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Tattvārthasūtra
have been included there. If the time were included there, the substance (dravya) of the time (kāla) would be interpreted as an indivisible whole (i.e., one single continuum). Therefore, the time is mentioned separately here. What is the extent of the time if it is manifold? The static (niskriya) time-atoms (kālāņu) exist throughout the universe-space, each space-point (pradeśa) being occupied by one time-atom. It has been said in the Scripture: “The real time - niscaya kāla-is of the extent of the space-points of the universe, pervading the entire universe-space (lokākāśa). Each particle or unit of the real time is distinct and occupies one unit of space; these innumerable particles of real time, thus, exist in the entire universe-space, like heaps of jewels.” (see ‘Dravyasamgraha’, verse 22). The substances (dravya) that have multiple (many) space-points (pradeśa) exhibit the oblique-collection (tiryakpracaya or pradeśapracaya); tiryakpracaya is the collection of space-points (pradeśa) in all directions. The collection of multiple (many) ‘samaya' is termed the upward-collection (ūrdhvapracaya). All substances (dravya) exhibit the urdhvapracaya since these undergo transformation in time (kāla) – the past, the present and the future. All substances (dravya), except the substance of time (kāla dravya), exhibit the tiryakpracaya. The substance of space (ākāśa dravya) has inactive (niscala), infinite (ananta) space-points (pradeśa). The substances of medium-of-motion (dharma dravya) and medium-of-rest (adharma dravya) have inactive (niścala), innumerable (asamkhyāta) spacepoints (pradeśa). The substance of soul Gīva) too has innumerable (asamkhyāta) space-points (pradeśa) but these are active since the soul (jīva) undergoes expansion and contraction. The substance of matter (pudgala dravya) has single space-point (pradeśa) with respect to its substance (dravya), however, due to its modes (paryāya) arising out of union with other atoms, it has two, numerable, innumerable, and infinite space-points (pradeśa). The substance of time (kāla dravya) has single space-point (pradeśa) since the atoms of time (kālāņu) do not unite. The five substances (dravya) – the space (ākāśa dravya), the medium-of-motion (dharma dravya), the medium-of-rest (adharma
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