Jain Vidya ka Sanskrutik Avadan

Author(s): Ramchandra Dwivedi, Prem Suman Jain
Publisher: Adarsh Sahitya Sangh
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010327/1

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THE FREE INDOLOGICAL COLLECTION WWW.SANSKRITDOCUMENTS.ORG/TFIC FAIR USE DECLARATION This book is sourced from another online repository and provided to you at this site under the TFIC collection. It is provided under commonly held Fair Use guidelines for individual educational or research use. We believe that the book is in the public domain and public dissemination was the intent of the original repository. We applaud and support their work wholeheartedly and only provide this version of this book at this site to make it available to even more readers. We believe that cataloging plays a big part in finding valuable books and try to facilitate that, through our TFIC group efforts. In some cases, the original sources are no longer online or are very hard to access, or marked up in or provided in Indian languages, rather than the more widely used English language. TFIC tries to address these needs too. Our intent is to aid all these repositories and digitization projects and is in no way to undercut them. For more information about our mission and our fair use guidelines, please visit our website. Note that we provide this book and others because, to the best of our knowledge, they are in the public domain, in our jurisdiction. However, before downloading and using it, you must verify that it is legal for you, in your jurisdiction, to access and use this copy of the book. Please do not download this book in error. We may not be held responsible for any copyright or other legal violations. Placing this notice in the front of every book, serves to both alert you, and to relieve us of any responsibility. If you are the intellectual property owner of this or any other book in our collection, please email us, if you have any objections to how we present or provide this book here, or to our providing this book at all. We shall work with you immediately. -The TFIC Team.

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57 bhAratada 68 pastaka 1337 dinAMka. jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna saMskRta vibhAga, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya meM Ayojita saMgoSThI ke zodha-patra

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saMpAdakaH DaoN.rAmacandra dvivedI DaoN.premasumana jaina Adarza sAhitya saMgha prakAzana

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mUlya : bAraha rupaye / prathama saMskaraNa, 1976 / prakAzaka : kamaleza caturvedI, prabandhaka, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU ( rAjasthAna ) / mudraka : bhAratI priMTarsa, dillI- 110032 JAIN VIDYA KA SANSKRITIK AVDAN Rs. 12.00

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bhAratIya vidyA evaM jaina prajJA ke prakANDa manISI DaoN0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye (nirvANa divasa 8 aktUbara, 1975 ) kI puNya smRti meM zraddhAMjali

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AzIrvacana jaina tattva vidyA samAdhi kI vidyA hai| samAdhi yoga kI upalabdhi jAgata cetanA kI tIvratama abhIpsA hai| jaina vidyA ke pAragAmI vidvAna, upadeSTA aura adhyetA sabase pahale prajJA-samAdhi kI dizA meM prayANa karate haiN| prajJA-samAdhi kA prathama bindu hai yathArtha kI avagati aura antima bindu hai yathArtha meM avasthiti / avagati aura avasthiti ke bIca meM samAdhi-yAtrA ke aneka par3Ava haiN| isa yAtrA se gujarane vAlA pathika aneka prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM ke valaya meM parikramA karatA hai| usa parikramA se kucha ghaTita hotA hai aura kucha vighaTita ho jAtA hai| ghaTaka aura vighaTaka paristhitiyoM kI niSpatti rASTra kI sAMskRtika cetanA ko bhI prabhAvita karatI hai| jaina vidyA apane Apa meM vilakSaNa hai, isalie usakA sAMskRtika avadAna bhI vilakSaNa hai| jaina saMskRti meM anya saMskRtiyoM kA sammizraNa hone se usa vilakSaNatA meM thor3A antara A sakatA hai para vaha antara samAja kI bAhya cetanA ko hI prabhAvita kara pAyA hai / cetanA kA Antarika pakSa apane Apa meM viziSTa hotA hai| usase prasphuTita hone vAlI sAMskRtika cetanA kA jIvana-nirmANa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaina vidyA meM do tattva ullekhanIya haiM---saMvara aura nirjarA! nirodhana aura vizodhana inakI phalazrutiyAM haiN| jisa samAja-cetanA meM saMbhAvita asat ko tor3ane kA sAmarthya ho vaha samAja kabhI nirAza nahIM ho sakatA / samAja cetanA abhyudaya meM jaina manISiyoM, jaina sAhitya aura jaina saMskRti kA jo yogadAna rahA hai, vaha avismaraNIya hai| pichale varSa udayapura meM jaina vidyA ke sandarbha meM eka seminAra thaa| sudhI lekhakoM ne apane likhita zodha-patroM ko maukhika prastuti dii| usa prastutIkaraNa se ve vyakti hI lAbhAnvita hue jo vahAM upasthita the / vyApaka lAbha kI saMbhAvanA se una zodha-patroM ke mudrIkaraNa kA nirNaya lekara seminAra ke AyojakoM ne apanI sUjha-bUjha kA paricaya diyA hai|

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Aja ke sAhitya - bahula yuga meM koI bhI nayI kRti tabhI sthAna pA sakatI hai, jaba usameM kucha maulikatA ho / maulika ciMtana, maulika sthApanA aura abhivyaMjanA kI zailI meM maulikatA na ho to sAmAnya sAhitya bhI prabuddha samAja para apanA prabhAva nahIM chor3a sktaa| aisI sthiti meM zodha - sAhitya se to vizeSa rUpa se yaha apekSA kI jAtI hai, vahAM ciMtana aura sthApanAoM kI maulika sphuraNA ho / jisa zodha- sAhitya se prajJA ko samAdhAna na mile aura na hI mile ciMtana ko nayA nikhAra, vaha saMkalana to ho sakatA hai para use zodha kahane se AtmatoSa puSTa nahIM hotA / prastuta pustaka 'jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna' jaina tattva vidyA ke jijJAsuoM ko apanI naI sthApanAoM se paricita karAkara loka-cetanA ko usa ora mor3ane meM sakSama ho sakI to yaha jaina vidvAnoM kI bahuta bar3I upalabdhi hogI / sAMskRtika cetanA kA vikAsa sAmAjika aura Arthika cetanA ke vikAsa se bhI adhika zramasAdhya kArya hai / isa kArya kI niSpatti meM rUr3ha dhAraNAoM aura kusaMskAroM ko badalakara naye mUlyoM, vicAroM aura dhAraNAoM ko sthirIkaraNa denA jarUrI hai / sudhI pAThaka jaina vidyA ke sAMskRtika avadAna se avagata hokara apanI prajJA aura cetanA ko samAdhAna dete raheM, yaha apekSA hai / lADanUM 31 janavarI, 1676 - AcArya tulasI

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sampAdakIya sAhitya, dharma, darzana, kalA, vijJAna, itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke aneka AyAmoM ko jaina vidyA ne apanI pratibhA se Alokita kiyA hai| inhIM kA Alocana evaM vizleSaNa udayapura vizvavidyAlaya ke saMskRta vibhAga ke tattvAvadhAna meM deza ke prakhyAta cinnakoM ne 2 akTUbara se 6 akTUbara 1973 taka Ayojita vicArasaMgoSThI ke mAdhyama se kiyA thaa| isa saMgoSThI meM aMgrejI meM paThita zodha-nibandhoM kA prakAzana motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI ne 'kaMTrIbyUzana oNpha jainijma Ta iMDiyana kalcara' ke nAma se kiyA hai| viSayoM kI vividhatA evaM prAmANikatA kI dRSTi se uparyukta prakAzana bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa varSa kI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai / isI saMgoSThI meM paThita hindI ke zodha-patroM kA yaha saMgraha usI prakAra mahattvapUrNa pramANita hogA, isa AzA ke sAtha 'jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna' prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai| AcAryazrI tulasI jaina dharma evaM darzana, sAhitya va saMskRti ke prakAzana, pracAra evaM prasAra ke lie nAbhisthAna tathA dIpastambha haiN| unhIM kI preraNA evaM sAdhanA kA pariNAma hai- AgamoM kA saMpAdana-prakAzana, vidvat-saMgoSThiyoM kA vArSika Ayojana evaM aneka vizvavidyAlayoM meM jaina-zodha kI prvrtnaa| aNuvrata Andolana ke dvArA unhoMne sAre deza meM naitikatA kI navIna dezanA dI hai| unhIM ke AzIrvAda kA phala hai prastuta prakAzana / munizrI nathamala jI jaina vidyA ke niSNAta mahAmanISI haiN| unakA AzIrvacana isa graMtha kA tAttvika alaMkAra hai| isa pustaka ke suyogya prabandha-sampAdana ke lie hama bandhuvara zrI kamaleza caturvedI ke hRdaya se kRtajJa haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa-varSa meM aneka utsavoM, samArohoM Adi kA deza bhara meM varSavyApI Ayojana huaa| inameM vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM dvArA vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga ke Arthika sahayoga se vicAra-gopThiyoM kA Ayojana vizeSa rUpa se mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina muniyoM, jaina samAja tathA vizvavidyAlaya ke vidvAnoM ke saMyukta prayatnoM kA hI yaha supariNAma hai ki deza ke vibhinna nagaroM

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udayapura, jabalapura, ujjaina, sAgara, banArasa, paTiyAlA, pUnA, dhAravAr3a Adi meM pratiSThita vizvavidyAlayoM meM jaina dharma evaM darzana, sAhitya tathA saMskRti ke vibhinna pakSoM kA adhyayana anusaMdhAna prArambha hogaa| jaina vidyA kI vizvavidyAlayoM meM yaha pratiSThA tathA pITha sthApanA antataH bhAratIya jJAna-vijJAna kI garimA ko pratiSThita karegI tathA vizvavidyAlaya kA samAja se, usake dhArmika evaM naitika spaMdana se mUlyavAn evaM sArthaka sambandha sthApita karegI / bhAratIya zikSA kI yaha mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai / udayapura vizvavidyAlaya meM Ayojita saMgoSThI meM deza ke mUrdhanya vidvAnoM kA apUrvaM samavAya thA / DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI, DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI tathA DaoN0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye kA sahayoga evaM mArgadarzana ise prApta thA / isa saMgoSThI ke zodha-patroM ke aMgrejI tathA hindI ke prakAzana unhIM ke sahayoga kA pariNAma haiM / para isa phala ko dekhane ke lie ye tInoM vidvAna aba isa saMsAra meM nahIM haiM / aMgrejI pustaka ke prakAzana ke pUrva hI DaoN0 zAstrI va DaoN0 caudharI kA nidhana ho gayA thA / ataH vaha kRti unhIM ko samarpita hai / para kise mAlUma thA ki inhIM meM variSTha vidvAna DaoN0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye ko bhI kRtAnta hamase chIna legA / prastuta kRti sAdara evaM savinaya zraddhA ke sAtha unhIM ko samarpita hai / kArtika amAvasyA, 1975

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viSayAnukrama 1. rAjasthAna aura jaina sAhitya muni jinavijaya 2. jaina vidyA kA anuzIlana DaoN0 0 rAmacandra dvivedI 3. saMgoSThI kA siMhAvalokana DaoN0 prema sumana jaina 4. jaina vidyA aura bhAratIya saMskRti DaoN0 pI0 esa0 lAMbA anuvAdaka : DaoN0 viSNurAma nAgara 5. bhAratIya paramparA ko jaina vidyA kA avadAna ( sva 0 ) DaoN0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye anuvAdaka : DaoN0 viSNuprasAda bhaTTa 6. jaina kalA evaM purAtattva pro0 0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI 7. jainAcAryoM kI zabdavijJAna ko dena sAdhvI saMghamitrA 8. jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna ( sva 0 ) DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI 6. jaina Ayurveda sAhitya : eka mUlyAMkana rAjendra prakAza A0 bhaTanAgara 10. AcArya hemacandra aura unakA kAvyAnuzAsana DaoN0 mUlacandra pAThaka 3 E 16 26 34 37 42 66 76

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106 112 121 138 11. bhaTTAraka sakalakIti kA saMskRta caritakAvya ko yogadAna - DaoN. bihArIlAla jaina 12. granthoM kI surakSA meM rAjasthAna ke jainoM kA yogadAna DaoN0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla 13. AcArya bhadra bAhu aura haribhadra kI ajJAta racanAeM agaracanda nAhaTA 14. jaina darzana meM ahiMsA' DaoN0 hukumacanda bhArilla 15. bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna DaoN0 gokulacandra jaina 16. jainAcAryoM kA gaNita ko yogadAna pro0 lakSmIcandra jaina 17. jaina kalA kA yogadAna pro0 paramAnanda coyala 18. jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana DaoN0 narendra bhAnAvata 16. soviyata gaNarAjya aura pazcima eziyAI dezoM meM jaina tIrtha DaoN0 brajamohana jAvaliyA 20. mAlavA meM jaina dharma kA aitihAsika sarvekSaNa DaoN0 manoharalAla dalAla 21. mahArASTra meM jaina dharma DaoN0 vidyAdhara joharApurakara 22. mevAr3a meM jaina dharma zrI balavantasiMha mehatA 150 155 167 175 183 186

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priya vidvadvara AcArya mahodaya DA0 zrI rAmacandrajI dvivedI seva meM sAdara nivedana ki rAjasthAna aura jaina sAhitya muni jinavijaya ApakA eka kRpA-patra kucha samaya pahale mujhe milaa| yaha jAnakara bahuta harSa huA ki ApakI adhyakSatA meM udayapura yunivarsiTI ke tatvAvadhAna meM, jaina saMskRti se saMbaddha eka seminAra kA Ayojana kiyA jA rahA hai / jisa puNyabhUmi para udayapura vizvavidyAlaya avasthita hai vaha bhUmi yugAtIta kAla se bhArata kI samuccaya saMskRti kA eka mahattva kA keMdra rahI hai / mahAkavi cakravartI samrATa zrI harSa ne AdhArabheda pAda kA prAta:smaraNIya ullekha kiyA hai / jaina aura bauddha donoM saMpradAya vAle isa stuti kA pATha kiyA karate haiM -- purAtattvavettAoM ne isa bhUmi ke viSaya meM bahuta kucha saMzodhanAtmaka kArya kiye haiM / jaina saMpradAya kI dRSTi se bhI vicArA jAya to isa bhUmi ke Adhipatya vAle pradeza meM, jaina saMskRti aura jaina sAhitya kA prabhAva vizeSa sthAna rakhatA hai / jisa samaya guhilota vaMza ke pratiSThApaka bApA rAvala ne isa bhUmi ko apanA karmakSetra banAyA usase bhI bahuta pahale jaina dharma-guruoM ne isa pradeza kI janatA ko dAna, dayA, sadAcAra viSaya ke sadupadezoM se yatheSTa saMskAra-saMpanna karane kA satata prayatna kiyA hai| jaina itihAsa ke aneka prakaraNa isa bhUmi kI mahattA prakaTa karate haiM / jaina sAhityakAroM ne isa bhUmi ke aneka gAMvoM aura nagaroM meM nivAsa kara choTI-bar3I haz2AroM sAhityika kRtiyoM kA praNayana kara samuccaya bhAratI bhaMDAra ko susamRddha kiyA hai / Apa vidvajjanoM ne jaina saMskRti viSayaka vidvadvicAra goSThI kA jo sundara Ayojana kiyA hai, etadartha merA anekAneka hArdika abhinandana hai | merA svAsthya aba atyadhika kSINa ho rahA hai isalie maiM Apa dvArA Ayojita rAjasthAna aura jaina sAhitya : 1

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isa puNyasana meM upasthita hone meM asamarthatA anubhava kara rahA huuN| mujhase aba pravAsa nahIM hotA / adhika samaya baiThA bhI nahIM jaataa| bolane kI zakti bhI vaisI nahIM rhii| ata: maiM Apake isa satra se vaMcita raha rahA hUM, isakA mujhe Antarika kheda hI hai| mere anyatama vidvAn mitra DA0 zrI e0 ena0 upAdhyejI mAIsora se vahAM A rahe haiN| unakA sauhArdapUrNa patra milA hai| ve mujhe likhate haiM ki udayapura meM mulAkAta kI AzA rakhate haiM, paraMtu maiMne uparyukta zArIrika asvasthatA ke kAraNa, udayapura pahuMcane ke lie merI asamarthatA vyakta kI hai| kaSTa ke lie kSamA-Apake Ayojana kI hRdaya se saphalatA cAhatA hUM vidvadvaMzavada muni jinavijaya 2 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jaina vidyA : eka anuzIlana DA0 rAmacandra dvivedI ( nidezaka, saMgoSThI ) udayapura saMgoSThI : bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prati sAmAyika rAjasthAna ke kisI bhI vizvavidyAlaya meM prAkRta athavA jaina vidyA ke adhyayana aura anusaMdhAna kI vyavasthA nahIM thI, yadyapi rAjasthAna prAkRta kA akSaya bhaMDAra aura jaina saMskRti kA yugoM se mukhya keMdra rahA hai / udayapura vizvavidyAlaya meM 1670-71 meM prAkRta ke adhyayana kI vyavasthA karane bAda yaha Avazyaka thA ki isa viSaya ke adhyayana ko sahI dizA pradAna karane ke lie eka a0 bhA0 saMgoSThI Ayojita kI jAe / yaha hamAre vibhAga kI arhatA athavA pAtratA thI jisake AdhAra para a0 bhA0 saMgoSThI ke Ayojana kA vicAra aMkurita huA / kiMtu isake do sAmayika kAraNa bhI the / eka to yaha ki prAkRta bhASA para cArapAMca saMgoSThiyAM bhArata ke vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM ho cukI thIM kiMtu jaina vidyA ke avadAna para koI carcA sAkSAt aura tulanAtmaka rUpa meM kisI bhI vizvavidyAlaya meM a0 bhA0 stara para nahIM huI thI / isa viSaya ko apanAne meM vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga ko bhI kucha prAthamika saMkoca thA kiMtu merA yaha saubhAgya thA ki jaina vidyA para a0 bhA0 saMgoSThI Ayojita kara sakane kA vicAra saphala huA / dUsarA sAmayika kAraNa thA, bhagavAn mahAvIra kA 2500 veM nirvANa - mahotsava kA 1974 meM honA / kahIM yaha mahotsava kevala sAmAjika utsava banakara na raha jAe isakI AzaMkA mere mana meM thii| isa avasara ko ucita rUpa se zaikSaNika aura bauddhika banAne ke lie tathA isa mahotsava kI sthAyitA ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki kucha varSa pUrva hI isakI taiyArI ke lie vidvAnoM ko ekatra kara unake vicAroM ko yathAsamaya prakAzita kiyA jA ske| yaha eka prakAra se saMskRta vibhAga kA sAmAyika thA / jaina vidyA : eka anuzIlana : 3

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prAkRta-apabhraMza : bhASA-jJAna kI pUrNatA jaisA ki abhI-abhI kahA hai prAkRta bhASAoM para pAMca saMgoSThiyAM deza ke vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM Ayojita huI haiM aura unakA spaSTa niSkarSa hai ki kisI bhI bhAratIya bhASA ko, cAhe vaha bhAropIya parivAra kI ho yA dravir3a parivAra kI yA anya kisI parivAra kI, hama na usakI utpatti ko aura na usake vikAsa ko pahacAna pAyeMge jaba taka ki prAkRta-apabhraMza ke utsa taka na pahuMca jaaeN| isa dRSTi se prAkRta ke adhyayana kA eka vizepa mahattva hai| jahAM saMskRta bhASA kA adhyayana bhAropIya parivAra kI bhASAoM ke tatsama aura tadbhava rUpoM ko samajhane meM hamArI sahAyatA karatA hai vahAM prAkRta-apabhraMza kA adhyayana bhAropIya parivAra kI bhASAoM ke dezaja zabdoM ko samajhane meM, (jinakI vyAkhyA saMskRta nahIM kara pAtI) aura isake atirikta anya aneka bhASA parivAroM ke zabdoM kI utpatti aura vikAsa ko jAnane meM vaha bahuta hada taka ekamAtra mAdhyama hai| isa prakAra eka ora to bhAropIya bhASAoM ke saMdarbha meM prAkRta kA saMskRta ke samAnAntara mahattva hai aura dUsarI ora dezaja zabdoM kI pahacAna meM unake ekAdhikAra kA bhI mahattva hai| jaina sAhitya : lokadharma kA saMdezavAhaka bhAratIya sAhitya vibhinna dhArAoM meM vibhakta saMskRtiyoM kA saMdezavAhaka rahA hai| isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki bhAratIya sAhitya meM laukikatA (sekyUlarijma ) se saMpRkta vAGmaya vizAla hai| kiMtu bahuta kucha sAhitya dharma, saMskRti tathA darzana ke sUtroM kI vyAkhyA ke lie hI praNIta huA hai| isIlie bauddha sAhitya nirvANa, kSapikatA, anAtmA aura zAMti ke saMdeza ko mukharita karatA hai aura brAhmaNa sAhitya brahma athavA Izvara tathA AtmA kI amaratA ko vANI pradAna karatA hai| zramaNa saMskRti kA sAhitya jIva kI naitika sAdhanA ke lie pudgala ke Asrava kA saMvara aura nirjarA ke mAdhyama se usake mokSa kI niraMtara sAdhanA karatA hai| sAre kathya, kathAbaMdha, zilpa kiMvA sAhitya ke samagra upAdAna usI sAdhya ko abhivyakta karane ke sAdhana haiM / samagra dRSTi se dekheM to aisA pratIta hogA ki jaina, bauddha, brAhmaNa sAhitya ne 'kalA kalA ke lie' isa pAzcAtya Adarza vAkya ko kabhI nahIM svIkArA / ataH jaina saMskRti para Azrita sAhitya kA keMdra vidu sadA nizcita aura sudar3ha rahA hai| keMdrIya bidu kI isa ekAgratA ke sAtha hI jaina sAhityakAra ne zilpa, vidhA yA kalA kI dRSTi se aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jise usane na apanAyA ho| isa artha meM vaha bhAratIya sAhityakAra kA saccA sahakarmI rahA hai| sahadharmI hokara bhI usane sAhitya ke aneka zikhara sthApita kiye haiN| ata: kAlidAsa kA prasAda, purANoM kI mithaka saMpadA, mahAbhArata kI sarvAMgINatA evaM vizAlatA, mAgha-bhAravi 4 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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zrIharSa jaise kaviyoM kI zilpa- priyatA, daMDI, bANabhaTTa kA gadya sauMdarya, paMcataMtra, hitopadeza, jAtaka Adi kA kathA-vaibhava tathA rUpaka ke vibhinna rUpa jaina - vAGmaya meM samAnAMtara rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| zilpa kiMvA kalA kI samAnAMtaratA kA sahabhAgI hone ke sAtha lokabhASA ko apanAne se isa sAhitya meM lokadharmitA ke jo tattva sahaja rUpa meM Aye haiM ve zreNika bhASA meM, jo ki devatAoM kI bhASA thI, manuSyoM kI nahIM, upalabdha nahIM the / jaina dharma-darzana : manuSya- keMdrita sAdhanA dvArA pUrNatA (mokSa) kI prApti bhAratIya dharma aura darzana ke tIna nizcita prasthAna haiM / eka to zAzvata AtmavAda, jo AtmA ko zAzvata, ajara, amara, nirvikAra svIkAra karatA hai / dUsarA hai bauddhoM kA nairAtmyavAda jo ki AtmA, paramAtmA Adi ke astitva ko hI nahIM svIkAratA / ye donoM ekAnta dRSTiyAM haiM, eka-dUsare se viparIta / ina do ekAnta dRSTiyoM kA khaMDana karate hue jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki na to AtmA (jIva ) ko asvIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na use sabhI sthitiyoM meM pUrNa aura nirvikAra mAnA jA sakatA hai / kSaNabhaMgura mAnane meM samagra naitika evaM dhArmika sAdhanA aura apUrNatA se pUrNatA kI ora manuSya kI dRSTi tattvataH arthahIna ho jaayegii| use pUrNa aura nirvikAra svIkAra karane para sAdhanA yA anuSThAna kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM rahegI aura na puNya-pApa kI, sukha-duHkha kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakegI / ataH zAzvata evaM nirvikAra AtmavAda tathA nairAtmyavAda ke viparIta jaina darzana usa jIva ko pratiSThita karatA hai, jo apanI mokSa-sAdhanA meM niraMtara lagakara apurNa se pUrNa banatA hai| pUrNatA kI yaha sAdhanA kisI IzvarIya anugraha kA pariNAma na hokara jIva kI apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA kI aMtima pariNati hai / isa prakAra jaina dharma aura darzana manuSya keMdrita sAdhanA kA dharma aura darzana hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki isameM AcAra kI jo pratiSThA aura sUkSma vyAkhyA hai, vaha anyatra upalabdha nahIM hotI / spaSTata: kahA gayA hai ki samyak darzana (zraddhA), jJAna aura caritra tInoM milakara mokSa kA mArga hai| hiMdU tathA bauddha ke anusAra darzana, jJAna yA bhakti ke mAdhyama se mokSa yA nirvANa kA pA sakanA saMbhava hai| kiMtu jaina dRSTi ke anusAra caritra ( AcAra) kI siddhi ke binA mokSa pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai / manuSya ko mokSa-sAdhanA kA keMdra mAnane se yaha atyanta svAbhAvika ho gayA ki AdhyAtmika, mAnasika, bhautika athavA anya kisI stara para hiMsA ko svIkAra hI na kiyA jA ske| hiMdU dharma meM vaidika hiMsA ko svIkAra kara liyA gayA thA aura bauddha darzana meM svayaM tathAgata kucha apavAda pratiSThita kara diye the| kiMtu jaina dharma kI dRSTi yaha kabhI nahIM svIkAra kara sakatI ki eka prANI dUsare prANI kA manasA-vAcA jaina vidyA : eka anuzIlana : 5

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karmaNA yA anya kisI prakAra se hiMsaka hokara bhI pUrNatA (mokSa) kI sAdhanA kara sakatA hai| vartamAna saMdarbha : ahiMsA kI sAdhanA Aja ke samAja kI vyathA kI yadi kisI eka zabda se vyAkhyA ho sakatI hai to vaha hai hiNsaa| ANavika astroM kA saMtrAsa, pariveza (inavArnameMTa) ke miTa jAne kA bhaya, zaktizAlI rASTra evaM samAja dvArA zoSaNa kI pIr3A, daridratA, mAnasika-zArIrika nirbalatA-ye saba hiMsA ko vyakta karatI haiN| aura sRSTi ke itihAsa meM pahalI bAra yaha bhaya khar3A ho gayA hai ki kahIM manuSya kA astitva hI nikaTa bhaviSya meM na samApta ho jaae| isa vibhISikA kA eka hI samAdhAna hai aura vaha hai ---ahiMsA kA siddhAnta / mujhe to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki zAyada choTechoTe gaNoM meM vibhakta mahAvIra-kAla ke paraspara saMgharSazIla samAja ke samakSa isa ahimA kI utanI AvazyakatA nahIM thI kyoMki mahAvIra ke saMdeza ko sarvAtmanA svIkAra na karake bhI vizva kA samAja apanI Ayu ke 2500 varSa to bitA hI cukA hai lekina Age bhI itane varSa bitA pAyegA isameM vaijJAnikoM ko pUrA saMdeha hai| AcAra-dharma kA mUla ahiMsA hai| samagra AcAra-dharma usI siddhAnta ke pallavana haiN| kisI viziSTa AcAra va rIti kA utanA mahattva nahIM hai, jitanA ki mUla kaa| ekAdha pattA bhale TUTa jAe, deza aura kAla ke nimitta se pravartita koI AcAra hamase bhale chUTa jAe, lekina mUla nahIM sUkhanA caahie| ahiMsA mUla hai, AcAra vizeSa pallava / jaina kalA : sauMdarya evaM adhyAtma kI svataMtra abhivyakti jaisA ki bhAratIya sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM kahA gayA, bahuta kucha vahI kalAkRtiyoM ke saMdarbha meM caritArtha hai| donoM hI kavi-mana ke bAhya rUpa haiM / upakaraNa bhinna haiN| sRjana-dharma kA mUla eka hai| kalA kI vividhA jo bauddha aura hiMdU kalAkRtiyoM meM prApta hotI hai usa saba ko apanAkara bhI apanI ciMtana-dRSTi ke bheda ke kAraNa jaina kalAkRtiyAM samAna hokara bhI viziSTa haiN| samAnatA meM yaha bhinnatA usakI svataMtratA kA pramANa hai| yaha svataMtratA hI sAhitya athavA kalAkRti kA vAstavika utkarSa bidu hotA hai / jaina kalA ne sauMdarya aura adhyAtma donoM kI abhivyakti meM apanI maulikatA ko banAye rakhA hai| jaina vidyA kA pracAra-prasAra : dRSTi kA khulApana jaina vidyA ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie sabase pahale to jaina samAja ko apanI dRSTi badalanI hogI, usake bAda zeSa samAja ko| vidyA kI sAdhanA ko kevala kucha 6 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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kSaNa ke lie dhArmika anuSThAna kA aMga na mAnakara ise khulI havA meM le jAne ke lie jaina samAja ko mana se aura karma se taiyAra honA hogaa| isakA artha hai ki pAMDulipiyoM ke rUpa meM jo apAra sampadA maMdiroM meM mAtra pUjA ke lie surakSita hai aura jisakI varSa meM ekAdha yAtrA bAharI duniyA ke sAmane ho jAtI hai use rASTra ke pratyeka vyakti dvArA adhyayana aura manana ke lie sulabha banAyA jaae| pAMDulipiyoM ke maMdira ke paTa kholane ke lie yuga-yuga ke pujArI ko taiyAra ho jAnA cAhie / para jaina samAja kI yaha taiyArI kAphI nahIM hai / graMtha ke vinAza ke jisa bhaya aura AtaMka ke kAraNa use isa graMtha-saMpadA ko surakSita rakhane ko bAdhya honA par3A usakA kAraNa na kevala unako vinaSTa karanA thA balki janetara samAja kI vaha manovRtti bhI thI jisane kahA thA --na gacchet jnmNdirN| ataH donoM ko hI nayI samajha ke lie apane ko taiyAra karanA hogaa| vizvavidyAlaya aura vidyA ke dUsare pratiSThAnoM ko bhI yaha socanA hogA ki sAmpradAyika honA eka bAta hai aura sampradAyavizeSa kA saMpUrNa adhyavasAya aura niSThA ke sAtha adhyayana karanA dUsarI bAta hai| yaha durbhAgya hai ki yUropIya, amerikI yA rUsI bhASA, sAhitya aura samAja ko jAnane ke lie bhAratIya vizvavidyAlayoM ke pAThyakrama meM vyavasthA AsAna hai, lekina bhAratIya bhASA, sAhitya va saMskRti ko vizvavidyAlaya stara taka praveza dilAnA duSkara kArya hai| aura isa kArya meM sAMpradAyikatA ko prazraya dene kA AkSepa pahale kiyA jAtA hai| ataH samAja aura zaikSaNika jagat meM samanvaya anivArya hai| manovRttiyoM ke isa bharata-milApa ke bAda jina kAryoM se jaina vidyA kA pracAra aura prasAra sacamuca saphala ho sakegA, unameM se katipaya nimnAMkita haiM : 1. zreNika bhASA (klAsikala laiMgveja) aura sAhitya ke sAtha prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA adhyayana pAThyakrama kA anivArya aMga bne| 2. Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke prAcIna rUpa ke pAThyakrama ke sAtha apabhraMza Adi sambaddha bhASA kA adhyayana anivAryataH nirdhArita kiyA jAnA caahie| 3. chAtravRttiyoM kA adhikAdhika samAyojana kiyA jAnA cAhie jinheM nizcita rUpa se jaina aura jainetara meM bheda na karake par3hane vAle chAtroM ko yogyatAnusAra diyA jAnA caahie| 4. prAkRta ke adhyayana evaM anusaMdhAna ko mAnaka stara pradAna karane ke lie pratyeka pradeza ke kama-se-kama eka vizvavidyAlaya meM jaina vidyA ke adhyayana ke lie Asana sthApita kiyA jAnA cAhie jo pUrvataH sthApita saMskRta athavA Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAtha saMbaddha hokara kArya kre| 5. prAraMbha meM stara kI ekarUpatA sthApita karane ke lie a0 bhA0 stara para saMgoSThI ke mAdhyama se vibhinna zreNiyoM ke lie samAna pAThyakrama kA vidhAna karanA jaina vidyA : eka anuzIlana : 7

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caahie| isI vidhAna ke anurUpa pAThyakrama meM nirdhArita pustakoM kA anuvAda evaM TippaNiyoM ke sAtha samAlocanAtmaka saMskaraNa prakAzita kiye jAeM jo mUlya kI dRSTi se bhI chAtropayogI hoN| prAkRta par3hane vAloM kI saMkhyA prAraMbha meM kama hogI isalie yaha kArya aura bhI Avazyaka hai| 6. anusaMdhAna ko Age bar3hAne ke lie sabhI pAMDulipiyoM kI vistRta evaM pUrNa saMzodhita graMtha-sUcI prakAzita ho| unameM se Avazyaka graMthoM kA cayana evaM saMpAdana kara unheM prakAzita karanA cAhie / graMthoM ke AlocanAtmaka saMpAdana meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi nitAnta apekSita hai tAki eka ora use saMskRta kI dhArA se aura dUsarI ora Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI dhArA se unheM jor3A jA ske| 7. cUMki jaina vidyA ke mahattva kI jAnakArI abhI bhAratIya samAja ko nahIM hai isalie yaha Avazyaka hai ki isake vibhinna pakSoM para deza ke kone-kone meM niraMtara saMgoSThiyAM kI jAeM jisameM vahAM ke samAja ko bhI apane sAtha meM sammilita kiyA jAe tAki jana vidyA ke gaurava ke saMbaMdha meM bhAratIya janacetanA jAgRta ho ske| yaha jAgRti hI jaina vidyA ke prasAra-pracAra kA sarvottama upAya hai, jo anya upAya svata: khoja legaa| 8 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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saMgoSThI kA siMhAvalokana DA0 prema sumana jaina (saMyojaka, saMgoSThI) samAyojana kA AdhAra udayapura vizvavidyAlaya ke saMskRta vibhAga ne 1971 meM parA-snAtaka kakSAoM meM prAkRta varga tathA prAkRta kI pramANapatrIya parIkSA prArambha kara vizvavidyAlaya stara para prAkRta ke adhyayana evaM anusaMdhAna kA rAjasthAna meM vidhivat zrIgaNeza kiyaa| isake pUrva hI bhaTTAraka sakalakIti aura unake sAhitya para eka zodha-chAtra apanA anusaMdhAna-kArya prArambha kara cuke the aura 1671 meM hI ina paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ne 'kuvalayamAlAkahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' viSaya meM anusandhAna upAdhi ke lie paMjIyana karA liyA thaa| isa prakAra prAkRta ke prArambhika adhyetA tathA anusandhAna ke chAtroM taka kI prAkRta meM zikSA-dIkSA kI vyavasthA isa vizvavidyAlaya ne san 1971 taka kara dI thI, jo aba taka sucArU rUpa se cala rahI hai| isa pradeza ke dUsare vizvavidyAlayoM meM bhI isa prakAra kA kArya prAraMbha ho, isakI isa nirvANavarSa meM hama sabhI kAmanA karate haiN| rAjasthAna meM prAkRta-adhyayana kI sudRr3ha AdhAra zilA rakhane ke lie tathA jaina vidyA kA anya bhAratIya vidyAoM kI tulanA meM mUlyAMkana karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki deza ke labdha-pratiSThita vidvAnoM kI eka saMgoSThI kI jAe jo bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa-divasa kI belA meM apane cintana kA arghya samarpita kara ske| sAtha hI isa saMskRta vibhAga ko adhyayana-anusandhAna kI suvicArita dizAbodha bhI de sake / inhIM pramukha lakSyoM aura prayatnoM kA pariNAma thA aktUbara, 1973 kI yaha sNgosstthii| isake pUrva bhI disambara 1968 meM priMsipalsa oNpha liTarerI kriTisijma ina saMskRta' viSaya ko lekara eka saphala saMgoSThI pravartita karane kA zreya vibhAga ko prApta thA, jo jaina vidyA viSayaka saMgoSThI ke saphala samAyojanaka kA AdhAra bnaa| saMgoSThI kA siMhAvalokana : 6

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isa vicAra goSThI ke lie vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga se Arthika anudAna prApta karane hetu lambe prayatna ke lie saMskRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa tathA saMgoSThI ke nidezaka DA. rAmacandra dvivedI, tatkAlIna upakulapati DA gaNeza sakhArAma mahAjanI, vartamAna pUnA vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati tathA udayapura vizvavidyAlaya ke vartamAna upakulapati DA0 pRthvIsiMha lAmbA ko smaraNa karanA Avazyaka hai / DA0 daulatasiMha koThArI, tatkAlIna adhyakSa, vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga, dillI kI hI yaha samajha tathA sadAzayatA thI ki unhoMne Ayoga kI ora se isa saMgoSThI ke Ayojana ke lie anudAna kI svIkRti pradAna kii| ___ abhI taka deza meM jo seminAra kolhApura, pUnA, baMbaI, bodhagayA tathA ahamadAbAda meM hue the ve mUlataH prAkRta bhASA ko lekara the| isake atirikta ahiMsA siddhAnta ko lekara bhI chiTapuTa vicAra-goSThiyAM vizvavidyAlayoM meM huI thIM, jinameM jaina-dharma va darzana ke avadAna kI carcA bhI prAsaMgika rUpa se huI thii| kintu jaina vidyA ko sAkSAt viSaya ke rUpa meM lekara tathA usake sabhI AcAryoM ko tulanAtmaka pariprekSya meM dekhane kA prayAsa abhI taka nahIM huA thaa| isake pIche vibhinna bAdhAeM va kAraNa rahe haiM, jinheM isa saMgoSThI ke Ayojana ne pahalI bAra cunautI dI hai| kyoMki AyojakoM kA yaha socanA rahA hai ki kisI bhI bhAratIya vizvavidyAlaya kA yaha prathama dAyitva hai ki samAja jina cIz2oM para socatA-vicAratA hai, jisake lie usakA hRdaya niraMtara spaMdita hotA rahatA hai; una viSayoM ke adhyayana evaM anusandhAna kI vyavasthA vaha kre| anyathA samAja aura vizvavidyAlaya zikSA kA koI tAla-mela nahIM baiThegA, jo bhAratIya pRSThabhUmi meM hitakara nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMgoSThI kiye jAne kA saMkalpa ina UhApohoM se gujarakara svIkRta huA, yaha harSa kA viSaya hai| isa saMgoSThI kA viSaya-'jaina vidyA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko avadAna' sarvathA nayA thaa| ata: isameM prAcya vidyA ke prAya: sabhI viSayoM-darzana, dharma, bhASA, sAhitya, kalA, vijJAna, itihAsa, purAtattva Adi se sambandhita una vidvAnoM ko Amantrita kiyA gayA, jo jaina vidyA ke adhyayana meM bhI apanI ruci rakhate the| jaina dharma va darzana ke mUrdhanya vidvAn isameM sammilita the hii| jammU, dillI, vArANasI, bodhagayA se lekara bambaI, pUnA, baMgalaura, karnATaka evaM maisUra taka ke vidvAn Amantrita the| gujarAta, madhyapradeza evaM rAjasthAna ke vidvAnoM kA pUrNa sahayoga ise prApta thaa| atithi vidvAnoM kI upasthiti jApAnI vidvAn sucihAsI ke padArpaNa se hI prArambha huii| isa prakAra sabhI varga evaM viSayoM ke vidvAn isa saMgoSThI meM sammilita hue| 10 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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udghATana samAroha saMgoSThI kA Ayojana 2 se 6 akTUbara, 1973 taka udayapura vizvavidyAlaya ke AdhArabhUta vijJAna evaM mAnavikI saMsthAna ke sabhAkakSa meM sampanna huaa| udghATana samAroha meM saMgoSThI ke nidezaka DA. rAmacaMdra dvivedI ne samAgata vidvAnoM kA svAgata karate hue apane DhaMga kI ise prathama saMgoSThI batalAyA tathA kahA ki isake Ayojana dvArA jaina vidyA kA bhArata ke sAMskRtika vikAsa meM jo yogadAna hai vaha adhika spaSTa ho skegaa| udghATanakartA upakulapati DA0 pRthvIsiMha lAmbA ne apane abhibhASaNa meM na kevala bhAratIya bhASA, sAhitya, kalA aura AdhyAtmika cetanA ke utthAna meM jaina vidyA ke gahare saMbaMdha ko ujAgara kiyA, apitu yaha AzA bhI vyakta kI ki yaha saMgoSThI jaina sAhitya aura dharma-darzana ke mUlyAMkana tathA adhyayana-anusaMdhAna meM mahattvapUrNa niSkarSa de skegii| samAroha ke adhyakSa DA0 mohanalAla mehatA ne apane bhASaNa meM isa bhrama kA nivAraNa kiyA ki jaina sAhitya kisI saMpradAya yA dharma vizeSa kA sAhitya hai| saMgoSThI ke saMyojaka DA0 prema sumana jaina ne atithiyoM kA dhanyavAda jJApana karate hue bhagavAna mahAvIra ke 2500veM nirvANa mahotsava ke saMdarbha meM saMgoSThI kI mahattA ko spaSTa kiyaa| ___ jaina vidyA kI isa saMgoSThI ke chaha adhivezanoM meM vibhinna viSayoM se saMbaMdhita sATha zodha-nibaMdha prastuta kiye gaye, jinakA prakAzana aMgrez2I evaM hiMdI meM alagaalaga ho rahA hai / saMgoSThI meM paThita nibaMdhoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa yahAM prastuta hai| bhASA evaM sAhitya saMgoSThI ke udghATana samAroha ke bAda patra-vAcana kA zubhAraMbha bhASA evaM sAhitya se saMbaMdhita nibaMdhoM dvArA huaa| 2 akTUbara, 1973 ke isa madhyAhna kAlIna adhivezana ke adhyakSa the DA0 TI0 jI0 kalaghATagI, prAcArya, karnATaka Asa kAleja, dhAravAr3a evaM saciva the DA0 kailAzacaMdra jaina, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya ujjain| sarvaprathama DA0 kalaghATagI ne 'jainijma ina karnATaka' nAmaka nibaMdha kA vAcana karate hue dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma ke prabhAva kA vivecana kiyA tathA isa paraMparA kA bhI ullekha kiyA ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhI saMbhavata: dakSiNa bhArata kA bhramaNa kiyA thA / DA0 ke0 sI0 jaina evaM DA0 ena0 eca0 samatAnI ne isa paraMparA ko aitihAsika sAkSyoM se rahita btlaayaa| dvitIya nibaMdha - 'bhaTTAraka sakalakIti kA saMskRta caritakAvya ko yogadAna' zrI bihArIlAla jaina (udayapura) dvArA par3hA gyaa| DA0 kAsalIvAla, DA0 dalAla evaM DA0 ke0 sI0 jaina ke vicAra-vimarza dvArA bhaTTAraka aura sAdhu tathA carita aura purANa-kAvya kA bheda spaSTa huaa| DA0 kastUracaMda kAsalIvAla (jayapura) ne 'graMthoM saMgoSThI kA siMhAvalokana : 11

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kI surakSA meM rAjasthAna ke jainoM kA yogadAna' nAmaka tRtIya nibaMdha kA vAcana kiyA / isa nibaMdha para hue praznottaroM se spaSTa ho sakA ki rAjasthAna kI jalavAyu evaM rAjakIya saMrakSaNa ke kAraNa isa pradeza meM sarvAdhika graMtha-bhaMDAra sthApita ho sake haiM tathA jaina sAdhuoM ke udAra dRSTikoNa evaM zikSaNa paddhati ke kAraNa vibhinna bhASAoM aura viSayoM ke graMtha surakSita rakhe gaye haiN| zrI pI0 esa0 jaina, DA0samatAnI, DA0 jI0 ena0 zarmA evaM zrI vI0 esa0 mehatA ne isa prapatra ke vicAra-vinimaya meM bhAga liyaa| DA0 vI0 Ara0 nAgara, udayapura ne 'jana kaNTrIbyUsana TU saMskRta poyaTrI' nAmaka nibaMdha meM na kevala jaina saMskRta kAvyoM kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA, apitu laukika saMskRta ke kAvyoM ke sAtha unakI tulanA bhI prastuta kii| DA0 Ara0 sI0 dvivedI ne isa nibaMdha kA mahattva pratipAdita karate hue kahA ki jaina kaviyoM dvArA vizuddha sAhityika racanAeM bhI prastuta kI gayI haiM, jinako nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| DA0 samatAnI ne bauddha-sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM jaina saMskRta kAvya kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isa adhivezana kA aMtima nibaMdha DA0 ke. ke. zarmA (udayapura) dvArA par3hA gyaa| 'kaNTrIbyUmana Apha prAkRta eNDa aprabhraMza ina da DavalapameMTa Apha mADarna iMDo-Aryana laiMgvejeja' nAmaka isa nibandha meM DA0 zarmA ne Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke una aneka zabdoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI jo prAkRta evaM apabhraMza se sIdhe grahaNa kiye gaye haiN| DA0 kalaghATagI ne adhyakSIya vaktavya meM kahA ki Aja sabase bar3I AvazyakatA vibhinna bhASAoM ke jAnakAra aura dArzanikoM meM tAlamela baiThAne kI hai, tabhI sAhitya aura darzana kA mahattva AMkA jA sakegA / prAkRta bhASA jainoM kI na hokara janasAmAnya kI hai| isI prakAra jaina sAhitya bhI kevala jaina darzana kA pratipAdana nahIM karatA, apitu vaha bhAratIya saMskRti kA saMvAhaka bhI hai| bhASA aura sAhitya se saMbaMdhita kucha nibaMdha saMgoSThI ke anya adhivezanoM meM bhI par3he gye| DA0 uSA satyavrata, dillI ne 'mohaparAjaya : e jaina elIgorikala ple' nAmaka nibaMdha meM nATaka kI vizeSa vidhA para prakAza ddaalaa| nibaMdha para hue vicAra-vinimaya se jJAta huA ki pratIkAtmaka zailI meM likhita racanAeM usa samaya adhika prabhAvaka hotI thiiN| jaina lekhakoM ne isa vidhA kA sUtrapAta kara sAhitya ko naI dizA pradAna kI hai| DA0 sogAnI, DA0 dvivedI, DA0 nAgara evaM DA. satyavrata zAstrI ne isa nibaMdha ke vicAra-vinimaya meM bhAga liyaa| zrI agaracaMda nAhaTA (bIkAnera) ne 'AcArya bhadrabAhu aura haribhadra kI ajJAta racanAeM' nAmaka apane nibaMdha meM ina lekhakoM kI racanAoM kA paricaya diyaa| ___ bhadrabAhu ke samaya Adi ke sambandha meM DA0 ke0 sI0 jaina evaM DA0 vI0 ema0 jAvaliyA ne vicAra-vimarza kiyA, jisameM unheM varAhamihira ke samakAlIna 12 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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svIkAra kiyA gyaa| DA0 eca0 sI0 bhayANI (ahamadAbAda)ne 'da ivolyUsana Apha sanatkumAracaria' nAmaka nibaMdha meM prAkRta kI isa racanA kA mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyaa| sanatkumAra ko bAraha cakravatiyoM meM se eka mAnA gayA hai| DA. deveMdrakumAra zAstrI ne 'kaMTrIbyUsana Apha apabhraMza TU iMDiyana laiMgvejeja' nAmaka nibaMdha meM bhAratIya bhASAoM meM apabhraMza ke dAya ko aneka udAharaNoM dvArA spaSTa kiyaa| DA0 samatAnI ke isa prazna para ki siMdhI bhASA kA vAcar3a apabhraMza se kyA saMbaMdha hai, DA0 bhayANI ne spaSTa kiyA ki vAcar3a apabhraMza kA ullekha vyAkaraNa evaM alaMkAra graMthoM meM nahIM miltaa| bhoja ne hI vibhinna apabhraMzoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, yadyapi siMdhI Adi Adhunika bhASAoM kA apabhraMza ke vibhinna rUpoM se ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai| dharma evaM darzana jaina dharma evaM darzana se saMbaMdhita zodha-nibaMdha saMgoSThI ke do adhivezanoM meM par3he gaye / ahiMsA kA siddhAMta jaina dharma kI dhurI hai / anya dharmoM meM bhI ahiMsA ke vibhinna rUpa mvIkRta haiN| ata: maMgoSThI meM ahiMsA para vyApaka carcA huii| DA0 hukamacaMda bhArilla ne 'jaina darzana meM ahiMsA' viSaya para prakAza DAlate hue ahiMsA ke saiddhAntika pakSa ko puSTa kiyaa| vItarAga AtmA ke stara se ahiMsA ko samajhanA kucha vidvAnoM ko vyAvahArika nahIM lgaa| DA0 kamalacaMda sogAnI ne kahA ki ahiMsaka hone ke lie vItarAgI honA anivArya zarta nahIM hai / aura DA0 kalaghATagI ne jIvoM ke prati AdarabhAva ko hI ahiMsA mAnA tathA usake vidheyAtmaka pakSa para bala diyaa| DA0 ghaDaphale evaM DA0 nArAyaNa samatAnI ne praznottaroM dvArA bauddhadharma ke saMdarbha meM ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA kI tathA jaina dharma kI ahiMsA ko adhika sUkSma batalAyA |pro0 cAMdamala karNAvaTa ne ahiMsA ke vyAvahArika pakSa ko spaSTa kiyA tathA DA. manoharalAla dalAla ne yuddha-sahitA ke pariprekSya meM ahiMsA-pAlana kI saMbhAvanAoM para vicAra kiyA / jaina dharma meM ahiMsA viSayaka mAnyatAoM kA adhika spaSTIkaraNa paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA ke 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kI ahiMsA' nAmaka nibaMdha-vAcana se huaa| Apane ahiMsA ke vibhinna dRSTikoNoM para prakAza ddaalaa| ___saMgoSThI meM ahiMmA ko pratipAdita karanevAle anya nibaMdha bhI par3he gye| DA0 ema0 jI0 dhar3aphale kA 'mama Apha-mUTama Apha da DAkTrAina Apha nAna-vaoNyalensa eja implAiDa ina da jaina philAsaoNphI', DA0 dayAnaMda bhArgava kA 'sama cIpha karekTarikTisa Apha da jaina kaMsepTa Apha nAna-baoNyalensa', DA0 nArAyaNa samatAnI kA 'nAna-vaoNyalensa vAisa-e-vAisa maitrI : buddhisTa eMDa jaina eproca' tathA DA0 AI0 mI0 zarmA kA 'iMphaluensa Apha jainijma Ana mahAtmA gAMdhIja kaMsepTa Apha nAna-vyAyalensa' Adi nibaMdha saMgoSThI meM adhika cacita hue| saMgoSThI kA siMhAvalokana : 13

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jaina darzana ke kSetra meM saMgoSThI meM carcA kA pramukha viSaya jaina pramANa-mImAMsA thaa| viSaya-pratipAdana kiyA DA0 rAmacaMdra dvivedI ne apane 'DiphAiniMga da pramANa' nAmaka nibaMdha se / Apane isa patra meM pramANa kI paribhASA para vicAra karate hue jainAcAryoM ke vibhinna matoM kI samIkSA kii| samaMtabhadra siddhasena evaM akalaMka kI pramANa saMbaMdhI paribhASAoM ke saMbaMdha meM DA0 mohanalAla mehatA ne bhI jAnakArI dI tathA DA0 nArAyaNa samatAnI ne bauddha AcAryoM ke pramANa-saMbaMdhI vicAra prastuta kiye| jaina pramANa-zAstra ke isa viSaya ko DA0 gokulacaMdra jaina ne aura Age bddh'aayaa| unhoMne apane nibaMdha 'bhAratIya pramANa-zAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : pratyakSa pramANa ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM' dvArA jaina daSTikoNa se pratyakSa pramANa kA vivecana prastuta kiyaa| DA0 kalaghATagI ne pratyakSa pramANa ko manovaijJAnika dRSTikoNa se prastuta kiyaa| DA0 mehatA ne parokSa aura pratyakSa pramANa kA antara spaSTa kiyA tathA DA0 dvivedI ne anya darzanoM ke pariprekSya meM pratyakSa pramANa ke bheda-prabhedoM kI carcA kii| ___ jaina pramANa mImAMsA ke vivecana ko gati dI sAdhvIzrI saMghamitrAjI ne| Apane apane nibandha 'jainAcAryoM kI zabda-vijJAna ko dena' dvArA zabda pramANa ke svarUpa evaM AvazyakatA ko spaSTa kiyaa| DA. mohanalAla mehatA kA nibadha 'kaMTrIbyUsana Apha jainijma TU iMDiyana philaoNsaphI' evaM DA0 bhAgacaMda jaina kA nibandha 'kanTrIbyUsana Apha jainijma TU da DavalapameMTa Apha buddhijma' jaina dharma evaM darzana ke vyApaka kSetra ko chUte the / ataH dravyavivecana, guNasthAna, jJAnamImAMsA Adi aneka biMduoM para vidvAnoM ne vicAra-vimarza kiyaa| DA0 vimalaprakAza jaina ke nibandha 'kanTrIbyasana Apha jaina-yoga ina da prekTisa Apha spricuala eDavAMsameNTa' tathA DA0 je0 sI0 sikadAra ke 'jaina kansepTsa Apha spesa' ne darzana kI carcA ko nayA mor3a diyaa| DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne ina patroM ke vibhinna pakSoM para prakAza ddaalaa| DA0 kamalacaMda sogAnI kA nibaMdha 'jana ethIkala thyorI' kAphI cacita huaa| Apane jaina AcArazAstra ke saiddhAntika vivecana ke sAtha-sAtha usake vyAvahArika pakSa ko bhI spaSTa kiyA / vyakti aura samAja ke utthAna meM jaina AcAra saMhitA kI upayogitA para DA0 sogAnI ne nayA ciMtana prastuta kiyaa| DA0 viSNuprasAda bhaTTa ne jaina AcArazAstra ke kucha biMduoM kA upaniSadoM kI vicAradhArA se tulanAtmaka adhyayana apane 'sama jaina ethIkala kansepTsa eNDa da bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad' nAmaka nibaMdha dvArA prastuta kiyaa| __ saMgoSThI ke isa vibhAga meM kucha aise bhI nibaMdha prApta hue jinake lekhaka svayaM upasthita nahIM ho sake / DA0 puruSottamalAla bhArgava kA 'jaina kansepTsa Apha ahiMsA', DA0 TI0 jI mainakara kA 'da syAdvAda Apha da jaina philAsaphI : e kanTrIbyUsana TU iMDiyana ipisTAmolAjI', zrI jodhasiMha mehatA kA 'da kanTrIbyUsana Apha 14 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jaina mAnkas ina propogezana Apha ahiMsA' tathA DA0 pI0 ema0 upAdhye kA 'kansepTa Apha jaina misTisijma' isI prakAra ke nibaMdha the / isa prakAra saMgoSThI meM jaina dharma evaM darzana ke sarvAdhika nibandha par3he gaye, jinase bhAratIya darzana ke kaI pakSa ujAgara hue haiM / isa vibhAga ke adhivezanoM ke adhyakSa the DA0 satyavrata zAstrI ( dillI) evaM DA0 gulAbacaMdra caudharI (vaizAlI) tathA saciva the DA0 ema0 jI0 dhar3aphale (pUnA) evaM DA0 nArAyaNa samatAnI (banArasa) / lalita kalA evaM vijJAna saMgoSThI ke isa vibhAga meM kula gyAraha nibandha par3he gaye / jaina dharma kA lalitakalAoM aura sthApatya Adi ke kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kA vivecana karate hue prophesara kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ne madhyapradeza kI jaina kalA kA vistRta paricaya prastuta kiyaa| yahAM kI jainakalA evaM avazeSoM para jo adhyayana vahAM ho rahA hai tathA apekSita hai, isa sabakI jAnakArI Apane dii| zrI ratnacaMdra agravAla kA nibaMdha rAjasthAna kI jaina kalAkRtiyoM para prakAza DAlane vAlA thA / prophesara paramAnaMda coyala ne 'jaina kalA kA yogadAna' viSaya para apanA nibaMdha prastuta kiyA / prophesara o0 DI0 upAdhyAya ne jaina citrakalA kI sUkSma vizeSatAoM kI ora vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA / jaina mUrtikalA para DA0 esa0 ema0 pahAr3iyA kA 'jaina maiTala imeja' nAmaka eka hI nibaMdha saMgoSThI meM prastuta huA / 'jainAcAryoM kI saMgIta ko dena' viSaya para eka pratinidhi lekha DA0 satyavrata zAstrI dvArA prastuta huA / prophesara zAstrI ne jaina sAhitya ke una saMdarbhoM kI carcA kI, jo saMgIta ke kSetra meM nayA prakAza DAlate haiM / 'jaina dharma aura Adhunika vijJAna' viSayaka carcA saMgoSThI meM adhika AkarSaka rahI / DA0 mahAvIrarAja gelar3A ne 'da kansepTa Apha inarjI ina jaina liTarecara', DA0 naMdalAla jaina ne 'kanTrIbyUsana Apha jainsa TU kemikala nAleja' tathA DA0 ema0 esa0 muDiyA ne 'jaina philAsaphI eNDa mADarna sAiMsa' nAmaka nibaMdha par3he, jina para paryApta vicAra-vimarza huaa| prophesara lakSmIcaMdra jaina ne 'iMDiyana jaina skUla Apha methameTiksa : e sTaDI ina cAinIz2a iMphlUeMsa eNDa TrAMsamizansa' nAmaka apanA mahattvapUrNa nibaMdha bhejA / ve svayaM upasthita hote to isa nibaMdha para acchI carcA hotI / sva0 DA0 nemicaMdra zAstrI kA 'jainAcAryoM kI vyAkaraNazAstra ko dena nAmaka nibandha prApta karane kA saubhAgya bhI saMgoSThI ko huA, kiMtu ve svayaM isameM sammilita na ho ske| isa adhivezana ke adhyakSa the DA0 eca0 sI0 bhayANI (ahamadAbAda ) tathA saciva the DA0 vimalaprakAza jaina ( jabalapura ) / saMgoSThI kA siMhAvalokana : 15

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itihAsa evaM saMskRti jaina sAhitya kA bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / saMgoSThI meM isa viSaya para bhI paryApta carcA huI / vibhinna viSayoM para nibandha par3he gaye / DA0 narendra bhanAvata ne apane nibandha 'jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana' ke vAcana dvArA viSaya pravartana kiyA / DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI ne 'bhAratIya kAlagaNanA aura jaina - jainetara darzanoM meM kAla - siddhAnta' nAmaka nibandha pddh'aa| do nibandha jaina dharma aura zikSA darzana para par3he gaye / DA0 harIndrabhUSaNa jaina ne 'jaina ejukezana ina eziyaNTa iMDiyA' nAmaka nibandha dvArA jaina sAhitya ke una saMdarbhoM kI vyAkhyA kI jo zikSA darzana se sambandhita the / pro0 cAMdamala karNAvaTa ke jainAgamoM meM zikSAtattva khojakara prastuta kiye| jaina dharma aura bhAratIya samAja para nibandha par3hA DA0 sudarzanalAla jaina ne / prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ke Arthika aura vyApArika pakSa para prakAza DAlA DA0 prema sumana jaina ne ApakA nibaMdha thA- -'ena ekAunTa Apha da TreDa eNDa zipiMga ina prAkRta liTarecara' / isa viSaya para prophesara vAjapeyI, DA0 upAdhye evaM DA0 bhayANI ne anya jAnakArI bhI prastuta kI / zrI balavaMtasiMha mehatA ne 'ahiMsA sammata prAcIna zilAlekha va rAjAjJAeM' nAmaka nibandha prastuta kara yaha spaSTa kiyA ki rAjyakAryaM meM bhI jaina dharma kA prabhAva rahA hai| isa satra ke adhyakSa the paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA evaM saciva the DA0 kailAzacandra jaina (ujjaina) / 1 o isa viSaya ke dUsare satra ke adhyakSa the DA0 gopInAtha zarmA ( jayapura ) tathA saciva the- - DA0 vidyAdhara joharApurakara ( jabalapura ) / isameM vidvAnoM ne vibhinna prAntoM meM jaina dharma kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kI carcA kI / DA0 manoharalAla dalAla ne 'mAlavA meM jaina dharma kA aitihAsika sarvekSaNa' nAmaka nibandha prastuta kiyA / DA0 vI0 DI0 joharApurakara ne 'mahArASTra meM jaina dharma' kA vivecana kiyaa| DA0 ke 0 sI 0 jaina ne 'jaina kAsTsa eNDa deyara gotrAja ina rAjasthAna', DA0 jI0 ena0 zarmA ne 'jaina rAiTarsa eNDa sozala eNDa kalcarala hisTrI Apha miDivala rAjasthAna' tathA zrI Ara0 vI0 somAnI ne 'jaina kIrtistambha Apha cittaur3a' nAmaka nibandha prastuta kara rAjasthAna meM jaina dharma kA vizeSa paricaya prastuta kiyA / DA0 upendra ThAkura kA nibandha 'jainijma ina mithilA eNDa iTsa impekTa Ana mithilA kalcara' tathA DA0 kalaghATagI kA nibandha 'jainijma ina karnATaka' vividha jAnakAriyoM se bharapUra the / DA0 brajamohana jAvaliyA ne 'sAiberiyA evaM madhya eziyA meM jainatIrtha' nibandha dvArA vahAM jaina dharma ke astitva ko siddha kiyA / DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne 'jaina kaNTrIbyUsansa TU sAutha iMDiyana liTarecara' nibandha dvArA dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina sAhitya kA tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta kiyA / 16 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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samuccAyaka-vyAkhyAna isa saMgoSThI kI nibandha-vAcana ke atirikta mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi thI-- vidvAnoM ke samuccAyaka vyAkhyAna / jaina vidyA ke mUrdhanya vidvAna DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne 'jaina vidyA kA bhAratIya paramparA ko avadAna' viSaya para eka vistRta vyAkhyAna diyA / Apane bhAratIya bhASA, sAhitya, samAja evaM kalAoM ke kSetra meM jaina dharma ne jo mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAyI hai use bahuta acche DhaMga se prastuta kiyA / tathA vartamAna meM jaina dharma kA jana-sAdhAraNa ke lie kyA dAyitva hai, isa para bha 1 apane vicAra prastuta kiye| dUsarA vyAkhyAna prophesara kRSNadatta vAjapeyI kA thA / Apane jaina kalA evaM purAtattva kI pramukha pravRttiyoM evaM vizeSatAoM kA sacitra vizleSaNa prastuta kiyaa| Apake niSkarSa the ki bhAratIya kalA evaM purAtattva kA adhyayana jaina kalA ke sarvAMgINa adhyayana ke abhAva meM adhUrA hI rahegA, kyoMki jaina kalA ne bhArata ke vibhinna prAntoM ko manorama kalAkRtiyoM, citroM se sajAyA hI nahIM hai, apitu bhAratIya lalitakalAoM ke utkarSa meM apanI viziSTa bhAvabhaMgimA bhI pradAna kI hai| prophesara vAjapeyI ne vidvAnoM ko sthAnIya AhAr3a ke bhagnAvazeSoM tathA usake parisara meM prApta jaina maMdiroM kI kalA kA bhI digdarzana karAyA / samApana evaM niSkarSa saMgoSThI ke samAroha kI adhyakSatA DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne kii| saMgoSThI meM paThita nibandhoM para vicAra-vimarza kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA DA0 zrImatI ratnAzreyAn ne / saMgoSThI meM sammilita sabhI vidvAnoM kI yaha sammati thI ki isa saMgoSThI se pahalI bAra vizvavidyAlaya stara para jaina vidyA bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyayana-anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM apane upayukta sthAna ko pA sakI hai| aba vaha sIdhe daravAz2e se praviSTa huI hai / isa paMcadivasIya saMgoSThI meM deza ke vibhinna konoM se sammilita 45 vidvAnoM dvArA sarva sammati se yaha siphAriza prastuta kI gayI ki udayapura vizvavidyAlaya meM jaina vidyA evaM apabhraMza adhyayana kA eka kendra athavA svataMtra vibhAga yathAzIghra prAraMbha kiyA jAe, jisameM jaina dharma-darzana kA tulanAtmaka mUlyAMkana, prAkRta apabhraMza evaM kSetrIya bhASAoM ke graMthoM kA sampAdana va prakAzana tathA rAjasthAna ke sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika vikAsa meM jaina vidyA ke yogadAna para anusandhAna kArya ho sake / anta meM saMgoSThI ke nidezaka DA0 rAmacandra dvivedI ne jaina vidyA ko bhAratIya vidyA kA abhinna aMga batalAkara manISI vidvAnoM ko isa kSetra meM pravRtta hone ke lie AhvAna karate hue yaha zubha lakSaNa mAnA ki dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti ke kSetra ke mahArathI pahalI bAra bhArata kI samuccaya saMskRti kI nirmAtrI jaina saMskRti kI carcA vizvavidyAlaya meM kara rahe haiM / saMgoSThI kA siMhAvalokana : 17

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svAgata sahayoga jaina vidyA kI isa saMgoSThI ko saphala banAne meM saMskRta vibhAga ke prAdhyApaka baMdhuoM tathA chAtroM kA pUrA sahayoga rahA hai| udayapura vizvavidyAlaya ke vittaniyaMtraka zrI avinAzacandra zarmA tathA unake sahayogiyoM, DA0 dayAkRSNa mizra, nidezaka, vistAra nidezAlaya tathA anya vibhAgoM ke prAdhyApakoM va chAtroM ke sahayoga ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| jaina vidyA kI isa saMgoSThI kI saphalatA ke ve samabhAgI haiN| __ saMgoSThI ke Ayojana meM dUsarA samabhAva sthAnIya jaina samAja ke sahayoga kA thaa| isa prakAra vidvatsammelana evaM vizuddha zaikSaNika kAryakrama meM pahalI bAra samAja ne pUrI ruci ke sAtha bhAga liyA tathA apane dAyitva ko pUrNata: nibaahaa| vidvAnoM ke svAgata-satkAra kI adhikAMza vyavasthA sthAnIya jaina samAja ne kii| zrI agravAla di0 jaina samAja, zrI jaina mumukSu maMDala, zrI bIsapaMthI di0 jaina samAja, zrI zve. terApaMtha samAja, zrI varddhamAna sthAnakavAsI saMgha, zrI zve0 mUrtipUjaka jaina samAja tathA bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala Adi ke utsAhI kAryakartAoM ne na kevala saMgoSThI ke vidvAnoM ke jalapAna evaM bhojanAdi kI sundara vyavasthA kI, apitu saMgoSThI ke zaikSaNika kAryakramoM meM bhI ve niraMtara upasthita rahe / vidvAnoM ko samAja ke bIca le jAkara unakI vidvatA evaM anubhavoM se lAbhAnvita bhI hue| 18 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jaina vidyA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko avadAna' DA0 pI0 esa0 lAMbA (upakulapati, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya) mujhe apanI ora se tathA udayapura vizvavidyAlaya kI ora se 'jaina vidyA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko yogadAna' viSayaka seminAra meM bhAga lene ke lie deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM se Aye hue pratinidhiyoM tathA yahAM upasthita sajjanoM kA svAgata karate hue parama harSa kA anubhava ho rahA hai| eka dRSTi se, vizvavidyAlaya ke vibhAgoM kA yaha dAyitva ho jAtA hai ki ve isa prakAra ke 'seminAroM kA Ayojana kareM jisase samAja ke zaikSaNika dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa ho| mujhe yaha kahate hue garva kA anubhava hotA hai ki hamAre vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskRta vibhAga isa prakAra ke seminAroM ko yahAM sakriyatA se Ayojita karatA calA A rahA hai| saMskRta vibhAga dvArA Ayojita yaha dUsarA seminAra hai| prathama seminAra 1968 meM 'kAvyazAstrIya AlocanA ke siddhAnta' para kiyA gayA thA, jisakI bhavya saphalatA kI prazaMsA vidvAnoM ne kii| prastuta seminAra kA vizeSa mahattva hai / jaisA Apa saba logoM ko vidita hai ki AgAmI 13 navaMbara, 1974 ko vizva ke mahAna krAntidUta tIrthakara mahAvIra ke nirvANa kA pacIsa zatI-pUrti kA parva rASTrIya tathA antarrASTrIya stara para manAyA jA rahA hai| mujhe yaha batAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki vizva itihAsa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra hI prathama akele jyAti:puMja udAharaNa haiM, jinhoMne una zAntipUrNa saha-astitva ke siddhAntoM kA prayoga tathA pracAra kiyA jina siddhAntoM kI Adhunika mAnava samAja ko sarvAdhika AvazyakatA hai| phalataH mahAvIra nirvANa kI pacIsavIM zatI-pUrti kI smRti meM samAyojita yaha semInAra usa vizAla dena ko samajhAne meM saphala hogA jisake dvArA jaina vidyA ne bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna rUpoM ko sampanna kiyA hai| isa seminAra ke saMyojakoM kI maiM prazaMsA karatA hUM tathA isa zaikSaNika kArya ke lie unheM badhAI detA huuN| merI dRSTi 1. udghATana-bhASaNa jaina vidyA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko avadAna : 19

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meM isa seminAra kA saMskRta vibhAga kI ora se Ayojita karanA do taraha se ucita hai| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki isa vizvavidyAlaya kA saMskRta vibhAga rAjasthAna ke vizvavidyAlayoM meM agradUta hai jisane snAtakottara stara para 'prAkRta' bhASA ko adhyayana kA viSaya banAyA, dUsarI bAta yaha ki saMskRta ne hindU dharma, jaina dharma tathA bauddha dharmoM ko paraspara milAne meM eka kar3I kA kAma kiyA hai| ina tIna dharmoM ke netAoM ne isI saMskRta bhASA ke mAdhyama se dharma tathA darzana ke mahattvapUrNa vividha pakSoM para vicAra-vimarza kiyA hai| saMskRta ne eka prakAra se bhArata ke ina tIna dharmoM ko eka maMca pradAna kiyA hai jinhoMne milakara hamAre deza kI rASTrIya-sAMskRtika dharohara ke nirmANa meM Thosa AdhAra diyA hai| ____ Adhunika anusaMdhAna ke prakAza meM yaha sarvamAnya mata hai ki jaina dharma vizva ke prAcInatama jIvita dharmoM meM se eka hai| 'mohanajodar3o' kI saMskRti vaidika vAGmaya tathA mahAvIra-pUrva yuga ne isa deza meM jaina dharma ke astitva ke cihnoM ko dhAraNa kiyA hai / jaina dharma ke mUla siddhAntoM ko kevala do zabdoM meM mUrta kiyA jA sakatA hai.-ahiMsA tathA anekAntavAda-- jo darzana tathA samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se zAntipUrNa sahaastitva ke do siddhAnta kahe jA sakate haiN| isa tathya se nahIM mukarA jA sakatA ki yadi hama AcAra ko niyamita karane vAle siddhAnta 'ahiMsA' ko tathA dRSTikoNa ko prakAza se Alokita karane vAle 'anekAnta' ko svIkAra kara leM to sthUla tathA sUkSma rUpoM meM pravRtta barbaratA, zoSaNa, udaMDatA tathA zIta yuddha samApta ho sakate haiN| yaha kahanA atizayoktipUrNa nahIM hai ki jaina dharma ne 'ahiMsA tathA anekAntavAda'..-ina do siddhAntoM ke rUpa meM sAmAnya rUpa se vizva-ciMtana ko tathA vizeSa rUpa se bhAratIya vicAradhArA ko sarvazreSTha 'dena' pradAna kI hai| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki merA yaha kathana atimUlyAMkana kI koTi taka na jAyagA-ki vizva ke kisI anya dharma ne 'ahiMsA' kA itanA sUkSma vivecana-vivaraNa prastuta nahIM kiyA aura na kisI anya darzana ne 'anekAnta' kA itanA gaharA tathA vistRta vicAra kiyA, jitanA jaina dharma ne| isa taraha, yadi ahiMsA ko jaina dharma kA puSpa mAnA jAe to anekAnta usakA 'mukuTa' ginA jAegA / eka ke vinA dUsare kA vikAsa nahIM / ina do zabdoM ke arthoM meM mUkSma bhedoM kI jhalaka kyoM na ho, para mere vicAra meM 'ahiMsA' jIvana ke sammAna kA siddhAnta hai tathA 'anekAnta' khule dimAga kA siddhAnta / ahiMsA kA siddhAnta mAnatA hai ki jAti, raMga tathA mata kI bhinnatA rahate hue bhI vyakti mUlataH antima sAdhya hai jisakA AtmasammAna kA pada hai| pariNAmataH samasta prANimAtra ke sAtha ucita vyavahAra kiyA jAnA caahie| koI bhI prANI vikAsa ke avasaroM se lAbhAnvita hone se vaMcita na kiyA jAe / ahiMsA ke stara para jIvana-saMcAlana isa vicAra ko puSTa karatA hai ki rAjanIti tathA arthanIti ke 20 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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kSetra meM zAsaka tathA zAsita bhAva ko chor3a diyA jAe tathA vikAsa kI svataMtratA aura avasara kI samAnatA saba logoM kI mAna lI jAe cAhe loga yUropa, amerikA, eziyA yA aphrIkA ke hoM / ahiMsA kA aura bhI gaharA mahattva usa yuddha ko miTA denA hai jisane mAnava sabhyatA ke AraMbha se hI use trasta kara rakhA hai| rAjyoM ke bIca meM TakarAva tathA tanAva kI samApti, vizva-zAnti kI sthApanA tathA mAnavakalyANa kI pragati tabhI saMbhava hai jaba vizva-vAtAvaraNa meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA bhara dI jaae| ataH ahiMsA kA siddhAnta yaha batAtA hai ki zakti ke stara se haTAkara jIvana ko udAtta banAkara use tarka, Agraha. sahabhAva, sahiSNu tathA paraspara sevA ke stara para lAyA jaae| satya, asteya, nigraha tathA aparigraha ahiMsA ke hI vistRta guNa haiM jo mAnava astitva ke vibhinna rUpoM meM bikhare hue haiN| ina pAMca 'dharmo' ke prayoga se mAnava samAja meM surakSA, svatantratA, samAnatA tathA sama-vitaraNa kA vAtAvaraNa banAyA jA sakatA hai| jaisA pahale batAyA jA cukA hai. anekAnta 'mukta mastiSka' kA siddhAMta hai / yaha isa vizvAsa para TikA hai ki koI bhI vastu aneka rUpoM se maMyojita hotI hai| isake sacce svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie yathAsaMbhava aneka pakSoM para vicAra karanA hotA hai / aneka dRSTikoNoM se eka viSaya ko samajhane kA siddhAMta hamAre meM eka sarvavyApI dRSTikoNa paidA karatA hai jo zAMtipUrNa saha-astitva ke lie Avazyaka hai| jaina dharma ko isa anekAMtavAda ne darzana ke kSetra meM, dUsare ke vicAroM ko samajhane kI kSamatA pradAna kii| isane kisI viSaya ke ekapakSIya svarUpa ke durAgraha kA virodha kiyA jo sAre vaimanasyoM kA mUla hai| mujhe yaha batAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki 'khulA dimAga' hamAre meM udAratA tathA vicAroM kA saMtulana paidA karatA hai / isa prakAra anekAMtavAda tathA isase upasiddhAMta 'nayavAda' aura syAdvAda' ne eka Avazyaka mUlAdhAra hameM diyA hai, jo rASTrIya tathA aMtarrASTrIya tanAvoM ko kama karane tathA vyakti meM bauddhika ImAnadArI kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa karane meM samartha hogaa| yadi bhAratIya sAhitya ke itihAsa kA nirapekSa adhyayana kiyA jAe to patA calatA hai ki jaina vidvAnoM ne sAhitya ke vikAsa meM mahAn yoga diyA hai| 'bhagavAna mahAvIra ne janabhASA meM apanA upadeza diyA'---isa tathya ne unake anuyAyiyoM ko sazakta preraNA dii| phalataH unhoMne jJAna kA vistAra kara mahattvapUrNa sAhityika kRtiyoM kA nirmANa inhIM janabhASAoM meM kiyaa| isI tathya ke kAraNa jainoM ne prAkRta, apabhraMza, hiMdI, rAjasthAnI, tamila, kannar3a, gujarAtI Adi bhASAoM ke dvArA sAhitya ko saMpanna kiyaa| vibhinna bhASAoM ko apanAne ke sAthasAtha unhoMne aneka viSayoM para graMtha race / jarmana vidvAna ha.lara likhate haiM"vyAkaraNa, gaNita, jyotiSa tathA lalita vAGmaya meM jainoM kI upalabdhi itanI ucca hai ki unake virodhiyoM ko cakita honA par3A hai tathA kucha graMtha to Aja bhI jaina vidyA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko avadAna : 21

