Prakrit Sahitya ki Roop Rekha

Author(s): Tara Daga
Publisher: Prakrit Bharti Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/091017/1

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prAkRta sAhitya kI rUpa-rekhA prAkRta bhAratI puSpa 168 lekhikA DaoN0 tArA DAgA prakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura zrI nAkor3A pArzvanAtha tIrtha, mevAnagara

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prakAzakIya prAkRta bhASA kI gaNanA prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM meM kI jAtI hai| pichale DhAI hajAra varSoM meM isa bhASA meM vipula sAhitya kI racanA huI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI mUla vANI jaina AgamoM ke rUpa meM isI bhASA meM nibaddha hai / jaina AgamoM ke atirikta zilAlekha, kAvya-grantha, kathA-grantha, carita - kAvya, saTTaka Adi vibhinna racanAe~ bhI isa bhASA meM prApya haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya sabhyatA, saMskRti, samAja, rAjanaitika vyavasthA Adi kA yathArtha jJAna karAne hetu prAkRta kA yaha sAhitya atyanta upayogI hai| prAkRta bhASA kA pracAra evaM prasAra prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI kA mukhya uddezya rahA hai| isI uddezya ko pUrA karane ke lie prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI dvArA DaoN0 kamalacanda sogANI ke nirdezana meM prAkRta zikSaNa kI samucita vyavasthA kI gaI hai| akAdamI dvArA 'prAkRta prathamA' (sarTiphikeTa) evaM 'prAkRta vizArada' (DiplomA) ye do pAThyakrama niyamita evaM patrAcAra dvArA saMcAlita kie jA rahe haiM / prAkRta ke ina pAThyakramoM meM sammilita hone vAle vidyArthiyoM ko prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta sAhitya kA bhI adhyayana karAyA jAtA hai| prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye sAhitya para pUrva meM kaI vidvAnoM ne vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai, lekina sAmAnya pAThakoM ke lie tathA prAkRta ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie sarala va subodha zailI meM likhI koI pustaka upalabdha nahIM hai| ataH zrI nAkor3A pArzvanAtha tIrtha, mevAnagara evaM prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura dvArA saMyukta rUpa se puSpa saMkhyA 168 ke rUpa meM prAkRta sAhitya kI rUpa-rekhA ko prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai / prAkRta sAhitya kA prArambhika adhyayana karane vAle (III)

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vidyArthiyoM ke lie yaha bahuta sama-sAmayika prakAzana hai| isa pustaka meM saMkSipta va sarala zailI meM prAkRta bhASA evaM usake granthoM kA prAmANika paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa pustaka ke adhyayana se pAThakoM meM prAkRta bhASA ke sAhitya ke prati ruci jAgrata hogii| sAtha hI prAkRta bhASA se neTa kI parIkSA dene vAle vidyArthiyoM ke lie bhI yaha pustaka upayogI hogii| isakI lekhikA DaoN0 tArA DAgA pichale kaI varSoM se prAkRta-apabhraMza Adi prAcIna bhASAoM se jur3I huI haiN| prAkRta sAhitya kI rUparekhA ke lie hama unake atyaMta AbhArI haiN| campAlAla pArakha adhyakSa devendra rAja mehatA saMsthApaka evaM mukhya saMrakSaka, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, zrI nAkor3A pArzvanAtha tIrtha, mevAnagara jayapura (IV)

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(bhUmikA prAcIna bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kA yathArtha jJAna prApta karane kI dRSTi se prAkRta bhASA kA sAhitya atyanta upayogI rahA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM prAkRta bhASA kA janatA meM sarvatra pracAra thaa| vaidika kAla meM jana-sAdhAraNa dvArA bolI jAne vAlI isa bhASA ko mahAtmA buddha evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama banAyA aura janakalyANa ke lie isI bhASA meM upadezoM kI sRSTi kii| prAcIna bhArata meM prAkRta bhASA kI janabhASA ke rUpa meM lokapriyatA kA sabase mahattvapUrNa pramANa zilAlekhI sAhitya hai| samrATa azoka ne janabhASA prAkRta kI mahattA ko dekhate hue zilAlekhoM, sikkoM evaM rAjAjJAoM meM janabhASA prAkRta kA hI vyavahAra kiyA tathA jana-sAdhAraNa taka apanA saMdeza pahu~cAne evaM jana-jAgRti lAne ke uddezya se vibhinna abhilekha isI bhASA meM likhvaaye| prAkRta bhASA jana-jIvana meM isa kadara vyApta thI ki azvaghoSa, bhAsa, kAlidAsa, zUdrakAdi saMskRta ke mahAn kaviyoM ne isa bhASA ko apane nATakoM meM bhI sthAna diyaa| prAcIna kAla se hI prAkRta-sAhitya meM jIvana ke vividha pakSoM ko udghATita karane vAlI bhAvanAe~ abhivyaMjita hotI rahI haiN| janasAmAnya se lekara rAjamahaloM taka ke jIvana evaM vyavahAra ke vibhinna kriyAkalApoM ko yaha sAhitya apane meM sameTe hue hai| jana-sAdhAraNa ke jIvana meM Ane vAlI vividha samasyAoM evaM unake samAdhAnoM ko jisa sUkSmatA se isa sAhitya meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaisA vizva meM anyatra kisI bhI bhASA ke sAhitya meM aprApya hai| kathya rUpa se prAkRta sAhitya kitanA purAnA hai isakA pramANa Aja hamAre pAsa nahIM hai, lekina vaidika racanAoM meM upalabdha isa bhASA ke zabda evaM usakI vyAkaraNAtmaka pravRttiyA~ prAkRta bhASA ke sAhitya kI prAcInatA kI dyotaka haiN|

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I. san kI pA~cavI zatAbdI se pUrva se hI bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadezoM ko isI bhASA meM piroyA thaa| yadyapi buddha dvArA upadiSTa sAhitya kI bhASA ko bAda meM pAli kA darjA dekara prAkRta-sAhitya se pRthak kara diyA gayA, kintu kaI vidvAn pAli ko prAcIna prAkRta hI mAnate haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa jaina Agama sAhitya prAkRta bhASA kI amUlya dharohara hai| vairAgya, tapa, saMyama, tyAga evaM sadbhAvanA se ota-prota yaha sAhitya AdhyAtmika sahRdayoM ko svataH apanI ora AkRSTa kara letA hai| isa AdhyAtmika sAhitya kI mahattA kA anumAna isa bAta se lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vIra nirvANa ke 2000 varSoM bAda taka (16vIM zatAbdI taka) isa sAhitya para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI, TIkAe~ Adi likhe jAte rahe haiN| prAkRta meM jahA~ eka ora vairAgya evaM saMyama bhAvanA pradhAna sAhitya kI sRSTi huI vahIM dUsarI ora komala bhAvanAoM se yukta madhura evaM lalita sAhitya kA bhI sRjana milatA hai| vIratA, sAhasa, zRMgAra-vilAsa, prema-saundarya Adi bhAvanAoM kI abhivyaMjanA kI dRSTi se prAkRta kaviyoM ne aneka ucca-starIya lalita evaM madhura racanAoM kA sRjana kara isa bhASA ko sarasa banAyA hai| gAthAsaptazatI, vasudevahiNDI, setubaMdha, vajAlagga Adi prAkRta sAhitya kI aisI racanAe~ haiM, jinakI vizva-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM koI sAnI nahIM hai| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASA meM kevala dharmopadezoM ko uddhRta karanevAle dhArmika sAhitya kA praNayana hI nahIM huA, apitu laukika AkhyAnoM, kAvyagraMthoM, nATakoM, aneka vyAkaraNa, chaMda, alaMkAra evaM koSa graMtha bhI isa bhASA ke sAhitya sRjana kA pariNAma haiM / vartamAna yuga taka yaha paramparA akSuNNa rahI hai| isa prakAra jaba prAkRta bhASA meM isa vizAla sAhitya kA sRjana huA to videzI vidvAnoM kA dhyAna bhI isa bhASA ke sRjanAtmaka sAhitya kI ora AkRSTa huaa| unhoMne isa sAhitya ke adhyayana evaM anuzIlana kA prayAsa kiyaa| inameM yAkobI, viNTaranitsa, pizala, zubriga, meksamUlara Adi ullekhanIya haiN| bhAratIya vidvAnoM meM prAkRta sAhitya ko sarvaprathama kramabaddha karane vAle vidvAn DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina haiN| unhoMne prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa meM isa vizAla sAhitya kA (VI)

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paricaya prastuta kiyA hai| isake pazcAt DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI kA prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa evaM pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI se prakAzita jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (7 bhAgoM meM) bhI prakAzana meM aaye| isake atirikta vibhinna prAkRta graMthoM ke anuvAda evaM unakI bhUmikAoM meM isa sAhitya ke mahattvapUrNa pakSoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ye sabhI graMtha prAkRta bhASA ke viziSTa vidvAnoM ke lie atyanta upayogI siddha hue haiN| ina saba racanAoM ke uparAMta bhI prAkRta bhASA evaM usake sAhitya ke prArambhika adhyetAoM ke lie sarala va subodha bhASA meM likhI pustaka kI AvazyakatA banA rahI, jo ki prAkRta bhASA meM racita sAhitya kI saMkSipta rUpa se jAnakArI pradAna kara ske| isI AvazyakatA ko dekhate hue uparyukta graMthoM kI madada se prAkRta sAhitya kI rUpa-rekhA Apake samakSa eka prayAsa hai| isa pustaka meM prAkRta sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM ke pramukha graMthoM kA paricaya kramavAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bhASA ko sarala evaM subodha rakhA gayA hai, jisase ki sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa pAThaka ko samajhane meM kaThinAI na ho| isake atirikta 21vIM zatAbdI meM Adhunika paddhati se likhe gaye kucha pramukha graMthoM kI jAnakAriyA~ bhI isameM prastuta kI gaI haiN| isa graMtha kI eka pramukha vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki prAyaH sabhI prAkRta graMthoM ke nAma zIrSaka meM prAkRta bhASA meM diye gaye haiM, tAki . pAThaka ina graMthoM ke prAkRta nAmoM se bhI paricita ho skeN| prAkRta bhASA evaM prAkRta sAhitya ke adhyayana-adhyApana hetu vibhinna saMsthAoM dvArA calAye jA rahe pAThyakramoM ke lie bhI isakI upayogItA rhegii| jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta se neTa evaM sleTa dene vAle vidyArthiyoM ke lie bhI yaha pustaka upayogI hogI, aisA merA vizvAsa hai| Apake sujhAva mere lie bahumUlya hoNge| AbhAra : gurujanoM ke AzIrvAda se prAkRta sAhitya kI rUpa-rekhA pustaka meM prAkRta bhASA evaM usameM racita sAhitya kA saMkSipta evaM kramavAra paricaya prastuta karane / kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isa avasara para sarvaprathama maiM una AcAryoM, kaviyoM, vidvAnoM evaM sAhitya sRjanakartAoM ke prati apanI kRtajJatA vyakta karatI hU~, jinakI racanAoM kA upayoga maiMne isa pustaka ke lekhana meM kiyA hai| sAhitya vAcaspati (VII)

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mahopAdhyAya zrI vinayasAgarajI ke prati maiM vizeSa rUpa se kRtajJatA vyakta karatI hU~, jinhoMne atyanta vyasta hote hue bhI eka bAra isa pustaka kA avalokana kara mujhe bahumUlya sujhAva diye| pitRtulya apane gurujana DaoN0 kamalacanda sogANI kA bhI maiM hRdaya se AbhAra vyakta karatI hU~, jinhoMne mere adhyayana krama ko sadaiva bddh'aayaa| mere prAraMbhika guru DaoN0 prema sumanajI kA bhI maiM AbhAra vyakta karatI hU~, jinakI preraNA va mArga-darzana mujhe sadaiva prApya rahA hai| isa avasara para maiM prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI ke padAdhikAriyoM evaM nAkor3A TrasTa ke padAdhikAriyoM kA bhI AbhAra vyakta karanA cAhatI hU~, jinhoMne isa pustaka ko prakAzita kiyaa| prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI ke prabandha sampAdaka zrI surendrajI botharA evaM pracAra-pramukha zrI ema0e0 rAkezajI kA bhI maiM AbhAra vyakta karatI hU~, jinhoMne sadaiva merA mArga-darzana kiyaa| prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI meM saMcAlita hone vAle pustakAlaya kI adhyakSA zrImatI rInA jaina evaM zrI vijayajI ke prati maiM AbhAra vyakta karatI hU~, jinhoMne vibhinna mudrita graMtha upalabdha karAne meM merI sadaiva sahAyatA kii| apanI sahayogI zrImatI candrA bAphanA evaM DaoN0 vinaya kumAra ko bhI maiM dhanyavAda denA cAhU~gI, jinhoMne isa pustaka ke prUpha saMzodhana meM sahAyatA kii| aMta meM maiM apane parivArajana vizeSa rUpa se apane jIvanasAthI DaoN0 sI.esa. DAgA ke prati kRtajJatA vyakta karatI hU~, jinake sahayoga se mujhe adhyayana-anuzIlana kA paryApta samaya prApta hotA rahA hai| - DaoN0 tArA DAgA 5 jha 33, javAhara nagara, jayapura (VIII)

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zrI nAkor3A pArzvanAtha tIrtha- saMkSipta paricaya itihAsa - kiMvadaMtiyoM ke AdhAra para zrI jaina zvetAmbara nAkor3A pArzvanAtha tIrtha kI prAcInatA kA ullekha mahAbhArata kAla yAni bhagavAn zrI nemInAtha ke samayakAla se jur3A hai kintu AdhArabhUta aitihAsika pramANa se isakI prAcInatA vi.saM. se 200-300 varSa pUrva yAni 2200-2300 varSa pUrva kI mAnI jA sakatI hai| ataH zrI jaina zvetAmbara nAkor3A pArzvanAtha tIrtha rAjasthAna ke una prAcIna jaina tIrthoM meM se hai, jo 2000 varSa se bhI adhika samaya se isa kSetra kI kher3apaTTana va mahevAnagara kI aitihAsika samRddha, sAMskRtika dharohara kA zreSTha pratIka hai| mahevAnagara hI pUrva meM vIramapura nagara ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| vIramasena ne vIramapura tathA nAkorasena ne nAkor3A nagara basAyA thaa| Aja bhI bAlotarA-siNadharI hAIve para siNadharI gAMva ke pAsa nAkor3A grAma lUNI nadI ke taTa para AyA huA hai, jisake pAsa se hI isa tIrtha ke mUlanAyaka bhagavAn zrI pArzvanAthajI kI pratimA prApta huI, jo yahA~ pratiSThita kI gaI aura taba se yaha tIrtha nAkor3AjI ke nAma se vizva vikhyAta hai| mUlanAyaka zrI pArzvanAtha bhagavAn kI pratimA kI punarpratiSThA tIrtha saMsthApaka AcArya zrI kIrtiratnasUrijI dvArA vi.saM. 1502 meM karavAI gaI thii| yahA~ kI anya pratimAoM meM se kucha samrATa azoka ke pautra samprati rAjA ke kAla kI haiM tathA kucha para vi.saM. 1090 va 1205 kA ullekha hai| aisA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai ki saMvat 1500 ke Asa-pAsa vIramapura nagara meM 50 hajAra kI AbAdI thI aura osavAla jaina samAja ke yahA~ para 2700 parivAra rahate the| vyApAra evaM vyavasAya kI dRSTi se prAcIna vIramapura nagara, vartamAna meM nAkor3A tIrtha, isa kSetra kA pramukha kendra rahA thaa| tIrtha ne aneka bAra utthAna evaM patana ko AtmasAta kiyA hai| vidharmiyoM kI vidhvaMsanAtmaka-vRtti ne vi.saM. 1500 ke pUrva isa kSetra ke kaI sthAnoM ko naSTa-bhraSTa kiyA, jisakA duSprabhAva tIrtha para bhI huaa| lekina saMvat 1502 kI pratiSThA ke pazcAt yahA~ pragati kA yuga punaH prArambha huaa| vartamAna meM tInoM mandiroM kA parivartita va parivardhita rUpa isI kAla se saMbandhita haiN| isake pazcAt kSatriya rAjA kuMvara dvArA yahA~ ke mahAjana pramukha parivAra ke sAtha kiye gaye apamAnajanaka vyavahAra se pIr3ita hokara samasta jaina samAja ne isa nagara kA tyAga kara diyA thaa| eka bAra phira isakI kIrti meM kamI Ane lagI aura dhIre-dhIre yaha tIrtha vApasa sunasAna ho

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gyaa| durgamatA ke kAraNa yahA~ para logoM kA AvAgamana banda sA ho gyaa| pahAr3oM aura jaMgala ke bIca AzAtanA hotI rhii| ___saMvat 1959-60 meM sAdhvI pravartinI zrI sundarazrIjI ma.sA. ne isa tIrtha ke punaroddhAra kA kArya prArambha karAyA aura guru bhrAtA AcArya zrI himAcalasUrIzvarajI bhI unake sAtha jur3a gye| inake athaka prayAsoM se punarsthApita yaha tIrtha vikAsa ke patha para nirantara Age baDhatA huA Aja vizva bhara meM khyAti prApta kara cukA hai| tIrthasthalI - mUlanAyaka zrI nAkor3A pArzvanAthajI ke mukhya mandira ke alAvA yahA~ para prathama tIrthaMkara paramAtmA zrI AdinAtha prabhu kA maMdira evaM tIsarA mandira 16veM tIrthaMkara paramAtmA zrI zAMtinAtha prabhu kA hai| isake atirikta aneka devala-devaliye, dAdAvAr3iyA~ evaM guru mandira bhI haiM, jo mUrtipUjaka paramparA ke sabhI gacchoM kA eka saMgaThita rUpa saMjoye huye haiN| mUla mandira meM tIrtha ke adhiSThAyaka deva zrI bhairava deva kI atyanta camatkArika pratimA hai jisake prabhAva se deza ke kone-kone se lAkhoM yAtrI prati varSa yahA~ darzanArtha Akara svayaM ko kRtakRtya anubhava karate haiN| zrI bhairavadeva ke camatkArika prabhAva se abhipreta hokara aneka bhairavadeva ke nAma se aneka dhArmika, sAmAjika aura vyAvasAyika pratiSThAna sthApita kie haiN| tInoM mandira vAstukalA ke adbhuta namUne haiN| caumukhajI kA~ca kA mandira, mahAvIra smRti bhavana tathA zAntinAthajI ke mandira meM tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrva bhavoM ke paTTa bhI atyanta kalAtmaka va darzanIya haiN| tIrtha kI vizAla bhojanazAlA, navakArasI bhavana va hajAroM yAtriyoM ke Thaharane hetu aneka dharmazAlAeM, samucita jala-vyavasthA, vidyuta vyavasthA, tapasviyoM hetu AyambilazAlA, bhAtAzAlA evaM sthAna-sthAna para aneka prakAra ke vRkSoM va puSpayukta vATikAeM paryAvaraNa ko zuddha, sAtvika va manorama banAtI haiN| jainoM ke mUla siddhAMta aMhisA, jIvadayA va mAnava sevA hetu tIrtha meM vizAla gauzAlA, pazu cikitsAlaya, kabUtaroM va pakSiyoM ko dAnA vyavasthA upalabdha haiN| akAla meM gauzAlAoM va jala saMkaTa prabhAvI kSetroM ko bhArI Arthika sahayoga to hai hI, sAtha hI ApAtakAlIna cikitsA hetu tIrtha kI ora se embulensa suvidhA bhI upalabdha haiN| tIrtha sthala para Aryuvedika auSadhAlaya, ailopaithika cikitsAlaya tathA bAlotarA meM kampyUTarAIjDa homyopaithika cikitsAlaya bhI tIrtha dvArA saMcAlita kiyA jA rahA hai|

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jayapura - nAkor3A TrasTa dvArA jayapura sthita prAkRta bhAratI parisara meM zrI nAkor3A pArzvanAtha kA zikharabaddha maMdira cAra varSa pUrva sthApita kiyA gayA thaa| bhavya maMdira meM mUlanAyaka pArzvanAtha va nAkor3A bhairava kI pratimA hUbahU mevAnagara jaisI hai sAtha hI gaNadhara gautama svAmI, dAdA gurudeva zrI jinakuzalasUrijI va zAsana mAtA padmAvatI kI camatkArika mUrtiyA~ haiN| jo dharmapremI nAkor3A darzanArtha nahIM jA sakate ve loga yahIM darzana kara apane Apako dhanya mAna lete haiN| maMdira kI sucAru vyavasthA nAkor3A TrasTa ke nirdezana meM maMdira vyavasthA samiti dvArA calAyI jAtI hai| nAkor3A TrasTa kI ora se maMdira ke sAtha hI pUrva nirmita atithi bhavana bhI hai jo TrasTiyoM tathA zodhArthiyoM ke kAma AtA hai| jodhapura - jodhapura meM bhagavAn mahAvIra vikalAMga sahAyatA samiti ke kRtrima aMga lagAne kI yojanA kA pUrA vyaya yaha tIrtha vahana kara rahA hai| jodhapura kA andha-vidyAlaya, manda buddhi vidyAlaya, bAr3amera kA homyopaithika cikitsAlaya, bhairUbAga, jodhapura ityAdi aneka saMsthAeM tIrtha se niyamita Arthika sahayoga prApta karatI hai| tIrtha ne ahamadAbAda ke rAjasthAna haoNspITala meM ApAtakAlIna kakSa kA nirmANa krvaayaa| isake atirikta gambhIra rogoM kI mahaMgI cikitsAoM hetu tIrtha se Arthika sahayoga ke rUpa meM dhanarAziyA~ bhI dI jAtI haiN| jJAna prasAra - jJAna jainoM kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa kArya kSetra hai| tIrtha para navanirmita bhavana meM eka vizAla jJAnazAlA saMcAlita kI jA rahI hai| jisameM vartamAna meM lagabhaga 165 chAtra dhArmika evaM saMskArayukta 6 varSIya pAThyakrama kA adhyayana kara rahe hai| isa jJAnazAlA meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke adhyayana hetu bhI samucita vyavasthA haiN| tIrtha karmacAriyoM ke baccoM ko susaMskArita karane hetu tIrtha para hI eka saMskArazAlA bhI cala rahI hai| tIrtha ke yogadAna se sthAnIya rAjakIya ucca prAthamika vidyAlaya kA bhavana nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| jodhapura meM zrI nAkor3A pArzvanAtha jaina mahAvidyAlaya tIrtha ke nAma se saMcAlita ho rahA hai| tIrtha dvArA prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura ke mAdhyama se purAne granthoM kA anuvAda prakAzana kArya evaM dillI ke bhogIlAla laharacanda zodha saMsthAna ke mAdhyama se jaina AgamoM kA anuvAda-prakAzana ityAdi bhI karavAyA jA rahA hai| tIrtha para zodha sahayogI vizAla pustakAlaya va vAcanAlaya hai tathA yogyatA va AvazyakatA ke mApadaNDa para ucca va takanIkI zikSA hetu prativarSa chAtravRttiyA~ bhI dI jAtI hai| saMskArayukta bAla sAhityoM kA nagaNya mUlya para vikraya kiyA jAtA hai| jaina jJAna vRddhi hetu tIna varSa

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ke patrAcAra pAThyakrama vAlA vizva prakAza patrAcAra pAThyakrama saMcAlita ho rahA hai, jise aba pA~ca varSa kA karane kI prakriyA cala rahI hai| isa tIrtha kA vaiziSTya hai ki darzanArthI mAtra jainI na hokara jAti va dharma ke bhedoM se Upara uThakara sabhI varga ke zraddhAlu tIrtha para darzanArtha Ate haiN| cAhe bAr3ha ho yA akAla yA saMkrAmaka bImAriyA~ athavA anya prAkRtika ApadA jaise tUphAna tathA bhUkampa evaM rASTrIya surakSA Adi kAryo meM isa tIrtha ne mAnava va prANI mAtra kI sevA kara apane kartavyoM kA nirvahana kiyA evaM kSetra kI sAMskRtika dharohara ko akSuNNa banAye rkhaa| ___ kalA aura saMskRti kI dharohara ko saMjokara rakhane ke lie prAcIna mandiroM ke jIrNoddhAra karAne kA kAryakrama kaI varSoM se abAdha gati se cala rahA hai| tIrtha kI gauzAlA rAjasthAna meM apanA viziSTha sthAna rakhatI hai| kula milAkara tIrtha dvArA mAnava-sevA, zikSA, cikitsA, jIvadayA, saMskAra nirmANa ke anekAneka kAryakalApa saMcAlita kiye jA rahe haiN| zatAbdI varSa samAroha kA Ayojana - tIrtha ke Adhunika vikAsa ke 100 varSa pUrNa hone ke upalakSa meM tIrtha kA zatAbdI varSa dinAMka 12/10/03 ko zubhArambha kiyA gayA aura do varSa taka dhArmika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM tIrtha vikAsa ke kAryakramoM kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| kaI naI yojanAeM banAI gaI, jinakI TrasTamaNDala ne gat saMgha sabhA se puSTi karavAkara kriyAnvayana kA prayAsa prArambha kara diyA hai| prasaMgAnusAra kaI dhArmika kAryakrama khUba ullAsa evaM umaMga ke sAtha manAye gye| isa avadhi meM tIrtha kI khyAti ke sAtha-sAtha yAtriyoM kA AvAgamana bhI bddh'aa| anya prastAvita kAryakramoM kI kriyAnvitI bhI yogya samaya para kI jaayegii| zatAbdI varSa kI do varSa kI avadhi pUrNa hone para zatAbdI varSa kA samApana samAroha kI udghoSaNA dinAMka 25/12/05 ko sAMskRtika saMdhyA ke Ayojana ke sAtha kI gii| campAlAla pArakha adhyakSa zrI nAkor3A pArzvanAtha tIrtha, mevAnagara

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anukramaNikA krama adhyAya 1. prAkRta kA svarUpa evaM vikAsa 2. Agama-paramparA ardhamAgadhI Agama-granthoM kA paricaya 4. zaurasenI Agama sAhitya 5. prAkRta ke pramukha zilAlekha 6. prAkRta ke pramukha kAvya-grantha prAkRta ke pramukha kathA-grantha prAkRta ke pramukha caritakAvya 9. nATaka-sAhitya meM prAkRta evaM prAkRta saTTaka prAkRta-vyAkaraNa, chaMda, alaMkAra evaM koza-grantha sandarbha grantha 110 - 119 120 - 13 10. 133 - 157 158 - 161 (IX)

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prAkRta kA svarUpa evaM vikAsa manuSya ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA bhI vikasita hotI calI gii| sRSTi ke prArambha meM bhale hI eka hI bhASA abhivyakti kA mAdhyama rahI hogI, kintu sthAna va kAlabheda ke kAraNa eka bhASA se aneka bhASAoM va upabhASAoM kA janma hotA gayA, jo prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, gujarAtI, marAThI, baMgalA Adi rUpoM meM hamAre sAmane vidyamAna haiN| bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne prAkRta bhASA kA sambaMdha bhAratIya AryazAkhA parivAra se mAnA hai| vidvAnoM ke dvArA bhAratIya Arya zAkhA parivAra kI bhASAoM ke vikAsa ko tIna yugoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| 1. prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAkAla ( I.pU. 1600 se I.pU. 600 taka) 2. madhyakAlIna Arya bhASAkAla (I.pU. 600 se 1000 I. taka) 3. Adhunika Arya bhASAkAla (1000 I. se vartamAna samaya taka) prAkRta bhASA kA ina tInoM hI kAloM se kisI na kisI rUpa meM saMbaMdha banA rahA hai| vaidika bhASA (chAMdasa) prAcIna AryabhASA hai, jisakA vikAsa tatkAlIna lokabhASA se huA hai| prAkRta bhASA kA vaidika bhASA ke sAtha gaharA sambandha hai / bhASAvidoM ne prAkRta evaM vaidika bhASA meM dhvani-tattva evaM vikAsa prakriyA kI dRSTi se kaI samAnatAe~ parilakSita kI haiN| ataH prAkRta bhASA ke prAraMbhika svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie vaidika bhASA kA gahana adhyayana Avazyaka hai| deza, kAla evaM vyaktigata uccAraNa ke bheda ke kAraNa janabhASA kA svarUpa sadA parivartita hotA rahatA hai| samaya ke sAtha-sAtha vikasita huI isa janabhASA prAkRta ko bhagavAn buddha evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne janatA ke sAMskRtika utthAna ke lie apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| phalasvarUpa madhyakAla meM dArzanika, AdhyAtmika va sAMskRtika vividhatAoM se paripUrNa Agamika evaM tripiTaka sAhitya upalabdha huaa| isa yuga meM prAkRta janabhASA

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ke rUpa meM itanI lokapriya thI ki samrATa azoka ne use rAjabhASA ghoSita kiyA tathA usI janabhASA meM abhilekha likhavAkara jana-jana taka apanA saMdeza phuNcaayaa| karIba I.pU. 300 se lekara 400 I. taka ke do hajAra prAkRta lekha prApta hote haiM, jo isa bhASA ke vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| prAkRta bhASA ke isa AkarSaNa se prabhAvita hokara bhAsa, zUdraka, kAlidAsa Adi mahAkaviyoM ne apane nATakoM meM ise sthAna diyaa| logoM ke sAmAnya jIvana kI abhivyakti karane vAlI isa bhASA meM mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya, muktakakAvya Adi race jAne lge| aneka kathA-granthoM evaM carita-kAvyoM kA bhI nirmANa huaa| isa sAhitya ne prAkRta bhASA ko lambe samaya taka pratiSThita rkhaa| Adhunika Arya bhASAkAla se bhI janabhASA prAkRta kA sambandha jur3A rhaa| bhArata ke vibhinna prAntoM meM bolI jAne vAlI janabhASAoM ko prAkRta kA hI rUpAntaraNa mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra vaidika yuga, mahAvIra yuga tathA usake bAda ke vibhinna kAloM meM prAkRta bhASA kA svarUpa kramazaH vikasita hotA calA gyaa| vaidika yuga meM yaha lokabhASA thii| mahAvIra yuga meM adhyAtma va sadAcAra kI bhASA bnii| samrATa azoka ke kAla taka rAjyAzraya ko prApta huI; uttarottara vikasita hotI huI yaha bhASA kAvya jagata ko anuraMjita karatI huI sAhityika bhASA ke gaurava ko prApta huii| vartamAna meM vibhinna prAdezika bhASAoM kI jananI mAnI jAtI hai| prAkRta ke vikAsa ke caraNa vikAsa krama meM janabhASA prAkRta kAla, sthAna Adi bhedoM ke kAraNa naye-naye nAmoM evaM rUpoM ko dhAraNa karatI gaI, lekina yahA~ yaha kahanA atizayokti nahIM hogI ki ye sabhI bhASAe~ janabhASA prAkRta ke hI vibhinna rUpAntaraNa haiM aura ina sabhI bhASAoM kA sAmAnya nAma prAkRta hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki naye-naye rUpAntaroM ko dhAraNa karane vAlI ina janabhASAoM ke Age prAkRta zabda jur3A rhaa| yathA - prAthamika prAkRta, ArSa prAkRta, ardhamAgadhI prAkRta, mahArASTrI prAkRta, apabhraMza prAkRta aadi| prAkRta bhASA

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ke vikAsa ke do caraNa haiM - (1) prathama starIya prAkRta (2) dvitIya starIya prAkRta prathama starIya prAkRta vaidika yuga se mahAvIra yuga arthAt I.pU. 1600 se I.pU. 600 taka ke samaya kI janabhASA ke rUpa meM jo prAkRta vidyamAna thI, use prathama starIya prAkRta kahA gayA hai| dhvanyAtmaka va vyAkaraNAtmaka saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa prAkRta bhASA lambe samaya taka jana-jIvana se jur3I rahI aura bola-cAla kI bhASA banI rhii| isa bola-cAla kI bhASA kA sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai / isake rUpoM kI jhalaka vaidika (chAMdasa ) sAhitya meM prApta I hotI hai| prathama stara kI yaha prAkRta bhASA svara, vyaMjana Adi ke uccAraNa vaidika (chAMdasa) bhASA ke anurUpa hI thI / yahA~ taka ki chAMdasa sAhitya meM to mahAvIra yuga ke pracalita prAkRta - vyAkaraNa ke tattvoM kI jhalaka bhI dekhane ko mila jAtI hai| ataH janabhASA ke rUpa meM pracalita prathama starIya prAkRta ke adhyayana va svarUpa kI jAnakArI hetu yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaidika yuga se mahAvIra yuga taka ke vaidika sAhitya meM prayukta hue prAkRta ke tattvoM kA gaharAI se adhyayana evaM vizleSaNa kiyA jaae| dvitIya starIya prAkRta I.pU. 600 se I. san 1200 taka jisa prAkRta bhASA meM sAhitya nibaddha huA, vaha dvitIya starIya prAkRta mAnI gaI hai| vaidika yuga meM jo prAkRta bhASAe~ janabhASAoM ke rUpa meM vidyamAna thIM, unameM paravartI kAla meM aneka parivartana hue| ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa ye bhASAe~ rUpAntarita hotI gaI aura isa prakAra dvitIya starIya vibhinna prAkRtoM kA janma huA / inheM tIna yugoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / prathama yugIna prAkRta (Adi yuga) I. pUrva 600 se 200 I. taka dvitIya yugIna prAkRta (madhya yuga ) I. san 200 se 600 I. taka tRtIya yugIna prAkRta (apabhraMza yuga) 600 I. se 1200 I. taka

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prathama yugIna prAkRta ( Adi yuga ) I.pU. 600 se I. san 200 taka jisa prAkRta bhASA meM sAhitya nibaddha kiyA gayA, vaha prathama yugIna prAkRta kahalAI / ina 800 varSoM meM prAkRta bhASA meM vipula sAhitya racA gayA / lokabhASA parivartanazIla hotI hai| usameM sthAna va kAla ke anusAra vividhatAe~ aura parivartana Ate rahate haiM, phira bhI mUla bhASAgata vizeSatAe~ prAyaH samAna hI rahatI haiN| ataH mahAvIra yuga se prArambha hokara azvaghoSa ke nATakoM taka jo bhI sAhitya isa bhASA meM racA gayA, usakI bhASA meM prAyaH ekarUpatA hI hai| prathama yugIna prAkRta meM sarvAdhika prAcIna sAhitya upalabdha hai| isakA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra hai (1) ArSa prAkRta (2) zilAlekhI prAkRta ( 3 ) niyA prAkRta (4) prAkRtadhammapada kI prAkRta (5) azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta / ArSa prAkRta ArSa prAkRta se tAtparya bauddha va jaina sUtroM kI bhASA se hai| prAcInatA tathA do mahApuruSoM dvArA prayukta kiye jAne ke kAraNa yaha ArSa prAkRta yA RSi bhASA kahalAI / yadyapi dvitIya starIya prAkRta kA sabase prAcIna likhita sAhitya zilAlekhI prAkRta meM milatA hai, kintu zilAlekha likhe jAne se pUrva hI buddha va bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dhArmika pracAra ke lie apane upadezoM meM janabhASA prAkRta kA prayoga kiyA, jinakA saMkalana bAda meM tripiTakoM va AgamoM ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA / bhagavAn buddha ke upadezoM kI bhASA pAli va bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI kahalAI / isa dRSTi se pAli, ardhamAgadhI Adi Agamika prAkRta bhASAoM ko zilAlekhI prAkRta se prAcIna svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| ArSa prAkRta ke tIna bheda haiN| (ka) pAli (kha) ardhamAgadhI (ga) zaurasenI (ka) pAli bhagavAn buddha ke vacanoM kA saMgraha jina granthoM meM huA hai, unheM tripiTaka kahate haiM / ina tripiTakoM kI bhASA pAli hai| pAli bhASA kA gaThana tatkAlIna vibhinna loka - boliyoM ke mizraNa se huA hai, jinameM

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mAgadhI pramukha thii| vidvAna gAyagara ne pAli ko ArSa prAkRta hI mAnA hai| bAda meM buddha ke upadezoM ko alaga karane ke uddezya se pAli zabda kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| pAli bhASA kA sAhitya atyanta samRddha va vyApaka hai, lekina rUr3hitA ke kAraNa pAli bhASA buddha ke upadezoM va bauddha-sAhitya taka hI sImita ho gii| (kha) ardhamAgadhI samavAyAMgasUtra meM yaha ullekha hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM upadeza diye the| bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhammaM aaikkhi| (sUtra 34.22 ) mahApuruSa bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA prayukta kiye jAne ke kAraNa ise RSi bhASA bhI kahA gayA hai| ardhamAgadhI kA vyutpattimUlaka artha hai ardhamAgadhya arthAt jisakA ardhAza mAgadhI kahA gayA hai| jaina sUtra nizIthacUrNi ke anusAra magadha prAnta ke ardhAMza bhAga kI bhASA meM nibaddha hone ke kAraNa prAcIna sUtragrantha ardhamAgadha kahalAte haiN| ardhamAgadhI kA mUla utpatti sthAna pazcimI magadha tathA zUrasena (mathurA) kA madhyavartI pradeza ayodhyA mAnA gayA hai| isa bhASA ke gaThana meM Adhe lakSaNa mAgadhI prAkRta ke tathA Adhe anya prAkRtoM ke vidyamAna haiN| isa kAraNa bhI ise ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| akArAMta pulliMga zabdoM ke kartA kAraka meM 'e' (nariMde, deve) kA prayoga mAgadhI kA lakSaNa hai, kintu 'e' ke sAtha 'o kA prayoga (nariMdo, devo) zaurasenI prAkRta kA lakSaNa hai| isa bhASA kA samaya I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI taya kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi jaina sUtroM meM ardhamAgadhI kA prAcIna rUpa surakSita hai| padya bhAga kI bhASA gadya bhAga kI bhASA se adhika ArSa pratIta hotI hai| ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna rUpa kA prAmANika AbhAsa hameM azoka ke ur3IsA pradezavartI kAlasI, jogar3ha va dhaulI pradezoM meM utkIrNa prazastiyoM se milatA hai| (ga) zaurasenI zUrasena pradeza (mathurA) meM prayukta hone vAlI janabhASA zaurasenI ke nAma se jAnI gaI hai| isakA pracAra madhyadeza meM adhika huA thaa| isakA prAcIna rUpa azoka ke giranAra ke zilAlekhoM meM milatA hai| digambara

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Agama zaurasenI bhASA meM hI likhe gaye haiN| prAcIna AcAryoM ne SaTkhaNDAgama, kaSAyapAhuDa Adi granthoM kI racanA zaurasenI prAkRta meM kI hai| AcArya kundakunda ke samayasAra, paMcAstikAya, aSTapAhuDa Adi granthoM kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hI hai| isake pazcAt bhI kaI zatAbdiyoM taka isameM vizAla sAhitya kI racanA hotI rahI hai| prAcIna saMskRta nATakoM meM adhikAMza pAtra zaurasenI kA hI prayoga karate haiM, ataH prayoga kI dRSTi se isake do bheda haiN| (1) zaurasenI (2) nATakIya shaursenii| karpUramaMjarI saTTaka nATakIya zaurasenI kA pratinidhi grantha hai| zilAlekhI prAkRta likhita rUpa meM prAkRta bhASA kA sarvAdhika purAtana jo bhI sAhitya upalabdha hai, vaha zilAlekhI prAkRtoM kA hI hai| zilAlekhI prAkRta ke prAcInatama rUpa azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM prApta hote haiN| ye zilAlekha lagabhaga I.pU. 300 varSa pahale azoka ne deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM khudavAye the| prAkRta usa samaya janabhASA ke sAtha rAjabhASA kA darjA bhI prApta kara cukI thii| ina zilAlekhoM kI do lipiyA~ haiM- zAhabAjagar3hI va manaseharA ke zilAlekha kharoSThI meM haiM tathA zeSa zilAlekha brAhmI lipi meM utkIrNa haiN| azoka ne ina zilAlekhoM ke dvArA jIvanamUlyoM kI sundara pratiSThA kI hai| 'prANAnAM sAdhu anArambho apavyayatA apabhANDatA sAdhu'(tRtIya zilAlekha) arthAt prANiyoM kI ahiMsA acchI hai, thor3A kharca va thor3A saMgraha acchA hai| samrATa azoka ke pazcAt samrATa khAravela kA aitihAsika hAthIgumphA zilAlekha bhI prAkRta bhASA meM prApta hotA hai| 17 paMktiyoM kA yaha zilAlekha tatkAlIna zAsana vyavasthA ko samajhAne vAlI eka rAjanaitika prazasti hI hai| isake pazcAt cauthI zatAbdI taka ke karIba 2,000 lekha prAkRta bhASA meM prApta hote haiN| inameM se kucha eka paMkti meM haiM tathA kucha vistRta bhI haiN| prAkRta kA yaha zilAlekhI sAhitya prAcIna prAkRta bhASAoM ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| prAkRta bhASAoM ke vibhinna rUpa isameM upalabdha haiN| bhASA hI nahIM sAMskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI ye hamArI amUlya dharohara haiN| hamAre deza bhAratavarSa ke nAma kA ullekha bharadhavasa ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama khAravela ke hAthIgumphA zilAlekha kI dasavIM paMkti meM

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prApta hotA hai| isI zilAlekha meM jaina namaskAra maMtra kA prAcInatama likhita rUpa bhI 'namo arahaMtAnaM namo savasidhAnaM' ke rUpa meM surakSita hai| niyA prAkRta saralIkaraNa kI pravRtti ke kAraNa prAkRta zIghra hI deza - videzoM meM phaila gii| isakA prayoga bhArata ke par3ausI prAntoM meM bhI bar3ha gayA thA / isakA patA niyA pradezoM (cIna va turkistAna) se prApta lekhoM kI bhASA se calatA hai| isa pradeza se prApta lekhoM kI bhASA ko niyA prAkRta kahA gayA hai| ina lekhoM meM adhikatara lekha rAjakIya viSayoM se sambandhita haiM / isa prAkRta bhASA kA daradI varga kI tokhArI bhASA ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha mAnA gayA hai| prAkRta- dhammapada kI prAkRta pAli meM likhA dhammapada prasiddha hai / prAkRta bhASA meM likhA huA dhammapada bhI prApta huA hai, jisakI lipi kharoSThI hai| isakA racanAkAla 200 I. ke lagabhaga mAnA gayA hai| yaha grantha khaNDita rUpa meM prApta hai| ise bI.ema. baruA aura esa. mitrA ne san 1921 meM prakAzita kiyA thA / vartamAna meM isakA nayA saMskaraNa DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina dvArA sampAdita kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha dhammapada pAli tripiTaka meM se mahattvapUrNa gAthAoM kA saMkalana hai, jisameM buddha ke upadezoM kA saMgraha huA hai / prAkRta dhammapada kI viSayavastu prAyaH pAli dhammapada se samAnatA rakhatI hai / kevala punarAvRtti vAlI gAthAoM ko isameM se haTA kara viSaya se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa gAthAe~ jor3a dI gaI haiN| isa dRSTi se isakA mahattva pAli dhammapada se adhika ho jAtA hai| prAkRta dhammapada kA azoka ke manaseharA aura zAhabAjagar3hI ke kharoSThI ke abhilekhoM se kAphI sAmya hai| isa dhammapada kI bhASA pazcimottara pradeza kI bhASA se milatI hai / ataH uttara- - pazcimI bolI ke prAcIna rUpa ko samajhane kI dRSTi se prAkRta dhammapada kA mahattva bahuta adhika hai| azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta Adiyuga meM prAkRta bhASA kA prayoga nATaka sAhitya meM bhI hone

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lgaa| I. san kI prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga prasiddha nATakakAra azvaghoSa ne sarvaprathama apane nATakoM meM prAkRta kA prayoga kiyaa| azvaghoSa ke zAriputraprakaraNa meM ardhamAgadhI, mAgadhI evaM zaurasenI prAkRtoM ke prAcIna rUpa upalabdha haiN| isa nATaka kI bhASA ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki Agama granthoM kI bhASA navIna rUpoM ko grahaNa karatI huI vikAsa ke patha para agrasara ho rahI thii| dvitIya yugIna prAkRta (madhya yuga) ___ I. san kI dvitIya zatAbdI se chaThI zatAbdI taka jisa prAkRta bhASA meM sAhitya likhA gayA, use madhya yugIna prAkRta kahA gayA hai| yaha yuga prAkRta bhASA va sAhitya kA samRddha yuga thaa| madhya yugIna prAkRtoM meM nimna prAkRtoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| (1) bhAsa, zUdraka, kAlidAsa Adi ke nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRta (2) gItikAvya va mahAkAvyoM kI prAkRta (3) paravartI jaina kAvyoM kI prAkRta (4) alaMkArazAstriyoM va vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA nirdezita prAkRta (5) bRhatkathA kI paizAcI prAkRta / mahAkavi bhAsa ne aneka nATaka likhe haiN| unameM se cArudatta va avimAraka meM prAkRtoM kA sarvAdhika prayoga kiyA hai| kAlidAsa ke abhijJAnazAkuntalam, vikramorvazIyam tathA mAlavikAgnimitram meM bhI vibhinna prAkRtoM kA prayoga milatA hai| zUdraka ke mRcchakaTikam nATaka meM pAtrAnusAra vividha prAkRtoM kA prayoga milatA hai| cUMki yaha lokajIvana kA pratinidhi nATaka hai, ataH isameM prayukta prAkRtoM ke prayoga meM bhI vividhatA hai| isa yuga meM prAkRta meM kathA, carita, purANa, mahAkAvya Adi bhI likhe gye| inameM prayukta sAhityika prAkRta ko mahArASTrI prAkRta kahA gyaa| isI yuga meM guNADhya ne bRhatkathA likhI, jisakI bhASA ko paizAcI kahA gyaa| isa yuga taka prAkRta kA sAmAnya svarUpa nizcita ho cukA thaa| ataH prAkRta ke svataMtra evaM nizcita vyAkaraNa bhI likhe jAne lge| caNDa kA prAkRtalakSaNa va vararuci kA prAkRtaprakAza isa yuga ke pramukha vyAkaraNa grantha the| isa yuga ke sAhitya meM pramukha rUpa se tIna prAkRta bhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai - (ka) mahArASTrI (kha) mAgadhI (ga) paishaacii|

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(ka) mahArASTrI mahArASTra prAnta kI janabolI se vikasita prAkRta mahArASTrI khlaaii| marAThI bhASA ke vikAsa meM isa prAkRta kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke varNa adhika komala va madhura pratIta hote haiM, ataH isa prAkRta kA kAvya meM sarvAdhika prayoga huA hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta kA sAhitya atyanta samRddha hai| gAthAsaptazatI, setubaMdha, paumacariya, vajjAlagga Adi rasamaya kAvyoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hI hai| saMskRta ke prasiddha nATakakAra kAlidAsa ne apane nATakoM meM padya ke lie mahArASTrI prAkRta kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se vartamAna yuga taka isa prAkRta meM aneka kAvya-grantha likhe jAte rahe haiN| niHsaMdeha mahArASTrI prAkRta kAvyagranthoM ke lie svIkRta eka pariniSThita bhASA bana gaI, jisameM prAkRta kaviyoM ne uccakoTi kI lalita evaM manohara racanAe~ likhI haiN| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta kI mahattA ko dekhate hue isake lakSaNa vistAra pUrvaka likhakara anya prAkRtoM kI kevala vizeSatAe~ ginAI haiN| yaha sAmAnya prAkRta mAnI gaI hai| (kha) mAgadhI magadha pradeza kI janabolI ko sAmAnyataH mAgadhI prAkRta kahA gayA hai| mAgadhI kucha samaya taka rAjabhASA rahI, ataH isakA samparka bhArata kI kaI boliyoM ke sAtha rhaa| isalie pAli, ardhamAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM ke vikAsa meM mAgadhI prAkRta ko mUla mAnA jAtA hai| mAgadhI bhASA meM kaI lokabhASAoM kA samAveza thaa| isa bhASA meM likhA koI svataMtra grantha prApta nahIM hai| isake prAcIna prayogoM ke udAharaNa azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM milate haiN| saMskRta nATakoM meM aneka pAtra isI bhASA kA vyavahAra karate haiN| azvaghoSa evaM bhAsa ke nATakoM meM mAgadhI ke prAcIna prayoga dekhane ko milate haiN| kAlidAsa ke abhijJAnazAkuntalam meM machue, pulisa karmacArI, sarvadamana Adi pAtra mAgadhI prAkRta meM saMvAda karate haiN|

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(ga) paizAcI deza ke uttara-pazcima prAntoM ke kucha bhAga ko paizAca deza kahA jAtA thaa| vahA~ para vikasita janabhASA ko paizAcI prAkRta kahA gayA hai| cIna va turkistAna se prApta kharoSThI ke lekhoM va kavalayamAlAkahA meM paizAcI kI vizeSatAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiN| yaha bhASA kisI vizeSa sthAna para nahIM bolI jAtI thii| yaha eka jAti vizeSa kI bhASA thii| ataH vaha jAti jahA~-jahA~ gaI, vahA~-vahA~ apanI bhASA bhI le gii| alaMkArazAstriyoM ne ise bhUta bhASA kahA hai| paizAcI meM likhe eka svataMtra grantha bRhatkathA kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| yaha grantha mUla rUpa meM prApta nahIM hai| isake rUpAntara prApta haiM, jisase isake mahattva kA patA calatA hai| isa prakAra madhya yuga meM prAkRta bhASA kA jitanA adhika vikAsa huA utanI hI vividhatAe~ bhI AIM, kintu sAhitya meM prayoga bar3ha jAne se vibhinna prAkRteM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke rUpa meM ekarUpatA ko grahaNa karane lgii| AvazyakatA kA anubhava karate hue vaiyAkaraNoM ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa ke kucha niyama taya kara diye| ataH isa bhASA meM sthiratA A gii| isakA sambandha jana-jIvana se kaTane lagA aura yaha sAhitya kI bhASA bana kara raha gii| chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI taka prAkRta ne apanA janabhASA kA svarUpa apabhraMza ko sauMpa diyA aura yahIM se tRtIya yugIna prAkRta kA prAraMbha huaa| tRtIya yugIna prAkRta (apabhraMza yuga) jaba janabhASA prAkRta pariniSThita hokara sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa dhAraNa karane lagI tathA jana-jIvana se dUra haTatI gaI taba janabhASA ke rUpa meM eka naI tRtIya yugIna prAkRta kA vikAsa huA, jise vidvAnoM ne apabhraMza kA nAma diyaa| prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ina donoM bhASAoM kA kSetra prAyaH eka jaisA thA tathA inameM sAhitya-lekhana kI dhArA bhI samAna thii| vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI donoM bhASAe~ janaboliyoM se vikasita huI haiN| vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI inameM bahuta kucha samAnatAe~ haiM, kintu ina saba samAnatAoM se prAkata aura apabhraMza ko eka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| donoM hI svataMtra

