Jain Vidya Ke Vividh Aayam

Author(s): Fulchandra Jain
Publisher: Gommateshwar Bahubali Swami Mahamastakabhishek Mahotsav Samiti
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032866/1

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jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAma jaina vidvat sammelana meM vidvAnoM dvArA prastuta zodha AlekhoM kA sAra-saMkSepa preraka mArgadarzana pAvana sAnnidhya kuzala netRtva zrIkSetra zravaNabelagolA (karnATaka) meM akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat sammelana All India Jaina Scholar Conference at Shri Shravanbelgola (Karnataka) 28 se 31 disambara,2005 evaM janavarI,2006 - prakAzaka evaM Ayojaka gommaTezvara bhagavAn zrI bAhubalI svAmI mahAmaratakAbhiSeka mahotsava samiti, 2006 zravaNabelagolA - 573135, jilA - hAsana (karnATaka)

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arivala bhAratIya jaina vidvat sammelana Ayojana samiti parAmarzaka maNDala paM. nIraja jaina, satanA paM. narendra prakAza jaina, phirojAbAda paM. mallinAtha zAstrI, cennaI pro. hampA nAgarajjaiyA, baiMgalora pro. esa.pI. pATila, sAMgalI adhyakSa pro. rAjArAma jaina, noeDA (u.pra.) nirdezaka pro. prema sumana jaina, udayapura saMyojaka pro. phUlacanda jaina premI, prophesara evaM adhyakSa jainadarzana vibhAga sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI sadasya paM. vRSabhadAsa zAstrI, zravaNabelagolA (sthAnIya samanvayaka) DaoN. anekAnta kumAra jaina, naI dillI samparka sUtra pro. phUlacandra jaina premI, bI-23/45 pI-6, anekAnta bhavana, zAradAnagara kaoNlonI, khojavAM, vArANasI

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jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAma (akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat sammelana meM vidvAnoM dvArA prastuta zodha AlekhoM kA sAra-saMkSepa) saMpAdana pro0 phUlacanda jaina premI, vArANasI saMyojaka akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat sammelana prakAzaka/ Ayojaka gommaTezvara bAhubalI svAmI mahAmastakAbhiSeka mahotsava samiti- 2006 zravaNabelagola-573135, jilA-hAsana (karnATaka)

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do zabda gommaTezvara bhagavAn bAhubalI svAmI ke bhavya mahAmastakAbhiSeka mahotsava kI pUrva velA meM Ayojita paJcadivasIya akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvatsammelana meM Ayojana samiti kI ora se Apa sabhI kA hArdika svAgata karate hue apAra prasannatA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| isa zIta Rtu meM yAtrA ke aneka kaSToM ko sahate hue Apa sabhI manISI isa sammelana ko pUrNa saphala banAne hetu dUra-dUra se padhAre, yaha saba Apa logoM kA jainavidyA aura isa pAvana kSetra ke prati gahare anurAga ko prakaTa kara rahA hai| mahAmastakAbhiSeka ke punIta avasara para vidvatsammelana ke AyojanoM kI prAcIna paramparA rahI hai| isI paramparA kI zRGkhalA meM isa sammelana kA Ayojana aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| jainavidyA ke vividha AyAmoM ke vikAsa hetu deza ke kone-kone se padhAre zatAdhika jaina manISiyoM. vizAla zramaNa saMghoM evaM zrAvaka samadAya kA aisA adabhUta milana bahata darlabhatA se haA hai| hama sabhI isakA lAbha uThAte hue paraspara eka dUsare ke dvArA kiye jA rahe anusandhAna kAryoM, prAcIna AcAryoM ke mUla granthoM ke sampAdana/anuvAda, naye maulika sAhitya sRjana Adi kAryoM kI jAnakArI prApta kara jainavidyA evaM apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa hetu saMkalpabaddha ho sake to yaha bahuta bar3I upalabdhi hogii| jaina AgamoM meM kahA hai-- jeNa taccaM vibujjhejja, jeNa cittaM nnirujjhdi| jeNa attA visajhejja taM NANaM jinnsaasnne|| arthAt jinendradeva ke zAsana meM usI ko jJAna kahA gayA hai jisase tattvoM kA bodha hotA hai, jisase citta kA nirodha hotA hai tathA jisase AtmA vizuddha hotI hai| jinavANI kA yahI sAra bhI hai| isa sammelana meM jahA~ jainadharma kI prANabhUta tIrthaGkara-paramparA, apane deza kA bhAratavarSa nAma dene vAle cakravartI bharata, mahAyogI bAhubalI , zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu sahita anyAnya jainAcAryoM Adi ke mahattvapUrNa yogadAna, sAhitya evaM saMskRti ke vividha pakSoM para zodha AlekhoM evaM paricarcAoM Adi ke mAdhyama se isa sammelana meM aneka naye tathyoM kA udghATana hogA - aisA vizvAsa hai| isa sammelana meM sammAnanIya sarasvatI-putroM dvArA prastuta hone vAle zodha AlekhoM kA sAra-saMkSepa jaina vidyA ke vividha AyAma ke rUpa meM saMkalita kara prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai, tAki sammelana meM zodha Alekha prastuta karane vAle vidvAn ke Alekha kA sAra niSkarSa rUpa meM sAmane A ske| isa saMkalana ko prakAzita karane o lambA zrama karanA pdd'aa| prUpha rIDiMga Adi tathA seddhAntika truTiyA~ na raheM--ina saba kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA gayA hai, phira bhI kahIM na kahIM truTiyA~ zeSa rahanA sambhava hai, ata: aisI kamI kahIM dRSTigocara ho to kRpayA una para dhyAna AkarSaNa karAne kA kaSTa kareM, tAki mUla AlekhoM ke prakAzana ke samaya una para vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jA ske| aneka tIrthaGkaroM kA paricaya tathA anya aneka viSaya abhI avaziSTa raha gaye haiM, jinakA prakAzana sambandhita viziSTa vidvAnoM ke AlekhoM dvArA karAne kA bhAva hai| isa sAra saMkSepa ke prakAzana meM sabhI vidvAnoM, gurUjanoM tathA anya aneka manISiyoM kA jo AtmIya sahayoga, mArgadarzana aura saujanya prApta huA usake prati hArdika kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| pro. phUlacanda jaina 'premI'

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viSaya-sUcI pRSThasaMkhyA 1. jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara kI avadhAraNA aura tIrthaGkara-paramparA ___ - DaoN. devakumAra jaina, rAyapura 2. karma-siddhAnta meM tIrthaGkara prakRti kI mahattA - paM. AnandaprakAza jaina zAstrI, kolakAtA 3 3. paJcakalyANaka : samyak jIvanazailI kA digdarzaka - bra. jayakumAra, nizAnta, TIkamagar3ha . paJcakalyANaka pratiSThAoM kA svarUpa aura upayogitA : vartamAna pariprekSya meM - paM. vinodakumAra jaina. rajavAMsa 5. tIrthaGkaroM ke paJcakalyANakoM kA vaiziSTaya: eka vizleSaNa ___- DaoN. anilakumAra jaina, ahamadAbAda 6. caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke kevalajJAna prApti vAle vRkSa aura unakA vaiziSTya / - DaoN. rAkezakumAra goyala, bodhagayA 7. tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura unakA yuga - DaoN. azokakumAra jaina, lADanUM 8. tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kA vyaktitva evaM kartRtva - pro. lAlacandra jaina, bhuvanezvara 9. tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kA zikSA-darzana - DaoN. candrakAntA jaina, sAgara 10. bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA mAnava sabhyatA ko yogadAna - pro. nalina ke. zAstrI, dillI 11. bhAratIya samAja aura saMskRti ke vikAsa meM RSabhadeva kA yogadAna . - DaoN. zrIraMjanasUrideva, paTanA 12. AdipurANa meM varNita bhagavAn RSabhadeva - DaoN. mumukSuzAntA jaina, lADanUM 13. Bhagwan Adinath Cult in Andhra - Dr. G. Jawahar Lal, Rajamundry 14. tIrthaGkara abhinandananAtha evaM unakI paJcakalyANaka bhUmiyA~ - DaoN. kRSNA jaina, gvAliyara 15. tIrthaGkara sumatinAtha aura unakI paJcakalyANaka tIrtha-bhUmiyA~ - zrImatI DaoN. rAkA jaina, lakhanaU 16. tIrthaGkara supArzvanAtha evaM unakI paJcakalyANaka tIrtha-bhUmiyA~ - DaoN. kamalezakumAra jaina, vArANasI -TV

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17. tIrthaGkara candraprabhu viSayaka sAhitya aura unakA jIvana ___- DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina phaujadAra, vaizAlI 18. tIrthaGkara zItalanAtha aura unakI paJcakalyANaka bhUmikA - paM. kamalakumAra jaina zAstrI, kolakAtA 19. jaina-sAhitya evaM zilpa meM tIrthaGkara vAsupUjya aura unakI paJcakalyANaka bhUmiyA~ - anUpacandra jaina, phirojAbAda 20. tIrthaGkara vimalanAtha evaM unakI pazcakalyANaka tIrtha-bhUmiyA~ - prAcArya nihAlacandra jaina, bInA 21. tIrthaGkara anantanAtha aura unake pazcakalyANaka - paM. siddhArtha jaina, satanA 22. tIrthaGkara zAntinAtha viSayaka sAhitya aura unakA pAvana carita ___ - paM. zivacaranalAla jaina, mainapurI 23. tIrthaGkara kunthunAtha kA jIvanacarita aura unakI paJcakalyANaka-bhUmiyA~ - DaoN. kastUracandra 'sumana' zrImahAvIrajI 24. tIrthaGkara arahanAtha aura unakI paJcakalyANaka-bhUmiyA~ / - DaoN. narendrakumAra jaina, sanAvada 25. digambara jaina-sAhitya meM varNita tIrthaGkara mallinAthacarita evaM unakI paJcakalyANaka-bhUmiyA~ ___- prAcArya DaoN. zItalacaMdra jaina, jayapura 26. tIrthaGkara neminAtha evaM unakI aitihAsikatA - DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina, lakhanaU 27. bhagavAn neminAtha ke paJcakalyANaka - paM. pavanakumAra jaina zAstrI 'dIvAna', morenA 28. tIrthaGkara neminAtha kI janma aura nirvANa kalyANaka-bhUmiyA~ - jJAnamala zAha, ahamadAbAda 29. prAkRta-apabhraMza sAhitya meM neminAthacarita - zrImatI DaoN. saroja jaina, udayapura 30. tIrthaGkara pArzva ke katipaya vicAraNIya prasaMga - DaoN. jinendra jaina, lADanUM 31. tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha sambandhita pramukha digambara jaina tIrthoM aura mandiroM kA vaiziSTya - paM. lAlacandra jaina 'rAkeza', gaMjabAsaudA 32. tIrthaGkara puSpadanta aura unakI paJcakalyANaka tIrtha-bhUmiyA~ - DaoN. kamalezakumAra jaina, jayapura 33. tIrthaGkara mahAvIra tathA unakI paJcakalyANaka-bhUmiyA~ - DaoN. surendrakumAra jaina, burahAnapura - V

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34. brAhmI lipi : udbhava aura vikAsa - DaoN. (zrImatI) munnI puSpA jaina, vArANasI 76 35. zramaNa-paramparA aura zrutasthApanA - ratanacandra jaina neminAthakoTi iNDI 36. pAli-sAhitya meM ullikhita jainadharma viSayaka prAcIna sandarbha - pro. dharmacandra jaina, kurukSetra 37. jaina evaM bauddha-paramparA meM nirgrantha vivecana - DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina, lakhanaU 38. jinasenAcAryakRta AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bharata cakravartI caritra-citraNa - suzrI vINA jaina, lADanUM 39. bharata bAhubalI - sureza jaina 'sarala', jabalapura y0. gRhavirata bharata aura yogIzvara bAhubalI kI AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi -adhyAtmaratnAkara paM. ratanacandra bhArilla, jayapura 89 41. gommaTezvara bAhubalI : eka nayA cintana - DaoN. hukamacandra bhArilla,jayapura 42. jaina-sAhitya meM bhagavAn bAhubalI - pro. DaoN. puSpalatA jaina 43. madhyayuga ke jaina-kAvyoM meM bAhubalicarita - DaoN. premacandra rAvaMkA, jayapura 44. amaracandrakRta 'padmAnanda meM bhagavAn bAhubalI kA citraNa - DaoN. zekharacandra jaina, ahamadAbAda 45. bAhubalI kI rAjadhAnI podanapura takSazilA - pro. prema sumana jaina, udayapura 46. bAhubalicariu : eka aprakAzita apabhraMza racanA ___- DaoN. kastUracandra sumana, zrI mahAvIrajI 47. zrIgommaTezvarastutimAlai - - DI. jambUkumArana, polala, caitraI 86. The Images of Bhagwan Bahubali and their Features and Importance - Prof. Maruti Nandan Prasad Tiwari. Varanasi 880 49. bhagavAn bAhubalI : citrakalA ke pariprekSya meM - pro. DaoN. vimalA jaina vimala, phirojAbAda 112 50. AcArya nemicandrasiddhAnta cakravartI aura gommaTezvara kI pratimA -nirmala jaina, satanA /51. bharata-bAhubalI kI mUrti kA pratimA vaijJAnika adhyayana -- nandalAla jaina, rIvA 52. zrIgommaTezvara bAhubalI kI mUrti aura unakA mastakAbhiSeka - kapUracandra pATanI, guvAhATI 53. zravaNabelagolA ke zilAzAsana - paM. bharatakumAra kAlA, mumbaI -Vr

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135 54. zravaNabelagola ke abhilekhoM meM katipaya jainAcArya __ - DaoN. kapUracandra jaina, khataulI 55. zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu aura samrAT candragupta maurya (prathama) __ - pro. DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, noyaDA 125 56. Socio-religious Aspects of Bhadra-bahu Chandragupta Maura - Dr. Devendra Jain, Mumbai 57. zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura zrutasaMvardhana meM yogadAna / - pro. DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara', nAgapura 128 58. zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA jaina-saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa meM yogadAna - DaoN. kalpanA jaina, naI dillI 129 59. zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura unakA samAdhi-maraNa - DaoN. zreyAMsakumAra jaina, bar3auta 60. brahma jinadAsa viracita : bhadrabAhu rAsa - DaoN. premacandra rAvaMkA,jayapura 61. samrAT khAravela kA jaina-saMskRti ko avadAna- DaoN. sudIpa jaina, naI dillI 137 62. AcArya guNadhara aura unakA kasAyapAhuDasutta - DaoN. phUlacandra jaina 'premI', vArANasI 138 63. SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA kA bhASAyI vizleSaNa -- pro0 vRSabhaprasAda jaina, lakhanaU 64. SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA ke vyAkaraNAtmaka niyama - DaoN. udayacandra jaina, udayapura 65. ghaTakhaNDAgama meM naya-siddhAnta ke prayoga - DaoN. anekAntakumAra jaina, naI dillI 66. AcArya kundakunda aura unakI TIkAkAroM kI dRSTi meM svasamaya aura parasamaya - DaoN. hukamacandra bhArilla, jayapura 145 67. AcArya samantabhadra aura unakA avadAna - DaoN. nemicandra jaina, khuraI 150 68. AcArya amRtacandrasUri aura unakA avadAna - DaoN. rAjendra kumAra baMsala, amalAI 152 69. AcArya somadevasUri dvArA pratipAdita ahiMsA - DaoN. jayakumAra jaina, mujaphpharanagara 153 70. bhaTTAraka-paramparA kA avadAna - DaoN. surezacandra jaina, naI dillI 71. jaina-saMskRti evaM sAhitya ke vikAsa meM dakSiNa bhArata kA yogadAna - ramAkAnta jaina, lakhanaU 157 72. jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke vikAsa meM dakSiNa bhAratIya jaina manISiyoM kA yogadAna - DaoN. zrImatI sUrajamukhI jaina, mujaphpharanagara 160 141 142 144 155 -VIL

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164 73. dakSiNa bhArata ke jainAcAryoM kA Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM yogadAna - DaoN. harizcandra jaina, jAmanagara 163 74. dakSiNa bhArata ke jainAcAryoM kA jaina-nyAya ke vikAsa meM yogadAna - paM. zAnti pATila, jayapura 75. tamila jaina-sAhitya ko zramaNoM kI dena - paM. siMhacandra jaina zAstrI, cenaI 167 76. jaina-saMskRti kA mukuTamaNi karNATaka evaM usakI yazasvinI kucha zrAvikAeM - pro. DaoN. zrImatI vidyAvatI jaina, noyaDA 168 77. svatantratA saMgrAma meM dakSiNa bhAratIya jaina mahilAoM aura puruSoM kA yogadAna - DaoN. jyoti jaina, khataulI 170 78. AzcaryakArI grantha-siri-bhUvalaya - DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina 'manuja', indaura . 173 79. jaina gaNita kA vaiziSTya - DaoN. anupama jaina, indaura 176 80. Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM jaina manISiyoM kA yogadAna - AcArya rAjakumAra jaina, iTArasI .178 81. jaina jyotiSa-paramparA kA vaiziSTaya - DaoN. jayakumAra ena. upAdhye, naI dillI 182 82. Sadravya aura unakI arthakriyAkAritva - DaoN. dAmodara zAstrI, naI dillI 185 83. jainadarzana meM Sadravya aura unakA arthakriyAkAritva __ - DaoN. dharmacandra jaina, jodhapura 187 84. jaina tattvamImAMsA kA vaiziSTya - suzrI DaoN. rAjakumArI jaina, ajamera 188 85. jainadharma ke mUlatattva aura vyAvahArika vedAnta - svAmI brahmezAnandajI, caNDIgar3ha 86. jaina samudAya bhArata aura videzoM meM : eka janasaMkhyAtmaka adhyayana - DaoN. prakAzacandra jaina, dillI 87. jaina patrakAritA : dazA aura dizA - akhila baMsala, jayapura 88. jaina pustakAlayoM ke vikAsa ke upAya evaM dizA-nirdeza - DaoN. saMjIva sarrApha, vArANasI 200 89. Jaina Kings in India - Prof Satya Ranjan Banerjee 194 195 197 203 -VIL

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jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara kI avadhAraNA aura tIrthaGkara-paramparA - DaoN. devakumAra jaina, rAyapura jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara hote haiM para Izvara nhiiN| vaha saMsAra sAgara ko svayaM pAra karane tathA dUsaroM ko pAra karAne vAle mahApuruSa, dharma tIrtha ke pravartaka, paJcakalyANakoM se pUjita pratyeka kalpa (caturthakAla) meM 24 hote haiN| isa prakAra trikAla kI apekSA anantAnanta tIrthaGkara bhUtakAla meM ho cuke haiM evaM bhaviSya meM bhI hote rheNge| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra hamAre isa dRzyamAna jagat meM kAla kA cakra sadA ghUmA karatA hai| yadyapi kAlacakra kA pravAha anAdi aura ananta hai, tathApi jaina-paramparA meM usa kAlacakra ke cha: vibhAga haiM- suSamA-suSamA, suSamA, suSamA-duSamA, duSamA-suSamA, duSamA aura dussmaa-dussmaa| sukha se duHkha kI ora jAne ko avasarpiNI kAla aura duHkha se sukha kI ora jAne ko utsarpiNI kAla kahate haiN| donoM kAloM kI avadhi karor3oM varSoM se bhI adhika hai| pratyeka avasarpiNI aura u tsarpiNI kAla ke duHkha-sukha rUpa bhAga meM caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM kA janma hotA hai,jo jina avasthA ko prApta kara jainadharma kA upadeza dete haiN| isa samaya hama avasarpiNI kAla ke pAMcaveM vibhAga se gujara rahe haiN| cU~ki cauM vibhAga kA anta ho cukA hai isalie isa kAla meM aba koI tIrthaGkara nahIM hogaa| isa yuga ke caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM se bhagavAn RSabhadeva prathama aura bhagavAn mahAvIra antima tIrthaGkara haiN| tIsare kAla vibhAga meM jaba tIna varSa ATha mAha gyAraha dina zeSa rahe taba prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kA nirvANa huA aura cauthe kAla vibhAga meM jaba utanA hI kAla zeSa rahA taba antima tIrthaGkara mahAvIra kA nirvANa huaa| donoM kA antarAla eka koTA koTi sAgara (eka karor3a guNita eka karor3a) jaina purANoM ke anusAra kala kI sabase bar3I ikAI thaa| tIrthaGkaroM kI janmabhUmi - saiddhAntika niyamAnusAra bharatakSetra ke samasta tIrthaGkara ayodhyA meM hI janma lete haiM isalie use zAzvata tIrtha kahA jAtA hai; kintu huNDAvasarpiNI kAla doSa ke nimitta se isa yuga ke caubIsoM tIrthaGkara alaga-alaga sthAnoM meM janmeM haiN| ata: 24 tIrthaGkaroM kI kula 16 janmabhUmiyA~ haiN| tIrthaGkaroM kA janma nAma karma kI puNya prakRti se hotA hai aura isakA baMdha solaha kAraNa bhAvanA bhAne se hotA hai|aise pariNAma kevala manuSya bhava meM hI aura yahAM bhI kisI tIrthaGkara athavA kevalI ke pAda mUla meM hI honA sambhava hai| - jainadharma meM tIrthaGkara kI avadhAraNA - vItarAga, sarvajJa aura hitaGkara ke rUpa meM sarvamAnya haiN| vItarAgatA kI avasthA meM rAga, dveSa aura moha kA pUrNata: abhAva ho jAtA hai| rAgAdi vikalpoM se rahita hokara vaha samyak dRSTi bhavya jIva AtmA meM ramaNa karane lagatA hai tathA zukla dhyAna, zuddhopayoga, upekSA, saMyama tathA nizcaya cAritra ke mAdhyama se antarrAtmA kA pratyakSa anubhava karatA hai| usakI cetanA kevalajJAna rUpa zuddha cetanA ho jAtI hai| - -

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usakI AtmA ke sampUrNa vikAroM aura ghAtiyA karmoM kA nAza ho jAtA hai aura kevalajJAna Adi ananta catuSTya pragaTa ho jAte haiM tathA vaha sazarIra paramAtmA va sarvajJa ho jAte haiN| ___ tIrthaGkaroM ke garbha meM Ate hI unakI mAtAoM ko solaha svapna Ate haiM jisase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki garbha meM tIrthaGkara kA hI jIva vikasita ho rahA hai| unake indroM evaM deva-deviyoM evaM manuSyoM dvArA paJcakalyANaka manAye jAte haiN| jaina-paramparA meM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn ke 34 atizaya evaM 1008 lakSaNa suprasiddha haiN| ye sabhI tIrthaGkara kSatriya kula meM hI janma lete haiN| samavasaraNa kI racanA- saudharma indra kI AjJA se kubera ke dvArA tIrthaGkaroM ke yogya samavasaraNa kI racanA kI jAtI hai jahA~ para sabhI bhavya jIva strI-puruSa, pazu-pakSI aura devI-devatA tIrthaGkaroM kA upadeza sunane ke lie divya dhvani khirane kI pratIkSA karate haiN| samavasaraNa ke madhya gandhakuTI meM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn virAjamAna rahate haiM, aura bhavya jIvoM ko hitakArI upadeza dete haiN| divyadhvani- AcArya kundakunda svAmI ke daMsaNa-pAhuDa grantha ke anusAra tIrthaGkara kevalI ke binA kisI ceSTA ke meghagarjanA ke samAna anakSarAtmaka OM dhvani khiratI hai jo zrotAoM ke karNa meM praveza karate hI bhASA rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| isameM mAgadha devoM ke sannidhAna ke sAtha hI tIrthaGkaroM kA atizaya bhI rahatA hI hai| tIrthaGkaroM kI dhvani aisI svAbhAvika zakti hotI hai jisase vaha aTThAraha mahAbhASAoM aura sAta sau laghubhASAoM meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| gaNadharoM kI upasthiti ke binA tIrthaGkaroM kI divya-dhvani nahIM khirtii| isI dharmacakrapravartana ko tIrtha pravartana kahate haiM aura unake pravartaka mahApuruSoM ko tIrthaGkara kahate hai| jaina-paramparA meM vartamAna kAla ke 24 tIrthaGkaroM meM se vAsupUjya, mallinAtha, ariSTanemi, pArzvanAtha evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra avivAhita evaM bAla brahmacArI the, jinheM paJcabAlayati ke rUpa meM gaurava prApta hai| isake sAtha hI jambUdvIpa kA cauthA kSetra jo sumeru parvata dvArA pUrva aura pazcima do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, ke 5 meru sambandhI 5 videhakSetroM meM bIsa tIrthaGkara sadA vidyamAna rahate haiN| 24 tIrthaGkaroM ke 24 zAsanadeva va deviyoM kA varNana bhI jaina-paramparA meM vidyamAna hai| ye zAsanadeva tIrthaGkaroM ke samavasaraNa meM sadA rahate haiM tathA samyak dRSTi hote haiN| jainadharmAnusAra tIrthaGkaroM kI yaha mahattvapUrNa paramparA sadaiva calatI rahegI jisase bhavya jIvoM kA kalyANa hotA rhegaa|

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karma-siddhAnta meM tIrthaGkara prakRti kI mahattA - paM. AnandaprakAza jaina zAstrI, kolakAtA ___ jainadharma meM jJAnAvaraNAdi nAmakarma kI puNya prakRtiyoM meM sabase adhika puNya aura pavitra yadi koI prakRti hai to vaha hai tIrthaGkara prkRti| tIrthaGkara prakRti kI sattA vAle jIva ke janma kI sUcanA chaha mAha pUrva ratnoM kI varSA se ho jAtI hai| yaha saba pUrvabhava meM kiye gaye puNyakarma tathA cAritra kA phala hai| cAritra kI apAra mahimA hai jisake dvArA yaha jIva unnati ke zikhara para car3hatA hai| tIrthakara prakRti kI lokottaratA : jo AtmA ratnatraya se samalaMkRta hai vaha loka kI zreSTha vibhUtiyoM kA adhipati hotA huA tIrthaGkara paramadeva kA lokottara pada prApta karatA hai tathA sva-para kA saccA uddhAraka banatA hai| akalaGkasvAmI rAjavArtika (a. 6, sUtra 24) meM likhate hai- "idaM tIrthaMkara nAmakarma-anaMtAnupamaprabhAvamaciMtyavibhUtivizeSakAraNaM trailokyavijayakaraM" arthAt yaha tIrthaGkara nAmakarma ananta aura anupama prabhAva kA kAraNa hote hue acintya vibhUti vizeSa kA kAraNa hai| yaha triloka ko vijaya karane vAlA karma hai| isa tIrthaGkara prakRti kI lokottaratA isase hI spaSTa hotI hai ki bIsa kor3Akor3I sAgara pramANa eka utsarpiNI avasarpiNI rUpa kalpakAla meM kevala do caubIsI pramANa hI tIrthaGkara isa bharatakSetra meM hote haiN| isa tIrthaGkara prakRti kA udayakAla kevalajJAna hone para AtA hai; kintu usake pUrva hI garbha, janma tathA tapa kalyANakoM ke rUpa meM bhI tribhuvana ke mahAn prANI bhI usa karma kI mahattA se prabhAvita tathA upakRta hote hai| tIrthaGkara prakRti bandhaka jIva : jisa tIrthaGkara prakRti ke udaya se deva asura tathA mAnavAdi dvArA vandanIya tIrthaGkara kI padavI prApta hotI hai usa karma kA bandha tInoM prakAra ke samyaktvI karate haiN| ___ isakA niSThApana tiryazca ko chor3akara zeSa gatiyoM meM hotA hai| isakA utkRSTapane se antarmuhUrta adhika ATha varSa nyUna do koTipUrva adhika tetIsa sAgara pramANa kAla paryanta baMdha hotA hai| kevalI zrutakevalI kA sAnidhya Avazyaka kahA hai, kyoMki "tadanyatratAdRgvizuddhivizeSA saMbhavAt" unake sAnidhya ke sivAya vaisI vizuddhatA kA anyatra abhAva hai| naraka kI prathama pRthvI meM tIrthaGkara prakRti kA bandha paryApta tathA aparyApta avasthA meM hotA hai| dUsarI tathA tIsarI pRthvI meM isa prakRti kA bandha aparyApta kAla meM nahIM hotA hai| kahA bhI hai- dhamme tityaM baMdhati vasAmeghATaNapuNNago cev| - go.karma. 106 gommaTasAra meM likhA hai ki tIrthaGkara prakRti kA utkRSTa sthitibaMdha avirati samyakatvI ke hotA hai| "titthayaraM ca maNusso avirada sammo samajjei" isakI saMskRta TIkA meM likhA hai / "tIrthaGkara-utkRSTa-sthitikaM narakagati-gamanAbhimukhaM-manuSyAsaMyata samyagdRSTireva vadhnAti' (pR. 134) utkRSTa sthiti sahita tIrthaGkara prakRti ko narakagati jAne ke unmukha asaMyata samyaktvI manuSya bAMdhatA hai, kAraNa

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usake tIvra saMkleza bhAva rahatA hai| utkRSTa sthitibaMdha ke lie tIvra saMkleza yukta pariNAma Avazyaka hai| narakagati meM gamana ke unmukha jIva ke tIvra saMkleza ke kAraNa tIrthaGkara rUpa zubha prakRti kA alpa anubhAga baMdha hogA, kyoMki- suhaMpayaDINa visohI tivvo asuhANa sNkilesenn|| (163/karma.) arthAt zubha prakRtiyoM kA tIvra anubhAga baMdha vizuddha bhAvoM se hotA haiM tathA azubha prakRtiyoM kA tIvra anubhAga baMdha saMkleza se hotA hai| apUrvakaraNa guNasthAna ke chaTTe bhAga taka zuddhopayogI tathA zukladhyAnI munirAja ke isa tIrthaGkara rUpa puNya prakRti kA baMdha hotA hai| vahAM isakA utkRSTa anubhAga baMdha pdd'egaa| jabaki sthiti baMdha kA rUpa viparIta hogA arthAt nyUna hogaa| nimitta kAraNa : tIrthaGkara prakRti kA baMdha karane vAlA parama zubha bhAvanA karatA huA jagat ke uddhAra ke viSaya meM cintanazIla banatA hai| vaha vicAratA hai- "zreyomArgAnabhijJAna jAjvaladaduHkha-dAva-skaMdhe ca krampamANAna varAkAna uddhareyaM" arthAt mokSamArga se aparicita duHkharUpa dAvAnala meM dagdha hone ke bhaya se idhara-udhara bhramaNa karane vAle ina dIna jIvoM kA maiM uddhAra kruuN| yaha bhAvanA apAya vicaya dharmadhyAna sadRza lagatI hai| isa parama kAruNika cittavRtti kI prabala rUpa se jAgRti tIrthaGkara paramadeva ke darzana dvArA unake samakSa meM hotI hai| vahAM vizva ke uddhAra kI bhAvanA ko vizeSa bala prApta hotA hai| kAraNa bhAvanA karane vAlA vyakti bhAvanA ke mUlasrota sAdhana ko samIpa lAtA hai| usase prabala preraNA tathA protsAhana prApta hotA hai| tattvArthazlokavArtika meM kahA hai-- dvagvizadhyAdayo nAmnastIrthakRtvasya hetvH| samastA vyastarUpA vA dRgvizudhyA smnvitaaH|| 17/pR. 456 / / darzana vizuddhi Adi tIrthaGkara nAmakarma ke kAraNa haiM cAhe ve sabhI kAraNa hoM yA pRthak-pRthak ho; kintu unako darzana vizuddhi samanvita honA caahie| ve isake Age kahate hai- "sarvAtizAyi tatpuNyaM trailokyaadhitiptvkRt"||18| vaha puNya tIna loka kA adhipati banAtA hai| vaha puNya sarvazreSTha hai| darzanavizuddhi Adi solaha bhAvanAeM pRthak rUpa meM tathA samudAya rUpa meM tIrthaGkara pada kI prApti meM kAraNa haiM, aisA bhI aneka sthaloM meM ullekha AtA hai| Agama meM kahA hai ki tInoM samyaktvoM meM tIrthaGkara prakRti kA baMdha ho sakatA hai, ata: yaha mAnanA ucita hai ki samyaktva rUpa Atmanidhi ke svAmI hote hue bhI lokoddhAriNI zubharAga rUpa vizuddha bhAvanA kA sadbhAva Avazyaka hai| usake binA kSAyika samyaktvI bhI tIrthaGkara prakRti kA baMdha nahIM kara skegaa| tIrthaGkara prakRti ke sadbhAva kA prabhAva : tIrthaGkara prakRti kA udaya kevalI avasthA meM hotA hai "titthaM kevaliNi" yaha Agama kA vAkya hai| yaha niyama hote hue bhI tIrthaGkara bhagavAn ke garbha, janma tathA tapakalyANaka rUpa kalyANakatraya tIrthaGkara prakRti ke sadbhAva mAtra se hote haiN| honahAra tIrthaGkara ke garbhakalyANaka ke chaha mAha pUrva hI vizeSa prabhAva dRSTigocara hone lagatA hai| bharata tathA airAvata kSetra meM paJcakalyANaka vAle hI tIrthaGkara hote haiN| ve devagati se Ate hai yA naraka se bhI cayakara manuSyapadavI prApta karate haiN| tiryaJca paryAya se Akara tIrthaGkara

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rUpa se janma nahIM hotA hai| tiryazcoM meM tIrthaGkara prakRti ke sattva kA niSedha hai| "tiriyeNa titthasattaM' yaha vAkya gommaTasAra karmakANDa (gA. 345) meM AyA hai| tIrthakkara ke guNa : bhagavAn ke ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha tathA ananta vIrya rUpa ananta catuSTaya pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra dasa janmAtizaya, dasa kevalajJAna ke atizaya, caturdaza devakRta atizaya, aSTaprAtihArya tathA ananta catuSTaya milakara tIrthaGkara arahaMta ke chiyAlIsa guNa mAne gaye haiN| cAra ghAtiyA karma ke naSTa hone para bhagavAn yathArtha meM nirdoSa arahata padavI ke adhikArI banate haiN| - - -

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paJcakalyANaka : samyak jIvana zailI kA digdarzaka - bra. jayakumAra 'nizAnta', TIkamagar3ha paJcakalyANaka mahotsava tIrthaGkara prabhu ke jIvana kA jIvanta prastutIkaraNa hai| tIrthaGkara kAla ke dravya, kSetra evaM bhAva ko darzAne ke lie sambandhita pAtroM dvArA maJcana ke mAdhyama se jahAM bahumAna evaM jIvana zailI ke citraNa kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai, vahIM mantra anuSThAna, bhaktiyoM evaM zAstrokta kriyA-vidhi dvArA pASANa ko bhagavAn banAne vAle vijJAna kI prakriyA sampAdita kI jAtI hai| isa anuSThAna kriyA-vidhi meM pASANa evaM dhAtu bimboM meM zraddhA, samarpaNa evaM tapaHzakti dvArA arhat guNoM kA guNAropaNa kiyA jAtA hai| mahApuruSoM kI jina ghaTanAoM dvArA jIvamAtra kA kalyANapatha prazasta hotA hai use kalyANaka kahate haiN| kalyANaka garbha, janma, tapa, jJAna evaM nirvANa pA~ca hote haiM, yaha tIrthaGkara bhagavAn ke jIvana meM antima bAra ghaTita hote haiN| isa prakAra garbha se nirvANa taka kI maGgala yAtrA paJcakalyANaka kahalAtI hai| jo bhavya samyak-darzana ke sAtha kevalI yA zrutakevalI ke pAdamUla meM apAyavicaya dharmadhyAna kI bhUmikA meM, tInoM lokoM ke samasta jIvoM ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA ke sAtha darzanavizuddhi Adi solahakAraNa bhAvanA bhAte haiM, vaha tIrthaGkara prakRti kA baMdha karate haiN| tIrthaGkara tInoM lokoM ke prANiyoM meM sabase adhika puNyazAlI, zaktizAlI, vaibhavazAlI tathA svayambhU dharmAdhipati evaM mokSamAgamI hote haiN| paJcakalyANaka anaSThAna evaM tIrthaGkara ke jIvana kI samasta kriyAyeM kisI na kisI rUpa meM zrAvaka kI jIvana-zailI ko parimArjita evaM pavitra karatI haiN| sarvaprathama jisa nagara meM tIrthaGkara kA garbha janmakalyANaka hotA hai, use ratnavaSTi dvArA zrIsampanna kiyA jAtA hai| tIrthaGkara kI AtmA ko dhAraNa karane vAlI mAtA kI zArIrika zakti, viddhi evaM pavitratA ke sAtha vacanabala, vAk cAturya, mAnasika zakti, zraddhA, AsthA evaM Antarika Ananda utsAha se ota-prota ho jagat jananI ke gaurava se mahimAmaNDita hotI hai| tIrthaGkara mAtA kI sevA meM aSTakumAriyAM, chappanakumAriyAM sadaiva tatpara rahakara mana, vacana evaM kAma kA zodhana aneka vidhiyoM se karake isa yogya banAtI hai ki vaha tIrthaGkara AtmA ko apanI kokha meM dhAraNa karane kA saubhAgya prApta kara ske| ___ isI prakAra jisa pASANa khaNDa se pratimA kA nirmANa kiyA jAnA hai, usakA zodhana vibhinna kvAthoM se karate haiN| bimba (mUrti) nirmANa karane vAlA zilpI Agamokta caryA, saMyama, zraddhA, samarpaNa, brahmacarya pAlana evaM niloMbhatA se hI atizayakArI bimba kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai. jo indra-indrANI mantra anaSThAna kI kriyA-vidhi meM saMlagna hote hai unakA bAhya evaM Antarika saralIkaraNa karake zaddhi kI jAtI hai| rAtri bhojana tyAga, ekAzana, brahmacarya pAlana, zrAvakocita caryA kA pAlana karake AcaraNa zuddhi karate haiN| tabhI kalyANaka sArthaka hote haiN| _isa prakAra garbha se nirvANa taka ke ina paJcakalyANakoM kI Antarika yAtrA guNasthAna ArohaNa pratimA meM mantra UrjA kA AropaNa, prANa-pratiSThA, sUrimantra se atizaya AropaNa atyanta sUkSma prakriyA darzAne vAlA atyanta maMgalamaya dhArmika anuSThAna hai, jisase eka pASANa bhagavat sattA pAkara pUjanIya bana jAtA hai| usI prakAra zrAvaka saMyama sAdhanA, tapa evaM tyAga ke sAtha guNasthAna ArohaNa karake munidharma kA pAlana kara karmakSaya karake arhanta avasthApUrvaka nirvANa kI prApti kara sakatA hai|

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paJcakalyANaka pratiSThAoM kA svarUpa aura upayogitA : vartamAna pariprekSya meM - paM. vinodakumAra jaina pratiSThAcArya, rajavAMsa paJcakalyANaka pratiSThA mUrti meM mUrtimAna kI sthApanA pradAna karane kA vijJAna hai| jaina zAsana meM mUrti ke Alambana se mUrtimAna kI pUjA kA vidhAna milatA hai| vItarAga pratimA kI upAsanA karake upAsaka nijAtmA ko vItarAgatA ke patha para le jAne meM sakSama hotA hai| mUrtiyoM meM vItarAgatA ke saMskAra, jinendra bhagavAn ke saMskAra evaM unake guNoM ko Aropita kara saMskArita kiyA jAtA hai| jisa vidhi se pASANa/dhAtu evaM pratimA ko saMskArita kara bhagavAn kA rUpa diyA jAtA hai, vaha vidhi paJcakalyANaka pratiSThA kahalAtI hai| paJcakalyANaka kI AvazyakatA : gRhasthoM ko dAna aura pUjA mukhya Avazyaka kahe haiN| pUjA ke lie pratimA evaM jina mandira kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| gRhasthI meM pApakArya se utpanna hone vAle pApa kI samApti ke lie gRhastha ko mandira evaM mUrti kA nirmANa karavAnA cAhie, jisase use kalpaparyanta yajJa karavAne kA puNya prApta hotA hai evaM gRhastha ko apane nyAyopArjita dhana kI sArthakatA ke lie paJcakalyANaka pratiSThA meM usakA upayoga karanA caahie| jinabimba pratiSThA kA uddezya dhana ke sadupayoga ke sAtha dharma kI sthiti evaM vRddhi bhI hai| vartamAna meM nagarIya AvAsa vyavasthA kI anukUlatA ke lie bhI mandiroM evaM pratimAoM kI pratiSThA Avazyaka ho gayI hai| paJcakalyANaka ke mukhya AdhAra bindu : paJcakalyANaka pratiSThAvidhi meM hama tIrthaGkara ke jIva kI atha se iti arthAt garbha se mokSa taka kI yAtrA ke pA~ca una viziSTa prasaMgoM ko prastuta karate haiM jo unake jIvana kI pramukha ghaTanAeM va prabhAvotpAdaka mor3a haiN| ye rAga se virAga kI ora le jAte haiN| tIrthaGkaroM ke garbha, janma, tapa, jJAna aura mokSa ye pA~ca prasaMga kalyANaka ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM. kyoMki ina pA~ca prasaMgoM kI tIrthaDara ke jIvana meM aba punarAvRtti nahIM hogii| arthAt garbha ke bAda garbha, janma ke bAda janma, dIkSA ke bAda dIkSA, jJAna ke bAda isarA jJAna evaM mokSa ke bAda puna: mokSa nahIM hogaa| punaH saMsAra bhI nahIM hogaa| ina pA~ca prasaMgoM ke bAda unakA kalyANa ho jAtA hai evaM ina prasaMgoM ko dekhane evaM karavAne vAloM kA bhI kalyANa ho jAtA hai| paJcakalyANaka kI kriyAoM kI dizA evaM samaya : AcAryoM ne paJcakalyANaka pratiSThA ko nirdoSa banAne ke lie usakI pratyeka kriyA kI dizA evaM samaya kA nirdhAraNa kiyA hai| jaise- maNDapa kA mukhya dvAra uttara yA pUrva meM, mukhya vedI aura uttara vedI pUrva yA uttara dizA meM hI niyamAnusAra honA caahie| mukhya bedI ke sAmane dhvaja sthApana, vedI ke uttara meM havanakuNDa, pANDuka zilA, vedI ke pIche AcArya aura indra kI sthiti samIpa meMsnAna evaM sAmAyika kA sthAna, vedI ke Age pUrva dizA meM dIkSAvana, samavazaraNa evaM tANDava nRtya kA sthAna, vedI ke dakSiNa meM rAjagRha evaM AhAragRha evaM mArga ke samIpa dAnazAlA banAne kA nirdeza hai| garbhAvasthA kA kAla nava mahInA, nava dina yA, nava prahara honA caahie| garbhakalyANaka kI kriyA arddha rAtri

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meM, janmakalyANaka prAtaHkAla dIkSAkalyANaka aura jJAnakalyANaka dopahara meM evaM mokSakalyANaka sUryodaya ke samaya karanA caahie| garbhakalyANaka kI kriyA ko chor3akara paJcakalyANaka kI sabhI kriyAyeM dina meM hI sampanna karanA caahie| paJcakalyANaka pratiSThA meM yantra aura bhaktiyoM ke prabhAva se hI tIrthaGkara ke pUrNa jIvanavRtta ko pA~ca dina meM pUrNa kara liyA jAtA hai| pratiSThA kAryoM meM muhUrta kI siddhi ke lie tithi, vAra, nakSatra, yoga aura karaNa kI zuddhi kara lenA caahie| isameM lagna zuddhi atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| jinamandira, jinabimba, paJcakalyANaka kA maNDapa, havanakuNDa, dhvaja, dhvajadaNDa, pANDukazilA kalaza, dIpaka Adi sabhI vAstu zAstrAnusAra honA caahie| pratiSThA mahotsava kA samAja ke dharma vimukha logoM para bhI prabhAva par3atA hai- artha, kAma, bhAva aura bhava sabhI dharmamaya ho jAtA hai, ye mahotsava manoraMjana ke pratIka nahIM apitu jana-mana ke preraNAsrota evaM dharmanIti ke poSaka hote haiN| aise samaya meM aneka loga vrataniyama dhAraNa kara lete haiN| paJcakalyANaka pratiSThA mahotsava anAdikAla se hote Aye haiN| mUrti nirmANa aura usakI pratiSThA ke AdhAra ko chor3akara aura koI dUsarA AdhAra aisA nahIM hai jisake dvArA dharma kI paramparA cala ske| paM. AzAdhara jI ne isa paJcamakAla ke lie spaSTa likhA hai ki isa paJcamakAla meM dharma kI paramparA dharma ke AdhAra para hI clegii| aisA vartamAna meM dekhA bhI jA rahA hai| ata: saba jagaha caityAlaya pAye jAte haiN| pUrva meM pratiSThAeM, saMskRta pUjA paddhati se sampanna hotI thI, parantu vartamAna meM vaijJAnika sAdhanoM evaM AdhunikatA ke kAraNa pratiSThA kArya hindI padya evaM saMgItamaya zailI meM karAyI jAne lagI haiN| saMgIta kI adhikatA ke kAraNa bhakti, ArAdhanA, mantra, jApa evaM pratiSThA kI mUla kriyAeM chUTa yA daba jAtI haiN| Aja paJcakalyANaka suvidhAnusAra jaisA samAja cAhatI hai vaisA pratiSThAcArya karavAne ko taiyAra rahatA hai| dhArmika anuSThAna kA maMca rAjanaitika maMca bana jAtA hai| pAtroM kA cayana yogya-ayogya ke AdhAra para nahIM, varan dhana ke AdhAra se hone lagA hai jisase pratiSThA nidoSa nahIM pAtI hai| pratiSThAkArya guru zukra ke asta evaM dakSiNAyana meM karanA prArambha ho gayA evaM kAryakrama ko rocaka banAne ke lie Agama kA AdhAra chor3akara manamAnI kriyAeM jor3ate jA rahe haiM, jo cintA kA viSaya hai| Aja vyakti bAhya pradarzana ke lie pratiSThA kAryoM meM bhAga letA hai use kaiseTa banavAne, phoTo khicavAne evaM hAthI kI savArI meM jyAdA ruci rahatI hai| mukhya pAtroM kI bhUmikA nibhAne vAle bhI pratiSThA ke svarUpa, vijJAna ko nahIM samajha pAte haiN| paJcakalyANaka kI bahulatA ke kAraNa pratiSThA mahotsavoM kI prabhAvanA se logoM kI zraddhA kama hotI jA rahI hai| nagaroM kI AvAsa-vyavasthA ke kAraNa mandiroM ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA bar3ha rahI hai jo ucita hai; kintu pratimAoM kI pratiSThA ke anupAta meM pujAriyoM kA nirmANa nahIM ho pA rahA hai phira bhI mandiroM meM bhIr3a dekhakara dharma ke utthAna evaM vikAsa kA AbhAsa hone lagA hai| paJcakalyANaka ke svarUpa meM Ane vAlI vikRtiyoM meM sudhAra kI sambhAvanAoM se hameM nirantara mahotsavoM ko Agama kA AdhAra dekara unake uddezya evaM upayogitA ko samajhanA caahie|

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tIrthaGkaroM ke paJca-kalyANakoM kA vaiziSTya-eka vizleSaNa - DaoN. anila kumAra jaina, ahamadAbAda bharata kSetra ke AryakhaNDa meM utsarpiNI aura avasarpiNI ke krama meM kAlacakra nirantara calatA rahatA hai| pratyeka utsarpiNI tathA avasarpiNI-kAla ko chaha bhAgoM (AroM) meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka cauthe bhAga (kAla) meM 63 zalAkA (viziSTa) puruSa janma lete haiM, inameM 24 tIrthaGkara bhI sammilita haiN| saMsAra se pAra hone ke kAraNa ko tIrtha kahate haiM aura jo dharma tIrtha kA pravartana karate haiM ve tIrthaGkara kahalAte haiN| pratyeka tIrthaGkara viziSTa puNyazAlI hote haiN| inake jIvana meM pA~ca pramukha ghaTanAyeM ghaTita hotI haiM jinheM paJca-kalyANaka kahate haiN| ina ghaTanAoM ko dekhakara bhavya jIva saMsAra se pAra ho jAte haiN| ye pA~ca kalyANaka haiM - (1) garbha kalyANaka, (2) janma kalyANaka, (3) tapa-kalyANaka, (4) jJAna-kalyANaka aura (5) mokss-klyaannk| tIrthaGkara bhagavAn ke garbha meM Ane se chaha mAha pUrva se lekara unake janma hone taka nirantara ratnoM kI varSA hotI rahatI hai| yaha tIrthaGkara ke prabala puNya kA hI pratApa hai ki unake Agamana ke sAtha hI unake janmasthAna ke samasta logoM kA duHkha-dAridra dUra ho jAtA hai| garbha meM Ane se parva mAtA ko solaha zabha svapna dikhate haiM jo ki tIrthaGkara ke garbha meM Ane kI sUcanA dete haiN| janma ke samaya indra kA Asana kampAyamAna hotA hai| vaha sabhI devI-devatAoM ke sAtha bhagavAn kA janmotsava manAne ke lie unake janmasthAna para AtA hai| vaha samArohapUrvaka bAlaka-tIrthaGkara ko meru parvata para sthita pANDuka zilA para le jAtA hai tathA phira bhagavAn ke janmAbhiSeka kA kArya sampanna karatA hai| tIrthaGkara ke janma ke sAtha hI dasa atizaya prakaTa hote haiM, ve haiM- atyanta sundara zarIra, ati sagandhamaya zarIra, paseva rahita zarIra, mala-mUtra na honA, hita-mita vacana bolanA, atulya bala, dUdha ke samAna sapheda khUna, zarIra ke 1008 zubha lakSaNa, samacaturasra saMsthAna (suDaula zarIra), vajra-vRSabha nArAca saMhanana (hAr3a, veSTana aura kIloM kA vajramaya honaa)| pratyeka tIrthaGkara kSatriya rAjA yA rAjakumAra hote haiN| inameM se kucha samaya rAjya karane ke pazcAt kisI eka dina kisI nimitta ko dekhakara ve saMsAra kI asAratA kA cintavana karane lagate haiM aura saMsAra se virakta ho jAte haiN| ve jaMgala meM jAte haiM aura jainezvarI dIkSA lekara tapasyA Adi caryA meM nimagna ho jAte haiN| jaba ve tapa dvArA cAra ghAtiyA karmoM ko naSTa kara dete haiM taba unheM kevalajJAna kI prApti hotI hai| kevalajJAna kI prApti ke sAtha hI tIrthaGkara ke janma ke dasa atizayoM sahita kula 34 atizaya pragaTa ho jAte haiM jinameM 14 atizaya devakRta hote haiN| ina cautIsa atizayoM ke sAtha hI ananta catuSTya- anantadarzana, anantajJAna, anantavIrya aura anantasukha tathA ATha prAtihArya (azoka vRkSa, chavidAra siMhAsana, sira para tIna chatra, bhAmaNDala, divya dhvani, puSpa vRSTi, ca~vara DolanA tathA dundubhi bAjoM kA bajanA) bhI pragaTa hojAte haiN| sAtha hI tIrthaGkara 18 doSoM se rahita bhI hote haiM, ye doSa haiM - janma, jarA, tRSNA, kSudhA, vismaya, Arata, kheda, roga, zoka, mada, moha, bhaya, nidrA, cintA aura sveda aadi| jaba tIrthaGkara ko kevalajJAna kI prApti hotI hai, tabhI indra kA siMhAsana kampAyamAna hotA hai| saudharmendra kI AjJA se kubera samavasaraNa kI racanA karatA hai| samavasaraNa bahuta hI bhavya evaM vizAla hotA hai|

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isameM bAraha kakSa hote haiN| alaga-alaga kakSa meM alaga-alaga varga ke jIva baiThate haiM tathA bhagavAn kA dharmopadeza sunate haiN| ye varga isa prakAra se haiM- gaNadhara aura muni, kalpavAsI deviyA~, AryikAyeM aura zrAvikAyeM, jyotiSI deviyA~, vyantara deviyA~, bhavanavAsI deviyA~, bhavanavAsI deva, vyantara deva, jyotiSI deva, kalpavAsI deva, manuSya, tirynyc| gaNadhara kI upasthiti meM tIrthaGkara kI dhvani khiratI hai jo ki oMkAra rUpa hotI hai| tIrthakara bhagavAn ghora tapasyA dvArA cAra aghAtiyA karmoM ko bhI naSTa kara dete haiM aura mokSa prApta karate haiN| indra va devatA bhagavAn kA mokSa kalyANaka manAne ke lie ekatrita hote haiN| bhagavAn kA pArthiva zarIra kamphUra kI taraha ur3a jAtA hai| taba indra bhagavAn ke kRtrima pArthiva zarIra kI racanA karatA hai aura phira usakA agni-saMskAra kiyA jAtA hai| tIrthaGkaroM ke jo pA~ca kalyANaka hote haiM tathA jo atizaya hote haiM, yaha saba unake prabala puNya kA pratApa hI hai| aise tIrthaGkara svayaM to mokSarUpI lakSmI ko prApta karate hI haiM, apane divya upadezoM se bhavya prANiyoM ko bhI saMsAra se pAra lagAne meM sahAyaka hote haiN| -10

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caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke kevalajJAna prApti vAle vRkSa aura unakA vaiziSTya - DaoN. rAkeza kumAra goyala, bodhagayA sArAMzikA- saMkalita prastuta lekha meM anAdikAla se yA vaidika yuga (5000 bI.sI.) se hI vartamAna 24 tIrthaGkaroM ke kevalI vRkSa evaM cihnoM se patA calatA hai ki bhAratabhUmi kI prAkRtika sampadA sthAnika (hAsma) hai, jo prANI jagat ke svAsthya evaM Arthika dRSTi se bhagavAn RSabhadeva evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla se vartamAna evaM bhaviSya taka lAbha hotA rhegaa| hamArI saMskRti prakRti (jIva-nirjIva) kA mAna karatI hai| isalie hamAre deza meM pArasanAtha, giranAra, nandA devI, vaiSNo devI jaise manorama parvatIya kSetra gaMgA, yamunA, narmadA, RjubalA, kRSNA Adi anya nadiyoM tathA vanya vRkSoM jaise vaTa, pIpala, zAla, campA, kadamba, candana Adi paudhoM ke sAtha-sAtha sabhI jIva-jantuoM evaM pazu-pakSiyoM ko pavitra evaM pUjya mAnA jAtA hai| RSiyoM kI tapobhUmi evaM mandiroM ke nikaTa ke vana evaM pazu-pakSI bhI AzramoM kI bhA~ti surakSita baca ske| prakRti ke prati mAna-sammAna evaM AsthAoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka parvatoM, nadiyoM, vana vRkSoM tathA vanya-prANiyoM, jAnavaroM ko AsthA aura vizvAsa ne bacAyA hai| adRzya rUpa se svastha mAnava kalyANa kI bhAvanAoM ko darzAtA hai| jina vanoM meM RSi-muniyoM ke Azrama hote the athavA Aja jahA~ bhI koI sAdhu-mahanta jisa vRkSa ke nIce yA vana meM dhyAna magna hote haiM yA Azrama banA lete haiM vahA~ eka ora to prAkRtika vanaspatiyoM ko kama kSati pahu~cAtI thI, dUsarI ora nAnAprakAra ke auSadhIya per3a-paudhe tathA vanya prANiyoM ko svatantra vicaraNa ko saMrakSita nirbhayatA dekara zobhA bar3hAte haiN| bhArata ke aneka prAntoM meM pavitra vanoM ke nAma se Aja bhI aneka sundara vana bace hue haiM jinake vibhinna nAma haiM- jaise pArasanAtha kA madhuvana, gujarAta kA gira phAresTa, baMgAla kA sundara vana, rAjagRha kA AmrakuJja, veNuvana ityAdi ina pavitra vanoM ke prati sthAnIya jana-jAtiyoM evaM grAmINoM kI AsthA bahuta hI prabala haiN| ina vanoM se sUkhI lakar3I nikAlanA yA miTTI khodanA taka varjita hai evaM varSA Rtu meM jaMgaloM meM ghUmane se manA karanA, kyoMki nava aMkurita paudhoM ko naSTa hone se bacAnA hai tathA aisA karane se devI-devatAoM kA prakopa jhelanA par3a sakatA hai| ata: Aja taka ina AsthAoM se choTe-choTe aneka vana kSetroM evaM vRkSoM tathA vanya prANiyoM kI rakSA ho sakatI hai anyathA bar3a, pIpala Adi vizAla upayogI vRkSa kabhI ke hAthiyoM ko khilAkara naSTa kara diye jaate| sarvaprathama 1970 meM bhAratIya sarvekSaNa tathA vana anasandhAnazAlA ne milakara 100 virale paudhoM kI eka sUcI banAyI jisameM caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke kevalI vRkSoM ko sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa pAye gaye (Uta 1) / 1980 meM 134 vRkSoM evaM paudhoM para S.K.Jain (Ex. Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata) evaM Arjul Shastri ne eka sacitra pustaka bhI prakAzita kii| taduparAnta jaina evaM unake sahakarmiyoM kI likhI kaI pustakoM evaM zodha-patroM kA prakAzana huA jinameM saMkaTagrasta paudhoM kI sUciyA~ sacitra evaM saMrakSaNa kI sthiti kA vivaraNa hai| -11

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bhArata ke 16000 puSpI paudhoM meM se lagabhaga eka tihAI arthAt 5000 jAtiyA~ aisI haiM jo kevala bhArata meM hI pAyI jAtI haiM, ve sthAnika (Endemic) haiM aura bhArata ke bAhara kisI bhI deza meM nahIM miltii| inameM se lagabhaga 3000 biralI haiM aura kucha to luptaprAya haiN| bhArata ke kaI vana kSetra saMrakSita ghoSita kara diye gaye haiM jinheM Biosphear Zone kahate haiN| isa taraha bhArata meM 13 Biosphear Zone nIlagiri parvata (Silent Valley), tamilanADu, kAnhA-kisalI, maNDalA (madhya pradeza), nandA devI (uttara pradeza) Adi kI prAkRtika sampadA ko surakSita rakha paryAvaraNa ko zuddha rakhane kA athaka prayAsa jArI hai| __ jaina saMskRti meM sadA se hI samUce prAkRtika vanoM, vanya jIva-jantuoM ke prati Adara bhAvanA rahI hai evaM isa samaya bhI banI hai jo tIrthaGkaroM ke cihna evaM kevalajJAna-prApti ke vRkSa upadezaka evaM preraNA svarUpa Aja bhI haiM tathA RSi-muniyoM dvArA prAkRtika vana-sampadA ke saMrakSaNa kA sabase acchA mAdhyama thA evaM abhI hai| inako dharma, AsthA, rIti-rivAja evaM tIja-tyohAroM se jor3a dene kA, nadiyoM ko pAvana mAnanA, sUcaka thA inako gandagI se bacAne kaa| hamAre loka-sAhitya meM vRkSoM aura jIva-jantuoM ke pUjana tathA sundaratA kI mahimA kA Azaya thAbArambAra hameM smaraNa karAne kA ki ye sabhI AdaraNIya haiM, inakA saMrakSaNa karAne kA ki ye sabhI AdaraNIya haiM, inakA saMrakSaNa na kevala hamArA dharma hai, ye hamAre hita meM haiM, kyoMki prakRti hI prANa-vAyu ke sAtha-sAtha bhojana, IMdhana, auSadhi, chAyA tathA varSA kA yoga dekara khuzahAla banAtI haiN| jaina tIrthaGkaroM ke bhI cihna baila, hAthI, ghor3A, bandara, cakavA, magaramaccha, gaiMDA, bhaiMsA, suara, sehI, hiraNa, bakarA, machalI, kachuA, sarpa, siMha evaM unake kevalI jJAna-prApti vAle vRkSoM ke bAre meM varNana milatA hai jo ki Aja ke yuga meM uparyukta rIti-rivAjoM se 'ahiMsA paramodharma:' ke mUla mantra se surakSita hai jo sirpha bhAratabhUmi kI hI jalavAyu meM prathama tIrthaGkara zrI AdinAtha (vaidika yuga) se lekara Aja taka jIvita baca rahe haiM evaM samasta prANiyoM ko jIvanadAna dekara anyonyAzrita haiN| vaidikakAla se (5000 bI.sI.) hI tapasyA ke krama meM sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ke vizuddha jJAna (kevalajJAna) kI prApti kisI na kisI vRkSa kI chAyA meM prApta huI thI, unheM jainadharma meM kevalI vRkSa ( Enlightenment Tree) kahA jAtA hai (Table 1) / jainadharma AcAryoM va upAdhyAyoM kA mAnanA hai ki kevalI vRkSoM meM tIrthaGkaroM ke aMza vidyamAna rahate haiM jinakI sevA, darzana yA arcanA se sambandhita tIrthaGkaroM kI kRpA prApta hotI hai| ataH sarvamaMgalamaya jIvana ke lie prAkRtika vana-sampadA, jIva-jantuoM ko surakSita rakhane ke lie jainadharma sthaloM para kevalI vRkSoM ke ropaNa se usa sthala kI AdhyAtmika zakti meM vRddhi kara samasta prANI jagat ko svastha, prasanna evaM dhana-dhAnya va ahobhAgI banA sakate haiN| ___ cU~ki sabhI 24 tIrthaGkaroM kA eka cakra (viziSTa kAla avadhi) meM kramaza: avatarita hote haiM ata: kevalI vRkSoM ko eka cakra kI paridhi para krama se ropita karane se samasta jagat ke prANiyoM ko vartamAna evaM bhaviSya meM bhI navajIvana pradAna karane meM sahAyaka hote rheNge| . -12

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tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura unakA yuga __ - DaoN. azokakumAra jaina, lADanUM bhagavAn RSabhadeva vizva saMskRti ke AdipuruSa haiN| zramaNa aura vaidika-paramparA meM hI nahIM vizva kI anya saMskRtiyoM meM bhI unakI yazogAthA varNita hai| jaina vAGmaya meM ve Adya tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM upAsya rahe haiM to vaidika-sAhitya meM unake vividha rUpa prApta hote haiN| bauddha-sAhitya meM bhI unakA jyotirdhara vyaktitva ke rUpa meM ullekha hai| __ RSabhadeva ke hiraNyagarbha, svayambhU, vidhAtA, prajApati, ikSvAku, purudeva, kezI, vRSabhadeva, AdinAtha ityAdi nAma pAye jAte haiN| Rgveda meM RSabha ko pUrvajJAna kA pratipAdaka aura duHkhoM kA nAzaka kahA hai| RSabha svayaM AdipuruSa the, jinhoMne sarvaprathama martyadazA meM amaratva kI upalabdhi kI thii| zrImadbhAgavata meM bAIsa avatAroM meM AThaveM avatAra ke rUpa meM varNana karate hue likhA hai aSTame marudevyAM tu nAbherjAta uruukrmH| darzayan vartma dhIrANAM, sarvAzrama nmskRtm|| - (zrImadbhAgavata, 1.3.13) arthAt AThavIM bAra nAbhirAjA kI marudevI nAmaka patnI ke garbha se RSabha ne avatAra grahaNa kiyA aura sabhI Azrama jise namaskAra karate haiM, aise paramahaMsa dharma kA unhoMne upadeza diyaa| smRti, purANoM evaM bauddha-sAhitya meM RSabhadeva kA varNana hai| jaina-paramparA meM ve vartamAna avasarpiNI kAlacakra meM sarvaprathama tIrthaGkara haiN| unhoMne hI sarvaprathama pArivArika prathA, samAjavyavasthA, zAsana-paddhati, samAja nIti aura rAjanIti kI sthApanA kI aura mAnava jAti ko eka nayA prakAza diyaa| - ve karmabhUmi ke Adya vidhAtA ke rUpa meM vizruta haiN| unhoMne asi, maSi, kRSi, vidyA, vANijya aura zilpa nirdhAraNa kiyaa| vivAha-prathA kA pracalana kara maryAdita samAja-vyavasthA kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| zAsana ke rUpa meM prajA kA santativat paripAlana kiyA tathA mAtsya nyAya pracalita na ho, isa hetu zAsana-vyavasthA ko sudRr3ha kiyaa| isa hetu unhoMne hari, akampana, kAzyapa aura somaprabha nAmaka kSatriyoM ko mahAmANDalika rAjA bnaayaa| inake adhIna cAra hajAra rAjA niyukta kiye| RSabhadeva ne hari se harivaMza, akampana se nAthavaMza, kAzyapa se ugravaMza aura somaprabha se somavaMza tathA kuruvaMza kI sthApanA kii| tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ne sAmAjika evaM rAjanItika vyavasthAoM ke sAtha mAnava paryAya ko sArthaka banAne kI dizA meM vairAgya patha kI ora prasthAna kara bhoga se yogamArga kI pravRtti kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| dAna kI vidhi dvArA zramaNa aura zrAvakoM meM pArasparikatA ke sambandha kI sthApanA meM prabala nimitta bne| sAdhanA se AtmajJAna tathA AtmajJAna se paramAtmA banane kA mArga svayaM tathA jana-jana ko prazasta kraayaa| sarvajJa, sarvadarzI aura arhanta -13

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paramAtmA banane ke bAda apanI divyadhvani ke dvArA AtmakalyANakArI dharma kA prathama upadeza diyA aura anta meM karma-nirodha kara aSTApada (kailAza) parvata se mAgha kRSNa caturdazI ko nirvANa prApta kiyaa| isa prakAra hama pAte haiM ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA sarvAGgINa vyaktitva evaM kRtitva jana-jana ke lie preraNAprada hai| ve vizva saMskRti ke virAT vyaktitva evaM 'satyaM zivaM sundaram' ke samanvita svarUpa vAle haiN| prastuta lekha meM zAstrIya sandarbho ke Aloka meM tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ke vyaktitva evaM kRtitva ko prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| -14

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tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kA vyaktitva evaM kartRtva - pro. lAlacanda jaina, bhuvanezvara tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva jainadharma-saMskRti ke A / unnAyaka mahApuruSa haiN| saMsAra meM sarvottama jainadharma ke prathama tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM arcanIya, vandanIya aura stavanIya tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kA bAhya aura Antarika vyaktitva adbhuta aura apUrva hai| ve isa yuga ke yugapuruSa ke rUpa meM vizruta haiN| tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kisI samAja, deza evaM kAla vizeSa taka sImita nahIM the| ve zramaNa aura zramaNetaroM ke parama pUjya evaM vizva vandanIya the| yahI kAraNa hai ki ukta donoM saMskRtiyoM meM mAnya alaga-alaga bhAratIya darpaNarUpI sAhitya meM unakA anokhA jIvana pratibimbita ho rahA hai| AcArya jinasenakRta AdipurANa, punATa saMghI AcArya jinasenakRta 'harivaMzapurANa', A. raviSeNakRta 'padmapurANa', AcArya yativRSabhakRta 'tiloyapaNNatti' aura A. hemacandrakRta 'triSaSThizalAkApuruSacarita' pramukha aura 'mArkaNDeyapurANa', 'kUrmapurANa', 'agnipurANa', 'vAyupurANa', 'liMgapurANa', viSNupurANa', 'varAhapurANa', 'brahmANDapurANa', 'skandhapurANa', 'zrImat bhAgavatapurANa' aura 'yajuveMda' meM unakA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hone se siddha hai ki ve sarvamAnya aura sarvapUjya the| unake dharmopadeza vizvavyApI the| tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva 14veM kulakara aura ayodhyA ke rAjA nAbhirAya tathA rAnI marudevI ke nandana tathA yugapuruSa the| suSamA-duSamA nAmaka kAla ke 84 lAkha pUrva tIna varSa aura ATha mAha zeSa rahane para ASAr3ha kRSNA dvitIyA ke dina uttarASAr3ha nakSatra meM unakA garbhAvataraNa huA thaa| devoM ne Akara garbhAvataraNa mahotsava manAyA thaa| 18 kor3Akor3I sAgara kAla ke antarAla ke pazcAt svarga aura mokSa ke sukhoM ke pradAyaka cAritra rUpa dharma ke upadeza dene vAle tathA vRSabhadeva, vRSabhasvAmI, RSabhanAtha, purudeva, purANapuruSa, vidhAtA, vizvakarmA, sRSTA, gautama. kAzyapa, mana, AdinAtha ke nAma se jAne jAte the| unhoMne caitra kRSNA navamI ko janma lekara kamArAvasthA ke 20 lAkha pUrva varSa vyatIta kiye| tatpazcAt yazasvatI aura sunandA ke sAtha unakA vivAha huA thaa| unake prathama cakravartI bharata Adi 100 putra aura do putriyA~ brAhmI evaM sundarI thii| brAhmI ko akSara vAlI rUpa lipi meM aura sundarI ko gaNita vi kI zikSA dekara unheM pAraGgata kiyA thaa| zeSa putroM ko bhI zikSA dekara kuzala zikSaka ke rUpa meM ve prasiddha hue| , ve kevala vicakSaNa guru hI nahIM the, balki vyAkaraNazAstra, chandazAstra, alaGkAra saMgraha, arthazAstra, gandharvazAstra, citrakalAzAstra, vizvakarma, vAstuzAstra Adi ke praNetA bhI the| bhogabhUmi aura kalpavRkSa ke samApta hone para bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne karmabhUmi kI sRSTi kI thii| unhoMne asi, maSi, kRSi, vi II, vANijya aura zilpa rUpa chahakarmoM ke dvArA jIvikopArjana karane kA upAya janatA ko batalA kara karmabhUmi kA prArambha kiyA thaa| svastha samAja kI saMracanA ke uddezya se unhoneM kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra rUpa tIna vargoM kI sthApanA karma ke anusAra kI thii| unake adhikAroM kI rakSA ke lie unhoMne vivAha ke niyama, nyAya-vyavasthA aura daNDa-vyavasthA kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| -15

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zAsaka ke rUpa meM unhoMne 63 lAkha pUrva varSoM taka surAjya kiyA thaa| nIlAJjanA nAmaka apsarA nartakI kI acAnaka mRtyu ke nimitta se sAMsArika sukha-bhogAdika ko vinAzazIla mAnakara ve virakta ho gaye the| caitra kRSNA navamI ke dina digambara rUpa jina dIkSA lekara ve muni tathA manaHparyaya utpanna ho jAne se cAra jJAna ke dhAraka bana gaye the| unhoMne 6 mAha taka lagAtAra ghora tapa kiyaa| isake pazcAt bhAvI muniyoM ke lie Adarza upasthita karate hue IryApatha se 6 mAha taka AhAra ke lie vihAra karate rhe| hastinApura ke rAjA aura zreyAMza kumAra ke dvArA vidhivat ikSurasa kA AhAra pANipAtra meM lekara muniyoM ke lie AhAra lene kI vidhi kA pravartana kiyA thaa| isake pazcAt unhoMne eka hajAra varSoM taka kora tapa kiyaa| purimatAla nAmaka gagara ke zakaTa nAmaka una meM eka vaTavRkSa ke nIce dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna karake unhoMne ghAtiyA karmoM ko naSTa kara diyA thaa| phAlguna mAha kI kRSNa ekAdazI aura uttarASAr3ha nakSatra meM unheM kevalajJAna kI prApti huI thii| ananta catuSTaya ko prApta kara ve sarvajJa, kevalI, jina Adi kahalAne lge| devoM aura manuSyoM ne kevalajJAna mahotsava mNgaayaa| samavazaraNa ke madhya meM sthita siMhAsana para virAjamAna hokara unhoMne dharmopadeza diyA thaa| unakI divyadhvani ko sunakara aneka loga, muni-AryikA rUpa meM dIkSita hue the| aneka logoM ne zrAvaka aura zrAvikA ke vrata grahaNa kiye the| jIvAdi 7 tattvoM, 6 dravyoM, mokSa aura mokSamArga kA upadeza eka hajAra aura 14 dina taka kAzI, avanti, kuru, kauzala, aMga, baMga, kaliMga, Andhra, madra, pAMcAla, mAlava, vidarbha Adi dezoM meM dete hue ve kailAsa parvata para phuNce| vahA~ para aghAtiyA karmoM kA samUla kSaya kara mAgha kRSNa caturdazI ko aneka muniyoM ke sAtha 84 lAkha pUrva varSa kI Ayu pUrI kara ve mukta ho gaye the| unake mokSa kI prApti hone para manuSyoM aura devoM ne nirvANa mahotsava manAyA thaa| bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA tIrtha 50 lAkha karor3a varSoM taka manuSyoM ke lie prakAzastambha rhaa| unakA vizAla saMgha cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita thaa| usa saMgha meM 84 gaNadhara, 4750 pUrvadhara, 4750 zrutadhArI zikSaka, 9 avadhijJAnI muni, 20 hajAra kevalajJAnI, 2600 vikriyAdhArI, 20750 vipulamatI aura 20750 asaMkhyAta guNoM ke dhAraka muni the| dUsarA saMgha AryikAoM kA thA jisameM 50 hajAra AryikAyeM the| tIsarA saMgha zrAvakoM kA thA, jisameM 3 lAkha zrAvaka the aura cauthA saMgha 50 lAkha zrAvikAoM kA thaa| ___ isa prakAra siddha hai ki tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ne mAnava ke kalyANArtha pravRtti aura nivRtti rUpa aneka sUtroM kA AviSkAra kiyA thaa| AdhyAtmika upadeza dekara manuSyoM ko jIne aura mRtyu mahotsava kI kalA sikhalAyI thI jo Aja bhI prAsaMgika hai| ata: unake caraNoM meM maiM natamastaka huuN| -16

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tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kA zikSA-darzana - DaoN. candrakAntA jaina, sAgara yugAdi zikSaka tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva kA caritra evaM vyaktitva donoM hI lokAtizayI haiN| unakA jIvanacarita aneka jaina purANoM aura kAvyoM meM granthita hai| vaidika-sAhitya meM bhI unakA bahucarcita ullekha hai| ina yugAdi puruSa kA mAnava jAti ke samunayana meM pramukha yogadAna rahA hai| unhoMne yuga ke Adi meM janatA ko eka sArvakAlika, sArvabhaumika evaM sarvopayogI zikSA pradAna kI jo samaya kI zilA para Aja bhI utanI hI prAsaMgika hai| tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva dvArA pratipAdita zikSA-darzana ke anusAra pratyeka jIva kI AtmA ananta catuSTaya arthAt ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha evaM ananta vIrya se sampanna hai; kintu anAdikAla se vaha jJAnAvaraNAdi aSTa karmoM se ghirA (AvRta) hone ke kAraNa usakA uparokta svarUpa prakaTa nahIM ho paataa| arthAt jJAna manuSya meM svabhAva siddha hai, koI bhI jJAna bAhara se nahIM aataa| samasta jJAna, cAhe vaha laukika ho yA AdhyAtmika, saba manuSya ke andara hai| bahudhA vaha prakAzita na hokara DhaMkA rahatA hai aura jaba vaha AvaraNa zakti ke puruSArtha se dhIre-dhIre haTatA jAtA hai, to hama kahate hai ki 'hama sIkha rahe haiN| vAstava meM hama jo kahate haiM ki manuSya 'jAnatA hai' yathArtha meM mAnasa zAstrasaMgata bhASA meM hameM kahanA cAhie ki vaha 'AviSkAra karatA hai', 'anAvRta' yA 'prakaTa' karatA hai| manuSya jo kucha sIkhatA hai vaha vAstava meM AviSkAra karanA hI hai aura AviSkAra kA artha hai - manuSya kA apanI anantajJAna svarUpa AtmA ke Upara se AvaraNa ko haTA lenaa| jyoM-jyoM isa AviSkAra (anAvaraNa) kI kriyA bar3hatI jAtI hai, tyoM-tyoM hamAre jJAna kI vRddhi hotI jAtI hai| jisa manuSya kA yaha AvaraNa uThatA jA rahA hai, vaha anya kI apekSA adhika jJAnI hai, aura jisa para yaha AvaraNa taha para taha par3A huA hai, vaha ajJAnI hai jisakA yaha AvaraNa pUrA haTa jAtA hai, vaha sarvajJa, sarvadarzI ho jAtA hai| cakamak patthara ke Tukar3e meM agni ke samAna jJAna, hamArI AtmA meM nihita hai aura sujhAva yA uddIpaka kAraNa rUpa zikSA hI vaha gharSaNa hai jo usa jJAnAgni ko prakAzita kara detA hai| isa taraha pratyeka vyakti vividha pratibhAeM lekara janma letA hai, inameM se kucha prakaTa hotI hai aura kucha prsupt| zikSA prakaTa pratibhA ko vyavasthita evaM vikasita tathA prasupta pratibhA ko jAgRti pradAna karatI hai| ____ arthAt manuSya kI antarnihita pUrNatA ko abhivyakta karanA hI zikSA hai aura isake lie use samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritra rUpa ratnatraya dhAraNa karane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isa taraha zikSA AjIvana calane vAlI vaha prakriyA hai, jo vyakti kA bhAvAtmaka, jJAnAtmaka tathA cAritrAtmaka vikAsa karatI huI karmabandhana (AvaraNa) se mukti dilAtI hai| jainadarzana ke samyak darzana meM vyakti kA bhAvAtmaka, samyak jJAna meM jJAnAtmaka tathA samyak cAritra meM cAritrika vikAsa (kriyAtmaka pakSa) kI bAta nihita hai| ina tInoM pakSoM ke vikAsa kA lakSya vyakti ko karmabandhana (AvaraNa) se mukti dilAkara mokSa yA nirvANa kI prApti karAnA hai, jo ki vyakti ke parama yA -17

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___ isa taraha tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva dvArA praNIta zikSA-darzana meM zikSA kI atyanta vyApaka avadhAraNA samAviSTa hai jisameM zikSA se tAtparya mAtra sAkSaratA se nahIM apitu samIcIna jJAna va avabodha se hai| isakA uddezya samyak darzana, samyak jJAna aura samyak cAritra dvArA vyaktitva kA samagra vikAsa karanA hai| zikSA kA svarUpa AjIvana hI hai (atyanta vyApaka mokSa prApti taka aneka jIvanoM meM vistRta) __ isameM zikSA ke aupacArika aura anaupacArika donoM rUpoM kI mAnyatA hai| zikSA kA svarUpa bahuAyAmI hai| zikSaNa praNAliyAM atyanta samRddha aura Aja bhI prAsaMgika haiM tathA sArvakAlika, sArvabhaumika mahattA rakhatI haiN| isameM AtmAnuzAsana ko hI sarvopari mAnA hai| isameM strI-puruSa sabhI ko zikSA prApti kA samAna adhikAra hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke anusAra jIva zuddhi, vikAsa aura parimArjana ke lie sabhI samAna rUpa se adhikArI haiN| zikSA kI avadhi chAtra ke bodha ke anusAra hai| bauddhika kSamatA se chAtra jitanA adhigrahaNa karatA usake Age kA pAThyakrama jArI rahatA hai| isameM adhyayana aura adhyApana kI koTi sAdhanA (AcaraNa) aura bodha para nirbhara mAnI hai| isameM zikSA ke viSayoM meM jIva aura jagat ko kendra banAkara sampUrNa prANimAtra aura jagat ke sampUrNa viSayoM ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai| isameM laukika ke sAtha pAralaukika dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue, bhautika viSayoM ke sAtha dharma, darzana aura naitika zikSA ko bhI sthAna diyA hai| vastuta: inake samanvaya se hI, santulita vyaktitva kA vikAsa hotA hai| __ isa prakAra tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ne eka sArvakAlika mahattAyukta atyanta vikasita zikSA praNAlI pradAna kI hai jisake apane viziSTa uddezya spaSTa dRSTigocara haiN| ata: yadi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva dvArA pratipAdita zikSA ke sUtroM ko bhArata ke sabhI vizvavidyAlayoM ke zikSAzAstra viSayaka vibhinna pAThyakramoM meM sammilita kiyA jAe to zikSA jagat meM aneka lokopayogI naye AyamoM kA udghATana sambhava hai| -18

