Jain evam Bauddh Shiksha Darshan Ek Tulnatmak Adhyayana

Author(s): Vijay Kumar
Publisher: Parshwanath Shodhpith Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002081/1

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana DaoN0 vijaya kumAra pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA : 142 pradhAna sampAdaka DA0 sAgaramala jaina jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAdara bheMTa lekhaka DaoN. vijaya kumAra ema0e0 (darzanazAstra), pI-eca0DI0 pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI mAra pArzvanAtha vidyApITha vArANasI 2003

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pArzvanAtha vidyApITha granthamAlA saM0 pustaka lekhaka prakAzaka dUrabhASa saMkhyA prathama saMskaraNa mUlya akSara sajjA mudraka (c) I.S.B.N. Title Writer Publisher Telephone No. First Edition Price Typesetting at Printed at 142 : jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana : DaoN0 vijaya kumAra : : : : : Parswanatha Vidyapitha Series No. : 142 : saritA kampyUTarsa, DI 55 / 48, auraMgAbAda, vArANasI phona naM0 : 2359521. : : : : - pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, AI0TI0AI0, roDa, karauMdI, vArANasI- 5 0542-2575521 : 2003 200.00 rupaye mAtra varddhamAna mudraNAlaya, bhelUpura, vArANasI. pArzvanAtha vidyApITha 81-86715-74-6 Jaina Evam Bauddha Siksa Darsana : Ek Tulnatmaka Adhyayana Dr. Vijaya Kumar Parswanatha Vidhyapitha I.T.I. Road, Karaundi, Varanasi-5. 0542-2575521 2003 : Rs.200.00 only : Sarita Computers, D. 55/48, Aurangabad, Varanasi-5. Phone No. 2359521. : Vardhaman Mudranalaya, Bhelupur, Varanasi.

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samarpaNa 5117 zrI dhanarAja siMha khaTer3a Parace Pa Pa TRCADOO OF sAdara pUjya sAsa-sasura zrImatI kiraNa devI khaTer3a evaM vijaya Hui 07 7 Hui

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mAnava milana preraka pUjya muni zrI maNibhadrajI ma0 sA0 kA - kI preraNA se paMjAba jaina bhrAtRsabhA, kAnapura ne isa pustaka ke prakAzana hetu 10,000 rupaye kA anudAna diyA

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prakAzakIya 'sA vidyA yA vimuktaye' arthAt vidyA vahI hai jo vimukti pradAna kre| daihika jIvana mUlyoM meM udarapUrti vyakti kI prathama AvazyakatA hai, isase iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / kintu ise hI zikSA kA 'atha evaM iti' nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, kyoMki yaha kArya zikSA ke abhAva meM bhI sambhava hai| yadi udarapUrti hI jIvana kA ekamAtra lakSya ho to phira manuSya pazu se bhinna nahIM hogaa| jaina mAnyatAnusAra usa zikSA yA jJAna kA koI artha nahIM hai jo hameM cAritrika zuddhi yA AcArazuddhi kI dizA meM gatizIla na karatA ho / zikSA se vyakti ajJAna kA nAza karatA hai tathA saMkleza ko prApta nahIM hotA hai / jisa prakAra dhAge se yukta sUI gira jAne para bhI vinaSTa nahIM hotI hai arthAt khojI jA sakatI hai, usI prakAra zrutasampanna jIva saMsAra meM vinaSTa nahIM hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jaina paramparA meM usa zikSA ko nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai jo vyakti ke cAritrika vikAsa yA vyaktitva vikAsa karane meM samartha nahIM hai| jo zikSA manuSya ko pAzavika vAsanAoM se Upara nahIM uThA sake, vaha vAstavika zikSA nahIM hai / prastuta pustaka meM lekhaka ne jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM mAnya zikSA-paddhattiyoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta karate huye vartamAna zikSA meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kI mahatI AvazyakatA para bala diyA hai, ataH unheM merA sAdhuvAda | sundara akSara-sajjA ke liye saritA kampyUTarsa evaM satvara mudraNa hetu varddhamANa mudraNAlaya ko dhanyavAda detA hU~ / dinAMka - 11.04.2003 zAjApura sAgaramala jaina saciva pArzvanAtha vidyApITha

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svakathya vidyA dadAti vinayaM, vinayAdyAti paatrtaam| pAtratvAddhanamApnoti, dhanAddharma tataH sukhm|| vidyA manuSya ko vinayazIla banAtI hai| vinaya se vaha yogya ho jAtA hai| yogyatA se dhana arjita hotA hai aura dharma kI prApti hotI hai| vidyA, buddhi aura viveka ke AdhAra para manuSya ko samasta prANiyoM meM zreSTha mAnA jAtA hai| zikSA ke mAdhyama se hI manuSya kI buddhi aura viveka kA vikAsa hotA hai| manuSya jIvanaparyanta zikSA kI prApti vividha rUpoM meM karatA hai tathA apane jJAna ke uttarottara vikAsa ke liye zikSA kA sahArA letA Aja kI zikSaNa-praNAlI meM vyakti ke vikAsa ke sAdhanoM kA sarvathA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai| eka ora hamArI prAcIna zikSA jahA~ vyaktitva ke carama vikAsa aura nirvANa kI bAteM karatI hai, vahIM dUsarI ora Adhunika zikSA vyakti ko artha aura kAma taka hI sImita karane ke prayAsa meM saMlagna hai| pariNAmata: Aja kI zikSA vyakti ko pUrNa saMskRta evaM vikasita karane meM asamartha-sI pratIta ho rahI hai| yadyapi Aja ke isa kampyUTara yuga meM mokSa yA nirvANa kI bAteM karanA hAsyAspada jAna par3atI haiM, phira bhI dharma kI bAteM to kara sakate haiN| zikSA meM dharma ko to sthAna diyA jA sakatA hai| dharma, naitikatA, satyaniSThA tathA AdhyAtmikatA se hIna vartamAna zikSA rASTra ke pratyeka stara para asthiratA evaM azAMti kA kAraNa bana rahI hai| Aja zikSA prApta karane ke pazcAt aneka yuvakayuvatiyA~ berojagArI kI zikAra banatI jA rahI haiN| ina saba bAtoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki hamArI zikSA kA hamAre samAja ke sAtha koI sAmaMjasya nahIM ho pA rahA hai| inhIM samasyAyoM ko dRSTigata kara maineM zramaNa paramparA kI prAcIna zikSaNa-praNAlI ko dekhanA ucita smjhaa| bhAratIya saMskRti meM tIna prakAra kI paramparAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiM- brAhmaNa, jaina evaM bauddh| prastuta pustaka meM jaina evaM bauddha do paramparAoM ke zikSA sambandhI siddhAntoM ke tulanAtmaka vivecana ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prathama adhyAya meM zikSA-darzana kA sAmAnya paricaya dete huye zikSA kA zAbdika artha, paribhASA, zikSA kA jIvana aura darzana se sambandha, zikSA kI samasyAe~ Adi

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para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyAya meM jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / isa adhyAya ke antargata jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana kA saMkSipta paricaya dete huye unakI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi tathA zikSA se sambandhita sAhitya ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| iii tRtIya adhyAya meM jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya tathA viSaya kI carcA kI gayI hai| donoM paramparAoM kI zikSAoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai- AdhyAtmika aura laukika / AdhyAtmika zikSA antargata jaina dharma ke triratna, paMcamahAvrata Adi tathA bauddhadharma ke cAra Aryasatya aura aSTAMgika mArga Adi ko nirUpita kiyA gayA hai / laukika zikSA ke antargata jaina evaM bauddha zikSA meM mAnya kalAoM tathA tatkAlIna pAThya viSayoM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| tatpazcAt donoM paramparAoM meM mAnya siddhAntoM kI tulanA kI gayI hai / caturtha adhyAya meM jaina evaM bauddha zikSA paddhatti ko nirUpita karate huye jaina zikSaNapaddhatti ke antargata pATha - vidhi, praznottara - vidhi, zAstrArtha - vidhi Adi nau vidhiyoM tathA bauddha zikSaNa-paddhatti ke antargata bhI pATha - vidhi, praznottara - vidhi, zAstrArtha-vidhi Adi sAta vidhiyoM ko vivecita kiyA gayA hai| tatpazcAt donoM paramparAoM meM mAnya paddhattiyoM kI tulanA kI gayI hai| paMcama adhyAya meM zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva ko vivecya viSaya banAyA gayA hai| isake antargata donoM paramparAoM meM mAnya guru ke svarUpa ko vizleSita karate huye guru kI paribhASA, lakSaNa, pada para niyukta hone kI yogyatAe~, guru ke prakAra, kartavya Adi viSayoM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| tatpazcAt tulanA kI gayI hai| SaSTha adhyAya meM donoM paramparAoM meM mAnya zikSArthI kI yogyatAyeM, vidyArambha sambandhI saMskAra, zikSArthI kI yogyatAyeM, vinaya aura vinaya ke phala, zikSArthI ke kartavya, zikSArthI ke prakAra Adi viSayoM ko nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| saptama adhyAya meM guru aura ziSya ke sambandha tathA tatkAlIna daNDa-vyavasthA ko vivecita kiyA gayA hai| aSTama adhyAya upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM liyA gayA hai jisake antargata jaina evaM bauddhakAlIna zikSA aura Adhunika zikSA ko samAyojita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| san 1986 meM maiMne isa viSaya para darzana vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM

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zodha chAtra ke rUpa meM kArya prArambha kiyA thaa| san 1989 meM mujhe isa viSaya para pIeca0 DI0 kI upAdhi se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| isa kArya ke praNayana meM jo bhI mere patha-pradarzaka evaM sahAyaka rahe haiM unameM sarvaprathama maiM gurudvaya pro0harizcandra siMha rAThaura' zikSA saMkAya, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya evaM pro0badrInAtha siMha, darzana vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI ke prati zraddhAvanata hU~ jinake sasneha mArgadarzana evaM nirdezana meM prastuta kArya pUrNa ho skaa| merI aniyamitatAoM evaM truTiyoM para lezamAtra bhI dhyAna na dekara gurudvaya sadA mujhe apane kArya ke liye utsAhita karate rhe| ata: punazca zraddheya gurudvaya ke prati apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| vizeSa rUpa se pro0sAgaramala jaina, pUrva nidezaka evaM saciva, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI kA AbhArI hU~ jinhoMne mujhe isa viSaya para kArya karane kI salAha dI tathA samaya-samaya para zodha-sambandhI kaThinAIyoM ko bhI dUra karate rahe, ata: unake prati kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| pro0 lakSmInidhi zarmA (pUrva adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga, kAhi0vi0vi0, vArANasI), pro0rAmajIsiMha (pUrva kulapati, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM), pro0 raghunAtha giri (pUrva adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga, ma0gA0 kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI), pro0 mRtyuJjaya nArAyaNa sinhA (pUrva adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga, bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujaphpharapura), pro0zaccIndra kumAra siMha (adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga, bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujaphpharapura), prorevatIramaNa pANDeya ( kulapati, gorakhapura vizvavidyAlaya, gorakhapura), pro0 rAmalAla siMha ( darzana vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda), pro0zambhUnAtha siMha ( adhyakSa, samAjakArya vibhAga, magA0 kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI), pro0paramAnanda siMha ( adhyakSa, itihAsa vibhAga, ma0gA0 kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI), pro0raghuvIra siMha tomara' ( rAjanItizAstra vibhAga, ma0gA0 kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI), pro0gItArAnI agravAla ( adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga, ma0gA0 kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI), pro0kamalAkara mizra (pUrva adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga, kA0hi0vi0vi0, vArANasI), pro0DI0e0gaMgAdhara ( adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga, kA0hi0 vi0vi0, vArANasI), pro0umezacandra dUbe (darzana vibhAga, kA0hi0vi0vi0), pro0esa0vijaya kumAra (darzana vibhAga, kA0hi0vi0vi0, vArANasI), pro0 mukularAja mehatA (darzana vibhAga, kA0hi0vi0vi0, vArANasI) evaM pro0kRpAzaMkara jI (darzana vibhAga, kA0hi0vi0vi0, vArANasI) Adi guruvarya kA hRdaya se AbhArI hU~ jinalogoM ne sadA mujhe zikSA jagata meM agrasara hone ke liye prerita kiyA hai| pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke nidezaka pro0mahezvarI prasAda evaM mere sahayogI DaoN.azoka kumAra siMha, DaoN0zivaprasAda jI, DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya, zrI omaprakAza siMha, zrI rAjeza

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caube, zrI rAkeza siMha evaM anya karmacArIgaNa ke prati apanA AbhAra prakaTa karatA hU~ jinalogoM se hamezA akAdamIya sahayoga milatA rahatA hai| vizeSakara apanI dharmapatnI DaoN0 sudhA jaina jo pArzvanAtha vidyApITha meM merI akAdamIya sahayogI haiM, ke prati AbhAra jJApita karake maiM unheM zarmindA nahIM karanA cAhatA kyoMki unhoMne ghara evaM ghara se bAhara sadA merA sAtha dekara mujhe gauravAnvita kiyA hai| mitravara DaoN0 jagatarAma bhaTTAcArya ( upAcArya, prAkRta bhASA vibhAga, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM), DaoN0 rajjana kumAra (upAcArya, darzana vibhAga, ruhelakhaNDa vizvavidyAlaya, barelI), DaoN0 sunItA kumArI (upAcArya, esa0ema0 esa0 snAtakottara mahAvidyAlaya, rUr3akI), DaoN0 jayanta kumAra (prAcArya, Adarza vidyA maMdira, kucAmana siTI) ke prati AbhAra prakaTa karatA hU~ jinakI mitratA ne mujhe hamezA bala pradAna kiyA hai| apane pUjya mAtA-pitA sva0 zrImatI zAnti sinhA evaM DaoN0baziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA kA atyanta RNI hU~ jinalogoM ne mujhe pyAra hI nahIM balki guru rUpa meM vidyA aura jJAna bhI pradAna kiyA hai| pUjya cAcIjI-cAcAjI zrImatI zAnti siMha evaM zrI ravIndra nAtha siMha jo mere dvitIya mAtA-pitA haiM aura jinalogoM ne sadA mujhe adhyayanarata rahane meM protsAhita kiyA hai, ke vAtsalya evaM AzIrvAda ke liye sadaiva RNI huuN| pUjya bhrAtA prophesara prabhAta kumAra siMha (aMgrejI vibhAga, ma0gA0 kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI) jo zaikSaNika jagata meM mujhe protsAhita karate rahe haiM aura jinakI karmaThatA sadA mujhe prerita karatI rahI hai, ke prati apanI kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| AdaraNIya mAmAjI DaoN0 zaziraMjana siMha ke prati apanA abhAra prakaTa karatA hU~ jinhoMne hamezA sneha evaM sahayoga pradAna kiyA hai| agraja sva0 DaoN0 saMjaya kumAra, DaoN0 ajaya kumAra evaM zrI dhanaMjaya kumAra tathA parivAra ke anya sadasyoM ke prati hRdaya se AbhAra prakaTa karatA hU~ jinalogoM ne pArivArika kAryoM meM mujhe sahayoga dekara adhyayana ke liye sadA protsAhita kiyA hai| ise svIkAra karane meM mujhe koI hicaka nahIM hai ki isa pustaka meM jo kucha bhI hai vaha santoM, gurujanoM, vidvajjanoM kA hai, jinheM maiMne apanI alpamati ke AdhAra para suniyojita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| ata: isa kArya meM yadi koI doSa dikhAI par3atA hai to vaha nizcita hI merA hai aura isake liye udAramanA vidvAnoM se maiM kSamAprArthI huuN| anta meM sundara akSara-sajjA hetu saritA kampyUTara va svaccha mudraNa ke liye varddhamAna mudraNAlaya ko dhanyavAda detA huuN| 11.04.2003 rAmanavamI vijaya kumAra

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prakAzakIya svakathya : : viSayAnukramaNikA : prathama adhyAya zikSA darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya dvitIya adhyAya : jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya : jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya tRtIya adhyAya caturtha adhyAya zikSA-paddhatti paMcama adhyAya : zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva SaSTha adhyAya zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva saptama adhyAya : guru-ziSya sambandha evaM daNDa- vyavasthA aSTama adhyAya : upasaMhAra sandarbha-grantha-sUcI : viSayAnukramaNikA : pRSTha saMkhyA i ii-v vi 1-22 23-59 60-103 104-132 133-167 168-200 201-215 216-225 226-235

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prathama adhyAya zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya manuSya dvArA prApta jJAna ko eka pIr3hI se dUsarI pIr3hI taka pahu~cAne ke lie jisa vidhi yA prakriyA kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai, vaha 'zikSA' hai| zikSA ke abhAva meM manuSya ko binA sIMga aura pUMcha ke jAnavara taka kI upamAyeM dI gayI haiN| kahA bhI gayA hai'jJAnena hInA: pazubhiH smaanaa:|' zikSA kA abhAva hI vyakti aura samAja meM vyApta andhakAra kA mUla kAraNa hai| zikSA aisA mAdhyama hai jisake dvArA manuSya kI janmajAta zaktiyoM kA vikAsa hotA hai, usake jJAna aura kalA-kauzala meM vRddhi tathA vyavahAra meM parivartana hotA hai| zikSA ke kAraNa hI mAnava meM vicArazIlatA, buddhimattA, sadAcAritva Adi guNa dekhane ko milate haiN| zikSA ke dvArA hI mAnava sabhya evaM susaMskRta banatA hai| anya prANI bhI prazikSita hote haiM lekina unameM viveka kA abhAva hotA hai| zikSA mAnava meM viveka ko jAgrata evaM samRddha karatI hai| sahI arthoM meM zikSA prakAza kA srota hai jo jIvana ke vibhinna kSetroM meM sadmArga ko prakAzita karatI hai| zikSA ke lie jJAna, vidyA Adi zabdoM ke prayoga bhI kiye jAte haiN| aisI mAnyatA hai ki jJAna manuSya kA tIsarA netra hai jo use tattvoM ke mUla ko samajhane meM samartha banAtA hai tathA sat-kAryoM meM pravRtta karatA hai| vidyA se jisa jyoti kI prApti hotI hai usase vyakti saMzayoM kA uccheda karatA hai, kaThinAiyoM ko dUra bhagAtA hai aura jIvana ke vAstavika mahattva ko samajhane ke yogya banatA hai| jise jJAna kI jyoti upalabdha nahIM hotI vaha andhe ke samAna hotA hai| vidyA ko mAtA, pitA tathA patnI ke samAna batAte huye kahA gayA hai- vidyA mAtA kI bhA~ti hamArI rakSA karatI hai, pitA kI bhA~ti hita-kAryoM meM lagAtI hai tathA patnI kI bhA~ti khedoM ko dUra kara prasannatA pradAna karatI hai| 2 'isibhAsiyAI' meM kahA gayA hai- 'vahI vidyA mahAvidyA hai, vahI vidyA samasta vidyAoM meM uttama hai jisakI sAdhanA karane se samasta duHkhoM se mukti milatI hai| vidyA duHkha-mocanI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne usI vidyA ko uttama mAnA hai jisake dvArA duHkhoM se mukti ho aura AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra ho| 4 'AdipurANa' meM zikSA (vidyA) kI mahattA para prakAza DAlate hue AcArya jinasena ne kahA hai- 'vidyA hI manuSya ko yaza denevAlI hai, vidyA hI AtmakalyANa karanevAlI hai, vidyA hI cintAmaNi hai, vidyA hI dharma, artha

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2 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura kAma rUpa phala se yukta sampadAoM kI paramparA utpanna karatI hai| vidyA hI bandhu hai, vidyA hI mitra hai, vidyA hI kalyANa karanevAlI hai, vidyA hI sAtha-sAtha jAnevAlI sampadA hai aura vidyA hI saba prayojanoM ko siddha karanevAlI hai| 5 zikSA ihaloka aura paraloka donoM meM puruSArthoM ko siddha karatI hai| isa prakAra samyak-zikSA vahI hai jo mAnavIya duHkhoM ke svarUpa ko samajhe, unake kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa kare, unake nivAraNa ke upAya khoje aura una upAyoM kA prayoga karake duHkhoM se mukta kraaye| 'zikSA' kA zAbdika artha 'zikSA' zabda saMskRta ke 'zikSa' dhAtu meM 'a' pratyaya lagane se banA hai jisakA artha hai 'siikhnaa'| lekina jaba hama 'zikSaNa' zabda kA prayoga karate haiM to isakA artha kevala adhyApana hI nahIM hotA varan sIkhanA bhI hotA hai kyoMki zikSaNa zabda kI niSpatti bhI 'zikSa' dhAtu se huI hai| isalie zikSaNa zabda kA prayoga donoM arthoM arthAt 'sIkhanA aura sikhAnA' meM hotA hai| aMgrejI meM zikSA ke lie ejukezana (Education) zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| ejukezana (Education) zabda laiTina bhASA ke eDukeTama (Educatum) zabda se banA hai| eDukeTama zabda usI bhASA ke eDuko (Educo) arthAt e (E) aura Dako (Duco), do zabdoM se milakara banA hai jisakA artha hotA hai 'andara se nikAlakara denaa'| isa prakAra ejukezana kA artha hotA hai- 'Antarika zaktiyoM ko bAhara kI ora nikAlanA yA nikAlane kI prkriyaa|' dUsare vizleSaNa ke anusAra 'ejukezana' (Education) zabda aMgrejI bhASA ke eDukeyara (Educare) se banA hai jisakA artha pAlana-poSaNa karanA yA vikasita karanA hotA hai| hindI meM zikSA ke lie 'vidyA' zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA hama pahale varNana kara cuke haiN| yahA~ hama vidyA zabda ke zAbdika artha ko dekheNge| 'vidyA' saMskRta-bhASA kA zabda hai aura isakI niSpatti 'vid' dhAtu se huI hai| vid dhAtu ke aneka artha hote haiM1. jJAna ke artha meM 'vetti' 'veda' Adi zabda isI se banate haiN| 2. sattA ke artha meM vidyate rUpa calatA hai aura "vidyamAna' Adi zabda banate haiN| 3. lAbha ke artha meM vidati-te rUpa sampanna hotA hai| 4. vicAra yA socane-vicArane ke artha meM viGkte rUpa calatA hai|

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zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya 5. cetanA, anubhUti, AkhyAna, kathana, nivAsa ke artha meM vedayate rUpa sampanna hotA hai| isa prakAra 'vid' ke kama se kama pA~ca artha hote haiM-- jJAna, vAstavikatA, upalabdhi, vicAraNa aura zreSTha bhaavnaaeN| zikSA ke sambandha meM vibhinna zikSAvidoM ne apane-apane dRSTikoNoM ko prastuta kiyA hai jinameM kucha bhAratIya zikSAvid haiM to kucha bhaartiiyetr| bhAratIya saMskRti kI do dhArAe~ haiM- vaidika evaM shrmnn| zramaNa paramparA ke antargata do zAkhAe~ mukhya rUpa se haiM- jaina evaM bauddh| jaina cintana jainAgamoM para, bauddha vicAra tripiTakoM para tathA vaidika mAnyatAe~ vedoM para AdhArita haiN| ata: bhAratIya zikSA sambandhI jo bhI mAnyatAe~ haiM una sabakI jAnakArI inhIM srotoM se hotI hai| jahA~ taka pAzcAtya zikSA siddhAnta kI bAta hai to isakA vistAra yUnAnI, jarmana, phrAMsIsI, briTiza, amerikI Adi vibhinna cintanoM meM dekhA jAtA hai| unameM pratipAdita AdarzavAda, yathArthavAda, phalavAda Adi siddhAntoM ko samajha lene se pAzcAtya zikSA siddhAntoM kA samucita bodha ho sakatA hai| paurvAtya aura pAzcAtya vicArakoM ke zikSA-sambandhI vicAroM ke vivecana nimna prakAra haiMbhAratIya vicAraka __jaina viduSI sAdhvI candanA kA kahanA hai ki 'zikSA vaha hai jo svayaM ko tathA dUsaroM ko mukti dilAye arthAt mokSa kI prApti kraaye| 7 bauddha jIvana-paddhati ke anusAra kevala vidvAn bana jAnA hI zikSA kA parama lakSya nahIM hai, balki vyakti ko satyAnveSaNa karanA cAhie aura naitika guNoM ko vyavahAra meM utAranA caahie| - svAmI vivekAnanda ke anusAra- 'jJAna manuSya meM svabhAva siddha hai| vaha janma se hI pUrNa hai| ata: manuSya kI antarnihita pUrNatA ko abhivyakta karanA hI zikSA hai|' kavIndra ravIndranAtha Taigora ke vicAra na saiddhAntika zikSA ke pakSa meM haiM aura na bauddhika zikSA ke, balki unakA mAnanA hai ki zikSA sRjanAtmaka honI caahie| unakA mata hai - zikSA vaha hai jisakA mAnava-jIvana ke Arthika, bauddhika, kalAtmaka, sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana ke sAtha pUrNa saMsparza ho| 10 ___ mahAtmA gAMdhI ne zikSA ko vyAkhyAyita karate hue likhA hai- 'zikSA se merA tAtparya manuSya tathA bAlaka meM jo kucha zreSThatara hai usakA sampUrNa vikAsa karanA hai aura vaha zarIra, A~kha, kAna, nAka Adi zArIrika avayavoM ke ucita abhyAsa aura prazikSaNa se ho sakatA hai| ...... buddhi ke zuddha vikAsa ke lie AtmA aura zarIra kA vikAsa

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAtha-sAtha tathA eka hI gati se honA caahie| 11 Age unhoMne kahA hai- 'mAtra sAkSaratA hI zikSA nahIM hai jisake mAdhyama se strI aura puruSa ko zikSita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isIlie maiM bAla zikSA kA prArambha use koI eka mahattvapUrNa hastakalA (haiNDikrAphTa) kI zikSA dekara karanA cAhatA huuN| isase hara skUla svAvalambI banAye jA sakate haiM aura isa zikSA-paddhati meM buddhi tathA AtmA kA uccatama vikAsa sambhava hai| kisI bhI hastakalA kI zikSA sirpha yAntrika rUpa se hI nahIM, balki vaijJAnika rUpa se denI caahie| 12 sarvapallI DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana ne bhI zikSA ko paribhASita karate hae kahA hai'zikSA sUcanA pradAna karane evaM kauzaloM kA prazikSaNa dene taka sImita nahIM hai| ise zikSita vyakti ko mUlyoM kA vicAra bhI pradAna karanA hai| vaijJAnika evaM takanIkI vyakti bhI nAgarika hai, ata: jisa samudAya meM ve rahate haiM, usa samudAya ke prati unakA bhI sAmAjika uttaradAyitva hai| 13 zikSA ke sambandha meM zrI pAThaka evaM tyAgI kA kahanA hai ki 'zikSA kA artha bAlaka kI janmajAta zaktiyoM yA guNoM ko vikasita karake usakA sarvAGgINa vikAsa karanA hai na ki usake mastiSka meM jJAna ko ddhuuNsnaa|14 Aja kI jo zikSA-paddhati hai vaha yahI hai ki bAlaka ke mastiSka ko sUcanAoM se bhara denaa| kintu jaba taka hama bAlaka ke samakSa jIvana-mUlyoM ko spaSTa nahIM karate, taba taka hama zikSA ke prayojana ko na to samyak prakAra se samajha pAyeMge aura na hI manuSya ke duHkhoM kA nirAkaraNa hI kara paayeNge| pAzcAtya vicAraka ___pAzcAtya zikSAvidoM meM pleTo kA nAma agraNIya hai| pleTo ne bhI zikSA ke kSetra meM bahuta gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra zikSA usa prazikSaNa ko kaheMge jo baccoM meM ucita AdateM DAle jisase unake andara sadguNoM, sadvicAroM Adi kA vikAsa ho| Age ve kahate haiM- 'zikSA dvArA yuvaka usa ucita tarka kI ora prerita hote haiM jo niyamAnumodita haiM tathA jo vayovRddha evaM uttama vyaktiyoM ke anubhavoM dvArA sacce artha meM samarpita haiN| 15 tAtparya hai zikSA vaha hai jo bAlakoM kI mUla pravRttiyoM ko acchI AdatoM kI ora lagAtI hai, ucita-anucita sukha-duHkha evaM mitratA Adi ke bhAva kA bhalI-bhA~ti bodha karAtI hai| ghRNA karanevAlI vastu se ghRNA tathA prema karanevAlI vastu se prema karanA sikhAtI hai| pleTo ke anugAmI arastu ne mAnava ke zArIrika aura mAnasika vikAsa para vizeSa bala diyA hai| unake anusAra- 'svastha zarIra meM svastha mastiSka kA nirmANa hI zikSA hai|'16

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zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya raska ke anusAra- 'zikSA bAlaka ko kevala bhautika vAtAvaraNa meM hI samAyojita nahIM karatI apitu hara prakAra ke pariveza se samAyojita karAtI hai, zikSA kA prayojana bAlaka ko vAstavikatA kI sabhI abhivyaktiyoM se samanvaya karane yogya banAnA hai, kevala prAkRtika pariveza se hI apane anukUla karAnA nahIM hai| 17 jaoNna DIvI ne zikSA ko paribhASita karate huye kahA hai- 'zikSA samAja meM nihita viSaya-vastu ko vikasita tathA gambhIra banAne ke liye anubhavoM ke punarnimANa kI eka anavarata prakriyA hai, jisake sAtha vyakti una anubhavoM ke punarnimANa sambandhI sabhI kriyAyoM para pUrNarUpeNa niyantraNa prApta kara letA hai yA pUrNarUpa se usakA abhyasta ho jAtA hai| 18 TI0 remaNTa ke anusAra- 'zikSA eka aisI prakriyA hai jisameM mAnava meM bacapana se praur3hAvasthA taka kI avadhi nihita hai yA aisI prakriyA hai jisameM vaha dhIre-dhIre vibhinna prakAra se apane ko bhautika, sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla banAtA hai| 19 e0ena0 hvAiTaheDa ne zikSA dvArA zailI nirmANa para vizeSa bala diyA hai| zailI kyA hai? ise spaSTa karate hue unhoMne kahA hai- 'apane sarvottama artha meM zailI hI eka zikSita mastiSka kI antima prApti hai| yaha sarvAdhika upayogI bhI hai| yaha pUrvadRSTa lakSya kI sarala, sArthaka evaM pratyakSa prApti kI prazaMsA para AdhArita saundaryAnubhUti hai| kalA meM zailI, sAhitya meM zailI, vijJAna meM zailI tathA tarka meM zailI- vyarthatA se ghRNA karatI hai arthAt apavyaya se hameM bacAtI hai| zikSA mana kI carama naitikatA hai| zailI se Apa apane lakSya ko aura kevala lakSya ko hI prApta karate haiN| 20 prasiddha samAjazAstrI dukhIma ne zikSA ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- 'zikSA adhika Ayu ke logoM ke dvArA aise logoM ke prati kI jAnevAlI kriyA hai jo abhI sAmAjika jIvana meM praveza karane yogya nahIM haiM, balki zikSA zizu meM una bhautika, bauddhika aura naitika vizeSatAoM kA vikAsa karatI hai jo usake lie sampUrNa samAja aura paryAvaraNa se anukUlana karane ke lie Avazyaka hai|' 21 philipsa mahodaya ne zikSA ko eka saMsthA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai- 'zikSA vaha saMsthA hai jisakA kendrIya mUlya tattva-jJAna kA saMgraha hai|' 22 zikSA ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke uparyukta vicAroM se bhinna je0esa0 maikejI sAhaba kA vicAra hai| unake anusAra zikSA do prakAra kI hai- (1) vyApaka zikSA, (2) saMkucita shikssaa|

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6 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vyApaka artha meM 'zikSA eka aisI prakriyA hai jo jIvana bhara calatI rahatI hai aura jIvana ke pratyeka anubhava se isake bhaNDAra meM vRddhi hotI hai| 23 dUsare zabdoM meM zikSA eka sAmAnya prakriyA hai jo vyaktitva kA vikAsa karatI hai aura jisake dvArA vyakti ko pArasparika tathA vizva ke sambandhoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| manuSya jaba janma letA hai taba vaha asahAya kI sthiti meM rahatA hai, kintu kucha hI dinoM bAda vaha apanI jAti tathA samAja meM vyaktiyoM kA anukaraNa karake calanA-phiranA, khAnA-pInA-bolanA Adi sIkha letA hai| tatpazcAt yaha prakriyA vidyAlaya meM calatI hai aura phira vidyAlaya chor3ane ke bAda bhI yaha sIkhane-sikhAne kA krama jArI rahatA hai| isa prakAra sIkhane-sikhAne kI prakriyA jIvanaparyanta calatI rahatI hai| janma se mRtyuparyanta taka hama eka-dUsare ke samparka meM Ate rahate haiM tathA aneka prakAra ke anubhava prApta karate rahate haiM aura ina anubhavoM se hamAre vicAra, vyavahAra Adi meM nirantara parivartana hotA rahatA hai| ata: vyApaka artha meM jIvanaparyanta calanevAlI, sIkhane-sikhAne kI yaha prakriyA hI zikSA hai| sImita artha meM 'zikSA kA artha hamArI zaktiyoM ke vikAsa va sudhAra ke lie cetanApUrvaka kiye gaye prayAsoM se liyA jAtA hai| 24 sAdhAraNata: Arambhika zikSA parivAra meM dI jAtI hai aura adhika jJAnArjana ke lie bacce ko vidyAlaya meM bheja diyA jAtA hai, jahA~ eka nizcita zikSA kA vidhAna hotA hai, zikSA kI vidhiyA~ nizcita hotI haiM, jo bacce kI eka nizcita Ayu se prArambha hotI hai aura eka nizcita Ayu taka calatI hai| ata: sImita artha meM jJAna prApta karane kI yaha prakriyA hI zikSA hai| inasAiklopIDiyA briTAnikA meM zikSA ko paribhASita karate huye kahA gayA hai ki zikSA mAnava samAja ke aise prayatna ko kahate haiM jo apane samudAyagata AdarzoM ke anusAra hI apanI AgAmI pIr3hI ke vikAsa ko eka AkAra pradAna karatI hai|25 uparyukta vaktavyoM meM hama dekhate haiM ki pAzcAtya vicAraka jIvana kI sAmAnya prakriyA taka hI sImita haiM jabaki bhAratIya vicAraka jIvana kI sAmAnya prakriyA se lekara usake caramotkarSa para bhI bala dete haiN| ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki pAzcAtya zikSA bhautikatA pradhAna hai to bhAratIya zikSA adhyAtma prdhaan| kintu aisA bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki bhAratIya zikSA meM laukikatA kA abhAva hai| AdhyAtmikatA ke sAtha-sAtha laukikatA kA bhI samAveza isameM dekhane ko milatA hai jisakA varNana Age ke adhyAya meM kiyA jaayegaa| zikSA aura jIvana jIvana ko samunnata banAnA hI zikSA kA lakSya hai| prAcInakAla meM zikSA aura jIvana

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zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya meM koI antara nahIM thaa| jIvanayApana ke sAtha-sAtha zikSA kI prakriyA bhI calatI rahatI thii| jaba bhI jisa prakAra kI zikSA kI AvazyakatA hotI thI, samAja ke loga bAlakoM ko usI prakAra kI zikSA dete the| zikSA dene ke lie alaga se koI vyavasthA nahIM thii| tatkAlIna samAja aura parivAra svayaM meM eka sarvottama pAThazAlA thA jisameM mAtA-pitA sacce zikSaka kA kAma karate the| prAcInakAla meM pitA ke dvArA hI bAlaka peze kI jAnakArI kara letA thA aura abhyAsa karate-karate usa kArya meM dakSatA prApta kara letA thA, kintu Aja audyogika zikSA ke lie bar3e-bar3e vidyAlaya khole gaye haiN| Aja vidyAlaya meM jo bAlakoM ko sikhAyA jAtA hai, vaha kabhI-kabhI usake jIvana meM kAma nahIM AtA, anupayogI ho jAtA hai| ata: spaSTa hai ki prAcInakAla meM jIvana aura zikSA meM koI antara nahIM thA, lekina Aja antara A gayA hai| phira bhI agara zikSA aura jIvana para sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA jAya to donoM meM koI antara nahIM hai| donoM eka-dUsare se abhinna haiN| zikSA ke abhAva meM mAnava paz ke samAna hai aura jIvana ke abhAva meM zikSA kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sktii| jIvana ko Anandamaya banAne ke lie zikSaNa-prakriyA bhI AnandamayI honI cAhie, kyoMki hama jIvanayApana karate haiM, use bhArasvarUpa Dhote nahIM haiN| yadi jIvana bhArasvarUpa hotA to hama usase jalda se jalda chuTakArA pAnA caahte| isI taraha zikSaNa ko bhI AnandadAyaka honA cAhie, nahIM to usase bhI mukti pAnA caaheNge| vinobA bhAve ne isI bhAva kI ora saMketa karate hue kahA hai _ 'vastuta: chAtra kI jaise hI yaha dhAraNA huI ki maiM zikSA grahaNa kara rahA hU~, to samajha lIjie ki zikSA kA sArA majA kirakirA ho gyaa| choTe baccoM ke lie khelanA uttama kahA jAtA hI hai, isakA bhI rahasya yahI hai| khelane meM vyAyAma to ho jAtA hai, para hama vyAyAma kara rahe haiM, aisA anubhava nahIM hotaa| khelate samaya AsapAsa kI duniyA~ mara gayI hotI hai| bacce tadrUpa hokara advaita kA anubhava karate rahate haiN| deha kI sudha-budha nahIM raha jaatii| bhUkha, pyAsa, thakAna, pIr3A Adi kucha bhI nahIM mAlUma pdd'tii| arthAt khela kA artha Ananda yA manoraMjana rahatA hai| yaha vyAyAma rUpa kartavya nahIM bana paataa| yahI bAta sabhI prakAra kI zikSAoM para lAgU karanI caahie| zikSA eka kartavya hai, aisI kRtrima bhAvanA kI apekSA zikSA kA artha Ananda hai, yaha prAkRta aura utsAha bharI bhAvanA paidA honI caahie|' 26 darzana kA artha mAnava eka cintanazIla prANI hai| jaba vaha vicAra karanA prArambha karatA hai taba darzana kA prArambha hotA hai| vyakti jisa vAtAvaraNa meM rahatA hai use vaha jAnane kA prayatna karatA hai| vyakti ke mana meM yaha jijJAsA hotI hai ki vaha gatizIla jagata ke lakSya

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8 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA patA lgaaye| yaha vizva kyA hai? sRSTi kyA hai? sRSTi kI prakriyA kyA hai? jar3a kyA hai? cetana kyA hai? Adi vibhinna prakAra ke savAla mana meM uThate haiM aura jaba vyakti ina tamAma savAloM para vicAra karanA prArambha karatA hai, vahIM se darzana kA prArambha hotA hai| . 'darzana' zabda kI niSpatti 'dRza' dhAtu se huI hai jisakA artha hotA hai- dekhnaa| darzana kA pAribhASika rUpa hai- 'dRzyate anena iti darzanam,' arthAt jisake dvArA dekhA jAye vaha darzana hai| yahA~ svAbhAvika rUpa se prazna upasthita ho sakatA hai ki kisake dvArA dekhA jAye aura kyA dekhA jAye? sAmAnyataH hama A~khoM se dekhate haiM aura rUpa Adi ko dekhate haiM, kintu A~khoM se rUpa kA jJAna honA darzana nahIM hai| A~khoM dvArA hone vAle pratyakSa jJAna ko cAkSuSa darzana kahate haiM jisakA sambandha bAhya-dRSTi se hai| ata: dekhanA darzana kA sAdhAraNa artha hai| bhAratIya darzana meM darzana zabda vizeSa artha meM prayukta hotA hai- 'tattva ke prakRta svarUpa kA avalokana karanA darzana hai| tat ke bhAva ko tattva kahate haiN| tat sarvanAma hai aura sarva brhm| cU~ki brahma ko tat ke nAma se jAnate haiM, ata: brahma ke bhAva ko, usake yathArtha svarUpa ko tattva kahate haiN|27 tattva kA samyak-jJAna hI darzana kahalAtA hai| bAhara kI ora na dekhakara andara kI ora dekhanA Atmadarzana hai jise antardRSTi bhI kahate haiN| Atmadarzana hI jaina darzana meM samyak-jJAna tathA bauddha darzana meM samyak-prajJA hai| isa prakAra darzana zabda kA prayoga tIna rUpoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai- cAkSuSa jJAna, sAkSAtkAra aura shrddhaan| darzana zabda kI vyAkhyA karate hue DaoN0 umeza mizra ne sthUla evaM sUkSma donoM dRSTiyoM ko svIkAra karate hue 'pratyakSa' arthAt A~kha se dekhane para vizeSa bala diyA hai| unakA mAnanA hai .. 'kucha logoM kA kahanA hai ki prAkRtika yA bauddhika jagata ke bahuta se tattva atyanta sUkSma haiN| unheM cakSu ke dvArA dekhanA asambhava hai| isalie 'darzana' zabda kA jJAna prApta kiyA jAye'- yahI artha karanA ucita hai| pragativAdI kA kahanA kucha aMza meM to satya hai, parantu yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki sthUla aura sUkSma donoM prakAra ke padArtha darzanazAstra ke viSaya haiM aura paramatattva kI prApti ke lie donoM kA sAkSAtkAra Avazyaka hai| isalie cArvAka, nyAya, vaizeSika Adi sthUla dRSTivAle darzanoM meM sUkSma padArthoM ko tathA sAMkhya, yoga, vedAnta Adi sUkSma dRSTivAle darzanoM meM sUkSma padArthoM ko dekhane ke lie pratyeka manuSya meM eka vizeSa cakSu hotA hai, jise sAdhAraNatayA 'prajJAcakSu' yA 'jJAnacakSu' Adi kahA jAtA hai| gItA meM bhI vizvarUpa ko dekhane ke lie bhagavAn ne arjuna ko 'divyacakSu' hI diyA thaa| kaThina tapasyA karane para yA bhagavAn ke anugraha se isakA unmIlana hotA hai aura jaba eka bAra yaha cakSu khula jAtA hai to phira usa vyakti ko isa cakSu dvArA

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zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya sabhI sUkSma padArtha hathelI para A~vale kI taraha pratyakSa dikhAI par3ate haiN| darzana ke lie hameM donoM prakAra ke cakSuoM kI apekSA hotI hai| sthUla tattvoM ko sthUla netra se tathA sUkSma tattvoM ko sUkSma netra se hama dekhate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki upaniSadoM ne dRza dhAtu kA prayoga kiyA hai aura yahI bhAva bhAratIya darzana ke 'darzana' zabda meM bhI hai| binA cAkSuSa pratyakSa ke kisI bhI tattva kA jJAna nizcita rUpa se nahIM ho sktaa| 28 darzana ke lie aMgrejI meM 'philaoNsaphI' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai jo grIka bhASA ke do zabdoM se milakara banA hai- philaoNsa (Philos) aura saoNphiyA (Sophia) philaoNsa kA artha hotA hai prema (Love) tathA saoNphiyA kA artha hotA hai buddhi (Wisdom) / ata: donoM zabdoM kA saMyukta artha hotA hai- buddhi kA prema yA buddhi (jJAna) ke prati prema (Love of Wisdom) / yahA~ buddhi zabda se sAmAnya vicArazakti yA prAkRtika buddhi na grahaNa kara vivekayukta buddhi grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan ne darzana ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- 'darzanazAstra yathArtha ke svarUpa kA tArkika vivecana hai|' 29 isI prakAra dattA evaM caTarjI ne yuktipUrvaka tattvajJAna prApta karane ke prayatna ko darzana kahA hai|3deg paM0 vijayamunijI ne kahA hai'darzana sampUrNa vizva aura jIvana kI vyAkhyA tathA mUlya nirdhAraNa karane kA prayAsa hai| 31 vastuta: padArtha ke yathArtha svarUpa kA jJAna prApta karanA hI darzana hai| darzana aura jIvana ___mAnava ke sAmane prAya: yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki jIvana ke sAtha darzana kA kyA sambandha hai? jIvana aura darzana eka-dUsare ke atyanta samIpa haiN| cintana mAnava kA svabhAva hai aura jaba taka yaha svabhAva banA rahegA taba taka mAnava jIvana meM darzana kA astitva banA rhegaa| cintana mAnava ke jIvana se dUra ho jAye yaha kabhI bhI sambhava nahIM hai| jahA~ cintana hai vahA~ darzana avazya rahegA, kyoMki jaba jIvana hai to jIvana kA kucha na kucha darzana bhI hogaa| jIvana meM kucha aise prazna upasthita hote haiM, yathA- yaha jIvana kyA hai? isakA svarUpa kyA hai? isakA Adi kyA hai? mRtyu kyA hai? kyA mRtyu kaSTadAyaka hai? kyA mRtyu kA anta hai? kyA usase bacA jA sakatA hai? Adi-Adi praznoM para vicAra karanA hI par3atA hai| ina praznoM se bar3e-bUr3he hI nahIM balki choTA baccA bhI parezAna rahatA hai| vaha apane parivAra meM mRtyu kI ghaTanA dekha kara sahaja hI pUcha baiThatA hai- mRtyu kyA hai? kyA dAdA phira nahIM mileMge? aadi| ye prazna utane hI satya haiM jitanA satya jiivn| phira ina praznoM se hama nAtA kaise tor3a sakate haiM? darzana hameM jIvana ke prati upayukta dRSTikoNa apanAne kI salAha detA hai|

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana -- uparyukta praznoM ko dekhakara hI kucha eka vidvAnoM kA Aropa hai ki bhAratIya darzana mAnava-jIvana meM nirAzA kA saMcAra karatA hai, kintu aisI bAta adhikAMzata: ve hI vyakti karate haiM jo bhAratIya darzana se aparicita hote haiN| bhAratIya darzana duHkha se nivRtti kI bAta karatA hai na ki pravRtti kii| duHkha se nivRtti kA siddhAnta dekara jIvana meM AzAvAditA kA saMcAra karatA hai| jIvana aura darzana eka-dUsare se abhinna haiN| ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki AdikAla meM jIvana aura darzana meM koI antara nahIM thA aura na Aja hai tathA na bhaviSya meM rhegaa| zikSA aura darzana jIvana ko samunnata banAne ke lie zikSA aura darzana donoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| samAja aura vyakti kI unnati taba hotI hai jaba siddhAnta vyavahAra meM utaratA hai| lekina samasyA uTha khar3I hotI hai ki siddhAnta ko vyavahAra meM kaise utArA jAye? yaha kAma zikSA ke dvArA hotA hai| zikSA dArzanika siddhAntoM ko vyAvahArika rUpa pradAna karatI hai, kintu aisA nahIM hai ki inakA sambandha ekapakSIya hai| koI bhI sambandha taba taka hI barakarAra rahatA hai jaba taka donoM pakSa majabUta hote haiN| ve sambandha jisameM eka detA hai aura dUsarA letA hai, jyAdA dina taka barakarAra nahIM rhte| darzana meM mAnava jIvana ke antima uddezyoM tathA usakI prApti ke upAyoM para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai aura zikSA vyakti ke AcAra-vicAroM meM parivartana karatI hai tathA naye jJAna kI khoja karane ke lie avalokana, parIkSaNa, cintana aura manana Adi zaktiyoM kA vikAsa karatI hai| phalata: jJAna aura kauzala ke AdhAra para darzana kA punarnirmANa hotA hai| isa prakAra nayI zikSA naye darzana ko janma detI hai aura nayA darzana nayI zikSA ko janma detA hai| donoM ekadUsare se prabhAvita haiN| zikSA kA darzana para prabhAva hai to darzana kA zikSA para, yathAdarzana meM sRSTi-sraSTA, AtmA-paramAtmA, jIva-jagata, janma-mRtyu Adi kI vyAkhyA hotI hai aura usa vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para mAnava-jIvana ke uddezyoM ko nizcita kiyA jAtA hai tathA zikSA una uddezyoM kI prApti meM sahAyikA hotI hai| itanA hI nahIM zikSA hamAre pUrvajoM dvArA pratipAdita siddhAntoM ko surakSita rakhatI hai| zikSA ke abhAva meM dArzanika siddhAntoM kA jJAna prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| ata: zikSA aura darzana meM anyonyAzrita sambandha hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki darzana aura zikSA eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| eka meM dUsarA nihita hai| darzana jIvana kA vicArAtmaka pakSa hai to zikSA kriyAtmaka pakSA phikte ne apanI pustaka 'eDreseja TU di jarmana nezana' meM zikSA tathA darzana ke

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zikSA darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya 11 --- 33 anyonyAzraya sambandha kA samarthana karate hue likhA hai- ' darzana ke abhAva meM zikSaNa kalA bhI pUrNa spaSTatA nahIM prApta kara sktii| donoM ke bIca eka anyonyAzraya kriyA calatI rahatI hai aura eka ke binA dUsarA apUrNa tathA anupayogI hai| 32 amarIkI vidvAna jaoNna DIvI ne kahA hai- 'darzana zikSA viSayaka siddhAnta kA sAmAnyIkRta rUpa hai| zikSA hI dArzanika vicAroM ko mUrta rUpa pradAna karatI hai| isalie jaoNna eDamsa mahodaya ne zikSA ko darzana kA gatyAtmaka pakSa batAyA hai| raoNsa ne apanI pustaka meM unake viSaya meM likhA hai- 'sara jaoNna eDamsa apane chAtroM ko batAyA karate the ki 'zikSA' darzana kA gatyAtmaka pakSa hai| dArzanika vizvAsa kA yaha kriyAzIla pakSa hai, jIva ke uddezyoM ko prApta karane kA vyAvahArika sAdhana hai|' 34 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki zikSA darzana kI sahAyatA karatI hai tathA usake uddezyoM ko sAkAra banAtI hai; kintu adhikAMza vidvAna zikSA kI samasyAoM ke dArzanika hala ko hI zikSA darzana kahate haiN| jaise heNDarasana mahodaya ne zikSA darzana ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- 'zikSA-darzana, zikSA kI samasyAoM ke adhyayana meM darzana kA prayoga hai|' 35 isI prakAra kaniMghama mahodaya ne kahA hai - 'darzana vastuoM kA vijJAna hai, isalie zikSA darzana kI samasyA ke sabhI pakSoM para vicAra karatA hai / '36 zikSA aura darzana kabhI bhI eka-dUsare se alaga nahIM ho skte| unakA alagAva nizcita hI donoM ke lie durbhAgyapUrNa hogaa| zikSA aura darzana kA sambandha eka anya prakAra se isa taraha samajhA jA sakatA hai-- koI bhI vyakti cAhe vaha uccakoTi kA vidvAna ho yA nimnakoTi kA, dArzanika jagata kI samasyAoM para vicAra karate-karate antataH zikSA ke viSaya meM vicAra karane hI lagatA hai| zikSA ke viSaya meM vicAra karanA svAbhAvika bhI hai, kyoMki unake dArzanika siddhAntoM ko vyAvahArikatA kA rUpa zikSA dvArA hI prApta hotA hai| yadyapi kucha Adhunika darzanazAstrI zikSA ko upekSA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM aura isa prakAra ve apane kSetra ke sAtha hI vizvAsaghAta karate haiN| prAcIna bhAratIya vicAraka jaise- vaziSTha, vizvAmitra, yAjJavalkya, gautama Adi tathA pAzcAtya vicAraka jaise- sukarAta, pleTo, arastU, rUso, rasela Adi dArzanikoM ne zikSA kI upekSA nahIM kI, balki ina logoM ne bhI zikSA para vicAra kiyA hai| jaoNna DIvI bhI isI vicAradhArA ke samarthaka the| unakA kahanA hai - 'zikSA darzana, sAmAnya darzana kA eka dIna sambandhI nahIM hai, yadyapi adhikAMza dArzanika use aisA hI mAnate haiN| aMzata: zikSAdarzana darzana kA sabase mahattvapUrNa caraNa hai, kyoMki zikSA kI prakriyA se hI jJAna prApta hotA hai| ' 37 isa prakAra zikSA aura darzana ke sambandha meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke vicAroM se yaha

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12 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana spaSTa hai ki zikSA aura darzana donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM, donoM eka-dUsare para AdhArita haiN| kucha vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki darzana sUkSma arthAt AtmA-paramAtmA se sambandhita hotA hai jaba ki zikSA mUrta arthAt manuSyoM ke vyavahAroM se sambandhita hotA hai| isalie inameM Apasa meM koI sambandha nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki eka saiddhAntika hai to dUsarA vyaavhaarik| isa sandarbha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki darzana bhI mAnava ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI bauddhika duniyA~ meM ghUmatA hai aura zikSA bhI mAnava ko eka nayA rUpa pradAna karatI hai| lekina zikSA-siddhAntoM ke pIche jaba taka koI darzana nahIM hotA hai taba taka unheM taya (nizcita) kara pAnA bar3A hI kaThina ho jAtA hai| mizAla ke taura para laukika zikSA aura pAralaukika zikSA ko hI dekhA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ prazna uTha khar3A hotA hai ki bacce ko laukikatA kA jJAna karAyA jAye yA pAralaukikatA kaa| yadi sAmAjika pariveza pAralaukikatA meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai to usa samAja meM usakI upayogitA hai, parantu yadi samAja pAralaukikatA meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhatA hai to phira pAralaukikatA kI zikSA usake lie vyartha hai| isa prakAra binA darzana ke zikSA ke siddhAnta nahIM nirdhArita kiye jA skte| jaba taka yaha jAna nahIM liyA jAtA hai ki mAnava ke lie kyA hitakara hai, kyA ahitakara hai, taba taka zikSA ke siddhAnta tathA usake uddezya kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha bAta ramanabihArI lAla jI ke kathana se aura spaSTa ho jAtI hai| unakA kahanA hai- 'hamAre vicAra cAhe ve sUkSma kA vizleSaNa karate hoM cAhe padArtha (sthUla) kA, para ve hamAre darzana ke aMga hote haiN| jina vicAroM meM hamArA vizvAsa hotA hai unakI prApti ke lie hama zikSA kA sahArA lete haiN| yadi kisI zikSA ke pIche koI darzana nahIM hai to usake uddezya spaSTa nahIM hoMge, uddezyoM kI anizcitatA ke kAraNa pAThyacaryA bhI nizcita nahIM hogI aura taba ucita zikSaNa vidhiyoM kA nirmANa bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isa prakAra binA darzana ke zikSA cala hI nahIM sktii|'38 zikSA aura darzana ke sambandha para eca0eca0 hArna ne apanA vicAra bahuta hI spaSTa rUpa meM vyakta kiyA hai- 'sabhI lakSya anta meM eka-sA hI artha rakhate haiM, para unake arthoM kI samAnatA meM apanA svayaM kA anokhApana hai| jisa prakAra sar3akoM para lage hue saMketa borDa vibhinna mArgoM se eka hI nagara ko jAne kA saMketa karate haiM, usI prakAra vibhinna tathya eka hI artha kI ora saMketa karate haiN| vastuta: jIvana kI vAstavikatA hI darzana kA IzvarIya nagara hai aura aneka saMketa borDoM meM se zikSA bhI eka hai|"39 __isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki zikSA aura darzana kA bahuta hI ghaniSTha sambandha hai| eka ke binA dUsarA adhUrA hai| jisa prakAra eka cakke ke abhAva meM gAr3I kI gati nizcita rUpa se avaruddha ho jAtI hai, ThIka usI prakAra zikSA aura darzana donoM meM se

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zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya 13 kisI eka ke abhAva meM jJAnarUpI gAr3I nahIM cala paatii| zikSA aura darzana eka-dUsare ke sahAyaka haiN| darzana ke binA zikSA ke uddezya kA nirdhAraNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai aura zikSA ke binA dArzanika vicAroM kI abhivyakti nahIM ho sktii| lekina kucha vicAraka aise haiM jo zikSA ko hI pradhAnatA dete haiM tathA darzana ko zikSA kA sAmAnya siddhAnta mAnate haiN| isa vicAradhArA ke samarthakoM meM jaoNna DIvI kA nAma pramukha hai| DIvI ne spaSTa likhA hai ki 'zikSA-darzana meM bAhara se siddhAnta banAkara lAgU nahIM kiye jA skte| zikSA-darzana meM to tatkAlIna sAmAjika jIvana kI kaThinAiyoM ke prati ucita dRSTikoNa banAne kI samasyA kA spaSTIkaraNa hotA hai| ata: zikSA-darzana ko bAhya siddhAntoM kA vyavahRta rUpa nahIM samajhanA caahie| unake anusAra to darzana svayaM hI zikSA kA siddhAntIkaraNa hai|'40 abhiprAya hai ki darzana hI zikSA-darzana hai athavA darzana ko zikSA-darzana honA caahie| zikSA-darzana ke viSaya zikSA kA viSaya sampUrNa mAnava jIvana hai kyoMki zikSA eka sAmAjika prakriyA hai aura usakA sambandha mAnava ke sampUrNa jIvana se hotA hai| zikSA-darzana ke antargata hama vibhinna darzanoM dvArA nizcita zikSA ke svarUpa, uddezya, pAThyacaryA aura zikSaNa vidhiyoM kA adhyayana karate haiN| zikSA kI prakriyA meM zikSaka-zikSArthI ke sApekSika mahattva para prAya: sabhI dArzanika vicAradhArAoM ne apane vicAra vyakta kiye haiN| zikSA-darzana meM anuzAsana para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| sabhI zikSAvidoM ne apanI-apanI dRSTi se anuzAsana para vicAra kiyA hai| zikSA-darzana ke viSaya ke antargata zikSaka aura zikSArthI ke adhikAra aura kartavya kI AcArasaMhitA kA bhI samAveza hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM balki isameM zikSA para par3anevAle sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanItika prabhAvoM kA bhI adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai aura dArzanika tathA zikSAzAstrI una prabhAvoM ko apanI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra dizA pradAna karane kI vidhiyoM para bhI vicAra karate haiN|41 yadyapi kacha vicArakoM ne pratyeka dArzanika vicAradhArA, yathA- AdarzavAda, prakRtivAda, prayojanavAda aura yathArthavAda Adi ke pratyeka guNa aura vicAra ko zikSA meM talAza karane yA phira Aropita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jaba zikSA kinhIM binduoM para kisI vizeSa dArzanika vicAradhArA se samAyojita nahIM ho pAyI to usameM bahuta se aise tathyoM kI bhI parikalpanA kara lI gayI jo vAstavika nahIM the| isa dRSTikoNa meM zikSA-darzana ko eka samAyojanAtmaka darzana ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA aura use jabaradastI kisI na kisI prakAra darzana kI kisI na kisI vicAradhArA se usakA aMga-pratyaMga

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14 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bAMdhane kA prayatna kiyA gyaa|2 aise vicArakoM ke viSaya meM agravAla aura uniyAla kA kahanA hai ki ve isI prakAra kI galatI karate haiM jisa prakAra ki kucha vicAraka darzana ko sUkSma tathA jaTila viSaya kahakara vaicArika kSetra se bhAgate haiM, jo ki eka ora AtmaparAjaya tathA AtmapravaMcanA kA dyotaka hai to dUsarI ora zikSA-darzana jaise viSaya ko bodhagamya tathA upayogI banAne se rokatI hai|43 lekina samasyA uTha khar3I hotI hai ki yadi darzana bodhagamya nahIM hai to phira zikSA ke uddezya aura usakI dizAoM kA nirdhAraNa kauna karegA? isakA uttara eka hai-- drshn| samAja aura rASTra kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie zikSA kI kyA dizA honI cAhie, isakA samAdhAna dArzanika karate haiN| zikSA-darzana kA mukhya viSaya to hai- zikSA ke uddezyoM para vicAra krnaa| zikSA-darzana ke kSetra meM to mukhya rUpa se vibhinna dArzanika vicAradhArAoM ke anurUpa zikSA ke svarUpa, uddezya, pAThyacaryA, zikSaNa-vidhiyA~, anuzAsana, zikSaka aura zikSArthI kA ApekSika sthAna aura vidyAlayoM kI AvazyakatA evaM unake svarUpa kI carcA honI cAhie na ki AdarzavAda, yathArthavAda Adi kii| isa prakAra zikSA-darzana ke viSaya-kSetra ke antargata samasta zaikSaNika samasyAe~ aura unake dArzanika hala A jAte haiN| isa prakAra zikSA-darzana kA kSetra bahuta vyApaka hai| darzanazAstra evaM zikSA-darzana zikSA-darzana ho yA samAja-darzana, jaba bhI vaha 'darzana' saMjJA se sambodhita hotA hai to nizcita hI vaha darzanazAstra kI samagratA meM samAhita ho jAtA hai| zikSA-darzana darzanazAstra kA eka aMga hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| donoM ke bIca aMga-aMgI yA aMza-aMzI kA sambandha hai| cU~ki darzanazAstra aMzI hai aura zikSA-darzana usakA eka aMza hai, isalie donoM abhinna haiN| parantu aMza kA eka apanA rUpa hotA hai aura eka apanA kArya bhI hotA hai jisake kAraNa aMza kA eka alaga nAma hotA hai, jo aMzI aura usake bIca bheda utpanna karatA hai| zarIra kA eka aMga hAtha hotA hai, parantu hAtha kA nAma hAtha isalie hotA hai ki vaha sampUrNa zarIra se bheda rakhatA hai| zarIra kA kAma hAtha nahIM karatA aura hAtha kA kAma zarIra nahIM krtaa| isalie donoM meM bheda hotA hai| isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para darzanazAstra aura zikSA-darzana meM bheda hai, bhinnatA hai| ina donoM ke bheda aura abheda ko dekhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki donoM meM bhedAbheda athavA bhinnAbhinna sambandha hai| darzanazAstra mukhyata: saiddhAntika hotA hai jisakA vyAvahArika rUpa zikSA ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| koI bhI siddhAnta yadi pratipAdaka ke dvArA anya logoM ko

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zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya sikhalAyA nahIM jAtA hai to vaha vyavahAra meM nahIM A pAtA hai aura yadi vyavahAra meM nahIM AtA hai to vaha dhIre-dhIre miTa jAtA hai| isa prakAra dArzanika siddhAnta ko zikSA hI naSTa hone se bacAtI hai| parantu vaha zikSA bhI koI artha nahIM rakhatI jisameM koI maulika siddhAnta yA darzana na ho| zikSA ko khokhalApana se bacAne ke lie usameM darzana kI pratiSThA Avazyaka hotI hai| isa prakAra darzana aura zikSA donoM eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM, donoM meM anyonyAzrayitA kA sambandha hai aura ina donoM ke bIca kI kar3I zikSA-darzana hai| yadi zikSA-darzana na ho to darzana aura zikSA meM koI sambandha na bne| isa prakAra zikSA-darzana, darzanazAstra aura zikSAzAstra ke bIca madhyasthatA karanevAlA hai yA kahA jA sakatA hai ki darzana aura zikSAzAstra ke sambandha kA AdhAra zikSA-darzana pradhAnataH darzanazAstra ke tIna aMga haiM- tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA aura aacaarmiimaaNsaa| inameM prathama do aMga vidheyAtmaka yA tathyAtmaka pakSa kI puSTi karate haiM, parantu AcAramImAMsA yA nItizAstra niyAmaka vijJAna (Normative Science) hai jo yaha batAtA hai ki hamAre jIvana kA lakSya kyA honA cAhie? hameM kyA karanA cAhie tathA kyA nahIM karanA cAhie? zikSA-darzana meM zikSA kyA hai? ke rUpa meM jaba samasyA upasthita hotI hai to bahuta hI AsAna DhaMga se kaha diyA jAtA hai ki jo kucha bhI hama vyavasthita DhaMga se sIkhate haiM vaha zikSA hai| parantu zikSA kyA hai? yaha utanA mahattva nahIM rakhatA jitanA ki zikSA kaisI honI cAhie aura zikSA kisa prakAra dI jAnI cAhie? isa taraha zikSA-darzana meM vidhi pakSa se jyAdA mahattvapUrNa niyAmaka pakSa hai jabaki darzanazAstra meM niyAmaka pakSa se prabala vidhi pakSa hai| isa dRSTi se darzanazAstra mukhya rUpa se vidheyAtmaka vijJAna (Positive Science) hai to zikSA-darzana mukhya rUpa se niyAmaka fasina (Normative Science) zikSA-darzana kI samasyAeM zikSA-darzana kA kArya usa siddhAnta ko prastuta karanA hai jisake AdhAra para zikSA kI vyAvahArika gatividhiyA~ hotI haiN| kintu hama zikSA ke kSetra meM aneka samasyAoM kA sAmanA kara rahe haiN| hamArI prAcIna zikSA jo AdarzavAda para AdhArita tathA pUrva nizcita niyamoM dvArA nirdhArita thI usa para Aja bhautikatA kA niyaMtraNa hai jisase mUlyoM kI avahelanA ho rahI hai aura zikSA ko aneka samasyAyoM kA sAmanA karanA para rahA hai, jaise- sAmAjika, Arthika, rAjanaitika, dhArmika, dArzanika samasyAyeM aadi| phira bhI zikSA darzana ina samasyAyoM kA samAdhAna DhUr3hatA hai|

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16 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zikSA-darzana kI sAmAjika samasyAyeM samAja meM U~ca-nIca choTe-bar3e kA bheda-bhAva dekhA jAtA hai| vaha jAti U~cI hai to vaha jAti nIcI hai| nara-nArI ke bIca bhI yaha bhedabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| samAja meM puruSa ko zreSTha mAnA jAtA hai to mahilAe~ hIna samajhI jAtI haiN| samAja ke patha-pradarzaka yaha zikSA dete hue dekhe jAte haiM ki sabhI manuSya barAbara haiM, koI bar3A yA choTA nahIM hai, sabake adhikAra aura kartavya samAna haiN| parantu aisA hotA nahIM hai kyoMki isake pIche mAnava visaMgatiyA~ kArya karatI haiN| isa bheda-bhAva ko dUra karane ke lie samAja meM kaisI zikSA dI jAnI cAhie jisase ki samAja meM samatA aura sadbhAva ke bIja vapana ho sakeM? isakA uttara zikSA-darzana apanI tattvamImAMsIya mImAMsA ke AdhAra para yaha pratipAdita karatA hai ki sabhI prANI mUlataH samAna haiM kyoMki paMcatattvoM se banA huA zarIra aura usameM pAyI jAnevAlI cetanA sabhI meM samAna hai| yadi koI antara hai to vaha karmaNA hai, janmanA nhiiN| zikSA-darzana kI Arthika samasyAyeM zikSA meM Arthika samasyAyeM taba utpanna hotI haiM jaba kisI na kisI rUpa meM zikSA aura artha kA sambandha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| zikSA aura artha do taraha se sambandhita hote haiM- (ka) zikSA ke lie artha tathA (kha) artha ke lie shikssaa| prAcInakAla meM zikSaka aura zikSArthI jaMgaloM meM rahA karate the aura unakI AvazyakatAyeM bahuta kama thiiN| parantu dhIre-dhIre zikSaka aura zikSArthI kI AvazyakatAyeM bar3hatI gayIM aura zikSA ke lie artha kA mahattva bhI bar3hatA gyaa| zikSA ke lie pAThazAlA, bhavana, vidyArthiyoM ke liye chAtrAvAsa, zikSakoM ke liye vetana ityAdi aisI anivAryatAe~ sAmane AtI gayIM jinheM chor3akara badalate hue pariveza meM zikSA denA athavA grahaNa karanA sambhava nahIM mAnA gayA aura artha zikSA ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM sAmane aayaa| yaha bhI bAta dRSTi meM AyI ki zikSA grahaNa karake koI vyakti kyA kara sakatA hai? bhaviSya meM zikSA kA kyA upayoga hogA? to laukika dRSTi se yaha samajhA gayA ki zikSA prApta karake koI vyakti naukarI kara sakatA hai, vyavasAya kara sakatA hai aura arthopArjana karake apanA jIvana sukhI banA sakatA hai| yahA~ para artha sAdhya aura zikSA sAdhana ke rUpa meM dekhI gyii| artha ko zikSA ke sAdhana athavA sAdhya ke rUpa meM yadi mAnyatA dI jAtI hai to usakI kauna-sI sImA yA maryAdA ho sakatI hai, kisa hada taka artha zikSA kA sAdhana yA sAdhya ho sakatA hai| isa prazna kA uttara zikSA hI detI hai aura yahIM zikSA-darzana ke samakSa Arthika samasyA AtI hai ki vaha zikSA aura artha ke

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zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya sambandha kI maryAdA nizcita kre| vaha yaha spaSTa kare ki kina-kina rUpoM meM artha ko zikSA kA sAdhana athavA sAdhya bananA caahie| zikSA-darzana kI rAjanaitika samasyAe~ zikSA kA sambandha rAja athavA rAjanIti se bhI hotA hai| zikSA-vyavasthA jaba jaMgaloM se Akara gA~voM aura zaharoM meM sthApita huI taba use rAja aura rAjanIti se sambandhita honA pdd'aa| apanI vibhinna AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie zikSA-vyavasthA ko anudAna kI AvazyakatA huI aura use sarakAra se anudAna prApta hone lge| deza kI rAjanIti aura deza meM prasArita zikSA eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura nikaTatA kA sambandha rakhate haiN| zikSA ke anukUla Age kI rAjanIti nirdhArita hotI hai aura jaisI rAjanIti hotI hai, vaisI zikSA bhI dI jAtI hai| deza meM rAjatantra ho athavA prajAtantra, usakA vikAsa tabhI hotA hai, jaba usake anukUla vahA~ ke loga zikSita yA prazikSita hoN| yahA~ bhI yaha samasyA utpanna hotI hai ki zikSA-vyavasthA ko kisa sImA taka rAjya se anudAna grahaNa karanA cAhie aura deza kI rAjanIti ke lie kisa hada taka zikSA-vyavasthA ko kAma karanA caahie| isake aucitya kA nirdhAraNa karanA zikSA-darzana kA hI kAma hai| zikSA-darzana hI una mUla siddhAntoM ko nirUpita karatA hai jinase zikSA aura rAjanIti ke sambandha banate haiN| zikSA-darzana kI dhArmika samasyAe~ samAja meM dharma kA pracAra-prasAra dharmaguruoM ke dvArA hotA hai, parantu pAThazAlAoM meM bhI baccoM ko prArambhika zikSA ke rUpa meM dharmAcaraNa kI bAteM sikhalAyI jAtI haiM jaise- satya bolo, dharmAcaraNa karo, mAtA-pitA evaM AcArya devatulya hote haiM ityaadi| yaha sAmAnya dhArmika zikSA hai, parantu pAThazAlAoM meM kahIM-kahIM vizeSa dharma kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI hai| vizeSa dharma kI zikSA samAja meM rahanevAloM kI dhArmika mAnyatA tathA sarakAra kI sahamati se hotI hai parantu samagratA aura udAratA kI dRSTi se zikSA-vyavasthA vaisI dhArmika zikSA de athavA na de yaha nirdhArita karanA zikSA-darzana kA hI kArya hai kyoMki zikSA-darzana hara zikSaNa athavA prazikSaNa ke pIche eka dArzanika pRSThabhUmi dekhanA cAhatA hai| zikSA-darzana kI dArzanika samasyAe~ zikSA-darzana, darzana kA eka aMga hai, ata: yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki zikSA-darzana kI dArzanika samasyA kyA ho sakatI hai? phira bhI, itanA to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki zikSA-darzana kI dArzanika samasyA vahA~ sAmane AtI hai jaba vaha darzana kI samagratA

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18 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana meM se kucha aise aMzoM ko grahaNa karanA cAhatA hai jisa para vaha apanI saMjJA ko pratiSThita kara ske| aisI sthiti meM zikSA ke lie zikSA darzana ke dvArA maulika siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana hI usakI dArzanika samasyA bana jAtI hai| jaina-bauddha paramparAe~ evaM zikSA darzana zikSA sAmAnyataH do uddezyoM kI pUrti ke lie dI jAtI hai-- laukika upalabdhi tathA pAralaukika upalabdhi / laukika upalabdhi arthAt laukika sukha-suvidhAoM kI pUrti aura pAralaukika upalabdhi arthAt svarga aura mokSa kI prApti / jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI paramparAe~ nivRttimArgI haiN| ataH unameM pAralaukika upalabdhiyA~ hI pradhAnatA rakhatI haiM, para aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki loka se inakA koI sambandha nahIM hai| yadi aisA hotA to jaina paramparA ke Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva asi, maSi aura kRSi ke sAtha hI lipi, gaNita aura vibhinna kalAoM kI zikSA nahIM dete| unake dvArA asi, maSi, kRSi Adi kI zikSA denA hI pramANita karatA hai ki unakA dhyAna paraloka ke sAtha-sAtha loka para bhI thaa| bauddha paramparA ke pratiSThApaka gautama buddha ne tattvamImAMsIya praznoM ko tyAga kara sAMsArika duHkha aura usase mukti pAne para vicAra kiyA jisake kAraNa unheM hI nahIM balki sampUrNa bhAratIya darzana ko nirAzAvAdI kahA gayA, parantu unhoMne bhI jaba cauthe Aryasatya meM aSTAGga mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA to usameM samyak-AjIva nAma kA eka pakSa rakhA jo yaha batAtA hai ki vyakti ko apanI jIvikA ucita DhaMga se arjita karanI caahie| isa siddhAnta kA sambandha laukikatA aura pAralaukikatA donoM se hI hai / AjIvikA ke sAtha aucitya kA nirvAha sAmAjika vyavasthA ko sudRr3ha banAne aura pAralaukikatA ke lie sanmArga nirUpita karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| isake atirikta yaha bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai ki lokamaryAdA ko avahelita karake paraloka maryAdA kI puSTi bahuta hada taka sambhava nahIM hai| aisI sthiti meM koI bhI paramparA mAtra paraloka ko hI apane dhyAna meM rakhakara cale to usakA samAja meM apanA astitva banAye rakhanA sambhava nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM ne zikSA kI donoM upalabdhiyoM ko apane meM samAhita kiyA hai| laukika maryAdAe~ jisa rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kI gayI haiM ve pAralaukika upalabdhiyoM ke sAdhana athavA sAdhana kI puSTi ke rUpa meM haiN| jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM zikSA ke tattva laukika evaM pAralaukika donoM upalabdhiyoM ko prApta karane kI dRSTi se pratipAdita kiye gaye haiN|

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zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya sandarbha : 1. jJAnaM tRtIyaM manujasya netraM smsttttvaarthvilokidkssm| tejo'napekSaM vigatAntarAyaM prvRttimtsrvjgttryepi| 'subhASitaratnasaMgraha', pR0-194. anekasaMzayocchedi parokSArthasya drshkm| sarvasya locanaM zAstraM yasya nAstyandha eva sH|| ____ 'subhASitaratnabhANDAra', pR0-30-32. mAteva rakSati piteva hite niyukte, kAnteva cApi ramayatyapanIya khedm| lakSmI tanoti vitanoti ca dikSukIrti, kiM kiM na sAdhayati kalpalateva vidyaa|| vahI, 31/2/14. imA vijjA mahAvijjA, savvavijjANa uttmaa| jaM vijja sAhaittANaM, savvadukkhANa mucctii|| jeNa bandhaM ca mokkhaM ca, jIvANaM gtiraagti| AyAbhAvaM ca jANAti, sA vijjA dukkhmoynnii|| 'isibhAsiyAI', 17/1-2. vidyA yazaskarI puMsAM vidyA zreyaskarI mtaa| samyagArAdhitA vidyAdevatA kaamdaayinii|| vidyA: kAmaduhA dhenurvidhA cintaamnnirnRnnaam| trivarNaphalitAM sUte vidhA sNpt-prmpraam|| vidyA bandhuzca mitraM ca vidyA klyaannkaarkm| sahayAyi dhanaM vidyA vidyA srvaarthsaadhnii|| tad 'vadyAgrahaNaM yatnaM putrike kurutaM yuvaam| satsaMgrahaNakAlo'yaM yuvyorvrtte'dhunaa|| 'AdipurANa', 16/99-102 vidyA tu vaiduSyamupArjayanti jagarti lokdvysaadhnaay|| 'prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa-paddhati', altekara, pR0-4. 'uttarAdhyayana', pR0-49. "Education according to the Buddhist way of life, therefore, should concern itself with selective cultivation. The man who is liberated is one who is no more becoming. Merely to have become a scholar or a mendicant is not the final goal. It may be a tremendous achievement for man to have probed into earth's other space, but, it is not the be all one and all of his existence. Buddha's message that man's significant efforts should be directed to the pursuit of truth and the practice of moral virtues has tremendous significance to education today." Ratna Navaratnam, New Frontier's in East-West Philosophies of Education.p.-40.

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20 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 83. 84. 16. Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man." Teachings of S. Vivekanand, p. 50. po. 'Serie Arifto farerT', 90-777. 88. TEUTT', 83.0.8836. PP. at, "Eduation is not limited to the imparting of information or the training in skills. It has to give the educated a proper sense of values. Scientists and technologists are also citizens and so have a social responsibility to the community in which they live." Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, quoted by Ratna Navaratnam, (Forewords to New Fron tiers in East-West Philosophies of Education). 88. zikSA ke siddhAnta, pR0 4. "Education is the constraining and directing of youth towards the right reason, which the law affirms and which the experience of the oldest and best has agreed to be truely right." Plato : Laws. "Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body". Aristotle. The Philosophical bases of Education, R. Rusk, University of London, P.169 18. Education may be defined of continuous reconstruction of experiences with the purpose of widening and deepening its social contents, while at the same time the individual gains control of the methods. Articles on Education in Paul Monroe's, Encyclopaedia of Education, Vol. II, P.400. Education is the process of development in which consists the passage of a human being from infancy to maturity, the process hereby he adopts himself gradually in various ways to his physical, social and spiritual environments. T. Raymont, Principles of Education, p. 4. po. "Style in its finest sense is the last acquirement of the educated mind, it is also the most useful. It is an aesthetic sense, based on admiration for the direct attainment of a foreseen end, simple and without waste. Style in art, style in literature, style in science, style in logic hastes wastes, style in the ultimate morality of mind. With style you attain your end and nothing but your end." A.N. Whitehead: Aims of Education, 34a FYRI-GYFAY", qo 30, 19.

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zikSA-darzana : eka sAmAnya paricaya 21. 'samAjazAstra', dvitIya khaNDa, jI0ke0 agravAla, pR0-134. 22. "Education is the institution whose central values have to do with the acquisition of knowledge." B.S. Phillips, Sociology, Social Structure and Change, p. 305. 23. 'samAjadarzana kI rUparekhA', je0esa0 maikejI, pR0-82. 24. vahI 25. Education is an attempt on the adult members of the society to shape the development of the comimg generation in accordance with its own ideals of life. Welton James, Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol. III, p.951 26. vinobA bhAve, uddhRta- 'zikSA-darzana', pR0 75-76. 27. taditi sarvanAma, sarvaM ca brahma, tasya nAma taditi tadbhAva: tattvaM brahmaNo yaathaatmyN| zaMkarAcArya, 'gItAbhASya', 2/16, pR0 103-104. 'bhAratIya darzana', pR0-6. Philosophy is a logical enquiry into the nature of reality. S. Radhakrishnan. 30. 'bhAratIya darzana', pR0-1. 31. 'vizvadarzana kI rUparekhA', pR0-9. je0pI0 phikhne, "eDreseja TU jarmana nezana', Ara0epha0 jonsa tathA jI0eca0 Tarnubala dvArA anUdita, pR0-103. 33. Philosophy is the theory of education in its most general phases John Dewey, Democracy and Education, p. 386. 34. Sir John Adams used to tell his students that education is the dynamic side of philosophy. It is the active aspect of philosophical belief, the practical means of realizing ideas of life James, S. Ross: Ground Work of Educational Theory, p. 16. 35-36. "zikSA kA dArzanika evaM samAjazAstrIya siddhAnta', pR0-54. 37. The philosophy of education is nota poorrelation of general philosophy even though it is often so treated even by philosophers. It is ultimately the most significant phase of philosophy. For it is through the processes of education that knowledge is obtained. John Devey, Problem of Man, p. 165. 38. 'zikSA ke dArzanika tathA samAjazAstrIya siddhAnta', pR0-52. 39. All facts ultimately mean the same, but they mean the same in their own

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22 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana unique way, just as signboards on roads leading to the same city point by diffarent ways to the same goal. Reality is the heavenly city of philosophy and education is one of the signboards." H.H. Horn, uddhRta- zikSA ke 'dArzanika tathA samAjazAstrIya siddhAnta', pR0-123. 40. Philosophy of education is not an external application of readymade ideas to a system of practice having a radically different origin and purpose; it is only on explicit formulation of the problem of the formation of right mental and moral attitudes in respect of the difficulties of contemporary social life. The most panetraiting definition of philosophy which can be given is, then, that it is the theory of education in its most general phases." J. Dewey : Democracy and Education, p.386. 41. 'zikSA ke dArzanika tathA samAjazAstrIya siddhAnta', pR0-55. 42. 'bhAratIya zikSA kI samasyAe~ evaM pravRttiyA~', pR0-4. 43. vahI, pR0-4.

