| eka sAmAnya mAnava se eka mahAparuSa meM unakA aisA parivartana aparigraha aura ahiMsA kA upadeza, dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI jina vizeSatAoM se huA una meM hI unakI mahattA hai| Jain Education Intemational

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AN bhagavAn mahAvIra : samatAdharma ke prarUpaka tatkAlIna dhArmika samAja meM choTe-moTe aneka dharma-pravartaka the| kintu bhagavAn buddha aura mahAvIra kA prabhAva abhUtapUrva thaa| una donoM saccA yajJa: ke zramaNa-saMghoM ne brAhmaNa-dharma meM se hiMsA kA nAma miTA dene kA atyugra sacce yajJa kA svarUpa bhagavAn ne yoM batAyA hai - prayatna kiyaa| pariNAma yaha hai ki kAlikA yA durgA ke nAma para car3hAI jIvahiMsA kA tyAga, corI, jhUTha aura asaMyama kA tyAga, jAne vAlI bali ko chor3akara dharma ke nAma para hiMsA kA nirmUlana hI ho strI, mAna aura mAyA kA tyAga, isa jIvana kI AkAMkSA kA tyAga, gyaa| pazu-vadha ke binA jina yajJoM kI pUrNAhuti ho nahIM sakatI thI aise zarIra ke mamatva kA bhI tyAga-isa prakAra sabhI burAiyoM ko jo tyAga yajJa bhAratavarSa se nAmazeSa ho gye| puSyamitra jaise kaTTara hindU rAjAoM ne detA hai vahI mahAtyAgI hai| yajJa meM sabhI jIva kA bhakSaNa karanevAlI una nAmazeSa yajJoM ko punarujjIvita karane kA prayatna kiyA, kintu yaha agni kA koI prayojana nahIM, kintu tapasyArUpI agni ko jlaao| to zramaNa-saMghoM ke apratihata prabhAva, unake tyAga aura tapasyA kA phala pRthvI ko khodakara kuNDa banAne kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM, jIvAtmA hai ki ve hiMsaka yajJa dIrghakAla taka jIvita na raha ske| hI agnikuNDa hai| lakar3I se banI kuNDa kI koI jarUrata nahIM- mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti hI usakA kAma degii| IMdhana jalAkara kyA karmavAda: hogA? apane karmoM ko, apane pApakarmoM ko hI jalA do| yahI yajJa hai __ bhagavAn mahAvIra ne to manuSya ke bhAgya ko Izvara aura devoM jo saMyamarUpa hai, zAntidAtA hai, sukhadAyI hai aura RSiyoM ne bhI ke hAtha se nikAla kara svayaM manuSya ke hI hAtha meM rakhA hai| kisI deva isakI prazaMsA kI hai| kI pUjA yA bhakti se yA khUna se tRpta karake yadi koI cAhe ki sukha kI prApti hogI to bhagavAn mahAvIra ne spaSTa hI kaha diyA hai ki zauca : hiMsA se to pratihiMsA ko uttejanA milatI hai, logoM meM paraspara zatrutA bAhya zauca kA aura usake sAdhana tIrtha-jala kA itanA mahattva bar3hatI hai aura sukha kI koI AzA nhiiN| sukha cAhate ho to saba bar3ha gayA thA ki kisI tIrtha ke jala meM snAna karane se loga yaha samajhate jIvoM se maitrI karo, prema karo, saba duHkhI jIvoM para karuNA rkho| the ki hama pavitra ho gye| vastuta: zauca kyA hai, usakA spaSTIkaraNa bhI Izvara meM aura devoM meM yA sAmarthya nahIM ki ve sukha yA duHkha de skeN| bhagavAn ne kara diyA hai-dharma hI jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya hI zAMtiapane karma hI sukhI aura duHkhI karate haiM / acchA karma karo, acchA dAyaka tIrtha hai| usameM snAna karane se AtmA nirmala aura zAnta hotI hai| phala pAo aura burA karake burA natIjA bhugatane ke lie taiyAra rho| Izvara yA deva- vaha to tuma hI ho| tumhArI anantazakti, sukha kI naI kalpanA : ananta jJAna, anantasukha pracchanna haiN| unako prakaTa karake tuma hI Izvara ho bhagavAn mahAvIra ne spaSTa hI kahA hai ki sAMsArika sukha yA jaao| phira tamameM aura mujhameM koI bheda nahIM, hama sabhI Izvara haiN| bhakti kAma bhogajanya sukha sukha nahIM, dukha hI hai| jisakA paryavasAna duHkha yA pUjA karanA hI hai to sva-AtmA kI kro| use rAga aura dveSa, moha meM ho vaha sukha kaisA? kAma se virakti meM jo sukha milatA hai vaha aura mAyA, tRSNA aura bhaya se mukta karo- isase bar3hakara koI pUjA, koI sthAyI hai, vahI upAdeya hai| saba kAma viSarUpa haiM, zalyarUpa haiN| icchA bhakti ho nahIM sktii| jina brAhmaNoM ko tuma madhyastha banA kara devoM ko ananta AkAza kI taraha hai, jisakI pUrti kabhI sambhava nhiiN| lobhI pukArate ho, ve to arthazUnya veda kA pATha mAtra karate haiN| . manuSya ko kitanA bhI mile, sArA saMsAra bhI usake adhIna ho jAya, taba bhI usakI tRSNA kA koI anta nhiiN| ataeva akiJcanatA meM jo saccA brAhmaNa: sukha hai, vaha kAmoM kI prApti meM nhiiN| bha0 mahAvIra ne batAyA ki saccA brAhmaNa vaha hai jo apanI jaba sukha kI yaha naI kalpanA hI mahAvIra ne dI to kSaNika sampatti meM Asakta nahIM, kisI iSTa viyoga meM zokAkula nahIM, tapta sukha sAdhanoM ko juTA dene vAle una yajJa-yAgoM kA, una pUjA-pAThoM kA savarNa kI bhAMti nirmala hai, rAga-dveSa aura bhaya se rahita hai, tapasvI dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM koI sthAna na rhaa| unake sthAna para dhyAna, aura tyAgI hai, saba jIvoM meM samabhAva dhAraNa karatA hai- ataeva svAdhyAya, anazana, rasaparityAga, vinaya, sevA ina nAnA prakAra kI unakI hiMsA se virata hai, krodha-lobha, hAsya aura bhaya ke kAraNa tapasyAoM kA hI dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM pracAra honA svAbhAvika hai| asatya-bhASI nahIM hai, corI nahIM karatA, mana vacana aura kAya se saMkSepa meM, mahAvIra ne ahiMsAmUlaka saMyamamArga kA prarUpaNa saMyata hai- brahmacArI hai, akiMcana hai- vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| aise kiyA hai jo tapapradhAna hai| saccA sukha bhoga aura vaibhava meM nahIM balki brAhmaNa ke sAnidhya meM rahakara apanI AtmA kA cintana, manana aura tapa aura tyAga meM hai, yaha unhoMne apane jIvana se siddha kara dikhaayaa| nididhyAsana karake usakA sAdhatkAra kro| yahI bhakti hai, yahI pUjA hai Aja ke viSamatA-saMkula vAtAvaraNa meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aura yahI stuti hai| samatAdharma atyanta zreyaskara hai| para rhaa|

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sAdhanA sva0 upAdhyAya amaramuni mahAzramaNa tIrthaMkara mahAvIra apane yuga ke apUrva gRhatyAga kA kAraNa jIvana ke prati unakI udAsInatA nahIM adhyAtmavAdI sAdhaka the| zuddha satya kI khoja meM, unhoMne prApta thIM, jaisA ki prAya: kucha sAdhakoM meM ho jAyA karatI hai| na parivAra ke bhoga-vilAsoM ko ThukarA kara sAdhanA kA vaha amarapatha apanAyA, praznoM ko lekara koI udvignatA thI aura na anya koI sAmAjika jo sAdhakoM ke liye eka divya-jyoti bana gyaa| Aie, usa asaMtoSa hii| kisI vyaktigata du:kha yA kuMThA ke kAraNa ghara chor3A ho, mahAna sAdhaka ke caraNa cihnoM ko dRSTigata rakhakara unake sAdhanA- aisA bhI kucha nahIM hai| mahAvIra ke gRhatyAga kA yahI eka hetu thApatha kA rahasya udghATita kreN| sva-para ke ananta caitanya ko jagAne kA,ananta Ananda ke srota ko bapacana aura kizora avasthA ke bAda unakA jIvana kina muktadvAra karane kaa| isI bhAva ko AdhyAtmika bhASA meM aura adhika rAhoM se gujarA, isa sambandha meM koI viziSTa ullekha kathAsAhitya meM spaSTatA se kaha sakate haiM- ukta hetuoM kI chAyA meM, mahAvIra kA aMkita nahIM hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke AcArya unake vivAha kI bAta gRhatyAga ho gyaa| karane aura hone meM antara hai| hone meM sahajatA hai, karate haiM aura eka putrI hone kI bhii| apane rASTra kI vikAsa- anAgrahatA hai aura karane meM kucha na kucha Agraha kI, haTha kI dhvani hai| yojanAoM meM unhoMne kyA kiyA, sarvasAdhAraNa janatA ke abhAvoM evaM mahAn sAdhakoM kA sAdhanAkrama sahaja hotA hai aura hotA hai nirdvanda! du:khoM ko dUra karane kI dizA meM unhoMne apanA kyA parAkrama isalie mahAvIra kA gRhatyAga eka sahaja UrdhvamukhI antaH-preraNA dikhAyA, rASTra kI sImAoM para idhara-udhara se honevAle AkramaNoM ke thii| ananta Ananda kI rasadhAra se jana-jIvana ko AplAta karane kI pratikAra meM unakA kyA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA, aise kucha prazna hai, eka tIvra saMvedanA hI unake muni-jIvana kA mukhya hetu thaa| jinakA mahAvIra ke likhita jIvana-caritroM meM koI spaSTa uttara nahIM parvata kI kaThora caTTAnoM ko bhedakara bahane vAle jharane ko miltaa| hama yaha nahIM mAna sakate ki mahAvIra ke jIvana meM aisA kucha banA-banAyA patha kahA~ milatA hai? jharanya bahatA jAtA hai aura patha bhI nahIM huA ho, mahAvIra sahaja rUpa meM prApta apane vaiyaktika banatA jAtA hai| pahale se bane patha para bahanevAlI to nahareM hotI haiM, sukhopabhogoM kI dhArA meM hI baha gae hoM aura lokamaMgala jaisA kucha nirjhara yA nadiyA~ nhiiN| mahAvIra bhI aise hI apane sAdhanApatha ke svayaM bhI na kara pAe hoN| prAcIna kathAkAroM kI, khAsakara zramaNa kathAkAroM nirmAtA the| Aja kI bhASA meM ve lakIra ke phakIra nahIM the| ve kI ruci kucha bhinna rahI hai| ve prathama sAMsArika sukha-samRddhi kI, AjJApradhAnI sAdhaka nahIM, parIkSA-pradhAnI sAdhaka the| unakA antaratatpazcAt tapatyAga kI aura kucha idhara-udhara ke daivI camatkAroM kI viveka jAgRta thA, ata: unhoMne jaba jo ThIka lagA, vaha kiyA aura bAtoM ko hI adhika mahattva dete haiM, unhIM kI lambI-caur3I kahAniyA~ jaba jo ThIka na lagA, vaha na kiyaa| ve eka-do bAra kie, yA na likhate haiM, bhale hI ve vizvAsa kI sImA se dUra kyoM na calI jaaeN| kiye ke andhadAsa nahIM ho gaye the| sAdhanA sambandhI unake parIkSaNa unakI dRSTi thI ki mahAvIra rAjakumAra the, ata: unhoMne apane deza calate rhe| svIkRta vidhi-niSedhoM meM ucita lagane para unhoMne pUrI aura samAja ke lie aisA jo kucha bhI kiyA, vaha unakA apanA ImAnadArI ke sAtha parivartana kie| adhika to nahIM, para prAcIna kartavya thA, usakA bhalA kyA likhanA! to, tIsa varSa taka ke dIrgha sAhitya meM aise kucha prasaMgoM kA prAmANika ullekha milatA hai| prArambha samaya taka, taruNAI ke uddIpta dinoM meM, usa mahAna sAdhaka ne kyA meM kabhI gRhastha ke pAtra meM bhojanakara lete the, kintu bAda meM ve usakA kiyA, hamAre lie kucha kahanA kaThina hai| parityAga kara karapAtrI bana jAte haiN| eka bAra karuNAdravita hokara apanA vastra eka yAcaka dIna brAhmaNa ko de dete haiM / eka bAra antaHprerita sAdhanA-patha para varSAkAla caumAse meM hI (varSA ke dinoM meM) anyatra vihAra kara jAte haiN| sva kI upalabdhi aura svaniSTha AnaMda kI khoja hI mahAvIra ye kucha bAteM aisI haiM, jo paramparAgata AcAra-zAstra kI dRSTi se bhikSa ke cintana kA uddezya thaa| yahI eka preraNA thI, jo unheM apanA calatA ke lie niSiddha haiN| phira bhI mahAvIra ne aisA kiyaa| AyA jIvana-patha badalane ke lie vivaza kara rahI thii| yaha preraNA unheM kisI dUsare se, tathAkathita kisI dharmopadezaka se nahIM milii| unheM kisI kalpAtIta sAdhakane prerita evaM nirdezita nahIM kiyaa| yaha preraNA unake svayaM ke andara kI Aja ke kucha tathAkathita AcAravAdI zabda-zAstrI mahAvIra gaharAI se udbhUta thii| mahAvIra kI yaha sahaja antaH preraNA hI bhaviSya ke jIvana-caritra meM se ukta aMzoM ko nikAla rahe haiN| unakA kahanA hai kI unakI samasta upalabdhiyoM kA mUlAdhAra hai| ki mahAvIra ke ye vidhi-niSedha jaina AcaraNa zAstra se mela nahIM Jain Education Intemational

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sAdhanA khaate| ugra sAdhanA-patha ke avicala yAtrI bhagavAn zAstrokta sAdhanA ke hai| sAdhanA kA artha hai- jIvana aura maraNa donoM ko sa~vAranA, sudhAranA viruddha AcaraNa kareM, yaha kaise ho sakatA hai? ina zAstrAgrahI logoM aura jyotirmaya bnaanaa| ko mAlUma honA cAhiye, ki mahAvIra ne kisI sampradAya meM, kisI mahAvIra ke satya kI khoja paramparAgata pUrva-vizvAsoM ke guru se dIkSA nahIM lI thii| ve kisI purAgata tIrtha meM, zAsana meM dIkSita mor3a para rukI na rahI, jahA~ ki loga aksara ruka jAyA karate haiN| nahIM hue the| unake nirNaya kisI AcAra-zAstra ke AdhAra para nahIM, tatkAlIna dhArmika mUlyoM ke prati evaM sAdhanA kI pracalita paddhatiyoM apane sahaja-sphUrta viveka ke AdhAra para hote the| hama vartamAna ke ke prati mahAvIra ke mana meM vyAmoha nahIM thaa| zuddha satya kI upalabdhi zAstroM ko jinakA saMkalana evaM nirmANa mahAvIra ke bahuta uttara kAla ke lie yaha Avazyaka bhI hai| apane svatantra prayogoM se prAptavya satya meM huA mahAvIra jaise sudUra atIta ke mahApuruSoM ke sAtha jor3a kara ke prati zraddhA rakhane vAle sAdhaka paramparAgata satyoM kI surakSA ke bhUla karate haiN| mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kisI bhI pUrva vicAra yA zAstra vyAmoha meM nahIM phNste| svAnubhUti se labhya satya ke sAtha unakA Adi se pratibaddha nahIM thii| isalie jaina-sAhitya unheM prArambha se hI, gaharA sambandha hotA hai| sAdhanA ke sambandha meM mahAvIra ko prayogAtmaka pravrajyA-grahaNa ke dina se hI kalpAtIta mAnatA hai| paddhati abhISTa thii| mukta-sAdhanA paddhati ke dvArA ve 'sva' kA anusaMdhAna ____ kalpAtIta kA artha hai- kalpa se, vidhi-niSedha kI amuka karate rahe, jIvana ke ananta saundarya evaM apratima nirupAdhika Ananda sImAoM meM baddha zAstrIya AcAra se atIta rahanA, mukta rhnaa| kI khoja karate rhe| ni:saMdeha mahAvIra ke ye svatantra-prayoga satya ke mahAvIra kI sAdhanAvidhi ko tathAkathita kisI bhI zAstra se jor3A udghATana kI dizA meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa rahe haiN| kyoMki jIvana kI nahIM jA sktaa| unakA sAdhanA-patha na kisI sampradAya se baMdhA thA, yahI prayogAtmaka svatantra khoja eka dina sAdhya se saMpRkta hotI hai, na kisI guru se; na kisI zAstra se vaha baMdhA thA, unake apane pUrNatA kI abhivyakti kA rUpa letI hai| antaratama kI svatantra anubhUti se| ve pahale ke, kisI anya ke khoje' mahAvIra kI sAdhanA satya ke prayoga kI sAdhanA hai| zarIra hae mArga para nahIM cale, apitu khuda mArga khojate gaye, calate gye| kI nahIM, AtmA ke satya kI sAdhanA haiN| vaha sAdhanA jo sAdhaka ko jaba kahIM saMzodhana kI jarUrata huI, to saMzodhana kiyA, badalane kI bandhana mukta karatI hai, satya kA ananta prakAza dikhalAtI hai, aura jarUrata huI to bdlaa|| sAdhaka ko ananta Ananda kI dhArA meM sadA-sarvadA ke lie pravAhita mahAvIra kI AcAra-sAdhanA jar3a nahIM thI, sacetana thii| karatI hai| sacetana sAdhanA gatihIna nahIM hotI hai| sAdhanA kI sacetanatA jJAna para AdhArita hai| isa saMdarbha meM eka saMta ne kahA hai- jJAna guru hai, AcAra mAnavIya garimA kA darzanaziSya hai| AcArako anubhava-siddha jJAna ke zAsana meM calanA hogA, Aja ke ye chUAchUta, U~ca-nIca, savarNa-avarNa Adi kore zAstrIya jar3a zabdoM ke zAsana meM nhiiN| mukta cintana hI satyAnveSaNa jAti-prathA ke jitane bhI durvikalpa hai, unakA mahAvIra ke darzana meM kA saccA sAdhana hai, baddha cintana nhiiN| kisI grantha vizeSa yA guru koI sthAna nahIM hai| mahAvIra kA darzana mAnavIya garimA kA darzana hai| vizeSa ko pramANa mAnane vAlA unake anusAra calane vAlA prAthamika aisI koI bhI vyavasthA, jisameM mAnavIya pratiSThA kA gauravamaya bhUmikA para ArUr3ha sAdhAraNa sAdhaka ho sakatA hai, tIrthaGkara nahIM ho vikAsa sambhava na ho, mahAvIra ko svIkAra nahIM hai- na janma se, na sktaa| mahApuruSa kisI viziSTa vicAra patha ke nirmAtA yA netA hote karma se| sabhI mAnavoM kA janma se prApta zarIra eka jaisA hotA haihaiM, sampradAya ke rUpa meM calI AyI kisI pUrva vicAra-paramparA ke vahI brAhmaNa kA, vahI kSatriya kA, vahI vaizya kA aura vahI zUdra Adi anuyAyI nhiiN| kaa| ata: usameM pavitra-apavitra aura U~ca-nIca Adi ke bheda-prabheda mahAvIra kA sAdhanAkAla vilakSaNa ghaTanAoM se bharA hai eka kaise ho sakate haiM? se eka adbhuta ghaTanA, paribodha dene vAlI ghttnaa| aisI ghaTanA, jaise aba rahA karma kA praz / apane vaiyaktika jIvana kI yA saghana andhakAra meM kAle bAdaloM ke bIca ekAeka bijalI kauMdha jAtI samAja jIvana kI tathAkathita AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie kie ho! dharatI aura AkAza ko sahasA udbhAsita kara jAtI hai! sAdhakoM jAne vAle karma bhI apane kartA ke U~ca-nIcapana ke dyotaka nahIM hai| ke lie mahAvIra ke jIvana kI ghaTanAeM, aisI hI sukha-du:kha ke kalpanA kIjie, eka vyakti adhyayana-adhyApana kA kAma karatA hai, a~dhiyAre meM prakAza dene vAlI haiM, tamasAcchanna jIvana-patha ko Alokita dUsarA nagara kI svacchatA-saphAI Adi kaa| kyA adhyayana-adhyApana karane vAlI hai| apane meM eka pavitra karma hai aura nagara kI svacchatA-saphAI Adi apavitra karma hai? karma yadi upayogI hai, vaha sAmAjika kalyANa kI prayogavIra : mahAvIra dizA meM kucha pragati pradAna karatA hai, to phira vaha koI bhI karma kyoM sAdhanA kA artha jIvana ko nakAranA, maraNa svIkAranA nahIM na ho, pavitra hai| yadi karma anupayogI hai, sAmAjika kalyANa kI kA Jain Education Intemational

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46 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 dizA meM apanA kucha bhI yogadAna nahIM karatA, apitu mAnava-samAja jAtA hai| kueM meM kI gaI dhvani, pratidhvani ke rUpa meM vApasa lauTatI kA ahita karatA hai; to phira vaha koI bhI karma kyoM na ho, apavitra hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra to yaha bhI kahate the, ki vaha aura tU, koI do hai| karma kA bAhya rUpa pavitra-apavitra nahIM hotA, pavitra apavitra nahIM hai| caitanya-caitanya eka haiM jise tU pIr3A detA hai, vaha aura koI hotA hai, usakA apanA andara kA rUpa, kartA ke mana kA vaicArika nahIM, tU hI to hai| bhale AdamI, tU dUsare ko satAtA hai, to sacamuca antaraMga! ataeva mahAvIra sAmAjika utthAna evaM nirmANa ke pratyeka dUsare ko nahIM, apane ko hI satAtA hai| isa sambandha meM AcArAMga sUtra kArya ko pavitra mAnate the| unakI dRSTi meM mAnava apavitra nahIM, mAnava meM Aja bhI unakA eka pravacana upalabdha haikA anAcAra, durAcAra apavitra thaa| hiMsA, ghRNA, vaira, asatya, dambha, "jise tU mAranA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| corI, vyabhicAra Adi anaitika AcaraNa apavitra haiM, phira bhale hI jise tU zoSita karanA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai| una durAcaraNoM ko koI brAhmaNa kare, kSatriya kare, vaizya kare yA zUdra jise tU paritApa denA cAhatA hai, vaha tU hI hai|" kare; isameM koI antara nahIM pdd'taa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzana meM yaha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI advaitadRSTi hai, jo ahiMsA kA sadAcAra pavitra karma hai aura durAcAra apvitr| U~ca-nIca kI kasauTI mUlAdhAra hai| manuSya kA apanA naitika aura anaitika jIvana hai, na ki jIvano payogI apane karma, apanA puruSArtha, apanA prayatnA vaicArika aparigrahamahAvIra kA jIvana-darzana akhaNDa cetanA kA darzana hai, bhagavAn mahAvIra ne parigraha ke mUla mAnava-mana ko bahuta mAnavIya garimA kA darzana hai| mAnava ko mAnavarUpa meM pratiSThita dekhane gaharAI se dekhaa| unakI dRSTi meM mAnava-mana kI vaicArika ahaMtA evaM kA darzana hai| mAnava hI kyoM, vaha caitanya mAtra ko akhaNDa evaM abheda Asakti kI hara pratibaddhatA parigraha hai| jAtIya zreSThatA, bhASAgata dRSTi se dekhatA hai| usakI caitanyamAtra ke prati advaita bhAva kI udAtta pavitratA, strI-puruSoM kA zarIrAzrita acchA-burApana, paramparAoM kA ekatva-buddhi hai| astu, jo darzana 'ege AyA' kA mahAn udghoSa durAgraha Adi samagra vaicArika AgrahoM, mAnyatAoM evaM pratibaddhatAoM karatA hai, jo prANimAtra meM eka samAna Atmatattva kA vAstavika darzana ko mahAvIra ne Antarika parigraha batAyA, aura usase mukta hone kI karAtA hai, jo yaha kahatA ki vizva kA samagra caitanya tattva eka jaisA preraNA dii| mahAvIra ne spaSTa kahA, ki vizva kI mAnavajAti eka hai| hai, vaha mAnava-mAnava meM spRzya-aspRzya kI, U~ca-nIca kI, pavitra- usameM rASTra, samAja evaM jAtigata uccatA-nIcatA jaisI koI cIja apavitra kI tathyahIna mAnyatA ko kaise prazraya de sakatA hai? nhiiN| koI bhI bhASA zAzvata evaM pavitra nahIM hai| strI aura puruSa Atma bhagavAna mahAvIra kA ahiMsA-dharma eka uccakoTi kA dRSTi se eka hai, koI U~cA-nIcA nahIM haiM isI ke anya saba adhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika dharma hai| yaha mAnava jIvana ko andara sAmAjika tathA sAMpradAyika Adi bheda-vikalpoM ko mahAvIra ne aupAdhika aura bAhara-donoM ora se prakAzamAna karatA hai| mahAvIra ne ahiMsA batAyA, svAbhAvika nhiiN| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mAnavako bhagavatI kahA hai mAnava kI antarAtmA ko ahiMsA bhagavatI, cetanA ko vaicArika parigraha se bhI mukta kara use vizuddha aparigraha binA kisI bAharI dabAva, bhaya, AtaMka athavA pralobhana ke sahaja bhAva para pratiSThita kiyaa| aMta:-preraNA detI hai ki mAnava vizva ke anya prANiyoM ko bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke parigrahavAdI cintana kI pA~ca phalazratiyA~ apane samAna hI samajhe, unake prati binA kisI bheda-bhAva ke Aja hamAre samakSa haiMmitratA evaM baMdhutA kA premapUrNa vyavahAra kre| vyakti ko jaise apanA 1. icchAoM kA niyamana, astitva priya hai, apanA sukha abhISTa hai, vaise hI anya prANiyoM 2. samAjopayogI sAdhanoM ke svAmitva kA visarjana ko bhI apanA astitva tathA sukha priya evaM abhISTa hai- yaha saha 3. zoSaNamukta samAja kI sthApanA, astitvarUpa paribodha hI ahiMsA kA mUla svara hai| ahiMsA 'sva' 4. niSkAma buddhi se apane sAdhanoM kA janahita meM saMvibhAga-dAna, aura 'para' kI 'apane' aura 'parAye' kI ghRNA evaM vaira ke AdhAra 5. adhyAtmika shuddhi| para khar3I kI gaI, bheda-rekhA ko tor3a detI hai| anekAnta dRSTiahiMsA kI dRSTi bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jitanI gaharAI ke sAtha ahiMsA aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kahate the-vaira ho, ghRNA ho, damana ho, aparigraha kA vivecana kiyA, anekAnta darzana ke cintana meM bhI ve utpIr3ana ho-kucha bhI ho-aMtata: saba lauTa kara kartA ke hI pAsa Ate utane hI gahare utre| anekAnta ko na kevala eka darzana ke rUpa meM, haiN| yaha mata samajho, ki burAI vahIM raha jAegI, tumhAre pAsa lauTakara kintu sarvamAnya jIvana dharma ke rUpa meM prastuta karane kA zreya nahIM aaegii| vaha AegI; avazya AegI kRtakarma niSphala nahIM mahAvIra ko hI hai| ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke ciMtana meM bhI unhoMne Jain Education Intemational

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bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sAdhanA 47 anekAnta dRSTi kA prayoga kiyaa| prayoga hI kyoM, yahA~ taka kahA ko hI hiMsA batAyA, karmabaMdhana kA hetu kahA, yahI unakA ahiMsA ke jA sakatA hai ki anekAnta zUnya ahiMsA aura aparigraha bhI kSetra meM anekAMtavAdI cintana thaa| mahAvIra ko mAnya nahIM the| parigraha aura aparigraha ke viSaya meM bhI mahAvIra bahuta udAra Apa zAyada caukeMge yaha kaise? kintu vastu-sthiti yahI aura spaSTa the| yadyapi jahA~ parigraha kI gaNanA kI gaI- vastra-pAtra, hai| cU~ki pratyeka vastu, pratyeka sattA, pratyeka sthiti aura pratyeka bhojana evaM bhavana Adi bAhya vastuoM ko, yahA~ taka ki zarIra ko bhI vicAra anaMta dharmAtmaka hai| usake vibhinna pakSa hote haiN| una pahaluoM parigraha kI parigaNanA meM liyA gayA, kintu jahA~ parigraha kA tAttvika aura pakSoM para vicAra kie binAH yadi hama kucha nirNaya karate haiM, to prazna AyA, vahA~ unhoMne mUrchAbhAva ke rUpa meM parigraha kI eka svataMtra yaha usa vastu, tatva ke prati svarUpaghAta hogA, vastuvijJAna ke evaM vyApaka vyAkhyA kii| mahAvIra vastuvAdI nahIM, bhAvavAdI the| ata: sAtha anyAya hogA aura svayaM apanI jJAna-cetanA ke sAtha bhI eka unakA aparigraha kA siddhAnta bAhya jar3a vastuvAda meM kaise ulajha dhokhA hogaa| kisI bhI vastu ke tattva-svarUpa para cintana karane se jAtA? unhoMne spaSTa ghoSaNA kI vastu parigraha nahIM, bhAva (mamatA) hI pahale hameM apanI dRSTi ko pUrvAgrahoM se mukta, svatantra aura vyApaka parigraha hai| mana kI mUrchA, Asakti aura rAgAtmaka vikalpa-yahI banAnA hogA, usake pratyeka pahalU ko asti, nAsti Adi vibhinna parigraha hai, yahI saMsAra kA mUla kAraNa evaM bandhana hai| vikalpoM dvArA parakhanA hogA, tabhI hama usake yathArtha svarUpa kA isI prakAra jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM, cintana ke hara naye jJAna prApta kara skeNge| ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke viSaya meM bhI yahI mor3a para mahAvIra hA~ aura nA' ke sAtha cle| unakA uttara 'astibAta hai| isalie maine kahA, ki mahAvIra ke ahiMsA aura aparigraha nAsti' ke sAtha apekSA pUrvaka hotA thaa| ekAnta asti yA ekAnta bhI anekAntAtmaka the| nAsti jaisA nirapekSa kucha bhI unake tattva-darzana meM nahIM thaa| ahiMsAtmaka anekAMtavAda kA eka udAharaNa liijie| bhagavAn anekAntavAda vastuta: mAnava kA jIvana-dharma hai, samagra mahAvIra ne sAdhaka ke liye sarvathA hiMsA kA niSedha kiyaa| kisI bhI mAnava jAti kA jIvana-darzana hai Aja ke yuga meM isakI aura bhI prakAra kI hiMsA kA samarthana unhoMne nahIM kiyaa| kintu jana-kalyANa AvazyakatA hai| samAnatA aura sahaastitva kA siddhAnta anekAMta kI bhAvanA se, kisI udAra dhyeya kI prApti ke lie tathA vItarAga ke binA cala hI nahIM skegaa| udAratA aura sahayoga kI bhAvanA jIvana-caryA meM kabhI kahIM, paristhitivaza anacAhe bhI jo sUkSma yA tabhI balavatI hogI, jaba hamArA ciMtana anekAntavAdI hogaa| sthUla prANIghAta ho jAtA hai, usa viSaya meM unhoMne kabhI ekAMta bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vyApaka ciMtana kI yaha samanvayAtmaka denanivRtti kA Agraha nahIM kiyA, apitu vyavahAra meM usa prANihiMsA ko dhArmika aura sAmAjika jagat meM, bAhya aura antara jIvana meM hiMsA svIkAra karake bhI use nizcaya meM hiMsA kI paridhi se mukta maanaa| sadA-sarvadA ke lie eka adbhuta dena mAnI jA sakatI hai| astu, kyoMki unhoMne ahiMsA kI maulika tattva-dRSTi se bAhara meM dRzyamAna hama anekAnta ko samagra mAnavatA ke sahaja vikAsa kI, vizva-jana prANivadha ko nahIM, kintu rAgadveSAtmaka antaravRtti ko, pramatta-yoga maMgala kI dhurI bhI kaha sakate haiN| Jain Education Intemational

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dvandva aura dvandva-nivAraNa (jaina-darzana ke vizeSa prasaMga meM) DaoN0 surendra varmA dvandva kA artha aura svarUpa ina yuddhoM meM Izvara usI ko jitAtA hai jisake pakSa meM nyAya hotA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna aura samAja zAstra meM dvandva (kaMphlikTa) dvandva-yuddhoM kA yuga aba samApta ho cukA hai| aba do pakSoM eka bahuta mahattvapUrNa avadhAraNA hai kintu dvandva kA svarupa, usakA stara (vyakti nahIM) ke bIca zastra yA zota-yuddha hote/calate haiN| aura prArupa tathA dvandva kA nirAkaraNa Aja bhI bahuta kucha eka samasyA yuddha ke atirikta 'dvandva' paraspara virodhI yugala bhAvoM ko banA huA hai / pratyeka zAstra ne dvandva ko apanI-apanI dRSTi se dekhA abhivyakti detA hai / 'dvandva' ke isa artha meM kaI bAteM nihita haiM-- hai| manovijJAna jahA~ dvandva ko mUlata: do vRttiyoM ke bIca saMgharSa kI sthiti 1. dvandva binA 'yugma' ke sambhava nahIM hai| zIta-uSNa, sakha. ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai, vahIM samAjazAstra dvandva meM nihita do pakSoM duHkha, iSTa-aniSTa, saMyoga-viyoga, aise hI yugala bhAva haiM jo dvandva ke ke bIca 'virodha' para bala detA hai| rAjanIti meM dvandva ko sazastra -yuddha yA lie anivArya haiM / ye yugma vibhinna kSetroM se uThAe~ jA sakate haiM / zItayuddha ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'zIta-uSNa' bhautika pariveza sambandhI yugma hai jabaki phAdara kAmila bulke ne aMgrejI-hindI koza meM 'kaMphlikTa' saMyoga-viyoga kA kSetra sAmAjika hai / iSTa-aniSTa, sukha-duHkha Adi ke tIna artha diye haiM- yuddha , saMgharSa yA dvandva tathA virodha / yaha spaSTa hai vyakti kI manodazAoM se sambandhita haiM / jainadarzana meM manovaijJAnika yA ki Aja rAjanItizAstra, manovijJAna tathA samAjazAstra ne moTe taura para Antaravaiyaktika yugmoM kA vizeSakara ullekha huA hai / udAharaNa ke ina tInoM hI arthoM ko kramaza: svIkAra kara liyA hai| lie eka gAthA lAbha-alAbha, sukha-du:kha, jIvana-maraNa, nindA-prazaMsA kyA prAcIna bhAratIya darzana meM hameM dvandva kI avadhAraNA milatI aura mAna-apamAna ke prati samAnabhAva vikasita karane ke lie kahatI hai? hama isa prazna ko vizeSakara jainadarzana ke prasaMga meM dekhanA caaheNge| haiN| mahAvIra kI zikSAe~ hameM mukhyataH prAkRta bhASA meM upalabdha haiN| prAkRta 2. yugma meM virodha-bhAva honA Avazyaka hai| jisa yugma meM meM dvandva ko 'daMda' kahA gayA hai / prAkRta -hindI koza'2 meM daMda kA eka virodhI-bhAva nahIM hotA, vaha dvandva kI sthiti kA nirmANa nahIM kara artha to vyAkaraNa-prasiddha ubhaya pada-pradhAna samAsa se hai| kintu spaSTa sktaa| aise tamAma yugma ginAe jA sakate haiM jo eka-dUsare ke pUraka hI yaha artha hamArI dvandva-carcA meM aprAsaMgika hai| anya artha hai- hote haiM, virodhI nhiiN| aise 'yugma' dvandva ko janma nahIM dete / dvandva ke 1. paraspara virUddha zIta -uSNa,sukha-duHkha, Adi yugma; 2.kalaha, lie yugma kA eka dUsare kA pUraka honA anAvazyaka hai |unkaa paraspara kleza; aura 3.yuddha / samaNasuttaM ke anta meM jor3e gae pAribhASika zabda virodha meM honA jarUrI hai / sukha aura zAnti kA yugma eka dUsare kA koza meM bhI dvandva ko iSTa-aniSTa, duHkha-sukha, janma-maraNa, saMyoga- virodhI nahIM hai, ata: isameM dvandva asambhava hai| jainadarzana meM kaI sthaloM viyoga Adi paraspara virodhI yugala-bhAva dvArA paribhASita kiyA gayA hai| para 'sukha aura zAnti' jaise yugmoM kA ullekha huA lekina unheM kabhI uparyukta arthoM ke vizleSaNa se dvandva ke do rUpa spaSTa hote haiN| dvandvAtmaka sthiti meM pradarzita nahIM kiyA gayA hai kyoMki ve eka dUsare eka to dvandva, yuddha (yA kaheM, 'dvandva-yuddha') ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai aura ke pUraka haiM, virodhI nhiiN| dUsare, vaha paraspara virodhI yugala bhAvoM ko abhivyakti detA hai| 3. dvandva (aura usake nivAraNa) ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki do virodhI vyaktiyoM yA daloM ke bIca pUrvanizcita yA jAne mAne hama 'virodha' ko jAne aura samajheM, usake prati avagata hoM / jaba taka niyamoM ke anusAra pracalita zastroM dvArA yuddha ko dvandva (yA dvandva yuddha) 'virodha' kI pahacAna nahIM hotI, dvandva bhI nirmita nahIM hotaa| yaha bAta kahate haiM / aise yuddha prAcIna kAla meM bahuta se dezoM meM pracalita the / bhArata sAmAjika kSetra meM upasthita dvandva para vizeSakara ghaTita hotI hai| mAnameM vaidika kAla meM bhI dvandva-yuddhoM kA pracalana milatA hai| uttara vaidika apamAna, nyAya-anyAya kI sthitiyoM meM jaba taka virodha 'dekhA' nahIM kAla meM inake sambandha meM naye niyama banAkara pUrva pracalita prathA meM sudhAra jAtA dvandva kI sthiti nahIM bana pAtI / hajAroM sAla se zoSita aura dalita kiyA gayA / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM dvandva-yuddhoM ke aneka ullekha varga samAja meM apane apamAna ke prati avagata hI nahIM ho pAte aura isa haiM / rAma-rAvaNa, bAli-sugrIva tathA duryodhana-bhIma ke yuddha isake udAharaNa prakAra yathA sthiti banAe rakhane meM mAnoM apanA yogadAna hI dete haiN| haiM / jo bAteM anya prakAra se nahIM sulajhAI jA sakatI thIM, unake nirNaya jainadarzana meM kaI sthaloM para mAna-apamAna kI sthiti ke prati avagata ke lie yaha nIti apanAI jAtI thii| isake mUla meM yaha vizvAsa thA ki karAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai --bhale hI isakA uddezya mAna-apamAna

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dvandva aura dvandva-nivAraNa kI sthiti ke dvandva ko samApta karanA hI kyoM na rahA ho / eka sthala dvandva ke prakAra para mAhavIra mAna-apamAna tathA harSa aura krodha ke dvandva kI nirarthakatA dvandva kA yadi hama kSetrAnusAra vargIkaraNa kareM to ise kaI staroM batAte hue hameM avagata karAte haiM ki vyakti aneka bAra ucca gotra aura para samajhA jA sakatA haiN| aneka bAra nIca gotra kA anubhava kara cukA hai ataH na koI hIna hai aura na koI atirikta (arthAt ucca) / ataH spRhA na kara / aise meM bhalA Antaravaiyaktika dvandva mAnasika yA manovaijJAnika dvandva hai| kauna gotravAdI yA mAnavAdI hogA aura apanI sthiti para Asakti rakha isa prakAra ke dvandva ko vyakti apanI do paraspara virodhI yA asaMgata sakegA? isalie purUSa ko harSita/kupita nahIM honA caahie|5 mahAvIra icchAoM/vRttiyoM ke bIca anubhava karatA hai |udaahrnn ke lie jaba vyakti hameM apane dvandvAtmaka sthitiyoM ke prati sadA jAgrata rahane ke lie apanI kisI icchA kI santuSTi cAhatA hai aura itara kAraNoM se yadi ise protsAhita karate haiM / ve kahate haiM- ajJAnI sadA sote haiM aura jJAnI sadA santuSTa nahIM kara pAtA to vaha aise hI dvandva meM pha~satA hai| 'cAhU~' yA 'na jAgate haiN| vaira (virodha) se jinhoMne apane ko ubAra liyA hai aise jAgrata cAhU~' kA yaha dvandva use nakArAtmaka bhAvoM se bhara detA hai / isa prakAra vyakti hI vastuta: vIra haiN| mAnasika yA manovaijJAnika dvandva viparIta kAmanAoM kA aura unakI 4.dvandva kI avasthA meM yugala-bhAva virodha kI sthiti meM hote santuSTi-asantuSTi kA dvandva hai| haiM aura donoM hI pakSa isa virodha kI sthiti ke prati avagata hote haiN| lAbha-alAbha, sukha-du:kha, nindA-prazaMsA, mAna-apamAna Adi isake atirikta virodha sadaiva paraspara aura antarasambandhita hotA hai / yaha bhAvanAoM se sambandhita dvandva, jinakA jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM yatheSTha antarasambandha kucha isa prakAra kA hotA hai ki eka pakSa kI hAni, dUsare ullekha huA hai--isI prakAra ke mAnasika dvandvoM kI ora saMketa hai / isa ke lAbha ke rUpa meM yA eka kA lAbha dUsare kI apekSAkRta hAni ke rUpa prakAra ke dvandva meM vyakti Antarika rUpa se TUTa jAtA hai aura samajha nahIM meM dekhA jAtA hai| yadi eka kA lAbha dUsare ko hAni na pahu~cAe to dvandva pAtA ki vaha kyA kare / kI sthiti bana hI nahIM sktii| yadi eka ke lAbha meM donoM kA lAbha ho athavA eka kI hAni meM donoM kI hAni ho to sthiti virodha kI na Antaravaiyaktika dvandva, vyakti aura vyakti ke bIca nirmita hokara maitrI kI adhika hogii| ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki virodha kI hone vAle dvandva haiM / isa prakAra ke dvandva meM do vyaktiyoM ke bIca apanesthiti ke nirmANa ke lie paraspara virodha hI nahIM balki ekAMgI apane vAstavika yA kalpita hita ko lekara virodha hotA hai| isameM eka dRSTikoNa honA atyanta Avazyaka hai / paraspara ekAMgI dRSTikoNa apane vyakti kA hita dUsare ke ahita ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai| lAbha meM dUsare kI hAni aura dUsare kI hAni meM apanA lAbha dekhatA hai| jainadarzana ne sadaiva hI isa dRSTi kA khaNDana kiyA hai, aura isa prakAra sAmudAyika dvandva, vyakti aura samUha (samudAyoM) ke bIca kA ekAMgI dRSTi ke tyAga meM hI dvandva ke nirAkaraNa ko sambhava batAyA hai| dvandva hai| 5.dvandva kI pariNati, uparyukta paraspara ekAMgI dRSTi ke kAraNa azubha bhAvanAoM aura bhraSTa AcaraNa meM hotI hai| azubha-bhAvanAoM ko AntarasAmudAyika dvandva, do samUhoM (samudAyoM) ke bIca kA jainadarzana meM 'kaSAya' kahA gayA hai / kaSAya-krodha, mAna mAyA aura dvandva hai| lobharUpI AtmaghAtaka vikAra haiM / jAhira hai ye sabhI azubha-bhAvanAe~ dvandva kI sthiti meM dUsare pakSa ko hAni pahu~cAne meM sahAyaka samajhI gayI saMgaThanAtmaka dvandva, vyakti aura jisa saMgaThana meM vaha kArya haiM lekina sAtha hI ye AtmaghAtaka bhI haiM / ina bhAvanAoM se prerita karatA hai usake bIca kA saMgharSa hai| vyavahAra bhraSTa vyavahAra hai / dvandva meM sadaiva hI koI na koI ugra udvega saMlagna hotA hai jo vyakti ko eka vizeSa prakAra ke AcaraNa ke lie AntarasaMgaThanAtmaka dvandra, do saMgaThanoM ke bIca kA dvandva hai| prerita karatA hai aura dvandva meM upasthita isa udvega kA svarUpa samAnyata: nakArAtmaka hI hotA hai / ata: dvandva ke nirAkaraNa ke lie ina sAmpradAyika dvandva, do sampradAyoM ke bIca kA dvandva hai| nakArAtmaka udvegoM ko samApta karanA atyanta Avazyaka hai / jaina darzana jAhira hai dvandva ke uparokta sabhI stara (prarUpa) do pakSoM ke meM na kevala aise cAra ugra udvegoM (kaSAyoM) kA varNana kiyA gayA hai balki viparIta hita-ahita ke virodha se utpanna dvandva hai| unase mukti ke lie kaSAyoM kI viparIta bhAvanAoM ko vikasita karane jaina dArzanika sAhitya meM hameM dvandva ke ina sabhI staroM kA ke lie bhI kahA gayA hai|8 kramika vivecana nahIM miltaa| lekina yaha spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai ki jainadarzana dvandva ke ina sabhI prarUpoM meM Antaravaiyaktika dvandva ko sarvAdhika

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 mahattva detA hai kyoMki dvandva kI Antaravaiyaktika sthiti hI antata: sabhI hai / dvandva vyakti ko karma ke lie prerita karane vAlA eka tattva bana anya staroM para kisI na kisI rUpa meM upasthita dekhI jA sakatI hai| sakatA hai / 19 lekina, kyoMki jainoM kA samasta darzana karma ke kSaya para yadi vyakti ke andara dvandva nahIM hai to spaSTa hI vaha apane bAhya sambandhoM TikA hai isalie karma ko prerita karane vAle tattva jainadarzana meM zubha nahIM meM dvandva kI sthiti nahIM banane detA hai| mAne jA sakate / dvandva isa prakAra yadi karma ko prerita karatA bhI hai to vastuta: dvandva ke moTe taura se do hI AyAma haiM- Antarika aura bhI zubha nahIM hai aura yadi nakArAtmaka udvegoM ko sakriya karatA hai to aise bAhya / jisane Antarika dvandva - apanI AtmA meM sampanna hone vAle meM vaha azubha hI hai| saMgharSa-para vijaya prApta kara lI hai, usI ko saccA sukha prApta ho sakatA . ata: jainadarzana kula milAkara virodhI dvandva bhAvoM se vyakti ko hai arthAt vahI sukha-duHkha kA kartA Ara vikartA hai / avijita kaSAya Upara uTha jAne ke lie prerita karatA hai / vaha dvandva-bhAvoM ke atikramaNa aura indriyA~-inhIM ko jIta kara nirbAdha vicaraNa karanA sarvazreSTha hai / ataH ko hI zreSTha mAnatA hai| mahAvIra kahate haiM ki bAharI yuddhoM (dvandvoM) se kyA? svayaM apane se hI kintu dvandva kA yaha atikramaNa kaise kiyA jaae| isake lie yuddha karo / apane se apane ko jIta kara hI dvandva se mukta huA jA sakatA kaI pravidhiyA~ ho sakatI haiN| kintu ina pravidhiyoM kA upayoga manuSya tabhI hai| kintu apane para yaha vijaya prApta karanA kaThina avazya hai / kara sakatA hai jaba vaha eka aise udAra manogaThana ko svIkAra kare jisameM Antaravaiyaktika dvandva, jo vyakti ke Antarika saMgharSa kI ora pakSadharatA na ho / dvandva meM sadaiva do pakSa hote haiM aura hara pakSa apane virodhI saMketa karatA hai, sabhI anyonya dvandvoM ke mUla meM hotA hai / yadi manuSya pakSa ko nakAratA hai, parapakSa dRSTi se vaha dvandva kI sthiti ko dekha' hI Antarika dvandva se utpanna kaSAyoM para niyantraNa prApta kara le to vastuta: nahIM paataa| ekAMgI dRSTi apanAkara vaha dUsare pakSa kI dRSTi ko pUrI taraha sAre bAhya dvandva svataH samApta ho jAte haiM / adhyAtma se bAhya taka khArija kara detA hai / parantu jainadarzana kA vaicArika-gaThana ekAMgI nahIM ekarUpatA hai / jainadarzana kA yaha eka sAmAnya siddhAnta hai ki jo vyakti hai| vaha aneka AyAmI hai| adhyAtma ko jAnatA hai bAhya ko bhI jAna letA hai / isI prakAra jo bAhya jainadarzana mAnatA hai ki hara vastu ke ananta guNa hote haiM -- ko jAnatA hai, adhyAtma ko jAnatA hai / anantadharmakaM vastu' / sattA baharUpadhArI hai| Ama taura para hara vastu ko jainadarzana ke isa siddhAnta ko yadi hama dvandva-sthiti para ghaTita dharmoM (guNoM) ke do bhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiye jA sakatA hai| ye haiM, kareM to isase yaha pUrI taraha spaSTa ho jAegA ki bAhya aura Antarika svaparyAya aura paraparyAya / svaparyAya kisI bhI vastu ke ve guNa haiM jo dvandva kA mUla svarUpa eka sA hai / manovaijJAnika virodhI yugma-bhAvanAe~ usake apane svarUpa ke paricAyaka haiM / ye bhAvotmaka dharma hai / paraparyAya jo Antarika dvandva ko janma detI haiM, ve hI bAhya yuddha aura dvandva meM bhI vastu ke apane guNa na hokara dUsarI vastu ke guNa hote haiM jinase kisI upasthita rahatI haiN| vastuta: lAbha-alAbha, mAna-apamAna, nindA-prazaMsA vastu kI bhinnatA ko rekhAMkita kiyA jAtA hai / hama manuSya kA hI kI virodhI yugala-bhAvanAe~ hI antata: bAhya dvandvoM para bhI utanA hI udAharaNa leN| usakA AkAra, rUpa, raMga, kula, gotra, jAti, vyavasAya, kriyAzIla haiM jitanI vyakti kI AdhyAtmika TUTana ke lie ve uttaradAyI janmasthAna, nivAsasthAna, janmadina, Ayu, svAsthya Adi usake bhAvAtmaka haiN| ata: bAhya dvandvoM se bacane ke lie bhI manuSya ko mUla rUpa se svayaM dharma haiM / inase usa vyakti vizeSa kA paricaya aura usakI pahacAna milatI apane se hI saMgharSa karanA hai- apane kaSAyoM para hI vijaya prApta karanA hai| kintu kisI manuSya ko pUrNarUpa se jAnane ke lie yaha bhI jAnanA hogA ki vaha kyA nahIM hai / anya vastuoM aura anya manuSyoM se usakI bhinnatA meM bhI use samajhanA hogaa| ye usake abhAvAtmaka lakSaNa (para dvandva nirAkaraNa ke lie dArzanika manogaThana paryAya) hoNge| ata: eka vastu ke bAre meM ananta gaNoM aura dRSTikoNoM ko anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda lekara ananta kathana kiye jA sakate haiM / isa prakAra kisI bhI viSaya ke jainadarzana meM dvandva eka vAJchanIya sthiti nahIM hai / Adhunika bAre meM koI bhI kathana ekAntika yA nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA / sAre kathana manovijJAna aura samAjazAstra bhI dvandva kA pratiphala nakArAtmaka bhAvanAoM kucha viziSTa sthitiyoM aura sImAoM ke adhIna hote haiM / ataH eka hI aura avAJchanIya AcAraNa meM dekhate haiN| kintu eka sImita artha meM dvandva vastu ke bAre meM, jo do bhinna dRSTikoNoM se kathana kie jAte haiM ve eka ko racAnAtmaka bhI mAnA gayA hai / vastuta: Adhunika dRSTikoNa ke dUsare ke viparIta bhI ho sakate haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki pratyeka anusAra dvandva na to apane Apa meM zubha hai, na azubha kyoMki usake kathana kA satya sApekSika hai| yadi sahI rUpa se dekhanA hai to, jaina darzana pariNAma kula milAkara zubha aura azubha donoM hI ho sakate haiN| ke anusAra, hameM pratyeka kathana ke pahale 'syAt' athavA 'kadAcit lagA racanAtmaka dRSTi se dvandva ko eka aise avasara ke rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA denA caahie| isase yaha saGketita ho sakegA ki yaha kathana sApekSa mAnA hai jo vyakti/samAja ke vikAsa aura sRjanAtmakatA ke lie sahAyaka hai, kisI eka dRSTi yA sImA ke adhIna hai aura kisI bhI taraha nirapekSa Jain Education Intemational

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dvandva aura dvandva-nivAraNa nahIM hai| aisA koI kathana nahIM hai jo pUrNata: satya yA pUrNata: mithyA ho| haiM jaba hama kula milAkara apane mAnasika gaThana ko inake upayukta banA sabhI kathana eka dRSTi se satya haiM to dUsarI dRSTi se mithyA haiN| isa prakAra sakeM / kaiTsa aura laoNyara ne paraspara virodhI hitoM para AdhArita dvandva ke anekAntavAda hameM syAdvAra kI ora svata: le jAtA hai| nirAkaraNa hetu jisa ovaraoNla phrema (vyApaka manogaThana) kI carcA kI yadi vastusthiti vAstava meM anekAMtika hai to yaha Avazyaka hai usameM cAra tattva mahattvapUrNa batAe gae haiN| ye haiM-- hai ki hama vastu se sambandhita apane kathana meM 'syAt' zabda jor3a deN| eka dUsare ke lie sammAna aura nyAyapriyatA (Respect vastuoM kI ananta jaTilatA ke kAraNa kucha bhI nizcita rUpa se nahIM and Integrity) kahA jA sakatA / bezaka isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki hama koI kathana sauhArdapUrNa samparka (Rapport) kara hI nahIM sakate haiN| hA~ nirapekSa yA ekAntika kathana asambhava hai| sAdhana sampannatA (Resourcefulness) vastu kA gatyAtmaka caritra hameM kevala sApekSika yA sopAdhika kathana eka racanAtmaka vRtti (Constructive attitude) karane ke lie hI bAdhya karatA hai| sammAna aura nyAyapriyatA kA artha hai ki hama dvandva kI sthiti jaina dArzanikoM ne apane isa siddhAnta ko usa hAthI ke dvArA meM dUsare pakSa ke virodhI AcaraNa ke bAvajUda usake lie eka sakArAtmaka samajhanA cAhA hai jisake bAre meM kaI andhe vyakti apanA- apanA kathana dRSTi ko banAyeM rakheM / hama usake vyavahAra ko bhale hI acchA na samajheM kara rahe hote haiM aura ve alaga-alaga niSkarSoM para pahu~cate haiN| unameM se aura use asvIkAra kara deM para mAnava hone ke nAte use jo pratiSThA aura hara koI hAthI kA apane sImita anubhava dvArA, jJAna prApta kara pAtA hai| sammAna milanA cAhie-usase use vaMcita na kreN| nyAyapriyatA kA artha hara koI hAthI ke kisI eka hisse ko chUtA hai ora tadanusAra usakA hai hama apane prati ImAnadAra hoM aura jo bhI kaheM/ kareM use anAvazyaka varNana karatA hai jo usakA kAna pakar3a letA hai vaha hAthI ko 'sUpa' kI rUpa se gupta na rakheM / hamArA vyavahAra pAdarI ho / usameM hama kevala taraha batAtA hai / jo usake paira pakar3atA hai, vaha use khambhe kI taraha eka hI pakSa ke hita para vicAra na kreN| batAtA hai, ityAdi / saca yaha hai ki hAthI ko apanI sampUrNatA meM kisI dvandva ke nirAkaraNa hetu yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki kisI bhI ne bhI nahIM dekhA hai / hareka ne kevala usake kisI eka hI aGga kA sparza hAlata meM hama dUsare pakSa se apanA samparka pUrI taraha tor3a na leN| kiyA hai / isalie vasta: koI nahIM kaha sakatA ki sampUrNa hAthI kaisA paristhiti ko isa prakAra DhAleM ki eka sakArAtmaka sambandha banA raha hai| adhika se adhika yaha kahA jA sakatA hai 'ho sakatA hai hAthI sUpa sake aura dUsarA pakSa hamArI bAta sunane/samajhane ke lie tatpara rhe| kI taraha ho ' athavA ho sakatA hai vaha khambhe kI taraha ho| dvandva aura tanAva se paripUrNa paristhitiyoM ke dabAva meM hama ho sakatA hai', 'kadAcit', 'syAt' ye ve zabda haiM jo bAra- aksara eka prakAra ke mAnasika pramAda se grasta ho jAte haiM aura una bAra hameM yAda dilAte haiM ki hama yathArtha ko kevala AMzika rUpa se hI saMsAdhanoM ke prati jinakA hama dvandva nirAkaraNa ke lie upayoga kara sakate jAna pAte haiM / syAdvAda isa prakAra hameM apane nirNayoM meM atyanta sAvadhAnI haiM prAya: udAsIna ho jAte haiM / ata: yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama nirAkaraNa ke lie Amantrita karatA hai / vaha vAstavikatA ko paribhASita karate ke prati apanI pUrI jAgarUkatA banAe rakheM aura apanI sabhI yogyatAoM samaya hameM sabhI prakAra ke matAgrahoM se bacane ke lie sAvadhAna karatA hai aura kSamatAoM kA isa dizA meM pUrA-pUrA upayoga kara sakeM / yahI sAdhanajinadarzana meM syAdvAda ke sAtha dArzanika sUkSmatA aura sukumAratA mAnoM sampannatA hai| apane carama para pahu~ca jAtI hai| aura anta meM racanAtmaka vRtti / jaba taka hama racanAtmaka vRtti dvandva kI sthiti meM pratyeka pakSa ekAntika dRSTikoNa apanAtA ko nahIM apanAte dvandva nirAkaraNa asambhava hai / kisI bhI pakSa ke lie hai aura yahI usake nirAkaraNa meM sabase bar3I kaThinAI hai / jaba taka hama yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha isa bAta ke prati Azvasta ho ki dvandva kA ekAMtika dRSTi ko apanAye raheMge aura dUsare pakSa ke dRSTikoNa ko nirAkaraNa, yadi ucita prabandha kiyA jAya to avazya ho hI jaaegaa| anadekhA karate raheMge, hama dvandva ko samApta karane kI bAta soca hI nahIM vaha racanAtmaka vRtti dvandva se nipaTane ke lie bahuta sahAyaka hotI hai / sakate / isalie jainadarzana hameM sarvaprathama usa vaicArika-mAnasika gaThana yadi hama dhyAna se dekheM to uparyukta eka vyApaka manogaThanako vikasita karane ke lie Amantrita karatA hai jo anekAnta ora eka dUsare ke prati sammAna aura sauhArdaparNa samparka tathA jAgarUkatA aura syAdvAda kI dhAraNAoM ke anurUpa ho| racanAtmaka vRtti ThIka usI prakAra kI dArzanika-mAnasika banAvaTa hai jise hama jainadarzana ke anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda meM pAte haiM / dvandva kI dvandva nirAkaraNa kI pravidhiyA~ sthiti meM hama dUsare pakSa ko samAdara nahIM de pAte isakA mUla kAraNa hI Adhunika manovijJAna aura samAjazAstra meM dvandva nirAkaraNa ke yaha hai ki hama ekAMtika dRSTikoNa apanAte haiM / yadi hA rA dRSTikoNa aneka upAya batAe gae haiN| kintu ye sAre upAya tabhI saphala ho sakate yaha ho ki dUsarA pakSa bhI apane pakSa kI hI taraha sahI yA galata ho Jain Education Intemational

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52 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 sakatA hai to dUsare pakSa ke prati asammAna ke lie koI sthAna hI nahIM kA vikAsa kareMge to kramaza: krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha para svata: rahegA / isI prakAra sauhArdapUrNa samparka bhI tabhI banA raha sakatA hai jaba * vijaya prApta kara sakate haiM / isake ThIka viparIta yogadarzana cAritrika hama kevala apane dRSTikoNa ko hI antima na mAnakara, dUsare pakSa ko guNoM ke vikAsa ke lie unakI pratipakSa bhAvanAoM para dhyAna dene ke samajhane ke lie tatpara hoN| dUsare ke lie bhI antata: anekAntavAdI lie kahatA jo manuSya ke lie du:kha kA kAraNa banatI hai| yadi hama manogaThana kI hI AvazyakatA hai / anekAntika manogaThana apane Apa una pratipakSI bhAvanAoM para du:kha ke kArakoM ke rUpa meM dhyAna deM to hama meM hI jAgarUkatA aura racanAtmaka vRtti utpanna karatA hai / jainadarzana meM svata: cAritrika guNoM kA vikAsa kara sakate haiM / isa prakAra hama pAte jaisA ki hama pUrva meM ullekha kara cuke haiM, jAgrati para bahuta bala diyA haiM ki cAritrika guNoM ke vikAsa ke lie donoM darzanoM meM bhinna vRttiyA~ gayA hai| kahA gayA hai, ajJAnI sadA sote haiM aura jJAnI sadA jAgate haiM / 13 apanAI gaI hai| jainadarzana jabaki eka svIkArAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko apanAkara sarjanAtmaka bhAvanAoM ke vikAsa para bala detA hai tAki bhAva-zuddhi kaSAyoM kA hanana kiyA jA sake / yogadarzana pratipakSI bhAvanAoM para dhyAna dvanda-nivAraNa ke lie eka vyApaka rUpa se anekAnta dRSTi to dene ke lie prerita karatA hai tAki unake da:khada pariNAmoM ko jAnakara Avazyaka hai hI sAtha hI kucha mUrta upAya bhI haiM jo dvandva samAdhAna kI hama unase bAja A sake aura sadguNoM kA vikAsa kara ske| ora nissandeha saGketa karate haiM inameM se eka hai-bhAva-zuddhi / jo bhI ho, bhAva-zuddhi Avazyaka hai kyoMki mAna, mAyA, lobha dvandva ke svarUpa ko batAte hue hamane yaha rekhAMkita kiyA thA aura krodha kI uddAma bhAvanAeM dvandva kI sthiti ko na kevala prazraya detI ki dvandva sadaiva kisI na kisI ugra-saMvega se AveSTita hotA hai aura yaha haiM balki bada se badatara bhI banAtI haiM / svayaM ko ina kaSAyoM se mukta karane saMvega yA bhAva sadaiva hI vikAra yukta hote haiM / jainadarzana meM aise cAra ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama apane meM inake viparIta madhura bhAvoM vikAra jiMnhe kaSAya kahA gayA hai, batAe gae haiM -ye haiM - krodha, mAna, ko-mArdava, Arjava, santoSa aura kSamA ko vikasita kareM / mArdava kA mAyA, aura lobha / yadi hama 'zItoSNIya dvandva'14 se nijAta pAnA cAhate artha hai, kula, rUpa, jAti, jJAna, tapa, zruta aura zIla kA vyakti tanika haiM to sabase pahale hameM ina kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta karanI hogii| ina para bhI garva na kare / apane abhimAna meM manuSya dUsaroM ko apamAnita karatA vijaya prApta karane kA Akhira tarIkA kyA hai ? / hai aura dvandva-sthiti meM dusare pakSa ko apamAnita karanA bar3A AsAna hotA . Agama kahatA hai ki mada, mAna, mAyA aura lAbha se rahita bhAva hai| isase bacane ke lie mArdava kA vikAsa honA cAhie / Arjava hI bhAva-zuddhi hai| ata: yadi hama dvandva se virata honA cAhate haiM to ina kuTila vicAra, kuTila vacana se apane ko bacAe rakhanA hai 191 santoSa kaSAyoM se hame apane Apa ko mukta karanA hogaa| lobha ko samApta karatA hai / jaba santoSa hogA to lobha ke lie koI __isakA upAya yaha hai ki kaSAyoM para dhyAna na dekara una madhura- sthAna rahegA hI nahIM / kSamA vastuta: maitrI bhAva kA vikAsa hai / yadi bhAvanAoM para hama apanA dhyAna kendrita kareM, kaSAya jinake pratipakSI ApameM maitrI bhAva nahIM hai to Apa kSamA bhI nahIM kara sakate / bhale hI dUsare haiN| ve madhura-bhAvanAe~ kyA haiM ? kahA gayA hai ki krodha prIti ko naSTa kA vyavahAra Apake dRSTikoNa se kitanA hI galata kyoM na ho, kintu karatA hai, mAna vinaya ko naSTa karatA hai, mAyA maitrI ko naSTa karatI hai yadi Apa usase maitrI banAe rakhate haiM aura use kSamA de sakate haiM to dera aura lobha saba kucha naSTa kara detA hai / ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki sabera vaha ApakI dRSTi kA bhI sammAna kie bagaira nahIM raha sakatA / ata: kaSAya una sAre bhAvoM-prIti, vinaya, maitrI Adi kA-jo dvandva nirAkaraNa dvandva-nivAraNa kI dazA meM yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama apane kaSAyoM kI meM sahayogI ho sakate haiM- naSTa kara dete haiM / kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta bhAva-zuddhi kareM aura una madhura bhAvoM kA vikAsa kareM, kaSAya jinake karanA isIlie bahuta Avazyaka hai / ina para vijaya kisa prakAra prApta pratipakSI haiN| kI jAe / Agama kahatA hai ki hama krodha kA hanana kSamA se kareM, mArdava sAmAyika se mAna ko jIteM, Arjava se mAyA ko aura santoSa se lobha ko dvanda nivAraNa ke upAyoM meM, jise jaina darzana meM 'sAmAyika' jIteM / 17 tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi hama kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta karanA kahA gayA hai, eka bahuta mahattvapUrNa pravidhi hai / jahA~ dvandva hai vahA~ virodha cAhate haiM to yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama una bhAvanAoM ko, jAgarUka hai| dvandva se yadi virodha kI bhAvanA ko nirasta kara diyA jAe to dvandva, hokara, apane meM vikasita kareM jo kaSAyoM kA hanana karatI haiN| dvandva nahIM rhtaa| isake lie Avazyaka hai ki hama samatva kI bhAvanA isa prasaMga meM yahA~ jainadarzana kI tulanA yadi yogadarzana se kI kA vikAsa kareM / jAe to vaha dilacaspa ho sakatI hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra kaSAyoM para- jainadarzana meM 'samatva' ko eka malya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA arthAt nakArAtmaka AvegoM para vijaya prApta karane ke lie hameM sRjanAtmaka gayA hai 'zramaNa' vahI hai jisameM samatva kI bhAvanA ho- "samayAe samaNo bhAvanAoM para dhyAna denA cAhie aura unheM vikasita karanA caahie| isa hoI20" / samatA, mAdhyasthabhAva, zuddhabhAva, vItarAgatA, cAritra, dharma aura prakAra yadi hama kSamA, mArdava, Arjava aura santoSa jaise cAritrika guNoM svabhAva ArAdhanA-ye sabhI ekArthaka zabda haiM.1 / AtmA ko AtmA ke

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dvandva aura dvandva-nivAraNa rUpa meM jAnate hue jo rAga-dveSa meM samabhAva rakhatA hai, vahI zramaNa pUjya mAnA gayA hai| vaha lAbha aura alAbha meM, sukha aura duHkha meM, jIvana aura maraNa meM nindA aura prazaMsA meM tathA mAna aura apamAna meM samabhAva rakhatA hai23 / samatva-prApti ke lie dhyAna rUpa honA Avazyaka hai / sAmAyika meM samatva kI upalabdhi ke lie dhyAna para bala diyA gayA hai| tattvAnuzAsana meM kahA gayA hai ki citta ko ekAgra karake use vicalita na hone denA hI dhyAna hai 24 / lekina citta ko zubha aura azubha donoM para hI kendrita kiyA jA sakatA hai| prazasta dhyAna, vaha dhyAna hai jo samatva ke zubha-pariNAma hetu hotA hai / prazasta dhyAna kI sAdhanA samatva-lAbha ke lie hI hotI hai| kyA samatva sAdhanA (sAmAyika) eka AdhyAtmika sAdhanA mAtra hai ? athavA isakA koI vyavahAra pakSa bhI hai ? DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina kahate haiM ki samatvayoga kA tAtparya cetanA kA saMgharSa yA dvandva se Upara uTha jAnA hai / yaha jIvana ke vividha pakSoM meM eka aisA sAMga santulana hai jisameM na kevala caitasika evaM vaiyaktika jIvana ke saMgharSa samApta hote haiM, varan sAmAjika jIvana ke saMgharSa bhI samApta ho jAte haiM, zarta yaha hai ki samAja ke sabhI sadasya usakI sAdhanA meM prayatnazIla hoM / 25 5. AyAro, lADanUM, saM 2031, pR0 80-81,gAthA, 49-51 / 6. vahI, pRSTha122, gAthA 9 / 7. vahI, pRSTha 124, gAthA 8 / 8. dekheM samaNasuttaM, gAthA - 135-136 / 9. vahI, gAthA, 123-127 / 10.je atjhatthaM jANai, se bahiyA jANai / je bahiyA jANai, se atjhatthaM jANai / AcArAMga, gAthA, 347 11. dekheM - kaiTsa aura laoNyara : kaMphlikTa resoluzana, seja, kailiphorniyA, 1993, pR0 10 / 12. vahI, pR0 29 / 13. AyAro (pUrvokta), pR0 122, gAthA, 1 / / 14. yahA~ dhyAtvya hai ki AyAro (pUrvokta) ke tIsare adhyayana kA zIrSaka 'zotoSNIya' hai jo spaSTa hI sabhI prakAra ke dvandva kI ora saGketa karatA hai| 15. niymsaar,122| 16. samaNasuttaM gAthA, 135 / 17. dazavaikAlika, 8/38 / 18. samaNasuttaM gAthA, 88 / 19. vahI, gAthA, 91 / 20. vahI, gAthA, 342 / 21. vahI, gAthA, 275 / 22. vahI, gAthA, 342 / 23. vahI, gAthA, 347 / 24. tattvAnuzAsana, vIra sevA mandira TrasTa dillI, zloka 56 / 25. dekheM, DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina-jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA sAdhanA mArga, jayapura, 1982, pR0 16-17 / sandarbha 1. aMgrejI-hindI koza esa0 candra eNDa kaM0 naI dillI - dvArA prakAzita, 1993, dekheM zabda kaMphlikTa, pR0128 / 2. prAkRta-hindI koza ahamadAbAda/ vArANasI se prakAzita, 1987, dekheM, zabda 'daMda' pR0 448 / 3. hindI vizva koza,khaNDa 6, 'dvandva-yuddha pR0 143 144 / 4. lAbhalAbhe, suhe dukkhe jIvie maraNo thaa| samo nindApasaMsAsu tahA mANAvamANao / / -samaNasuttaM, gAthA,347 Jain Education Intemational

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tanAva : kAraNa evaM nivAraNa DaoN0 sudhA jaina vartamAna meM mAnava bhautika kSetra meM jitanA pragati kI ora tanAva kA pAribhASika artha agrasara hai, AdhyAtmika kSetra meM utanA hI hrAsonmukha hai / jIvana ke pI0DI0 pAThaka ke anusAra - tanAva vyakti kI zArIrika pratyeka kSetra meM AtmIyatA, nirbhayatA, sahiSNutA, sAmAjikatA Adi aura manovaijJAnika dazA hai / yaha usameM uttejanA aura asaMtulana utpanna mAnavIya guNoM kA akAla sA par3atA jA rahA hai / Aja cAroM ora kara detA hai evaM use paristhiti kA sAmanA karane ke lie kriyAzIla arAjakatA, luTapATa, hatyA, har3atAla, patharAva, AgajanI Adi kA banAtA hai / eDavarDa e0 cArlsavartha tathA ronAlDa jI0 nAthana ke anusAra sAmrAjya hai, eka ora vaiyaktika jIvana vibhinna kuMThAoM evaM hIna -tanAva ke bahuta se artha hote haiM / kintu adhikatara loga tanAva ko bhAvanAoM se ota-prota hai to pArivArika, sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika jIvana kI mAMgoM ke rUpa meM samajhate haiM / pAribhASika rUpa meM ina mAMgoM jIvana meM IrSyA, dveSa, ghRNA, tiraskAra, pratizodha Adi kA bolavAlA ko tanAva-utpAdaka (Stressors) kahate haiN| hai| amAvasa kI rAtri kA ghanaghora aMdhakAra jisa prakAra sarvatra chAyA rahatA hai, usI prakAra tanAvoM evaM viSamatAoM kA prabhAva sarvavyApI hotA jA tanAva kI paribhASA rahA hai| vartamAna yuga ko tanAva yuga kI saMjJA deM to koI atizayokti geTsa anya ke anusAra- 'tanAva, asaMtulana kI dazA hai, nahIM hogI / mAnasika tanAva se prabhAvita hokara usakA (mAnava) jIvana jo prANI ko apanI uttejita dazA kA anta karane hetu koI kArya karane asaMtulita hotA jA rahA hai / isalie vaha apane asaMyamita jIvana meM ke lie prerita karatI hai|' ziva nahIM balki zaitAna ko pratiSThita kara rahA hai| aisI paristhiti meM Drevara ke matAnusAra-'tanAva kA artha hai- saMtulana ke naSTa hone sahaja hI prazna upasthita hotA hai ki tanAvoM se sarvathA grasita evaM vyathita kI sAmAnya bhAvanA aura paristhiti ke kisI atyadhika saMkaTapUrNa kAraka janajIvana ko kaise tanAva mukta kara sahaja jIvana jIne kA mArga dikhAyA kA sAmanA karane ke lie vyavahAra meM parivartana karane kI ttprtaa|' jaay| nArmana TaileNTa ke zabdoM meM pratibala (Stress) se aise tanAva kI samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie pAzcAtya cintakoM ne dabAva kA bodha hotA hai jisase vyaktitva ke paryApta rUpa se kArya karate vizeSa rUpa se kAma kiyA hai| parantu bhAratIya samakAlIna cintakoM ne rahane kI yogyatA eka prakAra se saMkaTagrasta ho jAtI hai|'6 bhI bhAratIya vAGmaya meM prApta tathyoM ke AdhAra para tanAva kA vivecana, rojana evaM gregarI ke anusAra- 'pratibala (Stress) se, vistRta vizleSaNa prArambha kara diyA hai| unameM jaina saMta evaM cintaka yuvAcArya rUpa se aisI bAhya tathA Antarika aniSTakArI va vaMcanakArI sthitiyoM kA mahAprajJa (vartamAna meM AcArya) jI kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| unhoMne jaina bodha hotA hai, jinake prati vyakti dvArA samAyojana kara pAnA atyadhika sAhitya ke AdhAra para tanAva ko apane DhaMga se samajhane aura samajhAne kaSTakara hotA hai / kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra 'tanAva' kA zAbdika artha __'jaba kisI bhI padArtha para par3ane vAle dAba se padArtha ke vibhinna zabda kozoM meM tanAva ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM ke rUpa AkAra meM parivartana ho jAtA hai to use tanAva yA TAna kahA jAtA hai| meM dabAva, dAba, bhAra, prabhAva, taMgahAlI, taMgI, vipatti, kaSTa, takalIpha, isa prakAra uparyukta paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate TAna, pratibala, bala, jora, mahattva, balAghAta, balAtmaka,svarAghAta, haiM ki tanAva vyakti ke sAmAnya sukha-caina pUrNa jIvana meM paidA hone vAlI prayatna Adi zabda prApta hote haiN| aMgrajI meM bhI tanAva ke lie prezara gar3abar3I yA becainI hai| koI bhI paristhiti jo hamArI sAmAnya jIvana dhArA (Pressure), iphekTa (Effect), hArDazipa (Hardship), DisTresa ko asta-vyasta kara de, use hama 'tanAva utpanna karane vAlI' paristhiti (Distress) Tenzana (Tension) mekeniksa (Mechanics), imphezisa kaha sakate haiN| (Emphasis) imporaTeMsa (Importance) phoneTiksa (Phonetics) impeliMga phorsa (Impelling Force) veTa phorTa (Weight effort) tanAva se utpanna zArIrika sthitiyA~ Adi milate haiN| pAzcAtya cintakoM cArlsavartha aura nAthana ke anasAra tanAva ke pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti kI nimnalikhita sthitiyA~ dekhI jAtI haiM . Jain Education Intemational

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tanAva : kAraNa evaM nivAraNa 1.manda pAcana kriyA (Digestion Slows) - tanAva ke pahuMcAne ke lie hRdaya kI dhar3akana bar3ha jAtI hai| kAraNa pAcana kriyA manda hone se rakta kA pravAha mAMsapeziyoM tathA 7.raktacApa bar3ha jAtA hai| mastiSka kI ora bar3hane lagatA hai, jo apaca kI sthiti se bhI jyAdA 8.vidyuta rAsAyanika evaM strAvoM (Harmons) kI UrjA adhika mAtrA khataranAka hai| meM utpanna hone lagatI hai / lekina AvazyakatAnusAra kArya na hone se mAMsapeziyoM meM tanAva ke rUpa meM pratibaddha ho jAtI hai| 2.tIvra zvAMsa (Breathing gets faster)- tanAva kI 9. nirantara raktacApa ucca rahane se dila kA daurA yA raktAghAta sthiti meM zvAMsa kI gati teja ho jAtI hai, kyoMki mAMsa peziyoM ko (Heart attack or Brain Haemorrhage) ho jAtA hai| adhika oNksIjana kI jarUrata hotI hai| 10.zvAMsa kI gati tIvra rahane se damA Adi zvAMsa kI bimAriyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| 3.hRdaya gati kA bar3hanA (Hearts speeds up)- tanAva 11.eDrInAlIna kA strAva banda hone se, hRdaya kI gati kama va ke kAraNa hRdaya kI gati bar3ha jAtI hai, sAtha hI raktacApa bhI bar3hatA hai| raktavAhiniyA~ zithila ho jAtI haiM jisake pariNAma svarUpa behozI A jAtI hai| 4.pasInA AnA (Perspiration increases)- tanAva tanAva se utpanna zArIrika sthitiyoM ke sambandha meM bhAratIya kI sthiti meM vyakti ke zarIra se adhika mAtrA meM pasInA Ane lagatA hai| evaM pAzcAtya cintakoM meM jo saMkhyAtmaka bheda hai, vaha bheda koI vizeSa artha nahIM rakhatA / yadi dekhA jAe to cArlsavartha aura nAthana tathA 5.mAMsapeziyoM meM kar3Apana (Muscles tense)- tanAva yuvAcArya mahAprajJa dvArA batAyI gayI uparyukta zArIrika sthitiyA~ eka dasare ke kAraNa mAMsapeziyAM pramukha kArya ke lie kar3I ho jAtI haiN| meM samAvezita ho jAtI haiN| 6.rAsAyanika prabhAva (Chemicals action)- tanAva kI tanAva ke kAraNa sthiti meM rAsAyanika padArtha rakta meM milakara usakA thakkA jamA dete haiN| tanAva utpanna karane meM kaI tattva kAma karate haiM - saphalatA, asaphalatA, lobha, krodha, dveSa, IrSyA, atyadhika mahattvAkAMkSA aadi| 7.zarkarA tathA vasA (Sugars and Fats)- tanAva kI pAzcAtya cintakoM ne bhI prAyaH tanAva ke do kAraNa mAne haiM12vajaha se rakta meM zarkarA tathA vasA kI mAtrA bar3ha jAtI hai jo ki tIvra 1. Antarika kAraNa- tanAva ke Antarika kAraNoM meM zakti utpanna kara use kArya karane ke lie sAdhana kA kAma karatI hai| Antarika pravRttiyAM tathA cintana jo hamAre dvArA agamita honA cAhate yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ne bhI isa sambandha meM kahA hai ki tanAva kI haiM, ko liyA gayA hai| nirantara sthiti bane rahane para zArIrika gar3abar3I utpanna ho sakatI hai| 2.bAhya kAraNa- tanAva ke bAhya kAraNoM meM ve sabhI bAteM isase zarIra meM sthita dabAva tantra nirantara sakriya rahatA hai| dabAva tantra AtI haiM jo tanAva utpanna karatI haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM - ke antargata hAipothelemasa (Hypothelemus), pIyUSa granthi (1) yAtAyAta kA avarUddha honaa| (Pituitary gland), eDrInala granthiyAM (Adrenal glands) aura (2) zahara kA pradUSaNa yA dUSita vAtAvaraNa / svAyata nAr3I saMsthAna kA anukampI vibhAga (Sympathetic part of (3) kaoNphI kA pAMcavA~ pyaalaa| Auto Nerves System) Ate haiM / jisake kAraNa zarIra meM ghaTita (4) ve dukAnadAra, jo javAba na deN| hone vAlI zArIrika sthitiyA~ nimna prakAra kI ho jAtI haiN|1 - (5) krodhita adhikaarii| 1.pAcana kriyA manda yA bilkula sthagita ho jAtI hai / inake atirikta bhI kucha bAhya kAraNa aura haiM, jo isa prakAra 2.lAra granthiyoM ke kArya-sthagana se muMha sUkha jAtA hai| 3. cayApacaya kI kriyA meM tejI A jAtI hai| (1) ve kAma, jinake sampanna hone ke AsAra nahIM dikhAI dete hai| 4. zvAMsa tejI se calane lagatI hai tathA hAMphane lagate haiN| (2) ve bacce, jo bAtoM para kabhI dhyAna nahIM dete / 5.yakRta dvArA saMgRhIta zarkarA ko atirikta rUpa se rakta pravAha meM (3) ve vyakti jo nirantara apanI galatiyoM ko chupAne meM hI lage chor3a diyA jAtA hai, jisase vaha hAtha-paira kI mAMsa peziyoM taka paha~ca rahate haiN| jaaye| tanAva ke kAraNoM para prakAza DAlate hue DaoN0 homsa 6.zarIra meM adhika rakta kI AvazyakatA vAle bhAgoM taka use (Dr. Homes) aura DaoN0Ara0rAhe (Dr.R. Rahe) ne bhI jIvana Jain Education Intemational

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56 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 vivAha 35 1 zailI ke parivartanoM ke sambandha meM kucha mahattvapUrNa tathya diye haiM, jo isa ke samAna ananta haiM / 19 tRSNA kI upasthiti meM zAMti nahIM mila sakatI prakAra haiM13 haiM / icchAeM-AkAMkSAeM dina-pratidina bar3hatI jA rahI haiM, jisase naye-naye kra0saM0 ghaTanA AviSkAra hote jA rahe haiN| kisI ne kahA bhI hai-AvazyakatA AviSkAra dampati meM se kisI eka kI mRtyu kI jananI hai (Necessity is the mother of Invention) / talAka AvazyakatA aura AviSkAra kA krama nirantara calatA rahA, jisakA coTa yA bImArI duSpariNAma vizvayuddha ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane aayaa| Aja aise-aise yuddha AyudhoM jaise-eTama bama, hAiDrojana bama, megATana bama aura Dramsa De kA kArya se niSkAsana aviSkAra ho cukA hai, jo kucha hI kSaNoM meM sampUrNa vizva ko naSTa kara sevAnivRtti deN| dhana, sattA aura yaza kI lipsA meM mAnava pAgala ho rahA hai / ata: laiMgika samasyAeM sampUrNa vizva hI tanAva se grasita hai / jaise-jaise lAbha hotA hai, lobha kI kArya (vyavasAya) meM parivartana 29 vRtti bar3hatI hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai- 'jyoM-jyoM lAbha jIvana kI sthitiyoM meM parivartana ___ 25 hotA hai, tyoM-tyoM lobha bar3hatA jAtA hai / lAbha lobha ko bar3hAne vAlA 10. sone yA AhAra sambandhI AdatoM meM parivartana 16 hai| do mAsA sone se hone vAlA kapila kA kArya lobhavaza karor3oM se uparyukta tAlikA meM dI gaI ghaTanAoM ke aMka sabhI vyaktiyoM bhI pUrA na ho sakA / 20 dazavaikAlika ke anusAra- krodha se prIti kA, para samAna rUpa se lAgU nahIM hote, phira bhI ina kAraNoM se tanAva to mAna se vinaya kA, mAyA se mitratA kA aura lobha se sabhI sadguNoM kA avazya hI utpanna hotA hai, cAhe usakA kitanA hI pratizata kyoM na ho| nAza hotA hai / 21 tRSNA, lobha, lipsA, svArtha parAyaNartA tanAvoM ke yadi inakA yoga 300 ho jAtA hai to use mahAtanAva se grasita mAnA pramukha kAraNoM meM se haiM / sAdhvI kanakaprabhA ke zabdoM meM - 'vinAza ke jAtA hai| isa taraha aMkoM ke AdhAra para tanAva ke kAraNoM kI tIvratA- vibhinna upakaraNoM ke bhAra se ladA vizva karAha rahA hai evaM pecIdA mandatA kA bhI nirdhAraNa ho jAtA hai / rAjanaitika sthitiyAM use aura bhI ulajhA rahI haiM / sattA kA vyAmoha, jaina dRSTi meM tanAvoM kA mUla kaSAya ko mAnA gayA hai / kaSAya vistAravAdI manovRtti aura asmitA kA poSaNa, inase AkrAnta hokara 'kaSa' aura 'Aya' ina do zabdoM ke yoga se banA jaina dharma kA eka vizvacetanA usa caurAhe para khar3I hai, jisakI koI bhI rAha nirApada nahIM pAribhASika zabda hai, jisakA artha hai- karmoM kA bandhana / mUlata: kaSAya hai / 22 cAra hI haiM- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha / 5 ye kaSAyika vRttiyA~ arthAt mAyA-lobha aura krodha-mAna kramaza: rAga tathA dveSa kI jananI haiN|16 tanAva ke prakAra isIlie AgamoM meM krodha ko kSamA-zAMti se, mAna ko mRdutA-namratA tanAva ke prakAroM ko vyaktigata, pArivArika evaM vizvavyApI se, mAyA ko RjutA-saralatA se aura lobha ko toSa-saMtoSa se jItane rUpoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM - kA mArga batAyA gayA hai| tIvratA-mandatA aura sthAyitva ke AdhAra para bhI AgamoM meM inheM puna: cAra-cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - vyaktigata tanAva- pratyeka kSetra meM kArya karane vAle vyakti anantAnubandhI, apratyAkhyAnI, pratyAkhyAnI aura saMjvalana / 18 anantAnubandhI tanAva se grasita haiN| cAhe mila mAlika ho, majadUra ho, vyApArI ho, kaSAya ananta kAla taka, apratyAkhyAnI kaSAya kA samaya eka varSa, karmacArI ho, prazAsaka ho, seTha ho, vakIla ho athavA adhyApaka hopratyAkhyAnI kaSAya kA samaya cAra mAsa tathA saMjvalana kaSAya kA samaya sabhI vargoM ke loga kisI na kisI kAraNa se tanAvayukta jIvana jI rahe pandraha dina mAnA gayA hai / jaise-jaise kaSAyika parte khulatI jAtI haiM, haiN| pratyeka vyakti apane se ucca-stara ke vyakti ko dekhatA hai, usakI vaise-vaise azAnti, AkulatA evaM tajjanya tanAvoM kI parateM svayaM sukha-suvidhAoM ko dekhakara unheM prApta karane meM juTa jAtA hai / jisake anAvarita hotI jAtI haiN| kAraNa usakA dina kA caina va rAta kI nIMda taka harAma ho jAtI hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM vijJAna ke dvArA jitanA bhI audyogika nIMda lene ke lie bhI auSadhiyoM kA sevana karanA par3atA hai| yadi vaha vikAsa huA hai, usake aniyantrita hone ke kAraNa, mAnava jIvana hI suvidhAeM prApta kara bhI letA hai to kabhI TelIphona kI ghaMTI usakI nIMda asantulita ho gayA hai| audyogika krAnti ke kAraNa bhautika abhivRddhi meM vyavadhAna DAla detI hai| dhana milane para bhI sukha mila jAye, yaha to huI lekina sAtha hI AvazyakatAeM bhI asImita ho gaIM, jisase Avazyaka nahIM hai / asantoSa-kleza ke kAraNa vaha asvastha ho jAtA lAlasA, lobha tRSNA bhI bar3hI aura tanAvoM kA vikAsa huA, kyoMki hai, raktacApa jaisI bImArI kA zikAra ho jAtA hai / apane upalabdha sukhoM icchAeM ananta haiM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA bhI gayA hai- icchAeM AkAza ko bhUlakara bAhya jagat meM vyakti usako DhU~r3hatA phiratA hai, ThIka usI Jain Education Intemational

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tanAva : kAraNa evaM nivAraNa 57 prakAra jaise mRga apanI nAbhi meM sthita kastUrI kI suvAsa kA vana-vana hai| kabhI hiMsA kI bhAvanA AtI hai to kabhA pratizodha kI / ghaTanA kucha meM khojatA hai, parvata aura kandarAoM meM DhUMr3hatA hai, lekina apane bhItara bhI nahIM hotI lekina badale kI bhAvanA lambe samaya taka calatI rahatI nahIM jhA~ka pAne ke kAraNa kaSTa pAtA rahatA hai / isI sandarbha meM hai| vyakti apanI pUrI zakti isI meM lagA detA hai aura yahI tanAva kA kabIradAsajI ne bhI kahA hai .23 kAraNa hotA hai| 'kastUrI kuNDala basai, maga DhUMDhe bana mAhiM / raudradhyAna se utpanna bhAvanAtmaka tanAva cAra sthitiyoM meM utpanna taise ghaTa-ghaTa rAma haiM, duniyA dekhe nAhiM / / ' hotA hai . isI prakAra mAnava bhI lobha ke vazIbhUta, sukha kI khoja meM (1) hiMsAnubandhI ___- hiMsA kA anubandha, amUlya mAnava bhava ko tanAva se grasita kara letA hai, lekina use sukha (2) mRSAnubaMdhI - jhUTha kA anubandha, nahIM mila pAtA hai| (3) steyAnubandhI * corI kA anubandha aura, pArivArika tanAva- lobha kI vRddhi ke kAraNa hI parivAra (4) saMrakSaNAnubaMdhI - parigraha ke saMrakSaNa kA anubandha / meM tanAva utpanna hotA hai| pitA-putra meM, bhAI-bhAI meM, sAsa-bahU meM aura ye cAroM hI sthitiyA~ tanAva utpanna karatI haiM / zArIrika tanAva yahAM taka ki pati-patnI meM bhI lobha va avizvAsa utpanna hone ke kAraNa eka samasyA hai to mAnasika tanAva usase ugra samasyA hai aura bhAvanAtmaka pratidina lar3AI-jhagar3A, manamuTAva, dveSa, IrSyA Adi ke kAraNa tanAva tanAva to vikaTa evaM bhayaMkara samasyA hai / isakA pariNAma mAnasika bar3hatA jAtA hai / yadi parivAra meM santoSa vyApta ho to tanAva kI sthiti tanAva se bhI jyAdA ghAtaka hai| hI utpanna nahIM hotI hai| cArlsavartha aura nAthana ne bhI apanI pustaka 'sTresamainejameMTa' vizvavyApI tanAva- vyaktigata aura pArivArika tanAvoM kA (Stress Management) meM tanAva ke prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vistRta rUpa hI samAja aura vizva meM dekhane ko milatA hai / asantoSa, jinakA yahAM para kevala nAmollekha kiyA jA rahA hai| tanAva ke ye prakAra lobha, avizvAsa hI saMgharSa utpanna karane ke mUlabhUta kAraNa hote haiM / Aja nimnalikhita haiN| sattA aura samRddhi kA moha, choTe rASTroM kA bar3e rASTroM kI taraha banane kI bhAvanAtmaka tanAva (Emotional), pArivArika (Family), hor3a, bar3e rASTroM meM zakti vistAra kI bhAvanA, sAmrAjyavAda kI spardhA jaise sAmAjika (Social), parivartanAtmaka (Change), rAsAyanika aneka kAraNa eka rASTra ko dUsare rASTra ke prati saMdigdha banA rahe haiM, jisake (Chemical), kArya kA tanAva (Work), nirNayAtmaka (DecikAraNa vizva meM tanAva bar3ha rahe haiN| sion), rUpAntarita (Commuting), bhaya (Phobic), zArIrika yuvAcArya mahAprajJa ne bhI tanAva ke tIna prakAra batAye haiM- (Physycal), bImArI (Disease), vedanA (Pain), tathA vAtAvaraNa zArIrika tanAva, mAnasika tanAva aura bhAvanAtmaka tanAva / pratyeka (Environmental), sambandhI tnaav| vyakti ina tanAvoM se grasita hai / ye tanAva nimna rUpa haiM isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sabhI cintakoM ne tanAva ke zArIrika tanAva- jaba vyakti zArIrika zrama karate-karate alaga-alaga prakAra batAye haiM / saMkhyA kI dRSTi se samAnatA na hote bhI thaka jAtA hai to mAMsapeziyAM vizrAma cAhatI hai| yadi pUrNarUpeNa vizrAma kucha prakAra eka-dUsare se milate julate haiM aura kucha bilkula bhitra haiN| nahIM mila pAtA hai to zArIrika tanAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| mAnasika tanAva- isakA mukhya kAraNa hai- adhika cintana tanAva-mukti ke upAya yA socanA / kucha loga to isa bImArI se itane grasita ho gaye haiM ki uparyukta varNita tanAvoM ke kAraNoM evaM prakAroM ko dUra karake binA uddezya ke bhI lagAtAra kucha na kucha socate rahate haiM aura isI ko vyakti tanAva, se mukta ho sakatA hai, kyoMki jaba vyakti hI tanAva rahita apane jIvana kI saphalatA mAnate haiM / anAvazyaka cintana, manana ke ho jAyegA to parivAra, samAja va vizva apane Apa tanAva mukta ho kAraNa hI mAnasika tanAva utpanna hotA hai| jaayegaa| AcArya tulasI ne bhI isa sandarbha meM kahA hai ki28 . bhAvanAtmaka tanAva- isa tanAva ke mUlakAraNa haiM - Artta 'sudhare vyakti samAja vyakti se rASTra svayaM sudharegA / aura raudradhyAna / 25 jo vastu prApta nahIM hai, use prApta karane kA prayatna 'tulasI' aNu kA siMhanAda, sAre jaga meM prasaregA / karanA, usI meM nirantara lage rahanA ArtadhyAna hai / isameM vyakti manonukUla mAnavIya AcAra saMhitA meM arpita, tana-mana ho / vastu ko prApta karane ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai tathA apriya yA mana saMyamamaya jIvana ho / ' ke viparIta vastu se chuTakArA pAne kA bhI prayatna karatA rahatA hai / isI yahA~ para kucha tanAva-mukti ke upAyoM kA ullekha kiyA jA kAraNa bhAvanAtmaka tanAva utpanna hotA hai / raudradhyAna bhI isakA eka rahA hai jo isa prakAra haiM - pramukha kAraNa hai |mn meM nirantara saMkalpa-vikalpa kI sthiti banI rahatI .

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58 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 . manovaijJAnika vidhi dvArA tanAva mukti pazupAlana, samAjasevA Adi meM ruci lekara apane tanAva ko kama karatA manovaijJAnikoM, ne tanAva kama karane ke lie pratyakSa evaM hai| apratyakSa do prakAra kI vidhiyoM kA varNana kiyA hai / kucha manovaijJAnikoM (II) pRthakkaraNa (Withdrawl) - isake antargata vyakti ke anusAra-tanAva kama karane kI ye vidhiyA~, vyakti ko apane vAtAvaraNa apane Apako usa sthiti se pRthaka kara letA hai jisake kAraNa tanAva se bahuta samaya taka samAyojana karane yA na karane ke lie upayukta ho utpanna hotA hai / jaise- jaba koI kisI kA majAka ur3AtA hai to vaha sakatI haiM para inakA uddezya usake kaSTa kI bhAvanA ko sadaiva kama karanA una logoM se milanA-julanA hI baMda kara detA hai| hai / 29 ye vidhiyA~ isa prakAra haiM (III) pratyAvartana (Regression) - vyakti apane tanAva ko kama karane ke lie vaisA hI vyavahAra karane lagatA hai jaisA vaha pahale 1.pratyakSa vidhiyoM (Direct methods of tension Re- karatA thaa| jaise- jaba ghara meM do bAlaka ho jAte haiM, taba bar3A bAlaka duction)- pratyakSa vidhiyoM kA prayoga vizeSa rUpa se samAyojana kI mAtA-pitA kA utanA hI prema pAne ke lie choTe bacce kI taraha ghuTanoM kisI vizeSa samasyA ke sthAyI samAdhAna ke lie kiyA jAtA hai|30 se calanA, haTha karanA Adi kriyAe~ karane lagatA hai| ye nimna haiM (IV) divAsvapna (Day-Dreaming) - tanAva ko kama (I) bAdhA kA vinAza yA nivAraNa (Destroying or karane ke lie vyakti kalpanA jagat meM vicaraNa karane lagatA hai| Removing the Barrier)- isake antargata vyakti usa bAdhA kA (V) AtmIkaraNa (Identification) - vyakti isa vidhi meM nivAraNa karatA hai jo usake uddezya pUrti meM bAdhaka banatI hai / jaise eka kisI mahAn purUSa, abhinetA, rAjanItijJa Adi ke sAtha eka ho jAne hakalAne vAlA vyakti apane doSa se mukta hone ke lie muMha meM pAna kA anubhava karatA hai / jaise - bAlaka apane pitA se va bAlikA apanI DAlakara bolane kA prayAsa karake usameM saphalatA prApta karatA hai| mAtA se tAdAtmya sthApita karake unake kAryoM kA anukaraNa kara prasanna (II) anya upAya kI khoja (Seeking another path)- hote haiM, jisase unakA tanAva kama ho jAtA hai / uddezya prApti meM Ane vAlI bAdhA kA nivAraNa karane meM jaba vyakti (VI) nirbharatA (Dependence) - tanAvoM ko kama karane asaphala ho jAtA hai, to aura kisI upAya kI khoja karane lagatA hai ke lie vyakti apane ApakoM kisI dUsare para nirbhara kara apane pUrNa jisase use saphalatA mila sake / udAharaNArtha per3a para lage phala hAtha jIvana kA dAyitva use sauMpa detA hai / jisa prakAra vyakti mahAtmAoM ke se nahIM tor3a pAne ke kAraNa bacce use DaMDe se tor3a lete haiN| ziSya banakara unake AdezoM va upadezoM kA pAlana kara jIvana-yApana (III) anya lakSyoM kA pratisthApana (Substitution of karate haiN| other Goals)- jaba mUla lakSya meM hI saphalatA prApta nahIM ho pAtI (VII) Bilfare F41149 (Rationalisation) - culih hai to vyakti apanA lakSya hI badala detA hai tathA dUsare lakSya ko nirmita vAstavika kAraNa na batAkara aise kAraNa batAtA hai jo asvIkAreM na jAya~ kara letA hai / jisa prakAra bacce varSA ke kAraNa khela ke maidAna meM khelane aura isa prakAra vaha apane kArya ke aucitya ko siddha karatA hai, jisa nahIM jA pAte haiM to ghara meM hI dUsarA khela khelane lagate haiN| prakAra dera se Aphisa Ane para vyakti sahI bAta na batAkara basa nahIM (IV) vyAkhyA va nirNaya (Analysis, Decision)- jaba milane yA Trephika jAma kI bAta kahatA hai| vyakti ke sAmane do samAna rUpa se vAMchanIya, para virodhI icchAe~ hotI (VIII) damana (Repression)- isameM vyakti tanAva kama haiM to vaha pUrva anubhavoM ke AdhAra para soca-vicAra kara anta meM kisI karane ke lie apanI icchA kA damana kara detA hai / eka kA cunAva karane kA nirNaya kara letA hai| jisa prakAra eDavarDa aSTama (IX) prakSepaNa (Projection)- vyakti apane doSa ko dUsare ke samakSa vaha iMglaiNDa kA rAjA rahe yA miseja simpasana se vivAha kare, para Aropita kara tanAva kama kara lete haiM / jaise mistrI dvArA banAye gaye kA prazna ubharA thaa| taba unhoMne rAjapada kA tyAga kara miseja simpasana makAna kI dIvAra yadi Dhaha jAtI hai to vaha kahatA hai ki sImenTa hI se vivAha karane kA nirNaya liyA thaa| kharAba thaa| (X) kSatipUrti (Compensation) - eka kSetra kI kamI 2.apratyakSa vidhiyA~ (Indirect Methods of Tension ko usI kSetra meM yA dUsare kSetra meM pUrA karake vyakti apane tanAva ko kama Reduction) - apratyakSa vidhiyoM kA prayoga kevala duHkhapUrNa tanAva ko kara letA hai| jaise- par3hane-likhane meM kamajora bAlaka rAta-dina mehanata kama karane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| ye vidhiyA~ nimna prakAreNa haiM- karake acchA chAtra bana jAtA hai yA khelakUda meM dhyAna dekara usameM yaza (1) zodhana (Sublimation)- jaba vyakti kI kAma pravRtti tapta na hone prApta kara letA hai| ke kAraNa usameM tanAva utpanna karatI hai taba vaha kalA, dharma sAhitya, Jain Education Intemational

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tanAva : 'kAraNa evaM nivAraNa adhyAtma dvArA tanAva mukti bhautika vikAsa ke phalasvarUpa utpanna tanAvoM se trasta mAnava Aja adhyAtma kI ora agrasara ho rahA hai| aba vaha jAna rahA hai ki adhyAtma arthAt dharma kI zaraNa meM hI zAMti saMbhava hai Aja vaijJAnika vikAsa para adhyAtma kA niyantraNa Avazyaka hai / 32 dharma meM rata rahakara yA adhyAtma sAdhanA dvArA tanAva mukta huA jA sakatA hai| kahA bhI gayA hai 'eko hu dhammoM tANaM arthAt ekamAtra dharma hI tiMrAne vAlA hai / 13 AtmasantoSa evaM AtmajAgRti dvArA tanAvamukti lobha kA tyAga kiye binA saMtoSa kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI hai aura santoSa hI zAnti kA ekamAtra upAya hai| kahA bhI gayA hai - godhana, gajadhana, vAjidhana aura ratanadhana khAna / jaba Ave santoSadhana saba dhana dhUri samAna / / santoSa ke sAtha-sAtha AtmajAgRti kA honA Avazyaka hai| jaba taka dRSTi parivartita nahIM hogI, tanAva mukti saMbhava nahIM hai / jaba vyakti apane bhItara meM sthita ho jAyegA, bhItara chupI apAra sukha rAzi ko prApta kara legA taba vaha tanAva se svataH mukta ho jaayegaa| zrI yogIrAja DaoN0 bodhAyana ke anusAra 'apanI sArI parezAnI kA kAraNa vyakti svayaM hai / koI dUsarA duHkha nahIM detA hai / hama svayaM duHkha ko grahaNa karate haiN| hameM svayaM hI ise tyAga kara tanAva dUra karane hoMge / 34 AtmA meM ananta zakti hotI hai| sukha-duHkha usI ke dvArA hote haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA bhI gayA hai- AtmA hI duHkha aura sukha ko dene vAlA hai| yahI mitra aura zatru hai| jo AtmA hai, vahI vijJAtA hai aura jo vijJAtA hai vahIM AtmA hai| sukha kI AzA meM dUsare ko jAnane meM rata rahanA vyartha hai / apane ko jAnanA hI sukha hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI kahA jo eka Atmatattva ko pahacAna letA hai vaha saba kucha jAna letA hai| jaina AgamoM meM to AtmA ko hI paramAtmA mAnA gayA hai|" ataH tanAva mukti ke lie Atmazakti ko jAgRta karanA hogaa| jaba AtmA ke bhItara chupe sukha ko vyakti prApta kara legA to tanAva*mukta hI nahIM varan parama pada arthAt mokSa ko bhI prApta ho jAyegA / samatA dvArA tanAva mukti AtmA-zakti ko jAna lene ke bAda samatA kA vikAsa to svata: ho jAtA hai, kyoMki samatA AtmA kA hI guNa hai / samatAmaya jIvana ho jAne para tanAva svayaM dUra bhAga jaayeNge| saMyamita vyakti meM rAgadveSa kI bhAvanA nahIM rahatI hai| usake lie sabhI prANI samAna hote haiM / vaha kisI ko kisI bhI prakAra kA duHkha nahIM denA cAhatA hai| isa prakAra rAga-dveSa kama ho jAne para tanAva svataH hI khatma ho jAyegA / 59 mandatA va mana, vacana, kAya ke yogoM para niyantraNa honA hI dhyAna kI saphalatA hai / mana kI ekAgratA hI dhyAna hai / 39 sthira cintana, mana kI sulIna dazA aura citta kI ekAgratA hI dhyAna hai" kyoMki tanAva kA pramukha kAraNa mana hai aura mana ko dhyAna dvArA hI niyantrita kiyA jA sakatA hai / maharSi pataMjali ne bhI kahA hai ki cittavRtti kA nirodha hI yoga haiM" aura apane aSTAMga yoga meM unhoMne dhyAna ko samAdhi se pahale sthAna diyA hai / 42 jaba dhyAna ke dvArA mana ekAgra ho jAyegA to jIvana svataH hI tanAva mukta ho jAyegA / kAyotsarga dvArA tanAva mukti 1 kAyotsarga kA prayoga tanAva mukti kA prayoga hai kAyotsarga meM zarIra kI zithilatA va mamatva ke visarjana kA abhyAsa kiyA jAtA hai, jisase zarIra sarvathA halkA va tanAva rahita ho jAtA hai| mAnasika bojha kama ho jAtA hai kAyotsarga tanAva mukti kA acUka prayoga hai, jo isakA prayoga karatA hai vaha tanAva mukta ho jAtA hai| aisA kabhI nahIM hotA hai ki vyakti kAyotsarga kare aura tanAva mukta na ho / 43 1 cArlsavartha aura nAthana ne bhI kAyotsarga ko tanAva mukti kA eka mahattvapUrNa prayoga batAyA hai| unhoMne apanI pustaka 'sTresa mainejameMTa' (Stress Management) meM isake bAre meM vistRta carcA kI hai / 44 prekSAdhyAna dvArA tanAva mukti terApaMtha dharma saMgha ke dazama AcArya zrI mahAprajJa ne jaina AgamoM kA maMthana karake dhyAna kI eka abhinava prakriyA prekSAdhyAna ko jana-samUha ke sAmane prakAzita kiyA hai| yaha prakriyA upAdAna ko jAnane kA abhyAsa hai| jo vyakti prekSAdhyAna kI prakriyA se gujaratA hai vahA~ cetanA ko jagAne vAle upAdAna kA vikAsa karatA hai / 45 tanAvoM se mukti pAne ke lie ve sarala upAya batAte hai ki Aja kA jIvana hI tanAvagrasta hai / pratikSaNa tanAva utpanna karane vAlI ghaTanAeM ghaTatI rahatI haiN| usa tanAva ko visarjita karane kA eka mAtra upAya hai- dIrgha zvAMsa prekSA / yadi koI vyakti 15-20 minaTa taka dIrgha zvAMsa prekSA kA prayoga karatA hai to pUre dina bhara kA tanAva dUra ho jAtA hai| zvAMsa ke mAdhyama se kisa prakAra tanAva rahita huA jA sakatA hai, isakI carcA cArlsavartha aura nAthana ne bhI kI hai|" prekSAdhyAna bahirjagat se antarjagat kI ora le jAne vAlA prayoga hai, jo tanAva se grasita vyakti, samAja va rASTra ke lie paramAvazyaka hai / svAdhyAya aura sAmAyika (samabhAva) dvArA tanAva mukti satsAhitya kA adhyayana karane se acche vicAra mana meM Ate haiN| apane hita-ahita kA jJAna hotA hai| svAdhyAya se vyakti svayaM ko pahacAna kara tanAva mukta ho sakatA hai| AcArya zrI hastImala jI ke dhyAna aura yoga dvArA tanAva mukti dhyAna se Atmika zAMti prApta hotI hai| viSaya kaSAyoM kI anusAra 'jIvana kI viSamatA aura mana kI asvasthatA se mukti pAne kA

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 mArga svAdhyAya hai|" isI meM Age kahate haiM "ghara-ghara, kuTumba-kuTumba UMce stara vAle logoM kI nakala karane se icchAeM bar3hatI haiM, lekina aura jAti-jAti meM lar3AI,jhagar3e, kalaha, kleza, aura vaira-virodha cala unakI pUrti na kara pAne ke kAraNa vaha mAnasika tanAvoM se grasita rahatA rahe haiM, ve svAdhyAya se hI dUra ho sakate haiM / 49 sAmAyika se hI hai| ata: sAdA jIvana jIne se ina tanAvoM se mukta huA jA sakatA hai| samatAbhAva AtA hai| sAmAyika ke bAre meM upAdhyAya amara muni kA kahanA hai- "sAmAyika bar3I hI mahattvapUrNa kriyA hai| yadi yaha ThIka rUpa bhAvanAoM se tanAva mukti se jIvana meM utara jAe to saMsAra-sAgara se ber3A pAra haiM'50 arthAta vyakti bhojana-bhajana meM sAttvikatA hone se prANI-prANI kA hRdaya tanAva-mukta jIvana yApana kara sakatA hai / maitrI, pramoda, karUNA aura mAdhyastha bhAvoM se AplAvita rahatA hai / jaina dharmAnusAra maitrI, pramoda se mana meM prasannatA, nirbhayatA aura Atmika ahiMsA dvArA tanAva mukti Ananda kA saMcAra hotA hai| karUNA mAnavIya saMvedana ke prati jAgarUkatA jaina darzana kA mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai-- ahiMsA / vyaktigata tathA sahAnubhUti aura mAdhyastha bhAvanA vyakti meM taTasthatA pradAna karatI tanAvoM ke sAtha-sAtha vizvavyApI tanAva bhI isase dUra ho sakate haiN| hai, hIna bhAvanAoM, nirAzAoM, rAga-dveSAtmaka vikalpoM se pIr3ita mana ahiMsA se dayA, dAna, paropakAra, sahanazIlatA, sahiSNutA, prema kI ko zakti pradAna karatI hai / 54 nizcaya hI maitrI pramoda, karUNA aura udAtta bhAvanAeM jAgRta hotI haiM / ahiMsA dvArA sampUrNa vizva meM ekatA mAdhyastha bhAvanAe~ jIvana ko pUrNatA kI ora le jAtI haiM / jisase aura zAnti kA sAmrAjya sthApita ho sakatA hai / Aja mahAtmA gAMdhI mAnava tanAva-rahita ho samasta sadaguNoM kA udbhava apane jIvana meM karatA aura unakI ahiMsA vizvavikhyAta hai| aparigraha se tanAva mukti cintana rahitatA se tanAva mukti ahiMsA ko grahaNa karane vAlA parigraha se svata: mukta ho jAtA adhika socanA yA cintana karanA hI mAnasika tanAva kA hai| aparigraha kI bhAvanA se tRSNA zAMta ho jAtI hai, jisase santoSa pramukha kAraNa hai / atIta kA cintana aura bhaviSya kI kalpanA hI tanAva prApta hotA hai aura svata: hI tanAva samApta ho jAte haiM, kyoMki aparigraha ko utpanna karatI hai / 55 tanAva se mukta hone kA artha hai vartamAna meM jIvana kA artha hI hai - padArtha ke prati mamatva yA Asakti kA na honA / vastutaH yApana karanA / atIta ke cintana va bhaviSya kI kalpanA ko chor3anA mamatva yA mUrchA bhAva se saMgraha karanA parigraha kahalAtA hai arthAt mUrchA hogaa| tabhI mana ko vizrAma milegA va tanAva dUra hogA / 56 cintA rahita hI parigraha hai / 51 parigraha ko jaina Agama meM eka aisA vRkSa mAnA gayA hokara hI Anandamaya jIvana jiyA jA sakatA hai| hai, jisake skandha arthAt tane lobha, kleza aura kaSAya haiM / 52 ata: aparigraha kI bhAvanA vyakti ko tanAva rahita kara sakatI hai| indriya saMyama dvArA tanAva mukti sabhI indriyAM apanA-apanA poSaNa cAhatI haiM / yadi inapara anekAnta dvArA tanAva mukti niyantraNa na kiyA jAye to inakI icchA, lAlasA bar3hatI calI jAyegI, anekAnta ke siddhAnta se durAgraha samApta hote haiM / isa jisakA koI aMta nahIM hai / isIlie tanAvoM kI vRddhi jArI rahatI hai| siddhAnta se eka-dUsare ko samajhane kA prayAsa karane se tanAva dUra hogeN| jo vyakti pA~ca indriyoM aura mana para vijaya prApta kara letA hai,vaha tanAva isI sandarbha meM sAdhvI kanakaprabhA kA kahanA hai- "vartamAna ke sandarbha meM mukta ho jAtA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA bhI hai -- bhI syAdvAda kI arhatA nirvivAda hai / isameM vaiyaktika, sAmAjika, ege jie jiyA paMca, paMca jie jiyA dasa / rASTrIya aura antarrASTrIya sabhI samasyAoM kA sundara samAdhAna sannihita dasahA u jiNitANaM, savva satu jiNAmaha / / 57 hai| jaina darzana kI yaha mAnyatA sampUrNa vizva ke lie eka vaijJAnika dena isaprakAra pA~ca indriyA~, mana aura cAra kaSAya --ina dasa ko hai|53 anekAntika dRSTi kA dainika jIvana meM yadi vyavahAra hone lage to jItane vAlA Atmika zatruoM ko jIta kara tanAva mukta ho jAtA hai / nizcaya hI vyakti, samAja va rASTra meM vyApta tanAva-dvanda samApta hokara samanvaya, sneha, sadbhAvanA, sahiSNutA tathA upazama-mRdutA jaise udAtta kaSAya maMdatA aura tanAva mukti guNoM kA prAdurbhAva hogA, jo nizcaya hI jIvana darzana ko eka naI dizA kaSAya yAnI krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ke vaza meM mAnava degaa| tanAva grasta rahatA hai| isake viparIta inakI maMdatA hI tanAva muktatA hai| kaSAya AtmA ke zatru haiM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM to kaSAya ko agni kahA sAdA jIvana-ucca vicAra se tanAva mukti gayA hai|58 inako jItane kA upAya dazavaikAlika59 meM batAte hae kahA pratyeka vyakti uccastarIya jIvana jInA cAhatA hai / apane se gayA hai Jain Education Intemational

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tanAva : kAraNa evaM nivAraNa uvasameNa haNe kohaM, maddavayA jinne| Stress Management, Souvenir Press Ltd. London, mAyaM cAjjava bhAveNaM, lobha saMtoSao jiNe / / Ist Edition 1996, Page 18. arthAta krodha ko upazama se, mAna ko madatA se, mAyA ko 4. Tension is a state of disequilibrium, which disposes saralatA se aura lobha ko saMtoSa se jItanA caahie| the organism to do somthing to remove the stimu lating condition. saMkalpa dRr3hatA se tanAva mukti Gates & Others, Educational Psychology, Page301. saMkalpa meM ananta zakti hai / dRDha saMkalpa ke dvArA mazkila 5. Tension means a general sense of disturbance of se muzkila kArya bhI AsAna ho jAtA hai| muni mohana lAla zArdUla ne equilibrium and of readiness to atler behaviour to bhI kahA hai - "manuSya ke saMkalpa meM aparimita zakti hotI hai| jaba vaha meet some almost distressing factor in the sitution. saMkalpa bala ko saMjokara kisI anuSThAna ke lie prastuta hotA hai to Drever Dectionary, An Introduction to Psychology of Education, Page- 296. kucha bhI asaMbhava nahIM raha jAtA hai| manuSya jaba sudRr3ha nirNaya karake baMdhana 6. Norman Tallent, Psychology of Adjustment, tor3anA cAhe to vaha pratyeka baMdhana tor3a sakatA hai, isameM koI saMzaya ___Nostrand, Ist Edition, Page461.' nhiiN|60 ata: mAnava dRr3ha saMkalpita ho tanAvoM se avazya hI mukta ho , 51 7. Stress may be defined broadly as the external sakatA hai| stimulus condition, noxious or depriving which demand very difficult adjustment-Rosen and Gegary. saMyamita AhAra se tanAva mukti DaoN0 eca0 ke0 kapila, Adhunika naidAnika manovijJAna, hara prasAda kahA gayA hai "jaisA khAye anna, vaisA hogA mana" / vyakti kA bhArgava, AgarA, prathama saMskaraNa, 1991-92, pRSTha 304 / bhojana yadi tAmasa va rAbasa kI apekSA sAtvikatA se ota-prota hai to 8. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, prekSAdhyAna: kAyotsarga, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM usake AcAra-vicAra meM bhI zuddhatA, nirmalatA aura bhavyatA parilakSita tRtIya saMskaraNa 1989, I0 san pRSTha-1 / hogI, kyoMki hamAre mana kI sambandha hamAre AhAra se hotA hai / hama jaisA 9. Edward A.Charlesworth and Ronald G. Nathan, AhAra leMge, hamAre vaise hI vicAra hoMge / akhAdya aura apeya padArtha Stress Management, London, Page 4. Atmatattva ko apakarSa kI ora le jAte haiN| jisase hamAre zarIra ke 10. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, prekSAdhyAna: kAyotsarga, lADanaM, pRsstth-2| mukhya aMgoM (hRdaya; mastiSka Adi) para burA prabhAva par3atA hai| isIlie 11. vahI, pRsstth-3|| kahA gayA hai ki tanAva jaisI bhaMyakara sthiti se bacane ke lie mana kI 12.Charlesworth and Nathan, Stress Management, svasthatA anivArya hai aura mana tabhI svastha raha sakatA hai jaba, nirAmiSa, London, Page 20 saMtulita evaM vAsanAoM ko uddIpta na karane vAle padArtha yAnI sAtvika 13. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, prekSAdhyAna : kAyotsarga, lADanUM, pRsstth-5| bhojana hI grahaNa kiye jaayeN|61 14.jainendra siddhAnta koza (khaNDa 2) jinendra varNI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, prastuta Alekha meM saMkSepa meM tanAva mukti ke kucha upAya batAye dillI, tRtIya saMskaraNa 1992 I0 san pRsstth.33| gaye haiM, jisase hama sarvathA tanAva mukta ho sakate haiM / sahI DhaMga se yadi 15. kohaM mANaM ca mAyaM ca lobhaM ca pAvavaDvaNaM / vame cattAri dose u icchaMto hiyamappaNoM / / inheM jIvana meM utArA jAya to mAnava jIvana se tanAva zabda hI gAyaba dazavaikAlika, vAcanA pramukha AcArya tulasI, jaina zvetAmbara jo jAyegA / jaba vyakti saMyamita jIvana yApana karane lagegA to vyakti terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA, vi0 saMvat 2020, 8/36 / hI nahIM varan parivAra, samAja, rASTra aura yahAM taka ki vizva bhI tanAva 16. mAyA- lobhehiMto rAgo bhvti| mukta ho jaayegaa| koha-mANehiM to doso bhavati / / - nizIthacUrNi, gAthA 132 / upAdhyAya amaramuni, sUkti triveNI, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, sandarbha prathama saMskaraNa 1968 I0 pRSTha 222 / 1. DaoN. haradeva bAharI, aMgrejI-aMgrejI hindI koza, jJAnamaNDala limiTeDa. 17. uvasameNa haNe kohaM mANaM bhaddavayA jinne| vArANasI, prathama saMskaraNa 1995 I0 sana, pRSTa 1083 / mAyaM cajjavabhAveNa lobhaM saMtosao jiNe / / 2. pI0 DI0 pAThaka, zikSA manovijJAna, vinoda pustaka mandira, dazavaikAlika, AcArya tulasI, kalakattA, vikrama saMvat 2020, ___ AgarA, tIsavAM saMskaraNa, 1996 I0 san pRsstth-412| 8/36 / 3. Edward A. Charlesworth and Ronald G. Nathan, 18.jainendra siddhAnta koza (khaNDa-2) jinendra varNI, dillI, pRSTha34 Jain Education Intemational

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62 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 80. 19. icchA hu AgAsa samAagaMtiyA / dhyAna tu viSaye tasminnekapratyaya santati / uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sAdhvI zrI candanA, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, paM0 haragovinda zAstrI, abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, prathama saMskaraNa 1972,9/48 vArANasI, prathama saMskaraNa 1964 I0, 1/84 / 20. jahA lAho tahA laho, lAhA loho pavaDthaI / 40. zrIcanda surANA 'sarasa', dhyAna yoga: rUpa aura darzana, jayapura pRSTha do mAsa kapaM kajjaM, koDie vi na niTThiyaM / / 22 / . uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sAdhvI zrI candanA, AgarA, 8/17 / 41. yogazcittavRtti nirodhH| 21. koho pIiM paNAsei, mANo viNaya naasnno| brahmalIna mani, pAtaMjalayoga darzana, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI mAyA mittANi nAsei, lobho savva viNAsaNo / / caturtha saMskaraNa 1990 I0 sana, 1/2 dazavaikAlika, AcArya tulasI, kalakattA, 8/37 / 42. ymniymaa'snpraannaayaamprtyaahaardhaarnnaadhyaansmaadhyo'-ssttaavnggaani|| 22. sAdhvI kanakaprabhA mahAvIra vyaktiva aura vicAra, Adarza sAhitya vahI, 2/29 / saMgha, curU, pRSTha 80 43. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, prekSAdhyAna:kAyotsarga, laaddnuuN| 23. DaoN0 mAtA prasAda gupta, kabIra granthAvalI-sAkhI, prAmANika prakAzana, 44.Charlesworth and Nathan, Stress Management, __ AgarA, prathama saMskaraNa, 1968, 53/1 / London, Page 39. 24. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, prekSAdhyAna: kAyotsarga lADanUM, pRSTha 18 / 45. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, mana kA kAyAkalpa, Adarza sAhitya saMgha,curU, 25. tattvArthasUtra, paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, pRSTha 67 / vArANasI, tRtIya saMskaraNa - 1976, 9/29 / . 46. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, prekSAdhyAna : zvAsaprekSA, lADanUM caturtha saMskaraNa 26. hiMsA'nRtasteya viSaya saMrakSaNebhyoM raudrbhvirtdeshvirtyo|| 1989 I0 sn| vahI, 9/36 / 47. Charlesworth and Nathan, Stress Management, 27.Charlesworth and Nathan, Stress Management, London, Page 60. ___London, Page 39. 48. AcArya zrI hastImala jI mahArAja, gajendra vyAkhyAna muktA, puSTha 1 28. AcArya tulasI, nandana nikuMja, Adarza sAhitya saMgha curU, pRSTha- 49. vahI, pRSTha 196 / 254 / 50. sAmAyikasUtra, upAdhyAya amaramuni, pRSTha 284 / 29.Gates and others, Educational Psychology, Page 51. mucchA pariggaho vRtto| 692. dazavaikAlika, saM0 AcArya tulasI, kalakattA, 6/20 / 30. Direct methods, are typically employed to solve a 52. praznavyAkaraNasUtra, saM0 amaramuni jI mahArAja, sanmati jJAnapITha, particular adjustment problem once and for all, Ibid. AgarA, 5/17 / / 31. Indirect methods are employed soley for the alle- 53. sAdhvI kanakaprabhA, mahAvIra vyaktitva aura vicAra, curU pRsstth-44| viation of unplesant tension. Ibid. 54. satveSu maitrI guNiSu pramodaM, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpA prtvm| 32. sAdhvI kanakaprabhA, mahAvIra, vyaktitva aura vicAra, curU / madhyastha-bhAva viparIta vRtau, sadA mamAtmA vidadhAt deva / 33. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sAdhvI zrI candanA, AgarA, 14/40 / zrAvakAcAra, amitagati, anantakIrti digambara jaina granthamAlA na02, 34. zrI yogIrAja DaoN0 bodhAyana, dhyAna yoga se tanAva mukti pRSTha 20 / bambaI, prathama saMskaraNa 1992 I0 san 13/99 / 35. appAkattA vikattA ya, suhANa ya duhANa y| 55. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, prekSAdhyAna : kAyotsarga, lADanUM, pRSTha 18 / appA mittamamittaM ca, khuppaddao duppaTThio / / 56. yuvAcArya mahAprajJa, kisane kahA mana caMcala hai, lADanUM pRSTha 136 / uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sAdhvI zrI candanA, AgarA, 20/37 / 57. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, sAdhvI zrI candanA, AgarA, 23/36 / 36. je AyA se viNNayA / je viNNAyA se AyA / 58. kasAyA aggiNo vuttA / AcArAMgasUtra, (prathama zrutaskandha), yuvAcArya madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana vahI, 23/53 / samiti, byAvara, prathama saMskaraNa 1980 I0 san 5/6/171 / 59. dazavaikAlika, saM0 acArya tulasI, kalakattA, 8/38 / 37.je egaM jANai - se savvaM jANai / vahI, 3/4/129 / 60. muni mohanalAla zArdUla, jaina darzana ke paripArzva meM, lADanUM, 38. appA viya paramappA / bhAvapAhur3a, AcArya kundakunda / dvitIya saMskaraNa 1989 I0 san pRSTha 143 / 39.cittassegayA havai jhANaM Avazyakaniyukti haribhadra sUri, zrI 61. muni mahendra kumAra va jeThAlAla jhaverI, prekSAdhyAna : svAsthya bherUlAla kanhaiyAlAla koThArI dhArmika TrasTa, bambaI, prathama saMskaraNa vijJAna, lADanUM, prathama saMskaraNa 1984 / vikrama saMvat 2038, 1463, pRSTha 188 / Jain Education Intemational

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guNasthAna : manodazAoM kA AdhyAtmika vizleSaNa zrI abhayakumAra jaina AtmahitaiSiyoM evaM adhyAtma-jijJAsuoM ke lie 'guNasthAna' sampanna hai, para karmAvaraNa se AvRtta hai, jisase isake yathArtha svarUpa kA adhyAtma ke kSetra meM jainadarzana kI anupama dena hai / Atma-vikAsa kI darzana nahIM hotA / jaise-jaise karmAvaraNa kI ghaTA ghanI hotI jAtI hai, bhUmikAoM kA itanA vaijJAnika tathA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa anya darzanoM vaise-vaise Atmika zaktiyA~ dabatI jAtI haiM aura jaise-jaise karmAvaraNa meM milanA asambhava hai / guNasthAnoM meM manodazAoM kA AdhyAtmika haTatA (dUra hotA) jAtA hai, vaise-vaise AtmA kI zaktiyA~ prAdurbhUta vizleSaNa, cittavRttiyoM ke kramika unnayana kA manovaijJAnika citraNa, (prakaTa) hotI jAtI haiM / yaha Atmika utkrAnti hI guNasthAna hai / 10 Atmazodhana tathA Atma-pariSkAra kA yathAtathya prarUpaNa, AtmA ke jaba taka AtmA karmAvaraNa se Abaddha rahatI hai, taba taka yaha uttarottara vikAsa kA sUkSma vivecana tathA bhAvadhArA ke ArohaNa-avarohaNa apanI avikasita dazA meM banI rahatI hai tathA jaba yaha apane sampUrNa kA krama bar3I sUkSmatA se nirUpita hai| vaidika, bauddha Adi itara karmoM kA kSaya kara karmAvaraNa ko bilakula haTA detI hai taba yaha apane dArzanikoM ne adhyAtma kI gaharAiyoM ko prasphuTita karane kA yadyapi prayAsa yathArtha rUpa ko pA letI hai, usakI sArI zaktiyA~ prakaTa ho jAtI haiN| kiyA hai, tathApi jaisA vistRta, kramabaddha, sUkSma, sAGgopAGga, spaSTa aura yahI usake vikAsa kI carama avasthA hai| saMsArI jIva apanI avikasita tarkasaMgata prarUpaNa guNasthAnoM meM hai, vaha apUrva hai| dazA (mithyAtva) se AdhyAtmika zaktiyoM kA vikAsa karatA huA guNoM ke sthAnoM ko 'guNasthAna' kahA gayA hai- guNAnAM sthAnAni vikAsa kI antima (karmamukta) avasthA taka pahu~cane kI ceSTA karatA iti guNasthAnAni / yahA~ guNoM kA artha hai Atma-zaktiyA~ aura sthAna se hai| isI ko Atmika utkrAnti kahate haiN| tAtparya hai- Atma vikAsa kI kramika avasthAe~ yA zreNiyA~ / 'jIva ke karmabandha yA karmAvaraNa ke kAraNa yaha jIva apanI Atmika svabhAvabhUta jJAna, darzana aura cAritrarUpa guNoM ke upacaya aura apacaya se zaktiyoM ko prAdurbhUta nahIM kara pAtA jisase vaha svarUpalAbha se vaMcita unake svarUpa meM jo bheda hotA hai, vaha guNasthAna hai / ' karmAvaraNa kI rahatA hai / bhagavatI-sUtra11 meM pramAda aura karmabandha ke kAraNa batalAe gae tIvratA aura mandatA ke phalasvarUpa nAnA jIvoM ke pariNAmoM meM bhinnatA haiN| svAmikArtikeyAnuprekSA12 tathA dravyasaMgraha.3 meM yoga aura kaSAya ko pAI jAtI hai / guNasthAna isI pariNAma-bhinnatA ke dyotaka haiM / jaina karmabandha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai / mUlAcAra meM mithyAtva, avirati, AcAryoM ne gaNasthAna kA svarUpa (lakSaNa) aisA hI sthira kiyA hai- kaSAya aura yoga ko karmabandha kA hetu kahA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra15 ke darzanamohanIya Adi karmoM ke 'udaya', upazamare, kSaya, anusAra mithyAdarzana, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga karmabandha ke hetu kSayopazama", Adi avasthAoM se utpanna jina mithyAtvAdi pariNAmoM ke haiN| inameM kaSAya.6, jo mohanIya kA bheda hai, karmabandha kA pramukha hetu dvArA jIva vibhakta kiye jAte haiM, ve pariNAma-vizeSa guNasthAna kahe jAte hai| sabhI karmAvaraNoM meM mohanIya kA prAdhAnya hone se ise karmoM kA rAjA haiN|' moha aura yoga (mana vacana, kAya) ke nimitta se sabhyagdarzana, kahA gayA hai| jaba taka isakI balavattA rahatI hai taba taka anya sabhyajJAna aura sabhyak-cAritrarUpa AtmA ke guNoM kI taratama avasthA- karmAvaraNa bhI tIvra bane rahate haiM aura isake zithila hote hI anya AvaraNa vizeSa ko guNasthAna kahate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM moha aura yoga kI bhI zithila ho jAte haiN| pravRtti ke kAraNa jIva ke antaraGga pariNAmoM meM pratikSaNa hone vAle utAra- mohanIyakarma ke do bheda haiM-darzanamohanIya aura cAritramohanIya / car3hAva kA nAma hI guNasthAna hai| darzanamohanIya AtmA ke darzanaguNa kA ghAta karatA hai / 17 yaha AtmA ke guNasthAna AtmazaktiyoM ke AvirbhAva kI tAratamyabhAvApanna svarUpa kA dhAna nahIM hone detA / phalataH AtmA jar3a aura cetana ke avasthAoM ke sUcaka haiM, jIva ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA patana ke zreSTha viSaya meM mUr3ha avivekI) hI banA rahatA hai, svapara-viveka na hone se mApadaNDa haiN| jIva abhI kisa sthiti meM cala rahA hai tathA yaha Atmika mithyAtvI hI rahatA hai| dUsare, cAritramohanIya ke kAraNa yaha jIva svaparagaNoM ke vikAsa kI kina bhUmikAoM meM pravartamAna hai, isake nizcAyaka viveka pAkara bhI para-pariNati se chUTakara svarUpalAbha kI ora pravRtta nahIM ye guNasthAna haiM / mokSaprAsAda para ArohaNa ke lie ye pAvana sopAna ho pAtA / ataeva cAritramohanIya darzanamohanIya kA anugAmI hai / haiN| jIva ko patana kI (avaguNoM kI) ora se mor3akara guNa-prApti kI darzanamohanIya ke manda, mandatara aura mandatama hote hI cAritramohanIya kI ora unmukha karanA aura use antima avasthA (mokSa) taka pahu~cAnA hI zakti bhI usI bhA~ti kramaza: kSINa ho jAtI hai, jisase AtmA ke vikAsa inakA pradhAna lakSya hai|' kA tathA svarUpalAbha kA patha prazasta hotA hai, vaha svarUpalAbha karane svabhAvataH AtmA anantadarzana, jJAna sukha aura zakti se lagatA hai| Jain Education Intemational

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64 jIva kI prathama avikasita dazA mithyAdRSTi kI hotI hai aura antima vikasita dazA karmavimukta (siddha) kI hotI hai| ina donoM avasthAoM ke bIca pariNAmAnubhavana- AdhyAtmika bhUmikAoM AtmavikAsa kI dazAoM kI aneka avasthAeM hotI hai| inheM jainazAstroM meM caudaha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / inheM hI caudaha guNasthAnoM ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| ye isa prakAra hai- jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 1. mithyAdRSTi, 2. sAsAdana samyagdRSTi, 3. mizra (samyagmithyAdRSTi), 4. avirata samyagdRSTi, 5. dezavirata, 6. pramattavirata 7. apramattavirata, 8. apUrvakaraNa, 9. anivRttikaraNa, 10. sUkSmasAmparAya, 11. upazAntamoha, 12. kSINamoha, 13. sayogIkevalI, 14. ayogIkevalI / yaha caudaha guNasthAna mohanIya karma aura yoga ke nimitta se hai| prathama cAra guNasthAna darzanamohanIya karma ke nimitta se haiM, pAMcaveM se bArahaveM taka ATha guNasthAna cAritramohanIya karma ke nimitta se haiM tathA terahavA~ va caudahavA~ donoM guNasthAna yogoM ke nimitta se hote haiM / 19 terahavA~ yogoM ke sadbhAva se hotA hai aura caudahavA~ yogoM kA abhAva hone para / prathama guNasthAna meM jIva ke audayika bhAva hote haiN| dvitIya meM pAriNAmika'1, tRtIya meM kSAyopazamika tathA cauthe meM aupazamika 3, kSAyika" aura kSAyopazamika tInoM hI bhAva hote haiN| yaha bhAva yahA~ darzanamohanIya kI apekSA se hI pAye jAte haiM, kyoMki prathama cAra guNasthAnoM meM cAritra nahIM pAyA jaataa|" dezavirata, pramattavirata aura apramattavirata ina tIna meM cAritramohanIya kI apekSA kSAyopazamika / pAyA jAtA hai| jaba ki darzanamohanIya kI apekSA uparyukta tInoM hI bhAva hote haiN| upazamazreNI vAle 8, 9,10, evaM 11 guNasthAnoM meM cAritramohanIya kI apekSA se aupazamika bhAva hI hotA hai| kSapaka zreNIvAle 8,9,10, evaM 12 veM guNasthAnoM meM tathA 13 veM, 14veM meM evaM siddhAvasthA meM kSAyikabhAva hI hotA hai| -- 1. mithyAdRSTi- yaha utkrAnti kI prAthamika bhUmikA hai jahA~ se jIva apanI hrAsa kI sthiti se utkrAnti kI ora bar3hatA hai| mithyAtva 27, samyagmithyAtva 28 aura samyaktva 29 tathA anantAnubandhI" krodha, mAna mAyA aura lobha ina sAta prakRtiyoM ke udaya se jinakI dRSTi (zraddhA) mithyA (viparIta) hotI hai vaha jIva mithyAdRSTi hai| mithyAtva ke udaya se yaha tatvArtha kA zraddhAn nahIM karatA athavA viparIta (atattvArtha kA) zraddhAn karatA hai, yathArtha tattva kI ora usakI rUci nahIM rahatI 12 / jisa prakAra jvaraprasta vyakti ko mIThA rasa acchA nahIM lagatA usI prakAra midhyAdRSTi ko yathArthadharma nahIM rUcatA / " ise sva-para-viveka nahIM hotA, sacce deva, zAstra aura gurU meM zraddhA nahIM hotI, jar3a ko cetana mAnatA hai, bhautika sukhoM meM Asakta rahatA hai tathA AcAryAbhAsoM dvArA upadiSTa yA anupadiSTa padArtha ke viparIta svarUpa kA icchAnusAra zraddhAn karatA hai / 34 10 yaha hai ki mithyAtvI hote hue bhI usakI dRSTi pUrNataH ayathArtha nahIM hotI, apitu kisI-na-kisI aMza meM yathArtha bhI hotI hai vaha bAhya jagat ke padArthoM ko, jo lokamAnyatAnusAra jisa rUpa meM abhihita hote haiM, unheM usI rUpa meM dekhatA, jAnatA aura mAnatA hai| jaise ghor3e, U~Ta, hAthI, gAya-baila, pazu-pakSI, strI-purUSa Adi ko usI rUpa meM dekhanA, jAnanA aura mAnanA / meghAcchana sUrya jisa taraha sarvathA AvRta nahIM hotA, usakI prabhA kA kucha-na-kucha AbhAsa hotA haiM, jisase dina hone kA patA calatA hai, vaise hI mithyAtva ke prabala hone para mohodaya kI tIvratA ke phalasvarUpa mithyAdRSTi kI Atma-zakti atyanta hIna pAI jAtI hai, jisase use tattvazraddhAn nahIM hotA / isIlie mithyAdRSTi jIva ko prathama sthAna kI bhUmikA meM samAviSTa kiyA gayA hai / choTe-choTe prANiyoM se lekara samasta asaMjJI tiyaMca tathA manuSya, deva aura nArakiyoM kA bahubhAga prathama guNasthAnavartI (midhyAdRSTi ) hI hotA hai| yaha jIva taba taka isI bhUmikA meM par3e rahate haiM jaba taka ki ve apane purUSArtha ko jAgrata kara tathA viveka ko utpanna kara samyagdRSTi nahIM bana jAte / isa bhUmikA meM pravartamAna sabhI jIvoM kI AtmavikAsa kI sthiti samAna nahIM hotI / kisI para mohodaya kA prAbalya hotA hai to kisI para usase kama yA atyanta manda prabhAva rahatA hai| para, cUMki AtmA svabhAvata: vikAsazIla hai, ataH jAne-anajAne jaba mohamIya karma kA prabhAva kama hone lagatA hai to jIva AtmavikAsa kI ora unmukha lone lagatA hai| phalataH usakI AtmazaktiyA~ (AtmikaguNa) bhI prakaTa hone lagatI haiM, jo Age calakara mohoccheda kA kAraNa banatI haiN| -- sAmAnyApekSayA mithyAdRSTi jIva ke ekAnta, viparIta, vinaya, saMzayita aura ajJAna ye pAMca bheda haiM, para vistAra se (pariNAmoM kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa ) asaMkhyAtaloka pramANa taka bhI bheda ho sakate haiM, kyoMki mohodaya kI tIvratA aura mandatA kI dRSTi se isI eka bhUmikA meM asaMkhya AtmAe~ ho sakatI haiM / (2) sAsAdana yA sAsvAdana samyagdRSTisamyaktvarUpI ratnaparvata ke zikhara se girakara jo jIva mithyAtva bhUmi ke sammukha ho cukA hai ataeva jisane samyaktva kI virAdhanA to kara dI hai, para abhI mithyAtva ko prApta nahIM kiyA hai usako sAsana yA sAsAdana guNasthAnavartI kahate haiN|" aupazamika samyaktva ko pAkara bhI jo jIva anantAnubaMdhI kaSAya ke udaya se samyaktva se cyuta hokara mithyAtva kI ora unmukha ho jAtA hai aura jaba taka vaha mithyAtva kI bhUmi para nahIM pahu~catA taba taka usa bIca kI sthiti meM vaha sAsAdana guNasthAnavartI rahatA hai| yaha sthiti adhika se adhika cha AvalI " / aura kama se kama eka samaya taka rahatI hai|" isa guNasthAna meM prathama guNasthAna kI apekSA Atmazuddhi adhika rahatI hai, para yaha (sAsAdana) prathama guNasthAna ke bAda nahIM hotA, mithyAdRSTi ko prathama guNasthAna kI bhUmikA meM rakhane kA kAraNa apitu Upara ke guNasthAna se girakara nIce kI ora Ate vakta hotA hai|

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guNasthAna : manodazAoM kA AdhyAtmika vizleSaNa 65 yaha apakrAnti kI sthiti meM anantAnabaMdhI kaSAya ke AvirbhAva se hotA sahAvasthAnalakSaNavirodhadoSa 6 kI AzaMkA yahA~ nahIM karanI cAhie, hai| isameM Ane ke bAda jIva niyama se pahale guNasthAna meM pahu~catA hai| kyoMki mitrAmitranyAya" se eka kAla aura eka hI AtmA meM mizrarUpa ratnazekharasUri ne isa guNasthAna ko 'sAsvAdana' bhI kahA hai - saha (samyagmithyAtvarUpa) pariNAma ho sakate haiN| AsvAdanena vartate iti sAsvAdanam / khIra vamana karane vAle ko jisa samyagmithyAdRSTi jIva dezasaMyama yA sakalasaMyama ko grahaNa prakAra khIra kA AsvAda AtA rahatA hai, usI prakAra jo eka bAra (Upara nahIM karatA aura na Ayukarma kA hI bandha karatA hai / maraNa aura ke guNasthAna meM) samyaktva kA AsvAdana kara cukA hai, para vaha usase mAraNAntika samudghAta bhI isa guNasthAna meM nahIM hote tathA yahA~ kA cyuta ho gayA hai, use bhI khIra ke AsvAda ke samAna samyaktva kA jIva niyama se samyaktvarUpa yA mithyAtvarUpa pariNAmoM ko prApta karake AsvAda banA rahatA hai / isIlie yaha jIva sAsvAdana samyagdRSTi hI maraNa karatA hai, kyoMki mizra gaNasthAnoM meM kabhI maraNa nahIM hotaa|50 kahalAtA hai| 4.asaMyata samyagdRSTi guNasthAna- jisa jIva kI dRSTi zaMkA- anantAnubaMdhI yadi samyaktva kA virAdhaka hai to phira samyak (samIcIna, yathArtha) ho vaha samyagdRSTi, jo samyagdRSTi to ho, para usakI gaNanA darzanamohanIya ke bhedoM meM kI jAnI caahie| yadi vaha saMyama kA pAlana nahIM karatA ho, vaha asaMyata samyagdRSTi kahalAtA cAritramohanIya kA bheda hai to phira usase samyaktva kA virAdhana nahIM ho hai| 'jo indriyoM ke viSayoM se tathA sthAvara51 aura trasa52 jIvoM kI hiMsA sakatA aura aisI dazA meM phira sAsana guNasthAna bananA bhI saMbhava nhiiN| se virakta nahIM hai, kintu jinokta pravacana kA zraddhAn karatA hai, vaha dUsare, anantAnubandhI se yadi samyaktva kA nAza ho jAtA hai to phira use avirata samyagdRSTi hai53 / apratyAkhyAnAvaraNacatuSka ke udaya ke (ise guNavartI jIva ko) mithyAdRSTi hI kahanA cAhie, na ki sabhyagdRSTi? kAraNa yaha jIva vrata-niyama dhAraNa nahIM kara pAtA, para yathArtha jJAna aura samAdhAna - anantAnubaMdhI meM dvisvabhAvatA hai arthAt isameM samIcIna dRSTi hone se tattvArtha kA dRr3ha zraddhAnI hotA hai / ata: isake AtmA ke darzana aura cAritra ina donoM ke hI ghAta karane kA svabhAva pAyA Atmika guNoM kA vikAsa prArambha ho jAtA hai aura vaha zAnti kA jAtA hai| ata: yaha cAritra kI hI bhA~ti samyaktva kA bhI virAdhana (ghAta) anubhava karatA hai tathA cAritramoha kI zakti ko nirbala karane ke lie kara sakatA hai| dUsare, sAsana guNasthAnavartI ko mithyAdRSTi na kahakara udyata rahatA hai| samyagdRSTi isalie kahA gayA hai ki isameM mithyAdRSTi se kucha vilakSaNatAe~ saMyama kA AcaraNa nahIM karane para bhI asaMyata samyagdRSTi jIva pAyI jAtI haiM -(1) mithyAdRSTi meM atattvazraddhAn vyakta hotA hai jaba zraddhAna ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa Atma-anAtma ke viveka se sampanna aura ki sAsAdana meM vaha avyakta hotA hai| (2) samyaktva se cyuta ho jAne saptabhayoM se mukta rahatA hai, bhoga bhogate hue bhI unameM lipta nahIM hotA, para bhI khIra-vamana kI bhA~ti sAsAdana meM samyaktva kA AsvAda banA apane vicAroM para pUrNa niyantraNa rakhatA hai, duHkhiyoM para dayA karatA hai, rahatA hai / (3) ata: yahA~ samyagdRSTi vyapadeza bhUtapUrva prajJApana naya kI niraparAdhiyoM kI hiMsA nahIM karatA55 tathA lakSya aura bodha zuddha rahane se apekSA se hai / (4) yahA~ mithyAdRSTi kI apekSA Atmika zuddhi adhika saMyama ke patha para calane ke lie udyata rahatA hai56 / rahatI hai| ata: isa guNasthAna kA pRthak nirdeza ucita hI hai| 5. dezavirata guNasthAna- apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya kA 3.mizra (samyak-mithyAdRSTi) guNasthAna- samyagmithyAtva kSayopazama hone para jina jIvoM ke ekadezacAritra prakaTa ho jAtA hai ve prakRti ke udaya se jaba kisI jIva kI dRSTi kucha samyak (zuddha) aura dezavirati yA saMyatAsaMyata guNasthAnavI kahe jAte haiN| pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kucha mithyA (azuddha-viparIta) ho jAtI hai to use samyagmithyAdRSTi jIva kaSAya ke udaya se yahA~ pUrNa saMyamabhAva to prakaTa nahIM ho pAtA, para kahate haiM / jisa prakAra mile hue dahI aura gur3a kA svAda mizrita (kucha apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa catuSka ke upazama se zrAvakavratarUpa dezacAritra prakaTa khaTTA aura kucha mIThA) hotA hai usI prakAra mizraguNasthAnavI jIva ke ho jAtA hai| trasa hiMsA se virata rahane ke kAraNa yaha saMyata yA dezavratI pariNAma bhI samyaktva aura mithyAtva se mizrita hote haiN| buddhi-daurbalya to hotA hai, para sthAvara-hiMsA se avirata rahane ke kAraNa vaha asaMyata ke kAraNa isa jIva kI sarvajJakathita tattvoM meM na to sarvathA ruci hI hotI bhI hotA hai / isIlie AtmavikAsa kI isa bhUmikA kA apara nAma hai aura na sarvathA aruci hI / isI se vaha na to pUrNa samyagdRSTi hotA 'saMyatAsaMyata' yA 'viratAvirata' bhI hai| manuSya aura tiryaJca ina do hai aura na pUrNa mithyAdRSTi / mile-jule pariNAmoM ke kAraNa hI vaha jIva gatiyoM ke jIva hI isa guNasthAna ke dhAraka ho sakate haiM / deva aura sabhyak-mithyAtvI kahalAtA hai| nArakiyoM ke yaha saMbhava nahIM, kyoMki unameM saMyama kA abhAva hotA hai| utkrAnti karane vAlA jIva prathama guNasthAna se tRtIya (mizra) isa guNasthAna se AtmA kI yathArtha utkrAnti Arambha hotI kI bhUmikA meM pahu~catA hai athavA apakrAnti karane vAlA caturtha Adi hai| cauthe guNasthAna meM jIva ke zraddhA aura viveka jAgRta hote haiM aura guNasthAnoM kI bhUmikA se isa guNasthAna kI bhUmikA meM praviSTa hotA hai isa (53) meM cAritrika vikAsa zurU ho jAtA hai| zrAvaka kI 11 isa taraha utkrAnti aura apakrAnti karane vAle donoM hI prakAra ke jIvoM pratimAe~ isI guNasthAna meM hotI hai / ko yahA~ Azraya milatA hai / zIta aura uSNa kI taraha 6.pramattavirata guNasthAna- AtmavikAsa kI isa bhUmikA meM

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66 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 jIva ke pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya kA kSayopazama ho jAne se pApajanaka (dabAtA) huA car3hatA hai aura kSapakazreNI para karmoM kA kSaya (nAza) karatA vyApAra sarvathA nivRtta ho jAte haiM, para saMjvalana aura nokaSAya kA huA car3hatA hai| upazamazreNI meM 8,9,10 evaM 11 ye cAra gaNasthAna udaya rahane se saMyama ke mala ko utpanna karane vAlA pramAda2 bhI hotA haiM jaba ki kSapakazreNI meM 8,9,10, evaM 12 ye cAra guNasthAna haiN| hai| ataeva aise jIva ko pramattavirata kahA jAtA hai63 / isa guNasthAna yaha sabhI guNasthAna kramaza: hote haiM aura AtmadhyAnI muniyoM ke hI hote meM mahAvratI saMyata sAdhaka sakalasaMyama kA pAlana karate hue zAnti kA haiN| to anubhava karatA hai para kabhI-kabhI pramAdavaza (asAvadhAnI yA udAsInatA 8.apUrvakaraNa guNasthAna- adha:pravRttakaraNa ko bitAkara ke kAraNa) saMyamapAlana meM bAdhA bhI par3a jAtI hai| sAtizaya apramatta sAdhaka jaba pratisamaya anantaguNI vizuddhatA ko liye adhyAtma-vikAsa kI isa bhUmikA meM jIva ke cAritra kI hue apUrva jAti ke pariNAmoM ko karatA hai taba use apUrvakaraNa apekSA kSAyikabhAva hotA hai, para samyaktva kI apekSA aupazamika, guNasthAnavartI kahA jAtA hai / isameM jIva pUrva samaya meM kabhI prApta nahIM kSAyika, kSAyopazamika meM se koI bhI eka bhAva ho sakatA hai, kyoMki hue aise apUrva-apUrva pariNAmoM (bhAvoM) ko dhAraNa karate haiM / isIlie yahA~ bhAvasaMyama kI apekSA hai| ise apUrvakaraNa kahA jAtA hai73 / apUrvakaraNa guNasthAnavI jIva kisI 7.apramattavirata guNasthAna- saMjvalana aura nokaSAya kA naye karma kA upazamana yA kSapaNa to nahIM karate, para mohanIya karma kI manda udaya hone para sakalasaMyamadhArI muni ke jaba pramAda kA bhI abhAva prakRtiyoM kA upazama yA kSaya karane ke lie udyata hote haiM aura pUrvabaddha ho jAtA hai taba vaha apramattavirata kahalAtA hai / yaha Atmacintana aura karmoM kI guNazreNI nirjarA5, guNasaMkramaNa 6 sthitikhaNDana aura Atmazodhana ke prati bar3A sAvadhAna hotA hai / 64 isake do bheda haiM - anumAgakhaNDana karate haiN| 1.niratizaya aura 2.sAtizaya / isa guNasthAna meM bhinnasamayavartI jIvoM ke pariNAma kabhI bhI saMjvalana kA mandodaya hone se pramAda kA abhAva hone para jaba sadRza nahIM hote, para eka samayavartI jIvoM ke pariNAma sadRza aura kevala sAmAnya dhyAnAvasthA rahatI hai aura cAritramohanIya kI 21 visadRza donoM hI hote haiM.9 / isakA kAla antarmuhUrta hai tathA pariNAma prakRtiyoM kA jaba taka upazamana yA kSapaNa kArya prArambha nahIM hotA taba asaMkhyAtaloka-pramANa hai aura ve utarottara pratisamaya samAnavRddhi ko taka kI avasthA svasthAna yA 'niratizaya apramatta' kahI jAtI hai / yaha liye hue hote haiM / isameM niyama se anukRSTi racunA nahIM hotI / (kyoMki apramAdI sAdhaka mahAvratoM65 mUlaguNoM66 aura zIlavratoM se yukta hotA bhinna samayavartI jIvoM ke pariNAmoM meM yahA~ sAdRzya nahIM pAyA jaataa|) hai aura svapara ke viveka (bhedavijJAna) sahita AtmadhyAna meM lIna rahatA 9.anivRttikaraNa guNasthAna- antarmuhUrtamAtra isa guNasthAna hai| yaha zreNI-ArohaNa ke sammukha nahIM hotA68 | pramAda ke udreka aura meM zarIra, avagAhanA Adi bAhya kAraNoM tathA jJAnAvaraNAdika karmoM ke zamana se kabhI-kabhI yaha sAtaveM se chaThe aura chaThe se sAtaveM guNasthAna kSayopazama Adi antaraGga karaNoM kI apekSA bheda hote hue bhI samasamayavartI meM bhI AtA-jAtA rahatA hai| jaise A~khoM kI palakeM (jAgrata avasthA meM) nAnA jIvoM ke pariNAmoM kI vizuddhi meM paraspara koI bheda (nivRtti yA banda hotI haiM aura khulatI rahatI haiM vaise hI yaha chaThe aura sAtaveM viSamatA) nahIM pAyA jAtA / isIlie ise anivRttikaraNa kahA gayA guNasthAnoM meM AtA-jAtA rahatA hai / eka muhUrta meM vaha saikar3oM bAra hai1 / pariNAmoM meM vizuddhi kI sadRzatA kA kAraNa yaha hai ki utaratA-car3hatA hai / eka ora apramAdajanya sukhAnubhava aura dUsarI ora anivRttikaraNa ke jitane samaya haiM utane hI usake pariNAma haiM / isalie pramAdajanya vAsanAe~ usakI mana:sthiti ko caMcala banAye rakhate hai| pratyeka samaya meM eka hI pariNAma hotA hai / isI se bhinnasamayavartI jIvoM jaba apramatta sAdhaka ke Atmika bhAvoM kA rUpa atyanta zuddha ke pariNAmoM meM sarvathA visadRzatA aura ekasamayavartI jIvoM ke pariNAmoM ho jAtA hai to vaha niratizaya apramatta sAdhaka kahalAtA hai / yaha meM sarvathA sadRzatA pAI jAtI haiN| askhalita rUpa se utkrAnti karatA hai aura zreNI car3hane ke sammukha ho cU~ki isa guNasthAna meM bhAvotkarSa kI nirmala vicAradhArA aura jAtA hai| jaisA ki kahA gayA hai bhI tIvra ho jAtI hai, ata: AtmA ke atyanta nirmala pariNAma dhyAnarUpI cAritramohanIya kI 21 prakRtiyoM69 ke upazama yA kSaya karane agni kI sahAyatA se karmarUpI vana ko dagdha kara dete haiM / 82 dhyAnastha ko AtmA ke adha:karaNa apUrvakaraNa aura anivRttikaraNa ye tIna saMyata sAdhaka yA to karmoM ko dabA (upazamana kara) detA hai yA unheM naSTa pariNAma nimitta bhUta haiM / sAtizaya apramatta inameM se niyama se (kSaya) kara detA haiN| yadyapi yahA~ saMjvalanacatuSka kI mandatA ke kAraNa adha:pravRttakaraNa' ko karatA hai.2 / isakA kAla antarmuhUrtamAtra hai aura nirmala huI AtmapariNati se krodha, mAna, mAyA tathA veda kA to samUla pariNAma asaMkhyAtaloka pramANa hai / ye pariNAma Upara-Upara sadRza vRddhi nAza ho jAtA hai, para sthUla lobhakaSAya vidyamAna rahatA hai| isI kAraNa ko prApta hote gae haiN| isa guNasthAna ko bAdara sAmparAya' guNasthAna bhI kahA jAtA hai / 'bAdara' do zreNiyA~ - saptama guNasthAna ke Age upazama aura kSapaka- kA artha sthUla hai aura 'sAmparAya' kA tAtparya saMsAra-paribhramaNa kA ye do zreNiyA~ hotI haiM / upazamazreNI para jIva karmoM kA upazama karatA kAraNabhUta 'kaSAyodaya' hai-3 | Jain Education Intemational