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bhASAe~ haiN| donoM kI apanI alaga pahacAna hai| prAkRta meM saralatA kI dRSTi se jo bAdhA raha gayI thI, use apabhraMza bhASA ne dUra karane kA prayatna kiyaa| kArakoM, vibhaktiyoM, pratyayoM ke prayoga meM apabhraMza nirantara prAkRta se sarala hotI gayI hai| apabhraMza kA udbhava aura vikAsa apabhraMza bhASA ke udbhava va vikAsa kA bhI apanA eka itihAsa hai| apabhraMza kA sarvaprathama prayoga pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM milatA hai| pataMjali kA samaya vidvAnoM ne I. pU. 150 varSa mAnA hai| pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM apabhraMza zabda kA prayoga kisI bhASA ke vAcaka ke artha meM nahIM huA hai, apitu apANinIya zabdoM ke artha meM kiyA gayA hai| pataMjali ke anusAra eka zabda ke aneka apabhraMza ho sakate haiM, jaise gau zabda ke gAvI, goNI, gotA Adi / pataMjali ke pazcAt I. san kI prathama zatAbdI meM AcArya bharata ne apane nATyazAstra meM apabhraMza ke lie ukArabahulA bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai| bharata ke nATyazAstra ke sAkSya ke AdhAra para yahI pramANita hotA hai ki isa samaya taka apabhraMza Adi bhASAe~, jinakA prayoga himavat pradeza, sindhu va sauvIra meM hotA thA, sAhityika rUpa ko dhAraNa nahIM kara sakI thii| pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke AcArya bhartRhari ne saMskRta se itara zabdoM ko apabhraMza kI saMjJA dI hai| isa prakAra pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka saMskRta se itara bhASA ke lie apabhraMza kA prayoga huA hai| Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI apane tarka prastuta karate hue apabhraMza zabda kI sundara vyAkhyA kI hai| apabhraMza kA artha hai - lokabhASA yA jnbolii| lokabhASA meM vibhinna kSetroM meM eka hI artha ke lie vibhinna zabda prayoga hote the, jaise saMskRta zabda mAtA ke lie lokabhASAoM meM mAtu, mAI, mAyA, mAvo Adi zabda prayukta hote the| zabdoM kA yaha nayA rUpa grahaNa karanA lokajIvana kI jIvantatA kA dyotaka hai| yaha zabdoM kA dUSaNa nahIM bhUSaNa hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki chaThI zatAbdI ke alaMkArazAstrI bhAmaha ne apane grantha kAvyAlaMkAra meM apabhraMza ko kAvyazailiyoM kI bhASA kahA hai| spaSTa hai ki jo apabhraMza zabda I. pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI taka apANinIya zabdoM ke lie prayukta hotA thA, vahI chaThI zatAbdI taka Ate-Ate sAhityika abhivyakti

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ke eka sazakta mAdhyama kI bhASA ke lie prayukta hone lgaa| chaThI zatAbdI ke alaMkArazAstrI AcArya daNDI ne apane grantha kAvyAdarza meM apabhraMza ko vAGmaya ke eka prakAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai tathA apabhraMza meM prayukta hone vAle chaMdoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| 8vIM zatAbdI ke kathAkAra udyotanasUri ne kuvalayamAlAkahA meM apabhraMza bhASA kI prazaMsA karate hue use 'manohara' kahA hai| 8vIM zatAbdI taka apabhraMza kA sAhitya pUrNa vikasita ho cukA thaa| apabhraMza ko svayaMbhU jaisA pratibhAzAlI kavi prApta ho gayA, jisane bhAratIya vAGmaya ke itihAsa meM vipula apabhraMza sAhitya kI racanA kara apabhraMza-yuga kA pravartana kiyaa| 10vIM zatAbdI meM mahAkavi puSpadaMta ne apabhraMza prabaMdha-kAvyoM kI paramparA ko aura bhI adhika puSpita va pallavita kiyaa| isI paramparA meM dhanapAla, vIra, nayanaMdI, kanakAmara Adi kavi hue haiM, jinhoMne apabhraMza ko gauravazAlI pada para pratiSThita rkhaa| 12vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya hemacandra ne apabhraMza ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa kArya karake use amara banA diyaa| unhoMne siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana ke AThaveM adhyayana ke caturtha pAda meM apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke sUtroM kI racanA kara apabhraMza ke sAhityika svarUpa ko taya kara diyaa| ina sUtroM meM niyamoM ko samajhAne ke lie udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jo apabhraMza ke dohe saMkalita hue haiM, ve Aja apabhraMza sAhitya kI anamola nidhi haiN| ina saMkalita dohoM kA kAvyAtmaka saundarya anupama va bejor3a hai| arthAt 12vIM zatAbdI meM apabhraMza lokabhASA kA pada chor3akara sAhityika bhASA ke pada ko grahaNa kara cukI thI aura vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM baMdha cukI thii| AcArya hemacandra ke pazcAt mahAkavi 'raidhU' (15vIM zatAbdI) taka apabhraMza bhASA meM vizAla sAhitya kA sRjana hotA rhaa| isa prakAra apabhraMza meM kAvyaracanAe~ chaThI zatAbdI se Arambha hokara lagabhaga 16vIM zatAbdI taka calatI rhii| lekina apabhraMza kA vikAsa kAla 12vIM zatAbdI taka hI mAnA gayA hai| 12vIM zatAbdI ke bAda kI racanAoM meM hindI kA raMga dRSTigocara hone lagA, jise vidvAnoM ne paravartI apabhraMza kA nAma diyaa| paravartI apabhraMza kI racanAoM meM neminAthacaupaI, kIrtilatA, pRthvIrAjarAso, vidyApatipadAvalI Adi pramukha haiN| eka ora paravartI apabhraMza kI racanAe~ dhIre-dhIre vibhinna navIna bhASAoM ke mizraNa se naye-naye rUpoM

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ko dhAraNa karatI gaI aura dUsarI ora Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kA udaya va vikAsa apabhraMza ke garbha meM hotA calA gyaa| prAcIna rUpoM kA hrAsa va navIna rUpoM kI utpatti isI krama meM Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kA udaya huaa| apanI antima avasthA meM apabhraMza ne apanI sArI pravRttiyA~ kSetriya bhASAoM ko sauMpa dii| spaSTa hai ki apabhraMza bhASA hI hindI va anya Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa ke mUla meM hai| hindI ko to apabhraMza kI sAkSAt uttarAdhikAriNI bhASA mAnA jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM zaMbhUnAtha pANDeya ne likhA hai ki "apabhraMza aura hindI kA saMbaMdha atyanta gaharA aura samRddha hai| ve eka dUsare kI pUraka haiN| hindI ko ThIka se samajhane ke lie apabhraMza kI jAnakArI Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya hai| hindI hI nahIM, anya navya bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kI AdhArazilA apabhraMza hI hai| usI kI kokha se ina bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai|" sahAyaka grantha 1. apabhraMza : eka paricaya - le. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura 2. apabhraMza-sAhitya : paramparA aura pravRttiyA~ - le. DaoN. rAjavaMza sahAya, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 3. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa -- le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 4. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa - le. DaoN. Ara. pizala, a. DaoN. hemacandra jozI, bihAra-rASTrabhASA-pariSada, paTanA 5. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 6. prAkRta svayaM-zikSaka-le. DaoN. premasumana jaina, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 000

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2 Agama-paramparA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke upadeza va Agama jaina paramparA meM tIrthakaroM ke dvArA samaya-samaya para AtmakalyANa ke lie upadeza diye jAte rahe haiN| yadyapi sabhI tIrthakaroM ke upadezoM meM prAyaH sAmyatA hotI hai, ekarUpatA hotI hai, isalie AptavANI ko anAdi va anaMta kahA gayA hai, kintu antima tIrthaMkara ke upadezoM ko hI Agama ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara jaina saMgha kI zAsana vyavasthA calatI hai / isa dRSTi se bhagavAn mahAvIra kI jo upadezavANI thI, usI ko AgamoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vartamAna meM jo zruta upalabdha hai, vaha bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa hai| unhoMne jo kucha bhI apane zrImukha se kahA, vaha gaNadharoM dvArA grantha ke rUpa meM gUMthA gayA / arthAgama tIrthakaroM kA hotA hai aura grantha ke rUpa meM zabda - zarIra kI racanA gaNadhara karate haiM / sarvajJa hone ke pazcAt bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA janakalyANa kI bhAvanA se jo dharmadezanA dI gaI usa arthAgama rUpa dharmadezanA ko gaNadharoM dvArA sUtrAgama ke rUpa meM grathita kiyA gayA / zruta kI vaha pravAhamaya jJAnarAzi Aja Agama granthoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha hai / Agama zabda kA artha 'Agama' kA zAbdika artha hai padArtha ke rahasya kA paripUrNa jnyaan| AcArAMga meM Agama zabda kA prayoga jAnane yA jJAna ke artha meM huA hai| sthAnAMga va bhagavatIsUtra meM pramANa ke cAra bhedoM meM cauthA bheda Agama svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ Agama zabda kA prayoga pramANa jJAna ke artha meM huA hai| samaya-samaya para AcAryoM ne Agama kI bhinna-bhinna paribhASAe~ bhI dI haiN| Agama kI sarvAdhika lokapriya paribhASA hai, 'AptopadezaH zabdaH' arthAt Apta kA kathana Agama hai; yA Apta-vacana se utpanna arthajJAna Agama hai| jinhoMne rAga-dveSa ko jIta liyA hai, ve tIrthaMkara, sarvajJa, jina, vItarAga bhagavAn hI Apta haiM tathA unake upadeza yA unakI vANI Agama kahalAtI hai / 14

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jaina paramparA meM Agama grantha sAkSAt tIrthakara ke kathana ke samAna mAne gaye haiM, cAhe ve gaNadharakRta hoM yA zrutakevalI sthavirakRta hoN| donoM meM hI padArtha ke rahasya para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu kahate haiM ki "tapa-niyama-jJAna rUpI vRkSa ke Upara ArUr3ha hokara anaMtajJAnI kevalI bhagavAn bhavyAtmAoM ke vibodha ke lie jJAna-kusumoM kI vRSTi karate haiN| gaNadhara apane buddhi-paTa meM una sakala kusumoM ko jhelakara pravacana-mAlA gUMthate haiN|'' arthAt tIrthaMkara kevala artharUpa meM upadeza dete haiM, gaNadhara use granthabaddha yA sUtrabaddha karate haiN| vartamAna dvAdazAMgI ke racayitA - sudharmA jaina anuzruti ke anusAra pratyeka tIrthakara ke kAla meM dvAdazAMgI kI racanA hotI hai| sabhI tIrthakara jana-kalyANa ke lie artha rUpa meM apanI dezanA dete haiM tathA unake ziSya gaNadhara zAsana ke hitArtha usa artha rUpa dezanA ko apanI zailI meM sUtrabaddha karake dvAdazAMgI kI racanA karate haiN| vaha dvAdazAMgI pratyeka tIrthakara ke kAla meM pracalita evaM mAnya hotI hai| vartamAna avasarpiNIkAla ke antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA bhI jo dharma dezanA dI gaI thI, use unake gautama prabhRti gyAraha prabuddha gaNadharoM dvArA pRthaka-pRthaka svataMtra rUpa se dvAdazAMgI ke rUpa meM sUtrabaddha kiyA gyaa| lekina anya 10 gaNadhara Arya sudharmA ke nirvANa se pUrva hI apane gaNa unheM sauMpakara nirvANa prApta kara cuke the| ataH Arya sudharmA dvArA saMkalita dvAdazAMgI hI pracalita rhii| dUsare zabdoM meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vartamAna meM jo ekAdazAMgI (dRSTivAda lupta ho cukA hai) pracalita hai, vaha Arya sudharmA dvArA saMkalita hai| isa tathya kI puSTi ke lie AcArAMga, samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga Adi sUtroM meM aneka pramANa milate haiN| ina sUtra granthoM meM Arya jambU samaya-samaya para apane guru sudharmA se aneka prazna pUchate haiN| unakA uttara dete samaya sudharmA dvArA suyaM me AusaM! teNa bhagavayA evamakkhAyaM......... arthAt he AyuSmAna! (jambU) mere dvArA sunA gayA hai ki una bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA isa prakAra kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra kI zabdAvalI dvArA vivecya viSaya kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| <15

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pUrva sAhitya jainAgamoM kA prAcInatama vargIkaraNa samavAyAMgasUtra meM prApta hotA hai / vahA~ sAhitya ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai - pUrva va aMga / pUrva kI saMkhyA caudaha tathA aMga kI saMkhyA bAraha batAI gaI hai / pUrvazruta jaina Agama sAhitya kI anupama jJAna - nidhi hai / koI bhI aisA viSaya nahIM, jisakI carcA inameM na kI gaI ho| pUrva sAhitya ke kAla ko lekare vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| kucha ciMtakoM kI yaha dhAraNA hai ki pUrva-grantha bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI zruta paramparA se sambandhita haiM, ataH zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrvavartI hone ke kAraNa ina granthoM kA nAma pUrva pdd'aa| AcArya abhayadevasUri Adi ke matAnusAra dvAdazAMgI se pahale pUrva zruta nirmita kiyA gayA thA, ataH usakA nAma pUrva pdd'aa| ina donoM hI matoM se yaha to spaSTa ho hI jAtA hai ki pUrvo kI racanA dvAdazAMgavANI se pahale kI hai / vartamAna samaya meM pUrva zruta dvAdazAMgI se pRthaka nahIM mAnA jAtA hai / dvAdazAMga meM dRSTivAda bArahavA~ aMga thA / usakA eka vibhAga pUrvagata hai / caudaha pUrva isI pUrvagata ke antargata haiM / naMdIsUtra meM caudaha pUrvo ke nAma isa prakAra diye gaye haiM 1. utpAdapUrva 4. astinAstipravAdapUrva 7. AtmapravAdapUrva 10. vidyAnupravAdapUrva 13. kriyAvizAlapUrva 2. agrAyaNIyapUrva 5. jJAnapravAdapUrva 8. karmapravAdapUrva 11. avaMdhyapUrva 14. lokabindusArapUrva 3. vIryapravAdapUrva 6. satyapravAdapUrva 9. pratyAkhyAnapUrva 12. prANAyupUrva ina caudaha pUrvo meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva kI aneka vicAradhArAoM, mata-matAntaroM tathA jJAna - vijJAna kA saMkalana unake ziSya gaNadharoM dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| jaina paramparA ke anusAra zramaNa bhagavAnmahAvIra ne sarvaprathama pUrvagata artha kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA aura use hI gautama prabhRti gaNadharoM ne pUrvazruta ke rUpa meM nirmita kiyA thA / pUrvagata zruta atyaMta kliSTa aura gahana thA, use sAdhAraNa adhyetA samajha nahIM sakatA thA, isalie alpa medhAvI vyaktiyoM ke lie AcArAMga Adi anya aMgoM kI racanA kI gii| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne likhA hai ki dRSTivAda meM samasta 16

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zabda jJAna kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, tathApi gyAraha aMgo kI racanA alpa medhAvI puruSoM aura mahilAoM ke lie kI gii| jo zramaNa prabala pratibhA ke dhanI hote the, ve pUrvo kA adhyayana karate the aura jinameM pratibhA kI tejasvitA nahIM hotI thI, ve gyAraha aMgoM kA adhyayana karate the| Agama sAhitya meM pUrvo kA adhyayana karane vAle tathA gyAraha aMgoM kA adhyayana karane vAle donoM hI prakAra ke sAdhakoM kA varNana milatA hai| jaba taka AcArAMga Adi granthoM kI racanA nahIM huI thI, usase pahale race gaye caturdazazAstra caudaha pUrva ke nAma se vikhyAta hue| pUrva jJAna ke AdhAra para dvAdazAMgI kI racanA huI, phira bhI pUrvajJAna ko chor3a denA saMbhavataH AcAryoM ko ThIka pratIta nahIM huaa| ataH bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda meM usa jJAna ko sanniviSTa kara diyA gyaa| dRSTivAda pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai - 1. parikarma 2. sUtra 3. pUrvAnuyoga 4. pUrva 5. cuulikaa| cauthe vibhAga pUrva meM 'caudaha pUrva ke jJAna kA samAveza hai| isa dRSTi se jo caturdazapUrvI hote haiM, ve dvAdazAMgI ke jJAtA bhI hote haiN| isa prakAra aMga sAhitya kI racanA ke bAda caudaha pUrvo ko bArahaveM aMga 'dRSTivAda' kA nAma de diyA gyaa| durbhAgyavaza yaha pUrva sAhitya surakSita nahIM rhaa| samasta caudaha pUrvo ke antimajJAtA zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu the| inake bAda pUrva zruta kA viccheda prAraMbha ho gyaa| Agama-viccheda krama vastutaH bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda AgamoM kI maukhika paramparA hI calatI rhii| dhIre-dhIre yogya ziSyoM ke abhAva meM tathA aneka prAkRtika ApadAoM ke kAraNa dharmazAstroM kA svAdhyAya karanA duSkara ho gayA aura AgamoM kA kramazaH viccheda honA prArambha ho gyaa| vastusthiti yaha hai ki dvAdazAMgI kA bahuta bar3A bhAga kAla ke duSprabhAva se lupta ho cukA hai| zvetAmbara va digambara donoM hI paramparAe~ isa bAta ko eka mata se svIkAra karatI haiM ki aMtima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu svAmI the, jo caturdazapUrva ke jJAtA the| inake samaya meM bhayaMkara akAla par3A tathA jaina mata bhI zvetAmbara va digambara do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hone lgaa| isake sAtha hI AgamoM kA viccheda krama prAraMbha ho gyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda

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tathA digambara paramparA vIranirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa kAla mAnatI hai| bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa ke bAda caturdazapUrvadhara AcAryoM kA lopa ho gyaa| kevala dazapUrvadhara AcArya raha gye| dazapUrvadhara AcAryoM kI paramparA sthUlibhadra se AcArya vajrasvAmI taka clii| ve vIranirvANa saMvat 551 meM svarga sidhaare| isake bAda dazapUrvadhara AcArya bhI nahIM rhe| mAlavaNiyAjI ne apanI pustaka meM yaha mAnA hai ki AcArya vajrasena kA svargavAsa vIra nirvANa ke 584 varSa bAda haA aura tabhI se dasapUrvo kA viccheda ho gyaa| digambara paramparA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki antima dasapUrvo ke jJAtA AcArya dharmasena hue haiM tathA vIra nirvANa ke 345 varSa bAda dazapUrvadhara AcArya nahIM rhe| isa prakAra digambara paramparA meM caturdazapUrvadhara va dazapUrvadhara donoM kA hI viccheda krama zvetAmbara paramparA se pahale hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| Agama vAcanAe~ bhagavAn mahAvIra ne artharUpa meM jo upadeza diye, gaNadharoM ne unheM sUtrarUpa meM gUMthA aura isa taraha jaina vAGmaya kI paramparA kA prArambha huaa| yaha jJAnarAzi maukhika rUpa se guru paramparA se ziSyoM ko prApta hotI rhii| dhIre-dhIre samaya, kAla va paristhitiyoM ke anusAra inheM yAda rakhanA kaThina ho gayA aura AgamoM kA viccheda krama prArambha ho gyaa| ataH AgamoM ko surakSita rakhane ke lie samaya-samaya para zramaNoM dvArA vibhinna sammelana bulAye gaye tathA unheM likhita rUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| Aja jo Agama grantha hameM upalabdha haiM, ve inhIM vAcanAoM kA pariNAma haiN| prathama vAcanA - vIra nirvANa ke 160 varSoM bAda pATaliputra meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa duSkAla par3A, jisake kAraNa zramaNa saMgha chinna-bhinna ho gyaa| aneka bahuzrutadhara zramaNa Ayu pUrNa kara gye| aisI sthiti meM jaina saMgha ko apane sAhitya kI cintA huii| akAla kI samApti ke pazcAt zramaNasaMgha AcArya sthUlibhadra ke netRtva meM pATaliputra meM ikaTThA huaa| vahA~ para smRti ke AdhAra para ekAdaza aMgoM ko vyavasthita kiyA gyaa| bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda kisI ko bhI smaraNa nahIM thA, ataH usakA saMgraha nahIM kiyA jA sakA / bAda meM bhadrabAhu dvArA sthUlibhadra ko dasapUrvo kI artha sahita tathA zeSa cAra pUrvo kI zabdarUpa vAcanA dI gii|

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dvitIya vAcanA - Agama saMkalana kA dUsarA prayAsa IsA pUrva prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI arthAta vIra nirvANa ke 300-330 varSa ke madhya samrATa khAravela ke samaya meM huaa| samrATa khAravela jaina dharma ke parama upAsaka the| unake hAthIgumphA abhilekha se spaSTa hai ki unhoMne ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para jaina muniyoM kA eka saMgha bulAyA aura mauryakAla meM jo aMga vismRta ho gaye the, unakA punaH uddhAra krvaayaa| 'himavaMta therAvalI' nAmaka prAkRta-saMskRta mizrita paTTAvalI meM bhI spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki samrATa khAravela ne pravacana kA uddhAra karavAyA thaa| tRtIya vAcanA - AgamoM ko saMkalita karane hetu tIsarI vAcanA vIra-nirvANa ke 827-840 varSoparAnta arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM AcArya skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM huii| yaha sammelana mathurA meM hone ke kAraNa mAthurIvAcanA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| kahA jAtA hai ki isa samaya bhayaMkara durbhikSa par3A, jisake kAraNa zruta tathA zrutavettA donoM hI naSTa ho gye| durbhikSa kI samApti para yuga-pradhAna AcArya skandila ke netRtva meM Agama-vettA muni ikaTThe hue, jinheM jaisA smaraNa thA, usa AdhAra para zruta kA saMkalana kiyA gyaa| usa samaya AcArya skandila hI eka mAtra anuyogadhara the| unhoMne upasthita zramaNoM ko anuyoga kI vAcanA dii| isa dRSTi se sampUrNa anuyoga skandila sambandhI mAnA gayA, aura yaha vAcanA skandila vAcanA ke nAma se jAnI gii| caturtha vAcanA - mAthurIvAcanA ke samaya ke Asa-pAsa hI vallabhI meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAle zramaNoM kI eka vAcanA huI, jisakA uddezya vismRta zruta ko vyavasthita karanA thaa| upasthita muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para jitanA upalabdha ho sakA, vaha sArA vAGmaya suvyavasthita kiyA gyaa| nAgArjunasUri ne samAgata sAdhuoM ko vAcanA dI, ataH yaha nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke nAma se prasiddha huii| cUrNiyoM meM nAgArjuna nAma se pAThAntara milate haiN| paNNavaNA jaise aMgabAhya sUtroM meM bhI inakA nirdeza hai| paMcama vAcanA - vIra nirvANa ke 980 varSoM bAda jaba vizAla jJAna rAzi ko smRta rakhanA muzkila ho gayA thA, zruta sAhitya kA adhikAMza bhAga naSTa ho

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cukA thA, taba vIra nirvANa ke 980 se 993 ke bIca devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM zramaNasaMgha punaH vallabhI meM ekatrita huaa| smRti meM zeSa sabhI AgamoM ko saMkalita kara pustakArUr3ha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA / pustakArUr3ha karane kA yaha prathama prayAsa thaa| isameM mathurA va vallabhI vAcanA kA samanvaya kara usameM ekarUpatA lAne kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| jahA~ matabheda thA, vahA~ mAthurI vAcanA ko mUla meM sthAna dekara vallabhI vAcanA ke pAThoM ko pAThAntara meM sthAna de diyA gyaa| yaha AgamoM kI antima vAcanA thii| isake bAda AgamoM kI sarvamAnya koI vAcanA nahIM huii| Agama lekhana jaina paramparA kA virATa sAhitya caudaha pUrvo va bAraha aMgoM meM saMcita thA, kintu yaha sAhitya lipibaddha nahIM thaa| vIra nirvANa saMvat 827-840 meM mathurA tathA vallabhI meM jo sammelana hue, unameM ekAdaza aMgoM ko vyavasthita kiyA gyaa| usa samaya AryarakSita ne anuyogadvArasUtra kI racanA kii| usameM dravyazruta ke lie pattaya potthayalihiya zabda kA prayoga huA hai| isase pUrva Agama likhane kA pramANa nahIM milatA hai| isase yaha patA calatA hai ki zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI 9vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM AgamoM ke lekhana kI paramparA calI, parantu AgamoM ko lipibaddha karane kA spaSTa saMketa devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke samaya se milatA hai| isa prakAra Agama lekhana yuga kA prAraMbha hama IsA kI 5vIM zatAbdI mAna sakate haiN| AgamoM kI bhASA jainAgamoM kI mUla bhASA ardhamAgadhI hai| yaha devavANI mAnI gaI hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM gautama dvArA yaha prazna karane para ki deva kisa bhASA meM bolate haiM? bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA uttara diyA gayA ki deva ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM bolate haiM tathA sabhI bhASAoM meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA zreSTha va viziSTa haigoyamA! devANaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti......( 5.4.24) samavAyAMga va aupapAtikasUtra ke anusAra bhI tIrthaMkara ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM upadeza dete haiN| isakI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya haribhadra kahate haiM ki caritra kI

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sAdhanA-ArAdhanA karane ke icchuka maMda buddhi strI-puruSoM para anugraha karane ke lie sarvajJa bhagavAn AgamoM kA upadeza prAkRta meM dete haiM / prajJApanAsUtra meM isa bhASA ko bolane vAle ko bhASArya kahA hai| magadha ke ardhabhAga meM bolI jAne ke kAraNa tathA mAgadhI va dezaja zabdoM ke sammizraNa ke kAraNa yaha ardhamAgadhI kahalAtI hai| AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa vibhinna paramparAoM meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa alaga-alaga prApta hotA hai| (ka) sarvaprathama samavAyAMgasUtra meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa prApta hotA hai| vahA~ pUrvo kI saMkhyA caudaha va aMgoM kI saMkhyA bAraha batAI gaI hai| (kha) AgamoM kA dUsarA vargIkaraNa naMdIsUtra meM milatA hai, isameM AgamoM ko aMga praviSTa va aMga bAhya ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / aMga praviSTa - aMga praviSTa vaha hai, jo gaNadhara ke dvArA prazna karane para tIrthakaroM dvArA pratipAdita ho, gaNadharoM dvArA sUtra rUpa meM gUMthA gayA ho tathA dhruva va acala ho / yahI kAraNa hai ki samavAyAMga va naMdIsUtra meM dvAdazAMga ko dhruva, niyata, zAzvata, akSaya, avyaya, avasthita va nitya kahA hai| | aMga bAhya - aMga bAhya binA prazna kiye tIrthakaroM dvArA pratipAdita hotA hai tathA sthavirakRta hotA hai| AcArya akalaMka ne kahA hai ki ArAtIya AcAryoM ke dvArA nirmita Agama aMgapratipAdita artha ke nikaTa yA anukUla hone ke kAraNa aMga bAhya kahalAte haiM / samavAyAMga aura anuyogadvAra meM to kevala dvAdazAMgI kA hI nirUpaNa hai, kintu nandIsUtra meM aMgapraviSTa ke sAtha aMgabAhya ke bhedoM kA bhI vistAra kiyA gayA hai| (ga) anuyogoM kI dRSTi se AryarakSita ne sabhI Agama granthoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| yaha vargIkaraNa viSaya - sAdRzya kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai / yathA 1. caraNakaraNAnuyoga 2. dharmakathAnuyoga - kAlikazruta, mahAkalpa, chedazruta Adi RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana Adi

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3. gaNitAnuyoga - sUryaprajJapti Adi 4. dravyAnuyoga - dRSTivAda Adi (gha) jaina AgamoM kA sabase uttaravartI vargIkaraNa aMga, upAMga, mUlasUtra va chedasUtra ke rUpa meM prabhAvaka carita meM milatA hai| yaha vi. saMvat 1334 (I.san 1277) kI racanA hai| isI vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para Agama sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai| vibhinna jaina-sampradAyoM meM mAnya Agama vartamAna meM jaina dharma ke pramukha cAra sampradAya haiM - zvetAmbaramUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI, terApantha evaM digmbr| zvetAmbaramUrtipUjaka sampradAya meM 45 Agama mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMtha sampradAya 32 AgamoM ko mAnyatA dete haiN| digambara sampradAya ke anusAra pUrvadhara AcAryoM dvArA racita SaTkhaNDAgama, kaSAyapAhur3a Adi grantha hI Agama haiN| ina sabhI sampradAyoM meM mAnya Agama granthoM kA ullekha vibhinna AcAryoM evaM vidvAnoM ne apane granthoM meM kiyA hai| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya meM mAnya 45 Agama isa sampradAya meM sammilita kharataragaccha, tapogaccha Adi sabhI upasampradAyoM meM 45 Agama mAnya haiN| ina 45 AgamoM meM 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 10 prakIrNaka, 6 chedasUtra, 4 mUlasUtra evaM 2 cUlikA sUtroM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| inake hindI evaM prAkRta bhASA ke nAma nIce die jA rahe haiN| koSThakavartI nAma prAkRtabhASA meM haiN| 11 aMga 1. AcArAMga (AyAro) __ 2. sUtrakRtAMga (sUyagaDo) 3. sthAnAMga (ThANe) 4. samavAyAMga (samavAo) 5. bhagavatI/vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavaI / viyAhapaNNattI) 6. jJAtAdharmakathA (NAyAdhammakahAo) 7.upAsakadazA (uvAsagadasAo) 8. antakRddazA (aMtagaDadasAo)

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Hindi 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazA (anuttarovavAiyadasAo) 10. praznavyAkaraNa (paNhAvAgaraNAI) 11. vipAkasUtra (vivAgasuyaM) noTa - dRSTivAda nAmaka 12vA~ aMga upalabdha nahIM hai| isakA ullekha nandIsUtra, samavAyAMga evaM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatA hai| 12 upAMga 1. aupapAtika (uvavAiyaM) 2. rAjapraznIya (rAyapaseNaiyaM) 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama (jIvAjIvAbhigamo) 4. prajJApanA (paNNavaNA) 5. jambUdvIpaprajJapti (jambuddIvapaNNattI) 6. candraprajJapti (caMdapaNNattI) 7. sUryaprajJapti (sUrapaNNattI) 8.nirayAvalikA (nirayAvaliyA) 9. kalpAvataMsikA (kappavaDaMsiyA) 10. puSpikA (pupphiyA) 11. puSpacUlikA (pupphacUlA) 12. vRSNidazA (vaNhidasA) 10 prakIrNaka 1. catuHzaraNa (causaraNaM) 2. AturapratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakkhANaM) 3. bhaktaparijJA (bhattapariNNA) 4. saMstAraka (saMthArao) 5. taMdulavaicArika (taMDulaveyAliya) 6. candravedhyaka (caMdAvejjhaya) 7. devendrastava (deviMdatthao) 8. gaNividyA (gaNivijjA) 9. mahApratyAkhyAna (mahApaccakkhANaM) 10. vIrastava (vIratthao) noTa - kahIM kahIM para vIrastava ke sthAna para isa gaNanA meM maraNasamAhi kA nAma liyA jAtA hai| ___ 6 chedasUtra 1. dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradasAo) 2. bRhatkalpa (kappo) 3. vyavahAra (vavahAro) 4. nizIthasUtra (nisIha) 5. mahAnizItha (mahAnisIha) 6. jItakalpa (jIyakappo)

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noTa - 'kalpasUtra' 'bRhatkalpasUtra' se bhinna grantha hai| kalpasUtra dazAzrutaskandha kA hI eka bhAga hai, jo dazAzrutaskandha ke AThaveM adhyayana se vikasita huA hai| 4 mUlasUtra mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA evaM nAmoM ke saMbaMdha meM zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka sampradAya meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| prAyaH nimnAMkita 4 mUlasUtra mAne jAte haiM1. uttarAdhyayana (uttarajjhayaNAI) 2. dazavaikAlika (dasaveyAliyaM) 3. Avazyaka (AvassayaM) 4. piNDaniyukti-oghaniyukti (piMDaNijjuttI-ohaNijjuttI) noTa - kucha AcArya 'piNDaniyukti-oghaniyukti' ina donoM sUtroM ko alaga-alaga bhI mAnate haiN| ___2 cUlikA sUtra 1. nandIsUtra (naMdisutta) 2. anuyogadvAra (aNuogaddArAI) sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMtha sampradAyoM dvArA mAnya 32 Agama ina donoM sampradAyoM meM 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 mUla, 4 chedasUtra evaM 1 AvazyakasUtra milAkara 32 Agama svIkRta haiN| 11 aMga zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka dvArA mAnya sabhI aMga sUtra / 12 upAMga zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka dvArA mAnya sabhI upAMga sUtra / ___4 mUlasUtra 1. uttarAdhyayana (uttarajjhayaNAI) 2. dazavaikAlika (dasaveyAliya) 3. nandIsUtra (naMdisutta) 4. anuyogadvAra (aNuogaddArAI)

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4 chedasUtra 1. dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradasAo) 2. bRhatkalpa (kappo) 3. vyavahAra (vavahAro) 4. nizIthasUtra (nisIha) battIsavA~ sUtra - AvazyakasUtra (AvassayaM) digambara sampradAya meM mAnya Agama digambara sampradAya dvArA mAnya grantha harivaMzapurANa evaM dhavalATIkA meM 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAhyoM kA ullekha hai| aMgabAhyoM meM sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi cha: AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAt dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpavyavahAra, kalpikAkalpika; mahAkalpa, puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka evaM nizItha kA ullekha hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra uparyukta 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAhyoM kA lopa ho gayA hai| isalie digambara jaina sampradAya pUrvadhara AcAryoM evaM paravartI AcAryoM dvArA racita jina granthoM ko Agama kI zreNI meM rakhate haiM, unameM se pramukha nAma nimna haiM1. SaTkhaNDAgama (chakkhaMDAgamo) 2. kaSAyaprAbhRta (kasAyapAhuDaM) 3. AcArya kundakunda ke grantha - samayasAra (samayasAro), pravacanasAra (pavayaNasAro), paMcAstikAya (paMcatthikAyo), niyamasAra (niyamasAro), aSTapAhuDa (aTThapAhuDa) Adi 4. trilokaprajJapti (tiloyapaNNattI) 5. bhagavatI ArAdhanA (bhagavadI ArAdhaNA) 6. mUlAcAra (mUlAyAro) 7. anya grantha - gommaTasAra, kSapaNasAra, lokavibhAga Adi / ye sabhI Agama zreNI ke digambara grantha zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha haiM, jinakI racanA vibhinna AcAryoM ke dvArA huI hai|

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zvetAmbara paramparA ke ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM likhita Agama grantha evaM digambara paramparA ke zaurasenI prAkRta meM racita Agama granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya Age prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| sahAyaka grantha 1. jaina Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA - le. devendramuni zAstrI, tArakaguru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura 2. jainAgama digdarzana - le. nagarAja muni, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 3. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 1) - le. becaradAsa dozI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 4. tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya-paramparA (khaNDa 2) - le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, jyotiSAcArya, akhila bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina vidvatpariSad, sAgara (madhyapradeza) 5. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa-le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 6. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 7. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna - le. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSada, bhopAla 8. jinavANI (jainAgama sAhitya-vizeSAMka 2002 aMka 1, 2, 3, 4) - saM. DaoN. dharmacandra jaina, samyagjJAna, pracAraka maNDala, jayapura 000

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3 ardhamAgadhI Agama-granthoM kA paricaya ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke grantha vibhinna sthAnoM se hindI, gujarAtI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita hue haiM / ina Agama granthoM ko AloDana va maMthana kara vibhinna vidvAnoM evaM AcAryoM dvArA samaya-samaya para unakI samIkSA bhI prastuta kI gaI hai| inhIM granthoM ke AdhAra para ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| aMga artha rUpa meM tIrthaMkara prarUpita tathA sUtra rUpa meM gaNadhara grathita vAGmaya aMga vAGmaya ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA meM 'aMga' kA prayoga dvAdazAMga rUpa gaNipiTaka ke artha meM huA hai - duvAlasaMge gaNipiDage (samavAyAMga) naMdIsUtra kI cUrNi meM zrutapuruSa kI sundara kalpanA karate hue puruSa ke zarIra ke aMgoM kI taraha zrutapuruSa ke bAraha aMgoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai-- iccetassa suttapurisassa jaM suttaM aMgabhAgagaThitaM taM aMgapavidvaM bhai / ( nandI cUrNa, pR. 47 ) isa prakAra aMgoM kI saMkhyA bAraha svIkAra kI gaI hai| vartamAna meM dRSTivAda ke lupta ho jAne ke kAraNa 11 aMga hI upalabdha haiN| inakA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| AyAro dvAdazAMgI meM AcArAMga kA prathama sthAna hai| AcArAMga niyukti meM AcArAMga ko aMgoM kA sAra kahA gayA hai aMgANaM kiM sAro ! AyAro / (gA. 16 ) niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu ne likhA hai ki tIrthaMkara bhagavAn sarvaprathama AcArAMga kA aura usake pazcAt zeSa aMgoM kA pravartana karate haiM / prastuta Agama do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM 9 adhyayana haiM, lekina mahAparijJA nAmaka sAtaveM adhyayana ke lupta ho jAne ke kAraNa 27 --

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vartamAna meM isameM 8 adhyayana tathA 44 uddezaka haiN| dvitIya zrutaskandha cUlikA ke nAma se prasiddha hai, jo cAra cUlikA va 16 adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama zrutaskandha ke adhyayanoM meM jIva-hiMsA kA niSedha, karmabaMdhana se mukti, parISahoM para vijaya, ratnatraya kI mahattA tathA tapa va saMyama dvArA zuddhAtmarUpa kI prApti kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga ke naveM adhyayana 'upadhAna' meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI tapasyA va sAdhanA kA vistRta varNana huA hai| AcArAMga kA mahattvapUrNa udbodhana ahiMsA va asaMgatA hai arthAt samasta prANI jagata ke prati samatvabhAva kI anubhUti evaM rAga-dveSa Adi AMtarika kaSAyoM para vijaya prApti hI vizuddha AcAra hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM samaNoM ke AcAra kA vivecana hai| cAra cUlikAoM meM vibhakta isa zrutaskandha meM zramaNoM kI AhAra-caryA, zayyA, calane kI prakriyA, vastra va pAtragrahaNa, Thaharane ke sthAna Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pA~cavIM cUlikA vistRta hone ke kAraNa nizIthasUtra ke nAma se alaga kara dI gaI hai| AcArAMga para bhadrabAhu kI niyukti jinadAsagaNi kI cUrNi va zIlAMkAcArya kI (876 I) kI vRtti bhI hai| AcArAMga ke adhyayana se hI zramaNadharma kA parijJAna hotA hai, ataH AcAra-dhara ko prathama gaNisthAna kahA gayA hai| sUyagaDo sUtrakRtAMga do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta eka dArzanika grantha hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke sUtagaDa, suttakaDa va sUyagaDa nAma bhI pracalita haiN| samavAyAMga meM sUtrakRtAMga kA paricaya dete hue likhA gayA hai ki isameM svamata, paramata, jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, baMdha aura mokSa Adi tattvoM kA vizleSaNa hai evaM navadIkSitoM ke lie bodha vacana haiN| sUtrakRtAMga eka vizuddha dArzanika grantha hai, jisameM mukhya rUpa se 180 kriyAvAdI, 84 akriyAvAdI, 67 ajJAnavAdI evaM 32 vinayavAdI matoM kI carcA karate hue unakA nirAsana kiyA gayA hai tathA anya matoM kA parityAga kara zuddha zramaNAcAra kA pAlana karane kA saMdeza diyA gayA hai| prathama zrutaskandha ke 16 adhyayanoM meM svasamaya, parasamaya, parISahajaya, kaSAyajaya, narakoM ke duHkha, mahAvIra kI stuti, parigraha tyAga, uttama

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sAdhu ke lakSaNa, mAhaNa, zramaNa, bhikSu aura nigraMtha zabdoM kI vyutpatti bhalI prakAra se vyAkhyA kara udAharaNoM evaM rUpakoM dvArA samajhAI gaI hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM 7 adhyayana haiM, jinameM paramatoM ke khaNDana ke sAtha-sAtha zramaNoM ke AcAra kA pratipAdana huA hai| jIva va zarIra ke ekatva, Izvara kartRtva, niyativAda, AhAra doSa, bhikSAdoSa Adi para vizeSa prakAza DAlA gayA hai| antima adhyayana 'nAlandIya' meM nAlandA meM hue gautama gaNadhara aura pArzvanAtha ke ziSya peDhAlaputra kA madhura saMbhASaNa varNita hai| isameM peDhAlaputra gautama gaNadhara se pratibodha pAkara cAturyAma dharma ko chor3akara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa paMca mahAvrata rUpa dharma ko aMgIkAra karatA hai| usa yuga kI jo dArzanika dRSTiyA~ thIM, unakI jAnakArI to isa Agama se milatI hI hai sAtha hI aitihAsika va sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI yaha hamArI anupama dharohara hai| ThANaM dvAdazAMgI meM sthAnAMga kA tIsarA sthAna hai| prastuta grantha meM 10 adhyayana haiM / isa Agama meM viSaya ko pradhAnatA na dekara saMkhyA ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| pratyeka adhyayana meM adhyayana kI saMkhyAnukrama ke AdhAra para jaina siddhAntAnusAra vastu-saMkhyAe~ ginAte hue unakA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jaise prathama adhyayana meM eka AtmA, eka caritra, eka samaya, eka darzana aadi| dUsare adhyayana meM do kriyAe~ -jIva kriyA va ajIva kriyA, AtmA ke do bheda - siddha va saMsArI Adi kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra 10veM adhyayana taka yaha vastu varNana 10 kI saMkhyA taka pahu~ca gyaa| sthAnAMgasUtra ke adhyayana sthAna ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| ina sthAnoM meM tattvajJAna, AcAra-vivecana, jJAna-mImAMsA, svasamaya aura parasamaya, zraddhA, bhakti, dharma, darzana, AtmA, jIva, jagata, paramAtmA, vividha mahApuruSoM ke nAma, tIrthakara, kulakara, gaNadhara ,cakravartI Adi ke ullekha, parigraha, aparigraha, hiMsA, ahiMsA saba kucha samAhita hai| padArtha vivecana dravya, kSetra, kAla va bhAva dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha grantha koza zailI meM hai, ataH smaraNa rakhane kI dRSTi se bahuta upayogI hai|

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samavAyo samavAyAMga kA dvAdazAMgI meM caturtha sthAna hai| samavAyAMga vRtti meM likhA hai ki isameM jIva-ajIva Adi padArthoM kA samavatAra hai, ataH isa Agama kA nAma samavAyo hai| sthAnAMga ke samAna samavAyAMga bhI saMkhyA zailI meM racA gayA hai, kintu isameM eka se prAraMbha hokara koTAnukoTi kI saMkhyA taka ke tathyoM kA samavAya ke rUpa meM saMkalana hai| naMdIsUtra meM samavAya kI viSaya sUcI isa prakAra dI gaI hai - (1) jIva, ajIva, loka, aloka, sva-samaya aura para-samaya kA samavatAra, (2) eka se sau saMkhyA taka kA vikAsa, (3) dvAdazAMgI gaNipiTaka kA varNana / isa grantha meM krama se pRthvI, AkAza, pAtAla, tInoM lokoM ke jIva Adi samasta tattvoM kA dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI dRSTi se eka se lekara koTAnukoTi saMkhyA taka paricaya diyA gayA hai| AdhyAtmika tattvoM, tIrthakaroM, gaNadharoM, cakravartiyoM, baladevoM aura vAsudevoM se saMbandhita varNanoM ke sAtha bhUgola, khagola Adi kI sAmagrI kA saMkalana bhI kiyA gayA hai| 72 kalAoM, 18 lipiyoM Adi kA bhI isameM ullekha hai| vastutaH jaina siddhAnta, vastu-vijJAna, va jaina itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha Agama atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| viyAhapaNNattI dvAdazAMgI meM vyAkhyAprajJapti kA pA~cavAM sthAna hai| praznottara zailI meM likhe gaye isa Agama grantha meM gautama gaNadhara, anya ziSya varga evaM zrAvaka-zrAvikA Adi dvArA jijJAsu bhAva se pUche gaye praznoM ke uttara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane zrImukha se diye haiN| isI kAraNa sabhI prakAra ke jJAna-vijJAna se bhare hue isa grantha ko vidvAnoM dvArA zAstrarAja kahakara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| nandI va samavAyAMga ke anusAra vyAkhyAprajJapti meM 36000 praznoM kA vyAkaraNa hai, kintu vartamAna samaya meM isameM 41 zataka hI haiM, jo 1925 uddezakoM meM vibhakta haiN| praznoM ke vivecana krama meM tattvajJAna, jJAna-mImAMsA, AcAra, anya dArzanika mata, vibhinna aitihAsika vyakti evaM ghaTanAoM kA vistAra se vivecana hai| isa apekSA se yaha grantha prAcIna jaina jJAna kA vizvakoza bhI kahA jAtA hai| anya AgamoM kI apekSA isakI viSaya-vastu bahuta adhika vizAla hai| jJAna kI koI aisI dhArA nahIM,

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jisakA pravAha isameM na huA ho| jIva-ajIva, loka-aloka, svasamaya-parasamaya Adi samasta viSaya isameM samAhita haiN| janamAnasa meM isa Agama ke prati vizeSa zraddhA hone ke kAraNa isakA dUsarA nAma bhagavatI adhika pracalita hai| praznottara zailI meM nibaddha isa grantha meM prAyaH praznoM kA uttara dene meM anekAMtavAda va syAdvAda kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| praznoM ko katipaya khaMDoM meM vibhakta kara uttara diyA gayA hai| yathA - gautama - bhante, jIva sakampa haiM yA niSkaMpa? bhagavAn mahAvIra - gautama, jIva sakampa bhI haiM aura niSkampa bhii| gautama - isakA kyA kAraNa? bhagavAn mahAvIra - jIva do prakAra ke haiM - saMsArI aura mukt| mukta jIva ke do prakAra haiM - anantarasiddha aura paramparasiddha / paramparasiddha to niSkampa haiM aura anantarasiddha skmp| saMsArI jIvoM ke bhI do prakAra haiM - zailezIpratipannaka aura ashaileshiiprtipnnk| zailezIpratipannaka jIva niSkampa hote haiM aura azailezIpratipannaka sakampa hote haiN| (25.4.81) isa dRSTi se jaina darzana ke pramukha siddhAnta anekAntavAda, nayavAda, syAdvAda va saptabhaMgI kA prAraMbhika svarUpa bhI isa grantha meM surakSita hai| NAyAdhammakahAo dvAdazAMgI meM jJAtAdharmakathA kA chaThA sthAna hai| yaha Agama do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai| vastutaH jJAtAdharmakathA meM vibhinna jJAta arthAt udAharaNoM tathA dharmakathAoM ke mAdhyama se jaina dharma ke tattva-darzana ko samajhAyA gayA hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM jJAtakathAe~ evaM dvitIya zrutaskandha meM dharmakathAe~ haiN| prathama zrutaskandha meM 19 adhyayana haiM, jinameM nyAya, nIti Adi ke sAmAnya niyamoM ko dRSTAntoM dvArA samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa zrutaskandha meM varNita kathAe~ laukika, aitihAsika va kAlpanika sabhI prakAra kI haiN| rohiNIjJAta vizuddha laukika kathA hai, jisameM sasura apanI

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yA hai| dilIpaka zailI meM hai| tumbA, ka cAra bahuoM kI parIkSA lekara sabase buddhimAna bahU ko kuTumba kA mukhiyA niyukta karatA hai| meghakumAra, draupadI, mallI Adi ke kathAnaka mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika tathyoM ko lie hue haiN| tumbA, kumme, mayUrI ke aMDe, naMdIphala Adi kathAe~ rUpaka zailI meM haiM, jinake dvArA bhavya jIvoM ko pratibodha diyA gayA hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM 10 adhyayana haiN| inameM prAyaH svarga ke indroM jaise-camarendra, asurendra, candra, sUrya, IzAnAdi kI agramahiSiyoM ke rUpa meM utpanna hone vAlI puNyazAlI striyoM kI kathAe~ haiN| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se saMyama sAdhanA kI zreSThatA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prastuta grantha meM tatkAlIna samAja va saMskRti kA sundara citraNa huA hai| uvAsagadasAo dvAdazAMgI meM upAsakadazAMga kA sAtavA~ sthAna hai| yaha sUtra dharmakathAnuyoga ke rUpa meM prastuta huA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra yuga ke dasa upAsakoM ke pavitra caritra kA isameM varNana hai, jinhoMne prabhu mahAvIra ke dharma upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara apane jIvana ko sArthaka kara diyaa| ataH isakA nAma upAsakadazAMga sArthaka pratIta hotA hai| prastuta grantha meM eka zrutaskandha va dasa adhyayana haiN| ina dasa adhyayanoM meM kramazaH AnaMda, kAmadeva, culaNIpitA, surAdeva, cullazataka, kuNDakolika, sakaDAlaputra, mahAzataka, naMdinIpitA aura zAlinIpitA zramaNopAsakoM ke kathAnaka haiN| upAsakadazAMga meM varNita ye dasoM upAsaka vibhinna jAti aura vibhinna vyavasAya karane vAle the| inake kathAnakoM dvArA jaina gRhasthoM ke dvArA pAlanIya dhArmika niyama samajhAye gaye haiN| inakI jIvanacaryA ke mAdhyama se yaha spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki dharma kA pAlana karane meM aneka vighna va pralobhana sAmane Ate haiM, lekina zrAvaka jIvana meM rahakara bhI parISahoM ko sahana kara vibhinna sAdhanAe~ kI jA sakatI haiN| aMgasUtra meM yaha eka mAtra sUtra hai, jisameM sampUrNatayA zrAvakAcAra kA nirUpaNa huA hai| isa dRSTi se yaha grantha AcArAMga kA pUraka hai, kyoMki AcArAMga meM munidharma kA vistRta varNana huA hai aura isameM zrAvakadharma kA vistAra se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai|

