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अध्याय-५
enumerate these as substances (dravya)? The enumeration is for accurate determination. This excludes the earth (prthivi), etc., accepted as substances (dravya) in other systems. The earth (pythivī), the water (jala), the fire (agni), the air (vāyu) and the mind (mana) are included under the matter (pudgala) since these are characterized by colour (rūpa), taste (rasa), smell (gandha) and touch (sparśa). It may be argued that the air (vāyu) and the mind (mana) are not characterized by colour (rūpa), etc. No. The air (vāyu) is characterized by colour (rūpa), etc., as it possesses touch (sparsa), like the pitcher (ghața). It may now be contended that colour, taste and smell are absent in the air (vāyu) because these are not perceived by the senses like the sight (caksu). But this argument would lead to the negation of the atom (paramāņu), etc., as these also are not perceived by the senses. In the same way, the water (jala) is characterized by smell (gandha) as it possesses touch (sparśa), like the earth. The fire (agni) is characterized by taste (sparsa) and smell (gandha), as it possesses colour (rūpa) like the earth. Now the mind (mana) is of two kinds, the physical mind-dravyamana - and the psychical mind-bhāvamana. The psychical mind - bhāvamana - is knowledge, an attribute of the soul. So it comes under the soul. As the physical mind - dravyamana – is characterized by colour (rūpa), etc., it is a mode (paryāya) of the matter (pudgala). The physical mind - dravyamana - is characterized by colour (rūpa), etc., for it is the cause or instrument of knowledge, like the sense of sight (cakṣu). Now, it is contended that sound (sabda) which is non-material is also the cause of knowledge. So the reason advanced for establishing the physical mind - dravyamana - as possessing colour (rūpa), etc., is fallacious. But this is not true. Sound (sabda) is material, for it is of the nature of matter. Again, it is contended that we perceive effects resulting in establishing atoms (paramāņu) as having colour, etc., but the same effects are not perceived in case of the air and the mind. No. Such effects, establishing these as having colour, etc., exist in case of the air and the mind too for all atoms have the capacity to produce effects that manifest in colour, taste, smell, etc. There are no separate classes of atoms of earth, water,
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