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bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA mAnava sabhyatA ko yogadAna - pro. nalina ke zAstrI, dillI bhagavAn RSabhadeva bhAratIya cintana-paramparA ke eka atyanta udAra aura udAtta pratirUpa ke rUpa meM udita hue haiM, jinhoMne apane anUThe aura maulika cintana se udbhUta dizAbodha dvArA pUrI sAmAjika-vyavasthA ko vyavasthita svarUpa pradAna kara use mAnavIya sadbhAva kI sUkSma saMvedanAoM se spandita kiyA hai, jisase jana-jana sphUrta huA hai| unhoMne usa mAnavIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ko pravRtta kiyA, jo vardhiSNu hai, sahiSNu hai aura hai jayiSNu bhI hai aura jo prakAza ke mArga para karmaniSTha hone se prApta hone vAlI saMskAra-sampannatA ko samprApta karatI hai; eka samarpita, niHzaMka, nirdvandva, advaita cintana- avabodha ke saath| bhagavAn RSabha kI saMbodhi meM ve prakriyAeM samAhita huIM, jinase mAnavIya samAja dvArA vibhinna cetanA kendroM se sambandhita sRjanAtmaka jIvana ke arthapUrNa kSaNa adbhuta vistAra pA ske| unhoMne jIvana meM sAjhedArI kI kalA sikhAI, saMskArajanya bhAvanAoM ko sudRr3ha kara, AcAra, vyavahAra, rahana-sahana, vezabhUSA, Arthika vikAsa, kalA, zilpa Adi kA isa prakAra pravartana kiyA ki ve dizA-nibaddha maryAdA kI kuzala sAdhanA ke paryAya bana gye| unhoMne mAnavatA ko pariSkRta kara usameM suvicAroM ke aMkura utpanna kiye, jo kAlAntara meM kalpapAdapa kA sthAna le sake tathA jinase Antarika bhAva-tattvoM kI pariSkRta nirmiti bhI sambhava ho skii| sAmAjika jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hetu, susaMskAroM evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM tathA kartavyoM kA paribodha karAne evaM unakA satat pariSkAra karAne ke uddezya se, sAmAjika saMsthAoM kI nirmita kara, bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne mAnavIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke vikAsa kI eka aisI eka ibArata likhI, jo unhIM ke dvArA pratipAdita, SaTkarma saMskRti se puSpita evaM pallavita huii| apanI putriyoM ko zikSita kara, nArI svAtantrya evaM nArI sazaktikaraNa kI dizA meM, eka nayA prayoga, unhoMne pravRtta kiyA, jo Aja adbhuta vistAra pA cukA hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne kRtrimatAoM kI iti kI aura vibhAvoM kA visarjana kara, jisa kalAtmakatA ko vikasita kiyA, vaha apane zuddhAtma bhAvoM se sarvatra eka saundaryazIlatA kA sRjana karatI hai aura sampUrNa bhAratIya sAMskRtika kSitija para, jIvana kI guNa-sampannatA evaM jIvana ke prati sammAna ke bhAvoM ke adbhuta bimba bhI vistIrNa karatI hai, jisase jana-jana satat sphUrta ho rahA hai- Aja bhii| -9-5

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bhAratIya samAja aura saMskRti ke vikAsa meM RSabhadeva kA yogadAna - DaoN. zrIraMjanasUrideva, paTanA Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva sarvajana-vandanIya mahAn saMskRti puruSa the| zramaNa-saMskRti ke tiresaTha zalAkApuruSoM meM unakA sarvAgragaNya sthAna hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to, vaha zramaNa-saMskRti aura vaidika-saMskRti banAma samagra bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsapuruSa haiN| Adhunika sabhyatA ke AdikAla meM jaba karmabhUmi kA yuga prArambha huA, taba isa yuga kI sAmAjika sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsakartA caudaha mahApuruSa hue, jinheM 'kulakara' yA 'manu' kahA gyaa| unhoMne kramaza: tatkAlIna lokajIvana ke lie vizeSa rUpa se asi, masi, kRSi, zilpa, vANijya aura vidyA- ina cha: AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM kI vyavasthA kii| isake atirikta deza aura nagaroM ke sAtha hI, guNa aura karmoM ke anusAra varNa evaM jAtiyoM kA vibhAjana kiyaa| RSabhadeva ke pitA nAbhirAya yA nAbhirAja ukta caudaha kulakaroM meM the, jinase unhoMne preraNA prApta kara bhAratIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke vikAsakArya ko Age bar3hAyA, jise aitihAsika aura kroza zilAtmaka mUlya prApta huaa| itanA hI nahIM, jainadharma prArambha yA prAdurbhAva bhI unhIM se mAnA jAne lgaa| vaidika dRSTi se bhAratIya saMskRti kA prArambha-kAla Rgveda se mAnA jAtA hai; kintu RSabhadeva ke kAla kA anumAna lagAnA kaThina hai| jaina purANakAroM ne unakI kAlAvadhi kA nirNaya koTAkoTi sAgaroM ke pramANa se karate haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti ke unnAyaka RSabhadeva hI eka aise tIrthaGkara haiM, jinakA jIvana-vRtta jaina-sAhitya ke alAvA vaidika-sAhitya meM bhI upalabdha hai| zrImadbhAgavatapurANa ke paJcama skandha ke prathama cha: adhyAyoM meM RSabhadeva ke vaMza, jIvana evaM tapazcaraNa kA vRttAnta varNita hai, jisakI mukhya bAtoM se jainapurANoM kI bAtoM meM paryApta samAnAntaratA hai| kaivalya-prApti ke bAda RSabhadeva ne dakSiNa karnATaka taka ke aneka pradezoM meM apane mahAgha upadezoM ke mAdhyama se bhAratIya saMskRti kA pracAra kiyaa| zramaNabelagolA jaise karnATakIya dAkSiNAtya pradezoM meM to jaina saMskRti hI mAnoM bhAratIya saMskRti kA paryAya bana gayI hai| Rgveda aura bhAgavatapurANa meM varNita RSabhadeva evaM vAtarazanA muniyoM ke vRtta se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vAtarazanA muniyoM aura RSabhadeva kA bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| carita kAvyoM meM bhI, RSabhadeva ko ArttajanoM ke lie karuNAvatAra aura abhinava kalpavRkSa kahA gayA hai tathA unheM janma se hI mati, zruta evaM avadhijJAna se sampanna batAyA gayA hai| jJAna aura karuNA hI ('paDhameM NANaM tao dayA') bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUla tattva haiN| aura phira, bhAratIya saMskRti ke tahata SaTkarma ke nirUpaka bhI RSabhadeva the| (vizeSa draSTavya : 'vaDvamANacariu' : vibudha zrIdhara, 2.12)

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'vasudevahiNDI' ke anusAra, RSabhadeva ne bhAratIya saMskRti evaM samAja ke vikAsa ke lie aneka upakrama kiye| unhoMne samAja meM sukha-zAnti kI sthApanA ke lie rAjA kI prajAsevA-vidhi kA nirdeza kiyA aura kulakaroM dvArA nirdhArita daNDanIti kI maryAdA kA ullaMghana dekha usakI (daNDanIti kI) kI ugratA ko mUlya diyA aura zikSA ke kSetra meM gaNita (aMka) vidyA evaM lipizAstra kA vikAsa kiyaa| RSabhadeva ikSvAku-vaMza ke saMsthApaka bhI bane, jisakI sAmAjika pratiSThA aura sAMskRtika garimA dUsare vaMzoM ke lie Adarza thii| RSabhadeva ke do putra adhika yazodhana hue - bharata aura baahublii| bharata ke nAma para hI hamArA deza 'bhAratavarSa' zabda se saMjJita huaa| RSabhadeva ke ahiMsA-siddhAnta yA ahiMsA-saMskRti kA vyApaka prabhAva pUre bhAratavarSa para par3A, jisase narasaMhArakArI astrayuddha yA adhamayuddha sthagita ho gyaa| bhAratIya saMskRti ke vyApaka vikAsa meM RSabhadeva kA yaha avadAna abhUtapUrva hai| unakI isa ahiMsA-saMskRti kA tato'dhika loka-prabhAvakArI vikAsa unake kaniSTha putra aura cakravartI bharata ke taponiSTha anuja bAhubalI ne kiyaa| -- 21

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AdipurANa meM varNita bhagavAn RSabhadeva - DaoN. mumukSu zAntA jaina, lADanUM kalA, sAhitya, dharma, saMskRti aura sabhyatA ke anUThe mahAgrantha AdipurANa meM AcArya jinasena ne bhagavAn RSabha kA caritra-citraNa kiyA hai, use par3hakara lagatA hai ki AdipurANa unake jIvana ke UrdhvArohaNa kI gAthA hai| RSabha ke jIvana kA Adi, madhya aura antima par3Ava sRjana, nirmANa, vikAsa, surakSA aura samRddhi kA jIvanta pramANa hai| unakA jIyA gayA hara soca aura bhAva Aja jIvana kA darzana bana cukA hai| unakA cintana, nirNaya aura kriyAnviti se niSpanna upalabdhiyAM utpAda, vyaya aura dhruva ke zAzvata satya kI abhivyakti haiN| unhoMne jo kucha kahA, vaha heya-jJeya-upAdeya kA samIkSAtmaka prazikSaNa hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva puruSArtha catuSTayI ke purodhA the| artha aura kAma ko saMsAra kI anivAryatA mAnI to dharma aura mokSa ko jIvanakA carama lakSya taka pahu~cAne vAlA sahI rAstA btlaayaa| ve prayogadharmA RSipuruSa the| unhoMne jIne kI zailI sikhlaayii| bikharAva ko vyavasthA dii| unhoMne daNDanIti aura nyAyanIti kA bodha dekara janatA ko aparAdhoM se bcaayaa| bhoga se tyAga kI ora jAne vAle rAjapatha kA nirmANa kiyaa| prApta saMsAdhanoM kI AvazyakatA aura upayogitA kA viveka bodha jgaayaa| sva aura para kI samIkSA karate hue manuSya ko apane karttavya ke nirvahana meM dAyitva kI preraNA dii| gRhastha jIvana meM bhI rahate hue anAsakta banakara jIne kI zailI dii| vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke samanvita vikAsa kI sarjanA sikhlaaii| RSabha prathama saMskRti ke nirmAtA, nirNAyaka aura niyAmaka bne| bhagavAn RSabha isa avasarpiNI kAla ke 24 tIrthaGkaroM meM Adya tIrthaGkara the| unakA janma avasarpiNI ke tIsare kAla ke anta meM usa samaya huA jaba bhogabhUmi kI vyavasthA evaM prabhAvakatA naSTa hone lagI thI aura karmabhUmi nayI racanA ke intajAra meM thii| eka ora sAdhana-suvidhAoM meM kamI Ane lagI to dUsarI ora janasaMkhyA aura jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM meM vRddhi hone lgii| bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA janma ayodhyA ke antima manu kulakara rAjA nAbhi ke ghara unakI patnI marudevI kI kukSi se huaa| jaba ve garbha meM Ae to mA~ marUdevI ne 16 zreSTha svapna dekheN| mahArAnI ne rAjA nAbhirAja ke pAsa jAkara svapna darzana kI bAta kahI aura rAjA ne svapna ke phaloM kI mImAMsA karate hue kahA- tumhAre garbha meM eka mahAna AtmA kA avataraNa haA hai| jaba ve janameM, vaha zabha dina thA caitra kRSNA navamI kaa| zabha mIna lagna, brahmayoga, dhanarAzi kA candramA aura uttarASAr3hA nksstr| bhAvI tIrthaGkara kA janmotsava manAne svayaM saudharma indra apane sampUrNa vaibhava ke sAtha merU parvata para bAlaka RSabha ko le jAkara unakA abhiSeka kiyaa| indra dvArA kI gayI stuti RSabha ke jIvana kI bhaviSyavANI thii| yadyapi janma se koI guNasampanna nahIM hotA, umra ke sAtha jJAna aura anubhava bar3hatA hai, para RSabha tIna jJAna ke dhanI the, indra ne sahasrAkSI banakara prajJA se unakA bhAvI svarUpa dekhA aura apUrva stuti kii| indra stuti meM RSabha kI tejasvitA, varcasvitA, manasvitA, tapasvitA, yazasvitA kA sundara varNana hai|

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umra ke sAtha RSabha kA zaizava dUja ke cA~da kI taraha apanI sampUrNa kalAoM ke sAtha bar3hane lgaa| RSabha janmajAta tIna jJAna se (mati-zruta-avadhi) samRddha the| unakI vilakSaNa pratibhA thii| jAgRta prajJA thii| vizva vidyAoM meM pAraGgata the| binA vidyAlaya gaye kalAoM meM nipuNatA, sampUrNa vidyAoM meM pravINatA aura samasta kriyAoM meM apUrva caturatA prApta thii| RSabha bAlyAvasthA meM hI sarvavidyAvid bana gaye the| unake guNoM ke vikAsa kA sampUrNa vRtta mAnava jAti ke vikAsa kA preraka vRtta hai| zArIrika vikAsa ke sAtha RSabha meM guNoM kA vikAsa bhI umra ke sAtha bar3hatA gyaa| unake zarIra kA saMsthAna samacaturasra aura saMhanana vajraRSabhanArAca thaa| RSabha kI jaisI rUpa sampadA thI, vaisI hI bhoga sampadA thii| unakA zarIra 108 zubha lakSaNa aura nau sau vyaJjanoM se sazobhita thaa| puNya karma ke udaya se divya bhoga bhogate hue aura devakumAroM ke sAtha vividha bAlakrIr3AeM karate hue rAjakumAra RSabha ne yauvana meM praveza kiyaa| yauvana kI dahalIja para paira rakhate hI RSabha kA saundarya zata guNita hokara nikharane lgaa| kavi ke zabdoM meM puNyodaya se RSabha ko saba kucha prApta thA- sundara zarIra, nirogatA, aizvarya, dhana-sampatti, sundara bala, Ayu, yaza, buddhi sarvapriya vacana aura cturtaa| yauvana kA abhyudaya dekhakara pitA nAbhi ne yaha jAnate hue bhI ki RSabha caramazarIrI jIva hai, dharmatIrtha ke pravartaka baneMge, unhoMne zAdI kA prastAva rakhA aura samAja-vyavasthA ke samyag saMcAlana, nirbAdha vaMza-paramparA kA sampAdana, gRhastha dharma kA kartavya bodha smjhaayaa| RSabha ne pitA kI AjJA ko om kahate hue svIkRti de dii| nAbhirAja kI preraNA yA AjJA se unhoMne kaccha, mahAkaccha rAjAoM kI bahineM yazasvatI aura sunandA se zAdI kii| mahArAnI yazasvatI se bharata Adi 99 putra evaM putrI brAhmI kA janma huA aura mahArAnI sunandA ne bAhubalI aura sundarI nAmaka putrI ko janma diyaa| __ RSabha sarvavidyA ke dhanI the| ve vyaktitva vikAsa ke lie apane putra-putriyoM ko bhI sarvavidyAoM meM pAraGgata karanA cAhate the| RSabha ne manuSya janma kI sArthakatA para vicAra-vimarza kiyA aura dekhA ki sundara zarIra, anupameya avasthA aura dIptimAna caritra vidyA se vibhUSita honA caahie| RSabha ne jJAna ke prati AkRSTa karane ke lie vidyA kI gaharAI batalAI aura apane rAgI patra-patriyoM ko jIvana se jaDI hara vidyA kA samyaka jJAna kraayaa| isa prakAra prajAhita ke lie, abhyudaya ke lie puruSoM ko bahattara kalAyeM, striyoM ko causaTha kalAe~ aura sau prakAra ke zilpoM kA jJAna kraayaa| isI samaya yaugalika yuga kA paryAvaraNa badalane lgaa| kalpavRkSa rasa, vIrya aura vipAka Adi se rahita hone lge| jo dhAnya binA boe hI utpanna hotA thA vo bhI nahIM phltaa| bhUkha, pyAsa, roga se tana aura mana pIr3ita hone lge| prakRti, svabhAva, upaja, phala Adi meM hrAsa hone lgaa| zIta, Atapa, mahAvAyu aura varSA kA bhI upadrava prakaTa hone lgaa| vyavasthA saMcAlana kI prakriyA meM hakAra, makAra aura dhikkAra- ina tInoM daNDa nItiyoM ko jaba niSprabhAvI dekhA to samayajJa RSabha ne paristhiti kA paryavekSaNa karake rAjazakti kA prayoga kiyaa| logoM ko samajhAyA- aba eka rAjA kI jarUrata hai| daNDavyavasthA karanI hogI, tabhI aparAdha se baca skeNge| samasyAoM se samAdhAna pAne ke lie janatA rAjA nAbhi ke pAsa pahuMcI aura apane duHkha mukti ke lie -23

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samAdhAna maaNgaa| nAbhirAja ne AzA aura vizvAsa ke sAtha RSabha ko sakSama samajhakara rAjA banA diyaa| apAyajJa aura upAyajJa RSabha ne samAjavyavasthA kii| rAjanIti kA zurUAta huii| daNDanIti kA nirdhAraNa kiyaa| unhoMne akarma yuga se karma yuga meM praveza kiyaa| RSabha ne manuSya ko zikSA aura dIkSA se vijJa bnaayaa| sAmAjika mUlyoM kI sthApanA kii| unhoMne strI aura puruSa ke bIca kSamatAoM aura adhikAroM kA bheda nahIM smjhaa| samAnatA kI bhUmikA para putroM kI taraha putriyoM ko bhI lipi vidyA aura aMka vidyA gaNita kI zikSA dii| yugIna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM RSabha kA rAjanaitika netRtva sAmane aayaa| RSabha ne rAjazAsana kA saMcAlana kiyaa| RSabha kI samAja-vyavasthA lokapriya, hitaiSI aura dUragAmI phala dene vAlI thii| usameM nija para zAsana, phira anuzAsana kA dhyeya jur3A thaa| RSabha ne sabakA poSaNa kiyaa| isalie zoSaNa kA janma nahIM huaa| __AjIvikA vRtti ke saMsAdhanoM kA nirmANa, vikAsa, niyojana sahI DhaMga se ho, isalie unhoMne asi, masi, kRSi, vidyA, vANijya aura zilpa karma kI vyavasthA kii| unhoMne kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra tIna vargoM kI sthApanA kI, kyoMki badalatI paristhitiyoM meM vyavasthA saMcAlana ke lie karma kA vibhAjanaaura dAyitva nizcita karanA jarUrI bana gayA thaa| yadyapi yaugAlika yuga meM bhogabhUmi meM karma karane kI aura jAti bheda kI jarUrata hI nahIM thI para aba samudAya ke bIcasaMvibhAga jarUrI thA, ata: unhoMne AjIvikA ko vyavasthita rUpa dene aura svastha jIvana zailI ke samyag saMcAlana ke lie varNa-vyavasthA kA svarUpa nirmita kiyaa| sabase pahale prajA kI sRSTi yAnI vibhAga bnaaye| AjIvikA ke niyama nirdhArita kiye phira maryAdA kA ullaMghana na ho, isalie anuzAsana kI AcAra-saMhitA bnaayii| AcArya jinasena ne RSabha deva ko eka hajAra se bhI adhika nAmoM se abhihita kiyA hai- ikSvAku, gautama, kAzyapa, manu, kuladhara, prajApati, vidhAtA, vizvakarmA aadi| RSabha se kartRtva yuga kA prArambha huaa| unhoMne jIvana zailI kA- khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana, bhASA, vyavahAra, vicAra, saMskAra, sukha-duHkha kI sahabhAgitA kI nayI racanA kii| unhoMne kAma, artha, dharma aura mokSa- cAra puruSArthoM kA Azraya liyA, jo paripUrNa jIvana kI yathArthatA kA darzana hai| bhoga aura aizvarya sampanna RSabhadeva kA rAjyazAsita samaya puNyoM kA pratiphala samajhA jA sakatA hai| AcArya jinasena likhate haiM ki dharma kA phala puNya hai| RSabha ke puNya kI virAsata sImAtIta thI, ata: unheM hara kadama para sukha-samRddhi milatI gyii| RSabha caramazarIrI jIva the, isI janma meM unheM bhavamukta honA thA, isalie sAdhutA ke saMskAra yAda dilAne ke lie indra ne nRtya kA Ayojana kiyA aura isa nATaka meM abhinaya karatI nRtyAGganA, nIlAJjanA kA AyuSya kSINa hone se use adRzya hote hue dekhakara mana saMkalpita ho utthaa| mana meM vairAgya jAgA, saMsAra kI kSaNabhaMguratA smjhii| dRzya darzana banakara dRSTi jagA gyaa| -24

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RSabha ke mana meM jAgate vairAgya ke sAtha saMsAra kI nazvaratAkA jo bodha huA use AdipurANa nAmaka isa mahAkAvya meM vistAra se diyA gayA hai| yaha vairAgya bodha kI sampUrNa prakriyA kA nidarzana hai| satya kI khoja meM jyohI RSabhadeva kA kadama uThA ki indra ne laukAntika deva ko brahmaloka se utaaraa| jinhoMne RSabhadeva kA tapa kalyANaka mahotsava mnaayaa| RSabha kA mana sanyasta ho cakA thaa| unhoMne apanA dAyitva. adhikAra. vaibhava. sattA sabhI kucha bharata ko sauMpakara, bAhubalI ko yuvarAja pada para sthApita kiyaa| eka ora rAjyAbhiSeka, dUsarI ora niSkramaNa-karttavya aura dAyitva kI sImAoM kA bodha karA rahA thaa| unhoMne padArthavAda kI sthApanA ke bAda aba AtmavAda kI buniyAda rkhii| saMgraha ke sAtha tyAga kI paramparA sthApita kii| . RSabhadeva ne vahA~ upasthita sabhI ko jIvana ko sambodha diyaa| sabase maukhika eka bAra phira AjJA prAptakara siddhoM kI sAkSI se ve pUrNata: aparigrahI aura nimrantha bana gye| tadanantara pUrvAbhimukha hokarapadmAsana meM baiThakara siddha parameSThi ko namaskAra karake unhoMne paJcamuSTiyoM meM keza luMcana kiyaa| mohanIya karma kI mukhya latAoM ke samAna bahuta sI kezarUpI latAoM ko loMcakara digambaratva ko dhAraNa kara liyaa| indra ne bhagavAn ke kezoM ko kSIrasamandara meM visarjita kara diyaa| kavi kahate hai ki mahApuruSoM ke Azraya se malina vyakti bhI pUjyatA ko prApta kara letA hai| dIkSA grahaNa karate hI bhAva vizuddhi ke sAtha bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko manaHparyayajJAna upalabdha ho gyaa| __ saMyama grahaNa ke sAtha munirAja RSabhadeva ne ghora tapa kA saMkalpa kara liyaa| anaginata bAdhAeM AIM para phaulAdI mana kabhI na rukA, na jhukA, na thakA aura na kahIM thmaa| unhoMne nirjana zUnyavanoM meM, ekAnta girikandarAoM meM, bhayAvaha zmazAnoM meM gaganacumbI pavartamAlAoM meM tapa tpaa| bhagavAn ne jaba dIkSA svIkAra kI usa samaya binA saMyama kA abhiprAya jAne cAra hajAra rAjAoM ne eka sAtha dIkSA svIkAra kii| kucha sneha se, kucha bhaya se, kucha moha se saMyamI bne| para bhagavAn kI kaThora tapasyA dekhakara bahuta se muni Dara se, kucha asahiSNutA se, kucha ajJAna se aura kucha anajAne meM ghara lauTa gye| kucha muni unakA sAtha nahIM nibhA paaye| puNyodaya se eka dina hastinApura ke rAjA somaprabha ke laghubhrAtA mahArAjA zreyAMsa ko prathama dAnadAtA banane kA saubhAgya milaa| munirAja RSabhadeva ko navadhAbhakti ke sAtha unhoMne ikSurasa kA AhAra dAna dekara pAraNa sampanna kraayaa| mahArAjA zreyAMsa isa yuga kA prathama AhAra dAtA bane aura vratadAna kI paramparA zuru kii| usI samaya AkAza se devatAoM dvArA dhanya yaha dAna, dhanya yaha pAtra,dhanya yaha dAtA kI dhvani hone lagI aura yaha zubha dina akSaya tRtIyA ke nAma se vizruta ho gyaa| RSabha sAdhanA karate hue ayodhyA mahAnagara ke upanagara purimatAla meM padhAre jahA~ zakaTAguru nAma kA ramaNIya udyAna thA, vahA~ caityavRkSa kI chAyA meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva dhyAna lIna ho gye| zuddha bhAva lezyA ke sAtha samasta AvAraka, vikAraka, avarodhaka karmoM kA vilaya huaa| nirAvaraNa jJAna, avyAvAdha sukha, apratihita zakti kA srota khula gayA aura RSabhadeva ko phAlguna kRSNA ekAdazI ke dina uttarASAr3ha nakSatra meM kevalajJAna prApta huaa| tIrthaGkara bhagavAn RSabha kI samavasaraNa meM pahalI bAra dezanA dene ke lie divyadhvani vyakta huii| samavazaraNa meM upasthita cakravartI rAjA bharatasahita anekoM bhavya jIva pravacana sunakara pratibuddha hue, vratI bane, mahAvratI bane -25

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aura bharata ke choTe bhAI vRSabhasena dIkSita hokara bhagavAn ke prathama gaNadhara bne| brAhmI aura sundarI bhI dIkSita hokara AryikA saMgha kI pramukhA bniiN| zrutakIrti prathama zrAvaka aura priyAvratA nAma kI strI zrAvikA bnii| isa avasarpiNI kAla meM bharata ke bhAI anantavIrya prathama mokSagAmI bne| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne AjIvana hara kadama para prAyogika jIvana jiyaa| sarvajJatA prApti ke bAda janapada kalyANArtha Arya aura anArya dezoM meM bahuta lambe vihAra kiye| anta meM unhoMne kailAza parvata se nirvANa pada prApta kiyaa| RSabhadeva kI sampUrNa Ayu 84 lAkha pUrva kI thii| bhagavAn vRSabha kA jIvanavRtta jitanA vyApaka hai utanA hI ghraa-gmbhiir| AcArya jinasena dvArA racita AdipurANa meM unakA varNana saMskRta-sAhitya kI amUlya dharohara hai| isameM itihAsa kI prastuta pAradarzitA, mahAkAvya kI guNavattA, dharmazAstra kI vidhi, rAjanIti kI nIti, AcAra kI saMhitA, prajA kI hita kAmanA, vyakti, vyavasthA aura vyavahAra saMcAlana kI paddhati, darzana kI mImAMsA Adi jIvana kI hara vidhA se jur3I vyAkhyA draSTavya hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA udAtta caritra-citraNa na kevala sAhityika bhAva meM gumpita mahAkAvya hai apitu adhyAtma kA eka anUThA mahAgrantha hai jo hara bhavya prANI ke lie kalyANa patha kA pAtheya hai| -26

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Bhagwan Adinath Cult in Andhra - Dr. G. Jawahar Lal, Rajahmundry (A.P.) Jainism is a living religion in India and it was profounded by 24 Tirthankaras among whom Rishabhanatha was the earliest and Mahavira the last one. In Jainism, the Tirthankaras have been given the highest position. Most of the Tirthankaras are Kshatriyas and belonged to royal families. They also attained enlightenment by performing austerities and practicised the law of Piety. Almost all the Tirthankaras have been the subjects of many Charita and purana books in Jaina literature. In the verse of Rigveda, Rishabha has been mentioned as a king and bestower of wealth (Rigveda, 1.23.177). Details of Adinatha or Rishabhanatha history are preserved in the Adipurana of the Digambaras, the Kalpasutras and Hemachandra's Trishasti-Salaka-Purusha Charitra. Adinatha was born to Nabiraja and Marudevi, the king and queen of Ayodhya. One day the court dancer, Nilanjana displayed his dance, she fell down and died also. Realising the ephemeral nature of mundana life, Adinatha took to asceticism and got enlightenment. Finally, he attained parinirvana on the summit of Ashtapada or Kailasa mountain. Moreover, Andhra is associated with the life of Adinaths's son, Bahubali. Podana, the present Bodhana in Nizamabad district of Andhra, appears to have been a Jaina-tirtha in very early times. It is referred to in the Jain literature as the capital of Bahubali. It is thus stated in one of the Sravana-Belgola Inscriptions that the Emperor Bharata, the elder son of Purudeva made an image of Bahubali, 525 bows high. Actually, It provoked Chamundaraya to make a replica of Gommateswara of Bodhan and installed it at Sravana-Belgola. No doubt, Bhagawan Adinatha's worship in Andhra goes to early times. Several Adinatha sculptures and temples have been noticed in recent years in different parts of Andhra. Most of the scholars may not know that the earliest Jaina image found so far, in Andhra, belongs to Adinatha. While the earliest known sculptural image in the North, is the statue of standing Parsvanath, now preserved in the Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay; in Andhra, the earliest Jaina-image of Adinathaswamy found in Perali village, Karlapalem of Guntur District. The pedestal of Jaina image contains a label inscription of 4th-5th century characters. -21

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caturtha tIrthaGkara abhinandana evaM unakI paJca-kalyANaka bhUmiyA~ - DaoN. kRSNA jaina, gvAliyara anAdikAla se mAnava mAnavatA kI pratiSThA ke lie dharma-darzana kA prayoga karatA A rahA hai| isa vizva meM dharma-darzana kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa karane ke lie vItarAga netA yA tIrthaGkara janma grahaNa karate haiN| vyakti kI sattA, svAdhInatA aura saha-astitva kI bhAvanA kA pravartana tIrthaGkaroM dvArA hI hotA hai| sahiSNutA, udAratA aura dhairya ke santulana ke sAtha vaijJAnika satyAnveSaNa kI paramparA kA prAdurbhAva bhI tIrthaGkaroM dvArA hI sambhava hai| vartamAna kalpakAla meM caubIsa tIrthakara hue haiM jinameM abhinandananAtha caturtha tIrthaGkara haiN| tiloyapaNNatti ke tRtIya mahAdhikAra meM maMgalAcaraNa rUpa meM bhagavAn abhinandana nAtha kA stavana karate hue AcArya yativRSabha likhate haiM - bhavya jaNa-mokkha jaNaNaM, muNiMda-deviMda paNada paya kmlN| Namiya - ahiNaMdaNesaM, bhAvaNa loyaM pruuvemi|| arthAt bhavya jIvoM ko mokSa pradAna karane vAle tathA munIndra (gaNadhara) evaM devendroM ke dvArA vandanIya AdipurANa meM AcArya jinasena ne abhinandananAtha kI pUrva kI do paryAyoM kA varNana kiyA hai| rAjA mahAbala evaM ahmindr| yoM to yaha jIva anAdikAla se saMsAra paribhramaNa karatA calA A rahA hai| isakI una asaMkhyAta paryAya janmoM kA koI mahattva nahIM hai, kyoMki jina paryAya yA janmoM meM isane apanI Atmazakti ke vikAsa kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| paryAya yA janma vahI mahattvapUrNa hotA hai jisameM vyakti janma-maraNa ke cakra se mukti prApta karane ke lie saMkalpa yA sAdhanA Arambha karatA hai| tIrthaGkara abhinandana ke agaNita aura saMkhyAtIta janmoM meM rAjA mahAbala kI paryAya kA sabase adhika mahattva aura mUlya hai, kyoMki isI jIvana meM unheM tIrthaGkara prakRti kA baMdha huaa| usake bAda vijaya nAmaka vimAna meM ahamindra ke rUpa meM utpanna hue| vahA~ se caya kara ayodhyA nagarI ke rAjA svayaMvara evaM rAnI siddhArtha ke garbha se abhinandananAtha ke nAma se janma liyaa| tIrthaGkara sambhavanAtha ke mokSagamana ke dasa lAkha karor3a sAgaropama ke pazcAt abhinandananAtha kA janma huaa| janma se hI Apa samyagdRSTi evaM tIna jJAna se yukta the| 50 lAkha pUrva ApakI Ayu thii| 350 dhanuSa U~cA zarIra thaa| 'bandara' unakA caraNacihna thaa| ApakI zobhA lokottara thii| kumArAvasthA, rAjyAvasthA, athavA saMyamadazA avasthAoM meM ve eka samAna dhIra-vIra. gambhIra aura zaravIra the| saMsAra ke eka zreSTha rAjA ke rUpa meM lagabhaga 37 lAkha pUrva taka unhoMne bhalI-bhA~ti rAjya kiyaa| Ayu ke sAr3he chattIsa lAkha pUrva bIta jAne para eka dina meghoM kI zobhA meM banA huA mahala dekhate-dekhate vighaTa gayA usI se unheM vairAgya ho gayA aura dIkSA dhAraNa kara kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| -27.

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ayodhyA nagarI evaM zrI sammeda zikhara tIrtharAja ko ApakI kalyANaka bhUmi banane kA saubhAgya prApta huaa| Apake isI mahAn vyaktitva ko Alekhita kara svanAmadhanya AcAryoM ne apanI lekhanI ko sArthaka kiyA hai jinameM AcArya yativRSabha, samantabhadra, AcArya guNabhadra, hemacandra, zIlAMka, AzAdhara, amaracanda, pUjyapAda Adi pramakha haiN| jaina zilpakAroM ko bhI bhagavAna abhinandananAtha ke vyaktitva ne prabhAvita kiyA aneka tIrthakSetroM para unakI mUrtiyA~ pratiSThita kI gayI jinameM kuNDalapura, khajurAho, maMgalapura, khaNDagiri Adi pramukha haiN| unakI janmabhUmi ayodhyA meM to unakI ToMka evaM mUrtiyA~ sthApita haiN| vizeSakara bhagavAn abhinandananAtha ko samarpita atizaya kSetra maMgalapura unakI yazogAthA ko prakIrtita kara rahA haiN| mAlavA deza ke maMgalapura meM pratApa phailAne vAle abhinandananAtha kI pratimA ko mlecchoM ne tor3a dI thI jo puna: apane Apa jur3a gyii| usake kAraNa aneka upadrava naSTa hue| prastuta Alekha ko tIna tAlikAyoM se saMyukta kiyA gayA hai jisameM bhagavAn abhinandananAtha kA saMkSipta paricaya, unake samavazaraNa kA vivaraNa evaM mata-vaibhinna ko nirUpita kiyA gayA hai evaM kuNDalapura evaM khaNDagiri meM sthApita bhagavAn abhinandananAtha kI mUrtiyoM ke chAyAcitroM se saMyukta hai| isase bhalI-bhA~ti spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAn abhinandananAtha kA vyaktitva jaina-sAhitya evaM zilpa meM vividhatA ke sAtha Alekhita evaM rUpAyita hai| AcAryoM evaM zilpakAroM donoM ko hI unake atizayakArI evaM maMgalakArI rUpa ne AkarSita kiyA hai jisase ki AcAryoM ne unake vyaktitva kA varNana kara apanI lekhanI ko sArthaka mAnA hai vahIM zilpakAroM ne Apake vyaktitva ko aMkana kara apanI chainI evaM jIvana ko sArthaka kiyA hai| usI sAhitya se, zilpa se preraNA pradAna kara janasAmAnya ko apane AtmavikAsa kI yAtrA kA mArga prazasta ho sakA hai| bhavya AtmAyeM isI se preraNA grahaNa kara, Adarza caritroM kA anukaraNa kara mokSamArga kA avalambana grahaNa karatI haiM evaM apanA patha prazasta karatI hai| bhagavAn abhinandananAtha kA vyaktitva bhavya AtmAoM ke lie dIpastambha hai| . -2-5

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paJcama tIrthaGkara sumatinAtha aura unakI paJca-kalyANaka tIrtha- bhUmiyA~ -zrImatI DaoN. rAkA jaina, lakhanaU bhagavAn sumatinAtha yA sumati jinendra avasarpiNI kAla ke bharata kSetra sthita uttarAkhaNDa meM karmabhUmi ke prArambha meM arthAt caturtha kAla ke paJcama tIrthaGkara haiM - 'tIrthaM karotIti tIrthaMkaraH api ca, tarati saMsAramahArNava yena nimittena tttiirthm|' tIrthaGkara apanI divya-dezanA dvArA asaMkhya janasamUha ko kalyANa ke prazasta mArga para lagAte haiN| bhagavAn sumatinAtha ke pUrva bhava kA nAma mahApurANa ke anusAra ratiSeNa, padmapurANa ke anusAra mahAbala, harivaMzapurANa ke anusAra atibala cakravartI maNDalezvara the aura padmapurANa ke anusAra pitA kA nAma vimalavAhana aura harivaMzapurANa ke anusAra sImandhara thaa| caturtha tIrthaGkara bha. abhinandana svAmI kI mukti hone ke bAda eka lAkha karor3a varSa bItane para 5 veM jinendra bha. sumatinAtha kA janma ayodhyA nagarI meM huA thaa| pitA megharatha aura maMgaladevI mAtA thii| rAjA megharatha ayodhyA ke zAsaka the| bha. sumati jinendra janmataH hI 10 atizayoM ke evaM avadhijJAna ke dhAraka the| jisa taraha devatAgaNa svargoM meM sukha-zAntipUrvaka rahate haiM, usI taraha bha. sumati jinendra ke zAsana meM janatA rahatI thii| usa samaya kI janatA yaha nahIM jAnatI thI ki pApa kyA cIja hai? dasaroM ko satAnA yA kaSTa paha~cAnA kise kahate haiM? cAroM ora se harSa aura Ananda kA vAtAvaraNa hI thaa| vyakti apane meM pUrNa evaM santoSI thaa| bha. sumati jinendra ke zAsanakAla meM vyakti meM sumati (sabuddhi, sundarabuddhi) vidyamAna thii| tIrthaGkara ke samaya nArAyaNa, pratinArAyaNa, balabhadra, kAmadeva Adi hue| sumatinAtha ke samaya prasenacandra kAmadeva prasiddha haiM jo 24 kAmadevoM meM se eka haiN| isa Alekha ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA haika- jaina-sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM bhagavAn sumatinAtha __tIrthaGkaroM ke pAvana jIvana para bhArata kI sabhI bhASAoM meMsamRddha sAhitya hai| hajAroM varSoM se anekoM bhASAoM ke kaviyoM evaM vidvAnoM ne prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, hindI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, tamila, kannar3a Adi vibhinna bhASAoM meM apAra sAhitya kA nirmANa karake unake prati apanI zraddhA evaM bhakti pradarzita kI hai| kAvya ke vibhinna rUpoM meM unhoMne apanI lekhanI calAyI aura deza ke samakSa eka sAhitya sevA kA jvalanta udAharaNa prastuta kiyaa| yadyapi jaina-sAhitya meM caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM kA paryApta varNana milatA hai tathApi RSabhanAtha, candraprabhu, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra bhagavAn para vipula sAhitya milatA hai| anya tIrthaGkaroM ke jIvana caritra para yatra-tatra varNana prApta hotA hai| svAmI samantabhadrAcArya ne svayambhU stotra meM bhagavAn sumatinAtha kI stutiparaka zloka prastuta kiye| - 30.

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gata 1000-1200 varSoM se hindI vidvAnoM ne bhI isa ora dhyAna diyA aura purANa, kAvya, kathA, stavana, pada, boli, jAvaDI, rAma caupAI, jayamAla pUjA, gIta, dhamAla Adi ke rUpoM meM racanAe~ prastuta huI aura ina mahApuruSoM ke jIvana evaM unake upadezoM kA jagat meM pracAra kiyaa| hindI-bhASA meM pahale apabhraMza rUpa meM aura bAda meM hindI ke rUpa meM khUba sAhitya likhaa| tIrthaGkara sumatinAtha para purANoM ke atirikta svatantra rUpa se bahuta hI kama sAhitya kA nirmANa huA aura jisa sAhitya kA nirmANa huA vaha bhI ati saMkSipta rUpa meN| yahA~ sumatinAtha tIrthaGkara se sambandhita evaM stavana Adi para hI prakAza DAla rahe haiN| hindI-sAhitya ke antargata kavi svayambhU, dehalakavi, bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti, kavi khuzAlacanda, kavi banArasIdAsa, samayasundarajI, bhaiyAbhagavatI dAsa, bhUdharadAsa, vRndAvanadAsa, manaraMgalAla, rAmacandrajI, bakhtArajI, nainasukhadAsajI, kaviratna guNabhadra ityAdi hindI kaviyoM ne bhagavAn sumatinAtha kI paryApta bhakti pradarzita kI hai| kha- purAtattva ke paripekSya meM paJcama tIrthaGkara sumatinAtha bhagavAn sumatinAtha kI mUrtiyAM virala hai| mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM (47.3333) caraNa caukI meM sumatinAtha utkIrNa hai| khajurAho aura mahobA se sumatinAtha kI mUrtiyAM milI haiN| ajayagar3ha durga ke taraunI dvAra meM lAMchana yukta vivastra kAryotsarga meM unakI mUrti utkIrNa hai| devagar3ha ke eka pArzvanAtha mandira kI dIvAla para pArzva pratimA (saptaphaNI) caraNa caukI para cakavA pakSI kA aMkana hai jo ki sumatinAtha kA lAMchana hai| Upara pArzva bane haiN| yaha paramparA kaI pratimAoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| yathA lakhanaU saMgraha kI je. 78 kI pAdapITha para do vRSabha aura Upara balarAma zrIkRSNa ke madhya neminAtha haiN| lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya kI dUsarI mUrti (je. 856) meM nIce geMDA hai jo zreyAMsanAtha kA lAMchana hai| Upara tIrthaGkara kI paJcatIrthI hai, kintu mUlanAyaka ke kandhe para laTe haiN| zaMkhayukta pratimA ke kandhe para laTe haiN| viSaya-praveza adhyayana-1 meM isakI vistRta carcA kI gayI haiM lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM inakI eka bhI pratimA nahIM hai| kogAo hopAnATI velArI se prApta tIrthaGkara bhagavAn sumatinAtha kI manojJa mUrti prApta hai jisakA citra ahiMsAvANI varSa 1964 agasta-sitambara aMka meM prakAzita hai|shrii ayodhyAjI meM rAmakoTa ke bhItara sumatinAtha kA mandira banA huA hai| ___ bIkAnera ke jaina mandiroM meM sumatinAtha kI pASANa evaM dhAtu pratimAeM bahuta sI prApta haiM inameM se kaI paJcatIrthIya evaM caubIsa paTTa haiN| vaise sabhI tIrthaGkaroM kI mudrA Adi samAnatayA hotI haiN| kevala lAMchana ke dvArA kauna sI pratimA kisa tIrthaGkara kI hai, nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai| pratimA ke sAmane yA pIche kI ora jo lekha khude hue haiN| unako par3hakara pahacAnanA par3atA hai| purAtattva kI dRSTi se bIkAnera rAjasthAna kA trailokya dIpaka sumatinAtha jinAlaya bahuprasiddha hai| ga- paJcakalyANaka tIrtha bhUmiyA~ tIrthaGkara aneka gati se huA karate haiN| jinake paJcakalyANaka hote haiM- ve devagati athavA narakagati se cayakara manuSyagati prApta karate haiN| bharata aura airAvata kSetra meM pAMca kalyANaka vAle hI tIrthaGkara hote haiN| bhagavAn ke cAra kalyANaka ayodhyA meM evaM eka kalyANaka sammedazikhara para huaa| isa prakAra bhagavAn sumatinAtha 31

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viSayaka jJAtavya saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai1. pUrvabhava kA nAma 2. pUrvabhava ke pitA 3. pUrvabhava ke dvIpa 4. pUrvabhava kI nagarI 5. pUrvabhava meM kahA~ cayakara janmeM 6. vahA~ para kauna the 7. devoM ke zarIra kI UMcAi 8. lezyA 9. kitane samaya zvAsocchvAsa 10. kitane samaya bAda AhAra 11. avadhijJAna aura zakti kI maryAdA 12. sukha kI maryAdA 13. devoM kI Ayu 14. garbha tithi (vartamAna) 15. garbha nakSatra 16. garbha samaya 17. janmabhUmi 18. pitA kA nAma 19. mAtA kA nAma 20. gotra 21. janmatithi 22. janma nakSatra 23. rAzi 24. janma samaya 25. Ayu 26. UMcAI (zarIra) (ka dhanuSa 4 hAtha kA hotA hai) - atibala - sImaMdhara - dhAtakIkhaNDa - puNDarIkiNI - vaijayantI vimAna - ahamindra - eka hAtha - zukla - 16 mAsa - 33 hajAra varSa bAda - lokanAr3I paryanta - apravicAra janya - 33 sAgara - zrAvaNasudI 2 - maghA - rAtri - ayodhyA - megharatha - maMgalA - kAzyapa - caitrasudI 15 - magha - siMha - pitRyoga - 40 lAkha pUrva - 300 dhanuSa *. (84 lAkha varSa kA pUrvAMga hotA hai 84 lAkha pUrvA kA 1 pUva hotA hai aisa 40 lAkha pUrva kI Ayu thI eka pUrva meM aneka varSa hote haiM) -32

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27. varNa 28. kumArakAla 29. rAjyabhAga 30. chadmastha 31. dIkSA tithi 32. samaya 33. dIkSA nakSatra 34. pAlakI 35. dIkSAvana 36. cihna 37. dIkSAvRkSa 38. dIkSA ke samaya upavAsa 39. dIkSita rAjA 40. kitane samaya bAda AhAra 41. pAraNA kI nagarI 42. dAtAra 43 kevalajJAna kI tithi 44. kevalajJAna nakSatra 45. kevalajJAna samaya 46. kevalajJAna kA vana 47. kevalajJAna kA vRkSa 48. kevalajJAna upavAsa 49. gaNadharoM kI saMkhyA 50. mukhya gaNadhara kA nAma 51. pUrvadhArI 52. zikSaka muni (upAdhyAya) 53. avadhijJAna ke dhArI 54. kevalI 55. vaikriyaka 56. manaHparyayajJAnI 57. vAdI muni - suvarNa - 10 lAkha pUrva - 29 lAkha pUrva 12 pUrvAMga . - 20 varSa - vaizAkha sudI 9 - madhyAhna - maghA - abhayakArI - sahetuka (ayudhyA) - cakavA - priyaMgu - telA - 1000 - 3 dina bAda dUdha ke pakavAna - somanasa - padma - caitra sudI 11 . - maghA - aparAhna - sahetuka - priyaMgu - telA - 111 - amara - 3,400 2593385 - 11000 - 13000 - 18200 - 10400 - 10450 -33

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- 320000 - 330000 -300000 58. kula ziSyoM kI saMkhyA 59. AryikAeM 60. zrAvaka 61. zrAvikAeM 62. samavazaraNa kA pramANa 63. nirvANa tithi 64. nakSatra samaya 65. nirvANa sthAna 66. Asana 67. vihAra kaba banda kiyA 68. sAtha meM kitane mokSa gae 69. ziSyoM kI mukti 70. antara (sarva kAla) 71. yakSa 72. yakSI - 500000 - 10 yojana - caitra sudI 11 - maghA - sammedazikhara avicala kUTa - kAyotsarga - eka mAha pUrva - 1000 (eka hajAra) * 316100 - 9 lAkha karor3a sAgara - tumburava - vajrAMkuzA -34

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tIrthaGkara supArzvanAtha evaM unakI paJcakalyANaka tIrtha bhUmiyA~ - DaoN. kamalezakumAra jaina, vArANasI yastIrtha svArthasampannaH praarthmudpaadyt| saptamaM tu namastasmai supArthAya kRtaatmne|| vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM sAtaveM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn supArzvanAtha kA janma kAzI nagarI meM huA thaa| tadanantara kramaza: AThaveM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn candraprabha, gyArahaveM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn zreyAMsanAtha aura teisaveM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA janma bhI isI kAzI nagarI meM huA thaa| ___ uparyukta cAra tIrthaGkaroM meM se bhagavAn supArzvanAtha kA cihna nandyAvarta svastika hai aura bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA cihna sarpa (nAga) hai| kAla kI apekSA bhagavAn pArzvanAtha paravartI haiM aura jana-jana kI zraddhA se jur3e haiM tathA bhagavAn supArzvanAtha pUrvavartI haiM aura upakAraka hone se yadyapi ve janajIvana se jur3e haiM tathApi donoM ke madhyakAla kA eka lambA antarAla hai| ata: donoM tIrthaGkara pRthak-pRthak haiN| ina sabake bAvajUda pArzva aura supArzva isa nAma sAmya ke kAraNa sAmAnya logoM meM ve paraspara itane ghula-mila gaye haiM ki bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kA janajIvana se nikaTa kA sambandha hone ke kAsya unakA cihna sarpa supArzvanAtha ke sAtha bhI jur3a gyaa| phalasvarUpa bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke Upara kamaThakRta upasarga kA nivAraNa karate hue padmAvatI aura dharaNendra meM se Upara phaNAvalI ke mAdhyama se bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI rakSA karane vAle dharaNendra kI phaNAvalI bhagavAn supArzvanAtha se bhI jur3a gayI aura bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyoM kI pratIka phaNAvalI bhagavAn supArzvanAtha kI mUrtiyoM kA eka aGga bana gayI, ata: bhagavAn supArzvanAtha kI aneka mUrtiyoM para yaha phaNAvalI Aja bhI prAya: dekhI jA sakatI hai| lokajIvana para vyApaka prabhAva DAlane vAle bhagavAn supArzvanAtha vArANasI ke tatkAlIna adhipati ikSvAkukula-ziromaNi mahArAjA supratiSThita kI mahArAnI mAtA pRthivI athavA pRthivIsenA kI kukSi (garbha) meM bhAdrapada zuklA SaSThI ko Aye aura jyeSTha zuklA dvAdazI ke dina vizAkhA nakSatra meM SaSTha tIrthaGkara bhagavAn padmaprabha ke janma ke dasa lAkha pUrva sahita nau hajAra karor3a sAgaropama ke vyatIta ho jAne para unakA janma huaa| nIla varNa se suzobhita bhagavAn supArzvanAtha kI Ayu caurAsI lAkha pUrva aura U~cAI do sau dhanuSa thii| unakA rAjyakAla bIsa pUrvAGga sahita caudaha lAkha pUrva pramANa thaa| Apako vanalakSmI kA vinAza dekhakara vairAgya utpanna ho gyaa| taba Apane jyeSTha zuklA dvAdazI ke dina pUrvAhna meM vizAkhA nakSatra meM sahetuka vana meM tRtIya upavAsa ke sAtha kAzI meM jainezvarI dIkSA grahaNa kii| Apake sAtha eka hajAra rAjakumAroM ne bhI usa samaya dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| kucha samaya pazcAt phAlguna kRSNA SaSThI ko Apako kevalajJAna kI prApti huii| kAlAntara meM bhagavAn supArzvanAtha ne phAlguna kRSNA saptamI ko anurAdhA nakSatra meM siddhabhUmi sammedazikhara ke ikkIsaveM kUTa supArzvanAtha prabhAsa kUTa se eka hajAra anya munirAjoM ke sAtha mukti pada prApta kiyaa| tatpazcAt isI kUTa se 49 kor3akor3I, 84 karor3a, 72 lAkha, sAta hajAra, sAta sau byAlIsa anya munirAjoM ne bhI mukti prApta kii| isa prabhAsa kUTa -35

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kI bhAva sahita vandanA karane se battIsa karor3a proSadhopavAsa karane kA phala prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra bhagavAn supArzvanAtha ke garbha, janma, tapa aura kevalajJAna- ye cAra kalyANaka kAzI (vArANasI) meM sampanna hue aura mokSa-kalyANaka zrI sammedazikhara meM huaa| ___prAkRta-bhASA meM nibaddha evaM AcArya yativRSabha dvArA praNIta tiloyapaNNattI meM bhagavAn supArzvanAtha ke jIvana para saMkSepa meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne svayambhU stotra evaM AcArya amRtacandrasUri ne apane laghutattva sphoTa grantha meM inakI stuti kI hai| harivaMzapurANa Adi meM bhI tIrthaGkaroM kI stuti ke krama meM inheM namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| kavivara vRndAvanadAsa, bakhatAvara evaM paM. rAjamala jaina Adi ne bhagavAn supArzvanAtha kI pUjA likhakara unake prati apanI bhakti-bhAvanA pradarzita kI hai| supAsaNAha cariu nAmaka grantha meM inake jIvana kA sAGgopAGga varNana milatA hai| inhIM granthoM evaM kucha anyAnya granthoM ko AdhAra banAkara prastuta lekha meM bhagavAn supArzvanAtha se sambandhita vividha pahaluoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| -36

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tIrthaGkara candraprabha viSayaka sAhitya aura unakA jIvana - DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina 'phaujadAra', vaizAlI tIrthaGkara candraprabha jaina-paramparA ke AThaveM tIrthaGkara haiN| saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi prAcya bhASAoM meM unakA carita likhA gayA hai| zaurasenI prAkRta ke pramukha grantha 'tiloyapaNNatti' meM caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke jIvanacarita viSayaka saMkSipta vivaraNa pAye jAte haiM, jo uttaravartI granthakAroM ko srota ke rUpa meM upalabdha rahe haiN| prAcIna granthakAra AcAryoM ne jaina-paramparA sammata tiresaTha zalAkApuruSoM ke jIvanacarita likhe haiM, jinameM caubIsa tIrthaGkaroMke carita pramukha haiM, unameM bhI tIrthaGkara candraprabha kA jIvana-carita aMkita kiyA gayA hai| saMskRta-bhASA ke granthakAra mahAkaviyoM- AcAryoM kI kRtiyoM meM AcArya guNabhadra ke uttarapurANa, muni zrIcandra ke purANasAra, AcArya dAmanandi ke purANasArasaMgraha, muni malliSeNa ke triSaSTimahApurANa, paNDita AzAdhara ke triSaSTismRtizAstra, AcArya hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, mahAkavi amaracandrasUri ke caturviMzatijinendrasaMkSapticarita, upAdhyAya padmasundara ke rAyamallAbhyudaya, meghavijaya ke laghutriSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, candramuni ke laghumahApurANa yA laghutriSaSTilakSaNamahApurANa, vimalasUri ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita Adi granthoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| inameM se aneka grantha adyAvadhi aprakAzita yA anupalabdha haiM; kintu jo upalabdha haiM, unameM tIrthaGkara candraprabha kA carita varNita hai| saMskRta ke svatantra candraprabhacarita viSayaka granthoM meM AcArya vIranandi kA candraprabhacarita aThAraha sargoM meM nibaddha pramukha mahAkAvya hai, jo saMskRta-bhASA meM upalabdha tIrthaGkara candraprabha kA Adya carita-grantha hai| jinaratnakoza meM asaga kavi ke candraprabhacarita kA bhI ullekha haiza kintu vaha abhI taka prApta nahIM ho pAyA hai| saMskRta ke tadviSayaka anya carita-granthoM meM devacanda sUri, sarvAnanda sUri, bhaTTAraka zubhacandra prabhRti granthakAroM kI racanAe~ ullekhanIya haiN| prAkRta-bhASA meM racita zIlAcArya (vi.saM. 925) evaM Amrakavi ke 'cauppannamahApurisacariya' grantha prasiddha haiM, unameM bhI candraprabha kA jIvaracarita pAyA jAtA hai| prAkRta-bhASA kI svatantra kRtiyoM meM vIrasUri, jinezvarasUri, yazodeva aparanAma dhanadeva, bar3agacchIya haribhadrasUri aura jinabhadrasUri ke 'caMdappahacariyaM' pramukha haiN| devendragaNi ne bhI saMskRta- prAkRta-bhASA mizra eka candraprabhacarita racA hai| ___ apabhraMza-bhASA ke mahAkavi puSpadanta ne mahApurANa aparanAtha tisaTThimahApuriSaguNAlaMkAru kI chiyAlIsavIM sandhi meM candraprabha kA carita likhA hai| apabhraMza-bhASA ke anya kaviyoM ne 'caMdappahacariu' nAma se svatantra carita-grantha race haiM, inameM bhaTTAraka yaza:kIrti, kavi dAmodara evaM kavi zrIcandra kI racanAeM upalabdha haiN| zrIdhara ke 'caMdappahacariu' kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| hindI-bhASA meM bhI candraprabhacarita likhA gayA hai tathA kSetrIya bhASAoM kI racanAoM kI khoja kI jA rahI hai| ___ prastuta Alekha meM uparyukta racanAoM ke Aloka meM AThaveM tIrthaGkara candraprabha kA jIvana-carita prastuta kiyA jaayegaa| -37.

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tIrthaGkara zItalanAtha aura unakI paJcakalyANaka bhUmikA - paM. kamalakumAra jaina zAstrI 'goilla', kolakAtA bhUmikA jaina dharma ke caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM kI pavitra paramparA meM tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra Adi aneka tIrthaGkara aitihAsika mahApuruSa siddha ho cuke haiN| yadi isI taraha pratyeka tIrthaGkara ke viSaya meM vyApaka anveSaNa kiyA jAe to sabhI tIrthaGkara aitihAsika mahApuruSa siddha ho sakate haiM aura isa prakAra jaina dharma ko isa deza kA sarvAdhika prAcIna Adi dharma mAnane meM kisI ko koI prazna zeSa hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| isI dRSTi se isa vizAla vidvat sammelana meM pahalI bAra sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ke sambandha meM zodha-AlekhoM kI prastuti dekha-sunakara atIva prasannatA ho rahI hai| maiMne bhI yahA~ dasaveM tIrthaGkara zItalanAtha ke viSaya meM unakA jIvana aura unake paJcakalyANaka se sambandhita vivecana prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isI krama meM kramaza: unake pazcakalyANaka prastuta haiM1. garbhakalyANaka jambUdvIpa ke bharatakSetra meM malayadeza ke bhadrapura (bhadrila) rAjya meM ikSvAku kula ke bhUSaNa rAjA 'dRr3haratha' - 'drINaratha' rAjya karate the| unakI prANavallabhA kA nAma mahArAnI sunandA thaa| bhagavAn zItalanAtha ke apanI mAtA ke garbha meM Ane ke cha: mAha pahile se sunandA ke ghara para indroM ne ratnoM kI varSA karanI zurU kara dI thii| caitra kRSNa aSTamI ke dina pUrvASAr3hA nakSatra meM mahArAnI sunandA ne rAtri ke pichale prahara meM solaha svapna dekhe| ina svapnoM kA phala jAnakara mAtA ke apAra Ananda huA ki unake garbha se tIrthaGkara kA janma hogaa| 2. janmakalyANaka aura janmabhUmi ___ garbhakAla pUrNa hone para mAgha kRSNA dvAdazI ke dina vizvayoga meM mahArAnI ne zizu ko janma diyaa| zItalanAtha kA janmasthAna vartamAna meM jhArakhaNDa prAnta meM hajArIbAga jile meM hai aura vartamAna usa nagara kA nAma 'bhoMdalagAMva' 'bhadrIla' hai| usI samaya cAroM jAti ke deva aura indragaNa Akara bar3e samAroha ke sAtha bAla bhagavAn ko sumerU parvata para le gye| kSIrasAgara ke jala se bhagavAn kA janmAbhiSeka kara bar3A utsava mnaayaa| unakA nAmakaraNa zItalanAtha kiyA gyaa| 3. puruSArtha kI sAdhanA-tapakalyANaka bAlaka zItalanAtha dUja ke candramA ke samAna bar3hane lge| jaba kizoravaya pAra kara ve yauvana avasthA ko prApta hue, unake pitA ne rAjyAbhiSeka karake rAjya sauMpa diyA aura svayaM muni bana gye| (ja.dha.prA.i., pR. 139) ___mahArAja zItalanAtha eka dina vana-vihAra ke lie gye| ve jaba vana meM pahu~ce, usa samaya koharA chAyA huA thA; kintu sUryodaya hote hI kohare kA patA bhI na claa| bhagavAn aisA vicAra kara rahe the, tabhI laukAntika devoM ne Akara bhagavAn kI vandanA kI aura unake vicAroM kI sarAhanA kii| prabala vairAgya kA nimita pAkara mahArAjA -38

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zItalanAtha ne tatkAla apane putra ko rAjyabhAra sauMpa diyaa| 'zukraprabhA' nAma kI pAlakI para savAra hokara nagara ke bAhara 'sahetuka' vana meM pahu~ce jo ki vartamAna meM jhArakhaNDa meM hajArIbAga jile meM 'bhoMdalagAMva' 'bhadrilApura' (ti.pa.) (ja.dha.prA.i., pR. 139) ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| mAgha kRSNA dvAdazI ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya pUrvASAr3hA nakSatra meM do upavAsa kA niyama lekara eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha saMyama dhAraNa kara liyaa| devoM ne Akara tapakalyANaka kI pUjA kii| jisa vRkSa ke nIce baiThakara unhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kI usa dIkSA vRkSa kA nAma 'teMdu' hai| 4. jJAnakalyANaka- kaivalyaprApti duddhera tapazcaraNa evaM saMyama sAdhanA karate hue mahAmuni zItalanAtha svAmI ne vihAra karate hue upavAsa ke bAda AhAra lene kI icchA se ariSTa nAmaka nagara meM gye| rAjA punarvasu ne bar3I prasannatA se navadhA bhaktipUrvaka unheM AhAra diyaa| tapazcaraNa karate hue unhoMne alpajJa avasthA meM tIna varSa bitaaye| tabhI pauSakRSNA caturdazI ke dina pUrvASAr3hA nakSatra meM unheM sahetuka parvata para bhagavAn ko divya Aloka kaivalya- kevalajJAna kI prApti huii| jahA~ bhagavAn ko kevalajJAna kI prApta huI vartamAnameM vaha 'kolhuA parvata' hajArIbAga jile kI catarA tahasIla meM hai| yahA~ ke lie DobhI se yA catarA se sar3aka jAtI hai| bhoMdalagAMva kolhuA pahAr3a se pAMca-cha: mIla hai| 5. mokSakalyANaka tIrthaGkara zItalanAtha cirakAla taka dezoM meM vihAra karake bhavya jIvoM ko kalyANa kA mArga batAte rhe| unakI sabhA meM sapta RddhiyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle anagAra Adi ikyAsI gaNadhara the| caudaha pUrvadhArI the, unasaTha hajAra do sau zikSaka the, sAta hajAra do sau avadhi jJAnI the, sAta hajAra kevalajJAnI the, bAraha hajAra vikriyA Rddhi Rddhi ke dhAraka muni unakI pUjA karate the, sAta hajAra pAMca sau manaHparyayajJAnI unake caraNoM kI pUjA karate the| isa taraha saba muniyoM kI saMkhyA eka lAkha thii| dharaNA Adi tIna lAkha assI hajAra AryikAe~ unake sAtha thI, do lAkha zrAvaka aura tIna lAkha zrAvikAe~ unakI arcA tathA stuti karatI thii| (u.pu., parva 56, pR. 176, zloka 48,49,50) jIvoM ko kalyANa kA upadeza dete hue anta meM zAzvata nirvANa-bhUmi sammedazikhara jA pahu~ce aura vahA~ eka mAha kA yoga-nirodha karake unhoMne pratimA yoga dhAraNa kara liyA aura azvina zuklA aSTamI ko sAyaMkAla ke samaya pUrvASAr3hA nakSatra meM samasta karmoM kA nAza karake eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha vidyutaprabhakUTa zrI sammedazikhara jI se paramapada nirvANa kI prApti huii| devoM ne Akara unake nirvANa kalyANaka kI pUjA kii| isa prakAra tIrthaGkara zItalanAtha kA jIvana carita hamAre jIvana meM zItalatA aura zAnti pradAna karatA hai usI taraha unake upadeza aura unakI paJcakalyANaka tIrthabhUmiyA~ hamArA mokSamArga prazasta karatI hai| -3-1

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jaina-sAhitya evaM zilpa meM tIrthaGkara vAsupUjya aura unakI paJcakalyANaka bhUmiyA~ - anUpacanda jaina, phIrojAbAda prastuta viSaya para lagabhaga 20 pRSThoM ke Alekha meM bhagavAn vAsupUjya svAmI kA vistRta jIvana caritra evaM vibhinna granthoM meM jaina zilpa ke pariprekSya meM campApura-mandAgiri kSetra kA vyApaka vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ prastuta hai isakA saar-sNkssep| tIrthaGkara vAsupUjya jIvanakrama eka dRSTi meM bhagavAn vAsupUjya - puSpottara vimAna se caya kara mAtA vijayAdevI ke garbha meM AnA, garbha kalyANaka - ASADha kRSNa 6, janma kalyANaka - phAlguna kRSNa 14, sthAna - campApurI, vaMza - ikSvAku, pitA - rAjA vasupUjya, mAtA - pATaladevI (jayAvatI), tapa kalyANaka sthAna - mandAragiri parvata, jJAna kalyANaka sthAna - manohara udyAna meM pATala vRkSa ke nIce, mokSa prApti sthAna - mandAragiri parvatazikhara para aparAhnakAla meM, bhagavAn vAsupUjya kA kumAra kAla - 18 lAkha varSa, Ayu - 72 lAkha varSa, zarIra kI U~cAI - 70 dhanuSa, zarIra kA raMga - aruNa (lAla), cihna - bhaiMsA, yakSa kA nAma - SaSNamukha yakSa, yAkSiNI kA nAma- gAndhAra yakSaNI, gaNadhara - 6 gaNadhara, vAsupUjya ke prathama gaNadhara - mandara gnndhr| pakalyANaka 1. garbha kalyANaka AsAr3ha vadI 6 2. janma kalyANaka phAguna vadI 11 3. tapa kalyANaka phAguna vadI 14 4. jJAna kalyANaka bhAdoM vadI 2 5. mokSa kalyANaka : bhAdoM sudI 14 paJca kalyANaka bhUmiyA~ tIrthaGkara vAsupUjya svAmI aise ekamAtra tIrthaGkara haiM jinake pAMcoM kalyANaka campApura meM hue haiN| yadyapi garbha kalyANaka evaM janma kalyANaka campAnagarI yA campApura meM tathA tapa, jJAna evaM mokSa kalyANaka mandAragiri para hone kA ullekha milatA hai, tathApi bhaugolika dRSTi se tatkAlIna campApura-mandAragiri eka hI kSetra meM thA, isalie kahA jAtA hai ki pAMcoM kalyANaka campApura meM hue| campA yA campApura ko prAcIna aMga deza kI rAjadhAnI hone kA gaurava prApta hai| isakI sthiti bAraha yojana lambe evaM pAMca sau yojana caur3e campaka vana ke samIpa dakSiNa-pazcima bhArata meM batalAyI gayI hai| 96 mIla lambe aura 36 mIla caur3e vistAra vAle jisa campApura ko tIrthaGkara, zrImAn, vidvAn, zIlavAn, dayAvAn, vinayavAn, jJAnavAn, vivekavAn, RddhivAn tathA samRddhivAn Adi vibhUtiyoM ko janma dene kA gaurava prApta hai| jisa campApara -60

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meM Akara devoM ko bhI bArahaveM tIrthaGkara vAsupUjya ke pAMca kalyANaka mahotsava manAne kA saubhAgya milA thA, jahA~ rAjA zAla, mahAzAla, azoka, jitazatru, seTha sudarzana, dadhivAhana Adi ne muni dIkSA prApta kI thI, jise mallinAtha, munisuvratanAtha, naminAtha aura mahAvIra- ina tIrthaGkaroM ne vihAra kara apanI caraNa-raja se pavitra kiyA hai, jahA~ ke rAjA vasupUjya, kuNika, dadhivAhana, jitazatru, karakaNDu Adi rAjAoM ne jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM apanA yogadAna diyA, jo seTha bhAnu, cArudatta, palita, sAgaradatta Adi kubera sadRza vaibhavazAlI, lakSmIpatiyoM se alaGkata thI aura jisakI sImA para rajata mauli nadI ke kinAre sthita manohara udyAna se suzobhita mukuTavata mandAragiri parvata sthita thaa| nirvANa-bhakti, tiloyapaNNatti, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura svAmI kArtikeyAnuprekSA : meM campAnagarI ke prasaMga upalabdha haiN| isa siddhakSetra kA mUla mandira kAla-dharma ke kAraNa kaI bAra jIrNa huA aura hara bAra usakA navInIkaraNa yA punarnirmANa hotA rhaa| usameM naye-naye jinabimba pratiSThita hote rhe| Aja campApura meM hama jina mandiroM kA darzana karate haiM unakA mUla vAstu lagabhaga hajAra sAla prAcIna hai| campApura kI pramukha aura nayanAkarSaka vizeSatA ve U~ce golastambha haiM jo hamArI vAstu-paramparA se haTakara apanA alaga astitva jatAte haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki mandira ke cAroM ora ye cAra stambha the| pichale do sau sAla ke bhItara bhUkampa Adi ke kAraNa unameM se do stambha to bilkula naSTa ho gaye tathA zeSa do kSatigrasta hokara bane rhe|yh prasannatA kI bAta hai ki kSetra vyavasthApana samiti kI udAra dRSTi ke kAraNa unakI sAra-samhAra samaya para ho gayI aura ve do stambha apane mUla rUpa meM hameM dekhane ko mila rahe haiN| inake bAre meM yahAM kucha vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai| ina stambhoM ko mAnastambha nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isake mukhya kAraNa haiM1. inakA vyAsa nIce se Upara kA samAna hai, ata: vaha mAnastambha kI kaTanI vAlI zailI ko pradarzita nahIM krte| 2. ve mandira ke cAroM ora cAra bane the, jabaki mAnastambha to mandira ke sAmane ekamAtra hI bananA cAhie, cAra nhiiN| 3. inameM Upara jinabimba virAjane ke lie mar3hiyA yA vedI kA koI prAvadhAna nahIM hai, jo mAnastambha kA anivArya aMga hai| 4. inameM bhItara se Upara jAne yA nIce utarane kI sIr3hiyA~ banI huI thIM, jo mAnastambha meM nahIM honI caahie| vartamAna meM campApura bhAgalapura relave sTezana ke pAsa meM hI nAthanagara sthita nAmaka muhallA ko hI jAnA jAtA hai, jahA~ bhavya mandira, upavana va dharmazAlAeM haiN| vahIM mandAragiri parvata bhAgalapura se 50 kilomITara dUra hai| nikaTastha gAMva tathA relave sTezana mandArahila hai| varSa 1996 meM AcArya zrIbharatasAgarajI ne bhagavAn vAsupUjya svAmI kI lagabhaga savA sAta phITa U~cI pratimA, jo pratiSThA ke uparAnta nIce mandirajI meM virAjamAna thI aura nihita svArthI loga use mandAragiri para virAjamAna nahIM hone dete the, ko 4 jUna 1996 ko aitihAsika samAroha meM parvata para virAjamAna karAkara isa kSetra ko eka aura mahattvapUrNa kar3I se jor3a diyaa| -41.