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aMtagaDadasAo antakRddazAsUtra kA dvAdazAMgI meM AThavA~ sthAna hai| eka zrutaskandha vAlA yaha Agama ATha vargoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama pA~ca vargoM ke kathAnakoM kA sambandha ariSTanemi ke sAtha aura zeSa tIna vargoM ke kathAnakoM kA sambandha bhagavAn mahAvIra aura zreNika rAjA ke sAtha hai| isameM 90 una mahAn AtmAoM kA varNana hai, jinhoMne ghora tapa evaM Atma-sAdhanA dvArA karmoM kA anta karake kevalajJAna prApta kiyA, isalie ve antakRta khlaae| una mahAna AtmAoM ke nagara, udyAna, caitya, dhana-vaibhava, mAtA-pitA, parijanoM, dIkSAgrahaNa, zruta-jJAna kI sAdhanA, ghora tapa va mukti prApti kA isameM varNana hai| yaha sampUrNa Agama bhautikatA para AdhyAtmika vijaya kA saMdeza pradAna karatA hai| sarvatra tapa kI utkRSTa sAdhanA dikhalAI detI hai| isameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne upavAsa va dhyAna donoM ko hI kramazaH bAhya va Antarika tapa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| isa zrutAMga meM koI bhI kathAnaka pUrNa rUpa se varNita nahIM hai| 'vaNNavo' va 'jAva' zabdoM dvArA adhikAMza varNana vyAkhyAprajJapti athavA jJAtAdharmakathA se pUrA karane kI sUcanA mAtra hai| isa Agama ke tRtIya varga ke AThaveM adhyayana meM devakI putra gajasukumAla evaM chaThe varga ke tIsare adhyayana meM arjuna mAlAkAra ke mahattvapUrNa kathAnaka Ae haiN| prastuta Agama meM zrIkRSNa ke bahumukhI vyaktitva kA bhI vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| anuttarovavAiyadasAo anuttaraupapAtikadazA kA dvAdazAMgI meM navA~ sthAna hai| isa Agama grantha meM mahAvIrakAlIna una ugra tapasviyoM kA varNana haA hai, jinhoMne apanI dharma-sAdhanA dvArA maraNa kara anuttara svarga vimAnoM meM janma liyA, jahA~ se kevala eka bAra hI manuSya yoni meM Ane se mokSa prApti ho jAtI hai| vartamAna meM yaha grantha tIna varga va taiMtIsa adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM 33 mahAn AtmAoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana hai| inameM se 23 rAjakumAra to samrATa zreNika ke putra haiM tathA zeSa 10 bhadrA sArthavAhI ke putra haiN| ina donoM ke eka-eka putra ke jIvanavRtta kA varNana vistAra se karate hue zeSa putroM ke caritroM ko unake samAna kahakara sUcita kara diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra

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prathama varga meM dhAriNI putra 'jAli' tathA tIsare varga meM bhadrA putra 'dhanya' kA caritra vistAra se varNita hai| muni banane ke bAda dhanya ne jo tapasyA kI vaha adbhuta evaM anupama hai| tapomaya jIvana kA itanA sundara evaM sarvAMgINa varNana zramaNa sAhitya meM to kyA, sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM anyatra dRSTigocara nahIM hotA hai| isa Agama ke adhyayana se mahAvIrakAlIna sAmAjika va sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM se bhI avagata huA jA sakatA hai| paNhAvAgaraNAI dvAdazAMgI meM praznavyAkaraNasUtra kA dasavA~ sthAna hai| samavAyAMga, naMdI, va anuyogadvArasUtra meM praznavyAkaraNa ke lie 'paNhAvAgaraNAiM' zabda milatA hai| isakA zAbdika artha hai - 'praznoM kA vyAkaraNa' arthAt nirvacana, uttara evaM nirnny| ina granthoM meM praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM divya-vidyAoM, labdhiyoM, atizayoM Adi se sambandhita jisa viSaya sAmagrI se yukta praznoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vartamAna samaya meM vaha sAmagrI isa grantha meM tanika bhI nahIM prApta hai| saMbhavataH vartamAna samaya meM koI isa sAmagrI kA durupayoga na kare, ataH ina viSayoM ko nikAlakara isa grantha meM Asrava va saMvara ke varNana kA samAveza kara diyA gayA hai| yaha Agama do khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM kramazaH mana ke rogoM kA ullekha va unakI cikitsA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prathama khaNDa meM una rogoM ke nAma batAye gaye haiM - hiMsA, asatya, steya, abrahmacarya, prigrh| dvitIya khaNDa meM ina rogoM kI cikitsA batAI gaI hai - ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha / Asrava aura saMvara kA nirUpaNa va vizleSaNa isa Agama grantha meM jisa vistAra se kiyA gayA hai, vaha anUThA va adbhuta hai| vivAgasuyaM vipAkasUtra kA dvAdazAMgI meM gyArahavA~ sthAna hai| vipAka kA artha hai- phala yA pariNAma / yaha Agama do zrutaskandhoM meM vibhakta hai - (1) sukha vipAka (2) duHkha vipAka / inameM prANiyoM dvArA kiye gaye sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM ke phala ko dikhAne ke lie 20 kathAe~ AI haiN| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se yahI samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki jina jIvoM ne pUrvabhavoM <34>

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meM vividha pApa-kRtya kie haiM, unheM AgAmI jIvana meM dAruNa vedanAe~ prApta huIM tathA jinhoMne pUrvabhavoM meM sukRta kiye unheM puNya svarUpa sukha upalabdha huaa| karma siddhAnta jaina darzana kA mukhya siddhAnta hai / isa siddhAnta kA dArzanika vizleSaNa to isa grantha meM nahIM milatA hai, kintu kathAoM ke mAdhyama se karmasiddhAnta kA jisa prakAra sUkSma va samyak pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, vaha asAdhAraNa hai| prathama zrutaskandha duHkha vipAka ke dasa adhyayanoM meM azubha karmoM kA phala dikhAne ke lie mRgAputra, ujjhita, abhaggasena, zakaTa, bRhaspatidatta, naMdIvardhana, umbaradatta zauryadatta, devadattA va aMjuzrI ke kathAnaka varNita haiM / dvitIya zrutaskandha sukhavipAka meM zubhakarmoM kA phala dikhAne hetu subAhu, bhadranandI, sujAtakumAra, suvAsavakumAra, jinadAsa, dhanapati, mahAbala, bhadranandIkumAra, mahAcandra kumAra aura varadatta kumAra ke kathAnaka varNita haiN| Ayurveda kI dRSTi se yaha zAstra atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai / isameM nAnA vyAdhiyoM ke auSadha va upacAra kA varNana huA hai| vipAkasUtra mUlataH mAnava jIvana kI yAtrA ke utAra-car3hAva ko darzAtA hai / sAmAjika dRSTi se purAtana mAnyatAoM, pravRttiyoM, prathAoM evaM aparAdhoM kA bhI paricaya prApta hotA hai / diTTivAyo 1 dRSTivAda bArahavA~ aMga hai| isameM saMsAra ke sabhI darzanoM evaM nayoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / dRSTivAda aba vilupta ho cukA hai| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa ke pazcAt, dRSTivAda kA dhIre-dhIre lopa hone lagA tathA devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke svargavAsa ke bAda yaha zabda rUpa se pUrNatayA naSTa ho gyaa| artharUpa meM kucha aMza bacA rahA / samavAyAMga va nandIsUtra meM isake pA~ca vibhAga batAye gaye haiM- parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata, anuyoga aura cUlikA / SaTkhaNDAgama, kaSAyapAhuDa Adi zaurasenI digambara Agama grantha isI dRSTivAda aMga ke smRta jJAna para AdhArita mAne gaye haiM / upAMga aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki mUla bAraha aMga granthoM ke arthoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie upAMgoM kI racanA huI / upAMga zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga 35

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umAsvAti ne kiyaa| jaina Agama sAhitya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, aMga praviSTa meM bAraha aMga Ate haiM, jo gaNadharakRta mAne jAte haiN| upAMga kA samAveza aMga bAhya meM kiyA gayA hai| ye sthavirakRta mAne gaye haiN| jaina vAGmaya meM inakA mahattva aMga sAhitya se kucha kama nahIM hai| upAMga bAraha mAne gaye haiN| inakA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta hai| uvavAiyaM aupapAtikasUtra jaina vAGmaya kA prathama upAMga hai| isake do adhyayana haiM - samavasaraNa va upapAta / abhayadevasUri ne vRtti meM likhA hai ki upapAta arthAt deva aura nArakiyoM ke janma yA siddhigamana kA varNana hone se prastuta Agama kA nAma aupapAtika hai| isameM vibhinna sampradAyoM ke tApasoM, parivrAjakoM, zramaNoM Adi ko unakI sAdhanAoM ke dvArA prApta hone vAle bhavAntaroM kA mArmika varNana huA hai| isa grantha meM eka ora jahA~ dhArmika va dArzanika vivecana milate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora rAjanaitika, sAmAjika tathA nAgarika tathyoM kI carcA bhI huI hai| yaha Agama varNana pradhAna zailI meM racita hai| campA nagarI, vanakhaNDa, caitya, rAjA, rAnI Adi ke varNanoM kI dRSTi se yaha anya AgamoM ke lie sandarbha grantha ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| jina viSayoM kA isameM vivecana hai, vaha sampUrNatA ke sAtha hai| isameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samasta aMgopAMgoM kA vizad varNana kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn ke samavasaraNa kA sajIva citraNa va unakI mahattvapUrNa upadeza-vidhi bhI isameM surakSita hai| zramaNa jIvana evaM sthavira jIvana ke varNana meM dvAdazavidha tapa kA bhI isameM vistRta vivecana huA hai| vastutaH yaha Agama jJAna, darzana, cAritra va tapa ke sAdhakoM ke lie AcaraNIya hai| rAyapaseNaiyaM naMdIsUtra meM dvitIya upAMga rAjapraznIya kA nAma 'rAyapaseNiya' milatA hai| isake do vibhAga haiN| prathama bhAga meM sUryAbha nAmaka deva kA varNana hai, jo bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAmane upasthita hokara nRtya va vibhinna prakAra ke nATakoM kI racanA karatA hai| dUsare bhAga meM sUryAbha ke pUrvajanma kA vRttAMta hai| sUryAbha kA jIva rAjA pradesI ke rUpa meM pArzvanAtha paramparA ke muni kezI

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ke sAtha jIva ke astitva va nAstitva ko lekara saMvAda karatA hai| munikezI isa durgama prazna kA yukti va saralatA se samAdhAna karate haiN| samAdhAna pAkara rAjA pradezI anta meM samyagdRSTi bana jAtA hai| rAjA pradezI va kezI kumAra zramaNa ke isa saMvAda dvArA 'jIva va zarIra eka hai', isa mata kA khaNDana kara 'jIva va zarIra bhinna hai', isa tathya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isa Agama se pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se sambandhita aneka bAtoM kI jAnakArI to prApta hotI hI hai, sAtha hI sthApatya, saMgIta, vAstu, nRtya va nATya kalA sambandhI aneka tathyoM para bhI prakAza par3atA hai| jIvAjIvAbhigamo. jIvAjIvAbhigama tRtIya upAMga hai| isa upAMga meM bhagavAn mahAvIra va gautama gaNadhara ke praznottara ke rUpa meM jIva-ajIva ke bheda-prabheda kI carcA kI gaI hai| prastuta grantha meM 272 gadya sUtra aura 81 padya gAthAe~ haiM, jo 9 prakaraNoM meM vibhakta haiN| jaina tattvajJAna kA mUla bindu jIva yA AtmA hai| ataH isa Agama meM ajIva tattva kA saMkSepa meM varNana karate hue jIva tattva kA vivecana vistAra se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| pradhAna rUpa se jIva ke vividha bhedoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue jIva tattva kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| jIva ke bhedoM ke vivecana ke sAtha una jIvoM kI sthiti, antara, alpa-bahutva kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| isake adhyayana se vyakti AtmA va zarIra kI bhinnatA kA bodha prApta karate hue carama lakSya mokSa prApti kI ora agrasara ho sakatA hai| jIva-ajIva ke varNana kI pradhAnatA hote hue bhI prastuta grantha meM dvIpa, sAgaroM, 16 prakAra ke ratnoM, astra-zastroM ke nAma, dhAtuoM ke nAma, vividha AbhUSaNa, vastra, tyauhAra, utsava, naTa, yAna, udyAna, vANI, prasAdhana, ghara Adi ke sarasa va sAhityika varNana haiN| prAcIna lokajIvana kI dRSTi se yaha mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| paNNavaNA jaina upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra kA cauthA sthAna hai| yaha jaina tattvajJAna kA udbodhaka sUtra hai| prajJApanA kA artha hai - jJApita karanA yA btlaanaa| prastuta Agama meM jIva-ajIva kI prajJApanA hone ke kAraNa ise prajJApana ke nAma se jAnA gayA hai| ajIva tattva kA varNana isameM saMkSipta <37>

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rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA hai tathA jIva tattva kI carcA ati vistAra se kI gaI hai| upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra kA vahI sthAna hai, jo aMga sAhitya meM vyAkhyAprajJapti kA hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti kI taraha prajJApanA ke lie bhagavatI vizeSaNa prayukta huA hai, jo isakI mahattA ko sUcita karatA hai| AcArya malayagiri ne prajJApanA ko samavAyAMga kA upAMga kahA hai, kintu isake racayitA svayaM zyAmAcArya ne prajJApanA ko dRSTivAda kA niSkarSa kahA hai| prajJApanAsUtra va SaTkhaNDAgama donoM kA viSaya prAyaH samAna hai tathA SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA dRSTivAda ke aMza se huI hai| isa dRSTi se prajJApanA kA sambandha dRSTivAda se jor3A jA sakatA hai| prajJApanAsUtra meM 36 pada haiM, jinameM sthAna, gati, indriya, kAya, yoga, veda, kaSAya, lezyA, samyaktva, jJAna, darzana Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se jIvoM ke bheda-prabheda va alpa-bahutva para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jambuddIvapaNNattI ____ jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko kahIM pA~cavAM upAMga mAnA hai to kahIM chaThavA~ / isa upAMga meM eka adhyayana va sAta vRkSaskAra (prakaraNa) haiN| inameM kramazaH bharatakSetra, kAlacakra, bharata cakravartI, culla himavaMta, jina-janmAbhiSeka, jambUdvIpa va jyotiSka devoM kA varNana hai| prastuta Agama bhUgola kI dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina dRSTi se RSabhadeva kA prAgaaitihAsika jIvana carita kA isameM varNana huA hai| bharata kI digvijaya, bharata va kirAtoM ke yuddha, tIrthaMkara ke kalyANa-mahotsava, bahattara kalAe~, striyoM kI viziSTa causaTha kalAe~ tathA aneka zilpa Adi kA bhI isameM varNana huA hai| sUrapaNNattI sUryaprajJapti ko bhI kahIM pA~cavAM, kahIM chaThavA~ va kahIM sAtavA~ upAMga mAnA hai| isameM 20 pAhuDa, 108 gadya sUtra tathA 103 padya gAthAe~ haiN| isameM sUrya, candra aura nakSatroM kI gatiyoM kA vistAra se varNana hai| prasaMgavaza dvIpa va sAgaroM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| prAcIna jyotiSa sambandhI mUla mAnyatAe~ bhI isameM saMkalita haiN| ise jyotiSa, bhUgola, gaNita va khagola vijJAna kA mahattvapUrNa koza kaha sakate haiN|

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caMdapaNNattI ___ candraprajJapti viSaya kI dRSTi se sUryaprajJapti ke nikaTa hai| vartamAna meM jo isakA rUpa milatA hai, vaha akSarazaH sUryaprajJapti ke samAna hai| kevala prArambha meM maMgalAcaraNa tathA viSaya sUcana karane vAlI 18 gAthAe~ AI haiM, jo sUrya prajJapti meM nahIM haiN| vidvAnoM ke lie yaha bar3I samasyA kA viSaya hai ki ye do alaga-alaga grantha haiM athavA eka hI grantha hai| isameM candra va sUrya ke AkAra, teja, paribhramaNa, unakI gatiyA~, vimAna Adi kA nirUpaNa hai| isa Agama meM candramA ko svataH prakAzamAna batAyA hai tathA usake ghaTane-bar3hane kA kAraNa rAhU ko svIkAra kiyA hai| nirayAvaliyA nirayAvalikA kA artha hai naraka meM jAne vAle jIvoM kA paMktibaddha varNana karane vAlA sUtra / pUrva meM isa Agama meM 1 zrutaskandha, 52 adhyayana va pA~ca varga the tathA isameM nirayAvalikA, kalpAvataMsikA, puSpikA, puSpacUlikA, vRSNidazA, ina pA~ca upAMgoM kA samAveza thA, kintu vartamAna samaya meM ye pA~coM upAMga pRthaka-pRthaka rUpa meM svIkRta haiN| vartamAna meM nirayAvalikA meM dasa adhyayana haiN| isake dasa adhyayanoM meM kAla, sukAla, mahAkAla, kaNha, sukaNha, mahAkaNha, vIrakaNha, rAmakaNha, piusenakaNha va mahAsenakaNha ke jIvana-carita kA varNana hai| ye sabhI kumAra rAjA zreNika ke putra tathA kUNika (ajAtazatru) ke bhAI the| yaha upAMga aitihAsika varNanoM kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| rAjA kUNika va rAjA ceTaka ke bIca hue mahAzilAkaNTakasaMgrAma kA isameM ullekha hai| kappavaDaMsiyA zAbdika dRSTi se kalpAvataMsikA kA artha hai - vimAnavAsI dev| isa upAMga meM dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM zreNika rAjA ke dasa pautroM pauma, mahApauma, bhadda, subhadda, paumabhadda, paumasena, paumagulma, nalinIgulma, ANaMda aura nandana ke bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa karane, devaloka jAne, antataH mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara siddhatva prApta karane ke varNana haiN| isa upAMga meM vratAcaraNa dvArA jIvana-zodhana kI prakriyA para prakAza

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DAlate hue yaha spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki jinake pitA apane kaSAyoM ke kAraNa naraka gati ko prApta hue, unhIM ke putra ratnatraya rUpa dharma kI samyak ArAdhanA karane ke kAraNa devaloka meM gye| karma siddhAnta kI sundara vyAkhyA karatA huA yaha upAMga manuSya ke utthAna va patana kA kAraNa karma ko hI svIkAra karatA hai| pupphiyA puSpikA upAMga meM dasa adhyayana haiN| ina dasa adhyayanoM meM candra, sUrya, mahAzukra, bahuputrikA, pUrNabhadra, mANibhadra, datta, ziva, bala aura anAdRta devoM kA varNana hai, jo vimAna meM baiThakara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzana ke lie jAte haiN| gautama svAmI ke pUchane para bhagavAn mahAvIra unake pUrvabhavoM kA kathAnaka kahate haiN| isa upAMga meM sva-samaya aura para-samaya ke jJAna kI dRSTi se kathAoM kA saMkalana hai| kathAoM meM kautUhala tattva kI pradhAnatA hai| isake tIsare adhyayana meM somila brAhmaNa kA kathAnaka varNita hai| deva dvArA use pratibodha denA tathA somila dvArA bAraha vratoM ko svIkAra karane kA prasaMga atyanta rocaka hai| somila brAhmaNa ke kathAnaka ke sandarbha meM 40 prakAra ke tApasoM kA ullekha huA hai, jo usa samaya kI sAdhanA-praNAliyoM ko jAnane kI dRSTi se atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| sabhI AkhyAnoM meM vartamAna jIvana kI apekSA paraloka ke jIvana para adhika prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isa Agama ke cauthe adhyayana meM bahuputrikA kI kathA ke mAdhyama se sAMsArika moha aura mamatAoM kA sabala citraNa huA hai| punarjanma aura karma siddhAnta kA samarthana sarvatra mukharita hai| pupphacUlA puSpacUlA kI gaNanA dharmakathAnuyoga ke antargata kI gaI hai| isa upAMga meM dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke zAsana meM dIkSita hone vAlI 10 zramaNiyoM zrIdevI, hRIdevI, dhRtidevI, kIrtidevI, buddhidevI, lakSmIdevI, ilAdevI, surAdevI, rasadevI aura gaMdhadevI ke jIvana kI carcA kathAnaka zailI meM kI gaI hai| ye sabhI deviyA~ pUrvabhava meM bhagavAn pArzva ke udbodhana se prerita hokara AryA puSpacUlikA ke samIpa zramaNa dIkSA (40

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aMgIkAra karatI haiN| antataH sabhI deviyA~ devaloka se mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara siddhi prApta kreNgii| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se zuddha zramaNAcAra ke pAlana kI preraNA dI gaI hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha Agama atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| prastuta Agama ke adhyayana se bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke samaya kI zramaNa paramparA kA jJAna to hotA hI hai, sAtha hI tadayugIna zramaNiyoM ke pUrva va para bhava ke jIvana-carita kA bhI paricaya milatA hai| vaNhidasA vRSNidazA aMtima upAMga hai| prastuta upAMga meM bAraha adhyayana haiN| inameM vRSNivaMza ke baladevajI ke niSadhakumAra Adi 12 putroM kA bhagavAn neminAtha ke pAsa dIkSita hone evaM sAdhanA karake sarvArthasiddhi vimAna meM jAne tathA vahA~ se mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara mokSa meM jAne kA varNana hai| isa upAMga meM paurANikatA kA pratipAdana adhika huA hai| bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke viSaya meM vizeSa citraNa huA hai tathA unake zAsana kAla meM dIkSita aNagAroM kA bhI varNana prApta hotA hai| zrIkRSNa ke vyaktitva, prabhutva, sainya, samRddhi, garimA Adi kA nirUpaNa huA hai| yAdava vaMza ke prAgaaitihAsika vivaraNa kI dRSTi se isa grantha meM mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI saMkalita hai| prakIrNaka jaina Agama sAhitya meM prakIrNakoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| nandIsUtra ke TIkAkAra malayagiri ne prakIrNaka ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki arahaMtoM dvArA upadiSTa zruta kA anusaraNa karate hue zramaNa-nigraMtha bhakti bhAvanA va zraddhAvaza mUla bhAvanA se dUra na rahate hue, jina granthoM kA nirmANa karate haiM, unheM prakIrNaka kahate haiN| bhagavAn zraSabhadeva ke 84,000 tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 14,000 prakIrNaka hone kA ullekha milatA hai| naMdIsUtra, sthAnAMgasUtra, vyavahArasUtra, dhavalA, pAkSika Adi sUtroM meM vibhinna prakIrNaka granthoM ke nAma ginAye gaye haiM, kintu isa krama meM kucha granthoM kA viccheda ho gayA tathA kucha naye zAstra grantha jur3ate bhI gaye haiN| ataH sarvamAnya rUpa meM prakIrNaka kI saMkhyA nizcita nahIM ho sakI hai| vartamAna samaya meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke 45 AgamoM kI mAnyatA meM nimna 10 prakIrNaka mAnya haiM -

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1. causaraNa 2. AurapaccakkhANa 4. bhattapariNA 5. taMdulaveyAliya 8. gaNivijjA 7. gacchAyAra 10. maraNasamAhi / koI maraNasamAdhi aura gacchAcAra ke sthAna para candravedhyaka aura vIrastava ko ginate haiM to koI devendrastava aura vIrastava ko milA dete haiM tathA saMstAraka ko nahIM ginate, kintu inake sthAna para gacchAcAra aura maraNasamAdhi kA ullekha karate haiM / 3. mahApaccakkhANa 6. saMthAra 9. deviMdatthaya inameM se kucha ko chor3akara zeSa prakIrNaka prAcIna hI haiN| taMdulaveyAliya kA ullekha agastyasiMha kI dazavaikAlikacUrNi meM milatA hai / ina 10 prakIrNakoM ke atirikta titthogAliya, ajIvakalpa, siddhapAhuDa, ArAhaNApahAA, dIvasAyarapaNNatta, joisakaraMDaga, aMgavijjA, piMDavisohi, tihipaiNNaga, sArAvalI, pajjaMtArAhaNA, jIvavihatti, kavacaprakaraNa aura joNipAhuDa bhI prakIrNaka mAne gaye haiN| - vastutaH bhagavAn RSabhadeva se bhagavAn mahAvIra taka prajJAvAna sthavira sAdhuoM dvArA svabuddhi evaM vacanakauzala se dharma tathA tattva jJAna ko janasAdhAraNa taka pahu~cAne kI dRSTi se tathA karma nirjarA ke uddezya se prakIrNakoM kI racanA kI gii| ye racanAe~ prAyaH padyAtmaka haiN| inameM jaina dharma sambandhI vividha viSayoM kI carcA karate hue jIvana zodhana kI vibhinna prakriyAoM para prakAza DAlane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / catuH zaraNa meM arihaMta, siddha, sAdhu aura jinadezita dharma ko eka mAtra zaraNa mAnA hai / yathA arihaMta siddha sAhU kevalikahio suhAvaho dhammo / ee cauro caugaiharaNA, saraNaM lahai dhanno (gA. 11 ) AturapratyAkhyAna meM bAlamaraNa, bAlapaMDitamaraNa va paMDitamaraNa se sambandhita vistRta vivecana ke sAtha-sAtha pratyAkhyAna kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karate hue use zAzvata gati kA sAdhana batAyA hai / mahApratyAkhyAna meM tyAga kA vistRta varNana hai tathA maraNasamAdhi meM samAdhimaraNa kI pUrva taiyArI aura 42

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usakI sAdhanA kI vizeSa vidhiyoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| taMdulavaicArika prakIrNaka jaina-vijJAna kA sundara evaM saMkSipta paricaya prastuta karatA hai| saMstAraka prakIrNaka meM antima samaya meM ArAdhanA karane ke lie saMstAraka ko zreSTha batAyA hai| gacchAcAra meM jaina saMgha-vyavasthA evaM gaccha meM rahane vAle AcArya tathA sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai| dharma va AcAra ke sAtha-sAtha kucha granthoM meM devavimAna, khagola vijJAna, jyotiSa aura nimitta sambandhI aneka bAtoM para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| devendrastava meM kalpopanna aura kalpAtIta devoM Adi kA varNana huA hai| dvIpasAgaraprajJapti meM vibhinna dvIpa va sAgaroM kI saMracanA kA varNana huA hai| gaNividyA prakIrNaka jyotiSa kA grantha hai, jisameM divasa-tithi, nakSatra, karaNa, graha-divasa, zakuna, lagana, nimitta Adi kA vivecana hai| vIrastava prakIrNaka meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI stuti unake 26 nAmoM dvArA kI gaI hai| isa prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM jainadharma ke vividha pakSoM kA samAveza huA hai, jo sAdhanA kI dRSTi se aMga Agama sAhitya kI apekSA adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| chedasUtra . chedasUtra jaina AcAra kI kuMjI haiM, jaina saMskRti kI advitIya nidhi haiM, jaina sAhitya kI garimA haiN| chedasUtroM meM zramaNoM kI AcAra-saMhitA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| vizuddha AcAra-vicAra ko samajhane ke lie chedasUtroM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| zramaNa jIvana kI pavitratA ko banAye rakhane vAle ye uttama zruta haiN| dainika jIvana meM atyanta sAvadhAna rahane para bhI doSa laganA svAbhAvika hai| chedasUtroM meM una doSoM kI sUcI va usake liye diye gaye prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hai| vastutaH chedasUtroM kA uddezya vibhinna dezakAla meM hone vAle sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI paristhiti vaza ulajhI samasyAoM kA nirAkaraNa karanA tathA moha, ajJAna evaM pramAda ke kAraNa sevita doSoM se saMyama kI rakSA karanA hai| isa dRSTi se chedasUtroM kI viSayavastu ko cAra vibhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai- 1. utsargamArga 2. apavAdamArga 3. doSa sevana 4. prAyazcitta vidhaan| mUlasUtroM kI taraha chedasUtroM kI saMkhyA ko lekara vidvAna ekamata nahIM haiN| samAcArIzataka meM samayasundaragaNi ne chedasUtroM kI saMkhyA chaH batAI hai| 1. dazAzrutaskandha, 2. vyavahAra,

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3. bRhatkalpa, 4. nizItha, 5. mahAnizItha, 6. jiitklp| nandIsUtra meM jItakalpa ko chor3akara zeSa pA~ca nAma milate haiN| punaruddhAra kiyA jAne ke kAraNa kucha paramparAe~ mahAnizItha ko Agama kI koTi meM nahIM mAnatI haiN| ataH sthAnakavAsI va terApaMthI paramparA meM maulika chedasUtra cAra hI mAne gaye haiN| AyAradasAo dazAzrutaskandha kA ThANAMga meM dUsarA nAma AcAradazA bhI prApta hotA hai| isake dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM doSoM se bacane kA vidhAna hai| pahale uddezaka meM 20 asamAdhi doSa, dUsare uddezaka meM 21 zabala doSa, tIsare uddezaka meM 33 prakAra kI AzAtanAoM, cauthe uddezaka meM 8 prakAra kI gaNisaMpadAoM, pA~caveM uddezaka meM 10 prakAra kI cittasamAdhi, chaThe uddezaka meM 11 prakAra kI upAsaka pratimAoM, sAtaveM uddezaka meM 12 prakAra kI bhikSu pratimAoM, AThaveM uddezaka meM paryuSaNA, naveM meM 30 mahA-mohanIya sthAnoM va dasaveM uddezaka meM nava-nidAnoM kA varNana hai| isa Agama ke AThaveM uddezaka paryuSaNA meM mahAvIra kA jIvana carita vistAra se varNita huA hai| yaha adhyayana vikasita hokara vartamAna meM kalpasUtra ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| kappo bRhatkalpa kA chedasUtroM meM gauravapUrNa sthAna hai| bRhatkalpa kalpasUtra se bhinna sAdhvAcAra kA svataMtra grantha hai| anya chedasUtroM kI taraha isameM bhI zramaNoM ke AcAra-viSayaka vidhi-niSedha, utsarga-apavAda, tapa, prAyazcitta Adi para cintana kiyA gayA hai| isameM cha: uddezaka haiN| isake racayitA zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| zramaNa jIvana se sambaddha va prAcInatama AcAra-zAstra kA grantha hone ke kAraNa isakA Agama sAhitya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa grantha meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie varSAvAsa meM vihAra, vastra lene Adi kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| nirgranthI kA ekAkI rahanA, pAtra rahita rahanA, grAma Adi ke bAhara AtApanA lenA Adi kA varjana kiyA hai| isake chaThe uddezaka meM apavAdika sUtroM kA vivecana hai| isa prakAra bRhatkalpa meM zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke jIvana aura vyavahAra se sambandhita aneka mahattvapUrNa

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tathyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| vastutaH utsarga aura apavAda ke kathana dvArA munidharma kI rakSA aura zuddhi karanA hI isa grantha kA mukhya uddezya hai| vavahAro vyavahArasUtra ko dvAdazAMgI kA navanIta kahA gayA hai| zramaNa jIvana ke sarvAMgINa adhyayana evaM anuzIlana kI dRSTi se yaha grantha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| anya chedasUtroM kI bhA~ti isa sUtra meM bhI zramaNa jIvana kI AcAra saMhitA kA varNana huA hai| isake racayitA bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiN| bRhatkalpa va vyavahArasUtra ko eka dUsare kA pUraka mAnA gayA hai| isake dasaveM uddezaka ke tIsare sUtra meM pA~ca vyavahAroM ke nAma Ae haiM - paMcavihe vavahAre paNNatto taMjahA Agame sue ANA dhAraNA jIe / inhIM pA~ca vyavahAroM ke AdhAra para isa sUtra kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM dasa uddezaka haiM, jinameM svAdhyAya va anadhyAya kAla kI vivecanA, zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke bIca AcAra-vyavahAra sambandhI tAratamya, UnodarI-tapa, AcArya va upAdhyAya ke vihAra ke niyama, pratikAra ke lie AlocanA, prAyazcitta, sAdhviyoM ke nivAsa, adhyayana, caryA, vaiyAvRtya Adi zramaNAcAra sambandhI vyavahAroM tathA saMgha vyavasthA ke niyamopaniyama Adi kA vivecana hai| nisIhaM chedasUtroM meM nizIthasUtra eka mAnadaNDa ke rUpa meM hai| yaha sUtra apavAda bahula hai| isameM zramaNAcAra ke apavAdika niyamoM evaM unakI prAyazcitta vidhi kI vizeSa carcA kI gaI hai| anivArya kAraNoM se yA binA kAraNa hI saMyama kI maryAdA ko bhaMga karake yadi koI svayaM AlocanA karake prAyazcitta grahaNa kare to kisa doSa kA kitanA prAyazcitta hotA hai, yaha isa cheda kA pramukha pratipAdya viSaya hai| ataH yaha chedasUtra hara kisI ko nahIM par3hAyA jAtA hai| nizIthasUtra meM 20 uddezaka haiM, jinameM cAra prakAra ke prAyazcittoM kA varNana hai| 19 uddezakoM meM prAyazcitta kA vidhAna tathA 20veM uddezaka meM prAyazcitta dene kI prakriyA kA varNana hai| nizItha AcArAMgasUtra kI pA~cavIM cUlikA hI hai, kintu vistRta hone ke kAraNa bAda meM ise nizItha ke nAma se alaga kara diyA gyaa| isake atirikta isa sUtra meM pA~ca

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mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti, tIna gupti, zramaNa-zramaNI ke AcAra, gocarI, bhikSAcarI, kalpa, kriyA Adi ke niyamoM, doSoM va unake zuddhikaraNa ke upAyoM kA varNana haiN| mahAnisIhaM ___mahAnizItha ko samasta arhat pravacana kA sAra mAnA gayA hai| vastutaH mUla rUpa meM jo mahAnizItha thA, vaha yathAvata rUpa meM upalabdha nahIM rhaa| vartamAna meM AcArya haribhadra dvArA usakA pariSkAra kara saMzodhana kiyA gayA rUpa upalabdha hai, jise siddhasena, yakSasena, nemicandra, jinadAsagaNi Adi AcAryoM ne bhI bahumAnya kiyA hai| isakI bhASA evaM viSaya ke svarUpa ko dekhate hue yaha sUtra arvAcIna hI pratIta hotA hai| isameM cha: adhyayana va do cUlA haiM, jinameM kramazaH 18 pApasthAna, pApa karmoM kI AlocanA, paMca maMgala kA mahattva, kuzIla sAdhu kA saMsarga chor3ane, guru-ziSya ke pArivArika sambandha tathA AlocanA va prAyazcitta kA varNana milatA hai| jIyakappo jItakalpasUtra ke racayitA vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa haiN| jIta yA jIya kA zAbdika dRSTi se artha hai - paramparA se Agata AcAra, maryAdA, vyavasthA yA prAyazcitta se sambandha rakhane vAlA eka prakAra kA rivAja / isa dRSTi se isa sUtra meM jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra se sambandhita prAyazcittoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 103 gAthAoM meM prAyazcitta kA mahattva tathA Atmazuddhi meM usakI upAdeyatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isameM prAyazcitta ke 10 bhedoM kA varNana huA hai 1. AlocanA 2. pratikramaNa 3. mizra-AlocanA-pratikramaNa 4. viveka 5. vyutsarga 6. tapa 7. cheda 8. mUla 9. anavasthApya 10. pArAMcika /

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mUlasUtra mUlasUtroM kI mAnyatA kaba se pracalita huI yaha nizcita nahIM hai| vikrama saMvat 1334 meM nirmita prabhAvaka carita meM sarvaprathama isakA ullekha milatA hai| mUlasUtroM kI paribhASA dete hue AcArya devendramuni ne likhA hai ki jina AgamoM meM mukhya rUpa se zramaNa ke AcAra sambandhI mUla guNoM, mahAvratoM, samiti, gupti Adi kA nirUpaNa hai aura jo zramaNa jIvana-caryA meM mUla rUpa se sahAyaka banate haiM aura jina AgamoM kA adhyayana zramaNa ke lie sarvaprathama apekSita hai, unheM mUlasUtra kahate haiN| mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA ko lekara mataikya nahIM hai| kucha vidvAn uttarAdhyayana, AvazyakasUtra evaM dazavaikAlika ina tInoM ko hI mUlasUtroM meM ginate haiN| kucha isameM piNDaniyukti ko zAmila kara unakI saMkhyA cAra mAnate haiN| kucha oghaniyukti ko bhI inameM sammilita kara mUlasUtra pA~ca mAnate haiN| sthAnakavAsI va terApaMthI uttarAdhyayana va dazavaikAlika ke sAtha nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra ko sammilita kara mUlasUtra kI saMkhyA cAra mAnate haiN| isa sambandha meM AcArya devendra muni ne apane grantha 'jaina Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA' meM vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| uttarajjhayaNAI uttarAdhyayana jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa Agama grantha mAnA jAtA hai| ise mahAvIra kI antima dezanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana kI viSayavastu prAcIna hai| samavAyAMga va uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo viSayavastu dI gaI hai, vaha uttarAdhyayana meM jyoM kI tyoM prApta hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke chattIsa adhyayana haiM, inameM saMkSepa meM prAyaH sabhI viSayoM se sambandhita vivecana upalabdha hai| dharma, darzana, jJAna, cAritra Adi kI nirmala dhArAe~ isameM pravAhita haiN| jIva, ajIva, karmavAda, SaDdravya, navatattva, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra kI paramparA prabhRti sabhI viSayoM kA isameM samAveza huA hai| dArzanika siddhAntoM ke sAtha-sAtha isameM bahuta sAre kathAnakoM evaM AkhyAnoM kA bhI saMkalana huA hai| isameM varNita namipravrajyA, harikezI, citta-saMbhUti,

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mRgAputra, iSukArIya, rathanemi Adi AkhyAna sarasa evaM rocaka haiN| ye AkhyAna jahA~ eka ora dharmatattva kA pratipAdana karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika paramparAoM ko bhI prakAzita karate haiN| uttarAdhyayana ke prathama adhyayana 'vinayasUtra' meM guru ziSya ke sambandhoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| vinIta ziSya kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki ANAniddesakare guruunnmuvvaaykaare| iMgiyAkArasaMpanne se viNIe tti vuccaI ||(gaa. 1.2 ) arthAt - guru kI AjJA va nirdeza ke anusAra pravRtti karane vAlA, usakI sevA - zuzrUSA karane vAlA tathA usakI ceSTA evaM AkRti se hI usake Antarika manobhAvoM ko samajhane vAlA ziSya vinIta kahalAtA hai| bAisaveM adhyayana 'rathanemi' meM apane bodha vacanoM ke dvArA saMyama se bhaTake rathanemi ko udbodhana dekara sanmArga para lAtI huI rAjImatI nArI ke udAtta rUpa ko citrita karatI hai| paccIsaveM adhyayana meM janmanA jAtivAda kA khaMDana kara karmaNA jAtivAda kI sthApanA karate hue sacce zramaNa va brAhmaNa kA lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki samatA se zramaNa, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa, jJAna se muni evaM tapa se tapasvI hotA hai| yathA - samayAe samaNo hoI, baMbhacereNa baMbhaNo / NANeNa ya muNI hoi, taveNa hoi tAvaso ||(gaa. 25.32) paiMtIsaveM 'anagAra' nAmaka adhyayana meM yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki kevala ghara chor3ane se koI anagAra nahIM bana jAtA hai balki AdhyAtmika mArga meM gati-pragati usake lie Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra isake vibhinna adhyayanoM meM tattva-carcA, zramaNa jIvana ke AcAra, saMsAra kI asAratA, karma prakRti Adi viSayoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| dasaveyAliyaM __mUla AgamoM meM dazavaikAlika kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa sUtra kI racanA AcArya zayyaMbhavasUri dvArA apane navadIkSita alpa Ayu vAle ziSyoM

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ke lie kI gaI thii| zramaNa jIvana ke lie anivArya AcAra se sambandhita niyamoM kA isa grantha meM sundara saMyojana kiyA gayA hai| isakA uddezya mumukSu sAdhakoM ko alpa samaya meM hI Avazyaka jJAna pradAna kara unheM AtmakalyANa ke mArga kI sAdhanA ke patha para Age bar3hAnA hai| dazavaikAlika meM dasa adhyayana haiM, jinameM zramaNa jIvana ke AcAra-gocara sambandhI niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyayana drumapuSpikA meM ahiMsA, tapa va saMyama yukta dharma ko utkRSTa maMgala rUpa mAnA hai - dhammo maMgalamukkiTuM ahiMsA saMjamo tavo / dvitIya zrAmaNya adhyayana meM rathanemi va rAjImatI ke saMvAda ke mAdhyama se kAmanA ke nivAraNa ke upAya batAye gaye haiN| tRtIya adhyayana kSullakAcAra meM yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki jisakI dharma meM dhRti nahIM hotI hai, vaha AcAra va anAcAra meM bheda nahIM kara sakatA hai| isameM 52 anAcAroM kA ullekha huA hai| caturtha adhyayana meM SaTjIvanikAya kA varNana tathA unakI rakSA ke lie pA~ca mahAvratoM ke pAlana va rAtri bhojana ke niSedha para cintana kiyA gayA hai| pA~caveM piNDaiSaNA adhyayana meM sAdhu ke lie bhojana Adi ke grahaNa va paribhoga kI eSaNA kA sundara varNana hai| chaThe adhyayana mahAcAra meM anAcAra ke vividha pahaluoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai, isameM parigraha kI sImAoM kA bhI vivecana hai| sAtaveM vAkya-zuddhi adhyayana meM bhASA doSa ko tyAgane tathA hita-mita aura pathya bhASA bolane kI zikSA dI gaI hai| AThaveM adhyayana AcArapraNidhi meM zramaNa ko indriyanigraha kara mana ko ekAgra karane kA saMdeza diyA gayA hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAroM kaSAya ke nigraha kA yaha saMdeza dRSTavya hai - uvasameNa haNe kohaM, mANaM maddavayA jinne| mAyaM cajjavabhAveNa, lobhaM saMtosao jiNe / / (gA. 8.39) arthAt - krodha ko kSamA se, mAna ko mArdava bhAva se jiite| mAyA ko sarala bhAva se aura lobha ko saMtoSa se jiite| naveM adhyayana vinaya samAdhi meM vinaya kI vividha dhArAoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| dasaveM sabhikSu adhyayana meM saMvega, nirveda, viveka, ArAdhanA, jJAna, tapa Adi ko bhikSu ke lakSaNa batAye haiN|

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AvassayaM I Avazyaka sUtra jIvana-zuddhi aura doSa- parimArjana kA mahAsUtra hai Avazyaka sAdhaka kI AtmA ko parakhane va nikhArane kA mahAna upAya hai 'avazya' se Avazyaka banA hai, arthAt jo caturvidha saMgha ke lie pratidina avazya karane yogya hai, vaha Avazyaka hai| Avazyaka ke chaH prakAra batAye gaye haiM - -- 1. sAmAyika 4. pratikramaNa 2. caturviMzatistava 5. kAyotsarga 3. vandanA 6. pratyAkhyAna / chaH adhyayanoM meM inakA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| Avazyaka kA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se to mahattva hai hI, dainika jIvana meM bhI isake pAlana se kSamA, Arjava Adi guNoM kA vikAsa hotA hai / yaha sUtra zramaNa - zramaNiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke lie bhI pApa - kriyAoM se bacakara dharma mArga meM agrasara hone kI prAyogika vidhi prastuta karatA hai / ataH yaha sAdhu va zrAvaka donoM ke lie hI mahattvapUrNa hai / piMDaNijjuttI - ohaNijjuttI piMDaniryukti evaM oghaniryukti kI gaNanA kahIM mUlasUtroM meM aura kahIM prakIrNaka sAhitya meM kI jAtI hai, phira bhI sAdhuoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra kA nirUpaNa hone ke kAraNa ina donoM granthoM ko mUla 45 AgamoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| piMDa kA artha hai zramaNa ke grahaNa karane yogya AhAra / isameM zramaNoM kI AhAra vidhi kA varNana huA hai, ataH isakA piMDaniryukti nAma sArthaka hai| isake racayitA AcArya bhadrabAhu haiN| dazavaikAlikasUtra ke pA~caveM adhyAya piMDaiSaNA para likhI gaI niyukti ke vistRta ho jAne ke kAraNa piMDaniryukti ke nAma se alaga Agama kI mAnyatA dI gaI hai / bhadrabAhu ne isa grantha meM 671 gAthAoM meM piMDanirUpaNa, udgamadoSa, utpAdanadoSa, grAsadoSa, eSaNAdoSa Adi kA vivecana kiyA hai| ogha kA artha hai sAmAnya / vistAra meM gaye binA oghaniryukti meM 50

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sAmAnya samAcArI kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| isake kartA bhI bhadrabAhu haiN| ise Avazyakaniyukti kA aMza mAnA jAtA hai| isameM 811 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM sAdhaoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| sAdhvAcAra kA grantha hone ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM oghaniyukti kI gaNanA chedasUtroM meM bhI kI jAtI hai| jaina zramaNa saMgha ke itihAsa kA saMkalana karane kI dRSTi se yaha mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| cUlikA __ naMdIsUtra va anuyogadvArasUtra kI gaNanA cUlikAsUtra meM kI jAtI hai| ataH inakA paricaya cUlikA sUtra ke antargata diyA jA rahA hai| naMdisuttaM yaha Agama cUlikA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| nandIsUtra ke racayitA devavAcaka haiN| inakA samaya vi.saM. kI pA~cavI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| nandIsUtra kA pramukha viSaya jJAnavAda hai| niyuktikAra ke anusAra bhAva va nikSepa se pA~ca jJAna ko nandI kahate haiN| isameM pA~ca jJAna kI sUcanA dene vAle sUtra haiM, ataH isakA naMdIsUtra nAma sArthaka hai| isameM pA~coM jJAna kA vizada varNana unake bheda-prabhedoM ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| nandIsUtra meM jJAna ke sambandha meM jo vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai, usakA mukhya AdhAra sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatI, rAjapraznIya va uttarAdhyayana sUtra haiN| unameM diye gaye saMkSipta jJAnavAda ko nandIsUtra meM pUrNa vikasita kiyA gayA hai| jJAna ke vizleSaNa ke antargata mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyaya tathA kevalajJAna kI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| samyak zruta ke prasaMga meM dvAdazAMgI ke AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga Adi bAraha bheda kiye gaye haiN| jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne naMdIsUtra para cUrNi kI racanA kI hai tathA AcArya haribhadra tathA AcArya malayagiri ne isa para TIkAe~ likhI haiN| aNuogaddArAI samasta AgamoM ke svarUpa va unakI vyAkhyAoM ko samajhane kI dRSTi se anuyogadvArasUtra eka mahattvapUrNa Agama grantha hai| AgamoM ke

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vargIkaraNa meM ise bhI cUlikA rUpa meM rakhA gayA hai| anuyoga kA zAbdika artha hai, zabdoM kI vyAkhyA karane kI prakriyA / bhadrabAhu ne anuyoga, niyoga, bhASA, vibhASA aura vArtika ina pA~coM ko anuyoga kA paryAya rUpa kahA hai| nandIsUtra ke samAna yaha grantha bhI prAcIna hai / isake racayitA AryarakSita mAne jAte haiN| isameM cAra dvAra hai - upakrama, nikSepa, anugama evaM naya / ina cAroM dvAroM ke mAdhyama se Agama varNita tathyoM, siddhAntoM evaM tattvoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI gaI hai / vyAkhyeya zabda kA nikSepa karake, pahale usake aneka arthoM kA nirdeza karate hue, prastuta meM usa zabda kA kaunasA artha grAhya hai, isa zailI ko samajhAyA gayA hai| isa zailI ke dvArA satya kA sAkSAtkAra sahaja DhaMga se ho sakatA hai| praznottara zailI meM likhe gaye isa Agama grantha kI viSayavastu meM vividhatA hai / sAta svaroM, navarasoM, vyAkaraNa kI ATha vibhaktiyoM Adi kA ullekha isameM prApta hotA hai / palyopama, sAgaropama Adi ke bheda-prabheda, saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta, ananta Adi kA vizleSaNa, bheda, prakAra Adi kA vistRta varNana hai / pramANa ke varNana meM pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna tathA Agama kI vizada carcA kI gaI hai| pramANa kI taraha nayavAda para bhI isameM vistRta carcA prApta hotI hai / anekAneka viSayoM kA vivecana kiye jAne ke kAraNa yaha grantha atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai / Agamika- vyAkhyA - sAhitya jaina Agama sAhitya meM atyaMta sUkSma va gaMbhIra viSayoM kA sUtra rUpa meM nirUpaNa huA hai| sAmAnyataH AgamoM ke samasta gUr3ha rahasyoM aura unake viSayoM ko sIdhe samyak prakAra se samajhanA saMbhava nahIM hai, ataH ina Agamika rahasyoM va samyak viSayoM ko samajhane ke lie jainAcAryoM dvArA inakI vistAra se vyAkhyA prastuta kI gii| isI paramparA meM vividha Agamika-vyAkhyA - sAhitya kA nirmANa huaa| jainAgamoM para pA~ca prakAra kA vyAkhyA sAhitya upalabdha hai| 1. niryukti 2. bhASya 3. cUrNi 4. TIkA 5. TabbA evaM loka bhASA meM likhita sAhitya | niryukti sAhitya jaina Agama sAhitya para sarvaprathama prAkRta bhASA meM likhI gaI 52