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guNasthAna : manodazAoM kA AdhyAtmika vizleSaNa 10.sUkSmasAmparAya guNasthAna- mohanIya karma kA kSaya yA jIva kA nIce ke guNasthAnoM meM kabhI patana nahIM hotaa| mohanIya karma upazama karake Atmahitecchu sAdhaka jaba samasta kaSAyoM ko naSTa kara detA ke sarvathA abhAva se yahA~ para eka kSAyikabhAva 2 hI mAnA gyaa| hai, kevala sUkSma lobha-kaSAya kA udaya hI zeSa rahA jAtA hai taba AtmA 13. sayogakevalI guNasthAna- kSINakaSAyI vItarAga kI yaha utkarSa-sthiti 'sUkSmasAmparAya' ke nAma se abhihita hotI chadmastha jaba apane antima samaya meM ekatvavitarka 3 nAmaka zukladhyAna hai / jaise dhule hue kasuMbhI vastra meM lAlimA zeSa raha jAtI hai vaise hI ke prabhAva se jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya-karma kI prakRtiyoM kA isa guNasthAnavartI jIva ke sUkSma lobhakaSAya kA udaya pAyA jAtA hai| bhI sarvathA kSaya kara detA hai to usake atIndriyadarzI kevalajJAna prakaTa cAhe upazama zreNI kA ArohaNakartA ho cAhe kSapaka zreNI kA ho jAte haiM / yaha Atma-pariNati hI sayoga-kevalI kI sthiti hai| yogoM arohaNakartA, para jo jIva sUkSma lobha ke udaya kA anubhava kara rahA kA sadbhAva hone se 'sayoga' aura 'kevala' (asahAya) jJAnadarzana ke hotA hai vaha yathAkhyAtacAritra-6 se kucha hI nyUna rahatA hai arthAt svAmI hone se ise 'kevalI' kahA gayA hai / isa guNasthAna ke prathama sUkSmasAmparAyI ke yathAkhyAtacAritra ke prakaTa hone meM kucha hI kamI rahatI samaya meM chadmasthatA kA vyaya (abhAva) aura kevalitva kA utpAda (prApti) eka sAtha hotA hai / kahA gayA hai-- 11. upazAntakaSAya (vItarAga chadyAstha) guNasthAna- jinhoMne kevalajJAnarUpI sUrya kI kiraNoM se ajJAnAndhakAra ko nirmalIphala se yukta jala kI taraha athavA zaradRtu meM Upara svaccha ho sarvathA naSTa kara diyA hai tathA jinheM nau kevala-labdhiyA~ 6 prApta ho jAne jAne vAle sarovara ke jala kI bhA~ti sampUrNa mohanIyakarma ke upazama se se 'paramAtmA'97 kA vyapadeza (saMjJA) prApta ho gayA hai tathA indriya, utpanna hone vAle nirmala pariNAmoM ko 'uzAntakaSAya' kahate haiN|8 Aloka Adi kI apekSA na rakhane vAle jJAnadarzana se yukta hone ke kAraNa isakI jaghanyasthiti eka samaya va utkRSTasthiti antarmuhUrta hai / upazAntakaSAyI kevalI' aura yoga se yukta hone ke kAraNa sayoga tathA ghAtiyA karmoM jIva Age ke guNasthAnoM ko sIdhe prApta nahIM kara pAtA, kyoMki binA se rahita hone ke kAraNa 'jina' kahA jAtA hai unakA svarUpa-vizeSa hI kSapaka zreNI car3he koI bhI jIva dasaveM Adi guNasthAnoM meM nahIM pahu~ca sayogakevalI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / sktaa| jaina tIrthakara isI avasthA ko prApta kara dharma kA pravartana karate yahA~ para mohanIya karma upazAnta to avazya ho jAtA hai, para haiM, jagaha-jagaha vihAra kara prANimAtra ke hita kA mArga prazasta karate haiM, rahatA sattA meM hI hai / ata: jaise hI mohodaya hotA hai, vaha niyama se isa bhavya jIvoM ko mokSa-mArga kA upadeza dekara saMsAra meM mokSamArga ko guNasthAna se cyuta hokara nIce ke guNasthAnoM meM giratA huA dUsare yA prakAzita karate haiM / upadeza dene meM inake vacanayoga kA tathA gamanAdika pahale guNasthAnoM meM pahu~ca jAtA hai / ata: yahA~ se adha:patana niyamataH halana-calana meM kAyayoga kA evaM manaHparyayajJAnI yA anuttarAdi ke devoM hotA hai / bArahaveM guNasthAna meM pahu~cane ke lie karmoM kA kSaya karate hue kI zaMkAoM ke samAdhAna meM inake manoyoga kA prayoga hotA hai|9| jaba kSapaka zreNI kA ArohaNa karanA anivArya hai / isa guNasthAnavI jIva taka arhanta kevalI ke mana, vacana aura kAya kA vyApAra calatA hai taba rAga kA udaya na hone se aura sabhI kaSAyoM kA upazamana ho jAne se taka ve sayogakevalI hI rahate haiM / yaha avasthA kama-se-kama antarmuhUrta vItarAga hote haiM aura ghAtiyA karmoM-9 kA abhI sadbhAva hone se ye taka aura adhika-se-adhika kucha kama eka karor3a pUrva100 taka rahatI chadyastha bhI hote haiM arthAt ghAtiyA karmarUpa chadya meM sthita hone se ye hai| chadyastha bhI haiM / isIlie ye 'vItarAga' chadyastha bhI kahalAte hai| 14. ayogakevalI guNasthAna- jaba arhanta kevalI dhyAnastha 12.kSINakaSAya guNasthAna-kSapakazreNI para ArUr3ha prazAnta hokara apane mana, vacana-kAya kA saba vyApAra avarUddha kara aghAtiyA nirgrantha sAdhaka mohanIya karma ko dhIre-dhIre naSTa karatA huA jaba unheM karmoM501 kA bhI kSaya kara dete haiM to unheM ayogI kevalI kahA jAtA hai| pUrNatayA naSTa kara DAlatA hai to usakA citta sphaTikamaNi ke pAtra meM rakhe ye 18 hajAra zIloM ke svAmI ho jAte haiM, unake karmoM ke Ane ke dvAra hue nirmala jala kI bhA~ti svaccha ho jAtA hai, use vItarAgadeva ne (Asrava) sarvathA avarUddha ho jAte haiM aura karmaraja se sarvathA vimukta ho kSINakaSAya guNasthAnavartI kahA hai / 91 isa guNasthAna kA kAla bhI yogoM se bhI sarvathA rahita ho jAte haiN|02 / antarmuhUrta hai| kevala kSapakazreNI para ArohaNa karane vAle jIva hI dasaveM isa guNasthAna kA kAla a, i,u,R, aura la-ina pA~ca laghu guNasthAna ke bAda sIdhe isa guNasthAna meM pahu~cate haiN| varNoM ke uccAraNa kAla ke barAbara hotA hai / ye apane guNasthAna kAla mohanIya karma ke sarvathA kSINa ho jAne se yahA~ para jIva kI ke dvicarama samaya meM sattA kI 85 prakRtiyoM meM se 72 kA nAza karate Atma-pariNati atyanta nirmala ho jAtI hai| ata: yaha apane dvicarama haiM tathA antima samaya meM zeSa 13 prakRtiyoM kA nAza kara lokAgra meM samaya meM nidrA, nidrA-nidrA kA kSaya karatA hai aura antima samaya meM sthita siddha-zilA para Rjugati se calakara eka samaya meM pahu~ca jAte jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya prakRtiyoM kA kSaya kara DAlatA hai haiN| ve saMsAra se mukta ho jAte haiN| jaise bIja ke bilkula dagdha ho jAne aura niyama se yaha tarahaveM gaNusthAna meM pahu~ca jAtA hai / isa guNasthAnavartI para aMkura paidA nahIM hotA vaise hI karmarUpI bIja ke jala jAne para (samasta Jain Education Intemational

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68 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne para) bhavAGkara (saMsAra) paidA nahIM hotI / 103 7. jaina si0 prave0, pR0 144 saMsAra aura mokSamArga kA yahI antima sthAna hai / yahIM para 8. guNasthAneSu paramapada-prAsAda-zikharArohaNa sopAneSu / zailezI avasthA prApta hotI hai tathA vyuparatakriyAnivRtti zukladhyAna04 - karmastava, de. svo. vRtti-1 rUpa se pariNAma hote haiM jo saMsAra kA pUrNatayA nAza karane meM sarvathA 9. samatA: darzana aura vyavahAra, pR0 104 samartha haiM / isase ratnatrayarUpa karaNa ko prApta kara saMsArAtIta siddhaparyAya 10. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, bhAga 1, pR0544. ko prApta kara lete haiN| saMsAra kA anta ho jAne para bhI Atmadravya kA 11. pamAdapaccayA joganimittaM ca / - bhagavatIsUtra, 1. 3.127 vinAza nahIM hotA, apitu zuddha caitanya rUpa meM usakA astitva banA 12. svAmIkArtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA 102-103 / rahatA hai / isa avasthA meM AtmA jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha karmoM se rahita, 13. jogA payaDipadesA Thidi aNuMbhAgA kasAyado hoti / - dravyasaMgraha, sabhyaktvAdi 8 guNoM se yukta, anantasukhamaya, niraMjana, nitya, kRtakRtya aura lokAya meM (siddha-zilA para) avasthita rahatA haiN|05| 14. micchAdasaNa aviradi kasAyajogA havanti bandhassa / sandarbha - mUlAcAra, 12, 14 / 15. mithyAdarzanAviratipramAdakaSAyayogA: bandhahetavaH / 1. guNAH jJAnadarzanacAritrarUpA: jIvasvabhAvavizeSAH, tiSThanti guNAH asminniti sthAnam / - tattvArthasUtra, 8.1 16. ye cAritraparINAmaM kaSanti zivakAraNam / jJAnAdiguNAnAmevopacayApacayakRta: svarUpabhedaH, - paMcasaMgraha (saMskRta), 1,203 guNAnAM sthAnaM gunnsthaanm| -zataka0 mala0 hema0 vRtti- 14/2 - jo mokSa ke kAraNabhUta cAritra dhAraNa karane ke pariNAma na hone deveM, AtmA ke svarUpa ko kaseM, dukha deveM, unheM kaSAya kahate 2. sthiti ko pUrI karake karma ke phala dene ko 'udaya' kahate haiN| -jaina si0 prave0, pR0 86 haiN| ye ananatA0 4, apratyA0 4, pratyA0 4, saMjvalana 4 aura 3. dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke nimitta se karma kI zakti kI nokaSAya 9 kula 25 hotI haiN| anubhUti ko 'upazama' kahate haiN| 17. jaina si0 prave0 59 18. (a) miccho sAsaNa misso avirasammo ya dezavirado ya / -vahI, pR086 4. karma kI Atyantika nivRtti 'kSaya' hai| viradA pramatta idaro apuvva aNNiya? suhamo ya // 9 // .go0 jIva0 - vahI, pR087 5. vartamAna niSeka meM sarvaghAtI sparddhakoM kA udayabhAvI kSaya tathA uvasanta khINamoho sajogakevalijiNo ajogI y| dezaghAtI sparddhakoM kA udaya aura AgAmI kAla meM udaya meM Ane caudasa jIvasamAsA kameNa siddhA ya NAdavvA // 10 // - go0 jIva0 vAle niSekoM kA sadavasthArUpa upazama-aisI karma-avasthA ko 'kSayopazama' kahate haiN| (ba) tattvArthasAra, 2. 16-17 (sa) SaTkhaM0 saMtasutta, vivaraNasUtra 9 se 23 . . vahI, pR087 19. jaina si0 prave0, pR0 145 6. (a) jehiM du lakkhijjante udayAdisu saMbhavehiM bhaavhiN| 20. jo bhAva karmoM ke udaya se ho, vaha 'audayikabhAva' kahalAtA hai| jIvA te guNasaNNA NiddiTThA savvadarasIhiM // 8 // - jaina si0 prave0, pR0 112 -go0, jIva0 21. jo upazama, kSaya, kSayopazama va udaya kI apekSA na rakhatA huA (ba) anena (guNazabdaniruktipradhAnasUtreNa) mithyAtvAdayo'yogikevaliparyantA jIva kA svabhAvamAtra ho usako 'pAriNAmikabhAva' kahate haiN| jIvapariNAmavizeSAH te eva guNasthAnAnIti pratipAditaM bhavati / - vahI, pR0 112 _ - jIvaprabodhinI TIkA 22. 22. jo karmoM ke kSayopazama se ho, vaha 'kSAyopazamikabhAva' kahalAtA (sa) yaiH bhAvaiH audayikAdibhirmithyAdarzanAdibhiH pariNAmai- jIvA hai| - vahI, pR0 112 gaNyante..... te bhAvAH gaNasaMjJA saMvadarzibhi: nirdissttaaH| 23. jo kisI karma ke upazama se ho vaha aupazamikabhAva' kahalAtA _ - mandaprabodhinI TIkA hai| - vahI, pR0 111 (da) saMskRta paMcasaMgraha (bhAratIya jJAnapITha)-a0 1, kA03, 24. jo kisI karma ke kSaya se utpanna ho, usako 'kSAyikabhAva' kahate haiN| - vahI, pR0 112 25. go. jIva0 gAthA 11 evaM 12 tathA SaTakhaM0 bhAvAnu0 sUtra

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guNasthAna : manodazAoM kA AdhyAtmika vizleSaNa 1apa0, 2,3,4,5 39. go0 jIva0, 19 . 26. go0 jIva0 gAthA 13 evaM 14 tathA SaTakhaM0 bhAvAnu sUtra 40. ratnazekhara, guNasthAnakramAroha, 11 7,8,9 41. kimiti mithyAddaSTiriti na vyaNadizyate cetra, anantAnabandhinAM 27, jisa karma ke udaya se atattvazraddhAn ho, vaha 'mithyAtva' hai| dvisvabhAvatvA pratipAdanaphalatvAt ...... sUtro -jaina si0 prave0, pR059 tthaanuupdesho'pyrpitnyaapekssH| 28. jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ke mile hue pariNAma hoM, jinheM na - ghavalA jIvaTThANa saMtasutta, pR0 165 to samyaktvarUpa kaha sakeM aura na mithyAtvarUpa hI, use 'samyak 42-43. jisakA svayaM anubhava ho sake athavA kadAcit jisakA dUsare -mithyAtva' kahate haiN| jaina si0 prave0, pR059 ko bhI parijJAna ho sake use vyakta aura usase viparIta ko avyakta 29. jisa karma ke udaya se jIva ke samyaktvagaNa kA mUlaghAta to na kahate haiN| ho parantu cala malAdika doSa upajeM usako 'samyaktva prakRti' 44-45. (a) sammAmicchudayeNa jttNtrsbvghaadikjjenn| kahate haiN| -jaina si0 prave0, pR0 59-60 Na ya samma micchaM pi ya sammisso hodi pariNAmo // 21 // 30. jo AtmA ke svarUpAcaraNacAritra ko ghAteM unako anantAnubaMdhI dahiguDamiva vA missaM puhabhAvaM Neva kAriduM sakkaM / catuSka (krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha) kahate haiN| - jaina si0 prave0, evaM missayabhAvo sammAmiccho tti nnaadvvo||22|| -go0 jIva0 pR061| (ba) dhavalA, khaNDa 1, gAthA 109 31. micchodayeNa micchattamasaddahaNaM tu tacca atthANaM / -go0 jIva0, (sa) samyagmithyAtvarucimizraH samyagmithyAtva pAkataH / gAthA 15 suduSkaraH pRthagbhAvo dadhimizraguDopamaH / / -saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1.22 32. tattvAni jinadRSTAni yastathyAni na rocte| 46. jaise paraspara viruddha lakSaNa aura svabhAva vAle agni aura jala mithyAtvasyodaye jIvo mithyAvRSTirasau mataH / / eka sthAna aura eka kAla meM eka sAtha nahIM raha sakate usI bhA~ti - saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1.19 samyagmithyAtvarUpa do paraspara-viruddha bhAva eka kAla aura eka 33. (a) micchantaM vedantoM jIvo vivarIyadaMsaNo hodi / AtmA meM nahIM ho sakate anyathA sahAvasthAnalakSaNavirodha hogaa| Na ya dhammaM rocedi hu mahuraM khu rasaM jahA jrido|| 47. jaise rAma meM zyAma kI apekSA mitrapanA aura rameza kI apekSA - go0 jIva0, 17 amitrapanA ye donoM hI dharma eka hI kAla meM eka sAtha hote haiM (yahI (ba) mUlArAdhanA, gAthA 41, pR0 140; mitrAmitranyAya hai) vaise hI eka hI AtmA meM tattvazraddhAn kI (sa) paTkhaM0 saMtasutta vivaraNa, - gA0 106, pR0 162 apekSA samyaktvapanA aura sarvajJAbhAsa-bhAsita atattvazraddhAna kI (Da) saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1.6 apekSA mithyApanA ye donoM hI dharma eka kAla aura eka hI AtmA 34. (1) micchAiThThI jovo uvai8 pavayaNaM Na saddahadi / meM ghaTita ho sakate haiN| saddahadi asabbhAvaM uvai8 vA aNuvai8 / / 48. zrAvaka ke vratoM (AcAra) kA pAlana dezasaMyama aura muniyoM ke - go0 jI0, gA0 18 AcAra kA pAlana sakalasaMyama kahalAtA hai / (2) mUlArAdhanA, gA0 40, pR0 138; 49. mUla zarIra ko binA chor3e hI AtmA ke pradezoM kA bAhara nikalanA (3) labdhisAra, gA0109; 'samudghAta' hai| isake 7 bheda haiM- vedanA, kaSAya, vaikriyika, (4) saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1-8; (5) chakkhaMDa cUliyA-gAthA, 15 maraNAntika, taijasa, AhAra aura kevalI / maraNa se pahale 35. go0 jIva0, gA0 15 honevAle samudghAta ko mAraNAntika samudghAta kahate haiM / 36. (a) sammattarayaNapavvayasiharAdo micchbhuumismbhimuho| -dR0 dravyasaMgraha, gA010 NAsiyasammatto so sAsaNaNAmo munneyvvo|| 50. (ka) so saMjamaM miNhadi, desajamaM vA Na baMdhade aauN| ___-go0 jIva0, 20 samma vA micchaM vA, paDivajjiya maradi NiyameNa ||23|| (ba) SaTkhaMDAgama, saMtasutta jIvaTThANa, gAthA 108, pR0 166 -go0 jIva0 (sa) saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1.20 (kha) sammattamicchapariNAmes jahiM AugaM pUrA baddha / 37. 38. pudgala paramANu jitane samaya meM AkAza ke eka pradeza se tahiM maraNaM maraNaMtasamugdhA do vi yaNa missami // 24 // dUsare pradeza para jAtA hai utanA samaya kahalAtA hai / aise .go0 jIva0 asaMkhyAta samaya eka samaya kI AvalI hotI hai aura eka zvAsa 51. sthAvara nAmakarma ke udaya se pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu aura meM asaMkhyAta AvalI hotI haiN| Jain Education Intemational

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 vanaspati meM janma lenevAle jIvoM ko 'sthAvara' kahate haiN| 5 indriya-viSaya, nidrA aura 1sneh-15|| - jaina si0 prave0, pR0 120 .jaina si0 prave0, pR0 103 52. trasa nAmakarma ke udaya se dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya aura 63. saMjalaNaNokasAyANudayAdo saMjamo have jmhaa| paMcendriyoM meM janma lene vAle jIvoM ko 'sa' kahate haiN| malajaNaNapamAdo vi ya tamhA ha pamattavirado so / / -jaina si0 prave0 pR0 29 - go0 jI0 32 53. (a) No iMdiyesa virado, No jIve thAvare tase vApi / 64. saMjalaNaNekasAyANudao maMdo jadA jadA hodi / jo saddahadi jiNuttaM sammAiThThI avirado so|| apamattagaNo teNa ya apamatto saMjado hodi / / - go0 jIva0, 29 - go0 jI0 45 (ba) pAkAccAritramohasya vystpraannyksssNymH| 65. paMcAnAM pApAnAM hiMsAdInAM manovaca: kAyaiH / triSvekatamasamyaktvaH smygdRssttirsNytH|| kRtakAritAnumodaistyAgastu mahAvrataM mahatAm // - saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1, 23 - ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra,72, 54. jo kaSAya AtmA ke dezacAritra kA (zrAvaka ke vratoM kA) ghAta kare 66. dharma ke AdhArabhUta gaNoM ko mUlaguNa kahate haiN| gRhastho (gRhasthadharma) usako apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa catuSka (krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha) ke8 aura muniyoM ke 28 mUlaguNa kahe gaye hai| inake binA dharma kahate haiN| kA prArambha hI nahIM ho sktaa| - jaina si0 prave0, pR061 67. vratoM kI rakSA ke lie jo vrata pAle jAte haiM, ve zIlavrata kahalAte 55. (a) apizabdena saMvegAdii samyaktvaguNA: suucynte| haiN| jaise kheta ke aMkuroM kI rakSA ke lie vAr3a kA upayoga hotA ___-jIvaprabo0 TIkA hai vaise hI vratoM kI rakSA ke lie inakA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai| (ba) apizabdenAnukampAdiguNasadbhAvAnipararAdhahiMsA na karotIti suucyte| 68. gaTThAsesapamAdo vayaguNasIlolimaMDio nnaannii| - mandaprabo0 TIkA aNuvasamao akhavao jhANaNilINoha apamatto / / 56. tIrthaMkara mahAvarI aura unakI AcArya paramparA, pR0 545 - gA0 jI0 56 57. (ka) paccakkhANudayAdo saMjamabhAvo Na hodi NavariM tu| 69. apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa-4, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa-4, saMjvalana-4 aura thovavado hodi tado, desavado hodi pNcmo|| hAsyAdika nokaSAya-9, kula 21 prakRtiyA~ / - go0 jIva0, 30 70. AtmA ke pariNAma 'karaNa' kahalAte haiM / cAritramoha kI upayukta (kha) yastrAtA trasakAyAnAM hiMsitA sthAvarAMginAm / 21 prakRtiyoM kA umazama yA kSaya karane ke lie jIva ke apakvASTakASAyo'sau saMyatA'saMyato mataH // adha:karaNa apUrvakaraNa aura anivRttikaraNa- ye tIna pariNAma hote - saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1,24 haiN| adha:karaNa zreNI car3hane ke sammukha sAtizaya apramatta ke hotA 58. jo AtmA ke sakalacAritra kA ghAta kare use pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa hai / apUrvakaraNa AThaveM meM aura anivRttikaraNa naveM guNasthAna meM catuSka (krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha) kahate haiN| hotA hai / inameM pratisamaya utarottara anantaguNI vizuddhatA hotI - jaina si. prava0, pR0 61 jAtI hai jisase karmoM kA upazama tathA kSaya aura sthiti khaNDana 59. jo tasabahAuvirado aviradao tahaya thaavrvhaado| aura anubhAga khaNDana hote haiN| ekkasamayamhi jIvo viradovirado jiNekkamaI // . cU~ki isameM Upara ke samayavartI aura nIce ke samayavartI jIvoM ke - go0 jI0 pariNAma saMkhyA aura vizuddhi kI apekSA samAna hote haiM, isIlie 60-61. jo AtmA ke yathAkhyAta cAritra ko ghAteM unheM saMjvalana ise adha-pravRttakaraNa kahA jAtA hai| - go0 jI0 48 nokaSAya kahate haiM / ISat kaSAya ko nokaSAya kahate haiM / isake 72. igavIsamohakhavaNuvasamaNaNimittANi tikaraNANi tahiM / 9 bheda haiM -hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA, strIveda, paDhamaM adyAvattaM karaNaM tu karodi apamatto / / purUSa aura npuNskved| - go0 jI0 47 62. asAvadhAnI, udAsInatA yA Alasya ko sAmAnyata: pramAda kahate 73. aMtomuhatta kAla gamiNa aghApavattakaraNaM taM / haiM / sidvAntAnusAra saMjvalana aura nokaSAya ke tIvra udaya se paDisamayaM sujjhato, apuvvakaraNaM samalliyaI / / niraticAra cAritra pAlane meM anutsAha ko tathA svarUpa kI asAvadhAnatA -go0jI050 ko 'pramAda' kahate haiM / ye 25 haiM, jaise 4 vikathA, 4 kaSAya, edahmi guNaTThANe visarisasamayaTThiyehiM jIvahiM /

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guNasthAna : manodazAoM kA AdhyAtmika vizleSaNa 71 puvvamapattA jamA hoti apuvvA hu pariNAmA // dete) haiM, ve ghAtiyA karma kahalAte haiM / ve cAra haiM-jJAnAvaraNa, - go0 jI0 51 darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antraay| 74. kSapayanti na te karma zamayanti na kiJcana / 90. jo jIva jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa karmoM ke udaya kI avasthA meM kevalaM mohanIyasya zamanakSapaNodyatAH / / pAye jAte haiM ve saba chadmastha' kahalAte haiM / ye do taraha ke hote saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1.33 haiM - (1) sarAga chadmastha aura (2) vItarAga chadmastha / rAgayukta ko 75. udayakAla se lekara uttarottara saMkhyAtagaNe hIna-hIna samaya meM hI sarAga aura rAgarahita ko vItarAga kahate haiM / 11veM-12veM uttarottara pariNAmavizuddhi hotI jAne se Age-Age asaMkhyAtaguNe- guNasthAna ke jIva vItarAga-chadmastha hote haiM aura 10 veM se pahale asaMkhyAtaguNe adhika karmaparamANuoM kI (guNAkara rUpa se guNita) guNasthAna taka ke sabhI jIva sarAga-chadmastha / nirjarA 'guNazreNI nirjarA' kahalAtI hai / yaha 8veM se 14veM 91. NissesakhINamoho phlihaamlbhaaynnudysmcito| guNasthAna taka hotI hai| khINakasAo bhaNNadi NigaMtho vIyarAyehiM / / 76. prayatnanizeSa se pUrvabaddha sajAtIya azubha prakRtiyoM ko zubha - go0 jI062 prakRtiyoM meM pariNata karanA 'guNasaMkramaNa' kahalAtA hai| 92. jo bhAva kisI karma ke kSaya se utpanna ho vaha kSAyikabhAva 77. udaya meM Ane vAle karmadalikoM kI sthiti ko apakarSaNakaraNa kahalAtA hai / dvArA kama kara denA (ghaTA denA) sthitikhaNDana hai| - jaina si. prave0, pR0 112 78. baddha karmoM kI phaladAna kI zakti ko apakarSaNakaraNa dvArA manda 93. vAyu ke prabhAva se zUnya ghara ke bhItara jalatI huI dIpaka kI sthira kara denA anubhAgakhaNDana hai| jyoti kI bhA~ti ko citta (anata:karaNa) utpAda, sthiti tathA bhaMga 79. saM. paMcasaMgraha, 1.35 / meM se kisI eka hI paryAya meM atizaya sthira hotA hai / use 80. go0 jI0 52-53, ekatvavitarkazukladhyAna kahate haiN| isameM artha, vyaMjana va yoga 81. ye saMsathAnAdinA bhinnAH samAnA: pariNAmataH / kA saMkramaNa nahIM hotA hai| -dhyAnazataka, gA samAnasamayAvasthAste bhavantyanivRttayaH / / 79-80 ___- saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1.38 94. jo trikAlavartI samastha padArthoM ko aura unakI samastha paryAyoM ko 82. hoti aNiyaTTaNo te paDisamayaM jessimekkapariNAmA / eka sAtha pratyakSa jAnatA hai, vaha kevalajJAna hai-sarvadravyaparyAyeSa vimalayarajhANahayavahAsihAhiM NiddaDDa kambhavaNA / / kevalasya-tattvArthasUtra, a01,sU. 29 / yaha indriya, Aloka -go0 jI057 Adi kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA, AtmA se hI jAnatA-dekhatA hai| 83. saMsarati paryaTati saMsAramaneneti smpraayH| isI se yaha atIndriyadarzI aura pratyakSa kahalAtA hai| - isa nirukti ke anusaar| 95. zataka0 mala0 hema0 vRtti 9, pR020-21 84. lobhaH saMjvalanaH sUkSmaH zamaM yatra prapadyate / 96. nau kevala labdhiyA~- (1) kSAyika samyaktva (2) anantadarzana kSayaM vA saMyata: sUkSmaH sAmparAya: sa: kathyate // (3) anantajJAna (4) ananta-cAritra (5) anantavIrya (6) dAna -saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1.43 / (7) lAbha (8) bhoga aura upabhoga 85. kausambho'ntargato rAgo yathA vstre'vtisstthte| 97. sAmAnyatayA jIva kI tIna avasthAe~ hotI haiM - (1) bahirAtmA, sUkSmalobhaguNe ulobhaH zodhyamAstathA tanuH / / (2) antarAtmA aura (3) paramAtmA / samyagdarzana se rahita -saM0 paMcasaMgraha 1.44 mithyAdRSTi jIva bahirAtmA haiN| samyadarzana se sahita sabhI chadmastha 86. kaSAyoM ke sarvathA abhAva se prAdurbhUta AtmA kI zuddhi-vizeSa jIva antarAtmA kahalAte haiM aura sarvajJa ho jAne para sabhI jIvoM ko 'yathAkhyAtacAritra' kahate haiN| ko paramAtmA mAnA gayA hai / cauthe 12 veM guNasthAnavI jIva 87. aNuloha vedaMto jIvo ubasAmago va khabago vaa| antarAtmA aura isase Upara 13veM guNasthAnavI jIva paramAtmA mAne gaye haiN| paramAtmA ke do bheda haiM - sakala aura vikala / cAra so suhumasaMparAo jahakhAdeNUNao kiMci / / ___ - go0 jI060 ghAtiyA vinAzaka arhanta kevalI vikala paramAtmA haiM aura sampUrNa 88. aghomale yathAnIte katake nAmbho'sti nilam / karmoM se rahita siddha sakala prmaatmaa| upariSThAttathA zAntamoho dhyAnena mohane / / kevalaNANAdivAyarakiraNakalAvappaNAsiyaNNANo / - saM0 paMcasaMgraha, 1.47 NavakevalalaghuggamasujaNiyaparamappavabaeso // 89. jo jIva ke jJAnAdika anujIvI guNoM ko ghAtate (prakaTa nahIM hone asahAyaNANadaMsaNasahioidikevalI hajogeNa / Jain Education Intemational

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juttotti sajogijiNo aNAiNihaNArise utto / - go. jIva 63-64 99. bhagavatIsUtra, zataka 5 100. ATha varSa antarmuhUrta kama eka koTipUrva varSa prmaann| 101. jo jIva ke anujIvI guNoM ko na ghAteM unheM aghAtiyA karma kahate haiM / ye cAra haiM - vedanIya, Ayu, nAma aura gotra / 102. sIlesiM saMpatto NiruddhaNissesaAsavo jiivo| kammarayavippamukko gayajogo kevalI hodi // - go0 jI065 103. dagghe bIje yathAtyanataM prAdurbhavati nAGkaraH / karmabIje tathA dagdhe rohati bhavAGkaraH / / - tattvArthAdhigama bhASya, 10.7 104. zaila (parvata) ke samAna kampana (halana-calana kriyA) se rahita hokara zailezI avasthA ko prApta hue kevalI bhagavAn ke vyuparatakriyAnivRtti nAma kA sarvotkRSTa zukladhyAna hotA hai / ve yogoM kA pUrNarUpa se nirodha kara ayoga kevalI nAmaka 14veM guNasthAna meM praviSTa hokara zailezI avasthA ko prApta hote hue isa dhyAna ke dhyAtA hote haiN| 105. aTTavihakamamaviyalA sIdIbhUdA NiraMjaNA nniccaa| aTThaguNA kidakiccA loyaggaNivAsiNo siddhaa|| - go0 jI0, 68 vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna DaoN0 rajjana kumAra dhyAna eka divya sAdhanA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke manISI cAhe jhA~kakara dekhatA hai aura una doSoM ke parimArjana kI vidhi para vicAra ve vaidika paramparA ke hoM athavA zramaNa paramparA ke, sabane dhyAna-sAdhanA karatA hai, taba vaha pragati patha para Age bar3hatA hai / apane bhItara ke doSa ke kSetra meM paryApta uhApoha kI hai| donoM hI paramparA meM dhyAna ko eka ko dekhanA evaM cintana-manana karanA evaM unase mukta hone kA prayatna karanA anuSThAna (karmakANDa) na mAnakara Antarika sAdhanA mAnA gayA hai, hI dhyAna hai / yahI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA hai, kyoMki isa sAdhanA kA pramukha jisakI sahAyatA se manuSya ke vyAkula hRdaya, asthira citta yA udvigna lakSya hai aura apane antara ko prakAzita karanA aura isa prakAza ke mana ko zAnta karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA hai / yaha mAnA gayA hai ki Aloka se apane antara meM chipI huI vAsanAoM ko nirmUla kara sapta par3e mokSa-mukti, kaivalya, vizuddhi jaise sarvocca AdhyAtmika mUlya ko hue, siddhatva ke bIja ko vikasita karanA / isa bIja ko vikasita karane dhyAnAbhyAsa ke dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga kI sAdhanA dhyAna hai| meM takanIkI vikAsa ke dvArA prApta gatizIlatA ne mAnava kI cittavRtti mAnava jIvana AkAMkSAoM aura icchAoM se utpanna samasyAoM ko jo asthiratA dI hai aura jisake kAraNa vaha tanAvagrasta hotA jA rahA kA mahAsAgara hai / ina samasyA-sAgaroM ke kAraNa hI vyakti apane mUla hai usa vRtti ko sthiratA aura santulana dene kA kAma bhI dhyAna kara sakatA uddezya se bhaTaka jAtA hai aura vRttiyoM ke vibhinna rUpoM se prabhAvita hotA rahatA hai, samasyAoM kA nidAna nahIM kara pAne ke kAraNa vikSipta hokara nAnA prakAra ke duHkhoM se pIr3ita hotA rahatA hai / dhyAna ke abhyAsa se dhyAna kA svarUpa vyakti samasyAoM ke mUla kAraNa ko khojane kA prayatna karatA hai| isase mAnava kA parama puruSArtha sacce sukha aura zAnti ko prApta citta dhIre-dhIre zAnta va nirmala hotA hai, buddhi aura viveka jAgRta hote karanA hai / parama zAnti se dvandva miTate haiM / rAga-dveSa, kAmanAdi dvandva haiM, jisase vaha kisI bhI bAta ko gaharAI evaM spaSTatA se pakar3ane lagatA manuSya kI vibhinna vRttiyoM ke paricAyaka mAne gaye haiN| manuSya kI hai| ata: dhyAnI ke samakSa jaba bhI koI samasyA upasthita hotI hai to cittavRttiyA~ inhIM ke kAraNa samatva bhAva meM nahIM raha pAtI haiM aura vaha usakA citta turanta samasyA ke vAsvatika kAraNa taka pahu~ca jAtA hai aura anukUla-pratikUla paristhitiyoM se vicalita hotA rahatA hai / jaba vyakti vAstavika mUla kAraNa ke prApta ho jAne para samasyA kA nivAraNa sugama Atma-darzana yA svadarzana kI sAdhanA karatA hai, apane bhItara ke doSoM ko ho jAtA hai| yaha avasthA kama se kama vikSepoM ke kAraNa hI sambhava hai|

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vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna 73 yahI kAraNa hai ki maharSi pataJjalI' ne sAdhakoM ko vRttiyoM athavA ho jAtA hai aura yahI dhyAna hai / bauddha-paramparA meM dhyAna ke svarUpa ko vikalpoM se mukta hone kA nirdeza diyA hai, kyoMki vikalparahita avasthA spaSTa karate hae kahA gayA hai ki kisI viSaya para citta ko sthira kara hI dhyAna sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| cintana karanA hI dhyAna hai| . AtmA ko pUrvakRta karmoM se utpanna saMskAroM se mukta karane ke bhAratIya saMskRti meM dhyAna aisI sAdhanA hai jo vyakti ke antara lie citta ko vizuddha kiyA jAtA hai / pUrvakRta karmoM yA saMskAroM ke kA zodhana karatI hai / isake abhyAsa se vyakti vRttiyoM, vikalpoM se mukta kAraNa vyakti pramAdI bana jAtA hai, nirantara isI dizA meM cintana karatA hokara eka-cittatA kI sthiti ko prApta kara sakatA hai| vyakti apane rahatA hai ki kaise use bhautika sukha-sAdhana ke sAre upakrama prApta ho kSudra svArthoM aura rAga-dveSa kI pravRtti ko kama karake samAja meM eka jAe~ / eka sAdhana kI upalabdhi hone para dUsare ke lie prayatna prArambha suvyavasthA kI nIMva DAla sakatA hai / usakI yaha pravRtti use to sukha kara detA hai| kintu isa taraha usake prayatna anantakAla taka calate raheM aura zAnti kA vAtAvaraNa upalabdha karAtI hI hai sAtha hI sAtha samAja taba bhI usakI AkAkSAMoM yA icchAoM kI pUrti sambhava nahIM hai| eka ke sabhI prANiyoM ko bhI isa dizA meM vikAsa karane kA avasara pradAna icchA yA vikalpa upasthita huA usakA abhI samAdhAna bhI nahIM huA ki karatI hai / dhyAna se vyakti vinamra ho jAtA hai, usameM svArtha, abhimAna dUsarA vikalpa uTha khar3A huaa| kabhI-kabhI paraspara virodhI vikalpoM yA evaM dInatA kA dhIre-dhIre abhAva hotA jAtA hai aura maitrI, svAbhimAna, icchAoM se vyakti ke mana meM saMgharSa kA aisA vAtAvaraNa upasthita ho sahRdayatA jhalakane lagatI hai / dhyAna kI niyamita sAdhanA cintana aura jAtA hai ki manuSya svayaM se bhAgane lagatA hai, yaha eka atyanta du:khada vyavahAra kI dUrI sadA ke lie samApta kara detI hai / Aja AcaraNa evaM sthiti hai / dhyAna kI sAdhanA se vyakti apramatta cetA ho jAtA hai| AsthA ke bIca jo khAIM bana gaI hai usakA sahI nidAna dhyAna hai| sAMsArika upalabdhiyoM kI nazvaratA ko jAnakara unake prati usakA lagAva dhyAna evaM vaidika paramparA kama hone lagatA hai| vyakti kI viveka zakti jaga jAtI hai| vaha niyaMtrita vaidika vAGmaya meM veda aura upaniSad ati prAcIna haiN| inameM evaM saMyamita jIvana jIne meM vizvAsa karane laga jAtA hai| usakA mana yoga, dhyAna, sAdhanA viSayaka vicAra sthAna-sthAna para milate haiN| vikalpoM ke dvandva meM bhaTakanA banda kara detA hai / usakI yaha avasthA vaidika-paramparA meM dhyAna-viSayaka sAdhanA kA ullekha yoga ke antargata dhyAna kI sAdhanA ke lie upayukta bhUmikA prastuta kara detI hai, kyoMki mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki yoga praNAlI hI sarvAdhika pracalita praNAlI thii| vaha apane mana ko eka vicAra bindu para sthira kara sakatA hai / jaba kisI yoga-sAdhanA maMtrayoga, layayoga, haThayoga, rAjayoga, karmayoga, bhaktiyoga, vyakti kA mana kisI eka vastu para kendrita ho jAtA hai to vaha dhyAna jJAnayoga Adi apane vividha rUpoM meM pracalita rahI haiM / vaidika-vAGmaya kahalAtA hai / AcArya umAsvAti tattvArthasUtra meM dhyAna kI avadhAraNA ko meM vedoM ko bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna milA hai / yajurveda meM yoga ke spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki mana ke cintana kA eka hI vastu para sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki mokSa kI icchA rakhane vAle hama (yogI) loga avasthAna karanA dhyAna hai| __zuddha mana (zuddhAnta:karaNa) se yogaphala ke dvArA prakAzamaya AnandasvarUpa mAnava mana bahuta caMcala hai| vaha kabhI bhI eka sthAna para nahIM ananta aizvarya meM sthita hote haiN| yahA~ yoga sAdhanA yogI kI AdhyAtmika Tika pAtA hai| mAnava-mana kI yaha caMcalatA hI manuSya ke du:khoM kA vRtti kA pariNAma hai| yogIjana yogAbhyAsa ke dvArA mukti yA mokSa-patha kAraNa banatI hai / vyakti sadaiva yahI vicAra karatA rahatA hai ki sArI para agrasara hote haiM aura paramasukha ko prApta karate haiM / yaha yoga athavA duniyA~ usI ke cAroM tarapha AkarSita ho, sabhI manonukUla AcaraNa kr| dhyAna sAdhanA kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai| bAda meM sabhI paristhitiyA~ usake mana ke anusAra ghaTita hoM / lekina yaha sambhava aupaniSadika sAhitya meM dhyAna para vistRta cintana huA aura yoga kA nahIM ho jAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti isa dizA meM aura adhika prayatna Atmaparaka athavA adhyAtmaparaka vivecana bhI kiyA gayA / ise AtmakaranA prArambha kara detA hai| usake usa prayatna ke pariNAma usakI tRSNA jyoti, brahma-svarUpa, Atma-darzana ko prApta karane vAlA kAraka mAnA ko nirantara bar3hAte rahate haiM, jo usake du:kha kA kAraNa banate haiN| dhyAna gyaa| viSNupurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki Atma-jyoti ke darzana ke lie kI sAdhanA se vyakti apanI isa bhUla ko samajhatA hai / vaha yaha vicAra sAdhanA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / jaba sAdhanA samAdhi kI ora agrasara karatA hai ki jaba maiM svayaM aisA cAhatA hU~, merA svayaM kA mana aisA hotI hai taba dhyAna anivArya ho jAtA hai| samAdhi kI prApti meM dhyAna cAhatA hai, to dUsarA aisA kyoM nahIM caahegaa| jaise hI usake mana meM yaha pramukha hai| dhyAna kI anubhUti se hI Atma-svarUpa pragaTa hotA hai aura bhAva jAgatA hai, vaha tRSNArUpI vikalpoM ke mithyAtva se avagata ho dhyAna sAdhanA indriyoM kI bAhya pravRttiyoM se nahIM hotI varan antarmukhI jAtA hai| aba usake mana meM eka hI bAta kauMdhatI hai, vaha hai svayaM ko vRtti se hotI hai / 6 antarmukhI vRtti vyakti ko rAgAdi pravRttiyoM se mukta sudhArane kI / jaba vaha isa avasthA meM A jAtA hai to usake mana meM karatI hai, phalata: sAdhaka bhAvarahita hokara apane sAdhanA patha para Age calane vAlI bahumukhI cintana kI dhArA eka ora pravAhita hone lagatI bar3hatA jAtA hai aura anta meM brahmasvarUpa ho jAtA hai / kaThopaniSad meM hai| isa kAraNa vyakti aneka cittatA se dUra haTakara eka citta meM sthita kahA gayA hai ki yoga-vidyA kA pAlana karake hI naciketA rAgAdi se Jain Education Intemational

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74 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 alipta hokara tathA mRtyu ke bhaya se rahita hokara brahma ko prApta huaa| bahiraMga ke antargata yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma evaM Izvara-prANidhAna upaniSad-yuga meM Atma-sattA kI dhvani adhika guMjarita rhii| ko sthAna diyA gayA hai / ina bahiraMga aura antaraMga sAdhanoM ko apanAkara AtmA jJeya hai, karma-bandhanoM ke tor3ane kA kArya jJAna karatA hai, janma- sAdhaka klezoM kA sarvathA nAza karake samasta prakAra kI cittavRttiyoM se mRtyu cakra, saMkalpa-vikalpoM ko kSINa karanA manuSya kA dhyeya bana jAtA mukta ho sakatA hai / isake lie sAdhaka ko vairAgyavRtti evaM abhyAsa kA hai| lekina sampUrNa kAlika jJAna kI prApti dhyAna karane se hotI hai| Azraya lenA par3atA hai / 11 kyoMki vairAgya ke kAraNa sAdhaka ke mana meM dhyAna se prApta phalazruti zArIrika svasthatA kA prathama sopAna hai / kyoMki saMyamavRtti-utpanna hotI hai / phalasvarUpa usakA mana saMsAra meM bhramaNa nahIM svastha tana meM hI svastha mana rahatA hai| dhyAna se zarIra niroga rahatA hai| karatA hai tathA abhyAsa se AdhyAtmika pravRtti vikasita hotI hai aura vaha halkA, vikAra, vAsanAoM se anAsakta, saurabhayukta, prakAzavAn ho sAdhaka antaraMga meM praveza karatA hai / kahA bhI gayA hai mana ko aneka bAra jAtA hai / mana kI malInatA dUra hone lagatI hai| vyakti madhura vANI kA sthira karanA abhyAsa hai aura sAMsArika mAyA-moha ke viSayoM meM pravRtta na prayoga karane lagatA hai aura madhuratA kI anubhUti bhI karatA hai| dhyAna honA vairAgya hai / 12 kI sAdhanA se manuSya kI smRti kA vikAsa hotA hai / yaha vyakti meM yoga-sAdhanA meM dhyAtA jaba ramaNa karatA hai, taba mana kI zubhavRttiyoM ko jagAtI hai jisase sAdhaka Asakti, kAmanA, krodha jaisI samasta prakriyA upazamita hone lagatI hai| abhyAsa aura vairAgya se mana duSpravRttiyoM se apane ko bacAkara rakhatA hai / gItA meM kahA gayA hai - zAnta aura upazAnta ho jAtA hai| viSayoM se virakti hone lagatI hai aura viSayoM kA cintana karane vAle puruSa kI una viSayoM meM Asakti ho jAtI nirviSayoM meM pravRtti ho jAtI hai / vastuta: dhyAna kA yahI parama dhyeya hai| hai aura Asakti se kAmanA utpanna hotI hai aura kAmanA se krodha utpanna maharSi kapila dhyAna ke svarUpa ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM ki jaba hotA hai, krodha se sammoha utpanna hotA hai, sammoha se smRti bhramita ho vyakti kA mana nirviSayoM meM pravRtta ho jAya, to vahI dhyAna hai / 13 mana ko jAtI hai aura smRti-bhrama se buddhi kA nAza ho jAtA hai| buddhihIna vyakti nirviSayoM meM pravRta karAne meM dhyAna kA bahuta adhika yogadAna mAnA gayA sabhI taraha ke anarthoM kI jar3a mAnA gayA hai / ata: buddhi evaM saMyama kI hai| kyoMki sAdhaka ke mana meM ananta kAla se par3I huI sthUla vRttiyoM rakSA ke lie vyakti ko dhyAna kI sAdhanA avazya karanI caahie| ko jaba taka sUkSma nahIM kiyA jAyegA taba taka nirbIja samAdhi kI prApti vaidikaparamparA meM yoga-viSayaka avadhAraNA kA vikAsa aura sambhava nahIM hai| dhyAna kI sAdhanA se sthUla vRttiyoM ko sUkSma banAyA vistAra dArzanika yuga meM adhika huaa| isa yuga meM yoga athavA dhyAna jAtA hai, taba unakA nAza kiyA jAtA hai| 14 aba ve vRttiyA~ naSTa ho jAtI mAtra adhyAtma vidyA na rahakara eka vyAvahArika siddhAnta ke rUpa meM jAnA haiM taba nirbIja samAdhi jo ki sAdhanA kA parama dhyeya hai prApta kara liyA jAne lagA / yoga sambandhI avadhAraNA ko bahupracArita karane kA pramukha jAtA hai / zreya maharSi pataJjali ko jAtA hai| inhoMne ise siddhAnta ke sAtha-sAtha dhyAna evaM jaina-paramparA mAnava jIvana ke vyAvahArika upayoga kI eka vidhA banA diyaa| unhoMne jaina dharmadarzana kI sAdhanA kA kendrabindu hai- AtmA / citta aura vRtti ke antara ko spaSTa kiyA aura cittavRtti-nirodha ko dhyeya Atmatattva kI anubhUti AtmajJAna va AtmalInatA, yahI isa sAdhanA kA siddha kiyA / citta meM asaMkhya vRttiyoM kA udaya hotA rahatA hai / jaba mUlabhUta lakSya rahA hai / isa lakSya kI ora gatimAna hone ke liye taka vyakti ina vRttiyoM kA nirodha yA zamana nahIM karatA hai taba taka vaha Avazyaka hai ki vyakti zarIra va mana se apanA tAdAtmaya nyUna karate hue apane sva-svarUpa meM sthita nahIM ho pAtA hai| jaise hI ina vRttiyoM kA antata: AtmA meM hI pratiSThata ho jaae| isake li nirodha hotA hai vaha apane sva-svarUpa meM sthita ho jAtA hai| unhoMne paramAvazyaka hai kyoMki yahI dhyAna manuSya ko karmAvaraNa se mukta karatA yogazAstra meM kriyAyoga (aSTAGga yoga) kA mArga spaSTa kiyaa| kriyAyoga hai aura karmAvaraNa se mukta hue binA AtmA meM pratiSThata ho pAnA sambhava ke antargata tapa, svAdhyAya aura Izvara-prANidhAna kA samAveza kiyaa| nahIM hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra parama tapasvI the| apanI kaThora dhyAna sAdhanA svadharma pAlana hetu zArIrika-mAnasika kaSToM ko saharSa svIkAra karanA, ke bala para hI unhoMne granthiyoM kA bhedana kiyA, vItarAgatA kI avasthA kartavya-akartavya bodha karAne vAle sAhitya kA paThana-pAThana evaM svayaM ko prApta kara kaivalya jJAna se mukta hue / jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna ko Izvara ke adhIna samarpita kara denA yoga ke kriyApakSa kA vyAvahArika ko bahuta adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| dravya saMgraha meM isakI upayogitA mArganirdeza hai| para prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai ki niyamapUrvaka dhyAna se muni nizcaya pAtaJjala-yoga-darzana meM aSTAGga yoga kA vahI sthAna hai jo va vyavahAra donoM prakAra ke mokSa mArga ko pAtA hai| isalie ekAgracitta zarIra meM AtmA kaa| isake binA pAtaJjala-yoga-darzana kI parikalpanA se dhyAna karanA caahie| dhyAna ke dvArA AtmA kI anubhUti ho sakatI bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| pataJjali kA sampUrNa darzana isI aSTAGga yoga hai / 15 ata: dhyAna AtmAnubhUti meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai bazarte isakI meM nihita hai| usake bahiraMga aura antaraMga ye do bheda kie gae haiN| nirantara evaM niyamapUrvaka sAdhanA kI jaae| antaraMga yoga meM dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi kA samAveza hai| jabaki AtmAnubhUti ke lie cAritrazuddhi Avazyaka hai aura cAritrazuddhi

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vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna 75 ke lie saMyama anivArya hai| ina donoM kI prApti dhyAnAbhyAsa ke dvArA mAnA jAtA hai| isakI sAdhanA se manuSya AtmAnubhUti ke rahasya ko prApta sambhava hai| rAga-dveSa viSayAsakti manuSya ko apane patha se skhalita kara sakatA hai| yaha manuSya ke mana meM utpanna hone vAlI kaSAyika vRtti karAte haiM / lekina dhyAna-sAdhanA meM rata sAdhaka iSTa-aniSTa viSayoM ke ko naSTa karatI hai aura vyakti ko rAga-dveSa rUpI mithyAtva ke bandhana se rAga-dveSa aura moha se rahita ho jAtA hai, isalie usake jahA~ navIna mukta karAtI hai / yahI dhyAna kA utsa mAnA gayA hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA kamoM ke Agamana kA nirodha hotA hai vahA~ usa dhyAna se uddIpta tapa ke kI vijayodayA TIkA meM dhyAna ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlate hue kahA prabhAva se pUrva saMcita karmoM kA bhI kSaya hotA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki saMvara gayA hai - "rAga-dveSa tathA mithyAtva se rahita hokara padArtha kI yathArthatA aura nirjarArUpI karmakSaya kI prakriyA dhyAna-sAdhanA ke kAraNa pravAhamAna ko grahaNa karane vAlA jo viSayAntara ke saMcAra se rahita jJAna hotA hai rahatI hai / isa prakAra sAdhaka mokSarUpI mArga para nirantara bar3hatA jAtA hai vahI dhyAna kI sAdhanA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| aura anta meM ise prApta bhI kara letA hai| dhyAna kI sAdhanA se sAdhaka prazasta aura aprazasta donoM dhyAnoM ke do-do upavibhAga kie aisA kyoM kara letA hai isa sambandha me AcArya umAsvAti kA kahanA hai gae haiM / prazasta ke do upabheda-dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna tathA aprazasta ki mana ko anya viSayoM se haTAkara kisI eka hI vastu meM niyantrita ke do upabheda-Arta aura raudradhyAna ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiN| ArtadhyAna karanA dhyAna hai / 16 mana kI caMcalatA hI vyakti ko apane uddezya se du:kha ke nimitta se hotA hai jabaki raudradhyAna kuTila bhAvoM ke cintana se bhaTakAtI rahatI hai / jaba usakI caMcalatA ko samApta kara use usake prArambha hotA hai| ye donoM hI bhAva rAga-dveSa ko bar3hAne vAle mAne gaye haiN| uddezya kI tarapha mor3ane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai to yaha vikalpoM se ata: inheM dhyAna kI zreNI meM na rakhakara kudhyAna ke antagarta sthAna diyA rahita hokara apane lakSya ko prApta kara lenA cAhatA hai / jahA~ taka, jaina gayA hai, kyoMki dhyAna kI sAdhanA rAga-dveSa se mukti pAne ke lie kI sAdhanA ke lakSya kI bAta hai to vaha AtmAnubhUti hI hai| jAtI hai| ata: mokSAbhilASI sAdhaka ko ina donoM dhyAnoM se virata rahanA prAya: cintana karane kI vidhi ko dhyAna karanA samajha liyA cAhie / prazasta kI sAdhanA karane vAlA sAdhaka sAMsArika viSaya jAtA hai, parantu dhyAne aura cintana meM antara hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vAsanAoM se apane Apako mukta rakhatA hai, kyoMki isa dhyAna kI sAdhanA jainAcAryoM ne dhyAna kA artha cintana nahIM, balki cintana kA ekAgrIkaraNa ke lie jo Alambana grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usakA svarUpa hI aisA karanA mAnA hai / Avazyakaniyukti meM citta ko kisI eka lakSya para hotA hai ki ve vyakti ke mana meM utpanna hone vAlI dUSita vRttiyoM ko naSTa sthira karanA yA usakA nirodha karanA hI dhyAna mAnA gayA hai / vastutaH karane kI kSamatA rakhate haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa-dharmadhyAna zruta, cAritra evaM cintana kI prakriyA meM mana kisI eka sthAna para sthira nahIM rahatA hai, dharma se yukta dhyAna hai| jabaki zukladhyAna niSkriya, indriyAtIta aura jabaki dhyAna kI prakriyA meM mana kI bahumukhI cintanadhArA ko eka hI dhyAna kI dhAraNA se rahita avasthA hai| vastuta: dhyAna kI sAdhanA kA dizA meM pravAhita hone diyA jAtA hai| isa kAraNa sAdhaka anekacittatA prayojana hI yahI hai ki sAdhaka samasta prakAra kI vRttiyoM se mukta hokara se mukta hokara eka citta meM sthira hotA hai / tattvAnuzAsana meM bhI kahA darzana, jJAna, cAritra rUpI mArga kA Azraya le, jo use mokSa yA nirvANa gayA hai ki citta ko viSaya vizeSa para kendrita kara lenA hI dhyAna hai|8 prApta karA sake / yaha avasthA Agamokta vidhi se vacana, kAya aura citta eka citta meM sthira rahane vAlA vyakti karmoM kA alpa saMgraha karatA hai, nirodha ke dvArA hI prApta kI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki yahI dhyAna hai|5 / isa bAda meM jaba vaha susthira citta vAlA bana jAtA hai to karmoM kA kSaya karane avasthA kI prApti dharma evaM zukla dhyAna kI sAdhanA ke dvArA sambhava hai| lagatA hai / karmoM kA kSaya karane se vaha malina vRttiyoM ko kramazaH nAza karate jAtA hai aura antataH AtmAnubhUti kI avasthA meM pahu~ca jAtA hai| dhyAna evaM bauddha paramparA yogasAraprAbhRta meM AcArya amitagati dhyAna ke lakSaNa para prakAza bauddha paramparA meM dhyAna kA eka vyavasthita svarUpa milatA hai| DAlate hue likhate haiM- AtmasvarUpa kA prarUpaka ralatraya dhyAna kisI isakI sahAyatA se vyakti apane citta ko zuddha karatA hai tathA kuzala eka hI vastu meM citta ko sthira karane vAle sAdhu ko hotA hai, jo usake dharma ko bar3hAtA hai| vidvAnoM kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki bauddha dhyAna-sAdhanA, karmoM ko kSaya karatA hai / 19 vaidika evaM jaina-paramparA kI taraha kaThora nahIM hai, parantu vaha yaha svIkAra jaina paramparA meM dhyAna kI prakRti ke anusAra isake do bheda karatI hai ki mahAtmA buddha eka mahAn sAdhaka the / unakA jIvana kie gae haiM20 - (ka) prazastata dhyAna jo zubha pariNAmoM ke lie tathA kaThinatama sAdhanAoM ke abhyAsa kA jvalanta udAharaNa hai jisakA sAkSI vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa-cintana se utpanna hotA hai vaha prazasta dhyAna bauddha sAhitya meM varNita buddha kI tapazcaryA kA vivaraNa hai| yadyapi bhagavAn kahalAtA hai| yaha dhyAna puNyarUpa Azaya ke vaza se tathA zubhalezyA buddha svayaM mahAn sAdhaka the, parantu ve kaThora aura ugra sAdhanA arthAt deha ke Alambana se utpanna hotA hai / azubha pariNAmoM kI pUrti hetu, moha- daNDana kI prakriyA ko nirvANa-prApti meM upayogI nahIM mAnate the| isake mithyAtva, kaSAya aura tattvoM ke ayathArtha rUpa vibhrama se utpanna dhyAna pIche unakI yaha dhAraNA thI ki manuSya ajJAna mUlaka deha-daNDana kI aprazasta kI koTI meM AtA hai| prazasta dhyAna mokSa prApti meM sahAyaka apekSA jJAna-mukta dhyAna-sAdhanA ke abhyAsa se hI nirvANa prApta kara Jain Education Intemational

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 sakatA hai jo apekSAkRta kama kaThora aura ugra hotI hai / bauddha dhyAna vinAza hotA rahatA hai| utpAdana aura vinAza kI yaha prakriyA manuSya ke sAdhanA ke sambandha meM DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana kA yaha kathana draSTavya hai-"yadyapi duHkha kA mUla kAraNa hai| yahI kleza ko utpanna karate haiM aura ye kleza buddha ne kaThora tapazcaryA kI AlocanA kI, phira bhI yaha Azcaryajanaka hai dUSita santati paramparA ke janaka mAne gae haiM / isa dUSita santati paramparA ki bauddha zramaNoM kA anuzAsana kisI bhI brAhmaNa grantha meM varNita ke avaguNoM ko jAnanA evaM unase bacane ke upAyoM kA cintana karanA anuzAsana (tapazcaryA) se kama kaThora nahIM hai / yadyapi buddha saiddhAntika dRSTi hI prajJA hai, yahI vipazyanA hai| ise jAna lene para sAdhaka yaha samajha se tapazcaryA ke abhAva meM bhI nirvANa kI upalabdhi sambhava mAnate haiM, letA hai ki yaha sAsrava dharma duHkha hai / vaha klezarUpa santati paramparA tathApi vyavahAra meM tapa unake anusAra Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai26 / " ke doSoM se mukta hone ke lie prayatnazIla ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana kA yaha kathana bauddha sAdhanA paddhati meM dhyAna ke mahattva meM vaha nirantara samyak jJAna kA abhyAsa karatA hai aura antata: arhat kA paricAyaka hai| pada ko prApta kara letA hai / arhat pada hI bauddha paramparA meM parama dhyeya jahA~ taka bauddha sAdhanA ke digdarzana kA prazna hai to yaha zIla, hai aura vastuta: dhyAna sAdhanA kA yahI pUrNa AdhyAtmika lakSya mAnA jA samAdhi aura prajJA ina trividha sAdhanA paddhatiyoM ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| sakatA hai / inhIM trividha sAdhanA mArga meM sampUrNa bauddha sAdhanA ko samAhita mAnA gayA bauddha paramparA meM samAdhi, vimukti, zamatha, bhAvanA, vizuddhi, hai| zIla, dhyAnAbhyAsa kA AdhAra hai kyoMki zIla meM pratiSThita hone para vipazyanA, adhicitta, yoga, kammaTThANa, pradhAna, nimitta, Arambha lakkhaNa hI samAdhi kI bhAvanA sambhava hai 27 / isakI mahattA ko pratipAdita karate jaise zabda dhyAna ke lie prayukta kiye gae haiM / 31 yahA~ hama pAte haiM ki hue kahA gayA hai ki zIla meM pratiSThA ke binA kulaputroM kA bauddha zAsana samAdhi aura dhyAna donoM hI paryAyavAcI zabda haiM, yaha satya bhI lagatA meM praveza nahIM ho sakatA hai| bauddha zAsana meM praviSTa hone ke lie zIla hai| lekina bauddha paramparA meM donoM meM ghaniSTha sambandha hote hue bhI inameM kA AcaraNa paramAvazyaka hai, kyoMki usake binA samAdhi kI prApti sUkSma antara pAyA jAtA hai / vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki dhyAna kA parikSetra sambhava nahIM hai aura samAdhi kuzalacitta kI ekAgratA hai| kAma evaM samAdhi kI apekSA kucha adhika vistRta hai / kAraNa samAdhi jahA~ mAtra akuzala dharmoM kA parityAga kie binA dhyAna samAdhi ko siddha nahIM kuzala karmoM se sambaddha hai, vahIM dhyAnaM kuzala evaM akuzala donoM prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / kAma ke parityAga se kAma-viveka evaM akuzala ke bhAvoM ko grahaNa karatA hai / 32 kSetra vistAra ke isa antara ke bAda bhI karma ke parityAga se citta-viveka kI utpatti hotI hai / isa kAraNa se inheM pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki arhat pada kI prApti ke hama apanI tRSNA evaM kleza ko samajha pAte haiM / hama yaha jAna lete haiM lie kuzala aura akuzala karmoM ke vibheda ko jAnakara karma paramparA se ki samasta anarthoM kI jar3a yahI tRSNA evaM kleza hai / hama jitanA mukta huA jAtA hai| ina donoM prakAra ke karmoM ke svarUpa ko samajhane adhika apanI tRSNA aura klezoM ke pIche bhAgeMge vaha utanI hI adhika ke lie tathA inase mukta hone ke lie dhyAna evaM samAdhi donoM kA tIvratA se apane saMhAraka rUpa meM hamAre samakSa upasthita hotI rahegI / yaha abhyAsa Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| dUsarI bAta hai ki hama tRSNA ke sahAraka rUpa ko nahIM samajha pAte haiM, bauddha-paramparA meM dhyAna ke mUlata: do bheda haiM33 - (ka) Arambha phalataH hama nirantara unakI pUrti ke lie prayatnazIla rahate haiM aura upanijjhANa aura (kha) lakkhaNa upanijjhANa / Alambana para cintana sAMsArika du:kha sAgara meM DUbate-utarAte rahate haiN|| karane vAlA dhyAna hai, jabaki lakkhaNa upanijjhANa meM lakSaNoM para cintana sAdhaka tRSNA aura kleza se mukta hone para samAdhi kI sthiti kiyA jAtA hai / Arambha upanijjhANa ATha prakAra kA hai- cAra rUpAvacara ko prApta kara sakatA hai| isake lie kAma-viveka evaM citta-viveka aura cAra arUpAvacara / ye sabhI laukika dhyAna ke antargata samAviSTa Avazyaka hai / kAma-viveka kI sahAyatA se tRSNA ko tathA citta-viveka hote haiM, jisake mArga ko zamathayAna kahate haiM / lakkhaNa upanijjhANa se akuzala karma ke tyAga kI pravRtti kA vikAsa hotA hai / yaha akuzala lokottara dhyAna hai aura usakA mArga vipazyanAyAna ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA patityAga kleza ko naSTa karatA hai / jaba vyakti kI tRSNA evaM kleza hai / prathama ATha dhyAnoM se abhyAsa karake sAdhaka karma-saMskAroM ko naSTa ho jAte haiM to vyakti apane capala-bhAva evaM avidyA kA vinAza nirjarita karatA hai, rAga-dveSa ko kSINa karatA hai phira bhI ati gahare karmakaratA hai| vyakti ke capala-bhAva evaM avidyA kA mUla kAraNa usakI saMskAra ke bIja naSTa nahIM ho pAte haiM / ye kabhI bhI ubhara sakate haiM aura rAga-dveSAtmaka pravRtti ko mAnA gayA hai| akuzala parityAga kI sahAyatA sAdhaka ko usake mArga se girA sakate haiM / ata: inakA samUla nAza honA se vyakti rAga-dveSa ko alpatama kara letA hai aura moha kI avasthA se Avazyaka hai aura usake lie lokottara dhyAna kA abhyAsa Avazyaka virata hokara jIvana jInA prArambha karatA hai / mohavirata vyakti apane hai| kyoMki inakA samUla rUpa se vinAza isI kI sAdhanA se sambhava hai| capala-bhAva ko saMyamapUrvaka kama karatA jAtA hai, ekAgracitta se kuzala jaba sAdhaka ke sampUrNa karma-saMskAra naSTa ho jAte haiM, rAga-dveSa kI sampUrNa karmoM kA Azraya lekara samAdhi bhAva ko prApta karatA hai / paJcaskandhoM vRtti samApta ho jAtI hai taba vaha nirvANa ko prApta kara letA hai| bauddha (rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra evaM vijJAna) kA kSaNa-kSaNa utpAdana evaM mAnyatA meM nirvANa kI avasthA ko du:khoM ke atyanta nirodha kI avasthA Jain Education Intemational

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vaidika evaM zramaNa paramparA meM dhyAna 77 mAnA gayA hai / isa nirvANa ke lie prajJA meM pratiSThita honA Avazyaka brahmaprApto virajo'bhUdvimayyaM ranyo'pyevaM yo vidadhAtmameva / / hai aura prajJA meM pratiSThita hone ke lie samAdhi, samyak samAdhi kA kaThopaniSad, saccidAnaMda sarasvatI, adhyAtma prakAzana kAryAlaya, paripuSTa honA anivArya hai| inakI paripuSTi hetu zIla sampanna honA narasIpura (maisUra), 2/3/18 Avazyaka hai| 8. hRdA manISA manasA'bhiklapto ......... / zvetAzvatara upaniSada, isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha paramparA meM dhyAna sAdhanA udbhA aSTAdaza upaniSad, 1/13 krama-baddha, vyavasthita evaM saMyojita hai / sAdhaka nirantara sthUla se sUkSma 9. gItA, zrI vidyAnaMda graMthamAlA, kAzI, 2/62-63 kI ora gati karatA hai aura anta meM lokottara dhyAna meM pahu~ca jAtA hai, 10. tadA draSTuH svarUpe'vasthAnam / pAtaJjala yogadarzana - goyanakA, nirvANa kA sAkSAtkAra kara letA hai / tathAgata dvArA pravartita yaha kathana dhyAna kI parAkASThA ko citrita karatA hai jo anukaraNIya evaM draSTavya 11. abhyAsa-vairAgyAbhyAM tannirodha: / vahI, 1/12 12. abhyAsena tu kaunteya vairAgyeNa ca gRhyate / gItA, 6/35 ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaidika, jaina aura bauddha ina 13. dhyAne nirviSayaM manaH / sAMkhyadarzana, saMpA0 paM0 janArdana zAstrI tInoM paramparAoM meM dhyAna ke sandarbha meM samucita cintana milatA hai| tInoM pANDeya, bhAratamanISA, vArANasI, vi0 saM0 2021, 6/23 ne hI eka svara se isakI mahattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai tathA ise nirvANa, 14. dhyAnaheyAstavRttayaH / pAtaMjala yogadarzana, goyanakA, 2/11 mokSa, kaivalya prApti kA eka sabala sAdhana mAnA hai / yadyapi ina tInoM 15. duvihaM pi mokkhaheuM jjhANe pAuNadi jaM muNI nniyaamaa| paramparAoM kI AdhyAtmika cintanadhArA meM tIna tattvoM ko mahattvapUrNa tamhA payattacittA jUyaM jhANaM samabbhasaha / / mAnA gayA hai phira bhI dhyAna ko eka viziSTa sthAna diyA gayA hai / jahA~ dravyasaMgraha, anu0 paM0 manoharalAla zAstrI, paramazruta prabhAvaka vaidika paramparA meM karma, jJAna evaM bhakti kI tripuTI para bala diyA gayA maMDala, agAsa, 1919, 47 hai, vahIM jainoM ne samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, evaM samyagcaritra ko pramukhatA 16. tattvArthasUtra, saMghavI, 1/27 dI hai evaM bauddhoM ne isa hetu zIla, samAdhi evaM prajJA ko mahattva diyA 17. jIvasya egagge jogAbhinivesso jhANaM ... / Avazyaka niyukti, hai| vastuta: ye tInoM tattva hI mokSa-prApti ke sAdhana mAne gae, lekina RSabhadeva jI kezarImala jI zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1929, ina trividha sAdhanA mArga meM vahI sAdhaka saphala ho pAtA hai jo dhyAna kI 81 samyak sAdhanA karatA hai| 18. ekAgra-cintA-rodho ya: parispanadena varjitaH / tddhyaanN....|| tattvAnuzAsana, vIrasevA mandira TrasTa prakAzana, 1. yogazcittavRttinirodhaH / yogasUtra (pataJjali kRta), TIkA harikRSNa dillI, 1963, 56 dAsa goyanakA, gItApresa, gorakhapura, dvitIya saMskaraNa, saMvat ra 19. ratnatrayamayaM dhyAnamAtmarUpa prarUpakam / / 2011, 1/2 ananyagata-cittasya vidyatte karma-saMkSayam / / yogasAraprAbhRta, vItarAga ekAgracintAnirodhodhyAnam / tattvArthasUtra, vivecaka paM0 sukhalAla sat sAhitya prakAzana TrasTa, bhAvanagara, saMvat 2034, 6/7 saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976, 20. ...dhyAnamaprazasta-prazastabhedena dvividhaM / cAritrasAra, uddhata jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 2, pR0 295, 1678/2 9/27 3. samantapAsAdikA, navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, 1964, 21. rAgadveSamithyAtvAsAMzliSTajJAnaM dhyAnamityucyate / bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, khaNDa 1, pR0 145-146 vijayodayA TIkA, anu0 paM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, jaina 4. yuktena manasA vayaM devasya savitaH sate / svAya zaktayA / / saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1978, 21, pR0 44 yajurveda, dayAnaMda saMsthAna, naI dillI, 34/44 ra 22. cattAri jhANA paNNattA, taM jahA aTTedANe, roddajhANe, sukkejhaanne| tasyaiva kalpanAhInasvarUpaM grahaNaM hi yat sthAnAGgasUtra, sampAdaka : madhukara muni,zrI Agama paMkAzana manasAdhyAnaniSpAdyaM samAdhiH so'bhidhIyate / / viSNu purANa, 6/ samiti vyAvara, 1982, 4/247 7/92, anu0 zrI munilAla gupta, gItApresa, gorakhapura, saMvat 24. niSkriya karuNAtItaM dhyAnadhAraNavarjitam / jJAnArNava, anu0 bAlacanda ra zAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1977, 39/41 2024 6. na tatra cakSurgacchati / kenopaniSada, aSTAdaza upaniSada. vaidika 25. tattvArthasUtra bhASya (haribhadrasUri), RSabhadeva jI kezarImala jI. saMzodhana maMDala pUnA, 1958, 1/3 / jaina zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1936, adhyAya 9, pR0487 7. mRtyaproktAM naciketo'yaM labdhvA vidyAmetAM yogavidhiM ca kRtsnm| 25 26. iNDiyana philaoNsaphI, bhAga-1, DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana, jaoNrja ailena sandarbha Jain Education Intemational

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aiNDa anvina, landana, pR0 436 IsTarna buka liMkarsa dillI, 1912, pR01-2 27. visuddhimaggo, prathama bhAga, saMpAdaka paM0 badrInAtha zukla, pAli 32. bauddha saMskRti kA itihAsa, le0 DaoN0 bhAgacanda jaina 'bhAskara', granthamAlA, vArANaseya saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, 1961, 1/36 Aloka prakAzana, nAgapura, 1912, pR0 281 28. sAsane kulaputtAnaM patiTThAnitya yaM binA / vahI, 1/23 33. visuddhimagga (khandaniddeza), bhAga-2, saMpA0 dharmAnaMda kosAmbI, 29. cittaikAgatA lakSaNaH samAdhiH / bodhicaryAvatAra, prakA0 zrI mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha (banArasa), 1943, pR0 104-111 parazurAma vaidya, bauddha saMskRta grantha, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 34. te jhAyino sAtatikA niccaM daladaha pakhakamA / 1960, 8/4 paMjikA para phusanti dhIrA nibbAMNaM yogakkhemaM anuttaraM / / dhammapada, rAhula 30. vipazyanA tathAbhUtaparijJAnasvabhAvA prajJA / vahI, 8/4 sAMkRtyAyana, 1937, 2/3 31. vipazyanA da buddhisTa ve, saMpA0 DaoN0 haracaraNa siMha sovaTI, AcArya haribhadra aura unakA yoga DaoN. kamala jaina AcArya haribhadra eka aisI jIvana-dRSTi ko lekara udita huye sambandha ko yoga kahA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne yoga ko mokSa kA hetu jo anupama aura adbhuta thI / ve prathama manISI the jinhoMne apanI kahA hai aura una sabhI sAdhanoM ko yoga kahA hai, jisase AtmA kI asAdhAraNa pratibhA dvArA jaina yoga ko viziSTa svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| vizuddhi hotI hai, karmamala kA nAza hotA hai aura AtmA kA mokSa ke unhoMne paramparA se calI A rahI prAcIna zailI ko paristhiti evaM sAtha saMyoga hotA hai / AcArya ke vicAra meM dhArmika kriyAkalApa, lokaruci ke anurupa nayA mor3a de karake, abhinava paribhASA karake jaina AdhyAtmika bhAvanA, samatA kA vikAsa, manovikAroM kA kSaya, mana, yoga sAhitya ke abhinava yuga kA prArambha kiyaa| unhoMne jaina yoga para vacana, kArya ko saMyamita karane vAle dhArmika kriyAkalApa hI zreSTha yoga aneka maulika granthoM kI racanA kI / yoga sambandhI avadhAraNAoM ko naI haiM, unhoMne apane yoga viSayaka sabhI granthoM meM AtmA kI vizuddhi ke dizA dI / bhitra sampradAyoM kI saMkIrNatA ko dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA sabhI sAdhanoM ko yoga kahA hai| aura samanvita sAdhanA paddhati ko pallavita kiyA aura tadanurUpa saMyama upAdhyAya amaramuni jI ne AtmA kI anantazakti ko anAvRta va sadAcAragarbhita jIvana caryA kI pratiSThApanA kii| karane, Atma-jyoti ko alokita karane tathA apane lakSya evaM sAdhya AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA prathama lakSya zArIrika zaktiyoM ko taka pahuMcane ke liye mana, vacana, karma meM ekarUpatA, ekAgratA, UrdhvagAmI banAkara mokSa prApti kI dizA meM niyojita karanA hai| yoga tanmayatA evaM sthiratA lAne vAlI sAdhanA ko yoga kahA hai / AcArya se hI ina supta zaktiyoM ko jAgRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / haribhadra ne yoga kI 3 avasthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 1. icchA yoga - Atmalabdhi ke liye jisane zAstrIya yoga kI paribhASA siddhAntoM kA zravaNa kiyA hai lekina pramAda ke kAraNa vikala asampUrNa mokSa prApti ke mukhya aura gauNa, antaraMga yA bahiraMga, jJAnaparaka dharma yoga rahatA hai / isa avasthA meM yogI meM yoga sAdhanA meM Age bar3hane yA AcAraparaka, jitane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke sAdhana haiM, unakA kI Antarika bhAvanA to utpanna ho jAtI hai parantu pramAda ke kAraNa vaha yathAvidhi anuSThAna karanA aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI pUrNatA ko prApta kucha kara nahIM paataa| karanA hI yoga hai| 2. zAstra yoga - isameM zAstravettA sAdhaka jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra, cita vRtti kA nirodha', puNyAtmaka pravRtti mokSa se yojana cAritrAcAra, tapAcAra tathA vIryAcAra kA zAstrIya vidhi se pAlana karane ityAdi yoga lakSaNa bhinna-bhinna paramparAoM meM kahe gaye haiN| yogiyoM ne lagatA hai| samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyak cAritra ina tInoM ke AtmA ke sAtha 3. samArthyayoga - sAdhaka Atmazakti ke viziSTa vikAsa ,

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AcArya haribhadra aura unakA yoga 79 ke kAraNa dharma aura zAstra ke vidhi niSedhoM kA atikramaNa kA Atmakendrita 'acaramAvarta' meM rahatA hai, viSaya vAsanA aura kAmabhogoM meM Asakta banA ho jAtA hai, jo usake mokSa kA sAkSAt kAraNa bana jAtA hai| rahatA hai, vaha sAdhaka yoga mArga kA adhikArI nahIM ho sakatA / kucha AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki jisane abhI dharma kA saccA marma loga to kevala loka vyavahAra ke kAraNa hI isakI sAdhanA karate haiM, na jAnA ho kevala abhimukha hI huA ho, use loka aura samAja ke bIca AcArya ne aise logoM kI bhavAbhinandI kahA hai / ye loga yoga ke liye raha kara AcaraNa karane yogya dharma kA upadeza denA cAhiye, jisase vaha anAdhikArI mAne jAte haiM / 17 bhavAbhinandI jIva duHkhamaya saMsAra meM laukika dharma kA pAlana karatA huA yoga mArga kA anusaraNa kara ske| karaNIya, akaraNIya ko bhUla kara hiMsA, parigraha, bhoga Adi akRtyoM use guru, deva, atithi Adi kI sevA tathA dIna janoM ko dAna dene kI meM pravRtta rahate haiM usI meM sukha mAnate haiM, jo jIva caramAvarta meM rahatA hai, preraNA denI caahie| use sadAcAra kA pAlana, zAstroM kA pATha, guru se jisane mithyAtva granthi kA bhedana kara liyA hai, jo zukla pakSI hai, vahI zAstra-zravaNa, pavitra tIrthasthAnoM kA paryaTana Adi zubha kAryoM meM pravRtta mokSa sAdhanA kA adhikArI hai, aisA sAdhaka zIghra hI apanI sAdhanA se hokara Atma-nirIkSaNa karanA caahiye| azubha karmoM ke nirAkaraNa ke bhavabhramaNa kA aMta kara detA hai, sAtvika mana, sadbuddhi, samyagjJAna kI liye Antarika bhaya hone para sadguru kI zaraNa lenI cAhiye, karma yoga uttarottara vikAsonmukhatA ke kAraNa vaha mukti parAyaNa hotA hai / 19 jainatva ke upacAra ke liye tapa kA anuSThAna karanA cAhiye, moha rUpI viSa ko jAti se, anuvaMza se athavA kisI pravRtti-vizeSa se nahIM mAnA gayA hai, dUra karane ke liye svAdhyAya kA Azraya lenA cAhiye / AcArya haribhadra parantu yaha AdhyAtmikatA kI bhUmikA ke Upara nirbhara karatA hai / prathama ne arhatoM ko zubha bhAva se namana, satpuruSoM kI sevA, saMsAra ke prati sopAna meM dRSTi mokSAbhimukha hotI hai jisakA pAribhASika nAma apunarbandhaka vairAgya, satpAtra ko nirdoSa AhAra, upakaraNa, auSadhi Adi kA saba hai, mokSa ke prati sahaja zraddhA aura yathAzakti dUsarA sopAna hai / jaba zraddhA zAstroM kA lekhana, pUjana, prakAzana, zAstra-zravaNa, vidhipUrvaka zubha AMzika rUpa se jIvana meM utaratI hai to dezavirati tIsarA sopAna hotA upadhAna kriyA isa sabako yoga bIja kahA hai / 11 hai, jaba sampUrNa cAritra kI kalA vikasita hotI hai, to cauthA sopAna sarvavirati hotA hai| haribhadra ne yogabinda meM yoga ke adhikAriyoM ko cAra yogiyoM ke prakAra - bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai 20 : AcArya ne 4 prakAra ke yogI batAye haiM - 1. apunarbandhaka - aisA sAdhaka jo mithyAtva dazA meM rahatA 1. kula yogI - jo yogiyoM ke kula meM janmeM ho aura huA bhI sadguNoM kI prApti ke liye prayatnazIla rahatA hai, jisameM mokSa prakRti se hI yogadharmI hoM, brAhmaNa, deva, guru kA sammAna karate hoM, ke prati zraddhA aura ruci paidA ho jAtI hai aura rAga-dveSa evaM kaSAyoM kA kisI se dveSa na rakhane vAle, dayAlu, vinamra, prabuddha tathA jitendriya hoM / 12 tIvra bala, ghaTa jAtA hai, phira bhI vaha Atma-anAtma (jar3a-cetana) kA 2.gotrayogI3. sAdhaka ke gotra meM janma lene vAle yogI vibheda samyak prakAra se nahIM kara pAtA / 21 AcArya kahate haiM ki - aise ko gotra yogI kahA jAtA hai| yama-niyama Adi kA pAlana na karane ke vyakti ko loka-kalyANa kA upadeza denA cAhiye jaise dUsare ke duHkha kAraNa unakI pravRtti saMsArAbhimukha hotI hai| ata: ve yoga ke adhikArI dUra karanA, deva, guru tathA atithi kI pUjA karanA, dIna-dukhiyoM ko dAna nahIM mAne jAte hai| aadi| 3. pravRttacakrayogI - aisA yogI apanI mokSAbhilASA kA 2. samyagdRSTi - sAMsArika prapaMcoM meM rahatA huA bhI, jo bar3hAne vAlA, sevA-suzruSA, zravaNa, dhAraNa, vijJAna, IhA, upoha, mokSAbhimukha hotA hai, jisameM zraddhA-ruci aura samajha AMzika rUpa meM A tattvAbhiniveza Adi guNoM se yukta hokara yatna-pUrvaka pravRtti karane vAlA jAtI hai dhArmika tattva sunane kI icchA, dharma ke prati anurAga, AtmahotA hai / 14 samAdhi (Atma-zAMti), deva tathA guru kI niyamapUrvaka sevA karane kI 4. niSpanna yogI - jisakI mokSa sAdhanA niSpanna ho cukI icchA jisameM utpanna ho jAtI hai, 23 aise sAdhana ko vizuddha AjJA yoga hai vaha niSpanna yogI hai| aisA yogI siddhi ke ati nikaTa hotA hai| ke AdhAra para aNuvrata Adi ko lakSya meM rakhakara upadeza denA usakI pravRtti sahaja rUpa meM hI dharmamaya ho jAtI hai / 15 cAhiye / 24 yoga ke adhikArI - jIvana ke anAdi pravAha meM vividha 3. dezavirati - aNuvratoM kA pAlana karatA huA sAdhaka kAraNoM se karmamala kSINa hote rahate haiM aura eka aisA samaya AtA hai mokSa mArga kI ora bar3hatA hai / sampUrNa cAritra kI icchA vikasita hotI jaba jIvana kI vRtti bhogAbhimukha na hokara yogAbhimukha hone lagatI hai, hai| aisA sAdhaka sanmArga kA anusaraNa karane vAlA, zraddhAvAna, dharmopadeza rAga-dveSa kI tIvratA bhI maMda ho jAtI hai / vaha naye karmasaskAroM kA ke yogya, dharma kriyA meM anurakta, yathAzakti adhyAtma sAdhanA meM tathA nirmANa kare to bhI usake saMsAra meM dIrghakAla taka rahane kI saMbhAvanA nahIM vItarAga dazA prApta hone taka samatva kI sAdhanA karane vAlA hotA hai / 25 hotI aise kAla ko jaina paribhASA meM caramArvata kahA gayA hai / 16 AcArya aise sAdhaka ko paramArthalakSI aura sUkSma upadeza denA cAhie / 26 ne yoga ke adhikAriyoM kI carcA karate haye kahA hai ki jo sAdhaka 4. sarvavirati - samyaktava prApta ho jAne se anukampA, Jain Education Intemational

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80 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 niveMda, prazama, anubhAva Adi guNa use svata: hI prApta ho jAte haiN|27 kara letA hai|5 isa dRSTi meM aSTAMga yoga kA tIsarA aMga Asana sadhatA aba vaha saba pApoM kA pUrNarUpa se tyAga karatA hai| hai|36 AgamoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra Asana yoga ke binA kAya ina cAroM adhikAriyoM ko unake sAmarthya ke anusAra upadeza yoga meM sthiratA nahIM mAnate the / vaha caMcalatA se rahita hokara aneka denA cAhiye / apunabaMdhaka ko loka-dharma kA arthAt sadAcaraNa Adi kA, prakAra ke Asana meM sthira hokara dhyAna karate the / samyagdRSTi ko aNuvrata Adi ke pAlana kA, dezavirati ko saMyama aura 4. dIprA dRSTi - isameM atahadaya meM prazAnta rasa kA sahaja mahAvratoM ke pAlana kA aura sarvavirati ko paramArtha lakSI AdhyAtmika pravAha bar3hatA rahatA hai / tattva-zravaNa sadhatA hai, AtmonmukhatA kA bhAva upadeza denA cAhiye / 28 udita hotA hai / vaha dravya prANAyAma recaka, pUraka, kumbhaka taka hI AcArya haribhadra ne yoga kA eka bheda zAstrayoga aura nizastrayoga sImita nahIM rahatA kintu bhAva prANAyAma kI bhI sAdhanA karatA hai| isameM bhI kiyA hai| zAstrayoga usa yogI kI sAdhanA hai, jisake mokSa taka bAhya-bhAvoM (vibhAvadazA) kA recana kiyA jAtA hai / antarAtma-bhAvoM kA pahaMcane meM aneka janma rahate hoN| nizastrayoga usa sAdhaka ko sadhatA hai, pUraka kiyA jAtA hai aura cintana, manana usa AtmabhAva ko sthira jise kevala usI janma meM mokSa prApta karanA hotA hai / 29 (kumbhaka) kiyA jAtA hai| Atma vikAsa meM isa bhAva prANAyAma kA bar3A mahattva hai| isa dRSTi meM sAdhaka Atma vikAsa kI isa bhUmikA para pahu~ca yogadRSTiyA~ jAtA hai ki vaha dharma ko prANoM se bhI adhika mahattva dene lagatA hai, yoga sAdhanA ke kSetra meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI avasthAoM prANa-saMkaTa A jAne para bhI dharma ko nahIM chor3atA isameM prANAyAma' ko AcArya haribhadra ne ATha dRSTiyoM ke rUpa meM bhI prastuta kiyA hai| siddha hotA hai / 38 AcArya ne zraddhA kA bodha karAne vAlI tathA asat pravRttiyoM ko kSINa uparyukta cAra dRSTiyoM meM mithyAtva' kI AMzika sattA banI rahatI karake sat pravRttiyoM kI sthApanA karane vAlI sAdhanA ko hI dRSTi kahA hai| ina dRSTiyoM meM dhArmika vrata-niyamoM kA pAlana to hotA hai, kintu hai| sAmAnya dRSTi se Upara uThakara sAdhaka ina yoga dRSTiyoM taka pahu~catA Antarika vizuddhi alpa hotI hai / yadi tattva jJAna kI prApti ho bhI jAye, to bhI vaha spaSTa nahIM hotI hai| 1. mitrAdRSTi - AtmAbhyudaya kI pahalI avasthA hai, isameM 5. sthirAdRSTi - isameM sAdhaka ko sUkSma-bodha prApta hotA sAdhaka ke hRdaya meM prANI mAtra ke liye maitrI bhAva bar3hane lagatA hai / isameM hai| usake liye samasta padArtha mAtra jJeya hote haiN| saMsAra kI kSaNabhaMguratA samyagdarzana hone para bhI zraddhonmukha Atmabodha kI mandatA hotI hai, evaM asthiratA kA jJAna ho jAne ke kAraNa vaha unameM Asakta nahIM hotaa| ahiMsAdi yamoM ko pAlana karane kI icchA aura dhArmika anuSThAnoM ke prati indriyA~ saMyamita ho jAtI haiM / dharma-kriyAoM meM Ane vAlI bAdhAoM kA akhedatA hotI hai vaha dhArmika kriyAoM ko prathA ke rUpa meM karatA to parihAra ho jAtA hai aura sAdhaka paramAtma svarUpa ko pahacAnane lagatA hai, parantu usakI dRSTi pUrNatayA samyak nahIM ho pAtI hai, parantu hai| isa dRSTi meM sthita sAdhaka ke mithyAtva-granthi kA bhedana ho jAtA hai antarjAgaraNa aura guNAtmaka pragati kI yAtrA zuru ho jAtI hai / 31 sAdhaka aura samyagdarzana kI prApti ho jAtI hai| vaha AtmA ko hI ajara-amara sarvajJa ko anta:karaNa se namaskAra karatA hai / AcArya evaM tapasvI kI aura upAdeya mAnatA hai / 39 isa dRSTi meM yoga kA pA~cavA aMga pratyAhAra yathAcita sevA karatA hai, auSadhidAna, zAstradAna, jina-pUjA, jinavANI saghatA hai|" ke zravaNa, paThana, svAdhyAya Adi meM pravRtta rahatA hai / isakI tulanA 6. kAntAdRSTi - isameM sAdhaka ko avicchinna samyagjJAna 'aSTAMgayoga' ke prathama aMga 'yama' se kI gaI hai / 32 rahatA hai, sAMsArika kArya karate huye bhI usakA mana AtmA meM hI lagA 2. tArA dRSTi - isameM mitrAdRSTi kI apekSA bodha kucha adhika rahatA hai, vaha saMsArika bhogopabhogoM ko anAsakta bhAva se bhogatA hai spaSTa hotA hai / sAdhaka yoganiSTha sAdhakoM kI sevA karatA hai, isa sevA usake rAga-dveSa atyalpa hote haiM, cittavRttiyA~ bahuta kucha upazAMta ho se use yogiyoM kA anugraha prApta hotA hai| yoga sAdhanA aura zraddhA kA jAtI hai, isameM yogI ko aSTAMga yoga kA chaThA aMga 'dhAraNA' sadhatA vikAsa hotA hai, Atmahita buddhi kA udaya hotA hai / caittasika udvega miTa hai| dhAraNAniSTha ho jAne para vaha Atmatattva ke atirikta anya viSayoM meM jAte haiM -ziSTa janoM se mAnyatA prApta hotI hai|33 isase aSTAMga yoga kA rasa nahIM letA / 42 dUsarA aMga 'niyama' sadhatA hai arthAt zauca, santoSa, tapa, svAdhyAya tathA 7. prabhAdRSTi. isameM saMsthita yogI dhyAna priya hotA hai / paramAtmacintana jIvana meM phalita hote haiN| isameM sUrya ke prakAza kI taraha atyanta suspaSTa tattvAnubhUti yA AtmAnubhUti 3. balA dRSTi - isa dRSTi meM yogI sukhAsana se yukta hokara hotI hai / isameM rAga-dveSa, moha bAdhA nahIM dete / sahaja rUpa se hI sudRr3ha Atma darzana ko prApta karatA hai / use tattva jJAna ke prati ruci satpravRtti kI ora usakA jhukAva ho jAtA hai| prazAnta bhAva kI pradhAnatA utpanna hotI hai tathA yoga sAdhanA meM kisI prakAra kA udvega nahIM hotaa| ho jAtI hai| kAma ke sAdhanoM ko jIta letA hai| isameM yoga kA sAtavA~ isameM tRSNA kA abhAva ho jAne se sAdhaka ullAsamaya sthiti ko prApta aMga dhyAna sadhatA hai / 44

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AcArya haribhadra aura unakA yoga 81 8. parA dRSTi - yaha dRSTi samAdhiniSTha, AsaktiM doSoM se 4. samatA yoga - vivecya jJAna kI utpatti se AtmA meM rahita aura jAgarUka citta vAlI hotI hai / isameM citta meM pravRtti karane vicAra-vaiSamya kA laya aura sama bhAva kA pariNamana hone lagatA hai / kI koI vAsanA nahIM rahatI hai| isameM paramatattva kA sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA vastu svarUpa kA yathArtha bodha hone para samatA kA bhAva A jAtA hai, sUkSma hai aura sAdhaka AtmabhAva se ramaNa karatA hai / isa dRSTi meM sAdhanA karmoM kA kSaya hone lagatA hai / samatA yogI cAmatkArika zaktiyoM kA aticAroM (doSoM) se nidoSa hotI hai / jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, prayoga nahIM krtaa| usakI AzAoM-AkAkSAoM ke tantu TUTane lagate mohanIya tathA antarAyakarma kSINa ho jAte haiM / AtmA sarvajJa paramAtmA haiN|54 bana jAtI hai| isameM aSTAMga yoga kA A~ThavA~ aMga samAdhi sadha jAtA 5. vRtisaMkSayayoga - AtmA meM mana aura zarIra ke saMsarga hai / 46 isa prakAra adhyAtmika yoga sAdhanA ke dvArA sAdhaka zanai:-zanaiH se utpanna hone vAlI vikalpa rUpa tathA ceSTArUpa vRttiyoM kA jo nirodha AtmotkrAMti karatA haA mokSa evaM nirvANa pada ko prApta kara letA hai| kiyA jAtA hai aura unheM puna: utpanna nahIM hone diyA jAtA use vRtisaMkSaya pAtaMjala yogavarNita samasta aSTAMga yoga ina ATha yoga dRSTiyoM meM yoga kahA jAtA hai / vRtisaMkSaya se sarvajJatA, zailezI avasthA, mAnasika, samAhita ho jAtA hai| ina dRSTiyoM meM samyagdarzana samyagjJAna, samyakcAritra kAyika, vAcika pravRttiyoM kA sarvathA nirodha, meruvat aprakampa aDola kA sAra nihita hai| sthiti tathA nirbAdha Ananda prApta hokara antata: mokSa kI prApti hortI dharmazAstroM meM batAI gaI vidhi ke anusAra garujanoM kI sevA hai| 55 adhyAtma, bhAvanA, dhyAna samatA, vRttisaMkSaya ina pA~ca meM aSTAMga karanA, unase tattvajJAna sunane kI utkaMThA, kSamatAnusAra vidhi-niSedhoM kA yoga ke ATha aMgoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / adhyAtma aura bhAvanA meM pAlana karanA vyavahAra yoga haiN| jaina paramparA meM AdhyAtmika vikAsa yama, niyama, Asana, pratyAhAra kA tathA dhAraNA aura dhyAna samatA evaM kI sUcaka 14 bhUmikAyeM guNasthAna ke nAma se jAnI jAtI haiM / AcArya vRttisaMkSaya meM samAdhi kA samAveza ho jAtA hai / AcArya haribhadra ne haribhadra ne ina AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI 14 bhUmikAoM ko nimna pA~ca dharmazAstroM meM batAI huI vidhi ke anusAra gurujanoM kI sevA karanA, unase yoga bhUmikAoM meM samAhije kiyA hai : tattva jJAna sunane kI icchA rakhanA, kSamatAnusAra zAstrokta vidhi niSedhoM kA pAlana karanA vyavahAra yoga kahA hai / 56 vyavahAra yoga anusaraNa karateyoga kI pA~ca bhUmikAyeM -- karate samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyakcAritra meM jo vizeSa zaddhi A 1. adhyAtmayoga - jaina paramparA meM mokSAbhilASI AtmA ko A jAtI hai use nizcaya yoga kahA hai / 57 jAtA adhyAtma-yoga se yukta hone kI preraNA dI gaI hai, kyoMki cAritra kI zuddhi ke liye adhyAtma yoga kA anuSThAna mumukSu AtmA ke liye vizeSa mahattva sAdhanA rakhatA hai / isameM sAdhaka apane sAmarthya ke anusAra aNuvratoM aura AcArya haribhadra ne sAdhanA kI dRSTi se yoga ke 5 bheda mahAvratoM ko svIkAra karake pramoda, maitrI, karuNA, mAdhyastha Adi cAra kiye haiM58 : bhAvanAoM kA cintana-manana karatA hai / / 8 1. sthAna - sthAna kA abhiprAya Asana se hai jisa sukhAsana 2. bhAvanA yoga - prApta huye adhyAtma tattva ko niSThApUrvaka .. para yogI adhika dera taka citta aura zarIra ko sthira rakhatA huA dhyAnastha nirantara smaraNa karanA bhAvanA yoga hai / isameM azubha karmoM kI nivRtti 16 raha sake vahI Asana yA sthAna uttama hai| hotI hai, sadbhAvanA tathA samatAbhAva kI vRddhi hotI hai, citta samAdhiyukta 2. UrNa - pratyeka kriyA samanvAya ke sAtha jo sUtra kA ho jAtA hai| uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai use UrNa yoga kahA jAtA hai| inameM svara, mAtrA, - AgamoM meM bhI bhAvanAyoga ke mahattva ko batAte huye kahA gayA akSara Adi kA dhyAna rakhakara upayogapUrvaka zuddha uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai ki sAdhaka bhAvanAyoga se janmamaraNa ke duHkhoM se chuTakArA pAkara 3. artha - sUtroM ke artha ko samajhanA hI artha yoga hai| zAnti kA anubhava karatA hai / 50 3. dhyAna yoga - citta ko bAhya viSayoM se haTAkara kisI 4. Alambana - dhyAna meM rUpAtmaka bAhya viSayoM kA Azraya lenA Alambana kahA jAtA hai| eka sUkSma padArtha meM ekAgra karanA dhyAna yoga hai / 51 zubha pratIkoM kA 5. anAvalambana - dhyAna meM bAhya viSayoM kA Azraya na Alambana lekara citta kA sthirIkaraNa dhyAna kahA jAtA hai / vaha dIpaka lekara zanya meM hI dhyAna ko kendrita karanA anAvalambana yoga hai| kI sthira lau ke samAna jyotirmaya evaM nizcala hotA hai, sUkSma tathA mahAvIra svalabaMna aura niralambana donoM prakAra kI dhyAna sAdhanA karate the, anta:praviSTa cintana se samAyukta hotA hai / 52 praznavyAkaraNa meM nizcala ve prahara taka animeSa dRSTi dhyAna se karate the, mana ko ekAgra karane ke dIpazikhA ke samAna anya viSayoM ke saMcAra se rahita eka hI viSaya para liye dIvAra kA avalambana lete the| dhyAna ke vikAsa-kAla meM unakI dhArAvAhI prazasta sUkSma bodha ko dhyAna kahA gayA hai / 53 - trATaka sAdhanA bahuta dera taka calatI thii| ,

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82 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 anAvalambana yoga ke siddha ho jAne para 'kSapaka zreNI' zuru ho yaugika anuSThAna jAtI hai / phalata: aisA sAdhaka parama nirvANa kI prApti karatA hai / isameM 1.viSa anuSThAna - isa anuSThAna ko karate samaya sAdhaka sAdhaka ke saMskAra itane dRr3ha ho jAte haiM ki yoga pravRtti karate samaya kI icchA sAMsArika sukha bhogoM kI ora hotI hai| yaza, kIrti, indriya zAstra kA smaraNa karane kI koI apekSA hI nahIM rahatI / samAdhi kI sukha, dhana Adi kI prApti hI usakA parama lakSya hotA hai / rAga Adi avasthA prApta ho jAtI hai / 59 isakI tulanA pAMtajala yoga ke 'samAdhi' bhAvoM kI adhikatA ke kAraNa yaha anuSThAna viSa anuSThAna hai| aMga se kI jA sakatI hai|60 2. garAnuSThAna - jisa anuSThAna ke sAtha daivika bhogoM kI vaha pA~ca prakAra kA yoga nizcaya dRSTi se usI ko sadhatA hai abhilASA jaDI bhI rahatI hai use manISIjana gara kahate haiN| bhoga vAsanA jo cAritramohanIya ke kSayopazama se aMzata: yA sampUrNatayA cAritra sampanna ke kAraNa kAlAntara evaM bhavAntara meM vaha AtmA ke du:kha aura adhopatana hotA hai / jaba yoga yogI ke samparka meM Ane vAle anya logoM ko kA kAraNa banatA hai| bhI utprerita evaM prabhAvita kare taba ise siddhi yoga kahA jAtA hai| 3. anAnuSThAna - jo dhArmika kriyAyeM vivekahIna hokara loka-paramparA kA pAlana karate haye bher3acAla kI taraha kI jAtI haiM unheM tAttvika dRSTi se yoga ke bheda.. anAnuSThAna kahA jAtA hai| pA~ca prakAra ke zubha yoga kahe gaye haiM . 4. taddhetu anuSThAna - mokSa prApti kI abhilASA se jo zubha 1. praNadhi - apane AcAra-vicAra meM sthira rahate haye, sabhI kriyAyeM, dhArmika vrata yA anuSThAna kiye jAte haiM unheM taddhat anuSThAna jIvoM para bhAva rakhate huye nizcala mana se kartavya kA saMkalpa karanA praNadhi kahA jAtA hai / yadyapi rAga kA aMza yahA~ bhI vidyamAna rahatA haiM, parantu hai| isameM paropakAra karane kI icchA aura hIna gaNI para bhI dayA bhAva prazasta rAga hone se vaha mokSa kA kAraNa hai / isaliye sadAnaSThAna kahA rahatA hai| jAtA hai| 2. pravRtti - isameM sAdhaka nirdiSTa yoga sAdhanAoM meM mana ko 5. amRtAnuSThAna - jisa anuSThAna ke sAtha-sAtha sAdhaka ke pravRtti karatA hai arthAt dhArmika vrata anuSThAnoM ko samyaktayA pAlana mana meM mokSonmukha AtmabhAva tathA vairAgya kI AtmAnubhUti jur3I rahatI karatA hai| hai aura sAdhaka ke mana meM arhat para AsthA banI rahatI hai use 3. vidhvajaya - yoga sAdhanA ke yama niyamoM kA pAlana karate amRtAnuSThAna kahA gayA hai -- Adara, prIti, avidhna, sampadAgama, huye aneka prakAra kI mohajanya bAhya yA AMtarika kaThinAiyAM AtI haiN| jijJAsA, tajjJasevA, tajjJaanugraha, ye sadamuSThAna ke lakSaNa kahe gaye una para vijaya pAye binA sAdhanA pUrNa nahIM ho sktii| ata: antarAyoM haiN|67 kI nivRtti karane vAlA zuddha Atma pariNAma vighnajaya hai| 6. asaMgAnuSThAna- isameM samatA bhAva kA udaya hotA hai| 4. siddhi - samatA bhAvAdi kI utpatti se sAdhaka kI icchAoM-AkAMkSAoM kA nAza hotA hai sadAcAra kA pAlana karate haye kaSAyajanya sArI caMcalatA naSTa ho jAtI hai| vaha adhika gaNa vAle ke sAdhaka mokSa mArga kI ora agrasara hotA hai / 68 isake cAra bheda kahe gaye prati bahumAna aura hIna guNavAloM ke prati dayA aura upakAra kI bhAvanA haiM : rakhane lagatA hai| (ka) prIti - kaSAya se yukta vyApAroM ko prIti anuSThAna 5. viniyoga - siddhi ke uparAnta sAdhaka kA uttarotara kahA gayA hai| AtmavikAsa hotA jAtA hai usakI dhArmika vRttiyoM meM dRr3hatA, kSamatA, (kha) bhakti - AcAra Adi kriyAoM se yukta honA bhakti hai / oja aura teja A jAtA hai| usakI sAdhanA UrjasvI ho jAtA hai| (ga) vicAra - zAstrAnukUla AcAra-vicAra kA cintana evaM sAdhaka kI dhArmika vRttiyoM kA uttarottara vikAsa hone lagatA hai| upadeza vacanAnuSThAna kahe jAte haiN| paropakAra kalyANa Adi vRttiyoM kA vikAsa ho jAtI hai / 64 (gha) asaMgAnuSThAna - vacanAnuSThAna meM svAbhAvika pravRtti ko vaha saba yoga kI kramika vikAsonmukha sthitiyAM haiN| asaMgAnuSThAna kahA gayA hai / 69 ise anAlambana yoga bhI kahate haiN| cAritrika vikAsa tathA yoga sAdhanA heta sAdhakoM ke lie kacha ina anuSThAnoM ke yoga se yogI svabhAvata: bAhya vastuoM ke Azyaka niyama, upaniyama tathA kriyAoM ko karane kA vidhAna hai kyoMki prati mamatA rahita hokara nirmamatva kI ora mur3atA hai, kevala jJAna ko unake binA yoga siddhi saMbhava nahIM hai| haribhadra ne utsAha, nizcaya, dhairya, prApta kara aMta meM siddha dazA ko upalabdha kara letA hai| AcArya kahate santoSa, tattvadarzana tathA janapada tyAga (paricita kSetra se dUra rahanA) haiM apanI prakRti kA avalokana karate huye, loka paramparA ko jAnate haye, laukika janoM dvArA svIkRta jIvanakrama kA parivarjana -- ye yoga sAdhane zuddha yoga ke AdhAra para pravRtti kA aucitya samajha kara, bAhya nimitta ke hetu kahe hai / 65 zakuna, svara, nAr3I, aMga-sphuraNa Adi kA aMkana karate huye yoga meM Jain Education Intemational

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AcArya haribhadra aura unakA yoga 83 pravRtta honA cAhiye / yogIjana asaMgAnuSThAna ko vibhinna saMjJAoM se yoga kA mahattva - bhAratIya saMskRti meM samasta vicArakoM, pukArate haiM / sAMkhya darzana meM prazAnta vAhitA, bauddhadarzana meM visaMbhAga tattva cintakoM evaM mananazIla RSiyoM ne yoga ke mahattva ko svIkAra parikSaya tathA zaivadharma meM zivavartma kahA gayA hai / koI ise dhruva mArga kiyA hai| yoga ko laukika, pAralaukika, zArIrika tathA Atmonnati bhI kahate haiM / vastuta: siddhAvasthA athavA nirvANa aneka nAmoM se kA prabala hetu kahA gayA hai| mana aura indriyoM kI caMcalatA miTAne tathA abhihita hokara bhI eka hI sthiti kA bodhaka hai / 2 mukta AtmAoM ko unako vaza meM karane ke liye yoga kI upayogitA svIkAra kI gaI hai| vibhinna paramparAoM meM sadAziva, parabrahma, siddhAtmA, tathatA Adi nAmoM yoga se vRtta kI ekAgratA sadhatI hai tathA dhyeya meM saphalatA prApta hotI se pukArA jAtA hai / yoga sAdhanA se sAdhaka ko sthiratA, pratibhA, antaH sphuraNA, yogajanya labdhiyAM - dhIraja, zraddhA, maitrI, antarjJAna, lokapriyatA, mRtyujJAna, santoSa, yogI yoga kI sAdhanA kA upakrama karate huye, jahA~ cirakAla kSamAzIlatA, sahanazIlatA, sadAcAra, sukha-zAnti, gaurava yathA samaya se saMcita karmoM kA kSaya karatA hai vahA~ yogI meM aneka viziSTa zaktiyAM anukUla bAhya paristhitiyAM paidA ho jAnA, jaise aneka sukha prApta hote jAgRta ho jAtI hai jinheM jaina paramparA meM labdhi kahA jAtA hai inameM ratna, haiN| yogAbhyAsa dvArA AtmA ke klezAtmaka pariNAmoM kA upazama evaM aNimA, AmarSISadhi Adi ke nAma AcArya haribhadra ne batAye haiN| kSaya hotA haiN|82 AcArya haribhadra kahate hai ki jaba citta yoga rUpI kavaca AmapauSadhi * isa labdhi ke prabhAva ke sAdhaka ke zarIra ke se DhakA rahatA hai to kAma ke tIkSNa astra jo tapa ko bhI chinna-bhinna kara sparza mAtra se rogI svastha ho jAtA hai| dete hai kuNThita ho jAte haiN| yoga rUpI kavaca se TakarAkara vaha zaktiina labdhiyoM ko bauddha paramparA meM abhijJAeM, pAtaMjala yoga zUnya ho jAte haiM / 5 yoga mokSa kA hetu hai vaha zuddha jJAna aura anubhava darzana meM vibhUti5 aura vaidika purANoM meM siddhi kahA gayA hai |aacaary para AdhRta hai / AtmakalyANecchu prajJAzIla puruSoM ko isakA anusandhAna haribhadra ke anusAra jIvana kA uttarottara vikAsa karate ahiMsA Adi yama karanA cAhiye / 86 ajJAnatA, avidyA dvArA azuddha AtmA yoga rUpI itanI utkRSTa koTi meM pahu~ca jAte haiM ki sAdhaka ko apane Apa eka agni pAkara zuddha nirmala ho jAtI hai / AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki yoga divya zakti kA udreka ho jAtA hai| usake sannidhi mAtra se upasthita uttama kalpavRkSa hai, uttara cintAmaNiratna hai, vaha sAdhaka kI samasta prANiyoM para itanA prabhAva par3atA hai ki ve svayaM badala jAte haiN| unakI icchAoM ko pUrNa karatA hai| yoga hI jIvana kI carama saphalatA kA duSpavRtti chUTa jAtI hai / pataMjali bhI kahate haiM ki ahiMsA yama ke siddha hetu hai|8 yoga na kevala sAMsArika sukhoM se apitu janmamaraNa ke duHkhoM ho jAne para yogI ke Asa-pAsa ke vAtAvaraNa meM ahiMsA itanI vyApta se bhI chuTakArA dilA kara nirvANa kI prApti karAtA hai / 90 loka tathA ho jAtI hai ki paraspara vaira rakhane vAle prANI bhI Apasa meM vaira chor3a dete zAstra se jisakA avirodha ho jo anubhava saMgata tathA zAstrAnugata ho vahI yoga anusaraNIya hai| mAtra jo jar3a zraddhA para AdhRta hai vidvajjana use hemacandra ke yogazAstra meM kahA gayA hai ki asteya yama ke sadha upAdeya nahIM maante| jAne para pRthvI meM gupta sthAna meM gar3e haye ratna pratyakSa dIkhane lagate haiN|76 jaina yoga kA kendrabindu AtmasvarUpa upalabdhi hai| jahA~ anya haribhadrIya AvazyakavRtti se jJAta hotA hai ki eka bAra bArahavarSa kA darzanoM meM jIva kA brahma meM lIna ho jAnA yoga dhyeya nizcita kiyA hai| akAla par3A thA, anna kI bahuta kamI ho gayI thI , bhikSuoM ko AhAra vahA~ jaina darzana AtmA kI pUrNa svataMtratA aura pUrNa vizuddhi ke yoga kA nahIM milatA thA, AcArya bala vizeSa labdhi ke bala se Ahara lAkara saMgha dhyeya nizcita karatA hai / jaina dRSTi ke anusAra yoga kA abhiprAya sirpha kI rakSA karate the| kintu jisa sAdhaka kA aMtima uddezya mokSa prApti cetanA kA jAgaraNa hI nahIM hai varan cetanA kA UrdhvArohaNa hai| yoga kA hotA hai vaha bhautika aura cAmatkArika labdhiyoM ke vyAmoha meM nahIM vAstavika phala muktAvasthA svarUpa Ananda hai jo aikAntika, anuttara phaMsatA / jo sAdhaka labdhiyAM pAne kI abhIpsA rakhate haiM ve Atmasiddhi aura sarvottama hai| yoga vidyA AdhyAtmika vijJAna hai| adhikArI jahA~ ke mArga se cyata hokara saMsAra-bhramaNa karate haiM / ata: inakI prApti isake mahattvapUrNa prayoga dvArA asIma lAbha uThA sakate haiM vahA~ anAdhikArI ke liye na to sAdhanA karanI cAhiye aura na inakA prayoga hI karanA hAni uThA lete haiM / 12 cAhie / jisa anuSThAna ke pIche labdhi cAmatkArika zakti prApta karane jaina yoga aura Atma vikAsa - adhyAtma kI sAdhanA kA kA bhAva rahatA hai use viSa kahA gayA hai / vaha mahAna kArya ko alpa AdhAra AtmA ko karma se mukta karanA hai / karma zAstrIya paribhASA meM prayojanavaza tuccha banA detA hai / 79 pravRtti yA yoga se karmoM kA AkarSaNa yA Asrava hotA hai| hamArA caitanya isaliye jaina paramparA meM yogiyoM ko yaha preraNA dI gaI hai ki karma pudgaloM se AvRta ho jAtA hai / tapoyoga ke dvArA use karmAvaraNa se ve tapa kA anuSThAna kisI lAbha, yaza, kIrti athavA paraloka meM indrAdi anAvRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / jisa prakAra bIja ke sarva jala jAne se devoM jaise sukha tathA anya RddhiyAM prApta karane kI icchA se na kreN| usameM aMkuraNa kI kSamatA nahIM hotI usI prakAra karma rUpI bIja ke jala

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84 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 jAne se saMsAra rUpI aMkura kI utpatti nahIM hotI / AtmA aura karma karmoM se mukti ke liye do prakAra kI kriyAyeM Avazyaka mAnI kA sambandha anAdi kAla se hai phira bhI donoM ke svabhAva eka dUsare se jAtI hai -- bhinna haiM / 94 karma meM AtmA ke pariNAmoM ke anurUpa pariNata hone kI 1. navIna karmoM ke upAjana kA nirodha, ise saMvara bhI kahate yogyatA hai isI kAraNa AtmA kA koM para kartRtva ghaTita hotA hai / 15 haiN| mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya tathA yoga ke sAhacarya se karma AtmA 2. pUrvopArjita karmoM kA kSaya, ise nirjarA kahate haiN| ke sAtha sambandhita hote haiN| phira bhI tapa-sAdhanA ke dvArA inakA pArthakya ina donoM kI pUrNatA se hI mukti hotI hai / navIna karmoM kA sambhava hai / 96 - nirodha-saMvara, vrata gupti, samiti, dharma, anuprekSA, cAritra kI sAdhanA se jIva aura karma padgaloM ke saMyoga se saMsAra-bhramaNa hotA hai| hotA hai aura tapa ke dvArA pUrvabaddha karma kI nirjarA hotI hai| jIvana aura karma pudgaloM ke viyoga se mukti hotI hai / hiMsA Adi tapa - susupta zaktiyoM ko jAgRta karane ke liye, mana ko pApAcaraNoM se azubha karmoM kA, ahiMsAdi puNyAcaraNoM se zubha karmoM kA ekAgra tathA indriyoM kA nigraha karane ke liye jaina yoga sAdhanA meM tapa bodha hotA hai / 18 kucha tArkika kahate haiM ki sukha kA kAraNa zubha karma ko bar3A mahattva diyA gayA hai / 03 tapa se hI yogI karmoM kI nirjarA104 nahIM hai kyoMki saMsAra meM pApAcaraNa vAle vyakti ko bhI sukha kI prApti karake samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyakcAritra ko prApta karatA hai tapa kI hote dekhA jAtA hai / AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM aise vyakti kA antima ArAdhanA gRhastha evaM zramaNa donoM ke liye Avazyaka hai / karma roga ko pariNAma duHkha rUpa hI hotA hai vaha sukha jo use prApta ho rahA hai vaha miTAne ke liye tapa acUka auSadhi hai|05 tapa se mana, indriya aura yoga kisI pUrva janmakRta dharmAcaraNa kA hI phala hai19 / AcArya haribhadra kA kI rakSA hotI hai / 06 anidAna pUrvaka kiyA gayA tapa sukha kA pradAtA kahanA hai ki pUrvabaddha karmoM kA kSaya, tapa, saMvara, nirjarA dvArA samaya se hai / 107. tapa Atmazakti ko prakaTIkaraNa karane kI kriyA aura sAdhanA pUrva hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / 100 . hai| kaSAyA kA nirAdha brahmacaya kA hai|08 kaSAyoM kA nirodha brahmacarya kA pAlana, jinapUjA, anazana Adi AtmA aura karma kA sambandha pravAha kI dRSTi se anAdi hai| tapa ke rUpa kahe gaye haiM 109 tapa ke do bheda haiM, bAhya tapa tathA abhyantara prANI anAdi kAla se isa karma-pravAha meM par3A huA hai / 101 jIva purAne tapa / bAhya tapa kA uddezya zArIrika vikAroM kA naSTa karanA tathA indriyoM karmoM kA vipAka bhogate samaya navIna karmoM kA upArjana karatA rahatA hai para jaya prApta karanA hai isake 6 bheda haiN|90 : kintu jaba taka usake samasta karma naSTa nahIM ho jAte usakI bhava-bhramaNa 1. anazana - viziSTa avidhi taka AhAra kA tyAga se mukti nahIM hotI / prANI ko svopArjita karmoM kA phala avazya bhoganA karanA / yogabindu meM cA~drAyaNa, kRccha mRtyuMjaya, pApasUdana Adi tapoM kA par3atA hai| jaina paramparA meM karmoM kI ATha mUla prakRtiyA~ kahIM gaI haiN|102 ullekha huA hai / 11 pahalI 4 prakRtiyA~ ghAtI kahalAtI haiM inameM AtmA ke cAra mUla guNa 2. UnodarI - bhUkha se kama khAnA / jJAna, darzana, sukha aura zakti kA ghAta hotA hai - 3. vRtti-parisaMkhyAna - bhogya padArthoM kI mAtrA aura saMkhyA - 1. jJAnAvaraNa - AtmA meM rahane vAle jJAna guNa ko prakaTa kA kama krnaa| na hone denaa| 4. rasa-parityAga - dUdha, dahI, ghI, makkhana Adi rasoM kA . 2. darzanAvaraNa - Atma bodha rUpa darzana guNoM ko prakaTa tyAga / na hone denaa| 5. viviktazayyAsana (saMlInatA) - bAdhA rahita ekAnta , 3. vedanIya - vedanIya karma ke prabhAva se sukha-du:khaM kI sthAna meM vAsa karanA / / anubhUti hotI hai| 6. kAyakleza - vividha AsanoM kA abhyAsa karate huye , . 4. mohanIya- mohanIya karma hamArI jIvana dRSTi aura jIvana sardI-garmI ko sahanA evaM deha ke prati mamatva kA tyAga krnaa| vyavahAra ko dUSita banAtA hai| bAhya tapa se zarIra, mana aura vRttiyoM para anukUla prabhAva par3atA . 5. Ayu - karma ke prabhAva se jIva kI Ayu nizcita hotI hai| mAnasika zaktiyoM meM vRddhi hotI hai| tapoyogI sAdhaka bAhya tapoM hai| yaha AtmA ko zarIra se bAMdhe rakhatA hai| kI ArAdhanA se Antarika zuddhi kI ora agrasara hotA hai / bAhya tapa 6. nAma - jo zarIra evaM indriya racanA kA hetu ho, yaha abhyaMntara tapa ke pUraka haiN| isase kaSAya, pramAda Adi vikAroM kA zamana vyakti ke vyaktitva kA nirdhAraka hotA hai| kiyA jAtA hai / abhyaMtara tapa ke cha: bheda haiN|12.. 7. gotra - jisake prabhAva se ucca athavA nIca kula meM janma 1. prAyazcitta - citta zuddhi ke liye doSoM kI AlocanA hotA hai yA anukUla yA pratikUla pariveza kI upalabdhi hotI hai| karake pApoM kA chedana karatA113 hai| 8. antarAya - yaha karma hamArI prAptiyoM yA upalabdhiyoM meM 2. vinaya - guru athavA AcArya ko sammAna denA tathA bAdhaka banatA hai| unakI AjJA kA pAlana karanA / vinaya se ahaMkAra vigalita hotA hai, Jain Education Interational

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85 -- 4. svAdhyAya- jJAna prApti ke liye apramAdI hokara prayAsa karanA / vAcanA, pRcchanA, parivartanA, anuprekSA aura dharmakathA isake pA~ca bheda kahe gaye haiM / 114 5. vyutsarga tyAga karanA / hRdaya komala evana jAtA hai| mana meM samarpaNa evaM bhakti kA aMkura se sarpa Adi kA viSa dUra ho jAtA hai usI prakAra mantra japa se AtmA prasphurita hotA hai| se pApa dUra ho jAte haiN| kisI mantra kA bAra-bAra ciMtana-manana karanA japa 3. vaiyAvRtya tatha - ni:svArtha bhAva se guru, vRddha, rogI, kahA jAtA hai| uttama mantra hI japa kA viSaya hai| AcArya haribhadra kahate glAna Adi kI sevA-zuzrUSA karanA / hai guru tathA deva kI sAkSI meM padmAsana meM sthita hokara ciMtanIya viSaya meM mana lagA kara daMza Adi upadrava ko sahatA huA sAdhaka japa kareM / 127 manISiyoM ne zAnta evaM ekAnta-sthala japa ke lie uttama kahe haiN| isake liye zuddha jalayukta nadI, sarovara, kUpa, vApI Adi kA deha evaM vastuoM ke pratima matva buddhi kA aura latAoM ke maNDapa Adi uttama sthAna kahe gaye haiM / 128 japa ke liye hAtha kA aMgUThA aMguliyoM ke poroM para athavA manakoM para calatA hai, dRSTi nAsikA ke agrabhAga para sthita rahatI hai tathA antarAtmA meM prazAMta bhAva yA citta vRtti se japa ke viSaya, akSara evaM tadgata artha Alambana ke sAtha japa kiyA jAtA hai / 129 japa se moha, indriya-lipsA, kAma-vAsanA tathA kaSAyoM kA zamana hotA hai, karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai aura zAzvata sukha kI prApti hotI hai| pratijJApUrvaka japa karane vAle ke vyaktitva meM aisI pavitratA A jAtI hai ki kisI samaya agara vaha japa nahIM bhI karatA, to bhI usakI antarvRtti japa para hI kendrita rahatI hai / 130 japa ke phalasvarUpa bhAva dharma, antaH zuddhimUlaka, adhyAtma dharma niSpanna hai / 131 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI 12 varSa utkRSTa tapa kI sAdhanA kI thii| isa dIrgha kAlAvadhi meM unhoMne kevala 359 dina AhAra grahaNa kiyA thaa|115 phalAkAMkSA se rahita kiyA gayA tapa saMsAra kSaya kA kAraNa aura nirvANa prApti kA acUka sAdhana hai / 116 dAna paramArtha kI siddhi ke liye dAna, zIla, bhAvanA aura tapa ye cAra pramukha kAraNa batAye gaye haiM / 917 AcArya haribhadra ne dAna aura paropakAra rahita sampatti ko lokaviruddha kahA hai / 118 supAtra ko diyA huA dAna usI prakAra phaladAyaka hotA hai jaise gAya ko diyA huA tRNa dUdha meM badala jAtA hai / 119 dAna se vyakti ke mahAnatama lakSya paramArtha kI siddhi to hotI hai dAna se yaza kA saMvardhana bhI hotA hai, lokapriyatA milatI haiM, dAridra aura kleza kA nAza hotA hai| kArya karane meM akSama, andha, du:khI, roga-pIr3ita, nirdhana aura jinakI jIvikA kA koI sahArA nahIM hai ye saba dAna ke adhikArI haiM / 121 anukampAjanya dAna prazasta citta kA janaka, mamatva kA nAzaka aura zuddha puNya ke abhyudaya meM pradhAna kAraNa hai / 122 zuddha dAna dene vAlA manuSya zAzvata sukha sampatti ko prApta karatA hai / 123 AcArya haribhadra ne tIna prakAra ke dAnoM kA ullekha kiyA hai1. jJAna dAna 2. abhaya dAna 3. dharmopagraha dAna / jJAna-dAna saba dAnoM meM zreSTha mAnA gayA hai / 124 AcArya ne apane poSyavarga ke lie koI asuvidhA na paidA karate hue tathA apane hitoM kA bhI dhyAna rakhate hue dIna-dukhI logoM ko dAna dene kI salAha dI hai| isa prakAra unhoMne dAna ke saMdarbha meM vyAvahArikatA aura dUradarzitA kA paricaya diyA hai| vyakti ke dAna se Azrita jana, parijana aura bhRtya varga ko kaSTa na ho yaha bar3I mahattvapUrNa bAta unhoMne kahI hai| kucha puNya-lobhI bhAvuka dAnI hote haiM / ve svayaM to dAnI banate haiM kintu unake Azrita jana asuvidhAyeM jhelate haiN| AcArya haribhadra ne aise dAna ko prazaMsanIya nahIM mAnA hai / manusmRti meM bhI apane parivAra ko pIr3ita kara kevala sukha kI icchA se dAna dene vAle ko duHkha kA bhAgI kahA hai / 125 mana, vacana, kAyA se parizuddha tathA jainAcAra ke anukUla dhArmika janoM ko diyA gayA azana, pAna, vastra, auSadhi Adi dharmopapradAna hai| 194 AcArya haribhadra aura unakA yoga -- japa yoga kI prArambhika avasthA meM japa kA vizeSa mahattva hai| japa adhyAtma hai, japa devatA ke anugraha kA aMga hai| jaise maMtra prayoga - bhAvanA anuprekSA yoga sAdhanA meM pravRtta hone vAle sAdhaka ke liye bhAvanA kA mahattva sabase adhika hai maitrI, karuNA, mAdhyastha, pramoda Adi 4 bhAvanAoM kA upadeza dekara nivRtti evaM pravRtti dharma kA samanvaya karane ke liye bhUmikA sthApita kI gaI hai| bahirbhAva se antarbhAva meM ramaNa karanA anuprekSA hai / sAdhaka kI indriyA~ tathA mana sAdhaka ko sarvadA apane mArga se vicalita karate haiM evaM usake rAgadveSAdi meM vRddhi karate haiN| ina caMcala pravRttiyoM ko niyaMtrita karane ke liye jo cintana kiyA jAtA hai use bhAvanA kahA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhAvanA ke mahattva ko pratipAdita karate huye kahA gayA hai ki dAna, zIla, tapa, bhAvanA hI dharma hai| inase saMsAra bhramaNa kI samApti kI jA sakatI hai / 132 - bandhutva maitrI bhAvanA kA satat prayAsa karane se sAdhaka ke mana meM pavitra bhAvoM kA udaya hotA hai| pavitra bhAva rUpI jala se sAdhaka kI dveSa rUpI agni zAnta ho jAtI hai| 33 / bandhutva kI bhAvanA se yogI kA mana niSkapa bana jAtA hai / yogI apanI vedanA, roga evaM dukha-darda ko bhUla jAtA hai| jaba vaha anityatA kA cintana karatA hai, usase vairAgya bhAva paidA hotA hai aura samasta caMcala manovRttiyAM aura bahuvidha manokAmanAyeM vilIna hone lagatI haiN| isI prakAra prANI mAtra ke prati maitrI bhAva, guNI janoM ke prati pramoda bhAva, dukhiyoM ke prati karuNA kA bhAva, virodhiyoM ke prati mAdhyastha (upekSA) bhAvanA sAdhaka kI sAdhanA ko Age bar3hatI hai / AcArya kahate haiM ki dravya, kSetra, kAla Adi meM pratibandharahita sabhI javoM para jo maitrI, pramoda, karuNA aura mAdhyastha bhAvanA rakhate haiM ve dRr3ha nizcaya vAle mokSa mArga kI ArAdhanA karane vAle 134

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86 satya kA anusaMdhAna karatA hai| zubha pratIkoM kA Alambana, una para citta ke sthirIkaraNa ko jJAnI janoM ke dvArA dhyAna kahA gayA hai / 146 1 ) hote hai / mAnasika bhAvanA kI zreSThatA ko mahattva diyA gayA hai 135 / vimala vicAroM ke punaH-punaH citta meM Ate rahane se saMskAra sudRr3ha hote haiM / satat bhAvanA hI dhyAna kA rUpa grahaNa karatI hai| bhAvanA do prakAra kI hai - 1. UrdhvamukhI (zubha bhAvanA) aura 2 adhomukhI (azubha bhaavnaa)| azubha bhAvanA cAritra ko dUSita karatI hai| isake kAraNa jIva anAdi kAla se isa saMsAra meM bhramaNa kara rahA hai zubha bhAvanA sAdhaka ko adhyAtma evaM mukti kI dizA meM Age bar3hane meM sahAyatA detI hai| 130 sAmAyika- sAmAyika kA artha hai samasta sAvadya (pApakArI pravRttiyoM kA visarjana / pApoM kA apanayana hI samatva kA carama zikhara hai / samatva se sAdhanA kA prArambha hotA hai| padArthoM meM iSTa-aniSTa kI kalpanA ko kevala avidyA kA prabhAva samajha kara unake prati upekSA dhAraNa karanA samatA hai / samatva kI sAdhanA se kaSAyoM ke bandhana DhIle hote haiM, vItarAgabhAva prakaTa hotA hai| sarvajJoM ne sAmAyika ko mokSa kA aMga kahA hai / 119 sAmAyika se anya sAdhanA meM citta kucha samaya ke liye hI kalyANakArI hotA hai, lekina sAmayika meM to citta pUrNa zuddha hone se sadaiva kalyANakArI hotA hai / 140 mana, vacana evaM kAyA tInoM yogoM ke zuddha rUpa hone se sarvathA pApa rahita haiM / 149 jJAna, tapa, cAritra ke hone se hI sAmAyika kI vizuddhi hotI hai, sAmAyika kevala jJAna prApti kA sAdhana hai / 142 vItarAgaMbhAva kI siddhi ke liye samabhAva kI sAdhanA jarurI hai, samabhAva kI siddhi ke liye saMyama jarurI hai| saMyama kA artha hai pA~ca vratoM kI sAdhanA / samatA A jAne para yogI kI vRtti meM eka aisA vaiziSTya A jAtA hai ki vaha prApta RddhiyoM aura vibhUtiyoM kA prayoga nahIM karatA, usake sUkSma karmoM kA kSaya hone lagatA hai aura usakI AzAoM tathA AkAMkSAoM ke tantu TUTane lagate haiM / 143 tattvArthasUtra meM ekAgracintana evaM mana, vacana, kAyA ke yogoM ke nirodha ko dhyAna kahA gayA hai / 145 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai| ki eka Alambana para mana ko sthira karane se citta kA nirodha hotaa| 140 AcArya haribhadra ke anusAra dhyAna se Atma-niyaMtraNa, akSuNNa prabhAvazIlatA, mAnasika sthiratA tathA bhava paramparA kA uccheda hotA hai / 148 dhruva smRti hI ekAgratA evaM dhyAna hai| jaba eka hI vastu para smRti nirantara sthira rahatI hai, to vaha ekAgratA bana jAtI hai| cetanA kI yaha nirantaratA yA ekAgratA hI dhyAna hai| dhyAna kI prApti ke liye cAra bhAvanAoM (jJAna-bhAvanA, darzana-bhAvanA, cAritra - bhAvanA aura vairAgyabhAvanA) kA abhyAsa Avazyaka hai / 149 dhyAna karane kA artha kevala zvAsa- prekSA yA zarIra prekSA hI nahIM hai| dhyAna AlambanoM ke sahAre rAgadveSa mukta-kSaNa meM jInA hai| dhyAna kI siddhi ke liye cAra bAteM Avazyaka mAnI gaI haiM- sadguru kA upadeza, zraddhA, nirantara abhyAsa aura sthira mana / AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM, jaise vandana apane ko kATane vAlI kulhAr3I ko bhI sugandhita banA detA hai vaise hI jo vyakti virodhI ke prati samabhAvarUpI sugandha phailAtA hai, usI kI sAmAyika zuddha hotI hai| 144 sAmayika meM sAdhaka navIna karmoM kA bandha nahIM karatA aura AtmasvarUpa meM avyavasthita rahane ke kAraNa jo pUrva baddha karma rahe huye haiM unakI bhI nirjarA kara detA hai| sAmAyika kI vizuddha sAdhanA se jIvaghAtI karmoM ko naSTa kara kevala jJAna ko prApta kara letA hai jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 dhyAna- dhyAna, tapa aura bhAvanA ye tInoM zakti ke srota haiM inake dvArA vItarAgatA upalabdha hotI hai| yoga siddhi ke liye caMcala indriyoM kA nigraha karake mana meM ekAgratA lAnA Avazyaka hai| mAnava mana kI zakti kI koI sImA nahIM hai| vaha jitanA hI ekAgra hotA hai, utanI hI usakI zakti eka lakSya para kendrita hotI hai| isIliye bhAratIya manISiyoM ne dhyAna ko sarvopari mAnA hai| rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyAM hI mana ko asthira karatI haiM, isaliye ina donoM kA nirodha cittavRtti kI sthiratA ke liye Avazyaka hai| mana ko kendrita karane ke liye manISiyoM ne dhyAna kA vidhAna kiyA hai| yogI dhyAna kI sAdhanA dvArA citta ko ekAgra kara, cetanA kI asIma gaharAiyoM se uttaratA huA, AdhyAtmika dhyAna citta kI ekAgratA hai aura aSTAMga yoga ke sabhI aMgoM meM mahattvapUrNa hai| dhyAna se karmoM kA kSaya zIghratA se hotA hai| dhyAna se nipanna hone vAlI ekAgratA se AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM abhUtapUrva pragati hotI hai|150 dhyAna ke cAra bheda kahe gaye haiM 151- 1. ArtadhyAna cetanA kI priya yA vedanAmaya ekAgra pariNati ko ArtadhyAna kahA gayA hai| artidhyAna se karmoM kA kSaya nahIM hotA, apitu karmoM kA bandhana bar3hatA hai aura karmoM kA bandhana bar3hane se saMsAra kI vRddhi hotI hai| 2. raudradhyAna atizaya krUra bhAvanAoM tathA pravRttiyoM se saMzliSTa dhyAna raudradhyAna kahA jAtA hai / yaha dhyAna bhI azuddha aura aprazasta hai| raudradhyAna saMsAra kI vRddhi karane vAlA aura naraka gati kI ora le jAne vAlA hai / - - 3. dharmadhyAna - jisase dharma kA parijJAna ho use dharma dhyAna kahA jAtA hai| ise zubha dhyAna kahA gayA hai| dharma dhyAna kI anubhUti AMtarika hai| vyakti svayaM isako anubhava karane lagatA hai| usakA zIla svabhAva bhI badala jAtA hai| maitrI kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai, mAdhyastha bhAva prakaTa hotA hai aura mUrchA ghaTa jAtI hai| 4. zukladhyAna jisa sAdhaka kI viSaya vAsanAyeM aura kaSAya naSTa ho jAte haiM aura citta vRtti nirmala ho jAtI hai use zukla dhyAna kI upalabdhi hotI hai| zukla dhyAna kI yaha upalabdhi hI haribhadra kI dRSTi meM hamArI yoga sAdhanA kI carama pariNati hai kyoMki yaha mokSa kA anyatama kAraNa hai|

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AcArya haribhadra aura unakA yoga 87 sandarbha 24. vahI, 36 25. vahI, 15 1. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyA. DaoN. sureza zrIvAstava, prakAzaka-caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 1/2 26. vahI, 27 2. yogazataka, saMpA0 DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhAverI, prakA0 gujarAta 27. yogabindu, zrIharibhadra sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0 zrI jaina grantha prakAzaka vidhAna sabhA bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 22 / sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995, 352-357 3. yogazataka, saMpA0 DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhAverI, prakA0 gujarAta 28. yogazataka, saMpA0 DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhAverI, prakA0 gujarAta vidhAna sabhA bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 24, 25, 27, 29 vidhAna sabhA bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 2/3 4. 'mokkhenajoyaNAojogo' yogaviMzikA, saMpA0- yazovajiya prakA0-' 29. yogabindu, zrIharibhadra sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0 zrI jaina grantha prakAzaka jainagraMtha prakAzaka sabhA, rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1997, gA.1 / sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995,375 30. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrIharibhadra sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0 zrI jaina grantha 5. yogabindu, 31, zrIharibhadra sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0- zrI jaina grantha prakAzaka sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995, 17 prakAzaka sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995, 31 6. upAdhyAyaamaramunijI lekha 'jaina yoga eka parizIlana' 31. vahI, 25 32. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 caukhambA 7. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrIharibhadra sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0 zrI jaina grantha prakAzaka sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995,3,4,5, / surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 2/30 yogazataka, saMpA0 DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhAverI, prakA0 gujarAta 33. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jainagraMtha prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 43,44 vidhAna sabhA bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 25 / 34. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 9. vahI, 52 10. vahI, 47 ." caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 2/32 . 35. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI 11. yogadRSTisamuccaya, sIharibhadra sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0 zrI jaina grantha 2 prakAzaka sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995, 23,26, __ jainagraMtha prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 49-50 36. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 27, 28, / caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 2/46 12. vahI, 210, 211 37. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI 13. vahI, jainagraMtha prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 57,58 14. vahI, 210, 212 38. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 15. yogazataka, saMpA0 DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhAverI, prakA0 gujarAta . vidhAna sabhA bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 84,86 caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 2/49 / 16. vahI, gA. 9 39. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI 17. yogabindu, zrIharibhadra sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0 zrI jaina grantha . jainagraMtha prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 156 40. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 prakAzaka sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995, 84, 86 caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 12/54 18. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrIharibhadra sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0 zrI jaina grantha 41. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI prakAzaka sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995,40 jainagraMtha prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 19. vahI, 72,79 20. yogabindu, zrIharibhadra sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0 zrI jaina grantha prakAzaka 162-169 "" 42. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995, 178 21. yogazataka,saMpA0 DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhAverI, prakA0 gujarAta caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 1959,3/1 vidhAna sabhA bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 13, yogabindu, zrIharibhadra 43. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jainagraMtha prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, sUri graMtha saMgraha, prakA0 zrI jaina grantha prakAzaka sabhA, zrI rAjanagara, vi0 saM0 1995, 203-5 170-171 44. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 22. vahI, 25 23. vahI, 14 caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 3/2 45. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI Jain Education Intemational

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 jainagraMtha prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 69. vahI, 175, SoDazaka, 10/2 ughRta jaina yoga kA AlocanAtmaka 178,179, 184. adhyayana, lekhaka DaoN0 arhaddAsa baMDobA dige pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, 46. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 vArANasI, pR0, . rabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 3/ 3 7 0. yogazataka, DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhaverI prakA0 gujarAta vidhAnasabhA, 47. yogazataka, saMpA0 DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhAverI, prakA0 bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 39 gujarAta vidhAna sabhA bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 5 71. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI 48. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jainagraMtha jaina graMtha, prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 176 prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 357. 358. . 72. vahI, 128 49. vahI, 360 73. vahI, 130 50. sUtrakRtAMga, saMpA- madhukara muni Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara 74. yogazataka, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, . 1982, 15/5 . prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 83,84,85 51. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha 75. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995,362 caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 3/3 52. vahI, 76. yogabindu, vyAkhyAna- DaoN0 sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 caukhambA 53. praznavyAkaraNa, saMvara dvAra, 5 surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 2/8 54. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha 77. AvazyakaharibhadrIyavRtti, pR0 202 prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 365 78. yogazataka, DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhaverI prakA0 gujarAta vidhAnasabhA, 55. vahI, 366-367 / bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 83,83 56. yogazataka, saMpA0 DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhAverI, prakA0 79. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, gujarAta vidhAna sabhA bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 5 prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 156 57. vahI, 6 80. dazavaikAlikasUtra, jainazAstramAlA kAryAlaya, lAhaura 9/4/1 58. yogaviMzikA, saMpA. yathovijaya, prakA- jaina graMtha prakAzana sabhA, 81. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMsaha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, rAjanagara, vi. sa. 1997, 2 prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 59. yogaviMzikA, saMpA. yathovijaya, prakA- jaina graMtha prakAzana sabhA, 82. vahI, 492 rAjanagara, vi. sa. 1997, 17 83. vahI, 34 60. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, vyAkhyAna- DaoN. sureza zrIvAstava, prakA0 84. vahI, 493 caukhambA surabhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, 1993, 3/3 85. vahI, 39 61. yogaviMzikA, saMpA. yathovijaya, prakA- jaina graMtha prakAzana sabhA, 86. vahI, 4 rAjanagara, vi. sa. 1997, 3/3 87. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, 62. vahI, 6 prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 41 63. lalitavistarA, 166, 167 88. vahI, 37 64. SoDaSaka, jaina graMtha prakAzaka sabhA, ahamadAbAda, 1939 89. vahI, 38 65. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha 90. vahI, 22 prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 411 91. vahI, 506 66. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha 92. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 155-160 graMtha, prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 213.. 67. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha 93. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, saMpA- ke. ke. dIkSita, bhAratIya saMskRti prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 123 mandira ahamadAbAda, 1969,11/693 68. yogadRSTisamuccaya, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI 94. yogazataka, DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhaverI prakA0 gujarAta vidhAnasabhA, jaina graMtha, prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995,173 bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 54 Jain Education Intemational

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AcArya haribhadra aura unakA yoga 95. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, 123. vahI,3/188 prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 13 124. manusmRti, caukhambA saMskRta sirIja, vArANasI, 1940, 1110 96. vahI, 57 125. samarAiccakahA, paM0 bhagavAnadAsa, jaina sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda, 97. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, 1938, 1942, 3/190 / prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 6 126. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, 98. zAstravArtAsamuccaya, saMpA- ke. ke. dIkSita, bhAratIya saMskRti prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 381, 382 mandira ahamadAbAda, 1969, 109 127. yogazataka DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhaverI prakA0 gujarAta 99. vahI, 140 vidhAnasabhA, bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 61 100. zrAvakaprajJapti, saMpA- bAlacandra siddhAnta zAstrI, gA0 200,203 128. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina 101. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 381graMtha, prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 10 383 102. zrAvakaprajJapti, saMpA- bAlacandra siddhAnta zAstrI, gA04 129. vahI,384-385 103. tattvArthasUtra, saMpA- paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, pArzvanAtha zodha saMsthAna, 130. vahI, 387 __vArANasI, 1997 9/3 131. vahI, 388 104. vahI, zrAkkaprajJapti, saMpA- bAlacandra siddhAnta zAstrI, gA0 81 132a. yogazataka, DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhaverI prakA0 gujarAta 105. aSTakaprakaraNa, jainagraMtha prakAzana samiti, rAjanagara, 1937, vidhAnasabhA, bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959, 52.74.79 6/1 . 132. lalita vistarA, pR0 204 106. paMcAzaka, jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAnagara, 1912, 19/922 133. yogazataka, DaoN0 indukalA hIrAcanda jhaverI prakA0 gujarAta 107. vahI, 18/894 vidhAnasabhA, bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1959,79 108. vahI, 19/929-31 134. vahI, 86-89. 109. vahI, 18/897, uttarAdhyayana sAdhvI candanA, vIrApatana prakAzana, 135. paMcAzaka, jainadharma prasArakasabhA, bhAvanagara, 1912,11/42 __ AgarA-2, 1933 29/25 136. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, 110. vahI, 18/898 prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 70 111. paMcAzaka, jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1912 137. zAstrAvArtAsamuccaya, saMpA- ke. ke. dIkSita, bhAratIya saMskRti 112. paMcAzaka saTIka vivaraNa uddhRta, jaina yoga siddhAnta aura mandira ahamadAbAda, 1969, 4 sAdhanA, pR0 259. 138. yogabindu 252,272,364 tattvArthasUtraharibhadra, pR0 478 139. aSTakaprakaraNa, jainagrantha prakAzana samiti, rAjanagara, 1937, 113. tattvArthasUtraharibhadra, pR. 483-83 114. vahI, 140. vahI, 29/8 115. AvazyakaharibhadrIyavRtti, pu. 227-9 141. vahI, 29/2 116. paMcAzaka, jainadharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1912, 142. vahI, 32/2 19/922 143. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, 117. samarAiccakahA, paM0 bhagavAnadAsa, jaina sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda, prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 365 1938, 1942, 5/440 144. aSTakaprakaraNa, jainagrantha prakAzana samiti, rAjanagara, 1937, 118. vahI, 7/747 29/1 119. vahI, 3/191 145. vahI, 307/1 120. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina 146a. yogabindu,362 graMtha, prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995, 125 146. tattvArthasUtra, saMpA, paM0 sukhalAlajI, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha zodha 121. aSTaprakaraNa, jainagrantha prakAzana samiti, rAjanagara, 1937 27/5 saMsthAna, vArANasI-5 122. samarAiccakahA, jainagrantha prakAzana samiti, rAjanagara, 1937, 147. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA, sAdhvI candanA, vIrAyatA prakAzana 3/191 29/1

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150. vahI, 366 151. sambodhaprakaraNa, jainagrantha prakAzaka sabhA, ahamadAbAda, 1916 AgarA-229/26 148. yogabindu, zrI haribhadra sUri grantha saMgraha, prakAzana - zrI jaina graMtha, prakAzana sabhA, zrI rAjanagara vi0 saM0 1995,363 149. vahI, 388 4/5, prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama DaoN0 azoka kumAra siMha bhAratIya cintana meM karmasiddhAnta kA atimahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| yadyapi jagat-vaicitrya kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM vyakti ke zubhAzubha karmoM cArvAka darzana ko chor3akara bhArata kI sabhI dArzanika paramparAoM meM ko hI kAraNa mAnA hai phira bhI unakI dRSTi meM karma citta-santati kA hI karmasiddhAnta kA vivecana upalabdha hotA hai / jainadarzana meM karmasiddhAnta pariNAma rhaa| ata: unhoMne karma ko caitasika hI mAnA jabaki nirgrantha kA jo suvyavasthita evaM suvikasita rupa prApta hotA hai vaha anyatra durlabha paramparA ne karma ke caitasika aura bhautika donoM hI pakSoM ko svIkAra kara hai / zramaNa paramparA ke vizruta vidvAn padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukha bhAI eka suvyavasthita karmasiddhAnta kI vivecanA prastuta kii| mAlavaNiyA kA yaha kathana atyanta prAsaMgika hai - 'karmavAda kI jaisI prastuta nibandha meM hamArA vivecya jaina karma siddhAnta kI vistRta vyavasthA jainoM meM dRSTigocara hotI hai vaisI vistRta vyavasthA vyAkhyA na hokara mAtra itanA hI hai ki jaina paramparA meM yaha siddhAnta anyatra durlabha hai / karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa vastuta: vizva-vaicitrya ke kramika rUpa meM kisa prakAra vikasita huaa| DaoN0 ravIndranAtha mizra ne kAraNoM kI khoja meM hI huA hai / vizva-vaicitrya ke kAraNoM kI vivecanA apanI pustaka 'jaina karmasiddhAnta udbhava evaM vikAsa' meM kAla-krama kI ke rUpa meM zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, dRSTi se jaina karmasiddhAnta ke vikAsa-krama ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kara puruSArtha Adi kA ullekha huA hai| kintu vicArakoM ko vizva-vaicitrya pratyeka varga kI mukhya vizeSatAoM ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai| unake anusAra kI vyAkhyA karane vAle ye sabhI siddhAnta santoSa pradAna nahIM kara ske| ye tIna krama nimnavat haiM - prArambhika jaina granthoM (sUtrakRtAMga) bhI vizva-vaicitrya ke kAraNatA sambandhI 1.jaina karma siddhAnta kA prArambhika kAla yA udbhava kAla I. ina vibhinna siddhAntoM kI samIkSA kI gaI aura ina siddhAntoM kI nihita pU. chaThI se IsA pUrva tIsarI shtaabdii| akSamatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue zramaNa paramparA meM karmasiddhAnta kA 2.jaina karma siddhAnta kA vyavasthApana kAla - I.pU. dUsarI se AvirbhAva huA / isa siddhAnta meM sarvaprathama yaha mAnA gayA ki vaiyaktika IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI / vibhinnatAoM, vyakti kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhUti aura sadasad pravRttiyoM 3.jaina karma siddhAnta kA vikAsa kAla- I.kI cauthI zatI / meM usakI svAbhAvika ruci ke kAraNa vyakti ke apane hI pUrvakarma hote se bArahavIM zatI / haiN| yaha mAnyatA nirgrantha, bauddha aura AjIvakA paramparA meM samAna rUpa se svIkRta rhii| nyAya-vaizeSika jaise prAcIna darzanoM ne Izvara-kartRtva kI 1. jainakarma siddhAnta kA prArambhi kAla yA udbhavakAla avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI vaiyaktika vibhinnatA ke kAraNa kI DaoN. mizra ke anusAra prArambhika kAla yA udbhava kAla taka vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM Izvara ke sthAna para adRSTa yA karma ko hI pradhAnatA nimna avadhAraNAeM bana cukI thIM - 1.karmoM kA zubhAzubha phala milatA dI hai / phira bhI yaha sunizcita hai ki zramaNa paramparAoM meM karmasiddhAnta hai| 2.karma saMcita hote haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM ve kAlAntara meM phala dene ko jo pradhAnatA milI vaha IzvaravAdI paramparAoM meM sambhava nahIM thI kI sAmarthya rakhate haiN| karma yA karma bandha kA kAraNa rAga-dveSa, kaSAya kyoMki ve karma ke Upara Izvara kI sattA ko sthApita kara rahI thiiN| aura moha hai| 3. saMcita karmoM ke kAraNa punarjanma hotA haiM / 4. ina prAcIna bhArata kI zramaNa paramparAoM meM AjIvaka paramparA saMcita karmoM se arthAt saMsAra-paribhramaNa se mukti ho sakatI hai| vilupta ho cukI hai aura usakA koI sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai / ataH tAtparya yaha ki prArambhika kAla meM yadyapi karma siddhAnta kI usameM karmasiddhAnta kisa rUpa meM thA yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai / bauddhoM ne sabhI mUlabhUta bAteM astitva meM A cukI thIM phira bhI ina prAcInatama granthoM Jain Education Intemational

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prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama meM suvyavasthita rUpa se jaina karma siddhAnta kA pratipAdana nahIM hai| na to inameM karmaprakRtiyoM kI carcA hai, na karma aura guNasthAnoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM kI carcA hai aura na karmoM kI udaya, udIraNA Adi vibhinna avasthAoM kI hI carcA hai / 2. karmasiddhAnta kA vyavasthApana kAla DaoN. mizra ke isa kAla anusAra karma siddhAnta ke sambandha meM nimna bAtoM kA praveza huA 1. karma kI mUla evaM uttara prakRtiyoM kA - vargIkaraNa, 2. karma kI mUla evaM unakI prakRtiyoM ke bandhana ke alagaalaga kAraNoM kA vivecana 3 . bandhana ke 5 hetuoM kA vivecana aura unakA prakRtibandha, sthitibandha, anubhAgabandha evaM pradezabandha se sambandha tathA karma kI udaya, udIraNA Adi dasa avasthAoM kA ullekha, vibhinna karma prakRtiyoM kI nyUnatama aura adhikatama sattA kI kAlAvadhi tathA karmaprakRtiyoM ke alaga-alaga phala vipAka kI carcA 3. jaina karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsa kAla IsA kI cauthI se lekara terahavIM zatAbdI taka vyApta isa kAla kI pramukha vizeSatAyeM nimnavat haiM- 1. karma siddhAnta para svatantra granthoM kI racanA, 2. karmaviddhAnta kA anya jaina dArzanika avadhAraNAoM jaise guNasthAna, jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, lezyA Adi se sambandha, 3. karmaprakRtiyoM kA guNasthAna aura mArgaNAsthAna meM udaya, udIraNA Adi kI dRSTi se vistRta vivecana, 4 jaina karmasiddhAnta ke sandarbha meM utpanna dArzanika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna aura 5. jaina karmasiddhAnta ko gaNitIya svarUpa pradAna kiyA jaanaa| yadyapi jaina paramparA sAmAnya rUpa se AgAmoM ko aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga-AgamoM ko artha ke rUpa meM mahAvIra kI aura zabda ke rUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA mAnatI hai kintu vidvatsamudAya aneka kAraNoM se sabhI AgamoM yahA~ taka ki sabhI aMga AgamoM ko bhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM maantaa| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha mAnA gayA hai| vidvAn ise lagabhaga I. pU. caturtha zatAbdI kI racanA mAnate haiM / isake samakAlIna athavA kiMcit paravartI granthoM meM sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana kA krama AtA hai ye tInoM grantha I.pU. lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdI kI racanA ke rUpa meM mAnya / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki pArzvApatya paramparA ke AgamoM meM jinheM hama pUrvo ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM 'karmaprAbhRta' nAmaka eka grantha thA, jisase 'karmaprakRti Adi karma sAhitya ke svatantra ganthoM kA vikAsa huaa| kintu karmasiddhAnta ke ye sabhI grantha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM I. san kI 5vIM zatAbdI ke bAda ke mAne gaye haiM / cU~ki hamArA uddezya karmasiddhAnta ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko dekhanA hai ataH ina granthoM ko vivecana kA AdhAra na banAkara ardhamAgadhI Agama ke kucha prAcIna granthoM ko hI apanI 91 vivecana kA AdhAra bnaayeNge| isa dRSTi se hamane AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM nihita karmasiddhAnta ke tattvoM para vicAra kiyaa| AcArAMga kI karma sambandhI avadhAraNAyeM sAmAnyatayA karma zabda kA artha prANI kI zArIrika athavA caitasika kriyA mAnA gayA hai| kintu karmasiddhAnta kI vyAkhyA meM / zArIrika kriyA yA mAnasika kriyA ke kAraNa kI aura usake pariNAma kI vyAkhyA ko pramukhatA dI gaI, ataH karma ke aMga bane 1. kriyA ke preraka tattva, 2. kriyA, 3. kriyA kA pariNAma jahA~ bauddha paramparA ne kriyA ke preraka tattva ke rUpa meM caitasika vRttiyoM ko hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA vahA~ jaina paramparA ne kriyA ke mUla meM rahI huI caitasika vRtti ke sAtha-sAtha usake pariNAma para bhI vicAra kiyaa| isa prakAra karma kI avadhAraNA ko eka vyApakatA pradAna kI / kisI kriyA ke mUla meM rahe hue caitasika bhAvadhArA ko pAribhASika dRSTi se bhAvakarma kI saMjJA dI gii| kintu koI bhI kriyA cAhe vaha caitasika ho yA daihika apane pariveza meM eka halacala avazya utpanna karatI hai| isI AdhAra para yaha mAnA gayA ki ina kriyAoM ke pariNAma svarUpa karmadravya AkarSita hotA hai aura AtmA ko bandhana meM DAla detA hai| jaina paramparA meM kisI kriyA-vizeSa ke dvArA jisa paugalika dravya kA AtmA kI ora saMsaraNa hotA hai use dravya karma kahA jAtA haiN| AcArAMga meM dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma jaise suspaSTa zabda kA prayoga hameM nahIM milatA kintu karma ke caitasika pakSa ke sAtha-sAtha hameM karmazarIra aura karmaraja jaisI avadhAraNAyeM spaSTa rUpa se milatI haiN| vastutaH yahI karmazarIra aura karmaraja dravyakarma kI avadhAraNA ke AdhAra bane haiN| AcArAMga spaSTa rUpa se karmaraja aura usake Asrava kI bAta karatA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha karma ke bhautika pakSa yA dravyapakSa ko svIkAra karatA hai| ataH / hama kaha sakate haiM ki dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma kI spaSTa avadhAraNA bhale hI nahIM rahI ho unake bIja ke rUpa meM karmaraja aura karmazarIra kI avadhAraNAyeM upalabdha thiiN| AcArAMga meM anyatra 'jo guNa hai vahI Avarta hai' aura 'jo Avarta hai vahI guNa hai yaha kahakara sAMsArikatA ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM guNoM kI carcA kI gaI hai aura yahA~ AcArAMgakAra kA guNoM se tAtparya prakRti ke tIna guNoM se hI rahA huA hai| ye guNa prAcIna sAMkhyadarzana meM bhautika tattva meM bhautika tattva ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiM aura unakI prakRti se ekAtmakatA pratipAdita kI gaI hai| ataH isase bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki AcArAMgakAra ke samakSa karma kA paugalika pakSa spaSTa rUpa se upasthita thA cAhe usa kAla taka dravya karma aura bhAva karma jaisI pAribhASika zabdAvalI kA vikAsa na huaa| / / karma ko saMsAra paribhramaNa yA bandhana kA kAraNa mAnanA yaha siddhAnta bhI AcArAMga ke kAla taka spaSTa rUpa se astitva meM A cukA