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tIrthaGkara vimalanAtha evaM unakI paJcakalyANaka tIrtha bhUmiyA~ - prAcArya nihAlacanda jaina, bInA kampilA nagarI kA sAMskRtika vaibhava bhagavAn vimalanAtha ke cAroM kalyANaka kampilA nagarI meM hue, jo pharrukhAbAda jile meM kAyamagaMja tahasIla kA eka gAMva hai| yaha relave sTezana kAyamagaMz2a se 7-8 kimI dUra pakkI sar3aka se jur3A hai| yahIM bhagavAn vimalanAtha kI prathama divya dhvani khirI thii| Adya tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva, pArzvanAtha va bhagavAn mahAvIra kA samavazaraNa yahA~ AyA thaa| yaha bhArata kI prAcIna sAMskRtika nagarI hai jo pAMcAla janapada ke antargata ahicchatra aura kampilA ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| yahI pANDuputra arjuna ne lakSya bheda kara drupada sutA draupadI ke sAtha vivAha kiyA thaa| garbha-kalyANaka bharata kSetra ke kAmpilya nagara meM svAmI kRtavarmA rAjya karate the| jayazyAmA unakI paTarAnI thii| sahasrAra svarga kA vahI indra, Ayu pUrNa kara mahArAnI ke garbha meM Ane vAlA thaa| indra kI AjJA se kubera ne kAmpilya nagara va rAjaprAsAda meM 6 mAha pUrva se ratna-varSA prArambha kara dii| rAnI ne jyeSTha kRSNA dazamI rAtri ke antima prahara meM 16 svapna dekheM, jo trilokInAtha terahaveM tIrthaGkara bha0 vimalanAtha ke avataraNa kI pUrva sUcanA thii| janma-kalyANaka mahArAnI jayazyAmA nyAyapriya, viduSI, medhA kI dhanI aura priyabhASiNI thii| garbha ke 9 mAha pUrNa hone para mAgha zuklA caturdazI ke dina tIna jJAna ke dhArI kA ahirbudhna yoga meM janma huaa| indroM ne usa advitIya parAkramI bAlaka ko sumeruparvata para le jAkara janmAbhiSeka kiyA aura bAlaka kA nAma 'vimalavAhana' rkhaa| unake dakSiNa paira meM indra ne 'suara' kA cihna dekhaa| tIrthaGkaroM ke cihnoM meM jIva dayA kI bhAvanA sannihita rahatI hai| jo una viziSTa tIrthaGkara prabhu kI pahacAna hotI hai| bhagavAn vimalanAtha kA suara 'malla' kA vimala meM rUpAntaraNa hai| jo isa tathya ko batAtA hai ki vyakti yadi asvacchatA se Upara uThane kI koziza kare to eka dina vaha vItarAgatA kI U~cAiyAM chUtA hai| 'suara' kA cihna 'samatva' kI pratidhvani ko pUrI bulandI se AkAza cUma rahA hai| kumAra-kAla evaM yauvana __bAlaka vimalanAtha dvitIyA ke mayaMka ke samAna bar3hane lge| unakezarIra kI avagAhanA kramaza: bar3hatI huI 60 dhanuSa ho gyii| ve 60 lAkha varSa kI Ayu lekara mahAn lokottara puruSa ke rUpa meM unakI buddhi, kalA aura jJAna bar3hatA gyaa| suvarNa ke samAna dehakAnti thii| unhoMne bAlyAvasthA ke 15 lAkha varSa Ananda meM vyatIta kiye| kumArakAla pUrNa hote hI mAtA-pitA ne gArhasthya-jIvana meM praveza kraayaa| lakSmI unake sAtha janmI thI, vaibhava saMga khelA thaa| kIrti va sarasvatI ne inheM svayaM svIkAra kiyA aura indra ne 'vimalavAhana' kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara 'mahArAjA' pada se suzobhita kiyaa| Apane 30 lAkha varSa rAjya saMcAlana evaM rAja-vaibhava dharma, artha, kAma tri-puruSArthapUrvaka bhoga kiyaa| -42

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vairAgya, dIkSA evaM tapa kalyANaka pratyeka kAryasiddhi ke pIche koI na koI parokSa yA pratyakSa nimitta kAraNa avazya rahatA hai| prabhu vimalavAhana hemanta Rtu meM varpha kI dhavalazobhA dekha rahe the| una para sUrya-razmiyAM par3ane se 'sataraMgI varNakrama' Ananda va AhlAda utpanna kara rahA thaa| acAnaka varpha pighalane se vaha dRzya vilIna ho gyaa| isa kSaNabhaMguratA ne unake antarmana ko jhakajhora diyA aura ve vairAgya se udvelita ho utthe| cintana karane lage- oha! 30 lAkha varSa rAjya-moha ke vyAmoha meM kho diye| kyA yaha cirasthAyI hai? hamAre pUrvajoM ne avinAzI mokSa sukha pAne inheM tyAgakara saMyama patha para calakara tapasyA kI thii| aisA vairAgyapUrNa cintana cala rahA thA ki pA~caveM brahma svarga se sArasvata Adi laukAntika deva, kampilA nagarI meM Aye aura unake vairAgyapUrNa vicAroM kI anumodanA karane lge| dhanya hai prabhu jisa prakAra candana vRkSa kI sugandha se samIpastha vRkSa bhI suvAsita ho jAte haiM, Apake dvArA hone vAle mokSamArga pravartana se bhavya jIva-mokSa sukha prApta kreNge| prabhu vimalavAhana ne 'digambara dIkSA' lene kA saMkalpa liyaa| isa dIkSA mahotsava ko manAne indrAdi deva 'devadattA' pAlakI lekara upasthita ho gye| bhagavAn ko usa para ArUr3ha kara sahetuka vana tapasyA hetu le gaye jahA~ bhagavAn ne do dina ke upavAsa kA yoga dhAraNa kara mAgha zuklA caturthI ke sAyaMkAla uttarA bhAdrapada nakSatra meM eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha 'OM nama: siddhebhyaH' kahakara dIkSA grahaNa kii| kevalajJAna kalyANaka bhagavAn vimalanAtha ne do dina kA yoga samApta kara tIsare dina 'nandapura' pahu~ce jahA~ rAjA jayakumAra ne Apako navadhA bhakti se AhAra diyA aura AhAra ke pazcAt vana kI ora prayANa kara punaH AtmadhyAna meM lIna ho gye| isa prakAra 2-2 dina ke antarAla se upavAsapUrvaka AhAra lete hue 3 varSa mauna rahakara tapasyA kii| mAgha zuklA SaSThI ke dina sandhyAvelA meM uttarAbhAdra pada nakSatra meM cAra ghAtiyA kamoM kA nAza kara kevalajJAna upalabdha kiyaa| usI samaya indra va devagaNa Aye unhoMne aSTa-prAtihAryoM kA vaibhava pragaTa kiyaa| samavasaraNa kI racanA kii| bhagavAn vimalanAtha gandhakuTI meM kamalAsana se cAra aMgula Upara antarikSa meM virAjamAna ho gye| unakA paramaudArika zarIra itanA halkA ho gayA ki pRthvI kI gurutvAkarSaNa zakti se ve pare ho gye| arihanta pada ko pA gaye aura divya dhvani se jIvoM ke kalyANa rUpa dharma kA upadeza diyaa| bhagavAn vAsupUjya ke tIrtha ke bAda jaba tIsa sAgara varSa bIta gaye aura palya ke antima bhAga meM dharma kA viccheda ho gayA thA, taba bhagavAn vimalanAtha ne dharmacakra kA pravartana kiyA aura bharata kSetra meM punaH videha kSetra ke samAna 'dharmakSetra' kA cinmaya vAtAvaraNa bana gyaa| samavazaraNa-parikara bhagavAn vimalanAtha kI dharma sabhA meM meru mandara Adi55 gaNadhara the| 1100 pUrvadhArI the| avadhijJAnI, manaHparyayajJAnI, kevalajJAnI va vikriyARddhi dhArI 68000 munirAjA samavazaraNa meM the| padmA Adi 103,000 AryikAeM do lAkha zrAvaka tathA cAra lAkha zrAvikAeM thiiN| pratimAyoga dhAraNa va mokSakalyANaka Ayu kA eka mAha zeSa rahane para Apane dharmadezanA saMkoca kara zrI sammeda zikhara ke zaMkula (suvIra) kUTa - 43

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para yogAsana meM virAja gye| zeSa karma-prakRtiyoM ko bhI asaMkhyAta guNa zreNI nirjarA dvArA ghAta karane lge| kevalI samuddhAta kriyA ke dvArA nAma, gotra va vedanIya karmoM kI sthiti ko Ayu ke samAna kara 8 samaya meM Atma pradezoM kA saMkoca vistAra karake sUkSma kriyA pratipAti va vyuparata kriyA nivRtti dvArA zukla dhyAna meM ArUr3ha hue| usI samaya avazeSa 85 karma prakRtiyoM kA nAza kara akSaya ananta sukha ke dhArI ho gye| vaha ASAr3ha zuklA aSTamI thI, (Ajakala yaha kAlASTamI ke nAma se pUjI jAtI hai) jaba bhagavAna kA mokSa-kalyANaka haa| Aja asaMkhya varSoM ke bAda bhI inakI sammedazikhara nirvANa bhUmi para jAkara sAdhaka jIva, siddha bhagavAn kA smaraNa karate haiM aura vizuddha AtmaguNoM ko pAne kI bhAvanA karate haiN| - 44

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caudahaveM tIrthaGkara anantanAtha aura unake paJcakalyANaka - paM. siddhArtha jaina, satanA dhAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa meM pUrva meru kI ora uttara dizA meM sthita ariSTa nAmaka sundara nagara ke rAjA padmaratha the| ve apane guNoM se padmA arthAt lakSmI kA hI sthAna thA, usane cirakAla taka pRthivI kA pAlana kiyA jisase prajA parama prIti ko prApta hotI rhii| kisI eka dina vaha svayaMprabha jinendra ke samIpa gyaa| vahA~ usane vinaya ke sAtha unakI stuti kI aura dharma kA upadeza sunaa| upadeza sunakara vaha vicAratA hai ki maiM ina indriya viSayoM meM apanI buddhi sthira kaise kara sakatA hU~? inheM nitya kisa prakAra mAna sakatA hU~? isa prakAra usa rAjA kI buddhi moharUpI mahAgAMTha ko kholakara udyama karane lgii| tadanantara jisa prakAra cAroM ora lagI huI vanAgni kI jvAlAoM se bhayabhIta huA hiraNa apane bahuta purAne sthAna ko bhI chor3ane kA udyama karane lgaa| usane dhanaratha nAmaka putra ke lie rAjya dekara saMyama dhAraNa kara liyaa| gyAraha aMgarUpI sAgara kA pAragAmI hokara solaha kAraNa bhAvanAoM kA cintanakara tIrthaGkara prakRti kA baMdha kiyaa| anta meM sallekhanA dhAraNa kara zarIra chor3A aura acyuta svarga ke puSpottara vimAna se indrapada prApta kiyaa| cirakAla taka sukha bhogakara jaba vaha isa madhyaloka meM Ane ke sammukha huA taba - isa jambUdvIpa ke dakSiNa bharatakSetra kI ayodhyA nagarI meM ikSvAkuvaMzI kAzyapagotrI mahArAja siMhasena rAjya karate the| unakI mahArAnI kA nAma jayazyAmA thaa| devoM ne usake mahala ke AMgana meM chaha mAha taka ratnoM kI zreSTha dhArA brsaaii| kArtika kRSNA pratipadA ke dina revatI nakSatra meM rAtri ke antima prahara meM mahArAnI jayazyAmA ne solaha svapna dekhane ke bAda muMha meM praveza karatA huA hAthI dekhaa| prAta: uTha kara usane apane avadhijJAnI pati rAjA se una svapnoM kA phala jaanaa| usI samaya vaha acyutendra usake garbha meM Akara sthita huA jisase vaha bahuta bhArI santoSa ko prApta huii| tadanantara devoM ne garbha kalyANaka meM abhiSeka kara vastra, mAlA aura bar3e-bar3e AbhUSaNoM se mahArAja siMhasena aura rAnI jayazyAmA kI pUjA kii| ___ garbha kalyANaka kA utsava manAkara sabhI devatAgaNa apane-apane sthAna ko prasthAna kara gye| jayazyAmA kA garbha sukha se bar3hane lgaa| nau mAha vyatIta hone para usane jyeSTha kRSNA dvAdazI ke dina pUSAyoga meM puNyavAn putra utpanna kiyaa| usI samaya indroM ne Akara usa putra kA meru parvata para abhiSeka kiyA aura bar3e harSa se 'anantajita' yaha sArthaka nAma rkhaa| prasiddha rAjaparivAra meM bAlaka anantanAtha kA bar3e pyAra se lAlana-pAlana hone lgaa| terahaveM tIrthaGkara vimalanAtha bhagavAna ke bAda nau sAgara aura pauna palya bIta jAne para tathA antima samaya dharma kA viccheda ho jAne para bhagavAn anantanAtha jinendra utpanna hue the, unakI Ayu bhI isI antarAla meM zAmila thii| unakI Aya tIna lAkha varSa kI thii| zarIra pacAsa dhanaSa U~cA thA, daidIpyamAna sUvarNa ke samAna raMga thA aura ve zarIra ke eka hajAra ATha zubha lakSaNoM se yukta the| manuSya, vidyAdhara aura devoM ke dvArA pUjyanIya bhagavAn anantanAtha ne sAta lAkha pacAsa hajAra varSa bIta jAne para rAjyAbhiSeka prApta kiyA thaa| ve bhagavAn sAma, dAma aura bheda ke dvArA rAjya kA pAlana karate the| anekAneka rAjA inakI AjJA ko mAlA kI taraha apane sira kA AbhUSaNa banAte the| ye prajA ko cAhate the aura prajA inako cAhatI thii| mahArAja siMhasena ne inakA kaI rAjakanyAoM ke sAtha vivAha sampanna karAyA thA jisase inakA gRhastha jIvana sukhamaya vyatIta ho rahA thaa| -45

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rAjya karate hue jaba unheM pandraha lAkha varSa bIta gaye taba kisI eka dina ulkApAta dekhakara unheM yathArtha jJAna utpanna ho gyaa| ve socane lage ki yaha duSkarmarUpI bela ajJAnarUpI bIja se utpanna huI hai, asaMyamarUpI pRthvI ke dvArA dhAraNa kI huI hai, pramAdarUpI jala se sIMcI gayI hai, kaSAya hI usakI skandhayaSTi (bar3I mATI zAkhA) hai, yoga ke Alambana se bar3hI huI hai, tiryazca gati ke dvArA phailI huI hai, vRddhAvasthArUpI phUloM se r3hakI huI hai, aneka roga hI isake patte haiM aura duHkharUpI duSTaphaloM se jhuka rahI hai| maiM isa duSkarmarUpI bela ko zukla dhyAnarUpI talavAra ke dvArA Atma-kalyANa ke lie jar3a se kATanA cAhatA huuN| aisA vicAra karate hI unake vairAgya bhAvoM kI prazaMsA evaM stuti karate hue laukAMtika deva A phuNce| unhoMne unakI pUjA/stuti kii| virakta bhagavAn ne apane anantavijaya putra ke lie rAjya diyA aura svayaM sAgaradatta nAmaka pAlakI para ArUr3ha hokara sahetuka vana meM gaye aura vahAM velA kA niyama lekara jyeSTha kRSNa dvAdazI ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha dIkSA lete hI jinheM manAparyaya jJAna prApta huaa| aise anantanAtha munirAja dUsare dinacaryA ke lie sAketapura meM gye| vahA~ suvarNa ke samAna kAnti vAle vizAkha nAmaka rAjA ne unheM AhAra dekara svarga tathA mokSa kI saMsUcanA dene vAle paJcAzcarya prApta kiye| isa prakAra tapazcaraNa karate hae jaba chadyastha avasthA ke do varSa bIta gaye taba usI sahetuka vana meM pIpala vRkSa ke nIce caitra kRSNa amAvasyA ke dina sAyaMkAla ke samaya revatI nakSatra meM unhoMne kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| usI samaya devoM ne Akara bhagavAn ke kevalajJAna kI pUjA kii| jaya Adi pacAsa gaNadharoM ke dvArA unakI divya dhvani kA vistAra hotA thA, ve eka hajAra pUrvadhAriyoM ke dvArA vandanIya the, tIna hajAra do sau vAda karane vAle muniyoM ke svAmI the, untAlIsa hajAra pA~ca sau zikSaka unake sAtha rahate the, cAra hajAra tIna sau avadhijJAnI unakI pUjA karate the, ve pA~ca hajAra kevalajJAniyoM se sahita the, ATha hajAra vikriyARddhi ke dhArakoM se vibhUSita the, pA~ca hajAra manaHparyayajJAnI unake sAtha rahate the| isa prakAra saba milAkara chayAsaTha hajAra muni unakI saparyA karate the| sarvazrI ko Adi lekara eka lAkha ATha hajAra AryikAoM kA samUha unake sAtha thA, do lAkha zrAvaka unakI pUjA karate the aura cAra lAkha zrAvikAeM unakI stuti karatI thii| isa prakAra bAraha sabhAoM meM vidyamAna ve bhagavAn bhavya samUha ke agraNI the| aneka varSoM taka bhagavAn anantajina ne prasiddha dezoM meM vihAra kara bhavya jIvoM ko sanmArga meM lgaayaa| anta meM sammedazikhara para jAkara unhoMne vihAra karanA chor3a diyA aura eka mAha kA yoga nirodha kara chaha hajAra eka sau muniyoM ke sAtha pratimA yoga dhAraNa kara liyA tathA caitra kRSNa amAvasyA ke dina rAtri ke prathama bhAga meM caturtha zukladhyAna ke dvArA aghAtiyA karmoM kA nAza kara mukti kA paramapada prApta kiyaa| usI samaya indrAdi devoM ke samUha ne Akara bar3e Adara se vidhipUrvaka bhagavAn kA nirvANa kalyANaka sampanna kiyaa| parama pramodapUrvaka bhakti bhAva se antima kalyANaka mAnakara ve samasta indrAdigaNa apane-apane sthAnoM para cale gye| jo pUrva tIsare bhava meM padmaratha nAma ke prasiddha rAjA hue, phira tapa ke prabhAva se acyuta svarga ke puSpottara vimAna meM acyutendra hue aura phira vahA~ se cayakara maraNa ko jItane vAle anantajina nAmaka jinendra hue ve bhagavAn ananta bhavoM meM hone vAle maraNa se hama sabakI rakSA kre| -46

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tIrthaGkara zAntinAtha viSayaka sAhitya aura unakA pAvana carita - paM. zivacarana lAla jaina, mainapurI caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM vizvavandya bhagavAn zAntinAtha kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| unheM vizvazAnti kAraka, sarvaduHkhahartA ke rUpa meM vizeSa khyAti prApta haiN| unake viSaya meM pracura mAtrA meM sAhitya kI racanA kI gyii| gadya, padya donoM rUpoM meM saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, kannar3a, tamila Adi prAntIya bhASAoM tathA hindI meM likhita unakA pAvana carita aura stotra Adi upalabdha haiN| unake ullekha, bhaktiyoM ke pariveza meM A. kundakunda Adi zrutadharAcAryoM ke tathA bRhatsvayambhU stotra Adi ke rUpa meM prAcIna vAGmaya meM vidyamAna hai| usake pazcAt jinazAsana ko prakAzita karane vAle atyanta medhAvI guNabhadrAcAryakRta uttarapurANa ke 62-63 parva meM bhagavAn zAntinAtha kA caritra prabhAvakArI hai| prApta anya sAhitya prAya: usakA ansArI hai| mahAkavi asaga dvArA racita zAntinAtha purANa lagabhaga usI samaya athavA usake nikaTavartI antarAla meM likhA gayA kAvya zailI kI eka prAsiddha racanA hai| hamane apane uparokta zIrSaka vAle Alekha meM kula 24 granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unameM prAkRta-bhASA ke 'tisaTThilakkhaNa mahApurisaguNAlaMkAru' nAmaka mahanIya 'mahApurANu' grantha ke antargata sandhi 60 se 63 taka racanAkAra mahAkavi puSpadanta ne bhagavAn zAntinAtha ke jIvana caritra ko manohara chanda, rasa, alaMkAroM evaM dharma vivecanapUrNa vairAgya sahita viziSTa bhASA zailI kAvyagata vizeSatAoM ko lie hue AgamAnusAra varNita kiyA hai| isake atirikta mahAkavi raidhu ne eka 'saMtiNAha cariu' apabhraMza-bhASA kA zreSTha sAhityopavana-kasama kA praNayana kiyaa| yaha apabhraMza-sAhitya kI prazaMsanIya kRti bhagavAn zAntinAtha ke itihAsa para kAvya ke prAyaH sabhI guNoM ko samAhita kiye jaina vAGmaya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai| yaha bar3I AkarSaka saMveginI, nivedinI kathA hai| isameM prazasta kathAnAyaka zAntiprabha ke janmoM ke vividha pAzcoM ko mahAkavi ne lalita rUpa meM citrAMkita kiyA hai| gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM dAmanandI saMjJA ko dhAraNa karane vAle eka mahAn AcArya hue haiM, unhoMne bhI apane purANasAra saMgraha meM 16veM tIrthaGkara jinendra kA pAvana carita varNita kiyA hai| gambhIra evaM rocaka zabdAvalI, vividha zabdAlaMkAroM kI chaTA mana ko moha letI hai| yadyapi saMkSipta varNana hai phira bhI yathAyogya Avazyaka prasaMgoM ko samyak sthAna dene kA prayAsa racanAkAra ne kiyA hai| saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza-bhASA ke anya purANa va caritra granthoM ke atirikta hindI meM likhe gaye granthoM jaise caubIsI purANa, caubIsa tIrthaGkara mahApurANa Adi ke dvArA bhI lekhakoM ne bhagavAn zAntinAtha ke carita varNana ke mAdhyama se unako zIza jhukAyA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vipula mAtrA meM ina kAmadeva cakravartI prabhu ke viSaya meM likhA gayA hogA; kintu vaha pramAdavaza yA AkrAntAoM ke vidveSavaza kAla ke gAla meM samA gayA hogaa| avaziSTa bhI sampUrNa ekatrita rUpa meM kAma calAne ko paryApta hai| AvazyakatA hai isa vAGmaya-darpaNa meM udyamapUrvaka jhAMkane kii| -47

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pAvana carita- samagra sAhitya meM bhagavAn zAntinAtha kI 12 taka bhavAvali kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| AcArya guNabhadra ke zabdoM meM dRSTavya hai zrIveNaH kurujaH suraH khagapatirdevo hleshaamro| yo vajrAyuSacakrabhRtsurapatiH prApyAhamindraM pdN|| pazcAnmegharako munIndrasahitaH sarvArthasiddhiM shritH| zAntIzo jagadekazAntiratulAM dizyAcchriyaM vshcirm|| parva 63/504 arthAt 1. rAjA zrISeNa, 2. uttama bhogabhUmija Arya, 3. zrIprabhadeva, 4. vidyAdhara amitateja, 5. Anata svarga meM ravicUla deva, 6. aparAjita balabhadra, 7. acyutendra, 8. vajrAyadha cakravartI, 9. urdhva graiveyaka-ahamindra, 10. megharatha rAjA, 11. sarvArthasiddhi meM ahamindra, 12. zAntIza prabha, ina bAraha bhavoM meM kramazaH prakarSa karane vAle vizvazAntikartA jinendra hameM cirazAnti zrI pradAna kreN| unake bhavoM meM aparAjita balabhadra kA jIvana anekoM vicitra ghaTanAoM se vyApta rhaa| bhAI anantavIrya nArAyaNa ke sAtha damitAri pratinArAyaNa kA vadha kara samasta vidyAdharoM para vijaya prApta kii| anantavIrya Age calakara unake bhAI cakrAyudha hokara unake hI gaNadhara bne| anantavIrya kI mRtyu se duHkhita ho aparAjita ne yazodhara muni se pravrajyA grahaNa kara samAdhipUrvaka zarIra visarjana kiyaa| bhagavAn zAntinAtha ke jIvana se hameM abhyudaya svarUpa, zreSTha mAnavIya jIvana, dhairya, tyAga-tapasyA, vairAgya evaM dharma-artha-kAma aura mokSa puruSArtha dvArA AtmasvarUpa prApti kI zikSA prApta hotI hai| hameM nirantara AtmakalyANa kI bhAvanA kA lakSya raha sakatA hai| bhagavAn zAntinAtha kI anekoM vizeSatAe~ haiN| bhagavAn dharmanAtha ke pazcAt pAva palya taka mokSa mArga kA viccheda rhaa| usa samaya bhagavAn zAntinAtha ne janma lekara puna: dharma kA pravartana kiyaa| unake nirvANa ke pazcAt dharma tIrtha avicchinna rUpa se adyAvadhi vidyamAna hai| ve hI isa hetu samartha hue, ata: unakA vizeSa mahattva hai| ve paJcama cakravartI pada ke dhArI, bArahaveM kAmadeva evaM solaha tIrthaGkara the, ina tIna padoM ko unhoMne vibhUSita kiyA hai| isa taraha mUla zodha Alekha meM vistAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| - -

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tIrthaGkara kunthunAtha kA jIvanacarita aura paJcakalyANaka bhUmiyA~ -DaoN. kastUracanda 'sumana', zrImahAvIrajI prAmANikatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue tIrthaGkara kunthunAtha kI jIvanacarita-sambandhI sAmagrI digambara jaina-sAhitya meM AcArya zrI yativRSabhakRta tiloyapaNNattI, AcArya jinasenakRta harivaMzapurANa, AcArya raviSeNakRta padmapurANa aura AcArya guNabhadrakRta uttarapurANa se tathA jaina zilpa meM tIrthaGkara kunthunAtha pratimA kI paricayAtmaka jAnakArI ahAra kSetra ke abhilekha tathA bhAratIya digambara jaina abhilekha aura tIrtha paricaya : madhyapradeza- 13vIM zatI taka se lI gayI hai| hastinApura kA paricaya pAvana jaina tIrtha hastinApura kI gaurava gAthA nAmaka pustikA meM saMkalita kiyA gayA hai| ___ tIrthaGkara kunthunAtha ke maMgala jIvaracarita kA zubhArambha unake usa pUrvabhava se kiyA gayA hai jisameM unhoMne saMyama dhAraNa kara tIrthaGkaratva kI solahakAraNa-bhAvanAoM kA anucintana karate hue tIrthaGkara-puNya-prakRti kA bandha kiyA thaa| usa bhava meM tIrthaGkara kunthunAtha kA jIva pUrva videhakSetra meM susImA nagarI kA siMharatha nAmaka rAjA thaa| isa paryAya meM siMhastha ke jIva ne tIrthaGkara-prakRti kA bandha kara samAdhipUrvaka maraNa kiyA thA aura svarga ke sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka anuttara vimAna meM utpanna huA thaa| garbhakalyANaka : svarga meM pravIcAra rahita mAnasika sukha kA anubhava karate hue svarga kI Ayu pUrNa hone para siMharatha kA jIva svarga se caya kara bharatakSetra ke hastinApura nagara meM zrAvaNa kRSNA dazamI ke dina rAtri ke pichale prahara meM kRtikA nakSatra ke rahate solaha svapnapUrvaka hastinApura ke rAjA sUrasena kI paTarAnI zrIkAntA ke garbha meM avatarita haa| devoM ke Asana kampAyamAna he| tIrthaGkara kA garbhAvataraNa jAnakara sabhI deva prathivI para Aye aura unhoMne ratna varSAye tathA garbha-kalyANaka-pUjA kI aura harSika hokara yathAsthAna cale gye| janmakalyANaka : hastinApura meM rAnI zrIkAntA ke garbha meM nau mAsa rahane ke uparAnta vaizAkha zuklA pratipadA ke dina Agneya yoga meM kRtikA nakSatra ke samaya zrIkAntA kI kukSi se siMhastha ke jIva ne janma liyaa| aba vaha rAjA sUrasena kA putra huaa| janmakalyANaka manAne deva aaye| indra ne sumeru parvata para le jAkara navajAta zizu kA abhiSeka kiyaa| taduparAnta zizu kA kunthu nAma rakhakara harSita hote hue deva yathAsthAna cale gye| kumAra kunthunAtha kI Ayu paMcAnabe hajAra varSa kI thii| isameM Ayu kA caturtha bhAga pramANa- teIsa hajAra sAta sau pacAsa varSa kA samaya kunthunAtha kA kumArakAla rhaa| itane hI samaya ve maNDalezvara rAjA aura puna: itane samaya ve cakravartI rhe| isa prakAra Ayu ke tIna bhAga rAja-kAja meM hI nikala gye| zArIrika avagAhanA paiMtIsa dhanuSa tathA zArIrika varNa tapta svarNa ke samAna thaa| dIkSAkalyANaka : kunthunAtha paramArtha ke jJAnI the| unhoMne apane mantrI ko samajhAte hue batAyA thA ki mantrI! "jo parigraha kA tyAga nahIM karatA usI kA saMsAra meM bhramaNa hotA hai|" isa prakAra paramArtha jJAtA kunthunAtha -4-/

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ko kucha samaya bAda pUrvabhava ke smaraNa se Atmabodha utpanna huaa| ve rAjabhogoM se virakta hue| laukAntika devoM ne Akara unakA stavana kiyaa| cakrI kunthunAtha aba cakrI nahIM rhe| unhoMne putra ko rAjyabhAra sauMpa diyA aura svayaM saMyamI ho gye| devoM sahita indra ne Akara hastinApura meM dIkSAkalyANaka mnaayaa| unheM vijayA nAmA pAlakI meM baiThAkara hastinApura ke sahetuka vana le jAyA gayA jahA~ unhoMne telA kA niyama lekara vaizAkha zuklA pratipadA ke dina kRtikA nakSatra meM sAyaMkAla ke samaya eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha muni dIkSA dhAraNa kii| dIkSita hote hI unheM manaHparyaya jJAna ho gayA thaa| jJAna-kalyANaka : dIkSoparAnta kunthunAtha kI prathama pAraNA hastinApura meM tatkAlIna rAjA dharmamitra ke yahA~ sampanna huI thii| AhAra meM go-kSIra se niSpanna khIra dI gayI thii| ve solaha varSa taka chadmastha rhe| isake pazcAt caitra zuklA tRtIyA ke dina aparAhna meM kRtikA nakSatra ke udayakAla meM hastinApura ke sahetuka vana meM hI tilaka vRkSa tale unheM kevalajJAna utpanna huA thaa| kevalI hote hI indra kI AjJA se kubera ne samavasaraNa kI racanA kI thI jahA~ inheM dharAtala se pA~ca hajAra dhanuSa Upara baiThAyA gayA thaa| indrAdi sabhI devoM ne jJAnakalyANaka kI harSaparvaka pUjA kI thii| isa prakAra kunthunAtha ke prathama cAroM kalyANaka hastinApura meM hI sampanna hue the| pavitratA prApta karane kA saubhAgya hastinApura ko milA jisake phalasvarUpa hastinApura kI bhUmi Aja bhI vandya hai| saMgha-paricaya : kevalI kunthunAtha ke saMgha meM svayambhU Adi aSTa RddhidhArI paiMtIsa gaNadhara the| muni kI saMkhyA sALa hajAra thii| inameM pUrvadhara muni 700, zikSaka 43150, avadhi jJAnI muni 2500, kevalI 3200, vikriyA RddhidhArI 5100, vipulamati jJAnI 3350 aura vAdI muni 2000 the| bhAvitAdi 60350 AryikAe~ saMgha meM thiiN| zrAvaka 100000 aura zrAvikAe~ 300000 thiiN| deva-deviyA~, manuSya aura tiryaJca to asaMkhya the| sATha hajAra muniyoM meM 46800 mokSa gaye aura zeSa vibhinna svargoM meM utpanna hue| nirvANa-kalyANaka : Ayu kA eka mAsa zeSa rahane para kevalI kunthunAtha sasaMgha vihAra karate hue sammedAcala Aye the| yahA~ vaizAkha zuklA pratipadA ke dina pradoSakAla meM kRtikA nakSatra ke rahate kAyotsarga Asana se eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha jJAnadhara kUTa se mokSa gaye the| devoM ne Akara Apake mokSakalyANaka kI sammedAcala para pUjA-vandanA kI thii| : jaina zilpa meM kunthunAtha tIrthaGkara-pratimA : caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM zAntinAtha, kunthunAtha aura aranAtha ye tIna tIrthaGkara mAtra aise hue haiM jo tIrthaGkara, cakravartI aura kAmadeva ina tIna padoM se vibhUSita hue hai| padoM kI garimA ke kAraNa ye atyadhika lokapriya he| gyArahavIM-bArahavI sadI meM tInoM kI pratimAe~ eka hI phalaka para nirmita kI jAne lgiiN| pASANa phalaka ho yA pItala phlk| kahIM bhI inakI sthiti, Asana Adi meM ekarUpatA nahIM miltii| kahIM tInoM pratimAe~ eka hI phalaka para nirmita haiM to kahIM pRthak-pRthak phalakoM para nirmita haiN| kinhIM phalakoM para kAyotsarga mudrA meM aMkita haiM to kinhIM phalakoM para padmAsana mudrA meM haiN| kisI phalaka meM zAntinAtha pratimA madhya meM hai aura usakI bAyIM ora kunthunAtha pratimA tathA dAyIM ora aranAtha-pratimA hai| kisI phalaka meM bAyIM ora aranAtha aura dAyI ora kunthunAtha-pratimA hai| kisI phalaka meM tIrthaGkara krama apanAyA gayA hai- zAnti, kunthu aura aranAtha-pratimAe~ kramaza: darzAyI gayI haiN| -50.

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bIsavIM sadI meM jahA~ akelI pratimA aMkita kI gayI haiM, use padmAsana meM darzAyA gayA hai| eka hI phalaka para padmAsana meM kahIM madhya meM pArzvanAtha aura usakI dAyIM aura zAntinAtha tathA bAyIM ora kunthunAtha pratimA bhI aMkita milatI hai| kAyotsarga mudrA vAle pratimA phalaka madhya pradeza meM ahAra, bajaraMgagar3ha, sihoniyA, Una Adi meM tathA padmAsanastha phalaka hastinApura meM draSTavya haiN| nirvANakalyANaka-bhUmi tIrthaGkara kunthunAtha kI nirvANabhUmi sarvazreSTha siddhakSetra sammedazikhara kI jJAnadharakUTa bhUmi hai| sammedazikhara se AdinAtha, vAsupUjya, neminAtha aura mahAvIra tIrthaGkaroM ke sivAya anya sabhI tIrthaGkara nirvANa ko prApta hue haiN| sarvAdhika pavitra bhUmi hone se hI kahA jAtA hai ki "bhAva sahita vande jo koI, tahi naraka-pazugati nahIM hoii|" -51

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tIrthaGkara arahanAtha aura unakI paJcakalyANaka bhUmiyA~ - DaoN. narendrakumAra jaina, sanAvada jainadharma-paramparAnusAra ara (araha) nAtha aThArahaveM tIrthaGkara haiN| ve kAmadeva evaM cakravartI the| mahAkavi zrI jagatrAtha ne apane 'caturviMzati sandhAnamahAkAvya' (zloka 19) meM unheM vRSabhajina, munisuvratajina, ajAMka, jaganAthadhI Adi vizeSaNoM se sambodhita kiyA hai| AcArya raviSeNa ne padmapurANa (parva 1/11) meM arahanAtha bhagavAn ko "azeSaklezanirmokSapUrvasaukhyAraNAdaram' arthAt samasta duHkhoM se mukti pAkara ananta sukha prApta karane vAle tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM namaskAra kiyA hai| svayambhU stotra ke anusAra na saMstuto na praNataH sabhAyAM, yaH sevito'ntargaNa puurnnaay| padacyutaiH kevalibhirjinasya, devAdhidevaM praNamAmyaraM tm||18|| arthAt jina jinadeva kI sabhA meM avinAzI pada prApta kevalI jinheM na namaskAra karate the, aura na jinakI stuti karate the; kintu antargaNa kI pUrti ke lie jo unake dvArA Adara prApta karate the, una devAdhideva arahanAtha jina ko maiM namaskAra karatA huuN| harivaMzapurANa meM AcArya jinasena ne caturviMzati tIrthaGkaroM kI stuti ke krama meM aranAtha tIrthaGkara kI stuti karate hue likhA hai ki namo'STAdazatIrthana praanninaamissttkaarinne| cakrapANi jinArAya nirstduritaarye|| (prathama sarga, zloka-20) arthAt jo aThArahaveM tIrthaGkara the, prANiyoM kA kalyANa karane vAle the aura jinhoMne pAparUpI zatru ko naSTa kara diyA thA; una cakraratna ke dhAraka zrI aranAtha jinendra ke lie namaskAra ho| AcArya yativRSabha praNIta 'tiloya paNNattI' meM tIrthaGkara arahanAtha ke jIvanavRtta viSayaka jAnakAriyA~ isa prakAra prApta hotI haiM 1. garbha kalyANaka- tIrthaGkara arahanAtha kA avataraNa aparAjita nAmaka vimAna se huA thaa| (4/530) hastinApura meM rAjA sudarzana kI rAnI mitrA ke garbha meM ApakA Agamana haA (4/550) / yaha tithi phAlgana kRSNa tRtIyA thii| 2.janmakalyANaka- tIrthaGkara arahanAtha hastinApura meM pitA sudarzana rAjA aura mAtA mitrA se magasira zuklA caturdazI ko rohiNI nakSatra meM avatIrNa hue maggasira-cohasIe, sida-pakkhe rohiNIsu ar-devo| NAgapura saMjaNido, mittAe sudrisnnaavnniNdesuN|| 4/550 / / vaha kuruvaMza meM utpanna hue the| unake janma hone para saudharma indra ne janmakalyANaka kA bhavya mahotsava

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manAyA tathA sumeru parvata para le jAkara 1008 kalazoM se unakA janmAbhiSeka kiyaa| ve svaNA sadRza pItavarNa ke the (4/596) / unakI kula Ayu 84 hajAra varSa pramANa thI (4/588) / unhoMne 21 hajAra varSa maNDaleza avasthA meM evaM 21 hajAra varSa cakravartI ke rUpa meM vyatIta kiye (4/609) / unakA cihna matsya mAnA gayA hai (4/612) 3. tapakalyANaka- cakravartI ke rUpa meM rAjya sukha bhogate hue eka dina arahanAtha ne megha kA vinAza dekhA jisase dekhate hI inheM saMsAra, zarIra evaM bhogoM kI kSaNabhaMguratA dikhAyI dene lagI aura unheM vairAgya ho gayA (4/616) / unhoMne magasira zuklA dazamI ke aparAhna meM revatI nakSatra ke rahate sahetuka vana meM tRtIya upavAsa ke sAtha jinedadra rUpa arthAt digambara dIkSA grahaNa kI (4/668) / yaha sahetuka vana hastinApura ke samIpa hI sthita thaa| unake sAtha 1 hajAra rAjakumAroM ne dIkSA grahaNa kI thI (4/676) / muni arahanAtha ne prathama pAraNA ke rUpa meM gaukSIra meM niSpanna anna (khIra) kI pAraNA kI thii| inakA chadmasthakAla 16 varSa mAnA gayA hai (4/683) 4. jJAnakalyANaka- arahanAtha tIrthaGkara ko kArtika zuklA dvAdazI ke aparAhna meM revatI nakSatra ke rahate sahetuka vana meM kevalajJAna utpanna huA (4/703) / kevalajJAna utpanna hote hI inakA paramaudArika zarIra pRthvI se 5 hajAra dhanuSa pramANa Upara calA gyaa| tInoM lokoM meM atizaya prabhAva utpanna huA saudharmAdhika indroM ne Akara bhagavAn jinendra kA jJAnakalyANaka manAyA aura pUjA-arcanA kii| kubera ke dvArA saudharma indra kI AjJA se samavazaraNa kI racanA kI gayI jisameM tIrthaGkara arahanAtha ne divyadhvani ke mAdhyama se upadeza dekara prANImAtra ko AtmakalyANa kA mArga btaayaa| tIrthaGkara arahanAtha kA kevalIkAla 20 hajAra 984 varSa pramANa mAnA gayA hai (4/965) / inake pramukha gaNadhara kA nAma kumbha (kunthu) (4/974) / inake gaNadharoM kI saMkhyA 30 thii| 5. mokSakalyANaka- tIrthaGkara arahanAtha bhagavAn ne caitra kRSNA amAvasyA ko pratyUSa kAla meM apane janma (rohiNI) nakSatra ke rahate 1 hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha sammedazikhara se mokSa prApta kiyA cettassa bahula-carime, diNammi Niya jammi-mammi pjjuuse| sammede ara - deo, sahassa - sahido gado mokkhN|| 4/1213 / / ___ yaha sammedazikhara vartamAna bhAratavarSa ke jhArakhaNDa rAjya meM giriDIha jilAntargata sthita hai| jahA~ Aja bhI jainadharmAnuyAyI bar3I zraddhA se jAkara bhagavAn arahanAtha ke nirvANasthalI kA caraNa vandana karate hai| sampUrNa jaina sAhityakAroM ne tiloyapaNNattI kA anusaraNa karate hue tIrthaGkara arahanAtha ke garbha, janma, tapa evaM jJAnakalyANaka kA kSetra hastinApura evaM nirvANa kalyANaka kA kSetra sammedazikhara ko mAnA hai| hastinApura evaM sammedazikhara Aja pramukha tIrthoM ke rUpa meM mAnya haiN| jahA~ sammedazikhara meM arahanAtha tIrthaGkara ke mokSasthala ko suprabhakUTa ke rUpa meM cihni kiyA gayA hai vahIM hastinApura meM unake cAra kalyANakoM ke sthAna cihnita nahIM haiN| _____ tIrthaGkaroM meM se kucha tIrthaGkaroM ko chor3akara anya kA vistRta paricaya nahIM milatA hai| phira bhI sihauniyAM (10vIM zatAbdI), bajaraMgagar3ha (12vIM zatAbdI), pajanArI, papaurA, thUvauna, canderI, hastinApura, madanapura (10vIM zatAbdI) Adi sthAnoM para bhagavAn arahanAtha kI jo pratimAeM avasthita haiM ve apane ApameM adbhuta, kalAtmaka -53

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evaM purAtAttvika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| madhyapradeza meM vizeSata: bundelakhaNDa meM atizaya kSetroM para zAntinAtha, kunthunAtha aura aranAtha tInoM kI pratimAeM pratiSThita karAne kA pracalana madhyakAla meM vizeSa rUpa se rahA hai| yaha tInoM hI kAmadeva, cakravartI, hastinApura ke nivAsa aura tIrthaGkara the| sambhavataH jIvana samAnatA kA yaha tathya hI tIrthaGkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ko ekatra pratiSThita karAne meM preraka kAraNa rahA hai (madhyapradeza ke digambara jainatIrtha-cedi janapada, pR. 3) / Aja bhI 24 tIrthaGkaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa kI paramparA caubIsI ke rUpa meM cala rahI hai| yadi arahanAtha kI prAcIna mUrtiyoM kA sarve kara unakA saMrakSaNa evaM mUrti zilpa kI dRSTi se mahattvAMkita kiyA jAye to jaina-saMskRti meM eka sunaharA pRSTha udghATita ho sakatA hai| -54

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digambara jaina-sAhitya meM varNita tIrthaGkara mallinAthacarita evaM unakI paJcakalyANaka bhUmiyA~ - prAcArya DaoN. zItalacanda jaina, jayapura bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina saMskRti kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa saMskRti meM tIrthaGkaroM ko mAnava sabhyatA kA saMsthApaka netA mAnA gayA hai| ye aise zalAkApuruSa haiM jo sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa karake dharma-darzana kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa karate haiM aura mokSamArga kA pravartana karate haiN| tIrthaGkara zabda tIrtha upapada kRtra+apa se banA hai| isakA artha hai jo dharma tIrtha kA pravartana kare vaha tIrthaGkara hai| tIrtha zabda bhI tR+thak se niSpanna hai| zabdakalpadruma ke anusAra 'tarati pApAdikaM yasmAt iti tIrtham' athavA tarati saMsAra mahArNavaM yena tat tIrtham arthAt jisake dvArA saMsAra mahArNava yA pApAdikoM se pAra huA jAya vaha tIrtha hai| isa zabda kA abhidhA-gata artha ghATa, setu yA guru hai aura lAkSaNika artha dharma hai| tIrthaGkara vastuta: kisI navIna sampradAya yA dharma kA pravartana nahIM karate ve anAdi nidhana Atmadharma kA svayaM sAkSAtkAra kara vItarAgabhAva se usakI punarvyAkhyA yA pravacana karate haiN| jainadharma kI mAnyatA hai ki atIta ke anantakAla meM ananta tIrthaGkara hue hai| vartamAna meM RSabhAdi caturviMzati tIrthaGkara haiM aura bhaviSyata meM bhI caturviMzati tIrthaGkara hoNge| dharma ke svarUpa nirUpaNa meM eka tIrthaGkara se dUsare tIrthaGkara kA kiJcinmAtra bhI bheda na kabhI rahA hai aura na kabhI rahegA, para pratyeka tIrthaGkara apane-apane samaya meM deza, kAla, janamAnasa kI RjutA, tatkAlIna mAnava kI zakti, buddhi, sahiSNutA Adi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue use kAla ke mAnava ke anurUpa dharma-darzana kA pravacana karate hai| tIrthaGkaroM meM sarvaprathama RSabhadeva hue pazcAt teisa tIrthaGkara aura hue jisameM bAlabrahmacArI anAsaktiyoga ke pratIka unnIsaveM tIrthaGkara mallinAtha hue| yadyapi jisa prakAra RSabhadeva, nami, nemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra kA nirdeza jainetara vAGmaya meM prApta hotA hai| vaisA nirdeza tIrthaGkara mallinAtha kA prApta nahIM hotA, parantu digambara jaina-sAhitya meM unake carita para paryApta likhA gayA hai| tIrthaGkara mallinAtha kA jaina vAGmaya meM jo carita milatA hai usake anusAra pUrva ke do bhavoM kA vivecana milatA hai| mallinAtha ke jIva ko rAjA vaizravaNa kI paryAya meM tIrthaGkara prakRti kA baMdha huA, kyoMki rAjA vaizravaNa ne jaMgala meM vajra ke girane se vaTavRkSa ko jar3a se bhasma hotA dekhakara vicAra kiyA ki saMsAra meM majabUta jar3a kisakI hai? jaba isa baddhamUla vistRta aura unnata vaTavRkSa kI aisI dazA ho sakatI hai taba dUsare kA kahanA kyA? aisA vicAra karatA huA vaha saMsAra kI nazvaratA se bhayabhIta ho gyaa| usane apanA rAjya putra ko dekara aneka rAjAoM ke sAtha zreSTha tapa kiyA aura solaha kAraNa bhAvanAoM kA cintana kara tIrthaGkara banane kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| Age Alekha meM isakI vistAra se carcA kI hai| ukta paryAya meM tapasyA ke phalasvarUpa samAdhimaraNa kara aparAjita nAmaka anuttara vimAna meM ahamiMda pada prApta kiyaa| tatpazcAt isa bharatakSetra ke baMgadeza kI mithilAnagarI meM rAjA kumbha kI paTarAnI prajAvatI kI kukSi se tIrthaGkara mallinAtha -55

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ke rUpa meM janma liyaa| usI mithilAnagarI ke zveta vana meM dIkSA lekara kevalajJAna kI prApti kii| isa prakAra mithilApurI mallinAtha ke cAra kalyANakoM se pAvana huii| inhoMne nirvANa sammedazikhara tIrthAdhirAja se prApta kiyaa| tIrthaGkara mallinAtha ke carita meM yaha vaiziSTya hai ki pUjyAcArya samantabhadra ne svayambhU stotra meM likhA hai ki - yasya ca zuklaM paramatapo'gniAnamanantaM duritmdhaakssiit| taM jinasiMhaM kRtakaraNIyaM mallimazalyaM shrnnmito'smi|| ukta zloka meM malli jinendra ko jinasiMha arthAt jinazreSTha kahA gayA hai| caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM vAsupUjya, malli, nemi, pArzva aura vardhamAna ye pA~ca tIrthaGkara bAlabrahmacArI hone se apanI khAsa pradhAnatA rakhate haiN| yahA~ samantabhadrAcArya ne una pA~ca tIrthaGkaroM meM bhI tIrthaGkara mallinAtha ko jinasiMha kahA hai, kyoMki mallinAtha hI ekamAtra aise tIrthaGkara haiM jo mAtra chaH dina chadmastha rahe aura kevalajJAna prApta kara 54,900 varSa taka Apane tIrthaGkara rUpa meM bharatakSetra meM maMgala vihAra kiyaa| tIrthaGkara mallinAtha kI kula Ayu pacapana hajAra varSa kI thii| isa prakAra 100 varSa ke antarAla meM hI inake cAra kalyANaka ho gye| tIrthaGkara mallinAtha kI paJcakalyANaka bhUmiyoM meM mithilApurI nagarI sabase jyAdA pavitra hai, kyoMki cAra kalyANaka usI nagarI meM hue aura isI nagarI meM ikkIsaveM tIrthaGkara naminAtha ke bhI cAra kalyANaka hue| isa prakAra ATha kalyANakoM se vaha nagarI dhanya ho gyii| mAtra nirvANa kalyANaka tIrthAdhirAja sammedazikhara jI meM huaa| Alekha meM vistAra se tIrthaGkara mallinAtha kA jIvana caritra kI vivecanA kI gayI hai| -56

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tIrthaGkara neminAtha evaM unakI aitihAsikatA - DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina, lakhanaU bIsaveM tIrthaGkara munisuvratanAtha ke samaya maryAdA puruSottama rAmacandrajI hue aura nArAyaNa zrIkRSNa ke samakAlIna 22veM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn arissttnemi| vidvajjana zrIkRSNa aura tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi ko aitihAsika mahApuruSa mAnate haiN| 'yajurveda' Adi vaidika-granthoM meM bhI ariSTanemi kA ullekha huA hai aura purANoM se spaSTa hai ki zrIkRSNa ke samakAlIna eka ariSTanemi nAmaka RSi the|2 'mahAbhArata' meM bhI unakA ullekha hai| vahA~ vaha nimnaprakAra sagara nAmaka eka rAjA ko upadeza dete haiN| ___saMsAra meM mokSa kA hI sukha vAstavika sukha hai; jisakI buddhi viSayoM meM Asakta hai, usakA mana azAnta hotA hai, sneha bandhana meM baMdhe hue ajJAnI ko mokSa nahIM ho sktaa| tuma nyAyapUrvaka indriyoM se viSayoM kA anubhava karake unase alaga ho jAo aura Ananda ke sAtha virate rho| isa bAta kI paravAha na karo ki santAna huI hai yA nahIM ....... prANI svayaM janma letA hai, svayaM bar3hatA aura svayaM hI sukha-duHkha tathA mRtyu ko prApta hotA haiN| manuSya pUrva janma ke karmoM ke anusAra bhojana, vastra tathA apane mAtA-pitA ke dvArA saMgraha kiyA huA dhana prApta - karate haiN|'3 isa upadeza meM nimnalikhita bAteM dRSTavya haiM - (1) mukti ke lie santAna Avazyaka nhiiN| bhagavAn neminAtha ke samaya putra kA honA sadgati ke lie santAna mAnA jAtA thA, isalie unhoMne usakA niSedha kiyA thaa| ambAdevI kathAnaka se yaha spaSTa hai| (2) vaiyaktika svAtantrya kI dhAraNA jaise isa upadeza meM kI gayI hai, ThIka vaisA hI upadeza tIrthaGkara nemi ne diyA thaa| (3) antataH karmavAda kA nirUpaNa jainadharma kI vizeSatA hai| isake Age 'mahAbhArata' meM jo upadeza ariSTanemi ne diyA usase bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki lekhaka jaina mAnyatA ko apanAkara upadeza de rahA hai. kyoMki isameM kSadhA, tuSA, rAga, dveSa Adi ko jItane vAle ko mukta puruSa kahA hai aura usakI sAdhanA ke lie saptavyasanAdi ke tyAga kA upadeza diyA haiN| ina bAtoM se bhAsatA hai ki 'mahAbhArata' meM tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi kA hI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ata; zrIkRSNa jI ke sAtha tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi ko vidvajjana aitihAsika puruSa ThIka hI mAnate haiN| unakI eka mUrti kuSAna saM. 18 kI kaMkAlITIlA mathurA meM milI hai| kRSNa vAsudeva aura tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi ___jaina paramparAgata sAhitya meM kRSNa vAsudeva ke sambandha meM eka aura viziSTa tathya kA varNana hai| vaha yaha ki kRSNa bAIsaveM tIrthaGkara arhat ariSTanemi ke na kevala samakAlIna the, apitu unake cacere bhAI bhI the| Agamika kRtiyoM meM aise aneka prasaMgoM kA varNana hai jaba arhat ariSTanemi dvArikA jAte tathA kRSNa sadala bala

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unake upadeza zravaNa ko jaate| neminAtha ke samaya cakravartI- brahmadatta balabhadra-balarAma, nArAyaNa kRSNa, pratinArAyaNa- jarAsandha, nAdara Udhaumukha aura kAmadeva-vasudeva aura pradyumna haiN| pradyumnakumAra ne neminAtha bhagavAn ke samavazaraNa meM jAkara dIkSA dhAraNa kii| bhagavAn neminAtha giranAra para muni hue aura unakI chadmastha avasthA ke jaba chappana dina vyatIta ho gaye, taba AcArya guNabhadra svAmI batAte hai ki vaha eka dina raivataka (giranAra) parvata para telA kA niyama lekara kisI bar3e bhArI bAMsa ke vRkSa ke nIce virAjamAna hue| nidAna vahA~ hI unako asauja kRSNa par3hivA ke dina citrA nakSatra meM prAtaHkAla ke samaya samasta padArthoM kA jJAna karAne vAlA kevalajJAna utpanna huaa| isa samaya devoM ne Akara kevalajJAna kA utsava mnaayaa| indra ke samavasaraNa kI racanA kI- giranAra usa devopunIti vaibhava ko pAkara sadA ke lie amara ho gyaa| vaha tIrtha bana gayA, kyoMki usake nimitta se loka ko jJAnanetra milA thaa| usakI zikhara para samavazaraNa bar3A hI sundara zobhatA thA- vaha triloka bhuvanAzraya jo thaa| sabhI jIva vahA~ varadattAdi gajAdhiSoM ke netRtva meM abhaya aura sukhI hue the| nissandeha giranAra abhayadhAma banA aura Aja bhI isa pAvana rUpa ko apane gAta meM chipAye hue hai| bhagavAn nemi ne samasta Aryaloka kI prabuddha karake giranAra para Akara hI yoga nirodha kiyA thaa| vahIM para hI zrIkRSNa ke putra pradyumna, zumbhu aura aniruddha nAmaka yaduvaMzI rAjarSiyoM ne tapa-tapA aura siddha pada pAyA thA, giranAra ke tIna ToMka unake nirvANa dhAma bne|' pahalA kUTa bhagavAn nemi kA tapovana rahA evaM pAMcavI TUka se mukta hue| giranAra para hI nArAyaNa kRSNa aura balabhadra evaM aneka yAdava nara-nAriyoM ne bhagavAn nemi se dhamopadeza sunA aura apanI-apanI zakti ke anusAra vrata-saMyama dhAraNa kiye| isa prakAra jJAnArAdhanA aura saMyama sAdhanA kI punIta paramparA giranAra kA avalamba le avatarita huii| digambara jaina RSiyoM ne use apanA kendrIya siddha sAdhanAsthalI bnaayaa| uparAnta zvetAmbara jaina bhaktoM ne usakI zikhara para apane vaibhava ko bikhera kara tyAga bhAva kA paricaya diyaa| usake mohaka rUpa se AkRSTa ho jaina, hindU aura musalamAna sabhI usakI vandanA karane Ane lge| -58--

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bhagavAn neminAtha ke paJcakalyANaka - paM. pavanakumAra jaina zAstrI 'dIvAna', morenA Rgveda meM bhagavAn neminAthajI kA nAmollekha Rgveda meM arthAt vaidika saMskRti meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM ariSTanemi arthAt jaina darzana ke 22veM tIrthaGkara neminAthajI kA kathana sandarbho sahita paThanIya hai| paJcabAlayati-paramparA kA Agamollekha 24 tIrthaGkaroM meM 5 tIrthaGkara bAlayati rahe haiM jinameM zrI neminAthajI bhI eka haiN| darzita karake digambara-paramparA meM yaha nirvivAda mAnyatA hai; kintu zvetAmbaroM meM eka pakSa isI mAnyatA ko jabaki dUsarA pakSa bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ko vivAhita evaM zeSa 4 ko bAlayati mAnatA hai| bhagavAn neminAthajI kA aitihya jIvanavRtta bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke rAjyakAla meM 52 janapadoM kI sthApanA huI thI jinameM zUrasena bhI eka thA, use dhyAna rakhakara kAlAntara meM zatrughna ke putra sUrasena ko bhI isakA saMsthApaka siddha karate hue, sUrasena kI rAjadhAnI mathurA ke vividha nAma darzAye haiM, kRSNa sAhityAnusAra 84 vanoM meM yamunA taTa para agravana hI bahuta dUra taka vyApta thaa| harivaMzapurANa ke AdhAra para harivaMza meM yadu nAmaka rAjA se vaMza-paramparA prArambha hokara narapati-zUra-suvIra, va andhakavRSNi se gujaratI huI samudravijaya- nemikumAra, vasudeva- zrIkRSNAdi taka calatI rhii| mathurA ke rAjA bhojaka vRSNi se calatI huI, ugrasena ke kaMsa-devakI, rAjImatI (rAjula) kA rUpa le pravartita huii| yaduvaMziyoM dvArA zaurIpura chor3akara dvArikA prasthAna siddha huA hai tathApi zaurIpura nemikumArajI kI janmasthalI ke rUpa meM gauravAnvita hai| zaurasenI bhASA evaM divyadhvani kI 18 mahAbhASAe~ ___ sUrasena janapada evaM rAjA ke nAmakaraNa ke AdhAra para zaurasenI-bhASA/bolI kA prAdurbhAva huA, AcArya bharatamuni ne bhI nATyazAstra meM zaurasenI ke prayogArtha bala diyA, divyadhvani meM 18 mahAbhASAoM evaM 700 laghu bhASAoM kI carcA zAstroM meM milatI hai unameM 18 mahAbhASAoM kA ullekha isa bhASA se sambandhita hai| tIna kAzmIradezIya, tIna lATadezIya, tIna maraharA dezIya, tIna mAlavadezIya, tIna gauDadezIya, tIna mAgadhadezIyaisa taraha 18 mahAbhASAoM kA ullekha hai| bhagavAn neminAtha ke pUrvabhava, garbhakalyANaka, svapnAvalI va pratiphalAdi ___kavi bhUdharadAsa ke anusAra bhagavAn neminAtha ke pUrva daza bhavoM kA ullekha, unakA garbhakalyANaka huA taba prabhu ke garbha meM Ane ke pahale 16 svapnadarzana, prAtaHkAla mahArAjA dvArA unakA phala jJAta karAnA evaM garbhakalyANaka kA pratiphala darzAyA gayA hai| -5-5

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janmakalyANaka tithi para vividhatA va janmakalyANaka vidhi bhagavAn ke janmakalyANaka tithi ke viSaya meM sarvamAnya eka dhAraNA nahIM hai| bhinna-bhinna mAnya hai tathApi prAya:kara granthakAroM/lekhakoM evaM kavivara vRndAvanajI (neminAthajI pUjana ke racayitA) ne zrAvaNa zuklA 6 hI mAnya kI hai| Age janmakalyANaka para indra gajoM dvArA Ayojita mahotsava ko citrita kiyA gayA hai| janmAbhiSeka bAda indrANI dvArA prabhu ko vastrAbhUSaNa Adi se susajjita karanA evaM stavana karanA darzAyA hai| yAdavoM dvArA zaurIpura kA parityAga va dvArikA gamana, sahita nemikumAra kA vivAha vairAgya jarAsandha ke putroM va bhrAtA kI mRtyuparAnta usase bhayAkulita yAdavoM ne zrIkRSNa jI kI salAha para zaurIpura kA tyAga kara dvArikA (saurASTra prAnta meM samudra ke madhya) ko apanA AvAsa banAyA, nagara saMracanA evaM zrIkRSNa hI dvArikAdhIza bne| anantara zrIkRSNa dvArA apanA prabhutva kAyama rakhane hetu nemikumAra ke vivAha kI saMyojanA evaM vairAgya citraNa citrita hai| rAjula vairAgya va nemikumAra kI tapazcaryA-dIkSAkalyANaka tithi meM vividhatA nemikumAra kI bhAvI patnI rAjula kA parama prabhAvaka vairAgya, antapIDA se saMyukta evaM sarvasva samarpaNa kA dyotaka hai| nemikumAra dIkSA le tapa meM lIna ho gye| yahA~ bhI dIkSA kalyANaka tithi meM matabheda/vicAra vividhatA darzita hai| __ tapazcaraNa ke anantara usakA prAtiphala vaha carAcara padArthoM kA jJAyaka sampUrNa lokAloka vyApI kevalajJAna hai| bhagavAn akartA hone se jJAtA-draSTApane ko prApta hokara Atmastha rahate haiN| kevalajJAna prApti ke bAda dhamopadeza rUpa divyadhvani sarvajanahitAya, sarvajanasukhAya rUpa meM svapara kalyANakArI hotI hai| bhagavAn kA jJAnakalyANaka samavazaraNa rUpa dharmasabhA ke rUpa meM indroM dvArA Ayojita hotA hai| samavazaraNa meM divyadhvani prasArita karate hue Ayu ke zeSakAla meM bhaktoM kI puNya bhAvanAnusAra jagaha-jagaha prabhu kA dharmaratha pravartana hotA hai| pravacana pAkara pANDavagaNa dIkSita hue evaM kramaza: yudhiSThira Adi tIna ne mukti va nakula sahadeva ne svarga prApti kii| prabhu kA nirvANakalyANaka prabhu ne giranAra parvata se hI nirvANa kI, prApti kI taba indra ne bajra se caraNa ukera kara pUjyatA darzAyI hai| zeSa jina bhavya jIvoM ne bhI isa giranAra se mukti pAyI hai unakA kathana kiyA gayA hai| aitihAsika pariprekSya meM upasaMhAra Alekha kA upasaMhAra karane hetu aitihAsika rUpa meM prabhuvara/jinendra nemi kA ullekha mahAbhAratAdi meM huA hai| vaidika saMskRti/atharvaveda va bauddha-sAhitya meM bhI ariSTanemi nAmollekha hai| zilAlekhoM meM neminAtha kA ullekha hai| zilAlekhoM kA pramANa yahA~ darzAyA hai| giranAra parvata para bhI eka zilAlekha pramANasvarUpa hai tathA anta meM giranAra parvata ke vibhinna nAmoM kA ullekha evaM prAcIna AcAryoM dvArA giranAra kI vandanA kI gayI, isake pramANa dekara/kathana karate hue apanI bhAvAJjali 'jainendra zAsana' ko pradAna karate hue vizvakalyANa kI bhAvanA vyakta kI gayI hai| -60

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tIrthaGkara neminAtha kI janma aura nirvANa kalyANaka bhUmiyA~ -jJAnamala zAha, ahamadAbAda neminAtha kI garbha aura janma-kalyANaka bhUmi zaurIpura zaurIpura meM tIrthaGkara neminAtha kA garbha kArtika zuklA SaSThI aura janma-kalyANaka zrAvaNa zuklA SaSThI ko huaa| bhagavAn neminAtha kI mAtA rAnI zivAdevI ke garbha meM Ane se cha: mAha pUrva se janmaparyanta pandraha mAsa taka indra kI AjJA se rAjA samudra vijaya ke ghara para devoM ne ratnavarSA jArI rakhI aura zaurIpura meM mAtA zivAdevI tathA pitA samudravijaya se zrAvaka zukla pakSa SaSThI ke citrA nakSatra meM nemi jinendra kA janma huaa| devoM aura indroM ne bhakti aura ullAsapUrvaka bhagavAn ke garbha-kalyANaka aura janma-kalyANaka do mahotsava zaurIpura meM atyanta samAroha ke sAtha mnaaye| isa kAraNa yaha bhUmi kalyANa-bhUmi tIrthakSetra kahalAne lgii| kevalajJAna kalyANakabhUmi zaurIpura ke gandhamAdana parvata para supratiSThita muni tapa kara rahe the| unake Upara sudarzana nAmaka eka yakSa ne ghora upasarga kiyaa| munirAja ne use samatApUrvaka sahana kara liyA aura AtmadhyAna meM lIna rhe| phalata: unheM kevalajJAna prApta ho gyaa| devoM aura indroM ne kevalajJAna kalyANaka bar3e samArohapUrvaka mnaayaa| inhIM kevalI ke caraNoM meM zaurIpura nareza andhakavRSNi aura mathurAnareza bhojavRSNi ne muni dIkSA le lii| nirvANakSetra muni dhanyakumAra yamunA taTa para dhyAnamagna the| zaurIpura nareza zikAra na milane ke kAraNa kSubdha thaa| usakI dRSTi munirAja para pdd'ii| usa mUrkha ne vicAra kiyA ki zikAra na milane kA kAraNa yaha muni hai| usane krodha aura mUrkhatAvaza tIkSNa bANoM se munirAja ko bIMdha diyaa| munirAja ne zukladhyAna dvArA karmoM ko naSTa kara mokSa pada prApta kara siddha bhagavAn bana gye| isa prakAra zaurIpura garbha, janma, jJAnakalyANaka bhUmi ke sAtha nirvANa bhUmi hai, siddhakSetra hai| zaurIpura kA prAcIna vaibhava __ utkhanana ke pariNAmasvarUpa yahA~ zilAlekha, khaNDita-akhaNDita jaina mUrtiyAM aura prAcIna mandiroM ke avazeSa prApta hue haiN| san 1970-71 meM janarala kaniMghama ke sahakArI e.sI.ela. kArlAila zaurIpura Aye the aura unhoMne yahA~ ke khaNDaharoM kA sarvekSaNa kiyA thaa| isase yaha siddha huA ki zaurIpura prAcIna samaya meM atyanta samRddha nagarI thii| vartamAna zaurIpura zaurIpura meM prAcInatA ke smAraka ke rUpa meM kevala digambara jaina mandira zeSa haiM jise Adi mandira (baruA maTha) bhI kahate haiN| isa mandira kA nirmANa saMvat 1724 (san 1667) meM bhaTTAraka vizvabhUSaNa ke upadeza se haA thaa| usakA ullekha zilAlekha meM hai| -chI

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atizayakSetra baTezvara zaurIpura ke vaibhavakakAla meM 3 kimI. dUra baTezvara upanagara thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki jaba zaurIpura nadI ke taTa se adhika kaTane lagA aura bIhar3a ho gayA to bhaTTAraka jinendrabhUSaNa ne vi.saM. 1939. meM yamunA kI dhAra ke madhya mandira bnvaayaa| bhaTTAraka jinendrabhUSaNa siddhapuruSa aura mantravettA the| isa mandira meM candela rAjA paramardideva (parimAla) ke vikhyAta senAnI AlhA-udala ke pitA jalhaNa dvArA baisAkha vadI 7 saMvat 1224 (I. 1176) meM pratiSThApita tIrthaGkara ajitanAtha kI sundara mUrti hai| yaha mUrti prabhAvazAlI hai| kSetra kA bhUgarbha purAtattva sAmagrI se sajA hai| yahA~ utkhanana meM prAcIna pratimAe~ prApta hotI haiN| sau varSa pUrva kArlAila dvArA utkhanana karAye jAne para aneka mUrtiyA~ mahAbhAratakAlIna ITeM va anya sAmagrI milii| zaurIpura uttarapradeza ke AgarA jile meM sthita hai| uttara relave kI AgarA-kAnapura lAina para zikohAbAda jaMkzana hai| yahA~ se 25 kilomITara para zaurIpura hai| AgarA se dakSiNa-pUrva kI aura bAha tahasIla meM 70 kilomITara kI dUrI para baTezvara upanagara hai| yahA~ se 5 kimI. dUra yamunA nadI ke khAroM meM phaile hue khaNDaharoM meM zaurIpura kSetra sthita hai| AgarA se baTezvara taka pakkI sar3aka hai aura basa sevA upalabdha hai| yaha zaurIpura kSetra mUlataH digambara jaina- tIrtha hai| tIrthakara neminAtha kI nirvANabhUmi giranArajI (gujarAta) kA itihAsa __ giranAra parvata suprasiddha tIrthakSetra hai| yaha gujarAta rAjya ke saurASTra prAnta meM sthita hai| giranAra kSetra para jainadharma ke bAIsaveM tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi (neminAtha) ke tIna kalyANaka- dIkSA, kevalajJAna aura nirvANa hue the| SaTkhaNDAgama siddhAntazAstra kI AcArya vIrasenakRta dhavalA TIkA meM ise kSetra maMgala mAnA hai| jahA~ kisI tIrthaGkara ke tIna kalyANaka hue ho vaha kSetra vastuta: atyanta pavitra bana jAtA hai| ata: giranAra kSetra atyanta pAvana tIrthabhUmi hai| inake atirikta yahA~ se pradyumnakumAra, zumbukumAra, aniruddhakumAra, varadattAdi bahattara karor3a sAta sau muniyoM ne mukti prApta kii| ata: yaha kSetra vastuta: atyadhika pavitra bana gyaa| isalie giranAra (Uya'nta) pAvana tIrthakSetra hone ke nAte ise tIrtharAja bhI kahA jAtA hai| "tiloyapaNNatti' zAstra meM bhagavAn ke nirvANa neminAtha kI dIkSA ke sambandha meM jJAtavya bAteM isa prakAra dI haiM - cettAsu suddhasaTThI avaraNhe sAvaNammi NemI jinno| tadiyakhavaNammi giNhatya sahakAraM vaNammi tava crnnN||4| 665 arthAt bhagavAn neminAtha ne zrAvaNa zuklA SaSThI ko citrA nakSatra ke rahate sahakAra vana meM tRtIya bhakta ke sAtha grahaNa kiyA arthAt dIkSA lii| bhagavAn neminAtha ke kevalajJAna kI prApti ke sambandha meM vizeSa jJAtavya tathyoM para prakAza DAlate hue "tiloyapaNNatti" zAstra meM isa prakAra vivaraNa diyA hai - assaUja sukka paDivadapuvvaNNe uujjyNtgirisihre| citte rikkhe jAdaM Nemissa ya kevalaM NANaM / / 4 / 666 - gha2

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arthAt neminAtha bhagavAn ko Asoja zuklA pratipadA ke pUrvAhna samaya meM citrA nakSatra ke rahate Urjayanta giri ke zikhara para kevalajJAna utpanna huA "tiloyapaNNatti' zAstra meM bhagavAn ke nirvANa kI tithi Adi kA ullekha isa prakAra upalabdha hotA hai bahulaTTamIpadose AsADhe jammamammi uujNte| chattIsAdhivapaNasayasahido NemIsaro siddho||4||1206 arthAt bhagavAn nemIzvara ASAr3ha kRSNA ke dina pradoSakAla meM apane janma nakSatra ke rahate 536 muniyoM ke sAtha Urjayanta giri se siddha hue| isa kSetra para bhagavAn neminAtha ke atirikta karor3oM muniyoM ko nirvANa prApta huA hai, isa prakAra ke ullekha jaina vAGmaya meM pracuratA se prApta hote hai| "prAkRta nirvANakANDa" meM Urjayanta parvata se bahattara koTi sAta sau muniyoM ke nirvANa-gamana kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vaha gAthA isa prakAra hai NemisAmI pajjuNNo saMvukumAro taheva annirukho| vAhattiri koDIo UjjaMte sattasayA siddhaa||5|| arthAt neminAtha bhagavAn ke atirikta pradyumna, zambukumAra, aniruddhakumAra Adi bahattara karor3a sAta sau muniyoM ne Urjayanta giri se siddhapada prApta kiyaa| yahA~ smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki paramparayA aisI mAnyatA calI A rahI hai ki prAkRta nirvANa-kANDa AcArya kundakunda dvArA viracita hai jisakA samaya kAla IsvI san 120 se 175 mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra yaha svIkAra karane meM koI Apatti nahIM ho sakatI ki Urjayanta giri (giranAra) se na kevala neminAtha bhagavAn hI mukta hue haiM, apitu vahA~ se anya bhI aneka muni mukta hue haiN| usakA samarthana harivaMzapurANa se bhI hotA hai| usa sambandha meM AcArya jinasena ne muniyoM ke kucha nAma dekara yaha bhI sUcita kiyA hai ki ina muniyoM Adi ke nirvANa ke kAraNa hI Urjayanta ko nirvANa-kSetra mAnA jAne lagA aura aneka bhavyajana tIrthayAtrA ke lie Ane lge| ve likhate haiM - dazArhAdayo munayaH ssttshodrsNyutaaH| siddhi prAptAsthAnye'pi shmbprdhumnpuurvkaaH|| UrjayantAdinirvANasthAnAni bhuvane ttH| tIrthayAtrAgatAnekabhavyasevyAni rejire|| - harivaMzapurANa, sarga 65, zloka 16-17 arthAt samudravijaya Adi nau bhAI, devakI ke yugaliyA chaha putra, zambu aura pradyumnakumAra Adi anya muni bhI Urjayanta se mokSa ko prApta hue isalie usa samaya se giranAra Adi nirvANasthAna saMsAra meM vikhyAta hue aura tIrthayAtrA ke lie logoM ke Ane se ve suzobhita hue| AcArya guNabhadrakRta "uttarapurANa" meM pradyumna Adi muniyoM ke sambandha meM Urjayantagiri se nirvANa prApti ke sAtha jina kUToM se unhoMne nirvANa prApta kiyA thA, usakI bhI sUcanA dI gayI hai| jisameM kahA hai ki -- -53--

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___ dvIpAyana muni dvArakA dAha nidAna karane para jAmbavatI ke putra zambu aura padyumna ke putra aniruddha ne saMyama dhAraNa kara liyaa| ve donoM pradyumna muni ke sAtha Urjayantagiri ke U~ce tIna zikharoM para ArUr3ha hokara pratimAyoga se sthita ho gye| unhoMne zukladhyAna ko pUrA karake ghAtiyA karmoM kA nAza kiyA aura nau kevalalabdhiyA~ pAkara mokSa prApta kiyaa| ___isase jina tIna kUToM kA saMketa AyA hai, usake anurUpa Aja bhI mAnyatA pracalita hai| dvitIya kUTa para aniruddha kumAra ke caraNa-cihna bane hue haiN| tIsare kUTa para zambukumAra ke aura cauthe kUTa para pradyumnakumAra ke caraNa- cihna utkIrNa haiN| paurANika aura aitihAsika ghaTanAe~ giranAra para aneka paurANika aura aitihAsika ghaTanAe~ ghaTita huI haiM, jinakA vizeSa mahattva hai| caturtha zrutikevalI govardhanAcArya giranAra kI yAtrA ke lie gaye the| antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ne bhI yahA~ kI yAtrA kI thii| inake pazcAt eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA kA giranAra ke sAtha sambandha hai, jisake dvArA jaina vAGmaya kA itihAsa jur3A huA hai| vaha ghaTanA isa prakAra hai - dharasenAcArya giranAra kI candraguphA meM rahate the| nandisaMgha kI prAkRta paTTAvalI ke anusAra ve AcArAMga ke pUrNa jJAtA the| unheM isa bAta kI cintA huI ki unake pazcAt zrutajJAna kA lopa ho jaayegaa| usa samaya mahimA nagarI meM muni-sammelana ko eka likhA, jisameM unhoMne apanI cintA vyakta kii| phalasvarUpa do muni bhUtabali aura puSpadanta unake pAsa phuNce|| isa prakAra siddhAnta granthoM kI vidyA-bhUmi giranAra hI hai| puSpadanta aura bhUtabali ne giranAra kI siddhazilA para baiThakara, jahA~ bhagavAn neminAtha ko mukti prApta huI thI, mantra-siddhi kI thii| AcArya kundakunda bhI giranAra kI vandanA karane Aye the| yahA~ kevala do zilAlekhoM yA tAmrapatroM kA ullekha karanA paryApta hogaa| eka zilAlekha kallUguDDa (zimogA paraganA) meM siddhezvara mandira kI pUrva dizA meM par3e hue pASANa para utkIrNa ho jo zaka saMvat 1042 (san 1121 I.) kA hai| usakA sambandhita aMza isa prakAra hai___ harivaMzaketa: nemIzvaratIrthavatiM suttagire gaMgakulAMvara bhAnu puTTidaM bhaa| surateja viSNuguptanemba nRpaalm| A-dharAdhinAtha sAmrAjyapadaviyaM kaikoNDahicchatra- puradolu sukhamirdu nemitIrthakara-paramadeva-nirvANakAladole aindradhvajavembapUjeyaM mADe devendranosedu anupama daivaavtyN| manonurAgadole vissnnuguptaagttm| jinapUjeyinde muktiy| nanaryamaM paDegasendolidaTar3ha piride| - jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, pR. 406-08 ___ artha- jaba nemIzvara kA tIrtha cala rahA thA, usa samaya rAjA viSNugupta kA janma huaathaa| vaha rAjA ahicchatrapura meM rAjya kara rahA thA, usI samaya nemI tIrthaGkara kA nirvANa huAusane aindradhvaja pUjA kii| devendra ne use airAvata hAthI diyaa| viSNugupta gaMgavaMza kA eka aitihAsika vyakti huA hai| neminAtha bhagavAn kA nirvANa usake zAsanakAla meM huA thaa| isase neminAtha kI aitihAsikatA asandigdha ho jAtI hai| . -64

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isa viSaya meM prabhAsapaTTana se bebIloniyA ke bAdazAha nevucaDanajjara kA tAmrapaTTa lekha sarvAdhika prAcIna hai| DaoN. prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra ne usakA anuvAda isa prakAra kiyA hai| "revAnagara ke rAjya kA svAmI, sujAtikA deva nevucuDanajjara AyA hai| vaha yadurAja ke nagara (dvArakA) meM AyA hai| usane mandira bnvaayaa| sUrya ...... deva nemi kI jo svarNa samAna raivata parvata ke deva hai, (unako) hamezA ke lie arpaNa kiyaa|" nevucaDanajjara kA kAla 1140 I.pU. mAnA jAtA hai, arthAt Aja se 3000 varSa se bhI pahale haivataka parvata ke svAmI bhagavAn neminAtha mAne jAte the| usa parvata kI khyAti unhIM bhagavAn neminAtha ke kAraNa thii| usa samaya dvArakA meM yaduvaMziyoM kA rAjya thA aura vahA~ para bhagavAn neminAtha kI atyadhika mAnyatA thii| isalie bebIloniyA ke bAdazAha ne dvArakA meM neminAtha kA mandira bnvaayaa| eka dUsare zilAlekha ko karnala TADa sA ne isa prakAra par3hA thA - saM. 1336 (1283 I.) jyeSTha sudI 10 bRhaspativAra ko purAne mandira ke bhagnAvazeSoM ko revatAcala parvata para se haTAkara naye mandira banAye gye| 16 janavarI san 1875 ko DaoN. jemsa bargasa sA ne giranAra kI yAtrA kii| unhoMne likhA hai jUnAgar3ha se 1750 phITa kI UMcAI para jahA~ se sIr3hiyAM Arambha hotI hai vahA~ se kucha Upara nimnalikhita zilAlekha hai "svasti saMvat 1681 varSe kArtikavadi 6 soma zrI giranAra tIrthanI pUrvanI pAtano caDhaRvAyA zrI DhivatI saMghe ghIeNA nimitte zrI mAlA jJAtIsyAmAsiMhajI meghammIne udyame kaaraavyo|" isameM pUrva pAMti kI sIr3hiyoM kI marammata karAne kA ullekha hai| Urjayanta (giranAra, raivataka) parvata digambara-paramparA meM tIrtharAja mAnA gayA hai| sammeda-zikhara ko to anAdinidhana tIrtha mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki huNDAvasarpiNI kAla ke kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna ke sabhI tIrthaGkaroM kA nirvANa isI parvata se hotA hai| inake atirikta jina muniyoM ko yahA~ se mukti lAbha ho cukA hai, unakI saMkhyA hI ananta hai| inakAraNoM se sammedazikhara ko tIrthAdhirAja kI saMjJA dI gayI hai; kintu Urjayantagiri se 72 karor3a 700 muniyoM kI mukti aura tIrthaGkara neminAtha ke dIkSA , kaivalyajJAna aura nirvANa kalyANaka yahA~ para hue hai| sammedazikhara ko chor3akara anya tIrthaGkaroM se sambandhita kisI sthAna se itane muniyoM kA nirvANa nahIM huaa| isa dRSTi se tIrthoM meM Urjayantagiri kA sthAna sammedazikhara ke bAda meM AtA hai| isa siddhakSetra para Akara digambara muni dhyAna, adhyayana aura tapasyA kiyA karate the jaisA ki Upara batAyA jA cukA hai| yahA~ bhadrabAhu padhAre the| dharasenAcArya yahA~ kI candraguphA meM dhyAna kiyA karate the| unhoMne AcArya bhUtabalI aura puSpadanta ko siddhAnta kA jJAna yahIM diyA thaa| yahA~ kundakunda Adi aneka digambara muniyoM ne yahA~ kI yAtrA kI thii| aise aneka ullekha prApta hote hai jinase jJAta hotA hai ki prAcInakAla se yahA~ digambara jaina vyaktiza: aura yAtrA saMgha ke rUpa meM yAtrA ke lie Ate rahe haiN| -85

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prAkRta-apabhraMza-sAhitya meM neminAthacarita - zrImatI DaoN. saroja jaina, udayapura tIrthaGkaroM meM sabase adhika mahAkAvya zAntinAtha para upalabdha haiN| ve cakravartI padadhArI bhI the| dvitIya krama meM 22veM nemi aura 23veM pArzvanAtha para kaI kAvya likhe gaye the| tRtIya krama meM Adijina vRSabha, aSTama candraprabha aura antima mahAvIra para caritakAvya likhe gye| vaise bhI tIrthaGkaroM aura anya mahApuruSoM para carita grantha likhe jAne ke chiTaphuTa ullekha milate hai| neminAhacariyaM- 22veM tIrthaGkara neminAtha para prAkRta meM tIna racanAeM upalabdha haiN| prathama jinezvarasari kI hai jo saM.1175 meM likhI gayI thii| dasarI maladhArI hemacandra (harSaparIya gaccha ke abhayadeva ke ziSya) kI 5100 granthAgrapramANa (12vIM kA uttarArddha) hai tathA tIsarI bRhadgaccha ke vAdidevasUri ke ziSya ratnaprabhasUrikRta vizAla racanA hai, jisakA racanA saMvat 1233 hai| yaha gadya-padyamaya racanA 6 adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| isakA granthAna 13600 pramANa hai| NamiNAhacariyaM- yaha dvitIya AcArya haribhadrasUri kI mahattvapUrNa racanA hai jisakA prathama bhAga lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA mandira, ahamadAbAda se prakAzita huA hai| isameM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke pUrvabhava varNita hai| bhavabhAvanA- isake racayitA maladhArI AcArya hemacandrasUri haiN| unhoMne vi.saM. 1223 (san 1970) meM prastuta grantha kI racanA kI hai| isameM bhagavAn neminAtha kA carita, kaMsa kA vRtAnta, vasudeva devakI kA vivAha, kRSNa janma, kaMsa-vadha Adi vividha prasaMga hai| kaNhacariyaM- (kRSNacarita) isa grantha ke racayitA tapAgacchIya devendrasUri haiN| prastuta carita meM vasudeva ke pUrvabhava, kaMsakA janma, vasudeva kA bhramaNa, aneka kanyAoM se pANigrahaNa, kRSNa kA janma, kaMsa kA vadha, dvArikA nagarI kA nirmANa, kRSNa kI agramahiSiyA~, pradyumna kA janma, jarAsaMdha ke sAtha yuddha, neminAtha aura rAjImatI ke sAtha vivAha kI carcA Adi sabhI viSaya Ae haiN| inake atirikta bhI aneka racanAe~ haiN| apabhraMza ke neminAthacarita kAvyoM kI nimnalikhita pANDulipiyAM grantha-bhaNDAroM meM prApta haiM1. nemijinavara prabandha- lAvaNyasamaya / patra saM. 174174145 / racanAkAla, saM. 1546 / Amera zAstrAbhaNDAra, jypur| 2. neminAtha kumAra rAjImatI carita- maannikysundr| anukrama. 7750 / lekhanakAla saM. 1751 / lAlabhAI dalapata bhAI zodha saMsthAna, ahmdaabaad| 3. neminAthacarita- lkssmnndev| anu. 463 a. kA krama saM. 1296 / patra saM. 58 / 10x1144 / / / / lekhanakAla saM. 1529, zrAvaNakRSNa 11 / sarasvatI bhavana naagaur| 4. neminAthacarita - amrkiirti| racanAkAla saM. 1244 / bhaTTArakIya bhaNDAra, sonaagiri| 5. neminAthacarita - paMtra saM. 106 / 10 5 / apuurnn| veSTana saM. 15, di jainamandira, dabalAnA (buuNdii)| 6. neminAthacarita - kavi dAmodara, sarasvatI bhavana naagaur| -66

