Aadhunik Kahani ka Pariparshva

Publisher: ZZZ Unknown
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010026/1

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva

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bhUmikA saMprati tathAkathita 'naI' kahAnI bahuta carcA kA viSaya banI huI hai kahAnIkAroM aura AlocakoM kI tarafa se taraha-taraha ke vicAra prakaTa kie jA rahe haiM, jinameM kucha tarkoM para AdhArita haiM aura kucha meM pracAra kI gaMdha AtI hai / prastuta pustaka meM yaha mAnakara calA gayA hai ki svAtaMtryottara kAla kI hindI kahAnI meM kathya tathA kathana donoM hI dRSTiyoM se aneka parivartana hue haiM, para use 'naI' kI saMjJA denA ucita nahIM hai / aise parivartana pratyeka kAla meM hote haiM aura sAhityika vidhAoM ke vikAsa kA yaha svAbhAvika caraNa hotA hai / 1947 ke pazcAt hindI kahAniyoM meM hue parivartanoM ko bhI isI sandarbha meM dekhA jAnA cAhie aura bekAra ke vivAdoM se bacakara kahAnI vidhA kI ora hI dhyAna denA adhika ucita hogA / pichale pandraha varSoM ke lagabhaga sabhI mahatvapUrNa kahAnIkAroM kI racanAoM ko par3hane ke pazcAt maiM isI niSkarSa para pahu~cA hU~ ki aba vyaSTi - cintana ko hI adhika pramukhatA pradAna kI jAtI hai aura donoM hI dazakoM meM ( 1950-60 tathA 1960 - aba taka ) AtmaparakatA kA hI prabhutva rahA hai / kucha kahAnIkAroM ko chor3akara vaiyaktika stara para vyakti kI kuMThA, anAsthA evaM nairAzya ko ( jo nizcaya hI deza kI jIvanapaddhati kI maulika udbhAvanA nahIM hai, varan pazcima se kAfkA, kAmU evaM sArtra Adi se udhAra lI huI hai ) hI bahusaMkhyaka kahAniyoM meM citrita karane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai, hAlAMki unake lie 'manuSya ko ke yathArtha pariveza meM dekhane kI ceSTA' yA 'sAmAjika dAyitva ke

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nirvAha kI bhAvanA se ota-preta ceSTA' kA dAvA kiyA gayA hai| vAstava meM vyakti bhI mahatvapUrNa hai aura samAja bhii| korA vyakti aura usakI kevala apane pratiniSThA pazutva hai / usakI apane meM koI sArthakatA nhiiN| aura, korA samAja dImakoM kA Dhera hai / kalAkAra ko donoM meM santulana sthApita karane kA kaThina kArya sampanna karanA hotA hai, kyoMki donoM kA anyonyAzrita sambandha hai / isa dRSTi se prasiddha yUropIya dArzanika kaiNTa ke 'unsociab: sociability' zabda dhyAna meM rakhane yogya haiM / yadyapi hindI ke Adhunikatama kahAnIkAroM ne sAmAjika yathArtha ko aura mAnava jIvana kI vibhinna samasyAoM kI usake bahuvidhiya paripArzva meM citrita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, kintu saba milAkara Atmaparaka vizleSaNa kI tulanA meM usakA svara sazakta nahIM bana pAyA hai| dekhA yahI jAtA hai ki vaha eka nArA bana gayA hai, jo pratyeka lekhaka kI pratibaddhatA meM zAmila hai aura usa nAre ko mAnyatA pAne kA astra samajhakara sabhI kahAnIkAra isa vidhA meM Ae haiM, kintu Aja ke rAjanItika khilAr3iyoM kI bhA~ti unheM apanI pratibaddhatA badalate dera nahIM lagI hai / yaha dekhakara maiM binA kisI saMkoca ke maha sakatA hU~ ki tamAma lambI-caur3I bAtoM ke bAvajUda, hama premacanda jaisA vyaktitva utpanna karane meM asaphala rahe haiN| hA~, do-tIna kahAnIkAroM meM premacanda jaisI mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA, yathArtha citraNa evaM mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa avazya hI vikasita ho rahA hai, para abhI se unake sambandha meM koI nirNaya denA ucita nahIM hogaa| . prastuta pustaka meM pichale pandraha varSoM ke pramukha kahAnIkAroM kI upalabdhiyoM ke AdhAra para hI Aja kI kahAnI kA vivecana karane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai / isameM sabhI kahAnIkAroM kI sUcI denA koI uddezya nahIM rahA, kintu prayAsa yahI rahA hai ki donoM hI dazakoM ke mahatvapUrNa kahAnIkAra chUTane na pAe~ / ho sakatA hai kucha kahAnIkAra pustaka meM apane nAma na pAkara Akroza prakaTa karane lageM / kintu maiM unakI udAratA kI.

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pRSThabhUmi hindI kathA - sAhitya kA AvirbhAva kadAcit unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke hindI sAhitya kI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai / aneka dRSTiyoM se unnIsavIM zatAbdI sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM ullekhanIya sthAna rakhatI hai / isa kAla meM yadyapi eka lambI dAsatA ko hI prasAra milA, kintu abhI taka ke videzI zAsanoM meM sarvAdhika Adhunika cetanA - sampanna aura 'navonmeSa kI bhAvanA se pUrita zAsana ke saMparka meM Ane ke pazcAt navInatA kI ora gatizIla hone ko vyAkula bhAratIya saMcetanA ko eka prakAra se dizA milI aura yahA~ ke sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM dhArmika jIvana meM caturmukhI parivartana hue / unnIsavIM zatAbdI kI yaha eka mahAn upabdha hai / dezI aura videzI (vizeSata: a~garez2I) sAhitya kI zreSTha paMraparAoM ko AtmasAt kara lene kA pariNAma usI samaya zreyaskara evaM rucikara pratIta hone lagA thA / bhAratendu harizcandra kI vividha racanAeM, bhUmikAe~ evaM unake bhASaNa isI tathya kI ora saMketa karate haiM / saca bAta to yaha hai ki isa navajAgaraNa kAla ne jisa bhAratIya jana 'ko janma diyA, usane pUrI zakti, umaMga aura AtmarakSA kI bhAvanA ke sAtha apane yuga kI cunautI svIkAra kI / hindI kI navIna sAhityika cetanA ke mUla meM vAhyAkramaNoM kA abhAva, prAMtarika zAnti, vaijJAnika AviSkAroM aura audyogIkaraNa kA pracAra, zikSita jana saMkhyA meM vRddhi, 'rAjA kRSNa samAna' vAlI bhAvanA ke sthAna para janasattAtmaka mAnavasApekSya udAra vicAradhArA aura madhyama varga kA janma, dAsa prathA kA niSedha, striyoM tathA samAja ke anya upekSita samudAyoM meM zikSA kA pracAra aura vKH

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10 / Adhunika kahAnI kA parivArzva sAMskRtika khojoM evaM purAtatva vibhAga dvArA prAcIna kalAtmaka vastunoM ke saMrakSaNa ke phalasvarUpa prApta grAtma cetanA aura Atma-jJAna, ye pradhAna kAraNa the / ina kAraNoM se sAhitya sambandhI graMthoM ke prakAzana meM prabhUtapUrva vRddhi huI aura sAhitya ke aise rUpoM aura AdarzoM para bala diyA jAne lagA jo jana sAdhAraNa meM pracalita ho sakate the / kAvya kA mahatva nyUna hone lagA / mahAkAvya evaM nIti kAvya kA koI sthAna na raha gayA / unakA sthAna kathA - sAhitya ne pramukhataH liyA / yadyapi yaha nirvivAda hai ki kathA sAhitya kA janma navIna sudhAravAdI evaM rAjanItika AndolanoM ke kror3a meM huA thA, to bhI kathA sAhitya ne sudhAravAdI aura rASTrIya vicAroM kA pracAra karane meM apanA vizeSa yoga diyA aura kathA - sAhitya ne navIna grAndolanoM kA anusaraNa karate hue bhI navotpanna madhya varga ke manoraMjana kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA / unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke aMtima dazaka meM hindI meM jisa aiyArI aura jAsUsI kathA-sAhitya kI paramparA kA AvirbhAva huA, usase isa bAta kA saMketa milatA hai ki prArambhika kathAkAroM kI mUla dRSTi kahA~ kendrita thI / isa kathA - sAhitya kA praNayana bhI viSaya aura kalA donoM hI dRSTikoraNoM se samAja ke sAmAnya stara kI ora iMgita karatA hai / rAjadarabAroM se nikala kara sAhitya kA samAja ke vyApaka jIvana kI ora unmukha honA svAbhAvika hI thA / usa samaya usameM vaha pariSkAra, vaha nikhAra aura kalAtmakatA nahIM A sakatI thI, jo madhyayugIna rAjAzrayaprApta brajabhASA kAvya - sAhitya meM dRSTigocara hotI hai / kintu itane para bhI usameM umaMga aura utsAha prApta hotA hai, Age gatizIla hone kI kSamatA parilakSita hotI hai aura Atma cetanA ke kyA kama hai ? darzana hote haiM / yaha unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM udbhUta navIna rAjanItika, Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, vaijJAnika, zikSA sambandhI Adi zaktiyoM kA samaSTigata prabhAva yaha huA ki deza kA dhyAna yadi eka ora pichalI arAjakatA,

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 11 dhArmika evaM sAmAjika hrAsa, videziyoM dvArA saba prakAra ke zoSaNa aura svayaM apanI caritragata evaM mAnasika durbalatAoM kI ora gayA, to dUsarI ora apane mahAn gauravapUrNa prAcIna ke sAtha-sAtha tar3ittejanasampanna navIna AyAmoM kI ora unmukha huA / vaha yA to apane gaurava - pUrNa atIta ko bhUlakara pazcima kA andhAnukaraNa karatA, yA navIna zaktiyoM ke prati upekSA yA udAsInatA kA bhAva graharaNa karatA - jaisA bahuta dinoM taka musalamAnoM ne kiyA / kintu samanvaya to bhAratIya jIvana kA sArabhUta aMza rahA hai / unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM aisA pratIta hotA hai . ki bhArata kI prAcIna saMskRti hI jaise navIna rUpa dhAraNa kara avatarita ho rahI thI / isa samaya jJAna kI paridhi kA vistAra huA aura sAmAjika evaM dhArmika sudhAravAdI AndolanoM, kAlAnusAra rASTrIyatA, deza kI ekatA, navIna naitikatA, strI-zikSA, grArthika cetanA, bhASonnati aura mAnava-sApekSya nIMva para AdhArita prAtmika utthAna kI ceSTA ke phalasvarUpa caturdika sakriyatA dRSTigocara hone lgii| kucha logoM ne to uttara-madhyayugIna aMdha-vizvAsoM, purANa paMtha, kurItiyoM evaM kuprathAoM ko banAe rakhane kI ceSTA avazya kI, kintu asaphalatA evaM nirAzA ke sivAya unake hAtha kucha na lagA / bhraSTa loka-paramparAoM ke sthAna para svastha paramparAe~ sthApita karane ke punIta prayAsa kA usa samaya janma huA / rASTrIya jIvana ke lagabhaga sabhI jIrNazIrNa aMgoM kA itane saMkalpAtmaka rUpa meM viccheda karane kA vyApaka prayAsa saMbhavata: pahale kabhI nahIM huA thA / bIsavIM zatAbdI bhArata kI aitihAsika aura sAMskRtika paramparAoM kA vapana-kAla hone kI dRSTi se unnIsavIM zatAbdI kA nizcaya hI atyadhika mahattva hai / vaha bhArata kA nava jAgaraNa kAla thA / usa samaya usane apane ko hI nahIM, duniyA ko naI dRSTi se dekhanA sIkhA / aise samaya meM hindI kathA - sAhitya kA janma honA vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai / nava jAgaraNa kI ina pravRttiyoM kA usake prArambhika svarUpa para prabhAva par3anA svAbhAvika thA /

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12/Adhunika kahAnI kA parapArzva yaha to mUla bAteM huI / kathA-sAhitya ke avirbhAva ke rAjanItika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, Arthika evaM jAtIya pRSThabhUmi ko vistAra se samajha lenA isalie bhI Avazyaka hai ki jIvana ke vyApaka pariveza kI yathArthatA se sambaddha hokara hI Adhunika kahAnI kI Atma-cetanA vikasita huI hai aura pUre 50-60 varSoM meM una mukhya tattvoM kA vistAra hI Adhunika kahAnI kI mUla pRSThabhUmi hai| unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha ke antima paccIsa-tIsa varSoM meM, jaba briTiza sAmrAjyavAdI nIti khUba phUlI-phalI, kisAnoM kI Arthika sthiti sudhArane kA koI prayatna na huA; kevala IsTa iMDiyA kaMpanI aura samrAjJI ke zAsana , kAla ke pichale varSoM se cale A rahe siddhAntoM aura kAyade-kAnUnoM kA hI thor3e-bahuta parivartanoM ke sAtha vyavahAra hotA rahA / sarakArI nIti ke phalasvarUpa janatA kA lagAna ke nizcita siddhAnta se bhI kahIM adhika Arthika zoSaNa hone lagA; janatA kI nirdhanatA dina-para-dina bar3hatI hI gii| nirdhanatA ke bar3hane se janatA ke sAmAnya sAMskRtika jIvana para ghAtaka prabhAva par3e binA na raha sakA / vAstava meM sarakAra kI kara-nirdhAraNa nIti kI anizcitatA aura z2amIna kA ThIka-ThIka mUlya-nidhariNa na hone ke kAraNa janatA Arthika atyAcAra se pisatI rahatI thii| prAyaH amIroM kI taraha zAnazaukata se rahane vAle z2amIMdAroM ko hI sarakAra ne apane rAjanItika punarnirmANa kI AdhAra-zilA bnaayaa| vibhinna vyavasthAoM aura aikToM ke phalasvarUpa kulInavaMzIya jamIMdAroM aura kisAnoM ke bIca kI prAcIna sauhArda-bhAvanA lupta ho gaI aura aneka pArasparika jhagar3e khar3e ho gae jinase kisAna kA dhana kacahariyoM meM bhI kharca hone lagA / sarakArI nIti se na to kRSi kI unnati huI aura na kisAnoM ke dhana kI vRddhi huii| kisAna z2amIna ko apanI na samajhakara videzI zAsakoM kI samajhane lagA aura mahAjanoM ke cagula meM phaMsa gayA / saMsAra ke samasta sabhya dezoM meM se bhAratIya kisAna kI sabase adhika nirdhanatA Aja

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/13 usakI zArIrika, bhautika, naitika aura AdhyAtmika pragati meM bAdhA banI huI hai| ___ a~garez2oM kI Arthika nIti ke kAraNa yadi eka ora bhAratavarSa kI kRSi-saMpatti kA hrAsa hA, to dUsarI ora udyoga-dhaMdhe aura vAriNajya vyavasAya pUrNa rUpa se naSTa ho gae / udyoga-dhandhoM ke naSTa ho jAne para rASTrIya sampatti ke ekamAtra sAdhana kRSi ke hrAsa se bhI adhika bhayAvaha pariNAma hue / yahA~ kI prAkRtika sampatti kA bhI ucita rUpa meM prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA / yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki pUMjIvAdI-sAmrAjyazAhI . sabhyatA ne bhArata meM vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kA vahIM taka pracAra kiyA jahA~ taka use Arthika yA sainika lAbha hone kI sambhAvanA thii| naharoM se paidAvAra bar3hI, para kisAnoM meM khetI karane ke navIna vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kA pracAra na kiyA gyaa| reloM ke pracAra se mAla ke eka jagaha se dUsarI jagaha le jAne meM kharca kI kamI aura suvidhA huI, para usase jisa navIna audyogika saMgaThana kI AvazyakatA thI, usa ora bilkula dhyAna na diyA gyaa| mila aura kArakhAne bhI isa DhaMga se sthApita kie gae ki bhArata ke loga adhikAdhika sAmrAjyavAdI Arthika nIti para nirbhara raheM / pratyeka upaniveza meM sAmrAjyavAdI sabhyatA kI yahI nIti rahI hai / thor3e se nae udyoga-dhandhoM tathA cAya, sana Adi kI paidAvAra bar3hAne meM videzI pUMjI kA hI adhika bhAga thaa| adhikAMza munAfA videzI pU~jIpatiyoM ke hAtha calA jAtA thaa| bhArata ke paramparAgata ucca zreNI ke vyApArI varga ko ina udyoga-dhandhoM aura vANijya-vyavasAya se lAbha avazya huA, kintu usase jana-sAdhAraNa kI nirdhanatA kI samasyA hala na ho sakI / kucha lAkha zramikoM ko kAma mila jAne se bhI rASTrIya Aya meM koI vRddhi na huI / udyoga-dhandhoM ke naSTa hone se kRSi kSetra meM saMkaTa upasthita ho hI gayA thaa| udyoga-dhandhoM ke naSTa aura kRSi-karma ke pradhAna ho jAne ke mukhya kAraNoM ke atirikta kRSi kI pragati ke sAdhanoM kA abhAva, bhArata sarakAra kA i~galaiNDa meM zAsana-vyaya tathA anya aneka prakAra ke koM,

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14/prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva briTiza afasaroM kI peMzana, rupae kI kRtrima vinimaya dara aura isakA bhAratIya udyoga-dhandhoM aura vyavasAya para ghAtaka prabhAva, vakAlata, DaoNkTarI aura zuddha sAhityika zikSA ko chor3akara udyoga-dhandhoM-sambandhI zikSA kA abhAva, zikSita samudAya meM bekArI kI uttarottara vRddhi, sainika-vyaya, prAntIya karoM Adi kAraNoM se bhAratIya nirdhanatA aura bhI bar3hI / isase janatA ke Arthika zoSaNa aura duravasthA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / isa duravasthA kA deza ke sAMskRtika jIvana para jo prabhAva par3A hogA, vaha socane yogya hai / aura prazna kevala nirdhanatA kA hI nahIM thA, varan sAdhAraNa-se-sAdhAraNa kisAna aura maz2adUra kI zikSA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa samasyA thI jisakI ora zAsakoM ne bilkula dhyAna na diyaa| yahIM se svadezI Andolana kA sUtrapAta huaa| bhAratendu harizcandra ke samaya meM isa Andolana ke prArambhika rUpa ne acchI pragati kara lI thii| abhI taka yAtAyAta ke sAdhana prAyaH nahIM ke varAbara the| para zIghra hI rela, tAra, DAka aura sar3akoM kI ora bhI DalahaujI ne dhyAna diyaa| sainika dRSTi se hI nahIM, varan vyApArika dRSTi se yaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa kArya thaa| unake samaya meM bambaI, kalakattA aura lAhaura ko jor3ate hue relave kampaniyoM ne releM banAnA zuru kara diyA thaa| inhIM uddezyoM se prerita hokara tAroM kI prabala zakti kA bhI prabaMdha kiyA gayA / yAtAyAta ke ina sAdhanoM kA deza ke sAdhAraNa jIvana para vyApaka prabhAva par3anA avazyambhAvI thA, para kaMpanI ke zAsana kA anta ho jAne ke pazcAt hI navIna vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kA vAstavika prabhAva dRSTigocara ho skaa| ina sAdhanoM se bhAratIya patrakAra-kalA aura phalataH gadya kI unnati huI / yAtAyAta ke aAdhunika vaijJAnika sAdhanoM ke sAtha-sAtha a~garez2I bhASA ke mAdhyama dvArA bhI ekatA kA sUtrapAta huA aura bhaviSya ke lie bhAratIya pragati kI acchI AzA ba~gha gii| pAzcAtya vijJAna aura sAhitya kA hI bhAratIya vicAra-dhArA para prabhAva nahIM par3A, varan rela aura samudra-yAtrA se hinduoM ke sAmAjika pratibandha bhI zithila hone lge|

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+ Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 15 uvara pAzcAtya vidvAna bhI deza kI kalA aura saMskRti kA adhyayana kara usake pracIna gaurava kA adhyayana karane meM laga gae / bhAratavAsiyoM ko deza kI prAcIna jJAna-garimA kI yAda dilAne meM isa kArya ne acchA yoga diyA / bhAratendu ke jIvana kAla meM tathA usake bAda saba sudhAroM aura naI zaktiyoM kA yahA~ ke dhArmika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika aura sAhityika jIvana para prabhAva par3e binA na raha sakA / yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM kI unnati meM briTiza pU~jIvAdI prArthika nIti kA bahuta bar3A hAtha thA / kintu isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki briTiza sAmrAjyavAdI zAsaka bhAratavAsiyoM kI sAmAjika, rAjanItika zrAdi unnati ke lie vAstava meM utsuka the / vAstavika unnati to svayaM bhAratavAsiyoM ne vividha nae sAdhanoM se lAbha uThAne kI ceSTA dvArA kI / parantu a~garejI sAmrAjyavAdI nIti ne parokSa rUpa se bhAratIya jIvana kI prAcIna vyavasthA chinna-bhinna kara navIna samAja kA nirmANa karane meM sahAyatA kii| lekina bhArata ne jo thor3I unnati kI bhI, usake lie use kitanA bar3A mUlya cukAnA par3A, yaha vicArane kI bAta hai / ina saba parivartita paristhitiyoM, sudhAroM aura zaktiyoM ke phalasvarUpa hindI pradeza meM eka navayuga kA janma huA, jisakA jIvana aura phalataH sAhitya para prabhAva par3e binA na raha sakA / jaisA ki Age spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, kathA sAhitya ne inhIM tattvoM se prANa- cetanA graharaNa kI / bhAratavAsI bahuta dinoM se apanI svAdhInatA kho baiThe the / koI dekha-rekha karane vAlA na raha jAne para hindU dharma kA hrAsa hone lagA thA / jisa samaya a~garez2oM kA Adhipatya sthApita huA, usa samaya hindU dharma zithila ho cukA thA / brAhmaNa apane uccAsana se patita ho cuke the aura jisa dharma ke tatvajJAna ke Age saMsAra sira jhukAtA hai, ve usI ko bhUlakara dAna lene meM hI apane karttavya kI itizrI samajha baiThe the / lekina ajJAna aura andha paramparA se saMveSTita prazikSita bhAratIya janatA aba bhI unake Age mAthA Teka rahI thI / yaha jAti kI durbalatA aura

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16 Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva prANazUnyatA kA paricAyaka thA / deza-kAla ke anusAra sAmAjika aura dhArmika sudhAroM kI ora kisI ne dhyAna na diyaa| saca to yaha hai ki mAnasika adhyavasAya rahane para bhI bhAratavAsI jar3a padArtha meM pariNata ho gae the / janma se lekara mRtyu-paryanta paNDe-purohita, jyotiSI, 'guru' Adi jaise azikSita aura arddha-zikSita brAhmaNa hindU samAja para chAe hue the| unake mukha se sunI huI g2alata yA ThIka bAtoM ko samAja veda-vAkya mAnakara tadanukUla AcaraNa karane ke lie prastuta rahatA thaa| apane adhikAra, ucca pada aura AmadanI kho dene ke bhaya se brAhmaNa paramparAgata dhArmika aura sAmAjika vyavasthA meM parivartana hote dekhanA nahIM cAhate the / sAmAjika vyavasthA ke antargata brAhmaNa varga ke atirikta anya kisI varga ko dharmazAstroM kA adhyayana karake dhArmika jIvana ke saMcAlana kA adhikAra na hone tathA saMskRta bhASA se paricita na hone ke kAraNa samAja brAhmaNoM kA patita zAsana ukhAr3a pheMkane meM asamartha thaa| aise hI patita dhArmika zAsana ke antargata krUra, atyAcArapUrNa aura hRdaya-vidAraka satI-prathA jaisI anya aneka kuprathAoM aura kurItiyoM kA pracAra thaa| kUpa-maNDUka brAhmaNoM tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ke virodha karane para bhI unnIsavIM zatAbdI pUrvArddha meM rAjA rAmamohana rAya, dvArikAnAtha ThAkura, Izvaracandra vidyAsAgara prabhRti sajjanoM kI sahAyatA se tatkAlIna adhikAriyoM ne ye kuprathAe~ evaM kurItiyA~ banda karane kA prayatna kiyA thaa| bAla-hatyA aura nara-bali taka dharma-sammata mAnI jAtI thI / bAla-vivAha samAja meM ghuna kI taraha kAma kara rahA thaa| varNa-bheda ke antargata asaMkhya jAtiyoM aura upajAtiyoM meM vibhAjita hone ke kAraNa bhAratavAsiyoM ko saMgaThita hone meM bar3I kaThinAI par3a rhii| inake sAtha hI vidhavA-vivAha-niSedha, bahu-vivAha, khAnapAna-sambandhI pratibandha, samudra-yAtrA ke kAraNa jAti-bahiSkAra, nazAkhorI, pardA, striyoM kI hInAvasthA, dhArmika sAmpradAyikatA, afIma khAnA Adi aneka kuprathAoM kA calana ho gayA thaa| inameM se kucha tI kAla-vaza

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 17 - kAraNa phaila gaI thIM vAle aura apradhAna svayaM hindU jAti * utpanna ho gaI thIM aura kucha AkramaNakAriyoM ke / hindU dharma ke vAhya, samaya-samaya para badalate rahane tattvoM ko vAstavika, mUla aura pradhAna tattva mAna kara loga dharmAcaraNa karane lage; ve hindU dharma ke sacce rUpa se anabhijJa the / Alocya kAla maiM hindU dharma aura samAja kI atyanta zocanIya avasthA ho gaI thI / isa kAla meM a~garez2oM kI jIvita jAti ke saMsparza meM Ane se deza ke jIvana kA usase prabhAvita honA anivArya thA / musalamAna zAsakoM kI bhA~ti aMgarejoM ne bhAratavarSa ko apanA ghara nahIM banAyA yaha ThIka hai, lekina to bhI yUropa kI sabhyatA kA AghAta pAkara pahale baMgAla aura phira samUcA deza uttejita ho uThA / aisI avasthA meM grAtmagarimA se pUrNa hindU jAti meM abhyudayAkAMkSA ke janma se nava-jIvana kA saMcAra honA koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM thI / hindU jAti kI navajAta cetanA ke mUla meM vaijJAnika sAdhanoM tathA navazikSA, ye do pradhAna kAraNa the / ucca zikSA kA prabandha bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se thA / musalamAnI kAla meM bhI hinduoM aura musalamAnoM kI zikSA kramazaH paMDitoM maulaviyoM ke hAtha meM thI / yaha zikSA pradhAnataH dhArmika aura paramparAgata thI / aba vaha samayAnukUla na raha gaI thI / pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke samparka se deza meM bar3e-bar3e parivartana ho rahe 1 jJAna-vijJAna kI dina-prati-dina unnati ho rahI thI / aisI sthiti meM mAtra dhArmika zikSA se hI kAma na cala sakatA thA / rAjA rAmamohana-rAya jaise pragatizIla bhAratavAsiyoM ke vyaktigata prayatnoM ke phalasvarUpa a~garejI zikSA kA pracAra hone lagA thA / sAmAjika aura dhArmika kurItiyoM ko dekhate hue a~garez2I zikSA pracAra kI parama grAvazyakatA samajhI gaI / isake phalasvarUpa bhAratIya zikSita samudAya yUropIya jJAna -- vijJAna kA mahattva samajhane lagA thA / usa samaya saMskRta zikSA kA hrAsa ho cukA thA / prAcIna bhArata ke sambandha meM jJAnopArjana karane ke

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18/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva lie zikSitoM ko maiksamUlara tathA anya pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI kRtiyA~ uThAkara dekhanI par3atI thiiN| kucha bhAratIya itihAsa-lekhaka bhI apanI kRtiyoM se bhArata ke prAcIna gaurava ghara prakAza DAla kara dezavasiyoM kA 'rASTrIya garva' bar3hA rahe the / apane pUrva puruSoM kI racanAoM ko ve jJAna ke kSetra meM antima samajhate the| arabI, fArasI aura urdU sAhitya ke sthAna para bhI a~garejI sAhitya kA adhyayana hone lagA thaa| kucha loga to aise bhI maujUda the jo prAcIna jJAna ko raddI ke Tokare meM pheMkane yogya samajhate the| saMkSepa meM, prAcIna bhArata ke prati logoM ko kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM anabhijJatA hI adhika thii| a~garez2I bhASA ko mAdhyama banAne se bhAratIya sAhitya aura jIvana kA bar3A ahita huA / bhASAoM kI unnati ruka gaI aura deza kI kriyAtmaka zakti kA hrAsa ho gayA / pAzcAtya zikSA ke prabhAva se a~garez2I par3hane-likhane vAloM kI maulikatA aura mAnasika zakti kA vikAsa na ho skaa| jina mahAna vyaktiyoM para Aja deza garva karatA hai, ve isa zikSA praNAlI ke kAraNa nahIM, varan apanI zakti se usakI burAiyA~ dUra karane ke kAraNa Age bar3ha sake / nahIM to isa zikSA kA kuprabhAva kisI se chipA nahIM hai aura na usa samaya chipA huA thA / bhAratendu harizcandra, pratApanArAyaNa mizra, bAlamukunda gupta Adi sAhityikoM ne bharasaka usake vinAzakArI prabhAvoM se bacane kI cetAvanI dI / isa zikSA ke pIche a~garez2oM kA jo dhyeya thA, usakA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai / kevala zuddha sAhityika zikSA ke atirikta anya upayogI zikSAoM kA prabaMdha ina saMsthAoM meM nahIM thA / phalataH bhAratIya jIvana kA ekAMgI aura saMkIrNa vikAsa ho pAyA / a~garez2I-zikSita vyakti sarakArI naukarI, adhyApana-kArya, vakAlata aura DaoNkTarI karane ke atirikta aura kisI kAma ke na raha ge| svAtaMtryottara kAla meM bhI hamArA svAdhIna rASTra, isI mAnasika dAsatA kA zikAra banA huA hai| zikSA kA yadyapi adhikAdhika vistAra huA aura skUla-kaoNleja tathA vizvavidyAlayoM kI saMkhyA meM atyadhika vRddhi huI, para Rupantaruasan

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prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/16 zikSA kA stara dina-pratidina giratA hI gayA / hamAre jela gae dezabhakta netA, sivAya nAre dene ke, zikSA kA na to rASTrIyakaraNa kara sake aura na usameM koI AmUlacUla parivartana hI kara sake / isake pariNAma hamAre Aja ke jIvana meM spaSTatayA dekhane meM A rahe haiM / Aja kI vartamAna pIr3hI apane deza ke gaurava, prAcIna saMskRti, mUlya maryAdA ke prati kiMcit bhI sajaga nahIM haiM aura na hI isakA vizeSa garva hI use hai| abhI hAla hI meM pAkistAna dvArA kazmIra para kie gae AkramaNa ke pazcAt jisa rASTrIyatA kA nae sire se ambhudaya huA thA, usakI avahelanA jisa prakAra kI gaI, vaha eka duHkhadAyI samasyA hai, jo hamAre netAoM kI asamarthatA evaM manovRtti kA paricaya detI hai / ataH Aja kA bhAratIya eka lambI dAsatA ke bAda svAtaMtryottara kAla meM jIvana jIne ke bAvajUda dAsa manovatti kA hI zikAra hai aura pazcimI AcAra-vyavahAra ko adhika garva se dekhatA hai| apanI upayogI bhAratIya paramparAe~ bhI use apamAnajanaka pratIta hotI haiN| a~garez2I zikSA nIti kA yaha eka bahuta bar3A pariNAma hai| . a~garez2I rAjya meM pracalita vaijJAnika sAdhanoM tathA navIna zikSA ke pracAra aura bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kA eka aura mahatvapUrNa pahalU hai| hindU dharma tathA jIvana meM pahale bhI aneka parivartana hue the| kintu ye parivartana deza-jIvana kI Abhyantarika zaktiyoM ke svAbhAvika vikAsa ke rUpa meM hue the / unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM jo parivartana hue, ve svAbhAvika vikAsa ke rUpa meM na hokara do bhinna sabhyatAoM ke samparka dvArA hue / samparka sthApita hone ke samaya ina do sabhyatAoM meM eka durUha, unnata tathA sajIva thI aura dUsarI sarala, patita aura gatihIna thii| phalataH pazcimI sabhyatA ke samparka ne bhAratIya samAja ko svAbhAvika pragati pradAna na kara usake alasAe jIvana ko tIvra AghAta tathA vega se jhakajhora ddaalaa| isalie isa samparka se bahuta acchA pariNAma na nikala kara aneka aMzoM meM sAmAjika evaM dhArmika

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20 aAdhunika kahAnI kA parapArzva arAjakatA kA janma huA; samAja aura dharma meM eka bhArI saMkaTa upasthita ho gyaa| a~garez2I-zikSita alpasaMkhyaka logoM ke vicAroM meM to krAntikArI parivartana hue; ve pAzcAtja sabhyatA va cakAcauMdha kI ora AkRSTa hue| lekina sAdhAraNa janatA prAcIna krama apanAe rahI / jIvana ke navIna aura prAcIna krama meM aneka paraspara virodhI bAteM thiiN| pazcimI sabhyatA dvArA pradatta jIvana-krama deza ke paramparAgata evaM svAbhAvika jIvana-krama ke sAtha mela na khA sakA / honA to yaha cAhie thA ki pazcimI vicAroM se prabhAvita hokara nava-zikSita bhAratIya sAmAjika tathA dhArmika jIvana-krama ke pradhAna tattvoM kA phira se mUlyAMkana kara sAdhAraNa janatA kA ucita rUpa se mArga-pradarzana karate / isake sthAna para unhoMne jo kucha prAcIna thA, usakA ghora khaNDana to kiyA, kintu deza ke sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana ke anurUpa koI navIna vyavasthA na dii| pariNAma yaha huA ki deza kA sAdhAraNa jIvana jahA~ thA, vahIM par3A rahA aura ve svayaM usameM na khapa ske| ve apane aura deza ke svAbhAvika jIvana meM koI santulana sthApita na kara paae| yadi pazcimI sabhyatA kA prabhAva sAdhAraNa janatA taka pahu~ca jAtA, to sambhavataH paristhiti dUsarI hotii| isake atirikta svayaM navazikSitoM ke jIvana meM eka viSamatA utpanna ho gaI thI jisase ve kahIM ke na raha ge| navazikSitoM kA purAtanatva se lipta gharelU jIvana unakI navIna zikSA se bhinna thaa| ve adhyayana to karate the milTana, mila Adi ke vicAroM kA, kintu gharoM meM paMDoM-purohitoM ke vicAroM aura mUrti-pUjA kA pracAra thA / bauddhika dRSTi se hindU dharma ke pracalita rUpa meM vizvAsa na raha jAne para bhI unakA sAmAjika, naitika tathA AdhyAtmika jIvana usI se saMcAlita hotA thaa| isa viSamatA tathA arAjakatA kA uttaradAyitva sarakArI zikSA saMsthAoM para thaa| lekina sarakAra use dUra karane meM asamartha thii| usane to kevala satI-prathA, bAla-hatyA, nara-bali jaisI kucha krUra prathAoM ke sambandha meM hI hastakSepa kiyA thA / anyathA vaha sAmAjika tathA dhArmika

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/21 samasyAoM ke prati udAsIna banI rhii| eka videzI sarakAra ke sthAna para yaha kArya svayaM bhAratavAsI hI acchI taraha kara sakate the aura yadyapi sAmAjika tathA dhArmika arAjakatA kucha hI logoM taka sImita thI to bhI unakA astitva samAja ke lie khatare se khAlI na thaa| unameM vAstavika vastusthiti pahacAna kara usake anurUpa kArya karane kI kSamatA rakhane vAle bahuta kama the / kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI svIkAra karanA par3egA ki jina viSama paristhitiyoM meM ve par3a gae the, una para unakA koI adhikAra nahIM thA; ve vivaza the / ve loga kAphI zikSita avazya the, para paristhitivaza apane hI samAja meM khapa nahIM rahe the| unakA mAnasika jIvana aneka virodhI tatvoM se pUrNa thaa| a~garez2I zikSA prApta karane vAloM meM ve agraNI the / isake lie unheM jo mUlya cukAnA par3A vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM kama nahIM thA / kevala jAtIya saMskAroM aura sAmAjika bhAvanAoM ne unake jIvana kI rakSA kii| pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke aneka avaguNa A jAne para bhI unameM usake sadguNoM kA abhAva nahIM thA / sAmAjika, dhArmika tathA gharelU jIvana kI arAjakatAoM aura rAjanItika asantoSa ke bIca apane jIvana kA mArga prazasta karane meM nava-zikSitoM ko jina kaThinAiyoM kA anubhava karanA par3A, unakA sahaja hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / vaise bhI a~garez2I zikSA kA sUtrapAta hue abhI bahuta dina nahIM hue the / saMkrAnti-kAlIna aneka doSa usa samaya utpanna ho gae toM koI Azcarya nhiiN| usa samaya jo thor3e-se vyakti nava-zikSA prApta karane para bhI apane jIvana-mUla se zakti saMcita karanA na bhUle ve hI dharma aura samAja ke sacce netA bane / pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke prahAra-para-prahAra sahana karane para bhI apanA astitva banAe rakhane vAle hindU dharma kI mUla zakti aura samAja kI purAtanatva ke prati moha vAlI pravRtti kA vAstavika rUpa na pahacAna kara kevala hindU dharma ke zreSTha aura hIna sabhI rUpoM kA khaNDana karane vAle navazikSitoM ko apanAne meM samAja ko saMkoca huA / yadyapi navazikSA kA samyak prabhAva acchA na par3A, to bhI yaha nahIM

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22,'Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva kahA jA sakatA ki vaha deza ke lie sarvathA ghAtaka siddha huI, yA usakA koI mahattvapUrNa pariNAma hI nahIM huaa| burAiyA~ hote hue bhI bhAratavAsiyoM ne navIna zikSA praNAlI ke sAtha pUrA sahayoga prakaTa kiyaa| usake sahAre hI ve samaya kI pragati ke sAtha Age bar3ha sakate the| pAzcAtya vijJAna aura sAhitya tathA itihAsa ke adhyayana se deza kI sAmAjika aura dhArmika avasthA meM bahuta-kucha sudhAra huA, nae-nae vicAroM aura rASTrIyatA kA pracAra huA, deza kI rAjanItika evaM naitika udAsInatA dUra huI aura vaha udyoga-dhandhoM meM dilacaspI lekara Age bar3hA / bhAratavarSa kA usa vijJAna se paricaya huA jisane pazcima meM praudyogika krAnti kI avatAraNA kI thI aura eziyA tathA aphrIkA ke mahAdvIpoM para sAmrAjyavAda kA aMkuza viThA diyA thA / vijJAna ke atirikta barka, mila, maurle, speMsara tathA milTana Adi pAzcAtya vicArakoM kA bhI una para prabhAva pdd'aa| mila ke vicAroM ne striyoM kI svAdhInatA aura pratinithi zAsana kI ora zikSitoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| pazcima ke vicArakoM kI racanAoM meM unakI zraddhA pratidina bar3hatI gii| iMgalaiNDa aura bhArata ke bIca Ane-jAne kI sugamatA ho jAne se pazcima ke vicArakoM aura tatkAlIna i~galaiNDa ke vikToriyana sAmAjika AcAra-vicAroM aura rAjanItika AkAMkSAoM kA deza para prabhAva par3e vinA na raha skaa| pazcimI prabhAva ke kAraNa dezavAsiyoM kA dRSTikoNa vyApaka huA, unake jIvana ke pratyeka pahalU meM naI sphUrti aura uttejanA paidA huI / nava-zikSitoM meM bhI do dala the / eka dala to vaha thA jise pazcima ne bilkula moha liyA thaa| dUsarA dala vaha thA, jo a~garez2I zikSA prApta karane para bhI bhAratIyatva banAe rakhanA cAhatA thaa| kahanA na hogA ki hindI sAhityikoM kA sambandha dUsare dala se thaa| bhAratIyatva kI umaMga meM kabhI-kabhI unakA pratikriyAvAdI' vicAroM kA poSaka ho jAnA sambhava thaa| kintu pazcima se mohita ativAdI sudhArakoM kI apekSA samAja meM unakA sthAna kahI adhika sahaja-svAbhAvika thaa| sArAMza yaha

Page #19
Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/23. hai ki pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke sparza se deza kA zikSita samudAya eka yA dUsarI dizA meM calane ke lie Atura ho uThA thA, usameM gatizIlatA A gaI thii| isake atirikta jo kucha deza meM thA, vaha purAnA thA aura bahuta bar3e aMzoM meM purAnA thaa| yaha sthiti 1947 taka Ate-Ate bahuta spaSTa ho gaI thii| svAtaMtryottara kAla meM isake do rUpa prApta hue / bar3e-bar3e nagaroM meM adhikAMzataH jIvana nae dharAtala para vikasita huA, jo mukhyataH pazcimI sabhyatA kI dena thaa| vahA~ ke logoM meM paramparA ke prati lezamAtra bhI moha na thA aura yathAsambhava 'bhAratIyatA' ko ve miTA kara ve vyApaka navIna pariveza ko AtmasAt kara nayA bananA cAhate the| isake viparIta dUsare choTe zahara the, jo isa navIna-purAne ke saMdhisthala para khar3e the, jahA~ jIvana ke vividha rUpa prasArita the| ve na to ekadama nayA bananA cAhate the aura na purAtanavAdI / ve donoM hI dizAoM ke upayogI tattvoM ko lekara Age bar3hanA cAhate the| isa pravRtti ne sAmUhika bhAratIya cetanA ko svAtaMtryottara kAla meM eka abhinava dizA pradAna kI, isameM koI sandeha nahIM aura isa kAla meM eka sarvathA naI jIvana-dRSTi nirmita huI, jo pUrNatayA 'bhAratIya' nahIM thI, yaha niHsaMkoca svIkAranA hogaa| isa kAla meM AdhyAtmikatA ke mUla tattvoM kI bhitti para khar3A huA vRhat hindU jIvana prAraNahIna ho gayA thaa| kAla-gati se usakA jIvana nisteja aura nispanda ho gayA thaa| IsAI aura islAma dharmoM se vaha atyanta prAcIna thaa| itanI lambI avadhi meM vibhinna saMkaTa-kAloM meM usakI vizAlatA hI usake prANa bacAne meM bahuta upayogI siddha huii| UparI vibhinnatAe~ aura durbalatAe~ hote hue bhI hindU samAja rahasyamaya AdhyAtmika ekatA ke sUtra meM ba~dhA huA thA / musalamAnoM ke dIrgha-kAlavyApI rAjatva-kAla meM islAma dharma se prabhAvita hokara deza jAtIya unnati ke mUla sAmAjika saMgaThana, aikya aura svajAti-hitaiSitA kA mahattva samajhane lagA thA / islAma dharma kA hindU samAja tathA dharma para prabhAva

Page #20
24 Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva avazya batalAnA par3A, kintu aisI aneka bAteM, jinheM islAma dharma se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, ve svayaM hindU dharma kI hI haiN| samaya-samaya para vizeSa paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA karane ke lie samAja se netAoM ne hindU dharma ke akSaya bhANDAra meM se koI eka anukUla tatva khoja kara AtmarakSA ke sAdhana juTAe, yahI hindU dharma kI gatizIlatA hai| ___ mug2ala sAmrAjya ke dhvaMsa ke bAda a~garez2oM ke sAtha-sAtha IsAI mizanarI bhI isa deza meM aae| unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka IsAI dharma kA bhArata meM kAfI pracAra ho cukA thA / isa kAla meM brahma samAja aura Arya samAja ne patita hindU samAja se asaMtuSTa aura usake prati vidroha karane vAle bhAratavAsiyoM kI sudhAravAdI pratti aura jijJAsA kI parituSTi kara kara aneka hindU dharmAvalambiyoM ko, jo IsAI yA musalamAna ho gae the, phira se hindU dharma kI saghana chAyA ke nIce le liyaa| isa kArya meM unheM pUrNa saphalatA na mila sakane kA dAyitva hindU samAja kI kamaz2ora pAcana zakti para thA / hindU dharma ke punaruddhAra ke lie naI ceSTAe~ kI jAne lagI / navazikSA aura sAmAjika AndolanoM ke phalasvarUpa prAtmavismRta bhAratIya janasamUha ko phira se apane dharma kA zreSThatva mAnya huA / / lekina itanA avazya svIkAranA hogA ki IsAI pAdariyoM ne aneka bhayaMkara aura krUra dhArmika evaM sAmAjika prathAoM ke viruddha Andolana kiyA aura sarakAra ko una prathAoM para pratibandha lagAne ke lie vivaza kiyA / dhArmika aura sAmAjika cetanA ke phalasvarUpa svayaM hinduoM meM unake viruddha Andolana zurU ho gayA thA / aneka navazikSita bhAratIya una kuprathAoM ko rokane kA prayatna karane lge| sarakAra ko acchA avasara milA / usane kevala tAMtrika mata kI prabalatA lie hue nara-mAMsa dvArA devI, caNDikA, cAmuNDA aura kAlo Adi zaktiyoM kI upAsanA banda kara dii| vaMza-vRddhi kI kAmanA se kabhI-kabhI hindU loga apane prANAdhika priya putroM ko gaMgAsAgara meM pheMka dete the yA devatAoM para bali car3hA dete the| kanyA ko to janma ke samaya hI mAra DAlate the / sarakAra

Page #21
Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/25 ne aisI nRzaMsa rItiyA~ rokane kA prayatna kiyA, para aba svayaM hindU samAja sudhAroM ke lie prayatnazIla thaa| sthAna-sthAna para sArvajanika sabhAeM kI jAne lagIM jinameM satI-dAha, bAla-hatyA, nara-bali, bAlavivAha, vivAha me phijUlakharca, madyapAna, vezyAvRtti Adi ke virodha meM prastAva svIkAra kie jAte the| sarakAra kI hastakSepa nIti kevala docAra amAnuSI prathAoM taka hI baratI gii| gambhIra dhArmika viSayoM meM 'vaha udAsInatA grahaNa kie rahI / isa navajAta cetanA ke kAraNa hindU dharma kI unnati aura usa meM vizvazreSTha AtmagarimA punarjIvita karane ke lie aneka mahAna vyakti apanA jIvana utsarga karane lage / isake pazcAt svAtaMtryottara kAla meM eka bahuta bar3e varga meM hameM dharma ke prati udAsInatA lakSita hotI hai / yadyapi do-eka rAjanItika daloM evaM AndolanoM ne punaH eka bAra Arya dharma evaM hindU dharma kA pracAra-prasAra karane kA prayatna kiyA, para isameM unheM vizeSa saphalatA prApta nahIM huI / vAstava meM isa kAla meM rASTrIya netAoM dvArA pracalita dharma nirapekSatA kI nIti kA itanA prabhAva to par3A hI ki hindU aura islAma donoM hI 'dharmoM meM dharmAndhatA yA kaTTaratA ke prati anudAra bhAvanA vikasita hone lagI hai aura usake sthAna para eka sArvajanIna bhAvanA evaM mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa vikasita ho rahA hai| isase samAja kA paramparAgata dhArmika DhA~cA eka prakAra se Dhaha rahA hai aura jisa nae samAja kA udaya ho rahA hai usameM vizva-baMdhutva evaM ekIkaraNa kI bhAvanA kA Adhikya hai / abhI hAla hI meM 5 agasta, 1965 se prArambha hue pAkistAnI aAkramaNa ke samaya isakA Thosa AdhAra adhika spaSTa huaA hai, jaba ki pAkistAna meM abhI madhyayugIna saMskRti' evaM dhArmika madAMdhatA ko pracalita rakhane kI jI-tor3a kozizeM ho rahI haiM / - a~garez2I rAjya ke antargata zAsana tathA Arthika vyavasthA aura navazikSA ke kAraNa jahA~ aneka parivartana hue, vahA~ sabase bar3A parivartana bhArata kI sAmAjika vyavasthA meM madhya varga kA janma honA thA-eka prakAra se

