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अध्याय-५
dravya), the soul (jīva) and the matter (pudgala dravya) – exhibit the oblique-collection (tiryakpracaya); the substance of time (kāla dravya), being a substance of single space-point (pradeśa), does not exhibit the tiryakpracaya. All substances (dravya) exhibit the upwardcollection (ūrdhvapracaya). The upward-collection (ürdhvapracaya) that the five substances (dravya) - the space (ākāśa dravya), the medium-of-motion (dharma dravya), the medium-of-rest (adharma dravya), the soul (jīva) and the matter (pudgala dravya) - exhibit is due to the instrumentality of the substance of time (kāla dravya); these undergo transformation due to the substance of time (kāla dravya). The mode 'samaya' of the time (kāla) causes transformation in the five substances. The upward-collection (ūrdhvapracaya) of time (kāla) causes the ürdhvapracaya of the five substances (dravya). The upward-collection (ürdhvapracaya) of time (kāla) is by the time (kāla) itself; its transformation is the mode 'samaya'. The time (kāla) itself is the substantive-cause (upādāna kārana) as well as the instrumentalcause (nimitta kāraṇa) of the urdhvapracaya of the time (kāla). For the upward-collection (ūrdhvapracaya) of the other five substances (dravya), the substantive-cause (upādāna kāraṇa) is the substance (dravya) itself and the instrumental-cause (nimitta kārana) is the ūrdhvapracaya of the substance of time (kāla). (see 'Pravacanasāra', p. 182-184). The existence of a substance is characterized by simultaneousness of origination (utpāda), destruction (uyaya), and permanence (dhrauvya). Without the space-points (pradeśa) of the substance (dravya), its existence cannot be maintained. If not even one spacepoint (pradeśa) is attributed to the substance of time (kāla), the root of its existence will vanish. One may argue, why not accept just the mode of 'samaya' without the existence of the atom of time (kālāņu)? The answer is that the mode of 'samaya' cannot sustain itself without the associated permanence (dhrauvya) of the substance (dravya) that is the atom of time (kālāņu). The support of the mode of 'samaya' is the atom of time (kālāņu) having just one space-point (pradeśa). With this scheme, the origination (utpāda), the destruction (vyaya), and the
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