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Tattvarthasūtra
The function of the matter (pudgala) is also to contribute to pleasure (sukha), suffering (duḥkha), living (jīvita), and death (marana) of living beings (jiva).
Owing to the presence of the internal causes of karmas which produce pleasant-feelings (sātā) and unpleasant-feelings (asātā), and in consequence of association with external causes such as the objects, the dispositions of agreeableness or affliction are pleasure (sukha) and suffering (duḥkha), respectively. The continuance of respiration in a being owing to the presence of the age-determining (ayuḥ) karma is called living (jivita). The cutting off or destruction of respiration is death (marana). The matter (pudgala) renders help to the soul in these respects. How? These arise in the presence of material causes. It is contended that the word 'upagraha' in the sutra is unnecessary as this section deals with 'upakara'. But it is not unnecessary. It is intended to indicate the help rendered by the matter (pudgala) to material objects. For instance, bronze is purified by certain ashes, water is purified by clearing nuts called 'kataka' and steel is tempered with the help of water. The word 'ca' - also - is intended to include other kinds of help. Thus, other kinds of help are also rendered by the matter (pudgala). Just as the body (śarira), etc., are constituted by the matter (pudgala), in the same way, sense-organs such as the eyes s also are the help rendered by the matter (pudgala).
After indicating the assistance given by the matter (pudgala), the help rendered by the souls (jiva) is described.
परस्परोपग्रहो जीवानाम् ॥२१॥
[ जीवानाम् ] जीवों के [ परस्परोपग्रहः ] परस्पर में निमित्त होना, ये उपकार हैं।
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