Sanskruti ke Do Pravah

Author(s): Mahapragna Acharya
Publisher: Jain Vishva Bharati
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003060/1

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saMskRti ke do prakAra yuvAcArya mahAprajJa

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saMskRti ke do pravAha yuvAcArya mahAprajJa

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saMpAdaka muni dulaharAja IS B No. 81-7195-022-1 pahalA saMskaraNa : sitambara, 1961 VEvvBT mUlya 400-15 VB EUR 1 rupaye prakAzaka : jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM, nAgaura [rAjasthAna]/ mudraka : mitra pariSad, kalakattA ke Arthika saujanya se sthApita jaina vizva bhAratI presa, lADanUM-341306 / SANSKRITI KE DO PRAVAH Yavacharya Mahaprajna mUlya 34DAN -

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prastuti Aja se tIna hajAra varSa pahale bhAratIya saMskRti aura dharma kA kyA svarUpa thA. yaha jAnanA kaThina hai| pAMca hajAra varSa pUrva kA itihAsa jAnanA aura adhika kaThina hai / dasa hajAra varSa pUrva ke itihAsa ke srota nagaNya haiM / atIta kI yAtrA ke lie jo srota cAhie ve bahuta kama zeSa haiM / kucha haiM, unakI vyAkhyA karanA bhI sarala nahIM hai / zabdoM ke artha badala gae / unakA mUla artha pakar3a pAnA vartamAna avadhAraNA para nirbhara hai / avazeSoM, pratIkoM aura purAtatva sAmagrI ke AdhAra para bhI zata-pratizata sahI nirNaya ho sakatA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / anumAna aura kalpanA ne kucha dhAgoM ko jor3akara itihAsa kA vastra bunA hai / usakI prANazakti para bharosA kiyA bhI jA sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI kiyA jA sakatA / bhArata meM dravir3a aura Arya- ina do saMskRtiyoM kA saMgama huA hai / dravir3a saMskRti kA uttarakAlIna svarUpa hai zramaNa saMskRti aura Arya saMskRti kA uttarakAlIna svarUpa hai vaidika saMskRti / kabhI donoM meM saMgharSa rahA / phira donoM ghula mila gaIM, viniyama kA krama zuru ho gayA / aba donoM ke bIca bhedarekhA khIMcanA sarala nahIM hai / caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM RSabha pahale tIrthaMkara haiM, jaina dharma ke Adi pravartaka haiM / caubIsa avatAroM meM RSabha eka avatAra haiM / zrImad bhAgavata meM unakA jIvana-vRtta vistAra ke sAtha ullikhita hai / Adhunika vidvAn RSabha aura ziva ke vyaktitva meM ekatA sthApita kara rahe haiM / adhyAtma vidyA saba vidyAoM meM zreSTha hai, upaniSad aura gItA kA yaha svara kaise mukhara huA, aura kisa prakAra AtmavidyA kSatriyoM se brAhmaNoM meM saMkrAta huI, yaha dArzanika itihAsa kA eka mahattvapUrNa pahalU hai / isa pahalU para upaniSad sabase acchA prakAza DAlate haiM / dharma kI vyApaka dhAraNA ke lie ina saba pahaluoM ko jAnanA atyanta apekSita hai / prastuta pustaka meM inakI pallavasparzI carcA kI gaI hai| jaina yoga aura dharma ke svarUpa ko samajhane kA avasara bhI isake adhyayana se mila sakatA hai / eka saMdarbha meM aneka viSayoM ko dekhane kA yaha prayatna dRSTikoNa ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka bana sakegA /

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cAra AcAryazrI tulasI preraNA-srota aura jyoti staMbha haiN| unakI preraNA ne sadA merA patha Alokita kiyA hai / prastuta pustaka ke sampAdana meM muni dulaharAjajI ne niSThApUrNa zrama kiyA hai| ve isa kArya meM dakSa haiN| dakSatA aura zrama-ina donoM ke yoga se svayaM sauSThava A jAtA hai| yuvAcArya mahAprajJa 3 sitambara 61 jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM (rAja.)

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anukrama 105 106 124 1. zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kA paurvAparya 2. zramaNa saMskRti kA prAg-aitihAsika astitva 3. zramaNa saMskRti ke matavAda 4. zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu 5. zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi 6. AtmavidyA : kSatriyoM kI dena 7. dharma kI dhAraNA ke hetu 8. dharma-zraddhA aura bAhyasaMga-tyAga 6. zrAmaNya aura kAyakleza 10. tattvavidyA 11. karmavAda aura lezyA 12. mahAvIrakAlIna matavAda 13. jaina dharma aura kSatriya 14. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA vihArakSetra 15. videzoM meM jaina dharma 16. jaina dharma : hindustAna ke vividha aMcaloM meM 17. jaina dharma kA hrAsakAla 18. jaina dharma aura vaizya 16. mahAvIra tIrthaMkara the para jaina dharma ke pravartaka nahIM 20. pArzva aura mahAvIra kA zAsana-bheda 21. sAdhanA-paddhati 22. yoga 23. bAhya jagat aura hama 24. sAmAcArI 25. caryA 26. Avazyaka karma pariziSTa prayukta graMtha sUca 136 140 142 144 148 162 165 170 173 186 248 250 252

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1. zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kA paurvAparya hindustAna meM zramaNa aura vaidika -- ye do paramparAeM bahuta prAcInakAla se calI A rahI haiM / inakA astitva aitihAsika kAla se Age prAgaitihAsika kAla meM bhI jAtA hai / inameM kauna pahale thI aura kauna pIche huI, yaha prazna bahuta carcanIya aura vivAdAspada hai / yaha prazna vivAdAspada isalie banA ki zramaNa paramparA ke samarthaka zramaNa paramparA ko prAcIna pramANita karate haiM aura vaidika paramparA ke samarthaka vaidika paramparA ko / zramaNa sAhitya kI dhvani hai ki vaidika paramparA zramaNa paramparA se udbhUta huI hai aura vaidika vAGmaya kI dhvani hai ki zramaNa paramparA vaidika paramparA se udbhUta huI hai / bhramaNa sAhitya bhagavAn RSabha prAg-aitihAsika kAla meM hue| ve jaina paramparA ke Adi-tIrthaMkara the aura dharma-paramparA ke bhI prathama pravartaka the / unake putra samrAT bharata ne eka svAdhyAyazIla zrAvaka - maNDala kI sthApanA kI / eka dina una zrAvakoM ko AmaMtrita kara bharata ne kahA - 'Apa pratidina mere ghara para bhojana kiyA kareM, khetI - vyApAra Adi na kreN| adhika samaya svAdhyAya meM lagAeM / pratidina mujhe yaha cetAvanI diyA kareM - Apa parAjita ho rahe haiM, bhaya bar3ha rahA hai, isalie 'mA hana, mA hana. ' - hiMsA na kareM, hiMsA na kareM / ' , unhoMne vaisA hI kAma karanA zurU kiyA / bharata cakravartI thaa| vaha rAjya - cintA aura bhogoM meM kabhI pramatta ho jAtA / unakI cetAvanI sunakara socatA- 'maiM kinase parAjita ho rahA hUM ? bhaya kisa ora se bar3ha rahA hai ?' isa cintana se vaha tatkAla samajha jAtA - 'maiM kaSAya se parAjita ho rahA hUM aura kaSAya se bhaya bar3ha rahA hai / ' vaha tatkAla apramatta ho jAtA / ve zrAvaka cakravartI kI rasoI meM hI bhojana karate the| unake sAthasAtha aura bhI bahuta loga Ane lage / rasoiyoM ke sAmane eka samasyA khar3I ho gii| ve bhojana karane vAloM kI bAr3ha se ghabar3A gae / unhoMne cakravartI se

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saMskRti ke do pravAha nivedana kiyA- 'patA nahIM kauna zrAvaka hai aura kauna zrAvaka nahIM hai ? bhojana ke lie itane loga Ane lage haiM ki una sabako bhojana karAne meM hama asamartha haiM / ' 2 samrAT ne kahA - 'kala jo bhojana karane AeM unheM pUcha-pUcha kara bhojana karAnA aura jo zrAvaka hoM, unheM mere pAsa le AnA / ' dUsare dina bhojana karane vAle Ae / taba rasoiyoM ne pUchA- 'Apa kauna haiM ? ' 'zrAvaka / ' 'zrAvaka ke kitane vrata hote haiM ?' 'pAMca / ' 'zikSAvrata kitane haiM ? ' 'sAta / ' jinhoMne yaha uttara diyA una sabako ve rasoie samrAT ke pAsa le gae / samrAT ne apane kAkaNI ratna se unake vakSa para tIna rekhAeM khIMca diiN| ve 'mAna' 'mAhana' kahate the isalie 'bhAna' yA 'brAhmaNa' kahalAne lage / bharata ke putra AdityayazA ne brAhmaNoM ke lie sone ke yajJopavIta banavAe / mahAyazA Adi uttaravartI rAjAoM ne cAMdI, sUta Adi ke yajJopavIta bnvaae| brAhmaNa bharata dvArA pUjita the isalie dUsare loga bhI unheM dAna dene lage / bharata ne unake svAdhyAya ke lie vedoM kI racanA kI / una vedoM meM zrAvaka-dharma kA pratipAdana thA / naveM tIrthaGkara suvidhinAtha kA nirvANa hone ke kucha samaya pazcAt sAdhu-saMgha kA viccheda ho gayA / una brAhmaNoM aura una vedoM kA bhI viccheda ho gayA / vartamAna ke brAhmaNa aura veda unake bAda kI sRSTi haiM / ' isa prakAra AvazyakaniryuktikAra ( I0 san 100-200 ) kI kalpanA ke anusAra bharata dvArA cihnita zrAvaka mUla brAhmaNa haiM aura bharata dvArA nirmita veda hI mUla veda haiM / ina sabakI utpatti kA Adi srota jaina paramparA hai / isa viSaya meM zrImad bhAgavata ke skaMdha 5, adhyAya 4 tathA skaMdha 11, adhyAya 2 draSTavya haiM / vaidika vAGmaya DA0 lakSmaNazAstrI ne vaidika saMskRti ko zramaNa saMskRti kA mUla mAnA hai / unakA abhimata hai -- 'jaina tathA bauddha dharma bhI vaidika saMskRti kI 1. Avazyaka niryukti, gA0 361-366; vRtti patra 235, 236 /

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pramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kA paurvAparya hI zAkhAeM haiN| yadyapi sAmAnya manuSya inheM vaidika nahIM maantaa| sAmAnya manuSya kI isa bhrAnta dhAraNA kA kAraNa hai mUlataH ina zAkhAoM ke vedavirodha kI klpnaa| saca to yaha hai ki jainoM aura bauddhoM kI tInoM antima kalpanAeM-karma-vipAka, saMsAra kA bandhana aura mokSa yA muktiantatogatvA vaidika hI haiN|" unhoMne Age likhA hai-'jaina tathA bauddha dharma vedAnta kI yAnI upaniSadoM kI vicAradhArAoM ke vikasita rUpa haiN|'' kavivara dinakara ne likhA hai- 'vaidika dharma pUrNa nahIM hai, isakA pramANa upaniSadoM meM hI milane lagA thA aura yadyapi vaidikoM kI prAmANikatA meM upaniSadoM ne saMdeha nahIM kiyA, kintu vaidika dharma ke kAmya svarga ko ayatheSTa batAkara vedoM kI eka prakAra kI AlocanA upaniSadoM ne hI zurU kara dI thii| veda sabase adhika mahattva yajJa ko dete the| yajJoM kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa samAja meM brAhmaNoM kA sthAna bahuta pramukha ho gayA thaa| ina sArI bAtoM kI samAja meM AlocanA calane lagI aura logoM ko yaha saMdeha hone lagA ki manuSya aura usakI mukti ke bIca meM brAhmaNa kA AnA sacamuca hI ThIka nahIM hai| AlocanA kI isa pravRtti ne bar3hate-bar3hate, Akhira IsA se 600 varSa pUrva taka Akara vaidika dharma ke khilApha khule vidroha ko janma diyA jisakA susaMgaThita rUpa jaina aura bauddha dharmoM meM pragaTa huaa|" __ DA0 satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra ne jaina aura bauddha dharma kA naI dhArmika sudhAraNA ke rUpa meM aMkana kiyA hai| unake zabdoM meM-'isa naI dhArmika sudhAraNA ne yajJoM ke rUDhivAda va samAja meM UMca-nIca ke bhedabhAva ke viruddha AvAja uThAkara prAcIna Aryadharma kA punaruddhAra karane kA prayatna kiyaa|" bhamaNa sAhitya ke abhimata para eka dRSTi niyukti tathA purANa granthoM meM brAhmaNa aura vedoM kI utpatti jainasrota se batalAI gaI hai| Avazyakaniyukti kI vyAkhyA ko hama eka rUpaka mAneM to usakA artha jaina paramparA kA vaidika paramparA ke sAtha sAmaMjasya sthApita karanA hogA aura yadi use yathArtha mAneM to usakA artha yaha hogA ki jaina paramparA meM bhI brAhmaNa, veda aura yajJopavIta kA sthAna rahA hai| 1. vaidika saMskRti kA vikAsa, pR0 15 / 2. vahI, pR0 16 / 3. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya (dvitIya saMskaraNa), pR0 102 / 4. pATalIputra kI kathA pR. 67-68 /

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vaidika vAG maya ke abhimata para eka dRSTi " saMskRti ke do pravAha DA0 lakSmaNazAstrI ne karma vipAka, saMsAra kA baMdhana aura mokSa yA mukti- ina tInoM kalpanAoM ko vaidika mAnakara jaina aura bauddhoM ko vaidikasaMskRti kI zAkhA mAnane kA sAhasa kiyA, kintu saca to yaha hai ki karmabandhana aura mukti kI kalpanA sarvathA avaidika hai / upaniSadoM ke RSi zramaNa saMskRti se kitane prabhAvita the yA ve svayaM zramaNa hI the, isa para hameM Age vicAra karanA hai / jaina dharma vaidika dharma ke kriyAkANDoM ke prati vidroha karane ke lie samutpanna dharma nahIM hai aura Arya-dharma ke punaruddhAra ke rUpa meM bhI usakA udaya nahIM huA hai / ye sArI dhAraNAeM sAmayika dRSTikoNa se banI huI haiM / saca to yaha hai ki zramaNa aura vaidika- donoM paramparAeM svataMtra rUpa se udbhuta haiM / donoM eka sAtha rahane ke kAraNa eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karatI rahI haiM, isIlie kisI ne yaha kalpanA kI ki zramaNa paramparA vaidika paramparA se udbhUta hai aura kisI ne yaha kalpanA kI ki vaidika paramparA zramaNa paramparA se udbhuta hai / kintu ye donoM parikalpanAeM vastu-sthiti se dUra haiM / jaina aura bauddha zramaNa paramparA meM aneka sampradAya the, kintu kAla ke avirala pravAha meM jaina aura bauddha - ye do bace, zeSa saba vilIna ho gae kucha miTa gae, kucha jaina paramparA meM mila gae aura kucha vaidika paramparA meM simaTa gae / do zatAbdI pUrva jaba pazcimI vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya itihAsa kI khoja prArambha kI to unhoMne bauddha aura jaina paramparA meM apUrva sAmya pAyA / bauddha dharma aneka dezoM meM phailA huA thA / usakA sAhitya sulabha thA / vidvAnoM ne usakA adhyayana zurU kiyA aura bauddha darzana para pracura mAtrA meM likhA / jaina dharma usa samaya bhArata se bAhara kahIM bhI prApta nahIM thA / usakA sAhitya bhI durlabha thA / usakA adhyayana paryApta rUpa se nahIM kiyA jA skaa| eka sImita adhyayana ke AdhAra para kucha pazcimI vidvAn truTipUrNa faonrSo para pahuMce / buddha aura mahAvIra ke jIvana-darzana kI samAnatA dekhakara kucha vidva n mAnane lage ki buddha aura mahAvIra eka hI vyakti haiM / pro0 vebara ne ukta mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA kintu ve isa niSkarSa para pahuMce ki jaina dharma

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kA paurvAparya boddha dharma kI zAkhA hai|' DA0 harmana jekobI ne ina donoM mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kara yaha pramANita kiyA ki jaina dharma bauddha dharma se svataMtra hI nahIM, kintu usase bahuta prAcIna hai| bhagavAn pAvaM DA0 harmana jekobI ne bhagavAn pArzva ko aitihAsika vyakti pramANita kiyaa| phira isa viSaya kI puSTi aneka vidvAnoM ne kii| DA0 bAsama kA abhimata hai : 'bhagavAn mahAvIra bauddha-piTakoM meM buddha ke pratispardhI ke rUpa meM aMkita kie gae haiM isalie unakI aitihAsikatA asaMdigdha hai| bhagavAn pArzva caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM se teIsaveM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM prakhyAta DA. vimalAcaraNa lA ke anusAra bhagavAn pArzva ke dharma kA pracAra bhArata ke uttaravartI kSatriyoM meM thaa| vaizAlI usakA mukhya kendra thaa| vRjjigaNa ke pramukha mahArAja ceTaka bhagavAna pArzva ke anuyAyI the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA bhI bhagavAn pAva ke dharma kA pAlana karate 1. Indische Studien, XVI, p. 210. 2. The Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, Introduction pp. 18-22. 3. The Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLV, Introduction p. 21 : "That Parsva was a historical person, is now admitted by all as very probable ;..." 4. The Wonder That Was India (A. L. Basham, B.A., Ph. D., F.R.A.S), Reprinted 1956, pp. 287-88. "As he (Vardhamana Mahavira) is referred to in the Buddhist scriptures as one of the Buddha's chief opponents, his historicity is beyond doubt. ......Parswa was remembered as the twenty-third of the twenty-four great teachers Or Tirthan karas "ford-makers" of the Jaina faith.'' . 5. Kshatriya clans in Buddhist India, p. 82. 6. upadezamAlA, zloka 62 : vesAlIe purIe siripAsajiNesasAsaNasaNAho / hehayakulasabhUo ceDaganAmA nivo Asi //

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saMskRti ke do pravAha the| kapilavastu meM bhI pAzvaM kA dharma phailA huA thA / vahAM nyagrodhArAma meM zAkya nirgrantha zrAvaka 'vappa' ke sAtha buddha kA saMvAda huA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva jaina dharma ke siddhAMta sthira ho cuke the| DA0 cAla sarapeMTiyara ne likhA hai- hameM ina do bAtoM kA bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jaina dharma nizcitarUpeNa mahAvIra se prAcIna hai; unake prakhyAta pUrvagAmI pArzva prAyaH nizcitarUpeNa eka vAstavika vyakti ke rUpa meM vidyamAna raha cuke haiM evaM pariNAma svarUpa mUla siddhAntoM kI mukhya bAteM mahAvIra se bahuta pahale sUtrarUpa dhAraNa kara cukI hoNgii|' __ gautama buddha aura varddhamAna mahAvIra se pUrvavartI puruSa ke rUpa meM pArzva kA ullekha karate hue batAyA gayA hai.---'nAtapusa (zrI mahAvIra varddhamAna) ke pUrvagAmI unhIM kI mAnyatA vAle aneka tIrthaGkaroM meM unakA (jainoM kA) vizvAsa hai aura inameM se aMtima pArzva yA pArzvanAtha ke prati ve vizeSa zraddhA vyakta karate haiM / unakI yaha mAnyatA ThIka bhI hai kyoMki aMtima vyakti paurANika se adhika hai / gautama ke samaya meM pArzva dvArA sthApita 'niggantha' nAma se prasiddha dhArmika saMgha eka pUrva saMsthApita sampradAya thA aura bauddha granthoM ke anusAra usane bauddha dharma ke utthAna meM aneka bAdhAeM ddaaliiN|" 1. AyAracUlA, 15 / 25 / 2. aMguttara nikAya, catuSkanipAta, mahAvagga vappasutta, bhAga 2, pR0 210-213 / 3. The Uttaradhyayana Sutra, Introduction p. 21 : "We ought also to remember both that the Jain religion is certainly older than Mahavira, his reputed predecessor Parsva having almost certainly existed as a real person, and that, consequently, the main points of the original doctrine may have been codified long before Mahavira." 4. Harmsworth, History of the world, Vol. II, p. 1198 : "They, thu Jain as believe in a great number of prophets of their faith anterior of Nataputta (Mahavira Vardhmana) and pay special reverence to the last of these, Parswa or ParswaNatha. Herein they are correct, in so far as the latter personality is more than mythical. ... ... ...As early as the time of Gotama, the religious confraternity founded by Parswa, and known as the Nirgrantha, was a formally established sect, and according to the Buddhist chronicles, threw numerous difficulties in the way of the rising Buddhism".

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kA paurvAparyaM bhagavAn pArzva kA vyaktitva aitihAsika pramANita hone para yaha prazna uThA - kyA pArzva hI jaina dharma ke pravartaka the ? isake uttara meM DaoN0 harmana kobI ne likhA hai kintu yaha pramANita karane ke lie koI AdhAra nahIM hai ki pArzva jaina dharma ke saMsthApaka the / jaina paramparA RSabha ko prathama tIrthaGkara (Adya saMsthApaka ) batAne meM sarvasammata hai / paramparA meM kucha aitihAsikatA bhI ho sakatI hai jo unheM prathama tIrthaGkara mAnya karatI hai / " DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne bhI isI abhimata kI puSTi kI hai / unhoMne likhA hai- 'jaina paramparA ke anusAra jaina dharma kA pravartana RSabhadeva ne kiyA thA / ve aneka zatAbdiyoM pahale ho cuke haiM / yaha asaMdigdha rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma kA astitva varddhamAna aura pArzva se pahale bhI thA / " ariSTanemi ariSTanemi bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara the / unheM abhI taka pUrNataH aitihAsika vyakti nahIM mAnA gayA hai, kintu vAsudeva kRSNa ko yadi aitihAsika vyakti mAnA jAe to ariSTanemi ko aitihAsika na mAnane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai / kaurava, pANDava, jarAsaMdha, dvArakA, yaduvaMza, andhaka, vRSNi Adi kA astitva nahIM mAnane kA koI kAraNa nahIM hai / paurANika vistAra va kalpanA ko svIkAra na kareM, phira bhI ye kucha mUlabhUta tathya zeSa raha jAte haiM / RSibhASita (isibhAsiya) meM 45 pratyeka buddhoM ke dvArA nirUpita 45 adhyayana haiN| unameM 20 pratyeka buddha bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke tIrthaMkAla meM hue the / unake dvArA nirUpita adhyayana ariSTanemi ke astitva ke svayaMbhU pramANa haiM / Rgveda meM 'ariSTanemi' zabda cAra bAra AyA hai / " 'svasti 1. Indian Antiquary, Vol. IX, p. 163. "But there is nothing to prove that Parswa was the founder of Jainism. Jaina tradition is unanimous in making Rsabha, the first Tirthankara, as its founder. There may be something historical in the tradition which makes him the first Tirthankara". 2. Indian Philosophy, Vol. I, p. 287. 3. isi bhAsiyAI, pR0 267, pariziSTa 1, gAthA 1 : patteyabuddhamisiNo vIsaM tittha ariTThamissa / 4. Rgveda, 114866; 1124 | 180 / 10 3|4|53 | 17; 10 / 12 / 178 / 1 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha nastAkSyo ariSTanemiH' (Rgveda, 11141866) meM ariSTanemi zabda bhagavAna ariSTanemi kA vAcaka honA caahie| mahAbhArata meM 'tArkSya' zabda ariSTanemi ke paryAyavAcI nAma ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai / ' tArkSya ariSTanemi ne rAjA sagara ko jo mokSa viSayaka upadeza diyA usakI tulanA jaina dharma ke mokSa sambandhI siddhAMtoM se hotI hai| vaha upadeza isa prakAra hai : _ 'sagara ! saMsAra meM mokSa kA sukha hI vAstavika sukha hai, parantu jo dhana-dhAnya ke upArjana meM vyagra tathA putra aura pazuoM meM Asakta hai, usa mUr3ha manuSya ko usakA yathArthajJAna nahIM hotaa| jisakI buddhi viSayoM meM Asakta hai, jisakA mana azAnta rahatA hai, aise manuSya kI cikitsA karanI kaThina hai, kyoMki jo sneha ke baMdhana meM baMdhA huA hai, vaha mUr3ha mokSa pAne ke lie yogya nahIM hotaa| isa samUce adhyAya meM saMsAra kI asAratA, mokSa kI mahattA, usake lie prayatnazIla hone aura mukta ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa hai| sagara ke kAla meM vaidika loga mokSa meM vizvAsa nahIM karate the, isalie yaha upadeza kisI vaidika RSi kA nahIM ho sktaa| yahAM 'tArkSya ariSTanemi' kA prayoga bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke lie hI honA caahie| lagatA hai ki Rgveda ke vyAkhyAkAroM ne usakA artha-parivartana kiyA hai| ariSTanemi vizeSaNa hI nahIM hai| prAcIna kAla meM yaha nAma hotA thaa| mahAbhArata meM marIci ke putra ke do nAma batalAe gae haiM-ariSTanemi aura kazyapa / kucha loga use ariSTanemi kahate aura kucha loga kazyapa / ' Rgveda meM bhI tArkSya ariSTanemi kI stuti kI gaI hai| ariSTanemi kA nAma mahAvIra aura buddha-kAla meM mahApuruSoM kI sUcI meM pracalita thaa| laMkAvatAra ke tRtIya parivartana meM buddha ke aneka nAmoM meM ariSTanemi kA bhI 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 288 / 4 : evamuktastadA tAyaH, sarvazAstravidAM varaH / vibudhya sampadaM cAgryAM, sadvAkyamidamabravIt / / 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 288 / 5,6 / 3. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 20818 : marIceH kazyapaH putrastasya dve nAmanI smRte / ariSTanemirityeke, kazyapetyapare viduH // 4. Rgveda, 10 / 12 / 178 / 1 : tyamU Su vAjinaM devajUtaM sahAvAnaM tarutAraM rathAnAm / ariSTanemi pRtanAjamAzuM svastaye tA_mihA huvema / /

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kA paurvAparya nAma hai / vahAM likhA hai-"jisa prakAra eka hI vastu ke aneka nAma prayukta hote haiM, usI prakAra buddha ke asaMkhya nAma haiN| koI unheM tathAgata kahate haiM to koI unheM svayaMbhU, nAyaka, vinAyaka, pariNAyaka, buddha, RSi, vRSabha, brAhmaNa, viSNu, Izvara, pradhAna, kapila, bhUtAnata, bhrASkara, ariSTanemi, rAma, vyAsa, zuka, indra, bali, varuNa Adi nAmoM se pukArate haiN| prabhAsapurANa meM ariSTanemi aura zrIkRSNa kA sambandhita ullekha hai| ariSTanemi kA revata (giranAra) parvata se bhI sambandha batAyA gayA hai aura vahAM ullikhita hai ki vAmana ne neminAtha ko ziva ke nAma se pukArA thaa| vAmana ne giranAra para bali ko bAMdhane kA sAmarthya pAne ke lie bhagavAna neminAtha ke Age tapa tapA thaa| ina uddharaNoM se zrIkRSNa aura ariSTanemi ke pArivArika tathA dhArmika sambandha kI puSTi hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke bAIsaveM adhyayana se bhI yahI pramANita hotA hai|' __ prophesara prANanAtha ne prabhAsa pATaNa se prApta tAmrapatra ko isa prakAra par3hA hai-revA nagara ke rAjya ke svAmi su-jAti ke deva nebuzara nejara Ae haiN| vaha vadurAja ke sthAna (dvArikA) Ae haiN| unhoMne maMdira banavAyA hai| sUrya-devanemi ki jo svarga samAna revata parvata ke deva haiM (unheM) sadaiva ke lie arpaNa kiyaa|' bAvala ke samrAToM meM nevuzara aura nejara nAmaka do samrAT hue haiN| pahale kA samaya I0 san se lagabhaga do hajAra varSa pahale hai aura dUsare I0 san pUrva chaThI yA 7 zatI meM hue haiN| ina donoM meM se eka ne dvArikA Akara revata (giranAra) parvata para bhagavAn neminAtha kA mandira banavAyA thaa| - isa prakAra sAhitya va tAmrapatra-lekha-donoM se ariSTanemi kA astitva pramANita hotA hai| 1. bauddha dharma-darzana, pR0 162 / 2. vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekheM-- "arhat ariSTanemi aura vAsudeva kRSNa,' lekha ka--zrIcanda rAmapuriyA / 3. gujarAtI 'jaina', bhAga 35, pR0 2 / 4. saMkSipta jaina itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 6 /

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2. zramaNa saMskRti kA prAg- aitihAsika astitva Arya loga hindustAna meM Ae usase pahale yahAM eka UMcI sabhyatA, saMskRti aura dharma-cetanA vidyamAna thI / vaha vaidika paramparA nahIM thI / yaha mohanajodar3oM aura har3appA kI khudAI se prApta dhvaMsAvazeSoM se pramANita ho cukA hai / purAtattvavidoM ke anusAra jo avazeSa mile haiM, unase vaidika dharma kA koI sambandha nahIM hai / unakA sambandha zramaNa saMskRti se hai / ataH yaha pramANita hotA hai ki AryoM ke Agamana se pUrva yahAM zramaNa saMskRti vikasita avasthA meM thI / C isa tathya kI saMpuSTi ke lie hama sAhitya aura purAtattva - donoM kA avalambana leMge / bhAratIya sAhitya meM veda bahuta prAcIna mAne jAte haiM / unameM tathA unake pArzvavartI granthoM meM Ae hue kucha zabda - vAtarazana muni, vAtarazana zramaNa, kezI, vrAtya aura arhan-zramaNa saMskRti kI prAgaaitihAsikatA ke pramANa haiM / bAtarazana suni : vAtarazana zramaNa Rgveda meM vAtarazana muni kA prayoga milatA hai-' munayo bAtarazanAH pizaMgA basate malA / vAtasyAnu dhAjim yanti yaddevAso avikSata || isa prakaraNa meM 'mauneya' zabda bhI prayukta huA hai / vAtarazana muni apanI 'mauneya' kI anubhUti meM kahatA hai - 'munibhAva se pramudita hokara hama vAyu meM sthita ho gae haiM / martyo ! tuma hamArA zarIra mAtra dekhate ho / " taittirIyAraNyaka meM zramaNoM ko 'vAtarazana RSi' aura 'Urdhva manyI' kahA gayA hai - vAtarazanA havA RSayaH zramaNA Urdhva manthito babhUvuH / ' ye zramaNa bhagavAn RSabha ke hI ziSya haiM / zrImad bhAgavata meM RSabha ko jina zramaNoM ke dharma kA pravartaka batAyA gayA hai, unake lie ye hI 1. Rgveda 10 / 11 / 1362 / 2 . vahI, 10 / 11 / 136 / 3 : unmaditA mauneyana vAtAM A tasthimA vayam / zarIredasmAkaM yUyaM martAso abhi pazyatha // 3. taittirIyAraNyaka, 2|7|1, pR0 137 /

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zramaNa saMskRti kA prAga-aitihAsika astitva vizeSaNa prayukta kie gae haiM' 'dharmAn dirzayitukAmo vAtarazanAnAM zramaNAnAmRSINAmUrvamanthinAM zuklayA tanunAvatatAra'-bhagavAn RSabha zramaNoM, RSiyoM tathA brahmacAriyoM (UrdhvamanthinaH) kA dharma prakaTa karane ke lie zukla-sattvamaya vigraha se prakaTa vaidika sAhitya meM muni kA ullekha virala hai, kintu isakA kAraNa yaha nahIM ki usa samaya muni nahIM the / ve the, apane dhyAna meM magna the| purohitoM ke bhautika jagata se pare ve apane cintana meM lIna rahate the aura putrotpAdana yA dakSiNA-grahaNa ke kAryoM se bhI dUra rahate the|' muni ke isa vivaraNa se spaSTa hai ki ve kisI vaidiketara paramparA ke the| vaidika jagat meM yajJa-saMsthA ho saba kucha thii| vahAM saMnyAsa yA muni-pada ko sthAna nahIM milA thaa| vAtarazana zabda bhI zramaNoM kA sUcaka hai| taittirIyAraNyaka aura zrImadbhAgavata dvArA isa tathya kI puSTi hotI rahI hai| zramaNa kA ullekha bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad' aura rAmAyaNa Adi meM bhI hotA rahA hai| kezI Rgveda ke jisa prakaraNa meM vAtarazana muni kA ullekha hai, usI meM kezI kI stuti kI gaI hai--- kezyagni kezI viSa kezI vitti rodsii| kezI vizvaM svaze kezodaM jyotirucyate // yaha 'kezI'bhagavAn RSabha kA vAcaka hai| vAtarazana ke saMdarbha meM yaha kalpanA karanA koI sAhasa kA kAma nahIM hai| bhagavAna RSabha ke kezI hone kI paramparA jaina sAhitya meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| bhagavAna RSabha jaba muni bane taba unhoMne cAra muSTi kezaloca kiya jabaki sAmAnya paramparA pAMca-muSTi kezaloca karane kI hai| bhagavAn keza loca kara rahe the, donoM pArzva-bhAgoM kA kezaloca karanA bAkI thaa| taba 1. zrImadbhAgavata, 5 / 3 / 20 / 2. vaidikakoza, pR0 383 / 3. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 4 / 3 / 22 / 4. rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa, sarga 14, zloka 22 : tapasA bhuMjate cApi, zramaNA bhuja tathA / 5. Rgveda, 101111136 / 1 / -

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saMskRti ke do pravAha - devarAja zakrendra ne bhagavAn se prArthanA kI-'itanI ramaNIya kezarAzi ko isI prakAra rahane deN| bhagavAna ne usakI bAta mAnI aura use vaise hI rahane diyaa| isIlie bhagavAn RSabha kI mUrti ke kaMdhoM para Aja bhI kezoM kI vallarikA kI jAtI hai / dhuMgharAle aura kaMdhoM taka laTakate hue bAla unakI pratimA ke pratIka haiN|' bhagavAn RSabha kI pratimAoM ko jaTA-zekhara yukta kahA gayA hai|' kezI vaSabha prAga-vaidika the aura zramaNa saMskRti ke Adi-srota--yaha isa kezI-stuti se spaSTa hai| __ Rgveda meM kezI aura vRSabha kA eka sAtha ullekha milatA hai| mudgala RSi kI gAeM (indriyAM) curAI jA rahI thIM, taba RSi ke sArathI kezI vRSabha ke vacana se ve apane sthAna para lauTa AIM arthAt RSabha ke upadeza se ve antarmukhI ho giiN|' vAtya atharvaveda ke vrAtyakANDa kA sambandha kisI brAhmaNetara paramparA se hai / AcArya sAyaNa ne vrAtya ko vidvattama, mahAdhikAra, puNyazIla, vizva1. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, vakSaskAra 2, sU0 65 : cauhiM aTTAhiM loaM krei| vRtti-tIrthakRtAM paMcamuSTilocasambhave'pi asya bhgvtshcturmussttiklocgocrH| zrIhemAcAryakRtaRSabhacaritrAdyabhiprAyo'yaM'prathamamekayA muSTyA smazrukUrcayorloce tisRbhizca ziroloce kRte ekA muSTimavaziSyamANAM pavanAndolitAM kanakAvadAtayoH prabhuskandhayorupari luThantI marakatopamAnamAbibhratIM paramaramaNIyAM kezavallarikAM vIkSya pramodamAnena zakreNa bhagavan ! mayyanugrahaM vidhAya dhriyatAmiya mitthameveti vijJapte bhagavatApi sA tathaiva rakSiteti, 'na hya kAMtabhaktAnAM yAJcAmanugrahItAraH khaNDayantI' ti, ata evedAnImapi zrIRSabhamUttauM skandhopari vallarikAH kriyante / 2. (ka) tiloyapannattI, 4 / 230 : AdijiNappaDimAo, tAo jddmuddsehrillaao| paDimovarimmi gaMgA, abhisittumaNA va sA padi / / (kha) tiloyasAra, 560 : sirigihasIsaTTiyaMbuakaNNiyasiMhAsaNaM jaDAmaulaM / jiNanAbhisittumaNA vA, odiNNA matthae gaMgA / 3. Rgveda, 106 / 102 / 6 : kakardave vRSabho yukta AsIdavAvacItsArathirasya kezI / dudheryuktasya dravataH sahAnasa RcchantiSmA niSpado mudgalAnIm / /

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zramaNa saMskRti kA prAga-aitihAsika astitva sammAnya aura brAhmaNa-viziSTa kahA hai|' tathA vrAtyakANDa kI bhUmikA ke prasaMga meM unhoMne likhA hai-'isameM vrAtya kI stuti kI gaI hai / upanayanAdi se hIna manuSya vrAtya kahalAtA hai| aise manuSya ko loga vaidika kRtyoM ke lie anadhikArI aura sAmAnyataH patita mAnate haiN| parantu yadi koI vrAtya aisA ho jo vidvAn aura tapasvI ho to brAhmaNa usase bhale hI dveSa kare parantu vaha sarvapUjya hogA aura devAdhideva paramAtmA ke tulya hogaa| vrAtya ne apane paryaTana meM prajApati ko preraNA dI thii| ____ DA0 sampUrNAnandajI ne vrAtya kA artha paramAtmA kiyA hai|' DA0 baladeva upAdhyAya bhI isI mata kA anusaraNa karate haiN| kintu samUce vrAtyakANDa kA parizIlana karane para yaha artha saMgata nahIM lgtaa| vrAtyakANDa ke kucha sUtra vaha saMvatsara taka khar3A rhaa| usase devoM ne pUchA-vAtya ! tU kyoM khar3A hai ? vaha anAvRttA dizA meM claa| isase (usane) socA na lauTUMgA . arthAt jisa dizA meM calane vAle kA Avartana (lauTanA) nahIM hotA vaha anAvRttA dizA hai / isalie usane socA ki maiM aba na lauttuuNgaa| mukta puruSa kA hI pratyAvartana nahIM hotA / taba jisa rAjA ke gharoM para aisA vidvAn rAjA vrAtya atithi (hokara) aae| (isako) (vaha rAjA) isa (vidvAn ke Agamana) ko apane lie kalyANakArI mAne / aisA (karane se) kSetra tathA rASTra ke prati 1. atharvaveda, 15 / 1 / 111 sAyaNa bhASya : kaJcid vidvattamaM mahAdhikAraM puNyazIlaM vizvasaMmAnyaM brAhmaNaviziSTa vrAtya manulakSya vacana miti maMtavyam / 2. vahI, 15 / 1 / 11 / 3. vahI, 15 / 1 / 1 / 1 : vrAtya AsIdIyamAna eva sa prajApati samarayat // 4. atharvavedIyaM vrAtyakANDa, pR0 1 / 5. vaidika sAhitya aura saMskRti, pR0 226 / 6. atharvaveda, 15 / 1 / 3 / 1 / 7. vahI, 15 / 1 / 6 / 16 / so'nAvRttAM dizamanuvya'calattato nAvasya'nnamanthata / 8. atharvavedIyaM vrAtyakANDa, pR0 36 /

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14 aparAdha nahIM karatA / ' yadi kisI ke ghara aisA vidvAn vrAtya atithi A jAe (to) svayaM usake sAmane jAkara kahe, vrAtya, Apa kahAM rahate haiM ? vrAtya (yaha ) jala ( grahaNa kIjie ) vrAtya (mere ghara ke loga Apako bhojanAdi se) tRpta kreN| jaisA Apako priya ho, jaisI ApakI icchA ho, jaisI ApakI abhilASA ho, vaisA hI ho arthAt hama loga vaisA hI kreN| ( vrAtya se ) yaha jo prazna hai ki vrAtya Apa kahAM rahate haiM, isa ( prazna ) se ( hI ) vaha devayAna mArga ko ( jisase puNyAtmA svarga ko jAte haiM) apane vaza meM kara letA hai / ' saMskRti ke do pravAha isase jo yaha kahatA hai vrAtya yaha jala grahaNa kIjie isase ap ( jala yA karmma) apane vaza meM kara letA hai / yaha kahane se vrAtya (mere ghara ke loga Apako bhojanAdi se ) tRpta kareM, apane Apako cirasthAyI ( arthAt dIrghajIvI) banA letA hai / jisake ghara meM vidvAn vrAtya eka rAta atithi jitane puNyaloka haiM una sabako vaza meM kara letA hai / rahe, vaha pRthvI meM jisake ghara meM vidvAn vrAtya dUsarI rAta atithi rahe, vaha antarikSa meM jo puNyaloka haiM, una sabako vaza meM kara letA hai / jisake ghara meM vidvAn vrAtya tIsarI rAta atithi rahe, vaha jo yuloka meM puNyaloka haiM una sabako vaza meM kara letA hai / jisake ghara meM vidvAn vrAtya cauthI rAta atithi rahe, vaha puNyalokoM meM zreSTha puNyalokoM ko vaza meM kara letA hai / 1. atharvaveda, 152 / 3 / 1,2 : tad yasyaivaM vidvAn vrAtyo rAjJo'tithigRhAnAgacchet / zra yAMsamenamAtmano mAnayet tathA kSatrAya nA vRzcate tathA rASTrAya nA vRzcate / 2. vahI, 15/2/4 11,2 : yad tasyaivaM vidvAn vrAtyo'tivirgRhAnAcchet / svayamenamabhyupetya brUyAd vrAtya kyAvAtsIH vrAtyodakaM vrAtya tarpayantu vrAtya yathA te priyaM tathAstu vrAtya yayAte vazastathAstu vrAtya yathA te nikAmastathA stviti / 3. vahI, 15/20413 : mAha vrAtya kvADavAtsIriti patha eva tena devayAnAnavaruddha / 4. vahI, 15222414,5 : yadenamAha vrAtyodakamityapa eva tenAva runddha / yadenamAha vrAtya tapayantviti prANameva tena varSIyAMsaM kurute //

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zramaNa saMskRti kA prAg-aitihAsika astitva jisake ghara meM vidvAn vAtya aparimita (bahudhA) atithi rahe, vaha aparimita puNyalokoM ko apane vaza meM kara letA hai| vrAtyakANDa meM pratipAdita viSaya kI bhagavAna RSabha ke jIvanavrata se tulanA hotI hai| ve dIkSita hone ke bAda eka varSa taka tapasyA meM sthira rahe the| eka varSa taka bhojana na karane para bhI zarIra meM puSTi aura dIpti ko dhAraNa kara rahe the| muniyoM kI caryA ko dhAraNa karane vAle bhagavAna jisa-jisa ora kadama rakhate the arthAt jahAM-jahAM jAte the, vahIM-vahIM ke loga prasanna hokara aura bar3e saMbhrama ke sAtha Akara unheM praNAma karate the| unameM se kitane hI loga kahane lagate the-he deva ! prasanna hoie aura kahie ki kyA kAma kitane hI loga bhagavAn se aisI prArthanA karate the ki bhagavana ! hama para prasanna hoie| hameM anugRhIta kiijie|' bhagavAn RSabha anta meM apunarAvRtti sthAna ko prApta hue, jahAM jAne ke pazcAt koI lauTa kara nahIM aataa|" yaha bahuta sambhava hai ki vrAtyakANDa meM bhagavAn RSabha kA jIvana rUpaka kI bhASA meM citrita hai| RSabha ke prati kucha vaidika RSi zraddhA1. atharvaveda, 15 / 2 / 6 / 1-10 / tad yasyavaM vidvAn vrAtya ekAM rAtrimatithirgahe vasati / / ye pRthivyAM puNyA lokAstAneva tenAvarunddhe // tad yasyaiva vidvAn brAtyo dvitIyAM rAtrimatithigaihe vasati / ye'ntarikSe puNyA lokA stAneva tenAvarunddhe // tad yasyaivaM vidvAn vrAtyastRtIyAM rAtrimatithirgahe vasati / ye divi puNyA lokAstAneva tenAvarunddhe // tad yasyaivaM vidvAn vrAtyazcaturthI rAtrimatithirguhe vasati / ye puNyAnAM puNyA lokAstAneva tenAvaruncha / tad yasyavaM vidvAn vrAtyo'parimitA rAtriratithirgRhe vasati / ya evAparimitA: puNyA lokAstAneva tenAvarunche / 2. mahApurANa, 2065 : hAyanAnazane'pyane, puSTi dIptiJca bibhrate / 3. vahI, 20114,15 / 4. vahI, 20122 / 5. jambUdvIpaprajJapti vRtti, patra 158 : samujjAe-tatra samyaga-apunarAvRtyA __ Urdhva lokAgralakSaNaM vAta:-prAptaH /

Page #23
16 bAn the aura ve unheM devAdhideva ke rUpa meM mAnya karate the / arhan saMskRti ke do pravAha Rgveda meM bhagavAn RSabha ke aneka ullekha haiM / ' kintu unakA arthaparivartana kara dene ke kAraNa ve vivAdAspada ho jAte haiM / arhan zabda zramaNa saMskRti kA bahuta priya zabda hai | zramaNa loga apane tIrthaMGkaroM yA vItarAga AtmAoM ko arhan kahate haiM / jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM arhan zabda kA prayoga hajAroM bAra huA hai / jaina loga Arhata nAma se bhI prasiddha rahe haiM / Rgveda meM arhan zabda kA prayoga zramaNa netA ke lie hI huA hai-- arhan birbhASa sAyakAni dhanvArhanniSkaM yajataM vizvarUpam / arhannivaM dayase vizvamabhvaM na vA ojIyo rudratvadasti || AcArya vinobA bhAve ne isI maMtra ke eka vAkya 'arhannidaM dayase vizvamabhvaM' ko uddhRta karate hue likhA hai- 'he arhan ! tuma jisa tuccha duniyA para dayA karate ho / isameM 'arhan' aura 'dayA' donoM jainoM ke priya zabda haiM / merI to mAnyatA hai ki hindU dharma prAcIna hai, zAyada utanA hI jaina dharma bhI prAcIna hai / " 1 arhan zabda kA prayoga vaidika vidvAn bhI zramaNoM ke lie karate rahe haiN| hanumannATaka meM likhA hai-"arhannityatha jainazAsanaratAH / " Rgveda ke arhan zabda se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki zramaNa saMskRti Rgvaidika kAla se pUrvavartI hai / zrI jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra ne vrAtyoM ko arhatoM kA anuyAyI mAnA - 'vaidika se bhinna mArga buddha aura mahAvIra se pahale bhI bhAratavarSa meM the / arhat loga buddha se pahale bhI the aura aneka caitya bhI buddha se pahale the / una arhatoM aura caityoM ke anuyAyI 'vrAtya' kahalAte the, jinakA ullekha atharvaveda meM bhI hai / " 1. Rgveda 1 / 241160 / 1; 2|4 | 33 | 15; 5|2|28|4 6|1|18 6|2|16| 11; 10 / 12 / 166 / 1 ; Adi-Adi 2. vahI, 2 / 4 / 33 / 10 / 3. harijana sevaka, 30 maI 1948 / 4. bhAratIya itihAsa kI rUparekhA, prathama jilda, pR0 402 /

Page #24
zramaNa saMskRti kA prAga-aitihAsika astitva asura aura arhat vaidika AryoM ke Agamana se pUrva bhAratavarSa meM do prakAra kI jAtiyAM thIM - sabhya aura asabhya / sabhya jAti ke loga gAMvoM aura nagaroM meM rahate the aura asabhya jAti ke loga jaMgaloM meM / asura, nAga, dravir3a - ye sabhya jAtiyAM thIM / dAsa jAti asabhya thI / asuroM kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti bahuta unnata thI / usake parAkrama se vaidika AryoM ko prArambha meM uThAnI par3I / bahuta kSati asura loga Arhata dharma ke upAsaka the / bahuta Azcarya kI bAta hai ki jaina sAhitya meM isakI spaSTa carcA nahIM milatI, kintu purANa aura mahAbhArata meM isa prAcIna paramparA ke ullekha surakSita haiM / viSNupurANa, padmapurANa, matsyapurANa' aura devIbhAgavata' meM asuroM ko Arhata yA jaina dharma kA anuyAyI banAne kA ullekha hai / viSNupurANa ke anusAra mAyAmoha ne asuroM ko Arhata dharma meM dIkSita kiyA / trayI ( Rg, yajuH aura sAma) meM unakA vizvAsa nahIM rahA / ' unakA yajJa aura pazu bali se bhI vizvAsa uTha gayA / " ve ahiMsA dharma meM vizvAsa karane lage / unhoMne zrAddha Adi karmakANDoM kA bhI virodha karanA prArambha kara diyA / " viSNupurANa kA mAyAmoha kisI ahaMta kA ziSya thA / usane asuroM se kahA--'yaha dharma- yukta hai aura yaha dharma - viruddha hai; yaha sat hai aura yaha asat hai; yaha muktikAraka hai aura isase mukti nahIM hotI; yaha Atyantika paramArtha hai aura yaha paramArtha nahIM hai, yaha karttavya hai aura yaha akarttavya hai; yaha aisA nahIM hai aura yaha spaSTa aisA hI hai; yaha digambaroM kA dharma hai aura yaha sAmbaroM kA dharma hai / " 1. viSNupurANa, 3 / 17 / 18 : 2. padmapurANa, sRSTi khaMDa, adhyAya 13, zloka 170-413 / 3. matsyapurANa, 24|43-4e| 4. devIbhAgavata, 4 / 13 / 54-57 / 5. viSNupurANa 3 / 18 / 12 : arhataitaM mahAdhamaM mAyAmohena te yataH / proktAstamAzritA dharmamArhatAstena te'bhavan // 6. vahI, 3 / 18 / 13,14 / 7. vahI, 3 / 18 / 27 / 8. vahI, 3 / 18 / 25 / 6. vahI, 3 / 18 / 28-26 / 10. vahI 3 / 1818 -11 / 17

Page #25
saMskRti ke do pravAha purANakAra ne isa kathAnaka meM arhat ke dharma kI nyUnatA dikhalAne kA yatna kiyA hai, phira bhI isa rUpaka meM se jaina-dharma kI prAcInatA, usake ahiMsA aura anekAntavAdI siddhAnta aura asuroM kI jaina dharma-parAyaNatAphalita nikala Ate haiM / 18. viSNupurANa meM asuroM ko vaidika raMga meM raMgane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, kintu Rgveda dvArA yaha svIkRta nahIM hai / vahAM unheM vaidika AryoM kA zatru kahA gayA hai / " asura aura vaidika Arya vedoM aura purANoM meM varNita deva-dAnava yuddha vaidika AryoM aura AryapUrva jAtiyoM ke pratIka kA yuddha hai / vaidika AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha-sAtha asuroM se unakA yuddha chir3A aura vaha 300 varSoM taka calatA rahA / ' AryoM kA indra pahale bahuta zaktizAlI nahIM thA / isalie prArambha meM Arya loga parAjita hue / bhAratavarSa meM asura rAjAoM kI eka lambI paramparA rahI hai / ' ve sabhI vrata-parAyaNa, bahuzruta aura lokezvara the / asura prathama AkramaNa meM hI vaidika AryoM se parAjita nahIM hue the| jaba taka ve sadAcAra-parAyaNa aura saMgaThita the taba taka Arya loga unheM parAjita nahIM sake / kintu jaba asuroM ke AcaraNa meM zithilatA AI taba AryoM ne unheM parAsta kara DAlA / isa tathya kA citraNa indra aura lakSmI ke saMvAda meM huA hai / indra ke pUchane para lakSmI ne kahA - 'satya aura dharma se baMdha kara pahale maiM asuroM ke yahAM rahatI thI, aba unheM dharma ke viparIta dekha kara maiMne tumhAre yahAM rahanA pasanda kiyA hai / maiM uttama guNoM vAle dAnavoM ke pAsa sRSTi- kAla se lekara aba 1. Rgveda 1 / 23 / 174 / 2-3 | 2. matsyapurANa, 24 / 37 : atha devAsuraM yuddhamabhUd varSazatatrayam / 3. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 227 / 22 / azaktaH pUrvamAsIstvaM kathaMcicchaktatAM gataH / kastvadanya imAM vAcaM, sukrUrAM vaktumarhati // 4. viSNupurANa, 31176 : devAsuramabhUd yuddha N divyamabdazataM purA / tasmin parAjitA devA, daityaM hradipurogamaiH // 5. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 227 / 46 - 54 / 6. vahI, 227156-60 /

Page #26
zramaNa saMskRti kA prAg-aitihAsika astitva taka anekoM yugoM se rahatI AI huuN| kintu aba ve kAma-krodha ke vazIbhUta ho gae haiM, unameM dharma nahIM raha gayA hai isalie maiMne unakA sAtha chor3a diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki dAnavoM kI rAjya-sattA sudIrgha-kAla taka yahAM rahI aura usake pazcAt vaha indra ke netRtva meM saMgaThita AryoM ke hAtha meM calI gii| . vaidika-AryoM kA prabhutva uttara bhArata para adhika huA thA / dakSiNa bhArata meM unakA praveza bahata vilamba se haA yA vizeSa prabhAvazAlI rUpa meM nahIM huaa| jaba daityarAja bali kI rAjyazrI ne indra kA varaNa kiyA taba indra ne daityarAja bali se kahA-'brahmA ne mujhe AjJA dI hai ki maiM tumhArA vadha na kruuN| isIlie maiM tumhAre sira para vajra nahIM chor3a rahA huuN| daityarAja ! tumhArI jahAM icchA ho cale jaao|' indra kI yaha bAta suna daityarAja bali dakSiNa dizA meM cale gae aura indra uttara dizA meN| padmapurANa meM bhI batAyA gayA hai ki asura loga jaina-dharma ko svIkAra karane ke bAda narmadA ke taTa para nivAsa karane lge| isase spaSTa hai ki arhata kA dharma, uttara bhArata meM AryoM kA prabhutva bar3ha jAne ke bAda, dakSiNa bhArata meM vizeSa balazAlI bana gyaa| asuroM kA uttara se dakSiNa kI ora jAnA bhI unakI tathA draviDoM kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI samAnatA kA sUcaka hai| asura aura AtmavidyA __AryapUrva asura rAjAoM kI parAjaya hone ke bAda AryanetA indra ne vairocana, namuci aura prahlAda se kahA---'tumhArA rAjya chIna liyA gayA hai; tuma zatru ke hAtha meM par3a gae ho phira bhI tumhArI AkRti para koI zoka kI rekhA nahIM, yaha kaise ?" 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 228 / 46-50 / 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 22 // 37 : evamuktastu daityendro balirindreNa bhArata / jagAma dakSiNAmAzAmudIcI tu purandaraH / 3. padmapurANa, 13 / 412 : narmadAsaritaM prApya, sthitA dAnavasattamAH / 4. (ka) mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 227 / 15 : zatrubhivarzamAnIto, hInaH sthAnAdanuttamAt / vairocane ! kimAzritya, zocitavye na zocasi // (kha) vahI, 226 / 3 : baddhaH pAzaizcyutaH sthAnAd, dviSatAM vazamAgataH / zriyA vihIno namuce ! zocasyAho na zocasi ? //

Page #27
20 saMskRti ke do pravAha isa prazna ke uttara meM asura rAjAoM ne jo kahA vaha unakI AtmavidyA kA hI phalita thaa| virocanakumAra bali ne indra ko isa prakAra phaTakArA ki usakA garva cUra ho gyaa| bali ne indra se kahA---'devarAja ! tumhArI mUrkhatA mere lie Azcaryajanaka hai| isa samaya tuma samRddhizAlI ho aura merI samaddhi chinna ho gaI hai| aisI avasthA meM tuma mere sAmane apanI prazaMsA ke gIta gAnA cAhate ho, yaha tumhAre kula aura yaza ke anurUpa nahIM hai|' namuci aura bali rAjyahIna hone para bhI jisa prakAra zokamukta rahe, vaha unakI adhyAtma-vidyA kA hI phala thaa| indra unake dhairya aura azoka-bhAva ko dekha kara Azcaryacakita raha gyaa|' ___mahAbhArata meM asuroM para vaidika vicAroM kI chApa lagAI gaI hai phira bhI unakI azoka, zAnta va samabhAvI vatti se jo Atma-vidyA kI jhalaka milatI hai, nizcita rUpa se unheM zramaNa-dharmAnuyAyI siddha karatI hai| sAMskRtika virodha asuroM aura vaidika-AryoM kA virodha kevala bhaugolika aura rAjanItika hI nahIM, kintu sAMskRtika bhI thaa| AryoM ne asuroM kI ahiMsA kA virodha kiyA to asuroM ne AryoM kI hiMsA aura yajJa-paddhati kA virodha kiyaa| bhAratavarSa meM vaidika-AryoM kA astitva sudar3ha hone ke sAtha-sAtha yaha virodha kI dhArA prabala ho uThI thii| ema. vinTaraniTaja ne likhA hai'vedoM ke viruddha pratikriyA buddha se sadiyoM pUrva zurU ho cakI thii| kama-sekama jainoM kI paramparA meM isa pratikriyA ke spaSTa nirdeza milate haiM aura jaina-dharma kI saMsthApanA 750 I0 pU0 meM ho cukI thii| isa viSaya meM jainoM kI anyathA vizvasanIya kAla-buddhi aura kAla-gaNanA ko yahAM (aura yahIM para ?) jhuThalAne kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| vyUlara kA to yaha vizvAsa thA ki vedoM (aura brAhmaNa dharma) kI pragati tathA veda-virodha kI pragati, donoM prAyaH samAnAntara hI hotI rahI haiM / durbhAgyavaza, eka nizcita siddhAnta ke rUpa meM yaha sAbita karane se pUrva hI vyUlara kI mRtyu ho gii| zramaNa saMskRti kA astitva pUrvavartI thA isalie vaidika yajJa-saMsthA (ga) mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 222 / 11 : baddhaH pAzaizcyutaH sthAnAd, dviSatAM vazamAgataH / zriyA vihInaH prahlAda !, zocitavye na zocasi ? // 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 227 / 13 / 2. prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa, prathama bhAga, prathama khaMDa, pR0 233 /

Page #28
zramaNa saMskRti kA prAg-aitihAsika astitva kA prArambha se hI virodha huaa| yadi vaha na hotI to usakA virodha kaise hotA? __AcArya kSitimohana sena ke anusAra tIrtha, pUjA, bhakti, nadI kI pavitratA, tulasI, azvattha Adi vRkSoM se sambandhita deva aura sindUra Adi upakaraNa-ye saba veda-bAhya vastueM haiM / AryoM ne inheM Arya-pUrva jAtiyoM se grahaNa kiyA thaa|' zramaNa paramparA meM dharmasaMgha ke lie 'tIrtha' zabda kA prayoga hotA thA aura usake pravartaka tIrthaGkara kahalAte the| dIghanikAya meM pUraNakazyapa, mazkarI gozAla, ajitakezakambala, pakuddhakAtyAyana, saMjayavelaTThIputra aura nirgrantha jJAtaputra-ina chahoM ko tIrthaGkara kahA hai|' nAga-pUjA bhagavAn RSabha ke putra bharata ke samaya meM pracalita haI thii| bhakti kA mUla udgama dravir3a pradeza hai, ataH vaha bhI Arya-pUrva ho sakatI hai| gaMgA-yamunA Adi nadiyoM kA vedoM meM ullekha nahIM hai aura brAhmaNa graMthoM meM ve bahuta pavitra aura devatA rUpa mAnI gaI haiM / jaina-sUtroM meM bhavanavAsI devoM ke dasa caityavRkSa batalAe gae hai'asurakumAra azvattha nAgakumAra saptaparNa-sAta pattoM vAlA palAza suparNakumAra zAlmalI-semala vidyutkumAra udumbara agnikumAra sirIsa dIpakumAra dadhiparNa udadhikumAra -- vaMjula-azoka dizAkumAra palAza-tIna pattoM vAlA palAza vAyukumAra vapra stanitakumAra- karNikAra--kaNera 1. bhAratavarSa meM jAti-bheda, pR0 75-77 / 2. bhagavatI, 2074 : arahA tAva niyamaM titthakare, tityaM puNa cAuvaNNe samaNasaMgha / 3. dIghanikAya (sAmaJaphalasutta), prathama bhAga, pR0 56-67 / 4. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 218 / 5. padmapurANa, uttarakhaMDa, 50151 : utpannA drAviDe cAham / 6. sthAnAMga, 1081-82 /

Page #29
22 saMskRti ke do pravAha caMpaka isI prakAra vyantara devoM ke bhI ATha caityavRkSa batalAe gae haiMpizAca kadamba bhUta-~ tulasI yakSa baragada rAkSasa--- khaTvAMga kinnara azoka kiMpuruSanAga yA mahoraga- nAga gandharva tinduka mahAtmA buddha ke bodhi-vRkSa kA mahattva Arambha se ho rahA hai| janoM ke 24 tIrthaGkaroM ke 24 jJAna-vRkSa mAne gae haiM tIrthakara jJAna-vRkSa tIrthakara mAna-vRkSa 1. vRSabha- nyagrodha 13. vimala-- jambU 2. ajita-- saptaparNa 14. ananta-- azvattha 3. saMbhava- zAla 15. dharma- dadhiparNa 4. abhinandana -priyAla 16. zAMti-- naMdi 5. sumati- priyaMgu 17. kunthu- tilaka 6. padmaprabha- chatrAma 18. ara Amra 7. supArzva- sirIsa 16. mallI azoka 8. candraprabha- nAga 20. munisuvrata- caMpaka 6. suvidhi- mallI 21. nami bakula 10. zItala-- plakSa 22. nemi-- vetasa 11. zreyAMsa- tiduka 23. pAzva-- dhAtakI 12. vAsupUjya-pATala 24. mahAvIra- zAla sindUra bhI Arya-pUrva nAga jAti kI vastu hai| zramaNa sAhitya meM nadI, vakSa Adi kA utsava manAne ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki AcArya kSitimohana sena ne jina vastuoM ko vedabAhya yA avaidika kahA hai. unakA mahattva yA mahattvapUrNa ullekha zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya meM milatA hai| unake AdhAra para isa niSkarSa para 1. sthAnAMga, 8.117 / 2. samavAyAMga, samavAya 157 / 3. rAjapraznIya, pR0 284 /

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zramaNa saMskRti kA prAg-aitihAsika astitva pahuMcanA kaThina nahIM hai ki jise Arya-pUrva saMskRti yA avaidika paramparA kahA jAtA hai, vaha zramaNa paramparA hI honI caahie| purAtatva mohanajodar3o kI khudAI se jo avazeSa prApta hue haiM, unakA sambandha zramaNa yA jaina paramparA se hai, aisA kucha vidvAn mAnate haiN| yadyapi eka mata se yaha tathya svIkRta nahIM huA hai phira bhI sAre parikara kA sUkSma avalokana karane para unakA sambandha zramaNa paramparA se hI jur3atA hai| isake lie sara jAna mArzala kI "mohanajodar3o eNDa iTsa sivilijezana" ke prathama bhAga kI bArahavIM pleTa kI 13, 14, 15, 18, 16 aura 20 vIM koSThikA ke mUrti-citra darzanIya haiN| - sindhu-ghATI se prApta mUrtiyoM aura kuSANakAlIna jaina mUrtiyoM meM apUrva sAmya hai| kAyotsarga-mudrA jaina paramparA kI hI dena hai| prAcIna jaina mUrtiyAM adhikAMzataH isI mudrA meM prApta hotI haiM / mohanajodar3o kI khudAI se prApta mUrtiyoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve kAyotsarga arthAta khaDI madrA meM haiM, dhyAna-lIna haiM aura nagna haiN| khar3e raha kara kAyotsarga karane kI paddhati jaina paramparA meM bahuta pracalita hai| isa madrA ko 'sthAna' yA 'UdhrvasthAna' kahA jAtA hai / pataJjali ne jise Asana kahA hai, jaina AcArya use 'sthAna' kahate haiN| sthAna kA artha hai 'gati-nivRtti' / usake tIna prakAra haiM (1) Urdhva sthAna-khar3e hokara kAyotsarga karanA / (2) niSIdana sthAna-baiThakara kAyotsarga krnaa| (3) zayana sthAna-sokara kAyotsarga karanA / paryaGkAsana yA padmAsana jaina mUrtiyoM kI vizeSatA hai| dharma paramparAoM meM yogamudrAoM kA bheda hotA thA, usI ke sandarbha meM AcArya hemacaMdra ne likhA hai ___ 'prabho! ApakI paryata Asana aura nAsAgradRSTi vAlI yogamudrA ko bhI paratIthika nahIM sIkha pAe haiM to bhalA ve aura kyA sIkheMge ?'2 prophesara prANanAtha ne mohanajodar3o kI eka mudrA para 'jinezvara' zabda par3hA DelphI se prApta prAcIna Agiva mUrti, jo kAyotsarga mudrA meM hai, 1. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1465; Avazyaka hAribhadrIyavRtti, patra 773 / 2. ayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, zloka 20 / 3. iNDiyana hisTorikala kvATarlI, 8, pariziSTa pR0 30 / /

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24 saMskRti ke do pravAha dhyAnalIna hai aura usake donoM kaMdhoM para RSabha kI bhAMti kezarAzi laTakI huI hai / DA0 ka lidAsa nAga ne use jaina-mUrti ke anurUpa batAyA hai| vaha lagabhaga dasa hajAra varSa purAnI hai|' apolo rezapha (yUnAna) kI dhar3amUrti bhI vaisI hI hai / ye bhI zramaNa saMskRti kI sudIrgha prAcInatA ke pramANa mohanajodar3o se prApta mUrtiyoM yA unake upAsakoM ke sira para nAgaphaNa kA aMkana hai| vaha nAgavaMza ke sambandha kA sUcaka hai / sAtaveM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn supArzva ke sira para sarpa-maNDala kA chatra thaa|' nAgajAti vaidikakAla se pUrvavartI bhAratIya jAti thii| yakSa, gandharva, kinnara aura drAviDa jAtiyAM bhI mUlataH bhAratIya aura zramaNoM kI upAsaka thiiN| unakI sabhyatA aura saMskRti Rgvaidika sabhyatA aura saMskRti se pUrvavartI aura svatantra thii| unake upAsya RSabha, supArzva Adi tIrthaGkara bhI prAg-vaidikakAla meM hue the| pUrvokta donoM sAdhanoM (sAhitya aura purAtattva) se hama isa niSkarSa para pahucate haiM ki zramaNaparamparA vaidikakAla se pUrvavartI hai| 1. Discovery of Asia, plate No. 5. 2. (ka) Adi tIrthaGkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva, pR0 140 ke bAda / (kha) R. G. Marse-The historic importance of bronze statue of Reshief, discovered in Syprus. (Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Poona, Vol. XIV, pp 230-236). 3. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, parva 3, sarga 5, zloka 78-80 : tIrthAya namaH ityuktvA tatra siMhAsanottame / upAvizajjagannAtho'tizayarupazobhitaH // pRthvIdevyA tadA svapne dRSTaM tAdagmahoragam / zako vicakre bhagavanmUlicchavamivAparam / / tadAdi cAbhUtsamavasaraNeSvapareSvapi / nAga ekaphaNaH paJcaphaNo navaphaNo'thavA // 4. sara jaoNna mArzala : 'mohanajodar3o', bhAga 1, aMka 8, pR0 110-112 /

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3. zramaNa saMskRti ke matavAda zramaNa saMskRti kI AdhArazilA prAga-aitihAsika kAla meM hI rakhI jA cukI thii| buddha aura mahAvIra ke kAla meM to vaha aneka tIrthoM meM vibhakta ho cukI thii| vibhAga kA krama bhagavAn RSabha se hI prArambha ho cukA thaa| usakA prArambha bhagavAna RSabha ke ziSya marIci se huA thaa| eka dina garmI se vyAkula hokara usane socA-yaha zramaNa jIvana bahuta kaThina hai| maiM isakI ArAdhanA ke lie apane Apako asamartha pAtA huuN| yaha soca kara vaha tridaNDo tapasvI bana gyaa| usane parikalpanA kI-zramaNa mana, vacana aura kAyA-ina tInoM kA damana karate haiN| maiM ina tInoM daNDoM kA damana karane meM asamartha hUM, isalie maiM tridaNDa cihna ko dhAraNa kruuNgaa| zramaNa indriya muNDa haiN| maiM iMdriyoM para vijaya pAne meM asamartha hUM, isalie sira ko muNDAUMgA, kevala coTI rkhuugaa| zramaNa akiMcana haiN| maiM akiMcana rahane meM asamartha hUM, isalie kucha parigraha rakhUgA / zramaNa zIla se sugandhita haiN| maiM zIla se sugandhita nahIM hUM, isalie caMdana Adi sugandhita dravyoM kA lepa kruuNgaa| zramaNa moha se rahita haiM / maiM moha se Acchanna hUM, isalie chatra dhAraNa kruuNgaa| zramaNa pAdukA nahIM pahanate, kintu maiM naMge paira calane meM asamartha hUM, isalie pAdukA dhAraNa karUMgA / zramaNa kaSAya se akaluSita haiM, isalie ve digambara yA zvetAmbara haiN| maiM kaSAya se kaluSita hUM, isalie geruve vastra dhAraNA karUMgA / zramaNa hiMsA-bhIru haiN| maiM pUrNa hiMsA kA varjana karane meM asamartha hUM, isalie parimita jala se snAna bhI karUMgA aura kaccA jala bhI piiuuNgaa| isa parikalpanA ke anusAra vaha parivrAjaka ho gyaa|' 1. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 347, 350,356 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha jaina sAhitya meM zramaNoM ke pAMca prakAra batalAe gae haiMnirgrantha- jaina muni, zAkya- bauddha bhikSa, tApasa- jaTAdhArI vanavAsI tapasvI, geruka- tridaNDI parivrAjaka, AjIvaka- gozAlaka ke ziSya / nizIthaNi meM anyatIrthika zramaNoM ke 30 gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai| bauddha-sAhitya meM buddha ke atirikta chaha zramaNa-saMgha ke tIrthaGkaroM kA ullekha milatA hai|' dazavakAlika niyukti meM zramaNa ke aneka paryAyavAcI nAma batalAe gae haiM--pravajita, anagAra, pASaNDa, caraka, tApasa, bhikSa, parivrAjaka, zramaNa, nirgrantha, saMyata, mukta, tIrNa, vAyI, dravya, muni, kSAnta, dAnta, virata, rUkSa aura tiirsth| ina nAmoM meM caraka, tApasa, parivrAjaka Adi zabda nirgranthoM se bhinna zramaNa sampradAya ke sUcaka haiN| zramaNa ke ekArthavAcI zabdoM meM una sabakA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| 1. pravacanasAroddhAra, gAthA 731-733 : niggaMtha sakka tAvasa geruya, AjIva paMcahA samaNA / tammi niggaMthA te je, jiNasAsaNabhavA muNiNo // sakkA ya sugayasIsA, je jaDilA te u tAvasA gIyA / je dhAurattavatthA, tidaMDiNo geruyA te u|| je gosAlagamayamaNusaraMti, bhannati te u AjIvA / samaNattaNeNa bhuvaNe, paMcavi pattA pasiddhimime / / 2. nizIthaca Ni, bhAga 2, pR0 118-200 / 3. dIghanikAya, sAmaJaphalasutta, pR0 16-22 / 4. dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA 158-156 /

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4. zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu jitane zramaNa sampradAya the, unameM aneka matavAda the| pUraNakazyapa akriyAvAdI thA / maskarI gozAlaka saMsAra-zuddhivAdI yA niyativAdI thA / ajita kezakambala ucchedavAdI thA / pakuddhakAtyAyana anyonyavAdI thA / saMjayavelaTiThaputra vikSepavAdI thA / " bauddha darzana kSaNikavAdI aura jaina darzana syAdvAdI thaa| itane virodhI vicAroM ke hote hue bhI ve saba zramaNa the, avaidika the / isakA hetu kyA thA ? kauna sA aisA samatA kA dhAgA thA, jo sabako eka mAlA meM piroe hue thA / isa prazna kI mImAMsA aba taka prApta nahIM hai / kintu zramaNoM kI mAnyatA aura jIvana-caryA kA adhyayana karane para hama unakI ekasUtratA ke kucheka mUlabhUta hetuoM para pahuMca sakate haiM : veda kA aprAmANya 1. paramparAgata ekatA 2. vrata 3. saMnyAsa yA zrAmaNya 4. yajJa-pratirodha :-- 5. 6. jAti kI atAttvikatA 7. samatva kI bhAvanA va ahiMsA uttarAdhyayana meM ina viSayoM para bahuta vyavasthita vivecana kiyA gayA hai / vaha AdhyAtmika hone ke sAtha-sAtha aitihAsika bhI hai / 1. paramparAgata ekatA zramaNa paramparA kA mUla udgama eka hai, isalie aneka sampradAya hone para bhI mUlataH vaha avibhakta hai / zramaNa paramparA kA udgama bhagavAn RSabha se huA hai / jayaghoSa brAhmaNa ne nirgrantha vijayaghoSa se pUchA -dharma 1. dIghanikAya, sAmaJJaphalasutta, pR0 16 / 2. ( ka ) bhagavatI, 15 / (kha) upAsakadazA, 7 / (ga) dIghanikAya, sAmaJJaphalasutta, pR0 20 / 3. ( ka ) dazAzrutaskaMdha, chaTThI dazA / ( kha ) dIghanikAya, sAmaJJaphalasutta, pR0 20-21 / 4. ( ka ) sUtrakRtAMga, 1|12|7 ( kha ) dIghanikAya, sAmaJJaphalasutta, pR0 21 / 5. dIghanikAya, sAmaJJaphalasutta, pR0 22 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha 28 kA mukha kyA hai ? vijayaghoSa ne uttara diyA- dharma kA mukha kAzyapa RSabha haiM / ' zrImadbhAgavata ke anusAra ve zramaNoM kA dharma prakaTa karane ke lie avatarita hue / ' unhoMne rAjA nami kI putrI sudevI ke garbha se RSabhadeva ke rUpa meM janma liyA / isa avatAra ne samasta AsaktiyoM se rahita rahakara apanI iMdriyoM aura mana ko atyanta zAnta karake evaM apane svarUpa meM sthira hokara samadarzI ke rUpa meM jar3oM kI bhAMti yogacaryA kA AcaraNa kiyA / isa sthiti ko maharSi loga paramahaMsa pada kahate haiM / nirantara viSaya-bhogoM kI abhilASA ke kAraNa apane vAstavika zreya se cirakAla taka besudha hue logoM ko jinhoMne karuNAvaza nirbhaya Atmaloka kA upadeza diyA aura jo svayaM nirantara anubhava hone vAle AtmasvarUpa kI prApti se saba prakAra kI tRSNAoM se mukta the, una bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko namaskAra hai / " brahmANDapurANa ke anusAra mahAdeva RSabha ne dasa prakAra ke dharma kA svayaM AcaraNa kiyA aura kevalajJAna kI prApti hone para bhagavAn ne jo maharSi parameSThI, vItarAga, snAtaka, nirgrantha, naiSThika the- unheM usakA upadeza diyA / jaina sAhitya meM to yaha spaSTa hai hI ki zramaNa dharma ke Adi-pravartaka bhagavAn RSabha the / " isa prakAra jaina aura vaidika- donoM prakAra ke sAhitya se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki zramaNa dharma kA Adi srota bhagavAn RSabha haiM / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 25 / 14,16 / 2. zrImadbhAgavata, 5 / 3 / 20 : dharmAndarzayitukAmo vAtarazanAnAM zramaNAnAmRSINAmUrva manthinAM zuklayA tanuvAvatatAra | 3. vahI, 217110 : nAbherasAvRSabha Asa sudevisUnuryovacacAra samadRg jaDayogacaryAm / yat pAramahaMsyamRSayaH padamAmananti svasthaH prazAntakaraNaH parimuktasaGgaH // 4. vahI, 5 / 6 / 16 : nityAnubhUtanijalAbhanivRttatRSNaH zreyasyatadracanayA cirasuptabuddha: / lokasya yaH karuNayAbhayamAtmalokamAkhyAnnamo bhagavate RSabhAya tasmai // 5. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 2163, patra 135 : usahe NAmaM arahA kosalie paDhamarAyA paDhamajiNe paDhamakevalI paDhamatitthakare paDhamadhammavaracakkavaTTI samupajjatthe |

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usakehe tu RSabha kA dharma prAga-aitihAsika kAla kI sImA kA atikramaNa kara jaba itihAsa kI sImA meM AtA hai taba bhI usakA mUla-srota bahuta vibhakta nahIM miltaa| . bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tIrthakAla meM jo zramaNa saMgha upalabdha the, ve adhikAMza pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se sambandhita the| dIghanikAya meM jina chaha tIrthaGkaroM kA varNana hai, una sabako 'saMghI' aura, 'gaNI' kahA gayA hai|' dharma sampradAyoM meM 'saMgha' kI paramparA zramaNoM kI dena hai / aitihAsika kAla meM zramaNa saMgha kA sabase pahalA udAharaNa bhagavAna pArzva ke tIrtha kA hai| dharmAnanda kozAmbI ne likhA hai ___ 'pArzva muni ne tIsarI bAta yaha kI ki apane navIna dharma ke pracAra ke lie unhoMne saMgha bnaae| bauddha sAhitya se isa bAta kA patA lagatA hai ki buddha ke samaya jo saMgha vidyamAna the, una saghoM meM jaina sAdha aura sAdhviyoM kA saMgha sabase bar3A thaa| ___ 'pArzva ke pahale brAhmaNoM ke bar3e-bar3e samUha the, para ve sirpha yajJayAjJa kA pracAra karane ke lie hI the| yajJa-yAjJa kA tiraskAra kara usakA tyAga karake jaMgaloM meM tapasyA karane vAloM ke saMgha bhI the| tapasyA kA eka aMga samajha kara hI ve ahiMsA-dharma kA pAlana karate the, para samAja meM usakA upadeza nahIM dete the| ve logoM se bahata kama milate-julate the| __ 'buddha ke pahale yajJa-yAjJa ko dharma mAnane vAle brAhmaNa the aura usake bAda yajJa-yAjJa se Ubakara jaMgaloM meM jAne vAle tapasvI the| buddha ke samaya aise brAhmaNa aura tapasvI na the--aisI bAta nahIM hai| para ina do prakAra ke doSoM ko dekhane vAle tIsare prakAra ke bhI saMnyAsI the aura una logoM meM pArzva muni ke ziSyoM ko pahalA sthAna denA caahie|" bhagavAn pAzrva aura mahAtmA buddha devasenAcArya (AThavIM sadI) ke anusAra mahAtmA buddha Arambha meM jaina the| jainAcArya pihitAsrava ne sarayU nadI para sthita palAza nAmaka grAma meM pArzva ke saMgha meM unheM dIkSA dI aura muni 'buddhakIti' nAma rkhaa| ___zrImatI rAisa DeviDsa kA bhI mata hai ki buddha pahale guru kI khoja 1. dIghanikAya, sAmaphalasutta, prathama bhAga, pR0 41-42 : saMghI ceva gaNI ceva / 2. bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA, pR0 41,43 / 3. darzanasAra, 6 : siripAsaNAhatitthe, sarayUtIre palAsaNayarattho / pihiyAsavassa sisso, mahAsudo vuDDhakitti muNI //

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saMskRti ke do pravAha 30 meM vaizAlI phuNce| vahAM AcAra aura udaka se unakI bheMTa huI, phira bAda meM unhoMne jaina dharma kI tapa - vidhi kA abhyAsa kiyA / DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukharjI abhimata meM buddha ne pahale AtmAnubhava ke lie usa kAla meM pracalita donoM sAdhanAoM kA abhyAsa kiyA / AlAra aura udraka ke nirdezAnusAra brAhmaNa - mArga kA aura taba jaina-mArga kA aura bAda meM apane svataMtra sAdhanAmArga kA vikAsa kiyA / mahAtmA buddha pArzva kI paramparA meM dIkSita hue yA nahIM -- ina donoM praznoM ko gauNa kara hama isa rekhA para pahuMcate haiM ki unhoMne ahiMsA Adi tattvoM kA jo nirUpaNa kiyA, usakA bahuta bar3A AdhAra bhagavAn pArzva kI paramparA hai / unake zabda prayoga bhI pArzva kI paramparA ke jitane nikaTa haiM, utane anya kisI paramparA ke nikaTa nahIM haiM / Aja bho tripiTaka aura dvAdazAMgI kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane vAle sahaja hI isa kalpanA para pahuMca jAte haiM ki una donoM kA mUla eka hai / vicAra-bheda kI sthiti meM sampradAya - parivartana kI rIti usa samaya bahuta pracalita thI / piTakoM va AgamoM ke abhyAsI ke lie yaha aparicita viSaya nahIM hai / mahAtmA buddha ke pramukha ziSya modgalyAyana bhI pahale pArzvanAtha kI ziSya - paramparA meM the / ve bhagavAn mahAvIra kI kisI pravRtti se ruSTa hokara buddha ke ziSya bana ge|" gozAlaka aura pUraNakazyapa AjIvaka sampradAya ke AcArya gozAlaka ke viSaya meM do mAnyatAeM pracalita haiM / zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra vaha bhagavAn mahAvIra kA ziSya thA aura digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra vaha pArzva kI ziSya paramparA meM thA / maMkhalIputra gozAlaka ne sarvAnubhUti aura sunakSatra- ina donoM nigraMthoM ko apanI tejolezyA se jalA DAlA, taba bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA'gozAlaka ! maiMne tumheM pravrajita kiyA, bahuzruta kiyA aura tuma Aja mere hI sAtha isa prakAra kA mithyA AcaraNa kara rahe ho, yaha tumhAre lie ucita nahIM hai / isakA Azaya spaSTa hai ki gozAlaka bhagavAn mahAvIra 14 1. Gautma, the man, 22/5. 2. hindU sabhyatA, pR0 236 / 3. dharma parIkSA, adhyAya, 18 / 4. bhagavatI, 15 / 111 : tumaM mae ceva pavvAvie jAva mae ceva bahussuI kae, mamaM deva micchaM vipaDivanne taM mA evaM gosAla ?