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92 - thaa| AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita hai ki jo AtmA kI punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karatA hai vahI AtmavAdI hai, lokavAdI hai aura karmavAdI hai| isa prakAra AcArAMga kI dRSTi meM punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ke spaSTa tIna phalita haiM AtmavAda, lokavAda aura karmavAda / punaH karmavAda bhI AtmA aura saMsAra kI sattA ko svIkAra kiye binA sambhava nahIM hai| ataH karmavAda ke lie AtmA aura saMsAra kA astitva anivArya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM AcArAMga ke kAla meM karmavAda, punarjanma kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha saMyojita kara liyA gayA thaa| AcArAMga kI eka vizeSatA yaha bhI parilakSita hotI hai ki vaha karma ko hiMsA yA Arambha ke sAtha saMyojita karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM karma yA kriyAyeM hiMsA ke sAtha jur3I huI haiM aura ve saMsAra ke paribhramaNa kA kAraNa haiN| isIlie usameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jo kriyA (Arambha) ke svarUpa ko nahIM jAnatA hai vaha saMsAra kI vividha jIvayoniyoM meM paribhramaNa karatA hai kintu jo karma yA hiMsA ke svarUpa ko jAna letA hai vaha parijJAtakarmA muni sAMsArika janma-maraNa ke cakra se Upara uThatA hai| isa kathana kA spaSTa tAtparya hai ki karma yA kriyA bandhana kA kAraNa hai| karma yA kriyA se Asava hotA hai aura vaha Asava bandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai / isIlie AcArAMga jo bhI sAMsArika vividhatAyeM haiM ve karma se utpanna hotI hai| AcArAMga meM aSTakarma prakRtiyoM kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai / karma kI zubhAzubhatA ke AdhAra ko lekara bhI AcArAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se koI vistRta vivecana upalabdha nahIM hotA, kintu AcArAMgakAra karma aura akarma tathA pApakarma aura puNya kI carcA avazya karatA hai| AcArAMga meM akammarAya" nikkamadaMsI" zabdoM kA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki AcArAMgakAra ke samakSa yaha avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se A gayI thI bAhya svarUpa ke sthAna para karttA ke manobhAvoM ko pradhAnatA detA hai| isa prakAra AcArAMga karmabandha aura karma-nirjarA meM ghaTanA ke ki sabhI karma bandhaka nahIM hote haiN| puNya (zubha) aura pApa (azubha) karma ke sAtha-sAtha akarma kI yaha avadhAraNA hameM gItA meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai / jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 cAhe AcArAMga meM karma prakRtiyoM kI carcA na ho parantu karma zarIra kI carcA hai - 'dhuNe kammasarIragaM' 12 kahakara do tathyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai - eka to yaha ki karma se yA karmavargaNA ke pudgaloM se zarIra kI racanA hotI hai usa zarIra ko tapa Adi ke mAdhyama se dhunanA sambhava hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArAMga meM karma kI paudgalikatA, karmapudgaloM kA Asrava aura usakA AtmA ke lie bandhana kAraka honA -- ye avadhAraNAyeM spaSTa rUpa se astitva meM A gayI thiiN| isake sAtha hI karma se vimukti ke lie saMvara aura nirjarA kI avadhAraNAeM spaSTa rUpa se upasthita thiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM AcArAMga meM karma, karmabandha, karma Asrava-karma- nirjarA aura ye zabda prApta hote haiN| karmabandha ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM AcArAMga meM moha, hiMsA 13 aura rAga-dveSa kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| usameM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki moha ke kAraNa hI prANI garbha aura maraNa ko prApta hotA hai / 14 jo karma moha aura rAga-dveSa se niHsRta nahIM haiM ve karma bhI yadi hiMsA yA parapIr3A ke sAtha jur3e hue haiM to bhI unase bandha hotA hI hai| 15 AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki guNasamitivAna apramAdI muni ke zarIra kA saMsparza pAkara bhI kucha prANI paritApa prApta karate haiN|' pAkara bhI kucha prANI paritApa prApta karate haiN| muni ke isa prakAra ke karma dvArA use isa janma meM vedana karane yogya karma kA bandha hotA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki AcArAMga kI dRSTi meM rAga-dveSa aura pramAda kI anupasthiti meM bhI yadi hiMsA kI ghaTanA ghaTita hotI hai to usase karma bandha to hotA hI hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki IryApathika karma ko jo avadhAraNA vikasita huI hai usake bhI mUlabIja AcArAMga meM upasthita haiM / phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bandhana ke midhyAtva Adi pA~ca kAraNoM kI carcA, aSTakarma prakRtiyoM kI carcA, karma kI dasa avasthAoM kI carcA AcArAMga ke kAla taka anupasthita rahI hogii| AcArAMga meM karmasiddhAnta ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa tathya yaha upalabdha hotA hai ki eka ora AcArAMgakAra kisI nimitta se hone vAlI hiMsA kI ghaTanA se hI apramatta muni ko isa janma meM vedanIya karma kA bandha mAnatA hai kintu vaha dUsarI ora isa siddhAnta kA spaSTa rUpa se pratipAdana karatA hai ki bAhya ghaTanAoM kA adhika mUlya nahIM hai| vaha spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahatA hai ki 'jo Asrava haiM ve hI parizrava haiM, arthAt karma nirjarA ke rUpa meM pariNata jo parizrava arthAt karma nirjarA ke hetu haiM vahI Asrava ke hetu bana jAte haiN| isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki kauna sA karma Asrava ke rUpa meM aura kauna sA karma parizrava ke rUpa meM rUpAntarita hogA isakA AdhAra karma kA bAhaya pakSa na hokara karttA kI manovRtti hI hogI / sUtrakRtAMga kI karma sambandhI avadhAraNA AcArAMga kI apekSA sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko vidvAnoM ne kiMcit paravartIIM mAnA hai| karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki AcArAMga kI apekSA sUtrakRtAMga meM karma sambandhI avadhAraNAoM kA kramika vikAsa huA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki prANI isa saMsAra meM svakRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoga kiye binA unase mukta nahIM ho sakatA hai| 17 isa sandarbha meM sUtrakRtAMga kI yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki jo vyakti pUrva meM jaise karma karatA hai usI ke anusAra vaha bAda meM phala prApta karatA hai / 18 vyakti kA jaisA karma hogA vaisA hI use phala prApta hogA / sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta kA bhI pratipAdana hai ki vyakti apane hI kiye karmoM kA phala bhogatA hai / 19 vyakti ke sukha-duHkha ke kAraNa usake svakRta karma haiM anya vyakti yA parakRta karma nahIM / " karmabandha ke kAraNoM kI carcA ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga meM hameM do mahattvapUrNa ullekha prApta hote haiN| sUtrakRtAMga ke prArambha meM parigraha yA Asakti ko hI hiMsA yA duSkarma kA ekamAtra kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| 21 Age calakara prathama adhyayana ke dvitIya uddezaka 22 meM yaha kahakara ki

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prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama anta:karaNa meM vyApta lobha, samasta prakAra kI mAyA, ahaMkAra ke vividha dekhate haiM ki AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI apekSA RSibhASita meM rUpa aura krodha kA parityAga karake hI jIva karmabandhana se mukti prApta karmasiddhAnta paryApta rUpa se vikasita avasthA meM milatA hai / karma, kara sakatA hai, sUtrakRtAMga meM cAroM kaSAyoM ko bhI karmabandhana ke kAraNa akarma26 kI carcA ke sAtha-sAtha zubhAzubha karma kI carcA37 tathA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai / bandhana ke kAraNoM kI isa carcA zubhAzubha karmoM se atikramaNa kI carcA RSibhASita meM hI sarvaprathama meM sUtrakRtAMga meM prakArAntara se prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna aura milatI hai / RSibhASita hI aisA grantha hai jisameM svarNa aura loha-ber3I maithuna se avirati ko bhI karmabandhana kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / 22 isa kI upamA dekara29 puNya-pApa karma se atikramaNa kI carcA hai| sarvaprathama prakAra cAhe spaSTa rUpa se nahIM parantu prakArAntara se usameM mithyAtva, aSTa karmagranthi kI carcA karane vAlA bhI yahI grantha hai / RSibhASita meM avirati, pramAda aura kaSAya ko yoga ke sAtha bandhana kA kAraNa mAna karma ke 5 AdAna yA kAraNa39 spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita haiN| liyA gayA haiM / ata: bandhana ke jina pA~ca kAraNoM kI carcA paravartI isameM yadyapi karma kI dasa avasthAoM kI carcA nahIM hai phira sAhitya meM upalabdha hai usakA mUlabIja sUtrakRtAMga meM upalabdha hai / yahA~ bhI sopAdAna, nirAdAna, vipAkayukta, upakramita aura anudita karmoM kA smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki kaSAyoM kI yaha carcA 'je kohaM daMssi se mANaM vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| sAtha hI upakramita, utkarita, baddha, spaSTa dassi' Adi ke rUpa meM AcArAMga meM A gayI hai / sUtrakRtAMga kI aura nidhatta karmoM ke saMkSepa evaM kSaya hone evaM nikAcita karmoM ke avazya vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha ina kAraNoM se karmabandhana ko svIkAra karatA hI bhogane kA ullekha hai|43 RSibhASita isa bAta para spaSTa rUpa se bala detA hai ki koI karmasiddhAnta ke sandarbha meM sUtrakRtAMga isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa vyakti svakRta zubhAzubha karmoM kA hI phala bhogatA hai / 42 se svIkAra karatA hai ki vyakti svakRta karmoM ke phala kA hI bhoktA hotA isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki RSibhASita ke kAla taka jaina hai| vaha na to apane karmoM kA vipAka dUsaroM ko de sakatA hai na dUsaroM karmasiddhAnta paryApta rUpa se vikasita avasthA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| ke karmoM kA vipAka svayaM prApta kara sakatA hai| bhale hI isameM aSTa karmaprakRtiyoM ke alaga-alaga nAmoM kA ullekha na karma ke dravya aura bhAvapakSa kI ina nAmoM se carcA isameM nahIM ho kintu aSTa karmagranthi kA ullekha hone se yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki milatI hai kintu 'karmaraja'25 aura karma kA tvacA ke rUpa meM tyAga jaise karmoM kI aSTa mUlaprakRtiyoM kI carcA usa yuga taka A cukI thA / yadi ullekhoM se spaSTa rUpa se hameM lagatA hai ki usameM karma ke dravya pakSa kI hama karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki svIkRti rahI huI hai / punaH 'pramAda karma hai aura 'apramAda akarma' hai yaha AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga kI apekSA RSibhASita paryApta rUpa se vikasita kahakara 6 sUtrakAra ne karma ke bhAvapakSa ko bhI spaSTata: svIkAra kara liyA grantha hai| kintu kucha vidvAnoM ne ise AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama hai| karma ke puNya-pApa, karma aura akarma27, aise tIna pakSoM kI carcA zrutaskandha kA samakAlIna mAnA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka vikalpa yaha bhI sUtrakRtAMga meM upalabdha hotI haiM / jahA~ taka karmaprakRtiyoM kI carcA kA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki RSibhASita mukhya rUpa se pArthApatya paramparA kA prazna hai sUtrakRtAMga meM mAtra darzanAvaraNa8 kA ullekha milatA hai| isase grantha rahA ho aura pArthApatya paramparA meM karmasiddhAnta kI vikasita carcA aisA lagatA hai ki sUtrakRtAMga meM karmaprakRtiyoM kI carcA ke mUlabIja dhIre- bhI upalabdha huI hai kyoMki isa grantha meM karmasiddhAnta kA jo vikasita dhIre prakaTa ho rahe the| karma ke IryApathika29 aura sAmparAyika ina do rUpa milatA hai vaha mukhyarUpa se isake 'pArzva' nAmaka adhyayana meM rUpoM kI carcA kA prazna akarma aura karma se jur3A huA hai kintu ina upalabdha hotA hai / sAtha hI karmasiddhAnta ke caitasika pakSa aura pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga hameM sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga meM milatA hai| karmasantati kI jo vizeSa carcA usa grantha meM pAyI jAtI hai, vaha bhI mukhya prathama zrutaskandha meM sAmparAyika aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM teraha kriyAsthAnoM rUpa se mahAkazyapa, sAriputra, vajjiputra Adi bauddha RSiyoM ke upadezoM kI carcA ke sandarbha meM IryApathika kA ullekha AyA hai / 31 ke rUpa meM hI hai / isalie yaha sambhAvanA pUrI taraha se asatya nahIM ho karma kI dasa avasthAoM meM se hameM udaya22, udIraNA aura sakatI ki pApitya paramparA meM mahAvIra kI apekSA eka vikasita karmakSaya kI carcA milatI hai| karmanirjarA ke sambandha meM ullekha hai karmasiddhAnta upalabdha thA / ki tapa ke dvArA karmakSaya sambhava hai aura sampUrNa karma kA kSaya ho jAne para parama siddhi prApta hotI hai / 35 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sUtrakRtAMga uttarAdhyayana kI karmasambandhI avadhAraNA meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA karmasiddhAnta kA kramika aMga-Agama sAhitya meM AcArAMga ke pazcAt sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga vikAsa huA hai| aura bhagavatIsUtra aise grantha haiM jinameM karmasiddhAnta kA vikasita rUpa upalabdha hotA hai / kintu vidvAnoM ke anusAra ina tInoM granthoM meM RSibhASita kI karmasambandhI avadhAraNAyeM paravartIkAla kI sAmagrI ko antima vAcanA ke samaya saMkalita kara ___ karmasiddhAnta ke isa kramika vikAsa kI carcA meM hama yaha liyA gayA / isalie karmasiddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se ina granthoM Jain Education Intemational

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94 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 kI carcA na kara uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha karma sambandhI vivaraNoM kI carcA kA vivaraNa bhagavatI meM vistAra se milatA hai yahA~ kevala eka hI gAthA karanA caaheNge| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM 33 veM adhyayana ko chor3akara anya meM isakA varNana hai| adhyayanoM meM jo karmasiddhAnta sambandhI carcAyeM milatI haiM ve AcArAMga ata: hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki uttarAdhyayana meM 33veM aura sUtrakRtAMga kI apekSA kiMcit vikasita pratIta hotI haiM / kintu adhyayana meM yadyapi karmasiddhAnta kA vyavasthita vivaraNa hai phira bhI unameM unhIM saba tathyoM kI carcA hai jo sUtrakRtAMga meM upalabdha hote haiN| paravartI sAhitya meM aura bhI vistRta vivecanA kI gaI hai / udAharaNa ke karma kartA kA anusaraNa karatA hai / 45 sabhI jIvoM ko apane karma ke lie isameM nAmakarma kI do zubha aura azubha-do hI uttaraprakRtiyoM kA anusAra phala bhoganA par3atA hai / 6 kAmabhogoM kI lAlasA ke kAraNa ullekha hai jabaki Age calakara isake 42,67,93 evaM 103 bhedoM karmaparamANuoM kA AtmA ke sAtha bandha hotA hai kintu jo rAgAdi bhAvoM kI carcA milatI hai| se rahita hotA hai use bandha nahIM hotA hai| karma apane zubhAzubha isase spaSTa hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke pazcAt bhI jaina karmasiddhAnta adhyavasAyoM evaM vipAkoM ke anusAra puNya aura pApa rUpa hotA hai|8 kA vikAsa hotA gyaa| ye carcAyeM aisI haiM jo prakArAntara se AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI upalabdha haiM / uttarAdhyayana meM karma ko karma-granthi, karmakaMcuka, karmaraja, sthAnAMgasUtra karmagaru. karmavana, Adi kahane ke jo Thallekha upalabdha haiN| ve saba bhI AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita evaM uttarAdhyayana kI tulanA hamAre samakSa navIna tathya prastuta nahIM karate haiM / uttarAdhyayana kA mAtra meM sthAnAMga meM karma-siddhAnta kA vikasita rUpa prApta hotA hai| sthAnAMga 33vA~ adhyAya aisA hai jisameM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita kI ke Arambha meM ullekha hai ki isa jIvana yA agale jIvana meM karmoM kA apekSA karmasiddhAnta ke vikasita rUpa milate haiM / isa adhyAya kI phala avazya milatA hai| sthAnAMga meM devatAoM, nArakoM, manuSyoM Adi prAcInatA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai phira bhI yaha adhyAya I.pU. ke karmaphala ke upabhogakAla kA nirdhAraNa karate hue vartamAna bhava evaM kA hI mAnA jAtA hai / RSibhASita meM jo aSTakarmagranthi kA ullekha anya bhava meM hone vAle karmaphala vipAka'6 kI carcA hai / isameM karma kI AyA hai. isakI bhI vistRta vyAkhyA uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha hai| avAntara prakRtiyoM se sambandhita do prakAra ke vivaraNa milate haiM / isake Agama sAhitya meM aSTamUlaprakRtiyoM aura unake avAntara bhedoM kI carcA dvitIya sthAna ke caturtha uddezaka56 meM aThoM mUlaprakRtiyoM kA do-do karane vAlA yaha prathama grantha hai / sambhavataH uttarAdhyayana meM hI sarvaprathama avAntara prakRtiyoM meM hI vargIkaraNa hai - deza evaM sarva, jJAnAvaraNIya evaM aSTakarma prakRtiyoM ko ghAtI aura aghAtI karma meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA darzanAvaraNIya kI ,sAtA aura asAtA, vedamIya karma kI evaM darzana aura hai|51 isameM jJAnAvaraNIya kI 5, darzanAvaraNIya kI 9, vedanIya kI 2 cAritra, mohanIya karma kii| AyuSya karma addhAyuSya (kAyasthiti kI mohanIya kI 28, AyuSya kI 4, nAma karma kI 2, gotra kI 2 aura Ayu) aura bhavAyuSya (usI bhava kI Ayu), nAma karma-zubha aura azubha, antarAya karma kI 5 uttarakarmaprakRtiyoM kA ullekha hai / 52 uttara gotra karma-ucca aura nIca tathA antarAya karma -- pratyutpannavinAzi evaM karmaprakRtiyoM ke vivaraNa52 kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki darzanAvaraNIya kI pihita-AgAmipatha do prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga meM hI anyatra uttaraprakRtiyoM ke krama meM Aja kI dRSTi se antara hai| vedanIya kI sAtA- uparyukta bhinna jJAnAvaraNIya ke 559, darzanAvaraNIya ke 96 evaM nokaSAya asAtA donoM ke aneka bheda batAyeM gaye haiN| mohanIya karma ke darzana evaM vedanIya ke 951 bhedoM kA ullekha hai| prasaMgavaza vedanIya karma kI do cAritra mohanIya do bhedoM meM se cAritra mohanIya ke upabheda nokaSAya anya avAntara prakRtiyo kSudhA vedanIya62 aura lobha vedanIya karma63 kA mohanIya ke 7 yA 9 bheda batAye gaye haiM / nAma karma ke pahale zubha aura bhI ullekha milatA hai| azubha bheda kiye gaye phira ina donoM ke aneka bhedoM kI sUcanA dI gii| sthAnAMga meM uttara karmaprakRtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa yaha iMgita meM gotra karma ke donoM bhedoM-ucca aura nIca ke ATha-ATha bheda batAye gaye upalabdha karatA hai ki vartamAna paddhati se bhinna eka anya paramparA bhI uttara prakRtiyoM ke vargIkaraNa kI vidyamAna thii| usa vargIkaraNa meM saralIkaraNa isameM mUla prakRtiyoM aura uttaraprakRtiyoM kA varNana karane ke dikhalAI par3atA hai| jaise jJAnAvaraNIya aura darzanAvaraNIya ke deza arthAta pazcAt pradezoM kA parimANa, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kA nirUpaNa hai| azata: aura sarva aise do bheda the / isI prakAra AyuSya karma kI bhI isameM karma kI mUlaprakRtiyoM kI adhikatama aura nyUnatama vartamAna janma kI Ayu aura bhaviSya meM hone vAle janma kI Ayu ke sthiti kI carcA hai| ina karmaprakRtiyoM kI kAlAvadhi ke sambandha meM eka vicAra kI dRSTi se do hI bheda kiye jAte the tathA antarAya karma kA bhI mahattvapUrNa carcA yaha hai ki vedanIya karma kI jaghanya sthiti eka vibhAjana vartamAna meM prApta vastu kA vinAza aura bhaviSya meM hone vAle antarmaharta54 kI batAyI gayI hai vahA~ anyatra 12 antarmuharta batAyI gayI lAbha ke mArga meM bAdhA- ye do bheda the| ullekhanIya hai ki karma prakRti ke dvividha vargIkaraNa meM se mAtra vedanIya kI sAtA aura asAtA tathA gotra AtmA ke dvArA karmapadgaloM ke grahaNa karane aura unakI saMkhyA karma kI ucca aura nIca hI pracalita paramparA meM vyavasthita haiM / zeSa ke Jain Education Intemational

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prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama vargIkaraNoM kI saMkhyA meM parivartana huA hai| AgamoM ke granthabaddha hone aura yoga kA eka sAtha bhI nirdeza kara diyA gayA hai| parantu isase ke pUrva mUlaprakRtiyoM ke isa prakAra vargIkaraNa ke pIche sambhavataH smaraNa pUrvavartI RSibhASita meM ina pA~ca kAraNoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai ata: suvidhA kI dRSTi mukhya rahI hogii| karma siddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se isameM ullekha honA vizeSa avAntara prakRtiyoM kA jo ullekha sthAnAMga ke alaga-alaga mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai| sthAnoM meM prApta hotA hai usame jJAnAvaraNIya kI 5, darzanAvaraNIya kI 9, isameM kina-kina kAraNoM se munaSya alpAyuSyakarma, dIrdhavedanIya kI do aura gotrakarma kI do avAntara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha AyuSyakarma kA bandha karatA hai isakA sarvaprathama ullekha milatA hai|74 pracalita paramparA ke hI anurUpa hai, parantu usameM nokaSAya vedanIya karma yahI nahIM sthAnAMga meM nAraka, tiya~ca, manuSya aura devAyu bA~dhane ke kAraNoM ke jo 9 bheda batAye gaye haiM ve paramparAgata vargIkaraNa meM nokaSAya mohanIya para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai.5 jo karma-siddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se karma ke 9 bheda mAne jAte haiM / yadyapi inake nAma Adi meM samarUpatA hai mahattvapUrNa hai| nairayika jIvoM se lekara vaimAnika taka ke sabhI daNDakoM kintu inheM nokaSAya vedanIya karma kyoM kahA gayA hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| ko jIvoM dvArA cha: prakAra kA Ayubandha batAyA gayA hai / 6 parabhavika sthAnAMga meM dasa kI saMkhyA vAle tathyoM kA hI saMkalana karane ke kAraNa Ayurbandha ke prasaMga meM nairayika se lekara vaimAnika taka ke sabhI jIvoM ke mohanIya karma kI 28 aura nAma karma kI uttara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha bhujyamAna Aya ke cha: mAsa ke avaziSTa rahane para niyama se parabhava kI sthAnAMga meM na honA svAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai parantu antarAya karma kI Ayu kA bandha karate haiM. yaha ullekha hai| sthAnAMga kI yaha avadhAraNA 5 avAntara prakRtiyoM kA ullekha na honA vicAraNIya hai| yahA~ yaha digambara mAnyatA ke viparIta hai ki asaMkhyAta varSa kI Ayu vAle manuSya ullekha karanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki uttarAdhyayana ke 33veM aura tiya~ca vartamAna bhava kI Aya ke nau mAha zeSa rahane para parabhava kI adhyayana meM antarAya kI dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga aura vIryayA~ ye 5 Ayu kA bandha karate hai|8 avAntara prakRti nAma sahita nirdiSTa haiM isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA jIvoM ko sadA pratikSaNa mohanIya karma kA bandhana hone kA sakatA hai ki uttarAdhyayana kA saha adhyayana sthAnAMga kA uttaravartI hai aura ullekha hai / 9 mohanIya karma ke udaya se unmAda, pramAda, tathA maithuna sAtha hI uttara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA meM kramika vikAsa huA hai| saMjJA utpanna hone kA nirdeza hai / 82 lobha vedanIya karma ke udaya se parigraha karma ke pradeza aura anubhAva do prakAra batAye gaye haiN|65 hiMsA saMjJA hone kA ullekha hai / / Adi duSTakarmoM ko duzcIrNa karma (ducciNNa), tapa Adi karmoM ko sucIrNa sthAnAMga meM karma kI avasthAoM meM upacaya, bandha, udIraNA, (suciNNa)66 kahA gayA hai yadyapi inakA saiddhAntika dRSTi se vizeSa vedanA aura nirjarA kA ullekha hai / eka sthala para jIvoM dvArA ATha mahatva nahIM hai kyoMki inakA artha kramaza: duSTakarma yA pApakarma aura karma prakRtiyoM kA saMcaya, upacaya, bandha, udIraNA, vedana aura nirjaraNa puNyakarma hai aura karmoM ke puNya aura pApa hone kI avadhAraNA AcArAMga kA ullekha hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM carcita udaya aura bandha kI apekSA karma meM A cukI thI / sthAnAMga meM karma ke zubhatva-azubhatva para bhI samyak kI avasthAoM kI dRSTi se atirikta sUcanA bhI milatI hai / parantu vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ise prakRti aura bandha ke cAra bhaMgoM ke mAdhyama sthAnAMga sahita pUrvavartI sabhI granthoM meM karma kI dasoM avasthAoM kA se vyakta kiyA gayA hai - 1.zubha aura zubha 2.zubha aura azubha 3.azubha abhAva yaha iMgita karatA hai ki inakA vikAsa kramazaH huA hai aura aura zubha 4.azubha aura azubha / bhaMgoM meM prayukta prathamapada prakRti aura sthAnAMga ke kAla taka dasoM avasthAoM kI avadhAraNA nahIM banI thii| dvitIya pada anubandha ke lie hai / isI prakAra prakRti aura vipAka kI - sthAnAMga meM karma-prakRtiyoM ke vedana aura kSaya kA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se cAra bhaMgoM meM karma kA zubhatva aura azubhatva batAyA gayA hai / 68 dRSTi se bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi isa dRSTi se kucha bikhare hue kriyA sthAnoM ke sambandha meM karma ke IryApathika aura samparAyika karma kA sUtra hI prApta hote haiM - kSINamoha vAle arhanta ke tIna satkarma eka sAtha bhI ullekha eka sAtha AyA hai|69 yadyapi sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha naSTa hote haiM - jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya aura antraay|5 prathama meM IryApathika aura dvitIya zrutaskandha meM sAmparAyika karma kI carcA hai samayavartI kevalI jina ke jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, moha aura parantu sUtrakRtAMga kA dvitIya zrutaskandha prathama zrutaskandha se bAda kA AntarAyika ye cAra karma kSINa ho cuke hote haiN|6 prathama samayavartI siddha mAnA jAtA hai| ata: yadi sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ko sthAnAMga ke cAra satkarma eka sAtha kSINa hote haiM - vedanIya, Ayu, nAma aura se paravartI mAnA jAya to sthAnAMga kA yaha ullekha mahattvapUrNa mAnA jA gotra / 87 sakatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki karma kI avAntara prakRtiyoM ke sthAnAMga meM karmabandha ke cAra prakAroM-prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga pUrNa vyavasthApana se pUrva kI sthiti kA jJAna sthAnAMga se hotA haiM / isameM aura pradeza kA tathA bandha ke do prakAroM-preya aura dveSa bandha kA ullekha karmabandha, unake kAraNoM Adi ke sambandha meM sUkSmatA se vicAra kI hai| cArakaSAya 2 aura pramAda kA alaga-alaga nirdeza hone ke sAtha- prakiyA Arambha ho cukI thI / karma kI avasthAoM ke sambandha meM bhI sAtha Asrava ke 5 kAraNoM ke rUpa meM mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya pUrvavartI granthoM kI apekSA vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai| sAtha hI AyuSya Jain Education Intemational ,

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96 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa - 7 karma ke sambandha meM parabhava kI Ayu bA~dhane kA niyata samaya bhI kI gaveSaNA karane vAle upAyoM kI apekSA caudaha jIvasthAna kahe gaye haiM ullikhita hai| / " isa prakAra samavAyAMga taka bhale hI vartamAna caudaha guNasthAnoM kA astitva A cukA thA para ve abhI jIvasthAna nAma se jAne jAte the / vibhinna AdhyAtmika vikAsa vAle jIvoM ko ba~dhane vAlI karma prakRtiyoM kA bhI ullekha samavAyAMga meM milatA hai- sUkSmasamparAya bhAva meM vartamAna sUkSmasamparAya bhagavAn kevala satraha karma prakRtiyoM ko bA~dhate hai / 96 saMkliSTa pariNAma vAle aparyAptaka mithyAdRSTi vikalendriya (dvIndriya, zrIndriya caturindriya) jIva nAma karma kI 25 uttara prakRtiyoM ko bA~dhate haiN|" devagati, narakagati ko bA~dhane vAle jIva dvArA 28 karma prakRtiyoM ko bA~dhane kA bhI nirdeza hai| isI krama meM prazasta adhyavasAya se | yukta samyagdRSTi bhavya jIva dvArA tIrthakara nAma karma ke atirikta nAma karma kI 28 karma prakRtiyoM ko bA~dhakara niyamapUrvaka vaimAnika devoM meM utpanna hone kA ullekha haiM / 99 samavAyAMga meM AThoM mUla prakRtiyoM kI avAntara prakRtiyoM meM se kucha ko samAviSTa kara aura kucha ko chor3akara unakA yoga batAyA gayA hai| yadyapi isakA karma siddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva nahIM haiN| ina para dRSTipAta karane se isI tathya kI puSTi hotI hai ki nAma karma ko chor3akara zeSa sAta karma-prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA niyata ho cukI thii| samavAyAMga yaha sAmAnya avadhAraNA hai ki samavAyAMga eka saMgraha grantha hai| ise grantha-baddha karate samaya usa kAla paryanta vidyamAna jaina dharma-darzana sambandhI aneka avadhAraNAoM ko isameM saMgRhIta kara liyA gayA hai| isameM karmasiddhAnta sambandhI ullekhoM kA avalokana karane se bhI isI avadhAraNA kI puSTi hotI hai| samavAyAMga meM karma siddhAnta sambandhI jo ullekha milate haiM saMkSepa meM unheM isa prakAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai uttara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA, vibhinna karmoM kI uttara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA kA alaga-alaga yoga, karmabandha ke kAraNa, mohanIya karma ke bandha ke 30 kAraNa, mohanIya karma ke 52 nAma aura vibhinna AdhyAtmika jIvoM kI dRSTi se avAntara karma prakRtiyoM kI sattA aura bandha kA nirdeza / uparokta tathyoM ke atirikta bhI jaina karma siddhAnta ke yatra-tatra kucha bikhare hue sUtra milate haiM jinakA vivecana Age kiyA jA rahA hai| 1 samavAyAMga ke Arambha meM bandhana ke do prakAroM - rAga aura dveSa kA pA~ca kAraNoM midhyAtva avirati pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga kA ullekha hai jisakI carcA RSibhASita aura sthAnAMga meM A cukI hai| darzanAvaraNIya kI 9, mohanIya karma kI 28 aura nAma karma kI 42 avAntara prakRtiyoM kA nAma nirdeza isameM milatA hai| sambhavataH samavAyAMga meM antima do ke nAma pahalI bAra nirdiSTa haiN| jahA~ taka darzanAvaraNIya karma kI avAntara prakRtiyoM ke nAma-nirdeza pUrvaka ullekha kA sambandha hai isase pUrva uttarAdhyayana aura sthAnAMga meM ye A cukI haiN| nAma karma kI uttara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA kI dRSTi se isakA vikAsa hotA rahA kyoMki Age calakara nAma karma kI avAntara prakRtiyoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH 67,93, aura 103 taka prApta hotI hai| mohanIya karma ke 52 nAmoM kA bhI ullekha hai jisameM krodha kaSAya ke 10, mAnakaSAya ke 11, mAyA kaSAya ke 17 aura lobha kaSAya ke 14 nAma sammilita haiM / samavAyAMga meM vibhinna jIvoM kI dRSTi se avAntara karma prakRtiyoM kI sattA kA bhI nirdeza cAra sthaloM para AyA hai / 21 veM samavAya meM ullekha hai ki darzanamohatrika ko kSaya karane vAle nivRttibAdara ko mohanIya karma kI 21 avAntara prakRtiyoM kI sattA rahatI hai / 1126 veM samavAya meM abhavyasiddhika jIvoM ko mohanIya karma ke 26 karmAza prakRtiyoM kI sattA rahatI haiN| 27yeM samavAya meM vedaka samyaktava ke bandha rahita jIva ko mohanIya karma kI 27 prakRtiyoM kI sattA kahI gaI hai| isI prakAra 28ve samavAya meM yaha ullikhita hai ki kitane bhavyasiddhika jIvoM ke mohanIya karma kI aTThAIsa prakRtiyoM kI sattA hotI hai 12 yadyapi samavAyAMga meM guNasthAna pada nahIM AyA hai parantu caudaha jIvasthAna kahakara caudaha guNasthAna ginA diye gaye haiN| karmoM kI vizuddhi isake atirikta mohanIya karma ke bandha aura sthiti se sambandhita kucha prakIrNa sUcanAyeM milatI haiN| samAyAMga meM mohanIya karma-bandha ke tIsa kAraNa ginAye gaye haiM101 jinakA nirdeza uttarAdhyayana 02, AvazyakasUtra 13 aura dazAzrutaskandha 194 meM bhI milatA hai / chedasUtra dazAzruta skandha ke naveM adhyAya (dazA) meM inakA vistAra se ullekha haiN| samavAyAMga kI prastAvanA meM zrI madhukara muni ne batAyA hai ki TIkAkAroM ke anusAra mohanIya zabda se sAmAnya rUpa se AThoM karma aura vizeSa rUpa se mohanIya karma grahaNa karanA caahie| tAtparya yaha hai ki mohanIya karma ke iMgita kAraNoM ko sAmAnya karma-bandha ke kAraNoM ke rUpa meM bhI liyA jA sakatA haiM / isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki samavAyAMga meM avAntara prakRtiyoM kI dRSTi se nAma karma kI 42 uttara prakRtiyoM kA nAma sahita nirdeza honA, mohanIya karma ke 52 nAma, mohanIya karma bandha ke 30 kAraNa, jIvasthAnoM (guNasthAnoM) kI dRSTi se jIvoM ko ba~dhane vAlI karmaprakRtiyoM kI sUcanA ye kucha aisI vizeSatAyeM haiM jo karma siddhAnta ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se mahattavapUrNa hai aura karma siddhAnta ke vikAsakrama ko dyotita karatI hai| sandarbha-grantha 1. paM. dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA, 'AtmamImAMsA' jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala, banArasa 5 1953, pR0 95 2. 3. se. DaoN. tulasI rAma zarmA IsTarna buka liMkarsa, dillI, 1976.12/2 DaoN. ravIndranAtha mizra jaina karma siddhAnta udbhava evaM vikAsa, 65, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI-5, 1993, pR0 6-18 -

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prAcIna jainagranthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vikAsakrama 32. vahI 2/2/6 33. vahI, 5/1/8 34. vahI 2/1/15 35. asesamma visohaittA aNuttaraNaM paramasiddhi 6/18, vahI / 36. saM. mahopAdhyAya vinayasAgara RSibhASita - prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 1988,4/7 37. vahI, 4/12,13 4. muNI moNaM samAdAya dhuNe kammasarIragaM, 1/2/6/163 AcArAMga - aMgasuttANi prathama, AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI lADanU prathama saM. 1974 5. DaoN. parameSThIdAsa jaina AcArAMgasUtra eka adhyayana, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI- 5, 1987, pR0 130 6. je guNe se AvaTTe, je AvaTTe se guNe, 1/1/5/93AcArAMga-lADanUM 1974 7. se AyAvAI, kammAvAI, kiriyAvAI, 1/1/5 vahI / apariNAya kamme khalu ayaM purise. aNegarUvAoM joNI o saMghaI, 1/1/1/8, vahI, 8. evaM se hu muNI pariNNAya kamma, 1/1/1/12, vahI / 9. kammuNA uvAhI jAyai, 1/3/1/8/9, vahI / 10. akammassa, 1/3/1/18, vahI / 11. NikkammardasI, 2/3/2/35, vahI / 12. vahI sandarbha 3 13. kammamUlaM ca jaM chaNa, 1 / 2 / 3 / 21 kAmesugiddhANicayaM karoti, 1/1/3/31, vahI / 14. moheNa garbha magAi eti 2/5/1/7, vahI / 15. egayA guNa savissa rIyatA kAyasaMphAsa samaNuciNsasA egatiyA pANA udadAyaMti / ihaloga veyaNa vejjAvaDiyaM / / 1/5/4/71-72 vhii| 16. je AsavA te parissavA, je parissavA te AsavA, 1/4/2/ 134, vahI 17. sayameva kaDehiM gAhaMti, sUtrakRtAMga jaina Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, 2/1/4 18. jaM jArisaM puvyamakAsi kammaM tamava Agacchati samparAeM evaM jahAMkaDaM kamma tahAsibhAre, vahI 5/2/23 evaM 5 /1/26 , 19. savve samayakammakappiyA, vahI, 2/3 / 17 20. vahI, 2 / 3 / 17 va 2/1/4 21. se jAijAiM bahukUrakamme, jaM kuvvai bhijjai teNa vAle / 22. vahI, 1/2/26 27 23. vahI 24. vahI, 25. vahI, 2 / 29 26. pamAyaM kammamAhaMsu, appamAyaM tahA'varaM / vahIM, 8/3 27. vahI, 8/3 28. daMsaNAvaraNaMtAe vahI 15/1 - 29. vahI, 7/7 30. vahI, 8/8 31. vahI, dvitIya zrutaskandha, 2 adhyayana 38. vahI, 4/11, 12, 13.9/2-3-4 39. vahI, 4/12-13 40. vahI, 9/7 49. vahI, kramaza: 38/8, 9, 9/5, 9/7, 31/9 42. vahI 9/9 43. vahI, 9 / 2-3 44. gacchati kammehiM se sakammasite, vahI 2-3,4/12-13 45. uttarAdhyayana, saM. madhukara muni-Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1984, 13/23-24 46. vahI, 4 / 3 47. vahI 25/41-43 48. vahI 4/3 va 3/10-11 49. vahI, kramazaH 29 / 31,17,9, 22, 3/11, 10/3, 7/9 va 18/49 50. vahI, 33/1-16 51. vahI 52. vahI, 33/1.16 53. vahI, 33/18 54. uttarAdhyayana, 33/18 55. vahI, 25 / 43 56. sthAnAMgasUtra- saM. madhukara muni Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1981, 2/2/77 57. vahI, 2/4/424-431 58. vahI, 2/4/431 59. vahI 5/2/9 60. vahI, 9/14 69. vahI, 9/69 62. vahI 4/4/579 63. vahI, 4/4/582 64. vahI, 33 / 15 65. vahI, 2/3/265 66. vahI, 4/250 67. vahI, 4 / 602-603 68. vahI, 2/1/4 97

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 69. vahI, 70. vahI, 4/290 71. vahI, 2/393 72. vahI, 2/394 73. vahI, 4/92-94 74. vahI, 5/109 75. vahI, 3/1/17-18 76. vahI, 4/628-31 77. vahI, 6/116-118 78. vahI, 6/119-123 79.gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa) 5/7 kI TIkA 80. sthAnAMga, 81. vahI, 2/75 va 6/43 82. vahI, 83. vahI, 4/4/581 84. vahI, 2/1/4 85. vahI, 4/658 86. vahI, 3/4/527 87 vahI, 4/1/142 88. vahI, 4/1/144 89. samavAyAMga-saM.madhukara muni-saM.madhukara muni-Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1982, 2/9 90 vahI, 52/284 91. vahI, 21/145 92. samavAyAMga, 26/175 93. vahI, 27/180 94. vahI, 28/187 95. vahI, 14/95 96. vahI, 17/122 97. vahI, 25/169 98. vahI, 28/184 99. vahI, 29/193 100. vahI, 39/238/, 52/286, 55/297, 58/303 Adi 101. vahI, 30/196 102. uttarAdhyayana, byAvara, 31/19 103. AvazyakasUtra-saM.madhukara muni adhyAya 4Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1985, 104. dazAzrutaskandha-adhyAya 9, anu.AtmArAma, jainazAstramAlA kAryAlaya, lAhaura, 1936 105.samavAyAMga- madhukaramuni-bhUmikA pR0 34

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jaina dharma meM anIzvaravAdaH eka vizleSaNa DaoN. DI. Ara. bhaNDArI, vizva ke aneka dharma Izvara ke astitva meM vizvAsa rakhate haiN| jaina darzana kA anIzvaravAdaHko sarvavyApaka sarvazaktimAna, ananta. sarvajJa parNa Adi jaina darzana ne AtmA se alaga Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM mAnate haiN| Izvara sat, zubha, nyAyaparAyaNa, dayAlu, kalyANakArI evaM kiyA hai| jaina darzana ne AtmA ko hI sarvajJa evaM sarvazaktimAna, (anaMta parama-AdhyAtmika sattA hai| yaha sarvazreSTha mUlya aura sarvazreSTha sAdhya hai| vIrya se yukta) mAnA gayA hai / AtmA anaMta jJAna prakAza se paripUrNa hai, yahI saba AdarzoM kA AdhAra hai| pAzcAtya darzana meM pleTo ne 'zubha ke ataH AtmA apane mUla rUpa meM zuddha hai / cetana aura paramacetana do pratyaya' ko Izvara mAnA hai| arastU ne use 'Adi saMcAlaka, spinojA ne vibhinna avasthAe~ nahIM haiN| 'appA so paramappA' arthAt jo AtmA hai vahI use 'vastuoM kA sArvabhauma siddhAnta', lAibanitja ne use 'cid-bindu- paramAtmA hai, yahI jaina dharma kA mUla udghoSa hai apane mUla svarUpa meM samrATa', barkale ne use 'mahAprayojana' ke rUpa meM tathA hegela ne use AtmA zuddha, buddha, nirvikAra evaM niraMjana hai / vaha sAMsArika karma bhUmi 'nirapekSa caitanya' ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI hai| bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA meM 'karmoM ke AvaraNa meM baMdhanoM meM baMdha jAtI hai, parantu saMvara evaM nirjarA meM Rgveda meM eka adRzya sattA ke rUpa meM Izvara kA cintana Arambha kI sAdhanA se puna: pUrNata: nirmala hokara sarvajJa banane kA purUSArtha AtmA haa| vaidika paramparA ke RSi adRzya zaktiyoM ko divya rUpa meM meM hai| ata: manuSya svayaM paramAtmatva prApta kara sakatA hai / ata: Izvara svIkAra kara stuti karane lge| isa prakAra prArambhika bahudevavAda ke jaisI kisI anya sattA ko svIkAra karane kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| sAtha-sAtha ekezvaravAda bhI sahaja rUpa meM astitva meM A gyaa| IzvaravAda apanI anizvaravAdI dhAraNA ko paSTa karane heta jaina dharma bahata kI yaha avadhAraNA upaniSad kAla meM pallavita huI, sAtha hI zramaNa se tarka detA hai| unakA kathana hai ki jo dharma yA darzana Izvara ko svIkAra vicAradhArA se bhI prabhAvita huI isa saMgama meM AdhyAtmikatA kA samAveza karake use sRSTikartA, pAlanakartA evaM saMhArakartA mAnate haiM sAtha hI Izvara huA phalasvarUpa prAkRtika tattvoM ke cintana ke sAtha Atmatatva kA ko ajanmA, zAzvata, niraMjana, nirAkAra mAnate haiM to unakI ina mAnyatAoM anucintana bhI prArambha huA jJAnapakSa mahatvapUrNa banatA gayA / isa meM kaI antarvirodha khar3e ho jAte haiM jaise ki - jo azarIra vAlA hai vaha vaicArika parivartana dvArA vedakAlIna bahudevavAda ke sthAna para eka kartA kaise ho sakatA hai evaM yadi Izvara kartA hai to usakA kartA kauna sarvazaktimAna, anaMta, nitya, anirvacanIya Izvara ke nAma se abhihita huI hai? agara sRSTi kA nirmANa evaM vinAza karane vAle alaga-alaga Izvara yahI sattA kI sthApanA huii| haiM to unake bIca sAmaMjasya karane vAlA tatva kauna hai, kyA hai ? yadi bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAoM meM cArvAka,bauddha evaM jaina darzana Izvara niraMjana, nirAkAra evaM sarvavyApI hai to use hAtha-paira, Adi aMgoM, meM Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, ata: tInoM darzana mastika vAlA kaise mAna liyA gayA ? Izvara kI sattA ke kAraNa koI 'anIzvaravAdI' haiN| zeSa anya dAzanika paramparAoM meM Izvara kI sattA ko mAnava jJAna yA bhakti ke AdhAra para kevala jJAnI yA bhakta bana sakatA hai, svIkAra kiyA hai ata: ve IzvaravAdI darzana mAne gae haiM / IzvaravAdI Izvara ke nikaTa pahu~ca sakatA hai parantu irzvara nahIM ho sakatA hai, aisA dAzanika paramparAoM meM Izvara ko vizva kA sraSTA, pAlanakartA evaM kyoM ? jaina dharma ke anusAra IzvaravAda ko svIkAra karane para hamAre samakSa saMhArakartA ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| inameM Izvara kI parikalpanA uparokta prazna khar3e ho jAte haiM jinakA saMtoSaprada uttara mila pAnA sarvazaktimAna, sarvajJa, anaMta, nitya, svaMyabhU ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai| asambhava hai| isalie unheM Izvara kI dhAraNA svIkArya nahIM hai / apane Izvara sarvopari sattA, jIvAtmA se vilakSaNa, ekamAtra evaM sarvaprabhutva sattA anizvaravAda ke pakSa meM jaina dharma ne kucha tarka prastuta kie haiM jo ki nimna sampanna hai / vaha jaisA cAhatA hai vaisA hI hotA hai / usake nirdeza ke hai| abhAva meM pattA bhI nahIM hila sktaa| asambhava ko sambhava evaM sambhava ko asambhava karane kI zakti usI meM kendrita hai / sAre karmoM kA kartA Izvara kartA nahIM ho sakatA : . Izvara hai tathA vahI karmoM kA phaladAtA bhI hai jise jIvAtmA ko vahana jaina dharma kI mAnyatA hai ki jar3a aura cetana tattva anAdi va karanA hotA hai| Izvara anAdi mukta hai, ziSTAnugraha tathA duSTonigraha ke lie anaMta hai tathA yaha virATa vizva mUlata: ina do tatvoM kA vistAra hai| yaha use bAra-bAra avatAra lenA par3atA hai| sat hai ata: na to isakA nirmANa saMbhava hai aura na vinAza / ata: isa dRSTi se kartA yA saMhAraka rUpa meM Izvara kI sattA mAnya nahIM ho ,

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100 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 sktii| sAtha hI anumAna dvArA bhI yaha pramANita karanA sambhava nahIM hai haiN| yadi yaha satya hai to Izvara kA niraMjana-nirAkAra svarUpa kaise mAnya ki Izvara ne dharatI aura AkAza banAyA / azarIrI Izvara kartA nahIM ho ho sakatA hai / yadi vaha jAdUgara hai, manacAhe aneka rUpa banAne vAlA hai sktaa| yahI sRSTi kA niyama hai| sAtha hI kisI bhI mUla tattva kA to usakA mukta-siddha-buddha AtmA kA paricAyaka honA mAnya nahIM ho utpAda aura vinAza saMbhava nahIM hai : jo sambhava hai vaha hai kevala pariNamana sakatA, jisake lie mumukSa yA sAdhaka bhakti ke lie lAlAyita rhe| evaM rUpAntaraNa mAtra / sAtha nirapekSa sarvatra mAne jAne vAle Izvara ko sRSTi kI racanA yA nirmANa ke prapaMca meM par3ane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai banAnA Izvara kA ajanmA evaM apurUSArthI rUpa mAnya nahIM : aura miTAnA to abodha bAlakoM kA dharma yA svabhAva hai / jaina-dharmAcAryoM IzvaravAdiyoM kI yaha mAnyatA ki 'paramAtmA bhUta kAla meM bhI kA kahanA hai ki dayAmaya prabhu pahale to cora,DAkU, hatyAre Adi pApI thA-vartamAna meM bhI hai- evaM bhaviSyakAla meM bhI rahegA'Izvara kA yaha logoM kA nirmANa karatA hai phira unheM daNDa detA hai, narka meM bhejatA hai, dezakAlAtita rUpa ajanmA rUpa hai / jaina dharma evaM darzana ko binA kisI yaha eka ko zobhA nahIM detA / isa prakAra jaina dharma meM Izvara kI sattA kartA purUSArtha ke Izvara ke astitva kI svata: svarUpa dhAraNA kataI mAnya nahIM ke rUpa meM mAnya nahIM hai| hai / unheM jo mAnya hai vaha hai mA~ ke garbha se paidA honA evaM purUSArtha se Izvara bananA / jaina dharma kI yaha dRr3ha mAnyatA hai ki jJAna-darzana-caritra-tapa Izvara kI sarvazaktimAna dhAraNA mAnya nahIM : kI satat sAdhanA ke binA koI paramAtmA nahIM bana sakatA arthAta purUSArthI jaina dharma kA yaha kathana hai ki yadi Izvara sarvazakti sampanna hai mAnava hI apanI satat sAdhanA se paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| binA purUSArtha to vaha kucha bhI kara sakatA hai, vaha dUsarA Izvara bhI banA sakatA hai / yadi ke saMsAra kI upAdeyatA hI nahIM raha jAtI ata: jaina dharma ko apurUSArthI Izvara meM dUsarA Izvara banA sakane kI zakti nahIM hai to vaha sarvazakti sampanna Izvara mAnya nahIM hai| nahIM hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM alaga se Izvara kI mAnyatA svIkAra nahIM kI gaI hai / unake anusAra AtmA hI paramAtmA bana sakatI hai| svarUpa darzana evaM vidyamAnatA bhI amAnyaH tIrthakara mahAvIra ne AtmA para svayaM paramAtmA banane kA dAyitva DAlA bhagavad gItA evaM anya IzvaravAdI granthoM meM Izvara ko sarvajJa jo ki jJAna, caritra, darzana, tapa evaM ArAdhanA dvArA hI sambhava hai| unhoMne hAtha-paira , A~kha-kAna, mastaka va mu~ha vAlA kahA haiM / zuklayajurveda mAnava jAti ko paramAtma pada prApta karane kI svataMtratA pradAna kI evaM meM batAyA gayA hai ki Izvara saba ora A~khoM vAlA, saba ora mukha vAlA, use paramAtmA banane ke lie prerita kiyaa| saba ora hAtha vAlA evaM saba ora paira vAlA hai evaM sArI sRSTi meM vyApta Jain Education Intemational

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syAdvAda kI avadhAraNA : udbhava evaM vikAsa DaoN0 sItArAma dube dhArmika pariveza meM kAyaklezapradhAna jaina dharma jahA~ apanI eka vizeSa upakaraNa se aNu athavA sUkSma rUpa meM dikhAI detA hai, vahIM ahiMsAvAdI aparigrahI nItiyoM ke liye vikhyAta hai; vahIM dArzanika dUsare upakaraNa se taraGga ke rUpa meM lakSita hotA hai / ata: jaba dravya pariprekSya meM vaha apane "anantadharmakaM vastu" tathA "anekAntAtmakArtha vizeSa hI guNa-paryAya, sAmAnya-vizeSa Adi kI dRSTi se bahudharmI hai; taba kathanaM syAdvAda:" jaise siddhAntoM se niSpanna anekAnta evaM syAdvAda ke vividha dravyoM ke saMyoga se bane jagat ke bAre meM kahanA hI kyA ? kAraNa prakhyAta hai / vastuta: jaina dharma ke ina do AdhAra stambhoM ko bhI vividha ghaTakoM athavA padArthoM, gaNa-paryAya, sAmAnya-vizeSa kisI na kisI rUpa meM unake "ahiMsAvAda" evaM "sUnRta satya' se Adi kI dRSTi se ekAdhika dharma kI sApekSa svIkRti hI anekAntavAda prabhAvita evaM kramika vikAsa kA pariNAma mAnanA cAhie / jaina dharma ke hai; parantu yahA~ yaha dhyAtavya hai ki jaina dharma kI yaha aneka-dharmitA sAmAnya adhyayana se prAyaH suspaSTa hai ki ina dArzanika siddhAntoM ko sarvadharmitA nahIM hai| vastuoM meM vividha dharmoM kA parilakSaNa "muNDe muNDe dArzanika dharAtala para vyApaka rUpa meM prasthApita karane kA prArambha prathama- matirbhinnA" kI taraha mAtra dRSTibheda, apekSA-bheda athavA mana para nirbhara rahane dvitIya zatAbdI IsavI se huA aura samaya-samaya para 18vIM zatI taka ke kAraNa nahIM; varan vastuoM meM antarnihita bahudharmitA bhI hai / ata: jainAcAryoM ne apane dArzanika cintana evaM samanvayI vRtti se ise aura jainiyoM ke isa anekAntAtmavAda ko vastuvAda, vizeSakara vastusApekSavAda adhika prabhAvI banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| ina para aneka dArzanika granthoM se abhihita karanA yukti saMgata hogaa| ise anekAntavAda, sApekSavAda kI racanA kI / apane varNita rUpa meM syAdvAdI siddhAnta kA Aja bhI Adi anya nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| mahattva hai; parantu isakA mUla bIja mahAvIra svAmI kI zikSAoM meM hI aneka dArzanika granthoM meM "syAt" avyaya ko "anekAnta" sanniviSTa dikhAI detA hai / isake pUrva vaidika brAhmaNa mAnyatAoM tathA kA dyotaka mAnate hue anekAntavAda ko hI syAdvAda kahA gayA hai; kintu samasAmayika buddha ke upadezoM meM vastuoM meM vividha dharmoM evaM rUpoM kI jahA~ dravya meM ekAdhika dharmoM kI svIkRti "anekAntavAda" hai; vahIM dravya pratIti evaM unakI abhivyakti kI paramparA lakSita hotI hai| prastuta meM "anekAnta" ke anubhUtiparaka jJAna kI vANI dvArA abhivyakti zodhapatra meM anekAnta sambalita syAdvAda kI utpatti, abhiprAya evaM 'syAdvAda / 6 ata: "anekAntavAda" evaM "syAdvAda' ko kramaza: prakAzya vikAsa kI vyAkhyA kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| evaM prakAzaka, jJAna evaM abhivyakti Adi ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA loka-paraloka, AtmA-paramAtmA, jar3a-cetana, bandhana-mokSa adhika tarkasammata hogA / jaina darzana kI dRSTi meM yaha syAdvAda anekAnta bhAratIya darzana kI vicAraNA ke mUla bindu haiN| inake astitva, svarUpa, ke abhivyakti kI yatheSTa paddhati hai / isa prakAra "utpAdavyayadhrauvya guNaghaTaka mUla athavA saJjAta hone Adi ke bAre dArzanika zAkhAoM meM vilakSaNa parimeya", "anekAntavAda" evaM "syAdvAda" ye tInoM paraspara matabheda haiM / vedAnta, sAMkhya, mImAMsA Adi jahA~ sAmAnya kI sattA ko anyonyAzrita haiM / inheM jaina darzana ke AdhArabhUta stambha ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM, vahIM bauddha darzana vizeSa kI / vaizeSika darzana sAmAnya svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| prathama "utpAdavyayadhrauvya'' trilakSaNa ke kAraNa evaM vizeSa donoM kI sattA ko svIkAra karate hue unako paraspara svatantra jahA~ dravya meM "anekAnta" kI anubhUti hotI hai vahIM "syAdvAda" ke mAnatA hai aura samavAya ke mAdhyama se unheM sambaddha batAtA hai / jaina darzana mAdhyama se usa anubhUti kI tathyaparaka prastuti kI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi vaizeSika darzana kI hI taraha sAmAnya evaM vizeSa kI sattA ko to isa syAdvAda ke vyutpattiparaka artha, prayojana Adi ke bAre meM svIkAra karatA hai; kintu usakI dRSTi meM donoM paraspara svatantra na ho jaina dArzanikoM meM matabheda hai / katipaya bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne ise sApekSa haiM aura yahI jaina darzana kA apanA vaiziSTya hai| isake anusAra ardhasatya kA parivyApaka aura saMzaya kA janaka kahA hai| paMDita baladeva jagat vividha dravyoM kA saMghAta hai aura dravya "utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya" upAdhyAya kI dRSTi meM ise saMzayavAda ke rUpa meM nahIM liyA jA sktaa| vilakSaNa yukta hotA hai| guNa kI dRSTi se yaha nitya tathA paryAya kI dRSTi ve isakA "sambhava" artha kara rahe pratIta hote haiM jabaki DA0 nandakizora se parivartanazIla hai / jIva dravyArthika dRSTi se zAzvata aura bhAvArthika devarAja ne "syAt" se "kadAcit" kA abhiprAya liyA hai| hIrAlAla dRSTi se azAzvata hai / vastu athavA dravya meM vividha guNoM kI avasthiti jaina ne "syAt' ko "as" dhAtu ke vidhiliGga kA anyapuruSa svIkAra Aja ke vaijJAnika prayogoM se bhI siddha hai / kvAnTama bhautikI siddhAnta karate hue "aisA ho' "eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI hai" jaise do AzayoM kI ko isake pramANa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai / eka aNu jahA~ puSTi kI hai / 10 parantu ina matoM ke guNa-doSoM ke vivecana tathA Jain Education Intemational

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102 "svAt " zabda para samagra rUpa se vicAra karane para isakA "kathaMcit" artha lenA hI adhika vastuparaka lagatA hai| isa prakAra "syAt" kA artha hogA- "sApekSika dRSTikoNa" / syAdastyeva kA artha hogA svarUpAdi kI apekSA vastu hai hI majjhima nikAya ke rAhulovAdasutta meM rAhula ko upadeza dete hue svayaM buddha bhI "siyA", jisakA Azaya "syAt" se liyA jA sakatA hai, kA prayoga kiyA hai, 12 jahA~ vaha "tejo dhAtu' ke do sunizcita bhedoM ke saMjJAna meM sahAyaka siddha huA hai / "syAdasti" vAkya meM jahA~ " asti" dravya athavA usake guNa-vizeSa ke astitva kA pratipAdana karatA hai, vahIM " syAt" pada usa dravya meM samupasthita nAstitva aura anya aneka dharmoM ke rahane kI ora saMketa karatA hai| jaina cintana ke anusAra koI bhI pratyaya tabhI satya ho sakatA hai jaba vaha bAhya vastu ke dharma ko abhivyakta kare / " ataH "syAdvAda" bhASA kA vaha nirdoSa prakAra hai jisake dvArA anekAnta vastu ke paripUrNa aura yathArtha svarUpa ke adhikAdhika samIpa pahu~cA jA sakatA hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 jaina darzana kA yaha suspaSTa mantavya hai ki jagat kA koI bhI dravyavizeSa bahudharmI hai / ataH usakA niHzeSa jJAna "kevalin" ko chor3akara kisI sAmAnya vyakti ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| svayaM 'kevalin' bhI jisa paryAya ko usane kala bhaviSyat rUpa se jAnA thA, Aja use vartamAna rUpa se jAnatA hai, ataH kevalina kA jJAna bhI kAla bheda se badalatA rahatA hai kyoMki pratyeka "dravya" paryAya kI dRSTi se parivartanazIla hai / 14 dravya ke sampUrNa jJAna ke bAvajUda yadi supAtra nahIM hai to use samagrajJAna kI anubhUti nahIM karAI jA sktii| ataH samagrazAna kI anubhUti aura usakI yugapat samagra abhivyakti atyanta kaThina yA prAyaH asambhava hai| kisI bhI naya meM prayukta "syAt" pada se vastu ke una dharmoM kI ora parokSa saMketa hotA hai jinakA usa "naya" vizeSa meM ullekha taka nahIM hotA, tAki vyakti ke mana meM vastu kI anekadharmitA kI pratIti banI rahe / vaha ekAGgI nirNaya se bacA raha sake, dUsare vyakti mata sampradAya ke anubhUtijanya nirNaya ke prati bhI yathAvazyaka sammAna vyakta kare / , brAhmaNa, jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya ke sAmAnya adhyayana se mahAvIra svAmI kA kAla dArzanika cintana-manana evaM bauddhika krAnti ke yuga ke rUpa meM ubharakara sAmane AtA yuga ke rUpa meM ubharakara sAmane AtA hai| isa yuga meM pravRttimArgI brAhmaNa paramparA, yajJa-prathA, andhavizvAsa Adi para aneka AkSepoM ke pracalana ko bar3hAvA milatA hai, AtmA-paramAtmA, loka-paraloka, jar3a-cetana Adi ke bAre meM bauddhika vyAkhyA ke prayatna kA sUtrapAta hotA hai| ina para cintana-manana tathA inako lekara paraspara vAda-vivAda karate vividha sampradAyoM kA saMdarbha milatA hai| jaina evaM bauddha vAGmaya meM aise 26 sampradAyoM kI alaga-alaga lambI sUcI upalabdha hotI hai aura brAhmaNa dharmasUtrAdi se usakI puSTi bhI hotI hai| apanI dRSTi evaM dArzanika siddhAntoM ko lekara pRthak pRthak samudAyoM evaM sampradAyoM meM ba~Te logoM kA saMghI, gaNi, gaNAcArya ke rUpa meM apanA alaga-alaga netA hotA hai| ina netAoM meM apane mata ke pracAra-prasAra ke nimitta logoM ko apanI buddhi evaM cintana se prabhAvita kara apanA anuyAyI banAne kI hor3a dikhAI "anekAntavAda" evaM "syAdvAda" ko RSabhadeva se sambaddha detI hai| isa prakAra ke prayAsa meM yadA-kadA kalaha ke vAtAvaraNa kA bhI 17 aba yaha jijJAsA sahaja svAbhAvika hai ki "anekAntavAda" evaM "syAdvAda'" kI yaha avadhAraNA jaina dharma-darzana kI abhinava dena hai athavA isI prakAra kI kisI pUrva avadhAraNA kA saMzodhita parivardhita ruup| isa prakAra ke praznoM para vicAra karate hue aisA lagatA hai ki yadi paramparAvAdI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAya to anekAntavAda kI utpatti ko Adi tIrthakrUra RSabhadeva se sambaddha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jabaki katipaya vidvAnoM ne ise 23veM tIrthaGka pArzvanAtha ke upadezoM meM dekhane kI ceSTA kI hai parantu aneka vidvAnoM ne isake aviSkAra kA zreya mahAvIra svAmI ko diyA hai| kiyA jAnA to niHsaMzaya nahIM lagatA; parantu vastu ke svarUpa bheda, unakI pratIti kI vividhatA, eka meM aneka, aneka meM eka hone tathA eka vastu meM paraspara virodhI dharma kI avasthiti athavA dekhane kI pravRtti kA paricaya to RgvaidikakAla se hI milane lagatA hai| Rgveda ke "nAsadIya sUkta' ko isake pramANa ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisameM mUla sattA ke saMdarbha meM "sat", "asat" evaM "anubhava" ("na sat" "na asat" arthAt avaktavya) ina tIna pakSoM ko prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM ke aneka maMtroM meM sattA se sambaddha paraspara virodhI pakSoM ko smaraNa kiyA gayA hai / zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM 'kSara', 'akSara', 'vyakta' evaM 'avyakta' dharmoM kA ullekha hai| isI prakAra 'vastu' yA 'sattA' ke aNu se bhI choTe athavA mahattama hone kA prasaMga milatA hai| "tadejati tannejati", "sadsadvareNyam" "sadeva somyedamagra AsIdekamecA dvitIyantadvaikaAhurasadevedamagra AsIdekamevAdvitIyam tasmAdasataH sajjAyata / / 21 jaise viSama pakSoM kA paraspara dvidhAbhAva lakSita hotA hai / kucha upaniSadoM meM to "na sannacAsat" ( anubhaya arthAt avaktavya ) kA bhI prasaMga hai 22 / ina saMdarbhoM se prAyaH suvidita hai mahAvIra se pahale vaidika brAhmaNa paramparA meM sattA athavA dravya meM paraspara virodhI pakSoM ko pratIti evaM abhivyakti kI paramparA sujJAta thI / ataH pArzvanAtha ke cintana meM dravya meM anekatA kI anubhUti tathA use aneka rUpoM meM abhivyakti karane kI pravRtti rahI ho to asambhava nahIM; yadyapi syAdvAdiyoM ke rUpa meM Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kI stuti kI gaI hai 24 kintu ise syAdvAda ke rUpa meM vikasita karane tathA vyApaka AdhAra dene kA zreya mahAvIra svAmI ko hI diyA jAnA adhika samIcIna lagatA hai aura tatkAlIna bauddhika krAnti kI paristhiti se isakI saMgati bhI biThAI jA sakatI hai| :

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103 syAdvAMda kI avadhAraNA : udbhava evaM vikAsa prasaGga milatA hai / 28 ina netAoM kA apane-apane siddhAntoM ke sAtha sakatA hai / isake anantara aura sambhavata: isake pariNAmasvarUpa unameM ullekha milatA hai, jinameM buddha, makkhali gozAla, saJjaya belaTThiputta, "sva-para" siddhAnta ke vikasita hone tathA dUsare ke mata ke prati bhI pUraNakassapa, pakudhakaccAyana, ajita kezakambalin, nigaNThanAthaputta yatheSTa sammAna vyakta karane kI preraNA kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / 38 kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / 29 buddha apane sUtrakRtAGga ke eka vaktavya - vibhajyavAdI siddhAnta ke liye prasiddha the| unhoMne jar3a-cetana kI no chAyae no vi ya lUsaejjA mANaM na sevejja pagAsaNaM c| vyAvahArika dharAtala para tarkasammata vyAkhyA karate hue loka-paraloka, na yAvi panne parihAsa kujjA na yAsiyAvAya viyAgarejjA / / ''39 AtmA-paramAtmA Adi ko avyAkRta khaa|30 maMkkhali gozAla niyativAdI meM syAdvAda kA prathama saMdarbha milatA hai / isameM prayukta "na tathA saJjaya belaTThiputta ajJAnavAdI siddhAnta ke liye prakhyAta the| yAsiyAvAya" ko "na cAsyAdvAda" ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA jAtA pUraNa kassapa evaM pakudhakaccAyana donoM akriyAvAdI the, isake bAvajUda hai| syAdvAda ke prAkRta rUpa "siyAvAo"40 se isakI bahuta sImA taka ina donoM ke siddhAntoM meM kiJcit bheda lakSita hotA hai / 31 ajita puSTi bhI hotI hai| kezakambalin kI ucchedavAdI ke rUpa meM pratiSThA thI / 32 / "bhaGga" kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAya to bhagavatIsUtra ke eka tattvoM kI vyavahAra-sammata yugaparaka vyAkhyA karane vAle isa sthala ko chor3akara, jahA~ teisa bhaGgoM kA ullekha hai, 41 prArambhika jaina yaga meM pratyeka prabuddha cintaka dravya, loka-paraloka Adi ke prati apanI AgamoM meM prAya: cAra bhaGgoM kA hI prayoga huA hai / ata: aisA anumAna anUbhUtiparaka vyAkhyA ko adhikAdhika satyaparaka banAne ke liye "sat", hotA hai ki: "sat" "asat" "ubhaya", "anubhaya" ("asti", "asat", "anubhaya' kA yathAvazyaka prayoga karatA dikhAI detA hai| "nAsti', "asti nAsti ca" aura "avaktavyaM") ye cAra bhaGga" hI gautama buddha ke ukta "vibhajyavAda" evaM "avyAkRta' se isakA spaSTa maulika haiM aura inheM hI prArambha meM mahAvIra svAmI ne adhika mahattva saMketa milatA hai| saJjaya belapitta ke "caturbhaGga" ko isake pramANa diyaa|3 jinase kramaza: "sAta bhaGgoM" kA vikAsa huA, jinheM bhagavatIsUtra ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| buddha jahA~ loka-paraloka Adi ke ukta teisa bhaGgoM meM se chA~TA jA sakatA hai / yadyapi bhagavatIsUtra meM se sambaddha praznoM ko "avyAkRta" kaha kara zAlInatApUrvaka TAla dete 'eka sthala para AtmA ke prasaMga meM svatantra rUpa se "sAta bhaGgoM" kA haiM aura use samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke liye anupayogI batAte haiM, vahIM prayoga dekhA jA sakatA hai / 5 saJjaya belaThThiputta phakkar3AnA aMdAja meM apanI ajJatA prakaTa karanA hI katipaya vidvAnoM ne mahAvIra ke "saptabhaGga" ko saJjaya belaTThiputta adhika ucita samajhate haiM / 33 jaina granthoM meM baddha ke isa prakAra ke vaktavya ke caturbhaGga' se vikasita mAnate hue unako bhI saMzayavAdI siddha karane para yatra-tatra AkSepa kiyA gayA hai aura saJjaya belaTThiputta kI andhe ke kI ceSTA kI hai,46 parantu mahAvIra svAmI ko "saMzayavAdI' kahanA rUpa meM bhartsanA kI gaI hai|34 yuktisaMgata nahIM pratIta hotA / 47 aneka prasaMgoM se to aisA anumAna hotA abhivyakti-kathana ke bAre meM mahAvIra svAmI kA mata ina donoM hai ki svayaM unhoMne saJjaya belapitta ke "ajJAna" athavA "saMzaya" kI apekSA adhika vyAvahArika evaM vaijJAnika lagatA hai / ve jar3a- nivAraNa kA saphala prayatna kiyA thA / vastuta: unakA syAdvAdI siddhAnta cetanAdi ke saMdarbha meM anekAnta garbhita "syAdvAda" kA sahArA lete haiN| "ajJAna" athavA "saMzayavAda" kA samAdhAnAtmaka uttara ho sakatA hai| unakI dRSTi meM dravyoM ke saMghAta se bane jagat evaM jAgatika tatvoM kI jahA~ taka saJjaya ke "caturbhaGga" se jaina dharma ke "saptabhaGga" apanI alaga-alaga svatantra vizeSatAyeM haiM; unameM vividha dharmoM kA ke vikasita hone kI bAta hai, to jaisA ki Upara saMketa kiyA jA cukA samAveza hotA hai ; kintu vyakti ke jJAna kI apanI sImA aura apekSA hai ki prAya: "caturbhaGga" prabuddha cintakoM ke praznottara kI upayukta paddhati hotI hai| kisI sAmAnya vyakti ke liye kisI vastu ke dharmoM kA sampUrNa thii| Rgveda ke nAsadIya sUkta meM hI tIna bhaGgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| jJAna aura eka sAtha unakI samagra abhivyakti sambhava nahIM hai / yadyapi vastu athavA sattA ke "sat'-"asat" jaise viSama-pakSoM kI upaniSadoM pratyeka vyakti kI apanI anubhUti evaM tajjanita abhivyakti satya; kintu meM bahuzaH vivakSA kI gaI hai / ata: svayaM saJjaya kA "caturbhaGga' vikAsa apekSA bheda se ekAGgI hotI hai| ata: unhoMne vastusthiti ke adhikAdhika kA pariNAma hai, jise mahAvIra ne apanI cintana-paraka anubhUti kI satyaparaka vyAkhyAna ke liye abhivyakti ke pUrva "syAt" pada ke prayoga abhivyakti ke liye upayogI samajhA, use "syAt' pada ke prayoga se para bala diyA aura "vibhajyavAda" ko bhI upayogI mAnA / 5 isa dRSTi vastu kI bahudharmitA kA saMprakAzaka, satyasApekSa, adhikAdhika vastuparaka se "syAdvAda" ko "sApekSavAda', anekAntavAda evaM vibhajyavAda bhI evaM vyAvahArika banA diyA / kramaza: unheM "caturbhaGgoM' kI sImA kA bhI kahate haiM / 36 bhAna huA, unheM lagA ki kucha aisI anubhUtiyA~ bhI haiM jinakI abhivyakti bhagavatIsUtra meM varNita mahAvIra svAmI ke citra-vicitra puMskokila ina caturbhaGgoM' ke prayoga se sambhava nahIM, ata: unhoMne "caturbhaGga" meM viSayaka svapna ko syAdvAda ke pratIka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA "asti ca avaktavyaM ca" "nAsti ca avaktavyaM ca, "asti ca nAsti Jain Education Intemational

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104 / ca avaktavyaM ca" ina tIna navIna navoM kA samAveza kara use "saptabhaGgI" banA diyaa| isa prakAra jahAM buddha kA vibhajyavAdI siddhAnta apane mUla rUpa meM yathAvat rahA, saJjaya belaTThiputta kA caturbhaGga" saMzayavAda kA udbhAvaka banA, evaM mahAvIra svAmI kA vibhajyavAdI siddhAnta "utpAda vyaya - dhrauvya" kI anubhUtijanya "anekAnta" ke mAdhyama se vikasita hotA huA "syAdvAda" ke rUpa meM, vastu ke abhipreta dharma ke sAtha hI sannihita anya dharma kA bhI sUcaka, satyaparaka abhivyakti kA samucita 1 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 mAdhyama bana gayA / jaisA ki Upara saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai, jainiyoM kI svAdvAdI avadhAraNA mahAvIra ke "ahiMsA" evaM "sUnRta satya" viSayaka siddhAnta ke anukUla thii| dUsare kI bhAvanA ko karma se Thesa pahuMcAne kI to bAta hI alaga, mana evaM vANI se bhI kaSTa denA doSaprada thA / unake yuga meM dhArmika dArzanika siddhAntoM ko lekara prAyaH vividha sampradAya ke loga paraspara vAda-vivAda karate rahate; apane pakSa kA yena-kena prakAreNa maNDana tathA dUsare ke siddhAntoM kA khaNDana hI vividha sampradAyoM kA lakSya thaa| aisI paristhiti meM sampradAyoM meM paraspara saumanasya evaM sadbhAva sthApita karane tathA svayaM ke saMgha meM sammilita vividha mata buddhi ke anuyAyiyoM meM sauhArda sthApana ke liye mahAvIra svAmI ne isa syAdvAda siddhAnta kA atra ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA aura jisake mAdhyama se unheM dhArmika evaM sAmAjika sukha-sthApana meM bala milaa| mahAvIra ke isa syAdvAda siddhAnta kI samaya-samaya para yugasApekSa vyAkhyA aura punarvyAkhyA huI, bahuvidha vRddhi evaM samRddhi huI / aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra svAmI ke bAda jaina dharma kA itihAsa bahuta kucha jaina saMgha evaM darzana kA itihAsa hai| maurya zAsaka candragupta jaina dharmAvalambI thaa| usake samaya meM Ayojita saMgIti se jaina dharma saMgha meM aneka mAnakoM kI sthApanA huI, digambara evaM zvetAmbara ina do sampradAyoM meM jaina saMgha kA vibhAjana huaa| ina donoM sampradAyoM ne mahAvIra svAmI kI zikSAoM kI samasAmayika vyAkhyA kA prayAsa kiyA; svayaM jaina sampradAya meM ho rahe upavibhAjana se samanvayI vRtti kI vRddhi kI ora AkarSaNa bar3hA yadyapi azoka bauddha thA, parantu sambhava hai usake "samavAyo eva sAdhukiti atramaMtrasa dhamaM suNArU [ca] susuMsera ca" jaise udghoSa se jainiyoM meM sadbhAva sthApana ke pravAsa ko adhika bala milA ho tathA jaina dharmAvalambI dharma sahiSNu zAsaka khAravela ke protsAhana 49 se bhI isa prakAra kI vRtti ko protsAhana milA ho / prArambhika Agama granthoM meM jahAM syAdvAdI abhivyakti meM "caturbhaGga" ke prati vizeSa Agraha hai, vahIM prathama zatI IsA pUrva ke antima caraNa meM "saptabhaGgI naya" kA prAdhAnya lakSita hotA hai vikrama kI prathama zatI hue AcArya kundakunda ke mahattvapUrNa grantha "paJcAstikAya" ko hama isake pramANa ke rUpa meM uddhRta kara sakate haiM AcArya kundakunda ne isameM meM / na kevala saptabhaGgoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai varan "saptabhaGga" pada kA bhI suspaSTa ullekha kiyA hai| vikrama kI tIsarI se AThavIM zatAbdI taka jaina dharma ke vividha pakSoM kI dArzanika vyAkhyAyeM kI gii| aneka abhinava pratimAnoM kI sthApanA huI / katipaya jaina vicArakoM ne isa avadhi-vizeSa ko jaina darzana ke kSetra meM "anekAnta sthApana kAla" ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA hai| isa yuga ke prAraMbhika caraNa meM nAgArjuna, vasubandhu, asaGga, diGnAga jaise bauddha dArzanikoM kA udaya huA, unake prabhAva se svayaM bauddha evaM bauddhetara dArzanika zAkhAoM meM khaNDana-maNDana kI prakriyA meM tIvratA AI hai| isI avadhi meM jaina AcAryoM meM AcArya samantabhadra evaM siddhasena ne apanI kuzAgra buddhi evaM tarkaNAzakti se mahAvIra svAmI kI zikSAoM kI tarka-sammata vyAkhyA karate hue aneka dArzanika granthoM kI racanA kI, siddhAntoM ke zuSka bauddhikavAdI yuga meM vitaNDAvAda se pare haTa samanvaya evaM sahiSNutA ko bar3hAvA dene kA prayatna kiyA aura isake liye anekAnta poSita syAdvAda ko mAdhyama banAyA 51 AcArya samantabhadra (vikrama kI dvitIya tRtIya zatI) ne "AptamImAMsA", "yuktvanuzAsana", "vRhatsvayambhUstotra" jaise mahattvapUrNa granthoM kI racanA kara unameM syAdvAda ke saptabhaGgI siddhAnta kI aneka dRSTiyoM se vivecanA kI hai| unhoMne ekAntavAda kI AlocanA evaM anekAntavAda kI prasthApanA kA prayAsa kiyaa| syAdvAda ke lakSaNa ko pramANita kiyaa| unhoMne "sunaya" "dunaiya" kI vyAkhyA kI tathA anekAntavAda ko aura vaijJAnika evaM prabhAvI banAyA / vikrama kI 45vIM zatI meM hue jaina AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne 'naya' aura 'anekAntavAda' kI maulika vyAkhyA kara "syAdvAda" evaM "anekAntavAda" ko na kevala jaina darzana ke lie anivArya banA diyA, varan anekAntavAda ke abhAva meM jAgatika vyavahAra ko hI asambhava khaa| isa dRSTi se unakA yaha vaktavya - "jeNa viNA logassa vavahArovi savvathA na nivvaiye / tasya bhuvaNeka guruNo Namo'NegaMtavAyarasa / " atyaMta mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne samasAmayika dArzanika vAdoM ko jaina darzana meM samanvita karane kA prayatna kiyA, use aura adhika vyApaka banAyA pracalita vividha sampradAyoM meM samatA bodha evaM sahiSNutA ke vikAsa kA prayAsa kiyaa| sambhava hai unake isa prakAra ke prayAsa meM dharmasahiSNu evaM samanvayavAdI gupta zAsakoM kA bhI sahayoga milA ho| yadyapi isa prakAra ke mata pratiSThApana ke liye puSTa pramANoM kI apekSA hai / vikrama kI AThavIM se satrahavIM zatI taka kA samaya " pramANasthApana kAla" ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| isa yuga meM digambara evaM zvetAmbara donoM sampradAyoM ke pramukha AcAryoM ne anekAnta evaM syAdvAda para aneka viziSTa granthoM kI racanA kI AcArya akalaGkadeva ne 1

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syAdvAda kI avadhAraNA : udbhava evaM vikAsa 105 samantabhadra kI AptamImAMsA para TIkA likhI aura laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya vastunihita dharmoM kI pratIti ko "sat", "asat" "na sat na asat" jaise mahattvapUrNa granthoM kI racanA kI / inhoMne apane grantha laghIyastraya ke jaise virodhAbhAsI padoM se vijJApita kiyA jAtA rahA hai, kramaza: isa prathama zloka meM hI tIrthaGkaroM kI syAdvAdI ke rUpa meM zraddhApUrita stuti prakAra kI abhivyakti ne vaicArika matabheda aura UhApoha kI sthiti ko kara syAdvAda ko jaina darzana kA abhinna aGga banAne kI saphala ceSTA janma diyaa| "sattA" athavA "dravya" meM isa dvidhAbhAva ke kAraNa apane kii|53 nirNaya ko "satya" evaM dUsare ko "asatya" kahane ke prati Agraha bnaa| isI prakAra digambara sampradAya ke anya AcAryoM-vAdIbhasiMha eka hI tattva meM vividha dharmoM kI abhivyakti ke kAraNa isa prakAra ke (vikrama kI AThavIM zatI), vidyAnandi (vi.9vIM zatI), devasena vasunandi Agraha-pUrvAgraha ke liye avakAza bhI thA / ata: kalaha kA vAtAvaraNa (10-11vIM zatI), somadeva (vi.11vIM zatI) Adi dvArA bhI kramazaH banA / mahAvIra svAmI ne apane tatva-ciMtana ke prakAza meM samasAmayika "syAdvAdasiddhi", "aSTasahasI", "nayacakra', "AptamImAMsA vRtti" vRttiyoM para manana kiyA, sAmAjika sukha-zAMti, sAmpradAyika sadbhAva, "syAdvAdopaniSad" jaise ativiziSTa granthoM kI racanA kI gii| vikrama vaicArika samanvaya ke liye isa prakAra kI pravRtti ko ghAtaka mAnA aura kI 11-12 vIM zatI meM hue paramArakAlIna jainAcArya prabhAcandra ne yaha udghoSa kiyA ki vastu anantadharmI hai / ata: vastu meM nihita sabhI "prameyakamalamArtaNDa' (parIkSAmukha TIkA) evaM "nyAyakumudacandra' dharmoM kI anubhUti aura usakA yugapat samagra prakAzana sambhava nhiiN| (laghIyatraya TIkA) jaise mahattvapUrNa granthoM kA praNayana kara dArzanika yadyapi kisI vastu ko lekara vicAra karane vAle sabhI logoM kA dharAtala para syAdvAda evaM anekAntavAda ko pratiSThita karane kA saphala anubhUtijanya nirNaya satya ho sakatA hai, ata: kisI ke nirNaya kI na udyoga kiyaa| unake isa prakAra ke prayatna ko bhI paristhitijanya kahA to avamAnanA kI jA sakatI hai, na hI use asatya ThaharAyA jA sakatA jA sakatA hai / sampradAya meM bar3ha rahI bheda kI pravRtti para, syAdvAda siddhAnta hai| ata: pratyeka vyakti ko apane nirNaya ko satya batAne kA adhikAra ke prati logoM kI AsthA jagAkara athavA "anantadharmAtmakaM vastu" kA hai tathA dUsaroM ke nirNaya ke prati sammAna vyakta karanA kartavya aura isake smaraNa karAkara, aMkuza lagAne kA yaha mahattvapUrNa prayatna ho sakatA hai| nirvAha ke liye pratyeka vyakti ko apanI nirNayAtmaka abhivyakti se pUrva digambara sampradAya ke hI aika atyanta pratibhAzAlI AcArya vimaladAsa "syAt' pada kA saMyoga apekSita hai / prathamata: to unhoMne isake liye ne vicAroM ke samanvaya kI mahattvapUrNa ceSTA kI / unakI racanA pUrva pracalita caturbhaGgoM ko hI apanA liyA; unameM "syAt" pada kA "saptabhaGgItaMragiNI' navya zailI kI akelI evaM anUThI prastuti hai|54 prayoga kara satyaparaka banA diyA / kAlAntara meM abhivyakti kI samagratA isa avadhi meM zvetAmbara sampradAya ke aneka yuga-pradhAna AcAryoM ke liye tIna anya nayoM ko usameM samAviSTa kara "saptabhaGgI" banA ne bhI anekAnta evaM "syAdvAda" se sambaddha aneka viziSTa granthoM kI diyaa| vikrama kI dvitIya-tRtIya zatI meM "saptabhaGgI" kA hI adhika racanA kA upayogI prayAsa kiyaa| isa dRSTi se haribhadra (vi0 8vIM zatI) prabhAva rahA / dharma ke darzana ke rUpa meM kramika pariNati ke sAtha hI sAtha ke "anekAntajayapatAkA" evaM "syAdvAdakucodya- parihAra"; vAdidevasUri AcArya samantabhadra, siddhasena Adi ke prayatna se samasAmayika AvazyakatA (12vIM zatI) ke "syAdvAdaratnAkara"; ratnaprabhasUri (13vIM zatI) ke ke anurUpa sAmpradAyika sadbhAva, vaicArika evaM dArzanika samanvaya ke syAdvAdaratnAkarAvatArikA"; malliSeNa (14vIM zatI) ke "syAdvAdamaJjarI' dArzanika jagat meM "anekAnta' evaM "syAdvAda" ko pratiSThita kiyA jaise granthoM kA apanA viziSTa sthAna hai / ye grantha apane viSaya ke gyaa| AcArya prabhAcandra, malliSeNa, vimaladAsa Adi ne ise aura mahattvapUrNa sArthaka prayAsa haiN| adhika pallavita evaM puSpita kiyaa| isa prakAra "saptabhaGgI naya" isake anantara 18vIM zatI meM yazovijaya ne "syAdvAdamaJjarI" "syAdvAda" kA aura "syAdvAda" tathA "anekAntavAda"jaina darzana kA para "syAdvAdamaMjUSA" nAmaka TIkA likhI aura yazasvatasAgara ne paryAya bana gyaa| "syAdvAdamuktAvalI' kI racanA kii| "anekAntavAda" evaM "syAdvAda" sandarbha grantha para vivakSA athavA grantha racanA kA krama Aja bhI pravardhamAna hai aura dhArmika sahiSNutA tathA sAmAjika sukha-zAnti, vaicArika samanvaya ke liye ise 1. nyAyadIpikA, saM0 paNDita darabArIlAla koThiyA, vora sevA mandira atyanta upayogI kahA jA sakatA hai| granthamAlA, granthAMka 4, sahAranapura 1995, adhyAya 3, zloka76, isa prakAra jaina dharma darzana kI syAdvAdI avadhAraNA se yaha "aneke antA dharmAH sAmAnya vizeSa paryAyA: guNAH yasyeti suvidita hai ki "syAdvAda" na kevala jaina darzana kI mahattvapUrNa nidhi hai, siddhaa'nekaantH| varan vicAra-samanvaya, sahiSNutA, samatA bodha Adi kI dRSTi se samasta 2. (i) tattvArthAdhigamasUtra, 5.38, "guNa paryAyavadravyam" bhAratIya darzana meM isakA viziSTa sthAna hai aura yaha bhAratIya saMskRti ko (ii) bhagavatIsUtra, 7,2,5 jaina dharma darzana kI anupama dena hai| bhAratIya vicAraNA meM prArambha se hI 3. "anekazcAso antazca iti anekAntaH" ratnAkarAvatArikA, paNDita

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106 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI granthamAlA-16, nAnAtithikA, nAnAkhantikA, nAnA rucikA, nAnA ditthi nissaya ahamadAbAda, pR. 89, nissitA", dekheM,sTenthala kA udAnam, pR066-67 4. satIzacandra caTTopAdhyAya tathA dhIrendramohana datta, bhAratIyadarzana 27. majjhimanikAya, saccakasutta, upAlisutta, sIhasenApatisutta Adi / (hindI anuvAda),pR. 55 / 28. dIghanikAya, sAmaJjayphalasutta / 5. "syAdityavyayamanekAntadyotakaM tata: syaadvaado'nekaantvaadH|" 29. dIghanikAya, poTThapAdasutta, aGguttaranikAya, diTThiva jjsutta; syAdvAdamaJjarI 5 / 10.2.5.4. mahAvaMza, tRtIya saMgIti kA vivaraNa, vizeSa "anekAntAtmakArthakathanaM syaadvaadH|" laghIyastraya TIkA, 62 / 5.233.35, 5.271 Adi / 7. tulanIya, DA0 sarvapallI rAdhAkRSNan, inDiyana philAsaoNphI, jilda1, 30. govindacanda pANDe, sTaDIja ina dI oNrijinsa oNva buddhijma, pR0 305-06 / 1957, pR0347-48, bauddha dharma ke vikAsa kA itihAsa, 8. baladeva upAdhyAya, bhAratIyadarzana, 1979, pR0 173 / 1976, pR. 35,36 9. hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, bhopAla 31. sItArAma dube, bauddha saMgha kA prArambhika vikAsa, 1988, pR. 40 1962, pR0 249 / aura Age, pR. 57-58 10. tulanIya, mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya, jainadarzana, 1985, pR0 518 32. mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya', jaina darzana, pR. 552; rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, Adi; mohanalAla mehatA, jainadharmadarzana, 1973, pR0343 evaM darzanadigdarzana, pR0 491 358.. 33. sUtrakRtAGga, saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana 11. majjhimanikAya, rAhulovAdasutta / . samiti, byAvara, 19821.12, 12. "yathAvasthitArthavyavasAyarUpaM hi saMvedanaM pramANam / " 34. "bhikkhU vibhajjavAyaM ca viyaagrejjaa|" vahI, 1.14.22,37. prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR. 41 mehatA, jaina dharma darzana, pR. 337 13. tulanIya, mehatA, jaina dharma darzana, 392 35. bhagavatIsUtra, 16.5.3 14. baledava upAdhyAya, bhAratIya darzana, pR. 91 36. tulanIya, mehatA, jaina dharma darzana, pR. 334 15. tulanIya, mahendra kumAra, jaina darzana, pR. 59-60, 553-54 37. sUtrakRtAGga, 1.14.19 16. zvetAzvataropaniSad, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1.8 38. praznavyAkaraNa, 8.2.107 17. vahI, 3.20 39. bhagavatIsUtra, 12.10.469 18. IzAvAsyopaniSad ,gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1.5 40. vahI, 1.1.17, 1.9.74, 13.7.493 Adi / 19. muNDakopaniSad , gItA presa, gorakhapura, 2.2.1 41. mehatA, jaina dharma darzana, pR. 365 20. chAndogyopaniSad, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 6.2.1 42. jainatarkavArttika vRtti, prastAvanA, pR.644-48 21. zvetAzvataropaniSad, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 4.18 43. bhagavatIsUtra, 12.10.469 22. "ekaM sadviprA bahudhA vadanti / " Rgveda, 1,164,46 44. sAMkRtyAyana, darzana-digdarzana, pR. 491 23. "dharmatIrthaGkarebhyastu syAdvAdibhyo namaH / 45. tulanIya, caTTopAdhyAya evaM datta, bhAratIya darzana, pR. 55; mehatA, RSabhAdi mahAvIrAntebhya: svAtmopalabdhaye / jaina dharma darzana, pR. 363, mahendrakumAra, jaina darzana, pR. 616, akalaGkadeva, laghIyatraya, zloka 11 apane isa grantha ke "syAdvAda mImAMsA' nAmaka adhyAya meM jaina 24. harmana yAkobI, sekreDa buksa oNva dI IsTa, jilda 22, pR. syAdvAda para lage AkSepoM kA satarka khaNDana kiyA hai| 128, pAda TippaNI 1, jilda 45. pR. 315-19; ThANAMgasutta, 46. dekheM, azoka kA dvAdaza zilA-prajJApana pR094 a, 342 b| 47. dekheM, khAravela kA hAthI guMphA abhilekha 25. dIghanikAya, "sAmaJaphalasutta'; vinaya cullavagga, 5.10.12; 48. mahendrakumAra 'nyAyAcArya', jaina darzana, pR0 15 aGguttaranikAya, 5.28.8-17 (nigaNThasuttAdi); dekheM, rIsa DeviDsa, 49. vahI, pR. 21 aura Age buddhisTa iNDiyA, 1959, pR061, DAyalaoNgsa oNva dI buddha, 50. vahI, pR. 15 jilda 2, sekreDa buksa oNva dI buddhisTa, pR. 220-22 aadi| 51. vahI, pR. 4 evaM 625 26. udAna, jayacandavagga se inake saMgaThana para kiJcit prakAza par3atA 52. vahI, pR. 24 aura Age tathA pR. 623 aura aage| hai / "sambahulA nAnAtitthiyA samana brAhmaNa paribbAjakA...... ,

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jaina, bauddha aura vaidika sAhitya- eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AcArya devendramuni zAstrI bhAratIya saMskRti vizva kI eka mahAn saMskRti hai / yaha ho sakatA hai, para yahA~ hama bahuta hI saMkSepa meM kucha pramukha bAtoM para hI saMskRti saritA kI sarasa dhArA kI taraha sadA jana-jIvana meM pravAhita cintana kreNge| hotI rahI hai / isa saMskRti kA cintana jaina, bauddha aura vaidika ina tIna yaha satya hai ki bauddha aura jaina saMskRti, ye donoM hI zramaNa dhArAoM se prabhAvita rahA hai| yahA~ kI saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA ramaNIya saMkRti kI hI dhArAe~ haiM / tathAgata buddha, bauddha saMskRti ke Adya kalpavRkSa ina tInoM paramparAoM ke AdhAra para hI sadA phalatA-phUlatA rahA saMsthApaka the to jaina saMskRti ke Adya saMsthApaka bhagavAn RSabhadeva the hai| ina tInoM hI paramparAoM meM atyadhika sannikaTatA na bhI rahI ho tathApi jo jaina dRSTi se prathama tIrthaMkara the| bhagavAn mahAvIra unhIM tIrthaMkaroM kI atyanta durI bhI nahIM thii| tInoM hI paramparAoM ke sAdhakoM ne sAdhanA kara paramparA meM caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara the| tathAgata buddha aura tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ye jo gahana anubhUtiyA~ prApta kI, unameM aneka anubhUtiyA~ samAna thIM aura donoM eka hI samaya meM utpanna hue aura donoM kA pracAra sthala bihAra rahA / aneka anubhUtiyA~ asamAna thiiN| kucha anubhUtiyoM kA paraspara vinimaya donoM mAnavatAvAdI dharma ke the| donoM ne hI jAtivAda ko mahattva na dekara bhI huA / eka-dUsare ke cintana para eka-dUsare kA pratibimba giranA AMtarika vizuddhi para bala diyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAvana-pravacana svAbhAvika thA kintu kauna kisakA kitanA RNI hai yaha kahanA bahuta gaNipiTaka (jaina Agama) ke rUpa meM vizruta haiM to buddha ke pravacanoM kA hI kaThina hai| satya kI jo sahaja abhivyakti sabhI meM hai use hI hama saMkalana tripiTaka (bauddhAgama) ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| donoM hI paramparAoM yahA~ para tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI abhidhA pradAna kara rahe haiM / satya eka meM zAstra ke artha meM 'piTaka' zabda vyavahata huA hai / vaha jJAna-maMjUSA hai, ananta hai, usakI tulanA kisI ke sAtha nahIM ho sakatI tathApi gaNi arthAt AcAryoM ke lie thii| isIlie vaha gaNipiTaka ke nAma anubhUti kI abhivyakti jina zabdoM ke mAdhyama se huI hai, una zabdoM aura se prasiddha huI / yadyapi "gaNi" zabda jaina paramparA meM aneka sthaloM para artha meM jo sAmya hai usakI hama yahA~ para tulanA kara rahe haiM jisase yaha vyavahRta huA hai to bauddha paramparA meM saMyuktanikAya, dIghanikAya, parijJAta ho sake ki loga sampradAyavAda, paMthavAda ke nAma para jo rAgadveSa suttanikAya Adi meM bhI usakA prayoga prApta hotA hai| kI abhivRddhi kara bheda-bhAva kI dIvAra khar3I karanA cAhate haiM vaha kahA~ donoM hI paramparAoM kA jaba hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana taka ucita hai / jo loga dharmoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahIM karate haiN| karate haiM to spaSTa parijJAta hotA hai ki donoM hI paramparAoM meM viSaya,zabdoM unakA dRSTikoNa bahuta hI saMkIrNa aura durAgrahapUrNa bana jAtA hai / durAgraha uktiyoM evaM kathAnakoM kI dRSTi se atyadhika sAmya hai| isa sAmya kA aura saMkIrNa-dRSTi kI parisamApti hetu dhArmika sAhitya kA tulanAtmaka mUla AdhAra yaha ho sakatA hai ki kabhI ye donoM paramparAe~ eka rahI hoM adhyayana bahuta hI Avazyaka hai / aura una dinoM kA mUla srota eka hI sthala se prabhAvita huA ho| Agama gaMbhIra adhyayana va cintana ke abhAva meM kucha vijJoM ne jaina dharma aura tripiTaka sAhitya ke eka-eka viSaya ko lekara yadi tulanAtmaka ko vaidika dharma kI zAkhA mAnA kintu pAzcAtya vidvAn DaoN0 harmana adhyayana prastuta kiyA jAe to aneka naye tathya AsAnI se ujAgara ho jekobI, prabhRti aneka mUrdhanya manISI usa abhimata kA nirasana kara cuke sakate haiM, kintu vistAra-bhaya se hama yahA~ saMkSepa meM hI kucha pramukha bAtoM haiN| prApta sAmagrI ke AdhAra se hama bhI isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce haiM ki zramaNa para cintana karegeM / zeSa viSayoM para kabhI avakAza ke kSaNoM meM cintana saMskRti vaidika saMskRti se udbhUta nahIM hai / yaha prArambha se hI eka kiyA jaaygaa| svatantra dhArA rahI hai| hamArI dRSTi se vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM meM janya- jahA~ taba Agama aura tripiTaka sAhitya kA prazna hai vahA~ taka janaka ke paurvAparya kI anveSaNA karane kI apekSA unake svatantra donoM hI paramparAe~ jana-sAdhAraNa kI bhASA ko apanAtI rahI haiM / tripiTaka astittva aura vikAsa kI anveSaNA karanA adhika lAbhaprada hai| sAhitya kI bhASA pAli rahI hai to jaina AgamoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI vaidika saMskRti kA sAhitya bahuta hI vizAla hai / veda, prAkRta rahI hai| donoM hI mahApuruSoM ne jana-jana ke kalyANartha upadeza upaniSad, mahAbhArata, zrImadbhagavadgItA, bhAgavata, manusmRti Adi ke rUpa pradAna kiye / meM zatAdhika grantha haiM aura hajAroM viSayoM para carcAe~ kI gaI haiN| bhASA brAhmaNa dArzanika mImAMsakoM ne veda ko sanAtana mAnakara use kI dRSTi se yaha sampUrNa sAhitya saMskRta meM nirmita hai| jaina Agama apauruSeya kahA hai| naiyAyika-vaizeSika Adi dArzanika use Izvara praNIta sAhitya meM Aye hue eka-eka viSaya yA gAthAoM kI tulanA yadi kahate haiN| donoM kA mantavya hai ki veda kI racanA kA samaya ajJAta hai| sampUrNa vaidika sAhitya ke sAtha kI jAya to eka virATkAya grantha taiyAra isake viparIta bauddha tripiTaka aura jaina gaNipiTaka pauruSeya hai / ye Jain Education Intemational

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108 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 nirAkAra nirajaMna Izvara dvArA praNIta nahIM hai aura inakI racanA ke samaya kA Asakta / vaha na strI hai, na puruSa hai, na napuMsaka / bhI spaSTa jJAna hai| vaha jJAtA hai, vaha parijJAtA hai| usake lie koI upamA nahIM, jaina sAdhanA-paddhati kA aMtima lakSya nirvANa hai ata: nirvANa vaha arUpI sattA hai| kI dRSTi se hI usameM pratyeka vastu para cintana kiyA gayA hai| jabaki vaha apada hai| vacana agocara ke lie koI padavAcaka zabda vaidika paramparA kA mukhya lakSya-svarga prApti hai, usI ko saMlakSya meM nahIM vaha zabda-rUpa nahIM, rUpa-rUpa nahIM, gandha-rUpa nahIM, rasa-rUpa nahIM, rakhakara vedoM meM vividha karmakANDoM kI yojanA kI gaI hai| Rgveda ke sparza rUpa nhiiN| vaha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, aisA maiM kahatA huuN|6 prArambha meM dhanaprApti kI dRSTi se agni kI stuti kI gaI hai jaba ki yahI bAta kenopaniSad kaThopaniSad, bRhadAraNyaka, AcArAMga meM prathama vAkya meM hI "mai kauna hU~, merA svarUpa kyA hai" isa mANDUkyopaniSad, taittirIyopaniSad 11 aura brahmavidyopaniSad12, meM bhI para cintana kiyA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAGga ke prArambha meM bhI bandhana aura mokSa pratidhvanita huI hai| kI carcA kI gaI hai| vahA~ para spaSTa rUpa se yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA AcAMrAga13 meM jJAniyoM ke zarIra kA vizleSaNa karate hae hai ki parigraha hI bandhana hai / jitanA sAdhaka mamatva kA parityAga kara likhA hai ki jJAniyoM ke bAha kRza hote haiM, unakA mAMsa aura rakta patalA samatva kI sAdhanA karegA utanA hI vaha nirvANa kI ora kadama bddh'aayegaa| evaM nyUna hotA hai| yahI bAta anya zabdoM meM nArada parivrAjakoniSad,14 lakSya kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa veda aura brAhmaNa granthoM meM stutiyoM kI evaM saMnyAsopaniSad 15 meM bhI kahI gaI hai| adhikatA aura AdhyAtmika cintana kI alpatA hai| upaniSad sAhitya pAzcAtya vicAraka zugiza ne apane sampAdita AcArAMga meM meM AdhyAtmika cintana upalabdha hotA hai para usameM Atma-cintana ke mArga AcArAMga ke vAkyoM kI tulanA dhammapada aura sUttanipAta se kI hai| kA pratipAdana nahIM huA hai / sAdhanA ke amara rAhI kI dainika jIvanacaryA vizeSa jijJAsuoM ko ve grantha dekhane caahie| kaisI honI cAhie ? tana,mana aura vacana kI pravRtti ko kisa prakAra sUtrakRtAMga kI tulanA dIghanikAya va anya graMthoM se kI jA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI ora mor3anA cAhie? yaha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM sakatI hai| sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMgasUtra kI racanAzailI aMguttaranikAya batAyA gayA hai / upaniSadoM meM brahmavArtA to AI hai para brahmacarya kA pAlana aura puggalapaJcati kI zailI se bahuta kucha milatI-julatI hai / sthAnAMga kaise karanA cAhie ? usake lie sAdhaka ke jIvana meM kisa prakAra kI meM kahA gayA hai ki daha sthAna se AtmA ummatta hotI hai| arihanta kA yogyatA honI cAhie ? saMyama ke vidhi-vidhAna, tyAga aura tapa kA spaSTa avarNavAda karane se, AcArya, upAdhyAya kA avarNavAda karane se, nirdeza nahIM hai, jaisA ki AcArAMga Adi jaina AgamoM meM huA hai| caturvidha saMgha kA avarNavAda karane se, yakSa meM Aveza se, mohanIya karma AcArAMga meM AtmA ke svarUpa para cintana karate hue likhA ke udaya se16 to buddha ne bhI aMguttara nikAya meM kahA hai ki cAra hai ki sampUrNa loka meM kisI ke dvArA bhI AtmA kA chedana nahIM hotA, acintanIya kI cintA karane se mAnava unmAdI ho jAtA hai| - bhedana nahIM hotA, dahana nahIM hotA aura na hanana hI hotA hai| isI kI (1) tathAgata buddha bhagavAna ke jJAna kA viSaya, (2) dhyAnI ke dhyAna kA pratidhvani subAlopaniSadaura gItA meM bhI milatI hai| viSaya, (3) karmavipAka aura (4) lokacintA / 17 AcArAMga meM AtmA ke hI sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki jisakA sthAnAMga meM jina kAraNoM se AtmA ke sAtha baMdha hotA hai, Adi aura anta nahIM hai usakA madhya kaise ho sakatA hai| gaur3apAda unheM Asva8 kahA hai| mithyAtva, avrata, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga - kArikA meM bhI yahI bAta anya zabdoM meM duharAI gaI hai| Asrava kA mUla avidyA ko batAyA hai / avidyA kA nirodha hone se AcArAMga meM janmamaraNAtIta, nitya, mukta AtmA kA svarUpa Asrava kA svata: nirodha ho jAtA hai / Asrava ke mAsrava, bhavAsrava aura pratipAdita karate hue likhA hai - "usa dazA kA varNana karane se sAre zabda avidyAsrava- ye tIna bheda kiye haiM / 19 maJjhimanikAyare meM mana, vacana privRtta ho jAte haiM -sAmapta ho jAte haiM / vahA~ tarka kI pahu~ca nahIM aura aura kAya kI kriyA ko ThIka-ThIka karane se Asrava rukatA hai yaha na buddhi use grahaNa kara pAtI hai / karma-sala rahita kevala caitanya hI usa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| AcArya umAsvAti ne bhI kAya-mana-vacana kI dazA kA jJAtA hai|" kriyA ko yoga kahA hai aura vahI Asrava hai / 21 sthAnAMga meM vikathA ke mukta AtmA na dIrgha hai, na hrasva, na vRtta-gola / vaha na trikoNa strIkathA, bhaktakathA, dezakathA, rAjakathA, mRdukAruNikIkathA, hai, na caurasa, na maNDalAkAra hai / vaha na kRSNa hai, na nIla, na lAla, darzanabhedinokathA aura caritra bhedanekathA ye sAta prakAra batAe haiM22, to buddha na pIlA aura na zukla hI / vaha na sugandhivAlA hai na durgandhivAlA hai| ne vikathA ke sthAna para nirudhdhana zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| usake vaha na tikta hai, na kar3avA, na kaSailA, na khaTTA aura na madhura / vaha na rAjakathA, corakathA, mahAmAtyakathA, senAkathA, bhayakathA, yuddhakathA, karkaza hai, na mRdu; vaha na bhArI hai, na halkA / vaha na zIta hai, na uSNa, annakathA, pAnakathA, vastrakathA, zayanakathA, mAlakathA, gaMdhakathA, jJAtikathA, vaha na snigdha hai, na rukSa / vaha na zarIradhArI hai, na punarjanmA hai, na yAnakathA, gAmakathA, nigamakathA, nagarakathA, janapadakathA, strIkathA Adi

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109 jaina, bauddha aura vaidika sAhitya- eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AjIvaka AcArya nanda, vatsa, kRza sAMkRtya maskarI; gozAlaka Adi kA samUha / aneka bheda kiye haiM / 23 sthAnAMga meM rAga aura dveSa kA pApa karma kA baMdha batAyA hai24 to aMguttaranikAya meM tIna prakAra se karmasamudAya mAnA hai lobhana, doSaja Ananda ne gautamabuddha se ina chaH abhijAtiyoM ke sambandha meM (dveSaja), mohaja una sabhI meM moha ko adhika doSajanaka mAnA hai|" pUcha to unhoMne kahA ki maiM bhI chaha abhijAtiyoM kI prajJApanA karatA huuN| (1) koI puruSa kRSNAbhijAtika (nIca kula meM utpanna) hokara sthAnAMga va samavAyAMga meM ATha mada ke sthAna batAye haiM jAtimada kulamada; balamada, tapamada, zrutamada, lAbha aura aizvarya mada / 27 kRSNa dharma tathA pApakarma karatA hai / to aMguttaranikAya meM mada ke tIna prakAra batAye haiM - yauvana, arogya, jIvita md| ina tInoM madoM se mAnava durAcArI banatA hai / ; sthAnAMga, samavayAMga 29 meM Asrava ke nirodha ko saMvara kahA ko paidA karatA hai / aura usake bheda-prabhedoM kI carcA kI hai tathAgata buddha ne aMguttaranikAya meM kahA Alava kA nirodha mAtra saMvara se hI nahIM hotaa| unhoMne isa prakAra usakA vibhAga kiyA - (1) saMvara se (indriyA~ mukta hotI haiM to indriyoM kA saMvara karane se guptendriyA~ hone se tadjanya Asrava nahIM hotA (2) pratisevanA se (3) adhivAsanA se (4) parivarjana se (5) vinoda se (6) ko paidA karatA hai / 37 bhAvanA se isa sabhI meM avidyA nirodha ko hI mukhya Asrava nirodha mAnA hai / 0 " sthAnAMga Adi meM arihanta, siddha, sAdhu, dharma ina cAra zaraNa Adi kA ullekha hai, to buddha paramparA meM buddha, dharma aura saMgha tIna zaraNa ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga meM jaina upAsaka ke lie pA~ca aNuvratoM kA vidhAna hai aMguttaranikAya meM bauddha upAsaka ke lie pA~ca zIla kA ullekha hai (1) prANAtipAtaviramaNa (2) dattAdAnaviramaNa (3) kAma-bhoga- mithyAcAra se viramaNa, (4) mRSAvAdaviramaNa, (5) surA, maireya, madya, pramAda, sthAna se viramaNa 2 31 sthAnAMga meM prazna ke chaha prakAra batAye hai saMzaya prazna mithyAtri veza prazna, anuyogI prazna, anuloma prazna, jAnakara kiyA gayA prazna na jAnane se kiyA gayA prazna / aMguttaranikAya meM prazna ke sambandha meM cintana karate hue buddha ne batAyA ki kitane prazna aise hote haiM ki jisake eka aMza kA uttara denA cAhie kitane hI prazna aise haiM jo praznakartA se prati prazna kara uttara denA cAhie, kitane hI prazna aise haiM jinakA vibhAga kara uttara denA caahie| sthAnAMgasUtra meM chaH lezyAoM kA varNana hai aura ina lezyAoM ke bhavya aura abhavya kI dRSTi se saMyogI Adi bhaMga pratipAdita kiye gaye vaise hI aMguttaranikAya meM pUraNa kazyapa dvArA cha: abhijAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jo raMgoM ke AdhAra para nizcita kI gaI hai; vaha isa prakAra hai (1) kRSNAbhijAti-bakarI, suara pakSI aura pazu-pakSI para apanI AjIvikA calAne vAle mAnava kRSNAbhijAti hai| (2) nIlabhijAta kaMTaka vRtti bhikSuka nIlAbhijAti haiN| bauddha vibhu tathA anya karmavAle bhikSuoM kA smuuh| (3) lohitAbhijAti eka zaTaka nirmanthoM kA samUha / (4) haridrAbhijAti- zveta vastradhArI yA nirvastra / (5) zukrAbhijAtiAjIvaka zramaNa zramaNiyoM kA samUha (6) parama zuklAbhijAti - 2. koI puruSa kRSNAbhijAtika hokara dharma karatA hai| 3. koI puruSa kRSNAbhijAtika ho, akRSNa, azukla nirvANa 4. koI puruSa zuklAbhijAtika (U~ce kula meM utpanna ho) zukla dharma karatA hai| hai / 5. koI puruSa zuklAbhijAtika ho, kRSNa dharma karatA hai| 6. koI puruSa zuklAbhijAtika ho, akRSNa- azukla nirvANa 38 mahAbhArata meM prANiyoM ke varNa chaH prakAra ke batAye haiM / sanatkumAra ne dAnavendra vRttAsura se kahA prANiyoM ke varNa chaha hote haiMkRSNa, dhUmra, nIla, rakta, hAridra aura zukla / inameM se kRSNa dhUmra, nIla varNa kA sukha madhyama hotA hai| rakta varNa adhika sahya hotA hai| hAridra varNa sukha kara aura zukla varNa adhika sukhakara hotA hai| gItA meM gati ke kRSNa aura zukla ye do vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| kRSNa gativAlA punaH punaH janma letA hai aura zukla gativAlA janmamaraNa se mukta hotA hai / dhammapad meM dharma ke do vibhAga kiye gaye haiN| vahA~ varNana hai ki paNDita mAnava ko kRSNa dharma ko chor3akara zukla dharma kA AcaraNa karanA cAhie / pataJjali ne pAtaJjala yogasUtra meM karma kI cAra jAtiyA~ pratipAdita kI haiN| kRSNa, zukla kRSNa, zukla, azukla akRssnnaa| ye kramazaH azutara, azuddha, zuddha aura zuddhatara haiN| isa taraha lezyAoM ke sAtha AMzika dRSTi se tulanA ho sakatI - sthAnAMga meM sugata ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM (1) siddhi sugata, (2) deva sugata, (3) manuSya sugata / 42 aMguttara nikAya meM bhI rAga-dveSa aura moha ko naSTa karane vAle ko sugata kahA hai / 43 sthAnAMga meM likhA hai ki pA~ca kAraNoM se jIva durgati meM jAtA hai| yaha kAraNa hai hiMsA, asatya corI, maithuna aura parigraha / aMguttara nikAya meM naraka jAne ke kAraNoM para cintana karate hue likhA hai| akuzala kArya karma, akuzala vAk karma, akuzala mana karma aura sAvadya Adi karma 46 naraka ke kAraNa haiN| zramaNopAsaka ke liye upAsakadazAMga sUtra aura anya AgamoM meM sAvadha vyApAra kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai tathA unheM pandraha karmAdAna ke :

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110 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 antargata sthAna diyA gayA hai to bauddha sAhitya meM bhI sAvadha vyApAra, kA sthAnAMgasUtra meM batalAyA hai ki madhyaloka meM candra, sUrya, maNi, niSedha hai / vahA~ bhI kahA gayA hai zastra vANijya, jIva vyApAra, mAMsa kA jyoti, agni se prakAza hotA hai| vyApAra, madya kA vyApAra aura viSa vyApAra nahIM karane caahie| aMguttaranikAya meM AbhA, prabhA, Aloka aura prajyota ina sthAnAMga va anya Agama sAhitya meM zramaNa nirgrantha ina chaha pratyeka ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye hai| ve haiM - candra, sUrya, agni, prajJA / 53 kAraNoM se AhAra grahaNa karatA hai- (1) kSudhA kI upazAMti (2) vaiyAvRttya sthAnAMga meM loka ko caudaha rajju pramANa kahakara usameM jIva ke lie (3) IryAvizuddhi ke lie (4) saMyama ke lie (5) prANa dhAraNa aura ajIvadravyoM kA sadbhAva batAyA hai| vaise hI aMguttaranikAya meM bhI karane ke lie aura (6) dharma cintA ke lie| aMguttaranikAya meM AnaMda loka ko anaMta kahA haM 54 aura vaha sAnta bhI hai / tathAgata buddha ne yahI ne eka zramaNI ko isI prakAra kA upadeza diyA hai / 49 kahA hai ki pA~ca kAma guNa rUpa rasAdi yahI loka hai aura jo mAnava pA~ca sthAnAMga" meM ihalokabhaya, paralokabhaya, AdAnabhaya, akasmAt kAma guNa kA parityAga karatA hai vahI loka ke anta meM pahu~cakara vahA~ bhaya, vedanAbhaya, maraNabhaya' ora azlokabhaya Adi sAta bhayasthAna batAye para vicaraNa karatA hai| haiM to aMguttaranikAya51 meM jAti, janma, jarA, vyAdhi, maraNa, agni, sthAnAMga meM bhUkaMpa ke tIna kAraNa batAye haiM55 (1) pRthvI ke udaka, rAja, cora, AtmAnuvAda-apane duzcaritra kA vicAra ki dUsare mujhe nIce kA dhanavAta vyAkula hotA hai aura usase dhanodadhi samudra meM tUphAna duzcacaritra kaheMge isakA bhaya, daMDa, durgati Adi aneka bhayasthAna batAye AtA hai, (2) koI maheza nAmaka mahoraga deva apane sAmarthya kA pradarzana gaye haiN| karane ke lie pRthvI ko calita karatA hai, devAsara-saMgrAma jaba hotA hai samavAyAMgasUtra meM nAraka, tiryaJja, manuSya aura devatAoM ke taba bhUkaMpa AtA hai| AvAsa sthala ke sambandha meM vistAra se nirupaNa hai| jaise ki ratnaprabhA aMguttaranikAya meM bhUkaMpa ke ATha kAraNa batAye haiM56 (1) pRthvI pRthvI meM eka lekha 78 hajAra yojana pramANa meM 30 lAkha narakAvAsa ke nIce kI mahAvAyu ke prakampana se usa para rahI huI pRthvI prakampita hotI haiN| isI prakAra anya narakavAsoM kA bhI varNana hai| vaise hI aMguttara nikAya hai, (2) koI zramaNa-brAhmaNa apanI Rddhi ke bala se pRthvI-bhAvanA ko meM navasattvAsa mAne haiN| unameM sabhI jIvoM ko vibhakta kara diyA gayA hai / 52 karatA hai, (3) jaba bodhisattva-mAtA ke garbha meM Ate haiM, (4) jaba ye navasattvAvAsa nimna haiM __ bodhisattva mAtA ke garbha se bAhara Ate hai, (5) jaba tathAgata anuttara prathama sattAvAsa meM vividha prakAra ke kAya aura saMjJAvAle jJAnalAbha ko prApta karate haiM, (60) jaba tathAgata dharmacakra kA pravartana kitane hI manuSya deva aura vinipAtikoM kA samAveza hai| karate haiM, (7) jaba tathAgata Ayu saMskAra kA nAza karate haiM, (8) jaba dUsare AvAsa meM vividha prakAra kI kAyAvAle kintu samAna tathA nirvANa prApta karate haiN| saMjJA vAle brahmakAyika devoM kA varNana hai| jaina dRSTi se jaina Agama sAhitya meM aneka sthaloM para aisA tIsare AvAsa meM samAna kAyavAle kintu vividha prakAra kI ullekha hai ki eka kSetra meM eka hI tIrthakara yA cakravartI Adi hote haiN| saMjJAvAle abhAsvara devoM kA varNana hai| jaise bharata kSetra meM eka tIrthakara, airAvata kSetra meM eka tIrthaMkara, mahAvideha caturtha AvAsa meM eka sadRza kAya aura saMjJAvAle zubha kRSNa kSetra ke battIsa vijaya meM battIsa tIrthakara, isa prakAra jammUdvIpa meM 34 devoM kA nirupaNa hai| tIrthakara aura usI prakAra 68,68 tIrthaMkara kramaza: dhAtakI khaNDa aura pA~caveM AvAsa meM asaMjJI aura apratisaMvedI aise asaMjJa sattva arddhapuSkara meM hote haiM / isa prakAra kula utkRSTa 170 tIrthakara ho sakate devoM kA varNana hai| hai kintu sabhI kA kSetra pRthak-pRthak hotA hai / jaina mAnyatA kI taraha hI chaThe AvAsa meM rUpa saMjJA, pATigha saMjJA aura vividha saMjJA se aMguttaranikAya meM bhI eka kSetra meM eka hI cakravartI aura eka hI tathAgata Age bar3hakara jaise AkAza ananta hai| vaise AkAzAnaMcAyatana ko prApta buddha hote haiM aisI mAnyatA hai / hue vaise sattvoM kA nirUpaNa hai / samavAyAMga57 meM batAyA hai ki jahA~ arihanta tIrthaMkara vicarate sAtaveM AvAsa meM una sattvoM kA varNana hai jo AkAzanaMcAyatana haiM vahA~ iti, upadrava kA bhaya nahIM rahatA, mArI kA bhaya, svacakra, paracakra ko bhI atikramaNa karake anaMta vijJAna haiM, aisa vizcANanaMcAyatana ko kA bhaya nahIM rhtaa| Adi tIrthaMkara ke 34 atizaya hai aMguttaranikAya prApta hue haiN| meM tathAgata buddha ke 5 atizaya batAye hai / 58 ve arthajJa hote haiM, dharmajJa AThaveM Avasa meM ve sattva haiM jo kucha bhI nahIM hai akiJcAyatana hote haiM, maryAdA ke jJAtA hote haiM, kAlajJa hote haiM aura pariSad ko jAnane ko prApta haiN| vAle. hote haiN| nameM AvAsa meM ve sattva haiM jo navajAnA-sAyatana ko prApta donoM paramparAoM (jaina aura bauddha) meM cakravartI kA ullekha hai aura usako bahujanoM kA hitakartA mAnA hai / sthAnAMga51 aura samavAyAMga" Jain Education Intemational

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jaina, bauddha aura vaidika sAhitya- eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM cakravartI ke 14 ratna batAye gaye haiN| to dIghanikAya meM cakravartI ke 7 ratnoM kA ullekha hai| unakI utpatti aura vijayagAthA prAyaH eka sadRza hai| sthAnAMga 62 meM buddha ke tIna prakAra- jJAnabuddha, darzanabuddha aura cAritrayuddha batAye haiM tathA svayaMsaMbuddha, pratyekabuddha aura buddhabodhita ye tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM / aMguranikAya meM buddha ke tathAgatabuddha aura pratyekabuddha ye do prakAra batAye gaye hai / 63 sthAnAMga" meM strI ke svabhAva kA citraNa karate hue caturbhagI batAI gaI hai / vaise hI aMguttaranikAya" meM bhAryA kI saptabhaMgI batAI gaI hai (1) vadhaka ke samAna (2) cora ke samAna (3) ayya sadRza (4) akarma kAmA (5) AlasI (6) caNDI (7) duruktavAdinI ityAdi lakSaNa yukt| mAtA ke samAna, bhaginI ke samAna, sakhI ke samAna aura dAsI ke samAna strI ke ye anya prakAra batAe haiN| 7 sthAnAMga 66 meM cAra prakAra ke megha batAye haiM (1) garjanA karate hai kintu barasate nahIM hai, (2) garjate nahIM barasate haiM, (3) garajate aura barasate haiM, (4) garajate bhI nahIM barasate bhI nhiiN| isa upamA kA saMketa kiyA hai to aMguttaranikAya meM isa pratyeka bhaMga meM puruSa ko paTAyA gayA hai / (1) bahuta bolatA hai kintu karatA kucha nahIM, (2) bolatA nahIM para karatA hai, (3) bolatA bhI nahIM aura karatA bhI nahIM, (4) bolatA bhI hai, karatA bhI hai| isI prakAra garajanA aura barasanA rUpa caturbhagI anya prakAra se bhI ghaTita kI gaI ha sthAnAMga" meM kuMbha ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM (1) pUrNa aura apUrNa, (2) pUrNa aura tuccha (3) tuccha aura pUrNa, (4) tuccha aura atuccha / isI taraha kucha prakArAntara se aMguttaranikAya meM kuMbha kI upamA / puruSa catubhaMgI se ghaTita kI hai| (1) tuccha khAlI hone para bhI Dhakkana hotA hai, (2) bharA hone para bhI Dhakkana nahIM hotA, (3) tuccha hotA hai bakkana bhI hotA hai| (1) jisakI veza-bhUSA to ThIka hai kintu Aryasatya kA parijJAna nahIM hai vaha prathama kuMbha ke sadRza hai| Aryasatya kA parijJAna hone para bhI bAhya AkAra sundara nahIM ho vaha dvitIya kuMbha ke sadRza hai| (2) bAhya AkAra bhI sundara nahIM aura Aryasatya kA bhI parijJAna nahIM / bAhya AkAra bhI sundara aura Aryasatya kA parijJAna bhI hai| isI taraha anya caturbhagoM ke sAtha nikAya ke viSayavastu kI tulanA kI sakatI hai| " isI prakAra uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI aneka gAthAoM se bauddha sAhitya dhammapada", therIgAthA", aMguttaranikAya 73 suttanipAta4, jAtaka5, mahAvagga tathA vaidika sAhitya zrImadbhAgavata evaM mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva, udyogaparva 9, viSNupurANa, zrImadbhagavadgItA' 1, zvetAzvatara upaniSad zAMkara bhASya kA bhAva aura artha sAmya hai / uttarAdhyayana ke 25 veM adhyayana meM brAhmaNoM ke lakSaNoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai aura pratyeka gAthA ke anta meM 'taM vayaM bUma 111 mahANaM" pada hai| usakI tulanA bauddha grantha dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga 36 veM tathA suttanipAta ke vAsedvasuta 35 ke 245 veM adhyAya se kI jA sakatI hai| dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga kI gAthA ke anta meM 'tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM" pada AyA / suttanipAta meM bhI isa zabda kA prayoga huA hai / isI prakAra mahAbhArata ke zAnita parva adhyAya 245 meM 36 zloka haiM unameM 7 zlokoM ke antima caraNa meM 'taM devA brAhmaNa viduH ' aisA pada hai| isa prakAra tInoM paramparA ke mAnavIya granthoM meM brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kI mImAMsA meM kucha zabdoM ke parivartana ke sAtha unhIM rUpaka aura upamAoM ke prayoga dvArA viSaya ko spaSTa kiyA hai / " dazavaikAlika kI aneka gAthAoM kI tulanA dhammapada, saMyutta nikAya85, suttanipAta 86, saMyukta nikAya" suttanipAta kauzika jAtaka, visavanta jAtaka 86. itivRttaka, zrImadbhAgavata, zrImadbhagavatagItA" manusmRti Adi ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai| kahIM para zabdoM meM sAmya hai to kahIM para artha meM sAmya hai / 2 isI taraha sUtrakRtAMga kI tulanA dIghanikAya ke sAtha, upAsaka dazAMga kI tulanA dIghanikAya ke sAtha, antakRdazAMga kI tulanA thera aura dhorIgAthA ke sAtha rAjapraznIya kI tulanA pAyAsIsutta ke sAtha, nizItha kI tulanA vinayapiTaka ke sAtha aura cheda sUtroM kI tulanA pAtimukha ke sAtha kI jA sakatI hai / jaina aura bauddha donoM hI paramparAoM meM anekoM zabdoM kA prayoga samAna rUpa se huA hai / udAharaNa ke lie hama kucha zabda sAmya yahA~ prastuta kara rahe haiN| nigaMTha nirmantha, jo antaraMga aura bahiraMga se mukta hai| jaina paramparA meM to zramaNoM ke lie 'nirgrantha' zabda hajAroM bAra vyavahRta huA hai| bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM bhI jaina zramaNoM ke lie 'nirmantha' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke punIta pravacana ko bhI nirgandha pravacana kahA hai| - , bhante jaina aura bauddha donoM hI paramparAoM meM AdaraNIya vyaktiyoM ko AmaMtrita karane ke lie 'bhante' (bhadanta) zabda vyavahRta huA hai / 14 - 84 - there donoM hI paramparAoM meM jJAna, vaya aura dIkSA paryAya Adi ko lekara ghere yA sthavira zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai / " bauddha paramparA meM yaha varSa se adhika vRddha bhikSuoM ke lie ghera yA berI zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI eka maryAdA nizcita kI gaI hai| jo svayaM bhI jJAna, darzana, cAritra Adi meM sthira rahatA hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI sthira karatA hai, vaha sthavira hai sthavira ko bhagavAn kI upamA se alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM 'sthavira' ke sthAna para 'sthitaprajJa' kA prayoga huA hai| sthitaprajJa vaha viziSTa vyakti hotA hai jisakA AcAra nirmala aura vicAra pavitra hotA hai| 1 Auso jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM samAna yA apane

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112 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 se laghu vyaktiyoM ke lie 'Ausa' (AyayamAn) zabda kA prayoga huA (1) lobha (2) dveSa (3) moha- ye tIna akuzalamUla haiN| hai| tathAgata buddha ko 'Ausa gautama' kahakara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| jaina dRSTi se sAdhanA kA mUla samyagdarzana hai aura sAdhanA kA to gozAlaka ne bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ko 'Auso kAsavA~' kahakara bAdhaka tattva mohanIya karma / rAga aura dveSa ye moha ke hI prakAra haiM / isI sambodhita kiyA hai / 96 prakAra majjhimanikAya meM burAiyoM kI jar3a lobha, dveSa aura moha ko batAyA arhat aura buddha - vartamAna meM jaina paramparA meM 'arhata' zabda gayA hai| aura bauddha paramparA meM 'buddha' zabda rUDha huA hai| jainAgamoM meM 'buddha' zabda tattvArthasUtra meM samyagdarzana kI utpatti ke adhigama aura nisarga kA prayoga aneka sthaloM para huA hai| jaise sUtrakRtAMga97 rAjapraznIya8, ye do kAraNa batAye hai108 / majjhimanikAya 01 meM eka praznottara milatA sthAnAMga19, samavAyAMga100 Adi / bauddha paramparA meM pUjya vyaktiyoM ke hai ki samyagdRSTi grahaNa ke kitane pratyaya haiM? uttara meM kahA- do pratyaya lie 'arhat' zabda vyavahata huA hai / yatra-tatra tathAgata buddha ko 'arhat' haiM - (1) dUsaroM ke ghoSa-upadeza zravaNa aura yoniza: manaskAra- mUla samyak sambuddha 101 kahA gayA hai / tathAgata buddha ke parinirvANa ke pazcAt para vicAra karanA / 500 bhikSuoM kI eka virATa sabhA hotI hai / vahA~ Ananda ke atirikta jaina dRSTi se sAdhanA kI pA~ca bhUmikAe~ haiM / vratoM se pahale 599 bhikSuoM ko 'arhat' kahA gayA hai| kAryArambha hone ke pazcAt samyak-darzana ko sthAna diyA gayA hai / usake pazcAt virati hai| Ananda ko bhI 'arhat' likhA gayA hai|02 / zatAdhika bAra 'arhat' zabda majjhimanikAya ke sammAdiTTi sUttanta meM dAsa kuzala dharmoM kA ullekha kA prayoga huA hai| hai110 / unakA samAveza pA~ca vratoM meM isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI paramparAoM meM gRhastha upAsaka ke lie 'zrAvaka' zabda vyavahata103 huA hai / jaina paramparA meM gRhastha ke lie mahAvrata kuzala dharma zrAvaka' zabda AyA hai to bauddha paramparA meM bhikSu aura gRhastha donoM ke 1. ahiMsA (1) prANAtipAta (9) vyApAda se virati lie 'zrAvaka' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| isI prakAra upAsaka yA 2. satya (4) mRSAvAda (5) pizuna vacana zramaNopAsaka zabda bhI donoM hI paramparAoM meM prApta hai| gRhastha ke lie 3. acaurya (6) paruSa vacana (7) saMpralApa se virati 'AgAra' zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai / jaina sAhitya meM 'AgAraoM 4. brahmacarya (2) adattAdAna se virati aNagAriyaM pakvaittae' zabda AyA hai 105 to bauddha sAhitya meM bhI 5. aparigraha (3) kAma meM mithyAcAra se virati 'agArammA anagAriaM pavvajjanti' yaha zabda vyavahata haA hai 106 / (8) abhidhyA se virati samyak dRSTi aura mithyAdRSTi ina zabdoM kA prayoga bhI jaina aura bauddha bhAvanA - praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM pA~ca mahAvratoM kI paccIsa sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai / svayaM ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie 'samyak dRSTi' bhAvanAoM kA ullekha hai|11| anyatra anitya, azaraNa, saMsAra Adi aura dUsare ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie 'mithyAdRSTi' zabda kA prayoga kiyA dvAdaza bhAvanAoM kA bhI ullekha 112 hai / tattvArtha sUtra Adi meM maitrI, gayA hai| 'vairamaNa' zabda kA prayoga bhI donoM hI paramparAoM meM vrata lene pramoda, kAruNya, mAdhyastha bhAvanA kA ullekha 13 hai to majjhimanikAya ke artha meM huA hai| meM samyagdarzana ke sAtha hI bhAvanA kA bhI varNana AyA hai / maitrI, karuNA, majjhimanikAya 07 meM sammAdiTThi suttanta nAmaka eka sUtra hai| muditA aura apekSA kI bhAvanA karane vAlA AdhyAtmika zAnti prApta kara usameM samyak dRSTi kA varNana karate hue likhA hai - Arya zrAvaka sakatA hai114 / samyagdRSTi hotA hai / usakI dRSTi sIdhI hotI hai / vaha dharma meM atyanta sthAnAMga115, Avazyaka'16 va tattvArthasUtra 17 Adi meM isa zraddhAvAn hotA hai / akuzala evaM akuzala mUla ko jAnatA hai / sAtha bAta ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki vrata grahaNa karane vAle vyakti ko hI kuzala aura kuzalamUla ko bhI jAnatA hai / jisase vaha Arya zrAvaka zalya rahita honA cAhie / zalya vaha hai jo AtmA ko kAMTe kI taraha samyagdRSTi hotA hai| duHkha de / usake tIna prakAra haiM - akuzala dasa prakAra kA hai aura akuzalamUla tIna prakAra kA (1) mAyA zalya - chala-kapaTa karanA / (2) nidAna zalya - AgAmI kAla meM viSayoM kI vAchA krnaa| (1) prANAtipAta (hiMsA ) (2) adattAdAna (corI) (3) kAma (3) mithyAdarzana zalya -tattvoM kA zraddhAn na honaa| (strIsaMsarga) meM mithyAcAra (4) mRSAvAda (jhUThabolanA) (5) pizuna vacana majjhimanikAya118 meM tRSNA ke lie zalya zabda kA prayoga (cugalI) (6) paruSa vacana (kaThora bhASaNa) (7) saMpralApa (bakavAsa) (8) huA hai aura sAdhaka ko usase mukta hone ke lie kahA gayA hai| abhidhyA (lAlaca) (9) vyApAda (pratihiMsA) (10) mithyAdRSTi (jhUThI AcArAMga ke zastraparijJA adhyayana meM indriya saMyama kI mahattA dhAraNA) he Avuso ye akuzala hai| batAte hue kahA hai ki rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza ajJAniyoM ke lie Jain Education Intemational

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cakSa vijJeya rUpa (2 vijJeya ko pra darzana vizuddhi ko prA jaina, bauddha aura vaidika sAhitya-eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 113 Avarta rUpa haiM aisA samajhakara vivekI unameM mUchita nahIM hotaa| yadi sthiti samAna hotI hai aura unakI svatantra sattA hotI hai| mukta dazA meM pramAda ke kAraNa pahale inakI ora jhukAva rahA to aisA nizcaya karanA AtmA saMpUrNa vaibhAvika, aupAdhika vizeSatAoM se mukta hotA hai, usakA cAhie ki maiM inase bacU~gA - inameM nahIM phatUMgA, pUrvavat AcaraNa nahIM punarAvartana nahIM hotaa| kruuNgaa| ___majjhimanikAya meM nirvANa mArga kA vistAra se varNana hai / 126 majjhimanikAya 19 meM pA~ca indriyoM kA varNana hai - cakSu, zrotra vahA~ para nirvANa ko paramasukha120 kahA hai aura batAyA hai ki zIlavizuddhi ghrANa, jihvA aura kAya / ina pA~coM indriyoM kA pratizaraNa mana hai / mana tabhI taka hai jaba taka ki puruSa citta-vizuddhi ko prApta nahIM hotaa| cittA inake viSaya kA anubhava karatA hai / vizuddhi tabhI taka hai jaba taka ki dRSTivizuddhi ko prApta nahIM hotaa| pA~ca kAma guNa hai - (1) cakSu vijJeya rUpa (2) zrotra vijJeya dRSTivizuddhi tabhI taka hai jaba taka ki kAMkSAvitaraNavizuddhi zabda (3) dhrANa pA~ca vijJeya gandha (4) jihva vijJeya rasa (5) kAya vijJeya ko prApta nahIM hotA / kAMkSAvitaraNavizuddhi taba taka hai jaba taka sparza mArgAmArgana darzana vizuddhi ko prApta hotA / mArgAmArgadarzana vizuddhi taba sthAnAMga, bhagavatI Adi meM naraka, tiryaca, manuSya aura deva ina taka hai jaba taka ki pratipad jJAnadarzanavizuddhi kI prApti nahIM hotii| cAra gatiyoM kA varNana hai| pratipadjJAnadarzanavizuddhi taba taka hai jaba taka ki jJAnadarzanavizuddhi ko majjhimanikAya121 meM pA~ca gatiyA~ batAI haiM / naraka, tiryaga, prApta nahIM hotA / jJAnadarzanavizuddhi tabhI taka hai jaba taka ki upAdAna pretyaviSaya, manuSya, devtaa| jaina AgamoM meM pretyaviSaya aura devatA ko rahita parinirvANa ko prApta nahIM hotA / 128 eka koTi meM mAnA hai| bhale hI nivAsasthAna kI dRSTi se do bheda kiye ajAta- janmarihata, anuttara-sarvottama yogakSema (maMgalamaya) gaye hoM para gati kI dRSTi se ve donoM eka hI haiN| nirvANa paryeSaNA karatA hai / 129 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhanaka aura svarga meM jAne ke nimna jaina aura bauddha donoM hI darzanoM meM nirvANa kI carcA hai / donoM kAraNa batAye22 haiM -mahArambha, mahAparigraha, madyamAMsa kA AhAra aura ne nirvANa ke lie saccA vizvAsa, jJAna aura AcAra-vicAra ko pradhAnatA pancendriya vadha ye naraka ke kAraNa haiM / sarAgasaMyama, saMyamAsaMyama, dI hai, pada donoM meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki bauddha dRSTi se dravya sattA kA bAlatapopakarma aura akAra nirjarA ye svarga ke kAraNa haiN| abhAva hI nirvANa hai jaba ki jaina dRSTi se AtmA kI zuddha avasthA majjhimanikAya12 meM bhI naraka aura svarga ke kAraNa batAye gaye nirvANa hai| haiM, ve ye haiM - puggala - pudgala zabda kA prayoga jaina aura bauddha vAGmaya ke (kAyika 3) hiMsaka, AdinAdAyI (cora) kAma meM mithyAcArI; atirikta anyatra dekhane ko nahIM milatA / bhagavatIsUtra meM jIva tattva ke (vAcika 4) mithyAvAdI, cugalakhora, paruSabhASI, pralApI (mAnasika3) artha meM pudgala zabda kA prayoga huA hai / 13. kintu jaina paramparA meM mukhya abhidhyAlu, vyApannacita, mithyAdRSTi / ina karmoM ko karane vAle naraka meM rUpa se pudgala varNa, gandha, rasa saMsthAna aura sparza vAle rUpI jar3a padArtha jAte haiM, isake viparIta kArya karane vAle svarga meM jAte haiN| ko kahA hai / bauddha paramparA meM pudgala kA artha AtmA aura jIva hai|131 jaina darzana kI sAdhanA- paddhati kA parama aura carama lakSya mokSa vinaya'- zabda kA prayoga bhI donoM hI paramparAoM meM milatA rahA hai| mokSa kA artha hai Atma-guNoM kA pUrNa vikAsa, karma kI hai| uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika sUtra aura jJAtAdharmakathA meM vinaya kI paratantratA se pUrNa rUpa se mukta honA / usameM zarIramukti aura kriyAmukti mahattA kA pratipAdana karate hue vinaya ko dharma kA va jinazAsana kA mUla hotI hai| kahA hai / 132 mokSa ke lie pApa pratyAkhyAna, indriya saMgopana, zarIra saMyama bauddha sAhitya meM sampUrNa AcAradharma meM artha meM 'vinaya' zabda vANI saMyama, mAnamAyA parihAra, Rddhi rasa aura sukha ke gaurava kA tyAga, kA prayoga huA hai / vinaya-piTaka meM isI bAta kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA upazada, ahiMsA, acaurya, satya, brahmacarya, parigaha, kSamA, dhyAna yoga hai| aura kAyavyutsa gaye akarma vIrya haiM / paNDita inake dvArA mokSa kA jaina paramparA meM 'arihanta' siddha' 'sAdhU' aura kevalI-prajJapta parivrAjaka banatA hai / 124 nirvANa kisI kSetra vizeSa kA nAma nahIM hai apitu dharma ko 'zaraNa' mAnA hai, 133 to bauddha paramparA meM buddha saMgha aura dharma ko mukta AtmAe~ hI nirvANa haiM, ve lokAgra meM rahatI haiM ata: upacAra se use zaraNa kahA gayA hai134| jaina paramparA meM cAra zaraNa haiM aura bauddha paramparA bhI nirvANa kahA jAtA hai / mukta jIva aloka se pratihata haiM, lokAnta meM tIna zaraNa hai| meM pratiSThita haiM / 125 jaina paramparA meM tIrthakara, cakravartI, indra Adi puruSa hI hote mukta jIva ke zarIra nahIM hote / mukta dazA meM AtmA kA hai| malli bhagavatI, strIliMga se tIrthakara huI thI, unheM dasa AzcayoM meM kisI anya zakti meM vilaya nahIM hotaa| sabhI mukta jIvoM kI vikAsa eka Azcarya mAnA gayA hai135| aMguttaranikAya meM buddha ne bhI kahA ki 'bhikSu Jain Education Intemational

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 yaha tanika bhI sambhAvanA nahIM hai ki strI arhat, cakravartI va zukra ho536| ardhamAgadhI meM apane pAvana pravacana kiye aura apane kalyANakArI jaina Agama sAhitya meM aneka sthaloM para yaha varNana hai ki dRSTikoNa se jana-jIvana meM abhinava-jAgRti kA saMcAra kiyaa| unake bharata Adi eka hI kSetra meM, eka samaya meM eka sAtha do tIrthaMkara nahIM pavitra pravacana jo artha rUpa meM the, unakA saMkalana-Akalana gaNadharoM va hote, tathAgata buddha ne bhI aMguttaranikAya meM isa bAta ko spaSTa karate hue sthivaroM ne sUtra rUpa meM kiyaa| ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM saMkalita yaha Agama likhA ki isameM kiJcita bhI tathya nahIM hai ki eka hI samaya meM do samyak sAhitya viSaya kI dRSTi se, sAhitya kI dRSTi se va sAMskRtika dRSTi se arhat paidA hoN| atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / jaba bhArata ke uttara-pazcimI aura pUrva ke kucha zabda sAmya kI taraha ukti sAmya bhI donoM paramparAoM meM aMcaloM meM brAhmaNa dharma kA prabhUtva baDha rahA thA usa samaya jaina zramaNoM milatA hai sAtha hI kucha kathAe~ bhI donoM paramparAoM meM eka sadRza milatI ne magadha aura usake nikaTavartI kSetroM meM paribhramaNa kara jaina dharma kI vijaya haiM, yahA~ taka ki vaidika aura videzI sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha hotI haiN| vaijayantI phhraayii| yaha usa vizAla sAhitya ke adhyayana, cintana manana udAharaNArtha - jJAtadharmakathA kI sAtavIM cAvala ke pA~ca dAnevAlI kathA se parijJAta hotA hai| isameM jaina zramaNoM ke utkRSTa AcAra-vicAra, vratakucha rUpAntara ke sAtha bauddhoM ke sarvAstivAda ke vinayavastu tathA niyama, siddhAnta, svamata saMsthApana, paramata nirasana prabhRti aneka viSayoM bAibala 37 meM bhI prApta hotI hai| isI prakAra jinapAla aura jinarakSita138 para vistAra se vizleSaNa hai / vividha AkhyAna caritra, upamA, rUpaka,dRSTAnta kI kahAnI bAlahassajAtaka139 va divyAvadAna meM nAmoM ke hera-phera ke Adi ke dvArA viSaya ko atyanta sarala va sarasa banAkara prastuta kiyA sAtha kahI gayI hai / uttarAdhyayana ke bArahaveM adhyayana harikezabala kI gayA hai| vastuta: Agama sAhitya, jaina saMskRti itihAsa, samAja aura kathAvastu mAtaGgajAtaka meM milatI hai / 14 terahaveM adhyayana cittasambhUtaH45 dharma kA AdhAra stambha hai / isake binA jainadharma kA sahI va sAMgopAMga kI kathAvastu cittasambhUtajAtaka meM prApta hotI hai / caudahaveM adhyayana paricaya nahIM prApta ho sakatA / yaha satya tathya hai ki vibhinna paristhitiyoM iSukAra ko kathA hatthipAlajAtaka 142 va mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva 143 meM ke kAraNa jaina dharma ke siddhAntoM meM bhI parivartana-parivarddhana hote rahe haiM, upalabdha hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke nauveM adhyayana 'nami pravrajyA' kI para Agama sAhitya meM mUla dRSTi se koI antara nahIM AyA hai| Azika tulanA mahAjanajAtaka 144 tathA mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva 45 se kI Agama sAhitya meM AyI huI aneka bAteM paristhitiyoM ke jA sakatI hai| kAraNa se vismRta hone lagIM / AgamoM ke gahana rahasya jaba vismRti ke isa prakAra mahAvIra ke kathA sAhitya kA anuzIlana-parizIlana aMcala meM chipane lage to pratibhAmUrti AcAryoM ne una rahasyoM ko spaSTa karane se spaSTa parijJAna hotA hai ki ye kathAe~ AdikAla se hI eka karane ke lie niyukti bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA Adi vyAkhyA sAhitya kA sampradAya se dUsare sampradAya meM, eka deza se dUsare deza meM yAtrA karatI sRjana kiyA / phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke vyAkhyA sAhitya ne atIta kAla rahI haiN| kahAniyoM kI yaha vizvayAtrA unake zAzvata aura sundara rUpa kI se Ane vAlI aneka anuzrutiyoM, paramparAoM, aitihAsika aura ardhasAkSI de rahI hai jisa para sadA hI janamAnasa mugdha hotA rahA hai| aitihAsika kathAnakoM evaM dhArmika, AdhyAtmika va laukika kathAoM ke uparyukta paMktiyoM meM saMkSepa meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta dvArA jaina sAhitya ke guru gambhIra rahasyoM ko prakaTa kiyaa| yaha sAhitya kiyA gayA hai / sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa jaise vistAra se cAhatA thA vaise vyAkhyAtmaka hone para bhI jaina dharma ke marma ko samajhane ke lie atIva nahIM likha sakA tathApi jijJAsuoM ko isameM bahuta kucha jAnane ko upayogI hai| isameM jaina-AcArazAstra ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kI sUkSma-carcA milegA aura yaha tulanAtmaka adhyayana durAgraha aura saMkIrNa dRSTi ke hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA, jinakalpa va sthavirakalpa kI vividha avasthAoM kA nirasana meM sahAyaka hogaa| vizad vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdI Adi 363 upasaMhAra - zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra eka virAT vyaktitva ke matamatAntaroM kA ullekha hai| gaNadharavAda aura nihnavavAda- ye darzanazAstra dhanI mahApuruSa the| ve mahAna krAMtikArI the / unake jIvana meM satya, kI vidhi draSTiyoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / AjIvika, tApa parivrAjaka, zIlI, saundarya aura zakti kA aisA adbhuta samanvaya thA jo vizva ke anya tatkSaNika aura boTika Adi mata-matAntaroM kA bhI vizleSaNa huA hai| mahApuruSoM meM eka sAtha dekhA nahIM jA sakatA / unakI dRSTi atyadhika mati, ruta, avadhi, mana:paryaya aura kevalajJAna ke svarUpa para vistAra se painI the / samAja meM panapatI huI Arthika viSamatA, vicAroM ke vividhatA . cintana kara kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ke bheda aura abheda kA yukti aura kAmajanya vAsanA ko kAle-kajarAre durdamanIya nAgoM ko unhoMne puraspara vicAra hai| anumAna Adi pramANa zAstra para bhI ciMtana kiyA gayA ahiMsA, satya, saMyama aura tapa ke gAruDI saMsparza se kIlakara samatA, hai| karmavAda jaina darzana kA hRdaya hai| karma, karma kA svabhAva, karmasthiti, sadbhAvanA va sneha kI sarasa saritA pravAhita kI / ajJAna andhakAra meM rAgAdi kI tIvratA se karmabaMdha, karma kA vaividhya, samudghAta, zaileSI bhaTakatI huI mAnava prajJA ko zuddha satya kI jyoti kA darzana kraayaa| avasthA, upazama aura kSapaka zreNI para gaharAI se cintana kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne jana-jana ke kalyANArtha usa yuga kI bolI dhyAna ke sambandha meM bhI paryApta vivecana hai| kSiptacitta aura dIptacitta

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jaina, bauddha aura vaidika sAhitya- eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAhitya anupama koza hai| zramaNoM kI cikitsA kI manovaijJAnika vidhi pratipAdita kI gaI hai| sAtha hI kSiptacitta aura dIptacitta hone ke kAraNoM para bhI ciMtana kiyA gayA hai / bhagavAn RSabhadeva mAnava-samAja ke Adya nirmAtA the| unake pavitra caritra ke mAdhyama se AhAra, zilpa, karma, lekhaka, mAnadaNDa, ikSuzAstra, upAsanA, cikitsA, arthazAstra, yajJa, utsava, vivAha Adi aneka sAmAjika viSayoM para carcA kI gaI hai| mAnava jAti ko sAta varNAntaroM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| sArtha, sArvavAhoM ke prakAra chaha prakAra kI arya jAtiyA~, chaha prakAra ke Aryakula Adi samAjazAstra se sambaddha viSayoM para vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI grAma, nagara, kheDa, karvaTaka, maDamba, pattana, AkAra, droNamukha, nigama aura rAjadhAnI kA svarUpa bhI citrita kiyA gayA hai| sAr3he paccIsa Arya dezoM kI rAjadhAnI Adi kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai rAjA, yuvarAja, mahattara amAtya, kumAra, niyatika, rUpayakSa, Adi ke svarUpa aura kAryoM para bhI cintana kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI usa yuga kI saMskRti aura sabhyatA para prakAza DAlate hue ratna evaM dhAnya kI 24 jAtiyA~ batAI gaI hai| jodhika Adi pA~ca prakAra ke vastroM kA ullekha hai| 17 prakAra ke dhAnya bhaNDAroM kA varNana hai| daNDa, vidaNDa, lAThI, vilaTThI ke antara ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| kuNDala, guNa, tuNiya, tisariya, bAlaMbhA, palaMbA, hAra, ardhahAra, ekAvalI kanakAvalI, muttalI, ratnAvalI, paTTa, mukuTa Adi usa yuga meM pracalita nAnA prakAra ke AbhUSaNoM ke svarUpa ko bhI citrita kiyA gayA hai| udyAna gRha, niryANa gRha, aTTa-aTAlaka, zUnyagRha, tRNagRha gogRha Adi aneka prakAra ke gRhoM kA, koSThAgAra, bhAMDAgAra, pAnAgAra, kSINa gRha, gajazAlA, mAnasazAlA Adi ke svarUpa para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra AcArazAstra, darzanazAstra, samAjazAstra, nAgarikazAstra, manovijJAna Adi para Agama aura usake vyAkhyA sAhitya meM pracura sAmagrI hai / | Agama sAhitya kA viSaya kI dRSTi se hI nahIM kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhI prabhUta mahattva hai| AgamoM meM vividha chandoM kA prayoga huA hai utprekSA, rUpaka, upamA, zleSa arthAntaranyAsa Adi alaMkAroM kA sundara prayoga huA hai| kahIM-kahIM para jIva ko pataMga, viSayoM ko dIpaka aura Asakti ko Aloka kI upamA pradAna kI hai| Agama sAhitya meM gadya aura padya kA mizraNa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| yadyapi gadya aura padya kA svatantra astittva hai, kintu ve donoM samAna rUpa se viSaya ko vikasita aura pallavita karate haiN| prastuta praNAlI hI Age calakara campUkAvya yA gadya-padyAtmaka kathAkAvya ke vikAsa kA mUla srota bnii| kathAoM ke vikAsa ke sampUrNa rUpa bhI Agama sAhitya meM milate haiN| vastu, pAtra, kathopakathana, caritra-nirmANa prabhUti tattva Agama va vyAkhyA sAhitya meM pAye jAte haiN| tarkapradhAna darzana zailI kA vikAsa bhI Agama sAhitya meM hai jIvana aura jagat ke vividha anubhavoM kI jAnakArI kA yaha digambarAcAryoM ne zvetAmbaroM ke AgamoM ko pramANika nahIM mAnA / zvetAmbara dRSTi se kevala dRSTivAda nAmaka bArahavA~ aMga hI vicchinna huA jaba ki digambara dRSTi se sampUrNa Agama sAhitya hI lupta ho gyaa| kevala dRSTivAda kA kucha aMza avazeSa rahA jisake AdhAra se SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA huI aura usI mUla AdhAra se anya aneka meghAvI AcAyoM ne AtmA aura karma sambandhI viSayoM para gambhIra granthoM kI racanA kii| zvetAmbara Agama sAhitya ke samAna vividha viSayoM kI viSad carcAe~ digambara sAhitya meM nahIM hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara Agama ko samajhane ke lie donoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana Avazyaka hai| donoM hI paramparAoM meM aneka pratibhAsampanna jyotirdhara AcArya hue, jinhoMne Agama sAhitya ke eka-eka viSaya ko lekara vipula sAhitya kA sRjana kiyaa| usa sAhitya meM una AcAryoM kA prakANDa pAMDitya aura anekAnta dRSTi spaSTa rUpa se jhalaka rahI hai| AvazyakatA hai usa virAT sAhitya ke adhyayana, cintana aura manana kii| yaha vaha AdhyAtmika sarasa bhojana hai jo kadApi bAsI nahIM ho sktaa| yaha jIvana darzana hai prAcIna manISI ke zabdoM meM yadi kahA jAya to / atizayokti nahIM hogI ki "yadihAsti tadanyatra yannehAsti na tatvavacit" Agama sAhitya meM lokanIti, sAmAjika ziSTAcAra, anuzAsana, ayAtma, vairAgya, itihAsa aura purANa, kathA aura tattvajJAna, sarala aura gahana, antaH aura bAhya jagat sabhI kA gahana vizleSaNa hai jo apUrva hai anUThA hai jIvana ke sarvAMgINa adhyayana ke lie Agama sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya bhI hai| bhautika zakti ke yuga meM pale pose mAnavoM ke antarmAnasa meM jaina Agama sAhitya ke prati yadi ruci jAgrata huI to maiM apanA prayAsa pUrNa saphala smjhegaa| isI AzA ke sAtha lekhanI ko vizrAma detA huuN| I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 6. 7. 8. saMdarbha , AcArAMga a0 bhA0 0 svA0 jaina zAstroddAra samiti, 1/3/3 subAlopaniSad, 9 khaNDa, IzAdyaSTottara zatopaniSad, pR0 210 bhagavadgItA, a02, zlo0 23 AcArAMga, 1/4/4 gauDapAdakArikA, prakaraNa2, zlo06 AcArAMga, 1/5/6 kenopaniSad, khaNDa 1, zloka 3 kaThopaniSada, a01, zloka 15 bRhadAraNyaka, brAhmaNa8, zloka 8 115 9. 10. mANDUkyopaniSad, zlo07