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dvitIya adhyAya jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya zramaNa-saMskRti bhAratavarSa kI eka viziSTa saMskRti hai jisake antargata do prakAra kI paramparAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiM- (1) jaina paramparA aura (2) bauddha prmpraa| ina donoM paramparAoM kA vikAsa I0pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM huaa| I0pU0 chaThI zatAbdI dhArmika Andolana ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| yaha Andolana kevala bhArata meM nahIM, balki sampUrNa eziyA meM jora pakar3e hue thaa| sabhI jagaha purAnI mAnyatAoM ko khaNDita kara nayI mAnyatAoM evaM sampradAyoM kA udaya ho rahA thaa| cIna meM lAoTse aura kAnaphyUsiyasa, grIsa meM pAithegorasa, sukarAta aura pleTo, IrAna aura parsiyA meM jara0stra Adi cintaka apanI nayI-nayI vicAradhArAe~ prastuta kara rahe the| jaina evaM bauddha dharma bhI vaidika dharma meM vyApta kurItiyoM ke virodha meM saMlagna the| nagendranAtha ghoSa ne kahA hai ki chaThI zatAbdI pUrva do dhArmika AndolanoM ke lie prasiddha hai| isameM jaina dharma tathA bauddha dharma hindU dharma ke sudhAraka ke rUpa meM utpanna hue| lUthara aura kAlavina kI taraha mahAvIra aura gautama buddha ne hindUdharma meM pracalita burAiyoM ke virodha meM AvAja utthaayii| ata: jainadharma tathA bauddhadharma usI prakAra virodhI athavA sudhAravAdI hindU dharma (Protestant Hinduism) kahe jA sakate haiM jisa prakAra lUtharavAda (Lutherianism) tathA kAlavinavAda (Calvinism) ko virodhI IsAI dharma (Protestant Christianity) kahate haiN| kintu donoM ke sambandha ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda pAye jAte haiN| kucha vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki jaina dharma bauddha dharma kA aMga hai, to kucha kA kahanA hai ki bauddha dharma jaina dharma se nikalA huA dharma hai| jaisA ki bura mahodaya kA kahanA hai ki kolabuka, sTivensana aura thAmasa ke mata meM bauddha dharma ke saMsthApaka bhagavAna buddha jaina dharma ke pratiSThApaka ke aise ziSya the jinhoMne guru se vidroha karake eka alaga siddhAnta evaM dharma kI sthApanA kii| isake viparIta eka mata hai jisake samarthakoM meM eca0ena0 vilsana, e0 bekara Adi vidvAnoM ke nAma Ate haiN| unalogoM kA mata hai ki jaina dharma bauddha dharma kA eka purAnA aMga thaa| lekina satya to yaha hai ki jaina dharma eka svatantra dharma hai aura isake saMsthApaka evaM siddhAnta bauddha dharma ke saMsthApaka tathA siddhAnta se bilkula bhinna haiN| suprasiddha itihAsavettA DaoN0 haramana jaikobI ne likhA hai- 'jaina dharma sarvathA svatantra dharma hai| merA vizvAsa hai

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24 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ki vaha kisI kA anukaraNa nahIM hai aura isalie prAcIna bhAratavarSa ke tattvajJAna aura dharma-paddhati ke adhyayana karanevAloM ke lie bar3e mahattva kI cIja hai|"3 jaina dharma kI prAcInatA para prakAza DAlate hue lokamAnya bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka ne apane 'kesarI' samAcArapatra meM likhA hai- 'zrI mahAvIra svAmI jaina dharma ko puna: prakAza meM lAye, isa bAta ko Aja 2500 varSa vyatIta ho cuke haiN| bauddha dharma se pahale bhI jainadharma bhArata meM phailA huA thA, yaha bAta vizvAsa karane yogya hai| mahAvIra svAmI caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM antima tIrthaGkara the, isase bhI jaina dharma kI prAcInatA jAnI jAtI hai|'4 DaoN0 satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa ne kahA hai- 'jaina dharma taba se saMsAra meM pracalita hai, jaba se sRSTi kA Arambha huA hai| mujhe isameM kisI bAta kA ujra nahIM ki yaha vedAnta Adi darzanoM se pUrva kA hai| 5 ina saba vidvAnoM ke vaktavyoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina dharma svatantra dharma hai, bauddha dharma se usakA alaga astitva hai tathA isakA vikAsa chaThI I0pU0 meM huA thaa| jaina dharma meM aba taka caubIsa tIrthaGkara ho cuke haiN| isake saMsthApaka ke rUpa meM prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kA nAma AtA hai| unake pazcAt jaina dharma meM teIsa tIrthaGkara hue jinameM 21, 22veM tathA 23veM tIrthaGkara kramaza: bhagavAn ariSTanemi, bhagavAn pArzvanAtha tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra mAne jAte haiN| RSabhadeva jaina dharma meM do prakAra ke kAla mAne gaye haiM-- avasarpiNI aura utsrpinnii| jinheM cha: kAloM meM bA~TA gayA hai- suSamA-suSamA (sukha-sukha), suSamA (sukha), suSamA-duSamA (sukha-duHkha), duSamA-suSamA (duHkha-sukha), duSamA (duHkha) aura duSamA-duSamA (duHkh-duHkh)| yaha saMsAra eka bAra sukha se duHkha kI ora jAtA hai to dUsarI bAra duHkha se sukha kI ora AtA hai| jaba kAlacakra sukha se duHkha kI ora ghUmatA hai taba use avasarpiNI kAla kahate haiM aura jaba duHkha se sukha kI ora ghUmatA hai taba use utsarpiNI kAla kahate haiN| avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI meM karor3oM varSa hote haiM aura ina donoM meM hara eka ke duSamA-suSamA bhAga meM 24 tIrthaGkaroM kA prAdurbhAva hotA hai| suSamA-duSamA nAma ke tIsare kAla meM 15 kulakaroM kA janma hotA hai| vartamAna kAlacakra ke kulakara tathA tIrthaGkara ho cuke haiN| jaina paramparA isa avasarpiNI kAla meM jaina dharma kA prArambha bhagavAn RSabhadeva se mAnatI hai| RSabhadeva isa yuga kI mAnavIya sabhyatA ke AdipuruSa mAne jAte haiN| ve na kevala prathama tIrthaMkara the apitu jaina mAnyatAnusAra ve mAnavIya sabhyatA ke Adi purodhA bhI the| samAja vyavasthA, rAjya vyavasthA aura dharma vyavasthA tInoM ke Adi purodhA mAne gaye haiN| isa deza meM RSi, muni ko jisa nivRttimArgI paramparA kA vikAsa huA

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya 25 usake bhI ve prathama prastotA mAne jAte haiN| unakI jIvanI aura unakI dharmakrAnti ke sambandha meM na kevala jaina granthoM meM ullekha milate haiM balki jainetara granthoM meM bhI milate haiN| bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI aitihAsikatA jAnane va pramANita karane ke liye hamAre samakSa do AdhArabindu haiM- 1. purAtattva utkhanana se prApta sAmagrI aura 2. sAhityika saakssy| mohanajodar3o jisakA kAla 3250-2750 I0pU0 mAnA jAtA hai, kI khudAI meM prApta muharoM meM eka ora nagna dhyAnastha yogI kI AkRti banI hai to dUsarI ora vRSabha kA cihna hai| vRSabha bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA lAMchana mAnA jAtA hai| sara jaoNna mArzala ne likhA hai ki mohanajodar3o meM eka trimukhI naradevatA kI mUrti milI hai| vaha devatA eka kama u~ce pIThAsana para yogamudrA meM baiThA hai| usake donoM paira isa prakAra mur3e haiM ki er3I se er3I mila rahI hai, aMgUThe nIce kI ora mur3e hue haiM evaM hAtha ghuTane ke Upara Age kI ora phaile huye haiN| mohanajodar3o se prApta eka mudrA para aMkita citra meM triratna kA mukuTa vinyAsa, nagnatA, kAyotsarga mudrA, nAsAgradRSTi, yogacaryA, baila Adi ke cihna mile haiM jo jaina dharma kI prAcInatA ko darzAte haiN| khudAI meM prApta muharoM ke adhyayana ke pazcAt pro0rAmaprasAda candA ne likhA hai- sindhu muharoM meM se kucha muharoM para utkIrNa deva mUrtiyA~ na kevala yogamudrA meM avasthita haiM aura na usa prAcIna yuga meM sindhu ghATI meM pracalita yoga paramparA para prakAza DAlatI haiM varan una muharoM meM khar3e huye devatA yoga kI khar3I mudrA ko bhI prakaTa karate haiN| khar3I kAyotsarga mudrA jaina paramparA meM pracalita sAdhanApaddhati kI paricAyaka hai| RSabhadeva kI prAcInatA para prakAza DAlate haye zrI rAmadhArI siMha dinakara likhate haiM- mohanajodar3o kI khudAI meM yoga ke pramANa mile haiM aura jaina mArga ke Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva the jinake sAtha yoga aura vairAgya kI paramparA usI prakAra lipaTI huI hai jaise kAlAntara meM vaha ziva ke sAtha sambandhita thii| isa dRSTi se kaI jaina vidvAnoM kA yaha mAnanA ayuktiyukta nahIM dikhatA ki RSabhadeva vedollekhita hone para bhI vedapUrva haiN| Rgveda meM RSabhadeva kI stuti karate huye kahA gayA hai- he deva! mujhe samAna padavAle vyaktiyoM meM zreSTha banA, zatruoM (kaSAyarUpI) ko vizeSa rUpa se parAjita karane meM samartha kara, zatruoM kA nAza karanevAlA aura vizeSa prakAra se atyanta zobhAyamAna hokara gAyoM kA svAmI bnaa| atharvaveda meM RSabhadeva ko tAraNahAra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karate huye kahA gayA hai ki jo brAhmaNa RSabha ko acchI taraha se prasanna karatA hai vaha zIghra saikar3oM prakAra ke saMtApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai, usako saba divya guNa tRpta karate haiN|10 uparyukta uddharaNoM se yaha to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva aitihAsika puruSa the va jaina dharma ke prathama rAjA, prathama jina, prathama kevalI, prathama tIrthaMkara aura dharmacakravartI

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26 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana the| isa prakAra aitihAsika astitva ke viSaya meM jo bhI sAhityika pramANa upalabdha hote haiM unake AdhAra para hama itanA to kaha sakate haiM ki ve koI kAlpanika vyakti nahIM the| paramparA kI dRSTi se unake sambandha meM hameM jo bhI sUcanAyeM upalabdha haiM unako pUrI taraha se nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| unameM kahIM na kahIM satyAMza avazya hai| jahA~ taka jaina granthoM kA prazna hai unake jIvanavRtta kA ullekha hameM jambUdvIpaprajJapti,AvazyakacUrNi evaM jaina purANoM tathA carita kAvyoM meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| RSabhadeva kA janma antima kulakara nAbhi kI mahArAnI marudevI ke garbha se huaa| sAmAjika vyavasthA ke rUpa meM RSabhadeva ne sarvaprathama asi (sainyavRtti), maSi (lipividyA) aura kRSi kI zikSA dii| koI bAharI zakti rAjya zakti ko cunautI na de isalie sainyavyavasthA ko saMgaThita kiyaa| apanI donoM putriyoM ko lipijJAna karAkara zikSA-vyavasthA kI nIMva ddaalii| apanI prathama putrI brAhmI ko dAhine hAtha se aTThAraha lipiyoM kA jJAna karAyA tathA dvitIya putrI sundarI ko bAyeM hAtha se gaNita kA adhyayana karAyA jisake antargata mAna, unmAna, avamAna, pratimAna Adi mApoM se avagata kraayaa| brAhmI ko a, A, i, I, u, U Adi ko paTTikA para likhakara varNamAlA kA jJAna kraayaa|11 zikSA ko sudRr3ha karane ke liye puruSoM ko bahattara kalAoM va striyoM ko causaTha kalAoM kA parijJAna kraayaa| RSabhadeva ne hI logoM ko agni jalAnA, bhojana banAnA, bartana banAnA, vastra Adi banAne kI vidhiyA~ btaayiiN| ghor3e, hAthI, gAya Adi pazuoM kA upayoga karanA logoM ko sikhaayaa|12 karma ke AdhAra para kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra tIna vargoM kI sthApanA kii|13 pArzvanAtha __pArzvanAtha vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke teisaveM tIrthaGkara the| unake pitA kA nAma azvasena, mAtA kA nAma vAmA aura janmasthAna vArANasI thaa| pArzvanAtha tIsa varSa taka gRhasthAvasthA meM rahe, 70 varSa sAdhu-jIvana vyatIta kiyA aura 84 dina ghora tapa karane ke pazcAt unheM kaivalyajJAna kI prApti huii| tatpazcAt unhoMne apane sAdhu jIvana meM ahicchatrA, zrAvastI, sAketa, rAjagRha, hastinApura aura kauzAmbI Adi nagaroM meM paribhramaNa kiyA tathA anArya jAtiyoM meM upadeza kA pracAra kara sammedazikhara para siddhi prApta kii|14 pArzvanAtha ne zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA nAma se cAra saMghoM kI sthApanA kI aura usakI dekhabhAla ke lie gaNadharoM kI niyukti kii| unhoMne binA kisI jAti-pAti yA liMga bheda-bhAva ke cAro varNoM aura striyoM ke lie dharma kA mArga khola diyaa| tapa, tyAga aura indriya-nigraha para unhoMne vizeSa bala diyA tathA veda-vihita hiMsA ke viruddha

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27 jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya 27 ahiMsA ko mukhya batAte hue cAturyAma dharma kA upadeza diyaa|15 ve cAra dharma haiM- hiMsA na karanA (ahiMsA), jhUTha na bolanA (satya), corI na karanA (asteya) aura dhanasaMcaya na karanA (aprigrh)| pArzvanAtha kA samaya mahAvIra se 250 varSa pUrva mAnA jAtA hai| vardhamAna mahAvIra vardhamAna mahAvIra jainadharma ke caubIsaveM aura antima tIrthaGkara haiN| unakA janma bihAra prAnta ke vaizAlI jile meM sthita kuNDapura grAma meM huA thaa| unake pitA kA nAma siddhArtha evaM mAtA kA nAma trizalA thaa| mahAvIra ne tIsa varSa kI Ayu meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyA aura dIrgha sAdhanA ke bAda 42 (bayAlisa) varSa kI avasthA meM UnheM kaivalyajJAna kI prApti huii| kaivalya prApti ke bAda ve lagabhaga tIsa varSoM taka upadeza dete rahe aura 72 varSa kI avasthA meM (I0pU0 527 ke lagabhaga) madhyama pAvA meM nirvANa ko prApta hue| I0pU0 chaThI zatAbdI dhArmika Andolana kA yuga thaa| sabhI sampradAya apane-apane mata evaM pantha ko zreSTha batAkara dUsaroM kI nindA kara rahe the| aise samaya meM vibhinna matoM evaM sampradAyoM ke ApasI vaimanasya ko dUra karane ke lie varddhamAna mahAvIra ne anekAnta kA siddhAnta prastuta kiyaa| yadyapi mahAvIra ne kisI naye darzana yA dharma kI sthApanA nahIM kI balki pArzvanAtha kI nirgrantha paramparA meM pracalita vicAradhArAoM aura AcAra sambandhI niyamoM ko saMzodhita kara use pracArita-prasArita kiyA, yathA--- sarvaprathama pArzvanAtha ne cAturyAma dharma kA upadeza diyA to mahAvIra ne usameM brahmacarya ko jor3akara paJcamahAvratoM kA upadeza diyaa| pArzvanAtha ne sacela dharma kA nirUpaNa kiyA to mahAvIra ne acela dharma kaa| mahAtmA buddha jaina dharma ke samAna bauddha dharma bhI nivRttimArgI dharma hai| bauddhadharma ke pravartaka mahAtmA buddha kA janma vaizAkha pUrNimA ko 563 I0pU0 himAlaya kI tarAI meM sthita kapilavastu nAmaka nagara meM huaa| mAtA kA nAma mAyAdevI tathA pitA kA nAma rAjA zuddhodhana thaa| bacapana meM ve siddhArtha ke nAma se jAne jAte the| unakA vivAha rAjakumArI yazodharA se huaa| siddhArtha ne yuvAvasthA meM hI ghara-parivAra chor3akara saMnyAsa dhAraNa kara liyaa| jisa samaya siddhArtha ne gRha-tyAga kiyA usa samaya unake putra rAhula kI avasthA sAta dina kI thii|16 ghora tapasyA ke bAda unheM bodhi kI prApti huI aura buddha khlaaye| buddha nAma unheM mAtA-pitA yA kisI anya ke dvArA nahIM balki buddhatva prApta karane para prApta huaa| khuddakanikAya meM kahA bhI gayA hai- 'buddha' yaha nAma mAtA-pitA, bhAI-bahana, mitra-sambandhI,

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28 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zramaNa, brAhmaNa evaM devatAoM dvArA diyA huA nahIM hai varan bodhimUla meM vimokSa-purassara sarvajJatA ke adhigama ke sAtha upalabdha eka prajJapti hai|17 sAmAnyatayA buddha kA artha hotA hai- jJAtA, smjhnevaalaa| buddha vyaktivAcaka nAma nahIM hai balki jAtivAcaka sambodhana hai| jisane bodhatva prApta kara liyA hai vaha buddha hai| ___ mahAtmA buddha ke samaya taka unake anuyAyiyoM meM kisI prakAra kA matabheda utpanna nahIM huA thaa| lekina samaya ke sAtha-sAtha anuyAyiyoM meM vicAra-bheda honA svAbhAvika thaa| yaha prakRti kA niyama bhI hai ki deza aura kAla ke anusAra vicAra badalate rahate haiN| hara vyakti eka hI siddhAnta ko apane-apane anurUpa DhAlanA cAhatA hai| buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda saMgha do sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho gayA - hInayAna tathA mhaayaan| hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM mukhya antara yaha hai ki hInayAna kA Adarza saMkucita hai tathA mahAyAna kA saarvbhaum| hInayAna svAvalambana para adhika bala detA hai to mahAyAna dUsaroM ke uddhAra pr| puna: hInayAna aura mahAyAna kI do-do zAkhAyeM haiM- vaibhASika aura sautrAntika tathA yogAcAra aura maadhymik| Age calakara bauddha saMgha aTThAraha sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| jaina dharma kI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi __ bhAratIya vicAradhArA kI yahI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai ki dharma aura darzana sAtha-sAtha calate haiN| bhAratIya dArzanikoM (cArvAka ko chor3akara) ne kabhI dharma aura darzana ko alaga svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| yahA~ jo darzana hai vahI dharma bhI hai| inameM nikaTatA aura pUrakatA ke sambandha pAye jAte haiN| vyavahAra meM dharma jisa rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai usakA siddhAnta pakSa darzana meM hI hotA hai| darzana bhI apane ko logoM ke pAsa dharma ke hI mAdhyama se pahu~cAtA hai| dharma darzana ke binA andhavizvAsa ke sivA aura kucha nahIM raha jAtA vaha khokhalA ho jAtA hai| isI taraha darzana bhI dharma ke binA paMga ho jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM cArvAka ko chor3akara sabhI ke dharma bhI haiN| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika darzanoM ke kramaza: jaina, bauddha aura vaidika dharma bhI haiN| isalie prAcInakAla meM pratipAdita darzana Aja bhI jijJAsA evaM ruci ke sAtha par3hA evaM samajhA jA rahA hai| sampUrNa jaina darzana ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai- vyavahAra-pakSa aura vicaar-pkss| jaina darzana ke jo bhI vyavahAra-pakSa athavA AcAra-pakSa haiM ve ahiMsA para AdhArita haiM aura jitane bhI vicArapakSa haiM ve anekAnta para AdhArita haiN| ahiMsA zraddhApradhAna hai aura anekAnta trkprdhaan| bhAratIya darzana meM jaina darzana kA apanA eka vaiziSTya hai| ahiMsA, anekAntavAda aura karmavAda- ye tIna aise siddhAnta haiM jinake kAraNa bhAratIya darzana meM jaina darzana : kA apanA svatantra astitva hai| ahiMsA, anekAntavAda aura karmavAda kA saMkSipta paricaya nimna hai

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29 jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya ahiMsA jaina paramparA meM ahiMsA kA sUkSma vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| ahiMsA ko paribhASita karate hue AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai- saba prANI, saba bhUta, saba jIva aura saba tattvoM ko na mAranA cAhie, na anya vyakti ke dvArA maravAnA cAhie, na balAt pakar3anA cAhie, na paritApa denA cAhie, na una para prANApahAra upadrava karanA cAhie; yaha ahiMsA, rUpa dharma hI zuddha hai| 18 ahiMsA kI pUrNa paribhASA 'AvazyakasUtra' meM milatI hai jisake anusAra kisI bhI jIva kI tIna yoga (arthAt mana, vacana aura kAya) aura tIna karaNa (arthAt karanA, karavAnA aura anumodana karanA) se hiMsA na karanA hI ahiMsA hai|19 _ahiMsA ke do rUpa dekhe jAte haiM- bhAva-ahiMsA tathA drvy-ahiNsaa|20 mana meM hiMsA na karane kI bhAvanA kA jAgrata honA bhAva-ahiMsA hai, yathA- koI vyakti saMkalpa karatA hai ki maiM kisI jIva kA ghAta nahIM kruuNgaa| mana meM Aye hue ahiMsA bhAva ko kriyArUpa denA dravya-ahiMsA hai| 21 __ ahiMsA niSedhAtmaka hI nahIM, balki vidheyAtmaka bhI hotI hai| jaina-darzana meM niSedhAtmaka aura vidheyAtmaka donoM hI prakAra kI ahiMsA mAnI gayI haiN| niSedhAtmaka aura vidheyAtmaka ahiMsA kA vivecana karate hue DaoN0 baziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA ne likhA hainiSedha kA artha hotA hai kisI cIja ko rokanA, na hone denaa| ata: niSedhAtmaka ahiMsA kA matalaba hotA hai kisI bhI prANI ke prANaghAta kA na honA yA kisI bhI prANI ko kisI prakAra kA kaSTa na denaa| ahiMsA kA niSedhAtmaka rUpa hI adhika logoM ke dhyAna meM AtA hai, kintu ahiMsA sirpha kucha vizeSa prakAra kI kriyAoM ko na karane meM hI nahIM hotI, balki kucha vizeSa prakAra kI kriyAoM ke karane meM bhI hotI hai, jaise- dayA karanA, sahAyatA karanA, dAna karanA aadi|r isa prakAra jaina darzana kA ahiMsA-siddhAnta saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM ko apanI AtmA ke samAna priya mAnane kI preraNA detA huA maitrI bhAvanA kA pATha sikhAtA hai| anekAnta anekAntavAda jaina darzana kA AdhAra hai| jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA isI anekAnta ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai| 'anantadharmAtmakaM vastu' arthAt kisI bhI vastu athavA tattva ke ananta dharma yA lakSaNa hote haiN| cAhe vaha padArtha yA tattva choTA-sA kaNa ho yA virATa himAlaya, usake ananta dharma hote haiN| ina ananta dharmoM ke do prakAra hote haiM--- guNa aura pryaay| jo dharma vastu ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karate haiM arthAt jinake binA vastu kA astitva kAyama nahIM raha sakatA unheM guNa kahate haiM, yathA- manuSya meM

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30 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana manuSyatva, sonA meM sonaapn| manuSya meM yadi manuSyatva na ho to vaha aura kucha ho sakatA hai, manuSya nhiiN| vaise hI yadi sonA meM sonApana na ho to vaha anya koI dravya hogA, sonA nhiiN| guNa vastu meM sthAyI rUpa se rahatA hai| vaha kabhI naSTa nahIM hotA aura na badalatA hI hai kyoMki usake naSTa hone se vastu naSTa ho jaayegii| guNa vastu kA Antarika dharma hotA hai jo vastu kI bAhyAkRtiyoM arthAt usake raMga-rUpa ko nirdhArita karatA hai| isI prakAra jo badalatA rahatA hai, utpanna aura naSTa hotA rahatA hai use paryAya kahate haiM, jaisemanuSya kabhI baccA, kabhI yuvA, aura kabhI bUr3hA rahatA hai| guNa jo vastu meM sthAyI rahatA hai, jaise manuSya baccA ho yA bUr3hA, strI ho yA puruSa, moTA ho yA patalA, usameM manuSyatva rahegA hii| kintu jaba koI vyakti bAlaka se yuvA hotA hai to usakA bAlapana naSTa ho jAtA hai aura yuvApana utpanna hotA hai| ThIka isI prakAra sonA kabhI aMgUThI, kabhI mAlA, kabhI karNaphUla ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai jisameM sonA kA aMgUThI vAlA rUpa naSTa hotA hai to mAlA kA rUpa banatA hai, mAlA kA rUpa naSTa hotA hai to karNaphUla kA rUpa banatA hai| ye badalanevAle dharma hamezA utpanna evaM naSTa hote rahate haiM aura guNa sthira rahatA hai| ata: jagata ke sabhI padArtha utpatti, sthiti evaM vinAza ina tIna dharmoM se yukta hote haiN| eka hI sAtha eka hI vastu meM tInoM dharmoM ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| mizAla ke taura para eka svarNakAra svarNakalaza tor3akara mukuTa banA rahA hai| usake pAsa tIna grAhaka pahu~cate haiN| jinameM se eka ko svarNaghaTa cAhie, dUsare ko svarNamukuTa cAhie, aura tIsare ko kevala sonaa| lekina svarNakAra kI pravRtti dekhakara pahale grAhaka ko duHkha hotA hai, dUsare ko harSa aura tIsare ko na to duHkha hI hotA hai aura na harSa arthAt vaha madhyastha bhAva kI sthiti meM hotA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki eka hI samaya meM eka svarNa meM vinAza, utpatti aura dhruvatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| isI AdhAra para jaina darzana meM tattva ko paribhASita karate huye kahA gayA hai- sat utpAda, vyaya tathA dhrauvya yukta hai- 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM st|' 23 jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA se jo loga paricita nahIM haiM ve turanta yaha prazna upasthita karate haiM ki eka hI vastu meM dhruvatA, utpatti aura vinAza kaise ho sakatA hai? kyoMki sthAyitva aura asthAyitva donoM eka-dUsare ke virodhI haiN| ata: eka hI vastu meM paraspara virodhI dharmoM kA samanvaya kaise ho sakatA hai? jaina darzana isakA samAdhAna karate huye kahatA hai ki koI bhI vastu guNa kI dRSTi se dhruva hai, sthAyI hai tathA paryAya kI dRSTi se asthAyI hai, usameM utpatti aura vinAza hai| koI bhI vastu sarvathA sat yA asat nahIM ho sktii| sabhI vastu sat-asat, nitya-anitya, bhAvarUpa-abhAvarUpa haiN| ata: virodhI dharmoM kA samanvaya karanA hI jaina darzana kA anekAntavAda hai|

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya anekAntavAda ke vyAvahArika pakSa ko syAdvAda ke nAma se vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai| syAdvAda anekAntavAda kA hI vikasita rUpa hai| syAt zabda anekAnta kA dyotaka hai| syAdvAda aura anekAntavAda donoM eka hI haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki syAdvAda meM jisa padArtha kA kathana hotA hai, vaha anekAntAtmaka hotA hai| donoM meM yadi koI antara hai to mAtra zabdoM kaa| syAdvAda meM syAt zabda kI pradhAnatA hai to anekAntavAda meM anekAnta kii| kintu mUlata: donoM eka hI haiN| AcArya prabhAcandra ne 'nyAyakumudacandra' meM kahA haianekAntAtmaka artha ke kathana ko syAdvAda kahate haiN|24 syAdvAda kA vyutpattimUlaka artha batAte huye kahA gayA hai- syAditi vAdaH syaadvaadH|25 yahA~ hameM syAt zabda ke do artha dekhane ko milate haiM- pahalA anekAntavAda aura dUsarA anekAnta ke kathana karane kI shailii| jaina dArzanikoM ne anekAnta evaM syAt donoM zabdoM ko eka hI artha meM prayukta kiyA hai| ina donoM zabdoM ke pIche eka hI hetu rahA hai aura vaha hai- vastu kI anekaantaatmktaa| yaha anekAntAtmakatA anekAntavAda zabda se bhI prakaTa hotI hai aura syAdvAda zabda se bhii| ata: syAdvAda aura anekAntavAda donoM eka hI haiN| donoM eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| antara hai to itanA ki eka prakAzaka hai to dUsarA prakAzya, eka vyavahAra hai to dUsarA siddhaant| karma-siddhAnta ahiMsA aura anekAnta ke samAna jaina darzana kA karmavAda bhI vyApaka aura vizAla hai| pratyeka kArya ko sampanna karane ke lie kisI na kisI kAraNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai kyoMki kAraNa ke abhAva meM kArya nahIM hotaa| pratyeka kAraNa kisI na kisI kArya ko utpanna karatA hai| yaha kArya-kAraNa sambandha hI jagata kI vicitratA aura vividhatA kI bhUmikA hai| jaina darzana meM karma-vijJAna para bahuta hI gambhIra, vizada aura vaijJAnika paddhati se cintana kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana kA yaha mAnanA hai ki jaba Atma-pradeza meM kampana hotA hai taba usa kampana se pudgala ke paramANu puMja AkarSita hokara AtmA ke sAtha mila jAte haiN| pudgala paramANu puMja kA AtmA ke sAtha milanA hI karma hai| 'pravacanasAra' ke TIkAkAra amRtacandra sUri ne likhA hai- AtmA ke dvArA prApya kriyA ko karma kahate haiN|26 AcArya akalaMkadeva kA kahanA hai ki jisa prakAra pAtra vizeSa meM rakhe gaye aneka rasavAle bIja, puSpa tathA phaloM kA madya rUpa meM pariNamana hotA hai, usI prakAra AtmA meM sthita pudgaloM ke parispandana rUpa yoga ke kAraNa karma rUpa pariNamana hotA hai|27 jaina darzana karma ko svatantra tattva mAnatA hai| karma ananta paramANuoM kA skandha hai| karma ke ATha prakAra haiM- jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, vedanIya, mohanIya,

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32 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AyuSya, nAmAvaraNIya, gotra aura antraay| ATha karmoM kA saMkSipta paricaya isa prakAra hai ___ jJAnAvaraNIya- moha ke udaya se vyakti jo kucha bhI karatA hai vaha sakarmAtmA hai| sakarmAtmA azubha karma kA bandhana karatI hai aura usase jJAna AvRtta hotA hai| jJAna ko AcchAdita karake usake prakAza ko ghaTA denevAlI prakRti jJAnAvaraNIya-karma hai| jisa prakAra bAdala sUrya ke prakAza ko DhaMka dete haiM, usI prakAra jo karmavargaNAe~ AtmA kI jJAnazakti ko DhaMka detI haiM aura jJAna-prApti meM bAdhaka banatI haiM ve jJAnAvaraNIya karma haiN| darzanAvaraNIya- darzana ko AvRtta karake usake prakAza ko ghaTAnevAlI prakRti darzanAvaraNIya-karma hai| jJAna se pUrva honevAlA vastutattva kA nirvizeSa bodha jisameM kisI vizeSa guNadharma kI prApti nahIM hotI darzana hai| darzanAvaraNIya-karma AtmA ke isI darzana guNa ko AvRtta karatA hai| vedanIya- iSTa aura aniSTa bAhya viSayoM yA bhogoM kA saMyoga va viyoga karAne vAlI prakRti vedanIya-karma hai| isake do prakAra haiM- sAtA aura asaataa| iSTa zarIra, iSTa kula aura iSTa bhogoM ko prApta karAnevAlI prakRti sAtAvedanIya tathA isake viparIta bhogoM ko prApta karAnevAlI prakRti kA nAma asAtAvedanIya hai| mohanIya- cetanA ko vikRta yA mUrcchita karanevAlI prakRti mohanIya-karma hai| jisa prakAra nazIlI vastu ke sevana se vivekazakti kuMThita ho jAtI hai usI prakAra jina karma-pudgaloM se AtmA kI vivekazakti kuMThita ho jAtI hai aura anaitika AcaraNa meM pravRtti hotI hai ve mohanIya-karma kahalAtI haiN| mohanIya prakRti ke kAraNa hI AtmA meM rAga-dveSa utpanna hote haiN| AyuSya- nAraka, deva, manuSya va tiryaMca gatiyoM yA zarIroM meM kisI nizcita kAlaparyanta taka jIvadravya ko roka rakhanevAlA AyuSya-karma hai| nAma- zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM kA yathAyogya nirmANa honA nAma-karma ke udaya para AdhArita hotA hai| zubha nAma-karma ke udaya se jIva zArIrika aura vAcika utkarSa kI ora bar3hatA hai tathA azubha nAma-karma ke udaya se jIva zArIrika aura vAcika apakarSa ko prApta karatA hai| hamAre pUre zarIra kA nirmANa, yaza-apayaza, sundara-asundara, saubhAgyadurbhAgya Adi nAma-karma para hI nirbhara karate haiN| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM nAma-karma ko vyakti ke vyaktitva kA nirdhAraka tattva kahA jA sakatA hai|

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33 jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya gotra- jIva kA ucca kula meM honA, nimna kula meM honA, dIna honA Adi gotra karma para nirbhara karatA hai| antarAya- abhIpsita vastu kI prApti meM bAdhA pahu~cAnevAlA karma antarAyakarma kahalAtA hai| jisa prakAra rAjA kI ijAjata hone para bhI bhaNDArI ke diye binA koI vastu ijAjata prApta vyakti ko nahIM milatI, vaise hI antarAya karmabandha ke dUra hae binA icchita vastu saralatA se nahIM miltii| jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki jIva apane karma ke AdhAra para hI agalA jIvana dhAraNa karatA hai| atIta karmoM kA phala hamArA vartamAna jIvana hai aura vartamAna karmoM ke phala ke AdhAra para hI hamArA bhAvI jIvana hotA hai| jaina karma-sAhitya meM samasta saMsArI jIvoM kA samAveza cAra prakAra kI gatiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai- tiryaJca, nAraka, manuSya aura dev| ata: vartamAna jIvana kA AyuSya paripUrNa hone para jIva apane gati nAmakarma ke anusAra ina cAra gatiyoM meM se kisI eka gati meM utpanna hotA hai| bauddha dharma kI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi bauddha dharma vizva ke dharmoM meM apanA alaga sthAna rakhatA hai| bauddhadharma ke tIna maulika siddhAnta haiM jinake nirUpaNa se bauddha dharma kI dArzanika pRSThabhUmi jAnI jA sakatI hai| ve siddhAnta haiM- pratItyasamutpAda, kSaNabhaMgavAda aura anaatmvaad| mUlata: pratItyasamutpAda bauddha darzana kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai| isake AdhAra para hI anya siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| jisa prakAra jaina siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA anekAnta ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai, usI prakAra bauddha darzana ke sabhI siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA pratItyasamutpAda ke AdhAra para kI jAtI hai| karmavAda, kSaNikavAda, saMghAtavAda Adi ke mUla meM pratItyasamutpAda hI hai| pratItyasamutpAda pratItyasamutpAda arthAt pratyayoM se utpatti kA niym| pratItya arthAt kisI vastu kI prApti hone para, samutpAda arthAt anya vastu kI utptti|28 tAtparya hai ki eka vastu ke prApta hone para dUsarI vastu kI utpatti kA siddhAnta yA kAraNa ke AdhAra para kArya kI niSpatti kA siddhaant| bhagavAn buddha ne kahA hai- isa cIja ke hone para yaha cIja hotI hai| jagata kI vastuoM yA ghaTanAoM meM sarvatra yaha kArya-kAraNa niyama jAgarUka hotA hai|29 kAraNa ke rahane se hI kArya hotA hai| isI kAraNa-kArya ke AdhAra para buddha ne pratItyasamutpAda kI bAraha kar3iyA~ prastuta kI haiM jise bhavacakra ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| ina bAraha bhaMgoM (aMgoM) ko dvAdazanidAna bhI kahA gayA hai| ina bAraha

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34 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kar3iyoM ke dvArA hI saMsAra kI sattA pramANita hotI hai| ve bAraha kar3iyA~ nimnalikhita haiM (1) avidyA, (2) saMskAra, (3) vijJAna, (4) nAmarUpa, (5) SaDAyatana, (6) sparza, (7) vedanA, (8) tRSNA, (9) upAdAna, (10) bhava, (11) jAti, (12) jraamrnn| ___avidyA ko samasta duHkhoM kA mUla mAnA gayA hai- avidyA se hI saMskAra, saMskAra se vijJAna, vijJAna se nAmakaraNa, nAmakaraNa se SaDAyatana, SaDAyatana se sparza, sparza se vedanA, vedanA se tRSNA, tRSNA se upAdAna, upAdAna se bhava, bhava se jAti, jAti se jarA aura jarA se maraNa kI utpatti hotI hai| pratItyasamutpAda kI uparyukta bAraha kar3iyoM kA sambandha tIna janmoM se hotA hai jise AcArya vasubandhu ne trikANDAtmaka nAma se sambodhita kiyA hai|30 prathama do avidyA aura saMskAra kA sambandha atIta janma se hotA hai, madhya ke ATha vijJAna se lekara upAdAna taka kA sambandha vartamAna jIvana se hotA hai tathA antima do jAti aura jarAmaraNa kA sambandha bhaviSya janma se hotA hai| pratItyasamutpAda ko madhyama pratipadA bhI kahate haiN| isa siddhAnta meM zAzvatavAda tathA ucchedavAda kA samanvaya hotA hai| zAzvatavAda ke anusAra kucha vastue~ aisI haiM jinakA na Adi hai aura na ant| unakA koI kAraNa bhI nahIM hai tathA ve kisI vastu para avalambita nahIM haiN| ucchedavAda ke anusAra vastuoM ke naSTa ho jAne para kucha bhI avaziSTa nahIM rahatA hai| buddha ne ina aikAntika matoM ko chor3akara madhyama-mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki vastuoM ke astitva meM koI sandeha nahIM hai, kintu ve na to sarvathA nitya hI haiM aura na unakA pUrNa vinAza hI hotA hai| pratyeka vastu apane kAraNa se utpanna hotI hai| kArya na to kAraNa se alaga hotA hai aura na bhinna hii| bIja se aMkura utpanna hotA hai, para bIja aMkura nahIM hotA hai, dUsarI ora aMkura bhI bIja se bilkula bhinna vastu nahIM hotaa| ataH bIja nitya aura sthira nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha aMkura ke rUpa meM parivartita hotA hai| bIja naSTa bhI nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki aMkura meM bIja kA hI rUpAntaraNa hotA hai|31 isa prakAra buddha ne na kArya ko kAraNa se anya mAnA aura na kArya ko kAraNa rUpa hI mAnA hai| kSaNabhaMgavAda janma aura maraNa saMsAra kA svabhAva hai| jahA~ janma hai vahA~ maraNa bhI hai| jo mahAna mAlUma par3atA hai, usakA patana bhI hotA hai| jahA~ saMyoga haiM vahA~ viyoga bhI hai| bauddha darzana ke anusAra jagata meM koI bhI aisI vastu nahIM hai jo sarvathA sthira ho, nitya

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35 jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya ho| vastu meM kSaNa-kSaNa parivartana hotA rahatA hai| jo vastu Aja hai vaha kala nahIM hogii| jisa prakAra eka pravAha dUsare ko janma detI hai, usI prakAra eka kSaNa dUsare kSaNa ko janma detA hai| saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu anitya dharmoM kA saMghAtamAtra hai| yahI anityavAda Age calakara kSaNabhaMgavAda ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| kSaNabhaMgavAda meM vastu kevala anitya hI nahIM hai, apitu usakI sattA kSaNabhara ke lie hI hotI hai| saMsAra kI aisI koI bhI vastu nahIM jo pavirtanazIla yA vinAzazIla na ho| parivartita honA jAgatika vastuoM kI vizeSatA hai| jo dekhane meM sthAyI yA nitya pratIta hotA hai vaha bhI nazvara hai, parivartanazIla hai| buddha ne pratyeka vastu ko anitya aura asthira mAnA hai| anityatAvAda aura kSaNikavAda meM sAmya ina bAtoM se hai ki donoM hI parivartana ko mAnyatA dete haiM, donoM hI vastu ke Adi evaM anta meM vizvAsa karate haiN| kintu isa bAta ke kAraNa donoM meM bheda hai ki anityavAda meM jahA~ parivartana kA koI samaya nizcita nahIM hai vahA~ kSaNikavAda meM kSaNa-kSaNa parivartana hotA rahatA hai| kSaNikavAda ke samarthana meM paravartI bauddhoM ne apane DhaMga se tarka prastuta kiyA hai| una logoM ne astitva yA sattA ko paribhASita karate huye kahA hai ki 'arthakriyAkAritvam st|' arthAt astitva usI kA hai jisameM kArya karane kI kSamatA hai| ise dUsare zabdoM meM isa prakAra bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jisameM kArya karane kI yA parivartana karane kI kSamatA hai usI kA astitva hai| ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki astitva kA artha sthAyitva nahIM balki parivartanazIlatA hai| apanI isa mAnyatA ke samarthana meM buddha ke ziSyoM ne bIja kA udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai| bIja meM aMkura dene, paudhA utpanna karane kI kSamatA hai isalie usakA astitva hai, kintu bIja meM sthAyitva nahIM hai vaha parivartita hotA rahatA hai, isalie bIja ko sthAyI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi ise sthAyI mAna liyA jAtA hai to isakA abhiprAya hogA ki pratyeka kSaNa bIja meM samAna rUpa se utpanna karane kI kSamatA hai, anyathA isakA sthAyitva bhaMga hogaa| kintu aisA nahIM hotaa| koI bhI bIja samAna rUpa se utpanna karane kI kSamatA nahIM rakhatA, kyoMki bIja jaba ghara meM rakhA huA hotA hai taba usase paudhA nahIM nikltaa| bIja se paudhA taba utpanna hotA hai jaba usa bIja ko miTTI meM DAlA jAtA hai| ghara meM bIja se paudhA nahIM nikalatA aura miTTI meM bIja DAlane para bIja se paudhA kA aMkurita honA bIja meM honevAle parivartana ko batAtA hai| yadi koI aisA kahe ki bIja cAhe ghara meM rahe athavA kheta meM paudhA utpanna karane kI kSamatA usameM sadA banI rahatI hai arthAt vaha kisI khAsa kSaNa meM nahIM balki hamezA hI sthAyI DhaMga se paudhe ko utpanna kara sakatA hai to yaha kSaNikavAdiyoM ko mAnya nahIM hogaa| unake anusAra yadi bIja meM paudhA paidA karane kI kSamatA sthAyI rUpa se rahatI aura kisI bhI kSaNa vaha paudhA paidA kara sakatA taba to use miTTI meM DAlane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM

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36 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pdd'tii| ghara meM bIja se paudhA kA na nikalanA tathA miTTI meM DAlane para bIja se paudhA kA nikala jAnA yaha pramANita karatA hai ki bIja pratyeka kSaNa meM badalatA rahatA hai| isI prakAra vizva kI pratyeka vastue~ parivartanazIla haiM, kSaNika haiN| anAtmavAda anAtmavAda kA siddhAnta bhaga n buddha ne brAhmaNa darzana ke AtmavAda ke niSedha ke rUpa meM diyA hai| brAhmaNa darzana meM AtmA ko nitya, kUTastha, acala aura dhruva mAnA gayA hai| saMsAra meM AtmA hI param priya vastu hai tathA saMsAra meM jo bhI priya vastu haiM ve saba AtmA ke kAraNa hI haiN| * tmA kI kAmanA ke lie saba priya hotA hai| AtmA ke lie prANI sakhoM kI kAmanA karatA hai| yahA~ taka ki strI, putrAdi ke prati jo hamArI Asakti hai, vaha isI AtmarUpI svArtha para avalambita hai aura jaba taka vyakti AtmarUpI sabhI prakAra kI kAmanAoM kA tyAga nahIM kara letA taba taka use mukti yA nirvANa kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI hai| buddha ne AtmA kI sattA kA parihAsa karate hue kahA hai- jo yaha merI AtmA anubhavakIM hai, anubhava kA viSaya hai aura jahA~-tahA~ apane bure karmoM ke viSayoM kA anubhava karatI hai, yaha merI AtmA nitya, dhruva, zAzvata tathA aparivartanazIla hai, ananta varSoM taka vaisI hI rahegI- he bhikSuoM, yaha mAnanA dRSTivizUka hai|32 hama jise nitya, dhruva, zAzvata aura aparivartanazIla samajhate haiM, vaha anitya, adhruva, azAzvata aura parivartanazIla hai| rUpa vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra aura vijJAna sAre dharma anAtma haiN|23 itanA hI nahIM buddha ne cakSu Adi indriyA~, unake viSaya, unase hone vAle jJAna, mana, mAnasika dharma aura manovijJAna Adi sabako anitya, duHkhAtmaka tathA anAtma ghoSita kiyA hai| buddha ne kahA hai ki AtmA kI sattA ko svIkAra karanA usI prakAra hAsyAspada hai jisa prakAra koI vyakti deza kI sundara strI se prema karatA hai, parantu na to usake guNoM se paricita hai, na usake raMga se, na usakA kada hI jAnatA hai ki vaha bar3I hai athavA choTI yA majholI aura na usake nAma, gotra se hI bhijJa hai|34 abhiprAya yaha hai ki vyakti AtmA ke guNa-dharma ko jAne binA usake sukha ke lie nAnA prakAra ke karmoM ko karatA hai| parantu mana meM savAla utpanna hotA hai ki AtmA jise nitya dhruva mAnA gayA hai use buddha ne anAtma ghoSita kiyA, Akhira kyoM? jaisA ki buddha kA mAnanA hai ki AtmA kA astitva svIkAra karanA hI sabhI doSoM kA mUla hai| isakI puSTi nAgArjuna ke isa kathana se hotI hai ki jo AtmA ko dekhatA hai usI puruSa kA 'ahaM' ke liye sadA sneha

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya 37 banA rahatA hai, sneha se tRSNA utpanna hotI hai jo doSoM ko Dhaka letI hai| guNadarzI puruSa isa vicAra se ki 'viSaya mere haiM' sAdhanoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| tRSNA se upAdAna kI utpatti hotI hai| ata: jaba taka AtmAbhiniveza hai taba taka yaha saMsAra hai| AtmA ke rahane para hI para kA jJAna hotA hai| sva aura para ke vibhAga se rAga-dveSa kI utpatti hotI hai aura rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa hI samasta doSa utpanna hote haiN| ata: isako haTAne se hI sabhI doSoM kA nirAkaraNa ho sakatA hai|35 ___ parantu aisA nahIM hai ki buddha ne AtmA kI sattA ko svIkAra hI nahIM kiyA hai balki unhoMne AtmA kI pAramArthika sattA ko chor3akara vyAvahArika sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| buddha ke anusAra AtmA kI vyAvahArika sattA hai jo rUpa, vedanA, saMjJA, saMskAra tathA vijJAna Adi paJcaskandhoM kA samudAya mAtra hai| inake atirikta AtmA koI svatantra paramArthabhUta padArtha nahIM hai| ata: bauddha darzana paJcaskandhoM ke saMghAta ko hI AtmA mAnatA hai| saMghAta ke kAraNa hI manuSya athavA AtmA kA bodha hotA hai, saMghAta na ho to na manuSya kI pratIti ho sakatI hai aura na AtmA kI hii| isa saMghAta ke viSaya meM nAgasena tathA rAjA milinda kA saMvAda atiprasiddha hai| milinda ne nAgasena se AtmA ke sambandha meM prazna kiyA jisakA uttara nAgasena ne saMghAtavAda ko prastuta karate huye diyA, kintu nAgasena ke uttara se milinda ko santuSTi nahIM huii| nAgasena ne ratha kA udAharaNa sAmane rkhaa| nAgasena ne rAjA milinda se pUchA, rAjan! Apa paidala yahA~ Aye haiM athavA kisI vAhana se| rAjA ne uttara diyA- maiM ratha para savAra hokara AyA huuN| taba nAgasena ne pUchA- ratha kyA hai? kyA cakra ko ratha kahate haiM? kyA nemi ko ratha kahate haiM yA juA ko ratha kahate haiM? rAjA ne ina sabhI praznoM kA uttara nakArAtmaka DhaMga se diyaa| taba nAgasena ne unheM smjhaayaa| ina vibhinna aMgoM meM jo saMghAta hai, samanvaya hai, use hI ratha kahate haiN| alaga se ratha jaisI koI cIja nahIM hai| yadi ratha jaisI koI cIja alaga se apanA astitva rakhatI to aMgoM ke alaga ho jAne para bhI ratha hamAre sAmane hotA athavA ratha kA kArya hotA, kintu aisA hotA nahIM hai| isalie he rAjan! jisa prakAra cakra, nemi, juA Adi vibhinna aMgoM ke saMghAta kA nAma ratha hai, usI prakAra paJcaskandhoM ke saMghAta kA nAma AtmA hai|36 AtmA, jIva, sattA, pudgala, mana, citta, vijJAna Adi zabda eka dUsare ke paryAyavAcI tathA samAnArthaka haiN| bauddhAnuyAyI AtmA ke liye eka vizeSa zabda 'santAna' kA prayoga karate haiN| yadyapi buddha ne AtmA kI svataMtra evaM nitya sattA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai phira bhI unhoMne mAnasika vRttiyoM ko saharSa svIkAra kiyA hai| hamArI mAnasika vRttiyA~, jaise- A~kheM koI khaTTI cIja ko dekhatI haiM aura jihvA se pAnI Tapakane lagatA hai, nAka durgandha sUMghatI hai aura hAtha nAka para pahu~ca jAtA hai| jabaki

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38 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hama jAnate haiM ki A~kha aura jihvA eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM, phira bhI ve kisI na kisI rUpa meM eka-dUsare se jur3e huye haiM, eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiN| ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki donoM ko milAnevAlA koI tIsarA hai aura vaha hai- mn| paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA mAnanA hai ki mana se pare AtmA nAma kI koI cIja nahIM hai, arthAt mana hI AtmA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki buddha ne AtmA kI vyavahArika sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| AtmA anitya hai, kSaNa-kSaNa badalatI rahatI hai, lekina usake avirala pravAha ko hama bhramavaza nitya mAna lete haiN| yaha ThIka usI prakAra hotA hai jisa prakAra hameM bhramavaza eka hI dIpaka rAta bhara jalatA huA pratIta hotA hai jabaki yaha ayathArtha hai, kyoMki rAta ke pahale prahara kI dIpazikhA dUsarI thI, dUsare prahara kI usase bhinn| kintu dekhane vAle ko eka hI dIpazikhA jAna par3atI hai jabaki vaha pratikSaNa badalatI rahatI hai| pravAha kI do avasthAoM ke bIca eka kSaNa kA bhI antara nahIM rahatA hai| ThIka isI prakAra AtmA bhI pratikSaNa badalatI rahatI hai| isa prakAra buddha kA anAtmavAda, AtmA kA na to bilkula niSedha hI karatA hai aura na usakI sattA ko svIkAra hI karatA hai| jaina sAhitya jaina dharma-darzana evaM saMskRti kA mUlAdhAra Agama-sAhitya hai| Agama-sAhitya kI sudRr3ha nIMva para hI jaina darzana kA bhavya prAsAda khar3A hai| Agama ko paribhASita karate hue 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' meM kahA gayA hai- 'jisase sahI zikSA prApta hotI hai, vizeSa jJAna upalabdha hotA hai, vaha zAstra Agama yA zrutajJAna kahalAtA hai|'38 AcArya malliSeNa ke anusAra 'Aptavacana se utpanna artha yAnI padArtha jJAna Agama kahalAtA hai| upacAra se Aptavacana bhI Agama mAnA jAtA hai| 39 isI prakAra 'nyAyasUtra' meM kahA gayA hai ki 'Aptakathana Agama hai| " Agama ke lie vibhinna zabdoM ke prayoga dekhane ko milate haiM, yathA- satra, grantha, siddhAnta, pravacana, AjJA, vacana, upadeza, prajJApana, Agama,41 Aptavacana, aitihya, AmnAya, jinavacana 2 tathA zruta; kintu vartamAna meM Agama zabda hI jyAdA pracalita hai| sampUrNa jaina-sAhitya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| pahalA vaha bhAga jisake antargata mahAvIra se pahale ke sAhitya haiM jinheM pUrva ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai aura dUsarA vaha bhAga jisameM mahAvIra ke bAda ke sAhitya haiM jinheM aMga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pUrva sAhitya ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM ke vibhinna mata haiN| AcArya abhayadeva kA kahanA

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya 39 hai ki dvAdazAMgI se pahale pUrva-sAhitya nirmita kiyA gayA thaa| isI se usakA nAma pUrva rakhA gyaa| inakI saMkhyA caudaha hai|43 vIrasenAcArya kA kahanA hai ki pUrva bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kI zrutarAzi hai| zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrvavartI hone ke kAraNa use 'pUrva' kahA gayA hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki mahAvIra se pUrva bhI sAhitya the kyoMki mahAvIra se pahale teisa tIrthaGkara ho cuke the| mahAvIra ke bAda ke sAhitya jinameM unake upadeza saMkalita haiM, do bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM- aMga-praviSTa aura aMga-bAhyA aMga-praviSTa ve zAstra haiM jo gaNadharoM ke dvArA sUtra rUpa meM banAye gaye haiM yA jo gaNadhara ke dvArA prazna karane para tIrthaGkara dvArA pratipAdita haiN| aMgabAhya ve haiM jo sthaviroM arthAt bAda ke AcAryoM dvArA racita haiN| AcArya akalaMka ne kahA hai ki ArAtIya AcAryoM ke dvArA nirmita Agama aMga pratipAdita artha ke nikaTa yA anukUla hone ke kAraNa aMgabAhya kahalAte haiN| 5 aMga-praviSTa ke antargata dvAdazAMgI Ate haiN| __ bhASA kI dRSTi se jaina AgamoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hai| vaiyAkaraNa ise ArSa prAkRta kahate haiN| sampUrNa jaina sAhitya kA saMkalana cAra mahAsammelanoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai| prathama sammelana vIra nirvANa kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM arthAt 160 varSa pazcAt pATaliputra meM AcArya bhadrabAhu ke samaya huA jinakA kAla I0pU0 4thI zatI kA dUsarA dazaka hai|46 Agama saMkalana kA dUsarA mahAsammelana vIra nirvANa 827 aura 840 ke bIca AcArya skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM huaa| ise mAthurI vAcanA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| ThIka isI samaya dakSiNa aura pazcima bhArata meM vicaraNa karane vAle zramaNoM kI tRtIya vAcanA AcArya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM huI jise vallabhI vAcanA yA nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| 7 caturtha mahAsammelana vIra nirvANa kI dasavIM zatAbdI meM (980 yA 993 varSa pazcAt) vallabhI meM AcArya devarddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM huaa| AcArya devendramuni zAstrI ne eka aura mahAsammelana kI carcA kI hai aura use grantha saMkalana kA dvitIya prayAsa batAyA hai| yaha sammelana dvitIya zatI ke madhya samrATa khAravela ke samaya huA thaa|8 zikSA se sambandhita grantha aMga, upAMga, mUla, cheda, prakIrNaka Adi jaina sAhitya ke vibhinna bhAga haiM jinake antargata jaina dharma, darzana aura saMskRti nirbAdha rUpa se pravAhita ho rahI hai| jaina zikSA se sambandhita vibhinna grantha haiM, yathA-- 'AcArAMga', 'sUtrakRtAMga', 'sthAnAMga', 'samavAyAMga', 'jJAtAdharmakathA', 'uttarAdhyayana', 'dazavaikAlika', 'dazAzrutaskandha', 'bRhatkalpa', 'vyavahArasUtra',

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 'gacchAcAra', 'candravedhyaka' aadi| inameM se pramukha granthoM kA saMkSipta paricaya prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai uttarAdhyayana jainAgamoM meM mUlasUtroM kA sthAna bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai / sAmAnya rUpa se mUla sUtroM kI saMkhyA cAra hai, jisameM 'uttarAdhyayana' ko prathama sthAna prApta hai| isa grantha meM mahAvIra ne apane antima caumAse meM jo binA pUche hue 36 praznoM ke uttara diye the, unhIM kA saMkalana hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn lAyamana kA kahanA hai ki yaha sUtra uttara arthAt bAda kA hone se arthAt aMga granthoM kI apekSA uttarakAla kA racA huA hone ke kAraNa 'uttarAdhyayana' kahalAtA hai / 49 yaha chattIsa adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM vinaya, parISaha, akAmamaraNa, pravrajyA, yajJIya, sAmAcArI Adi ke varNana haiN| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa grantha para niyukti tathA jinadAsagaNa ne cUrNi likhI hai| vAdivetAla zAntisUri ne 'ziSyahitA TIkA' aura nemicandra ne 'zAntisUri kI TIkA' ke AdhAra se 'sukhabodha TIkA' likhI hai| isI prakAra lakSmIvallabha, jayakIrti, kamalasaMyama, bhAvavijaya, muni jayantavijaya Adi vidvAnoM ne bhI TIkAe~ likhI haiN| bhASA aura viSaya kI dRSTi se yaha prAcIna grantha hai jisakI puSTi zArpenTiyara, jaikobI, viNTaranitja Adi vidvAnoM ne bhI kI hai| pAzcAtya vidvAn jArja zArpenTiyara ne isa grantha kI aMgrejI prastAvanA likhI hai tathA isake mUla pATha meM bhI saMzodhana kiyA hai| eca0 jaikobI ne isakA aMgrejI anuvAda kiyA hai / 5deg 40 prastuta sUtra ke prathama adhyayana meM vinaya kA artha batAte hue usake anuvartana, pravartana, anuzAsana, zuzruSA aura ziSTAcAra ke paripAlana para bala diyA gayA hai / vinIta tathA avinIta ziSya ke lakSaNoM, unake kartavyoM Adi ko prakAzita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo guru kI AjJA kA pAlana karanevAlA, guru ke samIpa rahanevAlA tathA unake manobhAvoM ko jAnanevAlA hai vaha vinIta zikSArthI hai tathA isake viparIta AcaraNa karanevAlA avinIta zikSArthI kahalAtA hai / avinIta zikSArthI ThIka usI prakAra hai jaise mariyala ghor3A bAra-bAra cAbuka khAkara sahI mArga para AtA hai, jaba ki acche nasla kA ghor3A cAbuka dekhate hI sahI mArga para calane lagatA hai, vaise hI vinIta ziSya akIrNa ghor3e kI taraha iMgita mAtra se hI pApa- -karma kA tyAga kara detA hai / 51 zikSArthI ke kartavyoM kA nirUpaNa karate huye kahA gayA hai- vANI athavA karma se prakaTa rUpa meM athavA gupta rUpa meM gurujanoM ke viruddha kisI prakAra kI ceSTA nahIM karanI cAhie / 52 yadi AcArya krudha ho jAe~ to unheM premapUrvaka prasanna karanA cAhie, hAtha jor3akara unakI krodhAgni zAnta karanI cAhie aura unhe vizvAsa dilAnA cAhie ki bhaviSya meM vaha aisA kArya nahIM karegA / 53

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41 jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya gyArahaveM adhyayana meM mAna, krodha, pramAda, roga aura Alasya Adi pA~ca sthAnoM ko jJAna prApti kA bAdhaka batAyA gayA hai|54 vinIta zikSArthI ke lakSaNoM ko prakAzita karate huye kahA gayA hai ki jo sadA gurukula meM rahakara yoga aura tapa sAdhanA karatA hai, priyakArI hai aura priya bolatA hai, vaha ziSya hI zikSA kA adhikArI hotA hai|55 vaha puruSoM meM usI prakAra zreSTha hai, jaise parvata meM meru| ___ bArahavA~ adhyayana cANDAla kula meM utpanna harikezabala kA zikSA prApta kara bhikSu rUpa meM brAhmaNa kI yajJazAlA meM bhikSA ke lie jAnA tathA avinIta ziSya dvArA una para DaNDoM se prahAra karane se sambandhita hai| satrahaveM adhyayana meM pApa zramaNa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jo zramaNa (bhikSu) hokara yatheccha bhojana kara sadA nidrAzIla rahatA hai vaha pApa zramaNa kahalAtA hai| jo guruoM kI AjJA kA pAlana nahIM karatA, unase zruta aura vinaya prApta karane ke bAda unakI nindA karatA hai, vaha pApa zramaNa hai| isalie sAdhaka ko doSoM kA parityAga kara vratoM ko grahaNa karanA caahie|56 sattAisaveM adhyayana meM vinIta tathA avinIta ziSya ko duSTa baila dvArA upamita kiyA gayA hai| avinIta ziSya usa duSTa baila kI taraha hai jo mArga meM gAr3I tor3a detA hai aura mAlika ko kaSTa pahu~cAtA hai|57 sAtha hI, batAyA gayA hai ki avinIta ziSya se ruSTa hokara gargAcArya apane ziSyoM ko chor3akara ekAntavAsa meM tapa karane cale gye|58 battIsaveM adhyayana meM mukti ke upAya batAye gaye haiN| gurujanoM aura vRddhoM kI sevA karanA, ekAnta meM nivAsa karanA, sUtra aura artha kA cintana karanA dhairya rakhanA Adi duHkha se mukta hone ke upAya haiN| dazavaikAlika mUla AgamoM meM 'dazavaikAlika' kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / isake racayitA zayyambhava haiN| isa Agama ke do nAma upalabdha hote haiM- 'dasavaiyAliya' aura 'dasakAliyA 59 'dazavaikAlika' 'daza' aura 'kAlika' do zabdoM ke yoga se banA hai jisameM 'daza' zabda adhyayana kA sUcaka hai aura 'kAlika' vikAla kA, belA kaa| isakI racanA aparAhna meM zuru huI aura vikAla meM pUrI huI, isalie ise 'dazavaikAlika' kahate haiN| dUsarI mAnyatA hai ki ise svAdhyAya kAla ke binA kisI bhI samaya par3hA jA sakatA hai isalie isakA nAma 'dazavaikAlika' rakhA gayA hai| AcArya haribhadra aura samayasundara ne isa para TIkA tathA AcArya bhadrabAhu ne niyukti likhI hai| isakI mahattA kI puSTi isa bAta se hotI hai ki prAcInakAla meM 'AcArAMga' ke prathama zrutaskandha par3hane ke bAda 'uttarAdhyayana' par3hA

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42 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jAtA thA, kintu 'dazavaikAlika' kI racanA ke pazcAt vaha 'dazavaikAlika' ke bAda par3hA jAne lgaa|60 prastuta grantha meM daza adhyayana haiM jinameM pA~caveM adhyayana meM do uddezaka tathA naveM adhyayana meM cAra uddezaka haiN| zeSa adhyayanoM meM uddezaka nahIM haiN| isa grantha meM gadya evaM padya donoM kA samAveza hai| cauthA va nauvAM adhyayana gadya-padyAtmaka hai, bAkI adhyayana padyoM meM nibaddha haiN| naveM adhyayana meM vinaya-samAdhi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| navama adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka meM vinIta tathA avinIta ke lakSaNa va AcArya kI mahattA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ziSya kA AcArya ke prati kaisA vyavahAra honA cAhie, isakA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki yadi ziSya ananta jJAnI bhI ho jAye to vaha AcArya kI ArAdhanA usI prakAra karatA rahe jisa prakAra vaha pahale karatA AyA hai aura jisa guru ke pAsa dharmapada sIkhatA hai, usake prati vinaya kA prayoga kre|61 jo ziSya guruoM ke prati AzAtanA karate haiM ve usa puruSa ke samAna haiM jo jalatI huI agni ko apane pairoM se kucalakara bujhAnA cAhate haiN| sAtha hI AcArya ko megharahita AkAza meM zobhAyamAna candramA ke samAna bhikSuoM ke madhya zobhita honA batAyA gayA hai|62 . dvitIya uddezaka meM vinaya aura avinaya ke phala batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki avinayazIla vipatti meM par3atA hai aura vinayazIla sampatti ko prApta karatA hai| jo AcArya, upAdhyAya Adi kI sevA-zuzrUSA karate haiM, unakI zikSA jala se sIMce hue vRkSoM kI bhA~ti pallavita hotI hai aura durvacana bolanevAle, kapaTI, dhUrta ziSya saMsAra-sAgara ke pravAha meM usI prakAra gote mArate haiM jisa prakAra jala-pravAha meM par3A huA kaasstth| ziSya ke kartavya ko udbodhita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vaha apanI zayyA, sthAna aura Asana ko guru se nIce rakhe, vinayapUrvaka unakI vandanA kre| tRtIya uddezaka meM zikSArthI ke guNoM kI mahimA batAyI gayI hai| jo pIche se avarNavAda nahIM bolatA, sAmane virodhI vacana nahIM kahatA, jo nizcayakArI aura apriyakAriNI bhASA nahIM bolatA, vaha sarvatra pUjanIya hotA hai| caturtha uddezaka meM vinaya-samAdhi ke cAra sthAnoM kA varNana hai- vinaya-samAdhi, zruta-samAdhi, tapa-samAdhi aura aacaar-smaadhi| punaH cAroM ke cAra-cAra bheda batAye gaye haiN| isa prakAra vinaya ke solaha prakAra ho jAte haiN|

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43 jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya dazAzrutaskandha __ 'dazAzrutaskandha' chedasUtra haiN| cha: chedasUtroM meM 'dazAzrutaskandha' kA apanA alaga sthAna hai| isakA hI dUsarA nAma 'AcAradazA' bhI hai jisakA ullekha sthAnAMgasUtra ke dazaveM sthAna meM milatA hai| 'dazAzrutaskandha' meM daza adhyayana haiM, isalie bhI isakA nAma 'dazAzrutaskandha' hai| isameM jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra se sambaddha pratyeka viSaya kA vistAra ke sAtha varNana upalabdha hotA hai| daza adhyAya nimnaprakAra se haiM asamAdhi-sthAna, sabala doSa, AzAtanA, gaNi-sampadA, citta-samAdhi-sthAna, upAsaka-pratimA, bhikSu-pratimA, paryuSaNAkalpa, mohanIya-sthAna aura aayti-sthaan| ina daza adhyayanoM meM se tIsare aura cauthe adhyayanoM meM mukhya rUpa se sabala doSa aura AzAtanA- ina do dazAoM meM sAdhu jIvana ke dainika niyamoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai tathA balapUrvaka kahA gayA hai ki ina niyamoM kA paripAlana honA caahie| inameM jo tyAjya haiM unakA dRr3hatA se tyAga karanA cAhie aura jo upAdeya haiM unakA pAlana karanA caahie| guru ke prati ziSya dvArA kisI prakAra kI AzAtanA nahIM honI caahie| ziSya kA guru ke Age, samazreNi meM, atyanta samIpa meM gamana karanA, khar3A honA, baiThanA Adi tathA guru se pUrva kisI se sambhASaNa karanA, guru ke vacanoM kI jAnabUjhakara avahelanA karanA, bhikSA se lauTane para AlocanA na karanA Adi taiMtIsa prakAra kI AzAtanAe~ batAyI gayIM haiN| caturtha adhyayana meM gaNi-sampadA ke antargata AcArya pada para virAjita vyakti ke vyaktitva, prabhAva tathA usake zArIrika prabhAva kA atyanta upayogI varNana kiyA gayA hai| gaNi-sampadA ke ATha prakAra batAye gaye haiM- AcAra-sampadA, zruta-sampadA, zarIra-sampadA, vacana-sampadA, vAcanA-sampadA, mati-sampadA, prayogamati-sampadA aura sNgrhprijnyaa-smpdaa| punaH ina AThoM ke cAra-cAra bheda kiye gaye haiN| vyavahArasUtra 'vyavahArasUtra' meM bhI zramaNoM kI AcAra-saMhitA para cintana kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha kI bhadrabAhu racita niyukti aura bhASya donoM prApta hote haiN|63 amolakaRSikRta hindI anuvAda aura jIvarAja ghelAbhAI dozI, ahamadAbAda dvArA prakAzita gujarAtI anuvAda bhI prApta hotA hai| prastuta grantha meM dasa uddezaka haiM jisake antargata lagabhaga tIna sau sUtra haiN|64 tRtIya uddezaka meM gacchAdhipati kI yogyatA, padavIdhAriyoM ke AcAra, taruNa zramaNoM ke AcAra, gaccha meM rahate hue athavA gaccha kA tyAgakara anAcAra sevana karanevAle ke

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44 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana lie prAyazcitta tathA mRSAvAdiyoM ko padavI na pradAna karane kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| AcArya tathA upAdhyAya ke pada para pratiSThita hone kI yogyatAoM ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai- AcArya vahI bana sakatA hai jo kama se kama pA~ca varSa kA dIkSita ho, zramaNa kI AcArasaMhitA meM kuzala ho, 'dazAzrutaskandhakalpa', 'bRhatkalpa', 'vyavahAra' Adi kA jJAtA ho| upAdhyAya vahI bana sakatA hai jo kama se kama tIna varSa kI dIkSA paryAya vAlA ho, Agama kA marmajJa ho, prAyazcittazAstra kA pUrNa jJAtA ho, caritravAna ho aura bahuzruta ho| lekina apavAda rUpa meM eka dina dIkSA paryAyavAlA bhI AcArya athavA upAdhyAya bana sakatA hai para usake lie pratItikArI, dhairyazIla, vizvasanIya, samabhAvI, pramodakArI, anumata, bahumata tathA guNasampanna honA anivArya hai| caturtha uddezaka meM AcArya aura upAdhyAya ke sAtha kama se kama eka aura varSAvAsa meM do sAdhu kA honA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| AcArya kI mahattA para prakAza DAlate hue unake abhAva meM kaise rahanA cAhie aura kisa taraha kisI muni ko AcArya pada para pratiSThita karanA cAhie isa para vicAra kiyA gayA hai|65 SaSTha uddezaka meM zramaNa-zramaNI ke kartavyoM ko prakAzita karate huye AcArya tathA upAdhyAya ke pA~ca atizaya (vizeSAdhikAra) batAye gaye haiM- yadi AcArya yA upAdhyAya bAhara se upAzraya meM Ave to unake pA~va poMchakara sApha karanA, unake prasravaNa arthAt mala-mUtra Adi kA yatanApUrvaka bhUmi para tyAga karanA, yathAzakti unakI vaiyAvRtya karanA, upAzraya ke bhItara unake sAtha rahanA, upAzraya se bAhara jAne para unake sAtha jAnA aadi| saptama uddezaka meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke AcAra kI bhinnatA, padavI pradAna karane kA samucita samaya Adi viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| gacchAcAra 'gacchAcAra' sAtavA~ prakIrNaka hai| prakIrNaka kA artha hotA hai- vividhA 'nandIsUtra' meM malayagiri ne likhA hai ki tIrthaGkara dvArA upadiSTa zruta kA anusaraNa karake zramaNa prakIrNakoM kI racanA karate haiN| inakI saMkhyA 14000 (caudaha hajAra) kahI gayI hai, kintu vartamAna meM inakI saMkhyA mukhyatayA 10 (dasa) mAnI jAtI hai| lekina saMkhyA ko lekara vidvAnoM meM matabheda dekhA jAtA hai| koI 'maraNasamAdhi' aura 'gacchAcAra' ke sthAna para 'candravedhyaka' aura 'vIrastava' ko ginate haiM to koI 'devendrastava' aura 'vIrastava' ko eka kara dete haiM tathA saMstAraka ko nahIM ginate, kintu inake sthAna para 'gacchAcAra' aura 'maraNasamAdhi' kA ullekha karate haiN|66

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya 'gacchAcAra' meM 137 gAthAeM haiM jo 'mahAnizItha', 'bRhatkalpa' va 'vyavahArasUtroM' para AdhArita haiM / 67 vimalasUri ke ziSya vijayamalagaNi ne isa para TIkA likhI hai| prArambha meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ko namaskAra kara asadAcArI gaccha aura sadAcArI gaccha meM rahane ke kyA phala hote haiM isakA varNana hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke lie zramaNa ko jIvanaparyanta gaccha meM hI rahane para jora diyA gayA hai| tatpazcAt guru-ziSya ke kartavyoM ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jo guru ziSya ke dvArA zramaNAcAra ke viruddha kArya karane para bhI prAyazcitta Adi dekara usakA zuddhikaraNa nahIM karatA, ziSya ko hitamArga para nahIM lagAtA vaha guru ziSya ke lie zatru ke samAna hai| isI prakAra yadi guru sAdhanA ke mArga se cyuta hokara asadmArga kI ora jAtA hai to ziSya kA kartavya hai ki vaha unheM sanmArga arthAt dharmamArga kI ora bar3hAye, yadi vaha nahIM bar3hAtA hai to vaha ziSya bhI zatru ke samAna hai / 68 tatpazcAt asadguru ke lakSaNoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| guru AcAra kI pratimUrti samajhA jAtA hai, kintu kucha bhraSTAcArI AcArya, bhraSTAcAriyoM kI apekSA karane vAle AcArya tathA unmArga sthita AcArya, ye tInoM mokSamArga kA vinAza karanevAle hote haiM / 69 gaccha ke mahattva ko batalAte hue likhA gayA hai ki gaccha mahAna prabhAvazAlI hotA hai / usameM rahane se mahAnirjarA hotI hai tathA sAraNA, vAraNA, preraNA Adi se naye doSoM kI utpatti ruka jAtI haiM / 70 jisa gaccha meM dAna, zIla, tapa aura bhAvanA Adi cAra dharmoM kA AcaraNa karanevAle gItArtha muni adhika hoM vaha sugaccha hai / 71 45 zramaNiyoM ko gaccha meM kisa prakAra rahanA cAhie? kisa prakAra sonA cAhie Adi maryAdAyoM kA bhI varNana milatA hai| 72 candravedhyaka 'candravedhyaka' kA artha hotA hai- rAdhAveda / mRtyu ke samaya jarA bhI pramAda kA AcaraNa karane vAlA sarvasAdhana se sampanna sAdhaka usI prakAra siddhi ko nahIM prApta kara pAtA hai jisa prakAra antima samaya meM jarA bhI pramAda karanevAlA vedhaka rAdhAveda kA vedhana nahIM kara pAtA hai| ataH AtmArthI ko sadaiva apramAdI rahanA cAhie / 73 prastuta grantha meM nimnalikhita sAta viSayoM ko vistRta rUpa meM vivecita kiyA gayA hai-- vinaya, AcAryaguNa, ziSyaguNa, vinayanigrahaguNa, jJAnaguNa, caraNaguNa evaM maraNaguNa / 7 .74 mUlAcAra 'mUlAcAra' ke racayitA vaTTakerAcArya mAne jAte haiN| kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha mAnanA

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46 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai ki 'mUlAcAra' kundakundAcArya kI kRti hai / 'mUlAcAra' para likhI gaI vasunandi racita 'AcAravRtti' nAmaka TIkA se yaha tathya pramANita hotA hai / jaisA ki grantha ke samApana para unhoMne likhA hai- ' iti mUlAcAravivRttau dvAdazodhyAyaH iti kundakundAcAryapraNItamUlAcArAkhyavivRttiH / kRtiriyaM vasunandinaH zrI shrmnnsy|' isake TIkAkAroM meM zrI vasunandi siddhAntacakravartI AcArya tathA meghacandrAcArya kA nAma AtA hai / 7" 75 prastuta grantha meM bAraha adhikAra tathA 1252 gAthAe~ haiN| isake cauthe adhikAra arthAt sAmAcArAdhikAra meM zramaNoM ko ekalavihAra karane kA niSedha, guru se anya dharmakSetroM meM jAne kI AjJA mA~ganA, ekala vihArI kauna ho sakatA hai ? zikSArthI ko kisa prakAra ke gurukula meM nivAsa karanA cAhie ? guru ke lakSaNa, zaraNAgata sAdhu kI AcArya dvArA parIkSA, yogya tathA ayogya zikSArthI kA kramazaH Azraya tathA parihAra karanA, bhAvazuddhi aura vinayapUrvaka adhyayana karanA Adi viSaya sammilita haiN| sAtha hI paragaNa meM guru, bAla, vRddhAdi muniyoM kI vaiyAvRtya karanI cAhie tathA AryikAoM kA gaNadhara kaisA honA cAhie tathA unakI caryApaddhati kaisI honI cAhie isakA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA isake racanAkAra AcArya zivArya haiN| 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' kA yathArtha nAma ArAdhanA hI hai, kyoMki isake TIkAkAra zrI aparAjita sUri ne apanI TIkA ke anta meM usakA nAma ArAdhanA TIkA hI diyA hai / 76 bhagavatI to usake prati AdarabhAva vyakta karane ke lie prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa grantha para aparAjitasUri ne TIkA likhI jo 'vijayodayA TIkA' ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| dUsarI TIkA 'mUlArAdhanA darpaNa' hai, jo prasiddha granthakAra paM0 AzAdhara dvArA racita hai| isakI gAthA saMkhyA meM vibhinnatA pAyI jAtI hai| kisI meM 2170 hai to kisI meM 2164 / 77 lekina devendramuni zAstrI ne apanI pustaka meM 2166 gAthAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| 78 bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke AdhAra para hI AcArya devasena ne 'ArAdhanAsAra' grantha kI racanA kI hai / 79 prastuta grantha meM AcArya ke chattIsa guNoM80 kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| AcAravatva Adi ATha, dasa prakAra ke sthitikalpa, bAraha tapa, chaH Avazyaka Adi chattIsa guNa haiN| sAtha hI uttarAdhikArI AcArya kI niyukti-vidhi, navaniyukta AcArya ko udbodhana Adi viSayoM kI bhI carcA kI gayI hai / bauddha sAhitya bauddha paramparA kA sAhitya bahuta hI vizAla tathA vyApaka hai| bauddha sAhitya kevala

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya 47 bhAratIya bhASAoM meM upalabdha nahIM hote, balki vibhinna videzI bhASAoM meM bhI vipula bauddha sAhitya upalabdha haiN| yadyapi buddha ne apane jIvanakAla meM na to kisI grantha kI racanA kI aura na karavAyI hI, kyoMki ve eka sacce dharmopadezaka the aura mAnava ko sahI mArga dikhAnA hI unakA ekamAtra uddezya thaa| tatkAlIna samAja kI bhASA arddhamAgadhI aura pAli thii| buddha apanA upadeza pAli bhASA meM kiyA karate the| buddha ke parinirvANa ke pazcAt unake pramukha ziSyoM ne unake vacanoM kA saMgAyana karanA Avazyaka smjhaa| isa kSetra meM prathama prayAsa I0pU0 480 meM mahAkAzyapa kI adhyakSatA meM eka dharmasaMgIti bulAyI gayI jo buddhaparinirvANa ke cauthe mAsa meM sampanna huii|81 isameM upAli ne vinaya-sambandhI tathA Ananda ne dharma-sambandhI pATha kiyaa|82 usa sabhA meM 500 bhikSuoM ne bhAga liyA thaa| saMgAyana kA dUsarA caraNa bhagavAn ke parinirvANa ke 100 varSa bAda dUsarI dharmasaMgIti ke rUpa meM vaizAlI meM rakhA gyaa|83 isameM 700 bhikSuoM ne bhAga liyaa| yaha dharmasaMgIti ATha mahIne taka clii| lekina yuvAnacyAMga ke anusAra yaha sabhA buddha parinirvANa ke 110 varSa bAda huii|84 yaha sabhA mahAsthavira raivata kI adhyakSatA meM vinaya se sambandhita kucha vivAdagrasta praznoM ke nirNaya ke lie bulAyI gayI thii| vaizAlI saMgIti ke bAda tIsarI saMgIti samrATa azoka ke samaya bulAyI gayI jo buddha parinirvANa ke 236 varSa bAda pATaliputra meM sampanna huii|85 yaha sabhA bauddha vidvAn moggAliputra ke sabhApatitva meM sampanna huii| usa samaya taka bauddha saMgha 18 sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho cukA thA aura moggAliputra ne mithyAvAdI 18 bauddha sampradAyoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue 'kathAvatthu' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI, jise 'abhidhammapiTaka' meM sthAna milaa|86 yaha sabhA nau mahIne taka calI thii| bauddha dharma kI cauthI saMgIti samrATa kaniSka ke samaya huI jisameM kaniSka ne bauddha saMgha ke aTThAraha sampradAyoM meM vyApta ApasI bheda ko miTAne kA prayatna kiyA thaa| sAtha hI usa sabhA meM tripiTaka para TIkAe~ bhI likhI gyiiN| kaniSka ke samaya hI sampUrNa pAli tripiTaka kA saMskRta anuvAda kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra cAra saMgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se bauddha sAhitya kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra vaidika paramparA ke mUla sAhitya veda haiM, jaina paramparA ke mUla sAhitya dvAdazAMgI haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA ke mUla sAhitya tripiTaka haiM jinake nAma haiM'vinayapiTaka', 'suttapiTaka' aura 'abhidhmmpittk'| bhagavAn buddha kI sampUrNa vANI inhIM tInoM piTakoM meM saMkalita haiM jinakA vibhAjana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai(1) 'vinayapiTaka' ko tIna vibhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai- 'dUtavibhaMga', 'khaMdaka', 'privaar'| (2) 'suttapiTaka' pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai- 'dIghanikAya', 'majjhimanikAya', 'saMyuktanikAya', 'aMguttaranikAya' aura 'khuddknikaay'| punaH 'khuddakanikAya' ke pandraha vibhAga kiye

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48 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana gaye haiM, jinameM 'khuddakapATha', 'dhammapATha', 'udAna', 'itivRttaka', 'suttanipAta', 'vimAnavatthu', 'paitavatthu', 'theragAthA', 'therIgAthA', 'jAtaka', 'niddeza', 'paTisambhidhA', 'avadAna', 'buddhavaMsa', 'dhammapiTaka' Adi grantha Ate haiN| (3) 'abhidhammapiTaka' jo sAta upavibhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, yathA- 'dhammasaMgaNI', 'vibhaMga', 'dhAtukathA', 'puggalapaJjati', 'kathAvatthu', 'yamaka' aura 'ptttthaan'| bhagavAn buddha ke sampUrNa upadeza ina tInoM bhAgoM meM vibhAjita - sAhitya meM A jAte haiN| zikSA se sambandhita grantha vinayapiTaka 'vinayapiTaka' bauddha sAhitya meM bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai| ise bauddha saMgha kA saMvidhAna kahate haiM kyoMki isameM bauddha bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM ke AcAra aura anuzAsana se sambandhita niyama ekatrita kiye gaye haiN| 'vinayapiTaka' ke saMkalana ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda dekhane ko milatA hai| jaisA ki 'vinayapiTaka' meM mahAkAzyapa ne bhikSuoM ko sambodhita karate hue kahA hai- 'AyuSmAnoM! Aja hamAre sAmane adharma bar3ha rahA hai, dharma kA hrAsa ho rahA hai| avinaya bar3ha rahA hai, vinaya kA hrAsa ho rahA hai| Ao AyuSmAnoM! hama dharma aura vinaya kA saMgAyana kreN| 87 isase patA calatA hai ki 'vinayapiTaka' kA saMkalana prathama dharmasaMgIti meM 'suttapiTaka' ke samaya huA, kintu kucha pazcimI vidvAnoM, jaise- karna, pUsAM Adi ne 'vinayapiTaka' ko 'suttapiTaka' se pUrva tathA kucha ne usake bAda kA saMkalana mAnA hai, parantu bhAratIya vidvAn bharata siMha upAdhyAya ne donoM kI zailI kI prAcInatA ke AdhAra para donoM ko samakAlIna mAnA hai| 88 cInI bhASA meM isa grantha ke chaH saMskaraNa milate haiN| 89 isake atirikta jApAnI, siMghalI, cInI, tibbatI, barmI, syAmI Adi bhASAoM meM bhI tripiTaka kI TIkAe~ milatI haiN| hindI bhASA meM mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne 'vinayapiTaka' kA anuvAda kiyA hai| 'vinayapiTaka' tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai- 'suttavibhaMga', 'khandaka' aura 'parivAra' / punaH suttavibhaMga ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-- 'pArAjika' aura 'pAcittiya' / kintu bhikSu aura bhikSuNI saMghoM ko uddezya meM rakhakara use 'mahAvibhaMga' yAnI bhikSu vibhaMga aura bhikSuNI vibhaMga jise bhikkhupAtimokkha tathA bhikkhuNIpAtimokkha bhI kahate haiM ke rUpa meM vizleSita kiyA gayA hai| pAtimokkha 'vinayapiTaka' kA mukhya sAra hai| bhikSuoM aura bhikSuNiyoM dvArA kiye jAnevAle aparAdha unakI gambhIratA ke anusAra vibhAjita kiye gaye haiN| sabase bure pApa pArAjika zIrSaka ke antargata Ate haiM, jisakA daNDa nirdhArita kiyA gayA thA- saMgha se niSkAsana / brahmacarya kA ullaMghana, corI, hatyA, camatkAra karane

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49 ___jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya kI apanI zakti kA bakhAna Adi doSoM para saMgha se niSkAsana kA daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| saMghAdizeSa arthAt saMghAvazeSa zIrSaka ke antargata jo pApoM kI sUcI dI gayI hai usake anusAra pApa karanevAle bhikSuoM ko thor3e samaya ke lie niSkAsita kiyA jAtA thaa| yadi kama se kama 20 bhikSu unheM saMgha meM phira se lene yogya samajhate the to unheM saMgha meM le liyA jAtA thaa|9deg isameM teraha pApoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| 'bhikkhupAtimokkha' ke pA~caveM khaNDa meM jise pAcittiya nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai, 92 (bAnabe) aparAdhoM ko batAyA gayA hai, yathA- kITakoM kI hiMsA karanevAle avicArapUrNa kArya, buddha ke upadeza aura anuzAsana ke prati anAdara, buddha kA anuzAsana na mAnanA tathA vihAra meM vistara, Asana, cIvara Adi kA saMgraha karanA aadi| isake antima bhAga meM saMgha ke andara hue jhagar3e ko dUra karane ke upAyoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| paTidesanIya ke cAra niyama aura sekhiya ke 75 niyamoM para bhI vistAra se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bhikSuNI vibhaMga meM sAta prakAra ke aparAdhoM kA varNana hai jisameM pArAMjikA ke prathama bhAga meM bhikSupAtimokkha meM banAye gaye niyamoM ke atirikta cAra aura niyama diye gaye haiN| saMghAdisesa meM bhikSaNiyoM ke lie satraha doSa batAye gaye haiN| pAcittiya zIrSaka ke antargata bhikSuNiyoM ke lie eka sau chiyAsaTha aparAdhoM kA varNana hai| 'vinayapiTaka' kA dUsarA bhAga khandhaka bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai- 'mahAvagga' aura 'cullvgg'| 'mahAvagga' meM isa bAta ko batAyA gayA hai ki bhikSu ko saMgha meM kisa prakAra jIvanayApana karanA caahie| isameM dasa khandaka haiN| pahale khandaka meM bhagavAn buddha ke buddhatva prApti se lekara vArANasI meM dharmacakrapravartana Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI upAdhyAya, AcArya ke kartavya, ziSya ke kartavya ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki ziSya ko upAdhyAya ke sAtha acchA vyavahAra karanA caahie| samaya se uThakara, jUtA chor3a, uttarAsaMga ko eka kandhe para rakha dAtUna denI cAhie, mukha dhone ke lie jala denA cAhie ......91 isI prakAra upAdhyAya ke bhI kartavya ko prakAzita karate hue kahA gayA hai- upAdhyAya ko ziSya ke sAtha acchA vyavahAra karanA cAhie, yathA- upAdhyAya ko ziSya para kRpAdRSTi rakhanI cAhie, ziSya ke lie upadeza denA cAhie, pAtra denA cAhie, aadi|92 yadi ziSya bimAra par3a jAtA hai to upAdhyAya ko bhI usakI sevA usI prakAra karanI cAhie jisa prakAra ziSya upAdhyAya ke prati karatA hai|93 isake atirikta bhikSu aura bhikSuNI saMghoM ke jIvana evaM kArya ke saMcAlana-vidhi ko bahuta hI acchI taraha prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| pravrajyA-vidhi, upasampadA-vidhi arthAt bhikSu saMgha meM praveza kI vidhi, upasotha ke niyama, varSAvAsa ke niyama, saMgha meM phUTa par3ane para usameM ekatA lAne