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7. neminAthacarita - lakhamadeva, a. 11, 10 4 // , patra saM. 52, lekhanakAla saM. 1597, aghn| 8. neminAthacariu - ga, anu. 32vAM, patra saM. 51, 10 4, lekhanakAla saM. 1574, paurSa kRSNa 3, sarasvatI bhavana, naagaur| neminAthacarita - paM. lakSmaNadeva, anu. 464 a. kra. 195, patra saM. 65, 19 4.11, lekhanakAla saM. 1519, vaizAkha kRSNa 13, ravivAra, pUrNa, sarasvatI bhavana naagaur| 10. neminAthacariu - lakSmaNasena, ana. 533 ba, patrA saM. 38, 11 4, pUrNa, jIrNa, le. kAM.saM. 1498, sarasvatI bhavana naagaur| 11. neminAthacariu - haribhadrasUri, krama saM. 1094, 10022, 29, 9 19.5, le. kA. saM. 1650, AcArya vijayadeva aura zAntisUri saMgraha, lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI, bhAratIya saMskRti mandira zodha saMsthAna, ahmdaabaad| 12. nemirAsa - jinaprabha, anu. 12 (31), patra saM. 15, guTakA saM. 25, kra.saM. 714, zrI di. jaina mandira, baghIcanda jI, jypur| NemiNAhacariu- kavi lakSamaNa NemiNAhacariu ke kartA kavi lakSmaNa haiN| grantha meM 4 sandhiyAM yA pariccheda aura 83 kar3avaka haiM, jinakI anumAnika zloka saMkhyA 1350 ke lagabhaga hai| grantha meM carita aura dhArmika upadeza kI pradhAnatA hote hue vaha aneka sundara sthaloM se alaMkRta hai| grantha kI prathama sandhi meM jina aura sarasvatI ke stavana ke sAtha mAnava janma kI durlabhatA kA nirdeza karate hue sajjana-durjana kA smaraNa kiyA aura phira kavi ne apanI alpajJatA ko pradarzita kiyA hai| magadha deza aura rAjagRha nagara ke kathA ke pazcAt rAjA zreNika apanI jJAnapipAsA ko zAnta karane ke lie gaNadhara se neminAtha kA carita varNana karane ke lie kahatA hai| kathAnaka isa prakAra hai __ varADaka deza meM sthi vArAvatI yA dvArAvatI nagarI meM janArdana nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thA, vahIM zaurapura nareza samudravijaya apanI zivAdevI ke sAtha rahate the| jarAsandha ke bhaya se yAdavagaNa zaurIpura chor3akara dvArikA meM rahane lge| vahIM unake tIrthaGkara neminAtha kA janma huA thaa| yaha kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the| bAlaka kA janmAdi saMskAra indrAdi devoM ne kiyA thaa| dUsarI sandhi meM neminAtha kI yuvAvasthA, vasanta varNana aura jalakrIr3A Adi ke prasaMgoM kA kathana diyA huA hai| kRSNa ko neminAtha ke parAkrama se IrSyA hone lagatI hai aura vaha unheM virakta karanA cAhate haiN| jUnAgar3ha ke rAjA kI putrI rAjamatI se neminAtha kA vivAha nizcita hotA hai| bArAta saja-dhaja kara jUnAgar3ha ke sannikaTa pahu~catI hai, neminAtha bahuta se rAjaputroM ke sAtha ratha meM baiThe hue Asa-pAsa kI prAkRtika suSamA kA nirIkSaNa karate hue jA rahe the| usa samaya unakI dRSTi eka ora gayI to unhoMne dekhA bahuta se pazu eka bAr3e meM banda haiN| ve vahA~ se nikalanA cAhate haiM; kintu vahA~ se nikalane kA koI mArga nahIM hai| neminAtha ne sArathI se ratha rokane ko kahA aura pUchA ki ye pazu yahA~ kyoM roke gaye haiM? neminAtha ko sArathi se yaha jAnakara bar3A kheda huA ki bArAta meM Ane vAle rAjAoM ke Atithya ke lie ina pazuoM kA vadha kiyA jAyagA, isase unake dayAlu hRdaya ko bar3I Thesa lgii| ve bole - yadi mere vivAha ke nimitta itane pazuoM kA jIvana saMkaTa -67

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meM hai to dhikkAra hai mere usa vivAha ko, aba maiM vivAha nahIM kruuNgaa| ve pazuoM ko chur3avAkara turanta hI ratha se utara kara mukuTa aura kaMkaNa ko pheMka vana kI ora cala diye| isa samAcAra se bArAta meM koharAma maca gyaa| udhara jUnAgar3ha ke antaHpura meM jaba rAjakumArI ko yaha jJAta huA, to vaha mUrchA khAkara gira pdd'ii| bahuta se logoM ne neminAtha ko lauTAne kA prayatna kiyA; kintu saba vyrth| ve pAsa meM sthita Urjayantagiri para car3ha gaye aura sahasrAmavana meM vastrAlaGkAra Adi paridhAna kA parityAga kara digambara madrAdhara AtmadhyAna meM lIna ho gye| tIsarI sandhi meM viyoga kA varNana hai| rAjamatI ne bhI tapazcaraNa dvArA Atma-sAdhanA kii| antima sandhi meM neminAtha kA pUrNa jJAnI ho dharmopadeza aura nirvANa prApti kA kathana diyA huA hai| isa taraha grantha kA carita vibhAga bar3A hI sundara tathA saMkSipta hai aura kavi ne ukta ghaTanA ko sajIva rUpa meM citrita karane kA upakrama kiyA hai| kavi ne isa grantha ko 10 mahIne meM samApta kiyA hai| grantha kI sabase purAnI prati saM. 1510 kI likhI huI prApta huI hai| isase isakA racanAkAla saM. 1510 ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kintu kitanA pUrvavartI hai yaha anveSaNIya hai| sambhavata: yaha kRti 12vIM yA 13vIM zatAbdI kI honI caahie| NemiNAhacariu - kavi dAmodara __NemiNAhacariu ke kartA kavi dAmodara haiN| prastuta grantha meM pAMca sandhiyA~ haiM, jinameM 22veM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn neminAtha kA carita aMkita kiyA gayA hai, jo zrIkRSNa ke cacere bhAI the| carita ADambara hIna aura saMkSipta rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai aura kavi use banAne meM saphala bhI huA hai| isa carita rUpa kAvya kI racanA meM preraka eka sajjana the jo dharmaniSTha tathA dayAlu the| ve gujarAta se mAlava deza ke 'salakhaNapura' meM Aye the| kavi ne inhIM paNDita rAmacandra ke Adeza se aura nAgadeva ke anurodha se ukta grantha kI racanA kI thii| kavi ne isa grantha ko paramAravaMzIya rAjA devapAla ke rAjya meM vikrama saMvat 1287 meM banAyA thaa| jaba dAmodara kavi ne saMvat 1287 meM salakhaNapura meM NemiNAhacariu racA, usa samaya bhI devapAla jIvita the| 68

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tIrthaGkara pArzva ke katipaya vicAraNIya prasaMga - DaoN. jinendra jaina, lADanUM tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha bhAratIya saMskRti ke eka jAjvalyamAna nakSatra ke rUpa meM Aja bhI jAne jAte haiN| vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke rUpa meM prApta bhAratIya-paramparA ko dekhane para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve zramaNa-saMskRti ke unnAyaka to the hI, vaidika-paramparA kI yajJa-yAg pradhAna pravRtti ko bhautikatA se AdhyAtmikatA kI ora mukharita karane kA zreya bhI bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ko hI hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM Aja yaha bhI svIkArA jAtA hai ki upaniSad-sAhitya meM prApta vistRta AdhyAtmika carcA ko bhagavAn pArzva kI hI dena kahA jA sakatA hai| bhagavAn pArzva ke janmakAla, nAmakaraNa-kartA, Ayu, vaMza-kula, mAtA-pitA, vivAha Adi vyaktitva ke katipaya binduoM para jaina-sAhitya meM bhinna-bhinna ullekha prApta hote haiN| unakI sAdhanA aura jIvana-darzana sambandhI mAnyatAoM para bhI cintana karane kA eka avasara ho sakatA hai; kintu yahA~ pArzva ke vaiyaktika binduoM ko jaina Agama va anya jaina-sAhitya ke sandarbha meM khojane kA eka laghu prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| ___jaina AgamoM meM bhagavAn pArzva ke janma se lekara nirvANa taka kI aneka ghaTanAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga aura kalpasUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, Avazyakaniyukti sahita cauppanamahApurisacariyaM, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, uttarapurANa, padmapurANa, mahApurANa,tiloyapaNNati, siripAsaNAhacariyaM, zrIpArzvanAthacaritaM, pAsaNAhacariu prabhRti aneka granthoM meM pArzva kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ___ pArzva kA vivecana karane vAle sabhI grantha unakI janmasthalI vArANasI hone kA ullekha karate haiN| yaha bhArata kI 10 pramukha rAjadhAniyoM meM se eka thii| bhagavAn pArzva kI Ayu 100 varSa thI, aisA ullekha sabhI granthoM meM eka jaisA hI prApta hotA hai| kinta neminAtha ke (84650 varSa/8370 varSa) bAda pArzva ke janma ke kAlamAna meM 900 varSoM kA antara prApta hotA hai tathA janmatithi kA bhI alaga-alaga granthoM meM bhinna-bhinna ullekha milanA, nizcita hI anusandhAna ko janma detA hai| bhagavAn pArzva ke nAmakaraNa-kartA tathA anya vaiyaktika jIvana-prasaMgoM yathA-- Ayu, vaMza-kula, mAtA-pitA, vivAha Adi ke vivecana meM bhinnatA milatI hai, jisakI vistRta mImAMsA kiyA jAnA isa zodhapatra kA mukhya uddezya hai| - -

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tIrthakara pArzvanAtha se sambandhita pramukha digambara jaina tIrthoM aura mandiroM kA vaiziSTya - paM. lAlacandra jaina "rAkeza", gaMjabAsaudA (1) tIrthakkara pArzvanAtha bhAratavarSa ke dharmaniSTha samAja meM jina mahAn vibhUtiyoM kA cirasthAyI prabhAva hai, unameM jainadharma ke teisaveM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn pArzvanAtha anyatama haiN| ...... pArzvanAtha vArANasI ke rAjA azvasena ke putra the| unakI mAtA kA nAma vAmA devI thaa| unhoMne 30 varSa kI Aya meM gaha tyAga kara daigambarI dIkSA dhAraNa kI thI tathA 100 varSa kI Ayu meM sammedazikhara se nirvANa prApta kiyA thaa| bhagavAn pArzvanAtha samatA, kSamatA, kSamA, sahiSNutA evaM dhairya kI sAkSAt mUrti the| unhoMne kamaTha dvArA aneka bhavoM taka akAraNa, ekapakSIya baira kI ghorAtighora upasarga rUpa kriyA kI koI pratikriyA nahIM kI apitu use atyanta zAnta bhAva se sahana karate rhe| bha. pArzvanAtha tIrthaGkara the| jo jIva sarvajanahitAya, sarvajana sukhAya kI pavitra bhAvanA se ApUrita jaba darzana vizaddhi Adi solahakAraNa bhAvanAoM ko bhAtA hai taba tIrthaGkara prakRti meM viziSTa puNya kA saMcaya kara ukta pada prApta karatA hai| kAlacakra ke pariNamana meM eka kalpakAla meM, avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI kAla meM 24-24 tIrthaGkara hote hai| bha. pArzvanAtha vartamAna avasarpiNI kAla ke caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM se teIsaveM tIrthaGkara haiN| (2) tIrthoM kA udaya tIrtha yAnI dhaatt| jise pAkara saMsAra samudra se tarA jAya vaha tIrtha hai| jainazAstroM meM tIrtha zabda kA prayoga aneka arthoM meM kiyA gayA hai| hameM yahA~ mokSa ke upAyabhUta ratnatraya dharma ko tIrtha kahate haiM, yaha artha abhipreta hai| tIrthaM karoti iti tIrthaMkaraH, isa taraha dharma tIrtha ke jo kartA arthAt pravartaka hote haiM ve tIrthaGkara kahalAte haiN| jina sthAnoM para ina tIrthaGkaroM ke garbha-janma-tapa-jJAna evaM nirvANa kalyANaka meM se koI eka yA adhika kalyANaka hue haiM ve sthAna unake saMsarga se vaise pavitra ho jAte hai jaise rasa yA pArasa ke sparzamAtra se lohA sonA bana jAtA hai| ye mahApuruSa saMsAra ke prANiyoM ke akAraNa bandhu haiM, upakAraka haiN| ata: unheM mokSamArga kA netA mAnA jAtA hai| unake prati kRtajJatA prakaTa karane evaM ghaTita ghaTanA kI smRti banAye rakhane ke lie usa bhUmi para una mahApuruSoM kA smAraka banA dete haiM, ye sthAna tIrthakSetra kI saMjJA ko prApta kara lete hai hotI jahA~ puNya kI varSA, bahatI zAMti sudhArA hai| jahA~ lagA sudhyAna AtmA, pAtI mukti kinArA hai|| atizayatA avalokana jahA~ kI, mana vismita raha jAtA hai| ho jAtI bhU pUjya vahA~ kI, tIrtha nayA bana jAtA hai|| - paM. lAlacandra jaina 'rAkeza'

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tIrtha hamArI saMskRti ke pratIka haiN| tIrtha hamArI saMskRti ke koSAgAra haiN| ye hamAre pUrvajoM kI hamAre lie sauMpI gayI dharohara haiM, hamAre lie chor3e gaye AzIrvAda haiN| tIrtha hamAre atIta ke darpaNa, vartamAna ke prakAzastambha evaM bhaviSya ke lie Adarza mArgadarzaka haiN| ye ve sthAna haiM jo tIrthaGkara bhagavantoM, RddhidhArI muniyoM evaM tapasviyoM ke zubha paramANuoM se pAvana haiN| ye sthAna eka ora to prAkRtika saundarya se paripUrNa haiM to dUsarI ora paramANuoM kI pAvanatA ke kAraNa zraddhAluoM ko rAga, dveSa, lobha, moha Adi vikArI pariNati se mukta karAke unheM saMsAra zarIra evaM bhogoM se udAsIna hone kA pATha par3hAte haiN| ____ jaba hama sAMsArika AkarSaNoM ke bha~varajAla meM pha~se, kolhU ke baila kI taraha satat bhautika lAlasAoM kI pUrti meM saMlagna rahate haiM evaM sAMsArika utAra-car3hAva se zrAnta ho jAte haiM taba ye tIrthakSetra hI hameM sukha, zAnti pradAyaka zaraNasthala siddha hote haiN| tIrthakSetroM para hameM prAkRtika saundarya ke darzana, svAsthya lAbha, Atmika zAnti, santa samAgama, jJAnArjana, akSaya puNya prApti, pavitra vicAra evaM ihaloka evaM paraloka meM kalyANa kI bhAvanA prApta hotI hai| aise tIrthakSetroM kI saMkhyA hajAroM meM hai jo deza ke kone-kone meM vidyamAna haiN| ina tIrthoM meM se jina sthAnoM para tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ke kalyANaka hue, yA unakA vihAra huA, aise pramukha digambara jaina tIrtha isa Alekha ke viSaya hai| (3) mandiroM kA nirmANa devAlaya sAdhanA aura arcanA ke sthAna hote haiN| vahA~ jAkara manuSya ko Atmika zAnti aura santoSa kA anubhava hotA hai| sAhityika sAkSya ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki karmabhUmi ke prArambhika kAla se jinAyatanoM kA nirmANa hotA rahA hai| AdiparANa ke anasAra indra ne jaba ayodhyA kI racanA kI to usane sarvaprathama pAMca jinAlayoM kI racanA kI arthAt cAroM dizAoM meM eka-eka tathA eka nagara ke madhya meN| isake bAda bharata cakravartI dvArA 72 jinAlayoM ke nirmANa kA ullekha milatA hai| isake bAda aneka vyaktiyoM dvArA jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa karAne ke ullekha purANoM meM sthAna-sthAna para milate haiN|2 bhakta, bhagavAn, bhakti aura devAlaya ina cAroM kA abhinAbhAvI sambandha hai| ata: jaba se bhakti hai tabhI se mUrtiyA~ hai aura jaba se mUrtiyA~ haiM tabhI se mandira haiN| stUpa, guphA, caitya, vihAra, mandira, mAnastambha, bhauMyare sabhI devAlayoM ke hI prakAra haiN| nandIzvara jinAlaya aura sahasrakUTa jinAlaya bhI jinAlaya zilpa kI eka vidhA haiN| hamArA jIvana eka mandira kI taraha hai| AtmA kI vItarAga avasthA hI devatva hai| hama sabhI meM vaha devatva vidyamAna hai| isa devatva ko pahacAna kara use apane bhItara prakaTa karane ke lie hamane bAhara mandira banavAye haiM aura unameM apane Adarza vItarAga arhanta aura siddha paramAtmA ko sthApita kiyA hai| prastuta Alekha meM tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha se sambandhita deza ke pramukha tIrthoM, mandiroM, unakI paJcakalyANaka bhUmiyoM evaM tIrthoM kA vistRta paricaya prastuta kiyA gayA hai| inameM pramukha haiM- vArANasI, sammedazikhara, ahicchatra, bijauliyA, rezaMdIgiri aadi| -71

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tIrthaGkara puSpadanta aura unakI paJcakalyANaka tIrthabhUmiyA~ - DaoN. kamalezakumAra jaina, jayapura AcArya samantabhadra ne 'jina' kI stuti karate hue unheM dharma-tIrtha kA pravartaka kahA hai| tIrthaGkara zabda nirgrantha (jaina) paramparA meM rUr3ha ho gayA hai, vastuta: yaha zabda hai yaugika hI, kyoMki vyakti dharmarUpI tIrtha kA pravartaka hone ke kAraNa hI tIrthaGkara kahA jAtA hai| navama tIrthaGkara puSpadanta bharatakSetra meM utpanna caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM meM se eka haiN| tIrthaGkara puSpadanta kA eka anya nAma suvidhi yA suvidhinAtha bhI hai| tIrthaGkara puSpadanta kA cihna magara hai| isa cihna yA lAMchana ke dvArA hI unakI pahacAna hotI hai| vartamAna anya tIrthaGkaroM kI bhA~ti tIrthaGkara puSpadanta kA jIvanacarita bhI mahimAmaNDita hai| jahA~ unake ghara parivAra va rAjya kI jAnakArI milatI hai, vahA~ unake eka vizAla saMgha samudAya kA bhI vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai| unake paJcakalyANaka sthaloM (tIrthoM) kI bhI vistRta jAnakArI milatI hai| yaha vivaraNa digambara aura zvetAmbaraparamparA ke Agama-Agamika tathA anyAnya granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| unakA janma magasira zuklA ekama ko kAkaMdI meM evaMnirvANa bhAdrapada zukla aSTamI ko tIrtharAja sammedazikhara jI se huA thaa| prastuta mUla vistRta lekha meM tIrthaGkara puSpadanta ke vyaktitva (jIvanacarita) evaM unake paJcakalyANaka tIrthoM kA paricaya rekhAMkita kiyA gayA hai| - 72

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tIrthaGkara mahAvIra tathA unakI paJcakalyANaka bhUmiyA~ __ - DaoN. surendrakumAra jaina, burahAnapura jainadharma ke 24veM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI tyAga, tapasyA evaM ahiMsA ke kAraNa sampUrNa vizva meM advitIya vyaktitva ke sAtha jana-jana meM Adarza haiN| saMsAra meM unakA vyaktitva ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke kAraNa pUjya evaM pratiSThA ko prApta hai| ve mAno ahiMsA aura aparigraha ke paryAya ke rUpa meM saMsAra meM pratiSThita haiN| kauna aisA hai ki jo unake guNoM kI anadekhI kara sake? ve sacce arthoM meM vijetA hai, kyoMki unhoMne kisI aura ko nahIM jItA balki svayaM ko jiitaa| ve svayaMbuddha the aura unhoMne samyak bodhi ke lie 12 varSa paryanta tapa karake batAyA ki he saMsAriyo! dekho, binA prayatna ke saMsAra meM kucha nahIM milatA aura jo puruSArthapUrvaka milatA hai vaha kevalajJAna saMsAra meM anupama hai, mukti kA dAtA hai| ve nirbhaya the, abhayadAtA the| rAgadveSa se pre| zarIra meM rahate hue bhI Atma anurAgI, Atma-cAritra rUpa samyak cAritra ke dhnii| nija aura para kI AzA se rahita satata Atmavaibhava ko dekhate, jAnate aura usI rUpa pravRtti karane vaale| ve Atma meM calate hue AtmA ko hI jIta gaye; aise anupama vyaktitva sampanna the bhagavAn mhaaviir| tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ke vyaktitva ko AcArya kundakunda ne 'pravacanasAra' meM kahA hai ki esa surAsura-maNusiMda-vaMdidaM, ghoda ghaadi-kmm-mlN| paNamAmi vaDhamANaM, tityaM dhammassa knaarN||1|1|| arthAt ghAtiyA karma-rahita, deva-asura-cakravartiyoM dvArA vandita, dharma-tIrtha ke kartA vardhamAna (mahAvIra) ko praNAma karatA huuN| mAnava samAja meM hiMsA ke lie koI sthAna nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha vivekI hai| vaha svayaM ko, mana ko, tana ko sAdha sakatA hai| usakI sAdhanA siddhi ke lie hai, sva-para kalyANa ke lie hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vicAra kiyA aura svayaM kI ahiMsA bhAvanA/cAritra ko auroM meM pahu~cAne ke lie preraka upadeza diyaa| binA bole hue bhI unakA vihAra unake ahiMsaka vyaktitva kI (gAraNTI) thA ve jahA~ se vicare loga ahiMsaka, nivera, karuNAvAn aura abhaya hote gye| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jaisA vyaktitva banAyA vaisA hama Apa bhI banA sakate haiM; lekina zarta yahI hai ki "sattveSa maitrI. gaNiSa pramodaM, kliSTeSa jIveSa kRpAparatvaM, mAdhyastha bhAvaM viparIta vRttau" arthAt prANiyoM meM mitratA, guNIjanoM ke prati pramoda bhAva, kaSTa se ghire hue jIvoM ke prati kRpA kA bhAva aura viparIta vRtti vAloM ke prati mAdhyastha bhAva apnaayeN| tIrthaGkara mahAvIra kI vizeSatA unake savodaya siddhAnta meM nihita hai| ve vyaktyodaya, varNodaya, samAjodaya ke pakSadhara nahIM the, ve to sarvodaya ke pakSadhara the| tIrthaGkara mahAvIra janma se bhI mahAn the aura karma se bhii| janma se mahAn koI-koI hotA hai jaise tIrthaGkara balabhadra Adi; lekina karma se mahAn sabhI bana sakate haiN| jaba yaha jIva saba meM apane jaisI AtmA dekha letA hai to na ku-maraNa karatA hai aura na kisI ko mAratA hai| bheda tana kA ho sakatA hai,mata kA bhI ho sakatA hai lekina -73

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mana kA nahIM honA caahie| yahI to anekAnta hai; phira raMga, jAti, kula, deza kA bheda- bhrama apanAkara hiMsA kA mArga kyoM cunate ho? vastu jaisI hai vaisI maano| yahI darzana hai, yahI dharma hai-- 'vatyu sahAvo dhmmo|" bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vyaktitva aura kRtitva Aja bhI samasta sRSTi ke lie preraka hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki saMyukta rASTrasaMgha jaisA sampUrNa dezoM kA pratinidhi saMgha ahiMsA, zAnti, saha-astitva aura sarvodaya ke lie kArya kara rahA hai| bhArata kI svatantratA ke pazcAt hamAre deza ke saMvidhAna nirmAtAoM ne unheM rASTrIya nAyaka ke rUpa meM bhAratIya saMvidhAna kI mUla prati meM baMgAla ke eka citrakAra dvArA nirmita nirgrantha mudrAyukta bhagavAn mahAvIra kA citra saMyojita kiyA gayA hai tAki sampUrNa dezavAsI unake prati zraddhAnvita hokara unake batAye ahiMsA ke rAste para cala skeN| Aja sampUrNa vizva kA Adarza mahAvIra aura unake vicAra hai, kyoMki binA ahiMsA, aparigraha aura anekAnta ke Adarza samAja kA nirmANa sambhava nahIM hai| aise mahimAmaya, anupama vyaktitva ke dhanI tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ke pazcakalyANaka sampanna hue| unakA zAstrAnusAra varNana isa prakAra hai 1. garbha kalyANaka- tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIva puSpottara vimAna (tiloya, 4/531) se calakara kuNDapura (vaizAlI) nRpati siddhArtha ke rAjamahala meM rAnI priyakAriNI (trizalA) ke garbha meM aayaa| yaha tithi ASAr3ha zukla SaSThI thii| mahArAjA siddhArtha ke nagara kuNDagrAma yA kuNDalapura kI sthiti ke viSaya meM DaoN. mahendrakumAra jI nyAyAcArya ne likhA hai ki- "vaizAlI ke pazcima meM gaNDakI nadI hai| usake pazcima taTa para brAhmaNa kuNDalapura, kSatriya kuNDalapura, karamAra grAma aura kollAga saniveza jaise aneka upanagara yA zAkhA grAma the| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma-sthAna vaizAlI mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki kuNDagrAma vaizAlI kA hI upanagara thA' (jainadarzana : pR. 5) / Aja bhI vaizAlI sthita vAsokuNDa kI pahacAna bhagavAn mahAvIra kI garbha/janma-bhUmi ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai jise vahA~ ke sthAnIya jana ahalla bhUmi ke rUpa meM sadiyoM se pUjate A rahe haiN| 2. janma kalyANaka-tiloyapaNNatti meM yativRSabha AcArya ke dvArA likhita tIrthaGkaroM ke janma vivaraNa ke anusAra vIra jinendra kuNDalapura meM pitA siddhArtha aura mAtA priyakAriNI (trizalA) se caitra zuklA trayodazI ko uttara phAlgunI nakSatra meM utpanna hue| IsvI saMvat ke anusAra yaha tithi di. 27 mArca, IsA pUrva 598 mAnya kI gayI hai| ve nAthavaMza meM utpanna hue the (tiloyapaNNatti, 4/557) / unake zarIra kI U~cAI sAta hAtha pramANa thI (tiloyapaNNatti, 4/594) / ve svarNa sadRza pIta varNa ke the (tiloyapaNNatti, 4/589), unakA cihna siMha thA (tiloya., 4/612) / tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke garbha aura janma kalyANaka kA sthAna jaina-ajaina zAstroM evaM janazrutiyoM ke AdhAra para videha dezastha kuNDapura mAnA jAtA hai, jisakI pahacAna vartamAna meM bhArata deza ke bihAra pradezAntargata mujaphpharapura se 22 mIla dUra basAr3ha gA~va meM kuNDapura 'vAsokuNDa' ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai| yaha vihAra meM gaMgA nadI ke uttaravartI kSetra meM sthita hai| vaizAlI se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa hI kahA gayA ki -74

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vizAlA jananI yasya vizAlaM kulameva c| vizAlaM vacanaM cAsya tena vaizAliko jinH|| - (sUtrakRtAMga-zIlAGkAcArya TIkA, 2/3) arthAt jinakI mAtA vizAlA hai (trizalA) hai, jinakA kula vizAla hai, jinake vacana vizAla haiM, isase 'vaizAlika' nAmaka jina (mahAvIra) hue| unhoMne vivAha nahIM kiyA thaa| unakA kumAra kAla 30 varSa thaa| 3. tapa kalyANaka : tiloyapaNNatti (4/674) ke anusAra maggasira-bahula-dasamI-avaraNhe uttarAsu nnaath-vnne| tadiya - khamaNammi gahidaM, mahavvadaM vhmaannenn|| arthAt vardhamAna bhagavAn ne magasira (mArgazIrSa) kRSNA dazamI ke aparAhna meM uttarA phAlgunI nakSatra ke rahate nAthavana meM tRtIya upavAsa ke sAtha mahAvrata grahaNa kiye| IsvI san ke anusAra yaha tithi di. 29 navambara I. pUrva 569 siddha hotI hai| unakA chadyastha kAla bAraha varSa pramANa rahA (tiloyapaNNatti, 4/685) / 4. kevalajJAna kalyANaka : tIrthakara mahAvIra ko vaizAkha zukla dazamI aparAhna meM hasta nakSatra ke rahate (jRmbhaka gA~va ke) RjukUlA nadI ke taTa para kevala jJAna kI utpatti huii| kevala jJAna-prApti sthala jRmbhika gA~va kI pahacAna vartamAna bihAra ke muMgera se dakSiNa kI ora jamuI gA~va ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai| yahA~ bahane vAlI kvila nadI ko RjukUlA nadI kA apabhraMza nAma mAnA gayA hai (tIrthaGkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya-paramparA, pR. 1/179) ___ bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara gautama bne| 'tiloyapaNNatti' ke anusAra tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra kI zrAvaNamAsa ke kRSNapakSa kI pratipadA ke dina prathama dezanA prasavit huii| jisa vipulAcala parvata para kevala jJAnI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI prathama divya dezanA huI vaha rAjagRha ke nikaTa naiRtya dizA meM sthita hai| vartamAna meM yaha sthAna bihAra rAjya kI rAjadhAnI paTanA se 102 kilomITara dakSiNapUrva meM nAlandA jile meM sthita hai| 5. nirvANa kalyANaka : tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa kalyANaka kArtika kRSNa amAvasyA ke dina 'pAvA' se honA mAnA jAtA hai| vartamAna meM bihAra prAnta kI rAjadhAnI paTanA jilAntargata pAvApurI sthita hai| isa taraha tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ke pA~coM kalyANakoM ke viSaya meM saMkSipta varNana yahA~ kiyA gyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA lokavyApI prabhAva evaM mahattva jo Aja bhI hai| unake paJcakalyANakoM kI puNya bhUmiyA~ Aja bhI unake darzana-vandana-pUjana karane vAloM kI manokAmanAoM ko pUrNa karane meM samartha hai|

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brAhmI lipi : udbhava aura vikAsa -DaoN. (zrImatI) munnI puSpA jaina, vArANasI hamAre lie yaha gaurava aura garva kI bAta hai hamAre prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aise advitIya mahApuruSa hue, jinake pitA nAbhirAja ke nAma para apane deza kA sarvaprAcIna nAma 'ajanAbhavarSa' thA aura jinake jyeSTha putra bharata cakravartI ke nAma para Aja apane deza kA nAma 'bhAratavarSa' hai| sAtha hI unake dvArA apanI bar3I patrI brAhmI ko sikhAyI gayI akSara vidyA se usa akSara lipi kA nAma 'brAhmI lipi' prasiddha hu sundarI ko aMkavidyA sikhAkara gaNita kA sUtrapAta huaa| rAjA RSabha ke rUpameM jinhoMne eka nahIM aneka vidhiyoM se 1. asi = yuddhakalA, 2. masi = lekhanakalA, 3. kRSi = khetI, 4. vidyA = zikSA, 5. vANijya = vyApAra aura 6. zilpa = kalAyeM- ina chaha vidyAoM ke pravartana se mAnavIya jIvana ko pUrNatA pradAna kara naye yuga kA sRjana kiyaa| bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyetA sUryakAnta vAlIjI ne apanI pustaka 'bhAratagAthA' (pR. 32) meM likhA bhI hai ki- jo loga bhArata meM lekhana kalA ko bahuta bAda meM zuru huA mAnate haiM unake lie nivedana yaha hai ki ve kRpayA RSabhadeva kI putrI brAhmI ke bAre meM paricaya prApta kareM jinake mAdhyama se pitA RSabhadeva ne lekhanakalA kA isa deza meM itane purAne samaya meM pravartana kara DAlA thaa| yU~ hI nahIM bhArata kI prAcInatama lipi ko brAhmI lipi kahA jaataa| isa prakAra saMsAra ko saba kucha dekara saMsAra se Upara uThakara AdhyAtmika U~cAI prApta karane vAle, aise mahAn dArzanika rAjA RSabha ne saMyama sAdhanApUrvaka tIrthaGkara jaise amara pada ko prApta karaM sadA ke lie amara ho gye| bhArata unakA sadA RNI rhegaa| bhagavAn RSabhadeva dvArA sRjita yahI brAhmI lipi bhArata kI prAcInatama lipi hai| bhArata kI adhikAMza prAcIna aura Adhunika lipiyoM kA vikAsa isI lipi se huA hai, ataH brAhmI lipi ko aneka lipiyoM kI jananI kahA gayA hai| AdikAla se brAhmI lipi mUla bhAratIya lipi ke rUpa meM pratiSThita rahI aura Aja bhI vibhinna rUpoM meM pUre bhArata meM vistarita hai| yaha bhAratIya saMskRti kI utkRSTa pahicAna hai; kintu Azcarya hai ki hama bhAratIya apanI isa mahattvapUrNa mUla lipi ko lagabhaga do zatAbdI pUrva taka pUrI taraha bhUla cuke the| kucha pAzcAtya aura kucha bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke hama RNI haiM ki bar3e parizrama se unhoMne isa bhUlI-bisarI apanI isa lipi ko par3hane meM kramaza: saphala hue aura isa lipi meM ullikhita saikar3oM zilAlekhoM ko par3hakara hama apane bhArata kI vizAla aura prAcIna gauravazAlI sAMskRtika virAsata ko samajhane meM sakSama bana ske| isa sabake bAvajUda abhI bhI isa lipi ke vizeSajJa vidvAn bahuta kama haiN| ata: hameM samaya rahate isakA pUrNa parijJAna kara lenA Avazyaka hai| janajana meM isakA itanA pracAra-prasAra ho ki pratyeka vyakti isameM apane vicAra apanI vartamAna nAgarI lipi kI taraha likhane par3hane meM sakSama bana sakeM, yahI merI bhAvanA hai| isI bhAvanA se prerita hokara deza ke zreSTha vidvAnoM se prasiddha zodha saMsthAnoM dvArA Ayojita kAryazAlAoM meM aneka varSoM taka isa vismRta brAhmI lipi kA prArambhika jJAna prApta karane kA mujhe saubhAgya milA hai aura maiMne isake vyApaka prasAra hetu prazikSaNa ziviroM kA bhI Ayojana kiyA hai| -76

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phira bhI maiM abhI bhI apane ko isa lipi kI chAtrA hI mAnatI huuN| vastutaH hamArA jo bhI gauravapUrNa itihAsa abhilekhoM evaM zilAlekhoM ke mAdhyama se aba taka surakSita raha pAyA hai, vaha adhikAMza isI brAhmI lipi meM likhA gayA hai| samrATa azoka ke zatAdhika zilAlekha evaM jaina samrAT khAravela kA hAthIgumphA (udayagiri- khaNDagiri) zilAlekha isa brAhmI lipi ke prAcIna pramukha udAharaNa haiN| yaha pahale hI kahA gayA hai ki prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ne apanI do putriyoM meM se prathama brAhmI nAmaka putrI ko apane dAyIM ora baiThAkara lipividyA aura sundarI nAmaka putrI ko bAyIM ora baiThAkara aMka vidyAeM sikhAyI thiiN| isa taraha lipi vidyA kI prathama chAtrA ke rUpa meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne sarvaprathama jise lipi likhanA-par3hanA sikhAyA thA. usa brAhmI kanyA ke nAma para hI isa lipi kA nAma brAhmI lipi pracalita haa| AdinAthacarita (3/14) meM likhA hai akSarANi vibhu brAhmayA akaaraadiinyvoct| vAmahastena sundA gaNitaM caapydrshyet|| isa lipi kA jJAna bhagavAn RSabhadeva jaba eka prathama rAjA ke rUpa meM rAjazAsana kA saJcAlana kara rahe the taba unhoMne pUrvokta SaTkarmoM kA sarvaprathama pravartana karate hue saMsAra meM ajJAna ko dUra karane vAlI aura jagata kA kalyANa karane vAlI jyoti ke rUpa meM isa brAhmI lipi kA parijJAna krvaayaa| unake dvArA karavAye gaye jJAna se ki usa lipi kA nAma hI brAhmI lipi prasiddha ho gyaa| abhidhAna rAjendra koSa meM likhA hai ki lekho lipividhAna tahakSiNahastena jinena brAhmayA darzitam iti| tasmAda brAhmI nAmnI sA lipi| 'paNNavaNAsutta' (prajJApanAsUtra) nAmaka prAkRta Agama grantha meM ullikhita aTThAraha prakAra kI lipiyoM meM sarvaprathama 'baMbhI' lipi kA nAma hai| bauddha-grantha 'lalitavistara' meM bhI 64 prakAra kI lipiyoM ke nAma diye gaye haiM jinameM prathama nAma brAhmI kA hI hai| itanA hI nahIM jaina Agama bhagavatIsUtra meM 'namo baMbhIe livie' kahakara brAhmI lipi ko namaskAra karake usake prati pUrNa zraddhA vyakta kI gayI hai| isa taraha Adhunika devanAgarI lipi kA mUlasrota prAcIna rASTrIya lipi brAhmI se sambaddha hai aura usake vikAsa, svarUpa kI eka sunizcita paramparA hai| prApta sAkSyoM, granthoM, lekhoM, zilAlekhoM Adi ke AdhAra para yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki bhArata kI prAya: samasta prAcIna, madhyakAlIna aura Adhunika lipiyoM kA udgama 'brAhmI' hI hai| uttarI zailI aura dakSiNI zailI ke anusAra brAhmI lipi se hI anyAnya lipiyoM kA vikAsa huaa| brAhmI lipi ke akSaroM kA vikAsa hote-hote Aja kI devanAgarI, gujarAtI, baMgalA, AsAmI, ur3iyA, maithilI, telagu, tamila, malayAlaya Adi lipiyoM kI utpatti huii| yahI nahIM tibbatI, nevArI, siMhalI, barmI tathA dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA kI sabhI lipiyAM isI se nikalI haiN| 350 I. ke bAda se isakI uttarI aura dakSiNI do zailiyA~ ho gayI jisase donoM kI vibhinna zAkhAoM se uttarI aura dakSiNa bhArata kI lipiyoM kA vikAsa huaa| brAhmI se nikalI lipiyoM ke vikAsa kI eka sunizcita paramparA rahI hai| brAhmI lipi sahaja aura sarala lipi hai| ise dUsarI lipiyoM kI apekSA kama samaya meM sIkhA jA sakatA -77

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hai tathA nirantara abhyAsa karane se isakI sahAyatA se anya lipiyoM ko samajhane meM saralatA rahatI hai| prasiddha vidvAn rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne bhI kahA hai- yadi koI eka brAhmI lipi ko accha taraha sIkha jAe to vaha anya lipiyoM ko thor3e hI parizrama se sIkha sakatA hai| sAdhAraNa jyAmItika (rekhA gaNita) cinhoM- rekhA, koNa, vRtta, ardhavRtta, Ar3I tirachI tathA par3I rekhAoM Adi vibhinna saMyogoM se brAhmI kA nirmANa huA hai| mAtrAoM kA prayoga evaM saMyuktAkSara isakI pramukha ullekhanIya vizeSatAe~ haiN| isameM pramukha 6, svara 33 vyaJjana arthAt 39 akSara prApta hote haiN| brAhmI ko sIkha lene se hastalikhita prAcIna pANDulipiyoM ko par3hane-samajhane meM bahuta sahAyatA milatI hai| prAcIna pANDulipiyoM meM aneka akSara brAhmI akSaroM se milate-julate pAye jAte hai tathA devanAgarI meM koI-koI akSara jyoM kA tyoM brAhmI kA hI jaise 'ddh'| kahAvata bhI hai kisI bhI vyakti ke svabhAva meM kucha bhI parivartana na hone para use kahA jAtA hai- "Apa to Dha ke Dha hI rahe'' san 1833 meM mi. prinsepa jaise vidvAn ne aneka varSoM taka kar3e parizrama, lagana se isa lipi ko par3hane meM saphalatA prApta kii| inake pahale bhI prayatna hue parantu isa lipi kI bhASA saMskRta bhASA samajha lene aura ise hI AdhAra mAnakara isa lipi ko par3hane meM asaphala rhe| vastutaH prAkRta bhASA ina zilAlekhoM kI bhASA hai- yaha nizcita hone para hI isa lipi ko par3hA jA skaa| Arambha meM 'da' aura 'na' akSara (dAna) par3ha lene ke bAda se isa lipi ko samajha lene kA udghATana huaa| isake bAda lambe samaya ke kramaza: abhyAsa ke bAda isake sabhI akSara aura yaha lipi pUrI taraha par3hane meM vidvAn sakSama bana ske| prAcIna bhAratIya zAsakoM ke sabase prAkkAlIna purAlekhIya vivaraNa prAkRta-bhASA meM milate haiN| mUlata: sAre bhArata kI purAlekhIya bhASA prAkRta thI, jo zilAlekhIya prAkRta ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| azoka ke pUrva adhikAMza abhilekha janabhASA prAkRta meM likhe hue milate haiN| bhArata kA prathama bhASAvijJAna kA sarve azoka ke abhilekhoM se huaa| sthAna vizeSa se bhASA meM kathaJcita antara haiM ise vaibhASika pravRtti kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM pazcimottara meM paizAcI prAkRta, pUrva meM mAgadhI prAkRta, dakSiNa-pazcima meM zaurasenI aura mAgadhI kI mizrita pravRtti pAyI jAtI haiN| arthAt ina prAcIna zilAlekhoM kI bhASA 'prAkRta' aura lipi 'brAhmI' hai| kAlAntara ke bAda yaha saMskRta mizrita prAkRta pAI gii| - isa prakAra jo tattva hameM sAhitya meM nahIM milate, ve zilAlekhoM meM prApta hote haiN| hameM apane itihAsa ko samajhane ke lie brAhmI lipi ko par3hanA-likhanA sIkhane ke lie jAgarUka honA Avazyaka hai| 'bhAratavarSa' hI hamAre deza kA nAma hai isakA zilAlekhIya ekamAtra pramANa samrATa khAravela ke 'hAthIgumphA' (ur3IsA) zilAlekha meM ullikhita hai, jisakI dasavI paMkti meM 'bharadhavasa' likhA gayA milatA hai| isa taraha maiMne apane mUla Alekha meM sabhI lipiyoM kI jananI brAhmI lipi kI vistAra se vivecanA prastuta kI hai| merI yahI bhAvanA hai ki "jaNA-jaNA, maNA-maNA, bamhI bamharUpiNA" arthAt jana-jana ke mana base brAhmI kA brahma svruup|

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zramaNa paramparA aura zrutasthApanA - ratanacanda neminAtha koTi, iNDI zramaNa arthAt jaina saMnyAsI nirgrantha rahakara zramaNa saMskRti kA pAlana karate haiN| arthAt nirgrantha sampradAya jaina saMskRti kA pAlana karate Ae- aisA kaha sakate haiN| zramaNa saMskRti nivRtti pradhAna hai| tIrthaGkara vRSabhadeva aura bhagavAn mahAvIra se Aja taka jaina zramaNoM ne ahiMsAmaya dharma mokSa ke sAdhana ke lie hI AcaraNa karate Ae haiN| isalie jainadharma meM nimrantha muniyoM ko prathama sthAna meM pratiSThApita karake unake hI dvArA saMskRti zramaNa-paramparA dvArA pravartita hai| saMskRti kA artha bahuta vizAla hai| mAnavoM ke AtmoddhAra ke lie mArgastha lAne vAle saMskArita AtmA kI pariNati hI saMskRti kahalAtI haiN| yaha bhAratIya AdhyAmika sAdhanA para avalambita hai| saMskRti logoM ke antaraMga meM jaisA saMskarita hotA hai vaise hI mokSa mArga paripUrNa hotA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM prathama se zramaNa saMskRti aura vaidika saMskRti aise bhinna-bhinna mArga se pravAhita hue hai| isameM zramaNa saMskRti ko hI jaina-saMskRti ko surakSita rakhane kA zreya hai, kyoMki zramaNa hI jina ke upAsaka hI hote hai| yaha saMskRti vikasita hone ke lie triSaSThIzalAkApuruSoM se lekara zramaNa muniyoM se yaha dharma yahA~ taka pravAha rUpa meM AyA hai| pRthvI para samyagdRSTi manuSya hI deva hai, aisA zrI nayasena kavi ke abhiprAya meM prakaTa hotA hai ki zramaNa hI jainadharma kA pramukha AdhArastambha haiN| jainadharma kA zreSThatva jainadharma vizva meM sabhI dharmoM meM atyanta prAcIna dharma hai| jina kA pUjana karane vAle jaina haiM aura jainoM ne jo dharma pAlana kiyA hai vaha dharma jainadharma hai| dUsare prakAra se jina ne divyadhvani se upadeza kiyA huA dharma jainadharma hai| jina zabda kA artha jItane vAlA hotA hai jisane apane saba karma aura indriyoM ko jIta liyA hai vahI jinendra bhagavAn hai| pratyeka jIva puruSArtha karake jina ho sakate hai| jinendra ko hI sarvajJa kahA hai| vahI vItarAgI hai| jina kA upadeza kiyA huA dharma pramANabaddha hai| yaha syAdvAda bhUmikA para AdhArita hai| inake sAtha samyagdarzana, jJAna aura caritra kA bhI mahattva hai| yaha ahiMsA para AdhArita hai| isalie jaina-saMskRti meM Atmazuddhi ke lie AcAra aura vicAra donoM kA eka dUsare ke sAtha pUraka hai| jainadharma jIvoM ko mukti mArga para le jAne vAlA utkRSTa dharma hai| yahI vizvadharma aura Atmadharma hai| yathArtha meM isI dharma se vastu svabhAva kA darzana hokara siddha dazA prApta hotI hai| yahI jainadharma bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya niggaNThadhamma yAne nimrantha dharma kahA jAtA thA isalie ise zramaNa dharma bhI kahate hai| isa zramaNa dharma kA itihAsa paramparA se AyA huA hai, aisA samajhanA Atmazuddhi ke lie bahuta kAryakArI hai| jainadharma vizva meM adbhuta, ananya, pUrvApara virodha se rahita aisA dharma hai| vizva kA koI bhI dhNama isake sAtha tulanA nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki isameM rahane vAle ananta vizeSatAe~ yathArthatAe~ aura satyAMza bhI isakA kAraNa ho sakatA hai| isako hI dayAdharma, Atmadharma aura ahiMsA dharma se kahA jAtA hai| - 7-5

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bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI ke divyadhvani se prAkRta-bhASA meM upadeza kiyA huA zrutajJAna samovazaraNa meM gautama gaNadhara ne dvAdazAMga rUpa meM grahaNa kiyaa| yahI 11 aMga aura 14 pUrva se prasiddha huA hai| isameM dharma, darzana, naitika vicAra, nAnAkalA, jyotiSa, Ayurveda aura vijJAna aise aneka viSayoM kA samAveza hone se isako bhAratIya jJAnakoSa hI kahalAtA hai| durbhAgya se yaha sabhI surakSita nahIM hai| zramaNa-paramparA zrI gautama gaNadhara ke bAda unake ziSya sudharmAcArya aura unake ziSya jambusvAmI isa prakAra anukrama se yaha zrutajJAna prApta karake 62 varSoM taka deza meM isakA prasAra-pracAra kiyaa| yaha tInoM kevalI prasiddha aura pUjya ho gye| antima kevalI jambUsvAmI mokSa hone ke bAda 1. viSNunandI, 2. nandImitra, 3. aparAjita, 4. govardhana, 5. bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca zrutakevalI ho gye| ye dvAdazAMga pAThI aura zrutajJAna ke pAragAmI hokara 192 varSoM taka vihAra karate hue inhoMne bhavya jIvoM ke lie dharmopadeza kiyaa| ____ antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke bAda sampUrNa zrutajJAna ke pAThI koI bhI nahIM rhe| anantara 1. vizAkhAcArya, 2. goSTilAcArya, 3. kSatriya, 4. jayasena, 5. nAgasena, 6. siddhArtha, 7. dhrutisena, 8. vijaya, 9. buddhisena, 10. gaMgadeva, 11. dharmasena aise 11 parama nirgrantha muni gyAraha pUrva ke dhAraka the| inhoMne anukrama se 183 varSoM taka yathAvata 6 dravya, 7 tattva, 9 padArtha aura aneka siddhAntoM kI prarUpaNA kiyaa| anantara dharmasena ke pazcAta 1. nakSatra. 2. jayapAla. 3. pANDa. 4. dhravasena. 5. kaMsAcArya- ye pAMca eka dazAMga ke jJAna ke pAragAmI hue| unhoMne krama se 220 varSa taka yathAvata padArthoM kA prarUpaNA kiyaa| unake pazcAt 1. subhadra, 2. yazobhadra, 3. bhadrabAhu, 4. mahAyaza, 5. lohAcArya ye pAMca muni eka prathama aMga ke dhAraka 118 varSoM taka anukrama se yathAvata padArthoM kA prarUpaNA kiyaa| tadanantara 1. vinayadhara, 2. zrIdatta, 3. zivadatta, 4. arahadatta- ye cAra AcAryoM ko aMga pUrva ke kucha bhAgoM kA adhyayana huA thaa| isa prakAra zruta kA hrAsa hotA hai aisA jAnakara usakI rakSA ke lie cintana karake pATaliputra meM, dUsare zataka meM skandhila muni ke sAnnidhya meM, mathurA meM kri.za. 450 meM aura valabhI meM zrI devardhi muni ke sAnidhya meM carcA karake saMgRhIta huA siddhAnta ko Agama kahane lge| kaliMga cakravartI khAravela ke kAla meM orisA (ur3isA) rAjya meM jainadharma rASTrIya dharma thaa| vo rAjA bhI dharmapriya the| isalie bhArata meM saba yati tapasviyoM ko gauravapUrvaka bulA ke jainadharma kI vAcanA evaM sammelana karake jaina zrutajJAna kI rakSA karane ke lie upAya kA cintana karake kArya rUpa meM le aayaa| yahA~ taka saba AcArya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mUlasaMgha ke sadasya the| tadanantara muni saMgha meM apane-apane AcAryoM ke abhiprAya ke anusAra vibhAga ho gye| unhIM meM nandIsaMgha, devasaMgha, senasaMgha, bhadrasaMgha aise aneka saMgha sthApita hue| ina sabakI lambI AcArya paramparA hai| -80

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pAli-sAhitya meM ullikhita jainadharma viSayaka prAcIna sandarbha - prophesara dharmacandra jaina, kurukSetra bhagavAn mahAvIra aura samyak sambuddha gautama buddha donoM hI samakAlIna haiN| dharma ke pracAra-prasAra kA kSetra bhI donoM kA prAya: eka-sA rahA hai| jaina sAdhu ho yA upAsaka-zraddhAlu pAli vAGmaya meM use 'nigaNTha' zabda se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ko yahA~ nigaNThanAta (Ta) putta kahA gayA hai jo buddha kI dRSTi meM yathArtha sarvajJa, kevalI evaM AptapuruSa haiM, bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAna ke jJAtA bhI vahIM haiM- 'nigaNTho Avuso nAtaputto savvabbU savvadassAvI aparisesaM ANadassanaM paTijAnAti-carato ca tiThThato ca sutassa ca jAgarassa ca satataM samitaM ANadassanaM paccupaTTitaM ti|' ___dIghanikAya ke sAmaJjaphalasutta meM buddha aura magadhanareza ajAtazatru ke saMvAda ke antargata Apako chaThA tIrthaGkara tathA cAturyAmasaMvara kA pravartaka batalAyA gayA hai| vaha cAturyAmasaMvara hai- sabbavArivArito ca hoti, sabbavAriyuto ca, sabbavAridhuto ca, sabbavAriphuTo ca / evaM kho mahArAja, nigaNTho cAtuyAmisaMvara saMvuto hoti|' ye nigaNThanAtaputa jainadharma ke antima tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra haiN| vastuta: cAturyAmasaMvara ke pravartaka vaha nahIM balki Apake pUrvavartI tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha the| jainAgamoM meM pArzvanAtha dvArA prajJapta cAturyAmasaMvara- 'sabbAto pANAtivAyAo veramaNaM, sabbAto masAvAyAo veramaNaM, sabbAto adinnAdANAo veramaNaM. sabbAto bahiddhA dANAo veramaNaM' hai| (ThANAMga., sUtra 266) ____dharma evaM vyaktitva se prabhAvita hokara eka dUsare ke anuyAyiyoM kA dharma-parivartana karanA svAbhAvika hai jisake pracura ullekha tripiTaka meM vizeSakara dIghanikAya, majjhimanikAya, saMyuktanikAya, aMguttaranikAya tathA mahAvastu meM milate haiN| abhaya rAjakumAra, acela kazyapa, saccaka tArkika, sIhasenApati, asibandhakaputra tathA cittagahapati inameM pramukha haiN| siddhArtha gautama yathArthavaktA samyaksambuddha haiN| buddha kI dRSTi meM ucita rIti se cintana-manana karanA, pApakarma se bhaya evaM lajjA kA honA, saMyamI honA, alpAhArI honA, jAgarUkatA, sahanazIlatA, smaraNazIlatA, vizuddha AjIvikA evaM Antarika AhlAda prANImAtra ke jIvana ko samunata banAte haiN| buddha ne tyAga (alobha), maitrI (adveSa) aura prajJA (amoha) tathA AtmapratyavekSaNa para adhika bala diyA hai| mAnava kI azAnti kA kAraNa hairUpa, zabda, rasa, gandha evaM sparza- ina pA~ca kAma-guNoM ke AsvAdana ke pIche unakA daur3ate rhnaa|' siddhArtha gautama buddha ne jina-jina dharmaguruoM ke pAsa jAkara jJAna-dhyAna-yoga-sAdhanA kI zikSA lI unameM ArADakalAma aura uddakarAmaputra pramukha haiN| ye donoM hI jaina nimrantha sAdhu the| nirgrantha jaina santa pihitAsrava (pArthApatya) se prabrajita hokara zAkya putra gautama ne buddhakIrti nAma se kucha samaya taka jaina dhyAna sAdhanA kA abhyAsa kiyA thaa| jainadharma kI zikSAoM kA unhoMne vidhivat pAlana kiyA thA, jisakA kucha-kucha prabhAva bauddhadharma para spaSTa lakSita hotA hai| samAgata uparyukta sandarbho se nizcita hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki buddha nirgrantha jainadharma se prabhAvita hone ke sAtha-sAtha buddha pUrva nirgrantha-dharma nAma se jainadharma kA vidyamAna honA jainadharma kI prAcInatA ko svata: siddha karatA hai| - -

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jaina evaM bauddha-paramparA meM nirgrantha vivecana - DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina, lakhanaU jaina-paramparA anAdikAlIna hai, para 'jaina' zabda bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai| hamAre tIrthaGkaroM ko pahale arhat, jina, nirgrantha zramaNa Adi nAmoM se pukArA jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina-paramparA kI prAcInatA ko lekara logoM meM bhrama paidA hote rahate haiN| bauddha-sAhitya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM unake anuyAyiyoM ko kramaza: nigaNThanAThaputta evaM nigaNTha kahA gayA hai| vidvAn isa bAta ko svIkAra kara cuke haiM ki ye sandarbha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke hI haiN| ' jaina granthoM meM bhI nirgrantha zabda prayukta hai| tattvArthasUtra meM nirgranthoM ke pA~ca bheda batalAeM haiM - pulAka-bakuza-kuzIla-nimrantha-snAtakA nimrnthaaH| (ta.sU., 9/46) ye nimrantha sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ke zAsana meM hote haiN| tattvata: 'nirgrantha' vaha hai jisameM rAga-dveSa kI granthi kA abhAva ho; kintu vyavahAra meM apUrNa hone para bhI jo tAttvika nirgranthatA kA abhilASI hai, bhaviSya meM vaha sthiti prApta karanA cAhatA hai use bhI nirgrantha kahA jAtA hai| ata: cAritra pariNAma kI hAni vRddhi evaM sAdhanAtmaka yogyatA ke AdhAra para nirgrantha ko pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- 1. pulAka, 2. bakuza, 3. kuzIla, 4. nirgrantha tathA 5. snaatk| mUlaguNa tathA uttaraguNa meM paripUrNatA prApta karate hue bhI jo vItarAga-mArga se kabhI vicalita nahIM hote, ve 'pulAka nirgrantha' hai| zarIra aura upakaraNoM ke saMskAroM kA anusaraNa karane vAle siddhi tathA kIrti ke abhilASI, sukhazIla, avivakta parivAra vAlA, zabala aticAra doSoM se yukta ko 'bakuza nirgrantha' kahate hai| indriyoM ke vazavartI hone se uttama guNoM kI virAdhanAmUlaka pravRtti karane vAlA 'pratisevanA kuzIla' aura kabhI-kabhI tIvra kaSAya ke vaza na hokara kadAcit ! manda kaSAya ke vazIbhUta ho jAne vAlA 'kaSAya kuzIla' hai| sarvajJatA na hone para bhI jisameM rAga-dveSa se atyanta abhAva ho aura antarmuhurta bAda hI sarvajJatA prakaTa hone vAlI ho, use 'nirgrantha' kahate haiM tathA jisameM sarvajJatA prakaTa ho gayI ho, vaha 'snAtaka' kahalAtA hai| NAha, NAya, NAta- ye saba eka artha ke vAcaka haiN| digambara-paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra NAha vaMza yA nAthavaMza ke kSatriya the| kuNDapurapuravarissara siddhatyakkhattiyassa nnaahkule| tisilAe dIvae deviisdsevbhaannaae||1|| (jayadhavalA, bhAga 1, pR. 78) - NAhoggavaMsesu vi vIra paasaa|| (ti.pa.,a. 4) zvetAmbarIya ullekhoM ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra NAya kula ke the| - NAtaputte mahAvIra evamAha jinnuttme| sUtra 1, zru. a. 1 u - -

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- arahA nAyaputte bhagavaM vesAlie viyaahie|| sUtra 1, zru. 2, 2 a. 230. isI taraha bhagavAn mahAvIra ko 'nAe nAyaputte nAyakulanivvatte videhe videhajacce videha sUmo tIsaM vAsAi videhaM sittiM kaTTa AgAramajhe visitta' (AcA.sU. 2-3-402 sU.) ityAdi likhA hai jisakA Azaya hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra nAtha yA jJAtRkula ke aura videha deza ke the| ___ bauddha-granthoM meM bhagavAn mahAvIra apanI jAti tathA vaMza ke AdhAra para NATaputta kahe jAte the| saMskRta meM yaha jJAtiputra hai jisakA artha jJAti kA putr| ___zrI bevara ne apanI pustaka 'iNDiyana sekTa oNpha jainAja' meM mAnA hai ki buddha ke lie zAkyaputrIya zramaNa zabda kA prayoga hai| ata: nigaNThoM yA nirgranthoM ke pramukha nATaputta yA jJAtiputra haiN| jJAtavaMza ke uttarAdhikArI tathA nirgrantha athavA jaina samudAya ke antima tIrthaGkara vardhamAna eka hI vyakti hai| bauddha granthoM meM nigaNTa nATaputta ke sandarbha meM kahA gayA hai ki ve apane ko arhat aura sarvajJa kahate haiM ...... apane zarIra ko DhAkane se ghRNA karate the| inako prabhAvazAlI bhI batalAyA gayA hai| nATaputta (mahAvIra) para TippaNI meM rAhulajI ne likhA hai - 'nATaputta' jnyaatRputr| jJAtR licchaviyoM kI eka zAkhA thI, jo vaizAlI ke AsapAsa rahatI thii| jJAtR se hI vartamAna jathariyA zabda banA hai| mahAvIra aura jathariyA donoM kA gotra kAzyapa hai| Aja bhI jathariyA bhUmihAra brAhmaNa isa pradeza meM bahuta saMkhyA meM hai| unakA nivAsa rattI paraganA bhI jJAtR=nattI lattI rattI se banA hai| (bu.ca., pR. 110 kA Ti. 3) / vaidika-paramparA meM bhI nirgrantha zabda kA prayoga huA hai| isa prakAra nirgrantha bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM jina yA arhat kI taraha jaina tIrthaGkaroM kI yaha saMjJA haiN| nirgrantha evaM usake vibhinna sandarbho ke prastutIkaraNa ke sAtha mUla nibandha meM vistRta vivecanA kI gayI hai| -83

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jinasenAcAryakRta AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bharatacakravartI caritra-citraNa - suzrI vINA jaina, lADanUM AdipurANa kI kathAvastu ke pradhAna nAyaka Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura unake putra zalAkApuruSa bharata cakravartI haiN| prastuta lekha meM bharata cakravartI kA caritra citrita karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| unakA samasta jIvana bhoga se yoga, rAga se virAga, Asakti se virakti, ahaGkAra se vinamratA aura bandhana se mukti kI ora krAntikArI prasthAna hai| rAjA bharata cakravartI ke vyaktitva kI bhaviSyavANI unake janma se pahale hI ho cukI thI jaba RSabhadeva kI patnI yazasvatI devI ke garbha meM aaye| unakI mAtA ne svapna dekhe| unake mana meM adbhuta parAkramI bAteM utpanna hotI thii| mahArAnI apane mukha kI zobhA darpaNa meM na dekhakara asi darpaNa meM dekhA karatI thii| rAnI ke caitra kRSNa navamI ko tejasvI putra utpanna huA jisakA nAma bharata rkhaa| janma se pUrva yazasvatI devI dvArA dekhe gaye svapnoM se spaSTa jAhira ho rahA thA ki 100 putroM meM se sabase bar3A putra cakravartI, AtmabalI, digvijayI tathA caramazarIrI arthAt usI janma se mukta hone vAlA hogaa| janma se hI bharata eka ora bAhya zArIrika saundarya, dhana, bala, zakti, madhura bhASaNa, kalAoM meM nipuNatA ke dhanI the to dUsarI ora Atmika guNoM - satya, zauca, kSamA, tyAga, indriya nigraha, vinaya Adi guNoM se sampanna the| cha: khaNDoM meM rahane vAle devoM aura manuSyoM ke bala se kaI guNA bala kevala cakravartI bharata kI bhujAoM meM thaa| ve eka divya puruSa the| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne apane niSkramaNa se pUrva prajA ke hitArtha bharata ko apanA uttarAdhikArI rAjya pada sauMpA aura zeSa putroM meM ucita rUpa se pRthvI kA vibhAjana kara diyaa| zama, dama Adi guNoM ke sAtha bharata rAjya kara rahe the unhoMne eka bAra tIna bAteM eka sAtha sunI ki - 1. bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko kevalajJAna utpanna haA hai| 2. unake putra utpanna huA hai| 3. AyudhazAlA meM cakraratna kI utpatti haI hai| eka tirAhe para khaDe eka yAtrI kI bhA~ti unake citta meM dvandva paidA haA ki sarvaprathama kisakA svAgata karanA cAhie, kise prAthamikatA denI cAhie? ye tInoM upalabdhiyAM dharma, kAma evaM artha- ina tIna alaga-alaga puruSArtha ke phala haiM, jo eka sAtha prApta hue haiN| bharata ne cintana kara samAdhAna kiyA ki kAma aura artha puruSArtha taba taka hI upayogI haiM jaba taka ki ve dharma puruSArtha se AplAvita haiN| ye donoM bhI dharma kI hI niSpatti haiM, isalie sabase pahale dharma kA kArya karanA caahie| unhoMne bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko kevalajJAna utpanana hone jaise pAvana kArya ko pramukhatA dI aura bharatezvara ne bhagavAn kI pUjA karane kA sarvaprathama nirNaya liyaa| bharata kI digvijaya jJAnakalyANaka mahotsava manAne ke bAda naI UrjA, utsAha, preraNA, bala se ayodhyA lauTakara bharata ne laukika kAryoM meM apanI zakti lgaayii| AyudhazAlA meM jAkara cakraratna kI pUjA kI usake pazcAt putra utpanna hone kA utsava mnaayaa| mahArAjA bharata apane bhArata deza meM eka vyavasthita evaM saMgaThita zAsanatantra dvArA eka akhaNDa bhAratIya saMskRti vAle virATa bhAratavarSa kI sthApanA ke lie prayatnazIla the| isa AkAMkSA ko mUrtarUpa dene ke lie digvijaya ke lie nikle| bharata kUTanItijJa the| ve jAnate the ki kinheM saralatA se apane mArga se -84

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haTAyA jA sakatA hai, kinheM adhIna kiyA jA sakatA hai, kinheM apane vaza meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAma, dAma, daNDa, bheda kI nIti apanAkara kArya ko siddha karanA rAjA kI nipuNatA hotI hai| bharatezvara ne nA to kabhI talavAra para apanA hAtha lagAyA thA aura na DorI hI dhanuSa para car3hAI aura kevala apanI prabhutva zakti se mArga meM kinhIM ko sandhi dvArA, kinhIM ko yuddha dvArA, kinhIM ko dvedhIbhAva dvArA jItate gaye aura rAjya kA vistAra karate gye| abhimAna kSaya se vizuddhi digvijaya ke pazcAt jinendra deva ke darzanoM kA Ananda lekara bharata apane nagara ayodhyA lautte| nagara ke dvAra para zastrAgAra ke bAhara unakI digvijaya kA cakra ruka gayA jo unakI digvijaya ko canauti de rahA thaa| socane lage ki rAjya ke bAhara kI sImAoM ke sabhI rAjyoM ko to jIta liyA hai, parantu koI rAjya aisA hai jo abhI avijita hai arthAt bAhara ke sabhI maNDala to jIta liye, parantu antarmamaNDala kI vizuddhatA arthAt ghara ke logoM kI anukUlatA aba taka bhI prApta nahIM huI hai| sacamuca andara kA eka bhI zatru bAhara ke hajAroM zatruoM se adhika zaktizAlI hotA hai| pUre vizva ko vijaya prApta kara, aThAnaveM bhAiyoM kA rAjya prApta karane ke pazcAt bhI bharata tRpta nahIM hue, kyoMki unake eka bhAI bAhubalI ne unakI adhInatA svIkAra nahIM kii| bharata aura bAhubalI donoM ke bIca AtmAbhimAna kI rakSA ne yuddha ko anivArya kara diyaa| bAhubalI ke svAbhimAna ne bharata ko lalakArA ki bharata mujhe parAjita kiye binA vaha isa pRthvI kA upabhoga nahIM kara sktaa| zUravIratA kevala vacanoM se nahIM aba to yuddharUpI kasauTI para hI merA aura bharata kA parAkrama honA caahie| bharata kA krodha kSaNabhara ke lie jAgRta ho gyaa| vAstava meM vaha vyakti jItA huA bhI hAre ke samAna hai jisane krodha para vijaya prApta nahIM kii| bharata ko krodhAgni va abhimAna ko zAnta karate hue salAha dI ki donoM caramazarIrI hai, divyazaktidhArI haiM, donoM ke pAsa sazastra senA hai,yadi yuddha huA to bhArI narasaMhAra hogA aura bhagavAn RSabha kI santAna hone se nindA bhI hogii| zakti parIkSaNa ke lie kevala bharata-bAhubalI ke bIca jalayuddha, mallayuddha evaM dRSTiyuddha huaa| tInoM hI ahiMsaka yuddhoM meM bAhubalI vijayI hue taba bharata ne kupita hokara apanI pUrI zakti se Aveza meM Akara aura maryAdA ko vismRtakara bAhubalI kA zirazchedana hetu cakraratna kA prayoga kiyA para cakra bAhubalI kI pradakSiNA kara puna: bharata ke pAsa lauTa gyaa| bharata bAhubalI kA kucha bhI nahIM bigAr3a sakA, apitu bAhara ke yuddha ke bajAya andara kA yuddha prArambha ho gyaa| bhAvoM ke car3hate pariNAmoM se bAhara se bhAI ko jItane kI cAha samApta ho gyii| apane ko jItane kI cAha jAgRta ho gyii| bAhubalI ne virakta hokara jaMgala meM jAkara dIkSA le lii| eka ora dizA badalI to dUsarI ora ahaGkAra jhuka gyaa| bharata bAhubalI ke prati praNata ho gye| yogI aura nyAyapriya rAjA digvijaya ke pazcAt ayodhyA meM lauTane para bharata eka anAsakta yogI kI taraha nyAyapUrNa zAsana karane laga gye| virAT rAjya vaibhava kA upabhoga karane para bhI ve anAsakta rahe the| samrATa hone para bhI sAmrAjyavAdI nahIM the| tana se gRhasthAzrama meM the para mana se uparat the| ve rAjazAstra, dharmazAstra evaM sabhI kalAoM ke dhanI the| samAja kI vyavasthA kisa prakAra svastha banAyI jAe isake lie unhoMne rAjanaitika, sAmAjika-vyavasthA sambandhI aneka mahattvapUrNa dizA-nirdeza diye| yathA 1. samAjavAda kA siddhAnta- bharata ne dhana kamAne kA mukhya phala batAyA ki vyakti dhana kA svayaM upabhoga kare tathA dUsaroM meM bhI vibhAjita kreN| arthArjana ke sAtha visarjana bhI ho, samyak vitaraNa bhI ho, jisase svastha samAja kI saMracanA ho ske| -85

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2. varNa-vyavasthA- bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra- ina tIna vargoM kI sthApanA kii| cakravartI bharata ne ina tIna meM eka aura jor3ate hue cauthe brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA kii| vrata dhAraNa karake brAhmaNa vratI ke rUpa meM sthApita hue the| unakA kArya saMyamapUrvaka adhyayana-adhyApana, svAdhyAya, yajana-yAjana nizcita kiyaa| AdipurANa meM jo varNa-vyavasthA kA prAvadhAna hai vaha kevala vRtti AjIvikA ko vyavasthiti rUpa dene ke lie hI kiyA gayA hai| 3. saMskAroM kA mahattva- jIvana ko ujjvala banAne ke lie susaMskAroM kA vizeSa mahattva hotA hai| bharata ne 53 garbhAnvaya, 48 dIkSAnvaya tathA 7 karttanvayakriyAoM kA upadeza diyaa| unhoMne sAta parama sthAnoM kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA thA, jo isa prakAra hai- 1. sajjAti, 2. sadgrItva, 3. pArivrAjya, 4. surendratA, 5. sAmrAjya, 6. paramArhantya, 7. prmnirvaann| 4. zreSTha rAjA kA dharma- kSatriya kA dharma dvividha nyAya kA pAlana karanA hai| arthAt duSToM kA nigraha karanA aura ziSToM kA paripAlana krnaa| rAjA bharata ne sAmAjika sthiti ke lie kevala prajA ke viSaya meM hI yogakSema (yoga yAni navIna vastaoM ko prApta karanA. kSema yAni prApta huI vastu kI rakSA karanA) kI cintA nahIM kI thI apita prajA kI rakSA karane vAle anya rAjAoM ke viSaya meM bhI unhoMne yogakSema kI cintA kii| ne rAjA ke lie pAMca prakAra ke dharma batAye haiM- 1. kula kA pAlana karanA, 2. buddhi kA pAlana karanA, 3. apanI rakSA karanA, 4. prajA kI rakSA krnaa| prajA do prakAra kI pAyI jAtI hai- eka vaha prajA jisakI rakSA karanI cAhie, dUsarI vaha jo rakSA karane meM tatpara hai| 5. samaJjasapanA arthAt pakSapAtarahita honaa| bharata ne rAjanaitika zikSA dI ki rAjA ko apane rAjya meM choTe se choTe zatru ko bhI najaraandAja nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki yaha bhI pIr3A dene vAlA ho sakatA hai| 5. bharata kI samayajJatA- bharata cakravartI ne jisa dharma rAjya kI sthApanA kI, nyAyapUrvaka rAjya kiyA, svayaM aura prajA kI dharma meM anurakta kiyA, rAjA aura prajA ke kartavyoM kA bhAna karAyA usakA AgAmI kAla meM kyA svarUpa banegA, usakA svapna bhI unhoMne apane kAla meM hI le liyA thaa| ve bhaviSyavaktA the| unheM apane svapnoM ke mAdhyama se jJAta ho gayA thA ki bharatakSetra meM Age Ane vAle paJcamakAla meM sAmAjika, rAjanaitika evaM dhArmika sthiti kA kyA svarUpa banegA? bharata cakravartI kA jIvana Adarza yogI gRhastha kA jIvana thaa| cakravartI hote hue bhI unhoMne ahiMsA dharma kI ArAdhanA ko sarvopari sthAna diyaa| bharatezvara parva ke dina upavAsa karate, muniyoM ko AhAra dete| unakA caritra unnata thaa| unakI jinendra bhakti apUrva thii| unako antarmuhUrta meM kevalajJAna prApta ho gyaa| bhagavAn RSabha ke nirvANa kA prabhAva bharata ke antaHkaraNa meM gaharA pdd'aa| kAlAntara meM unhoMne apane mastaka ke zveta keza ko dekhA aura use bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke pAsa se Aye hue deva ke rUpa meM smjhaa| unhoMne apane putra arkakIrti ko rAjya dyaa| ve digambara mani bne| tatkAla unheM manaHparyaya jAna utpanna haA aura antarmaharta meM kevalajJAnI ho gaye bharata cakravartI kA jIvana Aja ke zAsakoM ke lie, dhanArjana karane vAle varga ke lie, dhArmika vyaktiyoM ke lie| eka prakAzadvIpa kI taraha mArgadarzana de rahA hai tathA unakA jIvana janatA ko gRhastha meM rahate hue bhI dharmAcaraNa karane kI preraNA detA hai| -86

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bharata-bAhubalI (Ayudha-saMskRti kI varjanA ke purodhA) - sureza jaina 'sarala', jabalapura ajanAbhavarSa (aba bhAratavarSa) ke mahArAja RSabhadeva ke sau putroM meM jyeSTha bharata aura unake anuja bAhubalI kA prasaMga sarvavidita haiM, jinake AcAra-vicAra meM mAnAbhimAna se pare, vAtsalya kA sAgara laharAtA thA, para samakAlIna vyakti aura pArivArikajana unheM zIghratA se nahIM samajha paaye| (cU~ki yahA~ sArAMza diyA jA rahA hai, lekha yA kathA nahIM, ata: isakI prastuti bhI usI 'Treka' para kI jA rahI hai) daraasala tIrthaGkara hone vAle zAsanakartA- mahArAja- RSabhadeva ke patra rAjya, senA, mArakATa, sukha-savidhA kI cAha, sImAtikramaNa kI bhAvanA, AyudhoM ke bhaNDAraNa ke bhAva Adi na rakhate hue, pitA dvArA pradatta apane-apane rAjya kI janatA kA 'pitRvat pAlana karate hue sevA, sadAcAra, vidyArjana aura kulIna saMskAroM kA vapana kara rahe the| zikSA, cikitsA, dharma, krIr3A, sAhitya aura manoraMjana ke svastha sAdhana bhI gAMva-gAMva meM juTA rahe the| abhiprAya yaha ki mahArAja RSabhadeva ke samaya jo zreSTha nyAya-vyavasthA aura zAsana-vyavasthA sthApita kI gayI thIM, unhIM kA sundara aura sArthaka pravartana kara rahe the| pitA dvArA hara putra ko pRthak rAjya (bhU-bhAga) sauMpA gayA thA, tadanukUla rAjA zrI bharatajI kI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA thI aura rAjA zrI bAhubalI kI takSazilA sthita podnpur| eka rAjA pUrva kA sUrya to dUsarA pazcimAJcala kA cndr| kucha varSoM ke bAda donoM rAjAoM ko, apane pitA kI taraha, vairAgya bhAva ho aayaa| ve putroM ko rAjapATa dekara svata: vana-vATa para calane kA mana banA baitthe| para mantriyoM ke samajhAne se kucha kAla ke lie yojanA sthagita kara dii| isa bIca zrI bharata ke mantriyoM aura samIpI mitroM ne unheM cakravartI- pada prApta karane kA parAmarza pradAna kiyaa| cakravartI mAne saba rAjAoM (zAsakoM) ke Upara mahArAjA, samrATa, mahAzAsaka, mahAnyAyavid, mahAzAstravid, mahAvAstuvid, mahApurAvid Adi-Adi aura mahApAlaka, mahAsevaka aura mahAsaMrakSaka bhii| bharatajI aura unakA mantrI parikara jAnate the ki sabhI rAjAgaNa paropakAra kI bhAvanA se bhare hue hai, ata: unakA prastAva sahaja svIkArya ho jAvegA, kevala razma-adAyagI karanA hai| bharatajI ko cakravartI ke laukika-pada se adhika zreSTha digambara-muni kA pada thA;kintu ve mauna raha gye| cakravartI kA prastAva lekara rAjyacara vibhinna rAjAoM kI ora gaye- aaye| zIghra hI rAjAgaNa unheM cakravartI svIkAra kara, svata: jainezvarI digambara-muni-dIkSA prApta karane kailAza parvata para avasthita mahAmuni, AcArya (bhagavAn) RSabhadeva ke saMgha meM cale gye| rAjA bAhubalI kucha soca meM par3a gaye the| sahaja hI agraja ko 'cakravartI' svIkAra kara luuN| (yahA~, isa lekhana se, yaha batalAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki yuddha kI bhAvanA donoM bhAiyoM meM nahIM thI) bharatajI apane anuja kI bhAvabhUmi jAnane, vividha bheMToM ke sAtha, unase milane cala pdd'e| senA, pAlakI, ratha, gaaje-baaje| anuja bhI unakI bhAvabhInI agavAnI ke lie tatpara the| podanapura dvAra para donoM rAjAoM (bhAiyoM) kA milana, donoM samUhoM kA miln| (phira bharata dvArA Ayudha ke upayoga binA, yuddha karane kI bhAvanA batalAnA

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jisase raktapAta na ho aura mahAyuddha ho jAve) saMsAra kI kisI bhI saMskRti aura jAti meM raktahIna-yuddha kI carcA nahIM hai| na sainika mAre jAveM, na nagara ujAr3e jAve, na rAjya naSTa kiye jAveM aura yuddha sampanna ho jaave| bAhubalI mauna the| bharatajI ne Age batalAyA 'bhaiyA bAhubalI, yadi hama donoM apane pauruSa kA upayoga kara pahale dRSTi-yuddha kare, phira jala-yuddha aura phira malla-yuddha to anya ko koI kSati na hogii| na hiMsA hogI, na sahAyatA ziviroM meM vikalAMgoM kI paMktiyA~ lagegI, na sainikoM ke parivAra unakA zava khojate phireNge| magara bAhubalI ukta tIna yuddhoM meM agraja ke prati maryAdA kA khaNDana dekha rahe the| unhoMne kahA- maiM agraja se dRSTi-yuddha Adi kara nirlajja nahIM bananA caahtaa| (pUre lekhana meM- lokamata kI bhAvanA kA dhyAna rakhate hue, eka mahAn pravartana kiyA gayA hai jo sadiyoM taka ahiMsA ke upAsakoM ke sAtha-sAtha, hiMsA kA nagna-nAca karane vAloM kA mArgadarzana kregaa| Aja saMsAra ko aise hI sAhitya kI AvazyakatA hai, kRpayA pUrva preSita mUla-kathAnaka para dRSTipAta kreN)| tInoM yuddha zreSTha dharAtala para bAhubalI dvArA khArija kara diye gaye, taba unakI mahAnatA se bharata itane prabhAvita hue ki unheM namana karane kA mana ho aayaa| unase pUchakara bharata ne apanA cakra, unakI 'vinaya-parikramA' ke lie chodd'aa| (pR. 10 dekheN)| ukta ghaTanA ke bAda bAhubalI ne nirjana vana kI ora jAkara muni-dIkSA dhAraNa kI aura tapazcaryA meM lIna ho gye| bharatajI vApisa A gye| ve 'cakrI' ghoSita ho gye| cakravartI mahArAja bhrt| bAhubalI ke tapa kA vrnnn| sarpa kI vaamiyaaN| hiMsaka jaanvr| RtueN| ThaNDa, grISma, varSA kA prbhaav| viSadharoM kA lipttnaa| eka varSa kA upravAsAkhabara AcArya RSabhadeva taka pahu~ca gyii| mahArAja bharata unake darzana-vandana karane unake pAsa gye| (pR. 13) tIna parikramA kara pUjana-pATha kiyaa| phira bharata dvArA smbodhn| ve bAhubalI jI ke hRdaya meM jamI zalya ko haTAne kA prayAsa kara rahe the| unhoMne nivedana kiyA- 'ayuddha saMskRti ke purodha! kRpayA niHzalya hoie|' ___ tabhI AcArya RSabhadeva kA sandeza lekara bAhubalI kI do bahinoM, brAhmI aura sundarI kA Agamana huA, unhoMne guru ke nirdezAnusAra mRduvANI meM eka zloka kA uccAraNa kiyA AjJApayati tAtastvA, jyeSThArya bhgvaanidm| hastiskandhAdhirUr3hAnAM, utpayeta na kevlm|| he variSTha Arya! pUjya pitA bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne kahalAyA hai ki gajarAja ke kandhe para car3he hue ko kaivalya-ratna kI upalabdhi nahIM hotii| unakI vANI kI bhanaka se mahAyogI bAhubalI kA mAnasa jhaMkRta ho uThA, ve socane lage- "hAthI ke kandhe para car3hA vyakti mAne ahaGkAra ke skandha para car3hA saadhu|" __ unakI tandrA kI antima kar3I caTakha gayI, unhoMne netra khole, bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI dizA meM hAtha jor3akara namostu kiyA aura vihAra karane kadama bddh'aayaa| pahale kadama para hI unheM kevalajJAna kI prApti ho gyii| nimiSamAtra meM loka se paraloka taka vyApta gye| vasudhA kI sudhA ke bAda, mokSa lakSmI ke bhI adhikArI bne|

