________________ Verse 98 substances (dravya) - the medium-of-motion (dharma), the mediumof-rest (adharma), the space (akasa), and the time (kala) - exhibit only the nature-of-being (bhavavanta). Movement is the mark (laksana) of the activity (kriya). The change-of-being (parinamana) is the mark (laksana) of the nature-of-being (bhavavanta). All substances (dravya) experience origination (utpada), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) due to their change-of-being (parinamana), since these are of the nature-of-being (bhavavanta). This results in changes in their modes (paryaya). Activity (kriya) takes place only in two substances, the soul (jiva) and the matter (pudgala). Due to the activity (kriya), the matter (pudgala) has the nature of movement; union (fusion or samghata) or division (fission or bheda) takes place in the molecules of matter (pudgala). The substance of time (kala) is the external cause of activity (kriya) in the matter (pudgala). Similarly, the soul (jiva), contaminated with karmas, exhibits movement - activity (kriya). It exhibits union (fusion or samghata) with new forms of matter (pudgala) - karmic (karma) and quasi-karmic (nokarma) - or division (fission or bheda) from old forms of matter (pudgala). The substance of matter (pudgala) is the external cause of activity (kriya) in the soul (jiva). The soul (jiva) that is rid completely of the karmic-matter (pudgala karma)-the liberated soul (Siddha)-is without-activity (niskriya). But since the substance of time (kala) is eternal, the matter (pudgala) is never without-activity (niskriya). Thus, the two substances, the soul (jiva) and the matter (pudgala), are of the nature-of-activity (kriyavanta) and also of the nature-of-being (bhavavanta). The remaining four substances - the medium of motion (dharma), the medium of rest (adharma), the space (akasa), and the time (kala)- are only of the nature-of-being bhavavanta).1 1 - See also Vijay K. Jain (2018), Acarya Kundakunda's Pravacanasara - Essence of the Doctrine, p. 164-165. . . . . . . . . . . 189