Page #22
26 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva anya sabhI parivartana isI madhya varga ke kAraNa hue / ucca varga navIna prabhAvoM se alaga kaTTara aura aparivartanazIla thA / unheM navIna zikSA dene kI na to zAsakoM kI ( rAjanItika dRSTi se ) nIti thI aura na unhoMne svayaM usake prati ruci prakaTa kI / nimna varga nirdhana aura prazikSita thA / astu vakIla, DaoNkTara, adhyApaka, sAdhAraNa haisiyata ke vyApArI, sarakArI naukaroM Adi kA hI eka varga aisA thA, jo navazikSA grahaNa kara pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke adhika-se-adhika samparka meM AyA thA / isalie yahI varga nava cetanA se sarvAdhika prabhAvita thA / navIna vicAroM se prerita hokara madhya varga ne bhAratIya jIvana meM abhUtapUrva krantikArI parivartana upasthita kie / isI varga ke mAdhyaya dvArA bhArata AdhunikatA kI ora agrasara hokara saMsAra ke anya dezoM se samparka sthApita kara sakA hai / unnIsavIM zatAbdI uttarArddha meM isa varga kI cetanA kA janma pradhAnataH rAjanItika aura Arthika rUpa meM huA thA / navotthAnakAlIna hone ke kAraNa isa varga kI rAjanItika rASTrIyatA bahuta kucha hindutva lie hue thI aura 'hindI, hindU, hindusthAna' usake mukhya zabda the| sAtha hI varga, dharma evaM sAmpradAyika viSayoM se sambandha rakhane vAlI eka dUsarI rAjanItika vicAradhArA thIM jisane sampradAyika nirvAcana, sarakArI naukariyoM, Arthika riyAyatoM Adi kI mA~goM ko janma diyaa| donoM vicAradhArAe~ tatkAlIna bhArata meM praca lita thIM aura kahIM-kahIM Apasa meM eka-dUsare ko chUkara phira alaga ho jAtI thIM / kintu rAjanIti ke nirAzA aura andhakArapUrNa vAtAvaraNa meM yaha varga dhArmika aura sAmAjika viSayoM kI ora adhika jhukA- kyoM ki eka ora se nirAza hone para jIvana zUnya meM sthita nahIM raha sakatA thA, use kisI-na-kisI sAMskRtika AdhAra kI AvazyakatA thI / dharma tathA samAja ke atirikta usakI prAntarika santuSTi kA aura koI sAdhana na raha gayA thA / isase na to sarakAra ko kisI kA Dara thA aura na kisI ko sarakAra kA Dara thA / navodita rASTrIyatA vaise bhI deza ke prAcIna gaurava kI apekSA rakhatI hai / usane islAmI aura bhAratIya sabhyatAoM ke

Page #23
Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/27 samparka se utpanna mizrita jIvana kI ora dhyAna na diyA / aura anta meM rASTrIya cetanA kA rUpa rAjanItika aura Arthika na rahakara pramukha rUpa se dhArmika aura Arthika rASTrIyatA ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gyaa| madhya varga kI isI nava-cetanA ne bhAratIya navotthAna kA rUpa grahaNa kiyaa| ___saMsAra meM prAyaH dharma aura samAja meM abhinna sambandha rahatA hai| kintu hindU dharma meM yaha bAta sabase adhika dekhI jAtI hai / hindU dharma vAstava meM dhArmika vyavasthA kI apekSA sAmAjika vyavasthA adhika hai| dharma kI dRSTi se usameM aneka 'vAdoM' kA saMgaThana hote hue bhI anekatA meM ekatA kA sUtra antanihita hai / pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke samparka se utpanna navIna dhArmika tathA sAmAjika AndolanoM ke mUla meM yahI tathya thA / navazikSita hinduoM ne navotthAna kI bhAvanA se anuprANita hokara dharma aura samAja kI kurItiyA~ aura kuprathAe~ dUra karane kA prayatna kiyA / bhAratIya dRSTikoNa lie hue sudhAravAdI AndolanoM kA eka mukhya dhyeya aneka a~garez2I zikSita navayuvakoM kA sudhAra karanA bhI thA / navIna zikSA ke kAraNa deza meM prAcIna dharma-sambandhI anabhijJatA bar3hane aura sAMskRtika hrAsa hone ke kAraNa dezabhaktoM ko marmAntaka pIr3A hotI thii| nava-zikSita yuvaka jJAna-vijJAna kI ora jhuka kara vidyopArjana kara rahe the, yaha ThIka hai, parantu videzI zikSA ne bhArata ke ina navayuvakoM ko itanA mohita kara liyA thA ki ve svadharmAcAroM se udAsIna aura videzI paddhatiyoM ke gulAma bana ge| ve azikSita bhAratIyoM kA uddhAra karane ke bajAya unase ghRNA karane lge| yaha zikSA unake naitika jIvana ke lie bhI anukUla siddha na huI / videzI hAva-bhAva, cAla-calana, AcAra-vicAra, khAna-pAna Adi ke ve aise bhakta bane ki svadeza kI bAtoM ko ve ga~vArU samajhane lge| isakA carama rUpa to svAtaMtryottara kAla meM prApta hotA hai, jabaki vAstava meM 'bhAratIyatA' nAma kI koI cIz2a naI pIr3hI meM milatI hI nahIM hai| anta meM uparyukta vizleSaNa se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki

Page #24
28/prAvunika kahAnI kA paripArzva vartamAna kAla meM pazcimI sabhyatA ke sAtha samparka sthApita hone se vividha sudhAravAdI tathA anya AMdolanoM aura naI zaktiyoM kI vRddhi se abhUtapUrva Arthika, rAjanItika aura dhArmika evaM sAmAjika parivartana hue, jinake phalasvarUpa hindI sAhitya aura bhASA kI gatividhi bhI paramparA chor3akara nava-dizonmukha huI / sthala rUpa se samAja cAra bhAgoM meM ba~TA huA thAeka rAjA-mahArAjAoM kA varga; dUsarA z2amIMdAroM kA varga; tIsarA nava zikSitoM evaM vyavasAyiyoM kA varga; aura cauthA kisAnoM, maz2adUroM, kArIgaroM Adi kA nimna varga / cauthA varga saMkhyA meM sabase adhika thA / navIna parivartanoM se vaise sabhI varga prabhAvita hue, kintu tIsare aura cauthe varga nizcita rUpa se kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM prabhAvita hue / nava-zikSita hone kAraNa tIsare varga ne sabase adhika kriyAzIlatA prakaTa kI / pUrva aura pazcima ke samparka se deza meM nava-cetanA utpanna huI, samAja apanI bikharI zakti baTorakara gatizIla huA / navayuga ke janma ke sAtha vicAra-svAtaMtrya kA janma huA, sAhitya meM gadya kI vRddhi huI aura kathA sAhitya ko dizA milii| sAmaMjasya sthApita karane se pUrva kathAkAroM ne vaijJAnika tathA anya naI-naI bAtoM ko kutUhala aura utsukatApUrNa dRSTi se dekhakara unakA . varNana kiyaa| unhoMne navIna bhAvoM aura vicAroM ko sandeha kI dRSTi se bhI dekhA / pUre taura se satya rUpa meM to ve aba grahaNa kie gae haiN| usa samaya kadAcit yahI svAbhAvika thaa| Alocya kAla ke hindI kathA sAhitya kA adhyayana karane para yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM raha sakatA ki yadyapi usameM bahuta bar3I sImA taka purAtanatva banA huA thA, to bhI tatkAlIna kathAkAroM meM lekhakapana hone ke sAtha-sAtha samAja-sudhAraka aura dharmopadezaka hone kI bhI pravRtti thii| unhoMne apanI racanAoM meM nava-bhArata kI rAjanItika aura Arthika mahatvAkAMkSAe~ prakaTa kara apane cAroM ora ke dharma aura samAja kI patita avasthA para kSobha pradarzita karate hue bhaviSya ke unnata aura prazasta jIvana kI ora iMgita kiyA hai / aMgarejI sAhitya ne unake bhAvoM aura vicAroM ko prabhAvita kiyA,

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/26 nae-nae sAhityika rUpoM kA janma huA aura bhASA kA zabda-bhAMDAra aura abhivyaMjanAtmaka zakti bar3hI / kintu yaha gatizIlatA samAja ke alpasaMkhyaka logoM taka sImita thii| azikSita hone ke kAraNa sAdhAraNa janatA kA isa sajagatA, saprANatA evaM sajIvatA se sambandha nahIM thA aura na sAdhAraNa janatA kI zakti kA koI vizeSa prakaTIkaraNa rAjanItika kSetra meM hI huaa| prAcIna grAma-vyavasthA TUTa jAne aura audyogIkaraNa ke abhAva meM usameM sAmUhika cetanA kA janma na ho sakA / ucca varga navIna zAsana se AtaMkita aura apane vargIya svArtha meM lIna thaa| sajIva a~garez2a jAti ne vijaya-garva ke vazIbhUta ho bhAratavAsiyoM ko apane se alaga rkhaa| phalataH unake samparka kA jitanA racanAtmaka aura kriyAtmaka prabhAva par3anA cAhie thA, utanA prabhAva na par3a sakA / madhyakAlIna bhArata meM jo sAMskRtika cetanA huI thI, usakA a~garez2oM ke zAsana kAla meM abhAva rhaa| prArambha meM jahA~-jahA~ a~garez2oM kA barAbarI ke darje para dezavAsiyoM ke sAtha samparka sthApita huA, vahA~-vahA~ AzAjanaka sAMskRtika prabhAva dRSTigocara hue| avadha meM amAnata kRta 'indara-sabhA' isI prabhAva ke kAraNa eka muslima rAja-darabAra meM janma le sakI thii| isa prakAra kA sAMskRtika sambandha kama sthAnoM para aura asthAyI rUpa se sthApita huA aura Age calakara utanA bhI na rahA / a~garez2I zikSA ke kAraNa zikSitoM aura sAdhAraNa janatA ke bIca vyavadhAna paidA ho gayA thA / janatA kI ora kevala unhIM logoM ne dhyAna diyA, jinhoMne a~garez2I zikSA prApta karane para bhI bhAratIyatA aura dezI bhASA evaM sAhitya se sambandha banAe rakhA athavA jo a~garez2I zikSA prApta na karane bhI navayuga kI cetanA se anuprANita the| unhoMne 'bigar3e hue' zikSita yuvakoM ke sudhAra kI ora bhI vizeSa dhyAna diyaa| navotthAna kAla ke prathama caraNa meM jitane bhI sArvajanika AndolanoM kA janma huA una sabhI ne antataH kisI-nakisI prakAra rASTrIya rUpa grahaNa kiyaa| hindI se sambandha rakhane vAlA

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30/prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva Arya samAja Andolana isakA pratyakSa udAharaNa hai| yaha Andolana janatA kA Andolana thaa| saiddhAMtika dRSTi se bhAratendu harizcandra ke aura Arya samAja ke vicAroM meM adhika antara nahIM thaa| sanAtanadharmI vaiSNava hote hue bhI Arya samAja kI aneka bAtoM meM unheM svayaM vizvAsa thaa| ___ vAstava meM hindI navotthAna dvimukhI hokara avatarita huA thaa| eka kI dRSTi bhUtakAlIna gaurava kI ora thI, to dUsare kI dRSTi bhaviSya kI ora AzA lagAe hue thI / navotthAna kI avatAraNA ke pIche jina zaktiyoM ne kArya kiyA, unakA ullekha Upara ho cukA hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se hindI kA navotthAna Andolana usa vyApaka bhAratIya Andolana kA eka bhAga thA, jo unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke kucha pUrva se hI, pradhAnataH aiMglosaiksana sabhyatA ke samparka dvArA mizra, TarkI, araba, IrAqa, IrAna, aphag2AnistAna, cIna, jApAna, jAvA, sumAtrA, malayadvIpa Adi samasta pUrvI saMsAra kA jIvana svandita kara rahA thA / pUrvI saMsAra kA AdhyAtmika aura mAnasika jIvana pUrvI aura pazcimI donoM zaktiyoM se prerita huA thaa| usa samaya usakI kriyAtmaka zakti kA hrAsa ho cukA thA / vijJAna aura audyogika vikAsa ke bala para pazcima ko vijaya prApta huI / striyoM kI svAdhInatA, vividha sAmAjika evaM dhArmika sudhAravAdI AndolanoM, rAjanItika cetanA, mAtRbhASA, nae vargoM ke janma Adi ke rUpa meM pAzcAtya bicAroM kA prabhAva sabhI dezoM ke navotthAna AndolanoM para lagabhaga samAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM bhAratIya Andolana kI apanI eka viziSTatA thii| eka prAcIna tathA ucca sabhyatA kA uttarAdhikArI aura yUropa se dUra hone ke kAraNa bhArata dUsarA TarkI na bana sakatA thaa| hindI-bhASiyoM ne eka sArvabhauma aitihAsika krama meM apanA pUrNa yoga diyaa| ve krAntikArI na hokara sudhAravAdI the, athavA unake sudhAra hI mauna krAnti kA rUpa dhAraNa kara rahe the / pazcimI vicAroM ke AdhAta ne bhArata ke prAcIna sAMskRtika bhavana kI dIvAroM ko ekabAragI hilA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/31 DAlA thA / acchA yaha huA ki usakI nIMva dRr3ha banI huI thii| bhAratendukAlIna hindI manISI eka bilkula hI nayA bhavana khar3A karane ke sthAna para usI prAcIna dRr3ha nIMva para nae jJAna aura anubhava ke prakAza meM eka aise bhavya prAsAda kA nirmANa karanA cAhate the jisake sAe meM rahakara apAra bhAratIya janasamUhaM sukha aura zAntipUrvaka dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa-jIvana ke ye cAroM phala prApta kara sakatA thaa| ve yugadharma meM poSita the| unakI vANI meM nava bhArata kA svara pratidhvanita thA / ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke pradhAna aMga, purnajanma, ke siddhAnta se paricita the| unhoMne apane navInatama jJAna aura anubhava kA sambala lekara bhAratIya maMgala-krAMti ke lie zaMkha-dhvani kii| ___isa zatAbdI ke jIvana se sambandhita jina vividha pakSoM ko Upara vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai, unase yaha sASTataH jJAta ho jAtA hai ki briTiza upanivezavAdI aura sAmrAjyavAdI rAjanItika tathA Arthika nItiyoM, IsAI dharma pracArakoM, prazAsakIya parivartanoM, vaijJAnika AviSkAroM aura navIna zikSA ke phalasvarUpa jIvana kA pichalA gatirodha TUTa gayA thA aura usake acche-bure donoM hI pariNAma dRSTigocara ho rahe the / jIvana aura sAhitya ke isa abhUtapUrva parivartana ko kucha loga pratikriyAvAda kahate haiM, kucha krAnti aura kucha korA sudhaarvaad| vastutaH inameM se kisI bhI zabda kA prayoga upayukta pratIta nahIM hotA / use yadi hama kevala 'pUnarutthAna' zabda se abhihita kareM to samIcIna hogaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki usa samaya hameM bhAratIya itihAsa aura sAMskRtika paramparAoM ke prati nitAnta alagAva nahIM pAyA jaataa| prAcIna aura navIna kA eka adbhuta samanvaya tatkAlIna jIvana kA sorabhUta aMza hai| prAcIna aura madhyayugIna bhArata meM vyakti samudAya kA eka aMga mAtra thA aura jaba taka vaha samudAya kI sucAru vyavasthA meM hastakSepa na karatA thA, taba taka vaha saba kucha karane ke lie svataMtra thA-vizeSataH dhArmika aura AdhyAtmika viSayoM meM to use pUrNa svataMtratA thii| unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM vyakti ke

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32 aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva sabhI prakAra ke pichale baMdhana TUTane lage, para vaha ucchaGkhalatA nahIM thii| vaha vyakti aura samAja meM navIna vaijJAnika AdhAroM para AdhArita samanvaya upasthita karane kA eka navIna prayAsa thA aura isa prayAsa ke pIche jJAna kI atRpta pipAsA thii| _____ navotthita bhArata ke dUradarzI manISiyoM evaM vicArakoM ne navayuga kA svAgata kiyaa| unheM apane yuga para garva thA-yadyapi usa yuga meM rahane kA, vizeSata: madhyayugIna paurANikatA ke bAda, mUlya bhI cukAnA par3A / vAstava meM bhArata ko AdhunikatA kI prasava-pIr3A kA anubhava unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM hI huA / isalie hameM isa zatAbdI meM antarvirodha aura anizcitatA ke darzana bhI hote haiN| purAne mArga ko chor3akara nayA mArga apanAte samaya aneka prakAra ke praznoM aura samasyAoM kA sAmane A jAnA svAbhAvika hai / kyoM, kaise aura kahA~-ye zabda mana aura mastiSka ko jhakajhorate rahe / unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke vyakti ke mana meM saMgharSa thA, purAtanatva ke prati moha aura navInatA ke prati AkarSaNa donoM meM paraspara khIMcAtAnI thI, apane kSobhapUrNa vartamAna aura anizcita bhaviSya ke kAraNa usakA hRdaya nAnA prakAra ke saMzayoM se AMdolita thaa| yaha ThIka hai| kintu usakI zakti kA paricaya isa bAta se milatA hai ki usane apane antarvirodhoM, saMgharSoM, anizcitatAoM aura saMzayoM kA samAdhAna karane kI bharapUra ceSTA kI / Atma-maMthana aura Atma-vizleSaNa kA aisA prayAsa bhAratIya itihAsa kI pichalI kaI zatAbdiyoM taka nahIM miltaa| eka prAcIna sAMskRtika paramparA ke uttarAdhikArI hone ke kAraNa tatkAlIna manISI Atma-sammAna aura sAhasa ke sAtha kadama bar3hAnA cAhate the aura aise AdarzoM ko janma denA cAhate the jo tatkAlIna jIvana meM phira se prANa phUMka sakate / itihAsa ke cauraste para khar3e hue aura saba taraha kI naI-purAnI aura acchI-burI cIz2oM ke ghire rahane para bhI unhoMne niDara hokara bhAratIya jIvana ko samRddha banAne kA dhruva nizcaya kiyaa| __ isa dhruva nizcaya kA jvalanta rUpa thA satyAnveSaNa / isI satyAnveSaNa

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 33: kA pariNAma thA ki madhyayugIna Izvara ne mAnavatA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA / bahuta dinoM bAda unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke bhAratavAsI ne apane aura apane cAroM ora ke jIvana meM dilacaspI lI - AdhyAtmika jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha manuSya ke bhautika jIvana ko bhI samRddha banAne kI ceSTA kI / usane vaha dRSTikoNa grahaNa kiyA jo gItA ke kRSNa kA thA / navIna yuga ke dharma ne jIvana ke prati dArzanika dRSTikoNa ko eka nayA pahalU pradAna kiyA / isa nae pahalU meM madhyayugIna rahasyAtmakatA aura antima 'satya' kI korI khoja nahIM thI / mAnavatA, samAja, deza Adi kA sukha bhI unnIsavIM zatAbdI kA pradhAna lakSya banA / mAnavatA kI paridhi meM vyakti - svAtaMtrya aura nyAya tathA daNDa ke sambandha meM navIna bhAvanA ke svara se unnIsavIM zatAbdI kI vicAradhArA protaprota hai / usI samaya sAmAjika nyAya kI bhAvanA utpanna huI-- jo pichale sAmantavAdI yuga meM nahIM thI / hindI sAhitya svayaM isakA pramANa hai / unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke kathAkAra palAyanavAdI na the, ve jIvana se jUjhanA jAnate the / ve bhAratIya jIvana ke bhItarI aura bAharI donoM rUpoM ko pahacAna kara usameM nayA raMga bharanA cAhate the / itihAsa ne unameM pradabhya jijIviSA bharI aura manuSya kI nirantara pragati meM unheM agAdha vizvAsa prApta huA / 'kAmA-yanI' ke 'tripura-dAha' kI unhoMne usI samaya kalpanA kara lI thI / bhUta vartamAna aura bhaviSya ko apanI bhujAoM meM sameTa kara ve jInA cAhate the, jIvana ke lie ve mara miTanA cAhate the aura vaha bhI samAja kalyANa kI dRSTi se / parivartanazIlatA unake lie mRtyu thI / unake mana meM asantoSa thA, kyoMki ve karmaThatA dvArA bhAratIya jIvana ko navIna rUpa pradAna karanA cAhate the / unakA Adarza, unakA tyAga, unakA saMyama aura unakI sAdhanA vyartha siddha nahIM huI / hindI kathA sAhitya aura bIsavIM zatAbdI kA bhAratIya jIvana isakA jvalanta pramANa hai / hindI kathA sAhitya kA yahI pariveza hai, jisameM usakA avirbhAva huA aura Aja taka usakA isa rUpa meM vistAra huA hai / isa kAla meM

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34/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva kathA sAhitya vastutaH sudhAravAdI pravRtti lekara hI AyA / kathAkAroM ne naitika evaM zikSAprada kathA-kRtiyoM kI racanA kI jinameM sAmAjikagArhasthya Adi jIvana kSetroM se sambandhita zikSA aura nIti se paripUrNa bhAvanAoM kA samAveza prApta hotA hai| unase sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanItika viSayoM para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| guraNa-doSoM kA ThIka-ThIka vivecana karanA aura kaThora naitika anuzAsana aura jIvana ko unnati ke mArga para le calanA, ina kRtiyoM kA antima dhyeya hai / kintu ina racanAoM meM kalApakSa kucha kamajora hai| isa yuga ke lekhaka janatA ko adhogati ke garta se nikAlakara use ucita mArga para lAnA cAhate the, naitikatA aura zikSA ke atirikta unameM prema-tatva bhI pramukha hai| unameM adhikAMzataH satya kA anusaraNa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| unase samAja-sudhAra, jAtIya gaurava kI rakSA, aitihAsika satya, darzana aura mAnavatA ko prazraya prApta hotA hai| usakA adhika vikAsa premacanda ke hAthoM huA aura unake Ane ke sAtha hI kahAnI vidhA ko prANatatva hI nahIM prApta huA, sunizcita dizA bhI upalabdha huii|

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2 paramparA : dhArAe~ aura spaSTIkaraNa ( 1 ) pIche eka saMkSipta pRSThabhUmi dekara yaha spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki jIvana kI kina paristhitiyoM meM hindI kathA sAhitya kA avirbhAva huA / premacanda ne apane Agamana ke sAtha hI hindI kahAniyoM kA svarUpa nirmANa karanA prArambha kiyA aura zIghra hI use usakA vAstavika svarUpa bhI prApta huA / isa kAla meM kahAnI kI do dhArAe~ prApta hotI haiM eka to sAmAjika dAyitva bodha kI dhArA aura dUsarI Atma-paraka vizleSaNa kI dhArA / sAmAjika dAyitva bodha kI dhArA kA sambandha sIdhe jIvana se hai / * isa dhArA ke lekhakoM ne jIvana ke yathArtha ko hI pramukhatA pradAna kI / unakA vaiyaktika dRSTikoNa cAhe kucha bhI rahA ho, para jIvana tatvoM kI avahelanA karanA unheM na to rucikara thA aura na ise ve vAMchanIya hI samajhate the / bahuta-kucha sImA taka yaha ucita hI thA / lekhaka vastuta: sAmAjika prANI hotA hai / vaha vahI jIvana jItA hai, jo usake cAroM tarapha ke pariveza meM dUsare loga / una logoM ko Apasa meM aTUTa sambandha hotA hai / jaba jIvana - tatvoM evaM sAmAjika yathArtha kI avahelanA kara lekhaka kAlpanika kRtrima saMsAra kA nirmANa karatA hai, to vaha eka prakAra se mRtyu kA hI varaNa nahIM karatA, varan apane Apa se sambaddha satyatA ko bhI jhuThalAtA hai / yadi lekhaka sajaga evaM saceta rahatA hai, usake pAsa koI jIvana dRSTi hotI hai, to usakA yaha pradhAna karttavya ho jAtA hai ki vaha apane samAja kA yuga kA, pariveza kA aura apane cAroM tarapha ke

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36 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva logoM ke jIvana kI vibhinna samasyAoM kA yathArtha ke vyApaka AyAmoM kA saMsparza dete hue pUrNa taTasthatA evaM nissaMgatA se citraNa kare aura use satya kI vANI de / yahI usakA vAstavika lekhakIya dharma bhI hotA hai / isa dAyitva bodha kA nirvAha na kara sakane kI asamarthatA hI kisI jIvanta sAhitya ko zAzvata guraNoM se vaJcita karatI hai aura use mRta sAhitya banA detI hai | isa prakAra ke sAhitya kI upayogitA zUnya hotI hai aura upAdeyatA ke guNoM se vAMcita sAhitya kabhI bhI samAja ko yA yuga ko koI dizA dene athavA patha spaSTa karane meM samartha nahIM hotA sAhitya kA dhyeyonmukha honA hI usakI sarvapramukha vizeSatA hotI hai, yaha nirvivAda hai / ise isa rUpa meM bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyakti ko samAja se alaga karake nahIM dekhA jA sakatA / vyakti kI yadi apanI sattA hotI hai, to usase bhI mahatvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki vaha eka sAmAjika ikAI hai, jahA~ vaha sA~sa letA hai, prANa pAtA hai aura jIvana grahaNa karatA hai / jaba vyakti kI mahimA kA bakhAna karanA hI sAhitya kA ekamAtra lakSya ho jAtA hai aura samAja kI sattA usake lie gauNa ho jAtI hai, to vaha sAhitya mUlya-maryAdA rahita ho jAtA hai / yahA~ yaha spaSTa kara denA Avazyaka hai ki Aja 'naI' kahAnI bhI isa bAta kA dAvA karatI hai ki vaha dAyitva bodha aura sAmAjika yathArtha kI bhAvanA se pUrita hai aura isa prakAra vaha eka 'nae' yuga kA sUtrapAta karatI hai / isa sambandha meM manoraMjaka bAta yaha hai ki isa prakAra kA dAvA karane vAle kadAcit kahAniyA~ bhUla jAte haiM / 'jakhma' ( mohana rAkeza), 'eka kaTI huI kahAnI ' ( rAjendra yAdava ), 'Upara uThatA huA makAna' ( kamalezvara ), 'dahalIz2a ( nirmala varmA ), 'anabItA vyatIta' (nareza mehatA), 'kaI kuhare' (sureza sinahA ) kI tulanA meM 'kaphana' (premacanda), 'niMdiyA lAgI ' ( bhagavatI prasAda vAjapeyI), 'g2adala' ( rAMgeya rAghava ) tathA 'phalita jyotiSa' ( yazapAla ) Adi kahAniyoM ko rakhane para kucha bhI kahane kI AvazyakatA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/37 nahIM raha jAtI aura bAta apane Apa spaSTa ho jAtI hai| vAstava meM .... sAmAjika dAyitva-bodha ke nirvAha kI bhAvanA premacanda yuga kI dena hai, na ki 'naI' kahAnI kI, yaha bAta spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie / yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki prArambha meM Adhunika kahAnI kA mUla uddezya bhI yahI thA, para dhIre-dhIre usameM bhI do dhArAe~ hotI gaIM aura vaha sAmAjika dAyitva-bodha ke nirvAha kI bhAvanA se Atma-paraka vizleSaNa kI ora hI mur3I, hA~ 1960 ke bAda isa pravRtti meM punaH parivartana ke AsAra dRSTigocara hote haiM aura aneka lekhakoM kA prayatna Adhunika kahAnI ko phira se sAmAjika dAyitva-bodha ke nirvAha kI bhAvanA se sambaddha kara dene kI dizA meM parilakSita hotA hai| isakA vistRta vivecana Age yathAsthAna kiyA gayA hai, yahA~ use duharAnA anAvazyaka rUpa se piSTapeSaNa mAtra hogaa| sAmAjika pratibaddhatA kI bhAvanA se otaprota isa dhArA ke lekhakoM ne premacanda ke netRtva meM hindI kahAnI ko eka sudRr3ha AdhAra hI nahIM pradAna kiyA, varan use abhinava rUpa pradAna kiyA, jo sAhitya kI dRSTi se sarvathA eka naI bAta thii| jaisA ki maiMne Upara kahA hai, premacanda isa yuga ke AdhAra-stambha the| isa yuga kI sArI upalabdhiyA~ evaM sambhAvanAe~ unameM sannahita thiiN| ve eka prakAra se sAhitya ke kSetra meM samAja ke pravaktA the| unhoMne -sAhitya ko jIvana kI vyAkhyA evaM AlocanA ke rUpa meM hI svIkArA thA aura usakA mAnadaNDa upayogitAvAda nizcita kiyA thA / vyApaka sAmAjika kalyANa kI bhAvanA se otaprota aura virATa mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa se pUrita premacanda ne vyakti ko eka sAmAjika ikAI ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI thI aura yaha mAnakara cale the ki vyakti kI sArI samasyAe~, usakA vyaktitva, ahaM, mUla bhAvadhArA evaM Atma-cetanA, -sabhI kucha sAmAjika paridhi meM hI banatI-bigar3atI hai aura vaha samAja ke prati mahatI bhAvanA lie uttaradAyI hotA hai / isalie unake lie sAhitya kI saMjJA samAja-sApekSya mAtra thI, usase haTakara kucha nahIM / Meta

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38 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva unake lie ahaMvAda evaM vaiyaktikatA kI bhAvanA arthahIna thI, kyoMki ve svIkArate the ki hamAre patha meM ahaMvAda athavA grapane vyaktigata dRSTikoNa ko pradhAnatA denA vaha vastu hai, jo hameM jar3atA, patana aura lAparavAhI kI ora le jAtI hai aura aisI kalA hamAre lie na vyakti rUpa meM upayogI hai aura na samudAya rUpa meM / kahanA na hogA, unake lie 'kalA kalA ke lie' siddhAnta kA koI mahattva na thA / ve kalA ko jIvana ke lie mAnate the aura unake pUre sAhitya kI AdhArazilA yahI dRSTikoNa hai / unakA vicAra thA ki sAhitya kI pravRtti ahaMvAda yA vyaktivAda taka parimita nahIM rahatI, balki vaha manovaijJAnika aura sAmAjika hotA jAtA hai / vaha vyakti ko samAja se alaga nahIM dekhatA, kintu use samAja ke eka aMga rUpa meM dekhatA hai / premacanda kI kahAniyA~ inhIM bhAvanAoM kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / unhoMne apane jIvana meM tIna sau ke lagabhaga hI kahAniyA~ likhIM jinameM sabhI kA stara bahuta U~cA nahIM hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ve Arthika viSamatAoM me jamane vAle lekhaka the aura prAyaH paristhitiyoM kI bAdhyatA ke kAraNa vyAvasAyika dRSTikoNa se unheM kahAniyA~ likhanI par3atI thIM / aisI kahAniyoM kA stara svAbhAvika rUpa se bahuta acchA nahIM bana par3A hai / lekina itanA hone ke bAvajUda apanI sabhI kahAniyoM meM premacanda kA dRSTikoNa isI prakAra kA hai, usa para unhoMne koI AghAta nahIM Ane diyA hai / unakI kahAniyoM kA mukhya sambandha madhya varga se hai, jinameM anamela vivAha kI samasyA, vidhavA vivAha kI samasyA, vezyA vRtti evaM Po S madyapAna kI samasyA, sammilita kuTumba praNAlI ke vighaTana kI pravRtti, pU~jIvAdI zopaNa evaM bUrjunA manovRtti, Arthika vaiSamya evaM asamAnatA, kRSi kI samasyA, jamIdAroM aura kRSakoM ke sambandha, RraNa evaM mahAjanI sabhyatA, ekatA kI bhAvanA kA abhAva tathA mUlya-maryAdA rahita jIvana kI viDambanAoM kA mUla kAraNa, rASTrIya jAgaraNa evaM naitika utthAna, sAmAjikatA kI bhAvanA ke hrAsa evaM dharma kI samasyA Adi anaginata

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PRAPTURER Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/36. samasyAe~ haiM jina para premacanda kI kahAniyA~ AdhArita haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki premacanda ne jIvana ke bahuvidhiya pakSa sparza kie aura kadAcit tatkalIna madhyavargIya jIvana kA aisA koI pakSa nahIM thA jise unhoMne sparza na kiyA ho / unakI kahAniyoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai : 1-manovaijJAnika kahAniyA~ ( 'kafana', 'pUsa kI rAta', 'bar3e bhAI sAhaba' aura 'manovRtti' Adi kahAniyA~ ) 2-sAmAjika kahAniyA~ ( 'paMca-paramezvara', 'baiMka kA divAlA', 'durgA kA mandira', Adi asaMkhya kahAniyA~ ), 3-caritra-pradhAna kahAniyA~ ( 'bUr3hI kAkI', 'do bahaneM' Adi kahAniyA~) 4-aitihAsika kahAniyA~ ( 'rAnI sAraMdhA', 'rAjA haradaula', 'zataraMja ke khilAr3I' Adi kahAniyA~ ) 5-rAjanItika kahAniyA~ ('satyAgraha' tathA aisI anya kahAniyA~) 6-pArivArika kahAniyA~ ( 'bar3e ghara kI beTI' ) premacanda kabhI zilpa-camatkAra ke cakkara meM nahIM pdd'e| unake pAsa kahane ke lie sIdhI-sAdI yathArtha bAteM thIM, jinheM gar3hane yA kAlpanikatA ko yathArtha kA raMga dene ke sAyAsapana kI koI AvazyakatA na thii| unake pAsa jIvana-tattvoM kI bharamAra thI jinheM yathArtha kI vANI denA unakA kAma thaa| jinake pAsa kahane ko kucha nahIM hotA, vastuta: gaDhane yA yathArthatA kA AbhAsa dilAne kI dizA meM paccIkArI kI AvazyakatA unheM hI hotI hai| unhoMne bahuta hI sahaja evaM svAbhAvika DhaMga se apanI bAteM kahane kI ceSTA kI hai| hA~, yaha smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai, jaba taka unake mastiSka meM Adarza aura yathArtha kI do alaga-alaga dhArAe~ kriyAzIla thIM aura AdarzavAda ke prati unakI gahan AsthA thI, taba taka unakI kahAniyoM meM anta taka pahu~cate-pahu~cate asvAbhAvika mor3a dene kI pravRtti aura yAMtrika AdarzavAda kI pratiSThApanA kI atizaya utsukatA parilakSita

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40 Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva hotI hai / ina kahAniyoM meM zilpa kA halkApana unheM lacara banA detA hai aura ve vaisI gar3hI huI susaMguphita kahAniyA~ pratIta nahIM hotI jaisI ki unakI antima daura kI kahAniyA~ / unakI adhikAMza kahAniyoM meM eka pramukha dopa asantulana kA bhI hai| unhoMne kahAniyoM meM bhI avAMtara kathAoM kI saMyojanA kI hai aura virATa paridhi ko sameTane kI ceSTA kI hai / vAstava meM unhoMne apane sAhitya ke lie jIvana kA vizAla citrapaTa cunA thA aura mAnava-jIvana se bahu-vidhiya pakSoM ko saMsparza dekara vyApaka AyAmoM ko sthAna denA cAhate the| isa prakriyA meM unakI bahuta-sI kahA'niyoM meM duhare-tihare kathAnaka dene kI sI zailI milatI hai / ina kahAniyoM meM virATa jIvana ke yathArtha kI vistRta kalpanA to milatI hai,para premacanda jahA~ hiTa karanA cAhate the, vaha bindu bahudhA sazaktatA evaM prabhAvazIlatA se spaSTa nahIM ho pAyA hai| isakA eka dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki premacanda meM sthUlatA bahuta adhika thI aura vivaraNa dene kI pravRtti pramukha rUpa se thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki unakI adhikAMza kahAniyA~ varNanAtmaka zailI meM haiM / inameM jahA~ viSaya vastu ko anAvazyaka vistAra milA hai, vahA~ pAtroM ke sAtha bhI ucita nyAya nahIM ho pAyA hai, jisake kAraNa ye . pAtra bahudhA kairIkecara yA nirjIva kaThaputalI mAtra banakara raha gae haiM, jina para premacanda kI vicAradhArA itane sazakta rUpa meM AdhArita ho gaI hai ki usake nIce dave ve pAtra kabhI paristhitiyoM se Upara nahIM uTha pAte / ina kahAniyoM meM eka vizeSa prakAra kA mainarijma prApta hotA hai jisase premacanda baca nahIM pAte / kintu unase sarvathA bhinna unakI kahAniyoM kA dUsarA varga hai, jisameM hara lihAz2a se custa evaM durusta kahAniyA~ haiN| unameM sthUlatA se sUkSmatA kI ora jAne kI pravRtti lakSita hotI hai aura bArIka-se-bArIka bAtoM ko bhI ubhArane kI samarthatA dRSTigocara hotI hai / 'bar3e bhAI sAhaba', 'manovRtti', 'nazA', 'pUsa kI rAta', 'paMca paramezvara' tathA 'zataraMja ke khilAr3I' Adi aisI hI kahAniyA~ haiM jinameM saMtulita kathAnaka aura

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 41 ikahare zilpa kA vidhAna prApta hotA hai / unameM kathAnaka aura pAtroM kA sAmaMjasya bar3e kuzala evaM praur3ha DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai tathA pAtroM kI svAbhAvikatA kA nirvAha bhI bar3I dakSatA ke sAtha huA hai / ina kahAniyoM meM pAtroM ke mAnasika antardvandva kA vizleSaNa aura manovaijJAnika UhApoha kA bhI citraNa milatA hai / para draSTavya yaha hai ki unhoMne kabhI aisA karane meM vyakti kI mahattA ko samAja kI tulanA meM adhika mahatva - pUrNa siddha karane kI ceSTA na to kI aura na vaiyaktikatA kI sImA ko hI sparza karane kA prayatna kiyA / yaha eka bar3I bAta thI aura antara evaM vAhya kA samaSTigata jIvana cintana ke AdhAra para manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa eka bahuta bar3I upalabdhi hai / ina kahAniyoM ke pAtra unhoMne jIvana ke yathArtha se cune haiM, aura pramukha rUpa se jAtIya pAtra haiM, jo unakI jaisI vicAradhArA vAle lekhaka ke lie atyanta svAbhAvika bAta hai / ina pAtroM ke mAdhyama se unhoMne sAmAjika kalyANa evaM mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa pratipAdita karane kI saphala ceSTA kI hai / ve svIkArate the ki manuSya kI bhalAI yA burAI kI parakha usakI sAmAjika yA sAmAjika kRtiyoM meM hai / jisa kAma se manuSya-samAja ko kSati pahu~catI hai, vaha pApa hai / jisase usakA upakAra hotA hai, vaha puNya hai / sAmAjika apakAra yA upakAra se pare hamAre kisI kArya kA koI mahatva nahIM hai aura mAnava-jIvana kA itihAsa zurU se sAmAjika upakAra kI maryAdA bA~dhatA calA AyA hai / bhinna-bhinna samAjoM aura zreNiyoM meM yaha maryAdA bhI bhinna hai / pIche pRSThabhUmi vAle adhyAya meM yaha spaSTa kiyA jA cukA hai ki pAzcAtya sabhyatA ke saMsparza se kisa prakAra eka nae madhya varga kA udaya ho rahA thA, jo navotthAna kI bhAvanA se otaprota thA aura purAtanatva evaM navonmeSa kI bhAvanAoM ke saMdhi-sthala para khar3A huA thA / vaha vibhrAnta bhI thA aura Age bar3hane ke lie Akula bhI / premacanda ne apanI kahAniyoM meM isI madhya varga ko pramukhatA pradAna kI aura eka-eka 3

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42/aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva kahAnI meM usake jIvana kI pramukha samasyAe~ lekara unheM dizonmukha karane kA hI prayatna nahIM kiyA, varan aneka viSama samasyAoM kA apane DhaMga se samAdhAna prastuta kara unakA sudhAra karane kI bhI ceSTA kii| vastutaH rAjanItika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, Arthika, evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se sudhAravAdI bhAvanA hI unakI kahAniyoM kA mUlAdhAra hai, jisakI bhitti para sArI kahAniyA~ saMguphita huI haiN| yahI nahIM, bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI premacanda ne eka krAntikArI parivartana lAne kI ceSTA kii| abhI taka bhApA kA koI nizcita svarUpa nahIM thaa| premacanda se pUrva bhAratendu aura unake sahayogI lekhakoM ne isa dizA meM kucha prayatna avazya kiyA thA, para sunizcita rUpa se bhASA ko garimA dene meM ve asamartha rahe the / premacanda ne pahalI bAra bhASA ko yathArtha svarUpa dekara use vyApaka rUpa dene kA prayatna kiyA, jisase tatkAlIna kahAnI-sAhitya ko abhUtapUrva lokapriyatA pAne kI dizA meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyaa| bhASA ko muhAvaredAnI evaM ravAnI se ojasvI tathA prANavAna banAne, artha kI garimA se pUrNa karane aura maryAdita rUpa dene kA bahuta bar3A zreya premacanda ko hI hai-yahI vizeSatAe~ unakI kahAniyoM kI arthavattA ko gambhIra banAtI hai| isa prakAra premacanda kI kahAniyoM meM 'naepana' kI ve sArI vizeSatAe~ lakSita hotI haiM, jinheM Adhunika kahAnI ke 'naepana' ke dAve meM prAyaH siddha karane kI ceSTA kI jAtI hai| unameM paramparA ke prati vidroha hai, * naI bhASA ko apanAne kA Agraha hai, sthUlatA se sUkSmatA evaM sAmAjika paridhi meM manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa karane kI pravRtti hai, sAmAjika dAyitva-bodha ke nirvAha kI bhAvanA hai aura manuSya ko usake yathArtha pariveza meM dekhane aura citrita karane kI prayatnazIlatA hai-ina sabase adhika unameM samapTigata ciMtana kI abhivyakti hai, mahatI kalyANakArI bhAvanA hai aura eka virATa mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana hai / vizvambharanAtha zarmA kauzika' pramukhataH premacanda kI hI pravRttiyoM ko lekara Age bar3hane vAle kahAnIkAra haiM / ve mUlataH AdarzavAdI the aura

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 43 samAja-kalyANa kI bhAvanA meM hI unakI gahana AsthA hai / unhoMne apanI kahAniyoM ke mAdhyama se naitikatA evaM jIvanagata mUlya maryAdAsambandhI aneka maulika prazna uThAe aura unakA samAdhAna prastuta karane kI ceSTA bhI kI / unhoMne adhikAMza rUpa meM ghaTanA pradhAna kahAniyA~ likhI haiM aura ve ghaTanAe~ dainika sAmAjika yA pArivArika jIvana se lI gaI haiN| ina ghaTanAoM kA saMguphana karane meM unhoMne abhUtapUrva kSamatA kA paricaya diyA hai aura caramotkarSa ke bindu taka pa~hucane kI prakriyA meM rocakatA evaM kutUhala banAe rakhane aura sahajatA tathA svAbhAvikatA kI rakSA karane meM bhI unheM apAra saphalatA prApta huI hai / vastutaH 'kauzika' ne apanI kahAniyoM meM ghaTanAoM kI avatAraNA eka vizeSa uddezya se kI hai aura unake mAdhyama se jIvana ke vividha raMgoM kA yathArtha paricaya dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai / yadyapi kaI kahAniyoM meM ye ghaTanAeM Upara se Aropita, phalasvarUpa sArI kahAnI ko asaMtulita banAte hue unake prabhAva ko zUnya karatI huI pratIta hotI hai, para adhikAMza rUpa meM apane uddezya ko sazaktatA se spaSTa karane meM ve saphala rahe haiM / isa yuga ke dUsare kahAnIkAroM kI bhA~ti sAmAjika evaM pArivArika samasyAoM se kauzika kA acchA paricaya thA aura sUkSma antardRSTi se unakA yathArtha citraraNa karane meM unheM saphalatA prApta huI hai / pArivArika jIvana ke unhoMne aneka sundara citra upasthita kie haiM, jinameM bar3I mArmikatA evaM prabhAvazIlatA hai / 'kauzika' ko pAThakoM kA hRdaya sparza karane meM kuzalatA prApta thI aura ve bar3I sUkSmatA se aisI ghaTanAe~ evaM prasaMga uThAte the jinase ve marmasparzitA kI udbhAvanA kara sakeM isalie unakI kahAniyoM meM mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA kA Agraha adhika prApta hotA hai / unakI kahAniyoM meM bhI madhya varga ko hI pradhAnatA milI hai aura madhyavargIya jIvana kI bahu-vidhiya samasyAoM ko yathArthatA ke sAtha ubhArane kI ceSTA milatI hai / para yaha madhya varga premacanda kI kahAniyoM kI bhA~ti adhikAMzataH nimna-madhya varga nahIM hai, varan madhya

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44 / aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva varga hai aura santAna na hone, pArivArika azAMti, sammilita kuTumba - prathA Adi ke vighaTana, sAmaMtI manovRtti evaM Arthika vaiSamya kI samasyAe~ pramukha rupa se ina kahAniyoM meM citrita huI haiM / 'kauzika' kA zilpa bhI sIdhA-sAdA aura sahaja hai / unhoMne adhikatara ikatarafe zilpa kA hI prayoga kiyA hai, hAlA~ki unakI bhI adhikAMza kahAniyA~ varNanAtmaka zailI meM haiM / 'kauzika' ko mAnava manovijJAna kA bhI acchA paricaya thA aura apanI kahAniyoM meM unhoMne aneka pAtroM ke caritra meM sUkSma mAnavamanovijJAna ke AdhAra para hI caritra parivartana karane kI ceSTA kI hai / yaha prayatnazIlatA unakI 'tAI' zrAdi caritra - pradhAna kahAniyoM meM adhika milatI hai, jinameM unhoMne prabhAvapUrNa aura manovaijJAnika DhaMga se caramaparivartana upasthita kiyA hai / unake pAtra madhya varga ke haiM aura unameM yathArtha pravRttiyoM kA samAveza kuzalatA se kiyA gayA hai / unakI Antarika pravRttiyoM ko spaSTa karane kA Agraha to unameM milatA hI hai, unake vAhya vyaktitva ko bhI sUkSmatA se ubhArane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai aura donoM kA sAmaMjasya sthApita karane meM unheM pUrNa saphalatA prApta huI hai / adhikAMzataH unhoMne kurItiyoM evaM kuprathAoM kA citraNa hI apanI kahAniyoM meM kiyA hai aura sAmAjika vikRtiyoM evaM mAnava kI vikRta bhAvanAoM tathA durguNoM kA sUkSma adhyayana kara bar3I kuzalatA se abhivyakti pradAna kI haiM / isIlie ye kahAniyA~ virATa sAmUhika bhAvanA ko lie hue haiM / 'kauzika' kI kahAniyoM ke pAtra aise caritroM kA sUkSma udghATana karate haiM jo mAnavI hote hue bhI ekadama navIna pratIta hote haiM / kathopakathanoM dvArA ve pAtroM kI mAnasika paristhitiyoM para acchA prakAza DAlate haiM aura mAnava saMvegoM ko spaSTa karane meM saphala hote haiM / unake kathopakathana saMkSipta, svAbhAvika aura bhAvoM ke anukUla hote haiM / unameM hAsya-vyaMgya kI pravRtti tathA cuTIlApana to hai hI, pAtroM ke vyaktitva se unakA samanvaya sthApita karane meM bhI ve saphala rahe haiM / bhASA unakI sAfa-sutharI

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aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/45 aura muhAvaredAra hai / kauziza AdarzavAda kI ora jhuke hue kahAnIkAra haiM / yadyapi samasyAoM kA nirvAha evaM pAtroM ke vyaktitva kA samAdhAna unhoMne yathArtha DhaMga se karane kI cepTA kI hai, para unakI mUla bhAva-dhArA cUMki AdarzavAdI evaM sudhAravAdI thI, isIlie aneka kahAniyoM meM samasyAoM kA samanadhAna yAMtrika AdarzavAda ke AdhAra para hone ke kAraNa ve kRtrima bana par3I haiN| 'gatpa mandira', 'citrazAlA', 'prema-pratimA', 'kallola' Adi unakI pramukha racanAe~ haiM / jayazaMkara 'prasAda' kA Adhunika kahAnI-lekhakoM meM apanA vizeSa sthAna hai / unhoMne apanI kahAniyA~ rASTrIyatA aura sudhAravAda se prerita hokara nahIM likhiiN| unakI kahAniyA~ adhikatara sAMskRtika pRSThabhUmi para sthita rahatI haiN| unakI kahAniyA~ prAyaH bhAva-pradhAna aura kalpanA-pradhAna hotI haiM aura vaha pAThakoM ke hRdaya ko adhika sparza karatI haiM, buddhi ko nhiiN| unakI kahAniyoM meM manuSya kA hRdaya adhika prasphuTita huA hai, usakA vAhya jIvana nahIM / kavi hone ke nAte unakI aneka kahAniyoM meM kAvyatva bhI A gayA hai aura bhASA, prakRti kA mAnavIkaraNa Adi vizeSatAe~ bhI unakI kavitAoM ke anurUpa ho gaI haiN| kathA-bhAga unakI kahAniyoM meM kama rahatA hai / vAstava meM 'prasAda' AMtarika saundarya para jora dene vAle kahAnI-lekhaka haiN| unakI kahAniyoM kA vAtAvaraNa adbhuta kavitva-zakti se otaprota rahatA hai| 'prasAda' ne kucha ghaTanA-pradhAna, caritrapradhAna aura aitihAsika tathA yathArthavAdI kahAniyA~ bhI likhI haiN| unakI saba prakAra kI kahAniyoM meM khaNDakAvya kA-sA Ananda AtA hai| vividha prakAra kI paristhitiyoM meM unake pAtroM kA caritra prasphuTita hotA hai / nATakIyatA unakI apanI vizeSatA hai| vAstava meM apanI kahAniyoM meM ve apanA kavi aura nATakakAra kA rUpa nahIM chor3a sake / nATakakAra hone ke kAraNa unake kathopakathanoM meM nATakIya saundarya aura artha-gAmbhIrya milatA hai / sAtha hI unase ghaTanA-vikAsa aura pAtroM ke caritra-vikAsa para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| utsukatA aura kutUhala dvArA ve kahAnI kA