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gRhavirata bharata aura yogIzvara bAhubalI kI AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi - adhyAtma ratnAkara paNDita ratanacanda bhArilla, jayapura karnATaka pradeza ke zravaNabelagolA ke vindhyagiri para sthita 57 phuTa uttaMga sarvAGga sundara yogIzvara gommaTeza bAhubalI kI sahasrAdhika varSa prAcIna aitihAsika upasarga evaM parISahajayI mUrti mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se to adyAvadhi bejor3a hai hI, sAtha hI yaha sampUrNa saMkucita, sAmpradAyika sImAoM ko lAMghakara deza-videza ke jaina/jainettara sabhI dharmaniSTha aura mUrtikalA premiyoM kI zraddhA-bhakti kI kendra bhI banI huI hai| paramazAnta mudrAyukta, vItarAgatA kI saMvAhaka, khioM logoM ke kalyANa meM nimitta banane vAlI gommaTeza bAhubalI kI mUrti kI sthApanA ko eka sahaja sukha saMyoga hI kahanA hogA, jo bhavya jIvoM ke bhAgya se sarvaprathama gaMgavaMzI rAjA rAjamalla ke rAjyamantrI evaM senAdhyakSa cAmuNDarAya ke mana-mastiSka meM kalpanA ke rUpa meM prasUta huI thI aura bAda meM unhIM ke sat prayAsoM se adbhuta kalAkRti ke sAtha tapa-tyAga kI sarvotkRSTa pratIka pratimA ke rUpa meM AvirbhUta huii| yaha bhI eka sahaja saMyoga rahA ki sabhI tIrthaGkaroM ke garbha-janma-tapa Adi pA~coM kalyANaka uttara bhArata meM hI hue| isa kAraNa samasta tIrthasthAna uttara bhArata meM hI haiN| unake darzanArtha dakSiNa bhAratIyoM kA uttara bhArata meM AnA to svAbhAvika hI thA, parantu uttara bhAratIyoM ko dakSiNa meM jAne ke lie aisA koI AkarSaNa nahIM thA, jisake kAraNa uttara ke bhAratIya dakSiNa meM phuNcte| etadartha atyanta dUradarzI, rASTrIya ekatA ke prati pratibaddha evaM sAmAjika saMgaThana ke lie samarpita, vIra mArtaNDa, samarakesarI, subhaTa cUr3AmaNi Adi aneka upAdhiyoM se alaMkRta bahu AyAmI vyaktitva ke dhanI cAmuNDarAya dvArA yaha vizAlatama mUrti nizcita rUpa se dakSiNa evaM uttara bhArata kI jaina samAja ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bAMdhane ke pAvana uddezya se sthApita kI gayI thI, jo Aja bhI apane uddezya meM pUrNa saphala hai| Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki sampUrNa vizva meM phailI jaina janatA ko isa mUrti ne apane saundarya aura paramazAnta vItarAga chavi se itanA adhika prabhAvita kiyA ki Aja bhArata ke kone-kone meM isa mUrti kI pratikRti ke rUpa meM lAkhoM mUrtiyA~ virAjamAna ho gayI haiM aura abhI bhI anavarata rUpa se vaisI hI yA usase milatI-julatI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa ho rahA hai| jara-joru aura jamIna ke nimitta se bhAI-bhAI meM aura sAdharmI bhAiyoM meM saMgharSa hone kI paramparA to bahuta purAnI hai hI, dharma kI Ar3a meM sAmpradAyika daMge bhI kama nahIM hue| Aja bhI aise aneka tIrthasthAna haiM, jina para cala rahe mukadamoM ke kAraNa sAdharmI bhAI-bhAI bhI Aye dina korTa-kacahariyoM ke cakkara kATA karate haiN| aise kisI vivAda ke viSaya bhagavAn bAhubalI na bane, isa dUradarzI dRSTikoNa se hI sambhavata: cAmuNDarAya dvArA ukta mUrti ko khaDgAsana ke rUpa meM sampUrNa digambaratva ke lakSaNoM se yukta banavAyA gayA hai| phalata: yaha sampUrNa jaina/ jainetara samAja kI zraddhAspada hote hue bhI nirvivAda hai| . Ta

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kaha nahIM sakate ki kisI maMgalamaya muhUrta meM, kisa zubha ghar3I meM isa apratima pratimA kI sthApanA huI, jisake phalasvarUpa Aja sahasrAdika varSa bAda bhI yaha mUrti darzakoM ko nitya navInatA lie jIvantavata dikhAyI detI hai| darzakoM ko aisA lagatA hai ki dekhate hI raheM, dekhate hI rheN| dekhate-dekhate darzakoM kA mana hI nahIM bhrtaa| mUrti ke mAdhyama se mUrtimAna kA smaraNa Ate hI bhaktoM kI bhakti-bhAvanA aura bhI sahasraguNI prabalaho jAtI hai| vicAra AtA hai ki "dhanya haiM ve bAhubalI, jinhoMne apane agraja cakravartI bharata se tInoM zArIrika yuddhoM meM vijaya pAkara bhI asAra saMsAra kA svarUpa dekhakara saMsAra-zarIra evaM bhogoM se virakta hokara vairAgya dhAraNa kara liyA aura Atma sAdhanA meM aise jameM ki AhAra-vihAra kI saba sudha-budha khokara tattva vicAra meM jame hI rhe| svarUpa meM aise rameM ki jaba taka kevalajJAna nahIM huA taba taka rameM hI rahe; eka varSa taka hile-Dule hI nhiiN| tana para bele car3ha gayI, sAMpoM ne bAMbiyA~ banA lii| chipakuliyA~ aura bicchu jaise viSaile prANI aura DAMsa-macchara zarIra ko kATate rahe, phira bhI yogIzvara bAhubalI tapazcaraNa se vicalita nahIM hue| dhanya thI unakI vaha sAdhanA, AtmA kI aaraadhnaa|" yaha saba dekhakara evaM smaraNa karake bhaktoM kA hRdaya bhaktibhAva se dravita hue binA nahIM rhtaa| tIrthaGkaroM kI pratimAe~ pratiSThita karane kI paramparAgata paripATI ko gauNa karake isa adbhuta, abhUtapUrva, bahuuddezIya, digambaratva kI digdarzaka upasarga aura pariSahajayI yogIzvara bAhubalI kI mUrti ko sudUravartI dakSiNa bhArata ke vindhyagiri parvata para sthApita karane ke pIche jinendra bhakta senAdhyakSa cAmuNDarAya kA kyA uddezya aura prayojana rahA hogA? yaha jijJAsA sahaja svAbhAvika hI hai| yadi yahI jijJAsA koI cAmuNDarAya ke sAmane pragaTa karatA to sarvaprathama to tattvavettA jinAgama ke marmajJa siddhAnta cakravartI AcArya nemIcanda ke ziSya cAmuNDarAya AcArya amRtacanda ke kathanAnusAra apanI akartRtva bhAvanA ko Urddha rakhate hue yahI kahate ki - "bhaiyA! maiMne isameM kyA kiyA? maiM to mAtra vikalpoM kA kartA hU~ aura vikalpa merA karma hai| para padArtha rUpa pASANa meM to jo hone vAlAthA, vahI huaa| maiMne to mAtra apanA vikalpa hI kiyA hai| hA~, usa mUrti ke nirmANa meM merA vikalpa nimitta avazya banA hai| isa kAraNa vyavahAra se mujhe usakA kartA kahA gayA hai| vastu meM to jaba/jahA~/jo honA hotA hai; taba/vahA~/vahI hokara rahatA hai| use indra aura jinendra bhI Tasa se masa nahIM kara skte| usa kArya ke anusAra saba kAraNa bhI svata: milate jAte haiN| jaisA ki svAmI akalaMkadeva ne kahA hai tAdRzi jAyate buddhi, vyavasAyo'pi taadRshH| sahAyA tAdRzaH santi yAdRzi bhvitvytaa|| arthAt jaisI honahAra ho, jaisA bhavitavya ho; tadanusAra vikalpa kartA kI buddhi ho jAtI hai, puruSArtha (prayatna) yA kArya sampanna hone kI vidhi bhI tadanusAra svata: saMcAlita (sakriya) ho jAtI hai| sahAyaka kAraNa ke rUpa meM nimitta kAraNa bhI vaise hI svata: milate jAte haiN| sabhI pA~coM samavAya svataH apane Apa milate jAte haiM aura kArya niSpanna ho jAtA hai| yahI bAta yogIzvara bAhubalI kI mUrti ke nirmANa para ghaTita hotI hai| jaba jaisA kArya hone kI yogyatA AI, -10

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kAla pakA; tadanusAra cAmuNDarAya kI buddhi usa dizA meM sakriya hotI gayI aura bhavitavyAnusAra kArya sampanna ho gyaa| yadyapi sArI duniyA cAmuNDarAya ko hI bahumAna detI hai| so unakA kahanA bhI sahI hai; kyoMki ve nimitta kI mukhyatA se aisA kahate haiN| lokavyavahAra meM sArA kathana nimitta kI mukhyatA se hI hotA hai| yahA~ yaha jAnanA bhI jarurI hai ki jisase jagat pUjya paramAtmapada prApta karate haiM vaha AdhyAtmikatA kyA vastu hai, jisakI pRSThabhUmi meM aise muktirUpa vaTavRkSa ke bIja vidyamAna hote haiM use jAnanA ati Avazyaka hai, anyathA hameM usa mArga para calanA sambhava nahIM ho skegaa| ata: AdhyAtmikatA kI saMkSipta vyAkhyA prastAvita hai laukika dRSTi se yadyapi samasta dhArmika kriyAoM ko AdhyAtmika kriyAyeM kahane kA vyavahAra hai, parantu AtmajJAna ke binA bAhya dhArmika kriyAoM ke AdhyAtmika kahanA sArthaka nahIM hai| 'AdhyAtmika' zabda adhyAtma kA bhAva vAcaka hai aura adhyAtma zabda adhi+Atma ina do zabdoM se banA hai, jisakA artha hai aatmjnyaan| yadyapi yaha 'AtmajJAna' zabda kahane-sunane meM sarala lagatA hai, parantu etadartha Atmadravya kA yathArtha svarUpa samajhanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| yadyapi 'AdhyAtmika' zabda kA zAbdika artha AtmA kA jJAna hotA hai, parantu bharata-bAhubalI kI AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi ke sandarbha meM 'AdhyAtmika' zabda kA artha bahuta vyApaka hai| yaha jainadarzana ke 'vastusvAtantrya' ke siddhAnta kA dyotaka hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra jagat meM jo ananta AtmAe~ haiM, ve sabhI svabhAva se siddha paramAtmA kI bhA~ti zuddha-mAtra jJAtAdRSTA haiM, kAraNa paramAtmA haiM, paryAya meM pUrNatA prApta karane ke lie pUrNa svatantra evaM svAvalambI haiM, paramukhApekSI nahIM haiN| na kevala AtmAe~, balki pudgala kA pratyeka pudgala kA paramANu bhI apane ApameM paramezvara hai, apane pariNamana meM pUrNa svatantra hai| sabhI dravya svabhAva sedhruva hote hue bhI apane-apane nirantara pariNamana karate rahate haiN| inheM pariNamAne vAlA anya koI nahIM hai| sabhI dravya utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya svabhAvI haiN| ata: eka dravya dUsare dravya kA kartA-bhoktA nahIM hai| ____ isa prakAra kI saccI samajha aura zraddhA vAle vyakti hI AdhyAtmika vyakti haiN| isI zraddhA ke bala para bharata aura bAhubalI ghara meM rahate hue bhI gRha virata the| __ yadyapi cAritra moha ke nimitta aura apanI vartamAna puruSArtha kI kamajorI ke kAraNa rAja-kAja karane kA bhAva evaM nyAya-nIta se apane sAmrAjya kI surakSA aura bar3hAne kA bhAva bhI AtA thA; para zraddhAna meM koI kamI nahIM thI, tabhI to Atma sammukhatA kA puruSArtha jAgRta hote hI apane-apane svakAla meM sAre rAja-kAja ke rAgAtmaka vikalpa zamita ho gaye aura unakA rAga vairAgya meM badala gyaa| usa bIjarUpa meM vidyamAna AdhyAtmikatA aMkurita ho uThI aura donoM hI bhrAtA muktimArga agrasara hokara paramAtmA bana gye| hama bhI unhIM ke AdarzoM para agrasara hokara zIghra paramAtmA baneM- isa maMgala bhAvanA ke sAtha viraam| OM nmH| - -

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gommaTezvara bAhubalI : eka nayA cintana - DaoN. hukamacanda bhArilla, jayapura bhArata eka vizAla deza hai| uttara meM himAlaya se lekara dakSiNa meM kanyAkumArI taka hajAroM kilomITara lambAI meM phaile isa bhAratavarSa meM rahana-sahana, khAna-pAna evaM bhASA Adi aneka vibhinnatAe~ bhI isase kama nahIM haiN| aneka jAtiyoM aura sampradAyoM kA bhI yaha bhArata ajAyabaghara hai| isa prakAra akhaNDa bhArata kI ekatA ke zatru sAmpradAyikatA, jAtivAda, bhASAvAda, dhArmika unmAda Adi aneka vighaTanakArI tattvoM ke rahate hue bhI yaha bhArata yadi saMgaThita hai, ekatA ke sUtra meM Abaddha hai; to usakA ekamAtra kAraNa hamAre ye tIrtha haiM, jo uttara se lekara dakSiNa evaM parva se pazcima taka phaile hae haiN| ye eka aise majabUta sUtra haiM, jinameM vibhinna vargoM aura gandha vAle puSpa sugaThita rUpa se piroye hue haiM, saMgaThita haiM aura zobhita ho rahe haiN| tIrthoM rUpI sUtra meM Abaddha hokara bhArata kI ina vibhinnatAoM ne eka raMga-biraMge sugandhita paSpoM kI AkarSaka mAlA kA rUpa le liyA hai; vighaTanakArI vibhinnatA ne AkarSaka ekatA kA rUpa le liyA hai| yaha bhI eka vicitra saMyoga hI kahA jAegA ki zramaNa-saMskRti ke caubIsoM tIrthaGkara aura vaidika-saMskRti ke caubIsoM avatAra uttara bhArata meM hI hue haiM tathA donoM hI saMskRtiyoM ke pramukha AcArya dakSiNa bhArata kI dena haiN| yadyapi yaha tathya bhArata ke sabhI dharmoM, saMskRtiyoM aura tIrthoM para samAna rUpa se pratiphalita hotA hai, tathApi yahA~ jainadharma aura zramaNa saMskRti ke sandarbha meM vicAra apekSita hai| jainadharma va zramaNa saMskRti se sambandhita jitane bhI siddhakSetra haiM, ve sabhI uttara bhArata meM haiM, eka bhI siddhakSetra dakSiNa bhArata meM nahIM hai| ata: dakSiNa bhArata vAle to siddhakSetroM kI vandanA karane ke lie uttara bhArata meM sahaja Ate; para yadi dakSiNa bhArata meM gommaTezvara bAhubalI kI itanI vizAla mUrti nahIM hotI to uttara bhArata ke dhArmika yAtrI dakSiNa bhArata kisalie jAte? yaha eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM itanI vizAla mUrti ke nirmANa ke kAraNa aneka ho sakate haiM aura aitihAsika evaM kiMvadantiyoM ke AdhAra para aneka batAye bhI jAte haiM, para merI dRSTi meM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa kAraNa dakSiNa-bhArata meM dhArmika itihAsa yA prANoM ke anusAra tIrthaGkaroM ke kalyANaka Adi mahattvapUrNa sthAna na hone ke kAraNa uttara bhArata ke dhArmika yAtriyoM ko dakSiNa bhArata Ane ke lie AkarSaNa paidA karanA bhI ho sakatA hai| ___ yadi sammedazikhara aura giranAra para koI AkarSaka mandira yA mUrti na ho to bhI loga unakI yAtrA avazya kareMge; kAraNa ki ina kSetroM kA sambandha tIrthaGkaroM ke paJcakalyANakoM se hai| para dakSiNa bhArata kA sambandha tIrthaGkaroM ke paJcakalyANakoM se na hone ke kAraNa jaba taka koI vizeSa AkarSaNa na hogA, uttara bhArata ke yAtriyoM kA itanI dUra AnA, kama se kama usa yuga meM to asambhava hI thA, jabaki yAtAyAta ke sAdhana sulabha na the| uttara se dakSiNa jAne meM varSoM laga jAte the, rAste meM agaNita kaThinAiyA~ thIM, jAna kI bAjI lagAkara hI jAnA par3atA thaa| jisane isa vizAla mUrti kA nirmANa karAyA hai, usake hRdaya meM yaha bhAvanA bhI avazya rahI hogI ki aise AzcaryakArI jinabimba kI sthApanA kI jAve ki jo himAlaya kI talahaTI taka apanA AkarSaNa bikhare ske| mUrti -- -

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ke uttarAbhimukha hone se bhI isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| usakI bhAvanA rahI ho yA na rahI ho, para isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki hajAra varSa se Aja taka uttara bhArata ke jaina yAtriyoM kI dakSiNa yAtrA kA AkarSaNa bAhubalIjI kI yaha vizAlakAya mUrti hI rahI hai| dUsarA AkarSaNa mUDabadrI meM virAjamAna ratnamayI jinabimba bhI haiN| inakI yAtrA karane ke lie lAkhoM yAtrI prati varSa uttara bhArata se dakSiNa bhArata kI ora jAte haiM, bAhubalIjI ke darzanoM kI pAvana bhAvanA se khiMce cale jAte haiM aura unake guNagAna karate vApasa Ate haiN| itanI AkarSaka mUrtiyA~ bahuta kama hotI haiM jo apane AkarSaNa se mUrtimAna ko bhalA deN| bAhabalI kA vizAla jinabimba aisA hI hai ki loga darzana karate samaya marti ke hI gIta gAte dikhAI dete haiM, mUrtimAna kI ora unakA dhyAna hI nahIM jaataa| isa prakAra kI carcA karate loga Apako kahIM bhI mila jAveMge ki kyA vizAla mUrti hai, patthara bhI kitanA sApha va bedAga hai, hajAra varSa meM kahIM koI kreka bhI nahIM aayaa| kyA malaka hai, kyA damaka hai, hajAra varSa taka to usakA paoNliza bhI phIkA nahIM huaa| dhanya hai usa kArIgara ko jisane ise gar3hA hai, vaha bhI kama dhanya nahIM jisane ise gar3hAyA hai, Adi na jAne kitane gIta gAveMge unake jinhoMne banAyI hai, banavAyI hai, yA phira patthara paoNliza kI carcA kreNge| ina sabakI carcA meM ve kahIM nahIM AyeMge jinakI yaha mUrti hai, jinhoMne yuga ke Adi meM ghora tapasyA kara sarvaprathama mukti prApta kI thii| logoM ko hajAra varSa yAda Ate haiM, hajAra varSa kI mahimA AtI hai, mUrti ko hajAra varSa ho gae; para jisakI yaha mUrti hai; use kitane hajAra varSa hue, isakI ora dhyAna nahIM jAtA, mahimA nahIM aatii| sAmAnya mUrtiyA~ to mUrtimAna kI yAda karAne vAlI hotI haiM, para yaha to aisI advitIya mUrti hai jo darzaka ko itanI abhibhUta kara detI hai ki vaha svayaM ko to bhUla hI jAtA hai, mUrtimAna ko bhI bhUla jAtA hai| __ uttara aura dakSiNa ko jor3ane vAlI isa vizAla mUrti ke sAmane jaba mahAmastakAbhiSeka ke avasara para bIsa prAntoM se Aye bIsa bhASA-bhASI lAkhoM loga khar3e hoMge, taba ve saba bhedabhAva bhUlakara yaha anubhava avazya kareMge ki hama saka isa eka deva ke upAsaka hai, eka haiN| isa ekatA kI pratIka hai yaha vizAla mUrti tathA bAhubalI ke asIma dhairya evaM dhyAna kI bhI pratIka hai ki jisameM unake zarIra para beleM car3ha gayI, jahA~ ve khar3e the, vahA~ sarpo ne bila banA lie; para unakA dhairya bhaMga nahIM huA, dhyAna bhaMga nahIM huaa| ve antara meM gaye so gaye, phira bAhara hI nahIM aura kucha kSaNoM ko unakA upayoga AtmA se haTA bhI to sI meM lagAne ke ugra puruSArtha meM laga gye| yadyapi aisA kaI bAra haA para ve usI meM lage rahe aura apane antima lakSya sarvajJatA ko prApta kara usI meM magna ho gye| isa laghu nibandha ke rUpa meM bhagavAn bAhubalI ko praNAmAJjali arpita karate hue maiM isa mUrti aura mUrtimAna ke sambandha meM pracalita kathAoM aura danta-kathAoM kI carcA nahIM karanA cAhatA, kyoMki eka to ve itanI carcita ho cukI haiM, ho rahI haiM aura hoMgI ki unakI carcAoM meM jAne se piSTapeSaNa ke atirikta aura kucha nahIM hogaa| dUsare sambaddha-asambaddha bahucarcita carcAoM ko duharAkara gambhIra pAThakoM ke samaya kA apavyaya bhI mujhe iSTa nahIM hai| maiM to kucha aisI carcA karanA cAhatA hU~ ki jo hameM usa mArga kI ora prerita kara sake jisa mArga para vaha mahAtapasvI yuga kI Adi meM calA thA aura jisakA AkhyAna hajAra varSa se nahIM, apitu yuga kI Adi se hI preraNA detA A rahA hai|

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jaina-sAhitya meM bhagavAn bAhubalI - pro. DaoN. puSpalatA jaina jaina-paramparA meM bhagavAn bAhubalI svAbhimAna, sAhasa, bala aura AtmavizvAsa ke pratIka hai| unhoMne AdinAtha svAmI se bhI pahale mokSa prApta kara Atmatapa kI zreSThatA ko jahA~ siddha kiyA vahIM tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kI paridhi se bAhara rahakara bhI bhagavAn ke abhidhAna ko prApta kiyaa| ve mUlata: ayodhyAvAsI the para unhoMne apanA kAryakSetra podanapura banAyA, jo cAhe takSazilA ho yA bambaI kA samIpavartI bhAga yA phira zravaNabelagolA ke rUpa meM dakSiNApatha kA koI hissaa| yaha isa tathya kA pratIka to hai hI ki unakA cumbakIya vyaktitva kisI parIdhi meM nahI bAdhA jA sktaa| ve jAti, sampradAya, dharma aura sImA se pare the| yahI kAraNa hai ki unheM samagra bhAratavAsI eka svara se Aja bhI sammAna dete haiM, unakI pUjA-arcanA karate haiN| ___ yahA~ hama prAcIna aura arvAcIna jaina-sAhitya meM varNita bhagavAn bAhubalI para upalabdha sAhitya kA eka sarvekSaNa prastuta kara rahe haiM jisase yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki bharata-bAhubalI kA prasaMga lekhakoM ke bIca kitanA lokapriya aura manabhAvana rahA hai| isa sarvekSaNa ko hama saMskata. prAkata-apabhraMza aura hindI bhASAoM meM likhita sAhitya taka hI apane Apako sImita rkheNge| 1. saMskRta-kAvya meM bAhubalI kathA / sarvaprathama hama paurANika mahAkAvyoM kI ora dRSTipAta kreN| kaviyoM ne tIrthaGkaroM para jo bhI mahAkAvya likhe haiM unameM prasaMgavaza bharata-bAhubalI kA kathAnaka svabhAvataH A gayA hai| mahApurANa (AdipurANa aura uttarapurANa) AcArya jinasena aura guNabhadra kI vizAla mahAkRti hai| prathama 47 parva A. jinasena ne likhe aura zeSa 48-76 taka paryoM kI racanA guNabhadra ne kii| isameM kula 19207 (11429 7778) anuSTupa haiN| jinasena (san 763-843) ne AdipurANa meM tIrthaGkara RSabha ke dazapUrvabhavoM aura vartamAna bhava kA tathA bharata-bAhubalI ke caritra kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai| bharata-bAhubalI kA vizeSa sandarbha 26 se 38veM paryoM taka AyA hai jinameM bharata cakravartI kI cakraratna prApti se lekara digvijaya tathA nagara-praveza ke pUrva bharata-bAhubalI yuddha, bAhubalI kA vairAgya evaM dIkSA tathA bharata dvArA brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA ko apanA varNyaviSaya banAyA hai| isI AdhAra para dAmanandi (zaka saM. 969) kA purANasAra saMgraha, paM. AzAdhara kA triSaSTi smRtizAstra (vi.saM. 1292), bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti kA AdipurANa-uttarapurANa, upAdhyAya padmasundara kA rAyamallAbhyudaya, AcArya hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita (vi.saM. 1226), amaracandra sUri kA caturviMzati jinendra saMkSiptacaritAni (san 1238), merutuMga kA mahApuruSacarita (13vIM zatI), meghavijaya upAdhyAya kA laghutriSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita (vi.saM. 1709) vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| kucha svatantra paurANika mahAkAvya haiM jinameM bharata-bAhubalI ke prasaMga Aye haiN| jaise- AcArya raviSeNa (7vIM zatI) ke padmapurANa ke caturtha parva meM AyI bAhubalI, kathA vinayacandra kA AdinAthacarita (vi.saM. 1300), sakalakIrti kA AdinAthapurANa (15vIM. shtii)| prathama cakravartI para svatantra rUpa se likhA gayA mahAkavi AzAdhara (vi.saM. 1237-1296) kA

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bharatezvarAbhyudaya kAvya, kamalaprabhasUri kA puNDarIkacarita (vi.saM. 1372), ajJAta kavikRta bAhubalicaritra, bhaTTAraka candrakIrti kA vRSabhadevapurANa (vi.saM. 1681) aura ratnAkaravarNI kA bharateza vaibhava (san 1551) / inameM ratnAkaravarNI kA bharateza vaibhava saMskRta ke gItagovinda se bhI uccakoTi kA kAvya hai| karnATaka meM to yaha logoM kA kaNThahAra banA huA hai| saMgIta kI dRSTi se yaha kAvya bejor3a hai| inake atirikta jinezvara sUri kA kathAkoSaprakaraNa (I. 1108), somaprabhakRta kumArapAla pratibodha (1195 I.), dhanezvara sUri kA zatruJjaya mAhAtmya (13-14vIM zatI), puNyakuzalagaNi kA bAhubalI mahAkAvya bhI ullekhanIya haiN| inameM se hama bharata bAhubalI mahAkAvya para Age vicAra kara rahe haiM jinake anuvAdaka muni dulaharAja haiM aura jo jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM rAjasthAna se 1974 meM prakAzita huA thaa| 2. prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM bAhubalI kathA tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva para prAkRta meM AdinAhacariyaM, risabhadevacariyaM jaise svatantra kAvya aura cauppanna hI bharata aura bAhubalI kI kathA kA prAsaMgika rUpa se varNana huA hai| inake atirikta kalpasUtra, Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUrNi, uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI TIkA jaise granthoM meM bhI bAhubalI ke jIvana prasaMgoM kA ullekha milatA hai para Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki svatantra granthoM kA praNayana isa kathA para bahuta kama huA hai| zubhazIlagaNi dvArA viracita bharatezvara bAhubali vRtti nAmaka grantha prAkRta meM avazya milatA hai jisameM bAhubalI kathA kA varNana huA hai| lagatA hai, bAhubalI kathA katipaya vikAsa ke caraNoM se gujarI hai| vasudevahiNDI (cauthI zatI) meM bAhubalI kathA kA saMkSipta rUpa hai| paumacariya meM unake mAna kaSAya kA koI ullekha nhiiN| dIkSA lene ke bAda hI kevalajJAna hone kA ullekha milatA hai (4.38) / isI taraha jaMbudIvapaNNatti meM RSabha aura bharata-bAhubalI ke pArivArika sambandhoM kA koI ullekha nhiiN| yahA~ takSazilA kI jagaha bahalI kA rAjya batAyA gayA hai jise svatantra rAjya ke rUpa meM bAhubalI ko RSabhadeva ne diyA thaa| yaha rAjya takSazilA ke samIpa avasthita thaa| bharatezvara- bAhubalI vRtti meM donoM ke bIca bAraha varSa kA bhayaMkara yuddha huA batAyA hai jabaki paumacariya (4.43) aura AvazyakacUrNi (pR. 210) meM ahiMsaka yuddha kA prastAva bAhubalI ne rakhA thA aisA ullekha milatA hai| yaha yuddha kahIM dRSTiyuddha aura mallayuddha ke rUpa meM rahA hai, kahIM jalayuddha ko bhI jor3a diyA gyaa| jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne usameM vAgyuddha bhI sammilita kara diyaa| kahIM svarayuddha yA daNDayuddha ko jor3akara yaha saMkhyA pAMca kara dii| ina yuddhoM meM bharata kI apekSA bAhubalI ko adhika nItiniSTha ke rUpa meM prasthApita kiyA gayA hai| bAhubalI kathA meM cakraprahAra kA moTipha eka viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai| vairAgya ke kAraNoM meM yaha kAraNa anyatra dikhAyI nahIM detaa| isakA ullekha lagabhaga sabhI kathAkAroM ne kiyA hai| paumacariya meM unakI mAna kaSAya kA ullekha nahIM hai, para Age ke prAkRta-granthoM meM yaha milatA hai ki bAhubalI RSabhadeva ke pAsa dIkSA lene isalie nahIM gaye, kyoMki unheM vahA~ pUrva dIkSita apane choTe bhAiyoM ko namaskAra karanA pdd'taa| isa mAna kaSAya ne unheM kevalajJAna nahIM hone diyaa| isake bAda kucha aise bhI paurANika grantha hai jahA~ 'maiM bharata ke rAjya meM khar3e hokara tapasyA kara rahA huuN|" isa prakAra kI mAnakaSAya kevalajJAna prApti meM bAdhaka rahI, isakA varNana hai|

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putrI brAhmI tapasvI bAhubalI ko isa mAnakaSAya se mukta hone kI salAha detI hai| kathA kI eka paramparA yaha bhI hai ki bharata svayaM bAhubalI ko isa mAnakaSAya se mukta hone kI salAha dete haiN| AcArya kundakunda (prathama zatI I.) kA bhAvapAhuDa kadAcita prathama grantha hai jisameM bAhubalI kI isa mAnakaSAya kA ullekha huA hai (gAthA 44) / tiloyapaNNatti (5-6vIM zatI) meM yativRSabha ne unheM caubIsa kAmadevoM meM eka mAnA hai| dharmadAsagaNi kI uvaesamAlA meM bAhubali dRSTAnta prakaraNa meM bharata aura bAhubalI kI kathA varNita hai jo kAphI alaMkRta zailI meM hai| __ AcArya nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI (10vIM zatI) kI gommaTesa thudi to bar3I lokapriya racanA hai hI, jisakA hindI, kannar3a Adi bhASAoM meM anuvAda huA hai| 3. hindI-kAvya meM bAhubalI kathA ___hindI jaina-kAvya meM bAhubalI para saMskRta-prAkRta kI apekSA adhika likhA gayA hai| usameM hindI ke AdikAla se lekara Adhanika kAla taka prabhata grantha upalabdha hote hai| unameM jo bhI grantha upalabdha ho sake haiM unakA vivaraNa hama yahA~ de rahe haiN| isa vivaraNa ko hama nimna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM- (1) rAsA, veli Adi sAhitya, (2) prabandhakAvya, (3) nATya sAhitya, (4) pUjA-stotra sAhitya, (5) upanyAsa, (6) aitihAsika/zodhAtmaka sAhitya, (7) anya saahity| 1. rAsA-sAhitya habalirAya, jinavararAsa, bharatabAhubalirAsa, bAhubali caupaI Adi kA vivecana huA hai| 2. prabandha-kAvya prabandha-kAvya ke do bheda hai - mahAkAvya aura khnnddkaavy| bAhubalI kathA para tIna mahAkAvya aura eka khaNDa-kAvya likhA gayA hai| mahAkAvyoM meM sarvaprathama DaoN. ramezakumAra budhauliyA kA "pare jaya-parAjaya ke" prakAzita huA narasiMhapura se 1981 meN| dUsarA mahAkAvya 'RSabhAyaNa' ke zIrSaka se DaoN. choTelAla nAgendra kA nikalA jaina bhavana, murAdAbAda se 1987 meM aura tIsare mahAkAvya kA sRjana kiyA 'RSabhAyaNa' nAma se hI AcArya mahAprajJa ne jo jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM se 1999 meM prakAzita huaa| khaNDakAvya kI zreNI meM prasiddha kavi mizrIlAla jaina kA hI 'gommaTezvara' kAvya prakAza meM AyA hai (rAhula prakAzana, gunA, 1980) / 3. nATya-sAhitya rUpaka (nATaka)/nATikA kisI bhI paramparAgata kathA yA nAyaka ke vyaktitva ko samajhane/samajhAne kA eka prabhAvaka mAdhyama hai| bharata aura bAhubalI kI jIvana rekhAeM rUpaka aura ekAkI ke mAdhyama se lekhakoM ne prastuta kI hai| viSNu prabhAkara, kastUracandra kAsalIvAla, yugala Adi kucha aise lekhaka haiM jinhoMne isa mAdhyama ko svIkAra kiyA hai| --56

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4. upanyAsa aitihAsika upanyAsakAra itihAsa aura kalpanA kA samanvaya karatA hai| vaha itihAsa athavA paurANika kathAoM yA ghaTanAoM se jur3e tathyoM kA saMgraha kara apanI kalpanA dvArA unheM adhika AkarSaka, manoraMjaka, prabhAvazAlI rUpa meM citrita karatA hai| Ananda prakAza jaina, nIraja jaina jaise vikhyAta lekhakoM ne isa vidhA kA upayoga bAhubalI ke vyaktitva ko citrita karane ke lie kiyA hai| bAhubalI kathAnaka para AdhArita sabase pahalA upanyA "tana se lipaTI bela" Ananda prakAza jaina dvArA likhA gayA jo ahiMsA mandira prakAzana, dillI se san 1970 meM prakAzita huaa| 5. aitihAsika / zodhAtmaka sAhitya bAhubalI kI paurANika kathA ke aitihAsika tathyoM ko zilAlekhoM aura prAcIna granthoM se khojakara vidvAnoM ne vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai| unameM lakSmIcandra jaina, satIza kumAra jaina, jasTisa mAMgIlAla jaina, nIraja jaina Adi vidvAnoM kA acchA yogadAna hai| 6. pUjA, gomeTeza thudi, stotra Adi sAhitya ___ AcArya nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI dvArA racita gommaTesa thudi prAkRta meM upajAti vRtta meM likhI jo mAdhurya aura bhakti rasa se otaprota racanA hai| isameM 8 chanda haiM jinake anta meM 'taM gommaTesaM paNamAmi NiccaM' kI Teka hai| isake aneka gadya-padyAnuvAda hue haiN| sarvaprathama gadyAnuvAda AcArya vidyAnandajI kA hai jo 1979 I. meM jaina maTha zravaNa belagola se prakAzita huA thaa| yaha anuvAda sarala, aura subodha zailI meM huA hai| dUsarA anuvAda DaoN. devendra jaina kA hai jo unakI anuvAda kRti bAhubali AkhyAna ke anta meM prakAzita huA hai| bAhubali viSayaka digambara - zvetAmbara-paramparA uparyukta sAhityika paryavekSaNa se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bha. bAhubali kI lokapriyatA jitanI digambara-paramparA meM hai utanI zvetAmbara-paramparA meM nahIM dikhAyI detii| donoM paramparAoM kI mAnyatAoM meM bhI kucha antara hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA bharata ko anAsakta karmayogI mAnatA hai jala meM alipta kamala ke smaan| gRhasthAvasthA meM rahate hue bhI ve alipta rahe aura unhoMne usI bhava meM hI kaivalya prApta kiyA, yaha kalpasUtra kI TIkAoM se patA calatA hai| "mUrchA parigrahaH" kI vyAvahArikatA cUMki zvetAmbara-paramparA kA Adarza hai isalie bharata kI anAsakti ko adhika mAnyatA vahAM milI jabaki bAhubalI kI vRtti abhimAna kA pratIka mAnI gyii| yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara mandiroM meM bAhubalI kI svatantra pratimAeM nahIM milatI, bharata ke sAtha unakI pratimAeM ukerI gayI haiN| isake viparIta digambara-paramparA meM bAhubalI ko jina pratimA ke samAna pUjya mAnA gayA hai| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki digambara-paramparA kaThora sAdhanA meM vizvAsa karatI hai aura bAhubalI jaisI kaThora sAdhanA kA anya udAharaNa nahIM miltaa| yahA~ mandiroM meM bAhubalI kI pratimAeM bahuta milatI haiM, utanI bharata kI nhiiN| bharata-bAhubalI kI kathAvRtta donoM paramparAoM meM sammAnya hone ke bAvajUda AcAryoM ne use apanI-apanI paramparAnusAra mor3a dene kA prayatna kiyA hai| ye antara-bindu isa vistRta nibandha meM dRSTavya haiN|

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1. 3. digambara-paramparA meM punATasaMghIya jinasena ke harivaMzapurANa aura svayambhU ke paumacariu tathA raviSeNa ke padmapurANa ko chor3akara prAya: kisI ne bhI bharata-bAhubalI kI senAoM ke bIca yuddha hone kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI vasudevahiNDI, AvazyakacUrNi, cauppanna mahApurisacariya aura triSaSTizalAkAmahApuruSacaritra donoM senAoM ke bIca hue kisI yuddha kA ullekha nahIM karate jabaki vimalasUri kA paumacariya, zAlibhadrasUri kA bharatezvara bAhubalI rAsa tathA puNyakuzalagaNi kA bharata-bAhubalI mahAkAvya isa prakAra ke yuddha kA ullekha karate haiN| 2. hiMsaka yuddha se virata rahane ke lie digambara-paramparA meM jinasena kA AdipurANa aura svayambhU kA paumacariu yaha ullekha karate haiM ki ahiMsaka yuddha kA prastAva mantrIgaNa karate haiM, parantu raviSeNa ke padmapurANa meM svayaM bAhubalI se yaha prastAva rakhAyA gayA hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI ye donoM paramparAeM milatI haiN| AvazyakacUrNi, cauppannamahAparisacariya (zIlAMka) evaM paumacariya (vimalasUri) meM bAhubali svayaM ahiMsaka prastAva rakhate dikhAyI dete haiM jabaki triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra (hemacandra) bharatezvara bAhubali rAsa va bharatezvara bAhubali vRtti meM yaha kArya devagaNoM se karAyA gayA hai| digambara-paramparA prAya: bAhabali ke mana meM mAnakaSAyarUpI zalya ke astitva kI bAta karatI hai jisake kAraNa unheM kevalajJAna kI prApti nahIM ho pAtI para jaise hI tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva se isa zalya kA patA calatA hai, bharata svayaM bAhabali ke pAsa jAkara, sasammAna isa zalya kA nirAkaraNa karate haiN| bAhubali isase santuSTa hokara niHzalya hokara kevalajJAna prApta kara lete haiM, parantu zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bAhubalI meM mAnakaSAya kI zalya kA honA to sabhI AcAryoM ne mAnA hai para use dUra karane ke lie RSabhadeva kI donoM putriyAM (brAhmI aura sundarI) sAdhviyAM apane bhAI bAhubali ke pAsa udbodhana dene pahuMcatI haiM aura unakA udbodhana pAkara bAhubali niHzalya ho jAte haiM, kevalajJAna prApta kara lete haiN| digambara-paramparA meM AryikA ke dvArA kisI zramaNa bhikSu ke lie udbodhana kI paramparA dikhAyI nahIM detii| 4. digambara-paramparA meM sAdhAraNata: dRSTiyuddha, jalayuddha aura mallayuddha kA ullekha AtA hai jabaki zvetAmbara-paramparA meM pAMca yuddhoM kA varNana milatA hai - dRSTa, muSTi, svara, bAhu aura yaSTi yA dnnddyuddh| isa taraha saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura hindI bhASAoM meM abhI taka bhagavAn bAhubali para prakAzita sAhitya kA eka saMkSipta mUlyAMkana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| abhI katipaya aisI bhI aneka kRtiyAM hogI jo hamAre dRSTipatha meM na AI hoN| isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki ve starIya nahIM haiN| vastutaH yaha hamArI ajJAnatA aura ajAnakArI kA phala hai ki hama unheM prApta nahIM kara ske| - -

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madhyayuga ke jaina-kAvyoM meM bAhubalicarita - DaoN. premacandra rAMvakA, jayapura madhyayuga (10vIM zatI se 17vIM zatI taka) meM jaina kaviyoM dvArA nibaddha sAhitya sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai| isa yuga kA jaina-sAhitya bhAratIya vAGmaya kA aparihArya aMga hai| isa madhyakAla meM jaina santa bhakta kaviyoM ne saMskRta, apabhraMza, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI va hindI-bhASA meM vizAla pariNAma meM jaina-sAhitya racA hai| jainAcAryoM, santoM evaM kaviyoM kA bhASA-vizeSa se kabhI Agraha nahIM rhaa| unhoMne sabhI dRSTiyoM se apane samaya meM pracalita sabhI bhASAoM meM sabhI vidhAoM meM lekhanI claayii| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAya: sabhI prAcya bhASAoM meM jaina kaviyoM dvArA racita sAhitya milatA hai| mAnavIya mUlyoM kI pratiSThA aura usake vikAsa meM madhyakAlIna jaina-sAhitya kI prabhAvakArI bhUmikA rahI hai| jainadharma-darzana jIvanta dharma hai| usameM manuSya kI svatantratA aura samAnatA ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| manuSya ke gaurava aura usakI mukti ke vyAkhyAtA sahasrAdhika jaina kavi ho gaye haiN| lekina zAstra bhaNDAroM meM banda hone se unakA samyakapeNa malyAGkana nahIM ho pAyA hai| jaina-sAhitya kA nirmANa yadyapi AdhyAtmika dhArmika bhAvanA se prerita hokara kiyA gayA hai; para vaha sama-sAmayika jIvana se kaTA huA nahIM hai| jaina kavi janasAmAnya ke samIpa rahe hai| jaina-sAhitya tatkAlIna sAmAjika, sAMskRtika jIvana ko samajhane kA saccA baizemITara hai| vahAM jIvana kI pavitratA, naitika maryAdA aura udAtta jIvanAdarzoM kA vyAkhyAtA hone ke kAraNa yaha sAhitya samAja ke lie saccA patha-praNetA hai| isakA adhyetA nirAzA meM AzA kA sambala pAkara andhakAra se prakAza kI ora caraNa bar3hAtA hai| kAla ko kalA meM, mRtyu ko maGgala meM aura USmA ko prakAza meM rUpAntarita karane kI kSamatA isa sAhitya meM hai| __ aitihAsika mahApuruSoM ke jIvanacarita ko AdhAra banAkara kAvya likhane kI pravRtti 7vIM zatI se calI A rahI hai| jaina-kAvyoM ke mukhya pratipAdya tresaTha mahApuruSoM ke caritra hai, jinameM 24 tIrthaGkara, 12 cakravartI, 4 baladeva, 9 vAsudeva aura 9 prativAsudeva haiN| puNya puruSoM ke caritra varNita hone se ye purANa evaM carita-kAvya kahe jAte haiN| inameM mahApurANa (AdipurANa, uttarapurANa), harivaMzapurANa aura pdmpuraann| rAmacarita Adi mukhya hI paravartI kathAkAvyoM ke ye AdhAra grantha haiN| prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva, unake putra dvaya bharata aura bAhubalI ke jIvanavRtta ko lekara madhyayuga ke jaina kaviyoM ne saMskRta, apabhraMza, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI Adi bhASAoM meM laghu-bRhad mahAkAvyoM (khaNDa evaM prabandha kAvyoM) kI racanAeM kI hai| bAhubali prathama kAmadeva the| pitAzrI ne unheM podanapura kA rAjya diyaa| bharata cakravartI ke sArA bhUmaNDala vijaya karane ke pazcAt bAhubali ne unakI adhInatA svIkAra nahIM kii| donoM bhAiyoM meM paraspara yuddha huaa| bAhubali ne vijayI hone ke bAda bhI vairAgya le liyA aura kaThora sAdhanoparAnta pitA RSabhadeva se pUrva mukta ho gye| isI AkhyAna ko lekara AcArya santa kaviyoM ne kAvya rce| .kh- khp

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jainAcAryoM, santoM evaM kaviyoM ne prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ke sAtha bharata aura bAhubalI ke jIvana caritra ko samaveta evaM pRthak rUpa se bhI rUpAyita kiyA hai| AThavIM zatI ke AcArya jinasena ke AdipurANa meM 10vIM zatI ke puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM bharata bAhubali kA vRtta varNita hai| AcArya jinasena (prathama) ke AdipurANa meM bharata bAhubali ke AkhyAna ko sunakara cAmuNDarAya kI mAtA ko bAhubali kI podanapura (takSazilA- pAkistAna) sthApita prAcIna mUrti ke darzana kI abhilASA huI thii| saMvat 1241 meM racita zAlibhadrasUri kA 'bharatabAhubalirAsa' rAjasthAnI bhASA kI saMvatollekha vAlI prathama racanA hai| isameM 203 padya hai| 13vIM zatI meM vajrasenasUri dvArA 45 padyoM meM viracita bharatezvara bAhubali ghora aisI hI racanA hai| ye donoM racanAeM rAsA sAhitya kI apabhraMza kI antima, prArambhika va rAjasthAnI kI kAvyakalA evaM bhASAvijJAna ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se ye upayogI racanAeM haiN| apabhraMza prabhAvita marugurjara-bhASA kI ina donoM racanAoM meM bharata-bAhubali kA yuddha varNita hai| 15vIM zatI ke kavi dhanapAla ne apabhraMza-bhASA meM vi.saM. 1454 meM bAhubalicarita kI racanA kii| ye gujarAta ke puravAr3a vaMza ke tilaka svarUpa the| 15vIM zatI ke bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti evaM brahma jinadAsa ke saMskRta va hindI meM AdipurANa evaM AdinAtharAsa meM bharata-bAhubali kA jIvanacarita varNita hai| bra. jinadAsa ke saM. 1508 meM racita rAma sAro meM (jisakA ullekha hindI ke videzI vidvAn phaoNdara kaoNmila bulke ne rAmakAvya-paramparA meM kiyA hai) RSabha, bharata va bAhubali kA prasaMga varNita hai| bAhubali ke somaputra se somavaMza claa| . 16vIM zatI ke bhaTTAraka vIracandra ne (saM. 1556-82) bAhubali veli kI racanA kI yaha eka laghu racanA hai, jisameM vibhinna chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 17vIM zatI ke bhaTTAraka kumudacandra ne 'bharatabAhubali' chanda kI saM. 1656 meM racanA kI, jo khaNDakAvya hai| isameM bharata-bAhubali ke yuddha kA varNana hai| isameM dUta aura bAhubali ke sundara uttara-pratyuttara hai| 17vIM zatI ke bhuvanakIrti kI bharata bAhubali caupai racanA hai| vi. kI 17vIM zatI meM puNyakuzalagaNi ne 'bharatabAhubalikAvyam' kI saMskRta bhASA meM racanA kii| isa prakAra madhyayuga ke jaina kaviyoM ne bAhubali ke mahanIya caritra ko apanI sAhityika vidhAoM meM vyaJjita kiyA hai| kAvya-sAhitya meM bAhubali pAvana-pAtra haiN| maiMne apane mUla vistRta Alekha meM madhyayuga ke aneka jaina kAvyoM meM varNita bAhubali ke caritra kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| -100 -

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amaracandrakRta 'padmAnanda mahAkAvya' meM bhagavAn bAhubalI kA citraNa - DaoN. zekharacandra jaina, ahamadAbAda padmAnanda mahAkAvya amaracanda kI saMskRta meM likhI gayI zreSTha amara kRti hai| san 1932 meM bar3audA kI oriyaNTala insTITyUTa dvArA isakA prakAzana kiyA gayA thaa| pU. amaracandasUri mahAn jaina AcArya evaM saMskRta-bhASA ke utkRSTa paNDita the| Apane yaha mahAkAvya jo bhagavAn AdinAtha kA sampUrNa caritra hai use mahAkAvya kI zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai| zrI amaracandasUrijI jinadattasUri ke ziSya the, jinhoMne viveka-vilAsa nAmaka mahAkAvya kI racanA kI thii| aisA kathana prApta hotA hai ki guru-paramparA meM zrI rAzilasUri mahArAja aNahilavAr3a zahara meM cAturmAsa hetu virAjamAna the| jahA~ para mantrI padma evaM zrAvakoM dvArA caubIsa jinezvaroM kA caritra sunane ke lie samAja prArthanA karatA hai aura AcAryazrI jinadattasUrIzvara ke zreSTha ziSya aura apane gurubhAI zrI amaracanda se unakI prArthanA pUrI karane ke lie kahate haiN| isa prakAra padma nAmaka mantrI dvArA evaM samAja ke samarthana se zrI amaracandasUri ne 24 tIrthaGkaroM kA jinendra caritra unheM sunAyA jo sabako bar3A hI rucikara lagA aura isI hetu unhoMne isa mahAn saMskRta mahAkAvya kI racanA kii| aisA ullekha milatA hai ki unhoMne padmanAbha kAvya kI racanA saMvat 1277 meM khambhAta meM kI thii| aisA bhI ullekha hai ki isa padmAnanda mahAkAvya para kalikAla sarvajJa hemacandrAcArya ke triSaSThizalAkApuruSa kA prabhAva hai| yaha satya hai ki AcArya amaracanda ne isa mahAkAvya ko likhakara saMskRta-sAhitya ko samRddha kiyA hai| vidvAn zrI eca.Ara. kApaDiyAjI ne to isakI tulanA kAlidAsa aura bhavabhUti taka se kI hai| saMskRta vAGmaya kI dRSTi se yaha saMskRta-sAhitya kI amara kRti hai| kRti ke 17veM sarga meM bhagavAn bAhubalI ke caritra kA, unake zaurya kA evaM unake vairAgya kA bar3A hI AlaMkArika bhASA meM varNana huA hai| 17veM sarga ke uparAnta kavi ne prasaMgAnusAra 10veM aura 13veM sarga meM bhI unakA ullekha kiyA hai evaM unheM sikhAI gayI puruSa, strI, hasti evaM azva parIkSaNa kI kalA kA bhI ullekha hai| kavi ne sarvatra kathAnaka ke sAtha prasaMgAnusAra alaMkRta bhASA meM varNana prastuta kiye haiN| cAhe vaha nagara kI sajAvaTa kA varNana ho yA bAhubalI ke rUpa saundarya kA varNana ho| jaba RSabhadeva vihAra karate hue bahalI nAmaka deza kI takSazilA nagarI ke upavana meM padhAre aura bAhubalIjI samAcAra prApta karate haiM aura sArI nagarI ko sajAne kA Adeza dete haiM, usakA eka hI udAharaNa dekheM "taraMgoM kI taraha uchalate vastroM kI zreNI jaise saubhAgya lakSmI kA aMcala ho aise zobhita hone lgii| hara sthAna aisA suzobhita thA mAno bAhubalI ke guNarUpI lakSmI hetu vilAsa karane ke lie kamala kI zaiyyA ke samAna thii|" isI prakAra unake rUpa, zRGgAra, senA Adi ke bar3e hI AlaGkArika varNana kRti meM kiye gaye haiN| -101

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kRti meM aisA ullekha hai ki jaba bAhubalI bhagavAn AdinAtha ke vihAra karane ke kAraNa darzana nahIM kara sake taba mantrI ne unheM aneka udAharaNa dekara samajhAyA aura unakI caraNapAdukA kI pUjA karane kI salAha dI evaM bAhubalI ne vajra evaM matsyAdI se cihnita paramAtmA kI donoM caraNapAdukAoM kA nirmANa karAyA aura caraNoM kI AsAtanA na ho isalie eka yojana U~cA, ATha yojana vizAla sahasra kiraNoM se sUrya kI taraha camakadAra ratnatraya dharmacakra kI sthApanA kraayii| kRti meM aisA ullekha hai ki bhagavAn AdinAtha ne bAhubalI ko takSazilA kA rAjya pradAna kiyA thaa| digvijaya karane nikale bharata kA varNana prAya: sabhI granthoM meM samAna hI hai| bharata bhI bAhubalI ko apanI AdhInatA svIkAra karane ke lie sandeza bhejate hai aura bAhubalI bhI usase manA karate haiM aura yuddha karane ke lie tatpara hote hai, parantu usase pUrva unake mana meM eka prazna hamezA umar3atA rahatA hai ki jaba hamane unakA koI nukasAna nahIM kiyA to ve hameM isa prakAra majabUra kyoM kara rahe haiM? jaba hama pUrI kRti kA adhyayana karate haiM to hameM digambara aura zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM meM kucha tathyoM meM spaSTa antara dikhAyI detA hai, jo isa prakAra hai jaisAki pahale ullekha kara cuke haiM ki bhagavAn bAhubalI kA caritra sabhI sampradAyoM meM lagabhaga samAna hai, parantu kucha antara bhI dRSTavya hai| digambara sampradAya meM AcArya jinasena kA AdipurANa sarvamAnya purANa hai| isameM bhI bharata aura bAhubalI ke caritra ko bar3e hI sundara DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| kabhI-kabhI amaracanda kI kRti ko par3hate samaya lagatA hai ki una para AdipurANa kA prabhAva parilakSita hai| jaise bAhubalI dvArA bharata ke cakra ko eka kumhAra kA cakra kahanA Adi aneka prasaMgoM meM sAmyatA hai| yadyapi yuddha meM donoM pakSoM ke nukasAna kI cintA prastuta huI hai| isI prakAra bAhubalI kA vairAgya aura kailAza para pahu~canA sabhI samAna hai, parantu dRSTavya antara yaha hai ki jahA~ amaracandajI ne bAhubalI ke pAsa suvega nAmaka dUta ko apanA sandeza dekara bhejA vahA~ AdipurANa meM kisI dUta kA nAma nahIM hai| dUsare amaracandajI ne bAhubalI kI rAjadhAnI takSazilA aMkita kiyA hai, jabaki AdipurANa meM yaha podanapura ke nAma se ullikhita hai| jahA~ amaracandajI kI kRti meM isa yuddha ke vinAza kI cintA devatAgaNa karate haiM aura devatAgaNa hI donoM ko samajhAne kA prayatna karate haiM, aura saphala bhI hote haiN| vahA~ digambara sampradAya meM devatAoM dvArA samajhAne ke sthAna para donoM tarapha ve rAjA, mantrIgaNa yuddha ke vinAza para carcA karake donoM ko samajhAte bhI haiM aura yuddha TAlane ke lie mAtra donoM ke yuddha kI sammati prApta karate haiN| jahA~ zrIamaracandajI ne donoM senAoM ke Amane-sAmane Ane para yuddha kA varNana kiyA hai evaM aneka yoddhAoM kI mRtyu Adi kA varNana kiyA hai vahA~ digambara zAstroM meM kisI bhI yuddha kA prArambha nahIM batAyA hai apitu yuddha se pahale hI donoM pakSoM ko yaha samajhAne kA varNana hai ki ve donoM hI tIna prakAra ke yuddha se nirNaya kara leM tAki vizAla janasaMhAra rokA jA ske| jahA~ amaracandajI yA zvetAmbara sampradAya kI mAnyatA ke anusAra dRSTiyuddha, vAgyuddha, bhujAyuddha, muSTiyuddha evaM daNDayuddha kI yojanA hai vahIM digambara sampradAya meM mAtra jalayuddha, dRSTiyuddha aura mallayuddha yA bAhuyuddha kI carcA hai| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM jalayuddha kI carcA nahIM hai jabaki digambara sampradAya meM vAgyuddha, muSTiyuddha aura daNDayuddha ina tIna kI carcA nahIM hai| isI prakAra jaba bAhubalI ko pUrA eka -101

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varSa tapasyA karate hue vyatIta ho gayA aura kevalajJAna utpanna nahIM ho rahA thA usa samaya brAhmI aura sundarI ko upadeza dene hetu bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne bhejA, aisA ullekha hai| jo unheM 'he vIra! hAthI se nIce utaro' kA upadeza detI haiM aura bAhubalI ko ekAeka kevala jJAna prApta hotA hai| digambara sampradAya meM yaha ullekha hai ki eka varSa taka bhagavAn bAhubalI ne ghora tapasyA kii| unhoMne apane karmoM ko kATane ke hetu samasta 22 pariSahoM ko sahA aura una para vijaya prApta kii| unheM manaHparyAya jJAna taka kA caturtha jJAna bhI ho gayA lekina unake mana meM yaha zalya thI ki 'vaha bharatezvara mujhase saMkleSa ko prApta huA hai arthAt mere nimitta se use duHkha pahu~cA hai- yaha vicAra bAhubalI ke hRdaya meM vidyamAna rahatA thaa|' jaise hI bharata yogI bAhubalI kI pUjA karate haiM to bAhubalI kA mana nizcinta ho jAtA hai, vidyamAna zalya dUra hotI hai aura unheM kevalajJAna kI prApti hotI hai| aise kevalajJAnI kI bharata bar3e hI bhaktibhAva se pUjA karate haiN| vaha aneka prakAra se unakI stuti karatA hai| bAhubalI apanI isa tapasyA ke daurAna aneka RddhiyoM ko bhI prApta karate haiN| isI prakAra bAhubalI kA apane rAjya meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva se milane jAnA unake na milane para vilApa karanA evaM mantrI ke samajhAne para caraNapAdukA kI sthApanA va pUjA karanA Adi ullekha digambara granthoM meM nahIM hai| kRti meM sabase mahattvapUrNa aMza hai kathopakathana ke, jo bharata ke dUta aura bAhubalI ke bIca evaM yuddha ke samaya bharata aura bAhubalI ke bIca hue| kRti kI dUsarI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai isakI vrnnnshailii| kavi ne bhagavAn RSabhadeva, bharata, bAhubalI, nagara, senA, cakraratna ina sabakA bar3A hI manohArI AlaGkArika bhASA meM varNana kiyA hai jisake aMza par3hane se mana prasanna ho jAtA hai aura sabase bar3I bAta to yaha hai ki bhASA varNana ke anurUpa hai aura usakA zabda cayana aisA hai ki jaise pUrA citra hI sAmane khar3A ho jAtA hai| hameM mahasUsa hotA hai jaise hama svayaM yaha saba dekha rahe hoN| jina cAra prakAra ke yuddhoM kA varNana kiyA hai usakA varNana bar3A hI hRdayaGgama karane vAlA hai| kAyotsarga mudrA meM khar3e bAhubalI kI muni mudrA kA varNana dekhie- "duSkarmarUpI gahana jaMgala meM atyanta nirmala dhyAna agni dvArA karmoM ko jalAte hue bAhubalI dAvAnala kI viSama kiraNoM ko sahana karane lge| ve grISma Rtu kI ur3atI dhUla se Dhaka gaye, parantu antaHkaraNa ko paGkarahita banA diyaa| bhayaGkara megha varSA bhI unako calita nahIM kara skii| unake caraNoM ke nIce bahatI huI jala kI dhArA unake caraNoM ko bhigo rahI thI mAno kRSNa aura nIla lezyAyeM unase dUra nahIM honA cAhatI thiiN| unakI sthira deha himAlaya kI sthiratA se spardhA kara rahI thii| chaha RtuoM meM se koI bhI Rtu unheM calita nahIM kara skii| deha ke AsapAsa latAyeM car3ha gyii| lagatA thA jaise muktirUpI strI ke nIlakamala kI kAnti se netra kaTAkSa se vyApta ho gaye ho, aise ve suzobhita ho rahe the| unake zarIra meM pazu-pakSiyoM ne apane ghoMsale banA diye|" kRti meM varNana ke sAtha-sAtha kavi ne AdhyAtmika bhAvoM ko adhika mahattva diyA hai| cU~ki kRtikAra svayaM jaina santa hai| ata: pratyeka varNana meM unakA lakSya AdhyAtma kA hI varNana rahA hai aura rasa meM bhI zAntarasa hI pramukha rahA hai| kavi ne aneka alaGkaroM kA prayoga kiyA hai jinameM upamA, utprekSA, rUpaka, mAnavIkaraNa Adi ullekhanIya haiN| aneka sUktivAkya isake mahattvapUrNa aMza haiN| pUrI kRti meM ye bhAva sarvatra bikhare hue haiN| aneka udAharaNoM meM se eka udAharaNa dekhie jaba bAhubalI ko AtmaglAni hotI hai to ve socate haiM ki - 'aba mujhe .-103 -

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rAjya kA lobha aura bharata ke prati krodha ko tyAga kara pitAjI ke mArga para calate hue dIkSA grahaNa karanI caahie| yadi yaha rAjyalakSmI hI sampUrNa sukhadAyaka hotI to pitAjI isakA tyAga kyoM karate? mujhe turanta isakA tyAga karanA caahie|' aisA hI Atmacintana aura AtmanindA kA bhAva bharata ke mana meM bhI anta meM prastuta huA hai| isa prakAra yaha eka uttama caritra kAvya kRti hai jisameM bAhubalI ke ujjvala, vIratApUrNa evaM tyAgamaya jIvana kI kathA aMkita hai| -104

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bAhubalI kI rAjadhAnI podanapura takSazilA - pro. premasumana jaina, udayapura takSazilA meM bAhubalI kA rAjya thA, isakA ullekha prAkRta ke prAcIna granthoM meM upalabdha hai| AcArya vimalasUri ke paumacariyaM meM kahA gayA hai ki bAhubalI takSazilA ke rAjA the, jo ki rAjA bharata ke pratikUla the aura ve unakI AjJA nahIM mAnate the takkhasilAe mahapyA bAhubalI tassa nicca pddikuulo| bharahanarindassa sayA, na kuNai ANA-pamANaM so|| - (paumacariyaM, 4.38) Avazyakaniyukti (pRSTha 180-181) meM kahA gayA hai ki usa uttarApatha meM bAhubalI kI rAjadhAnI takSazilA thI- 'tatta rAyahANI takkhasilA naam|' isa grantha ke anusAra bhagavAnRSabhadeva bhI bAhubalI kI rAjadhAnI takSazilA gaye the| yathA tato bhagavaM viharamANo bahalIvisayaM gto| tattha bAhubalissa rAvahANI takkhasilA nnaam|| / / - (AvazyakasUtra niyukti, pR. 180-81) artha- taba ve bhagavAn vRSabha bahalI pradeza meM vicaraNa karate hue bAhubalI kI rAjadhAnI takSazilA kI ora prasthAna kara gye| AcArya pUjyapAda ne nirvANakANDa meM, podanapura meM bAhubalI kI vandanA karane kA ullekha kiyA hai'bAhubali taha vaMdAmi podnpure|' yaha podanapura takSazilA kA prAcIna nAma hai| prasiddha vidvAn pro. sI.DI. dalAla ne 'bhavisayattakahA' kI prastAvanA meM podanapura aura takSazilA ko eka hI nagara mAnA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki zaka rAjAoM ne takSazilA para rAjya kiyA thA. isalie ise zAkeya nagarI bhI kahA jAtA thaa| prasiddha Agama vidvAn muni jinavijayajI ne bhI apanA abhimata vyakta kiyA hai ki 'podanapura takSazilA kA dUsarA nAma pratIta hotA hai| vimalasUri ke 'paumacariyaM' meM jahA~-jahA~ takSazilA nAma AtA hai, vahA~-vahA~ usI ke bhASAntara svarUpa padmapurANa meM 'podanapura' nAma hai| podanapura aura takSazilA donoM kI avasthiti sindhadeza ke uttara meM nizcita hotI hai| lagatA hai takSazilA ke nikaTa hI pazcimottara meM gAndhAra kI ora podanapura kI apanI svatantra sthiti rahI aura taba taka takSazilA kA prAdurbhAva hI nahIM rahA hogaa| digambara mAnyatA meM svIkRta usI podanapura nagara ko bAda meM zvetAmbara-paramparA dvArA takSazilA nAma de diyA gayA hogaa| hariSeNa kathAkoSa (kathA 23) ke podanapura ke sambandha meM sAdhAraNa-sA saMketa isa prakAra diyA -105 -

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gayA hai athottarApathe deze pure podnnaamni| rAjA siMhastho nAma siMhasenAsya sundrii||3|| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki podanapura nAmaka nagara uttarApatha deza meM thaa| isI prakAra kathA 25 meM 'tathottarApathe deze podanAkhye pure'bhavat' yaha pATha hai| isase to lagatA hai ki podanapura dakSiNApatha meM nahIM, uttarApatha meM avasthita thaa| somadeva viracita 'upAsakAdhyayana (yazastilaka campU)' meM likhA hai 'rmykdeshniveshopetpodnpurniveshino|' arthAt ramyaka deza meM vistRta podanapura ke nivaasii| yahA~ bhI podanapura ko ramyaka deza meM batAyA hai| puNyAsrava kathAkoSa kathA-2 meM 'suramya-dezasya podaneza' vAkya hai| arthAt usameM bhI podanapura ko suramya deza meM mAnA hai| gommaTasAra kI gAthA 968 kI saMskRta TIkA meM tIna ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai - (1) gommaTa saMgrahasUtra, (2) cAmuNDarAya ke jinAlaya Upara sthita gommaTa jiNa (nemIzvara kA jinabimba) aura (3) cAmuNDarAya ke dvArA nirmita 'dakSiNa kukkuTa jin'| yathA gommaTa saMgahasuttaM gommaTasiharuvari gommaTajiNo y| gommaTarAya- viNimmiya dakkhiNa kukkuDajiNo jydu|| (gAthA, 968) yahA~ para bhagavAn bAhubalI kI mUrti ko hI dakSiNa-kukkuDa jina kahA gayA hai| isa ullekha se spaSTa hai ki zravaNabelagolA meM sthita bAhubalI kI manohArI pratimA dakSiNa kukkuDa jina ke rUpa meM prasiddha huI to usake pUrva uttara bhArata ke podanapura (takSazilA) Adi ke samIpa koI mUrti uttara kukkuDa jina ke nAma se vikhyAta rahI hogI, jisake kAraNa dakSiNa bhArata kI bAhubalI pratimA ko dakSiNa kukkuDa jina uttara bhArata meM podanapura (takSazilA) ke samIpa eka kukkuTagiri nAmaka prasiddha parvata hone kA ullekha IsA pUrva pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha vaiyAkaraNa pANini ne apane grantha meM kiyA hai| uttara bhArata kI isa kukkuTagiri para hI sambhavata: bAhubalI ne tapasyA kI thI aura isI daurAna usa parvata para rahane vAle kukkuTa sarpo ne unake caraNoM meM bAmiyA~ banAyI hoNgii| inhIM ke kAraNa vaha pradeza AvAgamana ke lie durgama mAnA jAne lagA thaa| isI kukkuTagiri para tapasyA aura kukkuTa saoNM se ghire hue bAhubalI uttara bhArata ke kukkuTa jina kahe jAte rahe hoNge| tabhI cAmuNDarAya ke samaya zravaNabelagolA ke bAhubalI ke 'dakSiNa kukkuTAjina' kahA gayA hai| .-106

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hastalikhita apabhraMza bAhubalI-carita (dhanapAla) meM bAhubalI kA rAjya kAzmIra taka phailA huA batAyA gayA hai| isa grantha meM bharata apane dUta ko kahatA hai ki tuma bAhubalI ke samIpa turanta kAzmIra jAkara use merA sandeza do| ayodhyA se dUta thor3e dinoM meM kAzmIra jAkara bAhubalI ko sandeza detA haiM bAhubalI se yuddha karane bhI bharata kAzmIra hI jAte haiN| isa grantha ke anusAra aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bAhubalI kA rAjya takSazilA se kAzmIra taka phailA huA thaa| vitastA nadI bhI donoM nagaroM ke samIpa thii| eka jaina rAjA dvArA zrInagara ko samRddha karane ke pIche bhI yahI bhAvanA thii| --0019 -

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bAhubali-cariu : eka aprakAzita apabhraMza racanA - DaoN. kastUracanda sumana, zrImahAvIrajI akhila bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina vidvatpariSad svarNajayantI varSa samApana samAroha ke avasara para jUna 2001 meM prakAzita jJAnAyanI ke pRSTha 146-147 meM DaoN. zrI nemicandra jI jyotiSAcArya ArA ne apane adhyakSIya bhASaNa meM aneka aprakAzita apabhraMza racanAoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai jinameM kavi dhanapAla racita caudahavIM zatI kI racanA bAhubalicariu kA nAma bhI sammilita kiyA hai| unhoMne isake prakAzana ko prAthamikatA diye jAne kI AvazyakatA darzAyI hai| prastuta grantha aThAraha sandhiyoM meM hai| pratyeka pRSTha meM nau paMktiyA~ haiN| kama se kama isake hindI artha sahita sampAdana meM r3hAI varSa kA samaya lagane kI sambhAvanA hai| isa pAvana avasara para isa aprakAzita racanA ke prakAzana kI ora dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai| (2) zravaNabelagolA ke prakAzita zilAlekhoM ke sambandha meM sujhAva zravaNabelagola ke abhilekha bhAratIya jJAnapITha dillI dvArA jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga prathama meM prakAzita hue haiN| abhilekhoM ke mUlapATha paMktibaddha nahIM haiN| anusvAroM ke sthAna para anunAsikoM kA vyavahAra huA hai| yahI nahIM mUlapAThoM meM bhI kahIM-kahIM parivartana-parivarddhana kiyA gayA hai| ___ maiMne candragiri ke samasta lekhoM meM sudhAra kiyA hai| unake mUlapATha karNATikA bhAga do ke anusAra lipibaddha kiye hai| mUlapAThoM kA hindI anuvAda bhI diyA hai| prayukta zlokoM meM vyavahRta chandoM kA paricaya dete hue mUlapAThoM kI vartamAna sthiti kA nAmollekha bhI kiyA hai| jo mUlapATha kannar3a lipi meM rahe unheM kannar3abhASI vidvAn zrI jAgIradAra jI se parAmarza kara lipibaddha kiyA hai| 303 lekha hai| yadi inakA bhI isa avasara para prakAzana ho to saMskRti kI bar3e sevA hogii| Age bhAratIya jaina abhilekhoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana kiyA jA skegaa| kRpayA isa sandarbha meM bhI prayatna kiijiegaa| -- 108 -

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zrI gomaTezvara stutimAlai - DI. jambUkumArana, polala, cennaI isa kAvya-grantha meM 128 tamila zloka ke dvArA gomaTezvara ke itihAsa ke sAtha-sAtha, unake jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA vivecana hai| jainadharma ke siddhAntoM ko kavi ne kAlpanika zaktiyoM kA bharapUra prayoga karake eka bhakta bhagavAn ke sAmane apane janma pApoM ko dUra kara mokSa pada kI prArthanA karatA hai| isameM dasa-pandraha zlokoM meM karnATaka prAnta meM jahA~-jahA~ bhI bAhubalI kI mUrtiyA~ hai unakA bhI varNana atisundara DhaMga se kiyA hai| anya kucha zlokoM meM zravaNabelagolA meM sthita cAmuNDarAya dvArA nirmita bhavya mUrti ke aMga-pratyaMgoM ko bhakti bhAva se bharapUra varNana kiyA hai| yaha grantha zrI zravaNabelagolA, zrI candragiri mahotsava (29.1.01 - 7.2.01) meM esa.DI.je.ema.e. samiti dvArA prakAzita hai| isa mahotsava meM tamila meM anUdita kriyA-kalApa, sammedazikhara pUjA-vidhAna nAmaka do grantha bhI tamila meM prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| .--10/

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The Images of Bhagwan Bahubali and their Fea tures and Importance - Prof. Dr. Maruti Nandan Pd. Tiwari, Varanasi Bhagawaan Bahubali, also known as Gommateshvara in southern tradition, occupies singularly venerated position in lanin tradition and worship and hence in visual art. It is particularly important to note that Bahubali was neither a Jina (or Tirthankara - highest in Jaina worship) nor does he figured in the list of the 63 Salakapurushas (great men), enunciated in Jaina texts. Bahubali was the second son of the first Jina Rishabhanatha who in a fierce fight with his elder brother Bharata Chakravartin emerged as a victor and at the final moment of his triumph, the reality of the futility of worldly possessions dawned in Bahubali's mind and he consequently renounced the worldly possessions for attaining omniscienceand hence salvation. As an ascetic he performed rigorous austerities by standing erect in the Kayotsarga posture (associated exclusively with the Jinas) for a whole year and finally attained Kevala-Joana (omniscience). To suggest his rigorous tapas, Bahubali in visual representation is shown not only in the Kayotsarga-mudra, but also with creepers entwining his limbs. Another strange feature is the rendering of snakes, lizards and scorpions with Bahubali either shown nearby or creeping over his body. The presence of deer and sylvan backdrop is another feature to be found in Bahubali's images from Ellora. These representational characteristics distinctly suggest the aparigraha and long passage of time in which Bahubali was absorbed in tapas and deep trance. The Kayotsarga-mudra and nudity of Bahubali are symbolic of complete renunciation and perfect self-control. The profound observance of renunciation, non-violence and austerities inspired both the Svetambara and Digambara Jainas to worship Bahubalii, as a result, became a powerful symbol as well as material image evocative of the aparigraha and self-sacrifice preached by the Jinas. The entwining creepers and the figures of scorpions, lizards, snakes and deer with Bahubali symbolize the intimate relationship and co-existence of man and nature and hence images of Gommateshvara Bahubali thus can also be National symbol to suggest and sustain our notion and need of harmonious relationship between Man and Nature. The literary references to Bahubali are found from about 4th century A.D. Of all such literary works, the Paumacariya of Vimalasuri (A.D. 473), the Vasudevahindi and the Avasyakaniryukti (c. early 6th century A.D.), the Padamapurana of Ravisena -990

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(A.D. 676), Harivamshapurana of Jinasena (A.D. 783), the Adipurana of Jinasena (after A.D. 837), the Trisastshalakapurusacaritra of Hemachandra (c. mid 12th century A.D.) and the Caturvimshati-Jina Carita of Amarchandra Suri (13th century A.D.) are the most important ones. During the courseof my study I came across some such images of Bahubali, which had so far not been properly studied and which reveal some very significant iconographic features which led me to believe that in Jaina tradition and art particularly in Digambara Jaina tradition both of North and Sluth India, a gradual process of elevating the position of Bahubali started as early as late 6th or early 7th century A.D. at Badami and Aihole. The process culminated in bringing Bahubali almost at par with the Jinas who were highest in Jaina worship. Through the concept and ikmages of Gommateshvara Bahubali virtually a model was introduced in Jainism to suggest that even a common man through the observance of aparigraha and sadhana can attain such an exalted position to become an object of highest veneration. It was not merely a coincidence that the tallest image in Jaina context was carved of Gommateshvara Bahubali at Shravanbe!go! who was not a Jina. The final result of the process of this elevation of Gommateshvara Bahubali was that in Karkal (Karnataka) inscription of A.D. 1432 he is referred to as Gommata Jinapati and in the sculptures (c. 9th - 12th century A.D.) from Deogarh (U.P.) and Ellora (Maharashtra) the symbol of highest world power and royalty Bharata is shown sitting in the attitude of supplication at the feet of Gommateshvara Bahubali. This combination of Bharata-Bahubali represents the very essence and soul of Indian culture wherein aparigraha and ahimsa are always at the top. Even today one may find highest political dignitary sitting at the feet of the spiritual preachers. The images of Gommateshvara Bahubali thus carries very important and relevant socio-culturalmessage of India. -997 -

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bhagavAn bAhubalI : citrakalA ke pariprekSya meM ___ - pro. DaoN. vimalA jaina 'vimala', phirojAbAda bhagavAn bAhubalI Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ke putra tathA mahArAnI sunandA ke nandana bharata cakravartI ke anuja, podanapura ke samrATa the| unakA rUpa lAvaNya advitIya thA, ata: prathama kAmadeva ke rUpa meM paurANika puruSa the| sarvArthasiddhi se cyuta ho ikSvAku vaMza meM janma le carama zarIra yuga ke prathama siddhezvara ke rUpa meM anupameya vyaktitva ke dhanI the| pitA pradatta sAmrAjya ke saMrakSaka tathA sva-prajA ke sukha-zAnti ke saMvardhaka the| Adiguru RSabhezvara ne unheM kAmanIti, Ayurveda, strI-puruSa ke lakSaNa jJAna tathA azva-gaja Adi ke lakSaNa jAnane ke tantra evaM ratna parIkSA ke sampUrNa jJAna meM pAraGgata kiyA thaa| zAntipriya saumya svAbhimAnI samrATa ke rUpa meM sattA sukha kA laukika jIvana harSAnanda se vyatIta kara rahe the| agraja bharata ayodhyApati SaT khaNDa pRthvI vijaya kara cakraratna ke sAtha gRha nagara meM praveza karate haiM, parantu cakra rUka jAtA hai ayodhyA meM praveza nahIM krtaa| abhI bandhu-bAndhavoM ko jItanA zeSa hai| ___bharatezvara ke sabhI anuja sattA chor3a jainezvarI dIkSA le lete hai, parantu gomaTeza bAhubalI adhInatA grahaNa nahIM karate hai, ata: zakti parIkSaNa ke lie yuddha kA bigula baja jAtA hai| mantriyoM ke sadparAmarza se hiMsaka yuddha, rakta-pAta Tala jAtA hai aura bharata-bAhubalI ko Apasa meM zakti parIkSaNa ko kahA jAtA hai| zAntipriya parAmarzadAtA jalayuddha, dRSTiyuddha tathA mallayuddha yaha tIna pratiyogitA rakhate haiN| gomaTeza bAhubalI savA pA~ca dhanuSa | bharatezvara mAtra pA~ca dhanaSa uttaMma the| cakravartI kA bala usakI senA, astra-zastra parikara meM hotA hai| yahA~ donoM bhAiyoM ko nihatthe zArIrika zakti parIkSaNa ko utArA gayA thaa| tInoM pratiyogitAoM meM mahAbalezvara gomaTeza vijayI ho jAte haiN| antima yuddha malla krIr3A meM bAhubalI bharata ko U~cA uThA sneha evaM Adara se nIce jamIna para khar3A kara dete haiN| cAroM tarapha se gomaTeza vijaya kI gUMja sunAyI dene lagatI hai| isa anahonI hAra se bharata tilamilA jAte hai aura cakraratna calA dete haiN| cakraratna bAhubalI kI pradakSiNA kara unhIM ke pAsa rUka jAtA hai| bharata atyadhika lajjita hote haiM tathA bAhubalI ko vairAgya ho jAtA hai| ve agraja ke caraNa sparza kara isa apamAnajanaka sthiti ke lie kSamA yAcanA karate haiM tathA tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ke samavazaraNa meM jA dIkSA le lete haiN| eka varSa kA 'pratimAyoga' le avicala ekAsana se dhyAnastha ho jAte haiN| eka varSa hote-hote bharata cakravartI A unakI stuti karate haiM aura usI samaya unheM kevalajJAna kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai| isa anupameya udAtta kathAnaka ko AdipurANa (sacitra) meM mahAkavi puSpadanta ne apabhraMza-bhASA meM mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM likhA hai| isakA AdhAra mahApurANa hai| isakI racanA I.san 959 se 965 ke madhya huI hai| isa hastalikhita grantha meM 344 patra (687 pRSTha) tathA viSayAnukUla 541 raMgIna citra banAye gaye haiN| citrakAra harinAtha kAyastha ne dRSTAnta citra ke rUpa meM isa anUThe kathAnaka ko cAruzilpa se sajA advitIya tathA mahAn durlabha kRti banA diyA hai| bharata bAhubalI kathAnaka 60-65 pRSThoM meM hai aura 50-55 citra isI kathAnaka ke hai| prastuta Alekha meM bhagavAn bAhubalI ke citroM kI lokapriyatA tathA prAcInatA ke viSaya meM bhI batAyA gayA hai| -112

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mohana-jodar3oM, har3appA ke prApta avazeSoM meM latA maNDapa veSTita nagnAkRti tathA jogImArA kI guphAoM meM prApta bhittacitroM meM latAveSTita bAhabalI Adi citra prAgaitihAsika kalA tathA prAcIna kalA meM bAhabalI rUpAMkana kI lokapriyatA kA pramANa hai| pothI citroM meM prastuta grantha sacitra AdipurANa bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| citrakalA, kAvyakalA, sAhitya aura saMgIta meM hI nahIM mUrtikalA meM vizva kI anupama, anUThI mUrti zravalabelagolA kI dazamI zatAbdI meM banI bAhubalI gomaTeza kI 57 phuTa U~cI pratimA vizva ke ATha AzcaryoM meM sammilita hai| prastuta sacitra grantha isI kAla (dazavI zatAbdI) kA Alekhita aura rUpAkiMta mahAn grantha hai| prastuta Alekha meM isa grantha ke dRSTAnta citroM ke raMgIna phoTogrApha (4) tathA phoTosTeTa (7) saMlagna kiye gaye hai. jo rUpAkatiyoM kA kalAtmaka svarUpa tathA Adhidaivika pratIkAtmaka bhAva vyaJjanA ko abhivyakta kara rahe haiN| isa sandarbha grantha-sUcI meM Alekha kI prAmANikatA spaSTa kI gayI hai| Alekha meM kAvya, citra, mUrtikalA ke samanvaya se AdhyAtmika chaTA ko udyotita kiyA gayA hai| kAvyakalA zravyakalA ke rUpa meM bhAvAtmaka rasAnubhUti karAtI hai vahIM citrakalA dRzyakalA meM rUpAbhivyakta kara netroM ko Anandita karatI huI hRdaya ko bhAvAnubhUti pradAna kara sarasa kara detI hai| ina pothiyoM meM dRSTAnta citroM ke mAdhyama se viSaya ko hRdayAMgama karAyA gayA hai| ye laghu citra rUpa bheda pramANa, bhAva, sAdRzya, lAvaNya yojanA tathA varNikA bhaMga ke antargata rUpa, rasa, raMga kI ramyatA meM utkRSTa hai| kathAnaka ke zoSThava ko vRddhigata karane meM advitIya bhUmikA kA nirvahana karate haiN| 113 -

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AcArya nemicandra-siddhAnta cakravartI aura gommaTezvara kI pratimA - nirmala jaina, satanA AcArya nemicandra-siddhAnta cakravartI ArSa-paramparA ke una jAjvalyamAna nakSatroM meM se the jinhoMne sAdhanA kI utkRSTatA ke sAtha hI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI divyadhvani dvArA niHsRta jainadarzana ke kalyANakArI gUr3ha siddhAntoM ko sahaja sarala bhASA meM lipibaddha karake zruta sampadA ko akSaya sampannatA pradAna kii| jinavANI ke cAra anuyogoM meM karaNAnuyoga atyanta jaTila viSaya mAnA jAtA hai| AcArya nemicandra mahArAja ne isI anuyoga ko vizeSa rUpa se cintana kA viSaya banAkara usa para apanI lekhanI claayii| karaNAnuyoga meM karma-siddhAnta aura tIna loka vivecana donoM sandarbho meM AcArya mahArAja ne zAstra sRjana kiye| unake dvArA racita gommaTasAra (karmakANDa-jIvakANDa), labdhisAra aura kSapaNAsAra meM karma prakRtiyoM kA sUkSma vivecana huA hai tathA trilokasAra meM unhoMne jaina gaNita ke AdhAra para tInoM lokoM kI vizada vyAkhyA kI hai| zruta sampadA ke saMvardhana meM unakA yaha upakAra cirakAla taka AtmArthiyoM ke lie preraNA srota rhegaa| gaMga rAjyavaMza kI tIna pIr3hiyoM taka rAjya ke pradhAnamantrI aura senApati jaise uttaradAyitvapUrNa padoM kA eka sAtha nirvahana karane vAle paramavIra cAmuNDarAya ne AcArya nemicandra ke caraNoM meM baiThakara jJAnArjana kiyA, kannar3a aura saMskRta meM zAstroM kI racanA kii| zraddhAvAn zrAvaka to ve pahale se hI the| unhoMne apanI mAtA kAlaladevI kI icchA pUrti ke lie AcArya nemicandra-siddhAnta cakravartI kI preraNA aura AzIrvAda se zravaNabelagola ke vindhyagiri parvata para bhagavAn bAhubalI kI sattAvana phuTa uttuMga lokottara pratimA kI sthApanA kraayii| cAmuNDarAya ke eka nAma gomaTa ke kAraNa gomaTeza nAma se vikhyAta eka hajAra paccIsa varSa pUrva sthApita prathama kAmadeva bAhubalI kI mUrti apanI nayanAbhirAma sundaratA, vizAla dehayaSTi, manamohaka bhAvabhaMgimA evaM vItarAga nirnimeSa dRSTi jaise aneka kAraNoM se darzakoM ko isa prakAra AkarSita karatI hai ki saba Thage se nihArate hI rahate haiN| isa jIvanta pratimA kI kIrti caturdika vyApta hai| deza-videza se Akara zraddhAlu zrAvaka hI nahIM sAmAnya darzaka bhI mantramugdha hokara darzana karate haiN| aneka atizaya bhI isa pratimA ke sAtha jur3e haiN| mUrti kI chAyA nahIM par3atI, usa para pakSI nahIM baiThate, hajAra varSa bIta jAne para bhI usakI camaka kama nahIM hotii| mUrti cAmuNDarAya dvArA nirmApita hai isakA ullekha caraNoM ke AsapAsa kanar3a, tamila aura marAThI meM aMkita hai| .-115.