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padyabaddha TIkAe~ niyuktiyoM ke nAma se jAnI jAtI haiN| niyukti kA artha hai - sUtra meM vidyamAna artha kI vyAkhyA krnaa| niyuktiyoM kI vyAkhyA zailI nikSepa paddhati hai| eka zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM, kintu kaunasA artha kisa prasaMga ke lie upayukta hai, yahI spaSTa karanA niyukti kA uddezya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sahI dRSTi se zabda ke sAtha artha kA sambandha sthApita karanA hI niyukti hai| prAkRta gAthAoM meM likhI gaI ye niyuktiyA~ viSaya kA saMkSipta rUpa se pratipAdana karatI haiN| viSaya kA pratipAdana karane ke lie tathA vivecya viSaya ko samajhAne ke lie ina niyuktiyoM meM aneka dRSTAntoM va kathAnakoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai, parantu unakA vahA~ ullekha mAtra hai, vizeSa varNana nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se yaha sAhitya itanA sAMketika hai ki unheM bhASya va TIkA ke binA samyak prakAra se nahIM jAnA jA sakatA hai| saMbhavataH kaMThastha karane kI dRSTi se niyuktiyA~ isa prakAra kI saMketa zailI meM likhI gaI thiiN| vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyuktiyA~ sarvAdhika prAcIna haiN| niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu mAne gaye haiN| ye bhadrabAhu antima zrutakevalI, chedasUtra ke racayitA bhadrabAhu se pRthaka haiN| inhoMne Agama saMkalana kAla (I. san kI cauthI pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga) se hI niyuktiyA~ likhanA prArambha kara diyA thaa| bhadrabAhu ne nimna dasa sUtroM para niyuktiyoM kI racanA kii| 1. Avazyaka 2. dazavaikAlika 3. uttarAdhyayana 4. AcArAMga 5. sUtrakRtAMga 6. dazAzrutaskandha 7. bRhatkalpa 8. . vyavahAra 9. sUryaprajJapti 10. RSibhASita inameM se RSibhASita evaM sUryaprajJapti kI niyuktiyA~ aprApya haiN| isake atirikta piNDaniyukti evaM oghaniyukti Adi kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, jo muniyoM ke AcAra varNana kI dRSTi se itanI mahattvapUrNa mAnI gaI haiM ki kahIM kahIM unakI gaNanA 45 mUla AgamoM meM bhI kI gaI hai| kucha paramparAe~ oghaniyukti ko Avazyakaniyukti kA tathA piMDaniyukti ko dazavaikAlikaniyukti kA hI aMza mAnakara svataMtra nahIM mAnatI haiN|. bhadrabAhu kI ina niyuktiyoM meM zramaNa-jIvana se sambandhita sabhI

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viSayoM para carcA huI hai| inameM Avazyakaniyukti sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai| zramaNa-jIvana kI saphala sAdhanA ke lie anivArya sabhI prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA saMkSipta evaM suvyavasthita nirUpaNa Avazyakaniyukti kI eka bahuta bar3I vizeSatA hai| isameM pA~coM jJAna, SaDAvazyaka Adi mahattvapUrNa viSayoM kA vistAra se vivecana huA hai| SaDAvazyaka ke prathama Avazyaka sAmAyika ke antargata namaskAra maMtra para utpatti, nikSepa, pada Adi 11 dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga Adi anya niyuktiyA~ bhI mahattvapUrNa haiN| inameM laukika kathAoM evaM sUktiyoM ke mAdhyama se sUtroM ke artha ko samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| jaina tattvajJAna, paurANika paramparAe~, ardha aitihAsika ghaTanAe~ Adi inameM varNita haiN| jaina saMskRti, jIvana-vyavahAra tathA cintana krama ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se ye niyuktiyA~ upayogI haiN| bhASya sAhitya niyukti sAhitya sAMketika bhASA meM likhA gayA thaa| ataH AgamoM ke gUr3ha sUtroM ke tAtparyoM ko samajhane ke lie tathA niyuktiyoM meM chipe artha-bAhulya ko spaSTa karane ke lie jo Agama vyAkhyAe~ likhI gaIM, ve bhASya sAhitya ke rUpa meM vikhyAta huI haiN| bhASya bhI prAkRta gAthAoM meM likhe gaye haiM tathA niyuktiyoM kI taraha bhASya bhI saMkSipta hI haiN| niyuktiyoM va bhASyoM kI zailI itanI milatI-julatI hai ki kaI bAra donoM kI gAthAoM kA mizraNa ho jAtA hai| ___bhASya-sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha mAgadhI va zaurasenI kA prayoga bhI milatA hai| bhASyoM kA lekhana kAla lagabhaga I. san kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| bhASyakAroM meM saMghadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa tathA jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa pramukha haiN| sabhI Agama granthoM para bhASyoM kI racanA nahIM huI, apitu kucha bhASya niyuktiyoM para likhe gaye haiM aura kucha bhASya mUlasUtroM para likhe gaye haiN| mukhya rUpa se jina granthoM para bhASyoM kI racanA huI haiM, ve nimna haiM - 1. Avazyaka 2. dazavaikAlika 3. uttarAdhyayana 4. bRhatkalpa

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5. paMcakalpa 6. vyavahAra 7. nizItha 8. jItakalpa 9. oghaniyukti 10. piNDaniyukti / sabhI bhASyoM ke racayitA AcAryoM ke nAma abhI jJAta nahIM haiN| bRhatkalpa-laghubhASya evaM paMcakalpa-mahAbhASya ke racayitA saMghadAsagaNi tathA vizeSAvazyakabhASya va jItakalpabhASya ke racayitA jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa mAne jAte haiN| prAcIna zramaNa-jIvana va saMgha ke itihAsa va paramparAoM ko jAnane kI dRSTi se bhASya sAhitya atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isa sAhitya meM aneka prAcIna anuzrutiyoM, laukika kathAoM aura muniyoM ke paramparAgata AcAra-vicAra kI vidhiyoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM jaina AgamoM meM varNita jJAna, pramANa, nayanikSepa, syAdvAda, karmasiddhAnta, AcAra Adi aneka viSayoM kA vivecana atyanta sahaja rUpa se huA hai| jaina dArzanika siddhAntoM kI tulanA anya dArzanika vicAradhArAoM ke sAtha karate hue jaina Agama sAhitya kI mAnyatAoM kA tArkika evaM manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| jItakalpabhASya meM jItavyavahAra ke AdhAra para jo prAyazcitta diye jAte haiM, unakA varNana hai / bRhatkalpa-laghubhASya meM zramaNoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA tArkika dRSTi se sUkSma vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha bhASya grantha tatkAlIna, sAmAjika, dhArmika evaM rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kI jhA~kI bhI prastuta karatA hai| nizIthabhASya meM aneka sarasa evaM manoraMjaka kathAoM ke mAdhyama se vividha zramaNAcAra kA nirUpaNa huA hai| vyavahArabhASya meM zramaNa ke AcAra-vyavahAra, tapa, AlocanA, prAyazcitta, bAla-dIkSA kI vidhi Adi ke atirikta prasaMgavaza vibhinna dezoM ke rIti-rivAjoM Adi kA bhI varNana hai| spaSTa hai ki bhASya sAhitya meM dharma-darzana evaM manovijJAna kA vizleSaNa huA hai, bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI yaha hamArI anamola nidhi hai| cUrNi sAhitya niyukti va bhASya sAhitya sAMketika va padyabaddha rUpa meM thaa| ataH AgamoM ke gUr3ha sUtroM ko adhika spaSTatA va vizadatA se bodhagamya karane hetu gadya meM vyAkhyA karane kA krama calA jo cUrNi-sAhitya ke rUpa meM pracalita

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huaa| cUrNiyA~ kevala prAkRta meM hI nahIM likhI gaI haiM, apitu prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha inameM saMskRta kA bhI prayoga hai| ataH cUrNiyoM kI bhASA mizra prAkRta kahalAtI hai| sAmAnya rUpa se cUrNiyoM ke kartA jinadAsagaNi mahattara mAne jAte haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| nimna AgamoM para cUrNiyA~ likhI gaI haiM1. AcArAMga 2. sUtrakRtAMga 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti 4. jIvAjIvAbhigama 5. nizItha 6. mahAnizItha 7. vyavahAra 8. dazAzrutaskandha 9. bRhatkalpa 10. paMcakalpa 11. oghaniyukti 12. jItakalpa 13. uttarAdhyayana 14. Avazyaka 15. dazavaikAlika 16. naMdI 17. anuyogadvAra 18. jambUdvIpaprajJapti / Agamika-vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM cUrNi sAhitya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| cUrNi sAhitya meM jainadharma va darzana ke pramukha siddhAntoM kA vivecana huA hai| naMdIcarNi meM kevalajJAna va kevaladarzana ke krama para vizeSa carcA kI gaI hai| AcArya ne kevalajJAna va kevaladarzana ke kramabhAvitva kA samarthana kiyA hai| Avazyakaniyukti meM nirdiSTa kiye gaye viSayoM kA vistAra se vivecana AvazyakacUrNi meM kiyA gayA hai| vivecana kI saralatA, sarasatA evaM spaSTatA kI dRSTi se aneka prAcIna aitihAsika evaM paurANika AkhyAna bhI uddhRta kiye haiN| sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi meM vividha dArzanika matoM kA cintana kiyA gayA hai| cUrNiyoM meM varNya viSaya ko spaSTa karane hetu prasaMgAnusAra prAkRta kI aneka kathAe~ AI haiM, jo tatkAlIna dhArmika, sAmAjika va laukika tInoM hI pakSoM ko udghATita karatI haiN| nizItha-vizeSa-cUrNi tathA AvazyakacUrNi meM varNita kathAe~ to aitihAsika, sAmAjika evaM purAtAttvika sAmagriyoM kA bhaMDAra hI haiN| prAcIna lokajIvana kI inameM sazakta prastuti huI hai| RSabhadeva, mahAvIra, zreNikarAjA, abhayakumAra, rAjA ceTaka, AryarakSita, vararuci Adi aitihAsika mahApuruSoM ke jIvana-carita bhI inameM varNita haiN| vastutaH cUrNi sAhitya meM nigUr3ha bhAvoM ko loka kathAoM ke mAdhyama se samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke bhASA-zAstrIya adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI ye cUrNiyA~ atyaMta mahattvapUrNa haiN|

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TIkA sAhitya dArzanika dRSTi se Agama sAhitya ko aura adhika vistAra se samajhAne hetu prAcIna manISI AcAryoM dvArA jisa sAhitya kI racanA kI gaI, vaha TIkA sAhitya ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| TIkAe~ saMskRta meM likhI gaI haiN| kahIM kahIM tathA vizeSataH kathAnakoM meM prAkRta kA Azraya liyA gayA hai| TIkAoM kI racanAoM kA krama tIsarI zatAbdI se hI prArambha ho gayA thaa| vi.saM. kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke AcArya agastyasiMha ne apanI dazavaikAlikacUrNi meM aneka sthAnoM para prAcIna TIkAoM kA saMketa kiyA hai| Agama sAhitya para sarvaprathama saMskRta bhASA meM TIkA likhane vAle jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa haiN| unhoMne apane vizeSAvazyakabhASya para svopajJa vRtti bhI likhI, jise bAda meM koTyAcArya ne pUrNa kii| vartamAna meM jo TIkAgrantha prApta haiM, unameM AcArya haribhadrasUri (AThavIM zatAbdI) ke granthoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| unakI Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, naMdI evaM anuyogadvAra para TIkAe~ upalabdha haiN| inake pazcAt AcArAMga va sUtrakRtAMga para AcArya zilAMkAcArya (I.san. 876) kI TIkAe~ upalabdha haiN| anya mahattvapUrNa TIkAoM meM vAdivetAla zAntisUri dvArA likhita uttarAdhyayanaTIkA tathA nemicandrasUri dvArA racita uttarAdhyayana kI sukhabodhA TIkA atyaMta mahattvapUrNa haiN| ina donoM hI TIkAgranthoM meM aneka prAkRta kathAe~ evaM AkhyAna varNita haiM, jo prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se atyaMta mahattvapUrNa haiN| 12vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAna abhayadevasUri navAMgI TIkAkAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| unhoMne sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazAMga, aMtakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikasUtra Adi AgamoM para TIkAe~ likhI haiN| apane ina TIkA granthoM meM unhoMne Agamika gUr3ha bAtoM ko atyaMta saralatA va sugamatA ke sAtha abhivyakta kiyA hai| Agama TIkAkAroM meM 12vIM zatAbdI ke AcArya malayagiri kA sthAna bhI viziSTa rahA hai| unhoMne aneka Agama-granthoM para TIkAe~ likhI haiN| anya TIkAkAroM meM droNAcArya, hemacandra, kSemakIrti Adi AcAryoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| Agama granthoM para likhI gaI ye TIkAe~ aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa haiN| inameM kevala Agamika siddhAntoM va tattvoM kA hI vivecana nahIM huA hai,

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apitu jainetara dArzanika paramparAoM kA bhI samucita Akalana milatA hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se tatkAlIna, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, bhaugolika, jyotiSika Adi tathyoM kA inameM vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| sAhitya, bhASA-vijJAna evaM vyAkaraNa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI ye grantha upayogI haiN| TabbA evaM loka bhASA meM likhita sAhitya isa prakAra saMskRta va prAkRta bhASAoM meM virATa TIkA sAhitya likhA gayA, kintu TIkAoM va vyAkhyAoM kI bhASA saMskRta-prAkRta pradhAna hone ke kAraNa jana-sAdhAraNa ke lie unheM samajha pAnA bahuta kaThina thaa| ataH ina donoM bhASAoM se anabhijJa jana-sAdhAraNa ko samajhAne hetu Age calakara hindI va lokabhASAoM meM sarala, subodha evaM saMkSipta TIkAe~ likhI gii| ye TIkAe~ zabdArtha pradhAna thiiN| inameM pArzvacandragaNi (16vIM zatAbdI) kI AcArAMga va sUtrakRtAMga para bAlAvabodha racanAe~ pramukha haiN| isake pazcAt 18vIM zatAbdI meM muni dharmasiMhajI ne karIba 27 AgamoM para Tabbe likhe, jo sAdhAraNa vyakti ke lie AgamoM ke artha ko samajhane ke lie atyanta upayogI siddha hue| isa TabbA yuga ke bAda anuvAda yuga kA prArambha huaa| isa yuga meM vibhinna AcAryoM evaM vidvAnoM dvArA mukhya rUpa se aMgrejI, hindI va gujarAtI meM AgamoM kA anuvAda kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra Agamika gUr3ha sUtroM ke gaMbhIra rahasyoM ko samajhAne hetu samaya-samaya para yuga ke anukUla AgamoM para virATa vyAkhyA-sAhitya likhA jAtA rhaa| isa vyAkhyA-sAhitya dvArA jahA~ eka ora AgamoM kI durUha va gUr3ha bAtoM ko samajhanA AsAna huA, vahIM dUsarI ora isa virATa sAhitya meM prayukta kathAe~ tathA dRSTAMta aitihAsika va sAMskRtika dRSTi se atyaMta mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI pradAna karate haiN| vastutaH yaha vizAla sAhitya hamArI amUlya sAMskRtika virAsata hai|

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sahAyaka grantha 1. jaina Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA tArakaguru jaina graMthAlaya, udayapura 2. jainAgama digdarzana jayapura - le. devendramuni zAstrI, le. nagarAja muni, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, 3. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga - 1) - le. paM. becaradAsa dozI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI - 5 4. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga - 2) le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina va DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI - 5 5. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga - 3 ) - le. DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI - 5 - 6. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa - le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 7. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 8. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna - le. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSada, bhopAla 9. jinavANI (jainAgama sAhitya - vizeSAMka 2002 aMka 1, 2, 3, 4) saM. DaoN. dharmacandra jaina, samyagjJAna, pracAraka maNDala, jayapura 000 59

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zaurasenI Agama sAhitya mathurA se prApta zilAlekhoM se yahI pramANa milatA hai ki IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI taka digambara va zvetAmbara paramparA bheda kA AvirbhAva nahIM huA thaa| donoM sampradAyoM ke upalabdha prAcIna sAhitya meM bhI kaI samAnatAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiN| uttarAdhyayana va mUlAcAra kI aneka gAthAoM ke viSaya akSarazaH samAna haiM, kintu I. san kI pahalI zatAbdI ke pazcAt acelatva ke prazna ko lekara evaM AgamoM ko svIkArane ke sambandha meM donoM sampradAyoM kI mAnyatAe~ alaga-alaga ho gii| digambara paramparA ke anusAra dvAdazAMgI kA viccheda ho gayA hai, kevala dRSTivAda kA kucha aMza zeSa hai, jo SaTkhaNDAgama aura kaSAyapAhuDa nAmaka granthoM meM maujUda hai| SaTkhaNDAgama va kaSAyapAhuDa kI gaNanA isa paramparA meM Agama granthoM ke rUpa meM hI kI jAtI hai| inakI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai| ina pramukha granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha AcArya kundakunda ke grantha evaM zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi anya prAcIna grantha bhI Agama tulya mAne jAte haiN| vibhinna vidvAnoM ne apane granthoM meM zaurasenI sAhitya para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| unhIM ke AdhAra para zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke pramukha granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| chakkhaMDAgamo vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga 683 varSa bAda maukhika rUpa se guru-ziSya paramparA meM pravAhita Agama jJAna rAzi dhIre-dhIre vilupta hone lgii| dvAdazAMgI kA thor3A aMza AcArya dharasena ko smaraNa thaa| ve caudaha pUrvo meM dvitIya pUrva ke mahAkarmaprakRti nAmaka caturtha pAhuDa ke vijJAtA the| unhoMne yaha socakara ki yaha zrutajJAna kahIM vilupta na ho jAya, ataH mahimAnagarI meM hone vAle muni sammelana ko patra bhejakara samartha sAdhaka bhejane kA anurodha kiyaa| phalasvarUpa jJAna dhyAna meM anurakta, prajJAvAna puSpadaMta va bhUtabali nAmaka do sAdhu vahA~ pahu~ce / parIkSA lene ke pazcAt AcArya dharasena

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ne una donoM mahAmedhAvI ziSyoM ko mahAkarmaprakRtiprAbhRta rUpa Agama jJAna denA prAraMbha kiyaa| donoM ziSyoM ne bhakti va niSThA pUrvaka isa Agama jJAna ko dhAraNa kara usake AdhAra para sUtra racanA kA kArya prArambha kara diyA aura AcArya dharasena ke saMrakSaNa meM SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA kii| puSpadaMta va bhUtabali dvArA Agama lipibaddha karane kA yaha nUtana prayAsa samakAlIna tathA paravartI sabhI AcAryoM dvArA prazaMsita kiyA gayA hai| isa Agama grantha kA racanA kAla vidvAnoM dvArA lagabhaga IsA kI prathama zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama ke cha: khaNDa haiN| prathama khaNDa jIvaTThANaM meM ATha anuyogadvAra tathA nau cUlikAe~ haiM, jisameM guNasthAna evaM mArgaNAoM kA Azraya lekara jIva kI nAnA avasthAoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| yaha bhI ciMtana kiyA gayA hai ki kauna jIva kisa prakAra se samyagdarzana va samyakacAritra ko prApta kara sakatA hai| dvitIya khaNDa khuddAbaMdha ke 11 adhikAroM meM kevala mArgaNAsthAnoM ke anusAra karmabaMdha karane vAle jIva kA varNana hai| tRtIya khaNDa baMdhasAmittavicaya meM guNasthAna va mArgaNAsthAna ke AdhAra para karmabaMdha karane vAle jIva kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| kina karmaprakRtiyoM ke baMdha meM kauna jIva svAmI hai aura kauna jIva svAmI nahIM hai, isa para bhI ciMtana kiyA gayA hai| caturtha veyaNAkhaMDa meM kRti aura vedanA ye do anuyogadvAra haiN| vedanA ke kathana kI isameM pradhAnatA hai| pA~caveM vaggaNAkhaNDa ke prArambha meM sparza, karma evaM prakRti nAmaka tIna anuyogadvAroM kA pratipAdana hai| vargaNAkhaMDa kA pradhAna adhikAra baMdhanIya hai, jisameM baMdha, bandhaka aura bandhanIya ina tIna kI mukhya rUpa se prarUpaNA kI gaI hai| chaThe khaNDa mahAbandha meM prakRti, pradeza, sthiti evaM anubhAga baMdha kA vistAra se vivecana hai| apanI vizAlatA ke kAraNa yaha khaNDa pRthaka grantha bhI mAnA jAtA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama ke TIkA grantha SaTkhaNDAgama para samaya-samaya para parikarma, vyAkhyAprajJapti Adi aneka TIkAe~ likhI gaI haiN| inameM se AcArya vIrasena dvArA likhI gaI dhavalA TIkA pramukha hai| AcArya vIrasena ne bappagurudeva kI vyAkhyAprajJapti (61>

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TIkA ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama ke prArambhika pA~ca khaMDoM para isa TIkA grantha kI racanA kI hai| isakA racanA kAla zaka saMvat 738 arthAt I. san 816 mAnA gayA hai| yaha TIkA 72,000 zloka, pramANa hai| yaha TIkA grantha prAkRta-saMskRta mizrita bhASA meM hai| chaThA khaNDa mahAbandha svayaM AcArya bhUtabali dvArA vistAra se likhA gayA hai| yaha mahAdhavala ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai| kasAyapAhuDaM AcArya dharasena ke samakAlIna AcArya guNadhara hue haiN| AcArya guNadhara ko dvAdazAMgI kA kucha zruta smaraNa thaa| ve pA~caveM jJAnapravAdapUrva kI dazama vastu ke tIsare kasAyapAhuDa ke pAragAmI the| isI AdhAra para unhoMne kaSAyaprAbhRta nAmaka siddhAnta grantha kI racanA kii| AcArya guNadhara ne isakI racanA kara nAgahasti aura AryamaMkSu ko isakA vyAkhyAna kiyA thaa| isa grantha meM mukhya rUpa se krodhAdi kaSAyoM kI rAga-dveSa pariNati, unake prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura pradeza baMdha sambaMdhI vizeSatAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ataH isakA dUsarA nAma pejjadosapAhuDa bhI pracalita hai| yaha grantha 233 gAthA sUtroM meM viracita hai| ye sUtra atyaMta saMkSipta hote hue bhI gur3hArtha AdhyAtmika rahasyoM ko apane meM sameTe hue haiN| isa grantha meM 15 adhikAra 1. pejjadosavibhakti 2. sthitivibhakti 3. anubhAgavibhakti 4. pradezavibhakti-jhINAjhINasthityantika 5. bandhaka adhikAra 6. vedaka adhikAra 7. upayoga adhikAra, 8. catuHsthAna adhikAra, 9. vyaMjana adhikAra 10. darzanamohopazamanA 11. darzanamohakSapaNA 12. saMyamAsaMyamalabdhi 13. saMyamalabdhi adhikAra 14. cAritramohopazamanA 15. cAritramohakSapaNA / inameM prArambha ke ATha adhikAroM meM saMsAra ke kAraNabhUta mohanIya karma kI aura antima sAta adhikAroM meM Atma-pariNAmoM ke vikAsa se zithila hote hue mohanIya karma kI vividha dazAoM kA varNana hai| mohanIya karma kiMsa sthiti meM kisa kAraNa se AtmA ke sAtha sambandhita hote haiM aura

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usa sambandha kA AtmA ke sAtha kisa prakAra sammizraNa hotA hai, kisa prakAra unameM phaladAnatva ghaTita hotA hai, aura kitane samaya taka karma AtmA ke sAtha lage rahate haiM, isakA vistRta aura spaSTa vivecana isa grantha meM huA hai| mohanIya karma meM darzana - mohanIya va cAritra - mohanIya donoM hI garbhita haiM / mohanIya karma kA itanA sUkSmatama va maulika vivecana anyatra durlabha hai| AcArya yativRSabha ne isa grantha para 6,000 zloka pramANa pAhuDacuNNisutta nAmaka cUrNi kI racanA kI hai, jisameM rAga-dveSa kA vizeSa vivecana anuyogadvAroM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| kaSAyapAhuDa para AcArya vIrasena aura unake ziSya jinasena ne jayadhavalA TIkA likhI / 20,000 zloka pramANa likhane ke pazcAt AcArya vIrasena svargavAsI ho gye| taba unake ziSya AcArya jinasena ne avaziSTa bhAga para 40,000 zloka pramANa likha kara I. san 837 meM isa TIkA grantha ko pUrA kiyA / AcArya kundakunda evaM unake grantha prAkRta bhASA ke mahAna vidvAn tathA jaina siddhAnta sAhitya ke prarUpaka AcArya kundakunda kA nAma jainAcAryoM meM sarvaprathama liyA jAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM gautama gaNadhara ke pazcAt maMgalaM kundakundAdyo kahakara kisI bhI maMgala kArya ke prAraMbha meM unakA smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| AcArya kundakunda dakSiNa bhArata ke nivAsI the| unakA mUla nAma padmanandI thA / unake apara nAmoM meM vakragrIvAcArya, elAcArya, gRddhapicchAcArya Adi kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke samaya ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye ne vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para inakA samaya I. san kI prathama zatAbdI mAnA hai / AcArya kundakunda ne bhAratIya saMskRti ko tattvajJAna hI nahIM, adhyAtma pradhAna AcAra-vicAra bhI pradAna kiye haiN| unhoMne Atma-jJAna va AdhyAtmika sAhitya dvArA bhautika sukhoM va sAMsArika lipsA ko tyAgane kA mArga batAkara bhautikatA ke aMdhakAra meM AdhyAtmikatA kI jyoti ko prajvalita kiyaa| unake anusAra jJAna va darzana ke sAtha cAritra kA samanvaya karane para hI mukti zIghratAgAmI ho sakatI hai| AtmA kI mukti ke lie unhoMne bAhya saMyamita jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha dhyAna va tapazcaraNa para bhI bala diyA / | 63

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vastutaH AcArya kundakunda ne apane vAD.maya dvArA mAnava mAtra ke hita kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai| unake upadeza mAnavIya guNoM ke vikAsa kA hI saMdeza dete haiN| loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA unakI racanAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai| bodhapAhuDa meM dharma kI paribhASA dete hue unhoMne kahA hai dhammo dayA visuddho( gA. 25) arthAt dharma vahI hai jo dayA yA anukaMpA se yukta ho| unakA mAnanA thA ki dharma meM saccI zraddhA manuSya ko pAparahita, dRr3ha evaM mAnavIya guNoM se yukta banAtI hai| AcArya kundakunda Agama paramparA ke saMvAhaka AcArya ke sAtha hI eka aise krAntikArI santa the, jinhoMne anekAnta zailI apanAkara darzana va AcAra ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa parivartana kiye| unakI dRSTi sahiSNu va udAra thii| anya dharmoM ke prati bhI unake mana meM Adara va sammAna thaa| unakA kahanA thA ki sabhI sampradAya va mata mAnava ke kalyANa ke lie hone caahiye| ataH kisI bhI dharma yA mata ke pAlana meM manuSya ko roka-Toka nahIM honI cAhie / AcArya kundakunda kI racanAe~ unake bahuAyAmI vyaktitva kI dyotaka haiN| mAnava ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa hetu unhoMne aneka granthoM kA praNayana kiyaa| unakI sabhI racanAe~ zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiN| unakI pramukha racanAoM kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| pavayaNasAro __ pravacanasAra kI gaNanA zaurasenI Agama sAhitya meM dravyAnuyoga ke antargata kI jAtI hai| isa grantha ke TIkAkAra AcArya amRtacandra ke anusAra isameM 275 gAthAe~ haiM tathA AcArya jayasena ke anusAra 317 gAthAe~ haiN| yaha grantha tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta karake likhA gayA hai| pratyeka bhAga ke prArambha meM mahattvapUrNa maMgalAcaraNa kI gAthAe~ haiN| prathama bhAga jJAnAdhikAra meM AtmA va jJAna ke ekatva para bala diyA gayA hai yathA - jo jANadi so NANaM havadi / (gA, 36) arthAt jo jAnatA (jJAtA) hai vaha jJAna hai| isa adhikAra meM kevalajJAna kA viziSTa vivecana huA hai| kevalajJAna kI mahattA ko pradarzita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jIva jaba sampUrNa rUpa se kevalajJAna ko prApta hotA hai, taba jIva, pudgalAdi dravyoM kI samasta atIta, vartamAna

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evaM anAgata paryAyeM usa kevalajJAnI ke jJAna meM pratibhAsita ho jAtI haiN| vaha una sabhI paryAyoM ko jAnate va dekhate hue bhI unameM lipta nahIM hotA hai| isake atirikta isa adhikAra meM indriya-atIndriya sukha, zubha-azubha va zuddhopayoga tathA mohakSaya kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai| dUsare bhAga jJeyAdhikAra meM SaDdravyoM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dravya ko sat arthAt utpAda, vyaya va dhrauvya yukta kahA hai| isake atirikta isa adhikAra meM jIva kA lakSaNa, jIva va pudgala kA sambaMdha, nizcaya-vyavahAranaya kA avirodha va zuddhAtma svarUpa Adi viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| tIsare cAritrAdhikAra meM muni kI bAhya va AbhyAntarika kriyAoM kI zuddhatA kA pratipAdana huA hai| isa sandarbha meM dIkSA-vidhi, cheda kA svarUpa, yukta AhAra, utsarga evaM apavAda mArga Adi kA vivecana huA hai| vastutaH pravacanasAra eka zAstrIya grantha ke sAtha-sAtha nava dIkSita zramaNa hetu eka vyavahArika niyama pustikA bhI hai, jo AcArya kundakunda kI AdhyAtmika anubhUti se hI prakaTa huI hai| samayasAro vocchAmi samayapAhuDamiNamo - samayasAra ke prArambha meM AI isa gAthA se spaSTa hotA hai ki kundakunda ko isa grantha kA nAma samayapAhuDa abhISTa thaa| kintu pravacanasAra, niyamasAra Adi granthoM kI paramparA meM isakA nAma samayasAra pracalita ho gyaa| samaya ke do artha haiM, AtmA yA samasta padArtha / isa dRSTi se jisameM AtmA yA sabhI padArthoM kA sAra varNita hai, vahI samayasAra hai| samayasAra eka AdhyAtmika grantha hai| zuddha Atma-tattva kA vivecana jisa vyApakatA se isameM huA hai, vaha anyatra durlabha hai| samaya kI vyAkhyA karate hue grantha ke prArambha meM hI kahA hai ki jaba jIva samyagjJAna-darzana-cAritra meM sthita ho, to use svasamaya jAno tathA jaba pudgala karma-pradezoM meM sthita ho, to use parasamaya jaano| zuddhAtma tattva kA nirUpaNa karane vAlA yaha grantha 10 adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai| ina adhikAroM meM kramazaH zuddha-azuddhanaya, jIva-ajIva, karma-kartA, pApa-puNya, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, baMdha, mokSa evaM sarva vizuddha jJAna kA vivecana huA hai|

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paMcatthikAyo paMcAstikAya meM AcArya kundakunda ne jinadeva bhagavAn mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM ke sAra ko saMkSipta rUpa se nirUpita kiyA hai| isa grantha meM jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma va AkAza ina pA~coM dravyoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| inheM bahupradezI hone ke kAraNa astikAya rUpa kahA hai| yaha grantha do adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai| prathama adhikAra meM dravya kA lakSaNa, dravya-paryAya tathA dravya-gaNa kI abhedatA evaM pA~coM astikAyoM kA vizeSa vyAkhyAna kiyA hai| dvitIya adhikAra meM jIva, ajIva, Asrava, baMdha, pApa, puNya, saMvara, nirjarA va mokSa ina nau padArthoM ke sAtha mokSa-mArga kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA hai| mokSa-mArga prApti meM rAga ko bAdhaka batAyA hai tathA kiMcita mAtra rAga kA bhI AcArya ne niSedha kiyA hai| yathA-- tamhA NibudikAmo rAgaM savvattha kuNadi mA kiMci / so teNa vIdarAgo bhavio bhavasAyaraM taradi / / (gA. 172) arthAt - nirvANa mArga ke abhilASI ko kiMcita mAtra bhI rAga nahIM karanA caahie| isI se vaha vItarAgI huA saMsAra sAgara ko pAra kara jAtA hai| niyamasAro niyamasAra AcArya kundakunda kI AdhyAtmika racanA hai| isameM mithyAdarzanAdi ko tyAgane tathA zuddhabhAva meM sthita AtmA kI ArAdhanA kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM 186 gAthAe~ haiM, jo 12 adhikAroM meM vibhakta haiN| niyama kA artha hai - mokSa prApti kA maarg| isa dRSTi se isa grantha meM samyagjJAna---darzana-cAritra ko mokSa prApti kA mArga kahA hai sammattaNANacaraNe jo bhattiM kuNai sAvago smnno| tassa du NivvudibhattI hodi tti jiNehi paNNattaM / / (gA. 134) arthAt - jo zramaNa yA zrAvaka samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra kI bhakti karatA hai, vaha nizcita rUpa se nirvANa kI bhakti hotI hai| aisA jinendroM dvArA kahA gayA hai| (66>

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aTThapAhuDaM aSTapAhuDa (aSTaprAbhRta) AcArya kundakunda ke ATha saMkSipta grantha haiM, parantu saMkalana meM eka sAtha prakAzita hone ke kAraNa aSTapAhuDa ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| darzanapAhuDa meM 36 gAthAoM meM samyag darzana kI mahattA kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki samyag darzana se bhraSTa vyakti mokSa prApti kA adhikArI nahIM ho sktaa| cAritrapAhuDa meM 44 gAthAoM meM samyag darzanAdi ratnatraya kA nirUpaNa karate hae cAritra ke samyaktva kA varNana kiyA hai| sUtrapAhuDa kI 27 gAthAoM meM Agama jJAna ke mahattva ko batAte hue usake anusAra AcaraNa kI preraNA dI gaI hai| bodhapAhuDa meM 62 gAthAoM meM caityagRha, jinapratimA, jinabimba, AtmajJAna, pravrajyA Adi kA bodha diyA gayA hai| bhAvapAhuDa kI 163 gAthAoM meM citta-vizuddhi para bala dete hue kahA gayA ki isake binA tapa bhI siddhi meM sahAyaka nahI ho sakatA hai| mokSapAhuDa kI 106 gAthAoM meM Atma-tattva kA vistAra se vivecana karate hue bahirAtmA, antarAtmA evaM paramAtmA ina tInoM ke svarUpa ko samajhAyA hai| liMgapAhuDa meM 22 gAthAoM meM zramaNa ke liMga (cinha) ko lakSya kara munidharma kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai tathA zIlapAhuDa kI 40 gAthAoM meM zIla kI mahattA ko spaSTa kara use mokSa prApti meM sahAyaka kahA hai| ina pramukha granthoM ke atirikta AcArya kundakunda ke kucha anya grantha bhI upalabdha haiN| rayaNasAra meM ratnatraya kA vivecana hai| bArasANuvekkhA meM bAraha anuprekSAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai tathA bhattisaMgaho meM tIrthaMkaroM va paMcaparameSThI kI stuti kI gaI hai| tiloyapaNNattI trilokaprajJapti zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM racita karaNAnuyoga kA prAcInatama grantha hai| dhavalA TIkA meM isa grantha ke aneka udAharaNa uddhRta hue haiN| yaha grantha 8,000 zloka pramANa hai| grantha ke anta meM batAyA gayA haiaTThasahassapramANaM tiloyapaNNatiNAmAe arthAt ATha hajAra zloka pramANa isa grantha kI racanA kI gaI hai| isake karttA kaSAyaprAbhRta para cUrNisUtra ke racayitA AcArya yativRSabha haiN| isa grantha meM dRSTivAda, mUlAcAra, parikarma,

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lokavibhAga Adi prAcIna granthoM ke ullekha milate haiM / isa grantha meM trilo kI racanA ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI milatI hai| tInoM loka kI svarUpa, AkAra, prakAra, vistAra, kSetraphala aura yuga-parivartana Adi viSayo kA vistAra se vivecana huA hai| yaha grantha 9 adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai|| 1. sAmAnyaloka 2. narakaloka 3. bhavanavAsIloka 4. manuSyaloka . 5. tiryakloka 6. vyantaraloka 7. jyotirloka 8. devaloka 9. siddhaloka / ina adhikAroM meM mukhyarUpa se jaina bhUgola va khagola kA vistAra se pratipAdana huA hai| dRSTivAda ke AdhAra para triloka kI moTAI, caur3AI va U~cAI kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| narakaloka, bhavanavAsI devoM ke svarUpa, jambUdvIpa, bharatakSetra, lavaNasamudra, tIrthaMkaroM ke janmasthala, vyantaradevoM, jyotiSIdevoM va vaimAnikadevoM kI sthiti, sthAna, parivAra, sukhabhoga evaM siddhoM ke kSetra, saMkhyA, avagAhanA Adi kA vistAra se vivecana prastuta huA hai| isa grantha kA viSaya sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dhavalA, jayadhavalA Adi granthoM se kAphI milatA-julatA hai| prasaMgAnusAra jaina siddhAnta, purANa evaM itihAsa ke vibhinna tathyoM para bhI carcA kI gaI hai| prAcIna gaNita ke adhyayana ke lie bhI yaha grantha upayogI hai| bhagavadI ArAdhaNA bhagavatI ArAdhanA zaurasenI sAhitya kA eka prAcIna grantha hai| isa grantha kA mUla nAma ArAdhanA hai| kintu isake prati zraddhA va pUjya bhAva vyakta karane kI dRSTi se bhagavatI vizeSaNa lagAyA gayA hai| grantha ke anta meM granthakAra ne ArAhaNA bhagavadI likhakara ArAdhanA ke prati zraddhA vyakta kI hai| vartamAna meM yaha bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke nAma se hI prasiddha hai| isa grantha ke racayitA AcArya zivArya haiN| vidvAnoM dvArA inakA samaya lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| isa grantha meM 2166 gAthAe~ haiM, jo 40 adhikAroM meM vibhakta haiN| ina gAthAoM meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyakcAritra aura samyak tapa ina cAra ArAdhanAoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| vastutaH ina ArAdhanAoM ke mAdhyama se munidharma ko hI samajhAyA gayA hai| grantha ke prAraMbha 68

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meM hI dUsarI gAthA meM samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana, samyakacAritra aura samyaktapa ke udyotana, udyavana, nirvahana, sAdhanA Adi ko ArAdhanA kahA hai| yathA - ujjovaNamujavaNaM NivvahaNaM sAhaNaM ca NiccharaNaM / dasaNaNANacarittatavANamArAhaNA bhaNiyA ||(gaa. 2) yadyapi anya jainAgamoM meM bhI samyagjJAna-darzana-cAritra va tapa kA vivecana huA hai, parantu vahA~ unheM ArAdhanA zabda se abhivyakta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM marate samaya kI ArAdhanA ko hI yathArtha ArAdhanA kahA hai| usI ke lie jIvana bhara kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai| marate samaya virAdhanA hone para jIvana bhara kI ArAdhanA niSphala ho jAtI hai| ataH jo marate samaya ArAdhaka hotA hai, usI kI samyagjJAna-darzana-cAritra va tapa rUpa sAdhanA ko ArAdhanA zabda se paribhASita kiyA hai| isa grantha meM mukhya rUpa se maraNasamAdhi kA kathana hai| grantha ke Arambha meM 17 prakAra ke maraNa batAye gaye haiN| inameM se paMDitapaMDitamaraNa, paMDitamaraNa aura bAlapaMDitamaraNa ko zreSTha kahA hai| isake atirikta isameM AryikAoM ke lie saMgha-niyama, acelakya, nAnA dezoM meM vihAra karane ke guNa, saMlekhanA, dhyAna, lezyA, bAraha bhAvanAoM, AlocanA ke guNadoSa, paMcanamaskAra maMtra kI mahattA, muniyoM ke mRtaka saMskAra Adi kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai| prasaMgavaza gajakumAra, bhadrabAhu, vidyuccara, azvaghoSa, dharmaghoSa Adi sAdhuoM kI kathAe~ bhI varNita haiN| zrI aparAjitasUri ne isa para apanI TIkA likhI hai| mUlAyAro mUlAcAra pramukha rUpa se zramaNAcAra kA prAcIna grantha hai| zaurasenI prAkRta meM racita isa grantha ke racayitA AcArya vaTTakera haiN| bhASA va viSaya donoM hI dRSTiyoM se yaha grantha prAcIna hai| isakA racanAkAla lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| isa grantha meM 12 adhikAra haiM, jinameM zramaNa-nirgrathoM kI AcAra saMhitA kA suvyavasthita, vistRta evaM sAMgopAMga vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isakI tulanA AcArAMga se kI jAtI hai| AcArya vIrasena ne SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM mUlAcAra ke uddharaNa ko 'AcArAMga' nAma de kara isakA Agamika mahattva pratipAdita kiyA hai| prathama mUlaguNAdhikAra

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meM pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti, pA~ca indriya-nirodha, cha: Avazyaka Adi ko / milAkara zramaNa ke 28 mUlaguNoM ke svarUpa evaM unake pAlana se prApta phala kA vivecana hai| dvitIya bRhatpratyAkhyAnAdhikAra meM zramaNa ko sabhI pApoM kA tyAga karane, kaSAya rahita rahane, parISahoM ko samatAbhAva se sahane, cAra ArAdhanAoM meM sthira rahane Adi kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| tIsare saMkSepapratyAkhyAnAdhikAra meM Akasmika mRtyu ke samaya kaSAya va AhAra tyAga kA nirdeza diyA hai| samAcArAdhikAra meM dasa prakAra ke AcAroM kA varNana hai| paMcAcArAdhikAra meM darzana, jJAna, cAritra, tapa aura vIrya ina pA~ca AcAroM kA bheda sahita vistAra se varNana hai| prasaMgavaza isameM Agama va sUtra granthoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| piNDazuddhiadhikAra meM zramaNoM kI piNDaiSaNA se sambandhita niyamoM kI mImAMsA kI gaI hai| SaDAvazyakAdhikAra meM 'Avazyaka' zabda kA artha batAte hue sAmAyika, stava, vaMdana, pratikramaNa, pratyAkhyAna evaM kAyotsarga ina cha: AvazyakoM kA bhedapUrvaka vistAra se nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isa adhikAra ke prArambha meM arhanta, jina, AcArya, sAdhu Adi paMcanamaskAra kI niruktipUrvaka vyAkhyA prastuta kI gaI hai| dvAdazAnuprekSAdhikAra meM anitya, azaraNa, azuci Adi bAraha anuprekSAoM kA sUkSma vivecana karate hue inheM karmakSaya va pariNAmazuddhi kA mAdhyama batAyA gayA hai| anagArabhAvanAdhikAra meM anagAra kA svarUpa, cinha, vrata, bhikSA, vihAra Adi se sambaMdhita zuddhiyoM kA pAlana karane kA nirdeza hai| samayasArAdhikAra meM zAstra ke sAra kA pratipAdana karate hue cAritra ko sarvazreSTha kahA gayA hai| jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie yatanA ko zreSTha kahA gayA hai| yathA - jadaM care jadaM ciTThe jadamAse jadaM saye / jadaM bhuMjeja bhAseja eyaM pAvaM Na bajjhaI ||(gaa. 1015) arthAt -- yatanApUrvaka AcaraNa kare, yatanApUrvaka baiThe, yatanApUrvaka soye, yatanApUrvaka bhojana kare, yatanApUrvaka bole, isa prakAra pApakarma nahIM baMdhatA hai| zIlaguNAdhikAra meM zIla ke 18,000 bhedoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| paryAptiadhikAra meM jIva kI chaH paryAptiyoM ko batAkara saMsArI jIva ke aneka bheda-prabhedoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai|

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kattigeyANuvekkhA kArtikeyAnuprekSA ke racayitA, svAmI kArtikeya haiN| inake samaya ko lekara vidvAna eka mata nahIM haiN| DaoN. e.ena. upAdhye ne inakA samaya chaThI zatAbdI mAnA hai| isa grantha meM 489 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM caMcala mana evaM viSaya-vAsanAoM ke virodha ke lie kramazaH adhruva, azaraNa, saMsAra, ekatva anyatva, azucitva, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, loka, bodhidurlabha aura dharma ina bAraha anuprekSAoM kA vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| prasaMgavaza isameM jIva, ajIva Adi sAta tattva, dvAdazavrata, dAna, saMlekhanA, dazadharma, samyaktva ke ATha aMga, bAraha prakAra ke tapa, dhyAna ke bheda-prabheda Adi kA bhI vivecana huA hai| isa grantha kI gAthAoM kI abhivyaMjanA bar3I sazakta hai| eka-eka gAthA gUr3ha se gUr3ha tathyoM ko samAhita kiye hue hai| AcArya kundakundakRta bArasaaNuvekkhA aura isa grantha meM viSaya aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se bahuta samAnatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| AcArya nemicandra kI racanAe~ ___ AcArya nemicandra jaina siddhAnta sAhitya ke bahuzruta evaM advitIya vidvAna the| inheM siddhAntacakravartI kI upAdhi prApta thii| ye karnATaka ke gaMgavaMzIya rAjA rAcamalla ke senApati cAmuNDarAya ke samakAlIna the| inakA samaya lagabhaga 11vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| inhoMne aneka prAkRta granthoM kA praNayana kara jaina siddhAnta sAhitya kI vistAra se vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| inakI nimna racanAe~ prasiddha haiM 1. gommaTasAra 2. trilokasAra 3. kSapaNasAra 4. labdhisAra 5. dravyasaMgraha gommaTasAra do bhAgoM meM hai - jIvakANDa aura karmakANDa / isa grantha ke mAdhyama se AcArya ne SaTkhaNDAgama ke viSaya ko saralatA se samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| trilokasAra karaNAnuyoga kA prasiddha grantha hai| isameM tInoM lokoM kI racanA se sambandhita sabhI tathyoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| jambUdvIpa, lavaNasamudra, mAnuSa kSetra, bhavanavAsiyoM ke lie rahane ke sthAna, Ayu, parivAra Adi kA vistAra se vivecana huA hai| khagola vijJAna kI

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dRSTi se graha, nakSatra, tArA, sUrya, candra Adi kI Ayu, vimAna, gati, parivAra Adi se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI bhI isameM vivecita hai| labdhisAra meM AtmA kI zuddhi ke lie Avazyaka pA~ca labdhiyoM - kSayopazama, vizuddhi, dezanA, prAyogya aura karaNa ko prApta karane kI vidhi kA vistAra se varNana huA hai| kSapaNasAra meM karmoM se vimukha hone kI vidhi kA varNana hai| dravyasaMgraha jaina siddhAnta zAstra kA 58 gAthAoM kA saMkSipta grantha hai| isameM jIva, ajIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza va kAla ina cha: dravyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| sAta tattvoM, dhyAna va mokSa-mArga kA bhI isameM vivecana huA hai| yathA dhyAna kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai mA ciTThaha mA jaMpaha mA cintaha kiMvi jeNa hoi thiro / appA appammi rao iNameva paraM have jjhANaM ||(gaa. 53) arthAt - kucha mata karo, kucha mata bolo, kucha mata soco| jisase AtmA, AtmA meM sthira ho, yahI parama dhyAna hai| ina uparyukta granthoM ke atirikta zaurasenI prAkRta meM digambara paramparA meM anya saiddhAntika grantha bhI likhe gaye haiN| sahAyaka grantha 1. jaina Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA - le. devendramuni zAstrI, tArakaguru jaina graMthAlaya, udayapura 2. jainAgama digdarzana - le. nagarAja muni, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 3. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 4) - le. DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA evaM pro. hIrAlAla ra. kApar3iyA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 4. tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya-paramparA (khaNDa 2) - le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, jyotiSAcArya, akhila bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina vidvatpariSad, sAgara (madhyapradeza)

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5. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa-le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 6. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 7. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna - le. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSada, bhopAla 8. jinavANI (jainAgama sAhitya-vizeSAMka 2002 aMka 1, 2, 3, 4) - saM. DaoN. dharmacandra jaina, samyagjJAna, pracAraka maNDala, jayapura OOO 731

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5 prAkRta ke pramukha zilAlekha prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke adhyayana ke lie zilAlekhI sAhitya kI jAnakArI mahattvapUrNa hai / likhita rUpa meM prAkRta bhASA kA sarvAdhika prAcIna sAhitya zilAlekhI sAhitya ke rUpa meM hI upalabdha hai / yaha sAhitya kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| jitanA bhI zilAlekhI sAhitya Aja upalabdha hai, usameM prAkRta ke zilAlekha sarvAdhika prAcIna haiM / prAkRta ke zilAlekhoM kI mahattA isa bAta se bhI bar3ha jAtI hai ki yaha sAhitya kisI vyakti vizeSa, rAjA, mahAtmA yA yoddhA ke yazogAna yA stuti se sambandhita nahIM hai, apitu ina zilAlekhoM dvArA mAnavatA ke prakAza meM jIvana mUlyoM kI sundara pratiSThA kI gaI hai| prAkRta bhASA meM utkIrNa ye zilAlekha sAmAjika pragati, dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM zAnti kA hI saMdeza dete haiM / prAkRta sAhitya evaM prAkRta bhASA ke prAcInatama rUpa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sAhitya prAmANika hai, kyoMki zilApaTToM para utkIrNa hone ke kAraNa isa sAhitya meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana va saMzodhana kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hotI hai| yaha samaya ke zAzvata pravAha meM yathAvata sthira hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI yaha hamArI amUlya dharohara hai| zilAlekhI sAhitya meM azoka ke zilAlekha prAcInatama haiN| usake pazcAt IsA pUrva pahalI zatAbdI meM likhA gayA khAravela kA hAthIgumphA lekha, udayagiri, khaNDagiri ke lekha, Andhra rAjAoM ke prAkRta zilAlekha, nAsika meM utkIrNa vAsiSThIputra pulumAvi kA zilAlekha Adi bhI prApta hote haiM / isa prakAra IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI taka ke aneka prAkRta zilAlekha prApta hote haiN| inameM se kucha eka paMkti ke haiM tathA kucha vistRta haiM / prAkRta ke pramukha zilAlekhoM kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| azoka ke zilAlekha zilAlekhI sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna evaM aitihAsika zilAlekha samrATa azoka ke haiN| I.pU. 269 meM rAjyAbhiSeka ke 12 varSa pazcAt samrATa 74