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu ke pAsa pravajita huA thaa| chaha varSa taka bhagavAn ke sAtha rahA aura usake bAda vaha AjIvaka saMgha kA AcArya bana gyaa| usa samaya usake sAtha bhagavAna pArzva ke chaha ziSya sammilita hue| digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra mazkarI gozAlaka aura pUraNakazyapa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prathama samavasaraNa (dharma-pariSad) meM vidyamAna the| ve donoM pArzvanAtha ke praziSya the| usa pariSad meM iMdrabhUti gautama aae| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dhvani kA kSaraNa huaa| mazkarI gozAlaka ruSTa hokara calA gyaa| usane socA-bahuta Azcarya kI bAta hai, gyAraha aMgoM (zAstroM) ko dhAraNa karane vAlA maiM pariSada meM vidyamAna thA phira bhI bhagavAn kI dhvani kA kSaraNa nahIM huaa| mujhe usake yogya nahIM samajhA gyaa| yaha iMdrabhUti gautama vedapAThI hai| aMgoM ko nahIM jAnatA, phira bhI usake Ane para bhagavAna kI dhvani kA kSaraNa huaa| use usake yogya samajhA gyaa| isase lagatA hai ki jJAna kA koI mUlya nahIM hai| ajJAna hI zreSTha hai| usIse mokSa kI prApti hotI hai| isa prakAra vaha ajJAnavAdI bana gayA / ___ zvetAmbara aura digambara mAnyatAoM meM bheda hone para bhI isameM koI matabheda nahIM hai ki gozAlaka kA sambandha zramaNa paramparA ke mUla udgama se thaa| AjIvaka sampradAya gozAlaka se pahale bhI thaa| vaha usakA pravartaka nahIM thaa| usa sampradAya kA mUla-srota bhI prAcIna zramaNa paramparA se bhinna nahIM hai| jaina zramaNoM aura AjIvakoM kI tapasyA paddhati aura siddhAntanirUpaNA meM kucha bheda thA to bahuta samAnatA bhI thI, kintu usameM mukhya bheda AjIvikA kI vatti kA thaa| AjIvaka zramaNa vidyA Adi ke prayoga dvArA AjIvikA karate the| jaina zramaNoM ko yaha sarvathA amAnya thaa| jo zramaNa lakSaNa, svapna aura aMgavidyA kA prayoga karate the, unheM jaina zramaNa kahane ko bhI ve taiyAra nahIM the| AjIvaka loga mUlataH pArzva kI paramparA se udabhUta the, yaha mAnanA nirAdhAra nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga (shsh|5) meM niyativAdiyoM ko pArzvastha kahA hai1. bhagavatI, 1577 / 2. darzanasAra, 176-176 / 3. History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, p. 98. 4. uttarAdhyayana, 8 / 13; 157,16 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha evamegehu pAsatthA, te bhujjo vippagammimA / evaM udviA saMtA, gate dukkhavimokkhayA / / vattikAra ne pArzvastha kA artha 'yakti se bAhara Thaharane vAlA' yA 'pAza-bandhana meM sthita' kiyA hai, kintu ye sAre artha kalpanA se adhika mUlya nahIM rakhate / vastutaH pArzvastha kA artha 'pArzvanAtha kI paramparA se sambandhita' honA caahie| __ bhagavAna mahAvIra ne tIrtha kI sthApanA kI aura ve caubIsaveM tIrthaGkara hue| usake pazcAta bhagavAna pArzva ke aneka ziSya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM pravajita ho gae aura aneka pravajita nahIM bhI hue| hamArA aisA anumAna hai ki bhagavAn pArzva ke jo ziSya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM sammilita nahIM hue usake lie pArzvastha' zabda prayukta huA hai tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra se pahale hI kucha sAdhu bhagavAn pArTsa kI mAnyatA kA atikramaNa kara apane svataMtra vicAroM kA pracAra kara rahe the unake lie bhI 'pArzvastha' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| pahalI zreNI vAloM ko 'dezataH pArzvastha' kahA gayA hai, evaM dUsarI zreNI vAloM ko 'sarvataH pArzvastha' kahA gayA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tIrtha-pravartana ke bAda bhI pArzva kI paramparA ke jo zramaNa jaina dharma kI ratnatrayI-jJAna, darzana aura cAritra--se sarvathA vimukha hokara mithyAdRSTi kA pracAra karane meM rata the, unheM 'sarvataH pArzvastha' kahA gayA hai| jo zramaNa zayyAtara-piNDa, abhihata-piNDa, rAja-piNDa, nitya-piNDa, agra-piNDa Adi AhAra kA upabhoga karate the, unheM 'dezataH pArzvastha' kahA gyaa|" AjIvaka 'sarvataH pArzvastha' the / gozAlaka AjIvaka-sampradAya ke 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 111 / 32 vRtti / yuktikadambakAbahistiSThantIti pArzvasthA: paralokakriyApArzvasthA vA, niyatipakSasamAzrayaNAtparalokakriyAvayathyaM, yadi vA---pAza iva pAza:--karma bandhanaM, tacceha yuktivikala niyativAdaprarUpaNaM tatra sthitAH pAzasthAH / 2. pravacanasAroddhAra, gAthA 104-105 : so pAsattho duviho, savve dese ya hoi naayvvo| savvaMmi nANadaMsaNacaraNANaM jo u pAsaMmi / / desaMmi ya pAsattho, sejjAyara'bhihaDarAyapiNDaM ca / nIyaM ca aggapiNDaM bhuMjai nikkAraNe ceva //

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu AcArya the, pravartaka nahIM / vaha gozAlaka se pahale hI pracalita thA / zvetAmbara sAhitya ke anusAra gozAlaka bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ziSya the aura digambara sAhitya ke anusAra ve bhagavAn mahAvIra kI prathama pravacanapariSad meM upasthita the / mahAvIra se unakA samparka thA, isameM donoM sahamata haiM / digambara sAhitya ke anusAra gozAlaka pArzva - paramparA meM the aura zvetAmbara sAhitya meM niyativAdiyoM ko pArzvastha' kahA hai / isa prakAra unake pArzva kI paramparA se saMbaMdhita hone meM bhI donoM sahamata haiM / ina do abhimatoM se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki gozAlaka prArambha meM pArzva kI paramparA meM dIkSita hue aura bAda meM mahAvIra ke sAtha rahe / digambaroM ne pahalI sthiti ko pramukhatA dI aura gozAlaka ko pArzva kI paramparA kA zramaNa mAnA / zvetAmbaroM ne dUsarI sthiti ko pramukhatA dI aura gozAlaka ko mahAvIra kA ziSya maanaa| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki bhagavAn pArzva kI paramparA tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra se unakA pUrva saMbaMdha rahA thA / darzanasAra meM maskarI gozAlaka aura pUraNakazyapa kA eka sAtha ullekha hai / isase unake ghaniSTa sambandha kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai / eka paramparA meM dIkSita hone ke kAraNa unakA paraspara sambandha rahA ho to koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM / aMguttaranikAya meM maskarI gozAlaka ke chaha abhijAti ke siddhAMta ko pUraNakazyapa kA batalAyA gayA hai / isa prakAra buddha, maskarI gozAlaka aura pUraNakazyapa kA zramaNa paramparA ke mUla srota bhagavAn pArzva yA mahAvIra se sambandha thA, isakA spaSTa ullekha milatA hai / saMjaya, ajitakezakambala aura pakuddhakAtyAyana ke viSaya meM koI spaSTa jAnakArI nahIM milatI, phira bhI unakI paramparA sarvathA maulika rahI ho, aisA pratibhAsita nahIM hotA / vrata 33 zramaNa paramparA meM vrata kA bahuta mahattva rahA hai| usake AdhAra para sabhI manuSya tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kie gae haiM - bAla, paMDita aura bAlapaMDita / jisake koI vrata nahIM hotA, vaha 'bAla' kahalAtA hai / jo mahAvratoM ko svIkAra karatA hai, vaha 'paMDita' kahalAtA hai aura jo aNuvratoM ko 1. History and Doctrines of the ajivikas, p. 97. 2. aMguttaranikAya, bhAga 3, pR0 383 /

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34 saMskRti ke do pravAha svIkAra karatA hai arthAt vratI bhI hotA hai aura avratI bhI, vaha 'bAlapaMDita' kahalAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sAdhu ke lie pAMca mahAvrata aura rAtribhojanaviramaNavrata kA vidhAna kiyaa| pAMca mahAvrata ye haiM-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha / zrAvaka ke lie bAraha vratoM kI vyavasthA kii|' unameM pAMca aNuvrata aura sAta zikSAvrata haiM--- 1. sthala prANAtipAta-virati / 1. dig-vrt| 2. sthUla mRSAvAda-virati / 2. upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa / 3. sthUla adattAdAna-virati / 3. anarthadaNDa-virati / 4. svdaar-sNtoss| 4. saamaayik| 5. icchaa-primaann| 5. dezAvakAzika / 6. pauSadha / 7. atithisNvibhaag| mahAtmA buddha ne bhikSuoM ke lie dasa zIloM aura upAsakoM ke lie pAMca zIloM kA vidhAna kiyA thAdasa zIla' pAMca zIla' 1. prANAtipAta-virati / 1. prANAtipAta-virati / 2. adattAdAna-virati / 2. adttaadaan-virti| 3. abrahmacarya-virati / 3. kaam-mithyaacaar-virti| 4. mRSAvAda-virati / 4. mRSAvAda-virati / 5. surA-madya-maireya-virati / 5. surA-maireya-pramAda-sthAna-virati 6. akAla-bhojana-virati / 7. nRtya-gIta-vAditra-virati / 8. mAlya-gaMdha-vilepana-virati / 6. uccAsana-zapana-virati / 10. jAtarUpa-rajata-pratigraha-virati / AjIvaka-upAsaka bailoM ko napuMsaka nahIM karate the; unakI nAka bhI. 1. sUtrakRtAGga, 2 / 2 / 75 / 2. upAsakadazA, 1112 / 3. bauddhadharmadarzana, pR0 19 / 4. vahI, pR0 24 / -

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35 zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu nahIM badhate the; AjIvikA ke lie trasa jIvoM kA vadha nahIM karate the| udumbara aura baragada ke phala tathA pyAja-lahasuna aura kanda-mUla Adi naha khAte the / ' isa prakAra jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka - ina tInoM meM vratoM kI vyavastha milatI hai / zeSa zramaNa sampradAyoM meM bhI vratoM kI vyavasthA honI cAhie jahAM zrAmaNya yA pravrajyA kI vyavasthA hai, vahAM vratoM kI vyavasthA na ho, aisa sambhava nahIM lagatA / jaina dharma aura vrata-paramparA sro harmana jekobI ne aisI saMbhAvanA kI hai ki jainoM ne apane vrata brAhmaNoM se udhAra lie haiM / brAhmaNa saMnyAsI mukhyatayA ahiMsA, satya acaurya, saMtoSa aura muktatA - ina pAMca vratoM kA pAlana karate the / DA0 kobI kA abhimata hai ki jaina- mahAvratoM kI vyavasthA ke AdhAra ukta pAMca vrata bane haiM / yaha saMbhAvanA kevala kalpanA para AdhArita hai / isakA koI vAstavika AdhAra nahIM hai / yadi hama vratoM kI paramparA kA aitihAsika adhyayana kareM to ahiMsA Adi vratoM kA mUla brAhmaNa - paramparA meM nahIM pAeMge / Mero jekobI ne baudhAyana meM ullikhita vratoM ke AdhAra para yaha saMbhAvanA kI, kintu prazna yaha hai ki usameM vrata kahAM se Ae ? isa prazna para vicAra karane se pUrva saMnyAsa Azrama para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / kyoMki vrata aura saMnyAsa kA avicchinna sambandha hai / vaidika sAhitya meM sarvaM prAcIna grantha veda haiM / unameM 'Azrama' zabda kA ullekha nahIM hai / brAhmaNa aura AraNyaka granthoM meM bhI AzramoM kI carcA nahIM hai / upaniSad - kAla meM AzramoM kI carcA prArambha hotI hai| bRhadAraNyaka meM saMnyAsa ko 'Atma-jijJAsA ke bAda hone vAlI sthiti' kahA hai| vahAM likhA hai'isa AtmA ko brAhmaNa vedoM ke svAdhyAya, yajJa, dAna aura niSkAma-tapa ke dvArA jAnane kI icchA karate haiM / isI ko jAnakara muni hote haiM / isa Atmaloka kI hI icchA karate hue tyAgI puruSa saba kucha tyAga kara cale jAte haiM, saMnyAsI ho jAte haiM / isa saMnyAsa meM kAraNa yaha hai- pUrvavartI 1. bhagavatI, 8 / 242 / 2. The Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, Introduction p. 24. "It therefore probable that the Jains have borrowed their own vows from the Brahmans, not from the Buddhists.

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saMskRti ke do pravAha vidvAn santAna (tathA sakAma karma Adi) kI icchA nahIM karate the| (ve socate the) hameM prajA se kyA lenA hai, jina hamako ki yaha AtmAloka abhISTa hai| ataH ve putraSaNA, vittaSaNA aura lokeSaNA se vyutthAna kara phira bhikSAcaryA karate the|" isa uddharaNa meM pUrvavartI vidvAn santAna kI icchA nahIM karate the aura lokaSaNA se vyutthAna kara phira bhikSAcaryA karate the'-ye vAkya nivartaka paramparA kI ora saMketa karate haiN| vaidika paramparA lokaSaNA se vimukha nahIM rahI hai| usameM putraiSaNA kI pradhAnatA rahI hai aura yahAM batAyA hai ki jo bhI putraiSaNA hai, vaha vittaSaNA hai aura jo vittaSaNA hai, vahI lokaiSaNA hai|' __zramaNa paramparA kA mukhya sUtra hai-'lokaSaNA mata karo'--'no logassesaNaM cre|" bhRgu purohita ne apane putroM se kahA---'pahale putroM ko utpanna karo, phira AraNyaka muni ho jaanaa|" unhoMne uttara kI bhASA meM kahA-'pitA ! putra trANa nahIM hote, isalie unheM utpanna karanA anivArya dharma nahIM hai / vaidika dhAraNA ThIka isa dhAraNA ke viparIta hai| taittirIya saMhitA meM kahA gayA hai-'janma prApta karane vAlA brAhmaNa tIna RNoM ke sAtha hI janma letA hai| ve tIna RNa haiM-RSiRNa, devaRNa aura pitRRNa / RSiyoM kA RNa brahmacarya se, devoM kA RNa yajJa se tathA pitaroM kA RNa prajotpAdana se cukAyA jA sakatA hai| pUtravAna, yajanazIla tathA brahmacarya ko pUrNa karane vAlA mAnava uRNa hotA hai| isI prakAra aitareya brAhmaNa meM batAyA hai.--'ikSvAkuvaMza ke vedhasa rAjA kA putra rAjA harizcaMdra niHsaMtAna thaa| usake sau patniyAM thiiN| parantu usake koI putra na huaa| usake ghara meM parvata aura nArada do RSi rahate the| usane nArada se pUchA"sabhI putra kI icchA karate haiM, jJAnI ho yA ajJAnI / he nArada ! batAo, pUtra se kyA lAbha hotA hai ?' nArada ne isa eka prazna kA dasa zlokoM meM uttara diyaa| unameM pahalA 1. bRhadAraNyaka, 4 / 4 / 22 / 2. vahI, 4 / 4 / 22 / 3. AyAro 417 // 4. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 6 / 5. vahI, 14 / 12 / 6. taittirIya saMhitA, 6 / 3 / 10 / 5

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zramaNa paramparA ko ekasUtratA aura usake hetu zloka isa prakAra hai RNamasmin sanayatyamRtatvaM ca gacchati / pitA putrasya jAtasya pazyecvejjIvatomukham // -agara pitA jIte hue putra kA mukha dekha le to usakA RNa chUTa jAtA hai aura vaha amara ho jAtA hai|' ukta uddharaNoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki zramaNa-paramparA meM saMnyAsa kI pradhAnatA rahI hai aura vaidika-paramparA meM putra utpanna karane kii| usa sthiti meM isa upaniSad kA yaha vAkya - tatpUrve vidvAMsaH prajAM na kAmayaMte'---bahuta hI artha-sUcaka hai| jaina darzana kA saMnyAsa nitAnta AtmavAda para AdhArita hai| AcAra kI ArAdhanA vahI kara pAtA hai, jo AtmavAdI, - lokavAdI, karmavAdI aura kriyAvAdI hotA hai| Atma-jijJAsA ke binA saMnyAsa kA prazna hI upasthita nahIM hotaa| isa dhAraNA ke Aloka meM hama sahaja hI yaha dekha pAte haiM ki Atma-jijJAsA para AdhArita saMnyAsa (jisakA saMketa bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad detA hai) zramaNoM kI dIrghakAlIna paramparA hai| bhagavAn pArzva ke samaya zramaNa saMgha bahuta susaMgaThita yaa| upaniSad kA racanAkAla unase pahale nahIM jaataa| bhagavAn pArzva kA astitva-kAla I0 pU0 dasavIM zatAbdI hai' aura upaniSadoM kA racanA-kAla prAyaH I0 pUrva 1. aitareya brAhmaNa, 7 vIM paMcikA, adhyAya 3 / 2. AcArAMga, 1111115 / 3. bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa-kAla I0 pU0 528 meM huA thA / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana-kAla 72 varSa thaa| (dekhi e---jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa para vizada prakAza, pR0 26) : bhagavAn pArzva bhagavAn mahAvIra se 250 varSa pahale hue the| pAsajiNAo ya hoi vIrajiNo / aTThAijjasaehiM gaehiM carimo samuppanno // unakA 100 varSa kA jIvana-kAla thaa| isa prakAra bhagavAn pArzva kA astitvakAla I0 pU0 dasavIM zatAbdI hotA hai| AcArya guNabhadra ke anusAra bhagavAn pArzva ke nirvANa ke 250 varSa bAda bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thA----- pArvezatIrthe santAne, paMcAza dvizatAbdake / tadabhyantaravAyurma hAvIro'tra jAtavAn / / -----mahApurANa (uttarapurANa), parva 74, pR0 462 / arthAt zrI pArzvanAtha tIrthaGkara ke bAda do sau pacAsa varSa bIta jAne para zrI

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38 saMskRti ke do pravAha 800 se 300 ke bIca kA hai| mahAvIra svAmI utpanna hue the, unakI Ayu (72 varSa) bhI isI meM zAmila hai| AcArya guNabhadra ke ukta abhimata se bhagavAna pArzva kA astitva-kAla I0 pU0 nauvIM zatAbdI hotA hai| 1. (ka) History of the Sanskrit Literature, p. 226. Arthara e0 maikaDaoNnala ke abhimata meM prAcInatama varga bRhadAraNyaka, chAndogya, taittirIya, etareya aura kauzItakI upaniSad kA racanA-kAla IsA pUrva 600 hai| (kha) A. B. Kieth : the Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanisads, P. 20. isake anusAra vaidika-sAhitya kA kAla-mAna isa prakAra hai-- 1. upaniSad - I0 pU0 5 vIM shtaabdii| 2. brAhmaNa ---- I0 pU0 6 vIM shtaabdii| 3. bAda kI saMhitAeM --- I0 pU0 8-7 vIM shtaabdii| inhoMne jaina tIrthaGkara pArzva kA kAla IsA pUrva 740 nirdhArita kiyA hai aura prAcInatama upaniSadoM kA kAla pArzva ke bAda mAnA hai| (ga) epha0 meksamUlara-dI vedAja, pR0 146-148 : inakI mAnyatA hai ki upaniSadoM meM pratipAdita vedAnta darzana kA kAla mAna IsA pUrva pAMcavIM zatAbdI hai / (gha) eca0 sI0 rAyacaudharI-poliTikala hisTrI oNpha ensiyanTa iNDiyA, pR0 52 : ye mAnate haiM videha kA mahArAja janaka yAjJavalkya ke samakAlIna the| yAjJavalkya bRhadAraNyaka aura chAndogya upaniSad ke mukhya pAtra haiN| unakA kAlamAna IsA pUrva sAtavIM zatAbdI hai| vahI, pR0 67-jaina tIrthaGkara pArzva kA janma IsA pUrva 877 aura nirvANa-kAla IsA pUrva 777 hai| isase bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki prAcInatama upaniSad pArzva ke bAda ke haiN| (gha) rAdhAkRSNana-iNDiyana philosaphI, bhAga 1, pR0 142 : (1) inakI mAnyatA hai ki aitareya, kauzItakI, taittirIya, chAndogya aura bRhadAraNyaka--ye sabhI upaniSad prAcInatama haiN| ye buddha se pUrva ke haiN| inakA kAlamAna IsA pUrva dasavIM zatAbdI se tIsarI zatAbdI taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| (2) rAdhAkRSNana-dI priMsipala upaniSadAja, pR0 22 : buddhapUrva ke prAcInatama upaniSadoM kA kAlamAna IsA pUrva AThavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka kA hai|

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura unake hetu 36 isa sthiti meM yaha mAna lenA koI kaThina bAta nahIM ki saMnyAsa aura vratoM kI vyavasthA ke lie zramaNa dharma vaidika dharma kA RNI nahIM hai / 1 veda, brAhmaNa aura AraNyaka sAhitya meM mahAvratoM kA ullekha nahIM hai / jina upaniSadoM, purANoM aura smRtiyoM meM unakA ullekha hai, ve sabhI grantha bhagavAn pArzva ke uttarakAlIna haiM / ataH pUrvakAlIna vrata - vyavasthA ko uttaravartI vrata-vyavasthA ne prabhAvita kiyA - yaha mAnanA svAbhAvika nahIM hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra bhagavAn pArzva ke uttaravartI tIrthaMkara haiM / unhoMne bhagavAn pArzva ke vratoM kA hI vikAsa kiyA thA / unhoMne isa viSaya meM kisI anya paramparA kA anusaraNa nahIM kiyA / unake uttarakAla meM mahAvrata itane vyApaka ho gae ki unakA mUla srota DhUMDhanA eka pahelI bana gayA / isa dizA meM kabhI-kabhI prayatna huA hai| unake abhimata isa prakAra haiMpArzvanAtha kA dharma mahAvIra ke paMca mahAvratoM meM pariNata huA hai / vahI dharma buddha ke aSTAMgika mArga meM aura yoga ke yama-niyamoM meM prakaTa huaa| gAMdhIjI ke Azrama dharma meM bhI pradhAnatayA cAturyAma dharma dRSTigocara hotA hai / ' hindutva aura jaina dharma Apasa meM ghulamilakara aba itane ekAkAra ho gae haiM ki Aja kA sAdhAraNa hindU yaha jAnatA bhI nahIM ki ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha - ye jaina dharma ke upadeza the, himdutva ke nahIM / " brahmacarya aura aparigraha mahAvata bhagavAn pArzva ke cAturyAma dharma meM brahmacarya aura aparigraha jaise zabdoM kI vyavasthA nahIM thI / unakI vyavasthA meM bAhya vastuoM kI anAsatti kA sUcaka zabda thA 'bahistAt - AdAna- viramaNa' / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne i vyavasthA meM parivartana kiyA aura 'bahistAt AdAna -viramaNa' ko 'brahmacarya aura 'aparigraha' ina doM zabdoM meM vibhakta kara DAlA / brahmacarya zabda vaidiva sAhitya meM pracalita thA / kintu bhagavAn mahAvIra ne eka mahAvrata ke rUpa brahmacarya kA prayoga kiyaa| usa rUpa meM vaha vaidika sAhitya meM prayukta naha thaa| aparigraha zabda kA bhI mahAvrata ke rUpa meM sarva prathama bhagavAn mahAvI ne hI prayoga kiyA thA / jAbAlopaniSad ( 5 ), nAradaparivrAjakopaniSa ( 3.8.6 ), tejobindUpaniSad (1.3), yAjyavalkyopaniSad (2.1) AruNikopaniSad ( 3 ), gItA ( 6.10), yogasUtra ( 2.30 ) meM aparigraha 1. pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dharma, bhUmikA pR0 6 / 2. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pR0 125 /

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40 saMskRti ke do pravAha zabda milatA hai, kintu ye sabhI graMtha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke uttaravartI haiN| unake pUrvavartI kisI bhI graMtha meM aparigraha zabda kA eka mahAn vrata ke rUpa meM prayoga nahIM huA hai| jaina dharma kA bahuta bar3A bhAga vrata aura avata kI mImAMsA hai| sambhavataH anya kisI bhI darzana meM vratoM kI itanI mImAMsA nahIM huii| caudaha guNasthAnoM-vizuddhi kI bhUmikAoM meM avratI cauthe, aNuvratI pAMcaveM aura mahAvratI chaThe guNasthAna kA adhikArI hotA hai| yaha vikAsa kisI dIrghakAlIna paramparA kA hai, tatkAla gRhIta paramparA kA nhiiN| saMnyAsa aura bhAmaNya ___ saMnyAsa zramaNa paramparA kA bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa tattva rahA hai| ajitakezakambala jaise ucchedavAdI zramaNa bhI saMnyAsI the| vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsa kI vyavasthA upaniSadkAla meM mAnya huI hai| vaidikakAla meM brahmacarya aura gahastha-ye do hI vyavasthA-krama the| AraNyaka-kAla meM 'nyAsa' (saMnyAsa) ko mokSa kA hetu kahA gayA hai aura vaha satya, tapa, dama, zama, dAna, dharma, putrotpAdana, agnihotra, yajJa aura mAnasika upAsanA-ina sabase utkRSTa batalAyA gayA hai| kintu vaha kina logoM dvArA svIkRta thA, isakA ullekha nahIM hai| Azrama-vyavasthA kA aspaSTa varNana chAndogya upaniSad meM milatA hai| vahAM likhA hai-dharma ke tIna skandha (AdhAra-stambha) haiM-yajJa, adhyayana aura dAna / yajJa pahalA skandha hai| tapa dUsarA skandha hai / AcArya kula meM apane zarIra ko atyanta kSINa kara denA tIsarA skandha hai| ye sabhI puNyaloka ke bhAgI hote haiM / brahma meM samyaka prakAra se sthita saMnyAsI amRtatva ko prApta hotA hai|' - bRhadAraNyaka meM saMnyAsa kA ullekha hai / ' jAbAlopaniSad meM cAra AzramoM kI spaSTa vyavasthA prApta hotI hai| vahAM batAyA hai ki brahmacarya ko samApta kara gRhastha, usake bAda vAnaprastha aura usake bAda pravajita honA caahie| yaha samuccaya pakSa hai| yadi vairAgya utkaTa ho to brahmacarya, gRhastha yA vAnaprastha kisI bhI Azrama se saMnyAsa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. taittirIyAraNyaka 1, anuvAk 62, pR0 766 : nyAsa iti brahmA brahmA hi paraH paro hi brahmA tAni vA etAnyavarANi tapAMsi nyAsa evAtyarecayat iti / 2. chAndogyopaniSad, 2123 / 1 / 3. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 4 / 4 / 22 / -

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zramaNa paramparA ko ekasUtratA aura usake hetu jisa samA vairAgya utpanna ho, usI samaya pravajita ho jAnA cAhie / yaha vikalpa pakSa hai| ____ cAra AzramoM kI vyavasthA ho jAne para bhI dharmazAstra aura kalpasUtrakAra gRhasthAzrama ko hI mahattva dete rahe haiN| vaziSTha ne likhA hai'Azrama cAra haiM-brahmacArI, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura parivrAjaka / gRhastha hI yajana karatA hai, tapa tapatA hai / isalie cAroM AzramoM meM vahI viziSTa hai| jaise saba nadI aura nada samudra meM Akara sthita hote haiM, vaise hI sabhI AzramI gRhastha Azrama meM sthita hote haiN|' vaidika paraMparA ke mUla meM yaha mAnyatA sthira rahI hai ki vastutaH Azrama eka hI hai, vaha hai gahasthAzrama / baudhAyana ne likhA hai-'prahlAda ke pUtra kapila ne devoM ke prati spardhA ke kAraNa Azrama-bhedoM kI vyavasthA kI hai, isalie manISI varga ko usakA svIkAra nahIM karanA caahie|" _ isI bhUmikA ke sandarbha meM brAhmaNa veSadhArI indra ne nami rAjarSi se kahA thA-'rAjarSe ! gRhavAsa ghora Azrama hai| tuma ise chor3a dUsare Azrama meM jAnA cAhate ho, yaha ucita nhiiN| tuma yahIM raho aura yahIM dharma-poSaka kArya kro|' isake uttara meM nemi rASi ne jo kahA vaha zramaNa paraMparA kA pakSa hai| unhoMne kahA-'brAhmaNa ! mAsa-mAsa kA upavAsa karane vAlA aura pAraNa meM kuza kI noka para Tike utanA svalpa AhAra khAne vAlA gRhastha muni-dharma kI solahavIM kalA kI tulanA meM bhI nahIM jaataa| ___zramaNa paraMparA meM jIvana ke do hI vikalpa mAnya rahe haiM-gRhastha 1. jAbAlopaniSad, 4 / 2. vAziSTha dharmazAstra, 71 / 2 / 3. vahI, 8 / 14-15 gRhastha eva yajate, gRhasthastapyate tapaH caturNAmAzramANAM tu, gRhasthazca viziSyate / yathA nadI nadAH sarve, samudre yAnti saMsthitim / evamAzramiNaH sarve, gRhasthe yAnti saMsthitim / / 4. baudhAyana dharmasUtra, 2 / 6 / 30 : prahlAdihavai kapilo nAmAsura Asa sa aitAnbhedAMzcakAra devaH saha spardhamAna stAn manISI nAdriyeta / 5. uttarAdhyayana, 6 / 42-44 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha aura zramaNa / zramaNa koI gRhastha hI banatA hai| ataH jIvana kA prArambhika rUpa gRhastha hI hai / zrAmaNya viveka dvArA lakSya-pUrti ke lie svIkRta pakSa hai| vAziSTha kA yaha abhimata-'sabhI AzramI gahastha Azrama meM sthita hote haiM'-yadi isa Azaya para AdhArita ho ki saba AzramoM kA mUla gRhasthAzrama hai to vaha zramaNa paraMparA meM bhI amAnya nahIM hai| vAziSTha ne svayaM Age likhA hai--'jaise mAtA ke sahAre saba jIva jIte haiM, vaise hI gRhastha ke sahAre saba bhikSa jIte haiN|" yaha tathya uttarAdhyayana meM yAcanA parISaha ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai : 'are ! anagAra-bhikSu kI yaha dainikacaryA kitanI kaThina hai ki use saba kucha yAcanA se milatA hai| usake pAsa ayAcita kucha bhI nahIM hotA.2 ___ kintu zramaNa paraMparA vaidika paraMparA ke isa abhimata se sahamata nahIM ki gahastha Azrama saMnyAsa kI tulanA meM zreSTha hai / isIlie kahA hai--- . 'gocarAgra meM praviSTa muni ke lie gRhasthoM ke sAmane hAtha pasAranA sarala nahIM hai / ataH gRhavAsa hI zreya hai-muni aisA cintana na kre|" jaina dharma kI mUla mAnyatA yaha hai ki avrata preya hai-bandhana hai aura vrata zreya hai-mukti hai / suvratI manuSya svarga ko prApta hotA hai, bhale phira vaha bhikSu ho yA gRhastha / ' . 'zraddhAlu zrAvaka gRhastha-sAmAyika ke aMgoM kA AcaraNa kre| donoM pakSoM meM kie jAne vAle pauSadha ko eka dina-rAta ke lie bhI na chodd'e| ___ 'isa prakAra zikSA se samApanna suvratI manuSya gRhavAsa meM rahatA huA bhI audArika zarIra se mukta hokara devaloka meM jAtA hai| 'jo saMvata bhikSu hotA hai, vaha donoM meM se eka hotA hai--saba duHkhoM se mukta yA mahAna Rddhi vAlA deva / ina zlokoM kI spaSTa dhvani hai ki suvratI gRhastha va vrata-saMpanna bhikSu kI zreSTha gati hotI hai| jaba taka vrata kA pUrNa utkarSa nahIM hotA, taba taka 1. vAziSTha dharmazAstra, 8 / 16 : yathA mAtaramAzritya, sarve jIvanti jantavaH / aivaM gRhasthamAzritya, sarve jIvanti bhikSukAH / / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 2028 / 3. uttarAdhyayana, 2 / 26 / 4. vahI, 522 / 5. bahI, 5223-25 /

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zramaNa paramparA ko ekasUtratA aura usake hetu 43 vaha marane ke bAda svarga meM jAtA hai aura jaba vrata kA pUrNa utkarSa ho jAtA hai, taba mRtyu ke bAda mokSa prApta hotA hai / bhikSu kI zreSThatA janmanA to hai hI nahIM, kintu vega se bhI nahIM hai| usakI zreSThatA kA eka mAtra hetu vrata yA saMyama hai| isI dRSTi se kahA hai kucha bhikSuoM se gRhasthoM kA saMyama pradhAna hotA hai, kintu sAdhuoM kA saMyama saba gRhasthoM se pradhAna hotA hai / 'cIvara, carma, nagnatva, jaTAdhArIpana, saMghATI (uttarIya vastra) aura sira muMDAnA-ye saba duSTazIla vAle sAdha kI rakSA nahIM krte| 'bhikSA se jIvana calAne vAlA bhI yadi duHzIla ho to vaha naraka se nahIM chuutttaa|" bhikSu kA artha hI vratI hai| apUrNa vratI yA vrata kI paripUrNa ArAdhanA taka na pahuMcane vAle ko svarga hI prApta hotA hai, mokSa nhiiN| mokSa usI ko prApta hotA hai, jo vrata kI carama ArAdhanA taka pahuMca jAtA hai| aisA gRhastha ke veza meM bhI ho sakatA hai| veza bhale hI gRhastha kA ho, Atmika-zuddhi se jo isa sthiti taka pahuMca jAtA hai, vaha vAstavika artha meM bhikSu hI hotA hai| isIlie 'saba duHkhoM se mukta yA mahAn Rddhi vAlA deva'-ye do vikalpa kevala bhikSu ke lie hI haiN| gRhastha vahI hotA hai, jo mahAvrata yA usake utkarSa taka nahIM pahuMca paataa| zramaNa-paramparA meM zramaNa hone se pUrva gRhavAsa karanA Avazyaka nahIM mAnA gyaa| koI vyakti bAlya avasthA meM bhI 'zramaNa' ho sakatA hai, yauvana yA bur3hApe meM bhI ho sakatA hai|' bhRgu purohita ne apane putro se kahA---'putro ! pahale hama saba eka sAtha raha kara samyaktva aura vratoM kA pAlana kareM, phira tumhArA yauvana bIta jAne ke bAda ghara-ghara se bhikSA lete hue vihAra kreNge|" ___ taba putra bole-pitA ! kala kI icchA vahI kara sakatA hai, jisake mRtyu ke sAtha maitrI ho, jo mauta ke muMha se baca kara palAyana kara sake aura jo jAnatA ho-maiM nahIM mruuNgaa|" - bauddha saMgha meM bhikSu-jIvana kI do avasthAeM mAnya haiM--zrAmaNe 1. uttarAdhyayana, 5 / 20-22 / 2. naMdI, sUtra 21 / 3. sthAnAMga, 31175 // 4. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 26 / 5. vahI, 14 / 27 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha avasthA tathA upasampanna avasthA / zrAmaNera avasthA meM kevala dasa niyamoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai / upasampanna bhikSu ko prAtimokSa ke antargata do sau sattAIsa niyamoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai / bIsa varSa kI Ayu ke bAda hI koI upasampanna ho sakatA hai / ' isa prakAra kI mImAMsA kA sArabhAga yaha hai 1. zramaNa paramparA meM gRhastha jIvana kI apekSA zramaNa jIvana zreSTha mAnA gayA / 44 2. zramaNa hone ke nAte tIna avasthAeM yogya mAnI gaIM / 3. zramaNa jIvana se hI mokSa kI prApti mAnI gaI / 4,5. yajJa-pratirodha ora veda kA aprAmANya hamAre sAMskRtika adhyayana kI yaha sahaja upalabdhi hai ki vaidika saMskRti kA kendra yajJa aura zramaNa saMskRti kA kendra zrAmaNya rahA hai / vaidika dhAraNA hai-yajJa kI utpatti kA mUla hai - vizva kA AdhAra / pApoM kA nAza, zatruoM kA saMhAra, vipattiyoM kA nivAraNa, rAkSasoM kA vidhvaMsa, vyAdhiyoM kA parihAra saba yajJa se hI sampanna hotA hai / dIrghAyu, samRddhi aura amaratva - sabakA sAdhana yajJa hI mAnA gayA hai / vAstava meM vaidikoM ke jIvana kA sampUrNa darzana yajJa meM surakSita hai| yajJa ke isa tattva kA svarUpa RRgdeva meM yoM vyakta huA hai-yajJa isa bhuvana kI, utpanna hone vAle saMsAra kI nAbhi hai, utpatti pradhAna hai / deva tathA RSi yajJa se hI utpanna hue; yajJa se hI grAma aura araNya ke pazuoM kI bher3eM, veda Adi kA nirmANa bhI yajJa ke hI prathama dharma thA / sRSTi huI; azva, gAeM, aja, kAraNa huA / yajJa hI devoM kA AryapUrva jAtiyoM (jo zramaNa paraMparA kA anugamana karatI thIM) kA prathama dharma thA ahiMsA / isIlie ve yajJa-saMsthA se kabhI prabhAvita nahIM huiiN| jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM yajJa ke prati jo anAdara kA bhAva milatA hai, vaha unakI cirakAlIna yajJa virodhI dhAraNA kA pariNAma hai / brAhmaNa veSadhArI indra ne nami rAjarSi se kahA - 'rAjarSe ! pahale tuma vipula yajJa karo, phira zramaNa bana jAnA / isa para rAjarSi ne kahA- 'jo manuSya pratimAsa dasa lAkha gAeM detA hai, usake lie bhI saMyama zreya hai, bhale phira vaha 1. suttanipAta, pR0 244 / 2. vaidika saMskRti kA vikAsa, pR0 40 / 3. uttarAdhyayana, 638 /

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu 45 kucha bhI na de| yajJa-saMsthA kA pratirodha prAraMbha se hI hotA rahA hai| agni-hIna vyaktiyoM kA ullekha Rgdeva meM milatA hai| unheM deva-virodhI aura yajJavirodhI bhI kahA gayA hai| yativarga yajJa-virodhI thaa| indra ne use sAlAvakoM ko samarpita kiyA thaa| isa prakAra ke aura bhI aneka varga the / unhoMne vaidika dhArA ko prabhAvita kiyA thaa| lakSmaNazAstrI ke anusAra-'isa avaidika aura yajJa ko na mAnane vAlI pravRtti ne vaidika vicAra paddhati ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| bAhya karmakANDa ke badale mAnasika karmarUpa upAsanA ko pradhAnatA dene vAlI vicAradhArA yajurveda meM prakaTa huI hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki jisa taraha azvamedha ke bala para pApa aura brahmahatyA se mukta honA saMbhava hai usI taraha azvamedha kI cintAtmaka upAsanA ke bala para bhI inhIM doSoM se mukta honA saMbhava hai (taittirIya saMhitA 5/3/12) / isa taraha kI zuddha mAnasika upAsanA kA vidhAna karane vAle anekoM vaidika ullekha prApta haiN|' yajJa-saMsthAna kA pratirodha zramaNa hI nahIM kara rahe the kintu unase prabhAvita AraNyaka aura aupaniSadika RSi bhI karane lage the| pratirodha kI thor3I rekhAeM brAhmaNa-kAla meM bhI khica cukI thiiN| zatapatha brAhmaNakAra ne kahA- 'jisa sthAna para kAmanAeM pUrNa hotI haiM, vahAM pahuMcanA vidyA kI sahAyatA se hI saMbhava hai| vahAM na dakSiNA pahuMca pAtI hai aura na vidyAhIna tapasvI / " RSi kAvaSeya kahate hai-'hama vedoM kA adhyayana kisalie kareM aura yajJa bhI kisalie kareM ? kyoMki vANI kA uparama hone para prANavRtti kA vilaya hotA hai aura prANa kA uparama hone para vANI kI vatti kA udabhava hotA hai, prANa kI pravRtti hone para vANI kI vRtti vilIna ho jAtI hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 6 / 40 / 2. tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa, 13 / 4 : indro yatIn sAlAvRkebhyaH prAyacchat / 3. vaidika saMskRti kA vikAsa, pR0 166 / 4. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 1015 / 4 / 16 / 5. aitareya AraNyaka, 3 / 2 / 6, pR0 266 : etaddha sma vai tadavidvAMsa Ahu RSayaH kAvaSeyAH kimarthA vayamadhyeNyAmahe kimarthA vayaM yajJayAmahe vAci hi prANaM juhumaH prANe vA vAcaM yo hya va prabhavaH sa evApyayaH iti /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha upaniSadkAra ne kahA - 'yajJa ke aTThAraha ( solaha Rtvik, yajamAna aura patnI) sAdhana, jo jJAna rahita karma ke Azraya hote haiM, vinAzI aura asthira haiM / jo mUDha 'yahI zreya hai' isa prakAra inakA abhinandana karate haiM, ve bAra- bAra jarA-maraNa ko prApta hote rahate haiM / " isa vicAradhArA ke uparAnta bhI yajJa-saMsthA nirvIrya nahIM huI thI / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhI usakA pravAha cAlU thA / uttarAdhyayana ke cAra adhyayanoM (6, 12, 14,25) meM usakI carcA huI hai / bhRguputroM ne jo kahA, vaha lagabhaga vahI hai jo RSi kAvaSeya ne kahA thA / bhRgu ne kahA - 'putro ! pahale vedoM kA adhyayana karo, phira AraNyaka muni ho jAnA taba ve bole-'pitA ! veda par3ha lene para bhI ve trANa nahIM hote / " isa uttara ke pIche jo bhAvanA hai, usakA sambandha kAmanA aura yajJa se hai / veda kAmanA pUrti aura yajJoM ke pratipAdaka haiM, isIlie ve trANa nahIM haiM / isa atrANatA kA vizada varNana prajApati manu aura vRhaspati ke saMvAda meM milatA hai / manu ne kahA- 'veda meM jo karmoM ke prayoga batAe gae haiM, ve prAya: sakAmabhAva se yukta haiM / jo ina kAmanAoM se mukta hotA hai, vahI paramAtmA ko pA sakatA hai| nAnA prakAra ke karma-mArga meM sukha kI icchA rakha kara pravRtta hone vAlA manuSya paramAtmA ko prApta nahIM hotA / " / uttarAdhyayana se yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki usa samaya nirgrantha zramaNa yajJa ke bADoM meM bhikSA ke lie jAte the aura yajJa kI vyarthatA aura AtmikayajJa kI saphalatA kA pratipAdana karate the / ' 46 mahAtmA buddha ne bhI alpa sAmagrI ke mahAn yajJa kA pratipAdana kiyA thA aura ve bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha bhojana ke lie yajJa-maNDala meM bhI gae the / kUTadaMta brAhmaNa ke prazna kA uttara dete hue unhoMne pAMca mahAphaladAyI yajJoM kA ullekha kiyA thA - 1. dAnayajJa, 2. trizaraNayajJa, 3. zikSApadayajJa, 4. zIlayajJa aura 5. samAdhiyajJa / ' 12 sAMkhya darzana ko avaidika paramparA yA zramaNa paramparA kI zreNI meM mAnane kA yaha eka bahuta bar3A AdhAra hai ki vaha yajJa kA pratirodhI thA / yajJa kA pratirodhaka vaidikamArga nahIM ho sakatA / ataH upaniSad kI dhArA meM jo yajJa-pratirodha huA, use avaidika paramparA ke vicAroM kI pariNati 1. muNDakopaniSad, 127 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 6 | 3. vahI, 14 / 12 / 4. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 201 / 12 / 5. uttarAdhyayana, 12 / 38-44; 25 / 5-16 / 6. dIghanikAya, 115, pR0 53-55 /

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu kahanA adhika saMgata hai| 6. jAti kI atAttvikatA vaidika loga jAti ko tAttvika mAnate the| Rgveda ke anusAra brAhmaNa prajApati ke mukha se utpanna huA, rAjanya usakI bAha se utpanna huA, vaizya usake uru se utpanna haA aura zUdra usake pairoM se utpanna huaa| zramaNa paramparA jAti ko atAttvika mAnatI thii| brAhmaNa janmanA jAti ke samarthaka the| usa sthiti meM zramaNa isa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate ki jAti karmaNA hotI hai| mahAtmA buddha manuSya jAti kI ekatA kA pratipAdana bahuta prabhAvazAlI paddhati se karate the| vAseTTha aura bhAradvAja ke vivAda kA parisamApana karate hue unhoMne kahA 'maiM kramazaH yathArtha rUpa se prANiyoM ke jAti-bheda ko batAtA hUM, jisase bhinna-bhinna jAtiyAM hotI haiN| tRNa vRkSoM ko jAno, yadyapi ve isa bAta kA dAvA nahIM karate, phira bhI unameM jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM, jisase bhinna-bhinna jAtiyAM hotI haiN| kIToM, pataMgoM aura cIMTiyoM taka meM jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM, jisase unameM bhinna-bhinna jAtiyAM hotI haiN| choTe, bar3e jAnavaroM ko bhI jAno, unameM bhI jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM (jisase) bhinna-bhinna jAtiyAM hotI haiN| phira pAnI meM rahane vAlI jalacara machaliyoM ko bhI jAno, unameM bhI jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM, (jinase) bhinna-bhinna jAtiyAM hotI haiN| AkAza meM paMkhoM dvArA ur3ane vAle pakSiyoM ko bhI jAno, unameM bhI jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM, (jisase) bhinna-bhinna jAtiyAM hotI haiN| jisa prakAra ina jAtiyoM meM bhinna-bhinna jAtimaya lakSaNa haiM, usa prakAra manuSyoM meM bhinna-bhinna jAtimaya lakSaNa nahIM haiN| dUsarI jAtiyoM kI taraha na to manuSyoM ke kezoM meM, na zira meM, na kAnoM meM, na AMkhoM meM, na nAka meM, na oThoM meM, na bhauMhoM meM, na gale meM, na aMgoM meM, na peTa meM, na pITha meM, na pAdoM meM, na aMguliyoM meM, na nakhoM meM, na jaMghoM meM, na uruoM meM, na zreNi meM, na ura meM, na yoni meM, na maithuna meM, na hAthoM meM, na varNa meM aura na svara meM jAtimaya lakSaNa haiN| (prANiyoM kI) bhinnatA zarIroM meM hai, manuSya meM vaisA nahIM hai| manuSyoM meM bhinnatA nAma mAtra kI hai| 1. Rgveda, maM0 10, a0 7, sU0 61, maM0 12 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha vAseTTha ! manuSyoM meM jo koI gau-rakSA se jIvikA karatA hai, use kRSaka jAno na ki brAhmaNa / vAseTha ! manuSyoM meM jo koI nAnA zilpoM se jIvikA karatA hai, use zilpI jAno na ki brAhmaNa / 48 vAseTha ! manuSyoM meM jo koI vyApAra se jIvikA karatA hai, use baniyA jAno na ki brAhmaNa / vAseTTha ! manuSyoM meM jo koI dhanuvidyA se jIvikA karatA hai, use yoddhA jAno na ki brAhmaNa / vATTha ! mamuSyoM meM jo koI corI se jIvikA karatA hai, use cora jAno na ki brAhmaNa / vATTha ! manuSyoM meM jo koI purohitAI se jIvikA karatA hai, use purohita jAno na ki brAhmaNa / vAseTTha ! manuSyoM meM jo koI grAma yA rASTra kA upabhoga karatA hai, use rAjA jAno na ki brAhmaNa / brAhmaNI mAtA kI yoni se utpanna hone se hI maiM (kisI ko) brAhmaNa nahIM kahatA / jo sampattizAlI hai ( vaha) dhanI kahalAtA hai, jo. akiMcana hai, tRSNA rahita hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hUM / jo rassI rUpI krodha ko, pragraha rUpI tRSNA ko, muMha para ke jAla rUpI mithyA dhAraNAoM ko aura juA rUpI avidyA ko tor3a kara buddha huA hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hU~ / jo kaTuvacana, vadha aura bandhana ko binA dveSa ke saha letA hai, kSamAzIla -kSamA hI jisakI senA aura bala hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hUM / pAnI meM lipta na hone vAle kamala kI taraha aura Are kI noka para na Tikane vAle sarasoM ke dAne kI taraha jo viSayoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hUM / jo gRhastha, prabrajita donoM se alaga hai, jo beghara ho viharaNa karatA hai, jisakI AvazyakatAeM thor3I haiM, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hUM / jo sthAvara aura jaMgama saba prANiyoM ke prati daNDa kA tyAga kara na to svayaM unakA vadha karatA hai aura na dUsaroM se (vadha) karAtA hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hUM / jo virodhiyoM meM avirodha rahatA hai, hiMsakoM meM zAnta rahatA hai aura AsaktoM meM anAsakta rahatA hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hUM /

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu Are kI noka para na Tikane vAle sarasoM ke dAne kI taraha jisake rAga, dveSa, abhimAna Adi chUTa gae haiM, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| jo akarkaza, jJAnakArI-satya bAta bolatA hai, jisase kisI ko coTa nahIM pahuMcatI, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| jo saMsAra meM lambI yA choTI, patalI yA moTI, acchI yA burI kisI cIja kI corI nahIM karatA, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA haiN| jise isa loka yA paraloka ke viSaya meM kRSNA nahIM rahatI, jo tRSNA-rahita, Asakti-rahita hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| jo Asakti-rahita hai, jJAna ke kAraNa saMzaya-rahita ho gayA hai aura amRta (nirvANa) ko prApta hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| . jo donoM-puNya aura pApa kI AsaktiyoM se pare hai, zoka-rahita, raja-rahita hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| _ jo isa saMkaTamaya, durgama saMsAra rUpI moha se pare ho gayA hai, jo use taira kara pAra kara gayA hai, jo dhyAnI hai, pApa-rahita hai, saMzaya-rahita hai, tRSNA-rahita ho zAnta ho gayA hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| . jo viSayoM ko tyAga beghara ho pravRjita huA hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| jo tRSNA ko tyAga beghara ho pravajita huA hai, jo tRSNA-kSINa hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| jo rati aura arati ko tyAga, zAnta aura bandhana-rahita ho gayA hai, jo sAre saMsAra kA vijetA aura vIra hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| jisane sarva prakAra se prANiyoM kI mRtyu aura janma ko jAna liyA hai, jo anAsakta hai, sugata hai aura buddha hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| jisakI gati ko devatA, gandharva aura manuSya nahIM jAnate, jo vAsanA-kSINa aura arhanta hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| jisako bhUta, vartamAna yA bhaviSya meM kisI prakAra kI Asakti nahIM rahatI, jo parigraha aura Asakti-rahita hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| 'jo zreSTha, uttama, vIra, maharSi, vijetA, sthira, snAtaka aura buddha hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| "jisane pUrva janma ke viSaya meM jAna liyA hai, jo svarga aura naraka donoM ko dekhatA hai aura jo janma-kSaya ko prApta hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA __ saMsAra ke nAma-gotra kalpita haiM aura vyavahAra mAtra haiN| eka-eka ke

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50 saMskRti ke do pravAha lie kalpita ye nAma-gotra vyavahAra se cale Ae haiN| mithyAdhAraNA vAle ajJoM (ke mana) meM ye (nAma) ghara kara gae haiN| (isIlie) ajJa loga hameM kahate haiM ki brAhmaNa janma se hotA hai| na (koI) janma se brAhmaNa hotA hai aura na janma se abrAhmaNa / brAhmaNa karma se hotA hai aura abrAhmaNa bhI karma se| kRSaka karma se hotA hai, zilpI bhI karma se hotA hai, vaNik karma se hotA hai (aura) sevaka bhI karma se / cora bhI karma se hotA hai, yoddhA bhI karma se hotA hai, yAjaka bhI karma se hotA hai (aura) rAjA bhI karma se hotA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM harikezabala aura jayaghoSa ke jo ye do prasaMga haiM ve bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jAtivAda samvandhI dRSTikoNa para pUrA prakAza DAlate haiN| harikezabala janmanA cANDAla jAti ke the aura jayaghoSa janmanA brAhmaNa the| ve donoM yajJa-maNDapa meM gae aura unhoMne jAtivAda kI bahuta spaSTa AlocanA kii| ve donoM prasaMga vArANasI meM hI ghaTita hue| (1) harikezabala ko yajJa-maNDapa meM Ate dekha jAtimada se matta, hiMsaka, ajitendriya, abrahmacArI aura ajJAnI brAhmaNoM ne paraspara isa prakAra kahA-'bIbhatsa rUpa vAlA, kAlA, vikarAla aura bar3I nAka vAlA, adhanaMgA, pAMzu-pizAca (cuDaila)-sA, gale meM zaMkaradUSya (ukuraDI se uThAyA huA cithar3A) DAle hue vaha kauna A rahA hai ?' 'o adarzanIya mUrti ! tuma kauna ho? kisa AzA se yahAM Ae ho ? adhanaMge tuma pAMzu-pizAca (cuDaila) se laga rahe ho / jAo, AMkhoM se pare cale jaao| yahAM kyoM khar3e ho?' ___ usa samaya mahAmuni harikezabala kI anukampA karane vAlA tiMduka vRkSavAsI yakSa apane zarIra kA gopana kara, muni ke zarIra meM praveza kara, isa prakAra bolA-'Apake yahAM para bahuta-sA bhojana diyA jA rahA hai, khAyA jA rahA hai aura bhogA jA rahA hai| maiM bhikSAjIvI hUM, yaha Apako jJAta honA caahie| acchA hI hai, kucha bacA bhojana isa tapasvI ko mila jaae|' . (somadeva)-'yahAM jo brAhmaNoM ke lie bhojana banA hai, vaha kevala unhIM ke lie banA hai / vaha eka-pAkSika hai-abrAhmaNa ko adeya hai| aisA anna-pAna hama tumheM nahIM deMge, phira yahAM kyoM khaDe ho ?' 1. suttanipAta, vAseTThasutta / -

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu 51 ( yakSa ) - ' acchI upaja kI AzA se kisAna jaise sthala ( UMcI bhUmi) meM bIja bote haiM, vaise hI nIcI bhUmi meM bIja bote haiM / isI zraddhA se ( apane Apako nimna bhUmi aura mujhe sthala tulya mAnate hue bhI tuma ) mujhe dAna do / puNya kI ArAdhanA kro| yaha kSetra hai, bIja khAlI nahIM jAegA / ' ( somadeva ) -- ' jahAM boe hue sAre ke sAre bIja uga jAte haiM, ve kSetra isa loka meM hameM jJAta haiN| jo brAhmaNa jAti aura vidyA se yukta haiM, ve hI puNya-kSetra haiM / ' ( yakSa ) - ' jinake krodha hai, mAna hai, hiMsA hai, jhUTha hai, corI hai aura parigraha hai - ve brAhmaNa jAti-vihIna, vidyA - hIna aura pApa-kSetra haiM / 'he brAhmaNo ! isa saMsAra meM kevala tuma vANI kA bhAra Dho rahe ho / vedoM ko par3ha kara bhI unakA artha nahIM jAnate / jo muni ucca aura nIca gharoM meM bhikSA ke lie jAte haiM, ve hI puNya-kSetra haiM / ' ( somadeva ) - 'o ! adhyApakoM ke pratikUla bolane vAle sAdhu ! hamAre samakSa tU kyA adhika bola rahA hai ? he nirgrantha ! yaha anna-pAna bhale hI sar3a kara naSTa ho jAe, kintu tujhe nahIM deMge / ' ( yakSa ) - 'maiM samitiyoM se samAhita, guptiyoM se gupta aura jitendriya huuN| yaha eSaNIya ( vizuddha) AhAra yadi tuma mujhe nahIM doge, to ina yajJoM kA Aja tumheM kyA lAbha hogA ?' ( somadeva ) - ' yahAM kauna hai kSatriya, rasoiyA, adhyApaka yA chAtra, jo DaNDe aura phala se pITa kara gala- hatthA dekara isa nirgrantha ko yahAM se bAhara nikAle / ' adhyApakoM ke vicAra suna kara bahuta kumAra udhara daur3e aura DaNDoM, beMtoM aura cAbukoM se usa RSi ko pITane lage / kozala ke rAjA kI bhadrA nAmaka sundara putrI yajJa maNDapa meM muni ko pratAr3ita hue dekha kruddha kumAroM ko zAnta karane lagI / usane kahA'rAjAoM aura indroM se pUjita yaha vaha RSi hai jisane merA tyAga kiyA / devatA ke abhiyoga se prerita hokara rAjA dvArA maiM dI gaI, kintu jisane mujhe mana se bhI nahIM cAhA / yaha vahI ugra tapasvI, mahAtmA, jitendriya, saMyamI aura brahmacArI hai, jisane mujhe mere pitA rAjA kauzalika dvArA diye jAne para bhI nahIM cAhA / 'yaha mahAn yazasvI hai / mahAn anubhAga (acitya - zakti) se sampanna

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52 . saMskRti ke do pravAha hai| ghorakhatI hai, ghoraparAkramI hai| isakI avahelanA mata karo, yaha avahelanIya nahIM hai / kahIM yaha apane teja se tumheM bhasmasAt na kara ddaale|' . - somadeva purohita kI patnI bhadrA ke subhASita vacanoM ko suna kara yakSoM ne RSi kA vaiyAvRttya (paricaryA) karane ke lie kumAroM ko bhUmi para girA diyaa| ve ghora rUpa vAle yakSa AkAza meM sthira hokara una chAtroM ko mArane lge| unake zarIra ko kSata-vikSata aura unheM rudhira kA vamana karate dekha bhadrA phira kahane lagI_ 'jo isa bhikSu kA apamAna kara rahe haiM, ve nakhoM se parvata ko khoda rahe haiM, dAMtoM se lohe ko cabA rahe haiM, pairoM se agni ko pratADita kara rahe haiN| - 'yaha maharSi AzIviSa-labdhi se sampanna hai| ugra tapasvI hai| ghoraparAkramI hai| bhikSA ke samaya jo bhikSa kA vadha kara rahe haiM, ve pataMga-senA kI bhAMti agni meM jhaMpApAta kara rahe haiM / _ 'yadi tuma jIvana aura dhana cAhate ho to saba mila kara, sira jhukA kara isa muni kI zaraNa meM aao| kupita hone para yaha samUce saMsAra ko bhasma kara sakatA hai|' . una chAtroM ke sira pITha kI ora jhuka ge| bhujAeM phaila gii| ve niSkriya ho ge| unakI AMkheM khulI kI khulI raha giiN| unake muMha se rudhira nikalane lgaa| unake muMha Upara ko ho gae / unakI jIbhe aura netra bAhira nikala aae| una chAtroM ko kATha kI taraha nizceSTa dekha kara vaha somadeva brAhmaNa udAsa aura ghabarAyA huA apanI patnI-sahita muni ke pAsa A unheM prasanna karane lagA 'bhante ! hamane jo avahelanA aura nindA kI use kSamA kreN| 'bhante ! mUr3ha bAlakoM ne ajJAnavaza jo ApakI avahelanA kI, use Apa kSamA kare / RSi mahAn prasannacitta hote haiN| muni kopa nahIM kiyA krte|' muni ne kahA-'mere mana me pradveSa na pahale thA, na abhI hai aura na Age bhI hogaa| kintu yakSa merA vaiyAvRttya kara rahe haiM / isIlie ye kumAra pratADita hue|' .. (somadeva)-'artha aura dharma ko jAnane vAle bhUtiprajJa (maMgalaprajJA yukta) Apa kopa nahIM krte| isalie hama saba mila kara Apake caraNoM kI zaraNa le rahe haiN|

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu 'mahAbhAga ! hama ApakI arcA karate haiM / ApakA kucha bhI aisA nahIM hai, jisakI hama arcA na kreN| Apa nAnA vyaMjanoM se yukta cAvala-niSpanna bhojana lekara khaaie| _ 'mere yahAM yaha pracura bhojana par3A hai| hameM anugRhIta karane ke lie Apa kucha khaaeN| mahAtmA harikezabala ne hAM bhara lI aura eka mAsa kI tapasyA kA pAraNa karane ke lie bhakta-pAna liyaa| devoM ne vahAM sugandhita jala, puSpa aura divya-dhana kI varSA kii| AkAza se duMdubhi bajAI aura 'aho dAnaM' (AzcaryakArI dAna)-isa prakAra kA ghoSa kiyaa| yaha pratyakSa hI tapa kI mahimA dIkha rahI hai, jAti kI koI mahimA nahIM hai| jisakI Rddhi aisI mahAn (acintya zakti-sampanna) hai, vaha harikeza muni cANDAla kA putra hai|' (2) nirgrantha jayaghoSa apane bhAI vijayaghoSa ke yajJa-maNDapa meM ge| yajJa-kartA ne vahAM upasthita hue muni ko niSedha kI bhASA meM kahA'bhikSo! tumheM bhikSA nahIM dUMgA, aura kahIM yAcanA kro| he bhikSo! yaha sabake lie abhilaSita bhojana unhIM ko denA hai, jo vedoM ko jAnane vAle vipra haiM, yajJa ke lie jo dvija haiM, jo veda ke jyotiSa Adi chahoM aMgoM ko jAnane vAle haiM, jo dharmazAstroM ke pAragAmI haiM, jo apanA aura parAyA uddhAra karane meM samartha haiN|' vaha uttama artha ko gaveSaNA karane vAlA mahAmuni vahAM yajJa-kartA ke dvArA pratiSedha kie jAne para na ruSTa hI huA aura na tuSTa hii| na anna ke lie, na jala ke lie aura na kisI jIvana-nirvAha ke sAdhana ke lie kintu unakI vimukti ke lie muni ne isa prakAra kahA 'tU veda ke mukha ko nahIM jAnatA hai| yajJa kA jo mukha hai use nahIM jAnatA hai / nakSatra kA jo mukha hai aura dharma kA jo mukha hai, use bhI nahIM jAnatA hai / jo apanA aura parAyA uddhAra karane meM samartha hai, use tU nahIM jAnatA / yadi tU jAnatA hai to btaa|' . muni ke prazna kA uttara dene meM apane ko asamartha pAte hue dvija ne pariSad sahita hAtha jor3a kara usa mahAmuni se pUchA-'tuma kaho, vedoM kA mukha kyA hai ? yajJa kA jo mukha hai, vaha tumhIM btlaao| tuma kaho, nakSatroM 1. uttarAdhyayana, 25 // 6-38 /

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54 kA mukha kyA hai ? dharmoM kA mukha kyA hai, tumhIM batAo / 'jo apanA aura parAyA uddhAra karane meM samartha haiM tumhIM kaho ) / he sAdhu ! yaha mujhe sArA saMzaya hai, tuma samAdhAna do / saMskRti ke do pravAha ( unake viSaya meM mere praznoM kA 'vedoM kA mukha agnihotra hai / yajJoM kA mukha yajJArthI hai / nakSatroM kA mukha candramA hai aura dharmoM kA mukha kAzyapa RSabhadeva haiM / ' 'jisa prakAra candramA ke sammukha graha Adi hAtha jor3e hue, vaMdanAnamaskAra karate hue aura vinIta bhAva se mana kA haraNa karate hue rahate haiM usI prakAra bhagavAn RSabha ke sammukha saba loga rahate the / ' 'jo yajJavAdI haiM, ne brAhmaNa kI sampadA se anabhijJa haiM / ve bAhara meM svAdhyAya aura tapasyA se usI prakAra DhaMke hue haiM, jisa prakAra agni rAkha se DhaMkI huI hotI hai / ' 'jise kuzala puruSoM ne brAhmaNa kahA hai, loka meM pUjita haiM, unheM hama kuzala puruSa dvArA haiM / ' jo agni kI bhAMti sadA kahA huA brAhmaNa kahate jo Ane para Asakta nahIM hotA, jAne ke jo Arya-vacana meM ramaNa karatA hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / samaya zoka nahIM karatA, 'agni meM tapA kara zuddha kie hue aura ghise hue sone kI taraha jo vizuddha hai tathA rAga-dveSa aura bhaya se rahita hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / ' 'jo trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM ko bhalI-bhAMti jAna kara, mana, vANI aura zarIra se unakI hiMsA nahIM karatA, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / ' 'jo krodha, hAsya, lobha yA bhaya ke kAraNa asatya nahIM bolatA use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / 'jo sacitta yA acitta -- koI bhI padArtha, thor3A yA adhika, kitanA hI kyoM na ho, usake adhikArI ke die binA nahIM letA, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / ' 'jo deva, manuSya aura tiryaMca sambandhI maithuna kA mana, vacana aura zarIra se sevana nahIM karatA, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / ' ' jisa prakAra jala meM utpanna huA kamala jala se lipta nahIM hotA, isI prakAra kAmabhoga ke vAtAvaraNa meM utpanna huA jo manuSya unase lipta nahIM hotA, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / '

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu 55 'jo lolupa nahIM hai, jo nirdoSa bhikSA se jIvana kA nirvAha karatA hai, jo gRhatyAgI hai, jo akiMcana hai, jo gRhasthoM meM anAsakta hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / ' 'jinake zikSA - pada, pazuoM ko bali ke lie yajJa ke khambhe meM bAMdhe jAne ke hetu banate haiM, ve saba veda aura pazu bali Adi pApa karma ke dvArA kie jAne vAle yajJa durAcAra - sampanna usa yajJakarttA ko trANa nahIM dete, kyoMki karma balavAn hote haiM / ' 'kevala sira- mUMDa lene se koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, 'om' kA japa karane mAtra se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, kevala araNya meM rahane se koI muni nahIM hotA aura kuza kA cIvara pahanane mAtra se koI tApasa nahIM hotA / ' 'samabhAva kI sAdhanA karane se zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya ke pAlana se brAhmaNa hotA hai, jJAna kI ArAdhanA - manana karane se muni hotA hai, tapa kA AcaraNa karane se tApasa hotA hai / ' 'manuSya karma se brAhmaNa hotA hai, karma se kSatriya hotA hai, karma se vaizya hotA hai aura karma se hI zUdra hotA hai / ' 'ina tattvoM ko arhat ne prakaTa kiyA hai| inake dvArA jo manuSya snAtaka hotA hai, jo saba karmoM se mukta hotA hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / isa prakAra jo guNa sampanna dvijottama hote haiM, ve hI apanA aura parAyA uddhAra karane meM samartha haiM / ' isa prakAra saMzaya dUra hone para vijayaghoSa brAhmaNa ne jayaghoSa kI vANI ko bhalIbhAMti samajhA aura santuSTa ho, hAtha jor3a kara usane mahAmuni jayaghoSa se isa prakAra kahA 'tumane mujhe yathArtha brAhmaNatva kA bahuta hI acchA artha samajhAyA hai / 'tuma yajJoM ke yajJakarttA ho, tuma vedoM ko jAnane vAle vidvAn ho, tuma veda ke jyotiSa Adi chahoM aMgoM ke vidvAn ho, tuma dharmoM ke pAragAmI ho / ' 'tuma apanA aura parAyA uddhAra karane meM samartha ho, isalie he bhikSuzreSTha ! tuma hama para bhikSA lene kA anugraha karo / ' ( muni ) -- 'mujhe bhikSA se koI prayojana nahIM hai / he dvija ! tU turanta hI niSkramaNa kara muni jIvana ko svIkAra kara, jisase bhaya ke AvartI se AkIrNa isa bora saMsAra-sAgara meM tujhe cakkara lagAnA na par3e / ' 1. uttarAdhyayana, 1215-37 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha zramaNa saMskRti ke karmaNA - jAti ke siddhAnta ne vaidika RSiyoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA aura mahAbhArata evaM purANa kAla meM karmaNA - jAti ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana hone lgaa| mahAbhArata meM brAhmaNa ke lakSaNa isa prakAra batAe gae haiM 'jo sadA apane sarvavyApI rUpa se sthita hone ke kAraNa akele hI sampUrNa AkAza meM paripUrNa-sA ho rahA hai tathA jo asaMga hone ke kAraNa logoM se bhare hue sthAna ko bhI sUnA samajhatA hai, use hI devatA loga brAhmaNa (brahmajJAnI) mAnate haiM / 56 'jo saba prakAra kI AsaktiyoM se chUTa kara muni vRtti se rahatA hai; AkAza kI bhAMti nirlepa aura sthira hai, kisI bhI vastu ko apanI nahIM mAnatA, ekAkI vicaratA aura zAntabhAva se rahatA hai, use devatA brahmavettA mAnate haiM / ' 'jisakA jIvana dharma ke lie aura dharma bhagavAn zrIhari ke lie hotA hai, jisake dina aura rAta dharmapAlana meM hI vyatIta hote haiM, use devatA brahmajJa mAnate haiM / ' 'jo kAmanAoM se rahita tathA saba prakAra ke AraMbhoM se rahita hai, namaskAra aura stuti se dUra rahatA tathA saba prakAra ke baMdhanoM se mukta hotA hai, use hI devatA brahmajJAnI mAnate haiM / " brahmapurANa ke anusAra zudra brAhmaNa bana jAtA hai ho jAtA hai / ' vajrasUcikopaniSad evaM bhaviSyapurANa meM AlocanA milatI hai, kintu yaha dRSTikoNa vaidika saMskRti kI AtmA meM paripUrNa rUpa se vyApta nahIM ho sakA / 7. samazva kI bhAvanA va ahiMsA samatva zramaNa paramparA kI ekatA kA maulika hetu hai / zramaNa zabda bahuta pracalita rahA hai, isIlie isa samatApradhAna saMskRti ko 'zramaNa saMskRti' kahA jAtA hai / hamane bhI sthAna-sthAna para zramaNa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / kintu vAstavika dRSTi se isakA nAma 'samaNa saMskRti' hai| 'samaNa' zabda 'sama' zabda se vyutpanna hai - 'samamaNaI teNa so samaNI' - jo saba jIvoM ko tulya mAnatA hai, vaha 'samaNa' hai / 'jaise mujhe duHkha priya nahIM, usI prakAra saba jIvoM ko duHkha priya nahIM hai - isa samatA kI dRSTi se jo kisI 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 245 / 11-14, 22-24 // 2. brahmapurANa, 223 / 32 / aura vaizya kSatriya bhI jAtivAda kI

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zramaNa paramparA ko ekasUtratA aura usake hetu bhI prANI kA vadha na karatA hai, na karavAtA hai, vaha apanI samagati ke kAraNa 'samaNa' kahalAtA hai jaha mama na piyaM bulaM jANiya emeva satyajIvANaM / na haNai na haNAveda ya samamagaI teNa so smnno||' jisakA mana sama hotA hai, vaha samaNa hai| jisake lie koI bhI jIva na dveSI hotA hai aura na priya, vaha apanI sama manaHsthiti ke kAraNa 'samaNa' kahalAtA hai nasthiya si kohareso pilo va sambesuda jIvesa / eeNa hoi samaNo eso bhanmo'vi pajjAmo // ' jo vibhinna vizeSatAoM kI dRSTi se sarpa, parvata, agni, samudra, AkAza, vRkSa, bhramara, hariNa, bhUmi, kamala, sUrya aura pavana ke samAna hotA hai, vaha 'samaNa' hai| ___samaNa vaha hotA hai, jo svajana varga aura anya logoM meM tathA mAna aura apamAna meM sama hotA hai ragagirijalaNasAgaranahayalatarugaNasamo yo hoii| mamaramigadharaNijalabaharavipavaNasamo jao samaNo / to samaNo nai sumaNo bhAveNa ya jAna hoI paavmnno| sayaNe ya jaNe ya samo samo ya mANApamANetu // ' isa samatva ke AdhAra para hI yaha kahA gayA ki sira muNDA lene mAtra se koI samaNa nahIM hotA, kintu samaNa samatA se hotA hai / zramaNa zabda kA artha tapasvI bhI hotA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke eka hI zloka meM samaNa aura tapasvI kA eka sAtha prayoga hai| yadi samaNa kA artha tapasvI hI hotA to samaNa aura tapasvI-ina donoM kA eka sAtha prayoga Avazyaka nahIM hotaa| usI sUtra meM samaNa ke samabhAva kI vibhinna rUpoM meM vyAkhyA huI hai| viSamatA kA eka rUpa mada hai| isIlie kahA hai--- muni gotra, kula Adi kA mada na kare, dUsaroM se ghRNA na kare, kintu sama rhe| 1. dazavakAlikaniyukti, gAthA 154 / 4. uttarAdhyayana, 2026-30 / 2. vahI, gAthA 155 / 5. sUtrakRtAMga, 112 / 16 / 3. vahI, gAyA 156-157 / 6. vahI, zarA23 /

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58 saMskRti ke do praha jo dUsaroM kA tiraskAra karatA hai, vaha cirakAla taka saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai, isIlie muni mada na kare, kintu sama rhe| cakravartI bhI dIkSita hone para pUrva-dIkSita apane sevaka ke sevaka ko bhI vaMdanA karane meM saMkoca na kare, kintu samatA kA AcaraNa kre| prajJA-sampanna muni krodha Adi kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta kare aura samatA dharma kA nirUpaNa kare / ' isa prakAra aneka sthaloM meM samaNa ke sAtha samatA kA sambandha jUDA huA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM samatA ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai / kintu samaNa zabda usase vyutpanna hai, aisA koI sthala hameM upalabdha nahIM huaa| phira bhI zramaNa zabda kI jo vyAkhyA hai, usase usakI samabhAvapUrNa sthiti kA hI bodha hotA hai| sabhiya parivrAjaka ke prazna para bhagavAn buddha ne kahA samitAvi pahAya pucapApaM, virajo aravA imaM paraM ca lokaM / jAtimaraNaM upAtivatto, samaNo tAdi pabaccate tathatA // ' -jo puNya aura pApa ko dUra kara zAnta ho gayA hai, isa loka aura paraloka ko jAna kara raja-rahita ho gayA hai, jo janma aura maraNa ke pare ho gayA hai, sthira, sthitAtmA vaha 'zramaNa' kahalAtA hai| samaNa kA sambandha zama (upazama) se bhI hai| jo choTe-bar3e pApoM kA sarvathA zamana karane vAlA hai, vaha pApa ke zamita hone ke kAraNa zramaNa kahA jAtA hai| samatA ke AdhAra para hI bhikSu saMgha meM saba vargoM ke manuSya dIkSita hote the| bhagavAn buddha ne zramaNa kI utpatti batalAte hue kahA thA vAziSTha ! eka samaya thA jaba kSatriya bhI-'maiM zramaNa hoUMgA' (soca) apane dharma ko niMdate ghara se beghara ho pravajita ho jAtA thaa| 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 2 / 24 / 2. vahI, sh2|25| 3. vahI, 112 / 28 / 4. suttanipAta, 32111 / 5. dhammapada, dhammanagga 16 : yo ca sameti pApAni, aNuM thUlAni smbso| samitattA hi pApAnaM, vamaNo ti pavuccati //

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zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA aura usake hetu brAhmaNa bhI0 / vaizya bhI0 / zudra bhI / 'vAziSTha ! inhIM cAra maNDaloM se unhIM prANiyoM kA dUsaroM kA nahIM, dharma se zreSTha hai, isa janma meM bhI aura para janma meM bhI / " / uttarAdhyayana ke pramukha pAtroM meM cAroM varNoM se dIkSita muni the / nami rAjarSi, saMjaya, mRgAputra Adi kSatriya the / kapila, jayaghoSa, vijayaghoSa, bhRgu Adi brAhmaNa the / anAthI, samudrapAla Adi vaizya the / harikezabala, citrasaMbhUta Adi cANDAla the / 1. dIghanikAya, 313, pR0 245 / 56 zramaNa- maNDala kI utpatti huI / adharma nahIM / dharma hI manuSyoM meM zramaNoM kI yaha samatA ahiMsA para AdhArita thI / isa prakAra samatA aura ahiMsA ye donoM tattva samaNa ( yA zramaNa ) saMskRti ke mUla bIja the /

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5. zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi pahale hama zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA ke svataMtra astitva, unake vicAra-bheda aura zramaNa paraMparA kI ekatA ke hetubhUta sUtroM kA adhyayana kara cake haiN| hama kucha aise tathyoM kA adhyayana kareMge, jo zramaNa aura vaidika paraMparA ko vibhakta to karate haiM, kintu sarvathA nhiiN| ve zramaNoM kI ekasUtratA ke hetu to haiM, kintu sarvathA nhiiN| pUrva meM nirdiSTa sAta hetu zramaNa aura vaidika paraMpaga ke vibhAjana meM tathA zramaNoM kI eka sUtratA meM jaise pUrNarUpeNa vyApta haiM, vaise isa prakaraNa meM batAe jAne vAle hetu pUrNataH vyApta nahIM haiN| phira bhI unake dvArA zramaNa tathA vaidika paraMparA kI pRSThabhUmi ko samajhane meM paryApta sahAyatA milatI hai. isalie unake viSaya meM carcA karanA Avazyaka hai| hamAre sAmane Alocya viSaya haiM--1. dAna, 2. snAna, 3. katavAda, 4. AtmA aura paraloka, 5. svarga aura naraka tathA 6. nirvANa / taittirIyAraNyaka' kA eka prasaMga hai ki eka bAra prAjApatya AruNI apane pitA prajApati ke pAsa gayA aura usane prajApati se pUchA ki maharSi loga mokSa-sAdhana ke viSaya meM kisa sAdhana ko parama batalAte haiM ? prajApati ne kahA--- (1) satya se pavana calatA hai, satya se sUrya prakAza karatA hai, satya vANI kI pratiSThA hai, satya meM sarva pratiSThita haiM, isalie kucha RSi satya (satya vacana) ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiM / (2) jo agni Adi devatA haiM, ve tapa se bane haiN| vAziSTha Adi maharSiyoM ne bhI tapa tapA aura devatva ko prApta kiyaa| hama loga bhI tapa ke dvArA zatruoM ko parAsta kara rahe haiN| tapa meM sarva pratiSThita haiM, isalie kucha RSi tapa ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiN| (3) dAnta puruSa dama se apane pApoM kA vinAza karate haiN| dama se 1. taittirIyAraNyaka, 1063, pR0 767-771 /

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi brahmacArI svarga meM ge| dama jIvoM ke lie durdharSa-aparAjeya hai / dama meM sarva pratiSThita haiM, isalie kucha RSi dama ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte - (4) zAnta puruSa zama ke dvArA ziva (maMgala puruSArtha) kA AcaraNa karate haiN| nArada Adi muni zama ke dvArA svarga meM ge| zama jIvoM ke lie durdharSa hai| zama meM sarva pratiSThita haiM, isalie kucha RSi zama ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiN| (5) dAna (gau hiraNya Adi kA dAna) yajJa kI dakSiNA hone ke kAraNa zreSTha hai| loka meM bhI saba AdamI dAtA ke upajIvI hote haiN| dhanadAna se yoddhA zatruoM ko parAsta karate haiN| dveSa karane vAle bhI dAna se mitra bana jAte haiM / dAna meM sarva pratiSThita haiM, isalie kucha RSi dAna ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiN| (6) dharma (tAlAba, pyAU Adi banAne rUpa) sarva prANIjAta kI pratiSThA (AdhAra) hai| loka meM bhI dharmiSTha puruSa ke pAsa janatA jAtI hai-dharma. adharma kA nirNaya letI hai| dharma se pApa kA vinAza hotA hai| dharma meM sarva pratiSThita haiM, isalie kucha RSi dharma ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiN| (7) prajanana (putrotpAdana) hI gRhastha kI pratiSThA hai| loka meM putra rUpI dhAge ko vistRta banAne vAlA apanA pitR-RNa cukA pAtA hai| putrotpAdana hI uRNa hone kA pramukha sAdhana hai| isalie kucha RSi prajanana ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiN| .. (8) agnitraya' hI trayI-vidyA (veda-trayI) hai| vahI devatva prApti kA mArga hai| gArhapatya nAmaka agni RgvedAtmaka hai| vaha pRthvI-loka svarUpa aura rathantara sAmarUpa hai / dakSiNAgni se AhAra kA pAka hotA hai| vaha yajurvedAtmaka, antarikSa-loka rUpa aura vAmadevya sAmarUpa hai| AhvanIya agni sAmavedAtmaka svargaloka rUpa aura bRhat sAmarUpa hai, isalie kucha RSi agni ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiN| 1. vaidika koza, pR0 126 : vaidika-yajJa ke pramukha tIna agniyoM meM eka gArhapatya hai / atharvaveda (6 / 6 / 30) ke anusAra "yo'tithInAM sa AhavanIyo, yo vezmani sa gArhapatya yasmin pacati sa dakSiNAgni"...arthAt atithiyoM ke lie prayukta agni AhavanIya, gRha-yajJoM meM prayukta gArha patya aura pakAne kI agni dakSiNAgni hai /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha (1) agnihotra sAyaMkAla aura prAtaHkAla meM gharoM kA mUlya hai / agnihotra ke abhAva meM kSudhita agni gharoM ko jalA DAlatI hai, isalie vaha gharoM kA mUlya hai / agnihotra acchA yAjJa aura acchA honA hai / vaha yajJaRtu' kA prArambha hai / svargaloka kI jyoti hai, isalie kucha RSi agnihotra ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiM / 62 (10) yajJa devoM ko priya hai / devatA pUrvAnuSThita yajJa ke dvArA svarga ko prApta hue haiM / ve yajJa ke dvArA hI asuroM kA vinAza kara pAe haiN| jyotiSToma yajJa ke dvArA dveSa karane vAle zatru bhI mitra bana jAte haiM / yajJa meM sarva pratiSThita haiM, isalie kucha RSi yajJa ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiM / (11) mAnasika upAsanA hI prajApati ke pada kI prApti kA sAdhana hai / isIlie vaha cittazuddhi kA kAraNa hai / mAnasika upAsanA se yukta ekAgra mana se yogI loga atIta, anAgata aura vyavahRta vastuoM kA sAkSAtkAra karate haiN| mAnasika upAsanA se yukta ekAgra mana vAle vizvAmitra Adi RSiyoM ne saMkalpa mAtra se prajA kA sRjana kiyA thA / mAnasika upAsanA meM sarva pratiSThita haiM, isalie kucha RSi mAnasika upAsanA ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiM / (12) kucha manISI loga saMnyAsa ko parama mokSa-sAdhana batalAte haiM / yaha tirasaThaveM anuvAk kA varNana hai / bAsaThaveM anuvAk meM bhI ina bAraha parvoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai / unake bhASya meM AcArya sAyaNa ne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAeM dI haiM- naiSThika brahmacArI 'dama' ko parama mAna usameM ramaNa karate haiM / AraNyaka muni vAnaprastha 'zama' ko parama mAna usameM ramaNa karate haiM / vApI, kUpa, tar3Aga Adi ke nirmANAtmaka dharma ko rAjA, maMtrI Adi parama mAnate haiM / kucha vedArthavAdI agni ko parama mAnate haiM / kucha vedArthavAdI agnihotra ko parama mAnate haiM / kucha vedArthavAdI yajJa ko parama mAnate haiM / kucha vedArthavAdI agnihotra ko parama mAnate haiN| kucha vedArthavAdI 1. taittirIyAraNyaka, 10163, sAyaNa bhAvya, pR0 770 : agnyAdheyamagnihotraM darzapUrNa mAsAvAgrayaNaM cAturmAsyAni nirUDhapazubandhaH sautrAmaNIti sapta haviryajJAH / Rtuzabdo yUpavatsu somayAgeSu rUDhaH / agniSTomo'tyagniSToma ukthyaH poDazI vAjapeyo'tirAtro'ptoryAmazceti sapta somasaMsthA: RtavaH / teSAM sarveSAM yajJaRtUnAM prArambhakamagnihotram /