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bharata-bAhubalI kI mUrti kA pratimA vaijJAnika adhyayana - nandalAla jaina, rIvA prastuta Alekha meM mUrti, mUrti-nirmANa kalA, maranaka mApana tathA pratimA lakSaNoM ke AdhAra para bharata-bAhubalI kI mUrti kA adhyayana kiyA gayA hai| mUrti pUjA devopAsanA kA eka rUpa hai| yaha atIta ke saMrakSaNa, avyakta ke vyaktikaraNa, guNasmaraNa-zubhopayoga, dhyAna-yoga siddhi evaM bhAva-pavitratA kI pratIka hai| jainoM meM mUrti-pUjA atiprAcInakAla se hai, para jina-mUrtiyAM IsA pUrva kucha sadiyoM se hI upalabdha hotI haiN| mUrti pUrNAvayavI honI caahie| isake nirmANa meM 16 dravya kAma Ate hai, para jaina mUrtiyAM pASANa dhAtu yA ratnoM se hI banAyI jAtI hai| pratyeka dravya kI pratimA kA vizeSa phala hotA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jainoM ne hinduoM kI aneka mAnyatAoM ke samAna pratimAvijJAna ke mAnava AkRti ke AdhAra para vikasita (mAnava hI to deva yA jina banatA hai) mAnaka mAna bhI matsyapurANa se lie haiN| yaha pratimA ke cAroM rUpa evaM cha: aMgoM se paripUrNa rUpa se nirmita hue hai| mUrti prAyaH108-120 aMgula yA 9-10 tAla kI hotI hai| yaha dekhA gayA hai ki mUrti kI UMcAI kisI bhI yUniTa meM to, usake aMgopAMgoM kA anupAta prAya: sthira rahatA hai| bharata-bAhubalI kI khaDgAsana pratimA ke citra tathA vAstavika mUrti ke sAtha mAnaka mAna tathA kucha anya pratimAoM ke mAnoM ke tulanAtmaka AMkar3oM evaM niSkarSoM ko sAraNIbaddha kara yaha batAyA gayA hai ki bharata-bAhubalI kI pratimA meM mAnaka mApa-mAna kI yathArthatA 90-95 pratizata tathA pratimAlakSaNa zata-pratizata rUpa meM pAye jAte hai| phalata: yaha pratimA pratimA-vaijJAnika dRSTi se pUjanIya evaM vandanIya hai| Alekha meM prasaMgopAtra aneka viSaya bhI samAhita kiye gaye hai| -115--

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zrI gommaTezvara bAhubalI kI mUrti aura unakA mastakAbhiSeka - kapUracanda pATanI, guvAhATI jisa pAvana pratimA ne eka hajAra pacIsa vasanta, eka hajAra pacIsa barasAteM aura madhyakAlIna aneka saMgharSa dekhe haiM vaha pAvana pratimA AcArya zrI nemIcandrajI siddhAntacakravartI ke sAnnidhya meM senApati evaM pradhAna amAtya zrI cAmuNDarAya ke dvArA sana 981 meM sthApita kI gayI thI- usa pAvana pratimA kA mahAmastakAbhiSeka AgAmI pharavarI 2006 meM antarrASTrIya stara para manAyA jA rahA hai| isa 1025 varSa ke dIrghakAlIna yuga ne kyA nahIM prastuta kiyA- saba kucha to kiyA, saMgharSa kI kamI nahIM rahI, eka-do nahIM aneka-aneka AkramaNa aura yuddha hue- yahA~ taka ki vizvayuddha bhI hue, aneka navIna saMskRtiyoM ne janma liyA- saba kucha sahana karate hue mahAmAnava jIvanta bAhubalI kI bhAMti adamya sAhasa ke sAtha yaha pratimA Aja bhI AkAza ko chUte hue hama sabake samakSa khar3I huI hai aura aitihAsikatA, pAvanatA, tyAga evaM vItarAgatA kA pATha par3hAne vAlI yaha pASANa pratimA kisI jIvanta pratimA se kama nahIM hai| jisa prakAra yaha bAhubalI pratimA Aja samasta zilpakalAoM meM apratima hai usI prakAra bAhubalI svayaM apane samaya meM bhI to apratima hI the- unakA bala, unakA dhyAna, unakA kevalajJAna aura unakA mokSaprayANa saba kucha to apratima hI thaa| bAhubalI ke pUjya pitA tIrthaGkara vRSabhadeva to bAda meM mokSa gaye, pahale bAhubalI mokSa gye| vAstava meM bAhubalI meM kyA-kyA guNa the- isakA varNana likhanA zakya nahIM hai| bhagavAn bAhubalI ne dIkSoparAnta- mokSa prayANa taka 1 grAsa bhI AhAra grahaNa nahIM kiyaa| lagatA hai samagra mAnavoM kI zakti mAnoM eka meM hI samAhita hokara mahAmAnava ke rUpa meM pragaTa ho gayI thii| bhagavAn AdinAtha ke putra bAhubalI prathama kAmadeva the| advitIya saundarya, bala aura pauruSa ke dhanI the ve| bhagavAn AdinAtha apane sabhI putroM ko apanA-apanA rAjya sambhalA kara sAdhanA va tapa meM lIna hue aura kaivalyanidhi ko prApta kara cuke the| tabhI bar3e bhrAtA bharata ko cakraratna kI prApti ho cukI thI aura ve chaha khaNDa vijaya karane hetu nikala par3e the| bAhubalI ne pUrNa vinamratA, Adara va sammAna sahita bhagavAn AdinAtha se prApta apane rAjya kI rakSArtha- bharata kA Adhipatya svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa hone vAle yuddha kI vibhISikA to suyogya mantriyoM kI mantraNA ke phalasvarUpa Tala gayI, para sunItipUrvaka hue dRSTi, jala aura mallayuddha meM bharata-bAhubalI para vijaya na pA sake, parAsta ho gye| parAjaya kI kSubdhatA asahya aura vivekahIna ho gayI aura bharata ne cakra kA prahAra kara diyA, parantu cakra bAhubalI kI pradakSiNA dekara vApasa lauTa aayaa| isa ghaTanA se bAhubalI saMsAra se virakta ho gaye, rAjya chor3a kara digambara muni ho gaye aura ghora tapasyA meM lIna ho gye| para ve bharata kI bhUmi para khar3e haiM- mAna kI isa tanika sI zalya ke kAraNa jJAna para se AvaraNa haTa nahIM skaa| bharata ko bhagavAn AdinAtha se jaba isa tathya kA patA calA to ve bAhubalI kI vandanA karane Aye aura nivedana kiyA ki kisakA rAjya? kisI bhUmi? svAtma se usakA kaisA sarokAra? bAhubalI ko jaise hI bodha huAmAnakaSAya ke bandhana TUTa gaye aura kaivalya bodha se mukti lakSmI kA varaNa kiyaa| unhIM bAhubalI bhagavAn kI -116 -

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pratimA vindhyagiri para Aja saMsAra ko unakI jIvana gAthA kA smaraNa karA rahI hai| vahA~ hI candragiri parvata para bhadrabAhu munirAja kI tapobhUmi rahI hai- kitanI zAnta, kitanI manorama ! vahA~ kA vAtAvaraNa sAdhanA se sikta paramANuoM kA pUMja hai, kendra hai| zravaNabelagolA meM prApta eka zilAlekha meM isa vizAla mUrti kA paricaya isa prakAra likhA hai'gommaTezvara' prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva ke putra the| inakA nAma bAhubalI yA bhujabalI thaa| inake jyeSTha bhrAtA bharata the| RSabhadeva ke dIkSita hone ke pazcAt bharata aura bAhubalI donoM bhAiyoM meM sAmrAjya ke lie yuddha huaa| yuddha meM bAhubalI kI vijaya huii| para saMsAra kI gati (rAjya jaisI tuccha cIja ke lie bhAiyoM kA paraspara meM lar3anA) dekha kara bAhubalI virakta ho gaye aura rAjya apane jyeSTha bhrAtA bharata ko dekara tapasyA karane ke lie vana meM cale gye| eka varSa kI kaThora tapasyA ke uparAnta unheM kevalajJAna prApta huaa| bharata ne, jo samrATa ho gaye the, bAhubalI ke caraNoM meM pahu~ca kara unakI pajA evaM bhakti kii| bAhubalI ke mukta hone ke pazcAt unhoMne unakI smRti meM unakI zarIrAkRti ke anurUpa 525 dhanuSa pramANa kI eka prastara mUrti sthApita kraayii| kucha kAla ke pazcAt mUrti ke Asa-pAsa kA pradeza kukkuTa so se vyApta ho gayA, jisase usa mUrti kA nAma kukkuTezvara par3a gyaa| dhIre-dhIre vaha mUrti lupta ho gayI aura usake darzana agamya evaM durlabha ho gye| gaMganareza rAyamalla ke mantrI cAmuNDarAya ne isa mUrti kA vRtAnta sunA aura unheM usake darzana karane kI abhilASA huI, para usa sthAna (podanapura) kI yAtrA azakya jAna unhoMne usI ke samAna eka saumya mUrti sthApita karane kA vicAra kiyA aura tadanusAra isa mUrti kA nirmANa kraayaa| isa mUrti kA nirmANa kisI zilpI ne kiyA hai yaha nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| candragiri para eka zilAkhaNDa para bharatezvara kI apUrNa mUrti hai| isa para ariSTanemi kA nAma aMkita hai| usI ke AdhAra se loga anumAna lagA lete haiM ki bAhubali mUrti kA kalAkAra ariSTanemi rahA hogaa| mUrti pratiSThA kA samaya bAhubalIcarita meM pratiSThA tithi dI gayI hai kalkyabde SaTzatAkhye vinuta vibhava saMvatsare mAsi caitre| paMcAmyAM zuklapakSe dinamaNi divase kuMbhalagne suyoge|| saubhAgye mastanAmni prakaTita bhagaNe suprazastaraM ckaar| zrImaccAmuNDarAjo velgulanagare gommaTeza prtisstthaam|| arthAt kAlki saM. 600 meM vibhava saMvatsara meM caitra zuklA paMcamI ravivAra ko kumbha lagna, saubhAgyayoga, mRgazirA nakSatra meM cAmuNDarAya ne belgula nagara meM gomaTeza kI pratiSThA kraayii| isa nirdiSTa tithi ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| phira bhI paM. nemicandra jyotiSAcArya likhate haiM ki "bhAratIya jyotiSa gaNanA ke AdhAra para vizvasaMvatsara caitra zuklA paMcamI ravivAra ko mRgazirA nakSatra kA yoga 13 mArca san 1981 meM ghaTita hotA hai| ata:mUrti kA pratiSThAkAla san 981 honA caahie|" -117 -

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isa bAhubalI mUrti kI sundaratA apane Apa meM apUrva hI hai| donoM caraNoM ke Asa-pAsa meM sarpa kI vAmiyAM dikhAyI gayI jinake agrabhAga se sarpa mukha phAr3e hue dekha rahe haiN| Upara calakara latAeM bar3I hI sundaratA se jAMghoM se nikalakara bhujAoM ko vesTita kara rahI hai| mUrti ke eka tarapha pASANa meM gahare akSaroM meM khudA huA hai "cAvaMDarAje karaviyale, gaMgarAje sutAle kara viyle|" yaha marAThI-bhASA hai| arthAt isa mUrti kA nirmANa cAmuNDarAya ne karavAyA hai aura isake cAroM tarapha kI pradakSiNA gaMgarAja ne banAyI hai| isa mUrti ko dekhakara deza kyA videza ke loga bhI bhavya zAntamudrA se prabhAvita hokara acche-acche udgAra vyakta karate rahate haiN| so aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhagavAn bAhubalI ne prArambha meM dhyAnAvasthA se krUra pazu-pakSiyoM ko bhI parama zAnti prApta karAyI thii| unake dhyAna ke prabhAva se jAta-virodhI jIva bhI janmajAta vaira ko chor3a kara paraspara meM prIti karane lage the| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja unakI pratimA ke sAmane bhI jainetara loga digambaratva ke prati dveSa-bhAva ko chor3a kara parama prIti ko prApta ho jAte haiN| Aja jainoM ko isake nagnatva kA kitanA gaurava hai so kyA zabdoM se kahA jA sakatA hai ? yahA~ to itanA hI kahanA paryApta hai ki bhAratavarSa meM Aja yahI eka mUrti aisI hai ki jo aneka mUrti drohI AtatAyIjanoM ke darbhAvoM ko khaNDita kara nagnatA ko, digambaratva ko jIvita rakhe hue haiM aura digambara jaina anuyAyiyoM kA mastaka sAre vizva meM UMcA kiye hue hai| ___ gommaTezvara svAmI kA darzana karane vAlA pratyeka vicArazIla vyakti unakI maunI mudrA se bahuta kucha sIkhakara AtA hai aura itanA adhika sIkhatA hai ki unakI vItarAgatA kI chApa hRdayapaTala para sadA aMkita rahatI hai| unake darzana se yaha bAta samajha meM A jAtI hai ki vItarAga bhAvoM se pUrNa digambara mudrA sarvatra zAnti tathA nirvikAratA kA sAmrAjya utpanna karatI hai| pUjyapAda svAmI ke zabdoM meM kahanA hogA ki vANI ke binA prayoga kiye ve AkRti se hI mokSamArga kA upadeza dete rahate haiN| mahAmastakAbhiSeka bhagavAn bAhubalI gommaTezvara kI isa 57 phITa UMcI bhavya pratimA kI pratiSThA 13 mArca san 981 meM AcArya nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI kI upasthiti meM saphalatApUrvaka sampanna huI thii| usa dina isa divya mUrti kA paMcAmRta se mahAmastakAbhiSeka huaathaa| taba se lekara Aja taka pratyeka 12 sAla ke antarAla se isa mahAn mUrti kA mahAmastakAbhiSeka ho rahA hai| dvitIya mahAmastakAbhiSeka san 993 meM sampanna huA thaa| isa zubha avasara para jainadharma kI mahAn pracArikA aura dAnazIlA mahilAratna attimAbbe bhI upasthita thii| aitihAsika dRSTi se isake mahAmastakAbhiSakoM kA varNana I. san 1500, 1598, 1612, 1677, 1825 aura 1837 I. ke utkIrNa zilAlekhoM meM milatA hai| inameM kaI mastakAbhiSeka maisUra narezoM aura unake mantriyoM ne svayaM karAye haiN| san 1909 meM bhI mastakAbhiSeka huA thA, usake bAda mArca 1925 meM bhI huA jise maisUra nareza mahArAja kRSNarAja bahAdura ne apanI tarapha se karAyAthA aura abhiSeka ke lie pAMca hajAra rupaye pradAna kiye the tathA svayaM pUjA bhI kI thii| isake anantara san 1940 meM bhI gommaTezvara kI isa mUrti kA mahAmastakAbhiSeka huA thaa| usake pazcAt 5 mArca 1953 meM mahAmastakAbhiSeka kiyA gayA thaa| usa samaya bhArata ke kone-kone se lAkhoM jaina isa abhiSeka meM sammilita hue the| -11.8 ~

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isake pazcAt 21 pharavarI 1981 meM jo mahAmastakAbhiSeka huA, vaha sahasrAvadhi-mahAmastakAbhiSeka mahotsava thaa| isa mahotsava kA mahattva pichale mahotsavoM se bahuta adhika rhaa| karnATaka rAjya ke usa samaya ke mAnanIya mukhyamantrI guMDurAva aura unake sahayogI aneka mantriyoM ne isa mahotsava ko rAjakIya mahotsava mAnA aura rAjya kI ora se usakI sArI taiyAriyAM kI gyii| tatkAlIna pradhAnamantrI zrImatI indirA gAMdhI aura aneka kendrIya mantrIgaNa bhI ukta avasara para pahu~ce the| 19 disambara 1993 se prArambha itihAsa kA navama mahAmastakAbhiSeka bIsavIM zatAbdI kA antima Ayojana hone ke kAraNa bahuta mahattvapUrNa rhaa| sabase pahale zrI kSetra para mahAmahima rASTrapati DaoN. zaMkaradayAla zarmA kA Agamana huaa| unhoMne maNDapa kI vedI para bAhubalI bhagavAn kI pUjA karake mele kA udghATana kiyaa| bAda meM pradhAnamantrI zrI pI.vI. narasimhArAva ne puSpavarSA dvArA deza kI janatA kA namana gomaTasvAmI ke caraNoM taka phuNcaayaa| cAritra-cakravartI AcArya zAntisAgara jI kI paramparA ke vidyamAna AcArya zrI varddhamAna sAgarajI saMgha sahita utsava meM virAjamAna rhe| dUradarzana ke rASTrIya kAryakrama meM mastakAbhiSeka kA jIvanta prasAraNa huaa| zrI nIraja jaina, DaoN. zrImatI sarayU dozI aura prAcArya narendraprakAza kI TIma ne hindI aura aMgrejI meM cAra ghaNToM taka zrI kSetra kA itihAsa rekhAMkita karate hue gomaTasvAmI ke sataraMge abhiSeka kA A~khoM dekhA vivaraNa prasArita kiyaa| zravaNabelagolA ke lie yaha uccastarIya prasAraNa eka aisI upalabdhi thI jisane vizva ke kone-kone taka gomaTezvara kI manamohaka chavi aura ujjvala kIrti kI dhvajAe~ phaharA dii| gomaTezvara kI mUrti kaviyoM, bhAvuka hadayoM ke lie sadA navIna kalpanAoM ko pradAna karatI hai| bArahavIM sadI ke vidvAn vodhaNa paNDita ne 'nakSatra mAlikA' nAma kI 27 padyamaya kavitA dvArA bhagavAn kA guNagAna kannar3a bhASA meM kiyA hai| isake eka padya meM kavi bar3I mArmika bAta kahatA hai ki - "atyanta unnata AkRti vAlI vastu meM saundarya kA darzana nahIM hotA hai| jo atizaya sundara vastu hotI hai vaha atIva unnata AkAra vAlI nahIM hotI hai; kintu gomaTezvara kI mUrti meM yaha lokottara vizeSatA hai ki atyanta unnata AkRtidhArI hone para bhI anupama saundarya se vibhUSita hai|" yathArtha meM mahimAzAlI bhagavAn gomaTezvara kA jitanA bhI varNana kiyA jAya thor3A hai| unake darzana kA Ananda svAnubhava kA viSaya hai, jise manuSya kabhI bhI bhUla nahIM sktaa| bhArata kI prAcIna saMskRti evaM tyAga aura tapasyA kI mahAn smAraka yaha gommaTezvara kI mahAmUrti yugoM-yugoM taka vizva ko ahiMsA aura tyAga kI zikSA detI rhegii| sA -11--

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zravaNabelagolA ke zilAzAsana - paM0 bharata kumAra kAlA, mumbaI zilAzAsana yA zilAlekha usakA nAma hai jisapara tatkAlIna ghaTanAoM kA ullekha kara likhA jAtA hai| ye Alekha pattharoM, lakar3iyoM, peparoM yA tADapatroM para aMkita kie jAte haiM, aura pAye jAte haiN| ye aise dastAveja hote haiM jisase bhASA, sAhitya, saMskRti, itihAsa, samAja evaM usakI vyavasthA Adi para prakAza DAlate hai| ye dastAveja bar3e mUlyavAn evaM mahattvapUrNa hote haiN| kisI bhI prakAra kI vyavasthA kI prAcInatA evaM mahattA kA mUlyAMkana tathA paristhiti kA Akalana ina dastAvejoM-zilAlekhoM se kiyA jAtA hai| vizvabhara meM isa prakAra ke bahumUlya zilAlekha yatra-tatra bikhare hue lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM hai| sabhI dezoM meM purAtattva eka aisA svatantra vibhAga hai jo inhIM dastAvejoM kI khoja karatA hai aura usapara prakAza DAlane kA evaM saMrakSaNa kA uttaradAyitva nibhAtA hai| jaina saMskRti, sAhitya, itihAsa, bhASA, evaM samAja kI samaya vyavasthA para prakAza DAlanevAle zilAlekha sarvatra pracura mAtrA meM phaile hue yA gaDhe hue haiM jo khodAI ke bAda sAmane Ate haiN| / karnATaka pradeza meM zravaNabelagolA eka aisA jaina tIrtha hai jahA~ para tathA Asa-pAsa meM hajAroM kI saMkhyA meM zilAlekha aMkita hai| zravaNabelagolA eka sthAna hai jahA~ pA~ca sau se bhI adhika zilAlekha purAtatvavettAoM kI dRSTi meM Aye hai| zravaNabelagolA meM prApta ina zilAlekhoM ko saMgRhIta kara karnATaka sarakAra ke sahayoga se 'epigrAphika karnATikA' nAmaka vAlyUma do ke rUpa meM prakAzita kara vizva ke paTala para sabake jAnakArI hetu rakha diyA gayA hai| bhArata para jisa samaya aMgrejoM kA zAsana thA usa samaya inake zAsanakAla meM zrI bI.ela. rAisa nAmaka eka aMgrejI vidvAn kA zravaNabelagolA jaina tIrtha para sthAna-sthAna para pahAr3oM kI caTTAnoM para ukerita zilAlekhoM kI ora sarvaprathama dhyAna gayA aura unhoMne hI sarvaprathama 144 zilAlekhoM ko DhUMr3ha nikAla kara usa para saMzodhanAtmaka prakAza DAlate hue anekoM tathyoM kA paricaya vizva paTala para rkhaa| yaha kArya I.sa. 1889 meM huaa| yaha kArya Age bhI yathAvata calatA rhaa| maisara vizvavidyAlaya ke tattvAvadhAna meM yaha kArya Age bddh'aa| purAtatva ke pramukha adhikArI ke rUpa meM niyukta zrI Ara. narasiMhAcArya ke nirdezana meM I.sa. 1923 meM zravaNabelagolA jaina tIrtha se karIba 364 zilAlekhoM ko prakAza meM lAyA gayA aura inheM bhI saMgRhIta kiyA gyaa| isa tIrtha para jaba-jaba bhI purAtattvavettAoM kA dhyAna gayA taba-taba hara samaya aura-aura zilAlekha sAmane Ate rahe, A rahe hai| I.sa. 1965/1967 meM zrI esa. zeTTara ne 36 zilAlekha khoja nikaale| dezabhara ke zilAlekhoM meM bahutAyata zilAlekha zravaNabelagolA meM kendrita hai| itane zilAlekha eka sAtha anyatra nahIM milte| -120.

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zravaNabelagolA tIrtha do pahAr3oM evaM talahaTI meM nagara isa taraha se banA huA hai| ina do pahAr3oM ko choTA pahAr3a, bar3A pahAr3a se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| isakA prAcInatama nAma kaTavapra ke rUpa meM pracalita thaa| choTA pahAr3a jo vartamAna meM candragirI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| zravaNabelagolA kA sabase prAcIna purAtattva kI vAstu hai| isa pahAr3a para karIba 274 zilAlekha hai aura bar3e pahAr3a jo vindhyagiri ke nAma se vartamAna meM vikhyAta hai, para karIba 172 zilAlekha tathA nagara meM karIba 80 zilAlekha hai| 33 zilAlekha nagara ke Asa-pAsa pAye gaye hai| ye sabhI Alekha I.sa. 600 se 19vIM sadI taka ke pAye jAte hai| 10vIM sadI ke pahale ke ukerita sabhI zilAlekha choTe pahAr3a para candragiri para pAye gaye hai| bar3e pahAr3a para I.sa. 980 ke pUrva kA koI zilAlekha nahIM miltaa| nagara ke zilAlekha I.sa. 12vIM zatAbdI ke aura usake bAda ke milate hai| ye zilAlekha pahAr3a kI caTTAneM para, stambhoM para, mAnastambhoM para, mandira ke bAharI hissoM para, zilA tathA mUrtiyoM para aMkita kiye gaye hai| bahuta se zilAlekha pattharoM para utkIrNita hai| sabase lambA tathA alaMkRta zilAlekha stambhoM para choTe pahAr3a para milatA hai| yaha pahAr3a candragiri pUrva meM cikkabeTTA nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA thaa| bar3A pahAr3a dADDabeTTA ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| __ina zilAlekhoM meM choTe pahAr3a para atyanta prAcIna vaha lekha hai jo antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu evaM samrATa candragupta sahita bAraha hajAra ziSyoM ke sAtha yahA~ Agamana kA paricaya detA hai| yaha zilAlekha pahAr3a para pArzvanAtha mandira ke dAyI tarapha caTTAna para utkIrNita hai| saMta mallisena sambandhita jo smArakastambha hai vaha to kalApUrNa hai| yaha pArzvanAtha basadI (mandira) meM hai| prasiddha dAnavIra mahilA zAntalAdevI kI mA~ ke sambandha meM eka aura smArakastambha hai jo sabase lambA hai aura bar3A hai| 229 aura 223 paMktiyoM meM aMkita hai| kavi ratnazrI aura kavi zrI nAgavarma kA ullekha karane vAle Alekha sabase choTe hai| sabase moTe akSaroM meM utkIrNita lekha lokottara bhagavAn bAhubalI ke valmIka para hai| dezabhara ke atyanta prAcIna marAThI zilAlekha ke rUpa meM valmIka lekha ko dekhA jAtA hai| ina sabhI zilAlekhoM ko I.sa. 1973 meM maisUra vizvavidyAlaya ke tattvAvadhAna meM kannar3a adhyayana saMsthAna ne 'epigrAphika karnATikA' vAlyUma 2, tIsarA saMskaraNa ke rUpa meM vyavasthita saMgRhIta kara prakAzita kiyA hai| 'epigrAphika karnATikA' saMskaraNa 1973 meM ina sabakA aMgrejI anuvAda sahita prakAzana huA hai| I.sa. pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ne prApta saMketoM se uttara meM 12 varSa kA bhayaMkara sUkhe kA AbhAsa pAkara uttara ke ujjaiyanI se bAraha hajAra muniyoM evaM samrATa candragupta sahita vihAra kara kaTavapra choTe pahAr3a para Thahara jAne kA ullekha isI pahAr3a para I.sa. chaThI zatAbdI meM utkIrNata zilAlekha se milatA hai| zrI bI.ela. rAisa dvArA isa zilAlekha ko prakAzita karane ke bAda yaha pramANita ho gayA ki maurya samrATa candragupta maurya jaina rAjA the jisane digambarI dIkSA antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu se grahaNa kara isI sthAna para samAdhi maraNa kiyA thA, jisake bAre meM itihAsavettA na mAlUma aba taka mauna kyoM haiM? ina zilAlekhoM meM adhikatara aise zilAlekha haiM jinameM sAdhuoM, AryikAoM, zrAvaka, zrAvikAoM ke -131 -

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sallekhanA Adi kA ullekha haiN| antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke dvArA isa kalavappu cikkabeTTa-candragiri parvata para sallekhanApUrvaka samAdhi-maraNa karane se yaha sthAna prAya: sAdhuoM ke lie samAdhisthala bana gayA thaa| samrATa maurya candragupta ne bhI digambara dIkSA dhAraNa kara yahIM samAdhi-maraNa kiyA thaa| isa prakAra kA zilAlekha bhI yahA~ hai| zravaNabelagolA ke zilAlekha jaina-saMskRti evaM tatsambandhI mUlyavAn sAhitya va prasiddha jainAcAryoM ke sambandha meM vistAra se prakAza DAlate haiN| AcArya kundakunda, samantabhadra, umAsvAmI, mallisena, ariSTanemi, deva jinasenAcArya, pUjyapAda, ajitasena, nemicandrAcArya, maladhArIdeva, vAdirAja, zAntisena Adi AcAryoM se sambandhita yahA~ anekoM zilAlekha utkIrNa haiN| sAtha hI anekoM rAjAoM, rAjavaMza Adi jinakA saMrakSaNa jainadharma va jainAcAryoM ko rahA hai, se sambandhita zilAlekha hai| jaise- gaMgavaMza, rASTrakUTa, hoyasala, cANukya vaMza, kadamba vaMza Adi ke itihAsa kI jAnakArI milatI hai| senApati cAmuNDarAya-gommaTeza bAhubalI ke nirmANakartA ke sambandha meM zilAlekha hai| ye sabhI zilAlekha tatsamaya kI paristhitiyoM para prAmANika prakAza DAlate haiN| anekoM zilAlekhoM meM uttara-dakSiNa se yAtrA hetu Aye hue saMghoM va yAtriyoM kA varNana hai| jaina dhArmika kriyAoM ke ullekha karane vAle zilAlekha bhI haiN| kaI lekhoM meM dAnoM kI carcA hai| kaI zilAlekha mahilAoM ke vizeSa yogadAna kI carcA karate hai| zAntalAdevI ke guNagAna se sambandhita lekha bhI yahA~ hai| attimabbe, lAkAmbikA, Acala Adi deviyoM se sambandhita lekha haiN| zAstrArtha kara anya matAvalambiyoM para vijaya pAne ke lekha bhI yahA~ haiN| prasiddha kavi ranna, mallinAtha, cAvarAja, boppanna paNDita, arhaddAsa Adi ke zilAlekha bhI yahA~ hai| yakSiNI devoM kI pratimAeM sthApita kiye jAne ke lekha bhI upalabdha haiN| prAcIna vAstu pratimA-vijJAna tathA mUrtikalA ke sambandha meM bhI jAnakArIyukta zilAlekha kSetra para haiN| bhASA aura sAhitya ke sambandha meM bhI zilAlekha haiN| aise sabhI AyAmoM se sambandhita sabhI sAmagrI kA paricaya yahA~ zilAlekhoM se prApta hai| zravaNabelagolA ke zilAlekhoM se digambara jaina-saMskRti kI prAcInatA kA bodha milatA hai| ye zilAlekha digambara jaina-saMskRti kI amUlya dharohara hai| samaya kI thaper3oM meM zilAlekha jIrNa-zIrNa ho rahe hai| ina sabhI zilAlekhoM kA zrI bI.ela. rAisa, zrI Ara. narasiMhAcArya, zrI zeTTara jaise manISiyoM ne pustaka ke rUpa meM saMgRhIta kara mahAn kArya kiyA hai| maisUra vizvavidyAlaya ne isa kArya ko pramukhatA se sampanna kiyA hai evaM surakSita kiyA hai isalie ve AbhAra ke pAtra hai| 12 -

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zravaNabelagola ke abhilekhaH katipaya jainAcArya - DaoN.kapUracanda jaina, khataulI AtmA prabhAvanIyo ratnatrayatejasA sttmev| dAnatapojinapUjA vidyAtizayaizca jindhrmH|| - (puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 30) AcArya amRtacandra ne samyagdarzana ke ATha aMgoM meM prabhAvanA aMga kA svarUpa batAte hue ukta zloka meM kahA hai ki ratnatraya ke teja se AtmasAdhanA karate hue, AtmasAdhanA ke lie samAja meM anukUla vAtAvaraNa banA rahe isa hetu dAna, tapasyA, jinapUjA tathA vidyAbhyAsa ke utkarSa dvArA jinadharma kI prabhAvanA karanI caahie| jainavidyA ke pracAra-prasAra meM lage pUjya zramaNoM tathA zrutArAdhaka vidvAnoM kA yaha parama karttavya hai ki bhaviSya meM Ane vAlI pIr3hiyAM jainadharma aura saMskRti kA jJAna kara svaparakalyANa kI ora pravRtta hoM, isake lie satata prayatna karate rhe| kisI bhI samAja ko apane pUrvajoM ke utkarSa, unakI AtmasAdhanA tathA AtmasAdhanA ke mArga kA jJAna itihAsa ke binA sambhava nahIM, ata: pratyeka vyakti ko itihAsabodha Avazyaka hI nahIM, aparihArya bhI hai| itihAsa ke aneka srota hamAre sAmane haiN| inameM abhilekha, mUrtilekha, prazasti, kiMvadanti, janazruti, sAhitya Adi pramukha haiN| inameM sabase mahattvapUrNa abhilekha/zilAlekha haiM, kyoMki ye pASANa yA dhAtudravyoM para utkIrNa pAye jAte haiN| isa kAraNa eka to ye jaldI naSTa nahIM hote dUsare inameM kAlAntara meM parivartana aura saMzodhana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rhtii| sAhityika kRtiyoM meM parivartana, parivardhana, saMzodhana aura unakA apane nAma se nyUnAdhika upayoga vikhyAta hai| ataH kisI bhI deza kI dharma-saMskRti, rahana-sahana, zikSA Adi ke jJAna ke lie abhilekha sAhitya sarvAdhika prAmANika AdhAra haiN| jaina-saMskRti ke lie yaha harSa kA viSaya hai ki bhAratavarSa meM upalabdha abhilekhoM meM sarvaprathama abhilekha prAya: jaina samrAT khAravela kA khaNDagiri-udayagiri vAlA abhilekha mAnA jAnA hai, jo eka guphA ke chata vAle vizAla patthara para utkIrNa hai| isakA prArambha 'namo savvasiddhANaM' se huA hai| ata: isake jaina hone meM koI sandeha nahIM hai| yaha bhI gaurava kI bAta hai ki sarvAdhika abhilekha jaina vyaktiyoM dvArA likhAye gaye yA jaina tIrthoM Adi para upalabdha haiN| atizaya gaurava kI bAta yaha bhI hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM atyadhika jaina abhilekha prApta hue haiN| eka sthAna kI apekSA se vicAra kareM to zravaNabelagola meM hI sarvAdhika abhilekha pAye gaye haiN| __jaina zilAlekhoM ke prakAzana kI bAta jaba uThI to sarvaprathama prathama bhAga ke rUpa meM 'jaina zilAlekha saMgraha' nAma se zravaNabelagola ke hI zilAlekhoM kA prakAzana huaa| isameM lagabhaga 500 zilAlekhoM kA prakAzana kiyA gayA thaa| usake bAda bhI saikar3oM abhilekhoM kA saMgraha huA hai| Aja bhI yaha kArya jArI hai| zravaNabelagola ke ye abhilekha mUrtiyoM, mandira-bhittikAoM ke atirikta mArga ke donoM ora ke zilAkhaNDoM para bhI likhe gaye haiM -123 -

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tathA kannar3a lipi meM haiN| ina lekhoM meM jainAcAryoM ke saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, paTTAvalI ke rUpa meM dhArmika itihAsa kA ullekha to hai hI, tatkAlIna sAMskRtika aura rAjanaitika sthiti kA bhI vistAra se varNana hai| rAjavaMzoM aura unake pramukha vyaktiyoM, unakI sAmarika vijaya, virudAvalI, dharmaniSTha zrAvakoM tathA unake kAryoM, dharmasthAnoM ke saMrakSaNa, bhUmi, prAmAdi dAnoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| zravaNabelagola ke ina abhilekhoM meM aneka choTe-bar3e AcAryoM, unake dvArA racita Agamika aura sAhityika kRtiyoM, AcAryoM ke jIvana kI viziSTa ghaTanAoM, Azraya dene vAle rAjAoM, zreSThiyoM Adi kA ullekha huA hai| sabhI AcAryoM kA paricaya isa laghu lekha meM denA sambhava nahIM hai, ata: kucha viziSTa AcAryoM kA paricaya isa Alekha meM diyA jA rahA hai jinameM pramukha haiM- AcArya dharasena, AcArya puSpadanta aura bhUtavalI, AcArya kundakunda, AcArya vaTTakera, AcArya samantabhadra, AcArya siddhasena, AcArya raviSeNa, AcArya akalaMkadeva, AcArya jinasena, AcArya vidyAnanda, AcArya nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI, AcArya prabhAcandra, AcArya guNabhadra, AcArya vAdirAja, AcArya vIrasena, AcArya devsen| bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM ina AcAryoM kI dena anupama hai| inake adhyayana se jaina-sAhitya aura saMsvati ke naye kSitija udghATita hoMge, aisI AzA hai| -124

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zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu aura samrATa candragupta maurya (prathama) - pro. DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, noyaDA AcArya bhadrabAhu ne magadha ke dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa duSkAla ke samaya digambaratva kI surakSA ke lie sasaMgha dakSiNa bhArata kI ora prasthAna karane kA hI nirNaya kyoM liyA? unhoMne anyatra vihAra kyoM nahIM kiyA? jahA~ taka hamArA adhyayana hai, jaina-sAhitya meM etadviSayaka praznoM ke uttara sambhavata: anupalabdha hai| mujhe to sAkSya-sandarbha nahIM mila sake aura isa tathya para abhI taka sambhavataH vicAra bhI nahIM kiyA gayA hai| merI dRSTi se isake samAdhAna ke lie jainetara sAhitya vizeSa rUpa se prAcya bauddha-sAhitya se kucha sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| bauddhoM ke suprasiddha itihAsa-grantha- mahAvaMza (pAMcavIM sadI) meM eka ullekha milatA hai, jisake anusAra siMhala (zrIlaMkAra) deza ke rAjA pANDukAbhaya (I.pU. 467) ne apanI rAjadhAnI anurAdhApurA meM vahA~ vicaraNa karane vAle nirgranthoM kI sAdhanA ke lie eka gaganacumbI bhavana kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| mahAvaMza ke ukta sandarbha se yaha spaSTa hai ki I.pU. pAMcavIM sadI meM siMhala-deza meM nirgrantha-dharma arthAt jainadharma kA acchA prasAra thA aura nirgrantha-muni nirbAdha hokara vahA~ vicaraNa kiyA karate the| isa tathya se yaha vicAra tarkasaMgata lagatA hai ki jainadharma karnATaka, Andhra, tamila evaM kerala hotA huA hI siMhala-deza meM praviSTa huA hogaa| tamilanADu ke maduraI aura rAmanAD meM brAhmI-lipi meM mahattvapUrNa kucha prAcIna prAkRta-zilAlekha upalabdha hue haiN| unhIM ke samIpa jaina-mandiroM ke avazeSa tathA tIna-tIna chatroM se vibhUSita aneka pArzva-mUrtiyA~ bhI milI haiN| ina pramANoM ke AdhAra para suprasiddha purAvid DaoN. sI.ena. rAva kA kathana hai ki - "I.pU. caturtha sadI ke Asa-pAsa jainadharma ne tamilanADu ke sAtha-sAtha siMhala-deza ko bhI vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA thaa|' jainetihAsa ke anusAra tiruvalluvarakRta "kuralakAvya' evaM vyAkaraNa-grantha- "tolakappiyam' jaise tamila ke Adya gaurava-grantha jainadharma kI amUlya kRtiyA~ mAnI gayI haiN| inake AdhAra para itihAsakAroM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki vaidika athavA brAhmaNa-dharma ke prabhAva ke padArpaNa ke pUrva hI tamila-prAnta meM jainadharma kA praveza ho cukA thaa| kucha vidvAnoM kI yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki tamila ke zAstrIya zreNI ke Adya-mahAkAvyoM meM se eka suprasiddha grantha "nAlaDiyAra" meM una ATha sahasra jaina muniyoM kI racanAe~ grathita haiM, jo pANDya-nareza kI icchA ke viruddha pANDya-deza chor3akara anyatra vihAra karane jA rahe the| yaha grantha samakAlIna pANDya-deza meM likhA gayA thaa| bahuta sambhava hai ki ye ATha sahasra jaina-muni AcArya bhadrabAhu ke Adeza se dakSiNa bhArata ke sImAnta kI ora gaye the| kaliMgAdhipati jaina samrAT khAravela ne apane hAthIgumphA-zilAlekha meM likhA hai ki usa (khAravela) ne apanI digvijayoM ke kramoM meM dakSiNApatha meM 1300 varSoM se cale A rahe sazakta saMghAta ko bhI tor3a diyA thaa| -125

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isa saMghAta arthAt mahAsaMgha meM tatkAlIna suprasiddha rAjya- cola, pANDya, satyaputra, keralaputra tathA tAmraparNI (siMhala) sammilita the aura yaha mahAsaMgha tamila-saMghAta (United Sates of Tamil) ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| merI dRSTi se samrAT khAravela kA ukta AkramaNa kevala rAjanaitika dRSTi se hI nahIM thA, balki jainadharma ke virodhiya jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra meM ukta tamila-mahAsaMgha ke mAdhyama se jo gatirodha utpanna kara diye the, khAravela ne unase krodhita hokara usa mahAsaMgha ko kaThora sabaka sikhAyA thA aura saMghIya-rAjyoM meM jainadharma ko yathAvat vikasita aura pracArita hone kA puna: avasara pradAna kiyA thaa| yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki samrAT khAravela ne kaliMga meM jo virAT jaina-muni sammelana bulAyA thA, kyA vaha 'tamiradehasaMghAta' ke dvArA kI gayI jainadharma ke hrAsa evaM jainAgamoM kI kSatipUrti ke viSaya meM vicArArtha tathA Age ke lie yojanAbaddha surakSAtmaka evaM vikAsAtmaka kAryakramoM ke saMcAlana kI dRSTi se to Ayojita nahIM thA? anyathA, vaha deza ke kone-kone se sabhI dizAoM-vidizAoM se lAkhoM kI saMkhyA (satasahasAni) meM mahAtapasvI-muni-AcAryoM se padhArane kA anurodha kara, unakA sammelana kyoM karatA tathA unase usameM mauryakAla meM ucchinna 'coyaTThi' (cau(cAra)+aTThi(ATha)= dvAdazAMga-vANI) kA vAcana-pravacana karane ke lie unase sAdara prArthanA kyoM karatA? yaha yakSa-prazna gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra karane kA hai| zrAvaka-ziromaNi samrAT khAravela coyaTThi (dvAdazAMga-vANI) ke kramika-hrAsa ke kAraNa sambhavataH atyanta cintita ho gayA thA, isIlie usane Agama-vAcanA karAyI thii| Azcarya yahI hai, isa Agama-vAcanA kA ullekha kisI ne nahIM kiyaa| isakA kAraNa samajha meM nahIM A rahA hai| yaha saubhAgya kI bAta hai ki isakA ullekha khAravela-zilAlekha meM svayaM upalabdha ho gyaa| tAtparya yaha ki karnATaka sahita dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma ke pracAra-prasAra kA kAla aura adhika nahIM, to kama se kama I.pU. 1450 (-150+1300) varSa arthAt tIrthaGkara pArzva (I.pU. lagabhaga 9vIM sadI) se bhI pUrvakAlIna thaa| ukta tathyoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhadrabAhu-pUrva dakSiNa-bhArata meM jainadharma sarvatra vyApta thA, vahA~ usakI acchI prabhAvanA thii| jaina-saMskRti ko lokapriyatA prApta thI, jainasaMgha tathA jainAgAmeM kI surakSA kI dRSTi se vaha eka upayukta sthala thaa| bhale hI vahA~ ke jainadharma ke pracArakoM yA AcAryoM ke nAma hamAre lie ajJAta ho; kintu sambhavata: AcArya bhadrabAhu ko unakI jAnakArI avazya rahI hogI, isIlie unhoMne apane navadIkSita-ziSya magadhAdhipati samrATa candragupta maurya (prathama) sahita 12000 munisaMgha ke sAtha dakSiNa-bhArata kI ora vihAra kiyA thaa| -126.

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Socio-religious Aspects of Bhadra bahu Chandragupta Maurya Narratives - Dr. Devendra Kumar Jain, Mumbai Down the ages, persons who were able to perceive beyond the obvious, have succeeded in achieving new heights of excellence in their respective fields. No one can deny the fact that Chandragupta Maurya was a shining star of Indian History. His military brilliance and diplomacy was outstanding and unique in the recorded history of India. There were compelling circumstances that brought off the Mauryan revolution. These circumstances were socio-religious in nature and need a thorough scrutiny of historical evidences. The motives of revisiting this splendid chapter of Indian history are many. These circumstances include social justice, good governance, border security, military power, religious politics and foreign policy. Do these circumstances still exist in Indian context ? Can be drawn up some valuable clues from them? The present paper primarily explores this aspect. Then, there is a case of systematic disparagement of Jain sources of history. Historical evidences of Jains are abundant and scattered throughout the country. Themainstream Indian historians presented a disparage picture of Jain sources. The findings of western scholars where also not given due place in the scheme of writing Indian history. It is not for me to say anything conclusive at this stage, but it looks to me that Jain sources are yet to be explored in a judicious manner. Here are some historical issues and arguments in the present paper relevant to that period of Indian History. The next important aspect of the present paper focuses on the zenith and personal of contemporary Jain Guru Bhadrabahu. This grand conference and Mega event of Mahamastikabhiseka is a very strong motive to write about the contribution of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta due on the overall spread of Ahimsa religion in the southern India. -9269

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zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura unakA zrutasaMvardhana meM yogadAna - prophesara DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina bhAskara zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu jaina saMskRti ke aise mahAstambha haiM jahA~ se jaina-paramparA kI mahAnadI ne aneka ghAta-pratyAghAta sahate hue apanI dhArA ko aneka mArgoM meM pravAhita kiyA aura saMsAriyoM kI tIkSNa pipAsA ko zAnta karate hue unakA mArga prazasta kiyaa| ve hI aise prAcInatama AcArya hai jinheM digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparAeM samAna rUpa se svIkAra karatI hai| para unakA vyaktitva donoM paramparAoM meM do dizAoM meM vikasita huaahai| digambara-paramparA meM bhadrabAhu nAma ke do vizeSa vyaktiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai prathama- zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura dvitIya- kundakunda ke sAkSAt guru| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM tIna bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiM- prathama zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu, 2- dvitIya chedasUtrakartA bhadrabAhu aura tRtIya niyuktikartA bhdrbaahu| kucha aura bhI bhadrabAhuoM kI nAmAvalI itihAsa aura paramparA meM uttarakAla meM milane lagatI hai| yahA~ hama ina tIna bhadrabAhuoM paracarcA kareMge aura dekheMge ki bhadrabAhu, candragupta cANakya, kundakunda Adi AcAryoM se sambaddha ghaTanAeM kisa taraha paraspara guthI huI haiN| jaba taka una sabhI para vastuta: sayuktika vicAra nahIM kiyA jAye taba taka kisI ko bhI yathArtha rUpa se samajhA nahIM jA sktaa| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke bAda paTTAvaliyoM aura granthakAroM dvArA prastuta tInoM bhadrabAhu ke ullekhoM ne zodhakoM ko digbhramita kara diyA hai aura lekhakoM ne unakI jIvana ghaTanAoM meM aneka naye-naye tattvoM ko jor3akara unakA mUla vyaktitva aura bhI peMcIdA kara diyA hai| AcArya kAlagaNanA tiloyapaNNatti (4.1476-84), jayadhavalA (bhAga-1, pR. 85), dhavalA (pu. 1, pR. 66), harivaMzapurANa (66.22), indranandI zrutAvatAra padya (72-78) Adi digambara-paramparA ke granthoM meM tIna kevaliyoM kA kula kAla mahAvIra nirvANa ke bAda 62 varSa aura pAMca zrutakevaliyoM kA kula kAla 100 varSa 162 varSa batAyA hai jinameM bhadrabAhu kA kAla 29 varSa mAnA hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA kI sthavirAvalI 162 varSa ke sthAna para 215 varSa kI gaNanA karatI hai jisameM bhadrabAhu kA kAla 14 varSa mAnA gayA hai| pariziSTaparvan ke anusAra isameM pAlaka ke 60 varSa bhUla se candragupta maurya ke kAla meM jor3a diye gye| unheM yadi ghaTA diye jAyeM to yaha kAla 155 varSa (215-60) AtA hai arthAt hemacandra ke anusAra candragupta maurya kA rAjyakAla mahAvIra nirvANa ke 155 varSa bAda batAyA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki I.pU. 215 (155 60) varSa meM candragupta kA rAjyAbhiSeka huaa| isase candragupta aura bhadrabAhu kI samakAlInatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai| AcArya zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu (prathama) AcArya kAlagaNanA kI donoM paramparAoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa hai ki jambUsvAmI ke bAda hone vAle yugapradhAna AcAryoM meM zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu hI eka aise nirvivAda AcArya hue haiM, jinake vyaktitva ko donoM paramparAoM ne eka svara meM svIkAra kiyA hai| bIca meM hone vAle prabhava, zayyaMbhava, yazobhadra aura sambhUtivijaya AcAryoM ke viSaya meM paramparAe~ ekamata nhiiN| bhadrabAhu ke viSaya meM bhI jo matabheda hai vaha bahuta adhika nhiiN| -198

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digambara-paramparA bhadrabAhu kA kAryakAla 29 varSa mAnatI hai aura unakA nirvANa mahAvIra nirvANa ke 162 varSa bAda svIkAra karatI hai para zvetAmbara-paramparAnusAra yaha samaya 170 varSa bAda batAyA jAtA hai aura unakA kAryakAla kala caudaha varSa mAnA jAtA hai| jo bhI ho, donoM paramparAoM ke bIca ATha varSa kA antarAla koI bahuta adhika nahIM hai| paramparAnusAra zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu nimittajJAnI the| unake hI samaya saMghabheda prArambha huA hai| apane nimittajJAna ke bala para uttara meM hone vAle dvAdaza varSIya duSkAla kA Agamana jAnakAra bhadrabAhu ne bAraha hajAra muni-saMgha ke sAtha dakSiNa kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| candragupta maurya bhI unake sAtha the| kisa mArga se ve zravaNabelagola pahuMce, yaha patA nhiiN| apanA anta nikaTa jAnakara unhoMne saMgha ko cola, pANDya pradezoM kI ora jAne kA Adeza diyA aura svayaM zravaNabelagola meM hI kAlavapra nAmaka pahAr3I para samAdhi-maraNapUrvaka deha tyAga kiyaa| isa Azaya kI chaThI zatI kA eka lekha punADa ke uttarI bhAga meM sthita candragiri pahAr3I para upalabdha huA hai| usake sAmane vindhyagiri para cAmuNDarAya dvArA sthApita gommaTezvara bAhubalI kI 57 phITa UMcI eka bhavya mUrti sthita hai| pariziSTa parvan ke anusAra bhadrabAhu duSkAla samApta hone ke bAda dakSiNa se magadha vApisa hue aura pazcAt mahAprANa dhyAna karane nepAla cale gye| isI bIca jaina sAdhu-saMgha ne anabhyAsavaza vismRta zruta ko kisI prakAra se sthUlabhadra ke netRtva meM ekAdaza aMgoM kA saMkalana kiyA aura avaziSTa dvAdazaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke saMkalana ke lie nepAla meM avasthita bhadrabAhu ke pAsa apane kucha ziSyoM ko bhejaa| unameM sthUlabhadra hI vahA~ kucha samaya ruka sake jinhoMne usakA kucha yathAzakya adhyayana kiyaa| phira bhI dRSTivAda kA saMkalana avaziSTa hI raha gyaa| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke jIvanakAla meM ghaTita isa ghaTanA ne digambara aura zvetAmbara-paramparAoM meM kitanI rUpa lie haiM yaha devasena ke bhAvasaMgraha bha. ratnanandi kA bhadrabAhucaritra, hariSeNa kA vRhatkathAkoza, rAmacandra mumukSu kA puNyAzrava kathAkoza, zrIcandrakRta kahakosu, raidhU kA bhadrabAhucarita, nemidatta kI bhadrabAhukathA tathA zravaNabelagola ke zilAlekhoM meM ullikhita digambara-paramparA meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| isI taraha zvetAmbara-paramparA ke titthogAlI paiNNA, gacchAcAra painnA, pariziSTa parvan, prabandhacintAmaNi, prabandhakoza Adi granthoM meM bhI zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA kathAnaka milatA hai| isa Alekha meM ina sabhI granthoM kI sayuktika carcA karate hue bhadrabAhusaMhitA, chedasUtra aura niyuktiyoM ke kartRtva kI mImAMsA kI gayI hai aura yaha sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki AcArya kundakunda ke sAkSAta gurU bhadrabAhu dvitIya hI chedasUtra aura niyuktikAra honA cAhie, zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu nhiiN| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu dvArA racita koI bhI grantha upalabdha nahIM haiM para apratyakSa rUpa meM zruta ke saMvardhana meM unakA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| -12-4 -

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zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA jaina-saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa meM yogadAna - DaoN. kalpanA jaina, naI dillI digambara paTTAvaliyoM aura prazastiyoM se avagata hotA hai ki zruta ko sunakara kaNThastha kara lene kI paramparA tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa lAbha ke pazcAt kaI zataka taka calatI rhii| dravya, guNa, paryAya, tattvajJAna, karma-siddhAnta evaM AcAra-sambandhI maulika mAnyatAoM ko paramparA se prApta kara smaraNa banAye rakhane kI prathA dhArAvAhika rUpa meM calatI rhii| nandisaMgha, balAtkAra gaNa, sarasvatI gaccha kI paTTAvaliyoM meM batAyA hai ki gautama, sudharma aura jambUsvAmI ne 62 varSoM taka dharma pracAra kiyaa| mahAvIra svAmI ke pazcAt 12 varSoM taka gautama svAmI ne kevalI pada prApta kara dharma pracAra kiyaa| phira 12 varSoM taka sudharmAcArya kevalI rhe| anantara jambU svAmI ar3atIsa varSoM taka kevalI rhe| isa prakAra 62 varSoM taka ina tInoM kevaliyoM kI jJAna jyoti prakAzita hotI rhii| tatpazcAt pA~ca zrutakevalI hue| caudaha varSoM taka viSNu ne, solaha varSoM taka nandimitra ne, bAIsa varSoM taka aparAjita ne, unnIsa varSoM taka govarddhanAcArya ne aura untIsa varSoM taka bhadrabAhu ne jJAnadIpa jalA rkhaa| suyakevali paMca jaNA bAsAhi, vAse gaye susNjaayaa| par3hamaM caudaha vAsU viSNukumAraM mNnneyvvN|| naMdimitra vAsa solaha kiya aparAjiya vAsa vaaviisN| iya-hIna vAvIsaM govarddhana bhdrvaahugunnbiisN|| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke guru kA nAma govarddhanAcArya hai| ye hI digambara muniyoM kA saMgha lekara dakSiNa kI ora gaye the aura inhIM ke ziSya candragupta maurya the| tiloyapaNNatti meM batAyA gayA hai ki mukuTadhara rAjAoM meM antima rAjA candragupta ne jina-dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| isake pazcAt anya koI mukuTadhara dIkSita nahIM huaa| (4/481) mauDadharesaM carimo jiNadikkhaM dhAridaM caMdagutto yA tatto mauDadharA duSpavvajjaM Neva ronnhaati|| AcArya bhadrabAhu samUce jainasaMgha ke nAyaka the| dezabhara meM phailA huA vizAla jaina sAdhu samudAya pratyakSa yA cakra se bacAkara, nirdoSa rUpa meM pravartamAna rakhane kA uttaradAyitva usa samaya bhadrabAhu para hI thaa| pUre bhArata kI bhaugolika aura prAkRtika sthitiyA~ unakI dRSTi meM thii| vartamAna samasyA ke prati cintita hote hue bhI bhaviSya ko ve bhalIbhA~ti jAna rahe the| sArI paristhitiyoM para vicAra karake una vivekavAn AcArya ne uttarApatha ke samUce sAdhu santoM ko ekasUtra meM baaNdhaa| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA jaina-saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa meM jo yogadAna hai, vaha nahIM hotA to Aja jaina-saMskRti kA astitva hI zeSa nahIM hotaa| AcArya kevalI bhadrabAhu meM sabase adhika prabhAvita karane vAlA guNa saMrakSaka ke rUpa meM yahI thA ki ve apane ziSyoM se jo cAhate the use unhoMne pahale apane andara utaaraa| eka saphala guru vahI hai jo pahale stayaM -130 -

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use anubhava kare tatpazcAt kisI aura se usakI apekSA kre| isa prakAra bhadrabAhu eka saphala saMrakSaka ke rUpa meM sthApita the, unheM zaithilya maJjUra nahIM thaa| 12 varSoM ke duSkAla meM unhoMne jaina-saMskRti kI rakSA ke lie sabhI jaina muniyoM ko dakSiNa kI ora jAne ke lie AhvAna kara prerita kiyA, yaha unake sudRr3ha vyaktitva kA phala hai| ve jaina-saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa kI bhavya mUrti the aura apane ko udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta karate the| kahA bhI hai AdahidaM kAdavvaM jadi sakkadi parahidaM vi kaadvvN| AdahidaparahidAdo AdahidaM suTu kaadvvN|| __ - (pazcAstikAya kI TIkA) koI vyakti kitanA bhI anubhavI ho sakatA hai, vidvAn ho sakatA hai, lekina vaha agara mAtra dUsaroM ko upadeza detA hai, dUsaroM ko prerita karatA hai, lekina khuda usa para amala nahIM karatA to usakA jJAna vyartha hai, kahA bhI hai - "jJAna Tana bhara bhI ho, kana bhara anubhUti kI barAbarI nahIM kara sktaa|" bhadrabAhu ke andara mAtra anubhUti hI nahIM thI varana ve jaina-saMskRti ke jagamagAte sitAre the jo sabhI ko apanI ora AkRSTa kara usa patha para calane ke lie prerita karate the jo mArga AtmakalyANa kI ora le jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki unakI ziSya-paramparA meM eka se eka jJAnI va apanI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ko Age bar3hAne vAle ziSya hue| / bhadrabAhu kI jitanI bAhya kSamatA dikhAyI par3atI hai, 1200 sAdhuoM ko ikaTThA kara durbhikSa-kAla meM jaina-saMskRti ko bacAne kI utanI hI Antarika kSamatA bhI thii| nahIM to kyA vajaha ho sakatI hai ki unakI eka AvAja para sabhI sAdhu unake kahe anusAra dakSiNa kI ora prasthAna kara jaina-saMskRti kI rakSA meM saMlagna ho jAte- yahA~ yaha niyamasAra kI gAthA bilkula sahI baiThatI hai - NiyabhAvavaNANittiM mae kadaM nniymsaarnnmsudN| ___ bhayaMkara dubhikSa se pUre uttarApatha ke sAdhuoM ko dakSiNa calane kA AhvAna jisake calate muniyoM kI rakSA huI yaha zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kA kiyA huA satprayAsa hai| apane vyaktitva evaM dharmAdarzoM ke prati kaTibaddhatA se unhoMne samrATa candragupta maurya evaM cANakya jaise rAjapuruSoM ko prabhAvita kiyA, jisase ve jainadharma meM dIkSita hue aura jaina-saMskRti ko rAjAzraya mila sakane ke kAraNa vaha phlii-phuulii| jaba cANakya ke samAna nIti vAlA vyakti jo ki nandavaMza kA vinAza kara candragupta ko rAjya dilA sakatA hai, vaha AcArya bhadrabAhu se dIkSA grahaNa kare to socane kI bAta hai ki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kisa taraha ke vyaktitva ke mAlika the| jaina-saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa ke bAre meM kaise socate hoMge- kisa prakAra se yaha pUre deza meM phaile, kyA prayatna karane cAhie? isa bAre meM ve bahuta gambhIra rahe hoNge| jaina-saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa ke lie Avazyaka thA ki sabhI tatkAlIna sAdhu Apasa meM samanvayAtmaka rUpa -131

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se raheM aura guru kI AjJA kA pAlana kreN| acche guru hone ke nAte dUradRSTA AcArya bhadrabAhu ne 12 varSa ke akAla ko bhA~pakara sabhI ziSyoM ko dakSiNApatha para jAne kA nirdeza diyaa| jo unakA kahA mAne ve acelaka-paramparA para calate rhe| para jo na mAna pAye ve sacelaka-paramparA ke mArgI bne| __ Aja jo jaina-saMskRti ke saMrakSaka ke rUpa meM hamArA vizAla sAhitya upalabdha hai vaha bhI AcArya bhadrabAhu kI hI dena hai| unakI ziSya-paramparA ke calate dvAdazAMga jinavANI ke ekamAtra bace aMza ko dhArasenAcArya ke mAdhyama se jIvanta banAye rkhaa| Aja upalabdha samasta jaina-sAhitya unhIM kI dUradRSTi kA suphala hai| .. zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ne dvAdazavarSIya durbhikSa ke kAraNa jainadharma ke pracArArtha jaba dakSiNa bhArata kI ora prayANa kiyA taba apanI Ayu ko kSINa jAnakara zravaNabelagolA meM saMgha ko Adeza diyA ki ve vizAkhAcArya ke netRtva meM cola aura pANDaya dezoM meM jAkara pracAra kA kArya kreN| yaha thI eka jaina-saMskRti ko samarpita tapasvI kI anupama vRtti jinhoMne apanI Ayu kSINa hone para bhI jaina-saMskRti kA pracAra-prasAra na ruke, pUre deza meM yaha phaile, isalie apane yogya ziSyoM ko isa kArya meM lagA diyaa| jaina saMskRti kA pramukha lakSya vyakti aura samAja ko eka ahiMsaka, zAntipriya, nirbhIka, sauhArdapUrNa, sRjanonmukha jIvanazailI pradAna karanA hai| vaicArika sahiSNutA isa saMskRti kA jIvana mUlya hai| pArasparika vizvAsa aura prema isa saMskRti kA AdhArastambha hai, ata: jainadharma prAcInakAla se Aja taka samaya ke thaper3oM ko sahiSNu hokara sahatA calA A rahA hai aura nizcita rUpa se zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu kA isameM pramukha avadAna hai| -122

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zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura unakA samAdhimaraNa - DaoN. zreyAMsakumAra jaina, bar3auta bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda tIna arhat kevalI gautama, sudharmA svAmI aura jambUsvAmI ne saMgha kA netRtva kiyaa| anantara dvAdazAMga zruta ke jJAtA viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govarddhana aura bhadrabAhu- ye pAMca zrutakevalI hue| govarddhanAcArya ke sAkSAt ziSya prabhAvazAlI tejomayI vyaktitva sampanna zrutakevalI apratima pratibhAvAn the| bhadrabAhu kA janma puNDavarddhana rAjya ke koTikapura grAma meM rAjapurohita ke ghara huA thaa| bAlyakAla meM sAthiyoM ke sAtha krIr3A karate hue bAlaka bhadrabAhu ne eka bAra caudaha goliyoM ko eka zreNI meM eka dUsare ke Upara car3hA dii| usI samaya usa mArga se caturdarzapUrvadhara govarddhanAcArya nikle| unhoMne bAlaka ke kauzala ko dekhakara jAnA ki yaha bAlaka caudaha pUrvo kA jJAtA hogA, ata: unhoMne bhadrabAhu ke pitA se bhadrabAhu ko apane sAtha le jAne kI anumati lI aura apane pAsa rakhakara adhyayana karAyA tathA dIkSA pradAna kii| anantara caturdazapUrva ke jJAtA hokara zrutakevalI-paramparA meM paTTa para suzobhita hue| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ne grAmAnugrAma viharaNa karate hue eka samaya avanti meM praveza kiyaa| AhArArtha jinadAsazreSThI ke ghara para vahA~ pAlane meM jhUlate hue bAlaka ne 'cale jAo' yaha vAkya tIvra svara meM kahA, taba bhadrabAhu ne prazna kiyA kitane dina ke lie? zizu ne uttara meM 12 varSa ke lie khaa| bhadrabAhu svAmI AhAra kiye binA hI lauTa Aye aura saMgha ko sudUra jAne kA Adeza diyaa| bRhatkathAkoSakAra isI prasaMga meM likhate haiM ki bhadrabAhu ne samrATa candragupta ko ghaTanA batAkara kahA ki dvAdazavarSa kA duSkAla pdd'egaa| taba mukuTabaddha samrATa ne jinadIkSA grahaNa kara lii| ratnanandIkRta bhadrabAhu meM ullekha milatA hai ki bhadrabAhu jaba avanti padhAre taba vahA~ candragupta kA sAmrAjya thaa| candragupta ko 16 svapna dikhe unheM unhoMne AcArya bhadrabAha ko batAyA unhoMne svapnoM kA phala aniSTa sUcaka batAyA to samrATa ne jainezvarI dIkSA aGgIkAra kara lii| duSkAla ke kAraNa bhadrabAhu ne vizAkhAcArya ko Adeza dekara saMgha ko dakSiNa kI ora bheja diyA svayaM avanti meM ruka gye| ratnanandI dvArA racita bhadrabAhu carita ke anusAra ve svayaM saMgha ko lekara Age bar3he; kintu apanI alpAyu jAnakara vizAkhAcArya ke netRtva meM saMgha ko Age bhejaa| zravaNabelagola kI candragiri pahAr3I para ullikhita zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra se kahA gayA ki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu svayaM vizAla zramaNasaMgha ko lekara dakSiNabhArata meM pahu~ce, vahA~ unhoMne aneka ziSyoM ko zikSA dIkSA dete hue samaya vyatIta kiyaa| ziSya samudAya meM candragupta vizeSa the ve sadA guru ke sannikaTa rahakara dhyAna, adhyayana meM tatpara rahate the| zvetAmbara-sAhitya meM bhadrabAhu kA vistAra se varNana hai| vahA~ gRhastha jIvana ke prasaMga kama milate haiM; kintu zramaNa avasthA ke vividha prasaMga haiN| unhoMne sthUlabhadra ko pUrvo kI vAcanA karAyI thii| zramaNasaMgha ko vAcanA ke dvArA upadeza diyaa| Adi aneka prasaMga vistAra ke sAtha varNita haiM unheM Alekha meM prastuta kiyA jaayegaa| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ko prAkRtika saMketoM ke AdhAra para apanA antima samaya sannikaTa pratIta huA to unhoMne samAdhimaraNa dhAraNa kiyA, kyoMki sallekhanA-samAdhimaraNa dhAraNa karane ke nimna kAraNa batAye gaye haiM mandAkSatve'tivRddhatve copasarge vratakSaye, durbhikSe tIvraroge cAsAdhye kAya blaatyye| -133

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dharmadhyAnatanUtsarga hIyamAnAdike sati, saMnyAsavidhinA dakSairmRtyuH sAdhyaH shivaaptye|| indriyoM kI zakti manda ho jAne para ativRddhapanA evaM upasarga Ane para, vratakSaya kI sambhAvanA hone para darbhikSa paDa ne para. asAdhya roga A jAne para. zArIrika bala kSaNahone para tathA dharmadhyAna aura kAyotsarga karane kI zakti hIna ho jAne para sallekhanA dhAraNa karanA caahie| sallekhanApUrvaka samAdhimaraNa hotaahai| sAdhaka kI dIrghakAlIna sAdhanA kA phala samAdhimaraNa hai| dIrghakAla se vratAcaraNa karate hue bhavya jIva kI saphalatA samAdhimaraNa se hotI hai| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kI samAdhi kahA~ huI isa viSaya meM aneka ullekha haiN| zvetAmbara sampradAya meM bhadrabAhu kI samAdhi nepAla kI talahaTI meM mAnI gyii| ratnanandIkRta 'bhadrabAhucarita' meM ullekha hai ki jaba 12000 sAdhuoM ke sAtha bhadrabAhu dakSiNa kI ora vihAra karane jA rahe the tabhI kucha dUrI para unakA svAsthya bigar3a gyaa| ve vahIM rukeM, unake sAtha antima mukuTabaddhadIkSita candragupta bhI rahe, vahIM samAdhimaraNa ko prApta hue| candragupta maurya ne zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu se dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| candragupta kA kAla bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 155 varSa bAda kA hai aura vahI bhadrabAhu kA samaya hai| zvetAmbara-paramparAsammata granthoM meM bhadrabAhu ke sAtha kisI bhI rAjA kA ullekha nahIM hai; kintu digambara-paramparAsammata granthoM meM bhadrabAhu ke sAtha candragupta kA ullekha hai| kucha logoM ne zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke nikaTavartI nareza candragupta maurya ko pATaliputra kA zAsaka mAnA hai| bhadrabAhu se dIkSita candragupta avantinareza haiM, ata: do candragupta kA ullekha milatA hai| . zravaNabelagolA ke candragiri parvata para zak saMvat 572 ke Asa-pAsa kA zilAlekha hai usameM candragupta aura bhadrabAhu kA ullekha hai| isase bhI prAcIna zilAlekha pArzvanAtha vasti kA hai jo zaka saMvat 522 ke Asa-pAsa kA hai isameM zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura nimittadhara bhadrabAhu kI bhinnatA kA ullekha milatA hai| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu apane ziSya samudAya ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata phuNce| unhoMne zravaNabelagola meM nivAsa kiyA jisase yaha sthAna tIrthakSetra rUpa meM prakhyAta huaa| yahA~ ke candragiri parvata para vaha guphA mahattvapUrNa hai jahA~ bhadrabAhu ke antima dina vyatIta hue the| isI pahAr3I para samAdhimaraNa huaa| candragupta vasati nAmaka jina mandira se maNDita hai| zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura munizrI candragupta kI tapasyA aura samAdhimaraNa dvArA zarIra parityAga karane se yaha candragiri pahAr3I tIrtha banI huI hai| samAdhimaraNa ke lie pavitra sthAna ke rUpa meM yaha candragiri pahAr3I prasiddhi ko prApta hai| yahA~ ke sabase prAcIna 600 I. ke zilAlekha meM ise kaTavapra yA kalavappu (samAdhizikhara) tIrthagiri evaM RSigiri hI kahA gayA hai| isI zilAlekha meM yaha bhI ullekha hai ki zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura candragupta ke bAda isa pahAr3I para sAta sau muniyoM ne kAlAntara meM samAdhimaraNa kiyA thaa| anekoM caraNa cihnoM se maNDita yahI pahAr3I zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu kI samAdhimaraNa sthalI mAnanA adhika yuktiyukta hai| samAdhimaraNa AdhyAtmikatA kI sarvocca avasthA hai| zramaNa isase apanI iSTa siddhi karate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu svAmI samAdhimaraNa dhAraNa kara karmabhAra ko halakA kiyaa| apane sAdhaka jIvana ke rahasya ko pahacAnA aura sAdhanA ko saphala kiyaa| --136

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brahma jinadAsa viracita : 'bhadrabAhu rAsa' (zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu divyAvadAna ke sandarbha meM) - DaoN. premacandra rAMvakA, jayapura indrabhUti gautama gaNadhara ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko jina bAraha aMgoM meM nibaddha kiyAthA, unameM 12vAM aMga dRSTivAda dravyAnuyoga se vizeSa rUpa se sambaddha thaa| isa aMga ke antima jJAtA ekamAtra paJcama zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu the| antima samrATa candragupta inhIM se dIkSita the| 24veM tIrthaGkara zrIvarddhamAna mahAvIra ke AThaveM uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM gaurava prApta antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu munIzvara ke pAvana caritra ko kavivara brahma jinadAsa ne apanI kAvya-racanA kA pratipAdya banAyA hai| mahAkavi brahma jinadAsa 15vIM zatAbdI ke saMskRta, hindI, rAjasthAnI va gujarAtI-bhASA-sAhitya ke udbhaTa vidvAn the| ve saMskRta ke prasiddha mahAkavi bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti ke anuja va ziSya the| inhoMne saMskRta-bhASA ke 15 evaM hindI-bhASA meM 70 bRhad laghukAvyoM ke prANayana se mAM bhAratI ke bhaNDAra ko samaddha kiyA hai| saMskRta meM kAvya-racanA ke sAtha lokabhASA meM racanA se inakA vizeSa anurAga thaa| brahma jinadAsa ne sAmAnyajana ke bodha kI dRSTi se tatkAlIna hindI-bhASA meM adhika racanAeM kii| rAmacaritra, harivaMzapurANa evaM jambUsvAmI caritra vizAla granthoM kA praNayana saMskRta evaM hindI donoM bhASAoM meM kiyA hai| inakA saM. 1508 meM racita 'rAmarAsa", tulasIkRta rAmacaritamAnasa se 150 varSa pUrva hindI-bhASA-sAhitya kA prasiddha mahAkAvya hai; jisakA ullekha hindI ke videzI vidvAn phAdara kAmila bulke ne apane 'rAmakAvya-paramparA' grantha meM kiyA hai| brahma jinadAsa ne prathamAnuyoga ko apanI rAsa saMjJaka racanAoM kA AdhAra banAyA hai| gautamasvAmI rAsa, bhadrabAhu rAsa, yazodhara rAsa, harivaMza rAsa, nemIzvara rAsa, zreNika rAsa, jIvaMdhara rAsa, jambUsvAmI rAsa, hanumaMta rAsa, dhanyakumAra rAsa, bhaviSyadatta rAsa Adi aisI hI rAsa saMjJaka racanAeM haiN| ye hindI-sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi haiN| "bhadrabAhu rAsa" brahma jinadAsa kA aitihAsika khaNDakAvya hai| antima paJcama zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke jIvana caritra para AdhArita saMskRta-hindI meM prAya: vikIrNa sAhitya upalabdha hotA hai| prabandharUpa meM racita "bhadrabAhu rAsa" brahma jinadAsa kI maulika racanA hai| kathA-sAmya to prAya: sAhitya-sRjana kA sarvatra hI sambala hotA hai| yaha rAsa apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya ke uttarakAlIna marugurjara bhASA prabhAvita chandoM- vastu, bhAsa se yukta vibhinna rAgoM ke 178 padyoM meM anusyUta aitihAsikakhaNDakAvya kI sImA meM AtA hai| isameM paJcama zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke pAvanacaritra ko AkhyAyita kiyA gayA hai| bhadrabAhu rAsa kA prArambha, sarvaprathama AThaveM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn candraprabha, mAM sarasvatI, gaNadhara svAmI aura guru bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti ko praNAma kara bhavya janoM ke hitArtha kiyA gayA hai| rAsa ke prArambha meM somazarmA kI patnI somazrI se bhadrabAhu ke janma evaM bAlyakAla kA varNana huA hai| guru govarddhana se bhadrabAhu zikSita aura dIkSita hote haiM; unake bAda ve hI AcArya padAsIna hote haiN| pATalIputra meM ve samrATa candragupta ko solaha svapnoM kA phala batAte - 135