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yUropIya vijJAna ke lie mahattvapUrNa haiM / dakSiNa meM dravir3a samudAya ke bIca meM kAma karake jainoM ne ina bhASAoM ke bhI vikAsa meM yoga diyaa| kannar3a, tamila va telaga jaisI sAhityika bhASAoM kI AdhArazilA bhI ina jaina sAdhuoM ne sthApita kii|" jana bhASAoM meM saMpanna sAhitya ke nirmANa karane ke atirikta jainoM ne saMskRta ko bhI apanAyA jo vidagdha-vidvAnoM kI bhASA mAnI jAtI hai| pariNAmata: unhoMne saMskRta meM bhI vismaya-vimugdha karane vAle mahattvapUrNa sAhitya kI racanA kI jo ki eka Thosa yogadAna hai| yaha batAnA bhI asaMgata na hogA ki rAjasthAna jaina sAhitya kA mahAna keMdra rahA hai| cittaur3a ke haribhadra tathA hariSeNa, jAlora ke udyotanasUri, mAMDalagar3ha ke AzAdhara, jayapura ke paM0 ToDaramala, jodhapura ke AcArya bhikSu tathA udayapura ke AcArya gaNezIlAla rAjasthAna ke jaina vidyA ke zreSTha vidvAnoM meM se haiN| rAjasthAna ke jaina vidvAnoM kA prAkRta, apabhraMza, saMskRta tathA TheTha hiMdI meM apUrva yogadAna rahA hai| rAjasthAnI tathA usakI aneka boliyoM ke udbhava tathA vikAsa kA adhyayana taba taka saMbhava nahIM jaba taka isa kSetra ke jaina lekhakoM ke apabhraMza graMthoM kA adhyayana na kiyA jaae| isa bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki itihAsa ke aneka kAla-khaMDoM meM bhinna bhASAoM meM likhe graMthoM ko surakSita rakhane ke lie jainoM ne hastalikhita pAMDulipiyoM ke bar3e pustakAlaya sthApita kiye| jaisalamera, bIkAnera, jayapura, ajamera, nAgora, koTA, bUMdI, byAvara, udayapura, jodhapura tathA anya aneka sthAna apane hastalikhita graMthoM ke saMpanna saMgrahAlaya ke rUpa meM prasiddha bane hue haiN| vastuta: pratyeka jaina maMdira hastalipi kA eka choTA graMthAgAra hai| rAjasthAna ke ina saMgrahAlayoM meM alabhya kucha duSprApya graMtha bhI surakSita haiM / ye hastalikhita graMtha hamArI rASTrIya dharohara ke bhAga haiM tathA unheM prakAza meM lAne ke pUrNa prayatna kiye jAne caahie| merA vicAra hai ki yadi vizvavidyAlaya isa dAyitva ko saMbhAleM to bhAratIya sAhitya kI samRddhi meM Thosa yogadAna diyA jA sakatA hai| __ mahattvapUrNa dArzanika, dhArmika tathA sAhityika pravRttiyoM ke atirikta jainoM ne kalA va sthApatya, mUrti tathA citra ke vikAsa kSetra meM bhI atiprAcIna kAla se apanA hAtha baMTAyA hai| mathurA jaina kalA kA bar3A keMdra rahA hai / IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI se hI vaha jaina kalA tathA sthApatya kA 'khajAnA' rahA hai| jaina sthApatya kA prAcInatama rUpa 'stUpa' hai, jo mathurA kI khudAI se hameM prApta hue haiM / jaina sAdhuoM ne apanI adhyAtma-sAdhanA tathA dharmopadeza ke lie sadA hI ramya prAkRtika sthala cune haiM ataH unhoMne isa prayojana se guhA tathA guhAmaMdira bhI banAe / aise prAcInatama jaina guhAoM ke avazeSa bihAra, madhyapradeza, gujarAta, mahArASTra, Andhra, ur3IsA, maisUra tathA madrAsa rAjya meM mile haiN| kalAtmaka dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa jaina guphAeM 'elorA' ke indrasabhA tathA jagannAtha sabhA ke samUha ke rUpa meM vidyamAna haiN| parsI 22 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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brAuna nAmaka vidvAn ke matAnusAra - " elorA kA koI anya maMdira apanI vyavasthA meM itanA pUrNa tathA zilpa meM itanA nirdoSa nahIM jitanI iMdrasabhA kI Upara kI maMjila / " prasaMgavaza maiM itanA saMketa aura de dUM ki inameM bhArata ke purAvRtta ke citra hameM milate haiM jinheM hiMdU dharma, jaina dharma tathA bauddha dharma ne bakhUbI pradarzita kiyA hai / ye guphAeM caTTAna ke takSaNa zilpa ke bhavya udAharaNa haiM / ye maMdira ke nirmANa-zilpa se nitAMta bhinna va viziSTa haiN| deza ke anya bhAgoM meM bhI jainoM ne bar3I saMkhyA meM maMdira kA nirmANa kiyA hai / dakSiNa meM halavidA tathA modabIdarI ke maMdira, madhyapradeza meM devagar3ha tathA khajurAho ke maMdira, rAjasthAna meM rANakapura tathA dilavAr3A maMdira, gujarAta meM pAlitAnA va giranAra ke maMdira jainoM ke gRhanirmANa zilpa ke kucha nidarzana haiN| yaha bAta bhI dhyAna meM rakhane yogya hai ki jainoM ne 'maMdiroM' ke lie bar3I citrama sthalI cunI hai| kucha sthAnoM para to jainoM ne maMdira-nagaroM taka kA nirmANa kiyA hai| rAjasthAna meM cittaur3a kA kIrti staMbha tathA maisUra meM zravaNabelagolA meM bAhubali kI pratimA- jainoM kI bhAratIya kalA ko viziSTa dena hai / yaha batAnA bhI aprAsaMgika nahIM ki sudUra dakSiNa meM 'sittanavAsala' ke guhAmaMdira meM bhArata ke ziSTa bhitticitroM ke utkRSTa udAharaNa vidyamAna haiM / isake atirikta tAr3apatra pothiyoM tathA kAgaz2a ke graMthoM para citra aMkita kiye gaye haiM jo dillI, rAjasthAna, gujarAta, mahArASTra tathA maimUra ke graMthAgAroM meM surakSita haiM / ye isa bAta ko pramANita karate haiM ki kisa taraha jainoM ne bhAratIya kalA kI samRddhi yoga diyA hai| rAjasthAna ke pAMDulipi saMgrahAlayoM meM vastra para aMkita citra tathA citrita kASTha pAtra ke Dhakkana mile haiN| jaisalamera ke 'bhaMDAra' meM bAraha lakar3I ke citrita Dhakkana prApta hue haiN| unameM prAcInatama 26 iMca laMbA 3 iMca caur3A hai| yaha citrita Dhakkana bar3e mahattva kA hai; kyoMki yaha apanI taraha kA prAcInatama avazeSa tathA yaha citrakalA, elorA citrazailI tathA pazcima bhArata kI pUrNa vikasita citrazailI ke bIca kI kar3I hai| aba taka maiMne Apa logoM kA dhyAna una kucha mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kI ora khIMcA jo jainoM ne dharma, darzana, sAhitya tathA kalA ke kSetra meM diye haiN| maiM sAtha meM yaha bhI saMketa denA cAhatA hUM ki ina zaikSaNika adhyavasAyoM ne jaina santoM ko sAmAjika tathA rASTrIya kartavyoM se vimukha nahIM kiyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki ve isa bAta se pUrNa abhijJa the ki sAmAjika utthAna tathA rASTrIya surakSA ke vinA koI bhI upAdeya siddhi prApta nahIM ho sktii| jaina sAdhuoM ne hamezA janatA kA dhyAna, vaiyaktika tathA sAmAjika mUlyoM kI ora khIMcA jo bauddhika-sAmAjika vyavasthA ke nirmANa meM anivArya hai / kyoMki ve eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para bhramaNa kiyA karate the| bar3e samudAya ke saMparka meM Ate the / ata: ve janatA ko saphalatApUrvaka sAgraha prerita kara sakate the ki loga ahiMsA kI bhAvadhArA jaina vidyA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko avadAna : 23

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ke anusAra apanI bhautika AvazyakatAoM ko niyamita kreN| kucha jaina santoM ne apanI sAdhanA tathA jJAnotkarSa ke kAraNa zAsakoM kA dhyAna apanI ora khiiNcaa| akabara ne 'haravijayasUri' ko phatahapura sikarI AmaMtrita kiyA jahAM usane pahale abula phajala se dharma va darzana para vicAra-vimarza kiyA, phira svayaM samrATa se / aMta meM 'haravijayasUri' ne samrATa ko sAgraha manAkara yaha pharamAna nikalavAyA ki chaha mahInoM taka pazu-vadha pratibaMdhita kiyA jAe, mRta puruSoM kI saMpatti ko rAjya dvArA adhigrahaNa kiyA jAe tathA pakar3e hue va piMjare meM baMda pakSiyoM ko chor3a diyA jaae| isase sikarI meM machalI pakar3anA roka diyA gayA / 'jinacandrasUri' ne bhI akabara se yaha zAhI pharamAna jArI karavAyA - ki prativarSa ASAr3ha mAsa meM eka saptAha taka pazu-hiMsA na kI jaae| jaina saMpradAya ke itihAsoM meM isa prakAra ke aneka dRSTAMta bhare par3e haiM / ye isa bAta kA pramANa haiM ki jaina santa ahiMsAmUlaka sAmAjika vyavasthA ko lAgU karane meM kitane saceSTa the / ahiMsA ke prabhAva kA jAjvalyamAna udAharaNa hameM mahAtmA gAMdhI ne diyA jo rAyacaMdra ko apanA guru mAnate the, jinake prabhAva se unameM 'ahiMsA' saMkrAnta huI / mahAtmA gAMdhI ko vAstava meM 'mahAvIra' kA avatAra hI mAnA jA sakatA hai / 1 yaha bhI ThIka hai ki ahiMsA ke siddhAMta ne jaina matAnuyAyioM ko apane kartavya karmoM se nahIM rokA, vizeSataH jaba yuddha ke prasaMga uTha khar3e hue| rAjasthAna, gujarAta tathA karnATaka meM jaina UMce adhikAra pada para avasthita the, jinameM kucha senAdhyakSa taka the / maiM kucha hI udAharaNa dUMgA / 'vimala' apane samrATa bhIma prathama ke sAtha mohammada gajanI se lar3A thA / jodhapura ke ratnasiMha bhaMDArI ne marAThoM se yuddha kiyA / zamazera bahAdura, mahArANA vijayasiMha kA senApati rahA / kuMbhalamera (udayapura) ke AzAzAha ne mahArANA pratApa ke pitA udayasiMha kI jo alpavayaska zizu thA---: -rakSA kI, jaba pannA dhAya ne banavIra ke paMje se use chur3Ane kI prArthanA kI / mahArANA pratApa ke maMtrI bhAmAzAha ne mugala samrATa akabara se yuddha karane ke lie apanI samasta saMpatti rANA ko bheMTa kara dI / bhAmAzAha svayaM mahAn yoddhA thA / jayapura ke dIvAna rAmacandra ne bahAdurazAha se parAjita savAI jayasiMha ko Amera kA rAjya punaH jItakara sauNpaa| ye dRSTAnta pramANita karate haiM ki jainoM ne apane gaMbhIra dAyitva se kabhI muMha na mor3A, na ahiMsA ke bahAne kaThora karmoM se parAGmukha hue| balki ve pUrI niSThA se apane rAjya kI sImAoM ko zatruoM se surakSita rakhane meM lage rhe| isake prakAza meM, yaha vismaya kI bAta nahIM ki jainoM ne svadeza ke svataMtratA AMdolana meM bhI apanA yoga diyA hai / saMkSepataH jainoM ke kriyAtmaka kSetroM meM ye yogadAna ke svarUpa rahe haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki vidvAnoM kI yaha nakSatramaMDalI - isa seminAra meM bhAga lekara apane vicAra-vimarzo se jaina vidyA ke adhyayana ko bar3hAvA dene meM pUrA yoga degI, jisameM hameM apanI rASTrIya dharohara ke samajhane tathA 24 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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mUlyAMkana karane meM madada milegii| udayapura vizvavidyAlaya rASTrIya mahattva ke isa zaikSaNika AMdolana meM apanA aMza-dAna karane ke kadama uThA rahA hai| maiM DaoN. dvivedI ko dhanyavAda detA hUM ki unhoMne mujhe aisA avasara diyaa| maiM eka bAra phira isa 'rAjasthAna ke kazmIra'-udayapura meM padhAre samasta pratinidhiyoM kA svAgata karatA hUM tathA vizeSa suvidhA kI kamiyoM ke lie unase kSamAprArthI huuN| jaina vidyA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko avadAna : 25

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bhAratIya paramparA ko jaina vidyA kA avadAna sva0 DaoN0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye (anuvAdaka : DA0 viSNuprasAda bhaTTa) jaba maiM bhAratIya paramparA meM jainoM ke yogadAna ke sambandha meM paricarcA karatA hUM taba maiM rAjasthAna ko bhUla nahIM sakatA, jahAM ke jainoM ne aura jaina dharma tathA darzana ne usake sAMskRtika itihAsa para mahattvapUrNa prabhAva chor3A hai| isa bAta kI vizeSa samIkSA maiM taba kara sakA hUM jaba maiMne DA. kailAzacanda jaina kA zodha-graMtha 'jainijma ina rAjasthAna' par3hA / apane 'paramAtmaprakAza' kI bhUmikA ke lie jaba maiMne apabhraMza bhASA kA adhyayana kiyA taba mujhe kucha rAjasthAnI gItoM para kAma karanA par3A thaa| taba maiMne DiMgala aura piMgala ke bAre meM kucha jAnA aura yaha bhI ki apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kA rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya ke sAtha kitanA ghaniSTha sambandha hai, aura yaha ki isake adhyayana ke binA rAjasthAnI bhASA aura sAhitya kA samyak jJAna kadApi nahIM ho sktaa| inhIM kAraNoM ne mujhe deza ke isa bhUbhAga ke prati AkRSTa kiyA hai| yadyapi bhArata ke pratyeka bhAga meM jaina haiM kintu bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM meM inakI saMkhyA meM kAphI antara hai| bhArata ke pazcimI bhAga meM ve adhika haiN| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se jaina loga mahArASTra ke bAda rAjasthAna meM adhika haiM; phira gujarAta, madhyapradeza, maisUra tathA uttara pradeza kramaza: Ate haiN| bhale hI jainoM kI saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM para kama aura adhika hai kintu ve saMpUrNa bhArata meM bikhare hue haiM-.-kazmIra se kanyAkumArI tathA jAmanagara se johaTa paryanta / isa prakAra yaha eka bhAratavyApI samAja hai| prAcIna kAla meM isakI kyA sthiti thI, isa sambandha meM nizcita kucha bhI kahanA bahuta kaThina hai| eka z2amAne meM jaina dharma vihAra meM khUba panapA thA jahAM I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM mahAvIra aura buddha ne apane siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA thaa| kintu Aja taddezIya jaina nahIM rahe haiN| yadi Aja vahAM 1. adhyakSIya bhASaNa kA mahattvapUrNa aMza 26 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jaina haiM to ve bahuta bAda meM pazcimI bhArata se vyApAra karane ke lie gae haiM / deza meM jaina dharma pichale tIna haz2Ara varSoM se vidyamAna hai / deza kI sImAoM se adhika dUra taka yaha dharma nahIM phailA hai / hama yUropIya vidvAnoM ke atyadhika AbhArI haiM jinhoMne isakA adhyayana vistArapUrvaka kiyA aura ise vizva ke anya dharmoM ke samAnAntara upasthita kiyaa| pahale jaina sAdhu aura katipaya jaina - gRhastha jaina-graMthoM kA adhyayana apanI dhArmika kriyAoM meM pravRtta hone ke lie karate the / unakA adhyayana mUlataH zraddhA aura bhaktiparaka thA / bhAratIya adhyayana meM yUropIya vidvAnoM ke Agamana ke sAtha adhyayana ke lakSya aura paddhati meM parivartana AyA hai / Aja bauddhika varga bhAratIya dharmoM ke adhyayana meM vizeSa ruci rakhatA hai aura isa taraha anya dharmoM ke adhyayana ke sAtha-sAtha jaina dharma kA bhI adhyayana ho jAtA hai / saubhAgya se jaina dharma bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM zAsakoM kI chatrachAyA meM rahA hai| jahAM taka pUrvI bhArata kA sambandha hai, hama yaha nahIM jAnate ki unheM kitane samaya taka yaha Azraya zreNika tathA rAjAoM se milatA rahA thA, kintu dakSiNa bhArata meM unheM pANDya, gaMga, kadamba, rASTrakUTa, kalacUrI, raTTa, silAhAra Adi zAsaka rAjavaMzoM se nirantara prApta huA thA / isase jainAcAryoM ko apanI pavitra dhArmika tathA sAhityika gatividhiyoM ko gatizIla karane meM protsAhana prApta huA hai| jaba-jaba jainoM ko rAjyAzraya prApta huA taba taba unhoMne caturvidha dAna (AhAra - auSadha abhaya-jJAna dAna) kI dRSTi se saMsthAoM kA vikAsa sAdhanahIna logoM ke lie kiyaa| sAdhu loga apanA adhikatara samaya sAhityika upalabdhiyoM tathA sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika gatividhiyoM ke lie de sakate the / phalata: isase samAja kI naitikatA kA utthAna hotA thA / jaina sAdhuoM kA jIvana tyAgamaya tathA vItarAgI hotA thA / ataH gRhastha varga sadaiva unakA Adara karatA thA aura unase sadAcAra sIkhane ke lie sadaiva taiyAra rahatA thA / hamAre deza kI sAMskRtika paraMparA kI samRddhi meM jaina-sAdhuoM kA vizeSa hAtha rahA hai / ve sadA logoM ke bIca rahanA cAhate the tAki unakA prabhAva vizeSa rUpa meM pdd'e| ve upadezaka the / ataH unhoMne janatA kI bhASA ko apanAyA / kucha ne to isa janatA kI bhASA ko zreNya bhASAoM kI zreNI para pratiSThita taka kiyaa| jainoM ne rAjyAzraya meM rahakara yogyatApUrvaka tathA lagana se kArya kiyA / svargIya DA0 vI0 e0 sAletora ne bhI spaSTa zabdoM meM isa bAta ko kahA hai / aparaMca jaba jaina loga zAsana meM rahe haiM taba eka bhI aisA udAharaNa nahIM milatA jisase yaha prakaTa hotA ho ki unhoMne anya dharmAnuyAyI ko satAyA / yaha svAbhAvika hai / apanI prajA ke prati vyavahAra meM jaina zAsaka sadA hI uccakoTi ke AcAryoM se nirdezana prApta karatA thA / ye AcArya ahiMsAvAdI tathA vyApaka dRSTikoNa vAle hote the / ve sahiSNu hote the aura kabhI bhI kisI se bhAratIya paramparA ko jaina vidyA kA avadAna : 27

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durvyavahAra nahIM karate the| yaha saba jaina zAsakoM ke kAla meM hotA thaa| unake bAda jAgarUka jaina varga aura samAja jaina dharma ke vikAsa meM sadA sahAyaka rahA hai| gujarAta meM siddharAja aura kumArapAla kA Azraya adhika samaya taka nahIM rhaa| bAda meM vyApArI varga ne jaina sAdhuoM tathA janasAdhAraNa ko vibhinna dhArmika evaM udAra kAryoM ke lie sadA protsAhana diyaa| yahI bAta anya sthAnoM aura rAjyoM ke lie bhI lAgU hotI hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM kucha maMdira itane adhika vizAla tathA vAstukalA kI dRSTi se itane adhika samRddha haiM ki vahAM kA garIba samAja aba unako sahI hAlata meM bhI nahIM rakha sktaa| karakala meM aThAraha jaina maMdira haiM aura kucha varSoM pahale vahAM aThAraha jaina ghara bhI nahIM the| yadA-kadA yaha prazna pUcha liyA jAtA hai ki kaise aura kyoM itane sAre maMdira bana gaye aura Aja upekSita haiN| isa samasyA ko nikaTa se samajhane kA prayAsa maiMne kiyA hai| jaba vahAM jaina rAjAoM kA zAsana thA taba vahAM kucha maMtrI aura senApati bhI jaina the| inameM se pratyeka ne maMdira banavAyA kyoMki unake lie yaha sAmAjika pratiSThA kA prazna thA tathA dhArmika kartavya kI bAta thii| vahAM ke pratiSThita logoM meM tathA vyApAriyoM meM eka prakAra kI mauna spardhA cala par3I thI, isalie pratyeka ne sundara aura sundaratara maMdira banavAye / kintu jaba rAjyAzraya samApta huA taba yaha pratiSThita varga bhI, jo rAjA para Azrita thA, rAjadhAnI ko chor3akara anyatra calA gyaa| isa prakAra unake dvArA nirmita maMdiroM kI upekSA prAraMbha ho gaI / mUDabidrI meM bhI bahuta se maMdira haiN| unakA nirmANa bhI vyApAriyoM Adi ke dvArA huA hai| inake vyApArika sambandha aphrIkI dezoM se the| jo vastueM ve vahAM bhejate the, unake badale ve AbhUpaNa, motI Adi maMgavAte the| bhakti aura dhArmikatA ke kAraNa apane vyApArika lAbha se unhoMne jina kI mUrtiyAM bnvaaiiN| yaha saba rASTrIya dhana hai aura isa para hameM garva honA caahie| zAyada Apa meM se bahuta yaha jAnate hoMge ki maisUra se cAlIsa mIla dUra zravaNa belagolA meM eka pahAr3I ke Upara bAhubali athavA gommaTezvara kI 57 phITa UMcI mUrti hai / kalA kA yaha eka utkRSTa namUnA hai jisa para kisI bhI deza ko garva hogaa| isakA nirmANa aura pratiSThA cAmuNDarAya ne kI thii| cAmuNDarAya kA vyaktigata nAma thA gommaTa'; aura isIlie bAda meM jahAM kahIM yaha mUrti banAI gaI- isakA nAmakaraNa bhI usa para hI huaa| cAmuNDarAya kI vaha bhAvanA Aja bhI apane deza meM vidyamAna hai| kucha hI mahInoM pahale dharmasthala ke zrIman vIrendrajI hegaDe ne eka prAya: 36 phITa UMcI gommaTezvara kI mUrti banavAI hai| isakA utkIrNana karakala meM huA thA aura sthApanA dharmasthala meM huI jo ki dakSiNa meM eka mahAn dhArmika sthAna hai| isa samAroha meM maiM adhyakSa thA / isa avasara para eka vizAla jalUsa nikAlA gyaa| aisA julUsa kabhI bhI rAjanaitika netA athavA sabhI 28 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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netAoM ke ekatra ho jAne para bhI nahIM ho sktaa| eka bAra maiM eka rAjanaitika netA kA bhASaNa suna rahA thaa| vaha deza kI samRddhi tathA sthiratA ke bAre meM kaha rahA thaa| rAjanaitika netA hameM rAjanaitika AjAdI de sakate haiM, kucha Teknikala aura TeknaoNlojikala pragati karavA sakate haiM tathA kucheka ko dhanI banA sakate haiM, kintu jahAM taka naitika tathA AcAra Adi mUlyoM kA prazna hai ve kabhI bhI hamAre Adarza nahIM bana skte| ___ jahAM taka jainoM ke bhAratIya saMskRti ke avadAna kA prazna hai, aneka aise pakSa haiM jinase isa viSaya para prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai| isa alpasaMkhyaka jaina-samAja ne paryApta rUpa se isa dizA meM udAratA kA paricaya diyA hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke madurAI ke AsapAsa sittalanivasala (siddhAnAM vAsaH) tathA anya sthAnoM para prAcIna guphA-maMdira vidyamAna haiN| inameM brAhmI zilAlekha haiN| ye guphAeM jaina sAdhuoM ke hita ke lie dhanI varga dvArA banavAI gaI haiN| inameM se kucha meM sUkSma citrAvalI bhI hai jo kucha-kucha ajantA kI guphAoM kI taraha hai| isake alAvA samasta bhArata meM jaina maMdira haiN| inameM kalA kI dRSTi se apanI-apanI vizeSatAeM haiM / dakSiNa meM jainoM ke bahuta se maMdira haiM jinameM se kucha to abhI bhI pUjita hote haiM aura kucha pUrNataH upekSita haiM / jahAM taka jainoM kA prazna hai, unake sAmAjika samudAya ko cAra stambhoM ne AdhAra pradAna kiyA hai| pahalA stambha maMdira hai, dUsarA stambha muni hai, tIsarA maMgha ke prati AsthA aura cauthA zAstra / ye cAroM sadA hI unake AdhAra rahe haiM aura unake pratyeka dhArmika kArya ko inhoMne sudRr3ha kiyA hai| aparaMca, maMdiranirmANa tathA mUrtipUjA ne sthApatyakalA ko protsAhita kiyA hai aura isa prakAra alpasaMkhyaka hote hue bhI jainoM ne isa dizA meM mahAn yogadAna diyA hai| zravaNa belagolA, karakala, mUDavidrI, hale vida Adi meM vidyamAna jaina-maMdira jainoM kI sthApatya-kalA meM ruci ke gavAha haiN| rAjasthAna meM AbU tathA rANakapura ke maMdira kisI bhI deza ke lie garva kI bAta haiM, kyoMki inhoMne hamAre sthApatya-kalA viSayaka gaurava ko UMcA uThAyA hai| ye hamArI saccI nidhi haiN| inase hameM preraNA milatI hai| inakI kImata hameM karanI caahie| isa prakAra maMdiroM, mUrtiyoM, citroM Adi kA nirmANa karake jaina bhArata kI sAMskRtika paraMparA kI zrIvRddhi karane meM pIche nahIM rahe haiN| sAhitya-sarjanA ke kSetra meM bhI jainoM kA kArya vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se inakI sAhitya-saMpadA itanI adhika hai ki yaha samajhanA par3egA ki itanA saba kaise saMbhava ho sakA / jaina sAdhu apane Apa meM eka saMsthA hai| usakI AvazyakatAeM atyalpa hotI haiN| vaha do samaya bhI bhojana nahIM krtaa| jIvita rahane tathA AdhyAtmika lAbha evaM dhArmika kartavyoM ko pUrA karane ke lie vaha mAtra bhAratIya paramparA ko jaina vidyA kA avadAna : 26

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eka bAra bhojana grahaNa karatA hai / jaina AcAryoM meM pakSapAta kI bhAvanA nahIM hotI hai| ve durAgrahI to hote hI nahIM haiN| unake matAnusAra koI bhI bhASA dUsarI bhASA kI tulanA meM na to hIna hai aura na ucc| bhASA kA mUla kArya hai vicAroM kA smpressnn| isalie mahAvIra tathA buddha ne janatA kI bhASA ko apanAyA thaa| isa Adarza kA anukaraNa bAda meM azoka, khAravela aura sAtavAhanoM ne bhI kiyA thaa| jahAM taka jainoM kI bAta hai, unhoMne laMbe samaya taka prAkRta bhASA ko apanI dharma-bhASA banAye rkhaa| unakA samasta Agama tathA Agametara prAcIna sAhitya prAkRta meM likhA gyaa| paraMtu kAlAMtara meM, unhoMne pazcima, vizeSataH gujarAta aura rAjasthAna kI bhAMti apane sAhityika kArya ke lie prAkRta ko nahIM rakhA / prAkRta mAtra dhArmika kAryoM kI bhASA rahI aura kucha gommaTasAra jaise saiddhAntika tathA dhArmika graMtha isameM likhe gaye / eka bhI prema-kAvya yA samarAiccakahA yA kuvalayamAlA kI taraha kA koI dharma-kathA-pradhAna kAvya dakSiNa meM prAkRta meM racita nahIM huA, jaisA ki pazcima bhArata meM kiyA gyaa| kiMtu, sAtha hI, jaina AcArya isa bAta ko acchI taraha jAnate the ki ve sthAnIya paristhitiyoM evaM sAMskRtika vAtAvaraNa kI avahelanA karake kisI eka bhASA ke mAdhyama se apane dhArmika siddhAMtoM ke pAlana karane ke kartavya ko pUrA nahIM kara skte| jaba unhoMne dekhA ki saMskRta pUre deza meM jJAna aura saMskRti kI bhASA hai to ve isakA upayoga karane meM pIche nahIM rhe| ataH zAyada hI aisI koI maMskRta sAhitya kI zAkhA ho jise jaina lekhakoM aura AcAryoM ne samRddha na kiyA ho| unhoMne kAvyoM ke praNayana ke atirikta vyAkaraNa, koza tathA kAvyazAstra tathA chandazAstra Adi kA nirmANa bhI saMskRta bhASA meM kiyA hai| unhoMne svataMtra tathA TIkAoM Adi ke rUpa meM nyAya sAhitya kI bhI vRddhi kI hai| tAkika graMthoM ke praNayana ke alAvA unhoMne bhImakAya purANoM ko bhI rcaa| yaha kevala unakI dhArmika bhAvanA hI nahIM thI jisase anuprANita hokara unhoMne kAvyasAdhanA kI thI apitu kucha kI saMracanA meM sthAnIya bhAvanA bhI mUla meM thii| aneka rAjA apane Azraya meM paMDitamaMDala rakhA karate the| hAla aura vikramAditya isake jvalaMta udAharaNa haiM / bhoja bhI isI prakAra kI ruci kA rAjA thaa| bhoja ke anaMtara yaha paraMparA gujarAta meM dRSTigocara hotI hai| siddharAja aura kumArapAla adhyayana, adhyApana aura praNayanakartAoM ke bahuta bar3e AzrayadAtA the| yaha anuzruti hai ki hemacaMdra ne kazmIra se sarasvatI kA apaharaNa kiyA aura gujarAta le aayaa| isakA kyA tAtparya hai ? maiM samajhatA hUM ki pANDulipiyAM kazmIra se gAr3I meM bharakara gujarAta lAyI gaI hoMgI aura unakA adhyayana tatsthAnIya paMDitamaMDala ne kiyA hogaa| hama dekhate haiM ki hemacaMdra ke nAma para atyadhika pustakeM haiM / eka hI vyakti itanA kAma nahIM kara sktaa| avazya hI anya yuvAvidvAnoM kA sahayoga use prApta huA hogaa| isI prakAra isase pahale rASTrakUTa kAla meM vIrasena, jinasena aura 30 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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guNabhadra ne milakara kArya kiyA thaa| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ina AcAryoM ke pAsa par3hane-likhane ke alAvA aura koI kAma nahIM thaa| isI niSThA ke kAraNa janasAdhuoM ne prAkRta aura saMskRta meM graMthoM kI racanA kara uttara bhArata ke sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi kii| kannar3a sAhitya meM bhI hameM tIna pramukha kavi---jinheM ratnatraya kahA jAtA haiupalabdha hote haiM- paMpa, ponna aura raNNa / raNNa ne gadAyuddha kI racanA kI thI aura isako par3hate samaya 'veNIsaMhAra' kI barabasa yAda AtI hai| paMpa meM kAlidAsa kI-sI kalpanAzakti kI jhalaka dRSTigocara hotI hai| jaina lekhakoM ne kannar3a kI aneka zAkhAoM ko dasavIM zatI se pandrahavIM zatI ke bIca pallavita kiyaa| unhoMne vyAkaraNa, kAvyazAstra aura yahAM taka ki aMkagaNita para bhI graMtha likhe| inameM kucha sAdhu the, kiMtu kucha gRhastha bhI jinameM prAya: maMtrI, senApati Adi bhI the| unakA pramukha lakSya logoM ko yathAsaMbhava naitika aura dhArmika zikSA denA thaa| dhIre-dhIre dakSiNa meM jaina kaviyoM ne saMskRta bhASA aura sAhitya ko samRddha kiyaa| sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM prAkRta bhulA dI gii| hAlAMki isakA prayoga kucha dhArmika graMthoM- jaise dhavalATIkA aura gommaTasAra----meM huA thaa| jinasena saMskRta kA prakAMDa vidvAn thaa| usakA pArvAbhyudaya kAvya kAlidAsa ke 'meghadUta' kA samasyApUraNa hai / yaha usakI advitIya upalabdhi hai| isake atirikta usane apane guru vIrasena dvArA prAraMbha kI gaI jayadhavalA TIkA ko bhI pUrA kiyaa| usane mahApurANa ko bhI hAtha meM liyA kiMtu pUrA nahIM kara skaa| yaha mahApurANa kaI dRSTiyoM se eka asAdhAraNa racanA hai / isake bAda hameM somadeva kA 'yazastilakacampU' upalabdha hotA hai| isakA sarvAMgINa adhyayana DA0 ke0 ke0 hidikI ne prastuta kiyA hai aura sAhityika kRti ke rUpa meM isakI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai| isI samaya, prAyaH isI dizA meM puSpadaMta ne apane apabhraMza-graMthoM kI racanA kI hai| mahApurANa, NAyakumAracariu aura jasaharacariu usakI prasiddha racanAeM haiN| ina saba graMthakAroM ko dakSiNa bhAratIya sAhitya ke upabRhaNa ke kAraNa kabhI bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| ___ java jaina lekhakoM ne kannar3a aura tamila bhASAoM kA prayoga sAhityika dRSTi se kiyA, taba vyAkaraNoM aura kozoM kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava kiyA gyaa| kucha kannar3a' vyAkaraNa saMskRta bhASA ke mAdhyama se prastuta kI giiN| bhaTTa akalaMka ne zabdAnuzAsana kI racanA saMskRta-sUtroM meM kii| kezirAja dvArA praNIta 'zabdamaNi darpaNa kannar3a kA vyavasthita tathA pUrNa vyAkaraNa hai| vastutaH yaha udAharaNa-samanvita eka vyAkhyA-graMtha hai| pahale kannar3a kAvya saMskRtaniSTha hote the kiMtu bAda meM aMDayya jaise kaviyoM ne 'kabbigara-kAva jaise' kAvyoM kI racanA kI jinameM adhikAMzataH kannar3a zabda the / yaha prazaMsanIya kArya hai| prAcIna kAla se hI kaI kAvyoM kI racanA tamila meM jaina kaviyoM dvArA kI gaI bhAratIya paramparA ko jaina vidyA kA avadAna : 31

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I aura Aja bhI kI jA rahI hai| isa saMbaMdha meM zilappadikAram, jIvakaciMtAmaNi Adi mahAn kRtiyAM haiM / kannar3a meM kAphI kAma ho cukA hai aura ho rahA hai kiMtu tamila meM abhI bhI paryApta guMjAiza hai - samAlocanAtmaka tathA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se / jaina lekhakoM ne eka sAtha tamila, kannar3a, prAkRta aura saMskRta meM racanAeM kiiN| kaI bAra eka hI kathAsUtra kA vistAra bhinna-bhinna lekhakoM dvArA bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM meM huA hai / yadyapi yaha satya hai ki tatsthAnIya vAtAvaraNa kI gaMdha ke kAraNa unameM antara ho gayA hai / udAharaNArtha, yazodhara kI kathA ina sabhI bhASAoM meM upalabdha hotI hai / ataH yahAM ina sabhI pAThAntaroM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hai / prAcIna tathA Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke kSetra meM jainoM ne pracura yogadAna diyA hai| unakA lakSya samAja ko dhArmika tathA naitika zikSA denA thA / ata: unhoMne pracalita bhASA ko prAthamikatA dI / unhoMne apabhraMza sAhitya ko atyanta sAvadhAnI se surakSita rakhA kyoMki yaha sAhitya unake lie utanA hI mahattvapUrNa thA jitanA ki saMskRta aura prAkRta kA / dUsaroM ne isakI surakSA para dhyAna nahIM diyA kiMtu isakA yaha artha nahIM ki unhoMne isa bhASA kA upayoga hI nahIM kiyA / hamAre pAsa vizvAsa karane lAyaka aise tathya vidyamAna haiM ki apabhraMza meM aneka jainetara graMtha the / hemacaMdra dvArA uddhRta apabhraMza ke aMza isa bAta ko spaSTatayA saMketita karate haiM / hamAre kucha hiMdI mitra apabhraMza ko prAkRta se alaga samajhate haiM / para aisA nahIM hai / paravartI kucha racanAoM ke bAre meM unakA dRSTikoNa ThIka ho sakatA hai kiMtu antataH jaise hama binA saMskRta aura pAli ke prAkRta nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usI prakAra prAkRta ke saMdarbha ke binA apabhraMza ko samyak rUpa se samajhanA asaMbhava hai / vastutaH pUrNa aura sahI citra prApta karane ke lie adhyayana meM saMskRta, prAkRta ( pAli bhI) aura apabhraMza sAtha-sAtha calane caahie| inameM se kisI eka meM vizeSajJa banA jA sakatA hai kiMtu dUsaroM kI pUrNataH avahelanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / jitanI hama unakI avahelanA kareMge utane hI hamAre niSkarSa adhUre hoMge / rAjasthAna, gujarAta aura madhyapradeza ke bhaMDAroM meM apabhraMza ke bahuta graMtha surakSita haiM / adyAvadhi jo kucha prakAzita kiyA gayA hai, vaha saba atyalpa hai / bahuta kucha pAMDulipiyoM ke rUpa meM par3A huA hai| inakA prakAzana aura AlocanAtmaka adhyayana bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke vikAsa ko samajhane meM atyaMta upayogI hogA / maiM hiMdI ke vidvAnoM se nivedana karatA hUM ki ve isa upekSita kArya kI ora apanA dhyAna keMdrita kareM / yaha pUchA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma ne tathA isake anuyAyiyoM ne akhila bhAratIya janatA ke lie kyA kiyA / jaina dharma ahiMsAvAdI hai / isakA yaha artha nahIM ki yaha yuddhakSetra meM bhI yuddha ke lie niSedha karatA hai / kucha vidvAnoM ne isa 32 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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prakAra kA doSAropaNa isa para kiyA hai| paraMtu yaha sahI nahIM hai| kucha vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM hiMsA karanA niSiddha nahIM hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke itihAsa meM aise aneka udAharaNa maujUda haiM jahAM zrAvakoM ne yuddha kiye| isa prakAra ke udAharaNa gujarAta aura rAjasthAna meM bhI dekhe jA sakate haiM / jaina-dharma meM ahiMsA ko sarvocca sthAna diyA gayA hai| kiMtu isakI sImAeM bhI haiN| apanI ijjata, gRhiNI kI ijjata tathA deza kI svataMtratA kI rakSA ke nimitta hiMsA ke lie chUTa dI gaI hai| kiMtu jaba taka hamAre Adarza UMce nahI haiM taba taka hama vizeSa acchA vyavahAra nahIM kara skte| isIlie ahiMsA viSayaka Adarza jaina-dharma meM sarvopari rakhA gayA hai| yaha saca hai ki AdarzoM taka pahuMcA nahIM jA sakatA kiMtu AdarzoM ko sAmane jarUra rakhane caahie| jaina-maMdiroM ne, jaina-sAdhuoM ne aura jana-zAstroM ne jaina-dharma kI jAgRti ko akSuNNa rakhA hai| jahAM taka maiM samajhatA hUM jaina-dharma kA pAlana karanA atyaMta kaThina hai| eka saccA jaina apane bhagavAn ke pAsa jAkara yaha nahIM mAMga sakatA ki mujhe putra do yA putrI do yA aura koI varadAna do| jaina-tIrthakara isa prakAra kA koI kAma nahIM karate / yadi koI jaina aisA karate haiM to unhoMne jana-dharma ke paramAtmA kI dhAraNA ko nahIM samajhA hai| ve jaina-dharma ke mUlabhUta siddhAMta ke viparIta kArya kara rahe haiN| jaina-tIrthakara vItarAga haiM, niSparigrahI haiM aura kucha bhI nahIM de skte| jaina-pUjA kA artha hai ki pUjaka siddhoM kI sthiti taka pahuMcanA cAhatA hai aura isalie vaha pUjA karatA hai / jaina-darzana meM vyakti pUrNata: svataMtra hai| vaha apane zubhAzubha karmoM ke lie svayaM uttaradAyI hai| kiMtu durbhAgyavaza vahuta se jaina isa bAta ko bhUla baiThe haiN| jaina-dharma ke mUlAdhAra tIna siddhAMta haiM-- ahiMsA, anekAMta aura aprigrh| ahiMsA ke viSaya meM paryApta kahA jA cukA hai| darzana ke kSetra meM jainoM ne anekAMta ko puraskRta kiyA hai / isakA artha hai ki satya ke aneka pahalU hote haiM / ata: AdamI ko sahiSNu bananA cAhie tAki dUsare kA dRSTikoNa samyaktayA samajhA jA ske| yadi ahiMsA sAmAjika Adarza hai to anekAMta bauddhika kSetra meM Adarza / samAja kA sadasya hone ke nAte jainoM se kahA gayA hai ki ve aparigraha vrata kA pAlana kreN| arthAt AvazyakatAnusAra hI vastuoM ko saMgRhIta kareM aura atirikta vastuoM kA dAna kara deN| yaha svaicchika baMdhana hai| svayaM jIo aura dUsaroM ko bhI jIne do| jaba ApakA mata dUsaroM se mela na khAtA ho to dUsaroM ke mata ko sahAnubhUtipUrvaka suno| yaha hai jaina aura jaina-dharma kA prabhAva bhAratIya samAja para / bhAratIya paramparA ko jaina vidyA kA avadAna : 33

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jaina kalA evaM purAtattva pro0 0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI jaina mUrtikalA kA prAraMbha kaba huA, isakA uttara denA kaThina hai / Adya aitihAsika yuga meM jaina zramaNa vicAradhArA ke janma yA usake prAraMbhika vikAsa ke sAtha kyA kalA kA bhI udbhava huA aura yadi huA to usakA svarUpa kyA thA, isa bAre meM kucha nizcita nahIM kahA jA sakatA / aneka vidvAnoM kI dhAraNA hai ki siMdhu ghATI kI tAmrAzmayugIna sabhyatA meM prApta katipaya kalAkRtiyoM meM jaina prabhAva parilakSita hai| har3appA kI eka mAnava dhar3a mUrti ko tIrthaMkara mAnA jAtA hai / paraMtu isa mAnyatA ko puSTa AdhAra prApta nahIM hai / mathurA, udayagiri, khaNDagiri, kauzAMbI, vidizA, ujjayinI Adi sthAnoM se aneka prAcIna avazeSa prApta hue haiN| unase patA calatA hai ki IsvI san ke pahale uttara bhArata meM kaI jagaha jaina stUpoM, vihAroM tathA tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kA nirmANa ho cukA thA / ur3IsA kI hAthIguphA se mile hue rAjA khAravela ke abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki IsvI pUrva cauthI zatAbdI meM magadha ke rAjA nanda ( mahApadmananda ) tIrthaMkara kI eka prasiddha pratimA kaliMga se pATaliputra uThA le gaye the / isa mUrti ko khAravela magadha se phira le Aye aura use unhoMne apane rAjya meM pratiSThApita kiyA / isa ullekha se patA calatA hai ki tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kA nirmANa mahApadmananda ke pahale prAraMbha ho cukA thA / uttara bhArata meM jaina kalA ke jitane prAcIna keMdra the unameM mathurA kA sthAna agragaNya hai / solaha zatAbdiyoM se Upara ke dIrgha kAla meM mathurA meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hotA rhaa| yahAM ke cittIdAra lAla balue patthara kI banI huI kaI haz2Ara jaina kalAkRtiyAM aba taka mathurA aura usake Asa-pAsa ke jiloM se prApta ho cukI haiM / inameM tIrthaMkara Adi pratimAoM ke atirikta caukora AyAgapaTTa, , vedikAstaMbha, sUcI, toraNa tathA dvArastaMbha Adi haiN| mathurA ke jaina AyAgapaTTa vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / ina para prAyaH bIca meM tIrthaMkara mUrti tathA usake cAroM ora vividha 34 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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prakAra ke manohara alaMkaraNa milate haiN| svastika, nandyAvarta, vardhamAnakya, zrAvatsa, bhadrAsana, darpaNa, kalaza aura mInayugula---ina aSTamaMgala dravyoM kA AyAgapaTToM para sundaratA ke sAtha citraNa kiyA gayA hai| eka AyAgapaTTa para ATha dikkumAriyAM eka-dUsare kA hAtha pakar3e hue AkarSaka DhaMga se maMDala-nRtya meM saMlagna dikhAyI gayI haiN| maMDala yA cakravAla abhinaya kA ullekha 'rAyapaseniya sUtra' meM bhI milatA hai| eka anya AyAgapaTTa para toraNa dvAra tathA vedikA kA atyanta suMdara aMkana milatA hai| vAstava meM ye AyAgapaTTa prAcIna jaina kalA ke utkRSTa udAharaNa haiN| inameM se adhikAMza abhilikhita haiM, jina para brAhmI lipi meM lagabhaga I0 pU0 100 se lekara IsavI prathama zatI ke madhya taka ke lekha haiN| ___mathurA kalA kI mUrtiyoM meM hAtha meM pustaka lie hue sarasvatI, abhaya mudrA meM devI AryavatI tathA naMgameza kI aneka mUrtiyAM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| tIrthakara pratimAeM prAya: dhyAna-mudrA meM baiThI huI milI haiN| kucha kAyotsarga mudrA meM bhI haiN| kuSANa, gupta tathA madhya kAla kI aneka sarvatobhadrikA pratimAeM bhI upalabdha huI haiN| kalAkAroM ne vibhinna tIrthakara mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa meM divya sauMdarya ke sAtha AdhyAtmika gAMbhIrya kA jaisA samanvaya kiyA hai use dekhakara patA calatA hai ki bhAvAbhivyakti meM ye kalAkAra kitane adhika kuzala the| prAcIna bauddha evaM jaina stUpoM ke cAroM ora vedikA kI racanA kA pracalana thaa| vedikA-staMbhoM Adi ke Upara strI-puruSoM, pazu-pakSiyoM, latA-vRkSoM Adi kA citraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| kaMkAlI TIle se prApta jaina vedikA staMbhoM para aisI bahata-sI mUrtiyAM utkIrNa haiM jinameM tatkAlIna AnaMdamaya lokajIvana kI suMdara jhAMkI milatI hai| ina mUrtiyoM meM vividha AkarSaka mudrAoM meM khar3I striyoM ke citraNa adhika haiN| ___ sauMdarya ke aniMdya sAdhana ke rUpa meM nArI kI upasthiti prAcIna jaina kalA meM vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / hamAre kalAvidoM ne kalA ke usa rUpa kI abhivyakti ko Avazyaka mAnA, jisake dvArA na kevala lokaraMjana kI siddhi ho apitu samAja aura dharma ko niSkriya evaM nirjIva hone se bacAyA jA sake / mUrtikalA meM nArI ke zrI rUpa ko pratiSThApita kara unhoMne apane isa spRhaNIya uddezya ko caritArtha kiyaa| mathurA ke atirikta uttara bhArata meM anya aneka keMdra the, jinameM uttara guptakAla tathA madhyakAla meM jaina kalA kA vistAra hotA rhaa| vartamAna bihAra tathA uttara pradeza meM aneka sthAna tIrthaMkaroM ke janma, tapazcaryA tathA nirvANa ke sthAna rahe haiM / ata: yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki ina sthAnoM para dharma, kalA tathA zikSA saMsthAoM kI sthApanA hotii| kauzAMbI, prabhAsa, zrAvastI, kaMpilya, ahicchatrA, hastinApura, devagar3ha, rAjagRha, vaizAlI, maMdAragiri, pAvApurI Adi aise hI sthAna the| ina sthAnoM se jaina kalA kI jo prabhUta sAmagrI upalabdha huI hai usase patA jaina kalA eghaM purAtattva : 35

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calatA hai ki jaina-dharma ne apanI viziSTatA ke kAraNa bhAratIya lokajIvana ko kitanA adhika prabhAvita kara diyA thaa| jaina-dharma kI ajasradhArA uttarI kSetra taka sImita nahIM rahI, balki vaha bhArata ke anya bhAgoM ko bhI AplAvita karatI rhii| madhyabhArata meM gvAliyara, devagar3ha, caMderI, sonAgiri, khajurAho, ajayagar3ha, kuMDalapura, jaso, ahArathUvona aura tumaina evaM rAjasthAna tathA mAlavA meM caMdAkher3I, pAlItAnA AbU-parvata, siddhavarakUTa tathA ujjaina prasiddha jaina keMdra rahe haiN| isI prakAra saurASTra, gujarAta tathA baMbaI pradeza meM giranAra, balabhI, zatrujaya, aNahilavAr3A, elorA aura bAdAmI tathA dakSiNa meM belUra, hAMpI, zravaNabelagolA tathA halevIDa Adi sthAno meM jaina sthApatya, mUrtikalA tathA citrakalA eka dIrghakAla taka pravadhita hotI rhoN| ___ bhArata ke aneka rAjavaMzoM ne bhI jaina kalA kI unnati meM yoga diyaa| guptazAsakoM ke bAda cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, kalacuri, gaMga, kadamba, cola tathA pAMDya vaMza ke aneka rAjAoM ne jaina kalA ko saMrakSaNa evaM protsAhana diyaa| ina vaMzoM ke kaI rAjA jana-dharmAnuyAyI the| inameM siddharAja jayasiMha, kumArapAla, amoghavarSa akAlavarSa tathA gaMgavaMzI mArasiMha dvitIya ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / ina zAsakoM ko jaina-dharma kI ora pravRtta karane kA zreya svanAmadhanya hemacaMdra, jinasena, guNabhadra, kuMdakuMda Adi jaina AcAryoM ko hai / rAjya-saMrakSaNa prApta hone evaM vidvAna AcAryoM dvArA dhArmika pracAra meM kriyAtmaka yoga dene para jaina sAhitya tathA kalA kI bar3I unnati huI / madhyakAla meM prAya: samasta bhArata meM jaina maMdiroM evaM pratimAoM kA nirmANa jArI rhaa| inameM se kucha to lalita kalA kI dRSTi se tathA tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI vyAkhyA karane kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa kRtiyAM haiN| 36 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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janAcAryoM kI zabda-vijJAna ko dena sAdhvI saMghamitrA bhASA bhAvAbhivyakti kA suMdaratam mAdhyama hai| bhASA vaha vAhana hai jisa para ArUr3ha hokara bhAva para saMvedha banate haiN| mAnava-pragati meM bhASA varadAna rUpa siddha huI hai| bhASA kA bhavya prAsAda zabdoM kI nIMva para khar3A hotA hai| zabdoM kA astitva hI bhASA kA astitva hai| vaha zabda kyA hai ? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM vyAkaraNazAstra kA nirmANa huaa| zabda acintya zakti ke prakaTIkaraNa meM taMtra aura maMtra bne| vibhinna darzanoM ne vibhinna vyAkhyAeM diiN| ... 'zabdayate anena iti zabdaM' isa vyutpati ke AdhAra para zabda kA vaha zaktyAtmaka rUpa hI prastuta nibaMdha kA pratipAdya hai, jisase vAtAvaraNa zabdita aura dhvanita hotA hai| zabda kA yaha svarUpa vijJAna meM carcita dhvani zabda se saMbaMdhita hai| Aja vaijJAnika jagat ne dhvanitatva ne bahuta prabhAva paidA kiyA hai| usane saMpUrNa saMsAra meM eka vicitra halacala paidA kara dI hai| dhvani ke dvArA hI Aja mAnava samudra kI gaharAiyoM ko mApa sakA hai aura vibhinna rogoM kA nidAna kara sakA hai| grAmophona, vAyalina, pyAno, TeparikArDara ye sava dhvani-vijJAna ke pariNAma haiN| aura bhI na jAne kitane-kitane Azcaryajanaka kArya dhvani ke dvArA kie jA sakate haiN| dhvani ke ina prayogoM ko dekhakara mAnasa meM sahaja jijJAsA ubharatI hai, vaha dhvani kyA hai ? usake utpanna aura prasaraNa kI prakriyA kyA hai ? darzana ne isa viSaya meM kyA diyA hai aura vijJAna kyA de rahA hai ? jainAgama aura zabda jaina darzana ke anusAra zabda pudgaloM kA dhvani-rUpa pariNAma hai| pudgala ke do rUpa haiM--paramANu pudgala aura skandha pudgala / paramANu pudgala zabdoM ke janaka nahIM haiM / zabda skandha prabhava hai| vaha anaMta pradezI pudgala skandha ke saMghaTana aura vighaTana se paidA hotA hai| skandhra svayaM azabda hai| kIcar3a se kamala paidA hotA jainAcAryoM kI zabda-vijJAna ko dena : 37

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hai| zaila caTTAnoM se pAnI kA srota nikalatA hai| azabda se zabda banatA hai| zabdotpatti kI yaha Agamika prakriyA bahuta vaijJAnika hai| vijJAna aura dhvani vijJAna mAnatA hai--dhvani mAtra prakaMpana kI prakriyA hai| zabdotpAdaka sabhI vastueM kaMpana karatI haiN| binA prakaMpana ke kabhI dhvani paidA nahIM hotii| ghaMTI kaMpana karatI hai taba dhvani uThatI hai| sthira ghaMTI meM kabhI AvAja nahIM nikltii| TyUniMga phaoNrka phaulAda kI char3a kA banA hotA hai| vaha aMgrejI ke akSara 'yU' ke AkAra meM mur3A rahatA hai| isameM kisI bhI sAdhana se prakaMpana utpanna karane para madhura dhvani nikalatI hai / taba isake kinAre spaSTa hilate hue dikhAI dete haiN| jaba inameM kaMpana baMda ho jAtA hai taba dhvani bhI baMda ho jAtI hai| jainAgamoM ke AdhAra para zabdotpatti kI prakriyA do prakAra kI hai--prAyogika aura vaistrsik| prAyogika aura vaistrasika ye donoM jaina ke pAribhASika zabda haiN| prayatnajanya zabdoM ko prAyogika kahA jAtA hai| sahaja niSpanna zabda vaistra sika kahalAte haiN| ___ zabda dhvanyAtmaka hote haiN| para sabhI zabda bhASAtmaka nahIM hote| vaistrasika zabda abhASAtmaka hote haiN| megha kI garjana sahaja paidA hotI hai| usameM koI bhASA nahIM hai / prAyogika zabda abhASAtmaka hote haiM aura bhASAtmaka bhii| hamAre kaMThoM se utpanna dhvani donoM prakAra kI hai| bhASAtmaka dhvani artha vizeSa ko abhivyakta karatI hai| abhASAtmaka dhvani artha-zUnya hotI hai| vijJAna meM saMgItamaya aura kolAhalamaya ye do bheda hI mukhyataH dhvani tattva ke kie gaye haiN| zravaNa vijJAna zabda zrotrendriya kA viSaya hai / saba iMdriyAM apane-apane viSaya ko grahaNa karatI haiM / zrotrendriya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-dravyendriya aura bhAvendriya / dravyendriya ke do bheda haiM ---nirvatti dravyendriya aura upakaraNa dravyendriya / zrotrendriyakA bAhyAkAra nirvRtti hai| nirvRtti kI vaha zakti jo zabda sunane meM upakaraNa banatI hai, vaha upakaraNendriya haiN| bhAvendriya bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| labdhi bhAvendriya aura upayoga bhAvendriya / zrotrendriya kA jo svAtmajanya kSayopazama hai vaha labdhi hai| isake vinA zrotrandriya upalabdha nahIM hotii| sunane meM dhyAna keMdrita karanA upayoga hai| inameM labdhi-iMdriya kA sthAna prathama hai, phira kramaza: nirvatti upakaraNa aura upayoga banatA hai| aneka zabda nivRtti ko chUkara cale jAte haiN| upakaraNendriya ke sahayogAbhAva meM unheM suna nahIM pAte / bahuta bAra anya saba mAdhyama kAma karate haiM para upayoga ke abhAva meM zabda sunAI nahIM dete| zravaNa ke cAroM 38 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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upakaraNa jaba kAma karate haiM taba dhvani sunAI detI hai| vijJAna mAnatA hai ki pratyeka AdamI ke kAna ke do bhAga hote haiN| eka kAna kA bAharI bhAga jo hameM dikhAyI detA hai, vaha dhvani ko grahaNa karake aMdara pahuMcAtA hai| isameM eka nalI hotI hai jisake bAharI sire para bAla hote haiM / ye kAnoM kI rakSA karate haiN| isake Age jhillI hotI hai| isa jhillI para jAkara jaba dhvani TakarAtI hai taba mastiSka meM phaile hue zravaNa zakyAtmaka jJAnataMtu isa dhvani ko pakar3a lete haiM / kAna kA pardA phaTa jAne para manuSya baharA ho jAtA hai / jJAnataMtu surakSita rahane para bhI vaha suna nahIM paataa| isI prakAra dhyAna kI vikendrita sthiti meM bhI zabdoM kA sparza mAtra hotA hai / jJAnataMtuoM se unakA grahaNa nahIM hotaa| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra sunane meM bhI eka krama rahatA hai / iMdriyAM pahale sthUla rUpa ko pakar3atI haiN| phira kramaza: usake sUkSma rUpa kA nirNaya karatI huI Age bar3hatI haiN| isa krama ko avagrahAdi saMketoM meM spaSTa kiyA hai / iMdriya aura padArtha kA saMyoga darzana hai| ise bauddha darzana meM sAmIpya aura naiyAyika darzana meM sannikarSa kahA jAtA hai / darzanAntara meM jo avyakta jJAna hotA hai vaha jaina darzana meM vyaMjanAvagraha hai| vastu kA grahaNa arthAvagraha hai| yaha vyaMjanAvagraha se kucha vizada hotA hai / svarUpa nizcaya meM vikalpa uThAkara samyak pakSa ke nirNaya para pahuMcanA IhA hai / dRr3ha nizcaya ho jAnA avAya hai| laMbe samaya taka jJAna kA saMskAroM meM bala pakar3a lenA dhAraNA hai| zabda jJAna bhI hameM isI krama se hotA hai| sarvaprathama zabda aura kAna kA saMyoga hotA hai / vyaMjanAvagraha meM zabda kA sparza mAtra aspaSTa jJAna hotA hai / arthAvagraha meM jAti, liMga Adi ke nirdeza binA zabda ke sAmAnya rUpa kA grahaNa hotA hai / zabda hai yA sparza isa vikalpa ke sAtha IhA zabda hone kA nirNaya detI hai| avAya sudRr3ha nizcaya ke keMdra biMdu para pahuMca jAtA hai / yaha IhA ke paryAlocana ko hI puSTa nahIM karatA para apanA vizeSa nirNaya prastuta karatA hai| kisI bhI zabda ko pakar3ate samaya pratyeka bAra yahI krama rahatA hai / avagraha kA atikramaNa kara kabhI IhA meM aura IhA kA atikramaNa kabhI avAya meM nahIM ho sakatA / sunane ke samaya isa krama kA bodha prAya: hameM nahIM hotA para gAr3ha nIMda meM supta manuSya ko jagAte samaya isa krama ko samajha sakate haiN| vyaMjanAvagraha asaMkhya samaya kA hotA hai / arthAvagraha eka samaya kA hai| IhA aura avAya aMtarmuhUrta lete haiN| dhAraNA saMkhyeya asaMkhyeya kAla taka jIvita rahatI hai| zabda skandha kA grahaNa aura visarjana audArika, vaikriyaka aura AhAraka ina tInoM zarIroM ke dvArA zabda-skandha kA grahaNa hotA hai aura vacana yoga ke dvArA unakA visrjn| zabda-vargaNAoM kA grahaNa sAMtara aura niraMtara donoM prakAra se hotA hai| sAMtara kI paddhati meM pratyeka samaya ke jainAcAryoM kI zabda-vijJAna ko dena : 36

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vyavadhAna se pudgala skandhoM kA grahaNa hotA hai aura usI prakAra se nisarga bhii| yaha sAMtara paddhati kA jaghanya rUpa hai| adhika se adhika asaMkhyAta samaya ke aMtara se grahaNa hotA hai / niraMtara kI paddhati meM prati samaya grahaNa hotA rahatA hai| lekina nisarga niraMtara nahIM hotA kyoMki prathama samaya meM grahaNa hotA hai aura dvitIya samaya meM nisarga hotA hai| agRhIta kA nisarga nahIM hotA hai| prathama samaya meM kevala grahaNa hotA hai, nisarga nahIM hotaa| aMtima samaya meM kevala nisarga hotA hai, grahaNa nahIM hotaa| madhya meM grahaNa aura nisarga donoM cAlU rahate haiN| dhvani calane ke lie kisI na kisI mAdhyama ko cunatI hai| binA mAdhyama ke cala nahIM sktii| yaha aneka prayogoM se pramANita ho cukA hai| kAMca ke vartana meM ghaMTI bajatI huI sunAI detI hai| pampa bharA havA ko dhIme-dhIme nikAlane lageM to dhvani maMda hone lagatI hai / saMpUrNa havA nikAlane para ghaMTI hilatI huI dikhAI detI hai| para dhvani sunAI nahIM detii| dhvani-prasAra ke lie havA eka mAdhyama hai| isI prakAra lohA, tAMbA, jala, pRthvI Adi aneka mAdhyama haiM, jisase dhvani calatI hai| vijJAna kI dRSTi se prakAza se dhvani kI gati bahuta hI maMda hai / varSA Rtu meM bAdala kI garjana aura bijalI kI camaka eka sAtha utpanna hotI hai| kiMtu prakAza hameM pahale dikhAI detA hai, garjana bAda meM sunAI detI hai| prakAza maikiMDa meM jitanI dUrI ko pAra karatA hai, dhvani kaI ghaMToM meM bhI utanI dUrI pAra nahIM kara sktii| dhvani utpanna hotI hai taba dhvani keMdra ke cAroM ora lahareM banatI haiN| ve havA kI nahoM meM kaMpana karatI huI Age bar3hatI haiN| ina laharoM se prakaMpita havA kI tahe jaba kAna kI jhillI se TakarAtI haiM tava usameM kaMpana hotA hai aura dhvani sunAI detI hai / kAna dhvani ko sunate haiN| para zravaNIyatA kI bhI sImA rahatI hai| kaMpana se dhvani paidA hotI hai| hama hAtha ko idhara-udhara hilAte haiM taba kaMpana hotA hai para vaha kaMpanAMka itanA kama hotA hai ki usase utpanna dhvani hameM sunAI nahIM detI / svastha manuSya ke kAna prati maikiMDa bIsa kaMpana kI dhvani ko suna sakate haiN| kucha solaha kaMpana kI dhvani ko suna lete haiN| sAmAnyata: kama-se-kama caubIsa' kaMpana kI dhvani ko sunate haiN| kaMpanAMka ko bar3hAte-bar3hAte eka aisI sImA A jAtI hai jahAM manuSya ke kAnoM se sunanA asaMbhava ho jAtA hai / yaha sImA adhika se adhika cAlIsa hajAra kaMpana prati saikiMDa taka hai| isase adhika kaMpanAMka ko suna nahIM sakate / kutte ke kAna isase Age bhI suna sakate haiN| jainAgama kahate haiM ki vaktA ke dvArA vijita mUla rUpa hameM kabhI sunAI nahIM detA kiMtu hama mizrita aura vAsina zabdoM ko hI sunate haiN| jaise kisI puSpa se nikalane vAlA gaMdha-dravya aneka rajo se mizrita hotA hai / vaha mizrita rUpa hI nAka taka pahuMcatA hai| isI prakAra vaktA zabdoM ko chor3atA hai / ye zabda chahoM dizAoM meM phailate hue sama-zreNI se calate haiM aura anya aneka pudgala skandhoM se mizrita ho 40 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jAte haiN| samazreNI ke zrotA ina mizrita zabdoM ko sunate haiN| zabda aneka anya pudgaloM ko AMdolita karate hue unameM bhI zabda-zakti paidA kara dete haiN| ve vAsita zabda kahalAte haiM / viSama zreNI ke zrotA ina vAsita zabdoM ko suna pAte haiN| vijJAna kI dRSTi se dhvani taraMgAtmaka hai| eka taraMga dUsarI taraMga meM zabda zakti paidA karatI hai| Age se Age bar3hatI huI aMtima taraMga kAna kI jhillI ko taraMgita karatI hai, taba zabda sunAI detA hai| jana dRSTi se vaktA se visarjita zabda ke skandha bhASA vargaNA ke skandha meM zabda zakti paidA kara dete haiM / ve vAsita aura mizrita zabda java iMdriya dvAra ko khaTakhaTAte haiM taba dhvani sunAI detI hai| jaina darzana meM gati ke do rUpa haiM --Rju gati aura vakra gati / zabda sadA Rju gati se calate haiM aura tIvra prayatna se mukta zabda eka samaya meM lokAMta taka pahuMca sakate haiN| vijJAna kI dRSTi se zabda prati ghaMTA 1100 mIla kI gati karatA hai| gati saMbaMdhI vijJAna aura AgamIya yaha ciMtana viparIta pratibhAsita hotA hai| para vAstava meM isameM virodha nahIM hai| vijJAna kA yaha mApa zabda zravaNa se saMbaMdhita hai| vaktA aura zrotA ke bIca zabdoM kI mAtrA meM jitanA samaya kharca hotA hai usI ke AdhAra para zabda kI gati kA nirdhAraNa huaa| jaina darzana meM eka samaya meM lokAMta taka pahuMca jAne kA krama zabda kI zakti rUpa se hai / zrotA ko kabhI bhI aMtarmaharta se pahale sunAI nahIM detaa| ata: jaina darzana kA aMtarmuhUrta aura vijJAna kI dRSTi meM pratighaMTA 1100 mIla kI gatika zabda yAtrA bahuta samakakSa hai| vijJAna meM 1100 mIla kI gati kA saMbaMdha bhI havA ke mAdhyama se hai| lohA, kAMca aura jala meM dhvani kI gati bahuta tIvra rahatI hai| jaina dRSTi se pratyeka pudgala skandha kI sthiti jaghanya eka samaya aura adhika se adhika asaMkhyAta samaya kI hotI hai| isa mAnyatA ke AdhAra para zabda skandha bhI sahasroM varSoM taka tadrUpa me jIvita raha sakatA hai| yaha vivecana usa samaya kA hai jisa samaya dhvaniyoM ke sthAyitva pradAna karane vAle TeparikArDa Adi kI kalpanA bhI nahIM ubharI thii| tAra kA saMbaMdha na hote hue bhI sughoSA ghaMTA kA zabda agaMkhya yojana para rahI huI ghaMTikAoM meM pratidhvanita hotA hai| vAyaralasa kI dizA meM jaina darzana kA yaha saMketa jainAcAryoM kI zabda vijJAna ke viSaya meM mahattvapUrNa dena hai / jainAcAryoM kI zabda-vijJAna ko dena : 41

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jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI bhASA ke zuddha jJAna ke lie vyAkaraNa-jJAna parama Avazyaka hai| dhAtu aura pratyaya ke saMzleSaNa aura vizleSaNa dvArA bhASA ke AMtarika gaThana kA vicAra vyAkaraNa zAstra meM hI kiyA jAtA hai| lakSya aura lakSaNoM kA suvyavasthita varNana karanA hI isakA uddezya hai| yaha zabdoM kI vyutpatti aura unake nirmANa kI prANavaMta prakriyA ke rahasya kA udghATana karatA hai| yaha zabdoM ke vibhinna rUpoM ke bhItara jo eka mUladhAtu yA saMjJA nihita rahatI hai, usake svarUpa kA nizcaya aura usameM pratyaya jor3akara vibhinna zabdoM ke nirmANa kI mahanIya prakriyA upasthita karatA hai| sAtha hI dhAtu aura pratyayoM ke arthoM kA nizcaya bhI isI ke dvArA hotA hai| saMkSepa meM vyAkaraNa bhASA kA anukaraNa kara usake vistRta sAmrAjya meM pahuMcane ke lie rAjapatha kA nirmANa karatA hai / prAcIna paraMparA ke anusAra iMdra, zAkaTAyana, Apizali, kAza, kRtsna, pANini, amara, jainendra aura candra--ye ATha zAbdika batalAe gae haiN| ina AThoM meM jainendra-vyAkaraNa jaina hai| vyAkaraNazAstra ke kSetra meM jainAcAryoM ne aneka nayI sthApanAeM prastuta kI haiN| Agama-granthoM ke zabdAnuzAsana sambandhI niyamoM ke atirikta pUjyapAda kA jainendra, palyakIti kA zAkaTAyana aura hemacandra kA haima vyAkaraNa isa zAstra ke kSetra meM advitIya haiM / niHsandeha jainAcAryoM ne vyAkaraNa kSetra ko atyadhika samRddha kiyA hai| jaina vyAkaraNazAstra kA udbhava aura vikAsa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mukha se nissRta dvAdazAMgavANI hI samasta jJAna-vijJAna kA Akara hai| kahA jAtA hai ki satyapravAda pUrva meM vyAkaraNazAstra ke sabhI pramukha niyama Ae hue haiN| isameM vacana saMskAra ke kAraNa, zabdoccAraNa ke sthAna, prayatna vacana-prayoga, vacana-bheda Adi kA nirUpaNa hai| vacana saMskAra kA vivecana karate hue isake do kAraNa batAye gae haiM-sthAna aura prayatna / zabdoccAraNa ke hRdaya, 42 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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kaNTha, mastaka, jihvAmUla, danta, tAlu, nAsikA aura oSTha - ye ATha sthAna batalAe haiN| zabdoccAraNa ke prayatnoM kA vivecana karate hue spRSTatA, ISat spRSTatA, vivRtatA, ISadvivRtatA aura saMvRtatA - ina pAMca kI paribhASAeM dI gaI haiM / vacana ke ziSTa aura duSTa prayogoM ke vizleSaNa meM zabdoM ke sAdhutva aura asAdhutva kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / ataH satya pravAdapUrva meM vyAkaraNazAstra kI eka spaSTa rUparekhA dRSTigocara hotI hai| jaina AmnAya ke anusAra pUrvagrantha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pahale ke haiM / inakA pUrvAnta nAma hI isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki ye paramparA meM pahale hI vartamAna the / jaina Agama granthoM kI racanA prAkRta bhASA meM hai, ataH prAkRta meM racA gayA koI prAkRta vyAkaraNa avazya rahA hogA / prAkRta bhASA meM likhita Agama granthoM meM vyAkaraNa kI aneka bAteM AyI haiM / ' ThANa aMga ke aSTama sthAna meM ATha kArakoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / anuyogadvAra (sU0 128) meM tIna vacana, liMga, kAla aura puruSoM kA vivecana milatA hai / isI grantha ke sUtra 124, 125 aura 130 meM kramazaH cAra, pAMca, aura dasa prakAra kI saMjJAoM kA ullekha AyA hai| sUtra 130 meM sAta samAsoM aura pAMca prakAra ke padoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / ataH saMkSepa meM itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRta meM vyAkaraNazAstra ke praNayana ke pUrva jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM bhI vyAkaraNa grantha likhe the, jo Aja upalabdha nahIM haiM / bhAratIya itihAsa meM I0 pU0 14 meM zuMgavaMza ke puSyamitra ne mauryavaMza kA anta kara magadha kA zAsana svAyatta kiyA hai / " yaha puSyamitra brAhmaNa dharma kA anuyAyI aura zramaNa-dharma kA virodhI thA / ataH isake rAjyakAla meM prAkRta kI avahelanA aura saMskRta bhASA kA punaruddhAra huaa| pataMjali jaise bhASyakAra ne aSTAdhyAyI para bhASya likhA / saMskRta sAhitya kI isa utkrAMti ne kuSANakAla meM virAT rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aura sArvajanika bhASA ke sAtha-sAtha rAjabhASA kA pada bhI ise prApta huA / phalataH brAhmaNoM ke sAtha zramaNoM ne bhI saMskRta bhASA ko graMtharacanA kA mAdhyama banAyA / zramaNoM kI prakhara pratibhA ne alpakAla meM hI saMskRta bhASA meM vibhinna prakAra kA vipula sAhitya raca DAlA / pANini ke pazcAt navIna graMthanirmAtA vaiyAkaraNa bhI zramaNoM meM hI hue haiN|' pataMjali aura kAtyAyana ke atirikta jayAditya aura jinendra buddhi ne bhI pANinIya sUtroM para TIkAeM likhI haiN| TIkAoM se kevala vyAkaraNa kA vizadIkaraNa huA thA / ata: jaina aura bauddhoM ne, jo zramaNoM meM pradhAna the, vyAkaraNa ke maulika graMtha race / bauddhAcArya candragobhI ne cAndra vyAkaraNa aura jainAcArya devanandI yA pUjyapAda ne jainendra vyAkaraNa kI racanA kI / AcArya devanandI ne apane zabdAnuzAsana meM nimna cha: pUrvavartI AcAryo kA ullekha kiyA hai- jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yoedAna : 43

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1. guNe zrIdattasyAstriyAm (1 / 4 / 34) 2. kuvRSimRjAM yazobhadrasya (2 / 1 / 66) 3. rAdbhUtavale : (3 / 4 / 83) 4. rAtreH kRti prabhAcandrasya (4 / 3 / 180) 5. vetteH middhasenasya (5 / 117) 6. catuSTayaM samantabhadrasya (5 / 4 / 140) uparyukta sUtroM meM zrIdatta,yazobhadra,bhUtavali,prabhAcaMdra, siddhasena aura samaMtabhadra-- ina cha: vaiyAkaraNoM ke nAma Aye haiN| inake vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI graMtha rahe hoMge, para ve Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| abhayanaMdI ne jainendra kI 1 / 4 / 16 kI vRtti meM 'upa siddhasena vaiyAkaraNa:' dvArA yaha batalAyA hai ki saba vaiyAkaraNa siddhasena se hIna haiN| uparyukta vivecana ke AdhAra se bhI hama yaha niSkarSa nikAlane meM asamartha haiM ki jaina saMpradAya meM kauna-sA vyAkaraNa graMtha sarvaprathama likhA gyaa| upalabdha jaina vyAkaraNa sAhitya meM devanandI yA pUjyapAda kA jaineMdra vyAkaraNa hI sabase prAcIna hai| jainAcAryoM dvArA likhe gae choTe-moTe kaI vyAkaraNa graMtha upalabdha haiN| unameM se kevala tIna graMtha hI pradhAna haiM -jainendra, zAkaTAyana aura haim| jainendra vyAkaraNa ____ yaha mahattvapUrNa zabdAnuzAsana hai| isameM 5 adhyAya, 20 pAda aura 3057 sUtra haiN| isa vyAkaraNa ke mUla sUtra pATha do prakAra ke upalabdha haiM--eka to vaha jisa para AcArya abhayanaMdi kI mahAvRtti tathA zrutakIti kRta 'paMcavastu' nAma kI kriyA hai aura dUsarA vaha jisa para somadeva mUrikRta 'zabdArNava caMdrikA' aura guNanaMdI kRta prakriyA' haiN| pahale prakAra ke pATha meM lagabhaga 3000 aura dUsare meM lagabhaga 3700 sUtra haiM / 700 mUtra adhika hone ke sAtha zeSa 3000 sUtra bhI donoM meM eka se nahIM haiM, kiMtu dUsare sUtrapATha meM pahale sUtrapATha ke saikar3oM sUtra parivartita aura parivaddhita kiye gae haiN| prathama sUtrapATha pANini ke DhaMga kA hai| ata: usameM vartamAna bhASA sAhitya kI dRSTi se anuzAsana karane meM apUrNatA raha jAtI hai| isI kamI kI pUrti abhayanaMdi ne apanI 'mahAvRtti' meM vAttika aura upasaMkhyAnoM dvArA kI hai| ___ donoM prakAra ke sUtrapAThoM meM katipaya bhinnatAoM ke rahate hue bhI samAnatA kama nahIM hai| donoM ke adhikAMza sUtra samAna haiN| donoM ke prAraMbha kA maMgalAcaraNa bhI eka hai / donoM meM kartA kA nAma devanaMdI yA pUjyapAda likhA huA milatA hai| ___ AdaraNIya svargIya premIjI ne amalI sUtrapATa kA nirNaya karate hue likhA hai. "hamAre khayAla meM AcArya devanaMdi yA pUjyapAda kA banAyA huA sUtrapATha vahI hai, jisa para abhayanaMdI ne apanI mahAvRtti likhI hai| yaha mUtrapATha usa samaya taka to samajhA jAtA rahA, jaba taka zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa nahIM banA / zAyada zAkaTAyana ko 44 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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bhI jaimendra ke hote hue eka judA jaina-vyAkaraNa banAne kI AvazyakatA isalie mahasUsa huI ki jainendra apUrNa hai aura isalie binA vArttikoM aura upasaMkhyAnoM ke usase kAma nahIM cala sakatA, paraMtu jaba zAkaTAyana jaisA sarvAGgapUrNa vyAkaraNa bana cukA, taba jainendra vyAkaraNa ke bhaktoM ko usakI truTiyAM khaTakane lagIM aura unameM se AcArya guNanaMdi ne use sarvAGgapUrNa banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| isa prayatna kA phala hI dUsarA sUtrapATha hai, jisa para somadeva kI zabdArNava caMdrikA racI gaI hai|" isa kathana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zabdArNava caMdrikA aura jainendra prakriyA ke sUtra jainendra vyAkaraNa ke vAstavika sUtra nahIM haiN| abhayanaMdi ne apanI vRtti jina sUtroM para likhI hai ve hI jainendra ke sUtra haiM / isa zabdAnuzAsana kA jainendra nAma hone kA kAraNa racayitA kA jinendrabuddhi nAma hI hai | zravaNabelagola ke 40 veM zilAlekha meM batAyA gayA hai --- "yo devanaMdi prathamAvidhAno buddhayA mahatyA sa jinendra buddhiH " zrI pUjyapAdo'jani devatAbhiryatpUjitaM pAdayugaM yadIyam / / " AcArya kA prathama nAma devanaMdI thA, buddhi kI mahatA ke kAraNa vaha jinendrabuddhi kahalAye aura devoM ne unake caraNoM kI pUjA kI, isa kAraNa unakA nAma pUjyapAda huA / 'padeSu padaikadezAna' niyama ke anusAra jinendra buddhi kA saMkSipta nAma jainendra hai aura unake dvArA grathita zabdAnuzAsana jainendra kahA jAtA hai / AcArya devanaMdI kA samaya svargIya premIjI ne aneka pramANoM ke AdhAra para vikrama kI chaThI zatAbdI nizcita kiyA hai / " adhikAMza vidvAna isI ko ThIka mAnate haiM / zrI yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ne jainendra mahAvRtti meM 'jainendra zabdAnuzAsana' tathA usake 'khilyapATha zIrSaka' meM aruNanmahendromathurAm udAharaNa se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki AcArya pUjyapAda ke kAla kI sImA "mahendra aura usakI mathurA vijaya" aitihAsika ghaTanA surakSita hai| yahAM mahendra se Azaya guptavaMzIya kumAragupta se hai / isakA pUrA nAma mahendrakumAra hai / ata: AcArya pUjyapAda guptavaMzIya mahArAjAdhirAja kumAragupta ke samakAlIna haiM aura kumAragupta kA samaya I0 413- 455 hai / ataH pUjyapAda kA samaya --- vikrama kI pAMcavIM zatI kA uttarArddha yA chaThI zatI kA pUrvArddha hai / ye darzana aura vyAkaraNa ke dhuraMdhara vidvAn the / isa vyAkaraNa meM aneka vizeSatAeM haiN| pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke sUtroM kA AdhAra rahane para bhI svara aura vaidika prayoga saMbaMdhI sUtroM kA parityAga kara diyA hai / isakI ullekhanIya vizeSatAeM nimna haiM 1. svAbhAvikatvAdabhighAnasyaikaze pAnArambha: ( 91912 ) sUtra dvArA batAyA gayA hai ki zabda svabhAva se hI eka zeSa kI apekSA na kara ekatva, dvitva aura bahuta meM pravRtta hote haiM / ata: eka zeSa mAnanA nirarthaka hai| ataeva inakA yaha vyAkaraNa jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 45