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi yajJa ko parama mAnate haiM / saguNa brahmavAdI mAnasika upAsanA ko parama mAnate haiN| saMnyAsa hiraNyagarbha brahmA ke dvArA parama rUpa meM abhimata hai| bhASyakAra ne Age likhA hai ki brahmA pUvokta matAnuyAyI logoM kI taraha jIva nahIM hai| yadyapi hiraNyagarbha dehadhArI hai, phira bhI vaha paramAtmA, brahma khlaaegaa| kyoMki paramAtmA kA ziSya hone ke kAraNa vaha usI ke samAna jJAnI hai| ye saba sAdhana vaidika nahIM haiM, kintu yaha AraNyaka-kAla meM pracalita sAdhanoM kA saMgraha hai| ___ ina bAraha sAdhanoM meM AThavAM,nauvAM aura dasavAM bhASyakara ke anusAra nizcita hI baidika hai / chaTThA laukika hai, pAMcavAM aura sAtavAM laukika bhI hai aura baidika bhii| pahalA,dUsarA,tIsarA, cauthA aura gyArahavAM AraNyaka sammata bhI hai aura zrAmaNika (zramaNoM kA) bhI hai|' ina bAraha sAdhanoM meM saMnyApa sabase utkRSTa hai|' AcArya sAyaNa ne likhA hai ki pUrvokta satya se lekara mAnasa-upAsanA taka ke sAdhana tapa haiM, phira bhI saMnyAsa kI apekSA ve avara haiM-nikRSTa haiN| yahI bAta tirasaThaveM anuvAka meM kahI gaI hai-- tasmAnnyAsameSAM tapasAmatiriktamAhuH' / AcArya sAyaNa ne likhA hai-- 'saMnyAsa parama puruSArtha kA antaraMga sAdhana hai| isalie vaha satya Adi tapoM se atyutkRSTa hai / " prajanana (sAtavAM), agni (AThavAM), agnihotra (nauvAM) aura yajJa (dasavAM)-ye zramaNoM dvArA sammata nahIM haiM, isakI saMkSipta carcA hama pahale kara cuke haiN| saMnyAsa zramaNoM kA sarvotkRSTa sAdhana hai, yaha bhI batAyA jA cukA hai| ghara meM kauna rahe'--yaha 1. taittirIyAraNyaka, 10 / 62, sAyaNa bhASya, pR0 766 : saca brahmA paro hi paramAtmarUpa hi / na tu pUrvoktamatAnusAriNa iva jIvaH / yadyapyasau hiraNyagarbho dehadhArI tathApi paro si paramAtmaiva brahmA hiraNyagarbha iti vaktuM zakyate, tacchiSyatvena tatsamAnajJAnatvAt / 2. dekhiye cauthA prakaraNa 'Atma-vidyA kSatriyoM kI dena' zIrSaka / 3. taittirIyAraNyaka, 10 // 62, pR0 766 / 4. vahI, 1062, pR0. 766 : yAni pUrvoktasatyAdIni mAnasAntAni tAnyetAni tapAMsi bhavantyeva tathApi saMnyAsamapekSyAvarANi nikRSTAni / 5. vahI, 10 / 63, pR0 774 / 6. vahI, 10163, pR0 774 : yasmAt paramapuruSArthasyAntaraMgaM sAdhanaM tasmAdeSAM satyAdInAM tapasAM madhye saMnyAsamatiriktamatyukRSTaM sAdhanaM manISiNa AhuH /

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64 saMskRti ke do pravAha ghoSa vahIM ho sakatA hai, jahAM saMnyAsa ko sarvocca sAdhana mAnA jAe / aba hama zeSa sAdhanoM para vicAra karanA cAheMge / chadma veSadhArI indra ne nami rAjarSi se kahA - 'rAjarSe ! pahale tuma vipula yajJa karo, zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAo, dAna do, phira muni ho jAnA / ' nami rAjarSi ne isake uttara meM kahA- jo manuSya pratimAsa dasa lAkha gAeM detA hai, usake lie bhI saMyama hI zreya hai, bhale phira vaha kucha bhI na de / " 1 indra ne tIna bAteM kahIM aura rAjarSi ne unameM se sirpha eka hI bAta (dAna) kA uttara diyA / zeSa do bAtoM kA uttara usI meM samAhita kara diyA / usakI dhvani yaha hai- "jo manuSya pratidina yajJa karatA hai, usake lie bhI saMyama zreya hai, bhale phira vaha kabhI yajJa na kare / isI prakAra jo manuSya pratidina zramaNoM-brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAtA hai, usake lie bhI saMyama hI zreya hai, bhale phira vaha zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko kabhI bhojana na karAe / ina tInoM prasaMgoM kA phalita yahI hai ki saMyama sarvotkRSTa hai / yajJa sabhI zramaNa-saMghoM ke lie iSTa nahIM rahA hai / gAyoM va svarNa Adi kA dAna bhI unameM parama mokSa-sAdhana ke rUpa meM svIkRta nahIM rahA hai / nirgrantha zramaNoM ne to usa para tIvra prahAra kiyA thaa| 'brahmaNoM ko bhojana karAne para ve raurava (naraka) meM le jAte haiM" -bhRgu putroM ne yaha jo kahA usakA tAtparya brAhmaNoM kI nindA karanA nahIM, kintu usa siddhAnta kI tIkhI samAlocanA karanA hai jo janmanA jAti ke AdhAra para vikasita huA thA / jaina sAhitya meM ukta dAna aura dharma eka dAna zabda ke dvArA hI nirUpita haiM / sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA hai- 'jo dAna kI prazaMsA karatA hai, vaha prANiyoM kA vadha cAhatA hai aura jo usakA niSedha karatA hai, vaha dAna ko prApta karane vAloM kI vRtti kA cheda karatA hai / isalie mumukSu ko 'puNya hai' aura nahIM hai' -- ina donoM se baca kara madhyasthabhAva kA Alambana lenA cAhie / " 1. uttarAdhyayana, 6 / 38-40 / 2. (ka) harivaMza purANa, 60 / 13-14 (kha) amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 8 / 46; 6 54-55 / 3. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 12 / 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 1111 / 20- 21 /

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi vRttikAra ne likhA hai-rAjA yA anya koI Izvara vyakti kUpa, taDAga, dAnazAlA Adi karAnA cAhe aura mumukSu se pUche-isa kArya meM mujhe puNya hogA yA nahIM, taba mumukSu muni mauna rakhe, kintu 'puNya hogA yA nahIM hogA' aisA na kahe / upayukta samajhe to utanA-sA kahe ki yaha mere adhikAra se pare kI bAta hai|' ___ 'rAjA yA anya koI Izvara kRpa, taDAga, dAnazAlA Adi banAnA cAhe'-zIlAMkasUri kA yaha pratipAdana, 'vApI, kUpa, taDAga Adi nirmANa ko rAjA, amAtya Adi prabhu-varga uttama mokSa-hetu mAnatA hai"-AcArya sAyaNa ke isa ullekha se bahuta sambandhita hai| yaha dharma bhI nirgranthoM ko parama mokSa-sAdhana ke rUpa meM mAnya nahIM rahA, isIlie bhaguputroM ne kahA thA ki dhana aura dharma kA koI sambandha nahIM hai-'dhaNeNa kiM dhammadhurAhigAre ?'3 (1) satya, (2) tapa, (3) dama, (4) zama aura (5) mAnasaupAsanA-ye pAMcoM sAdhana zramaNa-paramparA meM svIkRta haiM, kintu saba zramaNasaMghoM meM samAnarUpa se svIkRta haiM, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| nirgrantha zramaNa satya ko mokSa kA sAdhana mAnate haiM, kintu satya hI parama mokSa-sAdhana hai, aisA aikAntika pakSa unheM mAnya nahIM hai| tapa ko bhI ve mokSa kA sAdhana mAnate haiM. kintu anazana se utkRSTa tapa nahIM hai yA tapa hI parama mokSa-sAdhana hai, aisA ve nahIM maante| unake abhimata meM tapa ke 12 prakAra haiN| anazana bAhya-tapa hai, dhyAna antaraMga-tapa hai / vaha anazana se utkRSTa hai| isI prakAra dama, zama aura mAnasa-upAsanA bhI aikAntika rUpa se mAnya nahIM hai, kintu ve samudita rUpa se mAnya haiN| inakA vizada vivecana 'sAdhanA-paddhati' zIrSaka meM dekheN| 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 11 / 20-21 vRtti : asti nAsti vA puNyamityevaM 'te' mumukSavaH sAdhavaH punarna bhASante / kintu pRSTaH sadbhirmAnameva samAzrayaNIyam / evaM vidhaviSaye mumukSUNAmadhikAra eva nAsti / 2. taittirIyAraNyaka, 10 // 62, sAyaNa bhASya, pR0 765 : smRtipurANapratipAdyo vApIkU pataDAgAti nirmANa rUpotra dharmo vivakSitaH / sa evottamo mokSaheturidi rAjAmAtyAdayaH prabhavo manyante / 3. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 17 / 4. taittirIyAraNyaka, 10 / 62, pR0 765 : tapo nAnazanAt param /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha 2. snAna .. - nirgrantha-zramaNa snAna ko Atma-zuddhi kA sAdhana nahIM maante| bauddhazramaNoM kA abhimata bhI yahI rahA hai| usa samaya sundarika bhAradvAja brAhmaNa ne bhagavAn se yaha kahA'kyA Apa gautama ! snAna ke lie bAhukA nadI caleMge ?' 'brAhmaNa ! bAhukA nadI se kyA (lenA) hai ? bAhukA nadI kyA karegI ?' 'he gautama ! bAhukA nadI lokamAnya ( --loka sammata) hai, bAhukA nadI bahuta janoM dvArA pavitra (puNya) mAnI jAtI hai| bahuta se loga bAhukA nadI meM (apane) kie pApoM ko bahAte haiN|' taba bhagavAn ne sundarika bhAradvAja brAhmaNa ko gAthAoM meM kahA "bAhukA, avikakka, gayA aura sundarikA meM, sarasvatI aura prayAga tathA bAhumatI nadI meM, kAle karmoM vAlA mUr3ha cAhe nitya nahAe, (kintu) zuddha nahIM hogA / kyA karegI sundarikA kyA prayAga aura kyA bAhulikA nadI? (vaha) pApakarmI kRtakilviSa duSTa nara ko nahIM zuddha kara skte| zuddha (nara) ke lie sadA hI phalgU hai, zuddha ke lie sadA hI uposatha hai| zuddha aura zucikarmA ke vrata sadA hI pUre hote rahate haiN| 'brAhmaNa ! yahIM nahA, sAre prANiyoM kA kSema kara / yadi tU jhUTha nahIM bolatA, yadi prANa nahIM mAratA, yadi binA diyA nahIM letA, (aura) zraddhAvAn matsara-rahita hai (to) gayA jAkara kyA karegA, kSudra jalAzaya (udapAna) bhI tere lie gayA hai|'' dharmakIrti kA prasiddha zloka hai vedaprAmANyaM kasyacit kartavAdaH, snAne dharmecchA jAtivAvAvalepaH / saMtApArambhaH pApahAnAya ceti, svastaprajJAnAM paMcaliMgAmi jAiye / nirgrantha harikezabala ne brAhmaNoM se kahA-'jala se Atma-zuddhi nahI hotii| taba unake mana meM jijJAsA gatpanna huI aura unhoMne harikezabala se pUchA-'ApakA nada (jalAzaya) kauna sA hai ? ApakA zAnti-tI kauna sA hai ? Apa kahAM nahA kara karma-raja dhote haiM ? he yakSapUjita saMyate ! hama Apase jAnanA cAhate haiM, Apa btaaie|" usa samaya nirgrantha hari 1. majjhimanikAya, 11117 pR0 26 / 3. vahI, 12 / 45 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 12 / 38 /

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi kezabala ne unheM Atma-zuddhi ke snAna kA upadeza diyaa| unhoMne kahA'akaluSita evaM AtmA kA prasanna-lezyA vAlA dharma merA nada (jalAzaya) hai| brahmacarya merA zAnti-tIrtha hai, jahAM nahA kara maiM vimala, aura suzItala hokara karma rajoM kA tyAga karatA hai| yaha snAna kuzala puruSoM dvArA daSTa hai / yaha mahAsnAna hai, ataH RSiyoM ke lie prazasta hai / isa dharma-nada meM nahAe hue maharSi vimala aura vizuddha hokara uttama-artha (mukti) ko prApta - isa prakAra bauddha aura nirgrantha snAna se Atma-zuddhi nahIM maante| kintu kucha zramaNa snAna ko Atma-zuddhi kA sAdhana mAnate the| ekadaNDI aura tridaNDI parivrAjaka snAnazIla aura zucivAdI the| tridaNDI parivrAjaka zramaNa the-yaha nizItha bhASya kI caNi meM ullikhita hai| sUtrakRtAMga (1 / 1 / 3 / 8) kI vRtti se bhI unake zramaNa hone kI puSTi hotI hai / mUlAcAra meM bhI tApasa, parivrAjaka, ekadaNDI, tridaNDI Adi ko 'zramaNa' kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki 'snAna Atma-zuddhi kA sAdhana nahIM'-- isa viSaya meM saba zramaNa-saMgha eka mata nahIM the| 3. kattaM vAda jaina aura bauddha jagat ko kisI sarvazaktisampanna sattA ke dvArA nirmita nahIM maante| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA- 'jo loga jagat ko kRta batalAte haiM, ve tattva ko nahIM jAnate / yaha jagat avinAzI hai-pahalA thA, hai aura hogaa| bauddha siddhAMta meM kisI mUla kAraNa kI vyavasthA nahIM hai| bauddha nahIM mAnate ki Izvara, mahAdeva yA vAsudeva, puruSa, pradhAnAdika kisI eka kAraNa se sarva jagat kI pravRtti hotI hai| yadi bhAvoM kI utpatti eka kAraNa se hotI to sarva jagat kI utpatti yugapat hotI, kintu hama dekhate haiM ki bhAvoM kA krama saMbhava hai| -- -- 1. uttarAdhyayana, 12 / 46-47 / 2. mUlAcAra, paMcAcArAdhikAra, 62, vRtti : parivrAjakA ekadaNDItridaNDyAdayaH snAnazIlAH zucivAdinaH / 3. nizItha bhASyacUrNi, bhAga 2, pR0 2,3,332 / 4. mUlAcAra, paMcAcArAdhikAra, 62 / 5. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 1 / 68 / 6. bauddha dharma-darzana, pR0 223 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha kucha zramakha jagat ko aNDakRta mAnate the / unake abhimatAnusAra jaba yaha jagat padArtha - zUnya thA taba brahmA ne jala meM aNDA utpanna kiyA / vaha aNDA bar3hate-bar3hate jaba phaTa gayA taba Urdhva loka aura adholoka - ye do bhAga ho ge| unameM saba prajA utpanna huI / isa prakAra pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu, AkAza Adi kI utpatti huI 68 mAhaNA samaNA ege, Aha aMDakaDe jage / aso tattamakAsI ya, ayANaMtA musaM vae / ' vRttikAra ke anusAra tridaNDI Adi zramaNa aisA mAnate the / 4. AtmA aura paraloka 'AtmA' zabda Rgveda' - kAla se hI pracalita rahA hai / kintu isake arthaM kA kramazaH vikAsa huA hai aura taba anta meM upaniSadoM meM yaha brahma ke samakakSa parama tattva ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAta huA hai / udAharaNArthaM bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (1.1,1 ) meM isakA artha 'zarIra' hai / vahIM ( 3 / 2,13 ) para yaha vaiyaktika AtmA ko uddiSTa karatA hai, phira parama tattva ke artha meM to yaha prAyaH AtA rahA hai / * e0 e0 maikaDonala ne likhA hai - " aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki agni athavA 'zavagarta ' ( kabra ) kevala mRta zarIra ko hI vinaSTa karate haiM, kyoMki mRta vyakti ke vAstavika vyaktitva ko anazvara hI mAnA gayA hai / yaha vaidika dhAraNA usa purAtana vizvAsa para AdhArita hai ki AtmA meM zarIra se apane ko acetanAvasthA taka meM alaga kara lene kI zakti hotI hai aura vyakti kI mRtyu ke bAda bhI AtmA kA astitva banA rahatA hai / isIlie eka sampUrNa sUkta (10, 58 ) meM pratyakSataH mRtavat par3e supta vyakti kI AtmA (manas ) se bAhara bhramaNa kara rahe sthAnoM se punaH zarIra meM lauTa Ane kI stuti kI gaI hai / bAda meM vikasita punarjanma ke siddhAnta kA vedoM meM koI saMketa nahIM milatA, kintu eka brAhmaNa meM yaha ukti milatI hai ki jo loga vidhivat saMskArAdi nahIM karate, ve mRtyu ke bAda punaH janma lete haiM aura bAra-bAra mRtyu kA grAsa banate rahate hai (zatapatha brAhmaNa, 10, 4, 3) / 5 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 1167 / 2 . vahI, 1167, vRtti: zramaNAH - tridaNDiprabhRtaya eke kecana paurANikA: na sarve / 3. Rgveda, 1|1|15|1; 10 / 107 7 / 4. vaidika koza, pR0 36 / 5. vaidika mAitholaoNjI ( hindI anuvAda), pR0 316 |

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi 66 upaniSadoM se pUrvavartI vaidika sAhitya meM AtmA aura paraloka ke viSaya meM bahuta vizada carcA nahIM hai / nirgrantha Adi zramaNa saMgha AtmA ko trikAlavartI mAnate the / punarjanma ke viSaya meM bhI unakI dhAraNA bahuta spaSTa thI / bhRgu purohita ne apane putroM se kahA - 'putro ! jisa prakAra araNI meM avidyamAna agni utpanna hotI hai, dUdha meM ghI aura tiloM meM taila paidA hotA hai, usI prakAra zarIra meM jIva utpanna hote haiM aura naSTa ho jAte haiM / zarIra kA nAza ho jAne para unakA astitva nahIM rahA / " taba putra bole- 'pitA ! AtmA amUrta hai, dvArA nahIM jAnA jA sakatA / yaha amUrta hai, isalie hai ki AtmA ke Antarika doSa hI usake bandhana ke saMsAra kA hetu hai - aisA kahA hai / " bahuta sAre kAmAsakta loka paraloka ko nahIM mAnate the / ve kahate the-- 'paraloka to hamane dekhA nahIM, yaha rati (Ananda) to cakSu dRSTa hai-- AMkhoM ke sAmane hai| ye kAmabhoga hAtha meM Ae hue haiM / bhaviSya meM hone vAle saMdigdha haiM / kauna jAnatA hai- paraloka hai yA nahIM ? hama loka-samudAya ke sAtha raheMge / aisA mAna kara bAla- manuSya dhRSTa bana jAtA hai / vaha kAmabhoga ke anurAga se kleza pAtA hai / 'phira vaha trasa tathA sthAvara jIvoM ke prati daNDa kA prayoga karatA hai aura prayojanavaza athavA binA prayojana hI prANI samUha kI hiMsA karatA hai / hiMsA karane vAlA, jhUTha bolane vAlA, chala-kapaTa karane vAlA, cugalI khAne vAlA, veza-parivartana kara apane Apako dUsare rUpa meM prakaTa karane vAlA ajJAnI manuSya madya aura mAMsa kA bhoga karatA hai, yaha zreya hai - aisA mAnatA hai / isalie yaha indriyoM ke nitya hai / yaha nizcaya hetu haiM aura bandhana hI 'vaha zarIra aura vANI se matta hotA hai, dhana aura striyoM meM gRddha hotA hai / vaha rAga aura dveSa-- donoM se usI prakAra karma - mala kA saMcaya karatA hai, jaise zizunAga ( alasa yA keMcuA) mukha aura zarIra -- donoM se miTTI kA / " 1. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 18 / 2. vahI, 14 / 16 | 3. vahI, 5 / 5 - 10 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha ye loga sambhavataH bhautikavAdI yA sukhavAdI vicAradhArA athavA saMjayavelaTiTha putta ke saMdehavAdI dRSTikoNa se prabhAvita the| kucha zramaNa bhI AtmA ora paraloka kA astitva nahIM mAnate the| ____ ajAtazatru ne bhagavAn buddha se kahA- "bhante ! eka dina maiM jahAM ajitakezakambala thA vahAM gayA aura usase paraloka, dAna, dharma Adi ke viSaya meM prazna pUchA / taba usane kahA-'mahArAja ! na dAna hai, na yajJa hai, na homa hai, na puNya yA pApa kA acchA burA phala hotA hai, na yaha loka hai, na paraloka hai, na mAtA hai, na pitA hai, na Ayonija ( aupapAtika, deva) satva haiM aura na isa loka meM vaise jJAnI aura samartha zramaNa yA brAhmaNa haiM jo isa loka aura paraloka ko svayaM jAnakara yA sAkSAt kara (kucha) kheNge| manuSya cAra mahAbhUtoM se milakara banA hai| manuSya jaba maratA hai taba pRthvI mahApathvI meM lIna ho jAtI hai, jala0, teja, vAyu0 aura indriyAM AkAza meM lIna ho jAtI haiN| manuSya loga mare hue ko khATa para rakha kara le jAte haiM, usakI nindA, prazaMsA karate haiN| haDDiyAM kabUtara kI taraha ujalI ho (bikhara) jAtI haiM aura saba kucha bhasma ho jAtA hai / mUrkha loga jo dAna dete haiM, usakA koI phala nahIM hotaa| astikavAda ( . AtmA) jhUTha hai| mUrkha aura paNDita sabhI zarIra ke naSTa hote hI uccheda ko prApta ho jAte haiN| marane ke bAda koI nahIM rhtaa|" __saMjayavelaTiThapatta bhI paraloka ke viSaya meM koI nizcaya mata nahIM rakhate the / usI baiThaka meM ajAtazatru ne bhagavAna buddha se kahA thA-"bhaMte ! eka dina maiM saMjayavelaTiTha ke pAsa gayA aura paraloka Adi ke viSaya meM pUchA / taba saMjayavelaTiThapatta ne kahA-"mahArAja ! yadi Apa pUche, kyA paraloka hai aura yadi maiM samajhaM ki paraloka hai, to Apako batalAUM ki paraloka hai / maiM aisA to nahIM kahatA, maiM vaisA bhI nahIM kahatA, maiM dUsarI taraha se bhI nahIM kahatA, maiM yaha bhI nahIM kahatA ki yaha nahIM hai, paraloka nahIM hai / 'Ayonija prANI nahIM haiM, haiM bhI aura nahIM bhI, na haiM aura nahIM haiM / acche bure kAma ke phala haiM, nahIM haiM, haiM bhI aura nahIM bhI, na haiM aura na nahIM haiM ? 0 / tathAgata marane ke bAda hote haiM, nahIM hote haiM ? yadi mujhe aisA pUche aura maiM aisA samajhaM ki marane ke bAda tathAgata na rahate haiM aura na nahIM rahate haiM, to maiM aisA Apako khuuN| maiM aisA bhI nahIM kahatA, maiM vaisA bhI nahIM kahatA0' / " 1. dIghanikAya, 112, pR0 20-21 / 2. vahI, 112, pR0 22 /

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71 pramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi yaha bahuta Azcarya kI bAta hai ki mahAtmA buddha paralokavAdI hote hue bhI anAtmavAdI the| bauddhoM ke anusAra AtmA prajJaptimAtra hai| jisa prakAra ratha' nAma kA koI svataMtra padArtha nahIM hai, vaha zabdamAtra hai, paramArtha meM aMga-saMbhAra hai, usI prakAra AtmA, jIva, sattva, nAma rUpamAtra (skandhapaMcaka) hai| yaha koI avipariNAmI zAzvata padArtha nahIM hai / bauddha anIzvara vAdI aura anAtmavAdI haiM / ve sarvAstivAdI, sasvabhAvavAdI, tathA bahudharmavAdI haiM, kintu ve koI zAzvata padArtha nahIM maante| unakI mAnyatA meM dravya sat haiM, kintu kSaNika haiN|' mahAtmA buddha ne kahA thA "bhikSuo ! yadi koI kahe ki maiM taba taka bhagavAn (buddha) ke upadeza ke anusAra nahI calUMgA, jaba taka ki bhagavAn mujhe yaha na batA deMge ki saMsAra zAzvata hai vA AzAzvata; saMsAra sAnta hai vA ananta; jIva vahI hai jo zarIra meM hai vA jIva dUsarA hai, zarIra dUsarA hai; mRtyu ke bAda tayAgata rahate haiM vA mRtyu ke bAda tathAgata nahIM rahate-to bhikSuo, yaha bAteM to tathAgata ke dvArA be-kahI hI raheMgI aura vaha manuSya yoM hI mara jaaegaa| ___bhikSuo, jaise kisI AdamI ke jahara meM bujhA huA tIra lagA ho| usake mitra, ristedAra use tIra nikAlane vAle vaidya ke pAsa le jaaveN| lekina vaha kahe-'maiM taba taka yaha tIra nahIM nikalavAUMgA, jaba taka yaha na jAna laM ki jisa AdamI ne mujhe yaha tIra mArA hai vaha kSatriya hai, brAhmaNa hai, vaizya hai yA zUdra haiM'; athavA vaha kahe-'maiM taba taka yaha tIra nahIM nikalavAUMgA, jaba taka yaha na jAna laM ki jisa AdamI ne mujhe yaha tIra mArA hai, usakA amuka nAma hai, amuka gotra hai'; athavA vaha kahe-'maiM taba taka yaha tIra nahIM nikalavAUMgA, jaba taka yaha na jAna laM ki jisa AdamI ne mujhe yaha tIra mArA hai, vaha lambA hai, choTA hai, vA majhale kada kA hai'; to he bhikSuo, usa AdamI ko ina bAtoM kA patA lagegA hI nahIM, aura vaha yoM hI mara jaaegaa| 'bhikSuo, 'saMsAra zAzvata hai'-aisA mata rahane para bhI, 'saMsAra azAzvata hai'-aisA mata rahane para bhI, 'saMsAra sAnta hai'-aisA mata rahane para bhI, saMsAra ananta hai'-aisA mata rahane para bhI 'jIva vahI hai jo zarIra hai'-aisA mata rahane para bhI, 'jIva dUsarA hai, zarIra dUsarA hai'-aisA mata 1. bauddha dharma-darzana, pR0 513 /

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72 saMskRti ke do pravAha rahane para bhI janma, bur3hApA, mRtyu, zoka, ronA-pITanA, pIr3ita honA, cintita honA, parezAna honA to (hara hAlata meM) hai hI aura maiM isI janma meM-jIte jI-inhIM sabake nAza kA upadeza detA huuN|' bhagavAn mahAvIra AtmA aura paraloka, pUrvajanma aura punarjanma ke prabala samarthaka the| unakA yuga Atma-vidyA kI jijJAsAoM kA yuga thaa| usa samaya 'AtmA hai yA nahI ?' 'paraloka hai yA nahIM' ?, 'jina yA tathAgata hoMge yA nahIM ?-aise prazna pUche jAte the| kucha alpamati zramaNa ina praznoM ke jAla meM ulajha bhI jAte the| isIlie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne usa mAnasika ulajhana ko 'darzana parISaha' khaa| unhoMne batAyA-'nizcaya hI paraloka nahIM hai, tapasvI kI Rddhi bhI nahIM hai athavA maiM ThagA gayA hUM'-bhikSu aisA cintana na kre| 'jina hue the, jina haiM aura jina hoMge-aisA jo kahate haiM, ve jhUTha bolate haiM'-bhikSu aisA cintana na kare / ' uttarAdhyayana meM 'paraloka' zabda kA pAMca bAra (5/11; 16/62; 22/16; 26/50; 34/60) tathA 'pUrva-janma kI smRti (... jAtismRti)' kA tIna bAra (6/1,2; 14/5; 16/7,8) ullekha huA hai| prakArAntara se ye viSaya bahuta bAra cacita hue haiN| 5. svarga aura naraka svarga aura naraka kI carcA vaidika sAhitya meM bhI rahI hai| e0 e0 maikaDonala ne likhA hai-- 'yadyapi paraloka-jIvana ke sarvAdhika spaSTa aura pramukha sandarbha Rgveda ke navama aura dazama maNDala meM milate haiM tathApi kabhI-kabhI isakA prathama meM bhI ullekha hai| jo kaThina tapasyA (tapas) karate haiM, jo yuddha meM apane jIvana kA moha tyAga dete haiM (10, 154.5 athavA inase bhI adhika, jo pracura dakSiNA dete haiM, (vahI,3; 1,1255; 10.1071) unheM hI puraskAra svarUpa mArga prApta hotA hai| atharvaveda isa antima prakAra ke logoM ko prApta hone vAle puNya-phaloM ke vivaraNa se bharA hai| 'svarga meM pahuMca kara mRta vyakti aisA sukhakara jIvana vyatIta karate haiM (10,14'. 15". 16.5), jisameM sabhI kAmanAeM tRpta rahatI haiM (9.113.11), aura jo devoM ke bIca (10-14") pramukhataH yama aura varuNa, ina do rAjAoM kI upasthiti meM vyatIta hotA hai (10.14) / 1. saMyuktanikAya, 2115; buddhavacana, pR0 22-23 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 2044-45 /

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi yahAM vaha jarAvasthA se sarvathA mukta hote haiM (10, 27" / tejasvI zarIra se yukta hokara vaha devoM ke priyapAtra bana jAte haiM (10, 14*. 16. 56') / yahAM vaha pitA, mAtA aura putroM ko dekhate haiM (atharvaveda 6. 120') aura apanI patniyoM tathA santAna punaH mila jAte haiM (atharvaveda 12, 3") / yahAM kA jIvana apUrNatAoM aura zArIrika kaSToM se sarvathA mukta hotA hai (10, 14'; atharvaveda 6, 120), vyAdhiyAM pIche chUTa jAtI haiM aura hAthapaira lUle yA laMgar3e nahIM hote (atharvaveda 3, 28) / atharvaveda aura zatapatha brAhmaNa meM aksara yaha kahA gayA hai ki paraloka meM mRta vyakti zarIra tathA anya avayavoM kI dRSTi se sampUrNa hotA hai| ___'Rgveda meM mRtakoM ke Anandaprada jIvana ko 'madanti' athavA 'mAdayante' jaise sAmAnya Azaya ke zabdoM se vyakta kiyA gayA hai (10, 14. 15", ityAdi) / svargaloka ke Anandaprada jIvana kA sarvAdhika vistRta vivaraNa Rgveda (6,113-1) meM milatA hai| vahAM cirantana prakAza aura tIvragati se pravAhita hone vAle aise jala haiM, jinakI gati nirbAdha hotI hai (tu0 kI0 taittirIya brAhmaNa 3,12,2'); vahAM puSTikara bhojana aura tRpti hai; vahAM Ananda, sukha, AhlAda aura sabhI kAmanAoM kI santuSTi hai| yahAM anizcita rUpa se varNita Ananda kI, bAda meM prema ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA kI gaI hai (taittirIya brAhmaNa 2, 4,6; tu0 kI0 zatapatha brAhmaNa 10, 4 4.) aura atharvaveda (4.342) yaha vyakta karatA hai ki svargaloka meM laiMgika mantuSTi ke pracura sAdhana upalabdha haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa ke anusAra vahAM pahuMcane vAle bhAgyazAliyoM ko prApta sukha pRthvI ke zreSThatama vyaktiyoM kI apekSA sau gune adhika haiM (14, 7, 122) / Rgveda bhI yaha kahatA hai ki bhAgyazAliyoM ke svarga meM vINA kA svara aura saMgIta sunAI par3atA rahatA hai (10,135'); vahAM ke logoM ke lie soma, ghRta aura madhu pravAhita hotA rahatA hai (10, 154') / vahAM ghRta se bhare sarovara tathA dugdha, madhu aura madirA kI nadiyAM bahatI haiM (atharvaveda 4,34,5-'; zatapatha brAhmaNa 11, 5, 6) / vahAM ujjvala, vividhi raMgoM vAlI gAyeM haiM jo sabhI kAmanAoM ko pUrNa karatI haiM (kAmududhAH-atharvaveda 4/34") / vahAM na to nirdhana haiM aura na dhanavAn, na zaktizAlI haiM, na zoSita (atharvaveda 3,26') / " ___'Rgveda ke racayitAoM ke vicAra se yadi puNyAtmA loga paraloka 1. vaidika mAitholaoNjI 'hindI anuvAda' pR0 316-320 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha meM apanA puskAra prApta karate haiM, to duSToM ke lie bhI paraloka meM daNDa milane kA na sahI, kintu kama se kama kisI na kisI prakAra ke AvAsa kI kalpanA kara lenA bhI, jaisA ki 'avestA' meM hai, svAbhAvika hI hai| jahAM taka atharvaveda aura kaTha upaniSad kA sambandha hai, inameM naraka kI kalpanA nizcita rUpa se milatI hai| atharvaveda (2,14: 5, 16') yama ke kSetra (12-3") 'svarga-loka ke viparIta, 'nAraka-loka' nAmaka rAkSasiyoM aura abhicAriNiyoM ke AvAsa ke rUpa meM eka adho-gaha (pAtAla-loka) kI carcA karatA hai / hatyAre loga isI naraka meM bheje jAte haiM (vAjasaneyi saMhitA 30,5) / ise atharvaveda meM aneka bAra 'adhama andhakAra' (8,2" ityAdi) aura sAtha hI sAtha, 'kAlA andhakAra' (5,301) aura 'andha andhakAra' (18, 3') kahA gayA hai / nArakIya yAtanAoM kA bhI eka bAra hI atharvaveda (5,16) meM aura apekSAkata adhika vistRta rUpa se zatapatha brAhmaNa (11, 6, 1) meM varNana kiyA gayA hai; kyoMki paraloka ke daNDa kI dhAraNA apane spaSTa rUpa meM brAhmaNa-kAla aura usake bAda se hI vikasita huI hai|" uttarAdhyayana meM 'deva' zabda kA prayoga ikatIsa bAra huA hai| cAra bAra 'devaloka' (devaloga yA devaloya) kA prayoga huA hai| ___ usameM tIsare adhyayana meM batAyA gayA hai- 'karma ke hetu ko dUra kara / kSamA se yaza (saMyama) kA saMcaya kr| aisA karane vAlA pArthiva zarIra ko chor3a kara Urdhva dizA (svarga yA mokSa) ko prApta hotA hai| ___"vividha prakAra ke zIloM kI ArAdhanA karake jo devakalpoM va usake Upara ke devalokoM kI Ayu kA bhoga karate haiM, ve uttarottara mahAzukla (candra-sUrya) kI taraha dIptimAna hote haiN| 'svarga se punaH cyavana nahIM hotA'-aisA mAnate haiM, ve daivI bhogoM ke lie apane Apako arpita kie hue rahate haiM / icchAnusAra rUpa banAne meM samartha hote haiM tathA saikar3oM pUrvavarSoM-asaMkhya-kAla taka vahAM rahate haiN|" "jo saMvRta bhikSu hotA hai, vaha donoM meM se eka hotA hai-saba duHkhoM se mukta yA mahAn Rddhi vAlA deva / _"devatAoM ke AvAsa kramazaH uttama, moha-rahita, dyutimAn aura 1. vaidika mAitholaoNjI 'hindI anuvAda', pR0 321-322 / 2. dekhie-dasaveAliyaM taha uttarajjhayaNANi, zabda-sUcI, pR0 198 / 3. vahI, zabda-sUcI pR0 198 / 4. uttarAdhyayana, 3 / 13-15 /

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi 75 devoM se AkIrNa hote haiN| unameM rahane vAle deva yazasvI, dIrghAyu, RddhimAn, dIptimAn, icchAnusAra rUpa dhAraNa karane vAle, abhI utpanna hue hoM-aisI krAnti vAle aura sUrya ke samAna ati-tejasvI hote haiN|' ___ 'deva aura naraka-yoni meM utpanna huA jIva adhika se adhika ekaeka janma-grahaNa taka vahAM raha jAtA hai, isalie he gautama ! tU kSaNa bhara bhI pramAda mata kara / 2 chattIsaveM adhyayana meM deva-jAti ke prakAroM kA nirUpaNa hai|' naraka ( naraga yA naraya yA niraya) kA prayoga sataraha bAra huA hai| unnIsaveM adhyayana meM nArakIya vedanAoM kA vizada varNana hai| nArakIya jIvoM kA nirUpaNa chattIsaveM adhyayana meM huA hai| kucha zramaNa svarga aura naraka meM vizvAsa nahIM karate the| isa prasaMga meM ajitakezakambala kA ucchedavAda ullekhanIya hai| saMjayavelaThThiputta bhI isa viSaya meM koI nizcita mata nahIM rakhatA thaa|' 6-nirvANa ___ vaidika yajJa-saMsthA meM pAralaukika jIvana kA mahattvapUrNa saMsthAna svarga hai / nirvANa kA siddhAnta unheM mAnya nahIM thaa| upaniSadoM meM vaha sthira huA hai| zramaNa paramparA Arambha se hI nirvANavAdI rahI hai| zrImadbhAgavata meM bhagavAna RSabha ko mokSa dharma kI apekSA se hI vAsudeva kA avatAra kahA gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ne vaidika paramparA se apane uddezya kI pRthaktA batalAte hue kahA-'paMcazikha ! hAM mujhe smaraNa hai| maiM hI usa samaya mahAgovinda thaa| maiMne hI una zrAvakoM ko brahmaloka kA mArga batalAyA thaa| paMcazikha ! merA vaha brahmacarya na nirveda ke lie ( na virAga ke lie), na upazama 1. uttarAdhyayana, 5525-27 / 2. vahI, 10 / 14 / 3. vahI, 36 / 204-247 / 4. dekhie, dasaveAliyaM taha uttarajjhayaNANi, zabda-sUcI-pR0 204,210 / 5. uttarAdhyayana, 16 / 47-73 / 6. vahI, 36 / 156-166 / 7. dIghanikAya, 12, pR0 20-21 / 8. vahI, 112, pR0 22 / 6. zrImadbhAgavata, skandha 11, adhyAya 2, khaNDa 2, pR0 710: tamAhurvAsudevAMzaM, mokssdhrmvivkssyaa|

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76 saMskRti ke do pravAha ( = parama zAnti ) ke lie, na jJAna prApti ke lie, na sambodhi ke lie aura na nirvANa ke lie thA / vaha kevala brahmaloka prApti ke lie thA / paMcazikha ! merA yaha brahmacarya ekAnta ( bilakula ) nirveda ke lie, virAga, aura nirvANa ke lie hai / "" sUtrakRtAMga meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ko nirvANavAdiyoM meM zreSTha kahA gayA hai / ' bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM aneka nirvANavAdI dhAraeM thIM, kiMtu mahAvIra jisa dhArA meM the, vaha dhArA bahuta prAcIna aura bahuta pariSkRta thI / isIlie unheM nirvANavAdiyoM meM zreSTha kahA gayA / bhagavAn buddha ne nirvANa kA svarUpa 'asta honA' yA 'bujha jAnA' batalAyA - "bhikSuo ! yaha jo rUpa kA nirodha hai, upazamana hai, asta honA hai, yahI duHkha kA niSedha hai, rogoM kA upazamana hai, jarA-maraNa kA asta honA hai / yaha jo vedanA kA nirodha hai, saMjJA kA nirodha hai, upazamana hai, asta honA hai, yahI duHkha kA nirodha hai, rogoM kA upazamana hai, jarA-maraNa kA asta honA hai / "" "yahI zAnti hai, yahI zreSThatA hai, yaha jo sabhI saMskAroM kA zamana, sabhI citta-maloM kA tyAga, tRSNA kA kSaya, virAga-svarUpa, nirodha svarUpa nirvANa hai / "" kintu unhoMne yaha nahIM batAyA ki nirvANa ke pazcAt AtmA kI kyA sthiti hotI hai ? bhagavAn mahAvIra ne nirvANa kI uttarakAlIna sthiti para pUrNa prakAza DAlA / isIliye unheM nirvANavAdiyoM meM zreSTha kahA jA sakatA hai / uttarAdhyayana meM chaha bAra 'nirvANa' zabda kA prayoga huA hai aura aneka bAra 'mokSa' zabda bhI anyAnya arthoM ke sAtha nirvANa ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai / ' 14 mokSa kA varNana chattIsaveM adhyayana meM hai / ' aneka samApti meM siddhagati, nirvANa yA mokSa prApta hone kA 1. dIghanikAya, 26, pR0 176 / 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 6 / 21 / 3. saMyuktanikAya, 21 // 3 // 4. aMguttaranikAya, 3132 / 5. dekhie - dasaveAliyaM taha uttarajjha yaNANi, zabda sUcI, pR0 211, 268 / 6. uttarAdhyayana, 36 / 48-67 | 7. vahI, 1148; 3 / 20 ; 10 / 37 ; 11 / 32; 14 / 53; 16 / 17; 18 / 53; 21 / 24; 24 / 27; 30 / 37; 31 / 21; 32 / 111 ; 35/21; 36 / 268 / adhyayanoM kI pariullekha hai / kucha 12 / 47 ; 25|43; 13 / 35; 26 / 52;

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zramaNa aura vaidika paramparA kI pRSThabhUmi zramaNa nirvANa ko nahIM mAnate the / ' isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki (1) dAna, (2) snAna, (3) kartRvAda, ( 4 ) AtmA aura paraloka ( 5 ) svarga aura naraka tathA (6) nirvANa - ye sabhI viSaya zramaNa paramparA kI ekasUtratA ke vyApta lakSaNa nahIM haiM / inameM se kucha viSaya zramaNa aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI samAna haiM / isIlie ina viSayoM ko zramaNa aura vaidika dhArA kI vibhAjanarekhA tathA zramaNa parapamparA kI ekasUtratA kI vyApti ke rUpa meM prastuta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / 1. dIghanikAya, 112, pR0 22 / 77

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6. AtmavidyA : kSatriyoM ko dena AtmavidyA kI paramparA brahmavidyA yA AtmavidyA avaidika zabda hai| muNDakopaniSad ke anusAra sampUrNa devatAoM meM pahale brahmA utpanna huaa| vaha vizva kA katta aura bhuvana kA pAlaka thaa| usane apane jyeSTha putra atharvA ko samasta vidyAoM kI AdhArabhUta brahmavidyA kA upadeza diyaa| atharvA ne aMgira ko aMgira ne bhAradvAja satyavaha ko. bhAradvAja satyavaha ne apane se kaniSTha RSi ko usakA upadeza diyaa| isa prakAra guru-ziSya ke krama se vaha vidyA aMgira RSi ko prApta huii| bRhadAraNyaka meM do bAra brahmavidyA kI vaMza-paramparA batAI gaI hai|' usake anusAra pautimASya ne gaupavana se brahmavidyA prApta kii| guru-ziSya ka' krama calate-calate anta meM batAyA gayA hai ki parameSThI ne vaha vidyA brahma se prApta kii| brahmA svayaMbhU haiN| zaMkarAcArya ne brahmA kA artha 'hiraNyagarbha kiyA hai| usase Age AcArya-paramparA nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha svayaMbhU hai|' muNDaka aura bRhadAraNyaka kA krama eka nahIM hai| muNDaka ke anusAra brahmavidyA kI prApti brahmA se atharvA ko hotI hai aura bRhadAraNyaka ke anusAra vaha brahmA se parameSThI ko prApta hotI hai| brahmA svayaMbhU hai / isa viSaya meM donoM eka mata haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra AtmavidyA ke prathama pravartaka bhagavAna RSabha haiN| ve prathama rAjA, prathama jina (arhat), prathama kevalI, prathama tIrthaMkara aura prathama dharma-cakravartI the| unake 'prathama jina' hone kI bAta itanI vizruta 1. muNDakopaniSad, 111, 12 / 2. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 2 / 6 / 1; 4 / 6 / 1-2 / 3. vahI, bhASya, 2 / 3 / 6, pR0 618 : parameSThI virAT brahmaNo hiraNyagarbhAt / tataH paraM AcArya paramparA nAsti / 4. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 2163 : usahe NAmaM arahA kosalie paDhamarAyA paDhamajiNaM paDhamakevalI paDhamatitthakare paDhamadhammavaracakkavaTTI samuppajjitthe /

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AtmavidyA : kSatriyoM kI dena huI ki Age calakara 'prathama jina' unakA eka nAma bana gayA / ' zrImadbhAgavata se bhI isI bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| vahAM batAyA gayA hai ki vAsudeva ne AThavAM avatAra nAbhi aura merudevI ke vahAM dhAraNa kiyA / ve RSabha rUpa meM avatarita hue aura unhoMne saba AzramoM dvArA namaskRta mArga dikhalAyA / ' isIlie RSabha ko mokSadharma kI vivakSA se 'vAsudevAMza' kahA gayA / " 1 RSabha ke sau putra the / ve saba ke saba brahmavidyA ke pAragAmI the / ' unake nau putroM ko 'AtmavidyA vizArada' bhI kahA gayA hai / " unakA jyeSTha putra bharata mahAyogI thA / ' jambudvIpaprajJapti, kalpasUtra aura zrImadbhAgavata ke saMdarbha meM hama AtmavidyA ke prathama puruSa bhagavAn RSabha ko pAte haiM / koI Azcarya nahIM ki upaniSadkAroM ne RSabha ko hI brahmA kahA ho / brahmA kA dUsarA nAma hiraNyagarbha hai / mahAbhArata ke anusAra hiraNyagarbha hI yoga kA purAtana vidvAn hai, koI dUsarA nahIM / zrImadbhAgavata meM RSabha ko yogezvara kahA gayA hai / ' unhoMne nAnA yoga-caryAoM kA caraNa kiyA thA / haThayoga pradIpikA meM bhagavAn RSabha ko haThayoga-vidyA ke upadeSTA ke rUpa meM namaskAra kiyA gayA hai / " jaina AcArya bhI unheM yoga vidyA ke 1. kalpasUtra, sU0 194 : usabheNaM kosalie kAsavagutte NaM, tassa NaM paMca nAmadhijjA jahA --- usame i vA paDhamarAyA i vA paDhamabhikkhAcare i vA paDhamatitthakare i vA / 2. zrImadbhAgavata, 1 / 3 / 13 : aSTame merudevyAM tu nAbhejati urukramaH / darzayan vartma dhIrANAM sarvAzramanamaskRtam // 3. vahI, 11 / 2 / 16; tamAhurvAsudevAMzaM, mokSadharmavivakSayA / 4. vahI, 11 / 2 / 16; avatIrNaH sutazataM tasyAsId brahmapAragam / 5. vahI, 11 / 5 / 20 : 76 navAbhavan mahAbhAgA, munayo hyarthazaMsinaH / zramaNA vAtarazanAH, AtmavidyAvizAradAH // 6. vahI, 5 / 4 / 6; yeSAM khalu mahAyogI bharato jyeSThaH zreSThaguNaH AsIt / 7. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 349 / 65; hiraNyagarbho yogasya, vettA nAnyaH purAtanaH / 8. zrImadbhAgavata, 5 / 4 / 3 : bhagavAn RSabhadevo yogezvaraH / 6. zrImadbhAgata, 5 / 5 / 25 : nAnAyogacaryAcaraNo bhagavAn kaivalyapatiRRSabhaH / haThayoga pradIpikA : zrI AdinAthaya namostu tasmai, yenopadiSTA haThayogavidyA | 10. evamAhijjaMti, taM paDhamajiNe i vA

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saMskRti ke do pravAha praNetA mAnate haiM / ' isa dRSTi se bhagavAn RSabha 'AdinAtha' 'hiraNyagarbha' aura 'brahmA' - ina nAmoM se abhihita hue haiM / Rgveda ke anusAra hiraNyagarbha bhUta-jagat kA ekamAtra pati hai / ' kintu usase yaha spaSTa nahIM hotA ki vaha 'paramAtmA' hai yA 'dehadhArI' ? zaMkarAcArya ne bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM aisI hI vipratipatti upasthita kI hai - kinhIM vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki paramAtmA hI hiraNyagarbha hai aura kaI vidvAn kahate haiM ki vaha saMsArI hai / " yaha saMdeha hiraNyagarbha ke mUla svarUpa kI jAnakArI ke abhAva meM pracalita thA / bhASyakAra sAyaNa ke anusAra hiraNyagarbha dehadhArI hai / " AtmavidyA, saMnyAsa Adi ke prathama pravartaka hone ke kAraNa isa prakaraNa meM hiraNyagarbha kA artha 'RSabha' hI honA cAhie / hiraNyagarbha unakA eka nAma bhI rahA hai / RSabha jaba garbha meM the, taba kubera ne hiraNya kI vRSTi kI thI, isalie unheM 'hiraNyagarbha' bhI kahA gayA / " karmavidyA aura AtmavidyA 80 karmavidyA aura AtmavidyA- ye do dhArAeM prArambha se hI vibhakta rahI haiM / marIci, aMgirA, atri, pulastya, pulaha, Rtu aura vaziSTha - sAta RSi brahmA ke mAnasa putra haiM / ye pradhAna vedavettA aura pravRtti-dharmAvalambI haiM / inheM brahmA dvArA prajApati ke pada para pratiSThita kiyA gayA / yaha karmaparAyaNa puruSoM ke lie zAzvata mArga prakaTa huA / ' 1. jJAnArNava, 12 : yogikalpataruM naumi devadevaM vRSadhvajam / 2. Rgveda 10 / 10 / 121 / 1 : hiraNyagarbhaH ? samavartatAgre bhUtasya jAtaH patireka AsIt / sa sadAdhAra pRthivIM dyAmutemAM kasmai devAya haviSA vidhema // 3. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 1 / 4 / 6, bhASya pR0 185 : atra vipratipadyante --- para eva hiraNyagarbha ityeke / saMsArItyapare / 4. taittirIyAraNyaka, prapAThaka 10, anuvAk 62, sAyaNa bhASya / 5. mahApurANa, 12 / 65 : saMSA hiraNyamayI vRSTiH dhanezena nipAtitA vibhohiraNyagarbhatvamiva bodhayituM jagat 6. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 340 66-71 : marIciraGgirAzcAtri:, pulastyaH pulahaH kratuH / vasiSTha iti saptaite, mAnasA nirmitA hi te / / ete vedavido mukhyA, vedAcAryAzca kalpitAH / pravRttidharmiNazcaiva prAjApatye pratiSThitA // ayaM kriyAvatAM panthA, vyaktIbhUtaH sanAtanaH / aniruddha iti prokto, lokasargakaraH prabhuH //

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AtmavidyA : kSatriyoM kI dena 81 sana, sanat, sujAta, sanaka, sasanaMdana, sanatkumAra, kapila aura sanAtana - ye sAta RSi bhI brahmA ke mAnasa putra haiM / inheM svayaM vijJAna prApta hai aura ye nivRtti-dharmAvalambI haiM / ye pramukha yogavettA, sAMkhya-jJAna-vizArada dharma-zAstroM ke AcArya aura mokSa-dharma ke pravartaka haiM / saptatizatasthAna meM batalAyA gayA hai ki jaina, zaiva aura sAMkhya- ye tIna dharma-darzana bhagavAn RSabha ke tIrtha meM pravRtta hue the / isase mahAbhArata ke ukta tathyAMza kA samarthana hotA hai / zrImadbhAgavata meM likhA hai - bhagavAn RSabha ke kuzAvarta Adi nau putra nau dvIpoM ke adhipati bane, kavi Adi nau putra Atma-vidyA- vizArada zramaNa bane aura bharata ko chor3akara zeSa 81 putra mahAzrotriya, yajJazIla aura karmazuddha brAhmaNa bane / unhoMne karmatantra kA praNayana kiyA / bhagavAn RSabha ne Atma-taMtra kA pravartana kiyA aura unake 81 putra karma-tantra ke pravartaka hue| ye donoM dhArAeM lagabhaga eka sAtha hI pravRtta huIM / yajJa kA artha yadi Atma-yajJa kiyA jAe to thor3I bhedarekhAoM ke sAtha ukta vivaraNa kA saMvAdaka pramANa jaina sAhitya meM bhI milatA hai aura yadi yajJa kA artha veda-vihita yajJa kiyA jAe to yaha kahanA hogA ki bhAgavatakAra ne RSabha ke putroM ko yajJazIla batA yajJa ko jaina paramparA se sambandhita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / AtmavidyA bhagavAn RSabha dvArA pravartita huI / unake putroM 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 340 / 72-74 : sanaH sanatsujAtazca sanakaH sasanandanaH / sanatkumAraH kapilaH, saptamazca sanAtanaH // saptaite mAnasAH proktA, RSayo brahmaNaH sutAH / svayamAgatavijJAnA, nivRtti dharmamAsthitAH // ete yogavido mukhyAH, sAMkhyajJAnavizAradAH / AcAryA dharmazAstraSu, mokSadharma pravartakAH // 2. saptatizatasthAna, 340-341 : jaiNaM saivaM saMkhaM, veaMtiyanAhiANa buddhANaM / ise siyANa vi mayaM, imAI saga darisaNAI kama // tinni usahassa titthe, jAyAi sIalassa te dunni / darisaNa megaM pAsassa, sattamaM vIratitthami // 3. zrImadbhAgavata, 5 / 4 / 6 - 13; 11 / 2 / 16-21 / 4. Avazyaka niryukti, pR0 235-236 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha vAtarazana zramaNoM dvArA vaha paramparA ke rUpa meM pracalita rahI / zramaNa aura vaidika dhArA kA saMgama huA taba pravRttivAdI vaidika Arya usase prabhAvita nahIM hue kintu zramaNa paramparA ke anuyAyI asuroM kI dhRti, AtmalInatA aura azoka-bhAva ko dekhA to ve usase sahasA prabhAvita hue binA nahIM raha sake / vedottara yuga meM AtmavidyA aura usake paripArzva meM vikasita hone vAle ahiMsA, mokSa Adi tattva donoM dhArAoM ke saMgama sthala ho gae / vaidika sAhitya meM zramaNa saMskRti ke aura zramaNa sAhitya meM vaidika saMskRti ke aneka saMgama sthala haiN| yahAM hama mukhyataH AtmavidyA aura usake ripArzva meM ahiMsA kI carcA kareMge / 1 AtmavidyA aura veda 82 3 mahAbhArata kA eka prasaMga hai / maharSi bRhaspati ne prajApati manu se pUchA - " bhagavan ! jo isa jagat kA kAraNa hai, jisake lie vaidika karmoM kA anuSThAna kiyA jAtA hai, brAhmaNa loga jise jJAna kA antima phala batalAte haiM tathA veda ke maMtra - vAkyoM dvArA jisakA tattva pUrNa rUpa se prakAza meM nahIM AtA, usa nitya vastu kA Apa mere lie yathArtha varNana kareM / ' "manuSya ko jisa vastu kA jJAna hotA hai, usI ko vaha pAnA cAhatA hai aura pAne kI icchA hone para usake lie vaha prayatna Arambha karatA hai, parantu maiM to usa purAtana paramotkRSTa vastu ke viSaya meM kucha jAnatA hI nahIM hUM, phira pAne ke lie jhUThA prayatna kaise karUM ? maiMne Rk, sAma aura yajurveda kA tathA chanda kA arthAt atharvaveda kA evaM nakSatroM kI gati, nirukta vyAkaraNa, kalpa aura zikSA kA bhI adhyayana kiyA hai to bhI maiM AkAza Adi pAMcoM mahAbhUtoM ke upAdAna kAraNa ko na jAna sakA / tattvajJAna hone para kauna - sA phala prApta hotA hai ? karma karane para kisa phala kI upalabdhi hotI hai ? dehAbhimAnI jIva deha se kisa prakAra nikalatA hai aura phira dUsare zarIra meM praveza kaise karatA hai ? ye mArI bAteM bhI mujhe batalAeM / "" isI prakAra nArada sanatkumAra se kahatA hai- "bhagavan ! mujhe upadeza deM / " taba sanatkumAra ne kahA - "tuma jo jAnate ho vaha mujhe batalAo, phira upadeza dUMgA / " taba nArada ne kahA- "bhagavan ! mujhe Rgveda, sAmaveda aura atharvaveda yAda haiM / itihAsa, vedoM ke veda (vyAkaraNa), zraddhA- kalpa, gaNita, utpAda - jJAna, nidhizAstra, tarkazAstra, nIti, deva-vidyA, brahma-vidyA, bhUtavidyA, kSatra-vidyA, sarpa - vidyA aura devajana-vidyA ( nRtya, saMgIta Adi) ko 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 20114 / 2 . vahI, zAntiparva, 2017, 8,6 /

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AtmavidyA : kSatriyoM kI dena maiM jAnatA huuN|"" saba vedoM ko jAna lene para bhI AtmavidyA kA jJAna nahIM hotA thA, usakA kAraNa muNDakopaniSad se spaSTa hotA hai / zaunaka ne aMgirA ke pAsa vidhipUrvaka jAkara pUchA - "bhagavan ! kise jAna lene para saba kucha jAna liyA jAtA hai ?" aMgirA ne kahA - " do vidyAeM haiM - eka 'parA' aura dUsarI 'aparA' | Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharvaveda, zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda aura jyotiSa --- yaha 'aparA' vidyA hai tathA jisase usa akSara paramAtmA kA jJAna hotA hai, vaha 'parA' vidyA hai / ' isa 'parA' vidyA ko vedoM se pRthak batalAne kA tAtparya yahI ho sakatA hai ki vaidika RSi ise mahattva nahIM dete the / 12 zramaNa paramparA aura kSatriya zramaNa paramparA meM kSatriyoM kI pramukhatA rahI hai aura vaidika paramparA meM brAhmaNoM kI / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA devAnandA kI kokha se trizalA kSatriyANI kI kokha meM saMkramaNa kiyA gayA, yaha tathya zramaNa paramparA sammata kSatriya jAti kI zreSThatA kA sUcaka hai / " mahAtmA buddha ne kahA thA-- " vAziSTha ! brahmA sanatkumAra ne bhI gAthA kahI hai 1 'gotra lekara calane vAle janoM meM kSatriya zreSTha haiM / jo vidyA aura AcaraNa se yukta haiM, vaha deva manuSyoM meM zreSTha haiM / ' " vAziSTha ! yaha gAthA brahmA sanatkumAra ne ThIka hI kahI hai, be-ThIka nahIM khii| sArthaka kahI, anarthaka nhiiN| isakA maiM bhI anumodana karatA huuN|" 83 kSatriya kI utkRSTatA kA ullekha bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM bhI milatA hai / vaha itihAsa kI usa bhUmikA para aMkita huA jAna par3atA hai jaba kSatriya aura brAhmaNa eka dUsare ke pratidvandvI ho rahe the / vahAM likhA hai - " Arambha meM yaha eka brahma hI thA / akele hone ke kAraNa vaha vibhUtiyukta karma karane meM samartha nahIM huA / usane atizayatA se 'kSatra' - isa prazasta rUpa kI racanA kI arthAt devatAoM meM jo kSatriya, iMdra, 1. chAndogyopaniSad, 7 / 1 / 1,2 / 2. muNDakopaniSad, 111 / 3-5 / 3. kalpasUtra, 20-25 / 4. dIghanikAya, 34, pR0 245 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha varuNa, soma, rudra, megha, yama, mRtyu aura IzAna Adi haiM, unheM utpanna kiyaa| ataH kSatriya se utkRSTa koI nahIM hai| usI se rAjasUya yajJa meM brAhmaNa nIce baiThakara kSatriya kI upAsanaH karatA hai| vaha kSatriya meM hI apane yaza ko sthApita karatA hai|" mAtmavidyA ke lie brAhmaNoM dvArA atriyoM kI upAsanA kSatriyoM kI zreSThatA unakI rakSAtmaka zakti ke kAraNa nahIM, kintu AtmavidyA kI upalabdhi ke kAraNa thii| yaha AzcaryapUrNa nahIM, kintu bahuta yathArtha bAta hai ki brAhmaNoM ko AtmavidyA kSatriyoM se prApta huI hai| AruNi kA putra zvetaketu paMcAladezIya logoM kI sabhA meM aayaa| pravAhaNa ne kahA-kumAra ! kyA pitA ne tumheM zikSA dI hai ? zvetaketu-hAM bhagavan ! pravAhaNa-kyA tujhe mAlUma hai ki isa loka se (jAne para) prajA kahAM jAtI hai ? __ zvetaketu-nahIM, bhagavan ! pravAhaNa--kyA tU jAnatA hai ki vaha phira isa loka meM kaise AtI hai ? zvetaketu-nahIM bhagavan ! pravAhaNa-devayAna aura pitRyAna -ina donoM mArgoM kA eka dUsare se vilaga hone kA sthAna tujhe mAlUma hai ? zvetaketu-nahIM, bhagavan ! pravAhaNa-tujhe mAlUma hai, yaha pitRloka maratA kyoM nahIM hai ? zvetaketu-bhagavan ! nhiiN| pravAhaNa-kyA tU jAnatA hai ki pAMcavIM Ahuti ke havana kara die jAne para Apa (sauma, ghRtAdi rasa) puruSa saMjJA ko kaise prApta hote haiM ? zvetaketu-nahIM, bhagavan ! nhiiN| to phira tU apane ko 'mujhe zikSA dI gaI hai aisA kyoM bolatA thA ? jo ina bAtoM ko nahIM jAnatA, vaha apane ko zikSita kaise kaha sakatA hai ? taba vaha trasta hokara apane pitA ke sthAna para AyA aura usase bolA-"zrImAn ne mujhe zikSA die binA hI kaha diyA ki maiMne tumheM zikSA de dI hai| usa kSatriya bandhu ne mujha se pAMca prazna pUche the, kintu maiM unameM se eka kA bhI vivecana nahIM kara skaa|' 1. bRhadAraNyaka, 1 / 4 / 11, pR0 286 /

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AtmavidyA : kSatriyoM kI dena usane kahA - " tumane usa samaya sunAeM haiM, unameM se maiM eka ko bhI nahIM to tumheM kyoM nahIM batalAtA ? ' 65 ( Ate hI ) jaise ye prazna mujhe jAnatA / yadi maiM inheM jAnatA taba vaha gautama rAjA ke sthAna para AyA aura usane apanI jijJAsAeM rAjA ke sAmane prastuta kIM / rAjA ne use cirakAla taka apane pAsa rahane kA anurodha kiyA aura kahA - " gautama ! jisa prakAra tumane mujha se kahA hai, pUrvakAla meM tumase pahale yaha vidyA brAhmaNoM ke pAsa nahIM gaI / isI se sampUrNa lokoM kSatriyoM kA hI (ziSyoM ke prati ) anuzAsana hotA rahA hai / " bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM bhI rAjA pravAhaNa AruNi se kahatA hai - " isase pUrva yaha vidyA (adhyAtma-vidyA) kisI brAhmaNa ke pAsa nahIM rahI / vaha maiM tumheM batAUMgA / " upamanyu kA putra prAcInazAla, puluSa kA putra satyayajJa, mallavi ke putra kA putra indradyumna, zarkarakSa kA putra jana aura azvatarAzva kA putra vuDala -- ye mahAgRhastha aura paramazrotriya ekatrita hokara paraspara vicAra karane lage ki hamArA AtmA kauna hai aura hama kyA haiM ? unhoMne nizcaya kiyA ki aruNa kA putra uddAlaka isa samaya vaizvAnara AtmA ko jAnatA hai, ataH hama usake pAsa caleM / aisA nizcaya kara ve usake pAsa Ae / usane nizcaya kiyA ki ye parama zrotriya mahAgRhastha mujha se prazna kareMge, kintu maiM inheM pUrI taraha se batalA nahIM sakUMgA / ataH maiM inheM dUsarA upadeSTA batalA dUM / usane kahA - 'isa samaya kekayakumAra azvapati isa vaizvAnara saMjJaka AtmA ko acchI taraha se jAnatA hai / Aie, hama usI ke pAsa caleM / " aisA kahakara ve usake pAsa cale gae / unhoMne kekayakumAra azvapati se kahA - " isa samaya Apa vaizvAnara AtmA ko acchI taraha jAnate haiM, isalie usakA jJAna hameM deM / ' dUsare dina kekayakumAra azvapati ne unheM AtmavidyA kA upadeza diyA / " 1. chAndogyopaniSad, 5 / 3 / 1-70, pR0 472-476 / 2. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 6 / 28 : yatheyaMvidyetaH pUrvaM na kazmizcana brAhmaNa uvAca tAM tvahaM tubhyaM vakSyAmi / 3. chAndogyopaniSad, 5 / 11 / 1-7 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAsa brAhmaNoM ke brahmatva para tIkhA vyaMga karate hue ajAtazatru ne gAgra se kahA thA-"brAhmaNa kSatriya kI zaraNa meM isa AzA se jAeM ki yA mujhe brahma kA upadeza karegA, yaha to viparIta hai / to bhI maiM tumheM usaka jJAna karAUMgA hii| prAyaH sabhI maithila nareza AtmavidyA ko Azraya dete the| ema0 vinTaraniTaja ne isa viSaya para bahata vivecanA kI hai unhoMne likhA hai-"bhArata ke ina prathama dArzanikoM ko usa yuga ve purohitoM meM khojanA ucita na hogA, kyoMki purohita to yajJa ko eka zAstrIya DhAMcA dene meM dilojAna se lage hue the jabaki ina dArzanikoM ka dhyeya veda ke anekezvaravAda ko unmUlita karanA hI thaa| jo brAhmaNa yajJa ke ADambara dvArA hI apanI roTI kamAte haiM, unhIM ke ghara meM hI koI aisA vyakti janma le le, jo indra taka kI sattA meM vizvAsa na kare devatAoM ke nAma se AhutiyAM denA jise vyartha najara Ae, buddhi nahI mAnatI / so adhika saMbhava nahIM pratIta hotA hai ki yaha dArzanika cintana unhIM logoM kA kSetra thA jinheM vedoM meM purohitoM kA zatru arthAt ari kaMjUsa, 'brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNA dene se jI curAne vAlA' kahA gayA hai| 'upaniSadoM meM to aura kabhI-kabhI brAhmaNoM meM bhI, aise kitane hI sthala Ate haiM, jahAM darzana anucintana ke usa yUga-pravAha meM kSatriyoM kI bhAratIya saMskRti ko dena svataH siddha ho jAtI hai| ___ 'kauzItakI brAhmaNa (26,5) meM prAcIna bhArata kI sAhityika gatividhi kI nidarzaka eka kathA, rAjA pratardana ke sambandha meM AtI hai ki kisa prakAra vaha mAnI brAhmaNoM se yajJa-vidyA ke viSaya meM jUjhatA hai / zatapatha kI 11 vIM kaNDikA meM rAjA janaka sabhI purohitoM kA muMha baMda kara dete haiM, aura to aura brAhmaNoM ko janaka ke prazna samajha meM hI nahIM Ate ? eka eka aura prasaMga meM zvetaketu, somazuSma aura yAjJavalkya sarIkhe mAne hue brAhmaNoM se prazna karate haiM ki agnihotra karane kA saccA tarIkA kyA hai, aura kisI se isakA santoSajanaka uttara nahIM bana paataa| yajJa kI dakSiNA arthAt 100 gAeM, yAjJavalkya ke hAtha lagatI haiM, kintu janaka sApha-sApha kahe jAtA hai ki agnihotrI kI bhAvanA abhI svayaM yAjJavalkya ko spaSTa nahIM huI aura sUtra ke anantara jaba mahArAja andara cale jAte haiM, to brAhmaNoM meM kAnAphUsI cala par3atI hai 'yaha kSatriya hokara hamArI aisI kI taisI kara 1. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 22115 / 2. viSNupurANa, 415 // 34 : prAyeNaite AtmavidyAzrayiNo bhUpAlA bhavanti /

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AtmavidyA : kSatriyoM kI dena gayA; khaira hama bhI to ise sabaka de sakate haiM-brahmoda (ke vivAda) meM ise nIcA dikhA sakate haiN|' taba yAjJavalkya unheM manA karatA hai-dekho, hama brAhmaNa haiM aura vaha sirpha eka kSatriya hai, hama use jIta bhI leM to hamArA usase kucha bar3ha nahIM jAtA aura agara usane hameM harA diyA to loga hamArI makhaula ur3AeMge-'dekho, eka choTe se kSatriya ne hI inakA abhimAna cUrNa kara DAlA' / aura unase (apane sAthiyoM se) chuTTI pAkara yAjJavalkya svayaM janaka ke caraNoM meM hAjira hotA hai; bhagavan ! mujhe bhI brahma-vidyA sambandhI apane svAnubhava kA kucha prasAda diijie|" aura bhI aise aneka prasaMga milate haiM jinase Atma-vidyA para kSatriyoM kA prabhutva pramANita hotA hai| AtmavidyA ke puraskartA ema0 vinTaraniTja ne likhA hai--'jahAM brAhmaNa yajJa, yAga Adi kI nIrasa prakriyA se lipaTe hue the, adhyAtma-vidyA ke carama praznoM para aura loga svataMtra cintana kara rahe the / inhIM brAhmaNetara maNDaloM meM aise vAnaprasthoM tathA ramate parivrAjakoM kA sampradAya uThA-jinhoMne na kevala saMsAra aura sAMsArika sukha-vaibhava se apita yajJAdi kI nIrasatA se bhI apanA nAtA tor3a liyA thaa| Age cala kara bauddha, jaina Adi vibhinna brAhmaNa-virodhI mata-matAntaroM kA janma inhIM svataMtra-cintakoM tathAkathita nAstikoM kI badaulata sambhava ho sakA, yaha bhI eka aitihAsika tathya hai / prAcIna yajJAdi siddhAntoM ke bhaSmazeSa se ina svataMtra vicAroM kI paramparA rahI, yaha bhI eka (aura) aitihAsika tathya hai / yAjJikoM meM 'jida' kucha ghara kara AtI, aura na yaha naI dRSTi kucha saMbhava ho sktii| 'ina sabakA yaha matalaba na samajhA jAe ki brAhmaNoM kA upaniSadoM ke dArzanika cintana meM koI bhAga thA hI nahIM, kyoMki prAcIna gurukuloM meM eka hI AcArya kI chatra-chAyA meM brAhmaNa-putroM, kSatriya-putroM kI zikSA-dIkSA kA taba prabandha thA aura yaha saba svAbhAvika hI pratIta hotA hai ki vibhinna samasyAoM para samaya-samaya para una dinoM vicAra-vinimaya bhI binA kisI bhedabhAva ke huA karate the|" bauddha, jaina Adi vibhinna brAhmaNa virodhI mata-matAntaroM kA janma inhIM svataMtra cintakoM tathAkathita nAstikoM kI badaulata hI sambhava ho 1. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, prathama bhAga, prathama khaNDa, pR0 183 / 2. vahI pR0 185 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha sakA'-'isa vAkya kI apekSA yaha vAkya adhika upayukta ho sakatA hai ki 'bauddha jaina Adi vibhinna brAhmaNa virodhI mata-matAntaroM kA vikAsa AtmavettA kSatriyoM kI badaulata hI saMbhava ho skaa| kyoMki adhyAtma-vidyA kI paramparA bahuta prAcIna rahI hai, sabhavataH veda-racanA se pahale bhI rahI hai| usake puraskartA kSatriya the| brAhmaNa-purANa bhI isa bAta kA samarthana karate haiM ki bhagavAn RSabha kSatriyoM ke pUrvaja haiN|' unhoMne sudUra kSitija meM adhyAtma-vidyA kA upadeza diyA thaa| brAhmaNoM kI udAratA - brAhmaNoM ne bhagavAn RSabha aura unakI adhyAtma-vidyA ko jisa prakAra apanAyA, vaha unakI apUrva udAratA kA jvalanta udAharaNa hai| ema0 vinTaraniTja ke zabdoM meM hama yaha bhI na bhUla jAeM ki (bhArata ke itihAsa meM) brAhmaNoM meM hI yaha pratibhA pAI jAtI hai ki apanI ghisI-piTI upekSita vidyA meM bhI nae-virodhI bhI kyoM na hoM-vicAroM kI saMgati biThA sakate haiN| Azrama-vyavasthA ko, isI viziSTatA ke sAtha, cupacApa unhoMne apane (brAhmaNa) dharma kA aMga banA liyA-vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsI loga bhI unhIM kI prAcIna vyavasthA meM samA ge| AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM meM vikasita hone vAle adhyAtma-vidyA ko vicAra-saMgama kI saMjJA dekara hama atIta ke prati anyAya nahIM karate / DA0 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya kA mata hai ki Rgvaidika-kAla ke bAda jaba upaniSadoM kA samaya AyA taba taka kSatriya-brAhmaNa saMgharSa utpanna ho gayA thA aura kSatriya brAhmaNoM se vaha pada chIna lene ko udyata ho gae the jisakA upabhoga brAhmaNa vaidika-kAla se kie A rahe the|' pAjiTara kA abhimata isase bhinna hai| unhoMne likhA hai-"rAjAoM va RSiyoM kI paramparAeM bhinna-bhinna rahIM / sudUra atIta meM do bhinna parampAeM thIM-kSatriya paramparA aura brAhmaNa paramparA / yaha mAnanA vicArapUrNa nahIM ki vizuddha kSatriya1. (ka) vAyupurANa, pUrvArddha, 33150 : nAbhistvajanayata putraM, marudevyAM mahAdyutiH / RSabhaM pArthivazreSTha, sarvakSatrasya pUrvajam // (kha) brahmANDapurANa, pUrvArddha, anuSaMgapAda, 14 / 60 : RSabhaM pArthivazreSTha, sarvakSatrasya pUrvajam / RSabhAd bharato jajJe, vIraH putrazatAgrajaH // 2. prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya, prathama bhAga, prathama khaNDa, pR0 156 / 1. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pR0 110 /

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AtmavidyA : kSatriyoM kI dena paramparA pUrNataH vilIna ho gaI thI yA atyadhika bhraSTa ho gaI yA jo vartamAna meM hai, vaha maulika nhiiN| brAhmaNa apane dhArmika vyAkhyAoM ko surakSita rakha sake va unakA pAlana kara sake haiM to kSatriyoM ke sambandha meM isase viparIta mAnanA avicArapUrNa hai| kSatriya paramparA meM bhI aise vyakti the, jinakA mukhya kArya hI paramparA ko surakSita rakhanA thaa| 'kSatriya va brAhmaNa paramparA kA antara mahattvapUrNa hai aura svAbhAvika bhii| yadi kSatriya paramparA kA astitva nahIM hotA to vaha Azcaryajanaka sthiti hotii| brAhmaNa va kSatriya-paramparA kI bhinnatA prAcInatama kAla se purANoM ke saMkalana va paurANika brAhmaNoM kA una para adhikAra hone taka rhii| __ vastutaH kSatriya paramparA Rgveda-kAla se pUrvavartI hai / upaniSad-kAla meM kSatriya brAhmaNoM kA pada chIna lene ko udyata nahIM the; pratyuta brAhmaNoM ko AtmavidyA kA jJAna de rahe the| jaisA ki DA0 upAdhyAya ne likhA hai-"brAhmaNoM ke yajJAnuSThAna Adi ke viruddha krAnti kara kSatriyoM ne upaniSad vidyA kI pratiSThA kI aura brAhmaNoM ne apane darzanoM kI nIMva ddaalii| isa saMgharSa kA kAla-prasAra kAphI lambA rahA jo antataH dvitIya zatI I0pa0 meM brAhmaNoM ke rAjanItika utkarSa kA kAraNa huaa| isameM eka ora to vaziSTha, parazurAma, turakAvapeya, kAtyAyana, rAkSasa, pataMjali aura puSyamitra zuMga kI paramparA rahI aura dUsarI ora vizvamitra, devApi, janamejaya, azvapati, kaikeya, pravahaNa, jaibaliajAtazatru, kauzeya, janaka, videha, pAva, mahAvIra, buddha aura vRhadratha kii| AtmavidyA aura ahiMsA ___ahiMsA kA AdhAra AtmavidyA hai| usake binA ahiMsA korI naitika bana jAtI hai, usakA AdhyAtmika mUlya nahIM rhtaa| ___ ahiMsA aura hiMsA kabhI brAhmaNa aura kSatriya paramparA kI vibhAjanarekhA thI / ahiMsA priya hone ke kAraNa kSatriya jAti bahuta janapriya ho gaI thI jaisA ki dinakara ne likhA hai-"avatAroM meM vAmana aura parazurAma, ye do hI haiM jinakA janma brAhmaNa kula meM huA thaa| bAkI sabhI avatAra kSatriyoM ke vaMza meM hue haiN| vaha Akasmika ghaTanA ho sakatI hai, kintu isase yaha anumAna AsAnI se nikala AtA hai ki yajJoM para palane ke kAraNa brAhmaNa itane hiMsA-priya ho gaye the ki samAja unase ghaNA karane lagA aura brAhmaNoM 1. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, p. 5, 6, 2. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pR0 110 /

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10 saMskRti ke do pravAha kA pada unhoMne kSatriyoM ko de diyaa| pratikriyA kevala brAhmaNa dharma (yajJa) ke prati hI nahIM, brAhmaNoM ke gar3ha kuru paMcAla ke khilApha bhI jagI aura vaidika sabhyatA ke bAda vaha samaya A gayA jaba ijjata kUru paMcAla kI nahIM balki magadha aura videha kI hone lgii| kapilavastu meM janma lene ke ThIka pUrva jaba tathAgata svarga meM devayoni meM virAja rahe the, taba kI kathA hai ki devatAoM ne unase kahA ki aba ApakA avatAra honA cAhie. ataeva Apa soca lIjie ki kisa deza aura kisa kula meM janma-grahaNa kiijiegaa| tathAgata ne soca samajha kara batAyA ki mahAbuddha ke avatAra ke yogya to magadha deza aura kSatriya vaMza hI ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra vardhamAna bhI pahale eka brAhmaNI ke garbha meM Ae the| lekina indra ne socA ki itane bar3e mahApuruSa kA janma brAhmaNa-vaMza meM kaise ho sakatA hai ? ataeva usane brAhmaNI kA garbha curA kara use eka kSatrANI kI kukSI meM DAla diyaa| ina kahAniyoM se yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki una dinoM yaha anubhava kiyA jAne lagA thA ki ahiMsA dharma kA mahApracAraka brAhmaNa nahIM ho sakatA, isalie buddha aura mahAvIra ke kSatriya-vaMza meM utpanna hone kI kalpanA logoM ko bahuta acchI lagane lgii|"5 ukta avataraNoM va abhimatoM se ye niSkarSa hameM sahaja upalabdha hote (1) AtmavidyA ke Adi-srota tIrthaGkara RSabha the| (2) ve kSatriya the| (3) unakI paramparA kSatriyoM meM barAbara samAdRta rhii| (4) ahiMsA kA vikAsa bhI AtmavidyA ke AdhAra para huaa| (5) yajJa-saMsthA ke samarthaka brAhmANoM ne vaidikakAla meM AtmavidyA ko pramukhatA nahIM dii| (6) AraNyaka va upaniSad-kAla meM ve AtmavidyA kI ora AkRSTa hue| (7) kSatriyoM ke dvArA unheM vaha (AtmavidyA) prApta huii| HPAN 1. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pa0 106-110 /

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7. dharma kI dhAraNA ke hetu saMsAra ke mUla bindu do haiM-(1) janma aura (2) mRtyu / ye donoM pratyakSa haiM / kintu inake hetu hamAre pratyakSa nahIM haiN| isIlie inakI eSaNA ke lie hamAre mana meM jijJAsA utpanna hotI hai| dharma kI vicAraNA kA Adi-bindu yahI hai| ___ jaise aNDA bagulI se utpanna hotA hai aura bagulI aNDe se utpanna hotI hai, usI prakAra tRSNA moha se utpanna hotI hai aura moha tRSNA se utpanna hotA hai| rAga aura dveSa-ye donoM karma-bIja haiN| karma moha se utpanna hotA hai / vaha janma aura mRtyu kA mUla hetu hai aura yaha janma-maraNa kI paramparA hI duHkha hai|' duHkhavAdI dRSTikoNa dharma kI dhAraNA ke aneka hetu haiN| unameM eka mukhya hetu rahA haiduHkhvaad| anAtmavAda ke caurAhe para khar3e hokara jinhoMne dekhA, unhoMne kahA-saMsAra sukhamaya hai| jinhoMne adhyAtma kI khir3akI se jhAMkA, unhoMne kahA-saMsAra du:khamaya hai / janma duHkha hai, jarA duHkha hai, roga duHkha hai, mRtyu duHkha hai, aura kyA, yaha samUcA saMsAra hI duHkha hai| yaha abhimata kevala bhagavAn mahAvIra va unake pUrvavartI tIrthaGkaroM kA hI nahIM rahA, mahAvIra ke samakAlIna anya dharmAcAryoM kA abhimata bhI yahI thaa| mahAtmA buddha ne inhIM svaroM meM kahA thA---'paidA honA duHkha hai, bUr3hA honA duHkha hai, vyAdhi dukhaH hai, maranA duHkha hai| mahAvIra aura buddha-ye donoM zramaNa paramparA ke pradhAna zAstA the| unhoMne jo kahA, vaha maharSi kapila ke sAMkhya darzana' aura pataJjali' ke 1. uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 6-7 / 2. vahI, 16 / 15 / 3. mahAvagga, 116 / 15 / 4. sAMkhya darzana, 111 : atra trividhaduHkhAtyantanivRttiratyantapuruSArthaH / 5. pAtaMjala yogasUtra, 2014-15: te hlAdaparitApaphalAH puNyApuNyahetutvAt / / pariNAmatApasaMskAraduHkhairguNavRttivirodhAcca duHkhameva sarva vivekinaH / /

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12 saMskRti ke do pravAha yogasUtra meM bhI prApta hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki upaniSadparamparA sukhavAdI hai aura zramaNa-paramparA duHkhvaadii| yadi yaha sahI hai to sAMkhya aura yogadarzana sahaja hI zramaNa-paramparA kI paridhi meM A jAte haiN| prastuta viSaya kA manovaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiyA jAe to yaha phalita hotA hai ki koI bhI mokSavAdI paramparA sukhavAdI nahIM ho sktii| jo saMsAra ko sukhamaya mAnatA hai, usake mana meM duHkha-mukti kI AkAMkSA kaise utpanna hogI ? duHkha-mukti vahI cAhegA, jo saMsAra ko duHkhamaya mAnatA hai / isa vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki duHkhavAda aura muktivAda eka hI vicAradhArA ke do chora haiN| upaniSadoM meM sukha aura Ananda kI dhAraNA brahma ke sAtha jur3I huI hai, saMsAra ke sAtha nhiiN| nArada ne pUchA---'bhagavan ! maiM sukha ko jAnanA cAhatA huuN|' taba sanatkumAra ne kahA-'jo bhUmA hai, vaha sukha hai, alpa meM sukha nahIM hai|' nArada ne phira pUchA-'bhagavan ! bhUmA kyA hai ?' sanatkumAra ne kahA-'jahAM dUsarA nahIM dekhatA, dUsarA nahIM sunatA, dUsarA nahIM jAnatA, vaha bhUmA hai| jahAM dUsarA dekhatA hai, dUsarA sunatA hai aura dUsarA jAnatA hai, vaha alpa hai| taittirIya meM brahma aura Ananda kI ekAtmakatA batalAI gaI hai| jarA, mRtyu, janma, roga aura zoka-ye jahAM nahIM haiM, vahI mokSa hai aura vahI Anandamaya Aspada hai|' yaha dhAraNA zramaNa paramparA se bhinna nahIM hai| zramaNoM ne mokSa ko sukhamaya mAnA hai| isa abhimata ke abhAva meM unakA dRSTikoNa ekAntataH nirAzAvAdI ho jAtA hai / kumArazramaNa kezI ne gautama se pUchA-'gautama ! zArIrika aura mAnasika duHkhoM se pIr3ita hote hue prANiyoM ke lie kSema, ziva aura anAbAdha sthAna kise mAnate ho?' gautama ne uttara diyA-'mune ! loka ke zikhara meM eka vaisA zAzvata sthAna hai, jahAM pahuMca pAnA bahuta kaThina hai aura jahAM nahIM hai jarA, mRtyu, vyAdhi aura vednaa|' _ 'sthAna kise kahA gayA hai'-kezI ne gautama se pUchA ? gautama bole-'jo nirvANa hai, jo abAgha hai, jo kSema, ziva aura anAbAdha hai, 1. chAndogya upaniSad, 7 // 22 // 1;7 / 24 / 1 / 2. taittiroya, 326.1 : Anando brahmeti vyajAnAt / 3. (ka) chAndogya upaniSad, 481813 : na jarA na mRtyunaM zokaH / (kha) zvetAzvatara, 2 / 12 : na tasya rogo na jarA na mRtyuH -