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46/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva saundarya bar3hA dete haiM / zabda-cayana, vAkya-vinyAsa Adi kI daSTi se unakI bhASA meM saupThava aura parimArjana hai / 'pratidhvani', 'AkAzadIpa', 'A~dhI'. 'indrajAla' aura 'chAyA' Adi unakI pratinidhi racanAe~ haiN| 'prasAda' kI vicAradhArA vyaktivAdI hai / isa dRSTi se ve premacanda kI vicAradhArA se bhinna kahAnIkAra haiN| unhoMne jIvana ke vIbhatsa rUpa se apane ko bahuta Ahata pAyA thA aura isase unakI saundarya-bhAvanA ko bahuta AdhAta pahuMcA thaa| prema aura saundarya unakI mUla bhAvanA thI aura jIvana kA kaThora yathArtha isakI mohaka kAlpanikatA meM antavirodha upasthita karatA thA, jisakA samAdhAna unhoMne vyaktivAdI dRSTikoNa se karane kA prayatna kiyaa| apanI kahAniyoM ke mAdhyama se unhoMne vyakti tathA samAja kI vAstavika sthiti spapTa karane kI ceSTA kI hai| unhoMne vyakti ko mahatva to diyA hai, para na to samAja kI sattA ko pUrNatayA avAMchanIya batAyA hai aura na usakI upekSA kI hai / dUsarI ora vyakti ko unhoMne itanI dUra nahIM pahuMcA diyA hai ki usameM ghora AtmaparakatA kI bhAvanA vikasita ho jAya / unhoMne vastutaH vyakti aura samAja meM yathAsambhava saMtulana banAe rakhane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jisameM unheM aneka aMzoM meM / saphalatA bhI prApta huI hai / unhoMne jIvana ke sAMskRtika tatvoM kI puna: sthApanA karane kI ceSTA ina kahAniyoM ke mAdhyama se kI hai / yaha dUsarI bAta thI ki jisa kAla kA kathAnaka unhoMne apanI kahAniyoM meM uThAyA thA, kyA usa kAla meM bhAratIya jIvana meM koI sAMskRtika tatva zeSa bhI thA, vizeSatayA usa rUpa meM, jisa rUpa meM ki 'prasAda' ne ina kahAniyoM meM ubhArane aura citrita karane kI ceSTA kI hai| ve prema ke svacchanda rUpa ke pakSapAtI the aura isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra ke sAmAjika pratibandha ke himAyatI nahIM the| para smaraNa rahe, yaha svacchanda prema usa prakAra kA nahIM hai, jisa rUpa meM Age calakara 'ajJeya' yA jainendrakumAra ne apnaayaa| ve svacchanda prema ke pakSapAtI to avazya the, prema ke Adarza aura pavitratA ke prati bhI asthAvAn the / vAstava meM manuSya-caritra ke prati unakI AgAdha

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Adhunaka kahAnI kA paripArzva/47 zraddhA thI aura use sAMskRtika tatvoM se pUrita poSita kara isa yogya banA dete the ki prema kI ucchaGkhalatA kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI thii| unake lie vyakti kA vyakti se prema mAtra eka zArIrika AkarSaNa athavA vAsanA ke rUpa meM na hokara do hRdayoM kA madhura milana hI thA / isIlie yathArtha kI kaThoratA evaM sAmAjika viSamatAoM ke madhya bhI apanI kahAniyoM ke mAdhyama se unhoMne vyakti kI garimA sthApita karane kI cepTA kii| apane pAtroM meM unakI sUkSma antardaSTi nirantara mAnavIya guNa khojane ke prati hI AgrahazIla rahatI hai| mAnava-sambandhoM kA udghATana karane aura vyakti ke mana kA vizleSaNa karane meM bhI unheM bar3I saphalatA prApta huI hai| saba milAkara unakI kahAniyA~ citra haiM-yathArtha ke nahIM, kAlpanikatA evaM bhAvukatA ke, jinameM mohaka svapnazIlatA hai aura sarasatA hai| isIlie, jaisA ki maiMne Upara kahA, unakI kahAniyA~ hRdaya sparza karatI haiM, prabhAvita karatI haiM, buddhi ko nhiiN| unameM mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA, citra-vidhAna, pratIkauM kI parikalpanA Adi bAteM milatI haiM, para jIvana ke kaThora yathArtha se yathAsambhava bacane kI prayatnazIlatA bhI lakSita hotI haiN| candradhara zarmA gulerI ne yadyapi apane jIvana meM tIna hI kahAniyA~ likhIM-'sukhamaya jIvana', 'buddha kA kA~TA' aura 'usane kahA thaa| kintu aMtima kahAnI hI unakI kIrti kA pradhAna stambha hai| yaha kahAnI caritrapradhAna kahAnI hai aura niHsvArtha prema, Atma-tyAga, balidAna aura vIratA kA sajIva citra prastuta karatI hai / isa kahAnI ko acchI taraha samajhane ke lie usakA prArambhika bhUmikA-bhAga pahale samajha lenA cAhie, kyoMki pradhAna pAtra lahanAsiMha ke caritra kI kuMjI aura sampUrNa kahAnI ke vAtAvaraNa kA mUla isI bhAga meM hai / kathAnaka kA vikAsa uttarottara svAbhAvika DhaMga se hotA hai| usameM nATakIyatA hai, prabhAva-aikya hai, ghaTanAoM kI susambaddha zRGkhalA hai, utsukatA aura kutUhala hai aura sundara prabhAvotpAdaka carama sImA hai| pAtroM kA caritra-citraNa karate samaya

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48 aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva lekhaka ko apanI ora se kucha nahIM kahanA par3atA / vividha paristhitiyoM ke bIca par3akara apane kathopakathana se ve apane caritroM para prakAza DAlate haiM / lahanAsiMha kA caritra-citraNa nirdoSa aura sAtha hI kalAtmaka hai| vaha mAnavatA kI ucca bhUmi para sthita hai| vaha saMvedanazIla, vIra, nirbhara, niHsvArthI, deza-premI, kartavya-parAyaNa aura tyAga-bhAvanA se ota-prota hai| usakI vIratA yUropiyana chivalry kA smaraNa dilAtI hai| gulerI jI ne usake caritra dvArA eka mahAn Adarza prastuta kiyA hai / isa kahAnI kA kathopakathana atyanta kalAtmaka, svAbhAvika, saMkSipta, paristhiti ke anukUla aura bhAvAtmaka hai / bhASA sarala, muhAvaredAra ADambarahIna aura prabhAvotpAdaka hai / kahAnI meM zRGgAra aura vIra kA nipkalakaM aura zuddha nirUpaNa huA hai| __gulerI jI kI isa kahAnI kA yahA~ ullekha eka vizeSa abhiprAya se kiyA hai| ve ghoSita athavA pracalita artha meM kahAnIkAra na the, kintu 'usane kahA thA' kahAnI nizcita rUpa se eka naI jamIna tor3atI hai| premacanda Adi dvArA sthApita paramparA ke prati vaha nizcita rUpa se vidroha thA, para use kisI 'naI' kahAnI ke rUpa meM nahIM svIkArA gayA aura na mAnyatA dI gaI / nae zilpa, naI bhAva-dhArA, abhinava kalAtmaka kauzala, sUkSma manovaijJAnika caritra citraNa evaM mAnasa ke vizleSaNa, vAtAvaraNa ke bArIka-se-bArIka rezoM ko bhI yathArthatA se ubhArane kI pravRtti aura sArI pRSThabhUmi ko yathArtha ke nae raMga dene kI prAkulatA, saba milA kara yaha hindI kI eka cirasmaraNIya kahAnI hI nahIM bana gaI, varan eka naI dizA kA sUtrapAta bhI karatI hai| gulerI jI ke pAsa eka mAnavatAvAdI dRSTikoNa thA, anuzAsana evaM saMyama thA, dezaprema evaM rASTrIyatA kI carama bhAvanAe~ thIM, pavitra evaM Adarza prema kI mahattA thI aura vIratA tathA projasvitA thA-ina sabako eka kahAnI meM unhoMne jisa praur3hatA saMguphita kiyA hai use dekhakara Azcarya hotA hai-vizeSataH usa yuga ke sandarbha meM, jaba ki kahAniyoM kI mUla bhAvadhArA hI bhinna

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/46. prakAra kI thii| sainika vAtAvaraNa athavA yuddha kI pRSThabhUmi ko lekara maiMne Aja taka itanI prabhAvazAlI kahAnI nahIM pddh'ii| naI kA dAvA karane vAle kahAnIkAroM kI pIr3hI meM svadeza para tIna-tIna AkramaNa hue-1947-48 meM kazmIra para pAkistAna kA prAkramaNa, 1962 meM cIna kA nekA aura laddAkha para AkramaNa aura 1965 meM punaH kazmIra aura chamba para pAkistAna kA AkramaNa kyA nRzaMsa hatyAoM, mAnavasaMhAra aura yuddha kI bhayaMkara gati ne hamAre kisI bhI nae kahAnIkAra ko prabhAvita nahIM kiyA ? abhI hAla hI meM zrImatI vijaya cauhAna kI eka kahAnI mujAhida' par3hane ko milI isake pUrva cInI aAkramaNa ke samaya unakI eka kahAnI 'zahIda kI mA~' prakAzita huI thii| para ina donoM hI kahAniyoM meM yuddha kA AbhAsa hai, yuddha nhiiN| isa dRSTi se gulerI jI kI 'usane kahA thA' kahAnI Aja bhI mahAna hai| naI kahAnI ko yaha cunautI svIkAra kara gatizIla honA hai| sudarzana ne sAmAjika jIvana se sambandhita kahAniyA~ adhika likhIM haiN| unakI kahAniyA~ bar3e zAMta aura gambhIra DhaMga se Age bar3hatI haiM / utsukatA aura kutUhala unakI kahAniyoM meM vizeSa rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai| unakI dRSTi mAnava-jIvana ke sAdhAraNa pahaluoM kI ora gaI hai / unakI kalA kA vAstavika rUpa hameM unakI vAtAvaraNa-pradhAna kahAniyoM meM milatA hai, jisameM ve manuSya ke sUkSma mAnasika rahasyoM kA udghATana karate haiM / unhoMne purANa-zailI meM sAmayika satyo kI vyaMjanA bhI kI hai / caritra-citraNa kI dRSTi se ve premacanda ke samIpa haiM-yathArtha se Adarza kI ora / unake kathopakathana sundara aura svAbhAvika haiM aura bhASA vyAvahArika / 'parivartana', 'sudarzana-sudhA', 'tIrthayAtrA', 'phUlavatI', 'cAra kahAniyA~ tathA panaghaTa' Adi unakI pramukha racanAe~ haiM / sudarzana kI kahAniyoM kI sarvapramukha vizeSatA unakI saMvedanazIlatA hai| unameM rasagrAhyatA upalabdha to hotI hI hai, marmasparzI prasaMgoM kI abhivyaMjanA bhI unhoMne bar3e prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se kI hai| unakI kahAniyoM meM

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50 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva bhAvukatA kA madhurasa ghulA rahatA hai / apane pAThakoM ko bhAvukatA ke avirala pravAha meM bahA le jAne kI unameM adbhuta kSamatA hai| citravidhAna ke anurUpa unhoMne zabdoM kA cayana isa kuzalatA se kiyA hai ki ve sarasa komalatA utpanna karate haiM aura kahAniyoM meM vyApta bhAvukatA kI vRddhi karate haiM / sudarzana kA jIvana ke yathArtha se paricaya to thA, yaha unakI bAda kI - kahAniyoM meM lakSita hotA hai, para mUlataH ve AdarzavAdI kahAnIkAra the / AdarzavAda aura saundarya satya kI pratiSThApanA hI unakA ekamAtra uddezya thaa| unhoMne mAnava-jIvana ke bahu-vidhiya pakSoM kA saMsparza karate hue apane caturdika dRSTikoNa evaM kSamatA kA paricaya dene kI ceSTA kI to hai, para uname ve vaha yathArthaM nahIM phUMka pAe haiM, jo premacanda kI apanI vizeSatA thI / kaThora yathArtha se prAyaH bacane kI pravRtti ke kAraNa hI unakI adhikA~za kahAniyA~ kAlpanika bhAvukatA kA nirmANa karatI haiM aura hRdaya ko - sparza kara usa para apanA prabhAva DAlane meM saphala hotI haiM, para buddhi ko sparza nahIM kara pAtIM aura na koI sthAyI prabhAva DAlane meM hI samartha hotI haiM / unhoMne prema kahAniyoM meM yaha dRSTi vizeSa rUpa se apanAI hai aura unameM sarasatA evaM pravAha kI ora hI vizeSa dhyAna diyA hai, isalie -yadi sudarzana kI kahAniyoM ke pAtra jIvana ke yathArtha vyaktiyoM ke sthAnApanna pratIta hoM, to Azcarya nahIM honA caahie| unhoMne unhIM pAtroM ko cunA hai, jo bhAvuka haiM, kAlpanika saMsAra meM vicaraNa karate haiM aura eka vicitra prakAra kI svapnazIlatA lie rahate haiM / unhoMne unakA citraNa bhI usI kAlpanikatA se AdarzavAdI AdhAra para kiyA hai / yadyapi - yathAsaMbhava unheM yathArthatA kA AbhAsa dene ke yogya banAne kI unhoMne ceSTA to kI hai, para vastutaH ve yathArtha haiM nahIM, nirjIva hI raha jAte haiM / hA~ unheM maryAdita aura saMyamita rakhane kI dizA meM unakI nirantara prayatnazIlatA lakSita hotI hai / manovijJAna kA prayoga pAtroM kA antardvandva * spaSTa karane meM unhoMne kiyA hai aura unake antas tathA vAhya kA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/51 sAmaMjasya sthApita karane meM unheM vizeSa saphalatA prApta huI hai| unakI kahAniyA~ vastutaH bhAvukatA kA athAha sAgara haiM, unameM prazAntatA hai, svapnila saMsAra hai aura kalpanA kI U~cI ur3Ane haiN| vRndAvanalAla varmA ne aitihAsika aura sAmAjika donoM hI prakAra kI kahAniyA~ likhI haiM; para unakI aitihasika kahAniyA~ hI adhika prasiddha huI haiM-unhoMne aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi meM sAmAjika vikRtiyoM, asamAnatA evaM sAmantI manovRtti, rASTrIyatA, dezaprema, tyAga evaM balidAna, niHsvArtha prema tathA sahakAritA para AdhArita vyApaka kalyANa kI bhAvanAoM ko apanI kahAniyoM meM citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unakI sRjanazIlatA kA mahatva isa bAta meM sannihita hai ki usake dvArA lekhaka se samAja aura pAThaka ko koI kalyANakArI preraNA milanI caahie| janamata meM divyatA lAne kA savega utpanna karanA usakA kartavya hai / itihAsa ke tathya aura jana-paramparAoM meM una tathyoM ke prati zraddhA usake sAdhana haiM / varmA jI kA dRSTikoNa mukhyatayA AdarzavAdI hai aura unakA uddezya 'rAkSasa kI hAra aura devatA kI vijaya' hai / unhoMne apanI preraNA ke srota bhAratIya saMskRti kI gauravazAlI paramparAoM evaM unakI maryAdA meM khoje haiM aura anveSita Adarza tathA satya ko Adhunika jIvana ke parivartita sandarbho evaM sarvathA abhinava pariprekSya meM samanvita karane kI ceSTA kI hai aura isameM unheM paryApta aMzoM meM saphalatA bhI prApta huI hai | vAstava meM sampUrNa nayA unheM svIkAra nahIM hai aura na purAtanatva kI sabhI dizAe~ hI unheM grAhya haiN| unhoMne ina donoM sImAnoM ke madhya vaha vicAra-tatva grahaNa karane kA aura apanI kahAniyoM meM citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, jo parivartita paristhitiyoM meM navIna sUtroM se samarthita ho aura sAtha hI saMskRti kI maryAdA ke anurUpa bhI ho / unakA yaha saMtulita rUpa unakI kaI kahAniyoM meM saphalatApUrvaka ubharA hai| apane yuga ke dUsare kahAnIkAroM kI bhAMti varmA jI ne bhI apanI Anslate...marat. ..

Page #48
52, Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva kahAniyoM meM koI zilpa-prayoga nahIM kiyA hai aura na zilpa-camatkAra ke prati unakA koI vizeSa Agraha hI hai / zilpa kI dRSTi se unakI kahAniyoM ke do varga ho sakate haiM / eka varga to una kahAniyoM kA hai jo kissAgoI zailI meM likhI gaI haiM, jinameM rAjA-rAnI vAlI kathAoM kI zailI meM sArI kahAnI pUrI sahajatA ke sAtha kahane kA prayAsa hai / inameM bahuta pravAha hai aura caramotkarSa ke prati vizeSa sajagatA pradarzita kI gaI hai| dUsarA varga una kahAniyoM kA hai jinameM premacanda kI varNanAtmaka zailI kA prayoga hai / ina kahAniyoM meM unakI sAmAjika kahAniyA~ adhika haiM aura unameM kisI-kisI vicAra-tatva ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| ye kahAniyA~ par3ha kara aisA pratIta hotA hai ki varmA jI ke pAsa pahale se hI koI banA-banAyA samAdhAna yA satya hai, jise spaSTa karane ke lie hI sArA kathAnaka saMguphita kiyA gayA hai / yaha maMguphana bahudhA bahuta kRtrima aura avizvasanIya pratIta hotA hai / aisA lagatA hai ki usa pUrva-nizcita samAdhAna yA satya ko pA lene kI ceSTA meM varmA jI itane aAtura se hA jAte haiM ki usa dizA meM kisI-na-kisI prakAra zIghratizIghra pahu~ca jAne kI koziza karate haiN| ye kahAniyA~ Adarza kI dRSTi se Thosa kahAniyA~ haiM aura pratyeka do-tIna vAkya ke uparAMta yA hara paire meM kisI-na-kisI satya, sUtra yA Adarza ko khoja nikAlane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai, jo bar3A asaMgata aura asvAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai| varmA jI kI adhikAMza kahAniyA~ ghaTanA-pradhAna haiM aura ghaTanAoM kA saMguphana kevala eka hI uddezya se kiyA gayA hai. aura vaha yaha ki caramotkarSa adhika-se-adhika rocaka pratIta ho / ina ghaTanAoM meM bahudhA ekasUtratA bhaMga ho gaI hai yA ve aprAsaMgika haiM, jinakA mukhya pAtroM yA kathAnaka se koI sambandha sthApita nahIM ho pAtA / jahA~ taka pAtroM evaM caritra-citraNa kA prazna hai, varmA jI ke pAtroM meM Adarza adhika hai, yathArtha kama / unameM saumyatA, zAlInatA, karmaThatA, kartavyaparAyaNatA, rASTrIyatA, deza-prema, tyAga-balidAna aura mAnavatA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/53 Adi guNa itane ThUsa lUMsakara bhare gae haiM ki prAyaH ve dekhane meM to acche lagate haiM, para vastutaH ve nirjIva pAtra haiM aura varmAjI ke Adarza pratiSThApanA kI bhAvanA para balidAna hone vAlI kaThaputaliyA~ mAtra hI banakara raha gae haiN| caritra-citraNa meM sArI prayatnazIlatA lekhaka kI ora se hI lakSita hotI hai. isI lie yadi usameM koI nATakIyatA na dRSTigata ho, to koI Azcarya nahIM honA cAhie / vAstava meM varmA jI kI kahAniyA~ faoNrmUlA-baddha kahAniyA~ haiM, jinameM naitikatA aura mAnava-mUlya tathA maryAdA kA svara UMcA rakhane kI sAyAsa ceSTA kI gaI hai, jisake mUla meM varmAjI kI sudhAravAdI bhAvanA hI adhika kriyAzIla rahatI hai| unameM sahajatA to hai, pravAha bhI hai, para yathArtha pravRttiyA~ bahudhA Thosa Adarza kI tulanA meM spaSTatayA ubhara nahIM pAtIM, isIlie unakA sArA prayAsa yAMtrika hI banakara raha jAtA / caritrapradhAna kahAniyoM meM avazya hI kucha preraNAdAyaka pAtra lekara unakA svAbhAvikatA ke sAtha citraNa karane kI varmA jI ne ceSTA kI hai, jinameM unheM saphalatA bhI milI hai| para ye kahAniyA~ adhikAMzataH aitihAsika haiM, jinameM varmAjI siddhahasta haiM hI, yaha bilkula asaMdigdha bAta hai| pANDeya becana zarmA 'ugra' ne rAjanItika aura sAmAjika uddezya lekara kahAniyA~ likhI aura purANa-zailI meM aneka sAmayika tatvoM kI abhivyaMjanA kii| 'doz2akha kI Aga', 'cinagAriyA~', 'balAtkAra', 'sanakI amIra', 'cAkaleTa', 'indradhanuSa', 'nirlajja' Adi unakI prasiddha kahAniyA~ haiM / ugrajI kI kahAniyoM meM sAmAjika vikRtiyoM evaM kurUpatAoM ke 'viruddha tIvra asantoSa eva vidroha kI jvAlA hai / unhoMne samAja kI nIMva meM lage hue ghuna ke prati tIvra Akroza hI nahIM prakaTa kiyA hai, varana apanI kahAniyoM meM una para kaThora prahAra bhI kie haiN| vAstava meM "ugra' ne usa kAla meM likhanA prArambha kiyA thA / jaba deza svAdhIna nahIM thA aura dAsatA kI zRMkhalAoM meM jakar3A huA thA briTiza sAmrAjyavAda

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54/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva dvArA isa deza kA zopaNa hI nahIM ho rahA thA, varan isa prAcIna deza kI sabhyatA evaM saMskRti para bhI kaThora prahAra ho rahe the, jisase yahA~ kI gauravazAlI paramparAe~ khaNDita ho rahI thIM aura mUlyoM ke pratimAna TUTa rahe the / tathAkathita sabhya safedapoza samAja meM anaitikatA, ucchRkhaMlatA aura azobhana sthitiyA~, madirApAna aura phaizanaparastI ke nAma para nArI kI durgati, puruSa varga kI vAsanA aura nArI ko vivazatA evaM Arthika paratantratA Adi aise nae sUtra the jo tatkAlIna pariveza meM ubhara rahe the aura bhAratIya samAja ke paramparAgata rUpa ke lie eka z2abardasta cunautI ke rUpa meM the / ina vikRtiyoM ko hI 'ugra' ne apanI kahAniyoM kA AdhAra banAyA aura pUrNa yathArthatA ke sAtha prastuta karane karane kI ceSTA kI / hAlA~ki yaha yathAryatA kahIM-kahIM itanI gaharI yA atiraMjita ho gaI hai ki use prakRtivAda (Naturalism) kI sImA ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki 'ugra' kA uddezya spaSTatayA sudhAravAda hI thA aura usameM kahIM durAva-chipAva nahIM thA / unakA uddezya eka aise samAja kI sthApanA karanA thA, jisameM nArI kA ucita sammAna ho, vaha Arthika rupa se paratantra na ho, puruSa kI vAsanA aura kucakroM kA zikAra na ho, anaitikatA yA mUlyoM ke vighaTana kA prasAra na ho aura phaizanaparastI yA pAzcAtya prabhAva kI lahara meM paramparAmoM kA hanana na ho| isake lie kadAcit ve yaha Avazyaka samajhate the ki ina kurItiyoM evaM vikRtiyoM ko yathArtha kA gAr3hA raMga car3hA kara prastuta kiyA jAya, jisase pAThakoM kI A~kheM khula jAe~ aura ve sajaga raheM / para isa prakriyA meM prAyaH ve lekhakIya sImA kA atikramaNa kara gae haiM aura unakA citraNa amaryAdita aura asaMyamita sA pratIta hotA hai| merA vicAra hai ki lekhaka samAja kA jAgarUka praharI hotA hai aura usakA yaha dAyitva hai ki vaha viSamatAoM, kurUpatAoM evaM sAmAjika visaMgatiyoM kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkarSita kara unakA mArga-prarzazana kre| para kalA kA eka saundarya-bodha hotA hai,

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/55. jo Avazyaka hI nahIM hotA, varan sRjanazIlatA kA vaha utanA hI anivArya aMga hai, jitanA ki yathArtha yuga-bodha / bahudhA ina donoM ke abhAva, yA asantulana ke kAraNa acchI-se-acchI racanAe~ bhI nimnakoTi kI ho jAtI haiM aura gambhIra-ImAnadAra lekhaka kA uccastarIya uddezya bhI vibhrAMti kA zikAra bana jAtA hai| 'ugra' ke sAtha yahI huA haiM / lekhaka kA kArya kevala avAMchanIya tatvoM kI ora saMketa karanA mAtra hotA hai, usakA rasamaya citraNa karanA nhiiN| saMketAtmakatA meM hI usakA sArA kalAtmaka kauzala simaTA rahatA hai| spaSTa hai ki 'ugra' aisA karane meM asaphala rahe haiM, isIlie prAyaH unakI kahAniyA~ atiraMjita pratIta hotI haiM aura azobhana hone kA AbhAsa detI haiN| ___ jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, 'ugra' ne apanI kahAniyoM ke kathAnaka sAmAjika vikRtiyoM evaM visaMgatiyoM se hI cune haiN| unameM guMDoM, vezyAoM, kupathagAmI striyoM, vidhavAzramoM, maThoM aura bhikhAriyoM Adi vargoM ko pradhAnatA milI hai| unakI kahAniyA~ yA to ghaTanApradhAna haiM yA vAtAvaraNa-pradhAna / bahulatA ghaTanA-pradhAna kahAniyoM kI hai| unhoMne ghaTanAe~ yathArtha jIvana se cuna kara unheM bar3I sajIvatA se saMguphita karane kI ceSTA kI hai| jina pAtroM ko unhoMne cunA hai. ve yathArtha haiM aura sAmAnya-mAnava jIvana ke sthAnApanna bana gae haiM / unakA yathArtha caritra-citraNa karane meM 'ugra' ne adabhuta kSamatA pradarzita kI hai aura unheM sajIva kara diyA hai| kathAnaka aura pAtroM ke vyaktitva meM sAmaMjasya banAe rakhane kI tarapha bhI unakA dhyAna barAbara rahA hai aura isameM unheM bahuta saphalatA bhI prApta huI hai| unake pAtra sajIva zaktasa aura AkarSaka hote haiM aura kathopakathana sarala, saMkSipta aura spaSTa / ina kathopakathanoM meM ugratA, Akroza aura Aga hai, jisameM unakI sudhAravAdI bhAvanA hI chipI huI hotI hai / unakI bhASA hRdaya kI cuTakI lene vAlI vakra aura svacchanda hotI hai| kahAnIkAra kI apekSA 'ugra' eka bhASAzailIkAra adhika haiN|

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.6 / prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva naI kahAnI ke sandarbha meM yahA~ eka bAta kA ullekha karanA 'Avazyaka hai ki 'ugra' para prAya: ati yathArthavAdI hone kA Aropa -lagAkara prakRtivAdI ( Naturalist) hone taka kA fatavA de diyA gayA thaa| unakA sAhitya bhI 'ghAsaleTI' nAma se pukArA gayA / svAtaMtryottarakAla meM naI kahAnI ke dAvedAroM ne paramparA se vidroha 1 kara, naI dizA aura bhAvabhUmi grahaNa kara kahAnI ko abhinava arthavattA dene kA vizvAsa dilAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai para khedajanaka bAta yaha hai ki isa svAtaMtryottara kAla meM bhI 'ugra' kI hI zailI meM anaginata kahAniyA~ likhI gaI haiM, jinameM 'ghAsaleTIpana' aura 'ucchRGkhalatA' hai tathA asayaMmita citraNa hai / isa sambandha meM rAjendra yAdava kI 'pratIkSA' tathA 'eka kahI huI kahAnI' nirmala varmA kI 'antara', zrIkAnta varmA kI 'zavayAtrA', zaileza maTiyAnI kI 'do duHkhoM kA eka sukha', mArkaNDeya kI 'pakSAghAta', mohana rAkeza kI 'sephTIpina' aura kamalezvara kI 'khoyI huI dizAeM' kucha aisI hI kahAniyA~ haiM jinheM 'ugra' kI kahAniyoM kI zailI se alaga karake nahIM dekhA jA sakatA / isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki ina sabhI kahAniyoM meM jIvana kA yathArtha hI citrita huA hai, para ina yA una kAraNoM se ( jinheM kevala lekhaka jAnatA hai, hai. pAThaka nahIM ) una para yathArtha kA gAr3hA aura atiraMjita mulammA car3hAne kI ceSTA kI gaI hai, jo sImA kA itanA atikramaNa kara jAtI haiM ki unameM kalA kA koI saundaryabodha raha hI nahIM jAtA / kahAnI ke lie saundarya-bodha utanA hI Avazyaka hai, jitanA ki yathArtha yugabodha | donoM milakara kisI kahAnI ko prabhAvazAlI hI nahIM banAte, varan zreSTha bhI banAte haiM / bhagavatIprasAda vAjapeyI manovijJAna ke AdhAra para asAdhAraNa sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke bIca pAtroM kA sUkSma manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa karate haiM / unakI kahAniyoM meM kathAnaka nAmamAtra ke lie hotA hai / ve 1

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/57 ghaTanAoM aura prasaMgoM kI ora saMketa mAtra karate calate haiN| sAdhAraNa pAThakoM ke lie unakI kahAniyA~ kucha duruha avazya ho jAtI haiM / citropamatA, svAbhAviktA, vyAvahArikatA, bhASA kA saundarya Adi bAteM unakI kalA kI vizeSatAe~ haiM / 'khAlI botala', 'hilora', 'puSkariNI' Adi unakI prasiddha racanAe~ haiN| bAjapeyI jI kI mUla vicAradhArA vyaktivAdI hai, para unameM dhoraAtmaparakatA nahIM hai / unhoMne jIvana ke yathArtha ko nikaTa se dekhA hai aura usa para apane DhaMga se socA-samajhA aura vicAra kiyA hai| isa yathArtha ke mUla kAraNoM ko khoja nikAlane kI prakriyA meM unhoMne usakI kaTutA evaM bhayaMkaratA kA pAtroM para par3ane vAle prabhAvoM kA sUkSma vizleSaNa karane kI bhI ceSTA kI hai| unakI kahAniyA~ sthUlatA se sUkSmatA kI ora bar3hI haiM aura unhoMne jIvana ke yathArtha pariveza meM sAmAjika visaMgatiyoM ke bIca banane-bigar3ane vAle mAnava-vyaktitva aura usakI vibhinna bhAvadhArAoM tathA manaHsthitiyoM ko manovaijJAnika AdhAra para citrita kiyA hai aura isameM unheM saphalatA bhI milI hai| isa prakAra bAjapeyI jI kI kahAnI-kalA kI mUla vicAradhArA bhI sudhAravAdI evaM Adarza kI pratiSThA karanA hai, yadyapi ise unhoMne thor3e bhinna DhaMga se sampAdita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / jIvana ke kaThora yathArtha se paricita karA kara sAmAjika vikRtiyoM ke prati pAThakoM ko saceta karane ke lie unhoMne upadezaka kA mukhauTA nahIM lagAyA, varan eka taTastha evaM nirvaiyaktika kalAkAra kI bhA~ti sUkSma-se-sukSma bAtoM ko prastuta bhara kiyA hai / yadyapi prArambha meM unameM premacanda kI paramparA se prabhAvita hokara AdarzavAdI samAdhAna prastuta karane kI pravRtti thI, para zIghra hI unhoMne kalA kA vAstavika rUpa pA 'liyA bhIra manovaijJAnika AdhAra para sahaja-svAbhAvika kahAniyA~ likhanA prArambha kara diyA, jo unakI saphala kahAniyA~ haiN| bAjapeyI jI ne mukhya rUpa se madhyavargIya jIvana se hI apanI kahAniyoM ke kathAnaka cune haiM aura vyakti tathA samAja aura unakI vyaktigata

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58/prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripAvaM samasyAoM ko citrita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / vyakti kI smRddhizIlatA meM samAja svayameva vikasita evaM gatizIla hotA hai-unakA aisA vizvAsa hai aura unakI kahAniyoM meM yaha bhAvanA sarvatra vyApta milatI hai| vyakti ke duHkha se ve kAtara ho uThate haiM aura sukha kI maMgala-kAmanA apanA uddezya banA lete haiM / usake sukha-duHkha ke do binduoM ke madhya hI unhoMne apanI kalA vikasita kI hai| unakI kahAniyoM meM vyakti aksara avasAdagrasta rahatA hai aura tyAga evaM sahiSNutA kA paricaya detA huA kaSTa sahana karatA rahatA hai / isakA unhoMne bar3I bhAvukatA, para apUrva saMvedanazIlatA se citraNa kiyA hai| unhoMne apane ko satya sundaratA kA upAsaka batAyA hai, kyoMki puruSa aura strI meM paraspara AkarSaNa hI prema ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita karatA hai| ve svIkArate haiM ki prema kabhI vikRta nahIM hotA, vaha sadaiva ekarasa rahatA hai| kahanA na hogA ki sarasa sthitiyoM kA citraNa unhoMne bar3I bhAvukatA se kiyA hai aura isa prakAra kI kahAniyoM meM bhAvanA kA pravAha itanA atiraMjita ho gayA hai ki unake pAtra nirjIva-se ho gae haiM-ve kAlpanika sthitiyoM meM vicaraNa karate haiM aura unheM hI satya kA paryAya mAna lete haiN| isa prakAra bahudhA hrAsonmukha jIvana-citraNa kI yathArthatA ke sthAna para hrAsonmukha kalA kA vikAsa hone lagatA hai aura ve kahAniyA~ kadAcita bAjapeyI jI kI kalA kA sabase durbala pakSa upasthita karatI haiN| kheda kI bAta yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI kahAniyoM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| ___ jaisA ki Upara saMketa diyA jA cukA hai, bAjapeyI jI kI kahAniyoM meM kathAnaka nAmamAtra ko hotA hai aura ve kevala manovaijJAnika uhApohoM tathA pAtroM kI vibhinna manaHsthitiyoM tathA una para par3ane vAlI pratikriyAoM se sAre kathAnaka kA DhA~cA nirmita karate haiN| spaSTa hai, isa prakriyA meM bauddhikatA kA Agraha adhika rahatA hai aura ve kahAniyA~ durUha ho jAtI haiN| unameM sAMketikatA aura amUrta vidhAna adhika A jAtA hai / apane pAtroM kA citraNa karane meM bhI unhoMne isI sAMketikatA aura amUrtatA kA Azraya

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/56 liyA hai aura nATakIyatA lAne kI bharasaka ceSTA kI hai| isI samaya jainendra jI ne likhanA prArambha kara diyA thA aura unakI kalA kI bar3I dhUma macI huI thii| jainendra jI kA bAjapeyI jI para yatheSTa prabhAva lakSita kiyA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi unameM jainendrajI jaisI kalAtmaka praur3hatA yA zilpa-kauzala lakSita nahIM hotA, para apanI bAda kI kahAniyoM meM ve unake adhika nikaTa haiN| isI prasaMga meM yaha ullekha karanA aprAsaMgika na hogA ki sAMketikatA, amUrtatA aura bauddhikatA kA Agraha jaise guNoM ko Aja kI kahAnI ne bhI apanAyA hai aura use 'nae' ke nAma para svIkArA hai, para aitihAsika sandarbha meM yaha bAta apane Apa g2alata aura bhrAmaka siddha ho jAtI hai| ina pravRttiyoM ko bahuta pahale hI ajJeya, jainendra kumAra, bAjapeyI jI Adi anekAneka kahAnIkAroM ne apanAyA thA aura isa zailI meM aneka sundara kahAniyA~ likhI thiiN| isa sandarbha meM mohana rAkeza kI 'pA~cave mAle kA flaiTa', kamalezvara kI 'Upara uThatA huA makAna', nareza mehatA kI 'tathApi', rAjendra yAdava kI 'choTe-choTe tAjamahala', uSA priyaMvadA kI 'machaliyA~', nirmala varmA kI 'pariMde', mannU bhaNDArI kI . 'tIsarA AdamI', sureza sinahA kI 'TakarAtA huA AkAza', ravIndra kAliyA kI 'ka kha ga' Adi kahAniyAM dekhI jA sakatI haiM / isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki ina kahAniyoM ke kathya nae haiM, jo samaya ke parivartita pariprekSya meM svAbhAvika hI nahIM anivArya bhI thA, para unakI sAMketikatA kathAnakahInatA, amUrtatA, bauddhikatA kA Agraha Adi pravRttiyA~ 'naI' nahIM haiM, unheM jainendra kumAra, ajJeya, ilAcandra jozI aura bhagavatIprasAda bAjapeyI Adi kahAnIkAra pahale hI apanA cuke the| caturasena zAstrI bhI hindI ke purAne kahAnI-lekhaka haiM aura unhoMne aneka kahAniyA~ samAja kI jIrNazIrNa avasthA ko prakAza meM lAne ke lie likhiiN| unakI kahAniyA~ choTI, AkarSaka, kutUhalapUrNa, hRdaya ko gudagudAne vAlI aura mAnava hRdaya ke rahasyoM kA udghATana karane vAlI hotI haiM / unhoMne aitihAsika kahAniyA~ bhI likhI haiM aura unameM vAtA

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60/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva varaNa se pUrNa kathAnaka kI mRpTi kara anupama saundarya upasthita kiyA hai| unake pAtroM meM svatantratA hai / lekhaka ne unake manobhAvoM ko samajhane kI cepTA kI hai| unameM adbhuta varNana-zakti hai / tadbhava zabdoM, muhAvaroM, vyAvahArikatA Adi guNoM se sampanna unakI bhASA unake kathopakathanoM meM jAna DAla detI hai / 'akSata', 'rajakaNa', 'de khudA kI rAha para', 'dukhavA maiM kAse kahU~ morI sajanI', "bhikSurAja' tathA 'kakar3I kI kImata' unakI prasiddha racanAe~ haiM / unakI aitihAsika kahAniyoM kA eka prasiddha saMgraha 'siMhagar3ha vijaya' hai| isa prakAra zAstrI jI kI kahAniyoM ke do pramukha varga hai-sAmAjika kahAniyA~ aura aitihAsika kahAniyA~ / sAmAjika kahAniyoM meM unhoMne jIvana kA yathArtha citrita karane kI ceSTA hai| sAmAjika vikRtiyoM, faizana aura vilAsa tathA nArI ke adhaHpatana se unheM bar3I cir3ha thI aura ise unhoMne apanI kaI kahAniyoM kA AdhAra banAyA thaa| puruSoM ke kupathagAmI hone aura samAja ke naitika hrAsa bhI unakI kahAniyoM meM citrita hue haiN| ina kahAniyoM meM sAmAjika visaMgatiyoM para unakA itanA adhika Akroza prakaTa huA hai ki unakA yathArtha varNana kahIM-kahIM bahuta atiraMjita ho gayA hai aura ucchaGkhalatA tathA asaMyamita evaM amaryAdita sthitiyoM kA citraNa karane meM unhoMne koI vibhAjana-rekhA nahIM khIMcI hai / isa dRSTi se ve 'ugra' ke adhika nikaTa haiM / isa yathArthavAdI citraNa ke kAraNa unheM 'ugra' kI hI bhA~ti AkSepoM kA zikAra bananA par3A thA / kalA kA saundarya-pakSa upekSaNIya ho jAne ke kAraNa ye kahAniyA~ bahuta saMtulita nahIM haiN| unakI kahAniyoM kA dUsarA varga aitihAsika kahAniyoM kA hai, jo unakI saphala kahAniyA~ haiN| unhoMne mahAmAnava kA nirmANa karanA apanI kalA kA lakSya banAyA thA, kyoMki unakI dhAraNA thI ki sAhitya kalA kA carama vikAsa hai aura samAja kA merudaNDa / dharma aura rAjanIti kA vaha prANa hai, isalie isameM do guNa hone anivArya haiM / eka yaha ki vaha AdhunikatA kA pratinidhitva kare aura dUsare vaha mAnavatA kA dharAtala

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 61 U~cA kare / apanI aitihAsika kahAniyoM meM isa vicAradhArA ko sajIva rUpa dene ke lie zAstrI jI ne aneka aise pAtroM kI racanA kI, jo bhAratIya saMskRti kI gauravazAlI paramparAoM, aura mUlya - maryAdA kA pratinidhitva to karate hI haiM, unameM Adhunika tatvoM ko bhI samAhita karane meM unhoMne vizeSa kalAtmaka kauzala pradarzita kiyA hai, jisameM unheM saphalatA bhI prApta huI hai / isa sambandha meM unhoMne likhA bhI hai ki satya meM saundarya kA mela hone se usakA maMgala rUpa banatA hai| yaha maMgala hI hamAre jIvana kA aizvarya hai / isI se hama lakSmI ko kevala aizvarya kI hI devI nahIM, maMgala kI bhI devI mAnate haiM / unakI aitihAsika kahAniyoM kI sabase pramukha vizeSatA vAtAvaraNa nirmANa kI adbhuta kSamatA hai / 'siMhagar3ha vijaya' kI adhikAMza kahAniyA~ isakA pratIka haiM / unhoMne jisa kisI bhI kAla kA kathAnaka uThAyA, use sajIva kara diyA aura aitihAsika yathArthavAda (Historical Realism) ko bar3I saphalatA se ubhArA / aitihAsika pAtroM ke caritra citraNa meM bhI unhoMne usa kAla kI vyaktigata vizeSatAoM, AcAra-vyavahAra, loka-saMskRti evaM sAmAjika paramparAoM kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA hai, jisake kAraNa ve pAtra yathArtha pratIta hote haiM aura apane kAla kA pratinidhitva karane meM pUrNatayA saphala hote haiM / zAstrI jI kI kahAniyoM meM aitihAsika rasa prApta hotA hai aura unheM saMvedanazIlatA se otaprota karane meM unakI kalA khUba nikharI hai / bhagavatIcaraNa varmA ne bhI apanI sUkSma dRSTi se hindI kI kahAnI kalA ko samRddha kiyA hai / kisI cIz2a kI taha taka pahu~canA, usake vAstavika rUpa ko samajhanA ve acchI taraha jAnate haiM / kahAnI kahane kA unakA DhaMga atyanta manoraMjaka, kalpanApUrNa aura AkarSaka hai / unake dvArA ve kisI aitihAsika yA sAmAjika satya kI vyaMjanA karate haiM, jisameM vyaMgya kA puTa rahatA hai / unakI kahAniyoM meM pAtra bahuta kama hote haiM / kintu unameM mAMsalatA rahatI hai / unake kathopakathana caTakIle aura anUThe

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62/aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva haiM / varmAjI para Adhunika vaijJAnika yuga dvArA utpanna bauddhikatA aura phalataH asantoSa kA prabhAva hai| unakI kahAniyA~ pAThakoM ke mana para sthAyI prabhAva chor3a jAne meM saphala hotI haiM / 'do bA~ke' tathA 'iMsTAlamenTa' unakI kahAniyoM ke prasiddha saMgraha haiM / vAstava meM sAmAjika cetanA aura jIvanagata saMgharSa evaM vidroha ne bhagavatI bAbU ko kathA-sAhitya kI ora khIMcA aura isake lie unnIsavIM zatAbdI uttarArddha se calI A rahI sudIrgha aura premacanda dvArA puSTa paramparA unheM prApta thI / isIlie unakI kahAniyoM meM sAmAjika aura rAjanItika cetanA ubharI hai| unameM vyakti aura samAja ke paraspara saMgharSa kI bhAvanA niraMtara vidyamAna rahatI hai| premacanda aura bhagavatI bAbU kI jIvaniyoM kA adhyayana karane para yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki ina donoM kalAkAroM ko jIvana ke sAtha ghora saMgharSa karanA pdd'aa| unhoMne apanI kurUpatA ke sAtha-sAtha samAja kI kurUpatA bhI dekhI / jIvita rahane kI preraNA donoM meM banI rhii| donoM ne bahuta se sapane dekhe aura miTAe bhii| abhAvagrasta jIvana vyatIta karate hue hI donoM kalAkAroM ne sAhitya meM praveza kiyaa| kintu premacanda to apane vyaktigata jIvana kI kaTutA ko apane samAja-darzana se pRthaka rakhane meM samartha ho sake the, bhagavatI bAbU aisA nahIM kara sake / unhoMne apane sapane miTAe; apanI A~khoM se mastI kA pAgalapana miTAyA aura anAsthA se bharA vyaMgya unakI A~khoM meM jhalakane lgaa| kabhI-kabhI to aisA lagatA hai ki unakI dRSTi meM vyaMgya hI jIvana kA ekamAtra satya hai| kAla aura paristhati ke jhoMkoM meM lagAtAra DUbate-utarAte rahane kAraNa unheM kArya-kAraNa, kriyApratikriyA Adi tatvoM kA nirIkSaNa karane kI Adata par3a gaI hai / bhagavatI bAbU meM jIvana-zakti kA abhAva to nahIM hai, kintu jIvana ke saMgharSa ne unameM saMzaya, avizvAsa aura AtmatuSTi kI bhAvanA utpanna kara dI hai| niyaMtA ke Azrita rahane ke kAraNa ve apanA svatantra astitva nahIM maante| unakI mAnyatA hai jo maiM karatA hU~, vaha karane ko vivaza hU~; bAdhya

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 63 hU~ / jo honA hai, vaha ho cukA hai / paristhitiyoM ke saMgharSa ke bIca niyaMtA ne hI unheM bacAyA, aisA unakA vizvAsa hai / premacanda ne apanA nijI rUpa itanA dabA diyA thA ki vaha unake sAhitya meM zAyada hI kahIM jhA~katA dikhAI detA ho / bhagavatI bAbU dUsaroM ke satya sAthasAtha apanA satya kabhI nahIM bhUle / ve donoM meM samanvaya ke pakSapAtI bhale hI hoM, kintu premacanda kI bhA~ti dUsaroM kA satya unake sAmane kabhI pramukha nahIM rahA / jIvana- sambandhI paristhitiyoM ke prabhAva ke atirikta yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bhagavatI bAbU kA sAhityika jIvana kavi ke rUpa meM prArambha huA / vaha yuga chAyAvAda kA yuga thA, saMkramaNa kAla thA; vastuvAdI kavitA ke prati vidroha thA / jayazaMkara 'prasAda', paMta aura 'nirAlA' ke nAma hindI meM ujAgara ho rahe the| bihAra meM janArdana dvija aura mohanalAla mahato 'viyogI', madhyapradeza meM jagannAtha prasAda 'miliMda' aura kAnapura meM bAlakRSNa zarmA 'navIna' tathA bhagavatIcaraNa varmA khyAti prApta kara rahe the / 1930 meM bhagavatI bAbU ne socA ki kavi kI apekSA kathAkAra ke rUpa meM unheM adhika saphalatA prApta ho skegii| vaise 1930 ke pUrva bhI unhoMne kucha nibaMdha - kahAnI Adi kI racanA kI thI, kintu usa samaya kavitA hI unake sAhityika jIvana meM pramukha sthAna grahaNa kie hue thI / kintu kavitA se Arthika saMkaTa yA zrAjIvikA kI samasyA sulajhate na dekha vivaza hokara unheM upanyAsakahAnI kI ora AnA par3A / paisA to unheM prArambha meM adhika na milA, kintu unameM Atma-vizvAsa avazya bar3hA / dhIre-dhIre ve kavitA ke prati udAsIna hote gae / unhoMne paristhitivaza kavitA chor3ane kI bAta svayaM svIkAra kI hai / isakA unheM kheda bhI hai, kyoMki pragativAdI, prayogavAdI kavitAe~ to, unhIM ke zabdoM meM, dina meM dasa-pA~ca likhI jA sakatI haiM ! unakA yaha bhI vicAra hai ki bhAvanA ke vyaktIkaraNa meM gadya meM upanyAsa aura kahAnI sabase adhika sakSama siddha hue haiM, ataH unakA