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 11. taittirIyopaniSad , brahmAnandavallI2, anuvAka 4 49. aMguttaranikAya, 4/159 12. brahmavidyopaniSad, zloka 81-91 50. sthAnAMga, 549 13. AcArAMga, 1/6/3 51. aMguttaranikAya, 4/119, 5/77 14. nAradaparivrAjakopaniSad, 7, upadeza 52. vahI, 15. saMyanyAsopaniSad, 1 adhyAya 53. vahI, 4/141, 145 16. AcArAMga, 6 54. vahI, 9/38 17. aMguttaranikAya, 4/77 55. vahI, sthAnAMga 3 18. (ka) sthAnAMga, 5, 4/19, 56. aMguttaranikAya, 8/70 (kha) samavAyAMga, 5 57. samavAyAMga, 34 19. aMguttaranikAya, 3/58, 6/63 58. aMguttaranikAya, 5/121 20. majjhimanikAya, 1/1/2 59. sthAnAMga, 558 21. tattvArthasUtra, a06/1-2 60. samayavAMga, 14 22. sthAnAMga, 769 61. sthAnAMga, 17 23. aMguttara nikAya, 3/3 62. sthAnAMga, 3/156 24. sthAnAMga, 96 63. aMguttaranikAya, 2/6/5 25. aMguttaranikAya, 3/3 64. sthAnAMga, 279 26. vahI, 3/97, 6/29 65. aMguttaranikAya, 7/59 27. (ka) sthAnAMga, 606, 66. sthAnAMga, 4/346 (kha) samavAyAMga, 8 67. aMguttaranikAya, 4/110 28. aMguttaranikAya, 3/39 68. sthAnAMga, 4/360 " 29. (ka) sthAnAMga, 427, 598 69. aMguttaranikAya, 4/103 (kha) samavAyAMga, 1/5 70. utta0, 1/15; dhammapada, 12/3 30. aMguttaranikAya, 6/63 71. vahI, 1/17; therIgAtha, 246 31. sthAnAMga, 389 72. vahI, 2/3; therIgAtha, 246,686 32. aMguttaranikAya, 8/25 73. vahI, 4/1; aMguttaranikAya, pR0 159 33. sthAnAMga, 534 74. vahI, 2/25; suttanikAya, va014/18 34. aMguttaranikAya, 42 75. vahI, 9/14; jAtaka 539, zloka 125; 35. sthAnAMga, 51 jAtaka 529, zloka 16 36. aMguttaranikAya,6/6/3, bhAga tIsarA, pR0. 35,93-94 76. vahI, 19/15; mahAvagga, 1/6/19 37. (ka) vahI, 6/6/3, bhAga tIsarA, pR0 35,93-94 77. vahI, 2/3; bhAgavata0, 11/18/9 (kha) dIghanikAya, 3/10, pRSTha 295 78. vahI 1/14 mahAbhArata zAMtiparva, 287 parva, 287/35 utta0, 38. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 280/33 2/3-zAMtiparva ,234/11; utta0, 2/19,20- zAMtiparva, 12/10,9/ 39. gItA, 8/26 13; utta0 9/40-zAMtiparva, 258/5; utta0, 13/22-zAMtiparva, 175 / 40. dhammapada, paNDitavagga, zloka 19 18,19; utta0,13/25- zAMtiparva, 321/74; utta0, 14/15-zAMtiparva, 41. pAtaJjalayogasUtra, 4/7 175/20; utta0, 14/16/17- zAMtiparva, 175/38; utta0,14/21 - 42. sthAnAMga, 181 zAMtiparva, 175/7, 277/7; utta014/22- zAMtiparva, 175 18; 43. aMguttara nikAya, 3/72 277/8; utta0, 14/23- zAMtiparva, 175/9,277/9; utta0, 14 / 44. sthAnAMga, 391 24, 25-zAMtiparva, 175/10,11,12, 277/10,11,12; utta0, 45. aMguttaranikAya, 3/72 14/46- zAMtiparva, 178/9 / 46. vahI, 3/141,153 79. utta0, 9/49 - udyogaparva, 39/84, utta0,13/2347. vahI, 5/178 udyogaparva, 40/15, 18; utta0 13/24-udyogaparva 40/17; utta0 48. sthAnAMga, 500 13/25 -- udyogaparva 40/17; utta0 25/29- udyogaparva 43/35 / Jain Education Intemational

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117 jaina, bauddha aura vaidika sAhitya-eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 80. utta0, 9/49- viSNu purANa, 4/10/10 111. praznavyAkaraNa saMvaradvAra, 81. utta0, 20/36, 37-gItA, 6/5, 6; utta0, 25/ 112. (ka) tattvArthasUtra, 9/7 317 gItA, 4/13; utta0, 32/100- gItA, 2/64 113. tattavArthasUtra, 7/11 82. utta0, 32/20 zAMkara bhASya, zvetA upa0, pR0 23 114. majjhimanikAya, 1/4/10 83. dazavai0, 1/1-dhammapada, 19/6 115. sthAnAMga, 1/4/10 84. vahI, 1/2-dhammapada, 4/6 116. sthAnAMga, 182; samavAyAMga 3 vahI, 8/38- dhammapada, 17/3 117. tattvArthasUtra, 7/18 85. vahI, 2/1-saMyuttanikAya, 1/1/17 118. majjhimanikAya, 3/1/5 86. vahI, 108,- suttanipAta, 52/10 119. vahI, 1/5/3 vahI, 10/10- suttanipAta, 52/16 120. vahI, 1/2/4 vahI, 10/11-suttanipAta, 54/4-5 121. vahI, 1/2/4 87. vahI, 5/2/4-kozikajAtaka, 226 122. vahI, 1/2/2 88. vahI, 2/7 - visavantajAtaka, 69 123. majjhimanikAya, 4/4/373 89. vahI, 4/8- itivRttaka, 12 124. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/8/9/36 90. vahI, 3/2-3-bhAvagata, 11/18/3 125. aupapAtikasUtra, 91. vahI, 4/7,- gItA, 2/54 126. majjhima nikAya, 1/3/4 vahI, 4/9- gItA, 5/7 127. vahI, 2/3/5 vahI, 4/10-gItA, 4/38 128. vahI, 1/3/4 92. vahI, 3/13 - manusmRti, 6/23 129. vahI, 1/3/6 93. kalpasUtra, 204, pR0 281 130. bhagavatI, 8/3/10; 20/3/2 94. bhagavatIsUtra, 5 131. majjhimanikAya, 114 95. therA bhagavanto-bhagavatI, 132. vinayajinazAsanamUlo, 96. bhagavatIzataka, 15 133. AvazyakasUtra, 97. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/36 134. aMguttaranikAya, 98. rAjapraznIya, 5 . 135. sthAnAMga, ThA0, 10 99. sathAnAMga ThA0, 3 136. aMguttaranikAya, 100. samavAyAMga sUtra, 2/2 137. senTa methyU kI suvAtI, 25; senTa lyUka kI suvArtA, 19 101. dIghanikAya sAmaJaphalasutta, 1/5 138. jJAtAdharmakathA, 8 102. vinayapiTaka paMcazatikAskandhaka, 139. bAlahassajAtaka pR0, 186 103. upAsakadazAMga, bhagavatI, 140. jAtaka (caturtha khaNDa), 497; mAtaMgajAtaka, pR0 583104. aMguttaranikAya ekakanipAta, 14 607 105. bhagavatI, 141. jAtaka (caturtha khaNDa) 498; mAtaMgajAtaka, pR0 598-600 106. mahAvagga, 142. hatthipAla jAtaka, 509 107. majjhimanikAya, 1/1/9 143. zAMtipUrva, adhyAya 175, 277 108. tannisagadidhigamAddhA-tattvArthasUtra, 1/3 144. mahAjanajAtaka, 539 tathA sonakajAtaka saM0, 529 109. majjhimanikAya, 1/5/3 145. mahAbhArata zAMtiparva, a0 178 evaM 276 110. majjhimanikAya, 1/1/9 Jain Education Intemational

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jainAcAyoM kA Ayurveda sAhitya nirmANa meM yogadAna Ayu hI jIvana hai, Ayu kA veda (jJAna) hI Ayurveda hai, ataH Ayurveda eka sampUrNa jIvanavijJAna hai Ayurveda kA mUla prayojana 'svasthasya svAsthyarakSaNam Aturasya ca vikAraprazamanam' hai, ataH svastha aura vyAdhita donoM ke lie yaha upAdeya hai yadyapi zArIrika svAsthya kA rakSaNa evaM vikAropazamana Ayurveda kA ihalaukika evaM bhautika uddezya hai, tathApi pAralaukika niHzreyasa, Atmamukti aura AdhyAtmikatA se anuprANita jIvana kI yathArthatA ke lie satat prayatna karanA bhI isake mUla meM nihita hai| ataH bhautikatA yA bhautikavAda kI paridhi se nikalakara AyurvedazAstra AdhyAtmikatA kI zreNI meM parigaNita hai| isa zAstra meM mAnavamAtra ke prati kalyANakArI dRSTikoNa hone se ise tathA isase sambandhita cikitsAkArya ko AcAryoM ne 'puNyatama' kahA hai, yathA, 'cikitsitAt puNyatamaM na kiMcit' bhArata meM Ayurveda kI paramparA anAdikAla se pravAhita hai, vaidika vAGmaya evaM Ayurveda ke vibhinna zAstroM meM prApta uddharaNoM ke anusAra Ayurveda ko atharvaveda kA upAMga mAnA gayA hai, ataH kucha vidvAn ise paMcama veda ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| atharvaveda meM Ayurveda ke paryApta uddharaNa evaM bIja upalabdha hone se atharvaveda se to isakA nikaTatama sambandha hai hI, anya vedoM tathA vaidika sAhitya meM bhI paryApta rUpa se Ayurveda ke bIja upalabdha hone se sampUrNa vaidika sAhitya se isa kA nikaTatama sambandha hai| vaidika vAGmaya ke anusAra Ayurveda kI paramparA atyanta prAcIna haiM, inake anusAra sarvaprathama brahmA ne sRSTi ke Arambha meM Ayurveda kI abhivyakti kI brahmA se upadeza ke rUpa meM prathamataH dakSa prajApati ne Ayurveda kA jJAna prApta kiyA aura usa jJAna ko unhoMne upadeza ke rUpa meM azvinIkumAroM ko diyaa| azvinIkumAroM se devarAja indra ne Ayurveda kA upadeza grahaNa kiyA, indra se Ayurveda kA upadeza grahaNa kara pRthvI para usakA avataraNa karane kA zreya maharSi kAzIrAja divodAsa, dhanvantari aura maharSi kazyapa kA hai| tatpazcAt punarvasu Atreya, maharSi agniveSa, maharSi suzruta Adi vibhinna ziSya-praziSyoM dvArA adhIta hokara Ayurveda isa samagra bhUmaMDala para prasArita huA / vartamAna meM carakasaMhitA, kAzyapasaMhitA, aSTAMgahRdaya Adi Ayurveda ke mukhya aura AdhArabhUta graMtha mAne jAte haiN| isa prakAra yaha Ayurveda kI eka saMkSipta vaidika paramparA hai / vaidika sAhitya kI bhAMti jainadharma aura jaina sAhitya se bhI Ayurveda kA nikaTatama sambandha hai jainadharma meM Ayurveda kA kyA mahattva hai aura usakI upayogitA kitanI hai ? isakA anumAna isa tathya se sahaja hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki jaina vADmaya meM Ayurveda kA samAveza AcArya rAjakumAra jaina dvAdazAMga ke antargata kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vAGmaya meM anya zAstroM yA viSayoM kI bhAMti AyurvedazAstra yA vaidyaka viSaya kI prAmANikatA bhI pratipAdita hai| jainAgama meM vaidyaka (Ayurveda) viSaya ko bhI Agama ke aMga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAne ke kAraNa hI aneka jainAcAryoM ne Ayurveda ke graMthoM kI racanA kI / yaha eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai ki jainAgama meM kevala usI zAstra viSaya yA Agama kI prAmANikatA pratipAdita hai jo sarvajJa dvArA upadiSTa hai| sarvajJa kathana ke atirikta anya kisI viSaya yA svaruci viracita graMtha athavA viSaya kI prAmANikatA na hone se jaina vADmaya meM usakA koI mahattva, upayogitA yA sthAna nahIM hai, kyoMki sarvajJaparameSThI ke mukha se jo divyadhvani khiratI (nikalatI ) hai use zrutajJAna ke dhAraka gaNadhara grahaNa karate haiM / gaNadhara dvArA gRhIta vaha divyadhvani jo jJAnarUpa hotI hai bAraha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kI gaI, jise AcArAMga Adi ke rUpa meM unhoMne nirUpita kiyA, gaNadhara dvArA nirUpita va jJAnarUpa Agama ke bAraha bhedoM ko dvAdazAMga kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| ina dvAdazAMgoM meM prathama AcArAMga hai aura bArAM dRSTivAda nAma kA aMza hai| dRSTivAda ke pA~ca bheda haiN| una pA~ca bhedoM meM se eka bheda pUrva yA pUrvagata hai| isa ' pUrva bheda' ke bhI punaH caudaha bheda haiN| pUrva ke ina caudaha bhedoM meM prANavAya' nAma kA eka bheda hai| isI prAya nAmaka aMga meM aSTAMga Ayurveda kA kathana kiyA gayA hai jainAcAyoM ke anusAra Ayurveda kA mUla prANavAya pUrva yahI hai| isI ke anusAra athavA isI ke AdhAra para paravartIIM AcAryoM ne vaidyakazAstra kA nirmANa athavA Ayurveda viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| jainAgama ke antargata pratipAdita prANavAda pUrva kA nimna lakSaNa batalAyA gayA hai kAyacikitsAdhaSTAMga AyurvedaH bhUtakarmajAMguliprakramaH prANApAnavibhAgo'pi yatra vistareNa varNitastatprANavAyama / - arthAt jisa zAstra meM kAya, tadvata doSa tathA cikitsA Adi aSTAMga Ayurveda kA varNana vistArapUrvaka kiyA gayA ho, pRthvI Adi mahAbhUtoM kI kriyA, viSaile jAnavara aura unake viSa kI cikitsA Adi tathA prANApAna kA vibhAga jisameM kiyA gayA ho use 'prANavAda' pUrva zAstra kahate haiM / dvAdazAMga ke antargata nirUpita prANavAda pUrva nAmaka aMga mUlataH ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha thA, isa prANavAda pUrva ke AdhAra para hI anyAnya jainAcAryoM ne vibhinna vaidyaka granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai| zrI ugradityAcArya ne bhI prANavAda pUrva ke AdhAra para kalyANakAraka nAma ke vaidyaka grantha kI racanA kI hai| isa tathya kA ullekha AcAryazrI ne sthAnasthAna para kiyA hai, isake atirikta grantha ke anta meM unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai

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jainAcAryoM kA Ayurveda sAhitya nirmANa meM yogadAna sarvAdhAdhikamAgadhI vilasabhadbhAparizeSojvala mahApaMDita AzAdhara Adi jainAcAryoM kI vibhinna kRtiyoM para jaba hama prANAvAyamahAgamAdavitathaM saMgRhya saMkSepataH / dRSTipAta karate haiM to dekhakara mahAn Azcarya hotA hai ki kisa prakAra ugrAdityagururgurugaNairudbhAsisaukhyAspadam / unhoMne aneka viSayoM para apanI adhikArapUrNa lekhanI calAkara apanI zAstraM saMskRtabhASayA racitavAnityeSa bhedstyoH|| adbhuta viSayapravaNatA aura vilakSaNa buddhi vaibhava kA paricaya diyA hai| - kalyANakAraka, a0 25 zlo0 isase spaSTa hotA hai ki unheM una sabhI viSayoM meM praur3ha prabhutva prApta thA, arthAta sampUrNa artha ko pratipAdita karane vAlI sarvArdha mAgadhI unakA pAMDitya sarvadigaMtavyApI thA aura unakA jJAnaravi apanI prakhara bhASA meM jo atyanta sundara prANavAda nAmaka mahAgama mahAzAstra hai use razmiyoM se sampUrNa sAhityajagat ko Alokita kara rahA thaa| yathAvat saMkSepa rUpa se saMgraha kara ugraditya guru ne uttamottama guNoM se yukta Ayurveda sAhitya ke prati jainAcAryoM dvArA kI gaI sevA bhI sUkha ke sthAnabhUta isa zAstra kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kI / ina donoM utanI hI mahattvapUrNa hai jitanI anya sAhitya ke prati / kintu du:kha isa -prANavAda aMga aura kalyANakAraka meM yahI antara hai| bAta kA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne jitane vaidyaka sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA hai isa prakAra jainAgama meM Ayurveda yA vaidyakazAstra kI prAmANikatA vaha abhI taka prakAzita nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pratipAdita hai aura Ayurveda jise jainAgama meM prANAvAda kI saMjJA dI gaI vartamAna meM unake dvArA racita aneka vaidyaka grantha yA to lupta ho gae haiM hai, dvAdazAMga kA hI eka aMga hai / jaina vAGmaya dvAdazAMga kI prAmANikatA athavA khaMDita rUpa meM hone se apUrNa haiM / kAlakavalita hue aneka sarvopari hai| ata: tadantargata pratipAdita prANavAda kI prAmANikatA bhI vaidyaka granthoM kA ullekha vibhinna AcAryoM kI vartamAna meM upalabdha svata: siddha hai / isa prakAra jisa aSTAMga paripUrNa vaidyakazAstra ko itara anyAnya kRtiyoM meM milatA hai / vibhinna jaina bhaMDAroM yA jaina mandiroM meM AcAryoM, maharSiyoM ne Ayurveda kI saMjJA dI hai use jainAcAryoM ne prANavAda khojane para aneka vaidyaka granthoM ke prApta hone kI sambhAvanA hai / ata: kahA hai| vidvAnoM dvArA isa dizA meM prayatna kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| sambhava hai ina saMskRta sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi meM jainAcAryoM ne apanA jo vaidyaka graMthoM ke prakAza meM Ane se Ayurveda ke una mahattvapUrNa tathyoM aura mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai vaha suvidita hai| saMskRta sAhitya kA aisA siddhAntoM kA prakAzana ho sake jo Ayurveda ke pracura sAhitya ke koI viSaya yA kSetra nahIM hai jisa para jainAcAryoM ne apanI lekhanI na calAI kAlakacalita ho jAne se vilupta ho gaye haiN| jainAcAryoM dvArA racita ho / isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki jainAcArya kevala eka viSaya ke hI vaidyaka granthoM ke prakAzana se Aryuveda ke vilupta sAhitya aura itihAsa adhikArI nahIM the, apitu ve pratyeka viSaya meM niSNAta the, ata: unake para bhI prakAza par3ane kI saMbhAvanA hai| viSaya meM yaha kahanA sambhava nahIM thA ki ve kisa viSaya ke adhikRta jainAcAryoM dvArA racita vaidyaka granthoM meM se aba taka jo vidvAn haiM athavA unakA adhikRta viSaya kauna-sA hai ? jainAcAryoM ne jisa prakAzita hae haiM unameM se zrI ugradityAcArya dvArA praNIta kalyANakAraka prakAra kAvya, alaMkAra, koSa, chaMda, nyAya, darzana va dharmazAstroM kA aura pUjyapAda dvArA viracita vaidyasAra ye do grantha mahattvapUrNa haiM / inameM se nirmANa kiyA usI prakAra jyotiSa aura vaidyaka bhI unakI lekhanI se prathama kalyANakAraka kA prakAzana 1940 I0 zrI seTha govinda jI achate nahIM rahe / upalabdha aneka pramANoM se aba yaha spaSTa ho cukA hai rAvajI dozI, solApura dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| isakA hindIanuvAda aura ki jainAcAryoM ne bar3I saMkhyA meM svatantra rUpa se vaidyaka granthoM kA nirmANa sampAdana paM0 vardhamAna pArzvanAtha zAstrI, solApura ne kiyA hai| dvitIya kara Ayurveda sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi meM apanA abhUtapUrva yogadAna kiyA vaidyasAra nAmaka grantha jaina siddhAnta bhavana, ArA se prakAzita huA hai| hai| isa sambandha meM vibhinna srotoM se eka lambI sUcI taiyAra kI gaI hai isakA sampAdana aura hindI anuvAda AyurvedAcArya paM0 satyaMdhara jaina, ne jisase jainAcAryoM dvArA racita vaidyaka sambandhI aneka kRtiyoM kA saMketa kiyA hai, kintu yaha grantha vastuta: pUjyapAda dvArA viracita hai isameM vivAda milatA hai| inameM se kucha kRtiyA~ mUla rUpa se prAkRta bhASA meM lipibaddha hai / yadyapi grantha meM jo vibhinna cikistAyoga varNita haiM unameM se haiM aura kucha hindI meM padyamaya rUpa meM / kanar3a bhASA meM bhI aneka jaina adhikAMza meM 'pUjyapAdaiH kathitaM 'pUjyapAdoditaM' adi kA ullekha vidvAnoM ne Ayurveda ke granthoM kA praNayana kara jainavAGmaya ko paripUrNa milatA hai, kintu aisA lagatA hai ki ve pATha pUjyavAda ke mUla grantha se kiyA hai| saMgrahIta haiM / prastuta graMtha pUjyavAda kI kRti nahIM hai / ata: yaha abhI jina jainAcAryoM ne dharma-darzana-nyAya-kAvya-alaMkAra Adi taka ajJAta hai ki isa grantha kA racayitA yA saMgrahakartA kauna hai ? pATha viSaya ko adhikRta kara vibhinna granthoM kA praNayana kiyA hai unhIM AcAryoM pUjyapAda ke mUla grantha se saMgrahIta haiM / prastuta graMtha zrI pUjyapAda kI kRti ne vaidyaka zAstra kA nimArNa kara apanI alaukika pratibhA kA paricaya nahIM hai| ata: yaha abhI taka ajJAta hai ki isa grantha kA racayitA yA diyA hai| prAtaH smaraNIya svAmI pUjyapAda, svAmI samantabhadra, AcArya saMgrahakartA kauna hai ? jinasena, guNasAgara, guNabhadra, maharSi somadeva, siddhavarNI ratnAkara tathA isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki jainAcAryoM dvArA likhita Ayurveda Jain Education Intemational

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120 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 ke graMthoM kI saMkhyA pracura hai, kiMtu una graMthoM kI bhI vahI sthiti hai jo 10. Dambha kriyA dharmasiMha dharmavarddhana hiMdI --------- jainAcAryoM dvArA likhita jyotiSa ke graMthoM kI hai, jaina samAja ne tathA 11. pathyApathya maho0 rAmalAlajI ---- pra0 sacitra Ayurveda anyAnya jaina saMsthAoM ne jainAcAryoM dvArA praNIta dharma-darzana-nyAya- 12. rAmanidAna TavA sahita uparyukta ---- vIra saM0 2431 sAhitya-kAvya-alaMkAra Adi ke graMthoM ke prakAzana kI to vyavasthA kI 13. kokazAstra caupAI narbudAcArya kAmazAstra meM hai, usameM ruci dikhalAI aura usake lie paryApta rAzi bhI vyaya kI hai, prAsaMgika cikitsA prakAzita kiMtu Ayurveda aura jyotiSa ke graMthoM ke prati koI lakSya nahIM diyA / yahI 14. rasAmRta mANikyadeva kAraNa hai ki isa sAhitya kI pracuratA hote hue bhI yaha sampUrNa sAhitya jainetara vaidyaka granthoM para jainAcAryoM dvArA kRta TIkAe~ abhI taka aMdhakArAvRtta hai / aba to sthiti yahA~ taka ho gaI ki jainAcAryoM dvArA praNIta jina graMthoM kI racanA kA patA calatA hai| una graMthoM 1. yogaratnamAlAvRtti guNA saM01296 50 Adhira di0 kA astitva hI hamAre sAmane nahIM hai| unake sthAnoM para svAmI samantabhadra 2. aSTAMgahRdaya TIkA saM01835 ke vaidyaka graMtha kA ullekha milatA, kiMtu vaha graMtha abhI taka aprApya hai| 3. pathyApathyama TavA cainasukha muni Ayurveda ke prasiddha graMtha yogaratnAkara meM bhI pUjyapAda ke nAma se aneka 4. mAdhavanidAna TavA jJAnamA hemanidhAna saM01733 yoga uddhata haiM tathA 'zrIpUjyapAdoditaM' Adi kathanoM kA uddharaNa dete hae 5. samnipAtalikA aneka ajaina vidvAn vaidyakI se apanA yogakSema calAte hae dekheM gae haiN| 6. yogazataka TIkA mUla vararuci saMpratabhadra (samantabhadra) saM01731 kintu atyadhika prayatna kie jAne para bhI zrI pUjyapAda dvArA viracita graMtha zvetAmbara hindI vaidyaka grantha prApta nahIM ho skaa| isI prakAra aura bhI aneka granthoM kA prakaraNAMtara . 1. vaidyamanotsava nayanasukha saM01649 sohananda nagara se ullekha to milatA hai, kiMtu DhU~Dhane para unakI upalabdhi nahIM hotii| . 2. vaidyavilAsa tivva sahAbA malUkacaMdra saM01720 zakkI nagara jainAcAryoM ke Ayurveda sambaMdhI graMthoM meM jagat sundarI prayogamAlA 3. rAmavinoda rAmacaMdra saM01662 nAmaka graMtha sambhavata: sabase adhika prAcIna hai, yogaciMtAmaNi, vaidyamanotsava, 4. vaidyavinoda rAmacaMdra saM01726 marATha meghavinoda, rAmavinoda, gaMgayatinidAna Adi graMtha bhI prakAzita hue haiM, ye 5. kAlajJAna lakSmIvallA saM01741 graMtha zvetAbara AcAryoM dvArA viracita haiM / gata zatAbdI ke prasiddha 6. kavivinoda mAnakavi saM01753 lAhaura cikitsaka jaina yati rAmalAla jI kA bhI eka bar3A graMtha prakAzita huA 7. kavipramoda mAnakavi saM01746 kArtika saM02 hai isa prakAra ye kucha hI graMtha abhI prakAzita hue haiM, isake viparIta 8. rasamaMjarI samaratha saM01764 aprakAzita jaina vaidyaka graMthoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| mujhe zrI agaracaMda 9. meghavinoda meghamuni saM01835 phagavAr3A jI nAhaTA se jainAcAryoM dvArA likhita Ayurveda saMbaMdhI graMthoM kI jAnakArI 10. meghavilAsa meghamuni saM01872 amRtasara prApta huI jo nimna prakAra hai - 11. lolimbarAja bhASA yati gaMgArAma saM01883 amRtasara (vaidya jIvana) zvetAmbara jainAcAryoM dvArA racita vaidyaka grantha 12. sUraja prakAza bhAva dIpaka yati gaMgArAma saM01888 amRtasara grantha nAma 13. bhAvanidAna yati gaMgArAma granthakAra bhASA racanAkAla 1. yogaciMtAmaNi mUla harSakIrti sUri saMskRta saM01662 digambara jaina vaidyaka grantha bhASA TIkA narasiMha kharatara 1. vaidyasAra pUjyapAda 2. vaidyakasAroddhAra harSakIrtisUri saMskRta saM01662 2. nidAna muktAvali pUjyapAda 3. jvaraparAjaya jayaratna saMskRta 3. madana kAmarata pUjyapAda 4. vaidyavallabha hastiruci saMskRta 4. kalyANakAraka ugradityAcArya 5. vaidyakasAraratna caupAI lakSmI kuzala gujarAtI saM01664 5. sukarayogaratnAvali pArzvadeva 6. subodhinI vaidyaka lakSmIcaMdra hiMdI phA0 su0 6.bAlagRhacikitsA devendramuni 7. laMghana pRthyopacAra dIpacaMdra saMskRta ----------- 7. vaidya nighaNTu amRtamuni (kannaDa lipi) 8. bAla cikitsA nidAna ............ ----- saM01792 (akArAdi (nighaNTu) 9. yogaratnAkara caupAI nayana zekhara gujarAtI -------- 8. vaidyAmRta zrIdharadeva Jain Education Intemational

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9. khagendramaNidarpaNa 10. hayazAstra 11. kalyANakAraka 12. gauvaidya maMgarAja (kannaDa lipi) abhinavacaMdra somanAtha kIrtivarmA inameM se kucha graMtha sambhavataH zrI agaracaMdajI nAhaTA ke vyaktigata saMgraha meM upalabdha haiN| maiM isa dizA meM satata inameM se kucha graMtha sambhavata: zrI agaracaMda nAhaTA ke vyaktigata saMgraha meM upalabdha haiN| maiM isa dizA meM satata prayatnazIla hU~ tathA khoja karane para aura bhI aneka AcArya jinasena (dvitIya) aura unakA 'pArzvAbhyudaya' kAvya 2 jainakAvyoM kI mahanIya paramparA meM AcArya jinasena (dvitIya dvArA praNIta pArzvAbhyudaya kAvya kI pAMkteyatA sarvavidita hai / AcArya jinasena (dvitIya) AcArya nemicandra zAstrI ko aitihAsika kRti 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya - paramparA ( khaNDa 2)' ke anusAra zrutadhara aura prabuddhAcAryoM ke bIca kI kar3I thii| inakI gaNanA sArasvatAcAryoM meM hotI hai| yaha apanI advitIya sArasvata pratibhA aura apArakalpanA zakti kI mahimA se 'bhagavat' jinasenAcArya kahe jAte the| yaha mUlagranthoM ke sAtha hI TIkA granthoM ke bhI racayitA the| inake dvArA racita cAra grantha prasiddha hai jaya dhavalA TIkA kA zeSa bhAga, AdipurANa' yA 'mahApurANa', 'pArzvAbhyudaya' aura 'varddhamAnapurANa' / inameM 'varddhamAnapurANa' yA 'varddhamAna carita' upalabdha nahIM hai / AcArya jinasena (dvitIya) IsA kI AThavIM navIM zatI meM vartamAna the| ye kAvya, vyAkaraNa, nATaka, darzana, alaMkAra AcArazAstra, karmasiddhAnta prabhRti aneka viSayo ke bahuzruta vidvAn the| ye apane yogya guru ke yogyatama ziSya the| jaina siddhAnta ke prakhyAta grantha 'SaTkhaNDAgama' tathA AsApADa ke TIkAkAra AcArya bIrasena (san 792 se 823 I0) inake guru the| kSullaka jinendra vargoM dvArA sampAdita 'jainendra siddhAnta koza' meM bhI ullekha hai ki AcArya jinasena, dhavanA TIkA ke kartA zrI vIrasenasvAmI ke ziSya tathA uttarapurANa ke karttA, zrIguNabhadra ke gurU the aura rASTra kUTa- nareza jayatuMga evaM nRpatuMga, aparanAma amoghavarsa (san 815 se 877 I0) ke samakAlIna the / rAjA AmoghavarSa kI rAjadhAnI mAnya kheTa meM usa samaya vidvAnoM kA acchA Ayurveda sambandhI anyoM kI jAnakArI prApta huI hai| kiMtu isa dizA meM satata anusaMdhAna aura praryApta prayatna apekSita hai| uparyukta vivecana se yaha tathya to spaSTa hai ki jainAcAryoM ne bhI anya AcAryoM kI hI bhAMti Ayurveda sAhityasRjana meM apanA apUrva yogadAna diyA hai| aba AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki anusandhAna ke dvArA usa viluptavizAla sAhitya ko prakAza meM lAkara Ayurveda sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi kI jAya aura Ayurveda kI dRSTi se usakA ucita mUlyAMkana kiyA jaay| isase Ayurveda jagat meM nizcaya hI jainAcAryoM ko gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta hogA / DaoN0 zrIraMjana sUrideva pahanI hI nahIM aura ATha varSa kI Ayu meM hI digambarI dIkSA le lii| inhoMne apane gurU AcArya vIrasena kI, karmasiddhAnta-viSayaka grantha SaTkhaNDAgama' kI adhUrI jayadhavalA' TIkA ko, bhASA aura viSaya kI samAntara pratipAdana zailI meM, pUrA kiyA thA aura inake adhUre 'mahApurANa' yA 'AdipurANa' ko (kula 47 parva), jo 'mahAbhArata' se bhI bar3A hai, inake ziSya AcArya guNabhadra ne pUrA kiyA thaa| guNasena dvArA pUrA kiyA gayA aMza yA zeSAMza 'uttarapurANa' nAma se prasiddha hai| paMcastUpasaMgha kI gurvAvali ke anusAra vIrasena ke eka aura ziSya the vinysen| AcArya jinasena (dvi0) ne darzana ke kSetra meM jaisI adbhuta pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai, vaisI hI apUrva manISA kAvya ke kSetra meM bhI pradarzita kI hai| isa sandarbha meM inakI aitihAsika aura sAMskRtika mahattva kI saMskRta kAvyakRti 'pArzvAbhyudaya' ullekhanIya hai| prastuta kAvya ke antima do zlokoM se jJAta hotA hai ki uparyukta rASTrakUTa vaMzIya narapati amoghavarSa ke zAsanakAla meM isa vilakSaNa kRti kI racanA huI / zloka isa prakAra haiM : iti viracitametatkAvyamAveva me bahuguNamapadoSa kAlidAsasya kAvyam / malinitaparakAvyaM tiSThatAdAzazAGka bhuvanabhavatu devaH sarvadA'moghavarSaH || zrI vIrasenamunipAdapayojabhRGgaH zrImAnabhUdvinayasenamunirgarIyAn / tacco ditena jinasenamunIzvareNa kAvyaM vyadhAyi pariveSTitameghadUtam // arthAt prastuta 'pArzvAbhyudaya kAvya kAlidAsa kavi ke aneka samAgama thaa| 'jainendra siddhAntakoza' ke sandarbhAnusAra AcArya jinasena Agarbha digambara the; kyoMki inhoMne bacapana meM ATha varSa kI Ayu taka laMgoTI guNoM se yukta nirdoSa kAvya 'meghadUta' ko AveSTita karake racA gayA hai|

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122 meghasandeza - viSayaka anya kAvya ko niSprabha karane vAlA yaha kAvya yAvaccandra vidyamAna rahe / aura, rAjA amoghavarSa sadA jagadrakSaka bane raheM / yahA~ 'deva: amoghavarSa: zabda megha kA vAcaka bhI hai| isa pakSa meM isakA artha hogA 'saphalavRSTi karane vAlA megha' / dUsare zloka kA artha hai - zrIvIrasenamuni ke pada paMkaja para ma~DarAne vAle bhRMga-svarUpa zreSTha zrImAn vinayasena muni kI preraNA se munizreSTha jinasena ne 'meghadUta' ko pariveSTita karake isa 'pArzvAbhyudaya' kAvya kI racanA kI / - jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 pUrvokta mahAmuni AcArya vIrasena vinayasena aura jinasena nAmaka munipuMgavoM ke guru the / vinayasena kI prArthanA para hI AcArya jinasena ne kAlidAsa ke samagra 'meghadUta' ko samasyApUrti ke dvArA AveSTita kara pArzvAbhyudaya kI racanA kii| cAra sargoM meM pallavita isa kAvya meM kula 364 (prathama: 118; dvitIya : 118; tRtIya : 57; caturtha 71) zloka haiN| isakA pratyeka zloka 'meghadUta' ke krama se, zloka ke caturthAMza yA addhAMza ko samasyA ke rUpa meM lekara pUrA kiyA gayA hai / samasyApUrti kA AveSTana tIna rUpoM meM rakhA gayA hai : 1. pAdaveSTita, 2. ardhaveSTita aura antaritAveSTita / antaritAveSTita meM bhI ekAntarita aura iyantarita ye do prakAra hai| : draSTavya hai / prathama pAdaveSTita' meM caturtha caraNa meM 'meghadUta' ke kisI zloka kA koI eka caraNa rakhA gayA hai aura 'ardhaveSTita' meM 'meghadUta' ke dvitIya tRtIya caraNoM kA vinyAsa huA hai| 1 ke kisI zloka ke do caraNoM kA viniyoga tRtIya caturtha caraNoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai aura phira 'antaritAveSTita' meM, 'meghadUta' ke zlokoM ko 'pArzvAbhyudaya' ke jisa zloka meM prathama aura caturtha caraNa ke rUpa meM rakhA gayA hai, usakI saMjJA 'dvayantaritArthaveSTita' hai tathA jisa zloka meM prathama aura tRtIya caraNa ke rUpa meM rakhA gayA hai, usakI saMjJA 'ekAntarita' hai / isa prakAra kI vyavasthA kA dhyAtavya vaiziSTya yaha hai ki 'meghadUta' ke uddhata caraNoM ke pracalita artha ko vidvAn kavi AcArya jinasena ne pAdaveSTita : zrImanmUrtyA marakatamayastambhalakSmIM vahantyA yogaikAgrayastimitatarayA tasthivAMsaM nidadhyau / pArzva daityo nabhasi viharanbaddhavaireNa dagdhaH 'kazcitkAntAvirahaguruNA svadhikArAtpramattaH / / ' (sarga 1 zloka 1) : ekAntaritAveSTita 'utsaGge vA malinavasane saumya nikSipyavINAM, gADhotkaNThaM karuNavirutaM vipralApAyamAnam / 'madgotrAGka viracitapadaM geyamudgAtukAmA tvAmuddizya pracaladalakaM mUrcchanAM bhAvayantI / / (sarga 3 zlo0 38) apane svatantra kathAnaka ke prasaMga se jor3ane meM vismayakArI vilakSaNatA ke dvitIya caturtha caraNoM kA viniyoga | huA sum kA paricaya diyA hai / pAdaveSTita kA dvitIya prakAra yahA~ samasyA pUrti ke ukta prakAroM kA eka eka udAharaNa ardhaveSTita zikharanipatannirjharArAbahuye zaile / ramyotsaGge paryArUDhagumaparigatopatyeka tatra 'vizrAntaH sanbraja vanadItIrajAnAM niSiJcanavajalakaNairvRdhikAjAlakAni / / ' (sarga 1: zalo0 109) zudyAnAnAM dvayantaritArthaveSTita : 'Aloke te nipatati purA sA balivyAkulA vA' tvatsamprAptayai vihita niyamAndevatAbhyo bhajantaH / buddhavArUDhaM ciraparicitaM tvadgataM jJAtapUrva matsAdasya virahatanu vA bhAvegavyaM likhantI / / ' (sarga 3 zlo0 36) dvayantaritArthaveSTita kA dvitIya prakAra : antastApaM prApizunayatA svaM kavodhona bhUyo 'niHzvAsenAdhara kisalayaklezinA vikSipantIm / zuddhasnAnAtparusamalakaM nUnamAgaNDalamba' vizliSTaM vA hariNacaritaM lAmchanaM tanmukhendoH / / (sarga 3 zloka 46 ) isa zloka ke dvitIya tRtIya caraNoM meM 'meghadUta' ke zloka ekAntaritAveSTita kA dvitIya prakAra : citranyastAmiva savapuSaM manmathI yAvasthA'mAdhikSAmAM virahazayane sanniSaNNaikapArzvAm / ' tApApAstyai hRdayanihitAM hArayaSTiM dadhAnA 'prAcImUle tanumiva kalAmAtrazeSAM himAMzo : / / ' (sarga 3 zlo0 44) isa zloka ke dvitIya caturtha caraNoM meM 'meghadUta' ke zloka 'mAmAkAzapraNihita bhujaM nirdayAzleSaheto- ' rUntiSThAsuM tvadupagamana pratyayAtsvapnajAtAt / sakhyo dRSTvA sakaruNamRduvyAvahAsiM dadhAnAH kAmonmugdhAH smarayitu maho saMmrayante vibuddhAn / / (sarga 4: zlo0 36) ke zloka kA hai| isa zloka meM prathama caraNa 'meghadUta' isalie isakI AkhyA pUrvArdha pAdaveSTita hai| pAdaveSTita kA tRtIya prakAra nidrAsaGgAdupahitaratergADhamAzleSa vRnte 'rlabdhAyAste kathamapi mayA svapnasaMdarzaneSu / ' vizleSassyAdvihitaruditairAdhijairAzukodhaiH kAmo'yaM ghaTayatitarAM vipralambhAvatAram / / - (sarga 4 zlo0 37 ) :

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123 AcArya jinasena (dvitIya) aura unakA 'pArvAbhyudaya' kAvya prastutazloka meM dvitIya caraNa meM meghadUta' ke zloka kA hai| nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| usa rAjA ke kamaTha aura marubhUmi nAma isa prakAra, kavizrI jinasena ne pAdaveSTita, padArthaveSTita aura ke do mantrI the, jo dvijanmA vizvabhUti tathA usakI patnI anudarI ke putra pAdantaritAveSTita ke rUpa -vaibhinnaya kI avatAraNA dvArA 'pArvAbhyudaya' the , kamaTha kI patnI kA nAma varuNA thA aura marubhUti kI patnI vasundharA kAvya ke racanA-zilpa meM camatkAra-vaicitya utpanna kara apanI adbhUta nAma kI thii| eka bAra choTA bhAI marubhUti zatrurAjA vajravIrya ke vijaya kAvya prauDhitAkA AhlAdaka paricaya diyA hai| ke lie apane svAmI rAjA aravinda ke sAtha yuddha meM gayA / isa bIca AcArya jinasena rAjA amoghavarSa ke gurU the, yaha kAvya ke maukA pAkara durAcArI agraja kamaTha ne apanI patnI varuNa kI sahAyatA pratyeka sarga kI samApti meM, mUla kAvya aura usakI subodhikA vyAkhyA se bhrAtRpatnI vasundharA ko aMgIkRta kara liyA / rAjA aravinda jaba kI puSpikA meM ullikhita hai : 'ityamoghavarSaparamezvaraparamagurUzrI jinasenAcArya zatruvijaya karake vApasa AyA, taba use kamaTha kI durvRtti kI sUcanA viracita meghadUtaveSTitaveSTite pArvAbhyudaye ...' prasiddha jaina vidvAn zrI milI / rAjA ne marubhUti ke abhiprAyAnusAra nagara meM praveza karane ke pUrva pannAlAla bAkalIvAla ke anusAra rASTrakUTavaMzIya rAjA amoghavarSa 736 hI apane bhRtya ke dvArA kamaTha ke nagara -nirvAsana kI AjJA ghoSita zakAbda meM karNATaka aura mahArASTra kA zAsaka thA / isane lagAtAra karAI / kyoMki, rAjA ne durvRnta kamaTha kA muMha dekhanA bhI gavArA nahIM tirasaTha varSoM taka rAjya kiyaa| isane apanI rAjadhAnI malakheDa yA kiyA / kamaTha apane anuja para kruddha hokara jaMgala calA aura vahA~ usane mAnyakheTa meM vidyA evaM sAMskRtika cetanA ke pracura pracAra-prasAra ke tApasa-vRtti svIkAra kara lii| kAraNa vipula yaza arjita kiyA thA / aitihAsikoM kA kahanA hai ki isa apane agraja kamaTha ko isa nirvedAtmaka sthiti se jAne kyoM rAjA ne 'kavirAjamArga' nAmaka alaMkAra-grantha kannar3a bhASA meM likhA marubhUti ko bar3A pazcAtApa huA / jaMgala jAkara usane apane agraja kamaTha thA / isake atirikta, 'praznottara ratnamAlA nAmaka eka laghukAvya kI ko DhUMr3ha nikAlA aura vaha usake pairoM para girakara kSamA mA~gane lgaa| racanA saMskRta meM kI thii| yaha rAjA AcArya jinasena ke caraNakamala ke krodhAndha kamaTha ne pairoM para gire hue marubhUti kA sira patthara mArakara phor3a namaskAra se apane ko bar3A pavitra mAnatA thA / DAlA, jisase usakI vahIM tatkSaNa mRtyu ho gii| 'pArvAbhyudaya' ke anta meM subodhikA- TIkA, jisakI racanA isa prakAra, akAlamRtyu ko prApta marubhUti Age bhI aneka AcArya mallinAtha kI meghadUta-TIkA ke anukaraNa para huI hai, ke kartA bAra janma-maraNa ke cakkara meM par3atA rahA / eka bAra vaha punarbhava ke krama paNDitAcArya yogirAja kI ora se 'kAvyAvatara upansta huA hai, jisase meM kAzI janapada kI vArANasI nagarI meM mahArAja vizvasena aura mahArAnI 'pArvAbhyudaya' kAvya kI racanA kI eka manoraMjaka pRSThabhUmi kI sUcanA brAhmI devI ke putra-rUpa meM utpanna huA aura tapobala se tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha milatI hai| banakara pUjita huaa| abhiniSkramaNa ke bAda, eka dina, tapasyA karate eka bAra kAlidAsa nAma kA koI ojasvI kavirAja amoghavarSa samaya pArzvanAtha ko punarbhavoM ke prapaMca meM par3e hue zambara nAma se prasiddha kI sabhA meM AyA aura usane svaracita 'meghadUta' nAmaka kAvya ko aneka kamaTha ne dekha liyaa| dekhate hI usakA pUrvajanma kA vaira bhAva jaga par3A rAjAoM ke bIca, bar3e garva se upasthita vidvAnoM kI avahelanA karate hue. aura usane munIndra pArzvanAtha kI tapasyA meM vividha vidhna upasthita kiye| sunaayaa| taba, AcArya jinasena ne apane satIrthya AcArya vinayasena ke anta meM munIndra ke prabhAva se kamaTha ko sadgati prApta huI / jijJAsu janoM Agraha vaza ukta kavi kAlidAsa ke garvazamana ke uddezya se sabhA ke ke lie isa kathA kA vistAra jaina purANoM meM draSTavya hai / marubhUti kA samakSa usakA parihAsa karate hue kahA ki yaha kAvya (meghadUta) kisI apane bhava se pArzvanAtha ke bhava meM pronnayana yA abhyudaya ke kAraNa isa purAnI kRti se corI karake likhA gayA hai, isIlie itanA ramaNIya bana kAvyakRti kA pArvAbhyudaya nAma sArthaka hai| par3A hai| isa bAta para kAlIdAsa bahuta rUSTa huA aura jinasena se kahA- isa 'pArvAbhyudaya' kAvya meM kamaTha yakSa ke rUpa meM kalpita hai 'yadi yahI bAta hai, to likha DAlo koI aisI hI kRti / ' isapara jinasena aura usakI preyasI bhrAtRpatnI vasundharA kI yakSiNI ke rUpa meM kalpanA ne kahA - aisI kAvyakRti to maiM likha cukA hU~, kintu hai vaha yahA~ se kI gaI hai| rAjA aravinda kubera haiM, jisane kamaTha ko eka varSa ke lie dUra kisI dUsare nagara meM hai| yadi ATha dinoM kI avadhi mile, to use nagara-nirvAsana kA daNDa diyA thaa| zeSa alakApurI Adi kI kalpanAe~ yahA~ lAkara sunA sakatA huuN|' 'meghadUta' kA hI anusaraNa-mAtra hai / AcArya jinasena ko rAjyasabhA kI ora se yathAprArthita avadhi AcArya jinasena ne 'meghadUta kI kathA vastu ko AtmasAt kara dI gaI aura inhoMne isI bIca tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kI kathA ke AdhAra para use 'pArvAbhyudaya' kI kathAvastu ke sAtha kisa prakAra prAsaMgika banAyA 'meghadUta' kI paMktiyoM se AveSTita karake 'pAzrvAbhyudaya' jaisI mahArtha hai, isake do-eka udAharaNa draSTavya haiM : kAvya-racanA kara DAlI aura use sabhA ke samajha upasthita kara kavi tasyAstIre muhurupala vAnnUrdhva zoSa prazuSyan kAlidAsa ko parAsta kara diyaa| nudvAhussanyaruSamanasaH paJcatApaM tapo ya: / ___'pArvAbhyudaya' kA saMkSipta kathAvatAra isa prakAra hai : bharatakSetra kurvanna sma smarati jaDadhIstApasAnAM manojJAM / ke suramya nAmaka deza meM modanapura nAma kA eka nagara thA / vahA~ aravinda 'smigcchAyAtaruma vasatiM rAmagiryAzrameSu / / ' (sarga 1: zlo03)

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124 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 mandabuddhi kamaTha usa sindhunadI ke tIra para bAra-bAra pattharoM ko ullekhya haiM / pakar3atA thaa| Upara se par3ane vAlI tIvra dhUpa se usake zarIra ke avayava 'meghadUta' kI prabhAvanviti se aviSTa hone para bhI 'pArvAbhyudaya sUkha rahe the / Upara hAtha uThAye hue vaha kaThina cintanapUrvaka paMcAgni kI kAvyabhASA, zailI kI dRSTi se sarala nahIM apitu jaTila hai / phalata: tApane kA tapa kara rahA thA / zItala chAyA vAle per3oM se yukta rAmagiri kathAvastu sahasA pAThakoM ko hRdayaMgama nahIM hotI / samasyApUrti ke rUpa nAmaka parvata para vAsa karatA huA vaha tapasviyoM ke lie manorama sthAna meM gumphana hone ke kAraNa tathA kathAvastu ke balAt saMyojana ke kAraNa kA smaraNa taka nahIM karatA thA / bhI mUlake arthabodha meM viparyastatA kI anubhUti hotI hai / mUlataH tvAM dhyAyantyA viradRzayanA bhogamuktAkhilAr3agyAH 'pArvAbhyudaya' pratikrayA meM praNIta eka kaThina kAvya hai / zaGke taSyA mRdutalamavaSTamya gaNDopadhAnam / 'pArvAbhyudaya' samasyApUrtiparaka kAvya hone para bhI isameM kavikRta 'hastanyastaM mukhamasakalavyakti lambAlaka tvA abhinava bhAva-yojanA atizaya manorama hai / kintu sandeza kathana ko dindordainyaM tvadupasaraNakliSTa kAntirvibhartti / / ' ramaNIyatA 'meghadUta jaisI nahIM hai / isameM jainadharma ke kisI siddhAnta kA (sarga3: zlo0 27) kahIM bhI pratipAdana nahIM huA hai, kintu kailAsaparvata aura mahAkAla-vana viraha kI zayyA para jisakA sArA zarIra niDhAla par3A hai, aisI meM jinamandiroM aura jina-pratimAoM kA varNana avazya huA hai / jagahavasundharA tumhArA dhyAna karatI huI apane kapolatala meM komala takiyA jagaha sUktiyoM kA samAveza kAvya ko kalAvareNya banAtA hai / isa prasaMga liye leTI hogI; saMskAra ke abhAva meM lambe par3e apane kezoM meM Adhe meM 'ramyasthAnaM tyajati na mano durvidhAnaM pratIhi' (1.74); 'pApApAye chipe mukha ko hAtha para rakhe hue hogI, usakA vaha mukha megha se Adhe Dhake prathamamuditaM kAraNaM bhaktireva' (2.65); kAmo'sahayaMghaTa yatitarAM kSINa kAntivAle candramA kI bhA~ti zocanIya ho gayA hogA, aisI merI vipralambhAvatAram ' (4.37) Adi bhAvagarbha sUktiyA~ draSTavya hai| AzaMkA hai| zabdazAstrajJa AcArya jinasena kA bhASA para asAdharaNa adhikAra prauDha kAvyabhASA meM likhita prastuta kAvya meghadUta ke samAna hai| inake dvArA aprayukta kriyApadoM kA pade-pade prayoga tato adhika zabdahI mandAkrAntA chanda meM Abaddha hai / teIsave tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha svAmI kI camatkAra utpanna karatA hai / bar3e-bar3e vaiyAkaraNoM kI to parIkSA hI tIvra tapasyA ke avasara para unake pUrvabhava ke zatru zambara yA kamaTha dvArA 'pAzrvAbhyudaya' meM sambhava huI hai| isa sandarbha meM AcArya kavizrI ke dvArA upasthApita kaThora kAyaklezoM tathA sambhogazRMgAra se saMvalita pralobhanoM prayukta 'hI' ('hi' ke lie); sphAvayan' (= vardhayan); pracikaTayisuH' (= kA atizaya prItikara aura ruciratara varNana isa kAvya kA zilpagata prakaTAyitumicchu:); 'vittAnidhnaH' (=vittAdhIna:); 'maGgha (=zIghraNa); vaiziSTaya hai| 'siSidhUSaH'(=siddhA devatAvizeSAH); 'perIyasva' ( atyarthaM pAnaM vidhehi); meghadUta jaise zrRMgAra kAvya ko zAntarasa ke kAvya meM pariNata 'khena' (-gaganena); prothinI' (=lamboSThI); 'muruNDa:' (=vatsarAjo narendraH); karanA kavizrI jinasena kI asAdhAraNa kavitva zakti ko iMgita karatA 'hRpayantyAH ' (=viDambayantyA:) 'nirdidhakSeta' (=nirdagdhumiccheta); 'vainayArtham' hai / saMskRta ke sandezakAvyoM yA dUtakAvyoM meM sAmAnyatayA vipralambha (=vijayasyArthasyedaM) 'jigaliSu (=galimiccha); 'zaMphalAnpamphalIrti' zRMgAra tathA viraha-vedanA kI pRSThabhUmi rahatI hai / parantu jaina kaviyoM ne (=zaM sukhameva phalaM yeSAM tAn bhRzaM phalati); gahnamAnAH' (=jugupsAvanna:); sandezakAvyoM meM zrRMgAra se zAnta kI ora prasthiti upanyasta kara etadvidha 'jAghaTIti' (=bhRzaM ghaTate) Adi nAtipracalita zabda vicAraNIya hai| kAya-paramparA ko naI dizA pradAna kI hai| tyAga aura saMyama ko jIvana 'pArvAbhyudaya' AcArya jinasena kA avazya hI eka aisA kA sambala samajhane vAle jaina kaviyoM meM zrRMgAracetanAmUlaka kAvya-vidhA pAryantika kAvya hai, jisakA adhyayana-anuzIlana kabhI azeSa nahIM meM bhArata ke gauravamaya itihAsa tathA utkRSTatara saMskRti ke mahArtha tattvoM hogaa| kAvyAtmaka camatkAra, saundarya-bodha, bimbavidhAna evaM rasAnubhUti kA samAveza kiyA hai / sandezamUlaka kAvyoM meM tIrthaMkara jaise zalAkA ke vividha upAdAna 'pArvAbhyudaya' meM vidyamAna haiM / nibandhanapaTutA, puruSoM ke jIvanavRttoM kA parigumphana kiyA hai / 'meghadUta' ke zlokoM ke bhAvAnubhUti kI tIvratA, vastuvinyAsa kI satarkatA, vilAsa-vaibhava, caraNoM para Azrita samasyApUrti ke bahukoNIya prakAroM kA prArambha kavizrI prakRti-citraNa Adi sAhityika AyAmoM kI saghanatA ke sAtha hI jinasena dvitIya ke 'pAzrvAbhyudaya' se hI hotA hai| yahI nahIM, jaina kAvya- bhogavAda para aMkuzAropaNa jaisI varNya vastu kA vinyAsa 'pArvAbhyudaya' sAhitya meM dUtakAvya kI paramparA kA pravartana bhI 'pArvAbhyudaya' se hI huA kI kAvya prauDhi ko sAtizaya cArutA pradAna karatA hai| hai| isa dRSTi se isa kAvya kA aitihAsika mahattva hai| kAvyakAra AcArya jinasena ne arthavyaMjanA ke lie hI mAsika pArvAbhyudaya' se to 'abhyudaya' nAmAnta kAvyoM kI paramparA hI prayoga-vaicitrya se kAma liyA hai / 'kAvyAvatara' meM varNita kathA-prasaMga pracalita ho gaI / isa sandarbha meM 'dharmazarmAbhyudaya' (harizcandra : terahavIM ke AdhAra para yadi AcArya jinasena ko kAlidAsa kA samakAlIna mAnA zatI) 'dharmAbhyudaya' (udayaprabhasUri: terahavIM zatI); 'kapphiNAbhyudaya' jAya to, yaha kahanA samIcIna hogA kI bhAratIya sabhyatA ke itihAsa ke (zivasvAmI: navamazatI) : 'yAdavAbhyudaya' (veMkaTanAtha vedAntadezika : jisa yuga meM isa deza kI viziSTa saMskRti sarvAdhika vikasita huI thI, terahavIM zatI ) 'bharatezvarAbhyudaya' (AzAdhara: terahavIM zatI) Adi kAvya usI yuga meM 'pArvAbhyudaya ke racayitA vidyamAna the| vaha kAlidAsa kI Jain Education Intemational

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taraha bhAratIya itihAsa ke svarNayuga ke kavi the / isa yuga kI sabhyatA 'pAzrvAbhyudaya' bhASA kI paur3hatA kI dRSTi se advitIya kAvya hai| aura saMskRti sAhitya meM hI nahIM, apitu lalita, vastu, sthApatya Adi yaha aura bAta hai ki AcArya jinasena ke zAstrajJapaNDita ne unake kavi vibhinna kalAoM meM paripUrNatA ke sAtha vyakta huI hai / AcArya jinasena ko avazya hI parAsta kiyA hai / phalata: isameM pANDitya ke anupAta (dvitIya) isa yuga ke zreSTha kavi the aura inhoMne samaya kI bAhya meM kavitva kama par3a gayA hai / kAlidAsa kI avamAnanA ke uddezya se vAstavikatA, arthAt sabhyatA kA citraNa to kiyA hI hai, sAtha hI usakI likhA gayA hone para bhI yaha kAvya ulaTe hI kAlidAsa kI kAvyayatA antaraMga cetanA kA bhI jise hama saMskRti kaha sakate hai; manohArI varcasvitA kA vistAraka bana gayA hai| samAhAra prastuta kiyA hai| kAlidAsa kI kAvyatrayI para jaina TIkAe~ - DaoN0 ravizaMkara mizra mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI kAvyatrayI "raghuvaMza mahAkAvyam, vidyamAna tatkAlIna saMskRta sAhitya kI mahatvapUrNa kRtiyoM para apanI lekhanI kumArasambhavam, meghadUtama'' apane-apane kAvyAdarzoM ke apratima Aine haiN| calAkara usa kRti ke viSaya ko apanI bhASA meM nibaddha kara TIkA yA vRtti raghuvaMzam mahAkAvya jahA~ kavi ke abhISTa AdarzoM ko nitAnta kAntAsammita yA avacUri ke rupa meM prastuta karanA hI apanA jIvana-vrata banA liyA thaa| zailI meM citrita kara bhAratIya saMskRti kA amlAna mukharIkaraNa hai, vahA~ ina vidvAn jaina TIkAkAroM kA mukhya dhyeya thA -- saMskRta kumArasambhavam mahAkAvya eka esaa dhArmika AkhyAna jisameM sarvotkRSTa naitika sAhitya-jagat meM labdhapratiSTha kaviyoM kI racanAoM kI apanI sulalita, mUlyoM kI garimA evaM hamArI bhAratIya saMskRti kA sanAtana sandeza hai / vAstava sugrAhya evaM sarala saMskRta bhASA meM vyAkhyA kara use jana-sAmAnya ke lie meM nArI ke prati bhAratIya saMskRti ke amara sandeza ko abhivyaMjita karatA AtmasAta karane yogya banAnA -- jisase samAja kA pratyeka varga una huA yaha mahAkAvya mAno hAtha uThAkara kaha rahA hai ki zArIrika sundaratA racanAoM ko samajha sake, hadayaMgama kara sake aura unameM varNita AdarzoM evaM hI nArI kI sarvotkRSTa sampatti nahIM hai, sAtha hI AdhyAtmika saundarya ke prati naitika mAnavIya mUlyoM ko apane jIvana meM sahajatayA utAra sake / isa Atma-samarpaNa koI parAjaya nahIM hai / kAvyatrayI kA tIsarA meghadUtam sukArya ko karate samaya ina jaina TIkAkAroM kI sUkSmekSika dRSTi sambandhita khaNDakAvya eka aisI varNanAtmaka kAruNika kavitA hai jo mAnava evaM prakRti grantha ke vyAkhyAyana para hI susthira rahatI thI, na ki isa grantha ke jaina yA kA advaita sthApita karatI huI kAmarupa megha aura kAmapIr3ita yakSa ke mAdhyama ajaina granthakAra jaisI saMkIrNa vaicArika dRSTi pr| yaha eka mahatvapUrNa bindu se sampUrNa jagat ko kAma ke pAvana pIyUSa-pravAha meM nimajjita karAtI hai| ina jaina manISiyoM ke sAmpradAyika vyAmoha se pare hone kA spaSTa paricAyaka yahI kAraNa hai ki na kevala bhAratIya sAhitya meM isa kAvya ko sarvotkRSTa hai| aura atimUlyavAna gItikAvya mAnA jAtA rahA hai balki vizva-sAhitya kA mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI isa lokagrAhya evaM sArvajanIna kAvyatrayI sarvotkRSTa gItikAvya (Lyric) mAnA gayA hai| apane sampUrNa racanA-krama meM (raghuvaMzam, kumArasambhavam, meghadUtam) kI aura adhika mahAkavi kAlidAsa kamobeza eka gIti-kAra, eka gIti-lekhaka ke rupa meM sAmAnyajana-grAhya evaM bAlasulabha banAne ke uddezya se ina jaina TIkAkAroM adhika ubhara kara Ate haiN| ne isa kAvyatrayI para aneka TIkAoM kI racanA kI haiM / yadyapi yaha viSaya yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI kAvyatrayI kI prasiddhi abhI aura adhika gahana zodha kI apekSA rakhatA hai, phira bhI hamAre isa aura lokapriyatA ne sadaiva samakAlIna evaM parakAlIna sAhityakAroM, kAvyakAroM, ullekha meM kAvyatrayI ke tInoM kAvyoM para kina-kina jaina TIkAkAroM ne TIkAkAroM, vyAkhyAkAroM ko apanI ora sahajatayA AkarSita kiyA hai aura apanI TIkAe~ yA vRttiyA~ likhI haiM, ve TIkAe~ yA vRttiyA~ adyatana prakAzita unake mana ko mohA hai / "hara acchI cIja kI cAhata kauna nahIM karatA''- haiM yA ki aprakAzita haiM, ve TIkAe~ kina-kina grantha bhaNDAroM meM upalabdha hamArI isa sarvathA nijI dhAraNA anusAra hI sambhavata: isa kAvyatrayI kI ora aura surakSita haiM tathA unakA kina-kina granthasUciyoM meM ullekha hai Adi TIkAoM aura vyAkhyAoM kI racanA-paramparA paravAna cddh'ii| ullekhanIya hai vibhinna mahatvapUrNa zodhaparaka binduoM ko yahA~ prastuta karanA hI abhipreta hai ki saMskRta sAhitya meM jaina sAhityakAroM, kAvyakAroM, gItakAroM, nATakakAroM, tAki isa dizA meM aura bhI adhika zodha kA patha prazasta ho ske| vyAkhyAkAroM aura TIkAkAroM kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / pandrahavIM aura solahavIM zatAbdI meM muni cAritravardhanagaNi jaise aneka svanAmadhanya vidvAn raghuvaMzam :jaina TIkAkAra hue haiM, jinhoMne apanI svataMtra aura navIna racanAoM kI apekSA raghuvaMzam mahAkAvya mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI praur3hatama pratibhA kI Jain Education Intemational

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126 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 prasUti samajhA gayA hai / lokapriyatA meM yaha mahAkAvya anupameya hai / upalabdha hastalikhita granthoM ke sUcIpatra kI grantha-saMkhyA 2829 para isa TIkA kA jAnakArI anusAra isa mahAkAvya para aba taka lagabhaga cAlIsa TIkAe~ bhinna- ullekha prApta hotA hai / bhinna kAloM meM vibhinna TIkAkAroM dvArA racI gayI milatI haiM / ' inameM se 10. muni zrI malayasundarasUri ne bhI raghuvaMzama para eka TIkA nimnalikhita TIkAe~ jaina TIkAkAroM dvArA racI gayI haiM, jinakA ullekha likhI hai|5 / vimalagaccha upAzraya ahamadAbAda ke hastalikhita granthoM ke aneka srotoM meM milatA hai - sUcIpatra meM grantha-saMkhyA29 para isa TIkA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| 1.solahavIM zatI meM kharataragaccha ke AcArya zrI jinabhadrasUri ke ziSya manizrIcAritravardhana ne "zizuhitaiSiNI' nAma se eka TIkA likhI hai, kamArasambhavama : jisakI hastalikhita pratiyA~ vibhinna grantha-bhaNDAroM meM surakSita hai| mahAkAvya paddhati kI yaha apane yuga kI sarvazreSTha racanA hai, 2. mani zrI muniprabhagaNi ke ziSya zrI dharmamaru ne vi.saM. 1748 jisakA kendrIya kAvya-tattva hai- ziva aura pArvatI kA vivAha jo apane mUla meM raghuvaMzam para TIkA likhI, jisakA ullekha bhaNDArakara iMsTITyUTa pUnA, bhAva meM puruSa tathA prakRti ke maMgala-milana kA pratIka hai, jisameM daivika DelA upAzraya bhaNDAra ahamadAbAda tathA TI. oNphrekTa dvArA saMkalita keTAlaoNgarama laukika, svarga-bhartya, tyAga-prema aura tapa-vilAsa kA apUrva sAmaMjasya ke bhAga prathama (pRSTha 487) meM upalabdha hotA hai / samAhita hai / isa mahanIya mahAkAvya para vividha jaina TIkAkAroM dvArA likhI 3. kharatagaccha ke AcArya zrI jayasoma upAdhyAya ke suziSya gaI nimnalikhita TIkAoM yA vRttiyoM kA ullekha vividha sandarbho meM prApta munizrI guNavinaya ke raghuvaMzam para "vizeSArthabodhikA' nAmaka TIkA kI hotA hai . racanA vi.saM. 1644 meM kI hai| isa TIkA kA ullekha vibhinna grantha- 1. kharataragaccha ke mani zrI cAritravardhanagaNi ne kumArasambhavam para bhaNDAroM ke sUcIpatroM meM milatA hai / yadyapi 'jaina granthAvalI' meM isa TIkA "kamAra tAtparya' nAmaka bodhagamya TIkA likhI hai / isa TIkA kA ullekha ke racanAkAra kA nAma 'guNavijaya' diyA gayA hai, jo sambhavata: mudraNa kI TI. oNphekTa dvArA saMkalita keTAlaoNgasa keTAlaoNgarama ke bhAga prathama ke pRSTha azaddhi ke kAraNa haA hai, aisA jinaratnakozakAra ne bhI spaSTa kiyA hai| 110 para prApta hotA hai| 4. vikrama saMvat 1692 meM kharataragaccha ke AcArya zrIsakalacandra 2. upakezagaccha ke muni zrIkSamAmeru ke suziSya muni matiratna ne ke suziSya muni zrIsamayasundara ne raghuvaMzam para "arthAlApanikA" nAmaka vi.saM. 1574 meM kumArasambhavam mahAkAvya ke sAta sargoM para eka 'avacari" TIkA likhI hai / isa TIkA kI mUla hastalikhita prati kula 145 patroM meM kI racanA kI hai| isa avacUri kA ullekha DaoN0 pITarsana dvArA saMkalita DelA upAzraya bhaNDAra ahamadAbAda meM surakSita hai / bhaNDArakara iMsTITyaTa pUnAke hastalikhita guntha-saMgraha dvitIya kI prastAvanA 5. AcArya zrI rAmavijaya jI ke suziSya muni zrI jiyagaNi ne ke paSTha 54 para prApta hotA hai| raghuvaMzam para TIkA likhI hai / isa TIkA kA ullekha DelA upazraya bhaNDAra 3. tapAgaccha ke AcArya zrI rAmavijayagaNi ke suziSya muni ahamadAbAda ke hastalikhita granthoM kI sUcI meM, TI. oNphekTa dvArA saMkalita vijayagaNi ne kumAra sambhavam mahAkAvya para "kumArasambhavavRtti' nAmaka eka keTAlaoNgasa ke keTAlaoNgarama meM tathA vimalagaccha upAzraya bhaNDAra ahamadAbAda eka TIkA likhI hai| yaha TIkA bhI mahAkAvya ke mAtra sAta sargoM taka hI ke sUcIpatra meM prApta hotA hai| sImita milatI hai / aneka grantha-bhaNDAroM ke sUcIpatroM meM isakA ullekha prApta 6. muni zrI sumati vijaya jI ne raghuvaMzam para "sugamAnvayA" hotA hai / nAmaka eka TIkA likhI hai / DaoN. vhUlara dvArA saMkalita evaM bhaNDArakara 4. khataragaccha ke munizrIjinasamudrasUri ne bhI kumArasambhavam ke iMsTITyUTa pUnA meM saMrakSita grantha-bhaNDAra ke sUcIpatra evaM jaina granthAvalI jaise mAtra sAta sargoM para eka TIkA likhI hai| anya sandarbha srotroM se isa TIkA kI jAnakArI milatI hai11|| 5. digambara sampradAya ke muni zrI dharmakIrti ne isa mahAkAvya para 7. muri zrI hemasUri dvArA raghuvaMzam para likhI gaI eka TIkA kI eka TIkA likhI hai / isa TIkA kA ullekha pUnA se IsavI sana 1928 jAnakArI milatI hai / isa TIkA kI mUla hastalikhita prati jaisalamera bhaNDAra meM prakAzita 'bRhatTipaNNikA' nAmaka jaina-grantha sUcI kI grantha-saMkhyA 530 kI grantha saMkhyA 1078 para surakSita evaM saMrakSita hai / jina ratnakoza meM para prApta hotA hai / bhI isa TIkA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai|2|| 6. muni zrI kalyANasAgara ne bhI kumArasambhavam para eka vRtti 8. tapAgaccha ke AcArya zrI zAnticandragaNi jI ke suzirU muni likhI hai / isa vRtti kA ullekha ahamadAbAda ke grantha-bhaNDAra ke sUcIpatra zrIratnacandragaNi ne raghuvaMzam para eka TIkA likhI hai| TI. oNphekTa dvArA meM prApta hotA hai22 / / saMkalita keTAlaoNgasa keTAlaoNgarama ke tIsare saMskaraNa ke pRSTha 104 para isa 7. bar3A upAzraya bIkAnera ke mahimabhakti ke ikatIsaveM baNDala meM TIkA kA ullekha milatA hai / bhaNDArakara iMsTITyUTa pUrA ke grantha- bhaNDAra kumArasambhavam mahAkAvya para lakSmIvallabhakata eka TIkA kA ullekha prApta meM isa TIkA kI prati upalabdha hai / hotA hai / isa TIkA kI prati bhI usI baNDana meM saMgRhita hai| 9. raghuvaMzam para hI racita kisI ajJAtanAma TIkAkAra dvArA racita 8. muni zrI jinacandrasUri ne bhI kumArasambhavam mahAkAvya para eka "paMjikA'' nAmaka eka TIkA kA ullekha jinaratnakoza meM milatA hai / TIkA likhI hai24 / isa TIkA kA ullekha ahamadAbAda ke sacIpatra meM prApta jJAta sandabhoM evaM ullekhoM ke anusAra yaha TIkA kisI ajJAtanAma jaina hotA hai| TIkAkAra dvArA hI racI gayI hai| vijayadharma lakSmI jJAna-bhaNDAra AgarA ke Jain Education Intemational

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kAlidAsa kI kAvyatrayI para jaina TIkAe~ 127 9. muni zrI jinabhadrasUri dvArA kumArasambhavam mahAkAvya para likhI kI grantha saMkhyA 416 para evaM briTiza myUjiyama landana kI IsavI san gaI eka TIkA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai 25 / TI. oNphekTa dvArA saMkalita 1902 meM prakAzita hastalikhita granthoM kI sUcI kI grantha saMkhyA 225 keTAlaoNgasa keTAlaoNgarama ke bhAga prathama ke pRSTha 110 para isa TIkA kI para prApta hotA hai| jAnakArI milatI hai| 7. AcArya zrI dharmasundaragaNi ke ziSya muni jinahaMsa ne bhI 10. DaoN0 pITarsana dvArA saMkalita evaM bhaNDArakara iMsaTITyUTa meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para eka TIkA likhI hai| rAmabahAdura hIrAlAla dvArA pUnA ke dUsare hastalikhita grantha-saMgraha kI grantha-saMkhyA 75-76 para kisI saMkalita evaM nAgapura IsavI san 1926 meM prakAzita saMskRta evaM prAkRta ajJAtanAma jaina vidvAn TIkAkAra dvArA kumArasambhavam para likhI gaI avacUri granthoM kI hastalikhita grantha-sUcI kI grantha-saMkhyA 682 para isa TIkA kA kA ullekha milatA hai 26 / ullekha prApta hotA hai| 11. kumArasena nAmaka eka jaina vidvAn TIkAkAra ne kumArasambhavam 8. kharataragaccha ke muni zrI mahima siMha ne bhI vikrama saMvat mahAkAvya ke eka se tIna sargoM taka kI TIkA likhI hai / isa TIkA kA 1693 meM meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para eka TIkA likhI hai34 / bhaNDArakara ullekha bhaNDArakara iMsTITyUTa phUmA dvArA IsavI san 1925 meM prakAzita iMsTITyUTa pUnA kI hastalikhita cauthI grantha-sUcI kI grantha saMkhyA 280 para hastalikhita granthoM kI sUcI ke pRSTha 16 para milatA hai / isa TIkA kA ullekha milatA hai / anya grantha bhaNDAroM kI grantha-sUciyoM meM bhI isa TIkA kA ullekha hai| meghadUtam : 9. kharataragaccha ke muni zrI samaya sundara ne meghadUtam khaNDakAvya yaha khaNDakAvya mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI rasodgAri-girA kA sarvotkRSTa ke prathama zloka 'kazcitkAntAvirahataguruNA' ke tIna artha prastatu kiye haiN| prasAda hai / isa khaNDakAvya meM sthApita mAnava aura prakRti kA advaita samUce isakA ullekha samayasundara kRta kusumAMjali meM prApta hotA hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM anUThA hai / isa amara khaNDakAvya para vibhinna vidvAn 10. muni zrI megharAjagaNi ne bhI meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para eka TIkAkAroM dvArA aba taka pacAsoM TIkAe~ likhI jA cukI haiN|8 / isa TIkA likhI hai36 / isa TIkA kA ullekha bhaNDArakara iMsTITyUTa pUnA dvArA khaNDakAvya para jaina TIkAkAroM dvArA likhI gaI nimnalikhita TIkAoM kI IsavI san 1895 ke pUrva prApta hastalikhita granthoM kI prakAzita granthajAnakArI prApta hotI hai sUcI ke pRSTha 50 para prApta hotA hai| 1. meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para jaina TIkAkAroM dvArA likhI gaI jJAta 11. muni zrI vijayasUri ne bhI meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para eka TIkAoM meM jaina vidvAn Asake dvArA likhI gaI TIkA sarvapramukha hai| yaha TIkA likhI hai| yaha TIkA vikrama saMvat 1709 meM racI gaI hai, aisA TIkA bAlacandra dvArA vivekamaMjarI meM prakAzita bhI hai / isa TIkA kI ullekha bhaNDArakara iMsTITyUTa pUnA ke hastalikhita granthoM ke pA~cave saMgraha kI hastalikhita prati kA ullekha DaoN0 pITarsana dvArA saMkalita bhaNDArakara grantha saMkhyA 443 para ullikhita milatI hai / iMsTITyUTa pUnA ke tIsare hastalikhita grantha-saMgraha kI pRSTha saMkhyA102 para 12. zrI Ara. mitrA dvArA kalakattA se prakAzita hastalikhita milatA hai| granthoM kI nauvIM grantha-sUcI ke pRSTha 163 para eka ajJAtanAma jaina TIkAkAra 2. zrI vijayagaNi ne meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para eka TIkA likhI dvArA meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para "meghalatA' nAmaka eka TIkA likhe jAne kA hai / isa TIkA kA ullekha DelA upazraya bhaNDAra ahamadAbAda ke ullekha milatA hai / yaha TIkAkAra eka jaina vidvAn hI hai, isakI puSTi hastalikhita granthoM kI sUcI ke pRSTha 38 para tathA vimalagaccha upAzraya TIkA ke prArambhika caraNa 'praNamya zrIjinezanam' se svayaMsiddha hotI hai| bhaNDAra ahamadAbAda ke hastalikhita granthoM kI sUcI ke anusAra caudahaveM 13. muni zrI mahImeru gaNi nAmaka eka jaina TIkAkAra ne banDala ke unnIsaveM grantha meM prApta hotA hai| meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para "bAlAvabodhavRtti'' nAmaka TIkA likhI hai / isa 3. AcArya zrI vinayameru ke suziSya sumativijaya ne bhI TIkA kI mUla hastalikhita prati pATaNa ke grantha-bhaNDAra kI grantha-sUcI meM meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para eka TIkA likhI hai / isa TIkA kA ullekha jaina grantha-saMkhyA 4 para saMgrahIta evaM upalabdha hai| granthAvalI meM milatA hai| isa prakAra mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI kAvyatrayI ke ina tInoM hI 4. kharataragaccha ke muni zrI caritravardhana gaNi ne bhI meghadUtam , kAvyoM para jaina TIkAkAroM dvArA abataka upalabdha zodhaparaka jAnakArI khaNDakAvya para eka TIkA likhI hai / isa TIkA kA ullekha bhaNDArakara anusAra raghuvaMzam mahAkAvya para dasa TIkAe~, kumArasambhavam mahAkAvya para iMsTITyUTa pUnA kI DaoN0 pITarsana dvArA saMkalita hastalikhita grantha-sUcI ke gyAraha TIkAe~ racI jA cukI milatI haiN| parantu yaha nizcita taura para aba cauthe saMgraha kI grantha saMkhyA 345 para prApta hotA hai| bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki abhI bhI aise bahuta se prAcIna grantha-bhaNDAra 5. kharataragaccha ke hI AcArya zrIjinacandrasUri ke suziSya muni aMdhakAra meM par3e ho sakate haiM, jinameM aisI hI anya aneka TIkAoM kI kSemahaMsagaNi dvArA meghadUtam khaNDakAvya para likhI gaI eka TIkA kA ullekha sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai / isa dizA meM abhI paryApta zodha kI apekSA jaina granthAvalI meM prApta hotA hai| aura guMjAiza hai / isa zodhaparaka adhyayana meM muni zrI cAritravardhanagaNi eka 6. kharataragaccha ke hI AcArya zrI jayamandira ke suziSya muni aise TIkAkAra ubhara kara sAmane Ate haiM, jinhoMne mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI kanakakIrti ne bhI medhadUtam khaNDakAvya para eka TIkA likhI hai32 / isa kAvyatrayI ke tInoM kAvyoM para prabhAvazAlI TIkAe~ likhI haiM / muni zrI cAritra TIkA kA ullekha TI0 oNphekTa dvArA saMkalita hastalikhita granthoM kI sUcI vardhanagaNi kI khaNDAnvaya zailI kI ye TIkAe~ apane DhaMga meM anUThI hai / Jain Education Intemational

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128 inameM pANDitya kA anupama puTa hai, jo sarvathA stutya hai / yahA~ yaha kahanA bhI ucita pratIta hotA hai ki saundarya aura prema kA sandeza dene vAle mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne kAvya kI jisa vidhA ko chU liyA, vaha amara ho gii| kAvyatrayI ke raghuvaMzam aura kumAra sambhavam meM Adarzonmukha prema kI madhura kalpanA meM kavi ko nAyaka-nAyikAoM ke pArasparika milana evaM tirodhAna kI A~kha micaunI meM na jAne kitane avasara rone, rulAne evaM vikalatA meM vikSipta bhAvanA ke pralApoM kI abhivyakti ke avasara prApta hue haiN"| kavi kI kAlpanika sAMsArikatA, prema ke paridhAna meM meghadUtam ke rUpa meM sAkAra ho uThI hai, jahA~ kevala prema hai, sneha hai, lAlasA hai aura tIvratama anubhUtiyoM kI bhAvabhUmi meM AtmasamarpaNa kI ajeya paravazatA hai| mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI kAvyayI kI isI viziSTatA kI ora AkarSita hokara mahAkavi kI kavitA mandAkinI meM na jAne kitane kAvya-marmajJa kalama ke sapUta TIkAkAroM ne kevala hiloreM hI nahIM liye haiM apitu cUNAnta nimajjana bhI kiyA hai| mAnavIya bhAvanAoM ko itanI madhuratA se saMjoyA hai ki pratyeka madhupa usake bhAva-parimala meM svabhAvataH mugdha hokara gunagunA uThatA hai aura Ananda-vibhora ho uThatA hai| phalataH jijJAsu ko pratyeka zloka ke ucita zabdoM ke pArasparika sambandha kA jJAna tathA zloka kI bhAvAtmaka antarAtmA ko AtmasAta karane meM bar3I hI sahAyatA prApta hotI hai| ye TIkAe~ saMskRta sAhitya ke koza kI zrIvRddhi meM eka bahuta bar3I dena hai / inameM saMskRta kAvyAnurAgiyoM ko anuraMjita karane kI pUrNa kSamatA bhI hai| ina TIkAkAroM ne mahAkavi kI abhivyakti ko apane sughar3a hAthoM itanA sundara saMvAra diyA, itane raMgoM se bhara diyA ki apane guNoM kI garimA meM ve anUThI banakara raha gaI aura kAvya-rasa-pipAsu Anandamagna ho gaye / sandarbha 1. mahAkavi kAlidAsa, pR0 62 2. ka- jinaratnakoza, pR0 325 kha- jainagrantha aura granthakAra, pR0 42 ka- jinaratnakoza, pR0 325 kha- jainagranthAvalI, pR0 335 4. jaina grantha aura granthakAra, pR0 49 5. jinaratnakoza, pR0 335 6. jaina granthAvalI 50 335 pR0 7. jinaratna koza, pR0 325 8. ka. jinaratnakoza, pR0 335 3. kha. jainagrantha aura granthakAra, pR049 ga. samayasundara kRta kusumAMjali, pR051 9. jainadhAvalI pR0 335 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 1 10. jainabandha aura anyakAra, pR054 11. jinaratnakoza, pR0 325 12. jinaratnakoza, pR0 325 13. vahI, 14. ka. vI. kha. jaina grantha aura granthakAra, pR. 52 15. jinaratnakoza, pR0 326 16. jinaratnakoza, pR0 326 17. vahI, pR0 93 18. vahI, 19. ka. jaina granthAvalI, pR0 334 kha. jaina grantha aura granthakAra, pR0 54 20. jinaratnakoza, pR0 93 21. bahI 22. vahI, 23. vahI, 24. vahI, 25. vahI 26. jinaratna koza, pR0 94 27. vahI, 28. vahI, 29. mahAkavi kAlidAsa, pR 124 30. ka. jinaratnakoza, pU. 313 31. kha. jaina grantha aura prakAra pR0 26 32. jinaratnakoza, pR. 314 33. jaina pranthAvalI, pR0 335. 34. jinaratnakoza, pR. 314 35. jaina granthAvalI, pR0 335 36. jinaratnakoza, pU. 314 37. zrI jinaratnakoza: zrI hari dAmodara velaNakara, pR. 314 38. ka. zrI jinaratnakoza, pR. 314 kha. jaina grantha aura granthakAra, pR0 54 39. samaya sundara kRta kusumAMjali, pR 51 40. jinaratnakoza, pR0 314 49. vahI, 42. jinaratnakoza, pR0 314 43. jainabandhAvalI, pR0 335

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pravarasena aura unakA setubandha DaoN0 ajita zukadeva zarmA pravarasena kA 'setubandha' mahAkAvya prAkRta sAhitya meM Adi nAma dekhane ko milate haiM - do kazmIra ke aura do vAkATaka-vaMza ke| mahAkAvya ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isake kaI nAma milate haiM, jaise 'rAjataMragiNI' ke anusAra prathama pravarasena prathama zatI ke haiM aura dUsare 'dazamukhavadha', 'rAvaNavadha' aura rAmasetupradIpam / rAvaNavadha evaM dazamukhavadha pravarasena dUsarI zatI ke| DaoN0 altekara ke anusAra vAkATaka-vaMza ke nAma kA ullekha svayaM pravarasena ne hI setubandha ke aMtima adhyAya Adi puruSa bindhyapati ke putra pravarasena prathama ne 275 se 335 I0 taka (15/24) evaM prArambha meM (1/12) kiyA hai| alavara ke kaiTalaoNga evaM rAja kiyaa| isI pravarasena prathama ne dakSiNa meM vAkATaka rAjya kA vistAra rAmadAsa bhUpati ne apanI TIkA meM kramaza: rAvaNavadha' evaM 'rAmasetu karake samrATa kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI / isI vAkATaka-vaMza kI caturtha pIr3hI pradIpam' kA ullekha kiyA hai / puna: mahAkAvya ke viSaya-vastu ke meM prabhAvatI kA dvitIya putra pravarasena dvitIya kA 410 I0 meM rAjyAbhiSeka avalokana se yahI tathya udbhASita hotA hai ki grantha meM pramukhata: do huA evaM usakA rAjyakAla 440 I0 taka rhaa| vastuta: yahI pravarasena ghaTanAoM kA hI varNana hai - samudra para setu-racanA kA vidhAna evaM setubandha ke racanAkAra haiN| pravarasena cU~ki vaiSNava dharma ke mAnane vAle the rAvaNavadha / ina do ghaTanAoM meM setubandha kA varNana atyadhika utsAhapUrvaka isaliye viSNu ke avatAra rAma ke prati niSThAvAna hokara unhoMne rAmAyaNa evaM sAhityika camatkAritA ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / isaliye yaha kI pUrvapIThikA ke sandarbha meM setubandha kI racanA kI / yadyapi unake niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki grantha kA nAma setubandha hI pramukha sthAna vyaktitatva ke sambandha meM koI alaga se grantha nahIM prApta hai, phira bhI rakhatA hai| unake vicAroM, jIvana-zailI Adi ke sambandha meM unakI hI racanA setabandha ke racanAkAra ke sambandha meM bhI kaI prakAra ke vibhrama setubandha meM yatra-tatra dekhane ko milatI hai / setubandha ke AdhAra para kahA upasthita hote haiM / setubandha ke pratyeka AzvAsa ke anta meM jo puSpikA jA sakatA hai ki ve vaiSNava saMskRti ke purodhA hai kyoMki viSNu ke milatI hai, usameM pravarasena ke nAma ke sAtha kAlidAsa kA bhI nAmollekha avatAra rAma ke jIvana-carita ko ujAgara karanA hI unakA lakSya hai| pAyA jAtA hai / setubandha ke TIkAkAra rAmadAsa bhUpati to spaSTataH yatra-tatra viSNu ke prati pragAr3ha prema kA pradarzana unake kAvya kA viSaya kAlidAsa kI hI racanA svIkAra karate haiN| isa sambandha meM DaoN0 raghuvaMza hai| yadyapi unhoMne ziva ke prati bhI apanA prema evaM AsthA ko evaM DaoN0 zrI raMjana sarideva ne yathocita prakAza DAlA hai| setubandha kA abhivyajita kiyA hai phira bhI vaha sthala kama hai| pravarasena kA kAvya racanAkAra pravarasena hI hai| saMbhavata: isake lipikAra kAlidAsa nAma ke kauzala bANabhaTTa evaM kAlidAsa ke samakSa rakhA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki koI vyakti rahe hoM, jisakA nAma pravarasena ke sAtha jur3a gayA ho / punaH unakI racanA meM kAvya-saMbaMdhI sabhI tattvoM kA samyak samAveza dekhane ko aisA bhI saMbhava hai ki pravarasena kA grantha adhUrA rahA ho aura kAlidAsa milatA hai| prAkRta vAGgamaya ke kSetra meM unakI tulanA aura anya kisI ne use pUrNa kiyA ho / kSemendra ne apanI kRti "aucitya vicAra-carcA' kavi se nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| unakI kalpanAzIlatA, alaMkAroM kA meM setubandha ke racayitA ke rUpa meM pravarasena ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| bahulatA se prayoga, rasoM kA samyak samAyojana siddha karatA hai ki ve mahAkavi daNDI ne kAvyAdarza meM setubandha kAvya kA ullekha kiyA hai, eka siddhahasta kavi haiN| unakA jJAna-vistAra bhI dekhane ko milatA hai, lekina racayitA ke sambandha meM mauna haiM / yadi setubandha kAlidAsa kI kyoMki unhoMne upaniSadoM-paurANika bimboM kA AdhAra lekara apane kAvya racanA hotI to unakA nAma avazya hI ullikhita hotaa| pravarasena evaM ko mahimAmaMDita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| rAdhA govinda basAka ne ThIka kAlidAsa kI racanAoM kI samIkSA karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki hI kahA hai ki pravarasena kA kAvya-pakSa Thosa dharAtala para avasthita hai| donoM ke sAhityika vicAroM, kalpanAoM evaM udbhAvanAoM meM kAphI grantha ke Adi meM bhagavAn viSNu aura samudra kA saMzaliSTa citra darzanIya antara hai / kAlidAsa ne apane nATakoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kA sahArA hai| sAtha hI, isI gAthA ke aMtarAla se kavi ke paurANika saMskAra kA liyA hai aura pravarasena kA setubandha mahArASTrI prAkRta kI racanA hai| Aloka bhI phUTatA najara AtA hai| ve dohare vyaktitva ke kavi haiM, bANabhaTTa ne 'harSacaritam' ke prArambha meM setubandha ke racanAkAra pravarasena kA kyoMki unakI racanAoM meM sarala se sarala evaM jaTila se jaTila bimboM spaSTata: ullekha kiyA hai / ata: ina UhApohoM se alaga haTakara yaha kA saMguMphana huA hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki setubandha ke racayitA pravarasena hI haiN| setubandha ke prArambhika gAthAyeM upaniSadoM ke pratibimbita rUpa pravarasena ke deza-kAla ke sambandha meM bhI UhApoha dekhane ko pradarzita karatI haiM, kyoMki kavi ne viSNa kI rahasyamayatA ko virodhabhAya milate haiM / aitihAsika dharAtala para pravarasena nAma ke cAra rAjAoM ke ke dvArA vyaMjita kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki viSNa U~cAI ke Jain Education Intemational

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130 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 binA bhI UtaMga haiM / binA phaile bhI sarvavyApaka haiM, nimnagAmI hote huye niSkriya aura vyathApUrNa jIvana vyatIta kara rahe the| hanumAna ke Ate hI binA bhI gambhIra haiM, laghu hote huye binA bhI sUkSma hai aura ajJAta hokara rAma ke mana meM sItA kI smRti romAMcita hone lagatI hai aura rAvaNa ke bhI prakaTa haiM / kavi Age kI gAthAoM meM vAmanAvatAra kA prasaMga dete huye prati krodhAnala jAgRta hotA hai / senA kA saMgaThana karake rAma laMkAbhimukha viSNu kI mahimA kA varNana karate haiM / unakA kahanA hai ki viSNu sampUrNa hote haiM aura parvata-kaMdarAoM ko pAra karate huye dakSiNa sAgara taTa para brahmAMDa meM vyApta haiM tathA tInoM lokoM kA avirbhAva evaM tirobhAva karane pahuMcate haiM / senAoM ke sAtha jAte huye rAma kI manaHsthiti aura prAkRtika meM sakSama haiM / viSNu brahma ke prati vidhi evaM jagata ke kAraNa haiM / kavi dRzyoM kA varNana setubandha ko eka alaga se viziSTatA pradAna karatA hai| kI kalpanAzIlatA. kA pramANa dekhane ko milatA hai, jahA~ unhoMne samudra kI virATatA evaM usako pAra karane kI cintAbhAvanA rAma ke mukha jAmavanta ke mukha se bhagavAn zrIrAma kA viSNutva varNana karavAyA hai| se prakaTa hotI hai| senAoM ko saMbodhita karate huye sugrIva kA ojasvI kavi kI dRSTi meM pratyakSa evaM anubhava janya jJAna kI apekSA apratyakSa tathA bhASaNa vAnarI senAoM meM sAhasa kA saMcAra kara detA hai / jAmavanta bhI adhyayana-janya jJAna hI adhika mahattva rakhatA hai / yadyapi ve vedAnta vAnarI senAoM ko protsAhita karate haiM aura usI samaya vibhISaNaathavA upaniSadoM se prabhAvita nahIM dIkha par3ate phira bhI unhoMne apane AkAza mArga se upasthita hotA hai / hanumAna vibhISaNa ko lekara rAma ke kAvya meM mAyA kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo sAmAnya artha meM pravaMcanA kA hI samakSa upasthita hote haiM aura paricaya karAte haiN| vibhISaNa rAma ke caraNoM pratirUpa hai (setubandha 11/137, 13/99) / meM jhukate haiM aura rAma unheM AzISa dekara apanatva prakaTa karate haiM / setubandha ke mAdhyama se prakaTa hotA hai ki pravarasena sAmantIya senAoM ke sAtha rAma sarvaprathama samudra se prArthanA karate haiM lekina samudra jIvana-zailI ke purodhA haiM, kyoMki kAvya meM sarvatra sAmantIya vAtAvaraNa ke anasunA karane para rAma krodhita hote haiM evaM dhanuSa para cApa car3hAte haiN| kA citra prastuta ho sakA hai| vilAsapriyatA, raMga-rUpa kI sAja-sajjA, unakA yaha dRzya dekhakara sAgara jIva-jantuoM sahita vyAkula hokara setu rAjanIti, kUTanIti kA prayoga, sandhi-vigrahAdi kA varNana kavi ke nirmANa kI AjJA detA hai aura rAma ke samakSa Atma samarpaNa kara detA rAjasika-vRtti kA paricAyaka hai, kyoMki setubandha meM sarvatra rAma evaM hai| vAnarI senA bar3e-bar3e parvatoM kI caTTAnoM ko samudra meM DAlane lagate unake sahayogiyoM ke dvArA rAjasI pravRttiyoM kA Akalana adhika huA haiM lekina setu nahIM bana pAtA hai / taba sugrIva nala se parAmarza karake setu hai aura sAdhAraNa laukika jIvana kA citraNa kama / phira bhI, tatkAlIna nirmANa kA kArya Arambha karate haiM aura senA sahita rAma samudra pAra karake sAmAjika nIti, AcAra evaM paramparAgata niSThA ke bahuvidha citra setubandha sumeru parvata para DerA DAlate haiM / laMkA pahu~cane para rAma kI cintA aura meM dekhe jA sakate haiM / agara saca pUchA jAya to prAkRta bhASA sAhitya adhika bar3ha jAtI hai aura sItA viyoga kI smRti se rAma Akulake kSetra meM pravarasena bahumukhI pratibhA ke paricAyaka kahe jA sakate haiN| vyAkula ho jAte haiN| udhara sItA ke samakSa rAvaNa nAnA prakAra ke pralobhana unake setubandha mahAkAvya upamAna citraNa meM sarvopari hai / rAmAyaNa ke detA hai evaM mAyAvI rUpa kA pradarzana karatA hai lekina sItA ina pralobhana choTe se kathAMza ke AdhAra para kalpanA kA eka aisA vitAna khar3A kara se alaga haTakara apane Apa meM khoI rahatI hai aura yadA-kadA behoza ho denA unakI virATa kalpanA kI saMyojana zailI-zilpa kI viziSTatA kA jAtI hai| trijaTA unheM nAnA prakAra se AzvAsana detI hai lekina sItA kA saMketaka hai| unakI isa mahArdha racanA ke liye mahArASTrI prAkRta sadA vilApa kama nahIM hotaa| prAta:kAla hone para donoM senAe~ Amane-sAmane RNI rhegii| hotI haiM aura yuddha prArambha ho jAtA hai / rAvaNa ko sammukha na pAkara rAma pravarasena kI , isake sivA aura koI racanA upalabdha nahIM khinna hote haiM aura rAkSasoM para vANoM kA prahAra karane lagate haiM / meghanAtha hai| lekina vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki setubandha jaise mahimAmaMDita mahAkAvya rAma-lakSmaNa ko nAgaphAza meM bA~dhane meM saphala ho jAtA hai| usa samaya kI racanA karane vAlA pravarasena anya koI racanA ke prati AkarSita kyoM vAnarI senAoM meM hAhAkara maca jAtI hai, lekina turaMta bAda hI garUr3a ke nahIM huaa| subhASita bhAMDAgAra meM katipaya muktaka-zloka prAkRta bhASA Ane para nAgaphAza kA anta ho jAtA hai| usI samaya aTTAhAsa karatA meM pravarasena ke nAma se prasiddha haiM phira bhI, anya koI racanA ke sambandha huA yuddha kSetra meM rAvaNa kA praveza hotA hai aura rAma ke sAtha ghamAsAna meM itihAsa mauna hai| yuddha hone lagatA hai| rAma ke bANa se Ahata rAvaNa puna: laMkA kI ora setubandha kI kathAvastu bAlmikI rAmAyaNa ke yuddhakANDa ke lauTatA hai evaM kuMbhakarNa ko jagAtA hai / kuMbhakarNa ke Ane se puna: vAnarI AdhAra para pratiSThita hotI hai / isa grantha meM pandraha AzvAsoM kA vidhAna senA meM halacala maca jAtI hai lekina kuMbhakarNa mArA jAtA hai / punaH hai evaM 1290 gAthAoM kA samAyojana kathA kA prArambha zarada Rtu ke vibhISaNa ke maMtraNAnusAra indrajIta kA bhI vadha hotA hai / yaha saba dekhakara Agamana se huA hai, jaba rAma bAli kA vadha karake sugrIva kA rAjyAbhiSeka rAvaNa kuddha hokara rAma ke sAtha punaH yuddha karane lagatA hai| rAma ke vANoM kara dete haiM, usI samaya hanumAna kA praveza hotA hai, jo sItAnveSaNa ke se rAvaNa ke sira evaM hAtha kaTa jAte haiM aura punaH jur3a jAte haiM / anta liye gaye huye the / hanumAna ke Ane ke pUrva rAma sItA ke viyoga meM meM rAvaNa kA vadha hotA hai / vibhISaNa pralApa karate haiM aura usakA antima

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pravarasena aura unakA setubandha saMskapa karate haiN| agni parIkSA ke uparAnta sItA ke sAtha rAma ayodhyA ko lauTate haiN| DaoN0 phAdara kAmila bulke setubandha kI samIkSA karate huye likhate haiM ki setubandha athavA rAvaNavadha ke pandraha AzvAsoM meM vAlmikI kRta yuddha kANDa kI kathAvastu kA alaMkRta zailI meM varNana milatA hai aura kathAnaka meM koI mahatvapUrNa parivartana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| unakA hI kahanA hai ki dasaveM AzvAsa meM rAkSasiyoM kA saMbhoga varNana jo kAminIkeli hai jisakA anusaraNa kumAra dAsa ke jAnakI haraNa, abhinaMdana kRta rAmacarita, kambana kRta tamila rAmAyaNa tathA jAvA ke prAcInatama rAmAyaNa Adi meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| setubandha kI bhUmikA meM DaoN. raghuvaMza ne bhI apanA bhAva prakaTa karate huye kahA hai ki pravarasena ne Adi rAmAyaNa se kathya lekara usako apanI kalpanA se adhika sundara rUpa pradAna kiyA hai / setubandha kA prakRti-varNana, nagara varNana evaM yuddha varNana atyadhika AkarSaka evaM saundaryapUrNa hai| kavi ne yathArtha aura kalpanA kA maNikAMcana saMyoga upasthita kiyA hai| setubandha kI prakRti kalpanA ke vividha raMga-rUpoM se sajI-sa~vArI gayI hai| senAoM ke sAtha rAma kA vibhinna sthaloM kA abhiyAna karate jAnA aura rAste meM vana ke vividha per3a-paudhoM, jAnavaroM Adi ko dekhane kI prakriyA kA kavi ne bar3A ho svAbhAvika rUpa se citra citraNa kiyA hai| sumerU parvata ke sandarbha meM kavi ne usake saundarya ko sUkSma paryavekSaNa kiyA hai| samudra kA mAnavIkaraNa karate huye kavi ne rAma ke krodha ke samakSa ghuTane Teka dene kA jo vidhAna kiyA hai, vaha bar3A hI mArmika bana par3A hai| setubandha ke kaI AzvAsoM meM zarada Rtu kA varNana kavi kI kalpanA kA Antarika nirIkSaNa dRSTi kA saMketaka hai| saMdhyA ke sandarbha meM kavi kI kalpanA hai ki dina kA avasAna hone para rudhiramaya paMka-sI saMdhyA kI lAlimA meM sUrya isa prakAra DUba gayA, jaise apane rUdhira ke paMka meM rAvaNa kA zIrSa-maMDala DUba gayA ho (10/15) vastu varNana kI pramukha tIna / zailiyoM kA prayoga setubandha meM dekhane ko milatA hai| varNya viSaya kA alaMkRta sarala svAbhAvika varNana sarala zailI ke antargata AtA hai jisakA upayoga kavi ne vanya vastuoM ke varNana meM kiyA hai| tiryak zailI meM prastuta kA aprastuta upamAnoM ke dvArA alaMkRta varNana kiyA jAtA hai evaM upameya-upamAna ke bIca rUpa evaM dharma kA sAdRzya dikhAyA jAtA hai| isa zailI kA prayoga rAma ke vilApa ke samaya bahulatA se huA hai| urmila zailI meM vastu ke rUpa, guNa evaM saundarya se prabhAvita vAtAvaraNa upasthita kiyA jAtA hai jisakA prabhAva hRdaya para sIdhA par3atA haiM / isa zailI kA prayoga samudra ke pariprekSya meM huA hai, jahA~ kavi ne pUrNacandra ke saundarya kA varNana samudra meM uThate huye jvAra ko dikhAkara karanA cAhA hai| isa prakAra setubandha meM prakRti ke aneka vastuoM, rUpoM, raMgoM evaM saundarya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| / 131 setubandha meM nagara varNana evaM yuddha varNana bar3I svAbhAvikatA ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| rAvaNa kI rAjadhAnI laMkA nagara kA varNana sAmantIya pratIkoM ke sAtha huA hai jo pravarasena kI kalpanA kI upaja hai| laMkApurI sphaTika tathA nIlamaNi se sparzita vizAla, maNya evaM svarNima dIvAroM se nirmita nagarI hai| vahA~ ke mahaloM meM aneka koTe-parakoTe haiN| prAMgaNa dIvAroM se ghire aneka bAga-bagIcoM se suzobhita hai| nagara kI sabhI sar3akeM rAjapatha se milatI haiM Adi / pravarasena ne setubandha meM tatkAlIna sainya saMgaThana evaM yuddha saMcAlana sambandhI aneka sthaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai sainika zakti kA pradAna svayaM rAjA hotA thA, jisakI AjJA se senApati senA kA saMcAlana karate the| senA caturaMgI hotI thI, jisameM paidala azvarohI, ratha tathA gaja senAoM kA samAyojana rahatA thaa| senAoM meM vAnara, bhAlU tathA pakSiyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| / / / setubandha ke bhAva evaM kalApakSa sugaThita, samyak evaM kuzalatA se prastuta kiye gaye haiM bhAvapakSa jahA~ kAvya kA aMtaraMga sUcita karatA hai vahA~ kalApakSa usakA AvaraNa setubandha meM pravarasena ne bhAvapakSa ko ujAgara karane ke liye vIrarasa ko hI pramukhatA dI hai| svAbhAvika hai ki isakA sthAyI bhAva utsAha hai| yadyapi anya rasoM kA bhI paripAka setubandha meM huA hai kintu deza kAla pAtra ke anusAra yathAvasara vIrarasa kA aMgIbhUta hokara hI raudra rasa vIra rasa kA mitra hai| isaliye donoM ke / Alambana aura Azraya meM virodha nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| rAma kA krodha unake hRdaya meM vIra rasa ke sthAyI bhAva utsAha, ko hI saMtuSTa karatA hai, jisakA nirvAha yuddha prasaMga meM huA hai| pravarasena ne vIbhatsa, hAsya tathA zAnta rasa ko chor3akara anya sabhI rasoM kA aMgabhUta rasoM ke rUpa meM citraNa kiyA hai| aMgabhUta rasoM meM zRMgAra ke sambhoga aura vipralambha ubhaya rUpoM kA varNana setubandha meM huA hai| yadyapi sambhoga zrRMgAra ke liye isa kAvya ke kathA vastu meM avasara nahIM hai, kyoMki sItA kI viyoga sthiti meM rAma ke zatruvadha rUpI adhyavasAya para isakI kathA vastu AdhArita hai, phira bhI kadAcit paramparAgata anurodha pAlana karane ke uddezya se pravarasena ne rAkSasaniyoM kI sambhoga lIlAoM kA varNana kiyA hai jahA~ taka vipralambha zRMgAra kA prazna hai usakA bhI varNana yathAsthAna isa kAvya meM huA hai, jaise sItA haraNa ke kAraNa rAma kA viraha duHkha prakaTa kara yuddha prasaMga meM bhayAnaka rasa kA nirvAha kavi ne yathAyogya kiyA hai usa meghanAda evaM lakSmaNa kA yuddha, rAma-rAvaNa kA yuddha aadi| kAvya ko sundara rUpa pradAna karane ke liye bhASA, chaMda, alaMkAra, kathAnaka gaThana, caritra-niyojana, rIti, vakrokti Adi kI apekSA hotI haiM, jo kalApakSa kA AdhAra hai| pravarasena ne ukta pakSa ko ujAgara karane ke liye setubandha meM athaka prayAsa kiyA hai| setubandha kI bhASA manobhAvoM evaM vicAroM ko saphalatA ke sAtha vahana karatI hai| pravarasena ne kAvyAnubhUti evaM kAvya bhASA kA samyak paripAlana kiyA hai / unakI kAvya bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA / - :

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upayoga setubandha meM kuzalatA se kiyA gayA hai / setubandha meM pramukha rUpa se skandhaka chanda kA prayoga huA hai, jisake vividha praroha meM pUrvArdha tathA uttarArdha donoM meM samAna rUpa se cAra-cAra mAtrAoM vAle ATha gaNa hote haiM arthAta battIsa mAtrAe~, isake atirikta galitaka, lambitA kumudinI lalitA Adi chandoM kA prayoga huA hai / setubandha meM zabdAlaMkAra arthAlaMkAra evaM zabdArthAlaMkAra kA prayoga huA hai| jisa taraha AbhUSaNoM se sajjita nArI kA saundarya nikhara jAtA hai, usI prakAra kAvya kA alaMkAroM se| kahA bhI haiM, 'alaMkarotiH iti alaMkAra:' arthAt jo bhUSita kare vaha alaMkAra hai| alaMkAra ke dvArA zabda aura artha donoM kI , 1 " anekAntavAda jainadharma darzana ke pramukha siddhAntoM meM se eka hai. jo AgrahI maMtavyoM, vaicArika saMghayoM ke samAdhAna kI saMjIvanI hai| Aja kA janajIvana saMgharSa se AkrAnta hai, vizva meM dveSa aura indra kA dAvAnala sulaga rahA hai| mAnava apane hI vicAroM ke kaTaghare meM Abaddha hai, AlocanA aura pratyAlocanA kA duzcakra tejI se cala rahA hai| vaha ekAnta pakSa kA AgrahI hokara aMdhavizvAsoM ke caMgula meM pha~satA jA rahA hai| kSudra va saMkucita manovRtti kA zikAra hokara eka dUsare para chIMTAkasI kara rahA hai| vaha apane mantavyoM ko satya aura dUsare ke vicAroM ko mithyA siddha karane para tulA rahatA hai| "saccA so merA" siddhAnta ko bhUlakara "merA so saccA" siddhAnta kI ghoSaNA kara rahA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa samAja meM azAnti kI lahara daur3a rahI hai| itanA hI nahIM, jaba mAnava meM saMkIrNavRtti se utpanna hue ahaGkAra asahiSNutA Adi kA caramotkarSa hotA hai taba dhArmika va sAmAjika kSetra meM bhI rakta kI nadiyA~ bahane lagatI haiM / aisI paristhitiyoM se ubarane ke lie hI jaina dharma-darzana ne anekAnta kA siddhAnta vizva ko pradAna kiyA hai| anekAntavAda vaha siddhAnta hai jo 'aneka' meM vizvAsa karatA hai| aneka kA tAtparya haianeka dharma (lakSaNa), aneka sImAe~, aneka apekSAe~, aneka dRSTiyA~ Adi jo kisI eka dharma, eka sImA, eka apekSA tathA eka dRSTi ko satya mAnatA hai aura anya dRSTiyoM ko galata kahatA hai, vaha ekAntavAdI kahalAtA hai tathA jo aneka dharmoM yA apekSAoM ko mAnyatA pradAna karatA hai, vaha anekAntavAdI kahalAtA hai| jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA se aisA hI jJAta hotA hai ki vaha aneka meM vizvAsa karatA hai| isalie usakA tattvamImAMsIya siddhAnta anekAntavAda (Pluralism) athavA sApekSatAvAda (Theory of Relativity) ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| 1 zobhA bar3hatI hai| setubandha meM aneka alaMkAroM kA samAyojana ho sakA hai, jaise upamA, utprekSA, rUpaka, dRStAMta, yamaka, anuprAsa, zleSa aadi| isa prakAra, pravarasena kA setubandha mahAkAvya mahArASTrIprAkRta kA eka anupama grantha hai, jisake sandarbha meM kAvya rasa kA paripAka to hai hI, sAMskRtika dharohara kA dastAveja bhI hai| setubandha mahAkAvya apane gAmbhIrya ke kAraNa prAcIna AcAryoM se lekara Adhunika vidvAnoM aura adhyetAoM ko kAphI dUra taka prabhAvita karatA rahA hai aura prabhAvita karatA rahegA / anekAntavAda aura usakI vyAvahArikatA DaoN0 vijaya kumAra jaina 'anekAnta' kA zAbdika artha 'anekAnta' zabda do zabdoM ke yoga se banA hai'aneka'+'anta' / 'anta' zabda kA vyutpattimUlaka artha batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki vastu meM aneka dharmoM ke samUha ko jAnanA anekAnta hai| 'nyAyadIpikA' meM anekAnta ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai. jisake sAmAnya vizeSa paryAya va guNarUpa aneka anta yA dharma haiM, vaha anekAnta rUpa siddha hotA hai| isI prakAra 'samayasAra' meM kahA gayA haijo tat hai vahI atat hai, jo eka hai vahI aneka hai, jo sat hai vahI asat hai, jo nitya hai vahIM anitya hai| isa prakAra eka vastu meM vastutva ko upajAne vAlI paraspara viruddha do zaktiyoM kA prakAzita honA anekAnta hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki anekAntavAda vaha siddhAnta hai jo aneka anta yA aneka dharmoM meM vizvAsa karatA hai| yadi dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to anekAntavAda kA artha hai - pratyeka vastu kA bhinna-bhinna dRSTiyoM se vicAra karanA, parakhanA Adi / anekAntavAda kA yadi hama eka hI zabda meM artha samajhanA cAheM to use apekSAvAda kaha sakate haiM / jaina darzana meM sarvathA eka hI dRSTikoNa se padArtha kA avalokana karane kI paddhati ko apUrNa evaM aprAmANika samajhA jAtA hai aura eka ho vastu ke vibhinna dharmoM ko vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se nirIkSaNa karane kI paddhati ko pUrNa evaM prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai| yaha paddhati hI anekAntavAda hai| anekAntavAda ke pravartaka - yahA~ hamAre samakSa do dRSTikoNa upasthita hote haiM itihAsa aura paramparA yadi hama paramparA kI dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM to pAte haiN| ki anekAnta ke udbhAvaka prathama tIrthakara AdipuruSa RSabhadeva haiM, jinhoMne sarvaprathama yaha upadeza diyaa| Rgveda meM RSabha aura neminAtha

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anekAntavAda aura usakI vyAvahArikatA 133 Adi tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma Aye haiM, jisase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki anekAnta meM jhUThA hai / donoM ke ApasI kalaha kA mukhya kAraNa yahI hai / dUsarA kA prarvatana vaidika kAla ke pahale kA hai| parantu aitihAsika dRSTi se pakSa bhI yahI ThIka samajhatA hai / ata: mahAvIra ne vaicArika jagat ke doSoM anekAnta ke pravartaka ke rUpa meM jaina dharma ke caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn ko dUra karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| eka bAra gaNadhara gautama bhagavAn mahAvIra mahAvIra kA nAma AtA hai / jaisA ki bhagavatIsUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki ke sAtha vicAroM ke sAgara meM Dube hue the ki ekAeka gautama kI nigAha mahAvIra ne svapna meM eka citra-vicitra puMskokila ko dekhA, jisake sannikaTavartI vRkSa ke bhaMvare para pdd'ii| unhoMne tatkSaNa mahAvIra se prazna kAraNa ve sva-para siddhAntoM se prerita hue| unhoMne apane mata ke sAtha kiyA - bhagavan ! yaha jo bha~varA ur3a rahA hai, usake zarIra meM kitane raMga anya matoM ko bhI ucita sammAna diyA / unhoMne jisa skokila ko haiM ? dekhA vaha anekAntavAda yA sApekSavAda kA pratIka thaa| usake vibhinna bhagavAn ne gautama kI jijJAsA ko zAnta karate hue kahA - raMga, vibhinna daSTiyoM ko iMgita kara rahe the| kokila kA raMga yadi eka gautama ! vyavahAranaya kI dRSTi se bha~varA eka hI raMga kA hai aura usakA hotA to sambhavataH mahAvIra ekAntavAda kA pratipAdana karate / kintu bAta raMga kAlA hai, kintu nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se zarIra meM pA~ca varNa haiM / ThIka aisI nahIM thI, unheM to anekAntavAda ko pratiSThita karanA thA aura unhoMne isI prakAra gautama gaNadhara ne gur3a ke sambandha meM bhI prazna upasthita kiyAvaisA hI kiyA / parantu AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya ke anusAra anekAntavAda bhagavan ! gur3a meM kitane varNa, kitane gaMdha, kitane rasa aura kitane ke udbhAvaka teIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn pArzvanAtha haiN| sparza mahAvIra ne kahA - gautama ! vyavahAranaya kI dRSTi se to gur3a anekAntavAda kI AvazyakatA madhura hai, kintu nizcayanaya kI dRSTi se isameM pA~ca varNa, do gaMdha aura ATha I0 pUrva chaThI zatAbdI bhAratIya itihAsa meM vaicArika krAnti sparza haiM / kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai / isameM Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika Adi sabhI ata: nizcayanaya se vastu ke vAstavika svarUpa kA parijJAna prakAra ke parivartana dekhe jAte haiM / khAsataura para dharma-darzana ke kSetra meM mAno hotA hai aura vyavahAranaya se bAhya svarUpa kA / isa taraha vastu ke ananta jaise parivartana kI hor3a sI laga gayI thI, jisakI jAnakArI jainAgamoM dharma hote haiM / isalie kisI bhI vastu ke eka dharma ko sarvathA satya mAna tathA tripiTakoM se hotI hai| nAgamoM se jJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke lenA aura dUsare dharma ko sarvathA mithyA kahanA doSayukta hai| aisA kahanA samaya meM unake mata ko chor3akara 363 matoM kA pracAra-prasAra thA / bauddha vastu-pUrNatA ko khaMDita karanA hai / paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle dharma tripiTakoM meM bhI varNana milatA hai ki buddha ke samaya bauddhamata ke alAvA eka-dUsare ke virodhI avazya haiM, parantu sampUrNa vastu ke virodhI nahIM haiN| 72 cintana praNAliyA~ thiiN| kintu sabhI mata ekAntavAdI the| hara vastu meM donoM samAna rUpa se Azrita hote haiN| vyakti apane vicAra ke alAvA anya vyakti ke vicAra ko galata duniyA~ kA koI bhI padArtha yA koI bhI vyakti apane Apa meM samajhatA thaa| tattva ke sambandha meM bhI bhinna-bhinna mAnyatAe~ dekhI jA rahI bhalA yA burA nahIM hotA hai / badamAza, guNDA yA durAcArI manuSya kI thiiN| koI tattva ko eka mAnatA thA koI aneka, koI nitya mAnatA thA antarAtmA bhI ananta-ananta guNoM se yukta hotI hai, kyoMki pratyeka to koI anitya, koI kUTastha mAnatA thA to koI parivartanazIla AtmA ananta-ananta guNoM se yukta hai| duniyA~ meM jar3a padArtha bhI ananta samajhatA thaa| kisI ne tattva ko sAmAnya ghoSita kara rakhA thA to kisI haiN| satya bhI ananta hai / asatya bhI ananta hai| dharma bhI ananta hai aura ne vizeSa / isa prakAra ke mata-matAntara se darzana ke kSetra meM ApasI virodha adharma bhI ananta hai tathA aMdhakAra bhI ananta hai / eka choTA sA jalakaNa tathA azAnti kI sthiti thI aura vaicArika azAnti se vyAvahArika bhI ananta guNasampanna hai aura mahAsAgara bhI ananta gaNasampanna hai / jagat bhI prabhAvita thA / ekAntavAda ke isa pArasparika zatrutApUrNa upAdhyAya amaramuni jI ne vastu kI anantadharmatA ko eka laghu kathA ke vyavahAra ko dekhakara mahAvIra ke mana meM vicAra AyA ki kleza kA mAdhyama se bar3e hI sarala evaM sahaja DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai - eka rAjA kAraNa kyA hai ? satyatA kA daMbha bharane vAle pratyeka do virodhI pakSa apane nagara ke Asa-pAsa paryaTana kara rahA thaa| sAtha meM mantrI bhI thaa| Apasa meM itane lar3ate kyoM haiM ? yadi donoM pUrNa satya haiM to phira donoM ghUmate-ghUmate donoM usa ora nikala par3e jisa ora zahara kA gaMdA pAnI meM virodha kyoM ? isakA abhiprAya hai donoM pUrNarUpeNa satya nahIM haiN| taba eka khAI meM bharA huA, sar3a rahA thA, kIr3e bila-bilA rahe the| use prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA donoM pUNarUpeNa mithyA haiM ? aisA bhI dekhate hI rAjA kA mana glAni se bhara gyaa| vaha nAka-sikor3ane lgaa| nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki ye donoM jisa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana pAsa hI khar3e rAjA ke saddhi nAmaka maMtrI ne kahA - karate haiM, usakI prIti hotI hai| binA pratIti ke kisI bhI siddhAnta "maharAja isa jalarAzi se ghRNA kyoM kara rahe haiM ? yaha to kA pratipAdana asambhava hai| ata: ye donoM siddhAnta aMzata: satya haiM aura padArthoM kA svabhAva hai ki ve pratikSaNa badalate rahate haiM / jinase Aja Apa aMzata: asatya / eka pakSa jisa aMza meM saccA hai, dUsarA pakSa usI aMza ghRNA kara rahe haiM, ve hI padArtha eka dina manomugdhakArI bhI bana sakate haiN|" Jain Education Intemational

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134 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 isa taraha bAtacIta karate hue donoM rAjabhavana meM lauTa Aye aura apane- jo vastu meM sthAyI rahatA hai jaise - manuSya baccA ho yA bUr3hA, strI ho apane kArya meM laga ge| yA puruSa, moTA ho yA patalA, usameM manuSyatva rahegA hI / kintu jaba kucha dinoM ke uparAnta rAjA ke mantrI subuddhi ne rAjA ke sammAna koI vyakti bAlaka se yuvA hotA hai to usakA bAlapana naSTa ho jAtA hai meM eka bhoja kA Ayojana kiyaa| apane ghara bulAkara sundara evaM svAdiSTa aura yuvApana utpanna hotA hai / ThIka isI prakAra sonA kabhI aMgUThI, kabhI bhojana karAyA aura pAtra meM pIne ke lie pAnI diyaa| vaha pAnI itanA mAlA, kabhI karNaphUla ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai jisameM sonA kA aMgUThI svAdiSTa evaM sarasa thA ki rAjA pAnI pItA hI gayA, phira bhI usake mana vAlA rUpa naSTa hotA hai to mAlA kA rUpa banatA hai, mAlA kA rUpa jaba meM pAnI pIne kI lAlasA banI rhii| aMtata: rAjA ne mantrI se puchA - naSTa hotA hai to karNaphUla kA rUpa banatA hai / ye badalane vAle dharma hamezA "tumane mujhe Aja jo pAnI pilAyA, aisA svaccha, suvAsita evaM svAdiSTa utpanna evaM naSTa hote rahate haiM aura guNa sthira rahatA hai / ata: jagat ke jala maiMne Aja taka nahIM pIyA / tumane yaha jala kisa kue~ se maMgavAyA sabhI padArtha utpatti, sthiti aura vinAza ina tIna dharmoM se yukta hote haiN| thA, mujhe bhI batAo? maMtrI ne kahA - rAjan yaha pAnI to sarvatra sulabha eka hI sAtha eka hI vastu meM tInoM dharmoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| hai| yahA~ nikaTa jalAzaya se ma~gavAyA hai| mahArAja ne jaba jalAzaya kA mizAla ke taura para, eka svarNakAra svarNakalaza tor3akara mukTa banA rahA nAma batAne kA Agraha kiyA to mantrI ne kahA - maharAja yaha madhura evaM hai| usake pAsa tIna grAhaka pahu~cate haiM / jinameM se eka ko svarNa ghaTa suvAsita jala usI gaMdI khAI kA hai jisakI durgandha se Apa vyAkula cAhie, dUsare ko svarNa mukuTa cAhie aura tIsare ko kevala sonA / ho gaye the aura nAka ko banda kara liyA thA / 11 lekina svarNakAra kI pravRtti dekhakara pahale grAhaka ko du:kha hotA hai, rAjA ne sAzcarya mudrA meM mantrI se kahA - tuma majAka to nahIM dUsare ko harSa aura tIsare ko na to duHkha hI hotA hai aura na hI harSa arthAt kara rahe ho / mantrI ne vinamra bhAva se kahA- nahIM, maiM majAka nahIM kara vaha madhyastha bhAva kI sthiti meM hotA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki eka hI rahA hU~, jo kucha bhI kaha rahA hU~ vaha satya hai / yaha kahate hue mantrI ne samaya meM eka svarNa meM vinAza, utpatti aura dhruvatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| isa gande pAnI ko sApha karane kI prakriyA bhI batAyI / aba rAjA ko isI AdhAra para jaina darzana meM tattva ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA vizvAsa ho gayA ki saMsAra kA hara padArtha atyanta guNa sampanna hai / yahI hai - sat utpAda, vyaya tathA dhrauvya yAnI sthiratA se yukta hai / 12 anekAntavAda hai| jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA se jo loga paricita nahIM haiM, ve turanta yaha prazna upasthita kara sakate haiM ki eka hI vastu meM dhruvatA tathA anekAntavAda ke maulika AdhAra utpatti aura vinAza kaise ho sakatA hai? kyoMki sthAyitva aura anekAntavAda jaina darzana kI AdhArazilA hai| jaina tattvajJAna asthAyitva donoM eka dUsare ke virodhI haiM / ata: eka hI vastu meM paraspara kA mahala isI anekAnta ke siddhAnta para TikA hai / vastu ke ananta dharma virodhI dharmoM kA samanvaya kaise ho sakatA hai, kintu jaina darzana isakA hote haiM / ina ananta dharmoM meM se vyakti apane icchita dharmoM kA samaya- samAdhAna karate hue kahatA hai ki koI bhI vastu guNa kI dRSTi se dhruva samaya para kathana karatA hai| vastu ke jitane dharmoM kA kathana ho sakatA hai, sthAyI hai tathA paryAya kI dRSTi se asthAyI hai, usameM utpatti aura hai ve saba vastu ke andara hote haiM / vyakti apanI icchA se una dharmoM kA vinAza hai / padArtha meM AropaNa nahIM kara detA hai / ananta yA aneka dharmoM ke kAraNa hI vastu anantadharmAtmaka kahI jAtI hai / vastu ke ina ananta dharmoM ke anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda do prakAra hote haiM - guNa aura paryAya / jo dharma vastu ke svarUpa kA anekAntavAda ke vyAvahArika pakSa ko syAdvAda ke nAma se nirdhAraNa karate haiM arthAt jinake binA vastu kA astitva kAyama nahIM raha vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai / syAdvAda anekAntavAda kA hI vikAsamAtra hai| sakatA unheM guNa kahate haiM / yathA-manuSya meM 'manuSyatva', sonA meM 'syAt' zabda anekAnta kA dyotaka hai / 13 syAdvAda aura anekAntavAda 'sonApana' / manuSya meM yadi 'manuSyatva' na ho to vaha aura kucha ho sakatA donoM eka hI haiM / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki syAdvAda meM jisa padArtha kA hai, manuSya nahIM / vaise hI yadi sonA meM 'sonApana' na ho to vaha anya kathana hotA hai, vaha anekAntAtmaka hotA hai / donoM meM yadi koI antara koI dravya hogA, sonA nahIM / gaNa vastu meM sthAyI rUpa se rahatA hai| hai to mAtra zabdoM kA / syAdvAda meM syAt zabda kI pradhAnatA hai to vaha kabhI naSTa nahIM hotA aura na badalatA hI hai, kyoMki usake naSTa ho anekAntavAda meM anekAnta kii| kintu mUlata: donoM eka hI haiN| AcArya jAne se vastu naSTa ho jaayegii| guNa vastu kA Antarika dharma hotA hai| prabhAcandra ne 'nyAyakumudacandra' meM kahA hai - anekAntAtmaka artha ke kathana jo dharma vastu ke bAhyakRtiyoM arthAt rUpa-raMga ko nirdhArita karate haiM, jo ko syAvAda kahate haiN| syAt zabda kA vyutpattimUlaka artha batAte badalate rahate haiM, utpanna aura naSTa hote rahate haiM, unheM paryAya kahate haiN| hue kahA gayA hai - syAditi vAdaH syAdvAdaH / 15 yahA~ 'syAt' zabda ke jaise - manuSya kabhI baccA, kabhI yuvA aura kabhI bUr3hA rahatA hai / guNa do artha dekhane ko milate haiM - pahalA anekAntavAda aura dUsarA anekAnta

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anekAntavAda aura usakI vyAvahArikatA 135 ke kathana karane kI bhASA-zailI / jaina dArzanikoM ne 'anekAnta' evaM hue unhoMne kahA hai - he gautama! dharmAstikAya dravya dRSTi se eka hai, 'syAt' donoM zabdoM kA eka hI arthoM meM prayoga kiyA hai| ina donoM zabdoM isalie vaha sarvastoka hai| sAtha hI dharmAstikAya meM pradezoM kI apekSA ke pIche eka hI het rahA hai aura vaha hai - vastu kI anekaantaatmktaa| asaMkhyAt guNa bhI haiM / 22 adharmAstikAya AkAza Adi dravya dRSTi se yaha anekAntAtmakatA anekAntavAda zabda se bhI prakaTa hotI hai aura eka aura pradeza dRSTi se aneka haiN| eka-aneka ke siddhAnta ko aura syAdvAda se bhI / ata: syAdvAda aura anekAntavAda donoM hI eka haiN| bhI sarala tarIke se isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai- mAna leM rAma eka donoM eka hI sikke do pahalU haiM / antara hai to itanA ki eka prakAzaka vyakti hai / usakI ora izArA karate hue hama kaI logoM se pUchate haiMhai to dUsarA prakAzya hai, eka vyavahAra hai to dUsarA siddhAnta / yaha kauna hai ? hamAre isa prazna ke uttara meM kramaza: pratyeka vyakti kahatA hai - pahalA-rAma jIva hai / dUsarA-rAma manuSya hai| tIsarA-rAma kSatriya hai| eka aura aneka cauthA-rAma merA pitA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki uttaroM meM vibhinnatA jaina darzana ne apanI tattvamImAMsA meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai hai, phira bhI ve saba satya haiM / prathama vyakti rAma ko eka pUrNa dravya ke ki vastu ke ananta dharma hote haiM, kintu kisI vastu ke ananta dharmoM ko rUpa meM dekhatA hai / dUsarA payArya ke rUpa meM / tIsarA bhI paryAya ke rUpa jAnanA hamAre lie sambhava nahIM hai ? ananta ko to koI sarvajJa hI jAna meM tathA bAkI ke uttaradAtA aura adhika sUkSmatA se paryAya ke bhinna-bhinna sakatA hai, jise pUrNa jJAna kI upalabdhi rahatI hai| sAmAnyajana to ananta rUpoM ko dekhate haiM / ata: prathama vyakti ko rAma kahane kA adhikAra hai dharmoM meM se kucha dharmoM ko athavA eka dharma ko hI jAnate haiN| jaina darzana kintu rAma manuSya nahIM hai, kahane kA adhikAra nahIM hai / isI taraha dUsare kI bhASA meM kucha ko yAnI eka se adhika dharmoM ko jAnanA pramANa hai vyakti ko 'rAma manuSya hai' kahane kA adhikAra hai, kintu rAma jIva nahIM tathA eka dharma ko jAnanA naya hai| isa prakAra naya na pramANa ke antargata hai, kahane kA adhikAra nahIM hai, kyoMki rAma meM jIva evaM manuSyatva donoM AtA hai, na apramANa ke / jaise samudra kA eka aMza na samudra hai aura vidyamAna haiM / isa taraha hama dekhate hai ki dravyArthika rUpa meM jIva meM na asamudra balki samudrAMza hai, usI prakAra naya pramANAMza hai / 16 naya ko ekatA hai, parantu paryAyArthika dRSTi se anekatA hai| paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai - pramANa se svIkRta vastu ke eka deza kA jJAna karAne vAle parAmarza ko naya kahate haiM / 17 nityatA aura anityatA AcArya prabhAcandra kahA hai - pratipakSa kA nirAkaraNa karate sat ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM mata-bhinnatA dekhI jAtI hai| koI hae vastu ke aMza ko grahaNa karanA naya hai / 18 pramANa, naya aura durnaya ise nitya mAnatA hai to koI anitya / isa sambandha meM vedAnta darzana ke bheda ko spaSTa karate hue AcArya hemacandra ne 'anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA' aparivartanazIlatA ko svIkAra karatA hai to bauddha darzana parivartanazIlatA meM likhA hai19 - vastu kA kathana tIna prakAra se hotA hai - 'sadeva' arthAt ko| yahA~ jainadarzana kI mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka vastu nitya aura anitya sat hI hai, 'sat' arthAt sat hai, 'syAt sat' arthAta kathaMcit sat hai| donoM hai / guNa kI dRSTi se vastu meM nityatA dekhI jAtI hai aura paryAya sat hI hai meM bhASA meM nizcayAtmakatA A jAne se anya dharmoM kA niSedha kI dRSTi se anityatA / yathA- Amraphala harA rahatA hai kintu kAlAntara ho jAtA hai / "sat hai' meM anya dharmoM ke prati udAsInatA rakhakara kathana meM vaha pIlA ho jAtA hai, phira bhI vaha rahatA Amraphala hI hai / vastu kI abhivyakti hotI hai| "syAt sat hai' meM sat ko kisI apekSA se kA pUrva paryAya naSTa hotA hai aura uttara paryAya utpanna hotA hai kintu vastu mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha 'syAt' pada se yukta hai| uparyukta tInoM kathanoM kA mUla rUpa sadA banA rahatA hai| ata: satya nitya bhI hai aura anitya meM pahalA prakAra durnaya hai, dUsarA prakAra naya tathA tIsarA prakAra pramANa bhI hai| miTTI kA eka ghar3A jo AkAra, svarUpa Adi se hI vinAzazIla yAnI anekAnta hai / naya jJAtA kA eka viziSTa dRSTikoNa hai| eka hI lagatA hai, kyoMki vaha banatA aura bigar3atA rahatA hai / ghar3e kA astitva vastu ke viSaya meM aneka darzakoM ke aneka dRSTikoNa hote haiM, jo paraspara na to pahale thA aura na bAda meM rhegaa| kintu mUla svarUpa meM miTTI maujUda mela khAte hue pratIta nahIM hote tathApi unheM asatya nahIM kahA jA thI aura ghar3e ke banane ke bAda bhI tathA ghar3e ke naSTa ho jAne para bhI maujUda sakatA, kyoMki unameM bhI satya kA aMza rahatA hai| rhegii| ata: pratyeka vastu nitya evaM anitya hai| jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki pratyeka vastu meM ekatA tathA dIpaka ke viSaya meM bhI aisI dhAraNA hai ki isameM anityatA anekatA hai| jIva-dravya kI ekatA aura anekatA kA pratipAdana karate hotI hai, kyoMki vaha bujha jAtA hai| dIpaka ke viSaya meM anya darzanoM hae mahAvIra ne kahA hai - somila! dravya dRSTi se maiM eka huuN| jJAna aura kI bhI yahI dhAraNA hai| lekina jaina darzana kA kahanA hai ki agni yA darzana kI dRSTi se maiM do huuN| na badalane vAle pradezoM kI dRSTi se maiM akSaya teja kI do paryAyeM hotI haiM - prakAza aura aMdhakAra / jaba eka paryAya hU~, avasthita huuN| badalate rahane vAle upayoga kI dRSTi se maiM aneka huuN|21 naSTa hotI hai to dUsarI paryAya AtI hai| prakAza ke naSTa hone para aMdhakAra isI prakAra ajIva-dravya kI ekatA aura anekatA kA spaSTIkaraNa karate AtA hai aura aMdhakAra ke naSTa hone para prakAza AtA hai| paryAyeM badalatI Jain Education Intemational

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136 rahatI haiN| parantu agni kA agnitva yA tejatva naSTa nahIM hotA / abhiprAya yaha hai ki dIpaka jise hama anitya mAnate haiM vaha mAtra anitya hI nahIM, balki nitya bhI hai| isI prakAra AkAza ko sAmAnyataH nitya mAnA jAtA hai / anya darzana bhI aisA mAnate haiM, kyoMki AkAza apane guNa ke kAraNa nitya tathA paryAya ke kAraNa anitya hai| jaina darzana meM AkAza ko ajIva mAnA gayA hai| isakA sAmAnya dharma Azraya denA hai| yaha isakA jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 hai / kintu vizeSa vyakti athavA vastu ko jo Azraya isake dvArA diye jAte haiM, ve utpanna evaM naSTa hote haiN| yathA- eka vyakti kamare meM baiThA hai| isa samaya vaha AkAza ke andara eka nizcita Azraya ko prApta kara rahA hai, lekina thor3I dera bAda vaha kamare se nikalakara maidAna meM baiTha jAtA hai to aisI sthiti meM usakA Azraya jo kamare meM thA, naSTa ho gayA aura maidAna meM utpanna ho gyaa| pahale usakI sthiti kamare meM thI aba maidAna meM ho gayI / yahI AkAza ke dvArA die gaye Azraya kA utpanna tathA nAza honA hai| AkAza kA paryAya AkAza kI anityatA hai tathA sAmAnya rUpa se sabako Azraya denA AkAza kA guNa hai jo AkAza kI nityatA hai| isI prakAra jIva kI nityatA evaM anityatA ke viSaya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai gautama ! jIva kisI dRSTi se zAzvata hai to kisI dRSTi se azAzvata / gautama ! dravyArthika dRSTi se jIva zAzvata hai to bhAvArthika dRSTi se azAzvata / " arthAt jIva meM jIvatva kA kabhI abhAva nahIM hotaa| jIva cAhe kisI bhI avasthA meM ho, jIva hI hotA hai| yaha dravyArthika dRSTi hai| isa saMdarbha meM jIva nitya hai| jIva kisI na kisI paryAya meM hotA hai / eka paryAya ko chor3akara dUsarI paryAya ko grahaNa karatA hai| yaha paryAyArthika dRSTi hai / isa sandarbha meM jIva anitya hai| loka kI sImitatA yAasImitatA ke savAla kA samAdhAna bhI isI prakAra kiyA hai| loka dravya dRSTi se sAnta hai, kSetra dRSTi se sAnta hai, kAla dRSTi se ananta hai aura bhAva (prakriyA) dRSTi se ananta hai|" loka ko cAra prakAra se jAnA jAtA hai dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva rUpa se dravya kI dRSTi se loka sAnta hai, kyoMki vaha saMkhyA meM eka hai| kSetra kI dRSTi meM bhI sAnta hai, kyoMki sampUrNa AkAza ke kucha kSetra meM hI loka kA vAsa hai / kAla kI dRSTi se loka ananta hai kyoMki vartamAna, bhUta aura bhaviSya kA koI kSaNa aisA nahIM jisameM loka kA astitva na ho aise hI bhAva kI dRSTi se bhI loka ananta hai, kyoMki eka loka ke ananta paryAya haiN| isa taraha jaina darzana nityatA evaM anityatA ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karatA hai| yahI anekAntavAda hai| sAmAnya aura vizeSa sAmAnya aura vizeSa ke viSaya meM bhI mata-matAntara pAye jAte haiN| koI sirpha sAmAnya kI sattA ko svIkAra karatA hai to koI kevala vizeSa kI sattA kI / vedAnta, sAMkhya, mImAMsA Adi sAmAnya kI sattA ko svIkAra karate haiN| ina logoM kA kahanA hai ki jo kucha bhI hai sAmAnya hai, sAmAnya ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hai| yadi sAmAnya na ho to vizeSa kA astitva hI na ho| 'manuSyatva' sAmAnya hai aura manuSyatva ke binA rAma mohana, sohana Adi vizeSa manuSyoM kA astitva nahIM ho sakatA hai| ataH sAmAnya kI hI sattA hai| ThIka isake viparIta bauddha darzana kI mAnyatA hai| bauddha darzana vizeSa kI sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, vizeSa ke kAraNa hI kisI kI sattA hotI hai| sAmAnya kI sattA vizeSa se alaga nahIM ho sktii| kyA manuSyatva rAma, zyAma Adi manuSyoM se alaga pAyA jA sakatA hai ? nahIM! ataH tattva sAmAnya nahIM balki vizeSa hai| vaizeSika darzana sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM kI sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai, lekina donoM ko alaga-alaga mAnate hue kahatA hai ki sAmAnya vizeSa donoM hI samavAya sambandha se sambandhita haiN| jaina darzana kA kathana ina saba mAnyatAoM se bilkula alaga hai| jaina darzana vaizeSika darzana kI bhA~ti sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM kI sattA mAnatA hai, parantu alaga-alaga nahIM / donoM hI sApekSa haiN| manuSyatva ke binA kisI manuSya vizeSa kA bodha nahIM ho sakatA aura manuSya vizeSa ke binA manuSyatva (sAmAnya) kahIM dRSTigocara nahIM hotaa| ataH sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM sApekSataH dekhe jAte haiN| yahIM jaina darzana kA anekAntabhAva hai| - asti aura nAsti asti nAsti do ekAntavAdI pakSa haiN| eka pakSa kahatA hai ki sarva asti to dUsarA pakSa kahatA hai ki sarva naasti| isa taraha donoM hI ekAntavAdI haiM / anekAntavAda hI sahI arthoM meM isa saMgharSa kA eka mAtra samAdhAna hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sarva asti evaM sarva nAsti donoM pakSoM kA anekAnta dvArA samarthana kiyA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki jo asti hai vahI nAsti hai| 'bhagavatIsUtra' meM kahA gayA hai hama jo asti hai use asti kahate haiM, jo nAsti hai. use nAsti kahate haiN| pratyeka padArtha hai bhI aura nahIM bhI hai| apane nija-svarUpa se hai aura para svarUpa se nhiiN| apane putra kI apekSA se pitA, pitArUpa meM sat hai aura pararUpa kI apekSA se pitA, pitArUpa meM asat hai / yadi para-putra kI apekSA se pitA hI hai to vaha sAre saMsAra kA pitA ho jAyegA, jo asambhava hai| ise aura bhI sarala bhASA meM hama isa taraha kaha sakate haiM gur3iyA caurAhe para khar3I hai| eka ora se choTA bAlaka AtA hai, vaha use mA~ kahatA hai| dUsarI ora se eka vRddha AtA hai, vaha use putra kahatA hai| tIsarI ora se eka yuvaka AtA hai, vaha use patnI kahatA hai| isI taraha koI tAI, koI mAmI, to koI phufI aura koI dIdI kahatA hai sabhI eka hI vyakti ko vibhinna nAmoM se sambodhita karate haiM tathA paraspara saMgharSa karate haiM ki yaha to mA~ hI hai, putrI hI hai, patnI hI hai, dIdI hI hai aadi.....| aba | prazna uThatA hai ki Akhira gur3iyA hai kyA ? isa samasyA kA samAdhAna

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anekAntavAda aura usakI vyAvahArikatA 137 eka hI hai aura vaha hai anekAntavAda / anekAntavAda kA kahanA hai ki mahAvIra - jo vyakti yaha nahIM jAnatA ki ye jIva? ajIva yaha tumhAre lie mA~ hai, kyoMki tuma isake putra ho para anya logoM ke haiM aura ye trasa haiM, ye sthAvara haiM, usakA pratyAkhyAna duSpatyAkhyAna hai, lie yaha mA~ nahIM hai / vRddha kahatA hai ki yaha putrI bhI hai, ApakI apanI jo yaha jAnatA hai ki ye jIva haiM aura ye ajIva haiM, ye trasa haiM, ye sthAvara apekSA se, saba logoM kI apekSA se nahIM / isa prakAra apanI-apanI haiM usakA pratyAkhyAna supratyAkhyAna hai, kyoMki usakA kathana satya hai / 27 apekSA se tAI, mAmI, dIdI Adi saba hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jayantI - bhagavan! sonA acchA hai yA jAganA ? pratyeka vastu ke do pahalU haiM- hai bhI, nahIM bhI / darzana kI bhASA meM yahI mahAvIra - jayantI ! kucha jIvoM ke lie sonA acchA hai aura anekAntavAda hai| kucha jIvoM ke lie jAganA acchA hai| jayantI - vaha kisa prakAra ? 'hI' vAda aura 'bhI' vAda mahAvIra - jo adharmI hai, adharmAnga hai, adharmiSTha hai, adharmAkhyAyI saMsAra meM do vAda pAye jAte haiM - 'hI' vAda aura 'bhI' vaad| hai, adharmapralokI hai, adharmapraraMjana hai, adharma samAcAra hai, adhArmika vRtti 'hI' vAda kahatA hai - 'maiM hI saccA hU~' arthAt merA kathana satya hai aura yukta hai, unake lie sonA acchA hai kyoMki ve sote raheMge to aneka jIvoM mere sivA sabhI sampradAyoM kA kathana asatya hai / ThIka isake viparIta ko pIr3A nahIM hogii| ve apane ko tathA anya logoM ko adhArmika kAryoM 'bhI' vAda vAlA kahatA hai - 'maiM bhI saccA hU~' arthAt mere sivA dUsare meM rata nahIM rakha pAyeMge / ata: unake lie sonA acchA hai / parantu jo sampradAyoM kA kathana bhI satya hai / vaha bhI kisI eka dRSTi se satyavAdI jIva dhArmika hai, rAgI hai, dhArmika vRtti rakhane vAle haiM, unake lie jAganA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM hI-mata ke anuyAyI kA kahanA hai ki dina hI hai aura acchA hai kyoMki ve aneka jIvoM ko sukha dete haiN| jaba taka ve jAgate bhI mata ke samarthakoM kA kahanA hai ki dina bhI hai arthAt jahA~ sUrya nahIM raheMge taba taka apane ko tathA anya vyaktiyoM ko dhArmika kAryoM meM rata haiM, vahA~ rAta bhI hai| 'hI' aura 'bhI' ke abhiprAyoM meM bahuta hI aMtara hai| rkheNge| ata: unakA jAganA acchA hai / 28 / 'hI' ke prayoga meM ekAntatA kA Agraha samAyA huA hai / vaha eka pakSa jayantI - bhagavan! balavAn honA acchA hai yA nirbala honA ? ke vicAroM ke samakSa dUsare ke vicAroM kI avahelanA karatA hai / apUrNa mahAvIra - jo jIva dhArmika haiM arthAt dhArmika vRtti vAle haiM, jJAna ko pUrNa mAnakara manuSya ko digbhramita karatA hai jabaki 'bhI' pakSa unakA balavAn honA acchA hai, kyoMki ve apane bala kA prayoga dhArmika apane vicAroM ke sAtha-sAtha dUsare ke vicAroM kA bhI svAgata karane ke kAryoM meM kareMge jisase dUsare jIvoM ko sukha kI prApti hogI aura, jo lie satat samudyata rahatA hai| yadi hama Ama ke viSaya meM kahate haiM ki jIva adhArmika vRtti vAle haiM, unakA nirbala honA acchA hai, kyoMki ve Ama meM kevala rUpa hI hai, rasa hI hai, gaMdha hI hai, sparza hI hai, taba hama apane bala kA prayoga, adhArmika kAryoM meM kareMge, jisase anya jIvoM ko mithyA ekAntavAda kA prayoga karate haiM / yadi isI ko hama isa rUpa meM kaSTa phNcegaa| kahate haiM ki Ama meM rUpa bhI hai, rasa bhI hai, gaMdha bhI hai, sparza bhI hai, taba hama anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana karate haiM / isa prakAra 'hI' anekAntavAda kI upayogitA vAda vicAra-vaiSamya evaM saMgharSa kI sthiti utpanna karatA hai jaba ki 'bhI' anekAntavAda koI korI kalpanA nahIM balki eka vyAvahArika vAda vicAra-vaiSamyatA evaM saMgharSa ko miTAtA hai / siddhAnta hai jisakA sambandha dhArmika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika, sAMskRtika, vaicArika Adi sabhI kSetroM se hai / vyAvahArikatA ke pariveza meM anekAnta anekAntavAda aura vibhajyavAda kA abhiprAya hai . "vyakti ko eka hI anubhava yA eka hI jJAna para vibhajyavAda anekAntavAda kA hI eka rUpa hai / vibhajyavAda AgrahavAn na banAkara apane mastiSka ko jJAna ke lie unmukta rkhnaa| kA artha hotA hai - kisI bhI tathya ko vibhAjanapUrvaka kahanA yA prastuta tAtparya hai ki hamako eka jJAna huA yA eka anubhava huA, usI meM apane karanA / sUtrakRtAMga meM eka jagaha prasaGga AyA hai ki bhikSu ko kaisI bhASA Apako na sameTakara, apane mastiSka ko hara jJAna ke lie khulA rakhanA kA prayoga karanA cAhie ? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki bhikSu cAhie jisase ki hama eka dUsare ke vicAroM kA lena-dena bhalI-bhA~ti vibhajyavAda kA prayoga kare / 26 bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama aura jayantI ke kara sakeM / dUsare kI bAtoM ko bhI hama acchI taraha se grahaNa kara sakeM sAtha huI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI bAtacIta kA ullekha hai jo anekAntavAda aura apanI bAta ko bhI acchI taraha se dUsaroM ko samajhA sakeM / yadi aura vibhajyavAda ko prakAzita karatA hai, vaha nimnaprakAra hai - hameM kisI vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samajhanA hai to usake aneka gautama - yadi koI kahe ki maiM sarvaprANa, sarvabhUta, sarvajIva, pahaluoM ko dekhanA hogA / eka pahalU se dekhane se vastu ke eka pahalU sarvasatva kI hiMsA kA pratyAkhyAna (tyAga) karatA hU~ to kyA usakA yaha kA hI jJAna hotA hai / yathA - kisI makAna kA eka tarapha se citra leMge pratyAkhyAna supratyAkhyAna hai yA duSpatyAkhyAna ? to vaha citra makAna ke eka pakSa kA hI jJAna karAyegA, jabaki dUsarA pakSa Jain Education Intemational

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138 achUtA hI rhegaa| eka makAna ke yathArtha evaM pUrNa jJAna ke lie hameM makAna ke cAroM tarapha ke alaga-alaga citra lene par3eMge taba jAkara hameM makAna kI bAhyakRti kA pUrNa jJAna hogaa| phira bhI hama usake aMtaraMga bhAga ke jJAna se vaMcita raha jaayeNge| ataH punaH hameM usake aMtaraMga pakSa ke citra lene par3eMge, taba jAkara makAna kA hameM pUrNa evaM yathArtha jJAna hogaa| ThIka yahI bAta vizva ke sambandha meM bhI lAgU hotI hai| jaba taka hama vizva kA aneka binduoM se aneka pahaluoM se sUkSmatApUrvaka nirIkSaNa nahIM karate haiM, taba taka hameM usake sambandha meM pUrNa evaM yathArtha jJAna honA asambhava hai / vyakti, samAja, rASTra evaM vizva ke sambandha meM Aja yahI apUrNatA ghAtaka siddha ho rahI hai| kyoMki vyakti khuda ko evaM samAja ko jAne binA hI rASTra evaM vizva ke prati apanA mata vyakta karane kA prayatna karatA hai / " jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 dhArmika sandarbha meM dharma aura darzana, jo sadiyoM se vividha prakAra ke saMtApoM se mukti pAne kA sAdhana mAnA jAtA rahA hai, mAnava hRdaya kI durbalatA evaM saMkitA ne use bhI dUSita kara diyA hai| Aga bujhAne ke lie jisa pAnI kA upayoga aba taka kiyA jAtA rahA hai, Aja vahI pAnI Aga lagAne kA kArya kara rahA hai to phira Aga kaise bujhegI ? zAnti kI prApti ke lie dharma aura darzana mAnava samAja meM Ae lekina ve hI Aja azAnti ke kAraNa bana gaye haiN| eka ora manuSya, manuSya kA zoSaNa kara rahA hai, vyakti-vyakti ke prati mAnasika antardvandva, mana-muTAva, AzaMkA ke kAraNa Aja rASTra zItayuddha ke daura se gujara rahA hai| aisI sthiti meM sarvatra aise cintana evaM vicAroM kI AvazyakatA hai jo vyakti-vyakti ke bIca samAja- samAja ke bIca, rASTra rASTra ke bIca samarasatA, samanvaya evaM sAmaJjasya sthApita kara ske| ina sabhI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie dRSTi eka hI ora jAtI hai aura vaha hai anekAnta kA siddhAnta anekAntavAda hI hai jo anekatA meM ekatA, anityatA meM nityatA, asatva meM satva ko eka sUtra meM piro sakane kI kSamatA rakhatA hai / " - Aja kA yuga anveSaNa evaM parIkSaNa kA yuga hai jisameM aneka ANavika parIkSaNa ho rahe haiN| vaicArika dharAtala para anekAntavAda kA sthAna sarvopari hai / anekAntavAda kI AvazyakatA Aja pUre vizva ko hai| cAhe vaha darzana kA kSetra ho yA vijJAna kA, cAhe dhArmika ho yA sAmAjika, rAjanItika ho yA sAMskRtika, rASTrIya ho yA antarrASTrIya / Aja ke sandarbha meM anekAntavAda kI prAsaMgikatA para praznacihna laga gayA hai ki kyA anekAntavAda Aja kI tamAma samasyAoM ko sulajhAne meM sakSama hai ? jahA~ taka prAsaMgikatA kA prazna hai to anekAntavAda jitanA prAsaMgika mahAvIra ke kAla meM thA, usase kahIM jyAdA prAsaMgika Aja ke sandarbha meM ho gayA hai / ataH Aja ke sandarbha meM dhArmika, vaicArika sAmAjika, rAjanItika, sAMskRtika evaM antarrASTrIya kSetra meM usakI prAsaMgikatA para dRSTipAta karanA Avazyaka sA jAna par3atA hai| 'dharma' eka vyApaka zabda hai jisake antargata vyakti, samAja, jAti, deza Adi sabhI antarbhUta ho jAte haiN| dharma ke sandarbha meM bhinnabhinna vicAradhArAe~ dekhI jAtI hai| koI kahatA hai ki karma hI dharma hai, koI kahatA hai jIva para dayA karanA dharma hai, kisI ke anusAra paramArtha patha para jIvana kI Ahuti denA dharma hai, koI kahatA hai samAja, deza aura jAti kI rakSA ke lie ApattikAla meM lar3anA dharma hai| parantu sahI mAyane meM dekhA jAe to mAnava kA sampUrNa jIvana hI dharma kSetra hai| mAnava dharma eka aisA vyApaka dharma hai jisakA pAlana karane se manuSya apanA tathA sampUrNa vizva kA kalyANa kara sakatA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki hamArA jIvana hI dharma hai, sArA vizva dharma hai hama jo bhI karma karate haiM, ve saba dharma ke antargata A jAte haiN| 1 dharma pragatizIla sAdhanoM aura anubhavoM se utpanna eka vimala vibhUti hai jisake AliGgana se hI mAnava unnati ke patha para agrasara hone lagatA hai| dharma kA kArya ekatA, samAnatA, puruSArtha Adi guNoM se manuSyoM ko dIkSita karanA hai, na ki paraspara virodhI upadezoM se samAja meM bheda-bhAva utpanna karanA, kintu Aja Adhibhautika sabhyatA kI krUratA se jitanA mana azAMta hai usase bhI kahIM adhika rUr3hi aura vAsanAoM kI pUjA ne mana ko vyathita kara rakhA hai| yaha satya hai ki jIvana kI yAtrA atIta ko sAtha lekara hI taya kI jA sakatI hai, usakA sarvathA tyAga karake nahIM / atIta jIvana ko lekara hI manuSya bhaviSya kI yojanAe~ nirdhArita karatA hai| kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki lauTakara atIta meM hI pahu~ca jaae| atIta to bhaviSya kI ora bar3hane kI preraNA detA hai| ataH manuSya kA kalyANa isI meM hai ki vaha atIta aura vartamAna ke bIca samanvaya sthApita kara sundara bhaviSya kA nirmANa kare / jaba taka hama prAcIna ADambara evaM AcAra-vicAroM se cipake raheMge taba taka hamArA vartamAna bhaviSya ke nirmANa meM samartha nahIM hogaa| samAja meM pracalita aMdhavizvAsoM kI vibhinna bhAvanAeM na to prAcIna haiM aura na arvAcIna, balki inakI jar3a to samAja meM dharmaguruoM ke sampradAya va svArtha kI lolupatA se phailI hai / prAcInakAla meM sAmpradAyika kaTTaratA bahuta balavatI thI / itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki bhinna-bhinna yugoM meM jina samAjoM meM logoM kA dhyAna dharma-kendrita rahA hai aura dharma kA logoM ke jIvana meM Adhipatya rahA hai unake sabhI prakAra ke saMgharSoM, nRzaMsatAoM, yaMtraNAoM Adi kA mUla kAraNa kevala bhrAnti rahI hai| dharma ke ThekedAroM ke mastiSka meM yaha bAta ghusa gayI ki kevala unhIM kA dharma, vizvAsa evaM upAsanA paddhati ekamAtra satya hai aura dUsare kA glt| kevala ve hI ImAnadAra haiM, zeSa sabhI 'vidharmI' evaM 'kAphira' haiN| kevala unhIM kI jIvana paddhati mokSadAyinI hai, kevala unhIM kA Izvara sampUrNa vizva kA Izvara hai, anya logoM ke devagaNa mithyA haiM athavA unake Izvara ke adhIna haiN| isa prakAra

