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SAHRDAYĀLOKA meaning. Thus, they will get the designation, 'prātipadika' by the rule, "arthavat prātipadikam'; they will receive case-affixes after them by the rule‘prātipadikāt....' and will get the designation, 'padam', by the rule 'sub antam padam.'-"yadi tarhi ime varnah arthavantah, arthavat-krtāni prāpnuvanti. kāni ? arthavat prātipadikam iti prātipadika-samjña; prātipadikāt iti svādyut-pattiḥ, sub antam padam iti pada-samjñā."-(M. Bh. I.) Again, letters have no meaning
se a meaning is not found for every letter-"anarthakās tu prativarnam arthā'nupalabdheḥ, anarthakās tu varṇaḥ. kutah ? prativarnam arthā'nupalabdheḥ. na hi prativarņam arthāḥ upalabhyante. kim idam prativarnam iti ? varņam varnam prativarnam.-(M. bh. I). Letters are meaningless also because the same meaning is not present when there is metathesis, elision, augment or substitution—"varna-vyatyaya-apāya-vikāresu arthadarśanāt. [M. bh. 1). and also," varna-vyatyāpāyopajanavikāreșu arthadarśanāt manyāmahe anarthakā varņa iti; varna-vyatyaye ksteņ tarkaḥkaseh sikatā, himseh simhaḥ, varnavyatyayaḥ na artha-vyatyayah. apāyo lopah-hataḥ, ghnanti, gnantu, aghnan, - varnăpāyo na arthàpāyah; upajanah agamaḥ, lavitā, lavitum, - varnopajanaḥ na arthopajanaḥ. vikāraḥādeśaḥ. ghātayati, ghātakaḥ, varnavikāraḥ, na arthavikāraḥ. yathaiva varnavyatyayápāyopajanavikārāḥ bhavanti, tadvat artha-vyatyayāpāyopajana-vikāraih bhavitavyam, na ca iha tadvat. ato manyāmahe anarthakāḥ varṇaḥ iti. (M. Bh. I.).
Patañjali adds that at times, some of those persons who study equally with the one hope of getting money, get it, while others do not. Now because one gets money, it is not necessary that all get it; and because one does not get money it is not necessary that all do not get money. So, in the same way, we may hold that such single letters as stand as roots, affixes, stems, and nipātas have meaning. This is quite natural-ubhayam idam varnesu uktam; arthavanto' narthakāśca iti ca. kim atra nyāyyam ? ubhayam iti āha. kutaḥ ? svabhāvataḥ. tad yathā-mamānamīhamānantam cādhiyānānām kecid arthe yujyante, apare na. na cedānīm kaścid arthavan iti krtvā sarvaih arthavadbhih sakyam bhavitum. kaścit vā'narthakah iti krtvā sarvaih anarthakaih. tatra kim asmābhih śakyam kartum ? yad dhātupratyaya-prātipadika-nipātā eka--varņā arthavanto, ato'nye'narthakāḥ, iti svābhāvikam etat.”—
The words such as 'kūpah,' 'sūpah,' 'yūpah,' etc. etc. are different letter-groups having different meanings. If the change in their meaning is due only to the change in a single letter, the major portion of the meaning of 'kūpah' should lie in 'sūpah', that of 'sūpaḥ' in 'kūpaḥ', that of “kūpah' in yūpah' and that of yūpah' in 'kūpaḥ',
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