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64 aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva pracAra bhI adhika hai| vartamAna yuga ko ve kavitA kA yuga svIkArate hI nahIM haiM / vaicArika dRSTi se bhagavatI bAbU buddhivAdI haiN| jJAna ke atirikta aura kisI devatA para unakA vizvAsa nahIM / vuddhi hI manupya ko pazu se alaga karatI hai| unakA vizvAsa hai ki buddhi kA vikAsa mAnavatA kA carama vikAsa (! ) hai| vaise buddhi dvArA bahuta-sI bAteM nahIM samajhI jA sakatI, jaise, sRSTi kA rahasya, to bhI buddhi nimna stara kI cIja nhiiN| manuSya meM kurUpatA aura apUrNatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| isalie nahIM ki buddhi arddha-vikasita hai, varan isalie ki manuSya mana kI kamajorI ko buddhi kI kamajorI kaha DAlatA hai / ('buddhivAdI hone ke kAraNa na mujhe dharma para vizvAsa hai, na upAsanA para / ') unakA vizvAsa hai ki buddhi se hI manuSya pUrNatA prApta kara sakatA hai| manuSya jahA~ prakRti para vijaya prApta kara rahA hai, vahA~ apanI pazutA para vijaya prApta nahIM kara skaa| pazutA muMha camakAtI hI rahatI hai / jIvana meM bhAvanA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| buddhi usakA niyaMtraNa karatI hai| buddhi ne pazutA ko thor3A-sA dabAyA avazya hai, kintu pazutA kabhI-kabhI ubhar3a kara buddhi ko apanA sAdhana banA kara mahAnAza kA tANDava nRtya karatI hai / pUrNa vikAsa ke lie manuSya ko apane para vizvAsa karanA caahie| vaha svayaM kartA hai; svAmI hai / vuddhi dvArA manuSya ko apanI vivazatA nAmaka kamajorI se lar3anA hai| jaTila samasyAoM ke vartamAna yuga meM yaha aura bhI Avazyaka hai| ina saba bAtoM ke sAtha-sAtha bhagavatI bAbU ne 'ahaM' aura 'ahaMmanyatA' para bhI vicAra kiyA hai / lekhaka cAhatA hai ki pratyeka vyakti ahaMmanyatA chor3a kara ahaM kA vikAsa kare, kyoMki ahaM vyaktitva ke lie Avazyaka hai| ahaM aura dUsaroM ke pArthakya se ahaMmanyatA utpanna hotI hai| ahaMmanyatA sImita aura avikasita ahaM kA guNa hai, jisameM buddhi aura 'jJAna' jo mAnavatA ke lie varadAna svarUpa haiM, abhizApa bana jAte haiN| hamArI Aja kI duravasthA kA mUla kAraNa, lekhaka kI dRSTi meM, yaha sImita aura saMkucita

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/65 ahaM hai / mAnavatA kA yaha abhizApa kaise dUra ho ? lekhaka kA mata hai ki ahaM ko asImatva pradAna karanA, dUsaroM kA dUsarA na samajhakara apanA samajhanA-yahI ahaM kA vikAsa hai aura yahI ahaMmanyatA kA vinAza hai / apane jIvana ke sAtha saMgharSa, bhUkha aura bekArI se saMgharSa karate hue bhagavatI bAbU ne AtmasammAna aura 'apanepana' kI rakSA kI aura yadyapi ve bahuta dinoM taka khote hI khote rahe, pAyA kucha nahIM, to bhI ahaM ko asImatva pradAna karane kI dRSTi se unheM eka satya mila gyaa| bhagavatI bAbU yaha svIkArate haiM ki manuSya kA apanA hita kaThora satya hai| kintu hamAre pratyeka kArya kA eka aura pahalU hotA hai-vaha hai dUsaroM kA satya / pratyeka kArya kA nijI pahalU burA nahIM hai; acchA bhI nhiiN| vaha prAkRtika hai| manuSya apane ko saMtuSTa karanA cAhatA hai; yaha bhI svAbhAvika hai| dUsaroM kA rakta cUsane vAlA aura mahAdAnI donoM hI AtmatuSTi kI dRSTi se apane-apane karma meM pravRtta hote haiM, yaha satya hai / kintu dUsaroM kA hita mAnavatA kA satya hai / apane lie to pazu bhI jItA hai| jo usase Upara uThA huA hai, vahI manuSya hai / sImita ahaM pazutA ke nikaTa aura mAnavatA se dUra hai| apane satya aura mAnavatA ke satya kA sAmaMjasya upasthita karanA hI ahaM ko asImatva pradAna karanA hai| saMkSepa meM, bhagavatI bAbU saiddhAMtika dRSTi se niyativAda, paristhitiyoM ke cakra aura ahaM ke asImatva ina tInoM bAtoM meM vizvAsa karate haiN| unakA yaha jIvana-darzana jIvana ke vyAvahArika anubhavoM para AdhArita hai, na ki tAtvika ciMtana para aura usameM paraspara virodha hai| niyati aura paristhiti ke cakra kI bAta uThA kara ahaM ke vikAsa kI carcA karanA betukA sA lagatA hai / bhale hI kucha loga unake isa jIvana-darzana ko apaMgu banAne vAlA sama meM; bhale hI koI unase sahamata na ho,kintu bhagavatI bAbU kisI ko bAdhya nahIM karate, aura na bAdhya karane kA unheM adhikAra hai| paraspara virodha ke rahate hue bhI bhagavatI bAvU kA jIvana-darzana apane meM bahuta burA nahIM hai| kintu jaisA maiM pahale kaha cukA hU~,

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66 aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva unakI adhikAMza kahAniyoM meM yaha jIvana-darzana ThIka taraha khapa nahIM pAyA / phalata: unakI aneka racanAtroM aura unake jIvana-darzana meM eka prakAra kA vaicArika alagAva pAyA jAtA hai| unameM 'kissA' kahane kI pratibhA khUba hai| unakI kahAniyoM meM Thosa kathAnaka pAyA jAtA hai aura usakA saMguphana ve bar3e hI kuzala DhaMga se karate haiM, jisase kahAniyoM meM nATakIyatA kI pravRtti adhika A jAtI hai| kathA-saMgaThana kI dRSTi se bhagavatI bAbU ne romAMTika yathArthavAda kA Azraya lete hue use prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se prastuta karane meM siddhahastatA prakaTa kI hai| unakI aneka kahAniyA~ varNanAtmaka zailI meM haiM jinameM premacanda kI kahAniyoM kI bhA~ti sthUlatva hai| lekhaka manovaijJAnika gaharAiyoM meM nahIM jaataa| ghaTanAoM aura pAtroM ko jyAdA nahIM kuredatA; unake sUkSma pakSa nahIM ubhAratA / vaha kevala moTI-moTI bAtoM aura vAhya pakSa kA citraNa karake raha jAtA hai / isase unakI adhikAMza kahAniyA~ yadi ekAMgI lageM, to vismaya nahIM honA cAhie, kyoMki qissAgoI aura Thosa kathAnaka dene kI paramparA se moha hone ke kAraNa varmA jI ne manovaijJAnika antardvandva aura UhA-pohoM kA sUkSma citraNa karane kI ora adhika dhyAna nahIM . diyaa| yazapAla mArksavAdI yA pragativAdI kahAnI lekhaka haiM aura unhoMne jIvana ke vividha saMgharSoM kA sajIva, kintu vargagata, citraNa kiyA hai| jIvana kI vividha paristhitiyoM kA citraNa bhI, aisA pratIta hotA hai, unhoMne apane vyaktigata anubhava ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| mAnava-bhAvanAoM se ve bhalIbhA~ti paricita haiM aura unakA sUkSma vizleSaNa karanA unakI vizeSatA hai / 'vo duniyA', 'jJAnadAna', 'abhizapta', 'piMjare kI ur3Ana', 'tarka kA tUfAna', 'citra kA zIrSaka', 'phUloM kA kurtA' tathA 'tumane kyoM kahA thA / maiM suMdara hUM' Adi unakI prasiddha racanAe~ haiM / jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, yazapAla kI vicAradhArA samAja'vAdI hai / una para mArksavAda kA gaharA prabhAva par3A hai / unhoMne mukhyatayA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/67 madhyavargIya jIvana ke pAtroM ko hI apanI kahAniyoM meM liyA hai| yaha varga aisA thA, jo mArksavAdI vicAradhArA se prabhAvita thA aura bauddhika thaa| usa samaya bhArata meM briTiza sAmrAjyavAda phailA huA thA, jisakA prathama aura aMtima uddezya hI zoSaNa thaa| ve videzoM se Ae the aura yahA~ kI dhana-sampadA ko adhika-se-adhika lUTa kara apane deza le jAnA cAhate the| thaoNmpasana aura gaireTa ne apane prasiddha itihAsa-graMtha meM bhArata kI saMjJA usa paigoDA vakSa se dI hai, jo usa samaya taka hilAyA gayA, jaba taka ki vaha pUrNatayA naSTa nahIM ho gayA / yaha pUMjIvAda kA bahuta nagna nRtya thA aura isa bUrjuA manovRtti se bhArata meM dayanIya sthiti utpanna ho gaI thii| z2amIMdAra ina pUMjIpatiyoM ke piTTha the aura unheM zoSaNa karane kI khulI chaTa thii| isase varga-vaiSamya, asamAnatA utpanna ho gaI thI aura vargoM kA kRtrima vibhAjana ho gayA thA / vitaraNa para kucha thor3e-se muTThI bhara logoM kA adhikAra thA aura sAre udyoga-vyavasAya pUMjIpatiyoM ke hAthoM meM the, jisase sArI artha-vyavasthA vizRMkhalita ho gaI thii| isase nirdhanatA kA abhizApa bahuta gahana rUpa meM sarvatra vyApta ho gayA thaa| isa sthiti ke prati saceta eka bauddhika varga thA, jisameM vidroha kI bhAvanA vyApta thI aura jo krAnti kA pakSapAtI thA ! yahI varga usake prabhAva meM kAla thA, jaba bhArata meM mArsa ke vicAra lokapriya hone lage the| yaha pAyA aura paMjIpatiyoM ke viruddha usane eka naI dizA grahaNa kii| sAhitya meM isa vicAradhArA ko arthavattA pradAna karane vAloM meM yazapAla pramukha haiN| yazapAla kI kaI kahAniyoM meM nArI ko pradhAnatA milI hai| unakI dhAraNA hai ki pU~jIvAdI samAja meM nArI bhoga-vilAsa kI sAmagrI samajhI jAtI hai, jisa para puruSa kA pUrA adhikAra hotA hai aura usakI apanI koI svatantra sattA, maryAdA yA gaurava zeSa nahIM rahA jAtA / usakA vAstavika astitva kisI kI putrI, zrImatI aura mAtA banane meM hai, jahA~ vahaapanA nijatva kho detI hai aura vaha vilAsa kA sAdhana mAtra raha jAtI

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68 Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva hai / unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki samAja meM nArI ko usake vyaktigata nAma se pukAranA usakA apamAna hai / usake jIvana kA uddezya pati ko rijhAnA aura santAna kA pAlana karanA hai| vivAha meM bhI usakA dAna kiyA jAtA hai / yazapAla kI isa dhAraNA se pUrNataH sahamata honA kaThina hai / vyavahAra meM logoM kA cAhe jo bhI AcaraNa rahA ho, siddhAntataH bhAratIya samAja aura paramparA meM nArI hamezA zraddhA kI pAtrI rahI hai aura use ucita sammAna pradAna kiyA jAtA rahA hai / dhArmika kAla se Aja taka nArI mAtra vilAsa kI sAmagrI nahIM samajhI gaI, varan mAtRtva kA dAyitva vahana karane vAlI gauravazAlinI nArI samajhI jAtI hai / yadi usakI koI durgati huI bhI hai yA ho rahI hai to vaha AdhunikatA yA phaizanaparastI ke nAma para Akara yA to svayaM nArI hI kara rahI hai, yA puruSa varga kI svaarthprtaa| mArsa kI vicAradhArA kA yaha abhiprAya nahIM hai ki vaha pratyeka deza meM binA vahA~ kI sthAnIya paramparAoM, saMskRti athavA jIvana-paddhatiyoM kA dhyAna rakhe jyoM-kA-tyoM svIkAra liyA jaae| yazapAla kI kahinAI yahI hai kI unhoMne mArksavAda ko bar3e rUr3ha arthoM meM svIkArA hai aura isa bAta kA kabhI dhyAna nahIM rakhA hai ki usakA samanvaya bhAratIya jIvana-paddhati, yahA~ kI prAcIna saMskRti kI gauravazAlI paramparaoM se kisa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / unhoMne basa use jyoM-kA-tyoM svIkAra kara yahA~ lAgU karane kI ceSTA kI hai, isIlie sAhitya unake lie mukhyatayA siddhAnta-pratipAdana aura mArksavAda kA vizleSaNa karane kA sAdhana hai| unakI adhikAMza kahAniyA~ asvAbhA vika, nIrasa aura bojhila isIlie pratIta hotI hai, kyoMki unameM ghaTanAoM kA saMguphana hI sAyAsa DhaMga se isa vizleSaNa ke lie kiyA gayA hai| ___yazapAla pragatizIlatA ke pakSapAtI haiM / unake mata se pragatizIla sAhitya kA kAma samAja ke vikAsa ke mArga meM Ane vAlI andhavizvAsa, rur3hivAda kI ar3acanoM ko dUra karanA hai, samAja ko zoSaNa ke bandhanoM se mukta karanA hai| kAryakrama meM pragatizIla krAntikArI sarvahArA zreNI kA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 66 sAdhana bananA pragatizIla sAhitya kA dhyeya hai / kAlpanika sukhoM kI anubhUti ke bhramajAla ko dUra kara mAnavatA kI bhautika aura mAnasika samRddhi ke racanAtmaka kArya lie preraNA denA sAhitya kA mArga hai / kahanA na hogA ki yazapAla kI kahAnI kalA kA mUla AdhAra yahI vicAradhArA hai / ' unakI kahAniyoM ke kathAnaka varga-vaiSamya, Arthika viSamatA, asamAnatA aura prema para hI AdhArita haiM / unameM manovaijJAnika citraNa yA mAnasika UhA-pohoM ke citraraNa ke prati unakA grAgraha utanA lakSita nahIM hotA, jitanA sthUla kathAnaka dekara kisI vaicArika satya yA yathArtha sthiti ko spaSTa karane ke prati / unakI kahAniyoM meM samAjavAdI yathArthavAda ( Socialist Realism ) kA rUpa milatA hai aura unhoMne jIvana ke yathArtha se pAtroM ko lekara usakA sthAnApanna banA dene kA saphala prayatna kiyA hai / unake kathopakathanoM meM bhI bar3I sajIvatA rahatI hai aura unake mAdhyama se unhoMne pU~jIvAdI burjuA manovRtti aura sAmAjika vikRtiyoM evaM visaMgatiyoM para kaThora marmAntika prahAra kie haiM jinameM unakA tIvra Akroza prakaTa huA hai / yazapAla ne vAtAvaraNa- pradhAna kahAniyA~ aura caritra- pradhAna kahAniyA~ bhI likhI haiM, para una kahAniyoM meM bhI unakA Agraha samAjavAdI yathArthavAda ke citraNa aura mArksavAdI darzana kI pratiSThApanA ke prati hI adhika rahA hai / yazapAla kI bhASA bhI yathArthaM guNoM ko lekara vikasita huI hai, jisameM bar3A saMjIdagI hai / pravAha, ravAnI aura yazapAla ke sandarbha meM yaha ullekha karanA Avazyaka hai ki jisa pragatizIla dRSTikoNa, sAmAjika dAyitva ke nirvAha kI bhAvanA aura sAmAjika saMcetanA ke sAtha yuga-bodha ko citrita karane ke mAdhyama se 'naI z2amIna tor3ane kI bAta 'naI' kahAnI meM uThAI jAtI hai, usa paramparA kA sUtrapAta vAstava meM premacanda ne aura vikAsa yazapAla ne kiyA, 'naI ' kahAnI ne nahIM / premacanda aura yazapAla kI paramparA se pUrNatayA prabhAvita 1

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70 Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva kahAnIkAra bhIma sAhanI, amarakAnta aura sureza sinahA haiM / yadyapi ye tInoM hI kathAkAra pragatizIlatA kI dRSTi se premacanda ke adhika nikaTa haiM aura yazapAla kI bhA~ti rur3ha arthoM meM mArksavAdI nahIM haiM, para dRSTi kA jahA~ taka prazna hai, una para yazapAla ne bhI gaharA prabhAva DAlA hai / bhISma sAhanI kI 'cIfa kI dAvata', amarakAnta kI 'hatyAre' tathA sureza sinahA kI 'nayA janma' kahAniyA~ isI mizrita paramparA kI dena haiM, jinameM nae kathya kA honA svAbhAvika hI hai, para ve usa mizrita paramparA kA vidroha to nizcita rUpa se nahIM hI haiN| __ amRtalAla nAgara kI kahAniyA~ bhI yathArtha jIvana ko lekara likhI gaI haiM, jinameM unakI sajaga sAmAjika cetanA aura sUkSya antadRSTi kA paricaya milatA hai / 'laMgUrA', 'jue~' Adi kahAniyoM meM yathArtha kI pakar3a aura yugIna bhAva-bodha ko samajhane kI unakI adbhuta kSamatA kA paricaya prApta hotA hai / nAgara jI kI kahAniyA~ zAstrIya arthoM meM hI dekhI jAe~gI / unameM Thosa kathAnaka prApta hotA hai, nATakIya DhaMga se caritracitraNa kI pravRtti milatI hai aura yathArtha jIvana se pAtroM ko lekara kisI vizeSa saMdeza kA vAhaka banAne kI prayatnazIlatA lakSita hotI hai| . nAgara jI kI kahAniyA~ mukhyatayA do vargoM meM AtI haiM-ghaTanA-pradhAna kahAniyA~ aura vAtAvaraNa-pradhAna kahAniyA~ / ghaTanAoM kA saMguphana karane meM unakI dRSTi caramotkarSa ko adhika-se-adhika nATakIya aura sanasanIkheja banAne ke prati adhika rahatI hai, para isa prakriyA meM kahAnI kI svAbhAvikatA ko dRSTi se ojhala nahIM kara dete, varan yathArtha ko sAthasAtha lekara calate haiM / vAstava meM yaha eka kaThina kArya hai aura bahuta praur3ha zilpa kI mA~ga hai, jise nAgara jI ne bar3I dakSatA ke sAtha nibAhA haiM, isameM koI sandeha nahIM / unameM kathA kahane kI pratibhA khUba hai aura vyaMgya kI painI zakti hai| unakI kahAniyoM kA mUlAdhAra bhI madhyavargIya jIvana hai aura madhyavarga meM vyApta rUr3hiyoM, andha-vizvAsoM, mithyA dambha evaM ahaMkAra, dikhAve kI pravRtti Adi vibhinna samasyAoM kI mUla bAtoM

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/71 ko unhoMne bar3I kuzalatA aura adhikAra se apanI kahAniyoM meM ujAgara kiyA hai aura usake prabhAva ko gaharA banAne ke lie apanI vyaMgya-zakti kA bar3I saphalatA se prayoga kiyA hai / vAtAvaraNa-pradhAna kahAniyoM meM vAtAvaraNa nirmANa kI kSamatA bhI nAgara jI ne bar3I saphalatApUrvaka pradarzita kI hai aura sajIva tathA yathArtha vAtAvaraNa ke bArIka-se-bArIka rezoM ko spaSTa karane meM praur3ha zilpa kA Azraya liyA hai| nAgara jI kI mUla vicAradhArA vastutaH sudhAravAdI hai aura ve mAnavatA vAda evaM vyApaka AdarzavAda ke samarthaka haiM, para isake lie unheM upadezaka kA mukhauTA lagAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3I hai| unake pAsa kalAtmaka kauzala hai, jisake mAdhyama se unhoMne apane uddezya ko bar3I sUkSmatA se pUrNa karane kI ceSTA kI hai| ve samAja-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se otaprota kahAnIkAra haiM, isIlie maMgala evaM satya ke udghoSaka haiM / unakA dRSTikoNa bhI pragatizIla hai, para ve yazapAla yA dUsare mArksavAdI lekhakoM kI bhA~ti usake pracAraka nahIM, varan pragatizIla vicAroM ko jIvana meM samanvita karane vAle kahAnIkAra haiM aura unhoMne jIvana meM nae-purAne kA santulana sthApita karane kI ceSTA kI hai, jisase spaSTa hai, unhoMne saba-kA-saba nayA nahIM svIkAra kiyA hai aura na sampUrNa purAnA hI svIkAra hai / unhoMne donoM hI sthitiyoM kI upayogI bAtoM ko svIkAra kara unake samanvita rUpa meM hI apanI pragatizIla vicAradhArA kA nirmANa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| - rAMgeya rAghava kI asAmayika mRtyu se hindI kA eka taruNa pratibhAzAlI lekhaka china gayA / ve eka pragatizIla kahAnIkAra the, para mArksavAdI nahIM / ve pragatizIlatA ke sUtra bhAratIya paramparAoM meM hI khojanA cAhate the aura sthAnIya saMskRti tathA yahA~ kI jIvana-paddhatiyoM ke anurUpa usakA svarUpa nirmita karanA cAhate the| unhoMne mArksavAda ke tathAkathita pracArakoM ko apanI kaI bhUmikAoM aura lekhoM meM kosA hai aura una para kaThora prahAra kie haiM / vAstava meM ve sacce arthoM meM bhAratIya

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'72/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva the aura yahA~ kI paramparAoM ko pUrNatayA vismRta nahIM karanA cAhate the / unakI dhAraNA thI, jaba taka zrama karane vAle ko hI samAja meM utpAdana ke sAdhanoM para adhikAra nahIM milegA, insAna aura usakI duniyA niraMtara aise hI bhaTakatI rhegii| use kahIM bhI caina nahIM milegaa| maiM hArA nahIM hU~, kyoMki eka bahuta bar3A satya mere sAmane A gayA hai / sAre du:khoM kI jar3a adhikAra hai / adhikAra eka dhokhA hai jo manuSya ko khAe jA rahA hai / unakI kalA kA mUlAdhAra yahI bhAvanA hai, jise unhoMne apanI kaI kahAniyoM meM saphalatApUrvaka ujAgara kiyA hai / 'gadala' unakI atyanta lokapriya racanA hai| rAMgeya rAghava bhI jIvana ke kaThora yathArtha ke bhoktA the aura viSama paristhitiyoM meM jie the| unakA jIvana niraMtara saMgharSazIla thA aura ve bar3e karmaTha vyakti the| saMpUrNa jijIviSA kI bhAvanA ne unheM AsthA aura saMkalpa diyA thA jisase ve jIvana-paryanta viSamatAoM se jujhate rahe / isase unheM aneka satya mile the, jise unhoMne bar3e yathArtha DhaMga se apanI kahAniyoM meM abhivyakta kiyA hai / unakI kahAniyoM meM Thosa kathAnaka milatA hai, jisake reze yathArtha jIvana se saMtulita kie gae haiM / unheM unhoMne bar3I svAbhAvikatA se prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne aneka sajIva pAtroM kA sarjana kiyA hai jo adhikAMzataH madhya varga ke haiM aura unakA pUrA-pUrA pratinidhitva karate haiM / ahindI-bhASA-bhASI hokara bhI unakI bhASA yathArtha hai aura usameM pravAha, sajIvatA tathA ravAnI ke guNoM kI unhoMne pUrNa rakSA kI hai| [ 2 ] prArambha meM jina do dhArAoM kA maiMne ullekha kiyA thA, usameM se eka dhArA kI vizeSatAoM aura usake pramukha lekhakoM kA varNana Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| dUsarI dhArA Atma-paraka vizleSaNa kI hai / jainendra kumAra, 'ajJeya' tathA ilAcandra jozI usake pramukha unnAyakoM meM rahe haiN|

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prAvunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/73 yaha dhArA pazcimI manovaijJAnikoM evaM vidvAnoM, vizeSatayA faoNyaDa, aiDalara aura yuMga se atyadhika prabhAvita rahI hai / prathama mahAyuddha ke pazcAt sAmAjika svastha dRSTikoNa kA var3A vighaTana hone lagA thA aura pazcimI dezoM meM yuddha kI bhayaMkara gati se eka vicitra prakAra kA bhaya, nirAzA evaM kuNThA vyApta hone lagI thI jisane jIvana se palAyana karane kI pravRtti utpanna kii| yaha bhAvanA sAhitya meM bhI AI aura kalAkAra jIvana ke yathArtha ko athavA jIvana-saMgharSa se jUjhate rahane kI jijIviSA se katarAne lagA, kyoMki samasyAe~ dina-pratidina jaTila hotI jA rahI thiiN| vikRtiyA~ evaM viSamatAeM bar3ha rahI thIM tathA choTechoTe dAyaroM meM aneka antavirodha utpanna hone lage the--isakA usake pAsa na to koI uttara thA, na koI samAdhAna, aura maje kI bAta to yaha hai ki isa ora vaha unmukha bhI nahIM honA cAhatA thaa| aisI sthiti meM asvastha manovikAroM evaM mAnasa ke antasa ke udghATana meM adhika ruci prakaTa kI jAne lagI aura phalasvarUpa vikAragrasta, paMgu evaM gatihIna pAtroM kA nirmANa huA, jisameM ina tathAkathita kalAkAroM ne kevala hrAsonmukha pravRttiyoM ke hI darzana kie| apane ko samAja kA jAgarUka praharI kahane vAle ina bauddhika kalAkAroM ne yahIM bAta samApta nahIM kI, varan eka kadama Age bar3hakara vyakti ke ahaM ko hI ekamAtra mahatvapUrNa vastu samajhanA prArambha kara diyA aura use bar3hAvA dene lge| AtmaparakatA kI carama bhAvanA Age bar3hakara eka aise bindu para pahuMca jAtI hai jahA~ vyakti ko apane ahaM ke atirikta kucha ora sujhAI nahIM detA aura vaha pUre samAja ko tahasa-nahasa kara dene ko hI 'vidroha samajhane lagatA hai| basa vicAradhArA ko, jaisA ki maiMne Upara kahA,phraoNyaDa, aiDalara aura yuMga ne sunizcita svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| phraoNyaDa ke anusAra manuSya meM asaMkhya icchAe~ evaM kAmanAe~ hotI haiM, jo ina yA una kAraNoM se svabhAvataH pUrNa nahIM ho pAtIM aura usameM apUrNatA kA janma hotA hai|

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74/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva vaha atRpta mana se ina apUrNa icchAoM ko niyaMtrita karane kA prayatna karatA hai| ye atRpta icchAe~ manuSya ke avacetana mana meM jAkara ekatrita hotI rahatI haiN| samaya pAkara ye damita-zamita bhAvanAe~ phUTatI haiM, jo bhAvI jIvana kI dizA hI nahIM nirdhArita karatIM, varan manuSya unase jIvana maiM vicitra vyavahAra karane lagatA hai, jinakA kAraNa vaha cAhakara bhI samajha nahIM paataa| phraoNyaDa ke anusAra manuSya kI pratyeka prakriyA ke mUla meM unakI vAsanAtmaka bhAvanA hI rahatI hai| atRpta AkAMkSAoM aura apUrNa vAsanA ko manuSya sAmAjika bhAvanA ke bhaya se lajjAvaza prakaTa nahIM karatA kyoMki isase use apanA sammAna china jAne kI AzaMkA rahatI hai / phalata: kaThora sAmAjika bandhanoM ke kAraNa unakA udAttIkaraNa ho jAtA hai / bacapana meM vAsanA kI bhAvanA mAtRrati ( Oedipus Complex ) ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai arthAt lar3akA apanI mA~ se prema aura pitA se ghaNA karatA hai| lar3akiyA~ isake viparIta AcaraNa karatI haiM (Electra Complex) / isake viparIta aiDalara ne yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki manuSya hIna-graMthiyoM kA zikAra hotA hai, jina para vijaya pAne ke lie aura dUsaroM para apanI vizeSatAoM kA prabhutva jamAne ke lie vaha bhA~ti-bhA~ti prakAra ke kArya karatA hai| isameM acche-bure kA vaha viveka kho detA hai aura kisI-na-kisI prakAra dUsaroM para apanA roba DAlane ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai| aiDalara kI dhAraNA hai ki khilAr3I, abhinetA, kalAkAra tathA netA Adi sabhI apane-apane kSetroM meM isI bhAvanA kA zikAra hokara Age bar3hate haiM / yuga ne mAnava vyaktitva ke do vibhAjana kie-antarmukhI vyaktitva vAlA vyakti aura bahirmukhI vyaktitva vAlA vyakti / usake anusAra antarmukhI vyaktitva vAlA vyakti apane meM hI sImita rahatA hai, dUsaroM se milanA-julanA pasanda nahIM karatA aura sAhitya meM isIlie jaba vaha AtA hai, to kucha hI pAtroM se apanA kAma calA letA hai, kyoMki vyApaka paridhi sameTa sakanA usake lie saMbhava nahIM hotaa| isake viparIta bahirmukhI vyaktitva vAlA vyakti sAmAjika

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 75 hotA hai aura usakI kArya-paridhi kA kSetra atyanta vyApaka hotA hai / vaha adhika-se-adhika vyaktiyoM se apanA samparka bar3hAkara apane paricaya kA dAyarA virATa karane ke prati AgrahazIla rahatA hai| isa prakAra kA vyakti jaba sAhitya meM AtA hai, to vyApaka jIvana paridhi aura adhika pAtroM ko sameTakara virATatA kA bodha sthApita karanA cAhatA hai / ina tInoM vidvAnoM ke atirikta jAM-pAla sAtra, kAmU tathA kAkA Adi ne bhI isa dhArA ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyA / phalasvarUpa hindI meM bhI Atma-paraka vizleSaNa kI dhArA kA sUtrapAta huA / Upara maiM yaha spaSTa kara cukA hU~ ki isa dhArA kI pramukha vizetAe~ kyA haiM / isa dhArA ke pracalana se kahAnI sAhitya sthUlatA se sUkSmatA kI ora bar3hI aura kahAnI kA kSetra manuSya jIvana athavA usakA karma-kSetra na hokara antarjagata aura mAnasa ho gayA / yadi phaoNyaDa ke hI DhaMga se soceM, to koI bhI manuSya svastha nahIM hai / usake avacetana mana meM hInatA kI graMthiyA~, kurupatAe~, hiMsA, dveSa, IrSyA aura vAsanA bharI huI hai. jise bhulAkara manuSya Upara se zAlIna aura gambhIra bane rahane kA pratyana karatA hai / jaba kahAnIkAroM ne isa avacetana mana ke rahasya kI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne ko hI apanA uddezya banA liyA, to svAbhAvika rUpa se vighaTanakArI zaktiyoM ko prazraya milA aura dhvaMsonmukha pAtroM kA nirmANa huA / isase sAhitya kA vAstavika artha to samApta ho gayA, usake sthAna para kalAkAra kI vaiyaktika kuNThA, varjanA evaM nirAzA tathA atRpta vAsanA sAmane Ane lagI aura sAhitya kI eka prakAra se chIchAledara kI jAne lagI / kalAkAra eka mahatI uddezya se prerita hotA hai aura usameM sAmAjika dAyitva ke nirvAha kI bhAvanA ke sAtha AsthA, saMkalpa, mAnava mUlyoM ko samajhane kI kSamatA aura eka pragatizIla dRSTikoNa kA honA Avazyaka hotA hai| binA isake vaha bhaTakatA rahatA hai aura kisI saMdeza kA vAhaka hone yA yathArtha kA udghATana karane meM asamartha rahatA hai / Atma-paraka vizleSaNa kisI jIvana-satya evaM

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76 / zrAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva karane kI dhArA ke lekhakoM ne yahIM bhUla kI aura koI sthAyI mahatva prApta karane meM isIlie ve asamartha rahe / antasa kA udghATana karanA M athavA avacetana mana ke rahasya kI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne kI pravRtti eka aMga ho sakatI hai, apane Apa meM pUrNa nahIM / isIlie unakA sAhitya ekAMgI hI banA rahA hai / Atma-paraka vizleSaraNa kI dhArI ne zilpa-saMbaMdhI nae-nae prayoga kie, yaha tI svIkAranA hI hogaa| kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa dhArA ke palAyanavAdI lekhakoM ne kahAnI kI dRSTi jIvana se haTAkara use kalAvAdI banA diyA / jIvana se asampRkta hokara use nirjIva banate bhI dera nahIM lagI, yaha bhI satya hai / isake sAtha hI sAMketikatA, pratIkoM ke prayoga evaM bauddhikatA ke Agraha se kahAnI jaTila se jaTilatara hotI gaI aura sAmAnya pAThakoM ke lie duruha hone ke kAraNa apane Apa meM sImita hotI gaI / yahA~ yaha bAta apane Apa meM bar3I manoraMjaka lagatI hai ki hAlA~ki 'naI kahAnI ne ina bAtoM ko asvIkArA hai aura isa paramparA ke prati "naI' kahAnI ko eka vidroha ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dilAne kA prayatna kiyA hai, para jaba maiM nirmala varmA kI 'dahalIz2a', 'kutte kI mauta', 'parAe zahara meM', nareza mehatA kI 'cA~danI', 'anabItA vyatIta' tathA 'nizA''jI', mohana rAkeza kI 'kaI eka akele', 'pA~cave mAle kA phlaiTa' tathA 'phaulAda kA AkAza', rAjendra yAdava kI 'zahara ke bIca eka vRkSa', 'kinAre se 'kinAre taka', tathA 'purAne nAle para nayA phlaiTa,' kamalezvara kI 'talAza', 'pIlA gulAba', 'khoyI huI dizAe~', amarakAnta kI 'khalanAyaka', 'zrIkAnta varmA kI 'Taraso', sureza sinahA kI 'pAnI kI mInAreM', 'nIlI dhuMdha ke ArapAra' tathA 'kaI kuhare, ravIndra kAliyA kI 'nau sAla choTI patnI', 'trAsa', jJAnaraMjana kI 'zeSa hote hue', 'pitA' tathA 'sImAe~' Adi kahAniyA~ par3hatA hU~, to isa dAve para ha~sI hI AtI hai / ye kahAniyA~ na to kathya meM aura na kathana meM isa Atma-paraka vizleSaraNa kI dhArA se bhinna haiM, aura maje kI bAta yaha hai ki inheM pragatizIla dRSTikoNa,

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 77 sAmAjika dAyitva nirvAha kI bhAvanA aura paramparA se vidroha ke nAma para eka-do kI saMkhyA meM nahIM saikar3oM kI saMkhyA meM likhA jA rahA hai aura nae-purAne sabhI lekhaka isa dizA meM pravRtta haiM / yadyapi isa samaya manovijJAna ke AdhAra para kahAnI likhane kI pravRti pramukhataH pAI jAtI hai, to bhI premacanda - paramparA ke kucha kahAnIkAra apanI praur3ha racanAoM se kahAnI - sAhitya ko samRddha karate rahe / aise kahAnIkAroM meM vAcaspati pAThaka kA nAma agragaNya hai / ve hindI ke una mUrddhanya kahAnIkAroM meM haiM, jinhoMne Adhunika hindI kahAnI kA svarUpa rUpAyita kiyA hai / unake do kahAnI saMgrahoM meM 'kAgaz2a kI TopI', 'yAtrA', 'sUradAsa' Adi hindI kI atyanta mahatvapUrNa kahAniyA~ haiM / pAThakajI mukhyatayA premacandakAlIna kahAnIkAra haiM, para unameM sUkSmatA, manovaijJAnika citraNa aura mAnava mana para hone vAlI pratikriyAoM kA kuzala aMkana hai / yadi unameM sAmAjika saMcetanA aura yathArtha kI gaharI pakar3a prApta hotI hai, to vyakti kI maryAdA aura vyaktitva kI pratiSThA kI dizA meM prayatnazIlatA bhI lakSita hotI hai / ve vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa karane meM atyanta kuzala haiM aura unakI kahAniyoM meM lie gae pakSa kI virATatA jhAMkatI hai / sAmayika bhAvabodha, pariveza kI yathArthatA aura apanI saMgata pratibaddhatA ke kAraNa pAThaka jI hindI kahAnI kI aitihAsika paramparA kI mahatvapUrNa kar3I haiM / jainendra kumAra Atmaparaka vizleSaNa kI dhArA ke pravartakoM meM se haiN| ve eka dArzanika aura vicAraka kahAnI-lekhaka ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane Ate haiN| unhoMne prAyaH madhyama varga kI manovaijJAnika asaMgatiyA~ aura kamajoriyA~ parakhI haiM / ve vyakti para jora dekara usake mana kA vizleSaraNa karate haiN| dArzanika pravRtti ke kAraNa unakI kucha kahAniyoM meM durUhatA aura aspaSTatA kA jAnA svAbhAvika hI hai / viSaya samAgrI adhikatara ve apane AsapAsa ke jIvana se hI lete haiM / phalataH unakI kahAniyoM kekathAnakoM kA kSetra bahuta vyApaka nahIM hai| unakI kahAniyoM meM manorama khaNDa- dRzya haiM,

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 76 jIvana-dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana karane ke lie dArzanikatA kA mukhauTA lagA lete haiM / maz2e kI bAta yaha hai ki ve na to pUre rUpa meM lekhaka - kalAkAra hI raha pAte haiM aura na dArzanika hI / unhoMne seksa ke sambandha meM apanI kahAniyoM meM svatantratA lenI cAhI hai aura jAne-anajAne sAmAjika pratibaMdhoM ko kRtrima svIkAra kara unakI nindA karate hue seksa samvandhI svatantratA kI mA~ga kI hai / ina asvastha pravRttiyoM tathA mAnava-jIvana ke vikAra pakSa ko chor3akara unheM kucha dRSTigata hI nahIM hotA aura pratyeka vyakti seksa se AkrAnta lagatA hai - yaha apane ApameM bar3I manoraMjaka bAta hai / jainendra jI ne zilpa- sambandhI kaI abhinava prayoga avazya kie haiM aura DAyarI zailI, Atma-kathAtmaka zailI, cetana pravAha zailI Adi navItama zailiyoM meM kahAniyA~ likhakara hindI kahAnI sAhitya ke kalAtmaka pakSa ko samRddha karane kA yathAsaMbhava prayAsa kiyA hai, yaha svIkAranA hI hogA / unakI kahAniyoM meM pratIkoM kI yojanA bar3e hI kuzala DhaMga se kI gaI hai aura jisa kisI bAta ko unhoMne kahanA cAhA hai, usake lie sArthaka pratIkoM kA hI prayoga kiyA hai- yaha bAta anyathA hai ki una bAtoM kA mahatva vyApaka dRSTi se kyA hai / nATakIyatA ke guNoM aura caramotkarSa ko adhikAdhika rocaka banAne kI sAyAsa prayatnazIlatA jainendra jI meM lakSita hotI hai / isake sAtha hI pravAha ko tamAma bauddhikatA evaM jaTilatA ke bAvajUda banAe rakhane meM ve apAra rUpa se saphala rahe haiM aura yaha praur3ha zilpa ke kAraNa hI sambhava ho sakA hai / jainendra kumAra kadAcit pahale hindI kahAnIkAra haiM, jinhoMne kahAniyoM meM upasaMhAra dene kI pravRtti ko hI samApta nahIM kiyA, varan bhUmikA dene kI pravRtti ko bhI samApta kiyA / isase kahAnI kA kalevara kama huA aura usameM saMzliSTa guNoM kI abhivRddhi huI / aba kahAnI vahA~ se prArambha hone lagI 'jahA~ vaha samApta hotI hai - yaha zilpa kI dRSTi se eka mahatvapUrNa saphalatA thI /

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80/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva ajJeya kI kahAniyA~ prabhAvavAdI hotI haiM aura ve kisI-na-kisI sAmayika satya kI vyaMjanA karate haiN| unhoMne kisI prakAra ke darzana kA Azraya grahaNa nahIM kiyA aura na jIvana ko vargIya khaNDoM meM bA~Takara dekhA hai| ve apanI sAmagrI adhikatara dainika jIvana se lete haiM / unakI kahAniyoM meM pratIkoM, svapnoM, smRtiyoM aura vAtAvaraNa ke kucha prayoga ke sAtha-sAtha komala mAnavIya pravRttiyoM kA bhI sundara saMvedanIya citraNa rahatA hai / 'ajJeya' ne apanI kahAniyoM meM madhya varga ke jIvana kI viSamatAoM kA varNana kiyA hai / manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa aura unake apane vyaktitva kI chApa bhI unakI kahAniyoM kI vizepatAe~ haiN| unake kathopakathana aura bhASA meM svAbhAvikatA rahatI hai| 'vipathagA', 'koTharI kI bAta', 'paramparA', 'jayadola', 'hIlIbona kI batakheM', 'mejara caudharI kI vApasI' Adi unakI prasiddha racanAe~ haiN| 'ajJeya' kI kahAniyoM ke do varga banAe jA sakate haiM / eka varga to una kahAniyoM kA, jinameM unhoMne sAmAjika yathArtha kA udghATana karane aura mAnava-satya ko spaSTa karane kI ceSTA kI hai / isa dRSTi se 'jIvanI-zakti' kahAnI bahuta ullekhanIya racanA hai, jisameM eka bhikhArI aura bhikhAriNI kA paraspara . prema dikhAyA gayA hai| ve apanA eka ghara banA lete haiM aura eka nae mAnava ko janma dete haiM / dukAnadAra aura pulisa vAle unakI jhopar3I bAra-bAra naSTa kara dete haiM, para ve use bAra-bAra banA lete haiM / isa prakAra jIvana saMgharSa meM vijayI hone ke lie apUrva jijIviSA bhAva kI anivAryatA ko unhoMne itane kuzala DhaMga se citrita kiyA hai ki 'ajJeya' kI sampUrNa zailI se paricita pAThaka ke lie vismaya hI hotA hai| isI prakAra unakI zaraNArthI jIvana se sambandhita kahAniyA~ bhI ullekhanIya haiM, jinameM vibhAjana se utpanna pariNAmoM, vighaTita mAnava-mUlyoM evaM yuga-bodha kA itanI sUkSmatA se citraNa huA hai ki sArI kahAniyA~ mana aura mastiSka ko cIrakara rakha detI haiM / kheda kI bAta yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI kahAniyA~ 'ajJeya' ne adhika nahIM likhIM, para jo likha haiM, ve nakha-se-zikha taka custa aura durusta kahAniyA~ haiM /

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/81 zaraNArthI jIvana se sambandhita kahAniyoM kI carcA karate samaya mujhe sahasA mohana rAkeza kI prasiddha ghoSita kI jAne vAlI kahAnI 'malave kA mAlika' kA smaraNa ho pAyA / vaise svAtantryottara kAla meM nae, sire se sAmAjika dAyitva kA nirvAha karane kI bhAvanA se aotaprota svayaM ghoSita masIhA kahAnIkAroM kA dhyAna vibhAjana se utpanna pariraNAmoM evaM nRzaMsa hatyAoM evaM naMgI auratoM ke zarmanAka julUsoM kI ora kyoM nahIM gayA, isakA kAraNa maiM kabhI nahIM samajha pAtA / isa sandarbha meM java mohana rAkeza 'eka naI krAisisa' kI bAta karate haiM to bAta samajha meM AtI hai, para jaba usa 'naI krAisisa' ko 'naI kahAnI' meM gAyaba pAyA jAtA hai, to bAta spaSTa hone bajAya ulajha jAtI hai| aura jaba DaoN0 nAmavarasiMha tathA DaoN. sureza sinahA yA DaoN0 devIzaMkara avasthI naI kahAnI kI sattA ghoSita karane ke lie sAyAsa DhaMga se parizrama karate dRSTigocara hote haiM, to mUla meM ghapaloM ko dekhakara kheda hI hotA hai, Azcarya nahIM / jaba mohana rAkeza kI kahAnI 'malave kA mAlika' naI hai, to zaraNArthI jIvana para likhI gaI 'ajJeya' kI kahAniyA~ kaise naI nahIM hai, jinameM zilpa kI praur3hatA hai, svastha jIvana-dRSTi hai, nae yathArtha kA sazakta udghATana hai aura samaSTigata Adhunika saMcetanA hai / hA~, unhIM ke Takkara kI kahAnI nareza mehatA kI 'vaha marda thI milatI hai, para vaha apavAda svarUpa hai| ___'ajJeya' kI dUsare DhaMga kI kahAniyA~ pUrNatayA Atma-paraka haiM aura vaiyaktika saMcetanA ko lekara likhI gaI haiN| inameM vahI pratIkoM ko dene tathA sA~ketikatA kI pravRtti hai, jinase isa dhArA kI kahAniyA~ bahuta duruha evaM jaTila ho gaI haiN| kucha kahAniyA~ to bauddhikatA ke Agraha se itanI dabI huI haiM ki 'naI' kavitA ke samAna jaba taka svayaM lekhaka unakA vizleSaNa na kare, sAdhAraNa pAThaka unheM samajha hI nahIM sktaa| zilpa kI dRSTi se 'ajJeya' ne bhI aneka prayoga kie haiM aura hindI kahAnI ke kalApakSa ko puSTa aura samartha banAyA hai, isameM koI sandeha

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82/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva nahIM / unhoMne use gambhIra prarthavattA pradAna karane meM niraMtara prayAsa kiyA hai aura hindI kahAnI kI sUkSmatA ko jIvana-yathArtha se sambaddha 'sthUla' kahAniyoM ke kSetra meM bhI le Ae aura premacanda kI 'kAna', 'pUsa kI rAta' Adi kahAniyoM kI paramparA kA nae rUpa meM vikAsa kiyA, yaha bAta spaSTa rUpa se jAna lenI Avazyaka hai| ilAcandra jozI ne mAnava-mana kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa karane aura vyakti ke ahaM ko spaSTa karane kA prayatna apanI kahAniyoM meM kiyA hai / yadyapi hAla meM unhoMne phraoNyaDa Adi ke siddhAntoM kI atyanta kaTu alocanA kI hai, to bhI apanI pichalI kahAniyoM meM ve phraoNyaDa, aiDalara aura yuMga ke siddhAttoM se adhika prabhAvita hue haiN| unhoMne bar3A sImita dAyarA liyA hai aura kabhI-kabhI to aisA lagatA hai ki jIvana se palAyanavAda karane meM hI unhoMne vAstavika niyati samajhI hai| unakI kahAniyoM meM jIvana kA yathArtha nahIM, mAnava-mana kA satya milegaa| 'DAyarI ke nIrasa pRSTha' meM unakI sArI racanAe~ isa bAta kA pramANa haiM / ____ yahA~ jina lekhakoM kI carcA kI gaI hai, unake atirikta donoM hI dhArAoM meM milAkara upendranAtha azka, candragupta vidyAlaMkAra, caNDIprasAda . 'hRdayeza', rAyakRSNadAsa, vAcaspati pAThaka, amRtarAya, oMkAra zarada Adi anekAneka kahAnIkAra haiM, jinhoMne eka-se-eka acchI kahAniryA likhakara hindI kahAnI sAhitya ko samRddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| vAstava meM Upara kucha pramukha kahAnIkAroM kI vicAradhArA aura racanAoM tathA zilpa kA paritraya dekara yaha spaSTa karane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai ki svAtaMtryottara kAla meM jo bhI parivartana Ae haiM, ve samaya ke anusAra svabhAvika rUpa meM Ae haiM aura yaha eka prakAra se kahAnI kalA kA vikAsa hI mAnA jAyagA, na ki paramparA ke prati vidroha / premacanda tathA yazapAla ne eka ora, aura jainendra kumAra tathA 'ajJeya' ne dUsarI ora jisa paramparA kA nirmANa kiyA thA, Aja kI kahAnI vastutaH usakA Age eka vikAsa hI hai, ise Upara vibhinna lekhakoM me sandarbha ke spaSTa hI kiyA jA cukA hai|

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3 paribhASA : svarUpa evaM vistAra isa zIrSaka se carcA prArambha karane ke pUrva maiM svAtantryottara hindI kahAnI ko 'naI' kI saMjJA die jAne ke sambandha meM do bAteM spaSTa karanA cAhatA hU~ / isa sambandha meM DaoN0 nAmavara siMha, DaoN devIzaMkara avasthI, DaoN0 sureza sinahA tathA zrI mohana rAkeza ke aneka lekha maiMne par3he haiM aura 'naI' kI saMjJA para vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ko jAnane kI ceSTA kI hai / kucha dina pUrva hindI meM jisa prakAra 'naI kavitA' kI carcA hotI thI, usI prakAra samprati 'naI kahAnI' kI carcA chir3I huI hai / nissandeha ina donoM prakAra kI carcAoM kA lakSya kalAkAroM aura grAlocakoM dvArA anubhUta satya kA parIkSaraNa karanA, navIna yuga ke bhAva bodha ke prati sajaga honA aura naI dizAe~ khojanA thA, aura hai / isa vAda-vivAda se kavitA aura kahAnI ke sambandha meM bauddhika cintana kA suavasara prApta huA aura sAhitya kI ina donoM vidhAoM kI prakRti mukharita huI / kalAkAra aura Alocaka donoM ke eka sAtha socane, samajhane, vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna aura navIna upalabdhiyoM kA ucita mUlyAMkana karane se AlocanA bhI puSTa huI hai / yaha eka zubha lakSaNa hai, kyoMki aba kalAkAra aura Alocaka eka-dUsare ke virodhI pratIta nahIM hote / kintu 'naI kahAnI' prAdi zabdoM kA prayoga karate samaya satarkatA aura sAvadhAnI kI AvazyakatA hai / 'nayA' yA 'naI' ye zabda apane meM bar3e acche haiM / ve jIvanta zakti, jijIviSA, pragati, parivartanazIlatA, Adi ke pratIka haiM / amarIkA meM bhI navInatama AlocanA ko 'naI AlocanA'