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haiN| 12 varSIya durbhikSa kAla meM candragupta sahita dakSiNa deza kI ora cale jAte haiN| ye jainadharma kI paramparA ko akSuNNa banAye rakhate haiN| durbhikSa kAla meM jo dakSiNa kI ora nahIM gaye, unakI dhArmika kriyA meM zaithilya A jAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa jaina zAsana meM bheda ho jAtA hai| vikramAditya rAjA ke bAda hI zvetAmbara mata zuru hotA hai| ___mahAkavi brahma jinadAsa ke zabdoM meM- paJcamazrutakevalI guru bhadrabAhu saMsAra sAgara se tArane vAle dharmarUpI naukA the| ve tattvavettA, nimrantha muni-paramparA ke sacce saMvAhaka aura jinadharmazAsana ke udyota ke kAraka svarUpa the| aise nirmala mahAmuni kA dhyAna kara maiMne isa nirmala rAsa kI racanA kI hai, jo zivapura (siMddhAlaya) kA gAna (mArga) hai| bhadrabAhumuni bhadrabAhumuni saMgha dhuri saar|| paMcama zrutakevalIguru, dharama nAMva saMsAra taarnn| digambara nigraMthamuni, jinazAsana udyotkaarnn|| e munivara amhe dhyAisyuM, kahIyuM niramala raas| brahma jiNadAsa iNi paribhaNe, gAI sivapura vaas|| -136 -

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samrAT khAravela kA jaina-saMskRti ko avadAna - DaoN. sudIpa jaina, naI dillI sAtavAhanavaMza ke mukuTamaNi, kaliMga kI yazogAthA ke sarvAdhika mahimAmaNDita vyaktitva, jainatva ko kahakara nahIM apitu jIkara pramANita karane vAle kAlajayI, paramapratApI ajeya-digvijayI samrATa mahAmeghavAhana aila khAravela kI yazogAthA unake mahAn vyaktitva evaM apratima kAryoM kI tulanA meM aparicitaprAya: hai| jina manISiyoM ne ina para carcA bhI kI hai, unhoMne yA to inheM vaidika dharmAnuyAyI batalAne kA balAt prayatna kiyA hai, yA phira jaina-samrATa jAnakara inake bAre meM sAdhAraNa ullekha se adhika kucha kahane se paraheja kiyA hai| aisI sthiti meM eka jijJAsu jaina manISI santa ne AtmazlAghA yA vivAda khar3e karane kI manovRttiyoM se dUra rahakara eka zodhArthI kI taraha dazakoM taka usa para adhyayana-anusandhAna kA kArya svayaM kiyA tathA anya vidvAnoM ko bhI isa dizA meM prerita kiyA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa jaina-saMskRti meM samrAT khAravela ke avadAnoM kI to carcA huI hI, khAravela ko jaina-samrATa ke rUpa meM pahicAna mila skii| ve haiM rASTrasanta AcArya zrIvidyAnandajI muniraaj| inhIM kI preraNA se maiMne isa viSaya meM kaI varSoM taka samarpita adhyayana evaM anusandhAnapUrvaka jo mahanIya-tathya jAne haiM, unheM hI isa Alekha meM sapramANa prastuta kara rahA huuN| mere isa Alekha meM nimnAMkita bindu vivecita raheMge- ." 1. jaina-saMskRti ke AdhArastambha 'deva-zAstra-guru' aura samrATa khAravela. 2. jaina-saMskRti kA mahAmantra aura hAthIgumphA-abhilekha. 3. jaina-saMskRti ke maGgala-pratIka aura hAthIgumphA-abhilekha. 4. jaina-AdhyAtmika saMskRti ko jIvanta banAne va batAne vAle samrAT khAravela. 5. jaina-sAMskRtika purAtattva ke sAkSyoM meM samrAT khAravela ke jinadharma-prabhAvakatva. 6. ahiMsaka vIratA ke jIvanta pratimAna samrAT khAravela. 7. jinadharma-prabhAvanA ke lie samarpita mahAmAnava- samrAT khAravela. 8. 'bhAratavarSa' nAmakaraNa ke AdhAra samrAT khAravela bhArata ke samasta aitihAsika samrAToM meM kyoM zreSThatama haiM? aura jainatva ko jIkara bhI ve akhaNDa-vijetA kaise bana sake? 10. samAjasevA evaM rASTrasevA ke lie samarpita samrAT khAravela. 11. samrAT khAravela ke jaina-sAMskRtika avadAnoM kI preraNAmUrti rAnI siMdhulA. -137

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AcArya guNadhara aura unakA kasAyapAhuDasutta - DaoN. phUlacanda jaina premI, vArANasI vizAla jaina vAGmaya kA anuyoga paddhati se viSaya ke anusAra vibhAjana karane para isake cAra vibhAga kiye gaye haiM- 1. prathamAnuyoga, 2. karaNAnuyoga, 3. caraNAnuyoga aura 4. drvyaanuyog| inameM 'kasAyapAhuDasutta' karaNAnuyoga kA eka mahAn siddhAnta grantha hai| zaurasenI prAkRta-sAhitya kA jaba hama adhyayana prArambha karate hai, taba hamArI sarvaprathama dRSTi AcArya guNadhara racita 'kasAyapAhuDasutta' para jAtI hai| yaha upalabdha jaina-sAhityaparamparA meM karma-siddhAnta viSaya kA prAcInatama mahAn grantha hai| isake kartA AcArya guNadhara vikrama pUrva kI prathama zatI ke AcArya haiN| inake vyaktitva ke viSaya meM vizeSa sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hai| inakI ekamAtra kRti 'kasAyapAhuDasutta' tathA isake TIkAkAroM ke ullekhoM ke AdhAra para hI inake viSaya meM kucha jAnakArI prApta hotI kasAyapAhuDa kI prasiddha TIkA jayadhavalA meM kahA bhI hai ki jinakA hRdaya pravacana vAtsalya se bharA huA hai, una AcArya guNadhara ne solaha hajAra pada-pramANa pejjadosa pAhuDa ke viccheda ho jAne ke bhaya se eka sau assI gAthAoM dvArA kasAyapAhuDa kI racanA kara isa grantha kA upasaMhAra kiyaa| (gaMthavoccheda bhaeNa pavayaNavacchalaparavasIkaya-hiyaeNa evaM pejjadosapAhuDaM solasapadasahassa pamANaM hotaM asIdisadametta gAhAhi uvadhAridaM (jayadhavalA, bhAga 1, pR. 87) / isa kathana se siddha hai ki AcArya guNadhara jJAnapravAda nAmaka paJcamapUrva kI dasama vastu rUpa 'pejjadosapAhuDa' ke vizeSa pAragAmI evaM vAcaka AcArya the| ____ kasAyapAhuDa kI A. vIrasenasvAmI racita jayadhavalA TIkA ke adhyayana se bhI A. guNadhara ke viSaya meM vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hotii| ve to mAtra itanA hI ullekha (bhAga 1, gAthA 7-8) karate haiM ki jina AryamaMkSu aura nAgahasti ne A. guNadhara ke mukhakamala se vinirgata gAthAoM ke sarva artha ko avadhAraNa kiyA, ve hameM vara pradAna kreN| jo AryamaMkSu ke ziSya haiM aura nAgahasti ke antevAsI haiM, vRttisUtra ke kartA ve yativRSabha mujhe vara pradAna kreN| isa sandarbha meM A. indranandi ke anusAra A. guNadhara ne svayaM nAgahasti aura Arya maMkSu ke lie kasAyapAhuDa kI gAthAoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyaa| ina sabase yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya maMkSa aura nAgahasti samakAlIna the tathA donoM kasAyapAhuDa ke mahAnavettA the| kasAyapAhuDa para cUrNisUtroM ke racayitA A. yativRSabha ina donoM ke ziSya the tathA inhoMne inase kasAyapAhuDa kA jJAna prApta kiyA thaa| jayadhavalAkAra ne ina donoM ko mahAvAcaka tathA khavaNa yA mahAkhavaNa kahA hai| ina saba sandarbho se A. guNadhara aura unakI mahAn paramparA kA jJAna hotA hai; kintu A. guNadhara ke viSaya meM anyatra adhika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai; kintu aba unake dvArA racita mahAn siddhAnta grantha "kasAyapAhuDa' hI unake vizAla vyaktitva aura kRtitva kA paricAyaka hai| yahA~ yaha bhI vizeSa ullekhya hai ki isa saba adhyayana se yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki kasAyapAhuDa taka AgamajJAna kI maukhika paramparA hI pracalita rahI hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama pustakabaddha kiye gye| isake ullekhoM se bhI spaSTa hai ki AgamajJAna ko pustakArUr3ha karane kA zubhArambha SaTkhaNDAgama se huaa| --138 -

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kasAyapAhuDa kA dUsarA nAma 'pejjadosapAhuDa' bhI hai| ata: prasaMgAnusAra pejja kA artha rAga tathA dosa kA artha 'dveSa' hai| prastuta grantha meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha- ina cAra kaSAyoM kI 'rAga-dveSa' rUpa pariNati aura unakI prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga evaM baMdha-sambandhI vizeSatAoM kA vivecana vizleSaNa hI prastuta grantha kA varNyaviSaya hone se isa grantha ke nAma kI sArthakatA bhI siddha ho jAtI hai| yaha ullekhya hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu aura lohAcArya ke bAda kI AcArya-paramparA meMsaMghanAyaka-AcArya arhabali (vIra nirvANa saMvat 565) ne nandi, vIra, deva, sena Adi aneka saMghoM kI sthApanA kI thii| inameM eka guNadhara nAmaka saMgha bhI banA thaa| isa ullekha se yaha spaSTa hai ki guNadhara eka vizAla saMgha ke prabhAvaka AcArya the| jayadhavalAkAra AcArya vIrasena ne inheM 'vAcaka' (parvavida) upAdhi se vibhaSita kiyA hai| inheM aMga aura pUrvo kA ekadeza jJAna AcArya-paramparA se prApta huA thA (tado aMgapuvvaNamegadeto ceva Airiya paraMparAe AgaMtUNa guNaharAiriyaM saMppatto), jisake AdhAra para unhoMne isa mahAn grantha kI racanA kii| __kasAyapAhuDa kI racanAzailI suttagAhA (gAhAsutta) ke rUpa meM atisaMkSipta, bIjapadarUpa, ananta arthagarbhita hone se isakA arthabodha sahajagamya nahIM thA, ata: A. yativRSabha ne isa para sarvaprathama cUrNisUtroM kI racanA kii| isa AgamarUpa siddhAnta grantha kI eka sau assI gAthAoM tathA AcArya yativRSabha kI 53 cUrNi gAthAoM sahita 233 gAthAoM ke racayitA AcArya gaNadhara hI mAne jAte haiN| (jayadhavalA, bhAga 1, pR.183) ina gAhAsattoM ko ananta artha se garbhita kiyA gayA hai- edAo annNttthgbbhiyaao| isIlie inake spaSTIkaraNa hetu mahAkammapayaDi pAha pAhaDa ke mahAna vizeSajJa AcArya yativaSabha ne isa para chaha hajAra zlokapramANa caNNisattoM kI racanA kii| A. yativRSabha ne apanI cUrNi meM aneka anuyogoM kA vyAkhyAna na karake "evaM NedavvaM, bhaNidavvaM" Adi kahakara vyAkhyAtAcAryoM ke lie saMketa kiye haiM ki isI prakAra ve zeSa anuyogoM kA parijJAna apane ziSyoM ko kraaveN| A. yativRSabha ke aise sAMketika sthaloM aura unake cuNNisuttoM ke bhI spaSTIkaraNa kI jaba AvazyakatA huI taba 'uccAraNAcArya' ne bAraha hajAra zloka pramANa 'uccAraNA' nAmaka vRtti kA nirmANa kiyaa| ___ ina sabake cuNNisuttoM evaM uccAraNAvRtti ke spaSTIkaraNa ke lie bhI zAmakuNDAcArya ne ar3atAlIsa hajAra zlokapramANa 'paddhati' nAmaka TIkA kI vizeSa rUpa se racanA kii| vIrasenAcArya ke anusAra- "suttavRttivivaraNAe paddhaI" vavaesAdo (jayadhavalA) arthAt jisameM mUlasUtra aura usakI vRtti kA vivaraNa kiyA gayA ho, use 'paddhati' kahate haiN| AcArya indranandi ke anusAra yaha paddhati prAkRta, saMskRta aura karnATaka bhASA meM racI gayI TIkA vizeSa hotI thI (prAkRta saMskRta karNATaka bhASayA-paddhatiH parAracitA-- zrutAvatAra, 164) / zrutAvatAra (pA 166, 173, 176) ke anusAra isa paddhati ke bAda tumbalUrAcArya ne SaTkhaNDAgama ke Arambhika pAMca khaNDoM para tathA kasAyapAhuDa para karNATakI bhASA meM 84 hajAra zlokapramANa 'cUr3AmaNi' nAmaka bahuta vistRta vyAkhyA likhI thii| isa cUr3AmaNi ke bAda bhI bappadevAcArya dvArA bhI isa grantha para koI TIkA likhI gayI thI- aisA ullekha milatA hai; kintu isake nAma aura pramANa kA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| yahA~ yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki isa samaya zAmakuNDAcArya racita 'paddhati' tumbalUrAcArya kI cUr3AmaNi aura bappadeva kI TIkA-- jinheM hama surakSita nahIM rakha sake, ata: ye tInoM viziSTa TIkAe~ aba upalabdha nahIM hai| -13- -

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vastutaH dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke anusAra pratyeka vastuoM meM parivartana niyamAnusAra hotA hI rahatA hai| ata: yuga ke anusAra logoM kI smaraNa aura grahaNa zakti meM bhI parivartana aayaa| isalie siddhAnta ke viSayoM kI gahanatA aura bhASA kI kaThinAI ne isa mahAn jJAna kI avicchinna dhArA meM bAdhA DAlanA prArambha kiyA, taba uparyukta TIkAoM aura mUla grantha ke ananta arthoM ko hRdayaMgama karake AcArya vIrasena (navIM zatI ke pUrvArddha) aura jinasena (navIM zatI) ne 'maNipravAla-nyAya' se prAkRta-saMskRta mizrita bhASA meM sAha hajAra zloka pramANa 'jayadhavalA' nAmaka TIkA kI racanA karake sarala bhASA meM usa mahAn avicchinna AgamajJAna-paramparA ko bhAvI pIr3hI ke lie surakSita karake apane ko sabhI ke lie zraddhA kA amara pAtra banA liyaa| -140 -

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SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA-TIkA kA bhASAyI vizleSaNa - vRSabha prasAda jaina, lakhanaU yaha spaSTa hI hai ki sUtra sUtra-zailI meM hote haiM aura TIkA vyAkhyAna-zailI meN| SaTkhaNDAgama AcArya puSpadanta bhUtabali kI sUtra-racanA hai aura 'dhavalA' AcArya vIrasena svAmI kI SaTakhaNDAgama ke sUtroM para ttiikaa| TIkA ke pramukha rUpa meM nimna tIna kAma hote haiM1. mUla sUtra meM jo sUtrabaddha rUpa meM kahA gayA hai, usakA vyAkhyAna krnaa| 2. isa vyAkhyAna karane meM jo pracalita paramparAe~ haiM, una paramparAoM ko digdarzita karate hue sUtra ko sUtra-mUla kI paramparA ke sAtha jor3anA aura sahabaddha paramparAoM ke sAtha sUtra ke rizte ko ujAgara krnaa| 3. isa dUsare kAma ko karane ke lie kaI bAra TIkAkAra ko apanI parIkSA bhI denI par3atI hai, isIlie vaha yaha saba kAma kaI sthaloM para sUtra ke sAtha rahate hue aura kaI sthaloM para sUtra ke virodha meM rahakara bhI karatA hai| ukta tInoM kAmoM ko karane ke lie TIkAkAra ko kisI-na-kisI bhASA kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai, vaha jisa bhASA kA sahArA letA hai, vaha bhASA hI TIkA-bhASA kahalAtI hai| kaI TIkA granthoM ke sandarbha meM TIkA-bhASA aura sUtra-bhASA eka dekhI jAtI hai, kaI granthoM ke sandarbha meM TIkA-bhASA aura hotI hai aura sUtra-bhASA kucha aura hotI hai tathA kaI ke sandarbha meM TIkA-bhASA sUtra-bhASA hote hue bhI kucha aura bhI hotI hai, para eka bAta jarUra hai ki uparyukta tInoM taraha kI TIkA-bhASAe~ sUtra meM nihita, gUr3ha yA guhya artha ko udghATita, vyAkhyAyita karane vAlI hotI haiM aura yadi vaha vaha nahIM hai to vaha samucita TIkA-bhASA nahIM kahI jA sktii| dhavalA uparyukta tInoM prakAroM meM tIsare prakAra kI bhASA vAlI TIkA hai| bhAva yaha hai ki dhavalA ke mUla sUtra prAkRta meM haiM, para dhavalA prAkRta-bhara meM nahIM hai| prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha vaha saMskRta ko bhI sAtha lekara calatI hai, balki kaI sthaloM para saMskRta pramukha rUpa meM dikhatI hai aura prAkRta aMza kucha gauNa rUpa se, lekina isase tIna bAteM sApha ujAgara ho jAtI haiM1. sUtra-racanA kAla kI bhASA prAkRta rahI hai, 2. TIkA kAla meM prAkRta bauddhika saMsAra meM apanA vaha mahattva nahIM rakha pA rahI thI, jo sUtra-racanA kAla meM usakA thA aura isalie use apane sAtha-sAtha usa kAla vizeSa meM mahattvapUrNa rUpa se ubharane vAlI saMskRta ko bhI jor3anA pdd'aa| 3. yadyapi sUtra aura TIkA donoM kI bhASAe~ bauddhika saMsAra kI bhASAe~ haiM, ThIka lokavyavahAra kI bhASAe~ nahIM, para lokavyavahAra se jur3I bhASAe~ haiM, kyoMki agara ye lokavyavahAra ko anadekhI karane vAlI bhASAe~ hotI to TIkAkAra cAhe jisa bhASA meM TIkA karatA aura vaisI sthiti meM loka meM vidyamAna bhautika saMsAra kI cintA na karatA, para TIkAkAra ne aisA nahIM kiyA, isase spaSTa hai ki dhavalA TIkA kI bhASA bauddhika saMsAra kI bhASA hote hue bhI loka mAnya bhASA ke lokavyavahAra kI sthiti se jur3akara rahane vAlI bhASA hai| --141

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SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalATIkA ke vyAkaraNAtmaka niyama - DaoN. udayacandra jaina, udayapura AcArya puSpadanta bhUtabali ne 'chakkhaNDAgama' kI zaurasenI prAkRta meM jo racanA kI usa para AcArya vIrasena ne dhavalATIkA ke AdhAra para sampUrNa viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| jIvasthAna, kSullakabaMdha, baMdhasvAmitvavicaya, vedanA, vargaNA aura mahAbaMdha- ina cha: adhikAroM meM jIvatattva se lekara karma-siddhAnta ke sampUrNa viSaya kA vivecana apane Apa meM mahattvapUrNa hai| yahI nahIM apitu yaha Adya, sUtrAtmaka-grantha eka aisA grantha hai jisase samasta granthiyoM kA khulAsA hotA hai| __ AcArya vIrasena ne prAkRta evaM saMskRta donoM meM hI SaTakhaNDAgama para dhavalA nAmaka vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| yaha vyAkhyA prAkRta-bhASA ke sUtrAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko bhI lie hue hai| isameM zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, mahArASTrI Adi prAkRtoM kA samAveza hai, parantu isameM TIkAkAra ne pratyeka zabda, pada Adi kI vizeSatAoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie vyAkaraNAtmaka sUtra bhI diye haiN| jaise - "ede chaTTa samAsA', yaha chaha samAna artha vAle pada haiN| isake prArambha meM jo maMgalAcaraNa diyA hai usakA vyAkaraNAtmaka vizleSaNa atyanta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| siddhamaNaMtamaNiMdiyamaNuvamamappatya sokkhamaNavajjaM kevala-pahoha-Nijjiya-duNNaya-timiraM jiNaM nnmh| siddha- Sidhu dhAtu, gamanArthaka yA saMdhAraNa yA siddha artha meM prasiddha hai| ananta- anta sImAvAcaka hai aura ananta padArthoM ko jAnane kA bhI bodha karAtA hai| isI taraha prArambhika navakAramantra kI vyAkhyA meM sUtrAtmaka dRSTikoNa hai, isameM maMgala, nimitta hetu, parimANa, nAma evaM kartA kI dRSTi se vivecana kiyA hai| ee chacca-samANA- a A i I u U- ye samAna pada haiN| inhIM se saMyogAkSara, labdhyakSara aura nirvRtyakSara ke anusAra vRddhi, guNa Adi banate haiN| inheM bhI prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai| isalie inake pramANa pada, madhyapada, vAkyapada, bhedapada, artha Adi kI dRSTi se vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| dhAu-Nikkheva-Naya-eyattha-Nirutti-aNiyoga charehi ....... tattha dhAU bhU sattAyAM ...... tattha 'magi' idi aNeNa dhaaunnaa| ityAdi zabda se pada, pada se artha, artha se nirNaya taka pahuMcane ke lie dhAtu, nikSepa, naya, ekArtha, nirukti, anuyoga, Adi ko mahattva diyA jAtA hai| 'aNu' saMjJA hai| liMga, saMkhyA, kAla, kAraka, puruSa aura upagraha Adi vyAkaraNAtmaka prayoga SaTakhaNDAgama kI vizeSatA hai| isameM kAraka ke anusAra jahA~ naya ke dRSTikoNa ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA vahIM para liMga ke anusAra pada kI vyAkhyA kI gyii| dhAtu ke anusAra zabdoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA gyaa| yathA - (1) indanAdindraH - paramaM aizvaryazAlI hone se indr| -142

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(2) pUrdAraNAtpurandaraH - nagaroM kA vibhAga karane ke kAraNa purndr| (3) zakanAcchakra-- sAmarthyavAn hone ke kAraNa shkr| AcArya vIrasena ne dhavalATIkA meM zabda ke AdhAra se aneka prakAra ke vyabhicAra arthAt doSa ke nirUpaNa meM liMga, saMkhyA, kAla, kAraka, puruSa aura upagraha doSoM Adi kA kathana kiyA hai| liMga doSa - strIliMga ke sthAna para pulliMga aura pulliMga ke sthAna para strIliMga kA kathana krnaa| yathAtArakA svAti- yahA~ tArakA strIliMgavAcI hai aura svAti pulliMgavAcI hai| avagamo vidyA ...... avagamo zabda pulliMga hai aura vidyA strIliMga hai| saMkhyA-doSa - ekatve dvitvaM nakSatraM punarvasu, ekatve bahutvaM nakSatraM zatabhiSaja-dvitve ekatvaM godA grAma iti| kAla-doSa- bhaviSyatkAla ke sthAna para bhUtakAla, bhUtakAla ke sthAna para bhvissytkaal| yathAvizvadRzvAsya putro jnitaa| kAraka-doSa - eka sAdhana ke sthAna para dUsare sAdhana/kAraka kA prayoga kAraka doSa kA vyabhicAra hai| isI taraha puruSa-doSa (vyabhicAra) bhI hotA hai| edesiM ceva coddasaNhaM - ye caudaha saMjJAeM caudaha jIva samAsarUpa haiN| aise sUtra ke mAdhyama se anuyoga, niyoga, bhASA, vibhASA aura vArtika kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai| 'taM jahA~' sUtra ne Age kahe jAne vAle prasaMga ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| yaha dhavalATIkA ke sUtra vivecana kA hI pariNAma hai| 'sAmAnye napuMsakaM' yaha bhI unakA napuMsaka liMga nirdeza karane kA sUtra hai| ArSavacana bhI sUtra kahe gaye haiN| 'ca' sadda samuccayasUcaka aura iti zabda guNasthAnasUcaka bhI kahA gyaa| trasi udvege sUtra ne bhayabhIta artha ko vyakta kiyA hai| isa prakAra SaTakhaNDAgama ke vizleSaNa paddhati ke aneka sUtra hai| jo svatantra vyAkaraNAtmaka jJAna ko prastuta karate hai| vistRta nibandha meM inhIM sabakA vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| -143

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SaTkhaNDAgama meM naya-siddhAnta ke prayoga - DaoN. anekAntakumAra jaina SaTkhaNDAgama digambara jaina-paramparA kA mUla Agama grantha hai| SaTkhaNDAgama ke racayitA dharasenAcArya ke ziSya AcArya puSpadanta va bhUtabalI munirAja haiN| isa Agama meM chaha khaNDa isa prakAra haiM- 1. 'jIvasthAna'; 2. 'khuddAbandha'; 3. 'bandhasvAmitvavicaya'; 4. 'vedanAkhaNDa'; 5. 'vargaNAkhaNDa' aura 6. 'mhaabndh'| isake caturtha 'vedanAkhaNDa' tathA paJcama 'vargaNAkhaNDa' meM naigama Adi prasaMgata: vivecana bhI hai| vibhinna viSayoM ke pratipAdana inhIM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| vedanAkhaNDa meM vedanA nikSepa anuyogadvAra ke antargata 'vedanA' zabda ke aneka artha nirdiSTa kiye gaye haiN| unameM kahA~ kauna sA artha grAhya hai, yaha nayoM ke mAdhyama se hI samajhAyA gayA hai| isake lie granthakartA ne vedanAkhaNDa meM 'veyaNA Naya vibhAuNA' nAma kA dvitIya adhikAra hI banA diyaa| isa prakAra vedanA tathA vargaNA ko samajhAne ke lie naya siddhAnta kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| pUre mUla zodha-nibandha ke niSkarSa ko hama sAra rUpa meM nimnalikhita binduoM ke AdhAra para samajha sakate haiM--- (1) kasAyapAhuDa kI taraha SaTakhaNDAgama meM bhI naigama Adi prasiddha sAta nayoM kI paribhASA to nahIM hai; kintu ina nayoM ke prayogoM ko jaba hama dekhate haiM to spaSTa samajha meM AtA hai ki inake kartA kA mukhya bhAva vahI hai jo ki paravartI AcAryoM ne naigamAdi nayoM kI paribhASA karate samaya grahaNa kiyaa| (2) cAra vedanA nikSepoM kA vargIkaraNa karate samaya tathA anya karmasthaloM para naigama, vyavahAra tathA saMgrahanaya ko eka artha meM liyA hai| (3) jJAnAvaraNAdi vedanAoM kA vargIkaraNa karate samaya naigama aura vyavahAranaya ko eka artha meM liyA hai| jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ke vedanA svAmitva vidhAna prakaraNa meM zabdanaya aura RjusUtranaya ko eka abhiprAya meM liyA hai| (5) vartamAna meM naigamAdi nayoM kI prasiddha paribhASAoM kI tarapha dRSTipAta kareM to ve paribhASAyeM apane svarUpa lakSaNAnusAra Apasa meM pRthak-pRthak to hai hI, unakA viSaya bhI uttarottara sUkSma hai| (6) isa sandarbha meM ho sakatA hai dharasenAcArya kI koI vizeSa dRSTi rahI ho| yaha khoja kA viSaya hai ki nayoM ko lekara unakI dRSTi kaisI rahI hogI? (7) SaTakhaNDAgama Agama yuga kA grantha hai aura Agama yuga ko hama naya kA udbhava tathA vikAsazIla kAla mAnate haiM, yahI kAraNa hai ki dharasenAcArya kI naya viSayaka vicAraNA eka alaga hI rUpa lie hue hai| SaTkhaNDAgama ke kartA manISI naya kA prayoga kara rahe haiM, ve isa prayoga meM naya ke naigamAdi bhedoM ko kina arthoM meM le rahe haiM? yaha abhI bhI anusandhAna kA viSaya banA huA hai| 144

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AcArya kundakunda aura unakI TIkAkAroM kI dRSTi meM svasamaya aura parasamaya - DaoN. hukamacanda bhArilla, jayapura mUlasaMgha ke pratiSThApaka AcArya kundakundadeva jina-adhyAtma-paramparA ke ziramaura haiN| digambara jina-paramparA meM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura gaNadhara gautama ke tatkAla bAda nAmollekhapUrvaka ekamAtra unheM hI smaraNa kiyA jAtA maMgalaM bhagavAn vIro maMgalaM gautamo gnnii| maMgalaM kundakundAdyo jainadharmo'stu mNglm|| zAstra pravacana Arambha karane ke pUrva vidvAnoM dvArA bole jAne vAle ukta chanda meM AcArya kundakunda ko nAmollekhapUrvaka smaraNa karake zeSa AcAryoM ko 'Adi' zabda meM zAmila kara liyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra hAthI ke paira meM sabhI pazuoM ke paira samAhita ho jAte haiM; usI prakAra AcArya kundakunda meM sampUrNa digambara jina AcArya-paramparA samAhita ho jAtI hai| samasta paravartI AcArya svayaM ko mUlasaMgha kI AcArya kundakunda apanI sarvAdhika lokapriya kRti samayasAra kI dUsarI hI gAthA meM svasamaya aura parasamaya ko paribhASita karate hue likhate haiM jIvo carittadaMsaNaNANaTThido taM hi sasamayaM jaann| poggalakammapadesaTThidaM ca taM jANa prsmy|| 2 / / (harigIta) sadjJAnadarzanacarita pariNata jIva hI haiM svsmy| jo karmapudgala ke pradezoM meM raheM ve prsmy||2|| jo jIva darzana, jJAna evaM cAritra meM sthita haiM; unheM svasamaya jAno aura jo jIva pudgalakarma ke pradezoM meM sthita haiM; unheM parasamaya jaano| mUla gAthA meM to svasamaya aura parasamaya ko hI paribhASita kiyA gayA hai, para AcArya amRtacandra aura jayasena pahale samaya kA svarUpa spaSTa karate haiM, usake bAda svasamaya aura parasamaya ko samajhAte haiN| svabhAva meM sthita jIva svasamaya haiM aura parabhAva meM sthita jIva parasamaya haiN| svasamaya aura parasamaya donoM avasthAoM meM vyApaka pratyagAtmA samaya hai| yahA~ 'samaya' zabda kA artha paradravyoM aura unake guNoM-paryAyoM se atyanta bhinna, jJAna-darzanasvabhAvI, - 145 -

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utpAda, vyaya va dhrauvya se sahita, guNa-paryAyavAn, sva-paraprakAzaka, anantadharmAtmaka, TaMkotkIrNa caitanyasvabhAvI jIvadravya hai| ___ yahA~ pramANa ke viSayabhUta jIvadravya ko liyA gayA hai; dravyArthikanaya ke viSaya yA dRSTi ke viSayarUpa jIvatattva ko nhiiN| jaba yaha guNa-paryAyavAn jIvadravya apane trikAlI dhruva nija bhagavAn AtmA meM apanApana sthApita karatA hai, use hI apanA jAnatA-mAnatA hai, usameM hI jamatA-ramatA hai, taba svasamaya kahalAtA hai aura jaba pudgalakarma ke udaya ke nimitta se prApta saMyogoM meM, saMyogIbhAvoM meM apanApana sthApita karatA hai, unheM hI apanA jAnatA-mAnatA hai, usameM hI jamatA-ramatA hai, taba parasamaya kahalAtA hai| pravacanasAra meM svasamaya-parasamaya kI paribhASA isa prakAra dI gayI hai jo pajjaesa hiradA jIvA parasamaiga ti nniditttthaa| AdasahAvamhi ThidA se sagasamayA munnedvvaa|| jo jIva paryAyoM meM lIna haiM, unheM parasamaya kahA gayA hai aura jo jIva AtmasvabhAva meM sthita haiM, unheM svasamaya jAnanA caahie|" samayasAra kI dUsarI gAthA meM darzana, jJAna aura cAritra meM sthita jIva ko svasamaya kahA gayA hai aura pravacanasAra meM AtmasvabhAva meM sthita jIva ko svasamaya kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra samayasAra meM pudgalakarma ke pradezoM meM sthita jIva ko parasamaya kahA gayA hai aura pravacanasAra meM paryAyoM meM nirata AtmA ko parasamaya kahA gayA hai| ukta donoM kathanoM meM koI antara nahIM hai, mAtra apekSA bheda hai| AtmasvabhAva meM sthita hone kA nAma hI darzana-jJAna-cAritra meM sthita honA hai| zraddhA, jJAna aura cAritra guNa kI paryAyeM jaba AtmasvabhAva ke sanmukha hokara pariNamita hotI haiM, taba samyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra pragaTa hote haiM; usI ko AtmasvabhAva meM sthita honA kahate haiM aura usI ko darzana-jJAna-cAritra meM sthita honA kahate haiN| samayasAra kI AtmakhyAti TIkA meM pudgalakarma ke pradezoM meM sthita hone kA artha moha-rAga-dveSAdi bhAvoM meM ekatva sthApita kara pariNamana karanA kiyA hai aura pravacanasAra kI tattvapradIpikA TIkA meM paryAyoM meM nirata kA artha karate hue manuSyAdi asamAna jAti dravyaparyAyoM meM ekatvarUpa se pariNamana karane para vizeSa bala diyA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki parasamaya kI vyAkhyA meM AtmakhyAti meM moha-rAga-dveSarUpa AtmA ke vikArI pariNAmoM ke sAtha ekatvabuddhi para bala diyA hai, to tattvapradIpikA TIkA meM manuSyAdi asamAna jAti dravyaparyAyoM ke sAtha ekatvabuddhi para bala diyA hai| AtmakhyAti meM upacarita-sadbhUtavyavahAranaya ke viSaya ko liyA hai, to tattvapradIpikA meM anupacarita-asadbhUta vyavahAranaya ke viSaya ko liyA hai| rAgAdi ke sAtha ekatA kI bAta upacarita-sadbhUtavyavahAranaya kahatA hai aura -146

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manuSya dehAdi ke sAtha ekatA kI bAta anupacarita-asadbhUtavyavahAranaya kahatA hai| nizcayaratnatraya se rahita jIva to mithyAdRSTi hI hote haiM; para nizcayaratnatraya se pariNata jIvoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura ve tInoM bheda cAritra kI pUrNatA-apUrNatA ke AdhAra para ghaTita hote haiM; kyoMki samyagdarzana to apUrNa hotA hI nhiiN| cauthe guNasthAna meM hI kSAyika samyagdarzana ho jAtA hai; samyagjJAna bhI samyak mithyA kI apekSA samyak hI hotA hai, pUrNa samyak hI hotA hai; bhale kevalajJAna nahIM hai, para samyakpane meM koI antara nahIM hotA, koI apUrNatA nahIM hotii| anantAnubandhI kaSAya ke abhAva meM cAritra kA aMza caturtha guNasthAna meM prakaTa ho jAtA hai aura pUrNatA vItarAga hone para hI hotI hai tathA sAtaveM guNasthAna ke yogya zuddhopayoga kI apekSA sAtaveM guNasthAna meM nizcayacAritra hotA hai| isa prakAra nizcayaratnatraya pariNata jIvoM ko nimnAMkita tIna bhAgoM meM rakhA jAtA hai(1) nizcayasamyagdarzana-jJAna-cAritra pragaTa ho jAne se caturtha guNasthAna vAle jIva nizcayaratnatraya se pariNata haiN| isa apekSA to caturthaguNasthAna se lekara siddha taka sabhI jIva svasamaya hI haiN| (2) AtmadhyAna meM sthita jIvoM ko hI nizcayaratnatraya pariNata kaheM to sAtaveM guNasthAna se Upara vAle jIva hI svasamaya khlaayeNge| (3) yadi pUrNa vItarAgiyoM ko hI nizcayaratnatrayapariNata kaheM to bArahaveM guNasthAna se Age vAle hI svasamaya khlaayeNge| yahA~ eka prazna upasthita hotA hai ki mithyAdRSTi parasamaya aura samyagdRSTi se siddha taka svasamaya- yaha apekSA to ThIka; para jaba mithyAdRSTi ko parasamaya aura vItarAgiyoM ko svasamaya kaheMge to phira chadmastha samyagdRSTiyoM (cauthe guNasthAna se lekara bArahaveM guNasthAna taka) ko kyA kaheMge - svasamaya yA parasamaya? isa prazna ke uttara ke lie pazcAstikAya kI 165vIM gAthA draSTavya hai, jo isa prakAra hai - aNNANAdo NANI jadi maNNadi suddhsNpogaado| havaditti dukkhamokkhaM parasamayarado havadi jiivo|| 'zuddhasamprayoga se duHkhoM se mokSa hotA hai' - ajJAna ke kAraNa yadi jJAnI bhI aisA mAne to vaha parasamayarata jIva hai|" isI gAthA kI TIkA likhate hue AcArya amRtacandra likhate haiM ki yaha sUkSmaparasamaya ke svarUpa kA kathana hai| ve Age likhate haiM ki yahA~ siddhi ke sAdhanabhUta arahantAdi bhagavantoM ke prati bhaktibhAva se anuraJjita cittavRtti hI zuddhasamprayoga hai| jaba ajJAnalava ke Aveza se yadi jJAnabhAva bhI 'usa zuddhasamprayoga se mokSa hotA hai' - aise abhiprAya dvArA kheda prApta karatA huA usameM (zuddhasamprayoga meM) pravateM to taba taka vaha bhI rAgalava ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa parasamayarata kahalAtA hai; to phira niraMkuza rAgarUpakleza se kalaMkita antaraMgavRttivAle itara jana parasamayarata kyoM nahIM kahalAyeMge? --147 -

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ukta gAthA aura usakI TIkA donoM hI gambhIra manthana kI apekSA rakhatI haiN| sabase mukhya bAta to yaha hai ki 'jJAnI bhI ajJAna se'- gAthA kA yaha vAkya evaM 'ajJAnalava ke Aveza se yadi jJAnavAn bhI' TIkA kA yaha vAkya- ye donoM hI vAkya virodhAbhAsa-sA lie hue haiN| jaba koI vyakti jJAnI hai to usake ajJAna kaise ho sakatA hai? yadyapi samyagjJAnI ke bhI audayika ajJAna hotA hai, alpajJAnarUpa ajJAna hotA hai; tathApi isa ajJAna ke kAraNa parasamayapanA sambhava nahIM hotA, kyoMki yahAM zuddhasamprayoga kA artha arahantAdi kI bhakti se anuraJjita cittavRtti kiyA ra sAtha hI yaha bhI likhA hai ki isase mokSa hotA hai - aise abhiprAya ke kAraNa parasamayapanA hai| ataH yaha siddha hI hai ki yahA~ audayika ajJAna kI bAta nahIM hai| yadi audayika ajJAna kI bAta hai nahIM aura jJAnI ke kSAyopazamika ajJAna hotA hI nahIM hai to phira kauna-sA ajJAna hai ? bhAI, yahA~ mukhya rUpa se mithyAdRSTi ko hI parasamaya batAnA hai| isI bAta para vajana DAlane ke lie yahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki jaba arahanta kI bhakti se makti prApta hotI hai - isa abhiprAya vAle bhI parasamaya kahe jAte haiM to phira viSaya-kaSAya meM sukhabuddhi se niraMkuza pravRtti karane vAle to parasamaya hoMge hii| vastutaH to yahA~ cAritra ke doSa para hI vajana hai, zraddhA yA jJAna ke doSa para nahIM; bhale hI ajJAna zabda kA prayoga kiyA ho, para sAtha hI jJAnI zabda kA bhI prayoga hai na? tathA yaha bhI likhA hai ki rAgalava ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa parasamayarata hai| yahA~ 'rAgalava ke sadbhAva ke kAraNa' - yaha vAkya vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai| __yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArya amRtacandra ko unheM parasamaya kahane meM saMkoca kA anubhava ho rahA hai| unakA yaha saMkoca isa rUpa meM vyakta huA hai ki ve kahate haiM yaha sUkSmaparasamaya kA kathana hai| yadyapi gAthA meM aisA koI bheda nahIM kiyA hai, tathApi amRtacandra TIkA ke Arambha meM hI yaha bAta likhate haiN| __'zraddhA ke doSavAle mithyAdRSTi sthUlaparasamaya aura cAritra ke doSavAle sarAga samyagdRSTi sUkSmaparasamaya haiM' - isa prakAra kA bhAva hI isI gAthA kI TIkA meM AcArya jayasena ne vyakti kiyA haiN| unake mUla kathana kA bhAva isa prakAra hai- "koI puruSa nirvikAra zuddhAtmabhAvanA lakSaNavAle paramopekSAsaMyama meM sthita hone meM azakta hotA huA kAma-krodhAdi azuddha (azubha) pariNAmoM se bacane ke lie tathA saMsAra kI sthiti kA cheda karane ke lie jaba paJcaparameSThI kA guNastavana karatA hai, bhakti karatA hai, taba sUkSmaparasamayarUpa pariNamita hotA huA sarAga samyagdRSTi hotA hai, aura yadi zubhopayoga se hI mokSa hotA hai- aisA ekAnta se mAnatA hai to sthUlaparasamayarUpa pariNAma se sthUla parasamaya hotA huA ajJAnI mithyAdRSTi hotA hai|" ukta kathana meM mithyAdRSTi ko sthUlaparasamaya aura sarAga samyagdRSTi ko sUkSmaparasamaya kahA hai| isase yaha sahaja hI phalita hotA hai ki vItarAga samyagdRSTi svasamaya haiN| paJcAstikAya kI gAthA 165 se 169 taka pA~ca gAthAoM meM zubharAga meM dharmabuddhi kA aura zubharAgarUpa pariNati kA bar3I hI nirdayatA se niSedha kiyA gayA hai| aise jIvoM ko parasamaya kahakara svasamaya banane kI preraNA dI gayI hai| -14

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samayasAra kI dUsarI gAthA kI TIkA meM AcArya jayasena nizcayaratnatraya se pariNata jIva ko svasamaya aura nizcayaratnatraya se rahita jIva ko parasamaya kahate haiN| hA~, eka bAta yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki kSayopazama samyagdRSTi ke samyaktva kI dezaghAti prakRti samyaktva-prakRtimithyAtva ke udaya meM samyaktva meM cala, mala aura agAr3ha doSa utpanna hote rahate haiM; una doSoM ko hI yahA~ 'ajJAnalava' zabda se sambodhita kiyA ho, kyoMki ukta doSoM kA bhI lagabhaga vahIsvarUpa hai, jo yahA~ sUkSmaparasamaya ke pratipAdana meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai| ataH eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki yahA~ cala, mala aura agAr3ha doSa vAle kSayopazama samyagdRSTiyoM ko hI 'sUkSmaparasamaya' zabda se sambodhita kiyA gayA ho| are bhAI! yaha saba to sUkSmaparasamaya kA vivecana hai, mUlarUpa se to yahA~ yahI upayukta hai ki svasamaya mAne samyagdRSTi dharmAtmA, muktimArga evaM mukta tathA parasamaya mAne mithyAdRSTi sNsaarii| prathama guNasthAna vAle parasamaya haiM aura cauthe guNasthAna se siddhadazA taka ke jIva svasamaya haiN| niSkarSa ke rUpa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vAstavika dharmapariNata AtmA hI dharmAtmA haiM, svasamaya haiM aura dharma pariNati se vihIna moha-rAga-dveSa pariNata AtmA hI adharmAtmA haiM, parasamaya haiN| svasamaya upAdeya hai, parasamaya heya hai, samaya jJeya hai aura samayasAra dhyeya hai| samayasArarUpa dhyeya ke jJAna,zraddhAna aura dhyAna se hI yaha samaya svasamaya banatA hai aura samayasAra ke jJAna, zraddhAna evaM dhyAna ke abhAva meM moha-rAgadveSarUpa pariNata hokara parasamaya banatA hai| ataH samayasArarUpazuddhAtmA ko samajhakara usameM apanApana sthApita karanA, usakA hI dhyAna karanA apanA parama kartavya hai| atIndriya Ananda arthAt saccA sukha prApta karane kA ekamAtra yahI upAya hai| -14/

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AcArya samantabhadra aura unakA avadAna - DaoN. nemicanda jaina, khuraI vyaktitva AcArya samantabhadra jaina vAGmaya ke prathama saMskRta kavi evaM stutikAra haiN| ve udbhaTa dArzanika evaM zreSTha vicAraka the| unako zrutadhara AcArya evaM sArasvata AcAryoM kI paramparAoM ko jor3ane kA zreya prApta hai| ve tArkika manISI the| unake dArzanika racanAoM para AcArya akalaMka aura vidyAnanda jaise zreSTha AcAryoM ne TIkAeM evaM vivRttiyAM likhakara zreSTha granthakAra kA yaza prApta kiyA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne stutiyoM meM jahA~ bhakti tattva kA samAveza kiyA hai vahIM dArzanika mAnyatAoM ko bhI kuzalatApUrvaka samAviSTa karate hue unakA jaina-darzana ke anusAra samAlocana prastuta kiyA hai| AcArya jinasena ne apane AdipurANa meM samantabhadra ko vAdi, bAgmI kavi evaM gamakatva Adi vizeSaNoM se alaGkRta kiyA hai tathA kavi vedhA bhI kahA hai| AcArya vAdIbhasiMha ne gadyacintAmaNi grantha meM samantabhadra kI tArkita pratibhA tathA zAstrArtha kI kSamatA kA varNana kiyA hai| zrI vardhamAnasUri ne 'vArAGgacaritra' meM samantabhadra ko mahAkavIzvara tathA sutarkazAstrAmRtasAgara vizeSaNa se sambodhita kara kavitva zakti prApti kI prArthanA kI hai| zravaNabelagolA ke zilAlekha nambara 54, 105, 108 meM evaM zrI zubhacandra ke jJAnArNava meM, ajitasena ke 'alaGkAra cintAmaNi' meM samantabhadra ko tejasvI vidvAn prabhAvaka dArzanika mahAvAdI vijetA Adi ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA hai| jIvana-paricaya samantabhadra ke Upara huI khojoM ke AdhAra para yaha taya huA hai ki unakA janma dakSiNa bhArata ke uragapura (uraipura) ke kSatriya rAjA ke ghara meM huA thaa| uraipura ko vartamAna meM 'tricanApolI' nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| stutividyA apara nAma jinazataka meM "gatyaikastutameva' zloka meM inakA nAma zAntivarmA jJAta hotA hai| inake pitA aura mAtA kA nAma Aja taka khoja kA viSaya hai| jIvana kI ghaTanAeM samantabhadra eka samyakdRSTi jaina muni the| AcArya amRtacandra ne likhA hai "samyakadRSTeH bhavati niyatam jJAna vairAgya shktiH"| isake anusAra samantabhadra jJAna, vairAgya-zakti sampanna the| aisA vyakti jIvana meM AyI huI ghaTanAoM se ghabarAtA nahIM hai| inake jIvana meM inako bhaSmakavyAdhi nAmaka roga ho gayA thaa| guru kI AjJA se ye bhaSmaka vyAdhi ke nivAraNArtha bhArata ke kone-kone meM ghuume| rAjA zivakoTi ke mandira meM bhaSmaka vyAdhi kA zamana huaa| rAjA ne parIkSA lI aura ve parIkSA meM saphala hue| jagaha-jagaha bhramaNa karane ke kAraNa unheM vibhinna dharmAvalambI dArzanikoM se vAda-vivAda hone para vijaya prApta huii| aise prakaraNa paTTAvaliyoM evaM rAjavali kathe Adi granthoM ke avalokana se jJAta hote haiN| - 150 -

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samaya-nirdhAraNa samantabhadra ke samaya nirdhAraNa ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM ne cintana kiyA hai- 1. mi. levisa rAisa ne samantabhadra ko I. kI prathama dvitIya zatAbdI kA anumAna hai| 2 karnATaka kavicarite ke racayitA zrI narasiMhAcArya ne zak saMvat 60 arthAt I.san 138 kA mAnA hai| 3 aneka granthoM ke AdhAra para AcArya samantabhadra ke sambandha meM zodha khoja karane vAle AcArya zrIjugalakizorajI mukhtArasA ne, DaoN. jyotiprasAdajI ne unheM san 120-185 ke madhya nirNIta kiyA hai| racanAe~ AcArya samantabhadra saMskRta-sAhitya meM stuti kAvya ke prathama praNetA ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM phira bhI AcArya samantabhadra kI nimnalikhita racanAe~ mAnI gayI haiM1. bRhat svayambhU stotra 2. stutividyA aparanAma jinazataka 3. devAgama stotra aparanAma AptamImAMsA 4. yuktyanuzAsana 5. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra 6. jIvasiddhi 7. tattvAnuzAsana 8. prAkRta vyAkaraNa 9. pramANa padArtha 10. karmaprAbhRta TIkA 11. gandhahasti mahAbhASya ukta racanAoM meM se vartamAna meM mAtra pAMca racanAeM hI upalabdha tathA prakAzita haiN| zeSa racanAeM khoja kA viSaya hai| prApta racanAoM kI viSayavastu evaM maulikatA para vivecana mUla vistRta zodhAlekha meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra samantabhadra kA saMskRta-sAhitya evaM jainadarzana tathA AcAra ke lie mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| -151

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AcArya amRtacandra sUri aura unakA avadAna - DaoN. rAjendrakumAra baMsala, amalAI IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM Agama paragAmI A0 dharasena ke ziSya AcAryadvaya puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali ne SaTakhaNDAgama kI racanA kI, jo prathama zruta skandha ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| isake bAda AcArya kundakunda ne adhyAtma aura tattvajJAna ko surakSita rakhane hetu samayasAra, pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, paJcAstikAya, aSTapAhuDa Adi paramAgama rUpa dvitIya zrutaskandha kI racanA huii| pazcAt eka hajAra varSa ke antarAla meM aneka AcArya hue aura adhyAtma kA pravAha nirantarita rhaa| 10vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya amRtacanda sUri hue| unhoMne kundakunda ke samayasAra, pravacanasAra aura paJcAstikAya Agama granthoM para adhyAtmaparaka dArzanika TIkAe~ likhiiN| ina TIkAoM ke sAtha saMskRta meM pA bhI likhe| Apane puruSArtha siddhyupAya AcAragrantha, tattvArthasAra nAmaka Agama grantha evaM laghutattvasphoTa bhaktiparaka pA grantha- ye racanAe~ kara jaina-sAhitya ko adbhuta grantha diye| Apa mUla saMgha kI nandisaMghI-paramparA ke AcArya mAnya kiye gaye haiN| Apa kulIna dyakura parivAra se sambandhita rhe| AcArya amRtacandra sUri adbhata pratibhA ke dhanI the| ve adhyAtmavAdI antaraMga pariNati se the, bAhara meM nirdoSa mahAvratoM ke pAlana karane vAle antara-bAhya se nirgrantha jinamArgI the| samartha TIkAkAra ke sAtha kavi bhI the| kundakunda ke dvArA pratipAdita akartAvAda kI bhAvanA unameM bahuta adhika gaharAyI se samAhita thii| dIkSAnAma ke atirikta unake granthoM meM unake mAtA-pitA, janmasthala, dIkSAguru Adi laukika jIvana ke bAre meM kucha bhI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| sarvatra unhoMne apane svarUpa meM tIna rahane kI carcA kI aura racanAoM ko varNa, akSara, pada Adi kRta ghoSita kara unake kartRtva se apane ko pRthak rkhaa| nispRhatA kA yaha carama pramANa hai jo jinadIkSA kI sahaja caryA hai| AtmajJAna, dhyAna aura tapa hI unakA paricaya hai| ____ AcArya amRtacandra sUri kI racanAoM se paravartI AcArya/vidvAn bahuta gaharAyI se prabhAvita hue| sahasroM bhavya jIvoM ne zuddhAtmA kI upalabdhi kA mArga samajha kara apanA paitRka dharma kA parityAga karate hue jinezvarI mArga apnaayaa| unakI AdhyAtmika krAnti nirantarita hai| bhaviSya meM bhI ve AtmArthI janoM ke preraNA srota, mArgadarzaka bane rheNge| dravya, guNa evaM paryAya ke sat svarUpa, unakI svatantratA-svAdhInatA kA udghoSa kara sabhI ko 'svayambhU' darzAte hue zuddhAtmA kI upalabdhi kA jo santulita mokSamArga AcArya amRtacandra ne udghATita/vyAkhyAyita kiyA usase jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA ko yesa AdhAra milaa| unakA vyaktitva aura kRtitva svayaM alaukika avadAna bana gyaa| 152 -

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AcArya somadevasUri dvArA pratipAdita ahiMsA - DaoN. jayakumAra jaina, mujaphpharanagara mAnava kI padalolupatA evaM parigrahalipsA ke kAraNa Aja caturdik hiMsA kA prasAra bar3ha rahA hai| jina vaijJAnika AviSkAroM kA upayoga mAnava ke kalyANa ke lie honA thA, unakA prayoga krUratama hiMsA ke sAdhana ke rUpa meM kiyA jA rahA hai| zAnti ke nAma para aTUTa dhana-sampatti kharca karake narasaMhAra jaisI jaghanyatama pravRttiyA~ panapa rahI haiN| Aja manuSya ko manuSya ke kAryoM se jitanA khatarA utpanna ho gayA hai, utanA khatarA kisI prAkRtika ApadA se nahIM ho sakatA hai| isa viSama paristhiti kA ilAja kevala ahiMsA prerita vicAradhArA ke pAsa hai| yadi sabhI deza ahiMsA kI anivAryatA samajha leM to koI kAraNa nahIM ki vizva meM zAnti kI pratiSThA na ho| jagat meM hiMsA sabase bar3A pApa hai aura ahiMsA maanvdhrm| vaicArika pradUSaNa ko haTAne ke lie ahiMsA eka sakArAtmaka evaM vyavahArya samagra jIvana darzana hai| jainazAstroM meM varNita udyogI, virodhI, ArambhI aura saMkalpI caturvidha hiMsA meM se mAtra saMkalpI hiMsA kA tyAga kara dene para bhI loka meM hAhAkAra kI sthiti samApta ho sakatI hai| zrI somadevasUrikRta 'yazastilakacampU' kA uddezya hI ahiMsA kI pratiSThApanA rahA hai| isake ATha AzvAsoM meM se antima tIna AzvAsoM meM zrAvakadharma kA vivecana hai, jinameM saptama AzvAsa meM ahiMsA kA upadeza pramukha hai| zrI somadevasUri ne isakA nAma upAsakAdhyayana rakhA hai| ahiMsA ke pratipAdana meM unhoMne siddhAntavarNana ke sAtha-sAtha usakA vyAvahArika rUpa meM bhI varNana kiyA hai| rAjA yazodhara evaM unakI mAtA candramatI ko ATe ke murgA kI bali dene ke kAraNa jaba chaha janmoM taka pazuyoni meM bhramaNa karanA par3A to sAkSAt hiMsA karane vAloM kI sthiti kyA hogI? yaha vicAraNIya hai| loga svArthasiddhi hetu hiMsA ke pakSa meM aneka kutarka prastuta karate haiN| zrI somadevasUri ne ahiMsA vrata ke AcaraNa meM dRr3hatA ke lie una kutarkoM kA yuktiyukta samAdhAna kiyA hai| saMkSepa meM unheM isa prakAra dekhA jA sakatA hai - (1) anya kA ghAta karane vAle bhI sukha bhogate hue dekhe jAte haiN| isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo dUsaroM kA ghAta na karake sukha kA sevana karatA hai, vaha isa janma meM bhI sukha bhogatA hai aura dUsare janma meM bhI sukha bhogatA hai| jo dUsaroM ke ghAta ke dvArA sukha bhogane meM tatpara rahatA hai, vaha vartamAna meM sukha bhogate hue bhI dUsare janma meM duHkha bhogatA hai| ata: jisa prakAra hama sabhI prANiyoM ko apanA jIvana priya hai, usI taraha dUsaroM ko bhI apanA jIvana priya hai| isalie hiMsA ko chor3a denA caahie|' (2) kucha logoM kA kahanA hai ki mUMga, ur3ada Adi meM aura U~Ta, mer3hA Adi meM koI antara nahIM hai, kyoMki sabameM jIva rahatA hai| ata: sabhI mAMsa hI haiN| isa viSaya meM zrI somadevasUri kA kahanA hai ki mAMsa jIva kA zarIra hotA hai, para saba jIva (anna Adi) kA zarIra mAMsa nahIM hotA hai| brAhmaNa evaM pakSI donoM meM jIva hai, para donoM ke mArane meM pApa kI hInAdhikatA to hai hii| patnI aura mAtA donoM striyA~ haiM, para donoM samAna rUpa se bhogyA nahIM hai| pAnI aura zarAba donoM peya haiM para donoM kA prayoga samAna nahIM ho sakatA hai| -153 -

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(3) godUdha evaM ghRta bhI pazujanya hai aura gomAMsa bhI pazujanya hai| phira bhI godugdha bhakSya hai aura gomAMsa abhkssy| vastuvaicitrya aisA hI hai| sA~pa kI maNi se viSa dUra hotA hai aura sA~pa kA viSa mRtyu kA kAraNa hai| jabaki donoM kI utpatti sA~pa se hI huI hai| kAraskara vRkSa kA pattA Ayuvardhaka hai, usakI jar3a mRtyukAraka hai| ata: eka se utpanna hone para bhI dugdha-ghRta evaM mAMsa ko samAna nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| (4) dharmabuddhi se mAMsabhakSaNa karanA aura bhI adhika duhare pApa kA kAraNa hai| jaise parastrIgAmI puruSa jaba apanI mAtA ke sAtha vyabhicAra karatA hai to use parastrIgAmI hone kA bhI pApa lagatA hai aura mAtA ke sAtha sambhoga karane kA bhI mahApApa lagatA hai|" isI prakAra ke anya thothe tarkoM kA sayuktika samAdhAna karate hue zrI somadevasUri ne ahiMsA ke viSaya meM jo vizeSa bAteM kahIM haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM - mAMsa tyAga karane se cANDAla bhI apanA kalyANa kara sakatA hai| avanti deza meM caNDa nAmaka cANDAla thor3I dera ke lie mAMsa kA tyAga kara dene se marakara yakSAdhipati huA thaa| devatA, atithi, pitara, mantrasiddhi, auSadhi ke lie athavA bhaya se bhI kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karanA caahie| ahiMsA vrata kI rakSA ke lie ghara ke saba kAma dekhabhAla kara karanA caahie| ahiMsAvratI niyama se rAtri bhojanatyAgI hotA hai| use ina abhakSyoM kA bhI tyAga kara denA cAhie- acAra, pAnaka, dhAnya, phUla, mUla, phala, pattA, kamaladaNDI, latA, sUraNa, binA dale mUMga, ur3ada, canA Adi, sAbuta phaliyA~ aadi| inameM zodhakara khAne kI bhAvanA hai| kucha vastueM aisI bhI haiM jo bhakSya hone para bhI paraspara milakara abhakSya ho jAtI hai| bahu Arambha aura parigraha bhI hiMsA hai| jahA~ ye haiM, vahA~ ahiMsA kaise raha sakatI hai? ahiMsaka vyakti meM hamezA maitrI, pramoda, kAraNya evaM mAdhyastha bhAvanA rahatI hai| loka ke sabhI kAryoM meM hiMsA hone para bhI bhAvoM kI vizeSatA hai| (325-326) anya sabhI vrata ahiMsAvrata kI rakSA ke lie haiN| (381) ahiMsAvratI ko anarthadaNDavirati kA pAlanakaranA apekSita hai| (419-424) sandarbha : 1. upAsakAdhyayana, 7/268,277. 2. tadeva, 285-88. 3. tadeva, 289-290. 4. tadeva, 294-295. 5. tadeva, 298. 6. tadeva, 304-305. 7. tadeva, 311-315. 8. tadeva, 316-322. --154 -

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bhaTTAraka-paramparA kA avadAna - DaoN. surezacanda jaina, naI dillI zramaNa-paramparA ke 24veM tIrthaGkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAt jaina-paramparA ke saMrakSaNa, saMvardhana kA kArya AcAryoM dvArA hI huA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt AcArya kundakunda taka 20 AcArya hue| kramaza: sAtavIM zatAbdI meM AcArya dharasena zrata saMrakSA ke nimitta paSpadanta bhatabali jaise sayogya medhAvI yatiyoM ko zrata pAraGgata banAkara SaTakhaNDAgama jaise gUr3ha mahanIya grantha kA praNayana karane meM mahatI bhUmikA nibhaayii| AThavIM zatAbdI (IsA kI prathama zatAbdI) meM AcArya kundakunda itane prabhAvI AcArya hue ki unake nAma se mUla digambara AmnAya cala par3I aura kAlAntara meM unakI prazasti meM nimnalikhita maGgalAcaraNa pracalita huaa| maMgalaM bhagavAnvIro maMgalaM gautamo gnnii| maMgalaM kundakundAdyo jaina dharmo'stu mNglm|| yaha maGgalAcaraNa Aja zrAvakoM kI sabhI dhArmika kriyAoM meM sarvaprathama uccArita kiyA jAtA hai| gautama gaNadhara se lekara AcArya kundakunda taka kI paramparA meM hue ojasvI tapaHpUta AcAryoM ko samekita rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| kramaza: deza kI rAjanItika sthiti badalI aura rAjanItika dRSTi se aparihArya ekatA khaNDita hone lgii| samrATa harSavardhana ke pazcAt jaba deza titara-vitara hone lagA aura anekatA ne sira utthaayaa| 11vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha se hI muslima zAsakoM kA AkramaNa deza para hone lage tathA 13vIM zatAbdI ke Ate-Ate muslika zAsakoM kA rAjya ho gyaa| sAmpradAyika manovRtti ke kAraNa muslimIkaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha mUrtiyoM ko bhagna kiyA gyaa| krUratA aura barbaratA kI sabhI sImAe~ TUTa gyiiN| aise bhayAvaha vAtAvaraNa meM ahiMsaka vRttidhArI samAja kA jInA dUbhara ho gyaa| digambara sAdhuoM kA nirApada vihAra bAdhita hone lgaa| pariNAmasvarUpa na to mandira surakSita rahe aura na hI digambara-paramparA ke jIvanta pratIka digambara saadhu| yahA~ eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA kA ullekha karanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki isI ghaTanA meM bhaTTAraka-paramparA ke bIja dikhAyI par3ate haiM dillI kI gaddI para alAuddIna khilajI AsIna thaa| tatkAlIna dillI ke nagaraseTha zrI pUrNacandra agravAla jaina the jo rAjya kI arthavyavasthA ke ekamAtra sakSama adhikArI the| alAuddIna khilajI ko AcArya mAdhavasena ko dillI bulAne kA Agraha kiyaa| digambara-paramparA kA nirvAha karate hue AcArya mAdhavasena pada vihAra karate hue dillI Ae aura rAdhA aura cetana ko harAkara jainadharma kI prabhAvanA kii| alAuddIna khilajI ke zAsanakAla meM hI nandisaMgha ke AcArya prabhAcandra ne apane saMgha kI sthApanA kI aura uttara bhArata meM bhaTTAraka-paramparA ko suvyavasthita svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| -155

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bhaTTAraka-paramparA ne dhIre-dhIre apanA AkAra grahaNa kiyA aura bhaTTAraka prabhAcanda ke pazcAt kramaza: anya prAntoM meM bhaTTAraka gaddiyoM kI sthApanA kii| rAjasthAna meM cittaur3a, cAkasU, Amera, sAMgAnera, jayapura, zrI mahAvIrajI, ajamera evaM nAgaura, madhya prAnta meM gvAliyara aura sonAgira, bAgar3a pradeza meM DUMgarapura, sAgavAr3A, bAMsavAr3A, gujarAta meM navasArI, sUrata, khambhAta, dhodhA, saurASTra meM giranAra, mahArASTra meM kAraMjA, nAgapura, kolhApura, dakSiNa bhArata meM karnATaka, tamila Adi pradezoM meM bhaTTArakoM kI gaddiyA~ sthApita huiiN| sAhitya saparyA kI dRSTi se bhaTTAraka-paramparA kA avadAna svarNAkSaroM meM aMkita karane yogya tathA jaina-paramparA ke vikAsa kA svarNima adhyAya hai| sAhitya nirmANa ke sAtha-sAtha ina bhaTTArakoM ne bhArata ke aneka prAntoM meM mandiroM ke nirmANa-pratiSThA samArohoM kA Ayojana karake zramaNa saMskRti kI surakSA meM mahanIya yogadAna diyA hai jo aitihAsika aura zramaNa-paramparA ke lie gaurava kI vastu hai| bhaTTAraka-paramparA ne zramaNa-paramparA kI surakSA, saMrakSaNa aura pallavana meM pUrNa yogadAna diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI zAntidhArA meM arhanta ko paramabhaTTAraka prasAdAt ...... ke rUpa meM smaraNa karate haiN| jagat kI sthiti bar3I vicitra hai| deza, kSetra, kAla, bhAva ke anusAra virodha aura samarthana juTatA bhI hai to bikharatA bhI hai| visaMgatiyA~ honA koI anahonI ghaTanA nhiiN| pratyeka ghaTanA meM acchAI aura burAI dekhI jA sakatI hai| dRSTi kA antara hai| anekAnta kA takAjA hai ki jo jaisI sthiti meM hai use samanvayAtmaka dRSTi se saMrakSaNa mile aura usameM AyI visaMgati meM sudhAra ho| aneka visaMgatiyoM, vicAradhArAoM ke bAvajUda yadi yaha paramparA jIvanta hai to saba mUla svarUpa ke kAraNa jo pahale bhI koI samApta nahIM kara sakA to Age bhI samApta karane meM saphala nahIM hogaa| gati cAhe vaha samAja kI ho, dharma kI ho athavA saMskRti kI ho| gatizIlatA banI rahanI caahie| bhaTTAraka-paramparA aba bhI gatizIla hai aura jaba taka usameM gatizIlatA banI rahegI taba taka vaha jIvanta rhegii| -156

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jaina saMskRti evaM sAhitya ke vikAsa meM dakSiNa bhArata kA yogadAna - ramAkAnta jaina, lakhanaU godAvarI nadI ke dakSiNa meM avasthita Andhra pradeza, tamilanADu, karnATaka, kerala tathA mahArASTra kA vaha bhUbhAga jo kabhI gaMgoM, cAlukyoM aura rASTrakUToM ke Adhipatya meM rahA, sAmAnyatayA dakSiNa bhArata mAnA jAtA hai| yahA~ kI mukhya bhASAe~ telugu, tamila, kannar3a aura malayAlama haiN| yadyapi vartamAna kAla ke caubIsoM tIrthaGkara uttara bhArata meM hI hue, itihAsa kAla ke prArambha se hI dakSiNa bhArata jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM se yukta rahA aura kaI zatAbdiyoM taka jainadharma kA eka sudRr3ha gar3ha banA rhaa| jaina saMskRti aura sAhitya ke saMvarddhana meM dakSiNa bhArata kA viziSTa yogadAna rahA hai| varSa 2001 kI janagaNanAnusAra dakSiNa ke cAra rAjyoM meM 5,43,344 jainadharmAnuyAyI basate haiM-- sabase adhika 4,12,659 karNATaka meM haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma kA praveza hariSeNa ke 'vRhatkathAkoza', ratnanandI ke 'bhadrabAhucarita', cidAnanda kavi ke 'munivaMzAbhyudaya' aura paM. devacandra kI 'rAjAvalikathe' meM nibaddha jana anuzruti ke anusAra uttara bhArata meM 12 varSIya bhISaNa durbhikSa par3ane kI AzaMkA se antima zrutakevali bhadrabAhu ne jaina muniyoM ke vizAla saMgha ke sAtha dakSiNa kI ora vihAra kiyA thaa| bhadrabAhu zravaNabelagola meM kaTavapra pahAr3I para rUka gaye the aura apane ziSya vizAkhAcArya ko anya muniyoM ke sAtha pANDya aura cola rAjyoM meM jAne kA Adeza diyA thaa| unakI samAdhi vIra nirvANa saMvat 162 (I.pU. 365) meM huI thI; kintu yaha jainadharma aura usake anuyAyiyoM ke dakSiNa bhArata meM praveza kA prathama caraNa nahIM rahA hogA, apitu usake pUrva hI karNATaka aura tamilanADu ke pANDya aura cola rAjyoM meM unakA prasAra ho cukA hogA tabhI vizAla muni saMgha ko zAntipUrNa caryA hetu AcArya vahA~ le gye| jaina muniyoM kA dakSiNa bhAratavAsiyoM para prabhAva jaina muniyoM kI sarala-sAdI jIvanacaryA, vinamra svabhAva, niSkapaTa vyavahAra aura naitika zikSAoM ne dakSiNa kI sabhya vidyAdhara jAti ko moha liyA aura use unakA bhakta banA diyaa| una sAdhuoM ne bhI ghaniSTatA bar3hAne ke lie sthAnIya boliyoM aura bhASAoM ko sIkhA aura unameM sAhitya sRjana kiyaa| dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma ko janasammAna aura rAjyAzraya donoM hI prApta rahe aura IsvI san kI prathama kaI zatAbdiyoM taka jaina dharmAnuyAyI dakSiNa bhAratIya samAja meM agraNI paMkti meM bane rhe| tadanantara zaiva, vaiSNava aura vIra-zaiva sampradAyoM ke kaTTara vidveSa aura rAjyAzraya samApta ho jAne ke kAraNa unakI sthiti meM hrAsa huaa| tadapi dakSiNa bhAratIya samAja para jainadharma aura usake anuyAyiyoM kA prabhAva abhI banA huA hai| Aja bhI dakSiNa meM varNamAlA sIkhane ke pUrva vidyArthiyoM ko 'onAmAsIdhaM' (om namaH siddhebhya:) sikhAyA jAtA hai jo rASTrakUTa kAla meM jaina guruoM dvArA zikSA ke kSetra meM DAlI gayI apanI gaharI chApa kA pariNAma hai| tamila samAja ke ucca vargoM meM jaina saMskAra abhI bhI vidyamAna haiN| zaivadharma ke punarutthAna aura rAjanItika kAraNoM se bhArI saMkhyA meM jainoM kA dharmAntaraNa huA; ... 157 -

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kintu dharma parivartita logoM ne apane jaina rIti-rivAja ko apanAye rkkhaa| unake AcAra vaise hI bane rhe| tamila zabda 'zaivam' vizuddha zAkAhArI ke lie prayukta hotA hai aura vahA~ ke brAhmaNa zuddha zAkAhArI hote haiM jo spaSTatayA jainadharma kA prabhAva hai| prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMza ke sAhitya bhaNDAra kI abhivRddhi meM jainAcAryoM kA yogadAna prathama zatI IsvI se hI dakSiNa bhArata meM aneka prakANDa vidvAn aura prabhAvaka jaina AcArya hue jinhoMne prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM meM adhyAtma, dharma, darzana, nyAya, zramaNAcAra, zrAvakAcAra, vyAkaraNa, chanda, vaidyaka, purANa-grantha aura TIkA-grantha Adi kI racanA karake jaina bhAratI ke bhaNDAra ko dhArmika evaM laukika sAhitya se bhraa| IsvI san kI prathama sahasrAbdi meM AcArya kundakunda, guNadhara, umAsvAmin, svAmI samantabhadra, zivakoTi, kavi paramezvara, sarvanandi, pUjyapAda devanandi, vajranandi, pAtrakesari, zrIvarddhadeva, bhaTTa akalaMkadeva, jaTAsiMhanandi, svAmI vIrasena, mahAkavi svayambhU, vidyAnandi, jinasena svAmI, ugrAdityAcArya, mahAvIrAcArya, zAkaTAyana palyakIrti, rASTrakUTa nareza amoghavarSa prathama, guNabhadra, somadeva sUri, mahAkavi puSpadanta, nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI, vIranandi, vAdirAja sUri, vAdIbhasiMha sUri, yati malliSeNa tathA amRtacandra sUri prabhRti vidvAn ullekhanIya haiN| jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM dvArA dakSiNa bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM yogadAna dakSiNa bhAratIya bhASAoM meM tamila-bhASA sabase prAcIna hai| isakI apanI varNamAlA, apanI lipi, svatantra zabda bhaNDAra, vyAkaraNa, ukti vaicitrya aura abhivyakti kI vidhA hai tathA dhArmika laukika viSayoM para vividha vipula sAhitya hai| I.pU. dvitIya-prathama zatI se tamila meM lipibaddha zilAlekha milane prArambha ho jAte haiN| tamila-sAhitya kI abhivRddhi meM jaina muni saMghoM ke praveza ke sAtha mAnI jAtI hai| prAcInatama upalabdha kRti 'tolakAppiyam' padya meM nibaddha vyAkaraNa grantha hai| isake kartA pratimA yogI tolakAppiyara haiN| isake 'marabiyala' vibhAga meM jIvoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina-siddhAnta ke anusAra hai| guNavIra paNDita ne bhI 'neminAtham' nAmaka eka anya vyAkaraNa rcaa| tamila ke 18 nIti granthoM meM 'tirUkkurala', 'nAlaDiyAra' aura 'palamoli' kA sthAna savopari hai aura ye jaina kRtiyAM mAnI jAtI haiN| kaNimedaiyAra kI 'tiNaimAlai' aura 'elAdi', vilambinAthara kI 'nAnmANik kaDigai aura mAk kAriyAzana kI 'zrIpaMcamUlam' bhI 18 nIti kAvyoM meM samAhita jaina kRtiyAM haiN| tamila ke prasiddha paJca mahAkAvyoM meM se tIna - 'zilappadhikAram', 'valayApati' aura 'jIvakacintAmaNi' tathA pAMcoM upa kAvya - 'nIlakezI', 'cUr3AmaNi', 'yazodhara kAvyam', 'udayaNana kadai' aura 'nAgakumAra kAvyam' bhI jaina kRtiyAM haiN| uparyukta ke atirikta jaina racanAkAroM ne stotra, ukti saMgraha, chanda zAstra, zabdakoza, gaNita, jyotiSa Adi para bhI gambhIra racanAeM karake aura TIkAeM tathA parANa raca kara tamila-sAhitya kI abhivRddhi kii| dvitIya zatI IsvI se pracalana prApta kannar3a-bhASA kA prAcInatama upalabdha grantha rASTrakUTa nareza amoghavarSa prathamakRta 'kavirAjamArga' hai| tadanantara dasavIM zatI IsvI se satrahavIM zatI IsvI taka kannar3a-bhASA meM jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM dvArA vividha viSayaka vipula sAhitya kI racanA kI gyii| inameM pampa kI rAmAyaNa paryApta lokapriya rahI hai| yU~ to telugu-bhASA bhI 2000 varSa prAcIna hai, Arambha meM saMskRta aura prAkata ko rAjyAzraya prApta rahane -158 -

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se telugu kA vyavahAra Ama janatA meM gharoM taka sImita rhaa| sAtavAhana narezoM ne zilAlekhoM aura dAnapatroM meM telugu kA prayoga prArambha kiyaa| gyArahavIM zatI I. meM hue nannaya bhaTTa telugu ke jJAta Adi kavi paNDita mAne jAte haiN| usake pUrva kA sAhitya dhArmika vidveSa kI agni meM svAhA ho gyaa| tadapi usa ajJAta yuga meM bhI vAMciyAra nAmaka jaina lekhaka dvAra telugu meM chandazAstra likhe jAne, zrIpati paNDita aura san 941 I. meM hue padma kavi dvArA 'jinendra purANa' race jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| jaina kavi bhImanA ke 'rAghavapANDavIya kAvya' ko brAhmaNa natraya bhaTTane IrSyAvaza naSTa karA diyA thaa| 1100 I. meM hue jaina kavi mallanA aparanAma pAvulUri ne 'pAvulUri gaNita' rcaa| kavi agharvaNa ne telugu meM eka chandazAstra aura do vyAkaraNa granthoM kI racanA kI thii| Adhunika kAla meM vedama veMkaTa zAstrI ne 'bobbiliyuddhamu' nAmaka aitihAsika nATaka aura 'bobbilirAjukathA' kI racanA kI aura DaoN. cilukUri nArAyaNarAva ne jainadharma para telugu meM pustaka likhii| malayAlama sAhitya ke itihAsa meM jaina kRtiyoM aura kRtikAroM kA ullekha samprati upalabdha nahIM hai| upasaMhAra isa prakAra dakSiNa bhArata ko aneka prakANDa vidvAn, vAgmI aura prabhAvaka jaina AcAryoM ko janma dene kA zreya hai jinhoMne jainadharma aura saMskRti ke pracAra-prasAra meM abhUtapUrva yogadAna diyaa| 'pUjyapAda' jaise sammAnasUcaka virudoM se vibhUSita akalaMkadeva ke 'pramANa saMgraha' kA maMgala zloka kaI zatAbdiyoM taka dakSiNa bhArata ke zilAlekhoM tathA jaina evaM jainetara kRtiyoM meM apanAyA gyaa| ___ ahiMsA ko apanAne vAle jainadharmAnuyAyI zatru rAjyoM ke prati zastra uThAne meM akSama rahe, janasAmAnya kI isa Ama dhAraNA kA nirasana dakSiNa bhArata ke itihAsa se bakhUbI hotA hai| vahAM aneka jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM ne na kevala rAjasattAeM sthApita kI apitu naiSThika jaina rahate hue bhI adbhuta zaurya se raNabhUmi meM vipakSiyoM ke dAMta khaTTe kiye| dakSiNa meM sarvAdhika jIvi gaMgavaMzIya rAjya ke saMsthApaka daMddiga aura mAdhava koMguNivarma jainadharmAnuyAyI the| dasavIM zatI IsvI meM hue gaMga narezoM ke mahAmantrI evaM pradhAna senApati cAmuNDarAya, jo 'samyaktva ratnAkara' jaisI upAdhiyoM se vibhUSita the, ko raNabhUmi meM aneka bAra apanA hastakauzala dikhAne hetu 'vairikulakAladaNDa' jaise virudoM se sammAnita kiyA gayA thaa| madhyakAla meM musalamAnI rAjya ke kAraNa jaba uttara bhArata meM digambara jaina sAdhuoM kI paramparA vicchinna ho gayI thii| dakSiNa meM jaina muni apanI caryA kA pUrvavat pAlana karate rahe the| 20vIM zatI IsvI ke prathama pAda se briTiza zAsana kI kRpA se digambara jaina muniyoM kA uttara bhArata meM bhI puna:padArpaNa huaa| mUDabidrI, hummaca aura zravaNabelagola ke jaina maTha aura vahAM ke bhaTTAraka sampUrNa bhArata meM zraddhAspada bane rhe| zravaNabelagola meM vindhyagiri ke zikhara para pratiSThApita gommaTezvara bAhubali kA 57 phuTa uttuMga pratibimba mUrtivijJAna aura rUpazilpa kI anupama kalAkRti hai aura vizva ke AzcaryoM meM parigaNita hai| isa mUrti ke anukaraNa para na kevala dakSiNa meM hI apitu uttara bhArata meM bhI kaI sthAnoM para bAhubali kI mUrti pratiSThApita kI gyii| isa vizAlakAya mUrti kA mastakAbhiSeka sAmAnyatayA 12 varSa ke antarAla para bar3I dhUmadhAma se hotA hai jisameM deza-videza se lAkhoM zraddhAlu sammilita hote haiN| yaha kumbha meloM kI yAda dilAtA hai| pharavarI 2006 meM hone vAle mahAmastakAbhiSeka samAroha kI kar3I meM prastuta vidvad saMgoSThI Ayojita hai| -15-1