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aneka zeSa kahalAtA hai / inakA mata hai ki loka-vyavahAra meM jo cIz2a sarvatra pracalita hai use sUtrabaddha nirdeza karane se zAstra kA nirarthaka kalevara bar3hatA hai| 2. siddhiranekAntAt (1 / 1 / 1) dvArA batalAyA gayA hai ki nityatva, anityatva, ubhayatva, anubhayatva prabhRti nAnA dharmoM se viziSTa dharmIrUpa zabda kI siddhi anekAnta se hI saMbhava hai| ekAnta siddhAMta se aneka dharmaviziSTa zabdoM kA sAdhutva nahIM batalAyA jA sktaa| 3. janendra kA saMjJAprakaraNa bahuta hI maulika aura sAMketika hai| isameM dhAtu, pratyaya, prAtipAdika, vibhakti, samAsa Adi anvartha mahAsaMjJAoM ke lie bIjagaNita jaisI atisaMkSipta pUrNa saMjJAeM AyI haiN| isa vyAkaraNa meM upasarga ke lie 'gi', avyaya ke lie 'jhiH', samAsa ke lie 'maH', vRddhi ke lie aipa, guNa ke lie 'epa', saMprasAraNa ke lie 'jiH', prathabhAvimakti ke lie 'vA', dvitIyA ke lie 'ip', tRtIyA ke lie 'yA', caturthI ke lie 'ap', paJcamI ke lie 'kA', SaSThI ke lie 'tA,' saptamI ke lie 'ip' aura sambodhana ke lie 'kiH' saMjJAeM batalAyI gaI haiM / ina saMjJAoM kI kalpanA meM AcArya kA adbhuta pAMDitya chipA huA hai| 4. devanaMdI ne 'sandhau' 4 / 3 / 60 ko adhikAra sUtra kahakara caturtha adhyAya ke tRtIya aura cauthe pAda tathA taMcama adhyAya ke kucha sUtroM meM saMdhi kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| adhikAra sUtra ke anaMtara chakAra ke pare saMdhi meM tugAgama kA vidhAna kiyA hai / tugAgama karane vAle 4 / 3 / 61-413164 taka cAra sUtra Ae haiN| ina sUtroM dvArA hasva, AGa, mAGa tathA dI saMjJakoM ke pare prayogoM kA sAdhutva pradarzita kiyA hai| yadyapi yaha prakriyA pANinI ke samAna hai, kiMtu isameM adhika satroM kI AvazyakatA upasthita nahIM hotI hai| saMjJAoM kI maulikatA ke kAraNa hI anuzAsana meM lAghatva A gayA hai| 5. yaha paMcAMga vyAkaraNa hai| isameM dhAtu pATha, gaNapATha, uNAdisUtra aura liMgAnuzAsana ke nirdeza pUrNatayA upalabdha hote haiN|' jainendra vyAkaraNa kI TIkAeM ___ isa vyAkaraNa para abhayanaMdikRta 'mahAvRtti', prabhAcandakRta zabdAmbhojanAskaranyAsa', zrutakItti kRta 'paMcavastu prakriyA' aura paM0 mahAcaMdra kRta 'laghu jainendra'-ye cAra TIkAeM prasiddha haiM / paMcavastu ke anta ke zlokoM meM jainendra vyAkaraNa ko mahala kI upamA dI hai| yaha mUla sUtra rUpI stambhoM para khar3A kiyA gayA hai, nyAsarUpI usakI bhArI ratnamaya bhUmi hai, vRtirUpa usake kapATa haiM, bhASyarUpa zayyAtala hai, TIkArUpa usake mAla yA maMjila haiM aura yaha paMcavastu TIkA usakI sopAna zreNI hai| isake dvArA ukta mahala para ArohaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataeva yaha spaSTa hai ki paMcavastu ke kartA ke samaya taka isa vyAkaraNa para eka nyAsa, do vRttiyAM, tIna 46 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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bhASya aura cAra TIkAeM vidyamAna thiiN|' jainendra sUtra pATha kA saMzodhita aura parivadhita saMskaraNa zabdArNava kahalAtA hai| isake kartA guNanaMdi haiN|" guNanaMdi kA samaya dasavIM zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| zabdArNava kI do TIkAeM upalabdha haiM-'zabdArNava candrikA' aura 'zabdArNava prkriyaa'| 'zabdArNava candrikA' ke racayitA somadeva haiN| ye zilAhAra vaMza ke rAjA bhojadeva (dvitIya) ke samaya meM hue haiN| inhoMne arjurikA nAmaka grAma ke tribhuvana tilaka nAmaka jainamaMdira meM zaka saMvat 1127 meM isakI racanA kI hai| yaha racanA sanAtana jaina graMthamAlA se prakAzita hai| ___'zabdArNava prakriyA' jainendra prakriyA ke nAma se mudrita hai| jisa prakAra abhayanaMdi kI vRtti ke AdhAra para prakriyArUpa paMcavastuTIkA likhI gayI hai, usI prakAra somadeva kI 'zabdArNava candrikA' ke AdhAra para yaha prakriyA likhI gaI hai| - jainendra kI upalabdha samasta TIkAoM meM abhayanandi kRta mahAvRtti hI sabase prAcIna hai| inakA samaya I0 san 750 hai / inhoMne maMgalAcaraNa ke zloka meM pUrvavartI prAcIna TIkAoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| yacchanda lakSNamasUbrajapAramanya-... khyakta muktamabhidhANa vidhau daridraiH / tatsarvaloka hRdayapriya cAruvAkya--- rvyaktI karotyamayanandi muni: samastam / / kaThinatA se pAra karane yogya jisa zabda lakSya ko daridroM ne vyAkhyA karane meM spaSTa nahIM kiyA, usa saMpUrNa zabda lakSaNa ko abhayanandI muni sabake hRdaya ko priya lagane vAle sundara vAkyoM se spaSTa karatA hai| __ata: spaSTa hai ki abhayanandI ne apane se pUrvavartI vyAkhyAkAroM ko 'daridraH' pada se vyakta kiyA hai| saMbhavata: ye vyAkhyAeM laghuvRtti ke rUpa meM rahI hoNgii| AcArya abhayanandI kI yaha vRtti kAzikA ke samAna bRhat hai| isameM nimna vizeSatAeM vidyamAna haiM-- 1. kAtyAyana ke vAttika aura pataMjali ke mahAmANya se sAra lekara pUjyapAda se chUTe hue vyAkaraNa niyamoM kI pUrti vAttika, paribhASA aura upAkhyAna racakara kii| 2. zikSAsUtra bhI isa mahAvRtti meM pAye jAte haiN| 1 / 1 / 2 kI vyAkhyA meM lagabhaga 40 zikSAsUva die gaye haiN| 3. paribhASAoM kI vyAkhyAeM bhI vRtti meM kI gaI haiN| 4. abhayanandI ne apanI vRtti meM aneka upAdisUtra uddhRta kie haiN| isameM kucha prAcIna paMcapAdI se milate haiM aura kucha pAThAntara haiM / ata: jainendra ke uNAdisUtroM ko jAnane ke lie isa mahAvRtti kA adhyayana parama Avazyaka hai| jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 47

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anusvAra makAra yA nakAra janya hai, visarsa kahIM sakAra se aura kahIM repha se svata: utpanna hotA hai tathA jihvAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya donoM kramazaH ka, kha tathA pa, pha ke pUrva visarga ke hI vikRta rUpa haiM / pANini ne ina sabhI akSaroM ko apane pratyAhAra sUtroM meM jo ki unakI varNamAlA kahI jAegI, svatantra rUpa se koI sthAna nahIM diyA hai| bAda ke pANinIya vaiyAkaraNoM meM se kAtyAyana ne ukta cAroM ko svara vyaMjana donoM meM hI parigaNita karane kA nirdeza kiyaa| zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa meM anusvAra, visarga Adi ke mUla rUpoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI unheM pratyAhAra sUtroM meM sthAna diyA aura unake vyaMjana hone kI ghoSaNA kara dI gii| zAkaTA yana ke pratyAhAra sUtroM kI dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM 'laN' sUtra ko sthAna nahIM diyA gayA hai aura lavarNa ko pUrva sUtra meM hI rakha diyA gayA hai| isameM sabhI vargoM ke prathamAdi akSaroM ke krama se alaga-alaga pratyAhAra sUtra diye gaye haiN| kevala vargoM ke prathama vargoM ke grahaNa ke lie do sUtra haiN| pANinIya varNa samAmnAya kI bhAMti zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa meM bhI hakAra do bAra AyA hai / pANinIya vyAkaraNa meM 41, 43 yA 44 pratyAhAra rUpoM kI upalabdhi hotI hai, kintu zAkaTAyana meM sirpha 38 pratyAhAra hI upalabdha haiN| ___ zAkaTAyana meM sAmAnya saMjJAeM bahuta alpa haiM / itsaMjJA aura svasaMjJA-savarNa saMjJA karane vAle, basa ye do hI saMjJA vidhAyaka sUtra haiM aura isa vyAkaraNa meM avazeSa do sUtra grAhaka sUtra kahe jaaeNge| grAhaka sUtroM meM prathama sUtra vaha hai ki jo svara se usake jAtIya dIrghAdi vargoM kA bodha karatA hai aura dUsarA pratyAhAra vodhaka 'sAtmetat' 1 / 1 / 1 sUtra hai / yaha pratyAhAra bodhaka sUtra itanA aspaSTa hai ki isakI AtmA dabI-sI jAna par3atI hai| yadi isI ko zabdoM ke anusAra samajhanA ho to isake pUrva pANini kA 'Adirantyena sahetA' sUtra kaMThastha kara lenA hogaa| yadyapi zAkaTAyana meM la varNa ko grahaNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai, para usake TIkAkAroM ne "RvarNa grahaNe lavarNasyApi grahaNam bhavati tayorekatvapratijJAnAt" kathana kiyA hai / ataH lakAra ke grahaNa kI siddhi kara lI hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa meM saMjJA sUtroM kI bahuta kamI hai / AcArya palyakItti ne kArikAoM meM bhI pramukha siddhAntoM kA sanniveza kiyA hai| isa zabdAnuzAsana ke saMjJA prakaraNa meM kula chaha sUtra haiM, unameM bhI do hI sUtra aise haiM, jo saMjJA vidhAyaka kahe jA sakate haiN| zAkaTAyana hI eka aisA vyAkaraNa hai jisameM bahuta karma saMjJAoM se kAma calAyA gayA hai| saralatA aura Azu bodhatA kI dRSTi se isa zabdAnuzAsana ke saMjJA prakaraNa kA adhika mahattva hai| pANinI aura jainendra ke samAna palyakotti ne saMjJAoM ko saMkSipta, jaTila aura sAMketika banAne kI ceSTA nahIM kI hai| ____ zAkaTAyana meM 'na' 1 / 1 / 70 sUtra ke dvArA virAma meM sandhikArya kA niSedha 50 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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karate hue avirAma sandhi kA vidhAna mAnakara 'na' sUtra ko adhikAra sUtra batAyA hai / ac sandhi ke Adi meM sabase pahale ayAdi sandhi kA vidhAna kiyA hai / pazcAt 1 / 1 / 73 dvArA yaN sandhi kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai / yaNu sandhi ke vidhAna ke prasaMga meM zAkaTAyana meM 'hrasvo vA' pade 1 / 1 / 74 sUtra hai, isake dvArA dadhI + a = = dadhiatra, dadhyatra, nadI + eSA = nadieSA = nadyeSA rUpa siddha hote haiM / zAkaTAyana kA yaha vidhAna bilakula navIna hai / pANinIya tantra meM hrasva vidhAna kA niyama nahIM hai| jJAta hotA hai ki zAkaTAyana ke samaya meM bhASA kA pravAha pANini kI apekSA bahuta Age bar3ha gayA hai / prakRtibhAva sandhi ko zAkaTAyana ne niSedha sandhi kahA hai / isa prakaraNa meM kevala cAra hI sUtra Ae haiN| yadyapi pANini kI apekSA isameM koI maulikatA yA navInatA nahIM hai, phira bhI itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki zAkaTAyana ne bahuta thor3e meM adhika kArya kara dikhalAyA hai / zAkaTAyana meM svara sandhi ke antargata dvitva sandhi ko bhI rakhA gayA hai aura isakA anuzAsana & sUtroM meM kiyA hai| yaha anuzAsana pANini ke samAna haiM, kintu isakA prabhAva uttarakAlIna vaiyAkaraNa hema para adhika par3A hai / samAT zabda kI siddhi zAkaTAyana ne 'samrAT ' 1 / 1 / 13 sUtra dvArA kI hai / vRtti meM 'samomakAro nipAtyate klIvante rAji pare' likhA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki unhoMne makAra ko nipAtana se hI grahaNa kara liyA hai / yadyapi zAkaTAyana meM isa sUtra se pUrva vaikalpika anusvAra kA anuzAsana vidyamAna hai, to bhI unhoMne anusvArAbhAva kA jikra nahIM kiyA hai| hameM aisA lagatA hai ki nipAtana kaha dene se hI zAkaTAyana ne isalie santoSa kara liyA ki nipAtana kA artha hI hai, anya vikArya sthitiyoM kA abhAva / ataH unhoMne hema kI taraha anusvArAbhAva kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhI aura unake TIkAkAroM ne isa para prakAza DAlA / zabdasAdhutva meM zAkaTAyana kA dRSTikoNa pANini ke hI samAna hai| inhoMne ekaeka zabda ko lekara sAtoM vibhaktiyoM meM unake rUpoM kI sAdhanikA upasthita kI hai / strI-pratyaya prakaraNa meM zAkaTAyana ne strI pratyayAnta zabdoM kA sAdhutva chor3a diyA hai| jaise dIrgha pucchI, dIrghapucchA, kavarapucchI, maNipucchI, viSapucchI, ulUkapucchI, azvakrIti, manasAkrIti prabhRti prayogoM kA zAkaTAyana meM abhAva hai / isa kamI kI pUrti hemacandra ne 2 4 41, 2 / 4 / 42, 2 / 4 / 43 aura 224145 sUtroM ke praNayana dvArA kI hai| zAkaTAyana meM kAraka sAmAnya aura karttA, karmAdi kI paribhASAeM nahIM AyI haiM / isameM vibhakti vidhAyaka sUtroM kA sIdhe DhaMga se hI kathana kiyA gayA hai / ata: zAbdika anuzAsana kI dRSTi se yaha prakaraNa utanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai jitanA pANini kA hai / zAkaTAyana meM samAsa prakaraNa Arambha karate hI bahuvrIhi samAsa vidhAyaka sUtra kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai / pazcAt kucha taddhita pratyaya A gaye haiM, jinakA upayoga jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 51 [

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prAyaH bahuvrIhi samAsa meM hotA hai / jaise na, dus, su, inase pare prajA zabdAnta bahuvrIhi se am pratyaya; na, dus tathA alpa zabda se pare medhA zabdAnta bahuvrIhi se am pratyaya; jAti zabdAnta bahuvrIhi se chaH pratyaya evaM dharma zabdAnta baduvrIhi se am pratyaya hotA hai / isake pazcAt bahuvrIhi samAsa meM puMvadbhAva, hrasva prabhRti anuzAsanoM kA niyama hai / sugandhi, pUtagandhi, surabhigandhi, ghRtagandhi Adi sAmAsika prayogoM ke sAdhutva ke lie it pratyaya kA vidhAna kiyA hai / bahuvrIhi samAsa samApta karate hI avyayIbhAva samAsa kA prakaraNa Arambha ho jAtA hai tathA yuddhavAcya meM grahaNa aura praharaNa artha meM kezAkezi aura daNDAdaNDi ko avyayIbhAva samAsa mAnA hai / yataH zAkaTAyana ke anusAra avyayIbhAva samAsa ke pradhAna do bheda haiM - anya padArtha pradhAna aura uttara padArtha pradhAna / ataH 'kezAMzca kezAMzca parasparasya grahaNam yasmin yuddhe' isa prakAra ke sAdhya prayoga vigraha vAkya meM anya vAkya pradhAna avyayIbhAva samAsa hai / pANini ne jina prayogoM ko bahuvrIhi samAsa meM ginAyA hai, unameM se katipaya zAkaTAyana meM avyayIbhAva samAsa meM parigaNita kiye gaye haiM / zAkaTAyana kA taddhita, kRdanta aura tiGanta prakaraNa bhI prAyaH pANini ke anusAra hai / parantu ina prakaraNoM meM pratyaya vidhAna aura pratyayoM ke artha apanI maulikatA sameTe hue haiM / kuzala anuzAsaka ne usa zilpI kA kArya kiyA hai, jo purAne upAdAnoM ko lekara bhI bhavana kA naye DhaMga se nirmANa karatA hai / 1 zAkaTAyana zabdAnuzAsana kI sAta TIkAeM aba taka upalabdha haiM / vivaraNa nimna prakAra hai / 1. amoghavRtti - yaha rASTrakUTa nareza amoghavarSa ke nAma para likhI gaI hai / svayaM sUtrakarttA hI isa vRtti ke racayitA haiM / yaha sabase bar3I vRtti hai / 2. zAkaTAyananyAsa - yaha amoghavRtti para prabhAcandra kRta nyAsa hai / isa grantha ke kevala do adhyAya upalabdha haiM / 3. cintAmaNi TIkA ( laghIyasI vRtti ) - yakSa varmA ne amoghavRtti ko saMkSipta kara yaha TIkA likhI hai / vyAkaraNazAstra kI dRSTi se yaha TIkA atyanta upayogI hai / 4. maNiprakAzikA -- ajitasena ne cintAmaNi ke artha ko vyakta karane ke lie isa TIkA kA nirmANa kiyA hai| anuzAsana kI dRSTi se yaha TIkA bhI adhyetAoM ke lie upayogI hai / 5. prakriyA saMgraha - abhayacandra ne siddhAnta kaumudI ke DhaMga kI yaha TIkA likhI hai / jo pANinIya tantra ke lie bhaTToji dIkSita ne kArya kiyA hai, vaisA hI yaha kArya hai / 6. zAkaTAyana TIkA - vAdiparvata vajra bhAvasena vaivedya ne isa TIkA kI 52 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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racanA kI hai / yahI bhAvasena kAtantra kI rUpamAlA TIkA ke karttA bhI haiM / inakA eka 'vizvatatva prakAza' nAmaka grantha bhI upalabdha hai / 1 7. rUpasiddhi - pANini sUtroM para laghusiddhAnta kaumudI kA nirmANa isalie huA ki jijJAsuoM ko saMkSepa meM pANinIya zabdAnuzAsana kA bodha binA kisI kleza ke ho sakeM / isa bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara dayApAla muni ne isa TIkA kI racanA kI hai / yaha laghu siddhAnta kaumudI ke samAna upayogI hai / dayApAla ke guru kA nAma matisAgara thA / TIkAkAra pArzvanAtha carita aura nyAyavinizcaya ke karttA vAdirAja sUri ke sadharmA the / pArzvanAtha carita kI racanA zakasaMvat 647 meM huI hai / ataH TIkAkAra kA samaya bhI uparyukta hI hai / " haimazabdAnuzAsana AcArya hema kA vyaktitva jitanA gauravAspada hai, utanA hI preraka bhI / inameM eka sAtha hI vaiyAkaraNa, AlaMkArika, dArzanika, sAhityakAra, itihAsakAra, purANakAra, koSakAra, chanda anuzAsaka aura mahAna yuga-kavi kA anyatama samavAya huA hai| hema ke ina vibhinna rUpoM meM unakA kauna-sA rUpa sazakta hai, yaha nizcaya karanA kaThina hai / para itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaiyAkaraNa hema apane kSetra meM advitIya haiM / 2 ke pUrva pANini cAndra, pUjyapAda, zAkaTAyana aura bhojadeva Adi kitane hI vaiyAkaraNa ho cuke haiM / inhoMne apane samaya meM upalabdha samasta zabdArtha kA adhyayana kara eka sarvAMgapUrNa, upayogI evaM sarala vyAkaraNa kI racanA kara saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM hI bhASAoM ko pUrNatayA anuzAsita kiyA hai / tatkAlIna pracalita apabhraMza bhASA kA anuzAsana likhakara hema ne isa bhASA ko to amara banA hI diyA hai, kintu apabhraMza ke prAcIna dohoM ko udAharaNa ke rUpa meM upasthita kara lupta hote hue mahattvapUrNa sAhitya ke namUnoM kI rakSA bhI kI hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki zabdAnuzAsaka hema kA vyaktitva adbhuta hai / inhoMne dhAtu aura prAtipadika prAkRti aura pratyaya, samAsa aura vAkya, kRta aura taddhita, apavyaya aura upasarga prabhRti kA nirUpaNa, vivecana evaM vizleSaNa kiyA hai / zabdAnuzAsana ke kSetra meM hemacandra ne pANini, bhaTToji dIkSita aura bhaTTikAkArya akele hI sampanna kiyA hai / inhoMne mUtravRtti ke sAtha prakriyA aura udAharaNa bhI likhe haiM / saMskRta zabdAnuzAsana sAta adhyAyoM meM aura prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana eka adhyAya meM- - isa prakAra kula ATha adhyAyoM meM apane aSTAdhyAyI zabdAnuzAsana ko samApta kiyA hai / saMskRta zabdanu zAsana ke udAharaNa saMskRta yAzraya kAvya meM aura prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana ke udAharaNa prAkRta yAzraya kAvya meM likhe haiM / jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 53

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saMskRta zabdAnuzAsana ke prathama adhyAya meM 241 sUtra, dvitIya meM 460, tRtIya meM 521, caturtha meM 481, paMcama meM 468, SaSTha meM 662 aura saptama meM 673 sUtra haiM / kula sUtra saMkhyA 3566 hai| prathama adhyAya ke prathama pAda meM saMjJAoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| isameM svara, hrasva, dIrgha, pluta, nAmI, samAna, saMdhyakSara, anusvAra, visarga, vyaMjana, dhuTa, varga, aghoSa, ghoSavatva, antaHstha, ziT, sva, prathamAdi, vibhakti, pada, vAkya, nAma, avyaya aura saMkhyAvat ina 24 kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| ziSTAyasya dvitIyoH vA', 1 / 3 / 56 dvArA khaSIram, kSIram tathA aphsarA, apsarA jaise zabdoM kI siddhi pradarzita kI hai| hindI kA khIra zabda hemacandra ke khSIram ke bahuta najadIka hai| hema ne isa prakaraNa meM vyaMjana aura visarga ina donoM saMdhiyoM kA sammilita rUpa meM vivecana kiyA hai| isake kucha sUtra vyaMjana saMdhi ke haiM tathA kucha visarga ke aura Age bar3hane para visarga saMdhi ke sUtroM ke pazcAt puna: vyaMjana saMdhi ke sUtroM para lauTa Ate haiM aura anta meM puna: visarga saMdhi kI bAteM batalAne lagate haiN| sAmAnya rUpa se dekhane para yaha eka gar3abar3ajhAlA dikhalAI par3egA, para vAstavikatA yaha hai ki hemacandra ne vyaMjana saMdhi ke samAna hI visarga saMdhi ko bhI vyaMjana saMdhi hI mAnA hai, ata: donoM kA ekajAtIya svarUpa hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai ki vyaMjana saMdhi ke prasaMga meM AvazyakatAnusAra hI visarga sandhi ke kArya kA samAveza ho jAyA karatA hai / hema visarga ko 'ra' aura 's' kA pratinidhi hI mAnate haiM / prathama adhyAya ke caturthapAda meM katipaya svarAnta aura vyaMjanAMta zabdoM kA bhI niyamana kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyAya ke prathama pAda meM avazeSa zabda rUpoM kI carcA, dvitIya pAda meM kAraka prakaraNa, tRtIya pAda meM Satva-Natva vidhAna aura caturtha pAda meM strI pratyaya prakaraNa haiM / tRtIya adhyAya ke prathama aura dvitIya pAda meM samAsa prakaraNa tathA tRtIya aura caturthapAda meM AkhyAta prakaraNa AyA hai / caturtha adhyAya ke cAroM pAdoM meM bhI AkhyAta prakaraNa kA hI niyamana kiyA gayA hai| paMcama adhyAya ke cAroM pAdoM meM kRdanta aura SaSTha tathA saptama adhyAya meM taddhita prakaraNa sanniviSTa haiN| yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki hema ne apane pUrvavartI samasta vyAkaraNazAstra kA adhyayana kara apane zabdAnuzAsana ko sarvAMgapUrNa aura advitIya banAne kA zlAghanIya prayAsa kiyA hai| aba yaha vicAra kara lenA bhI Avazyaka hai ki haima meM anya vyAkaraNoM kI apekSA kyA vaiziSTya hai| sarvaprathama pANini aura hema kI tulanA karane se jJAta hotA hai ki hema ne pANini se bahuta kucha liyA hai, para isa avadAna ko maulika aura navIna rUpa meM hI unhoMne prastuta kiyA hai| vicAra karane se avagata hotA hai ki saMskRta ke zabdAnuzAsakoM ne vibhinna prakAra se apanI-apanI saMjJAoM ke sAMketika rUpa diye haiN| yatra 54 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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tatra ekatA hone para bhI vibhinnatA pracura mAtrA meM vidyamAna hai| yahI to kAraNa hai ki jitane viziSTa vaiyAkaraNa hue, unakI racanAeM alaga-alaga vyAkaraNa ke rUpa meM abhihita huii| vivecana zailI kI vibhinnatA ke kAraNa eka hI saMskRta bhASA meM vyAkaraNa ke kaI tantra prasiddha hue| hemacandra kI sarvatra vyAvahArika pravRtti hai| inhoMne svara tathA vyaMjana vidhAna saMjJAoM kA vivecana karane ke anantara vibhakti, pada, nAma aura vAkya saMjJAoM kA vahuta hI vaijJAnika nirUpaNa kiyA hai| pANinIya vyAkaraNa meM isa prakAra ke vivecana kA aikAntika abhAva hai| pANini to vAkya kI paribhASA denA hI bhUla gae haiN| paravartI vaiyAkaraNa kAtyAyana ne saMbhAlane kA prayatna avazya kiyA hai, para inhoMne vAkya kI jo paribhASA 'ekatiGa vAkyam' dI hai, vaha bhI adhUrI hI raha gaI hai| bAda ke pANinIya tantra kAroM ne ise vyavasthita karanA cAhA hai, kintu ve bhI 'ekatiGa vAkyam' ke dAyare se dUra nahIM jA sake haiM, phalata: unakI vAkya-paribhASA sIdhA svarUpa lekara upasthita nahIM ho sakI hai aura usakI apUrNatA jyoM kI tyoM banI rahI hai| kintu hema ne vAkya kI bahuta spaSTa paribhASA dI hai ---'savizeSaNamAkhyAtaM vAkyam' 1 / 1 / 26 / 'tyAdyantaM padamAkhyAtaM sAkSAtyApAramparyeNa vA yAnyAkhyAtavizeSaNAni taiH prayujyamAnairaprayujyamAnairvA sahitaM prayujyamAnA prayujyamAnaM vA AkhyAtaM vAkyasaMjJaM bhavati / ' arthAt mUlasUtra meM savizeSaNa AkhyAta kI vAkyasaMjJA batalAI gaI hai| yahAM AkhyAta ke vizeSaNa kA artha hai avyaya, kAraka, saMjJA, vizeSaNa aura kriyAvizeSaNoM kA sAkSAt yA paramparayA rhnaa| isa sUtra ke vRttyaMza se spaSTa hai ki prayujyamAna athavA aprajyumAna vizepaNoM ke sAtha prayujyamAna athavA aprayujyamAna AkhyAta kI hI vAkya meM pradhAnatA rahatI hai| yahAM vizeSaNa zabda se kevala saMjJAvizeSaNa ko hI grahaNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai, apitu sAdhAraNata: apradhAna artha meM ise grahaNa kiyA hai / vaiyAkaraNoM kA yaha siddhAnta bhI hai ki vAkya meM AkhyAta kA artha hI pradhAna hotA hai ? hema ne apanI vAkyaparibhASA kA sambandha 'padAyugvibhaktyeka vAkye rasnasau bahutve' 211 / 21 sUtra se bhI mAnA hai / ata: pANinIya nantrakAroM kI apekSA hema kI vAkya-paribhASA adhika tarkasaMgata hai| hema ne sAta sUtroM meM avyaya maMjJA kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| isa nirUpaNa meM sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki nipAta maMjJA ko avyaya maMjJA meM hI vilIna kara liyA hai| inhoMne cAdi ko nipAta na mAnakara mIdhA avyaya mAna liyA hai| yaha saMkSiptIkaraNa kA eka laghutama prayAma hai| it pratyaya aura saMkhyAvat saMjJAoM kA vivecana bhI pUrNa hai / hema ne anunAmika kA artha vyutpattigata mAna liyA hai, ata: isake lie pRthak mUtra banAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM samajhI hai| saMjJA prakaraNa kI hema kI saMjJAeM zabdAnumArI haiM, kintu Age vAlI kArakIya maMjJAeM arthAnusArI jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 55

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haiN| pANini ke samAna hema kI saMjJAoM kA tAtparya bhI adhika se adhika zabdAvalI ko apane anuzAsana dvArA sameTanA mAlUma par3atA hai| ata: hema ne pANini aura jainendra kI apekSA kama saMjJAoM kA prayoga karake bhI kArya calA liyA hai| isa satya se koI inakAra nahIM kara sakatA ki hema ne pANinIya vyAkaraNa kA avalokana kara bhI unakI saMjJAoM ko grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai| hrasva, dIrgha aura pluta saMjJAeM pANini ne bhI likhI haiM, kintu hema ne ina saMjJAoM meM spaSTatA aura sahajabodhagamyatA lAne ke lie eka, dvi aura tri mAtrika ko kramazaH hrasva, dIrgha aura pluta kaha diyA hai / yadyapi pANini ke 'ukAlyo'jjhasvadIrghapluta:' 1 / 2 / 26 sUtra meM hema kA ukta bhAva aMkita hai, kintu hema ne ekamAtrika, dvimAtrika aura trimAtrika kahakara sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie spaSTIkaraNa kara diyA hai| hema aura pANini kI saMjJAoM meM eka maulika antara yaha hai ki hema pratyAhAroM ke jhamele meM nahIM par3e haiM, inakI saMjJAoM meM pratyAhAroM kA bilkula abhAva hai| varNamAlA ke vargoM ko lekara hI hama ne saMjJA vidhAna kiyA hai| pANini ne pratyAhAroM dvArA saMjJAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai, jisase pratyAhAra krama ko smaraNa kiye binA saMjJAoM kA arthabodha nahIM ho sakatA hai| ata: hema kA saMvidhAna pANini aura jainendra kI apekSA sarala evaM spaSTa hai / sandhi prakaraNa meM bhI hema ne lAghava ko kAyama rakhane kI pUrI ceSTA kI hai| guNa sandhi meM R ke sthAna para ar aura la ke sthAna para al kiyA hai| pANini ko isI kArya kI siddhi ke lie pRthak 'uraNaraparaH' 1 / 1 / 5 sUtra meM likhanA par3A hai| hema ne isa eka sUtra kI bacata kara lI hai| pANini ne 'eDipara rUpam' 6 / 1 / 64 sUtra dvArA pahale aho aura bAda meM e ho to para rUpa karane kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| hema ne 'voSThItau samAse' 1 / 2 / 17 dvArA luk kA niyamana kiyA hai| ataH pANini kI apekSA hema meM lAghava hai| hema ne yaha prakriyA zAkaTAyana se apanAyI pANini ne 7 / 1 / 57 ke dvArA jas ke sthAna para 'zI' hone kA vidhAna kiyA hai hema ne 1 / 4 / 6 dvArA sIdhe jas ke sthAna para 'I' kara diyA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pANini ke yahAM yadi kevala 'I kA niyamana hotA, to yaha jas ke aMtima varNa s ko bhI hone lagatA, ataeva unhoMne zakAra anubandha ko lagAnA Avazyaka samajhA aura samasta jas ke sthAna para zI kA vidhAna kiyaa| hema ke yahAM isa taraha kA kucha bhI jhamelA nahIM hai| inake yahAM jam ke sthAna para kiyA gayA 'I' kA niyamana samasta jasa ke sthAna para hotA hai| ata: yahAM hema kI lAghava daSTi hai| hema ne pANini kI taraha sarvAdi kI sarvanAma saMjJA nahIM kI, kintu sarvAdi kahakara hI kAma calAyA hai| jahAM pANini ne sarvanAma ko rokakara sarvanAma prayukta kArya ko rokA hai, vahAM hema ne sarvAdi ko sarvAdi hI nahIM mAnakara kAma calAyA hai| yaha 56 : jaina vidyA kA mAMskRtika avadAna

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bhIma kI lAghava dRSTi kA sUcaka hai / pANini ne 'Am' ko 'sAm' banAne ke lie suT kA Agama kiyA hai para hema ne 1 / 4 / 15 sUtra dvArA Am ko sIdhe sAm banAne kA anuzAsana kiyA hai / ajanta strIliMga latAyai, latAyAH aura latAyAM kI siddhi ke lie pANini ne bahuta dravir3a prANAyAma kiyA hai| unhoMne 7 / 3 / 113 sUtra se yAda kiyA hai, punaH vRddhi kI, taba latA banAyA tathA dIrgha karane para latAyA aura latAyAm kA sAdhutva siddha kiyA / para hema ne 1 / 4 / 7 dvArA sIdhe yaM, yAT aura yAm pratyaya jor3akara ukta rUpoM kA sahaja sAdhutva dikhalAyA hai| hema kI yaha prakriyA sarala aura lAghavasUcaka hai| muni zabda kI 'au' vibhakti ko pANini ne pUrva savarNa dIrgha kiyA hai| hama ne 14 / 21 sUtra dvArA ikAra ke bAda au ho to dIrgha ikAra aura kAra ke bAda au ho to dIrgha UkAra kA anuzAsana kiyA hai| hema kI yaha prakriyA bhI zabdazAstra ke vidvAnoM ke lie adhika rucikara aura AnandadAyaka hai / munI prayoga meM pANini ne 7 / 3 / 116 ke dvArA i ko u aura GI ko au kiyA hai tathA vRddhi kara dene para munau kI siddhi kI hai / kintu hema ne 1 / 4 / 25 sUtra ke dvArA GI st kiyA hai, jisase yahAM Ga kA anubandha hone se muni zabda kA ikAra svayaM hI haTa gayA hai / ataeva muni zabda ke nakAra meM rahane vAle ikAra ke sthAna para hema ko akAra karane kI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM huI / hema ne kAraka prakaraNa Arambha karate hI kAraka kI paribhASA dI hai jo inakI apanI vizeSatA hai / pANinIya tantra meM kriyA vizeSaNa ko karma banAne kA koI niyama nahIM hai / bAda ke vaiyAkaraNoM aura naiyAyikoM ne 'kriyAvizeSaNAnAM kAryatvaM' kA siddhAnta svIkAra kiyA hai| hema ne 2 / 2 / 41 sUtra meM ukta siddhAnta ko apane tantra meM saMgRhIta kara liyA hai| pANini ne 2 / 3 / 16 sUtra dvArA alaM zabda ke yoga meM caturthI kA vidhAna kiyA hai, kintu hema ne zaktyartha sabhI zabdoM ke yoga meM caturthI IT niyamana kiyA hai, isase adhika spaSTatA A gayI hai / pANini ke ukta niyama ko vyAvahArika banAne ke lie alaM zabda ko paryAptArthaka mAnanA par3atA hai anyathA 'alaM mahIpAla tava zrameNa' ityAdi vAkya vyavahRta ho jaaeNge| hema ne zaktyartha aura paryAptArthaka zabdoM ke sAdhutva ko pRthak kara diyA hai, jisase kisI bhI prakAra kA virodha nahIM AtA hai / uparyukta saMkSipta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki hama meM pANini jainendra aura zAkaTAyana kI apekSA adhika lAghava aura spaSTatA hai, para yaha bhI hameM nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki hema ne ukta tInoM vyAkaraNoM se pracura sAmagrI grahaNa kI hai| pUjyapAda aura pANini kI apekSA hema ne zAkaTAyana se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai / jainendra ke 'siddhiranekAntAt' kA prabhAva 'siddhiH syAdvAt' 1 / 1 / 2 para spaSTa hai / hama ne taddhita aura kRdanta prakaraNa meM jainendra ke mUtra jyoM ke tyoM apanAye haiM / jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 57

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zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa kI zailI kA prabhAva to hema para sarvAdhika hai| yahAM eka udAharaNa dekara ukta kathana kA spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| pANini ne 'pAramadhyeSaSThyAvA' 2 / 1 / 18, pUjyapAda ne 'pAre madhyetayAvA' 1 / 3 / 15 aura zAkaTAyana ne 'pAremadhye'ntaH SaSThyA vA' 2 / 1 / 6 sUtra likhA hai| hema ne ukta sUtra ke sthAna para 'pAremadhye'ntaH SaSThyA vA' sUtra likhA hai| uparyukta prasiddha vaiyAkaraNoM ke sUtra kI hema ke stra ke sAtha tulanA karane para avagata hotA hai ki hema ne zAkaTAyana kA sarvAdhika anukaraNa kiyA hai| ____ zAkaTAyana ke 'nanapUjArthadhvajacitre' 3 / 3 / 34 kA amoghavRtti sahita hema ne 'na nRpa pUjArthadhvajacitre' 71 / 106 meM zabdaza: anukaraNa kiyA hai| yadyapi hema ne apane pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNoM se bahuta kucha liyA hai to bhI apanI maulika pratibhA dvArA zabdAnuzAsana meM aneka navInatAeM lAne kA unakA prayAsa prazaMsya hai / hema zabdAnuzAsana kA aSTama adhyAya prAkRta bhASA kA anuzAsana karatA hai| isameM 4 pAda aura kula 1116 mUtra haiM / prathama pAda meM svara aura vyaMjana vikAra, dvitIya meM saMyukta vyaMjana vikAra, tRtIya meM sarvanAma, kAraka, kRdanta evaM caturthapAda meM dhAtvAdeza, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI tathA apabhraMza kA anuzAsana varNita hai / prAkRta bhASA kI jAnakArI ke lie isase bar3A aura sarvAMgapUrNa vyAkaraNa aura koI nahIM hai| pANini ne jisa prakAra vaidika saMskRta aura laukika saMskRta bhASA kA anuzAsana kiyA, usI prakAra hema ne laukika saMskRta tathA usakI nikaTavartI prAkRta kA niyamana upasthita kiyaa| bhASA ke tattvoM kI jAnakArI hema kI adbhuta hai / haimazabdAnuzAsana itanA pUrNa hai ki isa vyAkaraNa ke akele adhyayana se hI lokapracalita sabhI purAtana bhAratIya bhASAoM kI yatheSTa jAnakArI ho sakatI hai| yaha gujarAta kA vyAkaraNa kahalAtA hai / haimazabdAnuzAsana para nimna TIkAeM upalabdha haiM-- nAma kartA saMvat laghunyAsa hemacandra ke ziSya rAmacandra gaNi hemacandra kAlIna laghunyAsa dharmaghoSa nyAsoddhAra kanakaprabha hemalaghuvRtti kAkAla kAyastha hemacandra ke samakAlIna haimavRhadvRttiDhuMDhikA saubhAgyasAgara 1561 haimaDhuMDhikAvRtti udaya saubhAgya haimalaghuvRttiDhuMDhikA munizekhara hemaavacUri dhanacandra 58 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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nAma kartA saMvata 1561 prAkRta dIpikA prAkRta avacUri haima caturthapAdavRtti haima vyAkaraNa dIpikA hama vyAkaraNa avacUri haima durgapada prabodha haimakAraka succaya haimavRtti dvitIya haraprabha hariprabha mUri hRdaya saubhAgya jinasAgara ratnazekhara jJAnavimala ziSyavallabha zrI prabhamUri 1661 1280 haima vyAkaraNa se sambaddha anya grantha guNa ratna liMgAnuzAsana vRtti jayAnanda dhAtupATha (svaravarNAnukrama) puNyasundara kriyAratna samuccaya 1466 haimavibhramasUtra guNacandra haimavibhrama vRtti jinaprabha haima laghunyAsa prazasti avacUri udayacandra nyAyamaMjUSAnyAsa hemahaMsa nyAyamaMjUSA 1515 syAdi zabda samuccaya amaracandra haimakaumudI meghavijaya 1758 zabdacandrikA 1761 haimaprakriyA mahendra sutavIramI haimalaghuprakriyA vinaya vijaya-tapAgaccha ke AcArya bhikkhuvyAkaraNa adhunAtana kAla kaumudI adhunAtana ina prasiddha tIna mahAvyAkaraNoM ke atirikta kAtaMtra, yazobhadra kRta jainavyAkaraNa, Arya vrajasvAmI kRta jaina vyAkaraNa, bhUtavalI jaina vyAkaraNa, zrIdatta kRta jaina vyAkaraNa, prabhAcaMdra kRta jaina vyAkaraNa evaM mihanaMdI kRta jaina vyAkaraNa ke nAmoM kI sUcanA milatI hai / / kAtaMtra ke mUla sUtroM ke racayitA ke maMbaMdha meM vivAda hai, para itanA satya hai ki kAtaMtra rUpamAlA ke racayitA bhAvasena traivedya haiN| yaha vyAkaraNa mAhitya ke jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 56

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mahAn vidvAna the| kAtaMtra kA pracAra prAcIna kAla meM bahuta thaa| saMskRta bhASA ko saralatA ke sAtha sIkhane meM yaha vyAkaraNa bahuta sahAyaka hai| kAtaMtra meM saMjJAoM kA koI svataMtra prakaraNa nahIM hai, saMdhi-prakaraNa ke pahale pAda meM prAya: sabhI pramukha saMjJAoM kA ullekha kara diyA gayA hai| isa vyAkaraNa kI 'siddho varNa samAmnAya:' yaha prathama sUtrIya ghoSaNA atyaMta gaMbhIra hai| isa sUtra dvArA varNoM kI nityatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| isameM pratyAhAra kA jhamelA nahIM hai| saMdhi, zabda, vibhaktyartha, strI-pratyaya, samAsa, tiDanta, kRdaMta aura taddhita--- sabhI prakaraNa isa vyAkaraNa meM haiN| kAtaMtra ke tiDanta prakaraNa meM kAlavAcI kriyAoM kA nAmakaraNa, vartamAnA, parokSA, saptamI, paMcamI, zastanI, aghatanI, AzI:, zvastanI, bhaviSyaMti aura kiyAtipatti ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| jainendra aura zAkaTAyana meM lakAroM kA nirUpaNa hai, kiMtu hemacaMdra ne apane zabdAnuzAsana meM kAtantra sammata kAlavAcI kriyAoM ko sthAna diyA hai| kAtantra vyAkaraNa ke paThana-pAThana kA pracAra jaina-sampradAya meM bahuta adhika rahA hai| isakIeka pramukha vizeSatA virAma meM anusvAra kA honA bhI hai| svargIya paM0 pannAlAla vAkalIvAla ne isI vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para 'bAlabodha' nAmaka ati sarala vyAkaraNa likhA hai| kAtantra para sakalakItti dvitIya kRta kAtantra rUpamAlA laghuvRtti, durgasiMha kRta kAtantra vyAkaraNa kI vRtti aura ravivarmAcArya kRta kAtantra vyAkaraNa kI vRtti upalabdha haiM / varddhamAna kavi kI 'kAtantra vistAra' nAma kI TIkA bhI upalabdha hai|" isa TIkA meM sUtroM kI vyAkhyA ke sAtha aneka navIna udAharaNa bhI sammilita kie gae haiN| isameM kaI udAharaNa kAzikA vRtti ke haiN| kAtantra ke racayitA kA nAma sarvavarmA hone se vidvAn inake jaina hone meM sandeha karate haiN| parantu inake prathama sUtra kA siddha' pada se prArambha honA, inake adhikAMza TIkAkAroM kA jaina honA aura jaina samAja meM isa vyAkaraNa kA vizeSa pracAra honA Adi tathya inake jaina hone kI pratIti utpanna karAye binA nahIM rahate / isa vyAkaraNa ke vizeSa adhyayana se yaha bAta aura bhI puSTa hotI hai| phuTakara srotoM se prApta sUcanA ke AdhAra para nimna jaina vyAkaraNa graMthoM kI jAnakArI aura bhI prApta hotI hai| pAMDava purANa kI prazasti se avagata hotA hai ki 1224 sUtra pramANa ciMtAmaNi' nAma kA zabdAnuzAsana AcArya zubhacandra ne likhA thaa| yaha tIna adhyAyoM meM vibhakta thA tathA pratyeka adhyAya meM cAra pAda the| isa graMtha para dvitIya samantabhadra ne 'ciMtAmaNi' vyAkaraNa-TippaNa bhI likhA hai / grantha-pramANa ke anusAra yaha vyAkaraNa upayogI hai| yaha prAkRta bhASA kA anuzAsana karatA hai| kannar3a bhASA kA vyAkaraNa saMskRta bhASA meM akalaMka devabhaTTa ne likhA hai| isa vyAkaraNa kA nAma 'zabdAnuzAsana' hai| kannar3a bhASA aura sAhitya ke vidvAnoM meM isa graMtha kA bar3A sammAna hai| Aja bhI yaha vyAkaraNa apanI upayogitA ke 60 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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kAraNa lokapriya hai / jainAcAryoM ne kannar3a kA vyAkaraNa kannar3a bhASA meM bhI likhA hai / kannar3a sAhitya aura kannar3a vyAkaraNa ko samRddhazAlI banAne kA zreya jainAcAryoM ko hI hai / bhAvasena kA manoramA vyAkaraNa, kezavarAja kA zabdamaNi vyAkaraNa, tapAgaccha ke AcArya rAjavijayasUri ke ziSya dAnavijaya kA zabda-bhUSaNa, malayagiri kA zabdAnuzAsana, durgasiMha kA zabdAnuzAsana, tapAgaccha ke AcArya vijayanandi ke ziSya hemahaMsa vijaya kA 'zabdArthaka candrikA' vyAkaraNa prabhRti jaina vyAkaraNa sAhitya kI amUlya nidhiyAM haiM / pUrNa taliyAgaccha ke AcArya devananda kI siddha sArasvata TIkA tathA kharatara gacchIya hemacandra upAdhyAya ke ziSya sahajakIrti kA siddha zabdArNava, puNyasundara kA svaravarNAnukrama dhAtupATha, dhanaratna ke ziSya nayasundara kA rUparatnamAlA, kalyANasAgara sUri kA liMga nirNaya, zavarasvAmI kA liMgAnuzAsana, durgasiMha kA liMgAnuzAsana tathA jayanandasUri kA liMgAnuzAsanodvAra bhI vyAkaraNa-saMbaMdhI grantha hai / arhanandI ke ziSya trivikrama kA prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / isakA AdhAra hemacandra kA prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana hI hai / ina vyAkaraNa-graMthoM ke atirikta jainAcAryoM ne sArasvata vyAkaraNa para kaI TIkAeM likhI haiM / kucha vidvAn to ajitasena ke ziSya narendrasena ko hI isa vyAkaraNa kA racayitA mAnate haiM / yudhiSThira mImAMsaka ne bhI apane vyAkaraNa sAhitya ke itihAsa meM isa ora saMketa kiyA hai| hameM lagatA hai ki isI kAraNa isa para aneka TIkAeM jainAcAryoM dvArA nirmita huI haiN| nAgapurIya tapAgaccha ke AcArya candrakIrti kI saM0 1664 meM likhI gaI isa vyAkaraNa kI prasiddha TIkA hai / jaina vyAkaraNa-sAhitya kI upalabdhiyAM 1. zabda kI anekAMtAtmakatA - aneka dharmAtmaka hone ke kAraNa syAdvAda ke dvArA zabdoM kI siddhi para jora diyA hai| jainetara vaiyAkaraNa zabda meM vAcya vAcaka saMbaMdha ko mAnakara bhI donoM ko svatantra mAnate haiM / vAcaka ke rUpa meM parivartana ho jAne para bhI vAcya ke rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM mAnate / para jaina zAbdikoM kA mata hai ki vAcaka meM liMga, saMkhyA Adi kA jo parivartana hotA hai, vaha svatantra nahIM hai, kiMtu ananta dharmAtmaka bAhya vastu ke adhIna hai arthAt jina dharmoM se viziSTa vAcaka kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, ve saba dharma-vAcya meM rahate haiM / 2. vaidika zabdoM kA anuzAsana karane vAle pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke paMje se chur3Akara laukika bhASA ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa meM adhika-se-adhika yogadAna dene vAle zabdAnuzAsanoM kA nirmANa kara gatizIla bhASA ko sthira yA mRta na banAkara usakI gatizIlatA meM sahAyaka haiM / jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 61

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3. pANinIya tantroM kA manthana kara sArabhUta ratnoM ko upasthita kiyA, jisase adhyetAoM ke samaya aura zrama kI bacata huI / 4. udAharaNoM meM una aitihAsika prayogoM aura sthAnoM ke nAmoM ko surakSita rakhA, jinase Aja bhI deza ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ke nirmANa meM paryApta sahAyatA milatI hai tathA itihAsa kI aneka gutthiyAM sulajha sakatI haiM / 5. una sAmpradAyika zabdoM kA sAdhutva pratipAdana kiyA, jinakI avahelanA anya sampradAya vAle vaiyAkaraNa karate A rahe the / 6. udAharaNoM meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM, jaina rAjAoM, jaina mahApuruSoM aura jainagraMthakAroM ke nAma sanniviSTa kiye tathA ukta zabdoM kI vyatpattiyAM batalAyIM / 7. zabdoM meM svAbhAvika rUpa se ananta zaktiyAM svIkAra kIM, phalataH ekazeSa kA tyAgakara aneka zeSa kA nirUpaNa kiyA / yataH jainetara vaiyAkaraNoM ke anusAra eka zabda eka hI vyakti kA kathana karatA hai / ata: bahuta-se vyaktiyoM kA bodha karanA ho to bahuta-se zabdoM kA prayoga karake 'sarUpANAmeka zeSa eka vibhaktau' 1 / 2 / 64 sUtra ke anusAra eka zeSa kiyA jAtA hai| bahuvacana meM eka rUpa ke zeSa rahane para bahubacana bodhaka pratyaya lagAkara bahuvacana zabda banA liye jAte haiM / ataeva vyakti aura jAti ke svatantra rUpa se pRthak hone ke kAraNa eka zeSa Avazyaka hai / jaina vaiyAkaraNa zabda ko aneka dharmAtmaka mAnate haiM, ataH eka hI zabda paristhiti vizeSa meM vizeSaNa, vizeSya, pulliMga, strIliMga, kartA, karma, karaNa Adi rUpoM meM parivartita hotA rahatA hai| isI kAraNa zabda ananta dharmAtmaka vastu kA vAcaka hai / usakA vAcya na kevala vyakti hai aura na jAti, kiMtu jAti vyaktyAtmaka yA sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka vastu hI vAcya hai / ata: eka zeSa mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM / ata: zabda svabhAva se hI eka, do yA bahuta vyaktiyoM kA kathana karatA hai / 8. jaina zabdAnuzAsanoM ke paMcAMgapUrNa hone ke kAraNa anuzAsana meM lAghava aura spaSTatA / 6. varNita viSaya ke krama-vivecana kI maulikatA / 10. vikAroM ke utsarga aura apavAda mArgoM kA nirUpaNa / 11. viSaya - vivecana meM vaijJAnikatA aura maulikatA kA sanniveza / 12. grantha- zailI kI mahanIyatA / 13. saMskRta bhASA meM jaina zabdAnuzAsanoM kA praNayana usa samaya huA, jaba pANinIya vyAkaraNa kA sAMgopAMga vivecana ho cukA thaa| itanA hI nahIM, balki usake AdhAra para kAtyAyana tathA pataMjali - jaise viziSTa vaiyAkaraNoM ne saiddhAMtika gaveSaNAeM prastuta kara dI thiiN| isa prakAra jaina vaiyAkaraNoM ke samakSa pANini kI anupalabdhiyAM aura abhAva pUrtiyAM bhI vartamAna thIM / phalataH jaina AcAryoM ne una 62 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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sArI sAmagriyoM kA upayoga kara apane zabdAnuzAsanoM ko pUrNa evaM samayAnukUla bnaayaa| 14. pANinIya tantrakAroM ne zabdoM kA anuzAsana karate samaya pratyayoM, AdezoM tathA Agama Adi meM jo anubandha lagAye haiM, unakA sambandha vaidika svara prakriyA ke sAtha bhI juTAe rakhA hai jisake kAraNa zreNya saMskRta bhASA sambandhI anuzAsana ko samajhane meM kleza A jAtA hai| jaina vaiyAkaraNoM ne unhIM anubandhoM ko grahIta kiyA hai, jinakA prayojana tatkAla siddha hotA hai / ataH spaSTa hai ki pANinIya tantra meM bhale hI sAtha-hI-sAtha vaidika bhASA kA bhI anuzAsana hotA gayA, kiMtu zreNya saMskRta kA subodha anuzAsana jaina vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA hI huaa| 15. jainAcAryoM ne samayAnusAriNI anuzAsana vyavasthA ko apanAyA, phalata: unake niyamoM meM saralatA, saMkSiptatA aura vaijJAnikatA vidyamAna hai| 16. saMskRta bhASA ke anuzAsana ke sAtha prAkRta bhASA kA anuzAsaka bhI likhA gyaa| 17. vAkya-vicAra, rUpa-vicAra, sambandha tattva aura artha tattva kA vizleSaNa, dhvanitattva, dhvani-parivartana ke kAraNa, varNAgama, varNalopa, varNa-viparyaya, apizruti, svarabhakti samIkaraNa evaM viSamIkaraNa sambandhI bhASA-vijJAna ke niyamoM kA pratipAdana / 18. zabda ke kathaMcit nityatva aura kathaMcit anityatva kI maulika udbhaavnaaeN| 19, bhASA ke vizAla aura virATa bhaMDAra kA darzana / 20. purAtana aura nUtana niyamoM kA samanvaya 21. prAcIna gaNapATha, zikSAsUtra, paribhASAoM evaM sUtrapATha kI paramparAoM kA sNrkssnn| saMdarbha-tAlikA 1. bopadeva dvArA viracita mugdhabodha / 2. premI abhinandana graMtha ke antargata 'pAiya sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana' zIrSaka nivandha, pR0 416 tathA 'pAiya bhASAo ane sAhitya', pR0 55 / 3. yazastilaka campU kI zrutasAgara mUri TIkA meM 'prAkRta-vyAkaraNA dyanekazAstra racanA caMcunA' yaha ullekha AyA hai tathA SaTpAhuDa kI saMskRta TIkA meM prAkRta sUtrArtha uddhRta kiye haiN| jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 63

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4. dekheM -- jainendra mahAvRtti kI DaoN0 vasudevazaraNa agravAla dvArA likhita bhUmikA, pR0 7 / 5. dekheM - jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa ke antargata 'devanandi kA jainendra vyAkaraNa' zIrSaka nibandha, pR0 27 / 6. uparyukta graMtha pR0 28-30 / 7. jainendra mahAvRtti kA 'jainendra zabdAnuzAsana aura usake mibandha', pR0 43, 44 tathA 'sTrakcara oNpha di aSTAdhyAyI', bhUmikA pR0 13 / 8. jaineMdra mahAvRtti prastAvanA bhAga, pR0 47-48 / 6. sUtrastambhasamuddhRtaM pravilasan nyAsorUratnakSiti, zrImadvRttika pATa saMpuTayutaM bhASyo'tha zayyAtalam / TIkA mAlamihArUkSuracitaM jainendra zabdA gama, prAsAdaM pRthu paMcavastukamidaM sopAnamArohatAt || antima padya / 10. zrI pUjyapAdamamalaM guNanandidevaM somAmabratipapUjitapAdayugmam / siddhaM samunnatapadaM vRSabhaM jinendra sacchabdalakSaNa mahaM vinamAmi vIram / / ( maMgalAcaraNa citra candrikA) tathA nandi kI prazaMsA curAdi dhAtupATha ke anta meM - 'zabdabrahmA sa jIyAdguNanidhi guNanandivra tI zassusaukhyaH' zabda brahmA vizeSaNa dekara kI gaI hai / 11. sisTama oNpha saMskRta grAmara - pairAgrApha 30 / 12. vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekheM -- jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 165 166 / 13.-14. zAkaTAyanIya sUtra ke antima padya / 15. hitaiSiNAM yasya nRNAmudAttavAcA nibaddhA hita rUpasiddhi: / vanyodayApAla: muni sa vAcA siddhassatAmmUrddhini yaH prabhAvaH / / zravaNabelagola kA 54 vAM zilAlekha | 16. dekheM - paM0 gurupada hAladAra kRta 'vyAkaraNa darzanera itihAsa' pR0 448 / 17. akArAdiha sImAnaM, varNAmnAya vitanvatA / RSameNArhatAdyena svnaamaakhyaatm| ditaH // yatrArhapadasaMdarbhAd varNAmnAya : pratiSThitaH / tasmai kaumArazabdAnuzAsanAya namonamaH // brAhmA kumAryA prathamaM sarasvatyApyadhitiSThitam / arha padaM saMsmarantyA tat kaumAramadhIyate // kumAryA api bhAratyA aMganyAsepyayaM kramaH / akArAdiha paryantastataH kaumAramityadaH / - kAtantra rUpamAlA ke antima zloka 64 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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18. bhAvasena trividyena vaadiprvtvjrinaa| kRtAyAM rUpamAlAyAM kRdantaH paryapUryata / / mandabuddhi prabodhArthI, bhAvasenamunIzvaraH / kAtantrarUpamAlAkhyAM, vRtti vyarazcatsudhIH / / -rUpamAlA ke antima padya / 16. dekheM-prazasti saMgraha, pR0 199-200 / jainAcAryoM kA vyAkaraNazAstra ko yogadAna : 65

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jaina Ayurveda sAhitya : eka mUlyAMkana rAjendraprakAza A0 bhaTanAgara bhAratIya saMskRti meM cikitsA kA kArya atyaMta mahattvapUrNa aura pratiSThita mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki prasiddha AyurvedIya graMtha 'caraka saMhitA' meM likhA hai-"na hi jIvitadvAnAddhi dAnamanyaviziSyate" (ca0 ci0 a0 1, pA0 4, zlo0 61) / arthAt jIvanadAna se bar3hakara anya koI dAna nahIM hai| cikitsA se kahIM dharma, kahIM artha (dhana), kahIM maitrI, kahIM yaza aura kahIM kArya kA abhyAsa hI prApta hotA hai, ataH cikitsA kabhI niSphala nahIM hotii| 'kvaciddharmaH kyacidarthaH kvacinmaitrI kvacidyazaH / karmAbhyAsa: kvaciccaiva cikitsA nAsti nissphlaa|" ataeva pratyeka dharma ke AcAryoM aura upadezakoM ne cikitsA dvArA loka-prabhAva sthApita karanA upayukta smjhaa| bauddhadharma ke pravartaka bhagavAn buddha ko 'bhaiSajyaguru' kA vizeSaNa prApta thaa| isI bhAMti, jaina AcAryoM ne bhI cikitsAkArya ko dhArmika zikSA aura nityanaimityika kAryoM ke sAtha pradhAnatA pradAna kii| dharma ke sAdhanabhUta zarIra ko svastha rakhanA aura rogI hone para rogamukta karanA Avazyaka hai| adyAvadhi pracalita 'upAzraya' (upAsarA) praNAlI meM jahAM jaina yati-muni sAmAnya vidyAoM kI zikSA dharmAcaraNa kA upadeza aura paramparAoM kA mArgadarzana karate rahe haiM, vahIM ve upAzrayoM ko cikitsA kedroM ke rUpa meM samAja meM pratiSThApita karAne meM bhI saphala hue the| ___ isa prakAra sAmAnyatayA vaidyakavidyA ko sIkhanA aura niHzulka samAja kI sevA karanA jaina yati-muniyoM ke dainika jIvana kA aMga bana gayA thA, jisakA saphalatApUrvaka nirvAha bhI unhoMne elopaithika cikitsA-praNAlI ke pracAra-prasAra paryanta yathAvat kiyA hai, paraMtu isa navIna cikitsA-praNAlI ke prasAra se unake isa lokahitakara kArya kA prAya: lopa hotA jA rahA hai| yahI kAraNa rahA ki jaina AcAryoM aura yati-muniyoM dvArA aneka vaidyaka graMthoM 66 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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kA praNayana hotA rahA hai| yaha nizcita hai ki jaina vidvAnoM dvArA vaidyaka karma aMgIkAra kiye jAne para cikitsA meM nimna do prabhAva spaSTatayA parilakSita hue 1. ahiMsAvAdI jainoM ne zavacchedana praNAlI aura zalyacikitsA ko hiMsaka kArya mAnakara cikitsA-kArya se unheM apracalita kara diyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa hamArA zArIra saMbaMdhI jJAna zanaiH-zanaiH kSINa hotA gayA aura zalyacikitsA kA hrAsa ho gyaa| unakA yaha pUrNaniSedha bhAratIya zalyacikitsA kI avanati kA eka mahattvapUrNa kAraNa bnaa| 2. jahAM eka ora jaina vidvAnoM ne zalyacikitsA kA niSedha kiyA, vahAM dUsarI ora unhoMne rasayogoM (pArada se nirmita va dhAtuyukta va bhasmeM) aura siddhayogoM kA bAhulyena upayoga karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| esa samaya aisA AyA jaba saba rogoM kI cikitsA siddhayogoM dvArA hI kI jAne lgii| jaisA ki Ajakala ailopaithika cikitsA meM saba rogoM ke lie peTeNTayoga prayukta kiye jA rahe haiN| navIna siddhayoga aura rasayoga bhI pracalita hue| 3. bhAratIya dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para roga-nidAna ke lie nAr3I-parIkSA, mUtra-parIkSA Adi ko bhI jaina vaidyoM ne prazraya diyaa| yaha unake dvArA ina viSayoM para nirmita aneka graMthoM se jJAta hotA hai| 4. auSadhi-cikitsA meM mAMsa aura mAMsa rasa ke yoga jaina vaidyoM dvArA niSiddha kara diye gaye / madyoM (surAoM) kA prayoga bhI vajita ho gyaa| madhu (zahada) kA prayoga bhI ahiMsAtmaka dhAraNA ke kAraNa upayukta nahIM mAnA gyaa| 'kalyANakAraka' nAmaka jaina-vaidyaka graMtha meM to mAMsa ke niSedha kI yukti-yukta vivecanA kI gaI hai| 5. isa prakAra kevala vAnaspatika aura khanija dravyoM se nirmita yogoM kA jaina-AyurvedajJoM dvArA cikitsA-kArya meM vizeSa rUpa se pracalana kiyA gyaa| yaha Aja bhI sAmAnya cikitsA jagat meM vyavahAra meM parilakSita hotA hai| 6. siddhayoga cikitsA (svAnubhUta viziSTa yogoM dvArA cikitsA) pracalita hone se jaina vaidyaka meM tridoSavAda aura paMcabhUtavAda ke gaMbhIra tattvoM ko samajhane aura unakA rogoM se va cikitsA se saMbaMdha sthApita karane kI mahAn aura gar3ha Ayurveda-praNAlI kA hrAsa hotA gayA aura kevala lAkSaNika cikitsA hI adhika vikasita hotI gii| 7. jaina vaidyaka graMtha adhikAMza meM prAdezika bhASAoM meM racita upalabdha hote haiM; phira bhI, saMskRta meM viracita jaina vaidyaka graMthoM kI saMkhyA nyUna nahIM hai| aneka jaina vaidyoM ke cikitsA aura yogoM se saMbaMdhita 'guTake' (paramparAgata nusakhoM ke saMgraha, jinheM 'AmnAya graMtha' kahate haiM) bhI milate haiM, jinakA anubhUta prayogAvalI ke rUpa meM avazya hI bahuta mahattva hai| jaina Ayurveda sAhitya : eka mUlyAMkana : 67

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jainAcAryoM ne svAnubhUta evaM prAyogika pratyakSIkRta prayogoM aura sAdhanoM dvArA roga-mukti ke upAya batAye haiN| zArIrika aura mAnasika svAsthya ke lie parIkSaNoparAMta saphala siddha hue prayogoM va upAyoM ko unhoMne lipivaddha kara diyaa| jaina dharma ke zvetAMbara aura digaMbara--donoM hI saMpradAyoM ke AcAryoM ne isa kArya meM mahAn yogadAna kiyA hai| 8. jainAcAryoM ne apane dhArmika siddhAMtAnusAra hI mukhya rUpa se cikitsAzAstra kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / jaise, rAtri-bhojana-niSedha, madya-madhu-mAMsa kA varjana Adi / ahiMsA kA ApatkAla meM bhI pUrNa vicAra rakhA hai| isakA yahI ekamAtra kAraNa hai ki, manuSya jIvana kA aMtima lakSya pAramArthika svAsthya prApta kara mokSa prApta karanA hai| 9. zarIra ko svastha, hRSTa-puSTa aura niroga rakhakara na kevala aihika bhoga (indriyasukha) bhoganA hI aMtima lakSya nahIM hai, apitu zArIrika svAsthya ke mAdhyama se Atmika svAsthya va sukha prApta karanA hI jainAcAryoM kA pradhAna uddezya thaa| isake lie unhoMne bhakSyAbhakSya, sekAseka Adi padArthoM kA upadeza diyA hai| jaina vidvAnoM dvArA mukhyatayA nimna saMtaloM para vaidyaka graMthoM kA praNayana huaa| 1. jaina yati-muniyoM dvArA aicchika rUpa se grNth-prnnyn| 2. jaina yati-muniyoM dvArA kisI rAjA athavA samAja ke pratiSThita aura dhanI zreSThI puruSa kI preraNA yA AjJA se graMtha-praNayana / 3. svataMtra jaina vidvAnoM aura vaidyoM dvArA graMtha-praNayana / jaina-vaidyaka graMthoM ke apane sarvekSaNa se maiM jisa niSkarSa para pahuMcA haM, usake nimna tIna pahalU haiM 1. jaina vidvAnoM dvArA nirmita vaidyaka sAhitya adhikAMza meM madhyayuga (I0 san sAtavIM zatI se unnIsavIM zatI taka) meM nirmita huA hai| 2. upalabdha saMpUrNa vaidyaka sAhitya se tulanA kareM to jainoM dvArA nirmita sAhitya usake eka tRtIyAMza se bhI adhika hai| 3. adhikAMza jaina vaidyaka graMthoM kA praNayana pazcimI bhArata ke kSetroM, jaise paMjAba, rAjasthAna, gujarAta, kaccha, saurASTra aura karNATaka meM huA hai| kucha mAne meM, rAjasthAna ko isa saMdarbha meM agraNI hone kA gaurava va zreya prApta hai| rAjasthAna meM nirmita aneka jaina-vaidyaka graMthoM, jaise vaidyavallabha (hastiruci kRta), yogacitAmaNi (harSakItisUri kRta) Adi kA vaidya jagat meM bAhulyena pracAra-prasAra rahA hai| sAMskRtika dRSTi se jaina vidvAnoM aura yati-muniyoM dvArA cikitsA-kArya aura cikitsA-graMtha praNayana dvArA tathA aneka udAramanA jaina zreSThiyoM dvArA vibhinna sthAnoM para dharmArtha (niHzulka) cikitsAlaya va auSadhazAlAeM yA puNyazAlAeM 68 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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sthApita kara bhAratIya samAja ko sahayoga prApta hotA rahA hai| nizcita hI, yaha dena mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai / jaina - Ayurveda ' prANAvAya' jaina AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita Ayurveda yA cikitsAzAstra ko 'prANAvAya' kahate haiN| jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI vANI ko viSayAnusAra sthUla rUpa se bAraha bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai, inheM jaina Agama meM 'dvAdazAMga' kahate haiM / inameM aMtima aMga 'dRSTivAda' kahalAtA hai / dRSTivAda ke pAMca bheda haiM- pUrva mata, sUtra, prathamAnuyoga, parikarma aura cUlikA | pUrva ke punaH caudaha prakAra haiN| inameM bArahaveM pUrva kA nAma 'prANAvAya' hai / kAyacikitsA Adi ATha aMgoM meM saMpUrNa Ayurveda kA pratipAdana, bhUta-zAMti ke upAya, viSacikitsA aura prANa apAna Adi vAyuoM ke zarIra dhAraNa karane kI dRSTi se karma ke vibhAjana kA jisameM varNana ho, use 'prANAvAya' kahate haiM / " "kAyacikitsAdyaSTAMga AyurvedaH bhUtikarmajAMguliprakramaH / prANApAnivibhAgo'pi yatra vistareNa varNitastat prANAvAyam / / " (tattvArtha rAjavArtika a0 1 sU020 ) isa pUrva meM manuSya ke AbhyaMtara- mAnasika aura AdhyAtmika tathA vAhya zArIrika svAsthya ke upAyoM jaise yama-niyama, AhAra-vihAra aura auSadhiyoM kA vivecana hai / sAtha hI daivika, bhautika, Adhibhautika, janapadadhvaMsI rogoM kI cikitsA vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / 'prANAvAya' kI paramparA digaMbarAcArya ugAditya ne apane prasiddha vaidyaka graMtha 'kalyANakAraka' ke prathama pariccheda ke prAraMbhika bhAga meM 'prANAvAya' ke isa bhUloka para avataraNa aura paraMparA kA varNana kiyA hai / bhUloka meM manuSyoM ko rogoM se pIr3ita dekhakara bharata cakravartI Adi mukhya janoM ne AdinAtha ke samavasaraNa meM upasthita hokara rogarUpI duHkha se chuTakArA pAne ke upAya puuche| taba bhagavAna AdinAtha ne puruSa, roga, auSadhi aura kAla - -isa prakAra samasta vaidyaka jJAna ko cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTate hue, ina cAroM vastuoM 'vastucatuSTaya' ke lakSaNa, bheda-prabheda Adi saMpUrNa viSaya ko maMkSepa se varNana kiyA / isa prakAra isa jJAna ko prathama gaNadharoM aura prati gaNadharoM ne prApta kiyA; unase zrutikevaliyoM ne aura unase, bAda meM, anya muniyoM ne kramazaH prApta kiyA / isI paraMparA kA nirvAha karate hue ugrAditya ne 'kalyANakAraka' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI / jaina Ayurveda sAhitya : eka mUlyAMkana : 66

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'prANAvAya' sAhitya 'prANAvAya' saMbaMdhI prAcIna sAhitya vartamAna meM upalabdha nahIM hai| jo kucha graMtha milate haiM, ve bahuta bAda ke haiM aura unameM prANAvAya saMjJaka AgamAMga kA varNana nahIM miltaa| kevala eka graMtha upalabdha hai, jo dakSiNa (karNATaka ) meM prApta huA hai, usameM 'prANAvAya' kI paraMparA nirdiSTa hai| vaha graMtha bhI bahuta prAcIna (I0 AThavIM zatI) hai| usakA nAma 'kalyANakAraka' hai / vaha saMskRta padyoM meM racA gayA hai aura racanAkAra kA nAma AcArya ugrAditya hai| . ugrAditya ne kalyANakAraka ke lie AdhArabhUta katipaya graMthoM aura unake graMthakAroM kA nAmataH parigaNana karAyA hai| paraMtu ye sabhI graMtha aba anupalabdha haiN| vAstava meM ye bahuta prAcIna the aura prANAvAya ke mukhya pratipAdaka the| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Ayurveda ke ATha aMgoM para usa samaya prANAvAya-paraMparA ke aMtargata pRthakpRthak aMga kI viziSTa kRtiyAM nirmita ho cukI thiiN| jaise, ugrAditya ke anusAra--- "pUjyapAda ne zAlAkya saMbaMdhI, pAtra svAmI ne zalyataMtra para, siddhasena ne vipa aura ugra graha zamana-vidhi para, dazaratha guru ne kAyacikitsA para, meghanAda ne bAla-rogoM para aura siMhanAda ne rasAyana va balavardhaka dravyoM (vAjIkaraNa) para graMtha-racanA kI thii|" __ Ayurveda meM bhI isI prakAra pRthak-pRthak aMga para vibhinna taMtragraMthoM ke praNayana kA ullekha milatA hai, jo uparyukta prANAvAya-sAhitya paraMparA ke samAna hI thaa| bAda meM samaMtabhadra ne AThoM aMgoM kI viSaya sAmagrI ko ekatra aura sunibaMdhita kara aSTAMga Ayurveda saMbaMdhI kisI mahAn graMtha kI racanA kii| yahI prANAvAya ke adhyayana-adhyApana ke lie madhyayuga meM eka mukhya srota banA rahA ho, kyoMki ugrAditya ne apane guru zrI naMdI se isI kA adhyayana kara isI ke AdhAra para saMkSepa se 'kalyANakAraka' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI thii| samaMtabhadra kI vaha mahattvapUrNa racanA aba anupalabdha hai| Ayurveda meM bhI samaMtabhadra jaisA hI kArya vAgbhaTa ne 'aSTAMgasaMgraha' aura 'aSTAMgahRdaya' nAmaka graMthoM kI racanA karake kiyA thaa| vAgbhaTa ne ATha aMgoM ke vibhinna 1. "zAlAkyaM pUjyapAdaprakaTitamadhikaM zalyataMtraM ca pAtrasvAmiproktaM viSogragrahazamanavidhiH siddhasenaiH prasiddhaH / kAye yA sA cikitsA dazarathagurubhirmeghanAdaiH zizUnAM vaidyaM vRSyaM ca divyAmRtamapi kathitaM siMhanAdarmunIndraH // " (ka0 kA0, pa0 20, zloka 85) 2. "aSTAMgamapyakhilamantra samaMtabhadraH proktaM savistaramatho vibhavaH vizeSAt / saMkSepato nigaditaM tadihAtmazaktyA kalyANakArakamazeSapadArthayuktam // " (ka0 kA0, pa0 20, zlo0 86) 70 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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taMtragraMthoM se upayogI sAmagrI ekatrita kara aSTAMgaparaka ina do graMthoM kI racanA kI thI / 'prANAvAya' kI paramparA ugrAditya ke bAda kisa prakAra calatI rahI, yaha aba jJAta nahIM hai / kyoMki bAda ke kisI graMtha meM prANAvAya kI paramparA kA digdarzana mAtra bhI nahIM milatA / phira bhI vaidyaka saMbaMdhI graMtha racanA pracura mAtrA meM hotI hai aura jaina vidvAnoM va yati-muniyoM ne isameM apUrva yogadAna kiyA / phira bhI isakA uddezya cikitsA - kArya thA, na ki prANAvAya sAhitya kA samupabRMhaNa karanA / ina graMthoM meM pratipAdita viSaya Ayurveda ko sarvasAmAnya va pracalita siddhAMta aura cikitsA prayoga hI hai / prANAvAya saMbaMdhI jo vaiziSTya aura bhinnatA 'kalyANakAraka' meM dekhane ko milatI hai, vaha ina paravartI jaina vaidyaka-graMthoM meM parilakSita nahIM hotI / ata: inheM 'prANAvAya' kI saMpUrti karane se graMtha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / jaina vaidyaka-graMtha jaisAki maiMne Upara saMketa kiyA hai, jaina 'prANAvAya' saMbaMdhI sAhitya bahuta prAcInakAla se hI nirmita hone laga gayA thaa| saMbhavataH IsavIya prathama zatAbdI yA usase kucha samaya pUrva se hI isa tathya ke saMketa milate haiM / paraMtu uttarI bhArata se ina graMthoM kA sarvathA lopa ho gayA aura dakSiNa meM ve pracalita rhe| isake mukhya kAraNa yahI ho sakate haiM ki uttarI bhArata ko bAhya videzI AkramaNoM se aneka vAra niraMtara padAkrAMta honA par3A aura hiMsA va krodha kI agni meM aneka graMtharatna bhasmIbhUta kara DAle gaye, prAcIna vaijJAnika aura sAhityika paramparAoM kA lopa ho gayA tathA aneka vidvAnoM ko yA to himAlaya ke durgabha va bIhar3a kSetroM meM athavA dakSiNa ke sudUra prAMtoM meM zaraNa lenI pdd'ii| ataH ve apanA sAhitya, vijJAna aura kalA ke mUlAdhAroM ko bhI apane sAtha le gye| jo chor3a gaye, ve naSTa ho gaye / isa vinAza kI zrRMkhalA meM svAbhAvika hai ki prANAvAya saMbaMdhI vidvAnoM, unake graMthoM aura paramparAoM ko dakSiNa meM Azraya prApta karanA pdd'aa| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcInatama jaina vaidyaka - sAhitya dakSiNa meM milatA hai aura vahAM prANAvAya kI paramparA paryApta samaya taka niraMtara rahane ke saMketa bhI prApta hote haiM jabaki uttarI bhArata meM yaha lupta ho gaI thI / uttarI bhAratIya kSetroM se jaina 'prANAvAya' ke haTane kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki zaivoM aura zAktoM ke bar3hate prabhAva meM madya-mAMsa ke prayoga ko khUba pracArita kiyA, jisakA 'prANAvAya' meM nivedha hai| sAtha hI, jainoM ko bhI vahAM se pazcimI, aura sudUra dakSiNI kSetroM meM haTanA par3A / astu / prAcIna saMdarbhoM ke AdhAra para jJAta hotA hai ki prANAvAya ke samaMtabhadra ( I0 dUsarI zatI) aura pUjyapAda ( pAMcavIM zatI) Adi pratiSThita AcArya the / paraMtu inake jaina Ayurveda sAhitya : eka mUlyAMkana : 71

