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outward show only, without inward sincerity, will not bring merit to the doer. Otherwise there is no difference between hypo-crisy and sincerity, dishonesty and honesty. What is really required is the intensity and the sincerity of feeling and emotion which alone will bring in its wake, spiritual advancement. Unless one is actuated by such an ideal, deeply rooted in the innermost reasons of his head and heart, one ought not to expect to bring about one's own elevation-much less of society. Punya is not born of external social coremonialism; it is born of the internal moral habit seated in the will and the heart; and therein lies the merit, the true worth of the services enumerated above.
Punya discharges a two-fold function. In the first place it clarifies the vision and draws out the higher instincts of the performer in their dynamic operations. Secondly, it also brings into play such strong action currents that place him, in the present life and in future, in those favourable environments that afford longer opportunities for the enjoyment of peace · and prosperity so far as the worldly life is concerned and for the utilising of the higher instincts on the stepping stones to rise to a higher state of being and happiness. This is how the sceds of Punya sown in one life bear fruits both in the psychical and physical worlds, according to the law of Karma, Karma-causality for enjoyment in a subsoquent life.
Pāpa is the reverse of Punya; it is a moral disease or a weakness. As in the case of Punya the element of will is predominant so it is in Pápa. Pāpa consists in voluntarily becoming the recoptacle of evil Kashāyas. There are two other elements that go to make up Pāpa. They are • Subreption' ( Mithyātva ) and · Perversity' ( Dusshitatva ). Pāpa is of 18 kinds : Hinsā, Asatya, Stealing, Unchastity, Greed, Anger, Pride, Hypocrisy, Covetousness, Passion, Hatred, Quarrelsomeness, False accusation, Talo-telling, Joy, Grief and False Knowledge. This last again has four varieties. Just as Punya brings to the Jiva better opportunities for farther