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dharma kI dhAraNA ke hetu 13 jise mahAna kI eSaNA karane vAle prApta karate haiM, bhava-pravAha kA anta karane vAle mani jise prApta kara zoka se makta ho jAte haiM, jo loka ke zikhara meM zAzvata rUpa se avasthita haiM, jahAM pahuMca pAnA kaThina hai, use maiM 'sthAna' kahatA huuN|" __ isI bhAvanA ke saMdarbha meM mRgAputra ne apane mAtA-pitA se kahA thA--'maiMne cAra anta vAle aura bhaya ke Akara janma-maraNa rUpI jaMgala meM bhayaMkara janma-maraNoM ko sahA hai| ___'manuSya jIvana asAra hai, vyAdhi aura rogoM kA ghara hai, jarA aura maraNa se grasta hai / isameM mujhe eka kSaNa bhI Ananda nahIM mila rahA hai / _ 'maiMne sabhI janmoM meM duHkhamaya vedanA kA anubhava kiyA hai| vahAM eka nimeSa kA antara par3e utanI bhI sukhamaya vedanA nahIM hai|' usakA mana saMsAra meM isIlie nahIM rama rahA thA ki usakI dRSTi meM yahAM kSaNabhara ke lie bhI sukha kA darzana nahIM ho rahA thaa| bandhana-mukti kI avasthA meM use sukha kA avirala srota pravAhita hotA dIkha rahA thaa| mahAmani kapila ne coroM ke sAmane eka prazna upasthita kiyA thA--- isa duHkhamaya saMsAra meM aisA kauna-sA karma hai, jisase maiM durgati meM na jaauuN|' yaha prazna nirAzA kI ora saMketa nahIM karatA, kintu isakA iMgita ekAnta sukha kI ora hai / bhagavAn ne kahA thA-pUrNa jJAna kA prakAza, ajJAna aura moha kA nAza tathA rAga aura dveSa kA kSaya hone se AtmA ekAnta sukhamaya mokSa ko prApta hotA hai| dharma kA Alambana unhIM vyaktiyoM ne liyA, jo duHkhoM kA pAra pAnA cAhate the| ukta vizleSaNa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki sarva-duHkha-mukti dharma karane kA pramukha uddezya rahA hai| paralokavAdI dRSTikoNa dharma kI dhAraNA kA mukhya hetu rahA hai-paralokavAdI dRSTikoNa / paralokavAda AtmA kI amaratA kA siddhAnta hai| anAtmavAdI AtmA ko amara nahIM maante| ataH unakI dhAraNA meM ihaloka aura paraloka-yaha vibhAga vAstavika nahIM hai| unake abhimata meM vartamAna jIvana atIta aura anAgata kI zRGkhalA se mukta hai / AtmavAdI dhAraNA isase bhinna hai / usake 1. uttarAdhyayana, 23180-84 / 4. vahI, 32 / 2 / 2. vahI, 19446,14,74 / 5. vahI, 14151-52 / 3. vahI, 8 / 1 / 6. vahI, 32 / 110-111 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha anusAra AtmA zAzvata hai / mRtyu ke pazcAt usakA astitva samApta nahIM hotA, kevala usakA rUpAntaraNa hotA hai / vartamAna jIvana atIta aura anAgata zrRGkhalA kI eka kar3I mAtra hai / ataH ihaloka jitanA satya hai, utanA hI satya hai paraloka / bhAvI jIvana vartamAna jIvana kA pratibimba hotA hai / isa dhAraNA se prerita ho yaha kahA gayA 'jo manuSya lambA mArga letA hai aura sAtha meM sambala nahIM letA, vaha bhUkha aura pyAsa se pIr3ita calatA huA duHkhI hotA hai / ' 'isI prakAra jo manuSya dharma kie binA parabhava meM jAtA hai, vaha vyAdhi aura roga se pIr3ita hokara jIvana-yApana karatA huA duHkhI hotA hai / ' 64 'jo manuSya lambA mArga letA hai, kintu sambala ke sAtha / vaha bhUkhapyAsa se rahita hokara calatA huA sukhI hotA hai / ' 'isI prakAra ko manuSya dharma kI ArAdhanA kara parabhava meM jAtA hai, vaha alpakarma vAlA aura vedanA rahita hokara jIvana-yApana karatA huA sukhI hotA hai / " AcArya gaddabhAli ne rAjA saMjaya se kahA thA - ' - 'rAjan ! tU jahAM moha kara rahA hai, vaha jIvana aura saundarya bijalI kI camaka ke samAna caJcala hai | tU paraloka ke hita ko kyoM nahIM samajha rahA hai ?" dharma kevala paraloka ke lie hI nahIM, ihaloka ke lie bhI hai / kintu ihaloka kI pavitratA se paraloka pavitra banatA hai, ataH pariNAma kI dRSTi se kahA jAtA hai ki dharma se paraloka sudharatA hai / ihaloka aura paraloka ke kalyANa meM paraspara vyApti hai / paraloka kA kalyANa ihaloka kA kalyANa hone para hI nirbhara hai| sacAI to yaha hai ki dharma se AtmA zuddha hotI hai, usase ihaloka aura paraloka sudharate haiM, yaha vyavahAra kI bhASA hai / kucha dhArmika loga aihika aura pAralaukika siddhiyoM ke lie dharma kA vidhAna karate the, usakA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne virodha kiyA aura yaha sthApanA kI ki dharma kevala Atma zuddhi ke lie kiyA jAe / ' maharSi kaNAda ke abhimata meM dharma se abhyudaya aura niHzreyas - donoM 1. uttarAdhyayana, 16 / 18-21 / 2 . vahI, 18 / 13 / 3. dazavekAlika, 64 sUtra 6 /

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65 dharma kI dhAraNA ke hetu sadhate haiM / ' jaina AcArya bhI isa mAnyatA kA samaya-samaya para samarthana karate rahe haiM prAjyaM rAjyaM subhaga dayitA nandanA nandanAnAM / ramyaM rUpaM sarasakavitAcAturI susvaratvam // nIrogatvaM guNaparicayaH sajjanatvaM subuddhiH / kintu brUmaH phalapariNati dharmakalpadrumasya // ' kiMtu vAstavika dRSTi se dharma abhyudaya kA pratyakSa hetu nahIM ha / vaha pratyakSa hetu niHzreyas kA hI hai / abhyudaya usakA prAsaMgika pariNAma hai / dharma aihika yA pAralaukika abhyudaya ke lie nahIM hai / usakA mukhya pariNAma hai- AtmA kI pavitratA / pavitratA kI dRSTi se dharma aihika bho hai aura pAralaukika bhI / pUrva carcita viSaya ko niSkarSa kI bhASA meM isa prakAra prastuta kara sakate haiM ki paudgalika abhyudaya kI dRSTi se dharma ihalaukika bhI nahIM hai aura pAralaukika bhI nahIM hai / Atmodaya kI dRSTi se vaha ihalaukika bhI hai aura pAralaukika bhI / dharma ke pariNAma kI carcA ke prasaMga meM paraloka zabda bhaviSya ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai / dharma se vartamAna zuddha hotA hai aura vaha zuddhi bhaviSya ko prabhAvita karatI hai / adharma se vartamAna azuddha banatA hai aura vaha azuddhi bhaviSya ko prabhAvita karatI hai / jaba ariSTanemi ko patA calA ki mere lie nirIha pazuoM kA vadha kiyA jA rahA hai, taba unhoMne kahA - 'yaha kAryaM mere paraloka meM kalyANakara nahIM hogA / " isa prakaraNa meM paraloka zabda bhaviSya ke artha meM rUr3ha hai / 1. vaizeSika darzana, adhyAya 1, Ahnika 1, sUtra 2 : yato'bhyudayaniH zreyasasiddhiH sa dharmaH / 2. zAntasudhArasa, 107 / 3. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 220-221 : ratnatrayamiha heturnirvANasyaiva bhavati nAnyasya / Asravati yattu puNyaM, zubhopayogo'yamaparAdhaH // ekasmin samavAyAd, atyanta vikArya yorapi hi / iha dahati ghRtamiti yathA vyavahArastAdRzo'pi rUDhimitiH // 4. uttarAdhyayana, 8 20; 17 / 21 / 5. vahI, 25 / 16 : jai majjha kAraNA ee, hammihiti bahU jiyA / na me eyaM tu nissesaM, paraloge bhavissaI / /

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mRtyu saMskRti ke do pravAha mRtyu ke bAda hone vAlA jIvana ajJAta hotA hai| usake prati sahaja hI vizeSa AkarSaNa rahatA hai| yadyapi dharma se aihika jIvana vizuddha' banatA hai, phira bhI usake pAralaukika phala kA nirUpaNa karane kI sAmAnya paddhati rahI hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se vizeSa AkarSaNa bhI rahA hai| isI AkarSaNa kI bhASA meM mRgAputra ne kahA thA-'jo manuSya dharma kI ArAdhanA kara parabhava meM jAtA hai, vaha sukhI hotA hai|" kucha vidvAn dharma ko samAja-dhAraNA kI saMsthA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN|' unakA abhimata hai ki paralokavAdI dRSTikoNa dharma kI zraddhApradhAna mImAMsA hai| usakI buddhivAdI mImAMsA karane para yahI phalita hotA hai ki vaha samAja-dhAraNA ke lie sthApita kiyA gayA thaa| mahAbhArata meM bhI eka aisA ullekha milatA hai-'dharma kA vidhAna lokayAtrA paricAlana ke lie kiyA gyaa|" yaha trivargavAdI cintanadhArA hai| caturvargavAdI isase sahamata nahIM haiM / kAma, artha aura dharma ko mAnane vAloM ke sAmane mokSa prayojya nahIM hotaa| ataH usakI upalabdhi ke lie dharma ko prayojana ke rUpa meM mAnanA unake lie apekSita nahIM hotaa| caturvargavAdI antima prayojya mokSa mAnate haiN| ataH ve dharma ko samAja-dhAraNA kA hetU na mAna kara mokSa kI upalabdhi kA hetu mAnate haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra isI dhArA ke samarthaka the| trivarga aura caturvarga trivarga athavA puruSArtha kA spaSTa nirdeza vaidika vAGmaya meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| sabase prAcIna ullekha Apastamba-dharma-sUtroM meM milatA hai| pahale mokSa nAma ke caturtha puruSArtha kI svataMtra gaNanA nahIM kI jAtI thii| trivarga kI paribhASA hI pahale rUr3ha huii| vastutaH trivarga kI mAnyatA vaidika nahIM hai| vaha laukika hai / sthAnAMga meM ihalaukika vyavasAya ke tIna prakAra batalAe gae haiM- (1) laukika, (2) vaidika aura (3) sAmayika / ' 1. uttarAdhyayana, 16 / 21 / 2. hindU dharma samIkSA, pR0 44 : 3. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 256 // 4 : lokayAtrArthameveha dharmasya niyamaH kRtaH / 4. uttarAdhyayana, 3 / 12 / 5. vaidika saMskRti kA vikAsa, pR0 102 / 6. sthAnAMga, 3 / 366 /

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dharma kI dhAraNA ke hetu 67 laukika vyavasAya ke tIna prakAra haiM1. artha, 2. dharma aura 3. kaam| vaidika vyavasAya ke tIna prakAra haiM1. Rgveda, 2. yajurveda aura 2. saamved| sAmayika vyavasAya ke tIna prakAra haiM1. jJAna, 2. darzana aura 3. caaritr| trivarga ke lie yahAM trividha vyavasAya kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / dharma ko laukika vyavasAya mAnA gayA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki trivarga ke sAtha jo dharma hai, vaha mokSa-dharma nahIM kiMtu paraMparAgata AcAra-dharma yA sAmAjika vidhi-vidhAna hai| isa Azaya kA samarthana mahAbhArata ke eka padyAMza se bhI hotA hai-'lokayAtrArthameveha, dharmasya niyamaH kRtaH / / __ kucha vidvAn mahAbhArata ke ukta padyAMza ke AdhAra para yaha sthApita karane kA prayatna karate haiM ki dharma samAja dhAraNA kA tattva hai| kintu yaha sahI nahIM hai| ukta padyAMza kA hRdaya sthAnAMga ke laukika vyavasAya ke saMdarbha meM hI samajhA jA sakatA hai| mahAbhArata meM dharma ko lokAyAtrArtha kahA gayA hai aura sthAnAMga meM laukika / yaha dharma samAja-dhAraNA ke lie hai yaha mAnane meM kisI ko bhI koI Apatti nahIM ho sktii| vicAra-bheda vahIM hai, jahAM mokSa-dharma ko samAja-dhAraNA kA tattva kahA jAtA hai tathA usI uddezya se mokSa-dharma kI utpatti batalAI jAtI hai| lagatA to yaha hai ki trivarga meM jo dharma hai, vaha caturvidha puruSArtha kI mAnyatA ke pazcAt mokSa-dharma ke artha meM samajhA jAne lagA hai| dharma se artha aura kAma prApta hote haiM-yahAM dharma kA artha paramparAgata AcAra, vyavasthA va vidhi-vidhAna hI honA caahie| nirvANavAda ke utkarSakAla meM jaba trivarga ke sAtha mokSa jur3A, caturvidha puruSArtha kI sthApanA huI, taba dharma kA artha vyApaka ho gyaa| vaha sAmAjika vidhi-vidhAna va mokSa-dharma-ye 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 256 / 4 /

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18 saMskRti ke do pravAha donoM artha dene lgaa| manusmRti meM trivarga ke viSaya meM aneka dhAraNAeM batalAI gaI haiN| kucha AcArya mAnate the ki dharma aura artha zreya hai / kucha mAnate the ki kAma aura artha zreya hai / eka mata thA dharma hI zreya hai| kucha artha ko hI zreya mAnate the| mana ne trivarga ko zreya maanaa|' yaha abhimata samAjazAstra kI dRSTi se paripUrNa hai| kauTilya ne artha ko pradhAna maanaa| dharma aura kAma kA mUla, unakI dRSTi meM, artha hI thaa| isase bhI dharma kA artha laukika AcAra hI pratIta hotA hai| mahAbhArata ke anusAra santanArthI vyaktiyoM kA pravRtti-dharma mumukSa logoM ke lie nahIM hai|' isakA phalita spaSTa hai-saMtAnotpatti kA dharma mokSa-dharma nahIM hai| artha se dharma aura kAma siddha hote haiM aura dharma dhana se pravRtta hotA hai-yaha mAnyatA bhI dharma ke usa artha para AdhArita hai, jisakA saMbaMdha mokSa se nahIM hai| jaina darzana prArambha se hI nirvANavAdI rahA hai| ataH AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI dRSTi se vahAM dharma aura mokSa-ye do hI puruSArtha mAnya rahe haiN| gRhastha sAmAjika maryAdA se mukta nahIM ho sakate, ataH unake lie sAmAjika mUlyoM kI dRSTi se artha aura kAma-ye donoM puruSArtha mAnya rahe haiM / kintu unakI vyavasthA tAtkAlika samAja-zAstroM dvArA kI gii| jaina AcAryoM ne laukika mAnyatA prApta trivarga ko laukika-zAstra kA hI viSaya btlaayaa| unhoMne usakI vyavasthA nahIM dii| unhoMne kevala AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI carcA kI aura eka mokSa-darzana ke lie yahI adhikRta 1. manusmRti, 21224 : dharmArthAvucyate zreyaH, kAmAthoM dharma eva ca / artha eveha vA zreyaH, trivarga iti tu sthitiH // 2. kauTilya arthazAstra, 117 / 3 : artha eva pradhAnaH iti koTalya:-arthamUlI hi dharmakAmAviti / 3. mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva, 115247 : pravRttilakSaNo dharmaH prajAthibhirudAhRtaH / yathoktaM rAjazArdUla ! na tu tanmokSakAGakSiNAm / / 4. (ka) mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 8 / 17 : arthAddharmazca kAmazca, svargazcaiva narAdhipaH / prANayAtrApi lokasya, binA hyartha na siddhayati / / (kha) mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 8 / 12 : yaM vimaM dhamamityAhurdhanAdeSa pravartate /

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dharma kI dhAraNA ke hetu bAta ho sakatI hai| eka samAjazAstrI ke lie mokSa kI carcA prAsaMgika ho sakatI hai, adhikRta nahIM / isI prakAra eka mokSazAstrI ke lie sAmAjika tattva-artha aura kAma kI carcA prAsaMgika ho sakatI hai, adhikRta nhiiN| artha aura kAma-ye donoM samAja-dhAraNA ke mUla aMga haiN| ataH unako AdhyAtmika zRMkhalA kI kar3I ke rUpa meM mAnyatA nahIM dI gii| ve samAja ke lie upayogI nahIM haiM, aisA nahIM mAnA gyaa| unhIM vyaktiyoM ne unheM heya batalAyA, jo adhyAtma kI bhUmikA para ArUr3ha hue| samagra uttarAdhyayana yA samagra adhyAtma-zAstra meM kAma aura artha kI bhartsanA isI dRSTi se kI gaI / bhagavAn ne kahA ___'jo kAma se nivRtta nahIM hotA, usakA AtmArtha naSTa ho jAtA hai| jo kAma se nivRtta hotA hai, usakA AtmArtha sadha jAtA hai " 'jaise kimpAka phala khAne para usakA pariNAma sundara nahIM hotA, usI prakAra mukta-bhogoM kA pariNAma sundara nahIM hotaa| bhRguputroM ne apane mAtA-pitA se kahA-'yaha sahI hai ki kAma-bhoga kSaNika aura alpa sukha dete haiM, kintu pariNAma kAla meM ve cirakAla taka bahuta duHkha dete haiM aura saMsAra-mukti ke virodhI haiN| isIlie hama unheM anarthoM kI khAna mAna kara chor3a rahe haiN|" kAma aura dharma kA yaha virodha AdhyAtmika jagat meM hI mAnya ho sakatA hai| indra ne nami rAjarSi se kahA he pArthiva ! Azcarya hai ki tuma isa abhyudaya-kAla meM sahaja prApta bhogoM ko tyAga rahe ho aura aprApta kAma-bhogoM kI icchA kara rahe hoisa prakAra tuma apane saMkalpa se hI pratAr3ita ho rahe ho|" yaha artha suna kara hetu aura kAraNa se prerita hue nami rAjarSi ne devendra se isa prakAra kahA ___ 'kAma-bhoga zalya haiM, viSa haiM aura AzIviSa sarpa ke tulya haiN| kAmabhoga kI icchA karane vAle unakA sevana na karate hue bhI durgati ko prApta hote haiN| isa saMvAda se yaha spaSTa hai ki dharma kAma kI upalabdhi ke lie nahIM, kintu usakA artha hai-kAma-vAsanAoM kA tyAga / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 7 / 25,26 / 2. vahI, 16 / 17 / 3. vahI, 14 / 13 / 4. vahI, 651 / 5. vahI, 6 / 53 /

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100 saMskRti ke do pravAha kAma kI bhAMti artha bhI dharma se sambandhita nahIM hai| bhagavAn ne kahA-'dhana se koI vyakti ihaloka yA paraloka meM trANa nahIM pA sktaa|' bhRgu purohita ne apane putroM se kahA-'jisake lie loga tapa kiyA karate haiM vaha saba kucha-pracura dhana, striyAM, svajana aura indriyoM ke viSaya-tumheM yahIM prApta haiM, phira kisalie tuma zramaNa honA cAhate ho?' putra bole--'pitA! jahAM dharma kI dharA ko vahana karane kA adhikAra hai, vahAM dhana, svajana aura indriya-viSaya kA kyA prayojana hai ? kucha bhI nhiiN| hama guNa-samUha sampanna zramaNa hoMge, pratibandha-mukta hokara gAMvoM aura nagaroM meM vihAra karane vAle aura bhikSA lekara jIvana calAne vAle hoNge| _ isa saMdarbha se yaha phalita hotA hai ki artha ke lie dharma nahIM karanA caahie| vastutaH vaha kAma aura artha kI prApti ke lie nahIM hai aura unase saMzliSTa bhI nahIM hai| jahAM kAma aura artha se dharma kA saMzleSa kiyA jAtA hai, vahAM vaha ghAtaka bana jAtA hai| anAthI muni ne samrATa zreNika se yahI kahA thA-'piyA huA kAla-kUTa viSa, avidhi se pakar3A huA zastra aura niyaMtraNa meM nahIM lAyA huA vetAla jaise vinAzakArI hotA hai, vaise hI yaha viSayoM se yukta dharma bhI vinAzakArI hotA hai|' yadi dharma (mokSa-dharma) samAja-dhAraNA ke lie hotA to usakA dRSTikoNa sAmAjika jIvana ke mahattvapUrNa aMga--kAma aura artha ke prati itanA virodhI nahIM hotaa| aura vaha hai, isase yaha svayaM pramANita hotA hai ki mokSa-dharma samAja-dhAraNA ke lie nahIM hai / pariNAmavAdI dRSTikoNa dharma kI dhAraNA kA tIsarA hetu rahA hai--pariNAmavAdI dRssttikonn| pratyeka pravRtti kA nizcita pariNAma hotA hai aura pratyeka kriyA kI nizcita pratikriyA hotI hai / kRta kA pariNAma vartamAna jIvana meM bhI bhugatAna hotA hai aura agale jIvana meM bhii| kyoMki prANI karma-satya hote haiM--kRta kA pariNAma avazya bhugatate haiN| usase bacane kA ekamAtra upAya dharma hai|' 1. uttarAdhyayana, 4 / 5 / 2. vahI, 14 / 16,17 / 3. vahI, 2044 / 4. (ka) uttarAdhyayana, 7 / 20 : kammasaccA hu pANiNo / (kha) vahI, 413, 13 / 10 / 5. dazavakAlika, cUlikA 1, sUtra 18 : kaDANaM kammANaM.. veyaittA mokkho, nati aveyaittA, tavasA vA jhosittaa|

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dharma kI dhAraNA ke hetu 101 vyaktivAdI dRSTikoNa . dharma kI dhAraNA kA cauthA hetu rahA hai-vyaktivAdI dRSTikoNa / pratyeka vyakti sAmAjika jIvana jItA hai| phira bhI usakI AtmA kabhI sAmAjika nahIM bntii| isI Azaya se citta ne brahmadatta se kahA thA ___ 'usI ke kAraNa tU mahAn anubhAga (acintya-zakti) sampanna, mahAn RddhimAn aura puNyaphalayukta rAjA banA hai| isIlie tU azAzvata bhAgoM ko chor3a kara cAritra kI ArAdhanA ke lie abhiniSkramaNa kr|' _ 'rAjan ! jo isa azAzvata jIvana meM pracura zubha anuSThAna nahIM karatA, vaha matyu ke muMha meM jAne para pazcAttApa karatA hai aura dharma kI ArAdhanA na hone ke kAraNa paraloka meM bhI pazcAttApa karatA hai| __jisa prakAra siMha hariNa ko pakar3a kara le jAtA hai, usI prakAra antakAla meM mRtyu manuSya ko le jAtI hai| kAla Ane para usake mAtApitA yA bhAI aMzadhara nahIM hote-apane jIvana kA bhAga dekara bacA nahIM pAte / ' 'jAti, mitra-varga, putra aura bAndhava usakA duHkha nahIM baMTA sakate, vaha svayaM akelA duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai| kyoMki karma kartA ke pIche calatA hai|' 'yaha parAdhIna AtmA dvipada, catuSpada, kheta, ghara, dhana, dhAnya, vastra Adi saba kucha chor3a kara kevala apane kie karmoM ko sAtha lekara parabhava meM jAtA hai|' 'usa akele aura asAra zarIra ko agni se citA meM jalA kara strI, putra aura jJAti kisI dUsare dAtA (jIvikA dene vAle) ke pIche cale jAte kRta-karmoM kA pariNAma bhI vyakti akelA bhugatatA hai| isI kI puSTi meM kahA gayA ___'saMsArI prANI apane bandha-janoM ke lie jo sAdhAraNa karma (isakA phala mujhe bhI mile aura unako bhI aisA karma) karatA hai, usa karma ke phala-bhoga ke samaya ve bandhujana bandhutA nahIM dikhAte-usakA bhAga nahI bNttaate| - jo satya kI eSaNA karatA hai, use yaha spaSTa jJAta ho jAtA hai - 1. uttarAdhyayana, 13020-25 / 2. vahI, 4 / 4 /

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102 saMskRti ke do pravAha 'jaba maiM apane dvArA kie gae karmoM se chedA jAtA hUM taba mAtA-pitA, putra, bandhu, bhAI, patnI aura putra-ye sabhI merI rakSA karane meM samartha nahIM hote|" _samAja vyakti ke lie trANa hotA hai kintu vaha vyakti se abhinna nahIM hotA isalie vaha use anta taka trANa nahIM de sktaa| dharma vyakti se abhinna hotA hai, isalie vaha usakI antima trANa-zakti hai| isI saMdarbha meM kamalAvatI ne mahArAja iSukAra se kahA thA 'yadi samUcA jagat tumheM mila jAe athavA samUcA dhana tumhArA ho jAe to vaha bhI tumhArI icchA-pUrti ke lie paryApta nahIM hogA aura vaha tumheM trANa bhI nahIM de skegaa|' 'rAjan ! ina manorama kAma-bhogoM ko chor3a kara jaba kabhI maranA hogA / he naradeva ! eka dharma hI trANa hai| usake sivAya dUsarI koI vastu trANa nahIM de sktii|" anAthI ko kisI bhI sAmAjika sAdhana se trANa nahIM milA, taba unhoMne saMkalpa kiyA 'isa vipula vedanA se yadi maiM eka bAra hI mukta ho jAUM to kSamAvAna, dAnta aura Arambha kA tyAga kara anagAra-vRtti ko svIkAra kara luuN|" - isa saMkalpa meM ve apane se abhinna ho ge| unakI vedanA rAta-rAta meM samApta ho gii| ekatva aura atrANAtmaka dRSTikoNa ____dharmya-dhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAeM-ekatva, anitva, azaraNa aura saMsAra-ke cintana se vyakti kA dharma kI ora jhukAva hotA hai| ekatva aura atrANAtmaka (yA azaraNAtmaka) dRSTikoNa kA nirUpaNa isI zIrSaka meM A cukA hai| unheM pRthak kiyA jAe to ve dharma kI dhAraNA ke do svataMtra hetu-pAMcavAM aura chaThA-bana jAte haiN| anityavAdI dRSTikoNa dharma kI dhAraNA kA sAtavAM hetu rahA hai-anityavAdI dRSTikoNa / jinheM yaha anubhava huA ki jIvana nazvara hai, unhoMne anazvara kI prApti ke 1. uttarAdhyayana, 6 / 3 / 3. vahI, 20132 / 2. vahI, 14136,40 / 4. vahI, 20133 /

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dharma kI dhAraNA ke hetu 103 lie dharma kA sahArA liyA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isI bhAvanA ke kSaNoM meM gautama se kahA thA 'rAtriyAM bItane para vRkSa kA pakA huA pAna jisa prakAra gira jAtA hai, usI prakAra manuSya kA jIvana eka dina samApta ho jAtA hai, isalie he gautama! tU kSaNa bhara bhI pramAda mata kara / ' 'kuza kI noMka para laTakate hue osa - bindu kI avadhi jaise thor3I hotI hai, vaise hI manuSya jIvana kI gati hai, isalie he gautama ! tU kSaNa bhara bhI pramAda mata kara / ' 'terA zarIra jIrNa ho rahA hai, keza sapheda ho rahe haiM aura saba prakAra kA bala kSINa ho rahA hai, isalie he gautama! tU kSaNa bhara bhI pramAda mata kara / ' 'pittaroga, phor3A, phuMsI, haijA aura vividha prakAra ke zIghraghAtI roga zarIra kA sparza karate haiM, jinase yaha zarIra zakti-hIna hotA hai, isalie he gautama! tU kSaNa bhara bhI pramAda mata kara / " ' gaddabhali muni ne rAjA saMjaya se kahA - ' jabaki tU parAdhIna hai, isalie saba kucha chor3akara tujhe cale jAnA hai, taba anitya jIva-loka meM tU kyoM rAjya meM Asakta ho rahA hai ?" mRgAputra ne apane mAtA-pitA se kahA - 'yaha zarIra anitya hai, azuci se utpanna hai, AtmA kA yaha azAzvata AvAsa hai tathA duHkha aura klezoM kA bhAjana hai / 'isa azAzvata zarIra meM mujhe Ananda nahIM mila rahA hai / ise pahale yA pIche jaba kabhI chor3anA hai / yaha pAnI ke bulabule ke samAna nazvara hai / ' 'manuSya jIvana asAra hai, vyAdhi aura rogoM kA ghara hai, jarA aura maraNa se grasta hai, isameM mujhe eka kSaNa bhI Ananda nahIM mila rahA hai / " isa prakAra anityavAdI dRSTikoNa dharma kI ArAdhanA ke lie mahAn preraNA-srota rahA hai / yaha kalpanA bhI yukti se pare nahIM hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne anityatA kA upadeza janatA ko dharmAbhimukha karane ke lie diyA thaa| Age calakara darzana-kAla meM vahI 'kSaNabhaMguravAda' nAmaka dArzanika siddhAMta ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gayA / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 1011,2, 26, 27 / 2. vahI, 18 / 12 / 3. vahI, 1612-14 /

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104 saMskRti ke do pravAha anityavAdI dRSTikoNa AtmavAdiyoM ke lie dharma-preraka rahA to paraloka meM vizvAsa nahIM karane vAle anAtmavAdI isase bhoga kI preraNA pAte rahe haiN| saMsAra bhAvanA dharma kI dhAraNA kA AThavAM hetu rahA hai-saMsAra bhaavnaa| bhaguputroM ne apane pitA se kahA--'yaha loka pIr3ita ho rahA hai, cAroM ora se ghirA huA hai, amoghA A rahI hai / isa sthiti meM hameM sukha nahIM mila rahA hai| 'putroM ! yaha loka kisase pIr3ita hai ? kisase ghirA huA hai ? amoghA kise kahA jAtA hai ? maiM jAnane ke lie ciMtita huuN|' kumAra bole-'pitA! Apa jAneM ki yaha loka mRtyu se pIr3ita hai, jarA se ghirA huA hai aura rAtri ko amoghA kahA jAtA hai / mRgAputra ne bhI saMsAra ko isI dRSTi se dekhA thA-'jaise ghara meM Aga laga jAne para usa ghara kA jo svAmI hotA hai, vaha mUlyavAn vastuoM ko usase nikAlatA hai aura mUlya-hIna vastuoM ko vahIM chor3a detA hai, usI prakAra yaha loka jarA aura mRtyu se prajvalita ho rahA hai / maiM ApakI AjJA pAkara usameM se apane Apako nikAla luuNgaa|" yaha saMsAra-cakra avirala gati se ananta kAla taka calatA rahatA hai / ' AtmavAdI isa paribhramaNa ko apanI svataMtratA ke pratikala mAnatA hai| usakA anta pAne ke lie vaha dharma kI zaraNa meM AtA hai| kumArazramaNa kezI ne isI Azaya se prazna kiyA thA ___ 'mune ! mahAn jala-pravAha ke vega se bahate hue jIvoM ke lie tuma zaraNa, gati, pratiSThA aura dvIpa kise mAnate ho?' gautama bole-'jala ke madhya meM eka lambA-caur3A mahAdvIpa hai| vahAM mahAn jala-pravAha kI gati nahIM hai|' 'dvIpa kise kahA gayA hai'-kezI ne gautama se khaa| gautama bole'jarA aura mRtyu ke vega se bahate hue prANiyoM ke lie dharma hI dvIpa, pratiSThA, gati aura uttama zaraNa hai| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 5 // 5-6 / 2. vahI, 14 / 21-23 / 3. vahI, 26 / 22,23 / 4. vahI, 1015-15 / / 5. vahI, 23365-68 /

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8. dharma zraddhA aura bAhyasaMga-tyAga dharma kI dhAraNA ke ATha hetuoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / unake anuprekSaNa se dharma ke prati zraddhA hotI hai / jise dharma ke prati zraddhA hotI hai, vaha paudgalika sukhoM se virakta ho jAtA hai / virakti kI do bhUmikAeM haiM- (1) agAra-dharma aura ( 2 ) anagAra-dharma / prArambha meM sabhI loga gRhastha hote haiM / anagAra janmanA nahIM hotA / dharma kI zraddhA aura vairAgya kA utkarSa hone para gRhastha hI gRhavAsa ko chor3a kara anagAra banatA hai / ' bhoga aura virAga - ye jIvana ke do chora haiM / jinameM rAga hotA hai, ve bhoga cAhate haiM / jinakA mana virakta ho jAtA hai, ve bhoga kA tyAga kara dete haiM / ye donoM bhAvanAeM hara yuga mAnasa ko vyApta karatI rahI haiM / brahmadatta ne citta se kahA thA- - 'he bhikSu ! tU nATya, gIta aura vAdyoM ke sAtha nArI-janoM ko parivRta karatA huA ina bhogoM ko bhoga / yaha mujhe rucatA hai / pravrajyA vAstava meM hI kaSTakara hai / dharma meM sthita aura usa (rAjA) kA hita cAhane vAle citta muni ne pUrvabhava ke sneha -vaza apane prati anurAga rakhane vAle kAma- guNoM meM Asakta rAjA se yaha vAkya kahA - 'saba gIta vilApa haiM / saba nRtya viDambanA haiM / saba AbharaNa bhAra haiM aura saba kAma bhoga duHkhakara haiM / " mRgAputra ko bhI mAtA-pitA ne yahI samajhAne kA yatna kiyA thA'putra ! tU manuSya sambandhI pAMca indriyoM ke bhogoM kA bhoga kara / phira bhuktabhogI hokara muni-dharma kA AcaraNa kara / " samrAT zreNika ne anAthI muni ko dekha kara vismaya ke sAtha kahA - 'AryaM ! taruNa ho, isa bhoga- kAla meM hI pravrajita ho gae / calo, maiM tumhArA nAtha banatA huuN| tuma bhoga bhogo, yaha manuSya jIvana kitanA durlabha hai / " 1. uttarAdhyayana, 26 / 3 / 2. vahI, 1314- 16 / 3. vahI, 19 / 43 | 4. vahI, 2018 - 11 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha ukta prasaMgoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki anurakta mAnasa ne virakta ko sadA bhogalipta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura virakta mAnasa ne sadA bhoga se alipta rahane kA prayatna kiyA hai| yaha bhoga kI alipti hI anagAra banane kA mukhya kAraNa rahI hai|' bAhyasaMga-tyAga anagAra-jIvana meM bhogasakti aura usake nimittoM kA bhI varjana kiyA jAtA hai| kucha loga aise jIvana ko bahuta Avazyaka nahIM mAnate the, kintu zramaNa-paramparA meM ise bahuta mahattva diyA gyaa| jayaghoSa ne vijayaghoSa se kahA-'mujhe bhikSA se koI prayojana nahIM / tU niSkramaNa kara, jisase isa saMsAra-sAgara meM par3a rahe AvartoM se baca jaae| kucha loga socate haiM ki dharma kI ArAdhanA ke lie AgAra aura anagAra kI bhedarekhA khIMcanA Avazyaka nahIM / jo aisA socate haiM unakA mAnanA hai ki vikAra se bacane kI AvazyakatA hai, viSayoM-nimittoM se bacane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| eka sImA taka yaha sahI bhI hai| bhagavAna ne kahA-'kAmabhoga na samatA utpanna karate haiM aura na vikAra / indriya aura mana ke viSaya-sparza, rasa, gandha, rUpa, zabda aura saMkalpa-rAgI vyakti ke lie hI duHkha ke hetu banate haiM, vItarAga ke lie ve kiMcit bhI duHkha ke hetu nahIM hote|" viSaya acetana haiM / ve apane Apa meM manojJa-amanojJa kucha bhI nahIM haiN| unameM jisakA priyabhAva hotA hai, usake lie ve manojJa aura jisakA unameM apriyabhAva hotA hai, usake lie ve amanojJa hote haiN| kintu jo unake prati virakta hotA hai, usake lie ve manojJa, amanojJa kucha bhI nahIM hote| isa prasaMga kA phalita yaha hai ki bAhya viSaya hamAre lie na doSapUrNa haiM aura na nirdoSa / cetanA kI zuddhi ho to ve usake lie nirdoSa haiM aura cetanA azuddha ho to ve bhI usake lie sadoSa bana jAte haiN|' doSa kA mUla cetanA kI pariNati hai, bAhya viSaya nahIM / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 166 / 2. vahI, 2038 / 3. vahI, 32 / 100,101 / 4. vahI, 32 // 106 / 5. mUlArAdhanA, 1667, amitagati : antarvizuddhito jantoH, zuddhiH saMpadyate bahiH / bAhya hi kurute doSaM, sarvamantaradoSataH /

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dharma - zraddhA aura bAhyasaMga - tyAga 107 ukta abhimata yathArtha hai / usake AdhAra para hameM cetanA ko alipta rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai, bAhya viSayoM se bacane kI koI mukhya bAta nahIM / kintu hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki cetanA aMtarjAgaraNa kI paripakva dazA meM hI alipta raha sakatI hai / nimitta upAdAna hone para hI kArya kara sakatA hai, anyathA nahIM / vikAra kA upAdAna hai--- rAga / vaha avyakta rahatA hai, kintu nimitta milane para vyakta ho jAtA hai / isalie jaba taka rAga kSINa nahIM hotA, taba taka nimittoM - bAhya viSayoM se bacAva karanA Avazyaka hotA hai / bacAva kI mAtrA saba vyaktiyoM ke lie samAna bhale na ho, para usakA apavAda hara koI vyakti nahIM ho sakatA / isIlie ye maryAdAeM sthApita kI gaIM-- " mita AhAra kro|" * 'rasoM kA pracura mAtrA meM sevana mata karo / ' 'rasoM kA prakAma ( adhika mAtrA meM ) sevana nahIM karanA caahie| ve prAyaH manuSya kI dhAtuoM ko uddIpta karate haiM / jisakI dhAtueM uddIpta hotI haiM use kAma - bhoga satAte haiM, jaise svAdiSTa phala vAle vRkSa ko pakSI / ' jaise pavana ke jhoMkoM ke sAtha pracura IMdhana vAle vana meM lagA huA dAvAnala upazAnta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra prakAma-bhojI ( ThUsa ThUsa kara khAne vAle) kI iMdriyAgni ( kAmAgni) zAMta nahIM hotii| isalie prakAma bhojana kisI bhI brahmacArI ke lie hitakara nahIM hotA / " " ekAMta meM raho / " 'strI saMsarga se baco / ' 'jaise billI kI bastI ke pAsa cUhoM kA rahanA acchA nahIM hotA, usI prakAra striyoM kI bastI ke pAsa brahmacArI kA rahanA acchA nahIM hotA / 'tapasvI zramaNa striyoM ke rUpa, lAvaNya, vilAsa, hAsya, madhura AlApa aura citavana ko citta meM ramAkara unheM dekhane kA saMkalpa na kare / 'jo sadA brahmacarya meM rata haiM unake lie striyoM ko na dekhanA, na cAhanA, na cintana karanA aura na varNana karanA hitakara hai, aura vaha dharma - dhyAna ke lie upayukta hai / 1. uttarAdhyayana 32|4 | 2. vahI, 32 / 10,11 / 3. vahI, 3204 |

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saMskRti ke do pravAha _ 'yaha ThIka hai ki tIna guptiyoM se gupta muniyoM ko vibhUSita deviyAM bhI vicalita nahIM kara sakatIM, phira bhI bhagavAn ne ekAntahita kI dRSTi se unake lie viviktavAsa ko prazasta kahA hai| 'mokSa cAhane vAlA saMsAra-bhIru evaM dharma meM sthita manuSya ke lie loka meM aura koI aisA dustara nahIM hai, jaisI dustara ajJAniyoM ke mana ko harane vAlI striyAM haiN| - 'jo manuSya ina strI-viSayaka AsaktiyoM kA pAra pA jAtA hai, unake lie zeSa sArI AsaktiyAM vaise hI sutara (sukha se pAra karane yogya) ho jAtI haiM, jaise mahAsAgara kA pAra pA jAne vAle ke lie gaMgA jaisI bar3I ndii|" 'brahmacarya ke dasa niyamoM kA pAlana kro|" isa prakAra aura bhI aneka niyama haiM jo nimittoM se bacane ke lie banAe gae the / samagra dRSTi se dekhA jAe to anagAra dIkSA aura kyA hai ? vaha nimittoM se bacane kI prakriyA hI to hai| ___isa prakAra agAra aura anagAra jIvana kA zreNI-vibhAga bahuta hI manovaijJAnika hai| agAra-jIvana meM sAdhanA ke vighnabhUta nimittoM se bacane meM jo kaThinAI hotI hai, usakA pAra pA jAnA hI anagAra-jIvana hai| pahalI bhUmikA meM bAhya viSayoM kA tyAga usakI surakSA ke lie kiyA jAtA hai aura agrima bhUmikAoM meM vaha sahaja svabhAva ho jAtA hai| kRta-tyAga meM skhalanAeM ho sakatI haiM kintu sahaja svabhAva meM koI skhalanA nahIM hotii| hama isa bAta ko sadA yAda rakheM ki hamArA pahalA caraNa hI antima lakSya taka nahIM pahuMca jaataa| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 32 / 13-18 / 2. uttarAdhyayana kA 16 vAM adhyayana /

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6. zrAmaNya aura kAyakleza kucha logoM kA abhimata hai ki bAhya nimittoM ke bacAva kI prakriyA meM zramaNa jIvana jaTila bana gayA / sahaja suvidhAeM naSTa ho gaIM, unakA sthAna kAyakleza ne le liyaa| kyA yaha saca hai ki zramaNa jIvana bahuta hI kaThora hai ? hamAre abhimata meM aisA nahIM hai / bhagavAn pArzva aura bhagavAn mahAvIra - donoM ne ajJAnapUrNa kAyakleza kA prativAda kiyA / ajJAnI karor3oM varSoM ke kAyakleza se jisa karma ko kSINa karatA hai, use jJAnI eka kSaNa meM kSINa kara DAlatA hai / yaha sahI hai ki muni-jIvana meM kAyakleza kA sarvathA asvIkAra nahIM hai / phira bhI jitanA mahattva saMvara, gupti, dhyAna Adi kA hai, utanA kAyakleza kA nahIM hai / kaI AcAryoM ne samaya-samaya para kAyakleza ko kucha atirikta mahattva diyA hai, kintu jaina vAGmaya kI samagra cintanadhArA meM vaha prApta nahIM hotA | AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- 'kAyA ko kaso, use jIrNa karo,' kiMtu vaha ekAnta vacana nahIM hai / Agama sUtroM meM kucha muniyoM ke kaThora tapa kA ullekha hai / use par3hakara sahaja hI yaha dhAraNA bana jAtI hai ki munijIvana kaThora tapasyA kA jIvana hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki jaina sAdhanA prArambha meM kaThora hI thI, phira bauddhoM kI madhyama pratipadA se prabhAvita ho kucha mRdu bana gaI / bauddha dharma ke utkarSa kAla meM jaina paramparA usase prabhAvita nahIM huI, yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kintu ise bhI amAnya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki jaina sAdhanA meM mRdutA aura kaThoratA kA sAmaJjasya Arambha se hI rahA hai / sAdhanA ke mukhya aMga do haiM- saMvara aura tapasyA / saMvara ke pAMca prakAra haiM - ( 1 ) samyaktva, (2) vrata, (3) apramAda, (4) akaSAya aura ( 5 ) ayoga / inakI sAdhanA mRdu hai-- kAyakleza-rahita hai | tapasyA ke bAraha prakAra haiM(1) anazana, (2) UnodarI, (3) bhikSAcarI, (4) rasa - parityAga, (5) kAyakleza, (6) pratisaMlInatA.

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110 (7) prAyazcitta, (8) vinaya, (6) vaiyAvRttya, (10) svAdhyAya, (11) dhyAna aura ( 12 ) vyutsargaM / inameM anazana - lambe upavAsoM tathA kAyaklezoM ko chor3akara anya kisI bhI prakAra ko kaThora sAdhanA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ye donoM bahiraMga tapasyA ( prathama chaha prakAroM) ke aMga haiN| inakI tulanA meM antaraMga tapasyA - ( aMtima chaha prakAroM) kA adhika mahattva hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki kAyakleza va dIrghakAlIna upavAsoM kA muni ke lie anivArya vidhAna nahIM hai / yaha apanI ruci kA prazna hai / jina muniyoM kI ruci inakI ora adhika hotI hai, ve inheM svIkAra karate haiM aura jinakI ruci dhyAna Adi kI ora hotI hai, ve unheM svIkAra karate haiM / saba vyaktiyoM kI ruci ko eka ora mor3A nahIM jA sakatA / saMskRti ke do pravAha mahAvrata aura kAyakleza mRgAputra ke mAtA-pitA ne kahA - "putra ! muni-jIvana kA pAlana bar3I kaThora sAdhanA hai / "" yahAM kaThora sAdhanA kA abhiprAya kAyakleza se nahIM hai / ahiMsA kA pAlana kaThora hai-- zatru aura mitra ke prati samabhAva rakhanA sarala kAma nahIM hai / satya kA pAlana bhI kaThora hai- sadA jAgarUka rahanA sarala kAma nahIM hai / isI prakAra acaurya, brahmacarya, aparigraha aura rAtri bhojana- virati kA pAlana bhI kaThora hai / isa kaThoratA kA mUla AtmasaMyama hai kintu kAyakleza nahIM / ye vrata yAvajjIvana ke lie haiM, isalie bhI inheM kaThora kahA gyaa| yahAM yaha jAna lenA prAsaMgika hogA ki jaina muni kI dIkSA yAvajjIvana ke lie hotI hai, vaha bauddha-dIkSA kI bhAMti alpakAlika nahIM hotI / mahAvratoM kI sAdhanA kAyA ko kaSTa dene ke lie nahIM hai / unake dvArA mukhya rUpa se kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika saMyama siddha hotA hai / usakI siddhi meM kvacit kAyakleza prApta ho sakatA hai para vaha saMyama-siddhi kA mukhya sAdhana nahIM hai / parIvaha aura kAyakleza muni ke lie bAIsa prakAra ke parISahoM - kaSToM ko sahane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, kintu vaha kAyA ko kaSTa dene kI dRSTi se nahIM hai / ahiMsA 1. uttarAdhyayana 16 / 24 / 2 . vahI, 16 / 35 : jAvajjIvamavissAmo, guNANaM tu mahAbharI /

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zrAmaNya aura kAyakleza Adi mahAvratoM kI pAlanA karane meM jo kaSTa utpanna hote haiM, unheM sahana karanA kAyA ko kleza denA nahIM kintu svIkRta dharma meM aDiga rahanA hai| madhyama pratipadA meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle isa prakAra ke kaSToM se apane ko nahIM bacAte the| aise kaSToM ko zAMtipUrvaka sahana karane kI preraNA dI jAtI thii| buddha ne kahA -"bhikSuoM ! yaha sIkho ki hama sardI-garmI, bhUkha-pyAsa, daMzamazaka, vAta-Atapa, sarpa sambandhI kaSToM, zArIrika vedanAoM ko sahana karane meM samartha hoNge|" dhutAMga sAdhanA meM bhI aneka kaSToM ko sahA jAtA thaa|' buddha ne bhikSuoM se kahA thA-'bhikSuoM ! jisane kAyAnusmRti kA abhyAsa kiyA hai, use bar3hAyA hai, usa bhikSu ko dasa lAbha hone caahie| kauna se dasa ? / ___ 'vaha arati-rati-saha (udAsI ke sAmane DaTA rahane vAlA) hotA hai| use udAsI parAsta nahIM kara sktii| vaha utpanna udAsI ko parAsta kara viharatA hai| 'vaha bhaya-bhairava-saha hotaa| use bhaya-bhairava parAsta nahIM kara sakatA / vaha utpanna bhaya-bhairava ko parAsta kara viharatA hai| _ 'zIta uSNa, bhUkha-pyAsa, DaMka mArane vAle jIva, macchara, havA-dhUpa, reMgane vAle jIvoM ke AghAta; durukta, durAgata vacanoM tathA duHkhadAyI, tIvra, kaTu, pratikUla, arucikara, prANa-hara zArIrika pIr3AoM ko saha sakane vAlA hotA hai|" ___ kAyakleza aura parISaha kI bhinnatA prAcIna kAla se hI mAnI jAtI rahI hai / zrutasAgaragaNI ne donoM kA bheda batalAte hue likhA hai'kAyakleza apanI icchA ke anusAra kiyA jAtA hai aura parISaha samAgata kaSTa hai|" anekAntadRSTi __ jaina AcAryoM kI kAyakleza ke viSaya meM anekAntadRSTi rahI hai| unhoMne apekSA ke anusAra use mahattva bhI diyA hai aura anapekSita kAyakleza kA virodha bhI kiyA hai| Arya jinasena ne isa anekAntadRSTi kI bar3I mArmika carcA kI hai| unhoMne bhagavAn RSabha ke prasaMga meM eka cintana prastuta kiyA hai-'mumukSu ko apanA zarIra na to kRza hI banAnA cAhie aura na pravara rasoM ke dvArA use puSTa hI karanA cAhie, kintu use madhyama1. aMguttaranikAya, 4 / 16 / 7 / 3. buddhavacana, pR0 41 . 2. vizuddhimagga, dUsarA pariccheda / 4. tattvArtha, 6 / 16 zrutasAgarIya vRtti / .

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112 saMskRti ke do pravAha mArga kA avalambana lenA cAhie - doSa-nivRtti ke lie upavAsa Adi karane cAhie aura prANa-saMdhAraNa ke lie AhAra bhI / kAyakleza usI sImA taka sammata hai jaba taka ki mAnasika saMkleza utpanna na ho / saMkleza se mana kA asamAdhAna hotA hai aura asamAdhAna kI sthiti meM muni dharma se cyuta ho jAtA hai / ataH saMyama yAtrA ke nirvAha meM vighna upasthita na ho, vaise upasthita honA caahie|" yaha madhyama-mArga kI mAnyatA jinasena se bahuta pahale hI sthira ho cukI thI / anekAntadRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha hI isakA udaya huA thA / uttarAdhyayana meM usake aneka bIja prApta haiM / AhAra aura anazana - donoM at aikAntika vidhAna nahIM hai / chaha kAraNoM se AhAra karane kI anumati dI gaI hai (4) saMyama, (1) vedanA, (2) vaiyAvRttya, (3) IryA, (5) prANadhAraNa aura (6) dharmacintA / ' chaha kAraNoM se anazana karane kI anumati dI gaI hai-- (4) prANidayA, (1) AtaMka, (2) upasarga, (3) brahmacaryadhAraNa, (5) tapasyA aura ( 6 ) zarIra - viccheda / isI prakAra sarasa bhojana kA bhI aikAntika vidhi-niSedha nahIM hai / jo dUdha, dahI Adi sarasa AhAra kare use bhI tapasyA karanI cAhieAhAra aura tapasyA kA saMtulita krama calAnA cAhie / jo aisA nahIM karatA, vaha pApazramaNa hotA hai / " AmaraNa anazana ke lie bhI anekAnta vyavasthA hai / jaba taka jJAna, darzana, cAritra Adi guNoM kA nita nayA vikAsa hotA rahe taba taka jIvana ko dhAraNa kiyA jAye, AhAra Adi se zarIra ko calAyA jAye / jaba jJAna, darzana Adi kA lAbha prApta karane kI kSamatA na rahe, usa sthiti meM deha kA tyAga kiyA jAe -- AhAra kA pratyAkhyAna kiyA jAe / " 1. mahApurANa, 2011-10 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 26 / 32, 33 / 3. vahI, 26 / 33-34 / 4. vahI, 17 / 15 / 5. vahI, 4 / 7 : lAbhAntare jIviya bUhaittA, pacchAparimnAya malAvadhaMsI /

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zrAmaNya aura kAyakleza 113 vastra ke viSaya meM bhI mahAvIra kA dRSTikoNa madhyamamArgI thaa| unhoMne sacela aura acela-ina donoM sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM ko mAnyatA dii| (1) kaI muni jIvana paryanta sacela rahate the| (2) kaI muni sAdhanA ke prArambha kAla meM sacela rahate aura usake paripakva hone para acela ho jaate| (3) kaI muni kabhI sacela rahate, kabhI acela / hemanta meM sacela rahate aura grISma meM acela ho jAte / ' vastra milane para sacela rahate, na milane para acela / ' mahAvIra ne sAdhuoM ko gaNoM meM saMgaThita bhI kiyA aura akele rahane kI vyavasthA bhI dii| unhoMne gaNa meM rahane vAloM ke lie sevA aura sahayoga ko protsAhana diyA aura akele rahane vAloM ke lie sevA yA sahayoga na lene kI vyavasthA dii| jo maNDalI-bhojana cAhate the, unake lie vaisI vyavasthA kI aura maNDalI-bhojana ke pratyAkhyAna ko bhI mahattva diyaa| isa prakAra sAdhanA kI vyavasthA meM unakA dRSTikoNa anekAntasparzI rhaa| Upara kucha udAharaNa prastuta kie haiM jo mahAvIra ke madhyama-mArgI dRSTikoNa para prakAza DAlate haiN| mahAvIra kA jhukAva yadi kAyakleza kI ora hotA to ve yaha kabhI nahIM kahate ki jo tapa aura niyama se bhraSTa haiM, ve cirakAla taka apane zarIra ko kleza dekara bhI saMsAra kA pAra nahIM pA skte| unhoMne kAyakleza ko vahI sthAna diyA, jo sthAna svAsthya kI prApti ke lie zalya-cikitsA kA hai| dehAdhyAsa vAstava meM hI bahata gaharA hotA hai| usakI jar3oM ko ukhADa pheMkane ke lie eka bAra deha ke prati nirmamatva honA hotA hai| roga utpanna hone para auSadha dvArA usakA pratikAra na karanA, isI sAdhanA kI eka kar3I hai|" isa sAdhanA kI mRga-marIcikA se tulanA kI gaI hai| mRgAputra aura usake mAtA-pitA ke saMvAda se yaha lagatA hai ki roga kA pratikAra na karanA zramaNoM kI sAmAnya vidhi thii| 1. AyAro 8 / 50 / 7. vahI, 1135 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 2 / 13 / 8. vahI, 26 // 34 // 3. vahI, 11 / 14; 17117 / 6. vahI, 20641 / 4. vahI, 32 / 5 / 10. vahI, 2132, 33 / . 5. vahI, 2644 / 6. vahI, 26 / 40 / / 11. vahI, 1975-82 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha kintu dUsare AgamoM meM roga pratikAra karane ke ullekha bhI milate haiM / ho sakatA hai prArambha meM roga pratikAra kA niSedha ho aura bAda meM usakA vidhAna kiyA gayA ho / yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki deha-nirmamatva kI vizeSa sAdhanA karane vAle muniyoM ke lie cikitsA kA niSedha ho, sabake lie nahIM / saMbhava hai mRgAputra kI vizeSa sAdhanA kI utkaTa icchA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI mAtA-pitA ne aisA kahA ho / kucha bhI ho, cikitsA ke viSaya meM AgamakAroM kI ekAMtadRSTi nahIM rahI / bAIsa parISahoM, jo svIkRta - mArga para sthira rahane aura Atma-zuddhi ke lie sahana karane yogya hote haiM, meM kucha parISaha saba muniyoM ke lie nahIM haiM / 114 kaThora aura mRducaryA kA prazna ApekSika hai / eka vyakti ko eka sthiti meM jo kaThora lagatA hai, vahI usako dUsarI sthiti meM mRdu lagane lagatA hai aura jo mRdu lagatA hai, vaha kabhI kaThora lagane lagatA hai / isI anubhUti ke sandarbha meM mRgAputra ne kahA thA - ' jisakI laukika pyAsa bujha cukI hai, usake lie kucha bhI duSkara nahIM hai / / " 1. uttarAdhyayana, 16 / 44 : iha loe niSpivAsassa natthi kici vi dukkaraM /

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10. tattvavidyA tatvavidyA hamAre jJAna-vRkSa kI vaha zAkhA hai, jisake dvArA vizva ke astitva - nAstitva kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai / isake mAdhyama se lagabhaga sabhI dArzanikoM ne do mukhya praznoM para gambhIra cintana prastuta kiyaa| pahalA prazna yaha rahA ki vizva satya hai yA mithyA ? dUsarA prazna thA ki dravya ke astitva kA srota eka hI kendra se pravAhita ho rahA hai yA usake kendra bhinna-bhinna haiM ? upaniSad aura sRSTi upaniSadoM ke RSi isa niSkarSa para pahuMce ki vizva satya hai / usake astitva kA srota eka hI kendra hai / vaha brahma hai / unhoMne yaha svIkAra kiyA ki jo kucha hai, vaha saba brahma hai|' vaha eka hai, advitIya hai / jo nAnAtva ko dekhatA hai-do ko svIkAra karatA hai, vaha bAra-bAra mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai / aitareya upaniSad meM batAyA gayA hai ki sRSTi se pUrva ekamAtra AtmA hI thA / dUsarA koI tattva nahIM thA / usane socA, lokoM kI racanA karUM / isa cintana ke sAtha usane lokoM kI racanA kI / chAndogya upaniSad ke anusAra asat se sat kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI / Arambha meM eka mAtra sat hI thA / usane icchA kI ki maiM bahuta hoUM / isa icchA ke sAtha vaha aneka rUpoM meM vyakta ho gayA / " vastutaH sat eka hI hai / vahI brahma yA AtmA hai / jitanA nAnAtva hai, vaha usI kA prapaMca hai / aupaniSadika dRSTi kA phalita artha yaha hai ki vizva kA mUla hetu 1. ( ka ) chAndogyopaniSad, 3|14|1 | sarva khalvidaM brahma / (kha) muNDakopaniSad, 2 / 2 / 11 : brahmaivedaM sarvam / 2. chAndogyopaniSad, 6 / 212 : ekamevAdvitIyam / 3. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 4|4|11 ; kaThopaniSad 2 / 1 / 10 : mRtyoH sa mRtyumApnoti ya iha nAnaiva pazyati / 4. aitareyopaniSad, 111 / 1 2 / 5. chAndogyopaniSad, 6 / 2 / 2-3 //

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saMskRti ke do pravAha brahma hai| vahI paramArtha-satya hai| zeSa saba usI se utpanna hai aura usI meM vilIna ho jAtA hai| ata: bAhya jagat asatya hai-paramArtha-satya nahIM hai| jo paramArtha-satya hai, vaha 'eka' hai| jo nAnAtva hai, vaha usI meM se utpanna hai, ataH vastuta: 'eka' hI satya hai| jo aneka hai, vaha satya nahIM hai| bauddha darzana aura vizva bauddha dharma kI do pramukha zAkhAeM haiM-hInayAna aura mahAyAna / hInayAna kI do zAkhAeM haiM-vaibhASika aura sautrAntika-sarvAstivAdI / ve jagat ke astitva ko satya mAnatI haiN| ___ mahAyAna kI do zAkhAeM-yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika----jagat ke astitva ko mithyA mAnatI haiN| vaibhASika aura sautrAntika kI dRSTi meM dravya kA astitva Atmakendrita hai / vaha kisI eka hI kendra se pravAhita nahIM ho rahA hai| yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika kI dRSTi dArzanika yuga meM vikasita huI thii| isIlie vaha tarkahIna brahma ko mAnya nahIM kara skii| vaha aupaniSadika cintana kA antima rUpa bnii| aupaniSadika cintana thA ki brahma satya hai aura nAnAtva asatya / yogAcAra aura mAdhyamika zAkhAoM kA cintana rahA ki saba kucha asatya hai| jaina darzana aura vizva jainadRSTi ina donoM dhArAoM se bhinna rhii| Agama aura dArzanika -donoM yugoM meM usakA rUpa-parivartana nahIM huaa| usakA apanA abhimata thA ki ekatva bhI satya hai aura nAnAtva bhI satya hai| astitva kI dRSTi se saba dravya eka haiM, ataH ekatva bhI satya hai| upayogitA kI dRSTi se dravya aneka haiM, ataH nAnAtva bhI satya hai| jaina AcAryoM ne ekatva kI vyAkhyA saMgraha naya ke AdhAra para kI aura nAnAtva kI vyAkhyA vyavahAra naya ke AdhAra para / ekatva aura nAnAtva kI vyAkhyA jahAM nirapekSa hotI hai, vahAM satya kA darzana khaNDita ho jAtA hai| nirapekSa ekatva bhI satya nahIM hai aura nirapekSa nAnAtva bhI satya nahIM hai| donoM kA sApekSa darzana hI satya kA pUrNa darzana hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra dravya Atma-kendrita haiN| unake astitva kA srota kisI eka hI kendra se pravahamAna nahIM hai / cetana kA astitva jitanA svatantra aura vAstavika hai, utanA hI svatantra aura vAstavika acetana kA

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tattvavidyA 115 astitva bhI hai| cetana aura acetana kI vAstavika sattA hI yaha jagat hai / ' yaha jagat anAdi-ananta hai| cetana acetana se utpanna nahIM hai aura acetana cetana se utpanna nahIM hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki jagat anAdianaMta hai| yaha vyAkhyA dravya-sparzI naya ke AdhAra para kI jA sakatI hai, kintu rUpAntara-sparzI naya kI vyAkhyA isase bhinna hogii| usake anusAra yaha jagat sAdi-sAnta bhI hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki jagat ke ghaTaka tattva anAdi-anaMta haiM aura unake rUpa sAdi-sAMta haiM / jIva anAdi-anaMta haiM, kiMtu ekendriya jIva pravAha kI dRSTi se anAdi-anaMta haiM aura vyakti kI dRSTi se sAdi-sAnta haiN| isI prakAra ajIva bhI anAdi-anaMta haiM kintu paramANa pravAha kI apekSA anAdi-anaMta hai aura vyakti kI dRSTi se sAdi-sAnta hai|' jaina dArzanika isa siddhAnta meM vizvAsa nahIM karate ki asat se sat utpanna hotA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki jagat meM nae sire se kucha bhI utpanna nahIM hotaa| jo jitanA hai, vaha utanA hI thA aura utanA hI rhegaa| yaha maulika tattva kI bAta hai| rUpAntaraNa kI dRSTi se asat se sat utpanna hotA bhI hai / jo eka dina pahale asat hotA hai, vaha Aja sat ho jAtA hai aura jo Aja sat hotA hai, vaha kala phira asat ho sakatA hai| jise hama jagat kahate haiM, usakI sRSTi kA mUla yaha rUpAntaraNa hI hai / jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra jagat ke ghaTaka tattva do haiM-jIva aura ajIva / zeSa saba inakA vistAra hai| saMsAra meM jitane dravya haiM, ve saba ina do dravyoM ke hI bheda-upabheda haiN| unameM kucha aise haiM, jo hamAre lie dRzya haiM aura kucha aise bhI haiM jo hasAre lie dRzya nahIM haiN| ajIva ke pAMca prakAra haiMdharmAstikAya gtitttv| adharmAstikAya- sthititattva / AkAzAstikAya- avkaashtttv| kAla parivartana kA hetu| pudgalAstikAya- saMyoga-viyogazIla tattva / mUrta-amUrta bhAratIya tattvavettA tIna hajAra varSa pahale se hI mUrta aura amUrta kA vibhAga mAnate rahe haiM / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM likhA hai ki brahma ke do rUpa haiM1. uttarAdhyayana, 36 / 2 / 3. vahI, 36 / 12-13 / 2. vahI, 36178-76 /

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118 saMskRti ke do pravAha mUrta aura amUrta / ' bahadAraNyaka 2 / 3 / 1 meM bhI yahI bAta milatI hai| purANasAhitya meM bhI isa mAnyatA kI carcA haI hai| jaina AgamoM meM mUrta aura amUrta ke sthAna para rUpI aura arUpI kA prayoga adhika milatA hai| inakI carcA bhI jitane vistAra se unameM huI hai, utanI anyatra prApta nahIM hai / rUpI aura arUpI kI sAmAnya paribhASA yaha hai ki jisa dravya meM varNa, gandha, sparza aura saMsthAna hoM, vaha rUpI hai aura jisameM ye na hoM vaha arUpI hai| jIva arUpI hai isalie bhaguputroM ne apane pitA se kahA thA--'jIva amUrta hone ke kAraNa indriyoM dvArA grAhya nahIM hai| ajIva ke prathama cAra prakAra arUpI haiM / pudgala rUpI haiM / arUpI jagat janasAdhAraNa ke lie agamya hai| usake lie jo gamya hai, vaha pudgala jagat hai| usake cAra prakAra haiMskandha, deza, pradeza aura paramANu / ' paramANu pudgala kI sabase choTI ikAI hai| usase choTA kucha bhI nahIM hai| skandha unake samudAya kA nAma hai| deza aura pradeza usake kAlpanika vibhAga haiN| pudgala kI vAstavika ikAI paramANu hI hai / paramANu sUkSma hote haiM, isIlie ve rUpI hone para bhI hamAre lie dRzya nahIM haiN| isI prakAra unake sUkSma skandha bhI hamAre lie adRzya haiN| hamAre lie vahI rUpI jagat dRzya hai jo sthUla hai| paramANuvAda jaina AgamoM meM paramANuoM ke viSaya meM atyanta vistRta carcA kI gaI hai| yaha kahane meM koI atizayokti nahIM hogI ki AgamoM kA AdhA bhAga paramANuoM kI carcA se sambandhita hai / unake viSaya meM jaina darzana kA eka vizeSa dRSTikoNa hai / usakA abhimata hai ki isa saMsAra meM jitanA sAMyogika parivartana hotA hai, vaha paramANaoM ke ApasI saMyoga-viyoga aura aura jIva aura paramANuoM ke saMyoga-viyoga se hotA hai| isakI vizada carcA hama 'karmavAda aura lezyA' ke prakaraNa meM kreNge| zivadatta jJAnI ne likhA hai-'paramANavAda vaizeSika darzana kI hI vizeSatA hai / usakA prArambha upaniSadoM se hotA hai / jaina, AjIvaka Adi dvArA bhI usakA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| kintu kaNAda ne use vyavasthita rUpa diyaa| jJAnIjI kA yaha pratipAdana prAmANika nahIM hai| aupaniSadika daSTi ke upAdAna kAraNa paramANu nahIM haiN| usakA upAdAna brahma hai| 1. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 14 / 5 / 3 / 1 / 4. vahI, 36 / 4 / 2. viSNupurANa, 1 / 22 / 53 / 5. vahI, 36 / 10 / 3. uttarAdhyayana, 14 / 16 / / 6. bhAratIya saMskRti, pR0 226 /

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tattvavidyA 116 haramana jekobI ne paramANu siddhAntoM ke viSaya para bar3I sUkSmadRSTi se prakAza DAlA hai / unakA abhimata hai - 'brAhmaNoM kI prAcInatama dArzanika mAnyatAoM meM, jo upaniSadoM meM varNita haiM, hama aNu siddhAMta kA ullekha taka nahIM pAte haiM aura isalie vedAnta sUtra meM, jo upaniSadoM kI zikSAoM ko vyavasthita rUpa se batAne kA dAvA karate haiM, isakA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / sAMkhya aura yoga darzanoM meM bhI ise svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, jo vedoM ke samAna hI prAcIna hone kA dAvA karate haiM, kyoMki vedAnta sUtra bhI inheM smRti ke nAma se pukArate haiM / kintu aNu siddhAnta vaizeSika darzana kA avibhAjya aMga hai aura nyAya ne bhI ise svIkAra kiyA hai / ye donoM brAhmaNa paramparA ke darzana haiM jinakA prAdurbhAva sAmpradAyika vidvAnoM (paNDitoM) dvArA huA hai, na ki devI yA dhArmika vyaktiyoM dvArA / vedavirodhI matoM, jainoM ne ise grahaNa kiyA hai, aura AjIvikoM ne bhii| hama jainoM ko prathama sthAna dete haiM kyoMki unhoMne pudgala ke sambandha meM atIva prAcIna matoM ke AdhAra para hI apanI paddhati ko saMsthApita kiyA hai / " jIva vibhAga dArzanika vidvAnoM ne jIvoM ke vibhAga bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM se kie haiM / jaina dArzanikoM ne unake vibhAga kA AdhAra gati aura jJAna ko mAnA hai / gati ke AdhAra para jIvoM ke do vibhAga hote haiM--sthAvara aura sa / jinameM gamana karane kI kSamatA nahIM hai, ve sthAvara haiM aura jinameM calane kI kSamatA hai, ve trasa haiM / ' sthAvara sRSTi sthAvara jIvoM ke tIna vibhAga haiM -- pRthvI, jala aura vanaspati / ye tInoM do-do prakAra ke hote haiM-- sUkSma aura sthUla / sUkSma jIva samUce loka meM prApta hote haiM aura sthUla jIva loka ke kaI bhAgoM meM prApta hote haiM / sthUla pRthvI sthUla pRthvI ke do prakAra haiM- mRdu aura kaThina | mRdu pRthvI ke sAta prakAra haiM- 1. ensAiklopIDiyA oNpha rilIjana enDa ethiksa, bhAga 2, pR0 166,200 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 36 / 68 / 3. vahI, 36 / 66 / 4. vahI, 36 / 78,86,100 / 5. vahI, 36 / 71 /

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120 saMskRti ke do pravAha (1) kRSNa (kAlI), (2) nIla (nIlI), (3) lohita (lAla), (4) hAridra (pIlI), (5) zukla (zveta), (6) pANDu (dhUmila, bhUrI), tathA (7) panakamRtikA (atisUkSma rj)|' yahAM ye bheda atyanta vaijJAnika haiM / prajJApanA meM bhI mRdu pRthvI ke ye sAta prakAra prApta haiM / ____ kaThina pRthvI-bhUtala-vinyAsa aura karaMbopaloM ko chattIsa bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-- 1. zuddha pRthvI 16. aMjana 2. zarkarA 20. pravAlaka-maMge ke samAna raMga 3. bAlukA--baluI vAlA' 4. upala-kaI prakAra kI 21. abhrabAlukA-abhraka kI bAlu zilAeM aura karaMbopala 22. abhrapaTala-abhraka 5. zilA 23. gomedaka-vaiDUrya kI eka jAti 6. lavaNa 24. rucaka-maNi kI eka jAti 7. USa-naunI miTTI 25. aMka-maNi kI eka jAti 8. ayas-lohA 26. sphaTika 1. tAmra-tAMbA 27. marakata-pannA 10. apu-jasta 28. bhujamocaka-maNi kI eka jAti 11. sIsaka-sIsA 26. indranIla-nIlama 12. rUpya-cAMdI 20. candana-maNi kI eka jAti 13. suvarNa-sonA 31. pulaka-maNi kI eka jAti 14. vajra hIrA 32. saugandhika-mANi kI eka jAti 15. haritAla 33. candraprabha-maNi kI eka jAti 16. hiMgula 34. vaiDUrya 17. manaHzIlA-mainasila 35. jalakAnta-maNi kI eka jAti 18. sasyaka-ratna kI 36. sUryakAnta-maNi kI eka jAti - eka jAti vRttikAra ke anusAra lohitAkSa aura masAragallA kramazaH sphaTika aura marakata tathA geruka aura haMsagarbha ke upabheda haiN|' vRttikAra ne zuddha pRthvI se lekara vajra taka ke caudaha prakAra tathA haritAla se lekara abhra 1. uttarAdhyayana, 36172 / 2. kauTalIya arthazAstra, 11 // 36 / 1. uttarAdhyayana bahavRtti, patra 686 /

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tasvavidyA 121 paTala taka ke ATha prakAra spaSTa rUpa se mAne haiM / gomedaka se lekara zeSa saba caudaha prakAra hone cAhie, kintu aThAraha hote haiM (uttarAdhyayana, 36 / 73-76) / inameM se cAra vastuoM kA dUsaroM meM antarbhAva hotA hai / vRttikAra isa viSaya meM pUrNarUpeNa asaMdigdha nahIM haiM ki kisameM kisakA antarbhAva honA cAhie / ' sthUla jala (1) zuddha udaka, (2) osa, (3) haratanu, (4) kuharA aura (5) him| sthUla vanaspati sthUla vanaspati ke do prakAra haiM - ( 1 ) pratyeka zarIrI' aura ( 2 ) sAdhAraNa zarIrI' / ' jisake eka zarIra meM eka jIva hotA hai, vaha 'pratyeka zarIrI' kahalAtI hai| jisake eka zarIra meM anaMta jIva hote haiM, vaha 'sAdhAraNa zarIrI' kahalAtI hai / Adi / 'pratyeka zarIrI' vanaspati ke bAraha prakAra haiM(1) vRkSa, ( (4) latA, (7) latAvalaya, (10) jalaja. (2) guccha, (5) vallI, (8) parvaga, (3) gulma, ( (11) auSadhitRNa aura ( 12 ) haritakAya / * 'sAdhAraNa zarIrI' vanaspati ke aneka prakAra haiM; jaise - kanda, mUla (6) tRNa, (6) kuhuNa, sa sRSTi sa sRSTi ke chaha prakAra haiM (1) agni, (2) vAyu, (3) dvIndriya, , 1. uttarAdhyayana bRhadvRtti patra 686 : iha ca pRthivyAdayazcaturdaza haritAlA - dayo'STau gomejjakAdayazca kvacitkasyacitkathaMcidantarbhAvAccaturdazetyamI mIlitAH SaTtriMzad bhavanti / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 36 / 85 / 3. vahI, 36 / 63 / 4. vahI, 36 94, 95 / 5. vahI, 3666,66 / 6. vahI, 36 / 107,126 / (4) trIndriya, (5) caturindriya aura (6) paMcendriya | "

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122 saMskRti ke do pravAha agni aura vAyu kI gati abhiprAyapUrvaka nahIM hotI, isalie ve kevala gamana vAle trasa haiN| dvIndriya Adi abhiprAyapUrvaka gamana karane vAle asa haiN| agni aura vAyu agni aura vAyu donoM do-do prakAra ke hote haiM-sUkSma aura sthUla / sUkSma jIva samUce loka meM vyApta rahate haiM aura sthUla jIva loka ke amuka-amuka bhAga meM haiN|' sthUla agnikAyika jIvoM ke aneka bheda hote haiM, jaise-aMgAra, murmura, zuddha agni, aci, jvAlA, ulkA, vidyut aadi|' sthUla vAyukAyika jIvoM ke bheda ye haiM-(1) utkalikA, (2) maNDalikA, (3) dhanavAta, (4) guJjAvAta, (5) zuddhavAta aura (6) saMvartakavAta / ' abhiprAyapUrvaka gati karane bAle trasa jina kinhIM prANiyoM meM sAmane jAnA, pIche haTanA, saMkucita honA, phailanA, zabda karanA, idhara-udhara jAnA, bhayabhIta honA, daur3anA-ye kriyAeM haiM aura Agati evaM gati ke vijJAtA haiM, ve saba trasa haiM / isa paribhASA ke anusAra trasa jIvoM ke cAra prakAra haiM-(1) dvIndriya, (2) trIndriya, (3) caturindriya aura (4) paMcendriya / ye sthala hI hote haiM, inameM sUkSma aura sthUla kA vibhAga nahIM hai| dvIndriya, trIndriya, aura caturindriya jIva sammUrcchanaja hI hote haiN| paMcendriya jIva sammUrcchanaja aura garbhaja-donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| gati kI daSTi se paMcendriya cAra prakAra ke haiM- (1) nairayika, (2) tiryaJca, (3) manuSya aura (4) deva / paMcendriya tiryaJca tIna prakAra ke hote haiM-(1) jalacara, (2) sthalacara aura (3) khecara / ___jalacara sRSTi ke mukhya prakAra matsya, kacchapa, grAha, magara aura zuMzumAra Adi haiN|' . 1. uttarAdhyayana, 36111,120 / 2. vahI, 36 / 100,106 / 3. vahI, 36 / 118-116 / 4. dazavakAlika, 4 sUtra 6 / 5. uttarAdhyayana, 36 / 156 / 6. vahI, 36 / 171 / 7. vahI, 36 / 172 /

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tattvavidyA sthalacara sRSTi kI mukhya jAtiyAM do haiM--(1) catuSpada aura (2) parisarpa / ' catuSpada ke cAra prakAra haiM(1) eka khura vAle azva Adi, (2) do khura vAle baila Adi, (3) gola paira vAle hAthI Adi, (4) nakha-sahita paira vAle --- siMha Adi / parisarpa kI mukhya jAtiyAM do haiM(1) bhujaparisarpa-bhujAoM ke bala reMgane vAle-goha Adi / (2) uraHparisarpa--chAtI ke bala reMgane vAle-sarpa Adi / ' khecara sRSTi kI mukhya jAtiyAM cAra haiM(1) carmapakSI, (2) romapakSI, (3) samudgapakSI aura (4) vitata pkssii|" yaha jIva-sRSTi kI saMkSipta rUparekhA hai / dRzya jagat aura parivartanazIla sRSTi jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM-(1) saMsArI aura (2) siddha / samyag darzana, jJAna, cAritra aura tapa ke dvArA paudgalika bandhanoM se mukta jIva 'siddha' kahalAte haiM / dRzya jagata aura parivartanazIla sRSTi meM unakA koI yogadAna nahIM hotaa| ve kevala Atmastha hote haiN| sRSTi ke vividha rUpoM meM saMsArI jIvoM kA yogadAna hotA hai / ve zarIrastha hote haiM, isalie podgalika saMyoga-viyoga meM rahate hue nAnA rUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| sRSTi kI vividhatA unhIM rUpoM meM se nikhAra pAtI hai| yaha miTTI kyA hai ? pRthvI ke jIvoM kA zarIra hI to hai| yaha jala aura kyA hai ? agni, vAyu, vanaspati aura jaMgama-ye sabhI zarIra haiM, jIvita yA mRta / hamAre sAmane aisI koI bhI vastu dRzya nahIM hai, jo eka dina kisI jIva kA zarIra na rahI ho| zarIra aura kyA hai ? sUkSma ko sthala banAne aura adRzya ko dRzya banAne kA eka mAdhyama hai| zarIra aura jIva kA saMyoga sRSTi ke parivartana aura saMcalana kA mukhya hetu hai / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 36 / 176 / 4. vahI, 36 / 188 / 2. vahI, 36 / 176,180 / 5. vahI, 36 / 48 / 3. vahI, 36 / 181 / /

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11. karmavAda aura lezyA paristhiti meM hI guNa aura doSa kA Aropa ve loga kara sakate haiM, jo AtmA meM vizvAsa nahIM karate / AtmA ko mAnane vAle loga AMtarika aura bAhya- donoM meM guNa-doSa dekhate haiM aura antima sacAI to yaha hai ki AMtarika vizuddhi se hI bAhara kI vizuddhi hotI hai tathA Antarika doSa se hI bAhara meM doSa niSpanna hotA hai / amitagati ne isI bhAvabhASA meM kahA hai antavizuddhito jantoH, zuddhiH sampadyate bahiH / bAhya hi kurute doSaM, sarvamAntaradoSataH // bAharI paristhiti se ve hI vyakti prabhAvita hote haiM, jo vijAtIya tattvoM se adhika sampRkta haiM / jinakA vijAtIya tattvoM se samparka kama hai, jisakI cetanA apane meM hI lIna hai, ve bAhara se prabhAvita nahIM hote / isI satya ko isa bhASA ne bhI prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jo bAharI saMgoM se mukta rahatA hai, usakI cetanA apane meM lIna rahatI hai aura usakI cetanA dUsare raMgoM meM raMga jAtI hai, jo bAhara meM vilIna rahatA hai| sacAI yaha hai, apane ko bAhya meM vilIna karane vAlA hara jIva bAhya se prabhAvita hotA hai aura usakI cetanA bAhara ke raMgoM se raMgIna rahatI hai / lezyA isa raMgIna cetanA kA hI eka pariNAma hai aura karma - bandhana usI kA anugamana karatA hai / karma : caitanya para prabhAva jIva cetana hai aura pudgala acetana / ina donoM meM sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai / jIva lezyA ke mAdhyama se hI pudgaloM kA AtmIkaraNa karatA hai, isalie jaba vaha zubha pravRtti meM saMlagna rahatA hai, taba zubha pudgala AtmIkRta hote haiM, jo puNya kahalAte haiM aura jaba vaha azubha pravRtti meM saMlagna rahatA hai, taba azubha pudgala AtmIkRta hote haiM, jo pApa kahalAte haiM / jaba ye puNya1. mUlArAdhanA, amitagati, 1667 / 2. mUlArAdhanA, 7 / 1612 : maMdA huMti kasAyA, bAhirasaMgavijaDhassa savvassa / frost kasAyabahulo, ceva hu savvaMpi gaMthakali ||

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karmavAda aura lezyA 125 pApa vibhakta kie jAte haiM, taba inakI ATha jAtiyAM bana jAtI haiM, jinheM ATha karma kahA gayA hai 1. jJAnAvaraNa-isase jJAna AvRta hotA hai, isalie yaha pApa hai| 2. darzanAvaraNa--isase darzana AvRta hotA hai, isalie yaha pApa hai| 3. mohanIya---isase daSTi aura cAritra vikata hote haiM, isalie yaha pApa hai| 4. antarAya-isase AtmA kA vIrya pratihata hotA hai, isalie yaha pApa hai| 5. vedanIya-yaha sukha aura duHkha kI vedanA kA hetu banatA hai| isalie yaha puNya bhI hai aura pApa bhI hai| 6. nAma-yaha zubha aura azubha abhivyakti kA hetu banatA hai, isalie yaha pUNya bhI hai aura pApa bhI hai| 7. gotra--yaha ucca aura nIca saMyogoM kA hetu banatA hai, isalie __ yaha puNya bhI hai aura pApa bhI hai| 8. AyuSya-yaha zubha aura azubha jIvana kA hetu banatA hai, isalie yaha pUNya bhI hai aura pApa bhI hai| jIva puNya yA pApa nahIM hai aura pudgala bhI puNya yA pApa nahIM hai| jIva aura pudgala kA saMyoga hone para jo sthiti banatI hai, vaha puNya yA pApa hai| ina puNya yA pApa karmoM ke dvArA jIvoM meM vividha parivartana hote rahate haiN| isa jagat ke nAnAtva kA sarvopari kAraNa hai karma-samUha / karmoM ke pudgala sUkSma haiM / unase aise rahasyapUrNa kArya ghaTita hote haiM, jinakI sAmAnya buddhi vyAkhyA hI nahIM kara sakatI yA jinheM bahuta sAre loga Izvara kI lIlA kaha kara santoSa mAnate haiN| yadi hama jIva aura karma pudgaloM kI saMyogika prakriyAoM ko gaharAI se samajha leM to hama sRSTi kI sahaja vyAkhyA kara sakate haiM aura jaTilatAoM se bhI baca jAte haiM, jo IzvarIya sRSTi kI vyAkhyA meM utpanna hotI haiN| lezyA : cetana aura acetana ke saMyoga kA mAdhyama jitane sthUla paramANu skandha hote haiM, ve saba prakAra ke raMgoM aura uparaMgoM se yukta hote haiN| manuSya kA zarIra sthUla skandha hai, isalie vaha bhI saba raMgoM se yukta hai / vaha raMgIna hai, isIlie bAhya raMgoM se prabhAvita hotA hai / unakA prabhAva manuSya ke mana para bhI par3atA hai| isa prabhAva-zakti