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graMtha aprApya haiN| samaMtabhadra ke aSTAMga viSayaka graMtha kA ugrAditya ne ullekha kiyA hai| pUjyapAda kA vaidyaka-graMtha saMbhavataH 'pUjyapAdIya' kahalAtA thaa| kalyANakAraka va vasavarAjIya meM pUjyapAda ke aneka yogoM kA ullekha hai| AThavIM zatI ke aMtima caraNa meM ugrAditya ne veMgI ke pUrvI cAlukya rAjA viSNuvardhana caturtha (I0 764 se 796 ) ke zAsanakAla meM 'rAmagiri' (vijagApaTama jile ke aMtargata rAmatIrtha nAmaka parvatIya sthAna) meM rahate hue 'kalyANakAraka' kI racanA kI thii| yahIM para ugrAditya ke guru zrInaMdI ko rAjA dvArA sammAna va Azraya prApta thaa| isa kAla meM rAmagiri eka prasiddha jaina tIrtha (jo pahale bauddha tIrtha thA) bana cukA thaa| viSNuvardhana kI mRtyu ke bAda cAlakoM ke patanakAla meM ugrAditya ko pratApI rASTrakUTa samrATa amoghavarSa prathama (I0815 se 877) kI rAjasabhA meM upasthita honA pdd'aa| yahIM unhoMne mAMsa-bhakSaNa-niSedha para vistRta vyAkhyAna diyaa| bAda meM, isa vivecana ko 'hitAhita' adhyAya ke nAma se kalpAkakAraka ke pariziSTa ke rUpa meM ugrAditya ne sammilita kara diyA hai| yahAM amoghavarSa ko 'napatuMga' kahA gayA hai, jo usakI eka pradhAna upAdhi thI aura vaha kevala isI nAma se prasiddha thaa| yaha samrATa bhI digaMbara jainAnuyAyI thaa| 'kalyANakAraka' apanI zreNI kA eka uccakoTi kA graMtha hai| isameM svAsthya-rakSA ke upAya batAte hue cikitsA ke AThoM aMgoM kA vistAra se vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| prANAvAya-paraMparA kA yahI ekamAtra upalabdha graMtha hai / ata: isakA bahuta mahattva hai| isameM mAMsa, madya aura madhu kA kahIM prayoga nahIM diyA gayA hai| sabhI yoga vAnaspatika aura khanija haiN| nidAna aura cikitsA kI isakI viziSTa zailI hai, jo anya AyurvedIya graMthoM meM prAya: dekhane ko nahIM miltii| ___ isI paraMparA meM guptadevamuni ne 'merutuMga' graMtha kI racanA kI thii| amRtanaMdI ne jaina pAribhASika vaidyaka zabdoM kA eka vaidyaka nighaMTu racA thA, jisameM 22 hajAra zabda haiM, jinakA jaina siddhAMtAnusAra pAribhASika artha diyA hai| paravartI kAla meM dezIya bhASAoM meM bhI graMtha race gye| kannaDa ke graMtha prasiddha haiM-jaise cAlukya rAjA kItivarmA ne 1125 I0 meM kannar3a bhASA meM pazu-cikitsA para 'govaidyaka', jagachala sAmanta somanAtha ne 1150 I0 meM pUjyapAda ke graMtha kA 'karnATaka kalyANakAraka' nAma se kannar3I anuvAda, abhinavacaMdra ne 1400 I0 meM 'azvavaidyaka' kannaDI bhASA meM likhe / vijayanagara ke hindu sAmrAjya ke aMtargata bhI aneka jaina vaidyaka-graMtha race gaye the / harihararAja bukka ke samaya meM vi0 saM0 1416 (1360 I0) meM maMgarAja nAmaka kAnaDI kavi ne 'khageMdramaNidarpaNa' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI thii| isameM sthAvaraviSoM aura unakI cikitsA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| I0 1500 meM zrIdharadeva ne 'vaidyAmRta' kI, 1500 I0 bAcarasa ne 'azvavaidyaka' kI aura 1627 I0 meM maisUra-nareza cAmarAja ke Adeza se padmANapaMDita 72 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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(pArasa) ne 'hayaratnasamuccaya' kI racanA kI thii| __ uttarI bhArata meM avazya hI jaina vaidyaka ke vidvAnoM kI paraMparA bahuta prAcIna rahI hogI, paraMtu unake graMtha anupalabdha haiM / sarvaprathama hameM mAlavA ke paM0 AzAdhara, jo mUlata: mAMDalagar3ha (jilA bhIlavADA, rAjasthAna) ke nivAsI the aura 1163 I0 meM ajamera rAjya para musalamAnoM kA adhikAra ho jAne se dhArAnagarI meM jAkara rahane lage the, ne 'aSTAMgahRdaya' para 'udyota' yA 'aSTAMgahRdayodyotinI' nAmaka saMskRta TIkA likhI thii| aba vaha aprApya hai / AzAdhara bagheravAlavaMzIya jaina vaizya the| unhone yaha TIkA 1240 I0 ke lagabhaga likhI thii| ____ guNAkarasUri ne 1236 I0 (vi0 saM0 1266) meM nAgArjunakRta 'AzcaryayogamAlA' para saMskRta meM vRtti' likhI thii| inake pUrva pAdaliptAcArya aura nAgArjuna gujarAta ke saurASTra kSetra meM ho cuke the| unakA nivAsa-sthAna 'DhaMkagiri' mAnA jAtA hai| ye donoM hI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI meM jIvita the aura rasavidyA ke pramukha AcArya mAne jAte haiN| hameM kisI prAkRta yA apabhraMza meM likhe hue vaidyaka graMtha kA patA nahIM calA hai| paravartI apabhraMza aura rAjasthAnI, prAcIna hindI, braja, gujarAtI aura kannar3a bhApA meM avazya graMtha race gaye the| yaha sAhitya I0 16noM zatI se parva kA upalabdha nahIM hotaa| prAdezIya bhASA ke graMtha prAya: maulika, bhAvAnuvAda, TIkA aura guTakoM ke rUpa meM gadya-saMgraha ke rUpa meM milane / 16vIM zatI ke bAda kucha saMskRta racanAeM bhI nirmita huiiN| paraMtu ye adhikAMza saMgraha-graMtha haiN| vi0 saM0 1666 se pUrva nAgapurIya tapAgacchIya caMdrakIti mUri ke ziSya harSakItimUri ne 'yogacitAmaNi' (anya nAma 'vaidyakasAroddhAra', 'vaidya kasArasaMgraha') kI racanA kI thii| rA0 prA0 vi0 pra0 jodhapura ne isakI vi0 1666 kI lipikAlavAlI eka prati maiMne dekhI hai| ataH isakA racanAkAla isase pUrva kA honA jJAta hotA hai| isameM pAka, cUrNa, guTI, kvAtha, ghata, taila aura mithaka, adhyAyoM ke aMtargata yogoM kA gaMgraha kiyA gayA hai| isameM phiraMga, copacInI, pArada aura aphIma kA ullekha hai / ataH jaoNlI ne bhI isakA yahI kAla mAnA hai / haMsarAjakRta 'bhipakyakraciyotsava' (haMsarAjanidAnama) rogoM ke nidAna saMbaMdhI graMtha hai / yaha bhI 17vIM zatI kI racanA hai| vi0 saM0 1726 meM tapAgacchIya hastirucigaNi (udayarucigaNi ke ziSya) ne 'vaidyavallabha' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI thii| isameM saMkSepa meM rogoM ke nidAnalakSaNa ke sAtha cikitsA kA bhI varNana huA hai / isameM jvara, strI-roga, kAsakSayAdi roga, dhAtu roga, atisArAdi roga, kuSThAdi roga, zirAkarNAkSi roga ke pratikAra aura stabhana para murAsAhi guTikA Adi----ye ATha adhyAya haiN| yaha graMtha vaidyasamAja meM bahuta lokapriya rahA hai| saM0 1726 meM meghabhaTTa nAmaka vidvAn ne isa para saMskRta TIkA likhI thii| isakA padyAnumaya rAjasthAnI anuvAda bhI huA hai| jaina Ayurveda sAhitya : eka mUlyAMkana : 73

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rAjasthAna aura gujarAta kI vaidya paraMparAoM meM harSakIrti ke 'yogacitAmaNi' aura hastiruci ke 'vaidya vallabha' kA sarvAdhika pracAra-prasAra rahA hai| vi0 saM0 1709 meM maheMdra jaina (kRSNa vaidya kA putra) ne dhanvantarinighaMTu ke AdhAra para 'dravyAvalIsamuccaya' graMtha rcaa| varatagacchIya vinayamerugaNi (yaha vAcaka sumatisumeru ke bhAtRpAThaka the aura mAnamuni ke guru the) ne 'vidvanmukhamaMDanasArasaMgraha' nAmaka cikitsA graMtha vi0 18vIM zatI ke prathama caraNa meM likhA thaa| isI prakAra isI zatI meM bIkAnera-nivAsI tathA dharmazIla ke ziSya rAmalAla upAdhyAya ne 'rAmanidAnam' yA 'rAmaRddhisAra' nAmaka nidAna saMbaMdhI graMtha likhA thaa| vi0 18vIM zatI ke aMtima caraNa meM kharataragacchIya dIpakacaMdra vAcaka ne jayapura ke mahArAjA jayasiMha ke kAla meM jayapura meM hI saM0 1762 meM 'pathyalaMghananirNaya' (pathyApathyanirNaya, laMghanapathyavicAra, laMghanapathyanirNaya) nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI thii| isameM rogoM meM kiye jAne vAle laMghana (anAhAra) aura pathyApathya kA vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa graMtha ko puna: vi0 saM0 1885 meM zaMkara nAmaka vipra ne saMzodhita kiyA thaa| gujarAta ke kavi vizrAma ne vi0 saM0 1836 meM 'vyAdhinigraha' aura saM0 1842 meM 'anupAnamaMjarI' nAmaka graMthoM kI saMskRta meM racanA kI thii| prathama graMtha meM vyAdhiyoM (rogoM) ke upacArArtha saMkSipta yogoM va prayogoM kA tathA dvitIya graMtha meM dhAtu, upadhAtu sthAvaravipa, jaMgamaviSa ke zAMti ke upAya, dhAtuupadhAtu mAraNavidhi aura rogoM ke vividha anupAna batAye gaye haiM / ye donoM hI graMtha vahuta upayogI haiM aura inakA prakAzana Avazyaka hai| kavi vizrAma ke guru kA nAma jIva aura nivAsasthAna aMjAra (kaccha) thaa| yaha AgamasaMjJaka gaccha ke yati the| ina saMskRta graMthoM ke atirikta rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI aura braja va prAcIna hiMdI meM bhI aneka graMtha milate haiN| nayanasukha (kesarAja kA putra zrAvaka) ne vaidyamanotsava (vi0 saM0 1646 cikitsA saMbaMdhI graMtha); narbudAcArya yA narmadAcArya ne 'kokakalA caupaI' (saM0 1656, kAmazAstraviSayaka graMtha); lakSmIkuzala ne 'vaidyakasAraratnaprakAza caupaI' (saM0 1664); nayanazekhara ne 'yogaratnAkara caupaI' (saM0 1736); kharataragacchIyayati rAmacaMdra ne 'rAmavinoda' (saM0 1720 tathA vaidyavinoda' (saM0 1726); jinasamudra sUri ne 'vaicitAmaNi' yA 'vaidyakasAroddhAra' yA 'samudrasiddhAMta' yA 'samudraprakAzasiddhAMta' (saM0 1730-40 ke lagabhaga); dharmasI (dharmavarddhana yA dharmasiMha) ne saM0 1740 meM 'DaMbhakriyA'; lakSmIvallabha ne kAlajJAna (zaMbhunAthakRta saMskRta ke kAlajJAna kA padya maya bhASAnuvAda, saM0 1741) aura mUtra parIkSA (saM0 1745 ke lagabhaga); muni mAna ne 'kavivinoda' (saM0 1745)aura kavipramoda (saM0 1746); sAhiba ne 'saMgrahaNIvicAra caupaI' (saM0 1675); pItAMbara ne 'AyurvedasArasaMgraha' (saM0 1756); 74 : jana vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jogIdAsa (dAsakavi) ne bIkAnera meM 'vaidyakasAra' (maM0 1762); samaratha ne 'rasamaMjarI bhASATIkA' (saM0 1755); dIpakacaMdra vAcaka ne 'bAlataMtra bhASA vacanikA' (saM. 1760 ke AsapAsa); cainasukhayati ne bopadeva kI 'satazlokI bhASATIkA' (saM0 1820); malUkacaMda ne tibba sahAbI' nAmaka yUnAnI cikitsAgraMtha kA padyamaya bhASAnuvAda 'vaidyahulAsa' (unnIsavIM zatI), jJAnasAra ne kAmazAstra para 'kAmoddIpana graMtha' (saM0 1856); lakSmIcaMdra ne 'lakSmIprakAza' (saM0 1937) nAmaka graMthoM kI racanA kI thii| paMjAba meM bhI meghamuni ne maM0 1818 meM nidAnacikitsA viSayaka 'meghavinoda' kI aura gaMgArAma ne saM0 1878 meM mahArAjA raNajItasiMha ke kAla meM roganidAna saMbaMdhI gaMgayati nidAna' nAmaka graMthoM kA praNayana kiyA thaa| ye donoM hI graMtha prAcIna hiMdI meM dohA, caupAI Adi chaMdoM meM likhe hue haiN| jaina vidvAnoM dvArA viracita vaidyaka graMthoM ke isa sarvekSaNa se unake etatsaMbaMdhI sAhitya kI vipulatA kA sahaja hI AbhAsa mila jAtA hai / vAstava meM, ina graMthoM kI upayogitA aura vyAvahArikatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue inake prakAzana kI nitAMta AvazyakatA hai| isa nibaMdha ke lekhaka ne inameM se kucha graMthoM kI prakAzanArtha taiyAra pratilipiyAM va TippaNiyAM bhI taiyAra kara lI haiN| bhaviSya meM unake kramazaH prakAzana kA vicAra hai / AzA hai, mere isa laghu vijJApana para dhyAnAkarSaNa karate hue anya vidvAn bhI isa ora AkRSTa hoNge| jaina Ayurveda sAhitya : eka mUlyAMkana : 75

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AcArya hemacandra aura unakA kAvyAnuzAsana DaoN0 mUlacandra pAThaka AcArya hemacaMdra sarvatomukhI pratibhA ke dhanI eka yugapravartaka mahApuruSa the| jaina dharma aura jaina vidyAoM ke to ve eka mahAn AcArya va prakAMDa paMDita the hI, brAhmaNoM ke kahe jAne vAle zAstroM va vidyAoM meM bhI ve pAraMgata the / agAdha, vyApaka va sarvatogAmI pAMDitya ke sAtha-sAtha ve uccakoTi ke kavi bhI the| unakA dvayAzraya kAvya unake sahRdayatva va zAstrIya vaiduSya kA maNikAMcana yoga prastuta karatA hai| udbhaTa vidvAn va sahRdaya kavi hone ke sAtha hI AcArya hemacandra eka udAramanA santa, pragatizIla samAjasudhAraka, utsAhI dharmapracAraka evaM prabhAvazAlI upadezaka bhI the| gujarAta prAMta meM jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM unakA yogadAna kisI bhI anya AcArya se adhika rhaa| gujarAta ke tatkAlIna zAsaka siddharAja jayasiMha va kumArapAla unakA atyadhika sammAna karate the| yahAM taka ki kumArapAla unake vyaktigata saMparka va upadezoM ke prabhAva se jaina dharma kA anuyAyI ho gayA thaa| gujarAta ke samakAlIna rAjanItika, sAmAjika, dhArmika va sAMskRtika jIvana para hemacandra kA bar3A gaharA prabhAva pdd'aa| unhoMne gujarAta meM vidyAnuzIlana, zAstrAbhyAsa va sAhitya-sAdhanA kA eka uccastarIya vAtAvaraNa banAne meM apUrva yogadAna kiyaa| unake pahale kA gujarAta pAMDitya va sAhityasarjanA ke kSetra meM bhArata ke itara prAMtoM se pichar3A huA thaa| hemacaMdra ne apane yuga meM pracalita prAyaH sabhI pradhAna zAstroM kA maMthana kara svayaM vividha viSayoM para sarala va subodha zailI meM aneka vizvakoSAtmaka graMthoM kI racanA kI tathA vidvAn va karmaTha ziSyoM kI maMDalI taiyAra karake gujarAta meM saMskRta-sAhitya-vizeSa rUpa se zAstroM ke adhyayana-adhyApana va praNayana kI eka sazakta paraMparA kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| saubhAgya se isa mahAn AcArya, santa, sAhityapraNetA va dharmopadezaka kI jIvana viSayaka sAmagrI aneka samakAlIna va paravartI graMthoM meM sulabha hai| ina graMthoM meM somaprabhasUriracita kumArapAlapratibodha (saMvat 1241), prabhAcaMdrasUrikRta prabhAvaka 76 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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carita (maM0 1278), merutuMgakRta 'prabaMdhacintAmaNi (saM0 1362), rAjazekharakRta 'prabandhakoza' (saM0 1405 ), jinamaMDanakRta 'kumArapAlapratibodha (saM0 1462), yazapAlaracita moharAjaparAjaya nATaka (13vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha) evaM purAtana prabaMdhasaMgraha Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / inake atirikta svayaM hemacaMdra kA dvayAzrayakAvya, siddhamaprazasti tathA triSaSTizalAkApuruSa meM antarbhUta 'mahAvIra carita' Adi bhI unake jIvana para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate haiM / prasiddha jarmana vidvAn byUhalara ne ukta srotoM meM se aneka kA upayoga karate hue hemacandra ke jIvana va kRtitva para eka vistRta nibandha likhA hai / AcArya hemacandra kA janma vikrama saMvat 1145 (1088 I0 ) meM gujarAta prAMta ke antargata 'dhaMdhukA' nAmaka grAma ke eka vaizyaparivAra meM huaa| unake pitA kA nAma cacca athavA cAciga tathA mAtA kA nAma pAhiNI thA / hemacandra kA bacapana kA nAma 'caMgadeva' thA / pUrNatalagaccha ke zrI devacandrasUri ke prabhAva se caMgadeva ATha varSa kI avasthA meM zramaNa-dharma meM dIkSita hue / 22 varSa kI Ayu ( 1106 I0 ) meM AcArya sUcaka 'sUri' pada prApta hone para ve hemacandra nAma se prasiddha hue / hemacandra ke jIvanakAla meM siddharAja jayasiMha ( 1063 1143 I0 ) tathA mahArAja kumArapAla ( 1143 - 1174 I0) gujarAta ke zAsaka the| siddharAja ke sAtha AcArya kA prathama paricaya saMbhavataH 1136 I0 meM huA jabaki siddharAja kI mAlavA-vijaya ke upalakSya meM Ayojita eka samAroha meM hemacaMdra ne unakI prazasti meM eka sundara zloka sunAyA / ' dhIre-dhIre donoM kA paricaya pragAr3ha maitrI va pArasparika samAdara meM vikasita huA / siddharAja ke anurodha para hemacandra ne 'siddha zabdAnuzAsana' nAmaka saMskRta vyAkaraNa-graMtha kI racanA kI / siddharAja ke pazcAt kumArapAla gujarAta ke zAsaka bane / unake zAsanakAla meM hemacandra ke sammAna aura prabhAva meM aura vRddhi huI / kumArapAla ke anurodha para hemacandra ne yogazAstra Adi graMthoM kI racanA kii| lagabhaga pacAsa varSoM taka gujarAta ke dhArmika, sAmAjika, sAhityika va rAjanItika jIvana para chAye rahakara san 1173 I0 meM 84 varSa kI Ayu meM, mahArAja kumArapAla kI mRtyu ke kucha hI pUrva, AcArya hemacandra divaMgata hue / hemacandra praNIta sAhitya parimANa meM vizAla va viSayavastu kI dRSTi se vividhatA sampanna hai tathA unakI 'kalikAlasarvajJa' upAdhi ko caritArtha karatA hai / nimnalikhita graMtha prAmANika rUpa se hemacandraracita mAne jAte haiM -- (1) siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, (2) yogazAstra, (3) kumArapAla carita yA dvayAzraya kAvya, (4) chando'nuzAsana, (5) kAvyAnuzAsana, (6) koSagraMtha - abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi, anekArthazabdasaMgraha, nighaMTu tathA dezInAmamAlA, (7) triSaSTizalAkA puruSacarita, (8) vItarAgastuti ( 8 ) dvAtriMzikA tathA ( 10 ) pramANa mImAMsA / inameM se aneka para AcArya hemacandra aura unakA kAvyAnuzAsana : 77

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hemacandra ne saMkSipta yA vistRta vRttiyAM va TIkAeM bhI likhI haiM / yaha samagra vAGamaya unakI bahumukhI prajJA evaM sarvagrAhiNI vidvattA kA jvalanta pramANa hai| ___'kAvyAnuzAsana' AcArya hemacandra kI alaMkArazAstra viSayaka ekamAtra kRti hai| jaina AcAryoM ne alaMkArazAstra para jo graMtha likhe haiM unameM yaha kRti pramukha kahI jA sakatI hai| yaha alaMkArazAstra ke itihAsa ke usa yuga kI dena hai jaba rasa, alaMkAra, rIti, dhvani, vakrokti Adi vibhinna siddhAMtoM kA pUrNa vikAsa va vivecana ho cukA thA tathA svataMtra va maulika kAvya-ciMtana kI paraMparA lagabhaga samApta ho cukI thii| AnaMdavardhana ne dhvanisiddhAMta ke rUpa meM kAvya kA eka aisA sarvAMgINa siddhAMta prastuta kiyA thA jisameM alaMkAra, guNa, doSa, rIti, rasa Adi vibhinna tattva kAvya kI eka saMpUrNa avadhAraNA meM paraspara aMgAgibhAva se saMtulita va samanvita ho gaye the / yadyapi kuntaka va mahimabhaTTa ne AnaMdavardhana ke ukta prayAsa ko cunautI dI thI para dhvanivAdI kAvya-dRSTi itane vyApaka, gaMbhIra va sudRr3ha ciMtana para AdhArita thI ki yaha cunautI nirarthaka hI siddha huI / mammaTa ne 'kAvyaprakAza' meM dhvani ke rahe-sahe virodha ko bhI apane akATya tarkoM dvArA isa taraha nirasta kara diyA ki phira Age use sira uThAne kA sAhasa nahIM huaa| dhvanivAda kI isa akATya sthApanA va sarvamAnyatA kA eka pariNAma yaha huA ki alaMkArazAstra ke kSetra meM maulika ciMtana va svataMtra udbhAvanAoM kA yuga samApta-sA ho gayA tathA AlaMkArikoM kA ekamAtra kArya yaha raha gayA ki ve dhva nivAda kI samanvayavAdI daSTi ke anusAra kAvya ke svarUpa va vibhinna tattvoM kA ekatra paricaya dene vAle saMgraha graMtha yA pAThyapustakoM kA praNayana kreN| isa dizA meM sarvaprathama prayAsa mammaTa (11vIM sadI kA uttarArddha) ne kiyA tathA unheM isa kArya meM itanI saphalatA milI ki alaMkArazAstra ke paravartI lekhakoM ne unake dvArA pradarzita saraNi ke anugamana meM hI apanI kRtArthatA maanii| yahAM taka ki mammaTa ke virodha kA bIr3A uThAkara calanevAle vizvanAtha ko bhI antata: unhIM ke caraNa-cihvoM para calanA par3A / kucha lekhakoM ne alaMkArazAstra ke prAcIna saMpradAyoM ke anugamana kA prayatna kiyA para unakI saMkhyA nagaNya hI rhii| sAmAnya pravRtti kAvya kI dhvanivAdI saMkalpanA ko svIkAra karane kI hI rhii| AcArya hemacandra kA kAvyAnuzAsana alaMkArazAstra ke upasaMhArakAla kI isI sAmAnyapravRtti kA paricAyaka hai / nizcaya hI unakA dhyeya kisI nUtana kAvyasiddhAMta kA pratipAdana nahIM thaa| unake samakSa alaMkArazAstra kI eka samRddha va prauDha paraMparA thI jisameM maulika yogadAna ke lie bahuta kama avakAza raha gayA thaa| unakA uddezya to alaMkArazAstra kI ukta paraMparA ko jo bahuta-kucha rUDhibaddha va sthira ho cukI thI, sarala va sugrAhya zailI meM punarnibaddha kara isa viSaya ke prAraMbhika va prauDha ubhayavidha adhyetAoM kI sahAyatA karanA thaa| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki yaha kArya unhoMne bar3I yogyatA va kuzalatA ke sAtha kiyaa| 78 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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'kAvyAnuzAsana' ATha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jinameM kAvya ke sabhI mAnya tattvoM va bheda-prabhedoM kA vivecana kara diyA gayA hai / mUlagraMtha meM tIna prakAra ke aMza haiM--sUtra, vRtti aura udAharaNa / sUtroM kI kula saMkhyA 208 hai jinakA adhyAyavAra vitaraNa isa prakAra hai-prathama adhyAya meM 25, dvitIya meM 56, tRtIya meM 10, caturtha meM 6, paMcama meM 6, SaSTha meM 31, saptama meM 52 aura aSTama meM 13 / ina sUtroM kI vyAkhyA 'alaMkAracUDAmaNi' nAmaka eka svopajJa kRti meM kI gaI hai / vRtti meM hI udAharaNa diye gae haiM jinakI saMkhyA 807 hai| sUtra va vRtti donoM para hemacandra ne 'viveka' nAma kI eka vistRta TIkA bhI prastuta kI hai| 'viveka' ma graMthakAra ne viSaya ke praur3ha vidyArthiyoM kI AvazyakatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue pratipAdya viSaya se saMbaddha prabhUta sAmagrI anya graMthoM se saMkalita kI hai| anya graMthakAroM ke mata prAyaH mUla rUpa meM uddhRta kiye gae haiN| isameM lagabhaga 885 uddharaNoM va udAharaNoM kA samAveza hai| vRtti va viveka donoM meM milAkara hemacandra ne lagabhava 50 graMthakAroM va 81 graMthoM kA nAmataH ullekha kiyA hai / anya bahuta se saMdarbha graMtha yA graMthakAra ke nAmollekha ke vinA hI die gae haiN| alaMkArazAstra va sAhitya ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se isa vipula sAmagrI kA mahattva asaMdigdha hai| 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM pratipAdita viSayoM kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai--- prathama adhyAya-maMgalAcaraNa ke pazcAt hemacandra kahate haiM ki 'zabdAnuzAsana' meM hamane vANI ke sAdhutva kA vivecana kiyA aura aba 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM usI ke kAvyatva kI ucita rIti se zikSA dI jA rahI hai ---- zabdAnuzAsarne smAbhiH sAdhvyo vAco vivecitAH / tAsAmidAnI kAvyatvaM yathAvadanuziSyate // 1.2 tRtIya satra meM kAvya ke prayojanoM ko nimna zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai.--- __ kAvyamAnandAya yazase kAntAtulyatayopadezAya ca / 1.3 arthAt kAvya kA prayojana Ananda, yaza aura kAntA ke samAna upadeza pradAna karanA hai| __ AcArya hemacandra ne pratibhA ko hI kAvya kA ekamAtra hetu svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra vyutpatti va abhyAma pratibhA ke saMskAraka mAtra haiM, kAvya ke sAkSAt kAraNa nahIM pratibhAsya hetuH|...vyutptybhyaasaabhyaaN saMskAryA / 1.4,7 ataeva na tau kAvyasya sAkSAtkAraNaM pratibhopakAriNau tubhvtH| dRzyete hi pratibhAhInasya viphalau vyatpattyabhyAsau / -1.7 kI vRtti / hemacandra ne kAvya kA nimna lakSaNa diyA hai-- adoSau saguNau sAlaMkArI ca zabdArtho kAvyam / 1.11 mammaTa ke kAvyalakSaNa se isakA bheda mukhyataH 'sAlaMkArau' pada se prakaTa ho rahA AcArya hemacandra aura unake kAvyAnuzAsana : 76

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hai| 'ca' dvArA kahIM-kahIM niraMlakAra zabdArtha meM bhI kAvya kI sthiti svIkAra kI gaI hai| hemacandra dhvanivAda ke anuyAyI haiM, ataH unhoMne kAvyalakSaNa meM prayukta guNa, doSa va alaMkAra ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa rasadhvanivAdI daSTikoNa se kiyA hai, jaiserasasyotkarSApakarSahetU guNadoSo, bhaktyA zabdArthayoH (1.12) aMgAzritA alaMkArA: (1.13) isI adhyAya meM graMthakAra ne caturvidha zabda---mukhya, gauNa, lakSaka va vyaMjaka, unake dvArA pratipAdita mukhyArtha, gauNArtha, lakSyArtha va vyaMgyArtha evaM abhidhA, gauNI, lakSaNA va vyaMjakatva nAmaka caturvidha zabdazaktiyoM ke svarUpa kA vivecana kiyA hai| vyaMgyArtha ke trividha rUpa-vastu, alaMkAra va rasa, vAcyArtha se vyaMgyArtha kI bhinnatA, arthavyaMjakatva ke prakAroM, zabdazaktimUla va arthazaktimUla vyaMgyArtha ke bheda-prabhedoM tathA rasAdi vyaMgyArtha ke vividha rUpoM kA nirUpaNa bhI isI adhyAya meM kiyA gayA dvitIya adhyAya--isameM sarvaprathama abhinavagupta ke abhivyaktivAda keanusAra rasa kA lakSaNa kiyA gayA hai jo isa prakAra hai : vibhAvAnubhAvavyabhicAribhirabhivyaktaH sthAyI bhAvo rasa: / 2.1 isa sUtra kI vRtti meM hemacandra ne mammaTa ke rasavivecana kI zabdAvalI kA ni:saMkoca upayoga kiyA hai tathA 'viveka' meM abhinavagupta kI abhinavabhAratI se bhaTTalollaTa Adi ke matoM ko avikala rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai| rasa-svarUpa ke nirUpaNa ke pazcAt isa adhyAya meM zAntarasa sahita navarasoM ke sthAyIbhAva, vibhAva, anubhAva va saMcArI bhAvoM kA vistAra se vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| anantara 33 saMcArI bhAvoM va 8 sAttvika bhAvoM kA paricaya dekara graMthakAra ne rasAbhAsa va bhAvAbhAsa ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlA hai| adhyAya ke anta meM kAvya ke bhedoM--- uttama, madhyama va adhama kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki hemacandra ne madhyama kAvya ke tIna hI bheda mAne haiM---(1) asatprAdhAnya, (2) saMdigdhaprAdhAnya tathA (3) tulyaprAdhAnya, jabaki mammaTa ne usake ATha bhedoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| tRtIya adhyAya- isameM kramazaH rasa tathA zabda va artha se saMbaMdhita doSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya kI 'alaMkAracUDAmaNi' va 'viveka' meM kAvya doSoM ke udAharaNoM kA bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM saMgraha milatA hai| caturtha adhyAya-- isameM kAvyaguNoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| mammaTa ke samAna hemacandra bhI mAdhurya, ojas va prasAda ina tIna hI guNoM ko svIkAra karate haiN| prastuta adhyAya meM ina guNoM kA svarUpa batalAte hue unakI vyaMjaka viziSTa varNayojanA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| vivecana kA adhikAMza mammaTa ke kAvyaprakAza para AdhArita hai / isa adhyAya se saMbaMdhita 'viveka' meM bhArata, maMgala, daMDI, 80 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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bAmana Adi aneka AcAryoM ke guNa-saMbaMdhI vicAroM kA vistRta saMkalana kiyA gayA hai / paMcama adhyAya : isameM chaha zabdAlaMkAroM kA bheda-prabheda sahita nirUpaNa kiyA / ye alaMkAra haiM - anuprAsa, yamaka, citra, zleSa, vakrokti va punarukta gayA vadAbhAsa / SaSTha adhyAya : isameM saMkara sahita 26 arthAlaMkAra varNita haiM / hemacandra ne arthAlaMkAroM kI saMkhyA ko kAphI nyUna kara diyA hai / mammaTa ne 'kAvyaprakAza' ke dazama ullAsa meM 61 alaMkAroM kA varNana kiyA thA, para hemacandra ne unameM se aneka mahattvahIna va camatkArazUnya alaMkAroM ko yA to chor3a diyA hai yA inhI 26 alaMkAroM meM unakA antarbhAva kara liyA hai| udAharaNArtha, unake matAnusAra saMsRSTi kA saMkarAlaMkAra meM antarbhAva hai| dIpaka kI paribhASA unhoMne aisI dI hai ki tulyayogitA kA bhI usI meM antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / parAvRtti nAmaka alaMkAra meM mammaTokta parivRtti va paryAya donoM antarbhUta haiM / ananvaya aura upameyopamA ko unhoMne upamA kA hI bheda mAnA hai tathA nidarzanA ke aMtargata prativastUpamA va dRSTAnta kA antarbhAva kara liyA hai / svabhAvokti va aprastutaprazaMsA ko hemacandra ne kramazaH jAti aura anyokti nAmoM se abhihita kiyA hai| hemacandra dvArA varNita 26 alaMkAra ye haiM upamA, utprekSA, rUpaka, nidarzanA, dIpaka, anyokti, paryAyokti, atizayokti, AkSepa, virodha, sahokti, samAsokti, jAti, vyAjastuti, zleSa, vyatireka, arthAntaranyAsa, sasaMdeha, apahanuti, parAvRtti, anumAna, smRti, bhrAMti, viSama, sama, samuccaya. parisaMkhyA, kAraNamAlA aura saMkara | kAvyAnuzAsana ke sUtra va vRttibhAga meM inhIM 26 alaMkAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai, para 'viveka' meM anya AcAryoM dvArA nirUpita itara alaMkAroM kI bhI yatratatra carcA AyI hai / hemacandra ne unakA yA to ina 26 alaMkAroM meM hI antarbhAva kiyA hai yA unakA alaMkAra na honA siddha kiyA hai / isa prakAra ukta chaha adhyAyoM meM hemacandra ne kAvya ke una tattvoM kA vivecana samApta kara liyA hai jinakA mammaTa ne kAvyaprakAza ke 10 ullAsoM meM pratipAdana kiyA thA / saptama adhyAya : isa adhyAya kA viSaya 'nAyakanAyikA-bheda' hai / nAyaka, pratinAyaka, nAyaka ke guNa, nAyaka ke cAra prakAra va unakI vizeSatAeM, vividha prakAra kI nAyikAeM, avasthAnusAra nAyikAoM ke bheda Adi viSayoM kI isameM carcA kI gaI hai| hemacandra ne isa adhyAya ke likhane meM dazarUpaka, nATyazAstra va abhinavabhAratI kA upayoga kiyA hai / aSTama adhyAya : isameM prabandhAtmaka kAvya ke vibhinna rUpoM kA varNana kiyA AcArya hemacandra aura unakA kAvyAnuzAsana : 81

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gayA hai| sarvaprathama prabandha ke do bheda kiye gae haiM---zravya aura prekSya / prekSya ke bhI do bheda haiM- pAThya aura gey| pAThya ke 12 bheda batAye gae haiM.-nATaka, prakaraNa, nATikA, samavakAra, IhAmRga, Dima, vyAyoga, utsRSTikAMka, prahasana, bhANa, vIthI va saTTaka / inake atirikta kohala dvArA varNita troTaka Adi kI gaNanA bhI pAThya ke antargata kI gaI hai| geya prekSya ke nimnalikhita 12 bheda batalAe gaye haiMDombikA, bhANa, prasthAna, ziMgaka, bhANikA, preraNa, rAmAkrIr3a, hallIsaka, rAsaka, zrIgadita aura rAgakAvya / geya ke kucha anya bhedoM-zaMpA, chalita, dvipadI Adi kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| 'alaMkAracUr3AmaNi' meM kisI ajJAta graMtha se ina sabake lakSaNa uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| hemacandra ke anusAra zravya kAvya ke pAMca bheda haiM-mahAkAvya, AkhyAyikA, kathA, caMpU aura anivaddha / mahAkAvya padyabaddha hotA hai tathA usakI racanA saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza va grAmya bhASAoM meM se kisI meM kI jAtI hai| usakI kathAvastu sarga, AzvAsa, saMdhi, avaskaMdha yA kabandha meM vibhakta rahatI hai| usameM paMca saMdhiyoM kI sundara yojanA tathA zabda va artha ke cArutva kA samAveza Avazyaka hai| kathA aura AkhyAyikA kA bheda bhAmaha ke anusAra batalAyA gayA hai| kathA ke aneka rUpoM va unakI pratinidhi kRtiyoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA gayA hai, jaise(1) upAkhyAna (nalopAkhyAna), (2) AkhyAna (govinda), (3) nidarzana (paMcataMtra), (4) pravaha likA (ceTaka), (5) maMthallikA (gorocana va anaMgavatI), (6) maNikulyA (matsyahasita), (7) parikathA (zadraka kathA), (8) khaNDakathA (indumatI), (6) sakalakathA (samarAditya), (10) upakathA aura (11) bRhatkathA (naravAhanadatta crit)| inameM se adhikAMza kRtiyAM anupalabdha isa adhyAya ke aMta meM hemacandra ne campU aura anibaddha kAvyoM kA varNana kiyA hai / anibaddha ke antargata muktaka, saMdAnitaka, vizeSaka, kalApaka, kulaka va koSa Adi bheda batalAe gae haiN| isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne kAvyazAstra ke samasta viSayoM kA ATha adhyAyoM ke kalevara meM varNana kara diyA hai| saMskRta alaMkArazAstra meM viSayagata samagratA kI dRSTi se kAvyAnuzAsana kI tulanA yadi koI graMtha kara sakatA hai to ekamAtra vizvanAtha kA 'sAhityadarpaNa' hI jo kAvyAnuzAsana ke lagabhaga 200 varSa bAda likhA gyaa| ___ AcArya hemacandra ne 'kAvyAnuzAsana' kI racanA meM aneka srotoM se gRhIta sAmagrI kA upayoga kiyA hai jisase yaha eka saMgrahAtmaka graMtha bana gayA hai| bharata, daNDI, vAmana, Anandavardhana, rAjazekhara, abhinavagupta, bhoja, mammaTa Adi aneka AcAryoM ke matoM kA unhoMne 'kAvyAnuzAsana' ke sUtroM evaM vatti va viveka meM zabdazaH 82 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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yA apanI bhASA meM anUdita karake uddhRta kiyA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki 'kAvyAnuzAsana' meM 'dhvanyAloka' yA 'vakroktijIvita' kI-sI maulikatA tathA svataMtra va nUtana udbhAvanAoM ke darzana nahIM hote| mammaTa ke samAna samanvaya kA virAT va praur3ha prayAsa bhI hemacandra ne nahIM kiyaa| unakI kRti meM vibhinna kAvya-tattvoM ke samanvaya kA jo rUpa dikhAI detA hai usake lie ve mammaTa ke RNI haiM / kAvyAnuzAsana ke prAyaH pratyeka pRSTha meM pUrva AcAryoM ke vicAroM va padAvalI kI pratidhvani sunI jA sakatI hai| isIlie kAvyazAstra ke katipaya Adhunika vidvAnoM ne kAvyAnuzAsana ko maulikatA-zUnya tathA prAcIna kRtiyoM kA ucchiSTa taka kaha diyA hai| zrI pI0 vI0 kANe ne apane graMtha 'hisTrI oNpha saMskRta poeTiksa' meM kAvyanuzAsana ke viSaya meM yaha mantavya prakaTa kiyA hai "kAvyAnuzAsana eka saMgraha-graMtha mAtra hai, isameM maulikatA kA zAyada hI kahIM darzana ho / isameM kAvyamImAMsA, kAvyaprakAza, dhvanyAloka tathA locana se pracura sAmagrI lI gaI hai|" DA0 suzIlakumAra de ne bhI apane graMtha 'hisTrI Apha saMskRta poeTiksa' meM kAvyAnuzAsana kI maulikatA ke viSaya meM prAya: aise hI vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| unake matAnusAra "pUrvavartI graMthoM para hemacandra kI nirbharatA itanI adhika hai ki aneka avasaroM para vaha dAsavat anukaraNa yA sAhityika caurya kI koTi meM pahuMca jAtI yadyapi hemacandra meM maulika pratibhA kI kamI hai para yaha kahanA ki kAvyAnuzAsana alaMkArazAstra kI pUrva kRtiyoM kA ucchiSTa mAtra hai, mamIcIna nahIM hai| kAvyAnuzAsana ke aneka sthaloM para unhoMne apanI svataMtra vicAraNA va vivecanA kA paricaya diyA hai| kucha bindu jina para unhoMne pUrva AcAryoM se apanI asahamati yA svataMtra mati vyakta kI hai, ye haiM ---- 1. hemacandra ne mammaTa dvArA svIkRta kAvya-prayojanoM meM se artha-prApti, vyavahAra-jJAna tathA aziva-kSati ko aMgIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unake anusAra kAvya se dhana kI prApti anekAMtika hai, vyahAra-jJAna anya zAstroM se bhI ho sakatA hai tathA anartha-nivAraNa (zivettara-kSati) prakArAntara se bhI zakya hai| 2. kAvya-hetu ke viSaya meM bhI hemacandra ne apanA vicAra-svAtaMtrya prakaTa kiyA hai| unake anusAra pratibhA hI ekamAtra kAvya-hetu hai tathA vyutpatti va abhyAsa usake kevala saMskAraka haiN|' 3. mammaTa ke kAvya-lakSaNa kA anugamana karate hue bhI hemacandra ne kAvya meM alaMkAra kI sthiti ke viSaya meM apanA matabheda prakaTa kiyA hai| jahAM mammaTa 'anaMlaMkRtI punaH kvApi' dvArA sphuTa yA asphuTa rUpa meM alaMkAroM AcArya hemacandra aura unakA kAvyAnuzAsana : 83

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kI sattA kAvya meM anivArya mAnate haiM vahAM hemacandra 'ca' pada dvArA alaMkAra rahita zabdArthoM meM bhI kadAcit kAvyatva svIkAra karate haiN| 4. mammaTa ke viruddha hemacandra ne gauNI va lakSaNA ko pRthak-pRthak zabda zakti mAnA hai| isa viSaya meM ve mImAMsakoM se prabhAvita pratIta hote haiN| 5. hemacandra mukhyArthavAdha, tadyoga tathA prayojana ko hI lakSaNa kA hetu svIkAra karate haiM, rUr3hi ko nhiiN| mammaTa Adi dvArA nirdiSTa rUr3hi lakSaNA ke sthaloM ko ve abhidhA kA hI viSaya mAnate haiM, lakSaNA kA nhiiN| 6. mammaTa ne arthazaktimUla dhvani meM vyaMjaka artha ke tIna rUpa batAye the--- svataH saMbhavI, kaviprauDhoktimAtrasiddha aura kvinibddhprauddhoktimaatrsiddh| para hemacandra kI dRSTi meM yaha bheda-vyavasthA ucita nahIM hai / unake vicAra meM vyaMjaka artha kA prauDhoktinirmita honA hI paryApta hai: prauDhokti ke abhAva meM svataH saMbhavI artha bhI akiMcitkara hai| kavi nibaddhavaktA kI proDhokti vastutaH kavi kI hI prauDhokti hai|" 7. mammaTa Adi ne asaMlakSyakramavyaMgya yA rasadhvani ke padgata, padakadezagata, vAkyagata, prabandhagata, varNagata va racanAgata-- ye chaha rUpa mAne the, para hemacandra ke vicAra meM padaikadeza bhI pada hI hai ataH use svataMtra prakAra mAnanA ThIka nhiiN| jahAM taka varNa va racanA kA prazna hai ve sAkSAt rUpa se guNoM ke vyaMjaka hote haiM tathA unhIM ke mAdhyama se rasAbhivyakti meM unakI upayogitA hai / 12 / 8. hemacandra ne kinhIM AcAryoM dvArA svIkRta 'sneha', 'laulya' va 'bhakti' rasoM kA khaMDana kara unakA paraMparAgata navarasoM meM hI antarbhAva kiyA hai| unhoMne sneha ke vibhinna rUpoM kI vizrAMti pRthak-pRthak bhAvoM yA rasoM meM batAyI hai, jaise mitra sneha kI 'rati' meM, lakSmaNa Adi ke bhAtRsneha kI 'dharmavIra' meM evaM mAtA-pitA ke prati bAlaka ke sneha kI bhaya meN| isI prakAra gardharUpa sthAyIbhAva vAle 'laulya rama' kA unhoMne 'hAsa' athavA rati meM antarbhAva mAnA hai / 13 6. hemacandra ne rasAbhAsa va bhAvAbhAsa ke do hetu mAne haiM-(1)nirindriya tiryagAdi meM rati Adi bhAvoM kA Aropa tathA (2) anaucitya, jaise anyonya anurAga ke abhAva meM bhI ratyAdi kA citrnn| yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki mammaTa Adi ne rasAbhAsa va bhAvAbhAsa ke dvitIya rUpa ko hI mAnA hai|" 10. madhyamakAvya ke hemacandra ne tIna hI prakAra mAne haiM-asatprAdhAnya, 84 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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saMdigdha - prAdhAnya aura tulyaprAdhAnya / inameM se aMtima do ko mammaTa ne isI rUpa meM mAnA hai / mammaTa nirUpita anya bhedoM ko hemacandra ne prathama prakAra---asatprAdhAnya meM antarbhUta kara liyA hai / " 11. citrAlaMkAra ke vivecana meM hemacandra ne isake svaracitra, vyaMjanacitra, sthAnacitra, gaticitra, mAtrAdicyuta tathA gUr3ha Adi bhedoM" kA sodAharaNa varNana kiyA hai jinakI carcA kAvyaprakAza meM nahIM milatI / 12. zabdAlaMkAra vakrokti kA hemacandra ne eka hI bheda-- ' zleSa vakrokti' svIkAra kiyA hai / unake vicAra meM 'kAku vakrokti' ko alaMkAra kI koTi meM rakhanA ThIka nahIM hai, vaha vastutaH guNIbhUtavyagya yA madhyama kAvya kA eka prabheda hai / " apane mata ke samarthana meM hemacandra ne dhvanyAloka kI nimna kArikA uddhRta kI hai arthAntaragatiH kAkvA yA caiSA paridRzyate / sA vyaMgyasya guNIbhAve prakAramimamAzritA / / 3.36 13. hemacandra ne kevala 26 arthAlaMkAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha isalie saMbhava huA ki unhoMne katipaya alaMkAroM ke svarUpa ko vyApakatA dekara unake kalevara meM anya kaI alaMkAroM ko sameTa liyA hai / udAharaNArtha, upameyopamA tathA ananvaya kA upamA meM; prativastUpamA va dRSTAnta kA nidarzanA meM; tulyayogitA kA dIpaka meM; mIlita, sAmAnya, ekAvalI va vizeSa kA atizayokti meM; pratIpa kA AkSepa meM; vyAghAta, vizepokti, asaMgati, viSama, adhika va atadguNa kA virodha meM; paryAya va parivRtti kA parAvRtti meM; samAdhi kA samuccaya meM tathA saMsRSTi kA saMkara meM antarbhAva kiyA gayA hai / alaMkAroM ke saralIkaraNa va unakI saMkhyA ke nyUnIkaraNa kA yaha prayAsa sarAhana hote hue bhI sarvatra tarkasammata nahIM ho sakA hai| prAyaH do yA adhika alaMkAroM ke lakSaNoM ko kisI eka hI alaMkAra meM mizrita karake unakI saMkhyA ghaTAI gaI hai / tathApi hemacandra ko isa bAta kA zreya jAtA hai ki jahAM anya alaMkArikoM ne alaMkAra- saMkhyA meM nirantara vRddhi kA mArga apanAyA vahAM unhoMne isa sAmanya pravRtti ke viruddha calane kA sAhasa dikhAyA | isa prakAra yadyapi katipaya sthaloM para hemacandra ne apanI svataMtra buddhi va mAnyatAoM kA paricaya diyA hai para jina viSayoM para unhoMne pUrva AcAryoM se matabheda prakaTa kiyA hai ve itane mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai ki unakI maulikatA ko pratiSThApita kara sakeM / nizcaya hI unake graMtha kA adhikatara bhAga anya graMthoM se yathAvat saMkalita yA anUdita sAmagrI ke rUpa meM hai aura isIlie unheM eka maulika graMthakAra hone kA gaurava pradAna nahIM kara sakatA / para jaisA ki hama pahale bhI batA cuke haiM, hemacandra I AcArya hemacandra aura unakA kAvyAnuzAsana : 85

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kA uddezya kisI maulika graMtha kA nirmANa karanA nahIM thaa| isa viSaya meM hama zrI AnaMdazaMkara bApUbhAI dhruva ke isa vicAra se sahamata haiM ki hemacandra kA mukhya dhyeya apanI racanAoM dvArA brAhmaNoM ke sAhitya se jainoM ko paricita karAnA thaa| ata: apane graMthoM ko adhikAdhika prAmANika banAne ke lie unhoMne pUrvavartI brAhmaNa graMthakAroM kI kRtiyoM se sAmagrI lene meM tanika bhI saMkoca nahIM kiyaa| sAtha hI usa pAraMparika dAya meM unhoMne apanI ora se bhI thor3A-bahuta nayA jor3A hai| DA0 esa0 ke0 de ne kAvyaprakAza kI tulanA meM kAvyAnuzAsana ko pAThyapustaka ke rUpa meM eka nimnakoTi kI kRti batAyA hai| para yaha mata samIcIna pratIta nahIM hotA / aneka TIkAoM ke hote hue bhI kAvyaprakAza Aja bhI chAtroM va vidvAnoM ke lie durUha va durbodha graMtha banA huA hai| dUsarI ora kAvyAnuzAsana ke sUtroM, alaMkAra-cUr3AmaNi vRtti va 'viveka' kI pratipAdana zailI apekSAkRta sarala va subodha hai / hemacandra ne alaMkAroM kI saMkhyA bhI kama kI hai jisase unake alaMkAravivecana meM jaTilatA va durbodhatA nahIM AyI hai aura zikSA graMtha ke rUpa meM usakI upayogitA meM bhI samAnAntara vRddhi huI hai| bastuta: kAvyaprakAza kI tulanA meM kAvyAnuzAsana apanI viSayagata samagratA va sugama vivecana-zailI ke kAraNa alaMkArazAstra kI pAThyapustaka ke rUpa meM adhika upayogI kRti hai, para kheda kI bAta hai ki brAhmaNoM ke vidyA kendroM meM jainAcAryoM kI isa sundara kRti kA yathocita sammAna nahIM ho sakA, kyoMki isameM AnaMdavardhana ke dhvani siddhAMta yA kuntaka ke vakrokti siddhAnta ke sadRza kisI maulika kAvya siddhAMta kI udbhAvanA yA vivecanA kA yatna nahIM kiyA gayA / hemacandra kA uddezya to atIva namra va sarala thaa| unhoMne ziSyoM va zikSArthiyoM ke lAbhArtha tathA vidvAnoM ko eka hI sthAna para kAvyatattvoM ke viSaya meM adhikatama sAmagrI mila sake isa sImita uddezya se hI kAvyAnuzAsana kI racanA kI thii| durbhAgya se maulikatA ke zocanIya abhAva tathA saMgraha-pravRtti ke atireka ke kAraNa unake isa prayAsa ko samucita Adara nahIM mila sakA aura alaMkArazAstra kI paravartI paraMparA para bhI isakA koI ullekhanIya prabhAva nahIM pdd'aa| tathApi alaMkArazAstra ke aneka lupta graMthoM se saMkalita sAmagrI ke ekamAtra srota tathA subodha zailI meM racita eka pAThyagraMtha ke rUpa meM kAvyAnuzAsana kA mahattva asaMdigdha hai| saMdarbha prastuta nibandha meM kAvyAnuzAsana ke sabhI uddharaNa va saMdarbha zrI rasikalAla pArIkha dvArA saMpAdita tathA zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, baMbaI se 1938 meM prakAzita saMskaraNa se diye gaye haiN| 86 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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1. yaha zloka nimnalikhita thAbhUmi kAmagavi ! svagomayarasarAsiJca ratnAkarA: muktAsvastikamAtanudhvamaDupa ! tvaM pUrNakuMbhIbhava / dhRtvA kalpataro dalAni saraladigvAraNAstoraNA nyAdhatta svakara vijitya jagatIM nanveti siddhAdhipaH / / 2. graMthakAra ne 'viveka' ke uddezya ko nimna zloka meM spaSTa kiyA hai vivarItu kvacid dRbdhaM navaM saMdabhituM kvacit / kAvyAnuzAsanasyAyaM vivekaH pravitanyate / / -kAvyAnuzAsana, adhyAya 1,101 3. kAvyAnuzAsana ke anusAra kathA ke ina vibhinna rUpoM kA svarUpa isa prakAra hai(ka) upAkhyAna-- kisI prabandha ke madhya meM anya ke prabodhana ke lie kahI gayI kathA, jaise nalopakhyAna / (kha) AkhyAna- eka hI graMthika dvArA abhinaya, pATha evaM gAyana ke sAtha kahI gaI kathA, jaise govindAkhyAna (ga) nidarzana- pakSiyoM yA pakSibhinna prANiyoM ke kAryoM se kartavya akartavya kA . jJAna karAne vAlI kathA, jaise paMcataMtra, kuTTanImata Adi / (gha) praviha likA--jisa kathA meM pradhAna ke viSaya meM do vyaktiyoM kA vivAda ho tathA jisakA ardhabhAga prAkRta meM racita ho, jaise ceTaka Adi / (Ga) manthallikA--paizAcI va mahArASTrI bhASA meM racita kSudra kathA jaise gorocanA, anaMgavatI / athavA jisa kathA meM purohita, amAtya, tApasa Adi kI asaphalatA kA upahAsa kiyA gayA ho| (ca) maNikulyA-jisa kathA meM vastu pahale na lakSita ho apitu bAda meM prakaTa ho, jaise mtsyhsit| - (cha) parikathA- dharma Adi puruSArthoM meM se kisI eka viSaya meM nAnA prakAra se kahe gaye ananta vRttAntoM va varNanoM se yukta kathA, jaise zUdraka kathA Adi / khaNDakathA- anya graMthoM meM prasiddha itivRtta kA jisa kathA meM madhya yA upAnta bhAga se varNana kiyA gayA ho, jaise indumti| (ja) sakalakathA jisama phalaprAptiparyanta samasta vRttAMta vaNita hoM, jaise smraadity| (Ja) upakathA- kisI prasiddha kathA meM se eka hI caritra kA varNana karane vAlI kathA / (Ta) bRhatkathA--- lambhoM se aMkita tathA adbhuta artha vAlI kathA jaise naravAhanadatta ___ kA crit| 4. draSTavya pa0 288-86 (tRtIya saMzodhita saMskaraNa, dillI, 1961) 5. draSTavya pa0 186 kI pAdaTippaNI (dvitIya saMzodhita saMskaraNa, kalakattA, 1961) 6. ghanamanaikAntikam, vyavahArakozalaM zAstrebhyo'pyanartha nivAraNaM prakArAntareNApIti na kAvyaprayojanatayAsmAbhiruktam |-kaavyaanushaasn, 1.3 kI vRtti 7. draSTavya vahI, 1.7 va vRtti, pR0 5 8. cakAro niralaMkArayorapi zabdArthayo: kvacitkAvyatvakhyApanArthaH / -vahI 1.11 kI vRtti, pR0 33 EELLE AcArya hemacandra aura unakA kAvyAnuzAsana : 87

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9. mukhyAdyAstacchaktayaH ||-vhii, 1.20 mukhyAgauNIlakSaNAvyaMjakatvarUpAH zaktayo vyApArA: mukhyAdInAM zabdAnAm / -vahI, 1.20 kI vRtti, pR0 58 hemacandra ne gauNa va lakSya arthA kA antara isa prakAra batAyA hai iha ca yatna vastvantare vastvantaramupacaryate sa gauNe'rtho yatra tu na tathA sa lakSya iti vivekaH / -vahI, 1.18 kI vRtti, pR0 46 10. kuzaladvirephadvikAdasyatu sAkSAtsaMketaviSayatvAnmukhya eveti na rUDhi lakSyArthasya hetutvenaasmaabhiruktaa| -vahI, 1.18 kI vRtti, pR0 46 11. iha ca artha: svataH saMbhavI, kaviprauDhoktimAnaniSpannazarIraH, kavinibaddhavaktRprauDhokti mAtraniSpannazarIro veti bhedakathanaM na nyAyyamprauDhoktinirmitatvamAtreNava sAdhyasiddheH / prauDhoktimantareNa svasaMbhAvino'pyakicitkaratvAt / kaviprauDhoktireva ca kavinibaddhavaktaprauDhoktiriti ki prapaMcena / -vahI, 1.24 kI vRtti, pR0 72-73 12. padaikadezo'pi padam.......varNaracanAyAstu sAkSAnmAdhuryAdiguNavyaMjakatvameva / tadvAreNa tu rase upayoga iti guNaprakaraNa eva vakSyete itIha na nokte / / -vahI, 1.25 kI vRtti, pR0 84-87 13. draSTavya vahI, 2.27 kI vRtti, pR0 106 14. nirindriyeSu tiryagAdiSu cAropAd rasabhAvAbhAsau / -vahI, 2.54, pR0 147 anaucityAcca / -vahI, 2.55, pR0 146 15. draSTavya, vahI, 2.57 kI vRtti, pR0 152-55 16. svaravyaMjanasthAnagatyAkAraniyamacyatagUDhAdi citram / -vahI, 5.4 pR0 307, citrAlaMkAra-vivecana meM hemacandra ne saMbhavataH daNDI se preraNA grahaNa kI hai| draSTavya kAvyAdarza, 3.83-65 17. kAkuvakroktistvalaMkAratvena na vAcyA / pAThagharmatvAt / tathA ca abhiprAyavAn pAThadharma: kAkuH sA kathamalaMkArIsyAditi yAyAvarIyaH / guNIbhUtavyaMgyaprabheda eva cAyam / zabdaspRSTatvenArthAntarapratItihetutvAta / -vahI, 5.7 kI vRtti, pR0 333 18. draSTavya 'kAvyAnuzAsana' kA zrIdhruva dvArA likhita Amukha, pR0 12 16. da hisTrI Apha saMskRta poeTiksa, pR0 186-60 20. kAvyaprakAza kI kliSTatA ke viSaya meM yaha kathana prasiddha hai kAvyaprakAzasya kRtA gRhe gRhe, TIkAstathApyaSa tathaiva durgamaH / 88 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti kA saMskRta carita-kAvya ko yogadAna DaoN. bihArIlAla jaina digambara jaina-saMpradAya meM bhaTTArakoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| pandrahavIM zatAbdI se satrahavIM zatAbdI taka kA kAla bhaTTArakoM kA svarNa-yuga hai| bha0 sakalakIrti kA sthitikAla lagabhaga san 1386 I0 se san 1442 I0 taka hai|' ye gujarAta meM aNahilapura paTTaNa ke nivAsI the| kintu inakI zikSA-dIkSA rAjasthAna meM cittaur3a ke pAsa naiNavAM grAma meM guru padmanaMdi ke sAnnidhya meM sampanna huii| ye eka yogya guru ke suyogya ziSya the| sAhitya-sAdhanA inake jIvana kA pramukha uddezya thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki itane alpa samaya meM inhoMne nimnalikhita saMskRta evaM hindI (rAjasthAnI) racanAeM kIsaMskRta racanAeM 1. AdipurANa, 2. purANasArasaMgraha, 3. zAMtinAthacarita, 4. mallinAthacarita, 5. nemijinacarita, 6. pArzvanAthapurANa, 7. varddhamAnacarita, 6. dhanyakumAracarita, 6. sudarzanacarita, 10. sukumAlacarita, 11. yazodharacarita, 12. zrIpAlacarita, 13. jaMbUsvAmIcarita, 14. praznottara-zrAvakAcAra, 15. mUlAcArapradIpa, 16. siddhAMtasAradIpaka, 17. tatvArthasAra, 18. karma-vipArka, 16. subhASitAvalI, 20. aSTAha nikApUjA, 21. saulahakAraNapUjA, 22. gaNadharavalayapUjA, 23. paMcaparameSThIpUjA, 24. paramAtmarAjastotra, 25. vratakathAkoSa / 1. haraSI suNIya suvANI pAlaI anya uari supara / couda tritAlI pramANi pUrai dina putra janamIu / / -sakalakItirAsa, vastu 2, padya 14 evaM jaina graMtha prazastisaMgraha, paramAnaMda zAstrI, prastAvanA, pR0 11 bhaTTAraka sakalakIti kA saMskRta caritra-kAvya ko yogadAna : 86

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hindI ( rAjasthAnI ) racanAeM 1. ArAdhanA pratibodhasAra, 2. muktAvalIgIta, 3. NamokAraphalagIta, 4. solahakAraNarAsa, 5. sArasIkhAmaNirAsa, 6. zAMtinAtha phAgu / ukta saMskRta racanAoM kA adhyayana-saukarya kI dRSTi se nimnalikhita vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai. (ka) paurANika yA caritAtmaka kAvya / (kha) AcArazAstrIya graMtha / (ga) jaina - siddhAnta, tattvacarcA evaM darzana saMbaMdhI graMtha / (gha) vividha kAvya - -subhASita, stotra evaM kathAkAvya / prastuta nibaMdha meM kavi ke saMskRta carita-kAvyoM kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana hI prastuta kiyA hai / (ka) paurANika yA caritAtmaka kAvya jaina - purANa yA caritakAvya se abhiprAya una 63 zalAkA puruSoM ( 24 tIrthaM kara, 12 cakravartI, 6 nArAyaNa, 6 pratinArAyaNa, 6 baladeva) ke jIvana-carita kA varNana hai jo itihAsAtIta yuga meM hue haiN| ina mahApuruSoM ke caritakAvyoM ko digambara saMpradAya meM caritra evaM purANa donoM hI zabdoM se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / AcArya jinasena ne AdipurANa meM 'purANa' zabda kI vyAkhyA meM eka vyApaka artha kA samAveza kiyA hai / ' AcArya sakalakIrti ne bhI uttara AdipurANa ke AdhAra para AdipurANa kI racanA kI jisakA dUsarA nAma vRSabhanAthacaritra bhI hai / purANa 'ke sthAna para carita zabda ko upayukta samajhate haiM ataH graMthAraMbha meM isakA saMketa isa prakAra karate haiM- ve " yaccaritraM pusa proktaM mayA bAlena tatproktu kayaM mahAmativizAradaiH / zakyaM priyaM satAm // " -- AdipurANa, sarga 1, zloka 31 taddhitaMvacaH / mumukSubhiH / / - vahI, sarga 1, zlo0 35 " tajjJAnaM taccaritaM ca tatkAvyaM zrotavyaM kathanIyaM ca ciMtanIyaM uddezya jaina - purANoM kA uddezya kevala zalAkApuruSoM kA jIvana-varNana hI nahIM hai apitu kathA ke vyAja se jaina dharma ke gaMbhIra tattvoM ko vyAvahArika dharAtala para pratiSThita 1. AcArya jinasena, AdipurANa, parva 2, zloka 66-154 60 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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karanA bhI hai| saMbhavata: isIlie jaina-kaviyoM ne laukika kathAoM ko zrAmaNika sAMce meM DhAla diyA / A0 sakalakIrti ne apane caritakAvya ke adhyayana ke uddezya ke saMbaMdha meM AdipurANa meM nimna vicArodgAra prakaTa kie haiM-"yena zrutena samyAnAM rAgadveSAdayo'khilA doSA nazyaMtimohena sArddha jJAnAdayo guNAH // saMvegAdyAzca varddhate jAyate bhAvanAruciH dAnapUjAtapodhyAnavratAdimokSavatbhasu / / " - AdipurANa, sarga 1, zloka 33-34 ukta kathana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki AcArya kI dRSTi meM kAvya kA prayojana dharma tattva kA pratipAdana karanA hai / kyoMki isase puNyAsrava hotA hai / kAvya kA dharmatattva hI samaSTi kA maMgala karane vAlA hotA hai / ataH kAvya ke sAtha dharma kA saMbaMdha atyaMta ghaniSTha honA caahie| vinA dharma-tattva ke kAvya meM sauMdarya nahIM A sakatA aura usake abhAva meM zivatva kA bhI abhAva ho jAtA hai / ata: kAvya meM dharma rUpa tattva kA saMpuTa die vinA usake 'satyaM zivaM sundaram' kI kalpanA AkAzapuSpa kI bhAMti nirAdhAra hai / vastutaH dharma kathA hI kAvya kA prANa hai jo svarmukti pradAna karatI hai|' isake viparIta kukathA hotI hai, jisake zravaNa se rAga utpanna hotA hai evaM virakti ke bhAva naSTa ho jAte haiM / phalataH Artta evaM raudra-dhyAna se vyakti nAnA pApoM kA baMdha karatA hai / usakA cittapApa pravAha-pUra meM DUbakara pathabhraSTa ho jAtA hai / yahI bAta anyatra bhI kahI gayI hai| "citta nadI nAmobhayato vAhinI vahati kalyANAya, vahati pApAyaca / " kathAnaka A0 sakalakIrti ne apane caritakAvyoM kA kathAnaka jaina paraMparA meM atiprasiddha tIrthaMkaroM evaM mahApuruSoM ke carita se saMbaddha kiyA hai| unhoMne purANasArasaMgraha meM sabhI tIrthaMkaroM evaM zalAkA-puruSoM ke carita kA sAra saMgRhIta kara diyA hai / yaha graMtha eka prakAra se samasta jaina - mahApuruSoM ke jIvana carita ke jJAna ke lie gAiDa kA kAma karatA hai / unake bhagavAn RSabhadeva, zAMtinAtha, mallinAtha, nemijina, pArzvanAtha aura varddhamAna - ina chaha tIrthakaroM ke tathA dhanyakumAra, sudarzana, sukumAla, yazodhara, zrIpAla aura jaMbU - ina chaha mahApuruSoM ke svataMtra caritakAvya saMskRtasAhitya kI zrIvRddhi meM paryApta yogadAna de rahe haiM / kintu durbhAgya se abhI taka zAMtinAthapurANa, varddhamAnacarita, dhanyakumAracarita evaM sukumAlacarita ke ati1. yasyAMvrajanti nirvANaM yatamastapasAM balAt / nAkaMkecicca sAjJeyAkayA svarmuktidAyinI / " - bha0 sakalakIrti, AdipurANa, sagaM 1, zloka 56 2. vahI, sagaM 1, zloka 65-67 / bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti kA saMskRta carita-kAvya ko yogadAna : 61

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rikta zeSa sabhI caritakAvya aprakAzita haiN| prakAzita kAvyoM meM bhI mUla (saMskRta) kA patA nahIM aura jo mUlayukta kAvya prakAzita bhI hue the to Aja aprApya haiM, mAtra hiMdI anuvAda bhI sulabha nhiiN| jaina-kaviyoM ke sAtha yaha anyAya sudhI sahRdayoM ke lie ciMtA kA viSaya hai| viSaya-sAmagrI jaisAki pahale batAyA jA cukA hai, sakalakIti ke kAvyoM meM mahApuruSoM kI maMvega utpanna karane vAlI dharma-kathAoM kA prarUpaNa hai jinameM dhArmika tattvoM kA samAveza bharapUra hai| kiMtu ina tattvoM ke mahattva ko siddha karane vAlI anyAnya kathAoM, loka-vizvAsoM, kathAnaka-rUr3hiyoM Adi kA nirUpaNa kara kAvya meM sarasatA evaM jijJAsA kA maNikAMcana yoga huA hai| saMkSepa meM inakA kiMcit vivaraNa prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| jaina dharma jIva karma-maloM se yukta hotA hai| sonA bhI khAna meM dhUla tathA kAMcanatva se yakta hotA hai| kiMtu use sApha karane para usakA kAMcana svarUpa udbhAsita ho jAtA hai| ThIka usI prakAra jIvana ke adharmarUpa karma-mala ko dUra kara dharmarUpa jIvatva ko udbhAsita karanA hI jaina-dharma kA pradhAna kArya hai| jIva mukhyataH hiMsA, asatya, steya, parigraha aura abrahmacarya rUpa adharma se grasta hai jise dUra kie binA mukti yA mokSa athavA zAzvata sukha kI upalabdhi saMbhava nhiiN| una paMcavidha maila ke AMzika parityAga ko aNuvrata kahate hai jinakA pAlana gRhastha ke lie Avazyaka hai| ina vratoM ke guNoM kI vRddhi jinase hotI hai unheM guNavrata kahate haiN| ye saMkhyA meM tIna haiM---digvrata, dezavrata aura anarthadaNDa / guNavatoM ke atirikta cAra zikSAvratoM kA bhI gRhastha ke jIvana meM bahuta adhika mahattva batalAyA gayA hai| kyoMki inase gRhastha ke dhArmika jIvana kA zikSaNa va abhyAsa hotA hai| ye saMkhyA meM cAra batalAe gae haiM--sAmAyika, poSadhopavAsa, bhogopabhoga parimANa tathA atithisaMvibhAga / ' isI prakAra yati (zramaNa) dharma kA vivecana karate hue kavi ne use muktiprada kahA hai "samyagdarzanasaMzuddho dharmaH svargasukhapradaH / kramAnmuktipradazcaikAdaza satpratimAyutaH / mahAvratasamityAdiguptitritayabhUSitaH / / yatidharmo'sti niSpApo muktidAnakapaMDitaH / / 1. bha. sakalakIti, zAMtinAthacarita, adhi0 2, zloka 44-45 / 2. vahI, adhi0 2, zloka 46-47 / 62 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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atyAcAra kA vistRta evaM sUkSma vivecana unake mUlAcAra-pradIpa meM huA hai| jaina darzana __ darzana kA artha hai dRSTi vizeSa arthAt vicAra yA ciMtana / jaina darzana ke vicAra yA citana kA sAra syAdvAda hai / syAdvAda ko samajhane ke pUrva tattvajJAna Avazyaka hai| ye tattva haiM "jIvAjIvAsuvA vaMdha: saMvaro nirjarA mokssH| iti sapraiva tattvAni proktAni zrI jinezinA / " __-bha0 sakalakIti, mallinAthapurANa, pariccheda 7, zloka 22 jIva caitanya lakSaNa hai| ajIva meM caitanya kA abhAva hotA hai| ajIva tattva pAMca prakAra kA hotA hai -- pudgala (Matter), dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla / puNya aura pApa ke AgamadvAra ko Asrava kahate haiN| AtmA meM karma paramANuoM ke praveza ko baMdha kahate haiM / puNyapApAgamadvArabhUta Asrava ko roka denA saMvara kahalAtA hai| karmoM ke eka bhAga kA kSaya nirjarA evaM kRtsna karmoM ke kSaya ko mokSa kahate haiN| ina sabakA vistRta vivecana sakalakIti ke graMthoM meM yatra-tatra upalabdha hotA hai| bhAvapakSa kavi kI cetanA kA saMbaMdha rAgAtmaka hotA hai| usakI aMta:salilA kAvyarUpa meM pravAhita hokara aneka bhavya-jIvoM ke karma-maloM kA prakSAlana kara detI hai| kAvyAtmA kA zAzvata pradIpa pratyeka adhyetA kA mArgadarzana karatA hai| zArIrika bubhukSA kI zAMti to bhojanAdi me ho jAtI hai kiMtu hRdaya kI bhUkha-bhAva-padArthoM ke sAdhyavasAyita hone para hI bujhatI hai| satkAvya sahRdaya kA sAtvika bhojana hai| sAtvika bhAva satkavi kA saccA lakSaNa hai| jitanA bar3A mahAkavi hotA hai vaha samaSTi ke sAtha utanA hI ekarasa ho jAtA hai| sakalakI ti aise hI mahAkavi the jinakI aMtazcetanA carAcara sRSTi ke maMgala kI utkaTa abhilASA se taraMgAyita thii| phalataH aneka loka-maMgalakArI kAvyoM kI sRSTi huii| __inake samasta kAvyoM meM zAMta rasa virAjamAna hai| yaha zAMtarasa kI puNya salilA isa kali-yuga kI ghora azAMti ko bahA le jAne meM sutarA samartha hai| AvazyakatA hai isake rasa-pAna karane kii| eka bAra casakA laga jAe to AjIvana usakA amiTa prabhAva par3e vinA nahIM raha sktaa| isIlie kavi ne kevala kAvyasRjana meM apane jIvana kI itizrI nahIM samajhI, anyAnya kAvyoM ke adhyayana, pracAraprasAra evaM saMrakSaNa ke bhI aneka upAya kie| 1 de0 zAMtinAthapurANa, pariccheda 8 / bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti kA saMskRta carita-kAvya ko yogadAna : 63

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sakalakIrti ke sabhI kAvyoM meM karuNA, dayA, tyAga, prema, zAMti evaM loka-maMgala kA Adarza gannihita hai| unake kAvyoM meM artha aura kAma rUpa puruSArthadvaya kA bhI yathAsthAna vivecana kiyA gayA hai kintu artha aura kAma dharma se niyamita hone caahie| dUsare zabdoM meM dharma se anuprANita artha aura kAma kA upabhoga loka-maMgalakArI hotA hai / aparigrahavAda evaM brahmacarya-aNuvrata isI bAta ke dyotaka haiM / vastutaH dharma hI heyopAdeya kA jJAna karAtA hai / ataH kAvya meM isakA prAdhAnya nitAMta Avazyaka hai| vakroktijIvitakAra', kAvyaprakAzakAra' Adi sAhityazAstriyoM ne bhI kAvya meM dharma-puspArtha kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA hai| kavi ne aneka sundara pAtroM kI sRSTi kI hai| ye pAtra yathArtha se Adarza kI ora prayANa karane vAle haiN| kucha khala-pAtra bhI apanI vaiyaktika vizeSatAeM lekara kAvyaraMgamaMca para A dhamakate haiN| isa prakAra sAre kAvyaguNoM evaM durguNoM ke saMgharSa ko batalAkara guNoM kI durguNoM para vijaya kA siMhanAda karate pratIta hote haiN| rAjapura ke rAjA mAridatta dAtA, bhoktA, kalA-marmajJa evaM cakravartI samrATa haiM "dAtA bhoktA kalAyukto lakSaNanvitanavigrahaH / bahusaMpatparIvAro dhIra - sAmaMta - sevitaH / / " ___--bha0 sakalakIrti, yazodharacarita, sarga 1, zloka 30 isI prakAra avantI ke rAjA kItyau dha kA nirmala caritra bhI anukaraNIya "tyAgIbhogIvratI dakSo nItimArgavizAradaH / dRgAdisadguNopeto jinabhakto dayAdhIH / / " --vahI, sarga 2, zloka 24 kintu duSTa bhairavAnaMda samasta dugurgoM evaM ADambaroM kI sAkSAtmUrti hai---- dhrmvivekaadihiinstaadRkjnaanvitH| svecchAcArayuto duSTa: sadAkSasukhalolupaH // jaTAjUTazirodaNDakarazcarmAsthimasmabhiH / bhUSito yAti raudrAtmA viSayAsaktadhI: zaThaH / / kApAliko dayAhIno bhairavAnaMdanAmabhAk / ADambarayutastasmin pure yAtiga AgataH / / - vahI, sarga 1, zloka 31, 32, 34 prakRticitraNa se kAvya kA bahuta ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hotA hai| koI bhI kavi prakRti kI preraNA ke binA kAvya-nirmANa nahIM kara sktaa| prakRti kA manuSya kI aMta:1. dharmAdisAdhanopAyaH sukumArakramoditaH / kAvyabaM? bhijAtAnAM hRdayAha lAdakArakaH // -vakroktijIvitam 2. 'kAvyaM...zivetarakSataye' ityAdi / 64 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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prakRti se rAgAtmaka saMbaMdha hotA hai| kavi ke kAvyoM meM mAnava-prakRti kA citraNa bahuta hI sundara huA hai / jar3a-prakRti ke citraNa kA bhI abhAva nahIM hai / kahIM isakA bhayAvaha to kahIM sukomala svarUpa kA citraNa kara kavi ne kAvya-prabhAva kI anviti kA saphalatApUrvaka nirvAha kiyA hai| kiMcit digdarzana ke lie eka-eka udAharaNa prastuta kiyA jAtA hai "athAsti vidhynaamaagiristuNgo'tibhyNkrH|| mAMzAzibhivyAghrAdibhivyAdhezca hiNskH||" ityAdi / -vahI, sarga 5, zloka 2 "atha siprAnadI ramyA vishaalaa'mlsjlaa| vizAlAzAlalagnA'sti sapadmA siktaanvitaa|" - vahI, sarga 5, zloka 43 kalApakSa sakalakIti kA saMskRta-bhASA para apUrva adhikAra hai| bhASA meM pravAha evaM prabhaviSNutA hai / zailI kahIM alaMkRta to kahIM analaMkRta hai| alaMkAroM kA upayoga bhI viSaya kI spaSTatA ke lie hI huA hai| ata: anuprAsa ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI zabdAlaMkAroM kA abhAva dRSTigata hotA hai| arthAlaMkAroM meM bhI rUpaka, upamA, utprekSA, arthAntaranyAsa Adi kA prAdhAnya hai| rUpaka kA eka udAharaNa sahRdayoM ke AsvAdanArtha diyA jA rahA hai----- 'jJAnajAlaM paraM jJeyaM paMcAkSamatsyabaMdhane / jJAnasiMho bhavatyeva kAmadaMtivighAtane / jJAnapAzo dRDho nRNAM manomarkaTaruMdhane / jJAnamAditya evaakhilaajnyaandhvaaNtnaashne||" ---mallinAthapurANa, pari0 1, zloka 71-72 unakA gadya bhI prauDha kiMtu prAsAdika zailI meM hai| samasta padoM kA prAyaH abhAva hai| svAbhAvika rUpa se jo samAsa bana jAtA hai usI kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yathA--- "iti jinapraNItaM tattvamajAnAnA karmazRMkhalAvRttAstIvrataraM duHkhaM bhuMjAnAH prANino durante saMsAra-kAntAre pratyahaM bhramanti / ato duHkhabhayabhItaiH zarmakAMkSibhiH samyaktva-saMyamAdibhimithyAsaMyamAdInAhatya muktisAdhane prayatnaH krtvyH|" -- uttarapurANa, patra saM0 27 kahIM-kahIM zabda cayana kI adakSatA se anucita artha kI dhvani bhI sahRdayoM ko sunAI par3a jAtI hai jise bhApAgata doSa kaha sakate haiN| bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti kA saMskRta carita-kAvya ko yogadAna : 65