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azoka ne giranAra, kAlasI, dhaulI, jaugar3ha evaM manaseharA Adi sthAnoM para aneka lekha utkIrNa karAe haiN| samrATa azoka ke kucha lekha zilAlekha haiM, kucha stambha lekha aura kucha guphA lekha haiN| azoka ke mukhya zilAlekhoM kI saMkhyA caudaha haiN| azoka ke ina caturdaza zilAlekhoM kA eka samUha saurASTra meM jUnAgaDha (giranAra kA madhyakAlIna nAma) se lagabhaga eka mIla kI dUrI para giranAra kI pahAr3iyoM para sthita hai| yaha abhilekha jisa zilA para utkIrNa hai, vaha zilA tribhujAkAra grenAiTa patthara kI hai, jisakA kSetraphala lagabhaga 100 vargaphuTa hai| zilAkhaNDa ke uttarapUrvIya mukha para azoka ke caturdaza zilAlekha do stambhoM meM vibhAjita hokara utkIrNa haiN| donoM stambhoM ke bIca meM eka rekhA bhI khiMcI huI hai| bAyIM ora ke stambha meM prathama pA~ca abhilekha aura dAyIM ora ke stambha meM chaThaveM se lekara bArahavA~ taka utkIrNa haiN| trayodaza va caturdaza abhilekha paMcama tathA dvAdaza ke nIce khude hue haiN| azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI prAkRta hai, jo pAli ke adhika nikaTa hai| kahIM kahIM saMskRta ke rUpoM kA bhI samAveza hai| lipi kI dRSTi se brAhmI va kharoSThI donoM kA hI prayoga huA hai| zAhabAjagar3hI aura manaseharA ke zilAlekha kharoSThI lipi meM haiM tathA zeSa lekha brAhmI meM haiN| azoka ke ye zilAlekha bhAratIya sAhitya meM kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa haiN| inase na kevala azoka ke vyaktigata jIvana kA paricaya milatA hai, apitu tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, dhArmika Adi sthitiyoM kI jAnakArI bhI prApta hotI hai| vyaktigata mahattva azoka ke zilAlekhoM se usake vyaktigata jIvana ke bAre meM patA calatA hai ki ve bahuta se bhAI-bahina the| usakI kama se kama do rAniyA~ thI, kyoMki prayAga stambha lekha meM rAjakumAra tIvara kI mAtA kAruvAkI ko dvitIya rAnI kahA hai| usake eka putra mahendra va putrI saMghamitrA thii| ina abhilekhoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki kaliMga ko jItane ke bAda lAkhoM logoM kI hiMsA ko dekhakara azoka ko atyadhika anutApa huA aura usake bAda vaha pUrNataH bauddha dharma kI ora pravRtta huaa|

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pahale samrATa azoka mAMsa bhakSI thA, kintu bAda meM usane jIva hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA thaa| rAjanaitika evaM prazAsanika mahattva azoka ke abhilekhoM se usake sAmrAjya ke vistAra kA jJAna hotA hai| azoka kA sAmrAjya pazcima meM aphagAnistAna se pUrva meM baMgAla taka tathA uttara meM himAlaya kI tarAI se dakSiNa meM madrAsa prAnta ke yeruguDI (karanUla jilA) taka vyApta thA, kyoMki prApta zilAlekhoM kA sImA kSetra uparyukta hI hai| azoka ke dvitIya tathA terahaveM zilAlekha meM rAjAoM kI jo sUcI prApta hai, usase bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM se mauryakAlIna prazAsana vyavasthA kA jJAna . hotA hai| prazAsana va nyAya vyavasthA ke kSetra meM azoka ne aneka naye-naye prayoga kiye| ina prayogoM va unase sambandhita padAdhikAriyoM yathA - mahAmAtroM, brajabhamikoM, antamahAmAtroM Adi kA vistata ullekha ina abhilekhoM meM milatA hai| pA~caveM zilAlekha meM dharmamahAmAtya nAmaka naye karmacArI kI niyukti kA varNana hai| tIsare zilAlekha meM rajjuka, prAdezika tathA yukta nAmaka padAdhikAriyoM ko prajAhita ke lie rAjya meM paribhramaNa karane kI AjJA dI gaI hai| cauthe staMbha abhilekha meM azoka ne svayaM rajjuka ke vibhinna kAryoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki pATaliputra, kauzAmbI, takSazilA, ujjayinI, tosalI, suvarNagiri nAmaka prAntoM meM zAsana vibhakta thaa| eka abhilekha meM ATavika jAtiyoM ko sambodhita karate hue azoka ne apanI zakti kA jisa prakAra ullekha kiyA hai, usase lagatA hai ki vaha apane rAjya meM vidrohAtmaka pravRttiyoM ko sahana nahIM karatA thaa| azoka kI prazAsanika vyavasthA isa prakAra kI thI ki kisI bhI vyakti ko usase kahIM bhI milane kI anumati thii| sAmAjika mahattva __azoka ne apane abhilekhoM dvArA jAtivAda, hiMsA, zramaNa-brAhmaNa ke prati anucita vyavahAra kA niSedha kiyA tathA samAja meM sadAcAra, suvyavasthA va nizchala prema utpanna karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| samAja ke

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naitika utthAna ke lie ahiMsA, sevA, maitrI, dAna, saMyama, aparigraha, kRtajJatA, bhAva-zuddhi jaise mAnavIya mUlyoM kI pratiSThA kii| tRtIya zilAlekha meM batAyA gayA hai ki "mAtA-pitA kI sevA karanA, mitra, paricita, jAti, brAhmaNa aura zramaNoM ko dAna denA acchA hai, kama kharca karanA va kama saMcaya karanA acchA hai| usane ina abhilekhoM ke mAdhyama se prajA meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko jgaayaa| jIvana meM ahiMsA ko utArane ke lie AhAra pAnI kI zuddhi kA nirdeza diyaa| prathama tathA caturtha zilAlekha meM jIva hiMsA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai |isii prakAra prANiyoM ke prANoM kA Adara, vidyArthiyoM dvArA AcArya kI sevA evaM jAti bhAIyoM ke sAtha ucita vyavahAra kA saMdeza bhI ina abhilekhoM meM utkIrNa hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki vaha prajA ko apanI saMtAna mAnatA thaa| prajAhita ko vaha sarvAdhika mahattva detA thaa| kaliMga abhilekha meM kahA gayA hai ki "merI prajA mere baccoM ke samAna hai aura maiM cAhatA hU~ ki sabako isa loka tathA paraloka meM sukha tathA zAnti mile| chaThe zilAlekha meM azoka ne apanI bhAvanA vyakta karate hue kahA hai - sarva loka hita merA kartavya hai, aisA merA mata hai| yathA - katavyamate hi me sarvalokahitaM / nAsti hi kaMmataraM srvlokhittpaa| (chaThA zilAlekha) usane yAtriyoM ke lie chAyAdAra per3a lagavAye, kue~ khudavAe, sarAyeM banavAIM, rogI manuSya va pazuoM ke lie cikitsA kA pUrA prabaMdha kiyaa| jahA~ auSadhiyA~ nahIM thIM, vahA~ lAI gaI va ropI gii| yathA -- osuDAni ca yAni manusopagAni ca pasopagAni ca yata yata nAsti, sarvatrA hArApitAni ca ropApitAni ca / (dUsarA zilAlekha) __ ina saba kAryoM ke pIche usakA yahI abhiprAya thA ki loga dharma ke prati AkarSita hoM aura dharma kA AcaraNa kreN| dhArmika mahattva azoka ke abhilekhoM kA dhArmika dRSTi se atyaMta mahattva hai| dharma ko usane sarvotkRSTa maMgala kahA hai| dharmadAna, dharmaudAratA evaM dharmamitratA

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ko sarvazreSTha batAyA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM dharma ke saMdeza ke dvArA bhI usane mAnavIya mUlyoM ko hI ukerA hai| dvitIya stambha abhilekha meM dharma kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA hai ki pApa se dUra rahanA, bahuta acche kArya karanA tathA dayA, dAna, satya aura zauca kA pAlana karanA dharma hai| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM pratipAdita dharma kA sAmpradAyikatA se kahIM bhI sambaMdha nahIM hai| usake dvArA nirdiSTa sArvajaniya evaM samanvayAtmaka dharma mAnava mAtra ke lie upAdeya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM ise bahuzruta va kalyANagAmI dharma kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai| apanI dhArmika icchA vyakta karate hue sAtaveM zilAlekha meM kahA hai ki saba matoM ke vyakti saba sthAnoM para raha sakeM kyoMki ve sabhI Atma-saMyama evaM hRdaya kI pavitratA cAhate haiN| ina abhilekhoM ke mAdhyama se azoka ne dharma-nirapekSatA kA jo saMdeza diyA hai, vaha vartamAna yuga meM atyaMta prAsaMgika hai| vaha icchA karatA thA ki sabhI sampradAya ke loga usake rAjya meM baseM aura samRddhi ko prApta hoN| sampradAyoM meM sAravRddhi kA ullekha karate hue bArahaveM zilAlekha meM kahA gayA hai ki isake lie vANI kA saMyama to Avazyaka hai hI sAtha hI loga apane sampradAya kA Adara va dUsare sampradAya kI nindA na kreN| sAravaDhI tu bahuvidhA / tasa tu idaM mUlaM va vacagutI kiMti AtpapAsaMDapUjA va para pAsaMDa garahA va na bhave aprakaraNamhi / (bArahavA~ zilAlekha) apane dharma kA usane par3osI rAjyoM meM bhI pracAra kiyaa| terahaveM abhilekha meM prayukta dharmavijaya zabda dharma pracAra kA hI abhiyAna thaa| azoka ne bauddha dharma kA pracAra dharma yAtrAoM se kiyA thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka ke dasaveM varSa meM vaha "bodha gayA gayA thaa| devAnaMpiyo piyadasi rAjA dasava(bhisito saMto ayAya saMbodhiM / (AThavA~ zilAlekha) . bhASika evaM sAhityika mahattva - azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI prAkRta hai| kahIM kahIM isameM pAli, paizAcI, zaurasenI evaM saMskRta ke rUpa bhI milate haiN| ina abhilekhoM

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meM I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI kI prAkRta kA svarUpa surakSita hai| sAtha hI prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM ke mAnacitra ko samajhane kI dRSTi se bhI ye abhilekha atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI evaM pAli bhASA ke prAcIna rUpa evaM unake vikAsa krama kI jAnakArI ke lie ye sarvottama likhita pramANa haiM / ina abhilekhoM meM tatkAlIna bhASA ke prAdezika bheda bhI prApta hote haiM / kendrIya bolI mAgadhI ke atirikta uttarI, pazcimI evaM pUrvI bhASA ke rUpa bhI ina lekhoM meM parilakSita hote haiM / sAhityika dRSTi se bhI ye abhilekha mahattvapUrNa haiN| azoka dvArA devAnAM priya priyadarzI kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI gaI thI, jo bAda meM brAhmaNa sAhitya meM atyaMta lokapriya huI / yathA iyaM dhaMmalipI devAnaM priyena priyadasinA rAyA lekhApitA / (pahalA abhilekha ) samrATa khAravela kA hAthIgumphA zilAlekha cedi vaMza meM jaina samrATa khAravela jo usa samaya ur3IsA (kaliMga) kA cakravartI samrATa thaa| usakA eka zilAlekha ur3IsA ke bhuvanezvara tIrtha ke pAsa udayagiri parvata kI guphA meM khudA huA milatA hai / yaha hAthIgumphA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isameM kaliMga ke rAjA khAravela ke jIvana vRttAMtoM tathA usake zAsana kAla ke prathama 13 varSa kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai / yaha zilAlekha I.pU. 150 ke lagabhaga kA hai / brAhmI lipi meM likhe gaye isa abhilekha meM 17 paMktiyA~ haiM, jo karIba 84 varga phuTa kSetraphala meM likhI gaI haiN| isakI bhASA prAcIna zaurasenI yA jaina zaurasenI se milatI-julatI hai| mahattva hAthIgumphA abhilekha jaina arhatoM kI stuti se prAraMbha hotA hai| lekina isakA uddezya laukika hI hai| yaha prAcInatama rAja prazasti hai, jisameM khAravela ke zAsana kAla kI ghaTanAoM ko ginAyA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se yaha samudragupta kI prayAga prazasti se tulanIya hai| khAravela kA hAthIgumphA zilAlekha bhAratIya sAhitya evaM itihAsa donoM hI dRSTiyoM se atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / itihAsakAroM kA mata hai ki 79

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mauryakAla kI vaMza paramparA tathA kAlagaNanA kI dRSTi se isakA mahattva azoka ke zilAlekhoM se adhika hai| isameM vaMza tathA varSa saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai| tatkAlIna sAmAjika va rAja vyavasthA kA sundara citraNa hai| khAravela ke hAthagumphA abhilekha se nimna mahattvapUrNa bAteM jJAta hotI haiN| 1. isa abhilekha se samrATa khAravela ke vyaktigata jIvana kA patA calatA hai| pandraha varSa kI Ayu meM use yuvarAja banAyA gayA thA tathA 24 varSa kI Ayu meM usakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA thaa| 2. isa zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki khAravela eka saphala vijetA thaa| usane apane samaya kI rAjanIti ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyaa| dakSiNa Andhra vaMzI rAjA zAtakarNI khAravela kA samakAlIna thaa| zAtakarNI kI paravAha na karake khAravela ne zAsana ke dUsare varSa meM dakSiNa meM eka bar3I bhArI senA bhejii| zAsana ke cauthe varSa meM bhojakoM, pUrvI khAnadeza aura ahamadanagara ke raThikoM ke viruddha sainika abhiyAna kiyaa| khAravela ne magadha para car3hAI kI aura vahA~ ke rAjA bahasati mitra ko parAjita kiyA tathA kaliMga jina-pratimA jise nanda zAsaka zatAbdiyoM pahale le gayA thA, use apanI rAjadhAnI vApasa lAyA / sudUra dakSiNa ke pANDya rAjA ke yahA~ se khAravela ke pAsa bahumUlya upahAra Ate the| uttara se lekara dakSiNa taka samasta bhArata meM usane vijayapatAkA phaharAI thii| 3. khAravela eka varSa vijaya ke lie prasthAna karatA thA to dUsare varSa mahala Adi banavAtA, dAna detA tathA prajAhita ke kArya karatA thaa| zAsana kAla ke pA~caveM varSa meM vaha tanasuli se eka nahara ke jala ko apanI rAjadhAnI meM lAyA thaa| chaThe varSa meM eka lAkha mudrA vyaya karake usane apanI prajA para anugraha kiyA aura brAhmaNoM ko bar3e-bar3e dAna diye| usane grAmINa tathA zaharI janatA ke kara mApha kiye| 4. khAravela kA yaha abhilekha aitihAsika dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai| bhArata varSa kA sarvaprathama ullekha isI zilAlekha kI dasavIM paMkti meM bharadhavasa ke rUpa meM milatA hai| isa deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa hai isakA

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pASANotkIrNa pramANa yahI zilAlekha hai / khAravela ke isa abhilekha se jaina dharma kI prAcInatA kA jJAna hotA hai| nandavaMzIya rAjA naMda ke samaya meM bhI jaina dharma kA pracAra thA / isa zilAlekha kI 12vIM paMkti meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki zatAbdiyoM pahale naMda jisa kaliMga - sthita jina kI pratimA ko le gayA thA, use samrATa khAravela ne magadha para car3hAI karake vApasa prApta kiyA / jaina paMca namaskAra maMtra sarvaprathama likhita rUpa meM isI zilAlekha meM namo arahaMtAnaM / namo savasidhAnaM ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai / 5. isa abhilekha se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki samrATa khAravela eka jaina dhArmika nareza thA / usane jaina sAdhuoM ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyA thA tathA unake nirvAha ke lie paryApta dAna diye| usane eka bar3A jaina sammelana ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para bulAyA thA, usameM paNDita, RSi, zramaNa va tapasvI Adi ekatrita hue the / mauryakAla meM jo zruta vismRta ho gayA thA, usakA usane punaruddhAra kraayaa| jaina saMgha ne khAravela ko khemarAjA, bhikSurAjA aura dharmarAjA kI padavI pradAna kI thii| vaha svayaM jaina thA, kintu anya dharmoM ke prati usameM sahiSNutA thI / usane sabhI devatAoM ke mandiroM kA jIrNoddhAra karavAyA thA / 6. bhASika evaM sAhityika dRSTi se isa abhilekha kA apanA mahattva hai| isa abhilekha kI bhASA prAcIna zaurasenI hai| isameM zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA kI eka nizcita paramparA dRSTigocara hotI hai / yadyapi isameM zaurasenI kI samasta pravRttiyA~ vidyamAna nahIM haiM tathApi usake Adi rUpoM kI jhalaka isameM prApta hotI hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI apekSA isa zilAlekha meM bhASA kA pravAha adhika dekhane meM AtA hai, jisase isa kAla kI prAkRta kI samRddhatA kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake zabda vinyAsa racayitA kI kAvya kuzalatA kA saMketa dete haiN| zabda nape-tule haiN| saMkSiptatA meM yaha sUtrazailI kI yAda dilAtA hai / ina pramukha zilAlekhoM ke atirikta udayagiri tathA khaNDagiri ke zilAlekha evaM pazcimI bhArata ke Andhra rAjAoM ke zilAlekha sAhityika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa haiN| prAkRta ke vikasita rUpa ina zilAlekhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| nATakIya prAkRtoM ke vibhinna rUpa bhI inakI bhASA meM samAviSTa haiM 81

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I. san 861 kA kakkuka kA ghaTayAla prAkRta zilAlekha bhI prApta huA hai, jo jodhapura se 20 mIla uttara kI ora ghaTayAla gA~va meM utkIrNa hai| isa prakAra IsA pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI se prAkRta meM zilAlekha likhe jAte rahe haiN| ye zilAlekha bhASA, sAhitya evaM itihAsa tInoM hI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiN| ina abhilekhoM se bhArata ke prAcIna itihAsa kA jJAna to hotA hI hai, sAtha hI prAcIna bhASAoM kI pravRttiyoM ko samajhane ke lie bhI ye zilAlekha atyanta upayogI haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya AryabhASA kI vikasita paramparA madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA ke rUpa meM kisa prakAra praveza kara rahI thI, isakI jAnakArI ke lie zilAlekhI sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| sahAyaka grantha 1. azoka ke abhilekha - le. rAjabalI pANDeya, jJAna maNDala limiTeDa, vArANasI 2. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa-le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 3. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 4. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa evaM saMskRti - le. kRSNacandra zrIvAstava 000

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6 prAkRta ke pramukha kAvya grantha vibhinna jaina Agama-granthoM meM kAvya-tattva pracuratA se vidyamAna rahe haiN| uttarAdhyayana kI vibhinna gAthAoM meM rUpaka, upamA, utprekSA Adi alaMkAroM kA bahulatA se prayoga milatA hai / prAkRta meM likhe gaye kathA - granthoM evaM carita - kAvyoM meM bhI kAvya - tattvoM kA pracura prayoga huA hai / paumacariyaM, taraMgavaI, vasudevahiNDI, kuvalayamAlA Adi granthoM meM kAvya-tattvoM ke vividha pakSoM yathA-chaMda, rasa, alaMkAra, rIti, vastu - varNana Adi kI chaTA darzanIya hai| vastutaH prAkRta bhASA ke varNa lalita va sukumAra hI nahIM, madhura va komala bhI haiM, ataH kAvya-tattva svataH hI isa bhASA meM pratiSThita ho jAte haiN| dhArmika-sAhitya, kathA- grantha, carita - sAhitya, nATaka Adi vidhAoM ke atirikta prAkRta bhASA meM svatantra rUpa se rasamayI kAvyoM kI racanAe~ bhI prApta hotI haiM, jinameM zrRMgAra rasa kI pradhAnatA hai / prAkRta rasamayI kAvyadhArA rUr3hivAditA va kaTTaratA se pare mAnavatA ke nikaTa pravAhita huI hai / inameM choTe-choTe muktakoM dvArA vividha jIvana mUlyoM ko pratiSThApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / mitratA, sneha, prema, zRMgAra, viraha, saundarya Adi mAnava jIvana ke vividha pakSoM kA inameM yathArtha va kAvyAtmaka citraNa huA hai| prAkRta kAvya kI prazaMsA meM vAkpatirAja kI yaha ukti satya hI pratIta hotI hai ki - Navamattha- daMsaNaM saMnivesa sisirAo bandha - riddhIo / aviralamiNamo AbhuvaNa-bandhamiha Navara payayammi // ( gauDavo - 92 ) arthAt - sRSTi ke prAraMbha se lekara Aja taka pracura parimANa meM nUtana arthoM kA darzana tathA sundara racanAvalI prabaMdha sampatti yadi kahIM bhI hai, to kevala prAkRta kAvya meM hI hai| hAla, pravarasena, jayavallabha Adi prAkRta ke prAcIna kAvyakAra haiN| rasamayI prAkRta kAvyoM kI zrRMkhalA meM aneka racanAe~ prApta hotI haiM / vidvAnoM I 83

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dvArA prAkRta ke rasamayI kAvyoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| (1) muktakakAvya (2) mahAkAvya (3) khaNDakAvya / yahA~ inakA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| muktakakAvya jisa kAvya kA pratyeka padya dUsare padya kI apekSA ke binA svatantra rUpa se artha kI rasAnubhUti karAne meM sakSama hotA hai, vaha kAvya muktaka ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA jA sakatA hai| muktakakAvya kI racanA bhAratIya sAhitya meM vaidika yuga se hI dekhI jA sakatI hai| prAkRta bhASA meM muktakakAvya kA prAcIna rUpa Agama sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai| Agama sAhitya meM kaI sthAnoM para upadeza yA nIti kA praNayana karane hetu sarasa padyoM kA upayoga huA hai| prAkRta ke muktaka stuti, stavana yA stotra kI dhArmika pRSThabhUmi se prAraMbha hue haiN| ataH dharma-tattva kI inameM pradhAnatA hai, kintu Age calakara aihikatA ke samAveza ke kAraNa zrRMgAra rasa kI anubhUti bhI inameM samAviSTa ho gii| AcArya hemacandra ke muktaka zRMgAra, vIra evaM karuNa tInoM hI rasoM se yukta haiN| prAkRta sAhitya meM muktaka ke rUpa meM kaI gAthAe~ vibhinna granthoM meM prApta hotI haiM, kintu vyavasthita rUpa se saMkalita hue muktakakAvya kI do racanAe~ upalabdha haiN| (1) gAhAsattasaI (2) vjjaalggN| inakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai| gAhAsattasaI gAthAsaptazatI muktakakAvya kI paramparA kA pratinidhi kAvya hai| isakI gaNanA zRMgAra rasa pradhAna prAkRta ke sarvazreSTha muktakakAvyoM meM kI jAtI hai| isa kAvya ke saMkalana kartA mahAkavi vatsala hAla haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga I.san kI prathama zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| kavi hAla ne aneka kavi evaM kaviyatriyoM kI lagabhaga 1 karor3a gAthAoM meM se sAta sau sarvazreSTha gAthAoM kA saMkalana kara gAthAsaptazatI kI racanA kI hai| isa dRSTi se yaha sattasaI paramparA kA pratinidhi grantha bhI hai| isI grantha ke AdhAra para Age calakara AryAsaptazaMtI, bihArIsatasaI Adi kI racanA huii| bANabhaTTa, mammaTa, vAgbhaTTa Adi sabhI alaMkArazAstriyoM ne isa muktakakAvya kI prazaMsA

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kI hai| isakA prAcIna nAma gAhAkosa hai, kintu sau-sau ke samUha meM sAta sau gAthAoM kA saMkalana hone ke kAraNa isakA gAthAsaptazatI nAma sArthaka hai / muktakakAvya kI paramparA meM isa kAvya - grantha kA vizeSa sthAna hai / isakI pratyeka gAthA svataMtra rUpa se bhAva abhivyakti evaM rasAnubhUti karAne meM sakSama hai| vastutaH prAkRta lokabhASA thI, ataH prAkRta ke isa muktakakAvya meM lokajIvana ke vividha citroM ko hI ukerA gayA hai / kavi ne prakRti kI goda meM nivAsa karane vAle grAmavAsiyoM ke unmukta jIvana, unakI saralatA, Adarza-prema va mAnavIya saMvedanAoM kI sundara abhivyakti kI hai / sAmAnya nAyaka-nAyikAoM ko lakSya karake unake vibhinna manobhAvoM ko citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / zRMgArika bhAvanAoM tathA prema kI pIr3A kI abhivyakti atyaMta mArmika hai / yathA dhaNNA tA mahilAo jA daiyaM siviNae vi pecchanti / fort vvite viNA Na ei kA pecchae siviNam / / (gA. 4. 97 ) arthAt - ve mahilAe~ dhanya haiM, jo priya ko svapna meM dekhatI haiN| usake binA to nIMda bhI nahIM aatii| svapna kyA dekheMge? gAthAsaptazatI meM saMkalita gAthAe~ kisI eka viSaya se sambandhita nahIM haiM, apitu grAmINa jIvana ke vividha citroM kA isameM sajIva aMkana huA hai| grAmINa jIvana ke kavi ne anUThe citra khiMce haiN| prAyaH adhikatara gAthAoM ke viSaya sarala grAma jIvana se hI sambandhita haiM / grAmINa bAlA ke ullAsa, khuzI va praphullatA kA yaha citra hai dRSTavya appattapattaaM pAviUNa NavaraGgaaM haliasohA / uaha taNuI Na mAai rundAsu vi gAmaracchAsu / / (gA. 3.41 ) arthAt - dekho! kisAna kI mugdhA bahU, durlabha navIna sAr3I ko pAkara asIma ullAsa se yukta, vaha tanvI gA~va kI caur3I galiyoM meM bhI nahIM samA rahI hai| zrRMgAra va prema ke atirikta isameM sajjana - prazaMsA, durjana- niMdA, 85

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subhASita, prakRti-citraNa, grAmINa - saundarya, daridratA Adi se sambandhita muktakoM kA bhI saMkalana hai| tatkAlIna sAmAjika paramparAoM kA bhI inameM citraNa milatA hai / viSaya kI dRSTi se jahA~ isa grantha meM vividhatA hai, vahIM kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se gAthAsaptazatI anupama kRti hai| zrRMgArarasa kA to yaha akSaya sAgara hI hai| rUpaka, upamA, utprekSA, vyaMgokti, anyokti Adi alaMkAroM kA sthAna-sthAna para sundara prayoga huA hai| anyokti alaMkAra kA yaha udAharaNa dRSTavya hai tuha muhasAricchaM Na lahai tti saMpuNNamaMDalo vihiNA / aNNamaaM vva ghaDaiuM puNo vi khaNDijjar3a miaGko / / (gA. 3.7 ) arthAt - jaba sampUrNa candra bhI tumhAre mukha kI samAnatA nahIM prApta kara sakA, to vidhAtA ke dvArA dUsare navIna candramA kA sRjana karane ke lie bAra-bAra candramA ko khaMDita kiyA jA rahA hai| vajjAlaggaM vajjAlagga vibhinna kaviyoM dvArA racita prAkRta subhASitoM kA saMgraha grantha hai| vajjAlagga ke saMkalana karttA mahAkavi jayavallabha haiN| isa muktakakAvya kA vajjAlagga nAma eka viziSTa artha kA dyotaka hai / 'vajjA' eka dezI zabda hai, jisakA artha hai adhikAra yA prastAva tathA 'lagga' kA artha samUha hai| isa dRSTi se isa muktakakAvya meM eka viSaya se sambandhita gAthAoM ke samUha kA saMkalana eka 'vajjA' ke antargata kiyA gayA hai| pUre kAvya meM 995 gAthAe~ saMkalita haiM, jo 95 vajjAoM meM vibhakta haiM / kavi jayavallabha ke anusAra nAnA kaviyoM dvArA viracita zreSTha gAthAoM kA saMkalana kara unhoMne isa kAvya kI racanA kI hai| vividha subhASitoM kA saMkalana karane vAlA yaha kAvya-grantha kaI arthoM meM gAthAsaptazatI kI apekSA adhika zreSTha hai / gAthAsaptazatI meM zrRMgAra va saundarya citraNa se sambandhita gAthAoM kA samAveza adhika hai| lekina vajjAlagga meM kavi jayavallabha ne vyaktigata hitoM se Upara uThakara sAmAjika hitoM para adhika bala diyA hai| unhoMne mAnavatA ke prakAza meM vividha jIvana mUlyoM ko isameM pratiSThApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| isameM 86

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bhaMgAra ke sAtha-sAtha satpreraNA dene vAle paropakAra, mitratA, sAhasa, prema, sneha, dhairya, udAratA, kRtajJatA, vinaya, kSamA jaise naitika mUlyoM se sambandhita muktakoM kA samAveza kara kavi ne mAnava mAtra ke kalyANa kA patha-pradarzita kiyA hai| yathA - upakAra va kRtajJatA ko pratiSThApita karane vAlI yaha gAthA dRSTavya hai be purisA dharai dharA ahavA dohiM pi dhAriyA dharaNI / uvayAre jassa maI uvayariaMjo na pamhusai ||(gaa. 45 ) arthAt - yaha pRthvI do puruSoM ko hI dhAraNa karatI hai, athavA do puruSoM dvArA hI yaha pRthvI dhAraNa kI gaI hai| (pahalA) jisakI upakAra meM mati hai, tathA (dUsarA) jo kisI ke dvArA kiye gaye upakAra ko nahIM bhUlatA hai| ___ vastutaH kavi jayavallabha ne vajjAlagga meM ina naitika mUlyoM kI sthApanA kara acche va bure jIvana ko bahuta hI sahaja va sarala DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| yahI nahIM svastha samAja ke nirmANa meM Ardaza nArI kI ahama bhUmikA hotI hai| isa bAta kA bhI kavi ko pUrNa AbhAsa thaa| nArI ke garimAmaya ujjavala caritra kI kavi ne bar3I hI mArmika prastuti kI hai| yathA patte piyapAhuNae maMgalavalayAi vikviNantIe / duggayaghariNI kulabAliyAe rovAvio gAmo / / (gA. 458) arthAt - kisI priya atithi ke A jAne para kula kI pratiSThA kI rakSA ke lie apane vivAha kA maMgala kaMkaNa becatI huI garIba gRhiNI dvArA sArA gA~va hI rulA diyA gyaa| uparyukta gAthA meM nArI ke Adarza rUpa kI prastuti ke sAtha daridratA va vivazatA kA bhI hRdayasparzI citra aMkita huA hai| prakRti citraNa se sambandhita vividha gAthAoM kA saMkalana bhI isa muktakakAvya meM huA hai| cha: RtuoM kA naisargika citraNa hai| spaSTa hai ki vajjAlagga jIvana ke

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vividha AyAmoM kA sazakta prastutIkaraNa karane vAlA kAvya hai| isameM AdarzavAdI kAvyoM se Upara uThakara kavi ne samAja kA yathArtha citraNa karate hue vibhinna mAnavIya mUlyoM kI svAbhAvika pratiSThA kI hai| mahAkAvya chaMdobaddha jIvaMta kathAnaka jo jIvana ke samasta pakSoM ko udghATita karane vAlA ho tathA alaMkRta varNanoM ke kAraNa rasa va prabhAva utpanna karane meM sakSama ho, use mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM paribhASita kara sakate haiM / vastutaH mahAkAvya meM apane yuga ke samasta jIvana kA citraNa kisI vizeSa kathAnaka ke mAdhyama se kiyA jAtA hai| ataH usa yuga kI sabhI mAnasika pravRttiyA~, loka saMskRti, sAmAjika kArya, vyApAra, Adi sabhI kucha usameM svataH samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| upadeza va dharma-tattva bhI kahIM-kahIM bikharA huA mila jAtA hai 1 prAkRta meM rasAtmaka mahAkAvya kama hI prApta hote haiM, kintu jo prAkRta mahAkAvya upalabdha haiM, ve apane alaMkRta varNanoM tathA vyApakatA ke kAraNa mahAkAvyoM ke kSetroM meM apanA alaga sthAna rakhate haiN| unakI kAvyAtmakatA, praur3hatA evaM zailI kI manohAritA ke kAraNa unheM zAstrIya mahAkAvyoM kI saMjJA pradAna kI gaI hai| prAkRta meM likhe gaye utkRSTa mahAkAvyoM meM setubaMdha, gauDavaho, kumArapAlacariyaM (dvayAzraya kAvya) evaM lIlAvaIkahA pramukha haiN| seubandho setubaMdha prAkRta kA sarvotkRSTa mahAkAvya hai| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| isa kAvya kI bhASA se prerita hokara hI AcAryoM ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ko sarvazreSTha prAkRta kA darjA pradAna kiyA hai| prAkRta ke isa utkRSTa mahAkAvya ke racayitA mahAkavi pravarasena haiN| AzvAsoM ke anta meM pavaraseNa viraie pada prApta hotA hai| vibhinna pramANoM ke AdhAra para isa mahAkAvya ke racayitA pravarasena kA samaya pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| setubaMdha meM kula 1291 gAthAe~ haiM, jo 15 AzvAsoM meM vibhakta haiN| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke yuddha kAMDa kI viSayavastu ke AdhAra para kavi ne kAvyAtmaka zailI meM isa mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyA hai| isa mahAkAvya kA AdhAra 88

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mukhya rUpa se do ghaTanAe~ haiM - setubaMdha aura rAvaNavadha / ataH isake donoM hI nAma pracalita haiM, kintu setu banAne ke praMsaga ko kavi ne jisa utsAha va vistAra se varNita kiyA hai, use dekhate hue isakA setubaMdha nAma hI adhika sArthaka lagatA hai| rAvaNavadha isa kAvya kA phala kahA jA sakatA hai| mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM kI dRSTi se setubaMdha meM eka saphala mahAkAvya ke samasta lakSaNa yathA - sargabaddhatA, vIra, zrRMgAra yA zAMta rasa meM se kisI eka rasa kI pradhAnatA, itihAsAzrita-kathAvastu, varNana-kauzala, alaMkAra-cArutA Adi pUrNarUpa se vidyamAna haiN| kathAtmaka vikAsa evaM ghaTanA-vinyAsa kI dRSTi se setubaMdha advitIya kAvya hai| setu nirmANa kA lambA prasaMga kathAnaka ke vikAsa meM bAdhA utpanna nahIM karatA hai, apitu rAma va rAvaNa ke bIca prAraMbha hone vAle bhayaMkara yuddha ke lie eka mAnasika pRSThabhUmi taiyAra kara detA hai| kathopakathana ke mAdhyama se kavi ne nirAzA, pIr3A, dInatA, harSa Adi aneka manobhAvoM kI mArmika abhivyakti prastuta kI hai| sItA kI kuzalatA kA samAcAra lekara Aye hanumAna va rAma kA yaha mUka saMvAda dRSTavya hai diTTha tti Na saddahi jhINa tti sabAhamantharaM NIsasi / soai tumaM tiruNNaM pahuNA jiaitti mArUI uvaUDho ||(gaa.1.38) arthAt (sItA ko) dekhA hai, aisA kahane para prabhu vizvAsa nahIM karate haiM, (vaha) zoka se kSINa ho gaI hai, prabhu ne vASpayukta maMthara nizvAsa liyA, tumako yAda karatI hai| (sunakara) prabhu rone lge| vaha jIvita hai, (yaha sunakara) prabhu ne hanumAna ko gale lagA liyaa| sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI yaha mahAkAvya mahattvapUrNa hai| maMgalAcaraNa kI prArambhika gAthAoM meM avatAravAda kA pUrNa vikAsa parilakSita hotA hai| yakSa va nAga saMskRti kA bhI isameM varNana huA hai| maitrI-nirvAha, karttavya-pAlana Adi sAmAjika mUlyoM kI pratiSThApanA kara kavi ne vyakti ke naitika jIvana ko bhI uThAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sarvazreSTha kAvya hai| zleSa, rUpaka, upamA, utprekSA, virodhAbhAsa Adi alaMkAroM kI sthAna-sthAna para naisargika upasthApanA huI hai| prakRti citraNa

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meM kavi pUrNa siddhahasta haiN| vizeSakara zarada Rtu ke varNana meM unakI prakhara pratibhA sAmane AI hai| jar3a va cetana donoM para hI zAradIya suSamA ke prabhAva kA kavi ne bar3A hI sundara citraNa kiyA hai / yathA - to harivaijasavantho rAhavajIassa paDhamahatthAlambo / sItAbAhavihAo dahamuhavajjhadiaho uvagao sarao / / (gA. 1.16 ) arthAt - sugrIva ke yaza-mArga, rAghava ke jIvana ke prathama hastAlamba, sItA ke AMsuoM ke vighAtaka aura rAvaNa ke vadha divasa ke rUpa meM zarada upasthita huA / gauDavo gauDavadha prAkRta kA aitihAsika mahAkAvya hai / isake racayitA mahAkavi vAkpatirAja haiN| I. san 760 ke lagabhaga kavi vAkpatirAja ne isa mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hai / vAkpatirAja kannauja ke rAjA yazovarmana ke Azraya meM rahate the| apane AzrayadAtA ke prazaMsArtha hI unhoMne isa kAvya kI racanA kI hai| isa kAvya kI kathAvastu meM yazovarmana dvArA gauDa (magadha ) deza ke kisI rAjA ke vadha kiye jAne kI ghaTanA kA varNana hai / isalie isakA gauDavaho nAma sArthaka hai / kAvya kA prAraMbha lambe maMgalAcaraNa se huA hai, jisameM 61 gAthAoM meM vibhinna devI-devatAoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| maMgalAcaraNa ke pazcAt kavi ne prAkRta kAvyoM va kaviyoM ke mahattva para prakAza DAlA hai| mUla kathAnaka kA AraMbha karIba 92vIM gAthA ke bAda hotA hai| kathAnaka ke prArambha meM kavi ne apane AzrayadAtA yazovarmana kI bahuta prazaMsA kI hai| use paurANika rAjA pRthu se mahAna batAte hue viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| isake pazcAt yazovarmana kI vIratA va vijaya yAtrA kA varNana krama hai, jisameM vaha sarvaprathama gauDa (magadha ) deza ke rAjA kA vadha karatA hai 1 isake pazcAt baMgarAja, koMkaNa, marudeza, mahendra parvata ke nivAsI Adi para vijaya prApti kA varNana huA hai| aMta meM isa vijaya yAtrA ke bAda yazovarmana kannauja lauTa jAtA hai / nAyaka ke uttarArdha jIvana kA varNana isa kAvya meM nahIM hai| yaha eka sarasa kAvya hai| jIvana ke madhura va kaThora donoM hI pakSa 90

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samAna rUpa se citrita kie gae haiN| eka ora vijaya yAtrA ke prasaMga meM Ae aneka tAlAba, nadI, parvata Adi ke kAvyAtmaka citraNa haiM, to dUsarI ora zatru pakSa kI vidhavAoM ke mArmika vilApa kA jIvaMta varNana bhI prastuta huA hai| Rtu, vana, parvata, sarovara, saMdhyA Adi ke alaMkRta varNanoM tathA prakRti-citraNa kI sajIvatA ke kAraNa hI yaha utkRSTa mahAkAvya kahalAtA hai| rUpaka, upamA, utprekSA, vyaMgokti, dRSTAnta Adi alaMkAroM kA AdyopAMta cAru vinyAsa hai| rAjagharAne ke AtaMka ko vyaMgokti ke mAdhyama se spaSTa karane vAlA yaha pada dRSTavya hai patthivagharesu guNiNovi NAma jar3a ko vi sAvayAsavva / jaNasAmaNNaM taM tANa kiM pi aNNaM ciya nimittaM / / (gA. 876 ) arthAt - yadi koI guNI vyakti rAjamahaloM meM pahu~ca jAtA hai, to isakA kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki jana sAdhAraNa kI vahA~ taka pahu~ca hai athavA anya koI kAraNa hogA, usake guNa to isameM kadApi kAraNa nahIM ho sakate haiN| kumAravAlacariyaM kumAravAlacariyaM ko dvayAzrayakAvya bhI kahA gayA hai / dvayAzrayakAvya ke racayitA 12 vIM zatAbdI ke vaiyAkaraNa AcArya hemacandra haiM / isa kAvya meM AcArya ne rAjA kumArapAla ke carita varNana ke mAdhyama se prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / dvayAzrayakAvya hone ke kAraNa isameM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke sAtha-sAtha kAvya-tattva bhI pracuratA se vidyamAna haiN| yaha mahAkAvya do vibhAgoM meM hai| prathama vibhAga ke 20 sargoM meM siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana ke prArambhika sAta adhyAyoM meM varNita saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| dUsare vibhAga meM ATha sarga haiM, jinameM AThaveM adhyAya meM varNita prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| dUsare vibhAga ke prathama chaH sargoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyama samajhAye gaye haiM tathA zeSa do sargoM meM zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA - paizAcI aura apabhraMza bhASA ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| isa mahAkAvya kI kathAvastu atyaMta laghu hai| rAjA kumArapAla ke eka dina kI ghaTanAoM ko vibhinna alaMkRta varNanoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai| nAyaka ke samagra jIvana kA 91

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varNana tathA avAntara kathAoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa kathAnaka meM rocakatA nahIM hai| kathAvastu atyanta zithila hai| usameM jIvana kA utAra-car3hAva varNita nahIM hai| bIca-bIca meM vyAkaraNa ke udAharaNoM ko samAviSTa kara dene ke kAraNa kAvya meM kRtrimatA A gaI hai| kintu sajIva vastu-varNana, prAkRtika dRzyoM ke manorama citraNa evaM alaMkAroM ke utkRSTa vinyAsa ke kAraNa yaha uccakoTi kA kAvya mAnA gayA hai| aNahila nagara ke varNana meM kavi kI yaha maulika upamA dRSTavya hai - jassi sakalaMkaM vi hu rayaNI-ramaNaM kuNaMti akalaMkaM / saMkhadhara-saMkha-bhaMgojalAo bhavaNaMsu-bhaMgIo ||(gaa.1.16 ) arthAt - jisa nagara meM zaMkha, pravAla, motI, ratna Adi se jyotirmaya bhavanoM kI ujjavala kiraNeM kalaMkita candramA ko bhI niSkalaMka banA detI hai| lIlAvaI prAkRta sAhitya meM lIlAvatIkathA kI gaNanA kathAgrantha evaM zAstrIya mahAkAvya donoM hI vidhAoM meM kI gaI hai| isake racayitA 9vIM zatAbdI ke mahAkavi koUhala haiN| divyamAnuSI kathA ke rUpa meM prasiddha isa grantha meM pratiSThAna nagara ke rAjA sAtavAhana evaM siMhaladvIpa kI rAjakumArI lIlAvatI kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| mUla kathAnaka ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAe~ bhI guMphita huI haiN| yaha mahAkAvya kisI dhArmika yA AdhyAtmika tathyoM kA praNayana karane kI dRSTi se nahIM likhA gayA hai, lekina sAmAjika sandarbho meM isa niyama ko dRr3ha karatA hai ki saMyata premI-premikA yadi apane prema meM dRr3ha haiM tathA vibhinna prema-parIkSAoM meM khare utarate haiM, to samAja bhI unheM vivAha-baMdhana kI anumati pradAna kara detA hai| kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se yaha mahAkAvya atyaMta samRddha hai| rAjAoM ke jIvana-carita ke varNana kAvyAtmaka zailI meM prastuta hue haiN| prAkRtika dRzyoM ke kalAtmaka varNana, sarasa saMvAda va alaMkAroM kA pAMDityapUrNa prayoga ke kAraNa hI yaha kathAgrantha mahAkAvya kI koTi meM ginA jAtA hai| ina pramukha mahAkAvyoM ke atirikta prAkRta meM kRSNalIlAzuka kavi

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jisameM (13vIM zatI) ne siriciMdhakavvaM nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI, vararuci evaM trivikrama ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke udAharaNoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / malAvAra ke zrIkaNThakavi ( 18vIM zatI) ne soricarita kI racanA kI / isa kAvya meM zrIkRSNa ke carita kA varNana hai / spaSTa hai prAkRta meM mahAkAvya kI eka sazakta paramparA hai| cauthI zatAbdI se hI prAkRta mahAkAvya likhe jAte rahe haiN| yaha paramparA 18vIM zatAbdI taka calatI rhii| khaNDakAvya mahAkAvya ke eka deza kA anusaraNa karane vAlA kAvya khaMDakAvya kahalAtA hai| mahAkAvya meM jIvana ke samagra pakSoM kA eka sAtha prastutIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, kintu khaMDakAvya meM jIvana ke kisI eka mArmika pakSa kI hI kAvyAtmaka abhivyaMjanA kI jAtI hai| kisI eka pakSa kI abhivyakti se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa khaMDakAvyoM meM kathAvastu kA vikAsa dhIre-dhIre hotA hai| prAkRta kaviyoM dvArA khaMDakAvya kama hI likhe gaye haiM / prAkRta I ke pramukha khaMDakAvyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| kaMsavaho 4 kaMsavadha ke racayitA rAmapANivAda malAvara pradeza ke nivAsI the| inakA samaya I.san 1707 - 75 taka mAnA gayA hai| prastuta khaMDakAvya meM sarga evaM 233 padya haiN| isa kAvya kI kathAvastu kA AdhAra zrImad bhAgavata hai| akrUrajI gokula Akara zrIkRSNa va balarAma ko kaMsa ke chala ke bAre meM batAte haiM ki dhanuSa yajJa ke bahAne kaMsa ne unheM mArane kA SaDyantra racA hai| zrIkRSNa nimaMtraNa svIkAra kara balarAma sahita akrUra ke sAtha mathurA jAte haiN| vahA~ dhanuSazAlA meM jAkara dhanuSa ko tor3a dete haiN| Age kuvalayApIDa hAthI va ambaSTa ko pachAr3ane, cANUra va muSTika malla ko mallayuddha meM harAne kI ghaTanA varNita huI hai / anta meM kruddha kaMsa svayaM talavAra lekara unake sAmane upasthita hotA hai| zrIkRSNa tatkSaNa hI kaMsa kA vadha kara dete haiM / samasta kathAnaka isI ghaTanA ke irda-girda ghUmatA hai| isa saMkSipta kathAnaka ko lekara kavi ne isa khaMDakAvya kI racanA kI hai| zrI kRSNa dvArA kaMsa kA vadha karane kA prasaMga isa kAvya kI kendrIya ghaTanA hai / ataH isI ghaTanA ke 93

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AdhAra para kAvya kA nAma kaMsavaho rakhA gayA hai| yaha eka sarasa kAvya hai, jisameM lokatattva, vIratA va prematattva kA nirUpaNa eka sAtha huA hai| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai, kahIM-kahIM zaurasenI kA bhI prayoga huA hai| mathurAnagarI, prabhAta, kaMsa vadha, gopiyoM kA vilApa, balarAma kA antardvandva, kRSNa kI bAla lIlA Adi ke varNana kAvyAtmaka haiN| balarAma ke antardvandva kA yaha manovaijJAnika citraNa dRSTavya hai pavaTTae cAvamahaM ti koduaMNivaTTae vaMcaNa-sAhaNaM ti taM / duhA vale bhAdara bhAva-baMdhaNaM maha tti taM jaMpai rohiNI-suo / / (gA. 27) arthAt - rohiNI putra (balarAma) kahate haiM, he bhAI! mujhe do prakAra kA bhAva utpanna ho rahA hai| eka ora dhanuSa yajJa dekhane kA kautUhala utpanna ho rahA hai, to dUsarI ora vaha dhanuSa yajJa kapaTa kA sAdhana hai| isa kAraNa mana nivRtta ho rahA hai| usANiruddho __uSANiruddha prAkRta kA sarasa khaMDakAvya hai| isa kAvya kI kathA cAra sarga meM vibhAjita hai| isakI kathA kA AdhAra zrImad bhAgavata hai| isa khaMDakAvya ke racayitA bhI rAmapANivAda haiN| yaha kaMsavadha ke pahale kI racanA hai| yaha eka sarasa premakAvya hai, jisameM bANAsura kI kanyA uSA tathA zrIkRSNa ke pautra aniruddha ke praNaya va vivAha kI ghaTanA kA kAvyAtmaka varNana huA hai| bANa kI kanyA uSA kRSNa ke pautra aniruddha se prema karatI hai| bANa ko jaba yaha mAlUma hotA hai to vaha aniruddha ko jela meM DAla detA hai| zrIkRSNa apane pautra ko chur3Ane ke lie bANa se yuddha karate haiN| parAjita hokara bANa apanI kanyA kA vivAha aniruddha se kara dete haiM / antima sarga meM uSA evaM aniruddha ko dekhane Ane vAlI nAriyoM kI vicitra manodazA kA kAvyAtmaka varNana huA hai| praNayakathA kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa zRMgAra rasa isa kAvya kA pramukha rasa hai| nAyaka-nAyikA donoM ke hI caritra-citraNa meM praNaya-tattva ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai| zRMgAra rasa ke sAtha-sAtha yuddha Adi prasaMga meM vIra rasa kI bhI sundara abhivyaMjanA huI hai| kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se yaha samRddha racanA hai| ghaTanAoM kA vinyAsa krama suniyojita hai|

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utprekSA, rUpaka, kAvyaliMga, alaMkAroM kA sundara niyojana huA hai| isa khaNDakAvya para karpUramaMjarI tathA anya saMskRta kAvyoM kA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| kummAputtacariyaM kUrmAputracarita kI gaNanA prAkRta ke caritakAvya tathA khaNDakAvya donoM meM hI kI jAtI hai / kavi anaMtahaMsa ne lagabhaga 16vIM zatAbdI meM isa grantha kI racanA kI thii| isameM 198 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM rAjA mahendrasiMha aura unakI rAnI kUrmA ke putra dharmadeva ke jIvana kI kathA varNita hai| kathA ke prArambha meM kUrmAputra ke pUrvajanma kA vRttAMta varNita hai| mUla kathAnaka ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAe~ bhI gumphita huI haiM / avAntara kathAe~ sarasa va rocaka haiN| ina choTI-choTI kathAoM ke mAdhyama se tapa, dAna, dayA, zIla, bhAvazuddhi Adi zuSka upadezoM ko sarasa banAkara prastuta kiyA gayA / dAna, tapa, zIla va bhAva ke bhedoM se dharma ko cAra prakAra kA batAyA hai| bhAva ko sarvazreSTha tathA mokSa pradAna karane vAlA kahA hai / yathA - dANatavasIlabhAvaNabheehi cauvviho havai dhammo / savvesu tesu bhAvo mahappabhAvo muNeyavvo / / (gA. 5 ) ina pramukha khaMDakAvyoM ke atirikta prAkRta meM meghadUta ke anukaraNa para likhA gayA bhRGgasaMdeza bhI prApta hotA hai, jisameM eka virahI vyakti bhRGga ke mAdhyama se apanI priyA ke pAsa saMdeza bhejatA hai / isake kavi ajJAta haiM ! sahAyaka grantha 1. gAthA saptazatI a. DaoN. harirAma AcArya, jayapura 95 prAkRta 2. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 6 ) caudharI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI -- bhAratI akAdamI, le. DaoN. gulAbacandra