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126 saMskRti ke do pravAha ke AdhAra para bhagavAn mahAvIra ne saba prANiyoM ke zarIroM aura vicAroM ko chaha vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA / usa vargIkaraNa ko 'lezyA' kahA jAtA hai (1) kRSNalezyA, (3) kApotalezyA, (5) padmalezyA aura (2) nIlalezyA, (4) tejolezyA, (6) shuklleshyaa| DA. harmana jekobI ke abhimata kI samIkSA DA0 harmana jekobI ne likhA hai- 'jainoM ke lezyA ke siddhAnta meM aura gozAlaka ke mAnavoM ke chaha bhAgoM meM vibhakta karane vAle siddhAnta meM samAnatA hai| ise pahale pahala pro0 lyUmena ne pakar3A, kintu isa viSaya meM merA vizvAsa hai ki jainoM ne yaha siddhAnta AjIvakoM se liyA aura use parivartita kara apane siddhAntoM ke sAtha samanvita kara diyaa| mAnavoM kA chaha bhAgoM meM vibhAjana gozAlaka ke dvArA nahIM, kintu pUraNakazyapa ke dvArA kiyA gayA thaa| patA nahIM pro0 lyUmena aura DA0 harmana jekobI ne use 'gozAlaka ke dvArA kiyA haA mAnavoM kA vibhAjana' kisa AdhAra para mAnA ? pUraNakazyapa bauddha sAhitya meM ullikhita chaha tIrthaGkaroM meM se eka haiN|' unhoMne raMgoM ke AdhAra para chaha abhijAtiyAM nizcita kI thIM1. kRSNAbhijAti-krUra karma vAle saukarika, zAkunika Adi jIvoM kA vrg| 2. nIlAbhijAti-bauddha-bhikSu tathA kucha anya karmavAdI, kriyAvAdI bhikSaoM kA varga / 3. lohitAbhijAti--ekazATaka nirgranthoM kA varga / 4. haridrAbhijAti-zveta vastradhArI yA nirvastra / 5. zuklAbhijAti-AjIvaka zramaNa-zramaNiyoM kA varga / 6. paramazuklAbhijAti-AjIvaka AcArya--nanda, vatsa, kRza, sAMkRtya, maskarI gozAlaka Adi kA varga / ' Ananda ne gautama buddha se ina chaha abhijAtiyoM ke viSaya meM pUchA to unhoMne ise 'avyakta vyakti dvArA kiyA huA pratipAdana' khaa| isa vargIkaraNa kA mukhya AdhAra acelatA hai| isameM vastroM ke alpI 1. Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLY, Introduction. p. Xxx. 2. aMguttaranikAya, 6 / 6 / 3, bhAga 3, pR0 63 / 3. dIghanikAya, 112, pR0 16,20 / 4. aMguttaranikAya, 6 / 6 / 3, bhAga 3, pR0 63-64 /

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karmavAda aura lezyA 127 karaNa yA pUrNa-tyAga ke AdhAra para abhijAtiyoM kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| gautama buddha ne Ananda se kahA- 'maiM bhI chaha abhijAtiyoM kI prajJApanA karatA hai 1. koI puruSa kRSNAbhijAtika (nIca kula meM utpanna) ho, kRSNa dharma (pApa) karatA hai| 2. koI puruSa kRSNAbhijAtika ho, zukla-dharma karatA hai| 3. koI puruSa kRSNAbhijAtika ho, akRSNa-azukla nirvANa ko paidA karatA hai| 4. koI puruSa zuklAbhijAtika (UMce kula meM utpanna) ho, zukla dharma (puNya) karatA hai| 5. koI puruSa zuklAbhijAtika ho, kRSNa-dharma karatA hai| 6. koI puruSa zuklAbhijAtika ho, akRSNa-azukla nirvANa ko paidA ___ karatA hai| yaha vargIkaraNa janma aura karma ke AdhAra para kiyA huA hai| isameM cANDAla, niSAda Adi jAtiyoM ko 'zukla' kahA gayA hai| kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika duzcaraNa ko 'kRSNa-dharma' aura unake sucaraNa ko 'zukladharma' kahA gayA hai| nirvANa na kRSNa hai aura na zakla / isa vargIkaraNa kA dhyeya yaha hai ki nIca jAti meM utpanna vyakti bhI zukla-dharma kara sakatA hai aura ucca kula meM utpanna vyakti kaSNa-dharma bhI karatA hai| dharma aura nirvANa kA sambandha jAti se nahIM hai| chaha abhijAtiyoM ke ina donoM vargIkaraNoM kA lezyA ke vargIkaraNa se koI sambandha nahIM hai| vaha sarvathA svataMtra hai| lezyAoM kA sambandha ekaeka vyakti se hai| vicAroM ko prabhAvita karane vAlI lezyAeM eka vyakti ke eka hI jIvana meM kAla-krama se chahoM ho sakatI haiN| lezyA kA vargIkaraNa chaha abhijAtiyoM kI apekSA mahAbhArata ke vargIkaraNa ke adhika nikaTa hai| sanatkumAra ne dAnavendra vRtrAsura se kahA'prANiyoM ke varNa chaha prakAra ke haiM-(1) kRSNa, (2) dhUmra, (3) nIla, (4) rakta, (5) hAridra aura (6) zukla / inameM se kRSNa, dhUmra aura nIla varNa kA sukha madhyama hotA hai| rakta varNa adhika sahya hotA hai| hAridra varNa 1. (ka) aMguttaranikAya, 6 / 6 / 3, bhAga 3, pR0 63-64 / (kha) dIghanikAya, 3310, pR0 265 / /

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128 saMskRti ke do pravAha sukhakara aura zukla varNa adhika sukhakara hotA hai|" kRSNa varNa kI nIca gati hotI hai / vaha naraka meM le jAne vAle karmoM meM Asakta rahatA hai| naraka se nikalane vAle jIva kA varNa dhamra hotA hai, yaha pazu-pakSI jAti kA raMga hai| nIla varNa manuSya jAti kA raMga hai / rakta varNa anugraha karane vAle devavarga kA raMga hai| hAridra varNa viziSTa devatAoM kA raMga hai / zukla varNa siddha zarIradhArI sAdhakoM kA raMga hai|' mahAbhArata meM eka sthAna para likhA hai-'duSkarma karane vAlA manuSya varNa se paribhraSTa ho jAtA hai / puNya-karma se vaha varNa ke utkarSa ko prApta hotA hai|" 'lezyA, aura mahAbhArata ke 'varNa-nirUpaNa' meM bahata sAmya hai, phira bhI vaha mahAbhArata se gRhIta hai, aisA mAnane ke lie koI hetu prApta nahIM hai / raMga ke prabhAva kI vyAkhyA lagabhaga sabhI darzana-graMthoM meM milatI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne use sarvAdhika vikasita kiyA, isa sambandha meM koI bhI manISI do mata nahIM ho sktaa| isa vikAsa ko dekhate hue sahaja hI yaha kalpanA ho jAtI hai ki jaina AcArya isakA pratipAdana bahuta pahale se hI karate Ae haiN| isake lie ve una dUsarI paramparAoM ke RNI nahIM haiM, jinhoMne isakA pratipAdana kevala prAsaMgika rUpa meM hI kiyA hai| gItA meM gati ke kRSNa aura zukla-ye do varga kie gae haiM / kRSNagati vAlA bAra-bAra janma-maraNa karatA hai| zuklagati vAlA janma-maraNa se mukta ho jAtA hai| dhammapada meM dharma ke do bhAga kie haiN| vahAM likhA hai-'paNDita manuSya ko kRSNa dharma ko chor3a zukla dharma kA AcaraNa karanA caahiye|5|| pataJjali ne karma kI cAra jAtiyAM batalAI thIM-(1) kRSNa, (2) zukla-kRSNa, (3) zukla aura (4) azukla-akRSNa / ye kramazaH 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 280133 : SaD jIvavarNAH paramaM pramANaM, kRSNo dhUmro nIlamathAsya madhyam / raktaM punaH sahyataraM sukhaM tu, hAridravarNaM susukhaM ca zuklam / / 2. vahI, 280 / 34-47 / 3. vahI, 26114-5 / 4. gItA, 8 / 26 : zuklakRSNe gatI hyate, jagataH zAzvate mate / ekayA yAtyanAvRtti-manyayA'vartate punaH / / 5. dhammapada, paMDitavagga, zloka 16 /

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karmavAda aura lezyA 126 I azuddhatara, azuddha, zuddha aura zuddhatara haiN| yogI kI karma-jAti 'azuklaakRSNa' hotI hai / zeSa tIna karma-jAtiyAM saba jIvoM meM hotI haiM / ' unakA karma kRSNa hotA hai, jinakA citta doSa kaluSita yA krUra hotA hai / pIr3A aura anugraha donoM vidyAoM se mizrita karma 'zukla kRSNa' kahalAtA hai / ye bAhya sAdhanoM ke dvArA sAdhya hote haiM / tapasyA, svAdhyAya zraura dhyAna meM nirata logoM ke karma kevala mana ke adhIna hote haiM / unameM bAhya sAdhanoM kI apekSA nahIM hotI aura na kisI ko pIr3A dI jAtI hai, isalie isa karma ko 'zukla' kahA jAtA hai / jo puNya ke phala kI bhI icchA nahIM karate, una kSINakleza caramadeha yogiyoM ke azukla-akRSNa karma hotA hai / " zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM prakRti ko lohita, zukla aura kRSNa kahA gayA hai / ' sAMkhyakaumudI ke anusAra rajoguNa se mana moha - raJjita hotA hai, isalie vaha lohita hai / sattva-guNa se mana mala rahita hotA hai, isalie vaha zukla hai / " svaravijJAna meM bhI yaha batAyA gayA hai ki vibhinna tattvoM ke vibhinna varNa prANiyoM ko prabhAvita karate haiM / unake anusAra mUlataH prANatattva eka hai / aNuoM ke nyUnAdhika vega yA kampana ke anusAra usake pAMca vibhAga hote haiM / unake nAma, raMga, AkAra Adi isa prakAra haiM nAma vega raMga AkAra rasa yA svAda pIlA catuSkoNa sapheda yA baiMganI arddhacaMdrAkAra 1. pRthvI 2. jala 3. tejas 4. vAyu 5. AkAza alpatara alpa tIvra tIvratara tIvratama 1. pAtaJjala yogasUtra, 4 / 7 / 3. zvetAzvatara upaniSad 4 / 5 : lAla nIlA yA AsamAnI kAlA yA nIlAbha ( sarvavarNa ka mizrita raMga) trikoNa gola aneka bindu gola yA Akara zUnya 2. vahI, 417 bhASya / ajAmekAM lohitazuklakRSNAM, bahvIH prajAH sRjamAnAM sarUpAH / ajo hyeko juSamANo'nuzete, jahAtyenAM bhuktabhogAmajo'nyaH // 4. sAMkhya kaumudI, pR0 200 / 5. zivasvarodaya, bhASA TIkA, zloka 156, pR0 42 ApaH zvetA kSitiH pItA, raktavarNoM hutAzanaH / mAruto nIlajIbhUtaH, AkAzaH sarvavarNakaH / / madhura kasailA caraparA khaTTA kaDavA

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saMskRti ke do pravAha raMgoM se prANi-jagat prabhAvita hotA hai, isa satya kI ora jitane saMketa milate haiM, unameM lezyA kA vivaraNa sarvAdhika vizada aura suvyavasthita lezyA kI paribhASA aura vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra mana ke pariNAma azuddha aura zuddha-donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| unake nimitta bhI zuddha aura azuddha---donoM prakAra ke hote haiN| nimitta prabhAva DAlate haiM aura mana ke pariNAma unase prabhAvita hote haiM / isa prakAra ina donoM kA pArasparika sambandha hai| isIlie ina donoM ko-nimitta ko dravya-lezyA aura mana ke pariNAma ko bhAva-lezyA-kahA gayA hai| nimitta banane vAle pudgala haiN| unameM varNa bhI hai, gaMdha bhI hai, rasa aura sparza bhI hai, phira bhI unakA nAmakaraNa varNa ke AdhAra para haA hai| mAnasika vicAroM kI azuddhi aura zuddhi ko kRSNa aura zuklavarNa ke dvArA abhivyakti dI jAtI rahI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA ki gaMdha Adi kI apekSA varNa mana ko adhika prabhAvita karatA hai| kRSNa, nIla aura kApota-ye tIna raMga azuddha mAne gae haiN| inase prabhAvita hone vAlI lezyAeM bhI isI prakAra vibhakta hotI haiN| kRSNa, nIla aura kApota-ye tIna adharma lezyAeM haiN|' tejas, padma aura zukla-ye tIna dharma lezyAeM haiN|' __ azuddhi aura zuddhi ke AdhAra para chaha lezyAoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra hai1. kRSNalezyA azuddhatama kliSTatama 2. nIlalezyA azuddhatara kliSTatara 3. kApotalezyA azuddha kliSTa 4. tejaslezyA akliSTa 5. padmalezyA zuddhatara akliSTatara 6. zuklalezyA zuddhatama akliSTatama isa azuddhi aura zuddhi kA AdhAra kevala nimitta nahIM hai| nimitta aura upAdAna-donoM mila kara kisI sthiti kA nirmANa karate haiM / azuddhi kA upAdAna hai-kaSAya kI tIvratA aura usake nimita haiM-kRSNa, nIla aura kApota raMga vAle pudgala / zuddhi kA upAdAna hai-kaSAya kI mandatA aura usake nimitta haiM-rakta, pIta aura zveta raMga vAle pudgala / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34156 / 2. vahI, 34 / 57 / zuddha

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karmavAda aura lezyA 131 uttarAdhyayana ( 34 / 3 ) meM lezyA kA gyAraha prakAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai'(1) nAma' 1. kRSNa 2. nIla 3. kApota (2) varNaM' 1. kRSNa2. nIla 3. kApota 4. tejas 5. padma-- 6. zukla (3) rasa * 1. kRSNa2. nIla- 3. kApota 4. tejas-- 5. padma-- 6. zukla (4) gaMdha' 1. kRSNa2. nIla 3. kApota 4. tejas 5. padma 6. zukla 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 2 2. vahI, 34 / 3 / 3. vahI, 34 / 4-6 4. vahI, 34 / 10-15 / 5. vahI, 34 / 16-17 / megha kI taraha kRSNa azoka kI taraha nIla alasI puSpa kI taraha hiMgula kI taraha rakta haritAla kI taraha pIta zaGkha kI taraha zveta / 4. tejas 5. padma 6. zukla / tumbe se ananta gunA kar3avA trikuTa ( soMTha, pippala aura kAlI mirca) se ananta gunA tIkhA ke se ananta gunA kasailA pake Ama se ananta gunA amla - madhura Asava se ananta gunA amla, kasailA aura madhura khajUra se ananta gunA madhura mRta " 21 11 maTamailA sarpa kI gaMdha se ananta gunA amanojJa " 11 "} " 11 31 surabhi kusuma kI gaMdha se ananta gunA manojJa 11 11 23 33 37 11

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132 (5) sparza' 1. kRSNa--- 2. nIla 3. kApota 4. tejas-- 5. padma 6. zukla (6) pariNAma' 1. kRSNa2. nIla 3. kApota 4. tejas-- 5. padma gAya kI jIbha se ananta gunA karkaza 17 33 "" "3 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 18 - 16 / 2. vahI, 34 / 20 / 3. vahI, 34 / 21-22 / 17 navanIta se ananta gunA mRdu " 31 29 jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa 37 17 33 " jaghanya, madhyama aura " "" 22 saMskRti ke do pravAha 11 " " 13 utkRSTa 6. zukla - jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa pariNAmoM ke tAratamya para vicAra karane se pratyeka lezyA ke nau-nau pariNAma hote haiM " 31 13 1. jaghanya - jaghanya, madhyama, utkRSTa jaghanya, madhyama, utkRSTa 2. madhyama 3. utkRSTa jaghanya, madhyama, utkRSTa ke isI prakAra sAta pariNAmoM kA jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa trika se guNana karane para vikalpoM kI vRddhi hotI hai / jaise- 9x3 =27, 273 81, 8143 - 243 / isa prakAra mAnasika pariNAmoM kI taratamatA ke AdhAra para pratyeka lezyA ke aneka pariNamana hote haiM / (7) lakSaNa 33 1. kRSNa' - mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura azubha yoga- ina pAMca AsravoM meM pravRtta honA, mana, vacana aura kAyA kA saMyama na karanA, jIva hiMsA meM rata rahanA, tIvra Arambha meM saMlagna rahanA, prakRti kI kSudratA, binA vicAre kAma karanA, krUra honA aura iMdriyoM para vijaya na pAnA /

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karmavAda aura lezyA 133 guddhi, nIla' IrSyA, kadAgraha, atapasvitA, avidyA, mAyA, nirlajjatA, pradveSa, zaThatA, pramAda, rasalolupatA, sukha kI gaveSaNA, hiMsA meM rata rahanA, prakRti kI kSudratA aura binA vicAre kAma karanA / kApota-vANI kI vakratA, AcaraNa kI vakratA, kapaTa, apane doSoM ko chupAnA, mithyAdRSTi, makhola karanA, duSTa vacana bolanA, corI karanA aura mAtsarya / tejas' namra vyavahAra karanA, acapala honA, RjutA, kutUhala na karanA, vinaya meM nipuNa honA, jitendriyatA, mAnasika samAdhi, tapasvitA, dhArmika prema, dhArmika dRr3hatA, pApabhIrutA aura mukti kI gaveSaNA / padma - krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kI alpatA, citta kI prazAnti, Atma-niyaMtraNa, samAdhi, alpabhASitA aura jitendriyatA / zukla -- dharma aura zukladhyAna kI lInatA, citta kI prazAnti, AtmaniyaMtraNa, samyak pravRtti, mana, vacana aura kAyA kA saMyama tathA jitendriyatA / isa prasaMga meM gommaTasAra jIvakANDa ( gAthA 508 - 516) draSTavya hai / lezyAoM ke lakSaNoM ke sAtha sattva, rajas aura tamas ke lakSaNoM kI AMzika tulanA hotI hai / zauca, Astikya, zukla-dharma kI ruci vAlI buddhiye sattvaguNa ke lakSaNa haiM; bahuta bolanA, mAna, krodha, dambha aura mAtsaryaye rajoguNa ke lakSaNa haiM aura bhaya, ajJAna, nidrA, Alasya aura viSAda - ye tamoguNa ke lakSaNa haiM / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 23-24 2. vahI, 34125-26 // 3. vahI, 34 / 27-28 / 4. vahI, 34 / 26-30 / 5. vahI, 34 / 32 / 6. aSTAMgahRdaya, zarIrasthAna, 3 / 37,38 : sAtvikaM zaucamAstikyaM zukladharma rucirmatiH / rAjasaM bahubhASitvaM mAnakruddambhamatsaram // tAmasaM bhayamajJAnaM, nidrAlasyaviSAditA / iti bhUtamayo deha II

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134 saMskRti ke do pravAha (6) sthAna 1. kRSNa asaMkhya 2. nIla3. kApota4. tejas5. padma 6. zukla(9) sthiti zvetAmbara digambara' lezyA jaghanya utkRSTa jaghanya utkRSTa 1. kRSNa antarmuhUrta 33 sAgara aura eka antarmuhUrta 33 sAgara muhUrta 2. nIla " palyopama ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga adhika dasa sAgara 33 sAgara 3. kApota palyopama ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga adhika tIna sAgara 7 sAgara 4. tejas palyopama ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga adhika do sAgara 2 sAgara 5. padma antarmuhUrta adhika dasa sAgara 18 sAgara 6. zukla " antarmuhUrta adhika 33 sAgara 33 sAgara (10) gati' 1. kaSNa3. nIla2. kApota4. tejas- sugati 5. padma6. zukla durgati 4. uttarAdhyayana, 34156-57 / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34133 / 2. vahI, 34134-36 / 3. tattvArtha rAjavAtika, pR0 241 :

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karmavAda aura lezyA 135 (11) Ayu - lezyA ke prArambhika aura antima samaya meM Ayu zeSa nahIM hotA, kintu madhyakAla meM vaha zeSa hotA hai / yaha niyama saba zyAoM ke lie samAna hai / ' tattvArtha rAjavArtika ( pR0 238 ) meM lezyA para solaha dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA gayA hai 1. nirdeza 2. varNa 3. pariNAma 4. saMkrama 5. karma 6. lakSaNa 10. 7. gati 11. kSetra 8. svAmitva 12. sparzana 13. kAla 14. aMtara 15. bhAva 16. alpa - bahutva bhagavatI, prajJApanA Adi AgamoM meM tathA uttaravartI graMthoM meM lezyA kA jo vizeSa vivecana kiyA gayA hai, use dekha kara sahaja hI yaha vizvAsa hotA hai ki jaina AcArya lezyA siddhAnta kI prasthApanA ke lie dUsare sampradAyoM ke RNI nahIM haiM / 6. sAdhana saMkhyA manuSya kA zarIra paudgalika hai / jo paudgalika hotA hai, usameM raMga avazya hote haiM / isIlie saMbhava hai ki raMgoM ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa karane kI pravRtti calI / mahAbhArata meM cAroM varNoM ke raMga bhinna-bhinna batalAe gae haiM / jaise - brAhmaNoM kA raMga zveta, kSatriyoM kA lAla, vaizyoM kA pIlA aura zUdroM kA kAlA / jaina sAhitya meM caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke bhinna-bhinna raMga batalAe gae haiM / padmaprabha aura vAsupUjya kA raMga lAla, candraprabha aura puSpadanta kA raMga zveta, muni suvrata aura ariSTanemi kA raMga kRSNa, malli aura pArzva kA raMga nIla tathA zeSa solaha tIrthaGkaroM kA raMga sunahalA thA / ' raMga-cikitsA ke AdhAra para bhI lezyA ke siddhAnta kI vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai / raMgoM kI kamI se utpanna hone vAle roga raMgoM kI samucita pUrti hone para miTa jAte haiM / yaha unakA zArIrika prabhAva / isI prakAra raMgoM ke parivartana aura mAtrA bheda se mana bhI prabhAvita hotA hai / isa prasaMga DA0 je0 sI0 TrasTa kI 'aNu aura AbhA ' pustaka draSTavya hai / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 58- 60 / 2. mahAbhArata, zAMtiparva, 28835 brAhmaNAnAM sitovarNa:, kSatriyANAM tu lohitaH / vaizyAnAM pAtako varNaH zUdrANAmasitastathA // " 3. abhidhAna cintAmaNi, 1146 /

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12. mahAvIrakAlIna matavAda bhagavAn mahAvIra kA yuga dhArmika matavAdoM kI jaTilatA kA yuga thA / bauddha sAhitya meM 62 dharma - matavAdoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai / ' sAmaJJaphalasutta meM chaha tIrthaGkaroM kA ullekha hai / unameM pAMcaveM tIrthaGkara niggaMTha nAtaputta arthAt bhagavAn mahAvIra haiN| unake mata kA cAturyAma saMvara ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ajAtazatru bhagavAn buddha se kahatA hai 'bhante ! eka dina maiM jahAM niggaMTha nAthaputta the, vahAM gayA / jAkara niggaMTha nAthaputta ke sAtha maiMne saMmodana kiyA : - 'kyA bhante ! zrAmaNya ke pAlana karane kA phala isI janma meM pratyakSa batalAyA jA sakatA hai ?' aisA kahane para bhante ! niggaMTha nAthaputta ne yaha uttara diyA- 'mahArAja ! niggaMTha cAra ( prakAra ke ) saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA hai' ( 1 ) niggaMTha ( = nirgrantha) jala ke vyavahAra kA vAraNa karatA hai ( jisameM jala ke jIva na mAre jAveM), (2) sabhI pApoM kA vAraNa karatA hai, (3) sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane se dhUtapApa - pAparahita hotA hai, (4) sabhI pApoM ke vAraNa karane meM lagA rahatA hai / mahArAja ! niggaMTha isa prakAra cAra saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA hai / kyoMki niggaMTha ina cAra prakAra ke saMvaroM se saMvRta rahatA hai, isIlie vaha nirgrantha gatAtmA ( = anicchuka ), yatAtmA ( = saMyamI ) aura sthitAtmA kahalAtA hai / " 'niggaMtha nAthaputta ne cAra bhante ! pratyakSa zrAmaNya phala ke pUche " saMvaroM kA varNana kiyA / " yaha saMvAda vAstavikatA se dUra hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra cAturyAma-saMvara ke pratipAdaka nahIM the / pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma dharma ko bhramavaza nirgrantha jJAtaputra kA cAturyAma-saMvara kahA gayA hai / lagatA hai ki saMgIti meM sammilita bauddha bhikSu bhagavAn pArzva ke cAturyAma dharma se paricita the, kintu cAra yAmoM ko yathArtha jAnakArI unheM nahIM thI / sAmaJJaphalasutta meM ullikhita cAra 3. vahI, 112, pR0 50 / 1. dIghanikAya, 111, pR0 5-15 / 2. bahI, 12, pR0 21 /

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mahAvIrakAlIna matavAda yAma nirgrantha paramparA meM pracalita nahIM rahe haiM / bhagavAn pArzva ke cAra yAma ye the--- (1) prANAtipAta - viramaNa / (2) mRSAvAda - viramaNa / (3) adattAdAna - viramaNa / ( 4 ) bahistAt - AdAna- viramaNa / 112 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne nirgranthoM ke lie pAMca mahAvratoM kA pratipAdana kiyA thA / bhagavAn pArzva ke cauthe uttarAdhikArI kumArazramaNa kezI eka bAra zrAvastI meM Ae aura tinduka - udyAna meM tthhre| unhIM dinoM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara gautama svAmI bhI vahAM Ae aura koSThaka udyAna meM Thahare / una donoM ke ziSya paraspara mile / unake mana meM eka tarka khar3A huA - "yaha hamArA dharma kaisA hai ? aura yaha unakA dharma kaisA hai ? AcAradharma kI vyavasthA hamArI kaisI hai ? aura vaha unakI kaisI hai ? jo cAturyAma dharma hai, usakA pratipAdana mahAmuni pArzva ne kiyA hai aura yaha jo paMca zikSAtmaka-dharma hai, usakA pratipAdana mahAmuni varddhamAna ne kiyA hai.. " jabaki hama eka hI uddezya se cale haiM to phira isa bheda kA kyA kAraNa hai / apane ziSyoM kI vitarkaNA ko jAna kara unakA sandeha - nivAraNa karane ke lie kezI aura gautama mile / kezI ne gautama se pUchA - "jo cAturyAma dharma hai, usakA pratipAdana mahAmuni pArzva ne kiyA hai aura yaha jo paMca zikSAtmaka-dharma hai, usakA pratipAdana mahAmuni varddhamAna ne kiyA hai / eka hI uddezya ke lie hama caleM haiM to phira isa bheda kA kyA kAraNa hai ? medhAvin ! dharma ke ina do prakAroM meM tumheM sandeha kaise nahIM hotA ? " kezI ke kahate-kahate hI gautama ne isa prakAra kahA - "dharma ke parama artha kI, jisameM lAkhoM kA vinizcaya hotA hai, sImA prajJA se hotI hai / pahale tIrthaGkara ke sAdhu Rju aura jar3a hote haiM / antima tIrthaGkara ke sAdhu vakra aura jar3a hote haiN| bIca ke tIrthaGkaroM ke sAdhu Rju aura prAjJa hote haiM, isalie dharma ke do prakAra kie haiM / pUrvavartI sAdhuoM ke lie muni ke AcAra ko yathAvat grahaNa kara lenA kaThina hai / caramavartI sAdhuoM ke lie muni ke AcAra kA pAlana kaThina hai / madhyavartI sAdhu use yathAvat grahaNa kara lete haiM aura usakA pAlana bhI ve saralatA se karate haiM / " 3. vahI, 23 / 23 - 27 / 1. sthAnAMga, 41136 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 23 / 11,12,13 / 137

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138 - saMskRti ke do pravAha gautama ne jo uttara diyA usakA samarthana sthAnAMga se bhI hotA hai|' uttaravartI sAhitya meM bhI yaha artha barAbara mAnya rahA hai| isakA visaMvAdI pramANa samagra jaina-vAGmaya meM kahIM bhI nahIM hai| isalie sAmaJaphalasUtta kA yaha ullekha ki zrAmaNya kA phala pUchane para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne cAturyAma-saMvara kA vyAkaraNa kiyA-kAlpanika sA lagatA hai| buddha kA prakarSa aura zeSa tIrthaGkaroM va tIthikoM kA apakarSa dikhAne ke lie bauddhabhikSuoM ne eka viziSTa zailI apanAI thii| piTakoM meM sthAna-sthAna para vaha dekhane ko milatI hai| isIlie usa zailI para AdhArita saMvAdoM kI yathArthatA kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattva nahIM diyA jA sktaa| . jaina AgamakAroM kI zailI isase bhinna hai| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki unhoMne anyatIthikoM ke siddhAnta kA ullekha kiyA, kintu usake pravartaka yA prarUpaka kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| isase usakA mUla DhaMDhane meM kaThinAI avazya hotI hai, para unake apakarSa-pradarzana kA prasaMga nahIM aataa| dUsarI bAta-bhagavAn mahAvIra kA prakarSa aura anyatIthikoM kA apakarSa dikhalAne vAlI zailI AgamakAroM ne nahIM apnaaii| tIsarI bAtabauddha bhikSaoM ne piTakoM ko jo sAhityika rUpa diyA, vaha jaina sAdhaoM ne AgamoM ko nahIM diyaa| isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki piTakoM ko sAhityika rUpa milA, usase ve bahuta sarasa aura manorama bana ge| Agama utane sarasa nahIM bana pAe / Agama vIra-nirvANa kI sahasrAbdI ke pazcAt likhe gae aura piTaka buddha-nirvANa ke pAMca sau varSa bAda / phira donoM kA niSpakSa adhyayana karane vAlA vyakti isI niSkarSa para pahuMce binA nahIM rahatA ki piTakoM meM jitanA mizraNa aura parivartana huA hai, utanA AgamoM meM nahIM huaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM cAra vAdoM kA ullekha hai-(1) kriyAvAda, (2) akriyAvAda, (3) vinayavAda aura (4) ajJAnavAda / ina cAroM meM vibhinna abhyupagama-siddhAntoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, isIlie sUtrakRtAMga meM inheM 'samavasaraNa' kahA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga ke niyuktikAra ne ina samavasaraNoM 1. sthAnAMga, 5 / 32,33 / 2. dIghanikAya (paDhamo bhAgo), sAmaJyaphalasuttaM, pR0 50 : nigaNTho nAtaputto sandiTTikaM sAmanaphalaM puTTho samAno cAtuyAmasaMvaraM vyAkAsi / 3. majjhimanikAya, 2 / 116 upAli-suttanta; 2 / 18 abhayarAjakumAra-suttanta / 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 12 / 1 /

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mahAvIrakAlIna matavAda 136 meM samAhRta hone vAle matavAdoM kI saMkhyA tIna sau tiresaTha batAI haikriyAvAdI matavAda 180 akriyAvAdI matavAdavinayavAdI matavAdaajJAnavAdI matavAda 32 ina saba matavAdoM aura unake AcAryoM ke nAma prApta nahIM haiM, kintu jainoM ke prakIrNa-grantha' aura bauddha evaM vaidika sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM inake kucha nAmoM kA patA lagAyA jA sakatA hai| - 1. sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, gAthA 116 : asiyasayaM kiriyANaM akkiriyANaM ca hoi culsiitii| annANiyaM sataTThI veNaiyANaM ca bttiisaa|| 2. (ka) SaTkhaNDAgama, khaMDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 2, pR0 42 / (kha) tattvArthavArtika 8 / 1, pR0 652 /

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13. jaina dharma aura kSatriya jaina darzana kriyAvAdI hai| isa vicAradhArA ne bahuta vyaktiyoM ko prabhAvita kiyA thaa| uttarAdhyayana meM una vyaktiyoM kI eka lambI tAlikA hai, jo isa kriyAvAdI vicAradhArA se prabhAvita hokara zramaNa bane the| ve kSatriya, brAhmaNa, vaizya aura zUdra-cAroM jAtiyoM ke the| kSatriya brAhmaNa (1) videharAja nami (a0 6) (1) bhRgu (a0 14) (2) iSukAra (a0 14) (2) yazA (a0 14) (3) kamalAvatI rAnI (a0 14) (3) do bhRguputra (a0 14) (4) saMjaya (a0 18) (4) gautama (a0 24) (5) eka kSatriya (a0 18) (5) jayaghoSa (a0 25) (6) gaddabhAli (a0 18) (6) vijayaghoSa (a0 25) (7) bharata cakravartI (a0 18) (7) garga (a0 27) (8) sagara cakravartI (a0 18) (6) maghavA cakravartI (a0 18) (10) sanatkumAra cakravartI (a0 18) (11) zAnti cakravartI aura tIrthaGkara (a. 18) (12) kunthu tIrthaGkara (a0 18) (1) saMbhUta (a0 16) (13) ara tIrthaGkara (a0 18) (2) anAthI (a0 20) (14) mahApadma cakravartI (a0 18) (3) samudrapAla (a. 21) (15) hariSeNa cakravartI (a0 18) (16) jaya cakravartI (a0 18) (17) dazArNabhadra (a0 18) (18) karakaNDU (a0 18) (16) dvimukha (a0 18) cANDAla (20) nagnajit (a0 18) .. (1) harikezabala (a0 12) (21) udrAyaNa (a0 18) (2) citta (a0 13) (22) kAzIrAja (a0 18) (3) saMbhUta (pUrvajanma) (a0 13) 1. uttarAdhyayana, 18 // 33 / vaizya

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(26) jaina dharma aura kSatriya (23) vijaya (a0 18) (24) mahAbala (a0 28) (25) mRgAputra (a0 16) ariSTanemi (a0 22) (27) rAjImatI (a0 22) (28) rathanemi (a0 22) (26) kezI (a0 23) .. isa tAlikA ke adhyayana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahaMcate haiM ki isa kriyAvAdI (yA AtmavAdI) vicAradhArA ne kSatriyoM ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA thaa| itihAsa kI yaha vicitra ghaTanA hai ki jo dhArA kSatriyoM se udbhUta huI aura sabhI jAtiyoM ko prabhAvita karatI huI bhI unameM satata pravAhita rahI, vahI dhArA Age cala kara kevala vaizya varga meM simaTa gii| samagra AgamoM ke adhyayana se hama jAna pAte haiM ki nirgrantha saMgha meM hajAroM brAhmaNa, vaizya aura zUdra nirgrantha the| kintu unameM pracuratA kSatriyoM kI hI thii| isa prasaMga meM hameM isa viSaya para saMkSipta vivecana karanA hai ki jaina dharma kevala vaizya varga meM sImita kyoM huA?

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14. bhagavAna mahAvIra kA vihArakSetra bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vihArakSetra pramukhataH vartamAna bihAra, baMgAla aura uttarapradeza thaa| jaina sAhitya meM sAr3he paccIsa dezoM ko Arya-deza kahA gayA haiArya-deza rAjadhAnI magadha rAjagRha aMga campA baMga tAmralipti kaliMga kAMcanapura kAzI vArANasI kauzala sAketa gajapura (hastinApura) pAMcAla kAmpilya jaMgala (jAMgala) ahicchatra saurASTra dvArAvatI mithilA vatsa kauzAmbI zAMDilya nandipura malaya bhaddilapura matsya vairATa atsya (accha) varuNA dazArNa mRttikAvatI cedi zuktimatI sindhu-sauvIra vItabhaya zUrasena mathurA bhaMgI pAvA vartta mAsapurI kuNAla zrAvastI lADha koTivarSa kekaya zvetAMbikA videha 1. prajJApanA, pada 1 /

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bhagavAna mahAvIra kA vihArakSetra 143 kintu bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sAdhuoM ke vihAra ke lie Arya-kSetra kI jo sImA kI, vaha ukta sImA se choTI hai(1) pUrva dizA meM aMga aura magadha (2) dakSiNA dizA meM kauzAmbI (3) pazcima dizA meM sthUNA-kurukSetra (4) uttara dizA meM kuNAla deza' isa vihAra-sImA se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jainoM kA prabhAva-kSetra mukhyataH yahI thaa| mahAvIra ke jIvana-kAla meM hI sambhavataH jaina dharma kA prabhAva-kSetra vistRta ho gayA thaa| vihAra kI yaha sImA tIrtha-sthApanA ke kucha varSoM bAda hI kI hogii| jIvana ke uttarakAla meM bhagavAn mahAvIra svayaM avanti (ujjaina). sindhu-sauvIra Adi pradezoM meM gae the| . harivaMzapurANa ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra vAlhIka (baikTyiA , balakha), yavana (yUnAna), gAMdhAra (Adhunika aphagAnistAna kA pUrvI bhAga), kamboja (pazcimottara sImAprAnta) meM gae the| baMgAla kI pUrvIya sImA (saMbhavataH barmI sarahada) taka bhI bhagavAn ke vihAra kI saMbhAvanA kI jAtI hai|' - - - 1. bRhatkalpa, bhAga 3, pR0 605 / 2. harivaMzapurANa, sarga 3, zloka 5 / 3. suvarNabhUmi meM kAlakAcArya, pR0 22 /

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15. videzoM meM jaina dharma jaina sAhitya ke anusAra bhagavAn RSabha, ariSTanemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra ne anArya- dezoM meM vihAra kiyA thA / ' sUtrakRtAMga ke eka zloka se anArya kA artha 'bhASA-bheda' bhI phalita hotA hai / isa artha kI chAyA meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki cAra tIrthaGkaroM ne una dezoM meM bhI vihAra kiyA, jinakI bhASA unake mukhya vihAra kSetra kI bhASA se bhinna thI / bhagavAn RSabha ne bahalI ( baikTriyA, balakha ), aDaMbaillA (aTaka - pradeza ), yavana (yUnAna), suvarNabhUmi ( sumAtrA), paNhava Adi dezoM meM vihAra kiyA / paNhava kA sambandha prAcIna pArthiyA ( vartamAna IrAna kA eka bhAga) se hai yA palhava se, yaha nizcita nahIM kahA sakatA / bhagavAn ariSTanemi dakSiNApatha ke malaya deza meM gae the / " jaba dvArakA - dahana huA thA taba ariSTanemi palhava nAmaka anArya- deza meM the / " bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ne kuru, kauzala, kAzI, sumha, avantI, puNDra, mAlava, aMga, baMga, kaliMga, pAMcAla, magadha, vidarbha, bhadra, dazArNa, saurASTra, karNATaka, koMkaNa, mevAr3a, lATa, drAvir3a, kAzmIra, kaccha, zAka, palhava, vatsa, AbhIra Adi dezoM meM vihAra kiyA thA / ' dakSiNa meM karNATaka, koMkaNa, palhava, drAvir3a Adi usa samaya anArya mAne jAte the / zAka bhI anArya pradeza hai / isakI pahicAna zAkya- deza yA zAkya dvIpa se ho sakatI hai / zAkya bhUmi nepAla kI upatyakA meM hai| vahAM bhagavAn pArzva ke anuyAyI the / bhagavAn buddha kA cAcA svayaM bhagavAn pArzva kA zrAvaka thA / zAkyapradeza meM bhagavAn kA vihAra huA ho, yaha bahuta sambhava hai / bhArata aura zAkya - pradeza kA bahuta prAcIna kAla se sambandha rahA hai / 1. Avazyakaniryukti, gAthA 256 // 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 1 / 42 / 3. Avazyakaniryukti, gAthA 336-337 / 4. harivaMzapurANa, sarga 56, zloka 112 / 5. uttarAdhyayanavRtti, sukhabodhA, patra 36 / 6. sakalakIrti, pArzvanAtha caritra, 15/76 - 85; 23 / 17- 16 / 7. aMguttaranikAya kI aTThakathA, bhAga 5, pR0 556 /

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145 videzoM meM jaina dharma bhagavAn mahAvIra vajrabhUmi, sumhabhUmi dRDhabhUmi Adi aneka anAryapradezoM meM gae the| ve baMgAla kI pUrvIya sImA taka bhI gae the| uttara-pazcima sImA-prAnta evaM aphagAnistAna meM vipula saMkhyA meM jaina zramaNa vihAra karate the| jaina zrAvaka samudra pAra jAte the| unakI samudra-yAtrA aura videzavyApAra ke aneka pramANa milate haiN| laMkA meM jaina zrAvaka the, isakA ullekha bauddha sAhitya meM bhI milatA hai / mahAvaMza ke anusAra I0 pUrva 430 meM jaba anurAdhApura basA, taba jaina-zrAvaka vahAM vidyamAna the| vahAM anurAdhApura ke rAjA pANDukAbhaya ne jyotiya niggaMTha ke lie ghara bnvaayaa| usI sthAna para girI nAmaka niggaMTha rahate the / rAjA pANDukAbhaya ne kumbhaNDa niggaMTha ke lie eka devAlaya banavAyA thaa|' jaina zramaNa bhI sudUra dezoM taka vihAra karate the| I0 pU0 25 meM pANDya rAjA ne agasTas sIjara ke darabAra meM dUta bheje the| unake sAtha zramaNa bhI yUnAna gae the| jI0 epha0 mUra ke anusAra IsA se pUrva IrAka, zAma aura philistIna meM jaina muni aura bauddha bhikSu saikar3oM kI saMkhyA meM cAroM ora phaile hue the| pazcimI eziyA, mizra, yUnAna aura ithiyopiyA ke pahAr3oM aura jaMgaloM meM una dinoM agaNita bhAratIya sAdhu rahate the, jo apane tyAga aura apanI vidyA ke lie prasiddha the| ye sAdhu vastroM taka kA parityAga kie hue the| islAma dharma ke kalandarI tabake para jaina dharma kA kAphI prabhAva par3A thaa| kalandara cAra niyamoM kA pAlana karate the-sAdhatA, zuddhatA, satyatA aura daridratA / ve ahiMsA para akhaNDa vizvAsa rakhate the| __yUnAnI lekhaka misra, ebIsIniyA, ithyUpiyA meM digambara muniyoM kA astitva batAte haiN|' Ardra deza kA rAjakumAra Ardra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMgha meM pravajita 1. (ka) jaranala oNpha dI rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, janavarI 1885 / (kha) enziyanTa jyographI oNpha inDiyA, pR0 617 / 2. mahAvaMza, pariccheda 10, pR0 55 / 3. iNDiyana hisTorIkala kvATarlI, bhAga 2, pR0 263 / 4. hukamacanda abhinandana graMtha, pR0 374 / 5. vahI, pR0 374 / 6. eziyATika risarceja, bhAga 3, pR0 6 / /

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146 saMskRti ke do pravAha huA thA / ' arabastAna ke dakSiNa meM 'eDana' baMdara vAle pradeza ko 'Ardradeza' kahA jAtA thA / kucha vidvAn iTalI ke eDriyATika samudra ke kinAre vAle pradeza ko Ardra - deza mAnate haiM / " beloniyA meM jaina dharma kA pracAra bauddha dharma kA prasAra hone se pahale hI ho cukA thA / isakI sUcanA bAveru - jAtaka se milatI hai / ibna- anana- jIma ke anusAra araboM ke zAsana kAla meM yahiyA ibna khAlida baramakI ne khalIphA ke darabAra aura bhArata ke sAtha atyanta gaharA sambandha sthApita kiyA / usane bar3e adhyavasAya aura Adara ke sAtha bhArata ke hindU, bauddha aura jaina vidvAnoM ko nimaMtrita kiyA / " isa prakAra madhya eziyA meM jaina dharma yA zramaNa saMskRti kA kAphI prabhAva rahA thA / usase vahAM ke dharma prabhAvita hue the / vAnakremara ke anusAra madhya-pUrva meM pracalita 'samAniyA' sampradAya 'zramaNa' zabda kA apabhraMza hai / " zrI vizvambharanAtha pANDe ne likhA hai - "ina sAdhuoM ke tyAga kA prabhAva yahUdI dharmAvalambiyoM para vizeSa rUpa se par3A / ina AdarzoM kA pAlana karane vAloM kI, yahUdiyoM meM, eka khAsa jamAta bana gaI, jo 'aissinI' kahalAtI thI / ina logoM ne yahUdI dharma ke karmakANDoM kA pAlana tyAga diyA / ye bastI se dUra jaMgaloM meM yA pahAr3oM para kuTI banA kara rahate the| jaina muniyoM kI taraha ahiMsA ko apanA khAsa dharma mAnate the / mAMsa khAne se unheM behada paraheja thA / ve kaThora aura saMyamI jIvana vyatIta karate the / paisA yA dhana ko chUne taka se inkAra karate the| rogiyoM aura durbaloM kI sahAyatA ko dinacaryA kA Avazyaka aGga mAnate the / prema aura sevA ko pUjApATha se bar3ha kara mAnate the| pazubali kA tIvra virodha karate the / zArIrika parizrama se hI jIvana-yApana karate the / aparigraha ke siddhAnta para vizvAsa karate the / samasta sampatti ko samAja kI sampatti samajhate the / misra meM inhIM tapasviyoM ko 'therApUte' kahA jAtA thA / 'therApUte' kA artha 'maunI aparigrahI' hai / " 1. sUtrakRtAMga, 26 / 2. prAcIna bhAratavarSa, prathama bhAga, pR0 265 / 3. vahI, prathama bhAga, pR0 265 / 4. bAveru jAtaka, ( saM 339), jAtaka khaNDa 3, pR0 286-261 / 5. hukamacanda abhinandana graMtha, pR0 375 / 6. vahI, pR0 374 / 7. hukamacanda abhinandana graMtha, pR0 374

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videzoM meM jaina dharma 147 kAlakAcArya suvarNabhUmi (sumAtrA) meM gae the| unake praziSya zramaNa sAgara apane gaNasahita vahAM pahale hI vidyamAna the|' krauMcadvIpa', siMhaladvIpa (laMkA) aura haMsadvIpa meM bhagavAn sumatinAtha kI pAdukAeM thiiN| pArakara deza aura kAsahada meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI pratimA thii| Upara ke saMkSipta vivaraNa se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMca sakate haiM ki jaina dharma kA prasAra hindustAna se bAhara ke dezoM meM bhI huA thaa| uttaravartI zramaNoM kI upekSA va anyAnya paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa vaha sthAyI nahIM raha skaa| 1. (ka) uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 120 / (kha) uttarAdhyayana, bRhadvRtti, patra 127-158 / (ga) vahI, cUNi, pR0 83-84 / (gha) vahI, vRtti (sukhabodhA), pR0 50 / (Da) bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 1, pR0 73,74 / (ca) nizIthacUNi, uddezaka 10 / 2. karnala vilpharDa ke anusAra krauMcadvIpa kA sambandha bAlTika samudra ke pArzvavartI pradeza se hai (eziyATika risaceMja, khaNDa 11, pR 14) / svargIya rAjavAr3e ke matAnusAra ghRta samudra ke pazcima meM krauMcadvIpa thaa| jisa pradeza meM vartamAna samarakanda tathA bukhArA zahara base hue haiM, vaha pradeza vAstava meM 'krauMcadvIpa' kahalAtA thaa| 3. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR0 85

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16. jaina dharma : hindustAna ke vividha aMcaloM meM vihAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM unakA dharma prajA ke atirikta aneka rAjAoM dvArA bhI svIkRta thaa| vajjiyoM ke zaktizAlI gaNataMtra ke pramukha rAjA ceTaka bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zrAvaka the / ve bhagavAn pArzva kI paramparA ko mAnya karate the| vRjjI gaNataMtra kI rAjadhAnI 'vaizAlI' thii| vahAM jaina dharma bahuta prabhAvazAlI thaa| magadha samrATa zreNika prArambha meM buddha kA anuyAyI thaa|' anAthI muni ke samparka meM Ane ke pazcAt vaha nirgrantha dharma kA anuyAyI ho gayA thaa| isakA vizada varNana uttarAdhyayana ke bIsaveM adhyayana meM hai / zreNika kI rAnI celaNA ceTaka kI putrI thii| yaha zreNika ko nirgrantha dharma kA anuyAyI banAne kA satata prayatna karatI thI aura anta meM usakA prayatna saphala ho gyaa| magadha meM jaina dharma prabhAvazAlI thaa| zreNika kA putra kUNika bhI jaina thaa| jaina AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke aneka prasaMga haiN| magadha zAsaka zizunAga vaMza ke bAda nanda vaMza kA prabhutva bddh'aa| prasiddha itihAsajJa rAyacaudharI ke anusAra nanda vaMza kA rAjya bambaI ke sudUra dakSiNa godAvarI taka phailA huA thaa| usa samaya magadha aura kaliMga meM jaina dharma kA prabhutva thA hI, parantu anyAnya pradezoM meM bhI usakA prabhatva bar3ha rahA thaa| DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ke anusAra "jaina-granthoM ko bhI nau nandoM kA paricaya hai (Avazyaka sUtra, pR0 693 navame nande) / unameM bhI nanda ko 1. upadezamAlA, gAthA 62 : vesAlIe purIe siripAsajiNesasAsaNasaNAho / hehayakulasaMbhUo ceDaganAmA nivo Asi / / 2. dIghanikAyo (paDhamo bhAgo), pR0 135: samaNaM khalu bho gotama rAjA mAgadho seniyo bimbisAro saputto sabhAriyo sapariso sAmacco pANe hi saraNaM gto| 3. sTaDIja ina inDiyana enTIkvITIja, pR0 215 /

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jaina dharma : hindustAna ke vividha aMcaloM meM 146 vezyA ke garbha se utpanna 'nApita- putra' kahA hai- (vahI, pR0 860 - nApitadAsa * rAjA jAtaH) / parantu udAyi aura nau nandoM ke bIca ke rAjA unhoMne chor3a diye / saMbhavataH unheM nagaNya samajhakara nahIM liyA / " jaina dharma ke prati nandoM ke jhukAva kA kAraNa saMbhavataH usakI jAti thI / pahale naMda ko chor3akara aura naMdoM ke viruddha jaina granthoM meM kucha nahIM kahA hai / naMda rAjAoM ke maMtrI jaina the / unameM pahalA kalpaka thA jise balAt yaha pada saMbhAlanA pdd'aa| kahA jAtA hai ki isI maMtrI kI vizeSa sahAyatA para samrAT nanda ne pUrvakAlIna kSatriya vaMzoM kA anta karane ke lie apanI sainika vijaya kI yojanA kI / uttarakAlIna nandoM ke maMtrI usI ke vaMzaja the / nau naMda kA maMtrI zakaTAla thA / usake do putra thesthUlabhadra aura zrIyaka / pitA kI mRtyu ke bAda sthalabhadra ko maMtri-pada diyA gayA, usane svIkAra nahIM kiyA / vaha dIkSA lekara sAdhu ho gayA, taba vaha pada usake bhAI zrIyaka ko diyA gayA / "naMdoM para jainoM ke prabhAva kI anuzruti ko bAda ke saMskRta nATaka 'mudrArAkSasa' meM bhI mAnA gayA hai| vahAM cANakya ne eka jaina ko hI apanA pradhAna guptacara cunA hai / nATaka kI sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi para bhI kucha aMza meM jaina - prabhAva hai / "khAravela ke hAthIguMphA lekha se kaliMga para nanda kI prabhutA jJAta hotI hai / eka vAkya meM use 'nanda rAjA' kahA gayA hai jisane eka praNAlI yA nahara banAI thI, jo 300 varSa ( yA 103 ? ) varSoM taka kAma meM na AI / taba apane rAjya ke pAMcaveM varSa meM khAravela use apane nagara meM laayaa| dUsare vAkya meM kahA gayA hai ki nanda rAjA prathama 'jina' (RSabha ) kI mUrti ( yA pAdukA), jo kaliMga rAjAoM ke yahAM vaMza-paramparA se calI A rahI thI, vijaya ke cihna rUpa magadha uThA le gayA / ' nanda - vaMza kI samApti huI aura magadha kI sAmrAjyazrI maurya vaMza ke hAtha meM AI / usakA pahalA samrAT candragupta thA / usane uttara bhArata meM jaina dharma kA bahuta vistAra kiyA / pUrva aura pazcima bhI usase kAphI prabhAvita hue / samrAT candragupta apane aMtima jIvana meM muni bane aura zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke sAtha dakSiNa meM gae the / candragupta ke putra bindusAra, unake putra azokazrI ( samrAT azoka ) hue| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki ve prArambha meM jaina the, apane paramparAgata dharma ke anuyAyI the aura bAda meM 1. hindU sabhyatA, pR0 264-265 /

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150 saMskRti ke do pravAha bauddha ho ge| kucha vidvAn aisA mAnate haiM ki ve anta taka jaina hI the| pro0 karna ke anusAra "ahiMsA ke viSaya meM azoka ke niyama bauddha siddhAntoM kI apekSA jaina siddhAntoM se adhika milate haiN|" __ azoka ke uttarAdhikArI unake pautra samprati the| kucha itihAsajJa unakA uttarAdhikArI unake putra kuNAla (samprati ke pitA) ko hI mAnate hai . jinaprabhasUri ke anusAra maurya-vaMza kI rAjyAvali kA krama isa prakAra (1) cndrgupt| (4) kunnaal| (2) bindusaar| (5) samprati / (3) ashokshrii| kintu kucha jaina lekhakoM ke anusAra kuNAla andhA ho gayA thA, isalie usane apane putra samprati ke lie hI samrATa azoka se rAjya mAMgA thaa| samrAT samprati ko 'parama Arhata' kahA gayA hai| unhoMne anAryadezoM meM zramaNoM kA vihAra karavAyA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM vihAra ke lie jo Arya-kSetra kI sImA thI, vaha samprati ke kAla meM bahata vistRta ho gaI thii| sADhe paccIsa dezo ko Arya-kSetra mAnane kI bAta bhI 1. arlI phaitha oNpha azoka (thaoNmasa) pR0 31-32, 34 / 2. Indian Antiquery, Vol. V, page 205. His (Ashoka's) ordinances concerning the sparing of animal life agree much more closely with the idieas of historical Jainas than those of the Buddhists. 3. bhAratIya itihAsa kI rUparekhA, jilda 2, pR0 666 / 4. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR0 66 / tatraiva ca cANikyaH sacivo nandaM samUlamunmUlya mauryavaMzaM zrIcandraguptaM nyavIzadvizAMpatitve / tadvaMze tu bindusAro'zokazrI: kuNAlastatsUnustrikhaNDabhAratAdhipaH paramAhato'nAryadezeSvapi pravartitazramaNavihAraH sampratimahArAjazcAbhavat // 5. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, pR0 276 / 6. vividhatIrthakalpa, 66 / 7. bRhatkalpabhASya vRtti, bhAga 3, pR0 607 : 'tataH paraM' bahirdezeSu api sampratinRpatikAlAdArabhya yatra jJAna-darzana-cAritrANi 'utsarpanti' sphAtimAsAdayanti tatra vihartavyam /

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jaina dharma : hindustAna ke vividha aMcaloM meM 151 sambhavataH samprati ke bAda hI sthira huI hogii| samrAT samprati ko,bharata kSetra ke tIna khaNDoM kA adhipati kahA gayA hai| jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra ne likhA hai- "samprati ko ujjaina meM jaina AcArya sahastI ne apane dharma kI dIkSA dii| usake bAda samprati ne jaina dharma ke lie vahI kAma kiyA jo azoka ne bauddha dharma ke lie kiyA thaa| 'cAhe candragupta ke aura cAhe samprati ke samaya meM jaina dharma kI buniyAda tAmila bhArata ke nae rAjyoM meM bhI jA jamI, isameM saMdeha nhiiN| uttara pazcima ke anArya-dezoM meM bhI samprati ke samaya jaina-pracAraka bheje gae aura vahAM jaina sAdhuoM ke lie aneka vihAra sthApita kie / azoka aura samprati donoM ke kArya se Arya saMskRti eka vizva-zakti bana gaI aura AryAvarta kA prabhAva bhAratavarSa kI sImAoM ke bAhara taka pahuMca gyaa| azoka kI taraha usake pautra ne bhI aneka imArateM banavAi / rAjapUtAnA kI kaI jaina racanAeM usake samaya kI kahI jAtI haiN| kucha vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki jo zilAlekha azoka ke nAma se prasiddha haiM, ve samrAT samprati ne likhavAe the| suprasiddha jyotirvid zrI sUryanArAyaNa vyAsa ne eka bahuta khojapUrNa lekha dvArA yaha pramANita kiyA hai ki samrATa azoka ke nAma ke lekha samrAT samprati ke haiN|' samrATa azoka ne zilA-lekha likhavAe hoM aura unhIM ke pautra tathA unhIM ke samAna dharma-pracAra-premI samrAT samprati ne zilAlekha na likhavAe hoM, yaha kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| eka bAra phira sUkSma-daSTi se adhyayana karane kI AvazyakatA hai ki azoka ke nAma se prasiddha zilAlekhoM meM kitane azoka ke haiM aura kitane samprati ke ? baMgAla __ rAjanItika dRSTi se prAcInakAla meM baMgAla kA bhAgya magadha ke sAtha jur3A huA thA / nandoM aura mauryoM ne gaMgA kI usa nicalI ghATI para apanA svatva banAe rkhaa| kuSANoM ke samaya meM baMgAla unake zAsana se bAhara rahA, parantu guptoM ne usa para apanA adhikAra phira sthApita kiyaa| gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ke pazcAt baMgAla meM choTe-choTe aneka rAjya uTha khar3e hue| 1. bhAratIya itihAsa kI rUparekhA, jilda 2, pR0 666-667 / 2. jaina itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA aura hamArA abhyutthAna, pR0 tha6 / 3. nAgarI prcaarinnii| ___4. prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa, pR0 265 /

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152 saMskRti ke do pravAha muni kalyANavijayajI ke anusAra prAcInakAla meM baMga zabda se dakSiNa baMgAla kA hI bodha hotA thA, jisakI rAjadhAnI 'tAmralipti' thI, jo Ajakala tAmaluka nAma se prasiddha hai| bAda meM dhIre-dhIre baMgAla kI sImA banI aura vaha pAMca bhAgoM meM bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se pahicAnA jAne lagA-baMga (pUrvI baMgAla), samataTa (dakSiNI baMgAla), rADha athavA karNa suvarNa (pazcimI baMgAla), puNDra (uttarI baMgAla), kAmarUpa (aasaam)| bhagavAn mahAvIra vajrabhUmi (vIra) meM gae the| usa samaya vaha anArya pradeza kahalAtA thaa| usase pUrva baMgAla meM bhagavAn pArzva kA dharma hI pracalita thaa| vahAM bauddha dharma kA pracAra jaina dharma ke bAda meM huaa| vaidika dharma kA praveza to vahAM bahuta bAda meM huA thaa| I0 sa0 686 meM rAjA AdisUra ne naitika dharma ke pracAra ke lie pAMca brAhmaNa nimantrita kie the| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtaveM paTTadhara zrI zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu pauNDravardhana (uttarI baMgAla) ke pramukha nagara koTTapura ke somazarmA purohita ke putra the|' unake ziSya sthavira godAsa se godAsa gaNa kA pravartana huA / usakI cAra zAkhAeM thIM 1. taamlittiyaa| 2. koddivrisiyaa| ___3. puMDavaddhaNiyA (poNddvddhnniyaa)| 4. daasiikhbbddiyaa| tAmalittiyA kA sambandha baMgAla kI mukhya rAjadhAnI tAmralipti se hai| koDivarisiyA kA sambandha rADha kI rAjadhAnI koTivarSa se hai| poMDavaddhaNiyA kA sambandha pauMDa-uttarI baMgAla se hai| dAsIkhabbaDiyA kA sambandha kharavaTa se hai / ina cAroM baMgAla zAkhAoM se baMgAla meM jaina dharma ke 1. zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra, pR0 386 / 2. baMgalA bhASAra itihAsa, pR0 27 : AsIt purA mahArAja, AdizUraH pratApavAn / AnItavAn dvijAn paMca, paMcagotrasamudbhavAn / 3. bhadrabAhu caritra, 1122-48 / / 4. paTTAvalI samuccaya, prathama bhAga, pR0 3,4 / therehinto godAsehito kAsavaguttehito itthaM NaM godAsagaNe nAmaM gaNe niggae, tassa NaM imAo cattArI sAhAo evamAhijjaMti, taMjahA-kAmalittiyA 1, koDivarisiyA 2, puMDravaddhaNiyA (poMDavaddhaNiyA) 3, dAsIkhabbaDiyA 4 /

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jaina dharma : hindustAna ke vividha aMcaloM meM sArvajanika prasAra kI samyak jAnakArI milatI hai / zAMtiniketana ke upakulapati AcArya kSitimohanasena ne 'baMgAla aura jaina dharma' zIrSaka lekha meM likhA hai- "bhAratavarSa ke uttara-pUrvaM pradezoM arthAt aMga, baMga, kaliMga, magadha, kAkaTa (mithilA) Adi meM vaidika dharma kA prabhAva kama tathA tIrthika prabhAva adhika thA / phalataH zruti, smRti Adi zAstroM meM yaha pradeza niMdA ke pAtra ke rUpa meM ullikhita thA / isI prakAra usa pradeza meM tIrthayAtrA karane se prAyazcitta karanA par3atA thA / zruti aura smRti ke zAsana se bAhara par3a jAne ke kAraNa isa pUrvI aMcala meM prema, maitrI aura svAdhIna cintA ke lie bahuta avakAza prApta ho gayA thaa| isI deza meM mahAvIra, buddha, AjIvaka dharmaguru ityAdi aneka mahApuruSoM ne janma liyA aura isI pradeza meM jaina, bauddha prabhRti aneka mahAn dharmoM kA udaya tathA vikAsa huaa| jaina aura bauddha dharma yadyapi magadha meM hI utpanna hue tathApi inakA pracAra aura vilakSaNa prasAra baMgadeza meM hI huA / isa dRSTi se baMgAla aura magadha eka hI sthala para abhiSikta mAne jA sakate " baMgAla meM kabhI bauddha dharma kI bAr3ha AI thI, kintu usase pUrva yahAM jaina dharma kA hI vizeSa prasAra thA / hamAre prAcIna dharma ke jo nidarzana hameM milate haiM, ve sabhI jaina haiM / isake bAda AyA bauddha-yuga / vaidika dharma ke punarutthAna kI lahareM bhI yahAM Akara TakarAIM, kiMtu isa matavAda meM bhI kaTTara kumArilabhaTTa ko sthAna nahIM milaa| isa pradeza meM vaidikamata ke antargata prabhAkara ko hI pradhAnatA milI aura prabhAkara the svAdhIna vicAradhArA ke poSaka tathA samarthaka | jainoM ke tIrthaGkaroM ke pazcAt cAra zrutakevalI Ae / inameM cauthe zrutakevalI the bhadrabAhu / .... ye bhadrabAhu candragupta ke guru the / unake samaya meM eka bAra bAraha varSa vyApI akAla kI sambhAvanA dikhAI dI thI / usa samaya ve eka bar3e saMgha ke sAtha baMgAla ko chor3a kara dakSiNa cale gae aura phira vahIM raha gae / vahIM unhoMne deha tyAgI / dakSiNa kA yaha prasiddha jaina mahAtIrtha 'zravaNabelagolA' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / durbhikSa ke samaya itane bar3e saMgha ko lekara deza meM rahane se gRhasthoM para bahuta bar3A bhAra par3egA, isI vicAra se bhadrabAhu ne deza-parityAga kiyA thA / 153 "bhadrabAhu kI janmabhUmi thI baMgAla / yaha koI managaDhanta kalpanA nahIM hai / harisena kRta bRhatkathA meM isakA vistRta varNana milatA hai / ratnanandI gujarAta ke nivAsI the, unhoMne bhI bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM yahI likhA

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saMskRti ke do pravAha hai| tatkAlIna baMga deza kA jo varNana ratnanandI ne kiyA hai, isakI tulanA nahIM miltii| "inake anusAra bhadrabAhu kA janma-sthAna puMDravardhana ke antargata koTivarSa nAma kA grAma thaa| ye donoM sthAna Aja bAMkur3A aura dinAjapura jiloM meM par3ate haiN| ina saba sthAnoM meM jaina mata kI kitanI pratiSThA haI thI, isakA anumAna isI se lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vahAM se rADha aura tAmaluka taka sArA ilAkA jaina dharma se AplAvita thaa| uttara baMga, pUrva baMga, medanIpura, rADha aura mAnabhUma jile meM bahuta sI mUrtiyAM milatI haiM / mAnabhUma ke antargata pAtakama sthAna meM bhI jaina mUrtiyAM milI haiM, sundara vana ke jaGgaloM meM bhI dharatI ke nIce se kaI mUrtiyAM saMgrahIta kI gaI haiM / bAMkur3A jilA kI sarAka jAti usa samaya jaina zrAvaka zabda ke dvArA paricita thii| isa prakAra baMgAla kisI samaya jaina dharma kA eka pradhAna kSetra thaa| jaba boddha dharma AyA, taba usa yUga ke anekoM paNDitoM ne use jaina dharma kI eka zAkhA ke rUpa meM hI grahaNa kiyA thaa| "ina jaina sAdhuoM ke aneka saMgha aura gaccha haiN| inhe hama sAdhakasampradAya yA maNDalI kaha sakate haiN| baMgAla meM isa prakAra kI aneka maNDaliyAM thiiN| puNDravardhana aura koTivarSa eka-dUsare ke nikaTa hI haiM, kintu vahAM bhI puMDravardhanIya aura koTivarSIya nAma kI do svataMtra zAkhAeM pracalita thiiN| tAmralipti meM tAmralipti zAkhA kA pracAra thaa| kharavaTa bhU-bhAga meM kharavaTiyA-zAkhA kA pracAra thaa| isa prakAra aura bhI bahata-sI zAkhAeM pallavita haI thIM, jinake AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki baMgAla jainoM kI eka prAcIna bhUmi hai| yahIM jainoM ke prathama zAstra-racayitA bhadrabAha kA udaya huA thaa| yahAM kI dharatI ke nIce aneka jaina-mUrtiyAM chipI huI haiM aura dharatI ke Upara aneka jaina dharmAvalambI Aja bhI nivAsa karate haiN|" uDIsA I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI meM uDIsA meM jaina dharma bahuta prabhAvazAlI thaa| samrAT khAravela kA udayagiri parvata para hAthIguMphA kA zilAlekha isakA svayaM pramANa hai| lekha kA prArambha-'namo arahaMtAnaM, namo savasidhAnaM-isa vAkya se hotA hai| uttara pradeza ____ bhagavAn pArzva vArANasI ke the| kAzI aura kauzala-ye donoM 1. jaina bhAratI, 10 apraila 1955, pR0 264 / 2. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, dvitIya khaNDa, pR0 26-28 /

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jaina dharma : hindustAna ke vibhinna aMcaloM meM 155 rAjya unake dharmopadeza se bahuta prabhAvita the| vArANasI kA alakSya rAjA bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa pravajita huA thaa| uttarAdhyayana meM pravajita hone vAle rAjAoM kI sUcI meM kAzIrAja ke pravajita hone kA ullekha hai, kintu unakA nAma yahAM prApta nahIM hai / sthAnAMga meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa pravajita ATha rAjAoM ke nAma ye haiM 1. vIrAGgaka 5. seya (AmrakalpA kA svAmI) 2. vIrayazA 6. ziva (hastinApura kA rAjA) 3. saMjaya 7. udrAyaNa (sindhu-sauvIra kA rAjA) aura 4. aiNeyaka (pradezI kA 8. zaMkha (kaashiivrdhn)|' sAmanta rAjA) inameM zaMkha ko 'kAzI kA bar3hAne vAlA' kahA hai| saMbhava hai uttarAdhyayana meM yahI kAzIrAja ke nAma se ullikhita ho| vipAka ke anusAra kAzIrAja alaka bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa pravajita hue the| saMbhava hai ye saba eka hI vyakti ke aneka nAma hoN| isa prakAra aura bhI aneka rAjA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa pravajita hue| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke bAda mathurA jaina dharma kA pramukha aMga bana gayA thaa| mathurA ___ DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne ujjaina ke bAda dUsarA kendra mathurA ko mAnA hai| unhoMne likhA hai-"jainoM kA dUsarA kendra mathurA meM bana rahA thaa| yahAM bahusaMkhyaka abhilekha mile haiN| unameM phUlate-phalate jaina-saMgha ke astitva kA prabhAva milatA hai| isa saMgha meM mahAvIra aura unake pUrvavartI jinoM kI mUrtiyAM aura caityoM kI sthApanA dAna dvArA kI gaI thii| unase yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki mathurA-saMgha spaSTa rUpa se zvetAmbara thA aura choTe-choTe gaNa, kula aura zAkhAoM meM baMTA huA thaa| inameM sabase purAnA lekha kaniSka ke veM varSa (lagabhaga 87 I0) kA hai aura isameM koTika gaNa ke AcArya nAganandI kI preraNA se jaina upAsikA vikaTA dvArA mUrti kI pratiSThA kA ullekha hai| sthavirAvalI ke anusAra isa gaNa kI sthApanA sthavira susthita ne kI thI jo mahAvIra ke 313 varSa bAda arthAta 154 I0 pUrva meM divaMgata hue| isa prakAra isa lekha se zvetAmbara sampradAya kI prAcInatA dvitIya zatI I0 pUrva0 taka jAtI hai| mathurA ke kucha lekhoM meM 1. sthAnAMga, 8141 / 2. tIrthakara mahAvIra, bhAga 2, pR0 505-664 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha 156 bhikSuNiyoM kA bhI ullekha hai / isase bhI zvetAmbaroM kA sambandha sUcita hotA hai, kyoMki ve hI striyoM ko saMgha praveza kA adhikAra dete haiM / " " DA0 vAsudeva upAdhyAya ke anusAra - " IsavI san ke Arambha se mathurA ke samIpa isa mata kA adhika pracAra huA thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki kaMkAlI TIle kI khudAI se aneka tIrthaGkara pratimAeM prApta huI haiN| una para dAnakarttA kA nAma bhI ullikhita hai / vahAM ke AyAgapaTTa para bhI abhilekha utkIrNa hai, jisameM varNana hai ki amohinI ne pUjA nimitta ise dAna meM diyA thA- amohiniye sahA putrehi pAlaghoSena poThaghoSena / dhanaghoSana AryavatI ( AyAgapaTTa) pratithApitA / / "vaha lekha 'namo arahato vardhamAnasa' jaina mata se usakA sambandha ghoSita karatA hai / " / '" ! DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne mathurA ke eka stUpa, jo jaina AcAryoM dvArA sudUra atIta meM nirmita mAnA jAtA thA, kI prAcInatA kA samarthana kiyA hai / unhoMne likhA hai - ' tibbata ke vidvAn bauddha itihAsa ke lekhaka tArAnAtha ne azokakAlIna zilpa ke nirmAtAoM ko 'yakSa' kahA hai aura likhA hai ki mauryakAlIna zilpakalA yakSakalA thI / usase pUrva yuga kI kalA deva nirmita samajhI jAtI thI / ataeva 'deva nirmita' zabda kI yaha dhvani svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai ki mathurA kA 'deva nirmita' jaina stUpa mauryakAla se bhI pahale lagabhaga pAMcavIM yA chaThI zatAbdI IsavI pUrva meM banA hogaa| jaina vidvAn jinaprabhasUri ne apane vividhatIrthakalpa grantha meM mathurA ke isa prAcIna stUpa ke nirmANa aura jIrNoddhAra kI paramparA kA ullekha kiyA hai| usake anusAra yaha mAnA jAtA thA ki mathurA kA yaha stUpa Adi meM suvarNamaya thA / use kuberA nAma kI devI ne sAtaveM tIrthaGkara supArzva kI smRti meM banavAyA thA / kAlAntara meM teIsaveM tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ke samaya meM isakA nirmANa IMToM se kiyA gayA / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sambodhi ke teraha sau varSa bAda vappa mahasUri ne isakA jIrNoddhAra karAyA / isa ullekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki mathurA ke sAtha jaina dharma kA sambandha supArzva tIrthaGkara ke samaya meM hI ho gayA thA aura jaina loga use apanA tIrtha mAnane lage the / pahale yaha stUpa kevala miTTI kA rahA hogA, jaisA ki maurya kAla se pahale ke bauddha stUpa bhI huA karate the / usI prakAra stUpa kA jaba pahalA jIrNoddhAra 1. hindU sabhyatA, pR0 235 / 2. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pR0 124 /

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jaina dharma : hindustAna ke vividha aMcaloM meM 157 huA taba usa para IMToM kA AcchAdAna car3hAyA gayA / jaina paramparA ke anusAra yaha parivartana mahAvIra ke bhI janma ke pahale tIrthaGkara pAzvanAtha ke samaya ho cukA thA / isameM koI atyukti nahIM jAna par3atI / usI iSTikAnirmita stUpa kA dUsarA jIrNoddhAra lagabhaga zuMgakAla meM dUsarI zatI I0 pU0 meM kiyA gayA / " isa vivaraNa se DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla kA yaha abhimata ki ' I0 pU0 ke Arambha se mathurA ke samIpa isakA adhika prasAra huA thA' bahuta mUlyavAn nahIM rahatA / uttara pradeza meM prApta purAtattva aura zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra se bhI jaina dharma ke vyApaka prasAra kI jAnakArI milatI hai / 'IsavI san ke Arambha se jaina pratimA ke AdhAra - zilA para (bauddha pratimA kI taraha) lekha utkIrNa milate haiM / lakhanaU ke saMgrahAlaya meM aisI aneka tIrthaGkara kI mUrtiyAM surakSita haiM, jinake prastara para kaniSka ke 76 yA 84 veM varSa kA lekha utkIrNa hai / guptayuga meM bhI isa taraha kI pratimAoM kA abhAva na thA, jinake AdhAra - zilA para lekha utkIrNa haiM / dhyAnamudrA meM baiThI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI aisI mUrti mathurA se prApta huI hai / gu0 sa0 133 ( I0 sa0 423) ke mathurA vAle lekha meM harisvAminI dvArA jaina pratimA ke dAna kA varNana milatA hai / skandagupta ke zAsana kAla meM bhadra nAmaka vyakti dvArA AdikartRna kI pratimA ke sAtha eka stambha kA varNana kahauma ( gorakhapura, uttara pradeza) ke lekha meM hai---zreyo'rtha bhUtanatyaM pathi niyamavatAmahaMtAmAdikan / pahAr3apura ke lekha (gu0 sa0 156 ) meM jaina vihAra meM tIrthaGkara kI pUjA nimitta bhUmidAna kA vivaraNa hai, jisakI Aya gaMdha, dhUpa, dIpa, naivedya ke lie vyaya kI jAtI thI- "vihAre bhagavatAM ahaMtAM gaMdhadhUpasumanadIpAdyartham / "" IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM AcArya skandila ke netRtva meM 'mathurA' meM jaina AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA huI thI / ' campA kauzAmbI kI rAjadhAnI campA bhI jaina dharma kA pramukha kendra thI / 1. mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, apraila 1962, pR0 17-18 / 2. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pR0 125 / 3. naMdI, malayagiri vRtti, patra 51 /

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158 saMskRti ke do pravAha zrutakevalI zayyaMbhava ne dazavakAlika kI racanA vahIM kI thii|' rAjasthAna bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt marusthala (vartamAna rAjasthAna) meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva bar3ha gayA thA / paNDita gaurIzaMkara ojhA ko ajamera ke pAsa vaDalI grAma meM eka bahuta prAcIna zilAlekha milA thaa| vaha vIra nirvANa samvat 84 (I0 pU0 443) meM likhA huA thA-vIrAya bhagavata catturasIti vase, mAmAmike.. __AcArya ratnaprabhasUri vIra nirvANa kI pahalI zatAbdI meM upakeza yA osiyA meM Ae the| unhoMne vahAM osiyA ke savAlAkha nAgarikoM ko jaina dharma meM dIkSita kiyA aura unheM eka jana-jAti (osavAla) ke rUpa meM parivartita kara diyaa| yaha ghaTanA vIra nirvANa ke 70 varSa bAda ke AsapAsa kI hai| pUrva madhyayuga meM rAjapUtAnA ke vistRta kSetra meM bhI jaina-mata kA paryApta pracAra thA, jisakA parijJAna aneka prazastiyoM ke adhyayana se ho jAtA hai| cahamAna lekha meM rAjA ko jaina-dharma-parAyaNa kahA gayA hai tathA tIrthaGkara zAntinAtha kI pUjA nimitta ATha drama (sikke) ke dAna kA varNana hai / tailapa nAmaka rAjA ke pitAmaha dvArA jaina mandira ke nirmANa kA bhI varNana milatA hai pitAmahena tasyeva zamIyAdayAM jinaalye| kAritaM zAMtinAthasya bimbaM janamanoharam // ... vijholI zilAlekha (e0 i0 26, pR0 86) kA Arambha 'oma namo vItarAgAya' se kiyA gayA hai, jisake pazcAta pArzvanAtha kI prArthanA milatI hai / jAlora ke lekha meM pArzvanAtha ke 'dhvaja utsava' ke lie dAna kA varNana hai-zrI pArzvanAthadeve toraNAdInAM pratiSThAkArye kRte| dhvajAropaNapratiSThAyAM kRtAyAM (e0 i0 11, pR0 55) mAravAr3a ke zAsaka rAjadeva ke abhilekha meM mahAvIra maMdira tathA vihAra ke nivAsI jaina sAdhu ke lie dAna dene kA vivaraNa milatA hai-zrI mahAvIra caitye sAdhutapodhananiSThArthe / lekhoM ke AdhAra para kahA gayA hai ki rAjapUtAnA meM mahAvIra, pArzva1. dazavakAlika, hAribhadrIyavRtti, patra 11 / 2. jarnala oNpha dI bihAra eNDa orissA risarca sosAiTI, I0 sa0 1930 3. paTTAvali samuccaya, pR0 185-186 /

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jaina dharma : hindustAna ke vividha aMcaloM meM 156 nAtha tathA zAMtinAtha kI pUjA pracalita thI / paramAra lekha meM RSabhanAtha ke pUjA kA ullekha milatA hai aura mandira ko atIva sundara tathA pRthvI kA bhUSaNa batalAyA hai-- zrI vRSabhanAtha nAmnaH pratiSThitaM bhUSaNena bimbamidaM tenAkAri manoharaM jinagRhaM mUmeriva bhUSaNam / "" paMjAba aura sindhu- sauvIra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sAdhuoM ke lie cAroM dizAoM kI sImA nirdhArita kI, usameM pazcimI sImA 'sthUNA' (kurukSetra) hai / isase jAna par3atA hai ki paMjAba kA sthUNA taka kA bhAga jaina dharma se prabhAvita thA / sAr3he paccIsa Arya dezoM kI sUcI meM bhI kuru kA nAma hai / sindhu - sauvIra sudIrgha kAla se zramaNa saMskRti se prabhAvita thA / bhagavAn mahAvIra mahArAja udrAyaNa ko dIkSita karane vahAM padhAre hI the / madhya pradeza bundelakhaNDa meM gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga jaina dharma bahuta prabhAvazAlI thA / Aja bhI vahAM usake aneka cihna milate haiM / ' rASTrakUTa nareza jaina dharma ke anuyAyI the / unakA kalacuri narezoM se gaharA sambandha thA / kalacuri kI rAjadhAnI tripurA aura ratnapura meM Aja bhI aneka prAcIna jaina - mUrtiyAM aura khaNDahara prApta haiM / candela rAjya ke pradhAna khujarAho nagara meM lekha tathA pratimAoM ke adhyayana se jaina-mata ke pracAra kA jJAna hotA hai / pratimAoM ke AdhArazilA para khudA lekha yaha pramANita karatA hai ki rAjAoM ke atirikta sAdhAraNa janatA bhI jaina-mata meM vizvAsa rakhatI thI / mAlavA aneka zatAbdiyoM taka jaina dharma kA pramukha pracAra kSetra thA / vyavahAra bhASya meM batAyA hai ki anyatIrthikoM ke sAtha vAda-vivAda mAlavA Adi kSetroM meM karanA caahie| isase jAnA jAtA hai ki avantIpati canDapradyota tathA vizeSataH samrAT samprati se lekara bhASya - racanAkAla taka vahAM jaina dharma prabhAvazAlI thA / 1. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pR0 125 / 2. khaMDaharoM kA vaibhava, 164,226 / 3. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pR0 125, 126 / 4. vyavahAra bhASya, uddezaka 10, gAthA 286 : khettaM mAlavamAdI, ahavAvI sAhubhAviyaM jaM tu / nAUNa tahA vihiNA, vAto ya tahi kareyavvo //

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160 saskRti ke do pravAha saurASTra-gujarAta saurASTra jaina dharma kA pramukha kendra thA / bhagavAn ariSTanemi se vahAM jaina paramparA cala rahI thii| samrAT samprati ke rAjyakAla meM vahAM jaina dharma ko adhika bala milA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga cUNi meM saurASTravAsI zrAvaka kA ullekha magadhavAsI zrAvaka kI tulanA meM kiyA gayA hai| jaina sAhitya meM 'saurASTra' kA prAcIna nAma 'surASTra' milatA hai| vallabhI meM zvetAmbara jainoM kI do Agama-vAcanAeM huI thiiN| IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM jaba AcArya skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM AgamavAcanA ho rahI thI, usI samaya AcArya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM vaha vallabhI meM ho rahI thii| IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI (454) meM phira vahIM Agama-vAcanA ke lie eka pariSad Ayojita huii| usakA netRtva devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ne kiyaa| unhoMne AcArya skandila kI 'mAtharI-vAcanA' ko mukhyatA dI aura nAgArjuna kI 'vallabhI-vAcanA' ko vAcanAntara ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyaa| gujarAta ke cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, cAvaDa, solaMkI Adi rAjavaMzI bhI jaina dharma ke anuyAyI yA samarthaka the / bambaI-mahArASTra samrAT samprati se pUrva jainoM kI dRSTi meM mahArASTra anArya-deza kI gaNanA meM thaa| usake rAjya kAla meM jaina sAdhu vahAM vihAra karane lge| uttaravartI-kAla meM vaha jainoM kA pramukha vihAra-kSetra bana gayA thaa| jaina AgamoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta se bahuta prabhAvita hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne prAkRta bhASA ke rUpa kA 'jaina mahArASTrI prAkata' aisA nAma rakhA hai| IsA kI AThavIM-nauvIM zatAbdI meM vidarbha para cAlukya rAjAoM kA zAsana thaa| dasavIM zatAbdI meM vahAM rASTrakaTa rAjAoM kA zAsana thaa| ye donoM rAja-vaMza jaina-dharma ke poSaka the| unake zAsana kAla meM vahAM jaina dharma khUba phlaa-phuulaa| narmadA-taTa narmadA-taTa para jaina dharma ke astitva ke ullekha purANoM meM milate haiN| vaidika AryoM se parAjita hokara jaina dharma ke upAsaka asura loga narmadA ke - 1. sUtrakRtAMga cUNi, pR0 127 : soraTTho sAvago mAgadho vA /

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jaina dharma : hindustAna ke vividha aMcaloM meM taTa para rahane lge| kucha kAla bAda ve uttara bhArata meM phaila gae the| haihayavaMza kI utpatti narmadA-taTa para sthita mAhiSmatI ke rAjA kArtavIrya se mAnI jAtI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA zramaNopAsaka ceTaka haihaya-vaMza kA hI thaa| dakSiNa bhArata dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva bhagavAn pArzva aura mahAvIra se pahale hI thaa| jisa samaya dvArakA kA dahana huA thA, usa samaya bhagavAn ariSTanemi palhava deza meM the| vaha dakSiNApatha kA hI eka rAjya thaa| uttara bhArata meM jaba dubhikSa huA, taba bhadrabAhu dakSiNa meM ge| yaha koI Akasmika saMyoga nahIM, kintu dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma ke samparka kA sUcana hai| madhyakAla meM bhI kalabha, pANDaya, cola, pallava, gaMga, rASTrakUTa, kadamba Adi rAja-vaMzoM ne jaina dharma ko bahuta prasArita kiyA thaa| IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt baMgAla aura bihAra Adi pUrvI prAntoM meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva kSINa huaa| usameM bhI videzI AkramaNa kA bahuta bar3A hAtha hai| durbhikSa ke kAraNa sAdhuoM kA vihAra vahAM kama huA, usase bhI jaina dharma ko kSati phuNcii| 1. padmapurANa, prathama sRSTi khaNDa, adhyAya 12, zloka 412 : narmadAsaritaM prApya, sthitAH dAnavasattamAH / 2. epigrAphikA iNDikA, bhAga 2, bhAga 2, pR0 8 / 3. triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra, parva 10, sarga 6, zloka 226 / 4. (ka) harivaMzapurANa, sarga 64, zloka 1 / / (kha) uttarAdhyayana, sukhabodhA, patra 36 / .. .