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anekAntavAda aura usakI vyAvahArikatA kI bAtoM se mAnava svabhAva kA itihAsa bharA par3A hai| dharmAMdhatA ke pIche mAnava samAja, dharmasevA samAja, zikSaka samAja, vidyArthI samAja, brAhmaNa aneka amUlya jAne gayIM, rakta kI nadiyA~ bahAyI gayIM tathA mAnava jIvana samAja Adi / mAnava samAja prANiyoM ke eka prakAra ko batAtA hai / dharma ko kaSTamaya evaM duHkhamaya banA diyA gayA / Aja puna: vahI sthiti sevA samAja, zikSaka samAja Adi eka vizeSa prakAra ke kAma karane dRSTigocara ho rahI hai / paraspara sampradAyoM meM rAga-dveSa kI bhAvanA, khaNDana- vAloM kA jJAna karAtA hai| isI taraha brAhmaNa samAja se eka vizeSa varga maNDana kI bahulatA, khUna-kharAbA, tIvra saMgharSa kI sambhAvanA bahuta athavA vizeSa prakAra kI saMskRti meM pale hue logoM kA bodha hotA hai| adhika balavatI hotI jA rahI hai / isakA mukhya kAraNa hai dharma ke yathArtha yadyapi samAja zabda meM prastuta prayoga alaga-alaga arthoM ko iMgita karate svarUpa ko na samajhanA / sabhI dharmoM ke apane mUla siddhAnta hote haiM, jinheM haiM kintu inase itanA spaSTa hotA hai ki 'samAja' zabda eka prakAra se rahane Adarza rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai / sAtha hI unakI abhivyakti ke lie vAle athavA eka taraha kA kArya karane vAle logoM ke lie vyavahAra meM vibhinna pratIka bhI svIkRta hote haiM / yathA - mandira, masjida, girajAghara, AtA hai| kintu Aja samAja zabda kA artha hI badala gayA hai / Aja gurudvArA, jinAlaya Adi / Adarza jaba purAnA ho jAtA hai to pratIka kA samAja vaha samAja hai jisameM ghRNA, dveSa, chuA-chUta, jAti-pAMti, prabala ho uThatA hai aura samAja meM pratIkoM kI hI pradhAnatA dekhI jAtI U~ca-nIca, amIra-garIba ke bheda-bhAva nivAsa karate haiM / yaha satya hai ki hai| Adarza ke nirbala aura pratIka ke sabala ho jAne para dharmAndhatA apanA samAja meM vibhinna vicAradhArA ke vyakti rahate haiM / unake rahana-sahana, prabhAva jamAtI hai jo samAja ke lie atyanta hI ghAtaka siddha hotI hai| khAna-pAna, bola-cAla Adi alaga-alaga hote haiM, lekina inakA isakA jvalanta udAharaNa hai - mandira-masjida vivAda / yahA~ rAma aura matalaba yaha to nahIM hai ki mAnava, mAnava se alaga hai / donoM hI manuSya muhammada ke AdarzoM kI bAta koI nahIM karatA, parantu mandira ke ghaNTe- haiM, donoM meM manuSyatA kA vAsa hai, phira ye bhedabhAva kaisA ? manuSyaghar3iyAla tathA masjida ke gumbada kI carcA prAya: sabhI loga karate haiM, samudAya kA nAma hI to samAja hai| jamIna ke Tukar3e ko samAja nahIM jisakA natIjA hama logoM ke sAmane hai| ina sArI samasyAoM kA kahate, makAnoM kA, IToM kA yA pattharoM kA Dhera bhI samAja nahIM kahalAtA samAdhAna anekAntavAda ke pAsa hai| usake anusAra mahAvIra bhI haiM, rAma aura na hI galI-kUce, dukAna yA sar3aka Adi kA nAma samAja hai / yadi bhI haiM, muhammada bhI haiM, IsA bhI haiM, gurunAnaka bhI haiN| hama ilAhAbAda kA samAja yA vArANasI kA samAja kahate haiM to isakA eka ora hama dharmanirapekSa rASTra kI bAta karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI abhiprAya hotA hai ilAhAbAda yA vArANasI meM rahane vAlA mAnava smudaay| ora dharmAndhatA kA paricaya dete haiM / rASTra dharmanirapekSa to taba hogA jaba phira eka jAti kA dUsarI jAti ke sAtha, eka varga kA dUsare varga ke sabhI dharmoM ko samAna Adara prApta hogaa| sabhI dharmoM ko samAnatA kA sAtha aura eka mohalle kA dUsare mohalle ke sAtha ghRNA aura dveSa kyoM adhikAra taba milegA jaba hama bhAvAtmaka ekatA aura sahiSNutA kI ? eka prAnta kA dUsare prAnta se, eka deza kA dUsare deza se yuddha bhAvanA ko apane andara sthAna degeN| bhAvAtmaka ekatA evaM sahiSNutA kyoM? kI bhAvanA se hama bar3e prema evaM zAnti ke sAtha raha sakate haiM / yadi isa Aja jAtIyatA kama karane kA jitanA hI prayAsa kiyA jA rahA bhAvanA para hama caleM, dUsaroM ke vaktavya meM jo satya dabA par3A hai, use hai vaha utanI hI bar3hatI jA rahI / prAya: yaha sunane meM AtA hai ki yaha svIkAra kareM, apanI hI bAta ko satya mAnakara use dUsaroM para durAgrahapUrvaka brAhmaNa varga hai, yaha kSatriya varga hai, yaha vaizya varga hai to yaha zUdra varga thopane kA duSprayAsa na kareM, to sambhavata: vyAvahArika jIvana meM sahiSNutA hai| loga apanA paricaya dete samaya bhI apanI jAti kA paricaya dene meM jAgRta hogI aura roja-roja ke aneka saMkaTa TAle jA sakeMge / dharma bhI nahIM cUkate / brAhmaNa yaha kahane meM gaurava kI anubhUti karatA hai ki nirapekSatA kA siddhAnta bhI isI bAta para bala detA hai ki mAnava ko hama brahmA ke mukha se utpatra hue haiM, isalie hama sarvazreSTha haiM / kintu apanI-apanI bhAvanA ke anukUla kisI bhI dharma ke anupAlana kI brahmA ke mukha se utpanna hone kA tAtparya yaha kadApi nahIM hai ki brAhmaNa svatantratA hai / kintu surasA ke mu~ha kI taraha vartamAna meM phaila rahI brahmA ke mukha se nikala par3e hoM balki Apa cintana aura manana karate azAMti aura samasyAe~ mAnava kI mAnavatA ko nigalatI jA rahI haiM. haiM usakA prayoga mukha se kiijie| apanI pavitra vANI se mAnava samAja jisake phalasvarUpa Ae dina hone vAle sAmpradAyika saMgharSa, kalaha ko lAbhAnvita kIjie / kSatriya varga, jisakI utpatti brahmA kI bhujAoM Adi ubhara kara sAmane A rahe haiM / Akhira ina samasyAoM kA samAdhAna se mAnI jAtI hai, kA yaha artha hai ki kSatriya varga apanI bhujAoM ke bala kyA hai ? samAdhAna yadi koI hai to vaha hai - anekAnta kA mArga para nirbaloM kI rakSA kare / vaizya varga kI utpatti isalie huI ki vaha anekAnta hI eka aisA mUlamantra hai jo Aja kI sabhI dhArmika ulajhanoM kRSi ke dvArA jIvanopayogI vastue~ utpanna kara vANijya ke dvArA unheM ko sulajhA sakatA hai| sthAnAntarita karake sampUrNa samAja ko bhojana de, zakti pahu~cAe, logoM ko jIvita rakhe / kintu yaha hamAre samAja kA durbhAgya hai ki vaizyavarga sAmAjika sandarbha meM apanI pratiSThA ko surakSita nahIM rakha sakA / artha-pipAsA kI lAlasA sAmAnyata: samAja zabda kA vibhinna arthoM meM prayoga hai / yathA- ne unheM andhA banA diyA hai / cauthA varNa zUdra jisakI utpatti brahmA ke

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140 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 pairoM se mAnI jAtI hai, Aja ghRNA evaM tiraskAra kA pAtra bana gayA hai| rAjanItika sandarbha meM zUdra yA achUta kA nAma Ate hI logoM ke nAka-bhauM sikar3ane lagate haiN| Aja ke bhAratIya samAja evaM prajAtaMtra ko dekhane se yaha aisA kyoM? sabhI manuSya samAna haiM / jaina dharma kI mAnyatA hai ki vizva kahAvata caritArtha hotI hai - "baMdara ke hAtha meM nAriyala' baMdara ke hAtha ke jitane bhI manuSya haiM, ve sabhI mUlata: eka hI haiM / koI bhI jAti athavA meM nAriyala par3ane se usakI durdazA hotI hai / nAriyala TUTane kA Dara rahatA koI bhI varga manuSya jAti kI maulika ekatA ko bhaMga nahIM kara sktaa| hai| vahI sthiti Aja bhAratIya samAja kI hai| bhAratIya prajAtaMtra ko dekhate manuSya jAti meM jo alaga-alaga varga dikhalAI dete haiN| vastuta: kAryoM hae aisA hI pratIta hotA hai / prajAtaMtra ke pradhAnataH do aMga hote haiM - ke bheda se yA dhandhoM ke bheda se dikhalAI par3ate haiM / jaina dharma meM spaSTa adhikAra aura kartavya / prajAtaMtra kA vahIM para samucita vikAsa hotA hai kahA gayA hai ki manuSya janma se u~cA yA nIcA nahIM hotA balki karma jahA~ loga adhikAra ke sAtha-sAtha apanA kartavya bhI samajhate hai, lekina se hotA hai / jaina muni harikezabala janma se cANDAla kula ke the jisake hamAre bhAratIya samAja kA durbhAgya yaha hai ki yahA~ loga apane adhikAra kAraNa unheM cAroM ora se bhartsanA aura ghRNA ke sivA kucha nahIM milaa| to samajhate haiM parantu apane kartavya ko nahIM samajhate / ve jahA~ kahIM bhI gae, vahA~ unheM apamAna-rUpa viSa kA pyAlA hI milA, prajAtaMtra kI rIr3ha cunAva hai / prajA ke pratinidhi prajA ke dvArA lekina jaba unhoMne jIvana kI pavitratA kA sahI mArga apanA liyA to cayanita hokara vidhAnasabhA aura lokasabhA ke sadasya banate haiN| unase yaha vahI vandanIya aura pUjanIya ho gye| apekSA hotI hai ki ve apane kSetra kI samasyAoM ko sahI rUpa meM sabhA hindU-musalamAna kA jhagar3A sadiyoM se calA A rahA hai aura meM prastuta kareMge tathA samAja ke hita ke lie apane ko samarpita kreNge| vartamAna meM bhI vidyamAna hai / savAla hotA hai ki hindU kauna hai ? kintu bAta aisI nahIM hotI hai / tathAkathita janatA ke pratinidhi apanI musalamAna kauna hai ? kyA manuSya kI bhI koI jAti hotI hai ? manuSyoM kursI kI rakSA meM lage rahate haiM aura prajA ko bhUla jAte haiM, jinake ve kI koI jAti nahIM hotii| jisa prakAra pAnI kI koI jAti nahIM hotI, pratinidhi hote haiM / ve daraasala yaha bhI nahIM cAhate ki janatA unake usI prakAra mAnava kI bhI koI jAti nahIM hotI, sabhI eka samAna haiN| cunAva meM svatantra rUpa se matadAna kare / matadAna kendra to pratyAziyoM ke manuSyoM kI do jAtiyA~ ho hI nahIM sktiiN| phira bhI mana kI saMkIrNatAvaza pAlatU guNDe-badamAzoM dvArA adhikAra meM kara liye jAte haiM / ata: cunAva usameM U~catA-nIcatA khojI jAtI hai| dikhAve kA eka Dhola hotA hai jisakI teca dhvani samAja meM haMgAmA isa pragativAdI yuga meM bhI zaktizAlI loga azaktoM evaM macAtI hai / isa taraha rAjanIti ke kSetra meM bhI ekAntavAda kA bolabAlA asamarthoM kA zoSaNa usI prakAra kara rahe haiM jisa prakAra choTI machalI ko dekhA jAtA hai / rAjanIti kA praveza samAja meM samAja ke stara ko u~cA bar3I machalI nigala jAtI hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa hai- Arthika vissmtaa| uThAne ke lie huA kintu vahI rAjanIti Aja kSudratA ke dAyare meM Arthika viSamatA mAno bhAratIya samAja kA aMga bana gayI hai / pU~jIpati simaTakara raha gayI hai| yadyapi prajAtAMtrika praNAlI meM to ekAntavAditA aura majadUra, dhanI-mAnI, kheta mAlika aura khetoM meM kAma karane vAle ko sthAna hI nahIM milA hai| usameM na to haThavAditA hai, na durAgraha hai, garIba loga Aja bhI haiM / garIbI haTAo abhiyAna calatA A rahA hai, na pakSa pratibaddhatA hai, na asahiSNutA hai aura na adhinAyakavAda hI hai| vibhinna AMkar3e taiyAra hote A rahe haiM, kintu hala kucha bhI sAmane nahIM phira bhI Aja ke samAjanirmAtA apanI svArthatA se vazIbhUta hokara A rahA hai, kyoMki nyAyakartA jaba nyAya karane baiThatA hai to tarAjUrUpI prajAtantra ke anaikAMtika dRSTikoNa ko aikAMtika banA diye haiM / jabaki buddhi para usakA apanA svArtharUpI bATa hotA hai / ata: vaha nyAya kaise prajAtaMtra ko sahI mAyane meM kriyAnvita karane ke lie anaikAntika karegA? __dRSTikoNa kA honA jarUrI hai| yadi prajAtaMtra kI nIva anaikAMtika hai, kahA mAnA ki jIvana meM burAiyA~ hotI haiM, bhUleM hotI haiM aura unakA jAe, to koI atizayokti nahIM hogI kyoMki binA anaikAntika parimArjana bhI kiyA jAtA hai, unheM sudhArane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA jAtA hai| dRSTikoNa ke prajAtaMtra eka dina bhI kriyAzIla nahIM raha sakatA / yadi roga hai to usakA upacAra bhI hogaa| burAI ke sAtha saMgharSa karane kA prajAtAMtrika praNAlI meM to virodha meM bhI avirodha lAnA par3atA hai, manuSya kA adhikAra hai / mAnava ne isa saMsAra meM eka mahattvapUrNa vibhinnatA meM ekatA ke sUtra pirone par3ate haiM / uttaradAyitva tathA kartavya lekara janma liyA hai / ata: vyakti ko burAiyoM se saMgharSa karanA hI pdd'egaa| barAiyoM se isa saMgharSa meM anekAntavAda se antarrASTrIya sandarbha meM jyAdA zaktizAlI anya koI astra nahIM hogaa| sAmAjika vibhinnatAoM pratyeka deza, rASTra, dala va gaTa kevala apanI aura apane hitoM ke bIca sAmaJjasya evaM pArasparika sneha ko kAyama rakhane meM anekAntavAda kI rakSA aura surakSA ke bAre meM cintita haiM phira cAhe usake lie dUsaroM kI. aham bhUmikA hogii| kI bali kyoM na de dI jAe? Aja bhayAnaka se bhayAnaka astroM-zastroM kA anusaMdhAna ho rahA hai| kaI bhayAnaka saMhAraka astra bana cuke haiM / prabhUtA

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141 anekAntavAda aura usakI vyAvahArikatA kI lAlasA vizva meM kabhI bhI yuddha kI Aga ko bhar3akA sakatI hai / yadyapi 5 zalo015 / zastra nirmANa kI isa hor3a ne zakti saMtulana kAyama kara diyA hai| 7. ega. ca NaM mahaM cittavicittapakkhagaM paMsakoilagaM saviNe pasittA bhayAnaka astroM ke nirmANa ne sabhI rASTroM ko sazaMkita kara diyA hai ki NaM paDibuddhe ....jaNNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre eMga mahaM cintavicitta zastrAstroM ke isa saMgraha se kahIM mAnava jAti kA sarvanAza na ho jaae| jAva paDi buddhe taNNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre vicittiM sasamayapara samaiyaM duvAlasaMgaM gaNi piDagaM AghaveI, panavei paruveI ...... / itihAsa ke pannoM meM prathama evaM dvitIya vizvayuddha isake mukhya udAharaNa bhagavatIsUtra, saMpA0 ghAsIlAlajI mahArAja, pra0-a0bhA0 zve0 sthA0 jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa, 1968, za016 u0 vizva aneka guToM meM ba~TA huA hai - samAjavAda, sAmyavAda, 6 suu03| pU~jIvAda, lokataMtravAda Adi / ye sabhI prazAsana praNAlA Ara sAmAjika 8. bhAratIya darzana, AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya, vArANasI, 1979, saMgaThana meM sudhAra kI bAta karate haiM aura kevala apane ko mAnavajAti kA pRSTha-91 / paritrAtA samajhate haiM / pratyeka deza kA pratyeka dala kevala apane ko va 9. bhAratIya darzana ke pramukha siddhAnta, DaoN0 bI0 ena0 sinhA, apanI nIti aura kAryakramoM ko sarvottama mAnatA hai aura ekamAtra use hI vArANasI, 1982 pRSTha-71 / deza meM navajIvana kA saJcAra karane vAlA samajhatA hai / pratyeka dala yA 10. goyamA ! ettha NaM do nayA bhavaMti taM jahA nicchaiyanae ya / guTa yaha samajhatA hai ki kevala usake anuyAyI aura sadasya hI deza ke vAvahAriyana goDDe phANiyagule necchaiyanayassa paMcavanne dugaMdhe paMcarase prazAsanika padoM ke yogya haiM / usameM itanA dhairya nahIM ki vaha dUsare daloM aTThaphAse pannate / bhagavatI sUtra saMpA0-ghAsIlAla jI mahArAja, ke sujhAvoM evaM guNoM ko dekha sake / yaha eka ghAtaka pravRtti hai| pratyeka za018 u06 suu01| vyakti yaha socatA hai ki vahI ekamAtra aisA vyakti hai jisake lie 11. sAdhanA ke mUlamaMtra, upAdhyAya amara muni, AgarA, pR0 283 / 12. utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat / - tattvavArthasUtra vive0 paM0 sukhalAla sampUrNa vizva kI sattA hai aura dUsare loga usakI dayAlutA, sahAnubhUti, saMghavI, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha graMthamAlA-22, vArANasI, a05, snehazIlatA Adi ke pAtra haiN| lekina saMgharSa kA kAraNa yaha hai ki vizva gaathaa-29| meM anaginata dUsare loga bhI haiM jo usI vizvAsa aura dAve kI icchA rakhate 13. cintana kI manobhUmi, sampA0-DaoN0 bI0 ena0 sinhA, pR0111| haiM / yahIM se saMgharSa kA sUtrapAtra hotA hai| 14. anekAntAtmakArthakathanaM syAdvAdaH / nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga-2 saMpA0yadi hama saba isa ekAntavAda ke duSpariNAma kA anubhava kara paM0 mahendra kumAra, mANikacandra di0 jainagranthamAlA-38, bambaI sakeM aura "bhI' kA prayoga kara sakeM tathA yaha samajheM ki pratyeka ko 1941, pRSTha 686 / dUsaroM kI icchAoM, AzAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI upekSA nahIM karanI 15. aSTasahastrI, sampA0-vaMzIdhara, zolApura, 1915, pRSTha-287 / cAhie, dUsaroM ke guNoM ko khojanA, pahacAnanA aura sarAhanA cAhie tathA 16. nAyaM vastu na cAvastu vastvaMza: kathyate budhaiH / unake sAtha mitratA aura zAntipUrvaka rahanA cAhie, to vizva Aja jisa nA samudraH samudro vA samudrAMzo yathaiva hi / / -ratnakarAvatArikA, rUpa meM dikhAI de rahA hai, usase bilkula bhinna hogaa| anekAnta kI chAyA sampA0-60 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI graMthamAlA-24, ahamadAbAda, 1968, bhAga-3, pRSTha-4 / meM vikasita saha-astitva kA siddhAnta hI vizva zAnti kA sabase sugama 17. pramANapratipAtrathaikadezaparAmarza nayaH / - syAdvAdamaJjarI, sampA0evaM zreSTha upAya hai| DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina, zrImad rAyacaMda jainazAstramAlA-12, agAsa sandarbha 1935, pRSTha 242 / 1. anekAzcAso antazca iti anekAntaH / ratnakarAvatArikA, saMpA0 18. pratipakSo vastvaMzagrAhI jJAturabhiprAyo nayaH / nirAkRtapratipakSastu paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA, lAlabhAI dalapata bhAI granthamAlA nayAbhAsaH / ityanayoH sAmAnyalakSaNam / prameyakamalamArtaNDa, 16, ahamadAbAda 1968, pRSTha-89 / anu0 AryikA jinamatI, pRSTha-657 / 2. nyAyadIpikA, sampA0 paM0 darabArIlAla koThiyA, vIra sevA maMdira 19. syAdvAdamaMjarI, zlo0 28 graMthamAlA-4, sahAranapura 1945, a03, shlo076| 20. zrImArgaparizuddhi, zlo07 3. samayasAra TIkA (amRtacandra) uddhRta-DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, anekAnta, 21. bhagavatIsUtra, 1/8/10 syAdvAda aura saptabhaMgI-eka cintana, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama graMthamAlA 22. prajJApanAsUtra, pada-3 sU0-26 52, vArANasI 1990, pRSTha-8 / 23. bhagavatIsUtra, 7/2/5 4. cintana kI manobhUmi, saMpA0-DaoN0 bI0 ena0 sinhA, sanmati 24. vahI, 2/12/12 jJAnapITha AgarA, 1970, pRSTha-106 / 25. vahI, 7/1/1 5. Rgveda, dayAnanda sarasvatI, dayAnanda saMsthAna, naI dillI, ma0 26. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/12/22 10 a0 91 suu014| 27. bhagavatIsUtra, 7/2/1 6. vahI, 1/32/15 tathA bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, saMpA0, kAzInAtha 28. vahI, 7/2/3 Agaze, AnandAzrama saMskRta granthAvalI graMthAMka-15, a0 2 brA0 / Jain Education Intemational

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mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta : sAmAjika nyAya kA amogha mantra DaoN0 kamalacanda sogANI vartamAna yuga meM parigraha kI sImA kAphI carcA kA viSaya banI mana meM yaha bAta rahI hogI ki samAja sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM ke samudAya se haI hai| mahAvIra yuga meM hiMsA kA prAdhAnya thA para aisA lagatA hai ki Aja hI nirmita hotA hai aura aparigraha kI carcA usa ke yuga meM parigraha kA prAdhAnya hai / aisA nahIM hai ki mahAvIra yuga meM mahattva kI hai / isalie sAmAjika dRSTikoNa se bAhya vastuoM kI parigraha kI sImA kI carcA na ho / ati prAcIna granthoM meM parigraha kI sImA upasthiti aura antaraGga mUrchA ke hone meM eka kArya-kAraNa kA sambandha ke bAre meM spaSTa kathana milate haiN| unameM yaha kahA gayA hai ki gRhastha svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, arthAta unhoMne yaha svIkAra kiyA ki jahA~ ko dhana-dhAnya Adi vastuoM ko sImita karanA cAhie aura saMbhavatayA bAhya vastue haiM (vAstavika athavA kAlpanika) vahA~ mUrchA hogI hii| yaha isa nirdeza ko mAnakara kaI gRhasthoM ne parigraha kI sImA ko bA~dha kara kArya-kAraNa sambandha sAmAjika stara para ucita pratIta hotA hai, arthAta aparigraha kI dizA meM avazya hI pragati kI hogii| unhoMne pAMca hAthI kisI vyakti ke bAharI parigraha ko dekhakara athavA bAharI parigraha kI icchA ke bajAya do hAthI rakhe hoMge, dasa makAna ke bajAya eka makAna rakhA ko jAnakara hama sAdhAraNatayA usakI antaraMga mUrchA kA anumAna kara hogA, lAkhoM rUpayoM ke bajAya hajAroM rUpaye rakhe hoNge| isa taraha se sakate haiN| isa taraha sAmAjika dRSTikoNa se bAhya vastuoM kA honA va parigraha ke tyAga kA udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hogaa| samAja ne aise logoM na honA hI mahattva kA hai| mUrchA kA honA aura na honA pUrNatayA vyaktigata ko tyAgI kahakara sammAnita bhI avazya kiyA hogA, kyoMki ve to granthoM hotA hai / samAja kI nigAha kevala bAhya vastuoM para hI ho sakatI hai kI sIdhI-sAdI bhASA ke anusAra apane jIvana ko DhAla rahe the| aura usI ko kama-jyAdA karanA samAja ke hAtha meM hai| ataH parigraha kA yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isa prakAra ke tyAga ko lakSaNa sAmAjika dRSTikoNa se mUrchA na hokara bAhya vastuoM kA honA aparigraha kI saMjJA dI jAya ? isase adhika gaharA prazna yaha upasthita (vAstavika) hI mAnA jA sakatA hai / isalie aparigrahavAdiyoM ne sthAnahotA hai ki parigraha kA lakSaNa kyA hai ? kyoMki parigraha ke lakSaNa ko sthAna para bAhya vastuoM kI sImA para jhora diyA hai| isa taraha se jAnakara hI hama parigraha-aparigraha kA nirNaya kara sakate haiM / aparigrahavAdiyoM aparigraha ke mApadaNDa kA prazna vastuoM ke parimANa ke mApadaNDa kA ke sAmane jaba yaha prazna AyA to unhoMne aparigraha ko samajhAne ke lie prazna hai / aba prazna yaha hai ki vastuoM kA kitanA saMgraha, aparigraha kI parigraha kA lakSaNa prastuta kiyA / ve samajhate the ki parigraha kA lakSaNa koTi meM mAnA jAya? aura isa pariNAma kA nizcaya kaise kiyA jAya ? jJAta hone para manuSya una lakSaNoM se baca kara aparigrahI bana skegaa| saMbhavatayA isake uttara meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki vastuoM kI isalie unhoMne parigraha kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA ki yaha ho sakatA vyaktigata AvazyakatAnusAra saMkhyA parimANa kA mApadaMDa mAnI jAnI hai jahA~ mUrcha hai vahA~ parigraha hai / isako spaSTa karate hue unakA kahanA caahie| yadi mujhe eka makAna kI AvazyakatA hai to maiM eka makAna hai ki vyakti ke pAsa na makAna ho, na dhana-dhAnya, taba bhI inake prati banavA lU~ aura dUsarA makAna na banavAU~ / isI taraha AvazyakatAnusAra ArkaSaNa yA rAga ho to vaha nizcita rUpa se parigrahI hai, jaise koI lobhI anya vastuoM kA parimANa bhI kara lU~ / yadi merI AvazyakatA eka ati daridra vyakti / isake atirikta yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki bAhya meM karor3a rupaye kI hai to utanA rakha lU~ aura bAkI samAja ko arpaNa kara parigraha ho aura aMtaraMga meM yadi mUrchA nahIM hai to aisA vyakti aparigrahI ddhuuN| aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki AvazkatA kA nirNaya kisa AdhAra para kahalAyegA, jaise rAjA janaka / ho? eka udyogapati kI AvazyakatAeM, prophesara kI AvazyakatAeM yahA~ prazna yaha hai : kyA parigraha kA mU>>lakSaNa korA vyaktigata tathA anya varga ke logoM kI AvazyakatAeM bhinna-bhinna haiM / isalie nahIM hai ? kyA mUrchA hone aura na hone kA jJAna hameM ho sakatA hai ? mUrchA unake parigraha ke parimANa bhI bhinna-bhinna hoNge| kisI ke lie 10 kAreM eka mAnasika sthiti hai jisako dUsare vyaktiyoM meM jAna pAnA to atyanta bhI Avazyaka ho sakatI haiM aura kisI ke lie eka bhI nhiiN| kyA hama kaThina hai / isa taraha se parigraha kA lakSaNa hote hue bhI vyakti va samAja parigraha kA nirNaya vyaktigata AvazyakatAnusAra vastuoM kI saMkhyA ke ke lie yaha upayogI nahIM hai| sambhavatayA isI bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara AdhAra para kara sakate haiM ? mere vicAra se aisA karanA kisI bhI taraha aparigrahavAdiyoM ne kahA ki sAmAnyatayA jahA~ bAhya parigraha hotA hai vahA~ ucita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha dRSTikoNa pUrNatayA vyaktivAdI mUrchA hotI hai| kucha asAdhAraNa vyakti isa koTi se bAhara cale bhI jAyeM hai para aparigraha eka samAjavAdI dRSTi hai / aparigraha kA mApadaNDa taba taba bhI sAdhAraNa logoM ke lie yaha lakSaNa ghaTita hotA hai kyoMki unake taka ucita nahIM kahA jA sakatA jaba taka usake nirNaya meM sAmAjika Jain Education Intemational

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dRSTi ko mahattva na diyA jaay| mere lie kitanA Avazyaka hai isakA nirNaya vyakti nahIM samAja kregaa| vyakti kA nirNaya zoSaNa ko janma detA hai para samAja kA nirNaya aparigraha kI bhAvanA ko / samAja kA nirNaya janatAMtrika rAjya kA nirNaya kahA jA sakatA hai| rAjya sAmAjika AvazyakatAnusAra parigraha ke parimANa ko nizcita kara sakatA hai, arthAt kitanA vyakti ke pAsa rahe aura kitanA vyakti se samAja ko calA jAya yadi eka vyakti 100 miloM kA mAlika hai to usake lAbha ko vaha vyakti kitanA rakhe aura samAja ke pAsa kitanA jAya isakA nirNaya vyakti nahIM samAja hI karegA / / kabhI-kabhI yaha kahA jAtA hai ki parivAha ke parimANa kI bhAvanA samAja kI pragati ko avaruddha karane vAlI hotI hai| kintu mere vicAra se aisA mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| aparigraha kI bhAvanA vyakti kI utpAdana zakti ko kSINa nahIM karatI, para usakI saMgraha zakti ko sImita karane kI bAta kahatI hai / atyAdhika saMgrahavRtti eka mAnasika roga hai aura svastha samAja ke nirmANa ke lie isa roga ko samApta karanA Avazyaka hai| samAja kI pragati utpAdana zakti se hotI hai, saMgrahavRtti se nahIM / ata: aparigraha kA mApadaMDa huA samAja kA vastuoM ke parimANa ke viSaya meM nirNaya eka aisA deza ho sakatA hai jahAM kisI vyakti ke pAMca bhavana bhI parigraha na mAne jAyeM aura eka aisA deza bhI ho sakatA hai jahAM eka bhavana kA honA bhI parigraha ko koTi meM Aye isa taraha se kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUrchA kI tIvratA va mandatA kA saMbaMdha rAjasthAna apane prAcIna jaina maMdiroM (prAsAdoM) ke liye dezabhara meM prasiddha rahA hai| ina prAsAdoM kI bhavyatA aura vAstukalA donoM ko hI dekhakara Aja ke adhyetAoM ko Azcarya hotA hai| rAjasthAna meM bIkAnera rAjya apanI garama jalavAyu aura marubhUmi ke hRdaya sthala para base hone ke kAraNa bahuta hI zuSka pradeza ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA rahA hai| bIkAnera rAjya kI sAhitya, kalA, vAstukalA evaM vIratA meM apanI alaga pahacAna rahI hai| isakI sthApanA meM bhI jaina zrImaMtoM- zrAvakoM kA pramukha hAtha rahA hai / jaba rAva bIkA jI jodhapura se nikala kara jAMgala pradeza meM Aye to unake sAtha meM lAkhasasI baida, cauthamala koThArI, varasiMha bacchAvata sAtha meM the / bIkAnera kA saubhAgya ki rahA jaina osavAla gharAne ke hI bacchAvata parivAra, baida parivAra, surANA parivAra, kocara parivAra aura rAkhecA parivAra ke hI vaMzadhara pIr3hI dara pIr3hI dara dIvAna bAhya vastuoM kI saMkhyA se nahIM hai para sAmAjika paristhiti meM vastuoM ke parimANa ke sambandha meM samAja ke nirNaya se hai| sAmAjika paristhiyoM ke badalane se bAhya vastuoM ke parimANa bhI badalate jAyeMge / amarIkA ke parigraha parimANa ke vicAra meM aura bhArata ke parigraha parimANa ke vicAra meM antara hogaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki aparigrahavAdiyoM ne parimANa ke prazna ko khulA hI rakhA hai| deza kAla ke anusAra pariNAma badalA jA sakatA hai| * bIkAnera kA jaina vAstukalA kA anUThA trailokya dIpaka prAsAda zrI hajArImala vA~ThiyA yadi parimANa kA mApa samAja hai to bhArata jaise deza meM kara ke mAdhyama se, bhUmi-sImA Adi ke mAdhyama se parimANa ko nizcita karanA aparigraha kI bhAvanA ko dRr3ha karanA hai| bhArata ke adhikAMza logoM ko dekhate hue hama sabhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM zoSaNavAdI haiN| hamArA eka peMTa eka makAna, eka zarTa bhI parigraha hI hai kyoMki bhArata ke karor3oM loga isase bhI vaMcita haiN| aparigraha kI bhAvanA samAjavAda kI dizA meM hamAre deza ko agrasara kara sakatI hai, kyoMki aparigraha kA mApadaNDa vastu parimANa ke sambandha meM samAja kA nirNaya hai vyakti kA nahIM jisa prakAra ahiMsA rasoI ghara taka sImita raha gayI usI prakAra aparigraha thothe dAna dene taka / eka skUla banavAne, aspatAla banavAne Adi meM hamane aparigraha ko sImita kara diyaa| vAstava meM aparigraha to sArI mAnava jAti ko sammAna se jIne dene kI eka sAmAjika kalA hai aura isa taraha se mahAbIra kA aparigraha kA siddhAnta samAja ko vikasita karane kA eka amogha maMtra hai / (pradhAna maMtrI) aura senAnAyaka (kamAnDara ina cIpha) ke padoM para AsIna rahe aura rAjya kI zrI vRddhi ke sAtha jaina paracama ko bhI phhraayaa| zahara meM caubIsa jina maMdiroM kI sthApanA huI / aneka jaina jJAna bhaMDAra sthApita huye inameM dIvAna karmacaMdra bacchAvata kA nAma siramaura hai jo bAdazAha akabara ke parama mitra aura vizvasanIya vyakti the| vi0 [saM0 1522 Asoja sudi 10 ko maMDora (jodhapura) se gaure bhaiMrUjI kI mUrti ko sAtha lekara rAva bIkAjI ke sAtha 100 ghur3asavAra, 500 paidala sainikoM ke sAtha isa jAMgala pradeza meM Aye aura Asa-pAsa kI pUrI dharatI para apanA kabjAkara vi0 saM0 1545 vaisAkha sudi 2 zanivAra ko bIkAnera ke kile kI jo rAtI ghATI meM sthita haiusakI nIMva mAtA karaNIjI ke hAtha se lagavAI, jisake liye nimna dolA abhI taka prasiddha hai -

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144 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 panarai sau paiMtAlabeM, suda baisAkha sumer| saMvata 1541 meM prArambha karAyA gayA thA aura mUlanAyaka kI pratiSThA thAvara bIja tharapiyau, bIkai bIkAnera / / vi0 saM0 1571 meM saMpanna huii| isake zilAlekha kA pATha isa prakAra bIkAnera sthApanA ke bAda se hI dina dUnA aura rAta caugunA zrI haievaM samRddhi se samRddha hotA rahA aura isake liye bhI nimna dohA prasiddha 1.saMvata 1571 varSe Asau 2.sudI 2 ravau rAjAdhirAja UMTa miThAI isatarI, sonogahaNo sAha / 3. zrI lUNakaraNa jI vijaya rAjye pA~ca cIja pRthvI sirai, bAha bIkANA vAha / / 4.sAha bhAMDA prAsAda nAma telobhArata kI AjAdI ke bAda rAjasthAna meM bhI dezI-riyAsatoM kA 5.kya dIpaka karApitaM sUtra0 punargaThana huA hai to bIkAnera rAjya ke tIna jile ho gaye - (1) bIkAnera 6.gaudA kArita (2) zrIgaMgAnagara (3) curu / bIkAnera jilA marubhUmi kI goda meM nirmANa kI zailI bhI dRSTi se 52 prakAra ke jinAlaya hote haiM, rAjasthAna meM AthUNai-utarAdai 27.11 aura 2903 uttarI akSAMza aura unameM se yaha trailokya dIpaka' zailI kA hai evaM isakA nirmANa kArya 7154 aura 74.12 pUrvI dezAntara para sthita hai / prastuta Alekha meM sUtradhAra gauMdA kI dekharekha meM sampanna huaa| bIkAnera zahara ke eka jaina prAsAda-bhANDAsara jaina maMdira kI vAstukalA isa maMdira ke nirmANa se sambandhita eka ghaTanA 483 varSa jAne para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| ke bAda Aja bhI jana-jana kI jubAna para hai evaM yaha ghaTanA batAtI hai bIkAnera meM sabase prAcIna jaina maMdira zrI cintAmaNi jI kA hai ki pUrvajoM meM dharma kA marma samajhane kI kitanI vilakSaNa buddhi thI evaM jo kandoI bAjAra (bhujiyA bAjAra) meM hai jisakI pratiSThA vi0 saM01561 ve kisa prakAra eka-eka bUMnda dravya kA sadupayoga karanA jAnate the| baisAkha sudi ravivAra ko huI aura usake bAda dUsarA prAcIna maMdira isa maMdira ke nirmAtA zAha bhAMDA ghI kA vyApAra karate the| eka 'bhANDAsara maMdira' hai jisakI pratiSThA vi0 saM0 1571 Asauja sudi dina ghI ke maTake meM eka makkhI gira gayI / zAha ne turanta makkhI ko 2 ko huI / yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki isa bhANDAsara prAsAda ko lekara nikAla kara uMgalI kI sahAyatA se pheMka diyA, lekina makkhI pheMkane aneka vidvAnoM ne usake alaga-alaga pakSoM ko lekara Alekha prakAzita se bhUmi para do cAra bU~deM ghI kI bhI gira gayI to unhoMne uThakara bhUmi para karavAye haiN| kintu maine apane jIvana kAla meM jaba jaba isa prAsAda kA par3I ghI kI bUMdoM ko vApisa uMgalI kI sahAyatA se par3I apanI jUtI avalokana kiyA, mujhe isa prAsAda kI nirmANa zailI meM kucha na kucha nayA para ragar3a diyA / isa samaya maMdira kA nirmANa kArya dekhane vAlA mistrI hI najara aayaa| vahA~ pAsa meM khar3A thA / vaha seTha kI yaha harakata dekhakara apane mana meM isa maMdira kA sUtradhAra jaisalamera kA godA nAma kA vyakti socane lagA ki yaha vyakti kyA maMdira banavAyegA? ata: usane seTha ke thaa| isake nirmANa kArya meM mukhyarUpa se jaisalamera kA TikAU patthara mana kI thAha lene ke lie kahA ki seTha jI isa maMdira ko nirupadrava evaM aura khArI ke lAla patthara kA upayoga huaa| isake bhavya raMga-maMDapa, sudRr3ha banAne ke liye isakI nIMva meM ghI DAlane kI jarUrata hai| itanA vizAla gaMbaja aura zikhara kI nirmANa kalA itanI sundara hai ki AdamI kahakara vaha to calA gayA aura jaba dUsare dina subaha AyA to yaha usako dekhate hI bhAva vibhora ho uThatA hai / isa timaMjile bhavya jinAlaya dekhakara vismita raha gayA ki nIMva meM ghI DAlA jA rahA hai tanta usane kA zikhara bhArata ke sarvocca zikharoM meM se eka hai| maMdira ko vizAlatA seTha ke paira pakar3a liye aura sahI bAta bayAna kara dii| isa bAta se lagAI jA sakatI hai ki isake parakoTe kI lambAI sAmane unakI bAta sunakara seTha ne kahA ki usa bhUmi para gire hue ghI se 177 phuTa aura pIche se 190 phuTa hai| isI prakAra isakI caur3AI para cIMTiyAM jamA ho jAtI aura anajAne meM una para paira par3ane se jIva sAmane se 145 phuTa 6 iMca aura pIche se 105 phuTa 6 iMca hai| mUla hiMsA hotI jaba ki jUtI para ghI cupar3ane se jUtI majabUta hogI aura hiMsA maMdira kI lambAI 72 phuTa 6 iMca va bAhya maNDapa 22 phuTa 6 iMca, ruukegii| unhoneM kahA ki sad kAryoM meM dravya kA upayoga karo durupayoga kula 95 phuTa hai| isI prakAra isakI pIche kI caur3AI 52 phUTa 6 iMca nhiiN| aura sAmane kI ora 39 phaTa baiThatI hai / tIna maMjilA hone ke isake nirmANa ke lie jaisalamera se patthara maMgAyA gayA thA evaM phalasvarUpa va nagara meM U~ce sthAna para nirmita hone ke kAraNa isakI yahAM kA pAnI khArA hone ke kAraNa nirmANa kArya ke lie pAnI yahA~ se samatala bhUmi se U~cAI 118 phuTa aura maMdira ke pharza se 39 phuTa hai| 8 mIla dUra 'nAla' nAmaka gAMva se ma~gAyA gayA tAki maMdira sudRr3ha rahe / isI bhAMti maMdira parakoTe kA osAra 10 phuTa caur3A uThAyA huA hai aura una vyaktiyoM kI sUjha-bUjha kA hI pariNAma hai ki Aja lagabhaga 500 Upara kI ora kaMgUre 2 phuTa 6 iMca caur3e haiN| varSa vyatIta ho jAne para bhI yaha maMdira usI zAna se sInA tAne khar3A hai| isa maMdira kA nirmANakArya zAha bhAnA ke putra zAha bhAMDA dvArA pIle pASANa ke zikhara para saMgamaramara ke sapheda cUne se palastara kiyA

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huA hai| pArzvabhAga meM bhI ati sundara vibhinna vAdya yantra lie hue citra bane hue haiN| maMdira kI bhamatI (pherI) tIna pheriyoM ke rUpa meM hai| caumukha mukhya praveza dvAra para tIrthaGkaroM ke janmAbhiSeka kA citra banA huA hai| sabhI pratimA hone ke kAraNa pahalI pherI garbhagRha meM hai, dUsarI pherI cAra bhAgoM khambhoM evaM anya khAlI sthAnoM para sundara phUlapattI kA akaMna hai| meM vibhakta hai, kyoMki cAroM ora darzanArtha jagaha rakhI gaI hai| ina cAra maMdira kA pharza sundara saMgamaramara kA hai evaM pharza meM bhI anekoM bhAgoM meM pratyeka bhAga meM kAusagga mudrA meM 6tIrthaGkara mUrtiyAM, do yakSa sundara-sundara namUne banAye gaye haiM, jinakA nirmANa Aja asaMbhava sA mUrtiyAM evaM cAra nRtyAMganAeM banI huI haiN| isa prakAra pUrI bhamatI meM 24 pratIta hotA hai| isa maMdira kA vikAsa krama bIsavIM sadI meM bhI nahIM rukA jina mUrtiyAM, 8 yakSa evaM 16 nRtyAMganAeM banI huI hai| kula 48 mUrtiyAM aura isa sadI ke prAraMbha meM hI ise citrakalA ke mAdhyama se sajAne kA kAma hAtha meM liyA gayA / bIkAnera ke hI citrakAra marAdabakhza ne mUla nAyaka ke Upara vizAla chatrI banI huI hai, jisake cAroM vi0 saM0 1960 meM cAra varSa taka nirantara kArya karake aneka citra evaM khambhoM va vedI para zuddha svarNa se manota kA atyanta manohArI kAma kiyA sone kI manotI kA kArya kara maMdira ke saundarya meM abhivRddhi kI / haA hai / sabhA maNDapa ko sajAne meM bhI citrakAroM ne koI kasara nahIM uparokta Alekha merI dRSTi meM jaina vAstukalA aura citrakalA ke naye chor3I aura apane hunara kA svarNima pradarzana kiyA hai| maMdira ke andara AyAmoM ko samajhane meM sakSama hogaa| vartamAna meM isakI prabandha vyavasthA vibhinna jaina kathAoM se sambandhita saikar3oM citra bane hue haiM jo aise lagate zrI cintAmaNi jaina maMdira pranyAsa nAmaka saMsthA kara rahI hai| haiM ki abhI muMha se bolane vAle haiN| isake alAvA sabhI daravAjoM ke jaina paramparA ke vikAsa meM striyoM kA yogadAna DaoN0 aruNa pratApa siMha jaina paramparA kI vizeSa prasiddhi tyAga, tapasyA, saMyama evaM bhayabhIta vyakti kA kathana hai jo AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM strI ko nivRttimUlaka guNoM ke kAraNa hai / vaha vyakti meM una mAnavIya mUlyoM ke bAdhaka samajhatA hai| inhIM granthoM meM jo atyalpa udAharaNa prApta haiM, unase vikAsa kA prayAsa karatI hai jisase vyakti sacce arthoM meM manuSya bana spaSTa hai ki paMka striyAM nahIM, puruSa bhI hai / vahI use patha-bhraSTa karanA sake / jaina paramparA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika sahiSNutA meM vizvAsa karatI cAhatA hai aura isakA prayAsa bhI karatA hai / uttarAdhyayana meM varNita hai| vItarAgatA kA bhAva jisa kisI meM bhI ho, usake lie vandanIya hai| rAjImatI evaM rathanemi kA udAharaNa isakA pramANa hai / rAjImatI bhojakula isa prakAra yaha paramparA sarvadharmasamabhAva se anuprANita hai| isakA vizvAsa ke nareza ugrasena kI eka saMskArita putrI thI, jisakA vivAha zrIkRSNa hai ki yadi vyakti apane antarnihita guNoM kA vikAsa kara le to vaha ke bhrAtA ariSTanemi se honA nizcita huA thaa| ariSTanemi ke saMnyAsa svayaM tIrthaMkara bana sakatA hai| tIrthaMkara AdhyAtmika guNoM ke vikAsa kI grahaNa karane ke uparAnta rAjImatI ne apane manasAsvIkRta pati ke mArga sarvocca avasthA hai| kA anusaraNa kiyaa| rAjImatI kA vidhivata vivAha nahIM huA thA, vaha itanI utkRSTa avadhAraNAoM se saMpRkta jaina paramparA ke vikAsa cAhatI to punarvivAha kara sakatI thI - isake lie koI bhI naitika yA meM strI-puruSa donoM kA praMzasanIya yogadAna hai| phira bhI striyoM kA yogadAna dhArmika avarodha nahIM thA; parantu sAre vaibhava evaM sAMsArika sukhoM ko to ati mahattvapUrNa hai / aMga sAhitya meM "bhikkhu vA-bhikkhuNI vA" tilAMjali dekara manasAsvIkRta pati ke mArga kA anusaraNa kara usane tathA "niggantha vA nigganthI vA" kA udghoSa na kevala nArI kI mahattA jisa tyAga kA paricaya diyA, yaha pUre bhAratIya sAhitya meM anupama hai, ko maMDita karatA hai, apitu unake yogadAna ko bhI rekhAMkita karatA hai| advitIya hai / saMnyAsa ke mArga meM bhI usakA AcaraNa spRhaNIya hai, jaina paramparA ke AdarzoM evaM mAnyatAoM ko akSuNNa rakhane meM vaMdanIya hai / ekadA ariSTanemi ke darzana ke lie jA rahI rAjImatI ke striyoM kI sArthaka bhUmikA thii| sUtrakRtAMgakAra ko yadyapi yaha kahane meM vastra varSA ke kAraNa bhIga jAte haiN| vahIM eka guphA meM vastra sukhA rahI koI saMkoca nahIM hai ki striyA~ halAhala viSa tathA paMka ke samAna haiN| rAjImatI ko nagna avasthA meM dekhakara rathanemi kA citta vicalita ho yaha puruSa pradhAna samAja kA hI duSpariNAma hai jahA~ hara vyaktigata yA jAtA hai| ve vivAha kA prastAva karate haiM / rAjImatI jisa dRr3ha icchA sAmAjika burAI ko strI ke matthe mar3ha diyA jAtA hai, vAstava meM yaha eka zakti kA paricaya detI hai, vaha jaina paramparA kI amUlya dharohara hai /

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146 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 rAjImatI dhikkArate hue rathanemi se kahatI hai ki he rathanemi tU yadi jJAtAdharmakathA meM thAvaccAputra kA varNana hai jo apanI mAtA kA sAkSAta indra bhI ho taba bhI maiM terA varaNa nahIM kara sakatI huuN| vaha unheM ekamAtra putra thA / putra kA saMkalpa jAnane para usakI mAtA thAvaccA svayaM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha kA nigraha karane tathA indriyoM ko vaza meM karane zrIkRSNa ke pAsa jAtI hai aura unase chatra, makaTa aura cAmara pradAna karane kA upadeza detI hai / usake dRr3ha caritra kA hI pariNAma thA ki rathanemi kA nivedana karatI hai jisase ve apane putra kA abhiniSkramaNa saMskAra ko apanI bhUla kA ehasAsa hotA hai aura ve susthira citta hokara punaH samyakrUpeNa kara sake / 11 isa taraha ke aneka udAharaNa jaina granthoM meM tapa mArga kA avalambana grahaNa karate haiN| bhare par3e haiM / ina pramANoM se striyoM ke yogadAna kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jA aisI ghaTanAoM kA atyadhika mahattva hotA hai / vyakti ke sakatA hai / AcaraNa se hI kisI dharma yA paMtha kA pracAra-prasAra hotA hai tathA vaha jainadharma ke caturvidha saMgha meM bhikSuNI-saMgha evaM zrAvikA saMgha kA logoM kI zraddhA kA kendra banatA hai / AcaraNa se hI sAMskRtika paramparA apanA viziSTa mahattva hai| saMsAra tyAga kara tapa-tapasyA kA pathAnusaraNa vikasita hotI hai, anyathA to vaha korA kitAbI jJAna banakara raha jaatii| karane vAlI bhikSaNiyoM evaM saMsAra meM rahakara ghara-gRhasthI kA bhAra saMcAlana rAjImatI kA AcaraNa eka aisA Adarza hai jo kaI zatAbdiyoM ke bAda karane vAlI zrAvikAoM ne jaina paramparA ke vikAsa meM mahat yogadAna diyA Aja bhI hameM prerita kara rahA hai| hai| jaina AcAryoM ne saMgha ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie niyamoM kI jaina paramparA evaM AdarzoM ko akSuNNa rakhane meM striyoM kA vyavasthA kI / sabhI prAcIna granthoM ke anuzIlana se spaSTa hai ki niyamoM anupama yoga thA / saMgha meM praveza lene ke samaya patnI evaM mAtA kI ke pAlana ke sambandha meM bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM meM koI bheda nahIM kiyA gyaa| anumati Avazyaka thI / yadi ve apane putroM-patiyoM ko saharSa anumati jaina bhikSuNiyA~ una niyamoM ke pAlana meM kasauTI para kharI utriiN| unake na detIM to jaina saMgha meM bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kI itanI adhika saMkhyA na dvArA niyamoM kA ullaMghana kiyA gayA ho - isakI koI spaSTa sUcanA granthoM hotii| apane ekamAtra putra taka ko ve bhikSu banAne meM koI avarodha nahIM se nahIM prApta hotI / sukumAlikA 12, kAlI' Adi bhikSaNiyoM ke kucha banatI thIM - yadi mAtA evaM patnI ke sneha ko taulane kA koI tarAjU hotA udAharaNa avazya haiM, parantu ve apavAdasvarUpa haiM / jJAtAdharmakathA meM to usa para taula kara unake tyAga ke avadAna kA anumAna lagAyA jA sukumAlikA kA jo vRttAnta diyA gayA hai, vaha mahAbhArata ke prasiddha nArI sakatA hai / yuvatI kanyAoM kA pUrA bhaviSya sAmane mu~ha bAye khar3A rahatA pAtra draupadI ke pUrvabhava se sambandhita hai / draupadI kA pA~ca puruSoM ke sAtha thA, vRddha mAtAoM kA jarjara zarIra avarodhaka kA kAma kara sakatA thA, vivAha kA pUrva kAraNa kyA thA - kathA ke mAdhyama se isa para prakAza parantu ina yuvatI kanyAoM evaM vRddha mAtAoM ke samakSa jaina paramparA ke DAlA gayA hai / vastuta: yaha ghaTanA apavAdasvarUpa hI hai - anyathA granthoM Adarza evaM mAnyatAe~ thIM jisake zanai:-zanai: vikAsa kA uttaradAyitva bhI meM varNita prAya: sabhI bhikSuNiyA~ tyAga-tapasyA kI jIvanta pratimAe~ unhIM para thA / nAriyoM ne apane gurutara dAyitva kA mUlyAMkana kiyaa| dikhAyI par3atI haiN| ye bhikSaNiyAM dhyAna evaM svAdhyAya meM lIna rahakara unhoMne apane sAMsArika sukhoM ke Age una AdarzoM evaM mAnyatAoM ko cintana-manana kiyA karatI thIM / antakRddazA meM yakSiNI AryA ke prazraya pradAna kiyA jo akSuNNa thIM tathA nirantara pravAhamAna thiiN| sAnnidhya meM padmAvatI' tathA candanA AryA ke sAnnidhya meM kAlI" Adi jaina dharma ke niyamoM se avagata zrAvaka-patniyoM ne parivAra kI bhikSaNiyoM ko gyAraha aMgoM kA adhyayana karane vAlI batAyA gayA hai| paramparA ko akSuNNa rakhA / ve svayaM dharma meM zraddhA rakhatI thIM tathA apane isI prakAra jJAtAdharmakathA16 meM suvratA aura draupadI ko gyAraha aMgoM meM patroM evaM patiyoM ko protsAhana bhI detI thiiN| pati ke pratikUla hone para niSNAta batAyA gayA hai| jaina bhikSaNiyoM kI vidvattA ke pramANa hameM bauddha bhI usase avirakta na rahane vAlI patnI hI prazaMsanIya mAnI gaI thii| granthoM se bhI hote haiM / therI gAthA kI paramatthadIpanITIkA meM bhadrAkuNDalakezA17 zrAvaka Ananda kI patnI zivAnandA kA aisA hI Adarza caritra upAsakadazAMga tathA naMduttarA8 kA ullekha prApta hotA hai jinhoMne kramaza: mahAn bauddha meM varNita hai / " isI grantha meM culanIpitA kA ullekha hai| devopasarga se bhikSu sAriputra evaM mahAmaudgalyAyana ke sAtha zAstrArtha kiyA thaa| ye vicalita hone para isakI mAtA ne hI upadeza dekara dharma meM dRr3ha rahane ko bhikSuNiyA~ tarkazAstra meM niSNAta thiiN| protsAhita kiyaa| isI prakAra surAdeva kI patnI dhanyA evaM cullazataka dhyAna evaM svAdhyAya ke kSetra meM hI nahIM, tapasyA ke kSetra meM bhI kI patnI bahalA kA varNana hai jinhoMne apane patiyoM kI devopasarga se jaina bhikSaNiyA~ prazaMsA kI pAtra thIM / antakRddazA meM bhikSaNI padmAvatI rakSA kI tathA susthira mana se dharma meM dRr3ha rahane kA upadeza diyaa| ina dvArA upavAsa, belA, telA, colA, paMcolA se lekara pandraha-pandraha dina striyoM kI apanI prazaMsanIya bhUmikA ke kAraNa hI sakaDAlaputra kI patnI kI evaM mahIne-mahIne taka kI vividha prakAra kI tapasyAe~ karane ke agnimitrA ko dharma sahAyikA, dharmavaidyA, dharmAnurAgaraktA, samasukhaduHkha ullekha haiM / isI grantha meM bhikSuNI kAlI kI tapasyA kA bhI varNana hai| sahAyikA kahA gayA hai / culanIpitA kI mAtA ko deva evaM guru ke ratnAvalI tapa karane ke pazcAt AryAkAlI kA zarIra mA~sa aura rakta se sadRza pUjanIya kahA gayA hai / " maryAdA kI rakSA hetu mAtAeM apane rahita ho gayA thA, unake zarIra kI dhamaniyA~ pratyakSa dikhAyI detI thIM, ekamAtra putra taka ko saMgha meM bhejane ko tatpara rahatI thiiN| zarIra itanA kRza ho gayA thA ki uThate-baiThate unake zarIra se haDDiyoM kI Jain Education Intemational

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147 jaina paramparA ke vikAsa meM striyoM kA yogadAna AvAja utpanna hotI thii| svIkAra kareM to bhI hama yaha pAte haiM ki unameM zrAvakoM kI saMkhyA tapa, svAdhyAya evaM dhyAna meM apanA sampUrNa jIvana vyatIta 1,59,000 tathA zrAvikAoM kI saMkhyA 3,18,000 thii| isI karane vAlI ina sAdhviyoM ne jaina dharma kI mahAna paramparA ko pallavita prakAra bhikSu-bhikSuNI saMgha meM bhI bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA bhikSuoM kI tulanA evaM puSpita kiyaa| ina sAdhviyoM ne jaina dharma ke pracAra evaM prasAra meM meM adhika hai| anya tIrthaMkaroM ke caturvidha saMghoM meM bhI bhikSuNiyoM evaM amUlya yogadAna diyA / isakA kramabaddha itihAsa to nahIM likhA jA zrAvikAoM kI saMkhyA puruSoM se adhika hai / saMkhyA kI yaha adhikatA sakatA parantu yaha vicAra avazya kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma ke saMgha meM unakI kriyAzIlatA ko darzAtI hai evaM tatpariNAmasvarUpa unake prasAra meM unakA yogadAna amUlya thA / jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra hetu yogadAna ko rekhAMkita karatI hai / jaina saMgha meM ullikhita yaha saMkhyA bhikSaoM evaM AcAryoM ke sAtha ve bhI una pradezoM meM gaIM jo aparicita kavi kI kalpanA-prasUta nahIM hai apit suspaSTa pramANoM para AdhArita hai| the evaM jahA~ jAnA kaSTa sAdhya thaa| purAtAttvika pramANa hameM bahulatA se nahIM prApta hote, parantu jo bhI prApta jainadharma ke prasAra evaM usakI paramparA ko akSuNNa rakhane meM haiM unase uparyukta tathya kI puSTi hotI hai| udAharaNasvarUpa hama mathurA ke bhikSuNiyoM ke samAna zrAvikAoM kA bhI apratima yogadAna hai| zrAvaka jaina lekhoM kA adhyayana kareM / mathurA ke lekha kSANa samrATa kaniSka evaM zrAvikAoM ke yogadAna ke kAraNa hI inheM saMgha kA viziSTa aMga banAyA usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke samaya ke haiM / kaniSka eka suprasiddha bauddha nareza gayA / dharmarUpI ratha ke do cakroM kI kalpanA kI gaI jisameM eka cakra ke rUpa meM bhI mAnya hai| nizcaya hI jaina saMgha ke lie yaha bahuta anukUla ko bhikSa-bhikSaNiyoM se tathA dUsare cakra ko zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM se paristhiti nahIM rahI hogii| isa sthiti meM bhI mathA meM jaina mandiroM evaM sambandhita kiyA gayA / zrAvikAoM ne hI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko dainika caityoM ke nirmANa meM striyoM kI bahusaMkhyA meM sahabhAgitA hameM Azcarya meM AvazyakatAoM kI cintA se mukta kiyA / jainadharma ke vikAsa meM yaha DAla detI hai| yahA~ jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra hetu bahumUlya dAna karatI unakA mahatI yogadAna thaa| zrAvikAoM ke isa yogadAna ke abhAva meM huI pradarzita haiN| inameM dhanI evaM ucca varga kI striyoM ke sAtha hI dharma ratha kA cakra nissandeha sucAru rUpa se gati karane meM samartha nahIM thaa| lohakAra23, raMgareja, gAMdhika'5, svarNakAra26, nartaka Adi kI patriyoM, sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kA AdhyAtmika jIvana zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke isa yogadAna patniyoM evaM putra-vadhuoM ke dAna kA bhI ullekha hai| inameM gaNikAoM28 kA atyanta RNI rhegaa|" kA bhI nAmollekha hai jo apane anya sambandhiyoM ke sAtha eka mandira zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke yogadAna kI mahattA ko AcAryoM ne bhI ke lie AyAgapaTTa evaM tAlAba ke nirmANa hetu dAna dete hue pradarzita svIkAra kiyaa| uttarAdhyayana meM gRhasthoM ko bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM kA mAtA- haiN| pitA batAyA gayA hai| jaina granthoM meM bhikSuoM evaM zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke samAja ke pratyeka varga ke striyoM kI yaha sahabhAgitA jaina madhya sambandhoM ko vistAra se nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| bhikSaoM ko yaha paramparA ke vikAsa meM unake svata: yogadAna ko sUcita karatI hai| binA nirdeza diyA gayA thA ki ve kisI zrAvaka ke Upara bhAra na baneM / jaise kisI dabAva evaM rAjakIya AkarSaNa ke striyoM kA yaha avadAna jaina dharma bhramara pratyeka phUloM kA rasa grahaNa karatA hai aura unheM koI kaSTa nahIM ke prasAra meM unakI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA ko spaSTa karatA hai| samAja ke pahu~cAtA usI prakAra bhikSuoM ko yaha sujhAva diyA gayA thA ki ve pratyeka ucca evaM nimna varga ke sAtha samAna samparka ne jainadharma ko akSuNNa banAye zrAvaka parivAra para pUrNatayA avalambita na raheM / 21 bhikSuoM kA zrAvaka- rakhA evaM usako nirantara gati pradAna kii| zrAvikAoM se samparka jainadharma ke vikAsa meM mIla kA patthara sAbita jaina dharma paramparA ke vikAsa meM striyoM ke yogadAna sambandhI ye haa| bhArata se bauddha dharma ke samAptaprAya evaM jaina dharma ke nirantara udAharaNa prAcIna granthoM se uddhRta haiN| kAlAntara meM jainadharma meM bhI puruSa vikasita hone meM uparyukta kAraka ne mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhaaii| zrAvaka- kI pradhAnatA ko svIkAra kara liyA gayA - phalasvarUpa samAja meM nArI zrAvikAoM se jaina AcAryoM kA samparka nirantara banA rahA aura Aja bhI kA sthAna gauNa hotA calA gayA aura unakI bhUmikA mahattvahIna ho gyii| hai| isake viparIta bauddha dharma apane upAsaka-upAsikAoM se zanaiH-zanaiH 21vIM zatAbdI ke Ane vAle samaya meM hameM samAja meM nArI kI sArthaka kaTatA huA maThoM evaM caityoM taka sImita raha gyaa| maThoM evaM caityoM ke bhUmikA kI talAza karanI hai| isameM prAcIna sAhitya evaM abhilekha hamAre vidhvaMsa hone para samAja meM unako pahacAnane vAlA bhI koI na rhaa| lie mArga darzaka siddha ho sakate haiN| hameM unakI pratiSThA evaM sammAna jabaki samAja kI urjA zakti arthAt zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM kA protsAhana ke lie nayA kSetra sRjita nahIM karanA hai, apitu pahale se hI prApta unakI jainadharma ko nirantara utsAhita kiye rahA / prazaMsanIya bhUmikA ko punaH pratiSThita karanA hai| jainadharma ke vikAsa, prasAra evaM paramparA ko sthAyitva pradAna sandarbha karane meM Upara hamane jina zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke yogadAna kI carcA kI hai - unameM zrAvikAoM kA yogadAna sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai / yadi jainadharma 1. sUtrakRtAMga (Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, rAjasthAna, 1982), ke sabhI tIrthaMkaroM meM hama kevala mahAvIra kI hI aitihAsikatA ko 1/4/1/10-11; uttarAdhyayana (vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA Jain Education Intemational

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148 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 1972 gacchAcAra (Agama prakAzana samiti), 70, 84 bhikSaNI saMgha (pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1986), 2. uttarAdhyayana, 22/29 pR. 32-60 3. "jaI si rUveNa vesamaNo, lalieNa nlkuubro| 22. "Itisevident that the lay part ofthe community were tahA vi te na icchAmi, jai si sakkhaM purandaro / ' not regarded as outsiders, as seem to have been 4. vahI, 22/47/-49 the case in early Buddhism; their position was, from 5. upAsakadazAMga (Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, 1982), pR.11 the beginning, well defined by religious 6. vahI, pR. 113 duties and privilages. The bond which united them to the order of monks was an effective one it can 7. vahI, pR. 121 not be doubted that this close union between lay8. vahI, pR. 126 men and monks brought about by the similarity of 9. vahI, pR. 164 their religious duties differing not in kind but in de10. vahI, pR. 108 gree enabled jainism to eavoid fundamental changes 11. jJAtAdharmakathA (Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara), 1/5, pR.162 within and to resist dangers from with out for more 12. vahI, 1/16 them two thousand years, while Buddhism, being 13. antakRddazA (zrI AtmArAma jaina prakAzana samiti, ludhiyAnA). less exacting as regards the lay men underwent the ___aSTama vrg| most extraordinary evolutions and finally disap14. vahI, paMcama varga, peared altogether in the country of its origin". 15. vahI, aSTama varga - Jacobi, H.; Jainism, Encyclopaedia of Religion 16. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/16 and Ethicss, Vol. VII, p. 470 17. therIgAthA, paramatthadIpanI TIkA, 46 23. List of Brahmi Inscriptions (Ed. H. Luders Berlin, 18. vahI, 42 Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1972), 329,53,54. 19. antakRddazA, paMcama varga 20. "taeNaM sA kAlI ajjA teNaM orAleNaM jAva dhamaNi saMtayA jAyA . 24. Ibid, 32. 25. Ibid, 37,68,76. yA vi hotthA / se jahA nAmae iMgAlasagaDI vA jAva suhuyahuyAsaNe / 26. Ibid, 95. iMva bhAsarAsipalicchaNNa, taveNaM teeNaM tavateyasirIe aIva 27. Ibid, 100. uvasobhemANI citttthii| - vahI, aSTama varga 28. Ibid. 102. 21. dazavaikAlika, 1/2-4; vistAra ke lie dekheM - jaina aura bauddha Jain Education Intemational

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jaina sAhitya aura zilpa meM vAgdevI sarasvatI DaoN0 mArutinandana tivArI ___ saMgIta, vidyA aura buddhi kI adhiSThAtrI devI sarasvatI bhAratIya sAhitya meM : deviyoM meM sarvAdhika lokapriya rahI haiN| bhAratIya deviyoM meM kevala lakSmI aMgavijjA, paumacariya aura bhagavatIsUtra jaise prAcIna granthoM meM (samRddhi kI devI) evaM sarasvatI hI aisI deviyA~ haiM jo bhArata ke brAhmaNa, sarasvatI kA ullekha medhA aura buddhi kI devI ke rUpa meM hai| ekANaMsA bauddha aura jaina tInoM pramukha dharmoM meM samAna rUpa se lokapriya rahI haiN| sirI buddhI medhA kittI srsstii| -aMgavijjA, adhyAya 58 brAhmaNa dharma meM sarasvatI ko kabhI brahmA kI (matsyapurANa) aura kabhI devI ke lAkSaNika svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa AThavIM zatI I0 meM viSNu kI (brahmavaivartapurANa) zakti batAyA gayA hai| brahmA kI patrI ke rUpa hI pUrNatA prApta kara sakA thA / AThavIM zatI I0 ke graMtha caturvizatikA meM bhI sarasvatI kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bauddhoM ne prArambha meM sarasvatI (bappabhaTTisUrikRta) meM haMsavAhanA sarasvatI ko caturbhuja batAyA gayA hai kI pUjA buddhi kI devI ke rUpa meM kI thI, para bAda meM use maMjazrI kI aura usakI bhujAoM meM akSamAlA, padma, pustaka evaM veNu ke pradarzana kA zakti ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyA / jJAtavya hai ki maMjazrI bauddha deva- nirdeza hai / veNu kA ullekha nizcita hI azuddha pATha ke kAraNa huA hai| samUha ke eka pramukha devatA rahe haiN| jainoM meM bhI sarasvatI prAcIna kAla vAstava meM ise vINA honA cAhie thaa| se hI lokapriya rahI haiM, jinake pUjana kI prAcInatA ke hameM sAhityika prakaTapANitale japamAlikA kamalapustakaveNuvarAdharA / aura purAtAtvika pramANa prApta hote haiN| dhavalahaMsasamA zrutavAhinI haratu me duritaM bhuvibhAratI / / prAraMbhika jaina granthoM meM sarasvatI kA ullekha medhA aura baddhi -- caturvizatikA dasavIM zatI I0 ke grantha nirvANakalikA (pAdaliptasUrikRta) kI devI ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai, jise ajJAna rUpI aMdhakAra kA nAza meM samAna vivaraNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| kevala veNu ke sthAna karanevAlI batAyA gayA hai / saMgIta, jJAna aura buddhi kI devI hone ke para varadamudrA kA ullekha hai / 1412 I0 ke grantha AcAradinakara kAraNa hI saMgIta, jJAna aura buddhi se saMbadhita lagabhaga sabhI pavitra pratIkoM / (vardhamAnasUrikRta) meM bhI samAna vivaraNoM kA ullekha hai / kevala (zvetaraMga, vINA, pustaka, padma, haMsavAhana) ko usase sambaddha kiyA gayA yA gayA varadamudrA ke sthAna para vINA ke pradarzana kA nirdeza hai| thaa| jaina granthoM meM sarasvatI kA anya kaI nAmoM se bhI smaraNa kiyA gayA, bhagavatI vAgdevate viinnaapstkmauktikaalvlyshvetaabjmnndditkre| yathA zrutadevatA, bhAratI, zAradA, bhASA, vAk, vAkdevatA, vAgIzvarI, - AcAradinakara vAg-vAhinI, vANI aura brAhmI / ullekhanIya hai ki jainoM ke pramukha zvetAmbara granthoM ke viparIta digambara grantha pratiSThAtilaka (1543 upAsyadeva tIrthakara rahe haiM, jinakI zikSAeM jinavANI', 'Agama' yA I0) meM sarasvatI kA vAhana mayUra batAyA gayA hai / pratimAnirUpaNa 'zrata' ke rUpa meM jAnI jAtI thIM / jaina Agama graMthoM ke saMkalana evaM sambandhI graMthoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki haMsavAhanA (kabhI-kabhI lipibaddhIkaraNa kA prAthamika prayAsa lagabhaga dUsarI zatI I0 pU0 ke mayaravAhanA) sarasvatI catarbhajA hoMgI aura unake karoM meM makhyata: madhya meM mathurA meM prAraMbha huA thaa| aisI dhAraNA hai ki mathurA meM prArambha pustaka, vINA tathA padma pradarzita hogaa| hone vAle sarasvatI-Andolana ke kAraNa hI jaina Agamika jJAna kA lipibaddhIkaraNa prArambha huA thA aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa hI Agamika mUrta aMkanoM meM : jJAna kI adhiSThAtrI devI ke rUpa meM sarasvatI ko usakA pratIka banAyA jaina paramparA meM sarasvatI kI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa kuSANa-yuga gayA aura usakI pUjA prArambha kI gii| Agamika jJAna kI adhiSThAtrI se nirantara madhyayuga (12vIM zatI I0) taka sabhI kSetroM meM lokapriya rahA devI hone ke kAraNa hI usakI bhujA meM pustaka ke pradarzana kI paramparA hai| mUrtacitraNoM meM sarasvatI ko mukhyata: tIna svarUpoM meM abhivyakta prArambha haI / matharA ke kaMkAlITIle se prApta sarasvatI kI prAcInatama jaina kiyA gayA hai - dvibhuja, caturbhuja aura bahabhaja / graMthoM ke nirdezoM ke pratimA meM bhI devI kI eka bhujA meM pustaka pradarzita hai| kuSANayugIna anurUpa hI mUrta aMkanoM meM sarasvatI kA vAhana haMsa (yA mayUra) hai aura ukta sarasvatI mUrti (132 I0) samprati rAjakIya saMgrahAlaya, lakhanaU unakI bhujAoM meM mukhyata: vINA, pustaka evaM padma pradarzita hai / sarasvatI (kramAMka je-24) meM saMkalita hai| ko yA to padma para eka paira laTakAkara lalitamudrA meM AsIna nirUpita kiyA gayA hai, yA phira sthAnaka mudrA meM khar3e rUpa meM / Jain Education Intemational

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150 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 sarasvatI kI prAcInatama mUrti kuSANakAla (132 I0) kI hai, jo mathurA ke kaMkAlITIle se prApta huI hai| jaina paramparA kI yaha sarasvatI mUrti bhAratavarSa meM sarasvatI pratimA kA prAcInatama jJAta udAharaNa hai| dvibhuja sarasvatI kA donoM paira mor3akara pIThikA para baiThe darzAyA gayA hai | devI kA mastaka aura dakSiNa bhujA bhagna hai| devI kI vAmabhujA meM pustaka pradarzita hai| bhagna dakSiNa bhujA meM akSamAlA ke kucha manake spaSTa dikhAI par3ate haiM / sarasvatI ke donoM pArzvoM meM do upAsaka AmUrtita haiM, jinameM se eka kI bhujA meM ghaTa pradarzita hai aura dUsarA namaskAramudrA meM avasthita hai / ullekhanIya hai ki isa mUrti ke bAda AgAmI lagabhaga 450 varSoM taka yAnI guptavaMza kI samApti taka jaina paramparA kI eka bhI sarasvatI mUrti prApta nahIM hotii| sarasvatI mUrti kA dUsarA udAharaNa sAtavIM zatI I0 kA hai| rAjasthAna ke vasaMtagar3ha nAmaka sthAna se prApta mUrti meM dvibhuja sarasvatI ko sthAnaka mudrA meM padmAsana para AmUrtita kiyA gayA hai| padmAsana ke donoM ora maMgalakalaza utkIrNa haiN| sarasvatI kI bhujAoM meM padma aura pustaka pradarzita hai| sarasvatI bhAmaNDala hAra, ekAvalI evaM anya sAmAnya alaMkaraNoM se sajjita hai| dvibhuja sarasvatI kI anya mUrti rAjasthAna ke hI rANakapura jaina mandira (jilA pAlI) se prApta hai / isameM sarasvatI ko donoM hAthoM se vINAvAdana karate hue darzAyA gayA hai| samIpa hI haMsavAhana utkIrNa hai| " - " sarasvatI kI saMgamaramara kI eka manohArI pratimA rAjasthAna ke gaMgAnagara jile ke pallU nAmaka sthAna meM hai| 10vIM 11vIM zatI I0 kI isa mUrti meM caturbhuja sarasvatI ko sAdhAraNa pIThikA para khar3A darzAyA gayA hai| pIThikA para haMsavAhana aura hAtha jor3e upAsaka AkRtiyA~ nirUpita hai / alaMkRta kAMtimaNDala se yukta devI ke zIrSabhAga meM tIrthaMkara kI laghu AkRti utkIrNa hai| devI ke Urdhva dakSiNa aura bAma karoM meM kramazaH sanAlapadma aura pustaka pradarzita hai, jaba ki nicale karoM meM varada-akSamAlA aura kamaNDala sthita hai| sarasvatI ke donoM pArtho meM veNu aura vINAvAdinI strI AkRtiyA~ AmUrtita haiM / sarasvatI - mUrti ke donoM pArzvoM aura zIrSa bhAga meM alaMkRta toraNa utkIrNa hai, jisa para jaina tIrthakaroM mahAvidyAoM, gandhavoM aura gaja vyAloM kI AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| devI kaI prakAra ke hAroM, karaNDamukuTa, vanamAlA, dhotI, bAjUbanda, mekhalA, kaMgana aura cUr3iyoM jaise alaMkaraNoM se subhobhita hai| mUrti sampati bIkAnera ke gaMgA golDena jubilI saMgrahAlaya (kramAMka 203) meM hai / samAna vivaraNoM vAlI kaI mUrtiyA~ khajurAho (madhyapradeza), tAraMgA evaM vimalavasahI aura sevAr3I jaise jaina sthaloM meM haiN| aisI eka mUrti rASTrIya saMgrahAlaya, dillI (kramAMka- 1/6/278) meM bhI zobhA pA rahI hai| jhAMsI jile ke antargata devagar3ha meM bhI gyArahavIM zatI I0 kI eka manojJa sarasvatI-mUrti hai / jaTAmukuTa se suzobhita caturbhuja sarasvatI sthAnakamudrA meM sAmAnya pIThikA para khar3I haiN| sarasvatI kI bhujAoM meM akSamAlA vyAkhyAnamudrA, padma varadamudrA aura pustaka pradarzita hai| mUrti ke zIrSabhAga meM tIna laghu tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ aura pArzvoM meM cAra sevikAe~ haiM AmUrtita haiN| sarasvatI kI do mUrtiyA~ briTiza saMgrahAlaya meM bhI saMkalita rAjasthAna se prApta 11vIM 12vIM zatI I0 kI pahalI mUrti meM caturbhuja sarasvatI tribhaMga meM khar3I haiN| devI kI do avaziSTa vAma bhujAoM meM akSamAlA aura pustaka pradarzita hai| zIrSabhAga meM pA~ca laghu tIrthaMkaramUrtiyA~ evaM pIThikA para sevaka aura upAsaka AmUrtita haiM / dUsarI mUrti saMvat 1091 (1034 I0) meM tivyakita hai| lekha meM spaSTataH vAgdevI kA nAma khudA hai| bar3audA saMgrahAlaya kI 11vIM - 12vIM zatI I0 kI haMsavAhanA caturbhuja sarasvatI mUrti meM devoM ke hAthoM meM vINA, varada-akSamAlA, pustaka evaM jalapAtra pradarzita haiN| pArzvavartI cAmaradhAriNI sevikAoM se sevyamAna sarasvatI vibhinna alaMkaraNoM se sajjita hai| rANakapura kI catarbhuja mUrti meM devI ko lalitamudrA meM AsIna dikhAyA gayA hai| devI kI bhujAoM meM akSamAlA, vINA, abhayamudrA aura kamaNDalu hai / eka anya udAharaNa meM caturbhuja sarasvatI haMsa para ArUr3ha hai aura unakI eka bhujA meM abhayamudrA ke sthAna para pustaka hai| caturbhuja sarasvatI kI eka sundara pratimA rAjapUtAnA saMgrahAlaya ajamera meM hai / bAMsavAr3A jile ke arthuNA nAmaka sthAna se prApta mUrti meM devI vINA, pustaka akSamAlA aura padma dhAraNa kie haiN| samAna vivaraNoMvAlI mUrtiyA~ kuMbhAriyA ke neminAtha evaM pATaNa ke paMcAsara mandiroM (gujarAta) aura vimalavasahI meM haiN| vimalavasahI kI eka caturbhuja mUrti meM haMsavAhanA sarasvatI kI tIna aviziSTa bhujAoM meM padma padma aura pustaka hai caturbhuja sarasvatI kI 13vIM zatI I0 kI eka sthAnaka mUrti haidarAbAda saMgrahAlaya meM hai| haMsavAhanA devI ke karoM meM pustaka, akSamAlA, vINA aura aMkuza (yA kana) haiN| parikara meM upAsaka aura tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa haiN| rAjasthAna ke bharatapura jile ke bayAnA nAmaka sthAna se prApta caturbhuja mUrti meM devI kA vAhana mayUra haiN| devI ke karoM meM padma pustaka, varada aura kamaNDalu haiN| ( sarasvatI kI bahubhujI mUrtiyoM ke udAharaNa mukhyataH gujarAta tAraMgA ) aura rAjasthAna (vimalavasahI evaM lUNavasahI) ke jaina sthaloM meM haiM / SaDbhuja sarasvatI kI do mUrtiyA~ lUNavasahI meM haiN| donoM udAharaNoM meM sarasvatI haMsa para AsIna haiN| eka mUrti meM devI kI pA~ca bhujAe~ khaNDita haiM aura avaziSTa eka bhujA meM padma hai| dUsarI mUrti meM do UparI bhujAoM meM padma pradarzita hai, jaba ki madhya kI bhujAe~ jJAnamudrA meM haiN| nicalI bhujAoM meM abhayAkSa aura kamaNDalu citrita haiN| aSTabhuja sarasvatI kI haMsavAhanA mUrti tAraMgA ke ajitanAtha mandira meM hai / tribhaMga meM khar3I devI ke 6 avaziSTa karoM meM pustaka, akSamAlA, varadamudrA, padma, pAza evaM pustaka pradarzita hai| sarasvatI kI eka SoDazabhuja mUrti vimalavasahI ke vitAna para utkIrNa hai / nRtyarata puruSa AkRtiyoM se AveSTita devI bhadrAsana para AsIna hai| devI ke avaziSTa hAthoM meM padma, zaMkha, varada, padma pustaka aura kamaNDalu pradarzita hai| haMsavAhanA devI ke zIrSabhAga meM tIrthaMkara mUrti utkIrNa haiN|

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'jaina vAGmaya kA saMgIta pakSa' DaoN0 kamala jaina saMgIta hamArI antarAtmA ke pariSkAra evaM usake AdhyAtmIkaraNa Ayojana karatI rahatI thii| saMgIta ke sAta svaroM kI utpatti ke viSaya kA sahaja evaM sazakta mAdhyama hai| yaha cetanA ko usa loka meM pratiSThita meM kaI prakAra ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / sthAnAMgasUtra meM saMgIta ke sAta karatA hai jahAM saundarya bodha AdhyAtmika bodha kI abhivyaMjanA bana jAtA svaroM kI utpatti nAbhi se mAnI gaI hai| kIrtikeyAnuprekSA meM sapta svaroM hai| saMgIta prAkRtika Ananda bhAva kA naisargika ucchavAsa hai, gaganacArI kA sambandha zArIrika avayavoM se mAnA gayA hai / kaNTha se SaDaja, zira vihaMgo ke madhura gIta, jharanoM kA kala-kala ninAda, madhura pavana ke jhokoM se RSabha, nAsikA se gAMdhAra, hRdaya se madhyama, mukha se paMcama, tAlu se jhUmate per3a paudhoM kA saMgIta kisako ullAsita nahIM krtaa| saMgIta se dhaivata aura sakala zarIra se dhaivata / sthAnAMgasUtra meM pazu-pakSiyoM se kA mukhya uddezya lokacittaraMjana hai, putra janma ho yA jIvana kA koI svarajJAna, mAtrAoM evaM dhvaniyoM kI sambaddhatA batAI gaI hai / mayUra se saMskAra, yuddha ho yA zAMti, pUjA ho yA maMgala yAtrA hara avasara para Sar3aja, kukkuTa se RSabha, haMsa se gAMdhAra, bher3a se madhyama, koyala se saMgIta kI svara lahariyAM gUMjatI rahatI haiN| saMgIta kI madhura jhaMkAra se paMcama, krauMca aura sArasa se dhaivata tathA hAthI se niSAda svara kI utpatti mAnava to kyA pazu-pakSI bhI mohita ho jAte haiM, ve bhI apane krUra svabhAva huI / sAta svaroM ke tIna grAma kahe gaye haiM, Sar3aja grAma, madhyama grAma ko chor3akara ahiMsaka bana jAte haiN| tathA gAndhAra grAma / Sar3ajagrAma kI Aroha-avaroha rUpa sAta mUrcchanAyeM jaina saMskRti aura vAGmaya meM prAcIna kAla se hI saMgIta kA kahIM gaI hai, bhaMgI, pauravIyA, harita , rajanI, sArakAntA, sArasI, zuddha mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / jaina paMraparA ise anAdi nitya mAnatI hai / purUSoM Sar3ajA / madhyama grAma kI sAta mUrcchanAoM meM utarabhadrA, rajanI, uttarA, kI 72 kalAoM aura nArI kI 64 kalAoM meM saMgIta ko zreSTha mAnA uttarAyatA, azvakrAntA, sauvIrA aura abhirudrgtaa| gAMdhAra grAma kI sAta jAtA hai / jaina paurANika mAnyatAnusAra Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne apane mUrchanAoM meM naMdIkSudrikA, pUrakA, zuddhA, gAndhArA, uttara gAMdhArA suThuta putra vRSabhasena ko 100 adhyAyoM vAle saMgIta zAstra meM gIta, vAdya tathA AyAmA evaM uttarAyatA kA ullekha huA hai / gIta ke chaha doSa, ATha gAndharva vidyA kA upadeza diyA thaa| jaina sAhitya meM aneka sthaloM para guNa, tIna vRtta aura do bhaNatiyAM hotI hai jo buddhimAna vyakti inheM jAnatA vividha dRSTiyoM se gItoM ke ullekha milate haiM kahIM kalA kI dRSTi se, hai vaha raMgamaMca para inheM gA sakatA hai / gIta prAkRta aura saMskRta donoM kahI pratipAdana kI dRSTi se aura kahIM virakti kI vivecanA ke rUpa meN| bhASAoM meM gAye jAte hai / anuyogadvAra meM saMgIta viSayaka vistRta samavAyAGga sUtra kI TIkA meM AcArya abhayadeva ne gAndharva kalA ke jJAna- sAmagrI milatI hai usameM svara, gIta, vAdya, mUrcchanAoM ke nAmoM kA krama vijJAna ko gIta kahA hai / jambUdvIpaprajJapti kI TIkA meM AcArya vimala bharata ke nATyazAstra ke anurupa nahIM hai| abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa meM gIta, giri ne pada, svara evaM tAla baddha gAndharva ko gIta kahA hai| saMgItopaniSad- nRtya, vAdya evaM nATya kA vistAra kiyA hai| gIye zabda ke arntagata sArodvAra meM kahA gayA hai ki tUrya vAdya aura nATaka kI utpatti bharata gIta tathA saMgIta kI vistRta paribhASA dI hai jo nATyazAstra, saMgItasamayAsAra cakravartI kI navanidhiyoM meM se aMtima nidhi zaMkha se huI thii| madhya tathA anya sAhityika ullekhoM ke anukUla hai| kAlIna jainakathA nAgapaMcamI meM saMgIta kA mahattva batAte huye kahA gayA jaina sAhitya meM vAdyoM ko tata, vitata, dhana tathA suSira ina hai ki sundara yuvatiyoM ke hAvabhAva se athavA saMgIta ke madhura AlApa cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / nizIthacUrNi meM tata ke arntagata se jisakA hRdaya mugdha nahIM hotA vaha yA to pazu hai yA devatA arthAt vINA, vipaJcI, vaddhisaga, tuNaya, tumbavaNiyA, ThakuNa aura joDaya Adi saMgIta va ramaNiyoM ke hAvabhAva meM mAnava ko rasAsikta karane kI zakti vAdyoM kA ullekha hai / carma se Abaddha vAdya vitata kahe gaye haiM, inameM ___mRdaMga, dardura, bherI, DiMDama Adi haiM / kAMsya Adi dhAtuoM se bane vAdya jaina harivaMzapurANa meM kinnara, gAMdharva, taMbarU, nArada tathA dhana kahe jAte haiN| karatAla, kAMsyavana, nayabhaTA, suktikA, kaNThikA, vizvAsa ko saMgIta ke devatA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI gaI hai| vasudevahiMDI paTavAdya, paTTAghoSa, dhardhara, maMjarI, kartarI Adi kI gaNanA isameM hotI se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki saMgIta zikSA Arambha karane se pahale tumburU aura thii| phUMka kara bajAye jAne vAle vAdya suSira kahe jAte the|10 samarAiccakahA nArada kI pUjA kI jAtI thii| haribhadra ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki meM vINA, zRMga, bherI, tUrya, zaMkha, jhAla, duMdabhI, paTaha Adi vAdyoM kA gAndharva saMgIta kalA meM nipuNa hote the / saMgIta ko vaha apanI ullekha huA hai| vasudevahiMDI meM paDaha, zaMkha, bherI duMdabhI, parilI, AjIvikA kA sAdhana bhI banAte the| gAndharva striyAM saMgIta sAmArohoM kA parvaka, pallIsaga, kAhala, vantaga kharamukhI muMkada, bhallarI AliMga,

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152 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 mRdaMga, veNu, vINA Adi tata, vitata evaM suSira vAdyoM kA ullekha huA pradarzita kI thii| kapila muni ne dhruvapada gAkara pAMca taskaroM se steya hai|12 dazAzrutaskandha meM kahA gayA hai ki bhogakula aura ugrakula ke kRtya chur3A kara unheM zramaNa dIkSA pradAna kI thii| citra aura saMbhUta nAmaka rAjakumAra nATya, gItavAdiMtra, tAla, truTita, ghana mRdaMga Adi vAdyoM se mAtaMga putra tisaraya aura veNa bajAte huye nagara se nikalate the to unake yukta the / kalpasUtra kI TIkA meM tIna prakAra ke Dhola-paNava, muraja aura gAyana vAdana se nagara ke loga mohita ho jAte the / 16 mRdaMga kA ullekha huA hai / anuyogadvAra ke TIkAkAra maladhArI hemacandra AvazyakacUrNi se jJAta hotA hai ki sindhu sauvIra kA rAjA ne gomukhI aura kAhala kA ullekha kiyA hai bhI kahA jAtA thaa| inake udayana saMgIta se madonmata hAthiyoM ko vaza meM kara letA thA / jaba vaha atirikta ADaMbara aura paTaha nAmaka Dhola kA bhI ullekha huA hai| vINA bajAtA thA to usakI mahiSI sarasoM ke Dhera para nRtya karatI thiiN| rAjapraznIya sUtra ke TIkAkAra ne zaMkha, zrRMga, zakhikA, kharamukhI, peyA, vasudevahiMDI meM ullekha AyA hai ki vasudeva ne tumbavINA aura kaMsatAla piripirikA, paNava, bhaMbhA, horambha, bherI, jhAlara, dundubhi, muraja, mRdaMga, ke sAtha jo layabaddha saMgIta prastuta kiyA thA, vaha SaDaja grAma kI mUrchanA nandI mRdaMga, AliMga, kustuMbA gomukhI, mAdalA, vINA, vipattI, vallakI, se yukta, cha: doSoM se rahita, tIna sthAnoM se zuddha AcaraNa vAlA ATha SaDabhrAmarI vINA, bhrAmarI vINA, vahavIsA, piravAdinI vINA, sughoSAghaMTA, guNoM aura rasoM se yukta tAla ke anurUpa thaa| nandIghaMTA, naMdIghoSadhaMTA, sau tAra vINA, kAchavIvINA, citravINA, AbhoTa, sArvajanika sthAnoM para saMgIta utsava pUrI rAta calate rahate the, jhaMjhA, nakula, tUNa, taMbuvINA, mukunda, huDukka, vicikkI, karaTI, jisameM kalA premI saMgIta kA rasAsvAdana karate the| vasudavehiMDI meM eka Dir3ama, kiNika, kaDaMba, dardara, dardarikA, kalazikA, bhaDakka, tala, aisI mAMtaga kanyA kA ullekha huA hai jo vanamahotsava ke samaya tAla, kAMsyatAla, riMgarisikA, lattikA, makarikA, zizumArikA vAlI, zAstrIya paddhati ke anukUla netroM kA saMcAra, hAtha kI mudrAoM kA pradarzana, veNu, parilI, baddhaka Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai / 13 devagar3ha khajurAho, tAla se pairoM kI thirakana Adi ke abhinaya se yukta nRtya karatI thii| dilavAr3A, vidizA, mathurA Adi se mile mUrtiyoM ke purAtva avazeSa dhArmika mahotsavoM aura manorajanArtha saMgIta goSThiyoM meM padanikSepa, bhauhoM inakI puSTi karate haiN| aura netroM kA saMcAra, abhinaya, hAva-bhAva, tAla-laya, aMga-pratyaMga evaM nivRtti pradhAna jaina paraMparA meM bhI saMgIta ko vairAgya bhAvanA aura stanoM ke kaMpana Adi mudrAoM para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / AdhyAtmika pavitratA kA mAdhyama mAnA gayA thA / Adi tIrthaMkara pratiyogitAyeM Ayojita kI jAtI thI, prAznika niyukta kiye jAte the RSabhadeva ke vairAgya ko pradIpta karane meM mahattvapUrNa nimitta kAraNa vijetA ko rAjakIya sammAna se puraskRta kiyA jAtA thaa| nIlAjaMnA kA nRtya karate hue dehapAta ho jAnA thaa| nIlajaMnA kI kathA caudahavIM zatI ke jaina AcAryoM dvArA racita saMgIta ke graMtha se spaSTa hotA hai ki jainoM ne kisa prakAra ina kRtyAtmaka kalAoM ko milate haiN| AcArya pArzvadeva ne apane graMtha 'saMgIta samayAsAra' meM nAda, 'tyAga aura vairAgya ke sAtha jor3a diyA thaa| sAgAradharmAmRta meM Atmatattva rAga, vAdya, tAla, prastAra, prabandha abhinaya, nRtya Adi vibhinna viSayoM evaM Atmazodhana kI prakriyA hetu jina bhakti ke liye saMgIta ko sarvazreSTha para prakAza AtA hai| sudhAkalaza ne 'saMgItopaniSadsArodvAra' gIta, tAla, sAdhana kahA gayA hai / saMgIta ke yoga se bhakti meM tIvratA AtI hai, rAga, cartuvidya vAdya evaM nRtyAMga, upAMga, pratyAMga Adi nRtya paddhatiyoM kA lAlitya meM vRddhi hotI hai tathA hRdaya dravita hokara tadAkAra vRtti meM sthira ullekha kiyA hai|29 upayukta ullekhoM se pratIta hotA hai ki jaina graMtha ho jAtA hai / paMcAzaka meM AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki jaba kisI aneka durlabha saMgItika ullekhoM se bhare par3e haiM jo saMgIta zAstra ke caityAlaya yA naye mandira kA nirmANa ho to usameM bhaktipUrvaka saMgIta nRtya zodhArthiyoM ke liye bar3e mahattvapUrNa ho sakate haiM / isa lekha meM udAharaNa gAyana kA Ayojana karake prabhu bhakti karanI caahiye| svarupa kucha tathyoM kA udaghATana karanA zakya ho sakA hai / AvazyakatA jaina paMraparA ke dhArmika jIvana meM bhakti mArga kA vikAsa hI ina hai, eka pRthaka suniyojita sarvekSaNa kii| kRtyAtmaka kalAoM kA AdhAra banA / devagaNa tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya bhaktivaza vibhinna maMgalamaya nRtya evaM nATaka prastuta karate the / rAjapraznIya saMdarbha sUtra meM sUryAbhadeva dvArA mahAvIra ke samakSa saMgIta maya nATaka karane kI kathA milatI hai / sUryAbhadeva ne deva-deviyoM sahita svastika, zrIvatsa, 1.jinasena, Adi purANa, 16/179-123 gandhAvarta, vardhamAnaka, bhadrAsana, kalaza, matsya, Avarta, pratyAvarta zreNI, saMghadAsa gaNi, vasudevahiMDI, pR0 502 prazreNI, sauvastika puSyamAnava Adi 32 prakAra kI nATaka vidhiyAM 2. samavAyAMga, sUtra 72 kI TIkA prastuta kI thI5 / uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI TIkA se jJAta hotA hai ki brahmadatta 3. saMgItopaniSadsAroddhAra uddhRta jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, cakravartI ke samakSa eka naTa ne 'madhukarI gIta' nAmaka nATya vidhi bhAga 5, pR0 156-157 / Jain Education Interational

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'jaina vAGgamaya kA saMgIta pakSa' 153 4. nAgapaMcamI kathA, 10/294 13. rAjapraznIya, sUtra 77, pR0 49 5. vasudevahiMDI, pR0 384 14. haribhadrasUri, paMcAzaka 6. kArtikeyAnuprekSA 15. rAjapraznIya, sUtra 85 7. sthAnAMgasUtra, 7/41-42 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 8 aura 13 kI TIkA 8. vahI, 7/44-48 17. jinadAsa mahattara, AvazyakacUrNi, 2/161 9. hemacandra, abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, 2/143-184 18. vasudevahiMDI, madhyamakhaMDa, pR0 190 10. jinadAsa mahattara, nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 4 pR0 200-201 19. vahI, pR0 1020 11. haribhadrasUri, samarAiccakahA, 1/16,24 20. vahI, pR0394.478 12. dharmasenagaNi vasudevahiMDI, madhyamakhaMDa, pR0 19,93 21. jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa, bhAga 5, pR0 156-157 / Jain Education Intemational

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mAnava-saMskRti kA vikAsa zrI kanhaiyAlAla sarAvagI kisI bhI deza athavA jAti kA itihAsa jAnane ke pUrva andhavizvAsoM ne unakA poSaNa kara rIti-rivAja claaye| samAja kA manuSya kA itihAsa jAnanA Avazyaka hai| isakA vicAra paurvAtya udaya ghuNAkSara-nyAya se huA aura zAsana-sUtra sabaloM ke hAtha (bhAratIya) va pAzcAtya, ina do dhArAoM dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| pAzcAtya cale gaye jo nirbaloM para hAvI hote| cInI vicAradhArA ke udgagama vicAradhArA meM islAma, IsAI, yahUdI Adi dharma Ate haiM aura ina meM samAja, rAjanIti aura dharma ke kSetra ke udaya kA kAraNa kisI sabakI prAya: samAna mAnyatA hai| inake anusAra paramAtmA ne sAta dinoM antarikSIya zakti kI preraNA aura niyamana yA AhvAna kA phala meM isa carAcara dRzya jagat kI sRSTi kI, sAre jar3a aura cetana padArthoM mAtra hai| kA nirmANa kiyaa| caitanya sRSTi meM eka mAnava-yugala bhI banAyA, paurvAtya yA bhAratIya vicAra kI tIna mukhya dhArAeM haiMjise Adama (aiDama) aura havvA (Iva) ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| vaidika, bauddha aura jain| ina dhArAoM meM (vaidika aura jaina dhArAoM meM) arthAt Adama aura havvA mAnava jagat ke Adi mAtA-pitA the| Aja upayukta- viSaya kA vistRta vicAra huA hai| bauddhoM ne ise anAvazyaka, kA virATa jana-samUha inhIM kA vaMzaja hai| suprasiddha arvAcIna pAzcAtya avyAkRta aura anupayogI kaha kara usa para vicAra hI nahIM kiyaa| vidvAn DArvina ke anusAra manuSya bandara kA vikasita rUpa hai| vibhinna isa viSaya meM bauddha vADmaya mUka hai kintu vaidika aura jaina ke dezoM kI sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke viSaya meM koI Thosa vicAra nahIM pAyA atirikta bhArata meM anya vicAradhArAe~ bhI rahI haiN| DhAI-tIna hajAra jAtA hai| kucha aise prazna haiM, jinakA samucita samAdhAna pAzcAtya varSoM pUrva bhArata meM sAr3he tIna sau se bhI adhika vicAroM (matoM) kA vAGmaya meM nahIM miltaa| jaise varNana pAyA jAtA hai| Aja bhI vibhinna matoM kI saMkhyA sambhavataH sau 1. eka yugala aneka kaise huA? taka pahu~ca jaayegii| adhika vistAra meM na jAkara moTe taura para vicAra 2. Age bhI yugala hI hote rahe athavA nara-nArI alaga-alaga kara ina mata-matAntaroM meM kucha ko vaidika aura kucha ko jaina ziviroM utpanna hue? meM ekatra kara sakate haiN| astu vicAra kI sulabhatA ke lie unakA isI 3. sAmAjika gaThana kaise huA aura usakI AvazyakatA kyoM huI? rUpa meM vibhAga kara pratyeka meM mAnavIya itihAsa aura saMskRti kA 4. zAsana-praNAlI kA sUtrapAta kaba, kaise, kyoM aura kina paristhitiyoM udgama khojane kA prayAsa karanA upayukta hogaa| meM huA? pahale hama vaidika cintana dhArA ko leN| dUsaroM kI apekSA 5. dharma-matoM ke udaya ke pIche kauna se kAraNa the? vaidika sAhitya ko adhika vizAla kahane meM atizayokti nahIM hai, 6. zAsana aura dharma sthApanA kA kArya Izvara ke badale manuSya ne kyoMki vaidika sAhitya vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| veda, upaniSad apane hAthoM meM kaba aura kaise le liyA? AraNyaka, purANa tathA anya sphuTa sAhitya kI vipula nidhi upalabdha 7. DArvina kI parikalpanA kA mAnava-pUrvaja vAnara Aja bhI avikasita hai aura isake cintaka, puraskartA evaM sAhitya sraSTA himAlaya se pazu kyoM hai? setubandha taka aura aruNAcala se sindhu taka phaile hue haiN| isameM kaI bhAratIya cintana kI gaharAI meM utarane ke pahale yaha kaha vicAra antarabhUta haiM parantu mukhya do haiM- eka sRSTivAdI aura dUsarA denA anupayukta nahIM hogA ki cintana ke dharAtala para bhArata kI asRSTivAdI athavA eka saMsAra ko brahmA kI sRSTi mAnane vAle aura tulanA meM pazcima bahuta baunA hai| yUropa, araba, amerikA, madhya- dUsare svayaMbhU mAnane vaale| dUsare zabdoM meM sAdi aura anAdi arthAt eziyA Adi sabhI eka hI saraNI ke vibhinna koNa aura kinAre haiN| jagat kA Arambha kAla ke kisI paTala para aura kisI hetu se mAnane cIna kI sthiti thor3I bhinna hai| vahA~ lAotse, kanphyUziyasa Adi vAle evaM kAlAtIta aura hetu rahita mAnane vaale| pahalI koTi meM kI vicAradhArAeM apane vaiziSTya ke sAtha pratiSThita hai| cInI vicAradhArA vedAMta, uttaramImAMsA, vaizeSika Adi aura dUsarI meM sAMkhya, nyAya, bhI uparyukta praznoM kI gaharAI meM utarI huI dikhAI nahIM detii| pUrvamImAMsA Adi darzanoM ko rakhA jAtA hai| prAcIna pAzcAtya dhArAe~ dharma-matoM ke vikAsa kA itihAsa (ka) pahalI koTi ke anusAra- sRSTi ke Arambha kI kathA aneka to batAtI haiM, parantu unakI utpatti ke viSaya meM mUka haiN| arvAcInoM prakAra se batAI jAtI haine kucha aTakaleM lagAI haiM ki bhaya ne dharma ko janma diyA aura 1. Arambha meM kevala eka brahma thA, jo antarikSa meM kahIM Jain Education Intemational

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mAnava saMskRti kA vikAsa avasthita thaa| vaha supta thA yA jAgrata yaha kisI ko jJAta nahIM hai / vaha na Upara thA, na nIce, vahA~ na jala thA na sthala, na prakAza thAna aMdhakAra, na usase kucha pAsa thA na dUra, na dharatI thI na AkAza aura na usake pare hI kucha thaa| kSitija aura antarikSa bhI nahIM the| jJAtaajJAta athavA jJAtA draSTA bhI nahIM thaa| vaha ekAkI brahma saMkalpa mAtra se saba kucha karane meM samartha thA vaha svayaM meM pUrNa caitanya, AptakAma, samartha aura tRpta thaa| usake mana meM eka se aneka hone kA saMkalpa uThA / saMkalpa karate hI sRSTi hone lgii| vizvakarmA (brahmA) avatarita hue aura unhoMne sAre prapaJca kI racanA kii| apane svarUpa ke bAraha mAnasa putra utpanna kie| ina mAnasa putroM se athavA mAnasika sRSTi se paramparA kA calanA sambhava na jAnakara unhoMne apane zarIra ke do bhAga kie| Adhe se puruSa va Adhe se nArI utpanna kara maithunI sRSTi kA sUtrapAta kiyA, jo kAlakrama se vikasita hotI gii| 2. brahmA ke saMkalpa ke pariNAmasvarUpa unake mukha se brAhmaNa, bhujA se kSatriya, udara se vaizya aura caraNoM se zUdroMkI utpatti huii| yahI cAturvarNya sRSTi kA Arambha thaa| 3. akSara, avyakta aura arUpa brahmA svayaM viSNu ke rUpa meM vyakta huA viSNu kI nAbhi se eka kamala nikalA, usameM brahmA utpanna hue| brahma ne sRSTi aura zaMkara ko bhI utpanna kiyaa| prajA kI sRSTi hone para usake pAlana, rakSaNa, zAsana, saMhAra aura punaH utpatti huii| ise brahmA, viSNu, aura zaMkara ne saM brahmA sRjanakartA hue, viSNu pAlaka, rakSaka aura zAsaka hue aura zaMkara saMhArakartA bne| sRSTi-vikAsa kI jaTilatA ko dekha kara brahmA ne manu-prajApati utpanna kie| ina manuoM ne samaya-samaya para prajA ke lie sAmAjika aura dhArmika niyama banAe aura zAsana vyavasthAeM sthApita kii| 4. anAdi aura ekAkI brahma ne apane meM se mAyA athavA yogamAyA ko utpanna kara sRSTi karane kA Adeza diyaa| mAyA ne sRSTi ko rUpa diyA aura brahmadi ne cetanA ke rUpa meM apanA aMza diyaa| cetana athavA jIva brahma kA aMza hai| mAyA ne sampUrNa jar3a aura caitanya ko AvRtta kara ghaTayaMtra kI taraha calAnA Arambha kiyaa| brahma kA aMza jIva jJAna, Ananda aura cinmaya hote hue bhI mAyA ke kAraNa apane ko bhUla kara saMsAra meM lipta rahA hai| svarUpa 5. kUTastha brahma ne loka-racanA kI icchA kii| sRSTi kara lene ke bAda brahma pada para pratiSThita hokara apanI kAmanAoM ko prApta kiyA aura pUrNa Ananda meM nimagna ho amaratva ko prApta huA, aadi| (kha) dUsarI koTi ke anusAra 1. sRSTi anAdi hai| karmAnusAra sukha-duHkha bhogane ke lie jIva nAnA yoniyoM meM janmatA va maratA rahatA hai| sAdhanA, tapasyA Adi kara ke mukta bhI ho sakatA hai| 155 2. puruSa aura prakRti anAdi tatva hai| inakA koI racayitA nahIM hai| donoM ke yoga se jagat kI utpatti hotI hai aura viyoga se laya hotA hai| puruSa caitanya aura prakRti jar3a hai| rUpa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza Adi prakRti ke vikAra athavA prasAra haiM aura cetanA, spaMdana, AsvAdana Adi puruSa ke guNa haiN| isa siddhAMta ke anusAra sRSTi kA krama isa prakAra hai- puruSa evaM prakRti do mUla tattva haiN| puruSa kA svarUpa jIva aura prakRti se mahat mahat se ahaMkAra, ahaMkAra se pA~ca tanmAtrAe~, unase gyAraha indriyA~ aura pA~ca sthUla mahAbhUtamaya jagat isa prakAra paccIsa tattvoM se sArA vistAra hotA hai| 'vaidika saMskRti ke mUlatattva' pustaka meM zrI satyavrata siddhAMtAlaMkAra ne likhA hai "prakRti ke sAtha puruSa (AtmA) kA saMyoga hokara sAre dRzya jagat kA pasArA hotA hai| pasArA bar3hatA huA do dizAeM letA hai| prakRti kI pradhAnatA meM svArtha pradhAna hokara vikAsa nIce kI ora hotA hai, arthAt indriyAM aura bhoga pradhAna ho jAte haiM / prakRti kI pradhAnatA meM saMgharSa kA sRjana hotA hai aura puruSa kI pradhAnatA meM zAnti, Ananda aura sadbhAva kaa|" samAja, zAsana Adi kA hetu batAte hue ve likhate haiM"isa pasAre ke nepathya meM ahaMkAra kAma karatA hai, vaha sarvatra virAjamAna rahatA huA nAnA dRzya utpanna karatA hai| ahaM (maiM) merA meM badala kara parivAra kI sRSTi karatA hai, parivAroM se kuTumba, kuTumboM se samAja, samAja se jAti, deza aadi| isa prakAra ahaM kA pasArA bar3hatA jAtA hai| jaba do ahaM TakarAte hai to yuddha hote haiM, jaya-parAjaya, vikAsavinAza udbhava hrAsa Adi hote haiN| tAnAzAhI, samrAT pada, gaNAdhIza Adi alaMkAra ke hI vikasita rUpa hote haiN| pArTI saMgaThana, zAsanataMtra Adi sabhI ahaMkAra kA kUr3A hai| " 3 3. pAMca mahAbhUtoM (pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu evaM AkAza ) ke yoga se saMsAra kI racanA huI hai| isakA racayitA, niyAmaka athavA zAsaka koI nahIM hai| saMsAra ke sampUrNa padArtha manuSya ke bhoga ke lie hai| sRSTi ke hetu paMca mahAbhUta haiM aura usakI upayogitA bhoga hai| itanI hI vAstavikatA hai, bAkI saba kalpanAe~ aura viDambanAe~ haiN| 4. daza avatAroM ko kucha loga sRSTi ke vikAsa kI zrRMkhalA kA itihAsa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra matsyAvatAra jIvana kI prArambhika avasthA kA dyotaka hai, kUrma jala aura sthala donoM meM jaivika vikAsa kA dyotaka hai, barAha sthala para jaivika vikAsa kI ora saMketa karatA hai, nRsiMha pazu aura manuSya donoM ke bIca kI kar3I hai, vAmana avikasita mAnava kA pratIka hai, parazurAma bauddhika vikAsa kI apUrNatA kA pratIka hai, rAmAvatAra vikasita mAnava kA svarUpa hai| aura kRSNAvatAra pUrNatA kA dyotaka hai| manuSya ke aparimita vikAsa, vaijJAnika unnati kI parAkASThA aura prakRti para vijaya ke bAda vinAza

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156 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 aura nava-nirmANa kI kar3I ke rUpa meM kalki avatAra hogaa| adharma, AkAza aura kAla ye cha: dravya anAdi aura nitya-zAzvata haiN| isa prakAra vaidikadhArA ke srotoM meM bhinna-bhinna vicAra pAe ina chahoM ke saMyoga-viyoga, saMgaThana-vighaTana, pariNamana-parivartana, jAte haiN| samAja-racanA evaM zAsanataMtra ke udaya ke viSaya meM kucha spaSTa kSaya-upazama, utpAda-vyaya Adi se saMsAra kI sthiti, gati, vinAza ullekha nahIM miltaa| zrI satyavrata ke uparyukta mata meM, isakI taha meM Adi hotA hai| kevala ahaMkAra kAma karatA hai| hamAre vicAra meM yaha aTakalabAjI mAtra manuSya kI saMracanA, udgagama yA prAdurbhAva meM bhI koI hetu hai| pArTI, saMgaThana Adi samAja-racanA ke pariNAma ho sakate haiM, nahIM hai| Arambha meM manuSya-yugala (puruSa aura strI) eka sAtha utpanna tAnAzAhI, samrATa, gaNAdhIza Adi zAsanataMtra kI sthApanA ke hote the| unakI bhUkha, pyAsa Adi kI sArI AvazyakatAeM prakRti se pariNAma aura paurohitya, mahaMtAgIrI, paMDAgIrI Adi dharma-saMsthAoM pUrNa ho jAtI thiiN| jaina paramparA ke anusAra sArI AvazyakatAoM kI kI sthApanA ke pariNAma ho sakate haiN| ye saba kAraNa nahIM ho pUrti kalpavRkSoM se ho jAtI thii| bhogabhUmi ke kAla meM sAmagrI pracura sakate, kAraNa kucha aura hI hone cAhie, parantu inakA spaSTa hone ke kAraNa manuSya-yugala apane meM pUrNa aura santuSTa the| paraspara ullekha dekhane meM nahIM aataa| meM bhI ve zarIra sambandha mAtra ke lie Azrita the| Apasa meM na kisI mUlataH yadyapi bhAratIya vicAra-dhArA ke antargata vaidika, prakAra kA bandhana thA aura na nirbharatA thii| utpAdana, arjana, saMgraha kI bauddha aura jaina paramparAoM ke saMdarbha meM vicAra karane kA saMkalpa bhI apekSA nahIM thii| yugala mAtra ikAI athavA samAja thaa| kAlAntara thA, parantu kucha aisI bhI dhArAe~ haiM jina para eka dRSTi DAla lenA meM kalpavRkSoM kI zakti kama par3ane lagI, arthAt prakRti mAtra se manuSya uparyukta hogaa| kI AvazyakatAeM sarvathA pUrNa nahIM ho pAtI thiiN| yahA~ se karmabhUmi kA 1. pUraNa kAzyapa akriyAvAdI the / unake matAnusAra kisI sUtrapAta huaa| manuSya ko vastuoM ke utpAdana kI AvazyakatA par3ane karma kA koI phala nahIM hotaa| jo kucha hai naisargika rUpa meM hI se vaha kRSi Adi kAryoM meM lgaa| utpAdana ke sAtha hI saMrakSaNa, vidyamAna hai| na isakA koI nirmAtA hai aura na isakA nirmANa kiyA bhaNDAraNa Adi kI AvazyakatA huii| AvazyakatAeM bar3hane bhI lagI jA sakatA hai| vinAza bhI na koI kara sakatA hai na ho sakatA hai| aura unake sAtha hI pArasparika sahAyatA aura sahayoga kI apekSA huii| 2. maMkhaliputra gozAla niyativAdI the| unake anusAra yugala jo pahale svatantra aura apane taka hI sImita the, aba sahayogI saMsAra kA saMghaTana-vighaTana niyati kI racanA hai, isameM vikalpa karanA aura paraspara Abaddha ho gae aura kAryoM ke baMTavAre kA Arambha huaa| kisI bhI dazA meM upayukta nahIM hai| niyati kI racanA meM kisI kA eka yugala kA ApasI sImita sahayoga jaba aparyApta koI vaza nhiiN| jaba, jo, jaisA honA hai vaha saba pUrva nizcita hai| anubhava hone lagA to use anya yugaloM kI sahAyatA anubhava huii| 3. ajita kezakambali ucchedavAdI the| unake anusAra yugala ke badale nara-nArI alaga-alaga bhI utpanna hone lge| isase saMsAra kI racanA cAra bhUtoM (pRthvI, teja, vAyu aura jala) se huI vivAha kI AvazyakatA par3I aura isa prakAra pArivArika jIvana hai| jaba koI maratA hai to cAroM dhAtu apane-apane sthAna ko cale Arambha huaa| aneka parivAroM ne mila kara samAja bnaayaa| samAja kA jAte hai| gaThana ho jAne ke bAda vyaktiyoM ke hita, svArtha aura svatva kI rakSA 4. pakudha kAtyAyana anyonyavAdI the| anake anusAra kA prazna aayaa| isake lie eka aise vyakti yA saMgaThana kI AvazyakatA saMsAra sAta padArthoM dvArA nirmita hai| ye sAta padArtha pRthvI, jala, teja, huI jo yathocita vyavasthA kara sake, vivAda upasthita hone para ucita vAya, sukha, duHkha evaM jIva haiN| ye kisI ke dvArA banAe hue nahIM haiN| nyAya kara sake aura sabako niyama se bA~dha ske| isake lie rAjA 5. saMjaya velaTThiputra vikalpavAdI the| unake anusAra saMsAra, athavA zAsana-sUtra kI pratiSThA huii| jyoM-jyoM janasaMkhyA bar3hI, samasyAe~ jIva Adi kisI kI koI nizcita dhAraNA nahIM hai| saMsAra kI sthiti bar3hIM aura eka hI vyakti saba-kucha nahIM kara pAyA to ina kAryoM kA hai athavA vaha zUnya mAtra hai, kartA-akartA hai yA nahIM, loka-paraloka bhI vibhAjana huaa| kucha loga zAsanataMtra ke saMcAlaka hue aura kucha bhI hai yA nahIM inameM unakI koI nizcita dhAraNA nahIM hai| naitika taMtra ke| isa prakAra zAsana aura AcArataMtra kA pArthakya huaa| 6. jaina-dRSTi ina sabhI se bhinna athavA sabakA samanvita AcArataMtra ne dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika-tantra kA rUpa liyA aura svarUpa dIkhatI hai| ise yoM bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM ne ise vibhinna zAsanataMtra kA vikAsa rAjataMtra aura gaNataMtra ke rUpa meM huaa| zAsanataMtra dRSTikoNoM se dekhA aura parIkSaNa kiyA hai| unakI dRSTi sambhAvanAoM zArIrika tala para niyaMtraNa karatA hai aura dhArmika taMtra vicAroM ke tala para AdhRta hai, usameM mAnyatAoM ke Agraha aura gheroM ko sthAna nahIM pr| zAsana kA AdhAra bala hotA hai aura dharma se cetanA prabhAvita hai| jaina vicAra-dhArA ke anusAra yaha dRzyamAn jagat anAdi kAla se hotI athavA kI jAtI hai| calA AtA hai| isakI koI Adi sImA nahIM hai| jIva, pudgala, dharma, yahA~ dharma kI vyutpatti aura artha samajha leN| "dharma' dhR-man

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mAnava saMskRti kA vikAsa se niSpanna hai| " dhRte loko'nena, dharati lokaM vA dharmaH" athavA "iSTe sthAne dhatte iti dharma:" arthAt jisake dvArA loka (zreSTha sthAna meM) dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai athavA jo loka ko dhAraNa karatA hai kiMvA jo iSTa sthAna (mukti) meM dhAraNa karatA hai vaha dharma hai| dharma kI aura bhI paribhASAeM haiM yathA- "jo saMsAra ke duHkhoM se chur3Akara jIva ko uttama sukha prApta karAve vaha dharma hai|" "jisase sarvAMgINa udaya, samRddhi tathA mukti kI prApti ho vaha dharma hai|" "mAnava meM divyatA kI abhivyakti kI vidyamAnatA ko dharma kahate haiN|" "satya tathA nyAya ke AcaraNa evaM hiMsA ke tyAga ko dharma kahate haiN|" "vastu ke svabhAva ko dharma kahate haiN|" svAmI cinmayAnanda ne kahA ki "laoN Apha bIiMga (jIvana kI kalA) dharma hai|" ityAdi / isase jJAta hotA hai ki 'dharma' korA zabda hI nahIM hai, vaha eka rahani' hai aura zabda usakA sAMketika cihna hai| dharma zabda meM nahIM samA sakatA, vaha AcAra aura svabhAva meM parilakSita hotA hai| dharma ko jisane jisa rUpa meM dekhA jAnA athavA caritra meM utArA usane usakI usI prakAra paribhASA kara dii| samAja ko vyavasthita aura naitika rUpa meM dhAraNa karane meM dharma kA bahuta bar3A yogadAna rahA hai| " aneka vyakti jaba eka prakAra kI AcAra -kriyAoM, prathAoM, janarItiyoM aura pravRttiyoM ko svIkAra kara sAmUhika rUpa meM rahane lagate haiM to vaha samAja bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra ke samUha jAtiyoM, virAdariyoM Adi meM parisphuTita hote haiN| samAja racanA se jahA~ manuSya ke svArthI ko surakSA milatI hai, vahA~ use samAja ke hita meM kucha tyAga bhI karanA par3atA hai| paraspara sahayogI bananA, anya ke duHkhapaur3A Adi meM yathocita saMvedanA aura sevA karanA sAmAjika jIvana kI prAthamika anivAryatAeM haiN| vyakti kendrita cetanA ko sadbhAvapUrvaka samaSTi ke hita meM ghaTita karane se samAja kA vikAsa hotA hai prApti, rakSaNa aura samarpaNa, yaha hai sAmAjika jIvana kA maulika svarUpa yA sAra-saMkSepa / parivAra yA samAja ke svastha saMcAlana ke lie nimnalikhita kucha Avazyaka kartavya yA mudde haiM 1. naitikatApUrNa AjIvikA dvArA saMtAna, parivAra, rogI, vRddha, vikalAMga, akiMcana, sAdhu Adi kI sevA suzrUSA pAlana, rakSaNa Adi krnaa| zArIrika evaM mAnasika vikAsa kA vAtAvaraNa taiyAra krnaa| 2. anuzAsana, zrama, saMtulana, sadbhAva, samAdara sahakAritA sahayoga, sahiSNutA aura sevA ke dvArA utpAdana, nirmANa aura vikAsa meM yogadAna denaa| 3. kalaha, vaira, vaimanasya, ghRNA, ahaMkAra, duHsaMkalpa, krodha, lobha, jhUTha, corI, hiMsA, atisaMgraha, kapaTa, damana, zoSaNa, asadacana Adi parivAra tathA samAja ke vighaTanakArI tatvoM se virata 157 rahakara maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyastha Adi bhAvanAe~ rakhanA tathA kartavyoM ko adhikAroM se adhika mahattva denaa| yauna sambandha ko vivAha ke dvArA vihita aura pativratya aura svadArasantoSavrata ke dvArA use vyavasthita aura niyaMtrita karanA aadi| manuSya yadyapi jAtiyoM, birAdariyoM Adi meM ba~TA huA dIkhatA hai, para yaha eka upacAra mAtra hai| jAti nAma kI cIja manuSya hone taka hI sImita hai mahAbhArata meM varNita yakSa-yudhiSThira saMvAda se isa viSaya para prakAza par3atA hai| jAti ke sambandha meM prazna pUchane para yudhiSThira ne kahA thA- 'he mahAsarpa (yakSa) ! jAti to kevala manuSya 'ke artha meM samajhanA caahie| sabhI varNoM ke sammizraNa se isakI parIkSA karanA kaThina hai| sabhI manuSya sabhI varNoM kI striyoM meM sadA saMtAna utpanna karate rahe hai| isalie dharma kA tattva jAnanevAloM ne zIla AcAra) ko vAMchanIya batAyA hai| nAradapurANa meM bhI likhA hai"AcAraprabhavo dhrmH| ( kAmavAsanA ke pIche manuSya ne manuSya para nAnA prakAra ke atyAcAra kie, rakta bahAyA, yuddha, hatyAe~, apaharaNa, balAtkAra Adi kie| mAnava itihAsa sAkSI hai ki saMsAra meM jitanA raktapAta huA hai usameM kama se kama eka cauthAI ke lie manuSya kI kAmavAsanA jimmedAra hai| dhArmika vidveSoM aura kriyAkANDoM ke kAraNa bhI bhISaNa narasaMhAra huA hai| bhArata meM Arya-anArya, brAhmaNa zramaNa, hindUbauddha, hindU-musalamAna Adi ke jhagar3e, daMge Adi dharmAndhatA ke nAma para hue the| yUropa meM krUseDa, makkA-madInA Adi ke narasaMhAra, yahUdiyoM IsAiyoM ke yuddha Adi bhI dhArmika vidveSa ke kAraNa hue the| satIprathA, kAzIkaravata, jauhara, naramedha Adi ke nAma para asaMkhya prANoM kI AhutiyA~ dI gaI hai| inake sAtha pazuoM kI hatyA ko bhI jor3a deM to hiMsA kA 80 pratizata se bhI adhika bhAga dharma ke nAma para calA jAyagA / arthalipsA, adhikAroM kI mahattvAkAMkSA, sAmrAjyavAda kI bhAvanA Adi kAraNoM se bhI manuSya kA vipula rakta bahAyA gayA hai| prAcIna yuga meM devAsura saMgrAma, manuSya-rAkSasamudra, mahAbhArata, yavanoM, mugaloM Adi ke AkramaNa Adi aura isa bIsavIM zatAbdI ke do vizva mahAyuddha, pAkistAna se hinduoM kA aura jarmanI se yahUdiyoM kA niSkAsana, hatyAe~ Adi manuSya kI lipsA athavA tRSNA ke hI pariNAma haiN| inake atirikta artha aura adhikAra ke lie bhAI ne bhAI kA, beTe ne bApa kA mitra ne mitra kA rakta bahAne meM bhI koI kasara nahIM rakhI hai| Akasmika uttejanA, kalaha, apamAna, rAjadaNDa Adi ke kAraNa bhI saMkhyAtIta hatyAe~ huI haiN| saMkSepa meM kaha sakate haiM ki saMsAra meM Aja taka jitanA raktapAta huA hai usake pIche manuSya kI

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158 lampaTatA, lAlasA, adhikAra - lipsA, mahattvAkAMkSA, dharmAndhatA aura kAmavAsanA rahI haiN| sahiSNutA, jAtivAda, vargavAda Adi panapane lagate haiM aura inake kAraNa atyAcAra, zoSaNa, utpIr3ana, hatyA Adi hotI hai| isa vizRMkhalatA se bacane ke lie Upara likhe gaye kartavyoM kI niSThA Avazyaka hai| kartavyaniSThA lokasaMgraha kA bhI maMtra haiM aura U~cI se U~cI AdhyAtmika upalabdhi kA bhI sambala hai| isase citta kI vRttiyA~ saMkIrNa svArthaparatA se haTakara udAtta, sahiSNu aura sevAparAyaNa banatI haiN| vaidika paramparA meM samAja vyavasthA cAra AzramoM (brahmacarya gArhastha, vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa) evaM cAra varNoM (brAhmaNa, kSatriya vaizya aura zudra) ke rUpa meM gaThita hai| zramaNa (jaina aura bauddha) paramparA meM vaidikoM kI taraha varNAzrama vyavasthA nahIM hai. unameM muni (bhikSu), AryikA (bhikSuNI) zrAvaka (zramaNopAsaka) aura zrAvikA (zramaNopAsikA) cAra saMgharUpa hai| prastuta lekha meM to kareM), kisI ko duHkha na ho athavA kevala parivAra aura samAja ke tala para manuSya ke adhikAroM aura kartavyoM kA digdarzana mAtra karAyA gayA hai, ataH adhika vistAra yahA~ saMbhava nahIM hai| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 huaa| 2. rAjanaitika sattA kI dRr3hatA ke lie kucha naitika niyamoM kA sRjana kiyA gayA aura usakA pAralaukika mahattva batAkara use dharma kA rUpa de diyA gyaa| 3. durbala, dalita, zoSita aura hatAza manuSyoM ko bhAgya ke nAma para saMtoSa karAne ke lie paraloka meM sukha-suvidhA kI kalpanA dharma aura adhyAtma ke mAdhyama se dI gii| 5. AjIvikA kI zAzvatA ke hetu kriyAkANDa, pUjA - vidhAna, maTha-maMdira Adi pratiSThApita kie ge| 6. parigraha aura zoSaNa kI vaidhatA siddha karane ke lie prApta evaM saMgRhIta vaibhava, anukUla paristhiti, samRddhi Adi ko prArabdha, puNyodaya, pUrva janmoM ke dAnAdi satkarmoM kA phala batAyA gayA / 1 vaidika paramparA meM rAjA ko Izvara kA rUpa mAnA gayA hai| baira, pApa, apamAnAdi ko taja kara sukhI hoN| isakA artha yaha hai ki rAjA zArIrika aura mAnasika donoM taloM kA zAsaka hai| jaise zAsana-sUtra ke saphala saMcAlana ke lie AvazyakatAnusAra niyama-upaniyama, dhArA upadhArA, vidhi-vidhAna, daNDa puraskAra Adi bane, vaise hI mAnasika aura AdhyAtmika viSamatAoM, vikRtiyoM Adi ko anuzAsita karane ke lie dhArmika AcAra, vicAra, niyama, karmakANDa, darzana, jJAna Adi vyavasthAe~ banIM aura pApa-puNya svarga-naraka Adi kI parikalpanAe~ kI gii| dharma kI utpatti ke aneka hetu dekhane-sunane meM Ate haiN| yathA bhogabhUmi ke kAla meM manuSya ke lie kisI prakAra ke niyama nahIM the, unakI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM thii| kahIM sva-para virodha nahIM thaa| parigraha, zoSaNa, apaharaNa, vyabhicAra, kapaTa aura hiMsA bhI nahIM thI / manuSya pakSI kI bhA~ti svataMtra, AkAza kI bhA~ti alipta, darpaNa kI bhA~ti nirmala, madhukara kI bhA~ti alpalAbha-saMtuSTa aura bhaviSya kI cintA se mukta evaM nirbhaya thaa| karmabhUmi ke udaya ke sAtha usake naisargika AcAra meM bhI vikAra Ane lagA aura amRtamaya jIvana meM svArtha kA viSa ghulane lagA, isase janamAnasa kSubdha hone 1. dharma kI utpattibhaya se aura usakA pAlana andhavizvAsoM lgaa| jisa jIvana meM bhautika vastuoM kA AvazyakatA se adhika kI goMda yA pAlane meM saMgraha parigraha hotA hai vaha parivAra athavA samAja ke lie upayogI nahIM hotaa| jaba mAnava dAnava bana jAtA hai to pIr3itoM ke trANa, unameM jJAna kA amRta pravAhita karane aura bhUle hue svarUpa kI sudhi karAne ke lie samaya-samaya para dArzanika, RSi, avatAra, tIrthaMkara Adi mahAmAnava Ate haiN| mahAvIra svAmI ke kAla meM 'dharma ke mAmale meM mAnava apanI vikRtiyoM kA dAsa banA huA thA vaiyaktika svAtaMtrya samApta ho cukA 4. varga- svArtha ne bhI apanI surakSA aura AjIvikA ke thA aura mAnava ke adhikAra tAnAzAhoM dvArA samApta kie jA rahe the| lie dharma kA svAMga rcaa| mAnavatA karAha rahI thI aura usakI garimA khaNDita ho cukI thii| dharma rAjanIti kA eka bhotharA hathiyAra mAtra raha gayA thaa|' (tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA bhAga 1, pR0 72 / ) mahAvIrasvAmI ne 30 varSa taka yathAjAta naisargika aviruddha aura zuddha sAtvika jIvana AcAra-vicAra kA svayaM vyavahAra karate hue ghUma-ghUma kara 7. sva- para kalyANa kI bhAvanA se aura sarvodaya- samAja kI racanA ke uddezya se kucha kalyANecchu mahAmAnavoM ne aviruddha, zuddha aura sAtvika jIvana ke dvArA eka prakAra kI 'rahani' kI zikSA dI aura svayaM usakA AcaraNa karane ke kAraNa use dharma yA svabhAva kI saMjJA dii| aise mahAtmAoM kI dRSTi meM koI choTA-bar3A, nIcaU~ca, pApI- puNyAtmA nahIM thaa| unakI dRSTi meM sarvahitaiSitA arthAt jIva mAtra kI sukha-zAnti thii| vasudhaiva kuTumbakam unakA maMtra thA aura unakA ghoSa thaa| sarve sukhinaH santu sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcit duHkhabhAgbhavet || -sabhI sukhI hoM, niroga hoM, saba kalyANa ko dekheM (prApta jIvantu jantavaH sarve klezavyasanavarjitAH / prApnuvantu sukhaM tyaktvA vairaM pApaM parAbhavam / / - sabhI jIva kaSTa yA ApadAoM se varjita jIvana jIe~ tathA

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mAnava-saMskRti kA vikAsa loka ke usa ora jAne kI preraNA dI thii| isase bhaya, aviJcAsa, nahIM Ane dii| jo loga mahAvIra kI sahaja nagnatA ko samajha nahIM du:kha, paritApa, hiMsA Adi paryApta kama ho gae the| pAe, unake lie ve pahelI bana ge| una lAgoM ne unheM devadUSya se mahAvIra svAmI kI divyadhvani meM logoM ne pahalI bAta yaha DhaMka diyaa| jo devadUSya mahAvIrasvAmI ko kA~ToM meM ghasITane vAlA sanI thI vastu utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya yukta hai arthAt jIva janma, thA, vaha svayaM kA~ToM meM ulajha kara raha gyaa| mahAvIra kI dizA aura mutyu aura amaratva (sAtatya) yukta hai| dUsarA sUtra yaha sunA gayA ki sAdhanA kA hArda hama unakI jIvanI aura unakI zikSAoM meM dekha mokSa, mukti athavA svataMtratA kI tIna sIr3hiyA~-samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna sakate haiN| kArlAila ko bhI zAyada mahAvIra kI havA laga gaI thii| aura samyak-caritra haiN| yadi kaheM ki jJAna-vijJAna kA sArA cakra ina yaugalika saMskRti taka usakI dRSTi nahIM jA sakI, parantu nirdoSa do tripaTiyoM kI dhurI para ghUmatA hai to atizayokti nahIM hogii| zaizava ke pralobhana ne use avazya prabhAvita kiyaa| usane kahA- "majhe hama Upara kaha Ae haiM ki Adima mAnava prakRti ke ati pAlanA (jhale) vAlI zaizava sthiti meM lauTa jAne do (leTa mI slAiDa nikaTa thA, saMgraha-parigraha Adi kI ora usakA dhyAna hI nahIM thaa| baika mAI braiddl)|' vaha akAma, akiMcana, anAvRta aura sarala thaa| use na lokasaMgraha kI Aja saMsAra meM jo ApAdhApI, zastroM kI hor3a, adhikAroM cintA thii| na paraloka (svarga, naraka) kI prvaah| pA~ca mahAvratoM kI chInAjhapaTI, sabhI kSetroM meM uthala-puthala macI huI hai, aMdhAdhudha (satya, asteya, aparigraha, ahiMsA aura brahmacarya) ke mAdhyama se vidheyaka bana rahe haiM, adhikAroM kA sImAMkana aura jAne kyA-kyA ho mahAvIra svAmI manuSya ko usI naisargika avasthA meM pahu~cAnA cAhate rahA hai, una sabake badale yadi saMsAra mahAvIra ke dizA-bodha ko the| eka laMgoTI kA parigraha bhI anarthoM kA janaka ho sakatA hai, apanA le to sArI rassAkazI kA aMta ho kara svastha, svAvalambI isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tRSNA yA zalya kI vaha paristhiti hI aura sarvodayI samAja kA udaya ho sakatA hai|

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yuddha aura yuddhanIti : jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM -indrezacandra siMha yuddha aura yuddha-praNAlI utanI hI prAcIna hai jitanI ki hote apitu yuddha meM saMlagna rAjyoM kI senAeM hI lar3AI meM vidhivata mAnava jAti kI khaanii| mAnava jIvana kI kahAnI yuddhoM se bharI par3I bhAga letI haiN| ata: uparyukta vivecana ke pazcAt hama isa niSkarSa para hai| bhautika saMsAra meM yuddha aura saMgharSa mAnava jIvana ke sahacara haiN| pahu~cate haiM ki yuddha do yA do se adhika rAjyoM athavA rASTroM kI prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka yuddhoM ne eka naye samAja, sabhyatA senAoM ke bIca hone vAlI lar3AI hai| aura saMskRti ko janma diyA hai, lekina anta meM vaha navInatama yuddha sAmAjika vighaTana kA sabase bar3A svarUpa hai jisameM sabhyatA bhI apanI sulagAI huI agni meM bhasma ho gii| saMgharSa paraspara virodhI rASTra yA mAnava samUha hiMsAtmaka sAdhanoM dvArA eka vizvavyApI hai| vyakti, samAja, deza yA rASTra hara kisI kA astitva dUsare para ghAta-pratighAta karate haiN| yadyapi samaya-samaya para vibhinna zakti para kAyama rahatA hai ataH astitva kI surakSA ke lie yuddha vidvAnoM, dArzanikoM, rAjanItijJoM Adi ne yuddha ko bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM aparihArya ho jAtA hai| yadi mAnava jAti ke udbhava aura vikAsa para paribhASita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yaha paribhASAe~ unake kAla aura dRSTi DAlI jAya to vidita hogA ki yaha vasundharA prArambha se hI vyavasAya ko apekSita na kara skiiN| vAstava meM yuddha sadaiva eka vIrabhogyA hai, yahA~ kAyaroM aura durbaloM ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai| sAmAjika tathya rahA hai, parivartita samAja, dharma, artha evaM naitika mAnava kA sarvopari lakSya AtmarakSA aura AtmavizvAsa hI rahA hai| paddhatiyA~ parivartita hI nahIM hotIM varan samaya-samaya para pUrNatayA prakRti ke niyama aura vidhAna bahuta hI sazakta aura avicala vilupta ho jAyA karatI haiM, sainika paddhatiyA~ bhI badalatI haiM, tathApi hote haiN| janma hai to mRtyu, sarjana hai to vinAza, vikAsa hai to vikAra yuddha kA kabhI bhI vinAza nahIM hotaa| zAnti sthApita karane kI pavitra bhI hai| yahI prakRti kA aTala niyama hai| yuddha mAnavIya bhAva hai aura bhAvanAeM, yuddha nirodhaka rASTrIya ceSTAeM, ni:zastrIkaraNa heta kI gaI mAnavIya bhAva prakRti se prabhAvita hotA rahatA hai, isIlie yuddha meM sandhiyA~ sabhI nirantara yuddha kI dAvAnala meM svAhA hotI rahI haiN| jaisenirmANa aura vinAza donoM nihita rahate haiN| jaba taka prakRti hai, mAnava jaise sabhyatA kA vikAsa huA, vaise-vaise pratyeka zatAbdI ne mahAvinAzaka hai taba taka yuddha kA astitva rhegaa| mAnava kA anta hone para hI yuddha yuddha dekhe, jo pichale yuddhoM se kahIM adhika vinAzakArI aura nirmama kA anta ho sakatA hai| vAstava meM yuddha karanA mAnava kA dharma hai| siddha huaa| sambhavata: isIlie katipaya prAcIna vicArakoM ne yuddha ko rAjadharma samrAToM ke yuddha rASTra ke yuddha hone lge| vizvamaMca yuddhamAnA hai| yahA~ taka ki yuddha se parAGmukha honA, zatru ke sAmane ghuTane nATya se kabhI bhI rikta nahIM rhaa| yadA-kadA paTAkSepa kevala usako Teka denA bhAratIya nIti ko kabhI bhI bardAsta nahIM rhaa| adhika kara aura barbara banAne ke lie avakAzamAtra siddha haa| vAstava meM bhinna-bhinna loga yuddha kA pRthak-pRthak artha yuddha ke kAraNalagAte haiM, kintu 'yuddha' zabda itanA sAmAnya, pracalita tathA dainika prAcIna kAla meM 'vIrabhogyA vasundharA' kA siddhAnta pracalita jIvana se sambaddha hai ki zAyada hI koI aisA vyakti hogA, jise yaha thaa| usa yuga meM kIrti, kAMcana aura kAminI hI yuddha ke pramukha kAraNa na mAlUma ho ki yuddha kA artha kyA hai? yadyapi yuddha kA zAbdika artha hote the tathA inake mUla meM viSaya lAlasA aura kaSAya kI bhAvanA lar3anA hotA hai lekina prAvidhika vicAra se yuddha aura lar3AI meM thor3A nihita hotI thii| prAcIna kAla meM sarvAdhika yuddha striyoM ke kAraNa lar3e antara pratIta hotA hai| lar3AI mAnava-mAnava ke bIca sampanna ho sakatI gye| jaina granthoM meM saMkaTApanna striyoM kI rakSA ke lie, unake rUpahai, lekina yuddha mAnava-mAnava ke bIca nahIM hotaa| isalie kevala saundarya se AkRSTa ho unheM prApta karane ke lie athavA svayaMvaroM ke rAjyoM ke bIca hone vAlI lar3AI ko hI 'yuddha' kI saMjJA pradAna kara avasara para yuddha kiye jAne ke anekaza: ullekha milate haiN| prAcIna sakate haiN| 'yuddha' adhika samaya taka calane vAlI lar3AI ko kahate haiN| jaina granthoM meM sItA', draupadI2, rUkmiNI3, padmAvati, tArA", jJAtavya hai ki jaba do yA do se adhika rAjyoM ke bIca yuddha hotA hai, kAMcanA, rakta subhadrA, ahitrikA', kinnarI, surUpA10, vidyunmatI11 to rAjyo ke saMpUrNa nAgarika yuddha kI jvAlA meM kUdakara svAhA nahIM aura rohiNI12 nAmaka striyoM ke ullekha haiM, jinake kAraNa saMhArakArI ,

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yuddha aura yuddhanIti / + yuddha lar3e gye| mithilA kI rAjakumArI mallI 13 aura kauzAmbI kI mahArAnI mRgAvatI 14 bhI yuddha kA kAraNa banIM kAlakAcArya kI bhaginI sarasvatI ko ujjayinI ke rAjA gardabhilla ne apahRta kara apane antaHpura meM rakha liyA thA, jisake kAraNa kAlakAcArya ne IrAna ke zAhoM ke sAtha milakara, gardabhilla ke sAtha yuddha kiyA 15 prAyaH eka rAjA apane par3osI rAjA para AkramaNa karane kA avasara khojatA aura yadi koI bahumUlya vastu usake pAsa hotI to use prApta karane ke lie apanI sArI zakti lagA detA / ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota aura kAMpilyapura ke rAjA durmukha ke bIca eka bahumUlya dIptivAna mahAmukuTa ko lekara yuddha chir3a gyaa| isa mukuTa meM aisI zakti thI ki use pahanane se rAjA durmukha do muMhavAlA dikhAI dene lagatA thaa| pradyota ne isa mukuTa kI mA~ga kI, lekina durmukha ne kahA ki yadi pradyota apanA nalagiri hAthI, agnibhIrUratha, mahArAnI zivA aura lohajaMgha patravAhaka 16 dene ko taiyAra ho to vaha use mukuTa de sakatA hai| isa para donoM meM yuddha huA, pradyota kI vijaya huI aura durmukha bandI banA liyA gyaa| nirayAvalikAsUtra 17 meM ullekha hai ki campA ke rAjA kUNika kA vaizAlI ke gaNarAjA ceTaka ke sAtha secanaka gandhahasti aura aTThAraha lar3I ke bahumUlya hAra ko lekara yuddha huA thaa| uttarAdhyayanaTIkA meM varNana AtA hai ki rAjA nami kA apane bhAI candrayaza ke sAtha rAjya-pradhAna dhavalahasti ke lie yuddha huaa| kathAnusAra rAjA nami kA hAthI khambhA tur3Akara bhAga gayA thA, candrayaza ne use pakar3a liyA aura mA~gane para nahIM diyaa| candrayaza ne kahA ki kisI ke ratnoM para usakA nAma nahIM likhA rahatA, jo unheM bAhubala se prApta kara le ve usI ke ho jAte haiN| 161 jaina Agama grantha AcArAMgasUtra meM tIna kAraNoM se hiMsA karane kA ullekha hai (1) pratikAra kI bhAvanA se arthAt yaha socakara ki yaha mere svajana Adi kI hiMsA karatA hai, (2) pratizodhavaza, arthAt isane mere svajanoM ko hiMsA kI hai, (3) AtaMka tathA bhayavaza arthAt amuka vyakti mere svajana kI hiMsA karegA isa kAraNa bhAvI AtaMka kI saMbhAvanA se hiMsA karatA hai| 20 isake atirikta hiMsA ke kucha aura kAraNoM kA bhI ukta grantha meM ullekha huA hai- (1) apane isa jIvana ke lie, (4) pUjA Adi pAne ke lie, (5) santAna Adi ke janmotsava para, (6) mutyu sambandhI kAraNoM aura prasaMgoM para, (7) mukti kI preraNA Adi miTAne ke lie| 19 AcArAMga meM kahA gayA haiM ki sampUrNa vizva kAma se pIr3ita hai tathA strI sAkSAt kAmasvarUpa hai| ataH kAmI purUSa striyoM ko bhoga sAmagrI mAnakara kAmavaza uttejita hokara aneka prakAra kI hiMsA karate haiM / 22 strI ke nimitta huye yuddhoM kI carcA pUrva meM kI jA cukI hai| jaina paurANika granthoM meM mukhyataH strI, rAjya, kAmanA, sarvoparitA kI bhAvanA, deza nagara Adi meM azAnti tathA apamAna Adi kAraNoM se yuddha hone ke ullekha milate haiN| padmapurANa, harivaMzapurANa tathA pANDavapurANa meM varNita adhikAMza yuddha striyoM ke kAraNa hue| paumacariya meM hanumAna aura mahendra ke bIca tathA lava-kuza aura lakSmaNa ke bIca yuddha kA mukhya kAraNa mAtR - apamAna thaa| kucha paurANika yuddha svAbhAvika vaira ke kAraNa hue, jinameM siMhodaralakSmaNa 23, kRSNa-kaMsa 24 tathA kRSNa jarAsaMdha 25 ke yuddha vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| ukta sAhitya meM yuddhArtha jina zastroM kA ullekha huA hai, unakA sAkAra rUpa bama, TaiMka, rAkeTa tathA vimAnoM ke rUpa meM draSTavya hai / yadyapi prAcIna yuddha-praNAlI kI vyUha racanA evaM niyama Aja utane mahatva ke nahIM rahe phira bhI usakA AdhAra bahuta kucha parimArjita rUpa meM aba bhI prayukta hotA hai| prAcInakAla meM prAya: sImAprAnta ko lekara (rAjyavistAra kI icchA se) rAjAoM meM yuddha huA karate the| kabhI-kabhI videzI rAjAoM kA bhI AkramaNa ho jAyA karatA thaa| cakravartI samrATa banane kI abhilASA rakhane vAlA rAjA apane dalabala sahita digvijaya karane ke lie prasthAna karate the aura samasta pradezoM para apanA adhikAra jamA lete the| RSabhadeva ke putra bharata kI kathA jainasUtroM meM milatI hai| bharata ne cakraratna kI sahAyatA se saMpUrNa bhUkhaNDa para Adhipatya sthApita kara cakravartI pada prApta kiyA thaa| 18 kabhI-kabhI svAbhimAna kI rakSA ke lie bhI yuddha hote the, cakraratna ke ahaMkAra se cUra jaba bharata ne bAhubalI para AkramaNa kiyA taba 'maiM aura bharata eka hI pitA ke haiM putra ! aise svAbhimAna ke kAraNa bAhubalI ne bharata ke sAtha yuddha kiyA yuddha ke prakAra aura dRSTiyuddha, mallayuddha tathA khaNDayuddha Adi meM bharata ko parAsta kara anta meM virakti ke kAraNa dIkSA grahaNa kara liyA / 19 gaye haiM mAnavIya hiMsA kA vyApaka aura vIbhatsa rUpa hI yuddha hai| (1) bAhya yuddha aura (2) Antarika yuddha / jainAgama jJAtAdharmakathAGgasUtra meM rAjA kanakaratha kI atyadhika rAjyalipsA kA udAharaNa milatA hai-rAjA kanakaratha ko yaha bhaya thA ki yadi merA koI putra vayaska ho gayA to saMbhava hai ki vaha mujhe sattAcyuta karake svayaM rAjya-siMhAsana para AsIna ho jaaye| kintu usa kAla meM vikalAMga puruSa rAjya siMhAsana kA adhikArI nahIM ho sakatA thaa| avaeva vaha apane pratyeka putra ko aMgahIna banA detA thaa| 26 jainAgama graMtha AcArAMgasUtra meM buddha ke do prakAra batalAye

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162 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 bAhya yuddha- jo parAkrama ke bala se senA dvArA lar3A jAtA hai batalAe haiM- (1) dharmayuddha (2) kuuttyuddh| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM use bAhyayuddha kahate haiN| . tIna prakAra ke yuddhoM kA ullekha hai-prakAzayuddha, kUTayuddha aura Antarika yuddha- sthUla zarIra aura karmoM ke sAtha lar3e jAne tUSNIyuddha 29 / jainAcArya somadeva ne do prakAra ke yuddhoM kA varNana vAle yuddha ko Antarika yuddha kahA gayA hai| audArika zarIra jo kiyA hai, prathamataH unhoMne 'kUTayuddha' kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai indriyoM aura manarUpI zastra lie hue hai, viSaya sukha-pipAsu hai aura ki eka zatru para AkramaNa karake vahA~ se apanI senA vApasa lauTAkara svecchAcArI banakara mAnava ko nacA rahA hai, usake sAtha yuddha karanA jaba dUsare zatru kA ghAta kiyA jAtA hai, use kUTayuddha kahate haiN| cAhie tathA usa karmazarIra ke sAtha lar3anA cAhie, jo vRttiyoM ke tUSNIyuddha vaha hai jisameM viSa dene vAle ghAtaka purUSoM ko bhejA jAtA mAdhyama se manuSya ko apanA dAsa banA rahA hai| kAma, krodha, mada, hai, athavA ekAnta meM cupacApa svayaM zatru ke pAsa jAkara bhedanIti ke lobha, matsara Adi sabhI karma zatru kI senA haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne upAyoM dvArA zatru kA ghAta kiyA jAtA hai| Antarika yuddha ke lie do zastra batalAe haiM- parijJA aura vivek| dharmayuddha- prAcInakAla meM dharmayuddha ko bahuta mahatva diyA parijJA se vastu kA sarvatomukhI jJAna karanA aura viveka se usake jAtA thaa| dharmayuddha ke nirdhArita niyama hote the aura inhIM niyamoM ke pRthakkaraNa kI dRr3ha bhAvanA krnaa|27 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai anusAra yuddha kiye jAte the| dharmayuddha ke niyama mAnavocita dayA Adi ki AtmA vijetA hI isa loka aura paraloka meM sukhI hotA hai, ata: guNoM se yukta hote the| isakA uddezya zatru kA vinAza karanA nahIM, svayaM para hI vijaya prApta karanA caahie|28 apitu use parAjita kara apanI adhInatA svIkAra karAnA hI hotA jainasUtroM meM bharata aura bAhubalI ke madhya lar3e gaye yuddhoM kA thaa| isameM viSaile bANoM Adi kA prayoga tathA agnibANoM kA prayoga varNana hai| bharata-bAhubalI kI senAoM dvArA hone vAle mahApralayakArI varjita thaa| isake sAtha hI yaha yuddha samAna zakti vAloM ke sAtha hI yuddha se bacane ke lie devatAoM, AcAryoM athavA mantriyoM ne yuddha ke hotA thA, jisameM paidala-paidala se, gajArohI-gajArohI se, azvArohInavIna (ahiMsaka) tarIkoM kA vidhAna kiyA tAki do rAjAoM ke azvArohI se tathA rathArohI-rathArohI yoddhAoM se yuddha karate the| yadi nijI svArthoM ke nimitta hone vAlI anya jIvoM (senA Adi) kI yuddha meM kisI kA ratha TUTa jAtA thA athavA koI ghAyala ho jAtA thA akAraNa hiMsA se bacA jA ske| isa hetu tatkAlIna AcAryoM ne to usa para AkramaNa karanA dharmayuddha ke virUddha mAnA jAtA thaa| nimnalikhita cha: prakAra ke yuddhoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA- dharmayuddha kA uddezya to dharma kI sthApanA karanA aura adharma kA nAza 1- dRSTiyuddha- isa yuddha meM paraspara do pratidvandvI rAjA eka karanA thaa| parantu sArvabhauma banane kI utkRSTa abhilASA ke kAraNa dUsare kI A~khoM meM A~kheM DAlakara apalaka dekhate the| isa prakriyA meM azvamedhAdi yajJoM dvArA parAkrama prakaTa karane ke lie bhI yuddha kiyA jisakI palakeM pahale jhuka jAtI, use parAjita mAnA jAtA thaa| jAtA thaa| jaba zatru para dharmayuddha dvArA vijaya prApta karanA asaMbhava 2- vAkyuddha-vAkyuddha meM paraspara do pratidvandvI rAjA apanI- dikhAI detA thA taba kUTayuddha kA prazraya bhI liyA jAtA thaa| apanI zakti ke anusAra tIvra dhvani ninAda karate the| jisakI AvAja kUTayuddha- AcArya kauTilya ke anusAra chala-kapaTa dvArA adhika prabhAvI siddha hotI thI, use vijayI mAnA jAtA thaa| bhaya khar3A karanA, durgoM ko r3hahAnA, lUTamAra karanA, agnidAha karanA, 3- bAhuyuddha- bAhuyuddha meM bAhuoM se eka dUsare para prahAra pramAda aura vyasanagrasta zatru para AkramaNa karanA, eka sthAna para yuddha kiyA jAtA thaa| ko rokakara dUsare sthAna para chala se mAra-kATa macAnA ityAdi 4- muSTiyuddha- yaha Adhunika baoNviMsaga kA prAcIna rUpa kUTayuddha ke lakSaNa haiN|30 pratIta hotA hai, jisameM yoddhA eka-dUsare para muSTi prahAra karate the| 5- mallayuddha- mallayuddha Adhunika kuztI kA dUsarA yuddha kI AcAra saMhitA nAma thaa| prAcInakAla meM yuddha ke bhI katipaya niyama hote the| inhIM 6- daNDayuddha- uparyukta pAMcoM yuddhoM meM yadi nirNAyaka niyamoM ke anusAra yuddha kiyA jAtA thA aura unakA atikramaNa karanA sthiti vivAdAspada hotI thI taba daNDa-yuddha kiyA jAtA thaa| isameM bahuta burA samajhA jAtA thaa| tatkAlIna rAjanIti meM zaraNAgata kI hAtha meM daNDa (gadA Adi ) lekara yuddha kiyA jAtA thaa| rakSA karanA vizeSa zreyaskara mAnA jAtA thaa| jaina Agama grantha jainagrathoM meM bharata aura bAhabalI ke atirikta kisI anya nirayAvalikAsatra meM ullekha hai ki rAjA ceTaka ne aTThAraha gaNarAjAoM rAjA dvArA ukta prakAra se yuddha karane kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| se mantraNA kI jisameM gaNarAjAoM ne isa prakAra kahA- 'he svAmin ! sAmAnya dRSTi se prAya: sabhI AcAryoM ne yuddha ke do bheda vaihilyakumAra apane pitA dvArA diye gaye upahAroM ke sAtha ApakI Jain Education Intemational

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zaraNa meM AyA hai, ataH rAjakula ko yaha ucita nahIM hai ki zaraNAgata kumAra ko lauTA deM ataH hama saba rAjA kUNika se yuddha karane ke lie taiyAra haiN| 31 isI prakAra jambUdvIpaprajJaptisUtra 32 meM 5. ullekha hai ki bharata rAjA dvArA nAmollakhita bANa jaba mAgadha tIrthAdhipati ke bhavana meM girA taba sarvaprathama vaha kupita huA lekina bharata dvArA chor3e gaye bANa ko jAnakara vaha hAra, mukuTa, kuNDala, kar3e tathA vastrAdi lekara bharata ke pAsa pahu~cA aura bharata ne use zaraNAgata jAnakara AbhayadAna diyaa| yuddha 8. jJAtAdharmakathAGgasUtra meM varNana hai ki rAjA padmanAbha apanI rAjadhAnI amarakaMkA ko zrIkRSNa vAsudeva dvArA bhagna kiyA huA jAnakara bhayabhIta hokara draupadI devI kI zaraNa meM gyaa| taba draupadI ne usase kahA devAnupriya ! kyA tuma nahIM jAnate ki purUSottama kRSNa kA apriya karate hue tuma mujhe yahA~ lAye ho? kintu jo huA huA so huA aba tuma bheMTa Adi lekara mujhe Age karake unakI zaraNa me calo, uttamapurUSa prANivatsala hote haiM arthAt jo unake sAmane namra hote haiM una para dayA aura prasannatA prakaTa karate haiM, aisA karane se hI tumhAre nagarI kI rakSA hogI, anyathA nahIM padmanAbha kI dayanIya dazA ko dekhakara kRSNa vAsudeva ne use mukta kara diyaa| 13 9. yuddhArthiyoM ke apane kucha niyama aura siddhAnta bhI hote the jinakA pAlana bar3I sajagatA se kiyA jAtA thaa| jainagrantha vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra ke anusAra rAjA varUNa ne niyama le rakhA thA ki rathamUsala saMgrAma meM buddha karate hue jo mujha para pahale prahAra karegA, maiM kevala use hI mArU~gA, anya vyaktiyoM ko nahIM / 34 sandarbha 1. aura yuddhanIti jainagrantha nItivAkyAmRta meM bhI yuddha ke katipaya niyamoM kA ullekha hai| somadeva ke anusAra saMgrAma bhUmi meM pairoM para khar3e hue bhayabhIta aura zastrahIna zatru kI hatyA karane meM brahmahatyA kA pApa lagatA hai| yuddha meM jo zatru bandI banA lie gaye hoM unheM vastrAdi dekara mukta kara denA caahie| 2. paumacariya meM sItA kI kathA milatI hai| rAvaNa ne sItA kA apaharaNa kiyA jise prApta karane ke lie rAma ne rAvaNa ke sAtha yuddha kiyaa| jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI kI kathA hai| draupadI ke kAraNa pANDavapadmanAbha aura kRSNa-padmanAbha meM yuddha huaa| 3-4. rUkmiNI aura padmAvatI kRSNa vAsudeva kI ATha agramahISiyoM meM ginI gayI haiM, rUkmiNI kuNDinI nagara ke rAjA bhISmaka kI putrI tathA rUkmi kI bahana thI aura padmAvatI hiraNyanAbha 7. 10. 163 kI kanyA thI / kRSNa dvArA inake apaharaNa kiye jAne kA ullekha triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita meM milatA hai| tArA sugrIva kI patnI thii| tArA sambandhI yuddha kA varNana triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita meM likhatA hai (8, 9, 10, 11) TIkAkAra abhayadeva ke anusAra kAMcanA, ahinnikA, kinnarI, surUpA aura vidyunmatI kI kathAeM ajJAta haiM kucha loga rAjA zreNika kI agramahiSI cellaNA ko hI kAMcanA kahate haiM (uddhRta, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pR092 ) | subhadrA kRSNa vAsudeva kI bahana thii| arjuna dvArA subhadrA ke apaharaNa kI kathA harivaMzapurANa tathA triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita meM milatI hai| rohiNI balarAma kI mAtA aura vasudeva kI patnI thii| rohiNI yuddha kathA triSaSTizalAkApurUSacarita tathA vasudevahiNDI meM milatI hai| kAzI, kosala, aMga, kuNAla, kurU aura pAMcAla ke rAjAoM ne mithilA kI rAjakumArI mallI ke rUpa, guNa kI prazaMsA sunakara mithilA para AkramaNa kara diyaa| mithilA ke rAjA kumbha kA inake sAtha yuddha huaa| jJAtAdharmakathA meM isa kathA kA ullekha hai| mRgAvatI kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka kI mahArAnI thii| koI citrakAra usakA citra banAkara ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota ke pAsa le gyaa| pradyota rAnI para mohita ho gayA, usane zatAnIka ke pAsa dUta bhejA ki yA to vaha mRgAvatI ko bheja de athavA buddha ke lie taiyAra ho jAya isakA varNana AvazyakacUrNi meM huA hai| } 11. draSTavya nizIthacUrNI saMpA0 upAdhyAya maramunijI prakA0bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, vArANasI / 10.280 / 12. vRhatkalpabhASya saMpA0 puNya vijayajI prakA0 AtmAnaMda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara vi0saM0 1998. 66328 (rAjA ke dhAvaka jarUrI patra lekara pavana vega ke samAna daur3akara jAte the / ) 13. nirayAvalikAsUtra, saMpA0 madhukaramuni prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara 1985, 43 10 157-158 14. jambUdvIpaprajJapti saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAsana samiti, byAvara, 3/41-71: 15. padmacarita saMpA0; paM0 darabArIlAla, prakA0 mANikacandra graMtha mAlasamiti giragAMva, mumbaI, vi0saM0 1985 4/67 74 /