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50 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke upAya Adi vibhinna pahaluoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 'cullavagga' meM bhI zikSA se sambandhita vibhinna viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isameM kula bAraha khandaka haiM jisameM dasaveM khandaka meM vizeSa rUpa se bhikSuNI jIvana se sambandhita niyamoM kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| 'vinayapiTaka' kA antima bhAga 'parivAra' hai jo praznottara ke rUpa meM nibaddha hai| isameM 19 pariccheda haiM, jinameM 'abhidhammapiTaka' kI zailI para 'vinayapiTaka' ke viSaya kI punarAvRtti kI gayI hai|94 viMTaranitja ne bhI kahA hai ki jo sambandha veda kI anakramaNI aura pariziSTa kA veda se hai vahI sambandha 'parivAra' kA 'vinayapiTaka' se hai|95 dIrghanikAya dIrghanikAya 'suttapiTaka' kA pahalA upa-vibhAga hai| dIrgha AkAroM ke suttoM (sUtroM) kA saMgraha hone ke kAraNa ise dIrghanikAya kahA gayA hai| ise 'dIghAgama' yA 'dIghasaGgaha' bhI kahate haiN| AkAra kI dRSTi se buddha ke jo upadeza bar3e haiM, ve isa nikAya meM saMgrahIta haiN| yaha grantha tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, yathA- (1) sIlakkhandha, (2) mahAvagga aura (3) paattikvgg| paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne isa grantha kA hindI meM anuvAda kiyA hai| isa grantha meM kula milAkara cauMtIsa sutta haiM jinameM sIlakkhandha meM 1-12 sutta, mahAvagga meM 13-23 aura pATikavagga meM 24-34 / sIlakkhandha kI kucha paMktiyAM gAthAoM meM haiM, zeSa sabhI gadya meM haiN| isI prakAra mahAvagga aura pATikavagga meM adhikAMza sutta gadya-padya mizrita haiN| dIrghanikAya ke sIlakkhandhavagga ke prathama sutta (brahmajAlasutta) meM aneka vidyAoM yathA- vAstuvidyA, kSetravidyA, maNi-lakSaNa, vastra-lakSaNa Adi kA varNana dekhane ko milatA hai| navama sutta meM AtmA aura loka ke Adi aura anta sambandhI praznoM ko uThAyA tathA zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kI sAdhanA para bala diyA gayA hai| majjhimanikAya 'majjhimanikAya' kA sabhI nikAyoM meM apanA anupama sthAna hai| isameM 14veM sutta ko chor3akara pratyeka bhAga meM dasa-dasa sutta haiM, 14veM meM 12 sutta haiN| cU~ki isameM madhyama AkAra ke suttoM kA saMgraha hai isIlie isakA nAma 'majjhimanikAya' pdd'aa| paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne hindI meM anuvAda kara isa nikAya ko 'buddhavacanAmRta' nAma se vibhUSita kiyA hai| yaha pandraha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| isa grantha ke antargata 152 sutta saMgrahIta haiN|

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51 jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya prastuta grantha ke prathama bhAga ke AkaMkheyyasutta meM bhikSuoM ko zIla sampanna tathA prAtimokSarUpI saMyama se saMyamita hokara vihAra karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai|96 cauthe bhAga ke mahA-assura-sutta tathA cUla-assura-sutta meM bhikSuoM ke kartavyoM ko prakAzita kiyA gayA hai|97 pA~caveM bhAga ke mahAvedallasatta meM vedanA, saMjJA, zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke mahattva ko batAyA gayA hai| sAtaveM bhAga ke cUlamAlukya sutta meM AdhyAtmikatA ke prati udAsInatA dikhAyI gayI hai| cUlamAlukya dvArA pUche gaye loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata Adi dasa praznoM ko avyAkRta batAte hue bhagavAn ne ina saba praznoM ko vairAgya, nirodha, zAnti, paramajJAna tathA nirvANa Adi ke lie anAvazyaka batAyA hai| kintu prazna uThatA hai ki saba kucha avyAkRta hai to vyAkRta kyA hai? buddha ne kahA maiMne vyAkRta kiyA hai du:kha ke hetu ko, duHkha ke nirodha ko tathA duHkha nirodhagAminI pratipada ko|98 khuddakapATha 'khuddakapATha' 'khuddakanikAya' kA eka bhAga hai| 'khuddakanikAya' meM choTe-choTe pandraha granthoM kA saMkalana hai| lekina inakI bhASA-zailI meM samAnatA nahIM hai| khuddakapATha 'khuddakanikAya' kA pahalA vargIkaraNa hai, jisameM choTe-choTe nau pAThoM kA saMkalana hai aura jo 'suttapiTaka' tathA 'vinayapiTaka' ke kucha viSayoM ko lekara saMgrahIta kiyA gayA hai| yaha saMkalana zikSA prApta karanevAle prArambhika stara ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha nAgarI lipi meM anuvAdita hai jisakA sampAdana paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, Ananda kausalyAyana evaM jagadIza kAzyapa Adi vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai| bhikSudharmaratna dvArA anuvAdita hindI bhASA meM bhI yaha grantha prApta hotA hai| ___'khuddakapATha' ke prathama pATha meM sarvaprathama trizaraNa kI zikSA dI gayI hai| isa trizaraNa ko tIna bAra bolane kA vidhAna hai| dUsare pATha meM vidyArthiyoM ko sadAcAra-sambandhI niyamoM ko batAte hue dasa bAtoM se virata rahane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai, yathA- jIva hiMsA, corI, vyabhicAra, asatya bhASaNa, madyapAna, asamaya bhojana, nRtya-gIta, mAlA, gandha vilepana, U~cI aura bar3I zayyA kA upayoga, sone-cA~dI Adi kA grahaNa ityaadi|99 tIsare pATha meM keza, roma, nakha Adi zarIra ke battIsa aMgoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| cauthe pATha meM kumAra vidyArthiyoM ke lie kucha praznoM ko batAyA gayA jisake dvArA ve bauddha zikSA ke prArambhika bAta ko sIkhate the, yathA- eka kyA? do kyA hai, tIna kyA hai? Adi / tatpazcAt pA~ca pAThoM meM gRhastha ke dainika niyamoM ko batAyA gayA hai|

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52 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jAtaka _ 'jAtaka' 'khuddakanikAya' kA dasavA~ bhAga hai| jAtaka meM bhagavAn buddha ke pUrva janma se sambandhita kathAe~ saMkalita haiN| 'jAtaka' zabda kA artha hI hotA hai- jAta arthAt jnm-smbndhii| 'jAtakoM' kI kitanI saMkhyA hai, isa viSaya meM abhI vidvatjana kisI nizcita lakSya para nahIM pahu~ca pAye haiN| laMkA, varmA aura syAma meM pracalita paramparA ke anusAra 'jAtaka' 550 haiM, kintu bhAratIya vidvAn DaoN0 bharata siMha upAdhyAya kA mAnanA hai ki vartamAna meM 547 jAtaka kahAniyA~ pAyI jAtI haiN|100 phira bhI yaha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki jAtakoM kI nizcita saMkhyA kyA hai? kyoMki kaI jAtaka kathAe~ "suttapiTaka', 'vinayapiTaka' tathA anya pAli granthoM meM bhI pAyI gayI haiN|101 bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana kA kahanA hai ki yadi kula kahAniyA~ ginI jAe~ to jAtaka meM karIba tIna hajAra kahAniyA~ pAyI jAtI haiN|102 'jAtakoM' ke saMkalana ke viSaya meM rAyas Devisa kA kahanA hai ki inakA saMkalana madhya deza meM prAcIna jana-kathAoM ke AdhAra para huA hai|103 'jAtaka' mUlata: pAli bhASA meM nibaddha hai, kintu anya bhASAoM meM bhI isakA anuvAda huA hai, yathA- bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana ne jAtaka kA hindI meM anuvAda kiyA hai| IzAnacandra ghoSa ne baMgalA-bhASA meM anuvAda kiyA hai| aMgrejI meM kAMbala dvArA sampAdita anuvAda prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra romana, siMhalI, yUropIya Adi bhASAoM meM bhI anuvAdita kiyA gayA hai|104 pratyeka 'jAtaka' ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai- (ka) paccuppannavatthu, (kha) atItavatthu, (ga) gAthA, (gha) vaiyyAkaraNa yA atthavaNNanA, (ca) smodhn| 'jAtaka' kevala kahAniyoM kA saMgrahamAtra nahIM hai balki isameM buddhakAlIna sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanItika, sAMskRtika Adi viSayoM kA bhI samAveza hai| jAtaka ke adhyayana se tatkAlIna zikSA para prakAza par3atA hai, yathA - 'darImukha jAtaka' meM magadha ke rAjakumAroM kI takSazilA meM zikSA kA varNana hai| isa meM zikSA ke vidhAna, pAThyaviSaya, adhyayana viSaya, zikSaka tathA zikSArthI ke vyAvahArika tathA saiddhAntika pakSa, nivAsasthAna, bhojana, anuzAsana Adi para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| milindaprazna 'milindaprazna' pUrva buddhaghoSa yuga (100 I0pU0 se 400 I0 taka) kA sabase mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| milinda zabda 'menANDara' nAma kA hI rUpAntaraNa hai| menANDara dvArA pUche gaye praznoM kA nAgasena dvArA jo uttara diyA gayA, unhIM saMvAdoM ko 'milindaprazna' meM saMkalita kiyA gayA hai| 'milindaprazna' kI racanAkAla ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM ke vicAroM

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya 53 meM aikya nahIM hai| kucha vidvAn I0pU0 155 varSa mAnate haiM to kucha I0pU0 99 varSa / phira bhI vidvAnoM kA mAnanA hai ki 'milindaprazna' kI racanA IsvI san ke pahale hI ho gayI thii| 105 'milindaprazna' cha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai - (1) bAhirakathA, (2) lakkhaNapanhe, (3) vimatticchedanapanhe, (4) meNDakapanhe, (5) anumAnapanhe, (6) opammakathAhaM / kucha saMskaraNoM meM dhutaGga ko eka alaga prakaraNa ke rUpa meM uddharita kiyA hai| prathama adhyAya meM nAgasena evaM milinda ke pUrvajanma kI kathAoM kA varNana hai| tatpazcAt nAgasena kI zikSA prApti kA varNana hai / kahA gayA hai ki nAgasena ne tInoM vedoM, itihAsoM aura lokAyatazAstra kA jJAna prApta kara sthavira rohaNa se buddhazAsana sambandhI zikSA prApta kI evaM bauddhadharma meM praveza kiyaa| tatpazcAt unhoMne vattaniya senAsana ke sthavira assagupta (azvagupta ) se zikSA prApta kara pATaliputra meM dharmarakSita se bauddha zikSA kA adhyayana kiyaa|106 nAgasena kI zikSA ke viSaya meM likhA gayA hai ki unhoMne nighaNTu, tInoM veda, itihAsa, vyAkaraNa, lokAyata Adi zAstroM kA adhyayana apanI alpAvasthA meM hI kara liyA thaa| 107 isI prakAra milinda kI zikSA ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai| ki ve zruti, smRti, sAMkhya-yoga, nyAya (nIti), vaizeSika Adi unnIsa viSayoM ke jJAtA the / 108 nAgasena evaM milinda kI zikSAoM se tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita zikSA ke viSayoM kA patA calatA hai| meNDakaprazna pariccheda meM ziSya ke prati AcArya ke paccIsa prakAra ke kartavyoM ko batAyA gayA hai / yathA- ziSya kA pUrA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie, kartavya aura akartavya kA upadeza dete rahanA cAhie, zikSArthI ne kyA pAyA, kyA nahIM pAyA, isakA pUrA dhyAna rakhanA cAhie, zikSA binA kisI antarAla se denA cAhie, putravat sneha karanA cAhie, Adi / 109 ziSya ke lakSaNa para prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai, jo araNya, vRkSamUla tathA zUnyAgAra meM rahate haiM, acchI bAtoM meM Age rahate haiM, sadAcArI hote haiM, vivekasampanna hote haiM tathA zikSA padoM ko pUrA karanevAle hote haiM ve vinIta kahalAte haiM ityaadi| 110 lalitavistara 'lalitavistara' bauddha-saMskRti kA utkRSTatama mahAkoSa hai jo mizrita saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha hai| ise 'vepUlyasUtra' yA 'mahAvepUlyasUtra' bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha grantha sattAIsa adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai jisameM buddha ke janma se prathama upadeza taka kA jIvana darzana nibaddha hai| isameM tatkAlIna lokajIvana se sambandhita vibhinna sandarbhoM kI jhalakiyA~ dekhane ko milatI haiN| zAntibhikSu zAstrI ne isa grantha kA hindI meM anuvAda bhI kiyA hai| -

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54 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zaikSika adhyayana kI dRSTi se isa grantha ke sattAIsa adhyAyoM meM se do adhyAya mahattvapUrNa haiM--- dasavA~ aura baarhvaaN| dasaveM adhyAya meM varNana hai ki kumAra bodhisatva jaba ATha varSa ke ho gaye taba unheM mAMgalika aura autsavika pariveza ke sAtha lipizAlA meM praveza karAyA gayA jahA~ dArakAcArya ne bahukalpakoTi zAstroM kI zikSA dI, jisameM a, A, I Adi varNamAlA, kakahArA, saMkhyA-gaNanA, zilpa, yoga Adi. zAstroM kA bhI jJAna kraayaa| bArahaveM adhyAya meM bodhisatva ke vivAha kI kathA ke krama meM ullekha huA hai ki bodhisatva kevala causaTha lipiyoM ke hI jJAtA nahIM the, apitu sau karor3a se bhI Age kI saMkhyA kI gaNanA jAnate the| tatpazcAt chAnabe kalAoM111 kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| sandarbha The sixth century B.C. was marked by two great religious movements in India, Jainism and Buddhism. Both these were reformation movements to purify Hinduism of some of its evils which had greatly degenerated it. Like Luther and Calvin, Mahavira and Gautam Buddha protested against the corruptions that had crept into Hinduism. Jainism and Budhism are thus protestant Hinduism as Lutherianism and Calvinism are protestant Christianity. Early History of India, N.N. Ghosh, p.44. Indian Sect of the Jainas : John George Buhler, p. 22. uddhRta- 'darzana prakAza', zrI dhanamuni prathama, pR0-4. kesarI samAcArapatra, uddhRta- 'darzana prakAza', dhanamuni prathama, pR0 5. uddhRta, vahI, pR0 4. Mohanjodaro and the Indus Civilization, pp. 52-53. Modern View, August 1932, pp. 155-160. 'Ajakala', mArca 1962, pR0-8 RSabhaM mA samAnAnAM sapatnAnAM vissaashit| hantAraM zatrUNAM kRdhi virAjaM gopatiM gvaam|| 'Rgveda', 10/166/1 zatayAja sa yajate, naina dunvantyamaya: jinvanti vishve| ta devA yo brAhmaNa Rssbhmaajuhoti|| 'atharvaveda', 9/4/18 11. 'RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana', devendramuni zAstrI, pR0-148 12. AsA hatthI gAvo gahiAI rjjsNghnimittN| ghittUNa evamAI cauvvihaM saMgahaM kunni|| 'Avazyakaniyutti', 201. 0.

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya 55 13. utpAditAstrayo varNAstadA tenaadivedhsaa| kSatriyA vaNijaH zUdrAH kssttraannaadibhirgunnai|| kSatriyAH zastrajIvitvamanubhUya tdaabhvn| vaizyAzca kRssivaannijypaashupaalyopjiivitaa|| 'AdipurANa', 16/183-184 14. 'kalpasUtra'- 6/149-169 15. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja', pR0 6-7. 16. 'Agama aura tripiTaka - eka anuzIlana', pR0 165. 17. buddho ti netaM mAtarA kataM, na pitarA kataM, na bhAtarA kataM, na bhaginiyA kataM, na mittAmaccehi kataM, na AtisAlohitehi kataM, na samaNabrahmaNehi kataM, na devatAhi ktN| vimokkhantikametaM buddhAnaM bhagavantAnaM bodhiyA mUle saha sabba tANassa paTilAbhA sacchikA paJatti yadidaM buddho ti-taM buddh| - 'khuddakanikAya', bhAga 4 (khaNDa 1), 'mahAniddesapAli'- 1/16/192, pR0 399. 18. savve pANA, savve bhUyA, savve jIvA, savve sattA, na haMtavvA, na ajjAveyavvA, na paricittavvA, na pariyAveyavvA, na uddaveyavvA, esa dhamme suddhe|| - 'AcArAMgasUtra' (AtmArAmajI), prathama zrutaskandha, catu0 a0, u0-1, pR0 370. 19. 'AvazyakasUtra', sUtra 3. 20. 'jaina-dharma meM ahiMsA', DaoN0 bI0ena0 sinhA, pR0-186. 21. vahI, pR0-186. 22. vahI, pR0-187. 23. 'tattvArthasUtra', 5/29. 24. anekAntAtmakArthakathanaM syaadvaadH| 'nyAyakumakadacandra', bhAga-2, pR0-686 25. 'aSTasahasrI', pR0-287 26. "pravacanasAra TIkA', 2/25. 27. 'tattvArtharAjavArtika', pR0 294. 28. pratItyazabdo lyabanta prAptAvapekSAyAM vrtte| padi prAdurbhAve iti samutpAdazabdaH prAdurbhAve'rthe vrtte| tatazca hetupratyayasApekSo bhAvAnAmutpAdaH prtiitysmutpaadaarthH| 'bauddha darzana mImAMsA', pR0-60. 29. asmin sati idaM bhavati, asyotpAdAdayamutpadyate iti idaM pratyayArthaH prtiitysmutpaadaarthH| mAdhyamika vRtti, pR0-9, uddhRta- vahI, pR0 60. 30. sa pratItyasamutpAdo dvaadshaaNgstrikaannddkH| pUrvAparAntayoRs madhye'STau pripuurinnH|| 'abhidhammakoza', 3/20

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56 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 31. bIjasya sato yathAMkuro na ca yo bIja: sa caivaaNkrH| na ca anyatato na caiva tadevamanuccheda ashaashvt-dhrmtaa|| - 'lalitavistara', uddhRta- 'vizvadarzana kI rUparekhA', pR0-152. 32. yo me ayaM attA vado vedeyyo tatra tatra kalyANapApakAnaM kammAnaM vipAkaM paTisaMvedeti so kho pana me ayaM attA nicco dhruvo sassato avipariNAmadhammo sassatisamaM tatheva ThassatI ti| idaM vuccati, bhikkhave ditttthisuukN| 'majjhimanikAya', bhAga-1, 2/1/6 33. 'majjhimanikAya', 1/4/5 34. vahI, dIghanikAya' (hindI anuvAda), pR0-73 35. ya: pazyAtyAtmAnaM tasyAhamiti zAzvata: snehH| snehAt guNuSu tRSyati dossaaNstirskurute|| guNagI paritRSyana mameti ttsaadhnmupaadnte| tenAtmAbhinivezo vit tAktu sNsaarH|| Atmani sati para saMjJA svaparavibhAgAt prigrhdvessau| anayoH saMpratibandhAt sarve doSAH prjaaynte|| 'bodhicaryAvatAra paMjikA', pR0-412 'milindaprazna', 2/1/1 37. 'bauddha darzana', paM0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR0-4 38. sAsijjai jeNa tayaM satthaM taM cA'visesitaM nnaannN| Agama eva ya satthaM AgamasatthaM tu sutnnaannN|| 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya', 559. 39. aaptvcnaadaavirbhuutmrthsNvednmaagmH| upacArAdAptavacanaM c| 'syAdvAdamaMjarI', 38. 40. Aptopadeza: zabdaH, 'nyAyasUtra', 1/1/7 41. suya sutta gaMtha siddhata sAsaNe ANa vayaNa uvadese paNNavaNa Agame yA egaTThA pjjvaasutte| 'anuyogadvAra', 51. 42. tattvArthabhASya, 1/20 / 43. sarvazrutAt pUrvaM kriyate iti pUrvANi utpAdapUrvA'dIni cturdshH| 'sthAnAMgavRtti',10/ 36. 44. puvvA puvvANaM gayaM pattaM-puvva-sarUvaM vA puvvagayamidi gunnnnaam| - 'SaTkhaNDAgama' (dhavalA TIkA) vIrasenAcArya, 114. 45. aaraatiiyaacaarykRtaanggaarthprtyaasnnruupmnggbaahym| tatvArtharAjavArtika, 1/20. 46. 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa', prastAvanA, bhAga-1, pR0-52. 47. 'jaina darzana - manana aura mImAMsA', muni nathamala, pR0-80. 48. 'jaina Agama sAhitya - manana aura mImAMsA', pR0-36. 49. 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa', bhAga-do, pR0-146. 50. vahI, pR0-146.

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51. mA galiyassa va kasaM, vayaNamicche puNo puNo / kasaM va daTThamAiNe pAvagaM parivajjae / 'uttarAdhyayana', 1/12 paDiNIyaM ca buddhANaM, vAyA aduva kammuNA / AvI vA jai vA rahasse, neva kujjA kayAi vi|| vahI, 1/17 53. AyariyaM kuviyaM naccA pattieNa pasAyae / vijjhavejja paMcaliuDo vaejja 'na puNo' tti ya / / vahI 1/41 aha paMcahi ThANehiM jehiM sikkhA na labbhaI / 52. 54. jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya thambhA kohA pamAeNaM rogeNA'lassaeNa y|| vahI, 11 / 3 55. vahI, 11/14. 56. vahI, 11/3-4 57. 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa', bhAga 2, pR0 - 179. 'uttarAdhyayana', 27/16 58. 59. 'dazavaikAlikaniryukti, gAthA- 1, 7, 12, 14, 15 Adi 60. AyArassa u uvariM uttarajjhayaNA u Asi puvvaM tu / dasavaiyAliya uvariM iyANiM kiM tena hovaMtI u / / 'vyavahArabhASya', 3 / 176 61. 'dazavaikAlika', 9/1/12. 62. vahI, 9/1/15. 63. 'vyavahArasutta', muni kanhaiyAlAla 'kamala', prastAvanA, pR0 43 64. 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa', bhAga 2, pR0 257 65. vahI, pR0 345 66. 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa', bhAga 2, pR0 - 345. 67. mahAnisI - hakappAo, vavahArAo taheva y| sAhu sAhuNiaTThA, gacchAyAraM samuddhiyaM / / ' gacchAyArapaiNNayaM', 68. jIhAe vilihaMto na bhaddao sAraNA jahiM natthi / DaMDe vi tAMDato sa bhaddao sAraNA jattha / sIso viverio so u jo guruM na vibohae / pamAyamairAghatthaM sAmAyArIvirAhayaM / vahI, 17-18 69. bhaTThAyAro sUrI bhaTThAyArANuvekkhao suurii| ummaggaThio sUrI tini vi maggaM paNAsaMti / / vahI, 28 70. gaccho mahANubhAvo tattha vasaMtANa nijjarA viulA / sAraNa-vAraNa- coyaNamAIhiM na dosapaDivattI / / vahI, 51 71. sIla-tava- dANa- bhAvaNacaDavihadhammaMtarAyabhayabhIe / jattha bahU gIyatthe goyama, gacchaM tayaM bhaNiyaM / / vahI, 100 135. 57

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58 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 72. jattha ya therI taruNI therI taruNI ya aMtare suyi| goyama! taM gacchavaraM varanANa-caritta aahaarN|| vahI, 123 73. 'candravedhyaka', gAthA 128-130. 74. viNayaM AyariyaguNe sIsaguNe viNayaniggahaguNe yA nANaguNe caraNaguNe maraNaguNe ettha vocchaami|| vahI, gAthA-3 75. 'mUlAcAra', hindI anu0 AryikAratna, jJAnamatI jI, prastAvanA, pR0 18 76. 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', anu0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, prastAvanA, pR0-10. 77. vahI 78. 'jaina Agama sAhitya - manana aura mImAMsA', pR0-592 79. 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', anu0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, prastAvanA, pR0-11 80. 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', 528. 81. 'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa', pR0-77 82. vahI, 83. vahI, pR0-83 84. vahI, pR0-83. 85. vahI, pR0-87. 86. 'mahAvaMza- 5/278 (bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana anuvAdita) 87. pure adhammo dippati, dhammo pttibaahiyti| avinayo dippati, vinayo pttibaahiyti| handa mayaM Avuso dhammaM ca vinayaM ca saMgAyamA vinayapiTaka, cullavagga, uddhRta'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, bharata siMha upAdhyAya, pR0-77. 'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa', pR0-309 89. vahI, pR0-311. 'vinayapiTaka', anu0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR0-15. 91. vahI, pR0-101. 92. vahI, pR0-103. 93 vahI, pR0-103. 94. "pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa', pR0-326 84. History of Indian Literature, Vol. ii,p. 33 96. sampanazIlA, bhikkhave, viharatha sampanapAtimokkhA; pAtimokkhasaMvarasaMvuttA viharatha AcAragocarasampannA aNumattesu vajjesu bhydssaavino| 'AGkakheyyasutta', 6/1/4, pR0-47 97. 'mahAassura sutta' 39, 'cUlaassura sutta' 40, 98. kasmA cetaM, mAlukyaputtaM, mayA avyAkataM? na hetaM, mAlukyaputta, atthasaMhitaM na AdibrahmacariyakaM na nibbidAya sNvtttti| tasmA taM mayA avyaaktN| 88. 90.

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jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana tathA unake sAhitya 59 'kiM ca, mAlukyaputta, mayA byAkataM?' 'idaM dukkhaM' ti, mAlukyaputta, mayA byAkataM, 'ayaM dukkhasamudayo' ti- mayA byAkataM; 'ayaM dukkhanirodho' ti- mayA byAkataM; 'mayaM dukkhanirodhagAminI patipadA ti mayA byAkataM / 'majjhimanikAya' 13/3/8, pR0-113 99. pANAtipAtA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / adinnAdAnA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi | abrahmacariyA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi | musAvAdA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi | surAmerayamajjapamAdaTThAnA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / vikAlabhojanA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / nacca-gIta-vAdita - visUka- dassanA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi | mAlA- gandha- vilepana-dhAraNa- maNDana- vibhUsanaTThAnA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / uccAsayana - mahAsayanA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / jAtarUpa-rajatapaTiggahaNA veramaNisikkhApadaM samAdiyAmi / 'khuddakapATha', pATha- 2 100. 'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa', pR0-274. 101. vahI, pR0-275 102. 'jAtaka' (prathama khaNDa), pR0 - 21 103. Buddhist India, P. 201 104. 'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa', 105. vahI, pR0 474 106. vahI, pR0 480 107. tIsu vedeSu sanighaNTu - keTubhesu sAkkharappabhedesu itihAsapaMcamesu padako veyyAkaraNo lokAyata mahApurisalakkhaNesu anavayo ahosi| 'milindapanhapAli', pR0-7 108. 'milindapanhapAli', 1/4. 109. 'milindaprazna' (hindI), pR0 - 201, (milindapanhapAli pR0-76.) 110. vahI, pR0 - 119. 111. 'lalitavistara' (anu0) zAntibhikSu zAstrI, pR0-272-73. pR0 - 296.

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tRtIya adhyAya jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya ___ mAnava-vyaktitva kA vikAsa zikSA para AdhArita hotA hai, kintu zikSA ke uddezyoM ko lekara vidvatjanoM meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| kucha loga zikSA kA lakSya vidyA kI prApti ko mAnate haiM to kucha loga caritra kA unnayana tathA mAnava-jIvana kA sarvAGgINa vikAsa batAte haiN| lekina sahI arthoM meM zikSA kA uddezya manuSya ko viSaya kA jJAtA banAne ke atirikta mAnasika, zArIrika va naitika- sabhI dRSTiyoM se yogya, sadAcArI va svAvalambI banAnA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM zikSA kA mUla uddezya jJAna dvArA buddhi-vikAsa athavA viveka jAgRta karanA hai jisase manuSya pratyeka viSaya para svayaM nirNaya le sake aura usakA dRr3hatA se pAlana kara ske| zikSA mAnava kA antarmukhI evaM bahirmukhI vikAsa karatI hai| manuSya ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa ke lie zikSA hI eka aisA mAdhyama hai jisake dvArA mAnava kA bhautika, AdhyAtmika, mAnasika, bauddhika, Atmika, cAritrika, sAmAjika vikAsa sambhava hai| vyakti meM AtmavizvAsa, vinamratA, dhairya, kSamA, sahiSNutA Adi guNoM ko vikasita karanA hI zikSA kA uddezya hai| zikSA ke uddezya ko batAte hue DaoN0 e0 esa0 altekara ne likhA hai- bhArata kI prAcIna zikSA-paddhati kA uddezya caritra kA saMgaThana, vyaktitva kA nirmANa, prAcIna saMskRti kI rakSA tathA sAmAjika aura dhArmika kartavyoM ko sampanna karane ke lie udIyamAna pIr3hI kA prazikSaNa thaa|' jaina paramparA bhAratIya saMskRti adhyAtmamUlaka saMskRti hai jisameM do prakAra kI saMskRtiyA~ samAna : rUpa se pravAhita ho rahI haiM-- brAhmaNa aura shrmnn| zramaNa-saMskRti kI jaina vicAradhArA pUrNarUpeNa vizuddha sAdhanoM para AdhArita hai| jaina paramparA meM zikSA ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- (1) AdhyAtmika zikSA, (2) laukika shikssaa| jaina zikSA AdhyAtmika unnati ko prathama tathA laukika unnati ko dvitIya sthAna para rakhatI hai| mokSopayogI jJAna arthAt mokSa ko kendra mAnakara jIva aura jagata Adi sampUrNa jJeyatattva kA jJAna AdhyAtmika zikSA ke antargata AtA hai tathA jIvikopArjana ke lie zikSA prApta karanA laukika zikSA ke antargata AtA hai| laukika zikSA ke

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya antargata puruSoM kI bahattara tathA striyoM kI causaTha kalAoM kA samAveza hai| AdhyAtmika zikSA kA uddezya __jaina zikSA kA mUla uddezya AtmA kI carama vizuddha avasthA ko prApta karanA arthAt AdhyAtmika carama pada kI upalabdhi tathA mAnava meM supta antarnihita AtmazaktiyoM kA vikAsa karanA hai| vyaktitva ke carama vikAsa kI avasthA ko hI jaina darzana meM mokSa kahA gayA hai|2 mana, vacana aura zarIra se kiye gaye pratyeka karma-akarma kA zubha-azubha karmabandha hotA hai| jaba jIva sacce jJAna dvArA apane karmoM ko kSINa karatA hai taba parama lakSya mokSa ko prApta karatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne kahA hai ki jaise dhanArthI puruSa rAjA ko jAnakara usake prati zraddhA karatA hai, phira prayatnapUrvaka usakA anusaraNa kara sundara rIti se usakI sevA karatA hai, taba kahIM vaha dhana upalabdha karane meM saphala hotA hai, vaise hI mokSArthI ko jIva rUpI rAjA ko samyak prakAra se jAnakara tadanurUpa pravRtti karanI cAhiye, taba kahIM vaha AtmA kI upalabdhi meM saphala hotA hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki vAsanA aura uddAma pravRttiyoM ke sthAna para Atma-niyaMtraNa aura saMyama kI bhAvanA ko jAgRta karanA jaina zikSA kA mUla uddezya hai| AdhyAtmika zikSA ke viSaya saMsAra meM ananta prANI haiM aura ve sabhI sukha ke abhilASI haiN| yadyapi sabhI kI sukhakAmanA eka-sI nahIM hotI hai| paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI ne sukhakAmI prANiyoM ke sUkha ke AdhAra para do varga batAye haiM- pahale varga meM alpa vikAsavAle aise prANI Ate haiM jinake sukha kI kalpanA bAhya sAdhanoM taka sImita hai| dUsare varga meM adhika vikAsavAle aise prANI Ate haiM jo bAhya arthAt bhautika sAdhanoM kI prApti meM sukha na mAnakara AdhyAtmika guNoM kI prApti meM sukha mAnate haiN| donoM meM yahI antara hai ki, pahalA sukha parAdhIna hai aura dUsarA svaadhiin| lekina jaba taka manuSya parAdhIna arthAt sajIva aura nirjIva padArthoM meM Asakti rakhatA hai, taba taka vaha duHkhoM se mukta nahIM ho sktaa| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kAmanAoM kA pUrNa honA asambhava hai aura jIvana bar3hAyA nahIM jA sktaa| kAmecchuka manuSya zoka kiyA karatA hai, santApa aura paritApa uThAyA karatA hai| jaba taka mAnava jIvana meM Asakti banI huI hai, mAnavIya duHkha bane hue haiN| ina duHkhoM se chuTakArA tabhI milatA hai jaba mAnava sAMsArika viSayoM se nivRtti kI ora agrasara hotA hai| mokSa kI prApti ke lie jo prakriyAe~ apanAyI jAtI haiM, ve nivRtti kahalAtI haiM tathA sAMsArika bandhanoM kI ora le jAnevAlI sabhI kriyAe~ pravRtti kahalAtI haiN|

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62 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana mokSa prApti ke mArga umAsvAti ne mokSa-prApti ke tIna mArga batalAye haiM- samyak-darzana, samyakjJAna aura smyk-caaritr| inheM triratna ke nAma se bhI sambodhita karate haiN| inheM zikSA-sAdhanA kA kalyANa patha mAnA gayA hai| triratna mokSa-prApti ke sAdhana haiN| zikSA-jagata meM sAdhanoM kA vizuddha honA bahuta hI jarurI hai, kyoMki sAdhana ke vizuddha hone para hI vizuddha sAdhya kI prApti hotI hai| uparyukta tInoM sAdhanoM kA saMkSipta vivecana nimna prakAra se haisamyak-darzana yathArtha jJAna ke prati zraddhA kA honA samyak-darzana kahalAtA hai| jaina darzana meM sAta tattva svIkAra kiye gaye haiM- jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokss| inhIM sAta tattvoM ke prati zraddhA rakhanA samyak-darzana hai| kucha logoM meM to yaha svabhAvata: vidyamAna rahatA hai aura kucha ise vidyopArjana evaM abhyAsa ke dvArA sIkha bhI sakate haiN| samyak-jJAna samyaka-jJAna meM jIva, ajIva Adi mUla tattvoM kA savizeSa jJAna prApta hotA hai| jJAna jIva meM sadA vidyamAna rahatA hai aura jaba usa jJAna meM samyaktva kA AvirbhAva hotA hai taba vaha samyaka-jJAna kahalAtA hai| samyak-jJAna kA artha pramANAdi dvArA yathArtha jJAna se nahIM hai, balki mithyA-dRSTi ke nivAraNa se hai| mithyA-dRSTi kA nivAraNa hI mokSa meM sahAyaka hotA hai| samyak-jJAna asandigdha tathA doSarahita hotA hai| samyak-cAritra hiMsAdi doSoM kA tyAga aura ahiMsAdi mahAvratoM kA pAlana samyak-cAritra kahalAtA hai| paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI ke anusAra samyak-jJAna pUrvaka kASAyika bhAva arthAt rAga-dveSa aura yoga (mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika) kriyA kI nivRtti se honevAlA svarUpa ramaNa samyak-cAritra hai| zikSA kA mUla sambandha samyak-cAritra se hai| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha- ye pA~ca mahAvrata samyak-cAritra kI prApti ke pramukha sAdhana haiN| maitrI, kAruNya, mAdhyasthya Adi bhAvanAoM kA cintana tathA kSamA, mArdavAdi daza dharmoM kA pAlana va madirA-mAMsAdi sapta durvyasanoM kA parityAga ina sAdhanoM kI puSTi karatA hai| samyak-cAritra ke aMgoM kA alaga-alaga vivecana nimna rUpa se hai ahiMsA- sAmAnyatayA ahiMsA kA artha 'na hiMsA ahiMsA' yA 'hiMsA virodhinI ahiMsA' se liyA jAtA hai| lekina jaina matAnusAra

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya 63 kisI bhI jIva kI tIna yoga aura tIna karaNa se hiMsA na karanA ahiMsA hai|11 tIna yoga arthAt mana, vacana aura kAya tathA tIna karaNa arthAt karanA, karavAnA aura anumodana krnaa| ise isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai (1) mana se hiMsA na karanA, (2) mana se hiMsA na karavAnA, (3) mana se hiMsA kA anumodana na krnaa| (1) vacana se hiMsA na krnaa| (2) vacana se hiMsA na krvaanaa| (3) vacana se hiMsA kA anumodana na krnaa| (1) kAya se hiMsA na krnaa| (2) kAya se hiMsA na krvaanaa| (3) kAya se hiMsA kA anumodana na krnaa| ina nau prakAroM se prANI kA ghAta na karanA hI ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA ke pAlana se manuSya meM nirbhayatA, vIratA, vatsalatA, kSamA, dayA Adi Atmika zaktiyA~ utpanna ho jAtI haiN| Atmika bala ke samAne sabhI pAzavika yA AsurI zaktiyA~ natamastaka ho jAtI haiN| satya-asatya kA parityAga karanA tathA yathAzruta vastu ke svarUpa kA kathana satya kahalAtA hai| satya ke lie hitavAditA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| yadi bhAvanA ahita ho jisase kisI ko kaSTa pahu~catA ho to vaha satya kathana bhI akathanIya hotA hai| 'atthato avisaMvAdi jahatthamadhuraM' arthAt vaha satya hai jo artha se bhUtArtha sadbhUta arthavAlA ho aura avisaMvAdI ho, yarthAtha ho, madhura ho / isake sAtha hI usa satya -yathAtathya artha ko prakaTa karane para bhI jisake pIche kisI prakAra kA chala, droha, dambha Adi saMyamavighAtaka kAraNa ho vaha satya vacana asatya hI samajhA jaayegaa|12 ___asteya- binA diye hue paravastu ko grahaNa karanA steya kahalAtA hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra dhana sampatti manuSya kA bAhya jIvana hai| ata: dhana-sampatti kA apaharaNa, manuSya ke bAhya jIvana kA apaharaNa hai| sirpha corI karanA hI nahIM balki corI karane kI preraNA denA, corI kI prazaMsA karanA, corI kA mAla kharIdanA Adi sabhI hiMsA hai| ata: mana, vacana aura kAya se corI na karanA, corI na karavAnA aura corI karanevAloM kA anumodana na karanA hI asteya mahAvrata hai| brahmacarya- tapasyAoM meM sabase uttama tapa brahmacarya hai|13 jJAna aura darzana ke

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64 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana upArjana ke lie do zaktiyoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai- smaraNa zakti aura bauddhika prtibhaa| ye donoM zaktiyA~ brahmacarya se prApta hotI haiN| brahmacarya se hI Atmika, bauddhika, hArdika, vivekIya evaM parIkSaNIya-nirIkSaNIya zaktiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiN| brahmacarya se hI mana, vacana aura kAya kI pavitratA rahatI hai| ___aparigraha- mUrchA hI parigraha hai|14 koI bhI vastu cAhe vaha choTI ho yA bar3I, jar3a ho yA cetana, bAhya ho yA Antarika usameM bandha jAnA arthAt usakI lagana meM vivekazUnya ho jAnA parigraha hai aura inakA tyAga aparigraha hai| saMsAra ke samasta viSayoM ke prati rAga tathA mamatA kA parityAga kara denA hI aparigraha hai| aparigraha ke binA hama apane jIvana ko unnata nahIM banA sakate haiN| dhana-dhAnya, ghara-sAmAna, sthAvara, jaMgama Adi koI bhI sampatti, karmoM se duHkha pAte hue prANI ko duHkha se mukta karane meM samartha nahIM hai|15 'uttarAdhyayana' meM kahA gayA hai- yadi dhana-dhAnya se paripUrNa yaha sArA loka bhI kisI eka manuSya ko de diyA jAya to bhI use santoSa nahIM hogaa| lobhI AtmA kI tRSNA isI taraha duSpura hotI hai|28 cAra bhAvanAe~ maitrI, pramoda Adi cAra bhAvanAe~ paJca vratoM kI prApti meM upakAraka kA kArya karatI haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki vyakti ko prANimAtra ke prati maitrIvRtti, guNijanoM ke prati pramodavRtti, duHkhI janoM ke prati karuNAvRtti aura ayogya pAtroM ke prati mAdhyastha vRtti rakhanI caahie|16 maitrI- maitrI kA viSaya prANimAtra hai| dUsare meM apanepana kI buddhi rakhanA arthAt apane samAna hI dUsare ko duHkhI na karane kI vRtti athavA bhAvanA rakhanA maitrIvRtti hai| jaba yahI maitrIvRtti prANimAtra ke sAtha hotI hai taba hara manuSya meM ahiMsaka aura satyavAditA kA aMkura prasphuTita hotA hai| guNijanoM ke prati pramodavRtti- apane se adhika guNavAna ke prati Adara rakhanA tathA usake utkarSa ko dekhakara prasanna honA pramodavRtti hai| isa bhAvanA kA viSaya adhika guNavAna hai| adhika guNavAna ke prati hI IrSyA yA asUyA Adi durvRttiyA~ utpanna hotI haiN| jaba taka isa vRtti kA nAza nahIM ho jAtA taba taka ahiMsA, satya Adi vrata nahIM Tika sakate haiN| __ karuNAvRtti- prANimAtra ke prati karuNA kI bhAvanA rakhanI caahie| isa bhAvanA kA viSaya kevala kleza se pIr3ita duHkhI prANI hai, kyoMki duHkhI, dIna va anAtha ko hI anugraha tathA madada kI apekSA rahatI hai| yadi kisI pIr3ita ko dekhakara bhI anukampA,

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65 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya anugraha kA bhAva paidA nahIM hotA hai to ahiMsA kA pAlana asambhava hai| isalie jaina dharma meM karuNA kI bhAvanA Avazyaka mAnI gayI hai| ___ mAdhyasthyavRtti- mAdhyasthya bhAvanA kA viSaya avinIta yA ayogya pAtra hai| mAdhyasthya kA artha hotA hai- tttsthtaa| jaba nitAnta saMskArahIna evaM ayogya pAtra mila jAye jise sudhArane ke sabhI prayatna viphala dikhAyI deM to aise vyakti ke prati taTastha bhAva rakhanA hI zreyaskara hai| 22 dasa dharma jainAcAryoM ne dasa prakAra ke dharmoM kA varNana kiyA hai jo gRhastha aura zramaNa donoM ke lie samAna rUpa se AcaraNIya hai| 'AcArAMga', 'mUlAcAra', 'sthAnAMga', 'samavAyAMga' aura 'tattvArtha' Adi aneka granthoM meM ina dharmoM kA varNana vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| AcArAMga meM ATha sAmAnya dharmoM kA ullekha milatA hai| kahA gayA hai ki jo dharma meM utthita arthAt tatpara haiM unako aura jo dharma meM utthita nahIM haiM unako bhI nimnalikhita bAtoM kA upadeza denA cAhie- zAnti, virati (virakti), upAma, nivRtti, zauca, Arjava, mArdava aura laaghv|17 'sthAnAMga'18 aura 'samavAyAMga'19 meM bhI inhIM dharmoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yadyapi 'sthAnAMga' aura 'samavAyAMga' kI sUcI 'AcArAMga' se thor3I bhinna hai| 'tattvArthasUtra' ke anusAra dasa dharma nimna haiM- kSamA, mArdava, Arjava, zauca, satya, saMyama, tapa, tyAga, akiMcanatA aura brhmcry|20 ina dasa dharmoM kA vivecana nimna prakAra se hai kSamA- anucita vyavahAra ke bAda bhI kisI vyakti ke prati mana meM krodha ko na lAnA, sahanazIla rahanA, krodha paidA na hone denA aura krodha ko viveka tathA namratA se niSphala kara DAlanA kSamA hai| 'dazavaikAlika' meM krodha ko prIti kA vinAzaka kahA gayA hai|21 krodha kaSAya ke upazamana ke lie kSamA dharma kA vidhAna hai| kSamA ke dvArA hI krodha para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| 22 paM0sukhalAla saMghavI ne kSamA kI sAdhanA ke pA~ca upAya batAye haiM22-- (ka) apane meM krodha ke nimitta ke hone yA na hone kA cintana krnaa| (kha) krodhavRtti ke doSoM para vicAra krnaa| (ga) bAla svabhAva kA vicAra krnaa| (gha) apane kiye hue karma ke pariNAma para vicAra krnaa| (Ga) kSamA ke guNoM kA cintana krnaa|

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66 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ... jaina paramparA meM aparAdhI ko kSamA karanA aura svayaM ke aparAdhoM ke lie jisake prati aparAdha kiyA gayA hai usase kSamAyAcanA karanA sAdhaka kA parama kartavya mAnA gayA hai| jaina sAdhaka kA pratidina yaha udghoSa hotA hai ki maiM sabhI prANiyoM ko kSamA karatA hU~ aura sabhI prANI mere aparAdhoM ke lie mujhe kSamA kreN| sabhI prANiyoM se merI mitratA hai, kisI se merA vaira nahIM hai|24 ____ mArdava- aisA AcaraNa jisameM vyakti apane ko dUsaroM se bar3A na samajhe va jisameM apanI prazaMsA aura sammAna kI cAha na ho, vaha mArdava dharma kA dyotaka hai| tattvArthasUtra meM ise paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai- 'citta meM mRdutA aura vyavahAra meM bhI namravRtti kA honA mArdava guNa hai| isakI siddhi ke lie jAti, kula, rUpa, aizvarya, vijJAna (buddhi), zruta (zAstra) lAbha (prApti), vIrya (zakti) ke viSaya meM apane ko bar3A yA U~cA mAnakara garvita na honA aura ina vastuoM kI vinazvaratA kA vicAra karake abhimAna ke kAMTe ko nikAla pheMkanA hI mArdava dharma hai| 25 Arjava- bhAva kI vizuddhi Arjava kahalAtA hai jisameM vicAra, bhASaNa aura vyavahAra kI ekatA kA honA Avazyaka hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcaraNa meM mana, vacana aura karma kI ekarUpatA honA Arjava dharma kA dyotaka hai, parantu isakI prApti ke lie mana meM bhAvoM kI nirmalatA aura abhiprAya kA zubha honA Avazyaka hai| zauca- sAdhAraNatayA zauca kA artha zuddhatA yA saphAI se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, lekina yahA~ zauca kA artha kevala bAharI yA zArIrika zuddhatA se nahIM balki Atmika zuddhi se hai| itanA hI nahIM balki dharma ke sAdhanoM tathA zarIra taka meM bhI Asakti na rakhanA zauca hai| satya- satpuruSoM ke lie hitakArI va yathArtha vacana bolanA hI satya hai| jo vAstavika rUpa meM hai use vaisA hI jAnanA, vaisA hI mAnanA, vaisA hI kahanA aura usako vaisA hI AcaraNa meM lAnA satya dharma hai| saMyama- mana, vacana aura kAya kA niyamana karanA saMyama hai| pA~ca indriyoM kA nigraha, pA~ca avratoM kA tyAga, cAra kaSAyoM kA japa tathA mana, vacana aura kAya kI virati, ye satraha prakAra ke saMyama haiN| tapa-tapa jaina-sAdhanA kA prANa hai| tapa ko paribhASita karate hue paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI ne kahA hai- malina vRttiyoM ko nirmUla karane ke nimitta apekSita zakti kI sAdhanA ke lie kiyA jAnevAlA Atmadamana tapa hai| 15 ise dUsarI bhASA meM isa prakAra

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya kahA jA sakatA hai ki vAsanAoM ko kSINa karane tathA samucita AdhyAtmika zakti kI sAdhanA ke lie zarIra, indriya aura mana ko jina-jina upAyoM se tapAyA jAtA hai, ve sabhI tapa kahe jAte haiN| Agama ke prasiddha cUrNikAra jinadAsagaNI mahattara ne tapa kI vyutpattijanya paribhASA karate hue kahA hai- 'tapyate aNeNa pAvaM kammamiti tapo, 27 arthAt jisa sAdhanA-ArAdhanA se, upAsanA se pApakarma tapta ho jAte haiM use tapa kahate haiN| tapa ke dvArA hI AtmA kI supta zaktiyA~ jAgRta hotI haiM, divya bala prakaTa hote haiN| jitanI bhI zaktiyA~ haiM, labdhiyA~ haiM, itanA hI nahIM kevalajJAna aura mokSa bhI tapa ke dvArA hI prApta hote haiN| 'pravacanasAroddhAra' ke anusAra- 'pariNAma tavvaseNaM imAiMhuti ladvIo,'28 arthAt jitanI bhI labdhiyA~ haiM ve saba tapa ke hI pariNAma haiN| tapa kevala bhautika siddhi aura samRddhi kA pradAtA hI nahIM hai, balki vaha ananta AdhyAtmika samRddhi kA pradAtA bhI hai| tyAga- sAmAnya rUpa se tyAga kA artha 'chor3anA' hotA hai| aprApta bhogoM kI icchA nahIM karanA aura prApta bhogoM se vimukha honA tyAga hai| naitika jIvana meM tyAga Avazyaka hai| binA tyAga ke naitikatA kA rahanA sambhava nahIM hai| sAdhu jIvana aura gRhastha jIvana donoM ke lie tyAga dharma Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| sAdhu jIvana meM jo kucha bhI upalabdha hai yA niyamAnusAra grAhya hai usameM se kucha ko nitya chor3ate rahanA yA tyAga karate rahanA jarurI hai| isI prakAra gRhastha ko na kevala apanI vAsanAoM aura bhogoM kI icchA kA tyAga karanA hotA hai, apitu apanI sampatti evaM parigraha se bhI dAna ke rUpa meM tyAga karate rahanA Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| AkiMcanya- kisI bhI vastu meM mamatvabuddhi na rakhanA AkiMcanya hai| samAja meM jitane bhI anAcAra- hiMsA, jhUTha, corI Adi, hote haiM unameM se adhikatara kA mUla kAraNa saMgrahavRtti hotI hai aura isI saMgrahavRtti se bacanA akiMcanatA kA mukhya uddezya hai| ___ brahmacarya- nija AtmA meM lInatA brahmacarya hai, parantu laukika jIvana meM brahmacarya se tAtparya kAmabhoga ke tyAga se liyA jAtA hai| paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI ne ise paribhASita karate hue kahA hai - truTiyoM se dUra rahane ke lie jJAnAdi sadguNoM kA abhyAsa karanA evaM guru kI adhInatA ke sevana ke lie brahma (gurukula) meM carya (basanA) brahmacarya hai|29 yahA~ paNDitajI ne brahma kA artha gurukula grahaNa kiyA hai| gRhastha aura upAsaka donoM ke lie brahmacarya dharma Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| donoM ko apanI-apanI maryAdA

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68 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke anukUla aura niSThA se brahmacarya kA pAlana karanA caahie| laukika zikSA kA uddezya bhautika sAmagriyoM ko ekatrita karanA aura unako sukha kA sAdhana mAnakara unameM Asakta rahanA laukika zikSA kA uddezya hai| lekina isase zAzvata sukha kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sakatI hai| mAnava apane sukha ke lie kitanI bhI bhautika upalabdhi prApta kara le phira bhI usakI icchAyeM kabhI bhI zAnta nahIM ho pAtI haiN| mAnava ko jIvana dhAraNa karane ke lie jisa prakAra roTI, kapar3A aura makAna kI AvazyakatA hai, usI prakAra jIvana kI surakSA ke lie zArIrika svAsthya, mAnasika zuddhi aura AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM kI AvazyakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcInakAla se mAnava ko susaMskArI banAne ke lie tathA jIvikopArjana kI yogyatA arjita karane ke lie kalAoM kA gaharAI se adhyayana karane para vizeSa jora diyA jAtA rahA hai| ina kalAoM ke adhyayana ke pIche eka hI lakSya nihita hai aura vaha hai loka-vyavahAra meM nirvAha karane kI kSamatA tathA prAkRtika padArthoM ko apane lie upayogI banAne kI yogyatA arjita krnaa| laukika zikSA ke viSaya puruSoM ke lie bahattara evaM mahilAoM ke lie cauMsaTha kalAoM kA adhyayana laukika zikSA ke antargata AtA hai| kalAoM kA adhyayana mAnava ke jJAnendriyoM aura karmendriyoM ke pUrNa vikAsa ke lie atyanta upayogI hai| mAnasika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha agara zArIrika vikAsa na ho to phira adhyayana kaisA? kalAoM kI mahattA para prakAza DAlate hae paM0hIrAlAla jaina ne batAyA hai ki jaina dharma meM gRhasthadharma kI vyavasthAoM dvArA una saba pravRttiyoM ko yathocita sthAna diyA gayA hai jinake dvArA manuSya sabhya evaM ziSTa banakara apanI va apane kuTumba, samAja evaM deza kI sevA karatA huA unnata bana ske|30 jaina AgamoM meM bAlakoM ko unake zikSaNa kAla meM zilpoM evaM kalAoM kI zikSA para jora diyA gayA hai| gRhasthoM ke lie jo SaTkarma batAye gaye haiM unameM asi, maSi, kRSi, vidyA, vANijya ke sAtha-sAtha zilpa kA bhI vizeSa ullekha hai|31 / 'samavAyAMga', 32 'jJAtAdharmakathA',33 aupapAtikasUtra',34 'rAjapraznIyasUtra'35 Adi granthoM meM 72 kalAoM kA varNana AyA hai, kintu sabhI meM kucha na kucha antara dekhane ko milatA hai| 'jJAtAdharmakathA' ke anusAra nimnalikhita 72 kalAyeM haiMbahattara kalAyeM lekha- likhane kI kalA ko lekha kahate haiN| sundara aura spaSTa lipi dvArA apane bhAvoM ko kalAtmaka DhaMga se vyakta karanA lekhana kalA hai| jaina granthoM meM brAhmI26 Adi

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69 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya aTThAraha prakAra kI lipiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna kAla meM lekha kA AdhAra patra, valkala, kASTha, danta, lohA, tAmra, rajata, pASANa Adi thA jina para utkIrNa kara, bhedakara, jalAkara, ThappA lagAkara akSaroM ko aMkita kiyA jAtA thaa|37 jaina grantha 'samavAyAMga' evaM 'kuvalayamAlA' meM bhI isa kalA kA ullekha hai| 'kAmasUtra' meM varNita 64 kalAoM meM lehaM (Alekha) kalA kA bhI ullekha huA hai|28 ___ gaNita- bhArata meM prAcInakAla se hI gaNitazAstra kA vizeSa mahattva rahA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI gaNita evaM jyotiSazAstra meM nipuNatA prApta kI thii|39 Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ne apanI putrI sundarI ko gaNita kI zikSA dI thii|40 'samavAyAMga' evaM 'kuvalayamAlA' meM bhI gaNita kI zikSA ko viSayAntargata liyA gayA hai| vaidika grantha 'chAndogyopaniSad' meM veda, purANa, vyAkaraNa Adi ke sAtha-sAtha rAzividyA kA bhI ullekha AyA hai jisakA abhiprAya gaNita vidyA se lagAyA jA sakatA hai|01 rUpa- kisI bhI vastu yA rUpa ko sajAne kI kalA rUpakalA hai|| nRtya- isa kalA ke antargata nATaka likhane aura nATaka abhinIta karane kI prakriyA kA samAveza hai| isameM sura, tAla Adi kI gati ke anusAra zikSA dI jAtI thii| prAcInakAla meM nATya, nRtya, gIta, vAdya, svaragata, puSkaragata, samatAla Adi ko saMgIta ke antargata mAnA jAtA thA aura Aja bhI mAnA jAtA hai| 'sthAnAMgasUtra'42 meM vAdya, nATya, gAyana aura abhinaya ke cAra-cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiMvAdha ke cAra prakAra tata- tAra athavA tA~ta kA jisameM upayoga hotA hai, ve tata kahalAte haiN| jaisevINA, sAraMgI Adi isake antargata Ate haiN| vitata- camar3e se banA huA vAdya vitata kahalAtA hai| jaise- Dhola, tabalA, nagArA, mRdaMga, Dapha, khaijar3I Adi isake antargata Ate haiN| ghana- paraspara AghAta se bajAnevAlA vAdya ghana kahalAtA hai| jaise- kAMsya tAla, jhA~jha, majIrA Adi isake antargata Ate haiN| zuSira- jisakA bhItarI bhAga polA ho aura jisameM vAyu kA upayoga hotA ho zuSira kahalAtA hai| jaise- bA~surI, alagojA, zahanAI, zaMkha, hAramoniyama aadi| nATya (nRtya) ke cAra prakAra aMcita nATya- vaha nATya yA nRtya jisameM Thahara-Thahara kara nAcA jAtA hai|

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ribhita nATya- vaha nATya yA nRtya jisameM saMgIta ke sAtha nAcA jAtA hai| ArabhaTa nATya- vaha nATya yA nRtya jisameM saMketoM se bhAvAbhivyakti karate huye nAcA jAtA hai| 70 bhaSola nATya- vaha nATya yA nRtya jisameM jhukakara yA leTakara nAcA jAtA hai| gAyana ke cAra prakAra utkSiptaka- gAyana kA vaha prakAra jisameM nAcate huye gAyA jAtA hai| patraka - vaha gAyana jisake antargata padya-chandI kA gAyana karanA yA uttama svara meM chanda bolA jAtA hai| mandraka- vaha gAyana jisameM manda manda svara meM gAyA jAtA hai| rovindaka- gAyana kA vaha prakAra jisameM dhIre-dhIre svara ko teja karate huye gAyA jAtA hai| abhinaya ke prakAra dAntika vaha nATaka jisameM kisI ghaTanA vizeSa para AdhArita abhinaya kiyA jAtA hai| prAtizruta- aitihAsika kathA para AdhArita nATaka meM abhinaya karanA / jaise- rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi / sAmAnyatovinipAtika aitihAsika kathA para AdhArita nATaka meM rAjA- - maMtrI Adi kA abhinaya krnaa| lokamadhyAvasita- nATaka meM mAnava jIvana kI vibhinna avasthAoM ko abhinita krnaa| 'rAjapraznIyasUtra' meM battIsa prakAra kI nATya vidhiyoM kA varNana hai / 43 isI prakAra 'kuvalayamAlA' meM Aye 72 prakAra kI kalAoM meM tathA 'kAdambarI' meM candrApITha dvArA vibhinna prakAra kI vidyAoM evaM kalAoM meM pAraMgata hone ke sandarbha meM nATyazAstra kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| 44 gIta - gAyana kalA atyadhika prAcInakAla se calI A rahI hai| gAyana ke antargata svara, tAla aura laya kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| 'samavAyAMga', 'kalpasUtra' TIkA evaM ' kAdambarI' Adi granthoM meM bhI gIta, vAdya, nRtya Adi kalAoM kA ullekha AyA hai jinheM tatkAlIna

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71 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya samAja meM zikSA kA viSaya mAnA jAtA thaa|45 usa samaya samAja meM bauddhika vikAsa aura manovinoda ke uddezya se saMgIta kalA kA bahuta hI mahattva thaa| ___vAdya- vAdya saMgIta kalA kA eka aMga mAnA jAtA hai| 'rAjapraznIyasUtra' meM vAdya kalA ke antargata zaMkha, zRMga, bherI, paTaha Adi 59 prakAra ke vAdyoM kA ullekha milatA hai|46 kAdambarI' meM bhI vINA, bAMsurI, mRdaGga, kAMsA, maMjIre, tUtI Adi vAdya kalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai|47 svaragata- 'samavAyAMga' meM varNita 72 kalAoM ke antargata svaragata, puSkaragata aura samatAla Adi kalAoM kA ullekha hai|48 svaragata kalA ke antargata svara kI vizeSa zikSA dI jAtI thii| jaina granthoM meM sAta svaroM kA varNana AyA hai jo nimna haiMSaDja, RSabha, gAMdhAra, madhyama, paMcama, caivata, niSAda aadi|09 puSkaragata- bA~surI, bherI, Dhola Adi vAdyoM ko aneka prakAra se bajAne kI kalA puSkaragata kalA hai| samatAla - gAyana va tAla ke layAtmaka samIkaraNa kA jJAna honA samatAlakalA hai| juA- juA khelane kI kalA jisake antargata dyUta, janavAda Adi kalAoM kA jJAna karAyA jAtA thaa| prAcInakAla meM ise manoraMjana kA eka sAdhana mAnA jAtA thaa| 'Rgveda' meM akSa aura pAza krIr3A kA ullekha hai|5deg akSa aura pAza kA abhiprAya dyUtakrIr3A se hI hai| mahAbhArata kI dyUtakrIr3A to jagataprasiddha hai| isI dyUtakrIr3A ke kAraNa pANDavoM ko nirvAsita jIvana bitAnA par3A thaa| 'kAmasUtra' meM bhI ise 64 kalAoM ke antargata rakhA gayA hai|51 janavAda- janazrutiyoM aura kiMvadantiyoM ko jAnanA janavAda hai| manuSya ke zarIra, rahana-sahana, bAta-cIta, khAna-pAna tathA hAva-bhAva Adi ke dvArA usakA parIkSaNa karanA bhI janavAda kI zikSA ke antargata AtA hai| 'samavAyAMga' meM bhI isakA varNana AyA hai|52 pAsA- pAsoM se khelA jAnevAlA khela isake antargata sikhAyA jAtA thaa| aSTApada- zataraMja causar3a Adi khelane kI klaa| purakRtta- nagara saMrakSaNa kI kalA ko jaannaa| dakamRttikA- jala aura miTTI ke saMyoga se vastu kA nirmANa krnaa|

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72 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana annavidhi- anna utpanna karane kI klaa| isa kalA ke antargata bhojana banAne aura bhojya padArtha sambandhI sabhI bAtoM kA jJAna karAyA jAtA thaa| svAsthya sambandhI annavidhi, pAna-vidhi, zayana-vidhi Adi kA ullekha vibhinna jainasUtroM meM AyA hai|53 pAnavidhi- pAnI ko utpanna karane tathA zuddha evaM uSNa karane kI kalA pAnavidhi kalA hai| peya padArtha sambandhI sabhI bAtoM kI jAnakArI isake antargata AtI hai| vastravidhi- navIna vastra banAnA, raMganA, sInA aura pahanane kI kalA isameM sannihita hai| vilepanavidhi- vilepana kI vastu ko pahacAnanA, taiyAra karanA tathA lepa Adi kI kalA isake antargata AtI hai| zayanavidhi- zayyA-sambandhI sabhI bAtoM kA jJAna isameM sammilita hai| jaisezayyA banAnA, zayana karane kI vidhi ko jAnanA aadi| 'kuvalayamAlAkahA' meM zayana-vidhi ke sAtha-sAtha Asana-vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai| AryAvidhi- AryA eka prakAra kA chanda hai jise pahacAnane aura banAne kI kalA AryAvidhi hai| isa kalA ke antargata AryA, prahelikA, mAgandhikA Adi kA jJAna karAyA jAtA thaa|15 prahelikA- pahelI jAnane aura banAne kI kalA prahelikA hai| mAgadhikA- mAgadhI bhASA aura sAhitya kA jJAna arthAt magadha deza kI bhASA ko jAnanA tathA gAthA banAnA mAgadhikA kalA hai| gAthA- chanda athavA zloka racanA-sambandhI kalA kA jJAna tathA prAkRta bhASA meM gAthA Adi banAnA isake antargata AtA hai| vaidikakAla meM bhI gAthA- gAthApati,56 RjugAthA" Adi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| gIta- gIti chanda banAnA, kAvyoM kI racanA karanA aura unakA adhyayana krnaa| zloka- sAhitya ke antargata padya zloka (anuSTupa chanda) banAnA tathA usakI jAnakArI rkhnaa| isakA varNana samavAyAMga meM bhI AyA hai|58 rajatakalA-cAMdI ke AbhUSaNa banAnA tathA pahananA Adi rajatakalA ke antargata AtA hai| suvarNakalA- suvarNa ke AbhUSaNa banAnA evaM pahananA Adi suvarNakalA hai|

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya 73 cUrNakalA- cUrNa, gulAla, abIra Adi banAnA tathA unakA upayoga karanA cUrNakalA hai| AbharaNavidhi- vastra tathA AbhUSaNa nirmANa evaM dhAraNa karane kI kalA isameM sannihita hai| samavAyAMga meM bhI isa kalA kA varNana AyA hai|59 taruNIpratikrama- yuvatiyoM ke varNa parivartana Adi kA parijJAna karanA taruNI pratikrama hai| dUsare zabdoM meM taruNa vyaktiyoM se mitravata vyavahAra evaM prasatra karane kI kalA ko taruNIpratikrama kahate haiN|6deg strIlakSaNa- strI ke lakSaNa ko jAnanA arthAt striyoM kI jAti tathA unake guNa-doSoM kI pahacAna isa kalA ke antargata Ate haiN| jaina-granthoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke lakSaNoM aura cihnoM ke jJAna karAye jAne kA ullekha milatA hai, jaise- strI, puruSa, haya, gaja, go, meSa, kukkuTa, cakra, chatra, daNDa, asi, maNi, kAkinI Adi ke lakSaNoM kA jJAna kraanaa|61 puruSalakSaNa- puruSa ke lakSaNa ko jAnanA arthAt puruSa varga kI jAti aura unake guNa-doSa kI viziSTa jAnakArI rakhanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| azvalakSaNa- azva ke lakSaNa ko jAnanA arthAt azvoM kI jAti evaM unake acche-bure lakSaNoM kI jAnakArI karanA azvalakSaNa kalA hai| gajalakSaNa- hAthI ke lakSaNa, jAti aura unake bhale-bure nasloM kI jAnakArI karanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| golakSaNa- gAya-baila ke lakSaNa, jAti tathA usake acche-bure nasloM kI jAnakArI rakhanA golakSaNa kalA hai| kukkuTalakSaNa- kukkuTa arthAt murgoM kI pahacAna tathA zubha-azubha lakSaNoM kI jAnakArI hAsila karanA isa kalA ke antargata AtA hai| chatralakSaNa- kSatra-sambandhI zubha-azubha kI jAnakArI rakhanA kSatralakSaNa kalA hai| daMDalakSaNa- daNDa-sambandhI viSayoM kI jAnakArI rakhanA daMDalakSaNa kalA hai| asilakSaNa- talavAra, khaDga Adi calAne kI kalA tathA usakI parIkSA-sambandhI viziSTa jAnakArI prApta karanA isa kalA ke antargata AtA hai| maNilakSaNa- maNi, muktA, ratna Adi kI viziSTa maNiyoM kI jAnakArI prApta

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74 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana karanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| kAkaNIlakSaNa- kAkinIratna ke lakSaNa ko jAnanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| kintu prAkRta zabda mahArNava meM kAkina kA artha kaur3I aura sikkoM se lagAyA gayA hai| ata: yahA~ kAkinI lakSaNa kA tAtparya kaur3I athavA ratna vizeSa kI jAnakArI honA caahie| __ vAstuvidyA- vAstuvidyA, makAna-dukAna Adi imAratoM ke zubha-azubha lakSaNa jAnane kI vidyA vastuvidyA hai| vAstukalA ke antargata nagaramAna, vAstumAna, skandhAvAra nivezama Adi kA AbhAsa hotA hai|62 skandhAvAramAna, nagaramAna, vAstumAna, skandhAvAra nivezama, nagara nivezama kA Azaya zivira Adi ko basAne evaM usake yogya bhUmi, gRha Adi kA mAna pramANa nizcita karanA hai|63 khaMdAramAna- senA ke par3Ava ke pramANa Adi ko jAnanA, jaise- lambAI, caur3AI tathA taviSayaka anya prakAra kI jAnakArI isa kalA ke antargata hai| nagaramAna- nayA nagara basAne Adi kI kalA nagaramAna kalA kA viSaya kSetra hai| "samavAyAMga' meM skandhAvAramAna, nagaramAna, vAstumAna, skandhAvara nivezama tathA nagaranivezama ko alaga-alaga kalA ke rUpa meM ginAyA gayA hai| vyUha- yuddha ke samaya vyUha racanA banAnA isa kalA ke antargata AtA hai| prativyUha-virodhI ke vyUha ke sAmane pratyuttara meM apanI vyUha racanA prativyUha kalA hai| cAra- tIvra gati se sainya saMcAlana karanA isa kalA ke antargata AtA hai| cAra, praticAra, vyUha aura prativyUha Adi ve vidhAeM haiM jinake dvArA senA ko Age bar3hAnA, zatru ke cAla ko viphala karanA tathA vyUha tor3ane yogya senA ko banAnA Adi kArya sampanna kiye jAte haiN| praticAra- zatru senA ke samakSa apanI senA ko raNakSetra meM utArane kI kalA praticAra kahalAtI hai| cakravyUha-virodhI ke samakSa cAka ke AkAra ke samAna morcA banAnA cakravyUha kalA hai| garur3avyUha- garur3a ke AkAra meM apanI senA kA vyUhana karanA garur3avyUha kalA hai| zakaTavyUha- gAr3I ke AkAra meM senA ko sthApita kara sajjita karanA zakaTavyUha

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya kalA hai| yuddha- raNakSetra meM yuddha karane kI kalA ko yuddha vidyA hai| 'samavAyAMga' meM bAhuyuddha, daNDayuddha, muSTiyuddha, yaSTiyuddha, yuddha, niyuddha, yuddhAtiyuddha karane kI kalA ko eka hI kalA ke antargata rakhA gayA hai|65 / / niyuddha- vizeSa yuddha karane kI kalA, jaise- kuztI lar3ane kI kalA ko niyuddha kI kalA ke antargata rakhA jAtA hai| yuddhAtiyuddha- ghamAsAna lar3AI karane kI kalA ko yuddhAtiyuddha kalA kahA gayA hai| asthiyuddha- asthiyoM se yuddha karane kI kalA asthiyuddha kahalAtI hai| muSThiyuddha- muSTi se yuddha karanA arthAt mukkA yA ghUsA mAra kara yuddha karane kI kalA muSThiyuddha hai| bAhuyuddha- bAhuyuddha karane kI kalA jisakA dUsarA nAma mallayuddha bhI hai| latAyuddha- latA ke samAna virodhI ko jakar3a lenA latAyuddha hai| jisa prakAra latA vRkSa para car3hakara use jar3a se lekara zikhara taka AveSTita kara letI hai usI prakAra jahA~ yoddhA-pratiyoddhA ke zarIra ko pragAr3hatayA apamardita kara bhUmi para girA detA hai aura usa para car3ha baiThatA hai| ISu-asva- vANoM aura astroM ko jAnane kI kalA ISu-astra hai| tsarupravAda-khaDgavidyA ko tsarupravAda kahate haiN| khaDga, talavAra Adi kI mUTha banAnA isakA viSaya hai| dhanurveda- dhanuSa-bANa-sambandhI kauzala dhanurveda kalA kA viSaya hai| zabdabhedI bANa Adi kI viziSTa yogyatA kA honA isa kalA kI vizeSatA hai| hiraNyapAka- cA~dI ko galAne, pakAne aura bhasma Adi banAne kI kalA hiraNyapAka kalA kahalAtI hai| 'samavAyAMga'66 meM hiraNyapAka, suvarNapAka, maNipAka, dhAtupAka Adi ko eka hI kalA ke antargata rakhA gayA hai| kAmasUtra67 meM bhI vibhinna kalAoM ke sAtha hiraNyapAka, suvarNapAka Adi kalAoM kA varNana hai| suvarNapAka- sone ko galAne, pakAne aura usake prayoga karane kI kalA suvarNapAka kalA kahalAtI hai|

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76 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sUtrachedana- sUtra kA chedana karanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| 'samavAyAMga' meM nAla chedana, kheta jotanA, Adi ko eka hI kalA ke antargata mAnA gayA hai|68 kheta jotane kI kalA- anAja paidA karane ke lie kheta jotane kI kalA vaTTakheDaM hai| nAlachedana- kamala ke nAla kA chedana kara nalI banAne kI kalA isake antargata AtI hai| patrachedana-patroM yA pattoM yA vRkSAMga ko bhedane kI kalA isakA viSaya hai| kar3Achedana- yuddha meM sainikoM ko bedhane kI kalA isakA viSaya hai| kintu 'samavAyAMga' meM patracchedana kalA ke samAna hI kalA-kuNDala Adi kA chedana karanA isa kalA kA viSaya batAyA gayA hai|61 sajIva- mRta athavA mRtatulya (mUrcchita) vyakti ko jIvita karanA sajIva kalA kahalAtI hai| 'samavAyAMga' meM sajIva aura nirjIva ko eka hI kalA ke antargata mAnA gayA hai|70 nirjIva- jIvita ko mRta tulya karane kI kalA nirjIva kalA kahalAtI hai|71 pakSI kI bolI pahacAnane kI kalA- pakSiyoM kI bolI pahacAnanA arthAt unake zabda se zubha-azubha jAnane kI kalA isake antargata AtI hai| isa prakAra jaina-sAhitya meM 72 kalAoM kA varNana aneka sthAnoM para kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi haribhadrasUri 2 ne 89 kalAyeM batAyI haiM lekina jaina granthoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se puruSoM ke lie 72 tathA striyoM ke lie 64 kalAoM kA varNana AyA hai| mahilAoM kI causaTha73 kalAoM ke nAma isa prakAra se haiM(1) nRtya (2) aucitya (3) citra (4) vAditra (5) mantra (6) tantra (7) jJAna (8) vijJAna (9) dambha (10) jalastambha (11) gItamAna (12) tAlamAna (13) meghavRSTi (14) jalavRSTi (15) ArAmaropaNa (16) AkAragopana (17) dharmavicAra (18) zakunavicAra (19) kriyAkalpa (20) saMskRtajalpa (21) prAsAda-nIti

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya (23) varNikA - vRddhi (26) lIlAsaMcaraNa (29) hemaratna-bheda (32) vAstusiddhi (22) dharmarIti (25) surabhi tailakaraNa (28) puruSa - strI - lakSaNa (31) tatkAla-buddhi (34) vaidyaka-kriyA (37) aMjanayoga (40) vacana-pATava (43) mukhamaNDana (46) puSpagranthana (49) sphAra - vidhi-veza (52) bhUSaNa paridhAna (55) vyAkaraNa (58) kezabandhana (61) aMkavicAra (64) praznaprahelikA Adi / (35) kumbha- bhrama (38) cUrNayoga (41) bhojya-vidhi (44) zAlikhaNDana (47) vakrokti (50) sarvabhASA vizeSa (53) bhUtyopacAra (56) paranirAkaraNa (59) vINAnAda (62) lokavyavahAra (24) suvarNa-siddhi (27) haya - gaja - parIkSaNa (30) aSTAdA-lipi-pariccheda (33) kAma vikriyA (36) sArizrama (39) hastalAghava (42) vANijya - vidhi (45) kathA-kathana (48) kAvyazakti (51) abhidhAna jJAna (54) gRhopacAra (57) randhana (60) vitaNDAvAda (63) antyAkSarikA 77 ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcInakAla meM kalAoM kA adhyayana bahuta hI vyApaka rUpa meM hotA thaa| bahattara kalAoM yA cauMsaTha kalAoM meM jIvana ke sampUrNa dRSTikoNoM kA jJAna samAhita thaa| jaina zikSA praNAlI kI vizeSatA kalAoM ke cayana kI isa dUradarzitA se hI parilakSita hotI hai| kalAoM ke adhyayana tathA inake abhyAsa se jIvana meM eka prakAra kI jAgRti utpanna ho jAtI hai tathA jIvana pUrNatA ko prApta karatA hai / gIta, nRtya Adi manoraMjana ke viSayoM kI bhI upekSA nahIM kI gayI hai| zilpa Adi kArIgarI kI samasta zAkhAoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM balki yuddha-sambandhI bArIka se bArIka tarIke bhI batAye gaye haiM / ataH yaha kaha sakate haiM ki ina kalAoM meM zArIrika, mAnasika aura bauddhika vikAsa kI zakti nihita hai / bahattara kalAoM ke atirikta vidyArthiyoM ko anya viSayoM kI bhI zikSAeM dI jAtI thiiN| sAmAnyatayA zikSA kendroM meM ve hI viSaya chAtroM ko par3hAye jAte the jinase unakA bauddhika vikAsa ho tathA jo unake jIvana meM upayogI ho sake / 74 jaina granthoM meM nimnalikhita viSayoM kA varNana AyA hai

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78 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (1) veda- jaina granthoM meM tIna vedoM kA ullekha milatA hai| yathA- 'Rgveda', 'yajurveda' aura 'saamved'|75 vaidika granthoM meM nimnalikhita zAstroM ke ullekha haiMchaH veda- 'Rgveda', 'yajurveda', 'sAmaveda', 'atharvaveda', itihAsa aura nighnnttu| chaH vedAGga- gaNita, zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, chanda, nirukta aura jyotiss| chaH upAGga- isameM vedAGgoM meM varNita viSaya aura SaSThitantra sammilita haiN|76 'uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA 77 meM caudaha vidyAsthAnoM ko ginAyA gayA hai, jo nimna prakAra se haiM- chaH vedAGga, cAra veda, mImAMsA, nyAya, purANa aura dhrmshaastr| (4) 'anuyogadvAra'78 aura 'nandI'79 meM bhI laukika zruta kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jisameM bhArata, rAmAyaNa, bhImAsurokta (bhImAsurukkhaM), kauTilya, zakaTabhadrikA (sagadibhaddiAU), dhoTaka mukha, kArpAsika, nAgasUkSma, kanakasaptati, vaizeSika, buddhavacana, trairAzika, kApilIya, lokAyata, SaSTitantra, mAThara, purANa, vyAkaraNa, bhAgavata, pAtaJjali, puSyadaivata, lekha, gaNita, zakunirUta, nATaka athavA bahattara kalAe~ aura cAra veda aMgopAMga Adi viSayoM ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai| 'sthAnAMga' meM nau pApazruta8deg svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| svahita evaM parahita kI bhAvanA se ina pApazrutoM kA bhI jJAna vidyArthiyoM ko karAyA jAtA thA(1) utpAta- rudhira kI vRSTi athavA rASTrotpAta kA pratipAdana karane vAlA zAstra yA prakRti viplava aura rASTra viplava kA sUcaka shaastr| (2) nimitta- atIta kAla ke jJAna kA paricAyaka zAstra, jaise kUTaparvata aadi| (3) mantrazAstra- bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya ke phala kA pratipAdaka shaastr| (4) AkhyAyikA- mAtaMgI vidyA jisase cANDAlinI bhUtakAla kI bAteM kahatI hai| (5) cikitsA- roganivAraka auSadhiyoM kA pratipAdaka Ayurveda shaastr| (6) lekha Adi bahattara kalAyeM arthAt kalAzruta- strI-puruSoM kI kalAoM kA pratipAdaka shaastr| (7) AvaraNa (vAstuvidyA)- bhavana nirmANa sambandhI vaastushaastr|

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya 79 (8) ajJAna (aNNANa)- nRtya, kAvya, nATaka, saMgIta Adi laukika shrutshaastr| (9) mithyApravAna (micchApavayaNa)- buddha zAsana Adi kutIrthika mithyAtviyoM ke zAstrA bauddha paramparA bauddha darzana kA bhI hamAre deza kI zikSA ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| bauddha zikSA ke svarUpa ko saMkSepa meM 'bhAdhyamikakArikA' ke nimnalikhita zloka se samajhA jA sakatA hai dve satye samupAzritya buddhAnAM dhrmdeshnaa| loka saMviti satyaM ca satyaM ca prmaarthnaa||81 arthAt zikSA eka aisI prakriyA hai jo manuSya ko laukika evaM pAramArthika donoM jIvana ke yogya banAtI hai| pAramArthika jIvana se tAtparya nirvANa se hai| ata: bauddha darzana ke anusAra vAstavika zikSA vaha hai jo manuSya ko nirvANa kI prApti kraaye| AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya ne bauddha-zikSA kA uddezya batAte hue kahA hai-buddha kisI bhI tathya ko vizvAsa kI kaccI nIMva para rakhanA nahIM cAhate the, pratyut tarkabuddhi kI kasauTI para saba tattvoM ko kasanA buddha kI zikSA kA pradhAna uddezya thaa|82 AdhyAtmika zikSA kA uddezya bauddha zikSA nivRttipradhAna hai| isakA uddezya jIvana meM nirvANa prApta karanA hai| nirvANa kI vyAkhyA vibhinna vidvAnoM ne vibhinna prakAra se kI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne nirvANa kA artha 'jIvana kA anta' kiyA hai to kucha ne 'bujha jaanaa'| kintu bauddha paramparA meM nirvANa zabda kA artha hotA hai- vAsanA kI agni kA bujha jaanaa| nirvANa meM lobha, ghRNA, krodha aura bhrama kI agni bujha jAtI hai| kAmAsrava, bhavAsrava evaM avidyAsrava Adi mana kI azuddhi kA naSTa ho jAnA nirvANa hai|82 'dhammapada' meM nirvANa ko eka Ananda kI avasthA, paramAnanda, pUrNa zAnti aura duHkhoM kA anta kahA gayA hai| isa Ananda kI avasthA ko prApta karanA hI AdhyAtmika zikSA kA uddezya hai| laukika zikSA kA uddezya zikSA hI eka aisA mAdhyama hai jo manuSya ko isa yogya banAtI hai ki vaha samAja meM eka vinIta evaM yogya nAgarika ke rUpa meM raha sake tathA apratyakSa rUpa