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3. prAkRta bhAratI - saM. evaM a. DaoN. premasumana jaina, DaoN. subhASa koThArI, __ Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 4. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa-le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 5. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 6. vajjAlagga meM jIvana-mUlya - saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 7. vajjAlaggaM- ra. jayavallabha, saM. pro. mAdhava vAsudeva paTavardhana, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahmdaabaad| 000

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prAkRta ke pramukha kathA-grantha kathA paramparA ___mAnava jIvana ke manoraMjana evaM jJAnavardhana ke lie kathA-sAhitya sarvottama sAdhana hai| sAhitya meM kathAnaka kI vidhA atyanta purAtana hai| sambhavataH mAnava sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha hI yaha vidhA bhI vikasita hotI calI gii| kathA-sAhitya kA prAcInatama rUpa loka kathAoM meM prApta hotA hai| ina loka kathAoM meM kautUhala evaM jijJAsA kA bhAva isa prakAra vidyamAna hotA hai ki zrotA cAhe jJAnI ho yA ajJAnI, bAla ho yA vRddha, vaha inheM sunatA calA jAtA hai| prAkRta kathAoM kI sAmagrI bhI prAyaH jana-jIvana para AdhArita hai, ataH inameM lokatattva pracura parimANa meM upasthita haiN| jahA~ kahIM bhI vidvAnoM ko loka kathA dikhAI dI, unhoMne use apanAkara sAhityika rUpa pradAna kara diyA aura isI zailI ne prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke vikAsa ko eka naI dizA pradAna kii| guNADhya kI bRhatkathA loka kathAoM kA saMgraha grantha mAnA gayA hai| prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke vikAsa kI eka lambI paramparA rahI hai| isake vikAsa ke bIja AgamakAla meM hI aMkurita hone lage, jo Age calakara svataMtra kathA-granthoM ke rUpa meM puSpita evaM pallavita hue| isa dRSTi se prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ko do caraNoM meM bAMTa sakate haiM - (1) Agama-granthoM kI kathAe~ (2) svatantra kathA-grantha / Agama-granthoM kI kathAe~ prAkRta kathA-sAhitya kA udgamasthala prAkRta Agama sAhitya mAnA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM dhArmika AcAra, AdhyAtmika tattva-cintana tathA nIti evaM kartavya kA praNayana kathAoM ke mAdhyama se hI kiyA gayA hai| darzana kI gUr3ha se gUr3ha samasyAoM ko sulajhAne tathA apane vicAroM va anubhUtiyoM ko saralatama rUpa se jana-sAdhAraNa taka pahu~cAne ke

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3 lie tIrthaMkaroM, gaNadharoM evaM anya AcAryoM dvArA kathAoM kA hI avalambana liyA gayA hai| tapa, saMyama, tyAga jaise zuSka va durUha viSayoM ke vivecana ke lie vibhinna dRSTAMta, rUpaka, saMvAda yA kathAnaka zailI kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA isakA sarvazreSTha udAharaNa hai| isa Agama-grantha meM vibhinna rUpakoM va dRSTAntoM dvArA jaina tattva - vidyA ko jana-mAnasa taka pahu~cAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / meghakumAra kI kathA jahA~ aitihAsikatA ko lie hue hai, vahIM rohiNIjJAta kathA meM lokakathA ke sabhI tattva vidyamAna haiN| rUpaka zailI meM varNita kumme, tumbI, mayUrI ke aMDe Adi kathAoM ke mAdhyama se dhArmika upadezoM kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai / sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya khaNDa ke prathama adhyAya meM AyA huA puNDarIka kA dRSTAnta kathA - sAhitya ke vikAsa kA advitIya namUnA hai / vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM rAjakumAra mahAbala, skandakamuni, jamAli, gozAlaka Adi ke caritra kathAnaka zailI meM hI varNita haiM / upAsakadazAMga meM varNita AnaMda, kAmadeva Adi dasa zrAvakoM kI divya jIvana gAthAe~ caritravAda ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha pArivArika jIvana kI mahattA ko bhI aMkita karatI haiM / antakRddazAsUtra meM varNita gajasukumAla evaM atimuktaka kumAra kI kathA kautUhala Adi loka tattvoM ko samAviSTa kiye hue hai / vipAkasUtra meM acche va bure karmoM kA phala dikhAne ke lie 20 kathAe~ AI haiN| inameM kramabaddhatA ke sAtha-sAtha ghaTanAoM kA utAra-car3hAva bhI varNita hai / kathopakathana kI dRSTi se ye kathAe~ atyaMta samRddha haiM / upAMga sAhitya meM aupapAtika, rAjapranIya Adi upAMga meM bhI kahIM-kahIM loka kathAoM ke bIja milate haiM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM namipravrajyA, harikezI, mRgAputra, rathanemi, kezI - gautama, anAthI muni Adi ke AkhyAnoM dvArA saMyama, tapa, tyAga va vairAgya jaise AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA bar3e hI sundara va mArmika DhaMga se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| Agama-granthoM kI ye kathAe~ kathA - sAhitya ke vikAsa ko hI darzAtI haiN| Agama sAhitya meM upalabdha kathAe~ varNanoM ke kAraNa kahIM kahIM bojhila pratIta hotI haiM, kintu AgamoM para likhe gaye vyAkhyA sAhitya meM kathA-sAhitya aura bhI puSpita va pallavita huA / niryuktiyoM va cUrNiyoM meM aitihAsika, dhArmika, laukika Adi kaI prakAra kI kathAe~ upalabdha haiM / sUtrakRtAMgacUrNa meM ArdrakakumAra, arthalobhI vaNika Adi ke sundara kathAnaka 98

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haiM / vyavahArabhASya va bRhatkalpabhASya meM prAkRta kI upadezaprada va nItikathAe~ bahulatA se prApta hotI haiN| vyavahArabhASya meM AI 'bhikhArI kA sapanA' nAmaka kathA vartamAna samaya meM zekhacillI ke kisse ke rUpa meM sarvatra lokapriya hai / Agama TIkA sAhitya to kathAoM kA bhaMDAra hI hai / AcArya nemicandrasUri dvArA racita uttarAdhyayana kI sukhabodhA TIkA meM lagabhaga eka sau paccIsa kathAe~ varNita haiN| ye kathAe~ na kevala upadezAtmaka haiM, apitu manoraMjaka evaM camatkArI bhI haiN| AvazyakacUrNi meM varNita kathAe~ upadezoM ke sAtha-sAtha loka jIvana kI abhivyakti bhI karatI haiN| isa vivecana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA AvirbhAva Agama yuga se prAraMbha ho gayA thA, jo uttarottara vikasita hotA rahA / Agama sAhitya kI dhArmika, laukika, evaM naitika kathAoM ke AdhAra para uttarakAla meM prAkRta meM svatantra kathA-granthoM kI racanA kI jAne lagI / svatantra kathA-grantha prAkRta kathA - sAhitya ke vikAsa kI yaha lambI yAtrA Agama sAhitya se prAraMbha hokara satrahavIM zatAbdI taka clii| svatantra prAkRta kathA-granthoM ke lekhana kA AraMbha IsA kI prathama - dvitIya zatAbdI se ho gayA aura 16vIM - 17vIM zatAbdI taka calatA rahA / 9vIM - 10vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke jaina AcAryoM ke likhe hue prAkRta kathA - granthoM kI saMkhyA kama hI milatI hai, kintu 11vIM-12vIM zatAbdI meM vidvAnoM ne saikar3oM navIna kathA - granthoM kA sRjana kara isa vidhA ko svarNima kAla taka pahu~cA diyaa| isa kAla meM kathAkoSaprakaraNa, AkhyAnamaNikoSa, kahArayaNakoSa Adi aneka mahattvapUrNa kathA-granthoM kI racanA huI / prAkRta ke pramukha kathA - granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai | taraMgavaIkahA pAdaliptasUri pahale jainAcArya the, jinhoMne taraMgavatI nAmaka prathama svataMtra prAkRta kathA-grantha kI racanA kara prAkRta kathA - sAhitya ko eka naI dizA pradAna kI / pAdaliptasUri kA samaya vidvAnoM ne dUsarI-tIsarI 99

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zatAbdI ke madhya mAnA hai| durbhAgya se unakI yaha kRti Aja anupalabdha hai kuvalayamAlA, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, nizIthacUrNi Adi granthoM meM isakA ullekha milatA hai / isakA saMkSipta rUpa taraMgalolA ke rUpa meM prApya hai / taraMgalolA taraMgavata kathA kA saMkSipta sAra taraMgalolA ke rUpa meM AcAra nemicandragaNi ne lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa bAda prastuta kiyaa| isameM 1642 gAthAoM meM taraMgavatI ke Adarza prema va tyAga kI kathA varNita hai / samasta kathA uttama-puruSa meM varNita hai| taraMgavatI kA rAjagRha meM AryikA ke rUpa meM Agamana hotA hai| vahA~ AtmakathA ke rUpa meM vaha apanI kathA kahatI hai| haMsa-mithuna ko dekhakara prema jAgRta hone para vaha priya kI talAza meM saMlagna hotI hai tathA iSTa prApti para vivAha karatI hai / anta meM taraMgavatI ke vairAgya va dIkSA kA varNana hai| yaha kathA zrRMgAra rasa se prAraMbha hokara karuNa rasa meM ota-prota hotI huI, aMta meM zAMta rasa kI ora mur3a jAtI hai| AcArya ne nAyikA ke vAsanAtmaka prema kA udAttIkaraNa karate hue Atmazodhana kI prakriyA dvArA rAga ko virAga meM parivartita kiyA hai / nAyikA taraMgavatI jaisI premikA bhI munirAja ke darzana se prerita hokara bhoga-vilAsoM se mukta hokara suvratA sAdhvI bana jAtI hai| zrRMgAra, karuNA va zAMta rasa se ota-prota yaha kathA - grantha pAtroM ke Antarika va bAhya antardvandvoM kA mArmika citraNa prastuta karatA hai| zIla- nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se nAyaka va nAyikA donoM kA caritra vikasita hai| vastutaH yaha eka dhArmika upanyAsa hai / vasudevahiNDI vasudevahiNDI kA vizva kathA - granthoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isameM aneka jJAnavardhaka evaM manoraMjaka AkhyAnoM, kathAnakoM, caritoM evaM ardha - aitihAsika vRttoM kA saMkalana hai / yaha grantha ati prAcIna hai / isakA racanA kAla anumAnataH cauthI zatAbdI hai / prastuta grantha meM kRSNa ke pitA vasudeva ke bhramaNa - vRttAMta kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| prasaMgavaza aneka avAntara kathAe~ bhI isameM AI haiM / isa grantha meM rAmacarita, kaurava va pANDavoM ke kathAnaka Adi ko bhI saMkSipta rUpa meM gumphita kiyA gayA hai / aneka 100

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laukika kathAe~ bhI varNita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha grantha kathA, carita va purANa tInoM hI vidhAoM ke tattvoM ko apane meM samAyojita kiye hue hai| sau lambhaka vAle isa grantha ke kathAnakoM kI sarasatA meM pAThaka svAbhAvika rUpa se DUba jAtA hai| isa grantha ke do khaNDa haiN| prathama khaNDa ke racayitA saMghadAsagaNi haiM, jinhoMne 29 lambhakoM kI racanA kii| dvitIya khaMDa ke racayitA dharmadAsagaNi haiM, jinhoMne zeSa 71 lambhakoM kI racanA kara grantha ko vistAra diyaa| ye 71 lambhaka unhoMne 18veM lambhaka kI kathA priyaMgusuMdarI ke sAtha hI jor3a diye haiN| yaha bhAga vasudevahiNDI kA madhyama khaNDa kahalAtA hai| isa grantha ke chaH vibhAga haiM - kathotpatti, pIThikA, mukha, pratimukha, zarIra aura upasaMhAra | kathotpatti prakaraNa ke antargata 50 pRSThoM kA dhammilahiNDI nAma kA eka mahattvapUrNa prakaraNa AyA hai, jisameM dhammila sArthavAha putra kI kathA kA vistAra se varNana huA hai| yaha prAkRta kathA-sAhitya ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se AdhArabhUta grantha hai| isI grantha ke AdhAra para Age calakara aneka svatantra kathA-grantha likhe gye| jambucariyaM, agaDadattacariyaM, samarAiccakahA Adi kA mUla srota yahI kathA-grantha hai| tatkAlIna samAja va saMskRti ke vibhinna pahalU bhI isameM ujAgara hue haiN| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| jagaha-jagaha subhASitoM kA prayoga huA hai| yathA - savvaM gIyaM vilaviyaM, savvaM narse viDaMbiyaM / savve AbharaNA bhArA, savve kAmA duhAvahA / / (mukhAdhikAra pR0 105) arthAt - sabhI gIta vilApa haiM, sabhI nRtya viDambanAe~ haiM, sabhI AbhUSaNa bhAra haiM, sabhI kAmabhoga duHkhaprada haiN| samarAiccakahA samarAdityakathA ko prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM vahI sthAna prApta hai, jo ki saMskRta sAhitya meM bANabhaTTa kI kAdambarI ko prApta hai| isake racayitA AcArya haribhadra haiM, jinhoMne aneka prAkRta granthoM kI racanA kI hai| AcArya haribhadra kA samaya 8vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| samarAiccakahA kA mUlAdhAra pratizodha kI bhAvanA hai| isa kathA-grantha meM rAjakumAra samarAditya

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va usake pratidvaMdvI girisena ke nau bhavoM kI kathA varNita hai / kathA kA mUla AdhAra rAjakumAra guNasena va agnizarmA ke jIvana kI vaha ghaTanA hai, jahA~ kurUpa agnizarmA rAjakumAra guNasena kI bAla-sulabha krIr3AoM se apamAnita va duHkhI hokara kaThora tapasvI bana jAtA hai| yuvA hone para rAjA guNasena mahAtapasvI agnizarmA kI tapasyA se abhibhUta hokara unheM tIna bAra mAsakSamaNa ke pAraNe ke lie rAjamahala meM Amantrita karatA hai, kintu paristhitiyoM vaza tapasvI kA pAraNA nahIM ho pAtA hai| taba krodhita agnizarmA tIvra ghRNA evaM pratizodha kI bhAvanA ke sAtha agale pratyeka bhava meM rAjA guNasena se badalA lene kA nidAna bAMdha kara mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai / yahIM se sadAcArI nAyaka guNasena va durAcArI pratinAyaka agnizarmA ke jIvana-saMgharSa kI kathA Arambha hotI hai aura nau bhavoM taka anavarata calatI hai / pratyeka bhava meM agnizarmA kA jIva kisI nA kisI rUpa meM guNasena se badalA letA hai| aMta meM zubha pariNati dvArA naveM bhava meM guNasena kA jIva mokSa meM jAtA hai tathA agnizarmA kA jIva azubha pariNati ke kAraNa ghora naraka meM / vastutaH samarAiccakahA meM pratizodha kI bhAvanA vibhinna rUpoM meM abhivyakta huI hai, jise darzana kI bhASA meM zalya yA nidAna kahA gayA hai| isa kathA ke mAdhyama se yaha saMdeza diyA gayA hai ki pratizodha kI bhAvanA se bAMdhA gayA nidAna kA eka choTA sA bIja kisa prakAra eka vizAla vaTa-vRkSa kA rUpa lekara aneka janmoM taka calatA huA manuSya ke ghora patana kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| nidAna ke sAtha-sAtha yaha kathA karmasiddhAnta kI bhI sundara vyAkhyA prastuta karatI hai / yathA - savvaM puvvakayANaM kammANaM pAvae phalavivAgaM / avarAhesu guNesu ya nimittamettaM paro hoI // ( prathama bhava ) arthAt - sabhI vyakti pUrva meM kiye gaye karmoM ke phala rUpI pariNAma ko prApta karate haiM / aparAdhoM athavA guNoM meM dUsarA vyakti to nimitta mAtra hotA hai 1

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yadyapi isa kathA - grantha meM guNasena va agnizarmA ke nau bhavoM kI kathA varNita hai, kintu pratyeka bhava kI kathA svataMtra astitva lie hue hai| mUla kathA ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAe~ bhI zAmila haiN| dharma-darzana pradhAna yaha grantha sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI mahattvapUrNa hai| tatkAlIna samAja va saMskRti ke kaI mahattvapUrNa pahalU isameM ujAgara hue haiN| tatkAlIna vibhinna jAtiyoM, pArivArika gaThana, utsava, vivAha-prathA, dAsa-prathA, zikSA-paddhati, bhojana, vastrAbhUSaNa, vyApArI aura sArthavAhoM ke vyApArika niyama, nagara-grAma kI sthiti Adi ke vividha rUpa isameM varNita haiM / dhuttakkhANa AcArya haribhadra kI dhUrttAkhyAna lAkSaNika zailI meM likhI gaI vyaMga va upahAsa pradhAna racanA hai| isa kathA - grantha meM AcArya ne pA~ca dhUrtoM ke kAlpanika va asaMbhava AkhyAnoM ke mAdhyama se avizvasanIya tathA asaMbhava bAtoM kI manoraMjaka prastuti karate hue unake nirAkaraNa kA sazakta prayAsa kiyA hai| vastutaH sarasa zailI meM vyaMga va sujhAvoM ke mAdhyama se asambhava va managar3hanta bAtoM, andhavizvAsoM, amAnavIya tattvoM, jAtivAda Adi ko tyAgane kA saMdeza diyA hai| pA~ca dhUrtoM ke AkhyAnoM meM aMta meM strI khaMDapAnA kI vijaya dikhAkara nArI ke annapUrNA rUpa ke sAtha-sAtha bauddhika rUpa ko bhI darzAyA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM gire hue nArI - samAja ko uThAne kA yaha sundara prayAsa hai| kuvalayamAlAkahA san AcArya haribhadrasUri ke ziSya dAkSiNAtya udyotanasUri ne I. 779 meM jAlora meM kuvalayamAlAkahA kI racanA kI hai| yaha kathA-grantha gadya-padya donoM meM likhA gayA hai / apanI isI viziSTa zailI ke kAraNa kaI prAkRta vidvAna ise kathA - grantha kI zreNI meM na rakhakara 'prAkRta caMpUkAvya' kI zreNI meM rakhate haiM, lekina svayaM granthakAra udyotanasUri ne ise kathA --grantha hI mAnA hai / kuvalayamAlA meM mukhya rUpa se kumAra kuvalayacanda va rAjakumArI kuvalayamAlA kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| isa kathA - grantha meM kavi ne aneka navIna udbhAvanAe~ kara apanI maulika pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai / viSaya 103

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va kathA-vistAra kI dRSTi se kadalI ke staMbha kI taraha mUla kathAnaka ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAe~ gumphita huI haiN| mUla kathAnaka ke pAtroM ke pUrvabhavoM ke kathAnaka ko samAhita karate hue krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha evaM moha ina pA~coM amUrta pAtroM ko mUrta pAtroM kA rUpa dekara unakI kathAvastu ko mUla kathAnaka ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM isa prakAra kI pratikAtmaka zailI kA prayoga karane vAle udyotanasUri prathama AcArya the| sampUrNa kathAnaka meM pUrvajanma va karmaphala kI sambaMdha zrRMkhalA ko vivecita karate hue aMta meM Atmazodhana dvArA mukti prApti kA mArga dikhAyA gayA hai| vastutaH kuvalayamAlAkahA dvArA asavRttiyoM para savRttiyoM kI vijaya kA saMdeza dekara AcArya ne vyakti ke naitika AcaraNa ko uThAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| caMDasoma, mAnabhaTTa, mAyAditya, lobhadeva aura mohadatta ye pA~coM pAtra apane-apane nAma va guNa ke anusAra apanI parAkASThA ko lAMghate hue duSkRtya, pApa Adi meM lipta rahate haiM, jinakA phala naraka kI yAtanA bhogane ke alAvA kucha nahIM ho sakatA hai, lekina AcArya ne mAnava jIvana ke isa aMdhakAramaya pahalU ko prakAzita karane ke lie ina pAtroM ke agale cAra janmoM kI kathA kA nirmANa kiyaa| apane agale bhavoM meM ye pAtra, sva-nirIkSaNa, pazcAtApa va Atmazodhana dvArA asamAnasika-vRttiyoM kA pariSkAra kara saMyama va tapa dvArA unheM savRttiyoM meM parivartita kara mokSa mArga para agrasara hote haiN| ___jahA~ apanI maulika kathAvastu ke kAraNa kuvalayamAlAkahA prAkRta kathA-granthoM meM viziSTa sthAna rakhatI hai, vahIM isakI mahattA apanI bhASAgata samRddhi ke kAraNa kahIM adhika hai| saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, paizAcI, Adi sabhI bhASAoM ke uddharaNa isameM milate haiN| 18 dezI bhASAoM kA isameM udAharaNa sahita prayoga huA hai| kAvyAtmaka sauMdarya kI dRSTi se bhI yaha kathAgrantha advitIya hai| rasa, chaMda, alaMkAra yojanA meM kavi siddhahasta haiN| tatkAlIna samAja va saMskRti ke mahattvapUrNa pahalU isameM ujAgara hue haiN| AThavIM zatAbdI ke abhijAtya varga, zAsana vyavasthA, dhArmika jagata, Arthika-jIvana, vANijya-vyApAra, zikSA Adi ke yathArtha citra isameM aMkita haiN|

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nivvANa lIlAvaIkahA nirvANa lIlAvatI kathA-grantha vi.saM. 1082-1095 ke madhya likhA gayA thaa| isake kartA jinezvarasUri haiN| mUla grantha anupalabdha hai| isakA sAra rUpa saMskRta meM jinaratnasUri kA prApya hai| isa kathA-grantha ke mAdhyama se yaha vivecita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, hiMsA, corI Adi pApoM kA phala janma-janmAMtaroM taka bhoganA par3atA hai| kahAkosapagaraNaM ___ varddhamAnasUri ke ziSya AcArya jinezvarasUri ne vi. saM. 1108 meM kathAkoSaprakaraNa kI racanA kI thii| mUla kathA-grantha meM kevala 30 gAthAe~ haiN| ina gAthAoM meM jina kathAoM ke nAma nirdiSTa haiM, unakA vistAra vRtti meM kiyA gayA hai| vRtti meM 36 mukhya kathAe~ va 3-4 avAntara kathAe~ varNita haiN| inameM se kucha kathAe~ purAne granthoM meM milatI haiM tathA kucha granthakAra dvArA kalpita haiN| isa grantha kI kathAe~ bar3I hI sarasa va sundara hai| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se karma siddhAnta kI sarvavyApakatA kI sundara pratiSThA kI hai| pratyeka prANI ke vartamAna janma kI ghaTanAoM kA kAraNa usake pUrvajanma ke kRtyoM ko mAnA hai| janma-paramparA evaM pratyeka bhava ke sukha-duHkha meM kAraNa va kArya ke sambandha ko samajhAte hue vratAcaraNa ke pAlana para bala diyA hai| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jinapUjA, jinastuti, vaiyAvRtya, dharmautsAha kI preraNA, sAdhu-dAna Adi kA phala bar3I hI sarala va sundara zailI meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| bhASA sarala va bodhagamya hai| kahIM-kahIM apabhraMza ke padya bhI haiN| sAMskRtika dRSTi se yaha kathA-grantha atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| Ayurveda, dhanurveda, gAndharva, dhAtuvAda, rasavAda aura arthazAstra Adi ke viSaya meM isameM mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiN| saMvegaraMgasAlA saMvegaraMgazAlA ke racayitA jinezvarasUri ke ziSya jinacandra haiM, jinhoMne vi.saM. 1125 meM saMvega bhAva kA nirUpaNa karane hetu isa grantha meM (105>

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aneka kathAoM kA gumphana kiyA hai| zAMta rasa pradhAna isa kathA - grantha meM mukhya rUpa se mahAsena rAjarSi kA kathAnaka calatA hai / ve saMsAra tyAga kara muni dIkSA grahaNa karate haiN| isa kathA - grantha ke mAdhyama se ArAdhanA, upAsanA Adi ko sArvajanIya banAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| dArzanika va dhArmika siddhAntoM kA isa grantha meM vizada rUpa se vivecana huA hai 1 akkhANamaNikoso uttarAdhyayana kI sukhabodhA TIkA ke racayitA AcArya nemicandrasUri ne dharma ke vibhinna aMgoM ko upadiSTa karane hetu AkhyAnamaNikoza meM aneka laghu kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA hai| prAkRta kathAoM kA yaha koza grantha hai| mUla gAthAe~ 52 haiM, jo AryAchaMda meM haiN| AmradevasUri ne isa para I. san 1134 meM TIkA likhI hai| mUla va TIkA donoM prAkRta meM haiM / kahIM-kahIM saMskRta va apabhraMza kA bhI prayoga hai / TIkA grantha meM 41 adhikAra haiM, jo 146 AkhyAnoM meM vibhakta haiM / viSaya vividhatA kI dRSTi se isa koza kI kathAe~ atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiN| ina AkhyAnoM meM dharmatattvoM ke sAtha-sAtha lokatattva bhI vidyamAna haiN| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se jIvana va jagata se sambandhita sabhI tathyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| dhArmika, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika niyamoM kI abhivyaMjanA vibhinna kathAnakoM ke mAdhyama se kI gaI hai / yathA zIla kI mahattA ke lie sItA, rohiNI, subhadrA, damayaMtI ke AkhyAna varNita haiM / sulasA AkhyAna dvArA zraddhA kA mahattva pratipAdita kiyA hai| isI prakAra tapa, jinapUjA, vizuddha bhAvanA, karmasiddhAnta Adi ke mAhAtmya kA vivecana bhI vibhinna AkhyAnoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| karma siddhAnta kI dArzanika vyAkhyA karane vAlI yaha gAthA dRSTavya hai - jaM jeNa pAviyavvaM suhaM va dukkhaM va kaMmpanimmaviyaM / taM so taheva pAvai kayassa nAso jao natthi / / ( 29.151 ) arthAt - jisa vyakti ke dvArA jisa prakAra ke karma nirmita kiye gaye haiM, vaha usI prakAra se sukha aura duHkha prApta karatA hai, kyoMki kiye karmoM kA nAza nahIM hotA hai / hu 106

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kahArayaNakoso kathAratnakoza prAkRta kathAoM kA saMgraha grantha hai| navAMgI TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri ke ziSya devabhadrasUri (guNacandra) ne vi. saM. 1158 meM bhar3auca meM isa grantha kI racanA kI thii| isa grantha meM 2 adhikAra haiN| prathama adhikAra meM 33 va dUsare adhikAra meM 17 kathAe~ haiN| samyaktva, vrata, saMyama Adi zuSka viSayoM ko kathAoM ke mAdhyama se sarasa banAkara prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa kathA-grantha kI sabhI kathAe~ dhArmika hote hue bhI rocaka va manoraMjaka haiN| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se eka ora zArIrika sukhoM kI apekSA AdhyAtmika sukhoM ko mahattva diyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora jAtivAda kA khaNDana kara mAnavatAvAda kI pratiSThA kI gaI hai| jIvana zodhana ke lie vyakti kA AdarzavAdI honA Avazyaka hai| isa kRti kI vibhinna kathAoM kA uddezya yahI hai ki upazAMta hokara vyakti Adarza gRhastha kA jIvana-yApana kre| sudattAkhyAna dvArA gRhakalaha ke doSoM kA sundara pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| kAvyAtmaka varNanoM kI dRSTi se bhI yaha kathA-grantha samRddha hai| nammayAsundarIkahA mahendrasUri dvArA racita narmadAsundarIkathA dharma pradhAna kathA-grantha hai| isakA racanA kAla vi.saM. 1187 hai| isameM mahAsatI narmadAsuMdarI ke satIttva kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| nAyikA narmadAsuMdarI aneka kaSToM ko sahana kara ke bhI apane zIlavrata kI rakSA karatI hai| nAyikA ke zIlavrata kI parIkSA ke aneka avasara Ate haiM, kintu nAyikA apane vrata para aTala rahakara apane zIla kI rakSA karatI hai| dharmakathA hote hue bhI manoraMjana va kautUhala tattva isameM pUrNa rUpa meM samAviSTa haiN| bIca-bIca meM kathA ko prabhAvazAlI banAne ke lie sUktiyoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| yathA nehaM viNA vivAho Ajamma kuNai paridAhaM (gA0 39) arthAt - prema ke binA vivAha jIvana bhara duHkhadAI hotA hai|

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kumAravAlapaDiboho somaprabhasUri ne vi.saM. 1241 meM mahArASTrI prAkRta meM kumArapAlapratibodha grantha kI racanA kI thI / prastuta grantha meM pA~ca prastAva haiM / pA~cavAM prastAva apabhraMza meM hai / isa grantha meM gujarAta ke rAjA kumArapAla kA caritra varNita hai / rAjA kumArapAla AcArya hemacandra ke upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara jaina dharma ko aMgIkAra karate haiM / unako pradAna kI gaI zikSAoM ke dRSTAMtoM ke rUpa meM isa grantha meM kaI kathAnaka gumphita hue haiN| zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM evaM unake aticAroM ke rahasyoM ko avagata karAne ke lie vibhinna laghu kathAnaka Ae haiN| tIsare prastAva meM zIlavrata kA pAlana karane vAlI zIlavatI kI kathA upadezaprada evaM manoraMjaka hai / dyUtakrIr3A ke doSa ko dikhalAne ke lie nala kI kathA AI hai| ina laghu kathAoM ke mAdhyama se vyakti ke naitika utthAna evaM cAritrika vikAsa kA prabala prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / upadeza tattva evaM dhArmika vAtAvaraNa kI pradhAnatA hote hue bhI kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha grantha advitIya hai / damayaMtI ke svayaMvara prasaMga kI yaha gAthA dRSTavya hai, jahA~ rUpaka va anuprAsa alaMkAra kA mAdhurya eka sAtha prasphuTita huA hai - kalayaMThakaMThi! kaMThe kaliMgavaiNo jayassa khiva mAlaM / karavAlarAhuNA jassa kavaliyA veri-jasa - sasiNo // (prathama prastAva ) arthAt he koyalakaMThI! kaliMgapati jaya ke gale meM mAlA DAla, jisakI talavAra rUpI rAhU ke dvArA verI rUpI candramA grasita kiyA gayA hai| ina pramukha kathA-granthoM ke atirikta prAkRta bhASA meM aneka kathA - grantha prApta hote haiN| jinaharSasUri ( 15vIM zatAbdI) kA rayaNaseharanivakahA eka premakathAnaka hai, jisake AdhAra para jAyasI ne padmAvata kI racanA kI / 12vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya sumatisUri ne jinadattAkhyAna kI racanA kI / vardhamAnasUri dvArA san 1083 meM likhita manoramAkahA eka sarasa kathA grantha hai / 12vIM zatAbdI meM saMghatilaka AcArya ne ArAmasohAkahA kI racanA kI, jo eka vizuddha laukika kathA hai / Adhunika samaya meM bhI aneka kathAgranthoM 108

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kI racanAe~ huI haiN| zrI vijayakastUrasUri ne prAkRta meM pAiyavinnANakahA kI racanA kara prAkRta kathA sAhitya ke vikAsa kI yAtrA ko jIvaMta rakhA hai| isa grantha meM likhI 55 kathAe~ lokajIvana kA pratinidhitva karatI haiN| zrI caMdanamuni prAkRta kathA - graMthoM ke Adhunika lekhaka haiM, unhoMne rayaNavAlakahA kI racanA kI hai| muni vimalakumAra kI piyaMkarakahA, sAdhvI kAMcanakumArI jI kI pAiyakahAo Adi bhI prAkRta ke Adhunika kathA - grantha haiN| ye kathA-grantha prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI anavarata samRddha paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiM / sahAyaka grantha 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 6 ) caudharI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 2. prAkRta gadya - sopAna akAdamI, jayapura le. DaoN. le. evaM saM. DaoN. premasumana jaina, bhAratI prAkRta 3. prAkRta bhAratI - saM. evaM a. DaoN. premasumana jaina, DaoN. subhASa koThArI, Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 4. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI gulAbacandra OOO 5. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 109

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paramparA 8 prAkRta ke pramukha caritakAvya jaina vidvAnoM dvArA kathA va AkhyAnoM kI bhA~ti prAkRta bhASA meM caritakAvyoM kI bhI racanA kI gaI hai| prAkRta caritakAvyoM kI paramparA ke AdhAra para hI saMskRta meM caritakAvya kI paramparA kA AvirbhAva huA hai / prAkRta ke caritakAvyoM ke vikAsa kI bhI eka lambI paramparA rahI hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI taraha prAkRta caritakAvyoM kA udbhava prAkRta Agama sAhitya se mAnA jA sakatA hai| samavAyAMgasUtra ke anusAra bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke pA~ca bhedoM meM eka bheda anuyoga hai, usameM tIrthakara, cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva Adi mahApuruSoM ke garbha, janma, tapa, jJAna va nirvANa saMbaMdhI vRttAMta samAviSTa haiN| isa dRSTi se dRSTivAda prAkRta caritakAvyoM kA Adi srota mAnA jA sakatA hai| samavAyAMga meM kulakaroM, tIrthaMkaroM, cakravartiyoM, baladeva, vAsudeva Adi mahApuruSoM ke mAtA-pitA, unake pUrvabhava, dharmAcArya, dIkSA prasaMga Adi ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| kalpasUtra meM aMkita RSabhadeva, ariSTanemi, pArzva, mahAvIra Adi mahApuruSoM ke jIvana vRttAMta caritakAvyoM kI vikAsa-yAtrA ko eka naI dizA pradAna karate haiN| vasudevahiNDI meM bhI tIrthakaroM ke jIvana carita varNita haiM / yativRSabhakRta tiloyapaNNatti ke caturtha mahAadhikAra meM tIrthaMkara Adi mahApuruSoM ke vRttAMta adhika vistAra se prApta hote haiN| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM bhI mahApuruSoM ke carita saMkalita haiN| isa prakAra Agama sAhitya meM caritakAvyoM kA ardha-vikasita rUpa upalabdha hai, jise vimalasUri ne paumacariyaM kI racanA kara pUrNatA pradAna kI hai / prAkRta caritakAvyoM kI kathAvastu prAyaH tIrthakara, rAma, kRSNa yA anya mahApuruSoM ke jIvana tathyoM ko lekara nibaddha kI gaI hai| AcArya mAnadeva ke ziSya zIlAMkAcArya ne san 868 meM caupannamahApurisacariyaM meM 110

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cauvana zalAkA mahApuruSoM kA jIvana-carita likhA hai| svataMtra rUpa se bhI prAkRta meM aneka caritakAvyoM kI racanA huI hai| vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM, vardhamAnasUri kA AdinAthacariyaM, somaprabhasUri kA sumatinAthacariyaM Adi aneka caritakAvya prAkRta meM likhe gaye haiN| tIrthakara Adi mahApuruSoM ke atirikta jaina dharma ke zreSTha unnAyaka mahAna AcAryoM ke carita bhI jaina vidvAnoM ne likhe haiM, jinameM yugapradhAna jinadattasUri kA gaNadharasArddhazataka prasiddha hai| isa grantha meM abhayadeva, udyotanasUri, vajasvAmI, umAsvAti Adi aneka AcAryoM ke jIvana carita kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| lokajIvana se khyAti prApta mahanIya carita se prerita hokara apanI kalpanA ke AdhAra para kalpita jIvana-carita kI racanA bhI jainAcAryoM dvArA kI gaI hai| prAkRta bhASA meM likhe gaye caritakAvyoM meM paurANikatA ke sAtha-sAtha loka-tattvoM kA bhI pracuratA se samAveza huA hai| ve jIvana ke aneka pakSoM ke sAtha-sAtha pradhAna rUpa se dhArmika jIvana kA vizleSaNa prastuta karate haiN| manoraMjana va kAvyAtmaka sarasatA kA bhI unameM pUrNa samAveza huA hai| caritakAvya kA svarUpa caritakAvya prabaMdha kAvyoM kA hI eka rUpa hai, jisameM paurANikatA va aitihAsikatA ke sAtha-sAtha loka tattva bhI pracura mAtrA meM vidyamAna hote haiN| caritakAvya meM nAyaka ke carita meM vibhinna paristhitiyoM kA viniyojana isa prakAra kiyA jAtA hai, jisase usakA carita kramazaH vikasita hotA calA jAtA hai| caritakAvya kA racayitA caritra ke udghATana ke lie kisI bhI vyakti ke jIvana kI Avazyaka ghaTanAoM ko hI cunatA hai, parantu jIvana kI samagratA kA citraNa karane ke lie vaha apanI kalpanA zakti se jIvana ke anya vyApAroM kA bhI citraNa karatA hai| caritakAvya ke prArUpa meM kathA evaM kAvya donoM ke hI tattva mizrita hote haiN| ghaTanA-vinyAsa evaM kautUhala tattva kathA yA AkhyAnoM se grahaNa kiye jAte haiM tathA rasAnubhUti ke tattva kAvyoM se liye jAte haiN| isa dRSTi se ghaTanA-vinyAsa evaM kAvyAtmaka varNana donoM kA samanvaya hI caritakAvya kI AdhArazilA hotI hai| kathAvastu ke sAdhAraNa vivecana se caritakAvya kathA bana jAtA hai tathA nAyaka kA asvAbhAvika evaM daivikarUpa use purANa banA detA hai| ataH carita kAvya kI

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racanA ke lie nAyaka ke carita kA svAbhAvika evaM dvandvAtmaka vikAsa Avazyaka hotA hai| caritakAvya kA nAyaka apane lakSya ko prApta karane kA satat prayAsa karatA hai| zailI meM gaMbhIratA, udAratA evaM ruciratA bhI caritakAvyoM ke lie Avazyaka hai| prAkRta ke pramukha caritakAvyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| prAkRta ke pramukha caritakAvya paumacariyaM jaina sAhitya meM mahApuruSoM ke jIvana-carita ko navIna kAvya zailI meM prastuta karane vAle prathama vidvAna vimalasUri the| unhoMne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI kathA ke AdhAra para mahArASTrI prAkRta meM paumacariya kI racanA kii| prazasti meM isakA racanAkAla I. san kI prathama zatAbdI diyA gayA hai, kintu vidvAna vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para ise tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA mAnate haiN| vimalasUri kA yaha grantha prAkRta kA Adi caritakAvya grantha mAnA jAtA hai| prastuta caritakAvya meM 118 sarga haiM, jinameM rAghava ke caritra ko vistAra se pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isI caritakAvya kI paramparA meM Age calakara raviSeNa ne padmacarita kI racanA kI hai| vimalasUri ne isa caritakAvya meM vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI kathA ko kucha saMzodhanoM ke sAtha prastuta kara apanI maulika pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| yathA - isameM rAkSasa va vAnara donoM ko hI nRvaMzIya kahA hai| isI prakAra iMdra, soma, varuNa ityAdi ko deva na mAnakara vibhinna prAntoM ke mAnava vaMzI sAmantoM ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| sItA ko janaka va usakI patnI videhA kI aurasa putrI mAnA hai| rAvaNa ke dazAnana nAma kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki nau maNiyoM ke hAra meM usake nau pratibimba dRzyamAna hone ke kAraNa pitA ne usakA nAma dazAnana rakha diyaa| isa prakAra vimalasUri ne vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kI aneka bAtoM ko yathArtha rUpa dekara buddhivAda kI pratiSThA kI hai| caritakAvya ke pradhAna guNa ke anusAra isa sampUrNa caritakAvya meM nAyaka rAma kA carita uttarottara vikasita huA hai| rAma ke carita meM

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udAratA, dhairya, karttavya-pAlana, kSamA, pazcAtApa Adi guNoM kA samAveza kara hara paristhiti meM unake caritra ko U~cA uThAyA hai| nAyikA sItA ke caritra meM vinamratA, tyAga, sahiSNutA, vAtsalya aura pati ke prati aTUTa prema evaM zraddhA Adi guNoM kA samAveza kara use Adarza nArI ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA hai| pratinAyaka rAvaNa ko bhI dhArmika va vratI puruSa ke rUpa meM aMkita kiyA gayA hai| vaha prArambha meM sItA para mohita avazya hotA hai, kintu bAda meM yuddha meM rAma-lakSmaNa ko jItakara sammAna sahita sItA ko unheM lauTAne kI bAta bhI socatA hai| rAvaNa kI yaha vicAradhArA usake caritra ko udAtta bhUmi para pratiSThita karatI hai| anya pAtroM ke caritra bhI vikasita haiN| yathA - rAjA dazaratha putra ke viyoga meM kAyaroM kI taraha prANoM kA tyAga nahIM karate haiM, apitu nirbhaya vIra kI bhA~ti zramaNa dIkSA aMgIkAra kara AtmakalyANa ke patha para agrasara hote haiN| kaikeyI ke caritra meM bhI mAtR- vatsalatA kA guNa ujAgara huA hai| vaha vAtsalya bhAva se prerita hokara hI bharata ke lie rAjya cAhatI hai| isa prakAra prAyaH sabhI carita apanI apanI svAbhAvika vizeSatAoM ke sAtha prastuta hue haiN| kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se yaha caritakAvya advitIya hai| samudra, vana, parvata, nadI, sUryAsta, nakha-zikha, Adi ke varNana mahAkAvyoM kI bhA~ti sajIva haiN| rasa, bhAva va alaMkAroM kI kavi ne svAbhAvika yojanA prastuta kI hai| bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| yatra-tatra apabhraMza kA prabhAva hai| bhASA meM pravAha va saralatA hai| bhASA ko sajIva banAne ke lie sUktiyoM kA pracura prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yathA - hanumAna rAvaNa ko samajhAte hue kahate haiM patte viNAsakAlo nAsai buddhiM narANa nikkhuttN| (gA. 53.138) arthAt - vinAzakAla Ane para manuSya kI buddhi nizcita rUpa se naSTa ho jAtI hai| caupannamahApurisacariyaM cauvanamahApuruSacarita AcArya zIlAMkAcArya dvArA racita vizAlakAya grantha hai| vidvAnoM ne vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para isakA racanAkAla I. san 868 nirdhArita kiyA hai| AcArya zIlAMkAcArya ne isa caritakAvya meM 24

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tIrthakaroM, 12 cakravartiyoM, 9 vAsudevoM, 9 baladevoM ko milAkara cauvana zalAkA puruSoM kA jIvana-carita grathita kiyA hai| RSabhadeva, bharata cakravartI, zAntinAtha, mallinAtha aura pArzvanAtha ke jIvana-carita kA isameM vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| isa caritakAvya kA uddezya zubha-azubha karma pariNAmoM kI vivecanA karanA hai, ataH mUla carita-nAyakoM ke pUrvabhavoM kA vivecana bhI grantha meM huA hai| mUlakathAnakoM ke sAtha aneka avAntara kathAoM ke gumphana dvArA janma-janmAntaroM ke saMskAroM, vikAroM, AsaktiyoM, nidAna Adi kA bhI vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha caritakAvya sAMsArika nazvaratA ke bIca-bIca meM jIvana ke virATa rUpa ko prastuta karatA hai| dAna, dayA, karuNA Adi mAnavIya mUlyoM kA bhI isameM sundara aMkana huA hai| jIva-dayA evaM pakSiyoM ke prati karuNA ke phala kA saMdeza dene vAlI yaha gAthA dRSTavya hai pakkhINa sAvayANa ya vicchoyaM Na kareDa jo priso| jIvesu ya kuNai dayaM tassa avaccAI jIvaMti // (sumatisAmicariyaM gA.81) __ arthAt - pakSiyoM ke baccoM kA jo vyakti viyoga nahIM karatA hai aura jIvoM para dayA karatA hai, usakI saMtati ciraMjIvI hotI hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI isa grantha meM pracura sAmagrI hai| yuddha, vivAha, janma, utsavoM Adi ke varNana-prasaMgoM meM tatkAlIna sAmAjika prathAoM aura rIti-rivAjoM kI jhalaka dRSTigata hotI hai| jaMbUcariyaM jaMbUcarita prAkRta kA gadya-padya mizrita paurANika caritakAvya hai| isake racayitA vIrabhadrasUri ke praziSya guNapAla muni haiN| isakA racanAkAla anumAnataH 9vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| isa caritakAvya kA mUla srota vasudevahiNDI nAmaka kathAgrantha hai| prastuta caritakAvya kI kathAvastu 16 uddezoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM aMtima kevalI jaMbUsvAmI ke Adarza jIvana-caritra ko samagratA ke sAtha varNita kiyA gayA hai| nAyaka ke carita ko vikasita karane ke lie vartamAna jIvana ke sAtha-sAtha unake pUrvabhavoM ke vibhinna prasaMgoM ko bhI manoraMjaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jaMbUkumAra ke

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pUrvabhavoM ke varNana meM bhavadeva ke bhava kA varNana atyaMta rocaka hai, jisameM tapasvI ho jAne para bhI bhavadeva apanI nava-vivAhitA patnI nAgilA ko smaraNa karatA rahatA hai| isa kAvya kA mUla uddezya jIvana kI cirantana samasyAoM para prakAza DAlanA tathA sAMsArika duHkha va saMtApoM se nivRtti prApta karanA hai| jaMbUkumAra dvArA apanI nava-vivAhita ATha rAniyoM ko saMsAra kI nazvaratA kA parijJAna karAne vAlI dRSTAnta kathAe~ sarasa evaM zikSAprada haiN| unake mAdhyama se jaina darzana ke siddhAntoM, AcAra-vyavahAra Adi kA vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| dhArmika vAtAvaraNa se vyApta yaha grantha kAvyAtmaka sarasatA ko bhI lie hue hai / upadezoM ko bhI vakroktiyoM dvArA sarasa banAne kA pUrNa prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| yathA uvayArasahassehiM vi, vaMkaM ko tarar3a ujjuyaM kAuM / sIseNa vi vubdhaMto, hareNa vaMko vi maMyako / / (gA. 15.34 ) arthAt hajAroM upakAra karane ke dvArA bhI Ter3he vyakti ko sIdhA karane meM kauna samartha ho sakatA hai? jaise ziva dvArA sira para dhAraNa kiye jAne para bhI candramA Ter3hA hI rahatA hai / surasundarIcariyaM -- surasundarIcarita kI racanA jinezvarasUri ke ziSya dhanezvarasUri ne vi. saM. 1095 meM kI hai / yaha grantha 16 paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai tathA pratyeka pariccheda meM 250 padya haiM / premAkhyAna pradhAna isa carita mahAkAvya meM nAyikA surasundarI kA jIvana-carita vistAra se varNita hai / nAyikA surasuMdarI ke carita kA vikAsa kramazaH dikhAyA gayA hai| AraMbha meM nAyikA kA zrAMgArika prema, jIvana ke Amoda-pramoda tathA anta meM virakti evaM tapazcaraNa kA vivecana huA hai / nAyikA ke carita kA vikAsa dikhAne hetu mUla kathA ke sAtha-sAtha aneka prAsaMgika kathAoM ko bhI samAhita kiyA hai / lekhaka ne dhArmika bhAvanAoM ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava jIvana kI mUlavRttiyoM prema, kAma-vAsanA, rAga-virAga ke saMgharSa Adi kA bhI manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA hai| dhArmika va dArzanika siddhAntoM ko vivecita karane vAlA yaha grantha apane kAvyAtmaka varNanoM ke kAraNa atyaMta hI sarasa evaM sajIva

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hai| prema va rAga N kI mArmika abhivyaMjanA karane vAlI yaha gAthA dRSTavya haitAva cciya parama- suhaM jAva na rAgo maNammi uccharai / haMdi ! sarAgammi maNe dukkha sahassAiM pavisaMti / / ( gA. 8.80 ) arthAt - jaba taka mana meM rAga kA udaya nahIM hotA hai, taba taka parama sukha hai, kyoMki rAga yukta mana meM hajAroM duHkha praveza kara jAte haiM / rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM ratnacUDarAjacarita meM nAyaka ratnacUDa kA sarvAMgINa jIvana carita varNita hai| uttarAdhyayana kI sukhabodhA nAmaka TIkA ke racayitA AcArya nemicandrasUri ne vi.saM. 1129-40 ke madhya isa gadya-padya mizrita caritakAvya kI racanA kI thI / mokSa puruSArtha ko uddezya banAkara isa grantha meM rAjA ratnacUDa va unakI patnI tilakasuMdarI ke dhArmika jIvana ko aMkita kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kI kathAvastu tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai / (1) ratnacUDa kA pUrvabhava (2) janma, hAthI ko vaza meM karane ke lie jAnA, tilakasuMdarI ke sAtha vivAha ( 3 ) ratnacUDa kA saparivAra merugamana va dezavrata grahaNa karanA / vastutaH isa caritakAvya meM nAyaka ratnacUDa kA carita uttarottara vikasita hotA huA dikhAyA hai / pUrvajanma kI ghaTanAoM kA prabhAva nAyaka ke vartamAna jIvana ko udAtta rUpa detA hai / grantha meM varNita vibhinna avAntara kathAe~ laukika va upadezAtmaka haiM / dhanapAla seTha kI kaTubhASiNI bhAryA 'IzvarI' kA dRSTAMta lokakathA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai / rAjazrI, padmazrI, rAjahaMsI, surAnaMdA Adi ke pUrvabhavoM kI ghaTanAoM ke varNana dvArA dAna, zIla, tapa evaM bhAvadharma kI mahattA ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| kAvyAtmaka varNanoM meM nadI, parvata, vana, sarovara, saMdhyA, yuddha Adi ke varNana prazaMsanIya haiN| siripAsanAhacariyaM 1 zrI pArzvanAthacarita ke racayitA kahArayaNakosa ke karttA guNacandragaNi (guNacandrasUri ) haiM / vi. saM. 1168 meM kavi ne bhar3auca meM isa grantha kI racanA kI thii| prastuta grantha meM pA~ca prastAvoM meM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA jIvana-carita varNita hai| prathama do prastAvoM meM pArzvanAtha ke pUrva bhavoM kI, tathA zeSa tIna prastAvoM meM vartamAna bhava kI ghaTanAoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| yaha eka zreSTha