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yathA -- "ekAdA tena saMdRSTo mArgabhraSTo ytiishvrH| puNyAt sAgarasenAkhyaH pathi saMbhramatA vane // " -zAMti, adhi0 2, zloka 201 yahAM 'mArgabhraSTa' zabda yadyapi rAstA bhUle hue yatI ke.lie prayukta huA hai kintu isa zabda se eka dUsarA artha 'bure mArga kA AcaraNa karane vAlA' bhI pratIta ho jAtA hai jo ThIka nhiiN| ___ carita-kAvyoM ke mAdhyama se kavi ne jana-mAnasa taka jaina-dharma evaM saMskRti ke svarUpa ko hRdayaMgama karAne kA saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| isa uddezya ko pUrA karane ke lie saMskRta bhASA kA Azraya liyA gyaa| ataH bhASA ke saralatama svarUpa ko apanAkara kavi ne jahAM saMskRta ko punaH pratiSThita kiyA vahAM caritakAvyoM kI kSINa-dhArA ko punaH madhura rasa se bhara diyaa| dharma, caritra, puNya, pApa, kAma, vItarAga, nigraMtha, gurusevA, tapa, dveSa, rAga, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, saMgati, jinapUjA, pAtradAna, kupAtradAna, bhAvanA, rAtribhojana, gRhatyAga, bhoga, dhairya, zoka, snAna, deha-nairmalya, vratabhaMga, samAdhimaraNa, AzA, parivAra karma, mahAmaMtra, dharmoSadha, ekatvaviveka, dyUta, saptavyasana, nArI, jJAna, samyaktva, mithyAtva Adi anekAneka viSayoM kA zramaNa saMskRti ke vyApaka pariveza meM vizada vivecana bha0 sakalakIrti ke carita-kAvyoM kI pramukha vizeSatA hai| isa kSetra meM saMskRta-sAhitya meM inakA yogadAna avismaraNIya hai| 66 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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granthoM kI surakSA meM rAjasthAna ke jainoM kA yogadAna DaoN0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla sAre deza meM hastalikhita graMthoM kA apUrva saMgraha milatA hai| uttara se dakSiNa taka tathA pUrva se pazcima taka sabhI prAMtoM meM hastalikhita graMthoM ke bhaMDAra sthApita haiN| inameM sarakArI kSetroM meM pUnA kA bhaMDArakara-oriyaMTala iMsTITyUTa, taMjora kI sarasvatI mahala lAyabrerI, madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya kI oriyaMTala menAskrapTasa lAyabrarI, kalakattA kI baMgAla eziyATika sosAiTI kA nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| sAmAjika kSetra meM ahamadAbAda kA ela0 DI0 iMsTITyUTa, jaina siddhAMta bhavana ArA, pannAlAla sarasvatI bhavana baMbaI, jaina zAstra bhaMDAra kAraMjA, limbIDI, sUrata, AgarA, dillI Adi ke nAma liye jA sakate haiM / isa prakAra sAre deza meM ina zAstra bhaMDAroM kI sthApanA kI huI hai / jo sAhitya-saMrakSaNa evaM saMkalana kA eka anokhA udAharaNa hai| lekina hastalikhita graMthoM ke saMgraha kI dRSTi se rAjasthAna kA sthAna sarvopari hai| muslima zAsanakAla meM yahAM ke rAjA-mahArAjAoM ne apane-apane nijI saMgrahAlayoM meM hajAroM graMthoM kA saMgraha kiyA aura unheM musalamAnoM ke AkramaNa se athavA dImaka evaM sIlana se naSTa hone se bacAyA / svataMtratA-prApti ke pazcAt rAjasthAna sarakAra ne jodhapura meM jisa prAcyavidyA zodha pratiSThAna kI sthApanA kI thI usameM eka lAkha se adhika graMthoM kA saMgraha ho cukA hai jo eka atyadhika sarAhanIya kArya hai| isI taraha jayapura, bIkAnera, alavara jaise kucha bhUtapUrva zAsakoM ke nijI saMgraha meM bhI hastalikhita graMthoM kA mahattvapUrNa saMgraha hai jinameM saMskRta graMthoM kI sarvAdhika saMkhyA hai| lekina ina sabake atirikta rAjasthAna meM jaina graMtha bhaMDAroM kI saMkhyA sarvAdhika hai aura unameM saMgRhIta graMthoM kI saMkhyA tIna lAkha se kama nahIM hai| rAjasthAna meM jaina samAja pUrNa zAMtipriya evaM prabhAvaka samAja rhaa| isa pradeza kI adhikAMza riyAsateM jayapura, jodhapura, bIkAnera, jaisalamera, udayapura, bUMdI, DUMgarapura, alavara, bharatapura, koTA, jhAlAvAr3a, sirohI meM janoM kI ghanI AbAdI granthoM kI surakSA meM rAjasthAna ke jainoM kA yogadAna : 67

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hai, jo isa graMtha kI aba taka upalabdha graMthoM meM sabase prAcIna hai| jaisalamera ke grantha bhaMDAra meM aura bhI graMthoM kI prAcInatama pAMDulipiyAM haiM jinake nAma nimna prakAra haiM- abhayadevAcArya kI vipAkasUtra vRtti (san 1128), jayakI ti sUri kA chandonuzAsana (san 1135) abhayadevAcArya kI bhagavatIsUtra vRtti (san 1138) ityAdi / vimalasUri dvArA viracita paumacariyaM kI san 1141 meM likhita prAcIna pAMDulipi bhI isI bhaMDAra meM saMgrahIta hai| yaha pAMDulipi mahArAjAdhirAja zrI jayasiMha deva ke zAsanakAla meM likhI gayI thii| varddhamAnasUri kI vyAkhyA sahita upadezapa dakaraNa kI pAMDulipi, jisakA lekhana ajamera meM samvat 1212 meM huA thA, isI bhaMDAra meM saMgrahIta hai| caMdraprabhasvAmIcarita (yazodeva sUri) kI bhI prAcInatama pAMDalipi isI bhaMDAra meM surakSita hai, jisakA lekhanakAla san 1160 hai tathA jo brAhmaNagaccha ke paM0 abhayakumAra dvArA lipibaddha kI gayI thii| isI taraha bhagavatI sUtra (saMvat 1231), lipikartA ghaNacandra, vyavahArasUtra (samvat 1236)lipikartA jinabaMdhura, mahAvIracarita (guNacandra sUri samvat 1242) tathA bhavabhAvanAprakaraNa (mala dhAri hemacandra sUri sambata 1260) kI bhI prAcInatama pratiyAM isI bhaMDAra meM saMgRhIta hai.| tAr3apatra ke samAna kAgaja para upalabdha hone vAle graMthoM meM bhI ina bhaMDAroM meM prAcInatama pAMDulipiyAM upalabdha hotI haiM, jinakA saMrakSaNa atyadhika sAvadhAnIpUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| naye maMdiroM meM sthAnAntarita hone para bhI jinako samhAlakara rakhA gayA tathA dImaka, sIlana Adi se bacAyA gyaa| isa dRSTi se madhyayuga meM hone vAle bhaTTArakoM kA sarvAdhika yogadAna rhaa| jayapura ke di0 jaina terahapaMthI bar3A maMdira ke zAstra bhaMDAra meM samayasAra kI saMvata 1326 kI pAMDulipi hai, jo dillI meM gayAsuddIna balavana ke zAsanakAla meM likhI gayI thii| yoginIpura meM, jo dillI kA purAnA nAma thA, isakI pratilipi kI gayI thii| san 1334 meM likhita mahAkavi puSpadanta ke mahApurANa ke dvitIya bhAga uttarapurANa kI eka pAMDulipi Amera zAstra bhaMDAra, jayapura meM saMgRhIta hai| yaha 1. samvat 1161 bhaadrpde| 2. samvat 1168 kArtika badi 13 ||ch|| mahArAjAdhirAja zrI jayasiMgha vijayadevarAjye bhaga kaccha samavasthitena likhiteyaM sillaNena // 3. samvat 1217 caitra badi 6 budhau ||ch|| brAhmaNagacche paM0 abhayakumArasya / 4. samvat 1326 caitra budI dazamyAM budhavAsare adyeha yoginIpure samastarAjAvali samAlaMkRta zrIgayAsuddInarAjye avasthita agrotakaparamazrAvaka jincrnkml...| 100 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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pAMDalipi bhI yoginIpura meM mohammada zAha tugalaka ke zAsanakAla meM likhI gayo thii| isakI prazasti nimna prakAra hai___ saMvatsaresmin zrI vikramAditya-gatAbdA : samvat 1361 varSe jyeSTha budiE gurUvAsare adheha zrI yoginIpure samasta rAjAvali ziromukaTa mANikya khacita nakharazmau suratrANa zrI muhammada sAhi nAmnI mahIM vibhrati sati asmina rAjye yoginI purasthitA-- jainetara graMthoM kI surakSA yahAM eka bAta aura vizeSa dhyAna dene kI hai aura vaha yaha hai ki jainAcAryoM evaM zrAvakoM ne apane zAstra bhaMDAroM meM graMthoM kI surakSA meM jarA bhI bhedabhAva nahIM rkhaa| jisa prakAra unhoMne jaina graMthoM kI surakSA evaM unakA saMkalana kiyA usI prakAra jainetara graMthoM kI surakSA evaM saMkalana para bhI vizeSa jora diyaa| jaina vidvAnoM ne athaka parizrama karake jainetara graMthoM kI pratilipiyAM yA to svayaM kI athavA anya vidvAnoM se unakI pratilipi krvaayiiN| Aja bahuta se to aise graMtha hai jinakI kevala jaina zAstra bhaMDAroM meM hI pAMDulipiyAM milatI haiN| isa dRSTi se Amera, jayapura, nAgaura, bIkAnera, jaisalamera, koTA, bUMdI evaM ajamera ke jaina zAstra bhaMDAroM kA atyadhika mahattva hai / jaina vidvAnoM ne jainetara graMthoM kI surakSA hI nahIM kI kiMtu una para kRtiyAM, TIkA evaM bhASya bhI likhe / unhoMne unakI hiMdI meM TIkAeM likhI aura unake pracAra-prasAra meM atyadhika yoga diyaa| rAjasthAna ke ina jaina zAstra bhaMDAroM meM kAvya, kathA, vyAkaraNa, Ayurveda, jyotiSa, gaNita viSayoM para saikar3oM racanAeM upalabdha hotI haiN| yahI nahIM, smRti, upaniSada evaM saMhitAoM kA bhI bhaMDAroM meM saMgraha milatA hai| jayapura ke pATodI ke maMdira meM pAMca sau aise hI graMthoM kA saMgraha kiyA huA upalabdha hai| mammaTa ke kAvyaprakAza kI samvat 1125 kI eka prAcInatama pAMDulipi jaimalamera ke zAstra bhaMDAra meM saMgRhIta hai| yaha prati zAkaMbharI ke kumArapAla ke zAsanakAla meM aNahilapaTTana meM likhI gayI thii| somezvara kavi kI kAvyAdarza kI san 1126 kI eka tADapatrIya pAMDulipi bhI yahIM ke zAstra bhaMDAra meM saMgrahIta hai| kavi rUdraTa ke kAvyAlaMkAra kI isI bhaMDAra meM sambat 1206 ASAr3ha badI 5 kI tADapatrIya pAMDulipi upalabdha hotI hai| isa para namisAdhu kI saMskRta TIkA hai| isI vidvAn dvArA likhita TIkA kI eka prati jayapura ke Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM saMgRhIta hai| isI taraha kuMtaka kavi kA vakroktijIvita, vAmana kavi kA kAvyAlaMkAra, rAjazekhara kavi kI kAvyamImAMsA, udbhaTa kavi kA alaMkArasaMgraha Adi graMthoM kI prAcInatama pAMDulipiyAM bhI jaisalamera, bIkAnera, jayapura, ajamera evaM nAgora ke zAstra-bhaMDAroM meM saMgrahIta hai| granyoM kI surakSA meM rAjasthAna ke jainoM kA yogadAna : 101

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kAlidAsa, mAgha, bhAravi, harSa, halAyudha evaM bhaTTI jaise saMskRta ke zIrSastha kaviyoM ke kAvyoM kI prAcInatama pAMDulipiyAM bhI rAjasthAna ke jaina zAstra bhaMDAroM meM saMgrahIta haiN| yahI nahIM ina bhaMDAroM meM kucha kAvyoM kI eka se adhika bhI pAMDulipiyAM haiN| kisI-kisI bhaMDAra meM to yaha saMkhyA 20 taka bhI pahuMca gayI hai| jaisalamera ke zAstra bhaMDAra meM kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza kI caudahavIM zatAbdI kI prati hai / ina kAvyoM para guNaratana sUri, caritravarddhana, mallinAtha, samayasundara, dharmameru, zAMtivijaya jaise kaviyoM kI TIkAoM kA uttama saMgraha hai| kirAtArjunIya kAvya para prakAza varSa kI TIkA kI ekamAtra prati jayapura ke Amera zAstra-bhaMDAra meM saMgRhIta hai / prakAza varSa ne likhA hai ki vaha kazmIra ke harSa kA suputra hai| udayanAcArya kI kiraNAvalI kI eka prati TIkA sahita Amera zAstra bhaMDAra jayapura meM upalabdha hai / sAMkhya-saMptati kI pAMDulipi bhI isI bhaMDAra meM saMgrahIta hai, jo samvat 1427 kI hai| isI graMtha kI eka prAcIna pAMDulipi jisameM bhASya bhI hai, jaisalamera ke zAstra bhaMDAra meM upalabdha hai aura vaha samvat 1200 kI tADapatrIya prati hai| isI bhaMDAra meM sAMkhya tattva-kaumudI (vAcaspati mizra) tathA IzvarakRSNa kI sAMkhyakArikA kI anya pAMDulipiyAM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| pAMtajalayoga darzana bhASya (vAcaspita harSa mizra) kI pAMDulipi bhI jaisalamera ke bhaMDAra meM surakSita hai| prazastapAda bhASya kI eka bArahavIM zatAbdI kI pAMDulipi bhI yahIM ke bhaMDAra meM milatI hai| alaMkArazAstra ke graMthoM ke atirikta kAlidAsa, murArI, vizAkhadatta evaM bhaTTa nArAyaNa ke saMskRta nATakoM kI pAMDulipiyAM bhI rAjasthAna ke inhIM bhaMDAroM meM upalabdha hotI haiN| vizAkhadatta kA mudrArAkSasa nATaka, murArI kavi kA anargharAghava, kRSNa mizra kA prabodhacandrodaya nATaka, mahAkavi subaMdhu kI vAsavadattA AkhyAyikA kI tADapatrIya prAcIna pAMDulipiyAM jaisalamera ke bhaMDAra meM evaM kAgaja para anya zAstra-bhaMDAroM meM saMgRhIta haiN| apabhraMza sAhitya kI surakSA apabhraMza kA adhikAMza sAhitya jayapura, nAgaura, ajamera evaM udayapura ke zAstra-bhaMDAroM meM milatA hai| mahAkavi svayambhU ke paumacariu evaM rir3haNe micariu kI prAcInatama pAMDulipiyAM jayapura evaM ajamera ke zAstra-bhaMDAroM meM saMgrahIta haiN| paumacariu kI saMskRta TIkAyeM bhI inhIM bhaMDAroM meM upalabdha huI haiN| mahAkavi puSpadanta ke mahApurANa, jasaharacariu, NAyakumAracariu kI pratiyAM bhI inhIM bhaMDAroM meM milatI haiN| aba taka upalabdha pAMDulipiyoM meM uttarapurANa kI samvat 1. dekhiye-jana graMtha bhaMDArsa ina rAjasthAna, pR0 220 2. vhii| 102 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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1391 kI pAMDulipi sabase prAcIna hai aura vaha jayapura ke hI eka bhaMDAra meM saMgRhIta hai / ' mahAkavi nayanandi kI suMdasaNacariu kI jitanI saMkhyA meM pAMDulipiyAM jayapura ke zAstra-bhaMDAra meM saMgRhIta haiM utanI anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI / nayanandi gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke apabhraMza ke kavi the / inake eka anya graMtha sayalavihivihANa kAvya kI ekamAtra pAMDulipi jayapura ke Amera zAstra bhaMDAra meM saMgRhIta hai|' isameM kavi ne apane se pUrva hone vAle kitane hI kaviyoM ke nAma die haiN| isI taraha zrRMgAra evaM vIra rasa ke mahAkavi vIra kA jambUsAmicariu bhI rAjasthAna meM atyadhika lokapriya thA aura usakI kitanI hI pratiyAM jayapura evaM Amera ke zAstra-bhaMDAroM meM upalabdha hotI haiM / apabhraMza meM sabase adhika caritakAvya likhane vAle mahAkavi radhU ke adhikAMza graMtha rAjasthAna ke jaina zAstra bhaMDAroM meM upalabdha hue haiM / apabhraMza ke anya kaviyoM meM mahAkavi yaza: kIrti, paMDita lAkhu, hariSeNa, zrutakIrti, padmakIrti, mahAkavi zrIdhara, mahAkavi siMha, dhanapAla, zrIcanda, jayamihala, narasena, amarakIrti, gaNidevasena, mANikkarAja evaM bhagavatIdAsa jaise pacAsoM kaviyoM kI choTI-bar3I saikar3oM racanAeM inhIM bhaMDAroM meM saMgRhIta haiM / aThArahavIM zatAbdI meM hone vAle apabhraMza ke antima kavi bhagavatIdAsa kI kRti mRgAMkalekhA carita kI pAMDulipi bhI Amera zAstra bhaMDAra, jayapura meM saMgRhIta hai / bhagavatIdAsa hiMdI ke acche vidvAna the, jinakI bIsa se bhI adhika racanAeM upalabdha hotI haiM / rAjasthAnI evaM hiMdI ke graMtha saMskRta, prAkRta evaM apabhraMza ke samAna hI jaina graMtha bhaMDAroM meM hiMdI evaM rAjasthAnI bhASA ke graMthoM kI pUrNa surakSA kI gayI / yahI kAraNa hai ki rAjasthAna ke ina graMtha bhaMDAroM meM hindI evaM rAjasthAnI bhASA kI durlabha kRtiyAM upalabdha huI haiM aura bhaviSya meM aura bhI hone kI AzA hai| hiMdI ke bahucarcita graMtha pRthvIrAja rAso kI pratiyAM koTA, bIkAnera evaM cUrU ke jaina bhaMDAroM meM upalabdha huI haiM / isI taraha bIsaladeva rAso kI bhI kitanI hI pAMDulipiyAM abhayagraMthAlaya bIkAnera evaM kharataragaccha jaina zAstra bhaMDAra koTA meM upalabdha ho cukI hai| prasiddha rAjasthAnI kRti kRSNa- rUkmaNi beli para jo TIkAeM upalabdha huI haiM ve bhI prAyaH sabhI jaina bhaMDAroM meM saMrakSita haiM / isI taraha bihArI satasaI, rasikasiyA, jaitasIrAso, baitAla paccIsI, 'vihnaNacarita' caupAI kI pratiyAM rAjasthAna ke vibhinna zAstra bhaMDAroM meM saMgRhIta haiN| hindI kI anya racanAoM meM rAjasiMha kavi kA jinadatta 1. dekhiye prazasti saMgraha -- DaoN0 kastUracandra kAsalIvAla, pR0 62 2 . vahI, pR0 285 granthoM kI surakSA meM rAjasthAna ke jainoM kA yogadAna : 103

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carita ( samvat 1354) sAdhAru kavi kA pradyumnacarita ( samvat 1411) Adi graMthoM kI durlabha pAMDulipiyAM bhI jayapura ke jaina zAstra bhaMDAroM meM saMgRhIta haiM / ye donoM hI kRtiyAM hiMdI ke AdikAla kI kRtiyAM haiM, jinake AdhAra para hiMdI sAhitya ke itihAsa kI kitanI hI vilupta kar3iyoM kA patA lagAyA jA sakatA hai| kabIra evaM gorakhanAtha ke anuyAyiyoM kI racanAeM bhI ina bhaMDAroM meM saMgRhIta haiN| jinake gahana adhyayana evaM manana kI AvazyakatA hai| madhumAlatI kathA, siMhAsana battIsI, mAdhavAnala - prabaMdhakathA kI prAcInatama pAMDulipiyAM bhI rAjasthAna ke ina bhaMDAroM meM saMgRhIta haiM / vAstava meM dekhA jAe to rAjasthAna ke jaina zAstra bhaMDAroM ne jitanA hiMdI evaM rAjasthAnI graMthoM ko surakSita rakhA hai utane graMthoM ko anya koI bhI bhaMDAra nahIM rakha sake haiN| jaina kaviyoM kI saikar3oM gadya padya racanAeM inameM upalabdha hotI haiM, jo kAvya, carita, kathA, rAsa, veli, phAgu, DhamAla, caupaI, dohA, bArahakhar3I, vilAsa, gIta, satasaI, paccIsI, battIsI, satAvIsI, paMcAsikA, zataka ke nAma se upalabdha hotI haiM / terahavIM zatAbdI se lekara unnIsavIM zatAbdI taka nibaddha kRtiyoM kA ina bhaMDAroM ambAra lagA huA hai jinakA abhI taka prakAzita honA to dUra rahA, ve pUre prakAza meM bhI nahIM A sake haiM / akele brahmajinadAsa ne pacAsa se bhI adhika racanAyeM likhI haiM, jinake saMbaMdha meM vidvat jagata abhI taka andhakAra meM hI hai| abhI hAla meM hI mahAkavi daulatarAma kI do mahattvapUrNa racanAoM - jIvaMdhara svAmI carita evaM vivekavilAsa kA prakAzana huA hai / kavi ne 18 racanAyeM likhI haiM aura ve eka se eka uccakoTi kI haiN| daulatarAma aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke kavi the aura kucha samaya udayapura bhI mahArANA jagatasiMha ke darabAra meM raha cuke the / ' kalAtmaka kRtiyAM pAMDulipiyoM ke atirikta ina jaina bhaMDAroM meM kalAtmaka evaM sacitra kRtiyoM kI bhI surakSA huI hai / ' kalpasUtra kI kitanI hI sacitra pAMDulipiyAM kalA kI utkRSTa kRtiyAM svIkAra kI gayI haiM / kalpasUtra kAlakAcArya kI eka aisI hI prati jaisalamera ke zAstra bhaMDAra meM saMgRhIta hai / kalA-premiyoM ne ise pandrahavIM zatAbdI kI svIkAra kI hai / Amera zAstra bhaMDAra jayapura meM eka AdinAtha purANa kI samvat 1461 (san 1404 ) kI pAMDulipi hai / isameM 16 svapnoM kA jo citra 1 1. dekhiye daulatarAma kAsalIvAla - vyaktitva evaM kRtitva -- DaoN0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla / 2. jainagraMtha bhaMDArAja ina rAjasthAna DaoN0 ke0 sI0 kAsalIvAla / 104 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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hai vaha kalA kI dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai| isI taraha rAjasthAna ke anya bhaMDAroM meM AdipurANa, jasaharacariu, yazodharacarita, bhaktAmarastotra, NamokAra mahAtmyakathA kI jo sacitra pAMDulipiyAM haiM ve citrakalA kI utkRSTa kRtiyAM haiN| aisI kRtiyoM kA saMrakSaNa evaM lekhana donoM hI bhAratIya citrakalA ke lie gaurava kI bAta hai| granthoM kI surakSA meM rAjasthAna ke janoM kA yogadAna : 105

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AcArya bhadrabAhu aura haribhadra kI ajJAta racanAeM agaracanda nAhaTA jaina tIrthaMkaroM ne pradhAnatayA loka-kalyANa kA upadeza diyA para sAtha hI tattvavijJAna kI bAteM bhI unake pravacanoM meM AtI rahI haiN| jinavANI ko gautama Adi gaNadharoM ne sunakara eka vyavasthita rUpa diyA jisase ziSya-praziSyoM ko unakA pATha diyA jA ske| isIlie kahA gayA hai ki 'atthaMbhAsaiarahA, suttaMguMthanti gaNaharA niuNA / ' bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI ko 'arddhamAgadhI' bhASA kahA jAtA hai | ataH ekAdazAMga sAhitya arddhamAgadhI prAkRta meM haiM / bArahavAM dRSTivAda nAmaka aMga sUtra kAphI samaya se viccheda hai / usake AdhAra se kucha prakaraNa Adi graMtha race gaye ve prApta haiM / 14 pUrva nAmaka vizAla aura vividha viSayaka sAhitya isa dRSTivAda ke antargata hI thA / dRSTivAda kA jo vivaraNa samavAyAMga yA anya naMdI sUtra milatA hai, isase usakI mahAnatA aura mahattvatA bhalI-bhAMti siddha hotI hai / jisa dina bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA usI rAtri ko unake prathama gaNadhara 'indrabhUti' gautama ko kevalajJAna huA / ataH pAMcaveM gaNadhara sudharmA svAmI hI caturvidhasaMgha kA saMcAlana karane lage / unhoMne apane pradhAna ziSya jaMbU svAmI ko sambodhita karate hue kahA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mujhe amuka aMga isa rUpa meM sunAyA yAnI bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mujhe jisa rUpa meM kahA, vahI maiM tuma se kaha rahA hUM / 11 aMga sUtroM ke atirikta upAMga Adi sUtra samaya-samaya para banate rahe haiM para unameM kevala 4-5 sUtroM ke racayitAoM ke nAma hI hameM jJAta haiM, bAkI AgamoM meM unake racayitAoM kA ullekha hameM nahIM milatA / jaMbU svAmI aMtima kevalI the / unhoMne tathA unake ziSya prabhava svAmI ne koI graMtha nahIM banAyA / prabhava ke ziSya bhavasvAmI ne dazavaikAlika sUtra saMkalita kiyaa| usake bAda graMthakAra ke rUpa meM jo sarvAdhika prasiddha haiM, ve haiM - aMtima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu svAmI / ucheda sUtroM aura kalpasUtra ke nirmAtA to ve nirvivAda rUpa meM mAne jAte haiM, para paraMparA ke anusAra 10 AgamoM kI mahattvapUrNa niyuktiyAM bhI unhoMne hI banAyIM, jinameM se 106 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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kucha aba prApta nahIM haiM / niyukti nAmaka AgamoM kI vyAkhyA sabase pahale AcArya bhadrabAhu ne hI kI thI / vIra nirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda unakA svargavAsa huA / kucha vidvAnoM kI rAya meM niyuktiyAM paravartI dvitIya bhadrabAhu ke dvArA racita honI cAhie / para ve kaba aura kauna hue ? isa viSaya meM kucha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA / paravartI zvetAmbara graMthoM meM eka bhadrabAhu kA vivaraNa milatA hai, jo prasiddha jyotiSI varAhamihira ke bhAI the / aura unhoMne 'uvasamAhara' stotra kI racanA kI hai / varAhamihira racita 'saMhitA' jyotiSa kA prAcIna aura mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai / usameM jo racanAkAla diyA huA hai usake anusAra varAhamihira cauthIpAMcavIM zatAbdI meM hue the / ataH dvitIya bhadrabAhu - paraMparA ke anusAra varAhamihira ke bhAI hone se pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke hI siddha hote haiM / ina bhadrabAhu dvArA varAhamihara saMhitA kI taraha 'bhadrabAhusaMhitA' nAmaka graMtha banAne kI prasiddhi hai / 'bhadrabAhu saMhitA' prAkRta bhASA meM racI gayI thI / yaha aThArahavIM zatAbdI ke mahAna jaina vidvAna meghavijaya upAdhyAya racita varSaM prabodha - meghamahodaya nAmaka graMtha meM uddhRta prAkRta gAthAoM se siddha hotA hai / cAturmAsa kulaka aura tithi kulaka nAmaka racanA kI uddhRta gAthAeM prAkRta kI hI haiN| para mUla bhadrabAhu saMhitA prAkRta meM hI abhI taka pUrNa rUpa se kahIM prApta nahIM huI hai| usakI khoja kI jAnI cAhie / kucha varSa pUrva ajImagaMja kA eka jJAna bhaMDAra kalakatte ke jaina bhavana meM AyA / usakI eka hastalikhita prati meM bhadrabAhu saMhitA kA ardhakAMDa prAkRta bhASA meM likhA huA milaa| yaha prati prAcIna nahIM hai / saMvat 1865 kI likhI huI hai aura usameM anya racanAeM bhI Age-pIche likhI huI haiM / ataH yaha saMgraha - prati hai, jo purAnI pratiyoM ke AdhAra se saMkalita kI gaI lagatI hai / isameM ardhakAMDa kI 20 gAthAeM haiM / unameM se prAraMbha aura aMta kI gAthAeM nIce dI jA rahI haiM bhadrabAhu saMhitAyA ardhakAMDam Adi namiUtiloanAhaM paNamAmi sanvAgamanihi vIraM / vucchAmi agghakAMDaM jaha kahiyaM jiNavaridehi // ] // iya aggha kaMDasAraM punnima niya rikkhaM kAla payAraM bhaNio jo jANaha savva daMsIo ||20|| iti pUrNimAtrika nakSatra saMyogAnAM phalam saMjoyaM / megha vijaya ke megha mahodaya se prApta ina 20 gAthAoM kA milAna karane se mAlUma huA ki unameM pATha-bheda kAphI hai aura usa graMtha meM ve eka jagaha na hokara, kaI sthAnoM para yathAprasaMga uddhRta kI huI haiM / 'bhadrabAhu saMhitA' nAmaka eka jyotiSa graMtha saMskRta meM bhI prApta hai aura vaha AcArya bhadrabAhu aura haribhadra kI ajJAta racanAeM : 107 - aMta -

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siMghI jaina graMthamAlA se samvat 2005 meM prakAzita bhI ho cukA hai| isa saMskaraNa ke kicit vaktavya meM muni jinavijayajI ne prastuta saMskRta bhASA ke bhadrabAhu saMhitA ke sambandha meM likhA hai ki prApta aMza 26 adhyAyoM kA hai| usakA graMtha parimANa 1564 zlokoM kA hai / samvatoM ke ullekha vAlI prApta prati samvat 1504 kI likhI haI hai| dUsarI prati isase kucha pahale kI hai para donoM pratiyAM kisI tAr3apatrIya prati kI nakala-sI lagatI haiN| ataH jinavijayajI kI rAya meM yaha graMtha karIba 1000 varSa purAnA honA caahie| bhadrabAhu svAmI ne svayaM to ise nahIM racA hogA, para unakI racanA ke AdhAra se race jAne ke kAraNa isa graMtha kA nAma 'bhadrabAhu saMhitA' rakha diyA pratIta hotA hai| isa graMtha ke prathama adhyAya meM jo graMtha kI viSayasUcI dI huI hai, usake anusAra to isa graMtha meM 40 yA 50 adhyAya hone cAhie the / arthAt prApta 26 adhyAya vAlA graMtha apUrNa hI lagatA hai| gata varSa bhaTanera-hanumAnagar3ha ke devI mandira se hamane bar3e hI prayatnapUrvaka bar3agaccha ke prAcIna graMtha-saMgraha ko prApta kiyA to usameM bhadrabAhu racita 'janma pradIpa' nAmaka graMtha kI eka hastalikhita prati samvat 1744 kI likhI huI prApta huI / isameM 12 adhyAya haiM aura aMta meM bhadrabAhusaMhitA kA bhI ullekha hai / yaha racanA abhI taka aprakAzita hone se isake Adi aura anta ke zloka nIce diye jA rahe haiM - Adi--- praNipatya paramajyotistejo jagatItale tamaH zamanaM janma pradIpa zAstraM bhAvAdhipa bhedato vackSe / / 1 / / anta-- iti jina dharma dhurINaH khyAtaH zrIbhadrabAhuAcAryaH kRtavAn janmavicAraM jyotigranthAt samaddhatya / / 13 / / itizrI jainAcArya zrI bhadrabAhu svAminA viracite graha cakra balAbale bhuvana vicAra dvAdazamodhyAya samAptaM / iti zrIbhadra bAhI saMhitA mithyAtnAMnadayA kadApin / / / samvata 1744 varSe phAguNa vadi 3 gurau likhitamaM muni ratnasiMhena / zrIAsaNI koTa madhye / yAdRzaM pustake dRSTaM, tAdRzaM likhittamaya / yadi zuddhamazuddha vA mamadoSona dIyate / / bahuta khoja karane para isa racanA kI anya eka prati svargIya muni puNyavijayajI ke saMgraha meM honA jJAta huA hai| vaha prati bhI isI zatAbdI kI hai aura abhI lA0 da0 bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA mandira, ahamadAbAda meM surakSita haiN| . A0 haribhadrasUri kI ajJAta racanA saMskRta bhASA kA prabhAva jaba bahuta bar3ha gayA to jainAcAryoM ko bhI saMskRta meM graMtha likhanA Avazyaka lgaa| prApta jaina saMskRta sAhitya meM saMbhavata: sabase pahalA graMtha AcArya umAsvAti racita tatvArthasUtra hai, jise dUsarI zatAbdI kI racanA 108 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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mAnA jAtA hai / usake bAda to jIvanopayogI pratyeka viSaya ke graMtha jainoM dvArA pracura parimANa meM race gaye / isase pahale kI sabhI jaina racanAeM prAkRta bhASA kI hI haiM / AThavIM zatAbdI ke mahAn jainAcArya haribhadra sUri bahuta prasiddha graMthakAra haiM, jinakI racanAoM kI saMkhyA 1444 batalAyI gayI hai / unhoMne hI sarvaprathama jaina AgamoM kI saMskRta TIkAeM banAyIM aura darzana, nyAya, dharma, jyotiSa, kathA Adi aneka viSayoM kI racanAeM banAyI haiN| yoga sambandhI ApakI racanAeM bhI bar3I mahattvapUrNa haiM / inakI racanAoM kI bhASA prAkRta evaM saMskRta donoM hI hai / ye bar3e samanvayazIla udAra vicAra vAle vidvAn the / inakI bahuta-sI racanAeM lupta ho gayI mAlUma detI haiM / yadyapi 1444 kI saMkhyA vicAraNIya hai, abhI to inakI racanAeM 100 se bhI kama saMkhyA meM prApta haiM, jinakI sUcI prakAzita ho cukI hai / ApakI prAyaH sabhI upalabdha racanAeM chapa bhI cukI haiN| AcArya haribhadra rAjasthAna ke hI mahAn vidvAn the / ve cittaur3a ke rAjapurohita yA purohita - putra batalAye jAte haiM / unhoMne apane 'dhUrtAsthAna' nAmaka viziSTa aura vinoda pradhAna graMtha kI prazasti meM 'cittaur3a' kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai / jaina yAkinI mahattarA nAmaka sAdhvI ratna se Apako jaina dharma meM dIkSita hone kI preraNA milI thii| ataH Apane unake mahAn upakAra kI smRti meM apane graMthoM kI prazastiyoM meM apane ko 'yAkinI mahattarA syanu' batalAyA hai / zvetAmbara paraMparA ke anusAra unakA samaya chaThI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA thA para muni jinavijayajI ne bar3I khojabIna ke sAtha inakA samaya AThavIM zatAbdI siddha kiyA hai| paMDita sukhalAlajI ne AcArya haribhadra kI mahAna dena ke sambandha meM kaI bhASANa die tathA graMtha evaM lekha likhe haiM, jinameM 'samadarzI AcArya haribhadra' nAmaka graMtha vizeSa rUpa meM draSTavya hai / muni jinavijayajI ne cittaur3a meM 'haribhadrasUri smRti maMdira banavAnA prAraMbha kiyA thA jise jinadatta sUri sevA saMgha ne apane hAtha meM lekara pUrA banavAyA va gata varSa pratiSThA bhI karavA dI hai / isa haribhadrasUri smRti maMdira meM yAkinI mahattarA aura haribhadra kI bahuta hI sundara mUrtiyAM sthApita kI gaI haiN| sAtha hI AcArya jinavallabha sUri, jinadatta sUri Adi kI mUrtiyAM bhI pratiSThita kI gaI haiM / aise mahAn AcArya kI kucha racanAoM kA ullekha samvat 1265 meM sumatigaNi racita gaNadhara sAharda zataka kI bRhada vRtti meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / inameM se kucha aba aprApta ho gayI haiM / haribhadra nAma ke aura bhI kaI AcArya pIche kI zatAbdiyoM meM ho gaye haiM aura unake bhI kaI graMtha prApta haiM / para jina racanAoM ke anta meM 'yAkinI mahattarA' ke putra rUpa meM ullekha hai ve to suprasiddha AThavIM zatAbdI AcArya bhadrabAhu aura haribhadra kI ajJAta racanAeM : 106

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ke prathama haribhadra sUri kI racanA honA nizcita ho jAtA hai| gata varSa jo baDagacchIya prAcIna hastalikhita graMtha-saMgraha ko hamane apane graMthAlaya meM vizeSa prayatnapUrvaka prApta kiyA thA unameM AcArya haribhadra kA bhI eka ajJAta graMtha bhI prApta huaa| isase hameM bar3I hI prasannatA huI aura usI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa yahAM diyA jA rahA hai| isa graMtha kA nAma hai 'upasargahara stava prabaMdha' / 165 saMskRta zlokoM vAlI isa racanA kI prati 6 patroM kI hai aura satrahavIM zatAbdI kI likhI huI hai| pahale jina yugapradhAna AcArya bhadrabAdu ke uvasaggaharaM stotra kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, usI kI vyAkhyA yA mahAtmaya kI kathA ke rUpa meM AcArya haribhadra kI prastuta prApta racanA hai| abhI taka isa racanA kA kahIM bhI ullekha kiyA gayA, jAnane meM nahIM AyA / ata: sarvaprathama isa ajJAta aura mahattvapUrNa racanA kA paricaya yahIM pAThakoM ko diyA jA rahA hai| isa racanA ke 106veM zloka kI eka paMkti prati ke lekhaka se likhane meM chUTa gayI hai ataH saMpAdana ke lie mUla prati kI AvazyakatA _ 'uvasaggaharaM stava' bhagavAn pArzvanAtha se sambandhita prAkRta bhASA meM racI huI pAMca gAthAoM kI racanA hai| yadyapi isa stotra kI eka gAthA (chaThI) racayitA bhadrabAhu ne svayaM bhaMDAra arthAt gupta kara dI, aisA pravAda hai| para AcArya haribhadra kI isa racanA ma to pAMca gAthAoM kA hI ullekha hai / prArambha, madhya aura aMta ke kucha zloka nIce diye jA rahe haiMAdi- payodhAviva sazrIke pUre vijaya puurvke| sUra vatkamalollAsI nRpaH mUrAGgado'bhavat / / 1 / / vIrAGgada sutastasya mahAvIra shiromnniH| sumitro nAma tanminnaM svadeha iva vallabha / / 2 / / madhye paThatvaM jagatI svAminnupasargahiraM staMvam / zrImataH pArzvanAyasya sA bhANIditikomaraham / / 67 / / uvasaggaharaM pAsa, pAsaM vadAmi kamma ityAdi paMca gAthA yAvat pArzvanAtha stava pATheboya zAnte pAvakAcciSi / uttatAra nRpo raNyaM zItalaM jala siktavat // 68 / / yugapradhAna zrIbhadrabAhu svAminA vyantarastataH / bodhitastena lepyeva kAritA pratipArhataH / / 63 / / idaM ca kathitaM stotra mupasagahirAbhindhama / adhApi paccatezazvatprabhAvaka nibandham / / 64 // anta-- 110 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jAkinI dharmaputrasya zrIharibhadra kRtA kthaa| upasarga harastotra vyAkhyAna daya mudhdhe // 65 // itizrI upasargahara stava prabandha samApta:. AcArya bhadrabAhu aura haribhadra jaise prasiddha aura ullekhanIya graMthakAroM kI bhI bahuta-sI racanAeM aprApta ho gayI haiN| kucha kA to madhyakAlIna sAhitya meM ullekha bhI milatA hai| kisI-kisI racanA kA to uddharaNa bhI pAyA jAtA hai| phira bhI unakI pratiyAM prApta nahIM hotiiN| abhI taka bahuta se jaina jJAna bhaMDAra ajJAta avasthA meM par3e haiN| kaI vyaktigata AcAryoM, muniyoM Adi kI dekharekha meM haiN| unakI AjJA ke binA unheM dekhA nahIM jA sktaa| aise jJAna bhaMDAroM meM kaI aisI pratiyAM bhI mila jAtI haiM, jinameM likhe hue graMtha anyatra kahIM bhI nahIM milte| arthAt kucha racanAoM kI pratilipiyAM adhika nahIM huI / eka-do hI pratiyAM bacI raha gii| ve una graMtha bhaMDAroM ke atirikta kahIM milatI nhiiN| kaI gaMdha bhaMDAroM kI vivaraNAtmaka sUciyAM nahIM bnii| purAnI DhaMga kI sUciyAM hI milatI haiM, jinameM graMtha kA nAma aura patra saMkhyA hI likhI rahatI hai, racayitA kA nAma nahIM likhA rhtaa| aura eka hI nAma vAle graMtha kaI graMthakAroM ke banAye hue pAye jAte haiN| ataH ajJAta graMthakAra aura unakI racanAoM kA patA lagAnA bahuta hI muzkila hotA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu aura haribhadra kI ajJAta racanAeM : 111

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jaina darzana meM ahiMsA DaoN0 hukumacanda bhArilla 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' ahiMsA ko parama dharma ghoSita karane vAlI yaha sUkti Aja bhI bada pracalita hai| yaha to eka svIkRta tathya hai ki ahiMsA parama dharma hai, para prazna yaha hai ki ahiMsA kyA hai ? sAdhAraNa bhASA meM ahiMsA zabda kA artha hotA hai hiMsA na krnaa| kiMtu jaba bhI hiMsA-ahiMsA kI carcA calatI hai, to hamArA dhyAna prAyaH dUsare jIvoM ko mAranA, satAnA, yA unakI rakSA karanA Adi kI ora hI jAtA hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA kA saMbaMdha prAyaH dUsaroM se hI jor3A jAtA hai / dUsaroM kI hiMsA mata karo, basa yahI ahiMsA hai| aisA hI sarvAdhika vizvAsa hai kiMtu yaha ekAMgI dRSTikoNa hai| apanI bhI hiMsA hotI hai, isa ora bahuta kama logoM kA dhyAna jAtA hai| jinakA jAtA bhI hai to ve bhI AtmahiMsA kA artha kevala viSa bhakSaNAdi dvArA AtmaghAta (AtmahatyA) hI mAnate haiN| usake antartama taka pahuMcane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA jAtA hai / antara meM rAga-dveSa-moha kI utpatti honA bhI hiMsA hai yaha bahuta kama loga jAnate haiN| prasiddha jainAcArya amRtacaMdra ne aMtaraMga pakSa ko lakSya meM rakhate hue hiMsA-ahiMsA kI nimnalikhita paribhASAeM dI haiM 'aprAdurbhAva: khalu rAgAdInAM bhavatyahiMseti / teSAmevotpattihiseti jinAgamasya saMkSepaH / / " AtmA meM rAga-dveSa-mohAdi bhAvoM kI utpatti honA hI hiMsA hai aura ina bhAvoM kA AtmA meM utpanna nahIM honA hI ahiMsA hai| yahI jinAgama kA sAra hai| ukta zloka kA artha karate hue AcAryakalpa paMDita ToDaramala ne likhA hai "apane zuddhopayogarUpa prANa kA ghAta rAgAdika bhAvani ta hoya hai / tisata rAgAdika bhAvani kA abhAva soI ahiMsA hai| Adi zabda se dveSa, moha, kAma, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, hAsya, zoka, jugupsA, pramAdAdika samasta vibhAva bhAva jaanne|"2 1. puruSArthasiddhayupAyaH AcArya amRtacaMdra, zloka 44 / 2. puruSArthasiddhayupAya bhASATIkA, pR0 34 112 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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yahAM eka svAbhAvika prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA phira jIvoM kA maranA-mAranA hiMsA nahIM hai aura unakI rakSA karanA ahiMsA nahIM isa prazna kA uttara dene ke pUrva hameM jIvana aura maraNa ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM vicAra karanA hogA / 'maraNaM prakRti zarIriNAM' kI sUkti ke anusAra yaha eka sthApita satya hai ki jo janma letA hai vaha eka na eka dina maratA avazya hai| zarIradhArI amara nahIM hai / samaya Ane para yA to vaha dUsare prANI dvArA mAra DAlA jAtA hai yA svayaM mara jAtA hai / ata: yadi mRtyu ko hiMsA mAneM to kabhI bhI hiMsA kI samApti nahIM hogI tathA yadi marane kA nAma hiMsA ho to jIne kA nAma ahiMsA hogA / loka meM bhI yathAsamaya binA bAhya kAraNa ke hone vAlI mRtyu ko hiMsA nahIM kahA jAtA hai aura na sahaja jIvana ko ahiMsA hI / isI prakAra bAr3ha, bhUkaMpa Adi prAkRtika kAraNoM se bhI haz2AroM prANI mara jAte haiM kiMtu use bhI hiMsA ke antargata nahIM liyA jAtA hai, ataH maranA hiMsA aura jIvana to ahiMsA nahIM huaa| jahAM taka mArane aura bacAne kI bAta hai, usake saMbaMdha meM AcArya kundakunda ke nimnalikhita kathanoM kI ora dhyAna denA hogA "jo maNNadi hiMsAmi ya hiMsijjAmi ya parehiM satte hi / so mUDho aNNANI NANI eto du vivarIdo / / 247 / / AukkhayeNa maraNaM jIvANaM jiNavarehiM paNNattaM / AuMNa haresi tumaM kahate maraNaM kayaM tesi / / 248 / / AukkhayeNa maraNaM jIvANaM jiNavarehi, paNNattaM / Au NaharaMti tuhaM kaha te maraNaM kathaM tehi // 246 // jo maNadi jIvemiya jIvijjAmi ya parehiM satte hi / so mUDho aNNANI NANI eto du vidarIdo / / 250 / / AUdayeNa jIvadi jIvo evaM bhaNaMti savvaNhU / AuMca Na desi tumaM kahaM tae jIviyaM kayaM tesi / / 251 / / AUdayeNa jIvadi jIvo evaM bhaNaMti savvaNhU / AuM caNaditi tuhaM kahaM Nu te jIviyaM kayaM tehi / / 252 / / "" jo yaha mAnatA hai ki maiM parajIvoM ko mAratA hUM aura parajIva mujhe mArate haiM, vaha mUDha hai, ajJAnI hai aura isase viparIta mAnane vAlA jJAnI hai jIvoM kA maraNa Ayu karma ke kSaya se hotA hai, aisA jineMdradeva ne kahA hai / tuma parajIvoM ke Ayukarma ko to harate nahIM ho, phira tumane unakA maraNa kaise kiyA ? jIvoM kA maraNa Ayukarma ke kSaya se hotA hai, aisA jineMdradeva ne kahA hai, parajIva tere Ayukarma ko to harate nahIM haiM to unhoMne terA maraNa kaise kiyA ? 1. samayasAra -- AcArya kundakunda -- gAthA 247 - 252 jaina darzana meM ahiMsA : 113

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jo jIva yaha mAnatA hai ki maiM parajIvoM ko jilAtA (rakSA karatA ) hUM, aura parajIva mujhe jilAte (rakSA karate ) haiM vaha mUDha hai, ajJAnI hai / aura isase viparIta mAnane vAlA jJAnI hai / 1 jIva Ayukarma ke udaya se jItA hai, aisA sarvajJa deva ne kahA hai / tuma parajIvoM ko Ayukarma to nahIM dete to tumane unakA jIvana (rakSA) kaise kiyA ? jIva Ayukarma ke udaya se jItA hai, aisA sarvajJa deva kahate haiM / parajIva tujhe Ayukarma to dete nahIM haiM, to unhoMne terA jIvana (rakSA) kaise kiyA ? ukta kathana kA niSkarSa dete hue anta meM likhate haiM "jo marai joya duhido jAyadi kammodayeNa so savvo / tamhA du mArido de duhAvido cedi Na hu micchA / / 257 / / jo maraNiya duhido so vi ya kammodayeNa caiva khalu / tamhA Na mAridoNo duhAvido cedi Na hu micchA / / 258 || " jo maratA hai aura jo duHkhI hotA hai vaha saba karmodaya se hotA hai / ata: 'maiMne mArA, maiMne duHkhI kiyA' aisA terA abhiprAya kyA vAstava meM mithyA nahIM hai ? avazya hI mithyA hai| aura jo na maratA hai aura na duHkhI hotA hai, vaha bhI vAstava meM karmodaya se hI hotA hai / ata: 'maiMne nahIM mArA, duHkhI nahIM kiyA' aisA terA abhiprAya kyA vAstava meM mithyA nahIM hai ? avazya hI mithyA hai / ukta sampUrNa kathana ko AcArya amRtacandra ne do chandoM meM nimnAnusAra abhivyakta kiyA hai I "sarva sadaiva niyataM bhavati svakIya-karmodayAnma raNajIvitaduHkhasaukhyam ajJAnAdi yattu para parasya kuryAtpumAnmaraNajIvitaduHkha saukhyam / / 168 / ajJAnametadadhigamya parAtparasya pazyaMti ye maraNajIvitaduHkhasaukhyam / karmANyahaM kRtirasena cikIrSavaste 12 mithyAdRzo niyatamAtmano bhavati / / 166 // isa jagat meM jIvoM ke jIvana-maraNa, sukha-du:kha, yaha saba sadaiva niyama se apane dvArA upArjita karmodaya se hote haiM / " dUsarA puruSa isake jIvana-maraNa, duHkha-sukha kA kartA hai" yaha mAnanA to ajJAna hai / jo puruSa para ke jIvana, maraNa, sukha, duHkha kA kartA dUsare ko mAnate haiM, ahaMkAra 1. samayasAra - AcArya kundakunda - gAthA 257 - 258 2. samayasArakalaza - AcArya amRtacandra - kalaza 168 - 166 114 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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rasa se karmodaya ko karane ke icchuka ve puruSa niyama se mithyAdRSTi haiM aura apane AtmA kA ghAta karane vAle haiN| ukta kathanoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainAcAryoM ko yaha kadApi svIkArya nahIM hai ki koI vyakti kisI dUsare vyakti ko mAra yA bacA sakatA hai, athavA duHkhI yA sukhI kara sakatA hai / jaba koI kisI ko mAra hI nahIM sakatA aura marate ko bacA nahIM sakatA hai to phira "mArane kA nAma hiMsA aura bacAne kA nAma ahiMsA" yaha kahanA kyA artha rakhatA hai ? dravya svabhAva se AtmA kI amaratA evaM paryAya ke parivartana meM svayaM ke upAdAna evaM karmodaya ko nimitta svIkAra kara lene ke bAda eka prANI dvArA dUsare prANI kA vadha aura rakSA karane kI bAta meM kitanI saccAI raha jAtI hai ? yaha eka socane kI bAta hai| ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki na marane kA nAma hiMsA hai, na mArane kaa| isI prakAra na jIne kA nAma ahiMsA hai, na jilAne kaa| vastutaH hiMsA-ahiMsA kA saMbaMdha parajIvoM ke jIvana-maraNa, sukha-duHkha se na hokara AtmA meM utpanna hone vAle rAga-dveSa-moha pariNAmoM se hai| parajIvoM ke marane-mArane kA nAma hiMsA nahIM, varan mArane ke bhAva kA nAma hiMsA hai| jaina zAstroM meM jo parajIvoM ke mArane, satAne Adi ko bhI hiMsA kahA gayA hai, use vyavahAra hiMsA ke artha meM samajhanA caahie| hiMsA ke do bheda karake bhI samajhAyA gayA hai --bhAvahiMsA aura drvyhiNsaa| rAgAdi bhAvoM ke utpanna hone para AtmA ke upayoga kI zuddhatA (zuddhopayoga) kA ghAta honA bhAvahiMsA hai aura rAgAdi bhAva hai nimitta jisameM aise apane aura parAye dravyaprANoM kA ghAta honA dravyahiMsA hai| yadi koI vyakti rAga-dveSAdi bhAva na kare tathA yogyatama AcaraNa rakhe kiMtu sAvadhAnI rakhane para bhI yadi usake nimitta se parajIva kA ghAta ho jAe to bhI hiMsA nahIM hai| isake viparIta koI jIva rAgAdi rUpa pravarte, AtmA meM asAvadhAna rahe, yadi usake nimitta se parajIvoM kA ghAta na bhI ho, to bhI vaha hiMsaka hai| kyoMki hiMsA kA mUla kAraNa rAgAdi bhAvarUpa pramAda pariNati hai, parajIvoM kA jIvana-maraNa nhiiN| yathA--- sUkSmApi na khalu hiMsA paravastunibandhanA bhavati puMsaH / hiMsAyatananivRtti: pariNAmavizuddhaye tadapi kAryA // 46 / / ' yadyapi paravastu ke kAraNa raMcamAna bhI hiMsA nahIM hotI hai tathApi pariNAmoM kI zuddhi ke lie hiMsA ke sthAna parigrahAdi ko chor3a denA caahie| kyoMki jIva cAhe mare yA na mare ayatnAcAra (anargala) pravRttivAloM ko to baMdha hotA hI hai| kahA bhI hai1. puruSArthasiddhaya pAya : AcArya amRtacandra, praloka 46 , jaina darzana meM ahiMsA : 115

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vyavahAra ke kSetra meM syAdvAda aura sAmAjika tathA Atma-zAMti ke kSetra meM alpa parigraha yA aparigraha ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai| ye saba paraspara antaHsaMbaddha haiN| jhUTha, corI, kuzIla aura parigraha pApa bhI hiMsA ke hI rUpAntara haiN| kyoMki tatsaMbaMdhI bhAva bhI rAga-dveSa rUpa hote haiM / AcArya amRtacandra ke zabdoM meM AtmapariNAmahiMsanahetutvAtsarvameva hiMsatat / anRtavacanAdikevalamudAhRtaM ziSyabodhAya / / 42 / / AtmA ke zuddha pariNAmoM ke ghAta hone se jhUTha, corI Adi sabhI hiMsA hI haiM, bheda karake to mAtra ziSyoM ko samajhAne ke lie kahe gae haiN| hiMsA-ahiMsA kA saMbaMdha sIdhA AtmapariNAmoM se hai / ve donoM AtmA ke hI vikArI-avikArI pariNAma haiM / jar3a meM unakA janma nahIM hotaa| yadi koI patthara kisI prANI para gira jAe aura usase usakA maraNa ho jAe to patthara ko hiMsA nahIM hotI kiMtu koI prANI kisI ko mArane kA vikalpa kare to use hiMsA avazya hogI, cAhe para prANI mare yA na mre| hiMsA-ahiMsA jar3a meM nahIM hotI, jar3a ke kAraNa bhI nahIM hotii| unakA utpatti sthAna va kAraNa donoM hI cetana meM vidyamAna haiM / vastuta: cidvikAra hI hiMsA hai, jhUTha, corI Adi cidvikAra haiM ata: hiMsA hai vyavahAra meM jise hiMsA kahate haiM jaise kisI ko satAnA, duHkha denA Adi vaha hiMsA na ho, yaha bAta nahIM hai / vaha to hiMsA hai hI, kyoMki usameM pramAda kA yoga rahatA hai / AcArya umAsvAmI ne kahA hai---'pramatta yogAt prANAvyaparopaNaM hiMsA, pramAda ke yoga se prANiyoM ke dravyabhAva prANoM kA ghAta honA hiMsA hai| unakA pramAda se Azaya moha-rAga-dveSa Adi vikAroM se hI hai / ata: ukta kathana meM dravyabhAva donoM prakAra kI hiMsA samAhita ho jAtI hai| paraMtu hamArA lakSya prAyaH bAhya hiMsA para keMdrita rahatA hai, aMtaraMga meM honevAlI bhAva hiMsA kI ora nahIM jA pAtA hai| ata: yahAM para vizeSakara aMtaraMga meM honevAlI rAgAdi bhAva rUpa bhAva hiMsA kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA gayA hai| jisa jIva ke bAhya sthala hiMsA kA bhI tyAga nahIM hogA vaha to isa antara kI hiMsA ko bhalI prakAra samajha bhI nahIM sakatA hai| ___ yahAM yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki tIvra rAga to hiMsA hai para maMda rAga ko hiMsA kyoM kahate ho? kiMtu jaba rAga hiMsA hai to maMda rAga ahiMsA kaise ho jAegA, vaha bhI to rAga kI hI eka dazA hai / yaha bAta avazya hai ki maMda rAga maMda hiMsA hai aura tIva rAga tIvra hiMsA hai ata: yadi hama hiMsA kA pUrNa tyAga nahIM kara sakate haiM to use maMda to karanA hI caahie| rAga jitanA ghaTe utanA hI acchA hai, para usake sadbhAva ko dharma nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| dharma to rAga-dveSa-moha kA abhAva hI hai aura vahI ahiMsA hai, jise parama dharma kahA jAtA hai| 118 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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eka yaha prazna bhI saMbhava hai ki aisI ahiMsA to sAdhu hI pAla sakate haiM, ata: yaha to unakI bAta huii| sAmAnya janoM (zrAvakoM) ko to dayA rUpa (dUsaroM ko bacAne kA bhAva) ahiMsA hI saccI hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne zrAvaka ke AcaraNa ke prakaraNa meM hI isa bAta ko lekara yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki ahiMsA do prakAra kI nahIM hotI / ahiMsA ko jIvana meM utArane ke stara do ho sakate haiM / hiMsA to hiMsA hI rhegii| yadi zrAvaka pUrNa hiMsA kA tyAgI nahIM ho sakatA to alpa hiMsA kA tyAga kare, para jo hiMsA vaha chor3a na sake use ahiMsA to nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama pUrNata: hiMsA kA tyAga nahIM kara sakate to aMzata: tyAga karanA caahie| yadi vaha bhI na kara sake to kama-se-kama hiMsA ko dharma mAnanA aura kahanA to chor3anA hI cAhie / zubha rAga, rAga hone se hiMsA meM AtA hai aura use dharma nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina darzana kA anekAntika dRSTikoNa meM uparyukta ahiMsA ke saMbaMdha meM yaha Aropa bhI nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki ukta ahiMsA ko hI vyAvahArika jIvana meM upAdeya mAna leMge to phira deza, samAja, ghara-bAra, yahAM taka ki apanI mAM-bahana kI ijjata bacAnA bhI saMbhava na hogA kyoMki gRhasthoM ke jIvana meM ahiMsA aura hiMsA kA kyA rUpa vidyamAna rahatA hai, isakA vistRta varNana jainAcAra graMthoM meM milatA hai tathA usake prAyogika rUpa ke darzana jaina purANoM ke parizIlana se kiye jA sakate haiN| yahAM usakI vistRta samIkSA ke lie avakAza nahIM hai| gRhastha jIvana meM vidyamAna hiMsA aura ahiMsA ko spaSTa karate hue jainAcAryoM ne hiMsA kA vargIkaraNa cAra rUpoM meM kiyA hai 1. saMkalpI hiMsA 2. udyogI hiMsA 3. AraMbhI hiMsA 4. virodhI hiMsA kevala nirdaya pariNAma hI hetu hai jisameM aise saMkalpa (irAdA)-pUrvaka kiyA gayA prANaghAta hI saMkalpI hiMsA hai / vyApArAdi kAryoM meM tathA gRhasthI ke AraMbhAdi kAryoM meM sAvadhAnI baratate hue bhI jo hiMsA ho jAtI hai vaha udyogI aura AraMbhI hiMsA hai| apane tathA apane parivAra, dharmAyatana, samAja, dezAdi para kiye gaye AkramaNa se rakSA ke lie anicchApUrvaka kI gaI hiMsA virodhI hiMsA hai| ukta cAra prakAra kI hiMsAoM meM eka saMkalpI himA kA to zrAvavaH sarvathA tyAgI hotA hai kiMtu bAkI tIna prakAra kI hiMsA usake jIvana meM vidyamAna rahatI hai, yadyapi vaha unase bhI bacane kA pUrA-pUrA yatna karatA hai, vaha kisI dUsare para binA kAraNa AkramaNa nahIM karatA, apanI rakSA hetu hI lar3atA hai, yadi rakSA-hetu AkramaNa Avazyaka ho to, AkramaNa karane ke bhAva bhI usake hote dekhe jAte haiM / AraMbha aura jaina darzana meM ahiMsA : 119

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udyoga meM bhI pUrI-pUrI sAvadhAnI rakhatA hai tathApi usakA AraMbhI, udyogI aura virodhI hiMsA se pUrNarUpeNa baca pAnA saMbhava nahIM hai| mahApaMDita AzAdharajI ne likhA hai ki AraM bhe'pi sadA his| sudhIH sAMkalpikI tyajet / ghnato'pi karSakAducca:pApo'ghnannapi dhIvaraH // ' AraMbhI Adi hiMsA ke vidyamAna rahane para bhI buddhimAna zrAvaka ko saMkalpI himA kA tyAga kara denA cAhie kyoMki kRSaka dvArA jIvoM ke ghAta hone para bhI saMkalpa ke abhAva meM machaliyoM ke ghAta kA saMkalpa karane vAle dhIvara ko, cAhe usake jAla meM machalI mare hI nahIM, adhika hiMsA hotI hai| yadyapi ukta hisA usake jIvana meM vidyamAna rahatI hai tathApi vaha use upAdeya nahIM mAnatA, vidheya bhI nahIM maantaa| gRhastha kA vyaktitva dvaidha vyaktitva hotA hai| usakI zraddhA to pUrNa ahiMsaka hotI hai aura jIvana bhuumikaanusaar| koI vyakti apane jIvana meM ahiMsA ko kitanA utAra pAtA hai, kitanA nahIM, yaha eka alaga prazna hai aura hiMsA aura ahiMsA kA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai, yaha eka svataMtra vicAraNIya vastu hai / isa tathya ko vicArakoM ko nahIM bhUlanA caahie| niSkarSa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki, rAga-dveSa-bhoha bhAvoM kI utpatti honA hI hiMsA hai aura unheM dharma mAnanA mahAhisA tathA rAgAdi bhAvoM kI utpatti nahIM honA hI parama himA hai aura rAgAdi bhAvoM ko dharma nahIM mAnanA hI ahiMsA ke saMbaMdha meM saccI rAmajha hai| 1. sAgAradharmAmRta-adhyAya 2, zloka 82 120 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna DaoN0 gokulacandra jaina bhAratIya pramANazAstra ke mukhya pratipAdya viSaya haiM - ( 1 ) pramANa kA svarUpa, ( 2 ) pramANa ke bheda, (3) pramANa kA viSaya aura ( 4 ) pramANa kA phala | jaina dArzanikoM ne na kevala pramANa kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa karane meM pratyuta usake bheda-prabheda, viSaya aura phala ke vivecana meM bhI eka vizeSa dRSTi dI hai| I pramANa ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM bhAratIya pramANazAstra meM mukhya rUpa se do dRSTiyAM upalabdha hotI haiM 1. jJAna ko pramANa mAnane vAlI / 2. indriya Adi ko pramANa mAnane vAlI / jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM jJAna ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai| donoM meM antara yaha hai ki jaina savikalpaka jJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiM, bauddha nirvikalpaka jJAna ko / dUsarI paramparA vaidika darzanoM kI hai / nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, mImAMsaka - sabhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM indriya Adi ko pramANa mAnate haiM / jaina dArzanikoM ne sabhI kI sadoSatA kA pratipAdana karake samyagjJAna ko pramANa kA svarUpa nizcita kiyA hai / isI prakAra pramANa ke bhedoM ke viSaya meM bhI jaina dArzanikoM ne eka vizeSa dRSTi dI hai / unhoMne pramANa ke mUla rUpa meM do bheda batAe haiM- pratyakSa aura parokSa / parokSa ke smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama ye pAMca bheda kie haiM / darzanAntaroM meM svIkRta anya bhedoM ko inhIM ke antargata samAhita kiyA gayA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki sAmAnya rUpa meM darzanAntaroM meM jisa jJAna ko pratyakSa kahA gayA hai, use jaina dArzanikoM ne parokSa kahA hai tathA darzanAntaroM meM jise parokSa mAnA hai use jaina dArzanikoM ne pratyakSa mAnA hai / pratyakSa kI yaha carcA na kevala bhedoM ke nirdhAraNa meM pratyuta pramANa ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa kI dRSTi se bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : 121

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bhI mahattvapUrNa hai / isalie yahAM pratyakSa ke vizeSa sandarbha meM bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina dArzanikoM kI dena kA mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai| naiyAyikoM kA pratyakSa pramANa naiyAyika indriyasannikarSa Adi ko pramANa mAnate haiM / vAtsyAyana ne nyAyabhASya (1.1.3) meM pratyakSa kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai -- " akSasyAkSasya prativiSayaM vRttiH pratyakSam / vRttistu sannikarSo jJAnaM vA / yadA sannikarSastadA jJAnaM pramiti: / yadA jJAnaM tadA hAnopAdAnopekSAbuddhayaH phalam / " udyotakara ne bhI nyAyavArtika (1.1.3 ) meM vAtsyAyana ke bhASya kA anugamana karake sannikarSa aura jJAna donoM ko pratyakSa pramANa mAnakara isakA prabala samarthana kiyA hai| nyAyasUtra kI vyAkhyA meM vAcaspati kA bhI vahI tAtparya hai-"indriyArthasannikarSotpannaM jJAnamavya dezyamavyabhicAri pratyakSam / " ( nyAya0 1.1.4 ) nyAyabhASya ( pR0 255 ) tathA nyAyamaMjarI ( pR0 73, 476 ) meM isakA vistRta vivecana hai / vyavasAyAtmakaM sannikarSavAdI naiyAyikoM kA kahanA hai ki artha kA jJAna karAne meM sabase adhika sAdhaka sannikarSa hai / cakSu kA ghaTa ke sAtha sannikarSa hone para hI ghaTa kA jJAna hotA hai / jisa artha kA indriya ke sAtha sannikarSa nahIM hotA, usakA jJAna bhI nahIM hotA / yadi indriyoM se asannikRSTa artha kA jJAna bhI jJAna mAnA jAegA, to sabako saba padArthoM kA jJAna honA caahie| kintu dekhA jAtA hai ki jo padArtha dRSTi se ojhala hote haiM, unakA jJAna nahIM hotA / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki indriya kAraka hai, aura kAraka dUra rahakara apanA kAma nahIM kara sakatA / ataeva yaha mAnanA cAhie ki indriya jisa padArtha se sambandha nahIM karatI, use nahIM jAnatI, kyoMki vaha kAraka hai, jaise bar3haI kA vasUlA lakar3I se dUra rahakara apanA kAma nahIM karatA / jisa prakAra sparzanendriya padArtha ko chUkara jAnatI hai, usI prakAra anya indriyAM bhI padArtha saMspRSTa hokara jAnatI haiM / sannikarSa ke bheda ( nyAyavA0 pR0 31, nyAyamaM 0 pR0 72) sannikarSa ke chaha bheda haiM- ( 1 ) saMyoga, (2) saMyukta- samavAya, (3) saMyuktasamavetasamavAya, (4) samavAya, (5) samavetasamavAya, (6) vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva / inake udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM - 1. saMyoga sannikarSa : cakSu kA ghaTa Adi padArthoM ke sAtha saMyoga sannikarSa hai / 2. saMyuktasamavAya sannikarSa : ghaTa Adi meM samavAya sannikarSa se rahane vAle 122 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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guNa, karma Adi padArthoM ke sAtha saMyuktasamavAya sannikarSa hai| 3. saMyuktasamavetasamavAya sannikarSa : ghaTa Adi meM samavAya sambandha se rahane vAle guNa, karma Adi meM samavAya sambandha se rahane vAle guNatva, karmatva Adi ke sAtha saMyuktasamavetasamavAya sannikarSa hai| 4. samavAya sannikarSa : zrota kA zabda ke sAtha samavAya sannikarSa hai| kyoMki kAna ke chidra meM rahane vAle AkAza kA hI nAma zrotra hai| zabda AkAza kA guNa hai, isalie vahAM samavAya sannikarSa se rahatA hai| 5. samavetasamavAya sannikarSa : zabdatva ke sAtha samavetasamavAya sannikarSa hai| 6. vizeSaNa vizeSyabhAva sannikarSa : yaha ghara ghaTAbhAva vAlA hai| isameM vizeSaNavizeSyabhAva sannikarSa hai, kyoMki ghara vizeSya hai aura usakA vizeSaNa ghaTAbhAva hai| pratyakSajJAna meM sannikarSa kI pravRtti-prakriyA (nyAyamaM0 pR0 74) pratyakSajJAna cAra, tIna athavA do ke sannikarSa se utpanna hotA hai / bAhya rUpa Adi kA pratyakSa cAra ke sannikarSa se hotA hai| AtmA mana se sambandha karatA hai, mana indriya se, indriya artha se / sukhAdi kA pratyakSa tIna ke sannikarSa se hotA hai| isameM indriya kAma nahIM karatI / yogiyoM ko jo AtmA kA pratyakSa hotA hai, vaha do ke sannikarSa se hotA hai| vaha kevala AtmA aura mana ke sannikarSa se hotA hai| naiyAyikoM ke pratyakSa-lakSaNa kI samIkSA naiyAyikoM ke isa pratyakSa lakSaNa kA nirAsa jaina tArkikoM ne vistAra ke sAtha kiyA hai (nyAyakumu0 pR0 25-32, prameyaka0 pR0 14-18) / saMkSepa meM vaha isa prakAra hai - 1. vastu kA jJAna karAne meM sannikarSa sAdhakatama nahIM hai, isalie vaha pramANa nahIM hai| jisake hone para jJAna ho tathA nahIM hone para na ho, vaha usameM sAdhakatama mAnA jAtA hai| sannikarSa meM yaha bAta nahIM hai| kahIM-kahIM sannikarSa ke hone para bhI jJAna nahIM hotA / jaise ghaTa kI taraha AkAza Adi ke sAtha bhI cakSu kA sannikarSa rahatA hai, phira bhI AkAza kA jJAna nahIM hotaa| ataeva sannikarSa pramANa nahIM hai| 2. sabhI indriyAM chUkara jAnatI hoM, yaha bAta nahIM hai| cakSu chUkara nahIM jaantii| yadi chUkara jAnatI, to AMkha meM lage hue aMjana ko dekhanA cAhie, kintu nahIM dekhtii| isI prakAra yadi chUkara jAnatI to DhakI huI vastu ko nahIM jAnanA cAhie, para aisA nahIM hai| kAMca Adi pAradarzI dravya se DhaMkI huI vastu ko vaha jAna letI hai| ataeva cakSu prApyakArI nahIM hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne cakSu ke prApyakAritva kA vistAra se khaNDana kiyA hai (tatvA0 rA0 vA0 pR0 48, nyAyaku0 bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : 123

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pR0 75-82, prameyaka0 pR0 220-229 ) / 3. sannikarSa ko pramANa mAnane para sarvajJa siddha nahIM ho sakatA / kyoMki yadi sarvajJa sannikarSa dvArA padArthoM ko jAnegA, to usakA jJAna yA to mAnasika hogA yA indriyajanya / mana aura indriyoM kI pravRtti apane viSayoM meM kramazaH hotI hai tathA unakA viSaya bhI niyata hai, jabaki trikAlavartI jJeya padArthoM kA anta nahIM hai / sUkSma, antarita tathA vyavahita padArthoM kA indriyoM ke sAtha sannikarSa nahIM ho sakatA, ataH unakA jJAna bhI nahIM hogA / isa taraha sarvajJa kA abhAva ho jAegA (sarvArtha0 pR0 57, tatvA0 pR0 36, nyAyaku0 pR0 32) / uparyukta doSoM ke kAraNa indriyAdi ke sannikarSa ko pratyakSa pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / jarannaiyAyikoM kA pratyakSa- lakSaNa jannaiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki artha kA jJAna kisI eka kAraka se nahIM hotA, pratyuya kArakoM ke samUha se hotA hai| eka-do kArakoM ke hone para bhI jJAna utpanna nahIM hotA aura samagra kArakoM ke rahane para niyama se hotA hai / isalie kArakasAkalya hI jJAna kI utpatti meM sAdhakatama kAraNa hai| ataeva vahI pramANa hai / jJAna pramANa nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha to phala hai| phala ko pramANa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki pramANa aura phala bhinna-bhinna hote haiM / nyAyamaMjarIkAra ne likhA hai---"avyabhicAriNImasandigdhAmarthopalabdhiM vidadhatI bodhAbodhasvabhAvA sAmagrIpramANam / " - nyAyamaMjarI pR0 12 / samIkSA kArakasAkalya kI upayogitA ko svIkArate hue bhI jaina dArzanikoM ne vizeSa rUpa se isakA khaNDana kiyA hai (nyAyaku0 pR0 35-36, prameyakamala0 pR0 7-13 ) / unakA kahanA hai - 1. kArakasAkalya jJAna kI utpatti meM kAraNa avazya hai, para arthopalabdhi meM to jJAna hI kAraNa hai / isalie kArakasAkalya ko arthopalabdhi meM sAdhakatama kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / 2. yadi paramparA - kAraNoM ko arthopalabdhi meM sAdhakatama kAraNa mAnA jAegA to jisa AhAra yA gAya ke dUdha se indriyoM ko puSTi milatI hai, vaha AhAra tathA dUdha dene vAlI gAya ko bhI sAdhakatama kAraNa mAnanA hogA / isa taraha kAraNoM kA koI pratiniyama hI nahIM raha jAegA / 124 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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sAMkhya kA pratyakSa-lakSaNa sAMkhya paramparA meM pratyakSa lakSaNa ke mukhya tIna prakAra haiN| pahalA vindhyavAsI ke lakSaNa kA, jise vAcaspati ne vArSagaNya ke nAma se nirdiSTa kiyA hai (tAtparya * pR0 155) / dUsarA IzvarakRSNa ke lakSaNa kA ( sAMkhyakArikA 5 ) tathA tIsarA sAMkhyasUtra (1.89) ke lakSaNa kA / hemacandra ne pramANamImAMsA ( pR0 24 ) meM vRddha-sAMkhyoM kA pratyakSa lakSaNa isa prakAra diyA hai. " zrotrAdivRttiravikalpikA pratyakSam " iti vRddhasAMkhyAH / IzvarakRSNa kA lakSaNa isa prakAra hai "prativiSayAdhyavasAyo dRSTam / " -sAMkhyakA0 5 mATharavRtti ( pR0 47 ) tathA yogadarzana vyAsabhASya ( pR0 27) meM isa pratyakSa kA vistAra se divecana kiyA gayA hai / sAMkhyoM kI mAnyatA hai ki artha kI pramiti meM indriyAdhIna antaHkaraNa vRtti hI sAdhakatama hai, ata: usI ko pramANa mAnanA caahie| vaha jaba viSaya ke AkAra pariNamana karatI hai tabhI apane pratiniyata zabda Adi kA jJAna karAtI hai / isa prakAra padArtha kA samparka hone se pahale indriyoM ke dvArA antaHkaraNa kA viSayAkAra hone se vRtti hI pramANa hai / yogadarzana vyAsabhASya meM likhA hai - "indriyapraNAlikayA vAhyavastUparAgAt sAmAnyavizeSAtmano'rthasya vizeSAvadhAraNapradhAnAvRttiH pratyakSama / " -- yogada0 vyAsabhA0 pR0 27 ukta vRtti kI prakriyA ke viSaya meM sAMkhyapravacanabhASyakAra ne likhA hai"ajJeyaM prakriyA indriyapraNAlikayA arthasannikarSeNa liMgajJAnAdinA vA AdI buddheH arthAkArA vRttiH jAyate / " sAMkhyapra0 bhA0 pR0 47 sAMkhya ke pratyakSa kI samIkSA bauddha, jaina tathA naiyAyika tArkikoM ne sAMkhyoM ke pratyakSa lakSaNa kA khaNDana kiyA hai / bauddha tArkika diGnAga ne pramANasamuccaya (1.27) meM, naiyAyika udyotakara ne nyAyavArtika ( pR0 43 ) meM, jayantabhaTTa ne nyAyamaMjarI ( pR0 106 ) meM tathA jaina tArkika akalaMka ne nyAyavinizcaya (1.165 ) meM, vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika ( pR0 187) meM, prabhAcandra ne nyAyakumudacandra ( pR0 40 41 ) aura prameyakamalamArtaNDa (pR0 19) meM, devasUri ne syAdvAdaratnAkara ( pR072 ) meM tathA hemacandra ne pramANamImAMsA ( pR0 24 ) meM indriyavRtti kA vistAra se nirAsa kiyA hai, jisakA saMkSipta sAra yaha hai 1. antaHkaraNavRtti acetana hai, isalie vaha padArtha ko jAnane meM sAdhakatama bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : 125