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80 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ihaloka aura paraloka donoM meM Atmika vikAsa kara ske| laukika dRSTi se bauddha zikSA kA uddezya manuSya ke vyaktitva ko sukhI banAnA-5 tathA deza-vyavahAra ke jJAna ko prApta karAnA thaa| isake sAtha hI vidyArthI ko dharma aura vinaya kI Avazyaka bAteM samajhAnA jisase ki vaha bhalIbhA~ti yaha samajha sake ki galata siddhAnta kauna se haiM aura vAda-vivAda karake anya vyaktiyoM ko sahI siddhAnta grahaNa karane aura galata siddhAnta ko chor3ane ke lie rAjI kara sake, laukika zikSA ke antargata Ate the|87 __ 'jAtakoM' meM prApta ina uddharaNoM se zikSA ke uddezyoM para prakAza par3atA hai- eka 'jAtaka' meM likhA hai ki rAjA loga cAhe unake nagara meM hI acche vidvAn kyoM na hoM, apane putroM ko dUra kI zikSaNa saMsthAoM meM par3hane ke liye isalie bhejate the ki unameM abhijAta kula meM janma hone ke kAraNa jo ahaMkAra hotA thA vaha dUra ho jAye, ve garmI aura sardI ko sahana kara sakeM aura lokavyavahAra se paricita ho skeN|88 ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha laukika zikSA kA mukhya uddezya vidyArthI kA zArIrika, cAritrika evaM naitika vikAsa karanA thaa| zikSA hI mAnava jIvana ke vibhinna kSetroM meM sacce patha-pradarzaka ke rUpa meM kArya karatI hai aura manuSya meM antarnihita avaguNoM aura amAnavIya vikAroM ko miTAkara use sakSama banAne kA prayAsa karatI hai| AdhyAtmika zikSA ke viSaya AdhyAtmikatA ke viSaya meM buddha hamezA mauna dhAraNa kiye rahate the| eka bAra mAlukyaputra ne buddha se loka ke zAzvata-azAzvata, antavAna-anantavAna hone tathA jIva-deha kI bhinnatA-abhinnatA ke viSaya meM dasa meNDaka praznoM ko pUchA thaa| lekina buddha ne avyAkRta batalAkara unakI jijJAsA ko zAnta kara diyA thaa| poThThapAda parivrAjaka ne bhI inhIM praznoM ko pUchA to buddha ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA- na yaha arthayukta hai, na dharmayukta, na Adi brahmacarya ke lie upayukta, na nirveda ke lie, na virAga ke lie, na nirodha arthAt klezanAza ke lie, na upazama ke lie, na abhijJA ke lie, na saMbodhi arthAt paramArtha jJAna ke lie aura na nirvANa ke lie| isIlie maiMne ise avyAkRta kahA hai tathA vyAkRta kiyA hai- duHkha ko, du:kha ke hetu ko, duHkha ke nirodha ko tathA duHkha nirodhagAminI pratipad ko|90 cAra Aryasatya ___ 'cAra Aryasatya' bauddha darzana kA mUla siddhAnta hai jisakA jAnanA aura samajhanA bauddha-paramparA ke anusAra Avazyaka hai| buddha ke anusAra prANI ke liye roga, jarA aura maraNa saMsAra kA sabase bar3A duHkha hai aura inhIM daHkhoM ke nidAna ke lie buddha ne

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya cAra AryasatyoM kI sthApanA kii| 'Aryasatya' nAma kI sArthakatA para prakAza DAlate hue candrakIrti ne kahA hai ki jina satyoM ko kevala Arya hI samajhate haiM, unheM Aryasatya kahate haiN| taba prazna upasthita hotA hai ki Arya loga kauna hote haiM? isake sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki ve A~kha kI taraha hote haiM jinheM choTe se bhI kaSTa kA anubhava hotA hai, jaise A~kha meM Una kA choTA-sA kaNa par3a jAne se A~kha ko kaSTa paha~catA hai| anya loga hathelI kI taraha hote haiM jinheM bar3A se bar3A kaSTa bhI udvigna nahIM kara pAtA hai|91 ye cAra Aryasatya nimna haiM--- (1) duHkha, (2) duHkha samudaya, (3) duHkha nirodha, (4) duHkha nirodhagAminI prtipd| vyAsa92 ne adhyAtmazAstra ko cikitsAzAstra ke samAna caturvRha batAyA hai| jisa prakAra cikitsAzAstra meM roga, rogahetu, Arogya tathA bhaiSajya hai usI prakAra darzanazAstra meM saMsAra arthAt duHkha, du:kha hetu, mokSa arthAt duHkha kA nAza tathA mokSa ke upAyaye cAra satya mAne jAte haiN| duHkha isa jagata aura jIvana meM jo kucha bhI hama dekhate haiM vaha saba duHkhamaya hai| jIvana aura jagata ko dekhakara usa para manana evaM cintana karake buddha isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce ki saMsAra meM sabhI duHkhI haiM- cAhe ve manuSya hoM yA pazu, cAhe pakSI hoM yA jiiv-jntu| janma kaSTamaya hai, nAza kaSTamaya hai, roga kaSTamaya hai tathA maraNa bhI kaSTamaya hai| priya vastu kA saMyoga sukhamaya hai aura priya vastu ke sAtha viyoga duHkhamaya hai| ThIka isake viparIta arucikara kA saMyoga duHkhamaya hai aura sukhakara kA viyoga kaSTamaya hai| hA taraha sabhI kucha kaSTamaya hai| saMkSepa meM rAga se utpanna paJcaskandha hI kaSTamaya hai| 'dhammapada' meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha saMsAra jalate hue ghara ke samAna hai, to isameM haMsI kyA ho sakatI hai aura Ananda kauna-sA manAyA jA sakatA hai? 93 duHkha samudaya ____ dUsarA Aryasatya duHkhoM ke kAraNoM ke viSaya meM hai jise duHkha samudaya ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| samudaya kA artha hotA hai- kaarnn| duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa hai- janma-maraNa ke cakkara ko calAne vAlI 'tRssnnaa'| bhagavAn buddha ne kahA hai- he bhikSugaNa, duHkha samudaya dUsarA Aryasatya hai| duHkha kA vAstavika hetu tRSNA hai jo bAra-bAra prANiyoM ko utpanna karatI hai, viSayoM ke rAga se yukta hotI hai tathA una viSayoM kA abhinandana karanevAlI hotI hai| yaha tRSNA tIna prakAra kI hai- kAmatRSNA, bhavatRSNA tathA vibhvtRssnnaa|

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kAmatRSNA- jo tRSNA indriya sukhoM ke lie hotI hai use kAmatRSNA kahate haiN| bhavatRSNA -- jo tRSNA jIvana ke lie hotI hai vaha bhavatRSNA hai| vibhavatRSNA -- jo tRSNA vaibhava aura vilAsa ke lie hotI hai vaha vibhavatRSNA hai| 82 tRSNA sabase bar3A bandhana hai jo saMsAra tathA saMsAra ke jIvoM ko bAMdhe hue hai| 'dhammapada' meM kahA gayA hai - dhIra puruSa lohe, lakar3I tathA rassI ke bandhana ko dRr3ha nahIM mAnate haiN| vastutaH sAravAna padArthoM meM rata honA yA maNi, kuNDala, putra tathA strI meM icchA kA honA dRr3ha bandhana hai / 95 punaH makar3I kA udAharaNa dete hue kahA gayA hai - jisa prakAra makar3I apane hI jAla bunatI hai aura apane hI usameM ba~dhI rahatI hai, usI prakAra jIva bhI tRSNArUpI jAla meM makar3I kI bhA~ti ba~dhA rahatA hai / 96. tRSNA Adi sabhI kAraNa avidyA se utpanna hote haiN| jarA-maraNa, jAti, bhava Adi kA mUla kAraNa avidyA hI hai / avidyA ke kAraNa hI jIva isa bhavacakra meM par3atA hai| du:kha nirodha duHkha kA nAza sambhava hai| duHkha ke nAza ko duHkha nirodha kahA jAtA hai| jaba vAsanA, tRSNA Adi sarvathA naSTa ho jAtI haiM taba duHkha kA nAza ho jAtA hai| duHkha nAza arthAt tRSNA kA tyAga, usase alaga honA, usase mukti, use jIvana meM sthAna na denA aadi| duHkha nAza ke phalasvarUpa nirvANa kI prApti hotI hai| nirvANa kA artha jIvana kA samApta ho jAnA nahIM hotA, balki duHkhoM kA samApta ho jAnA hotA hai| duHkha kA bujha jAnA nirvANa hai, jIvana kA bujha jAnA nahIM / nirvANa prApta vyakti kI upamA zaila se dI jAtI hai- jisa prakAra pracaNDa jhaMjhAvAta parvata ko usake sthAna se cyuta nahIM kara sakatA, bhayaMkara AMdhI ke calane para bhI parvata eka rasa, aDiga, acyuta banA rahatA hai, ThIka usI prakAra nirvANa prApta vyakti rUpa, rasa, gandhAdi viSayoM ke thaper3oM se jarA-sA bhI vicalita nahIM hotA hai, balki vaha AsravoM se rahita hokara akhaNDa zAnti kA anubhava karatA hai / 97 duHkhanirodhagAminI pratipad cAra AryasatyoM meM cauthA hai-- duHkhanirodha mArga / bhagavAn buddha ne kevala duHkhoM ke kAraNa hI nahIM batalAye, balki una kAraNoM ko dUra karake duHkha se chuTakArA pAne kA mArga bhI prazasta kiyA / duHkhanirodha-mArga ke rUpa meM isa Aryasatya ke ATha aMga

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__ jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya haiM jise aSTAGgika mArga ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| isa mArga para calane se vyakti apane duHkhoM kA nAza kara pAtA hai aura nirvANa ko prApta karatA hai| ata: use samasta mArgoM meM zreSTha mAnA gayA hai|98 bhagavAn buddha ne isI mArga ko jJAna kI vizuddhi ke lie tathA mAra ko mohita karane ke lie grahaNIya batalAyA hai|99 aSTAGgika mArga kA jo svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai (1) samyaka-dRSTi- avidyA ke kAraNa saMsAra tathA AtmA ke sambandha meM mithyA dRSTi utpanna hotI hai, jaise- AtmA amara hai, saMsAra satya hai aadi| isa prakAra hama anitya, duHkhamaya aura anAtma vastu ko nitya samajhane lagate haiN| isa mithyA-dRSTi ko chor3akara vastuoM ke yathArtha svarUpa para dhyAna rakhane ko samyak-dRSTi kahate haiN| kAyika, vAcika aura mAnasika karma ke do bheda haiM - kuzala tathA akushl| ina donoM karmoM ko bhalI prakAra se jAnanA 'samyaka-dRSTi' hai| 'majjhimanikAya'100 meM karmoM kA vivecana isa prakAra kAyika karma . kuzala akuzala (1) ahiMsA prANAtipAta arthAt hiMsA krnaa| (2) acaurya adattAdAna arthAt corI krnaa| (3) avyabhicAra mithyAcAra arthAt vybhicaar| vAcika karma . (1) amRSA vacana mRSA vacana arthAt jhUTha bolnaa| (2) apizunavacana pizuna vacana arthAt cugalI khaanaa| (3) aparuSa vacana paruSa vacana arthAt kaTuvacana bolnaa| mAnasika karma - (1) alobha abhidhyA arthAt lobha krnaa| (2) apratihiMsA vyApAda arthAt prtihiNsaa| (3) amithyAdRSTi - mithyAdRSTi arthAt jhUThI dhAraNA rkhnaa| uparyukta karmoM kA samyak-jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| (2) samyak-saMkalpa- samyak-saMkalpa kA artha hotA hai- smyk-nishcy|

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84 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana indriya sukhoM se lagAva arthAt viSaya kI kAmanA, dUsaroM ke prati burI bhAvanAoM arthAt droha karanA tathA hAni pahu~cAne vAle vicAroM arthAt hiMsA ko samUla chor3a dene kA nizcaya hI samyak-saMkalpa hai| samyak-dRSTi samyak-saMkalpa meM parivartita honI caahie| (3) samyaka-vacana- saMkalpa kevala manasA hI nahIM honA cAhie balki vacana meM bhI honA caahie| samyak-saMkalpa se vyakti apane vicAroM ko zuddha banAtA hai tathA samyaka-vacana se manuSya apanI vANI para niyantraNa karanA sIkhatA hai| jina vacanoM se dUsaroM ke hRdaya ko coTa pahuMce, jo vacana kaTu ho, jinase dUsaroM kI nindA ho, vyartha kA bakavAsa ho una vacanoM kA prayoga kabhI nahIM karanA caahie| zatrutA ko kaThora zabdoM se nahIM balki avaira arthAt acchI bhAvanAoM se dUra kiyA jAtA hai| 'dhammapada' meM kahA gayA hai ki vaira kI zAnti kaTuvacanoM se nahIM hotI pratyut avaira se hotI hai| 101 mana ko zAnta karanevAlA eka hitakArI zabda hajAroM nirarthaka zabdoM se acchA hai| jisa prakAra sundara varNayukta puSpa gandhavAna hone se saphala hotA hai usI prakAra AcaraNa meM prayoga karanevAle kI subhASita vANI bhI saphala evaM sArthaka hotI hai|102 (4) samyak-karmAnta- janma-maraNa, sadgati-asadgati Adi kA kAraNa karma hI hotA hai| karma ke kAraNa hI jIva ihaloka tathA paraloka meM kramazaH sukha-duHkha tathA svarga-naraka kA gAmI banatA hai| hiMsA, corI, kAmukatA, asatya, atibhojana, sAmAjika manoraMjanoM meM jAnA Adi kAryoM kA sarvathA tyAga karanA samyak-karma hai| ye saba niyama bhikSuoM ke lie anivArya batAye gaye haiN| pA~ca karmoM kA pAlana karanA pratyeka manuSya ke lie anivArya hai| pA~ca karma jinheM paMcazIla kI saMjJA dI gayI hai ve haiM- ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura surA maireya padArthoM kA asevana aadi|103 sAmAnyajanoM ke lie inake atirikta aura bhI niyama batAye gaye haiM, jaise- apanI santAna ko apane vRddha mAtA-pitA kI sevA aura pArivArika kartavya karane yogya banAnA caahie| chAtroM ko vidyAdhyayana, gurujanoM kA Adara, bar3oM kI AjJA kA pAlana aura unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karanI caahie| gurujanoM ko vidyArthiyoM se premapUrNa vyavahAra karanA cAhie aura unameM sadguNa utpanna karake kalA aura vijJAna meM pAraMgata karanA caahie| pati ko patnI kA Adara karanA cAhie, usake prati vaphAdAra rahanA caahie| patnI ko bhI pati se premapUrNa vyavahAra karanA caahie| ye sAmAnyajanoM ke lie sAmAnya niyama haiN|104 (5) samyak-AjIvikA- samyak-AjIvikA kA artha hotA hai- zuddha upAyoM se jIvikA kA upArjana krnaa| arthAt manuSya ko isa prakAra kI AjIvikA arjita karanI cAhie jinase dUsare prANiyoM ko na kisI prakAra kA kaSTa pahuMce aura na unakI

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya 85 hiMsA hI ho| buddha ne pA~ca prakAra kI jIvikAoM ko varjita mAnA hai105 1. satthavaNijjA arthAt zastra, hathiyAra Adi kA vyApAra krnaa| 2. sattavaNijjA arthAt prANI kA vyApAra krnaa| 3. maMsavaNijjA arthAt mAMsa kA vyApAra krnaa| 4. majjavaNijjA arthAt madya (zarAba) Adi kA vyApAra krnaa| 5. visavaNijjA arthAt viSa kA vyApAra krnaa| buddha ne ina AjIvikAoM ko bhI garhaNIya arthAt tyAgane yogya batalAyA hai tarAjU kI ThagI, baTakhare kI ThagI, mAna kI ThagI, rizvata, vaMcanA, kRtaghnatA, saciyoga, chedana, vadha, DAkA, lUTapATa Adi jIvikA tyAga karane yogya haiN|106 (6) samyaka-vyAyAma- indriyoM para saMyama, azabha vicAroM ko rokane aura zubha vicAroM ko jAgrata rakhane kA prayatna samyak-vyAyAma hai| azubha vicAroM ko rokane ke pA~ca upAya batAye gaye haiM1071. zubha vicAra kA cintana krnaa| 2. bure vicAra ke karma meM parivartita ho jAne ke pariNAma ko dekhanA aura isake kAraNa kA vizleSaNa kara usake pariNAma ko roknaa| 3. zArIrika ceSTA kI sahAyatA se mana para niyantraNa krnaa| 4. mana meM kisI azubha bhAvanA kA cintana na krnaa| 5. bAhara meM kisI ke sAtha durvyavahAra na krnaa| (7) samyak-smRti- zarIra, citta, vedanA yA mAnasika avasthA ko unake yathArtha rUpa meM smaraNa rakhanA hI samyak-smRti hai| ina avasthAoM ke yathArtha rUpa ko bhUla jAne se mithyA vicAra mana meM Ate haiM, Asakti bar3hatI hai aura duHkha sahanA par3atA hai| samyak-samAdhi ke lie samyak-smRti kI vizeSa AvazyakatA par3atI hai| kAya tathA vedanA kA jaisA svarUpa hai, vaisA smaraNa sadA banAye rakhane meM unameM Asakti utpanna nahIM hotI hai tathA citta anAsakta hokara vairAgya kI ora bar3hatA hai evaM ekAgra hone kI yogyatA kA sampAdana karatA hai| ___(8) samyak-samAdhi- uparyukta sAta niyamoM ke pAlana se sAdhaka kA mana zuddha ho jAtA hai aura vaha apane mana ko ekAgra karake samAdhirata hotA hai, kyoMki

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86 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zuddha jJAna kI utpatti taba taka nahIM ho sakatI jaba taka ki use dhAraNa karane kI yogyatA zarIra meM paidA na ho|108 jJAna ke udaya ke lie zarIra zuddhi paramAvazyaka hai aura zarIra zuddhi taba taka nahIM ho sakatI hai, jaba taka ki cittazuddhi nahIM hotI aura cittazuddhi samAdhi ke dvArA hI hotI hai| samAdhi kI cAra avasthAeM haiM1. prathama avasthA meM sAdhaka AryasatyoM para vicAra karate hue virakti, zuddha vicAra tathA apUrva Ananda kA anubhava karatA hai| 2. dUsarI avasthA meM manana Adi prayatna daba jAte haiM, tarka-vitarka Avazyaka ho jAte haiM, sandeha dUra ho jAte haiM tathA AryasatyoM ke prati zraddhA bar3hatI hai| isameM citta meM sthiratA AtI hai tathA Ananda evaM zAnti kA parijJAna hotA hai| 3. tIsarI avasthA meM sAdhaka Ananda aura zAnti ke prati udAsIna ho jAtA hai| isameM citta kI sAmyAvasthA aura zArIrika sukha kA bhAva bhI rahatA hai| 4. yaha avasthA pUrNa zAnti kI avasthA hotI hai jisameM sukha-duHkha sabhI naSTa ho jAte haiN| isameM citta kI sAmyAvasthA, zArIrika sukha aura dhyAna kA AnandainameM se kisI kA vicAra nahIM rahatA hai| yaha pUrNa zAnti, pUrNa virAga aura pUrNa nirodha kI avasthA hai| zIla, samAdhi, prajJA zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA bauddhadharma-darzana ke tIna mahanIya tattva haiM jo triratna ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| triratna aSTAMgika mArga ke prastutIkaraNa kI eka prakriyA hai jisake antargata aSTAMgika mArga samAhita ho jAte haiM, jaise- samyak-dRSTi, samyak-saMkalpa, prajJA ke antargata Ate haiN| samyak-vAk, samyak-karmAnta aura samyak-AjIvikA zIla ke antargata Ate haiN| isI prakAra samyak-vyAyAma, samyak-smRti aura samyak-samAdhi, samAdhi ke antargata Ate haiN| ata: zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke rUpa meM bhI nirvANa mArga kA pratipAdana hotA hai| zIla- zIla se tAtparya sAtvika kAryoM se hai| isake pA~ca prakAra batAye gaye haiM-- ahiMsA, asteya, satya bhASaNa, brahmacarya tathA nazA kA tyaag| inheM paMcazIla kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| samAdhi- samAdhi kA varNana Upara kiyA gayA hai| prajJA- zIla aura samAdhi kA phala hai prajJA kA udy| jaba taka prajJA kA udaya nahIM hotA hai taba taka avidyA kA nAza nahIM hotA hai| prajJA ke tIna prakAra

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110 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya hote haiM109 (1) zrutamayI jo jJAna zruta se yA AptapuruSoM ke vacanoM se prApta ho vaha zrutamayI hai| (2) cintAmayI 111(3) bhAvanAmayI 112. -- jo jJAna cintana se prApta ho vaha cintAmayI hai| jo jJAna samAdhi se prApta ho vaha bhAvanAmayI hai| 'dIghanikAya' meM kahA gayA hai- prajJAvAna vyakti nAnAprakAra kI RddhiyA~ hI nahIM pAtA pratyut prANiyoM ke pUrva janma kA jJAna, paricita jJAna, divya zrotra, divya cakSu tathA duHkhakSaya jJAna se sampanna hotA hai / 113 isa prakAra zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka nirvANa kI prApti karatA hai / 87 laukika zikSA ke viSaya bauddhakAlIna laukika zikSA ke antargata anya viSayoM ke sAtha kalA kI zikSA bhI dI jAtI thI / zAntibhikSu zAstrI ne kalAoM kI saMkhyA 96 (chAnabe ) batAyI hai, jo isa prakAra haiM-- 114 (1) laMdhita - laMbI kUda kA jJAna honA / (2) lipi - likhane kI kalA arthAt akSara vidyA kA jJAna honA / isa kalA meM brAhmI, kharoSThI Adi cauMsaTha prakAra kI lipiyoM kA jJAna karAyA jAtA thaa| 115 (3) mudrA - hastarekhA vidyA kA jJAna honA / (4) gaNanA - gaNanA arthAt gaNitazAstra kA parijJAna honA / (5) saMkhyA- aMkazAstra ko jAnanA / aMkajJAna kI zikSA prAcInakAla se calI A rahI hai| (6) sAlambha - sAlambha kA artha hotA hai mallavidyA arthAt bAhoM se yuddha karane kI kalA sAlambha hai| (7) dhanurveda - bANoM se dUra kI vastu ko bhedane kI kalA dhanurveda hai| (8) javita -- daur3a lagAne kI kalA ko javita kahate haiN| (9) plavita -- daur3akara U~cI kUda lagAnA plavita hai| (10) taraNa - jala meM tairane va bhAgane kI kalA taraNa hai| (11) iSvastra - bANa calAne kI kalA isvastra hai|

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88 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (12) hastigrIvA- hAthI para car3hane-utarane arthAt usa para savArI kI kalA kA nAma hastigrIvA hai| (13) azvapRSTha- ghor3e para car3hane-utarane kI kalA azvapRSTha hai| (14) ratha- ratha calAne kI klaa| (15) dhanuSkalApa- dhanuSa vidyA arthAt dhanuSa calAne kI yuktiyoM ko jaannaa| isa ___ kalA ke antargata akSaNavedha tathA bAlavedha Adi Ate haiN| (16) sthairya- sthiratA aura sAmarthya kA jJAna honA sthairya hai| (17) suzaurya- yuddha meM zUratA-vIratA dikhAnA suzaurya hai| (18) bAhuvyAyAma- bAhoM se kasarata karane kI kalA bAhuvyAyAma hai| (19) aGkuzagraha- mahAvata vidyA arthAt hAthI calAne kI kalA aGkuzagraha hai| (20) pAzagraha- jAla lagAne kI kalA pAzagraha kahalAtI hai| (21) udhAna- zatru pakSa para Upara se AkramaNa karane kI kalA udhAna kahalAtI hai| (22) nirvANa- yuddha meM Age nikalane kI kalA nirvANa hai| (23) avayAna- arthAt pIche haTane kI kalA jAnanA avayAna hai| (24) muSTigraha- muTThI se pakar3ane kI kalA muSTigraha hai| (25) padabandha- vizeSa vidhi se kadama bar3hAne kI kalA padabandha hai| (26) zikhAbandha- jUr3A bAMdhane kI kalA kA nAma zikhAbandha hai| (27) chedya- kisI vastu ko kATane kI kalA chedya hai| (28) bhedya- lakSya ko bedhane kI kalA bhedya hai| (29) dAlana- cheda karane kI kalA ko dAlana kahate haiN| ise dAraNa nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| (30) sphalana- uchAlane kI kalA sphalana hai| (31) akSuNNavedhitva- binA vedanA kiye bedhane kI kalA kA nAma akSuNNavedhitva hai| (32) marmavedhitva- marma ko bedhane kI kalA marmavedhitva hai|

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya (33) zabdavedhitva- zabda sunakara lakSya bedhane kI kalA zabdabedhitva hai| ise zabdabhedI bhI kahate haiN| (34) dRr3haprahAritva- dRr3ha AghAta karane kI kalA ko jAnanA dRr3haprahAritva hai| (35) akSakrIr3A- dyUta khelane kI kalA akSakrIr3A hai| 'Rgveda' meM bhI akSa aura pAzakrIr3A kA ullekha AyA hai|116 (36) kAvyakaraNa- kavitA kI racanA karanA va adhyayana karanA kAvyakaraNa hai| (37) grantha- gadya-padya kI prabandha racanA karanA grantha kalA hai| vaidikakAla meM bhI gAthApati 117 Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| (38) citra- citra banAne kI kalA jaannaa| (39) rUpa- rUpa bodha karane kI kalA rUpa hai| (40) rUpakarma- rUpa sajAne kI kalA rUpa-karma hai| (41) adhIta- adhyayana kArya ko jAnanA adhIta hai| (42) agnikarma- agni utpanna karane kI yukti agnikarma kalA hai| (43) vINA- vINA bajAne kI kalA jaannaa| kAdambarI meM bhI vINA kA ullekha hai|118 (44) vAdya- sabhI prakAra ke vAdyoM ko bajAne kI kalA kA jJAna honaa| (45) nRtya- nAcane kI kalA nRtya hai| 'chAndogyopaniSad' meM bhI nRtya, gIta, vAdya Adi kalAoM kA ullekha hai|119 (46) gIta- gAyana kalA jisake antargata svara, tAla tathA laya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| (47) paThita- grantha vAcane kI kalA ko paThita kahate haiN| par3hate samaya zabdoM ke utAra-car3hAva kA jJAna bhI isI ke antargata A jAtA hai| (48) AkhyAna- itihAsa tathA kahAnI kahane kI kalA AkhyAna hai| (49) hAsya- vinoda karane, manoraMjana karane kI kalA hAsya hai| (50) lAsya- sukumAra nRtya karane kI kalA lAsya kahalAtI hai| (51) nATya- abhinaya karane kI kalA nATya kahalAtI hai| prAcInakAla meM nATya, nRtya, gIta, vAdya Adi ko saMgIta ke antargata mAnA jAtA thaa|

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90 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (52) viDambita- svAMga banAne kI kalA jisakA dUsarA nAma DhoMga bhI hai| (53) mAlyagranthana- vibhinna prakAra ke phUloM se mAlA gUMthane kI kalA mAlyagranthana hai| (54) saMvAhita- saMvAhana athavA aMgoM ko dabAne kI kalA saMvAhita hai| (55) maNirAga- zveta motiyoM ko vibhinna raMgoM meM raMgane kI kalA maNirAga kahalAtI hai| (56) vastrarAga- kapar3oM ko raMgane kI kalA vastrarAga kahalAtI hai| (57) mAyAkRta- jAdUgarI yA indrajAla arthAt mAyA dvArA dUsare ko bhramita yA apane vaza meM karane kI kalA isakA viSaya hai| (58) svapnAdhyAya- svapna vRttAnta sunakara usake phala ko kahane kI kalA svapnAdhyAya hai| 'milindapanha' meM bhI svapna tathA cihnoM ke vidhAna kA varNana AyA hai| 120 (59) zakunirutta- pakSiyoM kI bolI tathA unake zubhAzubha phaloM ko batAne kI kalA zakunirutta hai| (60) strIlakSaNa- striyoM ke zarIra, aMga-pratyaMgoM ke cihnoM ko dekhakara bhAgyaphala kahane kI kalA strIlakSaNa kA viSaya hai| (61) puruSalakSaNa- puruSoM ke zarIra cihnoM ko dekhakara bhAgya kahane kI kalA puruSalakSaNa kA viSaya hai| (62) azvalakSaNa- ghor3e ke khare-khoTe phala hone ke lakSaNa kahane kI kalA ko jAnanA tathA usakI acchI-burI jAtiyoM ko pahacAnanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| (63) hastilakSaNa- hAthI ke khare-khoTe phala hone tathA acchI-burI jAtiyoM ke lakSaNa ko jAnanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| (64) golakSaNa- gAya-baila ke khare-khoTe phala hone ke lakSaNa va acchI-burI jAtiyoM ke lakSaNa jAnanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| (65) ajalakSaNa- bakarI-bakarA ke khare-khoTe phala ke lakSaNa va usakI jAtiyoM ke lakSaNa ko jAnanA ajalakSaNa hai| (66)mizRlakSaNa- meSa arthAt bher3A-bher3I ke khare-khoTe phala ke lakSaNa va usakI vibhinna jAtiyoM ko jAnane kI kalA mizRlakSaNa hai|

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya (67) zvaralakSaNa- kuttA-kuttiyoM ke khare-khoTe phala ke lakSaNa kahane va jAtiyoM ko jAnane kI kalA zvaralakSaNa hai| (68) kauTubha- zrauta tathA gRhya karmakANDa ko jAnanA kauTubha kalA hai| (69) nighaNTu- pada saMkalanAtmaka kozazAstra ko nighaNTu kahate haiN| ise nighaNTa bhI kahate haiN| (70) nigama- mantravacanoM ko jAnanA nigama hai| (71) purANa- purAvRtta vidyA ke purANa nAmaka grantha samUha ko jAnanA purANa kalA hai| (72) itihAsa- deva, RSi, nRpa Adi ke caritroM kA zAstra itihAsa hai| (73) veda- mantra, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka, upaniSad granthoM meM vibhakta vAGmaya veda hai| (74) vyAkaraNa- zabdoM ke vargIkaraNa tathA prakRti-pratyaya dvArA vivecana karane kI vidyA vyAkaraNa hai| (75) nirukta- nirukta nirvacana zAstra ko kahate haiN| (76) ziSyA (zikSA)- a, A Adi varNa uccAraNa karane kA shaastr| (77) chandasvinI- chandoviciti nAmaka chandazAstra jisake antargata chandoM kI racanA karanA tathA kAvya banAnA Adi AtA hai| (78) yajJakalpa- yajJoM ke vidhi-vidhAna yajJakalpa ke viSaya haiN| (79) jyotiSa- nakSatroM tathA usake zubha-azubha phaloM ko batAnevAlA shaastr| (80) sAMkhya- tattvoM ko ginakara batAne kI vidyA sAMkhya kahalAtI hai| (81) yoga-- dhyAna-samAdhi Adi lagAne kI vidyA yoga kA viSaya hai| yogAcAra 121 zAstra ko samajhane ke lie bauddha vidyArthiyoM ko nimnalikhita granthoM kA adhyayana karanA par3atA thA(ka) 'vidyAmAtra vishNtishaastr'| (kha) "vidyAmAtra siddhitridazazAstra kaarikaa'| (ga) 'mahAyAna saparigrahazAstra muul'| (gha) 'abhidharma (saMgIti) zAstra' (Ga) 'madhyAnta vibhaagshaastr'| (ca) "nidaanshaastr'| (cha) 'suutraalNkaarshaastr'| (ja) 'krmsiddhshaastr'| (82) kriyAkalpa- zRMgArAdi karanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| (83) vaizika- gaNikAoM ke mAyAjAla kI vidyA ko jAnanA vaizika kalA hai|

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92 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (84) vaizeSika- vaidika darzana kI eka zAkhA kA nAma vaizeSika hai| (85) arthavidyA- artha ke arjana evaM pAlana karane kI kalA ko jAnanA artha vidyA hai| ise jIvana saMcAlana ke lie atyanta hI Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| (86) vArhaspatya - vRhaspati dvArA banAye gaye zAstra ko vArhaspatya kahate haiM / (87) Ambhirya - sAdhanA zakti se vRSTi karavAnA Ambhirya hai| (88) Asurya - asuroM kI mAyA ko jAnanA Asurya vidyA hai| (89) mRgapakSiruta -- pazu-pakSiyoM kI bolI samajhane kI vidyA mRgapakSiruta hai| (90) hetuvidyA- tarkazAstra kA hI dUsarA nAma hetuvidyA hai| hetuvidyA meM vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie sambhavata: nimnalikhita granthoM ke bhI adhyayana karane par3ate the122(ka) vaha zAstra jisake adhyayana se tInoM vizvoM para vicAra kiyA jA sake, (kha) sarvalakSaNAdhyayana zAstra, (ga) Alambana atyadhyayana zAstra, (gha) hetudvAra zAstra, (Ga) isI ke sadRza anya zAstra, (ca) nyAyadvAra zAstra, (cha) prajJapti hetu saMgrahazAstra, (ja) ekatrita anumAnoM para zAstra / (91) jalayantra - jala ko dUra pheMkane kI yantravidyA jalayantra hai / (92) madhUcchiSTakRta -- isa kalA ke antargata moma aura lAkha jaisI vastuoM dvArA banAye jAnevAle zilpa Adi Ate haiN| (93) sUcIkarma - isake antargata silAI-kar3hAI Adi zilpa Ate haiN| (94) bidalakarma -- burkoM bazog ke kArya meM nakkArI karanA isa kalA kA viSaya hai| (95) patracchedya - zRGgAra ke lie mukha para phUla-patte sajAnA patracchedya kalA hai| (96) gandhayukti -- tela Adi ko sugandhita karane kI kalA ko gandhayukti kahate haiM / ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha yuga meM kalAoM kA bahuta hI gaharAI se adhyayana karAyA jAtA thaa| kevala granthoM meM hI nahIM balki artha aura prayogAtmaka rUpa meM bhI sikhalAyA jAtA thaa| 'milindapanha ' 123 meM varNa-vyavasthA ke AdhAra para pAThya viSayoM ko vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- brAhmaNa cAra veda arthAt 'Rgveda', 'yajurveda', 'sAmaveda', 'atharvaveda', itihAsa, purANa, koza, chanda, uccAraNa vidyA, vyAkaraNa, nirakta, jyotiSa, cha: vedAMga,

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya zarIra ke zubhasUcaka cihnoM kA jJAna, zakuna vijJAna, svapna aura cihnoM kA vijJAna, grahoM, bhUkampa, sUryagrahaNa, candragrahaNa, gaNita, kiMkartavya vijJAna Adi viSayoM kA adhyayana karate the| kSatriya hAthiyoM, azvoM, dhanurvidyA, rathoM, khaDgavidyA, yuddhavidyA, dastAvejoM kA jJAna aura mudrA vijJAna kA adhyayana karate the| avazeSa bace hue jaise kRSi vijJAna, vANijya aura pazupAlana kI zikSA vaizya aura zUdra prApta karate the| puna: usI grantha meM kahA gayA hai ki rAjA milinda ne unnIsa prakAra kI zikSAe~ prApta kI thI, jo isa prakAra haiM- zruti, smRti, sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika, gaNita, saMgIta, Ayurveda, cAroM veda, purANa, itihAsa, jyotiSa, mAyA (indrajAla), tarkazAstra, sammohana vidyA, yuddhakalA, kavitA (chanda) aura mudrA vijJAna kA pUrNa jJAna prApta kiyA thaa|124 'jAtakoM' meM aTThAraha prakAra kI zikSAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiM jo isa prakAra se hai 125 (1) veda- 'jAtakoM' meM tIna vedoM kA ullekha AyA hai- 'Rgveda', 'sAmaveda' aura 'yjurved'| vidyArthI inhIM tInoM vedoM kA adhyayana karate the| 126 prAya: tInoM vedoM meM pAraMgata brAhmaNa hote the|127 (2) vedAMga- veda ke sAtha-sAtha vedAMgoM kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thI jinakI saMkhyA chaha hai- zikSA, kalpa, nirukti, chanda, vyAkaraNa aura jyotiss|128 (3-6) mantra-vidyA, 129 bhUtavidyA, 13deg aMgavidyA, 131 yogavidyA132 aadi| (7) smRti (8) mokSa jnyaan| (9) kriyA vidhi| (10) dhanurveda- isake antargata akSaNa vedha, bAla vedha tathA bAraha prakAra ke zilpa kA pradarzana kiyA jAtA thaa|133 (11) hastizikSA- hAthI aura azvoM kI cikitsA, unakI dekhabhAla karanA Adi kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thii| jAtakoM meM isa prakAra kI zikSA kA ullekha hai|134 (12) kaamtntr| (13) lkssnn|

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94 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (14) purANa / (15) itihAsa itihAsa kI bhI par3hAI hotI thI / 135 136 nItizAstra, 137 gandharva zilpa, 138 AgamazAstra, zAstrArtha kI zikSA 140 sArthavAha 141 kI zikSAe~ bhI dI jAtI thiiN| (16) nIti / (17) tarka- jise hetu vidyA bhI kahate haiN| (18) vaidyaka / ------ 1. 2. ye aTThAraha vidyAe~ jAtaka meM varNita haiN| inake atirikta sUtroM ke antargata tInoM piTaka arthAt 'suttapiTaka', 'vinayapiTaka' tathA 'abhidhammapiTaka' kI zikSA dI jAtI thI / 142 muktakaNTha sUtrapATha kiyA jAtA thaa| | 143 mantroM kI zikSA ke sAtha hI sAtha unheM krama se par3hAyA bhI jAtA thA / 144 kucha sUtroM ke nAma nimnalikhita haiM- 'dhotaka sakuNovAdasUtra',145 146 'mahAvaggasUtra', 'mettasUtra', 147 'AnandapariyAyasUtra'149 aadi| 'mahAgovindasUtra',148 altekara ke mata meM aTThAraha vidyAe~ (zilpoM) nimnalikhita haiM 150 (1) vAdya (2) gIta (4) citrakalA (5) nakSatrakarma (7) vAstukalA (8) takSaNa (10) pazupAlana (11) vyApAra (13) gajAzva (14) kAnUnazAstra (16) indrajAla (17) krIr3A aura ina viSayoM ke atirikta cintAmaNi zikSA, 139 tulanA jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ke adhyayana se jo bhinnatAe~ aura samAnatAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM, ve nimnalikhita haiM jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI zikSAe~ nivRttipradhAna haiN| (3) nRtya (6) arthazAstra (9) vArtA (12) Ayurveda (15) yuddhakalA aura dhanurveda (18) maNirAgAkara jJAna, aadi| donoM hI zikSAoM kA uddezya mAnava vyaktitva kA vikAsa karanA hai| vikAsa kA abhiprAya vyakti ke antaraMga evaM bAhya sabhI guNoM ke vikAsa se hai /

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya 3. jaina zikSA vyaktitva ke carama vikAsa kI sthiti ko mokSa kahatI to bauddha zikSA duHkhoM ke anta ko nirvANa kahatI hai| yadyapi donoM ke uddezya eka hI haiM, mArga alaga-alaga haiN| 4. jaina zikSA AdhyAtmika aura laukika donoM hI zikSAoM para samAna rUpa se bala detI hai jabaki bauddha zikSA AdhyAtmikatA ke sambandha meM avyAkRta hai| yadyapi donoM hI paramparA meM mAnava jIvana ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa ke lie bahuta hI sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai, parantu yahA~ eka prazna upasthita hotA hai ki uccakoTi kI laukika zikSA prApta kara lene para kyA dhArmika zikSA ke binA manuSya apane jIvana kA vikAsa kara sakatA hai? kyoMki laukika zikSA to manuSya ko jar3avAda kI ora agrasara karatI hai, ata: vyakti ko AtmajJAna nahIM ho sakatA hai| AdhyAtmika zikSA ke binA mAnava dAnava kA-sA vyavahAra karane lgegaa| use 'sva' aura 'para' kA antara nahIM mAlUma ho paayegaa| pariNAmata: vaha 'sva' ko hI jIvana kA lakSya mAnakara usake pIche bhAgatA rhegaa| isalie pratyeka vyakti ke lie laukika zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha AdhyAtmika zikSA bhI jarurI hai| 5. pAThyakrama ke sambandha meM jaina zikSA ke viSaya apane Apa meM puSTa evaM sarvamAnya haiM, lekina bauddha zikSA ke viSayoM ko lekara kahIM-kahIM virodhAbhAsa najara Ate haiM, yathA- eka ora 'vinayapiTaka' meM kahA gayA hai ki lokAyata nahIM sIkhanA cAhie, jo sIkhe use dukkaTa kA doSa hai, vahIM dUsarI ora 'milindapanha' meM nAgasena ke jJAna kI prazaMsA meM kahA gayA hai ki ve tInoM veda, nighaNTu, itihAsa, vyAkaraNa, lokAyata Adi zAstroM meM pUrNa niSNAta the| jaina zikSA meM cAra vedoM ('Rgveda', 'yajurveda', 'sAmaveda' aura 'atharvaveda') kA adhyApana hotA thA jabaki bauddha zikSA meM tIna vedoM ('Rgveda', 'yajurveda' aura 'sAmaveda') kA hI adhyayana karAne kA ullekha hai| __ jaina zikSA ke antargata 72 kalAoM kI saMkhyA svIkAra kI gayI hai jabaki bauddha zikSA ke antargata 96 kalAoM kA samAveza hai| bauddha zikSA praNAlI meM purANa, itihAsa, veda, vyAkaraNa, jyotiSa, sAMkhya yoga, vaizeSika Adi zAstroM ko bhI kalAoM ke antargata rakhA gayA hai jo ucita nahIM jAna par3atA, kyoMki kalA kA artha hotA hai kisI bhI kArya ko bhalI-bhA~ti kuzalatApUrvaka krnaa| jaina zikSA meM 72 kalAoM ke atirikta ina saba viSayoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| jaina-paramparA meM mahilAoM ke lie 64 kalAe~ batAyI gayI haiM, jabaki bauddha-paramparA meM mahilAoM ke lie alaga se koI vidhAna nahIM hai|

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96 8. jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina paramparA meM 18 prakAra kI lipiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jabaki bauddha paramparA meM 64 prakAra kI lipiyoM kI mAnyatA hai| kalAoM kI saMkhyA meM jo bhinnatA dekhane ko milatI hai vaha koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai, kyoMki kalAoM kA sambandha tatkAlIna zikSaNa-paddhati ke sAtha hai| sabhI kA prAyaH eka-dUsare meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| mukhya bAta dhyAna dene yogya yaha hai ki donoM hI sampradAyoM meM kalAoM kA cayana isa dUradRSTitA se kiyA gayA hai ki jIvana ke sabhI aMga samAhita ho jAte haiN| sandarbha : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ancient Indian Education, p. 8-9 'tattvArthasUtra', vive0- paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, 10/2. vahI, pR0 10. cittamantamacitaM vA parigijjha kisAmapi / annaM vA aNujANAI evaM dukkhA NamuccaI || 'sUtrakRtAMga, 1/1/2 kAmA duratikkamA jIviyaM duppaDibUhagaM / kAma kAmI khalu ayaM purise se soyati jUrati tippati paritippati / 'AcArAMga', 2/90. - samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArga: / 'tattvArthasUtra', 1 / 1 . tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam / vahI, 1/2 . 'tattvArthAdhigama', 1/1/3 'dravyasaMgraha', zloka 42. tattvArthasUtra, pR0-2. 'jaina dharma meM ahiMsA', pR0 - 184. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 'praznavyAkaraNa', pR0 618. 13. tavesu vA uttamaM baMbhaceraM / sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, uddhRta 'praznavyAkaraNa', hemacandrajI mahArAja, pR0-716. 14. mUrcchA parigrahaH / 'tattvArthasUtra', 7/12. 15. kasiNaM pi jo imaM loyaM paDipuNNaM dalejja ikkassa / vi sena satusse ii duppUrae ime AyA / / 'uttarAdhyayana', 8/16. 16. maitrIpramodakAruNyamAdhyasthyAni sttvgunnaadhikklishymaanaavineyessu| 'tattvArthasUtra', 7/6. 17. se uTThiesu vA aNuTThiesu vA sussUsamANesu pavedae saMti viraMti uvasamaM NivvANaM soyaviyaM ajjaviyaM maddaviyaM lAghaviyaM aNativittiyaM / 'AcArAMga', 1/6/5/196

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya 97 18. taM jahA - khaMtI, muttI, ajjave, maddave, lAghave, sacce, saMjame tave, cicAe, baMbhaceravAse / 'sthAnAMga', 10 /16. 'samavAyAMga', 10/61. 19. 20. 21. koho pIiM paNAsei, mANo viNayanAsaNo / 22. uttamaH kSamAmArdavArjavazaucasatyasaMyamatapastyAgAkiMcanyabrahmacaryANi dharmaH / 'tattvArthasUtra', 9/6. mAyA mittANi nAsei, lobho savvaviNAsaNo / 'dazavaikAlika', 8/37. uvasameNa haNe kohaM, mANaM maddavayA jiNe / mAyaM ca'jjavabhAveNa, lobhaM saMtosao jiNe / / vahI, 8/38. 23. 'tattvArthasUtra', pR0 208. 24. 25. 'tattvArthasUtra', pR0 209. 26. vahI, pR0 - 210. 33. 34. 'AvazyakasUtra', kSamApaNA pATha / 27. 'nizIthacUNi', 46. 28. 'pravacanasAroddhAra', dvAra 270, gAthA 1498. 29. vahI, pR0 210. 30. 31. vahI, pR0 284. 32. 'prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna', pR0-284. 'samavAyAMga', 72/356. 'jJAtAdharmakathA', 1 / 99. 'aupapAtikasUtra', 107. 35. 'rAjapraznIyasUtra, pR0 207 36. (1) brAhmI, (2) yavanAnI, (3) doSauriyA, (4) kharoSTrikA, (5) kharazAhikA (kharazApitA), (6) prabhArAjikA, (7) uccattarikA, (8) akSarapRSTikA, (9) bhogavatikA, (10) vainatikI, (11) ninhavikA, (12) aMkalipi, (13) gaNitalipi, (14) gandharvalipi, (15) Adarzalipi, (16) mAhezvarI, (17) drAviDI, (18) poliMdI / 'samavAyAMga', 18 'samavAyAMga' aura 'prajJApanA' meM varNita aTThAraha lipiyoM meM kucha antara hai / 'prajJApanA' meM aMtakkhariyA (antAkSarikA) lipi kA ullekha hai jo 'samavAyAMga' meM upalabdha nahI hotA hai / 'samavAyAMga' meM uccattariyA lipi kA ullekha hai jo 'prajJApanA' meM anupalabdha hai| 'samavAyAMga' meM kharasAhiyA lipi kA ullekha milatA hai| isake sthAna para prajJApanA meM parivartana ke sAtha 'pukkharasariyA' ullekha milatA hai| 'upadezapada' meM AcArya haribhadra ne lipiyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM eka nAma 'uDDI' prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra 'samavAyAMga' meM 'dousariyA' lipi

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98 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA ullekha milatA hai| ye donoM nAma 'uriyA' lipi kI pRSThabhUmi kI ora saMketa karate haiN| haMsalivI bhayalivI, jakkhI taha rakkhasI ya vodhvvaa| uDDI jaNavI phuDUkkI, kIDI daviDI ya siNghviyaa|| mAlaviNI naDa nAgari, lADalivI pArasIya bodhbbaa| taha animittA NeyA, cANakkI mUladevI y|| 'upadezapada', vainayikIbuddhiprakaraNa muni puNyavijayajI ke anusAra I0pU0 500 se 300 taka bhArata kI samasta lipiyA~ brAhmI ke nAma se kahI jAtI thii| 'bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhanakalA', pR0-9 37. 'prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna', pR0 286-87. 38. gIta, nRtya, vAdya, kauzala-lipijJAna, udAravacana, citravidhi, pustakarma, patracchedya, mAlyavidhi, gandhayutyasvAdhavidhAna, ratnaparIkSA, sIvana, raMgaparijJAna, upakaraNakriyA, mAnavidhi, AjIvajJAna, tiryagyonicikitsita, mAyAkRtapASaNDaparijJAna, krIDAkauzala, lokajJAna, vaicakSaNya, saMvAhana, zarIra-saMsakAra aura vizeSa kauSala, AyuprApti, akSavidhAna, rUpasaMkhyA, kriyAmArgaNa, bIjagrahaNa, nayajJAna, karaNAdAna, citrAcitravidhi, gUDharAzi, yulyAbhihAra, kSipragrahaNa, anuprAptilekhasmRti, agnikarma, chalavyAmoha, grahadAna, upasthAna-vidhi, yuddha, sata, gata, nRtta, puruSa kA bhAvagrahaNa, svarAgaprakAzana, pratyaGgadAna, nakhadantavicAra, nIvIsraMsana, guhyAGga kA saMsparzanAnulomya, paramArtha-kauzala, harSaNa, samAnArthatA-kRtArthatA, anuprotsAhana, mRdukrodhapravartana, samyakkrodhanivartana, kruddhaprasAdana, supta-parityAga, caramasvApavidhi guhyagUhana, sAzrupAta ramaNa ko zApadAna, svazapathakriyA, prasthitAnugamana aura puna: punrniriikssnn| 'kAmasUtra', 1/3-16. 39. 'kalpasUtra', 1/10. 40. 'RSibhadeva : eka parizIlana', pR0-149 'chAndogyopaniSad', 7/1. 'sthAnAMgasUtra', 4/4/632,633,634,637 43. 'rAjapraznIya TIkA', pR0-136. 44. 'kuvalayamAlAkahA', 22/1-10; kAdambarI, pR0-231-32. 45. 'samavAyAMga', 77/356, 'kAdambarI', pR0-231-32. 46. zaMkha, zrRMga (raNasiMgA), zaMkhikA, kharamukaI, peyA, piripirikA, paNava (Dhola), paTaha (nagAr3A), bhaMbhA, horambha, bherI, jhAlara, dundubhi, muraja, mRdaMga, nandImRdaMga, AliMga, kustuMbA, gomukhI, mAdalA, vINA, vipaMcI, vallakI, SaDbhrAmarI vINA, bhrAmarI vINA, badhvIsA, parivAdinI vINA, sughoSAghaMTA, naMdIghoSaghaMTA, sau tAra kI vINA, kAchavI vINA, citra vINA, AmoTa, jhaMjhA, nakula, tUNa, tuMba vINA (tambUrA), mukunda, 41.

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya 99 huDukka, vicikkI, karaTI, DimaDima, kiNika, kaDaMba, dardara, dardarikA, kalazikA, maDakka, tala, tAla, kAMsya tAla, riMgarisikA, lattikA, makarikA, zizumArikA, vAlI, veNu, parilI aura bddhk| 'rAjapraznIya', 77 47. 'kAdambarI', pR0 231-32. 48. 'samavAyAMgasUtra', 72/356. 49. 'sthAnAMgasUtra', 7/1/39; 'anuyogadvAra', pR0 117. 50. 'Rgveda', 10/34/8. 51. 'kAmasUtra', 1/3-16, tulanA ke lie dekhie- 'kuvalayamAlAkahA', 22/1-10. 52. 'samavAyAMga', 72/356. 53. 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja', pR0 297 54. 'kuvalayamAlAkahA', 22/1-10. 55. "samavAyAMga', 72/356. 56. 'Rgveda', 1/43/4. 57. vahI, 5/44/5. 58. 'samavAyAMga', 72/356. 59. vahI 60. "jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja', pR0 297. 61. vahI, pR0-297. 62. vahI, pR0-298. 63. 'prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna', pR0 290. 64. 'samavAyAMga', 72/356. 65. vahI 66. vahI 67. 'kAmasUtra', 1/3-16. 68. 'samavAyAMga', 72/356. 69. vahI 70. vahI 71. tulanA ke lie dekhie- 'kAmasUtra' 1/3-16; 'samavAyAMga', 72/356. 72. "samarAiccakahA', pR0 734-35. 73. 'jambUdvIpapajJapti TIkA'-2, pR0 136. 74. 'prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI sAMskRtika bhUmikA', pR0 160, 193. 75. 'sthAnAMga', 3/398 jainadharma kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki RSabha ke putra bharata ne Arya vedoM kI racanA kI thI

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100 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jisake antargata tIrthaGkara kI stuti, yatidharma, zrAvaka dharma Adi kA varNana kiyA gayA thaa| tatpazcAt sulasA, yAjJavalkya Adi ne anArya vedoM kI racanA kI, jo Aja upalabdha hai- 'AvazyakacUrNi', pR0 115; 'sUtrakRtAMgacUrNi", pR0-16. 76. 'vyAkhyAprajJapti', 2/1 _ 'uttarAdhyayana', 56-a 78. 'anuyogadvAra', 40 79. 'nandIsUtra', 77, pR0-155. 80. 'sthAnAMga', 9/27. 81. 'mAdhyamikakArikA', 24/8. 82. 'bauddhadarzana mImAMsA', pR0-39. 'saMyuktanikAya', 3, 251, 261, 371 84. jidhacchA paramArogA saGkhArA prmaadukhaa| etaM atvA yathAbhUtaM nivvANaM paramaM sukhN|| 'dhammapada', 203 85. 'jAtaka' (hindI anuvAda), ji0 2, pR0 425. 86. vahI, ji0 3, pR0 397. 87. 'prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa', pR0 226. vahI 89. draSTavya, 'cUlamAlukyasUtta'- 63, 'majjhimanikAya' (anu0) 253-55. 'poThapAdasutta', 1/9; 'dIghanikAya', pR0 71. UrNApakSma yathaiva hi karatalasaMsthaM na vedyate pumbhiH| akSigataM tu tathaiva hi janayatyaratiM ca pIDAM c|| karatalasadRzo bAlo na vetti sNskaarduHkhtaapkssm| akSisadRzastu vidvAnaMstenaivodvejyate gAr3hami ti|| 'abhidharmakozabhASya', pR0-329. 92. yathA cikitsAzAstraM catuhaM- rogo, rogahetuH, Arogya, bhaissjymiti| evamidapi zAstraM caturdUhama- tad yathA saMsAra: saMsArahetuH, mokSo, mokSopAya iti| 'vyAsabhASya', 2/15. 93. konu hAso kimAnando niccaM pajjalite sti| 'dhammapada', 146. 94. idaM kho pana bhikkhave dukkhasamudayaM ariyscy| yoyaM taNhA pona bhavikA nandirAgavahagatA tatra tatrAbhinandinI seyamIdaM kAmataNDA, bhavataNDA, vibhvtnnddaa| 'majjhimanikAya', mahAhatthiM pdopmsuut| 95. na taM dalhaM bandhanamAhu dhIrA yadAyasaM dArujaM pbbjnyc| sArattarattA maNikuNDalesu, puttesu dAresu ca yA apekkhaa|| 'dhammapada', 345. 96. ye rAgarattAnupataMti sotaM, sayaM kataM makkaTako va jaalN| 'dhammapada', 347. 91.

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97. jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya selo yathA ekagghano, vAtena na samIrati / evaM rUpA rasA saddA, gandhA phassA ca kevalA || iTThA dhammA aniThThA ca nappavedhenti tAdino / ThitaM cittaM vippamuttaM vayaM cassAnupassatI ti / / 'aMguttaranikAya', 6 / 6 / 1, pR0-89 maggAnadvaMseTTho / 'dhammapada', 273 98. 99. eso va maggo natthaJJo dassanassa visuddhiyA / etaM hi tumhe paTipajjatha mArassetaM pamohanaM / / vahI, 274 100. majjhimanikAya (hi0 anu0), 'samAdiTThisutta', pR0 31-35. 101. na hi verena verAni sammantIdha kudAcanaM / averena ca sammanti esa dhammo sanantano || 'dhammapada', 5 102. yathApi ruciraM pupphaM vaNNavantaM sagandhakaM / evaM subhASitA vAcA saphalA hoti kubbto| vahI, 52 103. yo pANamatipAteti musAvAdaJca bhAsati / loke adinaM adiyati paradAraca dacchati / / surAmerayapAnaJca yo naro anuyuJjati / idhevameso lokasmiM mUlaM khanati attano / / vahI, 246-247 104. Rhys Davids, Buddhism, pp. 126-127 105. satthavaNijjA, sattavaNijjA, maMsavaNijjA, majjavaNijjA, visavaNijjAimA.. paMcavijjA akaraNIyA ti / 'aMguttaranikAya', khaNDa 2, pR0 - 454. 106. 'dIghanikAya', pR0-269. 107. The Essence of Buddhism, p. 170 108. 'dIghanikAya' (hi0 anu0), pR0 - 190 se 198 - vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie| 109. bRttasthaH zrutacintAvAnbhAvanAyAM prayujyate / nAmobhayArthaviSayA zruttamayyAdikA dhiyaH || 'abhidhammakozabhASya', 6/5-6. pR0-334 101 110. nAmAlambanA kila zrutamayI prjnyaa| vahI, 111. nAmArthAlambanA cintAmayI prajJA / vahI 112. arthAlambanaiva bhAvanAmayI prajJA / vahI 113. 'dIghanikAya' (sAmajjaphala sutta), pR0 30-31 114. 'lalitavistara' (anu0 zAntibhikSu zAstrI), pR0 296. 115. brAhmI, kharoSThI, puSkarasAri, aMga, vaMga, magadha, maMgalya, aMgulIya, zakAri, brahmavali, pAruSya, drAviDa, kirAta, dAkSiNya, ugra, saMkhyA, anuloma, avamUrddha, darada, khASya, cIna, lUna, hUNa, madhyAkSaravistara, puSpa, deva, nAga, yakSa, dandharva, kinnara, mahoraga, asura, garuDa, mRgacakra, vAyasaruta, bhaumadeva, antarikSadeva, uttarakurudvIpa, aparagoDAnI,

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102 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pUrvavideha, utkSepa, nikSepa, vikSepa, prakSepa, sAgara, vajra, lekha-pratilekha, anudruta, zasastrAvarta, gaNanAvarta, utkSepAvarta, nikSepAvarta, pAdalikhita, dviruttarapadasandhi, yAvaddazottarapadasandhi, madhyAhAriNI, sarvaruta-saMgrahaNI, vidyAnulomAvimizrita, RSitapastaptArocamAnA, dharaNIprekSiNI, gaganaprekSiNI, sarvaiSadhiniSyanda, sarvasArasaMgrahaNI aura srvbhuutrutgrhnnii| 'lalitavastara', a0 10, pR0-251. 116. 'Rgveda', 10/34/8. 117. vahI, 1/43/4. 118. 'kAdambarI', pR0 231-32. 119. 'chAndogyopaniSad', 7/1. 120. 'milindapanhapAli', 4/3/16, pR0 132. 121. 'prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa', pR0 235 122. 'prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa', pR0 235. 123. yathA vA pana, mahArAja, brAhmaNamANavakAnaM iruvebbadaM yajubbedaM sAmavedaM athabvaNavedaM lakkhaNaM itihAsaM purANaM nighaNTu keTubhaM akkharappabhedaM padaM veyyAkaraNaM bhAsamaggamaM uppAtaM supinaM nimittaM chaLaGga candaggAhaM suriyaggAhaM sukkarAhucaritaM uLggahayuddhaM devadundubhissaraM okkanti ukkApAtaM bhUmikapaM disAdAhaM bhummantalikkhaM jotisaM lokAyitakaM sAcakkaM migacakkaM antaracakkaM missakuppAdaM sakuNarutaravitaM sikkhA karaNIyA, avasesasAnaM puthuvessasuddAnaM kasi vaNijjA gorakkhA karaNIyA; evameva kho, mahArAja, akammaM hetaM jinaputtAnaM yadidaM puujaa|................ rAjaputtAnaM hatthiassadhanutharulekhamuddAsika?kAkhaggamantasutisammutiyuddhayujjhApanakiriyA karaNIyA, avasesAnaM puthuvessasuddAnaM kasi vaNijjA gorakkhA krnniiyaa| 'milindapanhapAli', 4/3/16, aura dekheM- Ancient Indian Education, R. K. Mukherjee, p. 475 124. suti, samuti, saMkhyA, yogo, nIti, visesikA, gaNikA, gandhabbA, tikicchA, catubbedA, purANA, itihAsA, jotimA, mAyA, ketu, mantanA, yaddhiA, chandasA, buddhavacanena ekuunviisti| 'milindapanhapAli', 1/4. 125. 'jAtaka', (anu0 hindI), ji0 1, pR0 383. 126. vahI, ji0 1, pR0-383. 127. vahI, ji0 1, pR0-57. 128. vahI, ji0 5, pR0-552. 129. vahI, ji0 5, pR0-44. 130. vahI, ji0 5, pR0-545. 131. vahI, ji0 5, pR0-186, ji0 5, pR0-537, 561

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jaina evaM bauddha zikSA ke uddezya evaM viSaya 103 103 136 14 132. vahI, ji0 3, pR0-312, ji0 4, pR0-186, 534. 133. vahI, ji0 1, pR0-117. 134. vahI, ji0 2, pR0-273-74, 424-25. 135. vahI, ji0 1, pR0-57. vahI, ji0 1, pR0-506. 137. vahI, ji0 1, pR0-566. 138. vahI, ji0 1, pR0-425, 246 139. vahI, ji0 4, pR0-165. vahI, ji0 3, pR0-172-73. 141. vahI, ji0 1, pR0.301. vahI, ji0 1, pR0-99. 143. vahI, ji0 2, pR0-291. 144. vahI, ji0 2, pR0-180. 145, vahI, ji0 2, pR0-230. 146. vahI, ji0 2, pR0-230. 147. vahI, ji0 2, pR0-233. 148. vahI, ji0 4, pR0-129. 149. vahI, ji0 4, pR0-279. 840. Education in Ancient India, p. 329 142. '

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caturtha adhyAya zikSA-paddhati prAcIna bhArata meM bAlakoM ko gurukula praNAlI evaM svaccha vAtAvaraNa meM gharoM se dUra AzramoM meM zikSA dI jAtI thii| prAcInakAla se hI araNya zikSA ke kendra rahe haiN| gurukula praNAlI kA mukhya uddezya bAlakoM meM jJAna aura satyAcaraNa kA saMcAra karanA hotA thaa| bAlakoM ko mAnavIya mUlyoM ke prakAza se avalokita kiyA jAtA thA jisase ki ve apane vyaktitva kA bhalIbhA~ti vikAsa kara skeN| AcAra va vyavahAra kI zikSA AdhyAtmika va zAstrIya jJAna ke AdhAra para dI jAtI thii| bAlaka AdhyAtmika jJAna tathA mAnavIya mUlyoM se ota-prota zikSAe~ udAtta caritra vAle guruoM kI chatrachAyA meM rahakara prApta karate the| ve bauddhika, mAnasika, zArIrika evaM Atmika vikAsa pAkara AdhyAtmikatA ke utkarSa kI prApti ke lie sarvadA tatpara rahate the| yadi kahA jAye ki bAlakoM kA pUrNa zikSAkrama cAritrazuddhi para AdhArita hotA thA to koI atizayokti nahIM hogI, kyoMki gurukula meM mana, vacana evaM kAyazuddhi para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha Adi zikSA ke vizeSa aMga the| subaha se zAma taka unakI dinacaryA caritra nirdhAraka AcaraNoM se ota-prota rahatI thii| santoSa, zucitA, niSkapaTa vyavahAra, jitendriyatA, mitabhASaNa, zAstrAnukUla pravRtti Adi gurukula nivAsa ke mukhya prayojana the| gurukula meM- chAtra sahapAThiyoM evaM guruoM ke sAtha bar3e hI Ananda evaM ullAsa ke sAtha apane jIvana kA zubhArambha karate the (jahA~ chala, hiMsA, asatya, corI Adi vividha vikAroM kA abhAva rahA karatA thaa)| parivAra aura samAja se dUra bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM, saMskAroM aura samAjoM ke vidyArthI eka sAtha rahate the jisase unake andara jAtIyatA kI dIvAra ko tor3akara prema aura saumyatA kA dIpa prajvalita hotA thaa| guru aura ziSya kA nikaTa samparka donoM meM AtmIya ekatA ke sUtra ko jor3anevAlA hotA thaa| guru kA artha vahA~ kevala adhyayana karAne vAle se nahIM hotA thA apitu guru usa kAla ke pUrNa vyaktitva huA karate the jo ziSya ke jIvana kI samasta jimmedAriyA~ apane Upara lekara calate the| ziSya ke jIvana meM ucca saMskAra tathA jJAna kA Aloka pradAna karate the| isa taraha

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zikSA-paddhati 105 yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki chAtra gurukula meM kevala zikSA hI nahIM pAtA thA, balki sampUrNa jIvana prApta karatA thaa| saMskAra, vyavahAra, kartavya kA bodha, viSayavastu kA jJAna Adi jIvana kA sarvAGgINa adhyayana evaM zikSaNa gurukula paddhati kA Adarza thaa| / zikSA kA sampUrNa viSaya samyak-darzana, samyak-jJAna aura samyak-cAritra ke antargata samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| inhIM tInoM ke sammilita rUpa ko mokSaprApti kA mArga kahA gayA hai| vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko samyaka-jJAna, vastu ke vAstavika svarUpa ko samajhakara dRr3ha niSThApUrvaka hRdayaGgama karanA samyak-darzana tathA vyAvahArika rUpa meM use jIvana meM utAranA samyak-cAritra hai| 'tattvArthasUtra'1 meM inheM prApta karane kI do vidhiyA~ batalAyI gayI haiM- (1) nisarga-vidhi, (2) adhigm-vidhi| (1) nisarga-vidhi nisarga kA artha hotA hai- svbhaav| prajJAvAna vyakti ko kisI guru athavA zikSaka dvArA zikSA prApta karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI hai| jIvana ke vikAsa-krama meM vaha svata: hI jJAna ke vibhinna viSayoM ko sIkhatA rahatA hai| tattvoM kA samyak-jJAna vaha svataH prApta karatA jAtA hai aura samyak-bodha tathA samyak-jJAna kI upalabdhiyoM ko jIvana meM utArakara samyak-cAritra ko prApta karatA hai| ise hI nisarga-vidhi kahate haiN| (2) adhigama-vidhi ___ padArtha kA jJAna honA adhigama hai| pAribhASika rUpa meM dUsaroM ke sikhAne athavA upadeza se padArthoM kA jo jJAna hotA hai use adhigama kahate haiN| isa vidhi ke mAdhyama se jJAnI (pratibhAvAn) tathA alpajJAnI sabhI prakAra ke vyakti tattvajJAna karate haiM tathA yahI tattva jJAna samyak-darzana kA kAraNa banatA hai| ata: nisarga-vidhi meM prajJAvAna vyakti kI prajJA kA svataH sphuraNa hotA hai aura adhigama-vidhi meM zikSaka kA honA anivArya hai| yAnI guru ke upadeza se jIva aura jagata rUpI tattvoM kA jJAna prApta karanA adhigama-vidhi hai| isake nimnAMkita bheda haiM (ka) nikSepa-vidhi, (kha) pramANa-vidhi, (ga) naya-vidhi, (gha) anuyogadvAra-vidhi, (Ga) svaadhyaay-vidhi| (ka) nikSepa-vidhi lokavyavahAra meM athavA zAstra meM jitane zabda hote haiM, ve vahA~ kisa artha meM prayoga kiye gaye haiM, isakA jJAna honA nikSepa-vidhi hai| eka hI zabda ke vibhinna prasaMgoM meM bhinna-bhinna artha ho sakate haiN| ina arthoM kA jJAna nikSepa vidhi dvArA kiyA jAtA hai

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106 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana arthAt anizcitatA kI sthiti se nikalakara nizcitatA meM pahu~canA nikSepa vidhi hai| jaina mAnyatAnusAra pratyeka zabda ke kama se kama cAra artha nikalate haiN| ve hI cAra artha usa zabda ke artha-sAmAnya ke cAra vibhAga haiN| ye vibhAga hI nikSepa yA nyAsa kahalAte haiN| nikSepa-vidhi ke cAra vibhAga nimnalikhita haiM (1) nAma, (2) sthApanA, (3) dravya aura (4) bhaav| (1) nAma nikSepa- jo artha vyutpatti siddha na ho arthAt vyutpatti kI apekSA kiye binA saMketamAtra ke lie kisI vyakti yA vastu kA nAmakaraNa karanA nAma-nikSepa vidhi hai| jaise eka aisA vyakti jisakA nAma sevaka ho para usameM sevaka jaisA koI guNa na ho| nAma-nikSepa vidhi jJAna prApti kA prathama caraNa hai| (2) sthApanA nikSepa- vAstavika vastu kI pratikRti, mUrti, citra Adi banAkara athavA binA AkAra banAye hI kisI vastu meM usakI sthApanA karake mUla vastu kA jJAna karAnA sthApanA nikSepa vidhi hai| jaise kisI sevaka kA citra yA muurti| isake bhI do bheda haiM(ka) sadbhAva sthApanA-sadbhAva sthApanA kA artha hotA hai mUla vastu athavA vyakti kI pratikRti bnaanaa| yaha pratikRti kASTha, mRttikA, pASANa, dA~ta, sIMga Adi kI banAyI jAtI hai| isa prakAra kI pratikRti banAkara jo jJAna karAyA jAtA hai use sadbhAva sthApanA vidhi kahate haiN| (kha) asadbhAva sthApanA- asadbhAva sthApanA meM vastu kI yathArtha pratikRti nahIM banAyI jAtI pratyut kisI bhI AkAra kI vastu meM mUla vastu kI sthApanA kara dI jAtI hai| jaise- zataraMja kI moharoM meM rAjA, vajIra Adi kI sthApanA kara dI jAtI hai| (3) dravya nikSepa- pUrva aura uttara arthAt bhUta evaM bAda kI sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue vastu kA jJAna karAnA dravya nikSepa vidhi hai| jaise- koI vyakti vartamAna meM sevaka kA kArya nahIM karatA; kintu vaha sevA kArya kara cukA hai aura bhaviSya meM karane vAlA hai| (4) bhAva nikSepa- vartamAna sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vastu svarUpa kA jJAna karAnA bhAva-nikSepa vidhi hai| (kha) pramANa-vidhi saMzaya se rahita vastu kA samyak-jJAna karAnA pramANa-vidhi hai| isa vidhi ke

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107 zikSA-paddhati dvArA hI jIva aura jagata kA pUrNa evaM prAmANika jJAna prApta hotA hai| samyak-jJAna hI pramANa hai| samyaka-jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra hote haiM- mati, zruta, avadhi, mana:paryAya aura kevl| inameM se prathama do yAnI mati aura zruta parokSa jJAna haiM tathA anya tIna yAnI avadhi, mana:paryAya aura kevala pratyakSa jJAna haiN| AcArya umAsvAti ne ina jJAnoM kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa karate huye kahA hai ki mati jJAna indriya aura anindriya (mana) ke mAdhyama se utpanna hotA hai tathA zruta jJAna matipUrvaka hotA hai jisake do, aneka aura bAraha bheda hote haiN|4 / sAmAnyatayA pratyakSa meM hama indriya upalabdhoM ko dekhate haiN| inakI smRti bhI hameM spaSTa dikhAyI par3atI hai| jaise- A~kha banda karake kisI vastu ko dekhate haiM to use bhI pahacAna lete haiN| parokSa jJAna meM anumAna kA aMza bhI hotA hai, kintu yaha kriyA smRti kI sahAyatA se hI hotI hai| jaise- dUra camakIlApana dikhAyI par3atA hai aura hama kaha baiThate haiM ki vahA~ reta hai| isakA abhiprAya hai hamane pahale bhI kahIM reta dekhA hai aura vividha jJAnendriyoM ne hameM vividha guNoM kA bodha karAyA hai| isa samaya kI camaka pahale dekhI huI camaka ke samAna jAna par3atI hai aura hama kaha baiThate haiM ki maiM reta dekha rahA huuN| pratyakSa va apratyakSa kA yaha vizleSaNa anya darzanoM meM mila sakatA hai jaina darzana meM nhiiN| nyAya darzana meM indriyajanya jJAna ko pratyakSa tathA zabdAdijanya jJAna ko parokSa kahA gayA hai, kintu jaina darzana meM pratyakSa aura parokSa ko ThIka isake viparIta vizleSita kiyA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jo jJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA ke binA kevala AtmA kI yogyatA se utpanna hotA hai vaha pratyakSa hai tathA jo jJAna indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se utpanna hotA hai vaha parokSa hai| pratyakSa-parokSa kA yaha vizleSaNa jaina darzana meM kiyA gayA uttaravartI vizleSaNa hai, kyoMki Agamayuga meM (IsA pUrva se 5vIM zatI taka) jaina sAhitya meM jJAnamImAMsA kI hI pradhAnatA rahI hai| pramANAntargata pratyakSa-parokSa kA jJAnamImAMsA meM praveza AryarakSita aura umAsvAti ke kAla meM huA hai, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya mahAprajJa ke anusAra pramANa kA prArambha karanevAloM meM do pramukha AcArya haiM- AryarakSita aura umaasvaati| AryarakSita ne anuyoga kA prArambha paMcavidha jJAna ke sUtra se kiyA hai| unhoMne pramANa kI carcA jJAnaguNa pramANa ke antargata kI hai| isakA niSkarSa hai ki pramANamImAMsA kA maulika AdhAra jJAnamImAMsA hI hai| umAsvAti ne pahale pA~ca jJAna kI carcA kI hai, phira jJAna pramANa hai isa sUtra kI racanA kI hai|5 jaina vidvAna DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina bhI jJAnamImAMsA meM pramANamImAMsA kA Agamana 3rI-4thI zatAbdI hI mAnate haiM jo AryarakSita aura umAsvAti kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai| umAsvAti ne paMcajJAna ko hI do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| matijJAna, zrutajJAna

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108 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko parokSa tathA avadhijJAna, mana:paryAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna ko pratyakSa batalAyA hai| pramANa ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara unakA paMcajJAna ke sAtha sambandha jor3anA jaina darzana meM umAsvAti dvArA kiyA gayA nayA mor3a hai| isa AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina zikSaNa-paddhati meM pramANa-vidhi kA praveza 3rI-4thI zatAbdI meM haa| jaina zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra jaina nyAya ke adhiSThAtA ke rUpa meM siddhasena divAkara kA nAma AtA hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA ke anusAra samantabhadra jaina nyAya ke adhiSThAtA the| siddhasena kI pramukha racanA 'nyAyAvatAra' hai jisameM unhoMne pratyakSa, parokSa, anumAna aura usake avayavoM kA apane DhaMga se vivecana kiyA hai| pramANa ko paribhASita karate huye unhoMne kahA hai ki pramANa usa jJAna ko kahate haiM jo sva ke sAtha-sAtha para ko bhI jAna ske| itanA hI nahIM, balki usakA khaNDana bhI kisI anya jJAna ke dvArA na ho ske| siddhasena ke pazcAt jaina nyAya kA vikasita rUpa akalaMka ke darzana meM dekhane ko milatA hai| muni nathamala (AcArya mahAprajJa) ke anusAra AcArya siddhasena ke 'nyAyAvatAra' meM pratyakSa, parokSa, anumAna aura usake avayavoM ki carcA pramANazAstra kI svataMtra racanA kA dvAra khola detI hai| phira bhI usakI AtmA zaizavakAlIna-sI lagatI hai| ise yauvanazrI taka le jAne kA zreya digambara AcArya akalaMka ko hai| pramANa ko paribhASita karate huye kahA hai- pramANa ko avisaMvAdI tathA anadhigatArtha honA caahiye| jJAna ko avisaMvAdI batAkara akalaMka ne pUrvamAnya pramANa paribhASAoM ko eka navInatA pradAna kii| akalaMka ke anusAra pramANa ke mukhyata: do bheda haiM- (1) pratyakSa aura (2) prokss| pratyakSa ke bhI do bheda kiye gaye haiM- (1) sAMvyAvahArika yA indriya pratyakSa, (2) mukhya (pAramArthika) yA sakala pratyakSA sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kI zreNI meM matijJAna AtA hai aura mukhya pratyakSa kI zreNI meM avadhi, mana:paryAya aura kevalajJAna AtA hai| cU~ki vyavahAra meM indriya aura mana se prApta honevAle jJAna ko pratyakSa jJAna mAnA jAtA hai, saMbhavata: yahI kAraNa hai ki akalaMka ne pratyakSa ko mukhya aura sAMvyavahArika rUpoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| pramANa kA eka vibhAjana 'anuyogadvArasUtra' meM prApta hotA hai| isameM jJAna ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- pratyakSa, anumAna, Agama aura upamAnA pratyakSa- isake svarUpa ke viSaya meM pUrva meM vicAra kiyA jA cukA hai| anumAna- sAdhana se sAdhya kA jJAna honA anumAna hai| jaise- dhuMA ko dekhakara agni kI upasthiti kA jJAna honaa| dUsare zabdoM meM liGga grahaNa aura vyApti smaraNa ke pazcAt honevAlA jJAna anumAna kahalAtA hai| sAdhana se sAdhya niyata jJAna avinAbhAva

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109 zikSA-paddhati ke bala para hotA hai| jaina darzana meM sAdhya ke avinAbhAvI hetu se honevAle jJAna ko anumAna kahA gayA hai| anumAna ko paribhASita karate huye siddhasena ne avinAbhAvI liGga dvArA sAdhya ke nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko anumAna kahA hai|11 vastuta: sAdhya aura sAdhana ke bIca avinAbhAva sambandha hI anumAna kA mUla AdhAra hai| avinAbhAva kA yaha sambandha do niyamoM para AdhArita hotA hai- eka sahabhAva niyama aura dUsarA kramabhAva niyamA12 jo padArtha eka sAtha rahate haiM unameM sahabhAva niyama sambandha hotA hai| dhUma aura agni meM sahabhAva sambandha hai| ise vyApya aura vyApaka sambandha bhI kahate haiN| jisakA vistAra kama hotA hai vaha vyApya kahalAtA hai aura jisakA vistAra adhika hotA hai vaha vyApaka kahalAtA hai| vyApya kA vistAra vyApaka se kama yA barAbara hotA hai tathA vyApaka kA vistAra vyApya se adhika yA barAbara hotA hai| cUMA aura agni meM dhuMA vyApya hai aura agni vyApaka, kyoMki dhuMA kA vistAra agni se kama hotA hai| kintu vyApya-vyApaka kA yaha sambandha hamezA rahe yaha nizcita nahIM hai, kyoMki jahA~-jahA~ dhuMA hai vahA~-vahA~ agni hai yaha kathana to satya hai kintu jahA~-jahA~ agni hai vahA~-vahA~ dhuMA hai yaha kathana hamezA satya nahIM hotaa| jaise- tapta lohe meM agni hotI hai, cUMA nhiiN| kRtikA nakSatra kA udaya antarmuhUrta pahale hotA hai aura rohiNI nakSatra kA udaya usake bAda hotA hai, isalie ina donoM meM kramabhAva sambandha mAnA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM sahabhAva aura kramabhAva kA spaSTa pratipAdana mANikyanandI dvArA kiyA gayA hai, kintu isake bIja akalaMka ke grantha meM milate haiN|13 svArthAnumAna aura parArthAnumAna anumAna ke do prakAra haiN| jo anumAna apane liye kiyA jAtA hai vaha svArthAnumAna aura svArthAnumAna dvArA prApta jJAna ko dUsare ko samajhAnA parArthAnumAna kahalAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM pramAtA kA hetu dvArA sAdhya kA jJAna karanA svArthAnumAna hai aura usI pramAtA dvArA sAdhya kA jJAna prApta karane ke pazcAt kisI dUsare ko hetu Adi kA kathana karake sAdhya kA jJAna karAnA parArthAnumAna hai|15 'anuyogadvAra' meM anumAna ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM- pUrvavat, zeSavat aura dRssttisaadhrmyvt|16 Agama- Apta yA prAmANika puruSoM ke zabdoM dvArA vastuoM kA jo jJAna hotA hai use Agama pramANa kahate haiN| 'pramANanayatattvAloka' meM AptapuruSa ke vacanAdi se AvirbhUta arthajJAna ko Agama kahA gayA hai|17 AptapuruSa se tAtparya hai jo vastuoM ko unake yathArtha rUpa meM jaisA jAnatA hai vaisA hI kahatA hai vaha AptapuruSa hai|18 laukika yA lokottara do prakAra ke Apta puruSa hote haiN|19 mAtA-pitA, guru Adi laukika Apta ke antargata Ate haiM tathA tIrthaMkara athavA kevalI lokottara Apta kahalAte haiN|20

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110 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana upamAna- sAdRzyatA ke AdhAra para vastu ko grahaNa karanA upamAna hai| upamA do prakAra kI hotI hai- sAdharmyApanIta aura vaidhamrmyApanIta / 21 samAnatA ke AdhAra para jo upamA dI jAtI hai use sAdharmyApanIta kahate haiM tathA do athavA adhika padArthoM meM jisake dvArA vilakSaNatA batalAI jAtI hai use vaidhamyoMpanIta kahate haiN| parokSa ke pA~ca bheda batAye gaye haiM- smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura aagm| smRti - saMskAra ke jAgRta hone para bhUtakAla meM pratyakSa dvArA jAnI huI kisI vastu ko yAda karanA smRti hai / mANikyanandI ke anusAra saMskAra kI jAgRti se 'tat' ( vaha) AkAraka jJAna smRti hai / 22 pratyabhijJAna- anubhava aura smaraNapUrvaka honevAle saMkalanAtmaka jJAna ko pratyabhijJAna kahate haiM / 23 do vastuoM meM pArasparika ekatA, sAdRzyatA, vilakSaNatA Adi ke vyavahAra kA jJAna pratyabhijJAna se hotA hai| pratyabhijJAna ke do prakAra hote haiM- ekatvapratyabhijJAna aura saadRshyprtybhijnyaan|' | 24 vartamAna kA pratyakSa karake usI ke atIta kA smaraNa hone para 'yaha vahI hai', isa prakAra ekatA yA ekarUpatA kA jJAna honA ekatvapratyabhijJAna kahalAtA hai| isI prakAra pUrva jJAta artha ke samAna anya artha kA pratyakSa hone para yaha kahanA ki 'yaha usake sadRza hai' sAdRzyapratyabhijJAna hai / jaise- gAya ke samAna gavaya hotA hai / isa vAkya ke AdhAra para gAya ke samAna pazu kA avalokana karake yaha nizcaya karanA ki yaha gavaya hai| tarka - sAdhana kA sAdhya ke hone para hI ghaTita honA aura sAdhya ke abhAva kI sthiti meM ghaTita na honA hI tarka hai| jitanA bhI dhUma hai vaha agni se utpanna hotA hai usake abhAva meM nhiiN| isa prakAra sakala deza evaM sakala kAla kI vyApti se sAdhya evaM sAdhana ke sambandha kA jo UhApoha jJAna hotA hai vaha tarka hai / 25 (ga) naya - vidhi kisI bhI viSaya kA sApekSa nirUpaNa karane vAlA vicAra naya kahalAtA hai| isa vidhi ke dvArA vastu ke svarUpa kA AMzika vizleSaNa karake jJAna karAyA jAtA hai| naya ke do bheda kiye gaye haiM- ( 1 ) dravyArthika naya, (2) paryAyArthika naya / manuSya kI buddhi kabhI vastuoM ke sAmAnya aMza kI ora jhukatI hai to kabhI vizeSa aMza kI or| jaba vaha sAmAnya aMza ko grahaNa karatI hai taba usakA vaha vicAra dravyArthika naya kahalAtA hai aura jaba vaha vizeSa aMza ko grahaNa karatI hai, taba usakA

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zikSA-paddhati vaha vicAra paryAyArthika naya kahalAtA hai| isameM prathama arthAt dravyArthika naya ke tIna tathA dvitIya arthAt paryAyArthika naya ke cAra, kula milAkara donoM ke sAta bheda hote haiM(1) naigama naya- jo vicAra laukika rUr3hi athavA laukika saMskAra ke anusaraNa se paidA hotA hai use naigamanaya kahate haiM arthAt aniSpanna artha meM saMkalpa mAtra ko grahaNa karanA naigama naya hai, yathA- kisI kAma ke saMkalpa se jAnevAle vyakti se koI pUchatA hai ki Apa kahA~ jA rahe hai taba vaha kahatA hai- maiM sAikila banavAne jA rahA huuN| jabaki vAstava meM uttara denevAlA sAikila kI marammata karavAne jA rahA hotA hai| (2) saMgraha naya- sAmAnya athavA abheda ko grahaNa karanevAlI dRSTi saMgraha naya hai arthAt bheda sahita saba paryAyoM ko apanI jAti ke avirodha dvArA eka mAnakara sAmAnya se sabako grahaNa karanA saMgraha hai, jaise vastra kahane se sabhI prakAra ke vastroM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| (3) vyavahAra naya- saMgraha naya ke dvArA gRhIta artha kA vidhipUrvaka avaharaNa yA bheda karanA vyavahAra naya hai arthAt sAmAnya ko bhedapUrvaka grahaNa karanA, yathA- kevala vastra kahane se kisI vizeSa prakAra ke vastra kA bodha nahIM ho jAtA balki khAdI kA vastra yA mila kA vastra- isa taraha ke bheda karane hI par3ate haiN| (4) RjusUtra naya- bhUta aura bhAvI ko chor3akara vartamAna paryAya mAtra ko grahaNa karanA RjusUtra naya hai| (5) zabda naya- zabda prayogoM meM AnevAle doSoM ko dUra karake tadanusAra artha-bheda kI kalpanA karanA zabda naya hai| (6) samabhirUDha naya- zabda-bheda ke anusAra artha-bheda kI kalpanA karanA samabhirUDha naya hai| (7) evaMbhUta naya- zabda se vyutpatti-siddha artha ke ghaTita hone para hI usa zabda kA vaha artha maannaa| dUsare zabdoM meM jisa zabda kA jo artha hotA hai, usake hone para hI usa zabda kA prayoga karanA evaMbhUta naya hai| (gha) anuyogadvAra-vidhi- tattvoM ke vistRta jJAna ke lie kucha vicAraNA

