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Tattvārthasūtra
different from the body because of its distinctive mark (lakṣaṇa). The Scripture says, “From the point of view of bondage, the soul is one with the body, still it is different from the body because of its distinctive mark (laksaņa). Hence the incorporeal nature of the soul is predicated in a non-absolutistic (anekāntātmaka) sense only. From one point of view it is incorporeal and from another point of view it is not incorporeal.”
If so, let the distinctive mark (laksana) of the soul be mentioned.
उपयोगो लक्षणम् ॥८॥ [ लक्षणम् ] जीव का लक्षण [ उपयोगः ] उपयोग है।
Cognition (upayoga) is the mark (laksana) - distinctive characteristic - of the soul (jīva).
That, which arises from both internal and external causes and concomitant with soul-consciousness (caitanya) is cognition (upayoga) -active or attentiveconsciousness. By this-cognition (upayoga)- the soul is distinguished from the body. Just as gold and silver, even when mixed together, remain distinct by their respective colour, etc., similarly the soul and the body, though one in bondage, maintain distinctness due to their respective marks (laksana). The divisions of cognition (upayoga) are described next.
स द्विविधोऽष्टचतुर्भेदः ॥९॥ [सः] वह उपयोग [ द्विविधः ] दो प्रकार का है - ज्ञानोपयोग और दर्शनोपयोग। वे क्रमशः [अष्ट चतुः भेदः] आठ और चार भेद सहित हैं, अर्थात् ज्ञानोपयोग के आठ तथा दर्शनोपयोग के चार भेद हैं।
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