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nahIM ho sakatI / 2. antaHkaraNa kA padArtha ke AkAra honA pratIti viruddha hai / jaise darpaNa padArtha ke AkAra ko apane meM dhAraNa karatA hai, vaise anta:karaNa padArtha ke AkAra ko apane meM dhAraNa karatA nahIM dekhA jAtA / 3. antaHkaraNa vRtti yadi anta:karaNa se bhinna hai to usakA anta:karaNa se sambandha nahIM banatA aura yadi abhinna hai to suptAvasthA meM bhI indriya evaM antaHkaraNa vyApAra jArI rahanA cAhie / ina kAraNoM se antaHkaraNa vRtti pramANa nahIM hai / mImAMsakoM kA pratyakSa- lakSaNa mImAMsAdarzana meM pratyakSa pramANa ke svarUpa kA nirdeza sarvaprathama jaiminIya sUtra meM milatA hai-- satsamprayoge puruSasyendriyANAM buddhijanma tatpratyakSabhanimittaM vidyamAnopalambhanatvAt / -- jaiminIya sUtra 1.1.4 jaiminI sUtra para zAbarabhASya Adi kaI TIkAeM haiM, jinameM isa lakSaNa kA vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vivecana hai / bhavadAsa kI vyAkhyA meM isa sUtra ko pratyakSalakSaNa kA vidhAyaka mAnA gayA hai ( zlokavA0 nyAya 0 pratyakSa0 zloka 1 ) / anya vyAkhyAoM meM isa lakSaNa ko anuvAdaka mAnA gayA hai ( zlokavA0 pratyakSa0 zloka 16) / zAbara bhASya ( 1. 1. 5 ) meM isa sUtra ke zAbdika vinyAsa meM matabheda rakhakara pAThAntara mAnane vAlI vRtti kA bhI ullekha hai / kumArila ne pahale pracalita sabhI mAnyatAoM kA khaMDana karake apane DhaMga se use anuvAda rUpa pratipAdita kiyA hai| ( zlokavA0 pratyakSa0 zlo0 1 36 ) / isa prakAra mImAMsaka jJAtRvyApAra ko pratyakSa mAnate haiM / unakA kahanA hai ki jJAtRvyApAra ke binA padArtha kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA / kAraka tabhI kAraka kahA jAtA hai, jaba usameM kriyA hotI hai, AtmA, indriya, mana tathA padArtha kA mela hone para jJAtA kA vyApAra hotA hai aura vaha vyApAra hI padArtha kA jJAna karAne meM kAraNa hotA hai / ataH jJAtA kA vyApAra hI pramANa hai ( mImAMsA zlo0 pR0 151, zAstradI0 pR0 202 ) / mImAMsakoM ke pratyakSa- lakSaNa kI samIkSA mImAMsakoM kI isa mAnyatA kA khaMDana vaidika, bauddha tathA jaina sabhI tArkikoM kiyA hai| vaidika paramparA meM udyotakara ne nyAyavArtika ( pR0 43 ) meM, vAcaspati ne tAtparyaTIkA ( pR0 155 ) meM tathA jayantabhaTTa ne nyAyamaMjarI ( pR0 100 ) meM vistAra se khaMDana kiyA hai| bauddha dArzanikoM meM sarvaprathama diDnAga ne apane pramANa 126 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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samuccaya (1.37) meM isakA khaMDana kiyA hai| zAntarakSita Adi ne isI paddhati kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| jaina paramparA meM akalaMka, vidyAnanda (tattvArthazlo0 pR0 187 zlo0 37), prabhAcandra (nyAyaku0 pR0 42-45, prameya0 pR0 20-25), abhayadeva (sanmati0 pR0 564), hemacandra (pramANamI0 pR0 23) tathA devasUri (syAdvAdaratnAkara pR0 381) ne jJAtRvyApAra kA vigtAra se khaMDana kiyA hai / jisakA niSkarSa isa prakAra 1. jJAtRvyApAra kisI bhI pramANa se siddha nahIM hotA isalie vaha pramANa nahIM hai| 2. pratyakSa pramANa se jJAtavyApAra siddha nahIM hotaa| kyoMki na to jJAta___vyApAra kA sambandha hai aura na mImAMsaka svasaMvedana ko mAnate haiN| 3. anumAna pramANa se bhI jJAtRvyApAra siddha nahIM hotA, kyoMki usameM sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna rUpa anumAna nahIM bntaa| 4. arthApatti se bhI jJAtavyApAra siddha nahIM hotA, kyoMki arthApatti ke utthApaka artha kA sAdhya ke sAtha sambandha nahIM bntaa| 5. pramANoM se siddha na hone para bhI jJAtRvyApAra kA astitva mAnanA upayukta nahIM hai| bauddha sammata pratyakSa-lakSaNa pratyakSa-lakSaNa kI do dhArAeM vauddha nyAyazAstra meM pratyakSa-lakSaNa kI do paramparAeM dekhI jAtI haiM -pahalI abhrAnta pada-rahita aura dUsarI abhrAnta pd-shit| pahalI paramparA ke puraskartA diDnAma haiM tathA dUsarI ke dharmakIrti / pramANasamuccaya (1.3) aura nyAyapraveza (pR0 7) meM pahalI paramparA ke anusAra lakSaNa aura vyAkhyA hai| nyAyabindu (1.4) aura usakI dharmottarIya Adi vRtti meM dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra lakSaNa evaM vyAkhyAna hai| zAntarakSita ne tattvasaMgraha (kA0 1214) meM dUsarI paramparA kA hI samarthana kiyA hai / dharmakIti kA lakSaNa isa prakAra hai "pratyakSaM kalpanApoDhamabhrAntam / " -nyAyavi0 1.4 nirvikalpaka pratyakSa abhrAnta pada ke grahaNa yA agrahaNa karane vAlI donoM paramparAoM meM pratyakSa ko bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : 125

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nirvikalpaka mAnA gayA hai / bauddhoM kA kahanA hai ki pratyakSa meM zabda-saMsRSTa artha kA grahaNa sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki pratyakSa kA viSaya svalakSaNa hai, aura vaha kSaNika hai| imalie pratyakSa jJAna nirvikalpaka hI hotA hai| kSaNabhaMgavAda bauddhoM kI isa mAnyatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM unakA dArzanika siddhAnta kSaNabhaMgavAda hai| 'sarva kSaNikam'- saba kucha kSaNika hai--isa siddhAnta ke anusAra pratyakSa jisa svalakSaNa ko grahaNa karatA hai usameM kalpanA utpanna ho, isake pUrva hI vaha naSTa ho jAtA hai / isalie vaha savikalpaka nahIM ho sktaa| indriyajJAna meM tadAkAratA kA abhAva bauddhoM kA kahanA hai ki artha meM zabdoM kA rahanA sambhava nahIM hai aura na artha aura zabda kA tAdAtmya sambandha hI hai| isalie artha se utpanna hona vAla jJAna ma jJAna ko utpanna na karane vAle zabda ke AkAra kA saMsarga nahIM raha sktaa| kyoMki jo jisakA janaka nahIM hotA vaha usa ke AkAra ko dhAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| jaise rasa se utpanna hone vAlA rasajJAna apane ajanaka rUpa Adi ke AkAra ko dhAraNa nahIM karatA / indriyajJAna kevala nIla Adi artha se utpanna hotA ha, zabda se utpanna nahIM hotaa| isalie vaha zabda ke AkAra ko dhAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| isa prakAra zabda ke AkAra kA dhAraNa na karane ke kAraNa vaha zabdagrAhI nahIM ho sktaa| jo jJAna jisake AkAra nahIM hotA vaha usakA grAhaka nahIM ho sktaa| ataeva nivikalpaka jJAna hI pramANa hai| nivikalpaka jJAna aura loka-vyavahAra nirvikalpaka jJAna meM savikalpaka jJAna ko utpanna karane kI zakti hai| ata: vaha usake dvArA samasta vyavahAroM meM kAraNa hotA hai| nivikalpa pratyakSa ke viSaya ko lekara hI pIche ke vikalpa utpanna hote haiN| isalie nirvikalpa pratyakSa hI pramANa hai| bauddhoM ke pratyakSa-lakSaNa kI sImakSA bauddhoM kI isa mAnyatA kA bauddhetara tarka granthoM meM vistAra se khaMDana kiyA gayA hai| bhAmaha ne kAvyAlaMkAra (5.6 pR0 32) aura udyotakara ne nyAyavAtika (1.1.4 pR0 41) meM diDnAga ke pratyakSa lakSaNa kA tathA vAcaspati mizra kI tAtparyaTIkA (pR0 154), jayanta bhaTTa kI nyAyamaMjarI (pR0 52), zrIdhara kI nyAyakandalI (pR0 160) aura zAlikanAtha kI prakaraNa-parIkSA (pR0 47) meM 128 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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dharmakIrti ke pratyakSa-lakSaNa kI samIkSA kI gayI hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne diDnAga tathA dharmakIti donoM ke lakSaNoM kI samIkSA kI hai| vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika (pR0 185), prabhAcanda ne nyAyakumudacandra (10 47) tathA prameyakamalamArtaNDa (pR0 46) meM evaM hemacandra ne pramANamImAMsA (pR0 23) meM nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kA vistAra se khaMDana kiyA hai / nirvikalpaka jJAna anizcayAtmaka hone se apramANa nivikalpaka jJAna anizcayAtmaka hotA hai| anizcayAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kyoMki pramANa vahI kahalAtA hai jo nizcayAtmaka ho| loka-vyavahAra meM sAdhaka na hone se apramANa nirvikalpaka jJAna anizcayAtmaka hone se vyavahAra meM anupayogI hai| jisa prakAra mArga meM calate hue tRNasparza Adi kA anadhyavasAya rUpa jJAna anizcayAtmaka hone se loka-vyavahAra meM upayogI nahIM hai, usI prakAra nirvikalpaka jJAna bhI anupayogI hai / ataeva vaha pramANa nahIM ho sktaa| jaina sammata pratyakSa pramANa : do paramparAeM jaina paramparA meM pratyakSa ke lakSaNa kI do paramparAeM upalabdha hotI haiN| pahalI paramparA mukhya rUpa se Agamika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para calI hai| dUsarI paramparA meM Agamika mAnyatA tathA nyAyazAstra kI mAnyatA ke samAyojana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / isa samagra carcA kA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra hai--- jaina Agamika paramparA meM pratyakSa lakSaNa aura usake bheda jaina paramparA meM pramANa kI carcA jJAna carcA se prArambha hotI hai| Agamika siddhAntoM ko saMskRta sUtra rUpa meM prastuta karane vAle AcArya umAsvAti ne jJAna ke pAMca bheda batAkara prathama do ko parokSa tathA anya tIna ko pratyakSa kahA hai "matizrutAvadhimana:paryayakevalAni jJAnam / Adye prokssm| pratyakSamanyat // " -tatvArtha0 sUtra 1.6, 11, 12 avadhijJAna Adi tInoM jJAnoM kI paribhASAeM isa prakAra haiM-- avadhijJAna jo jJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva kI maryAdA liye hue rUpI padArthoM ko jAnatA hai vaha avadhijJAna hai| isake mUla meM do bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : 126

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bheda haiM-bhavapratyaya tathA kSayopazamanimittaka / kSayopazamanimittaka ke vardhamAna, hIyamAna Adi chaha bheda haiN| manaHparyayajJAna jo jJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA dUsare ke mana meM sthita padArtha ko jAna letA hai, vaha manaH paryayajJAna hai / avadhijJAna kI apekSA yaha jJAna adhika vizuddha hai, kintu yaha kevala manuSyoM ke hI ho sakatA hai, jaba ki avadhijJAna deva, nArakI Adi ko bhI ho sakatA hai| avadhijJAna mithyA bhI hotA, kintu manaHparyayajJAna mithyA nahIM hotaa| kevalajJAna jo jJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA trikAlavartI rUpI-arUpI sabhI padArthoM kI sabhI paryAyoM ko yugapata jAne, vaha kevalajJAna hai| uparyukta tInoM jJAna AtmasApekSa jJAna haiM / inameM indriya aura mana kI apekSA nahIM hai| AtmA kI vizuddhi ke anusAra ina jJAnoM kI pravRtti sUkSma se sUkSmatara padArthoM kI ora hotI hai| kevalajJAnI yA sarvajJa __ kevalajJAna-sampanna AtmA ko jainoM ne sarvajJa kahA hai| jaina zAstroM meM sarvajJavAda kA vistRta vivecana prApta hotA hai| Age saMkSepa meM isa para vicAra kreNge| indriya sApekSa jJAna pratyakSa nahIM hai Atma sApekSa jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnakara jaina dArzanikoM ne indriya sApekSa jJAna kI pratyakSatA ko asvIkAra kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM mukhya tarka ye haiM1. indriyAM jar3a haiM jaba ki jJAna cetana hai| jar3a se cetana jJAna utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| 2. indriyAM AtmA se bhinna haiM isalie 'para' haiN| parasApekSajJAna parokSa hI hogA, pratyakSa nahIM ho sktaa| 3. indriya sApekSa jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnane para sarvajJa kI siddhi nahIM ho sktii| kyoMki indriyasApekSa jJAna sImita tathA krama se pravRtti karane vAlA hotA hai| 4. isalie para se utpanna hone vAlA jJAna parokSa tathA jo kevala AtmA se jAnA jAe vaha pratyakSa hai-- 130 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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"jaM parado viNNANaM taM tu parokkhatti bhaNidamatthesu / jaM kevaleNa NAdaM havadi hu jIveNa paccakkhaM / / --pravacanasAra gA0 58 jaina dArzanika paramparA meM pratyakSa kA lakSaNa aura bheda dArzanika paramparA ke jaina granthoM meM pratyakSa ke lakSaNa isa prakAra milate haiM - 1. siddhasena-- aparokSatayArthasya grAhakaM jJAnamIdRzAnu / pratyakSa mitarajjJeyaM parokSaM grahaNecchayA / / - nyAyAvatAra, zlo0 4 2. akalaMka-- pratyakSalakSaNaM prAhuH spaSTaM sAkAramaMjasA / - - nyAyAvi0 zlo0 3 3. mANikyanandivizadaM pratyakSam / --parIkSAmukha sUtra 2.3 4. hemacandravizadaH pratyakSam / ----pramANamI0 1.13 isa prakAra dArzanika paramparA meM vizada jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnA gyaa| vizada kA artha akalaMka ne isa prakAra diyA hai anumAnAdya tirekeNa vishessprtibhaagnm| tadvaizacaM manaM buddhe ravezadyamataH param / / isI ko mANikyanandi ne isa prakAra kahA haipratItyantarAvyavadhAnena vizeSyavattayA vA pratibhAsanaM vaizadyam / ......parIkSA0 sUtra 2 / 4 hemacandra ne likhA hai---- pramANAntarAnpekSedantayA pratibhAgo va vaizadyam / ---pramANamI0 1 / 14 pratyakSa kI yaha paribhASA dArzanika yuga ke ghAta-pratighAta kA pariNAma pratIta hotI hai| kyoMki jaina aura bauddha ko chor3akara sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM indriya jJAna ko pratyakSa mAnA hai jaba ki jainoM ne use parokSa maanaa| isa mAnyatA ke nirantara virodha kA pariNAma hI yaha pratIta hotA hai ki akalaMka ne pratyakSa kI paribhASA vizada jJAna sthira kii| bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : 131

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pratyakSa ke bheda jaina dArzanika paramparA meM pratyakSa ke mukhya do bheda kiye gae haiM-- 1. mAMvyavahArika yA laukika pratyakSa / 2. mukhya yA pAramArthika pratyakSa / pAramArthika pratyakSa do prakAra kA hai.--- vikala pratyakSa tathA sakala pratyakSa / matijJAna sAMvyavahArika yA laukika pratyakSa hai| avadhijJAna tathA manaHparyayajJAna vikala pratyakSa hai evaM kevalajJAna sakala pratyakSa hai| ina prakAra dArzanika paramparA meM pratyakSa ke bhedoM kA digdarzana nimna prakAra hogA .. pratyakSa mAMvyavahArika yA lauSika (natijJAna) mukhya yA pAramArthika vikala pratyakSa yA dezapratyakSa (avadhi tathA mana:paryaya) sakala pratyakSa (kevalajJAna) kuna prakAra pratyakSa ke sAMvyavahArika yA laukika pratyakSa meM indriya jJAna ko kammilita karake dArzanika paramparA ne laukika paramparA kA samAyojana kiyA hai, dUsarI ora mukhya pratyakSa ke vikala aura nakaladoM ke aMtargata avadhi, mana:paryaya tathA kevalajJAna kI gaNanA karake Agamika paraMparA kA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai| inakA vizeSa vivecana isa prakAra hai-... sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa . pAMva iMdriyAM aura mana, ina yathAyogya chaha kAraNoM se sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa utpanna hotA hai / iMdriya aura mana kI apekSA se isake do bheda kara sakate haiM 1. iMdriya sAMvyavahArika 132 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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2. anindriya sAMvyavahArika indriya sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa indriya tathA mana donoM kI sahAyatA se utpanna hotA hai jaba ki anindriya pratyakSa kevala mana kI sahAyatA se utpanna hotA hai / jJAna kA utpatti - krama sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita hai avagraha, IhA avAya, dhAraNA / yahI jJAna kA utpatti krama hai / sarvaprathama jJAna avagraha ke rUpa meM utpanna hotA hai / usake bAda usameM IhA dvArA vizeSa grahaNa hotA hai / tadanaMtara UdAya ke dvArA vastu svarUpa kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai jo bAda meM dhAraNA ke rUpa meM sthAyitva prApta karatA hai| isa taraha ina cAroM kI paribhASAeM nimna prakAra hoMgI 1. avagraha - vastu ke sAtha indriya kA samparka hone ke bAda artha kA jo sAmAnya grahaNa rUpa jJAna hotA hai, vaha avagraha kahalAtA hai| jaise kimI manuSya ko dekhakara 'yaha manuSya hai' isa rUpa kA sAmAnya jJAna avagraha hai"akSArthayoge darzanAnantaramartha grahNamavagrahaH / " -pramANamI0 1 / 26 avagraha do prakAra kA hotA hai vyaMjanAvagraha tathA arthAvagraha | aspaSTa grahaNa ko vyaMjanAvagraha kahate haiM tathA spaSTa grahaNa ko avigraha | AcArya pUjyapAda ne sarvArthasiddhi (1.18 ) meM eka dRSTAnta dvArA donoM kA bheda spaSTa karate hue likhA hai--jaise miTTI ke naye sakore para jala ke do-cAra chIMTe dene se vaha gIlA nahIM hotA; kiMtu bAra-bAra pAnI ke chIMTe dete rahane para vaha rAkorA dhIre-dhIre gIlA ho jAtA hai / isI prakAra zrotra Adi iMdriyoM meM AyA huA zabda athavA graMtha Adi do-tIna kSaNa taka spaSTa nahIM hote, kiMtu bAra-bAra grahaNa karane para spaSTa ho jAte haiM / ataH spaSTa grahaNa se pahale vyaMjanAvagraha hotA hai, bAda meM arthAvigrah / kiMtu aisA koI niyama nahIM hai ki jaise avagraha jJAna darzanapUrvaka hI hotA hai, vaise agraha vyaMjanAvagrahapUrvaka hI ho| kyoMki arthAvagraha pAMcoM indriyoM tathA mana se hotA hai jaba ki vyaMjanAvagraha cakSu aura mana ke atirikta zeSa cAra iMdriyoM se hotA hai / vyaMjanAvagraha kevala cAra indriyoM se mAnane kA kAraNa yaha hai ki jaina cakSu tathA mana ko aprApyakArI mAnate haiM / arthAt cakSu aura mana anya iMdriyoM kI taraha vastu se saMspRSTa hokara nahIM jAnate, pratyuta alaga rahakara hI jAnate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ne naiyAyikoM ke sannikarSa kA khaMDana kiyA hai / avagraha ke viSaya meM jaina AcAryoM ne vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai, jisameM pArasparika aMtara bhI upalabdha hotA hai / usake vistAra meM jAnA prakRta meM apekSita nahIM hai / bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : 133

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hA avagraha se grahIta artha meM vizeSa jAnane kI AkAMkSA rUpa jJAna ko IhA kahate avagRhItavizeSAkAMkSaNamIhA / - pramANamI0 1 / 27 jaise cakSu ke dvArA zukla rUpa ko grahaNa karane ke bAda usameM yaha patAkA hai yA baguloM kI paMkti hai athavA yadi kisI puruSa ko dekhA to yaha kisa deza kA hai, kisa umra kA hai Adi jAnane kI AkAMkSA IhA hai / hA jJAna nizcayonmukhI hone se saMzaya jJAna nahIM hai / kyoMki saMzaya meM viruddha aneka koTiyoM kA grahaNa hotA hai / IhA meM yaha bAta nahIM hai / avagraha ke dvArA gRhIta arthaM IhA ke dvArA nizcayonmukhI hotA hai / avAya yA apAya avagraha dvArA sAmAnya rUpa se gRhIta tathA IhA dvArA vizeSa rUpa se jAnane ke lie Ihita artha ko nirNayAtmaka rUpa se jAnanA avAya hai / kahIM-kahIM ise apAya bhI kahA gayA hai| hemacaMdra ne avAya kA lakSaNa isa prakAra diyA hai hitavizeSanirNayo'vAyaH / jaise IhA ke uparyukta udAharaNa meM paMkhoM ke phar3aphar3Ane Adi se yaha nizcayAtmaka jJAna honA ki yaha baguloM kI paMkti hI hai / dhAraNA avAya dvArA nirNIta vastu ko kAlAntara meM na bhUlanA dhAraNA hai| hemacaMdra ne likhA hai smRtihetudhAraNA / pramANamI0 1 / 26 jaise sAyaMkAla ke samaya subaha vAlI baguloM kI paMkti ko dekhakara yaha jJAna honA ki yaha vahI baguloM kI paMkti hai, jise maiMne subaha dekhA thA / avagraha Adi jJAna isI krama se utpanna hote haiM / isa krama meM koI vyatikrama nahIM hotA / kyoMki adRSTa padArtha kA avagraha nahIM hotA, anavagRhIta meM saMdeha nahIM hotA, saMdeha ke hue binA IhA nahIM hotI / IhA ke binA avAya nahIM hotA aura avAya ke binA dhAraNA nahIM hotI / avagraha, IhA tathA avAya kA kAla eka-eka antarmuhUrta hai, kiMtu dhAraNA kA kAla saMkhyAta athavA asaMkhyAta antarmuhUrta hai| jJAna ke isa utpatti krama meM samaya kA dIrghatara vyApAra na hone se sabhI jJAna eka sAtha hote pratIta hote haiM / jaise kamala sau pattoM ko suI se eka sAtha chedane para aisI pratIti hotI hai ki sAre patte eka 134 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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hI samaya meM chede gae / kAla-bheda sUkSma hone se vaha hamArI dRSTi meM nahIM aataa| pUrva-pUrva kA jJAna hone para uttarottara jJAna avazya ho aisA niyama nahIM, kiMtu uttara jJAna tabhI hogA jaba pUrva jJAna ho cukegA / yahI inakA krama jJAna hI utpatti meM pAyA jAtA hai| avagraha Adi ke avAMtara bheda artha ke avagraha Adi cAroM jJAna pAMca iMdriyoM tathA mana kI sahAyatA se hote haiN| ataeva pratyeka ke chaha-chaha bheda hone se cAroM ke caubIsa bheda hote haiN| vyaMjanAvagraha kevala cAra hI iMdriyoM ke nimitta se hotA hai isalie usake cAra hI bheda haiN| isa prakAra saba milAkara aTThAIsa bheda hote haiN| digambara paraMparA meM inake bahu, bahuvidha, kSipra, anisRta, anukta, adhra va tathA inake viparIta eka, ekavidha, akSipra, nisRta, ukta tathA dhruva ye bAraha bheda mAnakara saba tIna sau chattIsa bheda mAne jAte haiN| pAramArthika pratyakSa jo jJAna indriya Adi kI sahAyatA ke binA kevala AtmA se hotA hai use mukhya yA pAramArthika pratyakSa kahate haiM / isake do bheda haiM -(1) vikala pratyakSa yA deza pratyakSa, tathA (2)sakala pratyakSa / vikala pratyakSa ke do bheda haiM-(1) avadhijJAna, (2) mana:paryayajJAna / ina sabakA sAmAnya svarUpa pahale batAyA hai| mukhya yA sakala pratyakSa jo jJAna iMdriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA kevala AtmA se trikAlavartI samasta dravyoM kI sabhI paryAyoM ko eka sAtha jAnatA hai, use mukhya yA sakala pratyakSa kahate haiM / ise kevalajJAna bhI kahate haiM / jJAnAvaraNa karma ke samUla nAza se AtmA ke jJAna svarUpa kA prakaTa honA kevalajJAna hai| hemacaMdra ne likhA hai sarvadhAvaraNavilaye cetanasya svarUpAvirbhAvo mukhyaM kevalam / ___---pramANamI0 1 / 15 kevalajJAna yukta AtmA ko jaina dArzanikoM ne sarvajJa kahA hai| jaina zAstroM meM sarvajJatA kA vistRta vivecana upalabdha hotA hai| sarvajJatA kI saiddhAMtika pRSThabhUmi jaina darzana meM AtmA ko jJAna guNa yukta cetana dravya mAnA gayA hai / karmoM ke AvaraNa ke kAraNa usakA yaha jJAna guNa pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa nahIM hotaa| jaise-jaise karma kA AvaraNa haTatA jAtA hai, vaise-vaise jJAna kA vikasita rUpa prakaTa hotA jAtA bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : 135

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hai| isa prakAra jaba AvaraNa sarvathA haTa jAtA hai to nirAvaraNa kevalajJAna prakaTa hotA hai| ise kSAyika jJAna bhI kahate haiN| kevalajJAnI trikAlavartI sabhI rUpIarUpI dravyoM kI samasta paryAyoM ko eka sAtha jAnatA hai / kuMdakaMda ne likhA hai jaM takkAliyamidaraM jANadi jagavaM samatado savvaM / atthaM vicitta visamaM taM NANaM khAiyaM bhaNiyaM / / jo Na vijANadi jugavaM atthe tekAlike tihuvaNatthe / NAeM tassa Na sakkaM upajvayaM davvamekaM vA / / davvamaNaMtapajjayamekamaNatANi davvajAdANi / Na vijANadi jadi jugavaM kadha so savvANi jvANAdi / / -pravacanasAra 1 / 47-46 savajJasiddhi kA dArzanika AdhAra sarvajJa kI uparyukta saiddhAMtika mAnyatA ko bAda ke dArzanikoM ne tAkika AdhAra dekara siddha kiyA hai| mukhya AdhAra anumAna pramANa hai / samaMtabhadra ne likhA hai sUkSmAntaritadUrArthAH pratyakSA: ksycidythaa| anumeyatvato'gnyAdiritisarvajJasaMsthitiH // --AptamImAMsA, zlo0 5 sUkSma padArtha paramANu Adi, antarita rAma, rAvaNa Adi, dUrArtha sumeru parvatAdi agni Adi kI taraha anumeya hone se kisI ke pratyakSa avazya haiM / isa hetu se sarvajJa kI siddhi hotI hai| bhaTTa akalaMka ne sarvajJatA kA samarthana karate hue likhA hai ki AtmA meM samasta padArthoM ke jAnane kI pUrNa sAmarthya hai / saMsArI avasthA meM usake jJAna kA jJAnAvaraNa se Avata hone ke kAraNa pUrNa prakAza nahIM ho pAtA, para jaba caitanya ke pratibandhaka karmoM kA pUrNa kSaya ho jAtA hai taba usa aprApyakArI jJAna ko samasta arthoM ke jAnane meM kyA bAdhA hai (nyAyavi0 zlo0 465) / yadi atIndriya padArthoM kA jJAna na ho sake to sUrya, candra Adi jyotirgrahoM kI grahaNa Adi bhaviSyakAlIna dazAoM kA upadeza kaise ho skegaa| jyotirjJAnopadeza avisaMvAdI aura yathArtha dekhA jAtA hai| ata: yaha mAnanA anivArya hai ki usakA yathArtha upadeza atIndriyArtha darzana ke vinA nahIM ho sktaa| jaise satya svapna darzana indriya Adi kI sahAyatA ke binA hI bhAvI rAjyalAbha Adi kA yathArtha spaSTa jJAna karAtA hai tathA vizada hai, usI taraha sarvajJa kA jJAna bhI bhAvI padArthoM meM saMvAdaka aura spaSTa hotA hai| jaise IkSaNikAdi vidyA atIndriya padArthoM kA spaSTa bhAna karA detI hai, usI taraha atIndriya jJAna bhI spaSTa pratibhAsaka hotA hai (siddhivi0 nyAyavi0 aadi)| hemacaMdra ne likhA hai 136 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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prajJAtizayavizrAntyAdisiddhestatsiddhiH / - pramANamI0 1 / 16 isa prakAra anumAna pramANa se sarvajJatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / sarvajJatA kI siddhi meM bAdhaka pramANa kA abhAva akalaMka ne sarvajJatA kI siddhi meM eka ora yaha hetu diyA hai ki sarvajJatA kI siddhi meM koI bhI bAdhaka pramANa nahIM hai / bAdhaka kA abhAva siddhi kA balavAn sAdhaka hai / jaise 'maiM sukhI hUM' yahAM sukha kA sAdhaka pramANa yahI ho sakatA hai ki mere sukhI hone meM koI bAdhaka pramANa nahIM hai / cUMki sarvajJa kI sattA meM koI bAdhaka pramANa nahIM hai, isalie usakI nirbAdha sattA siddha hai| akalaMka ne likhA hai asti sarvajJaH sunizcitAsaMbhavad bAdhakapramANatvAt sukhAdivat / - siddhivi0 isI saraNi para bAda ke jaina dArzanikoM ne sarvajJasiddhi kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai / isa prakAra jaina dArzanikoM ne pramANazAstra kI kasauTI para bhI Atmatattva kI carama pratiSThA kI / bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina dArzanikoM kA yaha mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai / bhAratIya pramANazAstra ko jaina darzana kA yogadAna : 137

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jainAcAryoM kA gaNita ko yogadAna pro0 lakSmIcandra jaina Adhunika gaNita ke itihAsa meM mahAvIrAcArya ke sivAya saMbhavata: eka-do ko chor3akara anya jaina gaNitajJa kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| isI prakAra jyotiSa itihAsa meM bhI saMbhavata: eka-do ko chor3akara kisI bhI jaina jyotiSI kA ullekha nahIM hai| yaha videza kI sthiti hai| sAdhAraNa sAhitya ke rUpa meM graMthoM kA ullekha va zodha, prakAzana Adi iMDAlaoNjikala keMdroM meM ho jAne mAtra se itihAsa nahIM bana paataa| gaNitIya zodha aura vaha bhI aMtarrASTrIya bhASA meM hone para hI deza-videzoM ke gaNita-vijJAna ke itihAsa meM tathyoM kA samAveza ho pAtA hai aura una para uttarottara zodha ho sakatI hai tathA vikasita hone ke avasara A sakate haiN| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki zodha kisI vyakti vizeSa kI racanAoM ko lekara ho, kyoMki jaina vicAradhArA kA pravAha ajJAta maharSiyoM evaM vidvAnoM dvArA udvelita huA aura mAtra kucha AcAryoM ko chor3a zeSa ne paraMparAgata ullekha kara apanA nAma bhI prakaTa nahIM kiyA / ataeva yaha batalAnA kaThina hai ki racanAkAroM meM maulika aMzadAna karanevAle kauna haiM tathA unakA maulika aMzadAna kitanA hai| racanAkAra yA to saMgrahakartA the athavA TIkAkAra / yaha mUlabhUta tathya thA ki varddhamAna mahAvIra ke samaya athavA AsapAsa jJAna ke bhaMDAra apratima rUpa se bhara gae the. jinako saMbhAlane tathA paraMparA ko hastagata karane meM hI vizeSa prayAsa hote rahe-unheM aura bhI anya rahasyoM ko udghATita karane meM vikasita karane ke prayAsa prAyaH nahIM ho pAe, tathA kAlAMtara meM ve prayAsa rUr3hiyoM kA rUpa bhI lete gae, arthAt jisa vaijJAnika kautUhala ko bhArata ne akhila vizva meM jAgRta kara diyA thA, vaha bhArata meM hI samaya pAkara so gyaa| paM0 ToDaramala evaM unake graMtha jaina manISiyoM meM sarvaprathama hama paM0 ToDaramala kA ullekha kareMge jinakI 138 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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samyagjJAna caMdrikA TIkA, artha saMdRSTi adhikAra tathA trilokasAra TIkA, evaM labdhisAra kSapaNasAra kI TIkA vizeSa rUpa se gaNitIya sAmagrI ke abhUtapUrva bhaMDAra haiN| inameM lokottara gaNita kI gahanatama pahuMca hai jise saMbhAlane meM paM0 ToDaramala jaisI pratibhA hI kArya kara sakane meM sakSama thii| yaha atyaMta duHkhada prasaMga hai ki unakA jIvanakAla (prAyaH I0 1740-1768) atyaMta alpa rahA, anyathA unakI samakAlIna videzoM kI vidvAnoM kI paMkti unase atIva lAbhAnvita hotI aura rAzi siddhAMta ke puna: AviSkAra ko keMTara dvArA 1880 ke lagabhaga prakaTa hone kA avasara aura bhI pahale upasthita ho gayA hotaa| paM0 ToDaramala ke samakSa gommaTa sArAdi kI vRhad TIkAeM thIM aura pakhaMDAgama mUla graMthoM ko chor3akara zeSa paraMparAgata saMdRSTimaya alaukika gaNita sahita anya TIkAeM thiiN| kiMtu una TIkAoM ke rahasya ko batalAne vAlA koI bhI guru upalabdha nahIM thaa| saMbhavataH gaNita-zikSaNa kI paraMparA kA taba taka lopa ho cukA thA aura lokottara gaNita kI saMdRSTiyoM ke vibhinna rUpoM kA parikarmASTaka meM upayoga kA pracalana bahuta kucha samApta ho cukA thaa| unakA ucita bodha na hone ke kAraNa azuddhi hone ke bhaya se paMDitavarga bhI unakA zodha karane meM saMkoca kA anubhava karate the| kiMtu isa cunautI ko paM0 ToDaramala ne svIkAra kiyA aura maulika rUpa se do artha saMdRSTi adhikAra likhe / prathama adhikAra gommaTasAra kI TIkA ko samajhane ke lie hai jo prAya: 308 pRSThoM meM hai / dUsarA adhikAra labdhisAra evaM kSapaNasAra ko vidita karane hetu hai jo prAyaH 207 pRSThoM meM hai| ye artha saMdRSTi adhikAra tathA gommaTasAra evaM labdhisAra-kSapaNasAra kI bar3I TIkAoM ko prakAzita karane kA zreya gAMdhI haribhAI devakaraNa graMthamAlA, kalakattA, ko hai tathA una paMDitoM ko hai jinhoMne prAyaH 1910 ke lagabhaga pavitra presa meM kapar3oM ke belana banAkara athaka aura apAra parizrama ke pazcAt zodhAdi saMskaraNa kara prakAzita karAne meM tana-manadhana ko arpita kara diyaa| aba ye upalabdha nahIM haiN| paMDita ToDaramalakRta trilokasAra kI TIkA kA AdhAra mAdhavacaMdra vidhakRta saMskRta TIkA hai| isameM tiloyapaNNattI, trilokasAra viSayaka gaNitIya sAmagrI hai| gaNitIya aMtardRSTi se otaprota paM0 ToDaramala ne darzana para apane maulika vicAra prakaTa kie jo vaijJAnika khoja kI bhAvanA se pUrNa the / yativRSabhAcAryakRta tiloyapaNNattI isake do bhAgoM kA gaNita jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti saMgraha (zolApura, 1958) kI prastAvanA rUpa meM chapa cukA hai| isa graMtha meM pUrvavartI racanAoM kA ullekha milatA hai-aggAyaNiya, diTTivAda, parikamma mUlAyara, loya viNicchiya, loya vibhAga, logAiNi / yaha graMtha mukhyataH karaNAnuyoga kA hai| svayaM tiloyapaSNatti ke jainAcAryoM kA gaNita ko yogadAna : 136

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ullekhAnusAra prastuta graMtha kA kartRtva artha aura graMtha ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| lokAtIta guNoM se saMpanna bhagavAn mahAvIra isake arthakartA haiN| unake pazcAt yaha jJAna paraMparAgata hai / graMthakartA ne Adi meM yA puSpikAoM meM na to apane guruoM kA koI ullekha kiyA aura na svayaM apanA nAma-nirdeza / unhoMne tiloyapaNNatti kA pramANa batalAne ke lie saMbhavataH apanI hI do anya racanAoM--pUrNisvarUpa aura (SaT-) karaNa svarUpa kA ullekha kiyA hai| iMdranaMdi ke zrutAvatAra ke anusAra unhoMne AcArya nAgahasti aura AryabhikSu se kaSAyaprAbhRta sUtroM kA adhyayana kara vRtti rUpa se cUNimUvoM kI racanA kI jinakA pramANa chaha haz2Ara graMtha thA / yativRSabha zivArtha, baTTakera, kuMdakaMda Adi jaise graMtha-racayitAoM ke varga ke haiM, aura tiloyapaNNati una AgamAnusArI graMthoM meM se hai jo pATaliputra meM saMgrahIta Agama ke kucha AcAryoM dvArA apramANita evaM tyAjya ThaharAe jAne ke pazcAt zIghra hI AcAryAnukrama se prApta paraMparAgata jJAna ke AdhAra se smati sahAyaka lekhoM ke rUpa meM saMgRhIta kie gae / vIrasena ne unheM ajjamakhu ke ziSya tathA nAgahatthi ke aMtevAsI kahA hai| (sva0 DaoN0 hI* lA0 jaina, ti0 pa0, 2, pR0 Adi) hAla hI meM isa graMtha aura trilokasAra graMtha ke jyotibiMboM ke gamana para eka zodha prakAzanArtha bhejA gayA hai| gaNita itihAsa ke lie isa graMtha se abhUtapUrva sAmagrI prApta huI hai| videzoM meM tiloyapaNNatti ke gaNita kA AMgla anuvAda atyaMta zIghra phaladAyI siddha hogaa| loka vibhAga ___ loka vibhAga graMtha mUla prAkRta meM saMbhavata: sarvanaMdi dvArA prAyaH 458 I0 meM racita huA, jisakA saMskRta sAra siMhamUri ne saMbhavata: gyArahavIM sadI ke pazcAt racA hai / karaNAnuyoga kA eka aura graMtha 'jaMbUdIva paNNatti saMgaho' hai jise balanaMdi ke ziSya padmanaMdi (prAya: 11vIM sadI I0) ne rcaa| isakA srota saMbhavata: 'dIpasAgara-paNNatti' rahA hogA jo cauthA parikarma (dRSTivAda) hai / isa graMtha kA sAmya yA vaiSamya nimnalikhita graMthoM se dikhAI detA hai ---tiloyapaNNatI, mUlAcAra, trilokasAra, jaMbUdvIpa prajJapti sUtra, jyotiSkaraMDa, bRhatkSetrasamAsa aura vaidika graMtha / isa prakAra karaNAnuyoga ke paraparAgata graMthoM meM saMkhyA siddhAMta, jyAmiti avadhAraNAeM, aMka gaNanA, bIjagaNita, bhApikI (jyAmiti vidhiyAM) aura jyotiSa saMbaMdhI gaNanAeM jo sabhI rAzi siddhAMta para AdhArita haiN| jyotiSa biboM ke gamana / ko gaganakhaMDoM ke AdhAra para varNita kiyA gayA hai aura unakI sthiti do vibhAoM, meru se dUrI tathA pRthvI tala se UMcAI dvArA darzAI gayI hai| trilokasAra meM kRtarAha kA bhI varNana hai jisase nakSatra evaM rAzi (zodiac) kA sahasaMbaMdha evaM uparokta 140 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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sabhI se paMcAMga ke lie nyAsa taiyAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / ausata koNIya vega ke sivAya parivartanazIla vegoM kA bhI ullekha hai / do sUrya aura do caMdrAdi praNAlI yUnAna meM pithegorIya yuga meM pracalita thI jisakA upayoga saMbhavataH grahaNa kI gaNanA ke lie hotA thA, para isa praNAlI meM hameM kevala eka prati guru graha kA hI ullekha milA hai / zvetAMvara paraMparA ke graMtha zvetAMbara paraMparA meM ardhamAgadhI jainAgama ke rUpa meM sUrya paNNatti, jaMbUdIvapaNNatti, caMdapaNNatti saMkalita haiM jinameM prathama ke racayitA bhadrabAhu AcArya ( prAya: I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI) mAne gae haiM / ye tInoM graMtha malayagiri ( prAya: I0 gyArahavIM zatAbdI) kI TIkA rUpa hai| sUriyapaNNatti meM 20 pAhuDa haiM jinake aMtargata 108 sUtroM meM sUrya, caMdra va nakSatroM kI gatiyoM kA vistRta varNana hai / jaMbUdIvapaNatti kI malayagiri vAlI TIkA upalabdha nahIM hai / isa para dharmasAga ropAdhyAya (vi0 saM0 1639 ) tathA puNyasAga ropAdhyAya (piM0 saM0 1645) ne TIkAoM kI racanA kii| caMdra prajJapti kA viSaya sUrya prajJapti se bilakula milatA hai / isameM 20 prAbhRtoM meM caMdra ke paribhramaNa kA varNana hai / sUrya prajJapti meM do sUrya, do caMdrAdi vivaraNa, sUrya kI parivartanazIla gati, 18 muhUrta kA dina, 12 muhUrtta kI rAtri Adi, paMca varSAtmaka yuga ke ayanoM ke nakSatra, tithi aura mAsa kA varNana milatA hai| isI prakAra caMdra prajJapti meM sUrya kI yojanAtmaka gati, sUrya-caMdra ke AkAra, caMdra gati, chAyAsAdhana, sUrya ke maMDala, caMdra ke sAtha yoga karane vAle nakSatra, jyotirvidoM kI UMcAI, sUrya-caMdra grahaNa Adi kA vivaraNa milatA hai / dvIpasAgara prajJapti aprakAzita hai| ina graMthoM ke gaNita bhAga para abhI koI zodha dekhane meM nahIM AyA / inake sivAya jinabhadragaNi ( I0 609 ) ke vRhatkSetra samAsa ( kSetrasamAsa prakaraNa ) para malayagiri kI TIkA hai| vRhatsaMgrahaNI para bhI malayagiri Adi kI TIkAeM hai / haribhadrasUri ( prAyaH 750 I0 ) ne laghu saMghayaNI (jaMbU dvIpa saMgrahaNI ) kI racanA kI / somatilaka sUri ne caudahavIM sadI meM navya vRhatkSe trasamAsa kI racanA kI aura ratnazekhara sUri ( prAyaH 1436 I0) ne laghu kSetra samAsa kI racanA kI / jisa prakAra digambara paramparA meM triloka prajJapti, jambUdvIpa prajJapti, trilokasAra aura loka vibhAga Adi lokAnuyoga graMtha upalabdha haiM usI prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM vRhatkSetra samAsa, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, pravacanasArodvAra, bRhatsaMgrahaNI aura lokaprakAza Adi aneka grantha pAye jAte haiM / bRhatkSetrasamAsa va trilokaprajJapti Adika graMthoM meM gaNita niyamoM meM prAyaH samAnatA hai / udAharaNArthaM paridhi, bANa, kSetraphala Adi nikAlane meM karaNa sUtroM meM ( ti0 pa0 2, pR0 75) kucha vizeSatAeM jainAcAryoM kA gaNita ko yogadAna : 141 "

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bhI haiM / isI prakAra anya graMthoM se bhI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai / AryarakSita dvArA racita anuyogadvAra meM bhI gaNita ke viSaya haiN| isakI TIkAeM jinadAsa gaNi, haribhadra sUri aura maladhAri hemacandra dvArA racI gayIM / upalabhya bRhatsaMgrahaNI ke saMkalanakartA maladhAri hemacandra sUri ke ziSya candrasUri ( I0 bArahavIM zatI) haiM / ukta samasta racanAoM se sambhavataH prAcIna jyotiSa karaMDaka hai jise mudrita prati meM pUrvabhRd vAlabhya prAcInatarAcArya kRta kahA gayA hai / upalabhya jyotiSa karaMDaka - prakIrNaka meM 376 gAthAeM haiM, jinameM sUrya prajJapti kA sAra likhane kA prAraMbha meM ullekha hai| isameM kAla pramANa, mAna, adhika mAsa - niSpatti, tithi- niSpatti, omarata nakSatra parimANa, candra-sUrya- parimANa, nakSatra-candra-sUrya-gati, nakSatrayoga, maNDala vibhAga, ayana, AvRtti, muhUrtagati, Rtu, viSukta, vyatipAta, tApa, divasavRddhi, paurNamAsI, pranaSTa parva aura pauruSI- ye 21 pAhuDa haiN| isameM nakSatra - lagna kA pratipAdana hai / pUrvAcArya racita yaha Agama valabhI vAcanA ke anusAra saMkalita hai / isa para pAdalipta sUri ne prAkRta TIkA kI racanA kI thii| isa TIkA ke avataraNa malayagiri ne isa graMtha para likhI gayI apanI saMskRta TIkA meM diye haiN| yahAM gaNivijjA (82 gAthAeM ) jyotiSa graMtha bhI ullekhanIya haiM, jisameM hArA zabda kA prayoga huA hai / . AcArya nemicandra ke graMtha dravyAnuyoga ke pAThya graMthoM ke rUpa meM AcArya nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI kA yogadAna anupama hai / unhoMne gaNita ko kendrIyabhUta kara samasta pUrva AcAryoM ke vistRta jJAna ko sArAMza meM sUtrabaddha kiyA tAki ve vidyArthiyoM aura gRhasthoM ke sAmAnya paThana meM suvidhAjanaka siddha hoM / SaTkhaMDAgama aura unakI dhavalA TIkA ke AdhAra se gommaTasAra jIvakAMDa aura karmakAMDa kI racanA huI jinameM kramazaH 733 aura 662 gAthAeM haiM / nemicandra ne apanI kRti ke aMta meM kahA hai, "jisa prakAra cakravartI SaTkhaMDa pRthvI ko apane cakra dvArA siddha karatA hai, usI prakAra maiMne apanI buddhi rUpI cakra se SaTkhaMDAgama ko siddha kara apanI isa kRti meM bhara diyA hai / isI saphala saiddhAntika racanA ne unheM siddhAnta cakravartI kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kara diyA / saMbhavata: tre vidyadeva kI upAdhi ko AcArya dhAraNa karate the, jo isa SaTkhaMDAgama ke prathama tIna khaMDoM ke pAragAmI ho jAte the, jaise prasiddha TIkAkAra mAdhava caMdra taividya | nemicandra ne apanI kRti gommaTarAya ke lie nirmANa kI thI / gommaTa gaMganareza rAcamalla ke maMtrI cAmuMDarAya kA eka upanAma thA / isakA artha 'sundara' hai / inhIM cAmuMDarAya ne gommaTasAra para kannar3a meM eka vRtti likhI thI jo aba prApya nahIM hai| unhoMne maisUra ke zravaNa belagola ke vindhyagiri para bAhubali kI mUrti kA udghATana karAyA thA, jo kalAtmaka saundarya ke lie apratima hai / 142 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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nemicandra AcArya ke anya graMtha dravya saMgraha, labdhisAra evaM trilokasAra haiN| vAstava meM unhoMne labdhisAra graMtha hI likhA hai jo labdhisAra-kSapaNasAra ke nAma se prasiddha ho gayA hai| kSapaNasAra kI prazasti ke anusAra ise mAdhavacandra vidya ne bAhubali kI prArthanA se likhakara I0 san 1203 meM pUrNa kiyA thaa| labdhisAra graMtha cAmuMDarAya ke prazna ke nimitta se nemicandra AcArya nirmita kiyA jo kaSAya prAbhRta nAmaka jayadhavala ke siddhAnta ke pandraha adhikAroM meM se pazcima skaMdha nAma ke paMdrahaveM adhikAra ke abhiprAya se gabhita hai| isakI saMskRta TIkA uparAmacaritra ke adhikAra taka ke zavavarNIkRta milatI hai, Age ke kSayaNadhikAra kI nhiiN| isakI bhASA TIkA paMDita ToDaramala ne banAI hai / unhoMne likhA hai ki upazaya-caritra taka to saMskRta TIkA ke anusAra vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| kiMtu karmoM ke kSayaNAdhikAra ke gAthAoM kA vyAkhyAna mAdhavacaMdra vidya kRta saMskRta gadya rUpa kSapaNasAra ke anusAra abhiprAya zAmila kara kiyA gayA hai| isIlie isa graMtha kA nAma labdhisAra kSapaNasAra hai| isa graMtha para gaNitIya zodha karane ke pUrva gommaTasAra ke gaNita meM sakSama honA Avazyaka hai| jIva ke guNasthAna evaM mArgaNAsthAna sambandhI saMkhyAtmaka, asaMkhyAtmaka evaM anantAtmaka rAziyoM ke bodha ke pazcAt unakI bhAva ziyAM tathA karma rAziyAM jAnanA Avazyaka hai / gommaTasAra kA gaNita hama logoM na sugamya anubhava kiyA hai, jahAM baMdha ke udaya, sattva nirjarA Adi kI gaNitIya prakriyAeM bodhagamya haiN| kiMtu labdhisAra aura kSapaNasAra ke gaNita kI gaharAI kucha aura hai, jahAM rekhikIya AkRtiyAM aura karma kI prakriyAtmaka rAziyAM adhika jaTila-sI dRSTigata hotI haiM / isakI rahasyAtmaka gaNitIya zodha meM bIsa-pacIsa varSa sahaja hI bIta jAyeMge, aisA pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki jina buniyAdoM para yaha labdhi aura kSapaNA ke gaNitIya siddhAMta, samvandha Adi diye gaye hai unako samajhAne vAlA koI dRSTigata nahIM hotA hai| jijJAsA yaha hai ki kina prayogoM ke AdhAra para ye siddhAnta banAye gae kyA ve prayoga aba dikhalAye jA sakate haiM athavA svayaM anubhUta kie jA sakate haiM ? isa hetu kucha sImA taka kvAMTama yAMtrikI kA spekTrala siddhAMta aura ATomeTA kA middhAMta hameM sahAyatA kara sakatA hai, kyoMki ATomeTA (sisTama siddhAMta) meM Asrava (input), sattva (state) tathA udayanirjarA (output) ke siddhAMta rAzi siddhAMta para AdhArita kara vigata bIsa varSoM meM caMdra-yAtrA jaise prayogoM ko saphala banAkara uccatama zreNI kI vijJAna paddhati ko janma de cuke haiN| niyaMtraNa (control)Adi siddhAnta jo bhautika rUpa meM ubhara cuke haiM ve jainAcAryoM ne prAyaH 2000-2500 varSa pUrva guNasthAna Adi rUpa meM jIva-bhautikI rUpa ko sarvotkRSTa-vijJAna kI uccatama pahuMca meM nikhAra diyA thaa| ise samajhane hetu aba TIma-varka kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai, jahAM gaNita ke uccatama sAdhaka aura sAdhana upasthita hoM vahAM yaha jainAcAryoM kA gaNita ko yogadAna : 143

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phalIbhUta ho skegaa| ___ yadi hama aNuzakti para niyaMtraNa ahiMsAtmaka cAhate haiM to nizcita hI hameM Atma-bhAvazakti ke niyaMtraNa ke AviSkAra kI kahAnI ko prayogAtmaka rUpa meM utAranA hogA aura vaha tabhI saphala hogA jaba ki hama siddhAMta ke rUpa ko gaNita dvArA tathA pAsculeTsa dvArA Adhunika vaijJAnika ko vizvAsa meM lA skeNge| isa hetu vipula sAmagrI jo gaNita se otaprota hai vaha uparokta gommaTasArAdi jo jIvatattva-pradApikAdi TIkAoM meM upalabdha hai aura jisakA upayoga hameM samaya rahate kara lenA hai tAki hama Adhunika vijJAna aura gaNita kI navInatama sImAoM ko zIghra hI Age Dhakelakara zreya svataMtra-bhArata ko de sakeM, jahAM ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI hama samasta jagat ko svataMtratA-prApti hetu jAgRta kara sakeM aura ahiMsAtmaka AMdolana ko janma de skeN| hameM gaNitIya siddhAMtoM dvArA yaha vizvAsa dilAnA hai ki kaSAya ke niyaMtraNa se yoga ko isa prakAra saMcAlita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki tIrtha kI utpatti ho sake- arthAt jIvoM kA adhikatama kalyANa ho sake / moha yA kaSAya jitanA kama hogA, utanA hI vizuddhi hogI, aura kalyANakArI zaktiyoM kA utanA hI srota pravAha zRMkhalAbaddha kriyA kI bhAMti hogaa| dhavalA...jayadhavalA TIkAeM aba hama dhavalA aura jayadhavalA TIkAoM ke racayitA vIrasenAcArya kI ora dhyAna deNge| gaNita kI dRSTi se ina TIkAoM kA bhI bar3A mahattva hai| ina TIkAoM meM aneka aise prakaraNa spaSTa kie gae haiM tathA sulajhAye gae haiM jo SaTkhaMDAgama ke gUDhArthoM ke rahasya se bhare hue haiM aura una vidhiyoM para AdhArita haiM jo TIkAkAra se prAya: eka hajAra varSa se pUrva pracalita rahI hoNgii| yadyapi SaTkhaMDAgama para kuMdakuMda, zyAmakuMDa, tumbulU, samaMtabhadra aura baladeva dvArA TIkAeM likhI gayIM para ve aprApya haiM / dhavalA TIkA vIrasena ne I0 san 816 meM pUrNa kii| isameM prAya: bahattara hajAra zloka haiM / TIkAkAra ke samakSa jaina siddhAMta viSayaka vizAla sAhitya thaa| unhoMne saMta kamma pAhuDa, kaSAya pAhuDa, samati sutta, tiloyapaNNa tisutta, paMcatthi pAhuDa, tatvArthasUtra, AcArAMga, baTTakera kRta mUlAcAra, pUjyapAda kRta sArasaMgraha, akalaMka kRta tatvArthabhASA, tatvArtha rAjavArtika, jIva samAsa, chaMda sUtra, kammapavAda, dazakaraNI saMgraha, Adi ke ullekha kiye haiN| gaNita sambandhI vivecana meM parikarma kA ullekha kiyA hai / aneka sthaloM para unhoMne gaNita kA Azraya lekara sUtroM kA artha aura prayojana siddha kiyA hai| kucha prasaMgoM para unheM spaSTa Agama paraMparA prApta nahIM huI, taba unhoMne apanA svayaM spaSTa mata sthApita kiyA hai aura yaha kaha diyA hai ki zAstra pramANa ke abhAva meM unhoMne svayaM apanI yukti bala se amuka bAta siddha kI hai| dArzanika evaM gaNitIya viSayoM para unakA vivecana pUrNa aura nirNaya 144 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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spaSTa hai / kaSAya pAhuDa kI racanA 233 mUla gAthAoM ke rUpa meM saMbhavata: AcArya dharasena ke samakAlIna AcArya guNadhara dvArA huI jisa para yaMtikRSabhAcArya ne AryabhakSu evaM nAgahasti se zikSA grahaNa kara chaha hajAra zloka pramANa vRtti sUtra likhe ; jinheM uccAraNAcArya ne punaH pallavita kiye| ina para vIrasenAcArya ne bIsa haz2Ara zloka pramANa apUrNa TIkA likhI aura svargavAsI huii| unake ziSya AcArya jinasena ne cAlIsa haz2Ara zloka pramANa TIkA aura likhakara use pUrNa kiyA / unhoMne vIrasena ke sambandha meM likhA hai yasya naisargikI prajJA dRSTvA sarvArthagAminIm / jAtA: sarvajJa-sadbhAve nirArekA manasvitaH // vIrasenAcArya kI dRSTi vaijJAnika thI aura antaHpreraNA gaNitIya srotoM se pariplAvita thii| DaoN0 avadhezanArAyaNa siMha ne kevala dravyapramANAnugama bhAga se, tathA kucha aura saMbhavata: Age ke bhAga se zAMkava gaNita, bIjagaNita tathA rAzi gaNita sambandhI prArambhika gaNitIya khojoM ko apane lekhoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai aura gaMbhIratApUrvaka spaSTa kiyA hai ki ye graMtha bhArata ke gaNita ke itihAsa ke Udhatama yuga sambandhI samasyAoM ko sulajhAne meM sahAyaka siddha hoNge| unhoMne hI prathama bAra arddhaccheda ko lAgaerithma TU dA besa TU ke rUpa meM phcaanaa| ina TIkAoM meM bar3I saMkhyAoM kA upayoga, vargana saMvargana kriyA, zalAkA gaNana, viralana deya guNana, ananta - rAziyoM kA kalana, rAziyoM ke vizleSaNa hetu aneka vidhiyAM Adi kA samAveza hai / inheM tathA tiloya paNNatti ke kaI sthaloM ko samajhane hetu paMDita ToDaramala kI TIkAoM se hokara gujaranA Avazyaka hogA, anyathA kaI sthAnoM para vidyArthI ulajha jAegA / tiloya paNNatti meM bhI dRSTivAda se avatarita jambUdvIpa kI paridhi kA mApa, upamA pramANa, vividha kSetroM kA ghanaphala nikAlane kI vidhiyAM, bANa, jIvA, dhanuSa pRSTha Adi meM sambandha, dhanuSakSetra kA kSetraphala, sajAtIya tathA samakSetra ghanaphala vAlI AkRtiyoM kA rUpAMtara evaM unakI bhujAoM ke bIca saMbaMdha Adi die gaye haiM / inakI kucha sAmagrI vIrasena kI dhavalA TIkA meM bhI dRSTigata hotI hai / vIrasena ke prAyaH samakAlIna mahAvIrAcArya ke gaNitasAra saMgraha kA uddhAra 1912 meM madrAsa ke prophesara raMgAcArya dvArA huA jisane yaha siddha kara diyA ki bhArata ke sudUra dakSiNa meM bhI uttara ke vidyA- keMdroM kI bhAMti gaNita vidyA ke keMdra the / mahAvIrAcArya ne apane samaya ke nRpatuMga amoghavarSa ke Azraya meM rahakara, pUrvavartI gaNitajJoM ke kArya meM kucha sudhAra kiyA, navIna prazna diye, dIrghavRta kA kSetraphala nikAlA tathA mUlabaddha aura dvighAtIya samIkaraNoM meM sundara DhaMga se pahuMca kii| unhoMne zUnya dvArA vibhAjana (saMbhavata: rAzi siddhAMta para AdhArita) prastuta kiyA / saMketanAtmaka sthAna batalAye aura bhAga dene kI eka vartamAna vidhi kA kathana kiyA / jainAcAryoM kI gaNita ko yogadAna : 145

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sarvasamikAeM prastuta kIM aura kUTa sthiti dvArA kaI prazna hala kie| kAlpanika rAzi ke AviSkAraka vahI the kyoMki unhoMne hI sarvaprathama unheM pahacAnakara advitIya pratibhA kA paricaya diyA / unhoMne vyApakIkRta paddhativAle ekaghAtIya samIkaraNoM ke hala karane ke niyama die aura aneka ajJAta vAle yugapat dvighAtIya samIkaraNoM ko hala kiyA / mahAvIrAcArya dvArA 'jyotiSa paTala' graMtha bhI racita kie jAne kI saMbhAvanA DaoN0 nemicaMdra zAstrI ne prakaTa kI hai| unakA graMtha laukika gaNita graMtha hai aura unhoMne saMketa kiyA hai itisaMjJA samAsena bhASitA muni puGgavaH / vistareNAgamAdvedyaM vaktavyaM yaditaH param / / 1-70 go0 sA0saM0 paTkhaMDAgama siddhAMta graMtha meM hamane rAzi siddhAMta aura rAzi saMracanA siddhAMta gaharAI se tathA Adhunika gaNitIya sAdhanoM se vizleSita kie haiM, jina para zodhapatra prakAzita hone vAle haiM / SaTkhaMDAgama kI racanA ke saMbaMdha meM aura AcArya dharasena tathA unake atyanta pratibhAzAlI ziSyoM AcArya puSpadaMta evaM bhUtabali ke sambandha meM dhavalA graMthoM meM vizeSa paricaya milatA hai / AcArya dharasena se kasauTI meM pUrNa nipuNa utarakara ina ziSyoM ne unase dUsare agrAyaNI pUrva ke antargata cauthe karma prakRti prAbhRta kA jJAna prApta kiyA / AcArya puSpadanta ne jinapAlita ko dIkSA dekara, guNasthAnAdi bIsa prarUpaNA - garbhita satprarUpaNA ke sUtroM kI racanA kI aura jinapAlita ko par3hakara unheM bhUtabali AcArya ke pAsa bhejA / unhoMne jinapAlita ke pAsa bIsa prarUpaNA - garbhita satprarUpaNA ke sUtra dekhe aura unhIM se yaha jAnakara ki puSpadanta AcArya alpAyu haiM, ataeva mahAkarma prakRti prAbhRta kA viccheda na ho jAe, yaha vicAra kara unhoMne ( bhUtabali ne ) dravyapramANAnugama ko Adi lekara Age ke graMtha kI racanA kI / zrutapaMcamI ko samAroha kara unhoMne pustakArUr3ha SaTkhaNDa rUpa Agama ko jinapAlita ke hAtha AcArya puSpadanta ke pAsa bhejA jo kArya kI sampannatA para atyanta prasanna hue / punaH isa siddhAMta graMtha kI unhoMne catuvidha saMgha ke sAtha pUjA kii| yaha isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki unheM jJAna ke prati kitanI niSThA aura prema thaa| iMdranandi ke zrutAvatAra ke anusAra SaT khaMDAgama ke Adya bhAga para kundakunda AcArya ke dvArA racita parikarma kA ullekha milatA hai / isa graMtha kA ullekha SaTkhaMDAgama ke viziSTa puraskartA vIrasena AcArya ne apanI TIkA meM kaI jagaha kiyA hai| isa prakAra parikarma ke gaNitIya aMza kA abhI jJAna nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki usameM rAzi siddhAMta aura zalAkA gaNana Adi kA prathama, sulabha, sugamya rUpa vistRta rUpa se varNita ho / SaTkhaMDAgama kI paraMparA kI dvitIya mahattvapUrNa racanA paMcasaMgraha hai jisameM jIvasamAsa, prakRti samutkIrtana, karmastava, zataka aura sattari para kramazaH 206, 12, 77, 105 aura 70 gAthAeM haiM / ise TIkAkAra prabhAcaMdra dvArA laghugommaTasAra siddhAMta kahA gayA hai jo prAya: I0 satrahavIM 146 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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sadI meM hue / isI graMtha ke AdhAra para amitagati ne I0 san 1016 meM saMskRta zlokabaddha paMcasaMgraha kI racanA kI / gaNita ke anya graMtha zvetAmbara paraMparA meM bhI karma graMthoM kA bar3A mahattva hai / nandIsUtra meM dRSTivAda ke pAMca bhAga batalAye haiM- parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata ( caudaha pUrva ), anuyoga aura cUlikA / parikarma ke dvArA sUtroM ko yathAvat samajhane kI yogyatA prApta kI jAtI hai / 'pUrvadhara' nAma se vikhyAta vikrama kI lagabhaga pAMcavIM sadI ke AcArya zivakarma sUri ne kamma paryADa ( karma prakRti) aura sayaga ( zataka) kI racanA kI hai| karma prakRti meM 415 gAthAoM meM baMdhana, saMkramaNa, apavartana, udIraNA, upazayanA, udaya aura sattA kA vivecana hai / ye karma saMbaMdhI ATha karaNa haiM / isa para cUrNI bhI likhI gayI hai / malayagiri aura yazovijaya (aThArahavIM sadI) ne isa para TIkAeM likhI haiM / sayaga para bhI malayagiri ne TIkA likhI hai / pArzvaRSi ke ziSya candrarSi mahattara ne paMcasaMgraha kI racanA kI hai jisameM e63 gAthAeM haiM / ye sayaga, sattari, kaSAya pAhuDa, chakamma aura kammaparyADa nAma ke pAMca dvAroM meM vibhakta haiM / guNasthAna, mArgaNA, samuddhAta, karmaprakRti tathA baMdhana, saMkramaNa Adi kA yahAM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hai / prAcIna karmagraMthoM meM kammavivAga, kammatthava, baMdha sAmitta, saDasIi, sayaga aura sittari haiM / kammavivAva ke gargaSi haiN| jinavallabhagaNi ne saDasIi nAma ke cauthe karmagraMtha ko rcaa| sayaga ke racayitA AcArya zivazamaM haiN| ina graMthoM para bhASya, cUrNiyAM aura aneka vRttiyAM likhI gayI haiM / I0 terahavIM zatAbdI meM devendrasUri ne karmavipAka, karmastva, bandha, svAmitva, SaDazIti aura zataka nAmaka graMthoM kI racanA kI hai / ye prAcIna karma graMthoM para AdhArita haiM isalie inheM navya karma graMtha kahA jAtA hai| eka ora navya karma graMtha prakRti baMdha viSayaka 72 gAthAoM meM likhA gayA hai, jisake karttA ke viSaya meM anizcaya hai / jinabhadragaNI ( I0 chaThI zatI) kRta vizeSaNavatI meM 400 gAthAoM dvArA jJAna, darzana, jIva, ajIva Adi nAnA prakAra se dravya prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / jIva samAsa nAmaka eka prAcIna racanA 286 gAthAoM meM pUrNa huI hai, aura usameM sat saMkhyA Adi sAta prarUpaNAoM dvArA jIvAdi dravyoM dvArA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai / isa graMtha para eka vRhad vRtti milatI hai jo maladhArI hemacandra dvArA 1107 I0 meM likhI gaI aura 7000 zloka pramANa hai / jyotiSa aura nyAya-graMthoM meM gaNita jahAM gaNita kA prayoga huA hai aise viSaya jyotiSa aura nyAya bhI haiM / gaNitajainAcAryoM kI gaNita ko yogadAna : 147

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jyotiSa evaM gaNitIya-nyAya Aja ke phalate-phUlate viSaya haiN| jaina-paraMparA meM gaNita-jyotipa ke vikAsa kar3I meM zrIdhara haiM, jinhoMne gaNitasAra, jyotirjJAna vidhi tathA jAtaka tilaka race haiN| jyotirjJAna vidhi meM saMvatsaroM ke nAma, nakSatra nAma, yoga nAma, karaNa nAma aura unake zubhAzubhatva die gae haiN| isameM vyavahAropayogI muhUrta bhI die gae haiN| mAsazeSa, mAsAdhipati, zeSa, dina zeSa, dinAdhipati zepa Adi artha gaNita kI udnuta kriyAeM bhI dI gayI haiN| inake gaNitasAra para eka jainAcArya kI TIkA bhI hai| pahale yaha zaiva the, kiMtu bAda meM jaina ho gae the| inake pUrva kAlakAcArya kA bhI jyotividoM meM ullekha hai kiMtu gaNitajyotiSa para koI graMtha jJAta nahIM hai| DaoN0 nemicaMdra ne likhA hai ki AcArya umAsvAmI bhI jyotiSa ke Avazyaka siddhAMtoM se abhijJa the| bhadrabAhu AcArya ke saMbaMdha meM zAstroM meM bhI ullekha milate haiM, tathA unake dvArA viracita arhaccUr3AmaNi sAra prazna graMtha maulika mAnA gayA hai| AcArya garga ke putra RSiputra bhI mahAn jyotirvida the jo varAhamihira se pUrva hue| I0 sAtavIM, AThavIM sadI meM caMdronmIlana praznazAstra prasiddha thaa| veMkaTezvara presa se 1937 meM prakAzita jyotiSa kalpadruma ullekhanIya hai jisameM jineMdramAlA saMbhavata: jaina jyotiSa graMtha hai| isI prakAra udyotanamUri (zaka 666) kI kRti kuvalayamAlA meM jyotiSa kA paryApta nirdeza hai / durgadeva kA samaya 1032 I0 mAnA jAtA hai| inhoMne ardhakAMDa aura riTTha samuccaya kI racanA kii| udayaprabhadeva (I. 1220) dvArA AraMbha siddhi racita huI jisa para hema haMsa gaNi ne vi0 saM0 1514 meM TIkA likhii| malliSaNa (I. 1043) ne AyasadbhAva nAmaka graMtha likhaa| rAjAditya (1120 I.) ne aMkagaNita, bIjagaNita evaM rekhAgaNita viSayaka gaNita graMtha likhe| padmaprabhasUri (lagabhaga vi0 saM0 1264) ne bhuvanadIpaka likhA jisameM 36 dvAra-prakaraNa haiM / isa para siMha tilaka sUri kI vi0 saM0 1326 meM likhI gayI TIkA hai| varacaMdra (lagabhaga 1324 saM0) ne nAracaMdra aura ber3AjAtaka vRtti racita kii| jJAnadIpikA bhI saMbhavataH inakI racanA hai| ajJAta kartA kI jJAna pradIpikA (ArA) aura keralIya prazna zAstra (prazna jJAna pradIpa : lakSmI, vaikaTezvara presa, 1954) meM prAyaH sabhI gAthAeM eka-sI haiM / arhaddAsa (aTThakavi, I0 1300) ne aTThama jyotiSagraMtha likhaa| maheMdrasUri (za0 1162) ne yaMtra rAja nAmaka graha gaNita kA upayogI graMtha bnaayaa| meghavijayagaNi (vi0 saM0 1737 lagabhaga) aura bAghajI muni (vi0 saM0 1783) kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai| ___ isa prakAra jaina-nyAya ke aneka graMtha upalabdha haiM aura unase gaNitIya nyAya ke siddhAMta nirmita ho sakate haiN| uparyukta vivaraNa meM ho sakatA hai ki kucha medhAvI jaina sAhitya ke gaNitajJoM kA ullekha na A pAyA ho| phira bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki isa vicAradhArA meM gaNita 148 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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evaM gaNitajJoM kA vizeSa yogadAna rhaa| Aja ke vijJAna meM rAzi siddhAMta kA vRhadstara para prayoga huA hai aura aneka samasyAoM kA vizleSaNa kara unakA hala DhUMr3hane meM usakI bar3I bhUmikA rahI hai| dinoMdina samudra kI bhAMti umar3ate hue isa siddhAMta ne saMpUrNa vaijJAnikI evaM mAnavikI ko vyApta kara liyA hai| yaha eka atyaMta mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika tathya hai ki jaina sAhitya ke nirmAtAoM ne bhI rAzi siddhAMta kI khoja kI aura usakA apratima prayoga karma siddhAMtAdi ke nirUpaNa meM kiyaa| dUsarA gaNitIya viSaya triloka-saMracanA viSayaka hai, jisake saMbaMdha meM maMpUrNa dravayoM saMbaMdhI dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva viSayaka gaNanAeM kI gayI haiN| ina sabhI ke hetu pramANa sthApita kie gae haiN| loka ke viSaya meM yaha vibhAga gaNitIya dRSTi se paripakva, puSTa, saiddhAMtika tathA yojanA-nibaddha hai| isa rUpa meM use prastuta karane kI unakI vaijJAnika bhAvanA kyA rahI hogI ise jAnane kI ora hamArA lakSya honA cAhie / jaise pustaka meM chapA huA nakzA, bhArata yA anya deza ko pradarzita karatA hai, aura bhArata kI cIz2oM aura nakze meM bharI huI cIjoM meM eka-eka athavA anya saMvAda upasthita hotA hai, vaise hI triloka kA citraNa jaina sAhitya meM kinhIM aise hI citraNa AdhAroM ko lekara huA hogaa| yaha ve aura bhI gaharAI se anubhava karate haiM jinhoMne rAzi siddhAMta kI dRSTi prApta kara lI hai| tIsarA gaNitIya viSaya karmaphala athavA karmaniyaMtraNa athavA karmagkSapaNA jAnane viSayaka hai| phalita jyotiSa kA viSaya bhI nakSatra rAziyoM se saMvAdasthApana ke AdhAra para karmaphala ke aMza kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| nispaMdeha, yaha gaNita atyaMta jaTila hai aura Adhunika vijJAna meM bhI jIva-bhautikI tathA jIvarasAyana saMbaMdhI khojoM meM gaNitIya sAdhanoM kA uccatama prayoga utanA nahIM bana sakA hai jitanA bhautikI meN| AtmA kI vibhAva pariNati kA citraNa karma paramANuoM dvArA parilakSita hotA hai| yoga aura moha ke gaNitIya pariprekSya meM karma kI nAnA prakAra kI avasthAoM kA citraNa bhI gaNita ke kSetra meM utara AtA hai| ina sabhI kA digdarzana karAne kA gaNitIya prayAsa jaina sAhityakAroM kI eka anupama dena hai, jisakA adhyayana, punarudvAra, puna: vistAra aura puna: prayoga lokakalyANakArI siddha ho sakatA hai| jainAcAryoM kI gaNita ko yogadAna : 146