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112 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvAroM kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai jise zAstroM meM anuyogadvAra kahA gayA hai / anuyogadvAra kA artha batAte hue paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI ne kahA hai 'anuyoga kA artha hotA hai vyAkhyA yA vivaraNa aura dvAra arthAt prshn| ataH vicAraNA dvAra kA matalaba huA prshn| prazna hI vastu meM praveza karane ke arthAt vicAraNA dvArA usakI taha taka pahu~cane ke dvAra haiN| 27 koI bhI vyakti kisI nayI vastu ko dekhatA hai yA sunatA hai taba usakI jijJAsA vRtti jAga uThatI hai tathA vaha adRSTapUrva yA azrutapUrva vastu ke sambandha meM aneka prazna karane lagatA hai, yathA- usa vastu kA raMga-rUpa, usake mAlika, banAne ke upAya Adi / una praznoM kA uttara prApta karake vaha apane jJAna kI vRddhi karatA hai / isI prakAra antardRSTi yukta vyakti bhI mokSamArga ko sunakara yA heya - upAdeya AdhyAtmika tattva ko sunakara tatsambandhI vividha praznoM ke dvArA apanA jJAna bar3hAtA hai| ataH nirdeza, svAmitva Adi 28 praznoM ke dvArA samyak - darzana para saMkSepa meM vicAra kiyA jAtA hai: (1) nirdeza - vastu ke nAma kA kathana karanA / yaha samyak - darzana kA svarUpa hai / 29 (2) svAmitva - vastu ke svAmI kA kathana karanA / yathA samyak darzana kA adhikArI jIva hai / 30 (3) sAdhana (kAraNa) - jina sAdhanoM se vastu banI hai unakA kathana karanA, yathAsamyak - darzana ke antaraMga evaM bahiraMga kAraNoM ko batAnA / 31 adhikaraNa- vastu ke AdhAra kA kathana karanA, yathA samyak darzana kA AdhAra jIva hai kyoMki vaha usakA pariNAma hone ke kAraNa usI meM nihita hai / 32 (5) sthiti -- vastu ke kAla kA kathana karanA, yathA- tInoM prakAra ke samyaktva amuka samaya meM utpanna hote haiM / 33 (4) 34 (6) vidhAna - vastu ke bhedoM kA kathana karanA, yathA- samyaktva ke prakAra ko batAnA / sat-- astitva kA kathana karake samajhAnA, yathA- samyaktva guNa sattArUpa se sabhI jIvoM meM vidyamAna haiM / 35 (7) (8) saMkhyA - bhedoM kI gaNanA karake samajhAnA, yathA- samyaktva kI ginatI use prApta karanevAloM kI saMkhyA para nirbhara hai| 36 (9) kSetra -- vartamAna kAla viSayaka nivAsa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara samajhAnA, yathAsamyak-darzana kA kSetra sampUrNa lokAkAza nahIM kintu usakA asaMkhyAtavA~ bhAga hai / 3 37

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zikSA-paddhati (10) sparzana- trikAla viSayaka nivAsa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara samajhAnA, yathA samyak-darzana kA sparzana kSetra bhI loka kA asaMkhyAtavA~ bhAga hI hotA hai, parantu yaha bhAga usake kSetra kI apekSA kucha bar3A hotA hai kyoMki isameM kSetrabhUta AkAzaparyanta pradeza bhI sammilita hote haiN| 38 kSetra meM kevala AdhArabhUta AkAza hI AtA hai| sparzana meM AdhAra kSetra ke cAroM tarapha Adheya dvArA sparzita AkAza-pradeza bhI Ate haiN| kSetra aura AkAza meM yahI antara hai| (11) kAla- samayAvadhi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara samajhAnA, yathA- bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSyat arthAt anAdikAla se samyak-darzana kA AvirbhAva krama jArI hai|39 (12) antara- samaya ke antara ko dhyAna meM rakhakara samajhAnA, yathA- eka jIva ko lekara samyak-darzana kA viraha kAla jaghanya antarmuhUrta aura utkRSTa apArdhapudgalaparAvarta jitanA samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki eka bAra samyaktva kA vamana (nAza) ho jAne para puna: vaha jaldI se antarmuhUrta meM prApta ho sakatA hai| aisA na huA to bhI anta meM apArdhapudgalaparAvarta ke bAda avazya hI prApta ho jAtA hai|40 (13) bhAva- bhAvoM kA kathana karake smjhaanaa| bhAva kA artha hotA hai- avasthA vishess| aupazamika, kSAyopazamika aura kSAyika ina tIna avasthAoM meM samyaktva pAyA jAtA hai|41 (14) alpa-bahutva- eka-dUsare kI apekSA nyUnAdhika jJAna karake samajhAnA, yathA tIna prakAra ke samyaktva meM aupazamika samyaktva sabase alpa hai|02 uparyukta caudaha prakAroM ko kucha vidvAn do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karate haiM, jinameM se pahale ke cha: ko anuyogadvAra ke antargata tathA bAda ke ATha ko prarUpaNA ke antargata rakhate haiN| (ca) svAdhyAya-vidhi- svAdhyAya-vidhi kA prayoga viziSTa jJAna kI prApti ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| jJAna prApta karanA, use sandeharahita vizada aura paripakva banAnA tathA usake pracAra kA prayatna karanA- ye sabhI svAdhyAya ke antargata A jAte haiN| svAdhyAya zabda 'sva'aura 'adhyAya' tathA 'su' aura 'adhyAya' se milakara banA hai jisakA artha hotA hai 'sva' arthAt AtmA ke lie hitakara zAstroM kA adhyayana karanA, svAdhyAya hai| samIcIna zAstroM ke adhyayana se karmoM kA saMvara aura nirjarA hotI hai| dUsarA 'su' arthAt samyak zAstroM kA adhyayana svAdhyAya hai|43 isake pA~ca bheda kiye gaye haiM- (1) vAcanA, (2) pracchanA, (3) anuprekSA, (4) AmnAya aura (5)

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114 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana dhrmkthaa| isakA saMkSipta vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai: (1)vAcanA-vAcanA kA artha hotA hai 'pddh'naa'| zabda kA zuddha uccAraNa karanA, artha ko zuddha rUpa se grahaNa karanA, binA vicAre na to zIghratA se par3hanA aura na asthAna meM ruka-ruka kara par3hanA tathA 'Adi' zabda se par3hate hue akSara yA pada ko na chor3anA ityAdi vAcanA hai|44 (2) pracchanA- pracchanA kA artha pUchanA, prazna Adi karanA hotA hai| grantha aura artha donoM ke viSaya meM 'kyA yaha aisA hai athavA anyathA hai', isa sandeha ko dUra karane ke lie athavA 'yaha aisA hI hai' isa prakAra se nizcitatA ko dRr3ha karane ke lie prazna karanA pracchanA hai| prazna karanA svAdhyAya kA mukhya aMga hai|05 (3) anuprekSA- jJAta yA nizcita artha kA mana se bAra-bAra cintana anuprekSA hai| anuprekSA ke antargata hI svAdhyAya ke lakSaNa aura antarjalpa rUpa pATha Ate haiN| vAcanA Adi meM bahirjalpa hotA hai jabaki anuprekSA meM mana meM par3hane yA vicArane se antarjalpa hotA hai| 'mUlAcAra TIkA' meM anityatA Adi ke bAra-bAra cintana ko anuprekSA kahA gayA hai aura use svAdhyAya kA bheda svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|46 (4) AmnAya- paThita grantha ke zuddhatApUrvaka puna:puna: uccAraNa ko AmnAya kahate haiN|47 dharmakathA- devavandanA ke sAtha maMgalapATha pUrvaka dharma-upadeza karanA dharmakathA hai|48 isake bhI AkSepiNI, vikSepiNI, saMvejanI aura nivedanI cAra bheda haiM(1) AkSepiNI- jisa kathA meM jJAna aura cAritra kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai, jaise mati Adi jJAnoM kA yaha svarUpa hai aura sAmAjika Adi cAritra kA yaha svarUpa hai, use AkSepiNI kahate haiN| 9 / / (2) vikSepiNI- jisa kathA meM svasamaya aura parasamaya kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai vaha vikSepaNI hai, jaise vastu sarvathA nitya hai yA sarvathA kSaNika hai, sarvathA eka hai yA sarvathA aneka hai, saba satsvarUpa hI hai yA vijJAna rUpa hI hai yA sarvathA zUnya hai, ityaadi| parasamaya ko pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM upasthita karake pratyakSa, anumAna aura Agama se usameM virodha batalAkara kathaMcita nitya, kathaMcita anitya, kathaMcita eka, kathaMcita aneka ityAdi svarUpa kA nirUpaNa karanA vikSepaNI kathA kahalAtI hai|50 (3) saMvejanI- jJAna, cAritra aura tapa ke abhyAsa se AtmA meM prakaTa honevAlI

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zikSA-paddhati zaktiyoM kA nirUpaNa karanevAlI kathA saMvejanI kahalAtI hai / 4 51 (4) nirvedanI - rasa Adi sAta dhAtuoM se nirmita zarIra apavitra hai / raja aura vIrya usakA bIja hai, azuci AhAra usakA poSaka hai, azuci sthAna se vaha nikalatA hai, kevala azuci hI nahIM balki asAra bhI hai| strI, vastra, gandha, mAlA, bhojana Adi bhoga prApta hone para bhI usakI tRpti nahIM hotii| usake prApta hone para yA naSTa ho jAne para mahAna zoka hotA hai| deva aura manuSya paryAya duHkhabahula haiM, yahA~ sukha alpa haiM - isa prakAra zarIra aura bhogoM se virakta karanevAlI kathA nirvedanI hai / 52 ina kathAoM ke svarUpa ko isa prakAra bhI vyakta kara sakate haiM- samadarzI kalA ko yathAyogya anekAnta mata kA saMgraha karanevAlI kathA AkSepiNI, ekAntavAdI matoM kA nigraha karanevAlI kathA vikSepaNI, puNya kA phala batalAne vAlI kathA saMvejanI tathA saMsAra, zarIra aura bhogoM meM vairAgya utpanna karAnevAlI kathA nirvedanI hai / 53 isa prakAra svAdhyAya ke dvArA vidyArthI zruta kI ArAdhanA karatA hai, jJAna kI upAsanA karatA hai aura jJAna ke divya prakAza se apane jIvana ko ujjvala banAtA hai| 115 uparyukta vidhiyoM ke atirikta 'AdipurANa' meM zikSA-vidhi ke nimnalikhita bheda varNita haiM- (1) pATha - vidhi, (2) praznottara - vidhi, (3) zAstrArtha - vidhi, (4) upadezavidhi, (5) naya - vidhi, (6) upakrama yA upodghAta - vidhi aura (7) paMcAMga - vidhi| ina vidhiyoM kA vivecana prastuta hai (1) pATha - vidhi 4 isa vidhi kA prArambha Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva se hotA hai| isI vidhi ke dvArA unhoMne apanI kanyAoM -- brAhmI aura sundarI ko zikSA dI thii| isa vidhi meM guru vidyArthiyoM kI kASThapaTTikA ke Upara aMka yA akSara likha dete the| vidyArthI usakA anukaraNa kara bAra-bAra likhakara use kaNThastha karate the| zikSaka dvArA likhe gaye aMka aura akSaroM ke lekhana evaM vAcana donoM hI prakriyAoM ke dvArA zikSArthI abhyAsa bhI karatA thA tathA abhyAsAtmaka praznoM ke uttara bhI likhatA thA / yaha zikSA - vidhi vartamAna meM bhI alpAyu chAtroM ke lie atyadhika upayogI hai| pATha- vidhi ke tIna upabheda bhI varNita haiM (1) uccAraNa kI spaSTatA- pATha vidhi kA prathama tattva hai uccAraNa kI spaSTatA / uccAraNa unake sthAna evaM prayatna ke anusAra sIkhA jAtA hai| prAcIna kAla meM zikSA granthoM meM dI gaI uccAraNa-vidhi ke anusAra varNoM kA uccAraNa ziSyoM ko sikhalAyA jAtA thaa| yaha vidhi vartamAna meM bhI vidyamAna hai|

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116 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (2) lekhanakalA kA abhyAsa- lekhanakalA kA abhyAsa pATha-vidhi kA dUsarA caraNa hai| isa kalA kA abhyAsa brAhmI aura sundarI ko karAyA gayA thaa| (3) tAtmaka saMkhyA praNAlI- kisI bhI vastu ko ginane aura usakI saMkhyA mAlUma karane ke lie aMkajJAna kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| pATha-vidhi ke isa tIsare tattva ke mAdhyama se yoga, guNA, ghaTAva, bhAga, varga, vargamUla, dhana evaM dhanamUla- ina ATha kriyAoM kA jJAna karAyA jAtA thaa| (2) praznottara-vidhi5 praznottara-vidhi meM ziSya prazna karatA thA aura guru prazna kA uttara dete the| sAtha hI guru bhI ziSya se prazna pUchate the| AdipurANa meM zreNika praznakartA arthAt ziSya ke pratIka haiM to gautama gaNadhara uttaradAtA arthAt guru ke| bArahaveM adhyayana meM deviyA~ vibhinna prakAra ke prazna mAtA se pUchatI haiM aura mAtA usakA camatkArapUrNa uttara dekara unake jJAna kA saMvardhana karatI haiN| samasyApUrti evaM pahelI bujhAne kI vidhi bhI isake antargata AtI thI jisakA lakSya kramaza: buddhi ko tIvra banAnA tathA aneka viSayoM kA jJAna prApta karAnA thaa| mAtA dvArA diye gaye camatkArapUrNa uttara kA eka udAharaNa nimnalikhita hai- bacce mA~ se prazna karate haiM- "kucha AdamI kar3akatI dhUpa meM khar3e the, unase kisI ne kahA- "yaha tumhAre sAmane ghanI chA~va vAlA bar3A bhArI vaTa kA vRkSa khar3A hai" aisA kahane para unameM se koI bhI vahA~ nahIM gyaa| he mAtA! kahiye yaha kaisA Azcarya hai? isake uttara meM mAtA ne kahA 'isa zloka'56 meM 'vaTavRkSaH' zabda kA 'vaTo RkSaH' isa prakAra sandhi viccheda karanA cAhie aura artha karanA cAhie re lar3ake! tere sAmane yaha megha ke samAna kAntivAlA kAlA bhAlU baiThA hai' aisA kahane para bhI kar3I dhUpa meM usake pAsa koI manuSya nahIM gayA to isameM Azcarya kI kyA bAta hai? isa prakAra guru ziSya ke praznoM kA cAmatkArika evaM tarkapUrNa uttara dekara zAstrIya jJAna kA saMvarddhana karate the| isa praznottara-vidhi ke mAdhyama se gUr3ha aura duruha viSaya ko bhI saralatApUrvaka samajhAyA jAtA thA jisase viSayoM ko hRdayaGgama karane meM saralatA hotI thii| isa vidhi kA prayoga praur3ha aura pratibhAzAlI chAtroM ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| (3) zAstrArtha-vidhi zAstrArtha-vidhi prAcIna zikSA-paddhati kA mukhya aMga thii| vartamAna meM bhI yaha vidhi vidyamAna hai| isa vidhi meM do pakSa hote haiM, eka pUrva arthAt vAdI tathA dUsarA uttara arthAt prtivaadii| donoM hI apane pakSa kI sthApanA ke lie vibhinna tarkoM, vikalpoM kA prayoga karate haiN| jaina nyAya ke samasta granthoM meM zAstrArtha-vidhi kA varNana pAyA

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zikSA-paddhati 117 jAtA hai| 'AdipurANa' meM ullekha hai ki prAcInakAla meM zAstrArtha mantriyoM ke bIca Aptatattva kI jAnakArI ke lie kiyA jAtA thA / isa vidhi dvArA guru-ziSya meM tatkSaNa uttara- pratyuttara dene kI zakti kA vikAsa karate haiN| svapakSa kI siddhi tathA parapakSa meM doSa nikAlanA hI zAstrArtha - vidhi kA uddezya hai| zAstroM ke samyak - jJAnaprApti meM sahAyaka isa vidhi kI nimnalikhita sAta vizeSatAe~ haiM58 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 'nanu' zabda dvArA zaMkA utpanna karanA, ' iti cetra' dvArA zaMkA kA nivAraNa karanA, 'yathaikaM' dvArA parapakSa kA nirAkaraNa karanA, anavasthA, cakraka, prasaMgasAdhana Adi doSoM kA udbhAvana karanA, evaM, Aha, tatra, tantroktaM Adi saMketAMzoM dvArA kathanoM aura uddharaNoM ko upasthita kara samAlocana karanA, vikalpoM ko uThAkara pratipakSI kA samAdhAna karate hue svapakSa kI siddhi ke lie AkSepiNI, vikSepaNI, saMvejanI tathA nirvedanI kathAoM kA prayoga karanA, 'tadukta' 'nApi' jaise zabdoM kA kisI vastu yA kathana para bala dene ke lie prayoga krnaa| (4) upadeza - vidhi 5 9 upadeza-vidhi kA vAstavika rUpa guru dvArA vyAkhyAna ke rUpa meM viSayoM kA pratipAdana karanA hai| svAdhyAya ke pA~ca bhedoM meM upadeza bhI hai| prAcIna kAla meM praur3ha arthAt vikasita mastiSka vAle ziSya ko pramukha viSayoM kA grahaNa karAne hetu upadeza-vidhi kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| (5) upakrama yA upoddhAta vidhi prakRta60 arthAt uddiSTa padArtha ko zrotAoM (ziSya) kI buddhi meM baiThA denA, unheM acchI taraha samajhA denA upakrama hai| isakA dUsarA nAma upodghAta bhI hai| isake pA~ca bheda haiM- AnupUrvI, nAma, pramANa, abhidheya aura arthAdhikAra / Adikrama, madhyakrama aura antyakrama dvArA vastuoM kA pratipAdana karanA AnupUrvI kahalAtA hai| AnupUrvI vidhi ke dvArA guru yA pAThaka kisI krama vizeSa se pAThya viSaya kA vivecana yA vyAkhyAna karate the jisase viSaya ko hRdayaGgama karane meM sahAyatA prApta hotI thI / nAma vidhi ke antargata vastuoM ke nAmoM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA jAtA thaa| isa vidhi ke vizeSajJa guru apanI pAThya-zailI meM manoraMjakatA aura sarasatA lAne ke lie nAma - vistAra karate the / 61

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118 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana pramANa vidhi meM vastu ke vibhinna pakSoM kA vivecana kiyA jAtA thaa| pramANa ke hI eka aMza naya vidhi meM kisI eka pakSa kA vivecana kiyA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra abhidheya meM artha kA bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM dvArA kathana karane kA vidhAna thaa| dravya aura bhAvapUrvaka padoM kI vyAkhyA prastuta kara vividha bhaMgAvaliyoM kI sthApanA kI jAtI thii| arthAdhikAravidhi ke dvArA eka hI viSaya ko aneka rUpoM meM pratipAdita kara pAThyaviSaya ko sarala aura bodhagamya banAyA jAtA thaa|62 (6) paMcAMga-vidhi" paMcAMga-vidhi ke svAdhyAya-sambandhI pA~ca aMga haiN| ina pA~coM aMgoM dvArA viSaya ke marma ko samajhA jAtA thaa| vAcanA, pracchanA, anuprekSA, AmnAya aura upadeza pA~ca aMga haiN| inakA vistRta vivecana pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai| prAcIna kAla meM paMcAMga vidhi dvArA viSayoM kI vyAkhyA dvArA tathya ko samajhAne kA pUrNa prayAsa kiyA jAtA thaa| isase vidyArthiyoM meM zikSA kA uttarottara vistAra hotA thaa| (7) zravaNa-vidhi kisI bhI tathya ko sunakara grahaNa karanA zravaNa vidhi hai| 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya'64 meM sAta prakAra kI zravaNa vidhiyoM kA ullekha hai 1. guru ke mukha se kisI bhI bAta ko cupacApa sunanA, 2. use hA~ karake svIkAra karanA, 3. bahuta acchA kahakara anumodana karanA, 4. sune huye viSaya meM jijJAsA vyakta karanA, 5. usa viSaya kI mImAMsA karanA, 6. ukta viSaya ko pUrI taraha pArAyaNa karanA, 7. guru kI bhA~ti svayaM usa viSaya ko abhivyakta krnaa| (8) prarUpaNA-vidhi vAcya-vAcaka, pratipAdya-pratipAdaka evaM viSaya-viSayI bhAva kI dRSTi se zabdoM kA AkhyAna karanA prarUpaNA vidhi kahalAtI hai| pramukhata: zikSArthI kI jijJAsA aura guru dvArA una jijJAsAoM kA samAdhAna ina donoM kA samanvaya hI isa vidhi kI vizeSatA hai| 'savArthasiddhi'65 meM prarUpaNA ke ATha prakAra varNita haiM- sat, saMkhyA, kSetra, sparzana, kAla, antara, bhAva aura alp-bhutv| anuyoga vidhi ke krama meM caudaha dvAroM meM ina

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119 zikSA-paddhati ATha prakAroM kA vivecana pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai| isa prakAra jaina zikSA-paddhati meM gUr3ha se gUr3ha viSaya ko isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAtA thA ki ziSya use sugamatA se hRdayaGgama kara ske| prAcInakAla meM viSayavastu sUtra rUpa meM kahI jAtI thI kyoMki usa yuga meM sampUrNa zikSAeM maukhika aura smRti ke AdhAra para pradAna kI jAtI thiiN| isI kAraNa prArambhika sAhitya sUtra rUpa meM milatA hai| bAda meM calakara ina paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa huA aura sUtra kI vyAkhyAeM kI gayIM, phalataniyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA, vRtti Adi kI racanA kI gyii| svAdhyAya se lAbha __ svAdhyAya kevala granthoM kA adhyayanamAtra nahIM hai apitu usake anusAra AcaraNa karanA bhI svAdhyAya hI kahalAtA hai| 'dharmAmRta'66 meM svAdhyAya ke lAbha isa prakAra varNita haiM (1) svAdhyAya se mumukSu kI tarkazIla buddhi kA utkarSa hotA hai| (2) paramAgama kI sthiti kA poSaNa hotA hai arthAt paramAgama kI paramparA puSTa hotI hai| (3) mana, indriyA~ aura saMjJA arthAt AhAra, bhaya, maithuna aura parigraha kI abhilASA kA nirodha hotA hai| (4) saMzaya kA chedana hotA hai tathA krodhAdi cAra kaSAyoM kA bhedana hotA hai| (5) dina pratidina tapa aura saMvega bhAva meM vRddhi hotI hai, pariNAma prazasta tathA samasta aticAra dUra hote haiN| (6) svAdhyAya se anya vAdiyoM kA bhaya nahIM rahatA hai tathA jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA karane meM mumukSu samartha hotA hai| (7) svAdhyAya se jIvana meM sadvicAra Ate haiM, mana meM sad-saMskAra jAgRta hote haiN|67 svAdhyAya se prAcIna jJAna-vijJAna kI upalabdhi hotI hai| dIrghakAlIna sAdhanAoM ke dvArA mahApuruSoM ne jo jJAna prApta kiyA usa jJAna kA lAbha sahaja hI prApta ho jAtA hai|68 (9) svAdhyAya se manoraMjana hotA hai, sAtha hI Ananda aura yogyatA bhI prApta hotI hai|69

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120 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (10) nirantara svAdhyAya se mana ekAgra evaM sthira hotA hai| jIvana meM niyamitatA aura nirvikAratA AtI hai, jaise agni se sone-cAMdI kA maila dUra hotA hai, vaise hI svAdhyAya se mana kA maila dUra ho jAtA hai| svAdhyAya kA mahattva svAdhyAya eka abhUtapUrva tapa hai- 'tapo hi svAdhyAyaH' arthAt svAdhyAya svayaM meM eka tapa hai| isake tulya tapa na kabhI huA hai, na vartamAna meM hai aura na bhaviSya meM hogaa|71 svAdhyAya apane Apa meM eka adbhuta tapa hai| sat-zAstra kA adhyayana jIvana meM atyanta Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai aura ise tIsarA netra bhI kahA gayA hai| zAstra ko netra vyaSTi kI dRSTi se nahIM balki samaSTi arthAt samasta jagata kI dRSTi se kahA gayA hai| sat-zAstra ke adhyayana kA mahattva vyAvahArika jIvana kI apekSA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se adhika hai| svAdhyAya ke mahattva para prakAza DAlate hae bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai - svAdhyAya karate rahane se samasta duHkhoM se mukti milatI hai|72 janma-janmAntaroM se saMcita kiye hue karma svAdhyAya se kSINa ho jAte haiN|73 'uttarAdhyayana' meM svAdhyAya ke phala ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai - svAdhyAya eka prakAra se jJAna kI upAsanA hai, svAdhyAya karane se jJAna-sambandhI jJAnAvaraNIya karmoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai|74 'AdipurANa' ke anusAra svAdhyAya karane se mana kA nirodha hotA hai, mana ke nirodha se indriyoM kA nigraha hotA hai| ataH svAdhyAya karane vAlA vyakti svata: saMyamI aura jitendriya bana jAtA hai|75 prakhyAta digambara AcArya akalaMka ne prajJAtizaya, prazasta adhyavasAya, pravacanasthiti, saMyamoccheda, paravAdiyoM kI zaMkA kA abhAva, parama saMvega, tapovRddhi, aticAra-zuddhi Adi ke lie svAdhyAya karanA Avazyaka batalAyA ____ ata: nizcita rUpa se dharma-granthoM tathA AgamoM kA svAdhyAya karane se buddhi nirmala hotI hai, jJAna kI vRddhi hotI hai tathA vastu tattvoM kI jAnakArI hotI hai| bauddha paramparA bauddha granthoM meM vibhinna zikSaNa-vidhiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jisake AdhAra para usake nimna bheda banate haiM - (1) pATha-vidhi, (2) zAstrArtha-vidhi, (3) upamA-vidhi, (4) praznottara-vidhi, (5) upadeza-vidhi, (6) pramANa-vidhi, tathA (7) svaadhyaay-vidhi|

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zikSA-paddhati 121 pATha-vidhi pATha-vidhi ke dvArA bAlaka ke zikSArambha kI nIMva DAlI jAtI thii| lekhana evaM vAcana ke dvArA aMka evaM varNamAlA kA abhyAsa karavAyA jAtA thaa| isa vidhi meM guru bAlaka ko candana kI paTTikA para lipi arthAt varNamAlA, aMka Adi likhanA sikhAte the| 'lalitavistara'77 meM bodhisatva ke candana kI paTTikA para saMkhyA, lipi, gaNanA Adi sIkhane kA varNana AyA hai| itsiMga ke anusAra varNamAlA meM cAlIsa akSara the|78 zAstrArtha-vidhi isa vidhi kA prayoga prAcInakAla se hI hotA A rahA hai| vAda-vivAda, khaNDana-maNDana isa vidhi ke aMga haiN| isa vidhi meM tathya eka hI hotA hai, parantu usakI prApti ke lie pUrvapakSa evaM uttarapakSa vibhinna tarkoM evaM yuktiyoM kA sahArA lete haiN| 'vinayapiTaka'79 meM cAra prakAra ke adhikaraNa kA ullekha milatA hai jisase zAstrArtha-vidhi kA svarUpa nirdhArita hotA hai(1) vivAdAdhikaraNa- vivAdita viSaya ke sambandha meM nirNaya karanA vivAdAdhikaraNa hai| (2) anuvAdAdhikaraNa- zAstrArtha ke samaya kisI viSaya para eka pakSa dvArA dUsare pakSa ko niyama ke ullaMghana kA doSI ThaharAnA anuvAdAdhikaraNa hai| (3) ApattAdhikaraNa- bhikSu dvArA AcAra sambandhI siddhAnta kA jAna-bUjha kara ullaMghana karanA ApattAdhikaraNa hai| (4) kiccAdhikaraNa- saMgha sambandhI niyama para vicAra karanA kiccAdhikaraNa kahalAtA hai| bauddha grantha meM kisI siddhAnta ko zAstrArtha ke nimitta pratipAdita karane ko analoma tathA pratipakSI ke uttara kI saMjJA ko pratikarma (paTikamma) kahA gayA hai| isI taraha pratipakSa ke parAjaya ko nigraha (niggaha), pratipakSa ke hetu kA usI ke siddhAnta meM prayoga karane ko upanaya tathA antima siddhAnta ko nigamana kahA gayA hai| hvenasAMga ne bhI apanI pustaka meM likhA hai- zAstrArtha kA niyama pracalita hone ke kAraNa vidyArthiyoM ko kaThina se kaThina viSaya bhI zIghra hRdayaMgama ho jAte the, unakI yogyatA bar3hatI thI aura nirAzajanoM ko uttejanA milatI thii|81

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122 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana mAiDarala ne likhA hai- zAstrArtha-vidhi meM zAstrIya vivAdoM ko protsAhana diyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra kI vijJamaMDaliyA~ zikSA kI eka anokhI vizeSatA thiiN|82 omaprakAzajI ne bhI isa vidhi kA samarthana kiyA hai| unake kathana se yaha bilkula hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki zAstrArtha-vidhi bauddha zikSaNa-praNAlI kI pradhAna vidhi thii| unakA kahanA hai ki anya dharmAvalambiyoM ko bauddha banAne ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki bauddha bhikSu unase zAstrArtha karake yaha siddha kara sake ki dUsaroM ke siddhAnta galata haiM aura bauddha matAvalambiyoM ke siddhAnta sahI haiN| isIlie bauddha zikSaNa-paddhati meM tarka aura nyAya kI zikSA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai|83 upamA-vidhi upamA-vidhi ko udAharaNa vidhi bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| isa zailI kA prayoga kathya viSaya ko aura spaSTa karane ke lie kiyA jAtA thaa| bhagavAn buddha tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ne isa vidhi kA khulakara prayoga kiyA thaa| 'milindapanha' meM nAgasena ne rAjA milinda ke praznoM kA uttara vibhinna upamAoM ke mAdhyama se diyA hai| isa vidhi ke dvArA guru viSaya ko saralatama DhaMga se hRdayaMgama karane yogya tathA karNapriya banAte the85 jisase zikSArthI AsAnI se tathya ko samajha ske| praznottara-vidhi isa vidhi meM guru aura ziSya donoM eka-dUsare se prazna karate the tathA eka-dUsare ke praznoM kA uttara dete the| 'kathAvatthu' evaM 'milindapanha' meM isa vidhi kA vizeSa rUpa se prayoga huA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM cAra prakAra kI praznottara zailI kA nirUpaNa hai86(1) ekAMzavyAkaraNIya- jisa prazna kA uttara sarala rUpa se diyA jAtA hai vaha ekAMzavyAkaraNIya hai, jaise-prazna - kyA prANI jo utpanna huA hai, vaha maregA? uttara - haaN| (2) vibhajyavyAkaraNIya- jisa prazna kA uttara vibhakta karake diyA jAtA hai vaha vibhajyavyAkaraNIya hai, jaise- kyA mRtyu ke anantara pratyeka prANI janma letA hai? uttara - kleza se vimukta prANI janma nahIM letA aura klezayukta prANI janma letA hai| (3) pratipRcchAvyAkaraNIya- jisa prazna kA uttara eka dUsarA prazna pUchakara diyA jAtA hai vaha pratipRcchAvyAkaraNIya hai, jaise- kyA manuSya uttama hai yA adhama? isakA uttara dene ke lie pUchanA par3egA ki kisake sambandha meM? yadi prazna pazuoM

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123 zikSA-paddhati ke sambandha meM hai to usakA uttara hogA- manuSya unase uttama hai| yadi isa prazna kA sambandha devatAoM se hai to vaha unase adhama hai| sthApanIya- jisa prazna kA uttara bilkula chor3a dene se hI diyA jAtA hai, jaisekyA paMcaskandha tathA jIvita prANI (satva) eka hI hai? isa prazna kA uttara chor3a dene meM hI diyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki bauddha paramparA ke anusAra satva koI hai hI nhiiN| ina cAroM prakAra ko jAnanevAlA durvijaya, gambhIra, anAkramaNIya, artha-anartha kA jAnakAra aura paNDita hotA hai|87 upadeza-vidhi _isa vidhi meM guru-ziSya ko vyAkhyAna dvArA zikSA pradAna karate the| vartamAna meM bhI yaha vidhi bahuta lokapriya hai| svayaM bhagavAn buddha ne upadeza-vidhi ke dvArA sarvaprathama sAranAtha meM apane pAMca ziSyoM ko zikSA dI thii| upadeza denA koI bandhana nahIM hai| eka bAra bhagavAn buddha se zaka nAmaka eka yakSa ne kahA ki jisakI sabhI gA~The kaTa gayI hoM, smRtimAn aura vimukta hue Apa zramaNa ko yaha acchA nahIM lagatA ki dUsaroM ko upadeza dete rhe| bhagavAn ne kahA zaka! kisI taraha bhI kisI kA saMvAsa ho jAtA hai, to jJAnI puruSa ke mana meM usake prati anukampA ho jAtI hai, prasanna mana se jo dUsare ko upadeza detA hai, usase vaha bandhana meM nahIM par3atA, apanI anukampA apane se paidA hotI hai|89 arthAt upadeza dene se mana ko zAnti milatI hai tathA vaha bandhana meM nahIM par3atA hai| vinayapiTaka meM kahA gayA hai ki ziSya ko upadeza grahaNa karanA cAhie yA svayaM upadeza kare yA dUsare se isake lie prArthanA kre|88 pramANa-vidhi ___ajJAta arthoM ko pramANa-vidhi ke dvArA prakAzita kiyA jAtA thaa| pramANa ko paribhASita karate hue 'pramANavArtika'9deg meM kahA gayA hai- pramANa vaha jJAna hai jo ajJAta artha ko prakAzita karatA hai aura vastusthiti ke viruddha kabhI nahIM jAtA, vaha avisaMvAdI hotA hai| pramANa tathA vastusthiti meM kisI prakAra visaMvAda/asAmaJjasya nahIM hotaa| jo jJAna kalpanA ke Upara avalambita rahatA hai vaha visaMvAdI hotA hai tathA jo jJAna artha-kriyA prasanna

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124 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke Upara avalambita rahatA hai vaha avisaMvAdI hotA hai|91 'pramANavArtika' ke vRttikAra manorathanandI ke anusAra upadarzita artha ke anurUpa kriyA kI sthiti honA avisaMvAdakatA hai aura yahI pramANayogyatA hai kyoMki jJAna se artha ko jAnakara bhI puruSa pravRtta nahIM hotA hai evaM pravRtta hotA huA bhI pratibandha Adi ke kAraNa arthakriyA ko prApta nahIM karatA hai, tathApi upadarzita artha kA jJAna pramANayogyatA rUpa avisaMvAdakatA ke prApta hone se pramANa hotA hai|92 pramANa ke do bheda haiM- (1) svalakSaNa arthAt pratyakSa, (2) sAmAnya lakSaNa arthAt anumaan| pratyakSa evaM anumAna donoM hI jJAna avisaMvAdaka hone se pramANa haiN| arthakriyAsAmarthya se yukta svalakSaNa ko viSaya karane ke kAraNa pratyakSa svata: avisaMvAdaka hai jabaki anumAna kI avisaMvAdakatA usake dvArA svalakSaNa kI prApti karAye jAne para nirbhara karatI hai| yadyapi dharmakIrti ne anumAna ko bhrAntajJAna mAnA hai 93 tathApi sAmAnyalakSaNaviSayaka anumAna se arthakriyAsamarthasvalakSaNa kI prApti hone se use avisaMvAdaka mAnA hai| maNiprabhA aura dIpaprabhA kA udAharaNa dete huye unhoMne kahA hai ki koI vyakti maNiprabhA aura dIpaprabhA ko 'yaha maNi hai' mAnakara usakI ora daur3atA hai, kintu maNiprabhA aura dIpaprabhA donoM hI maNi nahIM haiM, ata: usa vyakti kA jJAna bhrAnta hai| kintu bhrAnta hone para bhI vaha jJAna avisaMvAdaka hai|94 pratyakSa vaha jJAna jo kalpanA se rahita aura nirdhAnta ho use pratyakSa kahate haiN| pratyakSa ke cAra bheda haiM- (1) indriya pratyakSa, (2) mAnasa pratyakSa, (3) svasaMvedana pratyakSa, (4) yogaja pratyakSA (1) indriya pratyakSa- indriya dvArA jo kalpanArahita aura abhrAnta jJAna prApta hotA hai vaha indriya pratyakSa hai| ise paribhASita karate huye dharmakIrti ne kahA hai- sabhI ora se cintana athavA vikalpa ko sameTakara zAnta citta se yukta puruSa cakSu se rUpa ko dekhatA hai taba indriyajanya pratyakSa jJAna hotA hai|95 (2) mAnasa pratyakSa- indriya jJAna ke viSaya ko samanantara pratyaya banAkara jo mana meM utpanna hotA hai vahI mAnasa pratyakSa hai|96 jisa kAraNa se pUrva jJAna kA udbodha hotA hai usa kAraNa ko 'samanantara pratyaya' kahate haiN| isa jJAna ke tIna stara hote haiM(ka) yaha jJAna indriya jJAna ke anantara utpanna hotA hai, (kha) indriya jJAna ke viSaya kSaNa ke anantara utpanna sajAtIya dvitIya kSaNa isakA viSaya banatA hai aura (ga) indriya vijJAna tathA dvitIya-kSaNa viSaya ke dvArA eka manovijJAna utpanna hotA hai|

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zikSA-paddhati 125 (3) svasaMvedana pratyakSa- samasta citta tathA caitta padArthoM kA AtmasaMvedana yA svasaMvedana pratyakSa hotA hai| 97 yahA~ citta kA abhiprAya jJAna se hai jo arthamAtra kA grAhaka hotA hai tathA citta meM prakaTa honevAlI sukha-duHkha Adi rUpa vibhinna avasthAe~ caitta haiM / citta aura caittoM kA jJAna honA svasaMvedana hai| (4) yogaja pratyakSa- yathArtha yA bhUtArtha kA punaH punaH cintana karane se jo jJAna utpanna hotA hai use yogaja pratyakSa kahate haiM / 98 dUsare zabdoM meM jaba yathArtha tattvoM ke cintana kA prakarSa ho jAtA hai taba yogaja pratyakSa jJAna prakaTa hotA hai / 99 anumAna kisI sambandhI dharma se dharmI ke viSaya meM jo parokSa jJAna hotA hai, vaha anumAna hai| 100 anumAna ke do bheda haiM- ( 1 ) svArthAnumAna, (2) praarthaanumaan| svArthAnumAna kA prayoga kisI nirNaya para pahu~cane ke liye kiyA jAtA hai aura parArthAnumAna kA prayoga kisI dUsare samajhAne ke liye kiyA jAtA hai| (1) svArthAnumAna - jisa anumAna dvArA pramAtA svayaM anumeya artha kA jJAna karatA hai vaha svArthAnumAna kahalAtA hai| 101 (2) parArthAnumAna - svArthAnumAna ke dvArA nizcita artha kA jaba hetu evaM dRSTAMta ke dvArA anya kI pratipatti ke liye kathana kiyA jAtA hai to vaha parArthAnumAna kahalAtA hai / 10 102 isa prakAra jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI mUla rUpa se do hI pramANa ko svIkAra karate haiN| jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyakSa evaM parokSa tathA bauddha darzana ke anusAra pratyakSa evaM anumAna, kintu jaina darzana meM parokSa ke antargata smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna evaM Agama- ina pA~ca pramANoM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai, isa dRSTi se jaina darzana meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA chaha ho jAtI hai| bauddha darzana smRti, pratyabhijJAna evaM tarka ko pramANa ke antargata nahIM mAnatA hai / yadyapi Agama yA zabda 103 pramANa ko anumAna ke antargata svIkAra karatA hai| svAdhyAya-vidhi bauddha zikSaNa praNAlI meM svAdhyAya para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| svAdhyAya kA artha hotA hai - AtmA ke lie hitakara zAstroM kA adhyayana karanA / svAdhyAya se citta zAnta rahatA hai, mana ko santoSa prApta hotA hai tathA bAhya jagata meM Adara aura pratiSThA milatI hai| 'saMyuktanikAya' meM varNita hai

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126 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 'eka samaya koI bhikSu kauzala ke vanakhaNDa meM vihAra karatA thaa| usa samaya vaha bhikSu pahale svAdhyAya meM lagA rahatA thA- utsukatA rahita ho cupacApa alaga baiThA rahatA thaa| taba usa vana meM rahanevAle devatA usa bhikSu ke dharmapaThana ko na sunakara bhikSu ke pAsa Aye aura bole bhikSu! kyoM Apa una dharmapadoM ko, bhikSuoM se milakara nahIM par3hA karate haiM? dharma ko par3hakara mana meM santoSa hotA hai, bAharI saMsAra meM bhI usakI bar3I bar3AI hotI hai| bhikSu bolA - pahale dharmapadoM ko par3hane kI ora mana bar3hatA thA, jaba taka vairAgya nahIM huA, jaba pUrA vairAgya calA AyA, to saMta loga dekhe-sune Adi padArthoM ko jAnakara tyAga kara denA kahate haiN|'104 svAdhyAya karane se mana kI zAnti ke sAtha-sAtha isa duHkhamaya saMsAra ke prati vairAgya kI bhAvanA utpanna hotI hai| 'jAtaka' meM eka AcArya ke bAre meM varNana AyA hai ki pahale to ve brahmacaryAzrama meM rahakara veda par3hate aura par3hAte the| prathama Azrama kA tyAga karake gRhasthAzrama ke cakkara meM phNse| svAdhyAya kI gar3abar3I paidA ho gayI aura vedoM kA tattvArtha unheM arucikara lagane lgaa| ve bhagavAn buddha kI sevA meM apanI vyathA sunAne aaye| bhagavAn ne unheM phira se araNyavAsI hone kI salAha dii| gRhasthAzrama meM rahate hue ve svastha citta se vedAdhyayana nahIM kara sakate the aura binA svAdhyAya kiye tattvArtha kA bodha asambhava thaa|105 ata: svAdhyAya apane Apa meM eka tapa hai jisake dvArA indriyA~ saMyamita rahatI haiM tathA jJAna-vijJAna kA vikAsa hotA hai aura zikSArthI apane kAryapatha para agrasara hote haiN| 1. tulanA jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI zikSaNa praNAliyoM meM pATha-vidhi ke dvArA zikSArambha karAye jAne kA vidhAna hai| jaina paramparA kASTha kI kisI bhI paTTikA para pATha-vidhi ke

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zikSA-paddhati 127 dvArA zikSArambha karatI hai jabaki bauddha paramparA candana kI paTTikA pr| jisase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina zikSaNa-paddhati meM sAdhAraNa parivAra ke bAlaka AsAnI se zikSArambha kara sakate the jabaki bauddha zikSA-paddhati meM candana kI paTTikA upalabdha karanA unake lie muzkila kArya thaa| 2. praznottara-vidhi donoM hI paramparAoM kI zikSaNa-praNAlI kA AdhAra rahI hai| jaina zikSaNa-praNAlI meM praznottara-vidhi meM guru ziSya ke kaThina evaM duruha praznoM ke uttara bar3e hI sarala DhaMga se dete the| sAtha hI uttara paheliyoM ke dvArA tathA camatkArapUrNa DhaMga se dete the| jabaki bauddha-zikSaNa-praNAlI meM prazna evaM uttara ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM - ekAMzavyAraNIya, vibhajyavyAkaraNIya, pratipRcchAvyAkaraNIya aura sthaapniiy| ye donoM zikSaNa praNAliyoM kI apanI-apanI vizeSatAe~ haiN| zAstrArtha-vidhi donoM hI paramparAoM meM pAyI jAtI hai, parantu bauddha-praNAlI meM isakA vizeSa mahattva dekhane ko milatA hai| jaina-paramparA meM 'nanu' zabda kahakara zaMkA utpanna kI jAtI thI tathA 'iticena' dvArA zaMkA kA nivAraNa hotA thaa| bauddha-praNAlI meM sambhavataH isa taraha kA vidhAna nahIM hai, parantu zAstrArtha ke nimitta pratipAdana ko anuloma, pratipakSI ke uttara ko pratikarma, pratipakSI kI parAjaya ko niggaha, pratipakSa ke hetu ko usI ke siddhAnta meM prayoga karane ko upanaya tathA niSkarSita siddhAnta ko nigamana kahA gayA hai| isa vidhi ke dvArA vidyArthiyoM ko kaThina se kaThina viSaya bhI saralatA se hRdayaMgama karAye jAte the| 4. jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI paramparAoM meM upadeza-vidhi pAyI jAtI hai tathA donoM paramparAoM ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki yaha vidhi praur3ha vyaktiyoM ke lie thii| donoM hI paramparAoM meM svAdhyAya-vidhi para bala dete hue kahA gayA hai ki svAdhyAya se karmoM kA nAza, duHkhoM kA kSaya hotA hai tathA nirvANa ke mArga prazasta hote haiN| 6. jaina paramparA ke anusAra jisa jJAna meM samyaktva ho vaha pramANa hai| bauddha paramparA ne bhI pramANa-vidhi ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki jo jJAna avisaMvAdI hai vaha pramANa hai, parantu vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko batAne meM apanI asamarthatA vyakta kI hai| jaina-paramparA meM pratyakSa aura parokSa ke AdhAra para pramANa ke do bheda kiye gaye haiN| puna: pratyakSa ke do arthAt pAramArthika aura sAMvyAvahArika tathA parokSa ke pAMca- smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anubhAna tathA Agama Adi prakAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI pratyakSa aura anumAna do prakAra

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128 7. jaina - paramparA meM nikSepa - vidhi, anuyogadvAra - vidhi, prarUpaNA - vidhi, naya - vidhi, upakrama yA upodghAta-vidhi tathA paMcAMga - vidhi Adi vidhiyA~ pAyI jAtI haiM jinakA bauddha paramparA meM abhAva pAyA jAtA hai| sandarbha : 1. 2. 3. 4. jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke pramANa svIkAra kiye gaye haiM tathA pratyakSa ke cAra arthAt indriya, mAnasa, svasaMvedana aura yogi pratyakSa tathA anumAna ke do- svArthAnumAna tathA parArthAnumAna Adi bheda batAye gaye haiN| 5. tnnisrgaaddhigmaadvaa| 'tattvArthasUtra', vive0 paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, 1/3. samyagjJAnaM pramANam / 'pramANa-parIkSA', pR0 1. matizrutA'vadhimanaHparyAyakevalAni jJAnam / tattvArthasUtra, 1 / 9 zrutaM mtipuurvNdvynekdvaadshbhedm| jahI, 1/14 'nandI', TippaNa, sUtra - 2, pR0 49 The theory of five-fold knowledge originally belonged to Jainas but the case is different with the theory of Pramana. This later conception is borrowed by the Jainas from other philosophical traditions. The conception of Pramana in Jain Philosophy came into existence in c. 3rd-4th A.D. and continued to develop upto c. 13th A.D. Historical Development of Jaina Philosophy and Religion. Aspects of Jainology, Vol. VI, p. 33 7. pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM bAdhavivarjitam / 'nyAyAvatAra', 'jaina darzana manana aura mImAMsA', pR0 558 8. 9. pR0-175 10. 'aSTasahasrI', paccakkhe, aNumANe, ovamme, Agame / 'anuyogadvAra', pramANadvAra / 11. sAdhyAvinAbhuno liGgAt sAdhyanizcAyakaM smRtam / 6. anumAnaM tadabhrAntaM pramANatvAt samakSavat // 'nyAyAvatAra', 5 12. sahakramabhAvaniyamo'vinAva: / 'parIkSAmukha, 3/12 13. sahakramavidAmekaM tarkAt svasaMvedanam / 'siddhivinizcaya', 6/41 14. sAdhyAvinAbhuvo hetorvaco ytprtipaadkm| parArthamanumAnaM tat pkssaadivcnaatmkm| 'nyAyAvatAra', 13 15. svanizcayavadanyeSAM nizcayotpAdanaM budhaiH / parArtha mAnamAkhyAtaM, vAkyaM tadupacArata: / / vahI, 10 16. puvvavaM sesavaM ditttthsaahmmv| 'anuyogadvAra', 440 1/2

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zikSA-paddhati 129 17. aaptvcnaadaavirbhuutmrthsNvednmaagmH| 'pramANanayatattvAloka', 4/1 18. abhidheyaM vastu yathAvasthitaM yo jAnIte, yathAjJAnaM cAbhidhatte sa aaptH| vahI, 4/4 19. sa ca dvedhA-laukiko lokottrshc| vahI, 4/6 20. laukiko janakAdiH, lokottarastu tiirthNkraadiH| vahI, 4/7 21. taM jahA- sAhammovaNIte ya vehammovaNIte yA 'anuyogadvAra', 458 22. saMskArobodhanibandhanA tAdityAkArA smRtiH| 'parIkSAmukha', 3/3 23. darzanasmaraNakAraNakaM saMkalanaM prtybhijnyaanm| vahI, 3/5 24. dvividhaM hi pratyabhijJAnaM- tadevedamityekatvanibandhanam tAdRzamevedamiti sAdRzyanibandhanaM c| 'pramANaparIkSA', pR0-42 25. yAvAn kazciddhama: sa sarvaH pAvakajanmaivApAvakajanmA vA na bhavatIti sakaladezakAlavyAptyA sAdhyasAdhanasambaddhohApohalakSaNo hi tarka: prmaannyitvyH| vahI, pR0-44-45 26. naigamasaGgrahavyavahArajUMsUtrazabdA nyaaH|| Adyazabdau dvitribhedau| 'tattvArthasUtra', 1/34-35 27. vahI, pR0-6 28. nirdeshsvaamitvsaadhnaa'dhikrnnsthitividhaantH| stsNkhyaakssetrsprshnkaalaa'ntrbhaavaa'lpbhutvaishc|| vahI, 1/7-8 29-42. vahI, pR0-9-11 43. vaacnaaprcchnaanuprekssaamaaydhrmopdeshaaH| 'dharmAmRta' (anagAra), 9/25 44. zabdArthazuddhatA drutavilambitAdhUnatA ca samyaktvam / zuddhagranthArthobhayadAnaM pAtre'sya vAcanA bhedH|| vahI, 7/83 45. pracchanaM saMzayocchittyai nizcitadraDhanAya vaa| prazno'dhIti prvRttyrthtvaaddhiitirsaavpi|| vahI, 7/84. 46. sA'nuprekSA yadabhyAso'dhigatArthasya cetsaa| svAdhyAyalakSya pATho'ntarjalpAmA'trApi vidyte|| vahI, 7/86 vahI 47. AmnAyo ghoSazuddhaM yad vRttasya pavirtanama dharmopadezaH syAddharmakathA sNstutimngglaa|| vahI, 7/87 48. 49. AkkhevaNI kahA sA vijjAcaraNamuvadissade jtth| sasamayaparasamayagadA kathA du vikkhepaNI nnaam|| 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', 655 50. vahI 51. saMveyaNI puNa kahA nnaanncritttviiriyiddhigdaa| NivveyaNI puNa kahA sarIrabhoge bhavoghe yaa| vahI, 656

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130 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ur ur 52. vahI 53. 'dharmAmRta' (anagAra), 7/88 54. 'AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata', pR0-267-268 vahI 56. vaTavRkSaH puro'yaM te ghanacchAya: sthito mhaan| ityukto'pi na taM dharma zrita: ko'pi vdaadbhutm|| 'AdipurANa', 12/226 'AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata', pR0 268-269 58. vahI, pR0-269 59. vahI, pR0-269 60. prakRtasyArthatattvasya zrotRbuddho smrpnnm| upakramo'sau vijJeyastathopoddhAta itypi| 'AdipurANa', 2/103 'AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata', pR0-269 62. vahI, pR0-270 63. vahI, pR0-270 64. 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya', sampA0-DaoN0 nathamala TATiyA, pR0-168-169 65. stsNkhyaakssetrsprshnkaalaantrbhaavaalpbhutvaishc|| 'savArthasiddhi', 1/8 prajJotkarSajupa: zrutasthitipuSazceto'kSasaMjJAmuSaH saMdehacchidurA: kaSAyabhidurA: prodyttpomeduraaH| saMvegollasitA: sadadhyavasitAH sarvAticArojjhitAH svAdhyAyAt paravAdyazaGkitadhiya: syu shaasnodbhaasin| 'dharmAmRta' (anagAra) 7/89 67. 'jainadharma meM tapa : svarUpa aura vizleSaNa', pR0 459 68. vahI, 69. vahI, 70. vahI, pR0 459 71. na vi atthi na vi a hoTThI sajjhAya samaM tvokmm| 'bRhatkalpabhASya', 1169 72. sajjhAevA niuteNa svvduukkhvimokkhnne| 'uttarAdhyayana', 26/10. 73. bahubhave saMcitya khalu sajjhAeNa khaNe khvii| 'candraprajJapti', 91. 74. sajjhAyaNaM nANAvaraNijjaM kammaM khveii| 'uttarAdhyayana', 29/18. 75. svAdhyAyena manorodhastato'kSANAM vinirjyH| ityAkalayya te dhIrA: svaadhyaaydhiyHdhiymaaddhuH|| 'AdipurANa', 34/134. 76. 'tattvArthavArtika', pR0-789. 77. 'lalitavistara' (hi0anu0) a0 10, pR0-249 tathA lephamaina, 'lalitavistara', 125/7. ur 66.

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78. 79. 'itsiMga rekarDa', pR0 170-174. 'vinayapiTaka' ke paMcama khaNDa (DaoN0 olDanavarga saMskaraNa) ke 9-13 adhyAya, pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI saMskaraNa, uddhRta, 'baudadarzana mImAMsA', paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya 'bauddhadarzana mImAMsA', dvitIya saMskaraNa, paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya, pR0-318 81. 'hvenasAMga kI bhArata yAtrA' (anu0), pR0-54. 80. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. zikSA-paddhati 93. 94. 95. Scholastic debates were encouraged. Such learned assemblies were a noble feature of Buddhist education. Asian Dharina, Vol. 3, p. 1629. 'prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa', omaprakAza, pR0 - 231. 'milindapanhapAli', opammakathApanha, pR0 - 256. 'milindapanha', bahirakathA, gAthA 3-4 'bauddha darzana mImAMsA', paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya, pR0 42. eka savacanaM eka vibhajjavacanAparaM / tatiyaM paTipuccheyya, catutthaM pana DhApaye / / yo ca te tattha tattha jAnAti anudhammataM / catupahassa kusalo, Ahu bhikkhuM tathA vidhaM // durAsado duppasaho gaMbhIro duppadhasiyo / tattho atthe anattho ca ubhayassa hoti kovido || anatthaM parivajjeti atthaM gaNhAti paNDito / atthAbhisamayA dhIro paNDito ti pavuccati / / - 'aMguttaranikAya', uddhRta 'jainadarzana aura saMskRti kA itihAsa', 'vinayapiTaka', rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR0-146 88. 89. 'saMyuktanikAya, sakkasuta, pR0164 pramANamavisaMvAdI jJAnamarthakriyAsthitiH / 90. avisaMvAdanaM zAbdepyabhiprAyanivedanAt / / 'pramANavArtika', 2/ 1. 131 91. prAmANyaM vyavahAreNa zAstraM mohnivrtnm| vahI, 2/4 92. yathopadarzitArthasya kriyAyAH sthitiH pramANayogyatA avisaMvAdanam / atazca yato jJAnAdarthaM paricchidyApi na pravartate, pravRtto vA kutazcit pratibandhAderarthakriyAM nAdhigacchati, tadapi pramANameva pramANayogyatAlakSaNasyAvisaMvAdasya sattvAt / 'pramANavArtika' (manorathanandI TIkA) 1/3, pR0-4 ayathAbhinivezena dvitIyA bhraantirissyte| 'pramANavArtika', 2/54 abhiprAyA'visaMvAdAdapi bhrAnteH prmaanntaa| vahI, 2 / 56 saMhRtya sarvatazcintAM stimitenaantraatmnaa| sthito'pi cakSuSA rUpamIkSate sAkSajA matiH / / vahI, 2/ 124 pR0-399-400.

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132 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 96. svaviSayAnantaraviSayasahakAriNendriyajJAnena sananantarapratyayena janitaM tanmanovijJAnam / 'nyAyabindu', 1/9 97. sarvacittacaittAnAmAtmasaMvedanam / vahI, 1/10 98. Buddhist Logic. Vol. ii, p. 31 99. bhUtArthabhAvanAprakarSaparyantajaM yogijJAnaM ceti| 'nyAyabindu', 1/11 100. yA ca sambandhino dhamAI bhUtidharmiNi jnyaayte| sAnumAnaM parokSANAmekAntenaiva sAdhanam / / 'pramANavArtika', 2/62 101. svasmAyidaM svArtham / 'nyAyabindu' (TIkA) 2/2 102. parArthAnumAnaM tu sdRSTArthaprakAzanam / 'pramANasamuccaya', uddhRta- 'dvAdazAranayacakra', bhAga-1, pariziSTa, pR0-125 103. zAbde'pyapriAyanivedanAt / prAmANyaM tatra shbdsy| 'pramANavArtika', 1/3-4 104. 'saMyuktanikAya' (anu0), bhAga 1, pR0 161. 105. 'jAtakakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti', pR0 100

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paJcama adhyAya zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva bhAratIya saMskRti meM guru kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| guru ko sAmAjika vikAsa kA sUtradhAra mAnA jAtA hai| samAja kI AkAMkSAoM, AvazyakatAoM aura AdarzoM ko vyAvahArika rUpa meM pariNata karane kA kartavya guru ko hI nibhAnA par3atA hai| yadi kahA jAya ki guru hamArI saMskRti ke kendravindu haiM to koI atizayokti nahIM hogii| jisa prakAra tarAjU meM do palar3e hote haiN| donoM palar3oM ke bIca DaNDI hotI hai usameM eka muThiyA lagI rahatI hai jo kendra kA kAma karatI hai| DaNDI yA muThiyA ke abhAva meM kevala palar3oM se kisI bhI vastu ko taulA nahIM jA sakatA hai kyoMki DaNDI yA muThiyA ke hone para hI hama tarAjU kA upayoga kara sakate haiN| isI prakAra hamArI saMskRti meM tIna mukhya tattva pAye jAte haiM- deva, guru aura dhrm| ina tattvoM meM guru kA pada madhyastha hai aura madhyavartI hokara ve deva aura dharma kI pahacAna karavAte haiN| jaina paramparA meM bhI guru ko namaskAra mahAmantra meM 'Namo AyariyANaM' ke rUpa meM madhyastha sthAna prApta hai| bhArata kI isa pAvana dharatI para mahAna jJAnI, dhyAnI tathA RSi Adi utpanna hue jinhoMne apane jJAna kI divya jyoti se vyakti aura samAja meM vyApta ajJAnarUpI andhakAra ko naSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| isI kAraNa jaba bhI adhyApaka athavA adhyApana ke viSaya meM carcA hotI hai to kisI na kisI rUpa meM hama apane una prAcIna guruoM ko Adarza rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| cAhe vaha adhyApana kArya kA kSetra ho athavA jJAna ke AviSkAra kA viSaya ho, sabhI kSetroM meM hameM guru kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| jahA~ taka vidyArthI jIvana ko sArthaka banAne kI bAta hai to usameM guru kA sarvocca sthAna hai| 'guru' kA zAbdika artha guru zabda kI vyutpatti 'gR' dhAtu meM 'ku' aura 'utva' pratyaya lagane se hotI hai| 'gRNAti upadizita dharma girati ajJAnaM vA guruH|1 arthAt jo ajJAna ko naSTa karake jJAna kA prakAza pradAna karatA hai tathA antarmana meM dharma kI jyoti prajvalita karatA hai, dharma kA upadeza detA hai, vahI guru hai| guru zabda kI dUsarI vyutpatti isa prakAra kI jAtI hai - 'guNAtIti guruH' jo 'gR nigaraNe' dhAtu se niSpanna hai aura jisakA artha hotA

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134 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hai jo bhItara se kucha nikAlakara de vaha guru kahalAtA hai| guru kI tIsarI vyutpatti hai- gIryate stUyate devgndhrvmnussyaadibhiH| gIryate stUyate mahAtvAd iti vaa| arthAt devoM, gandharvo aura manuSyoM ke dvArA stuti kiye jAne ke kAraNa vaha guru kahalAtA hai| mahimA aura mAhAtmya ke kAraNa usakI stuti kI jAtI hai| eka anya vyutpatti ke anusAra -'gukArastamasi prokto rukaastnivrtkH|' jisameM prathama varNa 'gu' andhakAra kA dyotaka hai aura dUsarA varNa 'ru' prakAza kA vAcaka hai| ata: andhakAra ko dUra karane vAlA hI guru hai| isa prakAra 'guru' zabda ke vyutpattimUlaka artha meM guru eka dharmopadezaka tathA patha-pradarzaka dRSTigocara hote haiM, kintu sAmAnyatayA 'guru' zabda kA artha zikSaka se liyA jAtA hai jo hameM skUla yA kAlejoM meM kisI viSaya kA vidhivata jJAna karAte haiN| inake atirikta guru ke aura bhI artha dekhane ko milate haiM(1) jyotiSazAstra meM bRhaspati nAma kA eka graha hai jise guru bhI kahA jAtA hai| (2) vyAkaraNa meM hrasva aura dIrgha do prakAra ke svara mAne gaye haiM, jisameM dIrgha ko guru ke nAma se bhI iMgita kiyA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA jaina granthoM meM guru ke lie AcArya 2, buddha, pUjya, dharmAcArya,5 upAdhyAya Adi zabdoM ke bhI prayoga dekhane ko milate haiN| AcArya (guru) kI paribhASA _ 'bhagavatIsUtra' ke vRttikAra abhayadevasUri ne AcArya ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- jo jinendra dvArA prarUpita Agama jJAna ko hRdayaMgama kara use AtmasAta karane kI utkaNThA vAle ziSyoM dvArA vinayAdipUrNa, maryAdApUrvaka sevita hoM unheM AcArya kahate haiN| 'mUlAcAra' meM kahA gayA hai - jo AcAravettA haiM, sadA AcAra kA AcaraNa karate haiM aura dUsaroM se karavAte haiM, ve AcArya haiN| isI prakAra AcArya zabda kA vyutpattimUlaka artha batAte hue AcArya vIrasena ne kahA hai - jo pA~ca AcAroM kA svayaM pAlana karate haiM tathA dUsaroM se karavAte haiM, unheM AcArya kahate haiN| sAmAnyatayA jinase AcaraNa grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai unheM AcArya kahate haiN|1deg AcArya pUjyapAda ne kahA hai ki jisake nimitta se vratoM kA AcaraNa karate haiM ve AcArya kahalAte haiN|11 'dazavaikAlikacUrNi' ke anusAra sUtra aura artha se sampanna tathA apane guru dvArA jo guru pada para sthApita hotA hai vaha AcArya kahalAtA hai|12 jinazAsana ke artha kA upadezaka hone ke kAraNa mokSa ke

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135 zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva abhilASI ziSya vinayapUrvaka jinakI sevA karate haiM, ve sUtrArtha ke dAtA munivara AcArya haiN|13 'mUlAcAra' meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sarvakAla-sambandhI AcAra ko jAnatA hai tathA yogya AcAra kA svayaM AcaraNa karatA hai aura anya sAdhuoM ko AcaraNa meM pravRtta karatA hai use AcArya kahate haiN| 'mUlAcAra' meM AcArya pada kI sArthakatA ko nirUpita karate huye kahA gayA hai ki pAMca prakAra ke AcAroM kA svayaM AcaraNa karate hue suzobhita hone ke kAraNa AcArya nAma sArthaka hotA hai|14 dharma ke upadezaka ko upAdhyAya kahate haiN| AcArya ke bAda upAdhyAya kA sthAna hotA hai| upAdhyAya ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jinake pAsa Akara adhyayana kiyA jAye ve upAdhyAya haiN|15 'mUlAcAra' ke anusAra jo svAdhyAya rUpI dvAdazAMgoM kA apane ziSyoM ko upadeza dete haiM, par3hAte haiM, ve upAdhyAya kahalAte haiN|16 AcArya ke lakSaNa vidyArthI ke lie sadguru kA honA atyanta Avazyaka hotA hai| sadguru ke abhAva meM vidyArthI kitanI hI kuzAgra buddhi kA kyoM na ho, vaha usI prakAra prakAzita nahIM ho sakatA jisa prakAra binA sUrya ke cndrmaa| kintu prazna upasthita hotA hai ki sadguru kI saMgati kaise kI jAye, usakI pahacAna kyA hai? usake lakSaNa kyA haiM? jise dekhakara yaha samajhA jAye ki yaha sadguru hai yA asdguru| 'bhagavatIsUtra' meM sadguru ke lakSaNoM ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki jo sUtra aura artha donoM ke jJAtA hoM, utkRSTa koTi ke lakSaNoM se yukta hoM, saMgha ke lie mer3hi ke samAna hoM, jo apane gaNa, gaccha athavA saMgha ko sabhI prakAra ke santApoM se pUrNata: vimukta rakhane meM sakSama hoM tathA jo apane ziSyoM ko AgamoM kI gUr3ha arthasahita vAcanA dete hoM, ve sadguru AcArya haiN|19 AcArya kI vizeSatA para prakAza DAlate huye kahA gayA hai- jo pravacanarUpI samudra jala ke madhya snAna karane se arthAt paramAtmA ke paripUrNa abhyAsa aura anubhava se jinakI buddhi nirmala ho gayI hai, jo nirdoSa rIti se chaha AvazyakoM kA pAlana karate haiM, jo meru ke samAna niSkampa haiM, zUravIra haiM, siMha ke samAna nirbhIka haiM, jo zreSTha haiM; deza, kula aura jAti se zuddha haiM, saumyamUrti haiM, antaraMga aura bahiraMga parigraha se rahita haiM, AkAza ke samAna nirlepa haiM, saMgha ke anugraha meM kuzala aura sUtrArtha meM vizArada haiM, jinakI kIrti sarvatra phaila rahI haiM, jo sAraNa (AcaraNa), vAraNa (niSedha) aura zodhana (vratoM kI zuddhi) karanevAlI kriyAoM meM nirantara udyata haiM, ve AcArya parameSThI ke samAna haiN|20 'AdipurANa' ke anusAra AcArya ke nimna lakSaNa haiM (1) sadAcArI, (2) sthirabuddhi, (3) jitendriyatA, (4) antaraMga aura bahiraMga

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136 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana saumyatA, (5) vyAkhyAna zailI kI pravINatA, (6) subodha vyAkhyA zailI, (7) pratyutpannamatitva, (8) gambhIratA, (9) pratibhAsampannatA, (10) tArkikatA arthAt prazna tathA kutarkoM ko sahanevAlA ho, (11) dayAlutA, (12) dUsare arthAt ziSya ke abhiprAyoM ko avagata karane kI kSamatA, (13) samasta vidyAoM kA jJAtA, (14) saMskRta, prAkRta Adi aneka bhASAoM meM nipuNatA, (15) snehazIlatA, (16) udAratA, (17) satyavAditA, (18) satkulotpannatA, (19) parahita sAdhana-tatparatA, aadi|21 'gurutattvavinizcaya'22 meM nimnalikhita lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM (1) jo sundara vratavAlA ho, (2) jo suzIla ho, (3) jo dRr3ha vratavAlA ho, (4) jo dRr3ha cAritravAlA ho, (5) jo anindita aMgavAlA ho, (6)jo aparigrahI ho, (7) jo rAga-dveSa rahita ho, (8) moha-mithyAtvarUpI mala kalaMka se rahita ho, (9) upazAntavRttivAlA ho, (10) svaprazAstra kA jAnakAra ho, (11) mahAvairAgya ke mArga kA jAnakAra ho, (12) jo strIkathA, bhaktakathA, cauryakathA, rAjakathA aura dezakathAoM ko na karanevAlA ho, (13) jo atyanta anukampAzIla ho, (14) paraloka meM prApta honevAle vighnoM se DaranevAlA ho, (15) jo kuzIla kA zatru ho, (16) jo zAstroM ke bhAvArtha ko jAnanevAlA ho, (17) jo zAstroM ke rahasyoM ko jAnanevAlA ho, (18) jo rAta-dina ahiMsA Adi lakSaNa tathA kSamAdi dazadharma meM lIna rahanevAlA ho, (19) jo nirantara parvata ke samAna aDiga bAraha tapoM ko karanevAlA ho, (20) jo pA~ca samitiyoM kA satat pAlana karanevAlA ho, (21) jo satat tIna guptiyoM se yukta rahanevAlA ho, (22) svazakti se aThAraha hajAra (18000) zIlAMga kI ArAdhanA karanevAlA ho, (23) utsargaruci, tattvaruci aura zatru-mitra ke sAtha samabhAva rakhanevAlA ho, (24) jo sAta bhayasthAnoM se mukta ho, (25) jo nau brahmacarya tathA gupti kI virAdhanA se DaranevAlA ho, (26) jo bahuzruta ho, (27) jo Aryakula meM janmA ho, (28) jo sAdhvI varga ke saMsarga meM na rahanevAlA ho, (29) jo nirantara dharmopadeza karanevAlA ho, (30) jo satat ogha samAcAra kI prarUpaNA karanevAlA ho, (31) sAdhu-maryAdA meM rahanevAlA ho, (32) jo sAmAcArI se DaranevAlA ho, (33) jo AlocanA ke yogya ziSya ko prAyazcitta karavAne meM samartha ho, (34) jo vandana-pratikramaNa-svAdhyAyavyAkhyAna-AlocanA-uddeza aura samuddeza Adi sAta samUhoM kI virAdhanA kA jAnakAra ho, (35) pravrajyA-upasampadA aura uddeza-samuddeza-anujJA kI virAdhanA kA jAnakAra ho, (36) dravya-kSetra-kAla aura bhAva-bhavAntara ke antara ko jAnanevAlA ho, (37) dravyakSetra-kAla aura bhAvAdi Alambana se vimukta ho, (38) jo thake huye bAla, (39) vRddha, navadIkSita sAdhu aura sAdhvI ko mokSamArga kI ora pravartana karane meM kuzala ho, (40)

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 137 jo jJAna, darzana aura cAritrarUpI tapa kI prarUpaNA karanevAlA ho, (41) jo caraNa aura karaNa kA dhAraka ho, (42) jo jJAna-darzana aura cAritrarUpI tapoM ke guNoM meM prabhAvaka ho, (43) jo dRr3ha samyaktvavAlA ho, (44) jo satat parizrama karanevAlA ho, (45) jo dhairya rakhane meM samartha ho, (46) jo gambhIra svabhAvavAlA ho, (47) jo atizaya kAntivAlA ho, (48) sUrya kI bhA~ti tapa rUpI teja se dUsare dvArA parAjita na honevAlA ho, (49) dAna-zIla-tapa aura bhAvanArUpI caturvidha dharma meM utpanna karanevAle vighnoM se DaranevAlA ho, (50) jo sabhI prakAra kI azAtanAoM se DaranevAlA ho, (51) Rddhi-rasa-sukha Adi tathA raudra Arta Adi dhyAnoM se atyanta mukta ho, (52) sabhI Avazyaka kriyAyoM meM udyata ho, (53) jo vizeSa labdhiyoM se yukta ho, (54) jo bahunidrA na karanevAlA ho, (55) jo bahubhojI na ho, (56) jo sabhI Avazyaka, svAdhyAya, dhyAna, abhigraha Adi meM parizramI ho, (57) jo parISaha aura upasarga meM na ghabarAnevAlA ho, (58) jo yogya ziSya ko saMgrahita karane meM sakSama ho, (59) ayogya ziSya kA tyAga karane kI vidhi jAnanevAlA ho, (60) jo majabUta zarIravAlA ho, (61) jo sva-para zAstroM kA marmajJa ho, (62) krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, mamatA, rati, hAsya, krIr3A, kAma, ahitavAda Adi bAdhAoM se sarvathA mukta ho, (63) jo sAMsArika viSayoM meM lipta rahanevAle vyakti ko apane abhibhASaNa/dharmopadeza dvArA vairAgya utpanna karAne meM samartha ho, (64) jo bhavya jIvoM ko pratibodha dvArA gaccha meM lAnevAlA ho| uparyukta guNoM kA vivecana karane ke pazcAt yaha kahA gayA hai ki ina guNoM se yukta sAdhu (guru) gaNI haiM, gaNadhara haiM, tIrtha haiM, arihanta haiM, kevalI haiM, jina haiM, tIrthaprabhAvaka haiM, vaMdya haiM, pUjya haiM, namaskaraNIya haiM, darzanIya haiM, paramapavitra haiM, parama kalyANa haiM, paramamaMgala haiM, siddha haiM, mukta haiM, ziva haiM, mokSa haiM, rakSaka haiM, sanmArga haiM, gati haiM, zaraNya haiM, pAraMgata aura devoM ke deva haiN|23 AcArya pada para niyukta hone kI yogyatAe~ ___ jIvana ke nirmANa meM guru eka mahAna vibhUti ke rUpa meM prastuta hotA hai, parantu usa mahAna vibhUti kA yogya honA bhI Avazyaka hai, kyoMki yadi guru hI ayogya hogA to ziSya yogya kaise bana sakatA hai? jaina granthoM meM guru kI yogyatA batAte hue kahA gayA hai- jo saMgraha aura anugraha meM kuzala ho (dIkSA Adi dekara ziSyoM ko saMgha meM ekatrita karanA saMgraha hai aura puna: una ziSyoM ko zAstrAdi jJAna dvArA saMskArayukta, yogya banAnA anugraha hai|), sUtra ke artha meM vizArada, kIrti se prasiddhi ko prApta, grAhya aura Adeya vacana bolanevAlA (kathita mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA arthAt guru ne kucha kahA to 'yaha aisA hai' isa prakAra ke bhAva se una vacanoM ko grahaNa karanA grAhya hai aura pramANIbhUta

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138 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vacana ko Adeya kahate haiM), gambhIra pravAdiyoM dvArA kabhI bhI paribhava-tiraskAra Adi prApta na karanevAlA, zUra, dharma kI prabhAvanA karanevAlA, kSamA guNa meM pRthvI ke samAna, saumya guNa meM candramA aura nirmalatA meM samudra ke samAna viziSTa guNoM se yukta ho vaha AcArya hai| 20 AcArya pada para pratiSThita hone kI yogyatAoM ke viSaya meM 'vyavahArasUtra' meM kahA gayA hai ki kama se kama pA~ca varSa kI dIkSA paryAyavAle zramaNAcAra meM kuzala, pravacana meM pravINa, prajJAbuddhi meM niSNAta, AhArAdi ke upagraha meM kuzala, akhaNDAcArI, sabala doSoM se rahita, bhinnatA rahita, AcAra kA pAlana karanevAle, niHkaSAya caritravAle, aneka sUtroM aura AgamoM meM pAraMgata zramaNa AcArya athavA upAdhyAya pada para pratiSThita hone ke yogya haiN|21 ___AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu- ye tInoM sAdhu avasthA ke hI bheda haiN| zramaNatva kI dRSTi se tInoM samAna hI hote haiM aura sAmAnya rUpa se mUla guNoM tathA uttara guNoM kA pAlana sabhI ko karanA par3atA hai| cU~ki AcArya saMgha ke pradhAna hote haiM, ata: unameM aneka viziSTa guNa mAne gaye haiN| 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' meM AcArya ko AcAravAna, AdhAravAna, vyavahAravAna, kartA (prakurvIta), ratnatraya ke lAbha aura vinAza ko dikhAnevAlA (AyApAya darzanodyata), avapIr3aka (utpIlaka), aparisrAvI, nirvApaka, niryApaka, prasiddhakIrtizAlI (prathitakIrti) tathA niryApana Adi viziSTa guNoM se sampanna batAyA gayA hai|22 inake atirikta AcArya parameSThI ke chattIsa guNa batAye gaye haiN| chattIsa guNa AcArya aneka gaNoM se sampanna hote haiN| unake guNoM kI parigaNanA nahIM kI jA sktii| zAstrAnusAra ve sAdhu ke sAdhAraNa guNoM ke sAtha-sAtha viziSTa chattIsa guNoM ke dhAraka hote haiN| jaina dharma kI donoM paramparAoM meM AcArya ke chattIsa guNa kahe gaye haiM, kintu saMkhyA meM ekarUpatA hote hue bhI bhedoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra jo pA~ca indriyoM ko vaza meM karatA hai, nau bAr3a se vizuddha brahmacarya kA pAlana karatA hai, pA~ca mahAvratoM se yukta hotA hai, pA~ca AcAroM ke pAlana meM samartha hotA hai, pA~ca samiti aura tIna gupti kA pAlaka hotA hai aura jo cAra prakAra ke kaSAyoM se mukta hotA hai vahI guru yA AcArya hai| 23 digambara paramparA meM bhI AcArya ke guNoM kI saMkhyA chattIsa svIkAra kI hai, kintu guNoM ke bhedoM meM AcAryoM ke bIca mataikya nahIM hai| 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' meM AcAravatva Adi ATha guNa, dasa sthitikalpa, bAraha tapa, chaH Avazyaka Adi chattIsa guNoM kA

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 139 ullekha hai|24 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' kI apanI TIkA meM paM0AzAdhara jI ne ukta gAthA ke sambandha meM likhA hai - 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' ke anusAra chattIsa guNa isa prakAra haiM - ATha jJAnAcAra, ATha darzanAcAra, bAraha tapa, pA~ca samitiyA~, tIna guptiyA~ aadi| ye chattIsa guNa 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI saMskRta TIkA' ke anusAra hai| prAkRta TIkA meM aTThAisa mUla guNa aura AcAravatva Adi ATha- ye chattIsa guNa haiM athavA dasa AlocanA ke guNa, dasa prAyazcitta ke guNa, dasa sthitikalpa aura chaha jItaguNa- ye chattIsa guNa haiN| aisI sthiti meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM sunI gayI yaha gAthA prakSipta hI pratIta hotI hai| 25 'bodhapAhuDa' kI gAthA do kI saMskRta TIkA ke anusAra AcArya ke chattIsa guNa isa prakAra haiM- AcAravAna, zrutadhArI, prAyazcittadAtAra, guNa-doSa kA pravaktA; kintu doSa ko prakaTa na karanevAlA, aparisrAvI, sAdhuoM ko santoSa denevAle niryApaka, digambaraveSI, anudiSTabhojI, azayyAsanI, arAjabhuka, kriyAyukta, vratavAn, jyeSThasadguNI, pratikramaNa karanevAlA, SaTmAsa yogI, dvi niSaddhAvAlA, bAraha tapa aura chaha Avazyaka ye chattIsa guNa AcArya (guru) ke haiN|26 AcAravatva Adi ATha guNa AcArya AcAravAna, AdhAravAna, vyavahAravAna, prakartRtva, Aya aura apAyadarzI, avapIDaka, aparisrAvI aura sukhakArI hotA hai| ina ATha guNoM ko nimna rUpa se paribhASita kiyA gayA hai AcAravAna- darzanAcAra, jJAnAcAra, caritrAcAra, tapAcAra aura vIryAcAra- ina pA~ca AcAroM kA jo svayaM pAlana karate haiM aura apane ziSyoM ko karavAte haiM, ve AcArya AcAravAna hote haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM jo jJAna, darzanAdi AcAroM meM apane Apako bhI niyukta karate haiM aura apane ziSyAdi ko bhI niyukta karate haiM, ve AcArya AcAravAna haiN|27 AdhAravAna- ve AcArya jinheM zrutazAstra kA asAdhAraNa jJAna ho AdhAravAna hote haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM jo caudaha pUrva yA dasa pUrva yA nau pUrva ke jJAtA hoM, mahAbuddhizAlI hoM, sAgara kI taraha gambhIra hoM, kalpavyavahAra ke jJAtA hoM ve AdhAravAna haiN|28 vyavahAravAna- prAyazcitta ko hI vyavahAra kahate haiN|29 jo Agama, zruta, AjJA, dhAraNA aura jIta Adi pA~ca prakAra ke vyavahAra (prAyazcita) ko yathArtha rUpa meM vistAra se jAnatA hai, jisane bahuta se AcAryoM ko prAyazcitta dete dekhA hai aura svayaM bhI prAyazcitta kiyA hai use vyavahAravAna AcArya kahate haiN|30

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140 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prakartRtva- AcArya meM itanI kartRtva zakti honI cAhie ki saMkaTa kA samaya upasthita hone para saMgha kI rakSA karane meM pIche na htte| sAtha hI samAdhimaraNa karAne evaM samAdhimaraNa grahaNa karanevAle zramaNoM kA vaiyAvRtya karAne meM kuzala ho| AyApAyadarzI- doSoM kI AlocanA na karanevAle kSapaka ko bhaya hotA hai ki mere doSa prakaTa hone para saba merA nirAdara kreNge| aise samaya meM AlocanA karanevAle kSapaka ko Aya aura upAya yAnI ki AlocanA ke guNa evaM AlocanA na karane ke doSoM ko batalAne meM kuzala AcArya AyApAyadarzI AcArya hote haiN| __avapIDaka- koI kSapaka AlocanA ke guNa-doSa ko jAnate hue bhI apane doSoM ko prakaTa karane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hotaa| taba AcArya kSapaka ke doSoM ko usI prakAra nikAlate haiM jisa prakAra mAtA bacce kA mu~ha kholakara davA pilAtI hai| aparisrAva- zramaNoM dvArA Alocita doSoM ko dUsare zramaNoM ke Age vaise hI prakaTa nahIM karanA jaise tapAye gaye lohe dvArA pIyA gayA pAnI kabhI prakaTa nahIM hotA hai|31 niryApaka-samAdhimaraNa svIkAra karanevAle sAdhu kSudhA, tRSAdi parISahoM se pIr3ita hone para kruddha bhI hote haiN| unheM apanI mRduvANI se hitopadeza dete hue unakI bAdhAoM ko dUra karane meM kuzala AcArya niryApakadhArI hote haiN|32 / / uparyukta ATha guNoM se sampanna sAdhu ko hI AcArya pada ke yogya mAnA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke 'vyavahArabhASya' meM prAyazcittoM ke varNana meM AlocanAha kI vizeSatAoM kA bhI ullekha hai| AlocanAha nirapralApI hote haiM aura ina ATha vizeSaNoM se yukta hote haiN| 33 ukta ATha guNoM ke atirikta Acelakya Adi dasa sthitikalpa, bAraha tapa aura chaha Avazyaka Adi, lekara chattIsa guNa batAye gaye haiN| dasa sthitikalpa Acelakya, auddezika kA tyAga, zayyAtarapiNDa kA tyAga, rAjapiNDa kA tyAga, kRtikarma, vrata, jyeSThatA, pratikramaNa, mAsasthiti aura paryuSaNa - ye dasa sthitikalpa haiN| 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' meM AcArya ke AcAravatva Adi guNa kA prakArAntara se kathana karate hue ina dasa kalpoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jo dasa sthitikalpoM meM sthita haiM, ve AcArya AcAravatva guNa ke dhAraka haiM aura ATha pravacana mAtAoM meM saMlagna haiN| 34 kintu yaha digambarIya mAnyatA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI sthitikalpa haiM lekina vahA~

