________________ Pancastikaya-samgraha transformation of other substances. It is like this: In winters, the disciples study on their own but fire assists them in their activity. Or, the potter's wheel revolves on its own but the nail at the bottom helps it in its revolution. The disciple asks: Since there is no substance of time (kala dravya, niscaya-kala) beyond the universe-space (lokakasa), how do transformations take place in the non-universe-space (alokakasa)? It is like this: The agreeable touch (sparsa) by one part of the body results in pleasant feeling in whole of the body. Or, the bite of a snake in one part of the body results in the spread of the poison throughout the body. Or, the wound in one part of the body causes affliction in whole of the body. In the same way, although the substance of time (kala dravya, niscaya-kala) exists only in the universe-space (lokakasa) but it assists, as an instrumental cause, transformations in the non-universe-space (alokakasa) too. Another question is raised. The substance of time (kala dravya, niscaya-kala) assists transformations in the other substances but what assists transformations in the substance of time itself? The answer is that the substance of time (kala dravya, niscaya-kala) assists itself. It is akin to the substance of space (akasa dravya) that finds support in itself. Or, it is like the knowledge, the sun, the lamp, etc.; all illumine others as well as the self. No outside assistance is needed for their illumination. In the same way, the substance of time (kala dravya, niscaya-kala) assists itself in own transformations. A counter-question is raised: Why other substances, like the soul (jiva), do not assist themselves in own transformations? Why do you say that these depend on the substance of time for their transformations? The special-quality (vicesa guna) or the mark (laksana) of the substance of time (kala dravya, niscayakala) is that it renders help to substances in their continuity of being through gradual changes - vartana. The substance of space (akasa dravya), the medium-of-motion (dharma dravya), the medium-of-rest (adharma dravya), the soul (jiva) and the physical-matter (pudgala dravya) undergo transformations due to the substance of time (kala dravya). The mode 'samaya' of the substance of time (kala) causes . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 54