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jaina kalA kA yogadAna pro0 paramAnanda coyala bhAratIya kalA meM jana kalA kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| 220 I0 pU0 se 211 I0 pU0 kI paTanA ke pAsa kaI jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI khar3I opadAra pratimAeM milI haiM, jo maurya kalA kI-sI zreSThatA rakhatI haiN| isI prakAra elorA ke sAtavIM se navIM zatAbdI ke jaina zilpa bhI bhAratIya kalA ke uccatama udAharaNa haiN| uttara madhyakAla jaina kalA kA sarvonmukhI vikAsakAla hai| isa samaya pacAsoM zreSTha jaina maMdira bane, jinake vAstu va zilpa ucca kalA ke bejor3a namUne haiN| saikar3oM sacitra pustake racI gaIM, jinake citra AnevAlI bhAratIya kalA kI AdhArazilA bana ge| sAtavIM zatI taka ajaMtA zailI kA hrAsa ho cukA thA / elaurA ke kailAza maMdira meM eka naI zailI kI jhalaka milatI hai, jisake aMtargata mAnavAkRtiyAM ajaMtA-sI golAkAra va Thosa na hokara koNAtmaka va capaTI hone lgiiN| gyArahavIM zatI ke AsapAsa pustakoM ko citrita karane ke lie jaina citra race jAne lge| inameM AkRtiyAM elorA kI koNanumA va sapATa thiiN| Age jAkara inake koNa aura bhI tIkhe ho gae tathA raMga caTakadAra bana ge| yaha bAta ajaMtA se kahIM bhI mela nahIM khAtI thii| yaha eka naI zailI thI jisameM Adima kalA kI abhivyakti thI-lokakalA kA tIkhApana thA evaM kathA kahane kI kSipratA thii| gyArahavIM zatI se solahavIM zatI taka sAre uttarI bhArata kI yaha pratinidhi zailI banI rhii| kaI vidvAnoM ne isa zailI ko hIna va apabhraMza mAnA hai| DabalyU0 jI0 Arcara kahate haiM-"The early glouring rapture is totally wanting and it is as if we have entered a dark age of Indian Art." bhAratIya kalA-samIkSaka zrI rAyakRSNadAsa ne ise apabhraMza zailI kahA hai tathA isameM racita citroM ko 'kupar3a citrakAroM dvArA banAye gae mAnA hai| yaha ajaMtA kI nigAhoM se dekhA jAne vAlA tarIkA thA-sauMdarya ko racanAtmaka saMgaThana meM dekhane ke bajAya AdamI ke nAkanakze meM dekhane kI haviza thii| jo citra korUpAtmaka tattvoM (plastic elements) 150 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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evaM saMracanA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM unake lie yaha zailI eka nayA hI artha-bodha upasthita karatI hai / isa saMdarbha meM bAsila gre ke ye zabda mananIya haiM "It showed from the begining a linear wireness and vigour which was developed with great virtuosity fine drafts manship which was combined rather strongly with bold massing of vibrant colours, red, blue and gold and with highly decorative designs in cloths and other textiles." __ mAriyo busAgli kI dRSTi meM jaina citrakalA "kucha arthoM meM ekadama navIna evaM pUrNa krAMtikArI zailI thI jisane citrakalA ke vikAsa meM eka nayA hI prakaraNa jor3A hai|" kisI bhI kalA kA DhAMcA tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa banatA hai| usake svarUpa-nirmANa meM paramparAgata tattvoM ke sAtha-sAtha naye tattva bhI jar3e rahate haiM jisase kalA meM bahAva, navInatA evaM kAlAnukUlatA AtI rahatI hai| jaina citrazailI tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM va AvazyakatAoM ke kAraNa ajaMtA se itanI badala gaI thI ki kucha rUr3ha Alocaka apane sauMdarya ko samajha nahIM pAye tathA unhoMne jaina citrakalA ke samaya ko aMdhakAra yuga mAna liyaa| kalA kI girAvaTa kA matalaba hai ki usameM na paramparAgata kalA kI rUpAtmakatA (plasticity) bace, na Ane vAlI kalA ko dene ke lie kucha ho| jaina citrakalA kA paryavekSaNa karane para ye donoM hI bAteM satya nahIM utrtiiN| jaina citrakalA ke lie kevala rAjanaitika, sAmAjika evaM dhAmika paristhitiyAM hI bhinna nahIM thIM varan takanIkI vidhA kA bhI prayoga nayA thaa| ajaMtA meM bar3e AkAra ke bhitticitra banane ke kAraNa dharAtalI yojanA (.surface preparation) kA bhinna svarUpa thaa| takanIkI dRSTi se inameM jaina raMgoM-sI caTaka lAnA saMbhava nahIM thaa| hara raMga cUne va gIlI bhUmi meM samA jAne vAlA hI lagAnA par3atA thA jo dabAva ke kAraNa apanI uttejanA kho detA thaa| isake viparIta jaina citroM ko pahale saMkar3I, AyatAkAra, choTI-sI tAipatroM kI bhUmi milI, phira kAgaz2a ke nirmANa ke bAda caudahavIM zatI meM thor3e bar3e AkAra kI kAgaz2a kI bhUmi milii| ina donoM hI dharAtaloM ko banAne kA takanIkI tarIkA bhinna thaa| citra ajaMtA ke vizAla AkAroM ke mukAbale bahuta hI choTe-choTe caukhaToM va AyatoM kI sImA meM baMdhe the| ata: yahAM mAnavAkRtiyoM va prAkRtika dRzyoM ko upasthita karane kA kevala sAMketika (suggestive) tarIkA baca gayA thaa| ajaMtA-sI dhArAvAhika kathA zailI isa sImita sthala meM nibhAnA sarala nahIM thaa| isa samaya anya kaThinAiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha takanIkI duvidhAeM bhI thIM jinake kAraNa eka aisI naI zailI ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA thI jahAM pichalI paraMparA se bhI sUtra baMdhA ho tathA Ane vAlI kalA ke lie bhI kucha upalabdhiyAM hoN| jaina jaina kalA kA yogadAna : 151

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kalAkAra ne jisa kalA kI udbhAvanA kI vaha donoM chora ko jor3atI hai / jaina citrakAra 'kupar3a' nahIM thA varan bahuta hI pratibhA saMpanna kalAkAra thA / yaha eka navIna samasyAmUlaka paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa tathA kSipra gati se saikar3oM citra banA sakane vAlI zailI kA kuzala nirmANakartA thA / jaina zailI meM dezI va videzI kalA ke kaI tattvoM kA mizraNa huA hai / pustakalaghu citra zailI kA pracalana muslima dezoM meM bhArata se pUrva vidyamAna thA / bhArata meM yaha prathA islAma ke saMparka ke bAda hI Arambha huI / mAriyo busAgli, bAsila gre, Arcara va anya kaI vidvAnoM ne isa bAta ko mAnA hai ki bhAratIya laghu citra zailI para parasiyA kA prabhAva AyA hai / jaina citroM meM yaha prabhAva jhalakatA hai para bhAratIya bAne meM / eka kuzala va pratibhAzAlI kalAkAra meM hI isa taraha kI AtmasAta karane kI kSamatA ho sakatI hai / jina logoM ne yaha Aropa lagAyA hai ki yaha kalA ajaMtA se TUTa gaI, unake lie munizrI jinavijayajI ne jesalamera ke jJAna-bhaMDAroM se jaina kalA ke ve namUne khoja nikAle haiM jo ajaMtA elorA kI kalA se jaina kA saMbaMdha jor3ate haiM / lakar3I kI karIba caudaha sacitra takhtiyAM Apa prakAza meM lAe haiM, jinameM kamala kI bela vAlI paTalI ajaMtA zailI kI yAda dilAtI hai / eka citra meM makara ke mukha se nikalatI kamala-vela sAMcI, amarAvatI va mathurA kI kalA -paraMparA se jaina kalA ko jor3atI hai| bhAratIya kalA kA mUlAdhAra rekhA hai / parsI brAuna kA kahanA hai ki bhAratIya rekhA kahIM bolatI hai, kahIM haMsatI hai to kahIM rotI hai / pravAhitA va gati bhAratIya kalA kI pramukha vizeSatAeM haiM / jaina citroM meM isakA nirvAha TUTA nahIM hai varan gati . va prabhAva meM yahAM aura bhI kSipratA A gaI hai / gatyAtmakatA ke Aveza meM kahIM-kahIM bhAvAbhivyakti ko Thesa avazya pahuMcI hai, para usakA lopa nahIM ho gayA / yadi aisA hotA to isase pratyutpanna rAjasthAnI citroM meM bhAvAtmakatA phira se jAga nahIM pAtI / kalAtmakatA kI dRSTi se jaina rekhAeM kisI bhI prakAra mahattvahIna nahIM haiM / kalA-pravAhinI dhArA ke samAna hotI hai jo hara naye pariveza meM eka nayA rUpa lekara bahatI hai / nirpravAhinI kalA meM baMdhe hue pAnI ke samAna sar3Ana A jAtI hai / yadi jaina citrakalA kevala ajaMtA kI punarAvRtti mAtra raha jAtI tathA samayAnukUla usameM parivardhana nahIM hotA to avazya hI Ane vAle kalA jagat ke lie usameM kucha bhI nahIM baca rahatA / jaina citrakalA kA DhAMcA ajaMtA, sAMcI va amarAvatI kA sA hai para pariveza nayA hai / chAyA-prakAza dvArA AkAroM ko golAkAra banAne kI pravRtti yahAM lupta ho gii| AkRtiyAM capaTI va samatala bana gaIM / saMyojana meM vaijJAnika dRSTikrama ( Scientific Perspective) bajAya mAnasika dRzya kA prayoga kiyA jAne lagA / kathAtmakatA ke lie citra tala ko kaI bhAgoM meM bAMTa 152 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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diyA gyaa| kathA ke vibhinna aMzoM ko unameM eka sUtra meM gUMthakara rakhA gyaa| inameM eka kramabaddhatA thii| abhivyakti kA yaha tarIkA pratIkAtmaka thA jisake kAraNa AkRtiyoM meM kahIM atiraMjana A jAtA to kahIM vighaTana ho jaataa| ye amUrta racanA ke lakSaNa the / DablyU0 jI0 Arcara ne isa kalA ko sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI kI Airiza kalA bArahavIM zatI kI romana kalA evaM bIsavIM zatI ke Adhunika kAla kI pikAso kI kalA ke samAna mAnA hai| dhIre-dhIre jaTila AkRtiyAM bhI aTUTa rekhAoM meM pravAhita ho bahane lagI jinakA vega koNa meM jAkara dUsarI rekhA meM milatA tathA aura bhI dvigaNita ho jAtA / vighaTana kI vidyA milate hI AkRtiyoM ko yathArtha (visual) ke bajAya abhivyaktimUlaka banAyA jAne lgaa| inakI vizeSatAeM haiM.---savA cazma cehare, laMbI nukInI nAka, kAna taka khice laMbe va moTe nayana, inameM TikI choTI-choTI gola putaliyAM, cehare kI sImAMta rekhA ko pAra karatI dUsarI AMkha choTI ThuDDI, ubharA vakSa, kSINa kaTi, golAkAra nitaMba Adi / yahAM chipe aMgoM ko 'eksa-re' kI taraha dikhAne kI pravRtti thI jo bIsavIM zatI ke kalAkAra pikAso va bAka kI ghanavAdI kalA kI taraha thii| inake tale sapATa gahare raMgoM se paTe the / pIlI-nIlI AkRtiyAM gahare lAla raMga ke virodha meM rakhI jAtI thIM jo sapATa tale mAtra dIkhatI thIM mAno AkRtiyAM na hokara raMga ke Tukar3e hoM jaisA ki phrAMsa ke maoNtisa kI phAvIvAdI kalA meM dIkhatA hai| prakRti-aMkana meM bhI mAnavIyatA baratI gaI hai| zAyada isakA kAraNa jaina darzana ho| jaina dharma ke anusAra hara prANI meM, yahAM taka ki per3a-paudhe Adi meM bhI jAna hotI hai, ata: per3a-paudhoM, pazupakSI Adi ko bhI mAnavIya dharAtala para mAnA jAnA caahie| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina kalAkAra ne mAnavAkAroM ke atirikta anya AkAroM ko bhI usI zraddhA se nibhAyA hai| donoM prakAroM ke rUpoM meM samAna ataM karaNa vidhA vidyamAna hai| isa dRSTi se jaina citrakalA viz2anTAina yA reverA kI kalA ke samAna ginI jA sakatI hai jo eka ora paraMparA se jur3I hai to dUsarI ora paraMparA ke virodha meM bhI khar3I dikhAI detI hai| jaina citrazailI tatkAlIna samaya kI pratinidhi zailI thI jigakA jaina va ajaina viSayoM ke citraNa meM samAna rUpa se vyavahAra huA hai| AraMbha meM jaina vipaya hI prakAza meM aae| ye citra nizIthacUNi, aMgamUtra, kathAratnasAra, maMgrahaNIya sUtra, uttarAdhyayana sUtra, kAlakAkathA, kalpasUtra va nemInAtha caritra Adi zvetAmbara jaina saMpradAya se saMbaMdhita the| gujarAta va rAjasthAna isake mukhya keMdra the| rAjasthAna meM udayapura, bIkAnera tathA jodhapura meM 'guruoM' kI jAti ke loga jaina pustakoM meM citra likhane kA vyavasAya karate the| unakA kahanA hai ki unhoMne kalpasUtroM va caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI caubIsI para citra AMke haiN| nAgora, jAlaura, jodhapura, bIkAnera, kherar3I Adi nagaroM va gAMvoM meM DheroM jaina sacitra pustakeM racI giiN| gujarAta meM jaina kalA kA yogadAna : 153

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- khaMbhAta, pATaNa, ahamadAbAda va sUrata jaina citra racanA ke mukhya keMdra the| isake bAda yaha zailI abhivyakti kA mukhya aMga bana gii| sArAbhAI mANikalAla navAba ne citra kalpadruma meM kaI aise citra prakAzita kiye haiM jo vibhinna kSetroM meM race gaye the| inameM mAMDU va jaunapura ke citra bhI zAmila haiN| jaunapura meM veNIdAsa gaur3a nAmaka citrakAra ne kalpasUtra ke citra banAye the| jaunapura ke aura bhI tIna kalpasUtra bane haiM jinameM se eka to svarNAkSaroM meM likhA huA hai| isakI prati isa samaya bar3odA ke narasiMhajI ke jJAna maMdira meM hai| ajaina pustakeM vasaMtavilAsa, laura caMdA, gIta goviMda, bAla-gopAla stuti, bhAgavata purANa, caura paMcazikhA Adi viSayoM ko lekara citrita kI giiN| inakI racanA paravartI kAla meM gujarAta, rAjasthAna, mAlavA va pAlama Adi meM huii| kathAnaka kI bhAvAtmakatA ke kAraNa ajaina citroM meM adhika gati dikhAI par3atI hai| zailI kA bhI vikasita ceharA naz2ara AtA hai| pRSThabhUmi lAla ke bajAya aba nIlI va sunaharI banAI jAne lgii| mAnavAkRtiyoM meM bhaMgimA A gii| AMkhoM meM kaTAkSa bhara gae / adhara meM laTakI AMkha gAyaba ho gii| chAyA va prakAza kA abhAva, dRzyA kA unmukta prayoga va gaharAI kI kamI isa zailI kI cAritrika vizeSatAeM thiiN| viSaya-parivartana ke sAtha hI rekhAoM kI koNAtmakatA bhI golAI meM pariNata hone lgii| kapar3e bela-bUToM se maMDita pAradarzaka banAye jAne lge| aMkana kI grAmINatA TUTane lagI, AkRtiyAM citrAkAza (pictorial space) meM ucita sthala para rakhI jAne lagI, unakI sthitiyoM evaM mudrAoM meM vividhatA A gaI, raMga zreNiyAM bar3ha gaIM, raMga ke tale adhika saMtulita ho gaye, AkRtiyAM vighaTanAtmaka tathA pratIkAtmaka banAI gaI tathA sArA citra dvi-AyAmI ho gyaa| isa citra-zailI kA janma jaina kalA ke garbha se huA hai yaha Ane vAlI saMsAra-prasiddha rAjasthAnI kalA kI nIMva thI--maulika evaM svayaMbhUta / isane rAjasthAnI kalA ko hI janma nahIM diyA varan bhAratIya Adhunika kalA meM bhI kaI AyAma jor3e haiN| 154 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana DaoN0 narendra bhAnAvata dharma aura saMskRti saMkIrNa artha meM dharma saMskRti kA janaka aura poSaka hai| vyApaka artha meM dharma saMskRti kA eka aMga hai| dharma ke sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana kA artha yaha huA ki kisI dharma vizeSa ne mAnava-saMskRti ke abhyudaya aura vikAsa meM kahAM taka yoga diyA ? saMskRti jana kA mastiSka hai aura dharma jana kA hRdaya / jaba-jaba saMskRti ne kaThora rUpa dhAraNa kiyA, hiMsA kA patha apanAyA, apane rUpa ko bhayAvaha va vikRta banAne kA prayatna kiyA, taba-taba dharma ne use hRdaya kA pyAra luTAkara komala banAyA, ahiMsA aura karuNA kI barasAta kara usake raktAnuraMjita patha ko zItala aura amRtamaya banAyA, saMyama, tapa aura sadAcAra se usake jIvana ko sauMdarya aura zaktiM kA varadAna diyaa| manuSya kI mUla samasyA hai-AnaMda kI khoj| yaha AnaMda taba taka nahIM mila sakatA jaba taka ki manuSya bhayamukta na ho, AtaMka-mukta na ho| isa bhaya-mukti ke lie do zarte Avazyaka haiN| prathama to yaha ki manuSya apane jIvana ko itanA zIlavAna, sadAcArI aura nirmala vanAe ki koI usase na ddre| dvitIya yaha ki vaha apane meM itanA puruSArtha, sAmarthya aura bala saMcita kare ki use DarA va dhamakA na sake / prathama zarta ko dharma pUrNa karatA hai aura dUsarI ko saMskRti / jaina dharma aura mAnava-saMskRti jaina dharma ne mAnava saMskRti ko navIna rUpa hI nahIM diyA, usake amUrta bhAvatattva ko prakaTa karane ke lie sabhyatA kA vistAra bhI kiyaa| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva isa mAnava-saMskRti ke sUtradhAra bane / unake pUrva yugaliyoM kA jIvana thA, bhogamUlaka dRSTi kI pradhAnatA thI, kalpavRkSoM ke AdhAra para jIvana calatA thaa| karma aura kartavya kI bhAvanA suSupta thii| loga na khetI karate the, na vyavasAya / jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana : 155

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unameM sAmAjika cetanA aura loka dAyitva kI bhAvanA ke aMkura nahIM phUTe the / bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne bhogamUlaka saMskRti ke sthAna para karmamUlaka saMskRti kI pratiSThA kii| per3a-paudhoM para nirbhara rahane vAle logoM ko khetI karanA batAyA / Atmazakti se anabhijJa rahanevAle logoM ko akSara aura lipi kA jJAna dekara puruSArthI banAyA / daivavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kI mAnyatA ko saMpuSTa kiyA / anyAya aura atyAcAra ke viruddha lar3ane ke lie hAthoM meM bala diyaa| jar3a saMskRti ko karma kI gati dI / cetanAzUnya jIvana ko sAmAjikatA kA bodha aura sAmUhikatA kA svara diyA / pArivArika jIvana ko majabUta banAyA, vivAha - prathA kA samAraMbha kiyA / kalA-kauzala aura udyoga-dhaMdhoM kI vyavasthA kara niSkriya jIvana-yApana kI praNAlI ko sakriya aura sakSama banAyA / saMskRti kA pariSkAra aura mahAvIra aMtima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra taka Ate-Ate isa saMskRti meM kaI parivartana hue / saMskRti ke vizAla sAgara meM vibhinna vicAradhArAoM kA milana huA / para mahAvIra ke samaya isa sAMskRtika milana kA kutsita aura vIbhatsa rUpa hI sAmane AyA / saMskRti kA jo nirmala aura lokakalyANakArI rUpa thA, vaha aba vikAragrasta hokara caMda vyaktiyoM kI hI saMpatti vana gayA / dharma ke nAma para kriyAkAMDa kA pracAra bddh'aa| yajJa ke nAma para mUka pazuoM kI bali dI jAne lgii| azvamedha hI nahIM, naramedha bhI hone lage / varNAzrama vyavasthA meM kaI vikRtiyAM A giiN| strI aura zUdra adhama tathA nIca samajhe jAne lage / unako Atma-ciMtana aura sAmAjika pratiSThA kA koI adhikAra na rahA / tyAgI tapasvI samajhe jAnevAle loga aba lAkhoM-karor3oM kI saMpatti ke mAlika bana baiThe / saMyama kA galA ghoMTakara bhoga aura aizvarya kilakAriyAM mArane lgaa| eka prakAra kA sAMskRtika saMkaTa upasthita ho gyaa| isase mAnavatA ko ubAranA Avazyaka thA / varddhamAna mahAvIra ne saMvedanazIla vyakti kI bhAMti isa gaMbhIra sthiti kA anuzIlana aura parIkSaNa kiyaa| bAraha varSoM kI kaThora sAdhanA ke bAda ve mAnavatA ko isa saMkaTa se ubArane ke lie amRta le aae| unhoMne ghoSaNA kI -- sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM, maranA koI nahIM caahtaa| yajJa ke nAma para kI gaI hiMsA adharma hai | saccA yajJa AtmA ko pavitra banAne meM hai / isake lie krodha kI bali dIjie, mAna ko mArie, mAyA ko kATie aura lobha kA unmUlana kIjie / mahAvIra ne prANI mAtra kI rakSA karane kA udbodhana diyA / dharma ke isa ahiMsAmaya rUpa ne saMskRti ko atyaMta sUkSma aura vistRta banA diyaa| use jana-rakSA ( mAnavasamudAya) taka sImita na rakhakara samasta prANiyoM kI surakSA kA bhAra bhI saMbhalavA diyA / yaha janataMtra se bhI Age prANataMtra kI vyavasthA kA suMdara udAharaNa hai / 156 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jaina dharma ne sAMskRtika viSamatA ke viruddha apanI AvAz2a bulaMda kii| varNAzrama vyavasthA kI vikRti kA zuddhikaraNa kiyaa| janma ke AdhAra para uccatA aura nIcatA kA nirNaya karanevAle ThekedAroM ko muMhator3a javAba diyaa| karma ke AdhAra para hI vyaktitva kI pahacAna kii| harikezI cAMDAla aura saddAlaputra kuMbhakAra ko bhI AcaraNa kI pavitratA ke kAraNa Atma-sAdhakoM meM samucita sthAna diyaa| ___apamAnita aura acala saMpattivat mAnI jAnevAlI nArI ke prati AtmasammAna aura gaurava kI bhAvanA jagAI / use dharma-graMthoM ko par3hane kA hI adhikAra nahIM diyA varan AtmA ke carama-vikAsa mokSa kI bhI adhikAriNI maanaa| zvetAMbara paraMparA ke anusAra isa yuga meM sarvaprathama mokSa jAnevAlI RSabha kI mAtA marudevI hI thii| nArI ko abalA aura zaktihIna nahIM samajhA gyaa| usakI AtmA meM bhI utanI hI zakti saMbhAvya mAnI gaI jitanI puruSa meM / mahAvIra ne caMdanabAlA kI isI zakti ko pahacAnakara use sAdhviyoM kA netRtva pradAna kiyaa| nArI ko dabbU, AtmabhIra aura sAdhanAkSetra meM bAdhaka nahIM mAnA gyaa| use sAdhanA meM patita puruSa ko upadeza dekara saMyama-patha para lAnevAlI preraka zakti ke rUpa meM dekhA gyaa| rAjula ne saMyama se patita rathanemi ko udbodhana dekara apanI Atmazakti kA hI paricaya nahIM diyA varan tattvajJAna kA pAMDitya bhI pradarzita kiyaa| sAMskRtika samanvaya aura bhAvAtmaka ekatA jaina dharma ne sAMskRtika samanvaya aura ekatA kI bhAvanA ko bhI balavatI bnaayaa| yaha samanvaya vicAra aura AcAra donoM kSetroM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| vicAra-samanvaya ke lie anekAMta darzana kI dena atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isa darzana kI mUla bhAvanA kA vizleSaNa karate hue sAMsArika prANiyoM ko bodha diyA..."kisI vAta ko, siddhAMta ko eka tarapha se mata dekhA, eka hI taraha usa para vicAra mata kro| tuma jo kahate ho vaha saca hogA, para dUsare jo kahate haiM, vaha bhI saca ho sakatA hai| isalie sunate hI bhar3ako mata, vaktA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra kro|" __Aja saMsAra meM jo tanAva aura dvaMdva hai vaha dUsaroM ke dRSTikoNa ko na samajhane yA viparyaya rUpa se samajhane ke kAraNa hai| agara anekAMtavAda ke Aloka meM sabhI rASTra aura vyakti ciMtana karane laga jAeM to jhagar3e kI jar3a hI na rhe| saMskRti ke rakSaNa aura prasAra meM jaina dharma kI yaha dena atyaMta mahattvapUrNa hai| ___ AcAra-samanvaya kI dizA meM muni-dharma aura gRhastha-dharma kI vyavasthA dI gaI hai| pravRtti aura nivRtti kA sAmaMjasya kiyA gayA hai| jJAna aura kriyA kA, svAdhyAya aura sAmAyika kA saMtulana isIlie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| muni-dharma ke lie mahAvatoM ke paripAlana kA vidhAna hai| vahAM sarvathA prakAreNa hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana : 157

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maithuna aura parigraha ke tyAga kI bAta kahI gaI hai| gRhastha dharma meM aNuvratoM kI vyavasthA dI gaI hai, jahAM yathAzakya ina AcAra - niyamoM kA pAlana abhipreta hai / pratimAdhArI zrAvaka vAnaprasthAzramI kI taraha aura sAdhu saMnyAsAzramI kI taraha mAnA jA sakatA hai| sAMskRtika ekatA kI dRSTi se jaina dharma kA mUlyAMkana karate samaya yaha spaSTa pratibhAsita hotA hai ki usane saMpradAyavAda, jAtivAda, prAMtIyatAvAda Adi sabhI matabhedoM ko tyAgakara rASTra devatA ko bar3I udAra aura Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA hai / pratyeka dharma ke vikasita hone ke kucha viziSTa kSetra hote haiN| unhIM dAyaroM meM vaha dharma baMdhA huA rahatA hai / para jaina dharma isa dRSTi se kisI janapada yA prAMta vizeSa meM hI baMdhA huA nahIM rahA / usane bhArata ke kisI eka bhAga vizeSa ko hI apanI zraddhA kA, sAdhanA kA aura ciMtanA kA kSetra nahIM banAyA / vaha saMpUrNa rASTra ko apanA mAnakara calA / dharma kA pracAra karanevAle vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM kI janmabhUmi dIkSAsthalI, tapobhUmi, nirvANasthalI Adi alaga-alaga rahI hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra videha ( uttara bihAra) meM utpanna hue to unakA sAdhanA kSetra va nirvANa sthala magadha ( dakSiNa bihAra ) rahA / teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA janma to vArANasI meM huA para unakA nirvANa sthala banA sammedazikhara / prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ayodhyA meM janme para unakI tapobhUmi rahI kailAza parvata aura bhagavAna ariSTanemi kA karma va dharmakSetra rahA gujarAta / bhUmigata sImA kI dRSTi se jaina dharma saMpUrNa rASTra meM phailaa| deza kI cappA-cappA bhUmi isa dharma kI zraddhA aura zakti kA AdhAra banI / dakSiNa bhArata ke zravaNabelagolA va kArakala Adi sthAnoM para sthita bAhubali ke pratIka Aja bhI isa rASTrIya cetanA ke pratIka haiM / jaina dharma kI yaha sAMskRtika ekatA bhUmigata hI nahIM rahI, bhASA aura sAhitya meM bhI usane samanvaya kA yaha audArya prakaTa kiyaa| jainAcAryoM ne saMskRta ko hI nahIM, anya sabhI pracalita lokabhASAoM ko apanAkara unheM samucita sammAna diyA / jahAM-jahAM bhI ve gae, vahAM-vahAM kI bhASAoM ko cAhe ve Arya parivAra kI hoM, cAhe dravir3a parivAra kI -- apane upadeza aura sAhitya kA mAdhyama banAyA / isI udAra pravRtti ke kAraNa madhyayugIna vibhinna janapadIya bhASAoM ke mUla rUpa surakSita raha sake haiM / Aja aba bhASA ke nAma para vivAda aura matabheda haiM, taba aise samaya meM jaina dharma kI yaha udAra dRSTi abhinaMdanIya hI nahIM, anukaraNIya bhI hai / sAhityika samanvaya kI dRSTi se tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta rAma aura kRSNa jaise lokapriya caritranAyakoM ko jaina sAhityakAroM ne sammAna kA sthAna diyA / caritra jainiyoM ke apane banakara Ae haiN| yahI nahIM, jo pAtra anyatra ghRNita aura bIbhatsa dRSTi se citrita kie gae haiM, ve bhI yahAM ucita sammAna ke adhikArI bane haiN| isakA kAraNa zAyada yaha rahA ki jaina sAhityakAra anArya bhAvanAoM ko kisI 158 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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prakAra kI Thesa nahIM pahuMcAnA cAhate the| yahI kAraNa hai ki vAsudeva ke zatruoM ko bhI prativAsudeva kA ucca pada diyA gayA hai| nAga, yakSa Adi ko bhI anArya na mAnakara tIrthaMkaroM kA rakSaka mAnA hai aura unheM devAlayoM meM sthAna diyA hai / kathAprabandhoM meM jo vibhinna chaMda aura rAga-rAganiyAM prayukta huI haiM unakI tarje vaiSNava sAhitya ke sAmaMjasya ko sUcita karatI haiN| kaI janetara saMskRta aura DiMgala graMthoM kI lokabhASAoM meM TIkAeM likhakara bhI jaina vidvAnoM ne isa sAMskRtika vinimaya ko protsAhana diyA hai| jaina dharma apanI samanvaya bhAvanA ke kAraNa hI saguNa aura nirguNa bhakti ke jhagar3e meM nahIM par3A / gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ke samaya ina donoM bhakti-dhArAoM meM jo samanvaya dikhAI par3atA hai, usake bIja jaina bhaktikAvya meM Arambha se milate haiN| jaina darzana meM nirAkAra AtmA aura vItarAga sAkAra bhagavAna ke svarUpa meM ekatA ke darzana hote haiN| paMcaparameSTI mahAmaMtra (Namo arihaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM Adi) meM saguNa aura nirguNa bhakti kA kitanA sundara mela biThAyA hai| arhanta sakala paramAtmA kahalAte haiN| unake zarIra hotA hai, ve dikhAI dete haiN| siddha nirAkAra haiM, unake koI zarIra nahIM hotA, unheM hama dekha nahIM skte| eka hI maMgalAcaraNa meM isa prakAra kA samabhAva kama dekhane ko milatA hai| jaina kaviyoM ne kAvya-rUpoM ke kSetra meM bhI kaI naye prayoga kie| use maMkIrNa paridhi se bAhara nikAlakara vyApakatA kA mukta kSetra diyaa| AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita prabaMdha-muktaka kI calI AtI huI kAvya-paramparA ko ina kaviyoM ne vibhinna rUpoM meM vikasita kara kAvyazAstrIya jagat meM eka krAMti-sI macA dii| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki prabaMdha aura muktaka ke bIca kAvya-rUpoM meM kaI naye stara ina kaviyoM ne nirmita kie| jaina kaviyoM ne navIna kAvya-rUpoM ke nirmANa ke sAtha-sAtha pracalita kAvyarUpoM ko naI bhAva-bhUmi aura maulika arthavattA bhI dii| ina sabameM unakI vyApaka, udAra dRSTi hI kAma karatI rahI hai / udAharaNa ke lie veli, bArahamAsA, vivAhalo rAso, caupAI, maMdhi Adi kAvya-rUpoM ke svarUpa kA adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'veli' maMjJaka kAvya DiMgala zailI meM sAmAnyata: veliyo chaMda meM hI likhA gayA hai para jaina kaviyoM ne veli' kAvya ko chaMda vizapa kI sImA se bAhara nikAlakara vastu aura zilpa donoM dRSTi se vyApakatA pradAna kii| 'bArahamAsA' kAvya zratu kAvya rahA hai jisameM nAyikA eka-eka mAha ke krama se apanA viraha-prakRti ke vibhinna upAdAnoM ke mAdhyama se vyakta karatI hai| jaina kaviyoM ne 'bArahamAsA' kI isa viraha-nivedana-praNAlI ko AdhyAtmika rUpa dekara ise zRMgAra kSetra se bAhara nikAlakara bhakti aura vairAgya ke kSetra taka Age bddh'aayaa| 'vivAhalo' saMjJaka kAvya meM sAmAnyata: nAyaka-nAyikA ke vivAha kA varNana rahatA hai, jise 'byAhalo' bhI kahA jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana : 156

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jAtA hai| jaina kaviyoM ne isa 'vivAhalo' saMjJaka kAvya ko bhI AdhyAtmika rUpa diyaa| isameM nAyaka kA kisI strI se pariNaya na dikhAkara saMyamazrI aura dIkSA kumArI jaisI amUrta bhAvanAoM ko pariNaya ke baMdhana meM bAMdhA gyaa| rAso, saMdhi aura caupAI jaise kAvya-rUpoM ko bhI isI prakAra nayA bhAva-bodha diyaa| 'rAso' yahAM kevala yuddhaparaka vIra kAvya kA vyaMjaka na rahakara premaparaka geya kAvya kA pratIka bana gyaa| 'saMdhi' zabda apabhraMza mahAkAvya ke sarga kA vAcaka na rahakara viziSTa kAvya vidhA kA hI pratIka bana gyaa| 'caupAI' saMjJaka kAvya caupAI chaMda meM hI baMdhA na rahA, vaha jIvana kI vyApaka citraNa-kSamatA kA pratIka banakara chaMda kI rUr3ha kArA se mukta ho gyaa| uparyukta udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki jaina kaviyoM ne eka ora kAvya rUpoM kI paraMparA ke dharAtala ko vyApakatA dI to dUsarI ora usako bahiraMga se antaraMga kI ora tathA sthUla se sUkSma kI ora bhI khiiNcaa| yahAM yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki jaina kaviyoM ne kevala padya ke kSetra meM hI navIna kAvya-rUpa nahIM khar3e kiye varana gadya ke kSetra meM bhI kaI navIna kAvya-rUpoM gurvAvalI, paTTAvalI, utpatti graMtha, daphtara bahI, aitihAsika TippaNa, graMtha prazasti, bacanikA davAvaiTa, silokA, bAlAva bodha Adi kI sRSTi kii| yaha sRSTi isalie aura bhI mahattvapUrNa hai kyoMki usake dvArA hiMdI gadya kA prAcIna aitihAsika vikAsa spaSTa hotA hai| hiMdI ke prAcIna aitihAsika aura kalAtmaka gadya meM ina kAvya-rUpoM kI dena bar3I mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina dharma kA loka-saMgrAhaka rUpa dharma kA AvirbhAva jaba kabhI huA viSamatA meM samatA', avyavasthA meM vyavasthA aura apUrNatA meM sampUrNatA sthApita karane ke lie hI huaa| ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki isake mUla meM vaiyaktika abhikrama avazya rahA para usakA lakSya samaSTimUlaka hita hI rahA hai, usakA ciMtana lokahita kI bhUmikA para hI agrasara huA hai| para sAmAnyataH jaba kabhI jaina dharma yA zramaNa dharma ke loka-saMgrAhaka rUpa kI carcA calatI hai taba loga cuppI sAdha lete haiN| isakA kAraNa merI samajha meM zAyada yaha rahA hai ki jaina darzana meM vaiyaktika mokSa kI bAta kahI gaI hai, sAmUhikanirvANa kI vAta nahIM / para jaba hama jaina darzana kA sampUrNa saMdarbho meM adhyayana karate haiM to usake loka-saMgrAhaka rUpa kA mUla upAdAna prApta ho jAtA hai| ___ loka-saMgrAhaka rUpa kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai lokanAyakoM ke jIvana-krama kI pavitratA, unake kArya-vyApAroM kI paridhi aura jIvana-lakSya kI vyaapktaa| jaina dharma ke prAcIna graMthoM meM aise kaI ullekha Ate haiM ki rAjA zrAvaka dharma aMgIkAra kara, apanI sImAoM meM rahate hue, loka-kalyANakArI pravRttiyoM kA saMcAlana evaM 160 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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prasAraNa karatA hai| para kAla-pravAha ke sAtha usakA ciMtana bar3hatA calatA hai aura vaha dezavirati zrAvaka se sarvavirati zramaNa bana jAtA hai / sAMsArika mAyA-moha, pArivArika prapaMca, deha-Asakti Adi se virata hokara vaha saccA sAdhu, tapasvI aura loka-sevaka bana jAtA hai| isa rUpa yA sthiti ko apanAte hI usakI dRSTi atyanta vyApaka aura usakA hRdaya atyaMta udAra bana jAtA hai| loka-kalyANa meM vyavadhAna paidA karane vAle sAre tattva aba pIche chUTa jAte haiM aura vaha jisa sAdhanA ke patha para bar3hatA hai usameM na kisI ke prati rAga hai, na dveSa / vaha sacce arthoM meM zramaNa hai| zramaNa ke lie zamana, samana, samaNa Adi zabdoM kA bhI prayoga hotA hai| unake mUla meM bhI loka-saMgrAhaka vRtti kAma karatI rahI hai| loka-saMgrAhaka vRtti kA dhAraka sAmAnya puruSa ho hI nahIM sktaa| use apanI sAdhanA se viziSTa guNoM ko prApta karanA par3atA hai| krodhAdi kaSAyoM kA zamana karanA par3atA hai, pAMca iMdriyoM aura mana ko vazavartI banAnA par3atA hai, zatru-mitra tathA svajana-parijana kI bhedabhAvanA ko dUra haTAkara sabameM samAna mana ko niyojita karanA par3atA hai, samasta prANiyoM ke prati samabhAva kI dhAraNA karanI par3atI hai| tabhI usameM sacce zramaNabhAva kA rUpa ubharane lagatA hai| vaha viziSTa sAdhanA ke kAraNa tIrthakara taka bana jAtA hai| ye tIrthaMkara to lokopadezaka hI hote haiN| isa mahAna sAdhanA ko jo sAdha letA hai, vaha zramaNa bAraha upamAoM se upamita kiyA gayA hai uraga giri jalaNa sAgara, Nahatala tarUgaNasamoya jo hoi / bhamara miya dharaNi jalamha, ravi pavaNa samoya so samaNo / arthAt jo sarpa, parvata, agni, mAgara, AkAza, vRkSapAMkti, bhramara mRga, pRthvI, kamala, sUrya aura pavana ke samAna hotA hai, vaha zramaNa kahalAtA hai| ye saba upamAeM sAbhiprAya dI gaI haiN| sarpa kI bhAMti ye sAdhu bhI apanA koI ghara (bila) nahIM bnaate| parvata kI bhAMti ye parIpahoM aura upasargoM kI AMdhI se DolAyamAna nahIM hote| agni kI bhAMti jJAna-rUpI IMdhana se ye tRpta nahIM hote| samudra kI bhAMti athAha jJAna ko prApta kara bhI ye tIrthakara kI maryAdA kA atikramaNa nahIM krte| AkAza kI bhAMti ye svAzrayI, mvAvalambI hote haiM, kisI ke avalambana .para nahIM ttikte| vRkSa kI bhAMti samabhAvapUrvaka dukha-sukha ke tApAtapa ko sahana karate haiN| bhramara kI bhAMti kisI ko binA pIr3A pahuMcAye zarIra-rakSA ke lie AhAra grahaNa karate haiM / mRga kI bhAMti pApakArI pravRttiyoM ke siMha se dUra rahate haiN| pRthvI kI bhAMti zIta, tApa, chedana-bhedana Adi kaSToM ko samabhAvapUrvaka sahana karate haiN| jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana : 161

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kamala kI bhAMti vAsanA ke kIcar3a aura vaibhava ke jala se alipta rahate haiM / sUrya kI bhAMti svasAdhanA evaM lokopadezanA ke dvArA ajJAnAndhakAra ko naSTa karate haiM / pavana kI bhAMti sarvatra apratibaddha rUpa se vicaraNa karate haiM / aise zramaNoM kA vaiyaktika svArtha ho hI kyA sakatA hai ? zramaNa pUrNa ahiMsaka hote haiM / SaTakAya ( pRthvIkAya, apakAya, teDakAya, vAyukAya, vanaspatikAya aura trasakAya) jIvoM kI rakSA karate haiM / na kisI ko mArate haiM, na kisI ko mArane kI preraNA dete haiM aura na jo prANiyoM kA vadha karate haiM unakI anumodanA karate haiM / inakA yaha ahiMsA - prema atyanta sUkSma aura gaMbhIra hotA hai| ahiMsA ke sAtha-sAtha satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ke bhI upAsaka hote haiN| kisI kI vastu binA pUche nahIM utthaate| kAminI aura kaMcana ke sarvathA tyAgI hote haiM / AvazyakatA se bhI kama vastuoM kI sevanA karate haiM / saMgraha karanA to inhoMne sIkhA hI nahIM / ye manasA, vAcA, karmaNA kisI kA vadha nahIM karate, hathiyAra uThAkara kisI atyAcArI - anyAyI rAjA kA nAza nahIM karate, lekina isase unake loka-saMgrahI rUpa meM koI kamI nahIM AtI / bhAvanA kI dRSTi se to usameM aura vaiziSTya AtA hai / ye zramaNa pApiyoM ko naSTa kara unako mauta ke ghATa nahIM utArate varan unheM Atmabodha aura upadeza dekara sahI mArga para lAte haiM / ye pApI ko mArane meM nahIM, use sudhArane meM vizvAsa karate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra ne viSadRSTi sarpa caNDakauzika ko mArA nahIM varan apane prANoM ko khatare meM DAlakara, use usake AtmasvarUpa se paricita karAyA / basa, phira kyA thA ! vaha viSa se amRta bana gayA / loka kalyANa kI yaha prakriyA atyanta sUkSma aura gaharI hai / 1 inakA loka-saMgrAhaka rUpa mAnava sampradAya taka hI sImita nahIM hai / ye mAnava ke hita ke lie anya prANiyoM kA balidAna karanA vyartha hI nahIM, dharma-viruddha samajhate haiM / inakI yaha loka-saMgraha kI bhAvanA isIlie janataMtra se Age bar3hakara prANataMtra taka pahuMcI hai / yadi ayatanA se kisI jIva kA vadha ho jAtA hai yA pramAdavaza kisI ko kaSTa pahuMcatA hai to ye una saba pApoM se dUra haTane ke lie prAtaH - sAyaM pratikramaNa ( prAyazcitta) karate haiM / ye naMge paira paidala calate haiN| gAMva-gAMva aura nagara nagara meM vicaraNa kara sAmAjika cetanA aura suSapta puruSArtha ko jAgRta karate haiM / cAturmAsa ke alAvA kisI bhI sthAna para niyata vAsa nahIM karate / apane pAsa kevala itanI vastueM rakhate haiM jinheM ye apane Apa uThAkara bhramaNa kara skeN| bhojana ke lie gRhasthoM ke yahAM se bhikSA lAte haiM / bhikSA bhI jitanI Avazyaka hotI hai utanI hI / dUsare samaya ke lie bhojana kA saMcaya ye nahIM krte| rAtri meM na pAnI pIte haiM, na kucha khAte haiM / 162 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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inakI dainika caryA bhI bar3I pavitra hotI hai| dina-rAta ye svAdhyAya-mananaciMtana-lekhana aura pravacana Adi meM lage rahate haiM / sAmAnyataH ye pratidina saMsAra ke prANiyoM ko dharma-bodha dekara kalyANa ke mArga para agrasara karate haiN| inakA samUcA jIvana loka-kalyANa meM hI lagA rahatA hai| isa loka-sevA ke lie ye kisI se kucha nahIM lete| zramaNa dharma kI yaha AcAraniSTa dainandina caryA isa bAta kA prabala pramANa hai ki ye zramaNa sacce arthoM meM loka-rakSaka aura loka-sevI haiN| yadi ApadakAla meM apanI maryAdAoM se tanika bhI idhara-udhara honA par3atA hai to usake lie bhI ye daMDa lete haiM, vrata-pratyAkhyAna karate haiN| itanA hI nahIM, jaba kabhI apanI sAdhanA meM koI bAdhA AtI hai to usakI nivRtti ke lie parISaha aura upasarga Adi kI sevanA karate haiN| maiM nahIM kaha sakatA, isase adhika AcaraNa kI pavitratA, jIvana kI nirmalatA aura lakSya kI sArvajanInatA aura kisa loka-saMgrAhaka kI hogI ? zramaNa dharma ke loka-saMgrAhaka rUpa para praznavAcaka cihna isalie lagA huA hai ki usameM sAdhanA kA phala mukti mAnA hai--aisI mukti jo vaiyaktika utkarSa kI carama sImA hai| bauddha dharma kA nirvANa bhI vaiyaktika hai| bAda meM calakara bauddha dharma kI eka zAkhA mahAyAna ne sAmUhika nirvANa kI carcA kI / merI mAnyatA hai ki jaina darzana kI vaiyaktika mukti kI kalpanA sAmAjikatA kI virodhinI nahIM hai; kyoMki zramaNa-dharma ne mukti para kisI kA ekAdhikAra nahIM mAnA hai / jo apane Atma-guNoM kA carama vikAsa kara sakatA hai, vaha isa parama pada ko bhI prApta kara sakatA hai aura Atma-guNoM ke vikAsa ke lie samAna avasara dilAne ke lie jaina dharma hamezA saMgharSazIla rahA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne Izvara ke rUpa ko ekAdhikAra ke kSetra se bAhara nikAlakara samasta prANiyoM kI AtmA meM utArA / AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki prANI sAdhanA-patha para bar3ha ske| sAdhanA ke patha para jo baMdhana aura bAdhA thI, use mahAvIra ne tor3a giraayaa| jisa parama pada kI prApti ke lie ve sAdhanA kara rahe the, jisa sthAna ko unhoMne amara sukha kA ghara aura anaMta AnaMda kA AvAsa mAnA, usake dvAra sabake lie khola diye| dvAra hI nahIM khole, vahAM taka pahuMcane kA rAstA bhI batA diyaa| jaina darzana meM mAnava zarIra aura deva zarIra ke saMbaMdha meM jo ciMtana calA hai, usase bhI loka-saMgrAhaka vRtti kA patA calatA hai| paramazakti aura paramapada kI prApti ke lie sAdhanA aura puruSArtha kI jarUrata par3atI hai| yaha puruSArtha, kartavya kI pukAra aura balidAna kI bhAvanA mAnava ko hI prApta hai, deva ko nahIM / devazarIra meM vaibhava-vilAsa ko bhogane kI zakti to hai para naye puNyoM ke saMcaya kI tAkata nahIM / devatA jIvana-sAdhanA ke patha para bar3ha nahIM sakate, kevala usakI jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana : 163

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UMcAI ko sparza kara sakate haiM / karmakSetra meM kUdane kI zakti to mAnava ke pAsa hI hai / isIlie jaina dharma meM bhAgyavAda ko sthAna nahIM hai| vahAM karma kI hI pradhAnatA hai / vaidika dharma meM jo sthAna stuti, prArthanA aura upAsanA ko diyA gayA hai vahI sthAna zramaNa-dharma meM samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra ko milA hai / samagra rUpa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki zramaNa-dharma kA loka-saMgrAhaka rUpa sthUla kI apekSA sUkSma adhika hai, bAhya kI apekSA AMtarika adhika hai / usameM devatA banane ke lie jitanI tar3apa nahIM, utanI tar3apa saMpUrNa saMsAra ko kaSAya Adi pApa karmoM se mukta karAne kI hai| isa mukti ke lie vaiyaktika abhikrama kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI jo jaina-sAdhanA ke loka-saMgrAhaka rUpa kI nIMva hai | jaina dharma jIvana- saMpUrNatA kA himAyatI sAmAnyataH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jaina dharma ne saMsAra ko dukhamUlaka batAkara nirAzA kI bhAvanA phailAI hai, jIvana meM saMyama aura virAga kI adhikatA para bala dekara usakI anurAga-bhAvanA aura kalA-prema ko kuMThita kiyA hai / para yaha kathana sAdhAra nahIM hai, bhrAMtimUlaka hai| yaha ThIka hai ki jaina dharma ne saMsAra ko * dukhamUlaka mAnA, para kisalie ? akhaMDa AnaMda kI prApti ke lie, zAzvata sukha kI upalabdhi ke lie| yadi jaina dharma saMsAra ko dukhapUrNa mAnakara hI ruka jAtA, sukha-prApti kI khoja nahIM karatA, usake lie sAdhanA mArga kI vvayasthA nahIM detA to hama use nirAzAvAdI kaha sakate the, para usameM to mAnava ko mahAtmA banAne kI, AtmA ko paramAtmA banAne kI AsthA kA bIja chipA huA hai / daivavAda ke nAma para apane ko asahya aura nirbala samajhI jAne vAlI janatA ko kisane Atma- jAgRti kA saMdeza diyA ? kisane usake hRdaya meM chipe hue puruSArtha ko jagAyA ? kisane use apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA banAyA ? jaina dharma kI yaha vicAradhArA yugoM bAda Aja bhI buddhijIviyoM kI dharohara bana rahI hai, saMskRti ko vaijJAnika dRSTi pradAna kara rahI hai / yaha kahanA bhI ki jaina dharma nirA nivRttimUlaka hai, ThIka nahIM hai| jIvana ke vidhAna pakSa ko bhI usane mahattva diyA hai| isa dharma ke upadezaka tIrthaMkara laukikaalaukika vaibhava ke pratIka haiN| daihika dRSTi se ve anaMta bala, anaMta sauMdarya aura anaMta parAkrama ke dhanI hote haiM / iMdrAdi milakara paMca kalyANaka mahotsavoM kI AyojanA karate haiM / upadeza dene kA unakA sthAna ( samavasaraNa ) kalAkRtiyoM se alaMkRta hotA hai / jaina dharma ne jo nivRttimUlaka bAteM kahI haiM ve kevala ucchRMkhalatA aura asaMyama ko rokane ke lie hI / jaina dharma kI kalAtmaka dena apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa aura alaga se adhyayana kI apekSA rakhatI haiM / vAstukalA ke kSetra meM vizAlakAya kalAtmaka maMdira, meru 164 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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parvata kI racanA, naMdIzvara dvIpa va samavasaraNa kI racanA, mAnastaMbha, caityavRkSa, stUpa Adi ullekhanIya haiN| mUrtikalA meM vibhinna tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyAM dekhI jA sakatI haiN| citra kalA meM bhitticitra, tADapatrIya citra, kASTha citra, lipicitra, vastra para citra Azcarya meM DAlane vAle haiN| nivRtti aura pravRtti kA samanvaya kara jaina dharma ne saMskRti ko lacIlA banAyA hai| usakI kaThoratA ko kalA kI bAMha dI hai to usakI komalatA ko saMyama kA AvaraNa / isIlie vaha Aja bhI jItIjAgatI hai| Adhunika bhArata ke navanirmANa meM yoga Adhunika bhArata ke navanirmANa kI sAmAjika, dhArmika, zaikSaNika, rAjanaitika aura Arthika pravRttiyoM meM jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| aNuvrata AMdolana isI cetanA kA pratIka hai adhikAMza sampanna jaina zrAvaka apanI Aya kA eka nizcita bhAga lokopakArI pravRttiyoM meM vyaya karane ke vratI rahe haiN| jIva-dayA, pazubali-niSedha, svadharmI vAtsalyaphaMDa, vidhavAzrama, vRddhAzrama jaisI aneka pravRttiyoM ke mAdhyama se asahAya logoM ko sahAyatA milI hai| samAja meM nimna aura ghRNita samajhe jAne vAle khaTIka jAti ke bhAiyoM meM pracalita kuvyasanoM ko miTAkara unheM sAtvika jIvana jIne kI preraNA dene vAlA dharmapAla pravRtti kA racanAtmaka kAryakrama ahiMsaka samAja-racanA kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattvapUrNa hai| laukika zikSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha naitika zikSaNa ke lie Aja deza ke vibhinna kSetroM meM kaI jaina zikSaNa saMsthAeM, svAdhyAya-zivira aura chAtrAvAsa kAryarata haiN| nirdhana aura medhAvI chAtroM ko apane zikSaNa meM sahAyatA pahuMcAne ke lie vyaktigata aura sAmAjika stara para bane kaI dhArmika aura pAramArthika TrasTa haiM jo chAtravRttiyAM aura RNa dete haiN| jana-svAsthya ke sudhAra kI dizA meM bhI jainiyoM dvArA vibhinna kSetroM meM kaI aspatAla aura auSadhAlaya khole gaye hai, jahAM rogiyoM ko niHzulka tayA riyAyatI daroM para cikitmA-suvidhAeM pradAna kI jAtI hai| jaina sAdhu aura sAdhviyAM varSA Rtu ke cAra mahInoM meM pada-yAtrA nahIM krte| ve eka hI sthAna para Thaharate haiM jise 'cAturmAsa' karanA kahate haiN| isa kAla meM jaina loga tapa, tyAga, pratyAkhyAna, maMgha-yAtrA, tIrtha-yAtrA, muni-darzana, upavAsa, Ayambila, mAsakhamaNa, maMvatsarI, kSamAparva jaise vividha upAsanA-prakAroM dvArA AdhyAtmika jAgRti ke vividha kAryakrama banAte haiN| isase vyaktigata jIvana nirmala, svastha aura udAra banatA hai tathA sAmAjika jIvana meM baMdhutva, mainI, vAtsalya jaise bhAvoM kI vRddhi hotI hai| adhikAMza jaina dharmAvalambI kRSi, vANijya aura udyoga para nirbhara haiM / deza jaina dharma kA sAMskRtika mUlyAMkana : 165

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ke vibhinna kSetroM meM ye phaile hue haiN| baMgAla, bihAra, tamilanADu, mahArASTra Adi pradezoM meM inake bar3e-bar3e udyoga-pratiSThAna haiM / apane Arthika saMgaThanoM dvArA inhoMne rASTrIya utpAdana to bar3hAyA hI hai, deza ke lie videzI mudrA arjana karane meM bhI inakI vizeSa bhUmikA rahI hai / jaina saMskAroM ke kAraNa maryAdA se adhika Aya kA upayoga ve sArvajanika stara ke kalyANa-kAryoM meM karate rahe haiN| rAjanItika cetanA ke vikAsa meM bhI jainiyoM kA sakriya yoga rahA hai / bhAmAzAha kI paramparA ko nibhAte hue kaiyoM ne rASTrIya rakSA koSa meM puSkala rAzi samarpita kI hai| svataMtratA se pUrva dezI riyAsatoM meM kaI jaina zrAvaka rAjyoM ke dIvAna aura senApati jaise mahattvapUrNa padoM para kArya karate rahe haiN| svataMtratAsaMgrAma meM kSetrIya AndolanoM kA netRtva bhI unhoMne saMbhAlA hai| ahiMsA, satyAgraha, bhUmidAna, sampattidAna, bhUmi-sImAbaMdI, Ayakara praNAlI, dharma-nirapekSatA jaise vartamAna siddhAntoM aura kAryakramoM meM jaina-darzana kI bhAvadhArA nyUnAdhika rUpa se preraka kAraNa rahI hai| prAcIna sAhitya ke saMrakSaka ke rUpa meM jaina dharma kI vizeSa bhUmikA rahI hai| jaina sAdhuoM ne na kevala maulika sAhitya kI sarjanA kI varan jIrNa-zIrNa durlabha graMthoM kA pratilekhana kara unakI rakSA kI aura sthAna-sthAna para graMtha-bhaMDAroM kI sthApanA kara isa amUlya nidhi ko surakSita rkhaa| rAjasthAna aura gujarAta ke jJAna bhaMDAra isa dRSTi se rASTra kI amUlya nidhi haiN| mahattvapUrNa graMthoM ke prakAzana kA kArya bhI jaina zodha saMsthAnoM ne aba apane hAtha meM liyA hai / jaina patra-patrikAoM dvArA bhI vaiyaktika, pArivArika, sAmAjika aura rASTrIya jIvana ko svastha aura sadAcArayukta banAne kI dizA meM bar3I preraNA aura zakti milatI rahI hai| kula milAkara kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma kI dRSTi rASTra ke sarvAMgINa vikAsa para rahI hai| usane mAnava-jIvana kI saphalatA ko hI mukhya nahIM mAnA, usakA bala rahA usakI sArthakatA aura Atmazuddhi para / 166 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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soviyata gaNarAjya aura pazcima eziyAI dezoM meM jaina tIrtha DaoNo brajamohana jAvaliyA bhAratIya RSi-muniyoM aura sAhasI paryaTakoM ke mAdhyama se prAcIna kAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti vizva ke dUrastha aneka bhU-bhAgoM taka vyApta ho gaI thI / aneka Arya kabIloM ne bhArata se bAhara jAkara ina bhU-bhAgoM meM apane nivAsa sthAna bhI banA liye the / eka samaya aisA bhI AyA jaba bhArata meM vaicArika saMgharSa chir3a gayA, videzI vicAroM ke sammizraNa se vaidika-dharma meM vikRtiyAM vyApta ho gaIM aura phalataH aneka avaidika mata-matAntaroM kA isa deza meM prAdurbhAva huA / vedoM kI sAkSiyAM dedekara ina matoM ke pragartaka bholI bhAratIya janatA ko bahakAne lage aura inakI Ar3a meM aneka anAcAra karane lge| isa avasthA meM bhAratIyoM kA videziyoM aura videzoM meM base bhArata - vaMzI pravAsiyoM se saMbaMdha lagabhaga TUTa sA gyaa| bhArata meM to ajJAnAndhakAra phaila hI rahA thA - bhArata se bAhara sthita ina dezoM kI avasthA bhArata se bhI burI thI / aisI hI avasthA meM buddha aura mahAvIra ne janma lekara Aja se lagabhaga 2500 varSa pUrva dharma kA punaruddhAra kara bhAratIya saMskRti kA vizva meM punaH prasAra karane kA bIr3A uThAyA thA / buddha ke dvArA saMsthApita bauddha dharma ko azoka jaise mahAn samrATa kA prazraya mila gayA aura usI kA avalambana pAkara vaha zIghra hI sampUrNa eziyA meM vyApta ho gayA / utsAhI vauddha bhikSuka zatAbdiyoM taka videzoM meM jAjAkara aneka kaSTa sahana karate hue dharma kA pracAra karate rahe / para jaina dharma kA prasAra bhArata se bAhara nahIM ho pAyA / rAjA-mahArAjAoM ko dIkSita kara unake mAdhyama se zIghrAtizIghra apane dharma kA pracAra karane kI vidhi jaina AcAryoM ne bhI apanAyI para usakA lAbha zAyada unheM bhArata se bAhara apanA pracAra karane meM nahIM fe skaa| bauddha dharmAvalaMbI dharma pracArakoM ne apanA sArA dhyAna videzoM meM pracArahetu kendrita kara liyA aura svayaM isa dharma kI janmabhUmi bhArata meM ise sudRr3ha karane kA vizeSa prayAsa nahIM kiyA--yahI kAraNa hai ki thor3e hI samaya bAda zaMkarAcArya 1 soviyata gaNarAjya aura pazcima eziyAI dezoM meM jaina tIrtha : 167

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ke tUphAnI pracAra ne isa dharma kA bhArata meM astitva hI sadA ke lie samApta kara diyA, jabaki jana-dharma isa tUphAnI jhaTake ko sahana kara gayA aura Aja bhI usakA astitva isa deza meM banA huA hai| bauddha dharma ke saMpUrNa eziyA khaMDa meM vyApta ho jAne aura bauddha-dharmAvalaMbI bhAratIya bhikSukoM ke videzoM meM AvAgamana ke prApta pramANoM se yaha to siddha hI hai ki bhAratIyoM kA videzoM meM isa kAla meM beroka-Toka AnA-jAnA hotA thA-... aisI avasthA meM jaina vidvAnoM ne bhArata se bAhara jAkara avazya hI svadharma-pracAra kiyA hogA--para adyAvadhi aise koI pramANa dekhane meM nahIM Aye haiM jinase yaha bAta siddha hotI ho| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jainiyoM kA svalpa pracAra bauddha-dharma ke vizAla dhArmika abhiyAna meM dabakara raha gyaa| donoM dharmoM ke siddhAntoM meM sthUla rUpa se samAnatA ke kAraNa bhI saMbhavataH bAhya dezoM meM unheM alaga karake nahIM dekhA gayA hogaa| svayaM bhArata meM bhI jaba sudIrgha kAla taka yahI sthiti rahI hai to videzoM meM bhI yadi aisA samajhA gayA ho to koI Azcarya nhiiN| jainadharma-graMtha bhI videzoM meM jaina dharma ke prasAra ke viSaya meM saMbhavataH mauna-se dikhAI dete haiM / katipaya jaina-AkhyAnoM meM jaina vyApAriyoM dvArA vyApArika saMbaMdhoM aura samudrI-yAtrAoM kI sUcanA avazya hI hameM prApta hotI haiM-- para dhArmika pracAra kI nahIM / aisI sthiti meM adyAvadhi prApta bAhya dezoM kI bauddha-dharma ke prabhAva ko batAne vAlI purAtAttvika sAmagrI tathA bhAratIya aura videzI saMpUrNa bauddha aura jaina vAGmaya ke niSpakSa punaradhyayana se hI isa rahasya kA udghATana ho sakatA hai| Aja se tIna-cAra zatAbdiyoM pUrva ke katipaya hastalikhita graMthoM meM hameM aise kucha mahattvapUrNa sUtra milate haiM jinase avazya yaha siddha hotA hai ki bhArata se bAhara bhI afagAnistAna, IrAna, IrAka, TarkI Adi dezoM tathA soviyata rUsa ke ajoba sAgara se oba kI khAr3I se bhI uttara taka tathA lATaviyA se allAI ke pazcimI chora taka kisI kAla meM jana-dharma kA vyApaka prasAra thaa| ina pradezoM meM aneka jaina maMdiroM, jaina-tIrthaMkaroM kI vizAla mUrtiyoM, dharma-zAstroM tathA jaina-muniyoM kI vidyamAnatA kA bhI inameM ullekha hai| katipaya vyApAriyoM aura paryaTakoM ne, jo isI do-tIna zatAbdiyoM meM hue haiM, ina vivaraNoM meM yaha dAvA kiyA hai ki ve svayaM ina sthAnoM kI aneka kaSTa sahana karake yAtrA kara Aye haiN| - aise vivaraNoM meM sarvaprathama vivaraNa bulAkIdAsa khatrI kA hai, jo saM0 16:2 (san 1625 I0) meM ghor3oM kA kAphilA lekara apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha uttarApatha ke nagaroM kI yAtrA para nikalA thA aura vibhinna nagaroM aura tIrthoM kI yAtrA karatA huA nau varSa bAda lauTakara apane ghara AgarA pahuMcA, jahAM se usane apanI yAtrA prAraMbha kI thii| isa yAtrA meM usane AgarA se nikalakara lAhaura, multAna, kaMdhAra, isphahAna (isakA nagara), khurAsAna, istaMbUla (AsataMbola), babbara, 168 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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vavvarakUla yA bAbara tathA tArA taMbola nagaroM ko dekhA, jinameM se katipaya nagaroM kA usane savistara varNana bhI kiyA hai| ina nagaroM ke madhya kI pAramparika dUrI usane kramaza: 300, 150, 300, 800, 600, 1200, 500 aura 700 kosa dI hai / vibhinna hastalikhita graMthoM meM isa vivaraNa ke aneka saMskaraNa milate haiM, jinameM yatra-tatra thor3A-bahuta aMtara bhI hai| eka saMskaraNa meM kAbula aura parasamAna nagaroM kA bhI yAtrA mArga meM ullekha hai / sva0 muni kAntisAgara', zrI sAgaramala koThArI, sva0 zrI vAsudevazaraNa agravAla' evaM zrI agaracaMda nAhaTA ne bhI isa vivaraNa ke kaI eka saMskaraNa prakAzita karA diye haiM / zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ne tapAgacchIya zIla vijaya dvArA gaM0 1746 vi0 ( san 16=9 ) meM viracita tIrthamAlA graMtha kA eka 'uttara dizi ke jaina tIrtha' viSayaka khaMDa bhI Aja se caudaha varSa pUrva nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA meM prakAzita karAyA thA / ' pratIta hotA hai tIrthamAlA kA yaha khaMDa bulAkIdAsa ke hI vivaraNa ke AdhAra para taiyAra kiyA gayA thA, jise zIlavijaya ne apane guru se sunanA kahA hai| zIlavijaya ne tIrthoM kA krama prAyaH vahI rakhA hai jo bulAkIdAsa kA hai --- nagaroM ke madhya kI dUrI bhI dI hai, para yatra-tatra usane mUla mArga se thor3A idharaudhara haTakara sthita roma nagara, sAsatA nagara jaise nagara nAmoM ko bhI nAmAvalI meM sthAna de diyA hai / vaha inake atirikta bhI jahAM eziyA ke anya aneka nagaroM meM jaina prabhAva hone kI sUcanA detA hai, vahIM istaMbUla se uttara meM sthita sahasramukhI gaMgAnadI ke pUrva meM bauddha dharma kI vyApti aura pazcima meM sthita tArAtaMbola se lagAkara lATa deza taka ke vistRta kSetra meM jaina dharmI janatA ke nivAsa kI sUcanA detA hai / vahatArAtaMbola se 100 gAu ( gavyUti = do kosa yA cAra mIla ) dUra kisI svarNa kAMti nagarI meM bhI jaina dharma kA prabhAva honA batAtA hai / SamratdAsa ke vibhinna yAtrA - vivaraNoM meM katipaya prasiddha nagaroM meM rAja kara rahe rAjavaMzoM ke nAma bhI diye haiM, yathA - ispahAna meM tilaMga, istaMbUla meM romasoma, khurAsAna meM rAvIra, tArAtaMbola meM jaM caMdrasUra, candrasUra yA sUracaMdra / jabaki zIlavijaya ne khurAsAna meM hunasAna, istaMbola meM tilaMga, tArAtaMbola meM sUracandra aura svarNakAnti nagarI meM kalyANa sena ko rAja karate batAyA hai / dUsarA vivaraNa milatA hai ahamadAbAda ke vyApArI padmasiMha kI saparivAra dUra dezAntara kI yAtrA kA / yaha vivaraNa svayaM padmasiMha ne yAtrA se lauTakara haidarAbAda se ahamadAbAda meM raha rahe ratanacaMda bhAI ko likhe apane patra meM kiyA 1. jaina satya prakAza, varSa 5, aMka 2 / 2. jaina satya prakAza, varSa 6, aMka, 6 / 3. sAptAhika hindustAna - 23 jUna, 1656 / 4. nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, varSa 64, aMka 2 (saM0 2016 ) soviyata gaNarAjya aura pazcima eziyAI dezoM meM jaina tIrtha : 166

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thaa| yaha patra bhI svargIya muni zrI kAntisAgara ne prakAzita karA diyA hai| padmasiMha ne yaha yAtrA saM0 1805 meM prAraMbha kI thI aura 16 varSa bAda saM0 1821 meM vaha lauTakara sakuzala svadeza AyA thaa| usakI yAtrA kA mArga istaMbUla' taka prAyaH vahI rahA hai jo bulAkIdAsa kA rahA hai, para usake Age vaha ajitanAtha ke maMdira se yukta kisI tAla, talaMgapura, caMdraprabhu tIrtha, navApurI pATaNa aura tArAtaMbola (dvitIya) kI yAtrA kA vivaraNa detA hai / padmasiMha ispahAna ko AzApurI tathA istaMbUla ko tArAtaMbola nAma detA hai| aisA vaha saMbhavata: vismRti se athavA dhyAna caka jAne se pravAha meM likha gayA hai| zIlavijaya kI tIrthamAlA ke samAna hI digambara jaina pustakAlaya, kApar3iyA bhavana, sUrata se prakAzita aisI hI eka anya tIrthamAlA meM bhI uttara dizA ke tIrthavarNana meM pUrva se pazcima meM bahane vAlI gaMgA nadI ke kinAre para aneka jaina maMdiroM kI vidyamAnatA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| usameM tArAtaMbola meM bhI jaina maMdiroM aura mUrtiyoM kI vaMdanA ke sAtha-sAtha kisI 'javalA gavalA' nAmadhArI zAstra kI vidyamAnatA kI bhI sUcanA dI hai| tIrthamAlA meM tArAtaMbola ke mArga meM mAMgItuMgI parvata para 28 hAtha (42 phuTa) aura 48 hAtha (72 phuTa) AkAra kI mUrti kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai, jisake pAMva ke aMgUThe para 28 nAriyala Thahara sakate the| isI prakAra eka aise sarovara kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jisameM 6 hAtha x 10 hAtha AkAra kI zAntinAthajI kI pratimA sthita thii| padmasiMha ne istaMbUla meM mukuTa svAmI kI 38 hAtha x 28 hAtha (57 phuTa x 42 phuTa) AkAraM kI nirAdhAra khar3I mUrti kA vivaraNa diyA hai, jisake pAMva ke aMgUThe para bhI uparyukta mAMgItuMgI parvata para khar3I mUrti ke pAMva ke aMgUThe ke samAna 28 nAriyala rakhe jA sakate haiN| pratIta hotA hai donoM varNana eka hI mUrti ke haiN| istaMbUla meM nirAdhAra khar3I isa vizAla mUrti kA varNana hameM isI nagara meM khar3I harakyUlIja kI usa vizAla mUrti kI yAda dilAtA hai jo vizva ke ATha Azcaryo meM se eka mAnA jAtA rahA hai / padmasiMha istaMbUla se 600 kosa kI dUrI para sthita kisI tAla meM ajitanAtha kI 20 hAtha x 6 hAtha yA 30 x 6 varga phuTa AkAra kI mUrti kI vidyamAnatA kA varNana karatA hai, jahAM use nAva ke dvArA jAnA par3A thaa| vaha vahAM se 500 kosa dUrastha talaMgapura nagara kA varNana karatA hai aura sUcanA detA hai ki vahAM 28 jaina maMdira the| talaMgapura se vaha 700 kosa dUra navApurI paTTana jAtA hai--mArga meM kisI candraprabhu ke maMdira ke darzana bhI karatA hai / para isa maMdira kA nizcita sthAna vaha nahIM detaa| navApurI paTTana se 300 kosa sthita tArAtaMbola 1. jaina satya prakAza, varSa 4, aMka 3 (saM0 1964 Asoja vadI 7) 2. mUlacaMda kisanadAsa kApar3iyA : vRhat sAmayika pATha aura vRhatpratikramaNa,pR0 164 170 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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nagara kA yaha yAtrI bar3A hI sarasa varNana karatA hai| isa nagara meM usane aneka jaina maMdira, jaina mUrtiyAM, hastalikhita graMtha saMgraha dekhe aura jaina muni ke darzana kiye| surata se prakAzita digambara jaina tIrthamAlA meM tArAtaMbola meM kisI 'javalA-gavalA' nAmaka zAstra kI vidyamAnatA kI sUcanA pAsiMha ke varNana meM hastalikhita graMthoM ke vidyamAna hone kI puSTi karatI hai| bulAkIdAsa dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA tArAtaMbola kA varNana bhI bar3A hI sajIva hai| vaha likhatA hai ki vahAM kA bAdazAha hindU hai aura jaina dharmAvalambI hai| usakA nAma caMdra sUra, caMdrasUra yA sUra candra hai| vahAM jainiyoM ke maMdira sone aura cAMdI ke vane haiM / mUrtiyAM ratnoM se jaTita haiN| rAjA ke sAtha prajA bhI jaina dharma ko mAnane vAlI hai tathA yaha nagara siMdhu-sAgara nAma kI nadI ke kinAre para sthita hai| isI ke anya saMskaraNa meM tArAtaMbola ke Asa-pAsa sthita maMdiroM kI saMkhyA 700 dI gaI hai tathA zahara ke madhya meM AdIzvarajI ke vizAla maMdira ke sthita hone kI bAta kahI gaI hai, jisameM 108 jar3Ava kI mUrtiyAM thIM, pratimAoM kI vediyAM svarNajaTita thIM, AdIzvarajI kA siMhAsana bhI jar3AU thaa| maMdira meM 700 mana sone kI IMToM kA upayoga kiyA gayA thA tathA isa maMdira meM trikAla pUjA hotI thii| zIlavijaya bhI tArAtaMbola kA lagabhaga aisA hI varNana karatA hai| vaha rAjA ke anUpacandra aura trilokacandra nAma ke do putroM kA bhI ullekha karatA hai, tathA tArAtaMbola meM 300 zivAlayoM kI vidyamAnatA kI bhI sUcanA detA hai| ina sabhI varNanoM meM yAtrA-mArga meM par3ane vAle aneka nagaroM ke bAjAroM, rAjamahaloM, rAjavyavasthA Adi kA bhI varNana milatA hai, para una para prakAza DAlanA isa samaya hamArA uddezya nahIM hai| ___ ina yAtrA-vivaraNoM meM varNita aneka nagaroM ke nAmoM se hama sabhI paricita haiN| kAbula, kaMdhAra, isphahAna, khurAsAna aura istaMbUla ke nAma hamane sune haiM / isphahAna ke krama meM hI ullikhita sArasnAna nagara sIrastAna pratIta hotA hai| bulAkIdAsa ke varNana ko dekhate hue yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki padmasiMha ne isphahAna ko hI AzApurI nAma diyA hai| padmasiMha vismRti ke kAraNa yA lekhana-tvarA meM istaMbUla kA nAma bhI tArAtaMbola de gayA hai / yaha bhrama istaMbUla ke bhI taMbUlAntaka nAma hone ke kAraNa huA pratIta hotA hai| bulAkIdAsa ne istaMbUla se Age 500 kosa para babbara deza yA bAbara nagara kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| zIlavijaya use babarakala kahatA hai| vaha likhatA hai, "babarakUla vazi pAMcase, pavana rAja IhA sudhi base'.... arthAt istaMbUla se pAMca sau kosa dUra babarakUla hai jahAM pavanarAja kA bhI nivAsa hai| yaha varNana bebiloniyA ke una mUla puruSoM kI yAda dilAtA hai jo matu yA martu (vaidika maruta) nAma ke soviyata gaNarAjya aura pazcima eziyAI dezoM meM jaina-tIrtha : 171

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I vAyu devatA ke pUjaka the / ' zIlavijaya kA babbarakUla sthita pavanarAja kI baiMbaloniyA kA 'maruta' devatA kI sthApanA se pratIta hotA hai ki yaha babbarakUla baibaloniyA hI honA caahie| yahAM ke nivAsI bhArata se nikale paNi aura cola hI mAne jAte haiM / ba~biloniyA sIriyA ke dakSiNa, phArasa ke pazcima aura araba ke uttara meM sthita pradeza hai / para yAtrA mArga ke anya nagaroM ko dekhate hue pratIta hotA hai ki kaispiyana sAgara ke dakSiNI taTa para base bAbula ko hI bAvara, babbara yA babbarakUla kahA gayA hogA / padmasiMha ne ajitanAtha ke maMdira kI dUrI istaMbUla se utanI hI batAI hai jitanI bulAkI ne bAbara kI, ataH anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai| ki vaha mUrti bAbara meM hI rahI hogii| talaMgapura kI sthiti kahAM rahI hogI, nizcita rUpa se kucha kaha sakanA kaThina hai / talaMga yA tilaMga zabda una hUNoM aura turkoM ke lie prayukta zabda hai jo gobI ke registAna, issikula aura sira dariyA ke UMce pahiyoM kI gAr3I rakhate the / cInI lekhakoM ne inheM hI cIlehIle yA cirake likhA hai / isI se tereka aura turka zabdoM kI bhI utpatti huI hai|' yaha zabda sAtavIM zatI fore to pracalita thA hI / vulAkI ne isphahAna meM aura zIlavijaya ne istaMbUla meM isI jAti kA rAjya honA batAyA hai / ataH pratIta hotA hai sira dariyA ke kinAre tAzakaMda se thor3A uttara meM vasA turkIstAna hI padmasiMha kA talaMgapura ho sakatA hai| padmasiMha talaMgapura yA turkIstAna se navApurI paTTaNa jAtA hai / nagara ke aMta meM paTTana zabda ke prayoga se pratIta hotA hai ki yaha koI nadI yA samudra ke kinAre sthita vyApArika nagara thA / turkIstAna aura navApurI ke madhya meM vaha candraprabhu tIrtha bhI jAtA hai| isakI sthiti kahAM rahI hogI, kaha pAnA kaThina hai, para navApurI paTTana oba nadI kI khAr3I meM basA novA porTa hI pratIta hotA hai, jisakI sthiti candrAprabhujI se 700 kosa kahI gaI hai| tArAtaMbola navApurI paTTana se 300 kosa dUra kahA gayA hai / vAstava meM tArAtaMbola kisI eka nagara kA nAma nahIM hai / ye itiza nadI ke kinAre base tArA aura tobolaska nAma ke do nagara haiM / tArA irtiza aura izima ke saMgama para basA hai aura tobolaska itiza aura tobola ke saMgama pr| ina do nagaroM ke madhya kI dUrI bahuta adhika nahIM hai, isI se inake nAmoM kA prayoga ekadUsare kI pahacAna ke lie sAtha-sAtha kiyA gayA hai, jo eka sAmAnya prathA rahI hai / bulAkIdAsa, zIlavijaya Adi ise siMdhu sAgara nadI para sthita batAte haiM / saMbhavataH irtiza ko hI siMdhu sAgara kahA hai / saMbhavataH itiza aura bhAratIya siMdhu nadI ke rUsI uccAraNa Ita meM uccAraNa-sAmya ke bhrama se aisA kiyA gayA hai| 1. The name of the Babylonian storm - God was Matu, or Martu, which as we have seen, was the same as the Vedic Marut and must have been taken by Panis and Cholas to Babylonia. 2. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana madhya eziyA kA itihAsa, khaMDa 1, pR0 233-34 / 172 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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vijaya ne jisa sahasramukhI gaMgA ke pUrva meM vauddhoM aura pazcima meM jaina rAjyoM kI bAta kahI hai - vaha isa sthiti meM oba nadI hI pratIta hotI hai, jisameM udgama se sAgara milana taka sahasroM choTI-moTI nadiyAM Akara mila gaI haiM / bulAkIdAsa ke anusAra tArAtaMbola isI tobola siMdhu ( itiza) ke saMgama para basA hai / yaha sthiti tobolaska ke lie ekadama ThIka baiThatI hai / padmasiMha tArAtaMbola se kisI TAMganava deza jAne kI apanI icchA kA ullekha karatA hai aura kahatA hai ki prabhAvacandrajI ne vahAM se Age na jAne ko kahA ataH use vahIM se lauTa jAnA pdd'aa| muni kAntisAgara ne aura taduparAnta zrI nAhaTA ke lekha meM chapA 'TAMgAnava' zabda mujhe azuddha pratIta hotA hai / yaha TAMDArava honA cAhie jo TuMDrA kA hI aparanAma ho sakatA hai / prAcIna graMthoM meM 'Ga' aura 'Da' ke lekhana kI samAnatA ke kAraNa hI TAMDArava ko TAMgAnava par3hA gayA hai| TuMDrA atyadhika zItapradhAna deza hai ataH prabhAvacaMdrajI ke dvArA padmasiMha ko diye gae varjanAdeza meM yahI kAraNa dikhAI detA hai / zIlavijaya ne tArAtaMbola se 100 gAu ( gavyUti) dUra jisa svarNakAnti nagara kA ullekha kiyA hai vaha 'altAI' kA saMskRta rUpa hai| turkI aura maMgola bhASAoM meM altAI kA artha hai svarNa giri / ' altAI kI pahAr3iyoM meM sthita sone kI khAneM ajJAtakAla se hI sAre eziyA kI sone kI mAMga ko pUrA karatI rahI hai / ata: bhAratIya vyApAriyoM kA bhI avazya hI ina gvAnoM se saMbaMdha sadA se rahA hogA, yaha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai / zIlavijaya ne jaina dharmI prajAjanoM se bhare-pUre jisa bATa deza kA nArAtaMbola ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai vaha spaSTataH lATaviyA hai| ina varNanoM se altAI se lATaviyA taka kI samasta prajA jaina dharmAvalaMbI siddha hotI hai / ina pradezoM aura nagaroM kI sahI sthiti kA jJAna ho jAne para vahAM ke rAjAoM aura rAjakumAroM ke jaicaMdrasUra, caMdrasUra, maracaMdra, kalyANa sena, anUpacaMdra yA trilokacaMdra jaise nAmoM ke rakhe jAne meM hameM koI Azcarya nahIM honA caahie| hameM paryApta pramANa upalabdha haiM jinase yaha siddha hotA hai ki vahAM bhI bhAratIya saMskRti kA prabhAva thA aura maMgalakhAna, AnaMdakhAna aura dharmazrI jaise bhAratIya nAma rakhane kI vahAM prathA thI / tArAtaMbola meM upalabdha jisa jainazAstra kA ullekha digambara tIrthayAtrA meM kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhI hamAre lie vicAra kA viSaya hai| bhArata meM 'dhavalA' zAstra to dekhA aura sunA jAtA hai para 'javalA gavalA' zAstra ke viSaya meM koI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| merI mAnyatA hai ki yaha zAstra uttarApatha ke tIrthoM aura 1. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana madhya eziyA kA itihAsa, pR0 57 / 2. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana : bauddha saMskRti, pR0 428 soviyata gaNarAjya aura pazcima eziyAI dezoM meM jaina tIrtha : 173