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164 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 25 16. 'appege hiMsiMsa me tti vA, appege hisaMti vA, appege hiMsissaMti AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama vANe vdheti| prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1984, 5/3/159 / AcArAMgasUtra, saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama tathA dekhie-appANameva jujjhAhi kiM te jujjheNa bajjhao? prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1984, 1/6/52; uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpA0- madhukaramuni, prakA0 zrI Agama prakAzana 17. imasma ceva jIviyassa parivaMdaNa-mANaNa-pUyaNAe, jAI-maraNa- samiti, byAvara, 9/35 moyaNAe dukkha paDighAtahetuM'--vahI 1/7 24. uttarAdhyayanasUtra saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama 18. thIbhi loe pvvhite| prakAsana samiti, byAvara, 1/15; te bho! vadaMti eyAI AyataNAiM-vahI 2/4/84 kauTilIya arthazAstra, saMpA0- udayavIra zAstrI prakA0- meharacanda 19. padmapurANa, saMpA0- paM0- pannAlAla jaina, prakA0- bhAratIya lakSmaNadAsa, dariyAgaMjae dillI, 1970 21/6/7 jJAnapITha, kAzI, sarga 33 26. vahI 46/6/7 20. harivaMzapurANa, saMpA- paM0 darabArI lAla nyAyatIrtha- 27 nirayAvalikAsUtra saMpA0- madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakA0- mANikacanda digambara jaina granthamAla samiti- prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1985, 44/166 mumbaI, sarga 36 8. jambUdvIprajJaptisUtra, saMpA0- madhukaramuni, prakA0- zrI Agama 21. pANDavapurANa, saMpA0- jinadAsa jaina kaDakulezAstrI, solApura, prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1986, 18/152 1980, sarga 19 29. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama 22: jJAtAdharmakathA, saMpA0 - madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAsana samiti, byAvara, 16/190 prakAzana samiti, byAvara 15,pR0 362 30. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra saMpA0 madhukara muni, prakA0- zrI Agama 23. imeNa ceva jujhahi kiM te jujheNa vjjhto'| prakAsana samiti, byAvara, 182 7/9/8 Jain Education Intemational

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zramaNa aura zrAvaka kA pArasparika sambandha : AgamoM ke Aloka meM DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina jaina dharma mUlata: nivRttimArgIya sanyAsa mUlaka zramaNa paramparA eka mahatvapUrNa aGga maanaa| unhoMne zrAvaka varga ko mAtra isalie kA dharma hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki vaidika paramparA ke viparIta usameM mahattva nahIM diyA ki vaha bhikSusaMgha ke poSaNa kA mUla AdhAra hai| saMnyAsa ko hI sAdhanAtmaka jIvana kA carama Adarza svIkAra kiyA yadyapi isameM kahIM vaimatya nahIM hai ki sabhI paramparAoM meM bhikSu- saMgha gayA hai| ata: yaha svAbhAvika hai ki usameM zramaNa jIvana kI pradhAnatA ke sampoSaNa aura saMrakSaNa kA dAyitva gRhastha varga para hI mAnA gayA ho| usakA yaha prAcIna Adarza rahA hai ki vyakti ko pahale zramaNa hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki vaidika-paramparA meM jaba caturvidha Azramadharma kA upadeza diyA jAnA caahiye| zramaNa dharma meM dIkSita hone meM vyavasthA mAnya huI to usameM gRhastha Azrama ko anya sabhI AzramoM asamarthatA vyakta kare to hI use zrAvaka dharma kA upadeza denA caahie| kA Azraya-sthala mAnA gayA / mahAvIra ne bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra ata: yaha to nirvivAda satya hai ki jaina paramparA meM zramaNa dharma kI kiyA hai| unhoMne zrAvaka ke bAraha vratoM meM eka vrata atithi-saMvibhAga pradhAnatA rahI hai aura usameM zramaNa ko hI samAja ke mArgadarzana aura rakhA hai| upAsakadazA sUtra meM mahAvIra sakaDAla putra ko yaha nirdeza netRtva kA adhikAra diyA gayA hai kintu isa AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa dete haiM ki AjIvaka zramaNoM ke lie bhI tumhArA ghara eka prajA ke nikAla lenA ki jainadharma meM gRhastha dharma yA zrAvaka varga kA koI samAna rahA hai ata: unake AhAra pAnI kI upekSA mata krnaa| isa sthAna hI nahIM hai, anucita kahA jaayegaa| prakAra mahAvIra bhI zramaNa- zramaNiyoM ke sampoSaNa ke lie gRhasthoM ke tIrthaMkara dharma-tIrtha ke rUpa meM jisa caturvidha saMgha kI kartavya ko mAnya karate haiN| kintu unhoMne isalie mahattva diyA hai ki sthApanA karate haiM usameM sAdhu aura sAdhvI ke sAtha zrAvaka aura dharma use sAdhanA aura dharmatIrtha kI vikAsa yAtrA meM vaha bhI eka zrAvikAoM ko bhI samAna mahattva diyA gayA hai| zrAvaka bhI saMgharUpI sahagAmI yAtrI hai| isase Age bar3hakara gRhasthoM ko saMgha ke niyaMtraNa kA tIrtha kA eka mahatvapUrNa stambha hai| zrAvaka varga ke abhAva meM munisaMgha adhikAra bhI diyaa| sthAnAMgasUtra meM gRhastha ko sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke kA bhI astitva nahIM raha sktaa| jJAtavya hai ki munivarga ke abhAva mAtA-pitA ke rUpa meM ullikhita karane ke pIche mUla uddezya use meM zrAvaka-saMgha kA to astitva raha sakatA hai| kintu zrAvaka saMgha ke usake kartavya aura adhikAra donoM kA bodha karAnA thaa| jisa prakAra abhAva meM muni saMgha nahIM rhtaa| ata: donoM sthApanA aura viccheda mAtA-pitA bAlaka ke sampoSaka aura saMrakSaka hone ke sAtha-sAtha sAtha-sAtha hotA hai| jahA~-bauddha paramparA meM gRhastha mAtra upAsaka rahA, usake nirdezaka aura niyAmaka bhI hote hai| usI prakAra gRhastha varga bhI vahA~ jaina paramparA meM vaha zrAvaka bnaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kA na kevala sampoSaka yA saMrakSaka hotA hai apitu bauddha-paramparA meM zrAvaka (sAvaka) zabda bhikSu kA vAcaka hai| gRhastha unakA niyAmaka bhI hotA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina paramparA meM ke lie vahA~ upAsaka zabda hI pracalita rahA hai| upAsaka aura zrAvaka gRhastha ko zramaNa sAdhakoM ke caritra kA praharI bhI mAna liyA gayA / zabda ke vyutpattilamya artha meM eka bahuta bar3A antara hai| upAsaka mAtra use yaha adhikAra prApta thA ki yadi koI sAdhu-sAdhvI zramaNa maryAdAoM sevaka hai usakA kArya hai sevA krnaa| jabaki zrAvaka dharma kA zrotA kA samyak rUpeNa paripAlana nahIM kara rahA ho to vaha use zramaNa saMgha hotA hai, jo zrotA hotA hai vahI jJAnI hotA hai, vahImArgadarzana yA se pRthak kara de| netRtva kA adhikArI hotA hai| ata: zrAvaka dharmatIrtha kA eka mahattvapUrNa jaina paramparA meM muni dIkSA se lekara AcArya ke sarvocca pada ghaTaka hotA hai| dUsare bauddha-paramparA meM upAsaka ko bauddha-saMgha kA ke cayana taka meM gRhastha kI anumati Avazyaka mAnI gayI thii| yaha sadasya nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| jabaki jaina dharma meM vaha caturvidha saMgha kA paramparA Aja taka bhI pracalita hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina paramparA meM aMga hai| usake abhAva meM saMgha nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| yadyapi bhagavAn zrAvaka varga zramaNa saMgha kA praharI banA rhaa| usakA pariNAma yaha huA buddha ne saMgha ko pradhAnatA dI kintu saMgha se unakA tAtparya sadaiva hI ki bauddha bhikSu saMgha meM jo zithilatA AI aura usake kAraNa bhArata bhikSu-bhikSuNI kA saMgha hI rhaa| unhoMne upAsaka varga ko usakA aMga meM usakA astitva samApta ho gayA, vaha sthiti jaina dharma meM nahIM nahIM banAyA, pariNAma yaha huA ki upAsaka varga kA bhikSu-saMgha para aaii| Aja yaha durbhAgya hai ki zrAvaka varga apane isa dAyitva ke prati koI niyaMtraNa nahI rahA hai| phalata: bhikSu saMgha utarottara zithilAcArI sajaga nahIM hai| saMgha vyavasthA aura dharma prabhAvanA kI dRSTi se zrAvaka hokara eka dina apanI asmitA ko hI miTA baitthaa| isake viparIta varga aura zramaNa varga sahayAtrI aura sahabhAgI haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zrAvaka aura zrAvikA-varga ko apane dharma saMgha kA vastuta: na kevala saMgha vyavasthA kI dRSTi se apit AdhyAtmika

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166 sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bhI gRhastha kA sthAna utanA nimna nahIM hai jitanA sAmAnyatayA mAna liyA jAtA hai sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha nirdeza hai ki Arambha no Arambha rUpa gRhastha dharma kA yaha sthAna Arya haiM aura samasta duHkhoM kA anta karane vAlA mokSamArga hai| Aja jo sAdhu vizeSaNa mAtra zramaNoM kA hai, kucha zatAbdiyoM pUrva taka yaha vizeSaNa zrAvakoM kA bhI rahA hai| gRhasthoM ke zAha aura sAhU jaise upanAma isI kA apabhraMsa rUpa hai| jaina paramparA ke anekoM abhilekha aise haiM jinameM gRhasthoM ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM 'sAdhu' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| ataH gRhastha ko atyanta nimnastarIya mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM to spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha haiM ki cAhe sAmAnya gRhasthoM kI apekSA zramaNoM ko zreSTha mAna liyA jAya kintu kucha gRhastha bhI aise hote haiM jo zramaNoM se bhI zreSTha hote haiN| isase yaha spaSTatayA phalita hotA hai ki aneka paristhitiyoM meM gRhastha kA sAdhanAmaya jIvana muniyoM se zreSTha ho sakatA hai| hamAre samAne isa yuga meM bhI zrI harImala jI pArakha jaise kucha sad gRhastha rahe jinakA bAhya AcAra sAdhuoM kI apekSA bhI zreSTha thaa| vastutaH AdhyAtmika vikAsa aura cAritrika sAdhanA kA sambandha kevala veza aura bAhya AcAra niyamoM taka sImita nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM hI spaSTa rUpa se usa tathya ko bhI svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki vyakti gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara bhI apanI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke dvArA nirvANa ke carama lakSya ko prApta kara sakatA hai / 3 zvetAmbara aura yAmanIya paramparA ke dvArA mAnya prAcIna graMthoM meM aise aneka ullekha hai jinameM gRhastha jIvana se sIdhe parinirvANa mukti ko ullekhita kiyA gayA hai| yadi gRhastha aura muni donoM hI sIdhe mokSa prApta karane kI yogyatA rakhate haiM to phira unameM kisI ko zreSTha aura kisI ko heya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vastutaH prazna kisI ke gRhastha yA muni hone kA nahIM hai| prazna hai usane apanI vAsanAoM aura vikAroM para kisa sImA taka vijaya prApta kI hai| vastutaH jisake jIvana meM anAsakti evaM samatva kA jitanA vikAsa huA hai vahI usakI zreSThatA kA mApadaNDa hai uttarAdhyayana ke jisa ullekha kA hamane pUrva meM nirdeza kiyA hai vahI yaha sUcita karatA hai ki saMyama aura sAdhanA ke kSetra meM eka gRhastha bhI muni kI apekSA zreSTha ho sakatA hai| yadi gaMbhIratA se vicAra kareM to muni kI apekSA bhI gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara vAsanAoM para vijaya prApta karanA aura samabhAva kI sAdhanA meM nirata rahanA adhika kaThina hai| muni jIvana kI jo AcAra vyavasthA hai usameM phisalana aura vicalana ke avasara gRhastha ko apekSA alpa hote haiM jaMgala meM sAdhanA karane kI apekSA vezyA ke yahA~ cAturmAsa karane vAle syUlibhadra ko adhika dhanyatA isalie prApta huI ki usane vicalana kI sArI sambhAvanAoM ke bAvajUda apanI cAritrika sAdhanA ko ujjavalatam banAye rkhaa| ataH gRhastha jIvana meM rahakara AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM agrasara hone vAle vyakti ko adhika mahatva diyA jAtA haiN| eka muni bhI brahmacarya jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 kA pAlana karatA hai kintu vijaya seTha aura unakI patnI vijayA ke dvArA eka zayyA para sokara brahmacarya pAlana kI jo mahAnatA hai vaha usase kaI gunA adhika hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM utanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai ki vyakti ne muni kA veza dhAraNa kara rakhA hai yA gRhastha kA mahattvapUrNa yaha hai ki usane apanI vAsanAoM para niyaMtraNa karane tathA apane caitasika samatva ko banAe rakhane meM kitanI kSamatA hai aura aise zreSTha zrAvakoM ko muni saMgha ke sajaga praharI bane rahane kA pUrNa adhikAra hai| vastutaH gRhastha aura muni ke pArasparika sambandhoM ko lekara jo vivAda utpanna hote haiM unameM hama kevala unake bAhya rUpoM para dhyAna dete haiN| unake cAritrika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sAmAnyatayA upekSA hI kara dete haiN| vastutaH eka caritra sampanna AgamajJa gRhastha ko yaha adhikAra prApta hai ki vaha muni saMgha kA sajaga praharI banakara kArya kreN| Aja sAmAnya rUpa se yaha dRSTikoNa vikasita ho rahA hai ki muni zreSTha hai aura gRhastha ko usake niyaMtraNa kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| vastutaH samAja kA yaha durbhAgya hai ki na to munivarga meM Ami jJAna aura AcAra pravaNatA hai aura na gRhasthoM meM sAdhanA Aja sthiti yaha hai ki hamArA munisaMgha apanI jo bhautika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta zrAvakoM aura vizeSa rUpa se sumpanna zrAvakoM kA Azrita banatA jA rahA hai aura ve zrAvaka jo unake bhakta bane hue hote haiM unameM na to caritra bala hotA hai aura na AgamajJAna, mAtra anucita sAdhanoM se upArjita sampadA ke bala para samAja ke netA bane hue haiN| yahIM sthiti rahI to vahI kahAvata caritArtha hogI 'hama to DUbeMge sanama tumheM bhI le DUbeMge' / vastutaH Aja zrAvakoM aura sAdhuoM ke bIca pArasparika sambandhoM ko taya karanA Avazyaka hai| vaha satya hai ki una zrAvakoM ko jinake pAsa na cAritrika bala hai aura na AgamajJAna unheM muni saMgha ke niyaMtraNa aura mArgadarzana kA adhikArI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki zrAvaka varga ko muni ko apanI svacchanda pravRttiyoM se rokane kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai| hamAre sAmane upAsakadazAMga kA Ananda aura gautaka kA kathAnaka isakA mArgadarzaka hai| Ananda apane hI AvAsa meM sthita sAdhanAgRha meM samAdhimaraNa kI sAdhanA meM rata hai, bhikSArtha jAte hue gautama usake yahA~ jAte haiM, Apasa meM avadhijJAna kI sImA ko lekara donoM meM matabheda hotA hai| gautama jaba mahAbIra ke pAsa pahu~cakara usa ghaTanA kA ullekha karate haiM to mahAvIra unheM spaSTa Adeza dete haiM ki AhAra grahaNa karane ke pUrva Ananda ke pAsa jAkara kSamAyAcanA kro| kyA gautama se adhika caritravAn aura zAnI Aja kA sAdhu varga hai? mahAvIra ke nikaTastha ziSya hone para bhI unakA kisI gRhastha ke yahA~ kSamA yAcanA karane jAne kA yaha prasaMga isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki apanI kamI yA galatiyoM ke lie muni ko zrAvaka

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zramaNa aura zrAvaka kA pArasparika se kSamAyAcanA taka karanI hotI hai| ataH jo yaha samajhate haiM ki muni zreSTha haiM aura vaha cAhe kaisA bhI ho aura gRhastha ko usake niyaMtraNa kA koI adhikAra nahIM hai ve eka prAMti meM haiN| bhASya aura cUrNi sAhitya meM aise aneka kathAnaka haiM jinameM gRhasthoM ko zithilAcArI sAdhuoM ke vandana aura unheM bhakti pUrvaka AhAra Adi dekara unakA saMrakSaNa karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| sAdhuvarga ke prati zraddhA aura sampoSaNa ke dAyitva ke sAtha-sAtha unake caritra kA sajaga praharI honA bhI gRhastha kA dAyitva hai| prAyazcitta vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM bhASyacUrNi sAhitya meM aise spaSTa ullekha haiM ki AcArya Adi ke abhAva meM sAdhu yogya zrAvaka ke samakSa bhI apanI AlocanAkara sakatA hai aura prAyazcitta le sakatA hai| isase bhI isa tathya kI puSTi hotI haiM ki bhramaNa saMgha ke prazAsana meM usakA pUrA adhikAra thaa| hAM isa sandarbha meM itanI sajagatA Avazyaka hai ki zrAvaka ko zramaNa saMgha ko anuzAsita karane kA adhikAra taka hI prApta hotA hai jaba vaha svayaM caritravAn ho evaM AgamajJa ho / prAcInakAla meM zrAvakoM meM AgamoM ke adhyayana kI paramparA thii| bhagavatIsUtra meM pAzcAMpatya zrAvakoM ke dvArA aura jayantI zrAvikA ke dvArA mahAvIra se aneka praznoM para carcA ke prasaMga milate haiN| yadi zrAvaka aura zrAvikA varga ke adhyayana kA niSedha yaha to madhyakAla kI hI dena hai ki jaba caityavAsa kA vikAsa huA aura sAdhuoM ke sAmane yaha prazna khar3A ho gayA ki yadi gRhasthoM meM Agama kA paThana-pAThana hogA, to ve muni ke Agamika AcAra aura vartamAna AcAra ke antara ko jAna jAyeMge, phalataH unameM unake prati azraddhA kA bhAva utpanna hovegaa| ataH zrAvaka ko AgamoM ke adhyayana kA jo niSedha kiyA gayA usake pIche caityavAsI muniyoM kA zithilAcAra hI pramukha kAraNa thaa| prAcIna Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se dAna ke kSetra meM pAtra apAtra kA vicAra mAtra itanA hI nahIM, balki usameM pAtra meM bhI zreSTha, madhyama aura adhama kI bhI carcA hai| yadi zrAvaka muni saMgha ke AcAra kA sajaga praharI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai to phira use pAtra-apAtra kA vicAra karane kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki paravartI kAla meM pAtra-apAtra sambandhI vicAra kI isa avadhAraNA kA AcAryoM ne virodha bhI kiyA aura yahAM taka kahA gayA ki gRhastha ke lie muniveza hI paryApta hai use unake sambandha meM pAtra-apAtra kA vicAra nahIM karanA cAhie / 5 bhagavatIsUtra meM pArarzvApatya zrAvakoM ke dvArA aura jayantI zrAvikA ke dvArA mahAvIra se aneka praznoM para carcA ke prasaMga milate haiN| yadi zrAvaka aura zrAvikA varga Agama aura dharma sambandha meM jJAna aura jijJAsA nahIM rakhatA to isaprakAra kI carcAeM sambhava nahIM thiiN| punaH upAsakadazAMga Adi Agama to pUrNatayA zrAvaka varga se sambandhita hai| unakA adhyayana sAdhu kI apekSA gRhastha ke lie hI Avazyaka hai| mAtra yahI nahIM yApanIya paramparA meM chedapiNDazAstra aura chedazAstra sambandha : AgamoM ke Aloka meM 167 nAmaka granthoM meM to spaSTa rUpa se zrAvaka zrAvikAoM kI prAyazcitta vidhi kA varNana hai| isase phalita yahI hotA hai ki zrAvaka-zrAvikA varga meM Agama granthoM ke adhyayana kI paramparA thii| sthAnaka vAsI paramparA meM aise aneka zrAvaka the, jo battIsa hI AgamoM ke jJAtA the| Adhunika sandarbha meM gRhastha evaM muni saMgha kA sambandha Agamika sandarbhoM ke AdhAra para hamane zrAvaka aura sAdhuoM ke pArasparika sambandha kI jo carcA kI, use vartamAna sandarbha meM bhI spaSTa kara lenA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA, kyoMki prAcIna kAla kI apekSA bhI Aja donoM kI pArasparika nirbharatA adhika ho gayI hai| prAcIna kAla meM jaba muni saMgha sAmAnyatayA vanoM girikandarAoM meM athavA nagaroM ke bAhara nivAsa karate the, taba gRhasthoM se unakA sambandha mAtra bhikSA prApta karane yA gRhasthoM kI jijJAsA para unheM dharmopadeza karane se adhika nahIM thA, kintu caityavAsa aura nagaranivAsa ke sAtha hI gRhasthoM aura muniyoM ke sambandha meM adhika pragAr3hatA AI hai aba ve kadama-kadama para zrAvakoM para Azrita hote jA rahe haiN| Aja na kevala unake bhojana vastra yA cikitsA kA uttaradAyitva gRhasthoM para hotA hai apitu unake pravacana Adi kI vyavasthA karanA, saMcAra sAdhanoM ke mAdhyama se unheM prasArita karavAnA, apane evaM unake ahaM kI tuSTi ke lie athavA jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA ke lie bar3e-bar3e samArohoM ko Ayojita karavAnA, usameM rAjanetA Adi ko AmaMtrita karavAnA prabhAvanA ke hetu vividha prakAra ke mahotsava, tIrthayAtrAe~ evaM pUjA pratiSThA Adi kA Ayojana karavAnA- ina saba kAryoM ke lie muni saMgha gRhasthoM para hI nirbhara hotA jA rahA hai, mAtra yahI nahIM Aja darzanArtha Aye hue unake bhaktoM ke AvAsa, bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA kA uttaradAyitva bhI sthAnIya saMghoM para hotA hai| yaha saba kharca karavAne ke lie Aja muni saMgha ko sAmAnya zrAvakoM kI apekSA pUMjIpatiyoM kI apekSA hotI hai, phalataH vaha pUMjIpatiyoM kI muTThI meM AtA jA rahA hai| aba usakI svatantratA dhIre-dhIre samApta hotI jA rahI hai| yaha eka nirvivAda satya hai ki vaha jitanA jitanA gRhasthoM para Azrita hogA usakI svatantratA aura prAmANikatA sImita hogii| dUsarI ora AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM zithilatA aayegii| Aja kA jo pUMjIpati varga hai vaha muniyoM kI upAsanA yA sAnnidhya isalie nahIM pAnA cAhatA ki usase usakA AdhyAtmika yA cAritrika vikAsa ho / usakI sAdhu varga se mukhya apekSA apane bhautika kalyANa ko lekara hI hotI hai| vaha kevala isalie muniyoM ke pAsa jAtA hai ki unakI kRpAdRSTi AdhyAtmika zakti athavA tapobala se usakA bhautika kalyANa hogA tathA sampatti Adi meM abhivRddhi hogii| isaprakAra laukika aiSaNA aura bhautika AkAMkSA kI pUrti ke nAma para sampattivAn zrAvakoM kA eka vartula khar3A ho rahA hai| logoM meM yaha vizvAsa pracalita ho gayA hai ki amuka muni meM vizeSa prakAra kI divya zakti, tapobala Adi hai jisase unakA bhautika kalyANa ho sakatA hai, unake pIche

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168 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 bhIr3a juTane lagatI hai| yaha eka AdhyAtmavAdI nivRtti pradhAna jaina unake pratizata meM bhI koI bahuta bar3A antara AyA ho aisA bhI maiM saMskRti ke lie cintanIya hai, ye eka dina yaha kathana sArthaka ho nahIM mAnatA, kintu Aja eka bhI ghaTanA se jina zAsana kI jitanI jAyegA ki 'guru celA donoM DUbe baiTha patthara kI naav'| yadi zrAvakavarga pratiSThA dhUmila hotI haiM utanI prAcInakAla meM nahIM hotI thI, kyoMki aura zrAvikA varga meM yaha sajagatA Avazyaka hai ki muniyoM se usakA saMcAra ke mAdhyama isane sakriya nahA the Aja mAtra choTI sI ghaTanA ko samparka aura sambandha apane cAritrika vikAsa ke lie hI apekSita hai bhI tila kA tAr3a banAkara prastuta kara diyA jAtA hai, ata: isa apanI bhautika eSaNAoM kI sampUrti ke lie nhiiN| dUsarI ora sambandha meM adhika sajagatA kI AvazyakatA haiN| yadi Aja jinamuniyoM meM bhI yaha cetanA vikasita honA Avazyaka hai ki ve zAsana kI pratiSThA kI rakSA karanA hai to hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA hogA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA evaM cAritrika vikAsa ke lie dIkSita hue haiM na ki saMgha ke sabhI sadasyoM kI jIvana zailI nirdoSa ho| isalie yaha ki logoM kI bhautika eSaNAoM kI sampUrti ke lie| lokaiSaNA ke Avazyaka hai ki tyAgI-varga zrAvakoM kA sajaga praharI bane aura zrAvaka lie donoM kA eka dUsare para Azrita honA yaha zubha lakSaNa nahIM hai| varga tyAgI varga kA sajaga praharI bne| kintu praharI banane kA uddezya Aja sthiti yaha hai ki muniyoM ko apanI lokaiSaNA kI pUrti yA ahaM unakI sAdhanA meM sahayogI banakara unake AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie ke poSaNa evaM pradarzana ke lie zrAvakoM se dhana cAhie aura zrAvakoM kArya karanA hai na ki eka dUsare kI kamiyoM ko samAja meM ujAgara ko unakI kRpA se bhautika smpdaa| isa duzcakra kA pariNAma kyA krnaa| hogA, yaha vicAraNIya hai| Aja sAmAnyA yaha sthiti vikasita hotI Aja eka khatarA yaha bhI bar3ha gayA hai-saMcAra mAdhyama jA rahI hai ki samAja meM cAritravAna aura jJAnI zrAvakoM kA koI mUlya blaikamela karane kI kalA meM nipuNa hotA jA rahA hai ata: usake prati aura mahattva nahIM raha gayA hai| sAdhuoM meM Agama jJAna luptaprAya hotA bhI sajaga rahanA hai| AvazyakatA yaha hai ki ekAnta meM baiThakara hI rahA hai, aisI sthiti meM jo nirdhana, kintu zraddhA sampanna evaM cAritra guNa-doSoM kI samIkSA karanI hogI, tila se tAr3a banAne meM sampUrNa sampanna zrAvaka varga hai vaha samAja se kaTatA jA rahA hai| yaha eka bhinna jina zAsana kI pratiSThA dhUmila hogI, usameM zrAvaka kI pratiSThA bhI bAta hai ki Aja samAja meM Arthika sampannatA bar3hI hai kintu yaha bhI zAmila hai| prAcIna Agama sAhitya meM prAyazcit vyavasthA ko gopanIya kama vicAraNIya nahIM hai ki isa Arthika samRddhi kI abhivRddhi ke viSaya isIlie mAnA gayA thaa| bauddhoM meM jahA~ prAyazcit nirdhAraNa saMgha sAtha hamArI cAritrika niSThA aura cAritrabala donoM kA patana huA hai| ke dvArA hotA thA vahA~ jainoM meM AcArya ke dvArA hone se saMgha kI Aja saMcAra sAdhanoM kI drutagati huI pragati huI hai, eka pratiSThA surakSita rahatI thii| Aja bhI AvazyakatA yahI hai ki zrAvaka choTI sI ghaTanA bhI akhabAra meM surkhiyoM meM chapa jAtI hai| pariNAma varga praharI bane usakI bhUmikA sipAhI kI bhUmikA ho| vaha nyAyAdhIza yaha hotA hai ki kisI eka muni kA cAritrika patana bhI sampUrNa samAja nahIM hai, vaha dAyitva AcArya kA hai| yadi donoM varga apanI-apanI ke mukha para kAlikha lagA detA hai| jaba saMcAramAdhyama itanA prabala maryAdA aura dAyitva ko samajheMge tabhI jaina zAsana kI pratiSThA bddh'egii| nahIM thA taba yaha viSaya itanA cintanIya nahIM thaa| yaha to satya hai ki sandarbha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla se lekara Aja taka koI aisA samaya nahIM 1. sUtrakRtAMga 2/2/39, rahA jaba itane bar3e zramaNa saMgha meM kisI muni kA cAritrika patana huA 2. uttarAdhyayana 520 ho, ghaTanAe~ to pUrvakAla meM bhI hotI thIM aura Aja bhI hotI haiN| 3. uttarAdhyayana 36/49, bharahesacariyaM 461-464 4. upAsakadazA- Ananda nAmaka prathama adhyayana Jain Education Intemational

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jainadharma aura varNavyavasthA paM0 phUlacandra siddhAnta zAstrI' bhAratavarSa ko svarAjya milane ke bAda bhArata sarakAra aura bAta sApha hai| jaina hinda nahIM haiM yaha kahanA to unakA jana pratinidhiyoM kA isa ora dhyAna gayA hai| bhAratIya saMvidhAna sabhA bahAnA mAtra hai| vAstava meM ve kevala itanA hI cAhate haiM ki jaina ne jisa saMvidhAna ko svIkAra kiyA hai usameM do siddhAnta nizcita rUpa mandiroM meM aspRzyatA pUrvavat kAyama banI rheN| se mAna lie gae haiN| ve aisA kyoM cAhate haiM, isakA kAraNa bahuta spaSTa hai| kintu 1. hama manuSyoM meM kisI bhI prakAra kI aspRzyatA nahIM maante| hama usameM jAnA nahIM caahte| hamAre sAmane mukhya prazna saMskRti kA hai| 2. hinduoM ke pratyeka sArvajanika sthAna aura sampatti kA, cAhe vaha Agama isa viSaya meM kyA kahatA hai, hameM to yahA~ isI bAta kA mandira, dharmazAlA yA TrasTa hI kyoM na ho, sabhI hindU samAna rUpa se nirNaya karanA haiN| upayoga kara sakate hai| yaha to mAnI huI bAta hai ki hindU zabda kisI dharma vizeSa bhArata kI do pramukha saMskRtiyA~ kA vAcI nahIM hai| sadarapUrva kAla se jitane dharmoM ke manuSya yahA~ usa bhI sarvaprathama hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki varNa kyA vastu hai nivAsa karate the aura jina dharmoM ke pravartaka yahA~ janme the ve saba hindU aura usakI sthApanA yahA~ kina parasthitiyoM meM huii| yaha to sarva zabda kI vyAkhyA meM Ate haiN| isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra na kevala vidita hai ki bhAratavarSa meM zramaNa aura vaidika do saMskRtiyAM mukhya haiN| vaidika dharma ke anuyAyI hindU Thaharate haiM apitu jaina bauddha aura sikha ina donoM ke AcAra-vicAra aura kriyA-kalApa meM mahAn antara hai| ye bhI hindU hI mAne jAte haiN| saMvidhAna kI 25 vI dhArA ke niyama vaidika saMskRti mukhya rUpa se IzvaravAdiyoM kI paramaparA hai aura zramaNa naM02 meM isa bAta kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha kara diyA gayA hai ki- saMskRti svAvalambiyoM kI paramparA hai| ina donoM meM pUrva pazcima kA ___Hindu Includes Jain, Baudha and Sikhas. antara hai| pataJjali RSi ne hajAroM varSa pahale apane bhASya meM ise jahA~ taka hama dekhate haiM sikheM aura bauddhoM ko isameM koI svIkAra kiyA hai| ve ina donoM ke virodha ko ahi-nakUla (sA~pa Apatti nahIM hai| ve isa tathya ko na kevala svIkAra karate haiM apitu nyolA) ke samakakSa kA mAnate haiN| 'hastinA tADyamAno'pi na gacchet isakA pracAra bhI karate haiM, kyoMki isameM ve apanA sAMskRtika lAbha jena mandiram' Adi vacana isI virodha ke sUcaka haiN| isalie jaba dekhate haiN| rAhula jI ne aneka bAra likhA hai ki hameM kisI bhI hAlata kabhI hama sAMskRtika dRSTi se vicAra karate haiM taba hameM inake antara meM apane ko hindU kahalAnA nahIM chor3anA hai| ko sAmane rakhanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai, anyathA padArtha kA nirNaya kiMt kucha rUr3hivAdI jaina isa tathya ko svIkAra karane se karane meM na kevala kaThinAI AtI hai apitu dizAbhrama hone kA bhaya hicakicAte hai| unake sAmane mukhya prazna jaina mandiroM kA hai| unheM rahatA hai| bhaya hai ki hindU zabda ko ukta vyAkhyA mAne lene para hameM jainamandira kathita aspazyoM ko kholane par3eMge jaba ki ve ise lie varNa zabdakI vyAkhyA taiyAra nahIM hai| varNa kyA hai yaha prazna bahata kaThina nahIM hai| isakA artha isa samaya jaina samAja meM vivAda do staroM para cala rahA hai| AkAra yA rUpa raMga hotA hai| prAcIna RSiyoM ne isI artha meM isakA prathama to yaha ki 'jaina hindU haiM yA nahIM' aura dUsarA yaha ki 'aspRzya yoga kiyA thaa| unhoMne manuSyoM ke rUpa raMga kI jAnakArI ke lie jaina mandiroM meM jA sakate haiM yA nhiiN|' prathama prazna aitihAsika haiM aura unakI AjIvikA aura caryA ko mukhya sAdhanA mAnA thaa| manuSya janma dUsarA sAMskRtika / se apanI AjIvikA lekara nahIM aataa| kintu vaha jina paristhitiyoM kucha jainoM kA khyAla hai ki sarakAra se 'jaina hindU nahIM hai' meM bar3hatA hai aura use apane vikAsa ke jaise sAdhanA upalabdha hote haiM isa bAta ke svIkAra karA lene para 'kathita aspRzya jaina mandiroM meM unake AdhAra se usakI AjIvikA nizcita hotI hai| DaoN0 ambeDakara jA sakate haiM yA nahIM' isa prazna ke alaga se nirNaya karAne kI AjakI kathata 'mahAra' jAti me janma hai| 'mahAra' dakSiNa meM eka AvazyakatA nahIM rhtii| ve socate hai ki isa taraha jaina mandira una achUta jAti hai| inake mAtA-pitA isI jAti ke aMga the| kintu Aja kAnunoM se apane Apa barI ho jAte haiM jo kathita aspRzyoM ko ve kAnUna ke mahAn paNDita hai| bhArata ko unapara nAja hai| ve bhAratIya mandira praveza kA adhikAra dete haiN| saMvidhAna ke mukhya kartA dhartA hai| unakI buddhi aura pratibhA kA vizva Jain Education Intemational

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170 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 ne lohA mAnA hai| yoM to vaidikoM kI purAnI vyavasthA ke anusAra ve bolatA use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN|2 aspRzya Thaharate haiM para Aja ve kisI bhI ucca koTi ke brAhmaNa se cittamantamacittaM vA, appaM vA jai vA bhuN| hInakoTi ke nahIM mAne jA skte| isa tathya ko prAcIna RSiyoM ne bhI na giNhAi adattaM je, taM vayaM bUma maahnnN|| anubhava kiyA thaa| tabhI to unhoMne kahA thA sacitta yA acitta koI bhI padArtha, bhale hI phira vaha thor3A kriyAvizeSAd vyavahAramAtrAdyAbhirakSAkRSizilpabhedAtA ho yA jyAdA, jo binA diye nahIM letA use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN|3 ziSTAzca varNAzcaturo vadinti na cAnyathA varNacatuSTayaM syAt / / divvamANusatericchaM, jo na sevai mehunnN| -barAMgacarita sarga 25 zloka 11 maNasA kAyavakkeNaM, vaM vayaM bama maahnnN|| prAcIna ziSTa puruSoM ne cAra varNoM kA jina kAraNoM se jo deva, manuSya aura tiryaMca sambandhI sabhI prakAra ke maithuna pratipAdana kiyA thA unhIM kA isa zloka meM suspaSTa rUpa se vargIkaraNa kA mana, vacana aura zarIra se kabhI sevana nahIM karatA use hama brAhmaNa kiyA gayA hai| ve kAraNa cha: haiM-1 kriyAvizeSa, 2 vyavahAramAtra, 3 kahate haiN| dayA, 4 prANiyoM kI rakSA, 5 kRSi aura 6 shilp| zloka ke jahA pommaM jale jAyaM, novalippai vaarinnaa| antima caraNa meM batalAyA hai ki cAra vargoM kI sattA inhIM kAraNoM se evaM alitaM kAmehi, vaM vayaM bUma maahnnN|| mAnI jA sakatI hai, anya kisI bhI prakAra se cAra se cAra varNa nahIM jisa prakAra kamala jala meM utpanna hokara bhI jala se lipta ho sakatA hai| nahIM hotA, isI prakAra jo saMsAra meM rahakara bhI kAma bhogoM se sarvathA ' inameM prArambha ke do sAmAnya kAraNa haiM aura anta ke cAra alipta rahatA hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiN| krama se brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina cAra varNoM ke sUcaka haiM AdipurANa meM bhI brAhmaNa varNa kI utpatti kA suspaSTa sarvaprathama AcArya kriyA vizeSa ko cAra vaNoM hetu kahanA cAhate haiM, nirdeza kiyA hai| vahA~ batalAyA hai ki bharata cakravartI ne tIna varNa ke parantu unheM bhaya hai ki kahIM koI isa AdhAra se manuSyoM ke vAstavika vratI zrAvakoM ko brAhmaNa varNa kA kahA thA aura tabhI se brAhmaNa varNa bheda na mAna baiThe, isalie ve kahate haiM ki manuSyoM ko aisA kahanA ki loka meM prasiddhi ko prApta huaa| 'yaha amuka varNa kA hai, yaha amuka varNa kA hai' vyavahAramAtra hai| loka cAra varNoM ke kAryoM kA nirdeza karate hue vahA~ yaha zloka meM brAhmaNa Adi zabda ke dvArA kathana karane kI rUr3hi hai- koI brAhmaNa AyA hai6.. kahalAtA hai aura koI kSatriya, vaizya yA shuudr| isake lie isa kathana brAhmaNA vratasaMskArAt kSatriyAH shstrdhaarnnaat| kI anya koI maulika vizeSatA nahIM hai| yadi thor3I dera ko yaha mAna vaNijo'rthArjanAcchadrA nygvRttisNshryaat|| bhI leM ki vyavahAra meM ina nAmoM ke pracalita hone ke koI anya kAraNa jinhoMne vratoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai ve brAhmaNa haiM, jo avazya haiM to ve dayA, abhirakSA, kRSi aura zilpa inake sivA aura AjIvikA ke lie zastra svIkAra karate haiM, ve kSatriya haiM jo nyAyamArga ho hI kyA sakate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna kAla meM ina kriyAoM se arthAjana karate haiM ve vaizya hai aura jo jaghanya vRtti svIkAra karate ke AdhAra se brAhmaNa Adi cAra varNoM kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA thaa| haiM ve zUdra haiN| 1. brAhmaNa varNa isase bhI yahI jJAta hotA hai ki brAhmaNa varNa kA mukhya - pahalA kAraNa dayA hai| yaha ahiMsA kA pratIka hai| ahiMsA AdhAra AjIvikA nahIM hai kintu vratoM ko svIkAra karanA hai| tabhI to Adi pA~ca vratoM ko svIkAra kara unakA pAlana karanA hI brAhmaNa varNa padmacarita meM kahA haikI mukhya pahacAna hai| 'brAhmaNa kauna' isakA nirdeza prAcIna sAhitya meM vratasthamapi caannddaal| taM devA brAhmaNaM viduH|| 'vastRta AdhAroM para kiyA hai| isakI vyAkhyA karate hue uttarAdhyayana isa zloka meM AcArya raviSeNa ne kitanI bar3I bAta kahIM meM kahA hai hai| isase jaina dharmakI AtmA nikhara uThatI hai| ve isameM spaSTa rUpa tasapANe viyANittA, saMgaheNa ya thaavre| se usa cANDAla (cANDAla karma se AjIvikA karanevAle) ko bhI jo na hiMsai tiviheNaM, vaM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM // brAhmaNarUpa se svIkAra karate haiM jo jIvana meM vratoM ko svIkAra jo trasa sthAvara sabhI prANiyoM ko bhalIbhA~ti jAnakara unakI karatA hai| mana, vacana aura kAya se kabhI hiMsA nahIM karatA use hama brAhmaNa jainadharma ke anusAra varNavyavasthA kA rahasya kyA hai yaha kahate haiN| isameM khola kara batalAyA gayA hai| koI bhI manuSya apanI AjIvikA kohA vA dai vA hAsA, lohA vA jai vA bhyaa| kSatriya, vaizya, zUdra, kisI varNa kI kyoM na karatA ho yadi vaha vratoM musaM na vayaIM jo u, taM vayaM bUma maahnnN|| kA pAlana karane lagatA hai to vaha varNa se brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai yaha jo krodhase, hAsyase, lobhase athavA bhayase asatya nahIM isakA tAtparya hai|

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jainadharma aura varNavyavasthA 171 manusmRti meM brAhmaNa ke adhyayana, adhyApana, dAna aura deza kI rakSA karanA aura deza ke bhItara suvyavasthA banAye rakhanA rakhanA pratigraha ye cAra mukhya kArya batalAe haiN| anyatra AdipurANa meM bhI ina unakA kAma hai yaha 'abhirakSA' zabda se vyakta hotA hai| kAryoM kA nirdeza hai| kintu inakA pUrvollekhoM se samarthana nahIM hotaa| Ajakala rAjanIti meM ahiMsA ke praveza kA zreya mahAtmA vastutaH brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA AjIvikA kI pradhAnatA se na kI gAMdhI ko diyA jAtA hai| yaha hama mAnate haiM ki mahAtmA gAMdhIne Aja jAkara jIvana meM vratoM kA mahattva sthApita karane ke lie hI kI gaI kI dUSita rAjanIti meM eka bahuta bar3I krAnti kI hai| isase na kevala thii| Age calakara brAhmaNa varNa svayaM eka jAti bana gaI yaha vaidika bhAratavarSa kA mastaka U~cA huA hai apitu vizva ko bar3I rAhata milI dharma kI hI kRpA smjhie| hai| kintu yaha koI naI cIja nahIM haiN| hajAroM varSa pahale se jaina 2. kSatriya varNa zAsakoM kI yahI nIti rahI hai| bhArata ne dUsare dezoM para kabhI dusarA kAraNa abhirakSA hai| kisI bhI deza meM aise logoM kI AkramaNa nahIM kiyA, mAtra AkramaNa se isa deza kI rakSA kI yaha isI bar3I AvazyakatA hotI hai jo paracakra se deza kI rakSA karate hue nItikA sundara phala hai| Aja vizva isa cIja ko samajha rahA hai aura samAja meM suvyavasthA banAe rakhate haiN| abhirakSA zabda dvArA isI kArya vaha isake lie bhArata kI prazaMsA bhI karane lagA hai| kI sUcanA kI gaI hai| yaha kArya kSatriya varNa kI mukhya pahacAna hai| 3. vaizya varNaisake anusAra zAsana, senA aura pulisa meM lage hue manuSya kSatriya tIsarA kAraNa kRSi hai| pratyeka deza kI abhivRddhi kA mukhya varNa ke mAne jA sakate haiN| kAraNa kRSi, vANijya, upayogI pazuoM kA pAlana aura unakA krayasAdhAraNata: yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki zastra dhAraNa karanA aura vikraya karanA mAnA gayA hai| kArya-vibhAjana ke sAtha yaha kArya karanA mArakATa karanA kSatriyoM kA kAma hai| kintu jo loga kahate haiM ve isa jinhoMne svIkAra kiyA thA unheM vaizya saMjJA dI gaI thii| ukta kArya bAta ko bhulA dete haiM ki zastravidyA meM nipuNatA prApta karanA tathA deza vaizya varNa kI mukhya pahacAna hai| aura samAja para Apatti Ane para usake vAraNa kA udyama karanA yaha isa samaya bhAratavarSa meM vaizyavarNa eka svatantra jAti mAna kisI eka varNa kA kAma nahIM hai| varNa meM mukhyatA AjIvikA kI lI gaI hai aura usakA mukhya kAma dalAlI karanA raha gayA hai| kRSi rahatI hai| yadi hama yaha kaheM ki varNa AjIvikA kA paryAyavAcI hai to aura upayogI pazuoM kA pAlana karanA yaha kAma usane kabhI kA chor3a koI atyukti na hogii| jisa samaya AdinAtha janme the usa samaya diyA hai| ina donoM kAmoM ko karane vAle aba prAya: zudra mAne jAte haiN| unakA koI varNa na thA kintu jaba unhoMne prajA kI rakSA dvArA isI nIti kA pariNAma hai ki deza meM Arthika viSamatA apanA muMha apanI AjIvikA karanA nizcita kiyA aura AjIvikA ke AdhAra bAye khar3I hai| kRSaka varga deza kI rIr3a hai| usake hAtha meM hI vyApAra se manuSyoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara diyA taba ve svayaM apane rahanA cAhie yaha hamAre deza kI purAnI vyavasthA thii| Aja kala vaha ko kSatriya varNa kA kahane lge| abhiprAya yaha hai ki yadi koI vyavasthA sarvathA lupta ho gaI hai jisase na kevala bhAratavarSa du:khI hai pulisa, senA aura zAsana ke prabandha meM lagakara isa dvArA apanI apitu vizva meM trAhi-trAhi macI huI hai| AjIvikA karatA hai to vaha kSatriya varNa kA kahA jAtA hai, anyathA utpAdana aura vitaraNa kA paraspara sambandha hai| utpAdana eka nhiiN| kSatriyoM kA varNa arthAt kArya batalAte hue mahAkavi kAlIdAsa ke hAtha meM ho aura vitaraNa dUsare ke hAtha meM yaha paramparA samAja raghuvaMza meM rAjA dilIpa ke mukha se kyA kahalAte haiM yaha unhIM ke vyavasthA ko naSTa karane ke lie ghuna kA kAma karatI hai| hama rUsa kI zabdoM meM suniye Arthika praNAlI ko doSa de sakate haiM para bArIkI se dekhane para vidita kSatAtkila trAyata ityudanaH kSatrasya zabdo bhuvaneSu ruuddhH| __ hotA hai ki usameM isI tattva kI prakArAntara se pratiSThA kI gaI hai| arthAt kSatriya zabda pRthivI para 'Apatti se rakSA karanA' isa isameM sandeha nahIM ki isase kisI hada taka vyakti kI svatantratA kA artha meM rUr3ha hai| ghAta hotA hai aura vyakti ko Arthika dRSTikoNa se samaSTi ke adhIna isase spaSTa hai ki bahuta prAcIna kAla kI bAta to jAne rahane ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA hai kintu vartamAna utpAdana aura dIjie mahAkavi kAlIdAsa ke kAla meM kSatriya nAma kI koI jAti vitaraNa kI praNAlI ke cAlU rahate isa doSa ke prakSAlana kA anya vizeSa nahIM mAnI jAtI thii| kintu jo abhirakSA dvArA apanI AjIvikA koI upAya bhI nahIM haiN| karate the te hI kSatriya kahe jAne the| prAcIna kAla meM kRSaka ko hI sarvesarvA mAnA gayA thaa| kSatriyavarNa ke kArya meM abhirakSA zabda apanA vizeSa mahattva vahI utpAdaka thA aura vahI vitrk| usa samaya Aja ke samAna rakhatA hai| zAsana kI nIti kyA ho yaha isa zabda dvArA spaSTa kiyA gayA kRSakoM se vyApAriyoM kA svatantra varga na thaa| yaha bAta isI se hai| AkramaNa aura surakSA ye zAsana-vyavasthA ke do mukhya aMga mAne jAte spaSTa hai ki usa samaya kRSi aura vANijya (vyApAra) eka hI vyakti haiN| kintu AkramaNa karanA yaha kSatriyoM kA kAma na hokara mAtra paracakra se ke hAtha meM rakhne gae the| na thaa| yAka samAna ya kRSi aura Jain Education Intemational

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172 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 cAyA 4. zUdravarNa hue likhA hai ki jisa virAT puruSa ne nadI, tAlAba, vRkSa, latAe~, cauthA kAraNa zilpa hai| gRha udyoga meM isakA mahattva sarvopari pazu, deva aura dAnava banAe usakA brAhmaNa mukha hai, kSatriya bAhu hai, hai| prAcIna kAla meM yaha kAma karane vAle manuSyoM ko hI zUdra varNa kA vaizya jaMghAe~ haiM aura zUdra donoM paira haiN| kahA gayA thA isameM sandeha nhiiN| atharvaveda meM bhI yaha ullekha AtA hai kintu vahA~ vaizyoM ko kintu dhIre dhIre yaha sthiti badalatI gaI aura AjIvikA jaMghAoM kI upamA na dekara udara kI upamA dI gaI hai| ke AdhAra se aneka jAtiyA~ banane lgiiN| samAja meM aise manuSyoM kA vedoM ke bAda brAhmaNa aura upaniSad kAla AtA hai kintu eka svatantra varga banA jo nAca-gAna se apanI AjIvikA karane vahAM inake kAryoM kA alaga se vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| lgaa| isake bAda isa sthiti meM aura bhI aneka parivartana hue aura isake bAda manusmRti kA kAla AtA hai| manusmRti brAhmaNa anta meM una manuSyoM kA eka varga sAmane AyA jinakA pezA sevAvRtti dharma kA pramukha grantha hai| isakI racanA mukhyatayA cAra varNoM ke dharma . karanA raha gyaa| samAja meM ye sthityantara kaise hue isake kAraNa aneka kartavyoM kA kathana karane ke lie kI gaI thii| haiN| kintu yahAM hama una kAraNoM kA vicAra nahIM kareMge kyoMki yaha eka yahA~ para hama prasaMga se dharma ke sambandha meM do zabda kaha denA svatantra nibandha kA viSaya hai| tatkAla hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki zUdroM kI cAhate haiN| 'dharma' zabda mukhyatayA do arthoM meM vyavahata hotA hai- eka isa sthiti ke utpanna karane meM mukhya kAraNa kauna hai| vyakti ke jIvana saMzodhana ke artha meM jise hama Atma dharma kahate haiM yaha to hama pahale hI batalA Aye haiM ki hamAre deza kI aura dUsarA samAja kartavya ke artha meN| manusmRtikAra ne ina donoM arthoM zramaNa aura vaidika ye do saMskRtiyAM mukhya haiM, isAlae zUdroM kI meM dharma zabda kA ullekha kiyA hai| ve samAja kartavya ko varNadharma vartamAna sthiti ke kAraNoM kI chAnabIna karane ke lie inake sAhitya kahate haiM aura dUsare ko sAmAnya dharma kahate haiN| dharma, artha, kAma aura kA AloDana karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| usameM bhI sarvaprathama mokSa ina cAra puruSArthoM meM dharma puruSArtha se varNadharma hI liyA gayA hai| prAcIna jaina aura bauddha sAhitya ko liijie| bauddhoM ke dhammapada aura unake mata se sAmAnya dharma arthAt Atmadharma ke adhikArI sabhI jainoM ke uttarAdhyayana meM samAna rUpa se yaha gAthA AtI hai. manuSTA haiM kintu samAja-kartavya saba ke jUde haiN| gItA meM 'svadhameM kammuNA bahmANo hoi kammuNA hoi khttio| nidhanaM zreyaH' se isI samAjadharma kA grahaNa hotA hai| vaiso kammuNA hoi suddo havai kmmunnaa|| manusmRtikAra 9veM adhyAya meM zUdra varNa ke kAryoM kA nirdeza isameM cAroM vargoM kI sthApanA kA mukhya AdhAra karma mAnA karate hue kahate haiMgayA hai| viprANAM vedaviduSAM gRhasthAnAM yazasvinAm yadyapi isase isa bAta para prakAza nahIM par3atA ki kisa varNa zuzrUSaiva tu zUdrasya dharmo naizreyasaH prH|| kA karma kyA hai? phira bhI zramaNa saMskRti ke anusAra ina cAra varSoM vedapAThI, gRhastha aura yazasvI viproM kI sevA karanA yahI kI sthApanA kA mukhya AdhAra sAmAjika uccatA aura nIcatA tathA zUdroM kA parama dharma hai jo nizreyasa kA hetu hai| jAtivAda nahIM hai itanA isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai| isake Age ve puna: kahate haiMina vargoM kA pRthak pRthak karma kyA hai isakI vizada shucirutkRssttshushruussurmuduvaagnhNkRtH| vyAkhyA AcArya jaTAsiMhanandI ne varAMgacarita meM kI hai| isakA brAhmaNAdyAzrayo nityamutkRSTAM jaatimshnute|| ullekha hama pahale hI kara Ae haiN| pavitra rahane vAlA, acchI Tahala karane vAlA, dhIme se jaina paramparA meM isake bAda AdipurANa kA kAla AtA hai| bolane vAlA, ahaMkAra se rahita aura brAhmaNa Adi tIna varSoM ke AdipurANa meM cAra vargoM ke ve hI kArya likhe haiM jinakA ullekha Azraya meM rahane vAlA zudra hI uttama jAti ko prApta hotA hai| jaTAsiMhanandI ne kiyA hai| kintu zUdroM ke kAryoM meM usake kartA ne isa taraha ina donoM paramparAoM ke sAhitya kA Alocana eka naye karma kA praveza aura kiyA hai jise unhoMne nyagvRtti (sevAvRtti) karane se yaha bAta bahuta sApha ho jAtI hai ki zUdravarNa kA mukhya zabda se sambodhita kiyA hai| ve zUdra varNa ke kArya kA zilpakarma ke kartavya tIna vargoM kI sevA karanA manusmRti kI dena hai| AdipurANa meM rUpa meM ullekha na kara usake sthAna meM mukhya rUpa se nyagvRtti zabda yaha bAta manusmRti se AI haiN| AdipurANa meM jo zUdroM ke spRzya aura kA nirdeza karate haiN| aspRzya ye bheda kiye gae hai vaha bhI manusmRti va itara brAhmaNa granthoM yaha to zramaNa paramparA kI sthiti hai| aba thor3A vaidika kA anukaraNa-mAtra hai| yaha isI se spaSTa hai ki AdipurANa ke pahale paramparA ko dekhie| anya kisI AcArya ne zUdroM ke na to kArU-akArU aura spRzya vaidika paramparA meM vedoM kA prathama sthAna hai| unameM Rgveda aspRzya ye bheda kiye haiM aura na unakA kAma tIna vargoM kI sevA pahalA hai| isake puruSa sUkta meM sRSTi ke utpatti-krama kA nirdeza karate karanA hI batalAyA hai| AdipurANakAra ko aisA kyoM karanA par3A Jain Education Intemational

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jainadharma aura varNavyavasthA 173 isake lie hameM bhArata kI tAtkAlika aura isase pahale kI paristhiti zUdra ke sAtha asaMvata nAmaka naraka ko prApta hotA hai| 17 zrAddhakarma ke kA adhyayana karane kI AvazyakatA hai| isa samaya bhAratavarSa meM ayogya zUdra kA pakA anna na khAve, kintu anna na milane para eka hinduoM aura musalamAnoM kA virodha jisa stara para cAlU hai ThIka vahI rAtri nirvAha yogya usase kaccA anna le leve|18 mRtaka zUdra ko gAMva sthiti usa samaya zramaNoM-brAhmaNoM kI thii| usa samaya zramaNoM aura ke dakSiNa dvAra se le jaave|19 mare hue brAhmaNa ko zUdra ke dvArA na le zramaNopAsakoM ko 'naMgA luccA' kahakara apamAnita kiyA jAtA thA, jAya, kyoMki zUdra ke sparza se dUSita huI vaha zarIra kI Ahuti svarga unake mandira DhAye jAte the, mUrtiyoM ke aMga bhaMga kara unheM vidrUpa dene vAlI nahIM hotii|20 zUdroM ko mAsa meM eka bAra hajAmata banavAnA banAyA jAtA thA, bauddhoM ko 'buddha' zabda dvArA saMbodhita kiyA jAtA cAhie aura brAhmaNa kA jUThA bhojana karanA caahie|21 kevala jAti thA aura jaina-bauddha sAdhuoM ko aneka prakAra se kaSTa diye jAte the| se jIvikA nirvAha karane vAlA dharmahIna brAhmaNa rAjA kI ora se mInAkSI ke mandira meM aMkita citra Aja bhI hameM una ghaTanAoM kI dharmavaktA ho sakatA hai|22 parantu zUdra kadApi nahIM ho sktaa| jo zUdra yAda dilAte haiN| 8-9vIM zatAbdI meM yaha sthiti itanI asahya ho gaI apane se ucca varNa kI nindA kare to rAjA usakI jihvA nikAla le, thI jisake pariNAma svarUpa bauddhoM ko to yaha deza hI chor3a denA par3A kyoMki usakA paira se janma hai aura usako apane se ucca ko kucha bhI thA aura jainoM ko tabhI yahAM rahane diyA gayA thA jaba unhoMne brAhmaNoM kahane kA adhikAra nahIM hai|23 yadi koI zUdra brAhmaNa ko nIca Adi ke sAmane sAmAjika dRSTi se eka taraha AtmasamarpaNa kara diyA thaa| kuvacana kahe to agni meM tapAkara 10 aMgula kI lohe kI kIla yaha to hama Age cala kara batalAe~ge ki AdipurANa meM manusmRti se usake mu~ha meM Thoka de|24 yadi koI zUdra ahaMkAravaza kisI brAhmaNa kitanA adhika sAmya hai| yahA~ kevala itanA hI ullekha karanA paryApta ko upadeza deve to rAjA usake kAnoM meM tapA haA tela chor3a deve|25 hai ki AdipurANa meM zUdra varNa kA jo sevAvRtti kArya batalAyA gayA manu jI kI AjJA hai ki zUdra jisa aMga se dvijAtiyoM kI tAr3anA kare hai usakA zramaNa paramparA se mela nahIM khaataa| usI aMga kA bhaMga kara denA caahie|26 hAtha se mAre to hAtha, paira se isa prakAra zUdra varNa kA pradhAna kArya kyA thA aura bAda meM mAre to paira bhaMga kara denA caahie|27 zUdra ke brAhmaNa ke Asana para unakI sAmAjika sthiti meM kisa prakAra parivartana hotA gayA isakA baiThane para lohA garma karake usakI pITha dAga de, deza se nikAla de saMkSepa meM nirdeza kiyaa| aura usake zarIra se mAMsapiNDa kaTavA de|28 zUdra ke brAhmaNa para manusmRti aura zUdravarNa thUkane para donoM hoTa kaTavA de, mUtane para liMgendriya chidavA de aura aba yahA~ yaha dekhanA hai ki zUdravarNa kI isa taraha kI apAna vAyu chor3ane para gudA chedana kara de|29 jo zUdra abhimAnavaza nikRSTa avasthA ke hone meM manusmRti kA kitanA hAtha hai| yaha to hama dvijAti ko bAla pakar3a kara pIr3A de yA paira yA vRSaNoM ko kaSTa de to pahale hI batalA Ae haiM ki manusmRti meM cAroM vargoM ke kAryoM aura usake hAtha ko kaTavA de| zUdra yadi bhartA Adi dvArA rakSita strI ke unake paraspara sambandha kA vistRta vicAra kiyA gayA hai| usake kartA sAtha gamana kare to usakI liMgendriya kaTavA de|31 krItadAsa yA grantha ke Adi meM maMgalAcaraNa ke bAda svayaM likhate haiM 11:- prAptadAsa inhIM se Tahala sevA karAve, kyoMki brahmAjI ne zUdra ko bhagavan! sarvavarNAnAM ythaavdnupuurvshH| brAhmaNa kA dAsakarma karane ke lie hI utpanna kiyA hai|32 brAhmaNa antaraprabhavANAM ca dharmAno vktumrhsi|| mAlika dvArA tyAgA huA zUdra dAsatva se mukta nahIM ho sakatA, he bhagavan! saba varNoM aura saMkIrNa jAtiyoM ke dharmoM ko kyoMki usakA dAsatva svabhAvasiddha hai, use kauna chur3A sakatA hai|33 Adyanta Apa hameM kahane ke yogya haiN| strI, putra aura dAsa (zUdra) ye adhama kahe gae haiM, kyoMki ve jo dhana manusmRti kahatI hai ekatra karate haiM vaha inhIM ke mAlika kA hotA hai|34 zUdra kA kAma hai 'brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaizya inakI niSkapaTa bhAva se sevA ki vaha nirantara apane kArya meM rata rhe|35 svarga kI prApti ke vAste karanA yahI eka dharma zUdra kA kahA gayA hai| 11 zUdra sandhyA karane kA aura isa loka meM apanI gajara ke vAste zUdra brAhmaNa kI sevA kare, adhikArI nhiiN| tathA jo dvija prAta: aura sAyaMkAla ke samaya sandhyA kyoMki vaha brAhmaNa kA sevaka hai| sevaka zabda se zUdra kI kRtakRtyatA nahIM karatA vaha bhI zUdra ke samAna saba prakAra ke dvijakartavya se hai|36 brAhmaNa kI sevA karanA zUdra kA parama dharma kahA hai, zUdra jo bahiSkaraNIya hai| 12 zUdrakanyA se cAroM vargoM ke manuSya vivAha kara anya karma karatA hai vaha saba niSphala ho jAtA hai|37 sevaka zUdra ke sakate haiM parantu zUdra zUdrakanyA se hI vivAha kara sakatA hai| 13 zrAddha vAste brAhmaNa ucchiSTa bhojana, purAne vastra aura dhAnyoM ke bAkI bace meM bhojana karate samaya brAhmaNa ko cANDAla na dekhe|14 zUdroM ke rAjya kaNa aura purAne bartana deve|38 zUdra kA upanayana saMskAra na kare, meM nivAsa na kre|'' zUdra ko upadeza na deve aura na jhUTha havana se usakA yajJAdi dharma meM bhI koI adhikAra nahIM hai|39 zUdra dhanasaMcaya na bacA huA zAkalya deve tathA zUdroM ko dharma aura vratoM kA upadezana kare, kyoMki usake pAsa dhana bar3ha jAne para vaha brAhmaNoM ko satAne kre|16 zadroM ko dharma aura vrata kA upadeza karane vAlA manuSya usI lagatA hai|

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174 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 bhAratIya paraMparA meM viSamatA ke bIja manusmRti ne boe yaha vi.saM. 2004, 9/334 ukta ullekhoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| 9. vahI- 9/335 upasaMhAra 10. vahI- 1/2 bhAratavarSa meM IsvI cauthI zatAbdI ke pUrva achUtapana kI 11. vahI- 1/91 bImArI nahIM thii| jaba brAhmaNadharma kA bhAratavarSa meM prAbalya huA aura 12. vahI- 2/103 ve jaina-bauddhoM ko parAsta kara manusmRti ke AdhAra se samAja-vyavasthA 13. vahI- 3/13 ko dRDhamUla karAne meM samartha hue tabhI se isa bhayAnaka bImArI ne hamAre 14. vahI- 3/239 deza meM praveza kiyA hai| 15. vahI-4/61 . bauddha isa deza ko chor3akara cale gae isalie ve isa 16. vahI- 4/80 bImArI ke zikAra na ho sake kintu jainoM ko 8-9vIM zatAbdI meM 17. vahI- 4/81 isake sAmane na kevala natamastaka honA par3A apitu samAnatA ke 18. vahI- 4/223 AdhAra para sthApita apanI purAnI sAmAjika vyavasthA se unheM cirakAla 19. vahI- 5/92 ke lie hAtha dhone pdd'e| 20. vahI- 5/104 brAhmaNa dharma kI samAja vyavasthA ke anusAra achUtapana eka 21. vahI- 5/140 sthAyI vaMzAnugata kalaMka hai jo kisI taraha dhula nahI sktaa| 22. vahI- 8/20 Aja ke rUr3hivAdI jainI kucha bhI kyoM na kaheM para hameM isa 23. vahI- 8/270 bAta kA saMtoSa hai ki jaina dharma kI udAtta bhAvanA ke darzana usake 24. vahI- 8/271 vizAla sAhitya meM Aja bhI hota haiM jisakA usane sadA kAla 25. vahI- 8/272 tiraskAra kiyA hai| tabhI to AcArya jinasena kahate hai41:- 26. vahI- 8/279 manuSyajAtirekaiva jaatikmoNdyodbhvaa| 27. vahI- 8/280 vRttibhedAhitAd bhedaaccaaturvidhymihaashnute|| 29. vahI- 8/282 jAti nAma karma ke udaya se utpanna huI manuSya jAti eka hai| 30: vahI- 8/283 yadi usake cAra bheda mAne jAte haiM to kevala AjIvikA ke kAraNa hii| 31. vahI- 8/374 32. vahI- 8/413 1. uttarAdhyayana, saMpA. bhagavAn vijayajI, prakA. zrIzacandra bhaTTAcArya, 33. vahI- 8/414 kalakattA, vi0saM0 1936, 25/22 34. vahI- 8/416 vahI . 25/23 35. vahI- 8/478 3. vahI - 25/24 36. vahI- 10/122 4. vahI - 25/25 37. vahI- 10/123 5. vahI - 25/26 38. vahI- 10/125 6. AdipurANa, saMpA0 paM0 pannAlAla jaina, prakA. bhAratIya jJAnapITha 39. vahI- 10/126 mUrtidevI jaina graMthamAlA, granthAMka-9, 32/46 40. vahI- 10/129 7. uttarAdhyayana, 25/31 41. AdipurANa, saMpA0 - paM0 pannAlAla jaina, prakA0 bhAratIya. 8. manusmRti, anu, jyotiSAcArya zrIgaNezadatta pAThaka, banArasa, jJAnapITa mUrtidevI jaina graMthamAlA, graMthAMka-9-38/45 sandarbha Jain Education Intemational

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jainadharma aura gujarAta - sva0 munizrI jinavijaya jI paristhiti kA dharma para prabhAva hameM apane dharma, samAja aura siddha ho rahe hoM to hameM unameM parivartana karanA hI cAhie aura naI saMskRti ke itihAsa kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM hotA isI se hama loga paristhiti ke anukUla naye niyama yA siddhAnta kA nirmANa kara lenA prajAkIya jIvana ke viSaya meM aneka prakAra kI bhramaNAoM meM pha~sa caahie| parivartana to prakRti kA abAdhita niyama hai| vastumAtra meM jAte haiN| dharma aura samAja ke jisa vAtAvaraNa meM hama jIte haiM usI ko rUpAntara kara denA, yaha to kAla kA mukhya svabhAva hai| samagra cetanahama zuddha aura sanAtana dharma mAna lete haiN| deza-kAla kI paristhiti ke acetana sRSTi meM prakRti kA ukta niyama va kAla kA vaha svabhAva bala se dharma aura samAja kI nItirIti meM satata mahattvapUrNa parivartana avyAhatarUpa se pravartamAna hai| jisakI utpatti hai usakA nAza bhI hote Ae haiM aura hote hI rahate haiM- isa vicAra ko hRdayaMgama karane meM avazyambhAvI hai| akhaNDa brahmANDa usa mahAniyama ke adhIna hai| phira prajA kI buddhi tatpara nahIM hotI aura isIlie hama apane prajAkIya apanA yaha kSudra mAnava samAja usameM apavAdabhUta kaise ho sakatA hai? jIvana ke yathArtha sudhAra aura unnati ke upAyoM ko bhI hamezA zaMkA prakRti ke ukta niyama se viruddha hama kaise jA sakate haiM? aura yadi aura bhaya kI dRSTi se dekhate rahate haiM aura isa prakAra dhArmika aura apanI ajJAnatA ke kAraNa hama aisA kareM taba bhI prakRti ko yaha sahya sAmAjika adhogati ke zikAra bana jAte haiN| dharma yA samAja ke kisI kaise hogA? agni kA svabhAva dAha utpanna karane kA hai| usake isa bhI niyama yA siddhAnta kA udbhava viziSTa aitihAsika paristhiti ke svabhAva kI upekSA karake yadi hama caleM to kyA agni apanI kAraNa hI hotA hai| paristhiti ke parivartana ke sAtha hI siddhAnta aura zakti kA paricaya hameM na degI? ajJAna bAlaka ko yA zreSTha vidvAna niyama bhI badala hI jAte haiM aura isa prakAra parivartanazIla niyamoM vRddha ko agni apane svabhAva kA paricaya samAna rUpa se degii| isI aura siddhAntoM ke kAraNa dharma yA samAja kA nAza nahIM kintu vikAsa prakAra prakRti bhI apane niyama kI avahelanA karane vAle dharma yA hI hotA hai| yaha tathya tabhI ba~ddhigrAhya ho sakatA hai jaba hameM aitihAsika samAja ko apane svabhAva kA paricaya detI hai| usake niyamoM ko paristhiti kA yathArtha jJAna ho| aise aitihAsika jJAna ke abhAva meM pahacAna kara tadanukUla niyama aura siddhAntoM kA sarjana yadi hama pratyeka prajA apane dharma ke siddhAntoM aura sAmAjika niyamoM ko Izvara kareM taba to hamAre vikAsa ko prakRti panapane degI anyathA prakRti prerita kisI divya puruSa ke dvArA ve sthApita hai- aisA mAnane lagatI hamArA nAza hI kara degii| hai aura unameM kisI prakAra ke parivartana ko akSamya aura aniSTa mAnatI huI jo roganAza ke lie rAmabANa auSadha hotI hai usI ko dharma kI viDambanA roga kI poSaka mAna kara usase dUra rahane kA prayatna karatI hai aura dharma aura samAja kI Adhunika vicArahIna paristhiti ke phalataH apane hI nAza ko AmantraNa detI hai| apanI jo dhArmika aura kAraNa hamArI prajA kI naI pIr3hI kA pratibhAzAlI aura pragatigAmI sAmAjika avanati huI hai aura usI ke phalasvarUpa hama jisa prakAra varga vidyudvega se parivartanazIla jagat kI paristhiti ke sAtha hamArI kitanI hI zatAbdiyoM se parAdhInatA aura pAmaratA ke zikAra ho rahe prajAkIya gati-sthiti kA koI mela na dekha kara atyanta khinna ho rahA haiM usakA kAraNa anya kucha bhI nahIM hai kintu hamArI prajA kI vaha hai aura use isa avasthA kA mUla kAraNa hamArA vartamAna dhArmika ajJAnajanya rUDha andha-zraddhA hI hai| dharma kA koI siddhAnta yA samAja vAtAvaraNa hI najara AtA hai aura isI lie vaha dharma ke nAma se hI kA koI niyama trikAlabAdhita ho hI nahIM sakatA / una siddhAntoM va ghabarAtA hai| niyamoM ko banAne vAlA koI Izvara yA mAnavetara zakti nahIM thI kintu usa varga ko aisA lagatA hai ki hamAre sabhI prakAra ke hamAre jaise hI zarIra aura saMskAra ko dhAraNa karane vAle manuSya hI the| sAmAjika aniSToM ke mUla meM bhI dharma hai| dharma hI ne manuSya-manuSya ke deza-kAla kI paristhiti ke anusAra apane janasamUha ke kalyANArtha ca U~ca-nIca bhAva kA bhayAnaka bhedabhAva sthApita kiyA hai| dharma hI tattaprakAra ke siddhAntoM aura niyamoM ko sthApita karane kI AvazyakatA ne hameM kisI khAsa jAti ke mAnava samUha ke prati aspRzyatA kI unheM pratIta huI aura vaisA hI kiyaa| jaba taka vaisI paristhiti banI adhama buddhi kI sIkha dI hai| dharma hI ne mAnava samUhoM meM zatrubhAva rahe aura ve niyama tathA siddhAnta prajA ko lAbhakAraka hoM taba taka utpanna va pRSTa karane kI bhAvanA ko jAgata kiyA hai| dharma hai unakA pAlana Avazyaka hotA hai| kintu yadi paristhiti ne palaTA svAtantraya kA virodha karake bAla lagna, vaidhavyabandhana Adi aniSTakara khAyA ho aura ve niyama aura siddhAnta lAbha ke sthAna meM hAnikAraka rUr3hiyoM dvArA strI jAti kI sampUrNa unnati kA avarodha kiyA hai| dharma

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176 kI saMkucita bhAvanA ke kAraNa hindU jAti saikar3oM aura hajAroM upajAtiyoM meM ba~Ta gaI hai| yahAM kAraNa hai ki hindU jAti duniyA kI dRSTi meM sAmarthya aura zakti se zUnya saMgaThanahIna eka mAnava samUha ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho gaI hai| dharma ko saMkIrNa vRtti ke kAraNa ho hama jAti aura parivAroM meM bhI pArasparika ekarUpatA utpanna nahIM kara sakate, saMgaThana nahIM kara sakate, to samasta mahAprajA kI to bAta hI kyA karanA ? jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 ye aura aise nAnA prakAra ke vicAra adyatana vicArazIla aura utkarSAbhimukha navayugIna prajA ko dharma ke virodha meM upasthita hone kI preraNA de rahe haiM aura usase dhArmika kSetra meM jo kucha sArabhUta aura lAbhakartA tattva antarhita haiM unakA bhI zuSka ke sAtha harA bhI jalatA hai isa nyAya se, uccheda karane ke lie Aja kA yuvakavarga utsuka rUr3ha ho rahA hai| dUsarI ora isake pratyAghAta rUpa meM dharma ke rUr3ha aura mUr3ha upAsaka, dharma kA jo sArahIna, sirpha bAhya AvaraNa rUpa bhAga hai usI ko dharma kI AtmA mAnakara usI kI rakSA meM aura jo rakSaNIya hai usakI upekSA meM hI dharma kI rakSA kI itizrI mAna rahe haiN| dharma kI yaha viDambanA, dharma ke yathArtha tattva ke viSaya meM jo vyApaka ajJAna prajA meM zatAbdiyoM se baddhamUla hai, usI kA AbhArI hai| jisa dharma ko prajAko pragati kA virodhI mAnA jAtA hai vaha vastutaH tAttvika zuddha dharma nahIM hai kintu usakA vikRta rUpa mAtra hai| pratyAghAtI loga jisa dharma kA AcaraNa karake dhArmika hone kA dama bharate haiM vaha dharma kA koI sanAtana tattva nahIM hai kintu prasaMgAnusAra kele ke chilake ke samAna pheMka dene ke yogya dharma kA eka niHsAra aGga hai| prakRti meM vikRti ko utpanna karanA yaha kAladharma hai| kintu usa vikRti ko dUra kara punaH prakRti ko zuddha karanA manuSya kA paruSArtha dharma hai| isa nyAya se dharma ke svarUpa meM kAlakRta vikAra bhAva utpanna hotA hI hai aura usa vikAra kA nAza bhI vicArazIla puruSArthiyoM ke dvArA hotA hI hai| bhagavadgItA ke " yadA yadA hi dharmasya glAnirbhavati bhaart| abhyutthAnamadharmasya tadAtmAnaM sRjAmyaham / / " isa suprasiddha zloka meM bhagavAn zrI kRSNa ne jo bhAva vyakta kiyA hai vaha isI niyama ko lakSya karake hI hai| dharma kI zuddha prakRti kyA hai aura vikRti kyA hai, isa bAta kI carcA karane kA yahA~ uddezya hI nahIM hai aura avakAza bhI nahIM hai| hameM isakA yathArtha jJAna, saMsAra ke dhArmika itihAsa kA nirapekSa avalokana karane se ho sakatA hai, yahI kahane kA yahA~ uddezya hai| jaina dharma kI viDambanA jaisI sthiti hamAre deza ke sabhI dharma aura samAjoM kI hai vaisI hI jaina dharma aura samAja kI bhI hai| jaina bhI Aja apane dharma 1 ke siddhAMta aura samAja ke niyamoM meM deza kAla kI paristhiti ke anukUla kucha parivartana ho to unheM zaMkA aura bhaya kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM aura rUDicusta sattApriya varga una parivartanoM kA virodha karatA hai| purAnA to sabhI kucha saccA aura acchA, aisI usakI mAnyatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM jo kucha likhA hai vaha saba svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne hI kahA hai aura usameM kucha bhI parivartana yA saMzodhana ko avakAzaM nahIM hai| jaise pratyeka dharma meM vaise jaina dharma meM bhI aneka sampradAya utpanna hue haiM aura ve eka dUsare ko jainAbhAsa mAnate aura kahate haiM aura sirpha apane hI ko bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sacce aura zuddha anuyAyI samajhate haiN| yaha saba aitihAsika jJAna ke abhAva kA phala hai| jainoM ke viSaya meM anya dharmAnuyAyI varga meM bhI bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI nAnA mithyA kalpanAeM aura bhramaNAe~ vidyamAna hai koI use nAstika mata mAnate haiM, koI bauddhadharma kI zAkhA samajhate haiN| aura koI to use videzI kahane kI bhI dhRSTatA karate haiN| videzI lekhakoM kA andhAnukaraNa karane vAle vidvAn islAma kI taraha jaina dharma ko bhI eka bilakula bhinna hI AcAra-vicAra vAlA aura isI se hindU prajA yA jAti se bilakula svatantra bhAvanA vAlA dharma hai yaha mAna karake usakI carcA karate haiN| kucha ko to jaina dharma ke nAma se hI cir3ha haiN| ve to yahI kahate haiM ki jainoM kI ahiMsA bhAvanA ne hI bhArata meM 'kAyaratA utpanna kI hai aura isI kAraNa se AryaprajA pauruSa ko gavA~ kara vidharmI zatruoM se lohA na le sakane ke kAraNa parAdhIna huI hai| jaina dharma ke viSaya meM aisI jo nAnA prakAra kI bhramaNAeM phaila rahI haiM usakA kAraNa bhI aitihAsika jJAna kA abhAva hI hai| ina saba viSayoM kI carcA karanA Avazyaka hone para bhI prastuta vyAkhyAna meM avakAza nahIM hai isase itanA sucana mAtra karake mai gujarAta ke jaina dharma ke viSaya meM kucha siMhAvalokana karane kA prayatna karatA huuN| gujarAta aura jaina dharma kA sambandha gujarAta Aja jaina dharma kA viziSTa kendrabhUta sthAna hai jainoM saMkhyA aura zakti jitanI gujarAta meM dIkhatI hai utanI hindustAna ke kisI anya pradeza meM nahIM dIkhatI jainoM kI dhArmika aura sAmAjika aisI saba pravRttioM meM jo jAgRti gujarAta meM dekhI jAtI hai vaha anya kisI pradeza meM nahIM hai| jaina dRSTi se gujarAta ko aisA prAdhAnya vartamAna kAla meM hI prApta huA hai aisA nahIM hai| usakA itihAsa to gujarAta ke prajAkIya vikAsa ke itihAsa jitanA hI prAcIna hai| gujarAta ke prAcIna sAMskRtika vikAsa kA aura jaina dharma ke vikAsa kA paraspara mahatvapUrNa gAr3ha sambandha hai| gujarAta kI jaina dharma ke vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa dena hai aura isI prakAra jaina dharma ne bhI gujarAta

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jainadharma aura gujarAta 177 ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa dena dI hai| gujarAta ne yadi jaina dharma ko hindU samrAToM aura musalamAna bAdazAhoM ke santAna apanI nAmamAtra kI rakSaNa aura poSaNa na diyA hotA to jaina dharma kI avasthA Aja se bhI gaddI saMbhAla nahIM sake haiM jaba ki ye vaNika putra Aja taka apanI dUsarI hI hotii| aura jaina dharma ne bhI yadi gujarAta ke saMskAra vikAsa gaddI akhaNDarUpa se surakSita rakha sake haiM aura yahI unakI adbhuta meM viziSTa prayatna na kiyA hotA to gujarAtI saMskRti Aja dUsare hI vyavahAra kuzalatA kI nizAnI hai| prakAra kI hotii| aNahilapura ke svajAtIya samrAT gae aura dillI ke jaina dharma ne gajarAta ko jisa prakAra ke ahiMsA, saMyama aura vidharmI sultAna aae| ye sultAna asta hae aura gujarAta ke svatantra tapa ke Adarza saMskAroM se saMskRta kiyA hai vaise saMskAra bhArata ke bAdazAhoM kA udaya huaa| ye bAdazAha vilIna hue aura mugala samrATa dUsare pradezoM ko nahIM mile| yahI kAraNa hai jisase gurjara prajA meM jaisI sattAdhIza bne| mugala nisteja hue aura marAThA camakane lge| marAThA saMskAra samaddhi kI eka viziSTa prabhA dekhI jAtI hai vaisI anyatra nahIM nirvIrya hue aura anta meM aMgreja isa bhUmi ke bhAgya vidhAtA bne| yA, prANihiMsA aura vyabhicAra jaise durguNoM se gujarAta kI bhUmi meM isa prakAra itanI rAjasattAe~ khar3I huI aura dhUla garjara prajA Aja adhikAMza meM jo mukta dekhI jAtI hai aura usameM meM mila gaIM kintu gujarAta ke vyApAra kSetra meM aura prajAmaNDala meM susaMskAritA kI jo eka viziSTa chApa dekhI jAtI hai usakA zreya unhIM gujarAta ke vaizya saMtAnoM kI avAdhita sattA akhaNDa rUpa se adhikAMza meM jaina dharma kI prAcIna virAsata ko hI milanA caahie| cAlU rahI hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki aba taka gujarAta kI dhana samRddhi jainoM ne gujarAta ke vANijya-vyApAra, rAjazAsana, kalAkauzala, yogyarUpa se surakSita hai| ataeva isa surakSA kArya meM jainoM kA jJAnasaMvardhana aura sadAcAra pracAra ina saba prajAkIya saMskRti ke aMgoM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai yaha mAnanA pdd'egaa| meM vyApaka rUpa se mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| gujarAta ke zAsana kArya meM jainoM kI dena gujarAtI 'vaNika' zakti aura jaina dharma / gujarAta ke vyApAra kSetra kI taraha jainoM ne gujarAta ke gujarAta kI kaNijya zakti aura vyApArika kuzalatA rAjazAsana kArya meM bhI mahattvapUrNa bhAga liyA hai| isakA sAkSI prAcIna kAla se samasta bhAratavarSa meM suprasiddha hai| gujarAta ke usa spaSTarUpa se gujarAta kA prAcIna itihAsa hai| mantrI jAmba, senAnAyaka vyApArI varga kA adhikAMza jainadharmI hai| gujarAta ke gA~va-gA~va meM jaina neDha, mantrIzvara daNDanAyaka vimala, mahAmAtya munjAla, sAMtU, Azuka, vaNika apanI sAmAjika aura vyApArika pratiSThA sudUra prAcIna kAla udayana, AmbaDa, bAhaDa, sajjana, soma, dhavala, pRthvIpAla, vastupAla, se Adarza rIti se jamAe hue haiN| gujarAta kA jaina vaNika yaha 'rASTra tejapAla, pethar3a aura samarAzAha Adi anake jaina vaNika rAjazAsana kA mahAjana' hai; aura vastuta: bhUtakAla meM usane apanA vaha pada karane vAle ho gae haiM jinhoMne gujarAta ke rAjatantra ko susaMgaThita, aneka prakAra se sArthaka siddha kiyA hai| aNahilapura kI sthApanA se supratiSThita aura suvyavasthita karane meM adbhuta buddhikauzala aura lekara Aja taka ke gujarAta ke sAmAjika-rAjakIya itihAsa kA yadi raNazaurya pradarzita kiyA hai| jaina vaNikoM ne apane rAjanItipravINa hama avalokana kareM to patA lagegA ki ina bAraha zatAbdiyoM jitane pratibhA kauzala ke dvArA aNahilapura kI eka choTI sI jAgIradArI ko samaya meM gujarAta kI vaNika prajA meM se aneka rAjanItijJa, mantrI, mahArAjya kI pratiSThA samarpita kI aura gurjara deza, jisakI bhArata meM zAsanakartA, senApati, yoddhA, vyApArI, dAnezvarI, vidvAn, kalApremI, kucha bhI viziSTa khyAti na thI, use eka balavAn aura suvizAla rASTra tyAgI aura prajApremI utpanna hue hai unakI nAmAvalI aMguli ke sahAre hone kA akSaya gaurava dilAyA hai| lATa, Anarta, saurASTra, aburda tathA ginI nahIM jA sktii| una 'mahAjanoM' kI saMkhyA saikar3oM kI nahIM kaccha ina sabhI itihAsa prasiddha aura jaga vikhyAta samRddhi pUrNa kintu hajAroM kI hai| prAcIna pradezoM ko aNahilapura ke ekachatra ke nIce susaMbaddha karane meM isa bAraha zatAbdI ke mahAyuga meM gujarAta kI sArvabhauma tathA eka saMskRti aura eka bhASA dvArA una saba prajAoM ko ApasI sattAdhArI aisI do rAjadhAniyA~ huI hai- prathama aNahilapura- pATaNa prAnta-bheda bhUla karake eka gurjara mahA prajA ke rUpa meM susaMgaThita aura dUsarA ahmdaabaad| aNahilapura kA prathama nagaraseTha vimala karane meM jaina vyApArI aura zAsanakartAoM ne jo bhAga liyA hai vaha poravADa jJAti kA jaina vaNika thA aura ahamadAbAda kA vidyamAna nagara atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai isameM zaMkA ko sthAna nahIM hai| seTha bhI osavAla jAti kA jaina vaNika hI hai| gujarAta ke ina do pATanagaroM ke ina Adyanta seThoM ke bIca anya saikar3oM seTha ho gaye jo vaizya kauma aura jaina dharma prAya: jaina hI the| jaina dharma ke pAlana karane vAloM meM adhikAMza vaizyoM kA hai| kAla ke mahA prabhAva se Takkara lekara gujarAta ke cakravartI jaina-dharma kI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA jitanI vaizyoM ke liye anukUla hai Jain Education Intemational

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178 utanI dUsare vargoM ke lie nahIM yaha sUkSma vicAra karane para spaSTa hotA hai| jainadharma kI prakRti kA jitanA sumela vaizyoM kI prakRti ke sAtha hotA hai utanA anya varNoM kI prakRti ke sAtha nahIM hotA hai| vaizyoM ke jIvana vyavasAya ke sAtha zAnti kA gaharA sambandha hai / zAntimaya paristhiti meM hI vyApAra kI vRddhi aura sthiratA hai azAnta paristhiti vyApArI kI prakRti aura pravRtti ke lie hamezA pratikUla hotI hai| jaina dharma atyanta zAntipriya dharma hai| hiMsA aura vidveSa utpanna karane vAle tattva jainadharma kI prakRti ke sarvathA virodhI tatva haiN| isase zAntipriya varga ke lie jainadharma ke tatva adhika sugrAhya aura samAdaraNIya bana jAte haiN| yuddha vijigISA, lUTa ina tattvoM ke upAsakoM ko jainadharma ke tattva priya nahIM lgte| jaina jAtiyoM ke itihAsa ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki kucha jainAcAryoM ke viziSTa prabhAva se AkarSita hokara saikar3oM kI saMkhyA meM kSatriya aura kisAnoM ne jaina dharma ko svIkAra kiyA thaa| kintu dharmAntara ke sAtha hI una logoM kA vyavasAyAntara bhI karake unheM kSAtradharma yA kRSikarma kA tyAga karake vaizyavarNa kA vyavasAya lenA par3A thaa| isa prakAra vyavasAyAntara ke saMskAra bala se hI ve sthairyapUrvaka jaina dharma ke pAlana meM samartha hue haiN| isase yadi maiM yaha kahU~ ki jaina dharma kI prakRti ke liye baniye anukUla haiM aura baniyoM ko jaina dharma, to merA yaha kathana sirpha hAsya ke lie hI nahIM haiM kintu pUrNarUpa se vastusUcaka bhI hai| yadyapi yaha kahane meM koI aitihAsika tathya nahIM hai ki pUrvakAla meM gujarAta ke sabhI vaizya jainadharma kA pAlana karate the| kintu itanA to nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki vallabhAcArya ke saMpradAya ke pracAra se pUrva gujarAta meM vaizyoM kA bahuta bar3A hissA jainadharma kA pAlana karatA thaa| yoM to dharma ke viSaya meM gujarAta kI prajA meM ati prAcIna kAla se udAra bhAvanA kA hI prAbalya rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina, zaiva aura vaiSNava dharmoM ke bIca gujarAta meM kabhI bhI aisI kaTutA utpanna nahIM huI jisase paraspara dharmoM meM tIvra virodha kI bhAvanA jAgRta ho ske| gujarAta ke vaizya kuTumboM meM jaina, zaiva aura vaiSNava mata samAna rUpa se AvRta hue haiM aura Aja bhI yaha Adara bhAva kAyama hai| gujarAtI prajA kA yaha viziSTa saMskAra hai jisake nirmANa meM jaina dharma kI mahatvapUrNa dena hai| gujarAta kA zilpa sthApatya jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 isa prakAra hamane dekhA ki gujarAta meM jainadharmI mukhyataH vaizyavarga hai| usa vaizyavarga kA pradhAna jIvana vyavasAya vANijya vyApAra hai| usa vyavasAya ke bala para jainoM ne gujarAta meM lakSmI kA Dhera lagA diyA hai| vyApAra ke alAvA jaisA pahale batAyA gayA hai jainoM ke eka varga ne zAsana kArya meM mahattvapUrNa bhAga liyA hai aura usase bhI unake pAsa lakSmI ke bhaMDAra bharapUra rahe haiM jainadharma ke guruoM ne prApta lakSmI ke sadupayoga ke lie jaina zrAvakoM ko satata prerita kiyA aura usa upadeza ke anusAra zrAvakoM ne bhI dAna-puNya Adi sukRtyoM meM lakSmI kA sadvyaya kiyA hai| jaina gRhasthoM ke jIvana kRtya meM sabase mukhya sthAna jaina mandira ko diyA gayA hai| isase pratyeka dhanADhya jaina gRhastha kI yaha mahattvAkAMkSA rahatI hai ki yadi zakti aura sAmagrI prApta ho to choTemoTe eka naye jaina mandira kA nirmANa karanA aura yadi utanI zakti na huI to sAmudAyika rUpa se bhI mandira yA mUrti ke nirmANa meM yA usakI pUjA-pratiSThA karane meM yathAzakti sahayoga karanA, isa prakAra jaise bhI ho apanI lakSmI kA sadupayoga ukta kArya meM avazya krnaa| mandira nirmANa ko usa kAla ke jainAcAryoM ne jo itanA mahattva diyA aura usa kArya ke dvArA puNya prApti kI mahattvAkAMkSA ko jAgRta karane ke lie zrAvakoM ko AcAryoM ne jo lakSmI kI sArthakatA kA satata upadeza diyA usI se jainoM ne gujarAta meM Aja taka hajAroM jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa kiyA aura lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM jaina mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThA karavAI / gujarAta ke choTe-bar3e prAyaH sabhI grAma - nagaroM meM choTe-bar3e asaMkhya jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa huA aura isa prakAra gujarAta kI sthApatya kalA kA adbhuta vikAsa siddha huaa| una sundara aura suramya mandiroM ke astitva se gujarAta ke kitane hI kSudra grAmoM ko nagara kI zobhA prApta huI aura nagaroM ko apanI sundaratA ke kAraNa svargapurI kI viziSTa AkarSakatA milii| durbhAgya se gujarAta ke una divya devamandira aura bhavya kalA dhAmoM kA vidharmiyoM ke hAthoM se vyApaka vidhvaMsa huA hai aura Aja to unameM se sahasAMza bhI vidyamAna nahIM phira bhI jo thor3e bahuta avazeSa bace haiM unake darzana se gujarAta kI sthApatyakalA ke viSaya meM Aja hamako yatkincita smRti saMtoSa ho sake aisA AhlAda hotA hai, usake lie hameM jainoM ko hI dhanyavAda denA caahie| " zatruMjaya, giranAra, tAnA, AbU aura pAvAgar3ha jaise gujarAta ke parvata zikhara jo Aja pravAsiyoM ke AkarSaNa kA viSaya bane hue hai, unake Upara yadi jainoM ke dvArA nirmita deva mandira nahIM hote, to unakA nAma bhI kauna yAda karatA? ahamadAbAda meM musalamAnoM kI masjidoM ko chor3akara yadi haThIbhAI kA jaina mandira nahIM hote to vahA~ dUsarA aisA kauna sA hindU sthApatya kA sundara kalAdhAma hai jise hindU apanI jAtIya zilpakalA ke sundara sthAna ke rUpa meM pahacAnate ? avanati ke isa antima yuga meM bhI jaghaDiyA, kAvI, chAMNI, mAtara, bArejA, pecApUra, pAnasara, serisA, zaMkhezvara, bhoyaNI, metrANA Adi aneka choTe gA~voM meM aura dUra jaGgaloM meM jainoM ne lAkhoM rUpayA kharca karake bhavya mandiroM kA nirmANa kiyA hai aura aisA karake deza kI zobhA meM sundara abhivRddhi kI hai, serIsA, zaMkhezvara, pAnasara aura bhoyaNI jaise atyanta kSudra grAma bhI Aja bhavya jaina mandiroM ke zikharoM

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jainadharma aura gujarAta 179 ke kAraNa mAnoM mukuTadhArI grAmavara bana gaye haiM aura yAtriyoM ke liye jisakI khyAti dUra dezoM meM phailI huI ho| caulukyoM ke samaya meM jisa khar3I kI gaI vizAla dharmazAlAoM se ve eka choTe se zahara kA dRzya gujarAta ke gA~va-gA~va meM aura sIma-sIma meM sundara zivAlaya zobhita upasthita kara rahe haiN| hote the aura saMdhyA samaya meM una zivAlayoM meM hone vAle zaMkhadhvani una deva mandiroM ke darzanArtha hindustAna ke kone-kone se aura ghaMTAnAda se gurjara bhUmi kA samasta vAyumaNDala zabdAyamAna hotA pratyeka varSa meM hajAroM jaina yAtrI Ate haiM aura una gA~voM kI bhUmi ko thA, isa bhaktabhUmi ko Aja mAno bhagavAn zaMkara chor3a kara cale gae puNya bhU gina kara vahA~ kI dhUli mastaka para car3hAte haiN| gujarAta ke ve haiM, aura unakI yaha zraddhAzIla dharatImAtA zokagrasta hokara saMdhyAbhagna gA~va jaina mandiroM ke kAraNa puNyadhAma bana gae haiN| saikaDoM bhavya vaMdana, maMgala gAna-vAdana ko sthagita karake hatAza ho stabdha ho gaI jaina prati prAta:kAla- 'serIsaro saMkhesaro pancAsare re' aise nAmotkIrtana ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| 'hara hara mahAdeva' kA ghoSa Aja gujarAta meM pUrvaka, jisa prakAra hindU loga kAzI, kAMcI, jagannAthapurI jaise dhAmoM kvacit hI sunA jAtA hai| bhUdeva sirpha brahmabhojana ke samaya hI modaka kI prAtaH stuti karate haiM, usI prakAra una gA~voM kA maGgala pATha karate darzana se pramudita hokara apane iSTadeva kA smaraNa aura nAmoccAraNa haiN| jainoM ne ina Adhunika mandiroM ke dvArA gujarAta kI zilpa kalA karate dikhAI dete haiM, isako chor3akara usa zaiva samAja kI zivopAsanA ko jIvita rakhA hai| yadi isa prakAra jainoM ne mandiroM ke nirmANa ke Aja nAma kII hI raha gaI hai aura zivAlayoM kA adhikAMza upekSita dvArA zilpiyoM ko prazraya nahIM diyA hotA to Aja hindU-sthApatya ke ho asta-vyasta ho rahA hai| siddhAntAnusAra eka sAdhAraNa stambha kA bhI nirmANa kara sake aise zaiva dharma aura jaina dharma ke sthApatya zilpI durlabha ho jaate| mahArAja mUlarAja ne siddhapura meM rudramahAlaya kI sthApanA kI deva mandiroM kI racanA ke pIche jo udAra aura udAtta aura usameM pUjA-arcA ke lie eka sahasra brAhmaNa kuloM ko uttara bhAvapUrNa dhyeya rahA huA hai, jo saMskAra aura sadAcAra ke preraka tatva bhArata se bahuta dAna-mAna ke sAtha bulAkara gujarAta meM brahmapurioM kA rahe hue hai, unako hama bhUla gaye haiM aura isI se Adhunika maMdira nirmANa kiyaa| una brahmakuloM ke nivAhArtha usane aneka gA~va dAna meM saMsthA upa-kAraka hone ke sthAna meM aneka aMzoM meM apakAraka ho rahI dekara 'yAvaccandradivAkarau' ke tAmrapatra likha diye| mUlarAja ke vaMzajoM hai| Aja mandiroM ko hamane puNyadhAmoM ke sthAna meM eka prakAra ke ne bhI uttarottara unake dAna-mAla meM bRddhi kI aura isa prakAra samasta paNyAgAra jaise banA rakhe haiN| dharmArjana ke badale ve dravyArjana kI dukAneM gujarAta meM brAhmaNa vaMzajoM ke sukhapUrvaka jIvanayApana kI vyavasthA kara ho gaI haiN| isa viSaya meM anya logoM kI apekSA jaina adhika doSa pAtra dI gii| pATana ke ukta rAjavaMza ke patana ke sAtha mlecchoM ke hAthoM se haiM yaha kaTu satya jaina bandhuoM ke roSa ko svIkAra karake bhI kahanA aNahilapura aura siddhapura ke una vibhUtimAn zivAlayoM kA bhI paDatA hai| vidhvaMsa huaa| unameM se siddhapura ke rudra mahAlaya kA to punaruddhAra usa vaiSNavoM ke mandira to Aja unake nAma ke anusAra 'mahArAjoM samaya meM zAha sAliga dezalaharA ne kiyaa| zAha sAliga zatrunjaya kI haveliyAM' hai| una mandiroM-haveliyoM meM jAne para hameM devamandira kA tIrtha ke mahAn uddhAraka samarAzAha kA bandhu thA aura jAti se tanika bhI AbhAsa nahIM milatA kintu kisI vilAsI gRhastha ke osavAla tathA dharma se jaina thaa| kintu usake bAda kisI bhI zaiva bhakta makAna meM hama jA pahuMce haiM aisA bhAsa hotA hai| gujarAta ke vaiSNava jana ne yA ziva ke upAsaka hajAroM brahma-bandhuoM ne bhI usa mahAlaya mandiroM ko isa prakAra baniyoM ke gharoM ke sadRza AkAra prakAra meM kI rakSA yA jIrNoddhAra ke lie kucha prayatna kiyA ho yaha jAnane meM kisane aura kaba parivartita kara diyA usakA kucha bhI patA mujhe nahIM nahIM aayaa| mugaloM ke adhikAra nAza ke bAda sadbhAgya se vaha sthAna miltaa| mAlavA, mAravADa, mevAr3a Adi dezoM meM saikaDoM vaiSNava zivAjI ke sainika marAThA saradAroM ke zAsana meM AyA aura bhAgyabala mandira haiM jo sthApatya aura pAvitrya kI dRSTi se jaina mandiroM ke samAna se siddharAja jaise hI saMskArapriya zrImaMta sarakAra sayAjI rAva mahArAja hI bhavya aura prazasta haiN| dvArakA, DAkora yA giranAra jaise sthAnoM meM Aja usa zrIsthala ke svAmI haiN| kyA cakravartI siddharAja kI svargavAsI aise hI do-cAra vaiSNava mandira kadAcit ho sakate haiM, kintu inake AtmA yaha AzA nahIM rakhatI hogI ki usakI jIvana sAdhanA ke alAvA gujarAta meM kahIM bhI aise mandira dikhAI nahIM dete| yadyapi mahAn kArya rUpa usa rudra mahAlaya kA, usI kA sadharmI aura usI kI gujarAta ke vaiSNava loga jainoM kI apekSA adhika dhanavAn aura priyabhUmi kA samartha svAmI punaruddhAra kare? dharmacusta dikhAI dete haiN| kalola ke pAsa serisA gA~va meM pArzvanAtha kA eka prasiddha gujarAta kA zaivadharma to Aja bilakula zithila dazA meM hai| tIrtha thA jahA~ vastupAla-tejapAla ne bhavya mandira kA nirmANa kiyA aise samRddha aura saMskArayukta deza meM eka mAtra somanAtha ko chor3akara thaa| mlecchoM ne usa sthAna ko isa prakAra naSTa-bhraSTa kara diyA ki dUsarA eka bhI baDA zaivadhAma yA bhavya zivAlaya dRSTigocara nahIM hotA usakA eka patthara bhI vahA~ milanA durlabha ho gayA thaa| kintu Jain Education Intemational

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 180 ahamadAbAda ke eka dharmapriya udAra seTha sArAbhAI DAhyAbhAI ne ukta tIrtha kA punaddhAra karane meM apanI asthira lakSmI kA sadupayoga karanA zurU kiyA aura usI ke phalasvarUpa Aja vahA~ aSTamaMgalopeta mahAdhvaja aura svarNakumbhoM meM samalaMkRta zikhara vAlA eka bhavya aura sundara jaina mandira suzobhita ho rahA hai| prati varSa hajAroM yAtrI vahA~ darzana zaiva mandiroM kI durdazA aura jaina mandiroM kI surakSA karane Ate haiM aura saikar3oM varSoM taka naSTa-bhraSTa hone vAle tIrtha kA punaruddhAra huA dekha kara Ananda aura AhlAda kA anubhava karate haiN| jainoM kI ora se isa prakAra kA tIrthoddhAra kA kArya samasta deza meM satata cAlU hai| jainoM kI isa devabhakti aura tIrtharakSA kI bhAvanA kA zaivoM aura vaiSNaoM ko bhI anukaraNa karanA cAhie aura naSTa-bhraSTa hue tIrthasthAnoM kA yogya rUpa meM punaruddhAra karake deza kI zilpakalA aura rUpa zobhA meM abhivRddhi karanI caahie| vanarAja ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya meM sthApita pATaNa kA paJcAsara pArzvanAtha kA jaina mandira Aja bhI jaba deza-dezAntara ke hajAroM yAtriyoM ko AkRSTa kara rahA hai taba caulukya cakravartiyoM dvArA sthApita samasta gujarAtI prajA ke rASTra- mandira ke yogya aise 'somezvara prAsAda' aura 'tripuruSa prAsAda' jaise mahAn zivAlayoM ke astitva kI bhI dezavAsiyoM ko kucha khabara hI nahIM rahI hai| deza meM rahane vAle lAkhoM zaivadharmI- jinameM anekAneka rAjA, mahArAjA, jAgIradAra, saradAra, koTayAdhipati Adi kA samAveza hotA hai ve Aja apane rASTra aura dharma ke iSTadeva kI aisI upekSA kareM yaha vastutaH zocanIya hai| devamandira Aja hamAre aise samRddha aura dharmaprANa deza meM bhI aneka prakAra se mahatvahIna aura astavyasta dazA meM par3e hoM aisA dIkhatA hai| mandiroM kI prazasti sundara aura bhavyadeva mandira yaha grAma aura nagara ke vibhUtimAn alaMkAra haiM, pavitratA ke preraka dhAma haiM utsava aura prItibhoja ke lie Ananda bhavana haiM, anajAna atithi ke lie unmukta AzrayasthAna haiM, zoka aura saMtApa ke nivAraka raGgamaNDapa haiM, garIba aura dhanika prajAjanoM ko ekAsana para baiThAne vAle vyAsapITha haiM, bhakta aura mumukSu jIvoM ko AdhyAtmika bhAvoM meM ramaNa karane ke mukta krIr3AMgaNa haiM, saMgIta aura nRtya kI sAtvika zikSA dene vAle uttama vidyAlaya haiM, paNDitoM aura santoM kI jJAna-vijJAnapUrNa vANI sunane ke vizAla vyAkhyAna gRha haiM, rAjA aura raGka donoM ke lie samAnarUpa se hRdaya ke duHkha kA bhAra dUra karane aura AzvAsana pAne ke AzAniketana haiM aura Adhi, vyAdhi aura upAdhi se mukti dene vAle mokSadhAma haiN| prAcIna kAla meM hamAre devamandira hI sAmAjika kAryaM ke liye sabhAmaNDapa the| devamandira hI hamAre vidyAgRha the / devamandira hI atithi bhavana the| devasthAna hI nATyagRha, nyAyAlaya aura dharmAdhiSThAna the| hamArI saba prakAra kI rASTrIya, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika pravRtti ke kendra hamAre ye devamandira hI the| yahI kAraNa hai ki hamAre pUrvajoM ne deva - mandiroM racanA aura rakSA karane meM manuSya janma kI kRtakRtyatA mAnI hai| samrAT se lekara eka sAdhAraNa prajAjana kI jIvana kI mahattvAkAMkSA kA vaha eka lakSya sthAna mAnA gayA hai| kintu vartamAna meM mAtra jainoM ko chor3akara itara hinduoM meM yaha bhAvanA bahuta zithila ho gaI hai aura jaisA ki maiMne pahale sUcita kiyA, apane devasthAnoM kI rakSA karane meM jitane jaina jAgRta rahe haiM utane jainetara jAgRta nahIM rahe hai| devamandiroM kI pavitratA kI rakSA karane ke lie jainoM ne jisa udAratA kA paricaya diyA aura jisa bhAvanA ko puSTa kiyA hai usakA anya dharmAvalambiyoM meM adhikAMza kahA~ haiM ve acalezvara ke upAsaka jinhoMne lAkhoM mana suvarNa abhAva hI dekhA jAtA hai| isI se jainoM kI apekSA itara hindU kA dAna vahA~ diyA thA ? kahA~ haiM ve bhavya nRpati, jo rAja vaibhava Apa meM se kucha logoM ne AbU kI yAtrA kI hogii| AbU meM acalagar3ha ke Upara acalezvara mahAdeva kA bar3A tIrtha dhAma hai| yaha acalezvara lAkhoM kSatriyoM ke iSTa deva haiN| sirohI ke rAjA ke to ve kuladevatA ho haiM, isake alAvA bhI rAjasthAna ke sabhI rAjAoM ke parama upAsya deva haiN| ukta acalezvara mahAdeva ke mandira kI kaisI dayanIya sthiti hai yaha dekhane vAloM se aparicita nhiiN| usa acalezvara ke pAsa hI TekarI ke Upara jainoM kA mandira hai, vaha kitanA svaccha, bhavya aura sundara hai| yadi ukta donoM mandiroM kI hai| yadi ukta donoM mandiroM kI tulanA kI jAya to 'kahA~ rAjA aura kahA~ raGka gAMgA tailI' yaha lokokti yAda A jAtI hai| jainoM ne usa samasta parvata ke zikhara ke mArga ko pakkA banA diyA hai| zikhara ke Upara choTI-bar3I aneka dharmazAlAoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai aura yAtriyoM ke rahane ke liye bahuta acchI vyavasthA kI hai| pAnI kI, bhojanAlaya kI tathA tAje-tAje phala-phUla, zAka ke milane kI bhI vyavasthA hai| devAlaya meM mAno sAkSAt devatA Akara nAcate hoM itanA svaccha aura suramya usakA prAMgaNa hai dhUpa, dIpa aura puSpoM se mandira ke maNDapa mahaka rahe haiM, mAnoM dUdha se dho DAle hoM aise ve ujjvala aura sudhAdhauta haiN| jaba ki ukta acalezvara kA mandira mailA, gandA, kurUpa aura yatra tatra kacare se paripUrNa, mahIne meM bhI eka bAra jahA~ saphAI na hotI ho aisA dhUladhUsarita dikhAI detA hai| mandira ke cauka meM hI gande bAbA loga par3e hue hoM, rasoI pakAte hoM, jUThana pheMkate hoM, vahIM thUkate hoM, pezAba karate hoM- aise dRzya vahA~ kA hai| maiM jaba kabhI vahA~ jAtA hU~ to yaha dRzya dekha kara atyanta glAni hotI hai aura hamArI aisI dhArmika adhogati dekha kara mana me atizaya saMtApa hotA hai|

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kiyA jainadharma aura gujarAta 181 chor3akara usa mahAyogI mahAmandira meM dina aura rAta 'ziva' 'ziva' nahIM krte| yahI kAraNa hai ki gujarAta meM jainetara mandiroM kI bhavyatA aisI mahAdhvani karake samAdhi kI sAdhanA meM lIna hokara baiThe rahate Aja dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| isa vastusthiti ko maiM hamArI prajAkIya the? kahA~ haiM ve aneka maharSi jo isa pazupati ke puNya sAnnidhya meM dhArmika bhAvanA kI bar3I kSati kI sUcaka samajhatA huuN| parabrahma kI prAptyartha kaI varSa taka brahmacintana aura gAyatrIgAna kiyA karate the? kahA~ haiM ve aneka yogI jo usa jyotIzvara ke garbhAgAra ke rASTrIya mamatva kA abhAva suvarNa ghaTita ghaMTanAdoM se gaJjAyamAna hone vAlI girimekhalA kI jaina ho, zaiva ho, vaiSNava ho, bauddha ho yA phira IsAI yA ekAnta kaMdarAoM meM kandamUla aura phalaphUla khAkara kaThora tapasyA muslima ho, kisI bhI prajA ke dhArmika sthAnoM kI adhogati usa prajA karate the aura yoga kI divya vibhUtiyoM ko hastagata karate the? usa ke jIvana kI hI adhogati kI sUcaka hai| hama yaha acchI taraha jAnate kAla meM lAkhoM nara-nArI bhArata ke kone-kone se nAnA prakAra ke kaSToM haiM ki iMgalaiNDa, phrAMsa yA jarmanI jaise yuropIya jar3avAdI dezoM meM ko jhela kara usa dhAma kI yAtrA karane Ate the aura usa mahezvara ke Aja dhArmika bAhya AcaraNoM kA kucha bhI mahatva nahIM hai| dharmaguru yA prasAda ko zira para car3hAkara jIvana ko kRtakRtya samajhate the| mere dharma graMthoM ke Upara vahA~ Aja tanika bhI zraddhA aura bhakti nahIM dekhI abhiprAya se acalezvara amuka aMza meM samasta gUrjara saMskRti aura jaatii| phira vahA~ ke dharmasthAna-girajAgharoM kI pavitratA aura pratiSThA gUrjara pauruSa kA preraka dhAma hai, gUrjara logoM kA vaha kailAsa hai aura kI utanI hI surakSA kI jAtI hai| vahA~ ke loga girajAgharoM ko Aja gUrjara kSAtradharma kI vaha yajJavedI hai| mokSa kA daivI dhAma nahIM mAnate phira bhI apanI jAtIya saMskRti aura aise isa pavitra dhAma kI Aja uparivarNita duHkhadAyaka asmitA ke preraka sthAna ke rUpa meM atyanta Adara se unako svIkAra durdazA hai| sirohI mahArAja aura bIkAnera mahArAja, jayapura darabAra karate haiN| rASTrIya kalA kauzala ke apUrva smAraka ke rUpa meM ve unakI aura udayapura darabAra aura aise kitane haiM phira bhI kisI rAjA mahattA kA gAna karate haiM aura kitane hI dhana aura jana kI bali se bhI mahArAjA ko yaha sUjha nahIM ki jisa deva ko unake pUrvajoM ne apane unakI rakSA karane ke lie ve loga sadA tatpara rahate haiN| bhautika deha taka de diye the usa deva ke yogya pUjA prakSAlana kI aura usake vijJAna ke sarvocca zikhara para sthita jarmana prajA Aja bhI jAtIya mandira kI saphedI kI so kucha vyavasthA kareM! sirohI mahArAja ne saMskRti aura sthApatya ke uttama nidarzaka aise aneka naye-naye girajAgharoM kisI Trevara nAma gaurAGga deva kI smRti ko amaratA pradAna karane ke kA nirmANa karatI hai aura usameM karor3oM rUpayoM kA kharca rASTrIya liye karIba lAkha rUpayoM kA kharca karake AbU parvata ke Upara 'Trevara khajAne meM se karatI hai| vahA~ kI prajA yaha mAnatI hai ki girajAghara TAlara' nAmaka bandha bAMdhA aura usameM sirpha gorI camar3I vAle sainikoM samasta prajA kI sarva sAdhAraNa sampatti hai| sampUrNa rASTra kI saMyukta ko hI naMge hokara nahAne kI ora usakI machaliyoM ko pakar3a kara sampatti hai| pratyeka prajA jana ko vaha svakIya vastu pratIta hotA hai khAne kI puNyakArI vyavasthA kara dii| kintu acalezvara ke sevaka kahe aura isI liye pratyeka prajAjana usake lie mamatva bhAva rakhatA hai| jAne vAle usa rAjya ke Adhunika kisI rAjA ne vahA~ ke pavitra mAne- durbhAgya se apane deza meM aisI prajAkIya bhAvanA jAgRta nahIM hai| yahI jAne vAle maMdAkinI kuNDa meM logoM ko zauca jAne se rokane kI koI kAraNa hai ki hama apanI rASTrIya asmitA kA vikAsa kara nahIM sakate vyavasthA nahIM kii| haiN| dharma, jAti aura saMpradAya kI saMkIrNa bhAvanA ne hamArA rASTrIya aisI durdazA maiMne mevAr3a ke mahAdhAma ekaliGgezvara meM bhI gaurava kuMThita kara diyA hai, gataprANa banA diyA hai| kucha aMzoM meM dekhI hai aura ujjayinI ke mahAkAlezvara kI bhI dekhI hai, inake mukAbale meM jainoM ke zatrujaya, giranAra, tAraMgA, kesariyA pArasparika vidveSa jI Adi tIrthoM ko dekheM aura unakI vyavasthA dekheN| ina donoM meM jainoM ke bhavya maMdiroM ko dekha kara kisI vaiSNava ko Ananda jamIna AsamAna kA bheda hai| vaha aisA hI hai jaisA bambaI meM nahIM hogA aura kisI vaiSNava ke sundara dhAma ko dekha kara jaina ko bAlakezvara meM sthita dhanikoM ke mahAlayoM meM aura bhUlezvara meM Ananda nahIM hogaa| zaiva, vaiSNava, bauddha, jaina sabhI kI yahI dazA hai| gumAstAoM ke mAloM meM hai| itanA hI nahI kintu jainoM meM bhI zvetAmbara mandira ke prati digambara kA jaina aura zaiva mandiroM kI vyavasthA ke viSaya meM yahA~ jo aura digambara mandira ke prati zvetAmbara kA dveSabhAva hai| hamArI yaha kucha kahA gayA hai usakA viparIta artha Apa na leM ki aisA kaha kara saMkIrNa bhAvanA rASTrIya aikya aura asmitA meM bAdhaka hai aura isI se maiM jainoM kA bar3appana dikhAnA cAhatA hU~ aura jainetaroM kI hiintaa| merA hamArI unnati meM bhI vighAta hotA hai| bhale hI hamArI dhArmika mAnyatA abhiprAya to sirpha itanA hI hai ki jaina jisa prakAra apane devasthAnoM meM bheda ho aura usase hama anya dharma ke devasthAnoM ko apane kI pavitratA surakSita rakhane kA yathAzakti prayatna karate haiM vaisA jainetara AdhyAtmika kalyANa kA sAdhana mAna kara na pUjeM phira bhI vaha bhI hA Jain Education Intemational

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182 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 hamAre hI rASTra kI bahumUlya sampatti hai, hamAre hI rASTra kI eka uttama cAvaDA ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke yuga se lekara karNa vAghelA ke patana ke vibhUti hai, hamAre hI kalAkAroM kA eka sundara kalAkarma hai, hamArI hI samaya ke daramiyAna kI pratyeka zatAbdI kI jaina yatioM dvArA nivAsa-bhUmi kA eka manorama AbhUSaNa hai aura hamAre hI par3osI bhAI nirmita aisI aneka apabhraMza kRtiyA~ aNahilapura ke bhaMDAroM meM se kA eka pavitra dhAma hai- isa dRSTi se usa para hamArA mamatva kyoM nahIM hameM prApta hotI haiN| ho aura use dekha kara AhlAda kA anubhava kyoM nahIM ho? jaina paNDita hamezA prAcIna aura vartamAna donoM bhASAoM ke hama dhana kA saMcaya karane meM kisI dharma yA saMpradAya kA upAsaka rahe haiN| unhoMne donoM prakAra ke bhASA aura sAhitya ko apanI vicAra nahIM rkhte| paisA yadi milatA ho to eka jaina bhI vaiSNava ke kRtiyoM se alaMkRta kiyA hai| prAkRta aura saMskRta ina donoM purAtana sAtha sAjhA kara legA aura vaiSNava jaina ke saath| yadi vetana acchA bhASAoM ke sAtha apabhraMza yuga meM unhoMne apabhraMza bhASA ko samRddha milatA ho to eka hindU musalamAna kI naukarI kara letA hai aura banAne ke liye usameM bhI utanI hI sAhitya racanA kI hai aura yaga ke musalamAna IsAI ke yhaaN| isa prakAra sAMsArika svArtha siddha karane meM vyatIta hone para jaba gujarAtI bhASA ke yuga kA prArambha huA taba kisI kauma aura saMpradAya ke saMskAra bAdhaka nahIM hote, to phira dharma usameM bhI utanI hI tatparatA se racanA karane laga gye| jaise pAramArthika viSaya meM ve saMskAra kyoM bAdhaka hote haiM? aura kyoM AcArya hemacandra ke jIvana kI samApti ke sAtha hI apabhraMza hama pArasparika dveSa aura zatrutA ko puSTa karate haiM? aise dveSa aura bhASA ke jIvana kI bhI samApti huI aura gujarAtI bhASA ke udaya zatrutva se na to hamArI bhautika unnati ho sakatI hai aura na aadhyaatmik| kAla kA prArambha huaa| usa udaya kAla ke Adi kSaNa se lekara Aja usase to ekAnta avanati aura azAnti hI prApta hotI hai| hameM yaha taka jaina vidvAnoM ne gujarAtI bhASA kI avirata sevA kI hai aura bAta sarva prathama samajha lenI caahie| jisakI tulanA kisI bhI dezI bhASA se na kI jA sake utanI adhika astu yaha to maiMne thor3A viSayAntara kiyA aba mUla viSaya kRtiyoM se usa bhASA ke bhaNDAra ko unhoMne paripUrNa kiyA hai| vidyA kA vicAra kiyA jaay| vilAsI aura saMskRti-pratimUrti mahArAjAdhirAja sayAjI rAva ke prazaMsanIya Adeza se sva0 vidvAn zrI camala lAla dalAla ne pATaNa ke bhaNDAroM sAhitya racanA kA vistRta paryavekSaNa kiyA thaa| jisake phalasvarUpa gujarAtI bhASA jisa prakAra sthApatya kalA kA vikAsa karake jainoM ne ke usa purAtana amUlya javAhira ko vizva ke samakSa rakhane kA apUrva gujarAta ko apUrva aura AkarSaka zobhA arpita kI hai usI prakAra udyoga kiyA thaa| usake phalasvarUpa hamameM usa javAhira ke khajAnoM kI sAhitya kI vividha racanA dvArA jainoM ne gujarAta ko anupama jJAna- zodha kI jijJAsA jAgRta huii| jaina vidvAna zrI mohana lAla desAI samRddha kiyaa| gujarAta kI sAhitya samRddhi aura bahuta vizAla hai| antima karIba 20 varSa se gujarAtI bhASA meM grathita jaina sAhitya kI aNahilapura ke abhyudaya kAla ke prArambha se Aja taka jainoM ne zodha kara rahe haiM aura usake phalasvarUpa unhoMne aba taka meM hajAragujarAta meM raha kara jisa sAhitya kI racanA kI hai usakI tulanA ke hajAra pRSTha ke tIna grantha taiyAra kiye haiN| unako dekhane se Apa yaha liye dUsarA koI deza nahIM hai| prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, prAcIna kalpanA kara sakeMge ki jaina vidvAnoM ne gujarAtI bhASA kI kaisI utkRSTa gujarAtI aura navIna gujarAtI aisI vividha bhASAoM ke hajAroM graMthoM se sevA kI hai| gujarAta ke jJAnabhaMDAra paripUrNa haiN| prAkRta bhASA jo hamAre deza kI aNahilapura, bharuca, khambhAta, kapaDavaja,dholakA, dhaMdhukA, samasta Arya bhASAoM kI mAtAmahI hai usakA vipula bhaNDAra eka mAtra karNAvatI, DabhoI, baDodarA, sUrata, pAlanapura, pATaDI, candrAvatI, gujarAta kI saMpatti hai| valabhI yuga ke Arambha se mugalAI ke anta IDara, vaDanagara Adi gujarAta ke pratyeka madhyakAlIna nagaroM ke taka gujarAta ke jaina yati prAkRta granthoM kI racanA karate aura isa upAzrayoM meM rahakara jaina yatioM ne asaMkhya saMskRta granthoM kI racanA prakAra prAkRta bhASA kA akhaNDa paricaya gUrjara prajA ko ve dete rahe haiN| kI hai| una granthoM meM vyAkaraNa, kAvya, koSa, alaMkAra, sAhitya, prAkRta bhASA ke ukta paricaya sAtatya ke kAraNa gujarAtI bhASA ke chada, nATaka, nyAya, Ayurveda, jyotiSa, gaNita, Akha vikAsa krama kA itihAsa hameM atIva sulabha aura suspaSTa rUpa se prApta Adi jJAna-vijJAna ke samasta viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA hai| saiMkar3oM ho sakatA hai| aise kathA grantha haiM jinameM gujarAta ke sAmAjika loka jIvana viSayaka hindI, marAThI, baMgAlI aura gujarAtI bhASAoM kI sAkSAt vividha sAmagrI mila sakatI hai| usa kAla meM pracalita saikar3o gujarAtI jananI jo madhyakAlIna apabhraMza bhASA mAnI jAtI hai usakA bhI loka kathAoM ko laukika saMskRta bhASA meM parivartita karake unake bhI jitanA vipula aura viziSTa sAhitya gujarAta ke jaina bhaNDAroM meM aneka saMgraha unhoMne grathita kiye haiN| gujarAta ke madhya kAlIna prApta hotA hai utanA anyatra kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hotaa| vanarAja itihAsa kI yathAzruta ghaTanAoM ko granthabaddha karake gujarAta ke itihAsa Jain Education Intemational

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183 jainadharma aura gujarAta ko surakSita rakhane ke liye unhoMne aitihAsika-ardhaaitihAsika aise mukhya dhyeya thaa| gujarAta kI zakti aura saMskRti ke viSaya meM saMkhyAbaddha prabandhoM kI racanA kI hai| gujarAta ke rASTrIya itihAsa kA yatkincit bhI AkSepa yA laghutA ho- yaha unako svapna meM bhI asahya jitanA saMrakSaNa jainoM ne kiyA hai usakA sahasrAMza bhI jainetaroM ne nahIM thaa| unake isa utkaTa deza prema aura saMskAra ruci ne unheM apane deza kiyaa| dhArmika manovRtti kI saMkIrNa bhAvanA ke kAraNa yadi jainoM kI meM rudramahAlaya, tripuraprAsAda, aura somezvara Adi saikar3oM bhavyamahAlayoM usa mahAn rASTra dena kI kImata kama AMkI jAya yA use asvIkAra ke nirmANa kI preraNA dI, karNasarovara, minalasarovara, siddhasara jaise kiyA jAya to eka prakAra kA rASTradroha hI samajhA jAnA caahie| aneka mahAsarovaroM ke nirmANa ke lie utsAhita kiyA, sthAna-sthAna gujarAta ke pAsa usake apane santAnoM kI racanA ke rUpa meM para sundara toraNa aura kIrtistambha khar3e karane ko utkaMThita kiyA, jJAna-vijJAna ke sarva viSayoM kI uttamottama kRtiyA~ vidyamAna haiN| isa bar3e-bar3e sArasvata bhANDArAgAra sthApita karane aura satrAgAra sahita prakAra se jainoM ne gujarAta ko sAhitya sAmrAjya kI dRSTi se sarvatantra vidyAmaThoM ko sthApita karane ke lie pravRtta kiyaa| svatantra rASTra banAyA hai| vastuta: gujarAta ke sAhityika samRddhi ke bhaNDAroM ko napoM kA dhArmika samabhAva aura usakA phala paripUrNa karane kA yaza jainoM ko hai phira bhI uttama sAhitya sarjana dharma aura upAsanA ke viSaya meM ve atIva samadarzI the| kI preraNA jainoM ne kahA~ se aura kisa prakAra lI usakA bhI tanika unake samaya meM gujarAta meM mukhyarUpa se do hI prajAdharma pravartita thevicAra ho jAnA caahiye| yadyapi yaha vivecana vistRta honA caahie| zaiva aura jain| caulukyoM kA kuladharma zaiva thA phira bhI ve jainadharma ke usakI pUrvabhUmikA kA patA lagAne ke lie hameM gujarAta ke purAtana prati pUrNa sadbhAva rakhate the| jainamaMdiroM ko rAjya kI ora se pUjAitihAsa ke bahuta se panne ulaTane par3eMge jisake lie yahA~ sevA ke liye adhika mAtrA meM bhUmidAna Adi diye jAte the| parva aura avakAza nahIM hai, phira bhI atyanta saMkSipta rUpa meM usake viSaya utsavoM ke prasaMga meM rAjA loga khUba dhUmadhAma se jaina mandiroM meM jAte meM kucha bAteM kaha detA huuN| the aura zraddhApUrvaka stuti prArthanA karate the| unakI aisI dhArmika samadarzitA aura saMskArapriyatA ke gujarAta kI asmitA kA utthAna kAraNa jaina AcArya vizeSa rUpa se AzAnvita the| ata: usa rAjya gujarAta ke suvarNa kAla ke prasthApaka caulukya nRpati utkaTa kI mahattA aura kIrti bar3he aisA hRdaya se cAhate the aura tadanusAra svadeza premI the| unakI mahattkAMkSA gujarAta ko bhArata kA mukuTamaNi pravRtti karate the| caulukyoM ke zAsana kAla meM jainadharma ko uttama banAne kI thii| zakti, saMskRti aura samRddhi meM gurjara deza anya dezoM saMrakSaNa mAtra hI milA ho yaha bAta nahIM, balki uttama poSaNa bhI kI apekSA tanika bhI-pichar3a na jAya unakI sAmrAjya nIti kA yaha milA thaa| isase jaina vidvAn nirbhaya, nizciMta aura nizcalamanA hokara mahanIya mudrAlekha thaa| ve jitane zauryapUjaka the utane hI saMskArapriya aNahilapura tathA usake Asa-pAsa ke susthAna aura sugrAmoM ke bhI rhe| sAhitya, saMgIta, sthApatya Adi satkalAoM kA unako zauka upAzrayoM meM baiTha kara ukta prakAra kI vividha sAhityika racanA karake thaa| kalAkovidoM ke ve zraddhAzIla bhakta the| ve apane zaurya bala se gujarAta kI prajA ko jJAna se samRddha karate the; gajarAta kI gaNagarimA jisa prakAra gujarAta ke sAmrAjya kI sImA kA vistAra cAhate the, usI kI vRddhi karate the| gujarAta ke aisI jJAna garimA ke kAraNa hI use prakAra uttamottama sthApatya kI racanA dvArA gujarAta ke nagaroM kI zobhA "viveka bRhaspati" kA sammAnAspada virud milA thaa| aura aisI bar3hAnA cAhate the| vidvAna aura vizeSajJoM kA samUha saMgraha karake unake sthiti kI utpatti meM ukta prakAra se jainAcAryoM ne agra bhAga liyA thaa| dvArA sAhitya racanA karavAte the aura isa prakAra gUrjara prajA kI jJAna jyoti ko vikasita karate the| bhArata ke anya rAjyoM meM jaise-jaise gujarAta meM sadAcAra vRddhiviziSTa devasthAna yA jalAzaya Adi sthApatya ke sundara kArya hae hoM sadAcAra ke viSaya meM bhI jainadharma ne gujarAtI prajA kI yA hote hoM vaise kArya gujarAta meM bhI hone caahie| dUsare prAntoM meM jaise samunnati meM savizeSa bhAga liyA hai| jaina dharma AcAra pradhAna dharma hai; vidyApITha aura sArasvata bhaNDAra vidyamAna hoM vaise vidyApITha aura yama-niyama, tapa-tyAga Adi ke viSaya meM jaina dharma meM paryApta bhAra bhaNDAra gujarAta meM bhI hone caahie| bhArata ke anya rAjadarabAroM meM diyA jAtA hai| ahiMsA to jaina AcAra-vicAra kA dhruva bindu hI hai| jaise samartha vidvAna, paNDita, kavi, mantrI, rAjadUta, senAnAyaka, usI ko lakSya karake jaina dharma ke sabhI AcAroM kA saMvidhAna huA nIti-vizArada, vyApAra pravINa aura anya kalAnipuNa puruSa vidyamAna hai| ahiMsA kI sampUrNa vyAkhyA to bahuta gahana hai| sthUla vyAkhyA hoM vaise yA unase bhI bar3hakara zreSTha puruSaratna gujarAta kI rAjasabhA ko yaha hai ki manuSya ko kisI bhI manuSya-pazu Adi kisI jIva kI zobhita karane vAle hone hI cAhie- yahI unakI sAmrAjya jigISA kA hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie, kisI bhI prANI kA nAza nahIM karanA Jain Education Intemational

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184 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 caahie| isa sthUla vyAkhyA ke bhI utsarga apavAda Adi bheda-prabheda viziSTa dayAbhAva yukta aura duHkhita janoM ko udAratApUrvaka dAna aura gauNa-mukhya Adi vividha prakAra haiN| usakI sUkSmatA meM jAnA dene vAlI hai-aisI khyAti hai| una guNoM kI unnati gujarAta meM jo yahA~ anAvazyaka hai| huI hai usakA kAraNa jaina saMskAroM kI satata preraNA aura protsAhana sAmAnyataH itanA jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki jaina dharma kI rahA hai aisA merA namra mata hai| dIkSA kA sarva prathama aura sarva pradhAna niyama hai jIva hiMsA kA tyaag| gujarAta meM pichar3I huI jAti kA manuSya bhI sarpa, bicchU jo manuSya sthUla jIva hiMsA kA bhI tyAga nahIM kara sakatA vaha jaina jaise bhayaGkara viSaile jIvoM kA bhI binA kAraNa ghAta karane meM pApa dharma kA anuyAyI bhI nahIM ho sktaa| mAMsAhAra ke lie hI prAyaH mAnegA aura kAraNa milane para bhI unakI hatyA karane meM saMkoca kA manuSya sthUla jIva hiMsA karate haiN| mAMsAhAra ke nimitta se hI jagat meM anubhava karatA hai| isake viparIta anya pradezoM meM rahane vAlA ucca nitya prati lAkhoM-karoMr3oM pazu, pakSI, machalI Adi prANiyoM kA brAhmaNa jana bhI sadi kA nAma mAtra suna kara usakI hatyA karane ko saMhAra hotA hai| yaha saMhAra tabhI kama ho sakatA hai jaba manuSya mAMsAhAra utsAhita ho jAtA hai| gujarAta kA kisAna garmI ke dinoM meM zulka ko kama kre| isa dRSTi se jaina mAMsAhAra ke sabase adhika virodhI rahe hone vAle tAlAboM kI machaliyoM kI surakSA ke lie aneka prayatna haiN| jahA~ jahA~ unake vaza kI bAta ho vahA~-vahA~ meM mAMsAhAra kA niSedha karatA huA najara AtA hai jaba ki bihAra Adi pradezoM kA brahmavAdI karane-karAne meM prayatnazIla rahate Aye haiN| sacamuca aisA karake ve aura sarva zAstra pAragAmI bhUdeva bhI machaliyoM ke mArane aura maravAne jIvahiMsA ko kama karane meM apanI zakti kA pUrA upayoga karate Aye kI vyavasthita pratRtti meM lIna huA dekhA AtA hai| haiN| akabara bAdazAha jaise mugala samrATa ko bhI jainAcAryoM ne apane sadupadeza dvArA hiMsA ke niSedha kI ora surucisaMpanna banA diyA thaa| piMjarA pola saMsthA isI se unhoMne apane sAmrAjya meM varSa meM kaI dinoM taka jIva hiMsA anAtha aura apaMga pazuoM ke pAlana-poSaNa aura saMrakSaNa na karane ke pharamAna nikAle the, tathA unhoMne svayaM bhI varSa ke amuka karane vAlI piMjarA pola jaisI prANI dayA kI puNyasaMsthA sthApita mAsoM meM aura dinoM meM mAMsAhAra sarvathA na lene kA niyama le rakhA thaa| karane kA sabase pahalA zreya gujarAtI prajAjana ko hI milanA caahie| yaha to kahA hI jA cukA hai ki caulukyoM ke zAsana kAla mAravAr3a, mevAr3a aura mAlavA Adi pradezoM meM isa saMsthA kA jo meM gujarAta meM jainoM kA kAphI prabhAva thA isake alAvA usa vaMza kA astitva hai vaha bhI gujarAta ke hI andara se hai| piMjarApola saMsthA ke sabase pratApI aura zUravIra rAjA kumArapAla jainadharma meM sampUrNa zraddhAvAn pradhAna pracAraka aura saMcAlaka jaina haiM yaha sarvavidita hai| yaha eka hokara apanI uttarAvasthA meM usane gRhasthocita dRr3ha dIkSA bhI svIkRta dUsarI bAta hai ki Aja vaha piMjarApola saMsthA usake ajJAna aura kI thii| usa rAjA ne apane sampUrNa sAmrAjya meM jIvahiMsA ko rokane asamayajJa saMcAlakoM dvArA atyanta dayAjanaka aura durvyavasthita dazA ke lie AgrahapUrvaka rAjAjJAe~ dI thIM aura mAMsAhAra na karane ke lie ko prApta hai, taba isase vicArazIla varga dvArA yaha nindA kI pAtra bhI tathA devI-devatAoM ko bali na car3hAne ke lie rAjya ghoSaNAe~ kI huI hai| kintu yaha doSa vyavasthA kA hai saMsthA kA nhiiN| thiiN| mAMsAhAra aura jIvahiMsA ke niSedhaka-aise satata AdezoM aura saMsthA kA mUla uddezya to prANiyoM kI zuddha sevA kA hai pracAra ke kAraNa gujarAta kI prajA meM se ye bAteM bahuta kama ho giiN| aura tad dvArA mAnava hRdaya kI bhUtadayA kI bhavyabhAvanA ke vikAsa Aja samasta hindustAna meM gujarAta hI aisA hai jahA~ sabase kama kA hai| jaina isa kArya meM prativarSa Aja bhI lAkhoM rUpayoM kA kharca mAMsAhAra hai aura sabase kama jIva-hiMsA hotI hai| mAMsAhAra ke niSedha karate haiN| jitanA dhyAna anAtha evaM asamartha jaina bAlakoM ke saMrakSaNa ke sAtha hI madya aura vyabhicAra ke niSedha ke lie bhI gujArAta meM hI aura pAlana poSaNa meM bhI nahIM diyA jAtA hai yaha spaSTa hai, kintu adhika prayatna kiyA gayA hai| vyavasthA ke doSa ke kAraNa isa kArya meM prAyaH puNya ke sthAna meM kucha gujarAta ke ucca gine jAne vAle prajAvarga meM una durvyasanoM pApa kA bhI upArjana kiyA jAtA hogaa| samayAnukUla suvyavasthA ke kA sarvathA to nahIM kintu atyadhika mAtrA meM bhI jo prazasya abhAva phalasvarUpa yaha saMsthA Aja hamAre daridra deza ke lie aneka prakAra dekhA jAtA hai usakA kAraNa pUrvakAlIna jaina AcAryoM ke upadeza se adhika upayogI ho sakatI hai| kA prabhAva hI hai| gujarAta meM madya kA pracAra sirpha tathAkathita nimna jAtiyoM meM hai aura vaha bhI aMgrejoM ke zAsana kAla meM hI bar3hA hai| ahiMsA viSayaka AkSepa kA uttara mAMsa, madya aura vyabhicAra kI prabalatA ke abhAva meM prajA meM khUna jIvadayA kI aisI pravRtti aura tad dvArA kI jAne vAlI aura saMtrAsa kI pravRtti bhI kama ho yaha svAbhAvika hai| samasta ahiMsA kI puSTi ke viSaya meM kabhI-kabhI yaha AkSepa sunAI detA hai bhAratavarSa meM Aja gujarAtI prajA zAntipriya, saumyasvabhAvasampanna, ki jainoM ke isa ahiMsA pracAra ke kAraNa prajA meM zauryavRtti aura

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jainadharma aura gujarAta 185 kSAtradharma zithila hae aura phalasvarUpa Ama prajA pauruSahIna hokara saMrakSaNa karane ke lie jainoM ne bar3e-bar3e kSatriya vIroM se bhI bar3hakara parAdhIna bana gaI ityaadi| utsAha dikhalAyA thaa| gujarAta ke sAmrAjya ke utkarSa ke lie ahiMsA ke viSaya meM ukta AkSepa sarvathA bhramAtmaka aura jainadharmI vIra yoddhAoM ne aneka raNasaMgrAma khele haiM aura adbhuta yuddha tatvazanya hai| maiMne jaise prathama sUcita kiyA hai usa rIti se jainadharma kI kauzala batAyA hai| gujarAtI bhUmi meM kabhI-kabhI to jo durdharSa kArya ahiMsA kI kalpanA aura vyAkhyA bahuta vizAla aura gambhIra hai| ukta kSatriya putra bhI na kara sake vaha ina tathAkathita vaNika putroM ne karake vyAkhyA ke anusAra dRzya tathAkathita ahiMsA vastuta: hiMsA ho dikhAyA hai| sakatI hai aura sthUla dRSTi se dRzya hiMsA bhI siddhAntasammAna ahiMsA AbU ke jagatprasiddha kalAdhAma AdinAtha mandira kA nirmAtA ho sakatI hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA kI siddhi aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra na vimalazAha jaina aisA pracaMDa-senAnAyaka ho gayA hai jisane gujarAta ke sirpha bAhya pravRtti hI nahIM hai kintu bAhyapravRtti meM rahe hue hetu kI sainyoM ko sindhu nadI ke nIra meM tairA karake gajanI kI sImA ko zuddhi-azuddhi ke kAraNa hone vAlI Antarika vRtti hai| jaina yA anya padadalita karane vAlA banA diyaa| maMtrI udayana ke putra daNDanAyaka koI jise ahiMsA samajhate hoM aura apanI jisa pravRtti ko ahiMsA AMbaDa ne gUrjara sainyoM ko sahyAdri kI ghaTiyA~ kisa prakAra pAdAkrAnta kI poSaka mAnate hoM vaha bhI isa tatva dRSTi ke anusAra vastutaH karanA yaha anubhava pATha sainyoM ke sAtha rahakara ke diyA aura apane ahiMsA ho bhI sakatI hai yA nahIM bhI ho sktii| tatvata: ahiMsaka samrATa kI zatru vijigISA kisa prakAra pUrNa karanA isakI sopapattika vyakti ahiMsA dharma ke pAlane ke nimitta kisI samaya cIMTI jaise zikSA dene ke liye mallikArjuna jaise balavAn koMkaNAdhIza nRpati kSudratama jantu ke prANa bacAne ke lie bhI apane prANoM kA parityAga kA svahasta se kaNThakartana karake mastaka rUpa zrIphala ke dvArA garjara kara sakatA hai jabaki dUsare kisI avasara meM apanI ahiMsA pAlana ke narendra kI caraNa pUjA karake dikhlaaii| gujarAtI yoddhAoM ko vindhyAcala hI nimitta se cakravartiyoM ke mahAsainyoM kA bhI saMhAra svayaM kara sakatA kI aTavI kaise padadalita karanA aura usameM yatheccha viharane vAle hai aura karA bhI sakatA hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA dharma 'kusumAdapi gajayUthoM ko kisa prakAra zikSA dekara ke aNahilapura kI hastizAlAoM komala' ora 'vajrAdapi kaThora' hai| usakA zuddha AcaraNa talavAra kI ko ajeya banA denA isa bAta kI apUrva vidyA maMtrI lahara ne dI thii| dhAra para calane jaisA kaThina kArya hai| sarvasva ke tyAga kI taiyArI ke dhanurvidyA meM pravINa usI daNDanAyaka ne aNahilapura ke sannikaTa binA isa ahiMsA dharma kA sampUrNa pAlana zakya nahIM hai aura na rAga- vindhyavAsinI devI kA bar3A pITha sthApita karake usake prAMgaNa meM dveSa ke viSaya ke binA ahiMsA kI siddhi ho sakatI hai| AdhunikAna gurjara sainikoM ko prajAjanoM ko dhanurvidyA ke zauryapUrNa pATha par3hanesamAja isa ahiMsA kI sampUrNa sAdhanA karatA hai aisA merA mantavya yA par3hAne ke liye pAThazAlA khar3I kI thii| vaktavya nahIM hai kintu maiM to batAnA yaha cAhatA hU~ ki ahiMsA kI udayana mantrI ne soraTha ke Upara dhAvA bola kara rAkheMgAra kA ni:zaMka vyAkhyA kyA hai| deza kAla kI paristhiti kA vivekapUrvaka rAjya naSTa kiyA aura siddharAja ko cakravartI pada dilaayaa| mantrI vicAra kiye binA, mUDhabhAva se yadi koI samAja ahiMsA kI anya vastupAla ne gujarAta ke svarAjya ko naSTa hone se bacAne ke lie pravRtti karatA ho to vaha vAstavika ahiMsA nahIM ho sktii| usa apanI jindagI meM tresaTha bAra yuddhabhUmi meM gUrjara senA kA saMcAlana pravRtti kA pariNAma yadi bahujana samAja ke liye hAnikara hotA ho to kiyA thaa| usake yuddhakauzala ke pratApa se dillI ke islAmI sainyoM vaha nirI hiMsA hI hai| ataH aisI andha pravRtti avazya doSa aura ko bhI gujarAta kI sImA meM parAjaya prApta huA thaa| bhImadeva dvitIya tiraskAra kI pAtra hotI hai| jaba nAbAliga thA taba usakA eka sajjana nAmaka jaina senAnAyaka thA jo niyamata: sAyaM-prAtaH pratikramaNa karatA thaa| jaba yuddha prasaMga hotA jaina senApatiyoM kA parAkrama to vaha hAthI ke haude para baiThe-baiThe ghar3I bhara ekAgracitta hokara apane kintu ahiMsA kI aisI rUr3ha yA andha pravRtti ke sAtha bhI ahiMsA dharma ke AdhyAtmika niyama kA pAlana kara letA aura zeSa prajA kI parAdhInatA kA tanika bhI sambandha nahIM hai| ahiMsA ke nAma samaya meM zatru saMhAra kI raNabherI pU~ka apane prajAkIya rASTrIya dharma kA ko jinhoMne svapna meM bhI nahIM sunA aise aneka prajA varga jagat ke pAlana karatA thaa| usI ke senApatitva meM AbU kI talahaTI meM itihAsa meM parAdhIna hue haiM aura hote rahe haiN| ahiMsA kI isa tAtvika zahAbuddIna jaise mahAn sultAna ko. bhI parAjita honA par3A thAvicAraNA ko chor3akara yadi use hama vyAvahArika dRSTi se soceM to ise musalamAna tavArIkhoM meM mAnA bhI gayA hai| patA lagegA ki jainoM ne ahiMsA kA aisA anartha to kabhI nahIM kiyA gujarAta ke itihAsa meM aise aneka vRttAnta milate haiM jinake jisase prajA kI zauryavRtti naSTa ho gaI ho! ulTA jaina samAja aura anusAra jainadharma ke samartha upAsaka vaNikoM ne kSatriyoM ke jaisA hI gujarAta kA itihAsa to isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki apane deza kA raNazaurya dikhalAyA hai aura zatruoM ke saMhAra dvArA apane rASTradharma ke Jain Education Intemational

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186 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 pAlana kI sampUrNa sAdhanA karake dikhA dI hai| mugaloM ke jamAne meM bhI kalA ke sundaratama namUne rUpa meM eka utkRSTa saMgamaramara kA toraNabanavAkara dillI aura rAjapUtAnA ke rAjyoM meM aneka zUra-vIra jaina vaNika ho usane islAma ke pAka dhAma makkA zarIpha ko bheMTa rUpa bhijavAyA thaa| gae haiM jinhoMne ucca senAdhipatitva jaise padoM ko zobhita kiyA hai| apane dharma meM custa rahate hue bhI anya dharma ke prati aisI udAratA jinake senAdhipatitva meM hajAroM rAjapUtoM, mugaloM, araboM aura paThAnoM dikhalAne vAlA aura anya dharma ke sthAnoM ke lie isa prakAra lakSmI ne bar3e-bar3e jaGga lar3e haiM, jayapura, jodhapura, udayapura Adi rAjaputAnA kA vyaya karane vAlA usake samAna dUsarA koI puruSa bhAratavarSa ke ke rAjyoM ke itihAsoM meM isa bAta ke aneka pramANa vidyamAna haiN| itane itihAsa meM mujhe to ajJAta hI hai| jainadharma ne gujarAta ko vastupAla vivecana se spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA dharma ke upAsakoM ne kSAtradharma ko jaise asAdhAraNa sarvadharma samadarzI aura mahAdAnI mahAmAtya kI anupama zithila kara diyA hai yA prajA ke pauruSa ko hatotsAha banA diyA hai- bheMTa dI hai| yaha AkSepa sarvathA ajJAnasUcaka aura itihAsa viruddha hai| zAha samarA aura sAliga rASTra sevA vastupAla aura tejapAla jaise sarvathA advitIya bhAgyazAlI pUrva kAla ke jaina jitane dharma priya the utane hI rASTra bharata to nahIM kintu unake guNoM ke sAtha aneka prakAra se sAmya rakhane vAle bhI the aura jitane rASTrabhakta the utane hI prajAvatsala bhI rhe| unakI unake bAda zAha samarA aura sAliga yaha bandhuyugala pATaNa meM huaa| lakSmI kA lAbha dharma, rASTra, prajAgaNa ina saba ko samAna rUpa se unhoMne alAuddIna ke pralayaMkara AkramaNa ke samaya gUrjara prajA kI milatA thaa| ve sAdharmika vAtsalya bhI karate aura prajAsaMgha ko bhI aneka prakAra se adbhuta sevA kI thii| unhoMne apanI asAdhAraNa bhoja dete the| ve jaina maMdiroM ke alAvA sArvajanika sthAnoM kA bhI rAjakIya pahu~ca ke kAraNa gujarAta ke saikar3oM jaina aura hindU deva nirmANa karate the| ve jaina jAtioM ke sAtha hI brAhmaNa varga ko bhI sthAnoM kA musalamAnoM ke hAthoM sarvanAza honA roka diyA thA tathA sammAna dete the| zatraMjaya aura giranAra kI yAtrA ke sAtha somanAtha kI naSTa-bhraSTa hue devasthAnoM kA punaruddhAra kiyA va karAyA thaa| hajAroM bhI yAtrA karate aura dvArakA bhI jAte the| prajAjanoM ko unhoMne musalamAnoM ke vighAtaka kaidakhAnoM se mukti dilAI thii| pATaNa kA svarAjya naSTa huA usa samaya gUrjara prajA ko vastupAla-tejapAla Apatti ke kAla meM AzvAsana dene vAle jo bhI mahAjana the unameM zAha vastupAla tejapAla bandhuyugala Adarza jaina the| jainadharma kI samarA aura unake bhAI agraNI the| vastupAla-tejapAla ke samAna unake prabhAvanA ke lie jitane dravya kA vyaya unhoMne kiyA itanA kisI satkRtyoM kA itihAsa bhI suvistRta hai| anya ne kiyA ho yaha itihAsa meM nahIM miltaa| madhyayuga ke itihAsa kAla meM jitane samartha jaina upAsaka ho gae haiM unameM vastupAla sabase jagaDu zAha mahAn thA, jainadharma kA yaha zreSTha pratinidhi thaa| eka sAdhAraNa jainayati saMvat 1313 se 15 taka gujarAta aura usake Asa-pAsa ke apamAna kA badalA lene ke lie usane gujarezvara mahArAja vIsaladeva ke pradeza meM sarvabhakSI aisA mahAbhayaMkara duSkAla huA jabaki vIsaladeva ke sage mAmA kA hastaccheda karA diyA thaa| usakA svadharmAbhimAna jaise mahArAjoM aura sindha ke bar3e amIroM ke lie bhI apane AzritoM itanA ugra thaa| phira bhI jaina dharmasthAnoM ke alAvA usane lAkhoM rUpaye ko khAne ke lie anna denA duSkara ho gayA thA taba sAmAnya prajA kA kharca karake jainetara dharmasthAna bhI banavAye the| somezvara, bhRgukSetra, to kahanA hI kyA? aisI sthiti meM kaccha bhadrezvara kA rahane vAlA zAha zuklatIrtha, vaidyanAtha, dvArakA, kAzIvizvanAtha, prayAga, godAvarI Adi jagaDu vaNika, jisane Ane vAle bhayaMkara duSkAla kI AgAhI apane aneka hindU tIrthasthAnoM kI pUjA-arcA ke nimitta usane lAkhoM kA guru se suna kara lAkhoM mana anAja kA saMgraha kiyA thA use, usane dAna kiyA thaa| saikar3oM brahmazAlA aura brahmapariyoM kA nirmANa kiyA duSkAla pIr3ita prajA ko khule hAtha bA~Ta kara gujarAta ke lAkhoM thaa| pathika janoM ke ArAma ke lie jagaha-jagaha para agaNita kue~ manuSyoM ko usa samaya jIvanadAna diyA thaa| aura vATikAe~ nirmita kI thIM, aneka sarovaroM aura vidyApIThoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| saikar3oM arakSita gA~voM meM dargoM kA nirmANa kiyA, AcArya hIravijayasUri aura bhAnucandra upAdhyAya saikar3oM zivAlayoM kA punaruddhAra kiyaa| saikar3oM vedapAThI brAhmaNoM ko akabara ke samaya meM hIravijayasari aura unake ziSyoM ne varSAsana diye| ina saba kAryoM se ativiziSTa aura anupama kArya to apane upadeza kauzala dvArA akabara ko prasanna kiyA thA aura usase usane yaha kiyA ki musalamAnoM ko namAja par3hane ke lie aneka gujarAta kI samasta prajA ke lie prajA-pIr3aka jajiyA kara se mAphI masjidoM ko bnvaayaa| hajAroM rUpayoM kA kharca karake gujarAtI zilpa- dilAI thii| akabara ke sainya ne jaba soraTha jIta liyA taba usane vahA~

