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अध्याय-५
The function of the souls (jīva) is to help one another.
The word 'paraspara' means reciprocity of action. 'Parasparopagraha' means rendering help to one another. That is the help rendered by the souls (īva) to one another. What is it? It is mutual help as between the master and the servant, and the teacher and the taught. The master renders help to the servant by giving him money. And the servant serves the master by doing him good and protecting him from the evil. The preceptor teaches what is good here and in the next world (birth) and makes his disciples follow his teachings. And the disciple benefits his preceptor by following him and by his devoted service. What is the purpose of the repetition of the word 'upagraha”? Taking cue from the previous sūtra, it indicates that living beings are also the cause of pleasure (sukha), suffering (duḥkha), living (jīvita), and death (marana) of one another.
If every existing thing must be of help, what is the help rendered by the time (kāla) which is also existent?
वर्तनापरिणामक्रियाः परत्वापरत्वे च कालस्य ॥२२॥
[adat fui fabel: upralueet ] adal, f a, fa 41, परत्व और अपरत्व [ कालस्य ] ये काल द्रव्य के उपकार हैं।
Assisting substances in their continuity of being through gradual changes (vartanā), in their modification (pariņāma), in their movement (kriyā), in their endurance (paratva) and in their non-endurance (aparatva), are the functions of time (kāla).
Although substances, like the medium of motion (dharma), incessantly attain new modes (paryāya) due to own inherent capacity,
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