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84 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva aura AlocakoM ko 'nae Alocaka' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / kintu durbhAgyavaza hindI meM ye zabda badanAma ho gae haiM / jahA~ taka mujhe smaraNa hai hindI kI pragativAdI vicAra-dhArA ke samarthakoM ne sarvaprathama sAhitya ke sAtha 'nayA' zabda jor3A thA / tatpazcAt 'prayogavAdI' kavitA kA nAmakaraNa 'naI kavitA' huprA / donoM sandarbhoM meM 'nayA' aura 'naI ' zabdoM se sAmpradAyikatA aura dalabandI kI bU AtI hai / 'nayA sAhitya' rAjanIti se prabhAvita sAhitya vizeSa kA dyotaka banakara raha gayA / 'naI kavitA' se usa kavitA kA tAtparya samajhA jAne lagA 'jisameM kavi kA TUTA vyaktitva', kuMThA, 'mAnasika ghuTana', 'duHsvapna', 'jIvana kI sar3Adha' Adi una jaTilatAoM kI abhivyakti hotI thI, jinase kavi kA mAnavIya astitva hI saMkaTApanna ho gayA thaa| usakI atizaya bauddhikatA aura saMpreSaNIyatA ke abhAva ne use upahAsAspada banAne meM sahAyatA kii| aisA nahIM honA cAhie thA, kintu aisA huA, yaha sarvamAnya tathya hai | ataH kahAnI ke sAtha 'naI ' zabda kA prayoga soca-samajhakara karanA cAhie, nahIM to usa para bhI dalabandI kI chApa laga jaaegii| kahAnI ke bhaviSya ke lie yaha ghAtaka hogA / zAyada kucha loga z2abardastI kahAnI ko dalabandI kI kIcar3a meM khIMca lAnA cAhate haiM aura ve jAnabUjha kara usake sAtha 'naI' zabda jor3ate haiM / aura jaba kucha loga 'naI kavitA' aura 'naI kahAnI' ko samakakSatA kI tulA para tolane lagate haiM, to 'mugdha' hue binA nahIM rahA jAtA / saMbhavataH ve usa samaya yA to donoM kI mUla prakRti ko dRSTipatha meM nahIM rakhate aura 'netRtva' kA bhAra samhAlate samaya jo nahIM kahanA cAhie kaha jAte haiM, yA ve 'naI kavitA' ke bhaviSya ke sambandha meM cintita haiM / isa samvandha meM yaha bAta smaraNa rakhane kI hai ki yUropa aura bhAratavarSa meM jaba se zikSA prasAra, par3hane-likhane kI Adata par3ane, mudraNa kalA kA pracAra hone aura Arthika parivartana hone ke kAraNa madhya varga kA janma huA aura madhya varga ne jaba se jIrNa-zIrNa paramparAoM, AsthAoM aura mAnyatAoM, vizvAsoM ke prati vidroha prakaTa kiyA, taba se kathA - sAhitya

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 85 usakA ' mahAkAvya' banA huA hai / jaba taka madhya varga jIvita hai taba taka upanyAsa aura kahAnI kI zreSThatA aura usake vikAsa meM koI kamI nahIM kI / pratyuta usakI uttarottara vRddhi hone kI pUrNa AzA hai aura vRddhi nizcita rUpa se ho rahI hai / jo loga Adhunika kahAnI kI asamarthatA kI bAta kahate haiM. use yuga mAnasa kI saMvedanAoM ko vahana karane meM akSama samajhate haiM, usameM zaithilya aura daurbalya dekhate haiM, ve yA to kahAnI par3hate nahIM, yA kisI vizeSa abhiprAya se aisA kahate haiM / kyoMki yuga-mAnasa se alaga hote hI upanyAsa aura kahAnI antima sA~sa lene lagegI- jo bAta abhI bahuta dinoM taka socI bhI nahIM jA sakatI / samAja sApekSatA to upanyAsa aura kahAnI kA prAraNa hai / kavitA ke sambandha meM jyoM-kI-tyoM yaha bAta nahIM kahI jA sakatI / jIvana kavitA ke pIche rahatA hai, lekina kahAnI ke Age rahatA hai / jisa dina kahAnI jIvana ko Age kara nahIM calegI, usa dina vaha mara jAegI / jIvana ke itane adhika naikaTya ke kAraNa hI usakI zilpavidhi meM vividhatA AtI hai; vaha nATaka aura kavitA kI bhA~ti niyamoM aura siddhAntoM ke jaTila bandhanoM meM apane ko bA~dha nahIM pAtI, bA~dha nahIM sakatI / kavitA kI bhA~ti kahAnI Atmaparaka bhI nahIM hotI; isalie 'naI kavitA' aura Adhunika kahAnI ko samakakSa rakhane kI ceSTA avaijJAnika hai / idhara isa sambandha meM jitanI carcAe~ par3hI-sunIM unameM yaha dekhane ko milA ki unakI bhASA zailI aura zabdAvalI lagabhaga vahI hai, jo 'naI kavitA' para vicAra karate samaya vyavahAra meM lAI jAtI thI / merI samajha meM yaha ThIka nahIM hai / kahAnI kavitA ke vajana kI cIja nahIM ho bhI nahIM sakatI / Aja kI kahAnI ke sandarbha meM, usakI navIna kalAtmaka sarjanA aura satyAnveSaNa ke sandarbha meM, hindI kahAnI - paramparA ko dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai / yaha sarvavidita hai ki hindI kahAnI kA janma rASTrIya aura sAmAjika AndolanoM ke kror3a meM huA aura usa samaya

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86 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva ke kahAnI-lekhakoM ne usa kAla ke sampUrNa sthUlatva ke sAtha kahAnIkalA kA DhA~cA prastuta kiyA / premacanda, 'prasAda', 'sudarzana', kauzika aura caturasena zAstrI Adi kahAnI lekhakoM ne upayogitAvAdI dRSTikoNa grahaNa kiyA thA / premacanda ne AdarzavAdI - yathArthavAdI paramparA ko janma diyA, to 'prasAda' ne AdarzavAdI aura kalpanA-pradhAna paramparA ko / vibhinna kahAnI-lekhakoM kI zailiyoM meM vaividhya avazya thA, kintu savane prakArAntara se pIr3ita mAnavatA ke prati sahAnubhUti prakaTa kI / ina kahAnI - lekhakoM kI racanAoM meM sUkSma manovaijJAnikatA bhI yatra-tatra dRSTigocara ho jAtI hai / premacanda ke bAda jainendra aura 'ajJeya' jaise kahAnI lekhakoM kI racanAoM meM yahI sUkSma manovaijJAnikatA adhika pramukha ho jAtI hai / unhoMne madhya-vargIya jIvana ke rahasyapUrNa konoM meM jhAMkA aura rahasyapUrNa konoM meM jhA~kane ke phalasvarUpa unakI zailI meM eka nayA mor3a AyA / sthUla sAmAjika yathArtha pragativAdI kahAnI - lekhakoM meM adhika ubhraa| unhoMne bhI madhya aura nimna vargoM kI vargIya paramparA, rIti-nIti Adi grahaNa kara apane anukUla prasaMgoM kI udbhAvanA kI / jainendra aura ilAcandra jozI ko chor3akara anya sabhI kahAnIkAroM ne sAmAjika aura rASTrIya. viSamatAoM ko adhika parakhA / jainendra kI jIvana dRSTi adhika dArzanika thI / isa dizA meM 'ajJeya' ne pratIkAtmaka aura vAtAvaraNa-pradhAna zailI ko bhI janma diyA aura vaiyaktika sparzo dvArA hindI kahAnI ko adhika komala aura mAnava-saMvedanApUrNa banAyA / mUlataH dvitIya mahAyuddha ke bAda kI kahAnI meM kahAnI kI prakRti aura paramparA surakSita rahate hue bhI, usameM sAmAjika aura rASTrIya cetanA vyakta hote hue bhI, vaha adhika sUkSma ho gaI hai / vAstava meM premacanda ke bAda hindI ke kahAnI lekhaka romAMsapUrNa kahAniyA~ likhane laga gae the / kintu dhIre-dhIre hindI ke kahAnI-lekhakoM ne premacanda kI 'kafana' kahAnI kA mArga pakar3akara yathArthavAdI aura manovaijJAnika kahAniyoM kA sarjana kiyA / unhoMne nissaMkoca vartamAna

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripAzvaM/87 yuga aura jIvana se kathAnaka cune, madhyama varga ke jIrNa jIvana kA citraNa kiyA, vyakti ke mana kA vizleSaNa kiyA, strI-puruSa ke prema kA citraNa kiyA aura Adhunika jIvana kI mAnasika aura bhautika viSamatAoM se apanI kahAniyoM ko pUrNa kiyaa| pichale lagabhaga bIsa varSa kI jina mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM kA ullakha Adhunika hindI upanyAsoM meM huA hai unhIM ghaTanAoM se sambaddha yuga-satya ko kahAnI-lekhaka vANI de rahe haiM / Aja kI kahAnI ne mAnava mana ko pahale kI apekSA adhika gaharAI ke sAtha nApakara use zilpagata navIna rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| isa prakAra Aja kI kahAnI nissandeha eka sImA taka Age bar3hI hai| usake viSaya cayana aura TekanIka donoM meM tAz2agI hai / para pratyeka kAla meM hone vAle svAbhAvika parivartanoM evaM vikAsa kA yaha agalA caraNa hai, use koI vizeSa nAma dene kI AvazyakatA mere samajha meM nahIM aatii| ataH naI pIr3hI ke kahAnIkAroM kI kahAniyoM ko lekara nae-purAne ke vivAda meM par3anA vyartha hai / pratyeka yuga meM kalAtmaka abhivyakti navIna upAdAna aura sAdhana grahaNa karatI hai / premacanda aura jainendra jaba kahAnI-sAhitya kI racanA kara rahe the to unhoMne bhI yugAnukUla upAdAna aura sAdhana grahaNa kie the / ataH Aja kI naI pIr3hI se kahAnI-lekhakoM kI racanAoM meM bhI viSayagata aura zailIgata nAvinya milatA hai, jo kisI ko koI vivAda nahIM uThAnA cAhie / ___abhI-abhI maiMne Upara kahA hai ki jIvana kavitA ke pIche rahatA hai, kintu upanyAsa aura kahAnI ke Age rahatA hai| isIlie yaha kahanA ki kahAnI Adhunika bhAva-bodha kA bhAra vahana karane meM asamartha hai, vaijJAnika nahIM hai| Adhunika jIvana ke vibhinna pArzva Aja kI hindI kahAniyoM meM saralatApUrvaka dekhe jA sakate haiN| unake pIche deza aura samAja ke pichale 25-30 varSoM kA itihAsa bola rahA hai, aura bola rahA hai Adhunika yuga-bodha evaM bhAva-bodha apane acche bure raMgoM evaM vibhinna AyAmoM ke sAtha / itanA hI nahIM unameM Adhunika mana ko kuredane kA

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88 /dhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva prayAsa dRSTigocara hotA hai / ye kahAniyA~ hamAre Adhunika jIvana ko jhakajhora dene vAlI kahAniyA~ haiM / ina kahAniyoM meM premacanda yazapAla tathA jainendra- 'ajJeya' kI kahAnI paramparAtroM kA sundara samanvayAtmaka nirvAha milatA hai| sAtha hI viSaya, zailI aura vicAroM kI dRSTi se unameM tAz2agI bhI haiM / pratyeka dRSTi se hama unameM se kucha ko - zreSTha kahAniyA~ kaha sakate haiM / 1950 se 1965 taka ke 15 varSoM kI svAtaMtryottara nirvAha kahAniyoM kI upalabdhiyoM ko khojanA cAheM to * kaThinAI nahIM hogI - mohana rAkeza kI 'misa pAla', kamalezra kI 'khoyI huI dizAe~, nareza mehatA kI 'anabItA vyatIta', rAjendra yAdava kI "TUTanA', amarakAnta kI ' jindagI aura joka', nirmala varmA kI 'landana kI eka rAta', phaNIzvaranAtha reNu kI 'tIsarI kasama', bhISma sAhanI kI 'cIpha kI dAvata', mArkaNDeya kI 'haMsA jAI akelA', kRSNA sobatI 'kI 'sikkA badala gayA', mannU bhaNDArI 'kI 'AkAza ke AIne meM', uSA priyaMvadA kI 'z2idagI aura gulAba ke phUla, sureza sinahA kI "eka aparicita dAyarA, ravIndra kAliyA kI 'bar3e zahara kA AdamI', * jJAnaraMjana kI 'phensa ke idhara aura udhara', tathA sudhA aror3A kI eka avivAhita pRSTha' / ina mahatvapUrNa kahAnIkaroM kI gata pandraha varSoM kI ye upalabdhiyA~ haiM / unhoMne svAtaMtryottara kAla kI hindI kahAnI ko naI dizA hI nahIM dI, varan bhASA ko naI prarthavattA dI hai / caritroM ko abhinava yathArtha ke nae paripArzva die haiM evaM mAnava - mUlya tathA maryAdA evaM samakAlIna jIvana meM sannihita Adhunika saMcetanA ko abhivyakta kara navIna sthitiyoM ko garimA dI hai| jIvana ke parivartita sandarbha evaM pariprekSya aura navIna satya unake mAdhyama hindI pAThakoM ke sammukha prAte haiM vAstava meM kahAnI kalA apane meM svatantra aura pUrNa kalA hai aura vaha jIvana ke gambhIratama kSaNoM ko AkarSaka DhaMga se prastuta karane kI kSamatA rakhatI hai / isa kalA meM jIvana kI adbhuta pakar3a hai / usake - dvArA jIvana ke jaTila se jaTila parata saralatApUrvaka ughAr3e jAte

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/86 haiM / racanA-vidhAna kI dRSTi se nissandeha usakI apanI sImAe~ haiM aura vaha jIvana ko usakI samagratA ke sAtha apane meM sameTa lene meM bhI akSama rahatI haiM, to bhI jIvana ke jisa bindu para kahAnI kI dRSTi par3atI hai, vaha bar3I gaharAI ke sAtha use mApa letI hai / vaha jIvana se apane DhaMga se jUjhatI hai , kintu jUjhatI avazya hai / hindI kA hI nahIM saMsAra kA kahAnI-sAhitya isakI puSTi karatA hai| aura, Aja kA jIvana to itanA vizAla, bahumukhI aura durUha evaM jaTila ho gayA hai ki use usakI samagratA ke sAtha mahAkAvyakAra kI bhA~ti dekhanA asambhava hai / Aja to use eka sAtha na dekhakara vibhinna pAryoM aura koNoM se hI dekhA jA sakatA hai / jIvana-gata satya ko AMzika rupa meM kramaza: anubhUta kara usake pUrNatva taka pahuMcA jA sakatA hai / lekhaka yadi jIvana-gata satya ko AMzika rupa meM hI prApta kara le to use saphala kahA jaaegaa| isa prakAra kI A~zika abhivyakti ke lie kahAnI upayukta mAdhyama hai| kahAniyoM meM vyakta jIvana-khaNDoM ko milAkara dekhane se jIvana kA saccA 'paiTarna' dikhAI de sakatA hai / Az2a kA kahAnI-lekhaka apanI kalA kI prakRti ke anusAra nava-yugIna saMvedanAoM ko prApta karate hue, navIna samasyAoM kI cunautI svIkArate hue nita navIna se jUjha rahA hai aura jo usake lie nitAnta svAbhAvika hai / vaha kalA kI utkRSTatA kI ora yadi saceta hai, to jIvana-satya ko gaharAI se dekhane, jIvana ke prati apanI niSThA vyakta karane ke prati bhI satata prayatnazIla hai / truTiyoM ke rahate hue bhI usameM zakti haiupara ullikhita kahAniyA~ yA Aja likhI jAne vAlI dUsarI kahAniyA~ isakA pramANa haiN| mAtra likhane kI lata rakhane vAle kahAnI-lekhakoM ko chor3akara athavA saMsAra se vItarAga hue lekhakoM ko chor3akara athavA vigata zatAbdI ke 'kalArthe kalA' vAle siddhAnta meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle kalAkAroM ko chor3akara, anya koI jAgarUka aura saceta lekhaka jIvana-saMgrAma se alaga

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60/prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva nahIM raha sakatA / use apane aura apane cAroM ora ke samAja ke prati apane uttaradAyitva kA nirvAha karanA par3atA hai / lekhaka eka vyakti hai / vyakti hone ke nAte vaha akelA nahIM hai| usakA ghaniSTha sambandha samAja se, aura antatogatvA rASTra se, rahatA hai| apane samAja aura rASTra meM jo kucha ghaTita hotA hai, usake prati kahAnI-lekhaka yA koI bhI kalAkAra udAsIna nahIM raha sakatA / hindI meM zAyada hI koI aisA kahAnI-lekhaka hai jo apane ko bhAratIya kahane aura apanI kalA meM 'bhAratIyapana' baratane meM saMkoca kA anubhava karatA ho (una eka yA do kahAnIkAroM ko apavAdasvarUpa hI samajhanA cAhie, jo apanI preraNA ke srota videzoM meM khojate haiM aura ceka athavA amarIkana sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ko prakAza meM lAne kA dAyitva' bar3e ImAnadArI se nibAha rahe haiM ! )-vizeSa rUpa se Aja jaba svatantra bhAratIya jIvana kI nIMva sudRr3ha banAnA pratyeka nAgarika kA punIta kartavya hai| yaha ThIka hai, kucha loga aise bhI haiM jo deza kI navAjita svataMtratA aura sAhitya-racanA kA koI paraspara sambandha nahIM mAnate / unakI dhAraNA hai ki lekhaka to basa likhatA hai / samAja aura rASTra meM kyA hotA hai, isase usakA koI sambandha nahIM / bhArata meM hI. nahIM, yUropa meM bhI isa prakAra kI vicAradhArA kA astitva pAyA jAtA hai / kucha loga aise bhI haiM, jinake atIta aura vartamAna meM antara hai yA jinake vicAroM meM santulana nahIM hai yA jo mAnasika ulajhana meM par3e idhara-udhara bhaTaka rahe haiM / kheda kA viSaya hai ki Aja ke kahAnIsAhitya ke kSetra meM kaI taruNa kintu pratibhAzAlI lekhaka mahatvAkAMkSA kI vedI para apanI kalA kI bali car3hA rahe haiN| nissandeha ve bhUla jAte haiM ki vartamAna rASTrIya jIvana meM unakA kyA aura kisa prakAra kA sakriya bhAga ho sakatA hai / sAhitya aura sAhityakAra kA Aja se nahIM, mAnava-itihAsa ke Adima kAla se, mAnava sabhyatA ke vibhinna vikAsa-kAloM meM atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| laya, gati, yati, kalpanA Adi kA Azraya grahaNa kara sAhitya aura kalA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 31 mAnava mana ko prabhAvita evaM abhibhUta karatI rahI hai / viSayagata aura zailIgata parivartanoM ke bAvajUda sAhitya aura kalA ne abhI taka apanA yaha maulika rUpa vismRta nahIM kiyA / Adhunika vaijJAnika aura TekanolaoNjikAla pragati ke yuga meM bhI usameM koI prakRtyA parivartana hotA dRSTigocara nahIM ho rahA / lekhaka yA kalAkAra kA yuga-bodha, bhAvabodha, saMvedanazIlatA usake cetana jIvana aura avacetana mana ko saMcAlita karatI rahatI hai / tadanukUla usakI zabdAvalI, bhASA, zailI Adi meM parivartana honA anivArya ho jAtA hai / Izvara ke racanA- vidhAna meM yaha bar3I adbhuta bAta dRSTigocara hotI hai ki eka vyakti kI bhAva-sRSTi dUsare vyakti kA anubhUta viSaya bana jAtI hai / lekhaka kI vAraNI preraNAjanya hotI hai | preraNA - janya hone ke kAraNa lekhaka yA kalAkAra kI sarjanAtmaka pratibhA kA antima sambandha jIvana se sthApita ho hI jAtA hai / vaise yUropa aura bhArata meM aise vicAraka bhI rahe haiM jinhoMne kevala abhivyaMjanAgata vidhAna ko hI mahatva diyA, kintu saMsAra kA sAhitya unake mata kI satyatA pramANita nahIM karatA / prema, bhaya, ghRNA Adi vizva-sahitya ko udvelita karate rahe haiM; sAhitya meM manuSya kA 'rAvaraNatva' aura 'rAmatva' donoM alaga-alaga rUpoM meM yA saMgharSa ke rUpa meM citrita hote rahe haiM / mana ke isa saMgharSa ke atirikta Aja vijJAna aura audyogIkaraNa - janya viSamatAoM se bhI usakA saMgharSa hai / itanA hI nahIM, vaha vijJAna ke navInatama aviSkAroM ke prakAza meM apane jIvana aura apane tana ko mApane kA abhUtapUrva prayAsa kara rahA hai| isa sabakA prabhAva usake sAhitya, usakI kalA, usakI zailI Adi para par3a rahA hai / sAtha hI, vaha navIna manovaijJAnika, sAmAjika, naitika, Arthika, rAjanItika Adi vibhinna samasyAoM se jUjha rahA hai / AdhunikatA kA dAvA karane vAlA koI bhI cetana lekhaka yA kalAkAra ina bAtoM se vimukha nahIM raha sakatA / vimukha rahanA usake lie AtmahatyA ke barAbara hogA / kathAkAra ko to isa ora aura bhI saceSTa honA hai / mAnava

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62/prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva sabhyatA kI vartamAna krAisisa ke bIca use sira U~cA rakhanA hai, yadi ve apane ko jAgarUka aura 'jIvita' lekhaka yA kalAkAra kahalAnA cAhate haiM / ho sakatA hai, Adhunika mazInoM kI ghar3aghar3AhaTa ke bIca jAgarUka lekhaka yA kalAkAra ko paramparAnumodita kalA-mAdhyama aura bhASA-zailI se bhinna mAdhyama aura bhASA-zailI grahaNa karanI par3e, jo saMbhavata: saundarya kI kasauTI para kharI na utare, kintu usake pIche usakI jIjiviSA hogI, usakI sarjanAtmaka pratibhA hogI / yadyapi kahanA hI yatheSTa nahIM hai. kyoMki 'kaise aura kyA kahA gayA hai', yaha bhI dekhane kI bAta hai, to bhI vaha kucha kahegA / vaha caumukhI yathArthatA ko hRdaya rasa meM pagA kara kalpanA ke sahAre vyakta karegA / isake atirikta lekhaka yA kalAkAra ko yaha bAta bhI dhyAna meM rakhane kI hai ki grAje duniyA meM cAroM ora nIce ke loga Upara uTha rahe haiM / unakI boliyA~, zabdAvalI, rUpaka, kahAvata - muhAvare, rahana-sahana kA DhaMga grAge A rahA hai / ye loga ve haiM jo vaijJAnika vRtti rakhe binA hI vijJAna kA prasAda prApta kara jIvana ko sukhamaya banAnA cAhate haiM / isase sthiti jaTila ho gaI hai / isalie, kyA kahA jAtA hai, kaise kahA jAtA hai, isakA mahatva kisI prakAra bhI kaMma nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / mAnava jIvana ke vartamAna saMkramaNa kAla meM jaba vaijJAnika pragati aura nIce se Upara uThe hue loga paramparAgata mAnavajIvana kI cunautI de rahe haiM, lekhaka yA kalAkAra kA uttaradAyitva aura bhI adhika bar3ha jAtA hai / isake atirikta Aja ke vizva meM darAra par3a gaI hai| mRtyu ke bhayAvaha bAdala ma~DarAte rahate haiM / ghRNA, hiMsA aura pratizodha kI bhAvanAe~ prabala ho rahI haiN| tRtIta mahAyuddha kI sambhAvanA dRSTigocara hotI jA rahI hai| pratyeka deza kI apanI-apanI asaMkhya durUha samasyAe~ bhI haiM / aise saMtrasta evaM uthala-puthala vAle vizva meM sAmAnya jana sukha-zAnti cAhatA hai | kaisI viDambanA hai ! usa para bhI Upara ke loga vibhinna pracAra-sAdhanoM dvArA use vibhrAnta karane evaM dizAhArA kI bhA~ti bhaTakate rahane ke lie bAdhyatA utpanna karane kI aura nirantara

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 63 prayatnazIla rahate haiM / phalataH vaha digbhramita hai / svayaM apane deza meM 'rAmarAjya' kA svapna dekhane vAle hatAza haiM aura deza kI uttarI sImA, alaMghya himAlaya, videzI zrAtatAyiyoM dvArA AkrAMta hai / videzI AkramaNa se na kevala hamArI navArjita svatantratA, varan hamArI dIrghakAlIna jIvana-paddhati bhI qhatare meM par3a gaI hai / hamAre sAmAjika jIvana meM eka aura pragati kI Ar3a meM yUropa aura amarIkA kA bhaddA anukaraNa hai, to dUsarI ora Arthika viSamatA kA ghora santApa / a~garejI sAmrAjyazAhI kA anta karana lene ke bAda hama bhAratavAsI Atma maMthana aura Atma-vizaleSaNa dvArA apanA jIvana-krama svayaM nirdhArita karane cale the / kintu jIvana kI vartamAna dezI-videzI paristhiti meM kyA vaha saMbhava hai ? hama saba prakAra ke bhautika aura AdhyAtmika prabhAvoM se mukta honA cAhate haiM, vyakti ko pUrNa banAnA cAhate haiM, antara aura bAhya meM santulana sthApita karanA cAhate haiM aura koI bhI vyakti jo lekhaka yA kalAkAra hone kA dAvA karatA hai, use ina bAtoM se adhika priya aura ho hI kyA sakatA hai / vaha to sabhI prakAra kI muktiyoM kA dAtA hai / zarta yahI hai ki usameM samajha aura antardRSTi honI cAhie / usameM 'hyUmaina eMjIniyariMga' kI pratibhA honI caahie| tabhI vaha svayaM udbuddha hokara dUsaroM ko udbuddha kara sakatA hai aura pUrNa mAnava kI pratiSThA kara sakatA hai, apane aura apane cAroM ke prora bhautika, naitika aura AdhyAtmika jhAr3a-jhaMkhAr3a dUra kara vaha eka aise unmukta aura svacchanda vAtAvaraNa kA sRSTi kara sakatA hai jisameM manuSya manuSya ke rUpa meM jIvita raha sake / astu, sAhityakAra hone ke nAte hindI ke kahAnIkAroM kA mukhya lakSya mAnava kI, mAnavAtmA kI rakSA karate hue apane deza kI sabhI prakAra kI vikRtiyA~ dUrakara navArjita svatantratA kI rakSA karanA honA cAhie / Aja ke kahAnakAroM ne samaya rahate hI apanA mahatI uttaradAyitva samajhA hai aura bar3I sUjha-bUjha sAtha choTe-choTe jIvana khaNDoM ko anuvIkSaNa yaMtra se dekhanA prArambha kiyA hai aura sthAnIya pracAra

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14/prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva vicAra, rIti-nIti, bhASA, viziSTa zabdAvalI, jIvana kI raMgInI Adi kA samAveza kara kalAtmaka vaiziSTya utpanna kiyA hai ( de: nareza mehatA, mohana rAkeza, kamalezvara, rAjendra yAdava aura amarakAnta kI kahAniyA~ ) / kucha kahAniyoM meM lokagAthAtmakatA pramukha hotI huI dRSTigocara hotI hai ( de: phaNIzvaranAtha reNa, zaileza maTiyAnI yA mArkaNDeya kI khaaniyaaN)| ve 'ainekDoTala' ho jAtI haiM / nArI kathAkAroM ne bhI Aja ke jIvana kI parivartanazIlatA aura nArI-sambandhI mUlyoM ko bar3I mArmikatA se abhivyakta kiyA hai ( deH uSA priyaMvadA, kRSNA sobatI, mannU bhaNDArI, zivAnI, zaSiprabhA zAstrI, anItA aulaka, vinItA pallavI, sudhA aror3A kI kahAniyA~ ) / jIvana kI AzAnirAzA, bhagna AkAMkSAe~, viSamatA, viSailApana, kaTutA Adi saba kucha unameM hai| kintu itane para bhI eka ora to unake aura paramparA ke bIca meM vibhAjana-rekhA khIMcanA dustara kArya hai, to dUsarI ora unheM 'naI kavitA' ke samakakSa bhI nahIM rakhA jA sakatA, kyoMki Aja kI kahAnI meM samAja-sApekSatA hai, saMgharSa hai| vaha vAhyAbhimukha hai / vaha hameM cunautI detI hai| 'naI kavitA' meM sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika jIvana kI viSamatA ke phalasvarUpa utpanna ghuTana hai / apavAda donoM meM haiM, kintu vyApaka rUpa se kahAnI aba bhI kahAnI hai / kathAnaka kA hrAsa to saMsAra bhara kI kahAniyoM meM dRSTigocara hotA hai| kintu isakI kSatipUrti pAtra ke caritra, usake mana ko kuredane aura usake vyaktitva ko ubhArane meM ho jAtI hai ( deH sureza sinahA, ravIndra kAliyA tathA jJAnaraMjana kI kahAniyA~ ) / kucha kahAniyA~ aisI bhI haiM jinheM saralatApUrvaka rekhAcitra, nibaMdha, saMsmaraNa aura riportAja, inameM se kisI eka kI koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai / pazcima meM kahAnI-sAhitya ke vikAsa para dRSTi rakhate hue isa bAta para Azcarya nahIM honA cAhie, kyoMki vahA~ usakI jar3a eDIsana aura sTIla ke 'skecez2a' meM milatI hai| pazcima meM

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/15 bhI kathAnaka ko 'sTorI pauyaz2ana' kahA jAne lagA hai / eka Alocaka ne likhA hai : The modern story-teller has not dispensed with incident or anecdote or plot and all their concomitants, but he has changed their nature. There is still adventure; but it is adventure of the mind...... Adventure for the moderns is an adventure through the jungle of human nature.' kyA Aja kI hindI kahAnI ke sambandha meM yaha kathana akSarazaH satya siddha nahIM hotA ? vAstava meM Aja kI kahAnI meM vAtAvaraNa aura sAmAjika pariprekSya kI pradhAnatA ho calI hai| ghaTanA aura pAtroM kI avatAraNA kisI vaicArika vizeSatA yA 'mUDa' yA jIvana kA koI vizeSa pakSa ubhArane kI dRSTi se adhika hotI hai aura usa samaya usameM nibaMdhagata vizeSatAe~ dRSTigocara hone lagatI haiN| ____ ina saba viSayagata aura zailIgata navInatAoM ke bAvajUda Aja kI kahAnI ko purAnI paramparA se ekadama vicchinna dhArA mAna lenA asaMgata .hogaa| prathamataH, to Aja kI kahAnI apanI janmajAta paramparA kA bhAra vahana kara rahI hai, apane DhaMga se kara rahI hai, yaha dUsarI bAta hai aura jo svAbhAvika bhI hai / dvitIyataH, jIvana aura vaicArika evaM kalAtmaka paramparAoM ko khaNDa-khaNDa rUpa meM dekhanA unheM grAmya-bhAva se dekhanA hai / vizva-vyApI parivartana kA mUla aura sarvAdhika nikaTa kAraNa dvitIya mahAyuddha kI vinAzakArI lIlA hai| usa samaya manuSya ne apane ko : phaikensaTAina' kA AviSkAraka pAyA,apane ko 'bhasmAsura' ke rUpa meM pAyA, jisake phalasvarUpa usakI apane meM hI AsthA hila uThI / aisI paristhiti meM dharma, jJAna-vijJAna, darzana Adi sabhI kSetroM meM purAnI mAnyatAoM aura bhAvabhUmiyoM kA dhvasta honA svAbhAvika thaa| sAtha hI naI mAnyatAoM evaM AsthAoM aura bhAvabhUmiyoM kI nizcita sthApanA ke abhAva meM tanAva, arAjakatA tathA nirarthakatA kA bodha honA bhI svAbhAvika hai|

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66 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva Aja ke jIvana kI vAstavikatA kI jaTilatA ko AtmasAt karanA sarala nahIM hai / phalataH asantoSa aura vikSobha utpanna honA bhI prAzcaryajanaka nahIM / kintu nirAzA aura avasAda ke kSaNoM meM sazakta prasthAvAn svara parilakSita hotA hai, isa tathya ko bhI asvIkArA nahIM jA sakatA / sUkSmAtisUkSma vindu para AdhArita evaM vikasita sAhityopalabdhi meM mAnavatA jhA~katI dRSTigocara hotI hai / isake atirikta svatantratA prApti ke bAda ke rASTrIya jIvana kI viSamatAe~ aura abhizApa tathA aMsagatiyA~ to sarvavidita hI haiM / dvitIya mahAyuddhottarakAlIna antarrASTrIya aura rASTrIya jIvana kI paristhitiyoM se kahAnI ne nayA svara grahaNa kiyA, to koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai, kyoMki, jaisA pahale kahA jA cukA hai, kahAnI jIvana ko Age rakhakara calatI hai / usake lie naI-naI dizAe~ khulI haiM / usakA eka nizcita lakSya hai - svastha samAja meM svastha vyakti / usameM kuNThA, ghuTana, romAMsa Adi ke prati Asakti vilkula nahIM hai, yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ina bAtoM kA sAhitya meM bilkula astitva na rahA ho yA Age nahIM rahegA, yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / manuSya hai to kuMThAe~ aura romAMsa bhI rahegA / kintu vyApaka dRSTi se dekhane para lagatA hai ki Aja kA kahAnIkAra bhUkha aura seksa ke saMgharSa, mAnava jIvana ko sukhI banAne ke mArga meM bAdhAoM ko dUra karane, jIvana kI viSama paridhiyoM ko tor3ane, sAmAjika aura rAjanItika jIvana meM jhUTha aura fareba dUra karane Adi kI dRSTi se vyaMgyAstra dhAraNa kie hue nae kavi kI apekSA sAhasa aura pauruSa kA adhika paricaya de rahA hai / Aja ke kahAnIkAra ne badalate mUlya pahacAnane meM pUrNa sakSamatA prakaTa kI hai / vaha jIvana ko bhautika dRSTi se sukhI banAne meM vizvAsa to rakhatA hai, kintu usase bhI adhika vaha manuSya ko mAnasika aura Atmika dRSTi se tuSTa hote hue dekhanA cAhatA hai / antarrASTrIya aura rASTrIya paristhitiyoM ke phalasvarUpa Tukar3e-Tukar3e hue jIvana darpaNa ko vaha isa prakAra jor3anA cAhatA hai *

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 67. ki manuSya usameM aneka prativimboM ke sthAna para eka hI prativamba dekha ske| Aja kA madhyamavargIya kahAnIkAra kAyara aura Darapoka nahIM hai; usameM palAyana kI pravRtti nahIM hai / kavitA meM gatirodha kA prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai / kahAnI ke kSetra meM usakA prazna hI nahIM uThatA / naI pIr3hI ke kahAnIkAroM ne jIvana kI paristhitiyoM se morcA lene ke lie atyanta tvarita gati se paiMtarA badalA, piTepiTAe viSaya chor3e, piTIpiTAI TekanIka chor3I aura gatirodha ko pAsa phaTakane taka kA avasara pradAna na kiyA / samUce kahAnI - sAhitya meM, vyaktigata rUpa meM kucha kahAnIkAroM ko chor3akara, eka sUkSma sAmAjika yathArtha - bodha hai, jo usakI apanI paramparA kA navInatama saMskaraNa hai / Aja kI AdhunikatA se otaprota lekhaka zaMkAlu hone ke sAtha yathArthonmukha hogA hI / vivaza hokara use jIvana-satya svIkAra karanA hI par3atA hai, kyoMki jIvana aura vyakti meM itanA adhika naikaTya A gayA hai ki usakI lapaToM se murde hI baca sakate haiM | nissandeha hamAre taruNa kahAnIkAra murde nahIM haiM / ve gatizIla haiM, vibhinna dizAoM kI ora agrasara haiM / yaha eka mahatvapUrNa bAta hai / * hama apane ko kalyANa rAjya kA nAgarika kahate haiM / hama gaNataMtrAtmaka samAjavAdI vyavasthA sthApita karanA cAhate haiM / ataH bhItara aura bAhara ke sabhI zatruoM para kar3I nigAha rakhanI Avazyaka hai / apane deza aura apane cAroM ora ke nikaTavartI jIvana para dRSTi rakhate hue, 'bhAratIyapana ' para dhyAna rakhate hue, hamAre lekhakoM ko saMsAra ke anya mUrddhanya lekhakoM ke sAtha bhI qadama-se-qadama milAkara calanA hai / santoSa kA viSaya hai ki sarvathA nae kathAkAroM kI eka naI paramparA bana rahI hai, jo apanI kalA ke isa garimApUrNa uttaradAyitva ke prati saceta haiM / yaha dekhakara Azcarya hotA hai ki sAmAjika dAyitva - bodha aura jIvana-yathArtha ke udghATana kA dAvA karane vAle lekhaka 1650 ke pazcAt dasa varSa ke antargata hI Atma-paraka vizleSaNa - dhArA ko AtmasAta kara vaiyaktika cetanA ko citrita karane lage, jise pahale ve

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28 / zrAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva nindanIya batAte the, aura kahAnIkAroM ko 'DAkTaroM' kI saMjJA dekara unake adhyayana kakSa ko oNparezana thieTara kI saMjJA dete the aura unake pAtroM ko asvastha evaM vikAragrasta ghoSita karate the / mohana rAkeza kI 'kaI eka akele', 'z2aqhma' tathA 'sephTIpina', nareza mehatA kI 'anabItA vyatIta', 'eka samarpita mahilA' tathA 'eka itizrI', rAjendra yAdava kI 'eka kaTI huI kahAnI', 'kinAre-se-kinAre taka' tathA 'choTe-choTe tAjamahala', kamalezvara kI 'talAza', 'Upara uThatA huA makAna', 'mA~sa kA dariyA', nirmala varmA kI 'antara', 'dahalIz2a', 'parAe zahara meM', zrIkAnta varmA kI 'zavayAtrA', 'Torso', mannU bhaNDArI kI 'tIsarA AdamI', uSA priyaMvadA kI 'machaliyA~' Adi kahAniyA~ isa tathya ko spaSTa karatI haiM / jisa prakAra ina kahAnIkAroM ne 1950 meM jainendra- ajJaya' - paramparA ke prati 'vidroha' karake sAmAjika yathArtha kI dhArA ko nae rUpa meM vikasita kiyA, usI prakAra 1960 ke bAda sarvathA nae kahAnIkAroM kI eka paMkti bar3I tatparatA se 'vidroha' karatI dRSTigocara hotI hai aura grAja kI kahAnI ko punaH grAtma-parakatA se haTA kara jIvana se sambaddha karane kI dizA meM prayatnazIla lakSita hotI hai / sureza sinahA kI 'mRtyu aura ..... 'kaI kuhare', 'taTa se chuTe hue, ravIndra kAliyA kI bar3e zahara kA AdamI', 'itavAra kA eka dina', jJAnaraMjana kI 'phensa ke idhara aura udhara', 'pitA', vinItA pallavI kI 'rAta aura dina', 'sAtha hote hue', sudhA aror3A kI 'eka avivAhita pRSTha', 'eka seMTImeMTala DAyarI kI mauta' Adi kahAniyoM ko Upara ullikhita kahAniyoM ke kanTrAsTa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai-- jahA~ taka jIvana se sambandhita hone kA prazna hai / unhoMne kalA kA Adarza pA liyA hai, yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kintu unake qadama usa ora bar3ha rahe haiM, yaha dekhakara hindI kahAnI - sAhitya ke ujjvala bhaviSya kI ora saMketa kiyA jA sakatA hai / ye kahAniyA~ par3hakara eka niSkarSa yaha avazya nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki lekhaka svayaM madhya varga ke haiM aura unhoMne

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 66 adhikAMzataH madhya varga ke vidrUpatA aura kurUpatApUrNa jIvana kA citraNa kiyA hai / unhoMne apane vargIya jIvana ke khaNDita darpaNa meM apane cehare dekhe haiM / nissaMdeha saMsAra ke lagabhaga sabhI dezoM meM sAhitya aura kalA ke kSetra meM netRtva ucca aura aba prAjakala, madhya varga ke hAtha meM rahA hai / vartamAna rUsa apavAda svarUpa hai / vahA~ to maz2adUra kaviyoM kA AvirbhAva ho rahA hai / madhyavargIya lekhaka yA kalAkAra bhI maz2adUroM kA, zoSitoM- pIr3itoM kA varNana karatA hai, yA kara sakatA hai, kintu vaha kevala bauddhika sahAnubhUti hogI / yahI kAraNa hai ki ina nae kahAnIlekhakoM ne apane ko vargIya jIvana taka hI sImita rakhA hai| unakI sacAI kI dAda die vinA nahIM rahA jA sktaa| unakA sAhasa sarAha - nIya hai / ina kahAnIkAroM meM bhaviSya ke prati gaharI sambhAvanAe~ haiM / unhoMne nikaTa atIta ke kahAnI - lekhakoM kI apekSA kalAtmaka yA zailIgata vizeSatAe~ prakaTa kI haiM / cetana - pravAha paddhati se dUra kA sambandha hote hue bhI unakI kahAniyoM meM niSkriyatA nahIM hai / unake pAtra apane mana se jUjhate hue hue sAmAjika paristhitiyoM se bhI jUjhate haiM / A kI naI pIr3hI ke kahAnIkAroM kI racanAoM se yaha bAta bar3I ! spaSTatA se lakSita hotI hai ki manuSya eka bhautika ikAI hai / vaha bAhara se sakriya to rahatA hI hai, bhItara se bhI sakriya rahatA hai / manuSya kisI bhI kSaraNa jar3a nahIM hai / sAmAjika ghAta-pratighAta se manuSya kA sampUrNa vyaktitva pratikriyA prakaTa karatA hai / ye kahAniyA~ yathArtha - pradhAna hotI haiM / unameM tvarita gati hotI hai aura ve kAla aura sthAna nirapekSa hotI haiM / unameM mAnava-mana kI graMthiyoM ko kholane kA prayAsa hotA hai, na ki kuMThita aura damita vyaktitva kA citraNa | mAnava mana kI graMthiyoM ko kholanA eka prakAra ke mAnasika recana kA upayoga karanA hai / phalataH ina kahAniyoM kA vyakti viSamatAoM aura kupravRttiyoM pIr3ita hone para bhI svastha haiM / ye racanAe~ samAja para karArA vyaMgya kasatI haiM aura -samAja ko apanI ora dekhane ke lie bAdhya karatI haiM / kahanA cAhie

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100/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva vyakti hI samAja kA rUpa dhAraNa kara, phalataH vyakti aura samAja meM samanvaya upasthita kara, nava-sarjana kI utkaNThA aura jIvanaparakatA vyakta karatA hai / ye kahAniyA~ yuga kI vyApaka cetanA se anuprANita haiN| unameM yadi kahIM navIna mUlyoM kI sthApanA nahIM bhI hai, to navIna mUlyoM kI ora saMketa avazya hI hai| saMketa isalie, kyoMki Aja kI kahAnI vyaMjanA pradhAna rahatI hai| unakA mUlAdhAra mAnavatAvAdI haimanuSya meM manuSya kI pahacAna aura manuSya kI naitika z2immedArI kA mAMgalika ruup|

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4 mUlya - maryAdA aura pratimAna isa samaya mere sAmane naI pIr3hI ke kahAnIkAroM kI kaI kahAniyA~ haiM, jinameM rAjendra yAdava kI 'pratIkSA', zrIkAnta varmA kI 'Torso' aura 'zava yAtrA', mArkaNDeya kI 'mAI' aura kucha kahAniyA~ rameza bakSI kI, nirmala varmA kI 'antara', mohana rAkeza kI 'jakhma' aura 'glAsa TaiMka', kamalezvara kI 'pIlA gulAba' Adi kahAniyA~ bhI haiM / ina kahAniyoM ko par3hane ke bAda maiM zrI mohana rAkeza kA yaha vaktavya par3hatA hU~ ki naI kahAnI ne mUlyoM kI maryAdA pahacAnI hai aura manuSya ko usake yathArtha pariveza meM dekhate hue nae pratimAna sthApita karane kI ceSTA kI hai / ina kahAniyoM ko par3hakara yaha kathana paraspara virodhI pratIta hotA hai / gata dasa varSoM meM seksa ke sambandha meM hamAre ye nae kahAnIkAra sImA kA paryApta aMzoM meM atikramaNa kara kAfI Age bar3ha gae haiM / strI-puruSa ke seksa sambandhoM, tanAva evaM kaTutA, mAnasika asaMtoSa Adi ko lekara to pahale bhI bahuta kahAniyA~ likhI gaI thIM / jainendra kumAra aura 'ajJeya' kI kahAniyA~ isa sambandha meM bar3I sUkSmatA se prastuta kI gaI thIM / 1950 ke pazcAt svAtaMtryottara kAla meM bhI kaI kahAnIkAroM ne usI paraMparA meM kaI acchI kahAniyA~ likhI thIM, jinameM rAjendra yAdava kI 'jahA~ lakSmI qaida hai', mohana rAkeza kI 'misa pAla', nareza mehatA kI 'cA~danI', amarakAnta kI 'eka asamartha hilatA hAtha', nirmala varmA kI 'lavarsa' Adi aneka kahAniyAM haiM, para usake bAda hI seksa - pradhAna kahAniyoM kA aisA daura prAyA jisase aisA AbhAsa hone lagA ki zAyada

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102 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva 'naI' kahAnI yahI hai / inameM se kucha kahAniyoM kA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai / ina kahAniyoM meM seksa ke chichale - se chichale stara ko uThAne meM bhI saMkoca nahIM kiyA gayA hai | lesbiyansa kI bhAvanA lekara - arthAt eka strI kA dUsarI strI se prema karanA aura Apasa meM hI kAma - bhAvanA kI tuSTi karanA - ina kahAnIkAroM ne racanAe~ kI / mArkaNDeya apanI kahAnI meM kathA - nAyikA ko bAtharUma meM nirAvaraNa kara naukara kI goda meM DAlakara vibhinna pratIkoM evaM prakriyAoM dvArA pAThakoM ke mana meM jugupsA utpanna karane kI ceSTA karate haiM / rAjendra yAdava ne 'pratIkSA' meM usI lesbiyana pravRtti ke AdhAra para do lar3akiyoM ko lekara eka kAfI lambI kahAnI kI racanA kara pAThakoM ko yaha samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki kAma bhAvanA kI tuSTi striyA~ Apasa meM hI kara sakatI haiM aura puruSoM ko striyoM ke sambandha meM udAra hokara saceta ho jAne kI AvazyakatA hai / nahIM ceteMge, to vivAha saMsthA kA DhAMcA bharabharA kara TUTate dera nahIM lagegI -- Akhira vivAha saMsthA mAtra seksa para hI to AdhArita hai na ! zrIkAnta varmA apanI kahAniyoM meM jIvana kA ghinaune se ghinaune satya khojakara ujAgara karane meM saMlagna haiM / jahA~ dUsare kahAnIkAra nae jIvana-satya ko pAne aura sAmAjika yathArtha kI gaharAiyoM ko spaSTa karane kI dizA meM nirantara prayatnazIla hai, vahA~ zrIkAnta varmA kI sArI prayatnazIlatA jIvana ke ghinaune satya ko pAne taka hI sImita hai, jaise mAnava jIvana kI yahI pUrNatA ho ! napuMsaka yA vRddha patiyoM kI yuvatI patniyoM ko kathAnaka kA AdhAra banAkara aura phira usake mAdhyama se hoTala ke veTara, makAna ke dUsare kirAyedAra yA pati-mitroM dvArA una yuvatI patniyoM ko satItva - mukti dilAne kI 'sajagatA' to svAtaMtryottara kAla kI hara sAtavIM kahAnI meM pAI jA sakatI hai / nirmala varmA 'antara' meM eka aurata kI blIDiMga kA citraNa 'rasamaya' DhaMga se karane aura pIr3Amaya anubhUti utpanna karane meM saMlagna