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17 jaina dharma kA hrAsakAla IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI taka dakSiNa aura bambaI prAnta meM jaina dharma prabhAvazAlI rhaa| kintu usake pazcAt jaina rAja-vaMzoM ke zaiva ho jAne para usakA prabhAva kSINa hone lgaa| idhara saurASTra meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva IsA kI bArahavIM, terahavIM zatAbdI taka rhaa| kumArapAla ne jaina dharma ko prabhAvazAlI banAne ke lie bahuta prayatna kie| kintu kucha samaya bAda vahAM bhI jaina dharma kA prabhAva kama ho gyaa| zithiyana, turuSka, grIsa, turkastAna, IrAna Adi dezoM tathA gajanI ke AkramaNa ne vahAM jaina dharma ko bahuta kSati phuNcaaii| vallabhI kA bhaMga huA usa samaya jaina sAhitya pracura mAtrA meM lupta ho gayA thaa|' prabhAvaka caritra se jJAta hotA hai ki vikrama samvat kI pahalI zatAbdI taka kSatriya rAjA jaina muni hote the| usake pazcAt aisA ullekha nahIM miltaa| rAjasthAna ke jaina rAja-vaMza bhI zaiva yA vaiSNava ho ge| __ isa prakAra jo jaina dharma hindustAna ke lagabhaga sabhI prAntoM meM kAlakrama ke tAratamya meM prabhAvazAlI aura vyApaka banA thA, vaha IsA kI pandrahavIM, solahavIM zatAbdI Ate-Ate bahuta hI sImita ho gyaa| isameM jaina sAdhu-saMghoM ke pArasparika matabhedoM kA bhI vyApaka prabhAva hai| sAdhuoM kI rUr3hivAditA, samayAnusAra parivartana karane kI akSamatA, saMgha ko saMgaThita banAe rakhane kI tatparatA kA abhAva, sAmudAyika cintana kA akauzala aura pracAra-kauzala kI alpatA-ye bhI jaina dharma ke sImita hone meM nimitta bane / yadyapi zaivoM aura vaiSNavoM se jaina dharma ko kSati pahuMcI, phira bhI usase adhika kSati videzI AkramaNoM, rAjyoM tathA Antarika saMgharSoM se phuNcii| zaMkarAcArya ne jaina-dharma ko bahuta prabhAvahIna banAyA, yaha kahA jAtA hai, usameM bahata sacAI nahIM hai| zrI rAhala sAMkRtyAyana ne bauddha dharma aura zaMkarAcArya ke sambandha meM jo likhA hai, vahI jaina dharma aura 1. vidyagoSThI, muni sundarasUri vikutsyA tucchamlecchAdi kunRpatitatividhvastAnekavallabhyAdi tattanmahAnagarasthAnekalakSaNapramANAgamAdisadAdarzocchedena kautuskustAvadajJAnAndhakUpaprapatatprANipratihastakaprAyaprazastapustakaprAptiyogAH /

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jainadharma kA hrAsakAla 163 zaMkarAcArya ke sambandha meM ghaTita hotA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ___ 'bhAratIya jIvana ke nirmANa meM itanI dena dekara bauddha-dharma bhArata se lupta ho gayA,isase kisI bhI sahRdaya vyakti ko kheda hue binA nahIM rhegaa| usake lupta hone ke kyA kAraNa the, isake bAre meM kaI bhrAntimUlaka dhAraNAeM phailI haiN| kahA jAtA hai, zaMkarAcArya ne bauddha dharma ko bhArata se nikAla bAhara kiyaa| kiMtu, zaMkarAcArya ke samaya AThavIM sadI meM bhArata meM bauddha dharma lupta nahIM, prabala hotA dekhA jAtA hai| yaha nAlandA ke utkarSa aura vikramazilA kI sthApanA kA samaya thaa| AThavIM sadI meM hI pAloM jaisA zaktizAlI bauddha rAja-vaMza sthApita huA thaa| yahI samaya hai, jabaki nAlandA ne zAntarakSita, dharmottara jaise prakANDa dArzanika paidA kie| taMtramata ke sArvajanika pracAra ke kAraNa bhItara meM nirbalatAeM bhale hI bar3ha rahI hoM, kintu jahAM taka vihAroM aura anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA kA sambandha hai, zaMkarAcArya ke cAra sadiyoM bAda bArahavIM sadI ke anta taka bauddhoM kA hrAsa nahIM huA thA / uttarI bhArata kA zaktizAlI gahar3avAra-vaMza kevala brAhmaNa dharma kA hI paripoSaka nahIM thA, balki vaha bauddhoM kA bhI sahAyaka thaa| gahar3avAra rAnI kumAradevI ne sAranAtha meM 'dharmacakra mahAvihAra' kI sthApanA aura govindacandra ne 'jetavana mahAvihAra' ko kaI gAMva die the| antima gahaDavAra rAjA jayacanda ke bhI dIkSA-guru jaganmijAnanda (mitrayogI) eka mahAna bauddha santa the, jinhoMne ki tibbata meM apane ziSya jayacanda ko patra likhA thA, jo Aja bhI 'candrarAja-lekha' ke nAma se tibbatI bhASA meM upalabdha hai| gahar3avAroM ke pUrvI par3osI pAla the, jo aMtima kSaNa taka bauddha rahe / dakSiNa meM koMkaNa kA zilAhAra-vaMza bhI bauddha thaa| dUsare rAjyoM meM bhI bauddha kAphI saMkhyA meM the / svayaM zaMkarAcArya kI janmabhUmi kerala bhI bauddha-zikSA kA bahiSkAra nahIM kara pAI thii| usane to balki bauddhoM ke 'maMjuzrI mUlakalpa' kI rakSA karate hue hamAre pAsa taka phuNcaayaa| vastutaH bauddha dharma ko bhArata se nikAlane kA zreya yA ayaza kisI zaMkarAcArya ko nahIM hai| ___phira bauddha dharma bhArata se naSTa kaise huA ? turkoM kA prahAra jarUra isameM eka mukhya kAraNa banA / musalamAnoM ko bhArata se bAhara madhya-eziyA meM japharazAM aura vakSu kI upatyakAoM, phargAnA aura bAlIka kI bhUmiyoM meM bauddhoM kA mukAbilA karanA pdd'aa| vaisA saMgharSa inheM IrAna aura roma ke sAtha bhI nahIM karanA par3A thaa| ghuTe cehare aura raMge kapar3e vAle butaparasta (buddha-parasta) bhikSuoM se ve pahale hI paricita the / unhoMne bhArata

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164 saMskRti ke do pravAha meM Akara apane ciraparicita bauddha zatruoM ke sAtha jarA bhI dayA nahIM dikhaaii| unake bar3e-bar3e vihAra lUTa kara jalA die gae, bhikSuoM ke saMghArAma naSTa kara die ge| unake rahane ke lie sthAna nahIM raha gae / deza kI usa vipannAvasthA meM kahIM AzA nahIM raha gaI aura par3osa ke bauddha deza unakA svAgata karane ke lie taiyAra the / isa taraha bhAratIya bauddha-saMgha ke pradhAna kazmIrI paNDita 'zAkya zrImad' vikramazilA vizvavidyAlaya ke dhvasta hone ke bAda bhAga kara pUrvI baMgAla ke 'jagattalA' vihAra meM pahuMce / jaba vahAM bhI turkoM kI talavAra gaI, to ve apane ziSyoM ke sAtha bhAga kara nepAla gae / unake Ane kI khabara suna kara bhoTa (tibbata) sAmanta kIrtidhvaja ne unheM apane yahAM nimantrita kiyA / vikramazilA ke saMgharAja kaI sAloM taka bhoTa meM rahe aura anta meM Upara hI Upara apanI janmabhUmi kazmIra meM jA kara unhoMne 1226 I0 meM zarIra ko chor3A / 'zAkya zrImad' kI taraha na jAne kitane bauddha bhikSuoM aura dharmAcAryoM ne bAhara ke dezoM meM jAkara zaraNa lii| bauddhoM ke dhArmika netA gRhastha nahIM, bhikSu the / isalie eka jagaha chor3a kara dUsarI jagaha calA jAnA unake lie AsAna thA / bAharI bauddha dezoM meM jahAM unakI bahuta Avabhagata thI, vahAM deza meM unake raMge kapar3e mRtyu ke vAraMTa the / yaha kAraNa thA, jisase ki bhArata ke bauddhakendra bahuta jaldI bauddha bhikSuoM se zUnya ho ge| apane dhArmika netAoM ke abhAva meM bauddha dharma bahuta dinoM taka Tika nahIM sakatA thA / aura isa prakAra vaha bhArata meM turkoM ke paira rakhane ke eka-Der3ha zatAbdi meM hI lupta ho gayA / vajrayAna ke surA sundarI sevana ne caritra bala ko khokhalA karake isa kAma meM aura sahAyatA kI / ' 1 1. (ka) bauddha saMskRti, pR0 33-34 / (kha) buddhacaryA, pR 12-13 /

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18. jaina dharma aura vaizya kucha vidvAn kahate haiM ki jaina dharma ahiMsA ko sarvAdhika mahattva detA hai| yuddha aura rakSA meM hiMsA hotI hai, isalie yaha dharma kSatriyoM ke anukUla nahIM hai| kRSi Adi karmoM meM hiMsA hotI hai, isalie yaha kisAnoM ke bhI anukUla nahIM hai| yaha sirpha una vyApAriyoM ke anukUla hai, jo zAMtipUrvaka apanA vyApAra calAte hue jIva-hiMsA se bacAva karane kA yatna kiyA karate haiN| maiksa vebara ne ukta viSaya para kucha vistAra se likhA hai jaina dharma eka viziSTa vyApArika-sampradAya hai, jo pazcima ke yahUdiyoM se bhI jyAdA ekAMtika rUpa se vyApAra meM lagA huA hai| isa prakAra hama spaSTa rUpa se eka dharma kA vyApAroM uddezya ke sAtha sambandha dekhate haiM, jo hindU-dharma ke lie bilkula videzIya hai| ___... ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ne jainiyoM ko jIva-hiMsA vAle tamAma udyogoM se alaga rkhaa| ata: una vyApAroM se jisameM agni kA prayoga hotA hai, teja yA tIkSNa dhAra vAle yaMtroM kA upayoga (patthara yA kATha ve kArakhAne Adi meM) hotA hai, bhavanAdi nirmANa-vyavasAya tathA adhikAMza udyoga-dhandhoM se jainiyoM ko alaga rakhA / khetI-bArI kA kAma to bilkula hI bAda par3a gayA, kyoMki vizeSataH kheta jotane meM kIr3e-makoDe Adi ke sadA hiMsA hotI hai| __'yaha ullekhanIya hai ki (jainadharma meM) adhika dhana saMcita karane ke manAhI nahIM hai, balki dhana kA atyadhika moha yA sampatti ke pIche pAgala hai jAne kI manAhI hai| yaha siddhAnta pazcima ke ezeTika proTesTenTIjma ve siddhAnta se milatA-julatA hai| proTesTenTIjma ne sampatti aura lAbha ke burA nahIM batAyA kintu usameM lavalIna hone ko Apattijanaka batAyA hai aura bhI bAteM samAna haiN| jaina-mata meM atizayokti yA jhUTha varNya hai / jaina loga vyApAra meM bilakula sacAI rakhane para vizvAsa karate haiN| mAyA rUpa kAryoM kI ekadama manAhI hai| jhUTha, corI yA bhraSTa tarIkoM se kamAe hue dhana ko varjita mAnate haiN| 'jaina vizeSataH zvetAmbara sabhI jainoM ke vyApArI banane kA murUra hetu dhArmika siddhAnta hI hai| kevala vyApAra hI eka aisA vyavasAya hai

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166 saMskRti ke do pravAha jisameM ahiMsA kA pAlana kiyA jA sakatA hai / unake vyavasAya kA vizeSa tarIkA bhI dhArmika niyamoM se nizcita hotA thA / jisameM vizeSa karake yAtrA ke prati gaharI aruci rahatI thI aura yAtrA ko kaThina banAne ke aneka niyamoM ne unheM sthAnIya vyApAra ke lie protsAhita kiyA, phira jaisA ki yahUdiyoM ke sAtha huA, ve sAhUkArI (beMkiMga) aura byAja ke dhandhoM meM sImita raha ge| 'unakI pUMjI lena-dena meM hI sImita rahI aura ve audyogika saMsthAnoM ke nirmANa meM asaphala rahe / isakA mUla kAraNa bhI jaina-mata kA saiddhAntika pakSa hI rahA jisase kI jaina loga udyoga meM pAdanyAsa kara hI nahIM sake / 'jaina sampradAya kI utpatti bhAratIya nagara ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha prAyaH samasAmayika hai / isIlie zaharI jIvana virodhI baMgAla jainatva ko bahuta kama grahaNa kara sakA / lekina yaha nahIM mAnanA cAhie ki yaha sampradAya dhanavAnoM se utpanna hai / yaha kSatriyoM kI vicAra kalpanA se tathA gRhasthoM kI saMnyAsa bhAvanA se prasphuTita huA hai / isake siddhAnta vizeSakara zrAvakoM (gRhasthoM ke lie nizcita vidhAna) tathA dUsare dhArmika niyamoM ne aise dainika jIvana kA gaThana kiyA, jisakA pAlana vyApAriyoM ke lie hI saMbhava thA / ' maiksa bevara kI ye mAnyatAeM kAlpanika tathyoM para AdhArita haiM / ye haiM-- (1) jaina zrAvaka ke lie AkramaNakArI hone kA niSedha hai / vaha pratyAkramaNa kI hiMsA se apane ko mukta nahIM rakha pAtA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya jina kSatriyoM yA kSatriya rAjAoM ne anAkramaNa kA vrata liyA thA, unhoMne bhI amuka-amuka sthitiyoM meM lar3ane kI chUTa rakhI thI / jaina samrAToM, rAjAoM, senApatiyoM, daNDanAyakoM aura sainikoM ne deza kI surakSA ke lie aneka laDAiyAM lar3I thIM / gujarAta aura rAjasthAna meM jaina senAnAyakoM kI bahuta lambI paramparA rahI hai / isI saMdarbha meM usa niSkarSa ko mAnya nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki ahiMsA pradhAna hone ke kAraNa jaina dharma kSatriya varga ke anukUla nahIM hai / (2) bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zrAvakoM meM Ananda gRhapati kA sthAna pahalA hai / vaha bahuta bar3A kRSikAra thA / usake pAsa cAra vraja the / pratyeka 1. dI rilijansa oNpha iNDiyA, pR0 163 - 202 /

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jaina dharma aura vaizya 167 braja meM dasa-dasa hajAra gAeM thiiN| Aja bhI kaccha Adi pradezoM meM hajAroM jaina khetIhara haiN| eka zatAbdI pUrva rAjasthAna meM bhI hajAroM jaina-parivAra khetI kiyA karate the| isa saMdarbha meM vaha niSkarSa bhI mAnya nahIM hotA ki ahiMsA pradhAna hone ke kAraNa jaina dharma kisAnoM ke anukUla nahIM hai / (3) vyApAra meM pratyakSa jIva-vadha nahIM hotA, isalie vaha ahiMsA pradhAna jaina dharma ke adhika anukUla hai, yaha bhI vizeSa mahattvapUrNa tathya nahIM hai| jaina AcAryoM ne asi, maSI, kRSi, vidyA, zilpa aura vANijya-ina chahoM karmoM ko eka koTi kA mAnA hai| talavAra, dhanuSa, Adi zastra-vidyA meM nipuNa asi-karmArya haiN| munImI kA kArya karane vAlA maSi-kArya hai| dhobI, nAI, luhAra, kumhAra Adi zilpa karmArya haiN| candana, ghI, dhAnya Adi kA vyApAra karane vAlA vaNikkarmArya hai| ye chahoM avirata hone se sAvadyakArya haiN| jo loga avratI hote haiM, jinake saMkalpI-hiMsA kA tyAga nahIM hotA, ve bhale rakSA kA kAma kareM, khetI kareM yA vANijya kareM, sAvadha kAma karane vAle hI hote haiN| jo zrAvaka hote haiM, unake vrata bhI hotA hai, isalie ve cAhe vyApAra kareM, khetI kareM yA rakSA kA kAma kareM, alpasAvadha kAma karane vAle hote haiN| jaina-zrAvaka banane kA artha kaSi, rakSA Adi se dUra haTanA nahIM, kintu saMkalpI-hiMsA aura anartha-hiMsA kA tyAga karanA hai| jaina AcAryoM ne kevala pratyakSa jIva-vadha ko hI doSapUrNa nahIM mAnA, kintu mAnasika hiMsA ko bhI doSapUrNa mAnA hai| isI AdhAra para AcArya jinasena ne AdipurANa meM byAja ke dhandhe ko mahA hiMsA kI koTi meM upasthita kiyA thaa| (4) zrAvakoM ke lie aise dainika-jIvana kA gaThana nahIM kiyA, gayA, jisase vaha vaizya-varga ke sivAya anya vargoM ke anukala na ho| (5) baMgAla meM jaina-dharma ke astitva kI carcA pahale kI jA cukI hai| usake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai-'zaharI jIvana virodhI baMgAla jainatva ko bahuta kama grahaNa kara sakA'-yaha tathya bhI sArapUrNa nahIM hai / ___maiksa vebara jina niSkarSa para pahuMce, unheM hama jaina dharma kI saiddhAntika bhUmikA ke stara se sambandhita nahIM mAna skte| kintu tAtkAlika jaina 1. tattvArtha rAjavArtika, 3336 : SaDapyete aviratipravaNatvAt sAvadyakAryAH / 2. vahI, 336 alpasAvadyakaryAiH zrAvakAH zrAvikAzca virtyvirtiprinnttvaat|

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168 saMskRti ke do pravAha zrAvakoM ke jIvana-vyavahAra se sarvathA sambandhita nahIM the, aisA bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMbhava hai ki bhUmikA bheda kA gaharA vicAra kie binA sAdhuoM dvArA bhI zrAvakoM ke jaTila dainika jIvana kA krama nizcita kiyA gayA ho / isa lambe vivecana ke bAda hama puna: usI niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki jaina dharma ke hrAsa aura usake vaizya varga meM sImita hone ke hetu mukhya rUpa meM ve hI haiM, jo hamane pahale prastuta kie the| sUtrarUpa meM unakI punarAvRtti kucha tathyoM ko aura sammilita kara isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai-- 1. unnati aura avanati kA aitihAsika krama / 2. dIrghakAlIna samRddhi se Ane vAlI zithilatA / 3. jaina saMgha kA aneka gacchoM va sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho jAnA / 4. paraspara eka dUsare ko parAjita karane kA prayatna / 5. apane prabhAva kSetroM meM dUsaroM ko na Ane denA yA jo Agata hoM, unheM vahAM se nikAla denA / 6. sAdhuoM kA rUr3hivAdI honA / 7. deza-kAla ke anusAra parivartana na karanA, nae AkarSaNa utpanna na karanA / dainika jIvana meM kriyAkANDoM kI jaTilatA kara denA / 8. 6. saMgha - zakti kA sahI mUlyAMkana na honA / 10. sAmudAyika cintana aura pracAra- kauzala kI alpatA / 11. videzI AkramaNa / 12. anyAnya pratispardhI dharmoM ke prahAra / 13. jAtivAda kA svIkaraNa / ina sthitiyoM ne jaina dharma ko sImita banAyA / kucha jaina AcAryo ne dUradarzitApUrNa prayatna kie aura osavAla, poravAla, khaNDelavAla Adi Adi kaI jaina jAtiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA / usase jaina dharma mukhyataH vaizyavarga meM sImita ho gayA, kintu vaha bauddha dharma kI bhAMti bhArata se ucchinna nahIM huA / AcArya bhadrabAhu ne apane vizAla jJAna tathA vartamAna kI sthitiyoM kA bhaviSya meM pratibimba dekha kara hI yaha kahA thA- "dharmaM mukhyataH vaizya - varga ke hAtha meM hogA / ' candragupta ke sAtaveM svapna - 'akuraDI para kamala ugA huA hai' kA artha unhoMne kiyA thA - "brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra -

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jaina dharma aura vaizya 166 ina cAroM vargoM meM jo dharma phailA huA hai, vaha simaTa kara adhikAMzatayA vaizyoM ke hAtha meM calA jaaegaa|'' AThaveM svapna meM unhoMne dekhA-"juganU prakAza kara rahA hai|" AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isakA phala batAyA-"zramaNa-gaNa AryamArga ko chor3a, kevala kriyA kA ghaTATopa dikhA vaizya-varga meM udyota kregaa| phalataH nirgranthoM kA pUjA-satkAra kama ho jAegA aura bahuta loga mithyAtva rata ho jaaeNge|" samrATa kA nauvAM svapna thA--"sarovara sUkha gayA, kevala dakSiNa, dizA meM thoDA jala bharA hai aura vaha bhI pUrNa svaccha nahIM hai|" AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isakA phala batAyA-"jisa bhUmi meM tIrthaGkaroM ke pAMca kalyANa (cyavana, janma, dIkSA, kevalajJAna aura nirvANa) hue the, vahAM dharma kI hAni hogI aura dakSiNa-pazcima meM thor3A-thor3A dharma rahegA aura vaha bhI aneka matavAdoM aura pArasparika saMgharSoM se paripUrNa / "3 bhadrabAhu kI isa bhaviSyavANI meM usa ghaTanA-krama kA aMkana hai, jaba jaina dharma eka sthiti se dUsarI sthiti meM saMkrAnta ho rahA thaa| jaina zramaNa matabhedoM ko pradhAnatA de rahe the; jaina zrAvaka pratyakSa jIvavadha kI tulanA meM mAnasika hiMsA ko kama AMka rahe the aura jaina zAsana eka jAti ke rUpa meM saMgaThita ho rahA thaa| 1. vyavahAra cUlikA : uttame ukkaraDiyAe kamalaM uggayaM diLeM, tassa phalaM teNaM mAhaNa khattiya vaissa suI cauNhaM vaNNANaM majje vaissa hatthe dhamma bhvissii| 2. vahI : aTThame khajjuo ujjoyaM karei / teNaM samaNA AriyamaggaM mottUNa khajjuyA iva kiriyAe phaDADovaM daMsiUNa vaissa vaNNe ujjoyaM karissaMti / teNa samaNANaM NiggaMthANaM pUyAsakkAre thove bhavissaI, bahujaNA micchatta rAgiNo bhvissNti| 3. vahI : Navame sukkaM sarovaraM dAhiNadisAe thovaM jalabhariyaM gar3a liyaM diLeM, tassa phalaM teNaM jattha jattha bhUmie paMca jiNakallANaM tattha dese dhammahANI bhavissaI dAhiNapacchimae kiMpi dhammaM bahumaiDohaliyaM bhavissai /

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16. mahAvIra tIrthaGkara the para jainadharma ke pravartaka nahIM bhagavAn mahAvIra tIrthaGkara the, phira bhI kisI nae dharma ke pravartaka nahIM the| unake pIche eka paramparA thI aura ve usake unnAyaka the| mahAtmA buddha svataMtra dharma ke pravartaka the yA kisI pUrva paramparA ke unnAyaka ? isa prazna ke uttara meM bauddha sAhitya koI nizcita uttara nahIM detaa| upaka AjIvaka ke yaha pUchane para ki terA zAstA (guru) kauna hai, aura tU kisa dharma ko mAnatA hai, mahAtmA buddha ne kahA--"maiM sabako parAjita karane vAlA, sabako jAnane vAlA hN| sabhI dharmoM meM nirlepa hN| sarvatyAgI hUM, tRSNA ke kSaya se mukta hUM, maiM apane hI jAna kara upadeza kruuNgaa| merA AcArya nahIM hai, mere sadRza (koI) vidyamAna nahIM / devatAoM sahita (sAre) loka meM mere samAna puruSa nhiiN| maiM saMsAra meM arhat hUM, maiM apUrva upadezaka huuN| maiM eka samyak sambuddha zAnti tathA nirvANa ko prApta huuN| dharma kA cakkA ghumAne ke lie kAziyoM ke nagara ko jA rahA huuN| (vahAM) aMdhe hue loka meM amRta-dundubhi bjaauuNgaa| mere hI aise AdamI jina hote haiM.jinake ki cittamala (Azrava) naSTa ho gae haiN| maiMne burAiyoM ko jIta liyA hai, isalie he upaka ! maiM jina hN|"5 / eka dUsare prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai-bhagavAn ne indrakIla para khar3e hokara socA... pahale buddhoM ne kula nagara meM bhikSAcAra kaise kiyA ? kyA bIca-bIca meM ghara chor3a kara yA eka ora se...?' phira eka buddha ko bhI bIca-bIca meM ghara chor3a kara bhikSAcAra karate nahIM dekha, 'merA bhI yahI (buddhoM kA) vaMza hai, isalie yahI kula-dharma grahaNa karanA caahie| isase Ane vAle samaya meM mere zrAvaka (ziSya) merA hI anusaraNa karate (hue ) bhikSAcAra vrata pUrA kareMge, aisA (soca) chora ke ghara se bhikSAcAra Arambha kiyaa| rAjA zuddhodana ke dvArA Apatti karane para buddha ne kahA 1. (ka) vinayapiTaka, pR0 72 - (kha) buddhacaryA, pR0 20-21 / 2. buddhacaryA, pR0 53 /

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mahAvIra tIrthaGkara the para jainadharma ke pravartaka nahIM "mahArAja ! hamAre vaMza kA yahI AcAra hai / "" pahale prasaMga se prApta hotA hai ki buddha svataMtra dharma ke pravartaka the, unakA kisI paramparA se sambandha nahIM thA / dUsare prasaMga se prApta hotA hai ki ve buddhoM kI paramparA se jur3e hue the / ' 1 bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sambandha meM yaha anizcitatA nahIM hai / jaina sAhitya kI yaha nizcita ghoSaNA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra svataMtra dharma ke pravartaka nahIM, kintu pUrva - paramparA ke unnAyaka the / ve ahiMsaka paramparA ke eka tIrthaGkara the / bhagavAn ne svayaM kahA hai- " jo arhat ho cuke haiM, jo vartamAna meM haiM, jo Age hoMge, una sabakA yahI nirUpaNa hai ki saba jIvoM kI hiMsA mata karo / 3 bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mAtR pakSa aura pitR pakSa- donoM bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI the / bhagavAn mahAvIra svayaMbuddha the, isIlie unheM bhagavAn pArzva kA ziSya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / jaise bhagavAn pArzva ne dharma - tIrthaM kA pravartana kiyA thA, vaise hI bhagavAn mahAvIra bhI dharma-tIrtha ke pravartaka the / kumArazramaNa kezI ne gautama se pUchA thA - " logoM ko andha banAne vAle timira meM bahuta loga raha rahe haiM / isa samUce loka meM una prANiyoM ke lie prakAza kauna karegA / "" gautama ne kahA - " samUce loka meM prakAza karane vAlA eka vimala bhAnu ugA hai / vaha samUce loka meM prANiyoM ke lie prakAza karegA / ' "bhAnu kise kahA gayA hai" - kezI ne gautama se pUchA / gautama bole - "jisakA saMsAra kSINa ho cukA hai, jo sarvajJa hai, vaha arhat rUpI bhAskara samUce loka ke prANiyoM ke lie prakAza karegA / " 171 bhagavAn pArzva ke nirvANa ke pazcAt yajJa-saMsthA bahuta prabala ho gaI thI / idhara zramaNa paramparA ke anuyAyI aura Atma-vidyA ke saMrakSaka rAje bhI vaidikadhArA se prabhAvita ho rahe the, jisakA varNana hameM upaniSadoM meM prApta hotA hai / vaidikoM kI pravRttivAdI vicAraNA se zramaNoM meM AcAra sambandhI zithilatA ghara kara rahI thI / hiMsA aura abrahmacarya jIvana kI sahaja pravRtti ke rUpa meM abhivyakti pA rahe the / vaha sthiti zramaNoM ko ghora andhakAramaya laga rahI thI / usa sthiti meM zramaNoM kI vicAradhArA ko 1. buddhacaryA, pR0 53 / 2. vahI, pR0 53 3. AyAro 4 / 1 / 4. uttarAdhyayana, 23 / 75-78 / 5. vahI, 23176-78 /

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172 saMskRti ke do pravAha zaktizAlI banAne ke lie tIrthaGkara kI AvazyakatA thii| bhagavAn mahAvIra se ThIka pahale hameM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM kevala eka pArzva kA hI astitva milatA hai, kintu bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM hama chaha tIrthaMkaroM kA astitva pAte haiN| kucha jaina vidvAn yaha kahate haiM ki eka tIrthaGkara jaisI dharma-vyavasthA karate haiM, vaisI hI dUsare tIrthaGkara karate haiN| kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se isakA bahuta mUlya nahIM hai| eka tIrthaMkara ne kahA, usakA nirUpaNa dUsarA tIrthaGkara kare to vastutaH vaha tIrthaGkara hI nahIM hotaa| jisakA mArga pUrva tIrthaGkara se bhinna hotA hai, yAnI sarvathA sadRza nahIM hotA, usI ko 'tIrthaGkara' kahA jAtA hai / hamArI yaha sthApanA nirAdhAra nahIM hai| isakI yathArthatA pramANita karane ke lie hameM tIrthaGkaroM ke zAsana-bheda kA adhyayana karanA hogaa|

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20. pArzva aura mahAvIra kA zAsana-bheda bhagavAn pArzva aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana-bheda kA vicA nimna tathyoM ke AdhAra para kareMge1 bhagavAn pAzvaM kI dharma-sAmAcArI bhagavAna mahAvIrako dharma-sAmAcA (1) cAturyAma (1) pAMca mahAvrata (2) sAmAyika cAritra (2) chedopasthApanIya cArita (3) rAtri bhojana na karanA uttaraguNa (3) rAtribhojana na karanA mU (4) sacela (4) acela 2. pratikramaNa pratikramaNa (5) doSa hone para pratikramaNa (5) niyamataH do bAra pratiH 3. auddezika audezika (6) eka sAdhu ke lie bane AhAra kA (6) eka sAdhu ke lie bane u dUsare dvArA grahaNa __ kA dUsare dvArA varjana 4. rAjapiNDa rAjapiNDa (7) rAjapiNDa kA grahaNa (7) rAjapiNDa kA varjana 5. mAsakalpa mAsakalpa (8) mAsakalpa kA niyama na hone para (8) mAsakalpa kA niyama / jIvana bhara eka gA~va meM rahane kA sthAna meM eka mAsa se u vidhAna / kIcar3a aura jIva-jantu na rahane kA vidhAna / na ho usa sthiti meM varSA-kAla meM bhI vihAra kA vidhAna / 6. paryuSaNa kalpa paryaSaNa kalpa (9) paryuSaNa kalpa kA aniyama / (6) paryuSaNa kalpa kA niyama / jaghanyataH bhAdrava-zuklA paMcamI se kArtikazuklA paMcamI taka aura utkRSTataH ASAr3ha pUrNimA se kArtika pUrNimA taka eka sthAna meM rahane kA niyama / (10) (10) parihAravizuddha cAritra

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174 (1) cAturyAma aura pAMca mahAvrata prAg- aitihAsika kAla meM bhagavAn RSabha ne pAMca mahAvratoM kA upadeza diyA thA, aisA mAnA jAtA hai / aitihAsika kAla meM bhagavAn pArzva ne cAturyAma-dharma kA upadeza diyA thA / unake cAra yAma ye the(1) ahiMsA, (2) satya, (3) acaurya aura ( 4 ) bahistAt AdAnaviramaNa ( bAhya vastu ke grahaNa kA tyAga ) / ' bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pAMca mahAvratoM kA upadeza diyaa| unake pAMca mahAvrata ye haiM- ( 1 ) ahiMsA, (2) satya, (3) acaurya, (4) brahmacarya aura ( 5 ) aparigraha / sahaja hI prazna hotA hai ki mahAvIra ne mahAvratoM kA vikAsa kyoM kiyA ? bhagavAn pArzva kI paramparA ke AcArya kumArabhramaNa kezI aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke gaNadhara gautama jaba zrAvastI meM Ae, taba unake ziSyoM ko yaha saMdeha utpanna huA ki hama eka hI prayojana se cala rahe haiM, taba yaha antara kyoM ? pArzva ne cAturyAma-dharma kA nirUpaNa kiyA aura mahAvIra ne pAMca mahAvratadharma kA, yaha kyoM ?" kumArazramaNa kezI ne gautama se yaha prazna pUchA taba unhoMne kezI se kahA -- " pahale tIrthaMGkara ke sAdhu Rju jar3a hote haiM / antima tIrthaGkara ke sAdhu vakra-jar3a hote haiM / bIca ke tIrthaGkaroM ke sAdhu Rju prAjJa hote haiM, isalie dharma ke do prakAra kie haiM / saMskRti ke do pravAha 'pUrvavartI sAdhuoM ke lie muni ke AcAra ko yathAvat grahaNa kara lenA kaThina hai / caramavartI sAdhuoM ke AcAra kA pAlana kaThina hai / madhyavartI sAdhu use yathAvat grahaNa kara lete haiM aura usakA pAlana bhI ve saralatA se karate haiM / " isa samAdhAna meM eka viziSTa dhvani hai| usase isa bAta kA saMketa milatA hai ki jaba bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke praziSya abrahmacarya kA samarthana karane lage, usakA pAlana kaThina ho gayA taba usa sthiti ko dekha kara bhagavAn mahAvIra ko brahmacarya ko svataMtra mahAvrata ke rUpa meM sthAna denA par3A / 1. sthAnAMga, 4|137 / 2. uttarAdhyayana 21 / 12 / 3. vahI, 23 / 12-13 / 4. vahI, 23 / 26-27 /

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pArzva aura mahAvIra kA zAsana-bheda 175 bhagavAn pArzva ne maithuna ko parigraha ke antargata mAnA thaa| kintu unake nirvANa ke pazcAt aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tIrthaGkara hone se thor3e pUrva kucha sAdha isa tarka kA sahArA le abrahmacarya kA samarthana karane lage ki bhagavAn pArzva ne usakA niSedha nahIM kiyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa kutarka ke nivAraNa ke lie spaSTataH brahmacarya mahAvrata kI vyavasthA kI aura mahAvrata pAMca ho ge| sUtrakRtAMga meM abrahmacarya kA samarthana karane vAle ko 'pArzvastha' kahA hai| vRttikAra ne unheM 'svayUthika' bhI batalAyA hai|' isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pahale se hI kucha svayUthika nirgrantha arthAt pArzva kI paramparA ke zramaNa svacchanda hokara abrahmacarya kA samarthana kara rahe the| unakA tarka thA ki "jaise varNa yA phor3e ko dabA kara pIva ko nikAla dene se zAMti milatI hai, vaise hI samAgama kI prArthanA karane vAlI strI ke sAtha samAgama karane se zAnti milatI hai| isameM doSa kaise ho sakatA hai ? ___"jaise bheDa binA hilAe zAntabhAva se pAnI pI letI hai, vaise hI samAgama kI prArthanA karane vAlI strI ke sAtha zAntabhAva se kisI ko pIr3A pahuMcAe binA samAgama kiyA jAe, usameM doSa kaise ho sakatA hai ? _ 'jaise kapijala nAma kI cir3iyA AkAza meM raha kara binA hilAe DulAe jala pI letI hai, vaise hI samAgama kI prArthanA karane vAlI strI ke sAtha anAsakta-bhAva se samAgama kiyA jAe to usameM doSa kaise ho sakatA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ina kutarkoM ko dhyAna meM rakhA aura vakra-jar3a muni kisa prakAra artha kA anartha kara DAlate haiM, isa aura dhyAna diyA to unheM brahmacarya ko svataMtra mahAvrata kA rUpa dene kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa huii| isIlie stutikAra ne kahA hai-'se dhAriyA itthi sarAibhattaM' (sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 6 / 28) ___ arthAt bhagavAn ne strI aura rAtribhojana kA nivAraNa kiyaa| yaha stuti-vAkya isa tathya kI ora saMketa karatA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne 1. sthAnAMga, 4 / 137 vRtti : maithunaM parigrahe'ntarbhavati, nahyaparigRhItA yoSid bhujyte| 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 3 / 66,73H / 3. (ka) sUtrakRtAMga, 113366 : svayUthyA vA / (kha) vahI, 1 / 3 / 68 vRtti : svayUthyA vA pArzvasthAvasagnakuzIlAdayaH / 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 1 / 3 / 71,72 /

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176 saMskRti ke do pravAha brahmacarya kI vizeSa vyAkhyA, vyavasthA yA yojanA kI thii| ____ abrahmacarya ko phor3e kI pIva nikAlane Adi ke samAna batAyA jAtA thA, usake lie bhagavAn ne kahA-'koI manuSya talavAra se kisI kA sira kATa zAnti kA anubhava kare to kyA vaha doSI nahIM hai ?' ___ 'koI manuSya cupacApa zAMta-bhAva se jahara kI cUMTa pIkara baiTha jAe to kyA vaha viSa vyApta nahIM hotA? ___'koI manuSya kisI dhanI ke khajAne se anAsakta-bhAva se bahumUlya ratnoM ko curAe, to kyA vaha doSI nahIM hotA?" __dUsare kA sira kATane vAlA, jahara kI cUMTa pIne vAlA aura dUsaroM ke ratna curAne vAlA vastutaH zAMta yA anAsakta nahIM hotA, vaise hI abrahmacarya kA sevana karane vAlA zAMta yA anAsakta nahIM ho sktaa| jo pArzvastha zramaNa anAsakti kA nAma le abrahmacarya kA samarthana karate haiM, ve kAma-bhogoM meM atyanta Asakta haiN| __ abrahmacarya ko svAbhAvika mAnane kI ora zramaNoM kA mAnasika jhukAva hotA jA rahA thA, usa samaya unheM brahmacarya kI vizeSa vyavasthA dene kI AvazyakatA thii| isa anukala parISaha se zramaNoM ko bacAnA Avazyaka thaa| usa sthiti meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ko bahuta mahattva diyA aura usakI surakSA ke lie vizeSa vyavasthA dI (dekhie-uttarAdhyayana, solahavAM aura battIsavAM adhyyn)| (2) sAmAyika aura chevopasthApanIya bhagavAn pArzva ke samaya sAmAyika cAritra thA aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ne chedopasthApanIya cAritra kA pravartana kiyA / vAstavika dRSTi se cAritra eka sAmAyika hI hai|' cAritra kA artha hai 'samatA kI ArAdhanA' / viSamatApUrNa pravRttiyAM vyakta hotI haiM taba sAmAyika cAritra prApta hotA hai| yaha nivizeSaNa yA nivibhAga hai / bhagavAn pArzva ne cAritra ke vibhAga nahIM kie, use vistAra se nahIM smjhaayaa| saMbhava hai unheM isakI AvazyakatA pratIta nahIM huii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAmane eka vizeSa prayojana upasthita thA, isalie unhoMne sAmAyika ko chedopasthApanIya kA rUpa diyaa| isa cAritra ko svIkAra karane vAle ko vyakti yA vibhAgazaH mahAvratoM kA 1. sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 53-55 / 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 113173 / 3. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1267 /

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pArzva aura mahAvIra kA zAsana-bheda 177 svIkAra karAyA jAtA hai / cheda kA artha 'vibhAga' hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhagavAna pArzva ke nivibhAga sAmAyika cAritra ko vibhAgAtmaka sAmAyika cAritra banA diyA aura vahI chedopasthApanIya ke nAma se pracalita huaa| bhagavAn ne cAritra ke teraha mukhya vibhAga kie the| pUjyapAda ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ko pUrva tIrthaGkaroM dvArA anupadiSTa teraha prakAra ke cAritraupadeSTA ke rUpa meM namaskAra kiyA hai tinaH sattamaguptayastanumanobhASAnimittovayAH, . paMceryAdi samAbhayAH samitayaH paMcavatAnItyapi / cAritropahitaM prayodazatayaM pUrva na diSTaM para rAcAraM parameSThino jinapatervIrAn namAmo vayam // yaha vicitra saMyoga kI bAta hai ki AcArya bhikSu ne bhI terApaMtha kI vyAkhyA inhIM teraha (pAMca mahAvrata, pAMca samiti aura tIna gupti) vratoM ke AdhAra para kI thii| bhagavatI se jJAta hotA hai ki jo cAturyAma-dharma kA pAlana karate the, una muniyoM ke cAritra ko 'sAmAyika' kahA jAtA thA aura jo muni cAturyAma-dharma kI prAcIna paramparA ko chor3a kara paMcayAma-dharma meM pravajita hue unake cAritra ko 'chadopasthApanIya' kahA gyaa|' bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhagavAn pArzva kI paramparA kA sammAna karane athavA apane nirUpaNa ke sAtha usakA sAmaMjasya biThAne ke lie donoM vyavasthAeM kI prArambha meM alpakAlIna nivibhAga (sAmAyika) cAritra ko mAnyatA dI, dIrghakAla ke lie vibhAgAtmaka (chedopasthApanIya) cAritra kI vyavasthA kii| 1. cAritrabhakti, 7 / 2. bhikSujazarasAyana, 77 : paMca mahAvrata pAlatA, zuddhi sumati suhAvai ho / tIna gupta tIkhI tarai, bhala Atama bhAve ho / citta tUM terA hI cAhavai ho / 3. bhagavatI, 2517786, gAthA 1,2 : sAmAiyaMmi u kae, cAujjAmaM aNuttaraM dhamma / ti viheNaM phAsayaMto, sAmAiyaM saMjamo sa khalu // chettUNa u pariyAgaM, porANaM jo Thavei appANaM / dhammami paMca jAme, chedovaTThAvaNo sa khalu // 4. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1268 / 5. vahI, gAthA 12104 /

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178 saMskRti ke do pravAha (3) rAtribhojana-viramaNa bhagavAna pArzva ke zAsana meM rAtribhojana na karanA vrata nahIM thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne use vrata kI sUcI meM sammalita kara liyaa| yahAM sUtrakRtAMga (1 / 6 / 28) kA vaha pada phira smaraNIya hai-'se vAriyA itthi sarAibhatta' / haribhadrasari ne isakI carcA karate hae batAyA hai ki bhagavAna RSabha aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane Rju-jar3a aura vakra-jar3a ziSyoM kI apekSA se rAtribhojana na karane ko vrata kA rUpa diyA aura use mUla guNoM kI sUcI meM rkhaa| madhyavartI 22 tIrthaMkaroM ne use mUlaguNa nahIM mAnA, isalie unhoMne use vrata kA rUpa nahIM diyaa| somatilaka sUri kA bhI yahI abhimata hai| haribhadrasUri se pahale bhI yaha mAnyatA pracalita thii| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne likhA hai ki 'rAta ko bhojana na karanA' ahiMsA mahAvrata kA saMrakSaka hone ke kAraNa samiti kI bhAMti uttara guNa hai| kintu muni ke lie vaha ahiMsA mahAvrata kI taraha pAlanIya hai / isa dRSTi se vaha mUlaguNa kI koTi meM rakhane yogya hai / zrAvaka ke lie vaha mUlaguNa nahIM hai| jo guNa sAdhanA ke AdhArabhUta hote haiM, unheM 'maulika' yA 'mUlaguNa' kahA jAtA hai| unake upakArI yA sahayogI guNoM ko 'uttaraguNa' kahA jAtA hai| jinabhadragaNI ne mUlaguNa kI saMkhyA pAMca aura chaha-donoM prakAra se mAnI hai-- 1. ahiMsA 4. brahmacarya 2. satya 5. aparigraha 3. acaurya 6. rAtribhojana-viramaNa / ' 1. dazavakAlika, hAribhadrIya vRtti, patra 150 : etacca rAtribhojanaM prathamacaramatIrthakaratIrthayoH RjujaDavakrajaDapuruSApekSayA mUlaguNatvakhyApanArthaM mahAvratopari paThitaM, madhyamatIrthakaratIrtheSu punaH RjuprajJapuruSApekSayottaraguNavarga iti / 2. saptatizatasthAna, gAthA 287 : mUlaguNesu u duNhaM, sesANuttaraguNesu nisibhuttaM / 3. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1247 vRtti : uttaraguNatve satyapi tat sAdhormUlaguNo bhavyate / mUlaguNapAlanAt prANAtipAtAdiviramaNavat antaraGgatvAcca / 4. vahI, gAthA 1245-1250 / 5. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1244 : sammatta sameyAI, mahavvayANuvvayAi muulgunnaa| 6. vahI, gAthA 1826 : mUlaguNA chavvayAI tu /

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pArzva aura mahAvIra kA zAsana-bheda 176 AcArya vaTTakera ne mUlaguNa 28 mAne haiM1-5. pAMca mahAvrata 24. asnAna 6-10. pAMca samitiyAM 25. bhUmizayana 11-15. pAMca indriya-vijaya 26. dantagharSaNa kA varjana 16-21. SaD Avazyaka 27. sthiti bhojana 22. kezaloca 28. eka-bhakta / 23. acelakatA mUlaguNoM kI saMkhyA saba tIrthaGkaroM ke zAsana meM samAna nahIM rahI, isakA samarthana bhagavAn mahAvIra ke eka nimna pravacana se hotA hai __ "Aryo ! .. maiMne pAMca mahAvratAtmaka, sapratikramaNa aura aceladharma kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| Aryo ! . . maiMne nagnabhAva, muNDabhAva, asnAna, dantaprakSAlana-varjana, chatra-varjana, pAdukA-varjana, bhUmi-zayyA, keza-loca Adi kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai|" __bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jo vizeSa vidhAna haiM, unakA lambA vivaraNa sthAnAMga, 6 / 62 meM hai| (4) sacela aura acela gautama aura kezI ke ziSyoM ke mana meM eka vitarka uThA thA "mahAmuni varddhamAna ne jo AcAra-dharma kI vyavasthA kI hai, vaha acelaka hai aura mahAmuni pAzvaM ne jo yaha AcAra-dharma kI vyavasthA kI hai, vaha varNa Adi se viziSTa tathA mUlyavAna vastra vAlI hai| jaba ki hama eka hI uddezya se cale haiM to phira isa bheda kA kyA kAraNa hai ?" kezI ne gautama ke sAmane yaha jijJAsA prastuta kI aura pUchA-"medhAvin ! veSa ke ina prakAroM meM tumheM sandeha kaise nahIM hotA ?" ___ kezI ke aisA kahane para gautama ne isa prakAra kahA-"vijJAna dvArA yathocita jAna kara hI dharma ke sAdhanoM upakaraNoM kI anumati dI gaI hai| logoM ko yaha pratIti ho ki ye sAdhu haiM, isalie nAnA prakAra ke upakaraNoM kI parikalpanA kI gaI hai| jIvana-yAtrA ko nibhAnA aura 'maiM sAdhu hUM,' aisA dhyAna Ate rahanA-veSa-dhAraNa ke isa loka meM ye prayojana haiN| yadi mokSa kI vAstavika sAdhanA kI pratijJA ho to nizcaya-dRSTi meM usake 1. mUlAcAra, 112-113 / 2. sthAnAMga, 6 / 2 /

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180 sAdhana jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hI haiM / " bhagavAn pArzva ke bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane anumati dI / to harmana jekoba kA yaha mata hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne acelakatA yA nagnatva kA AcAra AjIvaka AcArya gozAlaka se grahaNa kiyA / kintu yaha saMdigdha hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM aura unase pUrva bhI nagna sAdhuoM ke aneka sampradAya the / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne acelakatA ko kisI se prabhAvita hokara apanAyA yA apanI svatantra buddhi se ? isa prazna ke samAdhAna kA koI nizcita srota prApta nahIM hai, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki mahAvIra dIkSita hue taba sacela the, bAda meM acela ho ge| bhagavAn ne apane ziSyoM ke lie bhI acela AcAra kI vyavasthA kI, kintu unakI acela vyavasthA dUsare dUsare nagna sAdhuoM kI bhAMti aikAntika AgrahapUrNa nahIM thI / gautama ne kezI se jo kahA, usase yaha svayaM siddha hai / saMskRti ke do pravAha ziSya bahumUlya aura raMgIna vastra rakhate the / ziSyoM ko alpamUlya aura zveta vastra rakhane kI jo nirgrantha nirvastra rahane meM samartha the, unake lie pUrNataH acela (nirvastra ) rahane kI vyavasthA thI aura jo nirgrantha vaisA karane meM samartha nahIM the, unake lie sImita artha meM acela (alpamUlya aura zveta vastradhArI ) rahane kI vyavasthA thI / bhagavAn pArzva ke ziSya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM isIlie khapa sake ki bhagavAn mahAvora ne apane tIrtha meM sacela aura acela - ina donoM vyavasthAoM ko mAnyatA dI thii| isa sacela aura acela ke prazna para hI nirgrantha saMgha zvetAmbara aura digambara- ina do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta huA thA / zvetAmbara sAhitya ke anusAra jinakalpI sAdhu vastra nahIM rakhate the aura sthavirakalpI sAdhu vastra rakhate the / digambara sAhitya ke anusAra saba sAdhu vastra nahIM rakhate the / isa viSaya para pArzvavartI paramparAoM kA bhI viloDana karanA apekSita hai / pUraNakazyapa ne samasta jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa kara chaha abhijAtiyAM nizcita kI thIM / usameM tIsarI - lohityAbhijAti-meM eka zATaka rakhane 1. uttarAdhyayana, 23 / 26-33 / 2. dI sekreDa buka oNpha dI IsTa, bhAga 45, pR0 32 : It is probable that he borrowed them from the Akelakas or agivikas, the followers of Gosala.'' 3. aMguttaranikAya, 663, chalabhijAtisutta, bhAga 3, pR0 86 /

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pArzva aura mahAvIra kA zAsana-bheda vAle nirgranthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|' ___ AcArAMga meM bhI eka zATaka rakhane kA ullekha hai| aMguttaranikAya meM nirgranthoM ke nagna rUpa ko lakSita karake hI unheM 'ahrIka' kahA gayA hai|' AcArAMga meM nimranthoM ke lie acela rahane kA bhI vidhAna hai| viSNupurANa meM jaina sAdhuoM ke nirvastra aura savastra-donoM rUpoM kA ullekha milatA ina sabhI ullekhoM se yaha jAna par3atA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ziSya sacela aura acela-ina donoM avasthAoM meM rahate the| phira bhI acela avasthA ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA, isIlie kezI ke ziSyoM ke mana meM usake prati eka vitarka utpanna huA thaa| prArambha meM acela zabda kA artha nirvastra hI rahA hogA aura digambara, zvetAmbara saMgharSa-kAla meM usakA artha 'alpa vastra vAlA' yA 'malina vastra vAlA' huA hogA athavA eka vastradhArI nirgranthoM ke lie bhI acela kA prayoga huA hogaa| digambara paramparA ne nirvastra rahane kA aikAntika Agraha kiyA aura zvetAmbara paraMparA ne nirvastra rahane kI sthiti ke viccheda kI ghoSaNA kii| isa prakAra sacela aura acela kA prazna, jisako bhagavAn mahAvIra ne samAhita kiyA thA, Age cala kara vivAdAspada bana gyaa| yaha vivAda adhika ugra taba banA, jaba AjIvaka zramaNa digambaroM meM vilIna ho rahe the| tAmila kAvya maNimekhale' meM jaina zramaNoM ko nirgrantha aura AjIvaka-ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla meM AjIvaka eka svataMtra sampradAya thaa| azoka aura dazaratha ke 'barAbara' tathA 'nAgArjunI guhA-lekhoM se usake astitva kI jAnakArI milatI hai| unake zramaNoM ko guhAeM dAna meM dI gaI thiiN| sambhavataH I0 sa0 ke Arambha se AjIvaka mata kA ullekha prazastiyoM meM nahIM miltaa| DA. vAsudeva upAdhyAya ne sambhAvanA kI hai ki AjIvaka 1. aMguttaranikAya, 6 / 6 / 3; tatridaM bhante, pUraNena kassapena lohitAbhijAti paJattA, niggaNThA, eka saattkaa| 2. AyAro 8 / 52 : aduvA egasADe / 3. aMguttaranikAya, 10 / 8 / 8, bhAga 4, pR0 218 : ahirikA bhikkhave niggnntthaa| 4. AyAro, 1184153 : aduvA acele| 5. viSNupurANa, aMza 3, adhyAya 18, zloka 10 : digvAsasAmayaM dharmo, dharmo'yaM bahuvAsasAm / 6. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, khaNDa 5, pR0 22 /

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182 saMskRti ke do pravAha brAhmaNa mata meM vilIna ho ge| kintu maNimekhale se yahI pramANita hotA hai ki AjIvaka-zramaNa digambara zramaNoM meM vilIna ho ge| __ AjIvaka nagnatva ke prabala samarthaka the| unake vilaya hone ke pazcAt sambhava hai ki digambara paramparA meM bhI acelatA kA Agraha ho gyaa| yadi Agraha na ho to sacela aura acela-ina donoM avasthAoM kA sundara sAmaJjasya biThAyA jA sakatA hai, jaisA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne biThAyA thaa| (5) pratikramaNa bhagavAna pArzva ke ziSyoM ke lie donoM sandhyAoM meM pratikramaNa karanA anivArya nahIM thaa| jaba koI doSAcaraNa ho jAtA, taba ve usakA pratikramaNa kara lete| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane ziSyoM ke lie donoM saMdhyAoM meM pratikramaNa karanA anivArya kara diyA, bhale phira koI doSAcaraNa huA ho yA na huA ho|" (6) avasthita aura anavasthita kalpa bhagavAn pArzva aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana-bheda kA itihAsa dasa kalpoM meM milatA hai| unameM se cAturyAma-dharma, acelatA aura pratikramaNa para hama eka dRSTi DAla cuke haiN| bhagavAn pArzva ke ziSyoM ke lie-1. zayyAtara-piNDa (upAzraya dAtA ke ghara kA AhAra) na lenA, 2. cAturyAma-dharma kA pAlana karanA, 3. puruSa ko jyeSTha mAnanA, 4. dIkSA paryAya meM bar3e sAdhuoM ko vaMdanA karanA-ye cAra kalpa avasthita the| 1. acelaka, 2. auddezika, 3. pratikramaNa, 4. rAjapiNDa, 5. mAsakalpa, 6. paryuSaNa kalpa-ye chahoM kalpa anavasthita the-aicchika the| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ziSyoM ke lie ye sabhI kalpa avasthita the, anivArya the| parihAra vizuddha cAritra bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dena thii| ise chedopasthApanIya cAritra kI bhAMti 'avasthitakalpI' kahA gayA hai| 1. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, khaNDa 1, pR0 126 / 2. buddhisTa sTaDIja, pR0 15 / 3. (ka) Avazyakaniryukti, 1244 / (kha) mUlAcAra 7 / 125-126 / 4. bhagavatI, 25461 : sAmAiyasaMjae NaM bhaMte ! kiM Thiyakappe hojjA aTThiyakaSpe hojjA ? goyamA Thiyakappe vA hojjA aTThiyakappe vA hojjA, chedovaTThAvaNiyasaMjae pucchA, goyamA ! Thiyakappe hojjA no aTThiyakappe hojjA / 5. bhagavatI, 251461 / -

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21. sAdhanA-paddhati sAdhya kI sampUrti ke lie sAdhanA-paddhati apekSita hotI hai| pratyeka darzana ne apane sAdhya kI siddhi ke lie usakA vikAsa kiyA hai| unameM se jaina darzana bhI eka hai| sAMkhya darzana kI sAdhanA-paddhati kA avikala rUpa maharSi pataMjali ke yoga-darzana meM milatA hai| vaha I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| pANini ke bhASyakAra, caraka ke prati-saMskartA aura yoga-darzana ke kartA maharSi pataJjali eka hI vyakti haiM / ataH unakA astitvakAla pANinI ke bAda kA hai| maurya sAmrAjya kA astitva I0 pU0 322 se 185 taka mAnA jAtA hai| mauya-vaMza kA aMtima rAjA bRhadratha thaa| vaha I0 pU0 185 meM apane senApati puSyamitra dvArA mArA gayA thaa| maharSi pataMjali puSyamitra ke samakAlIna the| isa tathya ke AdhAra para unakA astitva kAla I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI hai| bauddha darzana kA sAdhanA mArga 'abhidhammakoSa' (I0 san pAMcavI zatAbdI) aura 'visuddhimagga' (I0 san pAMcavIM zatAbdI) meM upalabdha hai / uttarAdhyayana ukta tInoM granthoM se pUrvavartI hai / yoga sUtrakAra pataJjali aura mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali eka vyakti nahIM the, yaha nagendranAtha vasu kA abhimata hai| unake anusAra mahAbhASyakAra ke bahuta pahale kAtyAyana ne apane vArtika (6 / 1 / 64) meM pataJjali kA spaSTa nAmollekha kiyA hai| ataH yaha nizcita hai ki yoga sUtrakAra pataJjali kAtyAyana ke pUrvavartI haiN| kucha vidvAn yoga sUtrakAra pataJjali ko pANinI se pUrvavartI mAnate haiM, kintu yaha ThIka nahIM hai| pANini ne kahIM para bhI pataJjali, pAtaMjala darzana pratipAdya kisI pAribhASika zabda kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| pataJjali ne apane yoga-darzana meM aise aneka pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo vaidika-sAhitya ke pAribhASika zabdoM se bhinna haiM aura zramagoM ke pAribhASika zabdoM se abhinna haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pataJjali kI dRSTi meM zramaNoM kI sAdhanA-paddhati pratibimbita thii| sAdhya jaina darzana ke anusAra manuSya kA sAdhya hai-mokSa yA Atmo1. vizvakoSa, bhAga 13 pR0 254 /

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184 saskRti ke do pravAha palabdhi / AtmA kA svarUpa hai-jJAna, samyaktva aura vItarAgatA / samyaktva vikRta, jJAna AvRta aura vItarAgatA aprakaTita hotI hai, taba taka hara vyakti ke lie apanI AtmA sAdhya hotI hai aura jaba samyaktva mala rahita, jAna anAvRta aura vItarAgatA prakaTa hotI hai, taba vaha svayaM siddha ho jAtI ___sAdhya kI siddhi ke lie jina hetuoM kA Alambana liyA jAtA hai, unheM 'sAdhana' aura unake amyAsa krama ko 'sAdhanA' kahA jAtA hai| sAdhana mokSa ke sAdhana cAra haiM-1. jJAna, 2. darzana, 3. cAritra aura 4. upa / ' jJAna se satya jAnA jAtA hai aura darzana (samyaktva) se satya ke prati zraddhA hotI hai, isalie ye donoM satya kI prApti ke sAdhana haiN| caritra se Ane vAle karmoM kA nirodha hotA hai aura tapa se pUrva saMcita karma kSINa hote hai, isalie ye donoM satya kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana haiN| ye cAroM samUdita rUpa te mokSa yA Atmopalabdhi ke sAdhana haiN|' sAdhanA mokSa ke sAdhana cAra haiM, isalie usakI sAdhanA ke bhI mukhya prakAra vAra haiM-1. jJAna kI sAdhanA, 2. darzana kI sAdhanA, 3. cAritra kI sAdhanA aura 4. tapa kI saadhnaa| (1) jJAna kI sAdhanA ke pAMca aMga haiM1. vAcanA- par3hAnA / 2. pratipacchA-- prazna puuchnaa| 3. parivartanA- punarAvRtti krnaa| 4. anuprekSA- cintana krnaa| 5. dharmakathA- dharma-carcA krnaa| jJAna kI ArAdhanA karane se ajJAna kSINa hotA hai|' jJAna-sampanna nIva saMsAra meM vinaSTa nahIM hotaa| jisa prakAra dhAgA piroI sUI girane ra bhI guma nahIM hotI, usI prakAra jJAna-yukta jIva saMsAra meM vilupta nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jJAna kA utanA hI samarthana kiyA, jatanA ki cAritra kaa| isalie jaina darzana ko hama kevala jJAna-yoga kA samarthaka nahIM kaha skte| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28 / 3 / 3. vahI, 26 / 18-24 / 2. vahI, 28 / 35 / 4. vahI, 2956 /

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sAdhanA-paddhati (2) darzana kI sAdhanA ke ATha aMga haiM1. niHshNkit| 5. upabaMhaNa / 2. nisskaaNkssit| 6. sthirIkaraNa / 3. nirvicikitsaa| 7. vAtsalya / 4. amUDhadRSTi / 8. prbhaavnaa| darzana jaina-saMgha ke saMgaThana kA mUla AdhAra rahA hai| pahalA AdhAra hai-niHzaMkita-AsthA yA abhaya / ekasUtratA kA mUla bIja AsthA hai| svasammata lakSya ke prati AsthAvAna hue binA koI bhI pragati nahIM kara sktaa| lakSya ke sAtha tAdAtmya ho, yaha saMgaThana kI pahalI apekSA hai| abhaya bhI aisI hI anivArya apekSA hai| mana meM bhaya ho to lakSya ko pakar3A hI nahIM jA sakatA aura pUrva gRhIta ho to usa para TikA nahIM jA sktaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dRSTi meM saba doSoM kA mUla hai hiMsA aura hiMsA kA mUla hai bhy| koI vyakti abhaya hokara hI apane lakSya kI ora svataMtra gati se cala sakatA hai| ___saMgaThana kA dUsarA AdhAra hai-niSkAMkSita-lakSya ke prati dRr3ha anurAga yA vaicArika sthiratA / jagat meM aneka saMgaThana aura unake bhinna-bhinna lakSya hote haiN| sva-sammata lakSya ke prati dar3ha anurAga na ho to mana kabhI kisI ko pakar3anA cAhatA hai aura kabhI kisI ko| vicAroM meM eka aMdhar3asA calatA rahatA hai| isa prakAra vyakti aura saMgaThana donoM hI svastha nahIM bana skte| tIsarA AdhAra hai-nivicikitsA--svIkRta sAdhanoM kI saphalatA meM vizvAsa / hara saMgaThana kA apanA sAdhya hotA hai aura apane sAdhana hote haiN| kisI bhI sAdhana se taba taka sAdhya nahIM sadhatA, jaba taka sAdhaka ko usakI saphalatA meM vizvAsa na ho| isa sAdhana se amaka sAdhanA kI siddhi nizcita hogI-aisA mAne binA saMgaThana kA mArga avaruddha ho jAtA hai| ___ saMgaThana kA cauthA AdhAra-stambha hai-amUr3hadRSTi / dUsare vicAroM ke prati hamArI sadbhAvanA ho, yaha sahI hai para yaha sahI nahIM ki apanI nIti se virodhI vicAroM ke prati hamArI sahamati ho| yadi aisA ho to hamArA dRSTikoNa vizuddha nahIM raha sakatA aura hamAre saMgaThana aura kArya-praNAlI kA koI svatantra rUpa bhI nahIM raha sktaa| saMgaThana ke lie yaha bahuta apekSita hai ki usakA anuyAyI vinamra ho para 'saba samAna haiM' isa aviveka kA samarthaka na ho|

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saMskRti ke do pravAha pAMcavAM AdhAra hai--upabRMhaNa / saMgaThana kI AtmA hai-- guNa yA vizeSatA / guNa aura avaguNa - ye donoM manuSya ke sahacArI haiM / guNa kI vRddhi aura avaguNa kA zodhana karanA saMgaThana ke lie bahuta hI Avazyaka hotA hai| para isameM bahuta satarkatA baratI jAnI cAhie / avaguNa kA pratikAra honA cAhie para use prasArita kara saMgaThana ke sAmane jaTilatA paidA nahIM karanI cAhie / guNa kA vikAsa karanA cAhie para usake prati IrSyA yA unmAda na ho, aisI sajagatA rahanI cAhie / isI sUtra ke AdhAra para yaha vicAra vikasita huA thA ki jo eka sAdhu kI pUjA karatA hai, vaha saba sAdhuoM kI pUjA karatA hai yAnI sAdhutA kI pUjA karatA hai / jo eka sAdhu kI avahelanA karatA hai, vaha saba sAdhuoM kI avahelanA karatA hai yAnI sAdhutA kI avahelanA karatA hai / 186 saMgaThana kA chaThA AdhAra hai-- sthirIkaraNa / aneka logoM kA eka lakSya ke prati AkRSTa honA bhI kaThina hai aura usase bhI kaThina hai, usa para Tike rahanA / Antarika aura bAharI aise dabAva hote haiM ki AdamI daba jAtA hai / zArIrika aura mAnasika aisI paristhitiyAM hotI haiM ki AdamI parAjita ho jAtA hai aura taba vaha lakSya ko chor3a kara dUra bhAganA cAhatA hai / usa samaya use lakSya meM phira se sthira karanA saMgaThana ke lie bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| sthirIkaraNa ke hetu aneka ho sakate haiM / unameM sabase bar3A hetu hai vAtsalya aura yahI sAtavAM AdhAra hai / sevA aura saMvibhAga isI para vikasita hue haiM / bhagavAn ne kahA - ' asaM vibhAgI ko mokSa nahIM milatA / jo saMvibhAga ko nahIM jAnatA, vaha apane Apako anagina bandhanoM meM jakar3a tA hai, phira mukti kI kalpanA kahAM ?' isI sUtra ke AdhAra para uttaravartI AcAryoM ne bhagavAn ke muMha se kahalAyA ki jo rogI sAdhu kI sevA karatA hai, vaha merI sevA karatA hai aura ekAtmatA kI bhASA meM gAyA gayA'bhinna-bhinna deza meM utpanna hue, bhinna-bhinna AhAra se zarIra bar3hA kintu jaise hI ve jinazAsana meM Ae, vaise hI saba bhAI ho gae / ' yaha bhAIcArA aura sevAbhAva hI saMgaThana kI sudRr3ha AdhArazilA hai / AThavAM AdhAra hai - prabhAvanA / vahI saMgaThana Tika sakatA hai jo prabhAvazAlI hotA hai / lakSyapUrti ke sAdhanoM ko prabhAvazAlI banAe rakhe binA unakI ora kisI kA jhukAva hI nahIM hotA / dUsaroM ke mana ko bhAvita karane kI kSamatA rakhane vAle hI saMgaThana ko prabhAvazAlI banA sakate

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sAdhanA-paddhati 187 haiN| vidyA, kalA, kauzala, vaktRtva Adi zaktiyoM kA vikAsa aura parAkrama sahaja hI jana-mAnasa ko prabhAvita kara detA hai| saMgaThana ke lie aise pAragAmI vyakti bhI sadA apekSita hote haiN| saMgaThana ke lie jo ATha AdhAra bhagavAn ne batAe, unameM se pahale cAra vaiyaktika haiN| unase vyakti apanI AtmA kI sahAyatA karatA hai aura sAtha-sAtha saMgha ko bhI lAbhAnvita karatA hai / antima vAra se vyakti dUsaroM kI sahAyatA kara saMgha ko zaktizAlI banAtA hai| ____darzana-vihIna vyakti ke jJAna nahIM hotA, jJAna ke binA cAritra nahIM hotA, cAritra ke binA mokSa nahIM hotA aura mokSa ke binA nirvANa nahIM hotaa| darzana-sampanna vyakti bhava-paramparA kA anta pA letA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne darzana ko utanA hI mahattva diyA, jitanA jJAna aura cAritra ko| isIlie hama jaina darzana ko kevala zraddhA (yA bhakti) yoga kA samarthaka nahIM kaha skte| (3) cAritra kI sAdhanA ke pAMca aMga haiM1. saamaayik| 4. suukssmsNpraay| 2. chedopsthaapn| 5. ythaakhyaat|' 3. prihaarvishuddhiiy| cAritra sampanna vyakti sthira banatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne cAritra ko jJAna aura darzana kA sAra kahA hai| jaina darzana kevala cAritrakarmayoga kA samarthaka nahIM hai| (4) tapa kI sAdhanA ke bAraha aMga haiM1. anshn| 7. praayshcitt| 2. uunodrii| 8. vinaya / 3. bhikssaacrii| 6. vaiyaavRty| 4. rs-prityaag| 10. svaadhyaay| 5. kaayklesh| 11. dhyaan| 6. saMlInatA (vivikta-zayanAsana) 12. vyutsarga / 1. uttarAdhyayana, 28130 / 2. vahI, 2660 / 3. vahI, 28 // 32,33 / 4. vahI, 2661 / 5. vahI, 308,30 /

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188 saMskRti ke do pravAha jaina darzana anekAntavAdI hai| isIlie vaha kore tapo-yoga kA samarthaka nahIM hai / vaha zraddhA, jJAna, cAritra aura tapa meM sAmaJjasya sthApita karatA hai aura kevala zraddhA, jJAna, cAritra yA tapa ko mAnyatA dene vAle usakI dRSTi meM apUrNa haiN|

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22. yoga jaina yoga kI aneka zAkhAeM haiM- darzana-yoga, jJAna-yoga, cAritrayoga, tapo-yoga, svAdhyAya - yoga, dhyAna-yoga, bhAvanA-yoga, sthAna- yoga, gamana-yoga aura AtApanA - yoga / darzana, jJAna, cAritra aura tapo-yoga kI carcA sAdhanA ke prakaraNa meM kI jA cukI hai / svAdhyAya-yoga jJAna-yoga kA hI eka prakAra hai / svAdhyAya aura dhyAna-yoga kA samAveza tapo - yoga meM bhI hotA hai / isa prakaraNa meM hama bhAvanA, sthAna, gamana aura AtApanA - ina yogoM kI carcA kareMge | bhAvanA-yoga sAdhanA ke prArambha meM prAcIna jIvana kA vighaTana aura nae jIvana kA nirmANa karanA hotA hai / isa prakriyA meM bhAvanA kA bahuta bar3A upayoga hai / jina ceSTAoM va saMkalpoM dvArA mAnasika vicAroM ko bhAvita yA vAsita kiyA jAtA hai, unheM 'bhAvanA' kahA jAtA hai / ' maharSi pataJjali ne bhAvanA aura japa meM abheda mAnA hai / " bhAvanA ke aneka prakAra haiM / jJAna, darzana, cAritra, bhakti Adi jinajina ceSTAoM va abhyAsoM se mAnasa ko bhAvita kiyA jAtA hai, ve saba bhAvanAeM haiM arthAt bhAvanAeM asaMkhya haiM / phira bhI unake kaI vargIkaraNa milate haiN| pAMca mahAvrata kI paccIsa bhAvanAeM haiN| dharma aura zukla dhyAna kI cAra-cAra anuprekSAeM haiM / " ve milita rUpa meM ATha bhAvanAeM haiM / ye donoM AgamakAlIna vargIkaraNa haiM / tattvArtha sUtra meM bAraha bhAvanAoM kA eka vargIkaraNa' aura dUsarA vargIkaraNa cAra bhAvanAoM kA prApta hotA hai / " ina donoM vargIkaraNoM kI solaha bhAvanAeM prakIrNa rUpa meM AgamoM meM 1. pAsaNAhacariyaM, pR0 460 : bhAvijjai vAsijjai jIe jIvo visuddhaceTTAe sA bhAvaNatti vuccai | 2. pAtaJjala yoga, sUtra 128 : tajjapastadartha bhAvanam / 3. pAsaNAhacariyaM pR0 460 / 4. uttarAdhyayana, 13 / 17 / 5. sthAnAMga, 468,72 / 6. tattvArtha, 6 / 7 / 7. vahI, 76 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha milatI haiM, kintu inakA vargIkRta rUpa uttarakAla meM hI huaa| mahAvratoM kI bhAvanAeM unakI sthiratA ke lie haiN| pratyeka mahAvratoM kI pAMca-pAMca bhAvanAeM haiN| ahiMsA mahAvrata 1. IryAsamiti / 2. mn-prijnyaa| 3. vcn-prijnyaa| 4. AdAna-nikSepa samiti / 5. Alokita-pAna-bhojana / satya mahAvrata 1. anuviici-bhaassnn| 2. krodha-pratyAkhyAna / 3. lobh-prtyaakhyaan| 4. abhaya (bhy-prtyaakhyaan)| acoyaM mahAvata 1. anuvIci-mitAvagraha-yAcana / 4. avagraha kA bAra-bAra avadhAraNa / 2. anujJApita paan-bhojn| 5. sAdhArmikoM se anuvIci mitAva 3. avagraha kA avdhaarnn| graha yAcana / brahmacarya mahAvrata 1. striikthaa-vrjn| 2. striyoM kI indriyoM kA avalokana-varjana / 3. pUrvakrIr3ita kAma kI smRti kA varjana / 4. atimAtra aura praNIta pAna-bhojana kA varjana / 5. strI Adi se saMsakta zayanAsana kA varjana / aparigraha mahAvrata 1. manojJa aura amanojJa zabda meM samabhAva / 2. manojJa aura amanojJa rUpa meM samabhAva / 3. manojJa aura amanojJa gandha meM samabhAva / 4. manojJa aura amanojJa rasa meM smbhaav| 5. manojJa aura amanojJa sparza meM samabhAva / 1. tattvArtha, 7 / 3 : tatstharyArthabhAvanAH paMca paMca / 2. AyAracUlA, 15 // 44-76 /

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yoga 161 dharmadhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAeM1. ekatva, 3. azaraNa aura 2. anitya, ... 4. sNsaar| zukladhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAeM1. anantavartitA-bhava-parAmparA ananta hai| 2. vipariNAma-- vastu vividha rUpoM meM pariNata hotI rahatI hai| 3. azubha- saMsAra azubha hai| 4. apAya- jitane Azrava haiM, bandhana ke hetu haiM, ve saba mUla doSa haiN|' inameM se dharmadhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAeM bAraha bhAvanAoM ke varga meM saMgRhIta haiM / bAraha bhAvanAeM isa prakAra haiM--- 1. anitya 7. Azrava 2. azaraNa 8. saMvara 3. saMsAra 6. nirjarA 4. ekatva 10. loka 5. anyatva 11. bodhi-durlabha 6. azauca 12. dharma cAra bhAvanAeM1. maitrI 3. kAruNya 2. pramoda 4. mAdhyasthya ina bhAvanAoM ke abhyAsa se moha kI nivRtti hotI hai aura satya kI upalabdhi hotI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA-'jisakI AtmA bhAvanAyoga se zuddha hai, vaha jala meM naukA ke samAna hai| vaha taTa ko prApta kara saba duHkhoM se mukta ho jAtA hai|" AgamoM meM inakA prakIrNa rUpa isa prakAra haianitya bhAvanA dhIra puruSa ko muhUrta-bhara bhI pramAda nahIM karanA caahie| avasthA 1. sthAnAMga, 4 / 68 / 2. vahI, 4172 / 3. sUtrakRtAGgaH, 11125 : bhAvaNAjogasuddhaSpA jale NAvAba aahiyaa| nAvA va tIrasaMpannA savvadukkhA tiuTTai / /

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162 bItI jA rahI hai / yauvana calA A rahA hai / ' azaraNa bhAvanA sage-sambandhI tumhAre lie trANa nahIM haiM aura tuma bhI unake lie trANa nahIM ho / ' saMsAra bhAvanA isa janma-maraNa ke cakkara meM eka pala-bhara bhI sukha nahIM hai / saMskRti ke do pravAha ekatva bhAvanA AdamI akelA janmatA hai aura akelA maratA hai| usakI saMjJA, vijJAna aura vedanA bhI vyaktigata hotI hai / " anyatva bhAvanA kAma-bhoga mujhase bhinna haiM aura meM unase bhinna huuN| padArtha mujhase bhinna haiM aura maiM unase bhinna hUM / ' azauca bhAvanA yaha zarIra apavitra hai, aneka rogoM kA Alaya hai / ' Azrava bhAvanA Azrava - karma - bandhana ke hetu Upara bhI haiM, nIce bhI haiM aura madhya meM bhI haiM / saMvara aura nirjarA bhAvanA nAle banda kara dene va andara ke jala ko ulIca ulIca kara bAhara nikAla dene para jaise mahAtAlAba sUkha jAtA hai, vaise hI Azrava-dvAroM ko banda kara dene aura pUrva saMcita karmoM ko tapasyA ke dvArA nirjIrNa karane para AtmA pudgala-mukta ho jAtI hai / " loka bhAvanA jo lokadarzI hai, vaha loka ke adhobhAga ko bhI jAnatA hai, UrdhvabhAga ko bhI jAnatA hai aura tiryag-bhAga ko bhI jAnatA hai / ' 1. ( ka ) AyAro, 2 / 4,5 / (kha) uttarAdhyayana, 13 / 31 / 2. (ka) uttarAdhyayana, 6 / 3 / (kha) AyAro, 28 / 3. uttarAdhyayana, 1674 / 4. vahI, 1814-15 / 5. sUtrakRtAMga, 2 / 2 / 34 / 6. uttarAdhyayana, 10127 / 7. AyAro, 5 / 118 / 8. uttarAdhyayana, 3015-6 / 6. AyAro, 2 / 115 /

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yoga 193 bodhi-durlabha bhAvanA jAgo ! kyoM nahIM jAga rahe ho ? bodhi bahuta durlabha hai|' dharma bhAvanA dharma jIvana kA pAtheya hai| yAtrI ke pAsa pAtheya hotA hai to usakI yAtrA sukha se sampanna ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra jisake pAsa dharma kA pAtheya hotA hai, usakI jIvana yAtrAeM sukha se sampanna hotI haiN| maMtrI bhAvanA saba jIva mere mitra haiN|' pramoda bhAvanA tumhArA Arjava AzcaryakArI hai aura AzcaryakArI hai tumhArA mArdava / uttama hai tumhArI kSamA aura uttama hai tumhArI mukti / kAruNya bhAvanA bandhana se mukta karane kA prayatna aura cintana / mAdhyasthya bhAvanA samajhAne-bujhAne para bhI sAmane vAlA vyakti doSa kA tyAga na kare, usa sthiti meM uttejita na honA, kintu yogyatA kI vicitratA kA cintana krnaa| bhAvanA-yoga ke dvArA vAMchanIya saMskAroM kA nirmANa kara avAMchanIya saMskAroM kA unmUlana kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAvanA-yoga se vizuddha dhyAna kA krama, jo vicchinna hotA hai, vaha punaH saMdha jAtA hai| sthAnayoga pataMjali ke aSTAGga-yoga meM tIsarA aGga Asana hai / jaina yoga meM 1. sUtrakRtAGga, 112 / 1 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 16 / 18-21 / 3. vahI, 6 / 2 / 4. vahI, 6 / 57 / 5. vahI, 13 / 16 / 6. vahI, 13323 / 7. yogazAstra, 41122 AtmAnaM bhAvayannAbhirbhAvanAbhirmahAmatiH / truTitAmapi saMdhatte, vizuddhadhyAnasantatim // .