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nagaroM Adi kI bhaugolika sthiti se saMbaMdhita rahA hogA jise kinhI bhAratIya jaina vidvAna ne tArAtaMbola meM rahate hue hI likhA hogA / javalA yamAlA yA jemliyA kA bhraSTa rUpa hai aura gavalA himAlaya ke lie prayukta rUsI bhASA ke zabda gimalAI kaa| rUsI meM 'ha' ko 'ga' likhA jAtA hai / jemlyA bhI himAlaya kA hI parivartita fArasI rUpa hai| bhAratIya yA IrAnI Arya pravAsiyoM ne hI saMbhavataH vahAM pahuMcakara isa himAcchAdita pradeza ko navya himAlaya yA novAyA jemlyA nAma diyA jo Aja taka pracalita hai| ata: 'javalA aura gavalA' kA artha huA 'himAlaya se jemlyA' taka kA zAstra / isa zAstra kI upalabdhi para isa bhUbhAga meM bhAratIyoM ke prabhAva se saMbaMdhita kaI eka rahasyoM kA udghATana saMbhava hai| katipaya bhAratIya nagaroM ke nAmoM ke atirikta mujhe yaha saMdeha hotA hai ki ye varNana ThIka vaise hI hoMge jo inhoMne apanI AMkhoM se dekhA hai| pratIta hotA hai kinhIM prAcIna vivaraNoM meM inhoMne apane vivaraNoM ko bhI milAkara prastuta kiyA hai- anyathA turka jAti ke lie tilaMga zabda kA prayoga, bAbara yA bebiloniyA ke sAtha atIta meM vismRta pavanarAja kA saMbaMdha jaisI bAteM jo usa kAla meM bhAratIya sarvathA bhUla-se cuke the, ina yAtriyoM aura tIrthamAlA racane vAloM ke dhyAna meM kaise AtI ? ye prAcIna vivaraNa cauthI se chaThI zatAbdI ke hone cAhie / ina sthAnoM meM bhAratIyoM ne pUrvakAla meM avazya hI apane maMdira, zivAlaya Adi banAye hoMge, zAstra likhe hoMge, sAdhu-saMta bhI vahAM rahate rahe hoMge, para islAma dharma ke pracAraprasAra aura pazcimI dezoM kI rAjanItika uthala-puthala ne bhAratIyoM ke ina pradezoM se prAcIna maMparka ko tor3a diyA / bauddha dharma ke prabhAva ne apanI samAna prakRti ke jaina dharma ke avazeSoM ko AtmasAta kara liyA aura isI se aba taka zodha-khoja karane vAle vidvAnoM ne ise vauddha dharma se hI saMbaMdhita kahA hai / bauddha dharmopadezakoM ne bhArata se bAhara jA-jAkara zatAbdiyoM taka dharma-pracAra kiyA aura jaina yA vaidika dharmAvalaMbI pracArakoM ne aisA nahIM kiyA hogA---yaha bAta samajha meM nahIM AtI / ata: vizvAsa hai ki ye yAtrA-vivaraNa aura yahAM prastuta kiyA jA rahA ina tIrthoM kA sthAna-nirdhAraNa avazya hI isa dizA meM khoja ke lie preraNA degaa| 1. rUsI hindI chAtropayogI zabdakoza : saMkalanakartA i solntsevA, saMpAdaka DaoN0 kesarI nArAyaNa zukla aura pUrNa somasundaram / 2. paM0 raghunaMdana zarmA-vaidika saMpatti, pR0 415 174 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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mAlavA meM jaina dharma kA aitihAsika sarvekSaNa DaoN. manoharalAla dalAla mAlavA sAMskRtika evaM bhaugolika dRSTi se bhArata kA hRdaya-sthala hai| uttara evaM dakSiNa ke bIca sthita hone se jaina dharma kA yaha kendra rahA hai| mAlavA kA bhUbhAga pazcima evaM uttara-pazcima meM arAvalI kI pahAr3iyoM, dakSiNa meM viMdhyAcala, pUrva meM buMdelakhaMDa tathA uttara pUrva meM gaMgA kI ghATI se ghirA hai / isakI mAlavA saMjJA prasiddha mAlavA gaNataMtra ke kAraNa par3I hai| prAcIna bhArata meM yaha bhU-bhAga Akara, avanti, anUpa evaM dazArNa janapada meM vibhakta thA, paraMtu pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke aMta meM avanti pradeza kA nAma mAlava' par3A tathA sAtavIM zatAbdI se saMpUrNa kSetra ko mahAmAlava aura AThavIM zatAbdI se mAlavA kahA jAne lgaa| sAhityika aura purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se mAlava pradeza meM jaina dharma kA pracAra, pramAra evaM pragati vidita hotI hai| __bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hI jaina dharma kA prasAra mAlavA meM hone lagA thA / janazruti ke anusAra mahAvIra svayaM ujjayinI Ae the, jo paravartI evaM avizvasanIya hai; yadyapi mahAvIra ke samakAlIna ujjayinI ke zaktizAlI zAsaka caMDapradyota mahAsena ko jaina anuzruti ke AdhAra para jaina matAvalaMbI mAnA jAnA cAhie kyoMki vaivAhika saMbaMdhoM ke kAraNa vaha mahAvIra se saMbaddha thaa| pradyota kI ujjayinI, vidizA evaM dazapura meM mahAvIra kI caMdana-nirmita jIvaMtasvAmI ko mUrtiyAM pratiSThita karane kA zreya diyA jAtA hai| pradyota ke putra gopAla ko gaNadhara sudharmA ne jaina dharmAnuyAyI banAyA thA tathA pradyota ke anuja kumArasena 1. epigrAphiyA iMDikA, 6, pR0 271 2. mArzala :mAnyumeMTsa Apha sAMcI, 1, pR0 364-65 abhilekha saMkhyaka 842 3. di hArTa oNpha jainijma, pR0 33 4. triSaSTizalAkA-puruSa-caritra, parva 10, sarga 2, pR0 157 5. jaina tIrtha sarva saMgraha, pR0 322 mAlavA meM jaina dharma kA aitihAsika sarvekSaNa : 175

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ko mahAkAla-maMdira meM naramAMsa-vikraya ko rokane meM apane prANa dene par3e the|' maMbhavata: mahAvIra ke samaya ujjayinI ke atirikta dazapura aura vidizA bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke keMdra the / pradyota kA uttarAdhikArI pAlaka bhI jaina dharmAvalaMbI pratIta hotA hai| nanda samrATa mahApadmananda ke aMtargata bhI mAlavA meM jaina dharma kA prasAra ho rahA thaa| maurya yuga meM jaina dharma kA pazcimI bhArata keMdra hone lagA thA jisakI puSTi smArakoM evaM jana anuzrutiyoM se hotI hai| ___maurya samrATa caMdragupta ko pariziSTaparvana meM jaina kahA gayA hai tathA eka paraMparA ke anusAra usane zruta kevalI bhadravAhu se dIkSA grahaNa kara bhArata meM maisUra pradeza ke zravaNa belagolA meM saMthArA dvArA prANa tyAge the|' azoka ke pautra saMprati ko jaina dharma kA azoka mAnakara saMpUrNa bhArata meM maMdiroM kA nirmANa aura mUrtiyoM kI pratiSThA kA zreya diyA jAtA hai| saMprati ko Arya suhastina ne jaina dharma meM dIkSita kiyA thaa| Arya suhastina ne jIvaMtasvAmI kI mUrti ke darzanArtha ujjaina ke ke pravAsakAla meM avaMti sukumAla ko ziSya banAyA thA / avaMti sukumAla kI mRtyu ke pazcAt usakI smRti meM eka stUpa nirmita karavAkara pArzvanAtha kI pratimA pratiSThita kI gaI thI, isa stUpa ko kAlAMtara meM kuDugezvara kahA jAne lgaa| ujjayinI ko jaina-tIrtha hone kA gaurava prApta thA, phalataH caMDarudra, bhadrakagupta, AryarakSita aura Arya ASAr3ha ne yAtrA kI thii| vajrasvAmI ne siMhagiri se gyAraha aMga kA adhyayana kara dazapura se avaMti Akara bhadragupta se bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAdAMga kI zikSA grahaNa kI tathA dazapura-nivAsI AryarakSita ko nau pUrva aura dasaveM kA aMza sikhAyA thaa| vajrasvAmI ziSyoM sahita vidizA ke nikaTa sthAvarta parvata para Ae the tathA nikaTa ke kuMjarAvarta parvata para nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| prAcIna anUpa (nImAr3a) ke kasarAvada ke nikaTa mauryayugIna 11 stUpa tathA vihAra evaM sabhAgRha mile haiN| isa vihAra ke utkhanana meM kucha bhRdbhAMDa mile haiM, jinheM yahAM para nivAsa karane vAle sAdhu prayukta karate hoNge| inameM se kucha bhAMDoM para abhilekha utkIrNa haiM yathA--nigaThasa vihAra dIpe, bhUladeve, sipAlasa, haradIpe, bhUladeve, rasakha, paritArikeSa aadi| nigaThasa vihAra dIpe se spaSTa hai ki nirgrantha vihAra se saMbaddha dIpaka thA; yadyapi abhI taka ina avazeSoM ko bauddha vihAra se saMbaddha mAnA 1. pradhAnakRta kranolaoNjI oNpha eMzieNTa iMDiyA, pR0 72 evaM 335 2. iMDiyana eMTIkvarI, 1862, pR0 157 3. vahI, XI, pR0 246 4. vahI, pR0 246 5. vahI, pR0 247 6. jaina tIrtha sarva saMgraha, pR0 325 7. iMDiyana hisTorikala kvATI, xxv, pR01 176 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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jAtA rahA hai, jo ki pUrvAgraha mAtra hai| yaha jaina vihAra jJAtajaina smArakoM meM sabase prAcIna hone se mahattvapUrNa hai / kasarAvada ke nikaTa kA pradeza paramAra yuga meM bhI jaina dharma kA keMdra jJAta hotA hai| jainAcArya kAlaka ko gardabhilla vaMzIya ujjayinI ke zAsaka vikramAditya ke pitA pratizodha lene hetu zaka sthAna taka jAne kA vivaraNa upalabdha hai, jise satya mAnane para ujjayinI kA jaina saMgha zaktizAlI vidita hotA hai| vikrama saMvat pravartaka isa vikramAditya ko jainAcArya siddhasena divAkara dvArA jaina dharmAnuyAyI banAne kI anuzruti prasiddha hai|' digaMbara jaina paTTAvalI meM bhI vikramAditya ko jIvana ke aMtima cAlIsa varSa jaina dharmoM meM varNita kiyA hai| gupta samrAToM ke aMtargata sahiSNutApUrNa nIti ke kAraNa jaina dharma kI unnati huii| vidizA ke nikaTa udayagiri kI guphA kramAMka 20 meM utkIrNa gupta saMvat 106 (425 I0) ke abhilekha zamadamayukta zaMkara nAmaka vyakti vistRta sarpakaNoM se bhayaMkara dikhane vAlI jina zreSTha pArzvanAtha kI mUti guphA-dvAra para nirmita karavAI thii| isa abhilekha se AcAryabhadra evaM unake ziSya gozarmana kA bhI ullekha hai / tAlanapura se saMvat 612 (555 I0) meM zA caMdrasiMha dvArA maMDapadurga meM sthApita AdinAtha kI mUrti milI hai| besanagara se sAta phuTa UMcI kAyotsarga mudrA meM tIrthakara kI vizAla mUrti milI hai, jo gvAliyara saMgrahAlaya meM hai| mAlavA ke sthAnIya zAsaka mahArAjAdhirAja rAmagupta ke zAsanakAla meM sthApita tIna tIrthaMkara padmAsana mUrtiyAM vidizA meM milI haiM, jinameM eka caMdaprabhu kI aura dUsarI puSpadaMta kI pAda pITha-lekha se jJAta hotI hai / gupta brAhmI ke ina mUti-lekhoM se caMdra kSamAcArya kSamaNa zramaNa ke praziSya aura AcArya sarpa sena-kSamaNa ke ziSya cela kSamaNa ke upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara rAmagupta dvArA ye mUrtiyAM nirmita karavAne kA jJAna hotA hai / sAmAnyataH isa rAmagupta ko samudragupta kA jyeSThaputra aura devI caMdragupta nATaka ke rAmagupta se abhinna mAne jAne kA parAmarza diyA jAtA hai, joki samIcIna nahIM hai| harSacarita evaM harSa ke tAmrapatroM meM ullekhita mAlavarAja devagupta tathA tumaina se prApta eka sikke meM jJAta satyagupta' ina mUrtilekhoM ke rAmagupta ke 1. di paTTIvalI samuccaya, pR0 46, 106 2. iMDiyana eMTikvarI,XX, pR0 247 3. phlITa : gupta abhilekha saMkhyaka 61, pR0 258 4. vikrama smati graMtha, pR0568 5. jarnala oNpha oriyaMTala iMsTiTyUTa, 18, bhAga 3, pR0 247-51 6. kAvela evaM thAmasa dvArA anUdita, pR0 101, 172 7. epigrAphiyA iMDikA, 4, pR0 208-11; vahI, 1, pR0 67 8. iMDiyana ArkiyAlAjI : e rivyU, 1967-68, pR0 62 mAlavA meM jaina dharma kA aitihAsika sarvekSaNa : 177

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uttarAdhikArI pratIta hote haiM, jise chaThI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha kA mAlavA kA eka sthAnIya rAjavaMza mAnA jAnA cAhie / mAlavA meM nirmita kaI maMdiroM evaM pratiSThita mUrtiyoM se pUrvamadhyakAla meM jaina dharma ke prasAra evaM utthAna kA jJAna hotA hai / dhAra evaM ujjayinI paramAroM ke aMtargata jaina dharma ke keMdra the / bar3auta meM 25 jaina maMdiroM kA eka samUha, bUr3hI caMderI ke jainAvazeSa', rAkhetrA ke jainamaMdira' tathA mamona, bhojapura, Una', caMderI", gurilA kA pahAr3a', bIthalA', bIjavar3a, pUragilanA", saMdhArA 1, kethulI" Adi ke jaina maMdiroM se pUrva madhyakAla meM jaina dharma kI lokapriyatA vidita hotI hai / paramArazAsakoM ne jaina vidvAnoM ko saMrakSaNa diyA tathA jainAcAryoM ke prati zraddhA vyakta kI / jaina dharma ke utthAna kI dRSTi se yaha svarNayuga thA / 1 mUlasaMgha kI paTTAvaliyoM se vidita hotA hai ki bhaddalapura se 27veM bhaTTAraka ne apanA keMdra ujjayinI sthAnAMtarita kara liyA thA, jo 53veM bhaTTAraka mAghacaMdra dvitIya ke dvArA karIba 1083 I0 meM koTA ke bArana meM sthApita kiyA gayA 15 bArana se 64veM bhaTTAraka ne cittaur3a meM apanA paTTa keMdra sthAnAMtarita kara liyA thA, jo ki mAlavA se sambaddha kSetra rahe haiM / " mUlasaMgha kA sarasvatI gaccha evaM balAtkaragaNa kI utpatti ujjayinI se hI mAnI jAtI hai / " mAlavA ke bhaTTArakoM meM siMhanandi prasiddha hai / " 1. ArkalAjikala sarve oNpha iMDiyA, riporTa 1623-24 pR0 133 tathA kaniMghama riporTasa 7, pR0 64 2. ArkalAjikala sarve oNpha iMDiyA, riporTa 1624-25, pR0 164 3. vahI, pR0 166 4. vahI, pR0 161 5. vahI, 1622-23, pR0 46 6. vahI, 1918 - 16, pR017-18 7. vahI, 1924-25, pR0 164 8. vahI, pR0 167 6. vahI, pR0 126 10. ArkalAjikala sarve Apha iMDiyA, vesTarna sarkala 1621, pR0 106 11. vahI, 1620 pu0 81 12. vahI, pR0 88- 61 13. vahI, pR0 62 14. iMDiyana eNTikvarI 21, pR0 58 15. vahI 16. vahI 17. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 361 18. vahI, pR0 371 178 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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udyotanasUri ne lagabhaga 937 I0 meM mAlavadeza se zatruJjaya tIrtha kI yAtrA kI thI tathA devasena ne dhAra ke pArzvanAtha maMdira meM darzanasAra' 633 I0 meM pUrNa kiyA thA / jaina vidvAna amitagaNi, mahAsena, dhanapAla aura dhanezvara ko vAkpati muMja ne saMrakSaNa diyA thaa|' parIkSAmukha kA racayitA mANikyanaMdi bhI saMbhavataH isI samaya dhAra meM Avasita the, jinake agraja padmanandi, viSNunandi, vRSabhanandi, rAmanandi aura trailokyanandi kA upadeza evaM karmakSetra mAlavA hI thaa|' prasiddha jainAcArya prabhAcaMdra ke prati paramAra bhojadeva ne Adara pradarzita kiyA thA tathA janavidvAn dhanapAla ne usake anurodha para tilakamaMjarI kI racanA kara sarasvatI viruda prApta kiyA thaa| bhoja ke zAsanakAla meM jaina dharma evaM sAhitya kI pragati huii| dubakuMDa ke 1088 I0 ke abhilekha se vidita hotA hai ki bhoja ke rAjadarabAra meM vRSabhanAtha kI mUrti pratiSThita kI thii| zeragar3ha ke 1134 I0 ke abhilekha meM naravarmana ke zAsana meM navacaitya meM neminAtha kA utsava manAne kA vivaraNa hai|' devapAla ne apane putra evaM saMbaMdhiyoM tathA koSavardhana kI goSThI ke sAtha ratnatraya kA pratiSThA samAroha kiyA thaa| paravartI paramAra zAsakoM ke rAjakSetroM meM jaina vidvAnoM evaM AcAryoM ke dvArA jaina dharma kI lokapriyatA meM vRddhi huii| dhAra meM nivAsa karane vAle dharasena kA ziSya mahAvIra jaina dharma kI vibhinna zAkhAoM kA vidvAn thA tathA paramAra zAsaka vidhyavarmana para usakA bahuta prabhAva vidita hotA hai| paM0 AzAdhara muslima AkrAMtAoM ke bhaya se mANDalagar3ha se 1162 I0 meM dhAra Ae aura AcArya mahAvIra ko praNAmAJjali se sammAnita kiyA thaa| AzAdhara jaina vidyA kA prakAMDa paMDita thA tathA terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka sAhitya-sRjana kiyA, inhoMne pAMca paramAra zAsakoM-vidhya varmana, subhaTa varmana, arjuna varmana, devapAla aura jaitugideva kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| AzAdhara kI mahAkavi bilhaNa ne atyaMta prazaMsA kI hai| bAlasarasvatI mahAkavi bilhaNa ne AzAdhara se kAvyazAstra kI zikSA grahaNa kI thI tathA paMDitajI ke pitA aura putra ko arjuna varmana ne uccapada para niyukti dI thii| AzAdhara ne vizAla kIti, arhadAsa, devacaMdra jaise vidvAn ziSya taiyAra kiye the, jinhoMne ullekhanIya jaina sAhitya sRjana ke dvArA jaina dharma kI sevA kii| jinapati sUri ne dhAra ke zAMtinAtha maMdira meM vidhimArga kI 1197 I. meM 1. peTarsana riporTsa saMkhyaka-4, prastAvanA, pR0 3 2. guru gopAladAsa varayA smRtigraMtha, pR0 543 3. epigrAphiyA iMDikA, 21, pR0 80 4. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 347 5. vahI, pR0 342 mAlavA meM jaina dharma kA aitihAsika sarvekSaNa : 176

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sthApanA kI thii| terahavIM zatAbdI meM ujjayinI jaina saMgha ke devadhara pramukha the, jinakI mRtyu 1270 I0 meM tathA usake terahaveM dina unake paTTadhara vidyAnanda sUri kI vidyApurI meM mRtyu ho gaI, phalataH dharmakIrti upAdhyAya ko dharmaghoSa sUri ke nAma se paTTadhara banAyA gayA, jo 1300 I0 meM mRtyu ko prApta hue| ina AcAryoM ne mAlavabhUmi meM jaina dharma ke prasAra-hetu prayatna kiye the| caudahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke pratiSThita jaina tIrthoM kA jinaprabha sUri dvArA likhita vividha tIrtha meM vivaraNa hai| ujjayinI meM kuDugezvara, maMgalapurA meM abhinaMdanadeva, dazapura meM supArzva aura bhailasvAmIgar3ha (bhelasA) meM mahAvIra ko isa pradeza ke prasiddha jaina tIrtha varNita kiyA gayA hai| madanakIti ne apane graMtha zAsana catusIriMzatikA' meM maMgalApura ke zAMtisena ne kaI vidvAnoM ko vAdavivAda meM parAsta kiyA thaa| surAcArya aura devabhadra ko bhI bhoja kA saMrakSaNa prApta huA thaa| prasiddha jainAcArya jinezvara sUri aura buddhisAgara ne dhArAnagarI meM saMbhavataH bhoja ke hI samaya jaina dharma kA udghoSa kiyA thaa| isI samaya jaina kavi nayanaMdi ne 1043 meM likhita sudarzana carita meM dhAra ke jinavara vihAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| bhoja ke saMrakSaNa meM zrIcaMda ne parANasAra kI racanA kI tathA raviSaNa ke padmacarita aura puSpadaMta ke mahApurANa para TIkAeM likhiiN| nemIcaMdra ne Azramanagara meM bhoja ke rAjyakAla meM mAMDalika zrIpAla ke samaya laghudravya saMgraha kI racanA kI thii| bhojadeva ke zAsanakAla meM sAgaranandi ne bhojapura ke jaina maMdira meM nemIcaMdra sUri ke dvArA tIrthakara mUrti kI pratiSThA karavAI thii| bhoja ke uttarAdhikArI jayasiMha ne bhI prabhAcaMda ko sammAna diyA thaa| Una meM jaina maMdiroM kA vizAla samUha hai, jo gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM meM nirmita hue the, yahAM ke maMdiroM se bhojadeva ke bhrAtA udayAditya ke do abhilekha aura naravarmana ke samaya kA sarpabaMdha abhilekha milA hai| naravarmana kI jaina vidvAnoM aura AcAryoM ke prati asIma zraddhA thii| mAlavA meM tarkazAstra kA adhyayana karane vAle jaina vidvAn samudravijaya naravarmana ke Azrita the| cittaur3a se dhAra kI yAtrA karane vAle jinavallabha sUri ke upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara naravarmana ne AcArya kI icchAnusAra cittaur3a ke do kharatara maMdiroM ko cittaur3a ke 1. kharataragaccha bRhadagurvAvalI 2. Indian Antiquary, XI, p. 255 3. vividha tIrthakalpa, 47, 32 evaM 85 4. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 347 5. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa. pa0 274 6. jaina graMtha prazasti saMgraha, saMkhyaka-3 7. epigrAphiyA iMDikA, pR0 35 8. ArkalAjikala sarve riporTsa, 1918-16, pR0 17-18 180 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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zulkagRha se do pAruttha dramma pratidina dene kI svIkRti dI thii|' jinavallabha sUri ke paTTadhara jinadatta sUri ne apane ziSyoM ko dhAra meM vRtipaMjikAdi lakSaNa zAstra kA adhyayana karane bhejA thA tathA svayaM ne ujjayinI, dhAra, cittaur3a aura vAgar3a pradeza meM jaina dharma ke pracArArtha yAtrAeM kI thiiN| naravarmana ke zAsanakAla meM kaI jaina maMdira aura mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa huA / bhojapura kI pArzvanAtha pratimA ke abhilekha se vidita hotA hai ki 1100 I0 meM cillana ne use naravarmana ke rAjyakAla meM sthApita kiyA thA / ' 1109 I0 meM arthanA abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki bhUSaNa ne vAgar3a ke paramAra zAsaka vijayarAja ke rAjyakAla meM uthUNaka meM eka jaina maMdira kA nirmANa aura abhinandana jina ko mAlavA ke aMtargata varNita kiyA hai / jayAnanda ne nImAr3a ke vanoM ke nikaTa lakSmI kA 'pravAsagIti' meM tIrtha rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai / " dAhoda se 120 ki0mI0 ke tAlanapura jaina tIrtha meM kaI maMdiroM ke avazeSa aura mUrtiyAM milI haiM tathA 665 I0 ke eka abhilekha meM isa sthala ko tuMgipaTTana kahA gayA hai| nImAr3a kA bar3avAnI bhI jaina tIrtha hai, jahAM kI bAvanagajA mUrti prasiddha hai tathA abhilekhoM se 1276 I0 aura 1331 I0 meM jaina maMdiroM kA punarmaskAra jJAta hotA hai / unako bhI vartamAna meM pAvAgiri (dvitIya) tIrtha ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karane ke prayAsa kiye jA rahe haiM / digambara jaina purAtatva saMgrahAlaya ujjaina meM mAnava pradeza se ekatrita kara kaI jaina mUrtiyAM pradarzita kI gaI haiM, jinameM se kucha ke pAdapITha para utkIrNa abhilekha jainAcAryoM, bhaTTArakoM, saMghoM, gaNoM, gacchoM Adi para vizada prakAza DAlate haiM / vikrama saMvat ke ina abhilekhoM meM 1308 ke mUrtilekha meM vAgar3a saMghIya AcArya kalyANavardhana, 1308 ke dUsare mUrtilekha meM lATavAgar3Anvaya kalyANakIrti, ' 1308 ke tIsare mUrtilekha meM bAgar3Anvaya kalyANakIrti'; 1308 ke cauthe mUrtilekha meM lATavAgar3amaMghe bhaTTAraka kalyANa kIrti", 1308 ke pAMcaveM mUrtilekha meM 1. kharataragaccha bRhadagurvAvalI, pR0 13 2 . vahI 3. epigrAphikA iMDikA, pR0 35 4. vahI, 21 5. jaina tIrtha sarva saMgraha, pR0 313 evaM 320 6. vahI 7. mUrtisaMkhyaka 17 8. vahI, 21 6. vahI, 130 10. vahI, 163 mAlavA meM jaina dharma aitihAsika sarvekSaNa : 181

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paMDita bhAnukIti; ' 1308 ke chaThe mUrtilekha meM vardhamAna purAnvaya', 1308 ke sAtaveM do mUrtilekha meM prAgavaTAnvaya', 1308 ke AThaveM mUrtilekha meM poravAlAnvaya', 1306 ke mUrtilekha meM lATavAgar3asaMghe kalyANakIti', 1326 ke mUrtilekha meM khaMDelakagacche', 1222 ke mUrti lekha meM khaMDelanvaya', 1222 ke mUrtilekha meM poravAlAnvaya', 1231 ke mUrtilekha meM varkaTAnvaya', 1220 ke mUrtilekha meM AcAryAnvaya", 1506 ke mUrtilekha meM zrIkASThAsaMgha vAgar3asaMghe bhaTTAraka dharmakoti", 1661 ke mUrtilekha meM tapAgaccha bhaTTAraka kIrti jayadeva, 1610 ke mUrtilekha meM zrI senAcAryeva", 1466 ke mUrtilekha meM kundakundAcAryAnvaya bhaTTAraka padamanandi tatapaTTe bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti", 1190 ke mUtilekha meM zrIkIti ke praziSya vasupatikIti5, 1228 ke mUrtilekha meM mAthura saMghe paMDitAcArya dharmakIrti aura unake ziSya AcArya lalitakIrti", binA tithi ke mUtilekha meM maNDalAcArya guNacandra ke praziSya aura maNDalAcArya jinacandra ke ziSya maNDalAcArya sakalacandra tathA unake gurubhrAtA hemakIrti Adi kA ullekha upalabdha hai| 1. mUrtisaMkhyaka, 164 2. vahI, 127 3. vahI, 126, pR0 163 4. vahI, 164 5. vahI, 227 6. vahI, 30 7. vahI, 71 8. vahI, 165 ma pa pa 10. vahI, 124 11. vahI, 34 12. vahI, 20 13. vahI, 45 14. vahI, 47 15. vahI, 181 16. vahI, 273 17. vahI, 47 182 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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mahArASTra meM jaina dharma DaoN0 vidyAdhara joharApurakara bhArata ke prAyaH sabhI pradezoM meM jaina dharma kA prasAra nyUnAdhika mAtrA meM huA hai / dakSiNa bhArata, gujarAta, rAjasthAna tathA bihAra meM jaina dharma ke kArya se saMbaddha graMtha suvidita haiM / mahArASTra ke viSaya meM aisA adhyayana abhI nahIM huA hai| yahAM maiM isa pradeza meM jaina dharma ke prasAra ke viSaya meM prApta pramukha saMdarbhoM kA saMkSipta avalokana prastuta kara rahA hUM / guNabhadra ke uttarapurANa ( parva 62 zlo0 280 - 2 ) ke anusAra gyArahaveM aura bArahaveM tIrthaMkaroM ke madhyavartI samaya meM prathama baladeva vijaya kA vihAra gajadhvaja parvata para huA thA tathA jinasena ke harivaMzapurANa ( sarga 63 zlo0 72-73) ke anusAra bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ke samaya aMtima baladeva balarAma kA dehAvasAna tuMgIgiri para huA / ye sthAna mahArASTra ke nAsika aura dhUliyA jile meM tIrthoM ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM / aitihAsika dRSTi se mahArASTra meM jaina sAdhuoM kI gatividhiyoM kA vistAra maurya sAmrAjya ke samaya ( sanapUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM ) AcArya bhadrabAhu tathA suhastI ke netRtva meM huA hogA, yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa pradeza meM jaina sAdhuoM ke vihAra kA sarvaprathama spaSTa pramANa vaha saMkSipta zilAlekha hai jo pUnA jile meM pAlA grAma ke nikaTa eka guhA meM prApta huA hai / lipi ke AdhAra para yaha lekha sanapUrva dUsarI zatAbdI kA mAnA gayA hai| isameM bhadaMta iMdrarakSita dvArA isa guhA ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai ( dharmayuga 15-12-1668 meM DaoN0 sAMkaliyA ne isakA sacitra paricaya diyA hai ) / mahArASTra ke prathama aitihAsika rAjavaMza - sAtavAhana vaMza kI rAjadhAnI pratiSThAna (Adhunika paiThaNa, ji0 auraMgAbAda) meM jaina AcAryoM ke vihAra ke saMbaMdha meM kaI kathAeM upalabdha haiM / prabhAvakacarita ( prakaraNa 4) tathA vividhatIrtha kalpa (! ( prakaraNa 23) ke anusAra AcArya kAlaka ne isa nagara meM rAjA sAtavAhana ke Agraha para mahArASTra meM jaina dharma : 183

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paryuSaNa kI tithi bhAdrapada zukla paMcamI se badalakara caturthI kI thI kyoMki rAjA paMcamI ke dina honevAle iMdradhvaja utsava tathA paryuSaNa utsava, donoM meM upasthita honA cAhatA thaa| ina kathAoM meM rAjA kA vaMzanAma hI diyA hai-vyaktigata nAma nahIM hai ata: inakI aitihAsikatA parakhanA kaThina hai| vividhatIrthakalpa meM dI haI isa ghaTanA kI paraMparAgata tithi vIranirvANa saMvat 663 ( -san 466) sAtavAhanoM kA rAjya samApta hone ke kAphI bAda kI hai| saMbhavata: isIlie prabhAvakacarita meM tithi kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| pratiSThAna se saMbaddha dUsare AcArya pAlittaya (saMskRta meM pAdalipta) kI kathA ke (prabhAvakacarita, prakaraNa 5 tathA prabaMdhakoSa, prakaraNa 5) adhika sudRr3ha AdhAra prApta haiN| udyotana kI kuvalayamAlA (pR0 3) meM hAla rAjA kI sabhA meM pAlittaya kI pratiSThA kI prazaMsA prApta hotI hai| hAla dvArA saMpAdita gAthA saptazatI meM prApta eka gAthA (kra0 75) svayaMbhUchaMda (pR0 103) meM pAlittaya ke nAma se uddhRta hai| saptazatI kI pItAMbarakRta TIkA ke anusAra isameM pAlittaya kI gyAraha gAthAeM haiM (ka0 363-4, 417, 425, 433-4, 578, 606, 623, 706, 720) tathA bhuvanapAla kI TIkA ke anusAra bhI pAlittaya kI gAthAoM kI saMkhyA itanI hI hai yadyapi inake kramAMka kucha bhinna haiM (74, 217, 254, 256, 257, 262, 363, 432, 545, 578, 576) / prabhAvakacarita meM pAlittaya ke guru kA nAma nAgahasti batAyA hai| bhuvanapAla ne saptazatI kI cAra gAthAeM (207, 315, 346, 373) nAgahastikRta batAI haiM (yahAM gAthA kramAMka zrI jogalekara ke saMskaraNa se die haiN)| pAlittaya kI taraMgavatI kathA mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prathama prabaMdhakAvya hai| isakA saMkSipta rUpAMtara prasiddha hai| ___ jaina sAhitya meM prasiddha tIna anya kathAeM sAtavAhanayuga se saMbaddha haiM / hemacaMdra ke pariziSTa parva (prakaraNa 12-13) ke anusAra Arya samita ne acalapura (ji. amarAvatI) ke kaI tApasoM ko jaina dharma kI dIkSA dI thI tathA inakI zAkhA brahmadIpikA zAkhA kahI jAtI thii| isI kathA ke anusAra AcArya vajrasena ne soppAra nagara (vartamAna baMbaI ke nikaTa) meM nAgeMdra, caMdra, niti tathA vidyAdhara ko muni-dIkSA dI thii| inake nAmoM se jaina sAdhuoM kI cAra zAkhAeM prasiddha huI thiiN| vajrasena kI paraMparAgata tithi vIranirvANa saMvat 617 (=san 60 ) hai (muni darzanavijaya saMpAdita paTTAvalI samuccaya bhAga 1, pR0 18-21) tathA samita inhIM ke jyeSTha samakAlIna the| vIrasenakRta SaTkhaNDAgamaTIkA dhavalA ke prathama khaMDa meM prApta kathA ke anusAra AcArya puSpadaMta tathA bhUtavali veNNAyaDa nagara se prasthAna kara AcArya dharasena ke pAsa giranAra pahuMce the| veNNAyaDa (vinyAtaTa ) kA hariSeNakRta vRhatkathAkoSa (kathA kra. 60) meM nirvANakSetra ke rUpa meM varNana hai jisase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha 184 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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sthAna vartamAna vairAgar3ha (ji. cAMdA) ke samIpa thA (anekAMta, varSa 16. pR.0 256) / puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali kA samaya I0 san kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM anumita hai| sAtavAhanoM kI rAjadhAnI pratiSThAna se jaina AcAryoM kA saMbaMdha sAtavAhanayuga ke bAda bhI rahA, aisA pratIta hotA hai| prabhAvakacarita (prakaraNa 8) ke anusAra dvAtriMzikAoM ke kartA prasiddha tAkika AcArya siddhasena kA dehAvasAna pratiSThAna meM huA thaa| prabaMdhakoSa ke anusAra (prakaraNa 1) AcArya bhadrabAhu--jo prasiddha jyotiSI varAhamihira ke baMdhu the--kA janma pratiSThAna meM huA thaa| cauthI-pAMcavIM zatAbdI se saMbaddha ina kathAoM ke sAtha isI yuga kI eka anya kathA kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake anusAra prasiddha tArkika AcArya samaMtabhadra ne karahATaka (vartamAna karADa, ji. sAtArA) kI rAjasabhA meM vAdavivAda meM bhAga liyA thA (malliSeNa prazasti, jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 1, pR0 102) / * dhArAziva (usmAnAbAda) ke tIna guhAmaMdira sAde hone para bhI yAtriyoM ke AkarSaNa ke keMdra rahe haiM / karakaMDu rAjA dvArA inake nirmANa kI kathA hariSeNa ke bRhatkathAkoSa (kathA kra0 56), zrIcaMdra ke kathAkoSa (maMdhi 18) tathA kanakAmara ke karakaMDucarita meM prApta hotI hai| karakaMDucarita kI prastAvanA meM DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina ne ina guhAoM kA vistRta sacitra paricaya diyA hai / inakA nirmANa bAdAmI ke cAlukyoM ke rAjyakAla (chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI) meM huA pratIta hotA hai (iMpIriyala gaijeTiyara oNpha iMDiyA, khaMDa 16, pR0 270) / yahAM kI mukhya pArzvanAtha pratimA aggaladeva isa nAma se prasiddha thii| rASTrakUTa rAjyakAla ke mahArASTra ke jaina sAhityikoM kA eka pramukha keMdra vATagrAma thaa| nayanaMdikRta makalavidhividhAna ke anusAra UMce jinAlayoM se suzobhita yaha nagara varADa deza meM thA (jaina graMtha prazasti saMgraha, bhAga 2, pR0 27) / varADa mahArASTra ke pUrva bhAga ke lie Aja bhI prayukta honevAlA nAma hai / nayanaMdi ke kathanAnusAra isa vATagrAma meM AcArya vIrasena aura jinasena ne dhavalA aura jayadhavalA kI racanA kI thI tathA svayaMbhU aura dhanaMjaya kavi bhI isI nagara meM hue the / saMskRta ke prathama zlepakAvya dvisaMdhAna, nAmamAlA tathA viSApahArastotra ke racayitA ke rUpa meM dhanaMjaya prasiddha haiN| inakA samaya AThavIM zatAbdI kA aMtima bhAga hai (DaoN0 upAdhyejI ne vizvezvarAnaMda iMDolaoNjikala jarnala, bhAga 8, pR0 125 meM dhanaMjaya ke viSaya meM vistRta carcA kI hai, kevala nivAsasthAna kI carcA raha gaI hai)| apabhraza ke prathama prasiddha kavi svayaMbhU kA bhI prAyaH yahI samaya hai| inake paumacariu, riTTanemicariu tathA svayaMbhUchaMda-- ye graMtha suprasiddha haiM / paumacariu ke prathama maMdhi ke aMta meM svayaMbhU ne apane AzrayadAtA ke rUpa meM dhanaMjaya kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| dhanaMjaya, svayaMbhU tathA vIrasena kI kRtiyoM meM racanAsthAna kA ullekha mahArASTra meM jaina dharma : 185

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nahIM hai / jinasena ne jayadhavalA kI aMtima prazasti meM racanAsthAna kA nAma vATagrAmapura batAyA hai kiMtu pradeza kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| paM0 premIjI ne ise vartamAna bar3audA kA purAnA nAma mAnA thA (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 143-5) kiMtu nayanaMdi ke spaSTa varNana ko dekhate hue aba vATagrAma ko pUrva mahArASTra meM hI kahIM khojanA hogaa| jinasena ke guru-baMdhu vinayasena ke ziSya kumArasena ne saM0 753 meM naMdiyaDa grAma meM kASThAsaMgha kI sthApanA kI thI aisA varNana devasenakRta darzanasAra (gAthA 38) meM prApta hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se isa varNana meM kucha vipratipatti pradarzita huI hai (bhaTTAraka saMpradAya, pR0 210) / kiMtu naMdiyaDa (vartamAna nAMdeDa, yaha mahArASTra ke eka jile kA mukhya sthAna godAvarI taTa para hai) ke nAma se eka saMgha avazya pravartita huA thaa| isa naMdiyaDa saMgha ke zubhakIti aura vimalakIti ina AcAryoM kA ullekha madhyapradeza meM maMdasaura jile ke grAma baikhara se prApta eka abhilekha meM milatA hai jisakI tithi dasavIM sadI meM anumita hai (aeNnyuala riporTa oNna iMDiyana epigrAphI, 1954-55, pR0 45) / saMbhavataH yahI maMgha bAda meM kASThAsaMgha ke aMtargata naMdItaTa gaccha ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai (isakA vistRta vRttAMta hamAre bhaTTAraka saMpradAya meM saMgRhIta hai)| jinasena ke prati rASTrakUTa samrAT amoghavarSa (prathama, rAjyakAla san 81478) kI zraddhA kA ullekha uttarapurANa kI prazasti meM prApta hai| isa samrATa ke nAma se amoghavasati nAmaka jinamaMdira nAsika ke samIpa caMdanapurI grAma meM banavAyA gayA thaa| isakI dekhabhAla ke lie amoghavarSa ke prapautra iMdrarAja (tRtIya) ne san 615 meM drAvir3a saMgha ke AcArya lokabhadra ke ziSya vardhamAna guru ko do grAma samarpita kie the| isI ke samIpa vaDanera grAma ke jinamaMdira ke lie bhI iMdrarAja ne inhIM AcArya ko chaha grAma dAna die the (ina dAnoM ke tAmrazAsana DaoN. kolatejI dvArA saMpAdita hue haiM tathA mAsika sanmati, navaMbara 1967 meM prakAzita ___ elorA (ji. auraMgAbAda) mahArASTra meM jaina zilpa kA pramukha keMdra thaa| yahAM kI pAMca jaina guhAoM meM pramukha guhA kA nAma iMdrasabhA hai| isake nirmANa ke viSaya meM jJAnasAgara kI tIrthavaMdanA meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha kArya raoNyala rAja dvArA saMpanna huA thA tathA use dekhakara iMdrarAja prasanna hue the (tIrthavaMdanasaMgraha, pR068 tathA 125) / yahAM ullikhita iMdrarAja uparyukta iMdrarAja (tRtIya) hI pratIta hote haiM / zilpa itihAsajJoM ne ina guhAoM kA nirmANa navIM-dasavIM zatAbdI meM huA, aisA mata prakaTa kiyA hai (di klAsikala rAja, pR0 466) / pUrva mahArASTra meM pracalita paraMparA ke anusAra zirapura (ji. akolA) ke aMtarikSa pArzvanAtha maMdira kA nirmANa bhI ela rAja dvArA huA thaa| yaha kSetra, ubhaya saMpradAyoM ke jainoM ke lie 186 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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Aja bhI AkarSaNa kA keMdra hai / rASTrakUTa rAjyakAla ke kucha lekhakoM - zAkaTAyana, mahAvIra tathA puSpadaMta ke viSaya meM nizcita jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| inameM se puSpadaMta kA mUla nivAsa pUrva mahArASTra meM rahA hogA aisA anumAna kiyA gayA hai tathA unake mahApurANa Adi graMthoM meM prayukta apabhraMza ko rASTrakUTakAlIna marAThI yaha nAma diyA gayA hai| ( prAcIna marAThI jaina sAhitya, pR0 8 ) / / bArahavIM zatAbdI ke kaI lekhoM se mahArASTra meM jainoM kI samRddha sthiti kA patA calatA hai / kolhApura aura usake samIpavartI bAmaNI tathA teradAla ina sthAnoM se prApta pAMca zilAlekha bArahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha ke haiM / inase vidita hotA hai ki zilAhAra vaMza ke rAjA gaMDarAditya rUpanArAyaNa ke nAma se kolhApura meM rUpanArAyaNabasadi nAmaka jinamaMdira kA nirmANa huA thA / mAghanaMdi yahAM ke pramukha AcArya the / sAmaMta nimva aura goMka inake ziSya the / mAghanaMdi ke ziSyaparivAra meM kanakanaMdi, zrutakIrti, caMdra kIrti, prabhAcaMdra, mANikyanaMdi tathA arhanaMdi ke nAma upalabdha hote haiM ( ina lekhoM kA vivecana jainijma ina sAutha iMDiyA, pR0 120 para DaoN0 desAI ne prastuta kiyA hai ) / kolhApura ke hI samIpa arjurikA ( vartamAna Ajare ) nagara meM AcArya somadeva ne san 1205 meM zabdArNavacaMdrikA nAmaka vyAkaraNa-graMtha kI racanA kI thI / taba vahAM gaMDarAditya ke vaMzaja bhojadeva kA rAjya cala rahA thA / yaha graMtha prakAzita ho cukA hai / bArahavIM zatAbdI ke hI kucha anya lekha devagiri ke yAdavoM ke rAjyakAla haiM / rAjA se uNacandra (tRtIya) ne san 1142 meM nAsika ke samIpa aMjanerI grAma ke candraprabha tIrthaMkara ke maMdira ko do dUkAneM dAna dI thIM (iMDiyana eMTikvarI, bhAga 12, pR0 126 ) / dhUliyA jile ke grAma sulatAnapura se prApta eka jinamUrti ke lekha se punnATa gurukula ke AcArya amRtacandra ke ziSya vijayakIrti kA nAma jJAta hotA hai / yaha lekha san 1154 ke AsapAsa kA hai (aeNnyuala riporTa oNna iMDiyana epigrAphI, 1656 - 60, zilAlekha bI 231 ) | usmAnAbAda jile ke rAmaliMga mudagaDa grAma se prApta lekha meM abhayanandi aura divAkaranandi AcAryoM ke nAma prApta hote haiM, yaha bhI bArahavIM sadI kA hai ( uparyukta 1963-64, zilAlekha bI 336 ) | akolA jile ke pAtUra grAma se prApta san 1988 ke mUrtilekha meM mANikasena tathA vIrasena AcAryoM ke nAma haiM ( uparyukta 1954-55, zilAlekha bI 267 ) / isI sthAna se isI varSa kA AcArya dharmasena kA samAdhilekha bhI milA hai jisameM unake cAra pUrvAcAryoM ke nAma bhI haiM ( anekAnta, varSa 16, pR0 236, zrI bAlacandra jaina ne isakA saMpAdana kiyA hai) / pandrahavIM zatAbdI se mahArASTra meM jainoM kI gatividhiyoM ke itihAsa ke sAdhana vipuna mAtrA meM upalabdha hote haiM / kAraMjA tathA lAtUra ke AcAryoM dvArA sthApita I mahArASTra meM jaina dharma : 187

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mUrtiyoM aura unake tathA unake ziSyoM dvArA likhita marAThI racanAoM se prApta tathyoM kA saMkalana hamAre 'bhaTTAraka saMpradAya' tathA DaoN0 akkolejI ke 'prAcIna marAThI jaina sAhitya' meM upalabdha hai / ullekhanIya bAta yaha hai ki isa pradeza meM hindI kI bhI kaI racanAeM upalabdha hotI haiM / chatrasena kA draupadIharaNa, gaMgAdAsa kI ravivratakathA, mahIcandra kA kAlIgorIsaMvAda, jJAnasAgara kI akSarabAvanI, pAma kavikA bharata bhujabalacaritra tathA dhanasAgara kA pArzvanAtha chappaya - ye inameM se kucha racanAeM paThanIya haiN| ye saba satarahavIM zatAbdI kI haiM / saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahArASTra meM jainoM ne tathA hindI sAhitya evaM guhA, maMdira aura mUrti - zilpa ke yogadAna kiyA hai / 188 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna prAkRta, saMskRta, marAThI vikAsa meM prazaMsanIya

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mevAr3a meM jaina dharma valavanta siMha mehatA mevAr3a banAsa aura cambala nadiyoM tathA unakI zAkhAoM ke kUloM va ghATiyoM meM basA huA hai jahAM aMtarrASTrIya khyAtiprApta purAtatvavettA DaoN0 sAMkaliyA ne utkhanana va zodha se eka lAkha varSa pUrva meM Adima mAnava kA astitva pramANita kiyA hai| bhArata meM pASANakAlIna sabhyatA ke sarvAdhika zastrAstra bhI yahIM pAye jAne se mevAr3a svata: hI bhArata kI mAnava sabhyatA ke Adi udgama sthAnoM meM AtA hai / Apar3a tathA bAgaura kI sabhyatAoM ko siMdhu ghATI ke mohanajodAr3o ke hI samAna samunnata va svataMtra sabhyatAeM ghoSita karane se mevAr3a jaina dharma ke 'kamma sUrA so dharma sUrA' ke anusAra jJAna aura zaurya se AplAvita jaina saMskRti ke lie sarvAdhika upayukta rahA hai| ise Adi sabhyatA va zaurya kI bhUmi pAkara hI tIrthaMkaroM se lekara mahAn dharmAcAryoM ne bhI apane pada-padma se pAvana aura pavitra kiyA tathA isa bhUmi ko jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra kA kendra banAkara yahIM se unhoMne apane dharma kA vistAra kiyA / ataH yahAM jaina dharma kA itihAsa bhI utanA hI prAcIna hai jitanA usakA itihAsa mAnA jAtA hai / mevAr3a ko medapATa sAtha prAgvATa bhI kahA jAtA hai / majjhamikA tathA AhAr3a isake do pramukha nagara the / ye donoM hI zabda jaina dharma kI priya bhASA aura janabolI ardhamAgadhI ke haiM jinakA artha hai AkarSita karane vAlA suMdara nagara tathA SoDasI yuvatI-sI suMdara nagarI / ye donoM nagara jaina dharma ke Adi kendra rahe haiM / zAradApITha vasantagar3ha jainiyoM kA prAcIna sAMskRtika zAstrIya nagara rahA hai / saMsAra ke prathama sahakAra evaM udyoga kendra jAvara kA nirmANa aura usake saMcAlana kA zreya prathama jainiyoM ko hI mevAr3a meM milA hai / dazArNapura jahAM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA padArpaNa aura AryarakSita kI janmabhUmi aura AcArya mahAgiri ke tapasyA karane ke zAstrIya pramANa haiM; nANA diyANA aura nAMdiyA meM jahAM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI jIvanta pratimAeM mAnI gaI haiM ve saba isI mevAr3a kI bhUmi ke aMga rahe mevAr3a meM jaina dharma : 186

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haiN| Aja bhI RSabhadeva kesariyAjI jaisA tIrtha bhAratavarSa meM anyatra kahIM nahIM pAyA jAegA, jahAM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, satazUdra, AdivAsI Adi saba bar3e prema aura bhakti se darzanArtha Ate haiM aura pUjA kara apane ko dhanya mAnate haiM / aura rANakapura jaisA goThavaNa tathA zilpa yojanA kA bhavya vizAla va kalApUrNa maMdira anyatra kahIM nahIM milegA / 1 tIrthaMkaroM dvArA sparzita bhUmi kRSNa ke caraNoM kI pUjA - zilA bhArata meM sarvaprathama majjhamikA meM milane se anumAna hai ki kRSNa mathurA se dvArikA yahIM hokara gaye aura unhIM ke anukaraNa se unake cacere bhAI neminAtha bhI mathurA se giranAra gye| mathurA se gujarAta ke bIca kA mArga mevAr3a se hI jAtA hai ataH neminAtha ke bhI mevAr3a Ane kA anumAna hai| pArzvanAtha nAgavaMzI the / mevAr3a meM ekaliMgajI ke pAsa nAga rAjadhAnI nAgadA meM jainoM kA tIrtha kendra thA / yahIM bhArata kA prasiddha pArzvanAtha kA maMdira hai jise khaNDahara avasthA meM pArzvanAtha ke padArpaNa ke bAda hI ise mahattva diyA gayA hogA / ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki pArzvanAtha ke yahAM Ane se hI nAgadA kA tIrthaM banA / isake sAtha hI jaina itihAsa meM pArzvanAtha ke siMdha ke ahichatrapura jAne kI bhI paramparA calI A rahI hai, jisakA mArga mevAr3a se hI hai / jaina itihAsa kI eka paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra bhramaNa karate hue maMdasaura Aye the / unhoMne vahAM ke rAjA darzANabhadra ko dIkSA dI thI / usake bAda 'nANA dIyANA nAMdiyA, jIvita svAmI vAMdiyA' ke anusAra mahAvIra ina sthAnoM para hote hue mevAr3a ke dakSiNa meM brAhmaNavAr3a taka Aye the / ina grAmoM meM jAne ke lie mevAr3a ke atirikta koI rAstA nahIM hai tathA abhI Der3ha sau varSa pUrva taka maMdasaura cittaur3a ke kSetra meM thA kA hI hissA thA / aura nANA Adi sthAna to mevAr3a ke sAtha lambe kAla taka the / prasiddha itihAsajJa vinseMTa smitha ne bhI mahAvIra ke mevAr3a meM Ane meM tathya kI saMbhAvanA batAte zodha para bala diyA hai / ata: prAcIna samaya se hI mevAr3a kA jaina dharma se ghaniSTha sambandha rahA hai / jaina purAtatva evaM kalA - - mahAvIra ke samaya magadha jaina dharma kA kendra thA, jo bAda meM rAjakrAMtioM se mathurA meM kendrita aura rAjasthAna, mAlavA va gujarAta meM vistRta huA / azoka ne sAre deza meM hiMsA - niSedhAjJA ke zilAlekha lagavAye the / usase bhI pahale kA jaina dharma kA eka zilAlekha mevAr3a meM majjhamikA nagarI meM milA hai, jo isa prakAra hai "vIra (T) ya bhagava (te) caturAsiti va ( sa ) kAye jalAbhAliniye reMniviTha mAjhimike / " isa zilAlekha ko purAtatvavettAoM ne mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kevala 84 varSa 160 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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bA~da kA batAyA hai| isa zilAlekha kI bhASA bhI azoka ke zilAlekha kI bhASA ke samAna aura lipi bhI brAhmI hai| yaha jaina zilAlekha bhArata meM pAye gae sabhI zilAlekhoM meM prAcIna tathA bhAratIya itihAsa meM prathama hai| lipi-adhyetA bhI isI zilAlekha se apane adhyayana kA zubhArambha mAnate haiN| isa zilAlekha kA samaya 433 varSa IsA-pUrva hai| isa zilAlekha ke aitihAsika pramANa ke AdhAra para mevAr3a kA jaina dharma se saMbaMdha mahAvIra ke kAla se hI pAyA jAtA hai| mahAvIra ke bAda samasta jainAcAryoM kI pahalI saMgiti sthUlabhadra kI adhyakSatA meM pATaliputra meM huii| sthUlabhadra kA svargavAsa vi0 saM0 254 IsA-pUrva meM mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha saMgiti avazya hI isake pahale huI hogii| dUsarI saMgiti skaMdalAcArya kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM huii| isa saMgiti meM mevAr3a kA pratinidhitva karane vAle jainAcAryoM ko 'majjhamiyA' zAkhA saMbodhita kara viziSTa mahattva pradAna kiyA gayA jisase isa nagarI kA pramukha jaina kendra honA siddha hotA hai / majjhamikA kA varNana maharSi pANini ne bhI vastra ke saMbaMdha meM kiyA hai, jo sAre bhAratavarSa meM prasiddha thaa| pANini ke kAla ko kucha loga I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI batAte haiM to kucha IsA-pUrva kI cauthI shtaabdii| majjhamikA ke isa zilAlekha se pANini kA kAla bhI Age bar3hatA hai aura isa nagarI kA bhArata ke prAcInatama nagaroM meM mahAvIra ke kAla se saMbaMdha jur3a jAtA hai| pANini kI vyAkaraNa ke mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ko anadyatanakAla kA udAharaNa dene ke lie majjhamikA nagarI ke atirikta koI avalaMbana nahIM milaa| ___ majjhamikA kA zilAlekha kisI jainakRti ke nirmANa kI smRti-svarUpa banAyA gayA hogaa| isake sAtha hI mevAr3a meM sabase prAcIna pratimA udayapura ke pAsa savinA gAMva meM upalabdha huI hai| yaha AThavIM zatAbdi kI jaina pratimA hai, jisake saMbaMdha meM kannar3a bhASA meM zilAlekha hai / Ayar3a meM kannaDabhASI karnATaka vyApAriyoM kA yahAM Akara vyavasAya karanA aura yahAM logadharmI kAryoM meM Arthika sahayoga dene ke aitihAsika pramANa haiM / cittaur3a meM abhI bhI aisI jaina pratimA vidyamAna hai, jisa para kannar3a bhASA meM zilAlekha hai| ___azoka ke samaya meM usakI AjJA se sAre deza meM jIva-hiMsA niSedha thii| ataH mevAr3a meM bhI niSedha hogii| azokakAlIna lipi meM majjhamikA nagarI meM eka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa zilAlekha milA hai jisameM (sa) va bhUtAnaM dayArtha' pATha hai, jo sarva jIvoM kI dayA ke pracAra ke lie likhA gayA hai / azoka ke pautra sampratti ke hisse meM mAlavA aura mevAr3a ke rAjya aae| vaha jaina dharma kA prabala anuyAyI thA tathA janazruti ke anusAra usane sahasroM jaina maMdira bnvaae| mevAr3a meM sAtavIM zatAbdI taka jaina dharmAvalaMbI maurya rAjAoM kA rAjya thA jisase yahAM jaina dharma kA acchA mevAr3a meM jaina dharma : 161

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pracAra-prasAra rhaa| bAppA rAvala ne AThavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM aMtima maurya rAjA mAna se mevAr3a kA rAjya prApta kiyaa| mevAr3a kA rAjakula brAhmaNa evaM zaiva hone ke kAraNa rAjaparivAroM meM mAMsa-madirA kA prayoga niSedha thaa| mahArANA pratApa ne jaba AmiSabhojI mAnasiMha ko udayasAgara para dAvata dI, taba bhI khIra-pUrI va pakavAna banAye gae the| ataH mevAr3a ke mahArANA tathA rAjakula dharma-nirapekSa va ahiMsA ke prabala pakSadhara rahe / yathA rAjA tathA prajA ke anusAra jana-jIvana meM bhI inakA pracalana thA aura logoM meM ahiMsA va dharma kI pravRtti adhika thii| zAsana-vyavasthA meM jainoM kA yoga alavara-nivAsI bhAramala jaina kAvar3iyA ko rANA sAMgA ne raNathambhaura kA kiledAra va apane putra vikramAditya tathA udayasiMha kA abhibhAvaka niyukta kiyaa| inhoMne bAbara kI kUTanIti se mevAr3a rAjya ke pravezadvAra raNathambhaura kI rakSA kI tathA cittaur3a ke tIsare sAke meM vIragati prApta kii| inake putra bhAmAzAha rANA pratApa ke sakhA, sAmaMta, senApati va pradhAnamaMtrI the| inhoMne mevAr3a ke svataMtratA saMgrAma meM tana, mana, dhana sarvasva samarpaNa kara diyaa| ye haldIghATI va divera ke yuddhoM meM mevAr3a ke senApatiyoM meM rahe tathA mAlavA va gujarAta kI lUTa se inhoMne pratApa ke yuddhoM kA Arthika saMcAlana kiyaa| bhAmAzAha ke bhAI tArAcanda haldIghATI ke yuddha kI bAyIM harAvala ke mevAr3I senApatiyoM meM the| inhoMne jaina grAma ke rUpa meM vartamAna bhIMDara kI sthApanA kI tathA hemaratnasUri se padmaNi caritra kI kathA ko padya meM likhavAyA aura saMgIta kA unnayana kiyaa| dayAladAsa anya jaina vIra hue jinhoMne apanI hI zakti se mevAr3a kI svataMtratA ke zatruoM kA itihAsa meM anupama pratizodha liyaa| mehatA jalasi ne allAuddIna ke samaya cittaur3a hastagata karane meM mahArANA hammIra kI sahAyatA kii| mehatA cihala ne banavIra se cittaur3a kA kilA lene meM mahArANA udayasiMha kI sahAyatA kii| koThArI bhImasiMha ne mahArANA saMgrAmasiMha dvitIya dvArA mugala senApati raNabAja khAM ke viruddha lar3e gae yuddha meM vIratA ke adbhuta jauhara dikhAkara vIragati prApta kii| mahatA lakSmIcanda ne apane pitA nAtha jI mahatA ke sAtha kaI yuddhoM meM bhAga lekara vIratA dikhAI aura khAcarola ke ghATe ke yuddha meM vIragati prApta kii| mAMDalagar3ha ke kiledAra mahatA agaracanda ne mevAr3a rAjya ke salAhakAra va pradhAnamaMtrI ke rUpa meM sevA kI tathA marAThoM ke viruddha hue yuddha meM senApati ke rUpa meM vIratA ke jauhara dikhAye aura mahArANA arisiMha ke viSama Arthika kAla meM mevAr3a kI suvyavasthA kii| inake putra mehatA devIcanda ne mevAr3a ko marAThoM ke AtaMka se mukta kara mAMDalagar3ha meM unheM apanI vIratA se karArA javAba diyaa| bAda meM ye bhI apane pitA kI bhAMti mevAr3a ke dIvAna banAye gae 192 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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aura unhoMne bhI Arthika saMkaTa kI sthiti meM rAjya kI suvyavasthA kii| tolAzAha mahArANA sAMgA ke parama mitra the| inhoMne mevAr3a ke pradhAnamaMtrI pada ke sAMgA ke prastAva ko vinamratA se asvIkAra kiyA kintu apane nyAya, vinaya, dAna, jJAna se bahuta kIrti arjita kii| inheM apane kAla kA kalpavRkSa kahA gayA hai| inake putra karmAzAha sAMgA ke pradhAnamaMtrI the| inhoMne zahajAde kI avasthA meM gujarAta ke bahAdurazAha ko upakRta kara zatruJjaya maMdiroM kA jIrNoddhAra kraayaa| inake atirikta aura kaI jaina pradhAnamaMtrI hue jinhoMne mevAr3a rAjya kI avismaraNIya sevAeM kii| mahArANA lAkhA ke samaya navalAkhA gotra ke rAmadeva jainI pradhAnamaMtrI the| ___mahArANA kuMbhA ke samaya betA bhaMDArI tathA guNarAja pramukha dharmadhurINa vyApArI va jaina vIra the| isI samaya ratnAzAha ne rANapura kA prasiddha maMdira bnvaayaa| mahArANA vikramAditya ke samaya ke kumbhalagar3ha ke kiledAra AzAzAha ne bAlya avasthA meM rANA udayasiMha ko saMrakSaNa diyaa| mehatA jayamala acchAvata va mehatA ratanacanda khetAvaTa ne haldIghATI ke yuddha meM vIratA dikhAkara vIragati prApta kii| mahArANA amarasiMha kA maMtrI bhAmAzAha kA putra jIvAzAha thA aura mahArANA karma siMha kA maMtrI jIvAzAha kA putra akSayarAja thaa| mahArANA rAjasiMha kA maMtrI dayAlazAha thaa| mahArANA bhImasiMha ke maMtrI somadAsa gAMdhI va mehatA mAladAsa the| somadAsa ke bAda usake bhAI satIdAsa va zivadAsa mevAr3a rAjya ke pradhAnamaMtrI rhe| mahArANA bhImasiMha ke bAda riyAsata ke aMtima rAjA mahArANA bhUpAlasiMha taka sabhI pradhAnamaMtrI jainI rhe| dvitIya mahArANA maMgrAmasiMha ke samaya koThArI bhImasiMha ne yuddha meM donoM hAthoM se talavAreM calAkara jo raNa-kauzala dikhAyA vaha itihAsa kI apUrva ghaTanA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mevAr3a rAjya ke Arambha se anta taka sabhI pradhAnamaMtrI jainI the| ina maMtriyoM ne na kevala mevAr3a rAjya kI sImA kI kAryavAhiyoM ke saMcAlana taka apane ko sImita kara rAjya kI suvyavasthA kI balki apane kRtitvavyaktitva se janajIvana kI gatividhiyoM ko bhI atyadhika prabhAvita kiyA aura isa rAjya meM jaina maMdiroM ke nirmANa va ahiMsA ke pracAra-prasAra ke bharasaka prayatna kie| hama pAte haiM ki jina thor3e kAloM meM do-cAra anya pradhAnamaMtrI rahe una kAloM meM mevAr3a rAjya meM vyavasthA ke nAma para bar3I vipama sthitiyAM utpanna huii| isalie mevAr3a ke itihAsa ke svarNakAla meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAne vAle jaina amAtyoM ke vaMzadharoM ko mahArANAoM ne isa pada ke lie punaH AmaMtrita kiyA aura bAda meM yaha paramparA hI bana gaI ki pradhAnamaMtrI jainI hI ho / mevAr3a meM jaina dharma : 163

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mevAr3a ke pramukha jaina kendra Ayar3a--Ayar3a meM bhArata bhara ke jaina vyApAriyoM ne ise vyApAra kA kendra banAkara kaI maMdiroM ke nirmANa se jaina dharma ko loka-dharma banAyA / pradyumna sUri ne Ayar3a ke rAjA allaTa se zvetAmbara sampradAya ko rAjyAzraya pradAna karavAyA / allaTa ne sAre rAjya meM viziSTa dinoM meM jIva-hiMsA tathA rAtri bhojana niSedha kara diyA / usakI rAnI hUNa rAjakumArI hariyAdevI ne Ayar3a meM pArzvanAtha kA vizAla maMdira banavAyA / allaTa ke bAda rAjA vairisiMha ke samaya Ayar3a meM jaina dharma ke bar3ebar3e samAroha hue aura 500 pramukha jainAcAryoM kI eka mahattvapUrNa saMgIti Ayojita huI / vairisiMha ke kAla meM asaMkhya logoM ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita kara ahiMsA jIvana kI zikSA dI tathA sahasroM hUNa, zaka Adi videziyoM ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita kara unakA bhAratIyakaraNa kiyA gyaa| Ayar3a meM mahArAvala jainasiMha ke amAtya jagatasiMha ne aisI ghora tapasyA kI ki jaitrasiMha ne unheM 'tapA' kI upAdhi dI aura yahIM se 'tapAgaccha' nikalA hai, jisake Aja bhI zvetAmbara mUrti-pUjakoM ke sarvAdhika anuyAyI haiM / cittaur3a - cittaur3a Arambha se hI jaina dharma kA acchA keMdra rahA tathA jaina muniyoM ne gujarAta va mAlavA se yahAM Akara nivAsa kiyaa| yaha jaina dharma ke digambara tathA zvetAmbara donoM sampradAyoM kA kendra thA / cittaur3agar3ha bhAratavarSa kA ekamAtra kSAtradharma kA tIrtha mAnA jAtA hai / vaha maurya jaina rAjA citrAMgada kA basAyA huA hai / yaha aneka jainAcAryoM kI karmabhUmi, dharmabhUmi aura unakI vikAsa bhI hai / bhArata ke mahAna tattva vicAraka, samanvaya ke Adi puraskRtA, advitIya sAhityakAra evaM mahAn zAstrakAra haribhadra sUri aura antarrASTrIya khyAti kI ekamAtra viduSI evaM tapasvinI sAdhvI yAkinI mahatarA kI yaha janmabhUmi hai / jaina jagat ke vidvAn mArtaNDa siddhasena cittaur3a kI sAdhanA ke bAda hI divAkara ke rUpa meM prakaTa hue / jaina dharma meM phaile hue anAcAra ko miTA use zuddha rUpa meM prakaTa karane ke lie jinavallabha sUri ne gujarAta se A yahIM se AMdolana Arambha kiyA jo saphala ho deza meM sarvatra phaila gayA hai / haribhadra sUri aura jinadatta mUri ne lAkhoM vyaktiyoM ko pratibodhika kara unheM ahiMsaka banAyA, usakA Arambha bhI yahIM se huA / digambara AcAryoM meM yahAM sarvaprathama elAcArya nAmaka prasiddha sAdhu kA nAma AtA hai / vIra senAcArya nAmaka sAdhu inake pAsa vidyA prApta karane Aye the, jinhoMne bar3audA - vAgar3a jAkara dhavala TIkA pUrNa kii| vIrasena ke ziSya jinasena aura guNabhadra hue jo digambara sampradAya meM prakhyAta haiM / rAjA allaTa ke zAsanakAla meM digambaroM aura zvetAmbaroM meM zAstrArtha kA ullekha tathA zvetAmbara 194 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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sampradAya ko rAjyAzraya pradAna karane kA ullekha hai / eka digaMbara AcAryazrI kIrti kA nAma milatA hai jo neminAtha kI yAtrA para jAte samaya pATana meM ruke the aura vahAM ke rAjA ne inheM maMDalAcArya kA viruda tathA sukhAsana bheMTa kiyA / apabhraMza kathA - koza ke racayitA zrIcaMdra ne apanI guru-paraMparA meM bhI kIrti kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinake ziSya AcArya kSutikIrti cittaur3a ke paramAra rAjA bhoja kI rAjasabhA ke sammAnita sadasya the / kAMTasaMgha tAla bAgar3a ke pullATa gaccha meM maheMdrasena nAmaka AcArya kA ullekha milatA hai, jisane 'trizaSTizalAkA puruSacarita' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI / vi0 saM0 1207 kI cittaur3a kI kumArapAla kI prazasti kA racayitA rAmakIrti digaMbara sAdhu thA / gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM AzAdhara nAmaka mAMDalagar3ha nivAsI bahuta bar3e digaMbara paMDita hue jo muslima AkramaNoM ke samaya dakSiNa kI ora cale gaye / dharma-pracAraka sAhityAnurAgI zrAvaka - lalliMga, jisane haribhadra sUri ke kaI graMthoM kA Alekhana karAyA / AzAdhara zrAvaka bahuta bar3e vidvAn the / lollAka zrAvaka ne vijoliyA meM unnata zikhara purANa khudavAyA / dharaNAzAha ne jivAbhigama, sUtrAvalI, ogha niryukti saTIka, sUrya prajJapti, saTIka aMga vidyA, kalpa bhASya evaM siddhAnta viSama pada paryyaya va chaMdonuzAsana kI TIkA karavAyI / cittaur3a nivAsI zrAvaka AzA ne 'karmastava vipAka' likhA / DUMgarasiMha ( zrIkaraNa ) Ar3a meM 'o niyukti' pustikA likhI / 'uddharasunutama hemacaMdreNa ne dazavakAlika pAkSikasUtra' va oghaniyukti likhI / vayajala ne Ayar3a meM pAkSika vRtti likhI / Adhunika jaina vibhUtiyAM - yahAM jaina logoM ne itihAsa ke nirmANa meM bhI bar3I sahI bhUmikA nibhAI / rAjapUtAnA ke muNahota neNa si ke sAtha karnala TADa ke guru yati jJAnacaMda, naiNasI ke itihAsa ke anuvAdaka bA0 rAmanArAyaNa dugar3a va mehatA pRthvIsiMha kA nAma itihAsajJoM meM ullekhanIya hai to aMtarrASTrIya khyAti prApta purAtatvavettA muni jinavijaya jI ne aitihAsika satyoM-tathyoM ke saMgraha se itihAsa kI mUlyoM kA surakSAtmaka bhaMDAraNa kara zodhArthiyoM ke lie varadAnasvarUpa mahAna kArya kiyaa| Apako gAMdhIjI ne sAgraha gujarAta vidyApITha kA prathama kulapati bnaayaa| Apa jarmana akAdamI ke akele bhAratIya phailo haiM / ApakI sevAoM ke upalakSya meM Apako rASTrapatijI ne padmazrI pradAna kara samAdRta kiyA / vijJAna ke kSetra meM zrI daulatasiMha koThArI aMtarrASTrIya khyAti prApta vaijJAnika haiM / Apane svecchA se bhArata ke zikSAmaMtrI kA pada nahIM svIkAra kiyaa| Apa bhArata kI sainika akAdamI ke prathama adhyakSa banAe gaye aura vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga ke adhyakSa pada se Apane avakAza prApta kiyaa| Apako rASTrapatijI ne padmavibhUSaNa pradAna kara samAdRta kiyaa| DaoN0 mohanasiMha mehatA ko bhI videzoM meM bhAratIya prazAsanika sevA va zikSA meM sevAoM ke upalakSa meM padmavibhUSaNa se mevAr3a meM jaina dharma : 195

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samAdRta kiyA gayA hai| zrI devIlAla sAmara ne bhAratIya loka-kalAoM ke unnayana mahAn kArya kiyA hai / Apane aMtarrASTrIya 'kaThaputalI' pratiyogitA meM bhArata kA pratinidhitva kara vizva kA prathama puraskAra prApta kiyaa| Apa bhAratIya lokakalA maMDala ke saMcAlaka evaM rAjasthAna saMgIta nATaka akAdamI ke adhyakSa haiM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mevAr3a ke itihAsa va jaina dharma tathA mevAr3a ke jIvana-kSetroM meM jainiyoM kI kRSi, vANijya, vIratA va prazAsana - kuzalatA kI caturmukhI gatividhiyoM meM itanA saMguphana hai ki inheM hama pRthaka kara hI nahIM pAte / jainiyoM ne mevAr3a ke dharma, artha, karma, jJAna, bhakti, zakti sabhI ko carama sImA taka prabhAvita kiyA hai aura apane ahiMsAjIvI jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM ye loga pUrNa parAkASThA para pahuMce haiM / 166 : jaina vidyA kA sAMskRtika avadAna

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lekhaka-paricaya 1. muni jinavijaya, purAtattvAcArya dvArA lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA maMdira ahamadAbAda 2. DaoN. rAmacandra dvivedI, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, sAhityAcArya, darzanAcArya prophesara evaM adhyakSa, saMskRta vibhAga, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura 3. DaoN0 prema sumana jaina, ema0 e0 (pAli, prAkRta evaM prAcIna itihAsa), pI-eca0 DI0, sAhityAcArya sahAyaka prophesara--prAkRta, saMskRta vibhAga, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura 4. DaoN0 pI0 esa0 lAMbA, ema0 esa-sI0, pI-eca0 DI0 kulapati, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura 5. (sva0) DaoN0 AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhye, ema0 e0, DI0 liTa. bhUtapUrva prophesara evaM adhyakSa-snAtakottara prAkRta evaM jaina vidyA vibhAga, maisUra vizvavidyAlaya 6. pro0 kRSNadatta vAjapeyI, ema0 e0 Taigora prophesara evaM adhyakSa-prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti tathA purAttattva vibhAga, sAgara vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara 7. sAdhvI saMghamitrA ___ saMgha-AcAryazrI tulasI, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna) 8. (sva0) DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, DI0 liTa, jyotiSAcArya bhUtapUrva adhyakSa, saMskRta evaM prAkRta vibhAga, jaina kaoNleja, ArA 6. DaoN0 mUlacandra pAThaka, ema0 e0 (saMskRta, hindI), pI-eca0 DI0 sahAyaka prophesara, saMskRta vibhAga, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura

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10. DaoN. bihArIlAla jaina, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, sAhityAcArya sahAyaka prophesara, saMskRta vibhAga, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura 11. DaoN0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, zAstrI nidezaka, sAhitya zodha vibhAga, di0 jaina a0 kSetra, mahAvIrajI mahAvIra bhavana, caur3A rAstA, jayapura-3 12. agaracanda nAhaTA, jaina-siddhAntAcArya nAhaToM kI guvAr3a, bIkAnera 13. DaoN0 hukumacanda bhArilla, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 adhiSThAtA, paM0 ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, bApUnagara, jayapura-4 14. DaoN. gokulacandra jaina, ema0 e0 (saMskRta, prAkRta), pI-eca0 DI0, . sAhityAcArya, jaina darzanAcArya, nyAyatIrtha prAdhyApaka, jaina darzana, prAcya vidyA saMkAya, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 15 pro0 lakSmIcandra jaina, ema0 esa-sI0 ___ adhyakSa, gaNita vibhAga, zAsakIya mahAvidyAlaya, khaMDavA (ma0 pra0) 16. pro0 paramAnanda coyala, ema0 e0 (hindI, citrakalA) ___ adhyakSa, citrakalA vibhAga, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura 17. DaoN. narendra bhAnAvata, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 prAdhyApaka, hindI vibhAga, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura 18. DaoN. brajamohana jAvaliyA, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 - rAjasthAna prAcya vidyA zodha pratiSThAna, rAjamahala, udayapura 16. DaoN0 manoharalAla dalAla, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, ela-ela0 bI0 dvArA DaoN0 ke0 sI0 jaina, prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa va saMskRti vibhAga, vikrama vizvavidyAlaya, ujjaina 20. DaoN0 vidyAdhara joharApurakara, ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 zAsakIya mahAkauzala mahAvidyAlaya, jabalapura (ma0pra0) 21. zrI balavantasiMha mehatA raina baserA, aspatAla roDa, udayapura

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