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'Lakṣaṇā'
509
In some cases the secondary application is owing to subserviency; for example, sacrificial post for Indra is called Indra. In some cases (it is) owing to relation of oneself with one's master; for example, an officer of a king is (called) the king. In some cases (it is) owing to the relation of the parts with the whole; for example, in the foremost hand (i.e. palm). Here the word 'hand' stands for its foremost part only. In some cases (it is) owing to the sameness of occupation, for example, a non-carpenter (by caste) is, owing to carpentry, called carpenter.
12 d. Indication, therefore, is six-fold. - Along with the first two divisions (viz. śuddhā upādāna lakṣaṇā and śuddha-lakṣaṇa-lakṣaṇā.) indication is of six kinds."
This makes for the basic classification of lakṣanā, according to Mammata. But commentators differ in interpreting the expression viz. “lakṣanā tena ṣad-vidhā”. We will try to examine this in details, very carefully as below:
It must be carefully noted in the beginning that 'ruḍhi' and 'prayojana' make for the conditions and not the divisions of lakṣaṇā and hence, it is only the latter i.e. prayojanavati lakṣaṇā, that is sub-divided into six varieties. Before we resort to the views of different commentators, a simple table can be seen expressing this six-fold division, and it is like this -
rūḍhimūlā
lakṣaṇā
gauņi
śuddha
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(i) sāropā (ii) sadhyavasānā (iii) upādāna (iv) lakṣaṇa (v) śāropā (vi) sādyavasānā
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prayojanamūlā
The illustrations respectively are - (i) gaurvāhikaḥ, (ii) gaur eva'yam, (iii) kuntaḥ praviśanti, (iv) gangāyām ghoṣaḥ (v) ayurghṛtam, & (vi) ayur eva idam.
Before we proceed with the views of different commentators on the classification of lakṣaṇā, we will quote Prof. A. B. Gajendragadkar's views (pp. 297 onwards, Edn. K.P., Bombay). The Numbers of kārikās differ in Dwivedi and Gajendragadkar. He observes :
"There is not the slightest doubt in our mind that the above represents the classification of lakṣaṇā intended by Mammața. But commentators of the
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