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jainadharma aura gujarAta ke hajAroM prajAjanoM ko baMdI banAyA thaa| unheM hIravijayasUri ke ziSya bhAnucandra upAdhyAya ne bAdazAha se bar3I muzkila se zAhI hukuma prApta karake chur3AyA thaa| evaM dUsare bhI kaI jainoM ne bAdazAhoM aura sulatAnoM ke pAsa se gAya-bhaiMsa Adi deza ke bahumUlya pazudhana kI hatyA na ho isake lie pharamAna prApta kiye the| niHsaMdeha aisA karake deza kI jIvita saMpatti kI samaya-samaya para surakSA kI thii| isI taraha ke aneka dRSTAMta hai jabaki jainoM ne dharma ke alAvA apane deza ke hita ke lie utanA hI adhika prayatna aura deza kI uttama sevA kI hai| itihAsa kA saMrakSaNa gujarAta ke utkarSakAlIna itihAsa kI smRti kA saMrakSaNa bhI sabase adhika jainoM ne hI kiyA hai yaha to aba suprasiddha tathya hai| mUlarAja se lekara kumArapAla taka ke caulukya mahArAjAoM ke vaMza kA sukIrtana AcArya hemacandra ne kAvyabaddha kiyA hai usa vaMza ke rAjarSi kumArapAla kA dhArmika jIvana somaprabha, yazaH pAla, prabhAcandra, merutuGga, jayasiMhasUra aura jinamaNDala Adi aneka jaina vidvAnoM ne anyabaddha kiyA hai| prabhAcandra, merutuGga, rAjazekhara Adi prabandhakAroM ne mUlarAja, bhImadeva, siddharAja kumArapAla Adi rAjAoM ke yathAzruta itivRttoM ke aneka prakaraNa pustakabaddha kiye vastupAla kI kIrtikathA karane vAloM ne vIradhavala bAghelA ke vaMza ko itihAsa meM amara kiyA hai| taduparAnta aneka dUsare aMdhakAroM aura lekhakoM ne apane-apane samaya ke kitane nRpatiyoM aura amAtyoM ke bAre meM choTe-bar3e ullekhoM dvArA unake astitva aura samaya Adi ke viSaya meM prakIrNa hone para bhI upayogI tathyoM kI sAmagrI saMgRhIta kI hai jo ki itihAsa kI truTita zRGkhalA ke milAne meM atyadhika sahAyaka ho sakeM aisI hai| eka kAzmIra ko chor3a kara hindustAna ke dUsare saba pradezoM kI apekSA gujarAta kA madhyakAlIna itihAsa adhika vistRta, adhika vyavasthita aura adhika pramANabhUta milatA hai| isa bAta kA mukhya yaza jaina vidvAnoM ko hI hai| kitane ati AlocanApriya itihAsa gaveSaka jainoM kI isa itihAsa sevA ko svamataraMjita ataeva atizayokti pUrNa mAna kara usakI vAstavikatA ko kama karane ke liye jaba kabhI prayatna karate najara Ate haiM, taba usa prayatna meM itihAsaniSThA kI apekSA kucha sAmpradAyika asahiSNutA kA hI adhika aMza mujhe pratIta hotA hai| isI se merutudra ne jo yaha kahA hai ki 'tadveSI naiva nandati vaha adhika satya mAlUma hotA hai| vastutaH una sabhI aitihAsika jaina sAmagrI kA hameM prAmANika rUpa se UhApoha avazya karanA cAhie aura sAdhaka-bAdhaka pramANoM kI kasauTI dvArA usake satyatva aura mithyAtva kI jAMca bhI karanI hI cAhie para sAtha hI vaha jaina lekhaka ke dvArA likhI gaI hai yA jainadharma se sambaddha hai itane mAtra se kisI 187 ukti yA kathana ko sadA aura sarvatra zaGkA cihna ke sAtha to nahIM rakhanA caahie| prabandhakAroM kA samasta vaktavya sarvathA itihAsa siddha hai aisA koI itihAsakAra nahIM mAna sktaa| svayaM prabandhakAroM kA bhI yaha dAvA nhiiN| parantu jaba taka usake viruddha koI sabala pramANa hamAre pAsa na ho taba taka unake kathana ko eka sAmAnya itihAsagarbhita kathana ke rUpa meM yadi svIkAra kara liyA jAya to usameM kucha anaitihAsikatA kA doSa nahIM hai| una prabandhakAroM ne jisa prakAra jainadharma se sambaddha aneka bAtoM kA saMgraha kiyA vaise hI dharmanirapekSa aneka bAtoM kA bhI saMgraha kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, jainetara dharmoM kI mahatvapUrNa kiMvadantiyoM kA bhI samAnabhAva se saMgraha kiyA hai| ataeva unakA hetu kevala jaina-dharma kI mahimA varNana kA hI thA aisA to nahIM kahA jA sakatA, bhale hI vaha hetu mukhya rahA ho phira bhI gujarAta ke itihAsa kI sarva sAdhAraNa aura sArvajanika ghaTanAoM ko dhanthabaddha karane kI bhI unakI abhiruci avazya rahI hai| mInala devI somanAtha kI mahAyAtrA karane gaI aura usa tIrtha ke pratyeka yAtrI se liye jAne vAle muMDakArA se vaha atyaMnta khinna huI aura isase siddharAja dvArA usavere ko banda karAke usa mahAn tIrtha kI yAtrA ko sarvajana sulabha banA diyA isa taraha ke sarvasAmAnya tathyoM kA merutula ne apane prabandhacintAmaNi meM aura rAjazekhara ne prabandhakoza meM jo ullekha kiyA hai usakA jainadharma ke sAtha bhalA kyA sambandha hai? vastutaH una prabandhakAroM ko deza meM pracalita purAnI kathAoM ko saMgRhIta karane kA zauka thA isI se unhoMne jo kucha par3hA yA sunA use apanI paddhati aura ruci ke anusAra lekhabaddha karake pustakArUr3ha kara diyaa| usa samaya ke prabandhakAroM ko na to hama logoM kI aitihAsika dRSTi jJAta thI aura na kramabaddha itihAsa likhane kI paddhati hI pracalita thii| vyakti vizeSa ke jIvana meM kauna sI ghaTanA aitihAsika dRSTi se adhika mahattava kI hai aura kauna sI sAmAnya hai usakI tulanA karane kA yA usa dRSTi se usakA ullekha karane kA unakA tanika bhI prayatna na thaa| unakA uddezya adhikAMza meM upadezAtmaka likhane aura kucha aMza meM manoraMjana karane kA thaa| una aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ko apane zrotAjanoM ke samakSa ve isIliye rakhate the ki zrotA upadezaka ko jisa vastu kA pratipAdana karanA ho usakI sapramANatA svIkRta kara sake aura unameM se yogya upadeza grahaNa kara ske| upadeza ke hetu ke binA kucha anya ghaTanAoM ko ve mAtra prasaGgocita sabhAraMjana karane ke liye hI dRSTAntarUpa se kahate the aura usa dRSTAnta meM kitanI hI vyaktiyoM kI kiJcit adhika paricaya dene ke liye unake jIvana se sambaddha kucha choTI-bar3I aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA bhI ve ullekha karate the| isa prakAra jina aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA ve ullekha karate the ve sarvathA itihAsa saMgata hI haiM yA kucha nyanAdhika hai, jina ghaTanAoM kA sambandha jisa vyakti ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai vaha yathArtha

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188 hai yA anyathA isa vicAraNA kA unako kucha viziSTa prayojana hI upasthita nahIM hotA thaa| ataeva unhoMne "yAdRzaM zrutaM tAdRzaM likhitam"isa sUtra kA hI sAmAnya rUpa se anusaraNa prabandha granthoM kI racanA meM kiyA hai| una prAcIna prabandhoM kA adhyayana va saMzodhana isI dRSTi ko samakSa rakha kara hI karanA cAhie aura usI rUpa meM unakA yogya upayoga bhii| kisI bhI rUpa meM sahI para hamAre deza kI yatkikaJcit bhI prAcIna smRti ko una prabandhakAroM ne hI surakSita rakhA hai anyathA vaha saMpatti Aja hamAre liye sarvathA aprApya hotii| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 isa prakAra gujarAta ke jaina dharma ne apanI Azraya bhUmi ko apanI kyA dena dI usakA rekhAcitra khIMcane kA maiMne tanika prayatna kiyA hai| gujarAta ko usa jaina dharma kA paricaya kaise aura kaba prApta huA isakA bhI saMkSipta siMhAvalokana karanA yahA~ svataH prApta hai| gujarAta meM jaina dharma kA pracAra vastutaH gujarAta jaina dharma kI janma bhUmi nahIM hai aura na jaina dharma kA koI mukhya pravartaka gujarAta meM utpanna hI huaa| phira bhI phira bhI hamAre pUrva kathana se spaSTa hai ki gujarAta jaina dharma ke lie sarvazreSTha aura sarvapriya Azraya sthAna banA hai| itihAsa yuga meM jaina dharma ne apanA jo kucha utkarSa siddha kiyA hai vaha gujarAta meM hI siddha kiyA hai| dekhA jAe to gujarAta meM hI sabase adhika utkarSa bhI huA hai gujarAta kI bhUmi eka taraha se jaina dharma kI dRSTi se dattaka putra kI mAtA ke samAna hai| phira bhI usakI goda meM jaina dharma ne janma dAtrI bhUmi kI apekSA bhI adhika prema aura vAtsalya kA lAbha liyA hai| gujarAta aura jaina dharma ke prakRti mela meM aise kauna se aitihAsika kAraNoM aura sAmAjika tattvoM kA hiMsA hai isakA itihAsa bahuta rasaprada aura krAnti sUcaka hai| kintu isake vizeSa vivecana kA yaha avasara nahIM hai| isake lie to hameM kucha vizeSa taphasIla meM jAne kI jarUrata hai| jaina dharma kI AcAra-vicArAtmaka prakRti ke paricaya ke sAtha hI gujarAta ke jina prajAjanoM ne jaina dharma ko svIkAra kiyA unake lAkSaNika jAti paricaya kI bhI mImAMsA karanA Avazyaka hai| isake alAvA gujarAta ke rAjakIya parivartanoM kI aura bhaugolika paristhitiyoM kI bhI vistRta vicAraNA karanI caahie| jisa prakAra pratyeka vyakti aura jAti kI viziSTa prakRti hotI hai; usI prakAra pratyeka dharma kI bhI khAsa prakAra kI prakRti hotI hai| brAhmaNa, bauddha, zaiva, vaiSNava, jaina Adi pratyeka dharma kI viziSTa prakRti hai| jaise amuka prakRti ke manuSya ko amuka pradeza kI AbohavA vizeSa anukUla yA pratikUla ho jAtI haiM, vaise dharma ke lie bhI kucha prAdezika vAtAraNa anukUla yA pratikUla ho jAtA hai| jaina dharma kI ahiMsA pradhAna prakRti ko gujarAta aura usake AsapAsa ke pradeza kI sAmAjika, rAjakIya aura bhaugolika saba prakAra kI pAzasthiti vizeSa rUpa se anukUla ho gaI jisase vaha dharma usa pradeza meM sudRr3ha aura vikasita huA sirpha itanA hI maiM yahA~ izArA karanA cAhatA huuN| gujarAta kI bhaugolika paristhiti aisI hai ki usa bhUmi meM prAcIna kArana se aneka jAtiyA~ yahA~ Akara basatI rahI haiM aura isa prakAra yahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ko dUsarI jAtiyoM ke sAtha satata samAgama hotA AyA hai| Arya aura anArya, vaidika aura avaidika, grIka aura romana, ijipziyana aura parziyana, sIthiyana aura pArthiyana hUNa aura araba, IrAniyana aura maMgoliyana isa prakAra se vividha jAti ke videziyoM kA nivAsa bhinna-bhinna samaya meM choTI-bar3I saMkhyA meM usa bhUmi meM huA hai| inameM se adhikAMza apanA jAti pArthakya chor3akara eka mahA hindU jAti ke rUpa meM mizrita hue haiN| usa bhUmi meM vAsa karane vAle aise aneka bhinna jAtIya janoM ke adbhuta saMmizraNa yukta yaha prAcIna hindU samAja gujarAta meM thaa| vaha samAja taba kisI viziSTa prakAra ke rUr3ha dhArmika saMskAroM se jakar3A huA nahIM thA tathA jAti aura varNa kI saMkIrNatA ke vartula se ghirA huA bhI nahIM thaa| aise samaya meM jaina dharma ne gujarAta kI bhUmi meM padArpaNa kiyA thaa| jainadharma ke niSparigrahI, nilobha, nirbhaya, aura tapasvI upadezakoM ke dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAvanApoSaka satata pravacanoM ne gujarAta ke una hajAroM prajAjanoM meM jainadharma ke prati viziSTa zraddhA utpanna kii| dhIre-dhIre kSatriya, vaizya aura kRSikAroM ke aneka kuTumboM ne jaina dharma ko svIkAra kiyA aura jisa jAti yA varNa meM mAMsAhAra yA madyapAna kA pracAra thA usakA tyAga karake ve samAnadharmI kuTumboM kI pRthak goSThiyoM ke rUpa meM saMgaThita ho ge| pratyeka gA~va ke aise saMgaThita jaina goSThikoM ne apane-apane sthAna meM jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa kiyA aura unhIM meM apanI sabhI dharma kriyA karane laga ge| lATa, Anarta, saurASTra aura mAlavA ke pradezoM meM jaba kSatriyoM kI sattA pravartamAna thI taba jaina dharma kA isa prakAra una pradezoM meM dhIre-dhIre kintu sthAyI pracAra zurU huaa| isake bAda thor3e hI samaya meM hUNa aura gUrjara logoM kA eka parAkramI janasamUha paMjAba kI ora se dakSiNa pUrva bhAga meM Age bar3hA aura dillI, AgarA, ajamera ke pradezoM se hotA huA vaha arbudAcala kI pazcima dizA meM sthita maru pradeza meM Akara ruka gyaa| siMdha, kaccha aura marubhUmi kI sImAoM meM sthita bhillamAla nAma ke sthAna ko unhoMne apanI rAjadhAnI banAI usake Asa-pAsa kA samasta pradeza hUNa aura gUrjara logoM se AbAda huaa| gurjaroM ke saMkhyA bAhulya se usa pradeza kI gUrjara deza ke rUpa meM abhinava khyAti huI aura isa prakAra gujarAta kA nUtana janma huaa| aNahilapura ke udaya se pahale gUrjara saMskRti aura sattA kA kendra bhillamAla thaa| gurjaroM ke parAkrama aura puruSArtha ke bala se vaha sthAna zrI aura samRddhi se plAvita ho gyaa| isI se usakA dUsarA nAma zrImAla bhI prasiddha huaa| hUNa aura gurjara logoM ko jainadharma kA upadeza dene ke liye aneka samartha

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jainadharma aura gujarAta jainAcArya usa gurjara deza meM jA phuNce| unake jJAna aura cAritra ke prabhAva se bahuta se gUrjara AkRSTa hue aura unake jJAna aura dharma ko svIkAra karane lge| bhillamAla urpha zrImAla meM bar3e-bar3e jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa hone lgaa| prativarSa saikar3oM kuTumba jaina goSThikoM ke rUpa meM jAhira hone lge| paramAra, pratihAra cAhamAna aura cAvar3A jaise kSAtradharmI gurjaroM meM se saikar3oM kuTumba jaina banane lge| jainAcAryoM ne unako eka navIna jana jAti ke samUha rUpa meM saMgaThita kiyA aura zrImAla nagara usa naye jaina samAja kA mukhya utpAtti sthAna hone se usa jAti kA zrImAla vaMza aisA nayA nAma sthApita kiyaa| vahI zrImAla vaMza bAda meM vaTavRkSa ke samAna asaMkhya zAkhA prazAkhA dvArA samasta deza meM vyApta huaa| usa vaMza kI eka mahatI zAkhA poravAr3a vaMza ke nAma se prasiddha huI jisameM vimalazAha aura vastupAla tejapAla jaise puruSa ratna utpanna hue| gujarAta ke vaNikoM kA adhikAMza usI zrImAla vaMza kI saMtAna hai| bhillamAla (vartamAna- bhInamAla ) kI rAjalakSmI ke astaMgamana ke bAda aNahilapura kA bhAgyodaya huA aura gUrjaroM ke hI eka rAjavaMza meM jAti vanarAja cAvar3A ke chatra ke nIce usa prAcIna gurjara deza kI dhana-janAtmaka samagra saMpatti aNahilapura kI sImA meM Akara vyavasthiti huii| zrImAla ke nAma kI smRti nimitta unhoMne sarasvatI ke tIra zrIsthala kI navIna sthApanA kii| kucha hI dazakoM meM vaha 189 zrIsthala aura aNahilapura ke AsapAsa kA samasta pradeza bhillamAla ke prAcIna pradeza kI taraha gurjara deza isa navIna nAma se bhAratavizruta huaa| zIlaguNasUri nAmaka eka jainAcArya kA varapradahasta bAlyavasthA meM hI vanarAja ke mastaka para pratiSThita huA aura unake maMgalakArI AzIrvAda se usakA vaMza aura usakA pATa nagara abhyudaya ko prApta hue aNahilapura kI sthApanA ke dina se hI jainAcAryoM ne usa bhUmi ke sukha, saubhAgya, sAmarthya aura samRddhi kI maMgala kAmanA kI thii| unakI yaha kAmanA uttarottara saphala huI aura aNahilapura ke saurAjya ke sAtha gurjara prajA kA aura tadddvArA jaina dharma kA bhI utkarSa huaa| gujarAta aura usakI saMskAra viSayaka dena ke viSaya meM isa prakAra maine apane kucha digdarzanAtmaka vicAra Apake samakSa rakhe haiN| ye vicAra sirpha digdarzana karAne ke liye hI hai| ina vicAroM kA sapramANa aura savistAra varNana karane ke liye to aise aneka vyAkhyAna dene hoNge| bar3audA ke isa vizAla nyAyamaMdira meM Aja jo mujhe isa prakAra apane jaina dharma viSayaka vicAra prakaTa karane kA mAnaprada aura AnandadAyaka AmantraNa diyA gayA hai etadartha maiM zrImanta sarakAra sara sayAjI rAva mahArAja ke suyogya maMtrimaMDala ke prati apanA hArdika AbhAra prakaTa karatA hU~, tathA Apa sabhI zrotAjanoM ne mere ina vicAroM ko sunane ke lie jo rasa aura utsAha kA pradarzana kiyA hai etadartha maiM ApakA bhI hRdaya se AbhAra mAnakara apanA yaha vaktavya samApta karatA hU~ /

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Agama kA gaMgAvataraNa DaoN0 rAmajI siMha jisa prakAra kailAza sthita bhagavAn ziva kI jaTAoM meM kI mRtyu ho jAne se isameM vyavadhAna hotA thaa| prApta sUcanA ke ulajhI gaMgA ke avataraNa kA zreya bhAgIratha ko diyA gayA hai, usI anusAra Agama kI prathama vAcanA pATaliputra meM jaina zramaNoM ke eka prakAra Adhunika yuga meM niyuktiyoM, bhASyoM, cUrNiyoM evaM TIkAoM sammelana meM huaa| isa sammelana meM zruta jJAna ke 11 aMgoM kA Adi se yukta jainAgamoM ko loka-kalyANa ke liye prAMjala rUpa meM saMkalana kiyA gayA kintu dRSTivAda kisI ko yAda nahIM thA isalie lAne kA zreya sAgaramandasUrijI puNyavijayajI, amolakaRSijI, pUvoM kA saMkalana nahIM ho skaa| bhadrabAhu ne, jo pUrvo ke ekamAtra AtmArAmajI, upAcArya mizramala jI evaM AcArya tulasI ko hai| jJAtA the, unhoMne bhI sthUla bhadra ko dasa pUrvo kA artha sahita adhyayana yahI Agama kA gaMgAvataraNa bhI hai| yaha durbhAgya hai ki jainoM ke karavAyA aura aMtima cAra pUrvo kA artha sahita adhyayana karAne ke alaga-alaga sampradAyoM meM jainAgamoM kI saMkhyAdi ke viSaya meM bhI lie manA kara diyaa| jo kucha bhI ho pATalIputra ke sammelana meM jaina ekavAkyatA nahIM hai| zvetAmbarIya ardhamAgadhI jaina Agama kA prAyaH AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA huI, jisakA kAla mahAvIra nirvANa ke IsvI san ke pUrva pA~cavI zatAbdI se lekara IsvI san kI pA~cavI lagabhaga 160 varSa pazcAt mAnA jAtA hai| dUsarI vAcanA mahAvIra zatAbdI taka mAnA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra arhat nirvANa ke lagabhaga 827 varSa bAda Arya skandila ke netRtva meM bhagavAn ne AgamoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA aura unake gaNadharoM ke dvArA mathurA meM huii| ise mAthurI vAcanA kahA jAtA hai| isI samaya nAgArjunasari ve sUtrarUpa meM nibaddha kiye gaye ke netRtva meM bhI valabhI meM hI eka sammelana huaa| ukta donoM atthaM bhAsai arahA, suttaM gaMthaMti gaNaharA niunnaa| vAcanAoM meM vAcanA bheda raha gyaa| AgamoM kI tIsarI vAcanA mahAvIra sAsaNassa hiyaTThAe, tao sutaM tittha pvtthuu|| nirvANa ke lagabhaga 980 yA 993 varSa pazcAt valabhI meM devadhigaNi zrI jainazvetAmbara kAMphreMza dvArA prakAzita jaina granthAvalI meM kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM huii| isa prakAra sabhI milAkara cAra sammelana 84 AgamoM kA ullekha hai| 1925 meM jaina sAhitya saMzodhana yA vAcAnAe~ huii| maNDala se prakAzita bRTippaNakA nAmaka jainagraMtha sUcI taiyAra kI Adhunika kAla meM mudraNa vyavasthA kA vikAsa hone ke sAtha gayI thii| isI ke AdhAra para jaina graMthAvAlI kA prakAzana huA hai AgamoM ke prakAzana meM jaina AcAryoM kI abhiruci jAgRta huii| jisameM 84 prAcIna Agama-granthoM kA ullekha hai| zvetAmbara sampradAya sarvaprathama murzidAbAda se zvetAmbara paramaparA meM mAnya AgamoM ko mudrita meM 45 AgamoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA / paMDita becaradAsa dozI ke kiyA gayA, kintu unakA na to vaijJAnika dRSTi se sampAdana nahIM kiyA anusAra 12 aMga AgamoM ko saba sampradAyoM ne mAnya kiyA aura gayA thA aura na unakA bhASAntara yA anuvAda hI huA thaa| anuvAda yApanIya AcArya aparAjita ne apanI bhagavatI ArAdhanA TIkA meM kI dRSTi se sthAnakavAsI jainAcArya amolakaRSijI ne apanI paramparA jaina AgamoM ke vivaraNa prastuta kiyA haiM donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra meM mAnya 32 AgamoM kA sarvaprathama hindI anuvAda kiyaa| usake dvAdazAMga gaNadharoM dvArA racita hai| zvetAmbaroM kI bhAMti digambaroM ne bhI pazcAt muni zrI dhAsIlAla jI ne 32 AgamoM ko saMskRta chAyA tathA dRSTivAda ke 5 vibhAga kiye jinameM 14 pUrva kA antarbhAva hotA hai| hindI aura gujarAtI vyAkhyA ke sAtha prakAzita kiyaa| yadyapi arthaghaTana prAcInakAla meM bhI samasta zrRta jJAna 14 pUrvo meM antarnihita thaa| meM unakI mukhya dRSTi apane sampradAya para AdhArita thI inake atirikta bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane 11 gaNadharoM ko inakA upadeza diyA thA, AcArya AtmArAmajI ne bhI aneka AgamoM kA hindI vyAkhyA ke kintu kAla doSa se yaha pUrva naSTa ho gye| sAtha prakAzana kraayaa| phira bhI AgamoM kA vaijJAnika dRSTi se sampAdana pATha saMzodhana Adi sambandhI aneka samasyAyeM thI, jinakoM dRSTi meM vAcanAeM : rakhakara kArya karanA apekSita thaa| isa saMdarbha meM munizrI caturavijaya jI prAcIna kAla meM mudraNa Adi kI suvidhA upalabdha na hone ke evaM puNyavijayajI ne AgamoM ke sampAdana aura prakAzana kA kArya kAraNa maukhika paramparA se jJAna kA saMrakSaNa hotA thaa| jaise vaidika mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, mumbaI dvArA kiyaa| nizcita hI mahAvIra jaina paramparA meM dvivedI, trivedI aura caturvedI hote the, usI prakAra jaina vidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita ye Agama vaijJAnika dRSTi se sampAdita kiye paramparA meM bhI smaraNa kA mahattva thaa| lekina kabhI-kabhI duSkAla Adi gaye phira bhI anuvAda ke abhAva meM janasAmAnya ke liye ye upayogI ke kAraNa bhikSugaNa yA to bikhara jAte the yA AgamapAThI (bhikSuoM) nahIM bana paaye| isI krama meM sthAnakavAsI muni- mizrImalajI ne 32 Jain Education Intemational

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Agama kA gaMgAvataraNa 191 AgamoM ko hindI anuvAda ke sAtha-sAtha prakAzita kiyaa| hindI artha, saMskRta chAyA aura hindI anuvAda dekara use jana mAnasa ke anuvAda vistRta vyAkhyA aura vidvatApUrNa bhUmikA ke kAraNa ye pAsa pahu~cA diya gyaa| ThIka usI taraha jisa prakAra gosvAmI tulasIdAsa saMskaraNa vidvAnoM aura jana sAmAnya donoM ke liye adhika grAhya bane ne vAlmIki ke saMskRta rAmAyaNa ko janabhASA me racakara jana mAnasa haiN| isI krama meM terApaMtha sampradAya ke AcArya zrI tulasI jI ne taka pahuMcA diyaa| AgamoM ke saMzodhana kA kArya zurU kiyA hai| jo lagabhaga 40 varSoM Agama jJAnakA AdhAra : aparokSAnubhUti se unake samarpita sAdhu aura sAdhviyoM ke dvArA ho rahA hai| isakI jaina paramparA meM jJAna ko apauruSeya nahIM mAnA gayA hai| sidda prazaMsA deza videza ke vidvAnoM ne kI hai| prasiddha 'bhAratavid pro0 rAtha to isa sthiti para pahu~ca gaye ki unake dvArA jJAna prasAra kiyA jAnA ne itane kama samaya meM itane bar3e kArya sampanna hote dekhakara kahA hai ki apekSita nahIM hai| isalie Agama kA jJAnakarUNAmUrti arhatoM ke sacamuca meM koI daivI zakti kAma kara rahI hai| paMDita dalasukha bhAI mAdhyama se hotA hai| arhatoM kA yaha jJAna unake prAtibha jJAna yA mAlavaNiyA ne kucha namUne dekhakara hI apAra prasannatA prakaTa kI aura aparokSAnubhUti kA pratiphala hai| Agama jJAna isa prakAra sAmAnya jJAna kahA ki yaha apUrvakArya hai| Agama sampAdana meM AcArya zrI tulasI nahIM hai jo indriyoM dvArA prApta hotA hai lekina ise na to indriyakI dIrghadRSTi hai| jJAna ke viruddha mAnA jAyegA aura na buddhi-jJAna ke viruddh| hA~ yaha prathama, isa kArya meM koI vetanabhogI kAryakartA nahIM hogaa| indrIyAtIta aura tarkAtIta jJAna hai| isameM indriya aura buddhi-janya kAryakartA avaitanika hoNge| jJAna bhI samAhita rahate haiM isameM sahaja sRjanAtmakatA kA bAhulya hai| dUsarA, yaha gaira sAmpradAyika dRSTi se kiyA jAyegA tAki jisa prakAra vedoM kI RcAoM meM hama sphUrtata, zakti aura sRjanAtmakatA yaha sabhI sampradAyoM ko mAnya ho ske| pAte haiM ThIka usIprakAra Agama ke jJAna meM bhI ve cIje milatI haiN| tIsarA, jo kArya hogA vaha itanA gambhIra aura Thosa hogA prAtibhajJAna kevala tattvajJAna kA hI AdhAra nahI, yaha sAmAnya jJAna ki use "apUrva' kahA jA ske| evaM vijJAna kA bhI AdhAra hai| lakSya yaha rahA ki sUtra kA artha mUlaspI rakhA jaae| isake lie vyAkhyA granthoM kI apekSA mUla AgamoM kA adhika AdhAra liyA AprathakatvAnuyoga : gyaa| yaha prayAsa rahA ki AgamoM kI vyAkhyA AgamoM se hI kI jAe jJAna pradAna karane kI do paddhatiyA~ haiM- pRthakatvAnuyoga evaM kyoMki Agama paraspara avagaMThita rahe haiN| vizeSa artha yadi kahIM apRthktvaanyog| hama kisI cIja ko yA to vizleSaNa karakeAvazyaka ho to TippaNiyoM meM spaSTa kiyA jaay| isake alAvA usako khaMDa-khaMDa karake dekhate haiM yA use hama saMzleSita kara akhaMDa vaidika aura bauddha sAhitya se bhI tulanA kA kArya huaa| paraspara bheda rUpa socane kI koziza karate haiN| Agama kA jJAna-apRthakatvAnayoga ko TippaNa meM spaSTa kiyA gyaa| kAlakrama se arthabheda kaise hue isako hai| isakA artha hai ki Agama jIvana se sambandhita sabhI viSayoM ko bhI batAyA gyaa| sabase pahale to saMzodhita saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA samAviSTa karatA hai| jIvana samagratA ko kahate haiN| Agama jIvana kA gayA phira usakI saMskRta chAyA aura anta meM hindI anuvAda diyA kAvya hai, isalie isameM samagratA svAbhAvika hai| jIvana ko khNddgyaa| pAda TippaNa prazasta aura itane spaSTa haiM ki unakI prAmANikatA khaMDa dekhanA jIvana ke sAtha anyAya hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Agama meM para koI prazna uThA nahIM sktaa| jIvana kI samagratA dIkhatI hai| ativizeSIkaraNa ke isa yaga meM Aja isa prakAra AcArya tulasI dvArA mUla AgamoM kA saMzodhana puna: eka antara anuzAsanika (inTaraDisIplInarI) dhArA bar3ha rahI hai evaM anuvAda eka apUrva sArasvata kArya hai| hindI meM veda ke saMskaraNa jo Agama ke apRthakatvAnayoga paddhati kA samarthana hai| jIvana koI nikale aura kucha bhASya bhii| Arya samAja ne hindI meM anuvAda bhI baMda koTharI ke samAna nahIM hai, isase sAmAjika, rAjanItika, dArzanika, upasthita kiyaa| kintu veda ke vibhinna pAThoM ke saMzodhana kA kArya naitika sabhI prazna jar3e haiN| abhI taka nahIM ho pAyA hai| usI prakAra bauddhoM ke tripiTaka ko bhikSa jagadIza kazyapa ne avazya prakAzita karAyA lekina abhI taka sampradAya nirapekSatA : saMskRta chAyA evaM hindI anuvAda kA kArya bAkI hai| yadyapi rAhulajI Agama kisI sampradAya vizeSa kA yA kisI paMtha vizeSa ne adhikAMza kA hindIanuvAda kara diyA hai, kintu usameM bhI artha kA graMtha nahIM hai| yaha sampUrNa mAnava jAti kA mArga darzaka hai| isalie saMzodhana kI sambhAvanA to zeSa hai hii| AcArya tulasI ne Agama Agama kA adhyayana jaina dharma yA paMtha kI maryAdAoM ke bAhara dekhA saMzodhana, saMskRta chAyA evaM hindI anuvAda saba kAma eka sAtha kiye jAnA caahie| Agama usI prakAra koI sAmpradAyika graMtha nahIM haiM, jaise haiN| ataH prazasti ke pAtra haiN| abhI taka Agama sAhitya jo prAkRta veda nahIM haiN| jisa prakAra veda nikhila mAnava jAti ke mArga-darzaka haiM rUpI ziva kI jaTAoM meM ulajha huA thA usake pratyeka zabda kI usI prakAra Agama sampUrNa mAnava jAti ke mArga-darzaka graMtha haiN| isake Jain Education Intemational

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192 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 mukhya do pramANa haiM- eka to usameM varNita upadeza na to kAla bAdhya ke liye AgamoM kI mUla bhASA kA parivartana aura saMzodhana karanA haiM, na deza bAdhya haiN| dUsare, usameM aisA kahIM kucha Adeza yA nirdeza pdd'aa| malayagiri Adi TIkAkAroM kI bhASA ke sambandha meM aisA nahIM hai jisameM yaha pratibaMdha ho ki yaha amuka paMtha ke liye hai, amuka parivartana bahuta spaSTa hai| AgamoM kI bhASA meM itanA parivartana aura ke lie nhiiN| yaha to Agama kA apamAna hai ki use paMtha vizeSa kA itanI vividhatA kabhI-kabhI bahuta kaThinAI prastuta karatI haiM aura graMtha mAnA jAtA hai| lagatA hai ki prAkRta bhASA meM niyamoM kI upekSA hai aura isalie eka prakAra se saMpAdakIya anuzAsanahInatA bhI najara AtI hai| kintu Agama kI bhASA : janabhASA isakI prANavattA evaM sahajatA kA saMsparza to divya hai| vastuta: vaidika saMskRta meM jo sahajatA aura svayaM sphUrtatA thI vaha pANini ke uttarakAla meM prApta nahIM hai| vahA~ to vyAkaraNa ke upasaMhAra niyamoM ke baMdhana itane pracaMDa haiM ki sahajatA, akRtrimatA saMbhava nhiiN| jo bhI ho Agama sAhitya vizAla, vividhatA yukta evaM bhASA jaba vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se baMdha jAtI hai to isakI sahajatA prANavAna hai| isameM prAcInatama jaina paramparA, anuzrutiyA~, loka kathAeM, aura svataH sphUrtatA meM kamI A jAtI hai| zramaNa saMskRti koI dharmopadeza, darzana 'AcAra' rIti-rivAja sabhI kA yaha vizvakoSa jaisA abhijAtya saMskRti yA paMDita-saMskRti nahIM thI isalie bhagavAna buddha hai| vyAkhyA prajJapti meM mahAvIra kA tattva-jJAna, unakI ziSya paramparA ne bhI janabhASA pAli kA upayoga kiyA aura tIrthaMkaroM ne janabhASA evaM mata-matAntaroM kA vivecana, kalpasUtra meM mahAvIra kA vistRta prAkRta ko apnaayaa| lekina yaha eka durbhAgya hai ki janabhASA hote jIvana aura jJAtAdharmakathA, nirgranthapravacana ke sAtha upadezayukta kathAhae bhI Aja jana se bahuta dUra hai| isake aneka aitihAsika aura kahAniyAM, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika sUtroM meM rAjanaitika kAraNa bhI haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM AcaraNa aura saMyama ke niyama milate haiN| jo bhI ho Agama kevala upadeza diyA aura gaNadharoM ne isa upadeza ke AdhAra para AgamoM kI jaina sampradAya kA hI nahIM bhAratIya manISA kA durlabha vAGmaya hai| racanA kii| rudraTa kAvyAlaMkAra ke anusAra prAkRta vaha hai jo vyAkaraNa digambaroM ke SaTkhaMDAgama aura kaSAyapAhuDa jaise vizAla graMtha aura Adi ke saMskAra se vihIna hai aura jo bAlaka, mahilA Adi kI unakI TIkAe~ AkAra meM mahAbhArata se kama nahIM mAne jA sakate haiN| AsAnI se samajha meM A sakatI hai| kintu hemacandra aura mArkaNDeya abhI jaina Agama para bahuta kama kAma hue haiN| abhI to isakA Adi vidvAn ne prAkRta kI prakRti saMskRta se niSpanna samajhate haiN| jo samIkSAtmaka adhyayana zurU nahIM huA hai| jaba hama AgamoM kI gaharAI bhI ho, prAkRta eka loka bhASA hai aura kaThora vyAkaraNa ke bojha se meM jAyeMge to isameM bhI vijJAna aura adhyAtma donoM kA samanvaya bahuta hada taka mukta hai| AgamoM kI bhASA meM vividhatA dIkhatI hai| paayeNge| sampradAya nirapekSa vicAradhArA ke sAtha donoM kA alaga-alaga samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti aura prajJApanA Adi AgamoM kI bhASA ko mUlyAMkana honA caahie| Agama ke adhyayana ke binA bhAratIya saMskRti hemacandra ne ArSa prAkRta nAma diyA hai| TIkAkAroM ko sUtra spaSTa karane kA itihAsa apUrNa raha jaayegaa| Jain Education Intemational

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jJAtAdharmakathA kI sAMskRtika virAsata pro0 premasumana jaina prAkRta bhASA ke prAcIna granthoM meM ardhamAgadhI meM likhita aura vRddhI ko rUpaka dvArA prastuta karatI hai| udakajAta nAmaka kathA aMgagrantha prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti aura ciMtana ke kramika vikAsa ko saMkSipta hai| kintu isameM jala-zuddhi kI prakriyA dvArA eka hI padArtha ke jAnane ke lie mahattvapUrNa sAdhana haiN| aMga granthoM meM jJAtAdharmakathA kA zubha evaM azubha donoM rUpoM ko prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| anekAnta ke viziSTa mahattva hai| kathA aura darzana kA yaha saMgama grantha hai| isa grantha siddhAnta ko samajhAne ke lie yaha bahuta upayogI hai| nandIphala kI ke nAma meM bhI isakA viSaya aura mahattva chipA huA hai| udAharaNa kathA yadyapi ardha kathA hai kintu isameM rUpaka kI pradhAnatA hai| pradhAna dharma kathAoM kA yaha pratinidhi grantha hai| jJAtaputra bhagavAn samudrI azvoM ke rUpaka dvArA lubhAvane viSayoM ke svarUpa ko spaSTa mahAvIra kI dharma kathAoM ko prastuta karane vAle isa grantha kA nAma kiyA gayA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA sArthaka hai| vidvAnoM ne anya dRSTiyoM se bhI isa grantha ke chaThe adhyayana meM karmavAda jaise garu gaMbhIra viSaya ko rUpaka nAmakaraNa kI samIkSA kI hai| dvArA spaSTa kiyA hai| gaNadhara gautama kI jijJAsA ke samAdhAna meM bhagavAn ne tUMbe ke udAharaNa se isa bAta para prakAza DAlA ki miTTI dRSTAnta evaM dharma kathAeM: ke lepa se bhArI banA huA tUMbA jala meM magna ho jAtA hai aura lepa ____ Agama granthoM meM kathA-tattva ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se haTane se vaha punaH tairane lagatA hai| vaise hI karmoM ke lepa se AtmA jJAtAdharmakathA meM paryApta sAmagrI hai| bhArI banakara saMsAra-sAgara meM DUbatA hai aura usa lepa se mukta hokara isameM vibhinna dRSTAnta evaM dharma kathAeM haiM, jinake mAdhyama se urdhvagati karatA hai| dasaveM adhyayana meM candra ke udAharaNa se pratipAdita jaina tattva-darzana ko sahaja rUpa meM jana-mAnasa taka pahu~cAyA gayA hai| kiyA hai ki jaise kRSNapakSa meM candra kI cAru caMdrikA maMda aura maMdatara jJAtAdharmakathA Agamika kathAoM kA pratinidhi grantha hai| isameM kathAoM hotI jAtI hai aura zuklakSa meM vahI caMdrikA abhivRddhi ko prApta hotI kI vividhatA hai aura praur3hatA bhii| meghakumAra, thAvaccAputra, mallI tathA hai vaise hI candra ke sadRza karmoM kI adhikatA se AtmA kI jyoti draupadI kI kathAe~ aitihAsika vAtAvaraNa prastuta karatI haiN| pratibuddharAjA, maMda hotI hai aura karma kI jyoM-jyoM nyUnatA hotI hai tyoM-tyoM usakI arhatraka vyApArI, rAjA rUkmI, svarNakAra kI kathA, citrakAra jyoti adhikAdhika jagamagAne lagatI hai| kathA, cokhA parivAjikA Adi kathAe~ mallI kI kathA kI avAntara jJAtAdharmakathA pazukathAoM ke lie bhI udgama grantha mAnA kathAe~ haiN| mUlakathA ke sAtha avAntara-kathA kI paramparA kI jAnakArI jA sakatA hai| eka hI grantha meM hAthI, azva, kharagoza, kachue, ke lie jJAtAdharmakathA AdhAra bhUta srota hai| ye kathAe~ kalpanA- mayUra, meDhaka, siyAra Adi ko kathAoM ke pAtroM ke rUpa meM citrita pradhAna evaM soddezya haiN| isI taraha jinapAla evaM jinarakSita kI kiyA gayA hai| merUprabha hAthI ne ahiMsA kA jo udAharaNa prastuta kathA, tetalIputra, suSamA kI kathA evaM puNDarIka kathA kalpanA kiyA hai, vaha bhAratIya kathA sAhitya meM anyatra durlabha hai| jJAtAdharmakathA pradhAna kathAe~ haiN| ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM yadyapi 206 sAdhviyoM kI kathAe~ haiN| jJAtadharmakathA meM dRSTAnta aura rUpaka kathAe~ bhI haiN| mayUroM ke kintu unake DhAMce, nAma, upadeza Adi eka-se haiN| kevala kAlI aNDoM ke dRSTAnta se zraddhA aura dhairya ke phala ko prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| kI kathA pUrNa kathA hai| nArI-kathA kI dRSTi se yaha mahattvapUrNa haiN| 2 do kachuoM ke udAharaNa se saMyamI aura asaMyamI sAdhaka ke pariNAmoM jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna pakSa aMkita ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai| tumbe ke dRSTAnta se karmavAda ko spaSTa haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM, kAvyAtmaka prayogoM, vibhinna kalAoM kiyA gayA hai| dAvadrava nAmaka vRkSa ke udAharaNa dvArA ArAdhaka aura aura vidyAoM, sAmAjika jIvana aura vANijya vyApAra Adi ke virAdhaka ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| ye dRSTAnta kathAe~ sambandha meM isa grantha meM aise vivaraNa upalabdha haiM jo prAcIna bhAratIya paravartI sAhitya ke lie preraNA pradAna karatI haiN| saMskRti ke itihAsa meM abhinava prakAza DAlate haiN| isa grantha ke sUkSma isa grantha meM kucha rUpaka kathAe~ bhI haiN| dUsare adhyayana kI sAMskRtika adhyayana kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne isa dhanA sArthavAha evaM vijaya cora kI kathA AtmA aura zarIra ke sambandha dizA meM kArya bhI kiyA hai jo Age ke adhyayana ke lie sahAyaka kA rUpaka hai| sAtaveM adhyayana kI rohiNI kathA pAMca vratoM kI rakSA ho sakatA hai| yahA~ saMkSepa meM grantha meM aMkita katipaya sAMskRtika

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194 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 binduoM ko ujAgara karane kA prayatna hai| Age calakara aise dhArmika pracArakoM kI eka sthAna para rAjA ke samakSa apane-apane matoM kI parIkSA bhI pracalita ho gaI thii| dhArmika dRSTi bhASA aura lipi : se jJAtAdharmakathA meM vaidika paramparA meM pracalita zrIkRSNa kathA kA bhI isa grantha meM pramukha rUpa se ardhamAgadhI prAkRta kA prayoga vistAra se varNana haA hai| zrIkRSNa, pANDava, draupadI, Adi pAtroM ke huA hai| kintu sAtha hI anya prAkRtoM ke tattva bhI isameM upalabdha haiN| saMskArita jIvana ke aneka prasaMga varNita haiN| isa grantha meM pahalI bAra dezI zabdoM kA prayoga isa grantha kI bhASA ko samRddha banAtA hai| isa zrIkRSNa ke narasiMharUpa kA varNana hai10, jabaki vaidika granthoM meM grantha meM prastuta kathAoM ke mAdhyama se yaha tathya bhI sAmane AtA hai viSNa kA narasiMhAvatAra pracalita hai| ki prAcIna samaya meM sampanna aura saMskArita vyakti ke lie bahubhASA vid honA gaurava kI bAta hotI thii| meghakumAra ko vividha prakAra kI samAja sevA aura paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa : aThAraha dezI bhASAoM kA vizArada kahA gayA hai| ye aThAraha dezI isa grantha ke dhArmika vAtAraNa meM bhI samAja sevA aura bhASAeM kauna-sI thIM, isa bAta kA jJAna AThavIM zatAbdI ke prAkRta paryAvaraNa-saraMkSaNa ke prati sampanna parivAroM kA rujhAna dekhane ko grantha kuvalayamAlA ke vivaraNarahotA hai|5 yadyapi aThAraha lipiyoM ke milatA hai| rAjagaha ke nivAsI nanda maNikAra dvArA eka aisI vApI kA nAma vibhinna prAkRta granthoM meM prApta ho jAte haiN|6 ina lipiyoM ke nirmANa karAyA gayA thA jo samAja ke sAmAnya varga ke lie sabhI sambandha meM Agama prabhAkara puNyavijayajI ma.kA yaha abhimata thA ki prakAra kI sukha-suvidhAeM upalabdha karAtI thii| vartamAna yuga meM jaise inameM anekoM nAma kalpita haiN| ina lipiyoM ke sambandha meM abhI taka sampanna loga zahara se dUra vAr3I kA nirmANa karAte haiM usI ki yaha koI prAcIna zilAlekha bhI upalabdha nahIM huA hai, isase bhI yaha puSkaraNI vApikA thii| usake cAroM ora manoraMjana pArka the| unameM pratIta hotA hai ki ye sabhI lipiyAM prAcIna samaya meM hI lupta ho gaI, vibhinna kalAdIrghAeM aura manoraMjanazAlAeM thiiN| rAhagIroM aura rogiyoM yA ina lipiyoM kA sthAna brAhmIlipi ne le liyA hogaa| kuvalayamAlA ke lie cikitsA-kendra bhI the| 11 isa prakAra kA vivaraNa bhale hI meM udyotanasUri ne golla, madhyapradeza, magadha, antarvedi, kIra, Dhakka, dhArmika dRSTi se Asakti kA kAraNa rahA ho, kintu samAja sevA aura sindhu, maru, gurjara, lATa, mAlavA, karnATaka, tAiya (tAjika), paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa ke lie preraka thaa| " kozala, marahaTTa aura Andhra ina solaha bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jJAtAdharmakathA meM prApta isa prakAra ke sAMskRtika vivaraNa ha gAthAoM meM una bhASAoM ke udAharaNa bhI prastuta kiye tatkAlIna unnata samAja ke paricAyaka haiN| inase vibhinna prakAra ke haiN| DA~0e0 mAsTara kA sujhAva hai ki ina solaha bhASAoM meM auDU vaijJAnika prayogoM kA bhI patA calatA hai| cikitsA ke kSetra meM solaha aura drAviDI bhASae~ milA dene se aThAraha bhASAe~, ho jAtI haiM, jo pramukha mahArogoM aura unakI cikitsA ke vivaraNa Ayurveda ke kSetra meM dezI haiN| naI jAnakArI dete haiN| kucha aise prasaMga bhI haiM jahAM isa prakAra ke teloM ke nirmANa kI prakriyA kA varNana hai jo saikar3oM jar3I-bUTiyoM ke prayoga kalA aura dharma : se nirmita hote the| unameM hajAroM svarNamadrAe~ kharca hotI thiiN| aise jJAtAdharmakathA meM vibhinna kalAoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha bhI zatapAka evaM sahastrapAka teloM kA ullekha isa grantha meM hai| isI grantha mahattvapUrNa hai| 72 kalAoM kA yahA~ ullekha hai, jisakI paramparA ke bArahaveM adhyayana meM jalazuddhi kI prakriyA kA bhI varNana upalabdha paravartI prAkRta granthoM meM bhI prApta haiN| ina kalAoM meM se aneka hai jo gaTara ke azuddha jala ko sApha kara zuddha jala meM parivartita kalAoM kA vyavahArika prayoga bhI isa grantha ke vibhinna varNanoM meM karatI hai|12 yaha prayoga isa bAta bhI pratIka hai ki saMsAra meM koI prApta hotA hai| malli kI kathA meM utkRSTa citrakalA kA vivaraNa prApta vastu yA vyakti sarvathA azubha nahIM hai, ghRNA kA pAtra nahIM hai| hai| citrazAlAoM ke upayoga bhI samAja meM pracalita the| jJAtAdharmakathA yadyapi dharma aura darzana-pradhAna grantha hai| isameM vibhinna dhArmika siddhAntoM vyApAra evaM bhUgola : aura darzanika matoM kA vivecana bhI hai| samAja meM aneka matoM ko prAcIna bhArata meM vyApAra evaM vANijya unnata avasthA meM mAnane vAle dhArmika pracAraka hote the, jo vyApAriyoM ke sAtha vibhinna the| dezI evaM videzI donoM prakAra ke vyApAroM meM sAhasI, vaNika patra sthAnoM kI yAtrA kara apane siddhAntoM kA pracAra karate the| dhanya utsAhapUrvaka apanA yogadAna karate the| jJAtAdharmakathA meM isa prakAra ke sArthavAha kI samudrayAtrA ke samaya aneka parivrAjaka usake sAtha gaye aneka prasaMga varNita haiN| samudrayAtrA dvArA vyApAra karanA usa samaya the| yadyapi ina parivrAjikoM ke nAma evaM pahacAna Adi anya granthoM se pratiSThA samajhI jAtI thii| sampanna vyApArI apane sAtha pUMjI dekara una prApta hotI hai| brAhmaNa aura zramaNa jaise dhArmika santa unameM pramukha the| nirdhana vyApAriyoM ko bhI sAtha meM le jAte the, jo vyApAra meM kuzala Jain Education Intemational

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jJAtAdharmakathA kI sAMskRtika virAsata hote the| samudrayAtrA ke prasaMga meM potapaTTana aura jalapattana jaise bandaragAhoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| vyApAra ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI vastue~ jahAja meM bharakara vyApArI le jAte the aura videza se ratna kamAkara lAte the| azvoM kA bhI vyApAra hotA thaa| 13 isa prasaMga meM azva vidyA kI vistRta jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| 1 jJAtAdharmakathA kI vibhinna kathAoM meM jo bhaugolika vivaraNa prApta hotA hai vaha prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola ke lie vizeSa upayoga kA hai| rAjagRhI, 14 campA, 15 vArANasI, dvArikA, mithilA, hastinApura, 16 sAketa, mathurA, zrAvastI Adi pramukha prAcIna nagaroM ke varNana kAtyAtmaka dRSTi se jine mahattva ke haiM, utane hI bhaugolika dRSTi se bhI rAjagRha ke prAcIna nAma giribraja, vasumati bArhadratapurI, magadhapura, barAya vRSabha, RSigirI, caityaka bimbasArapurI aura kuzAlapura the| bimbasAra ke zAsanakAla meM rAjagRha meM Aga laga jAne se vaha jala gaI isalie rAjadhAnI hetu navIna rAjagRha kA nirmANa krvaayaa| ina nagaroM meM paraspara AvAgamana ke mArga kyA the aura inakI sthiti kyA thI isakI jAnakArI bhI eka zodhapUrNa adhyayana kA viSaya banatI hai| vibhinna parvatoM, nadiyoM, vanoM ke vivaraNa bhI isa grantha meM upalabdha haiN| kucha aise nagara bhI haiM, jinakI pahacAna abhI karanA zeSa hai| 17 sAmAjika dharaNAe~ isa prantha meM sAmAjika rItirivAjoM, khAna-pAna, vezabhUSA dhArmika evaM sAmAjika dhAraNAoM se saMbaMdhita sAmagrI bhI ekatra kI jA sakatI hai| mahArAnI dhAriNI kI kathA meM svapnadarzana aura usake phala para vipula sAmagrI prApta hai| 18 jainadarzana ke anusAra svapna kA mUla kAraNa darzanamohanIya karma kA udaya hai darzanamoha ke kAraNa mana meM rAga aura dveSa kA spandana hotA hai, citta caMcala banatA hai| zabda Adi viSayoM se saMbaMdhita sthUla aura sUkSma vicAra taraMgoM se mana prakaMpita hotA hai| saMkalpa-vikalpa yA viSayonmukhI vRttiyAM itanI prabala ho jAtI haiM ki nIMda Ane para bhI zAMti nahIM hotii| indriyAM so jAtI haiM kintu mana vRttiyAM bhaTakatI rahatI haiN| ve aneka viSayoM kA cintana karatI rahatI haiN| vRttiyoM kI isa prakAra kI caMcalatA hI svapna hai| AcArya jinasena ne svastha avasthA vAle aura asvastha avasthA vAle, ye do svapna ke prakAra mAne haiN| jaba zarIra pUrNa svastha hotA hai to mana pUrNa zAMta rahatA hai, usa samaya jo svapna dIkhate haiM vaha svastha avasthA vAlA svapna hai| aise svapna bahuta hI kama Ate haiM aura prAyaH satya hote haiN| mana vikSapta ho aura zarIra asvastha ho usa samaya dekhe gaye svapna asatya hote haiN| te ca svapnA dvidhA zrAtA svasthAsvasthAtmagocarA: samaistu dhAtubhiH svasvaviSamairitarairmatA / 195 tathyA syuH svasthasaMdRSTA mithyA svapno viparyayAta, jagatpratItametaddhi viddhi svapnavimarzanam / / mahApurANa 41-59/60 isI prakAra dhAriNI ke dohada kI bhI vistRta vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai| upavana bhramaNa kA dohada bar3A sArthaka hai / dohada kI isa prakAra kI ghaTanAeM Agama sAhitya meM anya sthAnoM para bhI AI haiN| jaina kathAsAhitya meM bauddha jAtakoM meM aura vaidika paramparA ke granthoM meM dohada kA aneka sthAnoM para varNana haiN| yaha jJAtatya hai ki jaba mahilA garbhavatI hotI hai taba garbha ke prabhAva se usake antarmAnasa meM vividha prakAra kI icchAeM utpanna hotI haiN| ye vicitra aura asAmAnya icchAe~ dohada dohalA kahI jAtI hai| dohada ke lie saMskRta sAhitya meM dvihRda bhI AyA hai| dvihada kA artha hai do hRdaya ko dhAraNa karanevAlI aMgavijjA jaina sAhitya kA eka mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| usa grantha meM vividha dRSTiyoM se dohadoM ke saMbaMdha meM gaharAI se cintana kiyA hai| jitane bhI dohada utpanna hote haiM unheM pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai- zabdagata, gaMdhagata, rUpagata, rasagata aura sparzagata / kyoMki ye hI mukhya indriyoM ke viSaya hai aura inhIM kI dohadoM meM pUrti kI jAtI hai / 19 sandarbha 1. nauveM adhyayana meM vibhinna prakAra ke zakunoM kA ullekha hai| " zakuna darzana jyotiSazAstra kA eka pramukha aMga hai| zakunadarzana ko paramparA prAgaitihAsika kAla se calatI A rahI hai| kathA sAhitya kA avalokana karane se spaSTa hotA hai ki janma, vivAha, bahirgamana, gRhapraveza aura anyAnya mAMgalika prasaMgoM ke avasara para zakuna dekhane kA pracalana thaa| gRhastha to zakuna dekhate hI the, zramaNa bhI zakuna dekhate the| deza, kAla aura paristhiti ke anusAra eka vastu zubha mAnI jAtI hai aura vahIM vastu dUsarI paristhitiyoM meM azubha bhI mAnI jAtI hai| etadarthaM zakula vivecana karane vAle granthoM meM mAnyatA- bheda bhI prApta hotA hai| prakIrNaka gaNividyA meM likhA hai ki zakuna muhUrta se bhI prabala hotA hai| jaMbUka, cAsa (nIlakaMTha), mayUra, bhAradvAja, nakula yadi dakSiNa dizA meM dikhalAI deM to sarvasaMpatti prApta hotI hai| isa grantha meM bhI pArivArika saMbaMdhoM aura zikSA tathA zAsana vyavasthA Adi ke sambandha meM bhI paryApta sAmagrI upalabdha hai| dhariNI ke zayanakakSa kA varNana sthApatya kalA aura vasvakalA kI amUlya nidhi hai| (ka) jAtadharmakathA (sampA. paM. zobhAcanda bhArilla) vyAvara 1989 (kha) bhagavAn mahAvIranI dharmakathAo (paM. becaradAsa dozI ). pR0

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 43 180 8. jJAtAdharmakathA, a0 16 (ga) sTorIj phrAma da dharma Apha nAyA (bevara), iMDiyana eMTIkverI, 9. kuvalayamAlAkahA, dharmaparIkSA abhiprAya, 10. jJAtAdharmakathA, a. 16 2. dhammakahANuyoga (muni kamala), bhAgara 11. vahI, a0 13 12-vahI, a0 12 13-vahI, a0 17 jaina AgamoM meM varNita bhAratIya samAja (jagadIza candra jaina), 14. bhagavAna mahAvIra- eka anuzIlana (devendramani) pR0241vArANasI aTThArasavihippagAradesI bhAsAvisArae, jJAtA, a.| 15. aupapAtika sUtra ___ kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana (prema sumana jaina), 16. jJAtAdharmakathA, a0 16 vaizAlI, 1975 17. vahI, dvitIya zrutaskandha meM ullikhita ngr| 6. jJAtAdharmakathA (vyAvara), bhUmikA (devendramuni), pR0 38- 18. jJAtAdharmakathA (byAvara), pR0 16 40 19. vahI, pR0 29-30 7. samavAyAMga, samavAya 72 20. jJAtAdharmakathA, a. 9 Jain Education Intemational

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jaina vAstukalA-saMkSipta vivecana DaoN0zivakumAra nAmadeva bhavana-nirmANa evaM zilpa-vijJAna kA nAma vAstukalA hai| azoka evaM dazaratha ne AjIvaka bhikSuoM ke rahane ke lie nirmita isakA udbhava aura vikAsa mAnava-sabhyatA ke vikAsa kI kahAnI se karAyA thaa| inakI dIvAreM zIze kI bhA~ti cikanI evaM camakadAra haiN| sambaddha hai| mAnava kA prAraMbhika jIvana vicaraNazIla rahA hai| kAlAMtara zaMgakAla kI kalA kA vizvakalA ke itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa meM vaha kramaza: guhA Adi ke rUpa meM vikAsa karate hue sudRr3ha bhavanoM yogadAna hai| isa kAla kI kalA kI vizeSa upalabdhi mUrti kalA aura taka pahu~cA hogaa| mAnava kI isI kramika yAtrA kA saphala pariNAma vAstukala hai| jisa samaya pazcimI bhArata meM bauddha zilpI leNoM vAstukalA hai| (guhAoM) kA nirmANa kara rahe the, lagabhaga usI samaya kaliMga (ur3IsA) yadyapi bhAratIya vAstukalA kA itihAsa bhI mAnava-vikAsa meM jaina zilpI bhikSuoM ke nivAsa ke lie kucha guphAoM kA utkhanana ke yuga se mAnanA par3egA, tathApi vizuddha aitihAsika dRSTi se hama kara rahe the| ye guphAe~ bhuvanezvara se 5 mIla uttara pazcima kI ora isakA udaya sindhu-sabhyatA se mAnate haiN| yadyapi vAstukalA sambandhI udayagiri aura khaNDagiri nAmaka pahAr3iyoM meM banAI gaI thIM udayagiri varNana vibhinna sAhityika graMthoM-veda, brAhmaNa aura Agama tathA jAtakoM meM 19 khaNDagiri meM 16 guphAe~ haiN| udayagiri kI pramukha guphAoM meM milatA hai, kintu ve jijJAsA tRpta nahIM kara skte| ata: hameM meM-rAnIgumphA, alakApurI, maMcapurI, gaNeza aura hAthIgumphA haiN| hAthIgumphA sindha-sabhyatA ke avazeSoM se hI saMtoSa karanA par3atA hai| vAstukalA meM hI khAravela kA suprasiddha zilAlekha hai| khaNDagiri kI 16 kA pravAha samaya kI gati aura zakti ke anurUpa bahatA gayA, samaya- guphAoM meM bhavamuni, AkAzagaMgA, devasabhA, anaMtaguphA mukhya haiN| samaya para kalAvijJoM ne isameM navInatatvoM kA samAveza karAyA, mAnoM kosama evaM ilAhAbAda ke nikaTa pabhosA meM do guphAe~ haiN| ina guphAoM vaha svakIya sampatti hI ho| nirmANa-paddhati, aujAra Adi meM bhI meM zuMgakAlIna lipi meM lekha bhI aMkita haiN| isase jJAta hotA hai ki krAMtikArI parivartana hue| ina guphAoM kA nirmANa bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyiyoM ke lie jaina-vAstukalA ke pUrvakAlIna avazeSa atyalpa mAtrA meM kiyA gayA thaa|3|| upalabdha hue haiM, jo bauddha vAstukalA se vizeSa-bhinnatA nahIM rkhte| stUpoM kA nirmANa tIrthakaroM evaM sthaviroM ke bhasmAvazeSoM ke jainoM ne arhantoM (muniyoM) ke rahane ke lie hajAroM basatikA evaM Upara kiyA gayA thaa| isa prakAra kA eka stUpa rAjagiri ke nikaTa bihAra banavAe, guphAoM evaM upAzrayoM kA nirmANa kiyA, mRtaka- vipulagiri pahAr3I para hai| vaizAlI kA stUpa munisuvrata evaM mathurA kA avazeSoM ke lie hajAroM caitya evaM stUpa khar3e kie, paMcakalyANakoM stUpa supArzvanAtha ko samarpita kiyA gayA thA / jinaprabhasUri (14vIM kI smRti meM mukhya-mukhya sthaloM para tIrtha sthApita kie, mUrtiyoM kI sadI I0)ke anusAra mathurA ke stUpa kA punarnimANa pArzvanAtha ke samaya pUjA-pratiSThA ke lie sahasroM maMdira evaM sahasrakUTa tathA kIrti- (800I0pU0) meM kiyA thA evaM kAlAMtara meM use navIna sthiti meM prabhAvaka aneka mAnastaMbha evaM kIrtistaMbha khar3e kie| lAne kA zreya bappabhaTTasUri ko hai| jaina mUrti-zilpa ke viSaya meM pUrA DA0 prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra' ko prabhAsapATaNa se eka tAmrapatra zreya mathurA ko hai, kyoMki sabase prAcIna jaina pratimAe~ evaM stUpa upalabdha haA thaa| isameM likhA hai ki bebIlona ke nRpati nebucaMdanejAra mathurA meM hai, mathurA meM do jainastUpa the-pahalA zRMgakAlIna aura dUsarA ne raivatagiri ke neminAtha ke maMdira kA jIrNoddhAra karAyA thaa| jaina kussaann-kaaliin| kaMkAlITIlA nAmaka sthAna meM ina stUpoM ke sahasrAdhika sAhitya isa ghaTanA para mauna hai| ukta lekha se spaSTa hai ki I0pU0 zilpAvazeSa prApta hue haiN| phyUrara ke samaya kie gae utkhanana se chaThI zatI meM giranAra para jaina maMdira thaa| jUnAgar3ha ke pUrva bAbApyArA prApta bhagavAn munisuvrata kI eka pratimA ke lekha para 'devanirmita' ke nAma se jo maTha prasiddha hai, vahA~ para jaina guphAe~ utkIrNita haiN| stUpa kA ullekha hai| jinaprabhasUriracita 'tIrthakalpa' meM isa stUpa kI magadha ke zAsaka zizunAga evaM naMda ne pATaliputra meM pA~ca carcA hai| unake anusAra yaha stUpa prArambha meM sone kA thA aura usa para jainastUpa banavAye the| cInI yAtrI hvenasAMgare ne bhI ina paMca jaina stUpoM bahumUlya ratna jar3e the| isakA nirmANa kuberAdevI nAmaka mahilA dvArA kA ullekha apane yAtrA-vivaraNa meM karate hue likhA hai ki abauddha sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha ke sammAna meM kiyA gayA thaa| bAda meM rAjA dvArA ve khudavA DAle ge| 23veM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM stUpa ko IToM se AveSTita kiyA mauryakAlIna jaina vAstukalA se sambandhita guhA-gRha barAbara gyaa| stUpa ke bAhara eka pASANa-maMdira bhI banAyA gyaa| 'tIrthaMkalpa' evaM nAgArjunI pahAr3iyoM para vidyamAna haiN| ina guphAoM ko mauryasamrATa meM Age likhA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jJAnaprApti se teraha sau varSa Jain Education Intemational

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198 bAda bappabhaTTasUri ne stUpa kI marammata kraaii| yaha kArya 8vIM sadI ke madhya meM pUrA huaa| isake bAda 11vIM zatI taka jainadharma ke prasiddha kendra ke rUpa meM isa TIle kA mahatva rhaa| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 jaina- vAstu ke vinyAsa kA svarUpa lagabhaga vahI thA, jo bauddha stUpoM kA thaa| udAharaNa ke lie jainastUpa ke madhya meM budabudAkAra bar3A aura U~cA DhUhA hotA thA aura usake cAroM ora vedikA aura cAroM dizAoM meM cAra toraNa hote the| usake Upara bhI harmikA aura chatrAvalI kA vidhAna rahatA thA, vaha bhI vedikAsahita trimedhiyoM para banAyA jAtA thaa| usake cAra pArzvo meM tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ lagAI jAtI thiiN| stUpa kI racanA meM aneka bhA~ti kI mUrtiyoM aura vedikA ke stambhoM para zAlabhaMjikA mUrtiyoM kI racanA kI jAtI thii| vedikA kA nirmANa vAstu vinyAsa kA utkRSTa karma thaa| usameM UrdhvaM stambha, Ar3I sUciyA~, uSNISa, AlaMbana, toraNa, pArzvastaMbha, dhArmika cinha aura AyAgapaTTa saMjJaka utkIrNa zilApaTTa toraNa dvAroM ke mukhapaTTa puSpagrahaNI vedikAe~, sopAna evaM dhvajastambha Adi vividha zilpasAmagrI lagAI jAtI thI / " pUrva guptakAlIna guphAoM meM sonabhaMDAra kI guphA mahattvapUrNa hai| vaibhAragiri kI talahaTI meM sthita isa guphA meM prathama yA dvitIya sadI I0kA lekha hai| lekha meM guphAoM ke nirmAttA vairadeva ko muni kahA gayA hai| munizabda kA prayoga jaina sAdhuoM ke lie AtA hai|" vaibhAragiri meM hI eka khaMDita jainamandira ke avazeSa upalabdha hue haiN| madhyakAlIna anya jaina guhA mandiroM meM bAdAmI, dhArAziva ( solApura se uttara meM 37 mIla), aihola, elorA Adi ke jaina guhA mandira mahattvapUrNa hai| inake atirikta pItalakhorA ke nikaTa pATana grAma ke pUrva meM kanhara pahAr3I ke pazcimI bhAga meM nAgArjuna kI koTharI evaM sItA kI nahAnI nAmaka guphAe~ haiN| nAsika ke nikaTa sthita cAmaraleNa kA kAla 11-12vIM sadI hai| anya guhA mandiroM meM bhAmera - mandiroM meM bhAmera ( dhUliyA se 30 mIla), bAmacaMdra ( pUnA se 15 mIla), aMkAitaMkAi, udayagiri (bhelasA) Adi bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN| udayagiri (kramAMka 20) guptakAla kA eka mAtra jaina guhA mandira hai jahA~ kumAragupta prathama ke samaya kA eka lekha hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM kucha hI jaina smAraka hai, jabaki saMgamakAla meM vahA~ jaina dharma kA prabhutva thaa| yahA~ ke adhikAMza smArakoM ko zaiva paMthiyoM ne naSTa kara diyA thaa| inameM se sabase mahattvapUrNa prAcIna mandira sittanavAsala meM sthita hai jo pallavanareza mahendravarmA prathama ke samaya kA hai| kAlAntara meM ise zaivadharma meM parivartita kara liyA gayA thaa| dakSiNa ke aMtima varga ke 5 jaina guhA-mandira elorA (kramAMka 30 se 34) ke haiM, jinakA nirmANa saMbhavataH 9vIM sadI ke prArambha meM huaa| purAtana jainAvazeSoM meM maMdiroM kA bhI viziSTa sthAna hai| jaina tIrtha aura maMdiroM kA zreSThatva na kevala dhArmika dRSTi se hI hai, apitu bhAratIya zilpa sthApatya aura kalA kI dRSTi se bhI unakA apanA svataMtra sthAna hai| maMdira AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke punIta sthala hone ke sAtha hI sAtha jinadharma aura naitika paraMparA ke samarthaka bhI haiN| mayazAstra aura kAzyapazilpa meM jaina aura bauddha maMdiroM kA ullekha hai| mAnasAra ke anusAra jaina maMdira nagara ke bAhara aura vaiSNavamaMdira nagara ke madhya meM honA caahie| saMbhavata: bahusaMkhyaka jaina maMdira zAMti ke kAraNa nagara ke bAhara banAye jAte the ataH mAnasAra meM ukta varNana milatA hai| zrI gaurIzaMkarajI ojhA likhate haiM ki san kI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke Asa-pAsa se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka ke saikar3oM jaina aura vedadharmAvalaMbiyoM ke arthAt brAhmaNoM ke mandira aba taka kisI na kisI dazA meM vidyamAna haiN| kSetra bhinnatA ke anusAra ina maMdiroM kI zailiyoM meM bhI antara hai| kRSNA nadI ke uttara se lekara sAre uttarI bhArata ke mandira Arya zailI ke haiM aura ukta nadI ke dakSiNa ke dravir3a zailI ke jainoM aura brAhmaNoM ke maMdiroM kI racanA meM bahuta kucha sAmya hai| aMtara itanA hai ki jaina maMdiroM ke staMbhoM, chatoM Adi meM bahudhA jainoM se sambandha rakhanevAlI mUrtiyA~ tathA kathAe~ khudI huI pAI jAtI hai, aura brAhmaNoM ke maMdiroM meM unake dharma sambandhI bahudhA jainoM ke mukhya maMdira ke cAroM ora choTI-choTI devakulikAe~ banI rahatI haiM, jinameM bhinna-bhinna tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAe~ sthApita kI jAtI hai| jaina maMdiroM meM kahIM-kahIM do maNDapa aura eka vistRta vedI bhI hotI hai| donoM zailiyoM ke maMdiroM meM garbhagRha ke Upara zikhara aura usake sarvocca bhAga para Amalaka hotA hai| Amalaka ke Upara kalaza rahatA hai aura vahIM dhvaja daMDa bhI hotA hai| - sAmAnyataH jainamaMdiroM kI vizeSatAe~ ye haiM : 1. inake AMgana ke cAroM ora staMbhayukta choTe-choTe maMdiroM kA samUha hotA hai aura isa maMdira samUha ke madhya meM mukhya maMdira kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai| 2. ina maMdiroM kA mukha cAroM ora hotA hai aura pratimA bhI caturmukha hotI hai / / , jaina maMdiroM meM nimna maMdira ullekhanIya haiM - saurASTra ke thAna ke do laghu maMdira, bharahuta ke nikaTa pithorA' meM paTTanI devI kA maMdira osiyA (rAjasthAna) kA mahAvIra maMdira (pratihAranareza vatsarAja ke kAla kA 770I0-800I0), mahobA se 10 mIla uttara-pUrva meM sthita makarabAI' kA jaina maMdira, khajurAho ke jainamaMdira, devagar3ha (jhAMsI) ke jaina maMdira, delavAr3A ke jaina maMdira, rANakapura (rAjasthAna), mIrapura, sarotrA, tAraMgA parvata gujarAta kumbhAriya, cittaur3a, Una ( ma0pra0), udayapura, gyArasapura, bUr3hI caMderI ( ma0pra0) Adi / kAThiyAvAr3a meM pAlItAnA meM zatruMjaya pahAr3I para zatAbdiyoM taka jaina zrAvaka maMdira nirmita karAte rhe| cAra sau bIsa phuTa caur3I ghATI maMdira va zikharoM se bharI hai| zatruMjaya kA pahAr3a to maMdiroM kA nagara hI kahA jAtA hai| jUnAgar3ha bhI jainoM ke maMdiroM kA nagara hai| rANakapura (jodhapura rAjasthAna) caumukhI maMdira ke lie prasiddha hai| rAjasthAna ke jaina maMdira samUha kI apanI nijI vizeSatA

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jJAtAdharmakathA kI sAMskRtika virAsata 199 hai| jainoM kalAkAroM ne parvatIya sthAnoM meM pahAr3iyoM ko khodakara evaM evaM vyAsa 32 phuTa hai, 16vIM zatI kI kalA kA bhavya pratIka hai unake zikharoM para bhI jaina devAlayoM kA nirmANa kiyA, jisase vaha sampUrNa stambha kI zilpakalA darzanIya hai| vAstava meM ise sampUrNa sthAna maMdira nagara' bana gyaa| bhArata meM prAcIna jaina maMdiroM kI saMskRti kA gaurava staMbha kahanA hI adhika yakti saMgata hai| cittaur3a meM bahulatA nahIM hai, jitanI adhikatA pandrahavIM sadI meM dIkha par3atI hai| eka aura bhI kIrtistaMbha hai| AbU meM bhI eka jaina kIrtistaMbha hai| isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki jIrNa maMdira ke sthAna para jainiyoM ne naye maMdira bnvaaye| dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki purAne sandarbha maMdiroM ko dharmAndha logoM ne naSTa kara diyA ho| 1. khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava, pR0 49 se uddhRta mAnastaMbha madhyakAla meM jaina vAstukalA kA eka pramukha aMga 2. On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. p. 96 bana gayA thaa| madhyakAla meM jaina maMdira ke sammukha vizAla staMbha 3. The Age of Imperial Unity. pp. 98. 172. 175 nirmita karane kI prathA vizeSataH digambara jaina samAja meM rahI hai| 4 vividhatIrthakalpa, sampAdaka-muni jinavijaya, prakA0 siMdhI dakSiNa bhArata aura vindhyapradeza se aise staMbhoM kI upalabdhi pracura jaina jJAnapITha zAMtiniketana vi0saM0 1990 pR0 17 mAtrA meM huI hai| yaha mAnastaMbha indra-dhvaja kA pratIka adhika yuktisaMgata 5. Archaeological Survey of India. Annual Report jAna par3atA hai| devagar3ha Adi meM upalabdha adhikatara mAnastambha aise 1905-06.Indological Book House.Varanasi. haiM jinake UparI bhAga meM zikhara jaisI AkRti hai| baghelakhaNDa evaM pp.98,166. mahAkozala ke mAnastambhoM ke chora para caturmukha jina pratimAe~ haiN| ye 6. madhyakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, pR0 175-176 staMbha gola tathA kaI konoM ke banate the| mAnastambhoM para mUrtiyoM evaM 7. Studies in Jain Art-U.P Shah. cultural Research lekha bhI aMkita rahate the| Society, Banaras. 1955. p. 18 abhI taka jaina kIrtistaMbhoM kA samucita adhyayana nahIM ho 8. vahI pAyA hai isa kAraNa bahuta-se loga kIrtistambha ko mAnastaMbha mAna 9. A.S.I.. A.R. 1925. p. Indological Book House baiThate haiN| cittaur3a kA kIrtistabha, jisakI U~cAI lagabhaga 76 phuTa Varanasi. 15.

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jaina kalA viSayaka sAhitya dharma aura saMskRti kI bhA~ti 'kalA' zabda bhI bahupracalita aura bahucarcita rahA hai| kalA kI anekavidha paribhASAe~ evaM vyAkhyAe~ kI gaI hai| 'kala' dhAtu se vyutpanna hone kAraNa 'kalA' zabda kA artha hotA hai karanA, sRjana, racanA, nirmANa yA niSapanna karanA, aura 'kaM lAtIti kalA' sUtra ke anusAra 'jo AnaMda de vaha kalA hai|' zaivAgama meM use 'kicitkartRtvalakSaNa' arthAt saMkucita kartRtvazakti mAnA gayA hai, aura kSemarAja ke anusAra 'karanA AtmA kI vaha kartRtvazakti hai jo vastuoM va pramAtA ke sva ko parimita rUpa meM vyakta kre| vAtsyAyana ne kalA kA sambandha kAmapuruSArtha ke sAtha jor3A hai aura usake 64 mukhya bheda tathA 518 avAntara bheda kiye haiN| AcArya jinasena ke anusAra Adi puruSa bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne puruSoM kI 72 aura striyoM kI 64 kalAoM kI zikSA yugAraMbha meM hI dI thii| inameM samasta laukika jJAna-vijJAna, kalA-kauzala, hasta zilpa, manoraMjana ke sAdhana Adi samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| uparyukta samasta kalAe~ mukhyatayA do vargoM meM vibhAjita kI jAtI haiM- upayogI kalA aura lalita klaa| upayogI kalAoM meM nirmita vastu kI upayogitA kI dRSTi kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai, jabaki kAvya saMgIta citramUrti sthApatya nAmaka pAMcoM lalitakalAoM meM Ananda pradAna karane kI dRSTi kA prAdhAnya evaM mahatva rahatA hai| kisI deza, * jAti yA paramparA kI sAMskRtika bapautI yA samRddhi kA mUlyAMkana usakI lalita kalAkRtiyoM ke AdhAra para hI bahudhA kiyA jAtA hai| ve saMskRti - vizeSa ke pratibimba evaM mAnadaNDa, donoM hI hotI haiN| jaisA ki eka vidvAna ne kahA hai, 'kalAnAgara jIvana kI samRddhi kA pramukha upakaraNa hai aura usake dvArA sukha-saubhAgya kI siddhi ke sAthasAtha vyaktitva kA pariSkAra bhI hotA hai, arthAta jIvana meM sauMdarya tathA samRddhi kA saMcAra, vyaktitva kA saMskAra aura citta prasAdana hotA hai|' isa prakAra, saMkSepa meM kalAkAra kI nija kI saundaryAnubhUti kI lokottara Ananda pradAyinI rasAtmaka abhivyakti ko 'kalA' kaha sakate haiN| sudUra atIta se calI AI tathA prAya: sampUrNa bhAratavarSa meM alpAdhika vyApta jaina saMskRti kA vibhinnayugIna kalAvaibhava atizreSTha vipula evaM vividha hai| apane vividha rUpoM ko lie hue kAvya aura saMgIta ko chor3a bhI deM aura kevala citra, mUrti evaM sthApatyazilpa ko hI leM, jaisA ki kalAviSayaka Adhunika granthoM meM prAya: kiyA jAtA hai, to bhI ina tInoM hI se sambandhita kalAkRtiyoM meM, bAhulya evaM vividhatA kI dRSTi se jaina paramparA kisI anya paramparA se pIche nahIM DA~0 jyoti prasAda jaina rahI hai| ataeva bhAratIya kalA sAhitya meM bhI jainakalA kA apanA pratiSThita sthAna rahA hai| kalA sAhitya do prakAra kA hotA hai- eka to takanIkI, jisameM kalA vizeSa kI kRtiyoM ke nirmANa ke siddhAMta, vidhi, sAmagrI Adi kA vaijJAnika vivecana hotA hai, dUsarA vaha jisameM vizeSa kalAkRtiyoM kA vivaraNa yA varNana hotA hai, tulanAtmaka adhyayana, samIkSaNa aura mUlyAMkana bhI hotA hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM mAnasAra, samarAMgaNasUtradhAra, vAstusAra jaise granthoM meM prathama prakAra kA kalAsAhitya milatA hai| mAnasAra ko kaI vidvAna jaina kRti mAnate haiM, Thakkaraphera kA vAstusAra tathA maNDanamaMtrI ke grantha to jaina racanAeM hI haiN| rAyapaseNaiya Adi katipaya AgamasUtroM meM bhI isa prakAra kI kvacit sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| pratiSThA pAThoM meM jinamUrtiyoM evaM anya jaina devI-devatAoM kA pratimAvidhAna varNita hai| jaina purANa evaM kathAsAhitya meM aneka sthaloM para vividha citra, mUrti evaM sthApatya kalAkRtiyoM ke sundara varNana yA vivaraNa upalabdha hai| AdhunikayugIna kalA sAhitya maiM : (1) prathama to purAtAtvika sarvekSaNa, utkhanana, zodha-khoja dvArA vibhinna pradezoM yA sthaloM meM prApta purAvazeSoM, kalAkRtiyoM Adi ke vivaraNa haiN| gata zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM janarala alekjeNDara kaniMghama va usake prAya: samakAlIna anya sarvekSakoM kI bRhatkAya riporToM meM bhAratavarSa ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM bikharI kalAkRtiyoM kA Akalana huaa| phuharara ne 1891 meM tatkAlIna pazcimottara pradeza ( vartamAna uttara pradeza) ke purAvazeSoM kA jilevAra varNana diyA thaa| anya kaI vidvAnoM ne usI prakAra anya kaI pradezoM kA diyA / tadanantara hI purAtatva vibhAga kI riporToM, buleTinoM Adi meM navIna jAnakArI meM AI sAmagrI dI jAtI rahI hai| svabhAvataH ina vivaraNoM meM tattat pradezoM meM prApta jaina kalAvazeSa bhI samAviSTa hue| sva0 bra0 zItalaprasAdajI ne vaisI riporToM ke AdhAra se hI madrAsa, maisUra, bambaI saMyukta prAMta (u0pra0) Adi kaI prAntoM ke prAcIna jaina smArakoM para pustakeM likhI va prakAzita kI thii| (2) dUsare bhAratIya itihAsa sambandhI vividha Adhunika granthoM meM vibhinna yugoM ko sAMskRtika jhalaka prastuta karane ke nimitta tatsambandhita kalAvaibhava kI samIkSA va ullekha bhI rahatA hai aura unameM bhI jaina kalAkRtiyA~ alpAdhika sammilita kI hI jAtI haiN| isa prakAra iMDiyana enTIkverI, rAyala eziyATika sosA kI vibhinna zAkhAoM ke jaranala anya aitihAsika-sAMskRtika zodha patrikAoM meM bhI prasaMgavaza jaina kalA kA vivecana hotA rahA hai| :

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jaina kalA viSayaka sAhitya 201 pustkeN| 1944) (3) tIsare, kaI praur3ha kalAmarmajJoM ne bhAratIya kalA para bRhatkAya vivecanAtmaka grantha race haiM, yathA bajesa, phargusana, haivela, tathA jaina tIrthAja ina iMDiyA eNDa deyara ArkiTekcara (ahamadAbAda smitha, kumArasvAmI, parsI brAuna, sTelA kraimariza, bAkhophera, phaikaphorTa, 1944) hainarikha z2imara, bainajamina roDepha, luIsa phreDarika Adi ne| ina sabhI . / 6. DaoN0 motIcandra- jaina miniyecara penTigsa phrAma vesTarna iNDiyA vidvAnoM ne brAhmaNa aura bauddha ke sAtha hI sAtha jaina-kalAkRtiyoM para bhI prakAza DAlA hai, samIkSA kI, tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura malyAMkana (ahamadAbAda 1949) bhI kiyA hai| 7. muni puNyavijaya- jesalamera citrAvalI (ahamadAbAda 1959) (4) aneka jainetara evaM jaina kalAmarmajJoM evaM vidvAnoM ne 8. mani jayantavijaya- AbU parvata evaM usake jaina mandiroM para kaI vibhinna sthAnIya jaina-kalAkRtiyoM para athavA vividha yA viziSTa jaina- kalAkRtiyoM para anaginata lekha likhe haiN| isa sambandha meM 9. muni kAntisAgara- khoja kI pagaDaMDiyA~ aura khaNDaharoM kA ullekhanIya nAma haiM- bogela, bahalara, bajeMsa, kajinsa, klAuja vaibhava, (donoM bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prkaashit|) brUna, kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla , Ara0 DI0 banarjI, e0 banarjI zAstrI, bhagavAna lAla irujI, bI0 ema0 baruA, DI0 Ara0 10.TI0 ena0 rAmacandrana-jaina monameNTsa Afa iNDiyA (kalakattA bhaNDArakara, rAmaprasAda caMdA, vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, dayArAma sAhanI, motIcanda, eca0DI0 sAMkaliyA, kRSNa datta bAjapeyI, nI0pa0 11. yU0pI0 zAha - sTaDIja ina jaina ArTa (vArANasI) 1955. jozI, Ara0 sI0 agravAla, bI0ena0 zrIvAstava, devalA mitrA, 12. klaoNsa phizara- kebja eNDa Tempalsa Apha dI jainsa (jaina senagaptA, ramezacandra zarmA, zailendra rastogI, u0pra0 zAha, mArutinandana mizana, alIgaMja 1956) prasAda tivArI, ziva kumAra nAmadeva, vijaya zaMkara zrIvAstava, brajendranAtha 13. DA0 bhAgacandra jaina- devagar3ha kI jaina kalA (bhAratIya jJAnapITha zarmA, teja siMha gaur3a prabhRti jainetara vidvAna tathA bAbU choTelAla jaina, 1975) kAmatA prasAda jaina, ema0 e0 DhAMkI, vizambharadAsa vArgIya, nIraja jaina, gopI lAla amara, agaracanda nAhaTA, ke0 bhUjabali zAstrI, 14. zodhAGka 31 (29 disambara 1972) - meM rAjya saMgrahAlaya lakhanaU dvArA Ayojita jaina kalA saMgoSThI kA vivaraNa tathA bAlacandra jaina, bhUracanda jaina Adi jaina lekhaka ullekhanIya haiN| jaina kalA para vibhinna vidvAnoM dvArA paThita nibandhoM kA sAra svayaM hamAre darjanoM lekha vibhinna patra-patrikAoM, smArikAoM, granthoM saMkalita hai| Adi meM jaina kalA para prakAzita ho cuke haiN| jaina patrikAoM meM se jaina siddhAMta bhAskara, jaina enTIkverI, anekAnta, ahiMsAvANI. 15. jaina ArTa eNDa arkiTekcara, 3 khaNDa (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vAyasa Afa ahiMsA, zodhAGka, zramaNa, jaina jarnala meM vibhinna 1975) lekhakoM ke jaina kalA viSayaka lekha, kabhI-kabhI sacitra bhI bahudhA -jainakalA ke viSaya meM prakAzita aba taka ke granthoM meM yaha nikalate rahe haiN| mahAgrantha sarvAdhika vizAla, sarvAMgapUrNa evaM pramANika hai| grantha sacitra (5) jainakalA viSayaka viziSTa evaM ullekhanIya granthoM meM aura aMgrejI evaM hindI donoM bhASAoM meM prakAzita haA hai| nimnokta nAma ginAyeM jA sakate haiM . isa prakAra jaina kalA-sAhitya kA yaha saMkSepa meM prAya: 1. vinseNTa smitha- jaina stUpa eMDa adara eNTIkviTIja Apha sAMketika paricaya hai| isa sAhitya kI vidyamAnatA meM jaina kalA ke kisI bhI aMga yA pakSa para zodha karane vAle chAtroM ko sAmagrI kA mathurA (ilAhAbAda 1901) abhAva nahIM hai| kalA marmajJoM ke lie jaina kalA ke kisI bhI aMga kA 2. e0 eca0 lAMgaharsTa -hampI rUinsa (madrAsa 1917) tulAnAtmaka adhyayana, samIkSA evaM mUlyAMkana karanA apekSAkRta sugama 3. ema0 ema0 gAMgulI-ur3IsA eNDa hara rimensa, enzienTa eNDa ho gayA hai| jo kalArasika athavA sAmAnya jijJAsa haiM, ve bhI uparyukta meDivala (kalakattA 1912) sAhitya se jaina kalA viSayaka samyak jAnakArI prApta kara sakate haiN| 4. nArmana brAuna-1918 aura 1941 ke bIca prakAzita jaina itanA saba hone para bhI yaha mAna baiThanA ucita nahIM hogA ki isa kSetra citrakalA para pA~ca pustkeN| meM aba aura kucha karanA zeSa nahI hai| abhI bahuta-kucha kiyA jA 5. sArAbhAI navAba- jaina citra-kalpadrama, 3 bhAga (ahamadAbAda sakatA hai, karane kI AvazyakatA hai| Jain Education Intemational

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jaina vidyA ka AyAma khaNDa-7 tamila itihAsa lekhana meM jaina lekhakoM kA yogadAna DaoN0 asIma kumAra mizra bhArata ke sudUra dakSiNa kA aitihAsika sAhitya samRddha hai| tamilabhASA kA atyanta prAcIna graMtha hai 'tolakAppiyama' yaha jisameM jaina lekhakoM kA bhI mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| digambara paramparAnusAra eka zreSTha vyAkaraNa graMtha hai| sAtha hI isameM paMcataMtra kI kaI rocaka antima jainAcArya bhadrabAhu ne dakSiNa pradeza meM sarvaprathama praveza kiyA kathAe~ varNita hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki isake racayitA 'tolakAppiyara' thaa| uttara bhArata meM akAla ke samaya jaba vipula sAdhu saMgha kA bharaNa- jaina the|2 tolakAppiyama kA racanAkAla kyA thA, isakA nirNaya karanA poSaNa kaThina ho gayA, taba AcArya bhadrabAhu (magadha nareza candragupta kaThina hai phira bhI isakA kAla prAya: I0pU0 kI dUsarI zatI mAnA maurya ke guru) ne apane ziSyoM ke sAtha magadha chor3akara dakSiNa kI jAtA hai| isase pUrva saMghakAlIna graMtha 'eTTattakai' (pradhAnatayA zRMgArarasa ora prasthAna kiyA aura zravaNabelakulama yA zramaNa belagola nAmaka aura vIrarasa kI kavitAoM ke AThasaMgraha) kA ullekha milatA hai| ye sthAna para phuNce| AcArya bhadrabAha ne vahA~ se apane ziSya vizAkha ko kavitAoM ke rUpa meM rAjAoM tathA yuddho ke viSayoM para likhe gaye haiM cola aura pADya narezoM ke zAsana kSetra tamilanADu meM jaina-dharma kA aura paryApta aitihAsika sUcanA pradAna karate haiN| isake atirikta pracAra karane hetu bhejA thaa| inhIM AcArya vizAkha ke sAnidhya meM 'pattuppATTa' saMghakAlIna eka anya grantha hai| candragupta maurya ne samAdhimaraNa prApta kiyA thaa| ukta tathyoM kI puSTi 'zilappadhikAram' tamila sAhitya ke paMca mahAkAvyoM jaina granthoM evaM zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai| (perUpaMcakAviyam) meM se eka hai| sambhavata: isakI racanA tRtIya saMgama kucha vidvAnoM kA aisA mata hai ki yaha ullekha IsA kI navIM ke samaya meM huI thii| zilappadhikAram ke racayitA zrI iMlaMgo-agila zatAbdI se pahale kA nahIM hai| ata: uparokta ullekha meM varNita kAvya ke pramukha pAtra cera- nareza ceMgaTTavana ke choTe bhAI the| isake candragupta, candragupta dvitIya aura AcArya bhadrabAhu-bhadrabAhu tRtIya ho racayitA eka jaina the kintu yaha graMtha atyanta udAra evaM sahiSNutApUrNa sakate haiN| kintu isake viparIta aitihAsika bauddha grantha 'mahAvaMza' meM dRSTikoNa kA paricaya detA hai| isa graMtha meM kaNNakI nAmaka eka satI isa bAta kA ullekha milatA hai ki candragupta maurya ke samaya meM siMhala kI kathA hai| isa kAvya kI pramukha ghaTanAoM kA kendravartI avalaMba nareza 'pANDukAbhaya' ne nigaMTho kI sahAyatA kI thii| isake alAvA nUpura hone ke kAraNa isa mahAkAvya kA nAma zilappadhikAram bnaa| prathama-dvitIya zatI ke brAhmalipi meM aMkita kucha jaina zilAlekha apane kathA kI pRSThabhUmi meM yaha mahAkAvya ceMgaTTavana ko eka mahAna dakSiNa tamilanADu kI guphA meM pAye jAte haiN| ata: isa AdhAra para vIra kI bhUmikA pradAna karatA hai, sAtha hI karikAlana cola kI sainika yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ne IsA pU0 dUsarI zatI ke pratibhA kI prazaMsA bhI karatA hai| Asa-pAsa tamilanADu meM Akara, tamila bhASA dvArA jainadharma kA zilappadhikAram meM tamila deza kI sAMskRtika ekatA kA pracAra-prasAra zurU kara diyA thaa| yadyapi Aja tamilanADu meM prAcIna varNana hai| isameM tamila ke tIna rAjyoM (cola, pADya va cera) kI eka jaina paramparA lupta prAya ho gayI hai phira bhI eka samaya aisA thA, jaba sAMskRtika ikAI kA gaThita rUpa citrita hai| nAyaka kovalana aura tamila deza ke kone-kone meM jaina dharma kA pracAra thaa| jainadharma ke isa nAyikA kaNNakI cola deza ke vAsI haiN| ve vyavasAya ke lie svarNayuga kA patA upalabdha zilAlekhoM aura aneka sthAnoM para prApta pADyadeza gaye, vahA~ kovalana para corI kA abhiyoga lagAkara use prastara-mUrtiyoM dvArA lagatA hai| mRtyu daNDa diyA gyaa| kaNNakI apane pati ko niraparAdha siddha karatI jaina parampara meM kundakundAcArya kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| ye hai| isake bAda vaha cera rAjya ke jaMgaloM meM calI jAtI hai| isa prakAra I0pU0 yA I0san kI pahalI zatI meM hue the|1 inake dvArA racita isa kathA ke sUtra meM cola, pADya aura cera tInoM rAjya eka sUtra meM granthoM kA digambara paramparA meM viziSTa sthAna hai| inake bAda guNanaMdI graMthita ho gaye haiN| isI prasaMga meM satI kaNNakI dvArA krodha meM madarai aura samantabhadra kA nAma liyA jAtA hai| dUsarI zatI meM AcArya nagarI ko bhasma karane kA ullekha hai| isa ghaTanA kI tithi kA bhI samantabhadra ne kA~cI nareza ko tarka meM parAjita kiyA, phalasvarUpa racanAkAra ne nirdeza kiyA hai| tadnusAra-ASAr3hamAsa ke kRSNa pakSa ke kA~cI nareza sanyAsa grahaNa kara zivakoTi AcArya ke nAma se vikhyAta zukravAra ko jaba aSTamI tithi aura kArtika nakSatra kA milana hogA, he| tamila deza meM yahI jainoM kA AdikAla thaa| isI krama meM agnideva pANDya rAjadhAnI madurai kA vinAza kareMge aura pADya nareza akalaMkadeva, jinasena (prathama), vIrasena, jinasena (dvitIya) evaM kI bhI durgati avazyaMbhAvI hai| isa tithi ke viSaya meM sva0guNabhadra tamilanADu meM aaye| tatpazcAt tamila ke suvikhyAta paMcamahAkAvyoM ela0 DI0 sAmi kaNNu pillai ne batAyA ki yaha tithi 23 julAI meM tRtIya 'jIvakacintAmaNI' ke racayitA tirUttakkadebara, 'cUlAmaNi' 756 I0 thaa| kintu isake viparIta suvikhyAta itihAsavettA (jaina mahAkAvya) ke kavi tolAmolidebara aura guNabhadra ke ziSya rAmacaMdradIkSitara jo ki khagolazAstrI bhI haiM, ne yaha batAyA ki madurai arthabalI-usa samaya ke prasiddha jainAcArya the| nagarI I0 kI dUsarI zatI meM analakavalita huii| Jain Education Intemational

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tamila itihAsa lekhana meM jaina lekhakoM kA yogadAna zilapyadhikAram kAverIpattana ke rAjA karikalana kA siMhala ke rAjA (gajabAhu se samakAlInatA prastuta karatA hai| jisase pUrvakAlIna siMhalIya kAla-gaNanA kA samandha zeSa bhArata kI kAla gaNanA ke sAtha jor3A jA sakatA hai| isa mahAkAvya meM tamila samAja kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika, dhArmika avasthA kA sajIva citraNa milatA hai vividha dharmoM kA sadbhAva, utsava va parva Adi kA bhI varNana milatA hai| ataH isa grantha ko do hajAra varSa pUrva ke tamila deza kA darpaNa kahA jA sakatA hai| isakA uttara bhAga 'maNi mekhale pradhAna mahAkAvyoM meM se eka hai| yadyapi yaha eka bauddha lekhaka cAttanAra kI racanA hai| tathApi isakA varNana prasaMgataH anivArya hai| isameM bhI itihAsa sambandhI vibhinna tathya haiN| yaha grantha bauddha darzana ko ucca sthAna para rakhatA hai, phira bhI isameM zilappadhikAram ke samAna hI sahiSNutA jhalakatI hai| isake bAda 'nIlakezI' nAmaka jaina kAvya grantha kA praNayana huA, jisameM pAMcAla deza, kuNDalavartanam nAmaka nagara, usake rAjA samudrasArana, usa pradeza ke maMdira, unameM kiye jAne vAle hatyAkAMDa tathA bhUta-pizAcoM kA rocaka varNana hai| isake karttA kA nAma nahIM jJAta hai| isake vyAkhyAkAra prasiddha tamila jaina grantha'merumanthara purANam' ' ke racayitA vAmana munivara haiN| paMcamahAkAvyoM meM eka 'jIvaka cintAmaNi' jaina muni tirUttakkadevara kI racanA hai| isakA samaya navIM zatI hai| yaha eka zRMgAra rasa pUrNa racanA hai jisameM tamila pradeza ke rAjanItika, sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika jIvana kA sajIva varNana hai| yaha aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI mahatvapUrNa hai| isa kAvya kA mukhya uddezya aMhisA dharma kA samarthana hai| kavi cola kula ke the| unhoMne Adarza sAmrAjya ko apanI kalpanA ko mUrta rupa dene ke lie hI jaina purANa ke antargat jIvakana kI kathA ko apane kAvya kA viSaya bnaayaa| isa Azaya ko kavi ne apane kAvya meM Adi se anta taka vyakta kiyA hai ki jisa prakAra jIvakana ne kaI rAjaparivAroM se sambandha sthApita kara apane ko mahAbalI banAyA yA vaise hI cola rAjAoM ko bhI kaI rAja parivAroM ke sAtha vaivAhika saMbaMdha sthApita karanA caahiye| sambhavata: isI preraNA ke phalasvarUpa caula narezoM ne AsapAsa ke pallava, Andhra Adi anya rAjakuloM ke sAtha vaivAhika sambandha jor3a liyA thaa| cola nareza ke 'cakravartI hone kA jo svapna kavi ne apanI racanA meM dekhA thA vaha rAjendra cola ke kAla meM sAkAra huaa| dIpaMkuDi jayaMkoNDAra kA 'kaliMganupyaraNi' tamila meM eka saMgrAma viSayaka kavitA hai jisameM cola nareza kulotuMga (gyArahavIM (zatAbdI) ke kaliMga para abhiyAna kA varNana hai| 'paraNi' usa viziSTa prabaMdha kAvya ko kahate haiM, jisameM sahasra gajo ko samarAMgaNa meM mArane vAle vIravara kA prabhAvakArI varNana ho| kaliMgacupparaNi ke racayitA zramaNa saMgha ke sAdhu the yaha grantha kulotuMga ke rAjyakAla ke anta ke nikaTa likhA gayA thA aura usI kI vijayoM kA yaza gAtA hai|" isameM rAjA ke janma tathA yauvana kA varNana saMkSepa meM kiyA gayA hai| yuvarAja hone para vaha digvijaya ke lie prasthAna karatA hai jisakA artha yahA~ 203 uttara dizA meM eka dIrgha abhiyAna se hai, yadyapi dakSiNa-pUrva meM bhI eka yuddha kA ullekha hai usakI anupasthiti meM pitA kI mRtyu ke bAda arAjakatA vyApta ho jAtI hai| parantu anta meM nAyaka lauTa AtA hai, zAnti sthApita karake siMhAsana para adhikAra kara letA hai| tatpazcAt kulotuMga apane eka sAmanta ko, dUsare abhiyAna para uttara meM bhejatA hai, jo kaliMga kI senA ko parAjita kara detA hai| jisake pariNAmasvarUpa kaliMga kA rAjA (anantavarmA) AtmasamarpaNa kara detA hai aura niyamAnusAra kara denA svIkAra karatA hai| isa prasaMga meM yaha ullekhanIya bAta hai ki bilhaNakRta 'vikramAMkadevacarita' bhI unhIM ghaTanAoM kA varNana karatA hai jinakA jayakoNDAra ne apane kAvya meM varNana kiyA hai, vizeSa rupa se cola samrATa kI mRtyu ke pazcAta Ane vAlI araajktaa| paraNi ke atirikta 'ulA', 'kalambakama' 'antAdi' Adi prasiddha prabandha grantha the 'vikramazolana ulA' pUrvakAlIna cola itihAsa para lAgU hone vAle kucha rocaka prasaMgoM kA ullekha karatA hai| jisameM karikAlina kI pUrva kathA tathA kulotuMga prathama ke cAlukya sAmrAjyake andara dUra taka jAkara pazcima sAgara paryanta pahuMcane vAle abhiyAnoM kA vRttAnta hai| isa grantha kA muNya varNya viSaya cidambaraM meM naTarAja ziva ko arpita eka devAlaya kA punarnirmANa hai| devAlaya ke anya ullekhanIya itihAsa 'maduraijalavaralArU' (madurAya ke mahAna devAlaya para ) aura 'zrI raMgamkoyilolugu' (zrIraMgama ke devAlaya para) meM varNita hai| jaina lekhakoM ne tamila sAhitya ke sAtha tamila itihAsa lekhana ke kSetra meM bhI apanA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| jainAcAryoM ne sAdhAraNatayA dhArmika aura naitikatA ke pracAra-prasAra hetu bodhaka laghukathAoM mahAkAvyoM Adi kI racanA kI thii| 'maNipravAla' zailI ke pravartana meM bhI jaina lekhakoM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rhaa| kalazrI ke zAsana kAla meM jaba saMskRta, prAkRta Adi bhASAoM kI adhikatA se tamila ko durgati ho rahI thI taba jainAcAryoM ne hI apanI sAhitya sevA tathA dharma pracAra dvArA tamila kI rakSA kI thii| jaina lekhakoM ne apane dhArmika pracAra kA mAdhyama tamila bhASA ko banAyA jisake kAraNa bhASA tathA dharma donoM kA sAtha-sAtha vikAsa huaa| jainAcAyA~ ke vizuddha tamila prema kA eka udAharaNa hai 'tirUnAtha kundUma' (zrInAtha giri) kA zilAlekha / yaha zilAlekha tamila ke prAcInatam abhilekhoM meM se eka hai| saMdarbha 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. jaina sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 7, paM0 ke0 bhujavalI zAstrI, pR0 101/ vahI, pR0 108 zilppadikArama, madurai kANDma, padya 133 1361 / jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 7, pR0 151 bhAratIya itihAsa lekhana kI bhUmikA, pro0 jagannAtha agravAla, pR0 108 /

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tapAgaccha kA itihAsa bhAga-1 ziva prasAda nirgrantha paramparA ke zvetAmbara AmnAya ke gacchoM meM tapAgaccha jaisA ki Upara hama dekha cuke haiM, AcArya jagaccandrasari kA sthAna Aja to sarvopari jaisA hai| isa gaccha kI paramparAnusAra isa gaccha ke Adima AcArya mAne jAte haiN| inake dvArA racita na to bRhadgacchIya AcArya somaprabhasUri aura maNiratnasUri ke ziSya jagaccandrasUri koI kRti milatI hai aura na hI isa sambandha meM koI ullekha hI hae, jinhoMne apane gaccha meM vyApta zithilAcAra ke kAraNa caitragacchIya prApta hotA hai| jagaccandrasUri ke do pramukha ziSya the-devendrasUri aura AcArya dhanezvarasUri ke praziSya aura bhuvanacandrasUri ke ziSya devabhadragaNi vijycndrsuuri| guru ke nidhanoparAnta devendrasUri unake paTTadhara bne| ke pAsa upasampadA grahaNa kI evaM 12 varSoM taka niraMtara AyaMbila tapa ye apane samaya ke pramukha vidvAnoM meM se eka the| inhoMne apanI kRtiyoM kiyA jisase prabhAvita hokara AghATapura ke zAsaka jaitrasiMha ne unheM meM apanI guru-paramparA tathA kucha meM apane sAhityika sahayogI ke vi0saM0 1285/I0sa0 1229 meM 'mahAtapA' virud pradAna kiyaa| rUpa meM apane kaniSTha gurubhrAtA vijayacandrasUri kA ullekha kiyA Age calakara unakI ziSya saMtati tapAgacchIya khlaayii| hai| tapAgaccha meM AcArya devendrasUri, vijayacandrasUri, dharma devendrasari ne vizeSa rUpa se gajarAta aura mAlavA meM bihAra ghoSasUri, somaprabhasUri, somatilakasUri, devasundarasUri, munisundarasUri, kiyaa| vi0saM0 1302 meM ujjaina meM inhoMne vIradhavala nAmaka eka hemavimalasUri, AnandavimalasUri, hIravijayasUri, vijayasenasUri, zreSThI-putra ko dIkSita kara usakA nAma vidyAnanda rkhaa| kucha samaya pazcAt vijayadevasUri, upA0 yazovijaya jI tathA vartamAna yuga meM AcArya vIradhavala kA laghubhrAtA bhI devendrasUri ke pAsa dIkSita huA aura usakA vijayAnandasUri, AcArya vijayadharmasUri, AcArya sAgarAnandasUri, nAma dharmakIrti rakhA gyaa| 22 varSa taka mAlavA meM vihAra karane ke AcArya buddhisAgarasUri Adi kaI vidvAn aura prabhAvaka AcArya ho cuke pazcAt AcArya devendrasUri stambhatIrtha (khaMbhAta) pdhaare| unake kaniSTha haiM tathA Aja bhI kaI prabhAvazAlI aura sAhityarasika munijana vidyamAna gurubhrAtA vijayasiMhasUri ne isa avadhi meM stambhatIrtha kI usI haiN| ina munijanoM ne apanI utkRSTa racanAoM, jJAnabhaMDAroM kI sthApanA, pauSadhazAlA meM nivAsa kiyA jahA~ ThaharamA AcArya jagaccandrasari ne tIrthayAtrA, tIrtha kSetroM ke jIrNoddhAra evaM jina pratimAoM kI pratiSThA Adi niSiddha kara diyA thaa| isa daramyAna unhoMne muniAcAra ke kaThora niyamoM kAryoM dvArA pazcimI bhArata vizeSakara gujarAta, rAjasthAna evaM dillI aura ko bhI zithila kara diyaa| devendrasUri ko ye sabhI bAteM jJAta huI aura paMjAba ke kucha kSetroM meM zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAja ko jIvanta evaM ve vahA~ na jAkara dUsarI pauSadhazAlA, jo apekSAkRta kucha choTI thI, samunnata banAye rakhane meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai jo Aja bhI jArI meM tthhre| isa prakAra jagaccandradrasUri ke do ziSya eka hI nagara meM eka hI samaya do alaga-alaga sthAnoM para rhe| bar3I pauSadhazAlA meM Thaharane anya bahuta sAre gacchoM kI bhA~ti tapAgaccha se bhI samaya-samaya ke kAraNa vijayacandrasUri kA ziSya samudAya bRhadpauSAlika tathA para vibhinna upazAkhAoM kA prAdurbhAva huA, jinameM bRhadpauSAlika devendrasUri kA ziSya parivAra laghupauSAlika khlaayaa| zAkhA, kamalakalazazAkhA, kutubapurAzAkhA, laghupauSAlika aparanAma gUrjaradeza meM vihAra karane ke pazcAt devendrasUri puna: mAlavA somazAkhA, rAjavijayasUrizAkhA aparanAma ratnazAkhA, sAgarazAkhA, pdhaare| vi0saM0 1327/I0sa0 1261 meM vahIM unakA dehAnta ho vimalazAkhA, vijayazAkhA Adi pramukha haiN| gyaa| unhoMne vidyAnandasUri ko apanA paTTadhara ghoSita kiyA thA tapAgaccha ke itihAsa ke adhyayana meM strota ke rUpa meM isa kintu unake nidhana ke mAtra 13 dina pazcAt vidyAnandasUri kA bhI gaccha ke munijanoM dvArA racita granthoM kI prazastiyA~, unakI preraNA se nidhana ho gyaa| ina ghaTanAoM ke 6 mAha pazcAt vidyAnanda ke choTe yA svayaM unake dvArA likhI gayI pustakoM kI pratilipi yA dAtA bhAI dharmakIrti ko dharmaghoSasUri ke nAma se devendrasUri kA paTTadhara prazastiyA~ tathA bar3I saMkhyA meM paTTAvaliyA~ milatI haiN| isI prakAra isa banAyA gyaa| gaccha ke munijanoM dvArA pratiSThApita bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM salekha jina devendrasUri dvArA racita vibhinna kRtiyAM milatI haiM, jinameM pratimAyeM prApta huI haiM, jo vi0saM0 1401 se lekara vartamAnayuga taka se kucha isa prakAra haiM: kI haiN| sAmprata nibandha meM inameM se mahattvapUrNa aura Avazyaka sAkSyoM 1. zrAddhadinakRtyavRtti kA upayoga karate hue isa gaccha ke itihAsa para prakAza DAlane kA prayAsa 2. navyapaMcakarmagrantha saTIka kiyA gayA hai| 3. siddhapaMcAzikA saTIka

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tapAgaccha kA itihAsa 205 4. dharmaratnaprakaraNa bRhadvRtti kara diyaa| inake dvArA racita kRtiyoM meM yatijItakalpasUtra, 28 5. sudarzanAcaritra yamakastutio, zrImaccharmastotra Adi ullekhanIya hai 12 / inake ziSyoM 6. caityavandana Adi 3 bhASya ke rUpa meM vimalaprabha, paramAnaMda, padmatilaka aura somatilaka kA nAma 7. vandAruvRtti aparanAma zrAddhapratikramaNasUtravRtti milatA hai| vi0saM0 1373/I0sa0 1317 meM inake nidhana ke pazcAt 8. dAnAdi 4 kulaka, jisapara vi0 saM0 kI 17 vIM zatI somatilakasUri ne tapAgaccha kA nAyakatva grahaNa kiyaa| meM vijayadAnasUri ke praziSya evaM rAjavijayasUri ke ziSya devavijaya ne somatilakasUri kA janma vi0saM0 1335 vi0saM0 meM dharmaratnamaMjUSA ke nAma se vRtti kI racanA kii| isake alAvA unake dvArA huA thA, vi0saM0 1369 meM inhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kI aura vi0saM0 racita kucha stuti-stotra bhI milate haiN| 1424 meM inakA dehAnta huaa| inake dvArA racita kRtiyA~ isa prakAra devendrasUri ke paTTadhara dharmaghoSasUri dvArA racita kRtiyAM isa haiM:13 prakAra haiM :10 1. bRhannavyakSetrasamAsa 1. saMghAcArabhASya 2. saptatizatasthAnaprakaraNa (racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1387/ 2. kAyasthitistavana I0sa0 1321) bhavasthitistava sajjhakacaturviMzatijinastutivRtti 4. stuticaturviMzati 4. caturviMzatijinastavanavRtti 5. dehasthitiprakaraNa tIrtharAjastuti caturviMzatijinastavasaMgraha vicArasUtra 7. duSamAkAlasaMghastavana aThThAisayamakastutio para vRtti 8. yugapradhAnastotra vIrastava 9. RSimaMDalastotra 9. kamalabandhastavana 10. parigrahapramANastavana 10. sAdhAraNajinastuti 11. caturviMzatijinastuti 13. zatrujayayAtrAvarNana 12. aSTApadakalpa inake ziSyoM meM padyatilaka, candrazekhara, jayAnanda, devasundara 13. giranArakalpa Adi kA nAma milatA hai| padyatilaka dvArA racita koI kati nahIM milatI, 14. zrAddhajItakalpa kintu candrazekhara aura jayAnanda dvArA racita kRtiyA~ prApta hotI haiN| muni caturavijayajI ne inake aneka stavanoM ko jainastotrasaMdoha, candrazekhara dvArA racita kRtiyoM meM uSitabhojanakathA, prathamabhAga meM prakAzita kiyA hai11|| yavarAjarSikathA, zrImadstambhanakahArabaMdhastavana Adi kA nAma dharmaghoSasUri ke paTTadhara somaprabhasUri hue| inakA janma vi0saM0 milatA hai14 1310 meM huA thaa| vi0saM0 1321 meM inhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kii| jayAnandasUri dvArA racita kRtiyoM meM sthUlibhadracaritra'5, vi0saM01332 meM sUri pada prApta huA aura jaisA ki Upara kahA jA devaprabhastatra 6, sAdhAraNajinastotra Adi ullekhanIya haiN| jayAnandasUri cukA hai vi0 saM01357 meM guru ke nidhana ke pazvAt unake paTTadhara bne| ko vi0 saM0 1420 meM AcArya pada prApta huA aura vi0saM0 1441 inhoMne koMkaNa Adi pradezoM meM jala kA adhikatA aura mAravAr3a Adi meM inakA dehAnta huaa| meM jala kI durlabhatA ke kAraNa tapAgacchIya munijanoM kA vihAra niSiddha 8. vA somatilakasUri ke vi0 saM01420/I0sa0 1364 meM nidhana ke pazcAt devasundarasUri unake paTTadhara bane 181 vi0 saM01396 meM inakA janma huA thA, vi0 saM0 1404 meM inhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kI aura vi0 saM0 1420 meM sUri pada prApta kiyaa19| inake upadeza se bar3I saMkhyA meM prAcIna granthoM kI pratilipiyAM karAyI gayIM, jinameM se aneka Aja bhI upalabdha haiM 20 / inake dvArA pratiSThApita kucha jina pratimAyeM bhI prApta huI haiM, jo vi0 saM0 1447 se 1468 taka kI haiN| inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: kramAMka vi0 saM0 tithi prAptisthAna saMdarbhagrantha 1. 1447 phAlguna sudi 8 dAdA pArzvanAthaderAsara, muni buddhisAg2ara, saMpA0, somavAra narasiMhajI kI pola, jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, bar3odarA lekhAMka 146

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2. 1458 phAlguna sudi 2 budhavAra 1461 zrAvaNa sudi 11 guruvAra 1465 jyeSTha vadi 11 1466 zrAvaNa sudi 10 1466 tithivihIna jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 anupUrti lekha, AbU munijayantavijaya, saMpA0, arbuprAcInajainalekhasaMdoha, lekhAMka 607. bar3A maMdira, vinayasAgara, saMpA0 nAgaura pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 184. AdinAtha jinAlaya, vahI, lekhAMka 191. mAlapurA AdinAtha jinAlaya, muni buddhisAgara, pUrvokta, bhAga 1, kherAlu lekhAMka 761. cintAmaNijinAlaya agaracaMda bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA, bIkAnera saMpA0, bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha lekhAMka 632. cintAmaNipArzvanAtha nAhaTA, pUrvokta, jinAlaya, bIkAnera lekhAMka 634. vahI, lekhAMka 635. jagavallabha pArzvanAtha muni buddhisAgara, pUrvokta, derAsara, nIzApola, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 1201 ahamadAbAda dAdApArzvanAtha derAsara, vahI, bhAga 2, narasiMha jI kI pola, lekhAMka 120 baDodarA mAdhavalAlabAbU kA derAsara, vijayadharmasUri, saMpA0, pAlitAnA prAcInalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 108. 7. 1467 vaizAkha sudi 7 vahI 1468 1469 tithivihIna phAlguna sudi 3 9. 10. 1469 tithivihIna 11. 146...2 tithivihIna devasundarasUri ke ziSyoM meM jJAnasAgarasUri, kulamaNDanasUri, guNaratna, sAdhuratna, somasundarasUri, sAdhurAjagaNi, kSemarasUri Adi kA nAma milatA hai| jJAnasAgarasUri dvArA racita kaI kRtiyAM milatI21 haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM: 1. uttarAdhyayanaavacUri vi0saM0 1441 2. AvazyakasUtra para avacUri vi0saM0 1440 3. odhaniyukti para avacUri 4. munisuvratastavana 5. dhanaudhanavakhaMDapArzvanAthastavana 6. zAsvatacaityavandana Adi kulamaMDanasUri dvArA racita kRtiyAM 22 isa prakAra haiM: 1. vicArAmRtasaMgraha vi0saM0 1443 2. pravacanapAkSika rUpa adhikAra vAlA siddhAntAlApakAddhAra prajJApanAavacUrNi pratikramaNasUtraavacUri kalpasUtraavacUri kAyasthitistotra para avacUri aSTAdazacakrabandhastavana hArabaMdhastavana 9. kAkabaMdhacaupAI Adi devasundarasUri ke tIsare ziSya guNaratna bhI apane samaya ke prasiddha racanAkAra the| unake dvArA racita kRtiyAM22a nimnAnusAra haiM: 1. kalpAntarvAcya vi0 saM0 1457. 2. saptatikA para devendrasUri kI TIkA ke AdhAra para avacUrNi vi0 saM0 1459 ..

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TIkA 2 tic orn tapAgaccha kA itihAsa 207 3. devendrasUri kRta karmagranthoM para avacUri meM huA thaa| inake pitA kA nAma sajjana aura mAtA kA nAma mAlhaNa 4. payannAprakIrNaka para avacUri thaa| vi0 saM0 1437 meM sAta varSa kI Ayu meM inhoMne jayAnaMdasUri 5 somatilakasUriviracita kSetrasamAsa para avacUri ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kI aura somasundara nAma prApta kiyaa| vi0saM0 6. navatattvaavacUri 1450 meM pATaNa meM inheM vAcaka pada milA aura vi0saM0 1457 7. aMcalamatanirAkaraNa meM pATaNa meM hI devasundarasUri dvArA AcArya pada prApta huaa| munisundarasUri 8. odhaniyuktiuddhAra kRta garvAvalI30 (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1466); cAritraratnagaNikRta 9. kriyAratnasamuccaya citrakUTamahAvIraprAsAdaprazasti31 (racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1495); 10. ghaTdarzanasamuccaya para tattvarahasyadIpikA nAmaka pratiSThAsomakRta somasaubhAgyakAvya32 (racanAkAla vi0saM01534) somacaritragaNikRta guruguNaratnAkara33 (racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1541) 11. katyANamaMdirastotraTIkA Adi granthoM se inake jIvana ke viSaya meM vistRta jAnakArI prApta hotI 12. sattariyAavacUri vi0saM0 1459 ke lagabhaga 13. AturapratyAkhyAnaavacUri AcArya somasundarasUri dvArA racita kRtiyAM 34 isa prakAra 14. catuHzaraNaavacUri 15. saMthArakaavacUri ArAdhanArAsa 16. bhaktaparijJA avacUri upadezamAlAbAlAvabodha (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1485) vi0saM0 1469 ke do pratimA lekhoM meM pratimApratiSThApaka 3. SaSThizatakabAlAvabodha (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1496) ke rUpa meM bhI inakA nAma milatA 23 hai| 4. yogazAstrabAlAvabodha devasundarasUri ke cauthe ziSya sAdharatna ne 1456 meM 5. bhaktAmarastotrabAlAvabodha yatijItakalpa para vRtti kI racanA kii24| isI kAla ke Asa- 6. ArAdhanApatAkAbAlAvabodha pAsa inake dvArA racita navatattvaavacUri25 nAmaka kRti bhI prApta 7. SaDAvazyakabAlAvabodha hotI hai| navatattvabAlAvabodha (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1503) unhI ke hI pAMcaveM ziSya somasundarasUri apane samaya ke 9. aSTAdazastavI (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1490 ke AsapAsa) sarvazreSTha racanAkAra the| inake sambandha meM Age vistAra se vivaraNa diyA 10. AturapratyAkhyAnaTIkA gayA hai| 11. AvazyakaniyuktiavacUri chaThe ziSya sAdhurAjagaNi dvArA vi0saM01470 ke lagabhaga 12. ilAdurgaRSabhajinastavana sAdhAraNajinastuti kI vRtti26 ke sAtha racanA kI gyii| zrI haridAmodara 13. caitravandanasUtrabhASyaTIkA velaNakara ne ukta vRtti ke racanAkAra kA nAma zrutasAgara batAyA hai 25, 14. jinakalyANakAdistavana jo kApaDiyA ke anusAra bhrAMti haiN| 15. jinabhavastotra sAtaveM ziSya kSemaMkara gaNi dvArA racita siMhAsanabattIsI29 16. pArzvastotra (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1450 ke AsapAsa) nAmaka kRti milatI hai| 17 zrAddhajItakalpavRtti somasundarasUri 18. SaTabhASAmayastava tapAgaccha ke pramukha nAyakoM meM somasundarasUri kA viziSTa sthAna 19. saptatikAsUtracUrNi hai| inakA janma vi0saM0 1430 meM prahlAdanapura (vartamAna pAlanapura) 20. sAdhusAmAcArIkulaka 8.

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa- 7 somasundarasUri dvArA vi0saM0 1470 se vi0saM0 1499 ke madhya taka pratiSThApita bar3I saMkhyA meM jina pratimAyeM prApta huI hai| inakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai kramAMka pratiSThApanA tithi / miti pratiSThAsthAna saMdarbha grantha jaina derAsara, trApaja, kAThiyAvAr3a prAcInalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 209. pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, munisuvratajinAlaya lekhAMka 202. mAlapurA sumatinAtha mukhya bAvana, jainadhAtu pratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhAMka 500 jinAlaya, mAtara 208 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. saMvat 1470 1470 1471 1472 1473 1473 1474 1474 1474 1474 1475 1475 1476 1477 1477 1477 1478 1479 vaizAkha sudi 2 zukravAra jyeSTha sudi 5 mAgha sudi 7 tithivihIna vaizAkha vadi 8 mArgazIrSa sudi 6 zukravAra jyeSTha vadi 11 ravivAra mArgazIrSa sudi 8 somavAra phAlguna sudi 8 phAlguna sudi jyeSTha vadi 11 ravivAra vaizAkha vadi 1 zanivAra caitra sudi 5 somavAra mArgazIrSa vadi 3 mArgazIrSa vadi 4 mAgha sudi 9 mAgha vadi 4 zreyAMsanAtha derAsara, phatAzAha kI pola, ahamadAbAda AdinAthajinAlaya, sirohI anupUrtilekha, AbU, kunthunAtha jinA0, mAMDavIpola, khaMbhAta cintAmaNijI kA maMdira bIkAnera vahIM neminAtha jinA0, vIsanagara, kharataragacchIya bar3A maMdira, tUlapaTTI, kalakattA ghara derAsara, kalakattA cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAneralekhAMka 680. vahIM vahIM anupUrtilekha, AbU vahIM kanthunAthaderAsara, vahI, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 1360, pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 209. arbudaprAcIna jainalekhasaMdoha, lekhAMka 611. jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga2 lekhAMka 644, bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 673. vahI, lekhAMka 674. jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, lekhAMka 521. jainadhAtupratimAlekha, lekhAMka 73. jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 131. bIkAnera jainalekhasaMgraha, vahI lekhAMka 686. vahI, lekhAMka 688. arbudaprAcIna, lekhAMka 615. vahI, lekhAMka 617. jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha,

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19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 1479 1480 38. 1480 1481 1481 1481 1481 1481 1481 1482 1482 1482 1482 1483 1483 1483 1484 36. 1484 37. 1484 1484. mAgha sudi 7 jyeSTha sudi 5 tithivihIna vaizAkha sudi 3 mAgha sudi 10 " " phAlguna sudi 3 tithivihIna phAlguna sudi 15 tithivihIna mArgazIrSa vadi 7 mAgha sudi 10 budhavAra tithivihIna vaizAkha sudi 3 tapAgaccha kA itihAsa baDanagara tithivihIna saMbhavanAthaderAsara, mIyAgAma neminAtha jinA0, mehatAjI kI pola, baDodarA phAlguna sudi 3 zAMtinAtha jinA0, dAdAbADI, laskara, gvAliyara phAlguna sudi 3 zanivAra cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAnera mANikasAgara jI kA maMdira, zreyAMsanAtha jinA, phatAzAha kI pola, ahamadAbAda cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAnera vahIM pArzvanAtha jinA0, IDara DIpArzvanAtha jinA0, ajamera zAMtinAtha jinA0, vIramagAma jaina derAsara, saudAgarapola, ahamadAbAda anupUrtilekha, AbU caumukhajI derAsara, iMDara zAMtinAtha jinA0, dezanoMka zAMtinAtha jinA0, zAMtinAthapola, ahamadAbAda caumukhI derAsara, IDara kalyANapArzvanAtha derAsara, vIsanagara AdinAtha caitya, dharAda koTA bhAga 1, lekhAMka 572. vahIM, bhAga 2, lekhAMka 286. vahI, bhAga2. lekhAMka 179. bIkAnera jaina....... lekhAMka 702. vahI lekhAMka 706. jainadhAtupratimA..... lekhAMka 1482. .bhAga 1, jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 546. pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 125. jainadhAtu....... bhAga 1, lekhAMka 789. arbudaprAcIna jaina......... lekhAMka 619. jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2. lekhAMka 1421. 209 zrIpratimAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 169. bIkAnerajainalekha -, lekhAMka 720. pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 237. jainadhAtupratimA....... bhAga 1, lekhAMka 1376. bIkAnerajaina....... ******* lekhAMka 1872. jainadhAtupratimA.... bhAga 1, lekhAMka 1426. bIkAnerajaina......, lekhAMka 2235. jainadhAtupratimA......, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 1298. vahI bhAga 1, lekhAMka 564. yahI bhAga 1. lekhAMka 533

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 bAvanajinAlaya, udayapura 39. 1484 jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, lekhAMka 1980. vahI, bhAga1, lekhAMka 836 40. 1485. AdinAtha jinA0, nADola vaizAkha sudi 3 budhavAra vaizAkha sudi 3 41. 1485. bAvanajinA0, udayapura vahI, bhAgara, lekhAMka 1972 evaM 42. 1485 44. 1485 46. 1485 47. 1485 48. 1485 49. 1485 pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 132. vaizAkha sudi 3 budhavAra padAprabha jilAlaya, nADola prAcInajainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, lekhAMka 368. jyeSTha sudi 13 AdinAtha jinAlaya, sAMDesara jainadhAtupratimA......, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 477. jyeSTha sudi 13 pArzvanAtha jinAlaya, kareDA prAcInajainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhAMka 134. mAgha sudi 10 zanivAra vimalanAtha jinAlaya, saMghavIpAr3A jainadhAtupratimA......, bhAga 2, khaMbhAta lekhAMka 786. tithivihIna AdinAtha jinA0, delavADA jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, lekhAMka 2017. vIra jinA0, rIjaroDa, ahamadAbAda jainadhAtupratimA......, bhAga1, lekhAMka 982. vimalavasahI, AbU AbaMdaprAcIna-, lekhAMka 16. kunthunAtha jinA0, rAMgaDI bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, cauka, bIkAnera lekhAMka 1696. vaizAkha sudi 10 cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAnera __ vahI, lekhAMka 730. zAMtinAtha jinA0, chANI, baDodarA jainadhAtupratimA......,bhAga2, lekhAMka 263. candraprabhajinA0, sultAnapurA, baDodarA vahI, bhAga2, lekhAMka 192. mAgha sudi 4 zanivAra jainamaMdira, UMjhA vahI, bhAga2, lekhAMka 202. tithivihIna vahI, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 150. zAMtinAtha jinA0, vahI, bhAga2, caukasIpola, khaMbhAta lekhAMka 848. mArgazIrSa sudi 5 vIra jinAlaya, jhaverIvADa, vahI, bhAga1, lekhAMka 845. ahamadAbAda manamohanapArzvanAtha jinA0, baDodarA vahI, bhAga2, lekhAMka 88. pauSa sudi 5 munisuvrata jinA0, mAlapurA pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 268. mAgha sudi 7 caumukhajI derAsara, ahamadAbAda jainadhAtupratimA......, bhAga1, 50. 51. 1486 1486 53. 1486. 1486 1486 1486 55. 56. 1487 57. 1487 58. 1487 59. . 1487

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60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 1487 1488 1488 1488 1488 1488 1488 1488 1488 1488 1488 1488 1488 1489 1489 1489 1489 1989 1489 1489 1489 1489 mAgha - 1 vaizAkha sudi 6 vaizAkha sudi 7 zanivAra vaizAkha... 1 jyeSTha vadi 4 zanivAra jyeSTha sudi 5 zanivAra kArtika sudi 2 somavAra mArgazIrSa vadi 2 mArgazIrSa vadi 5 guruvAra phAlguna sudi 8 13 mitivihIna jyeSThavadi 10 zukravAra jyeSTha vadi 11 ASADha vadi 10 ASAr3ha sudi 5 jyeSTha yadi 11 ASADha sudi 8 tithivihIna tapAgaccha kA itihAsa lekhAMka 140. jainamaMdira, sAhUkArapeTha, madrAsa jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAgara, lekhAMka 2075. zAMtinAtha jinA0, kanAsAno pADo, jainadhAtupratimA...... bhAga 1, lekhAMka 313. pATaNa AdinAtha jinA0 gAgaraDU manamohanapArzvanAthajinA0, baDodarA zAMtinAtha janA0, mANeka cauka, khaMbhAta saMbhavanAtha jinAlaya, mIyAgAma munisuvrata jinAlaya, bharuca vIra jinAlaya, rIjaroDa, ahamadAbAda AdinAtha jinA0 bAsA lekhAMka 531. bhIlaDiyA tIrtha bAvana jinAlaya, udayapura AdinAtha jinA0 mANeka cauka, khaMbhAta munisuvrata jinA0, mAlapurA ajitanAtha derAsara, sutAra kI khaDakI, ahamadAbAda zItalanAtha jinA0, udayapura ajitanAtha jinA0 haNAdrA lekhAMka 199. ajitanAtha jinAlaya, tAraMgA zItalanAtha jinAlaya, udayapura AdinAtha jinAlaya, bejalapurA, bharuca zItalanAtha jinAlaya, udayapura dAdApArzvanAtha derAsara, narasiMhajI kI pola, baDodarA zItalanAtha jinAlaya, udayapura pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 270 jainadhAtupratimA..., bhAga 2, lekhAMka 86. vahI, bhAga 2, lekhAMka 993. vahI bhAga 2 lekhAMka 285. lekhAMka 328. vahI, bhAga2, vahI bhAga 1, lekhAMka 952. lekhAMka 531 evaM arbudAcalapradakSiNAjainalekhasaMdoha, 211 jainapratimAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 373. jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhAMka 1983. jainadhAtupratimA...... bhAga 2, lekhAMka 1020. pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 273. jainadhAtupratimA...... bhAga 1, lekhAMka 1336. prAcInalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 147. arbudAcalapradakSiNAjainalekhasaMdoha, jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhAMka 1731. vahI, bhAga2. lekhAMka 1029. jainadhAtupratimA....., bhAga 2, lekhAMka 361. jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, jainadhAtupratimA......, bhAga 2, lekhAMka 135. prAcInalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 148. lekhAMka 1067.

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82. 1490 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 vaizAkha vadi 7 suvidhinAtha jinAlaya, zeraDIvAlA kI pola, khaMbhAta vaizAkha sudi 3 zAMtinAtha jinAlaya, rAdhanapura mArgazIrSa vadi 5 somavAra saMbhavanAtha derAsara, pAdarA 83. 1490 1490 jainadhAtupratimAsaMgraha, bhAgara, lekhAMka 659. prAcInalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 149. jainadhAtupratimA......, bhAga2, lekhAMka 12. vahI, bhAga1, lekhAMka 1055. 1490 phAlguna sudi 11 pArzvanAtha derAsara, devasAno pADo ahamadAbAda zItalanAtha jinAlaya, udayapura sumatinAtha jinAlaya, jayapura 86. 87. 1491 1491 vaizAkha sudi 6 guruvAra ASADha vadi 7 88. 1491 ASADha sudi 2 cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAnera 89. 1491 ASADha-13 caumukhajI derAsara, IDara 90. 1491 91. 1491 mAgha sudi 5 phAlguna vadi 5 munisuvrata jinA0, mAlapurA cintAmaNipArzvanAtha jinAlaya, caukasIpola, khaMbhAta vIrajinAlaya, rIjaroDa, ahamadAbAda zItalanAtha jinA0, udayapura 92. 1492 93. 1492 vaizAkha sudi 2 jyeSTha vadi 11 prAcInalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 155. pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 283. evaM . jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, lekhAMka 1181. bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 752-54. jainadhAtu......,bhAga1, lekhAMka 1419. pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 284. jainadhAtupratimA......, bhAga2, lekhAMka 813. vahI, bhAga1, lekhAMka 946. jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2 lekhAMka 1076. bIkAnerajaina......, lekhAMka 1218. vahI, lekhAMka 1326. jainadhAtupratimAlekha, saMpA0 kAMtisAgara, lekhAMka 69. jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, lekhAMka 749. bIkAnerajainalekha......, lekhAMka 1325. zrIpratimAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 163. pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 302. vahI, lekhAMka 307. jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAgara, lekhAMka 1968. 94. 1492 jyeSTha sudi 11 95. 1493 96. 1493 vIrajinAlaya, vaidoM kA cauka, bIkAnera vahIM anantanAtha jinA0, kAthAbAjAra vaizAkha sudi 3 jyeSTha vadi 12 zanivAra 97. 1493 tithivihIna AdinAtha jinAlaya, kherAlu 98. 1493 tithinaSTa 99. 1493 100. 1494 101. 1494 102. 1494 mahAvIra jinAlaya, vaidoM kA cauka, AdinAtha caitya, tharAda ajitanAtha jinAlaya, sirohI pArzvanAtha jinAlaya, meDatAroDa bAvana jinAlaya, udayapura mAgha sudi 5 tithivihIna phAlguna vadi 5 Jain Education Intemational

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103. 1494 tithivihIna 104. 1494 105. 1494 106. 1494 107. 1495 jyeSTha vadi6 108. 1495 jyeSTha vadi 14 109. 1495 jyeSTha sudi 13 matAsiTA 110. 1495 jyeSTha sudi 14 vaizAkha sudi 13 mAgha sudi 5 111. 1496 112. 1496 113 1496. 114. 1496 115 1496 tapAgaccha kA itihAsa cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAnera bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 772-773. jaina maMdira, pATaDI prAcInalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 166. kunthunAtha jinAlaya, baDanagara jainadhAtupratimA......, bhAga1, lekhAMka 569. bAvana jinAlaya, udayapura jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, lekhAMka 569. jainamaMdira, cavelI jainadhAtupratimA....., bhAga 2, lekhAMka 1971. pArzvanAtha jinA0, bIkAnerajaina....., nAhaToM kI guvAr3a, bIkAnera lekhAMka 1502. upakezagacchIya zAMtinAtha jinAlaya, pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 310. mer3atAsiTI cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAnera bIkAnerajaina....., lekhAMka 783, 785. zAMtinAtha derAsara, ahamadAbAda jainadhAtu....., bhAga1, lekhAMka 1132. AdinAtha jinAlaya, kherAlu vahI, bhAga 1, lekhAMka 762. vIrajinAlaya, rIjaroDa, ahamadAbAda jainadhAtu....., lekhAMka 967. cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAnera bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 786. jainamaMdira, rANakapura prAcInajainalekhasaMgraha, bhAgara, lekhAMka 307. zAMtinAtha jinAlaya, ratalAma pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 316. anupUrti lekha, AbU arbudaprAcIna....., lekhAMka 629. ajitanAtha jinalAya, sirohI pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 324. trailo dIpaka prAsAda, rANakapura jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, lekhAMka 700. paMcAyatI maMdira, jayapura pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 317. kezariyAnAtha maMdira, bhaisaroDagar3ha vahI, lekhAMka 323. vIrajinAlaya,rIjaroDa, ahamadAbAda jainadhAtupratimA....., bhAga1, lekhAMka 970. anupUrtilekha, AbU arbudaprAcIna....., lekhAMka 630. gauDIpArzvanAtha jinA0, ajamera jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, lekhAMka 553. saMbhavanAtha jinAlaya, ajamera pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 329. jainamaMdira, UMjhA jainadhAtupratimA....., bhAga1, lekhAMka 165. 'tithivihIna 116 1496 117. 1496 118. 1497 119. 1496 120 1497. 121. 1497 122. 1497 caitra sudimAgha sudi 4 somavAra mAgha sudi 13 123. 1499 124. 1499 125. 1499 126. 1499 mArgazIrSa sudi 2 mAgha sudi 5 mAgha sudi 5 mAgha sudi 6 somavAra

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214 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 somasandarasari ke vizAla ziSya parivAra meM kaI prasiddha vidvAn racanA kii| aura prabhAvaka AcArya hue haiN| inakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: somasundarasUri ke eka anya ziSya jinakIrtisUri hae jinake 1. munisundarasUri dvArA racI gayI vibhinna kRtiyAM42 milatI haiM jo isa prakAra haiMsomasundarasUri ke prathama ziSya aura paTTadhara municandrasUri apane 1. namaskArastavana para svopajJavRtti (racanAkAla vi0saM0 yuga ke prakhyAt AcAryoM meM eka the| vi0 saM0 1426 athavA vi0saM0 1494) 2. uttamakumAracaritra 3. zIlagopAlakathA 4. 1436 meM inakA janma huaa| vi0saM0 1443 meM inhoMne dIkSA grahaNa campaka zreSThikathA 5. paMcajinastavana 6. dhanyakumAracaritra (racanAkAla kI, vi0 saM01466 meM inheM vAcaka pada prApta huaa| vi0 saM0 1478 vi0 saM01497) 7. dAnakalpadruma 8. zrAddhaguNasaMgraha meM somasundarasUri ne inheM sUri pada pradAna kiyA aura vi0saM0 1503 tapAgaccha ke 52 veM paTTadhara ratnazekharasUri bhI somasundarasUri meM inakI mRtyu huii35| inake sambandha meM Age vistRta vivaraNa prastuta ke hI ziSya the| kiyA jA rahA hai| somasundarasUri ke anya ziSyoM meM somadevasUri, sudhAnaMdanasUri, jinamaMDanagaNi, ratnahaMsagaNi, vivekasamudra, pratiSThAsoma Adi kA nAma 2. bhAvasundara milatA hai|43 inhoMne ujjaina meM 'pAnavihAramaMDanamahAvIrastavana 6' kI racanA kii| inake bAre meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha nahIM hai| munisundarasUri tapAgacchIya AcArya somasandarasUri ke pratibhA sampanna paTTadhara 3. bhuvanasundarasUri aura ziSya manindirasuri ke prArambhika jIvana ke bAre meM koI jAnakArI inake dvArA racita kRtiyA~37 isa prakAra haiM nahIM miltii| paTTAvaliyoM ke anusAra vi0saM0 1426 yA 1436 1. parabrahmovotthApana sthalavAda 2. mahAvidyAviDaMbanavRtti meM inakA janma huA, vi0 saM0 1443 meM inhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kI aura 3. mahAvidyAviDaMbanaTippaNavivaraNa 4. laghumahAvidyAviDaMvana 5. vi0 saM0 1466 meM vAcaka pada prApta kiyaa| vi0 saM0 1478 meM vyAkhyAna vaDanagara meM inheM AcArya pada prApta huA aura vi0 saM0 1503 meM inakA nidhana huaa4| inake dvArA racita kRtiyAM45 isa prakAra hai: jayacandrasUri 1. vidyagoSThI (vi0saM0 1455/I0 sa01398-99) inake dvArA racita pratyAkhyAnasthAnavivaraNa, samayakattvakaumudI 2. adhyAtmakalpadruma aparanAma zAMtasudhArasa vi0saM0 1455/ aura pratikramaNavidhi nAmaka kRtiyAM38 prApta huI haiN| inake dvArA I0sa0 1398-99) pratiSThApita jinapratimAyeM bhI paryApta saMkhyA meM prApta huI haiM jo 3. tridazataraMgiNI (vi0 saM01466/I0sa01406) yaha vi0 saM01496 se 1506 taka kI haiN| inakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa mahAvijJapti patra munisundarasUri ne devasundarasUri ke pAsa bhejA prakAra hai thaa| 108 hAtha lambe isa vijJapti patra kA kevala gurvAvalI vAlA vi0 saM0 1496 1 pratimA lekha aMza hI Aja prApta ho sakA hai| vi0 saM0 1500 1 pratimA lekha caturviMzatistotraratnakoza vi0 saM0 1502 5 pratimA lekha jayAnandacarita (vi0 saM0 1483/I0sa0 1427) vi0saM0 1503 17 pratimA lekha mitracatuSkakathA (vi0saM0) 1484/I0 sa0 1428) vi0 saM0 1504 9 pratimA lekha upadezaratnAkarasvopajJavRtti ke sAtha (vi0 saM0 1493/ vi0 saM0 1505 17 pratimA lekha I0sa0 1437) vi0 saM0 1506 1 pratimA lekha 8. saMtikarathotta (zAMtikarastotra) (vi0 saM0 1493 athavA jayacandrasUri ke ziSya jinaharSagaNi hae jinake dvArA racita 1503) vastu pAlacarita (vi0 saM01497), rayaNaseharIkahA, 9. sImaMdharastuti viMzatisthAnaprakaraNa, (vicArAmRtasaMgraha), pratikramaNavidhi (vi0saM0 10. pAkSikasattarI 1525), ArAmazobhAcaritra, anargharAghavavRtti, aSTabhASAmaya 11. yogazAstra ke caturtha prakAza para bAlAvabodha sImaMdharajinastavana Adi kRtiyAM milatI haiN39| isake alAvA inake dvArA racita kucha stavana46 bhI milate jinaharSagaNi kI ziSyasaMtati meM sAdhuvijaya, zubhavardhana Adi haiM jo isa prakAra haiM: muni hue| 1. caturviMzatijinakalyANakastavana dIpamAlikAkalpa (racanAkAla vi0saM01483) ke 2. jIrApallIpArzvanAthastavana (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1473/ racanAkAra jinasundarasUri bhI somasundarasUri ke hI ziSya the| I0sa0 1417) somasundarasUri ke eka ziSya amarasundara hue, jinake dvArA 3. zatrujayazrIAdinAthastotra (vi0 saM0 1476/I0 sa0 1420) racita koI kRti nahIM milatI kintu amarasundara ke ziSya dhIrasundara 4. giranAramaulimaNDanazrIneminAthastavanam (vi0 saM0 1476/ ne vi0 saM0 1500 ke lagabhaga Avazyakaniyukti para avacUri41 kI I0sa0 1420 >> y Jain Education Intemational

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g tapAgaccha kA itihAsa 215 5. zatrujayaAdinAthastavana (vi0saM0 1476/I0sa0 1420) 9. sImaMdharasvAmistevanam (vi0saM0 1482/I0sa0 1426) vRddhanagarasthaAdinAthastavanam 10. vardhamAnajinastavanam sAraNadurgaajitanAthastotram 11. zrI jinapatidvAtriMzikA (vi0saM01483/I0sa0 1427) 8. ilAdurgAlaMkArazrIRSabhadevastavanama AcArya munisundarasUri dvArA pratiSThApita kucha jina pratimAyeM bhI milatI haiM, jo vi0 saM0 1489 se 1501 taka kI haiN| inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: kramAMka saMvat tithi pratiSThA sthAna saMdarbha grantha 1. 1489 vaizAkha sudi manamohanapArzvanAtha jinAlaya, jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAgara jIrAravADo, khaMbhAta lekhAMka 759 1497 vaizAkha vadi 4 pArzvanAtha derAsara, lADola vahI, bhAga1, lekhAMka 465. 1499 Azvina sudi 10 sumatinAtha mukhyabAvana jinA0, vahI, bhAga1, lekhAMka 464. mAtara 1499 tithivihIna pArzvanAtha derAsara, devasAno pADo, vahI, bhAga1, lekhAMka 1075. ahamadAbAda 1500 vaizAkha sudi 5 guruvAra zAMtinAtha jinAlaya, kanAsAnopADo, vahI, bhAga1, lekhAMka 314. pATaNa 1500 vaizAkha sudi 5 zrIsvAmIjI kA maMdira jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2. rozana muhallA, AgarA lekhAMka 1461. 7. 1500 tithivihIna zAMtinAtha jinAlaya, jainadhAtu......, bhAga1, zekhano pADo, ahamadAbAda lekhAMka 1042. 1501 vaizAkha vadi 5 ravivAra zAMtinAtha jinAlaya, dezanoMka bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 2236. dhaizAkha sudi 2 zanivAra bAlAvasahI, zatrujaya zatrujayavaibhava, lekhAMka 90. 10. 1501 bhIr3abhaMjana pArzvanAtha derAsara, jainadhAtu......, bhAgara, kheDA lekhAMka 450. 1501 vaizAkha sudi 3 AdinAtha jinAlaya, pUnA prAcInalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 186. 1501 jyeSTha sudi 10 trailokyadIpaka prAsAda, jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, rANakapura lekhAMka 704. 1501 jainamaMdira, itavArI bAjAra, nAgapura jainadhAtupratimAlekha, lekhAMka 96. 1501 ghara derAsara, UMjhA jainadhAtupratimalekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, lekhAMka 210. 5. 1501 jyeSTha sudi AdinAtha jinAlaya, vAsA arbudAcalapradakSiNA......, lekhAMka 533. 1501 ASADha sudi 2 saMbhavanAtha derAsara, jhaverIvAr3a, jainadhAtu......, bhAga1, lekhAMka 817. ahamadAbAda 1501. candraprabhajinA0, seMDaharsTaroDa, muMbaI jainadhAtupratimAlekha, lekhAMka 94. 1501 mArgazIrSa sudi 10 supArzvanAthajinAlaya, jaisalamera jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, lekhAMka 2182. 1501 mAgha vadi 5 guruvAra gauDIpArzvanAtha jinAlaya, udayapura vahI, bhAga2, lekhAMka 1126. evaM prAcInalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka, 180. 20. 1501 mAgha vadi6 cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAnera, bIkAnerajaina......, lekhAMka 849-850. 22. 1501 mAgha vadi 1 budhavAra vahI vahI, lekhAMka 852. 23. 1501 phAlguna vadi 3 bAlAvasahI, zatrujaya zatrujayavaibhava, lekhAMka 92. 24. 1501 phAlguna vadi 5 pArzvanAtha jinAlaya, nauhara bIkAnerajaina......, lekhAMka 2476. 25-26.1501 tithivihIna cintAmaNijI kA maMdira, bIkAnera vahI, lekhAMka 837-38. 1501 Jain Education Intemational

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216 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 zAMtinAtha jinAlaya, jAvara (udayapura) ke vi0 saM0 1478 munisundarasUri ke cauthe ziSya zivasamudragaNi he| inake dvArA pauSa di 5 ke prazastilekha7 meM somasundarasUri, jayacandra, racita koI kRti nahIM milatI aura na hI isa sambandha meM koI ullekha bhuvanasundara, jinasundara, jinakIrti, vizAlarAja, ratnazekhara, udayanaMdi, hI prApta hotA hai kintu inake ziSya hemavimalagaNi dvArA vi0saM0 lakSmIsAgara, satyazekharagaNi, sUrasundaragaNi Adi munijanoM ke sAtha 1517 meM likhita neminAthacaritra kI eka prati pATaNa ke granthabhaMDAra munisundarasUri kA bhI nAma milatA hai| ThIka jIrAvalA sthita vibhinna se prApta huI hai aisA muni caturavijaya jI ne ullekha kiyA hai55| jinAlayoM ke devalikAoM para utkIrNa vi0saM0 1483 vaizAkha sadi487 aura bhAdrapada vadi 7 ke kaI lekhoM ke bAre meM bhI dekhI jA saMdarbha sakatI hai| yahAM bhI somasundarasUri, jayacandra, bhuvanasundara aura jinasundara 1. munisundarasUrikRta gurvAvali (racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1466/ ke sAtha munisundarasUri kA ullekha hai| yahI bAta ukta tIrtha para nirmita I0sa0 1410) zloka 80-96. mahAvIra jinAlaya ke derI kramAMka 7 para utkIrNa vi0saM0 1478 pauSa yazovijaya jainagranthamAlA, granthAMka 4, vIrasamvat 2437, di 2 ravivAra ke zilAlekhoM50 meM bhI dikhAI detI hai| pRSTha 8-10. muni pratiSThAsoma, somasaubhAgyapaTTAvalI (racanAkAla vi0saM0 ziSyaparivAra 1524/I0sa0 1468) munidarzanavijaya, saMpA0, somasundarasUri ke ziSya ratnazekharasUri aura jayacandrasUri, paTTAvalIsamuccaya, prathama bhAga, zrI cAritra smAraka granthamAlA, jinakA pUrva meM paricaya diyA jA cukA hai, munisundarasUri ke AjJAnuvartI granthAMka 22, vIramagAma 1933 I0, pRSTha 35-40. the| munisundarasUri ke nidhana ke pazcAt ratnazekharasUri unake paTTadhara bne| dharmasAgaraupAdhyAya, "zrItapAgacchapaTTAvalI-svopajJa vRtti munisundarasUri ke eka ziSya saMghavimala hae, jinhoMne sahita" (racanakAla vi0 saM0 1646/I0sa0 1590. vi0 saM0 1501/I0sa0 1445 meM sudarzanazreSThIrAsa51 kI racanA paTTAvalIsamuccaya, prathama bhAga, pRSTha 57. kii| kalyANavijayagaNi, paTTAvalIparAgasaMgraha, jAlora 1966 unake dUsare ziSya harSasena dvArA racita koI kRti nahIM milatI I0sa0, pRSTha 145-46 kintu harSasena ke ziSya harSabhUSaNa dvArA racita zrAddhavidhivinizcaya muni jinavijaya jI dvArA saMpAdita vividhagacchIyapaTTAvalI(racanAkAla vi0saM0 1480/I0sa0 1434), aMcalamatadalana saMgraha (siMghI jaina graMthamAlA, granthAMka 53, mumbaI 1961I0) paryuSaNavicAra (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1486/I0sa0 1430) tathA meM bhI tapAgaccha aura usakI kucha zAkhAoM kI paTTAvaliyAM vAkyaprakAzaoktikaTIkA nAmaka kRti prApta hotI hai52| prakAzita haiN| munisundarasUri ke tIsare ziSya vizAlarAja dvArA racita koI 2. tapAgaccha paTTAvalI, vRddhapauSAlika paTTAvalI, laghupauSAlika kRti nahIM milatI, kintu inake ziSyoM-praziSyoM kA vibhinna racanAoM aparanAma harSakulazAkhA yA somazAkhA kI paTTAvalI, ke kartA evaM pratilipikAra ke rUpa meM nAma milatA hai53| inakA saMkSipta vijayAnaMdasUrizAkhA aparanAma AnaMdasUrizAkhA kI paTTAvalI, vivaraNa nimnAnusAra hai: tapAgaccha vimalazAkhA kI paTTAvalI, tapAgaccha sAgarazAkhA 1. vivekasAgara kI paTTAvalI, tapAgaccha ratnazAkhA aparanAma rAjavijayazAkhA inake dvArA racita harizabdagarbhita vItarANastavana nAmaka kRti kI paTTAvalI, kamalakalazazAkhA kI paTTAvalI, kutubapurAzAkhA prApta hotI hai| kI paTTAvalI, tapAgaccha-vimalasaMvigna aura vijayasaMvigna 2. meruralagaNi zAkhA kI pttttaavliyaaN| inake ziSya saMyamamUrti kA pratilipikAra ke rUpa meM ullekha ukta sabhI paTTAvaliyoM ke liye draSTavya-mohanalAla dalIcanda milatA hai| desAI jainagUrjarakavio, bhAga9, saMpA0 jayanta koTharI, 3. kuzalacAritra mumbaI 1997 I0, pRSTha 44-114. inake ziSya raMgacAritra dvArA vi0saM0 1589 meM likhI gayI tapAgaccha kI vibhinna paTTAvaliyoM kA sAra paTTAvalIparAgasaMgraha kriyAkalApa kI prati prApta huI hai| pRSTha 133-228 para bhI diyA gayA hai| 4. sudhAbhUSaNa cittAvAlayagacchikamaMDaNaM jayai bhuynncNdguruu| inake eka ziSya jinasUri dvArA racita gautamapRcchAvAlA0 tassa viNeo jAo guNabhavaNaM devbhvdmnnii|| (racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1505 ke AsapAsa), priyaMkaranRpakathA, tappayabhattAjagacaMda sUriNo tesiM dunni vrsiisaa| rUpasenacaritra Adi kRtiyAM prApta hotI haiN| sirideviMdamuNIMdo tahA vijycNdsuurivro||4050|| sudhAbhUSaNa ke dUsare ziSya kamalabhUSaNa dvArA racita koI kRti isa sudarisaNAi kahAnANa- tavaccaraNakAraNaM prmN| nahIM milatI kintu inake ziSya vizAlasaubhAgyagaNi dvArA vi0 saM0 mUlakahAu phuDatthAbhihiyA deviNdsuuriihiN|| 4051 / / 1595 meM likhI gayI kalpasUtra kI prati sinora ke jaina jJAna bhaMDAra paramatthA bahurayaNA dogaccaharA suvnnlNkaaraa| meM saMrakSita hai54|| sunihi vva kahA esA naMdau viyuhassiyA suirN||4052|| Jain Education Intemational

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tapAgaccha kA itihAsa 217 sudarzanAcaritra kI prazasti 23. buddhisAgarasUri, saMpA0, jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, C.D. Dalal, Ed. A Descriptive Catalogue of lekhAMka 1201; bhAga2, lekhAMka 120. Manuscripts in the.Jamia Bhandarsat Pattan, 24-25 muni caturavijaya, pUrvokta, bhAga2, prastAvanA, pRSTha 84. GO.S. No. LXXVI, Baroda 1937A.D.p.p. 26. hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA, jainasaMskRtasAhityano 208-209. ___ itihAsa, bhAga 2, khaMDa 1, pRSTha 379. dharmaratnavRtti kI prazasti 27. H.D. Velankar, Jinarainakosha Poona, 1944 Muni Punya Vijaya: Catalogue of Palm Leaf A.D, P.299 Mss in the Shanti Natha Jaina Bhandar, 28. jainasaMskRtasAhityanA......, pRSTha 379. Cambay, Vol, II, GO.S. No. 149, Baroda 29. zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ne isakA racanAkAla vi0 saM01471 1966 A.D. ke AsapAsa batalAyA hai| zrAdvadinakRtyaprakaraNa-svopajJavRttisahita kI prazasti draSTavya- "vikramAditya viSayaka jaina sAhitya"jainasatyaprakAza, Muni Punya Vijaya, Ibid. P. 263-65. varSa 9, aMka 4-6, vikramavizeSAMka, pRSTha 180-188. munisundarakRta gurvAvalI, zloka 151-164; 135- 30. ___ draSTavya- saMdarbha kramAMka 1. 136. jainasAhityano......, pRSTha 470, kaMDikA 689. tapAgacchIyapaTTAvalI (dharmasAgara upA0kRta) vahI, pRSTha 453 pAdaTippaNI kramAMka 440. paTTAvalIsamuccaya, bhAga1, pRSTha 57-58. muni caturavijaya, pUrvokta, bhAgara, prastAvanA, pRSTha 847-8. vahIM 93. muni caturavijaya, saMpA0, jainastotrasaMdoha, bhAga1, ahamadAbAda 35. paTTAvalIsamuccaya, bhAga 1, pRSTha 66. 1932 I0 sa0, prastAvanA, 55-56, pRSTha tripuTImahArAja, 36. muni caturavijaya, pUrvokta, bhAgara, prastAvanA, pRSTha 88. jainaparamparAno itihAsa, bhAga3, zrI cAritrasmAraka graMthamAlA, 37. jainasAhityano......, pRSTha 465, kaMDikA 677. grathAMka 56, ahamadAbAda vi0 saM0 2020, pRSTha 283. 38. vahI, pRSTha 465, kaMDikA 676. 10-11.muni caturavijaya, pUrvokta, bhAga1, prastAvanA, pRSTha 39. muni caturavijaya, pUrvokta, bhAga2, prastAvanA, pRSTha 88. P. Peterson Third Report of Operation in Xo. Jinaratnakosha, P-175. Search of Sanskrit Mss in the Bombay Circle, 41. muni caturavijaya, pUrvokta, bhAgara, prastAvanA, pRSTha 90. Bombay 1893 A.D. No. 312. vahI, pRSTha 91-93. mohanalAla dalIcaMda desAI, jainasAhityano saMkSiptaitihAsa, 44. draSTavya, saMdarbha kramAMka 35. mumbaI 1933 I0sa0, pRSTha 417, kaMDikA 517. 45. muni caturavijaya, pUvoMkta, bhAga2, prastAvanA, pRSTha 893tripuTImahArAja, pUrvokta, bhAga 3, pRSTha 427. 95. jainasAhityanI......, pRSTha 464-465, kaMDikA vahI, pRSTha 422. 674-675. P. Peterson : Fifth Report of operation in 46. muni kAMtisAgara, zatrujayavaibhava, kuzala puSpa 4, jayapura Search of Sanskrit Mss in the Bombay 1990 I, pRSTha 173-174. Circle, Bombay 1896 A.D., No.-216. 47. muni vidyAvijaya, saMpA0, prAcInalekhasaMgraha, bhAvanagara 16. hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA, jainasaMskRtasAhityano 1929 I0sa0, lekhAMka 118. itihAsa, bhAga2, khaMDa 1, zrI muktikamala jaina mohanamAlA, 48.. daulata siMha lor3hA saMpA0, jainapratimAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka granthAMka 64, baDodarA I0sa0 1969, pRSTha 270-71. 303bI, 304bI, 350, 360. 18. upA0 dharmasAgarakRta "tapAgacchapaTTAvalI" vahI, lekhAMka 280-286, 289, 296, 308 312. Muni Punya Vijaya. Ed. Catalogue of PalmLeaf Mss in the Shanti Natha Jaina Bhandar, arbudAcalapradakSiNA jainalekhasaMdoha, lekhAMka 130-137, Combay, Vol, I-II, G.O.S. No. 136, 149, 139, 143, 154- 158. tathA Boroda 1961966 A.D. pUranacaMda nAhara , jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, lekhAMka 278. muni jinavijaya, saMpA0, jainapustakaprazastisaMgraha, siMghI 50. zrIpratimA....., lekhAMka 278, tathA arbudAcala jainagranthamAlA, granthAMka 18, mumbaI 1943 I0 pradakSiNA...., lekhAMka 161. 22. jainasAhityano......, pRSTha 443, kaMDikA 652-53 52-53.muni caturavijaya, pUrvokta, bhAga2, prastAvanA, pRSTha 95. 22a. muni caturavijaya, pUrvokta, bhAga2, prastAvanA, pRSTha 84. 54. vahI, pRSTha..95-96. 12 43. FK Jain Education Intemational