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 103 hote haiM, to mohana rAkeza 'jakhma' meM 'TUTe hue' AdamI ko madirA pilAkara sAMtvanA dilAne kI ceSTA karate haiM / rAjakamala caudharI aura rameza bakSI yauna-vAsanA ke vibhinna DhaMga aura 'uttejaka sthitiyoM kI navInatA khojane' ke dAyitva - nirvAha meM naI kalA ke AyAma khojane meM saMlagna rahate haiM aura isa prakAra jAne-mAne sabhI kathAkAra yauna kuMThAoM evaM varjanAoM ke vibhinna AyAmoM ko citraNa karane ko hI mUlya - maryAdA aura pratimAna samajha baiThe haiM aura ImAnadArI se isakA nirvAha bhI kara rahe haiM / yaha yAtrA yahIM nahI samApta hotI / 1960 ke bAda jahA~ isa pravRtti ke prati hama vidroha kI bhAvanA pAte haiM, vahIM kucha aise bhI nae kathAkAra haiM, jo ina pratikriyAvAdI tatvoM ko lekara hI apanI 'sRjanazIlatA' ko nae AyAma dene kI ceSTA kara rahe haiM / unhoMne jaise apane pichale dazaka se pratikriyAvAdI tatvoM ko apanI kahAniyoM meM mukharita karane kA dAyitva svIkAra kiyA hai aura aba ve usI ImAnadArI se usakA nirvAha karane kI dizA meM pravRtta ho rahe haiM / isa sambandha meM ekadama Aja ke kahAnIkAra kI eka kahAnI kA sandarbha diyA jA sakatA hai, jisameM eka pati apanI mAtA yA pitA ( isa samaya ThIka smaraNa nahIM hai ) ko sIr3hiyoM se Dhakelakara raktapAta karatA hai, kyoMki use apanI patnI se saMbhoga karane kA avasara nahIM milatA / unakI sabhI kahAniyA~ zrIkAnta varmA kI bhA~ti jIvana ke ghinaune satyoM ko khojane meM lagI huI haiM / isI prakAra anya kucha dUsare kathAkAra hai, jo apane par3osiyoM, mitroM yA sambandhiyoM ke yahA~ 'sAmagrI " khojane ke lie hI jAte haiM, tAki yauna bhAvanA kI pUrti ho sake / jagadIza caturvedI kI kaI kahAniyA~, vizeSatayA 'adhakhile gulAba', isI prakAra kI haiM / isa kuNThA, varjanA athavA pratikriyAvAdI tatvoM ke prati atirikta moha kA kAraNa kyA hai ? ise samajhate dera nahIM lagegI / svAtaMtryottara kAla meM bhAratIya jIvana kI paddhatiyoM meM grAmUlacUla parivartana AyA hai / pahale adhyAya meM isa bAta kI ora maiM spaSTa saMketa de cukA hU~ / yahA~ kevala do-eka bAteM

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104/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva spaSTa karanA cAhU~gA / svatantratA milane ke pazcAt bhAratavAsiyoM kI sArI AzAe~ dhvasta ho giiN| unhoMne pUre svAdhInatA-saMgrAma ke daura meM yaha kalpanA kara rakhI thI ki dAsatA kI zrRMkhalAoM ke samApta hone aura deza meM strazAsana sthApita hone ke pazcAt yaha zoSaNa, asamAnatA, Arthika parataMtratA aura nirdhanatA samApta hogI aura eka nayA yuga prArambha hogA, "jisameM ve svayaM bhAgIdAra hoNge| para svatantratA milane ke pazcAt aisA kucha nahIM huaa| dAsatA kI zRMkhalAe~ TUTI, videzI loga vApasa gae aura deza-bhakta netAoM ne zAsana kI bAgaDora sa~mAlI-mAtra isa parivartana ke aura kaI parivartana nahIM huaa| pahale videzI loga noMca-khasoTa karate the aura lUTa-pATa karate the, aba netA, unheM Age bar3hAne vAle tathA rAjanItika pArTiyoM ko lAkhoM kA candA dene vAle pUMjIpati loga noMca-khasoTa aura lUTa-pATa karane lage, jisameM klarka se lekara eMjIniyara, grovarasIyara, bA~dha banAne vAle, sahakAritA calAne vAle Adi dUsare adhikAra-prApta loga bhI apanI-apanI sImAoM meM sammilita ho ge| berojagArI, vaiSamya, nirdhanatA tathA dayanIyatA dina-pratidina bar3hatI gaI, jise bhASaNoM, lambe-lambe 'dAvoM, kAgaz2I A~kar3oM tathA TaiksoM ke bhAra se sAMtvanA dene kI ceSTA kI gii| isake phalasvarUpa naI pIr3hI meM kuNThA, varjanA, ghuTana, pIr3A-nirAzA tathA eka vicitra sI AzaMkA kA janma honA svAbhAvika hI nahIM, viSama paristhitiyoM kI anivAryatA bhI thii| yaha eka naI saMkrAnti thI, jisase saba stabdha the aura dizAhArA kI bhA~ti bhaTaka rahe the aura unheM koI rAha sujhAI nahIM par3a rahI thii| svAtaMtryottara kAla meM hamAre adhikAMza kahAnIkAra isI naI saMkrAnti kI dena haiM aura isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki isa saMkrAnti ko unhoMne pUrI yathArthatA se apanI kahAniyoM meM ujAgara kiyA hai| nirdhanatA kA abhizApa mohana rAkeza kI 'maMdI', dizA pAne kI AkulatA kamalezvara kI 'khoyI huI dizAe~,' dhUsakhorI aura bhraSTAcAra zrImatI vijaya cauhAna kI 'cainala' tathA mannU bhaNDArI kI 'inkamaTaiksa kara aura nIMda', vipannatA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/105 kI dhuTana amarakAnta kI dopahara kA bhojana', oNfisaroM ko paTAne kI aura lAbha uThAne kI pravRtti bhISma sAhanI kI 'cIfa kI dAvata', atyanta zikSita hone para bhI beroz2agArI, naukariyoM ke bhraSTAcAra tathA vibhrAntatA kI vyathA sureza sinahA kI 'nayA janma' tathA ravIndra kAliyA kI 'itavAra kA eka dina' Adi kahAniyoM meM bar3I sazaktatA, yathArthatA evaM sahajatA se abhivyakta huI hai aura pratyeka dRSTi se ye kahAniyA~ zreSTha kahAniyA~ haiM / para inakA palar3A Upara kI batAI kahAniyoM se bhArI nahIM hai, yaha satya hai| ___ina kahAnIkAroM ne bAda meM calakara pratyeka kuMThA, nirAzA evaM ghuTana ko lekara seksa se jor3a diyA aura ve apane ko adhikAdhika saMkucita karate gae jisase hrAsonmukha evaM pratikriyAvAdI tatvoM ko adhika prazraya milane lagA aura kahAniyoM kA samUcA daura eka svastha bindu se prArambha hokara vighaTanakArI dizA kI ora apratyAzita rUpa se mur3a gyaa| isane pratyeka jAgarUka evaM prabuddha pAThaka kA vismaya meM raha jAnA svAbhAvika hI thA / vAstava meM kahAnIkAra samAja kA jAgarUka praharI hotA hai / vaha samAja meM hI jItA hai aura usakI sArI sambhAvanAe~ sAmAjika pariveza meM hI banatI-bigar3atI haiN| usakI samasyAe~ samAja ke dUsare logoM se bhinna nahIM hotI aura usakI yathArthatA hI samAja kI yathArthatA hotI hai-yaha saba satya hai / para isase bhI bar3I eka bAta yaha hotI hai ki kahAnIkAra samAja meM rahatA hayA bhI usase Upara uThatA hai| tabhI vaha taTastha, niHsaMga aura nivaiyaktika bhAva se sArI samasyAoM, pAtroM evaM sthitiyoM ko yathArthaparaka DhaMga se prastuta kara pAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, use samAja meM rahate hue apane mana kI kuMThA, varjanA, nirAzA aura isI prakAra ke dUsare bhAvoM se jUjhate hue viSama paristhitiyoM se ubharanA par3atA hai| tabhI vaha kalAkAra banatA hai aura yahI yathArtha kalA kI jabardasta mA~ga hotI hai| aisA na hone para usameM mUlya-maryAdA pahacAnane kI kSamatA jAtI rahatI hai aura vaha pUrNatayA lIna bhAva se sAhitya-racanA karatA

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106 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva rahatA hai, aura aise-aise satyoM khoja nikAlatA hai. jo cauMkA dene vAle bhale hI hoM, kintu jinakA koI sthAyI mahatva nahIM hotA / taba unake apane jIvana ke sAre 'mUlya' unheM sAmAjika mUlya pratIta hone lagate haiM aura apanA yathArtha hI vyApaka yathArtha / yaha viDambanA nahIM to aura kyA hai | vAstava meM samAja meM sArI prAdhunikatA ke bAvajUda sAre mUlya seksa, kuMThA evaM nirAzA se hI sambandhita nahIM hote / pratyeka cIz2a kI apanI eka sImA hotI hai / lekhaka kA kAma saMketa denA hotA hai, kisI avAMchanIya sthiti kA rasamaya yA vistAra se citraNa karanA nahIM / yoM to jina sthitiyoM ko hama 'avAMchanIya' kahate haiM, ve bhI mAnava jIvana se se hI sambandhita hotI haiM; aura jaba unakA bhoktA svayaM manuSya hI hotA hai, to prazna uThAyA jA sakatA hai ki mUlya-maryAdA kI bAta kyoM uThAI jAe yA zlIlatA - azlIlatA kI samasyA kyoM uThAI jAe ? uttara sIdhA ho sakatA hai ki kucha bhI nahIM / strI-puruSa ke madhya, puruSa aura puruSa ke madhya tathA strI-strI ke madhya vaise to kucha bhI rahasyamaya nahIM aura phira sAhitya meM hI una para kyoM pratibaMdha lagAyA jAya-yaha bAta apane Apa meM bar3I manoraMjaka hai / samAja, sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ne kucha AcArasaMhitAe~ banAI haiM jinakA manuSya jAti pAlana karatI hai, jinase sAhitya achUtA nahIM raha sktaa| kalAkAra kA yaha karttavya ho jAtA hai ki vaha unhIM sthitiyoM ko ujAgara karane kA prayatna kare, jo samAja ke vyApaka pariveza meM upayogI siddha hoM aura maryAdA ke nae pratimAna sthApita kre| nae ubharane vAle mUlyoM ko ubhAranA aura unake yathArtha pariveza meM unheM citrita karanA kalAkAra kA uddezya hotA hai / para yaha bhI asvIkArA nahIM jA sakatA ki usake pAsa eka sUkSma cayana kI antardRSTi hotI hai jise sazakta aura sakSama banAnA bhI usakA uddezya hotA hai / binA isake to sAhitya arAjakatA kA aDDA ho jAegA aura sAhitya kI hara vidhA meM anAcAra-hI-anAcAra dRSTigata hone lagegA, jisameM

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/107 pragatizIlatA, AsthA evaM saMkalpa kA svara daba jAegA aura pratikriyAvAdI tatvoM kA sAhitya meM prabhutva sthApita ho jaaegaa| mujhe kheda hai svAtaMtryottara kAla meM atirikta Aveza evaM utsAha se 'navIna satyAnveSaNa' karane vAle anaginata lekhakoM ne apanI-apanI kahAniyoM meM aise-aise 'satya' dene kI hor3a lagAI, jinase sahayogI kahAnIkAra aura unako uchAlane vAle AlocakoM ko vismaya huA, para pAThakoM ke prabuddha samAja meM unakA kyA hazra huA hai, use yahA~ duharAne kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / satyaM zivaM sundaram kI bhAvanA AdhunikatA se kahIM adhika zaktizAlI hai, hamAre nae kahAnIkAroM ko yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie, kyoMki bhArata antatogatvA bhArata hI rahegA, nyUyaoNrka vAlA amarIkA, prAga vAlA cekoslovAkiyA yA landana vAlA briTena nahIM bana jaaegaa|

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kahAnIkAra kI pratibaddhatA aura ___sAmAjika dAyitva mUlya-maryAdA aura pratimAna ke sandarbha meM carcA karate samaya kahAnIkAra kI prativaddhatA aura sAmAjika dAyitva ke nirvAha kI carcA bhI uThatI hai / ye do bAteM aisI haiM, jinake sambandha meM Aja kI kahAnI meM bAra-bAra prazna uThAe jAte haiM aura apane-apane DhaMga se usakA uttara bhI diyA jAtA hai| pahale kahAnIkAra kI pratibaddhatA kI hI bAta leN| pratibaddhatA se hamArA kyA abhiprAya hotA hai yA lekhaka kA usase kyA Azaya hotA hai ? lekhaka use apanA ghoSaNA-patra kaha sakatA hai, apanA 'kamiTameNTa' kaha sakatA hai / pAThaka yA hama usa pratibaddhatA ko usakI kahAniyoM meM khojate haiM / pratibaddhatA kI kaI sImAe~ ho sakatI haiM--Arthika-rAjanItika, sAmAjika, pArivArika, vaiyaktika, Atmaparaka, kuNThAparaka, seksajanita, prAsthAhIna Adi-Adi yA ina sabakA samanvita virATa vodha kA AbhAsa dene vAlI prativaddhatA / isI sandarbha meM sAmAjika dAyitva kI bAta kahI jAtI hai, kyoMki AkhirakAra kahAnIkAra samAja kA jAgarUka praharI hotA hai aura samAja kI samasyAoM, pIr3A-vyathA, aAzA-nirAzA aura nae yathArtha kA svAbhAvika citraNa karanA hI usakA sAmAjika dAyitva hotA hai jisakA nirvAha karane kA prayAsa vaha karatA hai, yA kama-se-kama jisakA vaha dAvA karatA hai| sabase pahale svayaM 'naI' kahAnI kI pratibaddhatA para hI vicAra kareM, jo apane Apa sAmAjika dAyitva se jur3a jAtI hai, kyoMki 'samAja se

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dhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 106 asampRkta naI kahAnI ho hI nahIM sakatI' - yaha mAnakara hI 'naI' kahAnI kA janma huA thA / 'naI' kahAnI arthAt grAja kI kahAnI kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA usakA sAmAjika bodha hai / pichale kaI adhyAyoM meM svAtantryottara kAla kI bhAratIya jIvana-paddhati meM hue parivartanoM kI ora saMketa diyA jA cukA hai / jIvana-paddhati kI dRSTi se yaha eka nayA kAla thA / jisa pazcima kI jAti ke samparka meM hama eka lambe yuga taka rahe aura jisane hamArI jIvana-paddhati ke bArIka-se-bArIka reze ko prabhAvita kiyA thA, usakA yaha carama kAla thA / hamameM se eka aisA varga, jo bar3e nagaroM kA varga thA, rAtoM-rAta pAzcAtya sabhyatA, saMskRti, veza-bhUSA, AcAra-vyavahAra evaM bhASA-sAhitya ko apanA lenA cAhatA thA, kyoMki usake lie svatantratA kA artha vahI thA aura vaha kisI bhI rUpa meM pichar3e hue nirdhana deza kA nAgarika banA rahanA nahIM cAhatA thA / AdhunikatA ke lie khIMcatAna kadAcit itane dipama rUpa meM hamAre jIvana meM isI kAla se prArambha huii| isase hamAre jIvana meM bhI nizcita rUpa se akelepana yA ajanavIpana kI bhAvanA bar3hI aura vyakti samAja meM rahate hue bhI alaga-alaga ikAI banatA gayA aura usake astitva kI cintA use satAne lagI ! isakA kAraNa spaSTa thA / Arthika viSamatAe~ itanI bar3ha gaI thIM ki saMyukta parivAra prathA ke dhvaMsAvazeSa bhI zeSa na raha gae aura raha bhI nahIM sakate / bar3e nagaroM kI bAta chor3a deM, to kasboM evaM grAmoM meM bhI yahI alagAva kI pravRti bar3hatI gaI aura saMsthA meM se saMsthA, phira usameM se dUsarI saMsthA, isI prakAra saMsthAe~ banatI gaIM aura hara vyakti apane meM hI simaTa kara eka saMsthA bana gayA / svAtaMtryottara kAlIna bhAratIya jIvana-paddhati kA yaha sabase mahatvapUrNa parivartana thA aura isane hamAre naI kahAnIkAroM kA dhyeya bahuta AkRSTa kiyA / yahA~ taka ki pati-patnI, mAtA-pitA aura putra-putrI, bahana taka eka dUsare ke lie ajanabI aura aparicita se ho gae aura bhAI-bhAI aura bhAI

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110/prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva isa prakAra kI vibhinna sthitiyoM para Dhera sArI kahAniyA~ likhI gii| unheM hama isa prakAra kI koTiyoM meM rakha sakate haiM : 1-pati-patnI kA ajanabIpana-aAtmaparaka dRSTikoNa se : nareza mehatA kI 'anabItA vyatIta'. rAjendra yAdava kI : TUTanA' Adi khaaniyaaN| 2-pati-patnI kA ajanabIpana-sAmAjika sandarbho meM : sureza sinahA kI 'TakarAtA huA AkAza', manna bhaNDArI kI 'tIsarA AdamI' Adi khaaniyaaN| 3-mA~-putrI kA ajanabIpana-sAmAjika sandarbho meM : kamalezvara kI 'talAza' khaanii| 4-pArivArika ajanabIpana-sAmAjika sandarbho meM : sureza sinahA kI 'eka aparicita dAyarA', uSA priyaMvadA kI 'vApasI', ravIndra kAliyA kI 'itavAra kA eka dina' Adi kahAniyA~ / kRSNA sobatI kI 'badalI barasa gii'| 5-pArivArika ajanabIpana-Atmaparaka sandarbho meM : dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'yaha mere lie nahIM', sureza sinahA kI 'pAnI kI mInAreM', sudhA aror3A kI 'eka avivAhita pRSTha' tathA jJAnaraMjana kI 'zeSa hote hue' khaanii| 6-pitA-putrI kA ajanabIpana-Atmaparaka sandarbho meM : nirmala varmA kI 'mAyA darpaNa' khaanii| 7-bahina-bahina kA ajanabIpana-Atmaparaka sandarbho meM : nirmala varmA kI 'dahalIz2a' kahAnI / sAmAjika sandarbho meM : sureza sinahA kI 'vidA yAtrA kA AkhirI sUraja' / 8-dUsare nagara, samAja, logoM ke bIca meM jAne aura vahA~ apane ko misa phiTa pAne tathA ajanabI hone kI bhAvanA : nirmala varmA kI 'parAe zahara meM' (prAga),uSA priyaMvadA kI machaliyA~' (nyUyArka), rAmakumAra kI 'perisa kI eka zAma' (perisa), sureza sinahA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/111 kI 'aparicita zahara meM' (dillI) Adi kahAniyA~ jinameM kramazaH prAga, nyUyaoNrka, perisa aura dillI Adi nagaroM kI sthAnIya saMskRti, jIvana-pariveza evaM prAcAravyavahAra kI AdhunikatA ke bahAne yathArtha jIvana evaM mAnava mUlyoM ke vighaTana kI abhivyakti hai| jIvana meM ajanabIpana ke bAda hamAre jIvana meM jo dUsarA parivartana AyA hai, vaha hai pati-patnI ke nae sambandha-arthAt donoM ke vyaktigata ahaM, svatantra sattA evaM astitva, tanAva, kaTutA aura antima pariNati talAqa / isane bhI hamAre kahAnIkAroM ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA hai aura isa viSaya para kucha acchI kahAniyA~ dekhane meM AI haiM : 6- pati-patnI ke nae sambandha : Atmaparaka dRSTikoNa se : mohana rAkeza kI 'eka aura jindagI' tathA 'suhAgineM' Adi khaaniyaaN| 10-pati-patnI ke sambandha : sAmAjika sandarbho meM : dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'sAvitrI nambara do', manna bhaNDArI kI 'AkAza ke AIne meM' tathA sureza sinahA kI 'nIlI dhuMdha ke Ara-pAra' 'kaI kuhare' tathA 'murdA kSaraNa', uSA priyaMvadA' kI 'koI nahIM Adi khaaniyaaN| prema ke sambandha meM isa svAtaMtryottara kAla meM aneka parivartana dekhane ko mile haiM / isa kAla ke pUrva premacanda yA yazapAla kI prema-kahAniyoM meM jo sAmAjikatA yA jainendra kumAra aura 'ajJeya' kI prema-kahAniyoM meM jo bhAvukatA lakSita hotI thI, vaha isa kAla meM nahIM dikhAI par3atI aura prema-sambandhoM meM bhI svArtha, vAsanA, uddezya tathA apaneapane vyaktitvoM ke paraspara unmIlana kI saphalatA yA asaphalatA lakSita hotI hai / bhAvukatA se bharA huA prema isa kAla meM bahuta hI kama kahAniyoM meM dekhane ko milA hai| prema meM svArtha se abhiprAya usa sAmAjika parivartana se hai, jisameM nArI itanI 'Adhunika' aura 'pragatizIla' bana

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112/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva gaI ki use afasaroM, maMtriyoM evaM dUsare adhikAra prApta logoM se prema karane, nArItva becane aura svArtha-pUrti karane kA sAdhana banAyA gyaa| vAsanAtmaka prema to khaira lokapriya bAta hai, jo svAbhAvika bhI hai, aura vaha mAnava jIvana ke sAtha ghaniSTha rUpa se sambandhita hai / uddezya se abhiprAya usa naI cetanA se hai, jisameM nArI aura puruSa donoM prema karane ke pUrva yA eka dUsare ke prati AkarSita hone ke pUrva apane jIvana ke mahatI uddezyoM ke sandarbha meM eka dUsare ko socane lage / prema meM vyaktitva ke unmIlana kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki svAtaMtryottara kAla meM jisa naI cetanA kA vikAsa huA, usameM nArI kA eka nayA sazakta ahaM vikasita hotA dRSTigocara hotA hai| usakA apanA eka svatantra vyaktitva banA aura cUMki vaha Arthika rUpa se svAvalambinI bana cukI thI, isa lie nijI astitva kA bhI prazna uThA / puruSa kA apanA svataMtra astitva to pahale se khaira thA hii| isalie prema kI naI sthiti meM donoM hI apane-apane astitva ko miTAnA nahIM cAhate the, usake prati pratyeka kSaNa saceta rahate the / para caMki ve prema bhI karanA cAhate the, isalie ve eka vizeSa bindu taka apane-apane astitva ko eka dUsare meM milAne kA prayatna karate the, para usa bindu ko donoM hI pAra nahIM karanA cAhate the, kyoMki jisane vaha bindu pAra kiyA nahIM ki usakA astitva zUnya meM vilIna huA, jo donoM meM se kisI ko bhI gavArA nahIM thA / isalie yadi usa vizepa bindu para bAta bananI huI, to bana gaI, nahIM to bigar3a gii| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prema kI jo naI sthitiyA~ svAtantryottara kAla meM ubharIM, unameM donoM hI pakSa atirikta rUpa se 'kaoNnzasa' rahane lage aura bhAvukatA kA vahA~ koI mahatva zeSa na raha gyaa| yaha prema kA nayA yathArtha thA, jise kahAnIkAroM ne bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM apanI kahAniyoM meM citrita kiyaa| prema pratyeka kAla meM hI sAhityakAroM kA priya viSaya rahA hai : 11-prema aura svArtha : sAmAjika sandarbho meM : sureza sinahA kI

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva 113 'solahaveM sAla kI badhAI tathA viSNa prabhAkara kI dharatI aba bhI ghUma rahI hai' Adi kahAniyA~ / 12-prema aura bAsanA : Atmaparaka dRSTikoNa se nirmala varmA kI 'lavarsa', mohana rAkeza kI 'bAsanA kI chAyA meM', nareza mehatA kI 'varSA' bhIgI' tathA sudhA aror3A kI 'eka seMTImeMTala DAyarI kI mauta' Adi khaaniyaaN| 13-prema aura uddezya : sAmAjika sandarbho meM : manna bhaNDArI kI 'yahI saca hai'. kRSNA sobatI kI 'vAdaloM ke ghere', vinItA pallavI kI 'eka anaugA dina' prAdi kahAniyA~ / 14-prema aura uddezyaH Atmaparaka sandoM meM : nirmala varmA kI 'tIsarA gavAha', rAjendra yAdava kI 'choTe-choTe tAjamahala', sudhA aror3A kI 'eka mailI subaha' Adi khaaniyaaN| 15-prema aura astitva ke unmIlana kI samasyA: Atmaparaka sandarbho meM : nirmala varmA kI 'pikcara posTakArDa', nareza mehatA kI 'eka itizrI', mohana rAkeza kI 'pA~cave mAle kA flaiTa', rAjendra yAdava kI 'purAne nAle para nayA flaiTa', kamalezvara kI 'pIlA gulAba', upA priyaMvadA kI 'pacapana khambhe lAla dIvAreM', kRSNA sobatI kI 'DAra se bichar3I', mannU bhaNDArI kI gati kA cumbana', vinItA pallavI kI 'phAguna kA pahalA dina' Adi khaaniyaaN| 16-rAjanItika jIvana kI kahAniyA~ : mohana rAkeza kI 'malabe kA mAlika', nareza mehatA kI 'vaha marda thI', amarakAnta kI 'hatyAre', sureza sinahA kI 'vatana', phaNIzvaranAtha reNu kI 'paMca lAiTa', kamalezvara kI 'jaoNrja paMcama kI nAka' Adi kahAniyA~, jinameM vibhAjana, rAjanItika hathakaNDoM kA sAmAjika jIvana para prabhAva, paMcoM kI rAjanIti yA netAoM kI pravRtti Adi para vyaMgyapUrNa zailI meM citraNa hai|

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114/prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva 17-verojagArI kI kahAniyA~: amarakAnta kI 'inTaravyU' tathA sureza sinahA kI 'nayA janma' / ina donoM kahAniyoM meM Ajakala naukarI dene ke bahAne kie jAne vAle roz2agAra, inTaravyU kA nATaka, bhAI-bhatIjAvAda Adi yathArtha sthitiyoM ko lekara naI pIr3hI kI kuMThA, nirAzA evaM TUTana ko sAmAjika sandarbho meM yathArthatA se citrita kiyA gayA hai| 18-yAMcalika kahAniyA~:zaileza maTiyAnI, phaNIzvaranAtha reNa, mArkaNDeya Adi kI kaI kahAniyA~, jinameM kisI grAma vizeSa kI sthAnIya saMskRti, loka-vyavahAra kI bhASA, muhAvare tathA jIvana Adi kA yathArtha citraNa kiyA gayA hai / 16-bhraSTAcAra kI kahAniyA~: mohana rAkeza kI 'kAlA roz2agAra', zrImatI vijaya cauhAna kI 'cainala' tathA manna bhaNDArI kI 'inkamaTaiksa, kara aura nIMda' Adi kahAniyA~ / pIr3hiyoM kA saMgharSa isa svAtaMtryottara kAla meM eka pramukha samasyA rahI hai / yaha eka saMkrAnti kA yuga thA, jisameM purAne pratimAna TUTa rahe the aura nae mUlya ubhara rahe the| purAnI pIr3hI avizvAsa aura vicitra . AzaMkA se isa naI pIr3hI, nae ubharane vAle mUlyoM aura AdhunikatA kI navInatama pravRttiyoM ko dekha rahI thI aura naI pIr3hI ko sAre purAne pratimAna rUr3ha aura avyAvahArika pratIta ho rahe the / aisI sthiti meM donoM pIr3hiyoM meM saMgharSa honA svAbhAvika hI thA, jisakA anta purAnI pIr3hI kI parAjaya meM hI hotA thA, kyoMki sabhI kahAnIkAra naI pIr3hI ke the aura ve apanI pIr3hI ke vicAroM evaM AdarzoM kI sArthakatA tathA upayogitA kisI-na-kisI prakAra siddha karanA hI cAhate the / isa viSaya ko lekara kaI mArmika kahAniyA~ likhI gaI haiM , jinameM donoM pIr3hiyoM kI sUkSma-se-sUkSma bAteM bar3I bArIkI se yathArtha pariveza meM ubhArI gaI haiM / kintu mahatvapUrNa ve kahAniyA~ haiM jo sAmAjika sandarbho meM likhI gaI haiM / jaba Atmaparaka DhaMga se unakA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, to

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aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/115 ve kahAniyA~ bahuta sUkSma ho gaI haiM aura unameM phira vahI ajanabIpana, akelApana, kuMThA, AsthAhInatA tathA avizvAsa aura vibhrAntatA prA 20-pIr3hiyoM kA saMgharSa : sAmAjika sandarbho meM : dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'yaha mere lie nahIM', rAjendra yAdava kI 'pAsa-phela', mohana rAkeza kI 'jaMgalA', kamalezvara kI 'devA kI mA~', sureza sinahA kI 'subaha hone taka', uSA priyaMvadA kI 'khule hue daravAje', vinItA pallavI kI 'Upara-nIce', sudhA aror3A ko 'eka avivAhita pRSTha' Adi khaaniyaaN| 21- pIr3hiyoM kA saMgharSaH Atmaparaka dRSTikoNa seH nirmala varmA kI 'kutte kI mauta', jJAnaraMjana kI 'zeSa hote hue', sureza sinahA kI 'taTa se chuTe hue' Adi kahAniyA~ / 22-nArI jIvana ke Adhunika AyAmoM (prema-vivAha-naukarI Arthika sAmAjika sthitiyA~ tathA misafiTa hone kI pravRtti ) ko lekara likhI jAne vAlI kahAniyA~ : mohana rAkeza kI 'glAsaTaiMka', kamalezvara kI 'jo likhA nahIM jAtA', phaNIzvara nAtha 'reNu' kI 'Tebula', nareza mehatA kI 'dUsare kI patnI ke patra', rAjendra yAdava kI 'jahA~ lakSmI kaida hai', amarakAnta kI 'eka asamartha hilatA hAtha', sureza sinahA kI 'murdA kSaNa', vinItA pallavI kI 'kAle gulAba kA preta', uSA priyaMvadA kI 'jhUThA darpaNa', kRSNA sobatI kI 'sikkA badala gayA', mannU bhaNDArI kI 'kIla aura kasaka' tathA sudhA aror3A kI 'eka seMTImeMTala DAyarI kI mauta' Adi kahAniyA~ / 23-sAmAjika rUr3hiyoM para prahAra kI kahAniyA~ : dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'gala kI banno', bhISma sAhanI kI 'pahalA pATha' tathA 'samAdhi bhAI rAmasiMha', phaNIzvaranAtha 'reNa' kI 'tIrthodaka' mannU bhaNDArI kI 'sayAnI buaA' tathA sureza sinahA kI 'mRtyu

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Aja kI kahAno aura Adhunika pariveza vAstava meM Aja kI kahAnI ko samajhane ke lie usakI aAdhunikatA kyA hai, yaha samajhanA pahale Avazyaka hai| vaise to 'AdhunikatA' sApekSika zabda hai / samprati 'Adhunika' yA 'AdhunikatA' se kyA tAtparya hai, isa sambandha meM kAfI vAda-vivAda cala rahA hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki 'aAdhunikatA' jIvana aura sAhitya meM pahalI bAra AI ho, aisI bAta to nahIM hai / 'yAdhunikatA' to itihAsa meM samaya-samaya para AtI rahI hai aura AtI rhegii| Aja kA jIvana-krama to itanI tejI se badala rahA hai ki jaba taka hama eka prakAra kI 'yAdhunikatA' ko samajhane kI ceSTA karate haiM, taba taka dUsarI 'yAdhunikatA' A jAtI hai| sambhavata: Aja jaisI sthiti pahale kabhI nahIM utpanna huI thI, isalie pahale isa para vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'ii| Aja kI 'mAdhunikatA' hI kala kI aitihAsikatA' bana jAtI hai| kintu jaba kucha loga 'yAdhunikatA' kI vyAkhyA karate samaya use samasAmayikatA yA purAtanatA se bhinna aura itihAsa tathA aitihAsikatA se vicchinna krama svIkArate haiM, to unake grAmya bhAva para ha~sI Ae binA nahIM rhtii| itihAsa aura aitihAsikatA kI vyAkhyA saMsAra ke kisI bhI vicAraka ne kisI bhI rUpa meM kI ho, kisI ne use 'prAdhunika' se svatantra aura vicchinna krama nahIM sviikaaraa| isalie prazna yaha uThatA hai ki taba kyoM 'AdhunikatA' kI vyAkhyA karane kA prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai| sambhavataH Adhunika sAhitya ke jaTila aura dulha bhAva-bodha ko spaSTa karane ke lie| isa bAta kI ora pahale saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai ki pichale do mahAyuddhoM aura ANavika zakti HATsa..

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118/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva ke saMhAraka prayoga ke phalasvarUpa mAnava-jIvana meM kitanI durUhatAe~ utpanna ho gaI haiN| unake bAda ke Adhunika vijJAna aura TekanolaoNjI, saMsAra ke aneka dezoM meM sAmrAjyavAda ke anta aura phalataH nava-svatantratA prApta dezoM meM sAmAjika-Arthika pragati ko yojanAoM aura AkAMkSAoM, atyadhika audyogIkaraNa aura usake phalasvarUpa aneka viSamatAoM Adi ne eka nae mAnava mana kA nirmANa kiyA hai| 'AdhunikatA' isI se utpanna sthiti hai, jisake tatva samasAmayikatA meM sannihita haiN| aitihAsika vodha, vaijJAnika vastuparakatA, TekanolaoNjI, dharma-nirapekSatA aura 'destination man', ye AdhunikatA ke mUla maMtra haiN| mAnava-jIvana kI akhaNDatA yA khaNDatA, naI laya, gati, Adhunika vaijJAnika yuga kI chApa, Adhunika saMgharSapUrNa yuga, aisA yuga jo eka hAtha meM nirmANa aura dUsare hAtha meM saMhAra lie hue hai, kI mananazIlatA lie hai-Aja kI kahAnI meM jaba citrita hote haiM to vaha AdhunikatA kA hI citraNa hotA hai / jaba hama kahate haiM ki atizaya bauddhikatA Adi kucha doSa utpanna ho jAne para bhI Aja kI kahAnI kA bhaviSya AzAmaya hai, vaha apanI dharatI kI upaja hai, usakA rUpa-raMga 'dUra-deza' se udhAra mA~gA huaA nahIM hai, viSaya, zilpa aura samAjonnukhatA sabhI dRSTikoNoM se usameM apanApana aura saMgharSoM ke bIca sajIvatA kA spandana hai, to aisA hama AdhunikatA ke hI sandarbha meM kahate haiM, kyoMki Aja kI kahAnI AdhunikatA se antarasaMguphita hai| Aja ke nae kahAnIkAroM meM paramparA ke prati koI AsthA aura Asakti nahIM raha gaI / ve use Aja ke saMgharSapUrNa jIvana kI abhivyakti ke lie apUrNa samajhate haiN| Aja kI hindI kahAnI para pichale do mahAyuddhoM ke phalasvarUpa utpanna viSamatAoM kA gaharA prabhAva hai| sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanItika aura Arthika paramparAgoM-saMkSepa meM samUce mAnavajIvana ke prati itanI nirAzAjanya anAsakti aura avizvAsa tathA udAsInanA pahale kabhI dRSTigocara nahIM huii| ANavika astra

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 116 zastroM kI kalpanA kara vaha socatA hai- kyA yuga-yuga se apane ko susaMskRta aura sabhya kahane vAle manuSya kI yahI ( dhvaMsa) lIlA hai ? aura phira jaba vaha bhaviSya ko apanI ora mu~ha bAe daur3atA dekhatA hai, to usakA prAraNa marma kA~pa uThatA hai / isa bhayaMkara AzaMkA ne usakI cetanA ko kuMThita kara diyA hai / lekina sAtha hI vaha svayaM mohagrasta hai-- use jIvana kA spaSTa mArga dikhAI nahIM de rahA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja kI kahAnI kI durUhatA aura aspaSTatA bar3hatI jA rahI hai / svastha dRSTikoraNa kA pUrNataH abhAva hai, aisA bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / adhakacarI buddhivAditA to rasa meM viSa ghola rahI haiM / tathAkathita buddhivAdI kahAnIkAroM meM se adhikAMza to 'atha jala gagarI chalakata jAya' vAlI ukti caritArtha karate haiM / navIna sAmAjika cetanA aura madhyavargIya kaTu atRpti ke sAtha-sAtha bauddhikatA ne Aja ke kahAnIkAroM ke saMvedanazIla mana ko jhaMkRta kiyA hai aura jaisA ki kahA gayA hai-'unameM mataikya nahIM hai - jIvana ke viSaya meM samAja aura dharma aura rAjanIti ke viSaya meM, kalA-zilpa aura dAyitvoM ke viSaya meM unakA Apasa meM matabheda hai / yahA~ taka ki hamAre jagat ke aise sarvamAnya aura svayaMsiddha maulika satyoM ko bhI ve samAna rUpa se svIkRta nahIM karate, jaise lokatantra kI AvazyakatA, udyogoM kA samAjIkaraNa, yAMtrika yuddha kI upayogitA Adi / kintu 'anveSI kA dRSTikoNa' unheM samAnatA ke sUtra meM bA~dha detA hai / una sabameM apane cAroM ora ke vAtAvaraNa ke prati asantoSa aura nae mArga kI khoja hai / unhoMne paramparAgata bhASA zailI aura viSaya ke sthAna para naI bhASA-zailI aura nae viSayoM ko apanI-apanI kahAniyoM meM uThAyA hai aura Aja kI AdhunikatA ko sUkSmatA ke sAtha abhivyakta kiyA hai / apane pahale ke yuga meM jainendra kumAra - 'ajJeya' kI Atmaparaka vizleSaNa kI dhArA ke prati pratikriyA ke kAraNa aura navIna, spaSTa mArga ke abhAva ke kAraNa unake mana meM aneka ulajhaneM paidA ho gaI thIM / usa

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120 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva i Atmaparaka vizleSaNa kI dhArA ne vyakti kI sthApanA kI, aura vaha bhI kSaya grasta vyakti kI, usameM jIvana aura samAja kA koI sthAna nahIM thA / Aja kI kahAnI ne punaH samAja ko pradhAnatA dI / sAtha hI vyakti ko bhI cetanA kA kendra banAyA -- para aise vyakti ko nahIM, jo asvastha pravRttiyoM kA ghara hai aura jo baiThA-baiThA rotA rahatA hai / Aja kI kahAnI vastutaH aise vyakti kI sthApanA karanA cAhatI hai jo samAja kI kurUpatAoM, kalupatAoM, rUr3hiyoM aura khokhalI paramparAoM ke prati vidroha karatA hai aura svastha sAmAjika jIvana-darzana kI khoja aura usake anurUpa itihAsa - nirmANa kI cepTA karatA hai / zrAja vyakti kA samAja ke sAtha ekIkaraNa kI cepTA kI jA rahI hai-usameM svastha vyakti kA samAjIkaraNa kiyA jA rahA hai - yaha abhinava yAdhunikatA hai / dvitIya mahAyuddha ke kAraNa utpanna bhISaNa paristhitiyoM ke bIca vaha vyakti ko bacAnA cAhatA hai, kintu aise vyakti ko jisameM samAja kI sArI pragatizIla zaktiyA~ kendrIbhUta ho gaI hoN| vaha sAmAjika yathArtha ke prati jAgarUka rahanA cAhatA hai / Aja ke kahAnIkAra kI dRSTi meM sAmAjika yathArtha kA alaga-alaga rUpa ho sakatA hai / usakI dRSTi bhaviSya para lagI huI hai aura jIvana kI saMgharSajanya kaTutAoM ke bIca bhI vaha mAnavonmukha hai / yaha prAdhunikatA samaSTigata cintana para AdhArita hai / AdhunikatA kA eka vyaSTi cintana para grAdhArita rUpa hai, jise kalAvAdI apanA rahe haiM, jinake pAsa kahane ke lie kucha nahIM hai, para kalA hai aura Aja kI prAdhunikatA ko spaSTa abhivyakti dene kI yAkulatA hai | avacetana, arddha-cetana, divA svapnoM, arddha-cetana pratIkoM, vaijJAnika aura manovaijJAnika saMketoM ke pratIkAtmaka prayogoM dvArA ye kahAnIkAra apanI vyaktigata anubhUtiyA~ kalAtmaka DhaMga se abhivyakta karate haiM aura apanI ora se TIkA-TippaNI karane ke sthAna para yathAvat citra upasthita kara dete haiM / vaha apane mana kI vikRtiyoM aura kuNThAtroM

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aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/121 kA vizleSaNa karate hue bhI taTastha rahatA hai| kintu itanA saba kucha hote hue bhI usakI yaha bhAvabhUmi abhI bahuta-kucha aspaSTa hai jisakA kAraNa mukhyatayA durUha asaphala prayoga evaM pratIka-yojanA hai / AdhunikatA ke samaSTigata rUpa ko dharmavIra bhAratI, amarakAnta, bhISma sAhanI, kamalezvara aura sureza sinahA ne apanI kahAniyoM meM abhivyakta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jo kalAvAdI na hokara pragatizIla kahAnIkAra haiM aura jinake lie jIvana tathA samAja sarvopari haiN| praAdhunikatA ke vyaSTigata rUpa ko nirmala varmA, nareza mehatA, mohana rAkeza, rAjendra yAdava, mannU bhaNDArI, uSA priyaMvadA, kRSNA sobatI, vinItA pallavI, jJAnaraMjana, sudhA aror3A tathA ravIndra kAliyA Adi kahAnIkAroM ne abhivyakta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / isameM se lagabhaga sabhI kahAnIkAroM ne, vizeSataH nareza mehatA ne, AdhunikatA ke samaSTigata rUpa ko bhI apanI kaI kahAniyoM meM citrita kiyA hai, para saba milAkara unakA Agraha AdhunikatA ke vyaSTigata rUpa ke prati hI adhika rahA hai| nareza mehatA kA dRSTikoNa ina saba kahAnIkAroM kI apekSA adhika svastha hai| jahA~ eka ora Aja ke kahAnIkAroM ne samAja, dharma, pracalita naitika mAnadaNDoM aura AcAra-vicAroM ke prati vidroha kiyA, vahA~ zilpa-sambandhI pracalita mAnyatAoM kA bhI unmUlana kara unake sthAna para abhinava kalA, navIna zabdoM, pratIkoM Adi kA prayoga kiyA hai| navIna bhAvoM ke lie navIna bhASA bhI cAhie-isa dizA meM Aja kI kahAnI ne prayAsa kiyA hai, para abhI usameM spaSTatA-aspaSTatA kA mizraNa hai| vaise Aja ke kahAnIkAroM kI bhASA sarala aura choTe-choTe vAkyoM, subodha tathA pracalita zabdoM, yahA~ taka ki urdU-a~grez2I zabdoM, muhAvaroM aura kahAvatoM Adi se pUrNa hotI hai| bhASA, bhAva aura abhivyakti kI dizA meM AdhunikatA kI yaha mahatvapUrNa dena hai|

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Aja kI kahAno aura zilpa Aja kI kahAnI ke zilpa ke sambandha meM pichale adhyAyoM meM sthAnasthAna para carcA kI jA cukI hai / yahA~ samagra rUpa meM zilpa, Aja kI kahAnI ke vargIkaraNa aura usake AdhAra kI carcA kI jaaegii| sabase pahale hama kathAnaka ke hrAsa kI bAta leM / zrAdhunika kAla meM saMsAra kI lagabhaga sabhI bhASAoM kI kahAniyoM meM kathAnaka kA hrAsa lakSita hotA hai / yaha grAja kI kahAnI meM zilpa kI dRSTi se eka mahatvapUrNa vikAsa hai| Thosa aura susaMgaThita kathAnaka dene kI pravRtti premacanda-yazapAla Adi pichale daura ke lekhakoM ne apanAI thI / para svAtaMtryottara kAla meM hama jIvana ko jaTila se jaTilatara huA pAte haiM / viSamatAoM se viSamatAeM utpanna huI aura pratyeka vyakti kA apanA svatva, nijatva yA apanA ahaM vikasita huA / isase vyakti apane meM hI sImita huA aura caritra saMzliSTa hote ge| isase durUhatAoM kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hI thA / nae kathAkAroM kA dhyAna jisa vyakti kI jaTilatAoM evaM durUhatAoM kA adhyayana karane ke prati gayA, isake lie Avazyaka thA ki ve vyakti ke rahasyamaya mana, saMzliSTa caritra aura vyaktitva ke pratyeka rezoM aura unakI mUla pRSThabhUmi kA sUkSma vizleSaNa kareM aura una satyoM kA anveSaNa kareM jo sthUlatA ke mArga para calane ke atyadhika Agraha ke kAraNa pichale daura meM upekSaNIya rahe / yahA~ yaha ullekha karane kI AvazyakatA hai ki jainendra 'ajJeya' kI Atmaparaka vizleSaNa kI dhArA meM bhI kathAnaka ke hrAsa kI pravRtti milatI hai, para vaha itanI Atma-paraka

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/123 ho gaI hai ki jIvana-dhArA se pUrNatayA asampRkta, phalasvarUpa palAyanavAdI pratIta hotI hai| isake viparIta svAtaMtryottara kAla meM Aja kI kahAnI ne vyakti ko usake yathArtha pariveza meM hI dekhane kI ceSTA kI, use jIvana dhArA se kATakara paMgu yA asvastha nahIM banAyA / isa prakAra Aja kI kahAnI meM kathAnaka ke hrAsa kA uddezya munizcata evaM spaSTa hai| Aja kI kahAnI ne vyakti ko usake yathArtha pariveza meM dekhate hue mAnava-vyaktitva kI pUrNatA ko vyApaka sAmAjika sandarbho meM pUrNa yathArthatA se spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| mAnavamana kA adhyayana yA caritra kA vizleSaNa sAmAjika pariveza ke pariprekSya meM hone ke kAraNa jo satya sAmane Ae haiM, ve jIvana-dhArA se sambaddha haiM, isIlie mahatvapUrNa haiM / Aja kI kahAnI meM kathAnaka kA hrAsa nimnalikhita rUpoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai, ___1-mAtra vyaMjanA ke mAdhyama se yA sAMketikatA se pUrI kahAnI kA saMguphana : ye kahAniyA~ bahuta hI bauddhika ho gaI haiM aura unameM pratIkayojanA yA vyaMjanA kA Agraha bahuta hI durUha ho gayA hai| kahAnIkAra kA Agraha sArI bAteM saMketoM ke mAdhyama se hI spaSTa karane meM hotA hai, jo nizcaya hI zilpa kA eka atyanta praur3ha rUpa hai / Aja kI kahAnI meM isa prakAra kI kahAniyA~ anaginata saMkhyA meM mila jAe~gI / dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'sAvitrI nambara do', mohana rAkeza kI 'jakhma', nareza mehatA kI 'nizA''jI', nirmala varmA kI 'dahalIz2a', rAjendra yAdava kI 'nae-nae Ane vAle', kamalezvara kI 'mA~sa kA dariyA', bhISma sAhanI kI 'bhaTakatI huI rAkha', sureza sinahA kI 'nIlI dhaMdha ke Ara-pAra', jJAnaraMjana kI 'sImAe~', ravIndra kAliyA ko 'ka kha ga', uSA priyaMvadA kI 'machaliyA~', mannU bhaNDArI kI 'abhinetA' Adi kahAniyA~ isI tathya ko puSTa karatI haiN| 2-kathAnaka ke hrAsa kA dUsarA rUpa kathA-sUtroM kI vizRMkhalatA ke rUpa meM lakSita hotI hai / isameM apane antima uddezya kI prApti ke

