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जीवाधिकार
1 - THE SOUL
and the unreal (asat – that does not exist), wrong knowledge is whimsical as that of the lunatic.
'Sat' is that which exists; 'asat' is that which does not exist. Without proper discernment, knowledge becomes erroneous. Sometimes, owing to the operation of wrong belief (mithyādarśana), when colour, form, etc., are present, these are apprehended as not present; when not present, these are apprehended as present. Also, at certain times, what exists is apprehended as existing, and what does not exist is apprehended as non-existing. For instance, the person whose mind is deranged due to disturbed bile indiscriminately considers the mother as the wife and the wife as the mother. At certain times, he may also consider, according to his whims, the mother as the mother and the wife as the wife. Even the latter is not true knowledge as it is only accidental and not based on discrimination. Similarly, error arises in case of sensory knowledge, etc., while ascertaining shape, colour, etc., of objects. It is as follows. Owing to the operation of wrong belief (mithyādarśana) three kinds of error arise: error of cause – kāraṇaviparyāsa, error of difference or non-difference - bhedābhedaviparyāsa, and error of nature - svarūpaviparyāsa, while apprehending colour, etc. This way, owing to the rise of wrong belief (mithyādarśana), people give credence to figments of imagination which go against the known sources of knowledge and inference. Therefore, these are wrong sensory knowledge - kumati jñāna, wrong scriptural knowledge – kuśruta jñāna, and erroneous clairvoyance – vibhanga jñāna. But right belief (samyagdarśana) promotes conviction in substances ascertained as these truly are. Therefore, with right belief, these become sensory knowledge - matijñāna, scriptural knowledge - śrutājñāna, and clairvoyance - avadhijñāna.
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