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tapAgaccha-kamalakalazazAkhA kA itihAsa ziva prasAda __ tapAgacchIya AcArya somasundarasUri ke ziSya aura munisundarasUri, bane taba somadevasUri ne apane ziSya zubhalAbha ko AcArya pada pradAna ratnazekharasUri Adi ke AjJAnuvartI AcArya somadevasUri apane samaya kara sudhAnandanasUri nAma diyaa| vi0saM0 1511 meM likhI gayI ke samartha kavi aura pramukha vAdI the| mevAr3a ke zAsaka rANAkambhA, zAMtinAthacarita kI pratilekhana prazasti se jJAta hotA hai ki ukta prati jamApada ke zAsaka kheMgAra aura cAMpAnera ke zAsaka jayasiMha ko apanI somadevasRri ke ziSya ke upadeza se likhI gyii| somadevasUri ke eka kAvyakalA se inhoMne prabhAvita kiyA thaa| inake dvArA racita anya ziSya cAritrahaMsagaNi hue jinake dvArA racita koI kRti nahIM siddhAntastavaavacUri, kathAmahodadhi, caturviMzatijinastotra, milatI kintu inake ziSya somacAritra ne vi0saM0 154/ yasmadsmaddaSTAdasastava kI avacUri (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1497/ I0sa01485 meM guruguNaratnAkarakAvya kI racanA kii| isa kAvya I0sa01441) Adi kRtiyAM milatI haiN|2 vi0saM0 1517, meM AcArya lakSmIsAgarasUri kA jIvanavRttAMta varNita hai| 1518 aura 1520 ke pratimA lekhoM meM inakA nAma milatA hai| somadevasUri ke eka ziSya sumatisundara hue jinake upadeza dillI sthita navaghare ke maMdira meM bhagavAn zAMtinAtha kI se cAliga (?) nAmaka eka zrAvaka, jo rANakapura sthita trailokyadIpaka pratimA para vi0 saM0 1517 kA eka lekha utkIrNa hai| isameM prAsAda ke nirmAtA dharaNAzAha ke bhAI ratnasiMha kA putra aura mAlavA ke ratnazekharasUri aura lakSmIsAgarasUri ke sAtha somadevasUri kA bhI nAma sultAna gayAsuddInakhilajI kA dharmabhrAtA thA, ne rANA lakSasiMha kI milatA hai| anumati se acalagar3ha para vizAla caumukha prAsAda kA nirmANa karAyA acalagar3ha sthita caumukha jinAlaya meM pratiSThApita AdinAtha aura usameM pittala kI 120mana vajana kI jina pratimA pratiSThApita kI pratimA para vi0 saM0 1518 vaizAkha vadi4 kA eka lekha utkIrNa kraayii| hai| isameM tapAgacchIya AcArya somasundarasUri ke paTTadhara ke rUpa meM sumatisundarasUri ke upadeza se mAMDavagar3ha ke saMghavI velAka munisundarasUri aura jayacandrasUri tathA ina donoM ke paTTadhara ke rUpa meM ne sultAna se pharamAna prApta kara saMgha ke sAtha jIrApallI, abUMdagiri, ratnazekharasUri evaM ratnazekharasUri ke ziSya ke rUpa meM somadevasUri aura rANakapura Adi tIrthoM kii11| / lakSmIsAgarasUri kA nAma milatA hai| ThIka yahI bAta isI jinAlaya sudhAnandana ke eka ziSya (nAma ajJAta) ne vi0saM01533/ meM pratiSThApita isI samaya kI zAMtinAtha aura neminAtha kI pratimAoM I0sa0 1477 ke AsapAsa IDaragar3hacaityaparipATI13 kI racanA kii| para utkIrNa lekhoM se bhI jJAta hotI hai| pArzvanAthaderAsara, devasAnopADo, sumatisundara ke ziSya kamalakalaza hue| inhIM se vi0 saM01554 ahamadAbAda meM saMrakSita abhinandana svAmI kI dhAtu pratimA vi0saM0 yA 155513 (anya matAnusAra vi0saM0 157214) meM tapAgaccha 1520 ASAr3ha sudi 2 guruvAra kA eka lekha utkIrNa hai| isameM kI eka naI upazAkhA-kamalakalazazAkhA astitva meM aayii| kisa somadevasUri kA ullekha karate hue unheM lakSmIsAgarasUri kA ziSya kahA kAraNa se aura kahAM isa zAkhA kA janma huA, isa sambandha meM koI gayA hai| jAnakArI nahIM miltii| ratnazekharasUri ke pazcAt lakSmIsAgarasUri tapAgaccha ke nAyaka kamalakalazasUri dvArA pratiSThApita kucha jina pratimAyeM prApta huI haiM jo vi0 saM0 1551 se lekara 1603 taka kI haiN| inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: 1. vi0 saM0 tithi/miti lekha kA svarUpa prAptisthAna saMdarbha grantha 1551 vaizAkha sudi 13 padmaprabha kI pratimA agaracanda bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA, guruvAra kA lekha saMpA0, bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 1253. 2. 1553 vaizAkha di zAMtinAtha kI neminAtha kA pUranacanda nAhara, saMpA0, pratimA kA lekha paMcAyatI bar3A jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, maMdira, ajImagaMja, lekhAMka15. murzidAbAda Jain Education Intemational

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219 3. 1553 phAlguna sudi4 4. 1560 vaizAkha sudi3 tapAgaccha-kamalakalazazAkhA kA itihAsa zAMtinAtha kI jainamaMdira, cANasmA dhAtu kI pratimA kA lekha vAsupUjya kI AdinAtha caitya, tharAda dhAtu kI pratimA kA lekha bArasAkha para mahAvIra jinAlaya, utkIrNa lekha pIMDavAr3A 5. 1603 mAgha vadi8 zukravAra muni buddhisAgara, saMpA0, jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, lekhAMka 115. daulata siMha loDhA, saMpA0, jainapratimAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka125. muni jayantavijaya, saMpA0, arbudAcalapradakSiNA, jainalekhasaMdoha, lekhAMka382. evaM jainalekhasaMgraha bhAga1, lekhAMka949. kamalakalazasari ke eka ziSya bhUvanasomagaNi hae jinhoMne vi0saM01551 meM DIsA meM AnandabhUvana ke paThanArtha dazavaikAlikasatra kI pratilipi kii15| Anandabhuvana kauna the! bhuvanasomagaNi aura kamalakalazasUri se unakA kyA sambandha thA! isa bAre meM koI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| kamalakalazasUri ke paTTadhara unake dUsare ziSya jayakalyANasUri hue| inake dvArA pratiSThApita kaI jina salekha pratimAyeM milI haiM, jinakA vivaraNa nimnAnusAra hai: vi0saM0 tithi/miti lekha kA svarUpa prAptisthAna saMdarbha grantha 1. 1566 phAlgunai vadi6 pArzvanAtha kI pratimA zItalanAtha jinAlaya, jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAgara, guruvAra kA lekha udayapura lekhAMka 1103 2. 1566 phAlguna sudi10 zilAlekha caturmukha vihAra, muni jayantavijaya, saMpA0, AdinAtha prAsAda, arbudaprAcInajainalekhasaMdoha acalagar3ha lekhAMka 464, 471, 473, 474, 482, 483 evaM 484. munijinavijaya, saMpA0, prAcInajainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, lekhAMka 263,268. 3. 1566 phAlguna sudi10 AdinAtha kii| adinAtha jinAlaya, jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, somavAra pratimA kA lekha acalagar3ha lekhAMka2027-202. 4. 1567 vaizAkha vadi1 ajitanAtha kI ghara derAsara, baDodarA jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, guruvAra pratimA kA lekha lekhAMka 246. 5. 1572 vaizAkha sudi5 dharmanAtha kI pratimA pArzvanAthajinAlaya, nAhaToM bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, somavAra kA lekha kI gavAr3a, bIkAnera lekhAMka 1511. 6. 1573 phAlguna vadi2 vAsupUjya kI dhAtu vAsupUjya jinAlaya, vahI, lekhAMka1389 ravivAra kI caubIsI pratimA bIkAnera kA lekha phAlguna vadi4 saMbhavanAtha kI ajitanAtha jinA0, jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, pratimA kA lekha kaTarA, ayodhyA.. lekhAMka 1643. pauSa sudi6 sumAtinAtha jinAlaya, vinayasAgara, saMpA0, ravivAra jayapura pratiSThAlekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 977. 8. 1587

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220 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 jayakalyANa ke eka ziSya cAritrasundara aparanAma caraNasundara16 kamalakalazazAkhA meM harSaratnasUri nAmaka AcArya hue jinake ziSya hue jo vi0 saM0 1566 phAlguna sudi 10 ko acalagaDha para nirmita jIvaNavijaya ne vi0 saM0 1838 meM apane guru kI caraNapAdakA AdinAtha prAsAda meM pratimApratiSThA ke samaya upasthita the| sthApita kraayii| isa prakAra vi0saM0 kI 19vIM zatAbdI ke prAya: madhya __ jayakalyANa ke eka anya ziSya vimalasoma hue jinake dvArA taka isa zAkhA kA astittva rhaa| racita na koI kRti milatI hai aura na hI koI jina prtimaa| ThIka yahI saMdarbha bAta inake ziSya lakSmIratna ke bAre meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu 1. "tapAgaccha-kamalakalazazAkhA kI paTTAvalI" inake ziSya ne (apane ko lakSmIratnaziSya batalAte hue) vi0 saM0 kI mohanalAla dalIcaMda desAI, jainagUrjarakavio, bhAga 9, saMpA0, 17vIM zatAbdI meM surapriyarAsa kI racanA kii|17 jayanta koThArI, mumbaI 1997 I0, pRSTha 106-7. ___ kamalakalazazAkhA se sambaddha agalA sAkSya isake lagabhaga 2. vahI 100 varSa pazcAt kA hai| vi0 saM0 1656 meM kokazAstracatuSpadI ke 3. pUranacaMda nAhara, jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 1, kalakattA 1918 I0, kartA narbadAcArya ne svayaM ko kamalakalazazAkhA ke matilAvaNya kA lekhAMka 483. ziSya kahA hai 18 / cAritrasUndara evaM lakSmIratna Adi ke sAtha inakA kyA 4. mani jinavijaya, saMpA0, prAcInajainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, bhAvanagara sambandha rahA, pramANoM ke abhAva meM yaha jAna pAnA kaThina hai| 1921 I0sa0, lekhAMka 264. kamalakalazazAkhA se sambaddha agalA sAkSya isake lagabhaga 5. vahI, lekhAMka 265,267.. 135 varSa pazcAt kA hai| yaha vi0 saM0 1785 kA eka zilAlekha muni jayantavijaya, saMpA0 arbudaprAcInajainalekhasaMdoha, ujjaina hai| jo vimalavasahI, AbU19 se prApta huA hai| isameM kamalakalaza zAkhA vi0 saM0 1994, lekhAMka 467,469. ke padmaratnasUri aura unake ziSyoM-umaMgavijaya, bhAvavijaya Adi dvArA 6. muni buddhisAgara, saMpA0, jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga1, yahAM kI yAtrA karane kA ullekha hai| lekhAMka 1060. jaina maMdira mAkarorA, sirohI se prApta vi0saM01790 ke 7. tapAgaccha-kamalakalazazAkhA kI paTTAvalI eka zilAlekha meM tapAgacchIya kamalakalazazAkhA ke ratnasUri aura unake desAI, pUrvokta, pRSTha 106. ziSya kamalavijayagaNi ke cAturmAsa karane kA ullekha hai| 8. muni caturavijaya, saMpA0, zrIjainastotrasandoha, bhAga 2, jaisA ki Upara hama dekha cuke haiM vi0saM0 1785 ke lekha ahamadAbAda 1936I0, prastAvanA, pRSTha 104. meM padmaratnasUri kA nAma A cukA hai, ata: vi0saM0 1790 ke mohanalAla dalIcaMda desAI, jainasAhityano saMkSiptaitihAsa, zilAlekha2deg meM ullikhita ratnasUri ko samasAmayikatA, nAmasAmya mumbaI 1933 I0, kaMDikA 729, pRSTha 502. Adi ke AdhAra para ukta padmaratnasUri se abhinna mAnA jA sakatA hai| 10. vahI, kaMDikA 725, pRSTha 499-500. isa AdhAra para donoM zilAlekhoM meM ullikhita bhAvavijaya aura 11. vahI, kaMDikA 726, pRSTha 500. kamalavijaya paraspara gurubhrAtA siddha hote haiN| 12. vahI, kaMDikA 726, TippaNI, pRSTha 499. naIdAcArya aura bhAvaratnasUri ke bIca kisa prakAra kA sambandha 13. draSTavya- saMdarbha saMkhyA 7 thA, yaha jJAta nahIM hotaa| 14. muni caturavijaya, pUrvokta, prastAvanA, pRSTha 110. bhAvaratnasUri (vi0 saM0 1785-90) zilAlekha 15. vahI, pRSTha 110-11. 16. muni jayantavijaya, pUrvokta, lekhAMka 464, 471, 473, 474, 482, 483 evaM 484. muni jinavijaya, prAcInajainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhAMka bhAvavijaya kamalavijaya 263, 268. kamalakalazazAkhA se sambaddha agalA sAkSya vi0saM0 17. jainagUrjarakavio, bhAga 1, pRSTha 244-45. 1838 kA eka zilAlekha21 hai jo acalagar3ha se prApta huA hai| yaha 18. Vidhatri Vora.Ed. Catalogne of GujaratiMss. Muni zilAlekha isa zAkhA ke harSaratnasUri aura sundaravijayagaNi kI pAdukA Shree PunyaVijayajis Collection. L.D. Serics No. para utkIrNa hai| 71. Ahmedabed 1978 A.D. P-477. cUki vi0saM0 1785 aura 1790 meM isa zAkhA ke jainagUrjarakavio, bhAga 2, pRSTha 300, 303. AcAryoM kA ratnAnta nAma milatA hai, yahI bAta vi0 saM0 1838 ke 19. arbudaprAcInajainalekhasaMdoha, lekhAMka 197. caraNapAdukA ke lekha meM bhI hama dekhate haiM, ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA 20. jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 1, 1918 I, lekhAMka 970.. hai ki bhAvaratnasUri ke pazcAt aura vi0saM0 1838 ke pUrva 21. arbudaprAcInajainalekhasaMdoha, lekhAMka 489. Jain Education Intemational

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221 tapAgaccha-kamalakalazazAkhA kA itihAsa tapAgaccha- kamalakalazazAkhA ke munijanoM kI guru-paramparA kI tAlikA (jagaccandrasUri) (devendrasUri) (dharmaghoSasUri) (somaprabhasUri) (somatilakasUri) (devasundarasUri) (somasundarasUri) (munisundarasUri) ratnazekharasUri somadevasUri lakSmIsAgarasUri sudhAnaMdana sUri sumatisundara cAritrahaMsa ratnahaMsa (inake upadeza se vi0 saM0 1511 meM zAMtinAthacarita kI pratilipi kI gayI) sudhAnaMdanasUriziSya (vi0saM01533 ke lagabhaga IDaragaDhacaityaparipATIkartA) kamalakalazasUri (kamalakalazazAkhA ke pravartaka) vi0 saM0 1551-1603 pratimAlekha somacAritra (vi0 saM0 1541 meM guruguNaralAkarakAvya kartA) jayakalyANasUri (vi0saM0 1566-1587) pratimAlekha bhuvanasomagaNi (vi0saM0 1551/I0sa0 1495 meM dazavaikAlikasUtra ke pratilipikAra) vimalasoma caritrasundara aparanAma caraNasundara (vi0 saM0 1566 meM acalagaDha para hue caturmukhaprAsAda kI pratiSThA ke samaya upasthita) lakSmIratna lakSmIratnaziSya (vi0saM017 vIM saM0 zatI meM surapriyarAsa ke kartA matilAvaNya narbudAcArya (vi0saM0 1656 meM kokazAstra catuSpadI ke kartA) Jain Education Intemational

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222 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 padmaratnasUri, paM0 bhAvavijayagaNi Adi harSaratnasUri sundaravijayagaNi jIvaNavijaya (vi0 saM0 1838 meM apane guru harSaratnasari evaM sundaravijayagaNi kI caraNapAdkA ke pratiSThApaka) Jain Education Intemational

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tapAgaccha-kutubapurA zAkhA kA itihAsa ziva prasAda tapAgaccha ke 50veM paTTadhara, prasiddha racanAkAra AcArya ratnamaMDanagaNi ke ziSya somajaya he| lakSmIsAgarasUri dvArA inheM somasundarasUri ke ziSya aura munisundarasUri, ratnazekharasUri, lakSmIsAgarasUri AcArya pada prApta huaa| maMtrIzvara gadAzAha dvArA nirmita 108 mana vajana Adi ke AjJAnuvartI AcArya somadevasUri hue| inake eka ziSya sudhAnandana kI RSabhadeva kI pittala kI eka pratimA jo AbU sthita bhImAzAha ke maMdira hue jinake praziSya kamalakalazasUri se tapAgaccha kI kamalakalaza zAkhA meM saMrakSita hai, jisa para utkIrNa vi0saM0 1525 phAlgana sudi 7 zanivAra astitva meM aayii| somadevasUri ke dUsare ziSya ratnahaMsagaNi kI ziSyasantati ke bAre meM koI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| somadevasUri ke tIsare ke cAra lekha aura vi0 saM01529 ke eka lekha meM tapAgacchIya AcArya lakSmIsAgarasUri, jinahaMsa,sumati sundaragaNi Adi ke sAtha somajaya aura ziSya ratnamaMDana gaNi hue| inake dvArA racita raMgaratnAkaranemiphAga unake ziSya jinasoma kA bhI nAma milatA hai| jinasoma dvArA racita (racanAkAla vi0saM0 1499/I0 sa01443), jalpamaMjarI, stambhanapArzvajinastotra, RSabhavardhamAnajinastotra, tAraMgAmaMDananArInirAsaphAga, sukRtasAgara (racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1517/I0sa0 ajitanAthajinastavana, mahAvIrastavana Adi kRtiyAM milatI haiN| 1461) Adi racanAyeM prApta hotI haiN| somajaya ke cauthe ziSya indranaMdi hae, jinake dvArA pratiSThApita kaI jinapratimAyeM milatI haiM, jo vi0saM0 1540 se vi0saM0 1579 taka kI haiN| inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: kramAMka saMvat tithi/miti prAptisthAna saMdarbhagrantha 1. 1540 jyeSTha sudi2 somavAra suvidhinAtha jinAlaya, muni jayantavijaya pittalahara, AbU saMpA0 arbudaprAcInajainalekhasaMdoha, lekhAMka 432,434,435 2. 1548 tithivihIna sImadharasvAmI kA maMdira, agaracaMda bhaMvaralAla nAhaTA bIkAnera saMpA0, bIkAnerajainalekhasaMgraha, lekhAMka 1190 1556 mAgha sudi6 zAMtinAtha jinA0, khaMbhAta muni buddhisAgara, saMpA0, jainadhAtupratimAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, lekhAMka 898. 1558 ASAr3ha sudi 8 gharaderAsara, baDodarA vahI, bhAga2, lekhAMka 231. 1559 ASAr3ha sudi 8 jainamaMdira, sUtaTolA, pUranacaMda nAhara, saMpA0, vArANasI jainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, lekhAMka 404 1561 jyeSTha di2 somavAra sumatinAtha mukhya-bAvana muni buddhisAgara, pUrvokta, jinAlaya, mAtara bhAga2, lekhAMka 506 1563 ASAr3ha sudi... guruvAra gharaderAsara, lakhanaU pUranacanda nAhara, pUrvokta, bhAga2, lekhAMka 1610. 1563 zAMtinAtha jinAlaya, muni buddhisAgara, pUrvokta, kanAsAno pADo, pATaNa bhAga1, lekhAMka 375. 1563 saMbhavanAtha derAsara, pAdarA vahI, bhAga2, lekhAMka 15. 1569 mitivihIna AdinAtha jinAlaya, nAhara, pUrvokta, bhAga1, nADalAI, lekhAMka 849 tathA mani jinavijaya, saMpA0, prAcInajainalekhasaMgraha, bhAga2, lekhAMka 338. 7... 1563 9. 1563

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224 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-7 11. 1571 mitivihIna vahIM nAhara, pUrvokta, bhAga1, lekhAMka 857 tathA muni jinavijaya, pUrvokta, bhAga2, lekhAMka339. 12. 1576 muni buddhisAgara, pUrvokta, bhAga2, lekhAMka 1311 13. 1579 mitivihIna jainamaMdira, bhAMmAsara nAhara, pUrvokta, bhAga2, lekhAMka 1354 vi0saM01558 meM inhoMne apane eka ziSya dharmahaMsa ko saubhAgyanaMdi ke paTTadhara haMsasaMyama hue, jinake samaya kI kutubapurA nAmaka grAma meM apane paTTa para sthApita kiyaa| kutubapurA nAmaka vi0 saM0 1606 meM likhita eka grantha kI prati prApta huI hai12| sthAna se astittva meM Ane ke kAraNa isakA nAma kutubapurAzAkhA pdd'aa| haMsasaMyama ke ziSya haMsavimala kA nAma vi0saM0 1621 ke eka dharmahaMsa dvArA racita koI kRti nahIM milatI aura na hI isa sambandha meM zilAlekha meM utkIrNa hai|13 yaha zilAlekha vimalavasahI, AbU se prApta koI ullekha hI prApta hotA hai kintu inake ziSya indrahaMsa dvArA racita huA hai| isa zAkhA se sambaddha yaha aMtima sAkSya hai| kucha kRtiyA~ milatI haiM jo isa prakAra haiM saMyamasAgara ke ziSya haMsavimala tathA haMsasaMyama ke ziSya 1. bhuvanabhAnucaritra (vi0saM01554/I0sa01498) haMsavimala eka hI vyakti the athavA alaga-alaga! paryApta sAkSyoM ke 2. upadezakalpavallITIkA (vi0 saM01555/I0sa01599) abhAva meM isa sambandha meM ThIka-ThIka kucha bhI kaha pAnA kaThina hai, phira 3. balinarendrakathA (vi0 saM01557/I0sa01501 bhI samasAmayikatA, nAmasAmya, gacchasAmya Adi ko dekhate hae donoM 4. vimalacaritra (vi0 saM01578/I0sa01522) haMsavimalasUri ko eka hI vyakti mAnA jA sakatA hai| indranandisUri ke eka ziSya siddhAntasAgara ne vi0saM01570 saMdarbha meM darzanaralAkara kI racanA kii| siddhAntasAgara kI ziSyaparamparA Age 1. mohanalAla dalIcaMda desAI, jainasAhityano saMkSiptaitihAsa, calI athavA nahIM isa sambandha meM hamAre pAsa koI jAnakArI upalabdha mumbaI 1933 I0, pRSTha 498, kaMDikA709 nahIM hai| muni caturavijaya, mantrAdhirAjacintAmaNi aparanAma jainastotrasaMdoha, indranandisUri ke eka anya ziSya saubhAgyanaMdi hue, jinake bhAga2, dvArA racita maunaekAdazIkathA' nAmaka kRti prApta hotI hai| inake dvArA ahamadAbAda vi0saM0 1992, prastAvanA, pRSTha 104 tathA pratiSThApita kucha jina pratimAyeM bhI prApta huI haiM jo vi0saM01571 H.D. Velankar, Jinratnakosha, Poona 1944 A.D., se vi0 saM0 1597 taka kI haiN| inakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai: P-433. 1. 1571 tithivihina devakulikA kA lekha muni jinavijaya, 2-3 muni jinavijaya, saMpA0, prAcInajainalekhasaMgraha, bhAvanagara AdinAtha jinA0 pUrvokta bhAga2, 1921 I0sa0 lekhAMka 245, 251, 252, 256 hastikuNDI (hathuDI) lekhAMka 33 muni jayantavijaya, saMpA0 arbudaprAcInajainalekhasaMdoha, ujjaina 2. 1576 mAghasudi 5 zAMtinAtha jinA0, muni buddhisAgara, vi0saM0 1994........., zAtinAtha pola, garuvAra pUrvokta, bhAgara, lekhAMka 407,408,410,411,418,419,472. muni caturavijayajI, pUrvokta, pRSTha 105-107. lekhAMka1311 ahamadAbAda vahI, pRSTha 106. 3. 1588 jyeSTha sudi 5 vahIM vahI, bhAga1, mohanalAla dalIcaMda desAI, pUrvokta, pRSTha 524-25, kaMDikA guruvAra lekhAMka 1325 770-72 4. 1591 vaizAkha vadi6 saMbhavanAtha jinAlaya, nAhara, pUrvokta, mohanalAla dalIcaMda desAI, jainagUrjarakavio, bhAga9, saMpA0, zukravAra bAlUcara, murzidAvAda bhAga1,lekhAMka 54 jayanta koThArI, mumbaI 1997 I0, "tapAgaccha 5. 1597. caitra sudi13 jainamaMdira, muni buddhisAgara, kutubapurAzAkhAnigamamata paTTAvalI" pRSTha 107. guruvAra cANasmA pUrvokta, bhAga1, jainasAhityano....., kaMDikA 758, lekhAMka 1319. vahI, kaMDikA 758. indranaMdisUri ke cauthe bhI ziSya saMyamasAgara kA bhI ullekha 10. jainagUrjarakavio, bhAga9, pRSTha 107. milatA hai10| inake dvArA racita koI kati nahIM milatI aura na hI kinhI 11-12 vhii| anya sAkSyoM se isa sambandha meM koI jAnakArI hI prApta hotI hai| inake 13. muni jayantavijaya, arbudaprAcIna......, lekhAMka 196 ziSya ke rUpa meM haMsavimala kA nAma milatA hai| Jain Education Intemational

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tapAgaccha kA itihAsa 225 tapAgaccha- kutubapurAzAkhA ke munijanoM kI guru paramparA kI tAlikA (jagaccandrasUri) (devendrasUri) (dharmaghoSasUri) (somaprabhasUri) (somatilakasUri) (devasundarasUri) (somasundarasUri) somadevasUri sudhAnaMdanasUri ratnahaMsagaNi ratnamaMDana sumatisundasUri somajayasUri kamalakalazasUri jinasoma indranaMdisUri (kutubapurAzAkhA ke AdipuruSa) dharmahaMsa saMyamasAgara kamalakalazazAkhA prArambha siddhAntasAgara (vi0saM0 1570 meM darzanaratnAkara ke kartA saubhAgyanaMdisUri . (vi0saM0 1571-97 pratimAlekha) haMsasaMyama indrahaMsa (bhuvanabhAnucaritra, haMsavimala upadezakalpavallITIkA, balinarendrakathA Adi ke kartA) haMsavimala (vi0 saM0 1621 pratimAlekha)

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Jain Education Intemational

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SIXTEEN VIDYADEVIS ASDEPICTED IN JAINA TEMPLES AT KUMBHARIA Dr. Harihar Singh The sixteen Vidyadevis or the goddesses of known dhyanas prescribed for their execution in the Learning are popularly represented in the Jaina texts: Temples at Kumbharia, Banaskantha Dist., Gujarat. Five in number the Jaina temples are wholly built of 1. Rohini. According to the Jaina texts, she white marble and are dedicated to Mahavira (1061 rides a cow and holds a conch, rosary, bow and A.D.), Santinatha (circa 1081 A.D.), Parsvanatha arrow. All the available images of the goddess also arro (circa 1100 A.D.), Neminatha (1136 A.D.) and represent her as riding a cow and holding bow and Saibhavanatha (early 13th century A.D.) All of these arrow in two of her four hands, but the symbols to the temples belong to Svetambara Jainism. The images other two hands differ. On the basis of symbols they of Vidyadevis at this site, as also at other places, form are divisible into three groups. In one group she bears a part of the decorative element of the temples rather sword and fruit and is represented on the pillar-shaft than an object of worship depicted on the walls, of the mukhamandapa of the Mahavira, Parsvanatha doorframes, pillars, pilasters and ceilings. and Santinatha temples. The symbols of the second Ocassionaly, they are also noticed Vidyadevis appear group consist of varda and conch: this type of the in a set of sixteen in a ceiling of the eastern aisle of images is seen on the doorframe and ceiling of the the rangamandapa they are always shown in the devakulikas of the Parsvanatha temple. individual forms. Here is the earliest representation of the third group bear varda and fruit and are found of Vidyadevis in a set of sixteen, but due to the depicted in the ceiling of the mukhamandapa and absence of their cognizances the identification of all the rangamandapa (panel of 16 Vidyadevis) of the of them cannot be made with an amount of certainty. nty Sar santinatha temple. Another drawback of these images is that they are 2. Prajnapti - There are two images of this not depicted in their correct order. The individual goddess One of these is sculptured on the doorframe images, on the other hand, are generally shown with of the central devakulika of the Parsvanatha temple. their respective attributes and cognizances, so that Here she rides a peacock and carries sala, sakti, varada they are not only easily identified but also help in and fruit. This description of the goddess also tallies identifying those in the set of sixteen. with the dhyana prescribed for her image in the All the images of Vidyadevis at Kumbharia Nirvanakalika, only that here the sula is replaced by possess four arms. They are sculptured both in the a sakti. The other image is the one carrying sakti, standing and sitting attitudes. In the latter case they kukkuta, varada and citrus in the pannel of 16 are always shown in the lalita-pose. They wear beaded Vidyadevis in the Santinatha temple. Although none girdles with a katisutra, two or three-stranded beaded of the dhyanas precribe kukkuta as her attribute, it garlands. necklace with an urasutra, a thin seems to be a popular symbol of this goddess, as it is kucabandha, earrings, karandamukuta, bangles, also associated with her images in the Vimalavasahi armlets anklets and a long garland like vaijayanti of at Abu." Visnu, the last one being apparent only in the standing 3. Vajrasnkhala - According to the attitude. Sometimes in the standing attitude a scarf is Nirvanakalika, she is seated on a lotus and carries also tied across the thighs. All these images are varada, chain, lotus and chain again. A well executed almost in the round or in the high or midium preserved image of the goddess is found on the and are full of relief grace and charm. Below is given doorframe of the central de vakulika of the Parsvanatha the iconographic peculiarities of these images and the temple, which wholly corresponds to this text. The * Di. Harihar Singh, Reader, Dept. of A. I. H. C., B.H.U.

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ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII images of Vajrasinkhala in the panel of 16 Vidyadevis on the sanctum wall of the Neminatha temple. The in the Santinatha temple and on the sanctum wall of four-armed goddess here rides a buffalo and carries the Neminatha temple also hold the same set of sword and shield; her other two arms are broken off. symbols, with this difference that the lotus is replaced 7. Kali- There are five images of this goddess by a fruit. at Kumbharia. One of these, sculptured on the 4. Vajrankusa- In the Nirvankalika she is mukhamandapapillar of the Mahavira temple is seated described as riding an elephant and carrying varada, on a lotus and bears in her four hands book, lotus, vajra, citrus and goad. The images of this goddess club and varada. No dhyana supporting the book on the mukhamandapa pillar and rangamandapa symbol is available, but the recognizing symbol of ceiling (Panel of 16 Vidyadevis) of the Santinatha, and the lotus cognizance leave little scope for doubts devakulika pillar of the Parsvanatha and the sanctum for her identification. In another form she is represented wall of the Neminatha temple wholly correspond to as holding club, lotus, varada and citrus and seated the icongraphic description of the text. But there is no on a lotus. This type of images may be seen in the uniformity in the representation of vajra and ankusa panel of 16 Mahavidyas in the rangamandapa ceiling in the two upper hands. of the Santinatha temple and on the sanctum wall and western devakulika wall of the Neminatha temple. In Two other forms of the goddess are also the third variety the lotus symbol is substituted for known. In one the vajra is replaced by a noose bell; an image of this variety is depicted on the (mukhamandapa pillar of the Mahavira temple) and doorframe of the central devakulika of the in the other citrus is substituted for pitcher (sikhara of Parsvanatha temple. The images of the two latter the Sambhavanatha temple).] varieties also do not wholly correspond to the texts, 5. Apraticakra - According to the Svetambra as according to the texts she is seated on a lotus and texts like Acaradinkara and Nirvanakalika, she rides holds either in two hands club and varada or in four a Garuda and holds discs in all of her four hands.'All hands rosary, club, vajra and abhaya. the available images of the goddess no doubt invariably 8. Mahakali- There are five images of this depict Garuda as her vehicle, but discs are held by goddess, all of which ride a man and hold in four the two upper hands only; her other two hands bear hands vajra, bell, varada and fruit. They are located varada and conch or pitcher or fruit. All these images on the mukhamandap pillar of the Mahavira temple, are seen on the gudhamandapa door of the Mahavira rangamandapa ceiling (Panel of 16 Mahavidyas) of temple, mukhamandapa pillars and the ceilings, the santinatha temple, devakulika pillar of the rangamandapa ceiling (panel of 16 Vidyadevis) and Parsvanatha temple and the sanctum wall and the the sikhara of the santinatha temple, gudhamandapa western devakulika (central wall of the Neminatha door, mukhamandapa pillars and devakulika pillars temple. These images fully correspond to the and ceiling of the Parsvanatha temple, sanctum wall and devakulika doorframe of the Neminatha temple, iconographic peculiarties as given in the and the sikhara of the Sambhavanatha temple. Caturvimsatika of Bappabhattisuri. 9. Gauri. The images of Gauri are very rare 6. Purusadatta - The Nirvanakalikadescribes at Kumbharia. An image of the goddess is seen on buffalo as the vahana of the goddess and varada, sword, citrus and shield as her attributes. The figure the sanctum wall of the Neminatha temple. Here she rides a buffalo and carries lotuses in the upper two of Purusadatta in the panel of 16 Mahavidyas in the hands, her lower right arm shows vardaksa and the santinatha temple closely follows the text, with this difference that one of her four hands carries bow or corresponding left one being broken off. Although buffalo is not known as the vahana of Svetambara snake. A sculpture of this goddess is also preserved Jain Education Intemational

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SIXTEEN VIDYADEVIS AS DEPICTED IN JAINA TEMPLES AT KUMBHARIA Gauri, the lotuses and rosary are femilar symbols of the goddess. The goddess identified as Gauri in the set of 16 Mahavidyas in the rangamandapa dome of the Vimalavasahi at Abu also bear similar symbols and cognizance." The goddess with lotuses, varadaksa and citrus in the panel sixteen Mahavidyas in the Santinatha temple may also be identified with Gauri. 10. Gandhari Acording to the Svetambara texts, she is to be sculptured as seated on a lotus and holding a staff and vajra or varada, staff, abhaya and vajra. One of the sixteen Vidyadevis in the rangamandapa ceiling of the Santinatha temple carries vajra, staff, varada and fruit and may be identified with this goddess. A similar images is also depicted on the doorframe of the central devakulika of the Parsvanatha temple. Another image of this goddess is built on the sanctum wall of the Neminatha temple. Here the four arm standing goddess carries the same set of symbols as are noticed in the above two images, but has ram instead of lotus cognizance. The goddess identified as Gandhari in the set of sixteen Vidyadevis in the dome of the rangamandapa of the Vimalavasahi at Abu also rides a ram. 13 11. Mahajvala - There are three images of this goddess. One of these is built on the mukhamandapa pillar of the Mahavira temple. This four armed image carries in four hands pasa, jvalapatra, varada and citrus and sits on a lion. The images of mahavidyas in the rangamandapa ceiling of the Santinatha temple also carries the same set of symbols but pasa is replaced by jvalapatra. Another image of the goddess stationed on the sanctum wall of the Neminatha temple also sits on a lion but holds jvalapatra and struk in the two upper hands, while the objects held by the other two arms are one. These descriptions correspond more to the dhyana in the Acaradinakara than any other text, as it describes her vehicle14 Since cat shows much resemblance to the lion,it is not unlikely if the sculptor intended it to represent cat rather than lion. 3 she sits on a lotus and is four-armed carrying varada, noose, rosary and a bough of a tree.15 The doorframe of the gudhamandapa in the Mahavira temple depicts an image of Manavi who is represented as carrying lotus bough of a tree, varda and pitcher in her four arms. Although her congnizance is broken off, the recognizing symbol of bough of tree leaves no room for doubts for her identification. The image of Manavi in the panel of 16 Mahavidyas in the Santinatha temple shows bough of tree in both the upper hands, while her lower right hand is in the varadamudra and the corresponding left one bears the fruit. An identical image of Manavi along with her lotus cognizance is sculptured on the sanctum wall of the Neminatha temple. 13. Vairotya The images of Vairotya are most popularly represented in the Jaina temples at Kumbharia. There are two varieties of images of this goddess. In one she rides a snake, in the other bull is depicted as her vechile. The images of the latter variety are larger in number. The iconographic texts also prescribe snake instead of bull as the vahana of the goddess. On the basis of ayudhas the images of Vairotya may be divided into three groups. In one she holds snake, shield, sword and fruit; in the second she is armed with snake and varada in three of her four hands, while the fourth one is mutilated, but there is no uniformity in the depiction of ayudhas in the respective hands. All these images are sculptured on of the Mahavira temple; rangamandapa ceiling (panel the gudhamandaps door and mukhamandapa pillars of 16 Vidyadevis) and mukhamandapa pillar, pilaster and ceilig of he Santinatha temple; gudhamandapa door, mukhamandapa pillar and devakulika pillars, ceilings and doorframes of the Parsvanatha temple; and the sanctum wall and the devakulika door of the Neminatha temple. 14. Acyupta She is described in the Svetambara literature as riding a horse and holding a bow, sword, shild and arrow." There are seven images of this goddess at Kumbharia. Two of these, namely one in the panel of 16 Vidyadevis in the 12. Manavi - According to the Nirvanakalik, rangamandapa ceiling of the Santinatha temple and

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the other on the devakulika door of the Parsvanatha temple fully corresponds to the text. The other five images show a slight change in the depiction of attributes. One of these carries arrow, bow, broken varada and (broken) and pitcher and is located on the gadhamandapa door of the Mahavira temple. Another image holds arrow, bow, varada and (broken) and is scultured on the mukhamandapa pilaster of the Santinatha temple. Two images located on the gudhamandapa doorframe of the Parsvanatha temple and the sanctum wall of the Neminatha temple carry arrow or bow in one of her arms, while the other three hands are broken off. The remaining one built on the devakulika door of the Neminatha temple bears arrow, bow, varada and fruit. ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII 15. Manasi - There are three images of this goddess. One of these built on the devakulika doorframe of the Parsvanatha temple rides a swan and bears in four hands vajra, pasa, abhaya and fruit. Another image located on the mukhamandapa pilaster of the Santinatha temple also rides a swan but holds lotus and fruit in two hands, while the objects of the other two hands are mutilated. The iconographic texts also presecribe swan as her vahana, but her symbols include varada and vajra or vajra, varada and rosary." The image in the panel 16 Vidyadevis in the Santinatha temple carries in four hands noose, lotus (p), varada & fruit. On the basis of noose symbol. which one of the aforesaid images also possesses, this image may be identified with Manavi, although the most recognizing symbol, viz. vajra, is conspicuous by its absence. 16. Mahamanasi According to the Nirvanakalika, she rides a lion and bears in four hands varada, sword, kamandalu and lance. The Santinatha temple possesses two images of the goddess, one in the panel of 16 Mahavidyas in the rangamandapa ceiling and the other located on the mukhamandapa pilaster. Both these images bear in four hands noose, lotus, citrus and varada and fortunately the latter also represents the lion mount. Another image of the goddess is to be seen on the gudhamandapa - doorframe of the Mahavira temple. Here again she rides a lion but holds vajra and vajraghanta in two hands, her other two hands are sadly damaged. An image of the goddess is also found on the doorframe of the central devakulika of the Parsvanatha temple. Riding on a lion the goddess here carries in four hands sword, shield, varada and conch. Except for the vahana, none of these images fully corresponds to the description of the iconographic texts. References: 1. Bhattacharya, B.C., The Jaina Iconography, Delhi, 1974, p.124. Ibid., p.124, n.4. Tiwari, M.N.P., 'Iconography of Sixteen. Jaina Mahavidyas as Represented in the Ceiling of the Santinatha temple at Kumbharia, Sambodhi, vol. 2, No. 3. Ahmedabad, Oct. 1973, pp. 17-18 4. Shah U.P., Iconography of the Sixteen Jaina Mahavidyas, Journal of the Indian Society of Original Art, Vol. XV, Calcutta, 1947, pp.125-26. 2. 3. 5. See, Bhattacharya, B.C., op. cit., p. 125, n. 2. 6. Ibid., p. 125 7. Ibid., p. 126. 8. Ibid., p. 127, n.1. 9. Ibid, p.127. 10. Caturvimsatika, ed. by H.R. Kapadia, Bombay, 1926, p.119. 11. Shah, U.P., op. cit., p. 146. 12. Bhattcharya, B.C., op. cit., p. 129. 13. Shah, U.P., op. cit., p. 150. 14. Acaradinakara, pt. II, Bombay, 1922, p. 162. 15. See, Bhattacharya, op. cit., pp. 130-131. 16. Ibid., p. 130; Dipamava,. by P.O. Sompura, Ahmedabad, 1960, p. 419. 17. Bhattacharya, B.C., op. cit., p. 131. 18. Ibid., p. 131. 19. Dipamana, p. 421. 20. See, Bhattacharya, B.C., op. cit, p. 13' n. 1.

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SOME REFLECTIONS ON SAKTOPASANA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SRI VIDYA Prof. Rewati Rman Pandey Upa-samipe asana-Sithitih : Upasana. It is really dedication an devotion with full concentration of one's mind to his or her object of worship. The secret of all success lies in ones total concentration to one's goal: abhyasah sarvasadhana, abhyasena tu kaunteya. Upasana consists in uninterrupted concentration on divine forms of God for a pretty long time. The ideal of Upasana is beautifully illustrated in the following verse of the Srimadbhagavata:madgunarutimatrena mayi s arvaguhasaye manogatirvacchinna yatha gangambhaso'mbuddhau. 111.29.11 In devotion or Upasana human mind is totally diverted towards God, when devotee's mind is completely purified by contineous listening divine excellences. In the state of deep concentration.,the devotee sees the presence of his or her deity in each and every particle of the universe as the Yaksa of the Meghaduta sees everywhere the presence of her beloved, yaksini, sa sa sa sa jagatsakale ko'yama-dvaitavadah. A devotee has to undergo certain devotional retuals for the purification of his or her mind, boy and entire sens-organism.: devo bhutva yajet devan nadevo devamarcayet The natural psycho-physical organism of man is spiritualised through various sacraments, sacrifices and observance of fasts etc. The Manusmrti holds:- mahayajnaisca yajnaisca brahmiyam kriyate tanuh. There are various devotional rituals through which human body is purified, such as bhusuddhi, prana-pratistha, antarmatrikanyasa, bahirmatrikanyasa, rsyadinyasa and mantraksaradinyasa, etc. It has been reiterated into the following Vedic Rca: ataptanurna tadame, snute divam. One whose body is not purified cannot realise the ecstasy of spirituality. In the following verse of the Srimadbhagavata, it is well depicted that once * Prof. & Head, Dept. of Philosophy and Religion, Banaras Hindu University, Varanai - 5 heart is purified, the devotee is lost into divinity: dhyayatacaranambojam bhavanirjitacetasa autkanthyasrukalaksasya hrdyasinme sanairharih. prematibharanirbhinnapulakango' tinirvitah anandasmplave lino napasyamubhayam mune. rupam bhagavato yattanmanhkantam sucapaham apasyan sahasottasthe vaiklvahurmana iva... dideksustadaham bhuyah pranidhaya mano hrdi. viksamano' pi napasyamavitripta ivaturah. evam yatantam vijane mamahagocare giram gambhiraslaksnaya vaca sucah prasayanniva. hantasminjanmani bhavama mam drastumiharhati avipakvakasanam durdarso, ham kuyoginam. sakridyaddrsitam rupame takamaya te' nagha matkamah sanakaih sadhuh sarvan muncati hrcchyan. satsevayadirghayapi jata mayi drdha matih hitvavadyamimam lokam ganta majjanatamasi. matirmayi nibaddheyam navipadyeta kahicit prajasarganirodhe' pi smstanca madanugahat? Once divine awakening occures in the heart of devotee he can never forget his lord. The devotee experinces the ecstasy of Divine presence, his heart becomes more and more spiritualised. In devotion a stage comes when devotee feels himself as if he has been forgotten by his Lord, his anxiety towards his Lord increases, his heart becomes more and more spiritualised. When the heart of devotee is completely spiritualised, he or she immediately realises his or her cherised deity. In the following verse the Bhagavata gives a beautiful picture of the state of ecstasy of Gopis: dussahapresthavirahati vratapadhutasubhah dhyanapraptacyutasesanirvrtya ksinama- ngalah.' The Kularnavatantra defines Upasana in the following way : karmana manasa vaca sarvavasthasu sarvada samipaseva vidhina upastiriti kathyatee.

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ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII Upasana concept has been used in various tamaham p ranaumi nityam. 2 meanings : yasyah svarupam brahmadayo na jananti syadupasanamasane, susrusayam sarabhyase' tasmaducyate ajneya. yasyah anto na labhyate pyupadhane ca genduke, vrate visese pranaye. tasmaucyate ananta. yasyah laksyam nopalaksyate But according to the Yogavasistha (5.42.25) tasmaducyte alaksyaa. yasyah jananm nopalabhyate the Brahmasutras (III. 2.5.24) commented by Acarya tasmaducyate aja, ekai vai svarupinitasmaducyate samkara as well as Acarya Ramanuja and the naika, ata evocyate ejneyananta laksyajaika naiketi,"3 Srimadbhagavata (IVIII. 7.51,52) and (VIII.5.29) the The Svetasvatara maintains :chief meaning of the concept of Upasana is the no tasya karyam karanamca vidyate concetration on God. na tatsamascabhyadhikasca drsyate, yatra yatra mano yati tatra param padam, parasya saktivividhaiva sruyate tatra tatra param Brahma sarvatra svabhaviki jnanabalakriya ca.14 samavasthitam: tatra tatra samadhyah. Again the same Upanisad maintains:Then again : tvam sts tvam pumanasi tvam kumara uta drstim jnanamayim kitva pasyed brahmam- kumar's. Acarya Samkara himself maintains while ayam jagat. commenting the Brahmasutra : na hi taya vina In the following pages an enquiry into the paramesvarasya srastrtvam sidhyati.' sigificance and universality of the concept of Sakti is Not only this rather something more:attempted. The Rgveda refers it in the following way:- karanasyatmabhuta saktih, sakescatmabhutam aham rudrebhhirvasubiscaramya karyam." In this regard the folowing two quotations hamadityairut visvadevaih, from the works of Acarya Samkara are quite ham mitravrunobha bibharya remarkable :hamindragni ahama vinobha. sabdabrahmamayi caracaramayi jyotimmayi vangmayi, the above sca is found in the Sridevyartharvasirsa n ityanandamayi nirananjanamayi tattvammayi also. It gives following description also: cinmayi, aham brahmasvarupini. tattvatitamayi paratparamayi mayamayi srimayi, Mattah prakrtipuru satmakam jagat.? saravaisvaryamayi sadasivamayi mam pahi vedo' hamavedo'ham. Vidyamavidyaham..... minambike. 8 adhascordhvam ca tiryakcaham. athava niskalam dhyayet accidanandavaham somam tvastaram pusanam bhagam dadhami. igrahm iti smrtya ca tvam stri tvam puman iti aham visnumurukramam brahmanamuta prajapatim svetasvataropanisadi upadhikstananarupasambdadhri havoktesca. Ataeva seyam devateiksata ityadau aham rastri sangamani vasunam cikitusi prathama tatsatyam sa atma ityante ca srutau strilingantadeyajniyanam aham surve pitaramasya murdhanmama vatadipadanam tatasatyamiti napumsakantasya sa yonirapsyvanathsamudre ya evam veda. sa daivim atmeti pulingatmasabdasya ekarthatvat." sampadamapnoti. If we look into above qutotations we come to esatmasktih esatmasaktih. esa visvamihini. the following conclusions :pasankusadhanurbanadhara. esa Srimahavidya. 1. Saktopasana is as Vedic as any other upasana. ya evam veda sa sokam tarati." 2. Sakti is the ultimate reality. saisatau vasavah. saisaikadasa rudrah. saisa Let us examine the Agamas :dvadasadityah, saisa visvadevah somapa vidyah samastatva devi bhedah asomapasca. saisa yatudhana asura, raksanai pisaca striyah samastah sakala jagatsu yaksah siddhah. saisa prajapatindramanavah, tvauaikaya puritambayaitat saisa grahanakyatrajyotinsi,kalakasthadika larupini ka te stutih stavyaparaparoktih.20 Jain Education Intemational

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SOME REFLECTIONS ON SAKTOPASANA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ......... ca, ya devi sarvabhutesu saktirupena sansthita Mahatripurasundari granted several boons to goddess ramastasyai namastasyai namastasyi namonarnah.21 of wealth, Laksami and among those boons, one was Sadaikatvam na bhedo' sti sarvadaiva mamasya the concept of Sri ad from that time onward Sri became one of the synonyms of the goddess of wealth, yo'sau sahamaham yasau bhedo'sti mativibhramat.22 Laksami. Now, thus Sri has become a symbol of Ganesajanani durga radha laksami saraswati greatness. Even great gods like Visnu, Siva, Kali, savitri ca sristividhau prakrtih pancadhah smrtah.2 Durga and great incarnations like Rama and Krsna Sarvesaktah dwijah proktah na saivanaca vaisnavah. are not without the prefix Sri. Tripuresvari herself adisaktimupasante gayatrim vedamataram.24 being Brahmasvarupini who is the supreme reality of Above quotations well establish Saktopasana the cosmos is known by the concept,' Sri; Sa hi and with equal force they also prove the Sairameta satam. By the worship of 'Srividya' the SAKTYADVAITAVADA. de votee gets both, worldly pleasures as well as In the following pages an humble attempt is emancipation : made with regard to the Upasana of srividya. As a Srisundarisevanstatparanam matter of fact it is esoteric, Gurumukhaikamatr- bhogasca moksasca karstha eva. asamadhigamyeyam vidya; nevertheless whatever is Why is 'SRIVIDYA IDENTIFIED WITH THE possible through available literature is given below. BRAHMAVIDYA ? Because it leads to the self Srividya itself is known as Lalita, Rajaraje- realisation,' Tarati sokamatmavit. The Atharvanadsvari, Maha Tripurasundari, Pancadasi and Sodasi, vitiyopanisad declares in very clear words:etc. terms. These various names though connot be one reality, yet they have parent differences also. tripurasundari tripura vasini tripurasristripura Among the well known ten Mahavidyas, the malinitripurasiddhistri purajanani tripurabh-airavi Sodasi Vidya is Srividya. To every devotee his or tabhyo vai namo namah .... brahmabrahher own deity is supreme. With this view kali, Tara mavidityetairmantrairbhagavatim yajet, itya and Sodasi should be equal; because to every devotee bhagavan, tato devi svtmanam darsayati, his her particular deity is supreme. But Srividya does tasmadya etairmantrairyayati sa brahm pasyati, not belong to that category; its significance is real. It sa sarvam pasyati, so'mstattvam ca gacchati, ya is really supreme. evam, veda it mahopnisat.25 Among the ten Mahavidyas the frist three Sricakropanisad declares - Mahavidyas are main, i.e. 1. Kali, 2. Tara, 3. Sodasi. vina Saktim na mokso na jnanam na satyam na Out of these three there are nine Mahavidy, and the dharmo na tapo na harirna haro na virancih. tenth is the complementary one. But the root Vidya is s arvam Saktiyuktam bhavet.26 only one and that is Srividya. Srividya is also termed Srividyatarakopanisad holds :as Brahma Vidya or Brahmamayi rather Srividya itself ya evam veda sa mukta bhavati sa mukto is Brahmavidya. Let us examine. bhavati.?? Srividyasaparyaprakarana begins with the The concept Srividya connotes both, offerings of salutations to the great teachers of the Sritripurasundari hymn as well as its presiding deity tradtion of Brahmavidya :also. Generally Sriconnotes the goddess Laksami but O m namo brahmadibhyo brahmavidyasamas described in the Haritayanasamhita, Brahman- pradayakartsbhyo. vamsarsibhyo namo gurubhyah dapura nottarakhanda and other mythical literatures sarvoplavarahitaprajnanagjhannapratyagartho and myths the chief meaning of Sri is Mahatripur- brahmahamasmi, sohamasmi,brahmahamasmi. asundari. According to a myth the goddess Laksami Narayanam padmabhavam vasistham, worshipped for a long time Mahatripurasundari. saktim ca tatputraparasaram ca, Pleased with the worship of goddess Laksami, vyasam sukam gaudapadam mahantam, Jain Education Intemational

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ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII givindayogindramathasya sisyam, satcidananda, is itself Mahakamesvara. The srisarkaracaryamathasya padmapadam cosmic reality which is satcidanandamaya is ca hastamalkam ca siasyam, Mahatripurasundari, Lalita. As the locus of tam trotakamvartikakaramanyana Mahatripurasundari, Lalita, Mahakamesvari is smadgurn santatamanato'smi. 28 Mahakamesvara himself, it is figuratively said that If the rituals od Srividya are examined, it is Mahakamesvari, Lalita is in the eternal embrace of through and thorugh Atmasodhana Tatvacamanam:- Mahakamesvara. The devotee (Upasaka) the self Om hrim Srim aim kaeilahrim atmatattvam qualified by internal organ. Thus unqualified self is sodhayami swaha.29 Mahakamesvara (Acosmic Self). The qualified self is Gurupadukamantrah : Mahakamesvari (Cosmic Self). The self qualified by om aim hrim srim.......... soham internal organ is devotee (Upasaka). svarupanirupanahetave sriguruve namah." Siva without Sakti is sava: Svatantratantra maintans that svatma eva Sivah saktya yukto yadi bhavati saktah prabhavitum visvatmika lalita devi. One may question that if na cedevam devo na khalu kusalah spanditumapi. liberation is the only aim then it could be realised by Srividya Rajarajesvari presides over five the Aupanisad Brahmavidya : atma va are corpses of Brhma, Visnu, Rudra, Isa and Sadasiva. drastavyah... Through Atmavidya one can realise How ? Acosmic Brahman associated with various emancipation :' tarati sokamatmavit what is the need powers takes the form of Brahma, Visnu and Rudra of Srividya which is so much complicated due to its etc. engages itself in five actions (Pancakstya), very complex rituals. It is true that there is well creation, maintenance, destruction, selfestablished tradition of Atmavidya, Brahmavidya concealmentand, self-revelation (srsti, sthiti, laya, through Sravana, Manana and Nididhyasana. But it nigraha and anugraha). Above-mentioned five deities is the toughest path as declares in the Upanisads :- the first four are feet and Sadasiva is the pedastal on scaryo jnata kusalanusistah." which in the embrace of Mahakamesvara Further the same Upanisad declares : Mahakamesvari presides over. ksurasya dhara nisita duratyaya durgam Let us examine the symbolism of four weapons pathastatkavayo vadanti. in the four hands of Kamesvari :The path of Atmavidya is as dangerous as They are Pasa (noose) Anukusa (hook,) travelling on razor's adge. The Bhagavadgita holds Iksudhanu (sugar-cane-bow) and panca puspabanas the same view : (five flowery arrows). On these four concentration is manusayanam sahasresu kascidyatati siddhaye." made by the devotees of Kamesvari. But the path of Srividya is simpler co-mpared Pasa symbolises attachment towards the 36 to the path of the traditional Atmavidya advocated by elements of this system. Ragah pasah the Upanisad. Even an ordinary man is qualified to (Bhavanopanisad , sutra -33). enter in to the worship of Srividya. Srividya being Ankusa symbolises hatred and dislike, the worship of goddess mother, she herself takes care Dveso'nkusah (Bh. TS. 24) iksudhanu symbolises of her devotee. Then again, the path of Atmavidya is manas which is of the nature of action iksudhanuh the path of utter negation : Atyantavairagyavatah (Bh. St. 22) Panca - Puspabana :samadhih, while the path of Srividya is both, the path They symbolises the five subtle elements of affirmation as well as negation : (panca tanmatra) of Sabda, Sparsa, Rupa, Rasa and Srisundarisevanatatparanam gandha (Sabdaditanmatrah panca puspabanah - Bh. bhogasca moksasca karastha eva. Str. 21). The Uttaracatuhsaisasra describes the exact Let us examine the nature of Kamesvara, nature of these weapons in the following way:kamesvari and the devotee. Acosmic reality which is Icchasaktimayam pasamankusam jnamarupinam,

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SOME REFLECTIONS ON SAKTOPASANA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ........ Kriyasaktimaye banadhanusi dadhadjjwalam. consciousness over the Sodasantendumandal part of Pasa symbolises icchasakti, Ankusa the body of the Universal Conscious Power is the symbolises jnanasakti and Bana Dhanusa symbolises offering of the betel, Tambularparnam. The kriyasakti. imagination of the all possible sound including para, There are various methods of the external pasyanti etc. into Brahman is the offering of the prayer, worship (Bahiryaga) of pasankusaiksushanupan- Stuti-ganam. The mental modifications which go cbanadharini, Pancapretasanasina, Mahatripur- towards objects, imagining there of eradicating their saunsari. One may folow any method so far as the object-materiality and then merging them into bahiryaga is concerned. Various rituals form the Brahman is the offering of Pradaksina. The withdrawl internal aspects of worship (Rahasya puja). The of mental modifications from their objects and then imigination that the perfect universal conscious power merging them into Brahaman is the salutation, is well established in her grandeur is the offering of Pranama. This is the very esoteric part of Saktopasana. seat (Asanam) The washing of the feet of the universal A devotee who is initiated by a teacher if he or she conscious power forming the gross world out of space worships daily with full concentration the universal air, fire etc. by the imagination of water of conscious power in the above manner the devotee saccidananda is the offering of water (Padyam). realises Siva. If the entire process of the Antaryaga is Washing of the hands of the universal conscious philosophically analysed we come to the conclusion power forming the subtle world of name and form of Adhyanopapavadabhyam nisprapancam out of subtle elements of impurities by the imagination prapancate, the dialectic of superimposition - nagation of water of saccidananda is the offering of Arghyam. fully operates. This is the secret of Srividya which The imagination of washing of all the organs of the makes it Brahmavidya, because at the last ritual of body of the universal Conscious Power by the water Prayer the devotee imagines to withdraw all mental of satcidananda is Snanam. The imagination of the modifications from their objects and then merge them cloth of consciousness and then drying up of all the into Acosmic Brahman. There remains then nothing imagined modes of organ of universal Conscious except the Acosmic Brahman. Power by this cloth is Deha_Pronchanam. The Depending on the competence of devotee imagination of ornaments of immortality, there are four forms of Worship-Upasana of Sri Vidya. undecayingness and of subjectivity and then They are the following four ;imagination of offering of such attributeless ornaments The gross form :- In this form of to the Universal Conscious Power is Mahakamesvari each and every part, organ of the Abharanapamam. The imagination of imposition of body of Mahakamesvari is well distinct and extremely Consciousness by eradicating the physicality of beautiful. This form could be realised through the various organs of the body of the Universal Conscious concentration of hymn by the devotee. This gross form Power Gandhavilepanam, in the same way the of Kamesvari is the object of perception as the devotee imagination of imposition of consciousness by enjoys the bliss of transcendental beauty of Kamesvari eradicating the sky-organs of the body of the Universal by his her eyes as well as by his or her hands touching Conscious Power is offering of flowers Pusparpanam. the feet of Kamesvari. In the same way the imagination of imposition of the subtle Form :- This form of consciousness over the Taijas organs of the Universal Mahakamesvari is hymnal, and as such is the object Conscious Power is offering of Dipam, of percepion by ear as well as by the apeech organ. Dipadarsanam. The imagination of imposition of A hymn is very subtle is recited by the speech organ consciousness over the nector-organs of the body of and is heard by the ears, referred in the the Universal Conscious Power is the offering of Lalitasahastranama:Naivedyam. The imagination of imposition of Srimadvagbhavakutaikasvarupamukhapankaja. Jain Education Interational

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TI ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII 'Vagbhvakuta is the first five alphabets of the Manmatha tradition, i.e., the tradition of Kamarajavidya is Pancadasi hymn which are the face-rose of in vogue. In the Tripurarahasya-Mahatmya-Khandathere is Mahakamesvari ; Mantramayi Devata according to amyth according to which Kamadeva through his dedicated his theory the organs of the body of deity is visualised devotion to Mahakamesvari got her pleased and in return by the recitation of hymn of that particular deity and had some rare blessings and among these blessings there were and it is the object of perception of ear being heard certain facilities for the devotees of Mahakamesvari. From and by the speech organ as being recited by it. then onward the tradition of Kamariajvidya became very The Transcendental (para ) Form : popular. The devotee could realise it only by Manas Kamarajavidya has fifteen alphabets, kakaradi. It is organ only because it is' Caitanyamatmano rupam, also called kadividya The Tripurop-anisaddescribes about Mahakamesvari being consciousness itself. There are it in the following way :different grades of devotee. kamo yonih karnala vajrapanih, The fourth (Turiya) Form : guha ha sa matarisvabhramindrah, This form of Mahakamesvari cannot be punarguha sakala mayayaca, grasped even by speech and Manas organs. The purucyesa visvamatadividya indivisibe form of Mahakamesvari is experienced Lopamudra-tradition is Hadividya. It has also 15 only by the free souls in the indivisible Ahamta form:- alphabets. The hymns related with the kadi and Hadividyas The success of Upasana of Srividya lies in are used in the worship of Kamesvari who is sitting in the the complete identification of devoteee to his or her embrace of Kamesvara. Remaining ten tradittions are simply teacher. This is the secret of this Upasana. Srividya reffered into the recitation of this tradition. They do not have herslf is Consciousness incarnate and there is non- any particular use in the current worship-methods. difference between the Srividya, its hymn and its Tripura is really the presiding deity Srividya of the teacher. The devotee must identify himself or herself Srikamaraja Vidya - tradition. Tri-- that which is puraof with the entire tradition of this Upasana stating from Trimurtis, i.e., that which transcends the guna- traya. its founder Sri Adinatha etc. In the Sundeitapaniya it According to the Gaudapadiya Sutra--- tattvatrayena bhida. is well illustrated that as the terms Ghat, Kalasa and Tripurarnava gives another etymology-three nerves - Ida, Kumbha cannote one and the same meaning, in the pingala and Susumnathemselves are Tripura, as she is the same way humn (Mantra), its deity (Devata) and the power which resides in the Manas, Buddhiand Citta. There teacher (Guru) terms cannote one and the same are a few more etymologies of this term, Tripura'. Being the meaning. mother of Trimurti (Brahma, Visnu, Mahesa); Being yatha ghatasca Kalasah Kumbhascaikarthavacakah, Trayimayi (Rk, Yjuh. Sama.), at the time of Mahapralaya tatha mantro devata ca guruscaikathavacakah. she absorbs Trilokiworld in herself. The Sanketapaddhati There are the following 12 subschools of and the Vamakesvara- Tantradescribe the nature of Tripura Srividya; named after their teachers: in this way--- Brahma, Visnu, Isarupini Srividya herself has 1. Manu, 2. Candra, 3. Kuber, 4. Lopamudra, three forms, Inanasakti is her middlepart and Kriyasakti is 5. Manmatha, (Kamadeva) 6. Agasti, 7. Agni, 8. her lower part. Surya, 9. Indra, 10 Skanda (Kumara Kartikeya) 11. Generally all other deties have two symbols of Siva and 12. Krodhabhattaraka (Durvasa). Varabhayaboon and non-fear, as they grant boon as well as manuscandra Kuberasca lopamudra ca manmathah, non-fear to their devotees. Srividya being Brahmamyi agastiragnih suryasca indrah skandah sivastatha, incarnate herself for the welfare of the world. She does not krobhattarako devya dvadasami upasakah dramatise herself by granting Vara-boon-and Abhaya(Non All these 12 teachers had their indendent traditions. fear) to her devotees. At present the 4th and 5th traditions of Lopamudra and Srividya has ten sport-bodies :-1. Kumari, 2. Manmatha are in vogue. Among these two also mostly the Trirupa, 3. Gauri, 4. Rama, 5. Bharati, 6. Kali 7.Candika, 8. Jain Education Intemational

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SOME REFLECTIONS ON SAKTOPASANA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ......... Katyayani, 9. Durga and 10. Lalita. in Jainim. In the Tantric tradition Vidya and Mantrahave Having thrown some light on Saktopasana with very significant place. The difference between Vidyaand special reference to srividya let us examine the Saktopasa in mantra is very simple. Vidya is always presided over by a Buddhism and Jainism: female deity, while the presideng deity of Mantra is always a Out of Mahayana Vajrayana or Mantrayana male deity. Thus there are 16 Vidyas they have 16 female emerged as a branch, which itself became the source of nine presiding deities. There are 24 yaksiyas one for each subsects of Vajrayana. They are:1. Sravakayana, 2. Tirthankara For detalis Sagarmal Jain's Tantric Sadhanais Pratyekabudhayana, 3. Bodhisattvayana, 4.Kriyatantrayana, the best book they are found in the two traditions of Jainism, 5. Garya or Upayatantrayana. 6. Yogatantrayana, is. some in the Svetambara tradition and some in the which itself has three subsects, 7. Mahayogatanrayana, Digambara tradition. 8. Anuttaayogatanrayana and 9. Atiyogatantrayana. Out of In the Hindu tradition here are only ten Mahavidyas these three nine subsects of vajrayana first three were but in Jainism there are 16 Vidyas It's a fact that the Tantric ascertained in the three Budhhist Councils just after the tradition was smuggled in Jainism either from Hinduism or departure of Buddha himeself. Remaining six were taught of form Buddhism but once it entered into Jainism the various Padmasambh- ava in Tibbet. In the yana literature four dimensions of occult sciences like Yantras and Mantras made disciplines were exponded: 1. Drstipada, 2. Dhayanapada a, their strong grounding in Jainism. These Yantras and Mantras 3. Caryapada, 4.Phalapad. have their presiding deities and they are effective only their The worship of the Buddhist deity-Tara is well deities are awakened. Jainism has almost the same status and known worshiped by Hindus as well as Buddhists alike. there significance for Saktopasana which we find in Hinduism is huge literature on the worship of Tara. There are at least 33 and Buddhism.. When we come to the Stotra literature in books on the worship of Tara. In these books five organed Jainism there are stotras addressed to various deities. But worship of Tara- Patala, Paddhati, Kavaca, Namasahasra and when we read Sri Padmavatistotra we are reminded of stotra have been in detail described. Manimekhala-the female Lalitasahasranama. She has been addressed with various deity similar to Tara female deity of Mahayana is worshiped names such as Kali Karali, Candi, Camundi, Brahmani, by Hinayana. Buddhists of Ceylon and Thailand etc. woship Kalaratri, Tara, Gauri, Vajra, Gayatri, Prakriti, Bharti, her as the sea-deity. Tara-Taraka pair is like the pair of siva- Tripura, Samaya, Maya etc. In the entire Jainism she is Sakti. Advayavajrasangrahatreats Sunyataas the bride and supposed to be the most auspicious deity. The worship of this can be achieve by Pratibhasa, the bridegroom. They have Padamavati leads to both first, the devotee gets all wordly been associated in a pair. They can relish the natural bliss pleasures and ultimately liberation too. The author of this only when they are in pair like Siva-Sakti. article congratulates on this occassion Dr. Sagarmal Jain For Jainism like Buddhism is atheistic but it belives in his latest book published in 1997 entitled Jaina Dharma Aur twenty-four Tirthankaras. They are worshipped like Hindu Tantri Sadhana since it has thrown light on some of esoteric deities. In the early Jainism there was no place for Mantra branches of Jaina Tradition so long very little known and it and Tantra. But still earlier, the tradition of Parsvanatha is reference book for further investigations ino the Jaina accepted Mantra and Tantra. In the Jaina Tradition of Tantra, Tantric Sadhana. it is Parsvanatha or Padmavati is worshiped and never Mahavira. In Jainism about 4th and 5th century B.C. Tantra References :entred into it. There is reference of Vidyadharakula in the 1. Manusmrtih, II, 28. Kalpasutra Pattavali. The ancient Jaina literature also refers 2. Srimadbhagavata, 1.6.17 --25. Janghacari and vidyacari two Sramanas who acquired 3. Ibid, X.29.10. supernatural powers through rigorous sadhanas by which 4. Kularnava Tantra, XvII, 67. they could move into the sky. Dr. Sagarmal Jain's recent 5. Pangalopanisad, IV. 21-22. book-Jainadharma aura Tantric Sadhana is a beautiful 6. Rg Veda, Astaka, VIII, 7.11. reference book which has exploded a huge Tantric literature 7. Drvyatharvasirsa, 2.

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ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII 8. Ibid., 4. 9. Ibid., 6. 10. Ibid., 7. 11.Ibid., 15. 12.Ibid., 17. 13. Ibid., 23. 14. Svetasvatara, VI.8. 15. Ibid., IV.3. 16.S.B.S. 1.4.3. 17.Ibid., II.1.30. 18. Minaksistotram. 19.Lalitatrisatibhasya. 20.Durgasaptasati. IX.6. 21. Ibid., Ix. 22.Devibhagavata, III.6.2. 23. Ibid., IV. I.1. 24. Ibid., 25. Atharvandvitiyopanisad(The last lines). 26.sricakropanisad (The last lines). 27. Srividyatarakopanisad (The last lines). 28. Srikarapatra Swami, Srividya-Varivasya, Edtd. by Sri Sita Rama Kaviraja) Akhi Bharatiya Dharmasangha, Varanasi. p.22. 29.Ibid., p.23. 30.Ibid., p.23. 31. Kathopanisad, 1.2.7. 32.Ibid., 1.3.4. 33.Bhagavadgita, VII.3 34. Trpuropanisad, 8. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TIRTHANKARA IMAGES Dr. Harihar Singh Jainism is a living faith in India. The Jainas Krsna. This order received great impetus under Parsva attribute a great antiquity to their religion. According and Mahavira in the 8th and 6th centuries B.C. to Jaina tradition Jainism is eternal, and has been respectively.? Attempts have, however, been made to revealed again and again by various Tirthankaras who show that prior to the Vedas, Jainism existed even in are also called Jinas, that is' the one who has conquered the Indus civilization. But this is merely a conjecture. the world'. In the present Aavasarpini period (the Unless sound evidence come to light, it is hard to say descending half of the time wheel) there were twenty- anything with a degree of certainty. Apart from this four Tirthankaras, the Ist being Rsabhadeva and the except for the last two Tirtharkaras, namely Parsva last, Vardhamana Mahavira. and Vardhamana, whose historicity is proved beyond The Jainas trace their origin to the doubt, * all the Jainas appear to be mythical figures, as Vedas. Their earliest Tirthankara Lord Rsabha, is no historical records whatsover have come to light. referred to in the Visnu and Bhagavata Purunas. The I t was for long belived that Indian art Rgveda refers to a certain Kesi, that is one who has originated from the age of Mauryas, but wih the locks of hair; and since this is found associated with discovery of the Indus civilization the antiquity of Rsabha, it is supposed that Kesi is a synonym for Indian art goes to the 3rd millenium B.C. There is a Rsabha. This is furthr supported by an evidence in big hiatus between this pre-historic phase of Indian the Rgveda itself, wherein Kesi and Vrsabha - bull, art and the earliest historical period, namely the the vehicle of Rsabha - are described together.' That Mauryan. But the explorations and excavations done Jainism was in existence in the Kgvedic period is also in the Indus and the Gangetic valleys and elsewhere supposed by the fact that there existed a religious order are bringing this hiatus closer, and it is quite possible which denied the authority of the Veda. This heretic that after sometime we may be able to reconstruct the religion was probably Jainism. At the time of the histoy of this period. It was due probably to the Mahabharata war, this Order was led by Neminatha, perishable nature of the materials like wood, clay, the 22nd Tirthankara, who was a relative of Lord ivory, etc., that the art objects could not long survive. Dr. Harihar Singh, Reader, Dept. of A. I. H.C., B. HU.

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ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TIRTHANKARA IMAGES It is only terracotta (backed clay) which could survive and a stratigraphical allocation of numerous terracotta objects, usually found in ancient sites, may help us in determining the history of Indian art from the end of the Harappa culture to the advent of the Mauryas. The Indus civilisation, which, according to the recently accepted chronology, is dated not earlier than the 2nd half of the 3rd millenium B.C., has bequeathed to us a number of sculptures in different materials and numerous seals and sealings with figures engraved upon them. Among these findings is a small statuette, about four inches high, hailing from Harappa, and is very analogous to the Lohanipur Jina image of the Mauryan age. This broken image, of which only the torso now remains, is nude and has two large circular depressions on the shoulder fronts, a feature not to be seen in any Jina image as yet. According to U.P. Shah it probably represents some ancient Yaksa. Others, however,identify it with a Jina image. But the Harappa script being undeciphered, this attribution is not accepted on all hands, and moreover it has not yet been decided as to what religion this culture indeed adhered to. It is difficult to say exactly at what date Jina images came into existence. If we leave aside literary references, the first archaeological evidence to a Jina image is found in the Hathigumpha inscription of king Kharavel of Kalinga (Orissa). Who ruled in the Ist or 2nd centurry B.C. and was a Jaina by faith. The epigraph which records the year wise exploitations of Kharavela reveals that in the 12th year he brought back the statue of Kalinga. Jina which had been taken away by king Nanda of Magadha. The Nanda king may be defined with Mahapadmananda, as the Puranas say that he brought the entire land under his undisputed way and also exterminated all the Ksatriyas."This event may have taken place some time between 364-324 B.C. Although here is a very early reference to Jina image, there is no actual example to corroborate it, this is because Indian artists started making images in permanent materials like stone from the Mauryan age. The earliest remains of Jina images are available from the Maurayan period. There are two 13 mutilated male torsos acquired from Lohanipur and now exhibited in the Patna Museum. Both the images are made of Chunar sandstone and are naked. The larger one retain a high quality of polish, which is a characteristics feature of the Mauryan sculptures, while the smaller one, identical in style and appearence, has no polish. They have both been found with a large quantity of Mauryan bricks and a worn silver punchmarked coin. Jayaswal ascribed the larger torso to the Mauryan period and the unpolished smaller on the Sungan." According to Banerji-Sastri, the unpolished torso probably belongs to the Gupta Period." From their appearences they seem to be standing in the kayotsarga posture, a mudra very common with the Jina images. Since both the torsos very much resemble the Jina images of the later period, they represent some Tirthankaras. However, except for their nudity and their particular posture there is no indication to call them Jina figures, as the most important symbol called the srivatsa, which is invariably engraved on the chest of all the later Jina images and is a recognising symbol to differentiate a Jina figure from the Buddha, is absent here. Of the Sunga period very little is known in so far as the Jina images are concerned. The Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela, referred to above, besides making mention of an earlier tradition of the Jina images, also furnishes an indirect evidence that the Jina images were there during his times. There are a number of caves excavated in the Udayagiri and Khandagiri (Orissa), some of them are even attributable to Kharavela's queens, but, strange enough, none of the early excavated caves has Tithankara images and where ever they are found they belong to the 8th-9th centuries A.D.12 A very old bronze image of Tirthankara Parsvanatha or Suparsvanatha, now exhibited in the Prince of wales Mauseum, Bombay, was found at Jondhali Baug, Thana district. In absence of any written record no precise date can be assigned to it. On stylistic grounds Shah dates it not later than circa 100 B.C." This nude image in kayotsargamudra has a small canopy overhead. The figure does not bear the Srivatsa mark on the chest. Its pedestal is,

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ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII unfotunately, lost, so that nothing is known about its feature which are invariably noticed in the images of cognizance. But its snake canopy is very important the succeeding period. The images of Adinatha show from the iconographic view-point. Hemacandra locks of hair falling on the shoulder, and those of describes that Tirthankara Suparsvanatha had a Parsvanatha a sevenhooded serpent canopy overhead. serpent canopy, one hooded, five-hooded, or nine- We have already mentioned this characteristcs of the hooded. Regarding Parsvanatha he states that he had later, while regarding Adinatha we learn from the a seven hooded snake canopy over his head. The Trisasti that during the time of his initiation the Lord association of cobra with Parsva is also known from tore out the hair of his head in four handfuls, and as an inscription of the Gupta period, though the actual he was on the point of pulling out the rest of his hair image is missing. 16 From the ramains of canopy it in the 5th handful, he was requested to let it remain appears that the image under review originally had a and the Lord, unwilling to refuse, kept the creeper of five-hooded cobra canopy. If Hemacandra is to be hair just as it was. 18 The literary reference is fairly followed the present image is that of Suparsvanatha, corroborated by the archaeological finds of the Kusana the 7th Tirthankara, but since the images at this time as well as later periods. Since Adinatha alone is shown were not carved according to the prescribed rules of with this mark, it is very easy to identify his images. the texts, it could also be that of Parsva, the 23rd Some Ayagapattas have a figure of Jina in Jina, as is generally supposed. During the Kusana the centre. In one instance there is a padmasana Jina period we notice a marked development in the with a seven-hooded snake canopy overhead. As is iconographic features of the Tithankara image. evident from the snake-canopy, this figure is Excavations carried out at Kankali Tila, Mathura, have unmistakably that of Parsvanatha."Other Ayagapatta yielded a veritable store-house of Jaina antiquities Jina images are inidetifiable, as they do not bear any including Jina images, Ayagapattas. etc, mostly attiribute. belonging to the reigns of Kaniska Huviska and Smith, taking pedestal lions to be the Vasiska. They are made of white - speckled red cognizance of Mahavira, identified such figures with sandstone and are divisible into four groups: (1) Mahavira.20 But this is quite untenable. Lions are standing images in Kayotsargamudra, (2) seated generally depicted on the pedestal of Jina images of images in padmasana, (3) Pratima Sarvatobhadrika this period, not as lanchana but as supporters of the (the quadruple images) in standing posture and (4) throne. If they are represented as lanchana they are Pratima Sarvatobhadrika in sitting posture.All the Jina not shown in the centre of the pedestal, which is images are nude. usually the practice. Besides, two images in Smith's21 The Jina images of this period are marked with can be definitely identified with Rsabhadeva, as they srivtsa symbol," which introduced for the first time show locks of the hair on the shoulders, Thus, we see during this period, and became an indispensable sign that by the kusana age the iconographic feature of the of all the later Jina images. But their distinctive Jina images were not fully evolved but they were on cognizances (lanchanas) were yet to come, and instead the formative state, and excepting those of Adinatha they contained cakra, alone or placed on pillar, with and Parsvanatha, none of the Jina images can be its rim to the front, and figures of lion or seated Jina, identified with a degree of certainity. Generally, figures of house-holders including men, After the Kusanas and before the coming of women and children are also depicted. the Imperial Guptas came a transitional phase. During In the absence of cognizances the Jina images this period Jina Images were executed without of the Kusana period, except for those of Adinatha cognizances, of this period very few images are and Parsvanatha, are unidentifiable. Images of known. Some Jina images recovered from Chausa, Adinatha and Parsvanatha, too, do not carry the now displayed in the Patna museum, are worth lanchanas, but they bear some other distinguishing mentioning. These images carry the influences of the

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24 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF TIRTHANKARA IMAGES Mathura sculptures described above, and but for the Neminatha the prince, 24 but Shah2 takes it to Cakra - images of Adinatha and Parsvanatha, which show purusa which is a popular representation in the Gupta locks of hair on the shoulder and a seven-hooded cobra period. There is a padmasana Jina in dhyanamudra canopy overhead respectively, none can be identified on either side of Cakra-purusa. As is well evident with an amount of certainty. The recognising symbols from the representation of Sankha, the lanchana of were still to come into vogue. In one specimen, Neminatha, there is not the least doubt about the however, is represented a crescent on top of the identification of the image. parikara, for which one may mistake it to be the Another piece datable to the Gupta period hails cognizance of the 8th Tirthankara, Candraprabha. But from Varanasi and is now preserved in the state as the locks of hair on the shoulder apparently Museum, Lucknow.26 This is an image of Ajitanatha indicate, it cannot be identified with other than , 2nd Tirthankara, standing in the kayotsargamudra Rsabhanatha. Some sculptures also retain the srivatsa with his elephant-vahana. Among the images without sign. These images from Chausa are mostly dated to cognizances only those of Rsabha and Parsva, which th 3rd 4th centuries A.D. bear the usual signs, can be identified. One such image With the advent of the Guptas there had been of Rsabhadeva is preserved in the Baroda Museum,27 a tremendous change in every field. Texts on and another in the Prince of Wales Museum, iconometry were written images began to be made Bombay.28 according to the rules and regulations prescribed by After the Gupta period the sculptor strictly the texts on iconography. From this period onward followed the iconographic texts, as the Jina images we discern a marked development in the iconographic of this period were fashioned not only with their features of Tirtharikara images. Now they reveal the respective cognizances but also with their different recognising symbols, with the help of which sasanadevatas. The images with sasanadevatas began we can differentiate the Jina images from one another, to be made probably from the 7th-8th centuries A.D. though images without cognizances are not altogether Such images may be seen in the caves of Badami and wanting Aihole, in the museums at Lucknow etc. and in the About the distinguishing features of Jina early medieval temples of the India. images Varahamihira speaks in his Brhatsmhita that a Tirthankara should be represented as having long References hanging arms, the srivatsa symbol, a peaceful 1. Risabhachandra, K., 'Jaindharma ka Prasara' in appearences, youthful body as being nude.22 Although Hindi),Shri Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Golden the author does not say anything about the lanchana, Jubilee Vol., pt. I, Bombay, 1968, pp. 9-10. there are specimen of this period exhibiting the 2. Jain, H., The Culural Heritage of India, vol I., lanchanas. edited by S.K. Chatterji, 2nd edition, Calcutta, From the Vaibhar hill, Rajgir (Bihar), hails a 1958, p. 400. seated image of Neminatha, the 22nd Jina with a 3. Risabhachandra, K., op. cit., p. 10; Jain K.P., fragmentary inscription, in the Gupta characters, Jaina Antiquary, vol. XIV, No. 1, Arrah, 1948, referring to Candragupta of the Gupta dynasty23 This pp.1-7. is the earliest example known so far with precise date 4. Jacobi, H. Encyclopaedia of Religion and ethics, and showing cognizance of the Tirthankara. The vol. VII, edited by James Hastings, New York, figure shows on the pedestal two sankhas with a 1914, p.466; Ghatage, A.M., The Age of Imperial dharmacakara in between. The dharmacakra is very Unity, edited by R.C. Majumdar, Bombay, 1951, interesting because it shows a young prince standing pp. 411-13. in the centre of the wheel, which also serves the 5. Wheeler, M., The Indus Civilization, purpose of his aureole. Some identify it with supplementary vol. to the Cambridge History of

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16 ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII India, Cambridge, 1953, pl. XVII c. pp. 66-67. 6. Shah, U.P., Studies in Jaina Art, Varanasi, 1955, p.4. 7. Jain, K.P., Ahimsa-vani (in Hindi), year 7, Nos. 1-2, Aliganj (Etah), 1957, p.54. 8. Barua, B.M., Old Brahmi Inscriptions, Calcutta, 1929, pp. 22. and 45; Sircar, D.C., Select Inscriptions, vol. I, Calcutta, 1942, p.209 Mittal, A.C., An Early History of Orissa, Varanasi, 1962, p. 158 Raychaudhuri, H.C., Age of the Nandas and Mauryas, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Varanasi, 1952, p.18; Mookerji, R.K.,The Age of Imperial Unity, edited by R. C. Majumdar, Bombay, 1951, p.32. 10. Jayaswal, K.P., Jouranal of Bihar Orissa Research Society, vol. XXII, p.130-32 12. Kuraishi, M.M.H., Ancient Monuments of Bihar and Orissa, Calcutta, 1931, p. 244. 11. Banerjee Shastri, Journal of Bihar Orissa Research Society, Vol XXv, p. 120ff. 13. Shah, op. cit., p.9 14. Trisastisalakaprusacaritra, vol. II, edited by B. Bhattacharya, English translation by H.M. Johnson, Baroda, 1937, pp. 309-10. 15. Trisasti., vol. V. etd by B.J. Sandesara, Baroda, 1962, pp. 395-96. 16. Fleet, J.F., Carpus inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. III, reprint Varanasi, 1963, p.259. 17. It is one of the eight auscipious objects known to both the sects of Jaina religion, the others being svastika, nandyavarta, vardhamanaka (powder flask), bhadrasana (throne ), kalasa (pitcher), drapana (mirror) and matsya (pair of fish). For 18. Trisasti., vol. I, p.166 illustration vide Trisasti., vol. I, pIV. 19. Smith, V. A., The Jain Stupa and Other Antiquities of Mathura, reprint, Varanasi, 1969, p.17; Bhattacharya, B.G. Jaina Iconography, Lahor, 1939, p.16. Shah, U.P., op. cit., 77-78. Smith, op. cit., pp. 49, 50-51 and pls. 91,93-94. Ibid, pls. 91 and 94. AjAnulambabAhu; zrIvatsAGkaH prazAntamUrtizca / digvAsAstaruNI rUpavA~zca kAryo'rhatA devaH // -Brhatsamhita, edited by A.Jha, Varanasi, 1959,58-45. 23. Chanda, R.P., Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, 1925-26, p. 125, pl. LVI, fig. 6. 24. Ibid., p. 126. 25. Shah, U.P., op. cit., p. 14. 26. Sharma, R.C., Shri Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Golden Jubilee Volume, pt. 1, Bombay, 1968, p. 155, fig. 11. 20 21. 22 27. 28. Shah, U.P., op. cit., p. 16, fig. 19. Shah, U.P., Akota Bronzes, Bombay, 1959, pp. 28-29 pls, 10-11.

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THE PURE AND THE AUSPICIOUS IN THE JAINA TRADITION* Padmanabh S. Jaini According to Louis Dumont's well-known Rsabhadatta. However, Indra, king of the gods, who thesis Concerning the India Caste structure, the Varna has come to pay his respects to the foetus, became system is based upon the fundamental opposition greatly agitated, and the following thoughts occurred between the respective purity and impurity of the to him: highest Brahmana caste and the lowest untochable, It has never happened nor does it happen nor will and the relative purity of the two intermediate castes. it happen that Arhats, Cakravartin...in the past, present or As valuable as this thesis is for understanding future should be born in low families, means families, traditional Indian Society, however, it is valid only degraded families, poor families, indigent families, beggar on the presumption that the Brahmans are indeed at families or Brahmana families. For indeed, Arhats, the apex of the social structure. His interpretation Cakravartins...in the past, present and future are born in would not apply to Indian social groups which uphold high families, noble families, royal families, warrior the major provisions of the Varna scheme, while families, families belonging to the race of Iksvaku or of rejecting the traditional hierarchy by degrading the Hari or in other such like families of pure descent on both Brahmana one step, and similarly upgrading the sides. Surely this is an extraordinary event in the world: Ksatriya, and thus placing the latter at the apex of the In the evermoving and endless progressive and regressive time cycles, it is possible that a prodigious exception might social system occur and an Arhat, a Cakravartin....might enter the womb The disjunction between sacredness and of a woman from an undeserving clan owing to the potency temporal power is supposed to account for the of the karma pertaining to the formation of their bodies superiority of the Brahmana and the subordination of and clans. But they have never been born from the womb the Ksatriya. While this interpretation is certainly of such a woman; they are never thus born, nor will they orrect within the traditional Vedic Varna system, ever be born. Hence it is the established custom that the embryo of an arhat so conceived is taken from the womb when the Ksatriya is elevated to the highest position, of a woman and is transferred to the womb of a noblythe Brahmana can no longer claim superiority on the bred clan. I shold therefore have the embryo of the last basis of a purity which he is presumed to embody. Tirthankara transferred from the womb of the Brahmana The case of the Jainas, who claim to be not only non woman Devananda to that of Trisala, a Ksatriya woman Vedic, but even anti-Vedic, in their cosmological of the Kasyapa gotra, belonging to the Nata clan, living view, is of special significance for the study of such in the Ksatriya sector (the queen of king Siddhartha) in social groups as the Sramanas.2 the town of Kundagrama. To illustrate the radical reinterpretation of The Jainas believe that Indra ordered his dumont's thesis which is necessary when examining commander of the army, a demigod named such non-Vedic groups, the legend relating the Harinegamesi, to conduct the transfer. The scene of conception of Mahavira, the highest spiritual master the change of embryo (garbhapaharana) is depicted of the Jainas, is particularly illuminating. We are told on the Jaina reliefs found at Mathura datable to the that the was originally conceived in the womb of first century B.C., and the event itself constitutes the Devananda, a Brahmana woman, the wife of a certain first of the Kalyanakas, or auspicious events, together Jain Education Intemational

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18 ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII with the birth (janma), renunciation (Diksa), needs from wish-fulfilling trees and, hence, had no enlightenment (Kevalajnana) and death (nirvana), neccessity for human institutions of government, or which are celebrated by the Jainas even today in defense, or administration. At the end of this period, connection with the career of Mahavira. however, the magic trees disappeared and new means of survival were required. With the need for food The most startling fearture of the Jaina legend production and the just distribution of resources, the is its strong rejection of the supremacy of the legend says that Rsabha assumed the powers of kind Brahmana caste, and its proclamation of the and appointed several men as armed defenders (ugra) superiority of the Ksatriya. In the case of Mahavira and administrators (bhoga). The king as well as these the opportunity to be born as a Brahmana was available, and yet rejected. For the other Tirthankaras officers assumed the title Ksatriya. Thus according to the Jaina mythology, at the beginning of civilization as well, the Jainas have ordained that they be there were only two classes of people, the Ksatriya conceived only in a Ksatriya womb;' the Jaina and the non-Ksatriya. Gradually, as Rsabha invented position appears to be totally uncompromising in this regard. The Buddhists too maintain that the Ksatriyas the various occupations of agriculture, animal husbandry, and so forth, the Vasaya and Sudra castes are superior to the Brahmana, but do not prohibit the birth of a Buddha in a Brahmana family. A passage (jati) came into existence. There was still no Brahmana in the Jataka states unambiguously: "the Buddhas are caste at all. not born in a family of Vaisyas or of Sudras, but only According to the Jainas, the formation of the in the two families of Ksatriyas and Brahmana."6 Brahmana caste is attributed not to Rsabha, but to his When we compare these two Sramana attitudes, it son Bharata, the first Universal Monarch or becomes evident that for the Buddhists, as well as for Cakravartin of India. It is said that Rsabha ultimately the Jainas, both the Vaisyas and sudras occupied the renounced the throne and became the first mendicant same low status as in the Brahmanical system. of our era, eventually achieving enlightenment and However, the Buddhist ranking of the Brahman and founding the first Jaina monastic order. Under bis the Ksatriya was not fixed. It could be changed tutelage, a large number of people assumed the lay according to the will of the people (lokasammati). Vows (anuvratas), which lead the layman The Jainas seem to have rejected any such opption progressively towards greater renunciation of worldly For them, the Brahman a was forever inferior to the goods and family ties and culminate in the life of Ksatriya, although he remained higher than the two recluse. It is said that Bharata honored these lay lowest castes. The Jaina reasons for maintaining the disciples with gifts of wealth and marked them with supremacy of the Ksatriya must therefore be special sings such as the sacred thread, and so forth, examined. by virtue of which they were called Dvija (twiceOne of the reasons for placing the Ksatriya at born). Their spiritual rebirth apparently released them from the incumbent duties of the other castes. The the pinnacle of the social order can be traced to the Ardha-Magadhi form of the Sanskrit word Brahmana Jaina legend concerning the establishment of human is mahana. The Jaina texts explain the derivation of civilization at the beginning of the present aeon this word as mahana (don't kill), which was the advice (Kalpa). The Jainas believe that Rsabha, the first given by the dvijas to Bharata and otherkings in Tirthankara, was the creator of this civilization which conformity with their vows. However ad hoc this began after the Golden Age, when all people were etymology may be, it does attest to the Jaina belief equal and had no rulers. They obtained all of their Jain Education Intemational

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THE PURE AND THE AUSPICIOUS IN THE JAINA TRADITION that in the secular world there are only three castes large, the Jaina community, as it is constituted now, and thus no place for Brahmana. Only a person who has no community of Brahmana. The Svetambaras, renounces the world sufficiently to be called a lay as well as the Digambaras of the North, do not have a disciple may be called a Brahman. This lay disciple class of priests who perform rituals in their temples, has no functions to perform for the material benefit nor do they employ any members of the Hindu of the society and does not fill any office either at Brahmana caste to carry out these functions. While court or the temple; his real associations are more they show the incumbent respect to Brahmana, as with the ascetic who has totally renounced the world Hindus would, they do not consider Brahmana and who comes to be known as the "true" Brahmana. superior to themselves. The one exception to this rule The fact that Mahavira was not allowed to be born of is found among Digambaras of Karnataka, who do in Brahmana parents and yet was given the title mahana fact have a group of priests known as Indra (or when he became a mendicant is sufficient to illustrate Upadhye), sometimes euphemistically known as the Jaina refusal to accommodate the Brahmana caste; "Jaina-Brahmans."" The Indras are probably Hindu the secular world consisted of only three castes and Brahmana converted to Jainism at some time during was not organized according to divine ordinance such the early medieval period, who were entrusted with as found in the Vedic Purusasukta. While castes the task of attending to the temple rituals and catering eventually became hereditary and may indeed have a to the needs of the Jaina laity on the occasions of hierarchy of their own. this structure lacked any divine various samskaras, such as marriage, child-birth, and Sunction and consequently remained entirely secular. funerals. Their main source of income is the offerings of food made regularly at the altar by households of a The legend of Mahavira's change of womb given village and the produce of the land attached to leads one to question why the Jainas thought it was the temples, the proceeds of which they enjoy unworthy of a Tirthankara to be born into a Brahmana hereditarily. They are thus comparable to the family. The story of course presupposes that the traditional Brahmana of the traditional Hindu society. Brahmana parents were not Jainas, whereas the new There is no intermarriage between the Indras and parents were followers of Parsva," the twenty-third ordinary Jainas, nor, of course, with members of the Tirthankara and predecessor of Mahavira. But this Hindu Brahmana community, who treat these alone is not sufficient to explain the rejection of Brahmana as non-Hindus. Brahman family. The word Bhikkhaya-kule (beggar " families), immediately preceding the word mahana, There is a subtle distinction apparent here in the quotation above is very significant: it seems to which is not without significance for our discussion allude disparagingly to the fact that the Brahmana on purity in Indian society. A Hindu Brahmana is subsisted on the favors bestowed by others, considered intrinsically pure and, for that reason, other technically making them beggars. The Jainas have castes do not hesitate to receive food from him. In traditionally believed that only a mendicant may beg the case of the "Jaina Brahmana," however, orthodox for his alms: a house holder's position is to give, not Jainas who have formally taken the lay vows will not receive, charity. The Brahmana, by remaining a accept food from him even though he may take food householder, violates the law when he accepts the gifts from them. The inferiority of the Jaina Brahmana given by others, and is thus looked down upon by the derives not only form the fact that he receives gifts Jainas in the same way as they might regard an (Daksina) from others for the ritual services apostate monk. It should be stated here that, by and performed, but also because he subsists upon the Jain Education Intemational

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ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII grains and fruits which have been offered by the associated with the Brahmana. One noteworthly devotees at the altar of a Jina. These offerings are example is fire (Agni) which is thought to be sacred called Devadravya (goods intended for the worship by all Hindus. Being both a divinity (Devata) as well of the Lord) and are considered nirmalya, fit to be as the priest of the gods, fire is belived to have an discarded, either by burying them in the ground or by innate sacredness of its own. The importance of fire, throwing them in water. In traditional Hindu temples around which almost all the samskaras revolve, such substances would be regarded as prasada, food including those associated with the funeral ceremony, blessed by the Lord, and thus the purest of substances, is well documented. Given this pan-Indian belief which is eagerly consumed by the devotee. For the concerning fire, one would expect the Jainas also to Jaina devotee, the worship of the Jina is a meditational retain some modicum of veneration of fire. But such act, despite its apparent similarity to the Brahmanical is not the case if one observes Jaina attitudes both as puja. Strictly speaking there is no deity in the Jaina revealed in their scriptures and in their social customs. temple : the Jina, unlike the Brahmanical gods, The Jainas do indeed include agni or fire in their list transcends all pretense of "descending" into an of celestial beings (jyotisks devas) together with the image. 12 The visit to a temple is a meritorious act sun and moon. But agni is not considered any more simply because it reminds the devotee of the Jina's sacred than the other celestial beings. preaching. The Jaina layman regards the temple as The ancient Jaina texts, on the other hand, the holy assembly (samavasarana) of the Jina and repudiating the efficacy of the fire sacrifice, appear imagines the Jina's presence in that image. It would to be silent on the role of fire itself. In the postbe socially unacceptable to approach such an august canonical period, Jainas, especially in the South, assembly empty-handed. The offerings therefore are undertook the task of integratiaeg themselves into neither received by the Lord nor blessed by any ritual Brahmanical society. It is to Jinasena, a ninth century act on the part of the priest. The "Jaina-Brahmana," Digambara acarya, that credit is due for achieving this by eating the offered food, demeans himself and for assimilation at a social level, without compromising that reason is considered lower in status than the the basic Jaina doctrines. He introduced, apparently sravaka, the initiated Jaina layman. These for the first time, a large number of Samskaras for observations should show that, for a Jaina, neither initiating a Jaina layman into the four-fold asrama the image, the offerings, nor the priest are holy or scheme, and laid down a variety of ceremonies pure. Rather, the idea of renunciation, as symbolized involving the kinding of the sacred fire and the by the image of the Jina,"" is the source of purity. By offering of food in Jaina temples. Explaining the extension, only the emancipated soul or his follower, worship of fire, however, Jinasena proclaims: the mendicant, may be regarded as the embodiment of purity. In Jainism, the Sramana replaces the Fire has no inherent sacredness and no divinity. Brahmana in the caste hierarchy, leaving no truly But because of its contact with the body of the Tirthankara defined station for the latter. The Jina or his mendicant (at the time of his cremation), it can be considered pure. disciple may be called a mahana metaphorically, but Such worship of fire, in the same way that the worship of holy places is made sacred by the Tirthankara's having he is certainly not a Brahmana in the sense of a attained nirvana there, is not in any way blameworthy, member of the classical Brahmana Varna. For the Jainas, fire is regarded as suitable for worship Certain objects of veneration, which are also only on a conventional level. It is in this wise that Jainas considered agents of purification are usually worship fire as part of their veneration of the Jinas. 15

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THE PURE AND THE AUSPICIOUS IN THE JAINA TRADITION The inauspiciousness of the funeral pyre not with standing, the Jainas have thus claimed that whatever sanctity fire has is solely derived from its contact with the dead body of the Jaina ascetic. What is true of fire is probably true likewise of the other material elements (mahabhutas): earth, water and wind. It is wellknown that the Hindus also regard these elements as sacred and worship them in various forms, considering them to be agents of purity. However, no hymn to earth, such as found in the Atharvaveda.16 is attested to in Jaina texts. Jainas have decried all forms of respect shown to inanimate objects such as fields, stones, mounds or mountains. The Hindu custom of expiatory bathing in rivers and oceans, and worship of the Ganges and other rivers as holy objects, are totally unknown to the Jainas. 17 In fact, the Jainas prefer to use boiled water even for bathing and Jaina monks are not allowed even to touch cold water. All these material substances, including the wind element, are believed by the Jainas to be the bodies of one-sensed (ekendriya) beings, who constitute a form of life. Vegetable life has also been trated by the Jainas in a manner similar to the mahabhutas. The Hindus regard certain leaves, flowers and trees as more sacred than others, and make definite association between these with certain gods and goddesses. The Jainas, however, have show a totally different attitude toward vegetable life. The vegetable kingdom for the Jainas constitutes one of the lowest forms of life, called nigoda, and they are wamed against destroying these beings. The Jainas are forbidden to eat a large number of fruits and vegetables, especially those with many seeds, like figs, or those which grow underground like potatoes. The Jaina spares their lives not because he considers them sacred or inhabited by divinities, but because they are the abodes of an infinite number of souls clustered together. The Jaina mendicant has even stricter dietary restriction, and is advised to avoid all forms of greens, since they are 21 still alive; hence he subsists mainly on cereals and dried fruits which have no seeds. 18 He may neither kindle a fire nor extinguish one; he may neither draw water from a well nor fan himself. He thus protects the minute life present in these material elements. Even in modern Jaina monaastic residences (upasraya) the monks or nuns still live without lights or fans. These observations should be adquate to show that the Jainas have not regarded as sacred those objects which are universally accepted as pure and auspicious by the Hindus. By repudiating the sanctity of these material objects, as well as of the "sacred cow" and the Brahmana casts, the Jainas would seem to have divorced worldly life from the notion of purity. They see sacredness instead in renunciation, which is attributed not to any particular caste but to a group of people: the ascerics who embody renunciation and render other things sacred and pure only by their association with these people. The Jaina rejection of the inherent purity of the material elements does not imply, however, that the Jainas refuse to accept any object as being auspicious and symbolic of wealth, fame and prosperity. A Tirthankara's mother, for example, is said to witness certain dreams at the moment of the conception of the child. 19 These dreams include such animals as a white elephant, a white bull and a lion; divinities like the sun, the moon, and the goddess Sri; and objects like garlands of flowers, vases filled with water, an ocean of milk, a heap of jewels, and pair of fish. All these are no doubt considered auspicious by the Hindus as well. The Jaina households and their temples are not devoid of some form of these representations. But what is significant is the Jaina insistence that these are not true mangalas (auspicious objects). They receive such status solely because of local custom (desacara or lokacara) and, hence, are not sanctioned by the sacred texts. The Jainas explain the term mangala as: (1)

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22 that which removes (galayadi) impurities (malaim); or (2) that which brings (Jadi) happiness (mangam sokkham). The Pancastikaya-Tatparyavrtti-tika20 enumerates several objects considered auspicious (mangala) by worldly people and seeks to prove that they are mangala only because of their similarity to particular qualities of the liberated soul. Sesame seeds (siddhartha) are mangala, for example, only because their name reminds us of the siddhas (the perfected beings). A full pitcher (purna-kumbha) is mangala only because it reminds us of that arhat who is endowed with perfect bliss. Similarly a mirror (mukura) is to be considered an auspicious object only because it resembles the omniscient cognition of the Jina. ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII The Jainas are emphatic in their assertion that only ascetics-namely those who follow the Jaina mendicant laws are truly auspictious (mangala). These are considered to be four holy objects (cattari mangalam) in which a layman takes refuge for his spiritual salvation. They are: (1) the arhat or Jina, i.e. one who is worthy of worship of (2) the siddha: one who has accomplished his goal, by becoming free from embodiment; (3) the sadhu, or Jaina mendicant; and, finally, dharma, the sacred law taught by the kevalin: i.e. one who is isolated from the karmic bonds. The formula is also called mangalika and is chanted regularly by the Jaina laity and mendicants together with another sacred formula, the Panca namaskara mantra, or salutations to the five holy beings: namely, the arhat, the siddha, the acarya. the upadhyaya (mendicant teacher), and the sidhu. At the end of this ancient formula they finally recite a verse (of unknown date) in which it is asserted that this five-fold salutation which destroys all evils is preeminent (prathamamangala) among all auspicious things.22 The Indian tradition has unreservedly accepted the holiness of the ascetic because of his renunciation of worldly possessions. But it is doubtful that he was ever considered to be an auspicious (Subha) sight, especially in the context of such festive occasions as the celebration of marriage, or the beginning of a new business venture. While the ascetic might have represented suddha the purity associated with the transcendental practices which led to moksamangala was reserved originally only for those worldly, meritorious activities (punya) which led to the three purusarthas of dharma, artha, and kama. The Buddhists and Jainas attempted to assimilate the ascetic ideal into mangala not by degrading the Suddha, but instead by raising mangala to a new status which incorporated both the worldly subha and the supramundane suddha. In this new scheme, anything which was not suddha was considered to be asuddha: activities which were not productive of salvation. However, this asuddha was subsequently subdivided into the mundane pure (subha) and the mundane impure (asubha). i.e., the dichotomies of good and evil, wholesome and unwholesome, which were only conducive to worldly happiness and unhappiness. Thus, for the Jainas, (mangala) came to refer both to the transcendental (Suddha), as well as to that portion of the mundane sphere which was pure (subha). A similar pattern seems to be operating in the Theravadin Buddhist division of the meditational heavens into the Suddhavasa and Subhakinha23 The former is "the pure abodes," inhabited by the anagamins who attain to arhatship from that abode in that very life, whereas the latter is the abode of Brahmas: beings who. however exalted. will return to the cycle of transmigration. Accordingly, the Jainas begin with the repudiation of innate sacredness of material objects but allow that an association with "truly" holy (mangala) might render them auspicious (Subha). The Jaina refusal to allow the integration of the Brahmana in their caste system seems consistent with their rejection of category called "the auspicious" (mangala) independent of the wordly pure (Subha) and the transcendentally pure (suddha).

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THE PURE AND THE AUSPICIOUS IN THE JAINA TRADITION 23 Notes & References: This article was published originally in Journal of Developing Societies, Vol. I, pp. 84-93, E.J. Brill, 1985 Reprinted with kind permission of E.J. Brill, Leiden. Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchicus (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970). See P.S. Jaini, "Sramanas : Their Conflict with Brahmanical Society, in J.W. Elder, ed. Chapters in Indian Civilization, I, (Dubuque, lowa : Kendall Hunt, 1970), pp. 39-81. 3. ...na eyam bhuyam'na eyam bhavvam, na eyam bhavissam, jam nam arahamta va cakkavatti va... bhikkhayakulesu va mahanakulesu va ayaimsu. Kalpasutra.21 See H. Jacobi, tr., Jaina Sutras, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, pt. 1, p. 225. It should be noted that the Digambara Jainas reject the authenticity of this Svetambara scripture and also do not admit the legend pertaining to Mahavira's change of womb. 4. Vincent A. Smith, The Jain Stupa and Other Antiquities of Mathura (1901; reprint ed., Varanasi: Indological Book House, 1969). 5. According to the Jaina tradition all the twenty- four Tirtharkaras of the present age were born into the Ksatriya families (17 in the Iksvakuvamsa, 2 in the Harivamsa, 1 (Parsva) in the Ugravamsa and 1(Mahavira) in the the Nathavamsa). For details see Jinendra varni, Jainendra-Siddhanta-Kosa, 4 vols. (Delhi : Bharatiya Jnanapitha, 1970-73). ...Buddha nama Vessakule va Suddakule va na nibbattanti, lokasammute pana Khattiyakule va Brahmanakule va dvisu yeva kulesu nibbattanti, idani ca Khattiyakulam lokasammutam, tattha nibbattissamiti....jatakatthavannana, ed. V. Fausboll, Vol I, Pali Text Society, (reprinted, 1963), p. 40. In conformity with this belief the Buddhists have stated that of the twenty-five Buddhas of the present period, twenty-two Buddhas were born into the Khsatriya families and three (Konagamana, Kakusandha and Kassapa, Nos, 22, 23 and 24) were born into the Brahman families. See Buddhavamsa and Cariyapitaka, ed. N.A. Jayawickrama, Pali Text Society, 1974. 7. For the Jaina speculations on the origin of the castes, see P.S. Jaini, 1974, "Jina Rsabha as an avatara of Visnu," in Bulletin of the school of Oriental (anf) African Studies, XL, pt. 2 (University of London, 1974), pp. 321-337. 8. For the Digambara account, see Adipurana (of Jinasena), Part I, ch. 38-40 (Varanasi : Bharatiya Jnanapitha, 1963). For the Svetambara account, see Trisasti-salakapurusacarita (of Hemacandra), Vol. I., in The Lives of Sixty-three Illustrious Persons, tr. Helen M. Johnson, Vol I (Baroda : Oriental Institute, 1962). 9. Bharato 'the samahuya sravakan abhyadhad idam/ glhe madiye bhoktavyam yusmabhih prativasaram// krsyadi na vidhatavyam kintu svadhyayatatparaih apurvajnanagrahanam kurvanaih sthyeyam anvayam/ bhuktva ca me ntikagataih pathaniyam idam sada/ jito bhavan vardhate bhis tasman ma hana ma hana/ ... kramena mahanas te tu brahmana iti visrutah.../ Trisastisalakapurusacaritra, I, 8, 227-248. 10. On the 23rd Tirthankara Parsva, see M. Bloomfield, The Life and Stories of the Jaina Savior Parsvanatha (Baltimore : University of Maryland Press, 1919). 11. For further details on the Jaina priestly castes, see V.A. Sangave, Jaina Community: A Social survey (Bombay : Popular Book Depot, 1959). 12. For a detailed description of the Jaina forms of worship see P.S. Jaini, The Jaina Path of Purification (Berkeley: California Press, 1979). It should be noted that many Jaina temples have images of yaksas or "guardian spirits" who are worshipped by the laity. These are invoked by mantras and are believed to manifest themselves in their images. However, the Jaina layman is admonished to refrain from treating them as Jain Education Intemational

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24 ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII equal to the Jina and the mendicant is of course barred from even saluting them, since they are inferior to him. See ibid. p. 194, notes 13-14. 13. The reformist Jaina sect known as the Sthanakavasi rejects even this symbolic representation and regards idol-worship (Murtipoja) as a form of mithyatva (wrong behaviour) even when performed by a layman. See Jaini, 1979, ch. IX. 14. See R. Williams, Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Sravakacaras (London: Oxford University Press, 1963). 15. na svato gneh pavitratvam devatarupam eva val kintv arhaddivyamartijyasambandhat pavano nalah/ tatah pajyaggatam asya matva rcanti dvijottamah/ nirvanaksetrapujavat tatpuja to na dusyati// vyavaharanayapeksa tasyesta pujyata dvijaih Adipurana of Jinasena, xl, 88-90 The Buddhist texts go even further and reject all popular belief regarding the divinity of fire and water. sikhim hi devesu vadanti h'eke, apar milakkha pana devam ahu/ sabbe va ete vitatham vadanti, aggi na devannataro na capo// nirindriyam santam asannakayam, vessanaram kammakaram pajanam/ paricariya-m-aggim sugatim katham vaje, papani kammani pakubbamano// Jatakatthavannana, VI, 892-3. 16. Atharvaveda, XII, 1 (63 verses). 17. Somadevasuri, a tenth century Jaina author gives a long list of such practices forbidden to a Jaina layman. suryargho grahananam samkrantau dravinavyayah/ sandhya sevagnisatkaro gehadeharcano vidhih// nadinadasamudresu maijanam dharmacetasa/... varartham lokayatrartham uparodhartham eva va/ upasanam amisam syat samyagdarsanahanaye// Upasakadhyayana, vv. 136-140. (ed. K. Shastri, Varanasi: Bharatiya Janapitha, 1964). 18. No less than thirty-two kinds of plants are forbidden for a Jaina layman. See R. Williams, Jaina Yoga, pp. 110-116. 19. For a canonical description of these dreams see H. Jacobi, The Jaina Sutras, Part 1, pp. 231-238. 20. For this text as well as for a detailed discussion on the mangala objects, see Jinendra Varni, Jainendra-Siddhanta-Kosa, Vol. III. pp. 251-255. 21. (manglasuttani:) cattari mangalam, arhanta mangalam, sidha manglam, sahu mangalam, kevalipannatto dhammo mangalam/ cattari loguttama: arahanta... siddha...sahu... dhammo loguttamo/cattari saranam pavajjami: arahante...siddhe...sahu...dhammam saranam pavajjami// (pancanamokkaramangalasuttam:) namo arahantanam, namo siddhanam, namo ayariyanam, namo uvajjhayanam, namo loe savvasahunam// 22. Avassayasuttam, 1-4, Jaina-Agama-series, no. 15 (Bombay: Shri Mahavira jaina Vidyalaya, 1977). eso panca-namokkaro savva-pavappanasano/ mangalanam ca savvesim padhamam havai mangalam// Quoted in R. Williams, Jaina Yoga, p. 185. This is comparable to the refrain "etam mangalam uttmam" of the famous Mangalasutta of the Budhists. This sutta also lists the perfect virtues of the enlightented person as the best of the mangalas: tapoca brahmacariyan ca eta mangalam uttamam/ Khuddakapatha, p. 3 (Pali Text Society, 1915). 23. For details on these abodes see G.P. Malalasekera, Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. II, Pali Text Society, 1960, pp. 1199 and 1229. * With courtesy from the collections of Prof. P.S.Jaini's articles on Janalogy.

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CONCEPT OF AHIMSA IN THE SANTIPARVAN The doctrine of Ahimsa (non-injury), on its philosophical and religious basis from ancient time, is the most important constituent part of religions like Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. It has been perfected by the saints and seers of the Santiparvan (the Mahabharata) with the origins traced out to the Vedas, the Upanisads down to the Manusmrti. Its central philosophy lies in the following lines: "The one who pervades and penetrates into this universe is present in all mobiles and immobiles (caracara). One who identifies himself with all other things of this world, attains Brahman. He who always realises that there are also enlightened souls (jnanasvarupa atma) in others' bodies as there is in his own (body), transcends his generality and approaches immortality. He who assumes himself in other's souls and devotes to their service without having any desire for himself except the attainment of the Brahman, is considered as an adequate man, and even gods do not know his track of tracklessness'.1 Dr. Bashistha Narayan Sinha* practical application of this idea (given by Bhisma) is found in Jainism, because its every metaphysical, ethical and epistemological argument has been extended to support the theory of Ahimsa. But the great Manu3 has declared it as one of the features (Laksana) of religion: not to take anything without permission, charity, study, penance, not to injure anybody, practising truth, to give up wrath and performance of sacrifice. Vyasa has emphasised the comprehensive nature of Ahimsa by saying that it prevades all the Dharma and the Artha (Purusartha) as the foot-marks of the other-beings moving on foot are eclipsed within the foot-marks of an elephant. The person who refrains from all malignancy becomes immortal. One who practises equanimity, poise, truth, who is endowed with fortitude, who has controlled his senses, and who grants shelter to all beings, leads the life of immortality. It is one of the penances like truthfulness, gift and control of senses.? and also one of the thirteen forms which are adopted by truthfulness: truthfulness (as part), impartiality, self-control, forgiveness, modesty, endurance, goodness, renunciation, contemplation, dignity, fortitude, compassion and abstension from injury, It is one of Dama (self That, it propounds-'Do not injure anybody. because life is dear to all as it is dear to you. It supports harmlessness which is practised not only in action as abstaining from killing and troubling a creature, but also in through and speech, i.e., in removal of illfeeling restraint; part of the eightfold Yoga). In a simple and and the use of harsh words.2 common way it can be regarded as one of the ethical virtues,10 which constitute a good conduct and cause happiness in life. Ahimsa is the complete Dharma.3 It is the greatest because it involves negation of injury to all beings. According to Bhisma, it is the goal of all Dharma (righteousness); all moral disciplines are intended to inculcate the spirit of Ahimhsa. Therefore, universal good will to all beings, is the essence of religions. Whatever that does not accept the doctrine of Ahimsa, cannot be regarded as religion. The * Former Reader, Dept. of Philosophy, Mahatma Gandhi Kashividyapeeth; Varanasi. Himsa (injury) an antonym to Ahimsa is divided into two classes: 1. Bhava Himsa, which is contemplative than transformative. 2. Dravya Himsa, a substantialised action like murder etc.

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26 ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII The former is conceptual while the latter is both but the punishment should be in proportion to the mental and physical. In the SP. intention has been crimes committed, and one should rule over his regarded as the main measuring rod of some action kingdom by inflicting lightest possible punishment to be Himsa or Ahimsa. That is why, not only Ahimsa to the naughty fellows. but all other virtues are prescribed to be practised in So far as meat-eating is concerned it allows thought, speech and action (Mansa, Vaca and one to take meat for the preservation of his life during Karmana)." The latter or Dravya Hissa which is emergency. If one is dying by the pangs of hunger done with a purpose (intention), may be analysed and and the only available food is meat, he may take it. classified into the following classes: The story of Visvamitra may be quoted here as an 1. Himsa done for protective reason, such as a man example. In this story Visvamitra is presented as being attacked by some beasts or some gang of taking flesh of a dog from a Candala's (sinful man) robbers, tries to defend his life, for which he uses some house, to save himself from starvation-death. There weapon and thus injures and kills some person. he says very frankly: 2. Himsa done for physical reason, as to take meat, One who is dying of hunger, should save his fish and egg etc. to gain different vitamins in order to life by any means whatsoever (i.e. even by taking maintain a good health and for this they slay animals. meat), so that having become fit, he may practise virtue, again'.14 3. Himsa done for hedonistic reason, as the hunters prey on beasts for the sake of pleasure or to take meat But SP. is totally against the Himsa done on or fish prepared with the mixture of different spices the religious ground. According to it, it is the in order to relish the so called good taste. misunderstanding of priests and the persons who favour the animals slaughtering for offering oblation 4. Himsa done for commercial reason, as some to the firegod. In this connection opinions of king animals like calves, deer etc. are butchered, so that Vicaksanu and Narada, and the discussion held some soft, fine and fashionable commodities may be between god and rsis are very important. Vicaksanu made out of their skins, horns, bones etc. 5. Himsa done for religious reason as some people "The persons who violate the prescribed slaughter goats, buffaloes, sheeps and hogs on the limits, who are fools, who are atheists and who have altars of gods and goddesses to propitiate them, neither name nor fame, support the doctrine of Himsa. specially at the time of performing some religious The great Manu has never favoured this principle; of sarcifices, while others butcher goats, and sheeps for their own sweet will they slay animals in sacrifices. their religious uplift. If one says that the tree cutting for Yupa (some The SP, allows the first type of Himsa, wooden pot used in Yajna) and animal slauhtering therefore, it permits Ksatriyas, to be always ready to for sacrifices, are not useless but they are righteous protect countrymen from robbers and to exhibit and religious deeds; the religion dependent upon these bravery in the battle-field, as duties incumbent on activities and principles should neither be accepted them.12 Though at one place it allows (Ksatriyas) to as religion nor be preferred by anybody. Wine, fish, punish the wicked persons and to kill them also, if honey, meat, seasamum-seeds and preparations of rice needed, it is not in favour of heavy punishment. Thus and pulse have been introduced in the sacrifices by it suggests. 13 that wicked should be dispelled totally ingenious persons. They are not indicated for use in says: 15 Jain Education Intemational

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CONCEPT OF AHIMSA IN THE SANTIPARVAN sacrifices by the Veda. The dexterous persons who being affected by pride, aberration and concupiscence, have introduced the above things, have definitely shown their subordination to the greed of gain. Brahmanas always worship Visnu with flowers and preparation of rice, milk and sugar etc. The only class of trees, which has been prescribed in the Vedas, should be used in sacrifices, Moreover, the oblation which is prepared by the pure man having pure heart and clean nature, is worthy to be offered to all deities.' Narada presents the story of a Brahmana who wants to perform a Yanjna without any sort of injury, and he (Brahmana) begins that. In the beginning he follows the path of Ahimsa but towards the end, being affected by wrong advices (given to test him), he becomes ready to kill some animal and he thinks: 'Having slaughtered that animal (Dharma personified as a deer and living with the Brahmana as his friend) I should obtain heaven'.1 16 And, with this apprehension and hypocritical notion he receded downward from the high saintly state. This shows that Ahimsa is a great virtue. A discussion held between gods and some Rsis,17 for clarifying the meaning of the term 'Aja', lays stress on Ahimsa. According to the Rsis the purport of the word 'Aja is corn or seed' but the gods hold the meaning to-be 'goat'. Thus. Rsis are in favour of offering corn as oblation while gods are in favour of slaughtering animals for that (oblation). The deliberation of each school is emphasised by the followers but that fails to reach any unanimity and they (followers) refer the matter to the king Vasu, who is also called Upacari (for possessing the power of passing through sky), to be the judge. But the king Upacari having heard the arguments of both the parties delivers the judgement favouring the gods. This causes anger in the minds of the Rsis and they curse him:18 'O king! you know that the word 'Aja' means grain but you have favoured gods knowingly. So go down on the Earth from Heaven. You will lose your power of roaming in the sky, since today; our curse will push you to go down to the lower regions below the earth (Patala)'. It happens so. Thus, the SP. advises not to reside at a place where the Vedas are not studied and the Yajna, Tapas, Satya, sense-control and Ahimsa are not practised. In this way it elevates this theory (of Ahimsa) to a high level of an universal law, especially in the fields of ethics and religion, by removing different misunderstandings and. misinterpretations. But, it (SP.) does not bind itself with any particular view; sometimes it permits Himsa in protective cases while at other times it totally negates it by saying that one should even leave that place where theory of Ahimsa is not practised. References: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 9. 27 Chapter 160, Verses 15, 16 10. 11. Chapter 124, Verses 66, 67, ch. 215 Verses 6,7 Chapter 227, Verse 27 (1/2), Ch. 290 Verse 20 12. Chapter 60, Verses 14, 17, 18 13. Chapter 267 whole. 14. Chapter 141, Verse 63, also see the whole chapter. Chapter 265 whole. Chapter 272 Verse 18, also see the whole chapter. 17. Chapter 337 Verses 1-77. 18. Chapter 340 Verses 88, 89. 15. 16. Santiparvan, Edt- Pt. Ram Narayan Datta, Chapter 239, Verses 20-23; Ch. 167 Verse 9. Chapter 277, Verse 27 (1/2) Chapter 272, Verse 20 Chapter 262, Verse 10 Chapter 36, Verse 10 Chapter 245, Verses 18, 19 Chapter 161, Verse 8 Chapter 162, Verses 8, 9

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NIRGRANTHA DOCTRINE OF KARMA-A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BHAGAVATI). Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh This article attempts to trace the history of Jaina karma to none 2. doctrine as depicted in ancient Jaina canons, espicially Anga The main features of the Nirgrantha Karma doctrine texts. For this purpose the theme of the karma doctrine of of Jainas may be put, in nutshell, as followsVyakhyaprajnapti the fifth of the Angatexts also known It has material form, eight Mulaprakrtis (fudamental as Bhagavati has been analysed in the light of Acaranga, species)viz. Jnanavraniya (knowledge-obscuring).', Sutrakrystiga Rsibhasita, Uttaradhyayana, Sthananga and Darsanavaraniya (conation obscuring), Vedaniya(feeling Samavayaniga positively, the cearliest extant Jaina canonical producing), Mohaniya (Deluding)". Ayusya (Agetexts. determining), Namakarma (physique making), Gotra Bhagavati, in its present form, is divided into 41 (Status-determining) and Antaraya(obstructive) karman. Satakas. Barring Sataka XV all the other satakas are sub- Each of Mulaprakrtis has been further divided into Uttara divided into uddesakas. The total number of satakas Karmaprakstis (sub-spcies). Jnanavarniya has five, including the sub-satakas is 138 and that of Uddesakas is Darsanavaraniya-nine. Vedaniya-two, Mohaniya-28, 1925. Ayusya-four, Nama-103. Gotra-2 and Antaraya-5. Karma doctrine is one of the most important Karmaprakstis are classified into ghati and Aghati phenomenon of all the systems of Indian thought. With group. Ghati has if two catergories. First Sarvaghatithe only exception of Carvakan, all the schools of Indian karman - completely destroying the qualities peculair to philosophy deal with Karma doctrine. Infact, the doctrine the soul, second Desaghati - karman destroying the soul of karma was evolved to answer the cause of continuity of qualities in a greater or lesser measure. Aghati means this world, with all its visible vividity and multiplicity. karman - destroying no property of the soul. Sub-species Various thinkers have thought over the immediate cause of karman are also designated as Punya (virtuous) and of the universe, commencing from Kala (time) and ending Papa (sinfiul). with Purusa (Hiranyagarbha). Svetasvatara Upanisad Again the atoms, which have turned into Karma are mentions- "Kala or Svabhava (nature), Niyati (the settled contemplated from four points of views.- According to course) or Yadrecha (chance) or Bhutani (elements) or the manner of their effect, (2) the duration of their effect, Yoni (Prakrti) or Purusa as the cause. Again, according to (3) Intensity of their effect, and (4) according to their it any combination of these causes, in whichever, manner number of pradesas. The inter-relation of Uttarakarmacombined, does not deserve to be treated as the cause." prakrtis has also been dealt in according to Bandha, Satta The above views, however, could not wholly ascertain the and Udai. truth. The limitations of the causes, separately as well as five causes of bondage of karman are Mithyatva combined, paved way for the evolution of Karma doctrine. (Perversity), Avirati (non-abstinence), Pramada (nonwhich maintained that individual dissimilarities, feeling vigilence), Kasaya (passion) and Yoga (activity). There of pleasure and pain, innate virtuous and vicious are ten different states of Karma-bondage in Nirgrantha inclinations, seen in this world, owe their existence to the doctrine of Karma namely Bandha (bondage), Satta previous Karman. (existence), Udvartana (delayed fruition), Apavartana The account of karman is most systematically decreased realisation), Sarkramana (alteration), Udaielaborated with its minutest details in Jaina tradition. (realisation), Udirana (premature fruition), Upasamana Padmabhusana Pt. Dalsukha Malvania', one of the great (subsidence), Nidhatti (Thickening), and Nikacana savant of Sramanic tradition, has well remarked, "Detail (incapacitation). account of Karma doctrine as envisaged by Jainas is parallel The means of suppression of Karma are three guptis Jain Education Intemational

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NIRGRANTHA DOCTRINE OF KARMA-A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BHAGAVATI) (control), five samitis (carefulness), ten dharmas (duties), Samavayanga. However, some of them are mentioned in Anupreksas-twelve (reflections), 22 parisahas (the patient these texts. It is in this perspective that the account of endurance) and five degrees of caritra (conduct). Bhagavati may be seen. The annihilation of Karman is attained by six external The doctrine of karma, as found in Bhagavati may be austerities and six internal austerities. However, the means discussed under the following heads.(1) References to other of suppression of Karma, reffered to above are not directly (later) canons. (2) Different states of karma bondage. (3) related with the karma doctrine, hence absent in Basic principles of Jaina karma doctrine. (4) Refutation Karmagranthas. of other's or heretic pastulates pertaining to karmadoctrine, Karmavipaka (fruition of Karmas), Karma bondage, (5) Activities of daily routine made subject to karma Karma and Gunasthana (stages of spiritual development), bondage. Karma and margana sthana (stand points of investigation) The inerpolation in the texts imply that all the subjectare also dealt, herein. matter is exactly not of one and the same period. Thus, to In addition, some important problems of Jaina karma claim that all the facts of a particular texts belongs to the doctrine such as whether fruits of karmas are subject to same period is not easy. God ? What is the time of fruition of karmas, are also in Bhagavati, at a number of places, it has been dealt in here. It also contains detailed discussion on some suggested either explicitly by means of Jaha cr implicitly problems, regarding relationship between soul and karma., that particular discussion of certain topic may be taken or such as which is prior-soul or karma, which is more answered, as in other (referred) texts. The canonical texts powerful soul or karma. referred to in Vyakhyaprajnapti are Prajnapana, Needless to mention that whole of the above Nirgrantha Jivabhigama, Jambudvipaprajnapti, Samavayanga, karma doctrine was not propounded within a spur of Aupapatika, Anuyogadvara and Nandi, (order of texts given moment. As usual it is the outcome of the process of here is according to the frequency of reference). Out of gradual evolution. Therefore, an attempt to present the these seven, the first three are frequently referred. literary account, depicting the evolution of the Nirgranuha incidently, almost all explicit instances pertaining to doctrine in a historical perspective, is in order. karma doctine, occurred in Bhagavati, referred to Before coming to the doctrine of karma as depicted in Prajnapana viz.' Karma Praksti, karmabandha, Karmasthiti Bhgavati, a glimpse of main features of karma doctrine as and Karmaveda except one in Anuyogadvara. mentioned in Acaranga etc. is necessary. The facts of the In Bhagavati all the ten terms denoting the different above texts have been shown by the table.* (See page 30) states of Karman namely Bandha, Satta, Udai, Udirana, It shows that Mulaprakstis are totally absent in Upasama, Nidhatti, Nikacana, and Sakramana are found. Acaranga. Sutrakstanga mentions only one Darsanavarana. In addition, Calana (moving), Prahana (decreasing), Rsibhasita refers to the concept of eight karmagranthis Chedana (cutting), Bhedana (breaking), Dagdkha for the first time but without divulging their names. Eight (burning), Yathakarma, Yathanikarma, as per karma types of karinaprakstis with their names have made maiden acquired, as per time, place, states and causes determining appearnce in Uttaradhyayana's chapter allegedly an outcome are seen. Thus for the first time in Bhagavati, interpolation. yet dating prior to the 1st century A.D. the complete description regarding different states of karma Uttaraprakytis (sub-types) occur for the first time in is found. Uttaradhyayana, but that of 103 types of Namakarma were The sutras, explaining the basic tenets of Nirgrantha still absent in Samavayanga. Uttaradhyayana mentions karma doctrine, occurred in Bhagavati, are in a good Ghati and Aghati karmaprakstis, while the present concept number. Some of them are as followsof five causes of karma bondage occur in Rsibhasita. The The living beings experience the fruits of self-created divison of karma into Iryapathika (passional influx) and misery. All the four types of beings, who have performed Samparayika (passionless influx) is found in Sutrakstanga. sinful acts, are not liberated without experiencing their All the ten states of Karma bondage are not seen till effects. The suffering of all the souls is made and perceived Jain Education Intemational

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6 Jain Education Intemational End Sub-Types of Fund. Sub-Types of shati Ghati etc. Virtuous/ sinful 10 Different stage of karma The Text Nature of Karman Basic Principles Fund ental Specie Acara- Material Destruction of nga form (Karma karma is possible Sarira (Dhune kammapsychic form Sariragam)/ Karma (Akarma) root of world cycle Sutra- Material Enjoyment of self Conati ketanga form karma is essential on (Karmaraja) fruits as per karma, obscuri Psychic enjoyment of self -ng form karma and not of (Vigilance is others. not karma PunyaPapa Udai (Realisation), Udirana (Premature fruition) Nature of Causes of Karma Karma Bondage Bondage Indirect ref. to Delusion, passionless Violence, influx Attachment & (Akarma) hatred, influx is afflux Passional influx Possession or (samparaya) Attachment Passionless four passions, influx killing of living beings, Untruth, Nonstealing abstaining from coupulation Mithyatva (Perversity Avirati-Nonabstinece Pramadaon vigilence, Kasaya (Passion) andiyoga (activity) Rsibha sita Karma-Akarma Enjoyment of auspicious self karamas, karma follows the doer, Eight karmaknots Auspicious Inauspicious | Sopadana Niradana, Upakramit Utkarita, Bandha, Niddhatta Uttarad- hyayana Material form Jnanav araniya etc. Eight Ghati Agh ati Auspi cous Inauspicous Mithyatva etc Sthanan nga Jaanava araniya etc. Eight Jnana 25, Dara anav .9 Vedaniya-2 Mohaniya 28 Ayusya-4 Namakarma-2 Gotra-2 . Antaraya - 5 Two different Descriptions (1) Jnana-twa (2) Dars-two (3) Ved-two (4) Moha-two (5) Ayusya two (6) Nama-two (7) Gotra-two (8) Antaraya-two Mohaniya-28 Nama - 42 Samparayika Iryapathika, Preya and dvesa Upacaya Bandha. Udirana Samavayanga

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NIRGRANTHA DOCTRINE OF KARMA-A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BHAGAVATI). enjoy an admixture of happiness and misery. A number of instances, contained in Bhagavati, depict the consequences in terms of karma-bondage, of the day to day affairs of the persons, hailing from all walks of life viz. monks, laymen warriors, physicians, merchants etc. The routine affairs and activities like laughing, licing, litting-fire have been made subject to karma-bondage. Bhagavati maintains that knowledge and belief of the present existence will continue in the next existence but conduct, asceticism and self-discipline will not.22 Beings without self-discipline, not observing commandments, and not renouncing bad karman may become gods in the abode of Vanamantaras etc. On account of unwillingly suffered, thirst, hunger etc. Jaina monks because of doubt, desire, uncertainty, defection and blemish, bind Kamksamohaniya karman."T1. consequences, for a monk, of taking food intentionally prepared for him results in binding all eight karman, except quantity of life." The Iryapathika karman bound, by monks is consumed within two samayas. The activity of monk is due to pramada (carelessness) and due to Yoga (activity). Teacher (Upadhyaya), serving his gana, well, will attain liberation.27 A monk transgressing prohibitions and enjoying prohibited objects, binds seven types of karman, except age determining Karman." In hundreds, thousands and millions of years, a hellish being does not cosume as much karman as a monk annihilates in an instant. If a layman, having practised samayika, stays in an upasraya (monasteries), performs an passional influx action and not an passionless influx because his self is attached to activity.30 A layman giving virtuous food to monks etc, brings about annihilation of karman. Even though the food is impure, the annihilation of karman, he brings about is still greater than the inauspicious act he commits.31 If a monk gets an arsa and a physician gently cuts it off, in that physician binds karma where as the monk does not.32 Again if two equally strong men fight, the one whose karman results in Viriya wins.33 A buyer and a seller bind karmas due to special cases of bying and selling." Bhagavati mentions that whenever a person, who by their ownselves. The souls are reborn on the strength of their own Karmas. 10 The actions of livig beings are always experienced by the mind." The single being and indeed the entire (animate world) acquires its diversity as a result of karman.12 All the beings acquire a certain ayu without being aware of it."3 The soul, who has already bound karman may or may not again bind bad karman in present and future," The state of one who is free from Karman must be conceived as a state of being unconnected, undefiled and of distinct condition going undisturbedly to the target i.e. attaining Siddhahood at Siddhasthana." In Bhagavati, Mahavira is also seen as refuting the postulates of other systems relating to karman doctrine." The heretics maintain that those, killed in wars reborn among the gods. Refuting it Mahavira cites a few examples of wars, with the number of killed therein and the name of their existences in the next world. For example, in Rathamusala Sangrama (War of the chariot with the mace.) out of the 9,600,000 men killed, 10,000 of whom were reborn as the roe of a fish, one was reborn among the gods, one in a good family, the others among hellish and animals. The contention of heretics is that living being at the same instant acquires karma, determining two life spans the span of this life and that of the next. Against this Lord maintains" that a living being acquires karma, determining one life-span only, may be of this or of the next. Against the postulates of others that a living being performs two activities at the same time, which are activity due to movement and that due to passions, Lord Mahaviral preaches that a living persons at one time performs only one activity. A living being experiences, at anyone time, one lifespan, may be life span of this birth or the life-span of the next.19 Also against the postulate of heretics that the perception (Vedana) of all the four types of beings always corresponds with the actions performed, Nirgrantha doctrine maintains that beings may or may not correspond. Jainas also refute the contention of the heretics that all beings only experience suffering. According to Mahavira, some of the beings suffer only misery and rarely happiness, while some of these experience only happiness and rarely any misery. There are also some who at -

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3 2 pronounces a false accusation is reborn as a man, he will have to endure, being treated in the same way. 35 Effects of certain psychic states as well as laughing etc. activities, with regard to karma bondage, has been dealt in this text. The one, subjugated by four passions, binds all eight types of karman, except Age determining karman.36 The one, subjugated by his senses, binds only seven karma prakrtis like above. In the same way while laughing and becoming inquisitive, a living being binds seven types or eight types. A person, having performed auspicious and blissful karmas, properly attains silver, gold, etc. wealth. Bhagavati also depicts that, of two equal men, karman are stronger with the one that lights a firebody than with the one that extinguishes it." ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII Now we come to such concepts, occurred in Bhagavati, as deal with the eight karma praktis in terms of their bondage, duration, realisation and annhilation. The bondage of karma, has been treated in this text at length, along with its types and subtypes. Bhagavati deals with karma bondage etc. in connection with the 24 four kinds of beings in the world." The 24 kinds of beings often repeated here in the contexts of Jaina Karmadoctrine needs elaboration. It comprehends the hellish beings, the ten kinds of Bhavanvasi gods, the five kind of one-sensed beings, two sensed beings, three sensed beings and four sensed beings, five sensed animals, men, Vanamantara, Jyotiska and Vaimanika gods. Bhagavati" also treats the above subject from the view-point of eleven (qualities), namely 1. Jiva (kind of soul) 2. Lesya (colouring of soul) 3. Paksika (belonging to the light or dark half of existence) 4. Drsti (belief) 5. Jnana (knowledge) 6. Ajnana (ignorance) 7. Samina (instinct) 8. Veda (sex) 9. Kasaya (passion) 10. Yoga(activity) 11. Upayoga (consciousness) According to Bhagavati, heaviness and lightness of the soul is a result of committing and obstaining from the eighteen sins, respectively. Five colours, two smells, five tastes, relate to karma prakrtis on account of eighteen sins. The possibility of the simultaneous occurrence of the herein. The actions of living beings always bring about different kinds of karman in one being also has been dealt accumulation of particles of karman. The one, who binds all eight kinds of karman, except Age-determining, may experience all of the twenty two parisahas but only twenty of them at the same time. It also held that of the two beings of the same species, living in the same abode, the one that is sinful and hertical has more karman, action, influx and perception than the one that is sinless and with right attitude. It also discusses karma bondage of souls of 24 dandakas. with regard to anantaropapannaka" living in the first samaya of their existence, paramparopapannaka"-in the later samaya, anantaravagadha"- in the first samaya of their occupation of the new place of origin, paramparavagadha-in a later samaya of their occupation of the new place of origin, anantaraharaka" - in the first samaya of their attraction of matter, paramparaharaka" - in later samaya of their attraction of the matter, Anantaraparyaptaka" in the first samaya of their development and paramparaparyaptaka" in the later samaya of their development. Also in connection with Carimathat will again enter the same existence and Acarima that will not enter the same existence again. In the same vein, binding or not binding of unauspicious karmans, eight karmans, in past, present and future, as well those having bound, perceived or finished has been treated. Regarding the bondage of Karkasavedaniya" experienced as suffering and Akarkasavedaniya experienced as without suffering, Bhagavati propounds that by the eighteen sin s certain souls produce karman of the former type while the abstinence from these sins produce later type of karman. Of Calitam (moving out) and acalitam (dormant karmas), bondage, fructification, suffering, intensification, piling, cementing, are concerned with the later only while destruction applies to the moving out. The karman resulting from an afflux action may be bound only by human beings who, though formerly women, men or neuters, have got rid of the sexual feelings. This

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NIRGRANTHA DOCTRINE OF KARMA A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BHAGAVATT) 33 binding always has a beginning and an end. This, date of Bhagavati concept of Gunasthana has not come Iryapathika Karma is always bound as a whole by the into being as indicated by Porf. S. M. Jain in his tract whole. Among men of the three sexes, both those having Gunasthana Siddhantaka Vikasa. the sexual feeling and those having got rid of it, may bind It may also be pointed out that apart from the doctrinal karman resulting from samparayika bondage. The binding aspect of karmas there might have been an effort on the may have a beginning or not. If it has a beginning it has part of the Jaina Acaryas to regulate the daily activities of also an end. Samparayika karma is bound as whole by the common men as well as of monks, in the framework of whole. Binding is also distinguished as material and karmas. psychic. Material binding is two-fold-visrasa(spontaneous) and Prayoga (brought about by the impulse). Psychic References bondage is that of fundamental species and sub-species. Both the forms of psychic bondage exist in all beings and (1) Dr. Ashok Kumar Singh, "Pracina Jaina granthno Mne apply to all of the eight types of karman. Karma Siddhanta ka Vikasakarma", Aspects of Jainology The binding of karman is three fold, effected by the Vol. 5, ed. Prof. S.M. Jain & Dr. A.K. Singh, Parsvanath Jivappaoga(exertion of soul) Anantarabandha(immediate) Vidyapeeth, Varanasi-5, 1994, pp.101-113. and Parampara-bandha (mediate). This is true for all (2) alat: a firefarto ya uf: you sfa farm44 hellish, animals, men and gods. This is demonstrated for saMyoga eSAM na lAtmabhAvAdAtmA'pyanIza: sukhaduHkhahetoH // 2 // the binding of the eight kinds of karman and their realisation Eighteen Principal Upanisadas Vol. ed. V.P. Limaye & (udaya) as well as for the binding of sexes (veda) bodies, R.D. Vadekar, Vaidika Samsodhaka Mandal, Poona, 1958, instincts, lesyas, kinds of belief and kinds of knowledge 1/2/2, p. 283. and non-knowledge. (3) Pf. Dalsukha Malvania, Atmamiamsa, Jaina Cultural The fifteen places, where karman is bound and Research Society, Varanasi -5, 1963; p. 95 consumed, are the five Bharatas, five Airavatas and the (4) Vide Dr. A.K. Singh," Pracina Granthro of five Mahavidehas. The thirty places that are free from Jainology" Aspects Vol, 5, Parsvanath, 1994, pp. 103-4 karman are five Himavatas, five Hirnayavatas, five (Acaranga), 104-5 (Sutrakstanga) 105-6 (Rsibhasita), 106 Harivarsas, the five Ramagga, the five Devakurus and five (Uttaradhyayana), 107&8 (Sthananga) and 109-10 Uttarakurus. (Samavayanga) Bhagavati also depicts minimum and maximum (5) Prajnapanusutra ed. Madhukar Muni, Jinagama duration of their incubation period. The period of granthamala 16, Agama Prakasana Samiti Byavar (Raj) effectiveness of karman equals its thinless its abadha. Again 1983. the description, about the Kamksa-mohaniya-faith (6) Anuyogadvarasutra ed. Madhukar Muni, Jinagama deluding, and Age-determining karmas to different beings, granthamala 28, Agama Prakasana Samiti, Byavar is found. (Raj 1987), In the conclusion we may say that the first impression (7) Vyakhyaprajnaptisutra( 5 Vols) ed. Madhukar Muni, we get while going through the Bhagavati that it has treated Jinagama Granthamala No, Agama Prakasana Samiti, each and every subject very exhaustively. Treatment of Byavar (Raj) Vol.1 Sataka 1/Uddesaka 1/Sutra 5(2), 9, Bandha, Udai and Satta according to 24 Dandakas and 11 and 1/4/6, sthanas for the first time occurred here, the bondage etc. (8) Ibid - Jue to routine activities of common men as well as of (9) Ibid - 17/4/19 monks is a significant contribution of this text. Again, (10) Ibid - 25/8/8 the detailed treatment to the karma bondage of one sensed (11) Ibid - 16/2/17 beings is not found in the earlier Jaina Canonical texts. (12) Ibid - 37/5/12 The absence of treatment of karma doctrine according (13) Ibid to the stages of Spiritual develoment confirms that till the

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3 4 (14) Ibid-26 (15) Ibid-7-1 (16) Ibid-7/2/20 (17) Ibid-31/9/20 (18) Ibid 1/10 (19) Ibid - 5/31 (20) Ibid-5/5/20 (21) Ibid-6/10/11 (22) Ibid (23) Ibid-1/1/12(2) (24) Ibid - 1/3/15 (2) (25) Ibid - 1/9/20 (26) Ibid-3/3/10 (27) Ibid(28) Ibid-7/8/9 (29) Ibid - 16/4/2 (30) Ibid-7/3/16 (31) Ibid - 8/6/1 (32) Ibid - 16/3/50 (33) Ibid-1/8/9 (34) Ibid-5/6/5 (35) Ibid-5/6/20 (36) Ibid- 12/2/21 (37) Ibid-5/4/7 ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII (38) Ibid-3/1/6 (39) Ibid-5/6/9 (40) Ibid-1/1/6-10, 7/6/15-30, 7/8/3-4, 19/8/5-7, 16/2/ 17-19, 18/3/21-23,26/1/34-43 (40) Ibid-1/1/6-10, 7/6/15-30, 7/8/3-4, 19/8/5-7, 16/2/ 17-19, 18/3/21-23 and, 26/1/34-4341. Ibid-26/1/ 1-33 (42) Ibid-1/9/9 (43) Ibid-26/2/1-9 (44) Ibid-26/3/1-2 (45) Ibid-26/4/1 (46) Ibid-26/5/1 (47) Ibid-26/6/1 (48) Ibid-26/7/1 (49) Ibid-26/8/1 (50) Ibid-26/9/1 (51) Ibid-7/6/15 (52) Ibid-17/4/19 (53) Ibid-8/4/19 (54) Ibid-18/3/15-16 Ibid-20/7/4-7 Ibid-34/1, 3910, 4-11 Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Ganasthana Siddhanta : Ek Vaslesana, p.v. No. 87, Parsvanatha Vidyapeeth, Varanasi- 1996, (55) (56) (57)

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GUNAVRATA AND UPASAKADASANGA Gunavrata is a kind of vow concerned with householders. It is a reinforcing vow and also known as qualitying vow. Different types of vows are practised by monks and householders. The vows of monks are known as mahavratas or great vows. Monks accept their vows with full strength and complete awareness. That is why their vows are called Sarvavirata (totally abstained). On the other hand a householder can not accepts his vow in full strength like that of a monk due to fulfill his social obligations. Thus the vows of householders are called Desavirata (partial). Partial vows are 12 in numbers and divided into three categories viz. 1.5 Anuvratas (minor vows), II.3 Gunavratas (qualitying vows) and III. 4 Siksavratas (Supplementary or Educative vows) this is much developed and later division of the partial vows. The earlier division is rather different and only categorised in two parts- 1.5 Anuvratas and II.7 Siksavratas. That is found in ancient Jain canonical scriptures. Jain scriptures are known as Agama and found in large numbers. The Agamas are divided into Anga, Upanga, Mulasutra, Chedasutra, Prakirnaka and others. The Anga is the oldest among all the Agamas. It is 12 in numbers, but exist only 11. The Upasakadasangais one of them. It describes the vows and lifestyles of those Jain householders who live at that time when Lord Mahavir was alive. In this Adga Agama the partial vows are divided into two categories- 15 Anuvratas and II. 7 sikavratas We have several editions of this Anga-Agama by different scholars and monks. Most of them describe the two categories of the partial vows. But some editions of the Upasakadasanga contain the later divisions of the partial vows i.e. 1.5 Anuvratas, I1.3 Guhavratasand 11.4 siksavratas. This usage creates a scholasicitic problems. To check them we collect following editions of the Upasakadalanga 1. Upasagadasao: Edpt. Bechardas Doshi, Prakritavidya Mandala. L.D. Istitute of Indology, Ahmedabad. 2. Upasakadasanga: Ed. Amolak Rishi, Jaina Shashtrodhara Mudarnalaya, Sikandarabad, 1972 Dr. Rajjan Kumar 3. Uvasagadasao (Angasuttani, Pt-3); Acarya Tulsi, Jaina Vishva Bharati, Ladnum (Raj) 2031 4. Uvasagadasao: Shri Madhukar Muni Agama Prakashana Samiti, Byavar (Raj). 2037 5. Upasakadasangasutra: Shri Ghasilalji, swetambar sthanakvasi jain singh, karachi, 1993 6. Upasakadasa: (Agama Sudha Sindhu) :- Shri Jinendra Vijayagani, Harsha Pushpamruta Jaina Granthamala Lakhabavala, shantipuri (Saurashtra) 7. Uvasagadasao: (Abhayadeva Commentary) Pt. Bhagvandas Harshachand Jainanarda pustakalaya sopipur, surat, 1992 Among all the above editions of the upasakadasanga only two edited by Madhukar Muni and Ghasilalji describe the three division of the partial vows. In both the editions the reading (patha) is in the form of the preachings of Lord Mahavir. Both the editors conclude the same reading in different ways. Madhukar Muni adds some readings in such a way that it looks like an original reading of the Upasakadasanga. On the other hand, shri Ghasilalji quotes it as a supplment reading. We can observe and compare both the readings in following ways: (dharmakathAmUlam) agAradhammaM duvAlasavihaM Aikkhar3a, taMjahA paMca aNubvayAI, tiNNi guNabbayAI, cattAri sikkhAvayAI // paMca aNubvayA, taMjahA .......|| tiSNi guNabbayAI, taMjahA- aNatthadaMDaveramaNaM, disibvayaM, upabhogaparibhogaparimANaM / cattari sikkhAvayAI, taMjA sAmAiyaM, desAvagAsiyaM, posahovavAse, atihisaMvibhAge,. ...... ANAe ArAhae bhavai // 2 agAradhammaM duvAsalavihaM Aikkhar3a, taM jahA paMca aNubvayAI, tiNi guNavvayAI, cattAri sikkhAvayAI paMca aNubvayAI, taM jahA ---| tiNNi guNaNvayAI taM jahA aNatthadaMDaveramaNaM, disivvayaM, uvabhogaparibhogaparimANaM cattAri sikkhAvavAI, taM jahAM sAmAiyaM, desAvagAsiya posahovavAse, atihisaMvibhAge ......... ! ANAe ArAhae bhavai / We can also observe that those editions of the upasakadasanga which do not mention the reading, contain the word gunavrata. The readings are as follows: taraNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAbore ANaMdassa gAhAvaIssa gAhAvaIssa

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ASPECTS OF JAINOLOGY VOL-VII .......... og hafa .... siksavrata are described in the Aupapatikasutra, but taeNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre ANandassa gAhAvaissa Munishri has mentioned only siksavrata in his Hindi ... commentery of the Upasakadasanga. Though earlier he taeNaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre ANandassa gAhAvaissa tIse used the reading of the Aupapatikasutra in the Upasakadasanga in such a manner, that it looks like an The above investigation has raised. Some original reading of the Upasakadasanga, but the concept of Gunavrata is not so ald and that fact has been fundamental problems viz. I. The concept of Gunavrata supported in his Hindi commentary of the is as old as the Upasakadasanga, II. This concept is not so old as the Upasakadasanga, III Gunavrata is a later Upasakadasanga. To for eliminate the ion of this problem we can see below that reading of the concept of the vows, and Iv. It is a developed concept. If we try to discuss on all these points, we have Aupapatikasutra too : __ agAradhamma duvAlasavihaM Aikkhai, taM jahA - 1 paMca aNuvvAI, 2. following findings :- Now, the question is which one of the above volumes is correct. whether those which tiNNi guNavvayAI, 3. cattAri sikkhAvayAI / paMca aNuvvayAiM taM jahAM contain that reading wherein Gunavrata incited are ........ I fafuut Tuloq4T5, JET 6. 3TUAGE.THU, . correct or those volums are correct which do not mention taley, c. 3041794HUT if firalaus Ethat reading. On the basis of only one reading we can ATHISTI, P. HCM , O. E 82. not conclude like this and also not raise the question of sufferifer....... ! 3710TT BRET 4951 the authenticity of those editions. Here, we can only T he above mentioned reading of the Aupatika sutra try to find out the sources of that reading. Because, if is reconciled with that reading used by Madhukar Muni it is not an original reading of the upasakadasnga, it and Ghasilalji in their editions of the Upasakadasanga. means it is an addition and has some sources. Acarya Tulsi has mentioned the name of the Aupapatika According to the Jain scholrs the Gunavrata is rather sutra in the foot note of the Upasakadasarga. ofcourse new and developed concept. As the upasakadasanga is Acharya Tulsi has accepted the modern Research very old and this concept should not have been methdology but Madhukar Muni and Ghasilali belive mentioned in it. Here we quote the view of Dr. S.M. in traditional methods. Jain, an eminent Jain scholar?." The divisions of There is a tradition that a reading or verse may be Gunavrata and siksavrata came in existence after the interpolated in any Agama, if that reading or verse composition of the Upasakadasanga and the possess the word 'Jaab'. This traditional methods for Tattavarthasutra. Those Jain scriptures mentioning such addition or completion of a reading is widely accepted types of division are not so old. They are composed by the editors of the Agamas. Thus Muni Madhkarji after those two scriptures". Thus we opine that the and Gahsilalji both have used this methdology in their reading of the upasakadasargathat mentions the concept editions of the Upasakadasanga and completed the of Gunavrata is not an original reading of this Agama. reading. We quote those reading of the Opasakadasanga It is a later interpolation. containing the word 'Jaab' as follwos." Now, we would like to find out the sources of this .... en la CETI reading. We used the copies of the upasakadasanga .... yang ra hai edited by Acarya Tulsi and Madhuka rMuni for .... HEAT a 974 het .....! investing the sources of that reading. Madhukar Muni ..... H FC 444446... ! has written in his Hindi Commentary." Seven ..... 465461f a 44 El.... siksavratas are cited in the Aupapatikasutra, this concept ... HTC HTC 4-4-El... ! is mentioned there in. This commentary of Madhukar On the basis of the above discussion we can Muni not only shows a direction but also creates an conclude that Gunavrata is not described in the academic problem. The concept of Gunavrata and Upasakadasanga. If some editions of this text mention

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GUNAVRATA AND UPASAKADASANGA 37 the concept of Gunavrata, we should understand that 2. Upasakadasangasutra (Ghashilalji) p.51 this is borrowed from other sources. Gunavrata is a 3. Uvasagadasao (Madhukar Muni), 1/11, p.21 later and developed concept and it is mentioned in the 4. Upasakadasangasutra (Amolak Rishi), 1/11,p.7 Upanga Agama the Aupapatika. The reading of the 5. Uvasagadasao (Pt. Bachardas Doshi), 1/11.p.3 Upasakadasanga which mentions this concept is 6. Upasakadasanga (Abhayadeva Commentary), p.6 borrowed from this Upanga. Upanga is an appendix of 7. Jaina dharma ka Vapniya Sampryadaya - the Anga Agama and this fact has been proved. Normally Dr. Sagarmal Jain, Parashvanath Vidyapith, Varanasi, the facts cited in Upangasutra are new in comprasion 1995 P.334 to the fact , described in the Anga Agama, the concept 8. Uvasagadasao (Madhukar Muni), p.57 of Gunavrata is mentioned in the Aupapatika sutra not 9. Aupapatikasutra (Madhukar Muni), Byavara in the Upasakadasanga. Hence it is a new and developed (Raj)57,p.113 concept and not cited in the original verse of the 10. Uvasagadasao (Angasuttani, pt III) - Acarya Tulsi, Upasakadasanga. 11. Uvasagadasao (Doshi), 1/11, p.3 ; Uvasagadasao (Acarya References Tulsi), 1/21, p.399; Uvasagadasao (Amolaka Rishi), 1/11.p.7; Upasakadasanga (AbhayadevaCommentary). p6; Upasakadasanga (Jinendravijayagani),1/5, p.263; 1. Uvasagadasao (Madhukar Muni)'1/11 pp.19-21 Uvasagadasao (Madhukar Muni) 1/11. p.19. Upasakadasangasutra (Ghashilalji), p.51 p.399

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