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124/prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva lie kahAnIkAra jina kathA-sUtroM ko Avazyaka samajhate hue grahaNa karatA hai, unheM bhI vaha eka sUtra meM saMguphita karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhatA, balki unhIM ke mAdhyama se vaha apane pAtroM ke mAnasa kA vizleSaNa karate hue unake vyaktitva ko spaSTa karane ke uddezya se una para 'riphlekzana' DAlatA hai| dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'banda galI kA AkhirI makAna', mohana rAkeza kI 'kaI eka akele', nareza mehatA kI 'anabItA vyatIta', rAjendra yAdava kI 'kinAre se kinAre taka', kamalezvara kI 'talAza', sureza sinahA kI 'taTa se chuTe hue', uSA priyaMvadA kI 'khule hue daravAje', mannU bhaNDArI kI 'tIsarA AdamI', jJAnaraMjana kI 'khalanAyikA aura bArUda ke phUla', ravIndra kAliyA kI 'trAsa' Adi kahAniyA~ isI prakAra kI haiN| 3-kahAniyA~ jahA~ samApta hotI haiM, vahIM se Aja kI kahAnI prArambha hotI hai / yaha pravRtti pichale daura meM thI aura premacanda kI 'kafana', jainendra kumAra kI 'eka rAta', 'ajJeya' kI 'koTharI kI bAta' Adi kahAniyA~ isa DhaMga kI prApta bhI hotI haiM / para Aja kI kahAnI ne isa pravRtti ko aura bhI sUkSma se sUkSmatara banAne kI ceSTA kI hai| . isa prakAra Aja kI kahAnI pAThakoM se isa bAta kI mA~ga karatI hai ki jisa bindu para lAkara vaha unheM chor3a detI hai, vahAM se die gae do-cAra aspaSTa saMketoM, vyaMjanAoM evaM pratIkoM se ve sAre kathAnaka kI hI nahIM, pAtroM ke caritroM ke sambandha meM bhI kalpanA kara leM aura apane-apane niSkarSa nikAla leM / isa prakAra kI kahAniyA~ pahale donoM vargoM kI tulanA meM adhika durUha, jaTila evaM bauddhikatA kA Agraha lie hae hotI haiN| dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'dhuA~', mohana rAkeza ko 'sephTIpina', rAjendra yAdava kI 'eka kaTI huI kahAnI', kamalezvara kI 'jo likhA nahIM jAtA', nareza mehatA kI 'cA~danI',kRSNA sobatI kI 'sikkA badala gayA', nirmala varmA kI 'kutte kI mauta', zrIkAnta varmA kI zavayAtrA', sureza sinahA kI 'kaI kuhare', sudhA aror3A kI 'eka avivAhita pRSTha', jJAna

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 125 raMjana kI 'sImAe~', ravIndra kAliyA kI 'trAsa' Adi kahAniyA~ isI koTi meM AtI haiM / 4- carama sImA para jAkara kathAnaka ke sUtra spaSTa hote haiM aura vahA~ jAkara sArI kahAnI samajha meM AtI hai / Aja kI kahAnI meM yaha pravRtti bhI bahuta lokapriya hai aura kathAnaka ke hrAsa ke isa rUpa ko aneka kahAnIkAroM ne apanAyA hai / dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'harinAkuza kA beTA', mohana rAkeza kI 'maMdI', rAjendra yAdava kI 'silasilA', nirmala varmA kI ' lavarsa', nareza mehatA kI 'vaha marda thI', phaNIzvaranAtha 'reNa' kI 'Tebula', sureza sinahA kI 'solahaveM sAla kI badhAI' Adi isI prakAra kI kahAniyA~ haiM jinameM prArambha meM koI bhI kathA - sUtra spaSTa nahIM hotA aura bar3e vizRMkhalita DhaMga se 'kahAnI' Age bar3hatI hai / pAtroM kI bhI koI sunizcita gati prApta nahIM hotI / para caramotkarSa para pahu~ca kara apratyAzita rUpa se sAre rahasya khulane lagate haiM aura 'kahAnI' vahIM samApta ho jAtI hai / 5 - vicArottejaka pralApa (raiMbaliMga) yA citaMnazIla sUtroM ko lekara bhI kathAnaka ke hrAsa kI pravRtti lakSita hotI hai / para isa rUpa meM kama kahAniyA~ dekhane meM AI haiM aura yaha abhI bahuta lokapriyatA prApta nahIM kara sakI hai| dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'sAvitrI nambara do', nareza mehatA kI 'anabItA vyatIta' rAjendra yAdava kI 'nae-nae Ane vAle', sureza sinahA kI 'udAsI ke Tukar3e' Adi kahAniyoM meM isa pravRtti kA kiMcit AbhAsa milatA hai | jahA~ taka pAtroM kA sambandha hai, yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA haiM ki Aja kI kahAnI ne kAlpanika pAtroM yA gar3he hue pAtroM ko lekara kahAnI likhane kI pravRtti kA pUrNatayA tiraskAra kiyA haiM / isa sambandha meM Aja kI kahAnI premacanda-yazapAla kI paramparA se sambaddha hai / jainendra'ajJeya' kI paramparA meM apanI palAyanavAdI manovRttiyoM kI abhivyakti ke lie pAtroM ko gar3hA gayA, jo kuMThita, vibhrAnta, asvastha evaM TUTe

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126/Adhunika kahAno kA paripArzva hue loga the-unameM na kahIM yathArthatA thI, na saprANatA - ve mA. nirjIva kaThaputaliyA~ hI the, jinheM kahAnIkAroM ne apanA maMtavya pUrNa karane ke lie svayaM hI kAlpanika DhaMga se gar3ha liyA thaa| isa pratikriyAvAdI pravRtti kA virodha honA svAbhAvika hI thA aura Aja kI kahAnI ne pAtroM ke cunAva ke lie apane Asa-pAsa ke paricita yathArtha pariveza, jIvana aura samAja ko dekhA aura vahIM se pAtroM ko lekara apanI kahAniyoM kI racanA kii| ina yathArtha pAtroM ko unake antam evaM bAhya ke sAmaMjasya se pUrNa vanAne aura apane hI vyaktitva ke anurUpa jIvana meM gatizIla hone kI sahaja evaM svAbhAvika prakriyA Aja kI kahAnI kI eka pramukha vizeSatA hai / ina pAtroM ke caritra-citraNa ke sambandha meM bhI aneka navInatAe~ lakSita huiiN| isa kAla kI sabhI pramukha pravRttiyA~-manovijJAna, .phaoNyaDavAda, gAMdhIvAda, samAjavAda eva bhAratIya darzana-ina pAtroM ke mAdhyama se vyakta huii| caritra-citraNa kI navIna praNAliyA~ Aja kI kahAnI meM isa prakAra prayukta hotI haiM :1-Atma-vizleSaNa : jaise dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'sAvitrI nambara do', sureza sinahA ko 'solahaveM sAla kI badhAI', sudhA aror3A kI 'eka avivAhita pRSTha', nirmala varmA kI 'lavarsa', rAjendra yAdava kI 'naye-naye pAne vAle' Adi kahAniyA~ / 2-mAnasika dvandva evaM vizleSaNa : jaise dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'yaha mere lie nahIM', mohana rAkeza kI 'eka aura jindagI', nirmala varmA kI 'mAyA darpaNa', nareza mehatA kI 'anabItA vyatIta', kamalezvara kI 'talAza', rAjendra yAdava kI 'jahA~ lakSmI kaida hai', amarakAnta kI 'eka asamartha hilatA hAtha', bhISma sAhanI kI 'cIfa kI dAvata', uSA priyaMvadA kI 'vApasI', sureza sinahA kI pAnI kI mInAreM', jJAnaraMjana kI 'zeSa hote hue' tathA ravIndra kAliyA kI 'ka kha ga' Adi kahAniyA~ / 3-paristhitiyoM evaM kArya-vyApAra ke madhya caritroM kA adhyayana :

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 127 dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'gula kI banno', mohana rAkeza kI 'malave kA mAlika', amarakAnta kI 'khalanAyaka', mArkaNDeya kI 'haMsA jAI akelA', mannU bhaNDArI kI 'AkAza ke AIne meM', kRSNA sobatI kI 'sikkA badala gayA', phaNIzvaranAtha 'reNu' kI 'tIsarI kasama' tathA sureza sinahA kI 'mRtyu aura......' Adi kahAniyA~ | 4 - jIvana-saMgharSa meM DAla kara paristhitiyoM se jUjhate hue pAtroM kA sAmAjika, Arthika evaM rAjanItika sandarbha meM vizleSaNa : dharmavIra bhAratI kI 'harinAkuza kA beTA', amarakAnta kI 'z2indagI aura joMka', mArkaNDeya kI 'mAhI', phaNIzvaranAtha 'reNu' kI 'Tevula', tathA sureza sinahA kI 'nayA janma' Adi kahAniyA~ | isake atirikta una kahAniyoM meM, jinameM isa kAla meM bhI Thosa kathAnaka lie gae haiM, pAtroM ke caritra citraNa kI vahI purAnI paddhatiyA~ dekhane ko milatI haiM-nATakIya, vizleSaNAtmaka, abhinayAtmaka yA varNanAtmaka / dharmavIra bhAratI, mohana rAkeza, amarakAnta, mArkaNDeya, phaNIzvaranAtha 'reNu' kI kaI kahAniyA~ isI sandarbha meM dekhI jA sakatI haiM / isa kAla kI kahAniyoM kI bhASA ke sambandha meM pIche vicAra kiyA jA cukA haiM, use yahA~ punaH duharAne se mAtra piSTapeSaNa hI hogA / aba kahAniyoM ke vargIkaraNa para bahuta saMkSepa meM do bAteM | pravRttiyoM ke AdhAra para pIche lekhaka kI prativaddhatA aura sAmAjika dAyitva ke sandarbha meM vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai / yahA~ mukhya rUpa se do vargoM meM kahAniyA~ bA~TI jA sakatI haiM : 1 - samaSTigata ciMtana kI kahAniyA~ : inameM ve kathAkAra sammilita haiM jo pragatizIla haiM aura sAmAjika yathArthavAda kI bhAvanA lekara cala rahe haiM / inameM dharmavIra bhAratI, amarakAnta,

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128 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva mArkaNDeya, bhISma sAhanI aura sureza sinahA pramukha haiM / yadyapi inameM se lagabhaga sabhI ne Atmaparaka dRSTikoNa lekara bhI kahAniyA~ likhI haiM, para ve nagaNya haiM / inake citaMna kA AdhAra samaSTigata hI hai / 2 2- vyaSTi-ciMtana kI kahAniyA~ : inameM mohana rAkeza, nareza mehatA, nirmala varmA, kamalezvara, rAjendra yAdava, mannU bhaNDArI, kRSNA sobatI, uSA priyaMvadA, phaNIzvaranAtha 'reNa', jJAnaraMjana, sudhA aror3A tathA ravIndra kAliyA Adi kahAnIkAra zAmila haiM / yadyapi inameM se sabhI ne samaSTigata ciMtana kI kahAniyA~ bhI likhI haiM aura nareza mehatA, mohana rAkeza, tathA kamalezvara ne to kucha pragatizIla kahAniyA~ bhI likhI haiM, para saba milAkara unakA Agraha vyaSTi-ciMtana kI ora hI adhika rahA hai / yadyapi yaha vargIkaraNa bahuta sthUla hai, para isase kahAnIkAroM kI mUla pravRttiyoM kA vizleSaraNa ho jAtA hai / adhika sUkSmatA se vizada vargIkaraNa kahAnI kI alaga-alaga vizeSatAoM ko lekara kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise prema-kahAniyA~, sAmAjika kahAniyA~, rAjanItika kahAniyA~, hAsya rasa kI kahAniyA~ Adi /

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IS 8 kahAnIkAra : vicAradhArA evaM upalabdhiyA~ pichale adhyAyoM meM sthAna-sthAna para vibhinna prasaMgoM meM prAja ke nae kahAnIkAroM aura unakI racanAoM ke sambandha meM saMketa die gae haiN| yahA~ pichale pandraha varSoM meM ubhare kucha pramukha kahAnIkAroM kI carcA kI jA rahI hai jisase Aja kI kahAnI aura sarjanazIlatA kA pUrNa spaSTIkaraNa ho ske| pIche kahAnIkAroM ke do vargIkaraNa banAe gae the--eka varga una kahAnIkAroM kA jinakI mUla bhAvadhArA samaSTigata cintana para AdhArita hai, jo pragatizIla haiM aura sAmAjika yathArthavAda ke poSaka haiM / dUsarA varga vyaSTi - cintana para AdhArita kahAnIkAroM kA hai jinhoMne sAmAjika yathArtha ko lekara kaI sundara racanAe~ kI haiM, para jinakA mukhya jhukAva vyakti aura usakI samasyAoM kI ora adhika rahA hai, isalie adhikAMzataH ve Atmaparaka ho gae haiM / nimnollikhita kahAnIkAra inhIM do vargoM meM se kisI eka ke antargata Ate haiM / nareza mehatA ( 15 pharavarI, 1621 ) kahAnI ke kSetra meM apanA kavi-vyaktitva lekara Ae / kavi ke rUpa meM ve apanA eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna pahale hI banA cuke the, para 'tathApi' ke prakAzana ke pazcAt unhoMne kahAnIkAroM kI prathama paMkti meM apanA sthAna nizcita kara liyA / kahAnI ke jisa naepana kI bAra-bAra carcA kI jAtI hai kadAcit nareza mehatA kI kahAniyAM pahalI bAra usakA vAstavika pratinidhitva karane meM saphala huI haiN| kahAnI ko sUkSma se sUkSmatara banAne, saMzliSTa caritroM ke vidhAna evaM kathAnaka ke hrAsa tathA kathA - sUtroM kI vizRMkhalatA, amUrta pratIka - vidhAna evaM vyaMjanA-rUpoM kA prAdhikya karane

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130/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva meM nareza mehatA kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai aura unhoMne Aja kI kahAnI ko eka sarvathA abhinava dizA dI hai| yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki nareza mehatA ke kahAnI-kSetra meM Ane ke pUrva hindI kahAnI meM premacanda kI yathArtha paramparA kA nirvAha ho rahA thA aura rAjendra yAdava, mohana rAkeza tathA kamalezvara Adi sabhI kahAnIkAra Thosa kathAnaka, sthUla zilpa Adi lekara kahAniyA~ likha rahe the / jahA~ lakSmI kaida hai', 'nae bAdala' tathA 'rAjA nirabasiyA' Adi saMgrahoM kI kahAniyA~ isakA pramANa haiM / para nareza mehatA ne jaba kathAhInatA kI pravRtti para 'kahAnI' kA nayA DhA~cA khar3A kiyA aura kahAnI kA AbhAsa dene vAlI 'kahAnI' kI racanA prArambha kI , to usakA prabhAva spaSTatayA sAmane AnA svAbhAvika thA aura phira Aja kI kahAnI eka bhinna dizA meM hI mur3a gii| * nareza mehatA ne likhA hai ki kahAnI abhivyakti hotI hai| ghaTanA mAtra nahIM / Aja kI kahAnI faoNrmUlA yA soddezya kahAnI-kalA se Age bar3ha cukI hai / prAya: AkSepa sunane meM AtA hai ki vyaktivAditA ne. kuNThA ko janma diyA, phalasvarUpa kahAnI sirpha zailI raha gii| lekina yaha bhI to utanA hI saca hai ki /soddezyatA ne kahAnI ko kUrUpa,. sambhASaNa yA nArebAjI banA diyaa| bhUla yahI hai ki isa sazakta mAdhyama ko vyaktiyoM. daloM, vargoM ke svArtha-sAdhana ke lie sauMpanA nahIM cAhie / sAhitya svayaM eka mUlya hotA hai,kyoMki usameM jIvana parilakSita hotA hai| Aja kI nAgarika sabhyatA meM saba vibhAjita vyaktitva ke haiM / isalie hama AgrahoM ko hI jIvana yA antima satya mAna lete haiM / sAhityakAra kisI vyakti yA rAjanIti ke prati uttaradAyI nahIM hotaa| vaha vyaktiyoM, daloM se Upara hai / vaha anuyAyI nahIM hotA / vaha to jIvana kA sahacara hai / sAhityakAra jIvana se sIkhatA hai tathA usI ko punaH sikhAtA hai| isalie sAhitya meM niSedha kucha nahIM mAnA gayA hai / hamArA baunApana hI hotA hai ki hama kucha ko niSedhate haiM tathA kucha ko kalA ke nAma para svIkArate haiM, jaba ki mAnava mAtra se sambandhita samagra hI vAstavika kalA hai /

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/131 spaSTa hai ki nareza mehatA kA dRSTikoNa Atmaparaka hai| vaha jIvana kA sahacara hotA hai, yaha ThIka hai / para sahacara eka dUsare ke prati uttaradAyI hote haiM / sahacara hone kA koI ekatarafA rAstA nahIM hai / usI prakAra sAhityakAra ko bhI jIvana ke prati uttaradAyI honA par3atA hai, tabhI sahacara kI bhAvanA kA saphalatApUrvaka nirvAha ho sakatA hai| nahIM to hogA yahI ki jIvana eka bhinna dizA meM gatizIla hogA, sAhityakAra sarvathA viparIta dizA meM / aura, yaha dUrI eka dina itanI bar3ha jAyagI ki donoM hI eka dUsare ke lie aparicita aura ajanabI bana jaaeNge| unakI sabase acchI kahAniyA~ ve haiM, jo unhoMne jIvana ke yathArtha ko lekara likhI haiM / inameM "kisako veTA','dugA' tathA 'vaha marda thI' atyanta mahatvapUrNa kahAniyA~ haiM / ina kahAniyoM ko dekhakara mAnava-jIvana ke yathArtha ko pahacAnane kI unakI sUkSma antardRSTi evaM usake yathArtha pariveza ko abhivyakti dene kI unakI samarthatA kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| unameM vyApaka mAnava-jIvana ke pariprekSya ko saMsparza dekara AdhunikatA ke navInatama AyAmoM ko ubhArane kI cepTA kI gaI hai / idhara ve Atmaparaka dRSTikoNa lekara kahAniyA~ likhane ke prati adhika prayatnazIla rahe haiM / 'nizA''jI', 'cA~danI, 'anabItA vyatIta' tathA 'eka itizrI' aisI hI kahAniyA~ haiM jinameM vyakti hai aura usakI manaHsthitiyA~ haiM, usakI pratikriyAe~ haiM yA par3ane vAle imprezana haiM-jinheM sUkSma abhivyakti dene kA nareza mehatA ke pAsa apUrva kauzala hai| jisa prakAra Aja kI kahAnI ko unhoMne nUtana kalAtmaka paripArzva diyA hai, usI prakAra jIvana ke bahuvidhiya yathArtha raMgoM ko bharane kA dAyitva unheM nibhAnA haiM, hamArI unase yaha mA~ga sahaja evaM svAbhAvika hai / nareza mehatA kI kahAniyoM meM jIvana kA sthUla pakSa yA virATatA kA bodha cAhe na prApta hotA ho, para unhoMne niSThA, garimA aura maryAdA kA saMtulita citraNa kiyA hai| apane pAtroM ko unhoMne pUrNa sahAnubhUti dI hai aura unheM ucita saMgati meM prastuta kiyA hai, jisakI AdhAra-bhUmi vyApaka hai /

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132 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva 'anabItA vyatIta', 'tiSyarakSitA kI DAyarI', 'kisakA beTA', 'vaha marda thI' tathA 'nizA''jI' unakI upalabdhiyA~ haiM / dharmavIra bhAratI naI pIr3hI ke una mahatvapUrNa kahAnIkAroM meM haiM, jinhoMne Adhunika kahAnI ko usake vAstavika artha kI garimA dI hai / 'cA~da aura TUTe hue loga' nAmaka kahAnI-saMgraha kI 'dhuA~', 'marIz2a nambara sAta', 'harinAkuza kA beTA' tathA bAda kI 'gula kI banno', 'sAvitrI nambara do', 'yaha mere lie nahIM' tathA 'banda galI kA AkhirI makAna' Adi kahAniyA~ kathya evaM kathana donoM hI dRSTiyoM se ullekhanIya racanAe~ haiM / bhAratI mUlataH kavi haiM aura isalie unakI kahAniyoM meM bhI kAvyarasa sahaja-svAbhAvika rUpa se vyApta ho gayA hai / citropama pravAhapUrNa bhASA, anUThI vyaMjanAtroM evaM pratIka vidhAnoM ke mAdhyama se unhoMne pragatizIla prAdhAra bhUmi para Adhunika jIvana kI karuNA, vyathA evaM visaMgatiyoM kA anUThA citraNa kiyA hai / bhAratI kI kahAniyoM meM nairAzya evaM kuMThA kI satahI dIvAroM kI pRSThabhUmi meM jIvana jIne kI adamya AkAMkSA, apUrva jijIviSA, AsthA evaM saMkalpa kA saMbala prApta. hotA hai / unakI hAla kI prakAzita kahAnI 'yaha mere lie nahIM' meM unhoMne mukhya pAtra dInU ke mAdhyama dvArA eka virATa pRSTabhUmi ko apanI sUkSma antardRSTi se atyanta kuzalatApUrvaka sameTA hai aura usameM Aja kI samUcI naI pIr3hI kI TrejeDI, pIr3hiyoM kA saMgharSa, manaHsthitiyoM kI viSamatAe~ evaM bhAva vicAroM kA santulana asantulana spaSTatayA ubhara kara sAmane AyA hai / isa yA dUsarI anya kahAniyoM kI pramukha vizeSatA unakA yathArtha pariveza aura saMvedanazIla AdhAra para pAtroM ko pUrNa sahAnubhUtiparaka dRSTikoNa se citraNa hai | itanA hone ke bAvajUda bhAratI unameM kahIM 'invAtva' nahIM hote aura pUrNa taTasthatA evaM nirvaiyaktikatA ke sAtha citraNa karate haiM - yaha eka bar3I cIz2a hai / bhAratI kI prArambhika kahAniyoM ke kathAnaka sthUla haiM, para bAda kI

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 133 kahAniyoM meM ve sUkSma se sUkSmatara hote gae haiM / unhoMne adhikAMza rUpa meM samaSTigata AdhunikatA kA citraNa kiyA hai aura vaha AdhunikatA mAtra faizana yA nAre ke lie nahIM hai / unhoMne bhAratIya jIvana-paddhati ke parivartanazIla sandarbhoM evaM nUtana AyAmoM ko bhalI-bhAMti samajhA hai aura usakI mUla pravRttiyoM se prasUta AdhunikatA ke sUkSma se sUkSma rezoM kA atyanta kuzalatA se aMkana kiyA hai / sAmayika bodha, Adhunika pariveza evaM yugIna saMcetanA ke kAraNa bhAratI kI kahAniyoM meM sAmAjika dAyitva bodha evaM nirvAha kI eka vyApaka pRSThabhUmi prApta hotI hai, jo apane dUsare samakAlInoM se unheM bhinna karatI haiM / unameM na rAjendra yAdava kI bhA~ti zilpagata camatkAra hai, na kamalezvara kI bhA~ti dUsaroM kI saphala kahAniyoM se prabhAvita hone kI pravRtti hai aura na mohana rAkeza kI bhA~ti sAmAjika dAyitva evaM tathAkathita naI krAisisa ko nArebAz2I ke stara para citrita karane kA 'durAgraha' hai / unakI apanI zailI hai jisa para unake vyaktitva kI pUrI chApa aMkita hai aura yaha unakI pratyeka kahAnI ke sAtha nirantara praur3ha rUpa meM vikasita hotI gaI hai / 'marIz2a nambara sAta', 'dhunA~', 'gula kI banno', 'sAvitrI nambara do', 'yaha mere lie nahIM' Adi bhAratI kI upalabdhiyA~ haiM / mohana rAkeza (janavarI, 1925) Aja ke pramukha kahAnIkAroM meM se haiM / pichale dazaka arthAt 1950-60 meM ve 'naI' kahAnI ke pramukha vaktAoM meM rahe haiM / unake anusAra kahAnI nae sandarbhoM kI khoja hai, kintu isake sAtha hI unhoMne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki nae sandarbhoM ko khojane kA yaha artha nahIM ki apane vastu kSetra se bAhara jAyA jAe / jIvana ke nae sandarbha apane vAtAvaraNa se dUra kahIM nahIM mileMge, usa vAtAvaraNa meM hI DhUMr3he jA sakeMge / abhAvagrasta jIvana kI viDambanA kevala khAlI peTa aura ThiThurate hue zarIra ke mAdhyama se hI vyakta nahIM hotI | pyAra kevala sampannatA aura vipannatA ke antara se hI nahIM hAratA / anAcAra kA sambandha rizvata aura balAtkAra ke sAtha hI nahIM hai, aura

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134/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva vizvAsa kevala uThI huI vAMhoM ke sahAre hI vyakta nahIM hotaa| hara roz2a ke jIvana meM yaha saba kucha anekAneka sandarbho meM aura kaI-kaI raMgoM meM sAmane AtA hai| Aja ke jIvana ne una raMgoM meM aura bhI vividhatA lA dI hai| bAta una vividha raMgoM ko pakar3ane aura kahAnI kI sAMketika anviti meM abhivyakta karane kI hai| jIvana ke nae sandarbha kalAtmaka abhivyakti ke nae sandarbha svataH hI prastuta kara dete haiN| unake isa kathana ko pUrI 'naI' kahAnI ke sandarbha meM na dekhakara unhIM kI kahAniyoM ke sandarbha meM dekhanA ucita hogaa| unakI kahAniyoM meM jIvana kI vividhatA ke anekAneka sandarbha aura raMga prApta hote haiM aura mohana rAkeza ne unheM nUtana zilpa-prayogoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta karane kI saphala ceSTA kI hai| unakI kahAniyoM kI carcA karate samaya eka rocaka tathya yaha nikalatA hai ki isa yuga ke adhikAMza kahAnIkAroM kI bhA~ti samaSTigata cintana se ve vyaSTi-cintana kI aura dizonmukha hue haiM aura idhara ke cAra-pA~ca varSoM meM eka 'jaMgalA' kahAnI ko chor3akara unakI lagabhaga sabhI kahAniyA~ Atmaparaka dRSTikoNa ko lekara likhI gaI haiM aura unameM pUrNa antarmukhI bhAvanAoM ko abhivyakti prApta huI hai| mohana rAkeza jaise pragatizIla sajaga kahAnIkAra ke lie, jinakI yAtrA 'malave kA mAlika' jaisI sazakta kahAnI se prArambha huI thI, yaha koI bahuta zubha cinha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki vaha yAtrA 'eka aura z2indagI' kI rAhoM se gujarate hue 'z2akhma' aura 'sephTIpina' jaisI sa~karI galiyoM se guz2are / prArambhika daura kI kahAniyA~ samaSTigata cintana ko lekara likhI gaI haiM aura unameM premacanda ke sAmAjika yathArtha kI paramparA kA saphala nirvAha milatA hai / 'malave kA mAlika', 'mandI', 'phaTA huA jUtA', 'haqa halAla', 'paramAtmA kA kuttA', 'basa sTaiNDa kI eka rAta', 'mavAlI', 'ulajhate dhAge', 'jaMgalA' Adi kahAniyA~ isI prakAra kI haiM jinameM pragatizIla cetanA ko sthAna milA hai| unameM sthUlatA se sUkSmatA kI ora jAne kA Agraha bhI hai aura pratIka-vidhAna

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aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/135 kI AkulatA bhii| para ye kahAniyA~, 'jaMgalA' ko chor3akara, usa kahAnIkAra kI chaTapaTAhaTa haiM, jo nayA pariveza aura zilpa pAne ke lie satata prayatnazIla hai aura antatogatvA 'eka aura jindagI' jaisI zreSTha kahAno taka pahu~ca hI jAtA hai, jo kathya evaM kathana tathA dUsarI dRSTiyoM se bhI sarvathA zreSTha kahAnI hai| 'malave kA mAlika' meM bhArata-pAkistAna-vibhAjana kI kRtrimatA aura phalasvarUpa utpanna nae mAnava-mUlyoM kA (sImita arthoM meM hI sahI) unhoMne apUrva saMvedanazIlatA se citraNa kiyA hai / 'maMdI' meM sIz2ana samApta hone ke bAda pahAr3oM kI Arthika vipannatA evaM nimna madhyavargIya logoM kA yathArtha citraNa huA hai, to 'phaTA A jUtA' meM Aja kI naI pIr3hI kI vibhrAntatA, ghaTana, kuNThA evaM Arthika viSamatAoM ko sUkSma pratIkAtmaka abhivyakti milI hai| 'haqa halAla' meM nimna-vargIya parivAroM meM nArI para hone vAle sAmAjika anyAyoM kA varNana hai / ye sabhI samasyAmUlaka kahAniyA~ haiN| mohana rAkeza kI kahAniyoM kA dUsarA daura vaha hai, jaba lagatA hai ki unheM 'nae' kI upalabdhi ho gaI aura sUkSma sAMketikatA, vyaMjanAtmaka .pratibhA, saMzliSTa caritroM ko ubhArane ke lie pratIkoM kI yojanA se unhoMne apane zilpa ko nayA ma~jAva pradAna kiyA aura vaha abhinava rUpa meM prastuta kie jAne ke yogya bana gyaa| lekina isakA mUlya unhoMne AtmaparakatA evaM vaiyaktika dRSTikoNa apanAkara cukAyA-yaha bar3I TrejeDI hai / 'misa pAla', 'aparicita', 'suhAgineM', 'eka aura z2indagI', 'pA~cave mAle kA falaiTa', 'faulAda kA AkAza', 'jakhma', 'sefTIpina' Adi isI daura kI kahAniyA~ haiM jinameM aAja kI kahAnI kI sArI nUtana pravRttiyA~ lakSita hotI haiM / 'misa pAla' meM eka bhaddI-moTI strI ke mana kI saMvedanazIlatA aura usakI TrejeDI ko bahuta hI sazakta DhaMga se ubhArA gayA hai / 'suhAgineM' tathA 'eka aura z2indagI' meM Adhunika jIvana meM patipatnI ke sambandhoM kI navIna samasyAe~ sUkSmatA se citrita huI haiN| mohana rAkeza kA vizvAsa hai ki jisa prakAra ikAI ke rUpa meM AdamI kA

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136 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva apanA eka alaga astitva hai, usI artha meM lekhaka aura kalAkAra kA bhI / para dUsarI ikAiyoM se svatantra aura nirapekSa vaha kahIM para bhI nahIM hai / vAstava meM unake pAtroM kA vikAsa isI dRSTikoNa ke anurUpa huA hai / sAmAjika sandarbhoM se lie gae pAtra apane virATa mAnavIya cetanA se alaga haTakara dhIre-dhIre antarmukhI hote gae haiM aura akelepana tathA ajanabIpana kI cAdara or3hakara ghuTana evaM kuMThAgrasta sthitiyoM meM chaTapaTAne ke lie bAdhya kie jAte rahe haiM / 'malave kA mAlika', 'misa pAla', 'paramAtmA kA kuttA' aura 'eka aura jindagI' mohana rAkeza kI aba taka likhI gaI kahAniyoM kI upalabdhiyA~ haiM / kamalezvara (6 janavarI, 1932 ) ne mukhyatayA madhyavargIya jIvana ke yathArtha ko apanI kahAniyoM meM abhivyakta karane kI ceSTA kI hai / yadyapi mohana rAkeza kI bhA~ti unakI kahAnI - kalA kA vikAsa bhI samaSTigata ciMtana se vyaSTi-cintana kI dizA meM huA hai, para kamalezvara ke pAsa eka aisI yathArtha jIvana-dRSTi thI jise unhoMne kabhI nahIM chor3A / isIlie gata pA~ca varSoM kI unakI kahAniyA~ utanI ghora AtmaparakatA aura vaiyaktika cetanA ko lie hue nahIM haiM jitanI ki mohana rAkeza kI kahAniyA~ | isakA kAraNa kadAcit yahI hai ki kamalezvara pragatizIla kahAnIkAra haiM aura prArambha meM pragatizIla Andolana se bhI ghaniSTha rUpa meM sambandhita rahe / apane pahale kahAnI-saMgraha 'rAjA nirabaMsiyA' kI bhUmikA meM kamalezvara ne likhA hai ki kathAnaka, zailI aura zilpa ko cunane kI abhiruci meM unameM (nae kahAnIkAroM meM ) cAhe kitanA bhI vaibhinna ho ( aura vaha hai ), kintu mAnavIya mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa, jIvanI zakti ke paripreSaNa evaM sAmAjika nava-nirmANa kI jitanI utkaTa pyAsa isa pIr3hI ke kahAnIkAroM meM hai, vaha pichale daura meM nahIM thI / Aja ke hara kahAnIkAra meM kucha kahane ke lie eka ajaba-sI akulAhaTa aura bebasI hai, jo nizcaya hI isa saMkramaNa kAla kI dena

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aAdhunika kahAnI ko paripAca/137 hai, jisane eka ora yadi hamArI saMvedya zaMktiyoM para dabAva DAlA hai, to dUsarI ora hamArI cetanA ko bhI jAgarita kiyA hai| isalie hama dekhate haiM ki Aja kI kahAniyA~ kalpanA ke paMkhoM para nahIM ur3atIM, balki duniyA kI vyAvahArika aura vAstavika jindagI se unakA sIdhA sambandha hai| dharatI ke hara kaNa-kaNa ke prati lagAva, hara mor3a ke prati jijJAsu bhAva aura hara gaDDhe ko pATa dene kI sahAnubhUtipUrNa vihvalatA unameM hai| kamalezvara kI kahAniyA~ ise pUrI ImAnadArI se caritArtha karatI haiN| kamalezvara kI kahAniyoM meM vizadatA hai, virATatA kA bodha hai, jIvana ke vividha pakSoM kA saMsparza kara yathArtha abhivyakti dene kA prAgraha hai aura Adhunika bhAva-bodha ko spaSTa karane kI samarthatA hai / 'pAnI kI tasavIra', 'ur3atI huI ghUla,' 'nIlI jhIla', 'devA kI mA~,' 'kasbe kA AdamI 'khoyI huI dizAe~', 'dillI meM eka mauta', 'jArja paMcama kI nAka', 'eka rukI huI jindagI', 'talAza', 'Upara uThatA huA makAna' tathA 'mAMsa kA dariyA' Adi kahAniyA~ mere uparyukta kathana kI satyatA apane Apa .pramANita karatI haiM / dillI jAne ke pazcAt unakI kahAniyoM meM eka naI dizA dikhAI detI hai aura tathAkathita Adhunika jIvana-pariveza kI kRtrimatA evaM khokhalepana kA pardA fAza karane meM unakI yathArtha antardRSTi ne bar3I saphalatA prApta kI hai| Aja kI AdhunikatA ke bArIka-se-bArIka rezoM ko parivartita sAmAjika sandarbho meM hI abhivyakta kara unhoMne samakAlIna yuga-bodha ke vibhinna AyAmoM ko spaSTa karane meM apanI lekhakIya pratibaddhatA aura sAmAjika dAyitva kA nirvAha karane kI bhAvanA pUrNa kI hai / unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki 'merA jIvana itihAsa sApekSa hai| usake tamAma antardvadvoM kA sAkSI hai-vyakti aura usakI sAmAjikatA-donoM kaa| jahAM sAmAjikatA kI krUratA vyakti ke yathArtha ko dabocatI hai yA jahA~ vyakti ke ahaM kI krUratA sAmAjikatA ke yathArtha ko nakAratI hai, vahA~ Aja kI kahAnI yAnI naI kahAnI nahIM ho sakatI

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138/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva vahA~ AgrahamUlaka lekhana hI ho sakatA hai|' aisI dhAraNA se asahamata hone kA prazna nahIM uThatA aura jahA~ taka kamalezvara kA prazna hai, eka lambI yAtrA taka unhoMne isa dhAraNA ko apanI kahAniyoM meM yathArtha abhivyakti bhI dI hai| para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki aba unake lie janavAdI bhAvanAoM yA pragatizIla dRSTikoNa utanA mahatvapUrNa nahIM lagatA, jitanA ki vyakti yA usakA astitva / mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki kAmU, kAfkA yA sAtra ne jisa prakAra Adhunika kAla meM hindI kahAnIkAroM ko prabhAvita kiyA hai, kamalezvara bhI usase apane ko bacA nahIM pAe haiM aura vyakti kA ahaM yA nijatva tathA Atmaparaka dRSTikoNa ke prati unakA sarjanazIla mana AgrahI ho gayA hai / 'talAza', 'duHkhoM ke rAste', 'mA~sa kA dariyA' yA 'Upara uThatA huA makAna' isa vizvAsa ko puSTa karane vAlI kahAniyA~ haiN| 'nIlI jhIla', 'kasbe kA AdamI', 'khoyI huI dizAe~', 'Upara uThatA huA makAna', tathA 'mA~sa kA dariyA' unakI aba taka kI upalabdhiyAM haiN| rAjendra yAdava ( 18 agasta, 1926 ) kalAvAdI haiM jina para. pragatizIlatA yA sAmAjika yathArtha kA mukhauTA lagA rahatA hai| yaha mukhauTA itanA mahIna hotA hai ki z2arA-se prayAsa se usakI parateM udher3I jA sakatI haiM aura phira unakI kahAniyoM kI vAstavika raMgata sAmane A jAtI hai, arthAt unakI vyaktimUlaka cetanA spaSTatayA ubhara AtI hai / rAjendra yAdava apane dazaka ke kadAcit eka mAtra aise lekhaka haiM, jinakA ekamAtra uddezya apanI pratyeka kahAnI se apane sahavargiyoM ko nahIM, pAThakoM ko cauMkAnA hI rahA hai| isake lie cauMkAne vAle kathAnaka, vismayapUrNa lagane vAle zIrSaka aura nae-se-nae zilpavidhAna Adi ke anveSaNa ke prati hI unakI sArI prayatnazIlatA sImita rahI hai aura, jaisA ki maiMne Upara kahA hai, ve yathArthatA yA jIvana-saMvedanAoM kA AbhAsa dene kA prayatna bhara karate haiM-'jahA~ lakSmI kaida hai', 'laMca

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/136 TAima', 'pAsa-phela' tathA 'bhaviSyavaktA' Adi inI-ginI kahAniyA~ apavAda ho sakatI haiM, para eka bahuta bar3I saMkhyA unakI kahAniyoM kI aisI hai jinameM AtmaniSThatA aura vyakti-mUlaka bhAvadhArA ko hI abhivyakti mila sakI hai| isa sambandha meM svayaM rAjendra yAdava ne eka sthAna para likhA hai ki ajIba majadUrI hai, apane se jur3e ina sUtroM ko tor3a detA hU~, to apane lie hI aparicita ho uThatA hU~, unhIM meM baiTha rahatA hU~, to apane kucha na hone kA ehasAsa kATatA hai| hama kucha na hue, sandarbha aura prAsaMga hI saba kucha ho ge| ina AsaMgoM aura sandarbho meM ghuTane aura inheM tor3akara apane ko hI na pahacAna pAne kI sthiti se ghabarAkara nae sandarbha aura aura prAsaMga banAne, unheM purAnoM se jor3akara paricita karane kI prakriyA kA silasilA zurU hotA hai, dUra khar3e hokara apane ko pahacAnane, na pahacAnane ki duvidhA taMga karatI hai / mujhe lagatA hai, merA likhanA kucha isI khIMca-tAna kA pratiphala raha gayA hai| apane ko apane Apase nocakara 'nae', anajAne, anasoce pAtroM, paristhitiyoM, samasyAoM, sthitiyoM meM pheMka-phailA denA, svayaM apane Apa se aparicita ho uThanA aura phira apane jaise usa 'paricita' vyakti kI talAza meM bhaTakanA aura hamezA yaha mahasUsa karanA ki bhIr3a meM vaha mujhe chU-chUkara nikala jAtA hai| rAjendra yAdava ke isa spaSTa kathana ke pazcAt kucha bhI vivAda kI guMjAyaza nahIM raha jAtI / yaha kathana apanI kahAnI svayaM hI kahatA hai| vaise yaha svIkAra karane meM koI saMkoca nahIM honA cAhie ki rAjendra yAdava ke pAsa pratibhA hai, yathArtha ko pahacAnane aura jIvanapariveza ko samajhane kI kSamatA hai, para koI unheM yaha jAne kyoM nahIM samajhAtA ki cauMkA denA mAtra hI sAhityika upalabdhi nahIM hotii| svastha sAmAjika dRSTi, yathArthaparaka jIvana, sthitiyoM ko ubhArane kI prayatnazIlatA bhI bar3I cIz2a hotI hai, jisa para eka lekhaka kA

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140 / prAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva vyaktitva nirmita hotA hai / unake pAThaka 'jahAM lakSmI qaida hai', 'pAsaphela', tathA 'laMca TAima' ke rAjendra yAdava kI talAza meM aba bhI haiM aura jaba apane priya kathAkara ko soddezyatA se bhaTaka kara 'AdhunikatA' ke g2alata cakkaroM meM par3akara 'eka kaTI huI kahAnI' tathA 'bhaviSya ke AsapAsa maMDarAtA pratIta' jaisI ghora pratikriyAvAdI kahAnI likhate pAtA hai, to nirAza hI hotA hai / unakI kahAniyoM meM AdhunikatA ke sabhI sAja-sAmAna hote haiM, para eka jIvana hI nahIM hotA / usa jIvana ko yadi rAjendra yAdava prApta kara leM, to yaha eka bar3I cIz2a hogI / 'jahA~ lakSmI qaida hai' aura 'TUTanA' sImita arthoM meM unakI upalabdhiyA~ haiM / amarakAnta pragatizIla kahAnIkAra haiM / isa dazaka ke sabhI kahAnIkAroM meM ve ekamAtra aise kahAnIkAra haiM jo premacanda ke adhika nikaTa haiM / unameM vahI mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA hai, jIvana kA yathArtha hai aura AsthA evaM saMkalpa hai / unake pAtroM meM apUrva jijIviSA hai aura sabase bar3I bAta yaha ki eka aisA pragatizIla dRSTikoNa ubharatA hai jo jIvana se jUjhane kI eka naI preraNA detA hai aura viSamatAoM se Upara uThane kA AtmavizvAsa bharatA hai / unakI koI kahAnI uThA lI jAe'dopahara kA bhojana', 'DipTI kalakTarI', 'z2indagI aura joMka', 'inTaravyU', 'kele, paise aura mUMgaphalI', 'gale kI jaMjIra', 'naukara', 'eka asamartha hilatA hAtha', deza ke loga', 'khalanAyaka', 'lATa', 'lar3akI aura Adarza' Adi sabhI meM yahI bhAvanA parilakSita hotI hai / ina sabakA mUlAdhAra madhya varga hai, jisameM ghuna laga cukA hai aura loga pratyeka sthiti meM jIvana jIne kA bahAnA bhara kara rahe haiM / unake jIvana meM asaMkhya vikRtiyA~ hai, vipannatA kA athAha sAgara hai aura kuNThA, nirAzA tathA vizRMkhalatA hai, jinakI kaThora yathArthatA me unheM jIvana jInA par3atA hai / isa vyApaka yathArthatA ko apanI sUkSma dRSTi se amarakAnta

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/141 ne pahacAnA hai aura usake bArIka-se-bArIka reze ko atyanta kuzalatA se abhivyakta kiyA hai| ___'dopahara kA bhojana' meM nirdhana ghara meM dopahara ko khAne ke samaya jaba loga ikaTThe hote haiM, usa sthiti kA bahuta hI karuNa evaM marmaparzI citraNa kiyA gayA hai / siddhezvarI kA pati gAya kI taraha jugAlI karate hue dhIre-dhIre khAtA hai / siddhezvarI kI manaHsthiti eka mathakara rakha jAne vAlI dayanIyatA kA saMketa karatI hai aura vaha dopahara kA bhojana usI sthiti ke asaMkhya bhAratIya parivAroM meM hone vAle bhojana kA pratIka bana jAtA hai, jisameM yathArtha ke gahare raMga haiM, vyaMga ke paine bANa hai aura mana-mastiSka ko cIrakara rakha dene kI kSamatA hai / 'z2indagI aura joMka' meM eka naukara kA citraNa hai, jo maranA nahIM cAhatA, isa lie joMka kI bhA~ti z2indagI se cipaTA rahatA hai / lekina lagatA hai ki z2indagI svayaM joMka sarIkhI usase cipaTI thI aura dhIre-dhIre usake rakta kI antima bUMda pI gaI / yaha eka praznacinha upasthita karatI hai / isa nirdhanatA aura vipannatA evaM tathAkathita Adhunika samAja meM jIvana kA mUlya Akhira kyA hai ? AdamI joMka hai yA jindagI-kauna kisakA khUna cUsa rahA hai / isa kAraNa sthiti ko amarakAnta ne bar3e prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se ujAgara kiyA hai / 'inTaravyU' meM una logoM para tIkhA vyaMgya hai, jo naukarI dene ko vyavasAya banA lete haiM aura deza ke karor3oM navayuvakoM ke sAtha maz2Aka karate haiN| isameM Aja kI naI pIr3hI kI vibhrAntatA, kuMThA evaM nirAzA kI bhAvanA yathArtha pariveza meM bar3I sajIvatA ke sAtha ubharI hai| isI prakAra 'eka asamartha hilatA hAtha' meM aMdha-vizvAsoM, rUr3hiyoM, jAti-prathA evaM prema kI Adhunika visaMgatiyoM para mArmika vyaMgya haiN| amarakAnta kI kahAniyoM meM koI zilpa-prayoga nahIM hai yA rAjendra yAdava kI bhA~ti kalAbAjiyoM kA cakkara nahIM hai / vastuta: unakI kahAniyoM meM jIvana hI itanI sazaktatA se bolatA hai ki unheM cauMkA

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142 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva dene kI pravRtti kA zrAzraya nahIM lenA par3atA / unakA zilpa sIdhA-sAdA aura sahaja hai / unakI dRSTi sIdhe yathArtha ko pakar3akara satyAnveSaNa ke prati rahatI hai aura isameM unheM saphalatA bhI prApta huI hai / amarakAnta apane Apa meM Aja kI hindI kahAnI kI mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi haiM, jinhoMne premacandra ke bAda parivartita sandarbhoM ko premacanda jaisI mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA mukharita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / 'z2indagI aura joka', 'hatyAre', 'dopahara kA bhojana', 'chipakalI', ' eka asamartha hilatA hAtha', 'DipTI kalakTarI' Adi unakI upalabdhiyA~ haiM / nirmala varmA (3 apraila, 1929) una kathAkAroM meM haiM jinake lie jIvana kA artha videza pravAsa, zarAba aura lar3akI hai / adhikAMza kahAniyA~ isI bhAva ko vyakta karatI hai, jinameM koI jIvana nahIM hai, koI yathArtha nahIM haiM, kevala bhAvukatA haiM, vodakA, cIyAntI Adi videzI zarAbeM haiM, prAga zahara hai, paba haiM pahAr3a haiM, giratI huI barfa hai, sarasarAtI huI havA hai aura nIlI A~khoM tathA bhUre bAloM vAlI koI TUrisTa yA videzI mahilA hai / ina Adhunika prasAdhanoM ko juTAkara ve kahAnI ke reze saMguphita karate haiM, jo pratikriyAvAdI tatvoM ke byaure mAtra banakara raha jAte haiM / 'dahalIz2a', 'antara', 'pitA kA premI', 'pichalI garmiyoM meM', 'pahAr3a', 'jalatI jhAr3I' tathA 'eka zurUAta Adi kahAniyA~ par3hakara isa AdhunikatA se vitRSNA hotI hai aura Aja kI tathAkathita AdhunikatA ke prati apanI kalA evaM sarjanazIlatA kA hrAsa kara vitRSNA utpanna karanA hI yadi nirmala varmA kA uddezya haiM, taba unakI sarAhanA kI jAnI cAhie, para durbhAgya se bAta aisI nahIM hai / mujhe to ha~sI AtI hai jaba apane ko pragatizIla aura mArksavAdI kahane vAle eka alocaka ( jinheM kamalezvara ne bahuta ThIka gaz2aTeDa Alocaka kI saMjJA dI hai ! ) nirmala varmA kI pratikriyAvAdI bhAvanAoM ke viSa ko zaMkara kI bhA~ti pIkara unheM pragatizIla kahAnIkAra ke rUpa

