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Niyamasara
Assisting substances in their continuity of being through gradual changes (vartană), in their modification (pariņāma), in their movement (kriyā), in their endurance (paratua) and in their non-endurance (aparatva), are the functions of time (kāla).
नियमसार
Although substances, like the medium of motion (dharma), incessantly attain new modes (paryaya) due to own inherent capacity, still external instrumental cause bahya sahakārī kāraṇa is required for this attainment. The external instrumental cause-bahya sahakārī kāraṇa which helps the substances attain new modes (paryaya) incessantly - termed 'vartana' - is the time (kāla)1. Hence, assistance in the continuity of being through gradual changes 'vartana' - is the function of the time (kāla). The mode (paryaya) of the substance changes and the time (kāla) is the causal agent in this activity. How is it ascertained as the time (kāla)? There are particular activities, namely, instant, etc., and cooking, etc., which are referred to as an instant of time, cooking time, and so on, by convention. But, in this conventional usage as an instant of time, cooking time, and so on, the term (samjñā) 'time' (kāla) is superimposed. And this term 'time' (kāla) signifies the existence of 'real' (mukhya) time (kāla), which is the basis of the conventional or secondary (vyavahara or gauņa) time. How? This is because the secondary must imply the real.
The mode (paryaya), without vibration, of a substance attained on annihilation of a particular quality, and on origination of another quality is its modification (pariņāma). The modifications (pariņāma) of the soul (jiva) are anger (krodha), etc. The modifications (pariņāma) of matter (pudgala) are colour, etc. In the same way, modifications (pariņāma) take place in the medium of motion (dharma), the medium
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1- The incessant origination (utpăda), destruction (vyaya), and permanence (dhrauvya) that all substances (dravya) undergo in their state of being satta - is called 'vartana'. (see 'Nayacakko', verses 135-136). Thus, 'vartana' refers to the imperceptible, minute changes that go on incessantly, every instant, in all substances.
