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Tattvarthasūtra
atom called aṣṭaka (one whole, having eight parts). Still others say that different classes of atoms, such as earth, water, fire and air, characterized by qualities of hardness, fluidity, heat and movement, respectively, produce the objects in the world.
Error of difference or non-difference bhedabhedaviparyāsa: This error entails considering the cause (kārana) and effect (karya) as either absolutely different or absolutely identical.
Error of nature - svarūpaviparyāsa: In this error, the person believes that colour, etc., are without particulars, or colour, etc., do not exist, or it is vijñāna (see footnote, p. 25) that takes the form of colour, etc., and there is no other object which is the substratum of colour, etc. This way, owing to the rise of wrong belief (mithyādarśana), people give credence to figments of imagination which go against the known sources of knowledge and inference. Therefore, these are wrong sensory knowledge - kumati jñāna, wrong scriptural knowledge - kuśruta jñāna, and erroneous clairvoyance - vibhanga jñāna. But right belief (samyagdarśana) promotes conviction in substances ascertained as these truly are. Therefore, with right belief, these become sensory knowledge - matijñāna, scriptural knowledge - śrutājñāna, and clairvoyance-avadhijñāna.
The two kinds of valid knowledge (pramāna) have been described. The partial views or standpoints or aspects of pramāņa are called naya. These are described next.
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नैगमसंग्रहव्यवहारर्जुसूत्रशब्दसमभिरूढैवंभूता नयाः ॥३३॥
[ नैगम ] नैगम, [ संग्रह ] संग्रह, [ व्यवहार ] व्यवहार, [ ऋजुसूत्र ] ऋजुसूत्र, [ शब्द ] शब्द, [ समभिरूढ ] समभिरूढ, [ एवंभूता ] एवंभूत ये सात [ नयाः ] नय हैं।
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