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carita kAvya hai, jisameM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke asAdhAraNa puruSArtha kA svAbhAvika vikAsa udghATita huA hai / kamaTha ke jIva dvArA nirantara parISaha kiye jAne para bhI ve saMyama meM dRr3ha rahate haiM tathA unake mana meM kisI bhI prakAra kI pratizodha kI jvAlA prajvalita nahIM hotI hai| nAyaka ke carita meM sahiSNutA ke guNa kI bejor3a parAkASThA isa caritakAvya ko purANoM ke najadIka lAkara khar3A karatI hai| prasaMgavaza isa kAvya meM taMtra-maMtra kI vividha sAdhanAe~ bhI varNita haiM / racayitA ne ina sAdhanAoM kA khaMDana kara samyak carita kI pratiSThA karate hue kahA hai ki rAga, dveSa evaM moha kA tyAga karake hI sAdhaka kA carita nirmala banatA hai / mahAvIracariyaM mahAvIracarita guNacandragaNi kI utkRSTa racanA hai| isakA racanA kAla vi.saM. 1139 hai / gadya-padya mizrita isa caritakAvya meM antima tIrthakara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke Adarza jIvana ko sarasa va kAvyamaya zailI meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa kAvya-grantha meM 8 sarga haiN| prathama cAra meM nAyaka ke pUrvabhavoM kA evaM zeSa cAra meM vartamAna bhava kA varNana hai| kAvyakAra ne dhArmika siddhAntoM ke nirUpaNa, tattvanirNaya va darzana ke gUr3ha rahasyoM ko spaSTa karane hetu nAyaka ke jIvana kI vibhinna ghaTanAoM kA vizleSaNa dhArmika vAtAvaraNa meM prastuta kiyA hai| mArIca ke bhava ke kRtya, vardhamAna kI bAla-krIr3Ae~, lekhazAlA meM pradarzita buddhi kauzala, vibhinna upasarga, gozAlaka kA AkhyAna Adi ghaTanAoM ke varNana dvArA tIrthakara mahAvIra ke carita ko aneka utAra-car3hAva ke sAtha vikasita kiyA gayA hai| nAyaka ke pUrva janmoM kI ghaTanAoM ke samAveza ke kAraNa kathAnaka meM sampUrNatA parilakSita hotI hai| ahiMsA, satya, acaurya Adi mahAvratoM ke AkhyAnoM kA gumphana kara nAyaka ke carita ko sarala, ujjavala va nirmala banAne kA kavi ne pUrNa prayAsa kiyA hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI isa caritakAvya meM mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI upalabdha hai| maMtra-taMtra, vidyA-sAdhaka, kApAlikoM ke kriyAkANDa Adi kA bhI ullekha hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta meM racita isa kAvya meM yatra-tatra saMskRta va apabhraMza ke padya bhI prApta hote haiM /

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mahAvIracariyaM (padyabaddha ) uttarAdhyayana kI sukhabodhA TIkA ke racayitA nemicandrasUri dvArA racita padyabaddha mahAvIracarita bhI prApya hai / isa grantha kI racanA vi. saM. 1141 meM huii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vartamAna va pUrvabhavoM kI ghaTanAoM ke isameM rocaka ullekha hue haiN| vibhinna pAtroM ke kriyA - vyApAroM ke mAdhyama se mithyAtva evaM samyaktva kI sundara abhivyaMjanA kI gaI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra apane zrAvaka ke bhava meM paropakAra karake jahA~ jIvanotthAna kI sAmagrI kA saMcaya karate haiM vahIM mArIca ke bhava meM ahaMkAra ke kAraNa zIla va sadbhAvanA kI upekSA karake apane saMsAra ko bar3hAte haiM / aMta meM 26 veM (mahAvIra ke) bhava meM tIrthakara pada ko prApta karate haiM / supAsanAhacariyaM AcArya hemacandra ke ziSya zrI lakSmaNagaNi ne vi. saM. 1199 meM gujarAta ke rAjA kumArapAla ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke varSa meM supArzvanAthacarita kI racanA kI hai| isa padyabaddha caritakAvya meM kAvya ke nAyaka sAtaveM tIrthaMkara supArzvanAtha kA jIvana carita varNita hai| sampUrNa kAvya tIna prastAvoM meM hai| prathama prastAva meM nAyaka ke pUrvabhavoM kA tathA zeSa prastAvoM meM vartamAna bhava kI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha hai| isa caritakAvya kA mUla saMdeza yahI hai ki aneka janmoM meM saMyama va sadAcAra kA pAlana karane se hI vyakti caritra kA vikAsa kara mukti patha kI ora agrasara hotA hai| mUla kathA ke sAtha avAntara kathAe~ bhI dharmatattva kA hI praNayana karatI hai| ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM evaM unake aticAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / samyaktva kI mahattA ke lie 'campakamAlA' kI rocaka kathA varNita hai / isa caritakAvya meM sAMskRtika tattva bhI pracura parimANa meM upalabdha haiM / jaina dharma ke pramukha siddhAntoM ke sAtha-sAtha kApAlika, vedAnta evaM saMnyAsI mata ke AcAra va siddhAntoM kA bhI isameM nirUpaNa huA hai / bhImakumAra kI kathA naramuNDa kI mAlA dhAraNa kiye hue kApAlika kA varNana sajIva hai / isI prasaMga meM naramuNDoM se maMDita kAlIdevI kA bhI bhaMyakara rUpa citrita huA hai| isa caritakAvya kI bhASA para apabhraMza kA pUrA prabhAva dikhAI par3atA hai / meM 18

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ina pramukha caritakAvyoM ke atirikta bhI prAkRta meM aneka carita-grantha milate haiN| zrI candraprabha mahattara (I.san. 1070) ke dvArA racita sirivijayacaMda kevalIcariyaM meM jina pUjA kA mahatva batAyA gayA hai| 12vIM zatAbdI kI racanA bhadrezvarakRta kahAvali meM tresaTha mahApuruSoM kA caritra varNita hai| devendrasUri kRta (I.san. 1270) sudaMsaNAcariyaM nArI caritra ke udAtta rUpa ko darzAtA hai| 16vIM zatAbdI meM anaMtahaMsa dvArA likhA gayA kummAputacariyaM tapa, saMyama, dAna, zIla va bhAvazuddhi kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prAkRta caritakAvyoM kI eka lambI vikAsa yAtrA rahI hai, jo Agama kAla se prAraMbha hokara 16vIM-17vIM zatAbdI taka anavarata rUpa se calatI rahI aura isa kAla meM aneka mahApuruSoM ke carita likhe gye| sahAyaka grantha ___ 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 6) -- le. DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ____2. prAkRta bhAratI - saM. evaM a. DaoN. premasumana jaina, DaoN. subhASa koThArI, Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 3. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa-le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 4. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 000

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9 nATaka - sAhitya meM prAkRta evaM prAkRta saTTaka 12vIM zatAbdI taka prAkRta bhASA janabhASA evaM sAhityika bhASA donoM hI rUpoM meM pracalita rahI hai / ataH prAkRta bhASA meM kathA, carita, muktaka, mahAkAvya, khaNDakAvya Adi vidhAoM meM likhA vipula sAhitya milatA hai / isa vizAla sAhitya ke AdhAra para yaha anumAna sahaja hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta bhASA meM nATaka - sAhitya kI racanA bhI avazya huI hogI, kyoMki nATaka lokajIvana kI abhivyakti kA sazakta mAdhyama hai / nATakoM ke mAdhyama se hI raMgamaMca para lokasaMskRti ke rahana-sahana, rIti-rivAja, veza-bhUSA Adi kI sAkSAt prastuti hotI hai| lekina Aja koI bhI aisA nATaka upalabdha nahIM hai, jo svataMtra rUpa se AdyopAMta prAkRta bhASA meM likhA huA ho / prAkRta bhASA ke upalabdha vizAla sAhitya ko dekhakara yaha bAta asaMbhava sI pratIta hotI hai ki prAkRta meM kisI nATaka kI racanA nahIM huI ho| phira saMskRta nATakoM meM vibhinna pAtroM dvArA vividha prAkRtoM kA prayoga kiyA jAnA isa tarka ko adhika majabUta karatA hai ki katipaya nATaka sAhitya kI racanA sampUrNatayA prAkRta bhASA meM avazya huI hogI, kintu saMskRta ke prabhAva ke kAraNa ve nATaka yA to naSTa ho gaye yA unakA saMskRtikaraNa ho gayA aura unakA svataMtra astitva nahIM rahA / Age calakara to saMskRta kA varcasva itanA bar3hA ki saMskRta nATakoM ke prAkRta aMzoM ko bhI saMskRta chAyA dvArA samajhAyA jAne lagA / ukta vivecana se yaha bAta to spaSTa ho hI jAtI hai ki AdyopAMta prAkRta bhASA meM likhA prAkRta kA koI nATaka Aja upalabdha nahIM hai, ataH nATaka - sAhitya meM prAkRta kA svarUpa jAnane ke lie hameM saMskRta nATakoM meM prayukta vividha prAkRtoM kA adhyayana karanA hogA /

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saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta prAkRta bhASA kA prathama nATakIya prayoga saMskRta nATakoM meM hI prApta hotA hai| bharata ne apane nATyazAstra meM saMskRta nATakoM meM vibhinna pAtroM dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASAoM kA nirdeza karate hue kahA hai ki rAjA, rAjapatnI, ucca varga ke puruSa aura mahilAe~, bhikSuNI, maMtrI, maMtriyoM kI putriyA~ evaM kalAkAra saMskRta meM bhASaNa karate haiM tathA zramaNa, tapasvI, vidUSaka, unmatta, bAla, nimna varga ke strI-puruSa, anArya, apsarAe~ evaM strI pAtra prAkRta meN| isI kAraNa saMskRta nATakoM kA ardha bhAga saMskRta meM hotA hai tathA ardha bhAga prAkRta meM rahatA hai / yahA~ saMskRta ke kucha pramukha nATakoM kA paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai, jinameM vibhinna prAkRtoM kA vipula prayoga huA hai| azvaghoSa ke nATaka saMskRta nATakoM meM prAkRta bhASA kA sarvaprathama prayoga azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM prApta hotA hai / azvaghoSa kA samaya lagabhaga I. san kI pahalI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai / azvaghoSa ke zAriputraprakaraNa evaM anya do adhUre nATaka tAr3apatroM para prApta hue haiN| zAriputraprakaraNa nau aMkoM kA prakaraNa hai, jisameM gautama buddha dvArA maudgalAyana aura zAriputra ko bauddha dharma meM dIkSita kiye jAne kA varNana hai / azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRta ke adhyayana ke pazcAt vidvAnoM ne yahI niSkarSa prastuta kiyA hai ki ina nATakoM meM ardhamAgadhI, mAgadhI evaM zaurasenI ke prAcInatam rUpa upalabdha haiN| ina nATakoM kI prAkRta bhASAe~ azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI prAkRtoM ke adhika nikaTa haiM bhASA va sAhitya donoM ke hI itihAsa kI dRSTi se azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRtoM kA astitva atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| I bhAsa ke nATaka azvaghoSa ke pazcAt mahAkavi bhAsa ne aneka saMskRta nATakoM kI racanA kI hai| bhAsa kA samaya lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| bhAsa dvArA racita vibhinna nATakoM meM cArudatta evaM avimAraka mahattvapUrNa haiM / ina 121

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donoM hI nATakoM meM prAkRta kI pradhAnatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yadi inheM prAkRta ke nATaka hI kahA jAya to atizayokti nahIM hogii| cArudatta nATaka meM basaMtasenA va cArudatta kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| isI kathAvastu ke AdhAra para bAda meM zUdraka ne mRcchakaTikam kI racanA kii| cAra aMkoM ke isa nATaka ke dvitIya aMka meM to saMskRta kA prayoga hI nahIM hai| caturtha aMka meM kevala eka pAtra saMskRta bolatA hai| zeSa do aMkoM meM bhI prAkRta kI pradhAnatA hai| svapravAsavadattA sAta aMkoM kA nATaka hai| isake sAtoM aMkoM meM prAkRta kA prayoga huA hai| pratimA nATaka meM bhI sAta aMka haiM, jisameM rAma vanavAsa se lekara rAvaNa vadha taka kI ghaTanAoM kA varNana hai| isa nATaka meM prayukta prAkRta prAcIna pratIta hotI hai| isake atirikta bAlacarita, paMcarAtra Adi nATakoM meM bhI prAkRtoM kA prayoga huA hai| bhAsa ke nATakoM meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM meM zaurasenI kA prayoga adhika huA hai| mAgadhI ke bhI bhinna-bhinna rUpa isameM parilakSita hue haiN| kAlidAsa ke nATaka mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI gaNanA cauthI zatAbdI ke zreSThatam nATakakAroM meM kI gaI hai| abhijJAnazAkuntalam, mAlavikAgnimitram evaM vikramorvazIyam ye tIna inake prasiddha nATaka haiN| ina tInoM hI nATakoM meM kavi kAlidAsa ne prAkRta bhASA kA bahulatA se prayoga kiyA hai| unake nATakoM meM gadya ke lie zaurasenI prAkRta kA tathA padya ke lie mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prayoga huA hai| abhijJAnazAkuntalam meM duSyaMta va zakuntalA kI prema kathA varNita hai| prema va saundarya kI adbhuta anubhUti upasthita karane vAlA yaha nATaka tatkAlIna rAjanaitika va sAmAjika jIvana kI marmasparzI jhAMkI bhI prastuta karatA hai| vibhinna prAkRta bhASAoM ke prayoga kI dRSTi se rAjA kA sAlA, zaurasenI meM bolatA hai| napuMsaka, jyotiSI aura vikSipta bhI zaurasenI kA prayoga karate haiN| strI pAtra evaM zizu mahArASTrI. kA tathA pulisa karmacArI, machue, sarvadamana Adi mAgadhI kA prayoga karate haiN| saptama aMka meM tApasI ke kathanoM meM prayukta prAkRta bhASA ko dekhane se kAlidAsa kI prAkRta sambandhI yogyatA aura samRddhatA donoM kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai|

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yathA - imassa bAlaassa de vi saMvAdiNI AkidI tti vimhAvidamhi / apariidassa vi de appaDilomo saMvutto tti a|| arthAt - isa bAlaka kI aura ApakI AkRti samAna hai| aisA (dekhakara) maiM vismita huuN| aparicita Apake lie (yaha) anukUla ho gayA hai| kAlidAsa dvArA prayukta prAkRta bhASA bolacAla kI prAkRtoM se bhinna vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se rUr3ha hai| prAkRta ke aneka muhAvaroM va lokoktiyoM kA bhI isameM prayoga huA hai| mAlavikAgnimitram kI kathAvastu to prAkRta saTTaka paramparA kA hI pUrNa anukaraNa karatI pratIta hotI hai| isameM rAjamahiSI kI paricArikA mAlavikA aura rAjA agnimitra kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| isa nATaka meM adhikAMza strI pAtra haiM aura unhoMne prAkRta bhASA kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| ina pAtroM dvArA prayukta prAkRta ke saMvAda sarasa va madhura haiN| kAlidAsa kA vikramorvazIyam nATaka to eka prakAra kA prAkRta saTTaka hI hai| isameM rAjA puruvara tathA apsarA urvazI kI premakathA varNita hai| menakA, rambhA, sahajanyA, citralekhA, urvazI Adi apsarAe~, yavanI, ceTI, rAjamahiSI, tApasI Adi strI pAtra evaM vidUSaka prAkRta hI bolate haiN| apabhraMza ke bhI kucha suMdara padya isameM milate haiN| yathA hau~ pai~ pucchimi Aakkhahi gaavaru laliapahAreM nnaasiatruvru| dUraviNijia sasaharukaMtI diTThi piA pai~ sammuha jaMtI // (4.22 ) arthAt - sundara prahAroM se vRkSoM kA nAza karane vAle, he zreSTha hAthI! maiM tumase pUcha rahA hU~ ki, kaho tumhAre dvArA dUra se hI candramA kI zobhA ko haraNa karane vAlI kyA merI priyA priya ke sammukha jAtI huI dekhI gaI hai? zUdraka kA mRcchakaTikam mahAkavi zUdraka ke mRcchakaTikam ko prAcIna saMskRta nATakoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| zUdraka ke samaya ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| anumAnataH inakA samaya lagabhaga pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| mahAkavi

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zUdraka kA mRcchakaTika lokajIvana kA pratinidhi nATaka hai| isameM kavi ne nAyaka cArudatta tathA nAyikA basaMtasenA kI premakathA ko rAjanaitika ghaTanA se sambaddha kara tatkAlIna sAmAjika va rAjanaitika jIvana ko yathArtha rUpa se pratibimbita kiyA hai| vividha prAkRta bhASAoM ke saphala prayoga kI dRSTi se mRcchakaTikam advitIya kRti hai| isa nATaka meM prayukta prAkRtoM meM vividhatA hai| kavi ne pAtrAnukUla prAkRta bhASAoM kA bejor3a prayoga kiyA hai| vibhinna prAkRta bhASAoM kI jAnakArI ke lie mRcchakaTikam kA adhyayana atyaMta upayogI hai| saba milAkara isa nATaka meM 30 pAtra haiM, jinameM se sUtradhAra, naTI, dAsI radanikA, dAsI madanikA, basaMtasenA, usakI mAtA, ceTI, dAsa karNapUraka, cArudatta kI patnI dhUtA, zodhanaka va zreSThI ye 11 pAtra zaurasenI meM bolate haiN| vIraka va candanaka avantijA meM, vidUSaka prAcyA meM, saMvAhaka, sthAvaraka, kuMbhIlaka, vardhamAnaka, bhikSu tathA rohasena mAgadhI meM bolate haiN| zakAra zakArI meM, donoM cANDAla cAMDAlI meM, dyUtakara va mAthura DhakkI meM bAta karate haiN| nAyaka cArudatta, viTa, Aryaka Adi zeSa pAtra saMskRta bolate haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa nATaka meM prayukta prAkRta bhASAe~ bharata ke nATyazAstra meM vivecita prAkRta bhASAoM ke niyamAnusAra prayukta huI haiN| ___ mRcchakaTikam ke saMskRta TIkAkAra pRthvIdhara ne mRcchakaTikam meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM kA vistRta vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| unake anusAra prAkRta bhASAe~ sAta mAnI gaI haiN| mAgadhI, avantijA, prAcyA, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, vAhrIkA tathA daakssinnaatyaa| apabhraMza bhI sAta haiM - zakArI, cAMDAlI, AbhIrI, zabarI, drAvir3I, uDrajA evaM ddhkkii| ina bhASAoM meM se mRcchakaTikam meM sAta bhASA-vibhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai| zaurasenI, avantijA, prAcyA, mAgadhI, zakArI, cANDAlI aura ddhkkii| zakAra dvArA bolI jAne vAlI zakArI bhASA kA yaha udAharaNa dRSTavya hai zuvaNNaaM demi piaM vademi paDemi zIzeNa zavezTaNeNa / tadhA vi maMNecchazi zuddhadanti kiM zevaaMkazTamaA maNuzzA / / / (8. 31) arthAt - maiM tumheM svarNa detA hU~, priya bolatA hU~, pagar3I sahita sira

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detA hU~ tathApi he zveta dA~toM vAlI! tuma mujha sevaka ko nahIM cAhatI ho| manuSya bar3e hI kaSTamaya haiN| zrIharSa ke nATaka ___ mahAkavi zrI harSa (I. san 600-648) ne priyadarzikA evaM ratnAvalI nATikAoM meM tathA nAgAnaMda nATaka meM prAkRta bhASA kA pUrA prayoga kiyA hai| priyadarzikA evaM ratnAvalI nATikAoM meM strI pAtroM kI saMkhyA adhika hai| ataH ina donoM hI racanAoM meM saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta kA prayoga adhika hai| striyA~, naukara, vidUSaka Adi pAtra prAkRta hI bolate haiN| nAgAnaMda nATaka meM saMskRta kI pradhAnatA hai, kintu isameM bhI vidUSaka, ceTI, nAyikA, malayavaMtI Adi pAtra prAkRta bhASA kA hI prayoga karate haiN| zrIharSa ne apanI nATya racanAoM meM padya meM mahArASTrI ke sAtha-sAtha zaurasenI kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| ratnAvalI kI yaha paMkti dRSTavya hai - dullahajaNaaNurAo lajjA guruI paravaso appA / ( 2.1) arthAt - vyakti ke lie prema kI surakSA durlabha hai| paravaza AtmA gaharI lajjA hai| bhavabhUti ke nATaka I. san kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM bhavabhUti ne mahAvIra carita, mAlatImAdhava evaM uttararAmacarita nATakoM kI racanA kii| ina tInoM hI nATakoM meM saMskRta kI hI pradhAnatA hai, kintu niyamAnusAra unhoMne ina racanAoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| uparyukta prasiddha saMskRta nATakakAroM ke atirikta saMskRta ke anya nATaka bhI milate haiM, jinameM pAtrAnusAra prAkRta bhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai| . vizAkhadatta (I. san nauMvI zatAbdI) ne mudrArAkSasa meM zaurasenI, mahArASTrI evaM mAgadhI kA prayoga kiyA hai| bhaTTanArAyaNa (I. san AThavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva) ke veNIsaMhAra meM zaurasenI kI pradhAnatA milatI hai| kahIM-kahIM mAgadhI kA bhI prayoga hai| somadeva dvArA bArahavIM zatAbdI meM likhe gaye lalitavigraharAja meM mahArASTrI, zaurasenI va mAgadhI kA prayoga milatA hai| 17vIM zatAbdI meM

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mahAdeva kavi dvArA viracita adbhuta darpaNa meM sItA, trijaTA, saramA, Adi strI pAtra evaM vidUSaka ne saMvAdoM meM prAkRta bhASA kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki yadyapi prAkRta meM svataMtra rUpa se likhA koI nATaka prApta nahIM hai, kintu IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se lekara 17vIM zatAbdI taka saMskRta ke prasiddha nATakakAroM ne apane nATakoM meM prAkRta bhASA kA pracura prayoga karate hue isakI mahattA ko svIkArA hai / prAkRta saTTaka bhAratIya sAhitya kI nATya paramparA meM saTTaka sAhitya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| saTTaka sAhitya kA sambandha prAyaH lokajIvana kI vividha pravRttiyoM se hotA hai / nRtya dvArA isakA abhinaya kiyA jAtA hai| isakA uddezya lokanRtyoM, carcarI, Azcaryajanaka ghaTanAoM tathA zrRMgAra ke vibhinna AyAmoM dvArA loka anuraMjana karanA hotA hai svarUpa evaM vizeSatAe~ saTTaka zabda dezI hai, jo bAda meM saMskRta meM rUr3ha ho gyaa| saTTaka zabda kI vibhinna paribhASAe~ prApta hotI haiN| karpUramaMjarI meM saTTaka kI paribhASA isa prakAra dI gaI hai so saTTaotti bhai dUraM jo, NADiAI aNuharai / kiM uNa ettha pavesaavikkaMbhAiM na kevalaM hoMti / / ( 1.6 ) 1 arthAt saTTaka vaha kahA jAtA hai, jo nATikA kA anusaraNa karatA hai, kintu isameM pravezaka aura viSkambhaka nahIM hote haiM / yadyapi AcArya bharata ne nATyazAstra meM saTTaka kA ullekha nahIM kiyA thA, parantu nATyazAstra ke TIkAkAra abhinavagupta ( 10vIM zatAbdI) ne apanI TIkA meM saTTaka ko nATikA ke samAna hI batAyA hai| 12vIM zatAbdI ke AcArya hemacandra ne kAvyAnuzAsana meM saTTaka ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki saTTaka nATikA ke samAna hotA hai| isameM pravezaka va viSkambhaka nahIM hote haiM tathA saTTaka kI racanA akele prAkRta bhASA meM hI hotI hai, nATikA kI taraha saMskRta va prAkRta donoM meM nahIM / Adhunika vidvAnoM meM DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye ne -

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candralekhA saTTaka kI prastAvanA meM saTTaka ko drAviDa bhASA kA zabda mAnate hue usakI sundara vyAkhyA kI hai| unhoMne nRtya yukta nATakIya pradarzana ko saTTaka kI saMjJA dI hai| vibhinna paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI ne saTTaka kI nimna vizeSatAoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai1. saTTaka meM cAra javanikAeM hotI haiN| 2. kathAvastu kalpita hotI hai aura saTTaka kA nAmakaraNa nAyikA ke AdhAra para hotA hai| 3. pravezaka aura viSkaMbhaka kA abhAva hotA hai| 4. adbhuta rasa kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai| 5. nAyaka dhIra lalita hotA hai| 6. paTarAnI gambhIrA aura mAninI hotI hai| isakA nAyaka ke Upara pUrNa zAsana rahatA hai| 7. nAyaka anya nAyikA se prema karatA hai, para mahiSI usa prema meM bAdhaka banatI hai| anta meM usI kI sahamati se donoM meM praNaya-vyApAra sampanna hotA hai| 8. strI pAtroM kI bahulatA hotI hai| 9. prAkRta bhASA kA AdyopAnta prayoga hotA hai| 10. kaizikI vRtti ke cAro aMgoM dvArA cAra javanikAoM kA gaThana kiyA jAtA hai| 11. nRtya kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| 12. zrRMgAra kA khulakara varNana kiyA jAtA hai| 13. anta meM Azcaryajanaka dRzyoM kI yojanA kI jAtI hai| kappUramaMjarI karpUramaMjarI prAkRta saTTaka paramparA kA pratinidhi saTTaka hai| isake racayitA 10vIM zatAbdI ke kavirAja yAyAvara vaMzIya rAjazekhara haiN| rAjazekhara

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ne karpUramaMjarI kI cAra javanikAoM meM rAjA candrapAla evaM karpUramaMjarI kI praNaya kathA nibaddha kI hai| kathAvastu pUrNarUpa se kAlpanika hai| rAjA candrapAla ke dvArA adbhuta dRzya dekhane kA anurodha karane para yogI bhairavAnaMda apanI yoga zakti se vidarbha kI rAjakumArI apUrva sundarI karpUramaMjarI ko rAjA ke samakSa prastuta karatA hai| rAjA usake anupama saundarya ko dekhakara vimugdha ho jAtA hai| karpUramaMjarI rAjamahiSI vibhramalekhA kI mauserI bahana hai, ataH rAnI vibhramalekhA antaraMgatA ke kAraNa use apane pAsa rakhane kA anurodha karatI hai| isake pazcAt karpUramaMjarI va rAjA candrapAla ke praNaya, viraha-vyAkulatA, rAnI ke kaThora niyaMtraNa tathA anta meM karpUramaMjarI evaM rAjA candrapAla kA vivAha, rAjA dvArA cakravartI pada kI prApti Adi ghaTanAoM ke sAtha saTTaka kI sukhada samApti hotI hai| karpUramaMjarI saTTaka meM kathAvastu kA viniyojana isa prakAra huA hai| ki anta taka rocakatA banI rahatI hai| prArambha se anta taka nRtya, saMgIta va manoraMjana kI pracuratA vidyamAna hai| saTTaka ke sabhI zAstrIya lakSaNa isameM vidyamAna haiN| nAyaka dhIra, lalita, sauMdarya premI va nizcita svabhAva vAlA hai| nAyikA karpUramaMjarI mugdhA, navakAminI va apUrva saundarya kI svAminI hai| rAjamahiSI mAninI hai, kintu rAjA ke cakravartI banane kI abhilASA ke kAraNa unheM karpUramaMjarI ke sAtha vivAha karane kI svIkRti de detI hai| zRMgAra rasa va prema kA vAtAvaraNa prArambha se aMta taka vyApta hai| isa saTTaka meM carcarI nAmaka nRtya kA bhI prayoga huA hai| zRMgAra rasa ke sAtha-sAtha hAsya rasa kA bhI anUThA citraNa hai| tRtIya javanikA meM vidUSaka kA svapna rocaka va vinodapUrNa hai| isa saTTaka kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta hai| lokoktiyoM kA sundara prayoga huA hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se bhI yaha saTTaka mahattvapUrNa hai| tatkAlIna loka saMskRti kA isameM pracura citraNa huA hai| siddhayogI bhairavAnaMda tatkAlIna tantra-vidyA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| prasaMgavaza kaula dharma kI vizeSatAoM kA bhI ullekha isameM huA hai| kAvyAtmaka saundarya kI dRSTi se karpUramaMjarI advitIya kRti hai| isakA padalAlitya va nAda-saundarya anupama hai| isake sabhI padya sundara haiN| chanda alaMkAroM kA isa saTTaka meM sundara viniyojana huA hai| kavi ne sundara

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zabdoM ke cayana dvArA aneka maulika upamAoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| yathA - karpUramaMjarI ke mukha saundarya kI abhivyaMjanA karane vAlA yaha padya dRSTavya mA kahaM pi vaaNeNa vibbhamo hou iti tuha nnunnaamindunnaa| lAMchaNacchalamasIvisesao peccha bimbaphalaye Nie kao // (3.32) arthAt - nizcaya hI tumhAre mukha se logoM ko (candramA kI) bhrAnti na ho jAe, isalie dekho! candramA ke dvArA apane candra bimba meM mRgacinha ke bahAne kAlA dhabbA dhAraNa kara liyA gayA hai| vastu-varNana meM anuprAsa mAdhurya evaM geyatA kA samAveza isa prakAra huA hai ki varNya viSaya kA citra A~khoM ke sAmane pratyakSa upasthita ho jAtA hai| jhUlA jhUlatI karpUramaMjarI kA yaha citra dRSTavya hai - raNantamaNiNeuraM jhaNajhaNaMtahAracchaDaM kalakkaNidakiGkiNImuharamehalADambaraM / vilolavalaAvalIjaNidamaJjusiJjAravaM __Na kassa maNamohaNaM ssimuhiiahindolnnN?||(2.32) arthAt - ratnanirmita nUpuroM kI jhaMkAra se yukta, muktAhAroM kI jhanajhanAhaTa se paripUrNa, kaTisUtra (karadhanI) kI ghaNTiyoM kI manohara AvAja se yukta, caMcala kaMganoM kI paMkti se utpanna hue sundara zabdoM se yukta, yaha candramukhI karpUramaMjarI ke jhUlane kI kriyA kisake mana ko nahIM moha letI hai, arthAt sabhI ke mana ko AkarSita kara rahI hai| rambhAmaMjarI karpUramaMjarI ke pazcAt prAkRta saTTaka kI paramparA meM raMbhAmaMjarI kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isake racayitA muni nayacandra SaDbhASavid kavi the| kavi nayacandra kA samaya lagabhaga 14vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha mAnA gayA hai| karpUramaMjarI ke AdhAra para likhe gaye isa saTTaka ko kavi ne karpUramaMjarI se adhika zreSTha mAnA hai| tIna javanikAoM vAle isa saTTaka meM vArANasI ke rAjA jaitracandra va lATadeza kI rAjakumArI raMbhAmaMjarI kI praNaya kathA varNita hai|

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yadyapi kavi nayacandra ne ise karpUramaMjarI se adhika zreSTha saTTaka batAyA hai, kintu zAstrIya dRSTi se isa saTTaka meM kucha kamiyA~ raha gaI haiN| tIna javanikAoM meM hI bharatavAkya ke binA acAnaka samApta hone ke kAraNa isakI kathAvastu adhUrI sI pratIta hotI hai| kathA kA aMta kaise huA yaha kautUhala anta taka banA rahatA hai| isakI kathAvastu bhI abhijAtya varga ke saMskAroM ke viruddha hI pratIta hotI hai| nAyaka ke jIvana meM maryAdA kA abhAva hai| sAta rAniyoM ke hote hae nAyaka raMbhAmaMjarI kA apaharaNa karA kara vivAha karatA hai| isa dRSTi se kathAvastu meM maulikatA to hai, kintu sarasatA kA abhAva hai| yaha saTTaka karpUramaMjarI ke AdhAra para hI likhA gayA hai| ataH nAyaka-nAyikA kA svabhAva, zRMgAra, prema, viraha, basaMtotsava Adi sabhI kucha karpUramaMjarI kI taraha hI varNita hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se saMskRta va prAkRta donoM bhASAoM kA prayoga huA hai| varNana-kauzala va chaMda-alaMkAroM kA cAru vinyAsa kavi ke pAMDitya ko darzAtA hai| candalehA candralekhA ke kartA pArazava vaMzIya kavi rudradAsa haiN| isa saTTaka kA racanAkAla 1660 I. hai| isa saTTaka meM cAra javanikAe~ haiM, jinameM rAjA mAnaveda aura rAjakumArI candralekhA ke praNaya evaM vivAha kA varNana hai| isakI kathAvastu kA gaThana karpUramaMjarI ke samAna hai| saTTaka ke prAyaH samasta zAstrIya lakSaNoM kA isameM nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| mahattvAkAMkSI nAyaka mAnaveda meM prAraMbha se hI cakravartI banane kI abhilASA hai| candralekhA nAyikA ke samasta divya guNoM se paripUrNa hai| isa saTTaka meM kavi ne zRMgAra rasa kI udAtta bhUmi para nAyaka-nAyikA kA praNaya citrita kiyA hai| apanI kalpanA zakti se kavi ne kathAvastu ko sarasa va rocaka banAkara isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai ki ghaTanAe~ eka ke bAda eka nATakIya DhaMga se ghaTita hotI jAtI haiM, jisase kathAvastu meM kautUhala va rocakatA barAbara banI rahatI hai| yathA - viraha vyAkula candralekhA kA nAyaka mAnaveda ke sAtha kadalIgRha meM milane kA dRzya romAMcakatA ke sAtha rocakatA ko bhI lie hue hai| bhASA komala va pravAhayukta hai| kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se yaha utkRSTa racanA hai|

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padyoM meM prakRti kA sajIva citraNa huA hai| navacandra kA yaha sarasa citra dRSTavya hai| candaNa-caccia-savva-disaMto cAru-caora-suhAi kunnnto| dIha-pasAria-dIhii-buMdo dIsai diNNa-raso Nava-cando // (3. 21) arthAt - samasta dizAoM ko caMdana se carcita karatA huA, sundara cakora pakSiyoM ko sukha pradAna karatA huA, apanI kiraNoM ke samUha ko dUra taka prasArita karatA huA sarasa nUtana candramA dikhAI de rahA hai| AnandasundarI / AnandasundarI saTTaka ke racayitA sarasvatI ke avatAra mahArASTracUDAmaNi kavi ghanazyAma haiN| kavi ghanazyAma sarvabhASA kavi mAne jAte haiN| saMskRta, prAkRta va dezI sabhI bhASAoM meM inakI racanAe~ prApya haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga 1700-1750 I. hai| AnaMdasuMdarI prAkRta kA eka maulika saTTaka hai, jisakI kathAvastu kA gaThana karpUramaMjarI ke AdhAra para nahIM huA hai| isa saTTaka kI kathAvastu meM rAjA zikhaNDacandra aura aMgarAja kI kanyA AnaMdasuMdarI ke prema, vivAha evaM putra-prApti kI ghaTanA kA varNana hai| isa saTTaka kI kathAvastu meM maulikatA kA puTa hai| do garbha nATakoM kA viniyojana kara kavi ne kathAvastu kI gatizIlatA ko banAye rakhA hai| garbhAka kI kalpanA isa saTTaka kI apanI maulika vizeSatA hai| pAThakoM kI rocakatA ko banAye rakhane ke lie kaI dRzyoM meM kavi ne hAsya va vyaMga kA samAveza bhI kiyA hai| bhASA vararuci sammata prAkRta hai, kahIM kahIM saMskRta kA bhI prayoga hai| marAThI bhASA ke bahuta se zabda isameM prayukta hue haiN| isake saMvAda sAragarbhita haiN| rasa, bhAva, chaMda, alaMkAra Adi kI viniyojanA kI dRSTi se yaha uttama saTTaka hai| siMgAramaMjarI zRMgAramaMjarI ke kartA kavi vizvezvara paMDita kA samaya lagabhaga ___ 17vIM-18vIM zatAbdI kA mAnA jAtA hai| zRMgAramaMjarI sar3aka kA sAhitya

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meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| cAra javanikAoM meM rAjA rAjazekhara va nAyikA zRMgAramaMjarI kI praNaya kathA varNita hai| isakI kathAvastu atyaMta rocaka hai| isakA AdhAra yadyapi rAjazekhara kI karpUramaMjarI hai, kintu kathAnaka. gaThana, ghaTanA-vinyAsa va varNanoM meM maulikatA hai| rAjA dvArA svapna meM zRMgAramaMjarI ko dekhanA, dAsI dvArA citra banavAnA, nAyikA dvArA AtmahatyA kA prayAsa Adi ghaTanAe~ maulika haiM / basaMta, saMdhyA, kuMja, rAtri, candrodaya Adi ke varNana vizada evaM kAvyAtmaka saundarya se abhibhUta haiN| zilpa purAtana hote hue bhI caritra-citraNa evaM saMvAda kI dRSTi se yaha eka uttama koTi kI racanA hai| sahAyaka grantha 1. kAlidAsa granthAvalI - saM. revAprasAda dvivedI, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 2. prAkRta evaM jainAgama sAhitya - le. DaoN. harizaMkara pANDeya, zrI lakSmI pablikezana katirA, ArA 3. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa-le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 4. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 5. mRcchakaTikam -- a. DaoN. zrInivAsa zAstrI, sAhitya bhaNDAra, meraTha 000

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/ prAkRta-vyAkaraNa, chaMda, alaMkAra evaM koza-grantha prAkRta bhASA meM dharma-darzana ke grantha, zilAlekha, kathA, kAvya, carita Adi aneka vidhAoM meM sAhitya likhA gayA, jo jaina dharma va darzana ke pramukha siddhAntoM kI samucita vyAkhyA to prastuta karatA hI hai, sAtha hI tatkAlIna samAja va saMskRti kI gauravamaya jhA~kI bhI prastuta karatA hai| kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sAhitya atyanta samRddha rahA hai| isa vipula sAhitya ke kAraNa IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI taka prAkRta apane janabhASA ke svarUpa se dUra haTakara sAhityika svarUpa ko prApta kara cukI thii| ataH vidvAnoM dvArA isa vizAla vAGmaya kI vidhivat vyavasthA ke lie upalabdha sAhitya ke AdhAra para vyAkaraNa ke niyama nizcita karane ke prayatna kiye gye| vyAkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha chanda, alaMkAra evaM koza-grantha bhI taiyAra kiye ge| ina racanAoM meM kAvya-tattvoM kI mAtrA to alpa hai, kintu sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kI eka suvyavasthita paramparA inameM nihita hai| vyAkaraNa-grantha kisI bhI bhASA ko sIkhane ke lie vyAkaraNa kA jJAna nitAMtta Avazyaka hai| vyAkaraNa ke dvArA zabdoM kI vyutpatti ko spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| jaba koI bhASA sAhityika bhASA kA darjA prApta kara letI hai, taba usako eka vidhivata rUpa pradAna karane ke lie vyAkaraNa grantha likhe jAte haiN| prAkRta bhASA prAraMbha meM janabhASA ke rUpa meM vikasita huI thI, kintu I. san kI dvitIya-tRtIya zatAbdI ke Asa-pAsa isameM vipula sAhitya likhA jAne lgaa| chaThI zatAbdI taka to yaha pUrNa rUpa se sAhitya kI bhASA bana gii| ataH vidvAnoM dvArA ise pariniSThita rUpa pradAna karane ke lie isake vibhinna vyAkaraNa-grantha bhI likhe gaye, jinameM prAkRta bhASA ke vibhinna pakSoM para vidhivat prakAza DAlA gayA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke jo bhI prAcIna vyAkaraNa

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grantha Aja upalabdha haiM, ve prAyaH saMskRta meM hI likhe gaye haiN| yadyapi prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke zabdAnuzAsana sambandhI niyama prAcIna Agama granthoM meM prApta hote haiN| AcArAMga meM tIna vacana, kAla, liMga Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| ThANAMga ke AThaveM adhyAya meM ATha kArakoM kA nirUpaNa hai| anuyogadvArasUtra meM vyAkaraNa ke aneka tathya nirUpita hue haiN| prAkRta bhASA meM likhA prAkRta kA koI prAcIna vyAkaraNa-grantha upalabdha nahIM hai / aindravyAkaraNa, saddapAhuDa Adi prAkRta ke prAcIna vyAkaraNa the, lekina Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se hI saMskRta bhASA meM likhe prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa-grantha prApta hote haiM, unakA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai| nATyazAstra AcArya bharata dvArA racita nATyazAstra sarvAdhika prAcIna saMskRta vyAkaraNa hai| isameM prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNa sambaMdhI kucha niyamoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| nATyazAstra ke 17veM adhyAya meM 6 se 23 zlokoM meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke kucha siddhAnta vivecita haiN| isake atirikta 32veM adhyAya meM prAkRta ke bahuta se udAharaNa diye haiN| bharata ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa sambaMdhI ye anuzAsana atyaMta hI saMkSipta va aspaSTa haiM, kintu yaha vyAkaraNa-grantha isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa ho jAtA hai ki bharata ke samaya meM hI prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI gaI thii| dUsarI bAta yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki usa samaya prAkRta kA koI prasiddha vyAkaraNa-grantha upalabdha rahA hogaa| ataH AcArya bharata ne prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke kevala kucha sAmAnya niyamoM kA mAtra ullekha karanA hI paryApta samajhA hogaa| prAkRtalakSaNa prAkRta ke upalabdha vyAkaraNoM meM caMDa ke prAkRtalakSaNa ko sarvAdhika prAcIna mAnA gayA hai| isakA racanAkAla anumAnataH dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| yaha grantha atyaMta saMkSipta hai| isa vyAkaraNa-grantha meM 99 sUtra haiM, jo tIna pAda meM vibhakta haiN| inameM sAmAnya prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyama batAye gaye haiN| grantha kI kucha pratiyoM meM caturtha pAda bhI milA hai, jisameM mAtra 4 sUtra haiN| ina 4 sUtroM meM kramazaH apabhraMza, paizAcI, mAgadhI va

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zaurasenI kA ullekha karate hue unakI sAmAnya vizeSatAoM kI ora saMketa mAtra kiyA gayA hai| prAkRtaprakAza prAkRtaprakAza ke racayitA vararuci vikramAditya ke navaratnoM meM se eka the| vararuci kA samaya lagabhaga cauthI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| viSaya va zailI donoM hI dRSTikoNa se yaha grantha upalabdha prAkRta vyAkaraNa-granthoM meM atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| prAkRtaprakAza meM 12 pariccheda haiN| prathama 9 paricchedoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke lakSaNoM kA varNana hai| dasaveM meM paizAcI, gyArahaveM meM mAgadhI va bArahaveM meM zaurasenI kA vivecana hai| vararuci kA yaha grantha isa dRSTi se atyaMta hI mahattvapUrNa hai ki isa grantha meM mahArASTrI ke sAtha-sAtha pahalI bAra mAgadhI va zaurasenI kI vizeSatAoM kA vistAra se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke gahana adhyayana ke lie vararuci ke prAkRtaprakAza kA adhyayana atyanta Avazyaka hai| siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana upalabdha prAkRta ke vyAkaraNa-granthoM meM 11-12vIM zatAbdI ke AcArya hemacandra dvArA viracita siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana sarvAdhika vyavasthita vyAkaraNa-grantha hai| isa vizAla vyAkaraNa-grantha meM 8 adhyAya haiN| AraMbha ke sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai tathA AThaveM adhyAya meM prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kA vistAra se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| AThaveM adhyAya meM cAra pAda haiN| prathama pAda meM 271 sUtra haiM, jinameM saMdhi, vyaMjanAnta zabda, anusvAra, liMga, visarga Adi kA vivecana hai| dvitIya pAda meM 218 sUtroM meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke parivartana, samIkaraNa, svarabhakti, varNaviparyaya, zabdAdeza, tadvita, nipAta evaM avyayoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isa pAda meM AcArya ne saMskRta ke vyartha vAle zabdoM ko prAkRta meM alaga-alaga karake samajhAyA hai| isI pAda meM avyayoM kI bhI vistRta sUcI dI hai| tRtIya pAda ke 182 sUtroM meM kAraka, vibhaktiyoM, kriyA-racanA Adi ke niyamoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| cauthe pAda meM 448 sUtra haiM, jisameM se 329 sUtroM meM ___ mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA-paizAcI va zaurasenI kA anuzAsana vistAra ke

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1 sAtha kiyA gayA hai| zeSa sUtroM meM apabhraMza vyAkaraNa para prakAza DAlA isa pAda meM dhAtvAdeza kI pramukhatA hai / yathA saMskRta ke kath dhAtu kA prAkRta meM kaha, bolla, jaMpa Adi Adeza hotA hai| AcArya hemacandra kA yaha grantha atyaMta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa-granthoM ke itihAsa meM yaha pahalA grantha hai, jo sampUrNatA lie hue hai| isa grantha meM apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke anuzAsana ke lie udAharaNa svarUpa apabhraMza ke jo dohe lie haiM, ve Aja apabhraMza sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi haiM / isa grantha para unhoMne tattvaprakAzikA nAmaka bRhatvRtti tathA prakAzikA nAmaka laghuvRtti bhI likhI hai, jo mUla grantha ko samajhane ke lie atyaMta upayogI haiN| prAkRtAnuzAsana prAkRtAnuzAsana ke karttA puruSottama AcArya hemacandra ke samakAlIna the| ye baMgAla ke nivAsI the / isa grantha ke 3 se lekara 20 adhyAya upalabdha haiN| prathama do adhyAya lupta haiN| tIsarA adhyAya bhI apUrNa hai / prAraMbhika adhyAyoM meM sAmAnya prAkRta kA vivecana hai| Age mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI va mAgadhI kA anuzAsana kiyA gayA hai| isake pazcAt vibhASAoM meM zAkArI, cAMDAlI, zAbarI, TakkadezI kA niyamana kiyA gayA hai| apabhraMza meM nAgara, brAcaDa evaM upanAgara kA tathA anta meM kaikaya, paizAcika, zaurasenI - paizAcika Adi bhASAoM ke lakSaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiN| prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana ke karttA trivikrama 13vIM zatAbdI ke vaiyAkaraNa the| AcArya hemacandra ke grantha ke AdhAra para unhoMne prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana kI racanA kI hai| prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana meM 1036 sUtra haiM, jo tIna adhyAyoM meM vibhakta haiN| pratyeka adhyAya meM 4-4 pAda haiN| prathama, dvitIya va tRtIya adhyAya ke prathama pAda meM prAkRta kA vivecana hai| tIsare adhyAya ke zeSa pAdoM meM kramazaH zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA-paizAcI evaM apabhraMza kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi trivikrama kA yaha grantha hemacandra ke siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, kintu dezI zabdoM kA niyamana tathA anekArtha zabdoM 136

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kA nirUpaNa isa grantha kI apanI maulika vizeSatA hai| trivikrama ne isa para svopajJa vRtti bhI likhI hai| isa vyAkaraNa para lakSmIdhara kI SaDbhASAcandrikA tathA siMharAja kI prAkRtarUpAvatAra, ye do TIkAe~ bhI prApta hotI haiN| saMkSiptasAra prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM meM saMkSiptasAra ke racayitA kramadIzvara kA nAma agraNIya hai| kramadIzvara kA samaya lagabhaga 12vIM-13vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| isa vyAkaraNa-grantha meM 8 adhyAya haiN| prathama sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta vyAkaraNa tathA AThaveM adhyAya 'prAkRtapAda' meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| saMkSiptasAra para kramadIzvara ne svopajJa vRtti bhI likhI hai| prastutIkaraNa va sAmagrI kI dRSTi se yaha vyAkaraNa hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa-grantha se paryApta bhinnatA rakhatA hai| vastutaH yaha grantha vararuci ke prAkRtaprakAza ke adhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| prAkRtasarvasva prAkRtasarvasva ke kartA mArkaNDeya ur3IsA ke nivAsI the| inakA samaya 1490-1565 I. svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| prastuta grantha meM 20 pAda haiM, jinameM bhASA, vibhASA, apabhraMza va paizAcI kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| bhASA meM mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI va mAgadhI ko sammilita kiyA hai| vibhASA ke zakArI, cANDAlI, zAbarI, AbhIrI va DhakkI ye pA~ca bheda kiye gaye haiN| apabhraMza ke nAgara, brAcaDa va upanAgara tathA paizAcI ke kaikaI, zaurasena va pAMcAlI bheda karate hue unakA anuzAsana kiyA hai| isa grantha meM prArambha ke ATha pAdoM meM mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyama batAye haiN| nauveM meM zaurasenI, dasaveM meM prAcyA, gyArahaveM meM avantI aura vAlhIkI evaM bArahaveM meM mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| terahaveM se solahaveM pAda taka vibhASA kA, satrahaveM aura aThArahaveM meM apabhraMza bhASA kA tathA unnIsaveM aura bIsaveM pAda meM paizAcI kA niyamana kiyA hai| isa prakAra mArkaNDeya ne apane samaya taka kI vikasita samasta loka bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa apane isa grantha meM prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| isa grantha kI mahattA ko sthApita karate hue DaoN. pizala ne likhA hai ki,

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mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI ke atirikta anya prAkRta boliyoM ke niyamoM kA jJAna prApta karane kI dRSTi se mArkaNDeya kA prAkRtasarvasva atyaMta mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| mArkaNDeya ne apane grantha meM prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM ke sambandha meM bhI kaI tathya prastuta kie haiM / ina pramukha vyAkaraNa granthoM ke atirikta rAmazarmA tarkavAgIza (17vIM zatAbdI) kA prAkRtakalpataru, zubhacandrasUrI kA zabdaciMtAmaNi, raghunAtha (18vIM zatAbdI) kA prAkRtAnaMda, devasundara kA prAkRtayukti Adi bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke acche grantha haiM, jinameM prAkRta bhASA ke sAhityika svarUpa kA yarthAtha vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika vyAkaraNa-grantha uparyukta paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa granthoM ke paricaya meM eka bAta pramukha rUpa se sAmane AtI hai ki ina sabhI vyAkaraNa-granthoM meM saMskRta bhASA ko mUla meM rakhakara prAkRta bhASA ko sIkhane- sIkhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki logoM meM yaha mithyA dhAraNA pracalita ho gaI ki saMskRta meM nipuNatA prApta kiye binA prAkRta bhASA kA svataMtra rUpa se adhyayana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa mithyA dhAraNA ko samApta karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki sarala va subodha zailI meM likhA prAkRta kA koI vyAkaraNa-grantha upalabdha ho, jo abhyAsa va vibhinna prayogoM dvArA hindI mAdhyama se svataMtra rUpa se prAkRta bhASA kA jJAna prApta karA ske| isa sandarbha meM Adhunika vidvAnoM ne mahattvapUrNa prayAsa kiye haiN| prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa 19vIM zatAbdI meM jarmana vidvAna DaoN. Ara. pizala dvArA likhA gayA grAmeTiksa De prAkRtasa nAmaka jarmana grantha prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa nAma se hindI bhASA meM anuvAdita huA hai| isake hindI anuvAdaka DaoN. hemacandra jozI haiN| DaoN. pizala kA yaha grantha prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana hetu atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| isa grantha meM prAkRta kA koI vyAkaraNakAra nahIM chUTA hai / sabhI vyAkaraNa-granthoM ke niyama isameM zrRMkhalA - baddha rUpa se diye gaye haiM / 138

