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Tattvarthasūtra
without any fall in their right belief (samyaktva). They practise restraint (samyama) as saints and are born again in Vijaya, etc. Finally, they are born as men and attain liberation (nirvana). Hence they are described as of two births.
It is possible that a particular deva from Vijaya, etc., is born as a man, is reborn as a deva in Saudharma, etc., born again as a man, is reborn as a deva in Vijaya, etc., and born again as a man to attains liberation (nirvāna). In such a case, though three births as a man are involved, but from Vijaya, etc. the soul takes only two births as a man, before attaining liberation.
While describing dispositions (bhava) consequent on the fruition of karmas, the subhuman existence (tiryańcagati) has been mentioned (sūtra 2-6). Again, while describing the duration of life, the subhuman (tiryańca) state of existence has been mentioned (sūtra 3-39). Who are the subhumans (tiryańca)?
औपपादिकमनुष्येभ्यः शेषास्तिर्यग्योनयः ॥ २७॥
उपपाद जन्म वाले (देव तथा नारकी) और मनुष्यों के अतिरिक्त बाकी सब जीव तिर्यञ्च योनि वाले हैं।
Except those born in special beds - aupapadika - and humans, all other beings have subhuman seat-of-birthtiryancayoni.
It has been said earlier (sūtra 2-31) that celestial beings and infernal beings are born in special-beds; they are 'aupapadika'. Human beings have been described while it was mentioned that human beings are only up to the mountain range of Manuṣottara (sūtra 3-35). All the rest of the transmigrating souls are subhumans (tiryańca). Just as has
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