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Tattvarthasūtra
not by nature. Sounds not partaking of the nature of languages are of two kinds, causal and natural. Natural sounds are produced by the clouds, and so on. The causal sound is of four kinds - tata, vitata, ghana, and sausira. Sound produced by musical instruments covered with leather, namely, the drum, the kettle-drum, the large kettledrum, etc., is 'tata'. Sound produced by stringed instruments such as the lute, the lyre, the violin, and so on, is 'vitata'. Sound produced by metallic instruments, such as the cymbal, the bell, etc. is 'ghana'. Sound produced by wind-instruments such as the flute, the conch, etc., is 'saușira'.
Union (bandha) is of two kinds, natural and that produced by the efforts of human beings. The first kind of union (bandha) is caused by the mixing of smooth and rough particles of matter (positive and negative electric charges) in lightning, meteoric showers, rainfall, fire, rainbow, etc. Union produced by the efforts of human beings is twofold, union of the non-living things, and union of the living and the non-living. Instances of union of the non-living things are resin, wood, and so on. The second kind of union consists of bondage of karma and nokarma with the soul (jiva).
Fineness (sukṣmatva) is of two kinds, extreme and relative. Extreme fineness is found in the indivisible atoms. Instances of relative fineness are the wood-apple, myrobalan, plum, etc. Grossness (sthulatva) also is similarly of two kinds, extreme and relative. The instance of extreme grossness is the biggest molecule of matter pervading the entire universe. Instances of relative grossness are the plum, myrobalan, wood-apple, palmyra fruit, etc.
Shape (samsthāna) is of two kinds, that which can be defined and that which cannot be defined. The regular geometrical shapes such as the circle, the triangle, the rectangle, the square, the globe, etc., are instances of the first variety. The shapes which are haphazard and irregular, e.g., of the clouds, are those which cannot be defined. Division (bheda) or separation is of six kinds. Illustrations of these kinds are: 1) sawing a piece of wood, 2) grinding barley, wheat, etc. into flour, 3) breaking a pitcher, etc., into potsherds and other fragments,
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