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 141 dasa sthitikalpa ke dhAraka hI AcArya hoM yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai kyoMki dasa sthitikalpa meM se cAra sthita hote haiM aura cha asthit| zayyAtarapiNDa kA tyAga, vrata, jyeSThatA aura kRtikarma cAra sthita haiM, zeSa asthit| RSabha aura mahAvIra ko chor3akara madhya ke bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke kAla meM sAdhu tathA videha ke sAdhu chaH asthita kA pAlana karate bhI the aura nahIM bhI karate the| zvetAmbara paramparA meM dasa sthitikalpa kA pAlana pratyeka sAdhu ke liye karaNIya hai| isakA sambandha AcArya ke AcAryatva se nahIM hai| ___Acelakya- cela kA artha hotA hai- vstr| vastrAdi parigraha kA abhAva yA nagnatA kA nAma Acelakya hai| pratyeka sAdhu ko nagna rahanA caahie| (yaha digambara mAnyatA hai|) 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' kI apanI saMskRta TIkA meM aparAjitasUri ne isakA samarthana kiyA hai, parantu zvetAmbara zAstroM meM unakI mAnyatA ke prati virodha prakaTa kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara paramparA ke bhASyakAroM aura TIkAkAroM ne acela kA artha alpa cela yA alpamUlya kA cela se kiyA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sAdhu ke liye nagnatA kA niSedha hai| auddezika kA tyAga- zramaNoM ke uddezya se banAye gaye bhojana Adi ko grahaNa na karanA, kyoMki ogha rUpa se yA vibhAga rUpa se zramaNoM aura zramaNiyoM ke kula, gaNa aura saMgha ke saMkalpa se jo bhojana Adi banAyA jAtA hai vaha grAhya nahIM hotA hai|35 zayyAtarapiNDa kA tyAga- jisane vasatikA banavAyI hai, jo vasatikA kI saphAI Adi karatA hai tathA jo vahA~ kA vyavasthApaka hai usake bhojana Adi ko grahaNa na karanA tIsarA sthitikalpa hai| kAraNa ki usakA bhojana Adi grahaNa karane para vaha dharmaphala ke lobha se chipAkara bhI AhAra Adi kI vyavasthA kara sakatA hai aura jo AhAra dene meM asamartha hai, daridra yA lobhI hai, vaha isalie rahane ko sthAna nahIM degA ki sthAna dene se bhojanAdi bhI denA hogaa| vaha socegA ki apane sthAna para ThaharAkara bhI yadi maiM AhArAdi nahIM dUMgA to loga merI nindA kareMge ki isake ghara meM muni Thahare haiM aura isa abhAge ne unheM AhAra nahIM diyaa| dUsare, muni kA usa para vizeSa sneha ho sakatA hai ki yaha hameM vasati ke sAtha bhojana bhI detA hai| kintu usakA bhojana grahaNa na karane para ukta doSa nahIM hotaa| anya kucha granthakAra 'zayyAgRhapiNDa kA tyAga' aisA pATha rakhakara usakI yaha vyAkhyA karate haiM ki mArga meM jAte hue jisa ghara meM rAta ko soye usI ghara meM dUsare dina bhojana nahIM karanA athavA vasatikA ke nimitta se prApta honevAle dravya se banA bhojana grahaNa nahIM krnaa|36 rAjapiNDa kA tyAga- rAjA jisakA janma ikSvAku Adi kula meM huA hai athavA jo prajA ko priya zAsana detA hai yA rAjA ke samAna aizvaryazAlI hai usake bhojanAdi

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142 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko rAjapiNDa kahate haiN| AhAra, anAhAra aura upAdhi ke bheda se rAjapiNDa tIna prakAra ke haiM aura ina tInoM ko grahaNa na karanA rAjapiNDa kA tyAga hai| inake grahaNa karane se aneka doSa Ate haiM, jaise- rAjabhavana meM mantrI, zreSThI, kAryavAhaka Adi barAbara Ate-jAte rahate haiM, ata: bhikSA ke lie rAjabhavana meM praviSTa bhikSu ko unake Ane-jAne se rukAvaTa ho sakatI hai, unake kAraNa sAdhu ko rukanA par3a sakatA hai| hAthI, ghor3oM ke jAne-Ane se bhUmi zodhakara nahIM calA jA sktaa| naMge sAdhu ko dekhakara aura use amaMgala mAnakara koI burA vyavahAra kara sakatA hai, koI use cora bhI samajha sakatA hai| kAmavedanA se pIr3ita striyA~ balAt sAdhu ko upabhoga ke lie roka sakatI haiN| rAjA se prApta susvAdu bhojana ke lobha se sAdhu aneSaNIya bhojana bhI grahaNa kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra rAjapiNDa grahaNa karane para aneka doSa A sakate haiM, kintu jahA~ isa prakAra ke doSoM kI sambhAvanA na ho aura anyatra bhojana sambhava na ho to rAjapiNDa bhI grAhya ho sakatA hai|37 kRtikarma- chaha AvazyakoM ke pAlaka gurujanoM kA vinaya karanA kRtikarma hai|38 cAritra meM sthita sAdhu ke dvArA bhI mahAna guruoM ke prati vinaya, sevA karanA kRtikarma hai| vratAropaNa- jo dharma kI rakSA karane meM samartha ho, jo acela ho, apane uddezya se banAye gaye bhojanAdi kA tathA rAjapiNDa kA tyAgI, gurubhakta aura vinIta ho, usI ko niyamapUrvaka vrata denA cAhie, vahI vratAropaNa ke yogya hai|39 jyeSThatA- cirakAla se dIkSita aura pA~ca mahAvratoM kI dhAriNI sAdhvI se eka dina ke bhI dIkSita sAdhu jyeSTha hote haiM, ata: unake prati vinita bhAva rakhanA caahie| pratikramaNa- acelatA Adi kalpa meM sthita sAdhu ko yadi aticAra lagatA hai to usakA zodhana karanA pratikramaNa hai|40 mAsa- chaH RtuoM meM eka-eka mAsa hI eka sthAna para rahanA aura anya samaya meM vihAra karanA mAsa sthitikalpa hai|41 paryuSaNa- varSAkAla meM bhramaNa tyAgakara cAra mAsa eka hI sthAna para rahanA, kyoMki usa samaya asaMyama kA Dara rahatA hai| isake sAtha hI varSA tathA zIta se AtmA kI virAdhanA hotI hai| pAnI meM chipe DhU~r3ha, kA~Te, kIcar3a Adi se bhI virAdhanA hotI hai|42 paM0 AzAdharajI ne isa kalpa kA nAmakaraNa vArSika yoga kiyA hai|43 bAraha tapa jaina paramparA meM "tapa' ko dharma kA prANatattva mAnA gayA hai| jisa sAdhanA ke

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 143 45 dvArA zarIra ke rasa, rakta, mAMsa, haDDiyA~, majjA, zukra Adi tapa jAte haiM, sUkha jAte haiM tathA jisake dvArA azubha karma jala jAte haiM, vaha tapa hai| 44 isI prakAra jo ATha prakAra ke karmoM ko tapAtA ho, unheM bhasmasAta kara DAlane meM samartha ho, use tapa kahate haiN| tapa AtmA ko ThIka usI prakAra zuddha evaM nirmala karatI hai jisa prakAra agni sone ko zuddha karatI hai, phiTakirI maile jala ko nirmala banAtI hai, soDA yA sAbuna malina vastra ko ujjvala banAtA hai| 'uttarAdhyayana meM' tapa ke do bheda varNita haiM(1) bAhya tapa aura (2) Abhyantara tapa / 46 bAhya tapa kA artha hotA hai - bAhara se dikhAyI denevAlA tapa / jo tapa sAdhanA zarIra se adhika sambandha rakhatI ho vaha bAhya kahalAtI hai, yathA upavAsa aadi| isake antargata anazana, UnodarI, bhikSAcarI, rasa- parityAga, kAya-kleza aura saMlInatA Adi tapa Ate haiN| antarmana meM calanevAlI zuddhi - prakriyA Abhyantara tapa kahalAtI hai| isakA sambandha mana se adhika rahatA hai| mana ko mAMjanA, sarala banAnA, ekAgra karanA aura zubha cintana meM lagAnA Adi Abhyantara tapa kI vidhiyA~ haiN| prAyazcitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRtya, svAdhyAya, dhyAna aura vyutsarga Adi tapa isake antargata Ate haiN| isa prakAra bAhya aura Abhyantara donoM milAkara tapa ke bAraha prakAra hote haiM, jinakA alaga-alaga vivecana nimna prakAra se hai- anazana - anazana ko sabhI tapoM meM prathama sthAna milA hai kyoMki yaha AcaraNa meM anya tapoM se adhika kaThora evaM durgharSa hai| AhAra kA tyAga hI anazana hai| anazana kA artha hI hotA hai azana kA tyAga arthAt AhAra kA tyaag| AhAra kA tyAga karane se mana se viSaya vikAra dUra hote haiN| tapa ke lAbha ke viSaya meM gaNadhara gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se prazna kiyA hai AhAra tyAga karane se kisa phala kI prApti hotI hai ? arthAt AtmA ko anazana se kyA lAbha hotA hai ? uttara meM kahA gayA hai-- AhAra kA tyAga karane se jIvana kI AzaMsA arthAt zarIra evaM prANoM kA moha chUTa jAtA hai| 47 UnodarI -- tapa kA dUsarA bheda hai UnodarI / UnodarI arthAt bhojana karate samayapeTa ko khAlI rakhanA, bhUkha se kama khAnA UnodarI hai| UnodarI kA hI dUsarA nAma avamaudarya hai| dUsare zabdoM meM khAnA khAte-khAte rasanA para saMyama kara lenA UnodarI hai| svAda Ate hue bhojana ko bIca meM chor3a denA utanA hI duSkara hai jitanA ki upavAsa karanA / UnodarI tapa se aneka roga miTa jAte haiM tathA asvastha vyakti bhI svastha ho jAtA hai|

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144 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 48 ataH bhikSAcarI tapa- bhikSAcarI kA artha hotA hai-- vividha prakAra ke abhigraha karake AhAra kI gaveSaNA karanA / bhikSA yAnI mA~ganA, yAcanA karanA, kintu sirpha mA~ganA mAtra tapa nahIM hai| zAstra meM kahA gayA hai ki dInatApUrvaka mA~ganA pApa hai| bhikSAcarI 'tapa' tabhI saMbhava hai jaba use niyamapUrvaka pavitra uddezya se aura zAstrasammata vidhi-vidhAna ke sAtha grahaNa kiyA jaay| jaina granthoM meM ucca, nIca aura madhyama kuloM meM samAna bhAva se bhikSA karane ko kahA gayA hai| 49 gocarI, madhukarI aura vRttisaMkSepa Adi nAma bhikSAcarI ke hI paryAyavAcI haiM / 50 - rasa- parityAga tapa-- rasa- parityAga eka prakAra kA asvAda vrata hai| isameM svAda para vijaya prApta karane kI sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| rasa kA artha hotA hai prIti bar3hAnevAlA / jisa kAraNa se bhojana meM prIti utpanna hotI ho use rasa kahate haiN| sarasa bhojana ke sevana kA niSedha karate hue mahAvIra svAmI ne kahA hai- sarasa padArthoM kA adhika sevana nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki rasadAra gariSTa AhAra se dhAtu Adi puSTa hotI haiM, vIrya uttejita hotA hai, usase kAmAgni pracaNDa hotI hai aura vikAra sAdhaka ko vaise hI gherane lagate haiM jaise ki svAdiSTa phalavAle vRkSa ko pakSIgaNa ghera lete haiM / 51 ataH svAda bhAvanA se rahita bhojana karanA cAhie, kyoMki svAda na lene se karmoM kA halkApana hotA hai aura sAdhaka AhAra karatA huA bhI tapasyA karatA hai / 52 kAyakleza tapa- kAyakleza kA artha hotA hai zarIra ko kaSTa denA / kaSTa do prakAra ke hote haiM - (1) kaSTa kA prAkRtika rUpa meM svayaM AnA tathA (II) kaSTa ko udIraNA karake bulAnA / yahA~ kAyakleza kA dUsarA artha hI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| kAyakleza arthAt apanI ora se kaSToM ko svIkAra krnaa| sAdhaka vizeSa karma-nirjarA ke lie aneka prakAra ke Asana, dhyAna, pratimA, kezaluMcana, zarIra ke prati moha tyAga Adi ke mAdhyama se videha bhAva ko svIkAra karatA hai| yaha vizeSa prakAra kA tapa hI kAya - kleza tapa hai / 53 kAyakleza mahAna dharma aura karma-nirjarA kA kAraNa hai| pratisaMlInatA tapa- AtmA ke prati lInatA pratisaMlInatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM para-bhAva meM lIna AtmA ko svabhAva meM lIna banAne kI prakriyA hI pratisaMlInatA tapa hai / indriyoM ko, kaSAyoM ko, mana-vacana Adi yogoM ko ThIka usI prakAra apane meM sameTa lenA jisa prakAra kachuA apane aMgopAMga ko bhItara sameTa letA hai| bhagavatI meM kahA bhI gayA hai - kachue kI taraha samasta indriyoM evaM aMgopAMga kA gopana karanA cAhie / yaha sAdhaka kA indriya saMyama kAyayoga tapa hai / 54 prAyazcitta tapa- pApa kI vizuddhi athavA doSa kI vizuddhi ke lie jo kriyA

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 145 kI jAtI hai use prAyazcitta kahate haiN| 'rAjavArtika' meM prAyazcitta ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai- 'prAyaH' kA abhiprAya hai- aparAdha aura citta kA- 'shodhn|' arthAt jisa kriyA se aparAdha kI zuddhi ho vaha prAyazcitta hai|55 prAyazcitta hRdaya ko atyanta sarala banAkara gurujanoM ke samakSa pApa prakaTa karane kI tapa-sAdhanA-vidhi hai| vinaya tapa- jaina dharma meM vinaya ko dharma kA mUla mAnA gayA hai|56 yaza, pratiSThA Adi kI bhAvanA para saMyama karanA, ahaMkAra para vijaya karanA, mana kI niraMkuzatA ko samApta karanA evaM gurujanoM kI AjJA kA pAlana karanA Adi vinaya ke antargata Ate haiN| vinaya kA phala mokSa hai| yaha bAta AgamoM meM svIkAra kI gayI hai| jisa prakAra vRkSa kA mUla hai- jar3a aura antima phala hai- rasa, usI prakAra dharmarUpI vRkSa kA mUla hai- vinaya aura usakA antima phala hai- mokSA57 vaiyAvRtya tapa- jIvoM meM paraspara eka-dUsare kA sahayoga va upakAra karane kI vRtti rahatI hai|58 jaba yahI vRtti eka-dUsare ke jIvana meM, dharma kI sAdhanA meM, Atmika vikAsa meM tathA jIvana-vikAsa meM sahayoga karatI hai, sevA karatI hai, taba vaha vaiyAvRtya kahalAtI hai| vaiyAvRtya karane se AtmA tIrthaGkara nAma-gotra-karma kA upArjana karatI hai|59 isa tapa kI sAdhanA se AtmA vizva meM sarvotkRSTa pada kI prApti kara sakatI hai| svAdhyAya tapa- satzAstroM ko maryAdApUrvaka par3hanA, vidhi sahita acchI pustakoM kA adhyayana karanA svAdhyAya hai|60 svAdhyAya kA vistRta vivecana pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| ___ dhyAna tapa- mana kI ekAgratA kA dUsarA nAma hI dhyAna hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne ise paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- citta ko kisI bhI viSaya para sthira karanA, ekAgra karanA dhyAna hai|61 dhyAna ke dvArA mana sthira rahatA hai| mana ko ekAgra karane ke lie dhyAna amogha sAdhana hai| vyutsarga tapa- viziSTa utsarga, viziSTa tyAga ko vyutsarga kahate haiN| vyutsarga meM sabhI padArthoM ke proha kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ taka ki prANoM ke prati bhI moha ko tyAga diyA jAtA hai| AcArya akalaMka ne vyutsarga ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai- nissaMgatA- anAsakti, nirbhayatA aura jIvana kI lAlasA kA tyAga hI vyutsarga hai|62 dUsare zabdoM meM- AtmasAdhanA ke lie apane-Apako utsarga karane kI vidhi kA nAma vyutsarga hai| vyutsarga ke dvArA jIva atIta evaM vartamAna ke doSoM kI vizuddhi karatA hai|

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146 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana chaH Avazyaka avazya karane yogya kArya Avazyaka hai| kahA bhI gayA hai- avazyam karaNAd aavshykm|63 jo avazya kiyA jAye vaha Avazyaka hai| Avazyaka chaH prakAra ke haiM sAmAyika- rAga-dveSa rahita samabhAva ko sAmAyika kahate haiN| sAmAyika kA mukhya lakSaNa 'samatA' hai|64 sAmAyika zabda kA vyutpattimUlaka artha batAte hue paM0 AzAdhara jI ne kahA hai- sAmAyika zabda 'sama' aura 'aya' ke mela se niSpanna huA hai jisameM sama kA artha hotA hai rAga aura dveSa se rahita tathA 'aya' kA artha hotA hai- jnyaan| ata: rAga-dveSa se rahita jJAna 'samAya' hai aura usameM jo ho vaha sAmAyika hai|65 isI ko upAdhyAya amaramuni ne isa prakAra kahA hai - AtmA ko mana, vacana tathA kAya kI pApavRttiyoM se rokakara AtmakalyANa ke eka nizcita dhyeya kI ora lagA dene kA nAma sAmAyika hai|66 sAmAyika kA pAlana karanevAlA sAdhaka sAMsArika duSpravRttiyoM kI ora se haTakara AdhyAtmikatA kI ora apane mana, vacana aura kAya ko kendrita kara letA hai, kaSAya aura rAga-dveSa para vijaya pAkara sabake sAtha mitravata vyavahAra karatA hai aura sabake prati samabhAva kI dRSTi rakhatA hai| caturviMzatistava- RSabha Adi caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke jinavaratva Adi guNoM kI stuti karanA, kIrtana karanA caturviMzatistava Avazyaka hai| inakI stuti se sAdhanA kA mArga prazasta hotA hai, jar3a evaM mRta zraddhA sajIva evaM sphUrtimatI hotI hai| sAtha hI tyAga evaM vairAgya kA mahAna Adarza A~khoM ke sAmane dedIpyamAna ho uThatA hai|67 vandana- mana, vacana aura zarIra kA vaha prazasta vyApAra jisake dvArA gurudeva ke prati bhakti aura bahumAna prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai, vandana kahalAtA hai| vandana kA yathAvidhi pAlana karane se vinaya kI prApti hotI hai| ahaMkAra kA nAza hotA hai, ucca AdarzoM kI jhA~kI kA spaSTatayA bhAna hotA hai, gurujanoM kI pUjA hotI hai, tIrthaGkaroM kI AjJA kA pAlana hotA hai aura zruta dharma kI ArAdhanA hotI hai|68 pratikramaNa- pramAdavaza zubha yoga se cyuta hokara azubha yoga ko prApta karane ke bAda punaH zubha yoga meM lauTa AnA pratikramaNa hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne cAra69 viSayoM kA pratikramaNa batalAyA hai / (1) hiMsA, asatya Adi jina pApa karmoM kA zrAvaka tathA sAdhu ke lie niSedha kiyA gayA hai, yadi kabhI bhrAntivaza ve karma kara lie jAyeM to pratikramaNa karanA caahie|

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147 zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva (2) zAstra-svAdhyAya, pratilekhanA, sAmAyika Adi jina kAryoM ke karane kA vidhAna zAstra meM kiyA gayA hai, unake na kiye jAne para bhI pratikramaNa karanA caahie| kartavya karma ko na karanA bhI eka pApa hai| (3) zAstra pratipAdita AtmA Adi amUrta tattvoM kI satyatA ke viSaya meM sandeha lAne para arthAta azraddhA utpanna hone para pratikramaNa karanA caahie| yaha mAnasika zuddhi kA pratikramaNa hai| (4) Agama viruddha vicAroM kA pratipAdana karane para arthAt hiMsA Adi ke samarthaka vicAroM kI prarUpaNA karane para bhI avazya pratikramaNa karanA caahie| yaha vacana zuddhi kA pratikramaNa hai| kAyotsarga- saMyamita jIvana ko vizeSa rUpa se pariSkRta karane ke lie, vizuddha karane ke lie kAyotsarga kiyA jAtA hai| kAyotsarga tapa kA eka bhAga hai jisakA varNana pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| pratyAkhyAna- pratyAkhyAna tIna zabdoM se banA hai- prti+aa+aakhyaan| avirati evaM asaMyama ke prati A arthAt maryAdA svarUpa AkAra ke sAtha AkhyAna yA pratijJAna karanA pratyAkhyAna hai| pratyAkhyAna karane se saMyama hotA hai, saMyama se Azrava kA nirodha arthAt saMvara hotA hai| Azrava nirodha se tRSNA kA nAza hotA hai|71 ata: pratyAkhyAna dvArA hI AzA, tRSNA, lobha, lAlaca Adi viSaya vikAroM para vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai| ___ uparyukta chattIsa guNoM ke dhAraka hI sacce guru hote haiN| Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki jo AcArya athavA guru ina chattIsa guNoM kA pAlana nahIM karate, ve svayaM to dharma se bhraSTa hote hI haiM, sAtha hI auroM ko bhI dharma se pathabhraSTa kara dete haiN| jo svayaM bhraSTAcArI haiM, bhraSTAcAravAloM kI apekSA karate haiM aura utsUtrarUpa mArga kA prasthApana karate haiM, ye tInoM hI prakAra ke AcArya sanmArga kA vinAza karate haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM- he gautama! jo aise unmArga-Azrita AcAryoM kI sevA karate haiM, ve apaneApako saMsAra-samudra meM girAte haiN|72 AcArya kI gaNi-sampadAyeM 'sthAnAMga'73 meM AcArya ko ATha prakAra kI sampadAoM se yukta batAyA gayA hai| (1) AcAra-sampadA arthAt saMyama kI samRddhi kA honaa| (2) zruta-saMpadA arthAt zrutajJAna kI samRddhi kA honaa|

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148 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (3) zarIra-saMpadA arthAta prabhAvaka zarIra-saundarya honaa| (4) vacana-sampadA arthAt vacana kI kuzalatA kA honaa| (5) vAcana-sampadA arthAt adhyayana-adhyApana meM nipuNa honaa| (6) mati-sampadA arthAt buddhi kI kuzalatA se sampanna honaa| (7) prayoga-sampadA arthAta pravINatA(vAda) sampanna honaa| (8) saMgraha-parijJA arthAt saMgha kI vyavasthA tathA usakI dekhabhAla meM nipuNa honaa| 'dazAzrutaskaMdha' meM inameM se pratyeka ke cAra-cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM74AcAra-sampadA (1) saMyama dhruvayogayuktatA-saMyama meM dhruva, nizcala yogavAle tathA pramArjanA,pratilekhanAdi kriyA meM sadaiva saMlagna rhnevaalaa| (2) asaMgrahI AtmA- AtmA meM kaSAyAdi kA saMgraha na karanA tathA jAti, zruta Adi madoM kA tyAga krnaa| (3) aniyata vRtti- AhAra-vihArAdi kArya meM pratibaddhatA rahita honA / (4) vRddhazIlatA- kSamAzIlatA, gaMbhIratA Adi guNoM se yakta honaa| zruta-sampadA (1) bahuzrutatA -- aneka zAstroM kA jJAtA honaa| (2) vicitrasUtratA - svasamaya-parasamaya kA jJAtA tathA eka artha ko vicitra/kaI prakAra se samajhAne kI kSamatA kA honaa| (3) paricitasUtratA - sUtrArtha se bhalIbhA~ti paricita honaa| (4) ghoSa vizuddhikartA - zuddha uccAraNa karane meM samartha honaa| zarIra-sampadA (1) ArohapariNAhasaMpannatA- zarIra kI U~cAI aura vizAlatA se sampanna honaa| (2) anutapta zarIra- aMgopAMga kI hInatA, apalakSaNAdi doSoM se rahita honaa| (3) sthirasaMhananatA- baliSTha puSTa parISaha se cAlita honaa| (4) paripUrNa indriyatA- zrotrAdi pA~ca indriyoM kA dhAraka honA

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 149 vacana-sampadA (1) AdeyavacanatA- jisakA kahA huA vacana sabhI loga svIkAra kreN| (2) miSThavacanatA- jisake kaTuvacana madhura lge| (3) anizritavacanatA- nirapekSa vacana bolnevaalaa| (4) asaMdigdhavacanatA- saMzaya rahita arthAt sulajhe vacana bolnevaalaa| vAcanA- sampadA (1) viditvoddezana- jJAna grahaNa karanevAle pAtra arthAt ziSya kI yogyatA dekhakara uddezana denA, vAcanA denaa| (2) viditvAsamuddezana- jo bhI par3hAveM, use vistAra se samuddezana krnaa| (3) parinirvANyavAcanA- viSayavastu ko saba prakAra se bhedAnubheda drshaanaa| (4) artha nirvAcanA- artha-saMgatipUrvaka naya pramANa se adhyayana kraanevaalaa| mati- sampadA (1) avagraha- sAmAnya rUpa se artha ko jaannaa| (2) IhA- sAmAnyarUpa se jAne huye artha ko vizeSa rUpa se jAnane kI icchA honaa| (3) AvAya- Ihita vastu kA vizeSa rUpa se nizcaya krnaa| (4) dhAraNA- jJAna vastu kA kAlAntara meM smaraNa rkhnaa| prayoga-sampadA (1) AtmaparijJAna - apanI zakti dekhakara dUsare ke sAtha saMvAda krnaa| (2) puruSa parijJAna - jo pratipakSI hai usakI zakti ko dekhakara usake sAtha saMvAda krnaa| (3) kSetra parijJAna - vAda-prativAda karane ke kSetra kA parijJAna honaa| (4) vastu parijJAna - vAda-prativAda kAla meM nirNAyaka ke rUpa meM svIkRta sabhApati Adi kA jJAna honA kyoMki dharma ke dhArI kahAgrahI haiM ki nyAyapakSI haiN| prativAdI kisa prakAra kA hai - alpajJa hai ki vizeSajJa, zAntasvabhAvI hai yA krodhii| isase vAda carcA karane meM kucha niSkarSa nikalegA ki nahIM, phira bhI dravya, kSetra, kAla,

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150 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhAva, svAtmA, parAtmA kA tathA upakAra, apakAra kA vicAra kara vAda karanA caahie| saMgraha-parijJA saMgraha-parijJA kA artha hotA hai saMgha kI vyavasthA meM nipuNatA ko prApta honaa| saMgraha parijJA ke bhI cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM (1) bAlAdiyogyakSetra- bAlAdiyogyakSetra ko bahujanayogya kSetra bhI kahate haiN| bahujanayogya kSetra ke do artha hote haiM --- (1) varSA Rtu meM sampUrNa saMgha ke yogya vistRta kSetra kA nirvAcana karanevAlA tathA (2) jo kSetra bAlaka, durbala, glAna Adi ke lie upayukta ho| (2) pITha-phalaga samprApti- pITha-phalaga, caukI Adi kI vyavasthA krnaa| (3) kAlasamAnayana- yathAsamaya svAdhyAya, bhikSA Adi kI vyavasthA krnaa| (4) gurupUjA- yathocita vinaya kI vyavasthA banAye rkhnaa| uttarAdhikArI AcArya AcArya saMgha ke pramukha hote haiN| jaba unheM apane AyuSya para bharosA nahIM rahatA aura saMgha ke vikAsa evaM netRtva ke lie eka suyogyatama uttarAdhikArI kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, taba AcArya apanI AyuSya samApta hone se pUrva yogya ziSya ko apanA uttaradAyitva sauMpanA cAhate haiM tAki ve nizcala bhAva se Atma-sAdhanA meM saMlagna ho skeN| 'vyavahArasUtra' meM kahA gayA hai ki AcArya jaba roga Adi kI gilyatA ko prApta ho jAte the to apane ziSyoM ko bulAkara kahate the ki mere AyuSyapUrNa hone ke bAda ina yogyatAoM vAle amuka zramaNa ko isa pada para pratiSThita krnaa| yadi vaha isa pada ke yogya parIkSA meM asaphala rahe to dUsare ko AcArya pada para pratiSThita krnaa|75 kintu AcArya dvArA batAye gaye usa sAdhu ko usa samaya padavI ke yogya hone kI avasthA meM hI padavI pradAna karanI cAhie, ayogyatA kI avasthA meM nhiiN| kadAcit use padavI pradAna kara dI gayI ho; kintu usameM Avazyaka yogyatA na ho to anya sAdhuoM ko usase kahanA cAhie ki tuma isa padavI ke yogya nahIM ho, ata: ise chor3a do| aisI avasthA meM yadi vaha padavIM chor3a detA hai to use kisI prakAra kA doSa nahIM lagatA hai|06 uttarAdhikArI AcArya kI yaha cayana-prakriyA eka ora jahA~ vyakti kI yogyatA ke mahattva ko darzAtI hai vahIM dUsarI ora bhAratavarSa ke prajAtAMtrika svarUpa ko pradarzita karatI hai|

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 151 niyukti vidhi __'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' meM uttarAdhikArI AcArya kI niyukti ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai77 ki saMlekhanA karanevAle AcArya ko gaNa kA hita socanA cAhie tathA Age ke liye saMgha kI kyA vyavasthA kI jAye? isa para vicAra karanA caahie| isa sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki saMlekhanA lenevAle AcArya apanI Ayu va sthiti vicArakara sampUrNa saMgha ko aura bAlAcArya ko bulAkara zubha dina, zubha karaNa, zubha nakSatra, zubha lagna aura zubha deza meM gaccha kA anupAlana karane yogya guNoM se vibhUSita apane samAna bhikSu ke viSaya meM vicAra karane ke pazcAt kucha upadeza dekara usa bAlAcArya ke lie apane gaNa kA tyAga karate the arthAt apanA pada chor3akara sampUrNa gaNa bAlAcArya ko sauMpa dete the| isa taraha bAlAcArya hI saMgha ke nAyaka mAne jAte the| AcArya usa navIna AcArya kI anujJA karate hue caturvidha saMgha se kahate thejJAna, darzana aura cAritrAtmaka dharmatIrtha kI vyucchitti na ho, isalie use saba guNoM se yukta jAnakara maiMne AcArya banAyA hai| aba yaha hI tumhArA AcArya hai| Apa saba isa gaNa kA pAlana kreN| aisA kahakara navIna AcArya kI anujJA karate the| ve apane dvArA svIkRta gaNI (AcArya) ko gaNa ke madhya meM sthApita karake tathA svayaM alaga hokara bAla aura vRddha muniyoM se bhare usa gaNa meM mana, vacana aura kAyapUrvaka kSamA mAMgate the| ve kahate the- dIrghakAla taka sAtha rahane se utpanna hue rAga aura dveSa ke kAraNa jo kaTu aura kaThora vacana kahe gaye hoM, una sabake lie maiM kSamA mA~gatA huuN| samasta gaNa bhI vandanA karake, pRthvI para pA~coM aMgoM ko sthApita kara paMcAMga namaskAra karake saMsAra ke duHkhoM se rakSA karanevAle sabako priya apane dasa prakAra ke uttama kSamAdi rUpa dharma meM svayaM pravRtta aura dUsaroM ko pravRtta karanevAle AcArya se mana, vacana aura kAya se kSamA mA~gate the| antima rUpa se AcArya apane pada se aneka prakAra se zikSAprada upadeza pradAna karate hue caturvidha saMgha se kahate the- jinendra ke dvArA kahe gaye sUtra Adi ke artha meM jo nipuNa hai, jisane prAyazcittazAstra sunA hai, usa AcArya ko apane prayojana kI cintA karate hue bhI jina bhagavAn kI AjJA se gaNa ko mukti ke mArga meM samyak-darzana, jJAna aura cAritra ko bar3hAnevAlA vihAra tathA uttarottara unnata anuSThAna karanA caahie| isa prakAra zubha tithi Adi se yukta kAla aura deza meM gaNAdhipati AcArya gaNa ko snehila mAdhuryayukta, sAravAna, gambhIra, sukhadAyaka citta ko Ananda pradAna karanevAlI hitakArI zikSA dete the|

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152 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zikSA dene ke bAda navaniyukta uttarAdhikArI AcArya ko AzIrvAda dete hue kartavyabodha karAte hue kahate the ki utpatti sthAna meM choTI-sI bhI nadI uttama nadI jaise vistAra ke sAtha bar3hatI huI samudra taka jAtI hai, usI prakAra tuma bhI zIla aura guNoM meM Age bddh'o| tuma vilAva ke zabda kI bhA~ti AcaraNa mata karanA, kyoMki vilAva kA zabda pahale jora kA hotA hai phira krama se manda hotA jAtA hai, usI taraha ratnatraya kI bhAvanA ko pahale bar3e utsAha se prArambha karake dhIre-dhIre manda mata krnaa| isa taraha apanA tathA saMgha donoM kA vinAza sambhava hai| kyoMki jo jalate hue apane ghara ko bhI Alasyavaza bacAnA nahIM cAhatA, usa para kaise vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vaha dUsare ke jalate huye ghara ko bcaayegaa| ata: jJAna, darzana aura cAritra viSayaka aticAroM ko dUra karanA caahiye| dhArmika aura mithyA dRSTiyoM ke sAtha virodha nahIM karanA caahie| citta kI zAnti bhaMga karanevAlA vAda-vivAda bhI nahIM karanA caahie| krodhAdi kaSAya apanI aura dUsare kI mRtyu ke kAraNa haiN| kaSAya viSa rUpa hote haiM, ataH inheM chor3anA caahie| puna: AcArya kahate the- Agama ke sArabhUta ratnatraya meM jo gaNa ko aura apane ko sthApita karatA hai, vahI gaNadhara kahalAtA hai| mere adhIna bahuta muni haiM, isalie apane Apa meM gaNI hone kA ghamaNDa nahIM honA caahie| hamArA yaha guru Alocita doSoM ko dUsare se nahIM kahatA, aisA mAnakara ziSyoM ke dvArA prakaTa kiye aparAdhoM ko kisI anya se nahIM kahanA caahiye| kAryoM meM samadarzI rahakara bAla aura vRddha yatiyoM se bhare gaNa kI rakSA apanI A~kha kI taraha karanI caahiye| jisa kSetra meM rAjA na ho athavA jisa kSetra kA rAjA duSTa ho usa kSetra ko bhI tyAga denA caahiye| jisa kSetra meM pravrajyA prApta na ho arthAt ziSya na bane, jisa kSetra meM saMyama kA ghAta ho, usa kSetra ko tyAga denA caahiye| bAla aura vRddha muniyoM se bhare hue gaNa meM sarvajJa kI AjJA se sadA apanI zakti aura bhakti se vaiyAvRtya karane meM tatpara rahanA cAhiye, kyoMki sarvajJa deva kI AjJA hai ki vaiyAvRtya karanA caahie| vaiyAvRtya karane se kartA kA upakAra hotA hai| nirdoSa ratnatraya kA dAna hotA hai| saMyama meM sahAyatA milatI hai| jaise AcArya kI dhAraNA se saMgha kI dhAraNA hotI hai, vaise hI eka sAdhu kI dhAraNA se arthAt vaiyAvRtya karane se sAdhu samudAya kI dhAraNA hotI hai| AcArya (guru) ke prakAra 'rAjapraznIya' meM AcArya (guru) ke tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM - kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dhrmaacaary|78 jo 72 kalAoM kI zikSA dete the ve kalAcArya; jo zilpa, vijJAna Adi kI zikSA dete the ve zilpAcArya tathA jo dharma kA pratibodha karAte the ve dharmAcArya kahalAte the| inameM se kalAcArya aura zilpAcArya kA bhautikatA kI dRSTi se mahattva

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 153 hai to dharmAcArya kA AdhyAtmikatA se sambandha hai| dharmAcArya dharma-pravacana ke dvArA logoM ke mana meM vizuddha AcAra ko pratiSThita karate the| dharmAcArya ke pA~ca prakAra nirupita haiM79(1) pravrAjakAcArya- sAmAyika vrata Adi kA AropaNa karanevAle pravrAjakAcArya kahalAte the| (2) digAcArya- sacitta (ziSya-ziSyAe~) acitta aura mizra vastu (vastrAdiyukta ziSya-zikSAe~) ke grahaNa kI AjJA pradAna karanevAle AcArya digAcArya kahalAte the| (3) uddezAcArya- sarvaprathama zruta kA upadeza denevAle tathA mUla suttAgama kA adhyayana karAnevAle ko uddezAcArya kahate the| (4) samuddezAcArya- zruta kI gambhIra vAcanA denevAle aura zruta meM sthira karanevAle AcArya samuddezAcArya kahalAte the| (5) AmnAcArya vAcakAcArya- utsarga apavAda rUpa AmnAya artha kA pratipAdana karanevAle AcArya AmnAcArya vAcakAcArya kahalAte the| sthAnAMga meM jJAna, upazama Adi guNoM kI apekSA se AcArya ke cAra80 prakAra batAye gaye haiM(1) Amalaka madhura phala ke samAna- koI AcArya A~vale ke phala ke samAna alpamadhura hote haiN| (2) muddhIkAmadhura phala ke samAna- koI AcArya dAkha ke phala ke samAna madhura hote haiN| (3) kSIramadhura phala ke samAna- koI AcArya dUdha-madhura phala ke samAna adhika madhura hote haiN| (4) khaNDamadhura phala ke samAna- koI AcArya khA~Da-madhura phala ke samAna bahuta adhika madhura hote haiN| punaH karaNDaka kI upamA dekara AcArya ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM81(1) cANDAla athavA carmakAra ke karaNDaka ke samAna- jaise cANDAla athavA carmakAra ke karaNDaka meM camar3e ko chIlane-kATane Adi ke upakaraNoM, camar3e ke upakaraNoM aura camar3e ke Tukar3oM Adi ke rakhe rahane se vaha asAra yA nikRSTa

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154 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana koTi kA mAnA jAtA hai,usI prakAra jo AcArya kevala SaTkAya- prajJApaka gAthAdi rUpa alpasUtra ke dhAraka aura viziSTa kriyAhIna hote haiM ve cANDAla ke karaNDaka ke samAna mAne jAte haiN| (2) vezyA ke karaNDaka ke samAna- jaise vezyA kA karaNDaka lAkha sone ke dikhAvaTI AbhUSaNoM se bharA hotA hai, vaise hI jo AcArya jJAna adhika na hone para bhI vAhyADambara se vyaktiyoM ko prabhAvita kara lete haiM ve vezyA ke karaNDaka ke samAna hote haiN| (3) gRhapati ke karaNDaka ke samAna- jo AcArya sva-samaya - para-samaya ke jAnakAra tathA cAritra-sampanna hote haiM ve gRhAti ke karaNDaka ke samAna samajhe jAte haiN| (4) rAjA ke karaNDaka ke samAna- jaise rAjA kA karaNDaka maNi-mANika Adi bahumUlya ratnoM se bharA hotA hai, usI prakAra jo AcArya apane pada ke yogya sarvaguNoM se sampanna hote haiM, ve rAjA ke karaNDaka ke samAna hote haiN| 'mahAnizItha' va 'gurutattvavinizcaya' meM nikSepa kI apekSA se AcArya ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM82 (1) nAma AcArya- jisakA nAma AcArya ho| (2) sthApanA AcArya- AcArya kI pratikRti banAkara kAgaja Adi para AcArya likhnaa| (3) dravya AcArya- vartamAna meM AcArya nahIM haiM, atIta kAla meM the yA bhaviSya meM honevAle haiM, unheM dravya AcArya kahate haiN| 'gurutattvavinizcaya ke anusAra dravyAcArya do prakAra ke haiM- (ka) pradhAna dravyAcArya aura (kha) apradhAna drvyaacaary| jo AcArya vartamAna meM bhAvAcArya nahIM haiM, lekina bhaviSya meM bhAvAcArya banane yogya haiM ve pradhAna dravyAcArya haiN| jo AcArya bhAvAcArya nahIM haiM aura na bhaviSya meM hI bhAvAcArya banAne lAyaka haiM ve apradhAna dravyAcArya haiN| (4) bhAva AcArya- AcArya ke samagra guNoM se yukta honA bhAva AcArya hai| AcArya (guru) kI garimA guru kA sthAna hamAre samAja meM atIva pUjanIya hai| unakI garimA kA guNagAna jaina AgamoM meM mukta kaNTha se kiyA gayA hai| paMcatattvoM meM unheM madhya sthAna prApta hai tathA 'Namo AyariyANaM' ke rUpa meM unakI upAsanA kI jAtI hai|83 vaidika dharma meM

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 155 to unheM deva kA svarUpa mAnA gayA hai| 84 AcArya kI AjJA tIrthaGkara ke samAna anulaMghanIya hotI hai| 85 ve tIrthaGkara kI anupasthiti meM tIrthaGkara ke samAna tIrtha ke saMcAlaka hote haiN| ataH ve tIrthaGkara ke sadRza hote haiN| 86 'dazavaikAlika' meM aneka upamAoM dvArA upamita karate hue unakI garimA para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jisa prakAra prAtaHkAla rAtri ke anta meM dedIpyamAna sUrya samasta bharatakhaNDa ko apane kiraNa samUha se prakAzita karatA hai, ThIka usI prakAra AcArya bhI zruta, zIla aura buddhi se yukta upadeza dvArA jIvAdi padArthoM ke svarUpa ko yathAvat prakAzita karate haiM tathA jisa prakAra svarga meM deva sabhA ke madhya indra zobhate haiM, usI prakAra sAdhu sabhA ke madhya AcArya zobhate haiN| 87 candramA kI upamA dete hue kahA gayA hai - jisa prakAra kaumudI ke yoga se yukta tathA nakSatra aura tArAoM ke samUha se ghirA huA candramA bAdaloM se rahita atIva svaccha AkAza meM zobhita hotA hai, ThIka usI prakAra AcArya bhI sAdhu samUha meM samyaktyA zobhita hote haiM / 88 AcArya (guru) ke kartavya jaina grantho meM guru ke nimnalikhita kartavya batAye gaye haiN| -- (1) AcArya (guru) ko cAhie ki vinIta ziSya ko, apanI kamajorI chipAye binA sarala zabdoM meM sahI-sahI jJAna karAyeM / 89 (2) guru ko cAhie ki ve sAragarbhita praznoM ke uttara hI deN| asambaddha, asAragarbhita aura nizcayAtmaka vANI kA prayoga na kareM / 90 (3) guru nipuNa evaM vinIta ziSya kI hI abhilASA kreN| yadi vinIta ziSya na mile to vyartha kA ziSya parivAra na bar3hAkara ekAkI vicaraNa kareM / 91 (4) upadeza dete samaya ziSya ko putra ke samAna mAnakara usake lAbha ko dRSTi meM rakheM / 92 (5) aise ziSya ko upadeza na deM jo usa upadeza kA pAlana na kare, apitu vinIta ziSya ko hI upadeza deM, jaise- citta kA jIva, sambhUta ke jIva brahmadatta cakravartI ko upadeza dekara socatA hai ki maiMne ise vyartha upadeza diyA, kyoMki isa para usakA koI prabhAva nahIM par3A hai / 93 bauddha paramparA bauddha zikSaNa-paddhati meM zikSaka athavA guru ko AcArya aura upAdhyAya kI saMjJA se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai / 94 jo vidyA, cAritra tathA stara kI dRSTi se yogya hote the vahI AcArya aura upAdhyAya kahalAte the| una donoM ke kArya ko dekhate hue donoM meM antara dikhalAnA kaThina hai| jaisA ki 'mahAvagga' meM varNana hai- upAdhyAya variSTha adhikArI

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156 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana hote the jo naye bhikSuoM (zikSArthiyoM) ko zAstra evaM siddhAnta kI zikSA diyA karate the jabaki AcArya kI yaha jabAbadehI hotI thI ki ve unake (naye bhikSuoM ke) AcaraNa kI dekha-rekha kreN| isIlie unheM karmAcArya kI saMjJA se bhI sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| pAli bauddha granthoM meM AdhyAtmika guru ke lie 'upajjhAya' zabda prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jo saMskRta zabda 'upAdhyAya' kA rUpAntaraNa hai| 'upajjhAya' zabda kA artha batAte hue DaoN0 madanamohana siMha ne kahA hai - 'jo nikaTa calA gayA ho|' isI taraha AcArya ke lie 'Acariya' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. siMha ke anusAra zikSA dvArA jIvikopArjana karanevAle ko Acariya kI saMjJA dI gayI hai|95 buddhaghoSa kI TIkA ke anusAra upAdhyAya' ve bhikSu ho sakate haiM jo dasa varSa yA isase adhika kAla se bhikSu rahe hoM aura 'AcArya' ve ho sakate haiM jo chaH varSa se adhika bhikSu rahe hoN|96 kintu mAtra umra kI varIyatA paryApta nahIM hotI thI yadi ve vidvAn aura nipuNa na hoN| guru kI paribhASA 'bodhipatha-pradIpa' meM guru ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo saMvara dene meM samartha tathA kRpAlu ho, vaha sadguru hai|97 'khuddakanikAya' ke anusAra- zikSaka usa nAvika ke samAna hai jo svayaM nadI pAra karane ke sAtha hI dUsaroM ko bhI pAra karAtA hai|98 'mahAvagga' meM kahA gayA hai - 'tathAgata kevala AkhyAtA athavA zikSaka haiM, unake dvArA nirdiSTa mArga para tumheM svayaM hI calanA hai|'99 isa kathana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki zikSaka eka mArgadarzaka hai, kintu use sabase pahale usa viSaya kA adhyayana, cintana evaM manana karanA Avazyaka hai jise vaha dUsare ko denA cAhatA hai kyoMki dUsaroM ko sadmArga para prerita karane se pUrva svayaM ko prerita karanA Avazyaka hai| guru ke lakSaNa guru bahuzruta, saMyamI, sAMsArikatA se pare tathA utsAhI hote haiN| bauddha-granthoM meM guru ke lie vipra,10deg zAstrakartA101 Adi zabdoM kA bhI prayoga milatA hai| inake atirikta sutaMttaka, vinayadhara, mAtikAdhara Adi zabda bhI dekhane ko milate haiN|102 dhamma ke vidvAnoM ko suttaMtaka, vinaya ke vidvAnoM ko vinayadhara tathA mantrAdi arthAt mAtrikAeM jAnanevAle vidvAnoM ko mAtikAdhara kahA gayA hai| 103 ye tInoM zabda bhI upAdhyAya ke hI paryAyavAcI jAna par3ate haiN| 'vinayapiTaka'104 meM yogya vinayadhara ke lakSaNa ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai

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157 zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva (1) jo pradhAna zIloM meM doSa rahita ho| (2) jitendriya arthAt apekSita AcAravAlA aura indriyoM meM susaMyamI ho| (3) jise virodhI bhI dharma se doSI nahIM kaha ske| (4) viSayoM meM vizArada ho| (5) jo sabhA meM vicalita na ho| (6) jo vihitoM kI gaNanA karate samaya kisI bAta ko nahIM chodd'taa| (7) pratyutpannamatitva arthAt jo sabhA meM prazna pUchane para turanta uttara dene meM samartha ho| (8) jo paNDita kAla se prApta uttara dene yogya vacana ko kahakara vijJoM kI sabhA kA raMjana karatA ho| (9) jo bujurga bhikSuoM meM bhI Adarayukta dekhA jAtA ho| (10) apane matoM kI mImAMsA karane meM samartha tathA virodhiyoM ke bhAva ko jAnanevAlA ho| (11) subodha vyAkhyA zailI ho jisase sarvasAdhAraNa bhI bAta ko samajha paaye| (12) prazna kA uttara dete samaya binA hAni kiye apane sampradAya ke siddhAnta ko nahIM tyaagnevaalaa| (13) jo dUtakarma meM samartha tathA apane kiye gaye kArya para abhimAna nahIM krtaa| (14) jo donoM vibhaMga ko acchI taraha jAnatA ho| (15) jo vibhaMga kA kovida jAnatA ho| guru (upAdhyAya) ke kartavya prAya: sabhI zikSaka apane dharma aura sampradAya meM nirdhArita niyamoM ke anusAra ziSya ke sAtha samucita vyavahAra karate the| 'vinayapiTaka' meM ziSya ke prati upAdhyAya ke batAye gaye kartavya isa prakAra haiM(1) upAdhyAya ko ziSya para anugraha karanA caahie| (2) ziSya ko upadeza denA caahie| (3) pAtra denA caahie|

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158 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (4) yadi ziSya ko cIvara nahIM hai to cIvara denA caahie| (5) yadi ziSya rogI ho to samaya se uThakara dAtUna, pAnI Adi denA caahie| bauddha zikSaNa-praNAlI meM aisA vidhAna thA ki ziSya ke rogI ho jAne para upAdhyAya ko ziSya kI ve sabhI sevAyeM karanI hotI thIM jo ziSya ko upAdhyAya ke prati karanI hotI thii| inake atirikta 'milindaprazna'105 meM upAdhyAya ke nimna paccIsa kartavyoM kA ullekha hai(1) upAdhyAya ko ziSya kA pUrA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| (2) kisa kArya meM sAvadhAna rahe aura kisa kArya meM nahIM, isakA upadeza dete rahanA caahie| (3) kartavyAkartavya kA sadA upadeza dete rahanA caahie| (4) ziSya ke zayana Adi para dhyAna rakhanA caahie| (5) bImAra hone para usakI sevA karanI caahie| (6) zikSArthI ne kyA pAyA, kyA nahIM pAyA, isakA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| (7) zikSArthI ke vizeSa caritra ko jAnanA caahie| (8) bhikSApAtra meM jo mile, use bAMTakara khAnA caahie| (9) use (vidyArthiyoM ko) sadA utsAha dete rahanA caahie| (10) amuka AdamI kI saMgati kara sakate ho, aisA nirdeza denA caahie| (11) amuka gA~va meM jA sakate ho, yaha batA denA caahie| (12) amuka vihAra meM jA sakate ho, yaha nirdezita kara denA caahie| (13) amuka ke sAtha bAtacIta nahIM karanI caahie| (14) zikSArthI ke doSoM ko kSamA kara denA caahie| (15) pUre utsAha ke sAtha sikhAnA caahie| (16) zikSA binA kisI antarAla ke denA caahie| (17) kisI bAta ko chipAnA nahIM caahie|

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 159 (18) baddha-muSTi nahIM honI caahie| (19) putravat sneha karanA caahie| (20) vaha apane uddezya se patita na ho sake, yaha hamezA prayatna karanA caahie| (21) samasta zikSA prakAroM ko dekara use abhivRddha kara rahA hU~, aisA socanA caahie| (22) zikSArthI ke sAtha maitrI bhAva rakhanA caahie| (23) vipatti A jAne para use chor3anA nahIM caahie| (24) sikhAne yogya bAtoM ko sikhAne meM kabhI bhI cUka nahIM karanI caahie| (25) dharma se girate dekha use Age bar3hAnA caahie| DaoN0Ara0ke0 mukhajI ne bhI upAdhyAya ke uparyukta kartavyoM kA samarthana karate hue kahA hai- ziSya ke dvArA guru ke prati hArdika samarthana, yaha apekSA karatA hai ki guru bhI ziSya ke prati sahRdayatA aura sneha kA bhAva rakheM, jisa taraha se ziSya ke kartavya nirdhArita kiye gaye haiM, usI taraha ziSya ke prati guru ke kartavyoM kA bhI vidhAna hai| guru ke kartavyoM ko DaoN0 mukharjI ne tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai, jo isa prakAra haiM106(1) guru apane niyantraNa meM rakhe gaye ziSyoM ko zikSaNa dvArA, prazna pUchakara, prabodhana dekara tathA upadeza dekara sabhI sambhava bauddhika, AdhyAtmika tathA patha-pradarzaka sahAyatA pradAna kre| (2) ziSya ke pAsa yadi kisI Avazyaka sAmagrI kI kamI hai to guru use apanI sAmagriyoM meM se de| jaise- bhikSApAtra, vastra aadi| (3) ziSya ke asvastha ho jAne para guru usakI sevA, usake jIvanAnta taka athavA svastha hone taka kre| isa avadhi meM guru ko ziSya kI sevA usI taraha karanI cAhie jisa taraha ziSya svastha hone kI sthiti meM guru kI sevA karatA hai| bichAvana se uThane se lekara sone taka sabhI Avazyaka sevAe~ karanI caahie| jaise- dA~ta sApha karane ke lie dAtUna, mu~ha dhone ke lie pAnI, yahA~ taka kI paira dhone ke lie bhI pAnI denA caahie| guru ke prakAra bhagavAn buddha ne apane ziSya maudgalyAyana se batAyA hai ki loka meM pA~ca prakAra

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(3) 160 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke guru 107 pAye jAte haiM(1) pahalA guru vaha hai jo azuddha zIlavAlA hone para bhI 'maiM zuddha zIlavAlA hU~, merA zIla avadAtta hai, nirmala hai Adi kA dAvA karatA hai| (2) dUsarA guru vaha hai jo AjIvikA ke azuddha hone para bhI zuddha AjIvikA hone kA dAvA karatA hai| tIsarA guru vaha hai jo dharmopadeza azuddha hone para bhI zuddha dharmopadezavAlA hone kA dAvA karatA hai| cauthA guru vaha hai jo vyAkaraNa arthAt bhaviSya kathana azuddha hone para bhI zuddha vyAkaraNa vAlA hone kA dAvA karatA hai| (5) pAMcavAM guru vaha hai jo jJAna-darzana azuddha hone para bhI zuddha jJAnadarzana vAlA hone kA dAvA karatA hai| parantu uparyukta pA~ca prakAra ke guru jhUThe guru kI zreNI meM Ate haiN| sacce guru to ve kahalAte haiM jo zIlasampanna hoM, ahiMsA kA pAlana karanevAle hoM, brahmacArI hoM, mithyA bhASaNa se virata hoM tathA cugalI, kaThora vacana, vivAda, U~cI zayyA Adi se virata hoN| 108 yogya ve haiM jo samyak-saMbuddha, dharma svAdhyAyI, mukti kI ora le jAne vAle, zAnti denevAle tathA samyaka-sambuddha pravedita hoM aura jinake batAye gaye mArga para ziSya dharmAnusAra mArgArUr3ha hoN|109 guru kA mahattva hvenasAMga ne apanI yAtrA vRttAnta meM likhA hai ki 'guru loga svayaM gUr3ha aura gupta tattvoM kA acchI taraha adhyayana karate haiM aura unake kaThina arthoM ko jAna lete haiM tathA vidyArthiyoM ko kaThina zabdoM ko samajhane meM sahAyatA dete haiN| 110 DaoN0 madanamohana siMha ne guru ke mahattva ko prakAzita karate hue apanI pustaka 'buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma' meM likhA hai - prAcIna bhArata meM AdhyAtmika guru kA bar3A mahattva thaa| bhAratIya saMskRti kI paramparA meM jJAnArjana ke lie guru-sevA kI anivAryatA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, cAhe vaha vaidika dharma ho cAhe jaina yA bauddh|111 tulanA 1. jaina evaM bauddha donoM hI paramparAe~ guru ko eka Adarza guru ke rUpa meM grahaNa

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3. 4. 1. 2. jaina evaM bauddha zikSaNa-praNAlI meM jo mUla antara hai vaha yaha hai ki jaina paramparA AcArya ko prathama sthAna detI hai tathA upAdhyAya ko dvitIya, jaba ki bauddha zikSaNa - praNAlI meM upAdhyAya ko prathama tathA AcArya ko dvitIya sthAna prApta hai / yaha bauddha paramparA kI vizeSatA kahI jA sakatI hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra AcArya hI saMgha kA sarvocca adhikArI hotA hai, anya saba usake sahAyaka mAne gaye haiN| aura bauddha paramparA ke anusAra upAdhyAya saMgha kA sarvocca adhikArI hotA hai / sandarbha : 4. 5. 6. 7. zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 161 karatI haiN| jaina zikSaNa praNAlI meM eka ora jahA~ jJAna, tapa aura vIrya Adi pA~ca AcAroM kA niraticAra pAlana karanevAle tathA dUsaroM ko isameM pravRtta karanevAle ko AcArya svIkAra kiyA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora bauddha zikSaNa-praNAlI meM saMvara dene meM samartha tathA kRpAlu, gUr3ha viSayoM kA pahale cintana tathA manana karanevAle aura jinake dvArA batAye gaye mArga para ziSya dharmAnusAra ArUr3ha hoM, ve hI upAdhyAya arthAt yogya guru hote haiN| 8. jaina evaM bauddha zikSaNa-praNAlI meM kramazaH AcArya evaM upAdhyAya ke lakSaNoM tathA yogyatAoM meM kAphI samAnatAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiM, parantu jaina zikSA meM AcArya ke chattIsa vizeSa guNa batAye gaye haiM jisakA bauddha granthoM meM kahIM spaSTa varNana dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| yadyapi upAdhyAya ke kucha lakSaNoM, guNoM Adi ko vivecita karane kA yathAsambhava prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| jaina evaM bauddha zikSaNa-praNAlI meM guru kA ziSya ke prati kartavyoM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| isase jaina evaM bauddha zikSaNa-praNAlI meM guru-ziSya sambandha tathA eka-dUsare ke prati prema, sneha, Adara Adi kA patA calatA hai| 'saMskRta zabdArtha kaustubha', pR0 398. 'uttarAdhyayana', 1/40-41, 8/13. vahI, 1/8, 17, 27. vahI, 1/46. vahI, 36 / 265. vahI, 17/4. A maryAdayAtad viSayavinayarUpayA caryyante sevyate jinazAsanArthopadezakatayA tadAkAMkSibhirityAcAryAH / 'bhagavatIsUtravRtti', 1/1/1. sadA AyArabaddahU sadA AyAriyaM caro / AyAramAyAravaMto Ayario teNa uccade || 'mUlAcAra', 509

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162 9. 10. 11. Acaranti tasmAd vratAnItyAcArya: / 'sarvArthasiddhi', 866, pR0-348 12. 'dazavaikAlikacUrNi' (agastya siMha ), 9 / 3 / 1. 13. 'kalpasUtra' (kalpamaJjarI TIkA), pR0-49. 14. jamhA paMcavihAcAraM AcaraMto pabhAsadi / 15. 16. jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana paMcavidyamAcAraM caranti cArayantItyAcAryAH / 'SaTkhaNDAgama' (dhavalA TIkA), 1 / 1,1,1,4,8 Acaryate'smAdAcArya: / 'mUlAcAravRtti', 4/155. 17. sutratthaviulakkhaNa jutto gacchassa meDhibhUo ya / gaNatattivippakko, atthaM vAei Ayario / / 'bhagavatIsUtra' (abhayadevavRtti), 1 / 1 / 1 18. 'SaTkhaNDAgama' (dhavalA TIkA), 1/11, 1/29,30,31 tathA 49. 19. 'AdipurANa', 1/126-33 20. saMgahaNuggahakusalo suttatthavisArao pahiyakittI / kiriAcaraNasujutto gAhuya AdejjavayaNo ya / / 22. AyariyANi deto Ayariyo teNa vuccade || 'mUlAcAra', 510 upetyAsyAdadhIyate upAdhyAyaH / 'mUlAcAravRtti', 4/155. bArasaMge jiNakkhAdaM sajjhAyaM kathitaM budhe / uvadesai sajjhAyaM teNuvajjhAu uccadi / / 'mUlAcAra', 511 gaMbhIroduddharisa sUro dhammappahAvaNAsIlo / khidisasisAyarasariso kameNa taM so du sapatto // / 'mUlAcAra', 158-59. 21. paMcavAsapariyAe samaNe NiggaMthe- AyArakusale, saMjamakusale, pavayaNakusale, paNNattikusale saMgahakusale, uvaggahakusale, akkhayAyAre, abhinnAyAre, asabalAyAre, asaMkiliTThAcAre, bahussue, babbhAgame, jahaNNeNaM dasA - kappa - vavahAraghare, kappai AyariyauvajjhAyattAe uddittie / 'vyavahArasUtra', 3/5 23 22. vyavahAraM jAnato, vyavahAraM ceva pantravemANo / vvahAraM phAsaMto, guruguNajutto guru hoi || 'gurutattvavinizcaya, 2/1 je suzIlAguNo, guNaNikkhevAriho guru bhnnio| ANAbhaMgo iyarA'NunAi mahANisIhammi / / vahI, 1/30 AyAravaM ca AdhArakhaM ca vavahAravaM pakuvvIya / AyAvAyavidaMsI taheva uppIlago ceva / / aparissAI NivvAvao ya NijjAvao pahidakittI / NijjavaNaguNovedo erisao hodi Ayariyo / 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', 23. paMciMdiya-saMvaraNo, taha navaviha- baMbhacera - guttidharo / 419-20.

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva caviha- kasAyamukko, ia aTThArasaguNehi saMjutto / / paMca- mahavvaya- jutto, paMcavihAyArapAlaNasamattho / paMcasamio tigutto, chattIsaguNo guru majjha / / ' sAmAyika sUtra', 3/1-2 24. AyAravamAdIyA aTThaguNA dasavidho ya Thidikappo / bArasa tava chAvAsaya chattIsaguNA muNeyavvA || 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', 528. 'dharmAmRta' (anagAra), pR0-680. AcArazrutAdhAraH prAyazcittAsanAdidaH / AyApAyakathI doSAbhASako'srAvako'pi c|| saMtoSakArI sAdhUnAM niryApaka ime'STa ca / digAmbaraveSyanuddiSTa bhojI zayyAsanIti ca // arAjabhuk kriyAyukto vratavAn jyeSThasadguNaH / pratikramI ca SaNmAsayogI tadviniSadyakaH / / dviSaT tapastathA SaTcAvazyakAni guNA guroH || 'aSTapAhuDa' (bodhapAhuDa) gAthA - 2, 27. 'dharmAmRta' (anagAra), pR0-682. 28. vahI 29. vahI 25. 26. 30. 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', gAthA-450. 31. 'dharmAmRta' (anagAra), pR0-683 32. vahI, 9/76-77 33. 'vyavahArabhASya', gAthA - 336-340. 34. dasavihaThidikappe vA havejja jo suTThido syaayrio| AyAravaM khu eso pavayaNamAdAsu aautto| 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gAthA 422. 'vRhatkalpabhASya', 6376 35. 36. vahI, pR0-686 37. vahI, pR0 - 687 38. vahI, pR0 - 687 39. vahI, pR0-687 'vRhatkalpabhASya',6398-6400 40. 41. 'dharmAmRta' (anagAra), pR0-687 42. vahI, pR0-333. 43. vahI, pR0 334. 44. 'dharmAmRta' (anagAra), pR0-689 163

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164 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 51. kh kh 54. kh 45. rasarudhiramAMsamedA'sthimajjA zukrA yanena tapyante, karmANi vA zubhAnItyatastapo nAma niruktH| 'sthAnAMga vRtti', 5/3. 46. tApayati aSTaprakAra karma iti tpH| - 'Avazyaka' (malayagiri), khaNDa 2, a0 1. 47. so tavo duviho vutto bAhirabbhantaro thaa| - 'uttarAdhyayana', 30/7. 48. AhArapaccackhANeNa jIviyAsaMsappaogaM vocchidNi| vahI, 29/35. 49. 'sUtrakRtAMga', 1/10/6. 50. uccanIyamajjhima kulAI addmaanne| 'aMtagadadazA' 6/15. 'jaina dharma meM tapa : svarUpa aura vizleSaNa', pR0-232 52. rasA pagAmaM na niseviyavvA, pAyaM rasA dittikarA nraannN| dittaM ca kAmA samabhiddavanti, dumaM jahA sAuphalaM va pkkhii|| 'uttarAdhyayana', 32/10. 53. 'pravacanasAra', 3/27 'jainadharma meM tapa',pR0-285. 'bhagavatI', 25/7 56. aparAdho vA prAya: cittN-shuddhiH| prAyas cittaM prAyazcittaM- aparAdha vishuddhiH| - 'rAjavArtika', 9/22/1. 57. dhammassa viNao muulN| 'dAvaikAlika' (vinayasamAdhi), 470 58. evaM dhammassa viNao mUlaM paramo se mukkho| vahI 59. parasparopagraho jiivaanaam| 'tattvArthasUtra', 5/21. 60. uttarAdhyayana, 29/3.63. suSThuA- maryAdayA adhIyate iti svaadhyaayH| 'sthAnAMga' (abhayadeva TIkA) 5/3/465 61. puvvaM ca jaM taduttaM cittassasegaggayA havai jhaannN| AvanamaNegaggaM citta ciya taM na taM jhaannN!| 'Avazyakaniyukti' 1499 62. niHsaMga-nirbhayatva jIvitAzA vyudAsAghoM vyutsrgH| 'tattvArtharAjavArtika', 9/26/ 10. 63. 'zramaNasUtra', upA0 amaramuni, pR0-61. 64. sAmAiyaMti smbhaavlkkhnnN| 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya', 905 "dharmAmRta' (anagAra), pR0-568 'zramaNasUtra', pR0-69 vahI, pR0-69 68. viNaovayAra mANassa bhaMjaNA pUaNA gurujnnss| titthayarANa ya ANA suydhmmaaraahnnaa'kiriyaa|| 'Avazyakaniyukti', 1229 69. 'zramaNasUtra', pR0-88-89 70. aviratisvarUpaprabhRti pratikUlatayA A maryAdayA AkArakaraNasvarUpayA AkhyAnaM kathanaM prtyaakhyaanN| -'pravacanasAroddhAra vRtti', uddhRta 'zramaNasUtra', pR0-04 66.

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165 zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 165 71. paccakkhaNaMmi kae, AsavadArAI hu~ti pihiyaaii| AsavavuccheeNaM, taNhAvuccheaNaM hoi|| 'Avazyakaniyukti', 1608 72. bhaTThAyAro sUrI bhaTThAyArANuvekkhao suurii| ummaggaThio sUrI tinavi maggaM pnnaasNti|| ummaggaThie sammagganAsae jo ya sevae suurii| niyameNaM so goyama! appaM pADai sNsaare|| 'gacchAyArapaiNNaya', 28-29 73. aTThavihA gaNisaMpayA paNNattA, taM jahA- AcArasaMpayA, suyasaMpayA, sarIrasaMpayA, vayaNasaMpayA, vAyaNAsaMpayA, matisaMpayA, paogasaMpayA, saMgahapariNNA NAma attttmaa| 'sthAnAMgasUtra', 8/15. evaM dekhe- 'dazAzrutaskaMdha', dazA-3 74. 'dazAzrutaskandha', dazA 4 75. 'vyavahArasUtra', 4/13 76. 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa', bhAga 3, pR0-263. 77. 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', gAthA 274-336. 78. tao AyariA paNNattA taM jahA kalAyarie, sippAyarie, dhmmaayrie| 'rAjapraznIya' 156, pR0-341. 79. 'paM0 aravinda jaina abhinandana grantha', pR0-56. 'sthAnAMgasUtra', 4/3/411 81. cattAri karaMDagA paNNattA, taM jahA - sovAgakaraMDae, vesiyAkaraMDae, gAhAvatikaraMDae, rAya krNdde| evAmeva cattAri AyariyA paNNattA, taM jahA - sovAgakaraMDagasamANe, vesiyAkaraMDagasamANe, gAhAvatikaraMDagasamANe, raaykrNddgsmaanne| 'sthAnAMgasUtra', 4/541 82. 'mahAnizItha', a0 5. 83. 'bhagavatIsUtra', zataka 1. 84. AcArya devo bhv| 'taittirIyopaniSad', 1/11. 85. 'mahAnizItha', a0 5. 86. titthayarasamo sUrI sammaM jo jiNamayaM pyaasei| 'gacchAyArapaiNNaya', 27. 87. jahA sasI komuijogajutte, nkkhtttaaraagnnprivuddppaa| khe sohaI vimale abbhamukke, evaM gaNI sohai bhikkhumjjhe|| 'dazavaikAlika' (vinayasamAdhi), 466 88. jahA nisaMte tavaNa'ccimAlI pabhAsaI kevalabhArahaM tu! evA''yario suya-sIla-buddhie virAyaI suramajJa va iNdo|| vahI, 465 89. evaM biNaya-juttassa suttaM atthaM ca tdubhyN| pucchamANassa sIsassa vAgarejja jhaasuyN|| 'uttarAdhyayana', 1/23 80.

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166 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 90. musaM parihare bhikkhU na ya ohAriNiM ve| bhAsA-dosaM parihare mAyaM ca vajjae syaa|| na lavejja puTTho sAvajjaM na niraTuM na mmmyN| appaNaTThA paraTThA vA ubhayassantareNa vA / vahI, 1/24-25 vahI, 9/12-13 92. vahI, 93. vahI, 9/25 94. 'mahAvagga', 1/25-33, uddhRta- Ancient Indian Education, p. 402 95. 'buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma', pR0-170. 96. As has been already indicated, he was placed in charge of two supe riors qualified by learning, character, and standing, who were called the Acarya and Upadhyaya. It is difficult to distinguish their functions from the texts. They are described in Mahavagga. The distinction seems to be that the Upadhyaya was the higher authority entrusted with the duty of instructing the young Bikkhu in the sacred texts and doctrines, while the Acarya assumed responsiblity for his conduct and was thus called also in the ecclesiastical Act but also to his tutorial responsibility as regards discipline. According to Buddhaghosha- The Upadhyaya is to be of ten years' and the Acharya of six years' seniority. But, of course, mere seniority is no qualification unless the monk was also learned and competent. Ancient Indian Education, p. 402. 97. kRpAluH saMvaraH zaktaH jJAtavya: sadgurustu sH| 'bodhipatha pradIpa', zloka 24. 98. 'khuddakanikAya', bhAga 1, pR0-315 99. 'mahAvagga', 56/27 100. 'avadAna', ji0 1/108/5 101. 'divyAvadAna', 370/9. 102. 'prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa', omaprakAza, pR0-228. 103. vahI 104. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-337-338 105. "sammApaTipanne antevAsike ye AcariyAnaM paMcavIsati AcariyaguNA tehi guNehi Acariyena sammA pttipjjitbb| katame paMcavIsati guNA? idhA bhante nAgasena, Acariyena antevAsimhi satataM samitaM ArakkhA apaThThapetabbA, asevanasevanA jAnitabbaM,

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zikSaka kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 167 pamattAppamattatA jAnitabbA, seyyAvakAso jAnitabbo, bhojanassa laddhAladdhaM jAnitabbaM viseso jAnitabbo, pattagataM saMvibhajitabbaM, assAsetabbo- 'mA bhAyi, attho te abhikkamatI' ti 'iminA puggalena paTicaratI' ti paTicAro jAnitabbo, gAme paTicAro jAnitabbo, na tena hAsovAdo kAtabbo, na tena saha AlApo kAtabbo, na tena saha sallApo kaatbbo| chidaM disvA adhivAsetabbaM, sakkaccakArinA bhavitab, akhaNDakArinA bhavitabbaM, arahassakArinA bhavitabaM, niravasesakArinA bhavitabbaM, 'janemimaM sippesu' ti janakacittaM upaTThapetabbaM, kathaM ayaM na parihAyeyyA te vaDDicittaM upaTThapetabbaM, balavaM imaM karomi sikkhAbalenA' ti citaM upaTThapetabbaM metaMcittaM upaTThapetabaM, ApadAsu na vi jahitabbaM, karaNIye ta pamajjitabbaM, khalite dhammena paggahetabbo ti|" 'milindapanhapAli', pR0-76 106. This whole-hearted devotion of the pupil to his teacher had its counter part in the corresponding attitude and conduct of the teacher towards his pupil. If the duties of the pupil are exacting, those of the teacher also are planed on a similar scale. First he must give the Bhikkhu under bis charge all possible intellectual and spiritual help and guidance 'by teaching, by putting questions to him, by exhortation, and by instruction.' Second, where the pupil lacked his necessary articles such as, an alms-bowl or a robe, the teacher was expected to supply them out of his own belongings. Third, if the pupil falls ill, the teacher must nurse him as long as his life lasts, and wait until he has recovered. During this period of his illness, the teacher is to minister to his pupil in the same way as the pupil serves him in health, down to even rising from bed early to give his pupil 'the teeth cleanser and water to rinse his mouth with getting water for the washing of his feet etc. Ancient Indian Education, pp.404-405. 107. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-482 tathA dekheM- Ancient Indian Education, p. 452 108. 'dIghanikAya' (anu0), pR0-24. 109. vahI, pR0-29 110. 'hvenasAMga kI bhArata yAtrA', pR0-54 111. 'buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma', pR0-171.