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/143 meM mAnyatA dilAne kI dizA meM nirantara prayatnazIla rahate haiN| nirmala varmA kI 'pichalI garmiyoM meM', 'mAyA darpaNa', 'lavarsa', 'landana kI eka rAta' tathA 'kutte kI mauta' Adi kucha hI kahAniyA~ aisI haiM, jinameM Adhunika jIvana kI TrejeDI thor3e yathArtha DhaMga se abhivyakta huI hai| nahIM to jIvana se palAyana, ghora AtmaparakatA, kuMThA, nirAzA, aura ghuTana kI zarAba se zAMta karane kI jhUThI lalaka se hara kahAnI bharI hai| una kahAnIkAroM ke sambandha meM adhika kyA kahA jA sakatA hai jo apanI preraNA ke srotra videzoM meM khojate haiM, bhAratIya jIvanapaddhati jinake lie nagaNya evaM upekSaNIya haiM, tathA jinheM apane ko 'bhAratIya' kahane meM bhI saMkoca hotA hai, kyoMki yahAM ke loga 'prAga-vAsivoM' kI bhA~ti Adhunika nahIM haiM / 'mAyA darpaNa' tathA 'landana kI eka rAta' unakI upalabdhiyA~ haiM / mArkaNDeya mukhyatayA aAMcalika kahAnIkAra haiM aura unhoMne apanI kahAniyoM meM svAtaMtryottara kAla meM bhAratIya grAmoM meM hue parivartanoM ko yathArthatA se ujAgara karane kI ceSTA kI hai| ve pragatizIla kahAnIkAra haiM aura grAmINa bhAvabhUmi kI unheM khUba pahacAna hai / 'haMsA jAI akelA', 'gularA ke bAbA', 'laMgar3e cAcA', 'miradaMgiyA', 'bodhana tivArI', 'gusAI', 'phUlamatiyA', 'ghuna', 'AdarzoM kA nAyaka', 'choTe mahArAja, Adi aisI hI kahAniyA~ haiM, jinameM unakI samAjavAdI bhAvanA pratiphalita huI hai| unakI vicAradhArA kA mUlAdhAra mArksavAda hai, para vaha yazapAla kI bhA~ti sthUla na hokara pratyanta sUkSma hai aura unakA uddezya pracAra na hokara bhAratIya jIvana-paddhitiyoM se usakA sAmaMjasya sthApita kara pragatizIla dRSTikoNa kI sthApanA hai / varga-vaiSamya, zoSaNa, asamAnatA, rur3hiyoM evaM andhavizvAsoM para unhoMne apanI kahAniyoM meM kaThora prahAra kie haiM aura unakI anupayogitA siddha karate hue navIna parivartanoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa karane kI ceSTA kI hai| ina

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144 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva kahAniyoM meM mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA hai, yathArtha citraNa hai aura sAmAjika dAyitva kA nirvAha hai, jisameM ve pUrNatayA saphala raheM haiM / para mArkaNDeya ne nagara - jIvana athavA tathAkathita Adhunika jIvana pariveza ko lekara jo kahAniyA~ likhI haiM, ve unakI asaphala kahAniyA~ hai / vAstava meM yaha kSetra mArkaNDeya kA nahIM hai aura ye kahAniyA~ bar3I kRtrima evaM asvAbhAvika pratIta hotI haiM / unameM yathArthaM ke raMga bharane meM bhI ve samartha nahIM ho sake haiN| ho sakatA haiM, nagara aura grAma-jIvana, donoM para hI samAna rUpa se apanA adhikAra jamAne ke lie athavA mAtra faizana ke pravAha meM Akara unhoMne ye kahAniyA~ likhI hoM, para inameM unakA pragatizIla dRSTikoNa kosoM pIche raha gayA hai / mArkaNDeya meM kahAnI kahane kA DhaMga bahuta rocaka hai aura apanI kahAniyoM ke kathAnaka unhoMne bar3I kuzalatA se saMguphita kie haiM / unake pAtra yathArtha jIvana se lie gae haiM, para adhikAMzataH ve jAtIya haiM aura kinhIMna kinhIM vargoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / unakA caritra - citraraNa unhIM ke yathArtha pariveza meM kiyA gayA hai, isalie ve sajIva evaM AsthAvAna lagate haiM aura grAmINa aMcala apanI pUrI yathArthatA evaM svAbhAvikatA ke sAtha ubharatA huA dRSTigocara hotA hai / 'haMsA jAI akelA', 'mAhI', 'AdarzoM kA nAyaka' tathA 'ghuna' unakI aba taka kI likhI kahAniyoM kI upalabdhiyA~ haiM / phaNIzvaranAtha reNu (pharavarI, 1921) bhI AMcalika kahAnIkAra rUpa meM hI khyAti prApta haiM / hindI kathA sAhitya ke kSetra meM reNu kA AvirbhAva eka ghUmaketu kI bhA~ti 'mailA A~cala' ke prakAzana ke pazcAt huA thA aura usa samaya lagabhaga sabhI alocakoM ko reNa apUrva saMbhAvanAoM vAle lekhaka lage the / usake bAda hI unakA 'ThumarI' kahAnI saMgraha prAyA thA, jisakI kucha kahAniyA~ to nizcaya hI eka naI z2amIna tor3ane vAlI thIM aura unakA usI rUpa meM svAgata bhI huA /

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aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva 145 'tIsarI kasama', 'rasapriyA', 'tIrthoMdaka', 'lAla pAna kI begama' tathA 'Thesa' Adi kahAniyoM ko par3hakara una gA~voM kI miTTI kI gaMdha taka kA anubhava hotA thA-unameM itanI yathArthatA hai| apane aMcala kI lokasaMskRti, bhASA, AcAra-vyavahAra, sthAnIya jIvana-paddhati tathA muhAvare Adi ko reNa ne sUkSma antardRSTi se parakhA hai aura use vyApaka sArvajanInatA pradAna karate hue apUrva mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne ina kahAniyoM meM sarvathA eka naI zailI kA prayoga kiyA hai-foTograifika zailI kA, jisameM kahAnIkAra eka kaimarAmaina kI bhA~ti eka vizeSa aMcala kI bhinna-bhinna koNoM se tasavIreM utAratA huA calatA hai| ye tasavIreM raMgIna haiM-vahA~ ke hara raMga unameM aMkita ho gae haiM, isIlie ve yathArtha pratIta hote haiM, aura bar3I svAbhAvikatA evaM sahajatA se pAThakoM se pratyakSa' rUpa se bolate pratIta hote haiN| para reNa ke pAsa dhvani-yaMtra hai, jisake mAdhyama se unhoMne isa aMcala ke gAyoM kI calane kI AvAz2a, per3a-pattoM ke hilane kI dhvani, nAka sur3akane aura chIMkane kI AvAjeM, hasuliyoM aura jhAMjhanoM ke bajane, kaMganoM kI khanaka taka mUrta kara dI hai| isa dRSTi se reNu bahuta hI saphala rahe haiM aura unhoMne premacanda ke uparAnta pahalI bAra hindI kahAniyoM meM bhAratIya grAmoM ko vANI dI hai|| lekina jaba kucha loga premacanda aura reNa kI tulanA karate hue reNu ko premacanda ke samakSa siddha karane kI sAyAsa ceSTA karane lagate haiM, to 'mugdha' hue binA nahIM rahA jaataa| premacanda jaisI mAnavIya saMvedanAzIlatA, sAmAjika yathArtha ko ujAgara karane kI samarthatA aura mAnava-mUlyoM evaM sAmAjika dAyitva ke nirvAha kI bhAvanA ko AtmasAta kara pUrNa ImAnadArI se dizonmukha hone kI dizA meM reNa ko abhI eka lambI yAtrA taya karanI hai| jaba ki unakI yAtrA ke sambandha meM dasa varSa bhI vyatIta nahIM hue, unakI kalA ne gambhIra prazna cinha upasthita kara die haiM / reNu kI idhara kI kahAniyoM meM vahI piSTapeSaNa milatA hai aura jisa

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146/Adhunika kahAnI kA pa ripArzva mAnavIya saMvedanAzIlatA ke kAraNa unheM prArambha meM saphalatA milI thI, use aba mainariz2ama banAkara prayukta karane kI pravRtti lakSita hotI hai| upanyAsoM ke kSetra meM yadi 'julUsa' yA 'dIrghatapA' unakI kalA kA hrAsa darzAtA hai, to kahAniyoM ke kSetra meM idhara kI likhI gaI unakI sabhI kahAniyA~ usI patha kA anugamana karatI pratIta hotI haiM / ataH reNa ko premacanda ke samakakSa siddha karane kI ceSTA samudra na dekhe hue vyakti dvArA tAlAba ko hI samudra mAnakara vizvAsa kara lene ke samAna hI hogA / vaise isameM koI sandeha nahIM kI reNu ke pAsa zilpa hai, jIvana-dRSTi hai, rasa utpanna karane aura yathArtha ko sazakta abhivyakta dene kI samarthatA hai, para jAne kyoM 'ThumarI' ke prakAzana ke pazcAt unheM apanI isa yathArthatA ke prati vizvAsa nahIM rahA aura ve bhI aba faisana aura faoNrmUle ke cakkara meM par3a gae haiM aura 'AdhunikatA' ko citrita karane ke lie Akula haiM ('Tebula' kahAnI pramANa hai)| para isa prakriyA meM unakI kalA aura samarthatA nirantara kSINa ho rahI hai, yaha bhI satya hai| reNa yaha kyoM bhUla jAte haiM ki 'ThumarI' kI kahAniyoM meM eka vizeSa aMcala kA citraNa karate samaya jIvana ke parivatanoM ke jina bArIka-se-bArIka rezoM ko . unhoMne yathArtha DhaMga se mukharita kiyA hai, yaha AdhunikatA nahIM to aura kyA hai / AdhunikatA poza hoTaloM, nagaroM, reDiyogrAma, glAsaTaika, slIvalesa blaoNuz2oM aura lagjarI kAroM Adi taka hI sImita nahIM hotii| yaha kucha bar3e nagaroM yA pazcimI dezoM kI AdhunikatA ho sakatI hai, bhArata kI nhiiN| bhArata kI AdhunikatA to gA~voM meM, nagaroM ke nimna aura madhyavarga logoM meM hI phaila rahI hai / jisa prakAra dhIre-dhIre dhArmika vizvAsa khaNDita ho rahe haiM,rUr3hiyA~ TUTa rahI haiM aura paramparAe~ jarjarita ho rahI haiM tathA purAtanatva kA kor3ha jisa prakAra gala rahA hai, vaha AdhunikatA nahIM to aura kyA hai aura yaha eka saMtoSa kI bAta thI ki prArambha meM reNa ne isa AdhunikatA ko pahacAna liyA thA aura apanI sArI samarthatA evaM kalAtmaka kauzala se use citrita karane kA saphalatApUrvaka prayatna kiyA

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/147 thA / jaba unheM yaha bhrama ho gayA ki jIvana kA yathArtha, mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA, mAnava-mUlyoM evaM yugIna satya kA citraNa mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai to sArI vizRMkhalatA yahIM se prArambha ho jAtI hai| _ 'tIsarI kasama', 'tIrthoMdaka', 'rasa priyA', 'lAla pAna kI beg2ama, aura 'tIna bidiyA~' unakI upalabdhiyA~ haiN| bhISma sAhanI (1915) pragatizIla kahAnIkAra haiN| unhoMne apanI kahAniyoM meM mUlataH madhya varga ko liyA hai aura usakI vibhinna samasyAoM ko yathArtha DhaMga se citrita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / isa madhya varga kI kuMThA, pIr3A, ghuTana, bikharAva, rur3hiyA~ evaM jhUThI mAnyatAe~ Adi unakI vibhinna kahAniyoM meM bar3e sazakta DhaMga se abhivyakti pA sakI haiM / unakI kahAnI-kAla kA mUlAdhAra samaSTigata cintana para hI AdhArita hai / apanI kahAniyoM meM unhoMne pUre bhAratIya samAja ko usakI samasta acchAI-burAI ke sAtha hI grahaNa kiyA hai, nire vyakti ko nahIM / jo vyakti hai bhI vaha sAmAjika ikAI hai, apane Apa meM koI saMsthA nahIM, isalie na to vaha kisI ke lie ajanabI hai aura na apane astitva evaM nijatva ke lie dina-rAta cintita / lagabhaga sabhI kahAniyoM meM madhya-vargIya jIvana-mUlyoM para prahAra kiyA gayA hai aura paine-tIkhe vyaMgya ke mAdhyama se usakI kRtrimatA evaM khokhalepana ko ubhArA gayA hai / ve premacanda aura yazapAla donoM se hI atyadhika prabhAvita haiM, isalie unakI kahAniyoM meM varNanAtmakatA adhika milatI hai / Aja kI kahAnI meM hue parivartanoM, vizeSatayA sUkSma vyaMjanAtmakatA, pratIka vidhAna evaM saMketAtmakatA Adi, kI ora unhoMne vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyA haiM, isIlie unakI kahAniyA~ sthUla haiM, sUkSma nahIM / 'cIfa kI dAvata', 'pahalA pATha', 'bApa-beTA', 'samAdhi bhAI rAmasiMha', 'bhaTakatI huI rAkha' aura 'safara kI rAta' Adi sabhI kahAniyA~ isI tathya ko spaSTa karatI hai ki bhISma sAhanI vastuvAdI adhika haiM, kalAvAdI kama / unakI kahAniyoM meM zilpa kI yaha udAsInatA prabhAvazIlatA ko kama nahIM

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148/aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva karatI, varan usakI abhivRddhi hI karatI haiM, kyoMki jisa soddezyatA evaM sAmAjika yathArtha ko ve ubhAranA cAhate haiM, vaha bahuta hI sahaja evaM svAbhAvika rUpa meM pAThakoM taka pahu~ca jAtA hai aura sIdhe mana aura mastiSka para apanA amiTa prabhAva chor3a jAne meM samartha hotA hai| ___'cIfa ko dAvata', 'sira kA sadakA' tathA 'pahalA pATha' unakI upalabdhiyA~ haiN| uSA priyaMvadA Aja kI kahAnI kI pramukha kahAnI-lekhikAoM meM haiM aura Aja kI pIr3hI ke dUsare aneka kahAnIkAroM kI bhA~ti samaSTigata cintana se vyaSTi-cintana kI ora unakI bhAvadhArA bhI mur3I hai / Aja ke nArI-jIvana meM svAtaMtryottara kAla ke uparAMta jo parivartana Ae haiM aura jina nae mUlyoM ko AtmasAt karane aura purAne mUlyoM ko asvIkArane ke lie Aja kI nArI binA soce-samajhe apanAne ke lie Akula rahI hai usake kyA-kyA pariNAma hue haiM, uSA priyaMvadA kI kahAniyoM meM yaha atyanta sUkSmatA ke sAtha mukharita huA hai| isake atirikta Adhunika madhya-vargIya parivAroM kI kyA sthiti hai, unakI mAnyatAe~ kisa sImA taka parivartita ho rahI haiM aura mUlya-maryAdA kina viSamatAoM evaM vikRtiyoM ke kAraNa khaNDita ho rahI haiM aura usa pariveza meM tathAkathita Adhunika nArI apanI ucca zikSA evaM astitva-rakSA kI bhAvanA se ota-prota kisa prakAra misafiTa hai-uSA priyaMvadA ne apanI koI kahAniyoM meM isakA bar3A hI yathArtha evaM sajIva citraNa kiyA hai| unakI tIsare DhaMga kI kahAniyA~ ve haiM jinameM pati patnI ke sambandhoM kI Adhunika parivartita sandarbho meM vyAkhyA hai| cauthe DhaMga kI kahAniyA~ ve haiM jo unhoMne videza jAne ke pazcAt likhI haiM, jinameM Atmaparaka dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai / 'vApasI', khule hue daravAje', 'jhUThA darpaNa', 'pUrti', 'do aMdhere', 'chA~ha', 'dRSTidoSa', 'koI nahIM', 'z2indagI aura gulAba ke phala', 'machaliyA~' Adi unakI carcita kahAniyA~ haiM, jo upayukta sandarbho meM dekhI jA sakatI haiN| uSA priyaMvadA kI kahAniyoM meM yadyapi Adhunika

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripAva/146 zilpa-vidhAna prApta hotA hai, para ve kalA ko utanA mahatva nahIM detIM, jitanA jIvana ke yathArtha ko / unhoMne samakAlIna yugabodha ko usake sahI pariprekSya meM dekhane kI ceSTA kI hai aura usake yathArtha AyAmoM ko satya abhivyakti dene meM hI unakI pratibaddhatA sammilita hai / isalie unakI kahAniyA~ Aja ke pArivArika jIvana ke una ubhare-dabe konoM ko ubhAratI haiM, jo dhIre-dhIre gala rahA hai aura kisI-na-kisI prakAra naI mAnyatAe~ evaM mUlya jinakA sthAna le rahe haiN| ___'vApasI', 'koI nahIM', 'khule hue daravAje' tathA 'z2indagI aura gulAba ke phUla' unakI upalabdhiyA~ haiM / manna bhaNDArI kI kahAniyA~ mUlataH vaiyaktika cetanA se anuprANati haiM, para apane pati rAjendra yAdava kI apekSA unakI kahAniyA~ jIvana ke adhika nikaTa pratIta hotI haiM aura adhika soddezyatA lie hue haiM / unakI kahAniyA~ pArivArika jIvana, pati-patnI ke sambandhoM evaM Adhunika prema taka sImita haiM / svAtaMtryottara kAla meM hue nArI-jIvana meM parivartanoM ko aura Aja kI tathAkathita AdhanikatA para unhoMne vyaMgyapUrNa prahAra kie haiM jinheM nAriyA~ binA kisI dUradarzitA ke apane jIvana se sAmaMjasya biThAne kI asaphala ceSTA kara rahI haiN| 'abhinetA', 'zamazAna', 'IzA ke ghara insAna', 'kIla aura kasaka', 'yahI saca hai', 'anathAhI gaharAiyA~', 'AkAza ke AIne meM', tIsarA AdamI' tathA 'dhuTana' Adi kahAniyA~ aisI hI haiM jinameM Adhunika nArI ke vibhinna paripArzva spaSTa hue hai aura nArI-jIvana kI vibhinna samasyAoM ke mUla kAraNoM ko yathArthatA se citrita kiyA gayA hai / kalA ke prati mannU bhaNDArI kA bhI vizeSa Agraha hai,para vaha kahAniyoM para bahuta hAvI nahIM hone pAyA hai aura kahAniyoM kI sahajatA evaM saMpreSaNIyatA banI rahatI hai| unakI kahAniyoM meM khalane vAlI bAta mainariz2ma hai, jisake prati mannU bhaNDArI kA vizeSa Agraha rahatA hai| unake pAtra binA kisI ekzana ke kucha kaha hI nahIM sakate /

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150/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva yA to kucha kahane ke pUrva ve bAloM ko jhaTakA deMge, sAr3I ke pallU ke challe banAe~ge, TAI kI nAMTa DhIlI yA taMga kareMge yA aura na sahI bArabAra cAya yA kaoNfI meM cammaca DAlakara hI hilAe~ge / kahIM-kahIM to ye kriyA-kalApa usa samaya pAtroM kI kisI vizeSa manaHsthiti ko spaSTa karane meM saphala hote haiM, para prAyaH ve nirarthaka hI pratIta hote haiM aura koI prabhAva DAlane meM asamartha rahate haiN| 'kIla aura kasaka' tathA 'IsA ke ghara iMsAna' unakI upalabdhiyA~ haiN| sureza sinahA (18 agasta, 1940) pramukhataH pragatizIla kathAkAra haiM / Aja kI jisa viSama saMkrAnti meM hama jI rahe haiM, yugIna cetanA jisa prakAra naI dizAe~ grahaNa kara rahI hai, nirmANa evaM vikAsa ke khokhale svaroM ke pIche jisa prakAra Arthika zoSaNa ho rahA hai, phalasvarUpa nimna-madhya varga meM jo kaTutA, riktatA aura dUriyA~ vyApta ho rahI haiM, unheM apanI kahAniyoM meM yathArtha DhaMga se prastuta karane meM sureza sinahA ko bar3I saphalatA milI hai| jisa prakAra pichale dazaka meM amarakAnta premacanda kI paramparA kA ImAnadArI se nirvAha karane kA prayatna kara rahe the, usI prakAra isa dazaka meM sureza sinahA ne premacanda kI yathArtha-paramparA kA pUrNa ImAnadArI se nirvAha kiyA hai aura badale hue kazya evaM kathana ko lekara usI mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA, yathArthaparaka pariveza meM mAnava-mUlyoM ko pahacAnane tathA citrita karane kI kSamatA evaM virATa jIvana-bodha ko yathArtha tathA sahAnubhUtiparaka saMsparza dene kI prayatnazIlatA prakaTa kI hai| Adhunika jIvana ke khokhalepana, kRtrimatA evaM ajanabIpana, nagarIya jIvana kA mRta pariveza aura hAsyAspada jIvana mUlyoM kI bhI unhoMne atyanta sUkSma antardaSTi ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai / sajaga sAmAjika cetanA aura AsthA ne jIvana jI sakane kI kSamatA aura vAtAvaraNa se Upara uTha sakane kI samarthatA hI unheM pradAna kI hai, kuNThA evaM nirAzA nhiiN| unakI kahAniyoM meM yahI niSThA evaM saMkalpa sazaktatA se abhivyaktA huA hai / nava-mAnavatAvAda

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 151 evaM AdhunikatA kA samaSTigata AdhAra unheM usa nae dharAtala para pratiSThita karatA hai, jahA~ unakI kahAniyoM meM nae mAnava mUlyoM, sambandhoM evaM pragatizIla mAnadaNDoM kI sthApanA kI ceSTA vikasita hotI hai / unakI kahAniyoM meM yathArtha ke naye dharAtala kA udghATana hai, navIna mUlyoM kI sthApanAe~ haiM aura vikRtiyoM evaM asaMgatiyoM kA nirvaiyaktika, para prabhAvazAlI, citraraNa hai / unakI pratyeka kahAnI mana meM eka nayA vizvAsa jagAtI hai aura eka apUrva jijIviSA se prerita karatI hai / sureza sinahA kI svAbhAvika pravRtti naepana kI ora rahI hai, para ise bahuta sahajatA evaM sampreSita DhaMga se prastuta karane kI unakI saphala ceSTA rahI hai sureza sinhA kI kahAniyoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA pAtroM kA nirvAha hai / ve pAtroM ko vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM DAlakara unakI sUkSma se-sUkSma pratikriyAoM kA vizvasanIya ( Genuine ) citraNa karate haiM / idhara kI 'kaI kuhare', 'mRtyu aura...', 'udAsI ke Tukar3e' Adi kahAniyoM ke sandarbha meM yaha tathya spaSTa hotA hai / ina pAtroM ko unakI pUrNa sahAnubhUti to prApta huI haiM, para usase bar3I bAta pAtroM ko unake yathArthaM pariveza meM sameTane kI prayatnazIlatA lakSita hotI hai, jinameM yugIna bodha, bhAva-vicAra aura kalAtmaka sauSThava ke sAtha jIvana kI virATatA kA bodha lakSita hotA hai / mAnava sambandhoM kI garimA kI aura sureza sinahA kA vizeSa dhyAna rahA hai aura unhoMne prasantulana meM santulana sthApita karane kI saphala ceSTA kI hai - yahI unheM unakI pIr3hI aura paramparA meM viziSTa sthAna pradAna karatI hai / samakAlIna jIvana-paddhati se prasUta AdhunikatA ke vibhinna unake vyApaka sandarbhoM meM mAnava kI maryAdA evaM vyakti kI niSThA kA prakAzana sureza sinahA kI kahAniyoM kA vaiziSTya hai / vyakti kI garimA evaM mahimA ke sAtha Adhunika jIvana kI naI saMkrAnti kI pahacAna unakI idhara kI kahAniyoM meM dekhane yogya hai / sUtroM ko sameTa kara

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152 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva 1960 ke pazcAt 'naI' kahAnI meM vyApaka sAmAjika sandarbhoM ke yathArtha pariprekSya meM abhinava arthavattA pradAna karane kA bahuta bar3A zreya sureza sinahA ko haiM / 1660 meM jahA~ pichale dazaka ke lagabhaga sabhI kahAnIkAra ghora zrAtmaparaka dRSTikoNa ko AtmasAt kara kahAniyA~ likhane lage the, aura 1960 ke pazcAta samUcI naI ubharane vAlI pIr3hI usI AtmaparakatA kA anusaraNa karane meM lagI huI thI, vahA~ pragatizIla dRSTikoNa lekara samaSTigata cintana ke AdhAra para sAmAjika dAyitva kA nirvAha karane kI ora pravRtta honA eka mahatva pUrNa bAta thI aura isameM akele hone para bhI sureza sinahA saphala rahe haiM / 'eka aparicita dAyarA', 'nayA janma', 'TakarAtA huA AkAza', 'subaha hone taka', 'taTa se chuTe hue', 'vatana' tathA 'aparicita zahara meM' Adi sabhI kahAniyA~ isa kathana kI satyatA pramANita karatI haiM aura 1960 ke bAda Aja kI kahAnI kI naI dizA kA saMketa karatI haiM - isa dRSTi se unake 'kaI kuhare' kahAnI saMgraha kA vizeSa mahatva hai / 'eka aparicita dAyarA', 'subaha hone taka', 'taTa se chuTe hue', 'kaI kuhare', 'mRtyu aura....' tathA 'udAsI ke Tukar3e' unakI aba taka kI likhI kahAniyoM kI upalabdhiyA~ haiM / jJAnaraMjana bhI 1960 ke pazcAt hI ubhare lekhaka haiM, para sureza sinahA ke viparIta meM unakI bhAvadhArA vaiyaktika cetanA para AdhArita hai aura apanI kahAniyoM meM unhoMne Atmaparaka dRSTikoNa ko abhivyakti 'dene kI ceSTA kI hai / 'divAsvapnI', 'khalanAyikA aura bArUda ke phUla', 'amarUda kA per3a', 'buddhijIvI', 'zeSa hote hue', ' phensa ke idhara aura udhara', 'sambandha', sImAe~' tathA 'pitA' Adi unakI sabhI kahAniyA~ vyaSTi ciMtana kA pariNAma haiM jinameM madhyavargIya jIvana kI tathAkathita AdhunikatA evaM vighaTita mAnava mUlyoM kI ora saMketa hai aura unakI anupayogitA evaM nirjIvitA para kaThora prahAra hai / jJAnaraMjana ke pAsa ma~jA huA zilpa hai aura apanI vibhinna kahAniyoM meM unhoMne bhinna-bhinna praNAliyoM se

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yAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 153 apanI bAta prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se kahane kI ceSTA kI hai| unameM pratibhA bhI hai aura yathArtha ko pahacAnane kI kSamatA bhI / yadi isakA upayoga ve vyApaka sAmAjika sandarbhoM meM apanAkara pragatizIla AsthA kA svara mukharita karane kA prayatna kareM, to nizcita rUpa se ve aura bhI saphala hoMge, aisA merA vizvAsa hai / vAstava meM ve kAmU, sArtra, kAfkA se atyadhika prabhAvita haiM aura eka prakAra kI vicitra-sI anAsthA evaM ghuTana unakI kahAniyoM kA mUla svara bana gaI hai jise bahuta zubha cinha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 'phrensa ke idhara aura udhara' tathA 'sImAe~' unakI ullekhanIya kahAniyA~ haiM / ravIndra kAliyA kA dRSTikoNa bhI vaiyaktika cetanA ke anurUpa hai / yadyapi prArambha meM unhoMne 'itavAra kA eka dina' Adi kucha kahAniyA~ sAmAjika yathArtha ko lekara likhI thIM, jinameM samakAlIna yathArtha pariveza ko pahacAnane kI unakI kSamatA kA AbhAsa milatA hai, para jAne kina kAraNoM se ve aba Atmaparaka dhArA kA vizleSaNa karanA adhika upayukta samajhate haiM / 'daftara', 'nau sAla choTI patnI', 'trAsa', 'ka 'kha ga' Adi unakI kahAniyA~ isI bhAva ko spaSTa karatI haiN| unhoM AdhunikatA ke nagarIya pariveza ko samajhA hai aura usakI nissAra 1 tathA kRtrimatA ko apanI kaI kahAniyoM meM citrita karane kI ceSTA kI hai, para jIvana kI mUla dhArA se kaTI hone ke kAraNa una kahAniyoM kA vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai / vAstava meM ravIndra kAliyA ke pAsa anUThA zilpa hote hue bhI svastha jIvana-dRSTi kA abhAva hai aura anAsthA tathA ghuTana unakI kahAniyoM kA bhI mUla svara bana gayA hai / unameM bar3I sambhAvanAe~ haiM aura apanI bAta ko prabhAvazAlI DhaMga se kahane kI kSamatA bhI hai / yadi ve jIvana ke yathArtha kI ora isa pratibhA ko dizA pradAna kara sakeM, to nizcaya hI ve aura bhI acchI kahAniyA~ likha sakeMge / 10

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aAdhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/155 dUdhanAtha siMha mUlataH Atma-paraka pravRttiyoM ke kahAnIkAra haiN| unake pAsa saphala zilpa hai| jIvana kI mAMsalatA ke prati nahIM, unameM palAyanavAdI vRttiyoM se moha hai / asvastha pravRttiyoM, kuMThA, nairAzya evaM jIvana kI vikRtiyoM mAtra kA citraNa unakI kahAniyoM ko ekAMgI AdhAra-bhUmi pradAna karatA hai, jo vAMchanIya nahIM hai| rIcha', 'mamI tuma udAsa kyoM ho?', 'raktapAta' Adi kahAniyA~ isI tathya kI aura saMketa karatI haiN| isI sandarbha meM maiM yaha kahanA cAhatA hUM ki jIvana kI maryAdA aura mAnava-sambandhoM kI garimA mahatvapUrNa tathya haiM, jinheM kisI bhI yuga kI AdhunikatA khaNDita nahIM kara pAtI / AdhunikatA parivartanazIla hai, para maryAdA aura garimA nhiiN| jIvana ke vikRta-se-vikRta pakSa kA citraNa bhI maryAdA kI mAMga karatA hai aura yahI sAhitya kA saundarya-pakSa hai jo use zAzvata satya pradAna karatA hai| naI pIr3hI kA isa satya ke prati itanA asAvadhAna honA aura eka-pakSIya AMdhAra rakhanA kisI bhI dRSTi se zubha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ___mahendra bhallA para nirmala varmA kA bahuta prabhAva par3A hai, para 'dina zurU ho gayA hai', 'eka pati ke noTsa' Adi kahAniyoM meM unakA apanA vyaktitva banatA daSTigocara hotA hai| unake pAsa pratibhA hai aura jIvana kI visaMgatiyoM ko pahacAnane kI sUkSma antardRSTi hai| unhoMne kalAtmaka sauSThava ke sAtha ina kahAniyoM meM unakA vikAsa kiyA hai, jisameM unheM paryApta saphalatA prApta huI hai| unameM Adhunika pravRttiyoM kA samanvaya bhI huA hai aura jIvana ke yathArtha kA paricaya bhI prApta hotA hai| unameM sUkSmatA aura sAMketikatA hai, yadyapi yaha kahIM-kahIM durUha ho jAtI hai| ___ ina kahAnIkAroM ke atirikta 1960 ke bAMda ke dazaka meM ubharane vAle kucha pramukha-pramukha kahAnIkAroM meM zrIkAnta varmA, kAzInAtha siMha, prakAza nagAyaca, anItA aulaka, vinItA pallavI, rAmanArAyaNa zukla, prayAga zukla, gaMgAprasAda vimala, dharmendra gupta, jJAna prakAza, surendra aror3A,

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156 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva ananta, prema kapUra, se 0 0 rA0 yAtrI tathA jagadIza caturvedI Adi haiM, jo nirantara likha rahe haiM aura eka-se-eka acchI kahAniyA~ likha rahe haiM / para sabase merI zikAyata yahI hai, aura jo pratyeka jAgarUka pAThaka kI zikAyata ho sakatI hai, vaha yaha ki jAne kyoM pror3hI huI mAnasika kuNThAgrastatA, akelApana, seksa aura madirA ke prati atirikta moha ( ! ) aura phalasvarUpa utpanna ghuTana, vizRMkhalatA aura anAsthA kA svara hI unakI kahAniyoM meM adhikAMzataH mukharita hotA hai aura bahudhA unakI kahAniyA~ bahuta hI pratikriyAvAdI bana jAtI haiM / inameM rAmanArAyaNa zukla, se0 rA0 yAtrI, jJAna prakAza, prakAza nagAyaca, kAzInAtha siMha, ananta tathA dharmendra gupta avazya hI apavAda haiM, jinhoMne jIvana-saMgharSa aura sAmAjika yathArtha ko apanAne kI ora AsthA kA paricaya dene kI bharasaka ceSTA kI hai, jisameM paryApta aMzoM taka ve saphala bhI rahe haiN| para dUsare kahAnIkAroM ne aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kAmU kAkA aura sAtra ko hI apanA Adarza mAna liyA hai aura usI anAsthA aura kuMThA bhAratIya jIvana-paddhati ke sAtha asaphala DhaMga se sAmaMjasya biThAkara citrita karane kI ceSTA kara rahe haiM jise bahuta zubha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ina lekhakoM meM jIvana ke prati niSThA nahIM hai aura na mAnavasambandhoM ke prati koI maryAdA kA bhAva | yaha smaraNa rahe ki pIr3hiyoM kA saMgharSa pratyeka yuga meM hotA hai, para use Akroza, amaryAdita evaM asaMtulita DhaMga tathA asaMgata bhASA meM abhivyakta karane ko sAhitya meM kabhI vAMchanIya nahIM samajhA jA sakatA / naI pIr3hI ko yaha samajhanA hogA, aura praur3hatA kI yaha mA~ga bhI hai, ki vyakti aura usake sambandhoM kA udghATana pUrNa sahAnubhUti evaM mAnavIya saMvedanazIlatA ke sAtha hI kiyA jAnA cAhie aura yaha eka aisI cIz2a hai jise kisI kAla kI AdhunikatA prabhAvita nahIM kara pAtI / AdhunikatA kA moha burA nahIM hai, varan samakAlIna bhAratIya jIvana-paddhati se prasUta AdhunikatA ke

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Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 157 vibhinna sUtroM kA citraNa anivArya hai / isake prati atirikta AgrahazIlatA tathA tatsambandhita satya - sUtroM kI upekSA eka aisA durAgraha hai, jo hameM kahIM kisI bhI rUpa meM gatizIla nahIM karatau / naI pIr3hI ko adhika praur3ha banakara isa bAta ko samajhanA hogA / vaise yaha pIr3hI apane dAyitvoM ke prati adhika sajaga hai aura pratibhA kI bhI koI kamI nahIM hai / yadi vaha sAmAjika yathArtha aura jIvana-dRSTi se apane ko asampRkta karake na cale aura apanI pratibaddhatA ko yathArtha jIvana pariveza se sambaddha kara le, to usakI sambhAvanAoM ke prati koI sandeha kI guMjAyaza hI nahIM raha jAtI / 1300

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anukramaNikA "ajJeya' 56, 72, 80,81, 82, "vipathagA' 80 86, 88,68, 101, 111, 'koTharI kI bAta' 80, 124 116, 122, 124, 125 'paramparA' 80 'jayadola' 80 'hIlIbona kI battakheM' 80 'mejara caudharI kI vApasI' 80 'jIvanI zakti' 80 ananta 155, 156 anItA aulaka 64, 155 amarakAnta 70,76,88,64,101, 'lar3akI aura Adarza' 140 105, 113, 115, 121, 'hatyAre' 70, 113, 142 126, 127, 140, 141, 'khalanAyaka' 76, 127, 140 142, 150 'z2indagI aura joMka' 88, 127, 140, 142 'eka asamartha hilatA hAtha' 101 115, 126, 140, 141, 142 'dopahara kA bhojana' 105, 140, 'inTaravyU 113, 140, 141 / 'DipTI kalakTarI' 140, 142 'kele, paise aura mUMgaphalI' 140 'gale kI jaMjIra' 140 'naukara' 140

Page #153
160/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva amRta rAya 82 'jue~' 70 amRtalAla nAgara 70, 71 laMgUrA' 70 ilAcandra jozI 56, 72, 88,86 'DAyarI ke nIrasa pRSTha' 82 Izvaracandra vidyAsAgara upendranAtha azka 82 uSA priyaMvadA 56, 88, 14, 18 'dRSTidoSa' 148 110, 113, 114, 115, 'machaliyA~' 56, 88, 68, 110, 116, 121, 123, 124, 123, 148 126, 128 148, 146 "jindagI aura gulAba ke phUla' 88, 148, 146 'vApasI' 110, 126, 148,146 'pacapana khambhe lAla dIvAreM' 113, 148 'khule hue daravAz2e' 114, 124, . 148, 146 'jhUThA darpaNa' 115, 148 'pUrti' 148 'do a~dhere' 148 eDalara 73, 74, 82 eDIsana 14 oMkAra zarada 82 kamalezvara 36, 56, 56, 76,88, 'pAnI kI tasavIra' 137 64, 18, 101, 104, 'Upara uThatA huA makAna' 36,56, 110, 113, 114, 115, 62, 137, 138 116, 121, 123, 124, 'khoI huI dizAe~' 56, 76, 88, 126, 128, 130, 133, 104, 137, 138

Page #154
136, 137, 138 Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/161 'talAza' 76, 68, 110, 124, 126, 137, 138 'pIlA gulAba' 76, 101, 113 'mAMsa kA dariyA' 68, 123,137 'jaoNrja paMcama kI nAka 113,137 'devA kI mA~' 114, 137 'ur3atI huI dhUla' 137 'jo likhA nahIM jAtA' 115,124 'rAjA nirabaMsiyA' 130, 136 'nIlI jhIla' 137, 138 'kasbe kA AdamI' 137 "dillI meM eka mauta' 137 kAphkA 75, 153 kAmU 75, 153 kAzInAtha siMha 155, 156 kRSNA sobatI 88, 64, 110, 'sikkA badala gayA' 88, 115, . 113, 115, 121, 124, 124, 127 127, 128 'badalI barasa gaI' 110 bAdaloM ke ghere' 113 'DAra se bichar3I' 113 gaMgAprasAda vimala 155 girirAja kizora 154 'nayA cazmA' 154 'peparaveTa' 154 'pairoM tale dabI parachAiyA~' 154 caNDIprasAda hRdayeza 82

Page #155
162 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva caturasena zAstrI 56, 60, 61, 86 candragupta vidyAlaMkAra 82 candradhara zarmA gulerI 47, 48, 46 jagadIza caturvedI 103, 156 jagannAtha prasAda 'miliMda' 63 janArdana bhA 'dvija' 63 jJAna prakAza 155, 156 jJAnaraMjana 76, 88, 14, 'akSata' 60 'rajakaraNa' 60 'de khudA kI rAha para' 60 'dukhavA maiM kAse kahU~ sajanI' 60 'bhikSurAja' 60 18, 110, 114, 121, 123, 124, 126, 128 152, 153 'kakar3I kI kImata' 60 ' siMhagar3ha vijaya' 60, 61 jayazaMkara prasAda 45, 46, 47, 'pratidhvani' 46 63, 86 'AkAzadIpa' 46 'sukhamaya jIvana' 47 'buddha kA kA~TA' 47 'usane kahA thA' 47, 48, 'adhakhile gulAba' 103 'indrajAla' 46 'A~dhI' 46 'chAyA' 46 46 'zeSa hote hue' 76, 110, 114, 126, 152, 'pitA' 76, 68, 152 'soMmAe~' 76, 123, 125, 152 'phensa ke idhara aura udhara 88, 68, 152

Page #156
Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/163 'khalanAyikA aura bArUda ke phUla' 124, 152 'sambandha' 152 'divAsvaprI' 152 'amarUda kA per3a' 152 jyA~-pAla sArca 75, 153 jainendra kumAra 56, 72, 77, 78 'phAMsI' 78 76, 82, 86, 87, 88, 'spA ' 78 68, 101, 111, 112, 'pAjeba' 78 122, 124, 125 'jayasaMdhi' 78 'eka rAta' 78, 124 'do cir3iyA~' 78 'nIlamadeza kI rAjakanyA' 78 devI zaMkara avasthI 81, 83 dUdhanAtha siMha 155 'rIcha' 155 'raktapAta' 155 'mamI tuma udAsa kyoM ho ?'155 dvArikAnAtha ThAkura 16 dharmavIra bhAratI 110, 111, 'yaha mere lie nahIM' 110, 114, 114, 115, 121, 123, 126, 132, 133 124 125, 126, 127, 'sAvitrI nambara do' 111, 123, 132, 136 125, 126, 132, 133 'gula kI banno' 115, 127, 132, 'banda galI kA AkhirI makAna' 124, 132

Page #157
164 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva dharmendra gupta 155, 156 nareza mehatA 36, 76, 81, 88 14, 8, 109, 110,113, 114, 115, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 126, 130 131 nAmavara siMha 81, 83 nirmala varmA 36, 56, 56, 76, 888, 109, 110, 113, 114, 136, 121 123, '' 124, 132, 133 'harinAkuza kA beTA' 125 127, 133 'cA~da aura TUTa hue loga' 132 'marIz2a nambara sAta' 132, 133 'anabItA vyatIta' 36,76,88, 68, 110, 124, 125, 126 131, 132 'cA~danI' 76, 101, 124, 131 'vizA''jI' 76, 123, 131, 132 'vaha marda thI' 81, 113, 125, 131 132 'eka samarpita mahilA' 68 'eka itizrI' 8 113, 131 'varSA - bhIgI ' 113 'dUsare kI patnI ko patra' 115 'tathApi' 126 'kisakA beTA' 131, 732 'durgA' 131 'tiSyarakSitA kI DAyarI' 132 'pitA kA premI' 142 'dahalIz2a' 36, 76, 68, 110, 123, 142

Page #158
Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva / 165 124, 125, 126, 128, 'antara 56, 68, 101, 142 142, 143, 155 'pariMde' 56 pANDeya becana zarmA ugra 53, 54, 'doz2akha kI prAga' 53 55, 56 'cinagAriyA~' 53 'balAtkAra' 53 prakAza nAgAyaca 155, 156 pratApa nArAyaNa mizra 18 'kutte kI mauta' 76, 114, 124, 143 'parAe zahara meM' 76, 68, 110 'landana kI eka rAta' 88, 143 'lavarsa' 201, 113, 125, 126 143 'mAyA darpaNa' 110, 126, 143 'pikcara posTakArDa' 113 'tIsarA gavAha' 113 'pichalI garmiyoM meM' 142 'jalatI jhAr3I' 142 'eka zurUAta 142 prayAga zukla 155 prema kapUra 956 'sanakI amIra' 53 'cAkaleTa' 53 'indradhanuSa' 53 'nirlajja' 53

Page #159
166 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva premacanda 35, 36, 37, 38, 30, 40, 42, 43, 46,48, 50, 62, 63, 69, 70 77, 82, 86, 87, 111, 124, 125, 130, 134, 142, 145, 150 phaNIzvara nAtha reNu 88, 64, 113, 114, 115, 116, 125, 127, 128, 144, 145, 146, 147 'nazA' 40 'kafana' 36, 36, 82, 86, 124 'bar3e bhAI sAhaba' 36, 40 'pUsa kI rAta' 3-6, 40, 82 'manovRtti' 36, 40 'paMca paramezvara' 36, 40 'baiMka kA divAlA' 36 'durgA kA mandira' 36 'bUr3hI kAkI' 36 'do bahaneM' 36 'rAnI sAraMdhA' 36 'rAjA haradaula ' 36 'zataraMja ke khilAr3I' 36, 40. 'satyAgraha' 36 'bar3e ghara kI beTI' 36 'dIrghatayA' 146 'julUsa' 145 'mailA A~cala' 144 'tIsarI kasama' 88, 127, 144, 147 'paMca lAiTa' 113 Tebula' 115, 125, 127, 146 'tIrthodaka' 115 145, 147 'ThumarI' 144, 146 'lAla pAna' kI begama' 145, 147 'Thesa' 145

Page #160
Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/167. phaoNyaDa 73, 74, 82, 125 bAlakRSNa zarmA 'navIna' 63 bAlamukunda gupta 18 bhagavatIcaraNa varmA-61, 62, 63, 'do bA~ke' 62 'insTAlameMTa' 62 bhagavatI prasAda vAjapeyI 36, 56, niMdiyAlAgI' 36 . 57, 58, 56 'khAlI botala' 57 'hilora' 57 'puSkariNI' 57 bhAratendu harizcandra 6, 18, 30, bhISma sAhanI 70, 88, 105, 'cIfa kI dAvata' 70, 88, 105, 115, 121, 123, 126, 126, 147, 148 128 147, 148 'pahalA pATha' 115, 147, 148 'samAdhi bhAI rAmasiMha' 115 'bhaTakatI huI rAkha' 123, 147 'bApa-beTA' 147 'samAdhi bhAI rAmasiMha' 147 'saphara kI rAta' 147 'sira kA sadaqA' 148 . mannU bhaMDArI 56, 88, 64, 68, 'tIsarA AdamI' 56, 68, 110, 104, 110, 111, 113, 124, 146, 114, 115, 116, 121, 'AkAza ke AIne meM' 88, 111, 123, 124, 127, 128, 127, 146 . 146, 150 'inkama Taiksa, kara. aura nIMda' 104, 11

Page #161
168 / Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva mahendra bhallA 155 mArkaNDeya 56, 88, 14, 101, 127, 102, 114, 116, 128, 143, 144 maiksamUlara 18 mohana rAkeza 36, 56, 56, 76, 81, 83, 88, 64, 68, 101, 103, 104, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136 'yahI saca hai' 113 'gati kA cumbana' 113 'kIla aura kasaka' 115, 150 'sayAnI buA' - 115 'abhinetA' 123, 146 'zmazAna' 146 'IsA ke ghara insAna' 146, 150 'anathAhI gaharAiyA~' 146 'eka pati ke noTsa' 155 'dina zurU ho gayA hai' 155 'pakSaghAta' 56 'haMsA jAI prakelA 88, 127, 143, 144 'mAhI' 101, 127 'gularA ke bAbA' 143 'bodhana tivArI' 143 'Adarzo kA nAyaka' 143, 144 'dhuna' 143, 144 'jakhma' 36, 68, 101, 103, . 123, 134, 135 'sephTIpina' 56, 68, 124, 134, 135 'pA~cave mAle kA phlaiTa' 56, 76, 113, 135 'kaI eka akele' 76, 68, 124,

Page #162
Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/166 'phaulAda kA AkAza' 76, 135 'malave kA mAlika' 81, 113, 127, 134, 135, 136 'misa pAla' 88, 101, 135, 'maMdI' 104, 125, 134, 135 'suhAgineM' 111, 135 'eka aura z2indagI' 111, 126, 'vAsanA kI chAyA meM' 113 'kAlA roz2agAra' 114 'jaMgalA' 114, 134, 135 'glAsaTaiMka' 115 'nae bAdala' 130 'phaTA huA jUtA' 134, 135 'haqa halAla' 134, 135 'paramAtmA kA kuttA' 134, 136 'basa sTaiNDa kI eka rAta' 134 'mavAlI' 134 'ulajhate dhAge' 135 'aparicita' 135 mohanalAla mahato 'viyogI' 63 yazapAla 36, 66, 67, 68, 66, 'phalita jyotiSa' 36 70, 82, 88, 111, 125 'vo duniyA' 66 'jJAnadAna' 66 'abhizapta' 66

Page #163
170/Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva 'piMjare kI ur3Ana' 66 'tarka kA tUfAna' 66 'citra kA zIrSaka' 66 'phUloM kA kurtA' 66 'tumane kyoM kahA thA maiM sundara yugaM 73, 74, 88 rameza bakSI 101, 103 ravIndra kAliyA 56, 76, 88, 64, 68, 105, 110, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 153, 154 ka kha ga' 56, 123, 126, 153 'nau sAla choTI patnI' 76, 153, 154 'trAsa' 76, 124, 125, 153 'bar3e zahara kA AdamI' 88, 68, 145 'itavAra kA eka dina' 68, 105, 110, 153 'daphtara' 153 rAMgeya rAghava 36, 71, 72 'g2adala' 36, 72 rAjakamala caudharI 103 rAjendra yAdava 36, 56, 56, 76, 'eka kaTI huI kahAnI' 36, 68, 88, 64, 18, 101, 102, 124, 140 110, 113, 114, 115, 'pratIkSA' 56, 101, 102 116, 121, 123, 124, 'choTe-choTe tAjamahala' 56, 68, 125, 126, 128, 130, 133, 138, 136, 140, 'zahara ke bIca eka vRkSa' 76

Page #164
Adhunika kahAnI kA paripArzva/171 143 'kinAre se kinAre taka' 76, 68, 124 'purAne nAle para nayA phlaiTa' 76, 113 'TUTanA' 88, 110 140 'jahA~ lakSmI kaida hai' 101, 115, 126, 130, 138, 140 'pAsa-phela' 114, 136, 140 'nae-nae Ane vAle' 123, 125, 126 'silasilA' 125 'laMca-TAima' 136, 140 'bhaviSyavaktA' 139 'bhaviSya ke AsapAsa maMDarAtA atIta' 140 rAmakumAra 110 'perisa kI eka zAma' 110 rAmanArAyaNa zukla 155, 156 rAjA rAmamohana rAya 16 rAmakRSNa dAsa 82 vacaspati pAThaka 77 'kAgaz2a kI TopI', 77. 'yAtrA', 77 'sUradAsa', 77 vijaya cauhAna ( zrImatI ) 46, 'zahIda kI mA~', 46 104, 114 'mujAhida', 46 'cainala', 104, 114 vinItA pallavI 64, 18, 113, 'rAta aura dina', 18