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अध्याय-१
outside the original canon - angabāhya - and those within the original canon - angapravişta. The non-canonical works – angabāhya - are of many kinds such as daśavaikālika and uttarādhyayana. The canonical works – angapravişța – are twelve. 1) ācarāńga, 2) sūtrakrtānga, 3) sthānānga, 4) samavāyānga, 5) vyākhyāprajñyapti anga, 6) jñātņdharmakathānga, 7) upāskadhyananāńga or śrāvakādhyayanāńga, 8) antakyddaśānga, 9) anuttaropapādika daśānga, 10) praśnavyākaraṇānga, 11) vipākasūtrānga, and 12) drstivādānga. Drstivādānga has five divisions - parikarma, sūtra, prathamānuyoga, pūrvagata and cūlikā. Out of these, purvagata has fourteen sections - utpādapūrva, agrāyaṇīya, vīryānuvāda, astināstipravāda, jñānapravāda, satyapravāda, ātmaprav karmapravāda, pratyākhyānanāmadheya, vidyānuvāda, kalyāņanāmadheya, prāṇāvāya, kriyāviśāla and lokabindusāra. Thus verbal testimony or scriptural knowledge is of two, many and twelve kinds. What is the basis of these distinctions? The distinctions are based on the kinds of teachers. The teachers are of three kinds, namely, the Omniscient (the Tīrtkańkara and the kevalī), his disciples (the śrutakevalī), and the later preceptors (ācāryas). The Scripture were really taught by the Omniscient Tīrtkańkara, gifted with perfect knowledge of unimaginable power and splendour. The Omniscient Lord is free from all kinds of impurities and is possessed of direct and perfect knowledge. Hence his word is authoritative. The Lord's direct disciples, called the gañadhara and the śrutakevalī, gifted with vast knowledge and accomplishments, recollect the import of the Lord's teachings and compose the Scripture called the anga and the pūrva. These too are authoritative, as these are only interpretations of the Word of the Lord. Later on, works such as daśavaikālika are written by the preceptors to benefit their disciples, whose lives are shorter and whose intellect and energy are less potent owing to the nature of the times. These also constitute valid knowledge, as these are in fact the same as the anga and the pūrva in a condensed form, just as the water of the Milky Ocean taken in ajar.
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