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the atom and the time (kāla) are said to have no space-points. The above mentioned substances are called by the general name of the non-soul (ajiva), as the characteristic mark (lakṣaṇa) of the soul (jīva) is absent in these. The particular names dharma, adharma, ākāśa and pudgala are Jaina terminology.
The term 'substances' (dravya) has appeared in some previous sūtra (e.g., sūtra 1-29). What are the substances (dravya)?
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ये – धर्म, अधर्म,
These - dharma, adharma, ākāśa and pudgala - are substances (dravya).
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आकाश और
अध्याय - ५
पुद्गल [ द्रव्याणि ] द्रव्य हैं।
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Those, which are attained by their own modes (paryaya) or which attain modes (paryaya), are substances (dravya). It may be contended that substance (dravya) is that which possesses 'substancenesss' (dravyatva) and that only should define the substance. No. This way both of these dravya and dravyatva cannot be established. The association of the stick (danda) and the man (possessor of the stick - (dandi) takes place but they exist separately. The substance (dravya) and 'substancenesss' (dravyatva) do not exist separately in that manner. If there can be union of two things which do not exist separately, then there would be union of the non-existent-sky-flower (ākāśapuṣpa) and the sky (ākāśa), and of the normal person and the second head. If separate existence is admitted, then the invention of the 'substanceness' is useless. Some contend that the assemblage (samudaya) of qualities (guna) is a substance (dravya). Even here, if there be no distinction between the qualities and the assemblage of qualities, the name substance (dravya) is not justified. If distinction be
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