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Tattvärthasūtra
various kinds of postures
all these constitute the sixth austerity, namely, mortification of the body -kayaklesa. What is the object of this? The object of this is to cultivate patient endurance of bodily pain and suffering in order to remove attachment to pleasures and to proclaim the glory of the teachings of Lord Jina. What is the difference between affliction (parīṣaha) and mortification (kāyakleśa)? Affliction is what occurs by chance. Mortification is selfimposed. Why is this called external? This is called an external austerity (tapa) because it depends on external environment and is seen by others.
The divisions of internal austerities (tapa) are described next.
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प्रायश्चित्तविनयवैयावृत्त्यस्वाध्यायव्युत्सर्गध्यानान्युत्तरम् ॥२०॥
[ प्रायश्चित्तविनयवैयावृत्त्यस्वाध्यायव्युत्सर्गध्यानानि ] सम्यक् रूप से प्रायश्चित्त, विनय, वैयावृत्त्य, स्वाध्याय, व्युत्सर्ग और ध्यान [ उत्तरम् ] ये छह प्रकार के आभ्यन्तर तप हैं।
Expiation - prayaścitta, reverence - vinaya, service - vaiyāvṛttya, study - svādhyāya, renunciation - vyutsarga, and meditation - dhyana, are the internal (abhyantara) austerities (tapa).
How are these internal? These are internal as the mind is restrained or subdued through these. The removal of faults due to negligence (pramada) is expiation (prayaścitta). Veneration to the holy personages is reverence (vinaya). Service (vaiyavṛttya) is the help rendered to the saints in difficulty by bodily activity or with things. Contemplation of knowledge or giving up sloth or idleness is study (svadhyāya). The giving up of the attitude of 'I' and 'mine' is
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