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अध्याय-१
भेदरूप ज्ञान (यथार्थ विवेक) न होने से [ उन्मत्तवत् ] पागल के ज्ञान की भाँति मिथ्यादृष्टि का ज्ञान विपरीत अर्थात् मिथ्याज्ञान ही होता है।
Owing to lack of discernment between the real (sat – that exists) and the unreal (asat – that does not exist), wrong knowledge is whimsical as that of the lunatic.
'Sat' is that which exists; 'asat' is that which does not exist. Without proper discernment, knowledge becomes erroneous. Sometimes, owing to the operation of wrong belief (mithyādarśana), when colour, form, etc., are present, these are apprehended as not present; when not present, these are apprehended as present. Also, at certain times, what exists is apprehended as existing, and what does not exist is apprehended as non-existing. For instance, the person whose mind is deranged due to disturbed bile indiscriminately considers the mother as the wife and the wife as the mother. At certain times, he may also consider, according to his whims, the mother as the mother and the wife as the wife. Even the latter is not true knowledge as it is only accidental and not based on discrimination. Similarly, error arises in case of sensory knowledge, etc., while ascertaining shape, colour, etc., of objects. It is as follows. Owing to the operation of wrong belief (mithyādarśana) three kinds of error arise: error of cause - kāraṇaviparyāsa, error of difference or non-difference - bhedābhedaviparyāsa, and error of nature - svarūpaviparyāsa, while apprehending colour, etc. Error of cause – kāraṇaviparyāsa: Some say that the cause of colour, etc., is one, non-material and permanent. Others consider that the atoms which constitute earth, water, fire and air are of different classes, possessing four qualities, three qualities, two qualities and one quality, respectively. The atoms of one class produce things belonging to the same class. Some others say that earth, water, fire and air are four elements, characterized by the qualities of colour, odour, taste and touch. The collection of these constitutes only one type of
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