________________ Verse 80 therefore, the atom (paramanu) is not 'anavakasa'. Since the atom (paramanu) does not have more than one space-point (pradesa), it, by itself, is the beginning, the middle and the end; in this sense, it does not provide room to others and, therefore, is not 'savakasa'. The atom (paramanu) is the cause of the fission (bheda) as well as the fusion (samghata) of the molecular-matter (skandha). The smallest possible division of the molecule (when no further division of its spatial unit is possible) is to be known as the effect-atom (karyaparamanu). The 'molecules', in form of the earth (prthivi), the water (jala), the fire (agni) and the air (vayu), are modes (paryaya) of the matter (pudgala). These molecules exhibit, as primary or secondary, the qualities of colour (varna), taste (rasa), smell (gandha) and touch (sparsa). The atoms (paramanu) that cause these four forms of matter are called the cause-atoms (karana-paramanu). (see 'Niyamasara', p. 54-55). The infinitesimal time taken by the atom (paramanu) to traverse slowly from one space-point (pradesa) to the other is the mode (paryaya) of the substance of time (kala). This infinitesimal time is called the 'samaya' - the unit of time. Thus the atom (paramanu) splits the time (kala) into 'samaya', etc. It also splits the numbers (samkhya) into one, two, etc. The atom (paramanu) comprising one space-point (pradesa) is the lowest (jaghanya) number. The molecular-matter (skandha) comprising infinite atoms (paramanu) is the highest (utkrsta) number. The numbers are mentioned in respect of the substance (dravya), place (ksetra), time (kala), and being (bhava). Acarya Umasvami's Tattvarthasutra: FIUT: 1114-8811 पुद्गल परमाणु के दो इत्यादि प्रदेश नहीं हैं, अर्थात् वह एक प्रदेशी है। There are no space-points (pradesa) in the indivisible atom (paramanu) - as it is of the extent of one space-point. m e . . . . . . . . . . . 2 159