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SaSTha adhyAya zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva vidyArthI jIvana mAnava jIvana meM sabase zreSTha hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki vidyArthI jIvana mAnava jIvana kI nIMva hai to koI atizayokti nahIM hogii| jisa prakAra vizAla bhavana ke nirmANa meM nIMva ke prathama patthara yA IMTa kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, usI prakAra mAnava jIvana ke nirmANa meM vidyArthI jIvana kA sarvopari sthAna hai| vaidika saMskRti meM vaiyaktika jIvana ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai jisameM pahalA bhAga vidyArthI jIvana hai, jise brahmacaryAzrama ke nAma se jAnate haiN| zramaNa paramparA meM brahmacaryAzrama meM laukika zikSAkAla kA koI vizeSa ullekha nahIM milatA hai, kyoMki zramaNa paramparA ne AdhyAtmika jIvana para adhika bala diyA hai, phira bhI jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM brahmacaryAzrama ko zikSaNa-kAla ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|' prAcInakAla meM zikSArthI ko vidyA arjana ke lie AcArya ke pAsa jAnA par3atA thA jo araNya meM rahA karate the| guru (AcArya) prAya: sAMsArika viSaya bhogoM se virakta sAdhu huA karate the jinase zikSArthiyoM ko na kevala kitAbI jJAna milatA thA, apitu vyAvahArika jIvana kA bhI jJAna prApta hotA thaa| zikSArthI kA artha hI hotA hai- jo zikSA arthAt vidyA kA icchuka ho, vaha zikSArthI hai| vidyArthI ke lie 'chAtra' zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| chAtra zabda kA vyutpattimUlaka artha batAte hue vyAkaraNAcArya paNDita tAraNIza jhA ne kahA hai - 'chatraM gurordoSAvaraNaM tat zIlamasya saH chAtraH' 2 arthAt guru ke doSoM para AvaraNa DAlanA chatra hai aura jisakA isa prakAra kA AcaraNa hai vaha chAtra hai| jaina paramparA adhyayana-kAla jainAgama ke anusAra bAlaka kA adhyayana kucha adhika 8 varSa se prArambha hotA hai| mahAvIra ne bhI ATha varSa kI umra meM lekhazAlA meM praveza kiyA thaa| mahAvIra ke pitA rAjA siddhArtha ne mahAvIra ko lekhazAlA meM bhejane se pUrva naimittikoM ko bulAkara muhUrta

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 169 nikalavAyA aura svajanoM ko nimantrita kara unakA satkAra kiyaa| tatpazcAt vAgdevI kI pratimA kA pUjana kiyA, nAnA ratnoM se jaTita svarNa ke AbhUSaNa banavAye aura AcArya ko bahamUlya vastra, AbhUSaNa evaM nAriyala Adi bheMTa meM diye| lekhazAlA meM vidyArthiyoM ko maSipAtra va lekhanI dii| sAtha hI drAkSA, khaDazarkarA, ciMraujI aura khajUra Adi vitarita kiye| taduparAnta mahAvIra ne tIrtha jala se snAna kara, sarvAlaMkAra se vibhUSita ho, mahAchatra Adi dhAraNa kiye hue, cAmaroM se vidyamAna caturaMga senA se parivRtta gAje-bAje ke sAtha lekhazAlA meM praveza kiyaa| __ isI prakAra mahAbala kumAra tathA dRr3hapratijJa Adi ke zikSA grahaNa karane ke upanayana utsava kA varNana bhI AyA hai| abhayadeva ne upanayana kA artha kalA grahaNa kiyA hai| kalA kA artha hai- vidyaa| vidyA grahaNa ke samaya jo utsava manAyA jAtA hai, use upanayana kahate haiN|6 'AdipurANa' meM vidyAdhyayana ke antargata cAra prakAra ke saMskAra batAye gaye haiM (1) lipi saMskAra- vaidika granthoM ke anusAra upanayana saMskAra ke pazcAt hI lipijJAna, aMkajJAna yA zAstroM Adi kA adhyayana Arambha hotA thA, parantu jaina grantha 'AdipurANa' meM upanIti kriyA ke pUrva lipi saMskAra karane kA varNana AyA hai| bAlaka jaba pA~ca varSa kA ho jAtA thA taba usakA vidhivata akSarArambha karAyA jAtA thaa| jaina mAnyatAnusAra upanayana to mAdhyamika zikSA ke pUrva hotA hai| __ lipi saMskAra kI vidhi kA varNana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki bAlaka ke pitA ko yathAzakti pUjana sAmagrI lekara zrutadevatA kA pUjana karanA cAhie aura adhyayana karAne meM kuzala vratI gRhastha ko hI usa bAlaka ke adhyApaka pada para niyukta karanA caahie|' isa vidhi meM bAlaka ko a, A i, I Adi svara, vyaJjana, saMyuktAkSara yogabAha Adi kA abhyAsa karayA jAtA thaa| 'AdipurANa' ke anusAra lipi saMskAra ke bAda upanayana saMskAra kA vidhAna hai| (2) upanIti kriyA- garbha se AThaveM varSa meM bAlaka kI upanIti kriyA hotI thii| vaidika-granthoM meM jisake lie saMskAra zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai usI ko AdipurANa meM kriyA zabda se iMgita kiyA gayA hai| isa kriyA meM zikSArthI ko kezoM kA muNDana karavAkara vratabandhana tathA tIna lariyoM kI banI muMja kI mekhalA dhAraNa karanI par3atI thii|10 tatpazcAt sapheda dhotI dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna thaa| jo coTI rakhatA thA, sapheda dhotI aura sapheda dupaTTA dhAraNa karatA thA, jo vikAroM se rahita hotA thA aura vrata ke cihna svarUpa yajJopavIta sUtra ko dhAraNa karatA thA, vaha brahmacArI kahalAtA thaa| jinAlaya meM

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170 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jAkara arhatdeva kI pUjA karanA Avazyaka thaa| rAjaputroM ko chor3akara sabhI ke lie bhikSAvRtti kA vidhAna thaa| rAjakumAroM ko antaHpura meM jAkara mAtA-pitA se bhikSA mA~ganI par3atI thii| bhikSA meM prApta vastu kA agrabhAga zrI arahantadeva ko samarpaNa kara bAkI bace hue yogya anna ko grahaNa karane kA vidhAna thaa|11 (3) vratacaryA utkRSTa cihnoM se yukta brahmacarya Adi vrata ko dhAraNa karanA vratacaryA saMskAra hai| 12 vratacaryA kA abhiprAya vidyAdhyayana ke samaya kartavya aura akartavya ke viveka kA honA hai jisase vidyAdhyayana meM koI bAdhA na ho| isa saMskAra meM kamara meM tIna lara kI mUMja kI mekhalA pahanAyI jAtI thI jo ratnatraya kI vizuddhi kA pratIka mAnA jAtA thaa| sapheda dhotI kA pahananA yaha sUcita karatI thI ki arahantadeva kA kula pavitra aura vizAla hai| sAta lara kA gUMthA huA yajJopavIta sAta parama sthAnoM kA sUcaka thaa| svaccha aura utkRSTa muNDita sira mana, vacana aura kAya kI pavitratA kA dyotaka thaa| (4) vratAvaraNa kriyA- samasta vidyAoM ke adhyayana ke pazcAt vratAvaraNa kriyA hotI thii| yaha kriyA guru ke sAkSIpUrvaka jinendra bhagavAn kI pUjA karake bAraha athavA solaha varSa bAda kI jAtI thii| vratAvaraNa ke bAda brahmacarya dhAraNa karate samaya vastra, AbhUSaNa aura mAlA Adi kA jo tyAga kiyA gayA thA, vaha guru kI AjJA se puna: dhAraNa karAyA jAtA thaa|13 jo zastropajIvI arthAt kSatriya varga ke the ve punaH apanI AjIvikA ke lie zastra dhAraNa kara sakate the| vaizya kRSi, vyApAra Adi kAryoM meM pravRtta ho sakate the| kintu brahmacarya dhAraNa karate samaya madhu, mAMsa, pA~ca udumbara phaloM tathA hiMsAdi sthUla pApoM kA tyAga kara sadAcAramayI pravRtti ko apanAtA thA jisakA vratAvaraNa kriyA ke bAda bhI jIvanaparyanta pAlana karanA par3atA thaa|14 zikSArthI kI yogyatAe~ prAcInakAla meM vidyArthiyoM ko jJAnArjana ke lie AzramoM meM guru ke pAsa jAnA par3atA thaa| una vidyArthiyoM meM kucha komala svabhAva tathA mRdubhASI huA karate the to kucha uddaNDa pravRtti ke hote the jinheM jaina granthoM meM kramaza: vinIta-avinIta nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| vinayI kA citta ahaMkAra rahita, sarala, vinamra aura anAgrahI hotA hai| ThIka isake viparIta avinayI kA citta ahaMkArI, kaThora, hiMsaka aura vidrohI pravRtti kA hotA hai| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM vinIta tathA avinIta ko paribhASita karate hue kahA gayA hai- jo guru kI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai, guru ke sAnidhya meM rahatA hai, guru ke iMgita evaM AkAra arthAt saMketa aura manobhAvoM ko jAnatA hai vaha vinIta hai aura jo guru kI AjJA

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 171 kA pAlana nahIM karatA hai, guru ke sAnidhya meM nahIM rahatA hai, guru ke pratikUla AcaraNa karatA hai, asambuddha hai arthAt tattvajJa nahIM hai vaha avinIta kahalAtA hai|15 vinIta zikSArthI ke lakSaNa 'uttarAdhyayana' meM vinIta ke nimnalikhita guNa batalAye gaye haiM (1) namra honA, (2) asthira honA, (3) chala-kapaTa se rahita honA, (4) akautUhalI honA, (5) kisI kI nindA na karanA, (6) krodha ko atisamaya taka na rakhanA, (7) mitroM ke prati kRtajJa honA, (8) prApta jJAna para ahaMkAra na karanA, (9) skhalanA hone para dUsaroM kA tiraskAra na karanA, (10) mitroM para krodha na karanA, (11) apriya mitra ke lie ekAnta meM bhI bhalAI kI kAmanA karanA, (12) vAk-kalaha aura hiMsAdi na karanA, (13) abhijAta (kulIna) honA,(14) lajjAzIla honA aura (15) pratisaMlIna arthAt viSaya ke prati jAgarUka rahanA aadi|16 zikSAzIla vaha hai jisameM nimnokta ATha guNa pAye jAte haiM (1) jo ha~sI-majAka na karatA ho, (2) jo sadA zAnta rahatA ho, (3) kisI bhI marma kA udghoSaNa na karatA ho, (4) azlIla arthAt caritrahIna na ho, (5) vizIla, (6) khAna-pAna kA lolupI na ho, (7) akrodhI ho aura (8) satya meM sadA anurakta ho|17 'Avazyakaniyukti' meM suyogya ziSya ke bAre meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha guru ke par3hAye hue viSaya ko dhyAnapUrvaka sunatA hai, prazna pUchatA hai, dhyAnapUrvaka uttara sunatA hai aura artha grahaNa karatA hai, usa para cintana karatA hai, usakI prAmANikatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, usake artha ko yAda rakhatA hai aura tadanusAra AcaraNa karatA hai|18 isI prakAra 'AdipurANa' meM bhI vinIta zikSArthI ke ATha lakSaNa nirUpita kiye gaye haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM19 (1) zuzrUSA- satkathA ko sunane kI icchA honA zuzrUSA guNa hai| (2) zravaNa- sunnaa| (3) grahaNa- kisI bhI viSaya ko samajhakara grahaNa krnaa| (4) dhAraNa- paThita viSaya ko bahuta samaya taka yA sadaiva smaraNa rakhane kI kssmtaavaalaa| (5) smRti- pUrva meM grahaNa kiye hue upadeza Adi ko smaraNa rkhnaa| (6) Uha - tarka dvArA padArtha ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa kI zakti kA honaa|

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172 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (7) apoha - heya vastuoM ko chodd'naa| (8) nirNIta - yukti dvArA padArtha kA nirNaya krnaa| vinIta zikSArthiyoM meM uparyukta guNa kA honA atyanta Avazyaka hai, kyoMki vinaya hI vidyArthI jIvana kA mUla hai| vinaya se hI vidyArthI ko yaza, kIrti, pratiSThA jJAna Adi prApta hote haiN| avinIta zikSArthI ke lakSaNa avinIta zikSArthiyoM meM caudaha prakAra ke doSa batAye gaye haiM20(1) bAra-bAra krodha krnaa| (2) krodha ko lambe samaya taka rkhnaa| (3) mitratA ko tthukraanaa| (4) jJAna prApta kara ahaMkAra krnaa| (5) skhalanA hone para dUsaroM kA tiraskAra krnaa| (6) mitroM para krodha krnaa| (7) priya mitroM kI bhI parokSa meM zikAyata krnaa| (8) asambaddha pralApa krnaa| (9) droha krnaa| (10) abhimAna krnaa| (11) rasalolupa honaa| (12) ajitendriya honaa| (13) asaMvibhAgI honA arthAt sAthiyoM kA sahayoga na karanA, aura (14) aprItikara honA arthAt dUsaroM kA apriya krnaa| 'uttarAdhyayana' meM avinIta zikSArthI ke kucha kAryoM kA varNana AyA hai jisase unakA svarUpa nirdhArita hotA hai - guru dvArA anuzAsita kiye jAne para bIca meM bolanA, AcArya ke vacanoM meM doSa nikAlanA tathA unake vacanoM ke pratikUla AcaraNa krnaa| kisI kArya vizeSa se bhejane para nAnAprakAra ke bahAne banAnA, kisI gRhasvAminI ke sambandha meM kahanA ki vaha mujhe nahIM jAnatI isalie mujhe bhikSA nahIM degI yA vaha ghara se bAhara gayI hogI, ataH kisI

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 173 dUsare sAdhu ko bheja dIjie yA jAnA par3A to idhara-udhara se ghUmakara lauTa AnA tathA pUchane para rAjAjJA kI taraha bhRkuTi tAnakara javAba denA, 21 bhikSA mAMgane meM apamAna samajhakara bhikSA ke lie nahIM jAnA aura bhikSA mA~gane meM Alasya karanA aadi|22 jisa prakAra duSTa baila gAr3I meM jote jAne para kabhI samilA arthAt jue kI kIla ko tor3a detA hai, kabhI gAr3I unmArga para le jAtA hai, kabhI sar3aka ke pArzva meM baiTha jAtA hai to kabhI gira par3atA hai, kabhI kUdatA hai to kabhI uchalatA hai, kabhI jue ko tor3atA hai aura taruNa gAya ke pIche bhAga jAtA hai| itanA hI nahIM, usI meM koI dhUrta baila hotA hai jo mRtaka-sA bhUmi para par3A rahatA hai| ThIka isI prakAra avinIta evaM dhairya meM kamajora ziSya dharmayAna meM jutate hue guru dvArA sampAdita kiye jAne para vibhinna prakAra kI kuceSTAe~ karake guru ko pIr3ita karate haiN|23 puna: kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra sUara cAvaloM kI bhUsI ko chor3akara viSThA khAtA hai, usI prakAra ajJAnI ziSya zIla, sadAcAra chor3akara duzzIla, durAcAra meM ramaNa karatA hai|24 jo apane guru ke prati AzAtanAoM kA AcaraNa karatA hai vaha sarvadA apamAnita hotA hai| AzAtanAe~ taiMtIsa prakAra kI batalAyI gayI haiM25(1) mArga meM guru ke Age clnaa| (2) mArga meM guru ke barAbara clnaa| (3) guru ke pIche akar3akara clnaa| (4 se 6) guru ke Age, barAbara, pIche ar3akara baiThanA Adi tIna aashaatnaaeN| (7 se 9) guru ke Age, barAbara tathA pIche khar3A honA Adi tIna aashaatnaaeN| (10) yadi guru aura ziSya eka sAtha eka pAtra meM jala lekara zauca-zuddhi ke lie bAhara gaye hoM to guru se pUrva Acamana tathA zauca krnaa| bAhara se lauTane para guru se pahale hI IryApatha kI AlocanA krnaa| rAtri meM jAgate hue bhI guru ke bulAne para na bolnaa| (13) guru se bAta karane ke lie Aye hue vyakti se, guru se pahale svayaM bAtacIta krnaa| (14) AhAra Adi kI AlocanA pahale sAdhuoM ke samakSa kara bAda meM guru ke Age krnaa| (15) AhAra Adi lAkara pahale sAdhuoM ko dikhlaanaa| (11) (12)

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174 (16) (17) jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AhAra Adi grahaNa karane ke lie pahale sAdhuoM ko Amantrita karanA aura bAda meM guru ko Amantrita krnaa| guru se pUche binA dUsare sAdhu ko usakI icchAnusAra pracura AhAra denaa| guru ke sAtha AhAra grahaNa karate samaya susvAdu AhAra svayaM khA lenaa| guru dvArA bulAye jAne para anasunI kara denaa| guru ke prati yA unake samakSa maryAdA se adhika bolnaa| guru ke dvArA bulAye jAne para uttara meM 'kyA kahate ho' Adi abhadra zabdoM kA prayoga krnaa| guru ke dvArA kucha pUche jAne para Asana para baiThe-baiThe bAta sunanA aura uttara (19) (20) (21) (22) denaa| (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) guru ke prati tU zabda kA prayoga krnaa| kisI kArya kI AjJA ko asvIkAra karake ulTA unhIM se kahanA ki tuma hI kara lo| guru ke dharmakathA kahane para dhyAna se na sunanA aura anamanaska rhnaa| dharmakathA karate samaya bIca meM hI TokanA - Apa bhUla gaye haiM, yaha aise nahIM hai ityaadi| dharmakathA karate samaya bIca meM bhaMga krnaa| dharmakathA karate samaya pariSad kA bhedana karanA aura kahanA - kaba taka kahoge, bhikSA kA samaya ho gayA hai| guru ko nIcA dikhAne ke lie sabhA meM hI guru dvArA kathita viSaya kA vistRta vivecana krnaa| guru ke zayyA saMstAraka ko paira se chUkara kSamA mAMge binA hI cale jaanaa| gurudeva ke zayyA saMstAraka para khar3e honA, baiThanA aura sonaa| gurudeva ke Asana se U~ce Asana para khar3e honA, baiThanA aura sonaa| gurudeva ke Asana ke barAbara Asana para khar3A honA, baiThanA aura sonaa| (29) (30) (31) (32) (33)

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 175 ina taiMtIsa AzAtanAoM kA pAlana karake avinIta zikSArthI apane Apako gauravAnvita mahasUsa karate haiN| granthoM meM kucha aise durAcArI ziSyoM ke ullekha bhI milate haiM jo apane AcArya kI AjJA pAkara hAthApAyI bhI kara baiThate the| eka bAra harikezabala muni kisI brAhmaNa ke yajJavATaka meM gaye aura bhikSA yAcanA kI to apane guru kA izArA pAte hI khaNDie (chAtragaNa) muni ko DaNDe, phalaka Adi se mArane-pITane lage jisase unake mu~ha se khUna nikalane lagA thaa|26 isI prakAra indrapura ke rAjA indradatta ke bAisa putra the| rAjA ne apane putroM ko AcArya ke pAsa par3hane ke lie bhejaa| AcArya yadi kucha kahate to ve AcArya ko mArate-pITate aura durvacana bolate the| yadi AcArya unako anuzAsita karate to ve apanI mA~ se jAkara zikAyata krte| unakI mA~ AcArya ke Upara gussA karatI tathA tAnA mAratI ki Apa samajhate haiM ki kyA putra kahIM se aise hI A jAte haiN|27 vinaya ke phala vinaya meM vaha zakti hai jo jIvana ko saccI prANavattA detI hai, saccI dizA detI hai| yadi manuSya meM vinaya, zAlInatA, saralatA, sAdagI Adi sadguNa nahIM hai to vaha kahane mAtra kA manuSya hai, mAnavatA kA svatva usameM nahIM ho sakatA? jainAgamoM meM vinaya ke nimnalikhita phala batAye gaye haiM(1) ziSya ke vinaya-bhAva se prasanna hokara AcArya arthagambhIra aura vipula zrutajJAna kA lAbha karavAte haiN|28 (2) vaha tapa, sAmAcArI, samAdhi tathA paMcamahAvratoM kA pAlana karake divya jyoti ko prApta karatA hai|29 (3) jisa prakAra zakaTAdivAhana ko ThIka taraha se pahala karanevAlA baila khuda ko tathA apane svAmI ko lekara sukhapUrvaka jaMgala ko pAra karatA hai, ThIka usI prakAra vidyArthI sva aura para kA kalyANa karatA hai|30 (4) jisa prakAra pRthvI sabhI prANiyoM kA AdhAra hai, usI prakAra yogya ziSya kIrti kA vistAra karake sabakA AdhAra banatA hai|21 (5) jo ziSya AcAryoM aura upAdhyAyoM kI sevA karate haiM unakA jJAna khUba acchI taraha se sIMce hue vRkSa kI bhA~ti kramazaH bar3hatA hI jAtA hai|32

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(7) 176 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (6) jo AcAra kI prApti ke lie vinaya kA prayoga karate haiM, bhaktipUrvaka guruvacanoM ko sunakara evaM svIkRta karake kathita kArya kI pUrti karate haiM, jo kadApi guruzrI kI AzAtanA nahIM karate ve ziSya saMsAra meM pUjya hote haiN|33 jo ziSya AcArya ko vinaya-bhakti se sammAnita karate haiM, ve svayaM bhI AcArya dvArA vidyAdAna se sammAnita hote haiM aura yatna se kanyA ke samAna zreSTha sthAna para pratiSThita hote haiN| jo satyavAdI, jitendriya aura tapasvI vidyArthI apanI yogyatA se AcAryoM kA sammAna karate haiM, ve saMsAra meM saccI pUjA-pratiSThA pAte haiN|35 (8) guruoM kI vinayabhakti karanevAlA, sadA namra rahanevAlA, madhura evaM satya bolanevAlA, AcAryAdi kI sevA-vandanA karanevAlA, unake vacanoM ko zirodhArya karanevAlA ziSya hI vastutaH pUjya puruSa hotA hai|36 niSkarSata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vinIta zikSArthI hI sarvazreSTha hai| vaha deva, gandharva aura manuSyoM meM pUjita tathA sarvatra Adara ko prApta karatA hai| avinaya ke phala __ avinIta zikSArthI ke lakSaNa evaM kArya ke sAtha-sAtha avinaya ke bhI phala batAye gaye haiM jo isa prakAra haiM(1) jisa prakAra pracaNDa agnizikhA kSaNamAtra meM bar3e se bar3e padArthoM ke samUha ko bhasmasAt kara detI hai, ThIka usI prakAra gurujanoM kI avajJA ziSya ke jJAnAdi sadguNoM ko bhasmasAt kara detI hai| 27 guru kI AzAtanA karanevAle durbuddhi ziSya ko mukti nahIM mila sktii|38 (3) svAbhimAnI evaM madAndha ziSya kI mUrkhatA ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai- jo abhimAnI ziSya AcArya kI avajJA yA AzAtanA karate haiM ve pracaNDa dhadhakatI huI agni ko pairoM se mala kara bujhAte haiM, bar3e bhArI jaharIle sA~pa ko krUddha karate haiM tathA jIne kI icchA se sadyaH prANahArI halAhala nAmaka viSa ko pIte haiN|39 (4) jisa prakAra sar3e kAna kI kutiyA ghRNA ke sAtha sabhI sthAnoM se nikAla dI jAtI hai, usI prakAra guru ke pratikUla AcaraNa karane vAlA duzzIla vAcAla ziSya bhI sarvatra apamAnita karake nikAla diyA jAtA hai| (5) jisa prakAra gaja, baila tathA ar3iyala ghor3e Adi avinItatA arthAt na calane

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 177 para prAya: aMkuza aura cAbuka kI mAra khAte hue duHkhoM ko sahate haiM, usI prakAra avinIta ziSya guru se pratAr3ita hote hue duHkha kA anubhava karate haiN| 1 ata: jo ziSya vinaya dharma ko chor3akara avinaya ke mArga para calate haiM ve apane hI paira meM apane hAthoM se kulhAr3I mArate haiN| vinIta aura avinIta zikSArthI kA guru para prabhAva vinIta jahA~ zAlInatA aura sadguNoM kI rAha para calatA hai, vahIM avinIta asadguNoM ko aMgIkAra karatA hai| itanA to nizcita hI hai ki jo ziSya guru kI dRSTi meM anaitika evaM durAcArI hai use guru yadi kucha sikhAnA bhI cAhate haiM to ve nahIM sikhA pAte haiN| eka ora binA vicAre anApa-zanApa bolanevAle duSTa ziSya jahA~ apanI kupravRttiyoM se vinamra aura mRdubhASI guru ko bhI kruddha banA dete haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora guru ke manonukUla calanevAle paTatA se kArya sampanna karanevAle vinIta ziSya zIghra hI ruSTa honevAle guru ko bhI prasanna kara lete haiN||2|| vinIta ziSya ko zikSA dete hue guru vaise hI prasanna hote haiM jaise sArathI (azva zikSaka) acche ghor3e ko hA~kate hue Ananda kI anubhUti karatA hai, kintu ThIka isake viparIta abodha evaM avinIta ziSya ko zikSA dete hue guru vaise hI khinna hote haiM, jaise duSTa ghor3e ko hA~katA huA usakA vaahk|43 avinIta ziSya se khinna hokara guru socate haiM - mujhe ina duSTa ziSyoM se kyA lAbha? inase to merI AtmA vyAkula hI hotI hai| inheM par3hAyA-likhAyA, pAlA-poSA phira bhI ye usI prakAra svecchAcArI ho gaye haiM, jisa prakAra paMkha nikala Ane para haMsa pkssii| ataH inheM chor3a dene meM hI kalyANa hai|44 zikSArthI ke kartavya binA pUche kucha na bolanA, sarvadA satya bolanA arthAt krodhAdi meM asat vacanoM kA prayoga na karanA, guru kI priya aura apriya donoM hI zikSAoM ko dhAraNa krnaa|45 guru ke nikaTa sadaiva prazAnta bhAva se rahanA arthAt vAcAla na bananA, arthapUrNa padoM ko sIkhanA, nirarthaka bAteM na krnaa| guru dvArA anuzAsita hone para krodha na karake zAnta rahanA, kSudra vyaktiyoM ke sAtha haMsI-majAka aura anya krIr3A na krnaa| adhyayana ke samaya adhyayana aura bAkI samaya meM ekAkI dhyAna krnaa| agara galata vyavahAra kara bhI le to use chipAyeM nahIM, balki kiyA ho to 'kiyA' aura na kiyA ho to 'nahIM kiyA' khnaa| 5 akele meM vANI se athavA karma se kabhI bhI guru ke pratikUla AcaraNa na krnaa|47 guru kI AjJA ke binA koI bhI kArya na krnaa|48 priya athavA kaThora zabdoM dvArA AcArya jo mujha para anuzAsana karate haiM, vaha mere lAbha ke lie hai- aisA

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178 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana vicAra kara unakA anuzAsana svIkAra krnaa|49 guru mujhe putra, bhAI aura svajana kI taraha AtmIya samajhakara zikSA dete haiM, aisA samajhakara unake anuzAsana ko kalyANakArI maannaa| 50 guru ke manonukUla vaise hI AcaraNa karanA jaise uttama zikSita ghor3A cAbuka dekhakara unmArga chor3a detA hai|51 na guru ko kupita karanA aura na kaThora anuzAsanAdi se svayaM hI kupita honA aura na guru ke doSoM kA anveSaNa hI krnaa|12 guru ke bulAne para mauna rahanA, aise Asana para baiThanA jo guru ke Asana se nIcA ho, jisase koI AvAja na nikalatI ho, jo sthira ho|53 unake Asana ke barAbara na baiThanA, na Age, na pIche hI saTakara baitthnaa|54 guru ke ati nikaTa bhI na baiThanA kyoMki saMghaTTA ho jAne kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai, yadi saMghaTTA ho bhI jAye to usI samaya kSamAyAcanA karate hue kahanA - bhagavan! dAsa kA yaha aparAdha kSamA kareM, phira kabhI aisA nahIM hogaa|55 garuzrI ke eka bAra athavA adhika bAra Amantrita karane para apane Asana para se hI AjJA sunakara uttara nahIM denA balki Asana chor3akara vinamra bhAva se kathita AjJA ko sunakara tadanusAra uttara denaa|56 palathI lagAkara donoM hAthoM se zarIra ko bA~dhakara tathA pairoM ko phailAkara bhI nahIM baiThanA / 57 Asana athavA zayyA para baiThe-baiThe kabhI bhI guru se koI bAta nahIM pUchanA, balki unake samIpa Akara, ukaDUM Asana meM baiThakara hAtha jor3akara puuchnaa|58 Asana se niSprayojana na uThanA, sthira evaM zAnta hokara baitthnaa|59 zikSA prApti ke bAda guru kI kRtajJatA svIkAra karate hue vinayabhAva se vandanA krnaa| pAMca prakAra ke vinaya (khar3A honA, hAtha jor3anA, Asana denA, gurujanoM kI bhakti tathA bhAvapUrvaka zuzrUSA karanA), paMcavidha svAdhyAya (vAcanA, pracchanA, parivartanA, anuprekSA aura dharmakathA) tathA AcArya se sambandhita dasa prakAra ke vaiyAvRtya meM sadA saMlagna rhnaa|6deg kSetra, kAla Adi bhAvoM, guru ke manogata abhiprAyoM tathA sevA karane ke samucita sAdhanoM ko bhalI prakAra se mAlUma karake tat-tat upAyoM se kArya kA sampAdana krnaa|61 zikSArthI ke prakAra vinIta-avinIta ke atirikta zaila, kUTa, chalanI, paripUSaga, haMsa, mahiSa, meDhe, macchara, jaloge, bilAr3I, jAhaga, gAya, bherI aura AbhirI Adi kI upamA dekara zikSArthI ke caudaha prakAra batAye gaye haiM62 (1) zaila- kucha ziSya parvata ke samAna kaThora tathA kRSNabhUmi (kAlI miTTI vAlI jamIna) ke samAna guru dvArA batAye gaye artha grahaNa karane meM samartha hote haiN| (2) kUTa- kUTa (ghaTa) ke cAra prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM- (ka) chidrakuTa, jisake peMdI meM chidra ho, (kha) khaNDakuTa - jisake kane TUTe hoM, (ga) boTakuTa - jisakA

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 179 eka ora kA kapAla TUTA ho, (gha) sakalakuTa - jo ghar3A pUrNa ho| isI taraha kucha ziSya chidrakuTa, kucha khaNDakuTa, kucha boTakuTa tathA kucha pUrNakuTa ke samAna hote haiN| (3) cAliNI- kucha ziSya cAliNI (chalanI) ke samAna hote haiM, jo guru ke vaktavya ko eka kAna se sunate haiM aura dUsare kAna se nikAla dete haiN| (4) channA- kucha ziSya dUdha chAnane ke channe (paripUSaga) kI bhA~ti hote haiN| jisa prakAra dUdha yA ghI chAnane para nIce calA jAtA hai aura gandagI Upara raha jAtI hai, usI prakAra kucha ziSya doSa aura avaguNa hI grahaNa karate haiN| (5) haMsa- kucha ziSya haMsa ke samAna hote haiM, jaise- haMsa jalamizrita kSIra meM se kSIra ko grahaNa kara letA hai aura nIra ko chor3a detA hai, usI prakAra kucha ziSya guNoM ko grahaNa kara lete haiM aura doSoM ko chor3a dete haiN| ___ (6) mahiSa - kucha ziSya mahiSa ke samAna hote haiM, jaise mahiSa tAlAba meM ghusakara jala ko gandA kara detA hai jisake kAraNa jala ko na svayaM hI pI pAtA hai aura na dUsarA hI vaise hI kucha ziSya vyAkhyAna ke prArambha hone para AcArya ko aneka prakAra kI vikathAoM se isa prakAra thakA dete haiM ki ve na to use hI par3hA pAte haiM aura na dUsare vidyArthI ko hii| (7) mer3hA- kucha ziSya mer3he kI taraha hote haiN| jisa prakAra mer3hA mu~ha ko Age kI ora jhukAkara cupacApa jalagrahaNa karatA hai, usI prakAra ziSya AcArya ko uttejita kiye binA cupacApa zikSA grahaNa karatA hai| (8) macchara- kucha ziSya macchara ke samAna hote haiM jo baiThate hI kATa lete haiN| (9) jalogA- kucha ziSyoM ko jaloge kI bhA~ti batAyA gayA hai| jalogA jo zarIra ko kisI prakAra kA kaSTa pahu~cAye binA rudhira kA pAna karatA hai, aise ziSya AcArya ko kisI prakAra kA kaSTa pahu~cAye binA zrutAdi jJAna kA pAna karate haiN| (10) bilAr3I- kucha ziSyoM ko usa bilAr3I ke samAna batAyA gayA hai jo dUdha ko jamIna para girAkara bAda meM use cATatI hai| isI prakAra katipaya ziSya pramAdavaza jaba AcArya kA vyAkhyAna hotA hai to dhyAna nahIM dete aura vyAkhyAna ke samApta ho jAne para dUroM kI bAtoM ko sunane kI koziza karate haiN| (11) jAhaga- kucha ziSya jAhaga ke samAna hote haiN| jAhaga jo thor3A-thor3A dUdha girAkara cATatA hai, vaise hI kucha ziSya pUrvagrahIta artha ko yAda karake prazna pUchate haiM aura AcArya ko kaSTa nahIM dete haiN|

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180 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (12) cAra brAhmaNa- cAra brAhmaNoM kA udAharaNa dete hue kahA gayA hai - kahIM se cAra brAhmaNoM ko eka gAya dAna meM milii| cAroM bArI-bArI se use duuhte| kala ise dUsarA dUhegA, phira maiM ise cArA kyoM hU~? aisA vicAra kara ke roja dUdha dUha lete the aura gAya ko cArA nahIM dete the| pariNAmata: gAya mara gyii| taduparAnta dubArA kisI ne unheM gAya nahIM dii| isI prakAra jo ziSya AcArya kI vandanA-pUjA tathA sevA-suzrUSA Adi nahIM karate haiM, ve zrutajJAna se sarvathA vaMcita raha jAte haiN| ata: ziSyoM ko apane guru ke prati zraddhA, bhakti, Adara tathA vinaya kI bhAvanA rakhanI caahie| (13) azivopazAminI bherI- gozIrSacandana nirmita azivopazAminI bherI kA udAharaNa diyA gayA jo kRSNa ke pAsa thii| usa bherI kI AvAja sunane se hI cha: mahIne taka roga nahIM hotA thA aura pahale se rogagrasita vyakti kA roga zAnta ho jAtA thaa| eka bAra eka paradezI gozIrSacandana kI talAza karate hue kRSNa ke bherIpAla ke pAsa pahuMcA aura bahuta-sA dravya dekara bherI kA eka khaNDa kharIda liyaa| isI prakAra jaba bhI use AvazyakatA hotI vaha bherIpAla ko dravya dekara bherI kA khaNDa le jaataa| jaba kRSNa ko isa bAta kA patA calA to unhoMne bherIpAla ke kula kA nAza kara diyaa| isI prakAra sUtrArtha ko khaNDita karanevAle ziSya ko bherIpAla ke samAna buddhihIna kahA gayA hai| (14) AbhIrI- AbhIrI kA udAharaNa dete hue kahA gayA hai - koI AbhArI apane pati tathA saheliyoM ke sAtha gAr3I meM ghI ke ghar3e bharakara nagara meM becane clii| usakA pati gAr3I para thA aura vaha nIce khar3I apanI patnI ke hAthoM meM ghar3e pakar3A rahA thaa| pati ne samajhA ki AbhIrI ne ghar3A pakar3a liyA aura AbhIrI samajhI ki ghar3A abhI usake pati ke hAtha meM hai| isI asamaJjasa meM ghar3A nIce girakara phUTa gyaa| AbhIrI aura usake pati meM tU-tU maiM-maiM hone lagI - tumane ThIka se nahIM pakar3A to tumane ThIka se nahIM pkdd'aa| khIMjhakara AbhIra ne apanI patnI ko khUba piittaa| isI bIca bAkI bace ghI meM se kucha kutte cATa gaye aura kucha jamIna pI gyii| taba taka usake sahayogI apanA ghI becakara lauTa aaye| AbhIrI ne apane ghI ko becA lekina kucha lAbha na huaa| isI prakAra jo ziSya apane guru ke prati kaTu vacana kahatA hai, tarka-vitarka kara kalaha karatA hai, vaha kabhI bhI prazasta nahIM kahA jA sktaa| 'AdipurANa' meM bhI miTTI, calanI, bakarA, bilAva, totA, bagulA, pASANa, sarpa, gAya, haMsa, bhaiMsA, phUTA ghar3A, DaMsa aura joka Adi kI apekSA se ziSya ke caudaha prakAra batAye gaye haiN|63 ina caudaha prakAroM ko guNa-avaguNoM ke AdhAra para tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai- uttama, madhyama tathA adhm| jo vidyArthI gAya aura haMsa

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181 zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva ke samAna hote haiM ve uttama kahalAte haiN| totA aura miTTI ke samAna vidyArthI madhyama haiM tathA zeSa adhama kI koTi meM Ate haiN| bauddha paramparA adhyayana kAla bauddha zikSA-paddhati meM bAlaka kA zikSArambha 8 varSa kI Ayu se hotA thaa|64 ise vidyArambha saMskAra ke nAma se bhI sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha saMskAra upanayana saMskAra ke pazcAt sampanna hotA thaa|65 svakula ke anurUpa vidyA grahaNa karAne ke lie bAlaka ko sahasroM maMgala karmoM ke sAtha lipizAlA meM le jAyA jAtA thaa| zikSArambha ke isa mauke para vizeSa rUpa se bAlakoM ko dAna diyA jAtA thA jisameM bhojya aura khAdya padArthoM ke sAtha hiraNya-suvarNa kA dAna bhI dene kA vidhAna thaa| kumAra siddhArtha ko bhI sarvaprathama lipizAlA meM le jAyA gayA thaa| isakA vistRta varNana 'lalitavistara' meM dekhane ko milatA hai66 - jaba kumAra bodhisatva bar3e hue taba unheM sahasroM maMgalAcAroM ke sAtha lipizAlA meM le jAyA gyaa| Adara ke sAtha dasa hajAra bAlakoM dvArA ghire hue the| dasa hajAra ratha cabAne-khAne kI vastuoM va hiraNya tathA suvarNa se paripUrNa the| una vastuoM kI kapilavastu mahAnagara ke mArgoM para, caurAhoM para, tirAhoM para, galiyoM meM tathA nagara ke madhya meM bane bAjAroM ke praveza dvAroM para bauchAra kI gyii| ATha hajAra bAjoM ke sAtha phUloM kI mahAvRSTi kI gyii| nagara ke cabUtaroM, aTAriyoM, dvAra ke bAhya bhAgoM, gavAkSoM arthAt havAdAra jAlI vAle jharokhoM, mahaloM para bane kUTagAroM, gharoM tathA prAsAdoM ke taloM para zata sahasra kanyAe~ vividha AbhUSaNoM se sajI haI thIM jo bodhisattva ko dekhakara phUla pheMka rahI thiiN| ATha hajAra devakanyAe~, abhI-abhI mAno gira hI par3eMge aise alaMkAroM evaM AbhUSaNoM se sajI huIM, hAtha meM ratnabhadra liye, mArga kA zodhana karatI huI, bodhisatva ke Age-Age cala rahI thiiN| devatA, nAga, yakSa, gandharva, asura, garur3a, kinnara tathA mahoraga arthAt jo Upara ke Adhe zarIra se prakaTa ho, AkAza meM puSpamAlAe~ tathA paTTamAlAe~ laTakA rahe the| saba zAkyagaNa rAjA zuddhodhana ko Age kara bodhisatva ke Age-Age cala rahe the| isa taraha sAja-sajjA ke sAtha bodhisatva ko lipizAlA meM le jAyA gyaa|67 lipizAlA meM praveza ke pazcAt dArakAcArya se saMkhyA, lipi,68 gaNanA, dhAtutantra, mAtRkApada Adi kA jJAna prApta kiyaa| bodhisatva ke sAtha dasa hajAra bAlaka bhI lipizAlA meM lipi kA jJAna prApta karate the| inameM kanyAe~ bhI lipi kI zikSA prApta karatI thiiN| usa samaya vidyArambha candana kI paTTikA para prArambha karAyA jAtA thaa|69 jisakI puSTi gAndhAra kalA se hotI hai jisameM lipiphalaka kA citraNa dekhane ko milatA hai|70

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182 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana yuvAnacyAMga ke anusAra bAlaka kI zikSA kA prArambha 'dvAdazAdhyAyI' nAmaka pustaka ke adhyayana se hotA thaa| jaba bAlaka sAta varSa kA ho jAtA thA taba use pA~ca vijJAna(1) vyAkaraNa, (2) zilpa aura kalA kA vijJAna, (3) Ayurveda, (4) tarkazAstra, aura (5) AtmavijJAna par3hAyA jAtA thaa| vyAkaraNa kI zikSA tIna pustakoM ke mAdhyama se dI jAtI thI jinameM prathama pustaka meM 8000, dvitIya meM 5000 tathA tRtIya meM 1000 zloka samAhita hote the| inake atirikta tIna aura pustakeM vidyArthiyoM ko par3hanI par3atI thI jo nimnalikhita haiM (1) maNDaka, (2) uNAdi, (3) assttdhaatu|71 itsiMga ne kahA hai - zikSA kA prArambha cha: varSa kI avasthA meM hotA thaa| bAlakoM ko sabase pahale 'siddharastu' nAmaka pustaka par3hAyI jAtA thI jisake antargata varNamAlA ke 40 akSara par3hAye jAte the| isameM 10,000 zabdAMza 300 zloka ke antargata nibaddha the| yaha prArambhika zikSA cha: mahIne taka calatI thii| AThaveM varSa meM bAlaka ko pANinIsUtra aura dhAtu kA pATha par3hAyA jAtA thaa| dasaveM varSa meM aSTadhAtu, maNDaka aura uNAdi kA adhyayana prArambha hotA thaa| ina tInoM ko tIna varSa taka par3hAyA jAtA thaa| pandrahaveM varSa meM 'kAzikAvRtti kI par3hAI prArambha hotI thI jo pA~ca varSoM taka calatI thii| ina sabake atirikta pAtaJjala mahAbhASya para 'bhartRhari kI TIkA', 'bhartRhari kA zAstra', 'vAkyapadIya' aura 'peIna' nAmaka pustakoM kA adhyayana karAyA jAtA hai| isa taraha vyAkaraNa kA pUrNa jJAna prApta karake vidyArthI 'hetuvidyA' aura 'abhidharmakoza' kA adhyayana karatA thaa|72 puna: itsiMga ne likhA hai ki adhikatara pAThya pustakeM sUtra zailI meM yA padya meM nibaddha thIM jisase ki vidyArthI unheM saralatA se kaNThastha kara lete the| unake anusAra siddhivihArikoM ko 'mAtRceTa' ke do sUtra par3hAye jAte the, tatpazcAt bAlakoM ko pA~ca aura daza zIloM ke siddhAnta ko samajhAyA jAtA thaa|73 bauddha zikSA meM do prakAra ke saMskAra batAye gaye haiM - (1) pravrajyA aura (2) upasampadA saMskAra, ye bauddhoM ke vizeSa saMskAra haiN| pratyeka bauddha ke lie pravrajyA grahaNa karanA mokSadAyaka mAnA gayA hai, cAhe vaha alpa samaya ke lie ho yA pUrNa samaya ke lie|74 sadAcAra kI dRSTi se bauddha AcAra-vyavasthA ke cAra vibhAga kiye gaye haiM- (1) paMcazIladhArI, (2) aSTazIladhArI, (3) dazazIladhArI aura (4) do sau sattAIsa shiildhaarii| inameM se prathama do vibhAga gRhasthoM ke lie tathA bAda ke do zrAmaNera tathA bhikSu ke haiN|

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 183 pravrajyA saMskAra pravrajyA saMskAra bauddha zikSA-praNAlI kA prathama saMskAra hai| 'pabajjA' pAli bhASA kA zabda hai jisakA artha hotA hai - bAhara jaanaa| bAhara jAne kA tAtparya chAtra kI pUrva sthiti se hai arthAt apane parivAra se alaga hokara bauddha saMgha meM praveza krnaa| pravrajyA saMskAra sampanna hone se pUrva vidyArthI se pUchA jAtA thA ki vaha pitRhantA, mAtRhantA yA arhat hantA to nahIM hai? yadi ye doSa vidyamAna rahate the to use pravrajyA dene kA vidhAna nahIM thaa|75 ina doSoM se rahita vyakti hI pravrajyA ke yogya samajhA jAtA thaa| tatpazcAt use dinacaryA kI kaThinAiyoM se paricita karAyA jAtA thA tAki vaha pravrajita hone ke pUrva ina kaThinAiyoM se avagata ho jAye, jaise- bhUmi para ghAsa bichAkara sonA, per3oM kI jar3oM para baiThanA, cANDAla ke yahA~ bhI bhikSA mA~ganA, zvAna ke samAna thor3A bhojana karanA, zmazAna meM rahanA, jaMgaloM meM bhramaNa karanA, vanya pazuoM ke bhayAnaka garjana ko sunanA,76 rudhira mAMsa kA tyAga77 aadi| nanda ko ina saba kaThinAiyoM ko samajhAne ke bAda hI pravrajita kiyA gayA thaa|78 nanda ko pravrajita karane se pahale tathAgata ne nanda kI svIkRti le lI thii| pravrajita hone se pUrva vidyArthI kI svIkRti anivArya hotI thI, kyoMki 'saundarananda' meM varNana AyA hai - 'jaba tathAgata ne nanda ko dIkSA dene ke lie kahA taba nanda ne Ananda se Akara kahA "maiM pravrajita nahIM houuNgaa|'79 taba nanda ko tathAgata ne punaH smjhaayaa|8deg jaba nanda ne svIkRti dI tabhI unheM pravrajita kiyA gyaa| vidyArthI kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha mAtA-pitA kI bhI svIkRti anivArya hai,81 yadi vaha vivAhita ho to patnI kI svIkRti caahie| yaha saMskAra pandraha varSa se kama umra ke vyakti ko nahIM karAyA jAtA thaa|82 pravrajyA kI vidhi sarvaprathama bAlaka ke sira, dAr3hI aura mUMcha kA muNDana kiyA jAtA thaa|83 bauddha sAhitya meM isa kriyA ko kezakarma,84 jaTAkarma,85 cUr3AkaraNa-6 tathA muNDana 7 Adi nAmoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| taduparAnta vaha kaSAya vastra dhAraNa karatA thaa|88 usake bAda eka kandhe para uparanA kara bhikSuoM kI pAda vandanA karatA thA tathA saMgha ke zreSTha bhikSu bAlaka ko ukaDUM baiThAkara, hAtha jor3avAkara zaraNatrayI bolane ko kahate the- (1) buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmi, (2) saMghaM zaraNaM gacchAmi, (3) dhammaM zaraNaM gcchaami| isa zaraNatrayI ko tIna bAra bolavAyA jAtA thaa|89 sAtha hI paMcazIla kI zikSA bhI dI jAtI thii| lekina 'vinayapiTaka'91 meM dasa zikSA padoM ko sikhalAne kA varNana AyA hai(1) prANa hiMsA arthAt jIva hatyA na krnaa|

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184 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (2) corI na krnaa| (3) abrahmacarya se dUra rhnaa| (4) asatya na bolnaa| (5) madya, kaccI zarAba Adi buddhi-bhraSTa karanevAlI cIjoM ke sevana se bcnaa| (6) dopahara ke bAda bhojana na krnaa| (7) nRtya, gIta, bAjA aura citta ko caMcala karanevAle tamAzoM ko na dekhnaa| (8) mAlA, gaMdha aura ubaTana ke dhAraNa, maNDana tathA vibhUSaNa kI bAta na krnaa| (9) U~cI tathA mahArdha zayyA para na sonaa| (10) sonA-cA~dI Adi dAna meM grahaNa na krnaa| pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt vidyArthI guru ko sira jhukAkara praNAma karatA thA aura guru ke upadeza tathA Adeza ko grahaNa karatA thaa|92 / / pravrajyA saMskAra meM kisI prakAra kA jAtibandhana nahIM thaa| buddha ne kahA haibhikSuoM! jisa prakAra gaMgA, yamunA, aciravatI arthAt rAptI, zaraya arthAt sarayU aura mahI (maNDaka) Adi sabhI nadiyA~ mahAsamudra ko prAptakara apane nAma-gotra Adi ko chor3a detI haiM aura unakA eka nAma ho jAtA hai- mahAsamudra; usI prakAra bhinna-bhinna jAtiyA~ jaise brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra Adi saMgha meM milakara ekarUpa ho jAtI haiM tathA unakA eka hI nAma raha jAtA hai - zrAmaNera, bhikssu| lekina jAtaka meM kahA gayA hai ki vidyAlayoM meM cANDAloM kA praveza varjita thaa| jina vidyAlayoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, darjI, macheroM Adi ko zikSA dI jAtI thI una vidyAlayoM meM cANDAloM ko zikSA nahIM dI jAtI thii|94 pravrajyA ke lie ayogya vidyArthI 'vinayapiTaka'95 meM pravrajyA ke lie ayogya vyaktiyoM ke ekatIsa lakSaNoM ko batAyA gayA hai| isake AdhAra para pravrajyA saMskAra ke lie yogya vidyArthiyoM ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai(1) jisake hAtha kaTe hoN| (2) jisake paira kaTe hoN| (3) jisake hAtha aura paira donoM kaTe hoN| (4) jisake kAna kaTe hoN|

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 185 (5) jisakI nAka kaTI ho| (6) jisake nAka aura kAna donoM kaTe hoN| (7) u~galI kaTI ho| (8) jisakI aMguliyoM kA agra bhAga kaTA ho| (9) jisakI aMguliyoM kI pora kaTI ho| (10) jisake pAsa sabhI aMguliyoM kA abhAva ho arthAt jisakA hAtha sarpa kI phaNa jaisA ho| (11) jo kubar3A ho| (12) baunA ho| (13) ghegha se grasita ho| (14) jo lakSaNAhata ho arthAt jisako sajA rUpa meM Aga se dAgA gayA ho| (15) jisako kor3e se mArA gayA ho| (16) jo likhitaka ho| (17) jo sIpadi roga se grasita ho| (18) bure roga vAlA ho| (19) pariSad dUSaka ho| (20) jo eka A~kha se dekhatA ho arthAt kAnA ho| (21) lUlA ho| (22) laMgar3A ho| (23) jo pakSAghAta karatA ho| (24) jisameM acche rahana-sahana kA abhAva ho| (25) jo bur3hApe ke kAraNa kamajora ho gayA ho| (26) jo netrahIna ho| (27) gUMgA ho| (28) baharA ho| (29) jo andhA aura gUMgA ho|

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186 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (30) jo aMdhA aura baharA ho, aura (31) jo gUMgA aura baharA ho| uparyukta ayogyatAoM kA jina vidyArthiyoM meM abhAva hotA thA ve pravrajyA saMskAra grahaNa karane ke adhikArI hote the| upasampadA saMskAra __ zrAmaNera jaba dasa zIla ke AcaraNa meM abhyasta ho jAtA thA taba use bhikSu pada kI dIkSA dI jAtI thii| yaha dIkSA hI upasampadA saMskAra hai| yaha bauddha zikSA-praNAlI kA antima saMskAra hai jo pravrajyA ke pA~ca varSa bAda arthAt jaba vidyArthI 20 varSa kA ho jAtA thA taba sampAdita hotA thaa| isa saMskAra ke uparAnta hI bhikSu apanI sadasyatA ko prApta kiyA huA samajhA jAtA thaa| pravrajyA saMskAra to kevala alpakAla ke lie hotA thA lekina upasampadA saMskAra jIvana bhara ke lie| bauddha dharma ke anusAra upasampadA saMskAra hone para zramaNa pakkA bhikSu ho jAtA hai| gRhasthI tathA sAMsArikatA se usakA koI sambandha nahIM raha jAtA hai| saMskAra kI vidhi isa saMskAra ke sampAdana kI vidhi ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai- upasampadA saMgha ke viziSTa yogyatA prApta bhikSuoM ke samakSa hotA thA, jahA~ vaha upAdhyAya kA cunAva kara saMgha se upasampadA kI yAcanA karatA thaa| upasampadApekSI saMgha ke pAsa jAkara dAhine kaMghe ko khola, eka kaMdhe para uttarAsaMgha arthAt uparanA ko karake bhikSuoM ke caraNoM meM vandanA kara, ukaDUM baiThakara, hAtha jor3akara aisA kahatA thA- 'bhante! saMgha se upasampadA pAne kI icchA karatA hU~, bhante! saMgha dayA karake merA uddhAra kre|'96 yaha ukti tIna bAra kahI jAtI thii| tatpazcAt saMgha kA eka bhikSu zramaNa kA paricaya karavAte hue saMgha ko sambodhita karatA thA- 'bhante! saMgha merI sune| amuka (upasampadApekSI kA nAma) nAmavAlA, amuka nAmavAle bhikSu ko upAdhyAya banA, amuka nAmavAle AyuSmAna kA ziSya, amuka nAmavAlA yaha puruSa upasampadA cAhatA hai| yadi saMgha ucita samajhe to amuka nAma ko amuka nAma ke upAdhyAya ke upAdhyAyatva meM upasampadA kre|97 taba saMgha ke zreSTha bhikSu upasampadApekSI se teraha prakAra ke prazna pUchate the jo isa prakAra haiM - kyA tuma ina teraha bImAriyoM se mukta ho?- (1) kor3ha, (2) gaNDa- eka prakAra kA burA phor3A, (3) vilAsa- eka prakAra kA burA carmaroga hotA hai, (4) zotha, (5) mRgI, (6) tU manuSya hai, (7) tU puruSa hai, (8) tU svatantra hai, (9) tU uRNa hai, (10) tU rAjanaitika to nahIM hai, (10) tujhe mAtA-pitA se anumati prApta hai, (12) tU pUre bIsa varSa kA

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187 zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva hai, (13) tere pAsa pAtra-cIvara pUrNa haiM, terA nAma kyA hai? tere upAdhyAya kA nAma kyA hai? ityaadi| ina doSoM se rahita zramaNa ko hI upasampadA saMskAra diyA jAtA thaa|8 uparyukta kriyAoM ke pUrNa ho jAne ke bAda hI saMgha yaha nirNaya karatA thA ki navaziSya upasampadA prApta karane ke yogya hai athavA nhiiN| upasampadA prApta karane ke pazcAt bhikSu ko kucha niyamoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA thA, jo nimnalikhita haiM99 (1) bhojana ke lie bhikSA maaNgnaa| (2) phaTe-cIthare kapar3oM se banAye vastra dhAraNa krnaa| apavAda rUpa meM alasI ke chAla kA vastra, kauzeya arthAt rezamI vastra, kambala tathA bhAMga kI chAla kA vastra bhI dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna thaa| (3) vRkSa ke nIce nivAsa krnaa| (4) gomUtra ko auSadhi ke rUpa meM prayukta krnaa| inake atirikta cAra akaraNIya karma batalAye gaye haiM10deg(1) upasampanna bhikSu ko maithuna se dUra rahanA caahie| (2) corI samajhI jAnevAlI kisI bhI vastu ko cAhe vaha tRNa kI zalAkA hI kyoM na ho, nahIM lenI caahie| (3) upasampadA prApta bhikSu ko jAnabUjha kara hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhie, cAhe vaha cIMTA-mA~TA hI kyoM na ho| abhiprAya hai ki kisI bhI prakAra kI jIva hiMsA nahIM karanI caahie| (4) alaukika tathA divyazaktiyoM ko apane meM batalAne se dUra rahanA caahie| jo bhikSu avidyamAna, asatya, divyazakti, dhyAna, vimokSa, samAdhi, samApattimArga yA phala ko apane meM batalAtA hai vaha azramaNa, azAkyaputrIya hotA hai| upasampadA ke lie ayogya vidyArthI bauddha paramparA meM nimnalikhita lakSaNoM se yukta vyaktiyoM ko upasampadA ke lie ayogya samajhA jAtA hai101(1) paNDaka arthAt hijdd'aa| (2) corI se kASAya vastra dhAraNa krnevaalaa|

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188 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (3) dUsarI yonivAlA praannii| (4) mAtA, pitA tathA arhat kA ghaatk| (5) strI-puruSa donoM liMgavAlA vykti| (6) jo pAtra rahita ho| (7) jo cIvara rahita ho| (8) jo pAtra aura cIvara donoM rahita ho| (9) jo dUsare se pAtra mAMgakara le AyA ho| (10) jo dUsare se cIvara mAMga lAyA ho| (11) jo muphta ke pAtra aura cIvara donoM dhAraNa kiye ho| pravrajyA saMskAra pandraha varSa kI Ayu meM tathA upasampadA bIsa varSa kI Ayu meM sampanna hotA thaa| pravrajyA ko pratyeka bauddha ke lie mokSadAyaka mAnA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki pravrajyA prArambhika zikSA prApta karane ke lie thii| 'jAtakoM' meM aisA ullekha milatA hai ki rAjakumAroM kI zikSA solaha varSa kI umra meM pUrNa ho jAtI thii|102 DaoN0siMha ne bauddha zikSA-vyavasthA kI vizeSatA batAte hue likhA hai - buddha ke samaya kI yaha vizeSatA dekhane ko milatI hai ki sAmAnyatayA 16-18 varSa kI umra meM vyakti apanA adhyayana samApta karake gRhastha bana jAte the, jo ucca zikSA prApta karane ke icchuka hote the, jinakA uddezya kisI viSaya meM vizeSa yogyatA prApta karane kI rahatI thI, ve kisI pramukha zikSaNa kendra meM cale jAte the|103 takSazilA meM ucca zikSA kI vyavasthA thI aura vaya prApta hone athavA solaha varSa kI Ayu ho jAne para hI vidyArthI vidyAdhyayana ke liye jAte the|104 zikSArthI ke lakSaNa 'milindaprazna'105 meM zikSArthI (zramaNa) ke bIsa lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM(1) araNya, vRkSamUla tathA zUnyAgAra - ina tIna zreSTha bhUmiyoM meM vAsa krnaa| (2) sabhI prakAra kI acchI bAtoM meM Age rhnaa| (3) acche niyamoM meM pratiSThita rhnaa| (4) sadAcArI honaa| (5-6) zAnta-dAnta hokara vihAra krnaa|

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 189 (7) saMyamI honaa| (8) kSAnti (kSamA) se yukta honaa| (9) sUrata arthAt sahRdaya tathA kRpAlu honaa| (10) zreSTha AcAra-vicAra kA honaa| (11) U~cI aura pavitra icchAoM vAlA honaa| (12) vivekazIla honaa| (13) pApa kAryoM se lajjA evaM bhaya honaa| (14) vIryavAna honaa| (15) apramAdI arthAt lAparavAha na honaa| (16)zikSApadoM kI AvRtti meM sadaiva utsAhazIla rhnaa| (17) dharma kI AvRtti meM sadaiva utsAhazIla rhnaa| (18) zIloM ke pAlana meM tatpara rhnaa| (19) tRSNA para vijaya pAne vAlA honaa| (20) zikSA padoM ko pUrA karane vAlA, ityaadi| vinaya evaM avinaya ke phala vinaya ko zikSArthI kA Avazyaka guNa mAnA gayA hai| bauddha bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM tathA upAsaka-upAsikAoM ke AcAra kA adhyayana karane se yaha patA calatA hai ki sAdhaka zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA ke kSetra meM jaise-jaise Age bar3hate jAte the vinamratA bhI utanI hI gambhIra hotI jAtI thii| isI prakAra avinaya kA phala batAte hue 'upAhana jAtaka' meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra sukha ke lie kharIdA gayA jUtA pairoM ko kATa khAtA hai, usI prakAra avinIta ziSya ke lie sukha lAbha ke lie sIkhI gayI vidyA vinAza kA kAraNa banatI hai|106 zikSArthI ke kartavya AcArya (guru) ke prati ziSya ke zArIrika aura naitika donoM hI kartavya banate haiM aura ina kartavyoM kA ullekha 'vinayapiTaka' meM vistRta rUpa meM milatA hai jo nimnalikhita hai107 (1) sarvaprathama samaya se uThakara, jUtA chor3akara uttarAsaMga ko eka kaMdhe para rakha guru

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190 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana ko dAtUna tathA mukha dhone ke lie jala denaa| (2) unake baiThane ke lie Asana bichaanaa| (3) yadi bhojana meM khicar3I hai to pAtra dhokara denA tathA khAne ke pazcAt pAtra ko binA dhokara rakha denaa| (4) guru ke uTha jAne para Asana ko uThAkara rkhnaa| (5) yadi vaha sthAna jahA~ upAdhyAya ne bhojana grahaNa kiyA hai, mailA ho to jhADU lgaanaa| (6) yadi guru gA~va meM jAnA cAheM to vastra, cIvara, kamarabanda, saMghATI arthAt doharA cIvara tathA pAnI bharA pAtra denaa| (7) yadi guru anugAmI bhikSu cAhate haiM to tIna sthAnoM ko DhA~kate hue gherAdAra cIvara pahana, kamarabanda bA~dha, caupetI saMghATI pahana, muTThI bA~dha tathA dhoyA huA pAtra lekara unakA anucara bnnaa| (8) guru se na to bahuta dUra hokara calanA na bahuta samIpa hokr| (9) pAtra meM milI bhikSA ko grahaNa krnaa| (10) guru se bAta karate samaya bIca-bIca meM bAta nahIM krnaa| (11) guru agara sadoSa bola rahe hoM to manA krnaa| (12) lauTate samaya pahale Akara Asana bichAnA, pAdodaka arthAt paira dhone kA jala, pAda-pITha, pAdakaThalI (paira ghisane kA sAdhana) Adi rakha denaa| (13) guru ke Ane para Age bar3hakara unake hAtha se pAtra, cIvara Adi lenaa| (14) pahale kA vastra lekara dUsarA vastra denaa| (15) yadi cIvara meM pasInA lagA ho to thor3I dera dhUpa meM sukhA denaa| (16) dhUpa meM cIvara ko nahIM ddaalnaa| (17) punaH cIvara baTora lenaa| (18) yadi bhikSAna hai aura upAdhyAya bhojana karanA cAhate hoM to pAnI dekara bhojana denaa| (19) guru ko pAnI ke lie puuchnaa|

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 191 (20) bhojana kara lene para pAnI dekara pAtra ko jhukAkara acchI taraha dho-poMcha kara muhUrta bhara dhUpa meM sukhaanaa| (21) pAtra ko dhUpa meM adhika samaya taka nahIM DAlanA / (22) yadi guru snAna karanA cAheM to unheM snAna karAnA / (23) yadi guru snAnAgAra meM jAnA cAheM to snAna- cUrNa le jAnA, miTTI bhigonA, snAnAgAra kepIr3he ko lekara unake pIche-pIche jAnA, pIr3he ko dekara tathA cIvara lekara eka ora rakhanA, snAna cUrNa denA, miTTI denA tathA zarIra malanA aadi| (24) guru ke nahAne ke pUrva hI apanI deha ko poMcha- sukhAkara tathA kapar3A pahana kara guru ke zarIra se pAnI poMchanA, vastra denA tathA saMghATI denA / (25) snAnAgAra kA pIr3hA lekara, pahale Akara Asana bichAnA / (26) jisa udyAna meM guru vihAra karate haiM, yadi vaha mailA hai to samartha hone para use sApha krnaa| (27) udyAna sApha karane se pahale pAtra, cIvara Adi nikAlakara eka ora rakha denA / (28) gaddA, cAdara tathA takiyA eka ora nikAla kara rakhanA / (29) cArapAI khar3I karake daravAje se binA TakarAye lekara eka ora rakhanA / (30) pIr3he ko khar3A karake daravAje meM binA TakarAye cArapAI ke pAve ke oTa meM paudAna ko eka ora rakhanA, sirahAne kA paTarA eka ora rakhanA / (31) yadi vihAra meM jAlA lagA ho to ulloka (urdhvaloka) pahale sApha karanA / (32) aMdhere kone ko sApha karanA / ( 33 ) yadi bhUmi malina hokara kAlI ho gayI ho to kapar3A bhiMgokara ragar3akara sApha karanA jisase dhUla ke kAraNa kharAba na ho jAye / (34) kUr3e ko le jAkara eka tarapha pheMkanA / (35) pharza ko dhUpa meM sukhAkara phaTakArakara lAnA aura pahale kI bhA~ti bichA denA / (36) cArapAI ko dhUpa meM sukhAkara sAphakara punaH nizcita sthAna para rkhnaa| (37) gaddA, cAdara dhUpa meM sukhAkara, sAphakara, phaTakArakara bichAnA / (38) pIkadAna sukhAkara sAphakara yathAsthAna rakhanA /

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192 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (39) yadi dhUla liye hue puravA havA cala rahI ho to pUrva kI khir3akiyA~ banda kara denaa| (40) yadi jAr3e kA dina ho to dina meM khir3akI khulA rakhakara rAta ko banda kara denaa| (41) yadi garmI kA dina ho to dina ko khir3akI banda kara rAta ko khola denaa| (42) AMgana mailA ho, agnizAlA mailI ho tathA zaucAlaya gaMdA ho to sApha krnaa| (43) yadi pAnI na ho to pAnI bharakara rkhnaa| (44) yadi zaucAlaya kI maTakI meM jala na ho to bharakara rkhnaa| (45) yadi guru ke mukha para udAsI chAyI ho to use haTAnA yA unase dhArmika kathA krnaa| (46) guru ko yadi zaMkA utpanna huI ho to use dUra karanA yA unase dhArmika kathA krnaa| (47) guru meM kisI viSaya ke prati ulTI dhAraNA utpanna huI ho to use chur3AnA yA chur3avAnA yA dhArmika kathA krnaa| (48) yadi guru ne parivAsa daNDa dene yogya bar3A aparAdha kiyA ho to saMgha ko sUcita karanA jisase saMgha upAdhyAya ko parivAsa de ske| (49) yadi upAdhyAya doSa ke kAraNa mUlAya-pratikarSaNa ke yogya ho to ziSya ko koziza karanI cAhie jisase saMgha upAdhyAya kA mUlAya-pratikarSaNa kre| (50) yadi upAdhyAya mAnavatva ke yogya hoM, AhvAna ke yogya hoM aura saMgha unako tajjanIya, niyassa, pabbAjanIya, parisAraNIya yA urakSepaNIya karmadaNDa denA cAhe to prayatna karanA cAhie jisase ki saMgha upAdhyAya ko daNDita na kara sake yA halakA daNDa de| (51) yadi saMgha ne upAdhyAya ko tajjanIya, niyassa, pabbAjanIya, parisAraNIya yA urakSepaNIya daNDa diyA ho to unheM samajhAnA cAhie jisase upAdhyAya ThIka se raheM, lobha miTA deM, nistAra ke anukUla bartAva kareM jisase ki saMgha unake daNDa ko mApha kara de yA kama kara de| (52) yadi upAdhyAya kA cIvara dhone lAyaka hai to unakA cIvara dhonA caahie| (53) yadi upAdhyAya kA cIvara banAne tathA raMgane lAyaka ho to vaisA krnaa|

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 193 (54) cIvara ko raMgate samaya acchI taraha se ulaTa-pulaTa kara raMganA jisase kahIM khAlI na chUTa jaaye| (55) upAdhyAya kI AjJA ke binA na kisI ko pAtra denA na kisI kA pAtra grahaNa karanA, na kisI ko cIvara denA aura na kisI se lenA, na kisI ko pariSkAra arthAt upayogI sAmAna denA aura na kisI se lenA, na kisI ke bAla kATanA na kisI ke kaTavAnA, na kisI kA deha ghasanA na kisI se ghasavAnA, na kisI kI sevA karanA aura na kisI se karavAnA, na kisI ke pIche calanevAlA bhikSa bananA aura na kisI ko banAnA, na kisI kA bhikSAnna lenA aura na kisI se dilavAnA aadi| (56) upAdhyAya se pUche binA na kisI ke gA~va jAnA, na sAdhanA ke lie zmazAna jAnA, na kisI dizA kI ora cala denaa| (57) yadi upAdhyAya asvastha hoM to unake svastha hone kI pratIkSA karanA , yadi svastha na ho pAyeM to jIvanabhara unakI sevA krnaa| itsiMga ne bhI zikSArthiyoM ke kartavyoM tathA anuzAsana ke niyamoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki saddhivihArika rAtri ke pahale aura antima prahara meM guru ke pAsa jAtA thaa| vaha upAdhyAya ke zarIra para mAliza karatA, unake kapar3oM kI taha karatA aura kabhI-kabhI unakI koTharI aura A~gana meM jhAr3a bhI lagAtA thaa| pAnI ko bhalI-bhA~ti dekhakara ki usameM kITANu to nahIM haiM, vaha upAdhyAya ko detA thaa| pratidina upAdhyAya ke svAsthya ke bAre meM pUchatA thaa| phira vaha apane gurujanoM ko praNAma karane ke lie unake kamaroM meM jAtA thaa| isake bAda vaha dharmagranthoM kA adhyayana karatA thA aura jaba upAdhyAya use bhojana karane kI anumati dete the taba vaha bhojana karatA thaa|108 zikSArthI ke prakAra bauddha granthoM meM zikSArthI ke lie ziSya 09 saddhivihArika, 11deg brahmacArI,111 zramaNa, zrAmaNera, 112 samidhAhAraka,113 antevAsI114 Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bauddha vihAroM meM saddhivihArikoM ke atirikta anya do prakAra ke vidyArthI bhI hote the115 jinameM mANavakoM kI adhika carcA milatI hai|116 mANavaka ve vidyArthI kahalAte the jo bhaviSya meM dIkSA prApta karane kI icchA se bauddha granthoM kA adhyayana karate the| inakI tIna koTiyA~ batAyI gayI haiN| 117 saddhivihArika ve bhikSu hote the jo bauddha-granthoM kA Avazyaka jJAna prApta karake apanI AdhyAtmika unnati karanA cAhate the|118 saddhivihArika zabda 'saddhi' aura 'viharaka' ke saMyoga se banA hai| saddhi kA

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194 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana artha hotA hai eka sAtha aura viharaka kA artha hotA hai 'vAsa krnaa'| sahavAsI bandhu, bhikSu, ziSya Adi ko saddhivihArika kahate haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki apane upAdhyAya tathA sAtha par3hanevAle zramaNoM ke sAtha rahane ke kAraNa saddhivihArika nAma diyA gayA ho| brahmacArI kI koTi meM ve vidyArthI Ate the jo dharmetara granthoM kA adhyayana karate the| lekina bhaviSya meM bhikSu banane kA unakA koI vicAra nahIM hotA thaa|119 saddhivihArikoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa kA vyaya saMgha vahana karatA thA tathA mANavakoM aura brahmacAriyoM ko apanA sabhI prakAra kA vyaya svayaM vahana karanA par3atA thaa| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bauddha zikSA-praNAlI meM tIna prakAra ke vidyArthI svIkAra kiye gaye haiM- saddhivihArika, mANavaka aura brhmcaarii| tulanA jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM kucha nimnalikhita samAnatAe~ tathA viSamatAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiM(1) donoM hI paramparAoM meM adhyayana kAla ATha varSa hI mAnya haiN| (2) donoM hI paramparAoM meM zikSArambha ke mauke para bAlakoM ko phala Adi khAdya sAmagrI dene kA vidhAna hai, parantu bauddha-paramparA meM inake sAtha hiraNya, suvarNa Adi bhI dene kA ullekha milatA hai| (3) jaina paramparA meM zikSArambha ke samaya vAgdevI kI pratimA ke pUjana kA bhI vidhAna hai jabaki bauddha paramparA meM yaha dekhane ko nahIM milatA hai| (4) donoM paramparAoM meM guru ko vastrAbhUSaNa Adi dAna meM diye jAne kA vidhAna hai, parantu jaina paramparA meM isase bhI U~ce dAna kA varNana AyA hai| kahA gayA hai -kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya ke lie jIvana bhara tathA unake putra-pautra taka calane vAlI AjIvikA kA prabandha karanA caahie| (5) jaina paramparA meM cAra prakAra ke saMskAra lipi, upanIti, vratacaryA aura vratAvaraNa kriyA svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| lipi saMskAra kI Ayu pA~ca varSa mAnI gayI hai| ata: kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina zikSA kA prArambha pA~ca varSa kI Ayu se hI ho jAtA thaa| jaina zikSA meM upanIti kriyA se pUrva lipi saMskAra dvArA zikSArambha karAye jAne kA vidhAna thA jabaki bauddha zikSA ke antargata pravrajyA ke pazcAt zikSArambha karAye jAne kA varNana hai| yaha jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-paddhati kA mUla antara hai|

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 195 (7) (6) yadyapi donoM hI paramparAoM meM vinaya aura sadAcAra se zikSArthI kI yogyatA nirdhArita kI gayI hai lekina bauddha paramparA meM pitRhantA, mAtRhantA yA arhathantA ko pravrajyA saMskAra se vaMcita kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ taka zikSArthI ke kartavyoM kI bAta hai to donoM hI paramparAoM meM vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM caudaha prakAra ke zikSArthI batAye gaye haiM jabaki bauddha paramparA meM mukhya rUpa se tIna prakAra ke zikSArthiyoM kA varNana AyA hai| prakAroM ke isa antara ke sambandha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina paramparA meM zikSArthI ke guNa-avaguNa ke AdhAra para usake prakAra nirdhArita kiye gaye haiM, jabaki bauddha paramparA meM zikSArthI ke uddezya ke AdhAra para usake bheda-vibheda kiye gaye haiN| (8) bauddha paramparA meM vikalAMgoM ko pravrajyA se vaMcita kiyA gayA hai| aisA uddharaNa jaina paramparA meM nahIM milatA hai| sandarbha : 1. 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA samAja darzana', pR0-42. 2. saMskRta zabdArtha kozA' / 3. kalpasUtra TIkA', 5,120 4. 'bhagavatIsUtra', bhAga 4, 11/11/405. 5. 'rAjapraznIyasUtra', madhukara muni, 409. 6. 'bhagavatI' (abhayadevavRtti), 11/11/429, pR0-999. 7-8. tato'sya paMcame varSe prthmaakssrdrshne| jJeyaH kriyAvidhirnAmnA lipisaMkhyAna sNgrhH| 'AdipurANa', 38/102. 9. tato bhagavato vaktrAniHsRtAmakSarAvalIm / siddhaM nama iti vyaktamaGgalAM siddhamAtRkAma / / akArAdihakArAntAM zuddhAMmuktAvalImiva / svaravyaJjanabhedena dvidhA bhedamupeyuSIm / / vahI, 16/105-106. kriyopanIti mAsya varSe garbhASTaye mtaa| yatrApanItakezasya mauJjI svrtbndhnaa|| vahI, 38/104. 11. zikhI sitAMzukaH sAntarvAsA nirvessvikriyH| vratacihaM dadhatsUtraM tadokto brhmcaarysau|| caraNo citamanyacca nAmadheyaM tadasya vai| vRttizca bhikSayA'nyatra raajnyaaduddhvaibhvaat|| so'ntaHpure caret pAtryAM niyoga iti kevlm| taTagraM devasAtkatya tato'nnaM yogymaahret|| vahI, 38/106-108

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14. 15. 196 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 12. vahI, 38/110-113. 13. vahI, 38/123-124. madhumAMsaparityAga: pNcodumbrvrjnm| hiMsAdiviratizcAsya vrataM syAt saarvkaalikm| vahI, 38/122. ANAniddesakare guruunnmuvvaaykaare| iMgiyAgArasaMpanne, se 'viNIe' tti vuccii|| ANADa'niddesakare guruunnmnnuvvaaykaare| paDiNIe asaMbuddhe, 'aviNIe' ti vuccii|| 'uttarAdhyayana', 1/2-3 16. vahI, 10/11-13 17. aha aTThahiM ThANehiM, sikkhAsIle tti vuccii| . ahassire sayA dante, na ya mmmmudaahre|| nAsIle na visIle, na siyA ailolue| akohaNe saccarae, sikkhAsIle tti vuccii|| vahI, 11/4-5 18. 'Avazyakaniyukti', 22. 19. zuzrUSA zravaNaM caiva grahaNaM dhAraNaM tthaa| smRtyUhApohanirNItI: zroturaSTau guNAn viduH|| 'AdipurANa', 1/146 aha caudasahiM ThANehiM vaTTamANe u sNje| aviNIe vuccaI so u nivvANaM ca na gcchi|| abhikkhaNaM kohI havai pabandha ca pkuvvii| mettijjamANo vamai suyaM laddhaNa mjjii|| avi pAvaparikkhevI avimittesu kuppii| suppiyassAvi mittassa rahe bhAsai paavrg|| paiNNavAI duhile thaddhe luddhe annigghe| asaMvibhAgI aciyatte aviNIe ti vuccii| 'uttarAdhyayana', 11/6-9 21. so vi antarabhAsillo dosameva pkuvvii| AriyANaM taM vayaNaM paDikUlei abhikkhnn|| na sA mamaM viyANAi na vi sA majjha daahiii| niggayA hohiI manne sAhU anno'ttha vccu|| pesiyA paliuMcanti te pariyanti smnto| rAyaveTTi va matrantA karenti bhiuDi muhe|| vahI, 27/11-13 22. bhikkhAlasie ege, ege obhANabhIrue thddhe|| vahI, 27/9-10 23. vahA, 20 vahI, 27/4-8 24. kaNa-kuNDagaM caittANaM viTTha bhuMjai suuyre| evaM sIla caittANaM, dussIle ramaI mie|| vahI, 1/5. ..

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 197 30. 25. 'samavAyAMga', 33, 'zramaNasUtra', 476. 26. 'uttarAdhyayana', 12/18-29 27. 'uttarAdhyayana' (TIkA) 3/65 28-29.pujjA jassa pasIyanti, sNbuddhaapuvvsNthuyaa| pasannA lAbhaissanti, viulaM aTThiyaM suyN|| tvosmaayaarismaahisNbuddhe| mahajjuI paMca vayAiM paaliyaa| 'uttarAdhyayana', 1/46-47 vahaNe vahamANassa, kantAraM aivttii| joe vahamANassa, saMsAro ahvttii| vahI, 27/2 31. vahI, 1/45. 32. je Ayariya-uvajjhAyaNaM, sussUsA vynnNkraa| tesiM sikkhApavaTuMti, jalasittA iva paayvaa|| 'dazavaikAlika' (vinayasamAdhi), 9/ 12. 33. AyAramaTThA viNayaM pauMje, sussUsamANo parigijjha vkkN| jahovaiTeM abhikaMkhamANo, guruM tu nA''sAyayaI sa pujjo|| vahI, 9/3/2za. 34. prAcInakAla meM bhAratIya mAtA-pitA apanI kanyAoM ko bAlyAvasthA meM zikSA-dIkSA dvArA suyogya karate the aura phira usakA yauvanAvasthA meM suyogya vara se yogyakula meM vivAhakara dete the jisase unakI sadAcArI aura viduSI putriyoM ko kisI prakAra kA duHkha nahIM hotA thaa| 35. je mANiyA samayaM mANayaMti, jatteNa kannaM va nivesyNti| te mANae mANarihe tavassI, jiiMdie saccarae spujjo| vahI,9/3/13 36. rAiNiesu viNayaM pauMje, DaharA vi ya je priyaayjetttthaa| niyattaNe vaTThai saccavAI, ovAyavaM vakkakare sa pujjo|| 'dazavaikAlika', 9/3/3 37. pagaIe maMdA vi bhavaMti ege'harA vi ya je suybuddhovveyaa| AyAramaMtA ghuNasuTThiyappA je hIliyA sihiriva bhAsa kujjaa|| vahI, 9/1/3 38. na yAvi mokkho guruhiilnnaae| vahI, 9/1/7 jo pAvagaM jaliyamavakkamejjA, AsIvidaM vA vi duhu kovejjaa| jo vA visaM khAyai jIviyaTThI, esovamA''sAyaNayA gurunnN| vahI, 9/1/6. 40. jahA suNI pUI-kaNNI nikkasijjai svvso|| evaM dussIla-paDiNIe, muharI nikksijjii| 'uttarAdhyayana', 1/4 khaluMke jo u joei vihammANo kilissii| __ asamAhiM ca veei tottao ya se bhjjii|| vahI, 27/3. 42. aNAsavA thUlavayA kusIlA, miuMpi caNDaM pakareMti siisaa| cittANuyA lahu dakkhovaveyA pasAyae tehu durAsayaM pi|| vahI, 1/13 41. khaluka //

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198 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 44. 43. ramae paNDie sAsaM, hayaM bhadaM vaahe| bAlaM sammai sAsanto, galiyassaM va vaahe| vahI 1/37 vahI, 27/14-15 45. nApuTTho vAgare kiMci, puTTho vA nAliyaM ve| kohaM asaccaM kuvvejjA dhArejjA piymppiy|| vahI, 1/14 46. vahI, 1/8-11 47. paDiNIya ca buddhANaM, vAyA aduva kmmunnaa| AvI vA jai vA rahasse, neva kujjA kayAi vi|| vahI, 1/17. 48. pucchajjA paMjaliuDo kiM kAyavvaM mae ihaM? vahI, 26/9 49. jaM me buddhANusAsanti sIeNa pharuseNa vaa| _ 'mama lAbho' tti pehAe payao taM pddissunne| vahI, 1/27 50. 'putto me bhAya NAi' tti sAhU kallANa mnnii|| pAvadiTThI u appANaM sAsaM 'dAsaM va' mnii|| vahI, 1/39 51. mA galiyasse va kasaM vayaNamicche puNo punno| kasaM va daTThamAiNNe pAvagaM privjje| vahI, 1/12 52. na kovae AyariyaM appANaM pi na kove|| buddhovadhAI na siyA na siyA tottgvese| vahI, 1/40 53. AsaNe uvacidvejjA, aNucce akue thire| vahI, 1/30 tathA dekheM- dazavaikAlika, 9/2/17. 54. na pakkhao na purao, neva kiccANa pittttho| 'uttarAdhyayana', 1/18. saMghaTTaittA kAeNaM, tahA uvhinnaamvi| khameha avarAhaM me, vaijja na puNo tti yaa| 'dazavaikAlika', 9/2/18 tathA dekheM- 'uttarAdhyayana', 1/18. 56. AlavaMte lavaMte vA, nisijjAi pddissunne| muttUNa AsaNaM dhIro, sussUsAe pddissunne|| 'dazavaikAlika', 9/3/20 neva palhatthiyaM kujjA pakkhapiNDaM va sNje| pAe pasArie vAvi na ciTThe gurunnonte|| 'uttarAdhyayana', 1/19 AsaNa-gao na puccheja neva sejjA-gao kyaa| AgammukkuDuo santo pucchejjA pNjliiuddo| vahI, 1/22 59. appapuTThAI niruTThAI nisI ejj'ppkukkue| vahI, 1/30 60. vahI, 30/32-34. 61. kAlaM chaMdovayAraM ca, paDilehittANa heuhiN| teNa teNa uvAeNaM, taM taM sNpddivaaye|| 'dazavaikAlika', 9/8/21.

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zikSArthI kI yogyatA evaM dAyitva 199 62. selaghaNa kuDaga cAliNI, paripUNaga haMsa mahisa mese yA masaga jalUga birAlI, jAhaga go bherI aabhiirii| 'bRhat kalpasUtra', pIThikA, 334. 63. mRccaalinyjmaarjaarshukkngkshilaadibhiH| gohNsmhisscchidrghttdNshjlokkaiH|| 'AdipurANa', 1/139 64. __ 'mahAvastu', ji0 2/434/10 65. 'saundarananda', 2/63 __ 'lalitavistara', pR0-249 67. vahI 68. bauddha sAhitya meM 64 lipiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM 69. lephamaina, 'lalitavistara', 125/17 70. purI, 'iNDiyA aNDara dI kuSANAja', pR0-127. 71. vATarsa, 'oNna yuvAnacyAMga Traivelsa', pR0 154-55, bIla 122 72. 'itsiMga rekarDa', pR0-170-174. 73. vahI, pR0-184 74. 'mahAvastu', ji0 3/150/14-15 75. 'divyAvadAna', 160/24-30. 'mahAvastu', ji0 3/264/8-12 vahI, ji0 3/265/13-14 78. tata: sa kRtvA munaye praNAma gRhaprayANAya matiM ckaar| anugrahArthaM sugatastu tasmai pAtraM dadau pusskrptrnetrH|| 'saundarananda', 5/11 nandaM tatontarmanasA rudantam ehIti vaidehmunirjgaad| zanaistatastaM samupetya nando na prvrjiyyaamyhmityuvaac|| vahI, 5/35 80. ityevamuktaH sa vinAyakena hitaiSiNA kAruNikena nndH| kartAsmi savveM bhagavan vacaste tathA ythaajnyaapysiityuvaac|| vahI, 5/50 81. 'avadAna', ji0 1/136/5. 82. vinayapiTaka, rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR0-122-123. vahI, pR0-119; avadAna, ji0 1/136/5-6; mitrA, 'lalitavistara', 270/ 17-18; "buddhacarita', 6/57. 84. 'mahAvastu', ji0 3/191/12. 85. vahI, ji0 2/263/16. 86. vahI, ji0 3/263/18. 87. 'divyAvadAna', 22/18. 88. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-123 tathA 'divyAvadAna', 29/30. 77.

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200 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 93. vijaya 89. vahI 90. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-123 / 90. 'mahAvastu', 3/268/10-13 91. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-123-24. 92. kASAyavAsAH kanakAvadAtastata: sa murnA gurave prnneme| 'saundarananda', 18/5 "vinayapiTaka', pR0-510-511. 94. 'jAtaka', 4/244. 95. vinayapiTaka', pR0-129-130. 96. vahI, pR0-106 97. vahI, pR0-106 98. vahI, pR0-132 99. vahI, pR0-134-35 100. vahI, pR0-135 101. vahI, pR0-125-129. 102. jAtaka, 1, pR0-259. 103. DaoN0 madanamohana siMha, 'buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma', pR0-93. 104. 'jAtaka' 1, pR0 341, 2, pR0-52 105. 'milindaprazna' (anu0), pR0-201 106. 'jAtakakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, pR0-105 107. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-101-103 108. 'itsiMga rekarDa', pR0-117-120 109. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-100. 110. 'itsiMga rekarDa', pR0-184. 111. 'karuNApuNDarIka', 31/18,19, 60/5 112. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-119, 120, 123 113. 'milindaprazna' (hindI), pR0-201 114. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-109 115. 'prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa', pR0-232. 116. 'karuNApuNDarIka', 31/18,19 117. mANavakAnAMzraya: koTo, vahI, 62/10. 118. 'prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa', pR0-232. 119. vahI, pR0-233.