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vastutaH DaoN. pizala ne apane samaya taka ke upalabdha sabhI vyAkaraNa aura sAre prApya sAhitya ko mathakara yaha vyAkaraNa taiyAra kiyA hai aura prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke adhikAMza niyama pakke kara diye haiN| abhinava prAkRta-vyAkaraNa DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne prAkRta prabodha ke pazcAt I. san 1963 meM abhinava prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI hai| isa vyAkaraNa-grantha meM isa bAta kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA gayA hai ki anya kisI bhI bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ko samajhe binA vyakti isa grantha ke adhyayana se prAkRta bhASA ke anuzAsana sambandhI samasta niyamoM ko samajha ske| pramukha rUpa se mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, jaina zaurasenI, mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, jaina mahArASTrI, paizAcI, cUlikA-paizAcI evaM apabhraMza kA anuzAsana isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| bhASA-vijJAna ke vibhinna siddhAntoM kA bhI isameM vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prAkRtamArgopadezikA __ paM. becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI ne I. san 1968 meM hindI mAdhyama se prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana hetu prAkRtamArgopadezikA kI racanA kii| isameM prAkRta, pAli, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI va apabhraMza bhASA ke pUre niyama batAkara saMskRta ke sAtha tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kA mUla AdhAra AcArya hemacandra kA vyAkaraNa tathA DaoN. pizala kA prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa hai| prAkRta svayaM-zikSaka prAkRta svayaM-zikSaka ke lekhaka prAkRta bhASA ke Adhunika vidvAn DaoN. prema sumana jaina haiN| prAkRta svayaM-zikSaka prAkRta ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie sarala evaM subodha zailI meM likhI gaI kRti hai| isameM vaikalpika prayogoM se rahita prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa ko vibhinna vAkya-prayogoM evaM cArTI dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai| jina vidyArthiyoM ko bilkula bhI saMskRta yA prAkRta nahIM AtI hai, ve isa sarala paddhati se bar3I hI AsAnI se svayaM hI prAkRta bhASA kA adhyayana kara sakate haiM aura use sIkha sakate haiN| DaoN. prema sumana jaina

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ne hindI bhASA ke mAdhyama se zaurasenI prAkRta ke adhyayana hetu zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa nAmaka eka zodha grantha bhI likhA hai| DaoN. sogANI ke prAkRta-apabhraMza vyAkaraNa / prAkRta bhASA ko hindI Adi mAtRbhASAoM ke mAdhyama se sIkhane-sIkhAne ke lie kRta-saMkalpa DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI ne vartamAna samaya meM aneka prAkRta va apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke granthoM kI racanA kI hai| unakI kRti prAkRta racanA saurabha Adhunika prAkRta vyAkaraNa-granthoM meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai| hindI mAdhyama se isa grantha meM mahArASTrI, zaurasenI va ardhamAgadhI ina tInoM hI prAkRtoM ko vibhinna vikalpoM sahita eka sAtha sIkhAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| vibhinna pAThoM ko isa prakAra krama se rakhA gayA hai ki jijJAsu pAThaka binA raTe svataH hI prAkRta bhASA ke vibhinna niyamoM se avagata hotA calA jAtA hai| DaoN. sogANI kI prAkata racanA saurabha kI sampUrNatA unakI agalI kRti prAkRta abhyAsa saurabha meM hai| prAkRta abhyAsa saurabha kI navIna zailI va isakA Adhunika prastutIkaraNa meM DUbA pAThaka svataH abhyAsa karate-karate prAkRta sIkha jAtA hai| prAkRta bhASA ko sIkhane ke lie ye pustakeM atyaMta upayogI haiN| Age isI krama meM praur3ha prAkRta racanA saurabha (bhAga 1) kI racanA kara lekhaka ne saMskRta bhASA meM racita prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke saMjJA va sarvanAma sUtroM kA vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| isake sAtha hI saMkhyAvAcI zabdoM va unake vibhinna prakAroM ko samajhAne kA prayAsa bhI kiyA hai| sUtroM kA vizleSaNa eka aisI zailI se kiyA gayA hai, jisase adhyayanArthI saMskRta ke ati sAmAnya jJAna se hI sUtroM ko samajha sakate haiN| sUtroM ko pA~ca sopAnoM meM samajhAyA gayA hai - 1. sUtroM meM prayukta padoM kA sandhi viccheda kiyA gayA hai, 2. sUtroM meM prayukta padoM kI vibhaktiyA~ likhI gaI haiM, 3. sUtroM kA zabdArtha likhA gayA hai, 4. sUtroM kA pUrA artha (prasaMgAnusAra) likhA gayA hai tathA 5. sUtroM ke prayoga likhe gaye haiN| pariziSTa meM sUtroM meM prayukta sandhi-niyama evaM sUtroM kA vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa bhI diyA gayA hai, jisase vidyArthI sugamatA se samajha skeN| prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI taraha apabhraMza bhASA ke vyAkaraNa ko sarala evaM subodha zailI meM samajhAne hetu apabhraMza racanA saurabha, apabhraMza abhyAsa

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saurabha evaM praur3ha apabhraMza racanA saurabha kI racanA kara DaoN. sogANI ne apabhraMza ko sIkhane-sIkhAne ke lie naye-AyAma prastuta kiye haiN| vibhinna prAkRtoM kI taraha vidyArthI svataH abhyAsa hala karate-karate apabhraMza bhASA meM nipuNatA prApta kara letA hai| isI krama ko Age bar3hAte hue praur3ha prAkRta-apabhraMza racanA-saurabha kA praNayana kara prAkRta apabhraMza-vyAkaraNa ko pUrNatA pradAna karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM apabhraMza va prAkRta ke kriyA-sUtroM evaM kRdantoM kA vizleSaNa kara unheM atyAdhunika tarIke se samajhAyA gayA hai| prAkRta vyAkaraNa nAmaka pustaka meM vyAkaraNa ko eka naI vidhA se likhA gayA hai, isameM saMdhi, samAsa, kAraka taddhita, strI pratyaya evaM avyaya ko sarala paddhati se samajhAyA gayA hai| ina vyAkaraNa-granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha DaoN. sogANI ne AgamoM tathA prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke vibhinna granthoM se padyAMzoM va gadyAMzoM kA saMkalana kara unakA vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa sahita hindI anuvAda prastuta kiyA hai| yaha prAkRta-apabhraMza vyAkaraNika-jagata meM navIna prayoga hai| isa taraha kI paddhati se kiyA gayA anuvAda pUrva meM kahIM upalabdha nahIM hai| DaoN. sogANI dvArA vyAkaraNika vizleSaNa sahita hindI anuvAda kI prakAzita vibhinna pustakoM kI sUcI nimna haiM1. apabhraMza kAvya saurabha 2. prAkRta gadya-padya saurabha (bhAga-1, 2) 3.AcArAMga-cayanikA 4. dazavaikAlika-cayanikA 5. samaNasuttaM-cayanikA 6. uttarAdhyayana-cayanikA 7. aSTapAhuDa-cayanikA 8. samayasAra-cayanikA 9. paramAtmaprakAza va yogasAra-cayanikA 10. vajAlagga meM jIvana-mUlya 11. vAkpatirAja kI lokaanubhuuti| ___ ina pustakoM meM diyA gayA vyAkariNaka vizleSaNa prAkRta-apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ko samajhane kA prayogika tarIkA hai| inake adhyayana se bhAvAtmaka anuvAda kI apekSA vyAkaraNAtmaka anuvAda ko AtmasAta kiyA jA sakegA tathA prAkRta granthoM kA sahI-sahI artha samajhA jA skegaa| vastutaH DaoN. sogANI kI ina pustakoM ne na kevala prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana ko eka naI sAragarbhita dizA pradAna kI hai, apitu isa dhAraNA ko pratiSThApita

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kiyA hai ki saMskRta bhASA meM nipuNatA prApta kiye binA bhI prAkRta bhASA kA adhyayana svataMtra rUpa se kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahI nahIM prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASA kA aMgrejI ke mAdhyama se adhyayana karane vAle adhyayanArthiyoM ke lie unhoMne uparyukta pustakoM meM se Avazyaka pustakoM kA prakAzana aMgrejI meM prArambha kara diyA hai| isI krama meM Apabhramsa Grammar & Composition nAmaka pustaka prakAzita ho cukI hai| Prakrta Grammar & Composition, Apabhramsa Exercise Book & Prakrta Exercise Book nAmaka pustakeM prakAzana prakriyA meM haiN| prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kI khoja meM ___ pAli-prAkRta ke manISI sva. pro. ke. Ara. candrA ne ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM ke sampAdana kAryoM ko gati dene ke lie tathA prAcIna ardhamAgadhI vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko nirdhArita karane ke lie prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kI khoja meM nAmaka pustaka likhI hai, jo 1991 meM prakAzita huI hai| prAcIna jaina AgamoM para zodhakArya ke lie yaha pustaka upayogI hai| isake atirikta DaoN. candrA kI prAkRta bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka vyAkaraNa nAmaka kRti bhI vibhinna prAkRtoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke dRSTikoNa se mahattvapUrNa hai| prAkRta vAkya racanA bodha prasiddha manISI AcArya mahAprajJa ne AcArya hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa ke anusAra prAkRta vAkya racanA bodha nAmaka grantha 1991 meM prakAzita kiyA hai| isameM prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke 1114 sUtra niyama ke nAma se hindI anuvAda va udAharaNa sahita varNita haiN| yaha grantha abhyAsa ke mAdhyama se prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA jJAna karAtA hai, kintu isake lie saMskRta bhASA kA vizeSa jJAna honA apekSita hai| isI krama meM DaoN. udayacandra jaina ne hema-prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-zikSaka nAmaka pustaka likhI hai| isa taraha prAkRta bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa para prAcIna vaiyAkaraNoM ke atirikta Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI paryApta kArya kiyA hai|

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chaMdazAstra jisa prakAra bhASA ko sArthaka banAne ke lie vyAkaraNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, usI prakAra kAvya kI sArthakatA ke lie chaMda-prayoga apekSita hai| viSayagata manobhAvoM ke saMcAra ke lie tathA kavitA meM saMtulana banAye rakhane hetu kAvya meM chaMda kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA hai| manuSya ko manuSya ke prati saMvedanazIla banAne kA sabase pramukha sAdhana chaMda haiM / chaMda, tAla, tuka va svara sampUrNa manuSya ko eka karate haiM tathA isake AdhAra para manuSya kA bhAva svAbhAvika rUpa se dUsare taka pahu~ca jAtA hai| spaSTa hai ki chaMda kAvya kA aTUTa aMga hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM chanda paramparA kA vikAsa na kevala svataMtra rUpa meM huA, apitu chaMda viSayaka prAkRta kI upalabdhiyA~ mahattvapUrNa haiN| prAkRta bhASA kA sIdhA sambandha loka jIvana se thA, ataH yahA~ nRtya va saMgIta ke AdhAra para chaMdoM kA vikAsa huaa| prAkRta meM hI sarvaprathama mAtrA-chandoM kI paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| saMskRta kA AryA chanda prAkRta ke gAhA chanda ke samAna hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM prayukta hue vibhinna chaMdoM ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM dvArA mahattvapUrNa chanda grantha likhe gaye haiN| pramukha chaMda-granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| vRtajAtisamuccaya isake racayitA virahAMka nAmaka kavi saMskRta va prAkRta bhASA ke prakANDa paNDita the| inakA samaya I. san kI chaThI zatAbdI hai| yaha chaMda-grantha padyabaddha racanA hai| cha: niyamoM (adhyAyoM) meM vibhakta isa grantha meM mAtrA chaMda tathA varNa chaMda para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| prathama niyama meM prAkRta ke samasta chaMdoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, jinheM Age ke niyama meM samajhAyA hai| tIsare niyama meM 52 prakAra ke dvipadI chaMdoM kA vivecana hai| cauthe niyama meM 26 prakAra ke gAthA chaMda tathA pA~caveM niyama meM 50 prakAra ke saMskRta ke varNa chaMdoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| chaThe niyama meM prastAra, naSTa, uddiSTa Adi cha: pratyayoM kA varNana hai| svayaMbhUchaMda svayaMbhUchaMda ke racayitA apabhraMza ke mahAkavi svayaMbhU haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga 8-9vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| prastuta grantha teraha adhyAyoM meM K143>

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vibhakta hai| prathama ATha adhyAyoM meM prAkRta chandoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai tathA antima pA~ca adhyAyoM meM apabhraMza chaMdoM kA vivecana hai| chaMdoM ko samajhAne ke lie udAharaNa prAyaH prAkRta kaviyoM kI racanAoM ke hI diye gaye haiN| svayaMbhU ke paumacariu ke aneka udAharaNa bhI isameM Aye haiN| udAharaNa svarUpa AI gAthAe~ kAvya-tattvoM kI dRSTi se samRddha haiN| subhASitoM kA bhI inameM prayoga huA hai| yathA - te viralA sappurisA je abhaNaMtA ghaDaMti kjjaalaave| thoaccia te adumA je amuNiakusumaNiggamA deMti phalaM / / (gA.3.1) arthAt - jaise ve vRkSa thor3e hI hote haiM, jo phUloM ke nikale binA phala dete haiN| usI prakAra ve sajjana puruSa birale hI hote haiM, jo binA pralApa kiye kArya pUrA karate haiN| gAhAlakkhaNa gAthAlakSaNa prAkRta chaMdoM para likhI gaI ati prAcIna kRti hai| isa grantha ke racayitA naMditADhya nAmaka jaina AcArya haiN| inakA samaya I. san 1000 ke lagabhaga mAnA gayA hai| isa grantha meM 96 (kahIM-kahIM 92) gAthAe~ haiN| inameM prAkRta ke sarvapriya 'gAthA chaMda' ke bheda va lakSaNoM para vistAra se vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| kavidarpaNa nandiSeNakRta 'ajitazAntistava' ke Upara likhI jinaprabha kI TIkA meM kavidarpaNa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isa racanA ke mUla karttA kA nAma jJAta nahIM hai| vidvAnoM ne isakA racanAkAla lagabhaga 13vIM zatAbdI mAnA hai| isameM cha: uddeza haiN| prathama uddeza meM mAtrA, varNa tathA donoM ke mizraNa se chaMda ke tIna prakAra batAye haiN| dvitIya uddeza meM 11 prakAra ke mAtrA chaMdoM kA varNana hai| tRtIya uddeza meM sama, ardhasama aura viSama varNika chaMdoM kA tathA caturtha uddeza meM samacatuSpadI, ardhasamacatuSpadI tathA viSamacatuSpadI kA varNana hai| pA~caveM uddeza meM ubhaya chaMdoM kA tathA chaThe uddeza meM prastAra, naSTa, uddiSTa

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Adi pratyayoM kA varNana hai / isa grantha meM chaMdoM ko samajhAne hetu hemacandra ke chaMdonuzAsana, zrI harSa kI ratnAklI nATikA Adi ke udAharaNa milate haiN| prAkRtapaiMgalam I prAkRtapaiMgalam chandazAstra kA eka mahattvapUrNa saMgraha grantha hai / isake saMgrahakarttA kA nAma jJAta nahIM hai / vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para isakA racanAkAla 13vIM - 14vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga mAnA gayA hai| isa chaMda-grantha meM purAnI hindI ke AdikAlIna kaviyoM dvArA prayukta varNika va mAtrika chaMdoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha do paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama pariccheda meM mAtrika chaMdoM kA tathA dvitIya pariccheda meM varNavRttoM kA vivecana hai| isa chanda grantha meM prayukta udAharaNa kAvya - tattvoM kI dRSTi se atyaMta samRddha haiN| isa grantha meM mevAr3a ke rAjapUta rAjA hammIra kI vIratA kA sundara citraNa hai| yathA - gAhiNI chanda meM hammIra kI vIratA kA yaha padya dRSTavya hai muMcahi suMdari pAaM appahi hasiUNa sumuhi khaggaM me / kappia mecchazarIraM pecchai vaaNAi~ tumha dhua hammIro / / (gA. 71 ) arthAt-yuddha bhUmi para jAtA huA hammIra apanI patnI se kaha rahA hai - he sundarI ! pA~va chor3a do, he sumukhI! ha~sakara mujhe talavAra do / mlecchoM ke zarIra ko kATakara hammIra niHsaMdeha tumhAre mukha ke darzana karegA / avahaTTa kA prayoga isa grantha meM bahuta milatA hai| madhya - yugIna chaMdazAstriyoM ne isa grantha kI paramparA kA pUrA anukaraNa kiyA hai| ina pramukha chaMda granthoM ke atirikta prAkRta ke kucha anya chaMda-granthoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / nandiSeNa kRta ajitazAntistava meM prayukta 25 chaMdoM kA vivecana jinaprabha kI TIkA meM chaMdolakSaNa ke antargata milatA hai / kavidarpaNa ke TIkAkAra ne apanI TIkA meM chaMdaH kadalI kA ullekha kiyA hai / isake karttA kA nAma jJAta nahIM hai / vajrasenasUri ke ziSya ratnazekharasUri dvArA viracita chaMdaH koza meM 74 gAthAoM meM apabhraMza ke chaMdoM kA vivecana milatA hai / 145

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alaMkArazAstra jisa prakAra bhASA ko vyavasthita karane ke lie vyAkaraNa-granthoM tathA kAvya kI sArthakatA ke lie chaMda granthoM kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa kI gaI usI prakAra kAvya ke marma ko samajhane ke lie alaMkAra-granthoM kI racanA kI gii| kAvya kA svarUpa, rasa, guNa, doSa, rIti, alaMkAra evaM kAvya-camatkAra kA nirUpaNa alaMkArazAstroM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| alaMkArazAstroM ke arvAcIna praNetAoM meM bharata, bhAmaha, daNDI, vAmana, rudraTa, bhojarAja, hemacandra Adi pramukha haiN| inake dvArA racita pramukha alaMkArazAstroM kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| ye alaMkArazAstra saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiM, kintu inameM lakSaNoM ko samajhAne ke lie udAharaNa svarUpa padya prAkRta bhASA meM diye gaye haiN| ina alaMkArazAstroM meM uddhRta prAkRta gAthAoM para pro. bI. ema. kulakarNI ne zodha kArya kiyA hai| pro. jagadIza candra jaina ne prAkRtapuSkariNI nAmaka grantha meM ina saba prAkRta gAthAoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai| nATyazAstra ____ AcArya bharata ne nATyazAstra (a. 17, 1-5) meM nATya meM prayukta hone vAle kAvya ke 36 lakSaNa batAe haiN| inameM se kucha lakSaNoM ko daNDI Adi prAcIna AlaMkArikoM ne alaMkAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| dhIredhIre ye lakSaNa lupta hote gye| bhUSaNa athavA vibhUSaNa nAmaka prathama lakSaNa meM alaMkAroM aura guNoM kA samAveza huaa| nATyazAstra meM upamA, rUpaka, dIpaka, yamaka- ye cAra alaMkAra nATaka ke alaMkAra mAne gaye haiN| jaina siddhAnta grantha prAcIna jaina siddhAnta granthoM meM vyAkaraNa ke ullekhoM ke sAtha-sAtha kAvyarasa, upamA, utprekSA Adi vividha alaMkAroM kA prayoga huA hai| vi.saM. kI pA~cavI zatAbdI meM racita nandIsUtra meM kAvyarasa kA evaM svarapAhuDa meM 11 alaMkAroM kA ullekha hai| anuyogadvArasUtra meM nau rasoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isa grantha meM sUtra kA lakSaNa batAte hue AryarakSita ne kahA hai ki sUtra alaMkRta, anuprAsayukta aura madhura honA caahie|

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IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM jaina AcAryoM ke likhe gaye aneka kAvyamaya kathAgrantha prApta hote haiM, jinameM taraMgavatIkahA, vasudevahiMDI, dhUrttAkhyAna, kuvalayamAlA Adi pramukha haiN| ye sabhI kathAgrantha rasa evaM alaMkAroM se otapota haiN| AThavIM zatAbdI ke AcArya haribhadrasUri ne apane grantha meM kahA hai ki sUtra 32 doSoM se mukta aura "chavi' alaMkAra se yukta honA cAhie / arthAt sUtra kI bhASA zabdAlaMkAra evaM arthAlaMkAra se vibhUSita honI cAhie / AThavIM zatAbdI ke kavi puSpadaMta kI racanAoM meM bhI kAvya tattva pracuratA se vidyamAna dikhAI dete haiN| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina- AcAryoM ko alaMkArazAstroM ke bAre meM paryApta jAnakArI thI, lekina navIM zatAbdI se pUrva jaina sAhitya meM svataMtra rUpa se kisI alaMkArazAstra kI racanA huI aisI jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai| navIM zatAbdI ke AcArya bappabhaTTisUri racita kavi - zikSA nAmaka racanA kA ullekha milatA hai kintu yaha upalabdha nahIM hai| prAkRta bhASA meM racita eka mAtra kRti alaMkAradarpaNa prApta hai| AcArya ratnaprabhasUri racita neminAthacarita meM bhI alaMkArazAstra kI carcA prApta hotI hai / isI prakAra anya jaina viSayoM se sambandhita granthoM meM prasaMgavaza alaMkAra evaM rasa viSayaka ullekha milate haiN| isake atirikta jainetara vidvAnoM kI kRtiyoM para bhI aneka jainAcAryoM ne vyAkhyA grantha likhe hai / ye grantha jaina vidvAnoM ke gahana pANDitya ke paricAyaka haiM / alaMkAradarpaNa ( alaMkAradappaNa) alaMkAradarpaNa prAkRta bhASA meM alaMkAra viSaya para likhA gayA eka mAtra svatantra grantha hai| isameM 134 gAthAe~ haiM / alaMkAroM ke lakSaNa, udAharaNa, kAvya-prayojana Adi viSayoM para prAkRta bhASA meM padya likhe gaye haiM / yaha grantha saMkSipta hone para bhI alaMkAra-granthoM meM ati prAcIna upayogI grantha hai / isake kavi ajJAta hai / racanA kAla nizcita nahIM hai| 12vIM zatAbdI kI isa grantha kI eka prati prApta huI hai, usake AdhAra para ki isakA racanAkAla 12vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva meM hI mAnanA samIcIna hogaa| kAvyAdarza kAvyAdarza ke racayitA AcArya daNDI alaMkArazAstra jagata ke 147

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bahuta bar3e vidvAna mAne jAte haiN| inakA samaya I. san kI 7-8vIM zatAbdI ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| apane isa grantha meM unhoMne kAvya kI zobhA ko bar3hAne vAle alaMkAroM kA sundara vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| prastuta grantha meM unhoMne bhASA ke saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura mizra ye cAra bheda kiye haiN| sUkti pradhAna hone ke kAraNa mahArASTrI ko utkRSTa prAkRta mAnA hai| zaurasenI, gaur3I, lATI evaM anya dezoM meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASAoM ko prAkRta tathA gopa, cANDAla aura zakAra Adi dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASAoM ko apabhraMza kahA hai| bRhatkathA ko bhUta-bhASAmayI aura adbhuta artha vAlI batAyA hai| kAvyAlaMkAra kAvyAlaMkAra ke racayitA AcArya rudraTa haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga 9vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| isa grantha meM 16 adhyAya haiN| inhoMne apane grantha kAvyAlaMkAra meM alaMkArazAstra ke samasta siddhAntoM, bhASA, rIti, rasa, vRtti, alaMkAra Adi kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| alaMkAroM kA varNana inake grantha kI vizeSatA hai| isa grantha meM rudraTa ne alaMkAroM ke vargIkaraNa ke lie saiddhAntika vyavasthA kI hai| kavi ne bhASA ke cha: bheda batAye haiM - prAkRta, saMskRta, mAgadhI, paizAcI, zaurasenI va apbhrNsh| ina chaH bhASAoM ke udAharaNa prastuta karane ke lie unhoMne saMskRta-prAkRta-mizrita gAthAoM kI racanA kI hai| dhvanyAloka dhvanyAloka ke kartA AnaMdavardhana kazmIra ke rAjA avantivarmA ke sabhApati the| inakA samaya lagabhaga 9vIM zatAbdI kA uttarArdha mAnA gayA hai| isa grantha meM dhvani ko hI kAvya kI AtmA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha para abhinavagupta ne TIkA likhI hai| mUla grantha va TIkA donoM meM milAkara prAkRta kI lagabhaga 46 gAthAe~ prApta hotI haiN| dazarUpaka dazarUpaka ke kartA dhanaMjaya mAlavA ke paramAravaMza ke rAjA muMja ke

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rAja kavi the| inakA samaya 10vIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| bharata ke nATyazAstra para AdhArita yaha alaMkArazAstra kArikAoM meM racA gayA hai| isa grantha meM prAkRta ke 26 padya uddhRta haiN| ye padya gAthAsaptazatI, karpUramaMjarI, ratnAvalI Adi se liye gaye haiN| isa grantha para dhanaMjaya ke laghu bhrAtA dhanika ne avaloka nAmaka vRtti likhI hai| sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa ke racayitA bhojarAja (I. san 996-1051) mAlavA kI dhArA nagarI ke nivAsI the| isa grantha meM 331 prAkRta padya uddhRta haiN| prAkRta gAthAe~ setubaMdha, gAthAsaptazatI, karpUramaMjarI Adi granthoM se uddhRta kI gaI haiN| sAhityika saundarya kI dRSTi se sabhI padya sarasa evaM madhura haiN| dhIra puruSoM kI mahattA kA yaha varNana dRSTavya hai - saccaM garuA giriNo ko bhaNai, jalAsavA na gaMbhIrA / dhIrehiM uvamAuM tahavi hu maha NAtthi ucchAho ||(pricched - 4) arthAt - yaha satya hai, kauna nahIM kahatA ki parvata vizAla hote haiM, tAlAba gaMbhIra hote haiM, kintu taba bhI dhIra puruSoM ke sAtha (unakI) upamA dene kA merA utsAha nahIM hotA hai| zrRMgAraprakAza zRMgAraprakAza bhI bhojarAja dvArA racita alaMkArazAstra kA prasiddha grantha hai| isa grantha meM 36 prakAza haiM, jisameM se 26vA~ prakAza lupta hai| kavi bhojarAja ne zrRMgAra rasa ko sabhI rasoM meM pradhAna rasa svIkAra kiyA hai| grantha meM zRMgAra rasa pradhAna prAkRta padyoM kA vizeSa ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vAgbhaTAlaMkAra vAgbhaTAlaMkAra ke kartA vAgbhaTa haiN| inakA samaya lagabhaga vi.saM. kI __ 12vIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| isa grantha meM 260 padya haiM jo ki pA~ca pariccheda meM vibhakta haiN| isa grantha meM vAgbhaTa ne kAvya kA lakSaNa, kAvya ke 10 guNa, citra, vakrokti, anuprAsa aura yamaka - ina cAra zabdAlaMkAroM, 35 arthAlaMkAroM,

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9 rasoM Adi kA vivecana kiyA hai| aneka jainAcAryoM ne vAgbhaTAlaMkAra para vRttiyA~ likhI hai jinameM AcArya somasuMdarasUri, somodayagaNi, jinavardhanasUri, samayasundaragaNi Adi pramukha haiN| vidagdhamukhamaNDana ___ bauddha vidvAn dharmadAsa ne vi.saM. 1310 ke Asa-pAsa meM vidagdhamukhamaMDana nAmaka alaMkArazAstra kI racanA kii| isa kRti meM cAra pariccheda haiN| isameM prahelikA aura citrakAvya saMbaMdhI jAnakArI bhI dI gaI hai| isa grantha para aneka jainAcAryoM ne aneka TIkAe~ likhI haiN| 14vIM zatAbdI meM vidyamAna kharataragacchIya AcArya jinaprabhasUri ne vidagdhamukhamaMDana para avacUrNi racI hai| alaMkArasarvasva __ 12vIM zatAbdI ke alaMkArazAstrI rAjAnaka ruyyaka ne apane grantha alaMkArasarvasva meM alaMkAroM kA bar3A hI pAMDityapUrNa DhaMga se vivecana kiyA hai| isa grantha meM prAkRta ke 10 padyoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| kazmIra ke rAjA jayasiMha ke mahAkavi maMkhuka ne isa para vRtti likhI hai| kAvyaprakAza kAvyaprakAza 12vIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha alaMkArazAstrI mammaTa kI mahattvapUrNa racanA hai| kAvyaprakAza meM prAkRta kI 49 gAthAe~ udadhRta haiN| isa grantha para aneka TIkA grantha likhe gaye haiN| kAvyAnuzAsana 12vIM zatAbdI ke vidvAn AcArya hemacandra ne mammaTa ke kAvyaprakAza ke AdhAra para kAvyAnuzAsana kI racanA kara kAvya kI samIkSA prastuta kI hai| isa para unakI svopajJavRtti bhI hai| mUla grantha va vRtti meM milAkara prAkRta ke 78 padya uddhRta haiN| ye padya prAyaH zRMgAra, nIti va vIratA sambaMdhI haiN| udAharaNa gAthAsaptazatI, karpUramaMjarI, ratnAvalI Adi se liye gaye haiN| yuddha ke lie prasthAna karate hue nAyaka kI manodazA kA yaha citra dRSTavya hai|

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yathA - ekatto ruai piyA aNNatto samaratUranigghoso / neheNa raNaraseNa ya bhaDassa dolAiyaM hiaam / / ( 3.2 TIkA 187 ) - arthAt - eka ora priyA ro rahI hai, dUsarI ora yuddha kI raNabherI baja rahI hai| prema va yuddha rasa ke bIca meM yoddhA kA hRdaya dolAyamAna ho rahA hai| sAhityadarpaNa 14vIM zatAbdI meM kavirAja vizvanAtha ne mammaTa ke alaMkArazAstra ke grantha kAvyaprakAza kI AlocanA ke rUpa meM sAhityadarpaNa kI racanA kI / sAhityadarpaNa meM prAkRta ke 24 padya uddhRta haiM, jinameM se adhikAMza gAthAsaptazatI ke haiM tathA kucha svaracita bhI haiM alaMkAracintAmaNi alaMkAracintAmaNi ke racayitA digambara vidvAn ajitasena hai / unhoMne 18vIM zatAbdI meM isa grantha kI racanA kI hai| isameM pA~ca paricheda hai, jinameM kramazaH kavizikSA, citra - alaMkAra, yamakAdivarNana, arthAlaMkAra aura rasAdi viSayoM kA varNana huA hai / ina pramukha granthoM ke atirikta paMDitarAja jagannAtha (17vIM zatAbdI) kA rasagaMgAdhara, amaracandrasUri kA alaMkAraprabodha Adi alaMkArazAstra ke anya mahattvapUrNa grantha haiM, jinameM kAvya kI dRSTi se prAkRta ke sundara padya udghRta haiN| koza-grantha kisI bhI bhASA ke talasparzI adhyayana ke lie usa bhASA ke koza-granthoM kA adhyayana anivArya hai| pratyeka bhASA ke zabda samUha kA rakSaNa va poSaNa koza sAhitya dvArA hI saMbhava hai / koza-granthoM meM kramAnusAra zabdoM kA saMgraha, unakI prakRti, vibhinna avayavoM tathA arthoM kA vivecana hotA hai / zabdakoza ke binA vidvAnoM ko artha grahaNa meM kaThinAI hotI hai, kyoMki zabda kisI eka vyakti ke lie nahIM bane hote haiM, balki sAmAjika 1 151

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sandarbhoM meM vizeSa abhivyakti kA mAdhyama hote haiN| koza se zabdoM ke nizcita artha kA bodha hotA hai| udAharaNa svarUpa yadi kahA jAya ki 'mAra ko zaMkara ne jalAyA thA to hama koza kI sahAyatA se hI jAna sakate haiM ki yahA~ 'mAra' kA artha kAmadeva hogaa| isI prakAra kSetra - vistAra ke kAraNa lokabhASA ke zabdArthoM meM AI vibhinnatAoM ko dUra karane meM bhI koza grantha sahAyaka hote haiN| sahI-sahI artha bodha ke atirikta koza grantha bhASA - vijJAna ke adhyayana meM bhI sahAyaka hote haiN| yahI nahIM koza granthoM meM saMkalita zabdoM va unake arthoM ke mAdhyama se kisI bhI deza ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| ataH pratyeka bhASA ke vidvAnoM dvArA koza kA nirmANa avazya kiyA jAtA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke sucAru adhyayana hetu vidvAnoM dvArA vibhinna zabdakozoM kI racanA kI gii| lekina vidvAnoM dvArA race gaye ina koza-granthoM kA udgama sthala prAkRta Agama - sAhitya hI rahA hai| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi aMga granthoM meM aneka sthAnoM para ekArthaka / paryAyArthaka evaM nirukti mUlaka zabdoM kA viniyojana milatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra ko to prAkRta kA sarvAdhika prAcIna zabdakoza kahA jAya to atizayokti nahIM hogii| isa grantha meM jIva, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi zabdoM ke aneka paryAyavAcI zabda milate haiM yathA jIva ke paryAyavAcI meM pANe, bhUe, jIve, satte, viSNU, vede Adi kA ullekha huA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhI ekArthaka zabdoM kA aneka sthAnoM para prayoga huA hai| praznavyAkaraNa meM ahiMsA ke sATha paryAyoM ke nAma batAye haiN| isI prakAra upAMga, niryukti, TIkA evaM cUrNi sAhitya meM bhI aneka sthaloM para paryAya zabdoM kA prayoga dRSTigocara hotA hai| spaSTa hai ki prAkRta Agama sAhitya hI koza - granthoM kA udgama sthala rahA hai, jisake AdhAra para Age calakara AcAryoM dvArA svataMtra koza-granthoM kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ pramukha prAkRta zabda - kozoM kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / pAiyalacchInAmamAlA pAiyalacchInAmamAlA upalabdha prAkRta koza-granthoM meM svatantra rUpa se likhA gayA sabase prAcIna koza - grantha hai / kavi dhanapAla ne vi.sa. 1029 152

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meM apanI choTI bahana sundarI ke adhyayana hetu dhArAnagara meM isa koza-grantha kI racanA kI thii| yaha ati saMkSipta padyabaddha koza hai| isa koza-grantha meM saMskRta ke amarakoza kI rIti se karIba 279 gAthAoM meM 998 prAkRta zabdoM ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| grantha kA prArambha maMgalAcaraNa se huA hai, jisameM vibhinna deva paryAyoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| zabdoM kI cayana prakriyA meM akArAdi krama ko na apanA kara viSaya, sthAna va samaya ke AdhAra para kevala nAma zabdoM kA cayana kara unake paryAyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta vyutpattiyoM se siddha prAkRta zabda tathA dezI zabda ina donoM hI prakAra ke zabdoM kA saMkalana isa grantha meM kiyA gayA hai| kavi ne bhramara ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA ullekha nimna gAthA meM isa prakAra kiyA hai| phullaMdhuA rasAU bhiMgA bhasalA ya mahuarA aliNo / iMdidarA durehA dhuagAyA chappayA bhamarA ||(gaa. 11) arthAt - phullaMdhua, rasAU, bhiMga, bhasala, mahuara, ali, iMdidara, dureha, dhuagAya, chappaya aura bhamara ye bhramara ke 11 nAma haiN| isa koza meM kucha aise zabda bhI Aye haiM, jo Aja bhI lokabhASAoM meM pracalita haiN| yathA - AlasI ke lie 'maTTa' zabda tathA nUtana pallavoM ke lie 'kuMpala' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo Aja bhI braja, bhojapurI Adi meM prayukta hotA hai| isa dRSTi se yaha koza-grantha bhASA-vijJAna hI nahIM, apitu tatkAlIna sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM loka mAnyatAoM ke adhyayana meM bhI sahAyaka siddha hotA hai| dezInAmamAlA kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandra dvArA I. san 1159 meM viracita prAkRta ke dezI zabdoM kA yaha zabda koza atyaMta mahattvapUrNa va upayogI hai| isa grantha kI racanA siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana ke AThaveM adhyAya meM varNita prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI pUrti evaM durlabha zabdoM ke artha jJAna hetu kI gaI hai| isa zabda koza meM 8 adhyAya va 783 gAthAe~ haiM, jinameM 3978 zabda saMkalita haiN| zabdoM kA saMkalana akArAdi krama meM kiyA gayA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke

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anusAra isa koza-grantha meM una dezI zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jo zabda na to vyAkaraNa se vyutpanna haiM, na saMskRta kozoM meM nibaddha haiM, tathA lakSaNA zakti ke dvArA bhI jinakA artha prasiddha nahIM hai| sAtha hI AcArya hemacandra ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki deza-videza meM pracalita ye dezI zabda anaMta haiM, ataeva una sabhI zabdoM kA saMgraha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ unhIM zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, jo anAdikAla se prAkRta sAhitya kI bhASA meM aura usakI boliyoM meM pracalita rahe haiN| isa koza meM kucha zabda draviDa, kaula, muNDA Adi bhASAoM ke bhI prApta hote haiN| isa dRSTi se yaha zabda-koza prAcIna evaM Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke aitihAsika evaM vaijJAnika adhyayana ke lie bahuta upayogI hai| isa koza-grantha meM jina dezI zabdoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai, ve anyatra durlabha haiN| ina saMkalita zabdoM ke anuzIlana ke AdhAra para usa kAla ke rahana-sahana, rIti-rivAjoM Adi para bhI yatheSTa prakAza par3atA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne kozagata dezI zabdoM ke spaSTIkaraNa hetu isa grantha meM udAharaNa svarUpa jo gAthAe~ prastuta kI haiM, unakA sAhityika sauMdarya adbhuta va bejor3a hai| unameM zRMgAra rasa kA suMdara nirUpaNa huA hai| anya kisI bhASA ke koza meM aise sarasa padya udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dekhane ko nahIM milate haiN| vastutaH 'dezInAmamAlA' samasta bhAratIya vAGmaya meM durlabha zabdoM kA saMkalana karane vAlA anUThA evaM apUrva grantha hai| uktivyaktiprakaraNa prAcIna koza-granthoM kI paramparA meM pa. dAmodara zAstrI ne 12vIM zatAbdI meM uktivyaktiprakaraNa kI racanA kI, jisakA dUsarA nAma prayogaprakAza hai| isa koza-grantha meM isa bAta ko atyaMta sarala DhaMga se samajhAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra loka bhASA meM pracalita.dezI zabda saMskArita hokara saMskRta rUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| uktiratnAkara dezya zabdoM ke jJApana ke lie 17vIM zatAbdI meM jaina sAdhu sundaragaNi ne uktiratnAkara kI racanA kara uktimUlaka zabdoM kA saMgraha

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kiyaa| isa grantha meM dezI zabdoM ke saMskRta rUpa to diye hI haiM, sAtha hI aise zabda bhI milate haiM, jo saMskRta se gar3he gaye haiN| yathA -- miThAI > mRSTATikA / Adhunika koza-grantha ina prAcIna koza-granthoM ke atirikta kucha Adhunika koza-granthoM kI bhI racanAe~ huI haiM, jinake adhyayana se prAkRta bhASA kA jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| zrI abhidhAnarAjendrakoza Adhunika prAkRta kozoM meM AcArya vijayarAjendrasUri dvArA viracita abhidhAnarAjendrakoza atyaMta upayogI koza hai| AcArya ne pandraha varSoM ke lagAtAra parizrama ke pazcAt vi. saM. 1960 meM sAr3he cAra lAkha zloka pramANa isa vizAlakAya koza kI racanA kii| yaha koza-grantha sAta bhAgoM meM hai, jinameM akArAdi krama meM 60,000 zabdoM kA mUla ke sAtha saMskRta meM anuvAda, vyutpatti, liMga evaM jainAgamoM ke anusAra unake artha kI prastuti kI gaI hai| kucha zabdoM ke vyAkhyA krama meM saMdarbhita kathAoM kA bhI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha koza-grantha rocaka va sarasa bana gayA hai| jaina Agama-sAhitya meM Ae pAribhASika zabdoM kA adhyayana karane ke lie yaha koza atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| abhidhAna rAjendra koza kA saMkSipta rUpa zabdAMbudhi meM kiyA hai, kintu yaha racanA abhI aprakAzita hai| ardhamAgadhI koza yaha koza-grantha zatAvadhAnI muni ratnacandrajI dvArA I. san 1923-1938 meM pA~ca bhAgoM meM racA gayA hai| yaha mahattvapUrNa koza saMskRta, gujarAtI, hindI aura aMgrejI ina cAra bhASAoM meM saMkalita hai| isameM yathAsthAna zabdoM ke liMga, vacana Adi kA bhI nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| zabdoM ke sAtha mUla saMkSipta uddharaNoM kA bhI samAveza hai| Agama-sAhitya ke sAtha-sAtha vizeSAvazyakabhASya Adi granthoM ke zabdoM kA bhI isameM saMkalana hai|

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pAiya-sadda-mahaNNavo kalakattA ke paMDita haragovindadAsa trikamacaMda seTha ne 14 varSoM ke kaThora parizrama ke uparAMta isa koza-grantha kA sampAdana kiyA hai| isa koza-grantha meM ArSa prAkRta se lekara apabhraMza yuga taka kI prAkRta bhASAoM ke vividha viSayoM se sambandhita jaina evaM jainetara prAcIna granthoM kI ati vizAla zabda rAzi evaM unake saMbhAvita arthoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka zabda ke sAtha kisI na kisI grantha kA pramANa avazya diyA gayA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie yaha grantha atyaMta upayogI hai| prAkRta-hindI-koza pAiya-sadda-mahaNNavo ke viSayoM ko saMkSipta kara DaoN. ke.Ara. candrA ne I. san 1987 meM prAkRta-hindI-koza kA sampAdana kiyA hai| akArAdi krama meM zabdoM kI saMyojanA karane vAle isa grantha meM prAkRta zabdoM ke liMga, saMskRta rUpa va hindI artha diye gaye haiN| laghukAya hone ke kAraNa yaha koza-grantha prAkRta ke prArambhika vidyArthiyoM ke lie atyaMta upayogI hai| inake atirikta Adhunika koza-granthoM meM zrI jainendra varNI dvArA racita jainendra siddhAntakoza pramukha hai, jisameM jaina darzana ke pAribhASika zabdoM meM prAkRta ke aneka zabdoM ke artha uddharaNa sahita mila jAte haiN| samaNI kusuma prajJA dvArA sampAdita ekArthaka koza, yuvAcArya mahAprajJajI dvArA sampAdita dezI zabda koza evaM nirukta koza tathA DaoN. udayacanda jaina dvArA sampAdita kundakunda koza Adi prAkRta ke mahattvapUrNa zabda koza haiM, jinake adhyayana se prAkRta bhASA kA jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vartamAna samaya meM pro. e. ema. ghATage ne bhaNDArakara oriyanTala risarca insTITyUTa, pUnA se e kampreheMsiva eNDa kriTIkala DikzanarI oNpha da prAkRta leMgyuejeja nAma se eka vizAla koza kA nirmANa prArambha kiyA hai| isake do bhAga chapa cuke haiN| yaha prAkRta aMgrejI koza hai, jisameM zabdoM ke uddharaNa bhI diye gaye haiN|

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sahAyaka grantha 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 5) - le. paM. aMbAlAla, pre. zAha, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI 2. prAkRta evaM jainAgama sAhitya - le. DaoN. harizaMkara pANDeya, zrI lakSmI pablikezana katirA, ArA 3. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa-le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 4. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 5. prAkRta svayaM-zikSaka - le. DaoN. premasumana jaina, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 6. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna - le. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSada, bhopAla 000

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sandarbha grantha 1. aNuogadArAI - saM. A. mahAprajJa, jaina vizva bhAratI, laaddnuuN| 2. apabhraMza abhyAsa saurabha - le. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 3. apabhraMza : eka paricaya - le. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI jayapura apabhraMza racanA saurabha - le. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura 5. apabhraMza kAvya saurabha - le. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura 6. apabhraMza-sAhitya : paramparA aura pravRttiyA~ - le. DaoN. rAjavaMza sahAya, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 7. abhidhAna rAjendra koza (sAta khaNDa) - le. zrI vijayarAjendrasUri, jaina prabhAkara yantrAlaya, rtlaam| 8. abhinava prAkRta vyAkaraNa - le. DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, tArA pablikezana, vaaraannsii| 9. aSTapAhuDa-cayanikA - saM. evaM aM. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 10. azoka ke abhilekha - le. rAjabalI pANDeya, jJAna maNDala limiTeDa, vArANasI 11. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa evaM saMskRti - le. kRSNacandra zrIvAstava 12. AcArAMga-cayanikA - saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 13. AcArAMgasUtra (bhAga 1, 2) - saM. madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara / 14. uttarAdhyayana-cayanikA - saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 15. uttarAdhyayanasUtra - saM. madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byaavr| 16. karpUramaMjarI - ra. rAjazekhara, saM. cunnIlAla zukla, sAhitya bhaNDAra, mertth| 17. kAlidAsa granthAvalI - saM. revAprasAda dvivedI, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vaaraannsii| 18. kumArapAla carita - ra. A. hemacandra, saM. evaM a. DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, DaoN. vidyAvatI jaina, prAcyabhAratI prakAzana, aaraa| 19. gAthA saptazatI - ra. hAla, a. DaoN. harirAma AcArya, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur|

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20. jaina Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA - le. devendramuni zAstrI, tArakaguru jaina granthAlaya, udypur| 21. jainAgama digdarzana - le. nagarAja muni, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura / 22. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 1) - le. becaradAsa dozI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| 23. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga - 2) - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina va DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| 24. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga - 3) - le. DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| 25. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 4) - le. DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA evaM .. pro. hIrAlAla ra. kApar3iyA, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| 26. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 5) - le. paM. aMbAlAla, pre. zAha, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| 27. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (bhAga 6) - le. DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vaaraannsii| 28. tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya-paramparA (khaNDa 2) -- le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, jyotiSAcArya, akhila bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina vidvatpariSad, sAgara (mdhyprdesh)| 29. dazavaikAlika-cayanikA - saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 30. dazavaikAlikasUtra - saM. madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara / 31. nandIsUtra - saM. madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara / 32. nammayAsundarI kahA - ra. mahendrasUri, saM. DaoN. ke. Ara. candra, a. DaoN. ramaNIkabhAI ema. zAha, paM. rUpendrakumAra pagAriyA, prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa phaMDa, ahamadAbAda / 33. niyamasAra - ra. A. kundakunda, saM. pa. parameSThIdAsa, ToDaramala sarvodaya TrasTa, jypur| 34. paumacariyaM - ra. A. vimalasUri, saM. DaoN. ke. Ara. candrA,prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahmdaabaad| 35. paramAtmaprakAza va yogasAra-cayanikA -saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 36. pAia-sadda-mahaNNavo - le. paM. haragovindadAsa trikamacanda seTha, prAkRta grantha pariSad, vaaraannsii|

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37. pravacanasAra - ra. A. kundakunda, saM. upAdhye, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad rAjacandra jaina zAstramAlA, agaas| 38. prAkRta abhyAsa saurabha - le. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 39. prAkRta evaM jainAgama sAhitya - le. DaoN. harizaMkara pANDeya, zrI lakSmI pablikezana katirA, aaraa| 40. prAkRta gadya-padya saurabha - saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 41. prAkRta gadya-saupAna - le. evaM saM. DaoN. premasumana jaina, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 42. prAkRta dhammapada - saM. DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 43. prAkRta bhAratI - saM. evaM a. DaoN. premasumana jaina, DaoN. subhASa koThArI, Agama ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura 44. prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa - le. DaoN. pizala, a. DaoN. hemacandra jozI, bihAra-rASTrabhASA-pariSada, pttnaa| 45. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa - le. DaoN. nemicandrazAstrI, tArA buka ejensI, vArANasI 46. prAkRta mArgopadezikA - le. paM. becaradAsa, jIvarAja dozI, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillii| 47. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa - le. DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI 48. prAkRta svayaM-zikSaka- le. DaoN. premasumana jaina, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 49. praur3ha apabhraMza racanA saurabha - le. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jayapura 50. praur3ha prAkRta racanA saurabha (bhAga 1) - le. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 51. praur3ha prAkRta-apabhraMza racanA saurabha - le. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI, jypur| 52. bhagavatI ArAdhanA (bhAga-1, 2) - ra. A. zivArya, saM. evaM a. kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura / 53. mRcchakaTikam - ra. zUdraka, a. DaoN. zrInivAsa zAstrI, sAhitya bhaNDAra, mertth|

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54. vajjAlagga meM jIvana-mUlya - saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 55. vajjAlaggaM-- ra. jayavallabha, saM. pro. mAdhava vAsudeva paTavardhana, prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda / 56. vAkapatirAja kI lokAnubhUti - saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 57. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra (bhAga 1, 2. 3. 4) - saM. madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byaavr| 58. zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa - le. DaoN. premasumana jaina, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana dillii| 59. samaNasuttaM-cayanikA - saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 60. samayasAra-cayanikA -- saM. evaM a. DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 61. samarAiccakahA (bhAga-1, 2) - ra. A. haribhadra, saM. evaM a. DaoN. ramezacandra jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana / 62. svayambhUchanda - saM. pro. eca.DI. velaNakara, rAjasthAna prAcyavidyA pratiSThAna, jodhpur| 63. hemacandra prAkRta vyAkaraNa, (bhAga 1-2) vyAkhyAtA- zrI pyAracanda jI mahArAja, zrI jaina divAkara-divya jyoti kAryAlaya, mevAr3I bAjAra, byAvara / 64. hema-prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-zikSaka - le. DaoN. udayacandra jaina, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jypur| 65. trINi chedasUtrANi - saM. madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara / 66. jJAtAdharmakathAMga - saM. madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byaavr| patrikA 67. jinavANI (jainAgama sAhitya-vizeSAMka 2002 aMka 1, 2, 3, 4) - saM. DaoN. dharmacandra jaina, samyagjJAna, pracAraka maNDala, jypur|