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164 saMskRti ke do pravAha Asana ke artha meM 'sthAna' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| Asana kA artha hai 'baitthnaa'| sthAna kA artha hai 'gati kI nivRtti'| sthiratA Asana kA mahattvapUrNa svarUpa hai| vaha khar3e raha kara, baiThakara, aura leTakara-tInoM prakAra se kI jA sakatI hai| isa dRSTi se Asana kI apekSA 'sthAna' zabda adhika vyApaka hai| sthAnayoga ke tIna prakAra haiM-(1) Urdhva-sthAna, (2) niSIdanasthAna aura (3) zayana-sthAna / ' Urdhva sthAnayoga khar3e raha kara kie jAne vAle sthAnoM ko 'urdhva sthAnayoga' kahA jAtA hai| AcArya zivakoTi ke anusAra UrdhvasthAna ke sAta prakAra haiM1. sAdhAraNa--pramAjita khambhe Adi ke sahAre nizcala hokara khar3e rhnaa| 2. savicAra-jahAM sthita ho, vahAM se dUsare sthAna meM jAkara eka prahara, eka dina Adi nizcita-kAla taka nizcala hokara khar3e rhnaa| 3. saniruddha-jahAM sthita ho, vahIM nizcala hokara khar3e rhnaa| 4. vyutsarga:-kAyotsarga / 5. samapAda-pairoM ko samaNi meM sthApita kara (saTA kara) khar3e rhnaa| 6. ekapAda--eka paira para khar3e rhnaa| 1. oghaniyuktibhASya, gAthA 152 : uDDhanisIyatuyaTTaNaThANaM tivihaM tu hoi nAyavvaM / 2. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 223 : sAdhAraNaM savicAraM saNiruddha taheva vosaT ThaM / samapAdamegapAdaM, giddholINaM ca ThANANi / 3. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 223, vijayodayA, vRtti : sAdhAraNaM-pramRSTastaMbhAdikamupAzritya sthAnam / 4. vahI, 3 / 223, vijayodayA, vRtti : savicAraM---sasaMkramaM pUrvasthAnAt sthAnAntare gatvA praharadivasAdi paricchedenAvasthAnamityarthaH / / 5. vahI, 2 / 223, vijayodayA, vRtti : saNiruddha nizcalamavasthAnam / / 6. vahI, 3 / 223, vijayodayA, vRtti : vosa?--kAyotsargam / 7. vahI, 3 / 223, vijayodayA, vRtti : samapAdo-samau pAdau kRtvA sthAnam / 8. vahI, 3 / 223, vijayodayA, vRtti : ekapAdaM-ekena pAdena avasthAnam /

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yoga 7. 165 gRddhoDIna -- ur3ate hue gIdha ke paMkhoM kI bhAMti bAhoM ko phailA kara khar3e rahanA / ' niSIdana sthAnayoga baiTha kara kie jAne vAle sthAnoM ko 'niSIdana sthAnayoga' kahA jAtA hai / usake aneka prakAra haiM / sthAnAMga meM pAMca prakAra kI niSadyAeM batalAI gaI haiM' - 1. utkaTukA--ukaDU Asana - putoM ko UMcA rakha kara pairoM ke bala para baiThanA / 2. godohikA -- gAya ko duhate samaya baiThane kA Asana / er3iyoM ko uThA kara paMje ke bala para baiThanA / 3. samapAdaputA - pairoM aura putoM ko saTA kara bhUmi para baiThanA / 4. paryaGkA -- pairoM ko mor3a piMDaliyoM ke Upara jAMghoM ko rakha kara baiThanA aura eka hastatala para dUsarA hastatala jamA nAbhi ke pAsa rakhanA / 5. arddha-paryaGkA-eka paira ko mor3a, piMDalI ke Upara jAMgha ko rakhanA aura dUsare paira ke paMjoM ko bhUmi para TikA kara ghuTane ko Upara kI ora rakhanA / bRhatkalpabhASya' meM niSadyA ke pAMca prakAra kucha parivartana ke sAtha 1. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 223, vijayodayA, vRtti : giddholI -gRddhasyordhvagamanamiva bAhU prasAryAvasthAnam / 2. sthAnAMga, 5 / 42 : paMca nisijjAo pa0 taM0-ukkuDutI godohitA samapAdaputA palitaMkA addhapalitaMkA | 3. [ka] sthAnAMga, 5742 vRtti: AsanAlagnaputaH pAdAbhyAmavasthita utkuTukastasya yA sA utkuTakA [kha] mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 224, vRtti / 4. sthAnAMga, 5 / 42 vRtti : gordohanaM godohikA tadvadyA yA'sau godohikA / 5. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 224, vRtti : godohagA - gordohe Asanamiva pASNidvayamutkSipyAgrapAdAbhyAmAsanam / 6. sthAnAMga, 5042, vRtti: samau-samatayA bhUlagnau pAdI ca putau ca yasyAM sA samapAdaputA / 7. bRhatkalpa bhASya, gAthA 5653, vRtti: niSadyA nAma upavezanavizeSAH tAH paMcavidhA:, tadyathA-- samapAdaputA goniSadhikA hastizuNDikA paryaGkA'rdhaparyaGkA ceti /

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166 upalabdha hote haiM 1. samapAdaputA / 2. goniSadhikA - gAya kI taraha baiThanA / ' 3. hastizuNDikA - putoM ke bala para baiTha kara eka paira ko UMcA rakhanA / 4. paryaGkA / 5. arddha-paryaGkA / inameM utkaTikA aura godohikA nahIM haiM / unake sthAna para hastifuser aura goniSadhikA haiM / yaha parivartana paramparA bheda kA sUcaka hai / sthAnAMga, aupapAtika, bRhatkalpa. dazAzrutaskaMdha Adi AgamoM meM vIrAsana, daNDAyata, AmrakubjikA tathA uttaravartI granthoM meM vajrAsana, sukhAsana, padmAsana, bhadrAsana, zavAsana, samapada, makaramukha, hastizuNDi goniSadyA, kukkuTAsana Adi Asana bhI upalabdha hote haiM / " 1. vIrAsana - kursI para baiThane se zarIra kI jo sthiti hotI hai, usa sthiti meM kursI ke binA sthita rahanA / 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, gAthA 5653, vRtti : yasyAM tu gorivopavezanaM sA goniSadhikA / 2. vahI, gAthA 5653, vRtti : yatra putAbhyAmupavizya ekaM pAdamutpATayati sA hastifuser | 3. (ka) mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 324-225 : samapaliyaM kaNisejjA, godohiyA ya ukkuDiyA | magaramuha hatthisuMDI, goNaNisejjaddhapaliyaMkA // vIrAsaNaM ca daMDA ya, ****** | (kha) jJAnArNava, 28 / 10 : saMskRti ke do pravAha **** paryaGkamarddhaparyaGka, vajravIrAsanaM tathA / sukhAravinda pUrve ca kAyotsargazca sammataH // (ga) yogazAstra, 4 / 124 : vIra-vAja-bhadra-daNDAsanAni ca / utkaTikA godohikA kAyotsargastathAsanam // (gha) amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 8 / 45-48 / (Ga) mUlArAdhanA, amitagati, 3 / 223-224 : masphigaM samasphikkaM kRtyaM kukkuTakAsanam / bahudhetyAsana sAdhoH kAyakleza vidhAyinaH // kodaNDalagaDAdaNDa, karttavyA bahudhA zayyA, zavazayyA purassaram / zarIraklezakAriNA //

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197 2. daNDAyata-daNDa kI bhAMti lambA ho kara paira pasAra kara baitthnaa| 3. AmrakubjikA-Amra-phala kI bhAMti Ter3hA hokara baitthnaa|' 4. vajrAsana-bAeM paira ko dAIM jAMgha para aura dAeM paira ko bAI jAMgha para rakhakara hAthoM ko vajrAkAra rUpa meM pIche le jAkara pairoM ke aMgUThe pkdd'naa| yaha baddhapadmAsana jaisI sthiti hai| 5. sukhAsana-bAeM paira ko usake nIce aura dAeM paira ko jaMghA ke Upara rakha kara baitthnaa|' 6. padmAsana-dAeM paira ko bAI jaMghA para aura bAeM paira ko dAI jaMghA para rakha kara baitthnaa| 7. bhadrAsana-vRSaNa ke Age donoM pAda-taloM ko saMpuTa kara (sIvanI ke bAeM bhAga meM bAeM paira kI er3I rakha) donoM hAthoM ko karma mudrA ke AkAra meM sthApita kara baitthnaa| 8. gavAsana-gAya kI taraha baiThanA / goniSadyA aura gavAsana eka hI pratIta hotA hai / gheraNDa saMhitA meM jo go-mukhAsana kA ullekha hai, vaha isase bhinna hai| amitagati ke anusAra sAdhviyAM isI Asana meM baiTha kara sAdhuoM ko vaMdana kiyA karatI thiiN| 6. samapada-jaMghA aura kaTi-bhAga ko samarekhA meM rakha kara baitthnaa|' 10. makaramukha-donoM pairoM ko magara-muMha kI AkRti meM avasthita kara baitthnaa| gheraNDa saMhitA meM makarAsana kA ullekha hai| vaha auMdhe mukha sokara chAtI ko bhUmi para TikA 1. pravacanasAroddhAra, gAthA 584, vRtti : Amrakubjo vA Amraphalavad vakrAkAreNAva sthitaH / 2. yogazAstra, 4 / 127 / 3. yazastilaka, 36 / 4. yogazastra, 4 / 130 : sampuTIkRtya. muSkAne, talapAdau tthopri| pANikacchapikAM kuryAt, yatra bhadrAsanaM tu tat // 5. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 8 / 48 : gavAsanaM jinaruktamAryANAM yativaMdane / 6. mUlArAdhanA, 31724, vijayodayA, vRtti : samapadaM-sphipiDasamakaraNenAsanam / 7. vahI, 2 / 224, vijayodayA, vRtti : makarasya mukhamiva kRtvA pAdAvavasthAnam /

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168 saMskRti ke do pravAha donoM hAthoM ko phailA unase sira ko pakar3a kara kiyA jAtA hai| 11. hastizuNDi---eka paira ko saMkucita kara dUsare paira ko usa para phailA kara, hAthI kI suMDa ke AkAra meM sthApita kara baitthnaa|' 12. goniSadyA-donoM jaMghAoM ko sikor3a kara gAya kI taraha baitthnaa| 13. kukkuTAsana-padmAsana kara donoM hAthoM ko donoM ora jAMgha aura piMDaliyoM ke bIca DAla donoM paMjoM ke bala utthita padmAsana kI mudrA meM honaa| yana sthAnayoga so kara kie jAne vAle sthAnoM ko 'zayana sthAnayoga' kahA jAtA hai| ve isa prakAra haiM (1) lagaNDazayana-vakra-kASTha kI bhAMti er3iyoM aura sira ko bhUmi se saTA kara zeSa zarIra ko Upara uThA kara sonA / (2) uttAnazayana-sIdhA lettnaa| zavAsana meM hAtha-pAMva alaga hate haiM, parantu isameM donoM pAMva mile raha kara donoM hAtha bagala meM rahate haiN| (3) adhomukhazayana--auMdhA leTanA / (4) ekapArvazayana-dAI aura bAIM karavaTa lettnaa| eka paira ko saMkucita kara dUsare paira ko usake Upara se le jAkara phailAnA aura donoM hAthoM ko lambA kara sira kI ora phailaanaa| (5) mRtakazayana---zavAsana / (6) Urdhvazayana-~UMcA hokara sonaa| (7) dhanurAsana---peTa ke bala sIdhA leTa, donoM pairoM ko Upara kI gora uThA, donoM hAthoM se unheM pakar3a lenaa| 1. (ka) mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 254, vijayodayA, vRtti : hastisuMDI--hastihastaprasAraNa miva eka pAdaM prasAryAsanam / / (kha) mUlArAdhanA darpaNa : hastisuMDI-hastihastaprasAraNamiva eka pAdaM saMkocya tadupari dvitIyaM pAdaM prasAryAsanam / 2. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 225 : ....... . 'uDDhamAIya lagaMDasAyIya / uttANomacchiya egapAsasAI ya maDayasAI ya / /

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yoga pataJjali ne Asana kI vyAkhyA kI hai, ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / bhASyakAra vyAsa ne hai-' 13 1. padmAsana, 2. bhadrAsana, 3. vIrAsana, 4. svastikAsana, C. hastiniSadana, 10. USTraniSadana, 5. daNDAsana, AsanoM ke artha meda 6. sopAzraya, 7. paryaGka, 8. krauMcaniSadana, kucha AsanoM ke artha samAna haiM to kucha eka AsanoM ke artha samAna nahIM haiM / paryaGka, ardha - paryaGka, vIrAsana, utkaTikA, hastizuNDikA, daNDAyata - ina AsanoM ke artha vibhinna prakAra se upalabdha hote haiN| abhayadevasUri ne paryaGka aura arddha-paryaGka Asana kA artha kramazaH - 'padmAsana' aura arddha- padmAsana kiyA hai / " AcArya hemacandra ne padmAsana ko paryaGkAsana se bhinna mAnA hai / " AcArya hemacandra aura amitagati ke anusAra paryaGkAsana kA artha hai -pairoM ko mor3a, piMDaliyoM ke Upara jAMghoM ko rakha kara baiThanA aura hastatala para dUsarA hastatala jamA nAbhi ke pAsa rakhanA / yaha mudrA vajrAsana jaisI hai / zaGkarAcArya ne paryaGkAsana kI avasthiti isase bhinna mAnI hai / unake anusAra ghuTanoM ko mor3a, hAthoM ko phailA kara sonA 'paryaGkAsana' hai / ' yaha mudrA suptavajrAsana jaisI hai / suptavajrAsana ko paryaGkAsana mAnA jAe 1. pAtaJjalayogasUtra, 2046, bhASya / 2. sthAnAMga, 5 / 45, vRtti: paryaGkA - jina pratimAnAmiva yA padmAsanamiti rUDhA, arddha paryaGkA - UrAvekapAdanivezanalakSaNeti / 3. yogazAstra, 4 / 125, 126 / 4. (ka) yogazAstra, 4 / 125 : syAjjaMghayoradhobhAge, pAdopari kRte sati / paryaGko nAbhigottAna dakSiNottara pANikaH // kha amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 8 / 46 : budhairuparyadhobhAge, samastayoH kRte jJeyaM, 2147, 5. pAtaJjalayogasUtra, paryaGkAsanam / 166 kintu usake prakAroM kA AsanoM kA ullekha kiyA 11. samasaMsthAna, 12. sthirasukha aura 13. yathAsukha / ghayorubhayorapi / paryaGkAsanamAsanam // bhASya vivaraNa : AjAnuprasAritabAhuzayanaM

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200 saMskRti ke do pravAha to vajrAsana ko ardha-paryaGkAsana mAnA jA sakatA hai| kintu jaina AcAryoM kA mata isase bhinna hai| ve vajrAsana kI mudrA ko paryaGkAsana aura ardhavajrAsana (eka ghuTane ko Upara rakha kara baiThane kI mudrA) ko ardha-paryaGkAsana mAnate haiN| vIrAsana zaGkarAcArya ke anusAra kisI eka paira ko sikor3a ghuTane ko Upara kI ora rakhakara dUsare paira ke ghuTane ko bhUmi se saTA kara baiThanA vIrAsana hai|' bRhatkalpabhASya ke anusAra kursI para baiThane se zarIra kI jo sthiti hotI hai, usa sthiti meM kursI ke binA rahanA vIrAsana hai| ... aparAjitasUri (vikrama kI 12 vIM zatAbdI) ne vIrAsana kA artha 'donoM jaMghAoM meM antara DAla kara unheM phailA kara baiThanA' kiyA hai| ___ AcArya hemacandra ne bRhatkalpa bhASya ke artha ko matAntara ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA hai| unakA apanA mata yaha hai-bAeM paira ko dAI jaMghA para aura dAeM paira ko bAI jaMghA para rakha kara baiThanA vIrAsana hai| unake anusAra isa mudrA ko kucha yogAcArya padmAsana bhI mAnate haiN| paM0 AzAdhara 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, gAthA 5653, vRtti : ardhaparyaGkA yasyAmekaM jAnumutpATayati / 2. pAtaJjalayogasUtra, 2 / 47, bhASyavivaraNa : kuMcitAnyatarapAdamavanivinyastA. parajAnukaM vIrAsanam / / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya, gAthA 5654, vRtti: 'vIrAsaNaM tu sIhAsaNe va jaha mukkajaNNukaNiviTTho'-vRtti-vIrAsanaM nAma yathA siMhAsane upaviSTo bhUnyastapAda Aste tathA tasyApanayane kRte'pi siMhAsana iva niviSTo muktajAnuka iva nirAlambane'pi yad Aste / duSkaraM caitad, ataeva vIrasya-sAhasikasyAsanaM virAsanamityucyate / 4. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 225, vijayodayA vRtti : vIrAsaNaM-jaMghe viprakRSTadeze kRtvAsanam / 5. yogazAstra, 4 / 128 : siMhAsanAdhirUDhasyAsanApanayane sati / tathaivAva sthiti tAmanye vIrAsanaM viduH // 6. vahI, 4 / 126 : vAmo'hrirda kSiNorUdhvaM, vAmorUpari dakSiNaH / kriyate yatra tadvIrocitaM vIrAsanaM smRtam / / 7. vahI, 41126 vRtti : padmAsanamityeke /

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yoga 201 jI (vi0 saM0 13 vIM zatAbdI) kA artha AcArya hemacandra kA samarthana karatA hai / ' AcArya amitagati kA mata yahI hai|' padmAsana ___ Agamokta AsanoM meM padmAsana kA ullekha nahIM hai| pahale batAyA jA cukA hai ki abhayadeva sUri paryaGkAsana kA artha padmAsana karate haiN| Agama-kAla meM padmAsana ke lie 'paryaGkAsana' zabda pracalita rahA ho to jaina paramparA meM padmAsana kA bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna mAnA jA sakatA hai| isakA ullekha jJAnArNava', amitagati zrAvakAcAra, yogazAstra Adi granthoM meM milatA hai| amitagati ke anusAra eka jaMghA ke sAtha dUsarI jaMghA kA samabhAga meM jo AzleSa hotA hai, vaha padmAsana hai| AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra jaMghA ke madhya bhAga meM dUsarI jaMghA kA zleSa karanA padmAsana hai| somadeva sUri ke anusAra jisame donoM paira donoM ghuTanoM se nIce donoM piNDaliyoM para rakha kara baiThA jAtA hai, use padmAsana kahate haiN|' zaGkarAcArya ne padmAsana kA artha kiyA hai.---'bAeM paira ko dAIM jaMghA para aura dAeM paira ko bAIM jaMghA para rakha kara baitthnaa|" 1. mUlArAdhanA darpaNa, 3 / 225 : vIrAsaNaM-UrUdvayopari pAdadvayavinyAsaH / 2. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 8 / 47 : Urvorupari nikSepe, pAdayovihite sati / vIrAsanaM ciraM kattaM, zakyaM vIrairna kAtaraiH / / 3. jJAnArNava, 28 / 10 / 4. amitagati, zrAvakAcAra, 8 / 45 : jaMghAyA jaMghayA zleSe, samabhAge prakIrtitam / padmAsane sukhAdhAyi, susAdhyaM sakalaijanaiH / / 5. yogazAstra, 4 / 126 : jaMghAyA madhyabhAge tu, saMzleSo yatra jNghyaa| padmAsanamiti proktaM, tadAsanavicakSaNaH / / 6. upAsakAdhyayana, 36732 : __ saMnyastAbhyAmadhoGighrabhyAmUrvorupari yuktitaH / bhavecca samagulphAbhyAM padmavIrasukhAsanam // 7. pAtaJjala yogasUtra, 2 / 46, vivaraNa : tatra padmAsanaM nAma-savyaM pAdamupasaMhRtya dakSiNopari nidadhIta, tathaiva dakSiNaM savyasyopariSTAt /

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202 saMskRti ke do pravAha gorakSasaMhitA ke anusAra bAeM Uru para dAyAM paira aura dAeM Uru para bAyAM paira rakhakara donoM hAthoM ko pIche le jA, dAeM hAtha se dAeM paira kA aura bAeM hAtha se bAeM paira kA aMgUThA pakar3a kara baiThanA padmAsana hai| yaha baddha-padmAsana kA lakSaNa hai / mukta padmAsana meM donoM hAthoM ko pIche le jAkara aMgUThe nahIM pakar3e jaate| - somadeva sUri ne padmAsana, vIrAsana aura sukhAsana meM jo antara kiyA hai, vaha bahuta upayukta lagatA hai| padmAsana kA artha pahale batAyA jA cakA hai| jisameM donoM paira donoM ghuTanoM ke Upara ke hisse para rakha kara baiThA jAtA hai arthAta dAIM Uru ke Upara bAyAM paira aura bAIM Uru ke Upara dAyAM paira rakhA jAtA hai, use 'vIrAsana' kahate haiN| jisameM pairoM kI gAMTha barAbara rahatI hai, use 'sukhAsana' kahate haiN|' daNDAyata bRhatkalpabhASya vRtti ke anusAra isakA artha hai 'daNDa kI bhAMti lambA hokara paira pasAra kara baitthnaa|" AcArya hemacandra aura zaGkara ke abhimata meM yaha baiTha kara kiyA jAne vAlA Asana hai| unake anusAra yaha Asana baiThakara, pairoM ko phailA kara, TakhanoM, aMgUThoM aura ghuTanoM ko saTA kara kiyA jAtA hai| ___kintu aparAjita sUri ne use 'zayanayoga' mAnA hai| unake anusAra 1. gorakSasaMhitA : vAmorUpari dakSiNaM hi caraNaM saMsthApya vAmaM tathApyanyorUpari tasya bandhanavidhau dhRtvA karAbhyAM dRDham / aMguSThaM hRdaye nidhAya cibukaM nAsAgramAlokayedetad vyAdhivinAzakAri yaminAM padmAsanaM procyate // 2. upasakAdhyayana, 361732 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya, gAthA 5954, vRtti : daNDasyevAyataM.-.--pAdaprasAraNena dIrgha .yada AsanaM tad daNDAsanam / 4. (ka) yogazAstra, 4 / 131 : zliSTAMgulI zliSTagulpho bhUzliSToru prasArayet / yatropavizya pAdau taddaNDAsanamudIritam // (kha) pAtajjalayogasUtra, 2 / 46, bhASya-vivaraNa : samagulpho samAMguSThau prasArayan samajAnU pAdau daNDavadyenopavizet tat daNDAsanam /

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yoga 203 vaha daNDa kI bhAMti zarIra ko lambA kara, sIdhA sokara kiyA jAtA hai / ' vartamAna meM karaNIya Asana jaina paramparA meM kaThora Asana aura sukhAsana - donoM prakAra ke Asana pracalita the, kintu vikrama kI sahasrAbdI ke antima caraNa meM kucha AcAryoM kI yaha dhAraNA bana gaI ki vartamAnakAla meM zArIrika zakti kI durbalatA ke kAraNa kAyotsarga aura paryaGka--ye do Asana hI prazasta haiM / " Asana tIna prayojanoM se kie jAne the - ( 1 ) iMdriya - nigraha ke lie, (2) viziSTa vizuddhi ke lie aura ( 3 ) dhyAna ke lie / viziSTa vizuddhi ke lie tathA kiMcit mAtrA meM iMdriya - nigraha ke lie kie jAne vAle Asana ugra hote isalie unheM kAya- kleza tapa kI koTi meM rakhA gayA / dhyAna ke lie kaThora Asana kA vidhAna nahIM hai| jisa Asana se mana sthira ho, vahI Asana vihita hai / " jinasena ne dhyAna kI dRSTi se zarIra kI viSama sthiti ko 'anupayukta batalAyA / unhoMne likhA- 'viSama AsanoM se zarIra kA nigraha hotA hai, usase mAnasika pIr3A aura vimanaskatA hotI hai / vimanaskatA kI sthiti meM dhyAna nahIM ho sakatA / ataH dhyAnakAla meM sukhAsana hI iSTa hai / kAyotsarga aura paryaGka - ye do Asana sukhAsana haiM, zeSa saba viSama Asana haiM / ina donoM meM bhI mukhyataH paryaGka hI sukhAsana hai / " 1. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 225, vijayodayA vRtti : daNDavadAyataM zarIraM kRtvA zayanam / 2. jJAnArNava, 28 / 12 / kAyotsargazca paryaGkaH, prazastaM kaizcidIritam / dehinAM vIryavaikalyAt, kAladoSeNa samprati // 3. ( ka ) jJAnArNava, 28 / 11 : yena yena sukhAsInA, vidadhyurnizcalaM manaH / tattadeva vidheyaM syAnmunibhirbandhurAsanam / / (kha) yogazAstra, 4 / 134 : jAyate yena yeneha vihitena sthiraM manaH / tat tadeva vidhAtavyamAsanaM dhyAnamAsanam / / 4. mahApurANa 21170-72 : visaMsthulAsanasthasya, dhruvaM gAtrasya nigrahaH / tannigrahAnmanaH pIDA, tatazca vimanaskatA // vaimanasye ca kiM dhyAyet, tasmAdiSTaM sukhAsanam / kAyotsargazca paryakastato'nyadddviSamAsanam //

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204 saMskRti ke do pravAha jinasena ne dhyAna ke lie sukhAsana kI upayuktatA svIkRta kI, kiMtu kaThora AsanoM ko sarvathA anupayukta nahIM mAnA / kAyika duHkhoM kI titikSA, sukhAsakti kI hAni aura dharma-prabhAvanA ke lie unhoMne kAyakleza kA samarthana kiyaa| ___ zubhacandra aura hemacandra ne dhyAna ke lie kisI Asana kA vidhAna nahIM kiyaa| use dhyAna karane vAle kI icchA para hI chor3a diyaa| amitagati ne padmAsana, paryaGkAsana, vIrAsana, utkaTukAsana aura gavAsana-- sAmAnyataH itane hI Asana mumukSu ke lie upayogI btlaae| dhyAna ke lie sukhAsana honA cAhie, isa viSaya meM sabhI AcArya ekamata haiM, kintu kaThora AsanoM ke viSaya meM ekamata nahIM haiM / 'kAladoSeNa samprati'---isa vicAradhArA ne jaise sAdhanA ke anya aneka kSetroM ko prabhAvita kiyA, vaise hI Asana bhI usase prabhAvita hue aura unako karane kI paddhati jaina paramparA meM vilupta-sI ho gii| gamanayoga yaha sthAnayoga kA pratipakSI hai| zakti-saMcaya aura Alasya-vijaya ke dvArA isa yoga kA pratipAdana huA hai| isake chaha prakAra haiM 1. anusUryagamana- teja dhUpa meM pUrva se pazcima kI ora jaanaa| 2. pratisUryagamana- pazcima se pUrva kI ora jaanaa| 3. Urdhvagamana- sUrya madhya meM ho, usa samaya jAnA / 4. tiryakasUryagamana- sUrya tirachA ho, usa samaya jaanaa| tadavasthAdvayasyaiva, prAdhAnyaM dhyAyato yateH / prAyastatrApi palyaGka, Amananti sukhAsanam / / 1. vahI, 2061 : kAyAsukhatitikSArtha, sukhAsaktezca hAnaye / dharmaprabhAvanArthaJca, kAyaklezamupeyuSe / / 2. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 8146 / vinayAsaktacittAnAM, kRtikarmavidhAyinAm / na kAryavyatirekeNa, paramAsanamiSyate / / 3. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 224 : aNusUrI paDisUrI ya, uDDhasUrI ya tiriyasUrI ya / ubhAgeNa ya gamaNaM, paDiAgamaNaM ca gaMtUNaM / /

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poga 205 5. anyagrAmagamana- jahAM avasthita ho, vahAM se dUsare gAMva meM bhikSArtha jaanaa| 6. pratyAgamana- dUsare gAMva meM jAkara vApasa aanaa| AtApanA-yoga AtApanA kA artha hai 'sUrya kA tApa shnaa'| yaha sUrya kI razmiyoM yA garmI ko zarIra meM saMcita kara gupta zaktiyoM ko jagAne kI prakriyA hai, isalie yaha yoga hai| AtApanA-yoga tIna prakAra kA hai-- 1. utkRSTa-- garma zilA Adi para leTa kara tApa sahanA / 2. madhyama- baiTha kara tApa sahanA / 3. jaghanya- khar3e raha kara tApa sahanA / utkRSTa AtApanA ke tIna prakAra haiM--- 1. utkRSTa-utkRSTa-chAtI ke bala leTa kara tApa sahanA / 2. utkRSTa-madhyama- dAeM yA bAeM pArzva se leTa kara tApa sahanA / 3. utkRSTa-jaghanya-pITha ke bala leTa kara tApa sahanA / madhyama AtApanA ke tIna prakAra haiM1. madhyama-utkRSTa- paryaGkAsana meM baiTha kara tApa sahanA / 2. madhyama-madhyama- ardha-paryaGkAsana meM baiTha kara tApa sahanA / 3. madhyama-jaghanya- ukaDU Asana meM baiTha kara tApa sahanA / jaghanya AtApanA ke tIna prakAra haiM - 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, gAthA 5945 : AyAvaNA ya tivihA, ukkosA majjhimA jahaNNA ya / ukkosA u nivaNNA, nisaNNa majjhATThiya jahaNNA // 2. vahI, gAthA 5646 : tivihA hoi nivaNNA, omatthiya pAsa taiyamuttANA / . ukkosukkosA ukkosamajjhimA ukkosagajahaNNA / / 3. vahI, gAthA 5647,48 : majjhukkosA duhao vi majjhimA majjhimA jahaNNA ya / ahamukkosA'hamamajjhimA ya ahamAhamAcarimA / paliyaMka addhakkuDuga bho ya tivihA u majjhimA hoi / taiyA u hatthisuMDegapAda samapAdigA ceva // 4. vahI, gAthA 5947-48 /

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206 saMskRti ke do pravAha 1. jaghanya-utkRSTa- hastizuNDikA / ' eka paira ko pasAra kara tApa shnaa| 2. jghny-mdhym---ekpaadikaa| eka paira ke bala para khar3e raha kara tApa shnaa| 3. jghny-jghny-smpaadikaa| donoM pairoM ko samazreNi meM rakha, khar3e-khar3e tApa sahanA / tapoyoga tapa ke do bheda haiM---bAhya aura Abhyantara / donoM ke chaha-chaha prakAra haiN| bAhya tapa ke chaha prakAra ye haiM(1) anazana yaha bAhya tapa kA pahalA prakAra hai| isake do bheda haiM--- 1. itvarika---alpakAlika / 2. yaavtkthit-mrnnkaalbhaavii| muni ke lie AhAra karanA aura na karanA-donoM sahetuka haiN|' jaba taka apanA zarIra jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI ArAdhanA meM sahAyaka rahe, usake dvArA nae-nae vikAsa upalabdha hoM taba taka vaha zarIra kA poSaNa kre| jaba yaha lage ki isa zarIra ke dvArA koI vizeSa upalabdhi nahIM ho rahI haijJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA nayA unmeSa nahIM A rahA hai, taba zarIra kI upekSA kara de-AhAra kA parityAga kara de|' yaha siddhAnta AmaraNabhAvI anazana ke lie hai| alpakAlika anazana kA siddhAnta yaha hai ki indriyavijaya yA citta-zuddhi ke lie jaba jaisI AvazyakatA ho, vaisA anazana kre| isakI sAmAnya maryAdA yaha hai ki indriya aura yoga kI hAni na ho tathA mana amaMgala cintana na kare, taba taka tapasyA kI jaae| vaha Atma-zuddhi 1. bRhatkalpabhASya, gAthA 5648, vRtti : putaabhyaamupvissttsyekpaadotpaattnruupaa| bRhatkalpabhASya, 5953 kI vRtti meM hastizuNDikA ko niSadyA kA eka prakAra mAnA hai aura jaghanya AtApanA meM khar3A rahane kA vidhAna hai| vastutaH isa Asana meM baiThane aura khar3A rahane kA mizraNa hai| 2. uttarAdhyayana, 26 // 31-34 / 3. vahI, 417 : lAbhAntare jIviya vahaittA, pacchA parinnAya mlaavdhNsii| 4. maraNasamAdhi prakIrNaka, 134 : so hu tavo kAyavvo, jeNa maNo'maMgalaM na citei / jeNa na iMdiyAhANI, jeNa jogA na hAyaMti //

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yoga 207 ke lie hai| usase saMkalpa-vikalpa yA ArtadhyAna kI vRddhi nahIM honI caahie| (2) avamaudarya yaha bAhya tapa kA dUsarA prakAra hai| isakA artha hai 'jisa vyakti kI jitanI AhAra mAtrA hai, usase kama khaanaa|' isake pAMca prakAra kie gae 1. dravya kI dRSTi se avamaudarya / 2. kSetra kI dRSTi se avamaudarya / 3. kAla kI dRSTi se avamaudarya / 4. bhAva kI dRSTi se avamaudarya / 5. paryava kI dRSTi se avamaudarya / aupapAtika meM isakA vibhAjana isa prakAra hai-- 1. dravyata: avamaudarya / 2. bhAvataH avamaudarya / dravyataH avamaudarya ke do prakAra haiM---- 1. upakaraNa avmaudry| 2. bhakta-pAna avamaudarya / bhakta-pAna avamaudarya ke aneka prakAra haiM1. ATha grAsa khAne vAlA alpAhArI hotA hai| 2. bAraha grAsa khAne vAlA apArddha avamaudarya hotA hai| 3. solaha grAsa khAne vAlA arddha avamaudarya hotA hai| 4. caubIsa grAsa khAne vAlA pauna avamaudarya hotA hai| 5. ikatIsa grAsa khAne vAlA kiMcit Una avamaudarya hotA hai|' yaha kalpanA bhojana kI pUrNa mAtrA ke AdhAra para kI gaI hai| puruSa ke AhAra kI pUrNa mAtrA battIsa grAsa aura strI ke AhAra kI pUrNa mAtrA aTThAisa grAsa hai| grAsa kA parimANa murgI ke aNDe athavA hajAra cAvala jitanA batalAyA gayA hai| 2. aupapAtika, sUtra 16 / 3. mUlArAdhanA, 33211 / 4. aupapAtika, sUtra 16 / 5. mUlArAdhanA, darpaNa, pR0 427 : grAsozrAvi sahasrataMdulamitaH /

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20 saMskRti ke do pravAha isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jitanI bhUkha ho, usase eka kavala. taka kama khAnA bhI avamaudarya hai| nidrA-vijaya, samAdhi, svAdhyAya, parama saMyama aura iMdriya-vijaya-ye avamaudarya ke phala haiN| krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, kalaha Adi ko kama karanA bhI avamaudarya (3) bhikSAvarI (vRtti-saMkSepa) __ yaha bAhya tapa kA tIsarA prakAra hai| isakA dUsarA nAma 'vRttisaMkSepa' yA 'vRtti-parisaMkhyAna' hai| isakA artha hai 'vividha prakAra ke abhigrahoM ke dvArA bhikSA-vRtti ko saMkSipta karanA / (4) rasa-parityAga yaha bAhya tapa kA cauyA prakAra hai| isakA artha hai(1) dUdha, dahI, ghI Adi kA tyAga / (2) praNIta-snigdha pAna-bhojana kA tyAga / aupapAtika meM isakA vistAra milatA hai| vahAM isake nimnalikhita prakAra milate haiM 1. nirvikRti-vikRti kA tyAga / 2. praNIta rasa-parityAga-snigdha va gariSTha AhAra kA tyAga / 3. AcAmAmla-Amla-rasa mizrita bhAta Adi kA AhAra / 4. AyAmasiktha bhojana-osAmaNa meM mizrita anna kA AhAra / 5. arasa AhAra-hIMga Adi se saMskRta aahaar| 6. virasa AhAra-purAne dhAnya kA AhAra / 7. antya AhAra-valla Adi tuccha dhAnya kA AhAra / 8. prAntya AhAra-ThaNDA AhAra / 6. rUkSa aahaar| 1. mUlArAdhanA, amitagati 211 / 2. aupapAtika, sUtra 16 / 3. samavAyAMga, samavAya 6 / 4. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 2 / 7 / 5. dekhie-uttarAdhyayana, 30 / 25 kA TippaNa / 6. uttarAdhyayana 30 / 26 / 7. aupapAtika, sUtra 16 1.

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yoga 206 isa tapa kA prayojana hai svAda - vijaya / isIlie rasa-parityAga karane vAlA vikRti, sarasa va svAdu bhojana nahIM khAtA / vikRtiyAM nau haiM--' 1. dUdha, 2. dahI, 3. navanIta 4. ghRta, 5. taila, inameM madhu, madya, mAMsa aura navanIta - ye cAra mahA vikRtiyAM haiM / jina vastuoM se jIbha aura mana vikRta hote haiM - svAda - lolupa yA viSaya- lolupa banate haiM, unheM 'vikRti' kahA jAtA hai| paNDita AzAdharajI ne isake cAra prakAra batalAe haiM'. 6. guDa, 7. madhu, 8. madya aura 6. mAMsa / 1. go-rasa vikRti - dUdha, dahI, ghRta, makkhana Adi / 2. ikSu-rasa vikRti - gur3a, cInI Adi / 3. phala - rasa vikRti - aMgUra, Ama Adi phaloM ke rasa / 4. dhAnya- rasa vikRti - tela, mAMDa Adi / svAdiSTa bhojana ko bhI vikRti kahA jAtA hai / isalie rasaparityAga karane vAlA zAka, vyaMjana, namaka Adi kA bhI varjana karatA hai / mUlArAdhanA ke anusAra dUdha, dahI, ghRta, taila aura gur3a-inameM se kisI eka kA athavA ina sabakA parityAga karanA rasa- parityAga hai tathA avagAhima vikRti (miThAI ) pUr3e, patra- zAka, dAla, namaka Adi kA tyAga bhI rasaparityAga hai / " rasa - parityAga karane vAle muni ke lie nimna prakAra ke bhojana kA vidhAna hai - 1. arasa AhAra - svAda rahita bhojana / 2. anya velA kRta -- ThaNDA bhojana / 1. sthAnAMga, 23 / 2. (ka) sthAnAMga, 4 / 185 / (kha) mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 213 | 3. sAgAradharmAmRta, TIkA 5 / 35 4. sAgAradharmAmRta, TIkA 5 / 35 / 5. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 215 / 6. vahI, 3 / 216 |

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210 3. zuddhodana - zAka Adi se rahita korA bhAta / 4. rUkhA bhojana ghRta-rahita bhojana / 5. AcAmAmla - amla - rasa - sahita bhojana / 6. AyAmodana - jisameM thor3A jala aura adhika anna bhAga ho, aisA AhAra athavA osAmaNa sahita bhAta | 7. vikaTaudana - bahuta pakA huA bhAta athavA garma jala milA huA bhAta / jo rasa - parityAga karatA hai, usake tIna bAteM phalita hotI haiM'1. saMtoSa kI bhAvanA, 2. brahmacarya kI ArAdhanA aura 3. vairAgya / (5) kAyakleza kAyakleza bAhya tapa kA pAMcavAM prakAra hai / uttarAdhyayana 20 / 17 meM kAyakleza kA artha 'vIrAsana Adi kaThora Asana karanA' kiyA gayA hai / sthAnAMga meM kAyakleza ke sAta prakAra nirdiSTa haiM 1. sthAna kAyotsarga, 2. UkaDU Asana 3. pratimA Asana, 4. vIrAsana, 2. UkaDU Asana, 3. pratimA Asana, 4. vIrAsana, 5. niSadyA, aupapAtika meM kAyakleza ke aneka prakAra batalAe gae haiM! 1. sthAna kAyotsarga, 6 AtApanA, 7. vastra tyAga, 8. akaNDUyana --- khAja na karanA, 8. aniSThIvana - thUkane kA tyAga aura 10. sarvagAtra - parikarma --- vibhUSA kA varjana / AcArya vasunandi ke anusAra AcAmla, nirvikRti, eka-sthAna, 1. mUlArAdhanA amitagati 217 : saMtoSa bhAvitaH samyag brahmacaryaM prapAlitam / darzitaM svasya vairAgyaM kurvANena rasojjhanam // saMskRti ke do pravAha 2. sthAnAMga, 7 / 46 3. aupapAtika, sUtra 16 / 5. niSadyA, 6. daNDAyata aura 7. lagaNDazayanAsana /

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yoga 211 upavAsa, belA Adi ke dvArA zarIra ko kRza karanA 'kAyakleza' hai| yaha vyAkhyA ukta vyAkhyAoM se bhinna hai| vaise to upavAsa Adi karane meM kAyA ko kleza hotA hai, kintu bhojana se sambandhita anazana, UnodarI, vRtti-saMkSepa aura rasa-parityAga-ina cAroM bAhya tapoM se kAyakleza kA lakSaNa bhinna honA cAhie, isa dRSTi se kAyakleza kI vyAkhyA upavAsa pradhAna na hokara anAsakti-pradhAna honI cAhie / zarIra ke prati nirmamatva-bhAva rakhanA tathA use prApta karane ke lie Asana Adi sAdhanA tathA usakI sAja-sajjA va saMvArane se udAsIna rahanA-yaha kAyakleza kA mUlasparzI artha honA caahie| uttarAdhyayana ke dUsare adhyayana meM jo parISaha batalAe gae haiM, unase yaha bhinna hai / kAyakleza svayaM icchAnusAra kiyA jAtA hai aura parISaha samAgata kaSTa hotA hai| zrutasAgara gaNi ke anusAra grISma Rtu meM dhUpa meM, zIta Rtu meM khule sthAna meM aura varSA Rtu meM vRkSa ke nIce sonA, nAnA prakAra kI pratimAeM aura Asana karanA 'kAya-kleza' hai|' 6. pratisaMlInatA uttarAdhyayana 308 meM bAhya tapa kA chaThA prakAra saMlInatA' batalAyA gayA hai aura 30 / 28 meM usakA nAma 'vivikta zayanAsana' hai| bhagavatI (251572) meM chaThA prakAra 'pratisaMlInatA' hai| tattvArtha sUtra (6 / 16) meM 'vivikta-zayanAsana' bAhya tapa kA chaThA prakAra hai| isa prakAra kucha graMthoM meM 'saMlInatA' yA pratisaMlInatA' aura kucha graMthoM meM viviktazayyAsana' yA 'vivikta-zayyA' kA prayoga milatA hai| kintu aupapAtika ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUla zabda 'pratisaMlInatA' hai| 'vivikta-zayanAsana' usI kA eka avAntara bheda hai| pratisaMlInatA cAra prakAra kI hotI hai1. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra, zloka 351 : AyaMbilaNivviyaDI eyaTThANaM cha?mAi khavaNehiM / jaM kIrai taNutAvaM kAyakileso muNeyavvo // 2. tattvArtha, 6 / 16, zrutasAgarIya vRtti : yadRcchyA samAgataH parISahaH, svayameva kRtaH kAyakleza iti parISahakAyaklezayovizeSaH / 3. vahI, 6.16, zrutasAgarIya vRtti /

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212 saMskRti ke do pravAha (1) indriya pratisaMlInatA, (3) yoga pratisaMlInatA aura (2) kaSAya pratisaMlInatA, (4) vivikta-zayanAsana-sevana / ' prastuta adhyayana meM saMlInatA kI paribhASA kevala vivikta-zayanAsana ke rUpa meM kI gaI, yaha Azcarya kA viSaya hai| ho sakatA hai sUtrakAra isI ko mahattva denA cAhate hoN| tattvArtha satra Adi uttaravartI graMthoM meM bhI isI kA anusaraNa haA hai| vivikta-zayanAsana kA artha mUla-pATha meM spaSTa hai| mUlarAdhanA ke anusAra jahAM zabda, rasa, gaMdha aura sparza ke dvArA cittavikSepa nahIM hotA, svAdhyAya aura dhyAna meM vyAghAta nahIM hotA, vaha viviktazayyA hai / jahAM strI, puruSa aura napuMsaka na hoM, vaha vivikta-zayyA hai| bhale phira usake dvAra khale hoM yA banda, usakA prAGgaNa sama ho yA viSama, vaha gAMva ke bAhya-bhAga meM ho yA madhya-bhAga meM, zIta ho yA USNa / vivikta-zayyA ke chaha prakAra ye haiM-(1) zUnya-gRha, (2) giriguphA, (3) vRkSa-mUla, (4) Agantuka-AgAra (vizrAma-gRha), (5)devakula, akRtrima zilA-gRha aura (6) kUTa-gRha / / vivikta zayyA meM rahane se nimna doSoM se sahaja hI bacAva ho jAtA hai-(1) kalaha, (2) bola (zabda bahulatA), (3) jhaMjhA (saMkleza), (4) vyAmoha, (5) sAMkarya (asaMyamiyoM ke sAtha mizraNa), (6) mamatva tathA (7) dhyAna aura svAdhyAya kA vyAghAta / ' bAhya tapa ke prayojana 1. anazana ke prayojana-- (ka) saMyama-prApti / (kha) rAga-nAza / (ga) karma-mala vizodhana / (gha) sadhyAna kI prApti / (3) shaastraabhyaas| 1. aupapAtika, sUtra 16: se kiM taM paDisaMlINayA ? paDisaMlINayA cauvihA paNNattA, taM jahA-iMdiapaDisalINayA kasAyapaDisalINayA jogapaDisalINayA vivittsynnaasnnsevnnyaa| 2. tattvArtha sutra, 6 / 16 : anazanAvamaudaryavRttiparisaMkhyAnarasaparityAgaviviktazayyA sanakAyaklezA bAhya tapaH / / 3. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 228,226,231,232 /

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yoga 2. avamodaya ke prayojana(ka) saMyama meM saavdhaantaa| (kha) vAta, pitta, zleSma Adi doSoM kA upazamana / (ga) jJAna, dhyAna Adi kI siddhi| 3. vattisaMkSepa ke prayojana(ka) bhojana sambandhI AzA para aMkuza / (kha) bhojana sambandhI saMkalpa-vikalpa aura cintA kA niyaMtraNa / 9. rasa-parityAga ke prayojana---- (ka) indriy-nigrh| (kha) nidrA-vijaya / (ga) svAdhyAya-dhyAna kI siddhi / 5. vivikta-zayyA ke prayojana (ka) bAdhAoM se mukti / (kha) brhmcry-siddhi| (ga) svAdhyAya, dhyAna kI siddhi / 6. kAyakleza ke prayojana(ka) zArIrika kaSTa-sahiSNutA kA sthira abhyAsa / (kha) zArIrika sukha kI zraddhA se mukti / (ga) jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA / ' bAhya tapa ke pariNAma : 1. sukha kI bhAvanA svayaM parityakta ho jAtI hai| 2. zarIra kRza ho jAtA hai| 3. AtmA saMvega meM sthApita hotI hai 4. indriya-damana hotA hai| 5. samAdhi-yoga kA sparza hotA hai| 6. vIrya-zakti kA upayoga hotA hai 7. jIvana kI tRSNA vicchinna hotI hai| 8. saMkleza-rahita duHkha-bhAvanA-kaSTa-sahiSNutA kA abhyAsa hotA hai| 6. deha, rasa aura sukha kA pratibandha nahIM rhtaa| 10. kaSAya kA nigraha hotA hai| 1. tattvArtha, 20, zrutasAgarIya vRtti /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha 11. viSaya-bhogoM ke prati anAdara - udAsIna bhAva utpanna hotA hai / 12. samAdhi-maraNa kA sthira abhyAsa hotA hai / 13. Atma- damana hotA hai - Aha ra Adi kA anurAga kSINa hotA hai / 14. AhAra - nirAzatA - AhAra kI abhilASA ke tyAga kA abhyAsa hotA hai / 214 15. amRddhi bar3hatI hai / 16. lAbha aura alAbha meM sama rahane kA abhyAsa sadhatA hai / 17. brahmacaryaM siddha hotA hai / 18. nidvA-vijaya hotI hai / 16. dhyAna kI dRr3hatA prApta hotI hai / 20. vimukti - viziSTa tyAga kA vikAsa hotA hai / 21. darpa kA nAza hotA hai / 22. svAdhyAya-yoga kI nirvighnatA prApta hotI hai / 23. sukha-duHkha meM sama rahane kI sthiti banatI hai / 24. AtmA, kula, gaNa, zAsana - sabakI prabhAvanA hotI hai / 25. Alasya tyakta hotA hai / 26. karma - mala kA vizodhana hotA hai / 27. dUsaroM ko saMvega utpanna hotA hai / 28. mithyAdRSTiyoM meM bhI saumya bhAva utpanna hotA hai / 26. mukti-mArga kA prakAzana hotA hai / 30. tIrthaGkara kI AjJA kI ArAdhanA hotI hai / 31. deha - lAghava prApta hotA hai / 32. zarIra-sneha kA zoSaNa hotA hai / 33. rAga Adi kA upazama hotA hai / 34. AhAra kI parimitatA hone se nIrogatA bar3hatI hai / 35 santoSa bar3hatA hai / ' Abhyantara tapa Abhyantara tapa ke chaha prakAra ( 1 ) prAyazcitta - yaha Abhyantara tapa kA pahalA prakAra hai / isake dasa bheda haiM1. AlocanAyogya -- guru ke samakSa apane doSoM kA nivedana karanA / 1. mUlArAdhanA, 3 / 237-244 /

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215 2. pratikramaNayogya-kie hue pApoM se nivRtta hone ke lie 'mithyA me duSkRtam'-mere saba pApa niSphala hoM-aisA kahanA, kAyotsarga Adi karanA tathA bhaviSya meM pApa-karmoM se dUra rahane ke lie sAvadhAna rhnaa| 3. tadubhayayogya-pApa se nivRtta hone ke lie AlocanA aura ___ pratikramaNa-donoM krnaa| 4. viveka-Ae hue azuddha AhAra Adi kA utsarga krnaa| 5. vyutsarga-caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti ke sAtha kAyotsarga karanA / 6. tapa-upavAsa, belA Adi krnaa|| 7. cheda-pApa-nivRtti ke lie saMyamakAla ko cheda kara kama kara denaa| 8. mUla-punaH vratoM meM Aropita karanA-naI dIkSA denaa| 9. anavasthApanA-tapasyA-pUrvaka naI dIkSA denaa| 10.pArAMcika-bhartsanA evaM avahelanA pUrvaka naI dIkSA denaa|' tattvArtha sUtra (22) meM prAyazcitta ke ha hI prakAra batalAe gae haiM, 'pArAMcika' kA ullekha nahIM hai| (2) vinaya __ yaha Abhyantara tapa kA dUsarA prakAra hai| sthAnAMga (7.130), bhagavatI (25 // 582) aura aupapAtika (sU0 20) meM vinaya ke 7 bheda batalAe gae haiM 1. jJAna-vinaya-jJAna ke prati bhakti, bahumAna Adi krnaa| 2. darzana-vinaya-guru kI zuzrUSA karanA, AzAtanA na karanA / 3. cAritra-vinaya-cAritra kA yathArtha prarUpaNa aura anuSThAna krnaa| 4. manovinaya-akuzala mana kA nirodha aura kuzala kI pravRtti / 5. vacana-vinaya-akuzala vacana kA nirodha aura kuzala kI pravRtti / 6. kAya-vinaya-akuzala kAya kA nirodha aura kuzala kI pravatti / 7. lokopacAra-vinaya-loka-vyavahAra ke anusAra vinaya karanA / 1. (ka) sthAnAMga, 1073 / (kha) bhagavatI, 252556 / (ga) aupapAtika, sUtra 20 /

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216 saMskRti ke do pravAha tattvArtha sUtra (623) meM vinaya ke cAra hI prakAra batalAe gae haiM-(1) jJAna-vinaya, (2) darzana-vinaya, (3) cAritra-vinaya aura (4) upacAra-vinaya / (3) vayAvRttya (sevA) vaiyAvRtya Abhyantara tapa kA tIsarA prakAra hai| usake dasa prakAra 1. AcArya kA vaiyAvRttya 7. kula kA vaiyAvRttya 2. upAdhyAya kA vaiyAvRttya 8. gaNa kA vaiyAvattya 3. sthavira kA vaiyAvRttya 6. saMgha kA vaiyAvRttya 4. tapasvI kA vaiyAvRttya 10. sArmika (samAna dharma vAle 5. glAna kA vaiyAvRttya sAdhu-sAdhvI) kA vaiyAvRttya / 6. zaikSa kA vaiyAvRttya yaha vargIkaraNa sthAnAMga (10 / 17) ke AdhAra para hai| bhagavatI (251598) aura aupapAtika (sUtra 20) ke vargIkaraNa kA krama kucha bhinna hai 1. AcArya kA vaiyAvRttya 6. zaikSa kA vaiyAvRttya 2. upAdhyAya kA vaiyAvRttya 7. kula kA vaiyAvRttya 3. sthavira kA vaiyAvRttya 8. gaNa kA vaiyAvRttya 4. tapasvI kA vaitAvRttya 9. saMgha kA vaiyAvRttya 5. glAna kA vaiyAvRttya 10. sArmika kA vaiyAvRttya / tattvArtha sUtra (6 / 24) meM ye kucha parivartana ke sAtha milate haiM1. AcArya kA vaiyAvRttya 2. upAdhyAya kA vaiyAvRttya 3. tapasvI kA vaiyAvRttya 4. zaikSa kA vaiyAvRttya 5. glAna kA vaiyAvRttya 6. gaNa (zruta sthaviroM kI paramparA kA saMsthAna') kA vaiyAvRttya 7. kula kA vaiyAvRttya (eka AcArya kA sAdhu-samudAya 'gaccha' 1. tattvArtha, 624 bhASyAnusAri TIkA : gaNa:--sthavirasaMtatisaMsthitiH / sthaviraparigrahaH, na vayasA paryAyeNa vA, teSAM saMtatiH-~-paramparA tasyAH saMsthAnaM-vartanaM adyApi bhavanaM sNsthitiH|

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phoga 217 kahalAtA hai; eka jAtIya aneka gacchoM ko kula kahA jAtA 8. saMgha (sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka tathA zrAvikA') kA vaiyAvattya / (6) sAdhu kA vaiyAvRttya (10) samanojJa kA vaiyAvRttya (samAna sAmAcArI vAle tathA eka ___- maNDalI meM bhojana karane vAle sAdhu 'samanojJa' kahalAte haiN|') isa vargIkaraNa meM sthavira aura sArmika-ye do prakAra nahIM haiN| unake sthAna para sAdhu aura samanojJa-ye do prakAra haiN| gaNa aura kula kI bhAMti saMgha kA artha bhI sAdhu-paraka hI honA caahie| ye dasoM prakAra kevala sAdhu-samUha ke vividha padoM yA rUpoM se sambaddha haiN| . ... vaiyAvRttya (sevA) kA phala tIrthaGkara-pada kI prApti batalAyA gayA hai| vyAvahArika sevA hI tIrtha ko saMgaThita kara sakatI hai / isa daSTi se bhI isakA bahuta mahattva hai| (4) svAdhyAya yaha Abhyantara tapa kA cauthA prakAra hai| usake pAMca bheda haiM(1) vAcanA, (2) pracchanA, (3) parivartanA, (4) anuprekSA aura (5) dhrmkthaa| tattvArtha sUtra (25) meM inakA krama aura eka nAma bhI bhinna hai(1) vAcanA, (2) pracchanA, (3) anuprekSA, (4) AmnAya aura (5) dhrmopdesh| inameM parivartanA ke sthAna meM AmnAya hai / AmnAya kA artha hai 'zuddha uccAraNa pUrvaka bAra bAra pATha karanA / " 1. tattvArtha, 6 / 24 bhASyAnusAri TIkA : kulamAcAryasaMtatisaMsthitiH, ekAcAryapraNaya" sAdhusamUhI gacchaH, bahUnAM gacchAnAM ekajAtIyAnAM samUhaH kulam / 2. vahI, 6 / 24 . bhASyAnusAri TIkA : sNghshcturvidhH---saadhu-saadhvii-shraavk-shraavikaaH| .. 3. tattvArtha, 1 / 24 bhASyAnusAri TIkA : dvAdazavidhasambhogabhAjaH samanojJajJAnadarzana... cAritrANi manojJAni saha manojaH samanojJAH / 4. uttarAdhyayana, 35 / 43 / 5. dekhie - uttarAdhyayana 26 / 18 kA TippaNa / .... 6. tattvArtha, 6 / 25, zrutasAgarIya vRtti : aSTasthAnoccAravizeSeNa yacchuddhaM ghoSaNaM punaH punaH parivartanaM sa AmnAya kathyate /

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218 saMskRti ke do pravAha parivartanA yA AmnAya ko anuprekSA se pahale rakhanA ucita lagatA AcArya ziSyoM ko par3hAte haiM--yaha 'vAcanA' hai| par3hate samaya yA par3hane ke bAda ziSya ke mana meM jo jijJAsAeM utpanna hotI haiM, unheM vaha prAcArya ke sAmane prastuta karatA hai-yaha 'pracchanA' hai| AcArya se prApta prata ko yAda rakhane ke lie vaha bAra-bAra usakA pATha karatA hai yaha parivartanA' hai / paricita zruta kA marma samajhane ke lie vaha usakA ryAlocana karatA hai-yaha 'anuprekSA' hai / paThita, paricita aura paryAlocita cuta kA vaha upadeza karatA hai-yaha 'dharmakathA' hai| isa krama meM parivartanA kA sthAna anuprekSA se pahale prApta hotA hai| siddhasena gaNi ke anusAra anuprekSA kA artha hai 'grantha aura artha kA mAnasika abhyAsa krnaa|' isameM varNoM kA uccAraNa nahIM hotA aura nAmnAya meM varNoM kA uccAraNa hotA hai, yahI ina donoM meM antara hai|' manuprekSA ke ukta artha ke anusAra use AmnAya se pUrva rakhanA bhI anucita nahIM hai| AmnAya, ghoSavizuddha, parivartana, guNana aura rUpAdAnaye AmnAya yA parivartanA ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiN| ___arthopadeza, vyAkhyAna, anuyogavarNana, dharmopadeza-ye dharmopadeza yA varmakathA ke paryAyavAcI zabda haiN|' (5) dhyAna yaha Abhyantara tapa kA pAMcavAM prakAra hai / sAdhanA-paddhati meM isakA sarvopari mahattva rahA hai| yaha hamArI cetanA kI hI eka avasthA hai| isakA anusandhAna aura abhyAsa sudUra atIta meM ho cukA thaa| koI bhI AdhyAtmaka dhArA isake binA apane sAdhya taka nahIM pahuMca sakatI thii| chAndogya upaniSad ke RSi ke dhyAna mahattva se paricita the| kintu chAndogya meM isakA 1. tattvArtha, 6 / 25 bhASyAnusAri TIkA : sandehe sati grnthaarthyormnsaa'bhyaaso'nuprekssaa| na tu bahirvarNoccAraNamanuzrAvaNIyam / AmnAyo'pi parivartanaM udAttAdi parizuddhamanuzrAvaNIyamabhyAsavizeSaH / 2. vahI, 6 / 25 bhASyAnusAri TIkA : AmnAyo ghoSavizuddhaM parivartanaM guNanaM rUpAdA namityarthaH / 3. vahI, 6 / 25 bhASyAnusAri TIkA : arthopadezo vyAkhyAnaM anuyogavarNanaM dharmopadeza ityanAntaram / 4. chAndogya upaniSad, 7 / 6 / 1-2

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yoga 216 vikasita rUpa prApta nahIM hai / buddha ne dhyAna ko bahuta mahattva diyA thaa| mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhI ise sarvocca sthAna prApta thaa| yogadarzana meM bhI isakA mahattva svIkRta hai| uttaravartI upaniSadoM meM bhI ise bahuta mAnyatA milI hai| bhAratIya sAdhanA kI samagra dhArAoM ne ise satata pravAhita rkhaa| citta aura dhyAna ___mana kI do avasthAeM haiM-(1) cala aura (2) sthir| cala avasthA ko 'citta' aura sthira avasthA ko 'dhyAna' kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH citta aura dhyAna eka hI mana (adhyavasAya) ke do rUpa haiN| mana jaba gupta, ekAgra yA niruddha hotA hai, taba usakI saMjJA dhyAna ho jAtI hai| bhAvanA, anuprekSA aura citA-ye saba citta kI avasthAeM haiN| bhAvanA- dhyAna ke abhyAsa kI kriyaa| anuprekSA- dhyAna ke bAda hone vAlI mAnasika cessttaa| citA- sAmAnya mAnasika cintana / inameM ekAgratA kA vaha rUpa prApta nahIM hotA, jise dhyAna kahA jA ske| dhyAna zabda 'dhyaiG cintAyAm' dhAtu se niSpanna hotA hai| zabda kI utpatti kI dRSTi se dhyAna kA artha cintana hotA hai, kintu pravRtti-labhya artha usase bhinna hai / dhyAna kA artha cintana nahIM kintu cintana kA ekAgrIkaraNa arthAt citta ko kisI eka lakSya para sthira karanA yA usakA nirodha karanA hai| tattvArtha sUtra meM ekAgracintA tathA zarIra, vANI aura mana ke nirodha ko dhyAna kahA gayA hai| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM dhyAna kA sambandha kevala mana se hI nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| vaha mana, vANI aura zarIra-ina tInoM se sambandhita thaa| isa abhimata ke AdhAra para usakI pUrNa paribhASA isa prakAra banatI hai-zarIra, vANI aura mana kI ekAgra pravRtti tathA unakI nirejana dazA-niSprakampa dazA dhyAna hai| pataJjali ne 1. dhyAnazataka 2 : jaM thiramajjhavasANaM taM jhANaM jaM calaM tayaM cittaM / 2. vahI, 2 : taM hojja bhAvaNA vA aNuppehA vA ahava citaa| 3. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1463: aMtomuhuttakAlaM cittassegaggagayA havai jhANaM 4. tattvArtha, sUtra 6 / 27 : uttamasaMhananasyaikAgracintAnirodho dhyAnamAntarmuhUrtAt / 5. Avazyakaniyukti 1467-1468 /

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220 saMskRti ke do pravAha dhyAna kA sambandha kevala mana ke sAtha mAnA hai| unake anusAra jisameM dhAraNA kI gaI ho, usa deza meM dhyeya-viSayaka jJAna kI ekatAnatA (arthAt sadRza pravAha), jo anya jJAnoM se aparAmRSTa ho, ko dhyAna kahA jAtA hai| sadaza pravAha kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki jisa dhyeya viSayaka pahalI vRtti ho, usI viSaya kI dUsarI aura usI viSaya kI tIsarI ho-dhyeya se anya jJAna bIca meM na ho|' pataJjali ne ekAgratA aura nirodha-ye donoM kevala citta ke hI mAne haiN| garuDapurANa meM bhI brahma aura AtmA kI cintA ko dhyAna kahA gayA hai| bauddhadhArA meM bhI dhyAna mAnasika hI mAnA gayA hai| dhyAna kevala mAnasika hI nahIM, kintu vAcika aura kAyika bhI hai| yaha abhimata jaina AcAryoM kA apanA maulika hai| pataJjali ne dhyAna aura samAdhi-ye do aMga pRthak mAnya kie, isalie unake yoga-darzana meM dhyAna kA rUpa bahuta vikasita nahIM huaa| jaina AcAryoM ne dhyAna ko itane vyApaka artha meM svIkAra kiyA ki unheM usase pathaka samAdhi ko mAnane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM huii| pataJjali kI bhASA meM jo samprajJAta samAdhi hai, vahI jaina yoga kI bhASA meM zukladhyAna kA pUrva caraNa hai| pataJjali jise asamprajJAta kahate haiM, vaha jaina-yoga meM zukla-dhyAna kA uttara caraNa hai| dhyAna se samAdhi ko pRthak mAnane kI paramparA jaina sAdhanA paddhati ke uttara kAla meM sthira huI, aisA pratIta hotA hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki jainoM kI dhyAna viSayaka mAnyatA pataJjali se prabhAvita nahIM kevalajJAnI ke kevala nirodhAtmaka dhyAna hI hotA hai, kintu jo kevalajJAnI nahIM haiM unake ekAgratAtmaka aura nirodhAtmaka-donoM dhyAna hote haiN| dhyAna kA saMbaMdha zarIra, vANI aura mana-tInoM se mAnA jAtA rahA, phira bhI usakI paribhASA--citta kI ekAgratA dhyAna hai---isa prakAra kI jAtI rahI hai| bhadrabAhu ke sAmane yaha prazna upasthita thA-yadi dhyAna kA 1. pAtaMjalayogadarzana 3 / 2 tatra pratyayakatAnatA dhyAnam / 2. pAtaMjalayogadarzana 1 / 18 / 3. garuDapurANa, a0 48 : brahmAtmacintA dhyAnaM syAt / 4. vizuddhimArga, pR0 141-151 / / 5. pAtaMjalayogadarzana, yazovijayajI, 1118 : tatra pRthaktvavitarkasavicArakatva vitarkAvicArAkhyazukladhyAnabhedadvaye samprajJAtaH samAdhivatyarthAnAM samyagjJAnAt / 6. vahI, yazovijayajI, 1118 /

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yoga 221 artha mAnasika ekAgratA hai, to isakI saMgati jaina paramparA sammata usa prAcIna artha---zarIra, vANI aura mana kI ekAgra pravatti yA nirejana dazA dhyAna hai ke sAtha kaise hogI ?' AcArya bhadrabAha ne isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA-zarIra meM vAta, pitta, aura kapha-ye tIna dhAtu hote haiN| unameM se jo pracura hotA hai, usI kA vyapadeza kiyA jAtA hai--jaise vAyu kupita hai| jahAM 'vAyu kupita hai'-aisA nirdeza kiyA jAtA hai, usakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki vahAM pitta aura zleSmA nahIM haiN| isI prakAra mana kI ekAgratA dhyAna hai-yaha paribhASA bhI pradhAnatA kI dRSTi se hai| jaise mana kI ekAgratA va nirodha mAnasika dhyAna kahalAtA hai vaise hI 'merA zarIra akampita ho'----yaha saMkalpa kara jo sthirakAya banatA hai, vaha kAyika dhyAna hai|' isI prakAra saMkalpa pUrvaka akathanIya bhASA kA varjana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha vAcika dhyAna hai| jahAM mana ekAgra va apane lakSya ke prati vyApta hotA hai tathA zarIra aura vANI bhI usI lakSya ke prati vyApta hote haiM, vahAM mAnasika kAyika aura vAcika-ye tInoM dhyAna eka sAtha ho jAte haiN| jahAM kAyika yA vAcika dhyAna hotA hai, vahA~ mAnasika dhyAna bhI hotA hai, kintu vahAM usakI pradhAnatA nahIM hotI, isalie vaha mAnasika hI kahalAtA hai / niSkarSa kI bhASA meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki mana sahita vANI aura kAyA kA vyApAra hotA hai, usakA nAma bhAvakriyA hai aura jo bhAvakriyA hai, vaha dhyAna hai|' vAcika yA kAyika dhyAna ke sAtha mana saMlagna hotA hai, phira bhI unakA viSaya eka hotA hai, isalie use anekAgra nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vaha vyakti jo mana se dhyAna karatA hai, vahI vANI se bolatA hai aura usI meM usakI kAyA saMlagna hotI hai / yaha unakI akhaNDatA yA ekAgratA hai| __dhyAna meM zarIra, vANI aura mana kA nirodha hI nahIM hotA, pravRtti bhI hotI hai / sahaja hI prazna hotA hai ki svAdhyAya meM mana kI ekAgratA hotI hai aura dhyAna meM bhI / usa sthiti meM svAdhyAya aura dhyAna ye do kyoM ? svAdhyAya meM mana kI ekAgratA hotI hai kintu vaha ghanIbhUta nahIM hotI isalie use dhyAna kI koTi meM nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| dhyAna citta kI ghanIbhUta avasthA hai| 1. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1467 / 2. vahI, gAthA 1468,1466 / 3. vahI, gAthA 1474 / 4. vahI, gAthA 1476,1477 / 5. vahI, gAthA 1478 / 6. vahI, gAthA 1486 /

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222 saMskRti ke do pravAha svalpa nidrA aura pragAr3ha nidrA meM zubha yA azubha dhyAna nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra navotpanna zizu tathA jinakA citta mUcchita, avyakta, madirApAna se unmatta, viSa Adi se prabhAvita hai, unake bhI dhyAna nahIM hotaa| dhyAna kA artha zUnyatA yA abhAva nahIM hai / apane Alambana meM gAr3ha rUpa se saMlagna hone ke kAraNa jo niSprakampa ho jAtA hai, vahI citta dhyAna kahalAtA hai| madu, avyakta aura anavasthita citta ko dhyAna nahIM kahA jA sktaa| dhyAna cetanA kI vaha avasthA hai, jo apane Alambana ke prati ekAgra hotI hai athavA bAhya-zUnyatA hone para bhI AtmA ke prati jAgarUkatA abAdhita rahatI hai| isIlie kahA gayA hai "jo vyavahAra ke prati suSupta hai, vaha AtmA ke prati jAgarUka hai|" ukta vivaraNa se phalita hotA hai ki cintana-zUnyatA dhyAna nahIM aura vaha cintana bhI dhyAna nahIM hai, jo anekAgra hai| ekAgra cintana dhyAna hai, bhAvakriyA dhyAna hai aura cetanA ke vyApaka prakAza meM citta vilIna ho jAtA hai, vaha bhI dhyAna hai| ina paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para jAnA jA sakatA hai ki jaina AcArya jar3atAmaya zUnyatA va cetanA kI mUrchA ko dhyAna kahanA iSTa nahIM mAnate the| dhyAna ke prakAra ekAgra cintana ko dhyAna kahA jAtA hai, isa vyutpatti ke AdhAra para usake cAra prakAra hote haiM-(1) Arta, (2) raudra, (3) dharma aura (4) zukla / (1) ArtadhyAna-cetanA kI arati yA vedanAmaya ekAgra pariNati ko ArtadhyAna kahA jAtA hai| usake cAra prakAra haiM koI puruSa amanojJa saMyoga se saMyukta hone para usa (amanojJa viSaya) ke viyoga kA citana karatA hai--yaha pahalA prakAra hai| koI puruSa manojJa saMyoga se saMyukta hai, vaha usa (manojJa viSaya) ke viyoga na hone kA ciMtana karatA hai-yaha dUsarA prakAra hai| koI puruSa AtaMka-sadyoghAtI roga ke saMyoga se saMyukta hone para usake viyoga kA ciMtana karatA hai-yaha tIsarA prakAra hai / koI puruSa prItikara kAma-bhoga ke saMyoga se saMyukta hai, vaha usake viyoga na hone kA ciMtana karatA hai--yaha cauthA prakAra hai| 1. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1481-1483 /

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yoga ArttadhyAna ke cAra lakSaNa haiM 1. akranda karanA, 2. zoka karanA, 3. AMsU bahAnA aura 4. vilApa karanA / (2) raudradhyAna - cetanA kI krUratAmaya 'raudradhyAna kahA jAtA hai / usake cAra prakAra haiM ekAgra pariNati ko 1. hiMsAnubandhI- jisameM hiMsA kA anubandha - hiMsA meM satata pravartana ho / anubandha - mRSA meM satata anubandha - corI meM satata 4. saMrakSaNAnubandhI -- jisameM viSaya ke sAdhanoM ke saMrakSaNa kA anubandha - viSaya ke sAdhanoM meM satata pravartana ho / 2. mRSAnubandhI- jisameM mRSA kA pravartana ho / 3. stenAnubandhI- jisameM corI kA pravartana ho / raudradhyAna ke cAra lakSaNa haiM 223 1. anuparatadoSa - prAya: hiMsA Adi se uparata na honA / 2. bahudoSa - hiMsA Adi kI vividha pravRttiyoM meM saMlagna rahanA / 3. ajJAnadoSa - ajJAnavaza hiMsA Adi meM pravRtta honA / 4. AmaraNAntadoSa - maraNAnta taka hiMsA Adi karane kA anutApa na honA / ye donoM dhyAna pApAzrava ke hetu haiM, isIlie inheM 'aprazasta' dhyAna kahA jAtA hai / ina donoM ko ekAgratA kI dRSTi se dhyAna ko koTi meM rakhA gayA hai, kintu sAdhanA kI dRSTi se AtaM aura raudra pariNatimaya ekAgratA vighna hI hai / mokSa ke hetubhUta dhyAna do hI haiM - ( 1 ) dharma aura ( 2 ) zukla / inase Azrava kA nirodha hotA hai, isalie inheM 'prazasta dhyAna' kahA jAtA hai| (3) dharmadhyAna- vastu-dharma yA satya kI gaveSaNA meM pariNata cetanA kI ekAgratA ko 'dharmadhyAna' kahA jAtA hai| isake cAra prakAra haiM1. AjJA-vicaya- pravacana ke nirNaya meM saMlagna citta / 2. apAya-vicaya- doSoM ke nirNaya meM saMlagna citta / 3. faure-vicaya-- karma-phaloM ke nirNaya meM saMlagna citta /

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224 saMskRti ke do pravAha 4. saMsthAna-vicaya-vividha padArthoM ke AkRti-nirNaya meM saMlagna citta / dharmadhyAna ke cAra lakSaNa haiM 1. AjJA-ruci-pravacana meM zraddhA honaa| 2. nisarga-ruci-sahaja hI satya meM zraddhA honaa| 3. sUtra-ruci-sUtra par3hane ke dvArA zraddhA utpanna honaa| 4. avagAr3ha-ruci-vistAra se satya kI upalabdhi honaa| dharmadhyAna ke cAra Alambana haiM 1. vaacnaa-pddh'aanaa| 2. pratipracchanA--zaMkA-nivAraNa ke lie prazna krnaa| 3. parivartanA-punarAvartana krnaa| 4. anuprekSA--artha kA ciMtana krnaa| dharmadhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAeM haiM 1. ekatva-anuprekSA-akelepana kA ciMtana krnaa| 2. anitya-anuprekSA--padArthoM kI anityatA kA ciMtana karanA 3. azaraNa anuprekSA-azaraNa dazA kA cintana krnaa| 4. saMsAra-anuprekSA-saMsAra-paribhramaNa kA cintana krnaa| (4) zukladhyAna-cetanA kI sahaja (upAdhi rahita) pariNati ko 'zukladhyAna' kahA jAtA hai| usake cAra prakAra haiM 1. pRthktv-vitrk-svicaarii| 2. ektv-vitrk-avicaarii|| 3. sUkSma-kriya-apratipAti / 4. samucchinna-kriya-anivRtti / ___ dhyAna ke viSaya dravya aura usake paryAya haiM / dhyAna do prakAra kA hotA hai--sAlambana aura nirAlambana / dhyAna meM sAmagrI kA parivartana bhI hotA hai aura nahIM bhI hotaa| vaha do dRSTiyoM se hotA hai-bhedadRSTi se aura abhedadRSTi se| jaba eka dravya ke aneka paryAyoM kA aneka dRSTiyoMnayoM se cintana kiyA jAtA hai aura parva-zrata kA Alambana liyA jAtA hai tathA zabda se artha meM aura artha se zabda meM evaM mana, vacana aura kAyA meM se eka dUsare meM saMkramaNa kiyA jAtA hai, zukladhyAna kI isa sthiti ko 'pRthaktva-vitarka-savicArI' kahA jAtA hai| jaba eka dravya ke kisI eka paryAya kA abhedadRSTi se cintana kiyA

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yoga 225 jAtA hai aura pUrva-zruta kA Alambana liyA jAtA hai tathA jahAM zabda, artha evaM mana-vacana-kAyA meM se eka dUsare meM saMkramaNa nahIM kiyA jAtA, zukladhyAna kI isa sthiti ko 'ekatva-vitarka-avicArI' kahA jAtA hai| jaba mana aura vANI ke yoga kA pUrNa nirodha ho jAtA hai aura kAyA ke yoga kA pUrNa nirodha nahIM hotA-zvAsocchvAsa jaisI sUkSmakriyA zeSa rahatI hai, usa avasthA ko 'sUkSma-kriya' kahA jAtA hai| isakA patana nahIM hotA, isalie yaha apratipAti hai| jaba sUkSmakriyA kA bhI nirodha ho jAtA hai, usa avasthA ko 'samucchinna-kriya' kahA jAtA hai / isakA nivartana nahIM hotA, isalie yaha anivRtti hai| zukladhyAna ke cAra lakSaNa haiM 1. avyatha-kSobha kA abhAva / 2. asammoha-sUkSma padArtha viSayaka mUr3hatA kA abhAva / 3. viveka-zarIra aura AtmA ke bheda kA jJAna / 4. vyutsarga-zarIra aura upAdhi meM anAsakta bhAva / zukladhyAna ke cAra Alambana haiM 1.kSAnti-kSamA / 2. mukti-nirlobhtaa| 3. maardv-mRdutaa| 4. aarjv-srltaa| zukladhyAna kI cAra anupekSAeM haiM 1. anantavRttitA anuprekSA-saMsAra paramparA kA cintana karanA / 2. vipariNAma anuprekSA-vastuoM ke vividha pariNAmoM kA cintana krnaa| 3. azubha anuprekSA-padArthoM kI azubhatA kA cintana krnaa| 4. apAya anuprekSA-doSoM kA cintana krnaa| Agama ke uttaravartI sAhitya meM dhyAna catuSTaya kA dUsarA vargIkaraNa bhI milatA hai| usake anusAra dhyAna ke cAra bheda isa prakAra haiM-(1) piNDastha, (2) padastha, (3) rUpastha aura (4) rUpAtIta / taMtrazAstra meM bhI piNDa, pada, rUha aura rUpAtIta~ye cAroM prApta

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226 saMskRti ke do pravAha hote haiM / ' donoM ke artha bheda ko chor3akara dekhA jAe to lagatA hai ki jainasAhitya kA yaha vargIkaraNa taMtrazAstra se prabhAvita hai / dhyAna ke vibhAga dhyeya ke AdhAra para kie haiM / dharmadhyAna ke jaise cAra dhyeya batalAe, vaise aura bhI ho sakate haiM / isI saMbhAvanA ke AdhAra para piNDastha, padastha Adi bhedoM kA vikAsa huaa| vastutaH ye dharmadhyAna kehI prakAra haiM / naya-dRSTi se dhyAna do prakAra kA hotA hai - sAlambana aura nirAlambana / sAlambana dhyAna bhedAtmaka hotA hai / usameM dhyAna aura dhyeya bhinnabhinna rahate haiM / ise dhyAna mAnane kA AdhAra vyavahAra naya hai / piNDastha dhyAna meM bhI zarIra ke avayava - sira, bhrU, tAlu, lalATa, muMha, netra, kAna, nAsAgra, hRdaya aura nAbhi Adi Alambana hote haiM / isameM dhAraNAoM kA Alambana bhI liyA jAtA hai| AcArya zubhacandra ne isake lie pAMca dhAraNAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai (1) pArthivI - yogI yaha kalpanA kare ki eka samudra hai - zAnta aura gaMbhIra / usake madhya meM hajAra paMkhur3I vAlA eka kamala hai / usa kamala ke madhya meM eka siMhAsana hai / usa para vaha baiThA hai aura yaha vizvAsa karatA hai ki kaSAya kSINa ho rahe haiM, yaha 'pArthivI' dhAraNA hai| (2) AgneyI -- siMhAsana para baiThA huA yogI yaha kalpanA kare ki nAbhi meM solaha dala vAlA kamala hai / usakI kaNikA meM eka mahAmaMtra 'arham' hai aura usake pratyeka dala para eka-eka svara hai / 'arham' ke ekAra se dhUmazikhA nikala rahI hai / sphuliMga uchala rahe haiM / agni kI jvAlA 1. navacakrezvarataMtra : piNDaM padaM tathA rUpaM, rUpAtItaM catuSTayam / yo vA samyag vijAnAti sa guruH parikIrtitaH / piNDaM kuNDalinI zaktiH, padaM haMsaH prakIrtitaH / rUpaM binduriti jJeyaM, rUpAtItaM niraJjanam / / 2. yogazAstra 1017 : saMsthAnasya cintanAt / AjJApAyavipAkAnAM itthaM vA dhyeyabhedena dharmyaM dhyAnaM caturvidham // 3. tattvAnuzAsana, 66 / 4. vairAgyamaNimAlA, 34 / 5. jJAnArNava, 37/4-30 1

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goga 227 bhabhaka rahI hai| usase hRdaya-sthita aSTadala kamala, jo ATha karmoM kA sUcaka hai, jala rahA hai / vaha bhasmIbhUta ho gayA hai| agni zAnta ho gaI hai, paha 'AgneyI' dhAraNA hai| (3) mArutI-phira yaha kalpanA kare ki vegavAn vAyu cala rahA hai, usake dvArA jale hue kamala kI rAkha ur3a rahI hai, yaha 'mArutI' dhAraNA hai| (4) vAruNI-phira yaha kalpanA kare ki teja varSA ho rahI hai, bacI huI rAkha usake jala meM pravAhita ho rahI hai, yaha 'vAruNI' dhAraNA hai| (5) tattvarUpavatI-phira kalpanA kare ki yaha AtmA 'arhat' ke samAna hai, zuddha hai, atizaya sampanna hai, yaha 'tattvarUpavatI' dhAraNA hai| hemacandra ne isakA 'tattvabhU' nAma bhI rakhA hai| __ padastha dhyAna meM maMtra-padoM kA Alambana liyA jAtA hai| jJAnArNava (38 / 1-16) aura yogazAstra (8 / 1-80) meM maMtra-padoM kI vistAra se carcA kI hai| rUpasya dhyAna meM 'arhat' ke rUpa (pratimA) kA Alambana liyA jAtA hai| vItarAga kA cintana karane vAlA vItarAga ho jAtA hai aura rogI kA cintana karane vAlA rogii| isIlie rUpastha dhyAna kA Alambana vItarAga kA rUpa hotA hai| piNDastha, padastha aura rUpastha-ina tInoM dhyAnoM meM AtmA kA cidAnandamaya svarUpa hotA hai| isameM dhyAtA, dhyAna aura dhyeya kI ekatA hotI hai / isa ekIkaraNa ko 'samarasI-bhAva' kahA jAtA hai| yaha nirAlambana dhyAna hai| ise dhyAna mAnane kA AdhAra nizcaya naya hai| prArambha meM sAlambana dhyAna kA abhyAsa kiyA jAtA hai| isameM eka sthUla Alambana hotA hai, ataH isase dhyAna ke abhyAsa meM suvidhA milatI hai / jaba isakA abhyAsa paripakva ho jAtA hai taba nirAlambana dhyAna kI yogyatA prApta hotI hai| jo vyakti sAlambana dhyAna kA abhyAsa kie binA sIdhA nirAlambana dhyAna karanA cAhatA hai, vaha vaicArika AkulatA se ghira jAtA hai / isIlie AcAryoM ne cetAyA ki pahale sAlambana dhyAna kA abhyAsa kro| vaha sadha jAe taba use chor3a do, nirAlambana dhyAna ke abhyAsa meM laga jaao|' dhyAna ke abhyAsa kA yaha krama prAyaH sarvasammata rahA hai--sthUla se sUkSma, savikalpa se nirvikalpa aura sAlambana se 1. yogazAstra, 6 / 13 / 2. jJAnasAra, 37; yogazAtra, 1014

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228 saMskRti ke do pravAha nirAlambana honA caahie| dhyAna kI maryAdAeM ___ dhyAna karane kI kucha maryAdAeM haiN| unheM samajha lene para hI dhyAna karanA sulabha hotA hai| sabhI dhyAnazAstroM meM nyUnAdhika rUpa se unakI carcA prApta hai / jaina AcAryoM ne bhI unake viSaya meM apanA abhimata pradarzita kiyA hai| dhyAnazataka meM dhyAna se sambandhita bAraha viSayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ve ye haiM (1) bhAvanA, (2) pradeza, (3) kAla, (4) Asana, (5) Alambana, (6) krama, (7) dhyeya, (8) dhyAtA, (6) anuprekSA, (10) lezyA, (11) liGga aura (12) phala / ' pahale hama ina viSayoM ke mAdhyama se dharmadhyAna para vicAra kreNge| (1) bhAvanA dhyAna kI yogyatA usI vyakti ko prApta hotI hai, jo pahale bhAvanA kA abhyAsa kara cukatA hai| isa prasaMga meM cAra bhAvanAeM ullekhanIya haiM (1) jJAna-bhAvanA--jJAna kA abhyAsa ; jJAna meM mana kI lInatA, (2) darzana-bhAvanA-mAnasika mUr3hatA ke nirasana kA abhyAsa,. (3) cAritra-bhAvanA-samatA kA abhyAsa, (4) vairAgya-bhAvanA-jagat ke svabhAva kA yathArtha darzana ; Asakti, bhaya aura AkAMkSA se mukta rahane kA abhyAsa / ina bhAvanAoM ke abhyAsa se dhyAna ke yogya mAnasika sthiratA prApta hotI hai| AcArya jinasena ne jJAna-bhAvanA ke pAMca prakAra batalAe haiM-vAcanA, pracchanA, anuprekSA, parivartanA aura dharma-dezanA / darzana-bhAvanA ke sAta prakAra batalAe haiM--saMvega, prazama, sthairya, amUr3hatA, agarvatA, Astikya aura anukampA / cAritra-bhAvanA ke nau prakAra batalAe haiM--pAMca samitiyAM, tIna guptiyAM aura ksstt-shissnnutaa| vairAgya-bhAvanA ke tIna prakAra batalAe haiM--viSayoM ke prati anAsakti, kAyatattva kA anucintana aura jagat ke svabhAva kA vivecana / ' 1. dhyAnazataka, 28,26 / 2. dhyAnazataka, 30 / 3. mahApurANa, 21166-66 /