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saptama adhyAya guru-ziSya sambandha evaM daNDa- vyavasthA bhAratIya samAja meM guru kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| deva, guru aura dharma meM guru kA pada madhyastha hai| ve madhyavartI hokara deva aura dharma kI pahacAna karAte haiN| aMdhere meM jisa prakAra vyakti ko koI bhI padArtha dikhAyI nahIM detA hai, ThIka usI taraha ajJAnarUpI andhakAra meM manuSya binA jJAnamaya netroM ke apanI AtmA ke nijI guNoM ko nahIM pahacAna pAtA hai| vyakti yaha bhI nahIM jAna pAtA hai ki heya kyA hai? upAdeya kyA hai ? pApa kyA hai ? puNya kyA hai ? bandhana kyA hai ? mokSa kyA hai ? ina saba savAloM ke javAba ke lie guru kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| jahA~ taka guru aura ziSya ke sambandha kI bAta hai to kahA jA sakatA hai ki eka ke binA dUsarA apUrNa hai, kyoMki jaba hama 'guru' kahate haiM yA kisI ke dvArA sunate haiM to ziSya kI chavi svayameva sAmane A jAtI hai aura jaba vidyArthI yA ziSya kahate haiM to 'guru' kA svarUpa svabhAvataH sAmane A jAtA hai| jaba guru hai to koI na koI usakA ziSya bhI hogA aura jaba ziSya hai to koI na koI usakA guru bhI hogaa| tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki chAtra gurukula meM apane sahapAThiyoM evaM zikSakoM ke sAtha bar3e hI ullAsa ke sAtha saha-jIvana prArambha karatA thA / gurukuloM kA vAtAvaraNa AtmIyatA se ota-prota hotA thaa| guru aura ziSya donoM nikaTa samparka meM rahate the aura unakI yaha nikaTatA ekarasatA ke bhAva ko jor3anevAlI hotI thI / 'upaniSad' meM varNita dIkSAnta sandeza se prAcInakAlIna guru-ziSya ke sambandha para acchA prakAza par3atA hai " tuma satya bolanA, dharma kA AcaraNa karanA, jo adhyayana kiyA hai usake svAdhyAya - cintana meM kabhI lAparavAha mata honA aura jIvana meM kartavya karate hue kabhI kartavya - akartavya kA prazna tumhAre sAmane Aye, sadAcAra aura anAcAra kI zaMkA upasthita ho to jo hamane sadAcaraNa kiye haiM, jo hamArA sucaritra hai, usI ke anusAra tuma AcaraNa karate jAnA, para apane kartavya se kabhI mata bhaTakanA / " "1

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202 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana uparyukta kathana eka ora tatkAlIna zikSA vyavasthA meM guru ke hRdaya meM ziSya ke prati agAdha sneha hone kA saMketa detA hai vahIM dUsarI ora guru ke mana meM ziSya ke prati ucca Adarza, preraNA tathA zubha saMkalpoM kA anupama Adarza prastuta karatA hai| jaina zikSA-paddhati meM guru-ziSya-sambandha para prakAza DAlate hue jaina vidvAn DaoN0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne likhA hai - adhyApaka aura vidyArthiyoM ke sambandha premapUrNa huA karate the aura vidyArthI apane guruoM ke prati atyanta zraddhA aura sammAna kA bhAva rakhate the|2| jaina granthoM meM mukhya rUpa se tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM (guruoM) kA varNana hai- kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dhrmaacaary| ina AcAryoM ke prati ziSya ke kartavya ko batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki kalAcArya aura zilpAcArya kA upalepana aura sammardana karanA cAhie, unheM puSpa samarpita karanA cAhie tathA snAna karAne ke pazcAt vastrAbhUSaNoM se maNDita karanA caahie| tatpazcAt bhojana Adi karAkara jIvana bhara ke lie prItidAna dekara putra-pautra taka calanevAlI AjIvikA kA prabandha karanA caahie| dharmAcArya ko dekhakara unakA sammAna karanA cAhie aura unake lie bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA karanI caahie| yadi guru durbhikSa pradeza meM rahate hoM to ziSya kA kartavya hai ki unheM subhikSa deza meM le jAye, dIrghakAlIna roga se unheM mukta karane kI ceSTA kre| __adhyApaka bhI vidyArthiyoM ke prati pUrNa sneha rakhate the| unake sAtha putravat vyavahAra karate the| yadi ziSya apane doSoM kI svayaM AlocanA nahIM karatA thA to guru use jabaradastI AlocanA karane ko bAdhya karate the| ThIka usI prakAra jisa prakAra mA~ apane rote hue bAlaka ko mu~ha phAr3akara use auSadhi pilAtI hai, jisase usakA kalyANa hotA hai| kucha vidyArthI adhyApaka ke ghara rahakara par3hate the aura kucha nagara ke dhanavAna vyaktiyoM ke ghara apane rahane-sahane aura khAne-pIne kA prabandha kara lete the|6 kabhI-kabhI vidyArthiyoM kA vivAha apane guru kI kanyA se hI sampanna ho jAtA thaa| 'uttarAdhyayana TIkA' meM aisA varNana hai ki magadha deza ke acala grAma meM dharaNijar3ha nAma kA eka brAhmaNa rahatA thaa| usake putra kA nAma kapila thaa| vaha ratnapura nagara meM gayA aura vahA~ upAdhyAya ke ghara rahakara vidyAbhyAsa karane lgaa| kucha samaya vyatIta hone ke bAda guru ne apanI kanyA kA usake sAtha vivAha kara diyaa| bauddha zikSA-paddhati meM bhI guru-ziSya-sambandha madhura evaM sama the| guru aura ziSya ke isa ghaniSTha sambandha para jAtakoM meM varNita kathAoM se atyadhika prakAza par3atA hai| chAtra vidyAdhyayana ke lie una pratiSThita AcAryoM ke pAsa jAte the jinakI vidvatA kI khyAti cAroM ora vyApta thii| vidyArthiyoM kA adhyApaka se sIdhA sambandha hotA thaa|

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guru-ziSya-sambandha evaM daNDa-vyavasthA 203 vipra (guru) ziSyoM se ghire rahate the| guru kI bhakti aura unakI sevA samAja meM pracalita thii|deg ziSya apane guru kA Adara karane ke sAtha hI sevaka kI taraha zraddhApUrvaka unakA sabhI kArya karate the|11 donoM ke bIca pitA-putra kA sambandha thA, jaise koI putra pitA kI arthI ko kandhA detA hai yA dAsa apane svAmI kI sevA karatA hai usI prakAra bauddha vihAroM meM chAtra apane AcArya kI sevA karate the|12 rAjA, mAtA-pitA tathA devatA kI bhA~ti guru kA sammAna karanA chAtroM kA kartavya thaa|13 prAta: samaya se uThakara AcArya kA abhivAdana karanA, sarvadA unase nIce Asana para baiThanA, bhar3akIle vastra na pahananA Adi unakI zAlInatA thii|14 agnizAlA tathA sone-baiThane ke sthAna ko ThIka rakhanA, hAtha-paira dabAnA, pITha malanA tathA zauca sthAna ko svaccha rakhanA Adi unake dainika kArya the|15 ziSya apane AcArya ke pA~va dhAte, unakA chAtA, jUtA aura thailI Adi apane hAtha meM lekara calate the|17 ziSya guru ke parivAra ke eka sadasya ke rUpa meM rahate the|18 guru ke lie vanoM se lakar3iyA~ lAnA, guru ke mAtA-pitA ke bhojana karane ke samaya pAnI kA bartana le jAnA, thUkane kA bartana tathA dUsare pAtra le jAnA tathA paMkhA evaM pAnI lekara khar3A rahanA ziSya apanA kartavya samajhate the| zauca jAte samaya parade kI jagaha taka pAnI kA bartana lekara jAte the| isa prakAra ye sabhI kArya guru ke prati unakI (ziSyoM kI) kartavyaniSThatA thii|11 guru kI mA~ ko nahalAnA, khilAnA, hAtha, paira, sira aura pITha Adi dabAnA roja kA niyama thaa|20 adhyApaka bhI apane kartavyoM kA pAlana karate the| ve adhyApana ke lie unhIM vidyArthiyoM ko cunate the jo sacce, utsAhI aura sadAcArI hote the| chAtra yA to guru ke ghara meM rahate the yA unakI dekharekha meN|21 vihAra meM chAtroM ko bahata hI sAdA jIvana vyatIta karanA par3atA thA, cAhe ve sampanna parivAra ke hoM yA garIba parivAra ke| 'jAtakoM' meM varNana AyA hai ki sampanna rAjakumAra bhI AcArya ke nikaTa sAdA jIvana vyatIta karate the| AcAryakula meM unheM bhI sabake samAna sAdA bhojana diyA jAtA thaa|22 agara koI dampatti unheM bhojana para Amantrita karatA thA tabhI unheM dahI, dUdha Adi se paripUrNa svAdiSTa bhojana prApta hotA thaa|23 / adhyApaka ziSya kI madada bhI karate the| ve garIba vidyArthiyoM se zulka nahIM lete the| bhojana-vastra Adi juTAne meM bhI unakI madada karate the| ziSya ke bImAra hone para usakI paricaryA bhI karate the| itsiMga ne likhA hai - chAtra kI rugNAvasthA meM adhyApaka pitA kI bhA~ti usakI cikitsA aura zuzrUSA kA bhAra bhI vahana karate the|24 guru ziSya ke yahA~ bhI jAte the aura unake nivAsa kI pUrI vyavasthA karate the| guru ziSyoM kA

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204 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana Atithya satkAra bhI karate the|26 par3hAte samaya kucha bhI chipAkara nahIM rakhate the, jo kucha bhI AtA thA saba kucha batA dete the|27 adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha unake caritra para bhI dhyAna rakhate the| unheM batAte the ki kahA~ para kisa prakAra jAnA cAhie, kisa prakAra AnA caahie| isI prakAra dekhanA, pahananA, sikur3anA, pasaranA, or3hanA, pAtra lenA, gujAre bhara lenA, pratyavekSaNA kara bhojana grahaNa karanA, indriyasaMyamI honA, bhojana meM mAtrajJa honA, jAgarUka honA, atithi kartavya, jAnevAle ke prati kartavya Adi bAtoM ko sikhalAte the|28 ziSya AcArya se eka dUsare kI zikAyata bhI karate the|29 kabhI-kabhI AcArya bAhara jAte samaya yogya vidyArthiyoM ko par3hAne kA kAma sauMpa jAte the| ve ziSya se kahate the - jaba taka maiM bAhara rahU~ taba taka vidyArthiyoM ko pddh'aanaa| eka bAra gA~va ke logoM ne AcArya ko pATha karane ke lie nimantrita kiyA, taba AcArya ne ziSya ko bulAkara kahA - maiM nahIM jAU~gA, tuma ina pA~ca sau brahmacAriyoM ke sAtha vahA~ jAkara pATha samApta hone para hamArA hissA le aanaa|20 isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bauddha zikSA meM guru-ziSya-sambandha ghaniSTha, madhura tathA acche the|31 guru-ziSya kI ghaniSThatA kA sabala pramANa isase bhI milatA hai ki guru yogya ziSya se apanI kanyA kA vivAha bhI kara dete the|32 katipaya AcAryoM ke parivAroM meM yaha paramparA itanI dRr3ha thI ki ziSyoM ko unakI icchA ke viparIta guru-kanyAoM kA pANigrahaNa karanA par3atA thaa|33 guru-ziSya ke madhura sambandhoM ke bAvajUda kahIM-kahIM garu aura ziSya ke dveSapUrNa sambandhoM ke ullekha bhI milate haiM, jaise - kabhI-kabhI ziSya guruoM ko pratiyogitA ke lie lalakArate the| 'jAtaka' meM aisA varNana milatA hai ki eka ziSya ne guru se mukAbalA kara diyaa| yaha mukAbalA janatA ke sAmane huaa| janatA ko phaisalA karanA thA ki guru arthAt AcArya adhika jAnate haiM yA unakA udaNDa shissy| usa samaya AcArya pada bahuta U~cA thaa| logoM ne pattharoM se mAra-mAra taka usa udaNDa ziSya ko samApta kara diyaa|34 aise kRtaghna ziSya samAja meM heya dRSTi se dekhe jAte the, kintu aise ziSya apavAda rUpa meM milate the| tulanA donoM paramparAoM meM guru-ziSya ke sambandha meM kAphI samAnatA dikhAyI par3atI hai| donoM hI paramparAoM meM guru apane ziSya se putravat vyavahAra karate the| donoM paramparAoM meM ziSya ke lie guru mAtA-pitA Adi se ucca mAne gaye haiN| donoM paramparAoM meM yaha bhI dekhane ko milatA hai ki AcArya loga yogya ziSya se apanI kanyA kA vivAha kara dete the| eka antara dekhane ko milatA hai - jaina praNAlI meM AcArya ziSya se unake doSoM kI AlocanA jabaradastI karavAte the jisa prakAra mA~ apane rote hue bacce ko

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guru-ziSya-sambandha evaM daNDa-vyavasthA 205 mu~ha phAr3akara davA pilAtI hai jisase ki bAlaka kA bhalA hotA hai kintu bauddha praNAlI meM yaha dekhane ko nahIM milatA hai| bauddha praNAlI meM guru-ziSya ke sambandha premapUrNa hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM dveSapUrNa dekhane ko milate haiN| jaina zikSaNa-praNAlI meM isa prakAra kI kahIM carcA nahIM AtI hai| daNDa- vyavasthA kisI bhI saMsthA yA saMgaThana ko sucAru rUpa se calAne tathA niyamoM ko dRr3hatApUrvaka sthApita karane ke lie daNDa dene kA vidhAna kiyA jAtA hai| jaina evaM bauddha zikSaNapraNAlI meM bhI vidyArthiyoM ke lie daNDa kI vyavasthA thii| vartamAna meM bhI yahI daNDavyavasthA hai| jaina zikSaNa-praNAlI meM do prakAra ke daNDa nirdhArita kiye gaye the(1) laghumAsika prAyazcitta yA udghAtika praayshcitt| (2) gurumAsika prAyazcitta yA anuddhAtika praayshcitt| laghumAsika prAyazcitta jo pratisevanA laghu prAyazcitta dvArA saralatA se zuddha kI jA sake, use laghumAsika prAyazcitta yA udghAtika prAyazcitta kahate haiN| gurumAsika prAyazcitta jo pratisevanA guru prAyazcitta se kaThinatA se zuddha kI jA sake, use guru mAsika prAyazcitta yA anuddhAtika prAyazcitta kahate haiN| jainadharma meM prAyazcitta ke dasa prakAra batAye gaye haiM35- (1) AlocanA- vikRta hue vratoM kA yathAvidhi pAlana karate hue doSoM ko guru ke samakSa nivedita karanA AlocanA hai| (2) pratikramaNa- kartavya kA pAlana karate hue jo bhUleM ho jAtI haiM, unake lie yaha kahakara doSa-nivRtta honA- 'micchAmi dukkaDaM' arthAt mere dvArA kiye gaye duSkarma mithyA hoN| dainika kriyAoM meM pramAda ke kAraNa doSa lagane para usakI nivRtti ke lie pratikramaNa Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| (3) tadubhaya- doSoM ke nivAraNArtha AlocanA tathA pratikramaNa donoM karanA tadubhaya prAyazcitta hai|

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206 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (4) viveka- sadoSa jJAta hone para grahaNa kiye hue bhojana-pAna kA tyAga kara denA viveka hai| (5) vyutsarga- gamanAgamana karate samaya, nidrAvasthA meM sAvadha svapna Ane tathA nadI ko naukA Adi se pAra karane para kAyotsarga karanA arthAt khar3e hokara dhyAna karanA vyutsarga prAyazcitta hai| (6) tapa- pramAda Adi ke kAraNa kiye gaye anAcAra para guru dvArA diye gaye tapa ko svIkAra karanA tapa prAyazcita hai| isakA samaya cha: mAsa kA hotA hai| (7) cheda- aneka vratoM kI virAdhanA karanevAle aura binA kAraNa apavAda mArga kA sevana karanevAle bhikSu yA bhikSuNI kA dIkSA-kAla kama karanA arthAt varIyatA kama karanA cheda prAyazcitta hai| (8) mUla- jAna-bUjhakara kisI paMcendriya prANI kA ghAta tathA mRSAvAda kA sevana karane para pUrva dIkSA kA samUha chedana karanA mUla prAyazcitta hai| isa daNDa ke antargata sAdhu-sAdhvI ko phira se navIna dIkSA lenI par3atI hai| (9) anavasthApya- ghora pApa karane para jisakI zuddhi mUla prAyazcitta se bhI sambhava na ho, aisI sthiti meM vApasa gRhastha veza dhAraNa karake puna: navIna dIkSA lenA anavasthApya prAyazcitta hai| (10) pArAMjika- aisA pApa jisakI zuddhi anavasthApya prAyazcitta se bhI sambhava na ho| aise ghora pApa karanevAle ko kama se kama eka varSa taka tathA jyAdA se jyAdA 12 varSoM taka gRhastha veza dhAraNa karAke zramaNa ke sabhI vratoM kA pAlana karane ke pazcAt jo navIna dIkSA lI jAtI hai, vaha pArAMjika prAyazcitta hai| yaha daNDa kI antima avasthA hai| 'tattvArthasUtra' meM prAyazcitta ke nau bhedoM kA varNana milatA hai|36 vahA~ mUla, anavasthApya aura pArAMjika ke sthAna para parihAra evaM upasthApanA- ina do prAyazcittoM kA ullekha milatA hai| digambara sAhitya meM nau prAyazcittoM kA hI ullekha hai|37 jaina daNDa vidhAna meM yadi koI zikSArthI (bhikSu) eka hI niyama kA bAra-bAra atikramaNa karatA hai to usakA prAyazcitta nirantara gurutA ko prApta karatA jAtA hai, yathA - jainadharma meM zikSArthI ko dina meM eka bAra bhikSA ke lie jAne kA vidhAna thaa| yadi vaha eka se adhika bAra bhikSA ko jAtA thA to usakA daNDa kramaza: bar3hatA hI jAtA thA,38 jaise

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guru-ziSya-sambandha evaM daNDa-vyavasthA 207 (ka) yadi koI zikSArthI dina meM do bAra jAtA thA to usake lie laghu mAsika prAyazcitta ke daNDa kA vidhAna thaa| (kha) yadi koI zikSArthI tIna bAra jAtA thA to use gurumAsika prAyazcitta lagatA thaa| (ga) yadi koI zikSArthI cAra bAra jAtA thA to use cAturmAsika laghu prAyazcitta thaa| (gha) yadi koI zikSArthI pA~ca bAra jAtA thAto use cAturmAsika guru prAyazcitta thaa| yadi koI zikSArthI chaH bAra jAtA thA to use SaTmAsika laghu prAyazcitta thaa| (ca) yadi koI zikSArthI sAta bAra jAtA thA to use SaTmAsika guru prAyazcitta thaa| (cha) yadi koI zikSArthI ATha bAra jAtA thA to use cheda prAyazcitta thaa| (ja) yadi koI zikSArthI nau bAra jAtA thA to use mUla prAyazcitta thaa| (jha) yadi koI zikSArthI dasa bAra jAtA thA to use anavasthApya prAyazcitta thaa| (ba) yadi koI zikSArthI gyAraha bAra jAtA thA to usake lie pArAMjika prAyazcitta kA vidhAna thaa| vartamAna meM bhI ye daNDa-vyavasthAyeM jinazAsana meM vidyamAna haiN| bauddha daNDa-prakriyA bauddha zikSaNa-praNAlI meM niyamoM ke pAlana meM zithilatA yA avahelanA karane para zikSArthiyoM ko daNDa dene kA vidhAna thaa| bauddha zikSaNa-praNAlI meM do prakAra ke daNDa nirdhArita kiye gaye the- (1) kaThora daNDa, (2) narama dnndd| kaThora daNDa pArAMjika aura saMdhAdisesa nAmaka daNDa kaThora daNDa ke antargata Ate haiN| isake duTThalApati, garukApati, 39 adesanAgAminI Apatti,40 thullavajjA Apatti,41 anavasesApatti 2 Adi nAma bhI milate haiN| narama daNDa pArAMjika evaM saMghAdisesa ko chor3akara bAkI sabhI daNDa narama daNDa ke antargata Ate haiN| isake aduTThaelApati, lahukApati, athullavajjA Apatti,72 sAvasesApatti, desanAgAminI Apatti Adi nAma bhI haiN| yadyapi tathAgata ne choTI-choTI galatiyoM ko kSamA kara dene kI salAha dI thI,

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208 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana parantu unake paramapriya ziSya Ananda una galatiyoM ko pUchanA bhUla gye| isalie buddha ke nirvANa ke pazcAt prathama bauddha saMgIti meM isa janApavAda ke bhaya se ki loga kahIM yaha na kaheM ki buddha ke nirvANa prApta karate hI saMgha chinna-bhinna ho gayA isalie dharma evaM saMgha kI maryAdA ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane hetu saMgha - niyamoM kI kaThoratA se pAlana karane kI pratijJA kI gayI / 44 bauddha daNDa- praNAlI meM jina aparAdhoM ke kAraNa zikSArthiyoM ko daNDita karane kA vidhAna thA use Apatti kahate haiN| zikSApadoM tathA vibhaMga ke niyamoM kI avahelanA karanA yA unakA atikramaNa karanA Apatti hai / 45 mukhya rUpa se pA~ca prakAra ke doSa mAne gaye haiM- (1) pArAMjika, (2) saMghAdisesa, (3) nissaggiya pAcittiya, (4) pAcittiya aura (5) paattidesniiy| inake atirikta bhI tIna prakAra ke doSa milate haiM- (1) thullavaccaya, (2) dukkaTa, (3) dubbhaasit| isa taraha bauddha paramparA ke anusAra ATha prakAra ke doSa haiN| inakA saMkSipta vivaraNa nimnalikhita hai| - 47 pArAjika- jina aparAdhoM ko karane se zikSArthI ko saMgha se nikAla diyA jAtA thA use pArAMjika kahate haiM / 46 yaha sabase kaThora aparAdha mAnA jAtA thaa| aisA doSI vyakti satyapatha se parAjita samajhA jAtA thaa| pArAjika aparAdhI kI tulanA usa vyakti se kI gaI hai jisakA sira kATa diyA gayA ho, usa murajhAye patte se kI gayI hai jo vRkSa se gira gayA ho, aise patthara se kI gayI hai jo do bhAgoM meM ba~Ta gayA ho| 48 saMghAdisesa - isa doSa ke lie kucha samaya kA parivAsa Adi daNDa saMgha kI ora se diyA jAtA thaa| bahuta eka yA adhika bhikSu milakara isakA nirNaya nahIM kara sakate the isalie ise saMghAdisesa kahA gayA / 49 yaha pArAMjika ke bAda dUsarA gambhIra aparAdha mAnA jAtA thA / prAyazcitta kI gurutA ke dRSTikoNa se yaha pArAMjika kI zreNI meM hI AtA hai| yaha daNDa mukhya rUpa se kAmAsaktatA, dUsare para pArAMjika kA doSAropaNa karane, saMgha meM phUTa DAlane Adi para diyA jAtA thA / nissaggiya pAcittiya - jina aparAdhoM kA pratikAra saMgha, bahuta se bhikSu yA eka bhikSu ke sAmane svIkAra karane se ho jAtA thA use nissaggiya pAcittiya arthAt naisargika prAyazcitta kahate haiM / 5deg yaha daNDa mukhya rUpa se cIvara tathA pAna ke sambandha meM diyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra ke aparAdha karanevAle vyakti ko apane vastroM tathA pAtroM ko kucha samaya ke lie tyAganA par3atA thA /

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guru-ziSya-sambandha evaM daNDa-vyavasthA 209 pAcittiya- apane aparAdhoM ko saMgha yA puggala ke sammukha svIkAra karane para isakA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA thaa| bhikSuoM ke lie 92 (bAnabe) pAcittiya doSa tathA bhikSuNiyoM ke lie 166 (eka sau chiyAsaTha) doSoM kA ullekha milatA hai|51 aisA AcaraNa karanevAle ko dharma se patita tathA Arya-mArga kA atikramaNa karanevAlA mAnA jAtA thaa| pATidesanIya- pATidesanIya arthAt pratidesanA aparAdha mukhya rUpa se bhojana Adi khAdya sAmagrI se sambandhita hai jisakA nirAkaraNa kisI yogya bhikSu ke samakSa apane aparAdha ko svIkAra kara lene se ho jAtA thaa| thullavaccaya- yadyapi pAtimokkha meM isa daNDa kA ullekha nahIM hai, phira bhI jo AtmahatyA, saMgha kI zAnti evaM maryAdA bhaMga karane kI koziza karatA thA yA koI aisI vastu curAtA thA jisakA mUlya eka mAsaka se jyAdA yA pA~ca mAsaka se kama hotA thA to vaha thullavaccaya kA aparAdhI52 mAnA jAtA thaa| isakA nirAkaraNa kisI yogya bhikSu ke sammukha apane aparAdhoM ko svIkAra karane se ho jAtA thaa| yaha pArAMjika tathA saMghAdisesa kI taraha hI eka gambhIra aparAdha mAnA jAtA thaa| dukkaTa- choTe aparAdhoM para doSI zikSArthI ko yaha daNDa diyA jAtA thA,53 yathA- mana meM burI bhAvanA lAne yA bure karmoM ko karane para yaha daNDa dene kA vidhAna thaa| sekhiya niyamoM kA ullaMghana karane para vyakti isa daNDa kA bhAgI banatA thaa| yadyapi pAtimokkha meM isa daNDa kI carcA nahIM kI gayI hai| dumbhAsita- yaha daNDa bauddha dharmasaMgha yA kisI ke prati kaTu yA bure vacanoM kA prayoga karane para diyA jAtA thaa|54 isa daNDa kA vidhAna mukhyatayA zikSArthiyoM ko apanI vANI para saMyama rakhane ke lie kiyA gayA hai| uparyukta vivaraNa se aisA lagatA hai ki zikSArthI ko aparAdha kI gambhIratA ke anusAra daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| viSayoM kI gambhIratA ke AdhAra para kucha daNDa-vidhAna ke udAharaNa nimna haiM corI sambandhI daNDa jainamata- apane gaccha yA saMgha athavA dUsare dharmAvalambiyoM kI vastu curAne para anavasthApya prAyazcitta kA vidhAna thaa|55 bauddhamata- kisI vastu ko binA diye hue grahaNa karane athavA curAne para pArAMjika prAyazcitta diyA jAtA thaa|

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210 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana AhAra sambandhI daNDa jainamata (1) nAva meM yA jala meM baiThakara yA khar3e hokara bhojana grahaNa karane para cAturmAsika udghAtika prAyazcitta daNDa diyA jAtA thaa|56 (2) anya dharmAvalambiyoM se bhojana kI yAcanA karane para mAsika uddhAtika arthAt laghumAsika prAyazcita daNDa diyA jAtA thaa|57 (3) svAdiSTa bhojana grahaNa kara kharAba bhojana pheMka dene yA svAmI ke ghara kA bhojana grahaNa karane para laghumAsika prAyazcitta diyA jAtA thaa|58 (4) rAjAoM ke yahA~ se bhojana kI yAcanA karane yA unake antaHpura ke naukaroM, dAsoM se bhojana mA~gane yA rAjAoM ke ghor3e, hAthI Adi kA bhojana mA~gane para guru cAturmAsika prAyazcitta diyA jAtA thaa|59 (5) AcArya yA upAdhyAya ko diye binA bhojana grahaNa karane para laghumAsika prAyazcitta kA daNDa diyA jAtA thaa|60 (6) gRhastha ke bartana meM bhojana karane para laghu cAturmAsika prAyazcitta diyA jAtA thaa|61 bauddhamata (1) lahasuna kA sevana karane para pAcittiya prAyazcitta kA daNDa diyA jAtA thaa|62 (2) kacce anAja ko mA~gakara yA bhUnakara khAne para pAcittiya prAyazcitta daNDa diyA jAtA thaa|63 yadi koI gRhastha bhikSu ko AgrahapUrvaka pUA (pAhura), maMtha (maTThA) yatheccha pradAna kare to icchA hone para pAtra ke mekhalA taka grahaNa kre| usase adhika grahaNa karane para pAcittiya daNDa dene kA vidhAna thaa|64 (4) niroga bhikSu ko eka nivAsa sthAna meM eka hI bAra bhojana grahaNa karane kA vidhAna thaa| yadi isase adhika grahaNa karatA thA to pAcittiya daNDa kA bhAgI hotA thaa|65 svAdhyAya sambandhI daNDa jainamata (1) asvAdhyAya kAla meM svAdhyAya aura svAdhyAya kAla meM asvAdhyAya karane para cAturmAsika udghAtika prAyazcitta daNDa dene kA vidhAna thaa|66 asvAdhyAya kAla (3)

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guru-ziSya-sambandha evaM daNDa-vyavasthA 211 meM prAtaHkAla, sandhyAkAla, dopahara aura AdhI rAta tathA svAdhyAya kAla meM dina aura rAtri kA prathama tathA cauthA prahara AtA hai| (2) AcArya dvArA nIce ke (prathama ke) samavazaraNako chor3akara Upara ke (anya) sUtra kI vAcanA pahale dene arthAt AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke adhyayana ko chor3akara anya sUtra pahale par3hAveM to unake lie laghu caumAsika prAyazcitta kA vidhAna thaa|67 (3) jo AcArya yA upAdhyAya una do ziSyoM, jo sUtra grahaNa karane yogya vaya, buddhi, vinayAdi guNa sampanna hoM, meM se eka ko sUtra par3hAne para unake liye laghu caumAsika prAyazcitta kA vidhAna thaa|68 (4) jo zikSArthI AcArya, upAdhyAya se bA~canI liye binA apane mana se zAstra kI vAcanA karane lagatA thA usake liye laghu caumAsika prAyazcitta kA vidhAna thaa|69 (5) jo bhAvahIna hokara sUtra kA uccAraNa karatA thA yA zabdoM ko chor3akara par3hatA thA use laghumAsika prAyazcitta AtA hai|70 bauddhamata (1) jo jhUThI vidyAoM ko sIkhate the yA par3hAte the unheM dukkaTa kA doSa AtA thaa|71 (2) dharma ke sAra ko saMkSipta rUpa se kahane kA vidhAna hone para bhI jo bhikSu (zikSArthI) __isa niyama kA atikramaNa karatA thA to usake lie pAcittiya prAyazcitta kA vidhAna thaa|72 (3) jo upadeza sunane yA upasotha meM nahIM jAte the unake liye pAcittiya prAyazcitta kA vidhAna thaa|73 tulanA jaina evaM bauddha daNDa-vyavasthA ke niyamoM meM kAphI samAnatAe~ dikhAyI par3atI haiN| donoM hI praNAliyoM meM saMgha ke prati kiyA gayA thor3A bhI anAdara bhAva athavA usake niyamoM kI avahelanA karane para kaThora daNDa kI vyavasthA thii| yadi kisI zikSArthI ko kisI aparAdha ke liye saMgha se nikAla diyA jAtA thA aura koI dUsarA zikSArthI usa aparAdhI vyakti kA anusaraNa karatA thA to vaha bhI usI ke samAna aparAdhI samajhA jAtA thaa| saMgha meM praveza ke samaya donoM saMghoM meM atyanta satarkatA rakhI jAtI thI, kyoMki dUSita vyakti saMgha meM aneka durAcAroM ko janma de sakatA thaa| donoM saMghoM meM zikSArthinI ko parihAra daNDa dene kA niSedha thaa| sambhavata: aisI unakI zIla surakSA kI dRSTikoNa se kiyA gayA thaa|

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(2) 212 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kintu daNDa dene kI prakriyA meM donoM zikSaNa praNAliyoM meM kucha antara bhI dekhane ko milate haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM(1) bauddha saMgha meM sArI prakriyA saMgha ke samakSa prastuta kI jAtI thii| jJApti kI tIna bAra vAcanA tathA anta meM dhAraNA ke dvArA saMgha kI mauna sahamati ko usakI svIkRti jAnakara aparAdhI ko daNDamukta kiyA jAtA thaa| jaina praNAlI meM aisA vidhAna nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| zikSArthI pUre saMgha ke samakSa vAcanA nahIM karatA thA, balki apane gaccha yA saMgha ke padAdhikAriyoM ke sammukha hI nivedana karatA thaa| yaha prakriyA Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| jaina praNAlI meM eka hI aparAdha karane para jo daNDa zikSArthiyoM ke lie thA vahI daNDa zikSA niyoM ko bhI diyA jAtA thA, parantu bauddha praNAlI meM yaha niyama dekhane ko nahIM milatA hai| vahA~ puruSa evaM mahilA ke lie alaga-alaga vidhAna the| puruSa kI apekSA mahilA ke lie niyamoM kI saMkhyA adhika thii| (3) jaina praNAlI meM eka vizeSatA dekhane ko milatI hai ki usameM pada ke anusAra daNDa kA vidhAna hai| eka hI aparAdha ke lie ucca padAdhikAriyoM ko kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA thA aura nimna padAdhikAriyoM ko nrm| bauddha praNAlI meM yaha bAta nahIM miltii| yahA~ sabhI ko samAna daNDa diye jAne kA vidhAna hai, cAhe vaha adhikArI ho yA sAmAnya vykti| donoM paramparAoM kI daNDa-vyavasthA kA yaha mUlabhUta antara hai| (4) jaina praNAlI meM dasa prakAra ke doSa mAnya haiM, jabaki bauddha praNAlI meM ATha prakAra ke| jaina praNAlI meM paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| yadi ziSya jAnabUjha kara aparAdha karatA thA to use gambhIra (kaThora) daNDa diyA jAtA thA tathA vahI aparAdha anajAne meM athavA vivazatA meM ho jAtA thA to narama daNDa kA vidhAna thaa| bauddha praNAlI meM isa vidhAna kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai| (6) bauddha praNAlI meM cANDAloM ko zikSA prApta karane kA adhikAra nahIM thA, jabaki jaina praNAlI meM cANDAla bhI zramaNa bana sakatA thA, jaisA ki 'uttarAdhyayana' meM harikezabala muni kA varNana AtA hai|

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guru-ziSya-sambandha evaM daNDa-vyavasthA 213 sandarbha m 10. 'cintana kI manobhUmi', pR0-380. 2. 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja', pR0-287. 'rAjapraznIyasUtra', 190, pR0-238. 'sthAnAMga', 3/1/87/3 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA' (mUla), 479-480 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja', pR0-291. 'uttarAdhyayana TIkA' 18, pR0-243, uddhRta vahI 'saundarananda', 18/2-20. 'avadAna', ji0 1/102/3, 'jAtaka' (anu0 hindI) ji04, pR0-251. 11. mahAvastu, 2/225/2. 12. 'jAtaka' (anu0 hindI) ji0 1, pR0 447, ji0 2, pR0-78. 13. prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhatti, pR0-45. 14. vahI, pR0-44 'rAjavacca pitRvacca mAtRvaccApramata: paricaretA' 15. vahI, pR0-44-45 16. 'jAtaka' (anu0 hindI) ji0 2, pR0-190-191 17. vahI vahI, ji0 4, pR0-225 19. vahI, ji0 4, pR0-400 vahI, ji0 1, pR0-417-18 21. vahI, ji0 2, pR0-81-85. 22. "prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhatti', pR0-47. 'jAtaka' (anu0 hindI) ji0 1, pR0-459. 24. vahI, ji0 2, pR0-79. 25. 'itsiMga rekarDa', pR0-120 26. jAtaka (anu0 hindI), ji0 3, pR0-7. 27. vahI, ji0 2, pR0-424 28. prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhatti', pR0-42 tathA 'jAtaka' (anu0 hindI) ji0 4, " pR0-141. 29. 'jAtaka' (anu0 hindI) ji0 4, pR0-145-46 30. vahI, ji0 3, pR0-333. 31. 'bhArata kA sAmAjika aura Arthika itihAsa', pR0-166 tathA 'jAtaka' (anu0 hindI), ji0 3, pR0-199. 23.

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214 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 37. 32. 'jAtaka' (anu0 hindI), ji0 3, pR0-380-81. 33. prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhatti', pR0-47. 34. 'jAtaka' (anu0 hindI), ji0 2, pR0-458-461 tathA dekheM - 'prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhatti', pR0-48; jA0kA0bhA0saM0, pR0-105. 35. dasavihe pAyacchitte, taM jahA- AloyaNArihe, ( paDikammaNArihe, tadubhayArihe, vivegA rihe, viusaggArihe, tavArihe, cheyArihe, mUlArihe), aNacaTThappArihe, paarNciyaarihe| 'sthAnAMga', 10/73 taM dasa viTTayAloyaNa pddikmnnobhyvivegvosggaa| tavachedamUlaaNavaDhayA ya pAraMciyaM caiv|| 'jItakalpasUtra', 4. 36. 'tattvArthasUtra', 9/22 _ 'mUlAcAra', 362 38. 'bRhatkalpabhASya', bhAga 3, 1697-1700 TIkA 39. 'cullavagga', pR0-170, 178 40. 'parivArapAli', pR0-211 41. thullavajjA ti thUlladose pajjatA grukaapti| - 'parivArapAli', pR0-212. 42. eko pArAjikApattikkhandho anavasesApatti naam| vahI (samantapAsAdikA), bhAga tRtIya, pR0-1368 43. athullavajjA ti lhukaaptti| vahI, bhAga tRtIya, pR0-1420 'cullavagga', pR0-406 45. sikkhApade ca vibhaGge ca buttA Apatti jaantbbaa| 'samantapAsAdikA', bhAga-3, pR0 1419. 46. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-8 47. 'samantapAsAdikA', bhAga-3, pR0-1457 48. 'pAcintiyapAli', pR0-287, 291 'vinayapiTaka', pR0-11. 50. vahI, pR0-17. 51. 'vinayapiTaka', rA0sAM0, pR0-23, 52. 52. 'pArAjikapAli', pR0-66. 53. yaM hi duTDhukataM virUpaM vA kataM taM dukkttm| - 'samantapAsAdikA', bhAga-3, pR0 1458. 54. dubbhAsitaM durAbhaTTa ti duDhe AbhaTTa bhAsitaM lapitaM sa duraabhtttthm| yaM durAbhaTTaM taM dubbhaasitm| - 'samantapAsAdikA', bhAga-3, pR0-1459 55. 'bRhatkalpasUtra' 4/3. 2 49.

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56. 'nizIthasUtra', 18/19-23 vahI, 3 / 1-15 vahI, 2/43-45 57. 58. 59. 60. vahI, 9 / 1-6 je bhikkhU Ayariya adittaM AhArei, AhAraMte vA sAijjai / je bhikkhU AyariyaM uvajjhAehiM avidINaM vithagayaM AhArei, AhAraMta vA sAijjai / bhikkhU ThevaNAkulAI ajANiyaM apucchiyaM agavAsayaM puvvAmeva piMDavAya paDiyAe / aNupavisai, aNupavisaMtaM vA sAijjai / 'nizIthasUtra', 22-24 61. himatte bhujai bhuMjaMtaM vA sAijjai / 'nizIthasUtra', 12/14 62. 'vinayapiTaka', rA0 sAM0, pR0-52 63. vahI 64. vahI, pR0 - 25 65. vahI, pR0 - 25 66. 'nizItha', 19 / 10-18 67. je bhikkhU heThillAiM samosaraNAI avAmattA, uvarima suyaM vAsati, vAyaMtaM vA sAijjai / je bhikkhU NavabaMbhaverAi avAettA avarimasuyaM vAei vAyaMtaM vA sAijjai / 'nizIthasUtra', 19 / 19-20 je bhikkhU dohapi sarisamANaM ekkasaM sikkAveti, ekaM na vikkhAveti ekka vAei / ekkaM navAei, ekkaM na saM sikkhAvahataM vA ekkaM NavAyaMtaM vA sAijjai / vahI, - 68. guru-ziSya-sambandha evaM daNDa- vyavasthA 69. - 19 / 25 je bhikkhU AyariyaM uvajjhAehiM avidiNNagiraM Atiyai, AtiyataM vA sAijjai / vahI, 19 / 25 70. 'bRhatkalpabhASya', bhAga-1, 288-99. 71. 'vinayapiTaka', pR0 - 445. 72. 'pAtimokkha', bhikkhunIpAcittiya, 49-50 73. vahI, 103 215

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aSTama adhyAya upasaMhAra mAnava itihAsa meM 'zikSA' mAnava samAja ke vikAsa-krama meM satat AdhAra rahI hai| badalatI huI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa zikSA hI logoM meM zakti pradAna karatI hai, mAnava ko sAmAjika vikAsa ke lie prerita karatI hai tathA use samAja meM yogadAna dene ke yogya banAtI hai| parantu jIvana ke kucha aise prazna haiM jo zAzvata aura cirantana hote haiM jinakA samAdhAna mAnava-mastiSka deza aura kAla ke anurUpa pratyeka yuga meM detA AyA hai| ye prazna aise haiM jinakA prArambha kahA~ se huA aura anta kahA~ para hogA- yaha batAnA muzkila hai| zikSA kA uddezya kyA honA cAhie aura usa uddezya kI prApti ke lie kauna-sI paddhati honI cAhie? ina saba savAloM ko lekara prabuddha varga meM azAnti chAyI rahatI hai| jahA~ taka zikSA ke uddezyoM kI bAta hai to prAcIna kAla se lekara aba taka dArzanikoM, vicArakoM aura zikSAvidoM ne apane-apane anurUpa uddezyoM ko batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| kisI ne pUrNa mAnava jIvana kA cAritrika vikAsa to kisI ne vidyA kI prApti ko zikSA kA uddezya batAyA hai| kisI ne jJAna tathA Ananda kI prApti ko to kisI ne bauddhika vikAsa tathA sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika staroM ko U~cA karane ko zikSA kA uddezya batAyA hai| ___ yadi hama zikSA kA artha mAnava ke cAritrika vikAsa yA cAritrika nirmANa se lete haiM to yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA zikSA ke uddezya zAzvata haiM athavA parivartanazIla? isa sambandha meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki zikSA kA uddezya to eka hotA hai, parantu vyavahAra meM usakA rUpa va artha deza tathA kAla ke anurUpa bhinna bhI ho sakatA hai| yadi caritra-nirmANa ko zikSA kA sarvasammata uddezya svIkAra kara bhI liyA jAe to bhI yaha deza aura kAla ke sAtha-sAtha bhinna ho sakatA hai| ata: hameM zikSA-sambandhI usa cira satya evaM lakSya ko pahacAnanA hogA jisakI nIMva para zikSA kA bhavya prAsAda khar3A hai, kyoMki zikSA para hI mAnava jIvana kI saphalatA aura asaphalatA nirbhara karatI hai| zikSA kA sambandha mAnava ke sampUrNa jIvana se hai| zikSA hI vaha upayukta sAdhana hai jisase vyaktitva kA nirmANa hotA hai| jisa prakAra bacce kA kramika vikAsa hotA

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upasaMhAra 217 hai usI prakAra ucita zikSA dvArA usake vyaktitva kA vikAsa hotA hai jo Age calakara eka sampUrNa mAnavatA ko khar3I karatI hai| jJAna prApta karane kI prakriyA meM mukhya rUpa se tIna tattva anivArya haiM- guru, ziSya aura shikssnn-pddhti| ina tInoM meM anusyUta sambandha hotA hai| zikSA denevAlA guru hotA hai, zikSA grahaNa karanevAlA ziSya aura una donoM ko jor3anevAlI kar3I hotI hai- zikSaNa-paddhati yA shikssaa| prAcInakAla meM guru ko sAmAnyatA AcArya nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| AcArya arthAt aacaarvaan| Adarza jIvana kA AcaraNa karate hue vidyArthiyoM se tadanurUpa usakA AcaraNa karavA lenevAlA hI AcArya hotA thaa| vaha AcArya hI guru, zikSaka, adhyApaka kahalA sakatA thA jo apane ziSyoM meM sadAcAra, naitikatA, anuzAsana kI bhAvanA kA sanniveza karatA thA, zAstra ke arthoM kA jIvanopayogI va vividha viSayoM kA yathocita bodha karAtA thaa| Aja hamAre deza aura samAja ke vikAsa kA zreya kisI ko hai to vaha hai AcAryoM kI gurukula-paramparA ko jinakI zikSA-paddhati manuSyoM ko na kevala AdhyAtmika lakSya kI prApti karAtI rahI hai balki vyakti meM aisI zakti aura pratibhA pradAna karatI rahI hai jisase vyakti svayaM evaM samAja ko suvyavasthita karatA rahA hai| parantu Aja hamArI prAcIna gurukula-paramparA nahIM rhii| samaya aura paristhitiyoM ne gurukula-paramparA ko chinna-bhinna kara diyA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa Aja adhyApakoM kA uttaradAyitva sImita ho gayA hai| skUla, kAlejoM meM do-cAra ghaNTe ke atirikta vidyArthiyoM ke jIvana se unakA koI samparka nahIM rahatA hai| Aja adhyApana unake lie eka pezA mAtra banakara raha gayA hai| vidyArthI aura adhyApaka ke bIca koI sIdhA samparka bhI nahIM rahatA hai| AtmIyatA ke bhAva kI to bAta hI kyA? prAya: zikSaka aura zikSArthI meM sAmAnya paricaya bhI nahIM rhtaa| ziSya jJAnArjana kA dUsarA aMga hai 'shissy'| jJAnArjana kI prakriyA paMca jJAnendriyoM ke dvArA sampanna hotI hai| jJAna ke lie eka ora jahA~ jJAnendriyoM kI nirmalatA atyanta Avazyaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora mastiSka kI svacchatA aura jJAna ko dhAraNa karane kI zakti bhI anivArya hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ziSya se yaha apekSA kI jAtI hai ki vaha zarIra aura mastiSka se pUrNataH svastha aura nirmala ho|

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218 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana prAcInakAla meM zikSA prArambha karane se pahale vidyArthI kA upanayana saMskAra hotA thaa| usa saMskAra ke bAda guru zikSA Arambha karate the| vidyArthI ke lie sadAcAra kA pAlana karanA, svAsthya ko uttama banAnA Avazyaka samajhA jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki naitika zikSA tatkAlIna zikSA kA AdhAra stambha bana gayI thI jisameM cAritrika unnati kA Adarza eka pramukha sthAna rakhatA thaa| jaba se vidyArthI ko guru zikSA denA svIkAra karate the taba se lekara eka nizcita avadhi taka use bar3e anuzAsana meM rahanA par3atA thaa| cAritrika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha smaraNazakti kA bhI pramukha sthAna thaa| vidyArthI ko yama, niyama Adi aneka vratoM kA pAlana bhI karanA par3atA thaa| gurukula meM samasta vidyAoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana guru-ziSya eka sAtha rahakara kiyA karate the| unake AvAsa bhojanAdi kA prabandha bhI vahIM hotA thaa| gurukula meM saccaritra evaM susaMskRta vidyArthI hI praveza kA adhikArI hotA thaa| gurukula ke pavitra vAtAvaraNa meM vidyAdhyayana karanevAle chAtra vinayI hote the| Adhunika prasaMga meM uparyukta kasauTiyA~ vyartha ho gayI haiM, kyoMki lAkhoM-karor3oM meM kucha hI aise chAtra hote haiM jo ziSyatA kI kasauTI para kharA utarane kI kSamatA rakhate haiN| Aja zikSA jagata ke lie bar3hatA huA chAtra asantoSa eka cunautI banA huA hai| vibhinna kAlejoM, vizvavidyAlayoM ke chAtroM dvArA apanI mAMgoM ke samarthana meM Andolana calAye jAte haiN| Aye dina yaha sunane yA samAcArapatroM meM par3hane ko milatA hai ki chAtroM ne vidyAlayoM meM tor3aphor3a kiyA, adhyApakoM kI piTAI kara dI, vidyAlaya, kAryAlaya aura sarakArI daphtaroM meM Aga lagA dI; baseM, moTareM Adi jalA dii| isakA kAraNa kyA hai? jahA~ taka merA mAnanA hai ki isakA mUla kAraNa hai - uddezyahIna shikssaa| Ajakala vidyArthI skUla-kAlejoM meM dAkhilA to le lete haiM lekina unheM yaha bhI patA nahIM hotA ki unakI zikSA kA uddezya kyA hai? phalata: ve vibhinna rAjanItika daloM ke zikAra ho jAte haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki ve apanI choTI-choTI mA~goM ke lie Andolana kA sahArA lete haiN| zikSaNa-paddhati guru aura ziSya ke bAda tRtIya sthAna zikSaNa-vidhi kA hai| prAcInakAla meM zikSaNavidhi ke tIna mahattvapUrNa aMga the- zravaNa, manana aura nididhyaasn| guru kA upadeza sunanA, prApta upadeza para manana karanA aura zaMkA upasthita hone para tarka kara puna: guru se pUchanA kramaza: zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana hai| zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana ke atirikta svAdhyAya bhI zikSaNa-vidhi ke antargata AtA hai| svAdhyAya zikSaNa kI vaha vidhi hai jisa para kAla kA prabhAva nahIM par3atA, yaha vidhi prAcInakAla se calI

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upasaMhAra A rahI hai aura kAlAntara meM bhI nirarthaka siddha nahIM hogii| gurukula kI zikSA kA rUpa na kevala saiddhAntika thA, balki vyAvahArika bhI thA / Azrama meM guru aura ziSya eka parivAra ke sadasya ke rUpa meM rahate the| guru aura ziSya ke madhya ghaniSTha sambandha thaa| guru ziSyoM para usI prakAra dhyAna dete the jisa prakAra pitA apane putra para detA hai| isa vAtAvaraNa meM ziSya kA vyaktitva guru ke vyaktitva se bahuta prabhAvita hotA thaa| guru ke AdarzoM ko prApta karanA hI ziSya kA uddezya hotA thaa| guru apane AcaraNa se ziSya ko AcAravAna banAte the| Azrama meM hI vidyArthI AtmanirbharatA, parizrama kA mahattva, bar3oM ke prati zraddhAbhAva, sahapAThiyoM ke sAtha bhrAtRbhAva kA pATha grahaNa karatA thaa| prAcIna zikSaNa-praNAlI ke ThIka viparIta Aja kI Adhunika zikSaNa-praNAlI hai jo adhUrI tathA avyAvahArika hai| Aja kI zikSaNa - praNAlI meM jo burAiyA~ A gayI haiM, unameM sabase pahalA doSa hai ki zikSA niruddezya hotI jA rahI hai| vartamAna zikSaNapraNAlI vidyArthI ko DaoNkTara, iMjIniyara, adhivaktA Adi to banA de rahI hai, para sahI mAyane meM iMsAna nahIM banA pA rahI hai| zikSaNa kendra kI vyavasthA aisI hai ki zikSaka aura zikSArthI kA eka-dUsare se sIdhA samparka nahIM ho pAtA hai| donoM ke bIca alagAva kI khAI - sI banatI jA rahI hai| donoM meM apane-apane uttaradAyitvoM ke prati udAsInatA aura upekSA kI bhAvanA jora pakar3atI jA rahI hai| Aja kI zikSA itanI vyaya sAdhya hai ki abhibhAvakoM ko kharca karate-karate mAno unakI kamara hI TUTa jAtI hai| vartamAna zikSaNa praNAlI ne chAtra ko kitAbI kIr3A to avazya banA diyA hai, kintu pUrNa jJAtA yA viSaya kA marmajJa banAne meM akSama hai| chAtra cAhe medhAvI hoM yA alpamati, sabako eka hI praNAlI meM zikSA grahaNa karanA par3atA hai| natIjA yaha hotA hai ki alpamati ke vidyArthI kucha praznoM ko raTakara yA anyAnya prakAra se varSa ke anta meM parIkSA meM uttIrNatA prApta kara lete haiN| prAcIna zikSA meM jahA~ vyakti ke caritra-nirmANa para bala diyA jAtA thA, vahIM Adhunika zikSA meM naitikatA, caritra-nirmANa, sahanazIlatA, tapa, tyAga, anuzAsana, AjJApAlana, kartavyapAlana, vinamratA Adi guNoM kA sarvathA abhAva hotA jA rahA hai| Aja vyakti saccI zikSA grahaNa nahIM karanA cAhatA hai use sirpha upAdhi se matalaba hotA hai, kyoMki Aja zikSA aura jJAna se jyAdA roTI kI samasyA kaThina ho gayI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki zikSA ko vyavasAya se jor3a diyA gayA hai, yathA takanIkI zikSA, vaijJAnika zikSA tathA audyogika zikSA aadi| 219 -

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220 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana zAsana bhI isI bhAvanA se grasita hai| naitika zikSA yA cAritrika-zikSA meM zAsana ko usakI dharmanirapekSatA dUSita hotI dikhAyI par3atI hai| lekina dharmanirapekSatA kA yaha to matalaba nahIM hai ki dharma aura nIti se vimukha ho jAyA jaaye| parantu Aja yahI ho rahA hai| dharmanirapekSatA ke nAma para zikSA se naitikatA aura caritratA ko nikAla pheMka diyA gayA hai| Aja kI zikSA yojanA meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai jabaki aba taka ke zikSA AyogoM ne apanI anuzaMsAoM meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI AvazyakatAoM ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| hamAre sAmane eka aura samasyA hai aura vaha hai bhASA kii| pratyeka deza kI apanI saMskRti hotI hai, apanI bhASA hotI hai| parantu Aja samAja meM use hI zreyaskara mAnA jA rahA hai, unheM hI ucca sthAna prApta hai jo aMgrejI mAdhyama se zikSA prApta kara rahe haiN| lekina satya to yaha hai ki koI bhI vidyArthI apanI mAtRbhASA ke mAdhyama se jitanA vistRta jJAna sahajatayA prApta kara sakatA hai, utanA kisI anya bhASA se nhiiN| kisI bhI rASTra kI zikSA vahA~ kI mAtRbhASA yA rASTrIya bhASA meM dI jAtI hai to vaha zreyaSkara mAnI jAtI hai, kintu Aja hama svatantra hokara bhI dUsare kI bhASA ko apanI jubAna para baiThAye hue haiN| jaisI mAnyatA hai - Adhunika zikSA kI nIMva lArDa maikAle dvArA DAlI gayI, parantu Adhunika zikSA meM hai kyA ise dekhane kA prayAsa karate haiN| Adhunika zikSA ko sAmAnya taura para hama tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara sakate haiM * ucca zikSA, madhyama zikSA tathA nimna shikssaa| ucca zikSA- isake antargata cikitsA, abhiyAMtrikI, takanIkI, kampyUTara Adi kI zikSA ko rakha sakate haiM jise pAne ke lie deza ke uccakoTi ke medhAvI chAtra udyata rahate haiN| ___ madhyama zikSA- isake antargata kalA, vANijya Adi ko rakhA jA sakatA hai| isa zikSA ko pAkara bhI pAnevAloM ko yaha nahIM mAlUma hotA ki maiMne kyA pAyA? kyoMki yaha zikSA dizAvihIna jaisI pratIta hotI hai| nimna zikSA- veda, purANa, saMskRta Adi kI zikSA ko hama nimnakoTi meM rakha sakate haiN| saMskRta jo kabhI bhAratIya zikSA kA gaurava thI aura jisakA vizva itihAsa meM sarvocca sthAna thA vaha Aja nimna zreNI meM A gayI hai| zikSA kI uparyukta tIna koTiyoM se merA matalaba samAja meM zikSA ke prati vyApta dhAraNAoM se hai| jahA~ taka ucca zikSA, nimna zikSA kA savAla hai to itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki zikSA cAhe ucca ho yA nimna, parantu usake uddezya nizcita hone caahie|

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upasaMhAra 221 parantu Aja sabase durbhAgyapUrNa sthiti to yaha hai ki hamameM se koI bhI zikSA ke uddezya ke sambandha meM spaSTa nahIM haiM - na abhibhAvaka, na zikSaka, na samAjasudhAraka aura na samAja hii| sarakAra bhI yaha spaSTa nahIM kara pA rahI hai ki deza ke lie kisa taraha kI zikSA-vyavasthA kI jAye jisase deza kI unnati ho| yadyapi sarakAra ne nayI zikSA nIti banAyI hai jisameM 10+2+3 kI nayI zikSaNa-praNAlI svIkRta hai| isakA mukhya uddezya hai sabako naye rojagAra ke avasara pradAna karanA tathA vizva ke anya unnata dezoM ke samakSa khar3A krnaa| isa zikSaNa-praNAlI meM tribhASA phArmUlA pArita kiyA gayA hai - (1) rASTrabhASA hindI, (2) videzI bhASA, aura (3) prAntIya bhaassaa| isa tribhASA phArmUlA meM bhArata kI mUla bhASAe~ saMskRta, prAkRta aura pAli ko koI sthAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| 10+2+3 zikSaNapraNAlI se pahale bhI to 11+1+3 zikSaNa-praNAlI thii| donoM meM samaya to lagabhaga barAbara lagate haiM, phira mAtra viSayoM ke herA-pherI se kyA lAbha ? isase pahale bhI zikSA meM kaI sudhAra kiye gaye haiM, jaise vizvavidyAlaya kamIzana, mudAliyara kamIzana, zaikSaNika paMcavarSIya kAryakrama, strI-zikSA ke lie bAlikA vidyAlaya evaM nayI zikSA- nIti ke tahata navodaya vidyAlaya kI sthApanA Adi aneka sudhAra ke prayAsa kiye gaye haiN| phira bhI yaha nizcita nahIM ho pAyA ki zikSA kaisI honI cAhie? Aja hama jaba bAlakoM ke caritra-nirmANa yA saMskAra-nirmANa kI bAteM karate haiM to isake pIche kyA Azaya nihita hotA hai? kyA aisA to nahIM ki hama Adhunika zikSApraNAlI ke dvArA aise samAja kI racanA karanA cAhate haiM jo eka ora dhArmika gRhoM, yathAmandiroM, masjidoM, carcoM meM athavA sAmAjika samArohoM aura maMcoM para bAhara se dharma, sadAcAra, naitikatA aura saujanyatA kA dikhAvA karatA ho vahIM dUsarI ora jIvana ke karmakSetra meM kuTilatA aura vAsanA se raMjita ho? yA phira kahIM hama aisI saMskRti kI racanA to nahIM karanA cAhate jo Antarika mUlyoM se rikta ho aura bAharI dikhAve para khar3A ho? yA hama sadAcAra aura naitikatA ke Antarika mUlyoM se rikta tathA bhogavAda aura aupacArika ziSTAcAra para jIvita pAzcAtya sabhyatA ko punarjIvita to nahIM karanA cAhate haiM? yA hama apanI zikSaNa-praNAlI ko bilkula sAmpradAyika madAndhatA yA rUr3hivAditA para AdhArita to nahIM dekhanA cAhate haiM? / dharma, naitikatA, satyaniSThA tathA AdhyAtmikatA se hIna vartamAna zikSA rASTra ke pratyeka stara para asthiratA evaM azAnti kA nimitta bana rahI hai| samAja ke ucca varga tathA madhyama varga sabhI ko pAzcAtya DhaMga ke skUloM meM baccoM ko par3hAne kI lalaka par3I haI hai| yadyapi aise skUloM se nikale bAlaka aupacArika saujanya aura bAhya ziSTAcAra meM to nizcita hI Age hote haiM; kintu ve kisI AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyavAdI

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222 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana jIvana dRSTi se sampanna hote haiM yA nahIM yaha kahanA kaThina hai| vartamAna meM uddaNDatA, anuzAsanahInatA, anaitikatA, cAritrika adhaHpatana, mAtA-pitA tathA guru ke prati zraddhAhInatA, rASTrIya bhAvanA kI kamI, svArthAndhatA Adi doSa isalie A gaye haiM ki hamane apanI maulika bhUmikA ko chor3akara parAI vidhi-vidhAnoM ko apanAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai jinakA ki hamArI saMskRti se tAlamela nahIM baitthtaa| yadyapi aisA bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki bhAratIya paddhati ke atirikta anya paddhatiyA~ bilkula hI galata haiN| kintu hama dUsare kI nakala karate haiM to usakI acchAiyoM ko chor3a dete haiM aura burAiyoM ko grahaNa kara lete haiM kyoMki aisA hama AsAnI se kara lete haiN| zikSA-sudhAra : kucha pahala zikSA ke pramukha tIna AyAma hote haiM jina para sudRr3ha zikSA kI nIMva sthApita hotI hai| ve haiM- abhibhAvaka, zikSaka aura smaaj| ye tIna aise pramukha stambha haiM jina para bAlakoM kI sudRr3ha zikSA AdhArita hotI hai| ina tInoM ke apane-apane uttaradAyitva hote haiN| parivAra bAlakoM kI prathama pAThazAlA hai jisake adhyApaka, mAtA-pitA hote haiN| mAtA-pitA dvArA bAlakoM meM saMskAroM ke bIja boye jAte haiN| parantu prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA Aja ke mAtA-pitA apane bAlakoM ko ziSTAcAra kA pAlana karanevAlA aura susaMskArI banAne meM sakSama haiN| saMskArI se merA matalaba hai vinaya aura ziSTAcAra kA pAlana krnevaalaa| kintu Aja bacce saMskArI kaise bana sakate haiM, kyoMki mAtA-pitA kA adhikAMza samaya AphisoM, klaboM aura hoTaloM meM bItatA hai tathA bacce naukaroM aura AyAoM ke dvArA palate haiN| aise meM hama kaise susaMskArI bAlaka kI ummIda kara sakate haiM? una para saMskAra par3egA bhI to naukaroM aura AyAoM kaa| kintu aisA bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki sabhI naukaroM aura AgyAoM ke saMskAra bure hI hote haiN| santAna meM susaMskAra lAne ke lie svayaM ke jIvana ko arpaNa karanA par3atA hai| mAtA-pitA ko tyAga evaM saMyama kA jIvana bitAnA par3atA hai| bacce ke prati abhibhAvakoM ke kucha kartavya banate haiM jo isa prakAra haiM - (ka) abhibhAvaka apane ko saMskArI tathA sadAcArI bnaayeN| (kha) apane bAlakoM ko unake duzcaritra mitroM se bcaayeN| (ga) bAlakoM ko naukaroM aura AyAoM ke pAsa jyAdA samaya na chodd'eN| (gha) samaya-samaya para bAlakoM ko AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kA bodha karAte rheN|

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223 upasaMhAra (Ga) bAlakoM ko pAThazAlA meM dAkhilA karAte samaya acche aura anuzAsita pAThazAlA meM dAkhilA kraayeN| (ca) yadi ucca zikSA hetu bAlakoM ko parivAra se alaga rahanA par3e to unheM vizvavidyAlaya ke aise chAtrAvAsoM meM praveza dilAveM jahA~ AcAra-vicAra kA samucita dhyAna diyA jAtA ho| bAlakoM ke nirmANa meM zikSaka bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa yogadAna dete haiN| mAtA-pitA ke saMskAroM se santAna ke prArambhika vyaktitva kA nirmANa hotA hai, tatpazcAt usakA pariveza aura vAtAvaraNa usake saMskAroM ko janma detA hai aura vaha saMskAra pallavita hotA hai| apanI dekharekha meM zikSArthI ko yogya aura anukUla banAnA zikSaka kA mahanIya guNa hai| zikSaka kA Adarza jIvana vidyArthI ke lie preraNA-puMja kA kAma karatA hai, kintu kyA vartamAna meM aise zikSaka AsAnI se mila sakate haiM jo bAlakoM ko sahI mArga dikhA sakeM, use naitikatA-sampanna tathA saMskArI banA skeN| eka samaya thA jaba guru kI garimA hI vidyArthiyoM ko Azrama meM Ane ke lie AkarSita karatI thI. para tatsamaya guru svAmI hotA thA, sevaka nhiiN| Aja samAja aura sarakAra ne guru ko sevaka hI banA diyA hai| samAja meM usakA sthAna pahale se gira gayA hai aura jaba taka zikSaka ko samAja meM rAjanItijJoM evaM pU~jIpatiyoM se Upara sthAna nahIM diyA jAtA, zikSaka ko sevaka ke sthAna se Upara uThAkara guru ke garimAmaya pada para pratiSThita nahIM kiyA jAtA, zikSaka pada ke lie bauddhika yogyatA ke sAtha-sAtha caritraniSThA ko nahIM parakhA jAtA hai taba taka usase samAja-nirmANa tathA bAlakoM meM caritra-nirmANa kI apekSA karanA yathocita nahIM hai| yadi zikSaka apane Apako ina saba bAdhAoM se alaga kara leM to Aja bhI caritra-nirmANa aura samAja-nirmANa meM aham bhUmikA adA kara sakate haiN| zikSakoM ke bhI bAlakoM ke prati kucha kartavya banate haiM jo isa prakAra haiM - (ka) sarvaprathama zikSaka apane ko sadAcArI evaM caritraniSTha banAveM tAki unake prati vidyArthiyoM ke mana meM zraddhA, vinaya evaM samAdara kI bhAvanA jAgrata ho| (kha) zikSakoM kA sabhI vidyArthiyoM ke prati samAna vyavahAra honA caahie| (ga) zikSaka tathA zikSaNa saMsthAe~ chAtroM ke AcAra-vicAra para samucita dRSTi rakheM tathA saccaritra, susaMskArI, vinayazIla evaM sevAbhAvI chAtroM ko puraskRta evaM protsAhita kara chAtra varga meM ina guNoM ke prati niSThA jAhira kreN| (gha) zikSaka vidyArthiyoM ke sAtha putravata vyavahAra kreN|

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224 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana (Ga) anukUla anuzAsana aura svacchanda vAtAvaraNa ke nirmANa ke lie zikSaka ko cAhie ki ve sadaiva vidyArthI bane raheM aura vidyArthI ko cAhie vaha zikSA grahaNa karane ke lie sa [ prayatnazIla rhe| tIsarA aMga samAja hai jisake pariveza meM bAlakoM kI zikSA sampanna hotI hai| sAmAjika pariveza meM hI vidyArthI ko jIvana bitAnA hai| samAja aura vyakti kA sambandha itanA ghaniSTha hai ki vyakti meM sudhAra lAne ke lie samAja meM sudhAra lAnA Avazyaka hai| sAmAjika pariveza ko sudhAre binA hama vyakti ke sudhAra kI kalpanA nahIM kara sakate haiN| ata: samAja kA bhI vidyArthiyoM ke prati kucha uttaradAyitva banatA hai - (ka) samAja una vidyArthiyoM aura vyaktiyoM ko sammAnita kare jinakA jIvana sadAcAra, sevA, paropakAra Adi ucca mUlyoM ko sAkAra karane meM lagA ho| (kha) gurukula paddhati para AdhArita AvAsIya zikSaNa-saMsthAoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAye jisase vidyArthI samAja ke dUSita vAtAvaraNa se alaga rhe| (ga) mAdaka dravyoM ke sevana; vyabhicAra, vezyAvRtti Adi ko samApta karane kA saphala prayAsa kiyA jaaye| uparyukta vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadi abhibhAvaka, zikSaka aura samAja ye trikoNIya stambha Apasa meM milakara, ekajuTa hokara zikSA ke kSetra meM sAmUhika vicAra kareM, sAmUhika nirNaya leM to avazya hI hamArI bhAratIya zikSaNa-praNAlI punaH sucaritra, sadAcArI evaM kuzAgra buddhi ke vidyArthiyoM ko janma de sakatI hai| isa prazna kA uThanA bhI yahA~ svAbhAvika hai ki Aja kI sAmAjika tathA zaikSika samasyAoM ko sudhArane meM jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzana kahA~ taka aura kisa rUpa meM bhUmikA adA kara sakate haiN| ye donoM paramparAyeM prAcIna haiM aura inakI paddhatiyA~ bhI purAtana haiN| mAnava jIvana ke vividha pakSa hote haiM aura unakI apanI-apanI samasyAe~ hotI haiN| zikSA kI bhI apanI samasyAyeM haiN| vyakti ko zikSita karanA, suvyavasthita jIvana ke lie dizA-nirdeza karanA zikSA kA kArya hai| yaha bAta prAcInakAla meM thI aura Aja bhI hai| parantu deza aura kAla ke anusAra prAcIna aura arvAcIna meM antara hotA hai| prAcInatA apane ko arvAcInatA ke bIca tabhI pratiSThita kara pAtI hai jaba apane meM kucha parivartana lAkara arvAcIna ke sAtha sAmaJjasya kAyama karatI hai| yahI bAta jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzanoM ke sAtha hai| inakA upayoga tabhI dekhA jA sakatA hai jaba inameM Aja ke anusAra parivartana hoN| jaina-paramparA kI digambara zAkhA meM AcArya Aja bhI nagna hI rahate haiN|

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upasaMhAra 225 Aja bhI digambara-paramparA ke loga unase AdhyAtmika evaM naitika zikSA grahaNa karane AzramoM meM jAte haiM jahA~ ve gurujana rahate haiN| kintu kyA yaha sambhava hai ki unheM sAmAnya taura se zikSaka ke rUpa meM pUre samAja ke sAmane lAyA jAye aura samAja ke sabhI varga unheM zikSaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara leN| pahale zikSA jaMgaloM meM dI jAtI thii| guru aura ziSya jaMgaloM meM hI rahA karate the tathA bhikSATana ke AdhAra para jIvanayApana karate the, kintu Aja ke pariveza meM yaha bhI sambhava nahIM hai| jaina evaM bauddha paramparAe~ mUlata: nivRttimArgI haiN| ina donoM hI paramparAoM meM mokSa ko prathama varIyatA prApta hai| yadyapi jaina dharma ke Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ne sabhyatA ke prArambha meM asi, maSi aura kRSi kI zikSA dI thii| bauddha-paramparA meM bhI vastra Adi banAne kA ullekha milatA hai para AdhyAtmikatA hI ina paramparAoM meM pramukhatA rakhatI hai| isameM koI zaka nahIM ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM AdhyAtmikatA ko zreSThatA prApta hai, parantu Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM sirpha AdhyAtmika zikSA hI paryApta nahIM hai isalie jaina evaM bauddha zikSA darzanoM ko vaijJAnika paddhatiyoM ko bhI apanAnA hogA, tabhI unakI upayogitA Aja ke yuga meM pramANita ho sakatI hai| yadyapi jaina aura bauddha darzanoM kI jo maulika avadhAraNAe~ haiM unakI Aja bhI samAja ko AvazyakatA hai| khUna-kharAbA se bharA huA Aja kA azAnta samAja ahiMsA ko apanAkara hI zAnti prApta kara sakatA hai| bhAratIya samAja kI bar3hatI huI AbAdI ko rokane ke lie brahmacarya se bar3hakara aura koI sAdhana nhiiN| sAmAjika viSamatA ko aparigraha se haTAyA jA sakatA hai| ata: isase hama inkAra nahIM kara sakate ki yadi bhAratIya samAja ko athavA sampUrNa vizva ko zAnti cAhie, sadbhAva cAhie, samAnatA cAhie to jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzanoM ko bhI AtmasAta karanA hogaa|

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI 'aMgutaranikAyapAli' : bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa, nAlandA-devanAgarI-pAli graMthamAlA, 1960 'anuttaraupapAtikasUtra' niyojaka- muni zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI, prakAzakaa0bhA0zre0sthA0 jainazAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa (saurASTra), 1959. 'anuyogadvArasUtra' yuvAcArya madhukara muni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1887 'abhidharmakoSabhASyam' sampA0-pro0 pI pradhAna, ke0 pI0 jayasavAla zodha saMsthAna, paTanA, 1967 'abhidharmakoza' : AcArya narendradeva, hindustAnI ekeDamI, ilAhAbAda, 1973 'avadAnazataka', bhAga 1-2 : je0esa0 speyara (sampA0), seNTa pisavarga, 1902, 1909. 'azvaghoSakAlIna bhArata' : DaoN0 aMganelAla, kailAza prakAzana, lakhanaU, 1973. 'AcArAMgasUtram' (prathama skandha) : anu0- zrI AtmArAmajI ma0, sampA0- muni samadarzI, prakA0- AcArya zrI AtmArAmajI jaina prakAzana samiti, jaina sthAnaka, ludhiyAnA, 1963. 'AcArAMgasUtram' (dvitIya skandha) : anu0- zrI AtmArAmajI, sampA0- muni samadarzI, prakA0- AcArya zrI AtmArAmajI jaina prakAzana samiti, jainasthAnaka, ludhiyAnA, 1964. 'AcArAMgasUtra' (bhAga eka tathA do) : yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni, zrI Agama

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI 227 prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAjasthAna), 1981. 'AcArAMgasUtram' (tInoM bhAga) : vAcanA pramukha- muni zrI kanhaiyAlAlajI, prakA0 a0bhA0zve0sthA0 jainazAstroddhAra samiti, mu0 rAjakoTa, 1957. 'AdipurANa' (mahApurANaM,bhAga1-2) : AcArya jinasena, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1951. 'oNna yUvAnacyAMga Trevelsa ina : thAmasa vATarsa, sampA0- TI DablyU rAisa iNDiyA' Devisa, raoNyala eziyATika sosAyiTI, landana, 1904 'AyAro vAcanA pramukha - AcArya tulasI; sampA0 evaM vive0 - muni nathamala, prakA0- jaina vizvabhAratI prakAzana, vikrama saMvat 2031. 'AvazyakasUtraM' : Amolaka RSi, haidarAbAda sikandarAbAda jaina saMgha, vIrAda 2446. 'AvazyakasUtram : ghAsIlAlajI, zAntilAla maMgaladAsa, prakA0 a0bhA0zve0sthA0 jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, rAjakoTa (saurASTra), 1958. 'uttarajjhayANANi' vAcanA pramukha- AcArya tulasI, anu0 evaM sampA0 - muni nathamala, prakA0- jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI mahAsabhA Agama sA0 prakAzana samiti, kalakattA, 1967. 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' sAdhvI candanA, vIrAyatana prakAzana, AgarA, 1972. 'uttarAdhyayanasUtram' : anu0- zrI AtmArAmajI mahArAja, prakA0 khajAnacI rAma jaina, jaina zAstramAlA kAryAlaya, saidamiTThA, lAhaura, 1939. : paM0 kailAzacandra siddhAntazAstrI, prakA0 - bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, vArANasI, 1964. 'upAsakAdhyayana

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228 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 'RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana' : devendramuni zAstrI, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1967. 'eNsiyeNTa iMDiyana ejukezana' : Ara0ke0 mukarjI, maikamilana eNDa kaM0 li0, seNTa mArTinsa sTrITa, landana, 1947 'aupapAtikasUtra' yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAjasthAna), 1982. 'karuNApuNDarIka' rAya zaratacandra, dAsa bahAdura tathA zaratacandra zAstrI (sampA0), sosAyaTI, klkttaa| 'kalpasUtra' AcArya devendramuni zAstrI, zrI tAraka jaina guru graMthAlaya, udayapura, 1985 'kalpasUtra' sampA0-maho0 vinayasAgara, prAkRta bhAratI, jayapura (rAja.), 1984 'khuddakanikAya' : rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, Ananda kausalyAyana aura jagadIza kAzyapa, prakA0- zrI nAlandA mahAvihAra, 1937. 'cintana kI manobhUmi' : sampA0-DaoN0 baziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA, sanmati jJAnapITha, lohAmaNDI, AgarA, 1970 'cullavagga' : bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa, nAlandA-devanAgarI pAli-granthamAlA, 1958 'jAtaka' (hi0anu0), bhAga 1-6: bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, hindI sAhitya sammelana, pryaag| 'jAtakakAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti' : paM0 mohanalAla mahato viyogI', paTanA, 1958. 'jAtakamAlA' : anu0 je0esa0 speyara, esa0vI0vI0, 1895 'jaina Agama sAhitya - manana : devendramuni zAstrI, prakAzaka- zrI tAraka aura mImAMsA' guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura (rAjasthAna), 1977. 'jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya : DaoN0jagadIzacandra jaina, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, samAja' vArANasI, 1965

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sandarbha-grantha sUcI 229 'jaina darzana' : DaoN0 mohanalAla mehatA, prakA0-pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI. 'jaina darzana' ___ paM0 mahendra kumAra nyAyAcArya, prakA0- zrI gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina granthamAlA, bhadainIghATa, kAzI, 1955. 'jaina-dharma meM ahiMsA' : le0 DaoN0 baziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA, prakA0 sohanalAla jainadharma pracAraka samiti, amRtasara, 1972. 'jaina, bauddha tathA gItA ke AcAra : DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina, prakA0- rAjasthAna darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana' prAkRta bhAratI saMsthAna, jayapura (rAjasthAna), 1982. 'jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa', : paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, gaNezaprasAda varNI jaina bhAga 1 tathA 2 granthamAlA, assI, vaaraannsii| 'jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa', : mohanalAla mehatA, vArANasI, 1966-67. bhAga 1 se 4 'jainendra siddhAnta koza' (bhAga 4): kSullaka jinendra varNI, prakA0- bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, vArANasI, 1973. 'tattvArthavArtika' (bhAga 1-2) : sampA0- DaoN0 mahendra kumAra jaina nyAyAcArya, prakA0- bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1957. 'tattvArthasUtra' vivecaka - paM0 sukhalAla saMghavI, prakA0pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1976. 'theragAthA' bhikSu dharmaratna, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1955. 'darzana aura cintana', (khaNDa 2): paM0 sukhalAla jI ke hindI lekhoM kA saMgraha, paM0 sukhalAla jI sanmAna samiti, gujarAta vidyA sabhA, bhadra, ahamadAbAda, 1957. 'darzana-prakAza : muni zrI dhanamuni jI 'prathama', saMjaya sAhitya

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230 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana saMgama, jayapura, 1972. 'dazavaikAlikasUtra' : AtmArAmajI ma0, jvAlAprasAda mANikacanda joharI, mahendragar3ha (paTiyAlA) 'dazavaikAlikasUtra' : yuvAcArya madhukaramuni, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1985 'dasaveAliyaM' vAcanA pramukha- AcArya tulasI, sampA0 evaM vive0 - muni nathamala, prakA0- jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanUM (rAjasthAna), vi0saM0 2031. "divyAvadAna' pI0ela0 vaidya (saM0), mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA, 1936. 'dIghanikAya' (dvitIya saMskaraNa) : rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, jagadIza kAzyapa, bhAratIya bauddha zikSA pariSada,, buddha vihAra, lakhanaU, 1979. 'dharmAmRta' (anagAra) sampA0- paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, prakA0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1977. 'dharmAmRta' (sAgAra) : sampA0- paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, prakA0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, 1978. 'nandisUtra' : yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAjasthAna), 1982. 'nizIthasUtra' : amolaka RSi, jaina zAstroddhAra mudraNAlaya, sikndraabaad| 'paiNNayasuttAI' (prathama bhAga) : sampA0- puNyavijaya muni, prakA0- zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, 1984. 'parivAra' bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa, nAlandA-devanAgarI pAli-granthamAlA, 1958 'praznavyAkaraNasUtra' vyAkhyAkAra- zrI hemacandrajI ma0, sampA0upAdhyAya amaramunijI, prakA0- sanmati jJAnapITha,

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231 sandarbha-grantha sUcI AgarA, 1973. 'pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa' : DaoN0 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, ilAhAbAda, 1951, 1986. 'pAli hindI koza' : bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, rAjakamala prakAzana prA0li0, dillI, 1975 'prAcIna bhArata kA dhArmika, : satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra, zrI sarasvatIsadana, masUrI, sAmAjika aura Arthika jIvana' 1975. 'prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika : jayazaMkara mizra, bihAra hindI grantha akAdamI, itihAsa iNDiyA paTanA, 1974. 'prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika : omaprakAza, maikamilana iNDiyA limiTeDa, nayI itihAsa' dillI, 1982. 'buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma' : DaoN0 madanamohana siMha, bihAra hindI grantha akAdamI, paTanA, 1972. 'buddhacaryA' (dvitIya saMskaraNa) : rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1952. 'buddhacaritta' (anu0)bhAga 1 evaM 2 : sUryanArAyaNa caudharI, prakA0- saMskRta bhavana, pUrNiyA (bihAra), 1953-55 'buddhacaritam' (prathama saMskaraNa) : anu0- rAmacandra dAsa zAstrI, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1963. 'buddhijma' : TI0vI0 rAisa Devisa, iNDolojikala buka hAusa, dillI, 1973 'bodhicaryAvatAra' : anu0- zAnti bhikSu zAstrI, buddha vihAra, lakhanaU, 1983. 'bauddha darzana-mImAMsA' : paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya, caukhambhA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 1978. 'bhagavatI ArAdhanA', bhAga 1-2 : sampA0-anu0-60 kailAzacandra siddhAnta zAstrI, prakA0- seTha lAlacanda hIrAcanda jaina saMskRta saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1978.

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232 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 'bhagavatIsUtra' : ghAsIlAlajI, jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, 1971. 'bhAratIya zikSA kI samasyAe~ tathA: subodha agravAla aura mAdhavendra uniyAla,uttara pravRttiyA~ uttara hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaU, 1982. 'bhArata meM bauddha dharma kA itihAsa' : rigajina luNDUpa lAmA, kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla (anu0) zodha saMsthAna, paTanA, 1971. 'bhAratIya saMskRti kA itihAsa' : purI, bI0ena0, ilAhAbAda, 1958. 'bhArata kA sAmAjika, sAMskRtika : purI, bI0ena0 copar3A, pI0ena0, dAsa aura Arthika itihAsa' ema0 ena0, dI maikamilana kampanI oNpha iNDiyA limiTeDa, 1975. 'majjhimanikAya' : sampA0-bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa, nAlandA devanAgarI-pAli-granthamAlA, 1958 'majjhimanikAya' (hindI) : mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vaaraannsii| 'manusmRti' : paM0 zrI haragovinda zAstrI, caukhambhA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasarI, 1965. 'mahAparinibbAnasutta' (anu0) : bhikSu dharmarakSita, vArANasI, saMvat 2015 'mahAvagga' : bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, zrI nAlandA mahAvihAra, 1956. 'mahAvaMza' : bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, 1942. 'milindapanhapAli' : sampA0- svAmI dvArakAdAsa zAstrI, prakA0 bauddhabhAratI, vArANasI, 1979. 'milindaprazna' anu0- bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, jetavana mahAvihAra pAli saMskaraNa saMsthAna, zrAvastI, 1972. 'mUlAcAra' (pUrvArddha) : hindI TIkA- AryikAratna jJAnamatIjI, prakA0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1984. 'rAyapaseNayaiya-suttaM' : sampA0-60 becaradAsa jIvarAja dozI, gUrjara

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'lalitavistara' 'lalitavistara' 'vinayapiTaka' 'vizeSAvazyakabhASya' 'vizvadarzana kI rUparekhA' 'vyavahArasUtra' 'zikSA ke dArzanika AdhAra' sandarbha-grantha sUcI 'zrImadbhagavadgItA' (zAMkarabhASya) grantharatna kAryAlaya, gA~dhI mArga, ahamadAbAda | 0:0 rAjendra lAla mitrA (saM0) eziyATika sosAyaTI oNpha baMgAla, kalakattA / anu0 - zAntibhikSu zAstrI, uttara pradeza hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaU, 1984 : 0: anu0- rAhula sAMskRtyAyana, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1935. : sampA0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, ahamadAbAda, 1968 : : 'zikSA ke dArzanika evaM samAja : zAstrIya siddhAnta' +6 'zikSA ke mUla dArzanika AdhAra : evaM mahAna zikSAzAstrI' 'zikSA-darzana' 'zikSAsamuccaya' 'zramaNa-sUtra' 233 : paM0 vijayamuni, zrI vardhamAna sthAnakavAsI jaina zrAvaka saMgha, pUnA, 1971. amolaka RSi, jvAlAprasAda mANikacandra joharI, mahendragar3ha (paTiyAlA) Ara0Ara0 raska (anu0) DaoN0 lakSmIlAla ke0 oDa, rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, jayapura, 1982. narezacandra gvAr3I, bI0bI0 siMha, vasundharA prakAzana, 236, dAudapura, gorakhapura / : rAmazakala pANDeya, ilAhAbAda, 1983. pI0 ela0 vaidya, drbhNgaa| : amara muni jI mahArAja, sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA, 1966. gujarAtI priMTiMga presa, sAsuna bilDiMga, elaphinTTana sarkala, muMbaI, 1938 rAmabihArI lAla rastogI pablikezansa, meraTha, chaThA saMskaraNa 1982.

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234 jaina evaM bauddha zikSA-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 'saddharmapuNDarIka sUtra' : nalinAkSa datta (saM0), eziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA, 1953. 'saddharmapuNDarIka' anu0- DaoN0 rAmamohana dAsa, rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA, 1966. 'saMskRta bauddha sAhitya meM bhAratIya : DaoN0 aMganelAla, kailAza prakAzana, lakhanaU, jIvana' (prathama saMskaraNa) 1968. 'saMskRta zabdArtha kaustubha' : caturvedI, dvArakA prasAda zarmA evaM paM0 tAraNIza jhA, rAmanArAyaNa lAla, ilAhAbAda, 1957. 'saMskRta-hindI-koza' : vAmana zivarAma ApTe, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, vaaraannsii| 'samayasAra' : paM0 jayacanda, prakA0- jinavANI prakAzana vibhAga, zrI jaina mandira sarAya, rohataka, vi0saM0 2468. 'samavAyAMgasUtra' anu0- vi0 sampA0- paM0 hIrAlAla jI zAstrI, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara (rAjasthAna), 1982. 'samavAyAMga' yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAjasthAna), 1982. 'samantapAsAdikA' saMzodhaka-vIrabala zarmA, navanAlandA-mahAvihAra granthamAlA, 1967 'saMyuttanikAya' (hindI) jagadIza kAzyapa evaM dharmarakSita, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1954. 'sarvArthasiddhi' : sampA0- paM0 phUlacandra siddhAntazAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1955. 'sAmAyikasUtra' upAdhyAya amaramuni, sanmati jJAnapITha, lohAmaNDI, AgarA, 1969 'suttanipAta' : bhikSu dharmaratna, mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1950.

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'subhASita ratna bhANDAra' 'sthAnAMgasUtra' 'sthAnAMgasUtra' 'sUtrakRtAMga sUtra' sandarbha-grantha sUcI 235 : vAsudeva zarmA, tukArAma jAvajI, bambaI, 1911. .: yuvAcArya madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara (rAjasthAna), 1981 : paM0 hIrAlAla zAstrI, pra0 sampA0- yuvAcArya zrI mizrIlAla madhukara, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara (rAjasthAna), 1981. : yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, vyAvara, rAjasthAna, 1982. sUryanArAyaNa caudharI (saM0 tathA anu0), saMskRta bhavana, pUrNiyA (bihAra) : cintAharaNa cakravartI, raoNyala eziyATika sosAyiTI oNpha baMgAla, kalakattA, 1939. : anu0- ThAkura prasAda zarmA, Adarza hindI pustakAlaya, ilAhAbAda, 1972. anu0- paM0 zobhAcandra bhArilla, sampA0- zrI mizrIlAla madhukara, prakA0- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAjasthAna), 1981. 'saundarananda' 'saundaranandakAvya' 'hvenasAMga kI bhArata yAtrA' 'jJAtAdharmakathAMgasUtra'

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lekhaka paricaya - Atmaja pada DaoN. vijaya kumAra janma : 28.02.1965 : DaoN0 baziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA evaM zrImatI zAnti sinhA janma sthAna : jalAlapura dayAla, posTa-gopAlapura neUrA, jilA-mujaphpharapura (bihAra) zikSA : hAIskUla : 1979, zrI mahArAja siMha ucca vidyAlaya, sirasA rAmarAya, vaizAlI iNTaramIDieTa : 1981, mAdhyamika zikSA pariSad, ilAhAbAda, u0pra0. bI0e0 : 1983, ma0gAM0 kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI ema0e0 : darzanazAstra, 1985, ma0gAM0kA0vi0, vArANasI pI-eca0DI0 : 1989, darzana vibhAga, kA0hi0vi0vi0 : pravaktA, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI : pAzcAtya darzana ke pramukha siddhAnta sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA kA itihAsa (presa meM) sampAdita pustakeM : 1. jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAma, bhAga-6 (sAdhanA khaNDa) 2. jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAma, bhAga-7 3. samAdhimaraNa 4. jaina evaM bauddha yoga : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 5. jJAtAdharmakathAMga kA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika adhyayana 6. pArzvanAtha vidyApITha hIraka jayantI smArikA 7. zrI pArzvaprabhu banArasa pratiSThA mahotsava smArikA 8. arhat dharma-darzana kI AdhArazilA (presa meM) 9. ahiMsA kI prAsaMgikatA (presa meM) prakAzita zodha-nibandha : 24 seminAra/saMgoSThI : 4 patra prastuta pustaka

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Our Important Publication 200.00 300.00 150.00 300.00 300.00 200.00 2500.00 40.00 120.00 400.00 25.00 200.00 Studies in Jaina Philosophy Dr. Nathmal Tatia Jaina Temples of Western India Dr. Harihar Singh Jaina Epistemology Dr. I.C. Shastri Concept of Matter in Indian Thought Dr. J.C. Sikdar Jaina Theory of Reality Dr. J.C. Sikdar Jaina Perspective in Philosophy Dr. Ramji Singh Aspects of Jainology(Complete Set : Vols. 1 to 7) An Introduction to Jaina Sadhana Prof. Sagarmal Jain Pearls of Jaina Wisdom Dulichand Jain Scientific Contents in Prakrit Canons Dr. N.L. Jain The Heritage of the Last Arhat:Mahavira Dr. C. Krause The Path of Arhat T.U. Mehta Multi-Dimensional Application of Anekantavada Ed. Prof S.M. Jain & Dr. S.P. Pandey The World of Non-Living Dr. N.L. Jain jainadharma aura tAMtrika sAdhanA DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina sAgara jaina-vidyA bhAratI (pA~ca bhAga) DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina ahiMsA kI prAsaMgikatA DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina aSTakaprakaraNam DaoN0 azokakumAra siMha dazAzrutaskandhaniyukti : eka adhyayana DaoN0 azokakumAra siMha jaina tIrthoM kA aitihAsika adhyayana DaoN0 zivaprasAda acalagaccha kA itihAsa DaoN0 zivaprasAda tapAgaccha kA itihAsa DaoN0 zipasAda siddhasena divAkara : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva DaoN0 zrIprakAza pANDeya jaina evaM bauddha yoga : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana DaoN0 sudhA jaina jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (sampUrNa seTa sAta khaNDa) hindI jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa (sampUrNa seTa cAra khaNDa) jaina pratimA vijJAna DaoN0 mArutinandana tivArI mahAvIra aura unake dazadharma pro0 bhAgacandra jaina vajjAlaggaM (hindI anuvAda sahita) paM0 vizvanAtha pAThaka prAkRta hindI koza sampA0-DaoN0ke0Ara0candra bhAratIya jIvana mUlya pro0 surendra varmA nalavilAsanATakam sampA0-pro0 surezacandra pANDe samAdhimaraNa DaoN0 rajjanakumAra hindI gadya ke vikAsa meM paM0 sadAsukhadAsajI kA yogadAna DaoN0 mutrI jaina paJcAzaka-prakaraNam anu0-DaoN dInAnAtha zarmA jainadharma meM ahiMsA DaoN0baziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA DaoN0 dharmacandra jaina mahAvIra nirvANabhUmi pAvA : eka vimarza bhagavatIprasAda khetAna bhArata kI jaina guphAe~ DaoN0 harihara siMha 500.00 400.00 350.00 500.00 60.00 100.00 120.00 125.00 300.00 250.00 500.00 100.00 300.00 1400.00 760.00 300.00 80.00 160.00 400.00 75.00 60.00 260.00 300.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 150.00 150.00 Jain Education ? PARSWANATHA VIDYAPITH, VARANASI-221005