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poga 226 1 (2) pradeza - dhyAna ke lie ekAnta pradeza apekSita hai / jo janAkIrNa sthAna meM rahatA hai, usake sAmane indriyoM ke viSaya prastuta hote rahate haiM / unake samparka se kadAcit mana vyAkula ho jAtA hai / isalie ekAntavAsa muni ke lie sAmAnya mArga hai, kintu jaina AcAryoM ne hara satya ko anekAntadRSTi se dekhA, isalie unakA yaha Agraha kabhI nahIM rahA ki muni ko ekAntavAsI hI honA caahie| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA"sAdhanA gAMva meM bhI ho sakatI hai aura araNya meM bhI ho sakatI hai / sAdhanA kA bhAva na ho to vaha gAMva meM bhI nahIM ho sakatI aura araNya meM bhI nahIM ho sakatI / "" dhIra vyakti janAkIrNaM aura vijana -- donoM sthAnoM meM samacitta raha sakatA hai / ' ataH dhyAna ke lie pradeza kI koI aikAntika maryAdA nahIM dI jA sakatI / anekAntadRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe to pradeza ke sambandha meM sAmAnya maryAdA yaha hai ki dhyAna kA sthAna zUnya-gRha, guphA Adi vijana pradeza honA cAhie / jahAM mana, vANI aura zarIra ko samAdhAna mile aura jahAM jIva-jantuoM kA koI upadrava na ho, vaha sthAna dhyAna ke lie upayukta hai / (3) kAla - dhyAna ke lie kAla kI bhI koI aikAntika maryAdA nahIM hai / vaha sArvakAlika hai- jaba bhAvanA ho tabhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / " dhyAnazataka ke anusAra jaba mana ko samAdhAna prApta ho, vahI samaya dhyAna ke lie upayukta hai / usake lie dina-rAta Adi kisI samaya kA niyama nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / ' (4) Asana - dhyAna ke lie zarIra kI avasthiti kA bhI koI niyama nahIM hai / jisa avasthiti meM dhyAna sulabha ho, usI meM vaha karanA cAhie / isa abhimata ke anusAra dhyAna khar3e, baiThe aura sote -tInoM avasthAoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai / " 1. mahApurANa, 21 / 70-80 / 2. AyAro, 8 / 14 : gAme vA aduvA raNNe, Neva gAme Neva raNNe dhammamAyANaha / 3. dhyAnazataka, 36 / 4. vahI, 37 / 5. mahApurANa, 21 / 81 : na cAhorAtra sandhyAdi-lakSaNaH kAlaparyayaH / niyato'syAsti didhyAsoH, taddhyAnaM sArvakAlikam // 6. dhyAnazataka, 38 / 7. dhyAnazataka, 36; mahApurANa, 21 / 75 /

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230 saMskRti ke do pravAha 'bhU-bhAga'-dhyAna kisI UMce Asana yA zayyA Adi para baiTha kara nahIM karanA cAhie / usake lie 'bhUtala' aura 'zilApaTTa'-ye do upayukta mAne gae haiN| kASThapaTTa bhI usake lie upayukta hai / dhyAna ke lie abhihita AsanoM kI carcA hama 'sthAnayoga' ke prasaMga meM kara cuke haiN| samagradRSTi se dhyAna ke lie nimna apekSAeM haiM(1) bAdhA rahita sthAna, (2) prasanna kAla, (3) sukhAsana, (4) sama, sarala aura tanAva rahita zarIra, (5) donoM hoTha 'adhara' mile hue, (6) nIce aura Upara ke dAMtoM meM antara, (7) dRSTi nAsA ke agra bhAga para TikI huI, (8) prasanna mukha, (E) muMha pUrva yA uttara dizA kI ora (10) maMda zvAsa-niHzvAsa / ' (5) Alambana-Upara kI car3hAI meM jaise rassI Adi ke sahAre kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, vaise hI dhyAna ke lie bhI kucha Alambana Avazyaka hote haiN| inakA ullekha 'dhyAna ke prakAra' zIrSaka meM kiyA jA cukA hai| (6) krama-pahale sthAna (sthira rahane) kA abhyAsa honA caahie| isake pazcAt mauna kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| zarIra aura vANI-donoM kI gupti hone para dhyAna (mana kI gupti) sahaja ho jAtA hai / apanI zakti ke anusAra dhyAna-sAdhanA ke aneka krama ho sakate haiN| (7) dhyeya-dhyeya aneka ho sakate haiM, unakI nizcita saMkhyA nahIM kI jA sktii| dhyeya viSayaka carcA 'dhyAna ke prakAra' zIrSaka meM kI jA cukI hai| (8) dhyAtA-dhyAna ke lie kucha vizeSa guNoM kI apekSAeM haiN| ve 1. tattvAnuzAsana, 62 / 2. (ka) mahApurANa, 21160-64 / (kha) yogazAstra, 4 / 135,136 / (ga) pAsanAhacariya, 206 / 3. dhyAnazataka, 43 /

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yoga jise prApta hoM, vahI vyakti usakA adhikArI hai| dhyAnazataka meM una vizeSa guNoM kA ullekha isa prakAra hai(1) apramAda-madyapAna, viSaya, kaSAya, nidrA aura vikathA-ye pAMca pramAda haiM, inase jo mukta hotA hai| (2) nirmoha-jisakA moha upazAnta yA kSINa hotA hai| (3) jJAna-sampanna-jo jJAna-sampadA se yukta hotA hai / ina tIna guNoM se yukta vyakti hI dharmadhyAna kA adhikArI hotA ___ sAmAnya dhAraNA yahI rahI hai ki dhyAna kA adhikArI muni ho sakatA hai| rAmasena' aura zubhacandra kA bhI yahI mata hai| isakA artha yaha nahIM ki gRhastha ke dharmadhyAna hotA hI nahIM, kintu isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki usake uttama koTi kA dhyAna nahIM hotaa| __dharmadhyAna kI tIna koTiyAM ho sakatI haiM-uttama, madhyama aura avara / uttama koTi kA dhyAna apramatta vyaktiyoM kA hI hotA hai| madhyama aura avara koTi kA dhyAna zeSa vyaktiyoM ke ho sakatA hai| unake lie yahI sImA mAnya hai ki indriya aura mana para unakA nigraha honA caahie|' rAmasena ne adhikArI kI dRSTi se dharmadhyAna ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-mukhya aura upcaar| mukhya dharmadhyAna kA adhikArI apramatta hI hotA hai| dUsare loga aupacArika dharmadhyAna ke adhikArI hote haiN|' dhyAna kI sAmagrI (dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva) ke AdhAra para bhI dhyAtA aura dhyAna ke tIna-tIna prakAra nizcita kie gae haiMutkRSTa sAmagrI utkRSTa dhyAtA utkRSTa dhlAna madhyama sAmagrI madhyama dhyAtA madhyama dhyAna jaghanya sAmagrI jaghanya dhyAtA jaghanya dhyAna 1. dhyAnazataka, 63 / 2. vahI, 63 / 3. tattvAnuzAsana, 41-45 / 4. jJAnArNava, 4 / 17 / / 5. tattvAnuzAsana, 38 : guptendriyamanA dhyaataa| 6. tattvAnusAzana, 47 / 7. (ka) vahI, 48,46 / (kha) jJAnArNava, 214102 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha dharmadhyAna kA adhikArI alpajJAnI vyakti ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha nahIM ho sakatA, jisakA mana asthira ho / ' dhyAna aura jJAna kA nikaTa se koI sambandha nahIM hai / jJAna vyagra hotA hai--aneka AlambanoM meM vicaraNa karatA hai aura dhyAna ekAgra hotA hai--eka Alambana para sthira hotA hai / vastutaH dhyAna jJAna se bhinna nahIM hai, usI kI eka vizeSa avasthA hai / aparispandamAna agnizikhA kI bhAMti jo jJAna sthira hotA hai, vahI dhyAna kahalAtA hai / " jisakA saMhanana vajra kI taraha sudRr3ha hotA hai aura jo viziSTa zruta ( pUrva - jJAna ) kA jJAtA hotA hai, vahI vyakti zukladhyAna kA adhikArI hai / " jaina AcAryoM kA yaha abhimata rahA hai ki vartamAna meM zukladhyAna upayukta sAmagrI - vajra - saMhanana aura dhyAnopayogI viziSTa jJAna prApta nahIM hai / unhoMne aidayugIna logoM ko dharmadhyAna kA hI adhikArI mAnA hai / " ke 232 (6) anuprekSA - Atmopalabdhi ke do sAdhana haiM- svAdhyAya aura dhyAna / kahA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya karo, usase thakAna kA anubhava ho taba dhyAna karo / dhyAna se thakAna kA anubhava ho, taba phira svAdhyAya karo / isa krama se svAdhyAya aura dhyAna ke abhyAsa se paramAtmA prakAzita ho jAtA hai / " anuprekSA svAdhyAya kA eka aMga hai / dhyAna kI siddhi ke lie anuprekSAoM kA abhyAsa karanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai / unake abhyAsa se jisakA mana susaMskRta hotA hai, vaha viSama sthiti utpanna hone para bhI avicala raha sakatA hai, priya aura apriya donoM sthitiyoM ko samabhAva se saha sakatA hai / dharmadhyAna kI cAra anuprekSAeM haiM / inakA ullekha hama 'dhyAna ke prakAra' zIrSaka meM kara cuke haiM / (10) lezyA - vicAroM meM taratamatA hotI hai / ve acche hoM yA bure, eka samAna nahIM hote| isa taratamatA ko lezyA ke dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai / yaha nizcita hai ki dharmadhyAna ke samaya vicAra pravAha zuddha hotA 1. mahApurANa, 28 / 26 / 2. sarvArthasiddhi, 6 / 27; tattvAnuzAsana, 46 / 3. dhyAnazataka, 64 / 4. tattvAnuzAsana, 36 / 5. vahI, 81 /

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yoga 233 hai| zuddha vicAra-pravAha ke tIna prakAra haiM-tejas lezyA, padma lezyA aura zukla leshyaa| tejas lezyA se padma lezyA vizuddha hotI hai aura padma lezyA se zukla lezyA vizuddha hotI hai| eka-eka lezyA ke pariNAma bhI maMda, madhyama aura tIvra hote haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM mAnasika vizuddhi kA krama samajhAte hue batAyA gayA hai 'jo manuSya namratA se bartAva karatA hai, jo capala hotA hai, jo mAyA se rahita hai, jo akutUhalI hai, jo vinaya karane meM nipuNa hai, jo dAnta hai, jo samAdhi-yukta hai, jo upadhAna (zruta adhyayana karate samaya tapa) karane vAlA hai, jo dharma meM prema rakhatA hai, jo dharma meM dRr3ha hai, jo pApabhIra hai, jo mukti kA gaveSaka hai-jo ina sabhI pravRttiyoM se yukta hai, vaha tejolezyA meM pariNata hotA hai|' - 'jisa manuSya ke krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha atyanta alpa haiM, jo prazAnta-citta hai, jo apanI AtmA kA damana karatA hai, jo samAdhi-yukta hai, jo upadhAna karane vAlA hai, jo atyalpa bhASI hai, jo upazAnta hai, jo jitendriya hai-jo ina sabhI pravRttiyoM se yukta hai, vaha padma lezyA meM pariNata hotA hai|' 'jo manuSya Ata aura raudra-ina donoM dhyAnoM ko chor3akara dharma aura zukla-ina do dhyAnoM meM lIna rahatA hai, jo prazAnta-citta hai, jo apanI AtmA kA damana karatA hai, jo samitiyoM se samita hai, jo guptiyoM se gupta hai, jo upazAnta hai, jo jitendriya hai-jo ina sabhI pravRttiyoM se pukta hai, vaha sarAga ho yA vItarAga, zukla lezyA meM pariNata hotA hai|" (11) liGga-sUdUra pradeza meM agni hotI hai, use AMkhoM se nahIM dekhA jA sakatA, kintu dhuMA dekhakara use jAnA jA sakatA hai| isIlie bUMA usakA liGga hai| dhyAna vyakti kI Antarika pravRtti hai, use nahIM dekhA jA sakatA, kintu usa vyakti kI satya viSayaka AsthA dekhakara use mAnA jA sakatA hai, isIlie satya kI AsthA usakA liGga hai-hetu hai|' AgamoM meM isake cAra liGga (lakSaNa) batalAe gae haiN| 'dhyAna ke prakAra' zIrSaka dekhie| (12) phala-dharmadhyAna kA prathama phala Atma-jJAna hai| jo satya 1. uttarAdhyayana, 34 / 27-32 / 2. dhyAnazataka, 67 /

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234 saMskRti ke do pravAha aneka tarkoM ke dvArA nahIM jAnA jAtA, vaha dhyAna ke dvArA sahaja hI jJAta ho jAtA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne likhA hai-"karma kSINa hone para mokSa hotA hai, karma Atma-jJAna se kSINa hote haiM aura Atma-jJAna dhyAna se hotA hai| yaha dhyAna kA pratyakSa phala hai|"' pAralaukika yA parokSa phala ke viSaya meM sandeha ho sakatA hai, isIlie hamAre AcAryoM ne dhyAna ke aihika yA pratyakSa phaloM kA bhI vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| dhyAna-siddha vyakti kaSAya se utpanna hone vAle mAnasika duHkhoM-IrSyA, viSAda, zoka, harSa Adi se pIr3ita nahIM hotA / vaha sardI-garmI Adi se utpanna zArIrika kaSToM se bhI pIr3ita nahIM hotaa| yaha tathya vartamAna zodhoM se bhI pramANita ho cukA hai ki bAhya paristhitiyoM se dhyAnastha vyakti bahuta kama prabhAvita hotA hai| antarikSa yAtriyoM ke lie atyadhika sardI aura garmI se aprabhAvita rahanA Avazyaka hai| isa daSTi se yoga kI prakriyA ko antarikSa yAtrA ke lie upayogI samajhA gyaa| isa lakSya kI pUrti ke lie rUsiyoM aura amarIkiyoM ne bhArata meM Akara yogAbhyAsa kI aneka prakriyAoM kA jJAna prApta kiyaa| zukladhyAna zukladhyAna ke lie upayukta sAmagrI abhI prApta nahIM hai, ataH Adhanika logoM ke lie usakA abhyAsa bhI saMbhava nahIM hai| phira bhI usakA vivecana Avazyaka hai| usakI paramparA kA viccheda nahIM honA cAhie, AcArya hemacandra kI yaha mAnyatA hai|' isa mAnyatA meM sacAI bhI hai| avicchinna paramparA se yadA-kadA koI vyakti thor3I bahuta mAtrA meM lAbhAnvita ho sakatA hai| aba hama bhAvanA Adi bAraha viSayoM ke mAdhyama se zukladhyAna kA vivecana kreNge| bhAvanA, pradeza, kAla aura Asana-ye cAra viSaya dharma aura zukla-donoM ke samAna haiN| Alambana Adi donoM ke bhinna-bhinna haiN| Alambana-zukladhyAna ke AlambanoM kI carcA 'dhyAna ke prakAra' 1. yogazAstra, 4 / 113 : mokSaH karmakSayAdeva, sa cAtmajJAnato bhavet / dhyAnasAdhyaM mataM tacca, tadhyAnaM hitamAtmanaH / / 2. dhyAnazataka, 103,104 / 3. yogazAstra, 1113,4 / 4. bhyAnazataka, 68, vRtti /

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poga 235 zIrSaka meM kI jA cukI hai| ___ krama-zukladhyAna karane vAlA kramazaH mahad Alambana kI ora bar3hatA hai| prArambha meM mana kA Alambana samUcA saMsAra hotA hai| kramika abhyAsa hote-hote vaha eka paramANu para sthira ho jAtA hai| kevalI dazA Ate-Ate mana kA astitva hI samApta ho jAtA hai| ___ Alambana ke saMkSepIkaraNa kA jo krama hai, use kucha udAharaNoM ke dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai| jaise samUce zarIra meM phailA huA jahara DaMka ke sthAna meM upasaMhRta kiyA jAtA hai aura phira use bAhara nikAla diyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra vizva ke sabhI viSayoM meM phailA huA mana eka paramANu meM niruddha kiyA jAtA hai aura phira usase haTAkara Atmastha kiyA jAtA hai| jaise IMdhana samApta hone para agni pahale kSINa hotI hai, phira bujha jAtI hai, usI prakAra viSayoM ke samApta hone para mana pahale kSINa hotA hai, phira bujha jAtA hai-zAnta ho jAtA hai| jaise lohe ke garma bartana meM DAlA huA jala kramazaH kSINa hotA jAtA hai, usI prakAra zukladhyAnI kA mana apramAda se kSINa hotA jAtA hai| maharSi pataMjali ke anusAra yogI kA citta sUkSma meM nivizamAna hotA hai, taba paramANu meM sthita ho jAtA hai aura jaba sthUla meM nivizamAna hotA hai, taba parama mahata usakA viSaya bana jAtA hai| isameM paramANa para sthita hone kI bAta hai para yaha sthUla se sUkSma kI ora jAne ke krama kI carcA nahIM hai| dhyeya-zukladhyAna kA dhyeya pRthaktva-vitarka-savicAra aura ekatvavitarka-avicAra-ina do rUpoM meM vibhakta hai| pahalA bhedAtmaka rUpa hai aura dUsarA abhedAtmaka / inakA vizeSa artha 'dhyAna ke prakAra' meM dekheN| dhyAtA-dhyAtA ke lakSaNa dharmadhyAna ke dhyAtA ke samAna hI haiN| anaprekSA-dekhie 'dhyAna ke prakAra' zIrSaka / lezyA-zukladhyAna ke prathama do caraNoM meM lezyA zakla hotI hai, tIsare caraNa meM vaha parama zukla hotI hai aura cauthA caraNa lezyAtIta hotA liGga-zukladhyAna ke cAra liGga (lakSaNa) haiN| dekhie 'dhyAna ke prakAra' zIrSaka meN| 1. dhyAnazataka, 70 / 2. pAtaMjala yogasUtra, 1140 / 3. dhyAnazataka E /

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236 saMskRti ke do pravAha phala-dharmadhyAna kA jo phala batalAyA gayA hai, vaha utkRSTa sthiti meM pahaMca zukladhyAna kA phala bana jAtA hai| isakA aMtima phala mokSa hai| dhyAna ke vyAvahArika phala ke viSaya meM kucha matabheda milatA hai| dhyAnazataka ke anusAra dhyAna se mana, vANI aura zarIra ko kaSTa hotA hai, ve durbala hote haiM aura unakA vidAraNa hotA hai|' isa abhimata se jAna par3atA hai ki dhyAna se zarIra durbala hotA hai| dUsarA abhimata isase bhinna hai| usake anusAra dhyAna se jJAna, vibhUti, Ayu, Arogya, santuSTi, puSTi aura zArIrika dhairya-ye saba prApta hote haiN| ekAntadRSTi se dekhane para ye donoM tathya viparIta jAna par3ate haiM, para ina donoM ke sAtha bhinnabhinna apekSA jur3I huI hai| jisa dhyAna meM zrotI bhAvanA yA cintana kI atyanta gaharAI hotI hai, usase zArIrika kazatA ho sakatI hai| jisa dhyAna meM Atma-saMvedana ke sivAya zeSa cintana kA abhAva hotA hai. usase zArIrika puSTi ho sakatI hai| dhyAna aura prANAyAma jaina AcArya dhyAna ke lie prANAyAma ko Avazyaka nahIM maante| unakA abhimata hai ki tIvra prANAyAma se mana vyAkUla hotA hai| mAnasika vyAkulatA se samAdhi kA bhaMga hotA hai| jahAM samAdhi kA bhaMga hotA hai, vahAM dhyAna nahIM ho sktaa|'smaadhi ke lie zvAsa ko maMda karanA Avazyaka hai| zvAsa aura mana kA gaharA sambandha hai| jahAM mana hai, vahAM zvAsa hai aura jahAM zvAsa hai, vahAM mana hai| ye donoM kSIra-nIra kI bhAMti paraspara ghule-mile haiN| mana kI gati maMda hone se zvAsa kI aura zvAsa kI gati maMda hone se mana kI gati apane Apa maMda ho jAtI hai| dhyAna aura samatva ___ samatA aura viSamatA kA hamAre jIvana para gaharA prabhAva hai / zarIra sama avasthita hotA hai, taba sArA snAyu-saMsthAna ThIka kAma karatA hai aura vaha viSama rUpa meM sthita hotA hai, taba snAyu-saMsthAna kI kriyA avyavasthita ho jAtI hai| 1. dhyAnazataka, 66 2. tattvAnuzAsana, 198 / 3. mahApurANa, 21165,66 / 4. yogazAstra, 52: mano yatra maruttatra, marud yatra manastataH / atastulyakriyAvetI, saMvIto kSIranIravat //

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yoga 237 . zarIra kI samatA kA mana para asara hotA hai aura mana kI samatA kA cetanA para asara hotA hai| cetanA kI asthiratA mAnasika viSamatA kI sthiti meM hI hotI hai / lAbha-alAbha, sukha-duHkha Adi sthitiyoM se mana jitanA viSama hotA hai, utanI hI caMcalatA hotI hai| una sthitiyoM ke prati mana kA koI lagAva nahIM hotA, taba vaha sama hotA hai| usa sthiti meM cetanA sahaja hI sthira hotI hai| yahI avasthA dhyAna hai| isIlie AcAya zubhacandra ne samabhAva ko dhyAna mAnA hai|' AcArya hemacandra kA abhimata hai ki jo vyakti samatA kI sAdhanA kie binA dhyAna karatA hai, vaha korI viDambanA karatA hai| dhyAna aura zArIrika saMhanana jaina paramparA meM kucha loga yaha mAnane lage the ki vartamAna samaya meM dhyAna nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki Aja zarIra kA saMhanana utanA dRr3ha nahIM hai jitanA pahale thaa| dhyAna ke adhikArI ve hI ho sakate haiM, jinakA zArIrika saMhanana uttama ho| tattvArtha sUtra meM bhI yahI batAyA gayA hai ki dhyAna usI ke hotA hai, jisakA zArIrika saMhanana uttama hotA hai|' yaha carcA vikrama kI prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa hI prArambha ho cukI thii| usI ke prati AcArya kundakunda ne apanA abhimata prakaTa kiyA thA'isa dussama-kAla meM bhI Atma-svabhAva meM sthita jJAnI ke dharmadhyAna ho sakatA hai| jo ise nahIM mAnatA, vaha ajJAnI haiN|" AcArya devasena ne bhI isa abhimata se sahamati prakaTa kI thii| yaha carcA vikrama kI 10vIM zatAbdI meM bhI cala rahI thii| rAmasena ne bhI isa prasaMga para likhA hai'jo loga vartamAna meM dhyAna honA nahIM mAnate ve arhat mata se anabhijJa haiN| unake anusAra zukladhyAna ke yogya zArIrika saMhanana abhI prApta nahIM hai, kintu dharmadhyAna ke yogya saMhanana Aja bhI prApta hai|" 1. jJAnArNava, 27 / 4 / 2. yogazAstra, 4 / 112 : samatvamavalambyAtha, dhyAnaM yogI samAzrayet / binA samatvamArabdhe, dhyAne svAtmA viddmbyte|| 3. tattvArtha sUtra, 6 / 27 / 4. mokkhapAhuDa, 73-76 / 5. tattvasAra, 14 / 6. tattvAnuzAsana, 82-84 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha jaina paramparA meM dhyAna karane kI pravRtti kA hrAsa huA, usakA eka kAraNa yaha manovRtti bhI rahI hogI ki vartamAna samaya meM hama dhyAna ke adhikArI nahI haiM / kucha AcAryoM ne isa manovRtti kA virodha bhI kiyA, kintu phira bhI samaya ne unhIM kA sAtha diyA, jo dhyAna nahIM hone ke pakSa meM the / .238 isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki dhyAna ke lie zArIrika saMhanana kI dRr3hatA bahuta apekSita hai aura vaha isalie apekSita hai ki mana kI sthiratA zarIra kI sthiratA para nirbhara hai / dhyAna kA kAlamAna cetanA kI pariNati tIna prakAra kI hotI hai (1) hIyamAna / (2) vardhamAna / ( 3 ) avasthita / hIyamAna aura vardhamAna - ye donoM pariNatiyAM anavasthita haiM / jo anavasthita haiM, ve dhyAna nahIM haiM / avasthita pariNati dhyAna hai / gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUchA - " bhante ! avasthita pariNati kitane samaya taka ho sakatI hai ?" bhagavAn ne kahA - " gautama ! jaghanyataH eka samaya taka aura utkRSTataH antarmuhUrtta taka / "" isI saMvAda ke AdhAra para dhyAna kA kAlamAna nizcita kiyA gayA / eka vastu ke prati citta kA avasthita pariNAma adhika se adhika antarmuhUrta ( 48 minaTa) taka ho sakatA hai / ' usake bAda cintA, bhAvanA yA anuprekSA hone laga jAtI hai / ukta kAlamaryAdA eka vastu meM hone vAlI citta kI ekAgratA kI hai / vastu kA parivartana hotA rahe, to dhyAna kA pravAha lambe samaya taka bhI ho sakatA hai / usake lie antarmuharta kA niyama nahIM hai| dhyAna -siddhi ke hetu dhyAna-siddhi ke lie cAra bAteM apekSita haiM- ( 1 ) guru kA upadeza, (2) zraddhA, (3) nirantara abhyAsa aura ( 4 ) sthira mana / pataMjali ne abhyAsa kI dRr3hatA ke tIna hetu batalAeM haiM- ( 1 ) dIrghakAla, (2) nirantara aura ( 3 ) satkAra / " aneka granthoM meM yoga yA 1. bhagavatI, 25 / 387 / 2. tattvArtha sUtra, 6 / 27 / 3. dhyAnazataka, 4 / 4. tattvAnuzAsana, 218 / 5. pAtaMjalayogasUtra, 1 / 14 /

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poga - 236 dhyAna kI siddhi ke hetuoM kI vicAraNA kI gaI hai| somadeva sUrI ne vairAgya, jJAnasampadA, asaMgatA, citta kI sthiratA, bhUkha-pyAsa Adi kI UrmiyoM ko sahanA-ye pAMca yoga ke hetu batalAe haiN|' aise aura bhI aneka hetu ho sakate haiM para isI zIrSaka kI prathama paMkti meM nirdiSTa cAra bAteM anivArya rUpa se apekSita haiN| dhyAna kA mahattva __ mokSa kA patha hai-saMvara aura nirjarA / unakA patha hai-tapa / dhyAna tapa kA pradhAna aMga hai / isakA spaSTa artha yaha hai ki dhyAna mokSa kA pradhAna mArga hai| vastra, loha aura gIlIbhUmi ke mala, kalaMka aura paMka kI zuddhi ke lie jo sthAna jala, agni aura sUrya kA hai, vahI sthAna karma-mala kI zuddhi ke lie dhyAna kA hai|' jaise Indhana kI rAzi ko agni jalA DAlatI hai aura pratikUla pavana se Ahata hokara bAdala vilIna ho jAte haiM, vaise hI dhyAna se karmoM kA dahana aura vilayana hotA hai|' RSibhASita meM batalAyA gayA hai ki dhyAna-hIna dharma sira-hIna zarIra ke samAna hai| jaina paramparA meM prAcIna kAla se hI dhyAna kA itanA mahattva rahA, phira bhI patA nahIM dhyAna kI paramparA kyoM vicchinna huI ? bAhya tapa ke sAmane dhyAna kyoM nisteja huA? dhyAna kI paramparA vicchinna hone ke kAraNa hI dUsare logoM meM yaha bhrama bar3hA ki jaina dharma kA sAdhanA-mArga bahuta kaThora hai| yadi dhyAna kI paramparA avicchinna rahI hotI to yaha bhrama nahIM hotaa| (6) vyutsarga visarjana sAdhanA kA eka bahuta mahattvapUrNa aMga hai| AtmA apane Apa meM paripUrNa hai| use apane lie bAhara se kucha bhI apekSita nahIM hai| usakI apUrNatA kA kAraNa hai-bAhya kA upaadaan| use roka diyA jAe aura vijita kara diyA jAe to vaha apane sahaja rUpa meM udita ho jAtI hai| vahI usakI pUrNatA hai| visarjanIya vastueM do prakAra kI haiM-(1) bAhya Alambana aura (2) Antarika vRttiyaaN| jaina paribhASA meM bAhya Alambana ke visarjana ko 'dravya-vyutsarga' aura Antarika vRttiyoM ke visarjana ko 'bhAva-vyutsarga' kahA gayA hai| 1. yazastilaka, 8140 / 4. isibhAsiyAI, 22 / 14 / 2. dhyAnazataka, 67,68 / / 5. (ka) bhagavatI, 25 // 613-615 / 3. vahI, 101,102 / (kha) aupapAtika, 20 /

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saMskRti ke do pravAha bAhya Alambana kI dRSTi se cAra vastueM visarjanIya mAnI gaI haiM(1) zarIra, (2) gaNa, (3) upadhi aura ( 4 ) bhakta-pAna | (1) zarIra - vyutsagaM - zArIrika caMcalatA kA visarjana / (2) gaNa - vyutsarga - viziSTa sAdhanA ke lie gaNa kA visarjana / (3) upadhi- vyutsarga-vastra Adi uparaNoM kA visarjana / (4) bhakta - pAna- vyutsarga-bhojana aura jala kA visarjana / Antarika vRttiyoM kI dRSTi se visarjanIya vastueM tIna haiM(1) kaSAya, ( 2 ) saMsAra aura ( 3 ) karma / (1) kaSAya- vyutsarga - krodha Adi kA visarjana / 240 (2) saMsAra - vyutsarga-saMsAra ke mUla hetu rAga-dveSa kA visarjana / (3) karma - vyutsarga - karma pudgaloM kA visarjana / uttarAdhyayana meM kevala zarIra vyutsarga kI paribhASA dI gaI hai / " isakA dUsarA nAma 'kAyotsarga' hai / kAyotsarga se kAyotsarga kA artha hai 'kAyA kA utsarga' / hone se pahale kAyA kA utsarga kaise ho sakatA hai ? Ayu zeSa rahatI hai, taba taka kAyA kA utsarga-tyAga kintu yaha kAyA azuci hai, anitya hai, doSapUrNa hai, isameM mamatva rakhanA duHkha kA mUla hai - isa bodha hai / jise bheda - jJAna prApta hotA hai, vaha socatA hai ki hai, maiM isakA nahIM hUM / maiM bhinna hUM, zarIra bhinna hai / isa prakAra kA saMkalpa karane se zarIra ke prati Adara ghaTa jAtA hai / isa sthiti kA nAma kAyotsarga hai / eka ghara meM rahane para bhI pati dvArA anAdRta patnI parityaktA kahalAtI hai / jisa vastu ke prati jisa vyakti ke hRdaya meM anAdara bhAvanA hotI hai, vaha usake lie parityakta hotI hai / jaba kAyA meM mamatva nahIM rahatA, AdarabhAva nahIM rahatA, taba kAyA parityakta ho jAtI hai / ' kAyotsarga kI yaha paribhASA pUrNa nahIM hai / yadi kAyA ke prati hone vAle mamatva kA visarjana hI kAyotsarga ho to calate-phirate vyakti ke bhI kAyotsarga ho sakatA hai, para nizcalatA ke binA vaha nahIM hotA / haribhadra 1. uttarAdhyayana, 30 / 36 / 2. mUlArAdhanA, 1188, vijayodayA vRtti / prazna hotA hai, Ayu pUrNa yaha sahI hai, jaba taka nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, asAra hai, duHkha - hetu hai, bheda-jJAna prApta hotA yaha zarIra merA nahIM

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yoga 241 sUri ne pravRtti meM saMlagna kAyA ke parityAga ko kAyotsarga kahA hai|' yaha bhI pUrNa paribhASA nahIM hai / donoM ke yoga se pUrNa paribhASA banatI hai / kAyotsarga arthAt kAyika mamatva aura caMcalatA kA visrjn| .. kAyotsarga kA uddezya kAyotsarga kA mukhya uddezya hai-AtmA kA kAyA se viyojana / kAyA ke sAtha AtmA kA jo saMyoga hai, usakA mUla hai pravRtti / jo inakA visaMyoga cAhatA hai arthAt AtmA ke sAnnidhya meM rahanA cAhatA hai, vaha sthAna, mauna aura dhyAna ke dvArA 'sva' kA vyutsarga karatA hai| sthAna-kAyA kI pravRtti kA sthirIkaraNa-kAya-gupti / mauna-vANI kI pravRtti kA sthirIkaraNa-vAg-gupti / dhyAna-mana kI pravRtti kA sthiriikrnn-mno-gupti| kAyotsarga meM zvAsocchvAsa jaisI sUkSma pravRtti hotI hai| zeSa pravRtti kA nirodha kiyA jAtA hai|' kAyotsarga kI vidhi aura prakAra zArIrika avasthiti aura mAnasika cintanadhArA ke AdhAra para kAyotsarga ke nau prakAra kie gae haiMzArIrika avasthiti mAnasika cintanadhArA (1) utsRta-utsRta khar3A / dharma-zukla dhyAna (2) utsRta khar3A / na dharma-zukla aura na Ata-raudra kintu cintana-zUnya dazA (3) utsRta-niSaNNa khar3A Ata-raudra dhyAna (4) niSaNNa-utsRta baiThA dharma-zukla dhyAna (5) niSaNNa baiThA na dharma-zukla aura na Ata-raudra kintu cintana-zUnya dazA (6) niSaNNa-niSaNNa baiThA Artta-raudra dhyAna (7) niSaNNa-utsRta soyA huA dharma-zukla dhyAna 1. Avazyaka, gAthA 776, hAribhadrIya vRtti : karomi kAyotsargam-vyApAravataH kAyasya parityAga miti bhAvanA / 2. yogazAstra, 3, patra 250 : kAyasya zarIrasya sthAnamaunadhyAnakriyAvyatirekeNa anyatra ucchvasitAdibhyaH kriyAntarAdhyAsamadhikRtya utsargastyAgo 'namo arahatANaM' iti vacanAt prAk sa kAyotsargaH / ional

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242 soyA saMskRti ke do pravAha huA na dharma - zukla aura na Artta - raudra kintu cintana- zUnya dazA (8) nipanna ( 2 ) nipanna - nipanna soyA huA Artta raudra dhyAna / ' amitagati ne kAyotsarga ke cAra hI prakAra mAne haiM - ( 1 ) utthitautthita, (2) utthita - upaviSTa, (3) upaviSTa - utthita aura ( 4 ) upaviSTaupaviSTa / (1) jo zarIra se khar3A hai aura dharma - zukla dhyAna meM lIna hai, vaha zarIra se bhI unnata hai aura dhyAna se bhI unnata hai, isalie usakA kAyotsargaM 'utthita- utthita' kahalAtA hai / (2) jo zarIra se khar3A hai aura Arta-raudra dhyAna meM lIna hai, vaha zarIra se unnata kintu dhyAna se avanata hai, isalie usakA kAyotsarga 'utthita - upaviSTa' kahalAtA hai / (3) jo zarIra se baiThA hai aura dharma-zukla dhyAna meM lIna hai, vaha zarIra se avanata hai kintu dhyAna se unnata hai, isalie usakA kAyotsarga 'upaviSTa - utthita' kahalAtA hai / (4) jo zarIra se baiThA hai aura Artta - raudra dhyAna meM lIna hai, vaha zarIra aura dhyAna - donoM se avanata hai; isalie usakA kAyotsarga 'upaviSTa - upaviSTa kahalAtA hai / kAyotsarga khar3e, baiThe aura sote- tInoM avasthAoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI khar3I mudrA meM usakA prayoga adhika huA hai| aparAjita sUri ne likhA hai ki kAyotsarga karane vAlA vyakti zarIra se nispRha hokara khambhe kI bhAMti sIdhA khar3A ho jaae| donoM bAhoM ko ghuTanoM kI ora phailA de / prazasta dhyAna meM nimagna ho jaae| zarIra ko na akar3A kara khar3A ho aura na jhukA kara hI / samAgata kaSToM aura parISahoM ko sahana kare / kAyotsarga kA sthAna bhI ekAnta aura jIva-jantu rahita honA caahie| * kAyotsarga ke ukta prakAra zarIra - mudrA aura cintana-pravAha ke AdhAra 1. Avazyaka niryukti gAthA, 1456, 1460 / 2. amitagati, zrAvakAcAra, 8 / 57-61 / 3. yogazAstra, 3 patra 250 / 4. mUlArAdhanA, 2 / 116, vijayodayA, vRtti pR0 278,276 : tatra zarIranispRhaH sthANurivordhva kAyaH, pralambitabhujaH, prazastadhyAnapariNato'nunnamitAnatakAyaH, parISahAnupasargAzca sahamAnaH, tiSThannirjantuke karmApAyAbhilASI vivikte deze /

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yoga 243 para kie gae haiM, kintu prayojana kI dRSTi se usake do hI prakAra hote haiMceSTA kAyotsarga aura abhibhava kAyotsarga / ' kAyotsarga kA kAlamAna ceSTA kAyotsarga kA kAla ucchvAsa para AdhRta hai| vibhinna prayojanoM se vaha ATha, paccIsa, sattAIsa, tIna sau, pAMca sau aura eka hajAra ATha ucchvAsa taka kiyA jAtA hai| abhibhava kAyotsarga kA kAla jaghanyataH antarmuhUrta aura utkRSTataH eka varSa kA hai| bAhabali ne eka varSa kA kAyotsarga kiyA thaa| doSa-zuddhi ke lie kie jAne vAle kAyotsarga ke pAMca vikalpa hote haiM-(1) devasika kAyotsarga, (2) rAtrika kAyotsarga, (3) pAkSika kAyotsarga, . (4) cAturmAsika kAyotsarga aura (5) sAMvatsarika kaayotsrg| chaha Avazyaka haiM, unameM kAyotsarga pAMcavAM hai| kAyotsarga-kAla meM caturviMzastava (caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM kI stuti) kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai / usake sAta zloka aura aTThAIsa caraNa haiN| eka ucchavAsa meM eka caraNa kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra eka catavizastava kA dhyAna paccIsa ucchvAsoM meM sampanna hotA hai| pravacanasAroddhAra aura vijayodayA ke anusAra inakA dhyeya-parimANa aura kAlamAna isa prakAra hai pravacanasArovAra' catavizastava zloka caraNa ucchvAsa (1) devasika 2 25 100 1. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1452 : so usaggo duviho ciTThae abhibhave ya naayvo| bhikkhAyariyAi paDhamo uvasaggabhijuMjaNe biio|| 2. (ka) yogazAstra, 3 patra 250 : tatra ceSTAkAyotsargo'STa-paMcaviMzati-saptaviMzati triMzati-paMcazatI-aSTottara sahasrocchvAsAn yAvad bhavati / abhibhava kAyotsargastu mUhUrtAdArabhya saMvatsaraM yAvad bAhubaliriva bhavati / (kha) mUlArAdhanA, 2 / 116, vijayodayA vRtti : antarmahataH kAyotsargasya jaghanyaH kAlaH varSamutkRSTaH / 3. yogazAstra, 3 / 4. pravacanasAroddhAra, 33183-185 : cattAri do duvAlasa, vIsa cattA ya huMti ujjoyaa| desiya rAya pakkhiya, cAummAse ya varise ya / / 100

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244 saMskRti ke do pravAha 12 75 caturviMzastava zloka caraNa ucchvAsa (2) rAtrika 4 123 50 (3) pAkSika 12 300 (4) cAturmAsika 20 125 500 500 (5) sAMvatsarika 40 252 1008 1008 vijayodayA' caturvizastava zloka varaNa ucchvAsa (1) devasika 25 100 100 (2) rAtrika 2 (3) pAkSika 300 (4) cAturmAsika 16 100 400 (5) sAMvatsarika 20 125 500 500 __ isa prakAra nemicandra aura aparAjita-donoM AcAryoM kI ucchvAsa saMkhyA bhinna rahI hai / amitagati zrAvakAcAra ke anusAra devasika kAyotsarga meM 108 tathA rAtrika kAyotsarga meM 54 ucchvAsoM kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai aura anya kAyotsargoM meM 27 ucchavAsoM kaa| 27 ucchvAsoM meM namaskAra maMtra kI nau AvattiyAM kI jAtI haiM arthAta tIna ucchavAsoM meM eka namaskAra maMtra para dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| saMbhava hai prathama do-do vAkya eka-eka ucchvAsa meM aura pAMcavAM vAkya eka ucchvAsa meN|| ___amitagati ne eka dina-rAta ke kAyotsargoM kI kula saMkhyA aTThAIsa 300 paNavIsa addhaterasa, saloga pannattarI ya boddhavvA / sayamegaM paNavIsa, be bAvaNNA ya barisaMmi // sAyaM sAyaM gosaddhaM, tinneva sayA havaMti pakkhammi / paMca ya cAummAse, varise aTThottarasahassA / / 1. mUlArAdhanA, 11116 vijayodayA vRtti : sAyAhna ucchvAsazatakaM, pratyUSasi paMcazata, pakSe triMzatAni, caturSa mAsesu catuHzatAni, paMcazatAni saMvatsare ucchvAsAnAm // 2. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 868-66 : aSTottarazatocchvAsa:, kAyotsargaH pratikrame / sAndhye prabhAtike vArdhamanyastat sptviNshtiH| saptaviMzatirucchvAsAH, saMsAronmUlanakSame / santi paMcanamaskAre, navadhA cintite sati //

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yoga ... 245 mAnI hai|' vaha isa prakAra hai (1) svAdhyAya-kAla meM (2) vaMdanA-kAla meM (3) pratikramaNa-kAla meM (4) yoga-bhakti-kAla meM 12 6 8 2 pAMca mahAvratoM sambandhI atikramaNoM ke lie 108 ucchvAsoM kA kAyotsarga karane kI vidhi rahI hai| kAyotsarga karate samaya yadi ucchavAsoM kI saMkhyA meM saMdeha ho jAe athavA mana vicalita ho jAe to ATha ucchavAsoM kA atirikta kAyotsarga karane kI vidhi rahI hai|' Upara ke vivaraNa se sahaja hI niSpanna hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM kAyotsarga muni kI dinacaryA kA pramukha aMga thaa| uttarAdhyayana ke sAmAcArI prakaraNa meM bhI aneka bAra kAyotsarga karane kA ullekha hai / ' dazavakAlika cUlikA meM muni ko bAra-bAra kAyotsarga karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| kAyotsarga kA phala __ kAyotsarga prAyazcitta ke rUpa meM bhI kiyA jAtA hai, ata: usakA eka phala hai-doSa-vizuddhi / apane dvArA kie hue doSa kA hRdaya para bhAra hotA hai| kAyotsarga karane se vaha halkA ho jAtA hai, hRdaya praphulla ho jAtA hai| ataH usakA dUsarA phala hai-hRdaya kA halkApana / hRdaya halkA hone se dhyAna prazasta ho jAtA hai, yaha usa kA tIsarA 1. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 8 / 66-67 : aSTaviMzatisaMkhyAnAH, kAyotsargA matA jinaH / ahorAtragatAH sarve, SaDAvazyakakAriNAm // svAdhyAye dvAdaza prAjJaH, vaMdanAyAM SaDIritAH / aSTau pratikrame yogabhaktau tau dvAvudAhRtau // 2. mUlArAdhanA, 2 / 116 vijayodayA vRtti : pratyUSasi prANivadhAdiSu paMcasvatIcAreSu aSTazatocchvAsamAtrakAlaH kAyotsargaH / kAyotsarge kRte yadi zaMkyate ucchvAsasya skhalanaM vA pariNAmasya ucchvAsASTakamadhikaM sthAtavyam / 3. uttarAdhyayana, 26 // 38-51 / 4. dazavaikAlika, cUlikA 217 : abhikkhaNaM kaaussggkaarii|

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saMskRti ke do pravAha phala hai|' kAyotsarga se zArIrika aura mAnasika tanAva tathA bhAra bhI naSTa hote haiM / ina sArI dRSTiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakha kara use saba duHkhoM se mukti dilAne vAlA kahA gayA hai| bhadrabAhu svAmI ne kAyotsarga ke pAMca phala batalAe haiM (1) dehajADyazuddhi-leSma Adi ke dvArA deha meM jar3atA AtI hai / kAyotsarga se zleSma Adi naSTa hote haiM, ataH unase utpanna hone vAlI jar3atA bhI naSTa ho jAtI hai| (2) matijADyazuddhi-kAyotsarga meM mana kI pravRtti kendrita ho jAtI hai| usase bauddhika jar3atA kSINa hotI hai| (3) sukha-duHkha-titikSA-kAyotsarga se sukha aura duHkha ko sahana karane kI kSamatA utpanna hotI hai| (4) anuprekSA-kAyotsarga meM sthita vyakti anuprekSAoM yA bhAvanAoM kA sthiratA pUrvaka abhyAsa kara sakatA hai| (5) dhyAna-kAyotsarga meM zubha-dhyAna kA abhyAsa sahaja ho jAtA kAyotsarga ke doSa kAyotsarga se tabhI lAbha prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaba usakI sAdhanA nirdoSa paddhati se kI jaae| pravacanasAroddhAra meM usake 19', yogazAstra meM 215 aura vijayodayA meM 16 doSa batalAe gae haiN| Amyantara tapa ke pariNAma bhAva-zuddhi, caMcalatA kA abhAva, zalya-mukti, dhArmika dRr3hatA Adi prAyazcitta ke pariNAma haiN| 1. uttarAdhyayana, 26 / 12 / 2. vahI, 26 / 38,41,46,46 / 3. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1462 : dehamaijaDDasuddhI, suhadukkhatitikkha ya aNuppehA / jhAyai ya suhaM jhANaM, eyaggo kAusaggammi // 4. pravacanasArodvAra, gAthA 247-262 / 5. yogazAstra, 3 / 6. mUlArAdhanA, 2 / 116, vijayodayA vRtti / 7. tattvArtha, 6 / 22 zrutasAgarIya vRtti /

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yoga 247 jJAna-lAbha, AcAra-vizuddhi, samyak ArAdhanA Adi vinaya ke pariNAma haiM / " citta-samAdhi kA lAbha, glAni kA abhAva, pravacana- vAtsalya Adi vaiyAvRttya ke pariNAma haiN| " prajJA kA atizaya adhyavasAya kI prazastatA, utkRSTa saMvega kA udaya, pravacana kI avicchinnatA, aticAra-vizuddhi, saMdeha - nAza, mithyAvAdiyoM ke bhaya kA abhAva Adi svAdhyAya ke pariNAma haiM / " kaSAya se utpanna IrSyA, viSAda, zoka Adi mAnasika duHkhoM se bAdhita na honA, sardI, garmI, bhUkha pyAsa Adi zarIra ko prabhAvita karane vAle kaSToM se bAdhita na honA dhyAna ke pariNAma haiM / " 2 nirmamatva, nirbhayatA, jIvana ke prati anAsakti, doSoM kA uccheda, mokSa - mArga meM tatparatA Adi vyutsarga ke pariNAma haiM / " 1. tattvArya. 6 / 23 zrutasAgarIya vRtti / 2. vahI, 6 / 24 zrutasAgarIya vRtti / 3. vahI, 6 / 24 zrutasAgarIya vRtti / 4. dhyAnazataka, 105-106 / 5. tattvArtha, 6 / 26 zrutasAgarIya vRtti /

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23. bAhya jagat aura hama . pravRtti ke tIna srota haiM-(1) zarIra, (2)vANI aura (3) mana / inhIM dvArA hama bAhya jagat ke sAtha samparka sthApita kie hue haiN| indriyoM ke dvArA bhI hama bAhya jagata se sampakta haiN| bAhya jagata kA vAstavika astitva hai aura hamArA astitva bhI vAstavika hai| sAdhanA kI prakriyA meM kisI ke astitva ko canautI nahIM dI jAtI, kintu apane astitva ke prati jAgarUkatA utpanna kI jAtI hai / usakI prakriyA ko 'gupti' kahA jAtA hai / usake dvArA bAhya jagat ke sAtha hamArA rAgAtmaka sambandha vicchinna ho jAtA hai, jJAnAtmaka sambandha vicchinna hotA hI nahIM aura use karane kI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM hai| guptiyAM tIna haiM--(1) mana-gupti, (2) vacana-gupti aura (3) kAya-gupti / (1) mana-gupti-rAga-dveSa kI nivRtti yA mana kA sNvrnn| (2) vacana-gupti-asatya vacana Adi kI nivRtti yA mauna / (3) kAya-gupti-hiMsA Adi kI nivRtti yA kAyika-kriyA kA sNvrnn| gupti ke dvArA bAhya jagat ke sAtha hamArA jo rAgAtmaka sambandha hai, usakA nivartana hotA hai aura bAhya jagat ke sAtha hamArA jo pravRtyAtmaka sambandha hai, usakA bhI nivartana hotA hai / eka vyakti rAgAtmaka citana nahIM karatA, yaha bhI mana-gupti hai aura zubha cintana karatA hai, vahAM bhI mana-gupti hai| vyakti rAgAtmaka vacana nahIM bolatA, yaha bhI vacanagupti hai aura zubha vacana bolatA hai, vahAM bhI vacana-gupti hai| eka vyakti rAgAtmaka gamanAgamana nahIM karatA, yaha bhI kAya-gupti hai. aura zubha gamanAgamana karatA hai, vahAM bhI kAya-gRpti hai| AtmA aura bAhya jagata kA sambandha vijAtIya tattva (paudgalika dravya) ke mAdhyama se banA huA hai / usake do aMga haiM-(1) puNya aura (2) pApa / inakA sambandha-nirodha guptiyoM se hotA hai| mana-gupti se citta kI ekAgratA prApta hotI hai|' 1. mUlArAdhanA, 1187,88, vijayodayA vRtti| 2. uttarAdhyayana, 26153 /

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bAhya jagat aura hama 246 ekAgratA se citta kA nirodha hotA hai|' vacana-gupti se nirvicAra dazA prApta hotI hai| vAka do prakAra kA hotA hai-(1) antarjalpAkAra aura (2) bahirjalpAkAra / mAnasika vicAroM kI abhivyakti bahirjalpAkAra vAk se hotI hai aura mAnasika cintana antarjalpAkAra vAk ke Alambana se hotA hai / ataeva jaba taka vacana-gupti nahIM hotI arthAta antarjalpAkAra vAka kA nirodha nahIM hotA, taba taka nirvicAra dazA-mAnasika cintana se mukta dazA yA dhyAna kI sthiti prApta nahIM hotI / kAya-gupti se saMvara yA pApAzravoM kA nirodha hotA hai|' vaidika aura bauddha darzana meM mana ko bandha aura mokSa kA hetu mAnA gayA / jaina darzana usa siddhAnta se sarvathA asahamati prakaTa nahIM karatA to sarvathA sahamati bhI nahIM detaa| mana kI caMcalatA aura sthiratA kA zarIra kI pravRtti aura apravRtti se nikaTa kA sambandha hai| zarIra ko sthira kie binA zvAsa ko sthira nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura zvAsa ko sthira kie binA mana ko sthira nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vijAtIya tattva kA grahaNa bhI zarIra ke hI dvArA hotA hai, isalie bandha aura mokSa kI prakriyA meM mana kI zarIra kI sthiratA kA bahuta mahattvapUrNa yoga zabda pudgala dravya kA kArya hai| sparza, rasa, gaMdha aura rUpa pudgala dravya ke guNa haiM / dRzya-jagat samUcA paudagalika hai| vaha manojJa bhI hai aura amanojJa bhI hai| manojJa ke prati rAga aura amanojJa ke prati dveSa utpanna hotA hai, taba AtmA pudgalAbhimukha bana jAtI hai aura pudgalAbhimukha AtmA hI pudgaloM se baddha hotI hai| zrotrendriya kA nigraha karane se manojJa zabdoM ke prati rAga-dveSa utpanna nahIM hotaa| cakSu, ghrANa, rasana aura sparzana indriya kA nigraha karane se manojJa rUpa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza ke prati rAga tathA amanojJa rUpa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza ke prati dveSa utpanna nahIM hotaa| AtmA pudgala-vimukha bana jAtI hai aura pudgala-vimukha AtmA hI pudgaloM se vimukta hotI hai| bAhya jagat se hamArA jo paudgalika sambandha hai, vahI hamArA bandhana hai aura paudgalika sambandha kA jo viccheda hai, vahI hamArI mukti hai|' 1. uttarAdhyayana, 26 / 25 / 2. vahI, 26 // 54 // 3. vahI, 2955 / 4. vahI, 2662-66

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24. sAmAcArI jaina tIrthaGkara dharma ko vyaktigata mAnate the, phira bhI unhoMne usaka ArAdhanA ko sAmUhika bnaayaa| vItarAga hara koI vyakti ho sakatA thA jo kaSAya-mukti kI sAdhanA karatA; kintu tIrthaGkara hara koI nahIM haM sakatA thA / vaha vahI ho sakatA, jo tIrtha kI sthApanA karatA yAnI janatA ke lie sAdhanA kA samAna dharAtala prastuta karatA aura sAdhanA ke lie use saMgaThita karatA / bhagavAn mahAvIra kevala arhat yA vItarAga hI nahIM the, kintu tIrthaMkara bhI the / unakA tIrtha bahuta zaktizAlI aura susaMgaThita thA / ve anuzAsana, vyavasthA aura vinaya ko bahuta mahattva dete the / unake tIrtha meM hajAroM sAdhu-sAdhviyAM thiiN| unakI vyavasthA ke lie unakA zAsana gyAraha ( yA nau) gaNoM meM vibhakta thA / pratyeka gaNa eka gaNadhara ke adhIna hotA thA / mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara the / 1 vartamAna meM hameM jo sAhitya, sAdhanAkrama aura sAmAcArI prApta hai, usakA adhikAMza bhAga pAMcaveM gaNadhara sudharmA ke gaNa kA hai / uttarAdhyayana Adi sUtroM se jAnA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ne gaNa kI vyavasthA ke lie dasa prakAra kI sAmAcArI kA vidhAna kiyA * ( 1 ) AvazyakI - gamana ke prArambha meM muni ko AvazyakI kA uccAraNa karanA cAhie / yaha isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki usakA gamanAgamana prayojana - zUnya nahIM honA cAhie / (2 niSedhakI - Thaharane ke samaya muni ko niSedhikI kA uccAraNa karanA cAhie / yaha isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki prayojana pUrA hone para muni ko sthita ho jAnA cAhie / (3) ApracchanA - muni apane lie koI pravRtti kare usase pUrva AcArya kI svIkRti prApta karanI cAhie / (4) pratipracchanA - muni dUsare muniyoM ke lie koI pravRtti kare usase pUrvaM use AcArya kI svIkRti prApta karanI cAhie / eka bAra eka pravRtti ke lie svIkRti prApta kI, phira vahI kAma karanA ho to usake lie dubArA svIkRti prApta karanI cAhie /

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nAmAcArI 251 (5) chandanA- muni ko jo bhikSA prApta ho, usake lie use dUsare sAdhuoM ko nimaMtrita karanA caahie| (6) icchAkAra-eka muni ko dUsare muni se koI kAma karAnA Avazyaka ho to use icchAkAra kA prayoga karanA cAhiekRpayA icchAnusAra merA yaha kArya kareM-isa prakAra vinamra anurodha karanA caahie| sAmAnyataH muni ke lie Adeza kI bhASA vihita nahIM hai / pUrva dIkSita sAdhu ko bAda meM dIkSita sAdhu se koI kAma karAnA ho to usake lie bhI icchAkAra kA prayoga Avazyaka (7) mithyAkAra-kisI prakAra kA pramAda ho jAne para usakI vizuddhi ke lie 'mithyAkAra' kA prayoga karanA caahie| isakA artha yaha hai ki pramAda ko DhAMkane ke lie muni ke mana meM koI Agraha nahIM honA cAhie, kintu sahaja-sarala bhAva se apane pramAda kA prAyazcitta karanA caahie| (8) tathAkAra- AcArya yA koI gurujana jo nirdeza de, use 'tathAkAra' kA uccAraNa kara svIkAra karanA caahie| aisA karane vAlA apane gurujanoM ke prati sammAna pradarzita karatA (9) abhyutthAna-muni ko AcArya Adi ke Ane para khar3A honA Adi aupacArika vinaya kA pAlana karanA caahie| (10) upasaMpadA-apane gaNa meM jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kA vizeSa prazikSaNa dene vAlA koI na ho, usa sthiti meM apane AcArya kI anumati prApta kara muni kisI dUsare gaNa ke bahazrata AcArya kI sannidhi prApta kara sakatA hai| akAraNa hI gaNa-parivartana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|' - 1. uttarAdhyayana, 17.10 /

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25. caryA caryA deza-kAla ke parivartana ke sAtha parivartita hotI rahatI hai| prAcIna kAla meM sAdhuoM kI caryA ke mukhya aMga ATha the(1) svAdhyAya, (5) AhAra, (2) dhyAna, (6) utsarga, (3) pratilekhana, (7) nidrA aura (4) sevA, (8) vihAra / - jaina zramaNa samaya kI prAmANikatA kA bahata dhyAna rakhate haiN| kAle kAlaM samAyare''...-saba kAma ThIka samaya para karo, yaha unakA mukhya sUtra thaa| kAlakrama ke anusAra unakI dinacaryA kI rUparekhA isa prakAra thI--dina ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya, dUsare prahara meM dhyAna, tIsare prahara meM AhAra aura cauthe prahara meM phira svAdhyAya / rAta ke prathama prahara meM svAdhyAya, dUsare prahara meM dhyAna, tIsare prahara meM nIMda aura cauthe prahara meM phira svaadhyaay|' pratilekhana prathama aura caturtha prahara ke prArambha meM kiyA jAtA thaa| vihAra aura utsarga bhI sAmAnyataH tIsare prahara meM kie jAte the / AvazyakatA ke kArya anya samaya meM bhI kie jAte the| sevA ke lie koI nizcita samaya nahIM thaa| jaba AvazyakatA hotI, tabhI vaha kI jaatii| yaha nizcita hai ki sevA ko prAthamikatA dI jAtI thii| ziSya dina ke prArambha meM hI AcArya se prazna karatA-"bhante ! Apa mujhe sevA meM niyukta karanA cAhate haiM yA svAdhyAya meM ?" AcArya ke sAmane sevAkArya kI AvazyakatA hotI to ve use sevA meM niyukta kara dete|" yaha Azcarya kI bAta hai ki caryA meM dharmopadeza kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| isake do kAraNa ho sakate haiM-(1) dharmopadeza karanA hara muni kA kAma nahIM thA, isalie muni kI sAmAnya caryA meM usakA ullekha nahIM 1. uttarAdhyayana, 1 / 31 / 2. vahI, 26 / 12 / 3. vahI, 26 / 18 / 4. vahI, 26151 / 5. vahI, 26 / 9-10 /

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caryA 253 kiyA gayA aura (2) dharmopadeza svAdhyAya kA hI eka aMga hai, isalie usakA pRthak ullekha nahIM kiyA gyaa| sevA kI apekSA kadAcit hotI hai| AhAra, nIMda aura utsarga-ye zarIra kI apekSAeM haiN| vihAra bhI nirantara caryA nahIM hai / dhyAna sAdhanA kI dRSTi se adhika mahattvapUrNa kAma hai, ataH usake lie do prahara kA samaya nizcita kiyA gyaa| svAdhyAya ke lie cAra prahara kA samaya nizcita kiyA, usakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki jaina zramaNa dhyAna kI apekSA svAdhyAya ko adhika mahattva dete the, kintu usake pIche eka vizeSa dRSTi thii| usa samaya sArA zruta kaNThastha thaa| likhane kI paramparA nahIM thii| zruta-jJAna kI paramparA ko avicchinna rakhane ke lie svAdhyAya meM samaya lagAnA apekSita thaa|

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26. Avazyaka karma muni ke lie pratidina avazya karaNIya karma haiM-- (1) sAmAyika (4) pratikramaNa (2) caturvizastava (5) kAyotsarga (3) vaMdanA (6) pratyAkhyAna (1) samatA kA vikAsa jIvana kI pahalI AvazyakatA hai / AtmA kI pariNati viSama hotI hai, taba asat pravRttiyAM hotI haiN| jaba AtmA kI pravRtti sama hotI haiM, pravRttiyAM apane Apa niruddha ho jAtI haiN| isa sama pariNati kA nAma hI sAmAyika hai| (2) pramoda bhAvanA kA vikAsa bhI bahuta Avazyaka hai| jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA mahattva rahA hai, kintu usakA sambandha sarva zaktisampanna sattA se nahIM hai / vaha kisI zakti ko prasanna karane va usase kucha pAne ke lie nahIM kI jAtI, kintu usakA prayojana vItarAga ke prati hotA hai| kAlacakra ke vartamAna khaNDa meM caubIsa tIrthakara hae haiN| ve saba svayaM vItarAga aura vItarAga-dharma ke pravartaka the| isalie unakI stuti Avazyaka meM sammilita kI gaI / sAmAyika hone para hI bhakti Adi Avazyaka karma saphala hote haiM, isIlie inakA sAmAyika ke bAda mahattva diyA gyaa| (3) uddhata vRtti kA nivAraNa bhI Avazyaka karma hai / vaMdanA karane se uddhata-bhAva naSTa hotA hai aura anukUlatA kA bhAva vikasita hotA (4) vratoM meM cheda ho jAeM, unheM bharanA Avazyaka karma hai / mana caMcala hai| vaha tyakta kArya ke prati bhI Asakta ho jAtA hai| usase vrata TaTa jAte haiM aura Azrava kA dvAra khula jAtA hai| mana ko pUnaH sthira banA vratoM kA sandhAna karane se Azrava ke dvAra banda ho jAte haiN| yaha pratikramaNa kA kArya hai| (5) kAyA kA bAra-bAra utsarga karanA zArIrika, mAnasika aura 1. uttarAdhyayana, 268 / - -

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255 saMskRti ke do pravAha Atmika-tInoM dRSTiyoM se Avazyaka hai| (6) AtmA apane ApameM paripUrNa hai| heya-hetuoM kA pratyAkhyAna nahIM hotA, tabhI vaha apUrNa hotI hai| unakA pratyAkhyAna hote-hote kramazaH usakI pUrNatA kA udaya ho jAtA hai| isalie pratyAkhyAna bhI Avazyaka karma hai| uttarAdhyayana meM pratyAkhyAna ke kucha vizeSa udAharaNa bhI prApta hote haiN| unake nAma aura pariNAma isa prakAra haiMnAma pariNAma (1) saMbhoga pratyAkhyAna rasa vijaya (2) upadhi pratyAkhyAna vastra vijaya (3) AhAra pratyAkhyAna kSudhA vijaya (4) kaSAya pratyAkhyAna sukha-duHkha meM sama rahane kI zakti kA vikAsa (5) yoga pratyAkhyAna Atma-sAkSAtkAra (6) zarIra pratyAkhyAna pUrNatA kI upalabdhi (7) sahAya pratyAkhyAna svataMtratA kA vikAsa (8) bhakta pratyAkhyAna saMsAra kA alpIkaraNa (8) sadbhAva pratyAkhyAna vItarAgatA' ye pratyAkhyAna dainika Avazyaka karma nahIM haiM, kintu vizeSa sAdhanA ke aMga haiN| - 1. uttarAdhyayana, 2933-41 /

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prayukta grantha sUcI atharvaveda (motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dehalI, Willam Dwight Whitney san 1962) (gAyatrI prakAzana, gAyatrI tapobhUmi, mathurA, 1660) saM0 zrIrAma zarmA, AcArya atharvaveda saMhitA saM0 bhaTTAcAryeNa zrIpAdazarmaNA (svAdhyAya-maMDala, bhArata mudraNAlaya, pAraDI dAmodarabhaTTasUnunA sAtavalekara sUrata, san 1957) kula jaina atharvavedIya vrAtyakANDa (dekheM atharvaveda) antakRddazA (jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM) anuttaropapAtikadazA (jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM) abhidhAna cintAmaNi koSa (jaina prakAzana mandira, hemacandrAcArya, vi0 AcArya ahamadAbAda, saM0 2013) vijayakastUra sUri amitagati zrAvakAcAra (munizrI anantakIrti digambara AcArya amitagati jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, saM0 1976) anyayogavyavachedadvAtriMzikA (bambaI saMskRta eNDa prAkRta . hemacandrAcArya sirIja, san 1933) saM0 e0 bI0 dhruva ariSTanemi aura vAsudeva kRSNa zrIcanda rAmapuriyA (jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA, saM0 2017) aSTAGga hRdaya (caukhambA saMskRta sirIja, banArasa) vAgbhaTa AcArAGga vRtti (zrI siddhicakra sAhitya pracAraka zIlAGkAcArya samiti, bambaI, saM0 1961) AcArAGga sUtra (zrI siddhacakra sAhitya samiti, pracAraka bambaI, saM0 1961) Adi purANa zrI jinasenAcArya, saM0 pannAlAla jaina, (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, vi0 saM0 2000) Adi tIrthaGkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva AyAro (aMgasuttANi, bhAga 1) jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM Avazyaka niyukti (Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, san 1928) bhadrabAhu Avazyaka bhASya

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prayukta graMtha-sUcI 257 Avazyaka vatti (Agamodaya samiti) vR0 malayagiri Avazyaka vRtti (Agamodaya samiti) haribhadra uttarajjhayaNANi (bhAga: 1 sAnuvAda) vAcanA pramukha AcAryazrI tulasI (jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA, san 1967) uttarajjhayaNANi (bhAga : 2 TippaNa) vAcanA pramukha AcArya zrI tulasI (jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA kalakattA, san 1667) uttarAdhyayana caNi (RSabhadeva kezarImala zrI zvetAmbara jinadAsa mahattara saMsthA, indaura, saM0 1986) uttarAdhyayana niyukti (devacandra lAlAbhAI jaina bhadrabAhu svAmI (dvitIya) pustakoddhAra bhAMDAgAra saMsthA, saM0 1972) uttarAdhyayana bRhad vRtti (devacandra lAlabhAI jaina vAdIbetAla zAntisUri pustakoddhAra bhAMDAgAra saMsthA, saM0 1672) uttarAdhyayana sUtra (devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra bhAMDAgAra saM0 1972) uttarAdhyayana sUtra (san 1922) saM0 DA0 sarapenTiyara udAna TIkA dhammapAle upadezamAlA (mAsTara umedacanda rAmacanda, ahamadAbAda, dharmadAsagaNi san 1933) upAsakadazA (jaina vizva bhAratI, lADana) upAsakAdhyayana (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, san 1964) somadeva sUri, saM0 anu0 kailAzacandra zAstrI Rgveda (svAdhyAya maNDala, pAraDI, san 1957) saM0 sAtavalekara Rgveda saMhitA (zrI paropakAriNI sabhA, ajamera, saM0 2010 paJcamAvRtti) RSibhAsita (isibhAsiyAI) anu0 saM0 muni manohara (sudharmA jJAna mandira, bambaI, san 1956) aitareya AraNyaka (AnandAzrama, pUnA, san 1956) bhA0 sAyaNa aitareya upaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2013) bhA0 zaGkarAcArya aitareya brAhmaNa (anantazayana sundara vilAsa mudraNAlaya, san 1952) oghaniyukti (Agamodaya samiti, mesANA, san 1919) bhadrabAhu aupapAtika sUtra (vRtti sahita) (paM0 bhUrAlAla kAlIdAsa, saM0 1964) vR0 abhayadeva sUri

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258 saMskRti ke do pravAha aMguttaranikAya kI aTThakathA karakaNDu caria (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI) muni kanakAmara, saM0 DA0 hIrAlAla jaina kalpasUtra (jaina pustakoddhAra phaNDa, sUrata, saM0 1967) kauTilya arthazAstra (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya, kauTilyAcArya bambaI, sana 1660) khaNDaharoM kA vaibhava (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, san 1652) muni kAntisAgara garuDa purANa (baMgavAsI presa) kRSNadvaipAyana vedavyAsa gItA (gItA presa, gorakhapura) maharSi vedavyAsa cAritrabhakti pUjyapAda chAndogya upaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2013) bhA0 AcArya zaGkara jAbAlopaniSad jambUdvIpa prajJapti (devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra phaNDa, bambaI, saM0 1976) jambUdvIpa prajJapti TIkA (devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra vR0 zAnticandra phaNDa, bambaI, saM0 1976) jena itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA aura hamArA abhyutthAna DA0 hIrAlAla jaina jaina bhAratI (jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA) tattvasAra devasena tattvArtha bhASyAnusArI TIkA (devacandra lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAra siddhasena gaNI phaNDa, bambaI, san 1926) tattvArtha (rAjavAtika) (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, akalaGkadeva saM0 2000) tattvArtha (zrutasAgarIya vRtti), , , zrutasAgara sUri saM0 2000) tattvArtha sUtra (sabhASya tattvArthAdhigama sUtra) umAsvAti (seTha maNIlAla revAzaMkara jagajIvana jauharI, bambaI-2, saM0 1986) tattvAnuzAsana (mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, rAmasena bambaI, prathama saM0) tANDya mahAbrAhmaNa tiloyapaNNattI (jaina saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, saM0 hIrAlAla jaina, san 1643, 1951) e0 ena0 upAdhye hi0 a0 bAlacanda siddhAnta zAyaka

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prayukta graMtha-sUcI 256 tiloya sAra (maNikacanda digambara jaina nemicandra siddhAMta cakravartI granthamAlA, bambaI, san 1919) tIrthaMkara mahAvIra, bhAga : 1,2 (kAzInAtha sarApha, vijayendra sUri bambaI, saM0 2017) taittirIya saMhitA (AnandAzrama, pUnA) taittirIyAraNyaka (AnandAzrama, pUnA, san 1926). bhA0 sAyaNa theragAthA (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya, bambaI, san 1936) saM0 ena0 ke0 bhAgavata therIgAthA (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya, bambaI, san 1937) saM0 ena0 ke0 bhAgavata darzanasAra (mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti) devasena AcArya dazavakAlika cUlikA (dasaveAliyaM) vAcanA pramukha AcArya zrI tulasI (jaina zve0 terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA, san 1664) dazavakAlika niyukti (devacanda lAlabhAI jaina ni0 bhadrabAhu pustakoddhAra bhaNDAgAra saMsthA, bambaI, san 1918) dazavaikAlika vatti (devacanda lAlacanda jaina vR0 haribhadva pustakoddhAra bhaNDAgAra saMsthA, saM0 1974) dazavakAlika sUtra (jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI vAcanA pramukha AcArya zrI tulasI mahAsabhA, kalakattA, san 1964) dazAzrutaskandha (panyAsa zrI maNivijayajI gaNi granthamAlA, bhAvanagara, saM0 2011) dasaveAliyaM taha uttarajjhayaNANi vAcanA pramukha AcArya tulasI (jaina zvetAmbara terApaMtha mahAsabhA, kalakattA, saM0 2020) saM0 muni nathamala divyAvadAna (mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, san 1956) dIghanikAya (mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, anu0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana san 1936) devI bhAgavata (manasukharAya mora, kalakattA, san 1960) maharSi vedavyAsa dezInAmamAlA (bambaI saMskRta sIrija, dvi0 saM0, san 1938) AcArya hemacandra dhammapada (kuzInagara prakAzana, devariyA, san 1954) saM0 dharmAnanda kosambI dhyAnazataka dharmaparIkSA (zrI jaina grantha prakAzaka sabhA, saM0 1968) yazovijayagaNi navacakrezvara taMtra nAbhinandanoddhAra nirayAvalikA (zrI jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA, TI0 ghAsIlAlajI mahArAja bhAvanagara, saM0 1960)

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260 saMskRti ke do pravAha nizItha cUNi, (sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, san 1957) jinadAsa mahattara nizItha sUtra, sabhASya sacUNi saM0 upAdhyAya amara muni (sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA, san 1957) muni zrI kanhaiyAlAla "kamala" naMdI cUNi (rUpacandra navalamala pADI, sirohI, jinadAsa mahattara san 1931) naMdI vRtti (Agamodaya samiti, bambaI san 1980) vR0 malayagiri naMdI sUtra (sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, san 1958) saM0 subodha muni paTTAvalI samuccaya (cAritra-smAraka granthamAlA, saM0 muni darzanavijaya ahamadAbAda) padma purANa (manasukharAya mora, 5 klAIva ro, kalakattA, maharSi vyAsa san 1657) padma purANa (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, san 1958) raviseNAcArya pATalIputra kI kathA pANini vyAkaraNa (nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI) pANinI pAtaJjala yogadarzana (gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2017) maharSi pataJjali pAtaJjala yogasUtra bhASya vivaraNa ___ anu0 rAmAprasAda, ema0 e0 (pANini Aphisa, bhuvanezvarI Azrama, bahAduragaMja, san 1910) pAlI sAhitya kA itihAsa DaoN0 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya pArzvanAtha sakalakIrti pArzvanAtha kA cAturyAma dharma dharmAnanda kosAmbI pAsanAhacariaM purAtattva (gujarAta purAtattva mandira, ahamadAbAda, saM rasikalAla choTAlAla parIkha saM0 1982) puruSArthasiddhyupAya (senTrala jaina pablisiMga amRtacandra sUri, saM0 ajitaprasAda hAusa, lakhanaU, san 1933) prabhAta purANa pravacanasAroddhAra (devacanda lAlabhAI jaina nemicandra sUri pustakoddhAra saMsthA, saM0 1678) prajJApanA sUtra (vRtti sahita) zyAmAcArya, 30 malayagiri (Agamodaya samiti, mesANA, san 1918) prAcIna bhAratavarSa tribhuvanadAsa laharacanda zAha

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261 prayukta graMtha-sUcI prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya ema0 vinTaraniTja, (motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, san 1961) anu0 lAjapatarAya buddhacaryA (mahAbodhi sosAyaTI, sAranAtha dvi0 saM0, san 1952) rAhula sAMkRtyAyana buddha carita azvaghoSa buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola bharatasiMha upAdhyAya (hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, saM0 2018) buddhavacana (mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, ca0 saM0) anu0 AnaMda kausalyAyana bahatkalpa bhASya (jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, bhadrabAhu san 1933-37) bRhatkalpa bhASya vRtti (jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, san 1933-37) bRhatkalpa sUtra (jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, san 1933-37) bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2014) bhA0 zaMkarAcArya bAmbe gajeTiyara baudhAyana dharma zAstra (sUtra) baudhAyana saM0 E. Hultzsch, Leipzig, san 1884 Ph. D. bauddha dharma-darzana AcArya narendra deva bauddha saMskRti rAhula sAMkRtyAyana baMgalA bhASAra itihAsa brahma purANa (manasukharAya mora, kalakattA, saM0 1654) maharSi vedavyAsa brahmANDa purANa (manasukharAya mora, 5 klAiva ro, maharSi vedavyAsa kalakattA, san 1654) bhagavatI (aMgasuttANi, bhAga 2) jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM bhagavatI vRtti (Agamodaya samiti) abhayadeva sUri bhadrabAhu caritra bhAgavata (gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2018) maharSi vedavyAsa bhAgavata mahApurANa ( , ,) bhAratavarSa kA itihAsa bhagavaddatta bhAratavarSa meM jAtibheda T* kSitimohana sena bhAratIya itihAsa

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262 saMskRti ke do pravAha bhAratIya itihAsa kI rUparekhA DaoN0 balarAma zrIvAstava, (hindI grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI, san 1948] ratibhAnusiMha nAhara bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA dharmAnanda kosambI, anu0 vizvanAtha dAmodara bhikSujasarasAyana (terApaMtha AcArya caritrAvalI zrImajjayAcArya kha0 1, jaina zve0 terApaMthI mahAsabhA, kalakattA) majjhima nikAya (hindI anuvAda) rAhula sAMkRtyAyana (mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, san 1933) matsya purANa (nandalAla mora, 6 klAiva ro, kalakattA-1, maharSi vedavyAsa san 1954) manusmRti (nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, san 1946) saM0 nArAyaNarAma AcArya maraNasamAdhi prakIrNaka (Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, saM0 1983) mahApurANa (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI san 1944) AcArya jinasena anu0 paM0 pannAlAla jaina mahAbhArata (gItA presa, gorakhapura, pra0 saM0) maharSi vedavyAsa mahAbhArata mImAMsA cintAmaNi vinAyaka vaidya mahAvagga (vihAra rAjakIya pAli prakAzana maNDala, saM0 bhikkhu jagadIza kazyapa san 1956) mahAvaMza (bambaI vizvavidyAlaya) mahAvIra jayantI smArikA (san 1962, 1963 saM0 paM0 cainasukhadAsa nyAyatIrtha rAjasthAna jaina sabhA, jayapura) mArkaNDeya purANa (manasukharAya mora, kalakattA) maharSi vedavyAsa muNDakopaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 2016) bhA0 zaGkarAcArya mUlAcAra (jaina granthamAlA samiti, 1977) baTTakera AcArya mUlArAdhanA (vijayodayA TIkA sahita) zivArya, TI0 aparAjita sUri (zolApura, san 1935 mUlArAdhanA vR0 amitagati mUlArAdhanA darpaNa (zolApura, san 1965) paM0 AzAdhara mUlArAdhanA, vijayodayA vRtti aparAjita sUri mokkhapAhuDa kundakundAcArya mohanajodar3o sara jaoNna mArzala

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yukta graMtha-sUcI zasttilaka (jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura san 1946) . ___ saM0 ke0 ke0 hendIkkI pAjJavalkya smRti (nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI saM0 nArAyaNarAma AcArya paMcama saMskaraNa, 1946) yogazAstra (jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, san 1926) AcArya hemacandra yogazAstra vRtti rAjapraznIya sUtra saM0 becaradAsa dosI rAmAyaNa (gItA presa gorakhapura, saM0 2017) maharSi vAlmIki vasunandI zrAvakAcAra (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, AcArya vasunandi san 1952) vAyu purANa (manasukharAya mora, kalakattA, san 1956) maharSi veda vyAsa vAziSTa dharmazAstra viSNa purANa (gItA presa, gorakhapura, saM0 1963) anu0 munilAla gupta vinaya piTaka (mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, anu0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana san 1935) vipAka sUtra (aMgasuttANi bhAga 3, jaina vizva bhAratI, laaddnuuN)| vizuddhi mArga (mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, anu0 bhikSu dharmarakSita buddhaghoSa, san 1956) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya jinabhadra gaNi kSamAzramaNa (divya darzana kAryAlaya, ahamadAbAda, vI0 saM0 2486) vaidika koSa vaidika sAhitya kA vikAsa vaidika saMskRti kA vikAsa vaizeSika darzana (pustaka bhaMDAra, barelI, dvi0 1954) darzanAnanda sarasvatI vyavahAra cUlikA saM0 muni mANaka (vakIla kezavalAla premacanda, bhAvanagara saM0 1664) vyavahAra bhASya saMzodhaka muni mANaka (vakIla kezavalAla premacanda, bhAvanagara, saM0 1994) zatapatha brAhmaNa (cokhambA saMskRta sIrija, vArANasI) __ bhA0 sAyaNa zvetAzvatara upaniSad bhA0 zaGkarAcArya (gItA preza, gorakhapura 2006) zAntasudhArasa (Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU, san 1984, vinayavijayajI muni rAjendrakumAra)

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264 saMskRti ke do pravAha zivasvarodaya zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kalyANa vijaya gaNi (ka0 vi0 zAstra saMgraha samiti, jAlora, saM0 1968) SaT khaNDAgama (seTha sitAvarAya lakSmIcanda, melasara) saptatizatasthAna samavAyAMga (aMgasuttANi bhAga 1, jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM) samavAyAMga vRtti (Agamodaya samiti, mesANA, vR0 abhayadeva sUri san 1618) sAgaradharmAmRta (mUlacanda kisanadAsa kApar3iyA, paM0 AzAdhara, TI0 devakInandana sUrata, vI0 saM0 2466) si0 zAstrI pukhabodhA (puSpacandra khemacandra, valAda, bApA nemicandrAcArya ahamadAbAda, vI0 saM0 2466) puttanipAta (mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, bhikSu dharma ratna, ema0 e0 san 1657) suvarNabhUmi meM kAlakAcArya sUtrakRtAMga (aMgasuttANi bhAga 1, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADan) satrakatAMga caNi (zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI jinadAsa gaNi zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, san 1641) / sUtrakRtAMga niyukti (zrI goDAjI pArzvanAtha jainaderAsara, peDhI, san 1950) sUtrakRtAMga vRtti (Agamodaya samiti, jaina derAsara, zIlAGkAcArya peDhI, saM0 1973) saMkSipta jaina itihAsa saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya (rAjapAla eNDa sansa, DaoN0 rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara kazmIrI geTa dillI, dvi0 saM0) saMyuktanikAya (mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, anu0 bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa vArANasI, san 1664) sAMkhya kaumudI sAMkhya darzana bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, vArANasI, saM0 DaoN0 ramAzaMkara bhaTTAcArya saM0 2022, saMskRta kAleja, kalakattA, saM0 1963) zrI bhUpendranAtha bhaTTAcArya sthAnAMga (aMgasuttANi bhAga 1) jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM sthAnAMga vRtti (seTha mANakalAla cunIlAla, ahamadAbAda, abhayadeva sari saM0 1664) bhadrabAhu

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prayukta graMtha-sUcI 265 haThayoga pradIpikA harijana sevaka (30 maI 1948) navajIvana TrasTa, ahamadAbAda harivaMza purANa (mANikacanda digambara jaina graMthamAlA) jinasena hindU sabhyatA DaoN0 rAdhAkumuda mukharjI anu0 DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla hindI vizvakoSa saM0 nagendranAtha basu hukumacanda abhinandana grantha (pra0 a0 bhA0 digambara jaina mahAsabhA, naI sar3aka dillI, san 1951) triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra saM0 DaoN0 eca0 ema0 jAnasana (orienTala insTIcyUTa, pUnA, san 1931) vidyagoSThI jJAtAdharmakathA (aMgasuttANi bhAga 3) jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM jJAnasAra jJAnArNava (rAyacandra-zAstramAlA, bambaI) zubhacandrAcArya Ancient Indian Historical Tradition F. E. Pargiter (Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi, 1962) Ancient India as described in Classical J. W. Mackmidle Literature (Westmaster, 1901) Burmingham, Ancient Geography of India Ed. Surendra (Calcutta 1924) Majumdar, Shastri Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (Poona) Asiatic Researches Ashoka (Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi Dr. Radha Kumud 3rd, 1962) Mukherjee Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute (Poona) Buddist India (Ernest Bern Ltd. 1903) Rhy Davids Buddhist studies Cambridge History of India (Cambridge 1921) E. J. Rapson Dictionary of Pali: Proper Names Dr. G. P. Malal shekhar, (Luzac & Co. Ltd., London, 1937) Early Faith of Ashoka Thomas gion and Ethics Epigraphica Indica Delhi, Calcutta Gautam the Man

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166 saskRti ke do pravAha Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahabharat Hindu Civilisation Dr. Radha Kumud Mukherjee History of Indian Literature (The University M. Winterpitz of Calcutta, 1933) History of Sanskrit Literature A. A. Macdonell (Motilal Banarsidass) History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas Dr. A. L. Basham (Luzac & Co., Ltd., London, 1951) History of the World Indian Philosophy Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (London, Luzac, 1893) Indian Historical Quarterly (Calcutta) Indische studien Journal of the Bihar & Orissa Research Society Jainism in the History of Indian Literature M. Winternitz (Jain Sahitya Sansodhak Pratishthan, Ahmedabad, 1946) Journol of Royal Asiatic Society (Calcutta) Kshatriya Claus Pali English Dictionary (Pali Text Ed. T. W. Rhys Davids Society, 1959) Political History of Ancient India H. C. Raychaudhuri (2nd ed. Calcutta) Principal Upanishadas Dr. S. Radhakrisbnam Religion and Philosophy of the Vedas A. B. Keith and Upanishadas Religions of India F. Max Muller Sacred Books of the East The Jain Canonical Literature Dr. Bimal Charan Law (Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay, 1949) Studies in Indian Antiquities HC/ Raychaudhari (The University of Calcutta, 1985, 2nd edn.) Uttaradhyayan Sutra (UPPSALA, 1922) jarl Charpentier, Ph. D: Vedas F. Max Muller Vedic Mythology A. A. Macdone

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