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jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke vikAsa meM dakSiNa bhAratIya . jaina manISiyoM kA yogadAna - DaoN. zrImatI sUrajamukhI jaina, mujaphpharanagara bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita samasta zrutajJAna ko gautama gaNadhara dvArA dvAdazAMga vANI ke rUpa meM nibaddha kiyA gyaa| tadanantara kevalI, zrutakevalI tathA aMga aura pUrva ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke dvArA yaha jJAna-gaMgA saikar3oM varSoM taka maukhika rUpa se pravAhita hotI rhii| Izvara, jIva, jagat, dravya, guNa, paryAya, tattvajJAna, karma-siddhAnta Adi se sambandhita vicAradhArA ko paramparA se prApta kara smaraNa rakha liyA jAtA thaa| magadha meM bAraha varSa kA durbhikSa hone para antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu apane ziSya candragupta tathA anya muniyoM ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata cale gaye the| jo AcArya, muni Adi magadha meM raha gaye the, ve paristhitivaza zithilAcArI ho gaye the| digambara-paramparA ko akSuNNa rakhane vAle zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu dakSiNa jAkara zruta kApracAra kara rahe the| ata: jaina dArzanika sAhitya kI racanA bhI adhikAMza meM dakSiNa bhAratIya jaina manISiyoM ke dvArA hI huI hai| yahA~ unakA saMkSipta paricaya dete hue jaina-darzana-sAhitya ke vikAsa meM unake yogadAna para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 1. dakSiNa bhAratIya jaina manISiyoM kA paricaya tathA yogadAna (1) AcArya guNadhara / kRti - kaSAyapAhuDa (2) AcArya dharasena kRtitva - AcArya puSpadanta aura bhUtabali ko pakhaNDAgama kA jJAnadAna (3-4) AcArya puSpadanta aura bhUtabali kRtitva - SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA (5) AcArya yativRSabha kRtitva - SaTkhaNDAgama para cUrNisUtroM aura tiloyapaNNatti kI rcnaa| (6) AcArya vappadeva kRtitva - SaTkhaNDAgama ke mahAbandha ko chor3akara zeSa pAMca khaNDoM para vyAkhyAprajJapti TIkA -160 -

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(7) AcArya kundakunda kRtitva - pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, samayasAra, rayaNasAra, paJcAstikAya, bArasaaNuvekkhA aSTapAhuDa - ye sabhI grantha zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM tathA kuralakAvya (tamila-bhASA meM) (8) AcArya vaTTakera kRtitva - mUlAcAra (zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM racita muniyoM ke AcAra se sambandhita) (9) AcArya umAsvAmI racanA - tattvArthasUtra (10) AcArya samantabhadra kRtiyAM - vRhatsvayaMbhUstotra, stutividyA, devAgamastotra (AptamImAMsA), yuktyanuzAsana, ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra jIvasiddhi (11) pAtrakesarI kRtitva - trilakSaNakadarthana (12) AcArya pUjyapAda kRtiyAM - iSTopadeza, samAdhitantra, sarvArthasiddhi (13) AcArya akalaMkadeva kRtitva- svatantra grantha- laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcayasaMvRtti, siddhivinizcayasaMvRtti tathA pramANasaMgraha TIkAgrantha - tattvArthavArtika, aSTazatI (devAgamavivRtti) (14) AcArya vIrasena kRtitva- SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalATIkA tathA kasAyapAhuDa kI jayadhavalATIkA 20 hajAra zloka pramANa (15) AcArya jinasena kRtitva- pArdhAbhyudaya, AdipurANa tathA jayaghavalA kI zeSa 40 hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA (16) AcArya vidyAnanda kRtitva - svatantragrantha- AptaparIkSA, pramANaparIkSA, satyazAsanaparIkSA, zrIpurapArzvanAthastotra, vidyAnanda mahodaya - 161

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TIkApantha- aSTasahasrI (AptamImAMsA kI TIkA), tattvArthazlokavArtika tathA yuktyanuzAsanAlaMkAra (17) AcArya nemicandra siddhAnta cakravartI kRtitva - gommaTasAra, labdhisAra, trilokasAra, kSapaNAsAra (18) AcArya guNabhadra kRtitva- AdipurANa, uttarapurANa, AtmAnuzAsana, jinadattacaritakAvya (19) AcArya anantavIrya kRtitva- siddhivinizcaya TIkA, pramANasaMgrahabhASya (20) AcArya vAdirAja sUri kRtitva- pArzvanAthacarita, yazodharacarita, ekIbhAvastotra aura pramANanirNaya (21) munipadmakIrti kRtitva- pAsaNAhacariu (22) AcArya rAmasena kRtitva- tattvAnuzAsama (23) AcArya gaNadharakIrti kRtitva- adhyAtmataraMgiNI kI TIkA (24) bhAvasena traividya kRtitva- pramAprameya, nyAyasUryAvali, siddhAntasAra, vishvtttvprkaash| (25) upsNhaar| -162

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dakSiNa bhArata ke jainAcAryoM kA Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM yogadAna - DaoN. harizcandra jaina, jAmanagara jainadharma evaM zramaNa-saMskRti ko dakSiNa bhArata kA jaina vidhAoM ke aneka viSayoM para mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| bhAratIya jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM jainAcAryoM kA yogadAna unakI vizeSatA hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne bhAratavarSa meM asi masi kRSI Adi ke vikAsa meM yogadAna kiyA hai| AdipurANa meM isakA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isI prakAra bhAratIya svAsthya rakSaNa meM jainAcAryoM ne aneka grantha likhakara Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM apanA yogadAna pradAna kiyA hai| 14 paryoM meM prANAvAya zAstra meM aSTAGga Ayurveda kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai| isI prakAra dakSiNa bhArata meM jainAcAryoM ne Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM apanA yogadAna diyA hai| unake dvArA likhita granthoM meM puSpAyurveda, viSatantra evaM rasazAstra viSayoM kA varNana hai| jainadharma ahiMsA pradhAna dharma hai| isa siddhAnta kI nirmalatA rakhane ke lie unhoMne sarvatra apanI maulika vicAradhArA ke anusAra hI Ayurveda viSaya kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke jainAcAryoM ne Ayurveda ke vikAsa hetu saMskRta evaM kanar3a-bhASA meM grantha racanA kI hai| jainAcArya pUjyapAda, samantabhadra, ugrAdityAcArya, AcArya maMgarAja Adi aise jainAcArya hai, jo bahuzruta AcArya the| unakA pramukha kendra dakSiNa ke kAravAra jilA honnAvara tAlukA ke gairasa ke samIpa hADilla meM indragiri, candragiri parvata 22 thaa| rAmagiri parvata para bhI unakA nivAsa thaa| rasazAstra, puSpAyurveda, viSatantra evaM cikitsA ke kSetra meM una jainAcAryoM kA Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| ina jainAcAryoM ko dakSiNa bhArata ke rAjAoM kA Azraya prApta thaa| dakSiNa bhArata ke ina pramukha jainAcAryoM kA Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM yogadAna pratipAdana karanA isa zodhapatra kA lakSya hai| -163 -

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jaina-nyAya ke sarjana dakSiNa bhAratIya pramukha jainAcArya dakSiNa bhArata ke jainAcAryoM kA jaina-nyAya ke vikAsa __ meM yogadAna - paM. zAnti pATila, jayapura jainAcAryoM dvArA racita vAGmaya bahuta vizAla aura vyApaka hai| prApta paramparA ke anusAra granthoM kA praNayana karane vAle sabhI AcArya eka taraha se sarvajJa ke vANI ke anuvAdaka hI hai, kyoMki ye apanI ora se kisI naye tathya kA pratipAdana nahIM karate haiM, mAtra tIrthaGkara dvArA pratipAdita tathyoM ko naye rUpa aura nayI zailI meM abhivyakta karate haiN| isIlie ve sabhI pUrNarUpeNa prAmANika hI hai| yaha AgamajJAna bhI pratyakSajJAna ke samAna hI pramANabhUta hai| jisa prakAra pratyakSajJAna avisaMvAdI hone ke kAraNa pramANabhUta hai, usI prakAra AgamajJAna bhI apane viSaya meM avisaMvAdI hone ke kAraNa pramANa hI hai| svAmI samantabhadra ne kevalajJAna va syAdvAdamaya zrutajJAna ko samasta padArthoM ke prakAzana meM samAna rUpa se pramANa svIkAra kiyA hai| jinAgama meM nyAya kA sthAna 1. isI dvAdazAMgarUpa Agama ko cAra anuyogoM meM bhI vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| zAstra ke kathana karane kI zailI ko anuyoga kahate haiN| ye anuyoga cAra prakAra ke haiM- prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga aura drvyaanuyog| jisameM tIrthaGkara, cakravartI Adi mahAn puruSoM ke caritra kA nirUpaNa ho, vaha prathamAnuyoga hai| jisameM guNasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna Adi jIvoM ke vizeSa, karmoM ke vizeSa tathA triloka Adi kI racanA kA nirUpaNa ho vaha karaNAnuyoga hai| gRhastha va munidharma ke AcaraNa ko nirUpita karane vAlA caraNAnuyoga hai| SaDdravya, saptatattvAdika kA va svapara bhedavijJAnAdika kA jisameM nirUpaNa ho, vaha dravyAnuyoga hai| ina cAroM anuyogoM kI bhI pratyeka kI apanI-apanI vyAkhyAna kI vizeSa paddhati hai, paM0 ToDaramala jI ne apane mokSamArga prakAzaka grantha meM kahA hai ....dravyAnuyoga meM nyAyazAstroM kI paddhati mukhya hai| kyoMki vahA~ nirNaya karane kA prayojana hai aura nyAyazAstroM meM nirNaya karane kA mArga dikhAyA hai| ........ tathA vyAkaraNa, nyAya, chanda, koSAdika zAstra va vaidyaka, jyotiSa, mantrAdi zAstra bhI jinamata meM pAye jAte haiN|" (mokSamArga prakAzaka, pR. 286-87) isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jinAgama kA sabase mahattvapUrNa aMga dravyAnuyoga ke antargata nyAyazAstroM kA samAveza hotA hai, ata: nyAyazAstra ko jinAgama meM vizeSa sthAna prApta hai| nyAya kA svarUpa vasta kA astittva svata: siddha hai| jJAtA use jAne yA na jAne. isase usake astitva meM koI antara nahIM -164

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aataa| vaha jJAtA ke dvArA jAnI jAtI hai, taba prameya bana jAtI hai aura jJAtA jisase jAnatA hai, vaha jJAna yadi samyak arthAt nirNAyaka ho to pramANa bana jAtA hai| isI AdhAra para nyAyazAstra kI paribhASA nirdhArita kI jAtI hai| nyAya-bhASyakAra (1/1/1) vAtsyAyana ke anusAra pramANa ke dvArA artha kA parIkSaNa nyAya kahalAtA hai| udyotakara ne pramANa-vyApAra ke dvArA kiye jAne vAle adhigama ko nyAya mAnA hai (nyAyavArtika) isI prakAra samasta jainetara darzanoM ne prameya ke nirNaya hetu mAtra pramANa kI hI avakalpanA kI hai, lekina anekAnta ko vastu kA svarUpa svIkAra karane vAle tathA syAdvAda ko kathanazailI mAnane vAle jainadarzana ne prameya ke adhigama ke lie pramANa ke sAtha nayoM kI avadhAraNA anivArya mAnI hai| tattvArthasUtra meM AcArya umAsvAmI likhate haiM- "prmaannnyairdhigmH|" ataeva jainadarzana ke anusAra nyAya kA lakSaNa hai- "pramANanayAtmako nyAyaH" arthAt nyAya pramANa-nayAtmaka hotaahai| inameM se vastu ko samagratA se jAnane vAlA pramANa hai aura pramANa se grahIta vastu ke eka aMza ko jAnane vAlA naya hai| nyAyazAstra ke sarjaka dakSiNa bhArata ke pramukha AcArya jaina-nyAya ke pracAra-prasAra meM mukhyarUpa se dakSiNa bhArata ke AcAryoM kA hI mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| AcArya samantabhadra jaina-nyAya ke pratiSThApaka AcArya haiM, to AcArya akalaMka ne jaina-nyAya ko pallavita va puSpita kiyA hai| AcArya vidyAnanda bhI jaina-nyAya ko vizeSa vistAra pradAna karane vAle haiN| AcArya samantabhadra yadyapi Adya stutikAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM, tathApi unake stuti-stotroM meM mAtra atizayoktipUrNa bhakti hI nahIM hai, dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA samAveza bhI hai| stuti meM tarka va yukti kA prayoga sarvaprathama Apane hI kiyA- yaha ApakI asAdhAraNa pratibhA kA dyotaka hai| Apake dvArA racita nyAya viSayaka grantha pramANa-padArtha anupalabdha hai, lekina yuktyanuzAsana va devAgamastotra (AptamImAMsA) meM Apane yuktipUrvaka mahAvIra ke zAsana kA maNDana aura viruddha matoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| ata: inako nyAyazAstra kI zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne pramANa kA svarUpa, vastu kI anekAntikatA, Apta kI vAstavika pUjyatA Adi ke sandarbha meM aneka naye upAdAna jaina-sAhitya ko pradAna kiye haiN| dakSiNa ke hI mAnyakheTa ke rAjA zubhatuGga ke mantrI ke putra AcArya akalaGka prakhara tArkika va dArzanika the| DaoN0 nemicandra jyotiSAcArya ke anusAra jaina-paramparA meM yadi samantabhadra jaina nyAya ke dAdA haiM to akalaGka pitA haiN| Apake dvArA racita sabhI zAstra darzana aura nyAyaviSayaka hI haiN| Apane maulika va TIkA grantha donoM kI hI racanA kI hai| Apake maulika granthoM ke antargata svopajJavRtti sahita laghIyastraya, savRtti nyAyavinizcaya, savRtti siddhivinizcaya, savRtti pramANasaMgraha haiN| TIkA granthoM ke atargata tattvArthavArtika sabhASya tathA aSTazatI-devAgamavivRti Ate haiN| ina sabhI kA mukhyaviSaya nyAya hI hai| akalaGkadeva kI jainanyAya ko sabase bar3I dena hai- pramANavyavasthA, jo digambara-zvetAmbara donoM sampradAyoM -165

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ko samAna rUpa se mAnya hai| ataeva inake pazcAtavartI aneka AcAryoM ne unakA yathAvat anukaraNa kiyA hai| kavi dhanaJjaya ne to apanI nAmamAlA meM likhA hai pramANamakalaGkasya pUjyapAdasya lkssnnm| dhanaMjayakaveH kAvyaM rtntrympshcimm|| dakSiNa bhArata ke karnATaka prAnta ke brAhmaNa parivAra meM janmeM nauvIM zatAbdI ke AcArya vidyAnanda ne pramANa va darzana-sambandhI granthoM kI racanA karake zruta-paramparA ko vizeSa gatizIla bnaayaa| Apake nyAya-sambandhI maulika grantha haiM- AptaparIkSA-svopajJavRttisahita, pramANaparIkSA, patraparIkSA, satyazAsanaparIkSA tathA TIkA grantha haiM- aSTasahasrI, tattvArthazlokavArtika va yuktynushaasnaalNkaar| - isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina nyAya ke vikAsa meM dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina AcAryoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai| -166

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tamila jaina-sAhitya ko zramaNoM kI dena - paM. siMhacandra jaina zAstrI, cennaI tamila jaina-sAhitya meM zramaNa zabda jainiyoM ke lie hI upayoga kiyA gayA hai| zramaNoM ko tamila meM zamaNara kahate hai| zramaNoM ne tamilanADu meM tIna taraha ke kArya kiye haiM(1) jaina tAttvika aura sAhityika viSayoM kA tamila-bhASA meM vizAla sAhitya kA praNayana kiyaa| (2) matamila-bhASA meM vyAkaraNa, koSa Adi kA gaThana tathA pA-sAhitya kA praNayana kiyaa| (3) sampUrNa mAnava jAti ko sadAcaraNa ke mArga para calane hetu aneka nIti granthoM kA tamila-bhASA meM prnnyn| zramaNoM kI sAhitya sevA prAya: tamila janatA ko sanmArga para lAne kI dRSTi se huI hai| isake lie kuchakucha grantha upalabdha haiM, ve yoM haiM- (1) padiNena kIla kaNakku, nAlaDiyAra, araNericAraM, tirupaJcamUlaM Adi hai| (4) tamila jaina-sAhitya do zreNI meM vibhAjita hai- (1) laghukAvya, (2) bRhdkaavy| isake alAvA aneka sphuTa grantha bhI upalabdha haiM, isakA vivaraNa mUla vRhad nibandha meM diyA jaaygaa| (5) dharma mArga batAne ke lie zramaNoM ne sAhityika kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa arthagarbhita viSayoM ko pA aura ga / ke rUpa meM gaThana kiyA hai| abodha janatA ke lie jJAnavRddhi ke nimitta aneka sAragarbhita granthoM kI racanA kI hai| isa bAta ko "tela kAppiyam" nAmaka vyAkaraNa-grantha meM dekha sakate hai| yaha grantha IsvI pUrva prathama va dvitIya zatAbdI kA hai| (6) gaNita viSayoM ko mAlUma karAne ke lie va jAnakArI ke lie gaNita pahAr3e aura saMkhyA sambandhita pustakeM bhI likhI gyiiN| ina pustakoM meM bhI dharma sambandhita viSaya nihita hai| usa viSaya kA tamila rUpa dekhiye| vanamadi mukkuDayAna malaraDi tolutAla nela vANI lakkama neJjinilavarume isakA hindI bhASAntara ye haiM- "prakAzamAna trichatra jisake Upara sthita haiN| unake caraNoM kI upAsanA se saMkhyA lakSaNa jJAna mana meM lakSita hogaa|" -167 -

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jaina-saMskRti kA mukuTa-maNi-karNATaka evaM usakI yazasvinI kucha zrAvikAe~ - pro. (DaoN.) zrImatI vidyAvatI jaina, noyaDA karNATaka pradeza bhAratIya saMskRti ke lie yugoM-yugoM se eka triveNI-saMgama ke samAna rahA hai| bhAratIya-bhUmaNDala ke tIrthayAtrI apanI tIrthayAtrA ke krama meM yadi usakI caraNa-raja vandana karane ke lie vahA~ na pahu~ca sakeM, to unakI tIrthayAtrA adhUrI hI mAnI jaayegii| jaina-saMskRti, sAhitya evaM itihAsa se bhI yadi karnATaka ko nikAla diyA jAya, jo sthiti bahuta kucha vaisI hI hogI, jaise bhArata ke itihAsa se magadha evaM videha ko nikAla diyA jaae| yadi dakSiNa ke itihAsa se rASTrakUTa, gaMga, cera, cola, pallava evaM cAlukyoM ko nikAla diyA jAe, to sthiti kucha vaisI hI hogI, jaise magadha se nandoM, mauryoM evaM guptoM tathA dillI evaM gopAcala se cauhAnoM evaM tomaravaMzI rAjAoM ke itihAsa ko nikAla diyA jaae| dakSiNa-bhArata ke jaina-itihAsa se yadi pAvana-nagarI 'zravaNabelagola' ko nikAla diyA jAe, to usakI sthiti bhI vaisI hI hogI, jaisI vaizAlI, campApurI, mandAgiri, rAjagRhI, ujjayinI, kauzAmbI evaM hastinApura ko jaina-purANa-sAhitya se nikAla diyA jaae| jaina itihAsa evaM saMskRti kI ekatA, akhaNDatA tathA sarvAGgINatA ke lie, karnATaka kI ukta sabhI AyAmoM kI samAna rUpa se sahabhAgitA evaM sahayoga rahatA AyA hai| yahI kyoM? bhAratIya-itihAsa kI nirmANa sAmagrI meM se yadi karnATaka kI zilAlekhIya evaM prazastimUlaka-sAmagrI tathA kalAkRtiyoM ko nikAla diyA jAe, to sthiti ThIka vaisI hI hogI, jaise samrATa azoka evaM samrATa khAravela kI zilAlekhIya, purAtAttvika evaM aitihAsika-sampadA ko bhAratIya-itihAsa se nikAla diyA jaae| isI prakAra, madhyakAlIna bhAratIya sAmAjika itihAsa meM se yadi karnATaka kI yazasvinI zrAvikAoM ke itihAsa ko upekSita kara diyA jAe, to bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa nizcaya hI vikalAMga ho jaaegaa| ukta tathyoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki bhArata ke bahuAyAmI itihAsa ke lekhana meM karnATaka kA kitanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai? usake pUrva madhyakAlIna rAjavaMzoM ne jahA~ apanI rASTravAdI evaM janakalyANI bhAvanAoM se apanI-apanI rAjya-sImAoM ko surakSita rakhA aura apane yahA~ ke vAtAvaraNa ko suzAnta evaM kalAtmaka banAyA, vahIM unhoMne apanI saMskRti, sabhyatA, kalA evaM sAhitya ke vikAsa ke lie sAdhakoM, cintakoM, lekhakoM, kalAkAroM evaM zilpakAroM ko, binA kisI bheda-bhAva ke, sabhI prakAra kI sAdhana-suvidhAe~ upalabdha karAyI, unake lie vidyApIThe, adhyayana-zAlAeM evaM granthAgAra sthApitakara unhoMne jo bhI racanAtmaka kArya kiye, ve bhAratIya-paramparA meM Adarza evaM anupama udAharaNa haiN| vahA~ ke puruSa-varga ne jo-jo kArya kiye, ve to itihAsa ke amiTa adhyAya haiM hI, vahA~ kI mahilAoM ke saMracanAtmaka kArya bhI atyanta anukaraNIya evaM Adarza-preraka rahe haiN| cAhe sAhitya-lekhana ke kArya hoM, pANDulipi kI surakSA evaM pratilipi-sambandhI kArya hoM, mandira evaM -~-168- ..

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mUrti-nirmANa athavA pratiSThA-kArya hoM aura cAhe prazAsana-sambandhI kArya hoM, vahA~ kI jAgRta nAriyoM ne puruSoM ke samakakSa hI zAzvata-mUlya ke kArya kiye haiN| ___ Aja bhArata kI rAjanaitika pArTiyA~ bhale hI mahilAoM ke ArakSaNa evaM samAnAdhikAra pradAna karane ke lie nAre lagAte-lagAte varSoM taka nArI-samAja ko chala-chadma yA zabdoM ke cakravyUha meM ulajhAye rakheM; kintu karnATaka kI Adarza rAjya-praNAlI ne use sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI se binA kisI roka-Toka ke samAnAdhikAra de rakheM the| karnATaka ke sAmAjika itihAsa ke nirmANa meM yogadAna karane vAlI aisI saikar3oM satrAriyA~ haiM, jinakI itihAsaparaka prazastiyA~, vahA~ ke zilAlekhoM, mUrtilekhoM evaM stambhalekhoM meM aMkita haiM tathA vahA~ ki kiMvadantiyoM, kahAvatoM evaM lokagAthAoM meM Aja bhI jIvita haiM; kintu yaha kheda kA viSaya hai ki abhI taka usakA sarvAGgINa sarvekSaNa evaM samagra mUlyAMkana nahIM ho sakA hai| upalabdha sandarbha-sAmagrI meM se sabhI zrAvikAoM kA yahA~ paricaya de pAnA to sambhava nahIM; kintu kucha (zrAvikAoM) kA saMkSipta paricaya yahA~ prastuta karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| jaina-saMskRti evaM itihAsa ke kSetra meM unake bahuAyAmI saMracanAtmaka yogadAnoM ke kAraNa unhoMne jaina samAja ko jo gaurava pradAna kiyA, vaha pichale lagabhaga 1300 varSoM ke itihAsa kA eka svarNima adhyAya hai, jise kabhI bhI vismRta nahIM kiyA jA skegaa| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai yadi koI svAdhyAyazIlA viduSI prAdhyApikA isa dhairyasAdhya kSetra meM vizvavidyAlaya stara kA vistRta zodhakArya kare, to madhyakAlIna jaina mahilAoM ke aneka pracchanna aitihAsika kAryoM ko to prakAza-dAna milegA hI, bhAvI pIr3hI ko bhI apane jIvana ko sArthaka banAne hetu nayI-nayI preraNAe~ mila skeNgii| -16/

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svatantratA saMgrAma meM dakSiNa bhAratIya jaina mahilAoM aura puruSoM kA yogadAna - DaoN. jyoti jaina, khataulI hama sabake lie yaha gaurava kI bAta hai ki jina bhagavAn bAhubalI ke mahAmastakAbhiSeka ke zubha avasara para vidvat saMgoSThI meM sammilita hone kA avasara milA hai, ve bhagavAn bAhubalI rASTra svAtantrya-sandeza ke saMvAhaka haiN| ahiMsaka yuddha paraspara virodhI bAta lagatI hai, para itihAsa sAkSI hai ki eka aisA yuddha bhI huA jo pUrNata: ahiMsaka thaa| bharata- bAhubalI ke bIca rAjya vistAra kI sImA ko lekara yuddha hone kI naubata A gayI taba mantriyoM kA prastAva mAnakara donoM meM malla, jala aura dRSTiyuddha huA, jisameM bAhubalI vijayI hue, para unhoMne jIta kara bhI saMsAra tyAga kara, AtmakalyANa ke mArga ko cunaa| isI ahiMsaka yuddha se preraNA lekara mahAtmA gAMdhI ne ahiMsA ke bala para deza ko AjAdI dilAyI, jo apane Apa meM vizva kA akelA udAharaNa hai| merA yaha parama saubhAgya hai ki Aja bhagavAn bAhubalI ke caraNoM meM 'svatantratA saMgrAma meM dakSiNa bhAratIya jaina mahilAoM aura puruSoM kA yogadAna' viSaya para yahA~ bolane kA avasara mila rahA hai| mAnava saMskRti ke samunnayana meM jina mahApuruSoM kA mahanIya yogadAna rahA, unameM tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva agragaNya haiN| unhIM ke putra bharata ke nAma para hamAre deza kA nAma 'bhAratavarSa' pdd'aa| RSabhadeva ne rAjya-vyavasthA kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| Aja hamAre deza meM jo gaNatantra-paramparA hai usake janaka bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pitA, pitAmaha Adi rahe haiN| aneka zaktizAlI jaina samrATa rahe haiN| aneka rAjAoM ke mantrI, dIvAna, bhaNDArI, sAmanta, saradAra Adi bhI jaina rahe haiN| mevAr3a rAjya ke durgapAla AzAzAha aura dezoddhAraka bhAmAzAha Adi ke avadAna ko kaise vismRta kiyA jA sakatA hai? dakSiNa-bhArata ke gaMgavaMza, kadamba, pallava, cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, cola,kalacuri Adi vaMzoM ke rAjAoM ke Azraya meM jainadharma phlaa-phuulaa| dakSiNa-bhArata ke zaktizAlI hoyasala vaMza kI sthApanA jainAcArya sudatta ke AzIrvAda se huI thii| isI vaMza meM paTTa mahAdevI zAntalA jaisI mahArAnI huI, jinhoMne zravaNabelagola meM Akara samAdhimaraNa kiyA thaa| bhArata ke svatantratA saMgrAma meM sampUrNa bhArata ke jaina samAja ne mahanIya yogadAna diyA thaa| svatantratA kI isa lar3AI meM jainiyoM ne bar3ha-car3ha kara hissA liyA thaa| aneka vIrapuruSa zahIda ho gaye aura hajAroM logoM ko jela kI yAtanAyeM sahanI pdd'ii| aise bhI logoM kA avadAna thA, jinhoMne tana, mana, dhana se isa Andolana kA samarthana kiyA aura jela gaye vyaktiyoM ke parivAroM ke bharaNa-poSaNa kI vyavasthA kii| jaina samAja ne jitanA Arthika sahayoga isa Andolana meM diyA zAyada hI kisI ne diyA ho| svAdhInatA kI isa lar3AI meM pUrA deza eka lambe samaya taka saMgharSa karatA rhaa| dakSiNa-bhArata kI jaina samAja ne bhI isa lar3AI meM mahanIya yogadAna diyA thaa| karnATaka, Andhra pradeza evaM mahArASTra ke kucha hissoM ko isa lekha meM 'dakSiNa-bhArata' ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA jA rahA hai|

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dakSiNa-bhArata ke lagabhaga sAta zahIdoM ne apanI Ahuti dekara bhArata kI AjAdI kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| prastuta Alekha meM ina sabhI kA vizeSa paricaya, phoTo evaM smArakoM ke citra dene kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| solApura jile ke karakaMbagAMva ke amara zahIda motIcanda zAha ne phAMsI se pUrva jela meM khUna se eka patra likhA thaa| rAjya ke choTe se grAma kar3avI zivApura (muraguDa tahasIla) ke amara zahIda vIra sAtAppA TopaNNAvara rASTrIya tiraMge ke sammAna kI khAtira aMgreja AphIsara kI golI ke zikAra ho gye| hAtakaNaMgale, jilA sAMgalI mahArASTra ke aNNA patrAvale pulisa golI se zahIda ho gye| sAMgalI ke eka cauka ko unakA nAma diyA gayA evaM vahA~ unakA sTecyU lagAyA gayA hai| kolhApura mahArASTra ke ThikapurlI grAma ke bhUpAla aNNAppA aNaskure pulisa pratAr3anA meM zahIda ho gye| amara zahIda bhUpAla paNDita, amara zahIda bhAramala, amara zahIda harizcandra degabor3A Adi deza ke lie zahIda ho gaye the| svatantratA senAnI se adhyAtma kI ora AtmasvAtantrya kI bhAvanA lie paramapUjya AcArya vidyAnandaM jI mahArAja ke avadAna ko kaise vismRta kiyA jA sakatA hai? itihAsa sAkSI hai ki svAdhInatA ke isa mahAsamara meM mahilAoM ne apanI sAmAjika sImAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue pUre joza-kharoza ke sAtha kadama se kadama milAkara rAjanaitika gatividhiyoM meM hissA liyA thaa| yaha vaha samaya thA jaba sAmAnyata: mahilAoM kA kAryakSetra ghara kI cahAradIvArI taka hI sImita thaa| phira bhI mahilAoM ne svatantratA Andolana meM bhAga liyaa| svatantratA kI isa lar3AI meM jahA~ pratyakSa rUpa se mahilAe~ sAmane AyI vahI usase bhI jyAdA unakA parokSa rUpa se yogadAna milA, jise yaha samAja aura deza kabhI bhUlA nahIM paayegaa| dakSiNa-bhArata kI aneka krAntikArI jaina mahilAe~ huI jinhoMne apane jIvana ko dAMva para lagAkara krAnti kI mazAla ko jalAe rkhaa| jUna 2001 meM raNarAgiNI krAntikArI mahilA rAjU tAI se belagAMva-sAMgalI kIsImA para sthita kumbhoja bAhubalI meM jaba darzana kiye to apane Apako hamane kRtakRtya maanaa| dubhASieM kI madada se unhoMne batAyA ki kaise govA se hathiyAra lAkara ve dakSiNa-bhArata ke krAntikAriyoM ko detI thiiN| pUjya bApU ke Azrama (vardhA) meM rahane vAlI kAMcana jaina, solApura kI zrImatI prabhAdevI zAha, bayAbAI rAmacandra jaina, mIrAbAI ramaNalAla zahA, jilA sAMgalI kI ratanabAI svarUpacanda zAha, vimalAbAI gulAbacandra zahA, sarasvatIbAI, paNDitA sumatibena zAha Adi aneka mahilAoM ne bhArata mAM ko paratantratA kI ber3iyoM se mukta karAyA, jinake avadAna se pUrA deza garvita hai| dakSiNa-bhArata ke sabhI jaina jelayAtriyoM ne jela kI dAruNa yAtanAyeM shiiN| apanA saba kucha deza ke lie nyochAvara kiyA aura deza ko AjAdI dilAyI unakI sUcI mAtra hI prastuta kI jA sakegI, kyoMki lekha meM saba kucha de pAnA vistArabhaya se sambhava nahIM hai| lekha meM dI gayI sabhI sAmagrI prAmANika hai aura sabhI ke dastAveja hamAre pAsa surakSita haiN| eka aura prasaMga kA ullekha kiye binA yaha lekha (sArAMza) pUrA nahIM ho sakatA vaha hai dakSiNa-bhArata kI jaina saMsthA dakSiNa bhArata jainsbhaa'| yaha saMsthA jahAM sAmAjika dAyitvoM meM agraNI rahI vahIM deza kI AjAdI kI lar3AI meM bhI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhaaii| isa sabhA ke eka adhivezana meM suprasiddha krAntikArI arjunalAla seThI sAMgalI gaye the jahA~ se ve do yuvakoM ko apane sAtha le gaye the jinameM eka the devacanda jo, AcArya samantabhadra -171 -

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ke nAma se vikhyAta hue aura dUsare the motIcanda zAha jinheM AjAdI ke Andolana meM phAMsI kI sajA huii| yaha bhI mahattvapUrNa prasaMga hai ki arjunalAla seThI dakSiNa-bhArata ke belUra jela meM 56 dina taka nirAhAra rahe the| Adi vizeSa dhyAtavya hai ki AjAdI ke 55 varSa bAda bhI AjAdI ke Andolana meM jaina samAja ke yogadAna kA prAmANika Akalana nahIM ho pAyA hai| hama logoM ne isa para kArya karanA prArambha kiyaa| 'svatantratA saMgrAma meM jaina' (prathama khaNDa) prakAzita ho gayA hai jisameM madhya pradeza, uttara pradeza aura rAjasthAna, chattIsagar3ha ke jaina jela yAtriyoM kA paricaya A gayA hai| dUsarA khaNDa, jisameM dakSiNa-bhArata kabe svatantratA senAniyoM kA paricaya diyA jAyegA, para anusandhAna jArI hai| -172

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AzcaryakArI grantha siri bhUvalaya - DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina 'manuja', indaura maMgalaM bhagavAnarhanmaMgalaM bhagavAn jinH| maMgalaM gharasenAryoM maMgala vRssbheshvrH|| siribhUvalaya AzcaryAnvita kara dene vAlA tathA Aja ke vaijJAnikoM ko cunautIpUrNa adbhuta. grantha hai| AvIM-navamI zatAbdI meM digambarAcArya kamadenda dvArA likhA gayA yaha apane Apa meM anadya grantha mAtra aMkacakroM meM nibaddha hai| isameM 1 se 64 taka ke aMkoM ko liyA gayA hai| eka aMkacakra meM 27 kaoNlama khar3e aura 27 kaoNlama par3e, isa taraha se kula 729 khAne banAye gaye haiM, unameM vizeSa vidhi se aMka likhe gaye haiN| isa taraha ke kula 1294 aMkacakra haiM, jo hameM upalabdha haiN| aba se pahale taka 1270 aMkacakroM kI jAnakArI thii| ina aMkacakroM se kula 21,134 sAMgatya pa aa niHsRta hote haiN| sabhI yantroM ke 12944727 = 9,43,326 akSara hue| isameM 59 adhyAya haiM + 29vA~ dvitIya, zrutAvatAra aura maGgala prAbhRta- isa taraha 62 adhyAya kaha sakate haiN| grantha ke sampUrNa upalabdha 1294 aMkacakroM se alaga-alaga eMgila se 70,096 aMkacakra bneNge| inake akSara 5,10, 30, 000 hoMge aura unase lagabhaga 47, 25, 000 pa / baneMge; kintu hamArI kSamatA 000 aMkacakra banAne kI hai, jinase lagabhaga 9 lAkha pA bneNge| inase samasata dvAdazAMga, 363 darzanoM ke siddhAnta, 64 kalAe~, 718 bhASAe~, viSaya- dharma, vijJAna vyavasthita rUpa se pUrNa vivecita hogaa| isa grantha ke racanAkAra AcArya kumudendu haiN| ye baiMgalora se 38 mIla dUra nandI parvata ke samIpa 'yalavallI' ke nivAsI the| inhoMne apanA nAma kaumudIndu bhI likhA hai| AcArya kumudendu vadalAkAra AcArya vIrasena ke ziSya the, aisA inhoMne isa grantha meM aneka jagaha ullekha kiyA hai| kundakunda jJAnapITa, indaura ke zodhArthikArI rahate 1 apraila 2001 se maiMne isakA kAryArambha kiyaa| cAra mAha kI alpa avadhi meM maiMne ise par3hane kI yaha anUdha vidhi khoja nikAlane meM saphalatA prApta kara lii| vartamAna meM isakA kArya 'jaina saMskRti zodha saMsthAna, indaura' meM gatimAna haiN| bhASAe~ va lipiyA~ ___ siri bhUvalaya kI racanA-lipi aMka-lipi hai| ise likhane meM kevala aMkoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhI kevala 1 se 64 taka ke aMkoM kA hI, kyoMki jainAcAryoM ne kahA hai ki samasta bhASAoM meM se kisI bhI bhASA kI varNamAlA meM svara aura vyaJjana mUlavarNa 64 se adhika nahIM hai| gommaTasAra, dhavalA Adi granthoM meM spaSTa nirdeza hai tettIsa veMjagAI sattAbIsA sarA tahA bhnniyaa| cattAri ya jogavahA causaTThI muulvnnnnaao|| -173 -

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arthAt tetIsa vyaJjana, sattAisa svara (9 svaroM ke hrasva, dIrgha, pluta tIna-tIna bheda milAkara) tathA cAra yogavAha ye milAkara 64 mUla varNa hote haiN| sabhI bhASAoM ke lie aMka nirdhArita haiN| siri bhUvalaya meM 18 mahAbhASAoM aura 700 laghu bhASAoM kA ullekha aneka sthaloM para AyA hai| isameM pazu-pakSiyoM, deva-nArakiyoM kI bhASAe~ nikala AtI haiN| eka anya sthAna para isameM kahA hai ki - -sAta sau kSullaka bhASAoM ko guNAkAra paddhati se 64 akSaroM ke sAtha guNA karane para suparNa kumAra (garuDa), gandharva, kinnara, kimpuruSa, nAraka, tiryaJca, bhIla (pulinda), manuSya aura devoM kI bhASA A jAtI hai| vartamAna meM 284 dezoM kI bhASAoM ke lipyantaraNa sAphTaveyara bana cuke haiN| arthAt aMgrejI se nimnAMkita dezoM kI bhASAoM kI lipiyoM meM akSaroM ko parivartita karane kI suvidhA upalabdha hai| dekhanA hai, hama inakA kitanA upayoga kara pAte haiN| AcArya kumudendu ne siribhUvalaya kI racanA aMkoM meM kI hai tathA usakI racanA-paddhati cakrabaMdha-paddhati rakhI hai| isameM 60 adhyAya haiM tathA pratyeka adhyAya ko par3hane kI vidhi alaga-alaga hai| isameM sarasvatI stotra, RSimaNDala stotra, caudahapUrva, gaNita, prANAvAya, madhyamapada, NivvANabhatti, samayasAra, pravacanasAra, tattvArthasUtra, tattvArthAbhigama mahAbhASya, ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, karmadahana vidhAna, bhUtavalIsUtra, devAgama stotra, bharata svayambhU stotra, cUr3AmaNi, sarvArthasiddhi, pUjyapAdakRta hitopadeza, pAtrakezarI stotra, kalyANakAraka, caudahapUrva gaNita, mantrabaMbhara stotra, RSimaNDala stotra, sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, trilokaprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, aMgapraviSTha, aMgabAhya aura kucha adbhuta mantrAdi haiN| isameM pA~ca taraha kI bhagavadgItA, jayAkhyAna mahAbhArata, ziva-pArvatI gaNita, Rgveda, bAlmIki rAmAyaNa, gAyatrI mantra Adi haiN| prANAvAya madhyamapada meM camatkArika vidhiyA~ haiN| gaNita para to yaha grantha pUrNatayA AdhArita hI hai| vaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI yaha mahAgrantha mahattvapUrNa hai| isameM aNuvijJAna (phijiksa), rasAyanazAstra (kemisTrI), jIvavijJAna (bAyalaoNjI), auSadhazAstra (prANavya aura Ayurveda), bhUgarbhazAstra (jyolaoNjI), jyotiSazAstra (esTronAmI) ityAdi varNita haiN| kampyaTara meM kiyA gayA samasta kArya aMkoM para hI AdhArita hotA hai aura jo kucha phIDa kiyA jAtA hai vaha DijiTa (aMkoM) meM badala kara (binerI sisTama se 01 Adi meM) surakSita rakhatA hai, cAhe vaha maiTara kisI bhI bhASA meM ho, use aMkoM meM hI badalegA aura jaba kampyUTara punaH kholate haiM to kampyUTara aMkoM meM surakSita usa sAre maiTara ko puna: unhIM bhASAoM meM badala kara pradarzita karatA hai| yahI prakriyA isa grantha meM apanAyI gayI hai| pharka itanA hai ki Aja ke kampyUTara vaijJAnika yaha kArya karane meM 13-14 bhASAoM taka hI sImita hai; jabaki aba se lagabhaga teraha sau varSa pUrva racA grantha Aja ke kampyUTara se sau guNita Age hai| yaha bhI dhaka kampyUTara kI prakriyA se aMkoM meM likhA gayA aura DikoDa kara 718 bhASAoM meM anekoM viSaya-grantha prApta kiye jA sakate hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI dvAdazAMgabaddha mAnI jAtI hai| dvAdazAMga dRSTivAda aMga ke pA~ca bhedoM meM se cUlikA eka hai| cUlikA meM Azcaryaprada sAmagrI hai| isameM jalagatA, sthalagatA, mAyAgatA, rUpagatA aura AkAzagatA ke -174

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vivecana haiN| isa bhUvalaya grantha meM eka sandarbha meM AkAzagatA prayoga kI vidhi AyI hai| siribhUvalaya meM eka sthAna para AyA hai ki yadi eka munirAja 24 ghaNTe meM 22 ghaNTe kArya karate haiM to ve 170 varSa meM ise pUrNa kara pAyeMge arthAt eka prophesara dina meM 7-8 ghaNTe kArya karatA hai to 510 varSa meM isakA kArya pUrNa ho paayegaa| yadi indaura nivAsI AdaraNIya kAkA sAhaba zrI devakumAsiMha jI kAsalIvAla kI vyaktigata ruci isameM na hotI to itanA kArya bhI kadApi nahIM ho sakatA thA, ataH isa kArya ko prArambha karane kA pUrNa zreya unheM hI jAtA hai| .-175

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jaina gaNita kA vaiziSTya - DaoN. anupama jaina, indaura bahubhirvipralApaiH kiM trailokye scraacre| yatkiMcidvastu tatsarva gaNiten binA naahi|| (ga.sA.saM. 1/16) mUrdhanya bhAratIya gaNitajJa AcArya mahAvIra (814-817 I.) kA yaha kathana yadyapi apekSAkRta bAda kA hai; kintu yaha jJAna ke kSetra meM gaNita kI aparihAryatA ko bahuta sakSama rUpa meM vyakta karatA hai| navIM zatAbdI I. ke isa jainAcArya ne pAThya pustaka zailI meM likhita apanI vizvavikhyAta kRti 'gaNitasAra saMgraha' meM yaha kathana karake parokSa rUpa se jainadharma, darzana Adi ke kSetra meM bhI gaNita kI atimahattvapUrNa sthiti kI ora iMgita kiyA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki gaNita ke samyak jJAna ke binA jaina-darzana ko bhalI prakAra AtmasAta hI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isI bAta ko 18vIM zatAbdI I. ke jaina vidvAn paM. ToDaramala (1740.1767 I.) ne 'trilokasAra' grantha kI pUrva pIThikA meM likhA hai ki -- ___ 'bahuri je jIva saMskRtAdika ke jJAna sahita hai; kintu gaNitAmvAyAdika ke jJAna ke abhAva te mUla graMtha yA saMskRta TIkA viSai praveza na karahu~, tiva bhavya jIvana kAje ina graMthana kI racanA karI hai|' ___paM. ToDaramalajI kA yaha kathana isa bAta kI pUrNarUpeNa puSTi karatA hai ki gaNita evaM gaNitIya prakriyAoM ko samyak rUpa se samajhe binA mUla granthoM evaM AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ko ThIka prakAra se nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| jaina- zAstroM meM jina bahattara kalAoM kA ullekha milatA hai unameM sarvaprathama sthAna lekha kA evaM dUsarA gaNita kA hai tathApi AgamoM meM prAya: ina kalAoM ko lehAio gaNiyappahANAo' arthAt lekhAdika; kintu pradhAna kahA gayA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM apitu sampUrNa jaina vAGmaya ke viSayAnusAra vibhAjana ke krama meM use cAra anuyogoM meM nimnaprakAra vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| digambara-paramparA ke anusAra 1. prathamAnuyoga- tIrthaGkaroM evaM anya mahApuruSoM ke jIvana-caritra, pUrvabhavoM kA vivaraNa evaM kthaa-saahity| 2. karaNAnuyoga- loka kA svarUpa, AkAra-prakAra, karma-siddhAnta evaM gaNita viSayaka saahity| 3. caraNAnuyoga- muniyoM evaM zrAvakoM kI caryA tathA AcAra viSayaka sAhitya 4. dravyAnuyoga- adhyAtma, AtmA evaM paramAtmA viSayaka dArzanika- sAhitya, nyAya evaM adhyAtma ke grnth| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra 1. dharmakathAnuyoga- isameM tIrthaGkaroM kA jIvana, pUrvabhava evaM dhArmika kathAoM se sambaddha saahity| 2. caraNa-karaNAmuyoga- AcAra evaM gaNita viSayaka saahity| 3. gaNitAnuyoga- khagola viSayaka sAhitya -176.

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4. dravyAnuyoga- adhyAtma, nyAya, karma evaM darzana-sambandhI saahity| ukta vibhAjana se spaSTa hai ki jainadharma meM gaNita ko ativiziSTa sthAna diyA gayA hai| brahmANDa ke rahasyoM evaM usake svarUpa ke vivecana hetu triloka vijJAna (Cosmology, Cosmography, Cosmogony), dhArmika anuSThAnoM evaM dIkSAdi hetu jyotiSa viSayaka granthoM kA sRjana jainAcAryoM ne kiyaa| jahA~-jahA~ gaNanA ho, tulanA ho, vRddhi yA nyUnatA ho vahA~-vahA~ gaNita kA samAveza ho hI jAtA hai| isI kAraNa jainAcAryoM dvArA praNIta pUrNata: gaNitIya athavA gaNitIya sAmagrI se samRddha dArzanika grantha jaina bhaNDAroM meM pracuratA se upalabdha hai| gaNita itihAsa ke adhyayana para dRSTipAta karane se yaha spaSTa hai ki 18vIM zatAbdI ke anta meM gaNita itihAsa kA lekhana prArambha ho gayA thA; kintu jainadharma granthoM meM nihita gaNitIya jJAna kI ora kisI gaNitajJa kA dhyAna AkRSTa nahIM huaa| prasiddha jainAcArya zrIdhara (750 I. lagabhaga) dvArA praNIta 'triMzatikA (pATIgaNitasAra athavA gaNitasAra)' kA prakAzana sudhAkara dvivedI dvArA 1899 meM avazya kiyA gayA thA; kintu usa samaya isako ajaina kRti ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyA gayA thaa| 20vIM sadI meM prArambha meM madrAsa oriyaNTala mainyuskripTa lAibrerI se sambaddha 'ema. raMgAcArya' ko isa bhaNDAra se prApta AcArya mahAvIra dvArA racita gaNitIya pANDulipi gaNitasAra saMgraha kI prApti se bhAratIya gaNita eka svarNima pRSTha anAvRtta huaa| vizva samudAya ko isa mahattvapUrNa jaina gaNitIya kRti kI jAnakArI sarvaprathama 1908 meM prakAzita Alekha ke mAdhyama se huI tathA 1912 meM madrAsa sarakAra dvArA 'gaNitasAra saMgraha' kA ema. raMgAcArya dvArA kiye gaye aMgrejI anuvAda evaM prastAvanA sahita prakAzana kiyA gyaa| vastuta: isa kRti ke prakAzana ke sAtha hI vizva samudAya kA dhyAna bhAratIya gaNita kI usa paramparA kI ora AkRSTa huA jise samprati 'jaina gaNita' yA 'jaina skUla oNpha maithameTiksa' kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai aura isa prakAra vizva kSitija para 'jaina gaNita' kI punarsthApanA huii| jaina gaNita se Azaya jainAcAryoM dvArA praNIta svatantra gaNitIya granthoM athavA jaina Agama evaM TIkA sAhitya meM upalabdha gaNitIya sAmagrI se hai| prastuta zodha-patra meM nimnAMkita binduoM para vistRta vivecanA prastuta kI jaayegii| 1. jaina sAhitya meM gaNita evaM pramukha jaina gnnitjny| 2. jaina gaNita ke adhyayana kI AvazyakatA evaM upaadeytaa| 3. jaina gaNita ke kSetra meM aba taka sampanna shodh-kaary| 4. jaina gaNitIya sAhitya kI uplbdhtaa/anuplbdhtaa| 5. jainAcAryoM kI viziSTa gaNitIya uplbdhiyaaN| -17\9

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Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM jaina manISiyoM kA yogadAna - AcArya rAjakumAra jaina, iTArasI yaha suvidita hai ki jaina manISiyoM, munipravaroM evaM AcAryoM ne dharma-darzana-adhyAtma-sAhitya aura kalA ke kSetra meM apane jJAna gAmbhIrya aura vaidUSya ke dvArA bhAratIya saMskRti evaM zramaNa-saMskRti ke svarUpa ko to vikasita kiyA hI hai, mAnavamAtra ke lie kalyANa kA mArga bhI prazasta kiyA hai| unhoMne Atmahita cintanaparvaka loka kI bhAvanA se jo sAhitya sRjana kiyA hai usameM unakI advitIya pratibhA kI suspaSTa jhalaka milatI hai| abhI taka vibhinna viSayoM para jaina manISiyoM dvArA racita jo grantha prakAzita kiye gaye haiM vaha unake dvArA racita vizAla sAhitya kA aMzamAtra hI hai| abhI bhI aise aneka grantha vidyamAna haiM jo vibhinna mandiroM ke zAstra bhaNDAroM meM rakhe hue haiN| isake atirikta aise bhI aneka grantha haiM jinakA ullekha yA sandarbha AcAryoM dvArA racita anyAnya kRtiyoM, granthoM meM to milatA hai; kintu ve abhI upalabdha nahIM hote| samagra jaina vAGmaya kA parizIlana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki bahumukhI pratibhA, prakANDa pANDitya aura vilakSaNa buddhi vaibhava ke dhanI jaina manISi kevala eka viSaya ke hI adhikArI nahIM the, apitu vibhinna viSayoM meM unakI sAdhikAra gati- pravRtti thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki ekAdhika viSayoM para unake dvArA racita granthoM kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| jaina manISiyoM ko yadyapi malata: adhyAtma vidyA hI abhISTa rahI hai. tathApi dharma darzana. nyAya tathA vibhinna laukika viSaya bhI unakI jJAna paridhi meM vyApta rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki jisa prakAra unhoMne ukta viSayoM ko adhikRta kara vividha utkRSTatama granthoM kI racanA kI usI prakAra unhoMne vyAkaraNa, koza, kAvya, chanda, alaMkAra, nItizAstra, AcArazAstra, jyotiSa, Ayurveda Adi viSayoM para bhI sAdhikAra lekhanI calA kara vibhinna granthoM kA praNayana kiyA aura apane jJAna, vaiduSya evaM vilakSaNa pratibhA kA paricaya diyaa| yahA~ yaha kahanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki jaina manISiyoM, AcAryoM evaM vidvatpravaroM dvArA anya viSayoM kI bhA~ti Ayarveda ko bhI adhikRta kara aneka granthoM kI racanA kI gyii| kintu vartamAna meM upalabdha Ayurveda sAhitya kA avalokana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki jaina Ayurveda kI adyAvadhika vikAsa yAtrA meM jo aneka utAra-car3hAva rUpAtmaka parivartana Aye haiM unake pariNAmasvarUpa adhikAMza grantha kAlakavalita hokara lupta ho gaye haiN| vartamAna hamAre samakSa jainAyarveda-paramparA kA ekamAtra pratinidhi grantha "kalyANakAraka" hai jisakI racanA AThavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM digambarAcArya zrImad ugrAditya ne kI thii| isa grantha meM zrI ugrAdityAcArya ne una jaina manISiyoM aura unake dvArA racita granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo unake kAla meM vidyamAna rahe haiM; (kintu vartamAna meM upalabdha nahIM haiN|) kalyANakAraka grantha ke pUrva kA yA usake bAda kA koI aisA prAmANika grantha upalabdha nahIM hai jisase jainAyurveda-sambandhI prAmANika AdhikArika jAnakArI prApta ho ske| ata: yaha spaSTa hai ki jainAyurveda kI prAcIna- paramparA madhya yuga se pUrva hI lupta ho cukI thii| jainadharma athavA jinAgama-paramparA meM Ayurveda ko laukika vidyA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura use 'prANAvAya' saMjJA se vyavahRta kiyA gayA hai| dvAdazAMga rUpa jinAgama ke bArahaveM dRSTivAdAMga ke pAMca bhedoM meM se -178 .

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'pUrva' nAmaka bheda ke caturdaza bheda haiM jinameM bArahavAM pUrva prANAvAya' kahalAtA hai| isa prANAvAya pUrva ke antargata aSTAGga yut sampUrNa Ayurveda varNita hai| Ayurveda ke ATha aMga haiM- zAlAkya, kAyacikitsA, bhUtatantra yA bhUtavidyA, zalyatantra, agadatantra, rasAyanatantra, bAlarakSA (kaumArabhRtya) aura bIjavardhana (vaajiikrnntntr)| 'kalyANakAraka' grantha meM prApta ullekha se spaSTata: jJAta hotA hai ki madhya yuga se pUrva ke do manISi AcAryoM zrI samantabhadra svAmI (dvitIya zatAbdI) aura zrI pUjyapAda svAmI (caturtha zatAbdI) ke dvArA Ayurveda ke granthoM kI racanA kI gayI thii| zrI ugrAdityAcArya ne to spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai ki zrI samantabhadra svAmI ne aSTaGga se paripUrNa jisa Ayurveda ke grantha kI racanA kI thI usake AdhAra para hI unhoMne prastuta 'kalyANakAraka' grantha kI racanA kI hai| 'kalyANakAraka' kA hindI-bhASA meM anuvAda kara use prakAzita karAne vAle zrI paM. vardhamAna pArzvanAtha zAstrI ne svayaM usa grantha kA avalokana kiyA hai| isakA ullekha unhoMne 'kalyANakAraka' kI prastAvanA meM kiyA hai tathA zrI samantabhadra svAmI dvArA racita grantha 'siddhAnta rasAyana kalpa' ke kucha zloka bhI uddhRta kiye haiN| isI prakAra pUjyapAda svAmI dvArA bhI Ayurveda-sambandhI sarvAGgapUrNa grantha kI racanA kiye jAne ke paryApta pramANa upalabdha hote haiN| kalyANakAraka meM bhI unake dvArA Ayurveda ke sarvAGgapUrNa grantha kI racanA kiye jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| kannar3a-bhASA evaM saMskRti ke manISi jainAcArya jagadvala somanAtha ne svayaM isa tathya kI puSTi kI hai ki unhoMne pUjyapAda svAmI dvArA likhita 'kalyANakAraka' grantha kA kannar3a-bhASA meM anuvAda evaM lipyantaraNa kiyA hai| isase pUjyapAda svAmI dvArA likhita 'kalyANakAraka' grantha kA mahattva svata: spaSTa hai| isa grantha meM pIThikA prakaraNa, paribhASA prakaraNa, SoDaza jvara cikitsA nirUpaNa prakaraNa Adi kA pratipAdana vistArapUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| kannar3a-bhASA ke prAcIna vaidyaka granthoM meM yaha grantha sarvAdhika prAcIna evaM vyavasthita hai| isake anantara madhya yuga meM kevala zrI ugrAditya dvArA racita 'kalyANakAraka' grantha hI prApta hotA hai jo sarvAGgapUrNa (aSTaGgayukta) evaM vyavasthita mAnA jAtA hai| yaha mudrita evaM prakAzita ho jAne se prANAvAya (jainAyurveda) sambandhI prAmANika jAnakArI sulabha ho sakI hai| isake atirikta kisI anya sarvAGgapUrNa Ayurveda ke grantha kI racanA kA saMketa nahIM milane se yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai ki madhya yuga meM prANAvAya-paramparA kA hrAsa hotA gayA aura kAlAntara meM usakA lopa bhI ho gyaa| yadyapi isa paramparA ke lupta ho jAne ke aneka kAraNa ho sakate haiM, tathApi koI eka nizcita kAraNa batalA pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| isa viSaya meM jo sandarbha prApta hue haiM unase jJAta hotA hai ki aneka jaina manISiyoM ne prANAvAya (jainAyurveda) AdhArita granthoM kI racanA kI thI jinameM se adhikAMza upalabdha nahIM haiM aura jo upalabdha haiM ve bhI apane uddhAra kI pratIkSA kara rahe haiN| sambhava hai ve bhI pratIkSA karate-karate kAla-kavalita na ho jaaveN| zrI samantabhadra svAmI evaM zrI pUjyapAda svAmIdvArA racita Ayurveda ke grantha Aja upalabdha nahIM haiM, yaha hamAre lie duHkhada sthiti hai| yahA~ yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM phira bhI IsA kI AThavIM zatAbdI taka prANAvAya para AdhArita granthoM kI racanA kiye jAne ke saMketa prApta hote haiM; kintu uttara bhArata meM to prANAvAya se sambandhita kisI grantha kI racanA kiye jAne kI sUcanA prApta nahIM huI hai| isase aisA pratIta hotA -17

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hai ki uttara bhArata meM yaha paramparA bahuta pahale hI vilupta ho cukI thI; kintu itanA avazya hai ki IsA kI bArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdI meM kucha munijanoM aura jaina yatiyoM ke dvArA AyurvedAdhArita granthoM kI racanA kI gayI thI; kintu ve grantha prANAvAya paramparAdhArita nahIM hokara sAmAnya AyurvedAdhArita haiM, kyoMki unameM prANAvAya kA ullekha kahIM bhI kisI bhI rUpa meM nahIM milatA hai| yahA~ yaha tathya ullekhanIya aura rekhAMkita kiye jAne yogya hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM rasa cikitsA ke mAdhyama se bhaTTArakoM aura jaina yatiyoM ne Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM apanA apUrva yogadAna diyaa| unhoMne prANAvAya-paramparA ke antargata varNita rasa cikitsA ko na kevala surakSita rakhA apitu uttarottara use vikasita bhI kiyaa| Aja bhI unake dvArA isa viSaya meM racita grantha rAjasthAna, paMjAba, gujarAta, karnATaka, tamilanADu Adi prAntoM ke granthAgAroM meM dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| upalabdha granthoM kA adhyayana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki unameM se kucha granthoM kI racanA maulika grantha ke rUpa meM hai to kucha sAra saMkSepa ke rUpa meN| kucha saMgraha grantha haiM to kuchaTIkA-anuvAda grantha ke rUpa meM upalabdha hote haiN| aneka racanAeM stabaka, guTakA, TippaNI, TavvA ke rUpa meM prApta hotI hai| inameM se jo maulika rUpa se racita yA svatantra padyamaya racanAeM haiM unameM nayanasukha dvArA racita vaidyamanotsava, kavivara mAna dvArA racita kavi vinoda aura kavi pramoda, jinasamudrasUrikRta vaidyaka-sAroddhAra yA vaidyaka-cintAmaNi, jogIdAsakRta vaidyakasAra, meghamunikRta meghavinoda, gaMgArAma yati dvArA likhita yatinidAna Adi ullekhanIya haiN| isI prakAra vibhinna auSadha yogoM ke saMgraha ke rUpa meM maulika yA svatantrarUpeNa racita aneka gadyamaya racanAeM bhI prApta hotI haiM jo adhikAMzata: guTakA rUpa meM lipibaddha haiN| ye racanAeM solahavIM zatAbdI (1592 I.) se lekara unnIsavIM zatAbdI pUrvArddha (1821 I.) taka racita haiN| isase pUrva bhI jainAcAryoM dvArA racita Ayurveda ke aneka granthoM kI sUcanA vibhinna sAdhanoM- mAdhyamoM se prApta hotI hai jinakA vivaraNa yathAsthAna diyA gayA hai jisase jJAta hotA hai ki jaina-manISiyoM dvArA racita Ayurveda ke granthoM kI saMkhyA pracura hai| jaina manISiyoM ne Ayurveda ke jina granthoM kI racanA kI hai unakA avalokana- adhyayana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki unameM adhikAMzata: jaina siddhAntoM kA anukaraNa tathA dhArmika niyamoM kA paripAlana kiyA gayA hai jo unakI maulika vizeSatA hai| grantha racanA meM vyAkaraNa-sambandhI niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue rasa, chanda, alaMkAra Adi kAvyAMgoM kA yathAsambhava prayoga kiyA gayA hai jisase granthakartA ke vaidRSya evaM bahamukhI pratibhA kA AbhAsa sahaja hI ho jAtA hai| granthoM meM praur3ha evaM prAJjala bhASA kA prayoga hone se granthoM kI utkRSTatA nizcaya hI dviguNita huI hai| ata: yaha eka saspaSTa tathya hai ki jina manISiyoM- vidvAnoM- AcArya pravaroM dvArA una granthoM kI racanA kI gayI hai ve kevala eka zAstrajJa yA svazAstra pAraGgata hI nahIM the, apitu adhyAtma aura dharmazAstra ke sAtha-sAtha Ayurveda meM bhI kRtAbhAsI vidvAn evaM anubhava se paripUrNa the| aneka aise jaina manISi bhI hue haiM jinhoMne svatantra rUpa se to kisI vaidyaka grantha kA nirmANa nahIM kiyA; kintu apane anya viSayoM ke granthoM meM yathAprasaMga Ayurveda-sambandhI anyAnya viSayoM evaM siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| jaise AcArya somadevasUri ne yazastilakacampU meM vistArapUrvaka prasaMgopAttarUpeNa AyurvedIya svasthavRtta, svAsthya-rakSA ke siddhAntoM, niyamoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| isI prakAra paM0 AzAdhara jI ne bhI svatantra rUpa se kisI vaidyaka grantha kA nirmANa to nahIM kiyA; kintu Ayurveda ke eka pramukha grantha 'aSTAGga hRdaya' para vidvattApUrNa TIkA likhakara apanI vidvattA evaM Ayurveda-sambandhI -180 -

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apane agAdha jJAna kA paricaya diyA hai| isI prakAra aneka AcAryoM ne bhI Ayurveda ke vibhinna granthoM para ojapUrNa evaM vidvattApUrNa apanI TIkAeM likhakara Ayurveda ke sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi aura Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM apane apUrva yogadAna ko rekhAMkita kiyA hai| isa prakAra Ayurveda ke prati yA Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM jaina manISiyoM ke yogadAna ko tIna zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai- 1. eka unake dvArA svatantra rUpa se grantha nirmANa ke rUpa meM, 2. dUsarA anya AcAryoM, manISiyoM dvArA praNIta Ayurveda ke granthoM kI TIkA ke rUpa meM aura 3. tIsarA vibhinna viSayoM ke racita granthoM meM prasaMgopAtta rUpa se Ayurveda viSayoM- siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana ke rUpa meN| ___ata: yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki Ayurveda vAGmaya ke prati jainAcAryoM dvArA kI gayI sevA utanI hI mahattvapUrNa hai jitanI anya sAhitya ke prati; kintu duHkha isa bAta kA hai ki jaina manISiyoM dvArA jitane bhI vaidyaka granthoM kI racanA kI gayI hai usakA zatAMza bhI abhI taka prakAza meM nahIM AyA hai| jainAcAryoM dvArA likhita Ayurveda ke aise granthoM kI saMkhyA atyalpa hai jinakA prakAzana kiyA gayA hai| aba taka jina granthoM kA prakAzana huA hai unameM zrI ugrAdityAcArya dvArA praNIta 'kalyANakAraka' ke atirikta zrI pUjyapAda svAmI ke nAma se auSadha yogoM kA saMkalana 'vaidyasAra' nAmaka laghu grantha hai, jisakA sampAdana evaM anuvAda paM. satyandhara jaina dvArA kiyA gayA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki yaha grantha vastutaH zrIpUjyapAda svAmI dvArA racita yA kathita nahIM hai; kintu unake nAma se prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| uparyukta granthoM ke atirikta harSakIrti sUri dvArA viracita 'yoga cintAmaNi', hastiruci dvArA likhita 'vaidya ballabha', anantadeva sUrikRta 'rasacintAmaNi', zrIkaNTha sUrikRta 'hitopadeza vaidyaka', kavivara haMsarAja dvArA racita 'haMsarAja nidAna', kavi vizrAma dvArA likhita 'anupAna maJjarI' Adi.granthoM ke prakAzita hone kI sUcanA bhI prApta huI hai| ye sabhI grantha saMskRta-bhASA meM nibaddha hai| padyamaya hindI-bhASA meM bhI kavi nainasukha dvArA racita 'vaidya manotsava' aura kavivara meghamuni dvArA viracita 'megha vinoda' ke prakAzita hone kI jAnakArI prApta huI hai| kannar3a-bhASA meM bhI Ayurveda ke eka grantha 'khagendramaNi darpaNa' jo zrI maMgarAja dvArA racita hai, kA prakAzana madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya dvArA kannar3a sIrIja ke antargata prakAzita kiyA gayA thaa| muni yaza-kIrti dvArA prAkRta-apabhraMza meM racita 'jagat sundarI prayogamAlA' kA prakAzana bhI kiyA gayA thaa| isa prakAra jaina manISiyoM dvArA racita Ayurveda ke granthoM kI saMkhyA pracura hai| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki Ayurveda vAGmaya kI racanA aura Ayurveda ke vikAsa meM unake yogadAna ko cirasthAyI banAne ke prati vartamAna vidvad varga apanI zodhAtmaka dRSTi se usakA samucita mUlyAMkana kare aura vilupta yA naSTa ho rahI amUlya nidhi rUpa usa vipula grantharAzi ko kAlakavalita hone se bacA le- yaha bhI jaina vAGmaya ke prati unakI amUlya sevA hogii| -181

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jaina jyotiSa-paramparA kA vaiziSTya - DaoN. jayakumAra en. upAdhye, nayI dillI jaina jyotiSa vidyA manuSya svabhAva se cintanazIla evaM anveSaka prANI hai| isa pravRtti ke kAraNa vaha jyotiSa vidyA ke sAtha apane jIvana kA sambandha jor3ane ke lie prayatnazIla hai| vaha vartamAna ke sAtha apane AgAmI jIvana ke vidyAoM ko jAnane kI tIvra icchA rakhatA hai| mana-vacana-kAya kI vividha pravRttiyoM kA vizleSaNa karane meM jyotiSazAstra kA yogadAna mahanIya hai| mana kI pravRtti ke kAraNa mAnava kahalAne vAlA vaha apane mana ke vizleSaNoM ko jAnakara apane citta-yAtrA ke samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie lAlAyita hai| jIvana kI samasta avasthAoM kA vizleSaNa phalita jyotiSa ke mAdhyama se kiyA jAtA hai| isa zAstra ke AdhAra se jIvana ke aneka rahasyoM kA udaghATana samaya se pUrva sUcaka nimitta se prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina mAnyatA meM graha karmaphala ke sUcaka batalAye gaye haiN| ata: ve sUcaka nimitta mAtra haiM, kAraka nimitta nahIM haiN| jisa prakAra Trena kA signala Trena ko lAne vAlA nahIM hotA hai, Trena Ane kI sUcanA mAtra detA hai| isI prakAra nizcita rAzi aMzoM meM rahane vAle graha vyaktiyoM ke karmodaya, karma kA kSayopazama athavA karmakSaya kI sUcanA de dete haiN| prAkRta-bhASA ke suprasiddha campUkAvya kuvalayamAlA meM likhA hai ki "puvvakaya kamma va raiyaM suhaM ca dukkhaM ca jAyae dehe" arthAt pUrvakRta karmoM ke udaya kSayopazama Adi ke kAraNa zarIradhAriyoM ko sukha-duHkha kI prApti hotI hai| sukha-duHkha ko dene vAlA Izvara yA anya koI divya zakti nahIM hai| jIva ke pradeza ke parispanda meM (halana-calana kampana) cumbaka kI taraha AkarSaNa zakti maujUda hai| karmoMkA yaha AkarSaNa Asrava kahalAtA hai| Asrava kA artha hai karmoM ke Ane kA dvaar| jaba mana-vacana-kAya kI kriyA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi se AkarSita huI to kArmANa vargaNAeM jIva ke sAtha eka kSetrAvagAha rUpa se Thahara jAtI haiN| yahI prakriyA jIva ke sAtha karmoM kA baMdha kahalAtA hai| jIva kI karmabandhana sahita avasthA saMsAra avasthA kahalAtI hai| jIva ke sAtha baMdhane vAle karma do prakAra ke hote haiM, ghAtiyArUpa aura aghaatiyaaruup| ghAtiyA karma jIva ke nija guNoM kA ghAta karate haiM arthAt unheM prakaTa hone nahIM dete haiM aura aghAtiyA karma jIvana ke bAhya sAdhana sAmagrI ke sAtha sambandha rakhate haiN| ghAtiyA karma cAra prakAra ke haiM- jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antraay| isI prakAra aghAtiyA karma cAra prakAra ke haiM- vedanIya, Ayu, nAma aura gotr| jaina mAnyatA meM aTThAsI graha, agaNita nakSatra aura agaNita tArikAyeM batalAyI gayI haiM, para inameM pradhAnamAtra navagraha hI haiM aura ye jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ke sUcaka haiN| kra. karma sUcakagraha prakAzavarNa pratIkaratna . jJAnAvaraNIya bRhaspati pukharAja 2. darzanAvaraNIya budha harA suvarNa pannA -182

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zani - 35 sUrya darzana mohanIya kAlA nIlamaNi cAritra mohanIya pIlA evaM lAla mizra gomeda antarAya maMgala lAla mUMgA vedanIya zukra camakatA sapheda hIrA 7. Ayukarma candramA sapheda motI 8. nAmakarma aruNima lAla mANaka 9. gotrakarma ketu kAlA lahasuniyA manuSya ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka icchAzakti, jJAnazakti aura kriyAzakti ina tInoM kI sUcanA vibhinna kiraNoM dvArA prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina cintakoM ne grahoM ke phalasUcaka vyavasthA ko nimitta ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA hai| vyakti apane yatnAcAra evaM prabala puruSArtha ke dvArA grahoM ke zubhAzubha sUcaka nimitta se prApta phalita ko utkarSa, apakarSa aura saMkramaNa Adi ke dvArA saMbhala sakatA hai| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra prathama kulakara pratizruti ke samaya meM jaba manuSya ko sUrya aura candramA dikhalAyI diye, to ve inase sazaMkita hue aura apanI zaMkA dUra karane ke lie unake pAsa cale gye| unhoMne sUrya, candramA-sambandhI jyotiSa viSayaka jJAna kI zikSA dii| dvitIya kulakara ne nakSatra viSayaka zaMkAoM kA nivAraNa kara apane yuga ke vyaktiyoM ko AkAza maNDala kI samasta jAnakAriyA~ btlaayii| jaina jyotiSa meM paJcavarSAtmaka yuga evaM yugAnusAra graha nakSatra Adi kI Anayanavidhi pratipAdita hai| isa prasaMga kA vyApaka aura maulika vivecana dhavalA grantha, ThANAGgasUtra evaM praznavyAkaraNa aMga-Agama meM graha nakSatra Adi kI Anayana vidhi pratipAdita hai| isaprakAra jaina cintakoM ne nakSatroM kA kula, upakula aura kulopakula meM vibhAjana kara varNana kiyA hai| candramA ke sAtha sparza karane vAle evaM usakA vedha karane vAle nakSatroM kA bhI kathana prApta hotA hai| ataeva isa Aloka meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki grahagaNita-sambandhI aneka vizeSatAyeM jaina jyotiSa meM samAhita hai| ___ bhAratIya vijJAna kI pratyeka zAkhA kI unnati meM itara dharmAvalambiyoM ke sAtha kandhe se kandhA milAkara calane vAloM meM jainAcAryoM kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| aneka lokopayogI viSayoM ke nirmANa aura anusandhAna dvArA bhAratIya vijJAna ke vikAsa meM jainAcAryoM ne apane lekhanI kA kauzala dikhalAyA hai| unakI amara lekhanI se prasUta divya racanAeM adyatana jainavijJAna kI yaza:patAkA ko phaharA rahI haiN| jyotiSazAstra kA AloDana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki jainAcAryoM dvArA nirmita jyotiSa-granthoM se bhAratIya jyotiSa meM aneka navIna tathyoM kA samAveza huA hai| inake dvArA racita granthoM meM etad viSayaka sAmagrI pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| jainAcAryoM dvArA nirmita jyotiSa-granthoM se bhAratIya jyotiSa meM aneka navIna tathyoM kA samAveza tathA prAcIna siddhAntoM meM parimArjana huA hai| sambhavata: jaina jyotiSa granthoM ke sahAyatA ke binA bhAratIya jyotiSa ke vikAsakrama ko kaThina hI nahIM asambhava pratIta hotA hai| adyatana bhAratIya jyotiSa kI vivAdAspada aneka samasyAeM jaina-jyotiSa ke sahayoga se sulajhAyI jA sakatI hai| .- 13

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prastuta Alekha dvArA jyotiSa ke pramukha binduoM para vicAra karane kA lakSya banAyA hai jisakA vivaraNa nimnAnasAra hai| 1. tIna loka meM prakAza vyavasthA (jyoti-vyavasthA jaina jyotiSa ke pariprekSya meM) 2. graharazmi aura karma-siddhAnta kA aucitya aura sambandha 3. aprakAzita granthoM meM 'jyotiSa karaNDaka' I.pU. 300, vivAha paTala, agghakANDa, yonipAhuDa, sANaruya chAyAdAra, nAr3IdAra, nimittadAra, praNaSTalAbhAdi sumiNasattariyA, sumiNaviyAra Adi pramukha grantha jyotiSa ke maulika siddhAntoM se garbhita haiM jina para zodha-kArya honA Avazyaka hai| vartamAna meM jyotiSa viSaya para zodha-kArya vizvavidyAlaya stara para mAtra kucha hI vidvAnoM ne kArya kiyA hai| inameM se pramukha hai1. DaoN. bihArIlAla agravAla ne 'gaNita aura jyotiSa ke vikAsa meM jainAcAryoM kA yogadAna' viSaya para kArya kiyA hai| 2. pro. esa.esa. lIska ne jaina esTrAnAmi para paMjAba vizvavidyAlaya se kArya kiyA hai| 3. isa lekha ke lekhaka DaoN. jayakumAra en upAdhye ne mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura se 'prAkRta-sAhitya meM varNita jyotiSa kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana' viSaya para kArya kiyA hai| 4. DaoN. manoja zrImAlI dvArA 'jaina, jyotiSa vidyA eka parizIlana' viSaya para jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM se kArya kiyA hai| vastuta: jaina vAGmaya meM deza ke vibhinna bhASAoM ke mAdhyama se jaina jyotiSa viSaya para samaya-samaya para lekhana-kArya kiyA gayA hai, jisakA saMkalana aura sampAdana kA kArya nagaNya hai| DaoN. nemicandra zAstrIjI ne isa kSetra meM agAdha kArya kiyA hai| unake bAda isa viSaya ko kisI ne chUne kA prayAsa bhI kiyA nahIM hai| vartamAna meM isa viSaya para vyApaka kArya honA Avazyaka hai| gRhasthAcAra aura zramaNAcAra meM jyotiSa viSaya kA upayoga pratidina pratikSaNa hotA hai| isa vidyA ke sArthaka prayoga se lokajIvana kA vikAsa hokara mokSamArga prazasta hogA tathA mAnava jIvana ke vikAsa ke rAste para gar3hI huI jaTila samasyAeM, isa vidyA ke kuzala prayoga se samUla samApta ho jaayegii| -184 -

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SaDdravya aura unakI arthakriyA - DaoN. dAmodara zAstrI, naI dillI jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra, isa loka meM jo kucha bhI 'sat' padArtha hai, use 'dravya' ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| Sadravya ___ dravya ke atirikta, saMsAra meM kisI kA astitva nahIM hai| dravya ko pRthak-pRthak vizeSa guNoM va upayogitA kI dRSTi se pramukhatayA do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai-- jIva aura ajiiv| inameM jIva cetana hai aura ajIva acetn| ajIva ko bhI pA~ca vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza, kaal| isa prakAra dravyoM kI kula saMkhyA cha: ho jAtI hai| pratyeka chahoM dravya eka dUsare se apanA pArthakya banAye rakhate haiN| aisA kabhI nahIM hotA ki unameM se eka kisI dUsare meM parivartita ho yA apanI vizeSatA ko chor3a de| yahI kAraNa hai ki dravyoM kI saMkhyA cha: se na to kabhI kama hotI hai aura na hI cha: se adhik| pratyeka dravya sahabhAvI guNa aura kramabhAvI paryAyoM se samanvita hotA hai| unameM pratikSaNa hone vAle utpAda-vinAza ke madhya bhI usakA maulika astitva niravacchinna banA rahatA hai| sabhI dravyoM meM dravyagata sAmAnya vizeSatA ke sAtha-sAtha, usakI (dUsare se pRthak) maulika vizeSatA va sArthakatA bhI niyata mAnI gayI hai| pratyeka dravya kathaJcit pariNAmI hai, kathaJcit nitya hai, kathaJcita anitya hai, arthAt anekAntAtmaka svarUpa ko AtmasAt kiye hue hai| arthakriyAkAritva sthUla rUpa se arthakriyA kA artha hai - vyAvahArika upayogitA kI dRSTi se padArtha kA kriyAnvita honaa| bhautika padArthoM meM ise spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaise miTTI se ghar3e kA nirmANa karate haiM, ghar3e se pAnI lAne va bharane Adi kA kAma lete haiN| rUI se dhAgoM kA nirmANa karate haiM aura dhAgoM ko vastra kA svarUpa dete haiN| vastra ko pahanane-or3hane va zIta-nivAraNa Adi ke kAma meM lete haiN| sone se vividha AbhUSaNa banAte haiM aura unheM vibhinna aMgoM para dhAraNa karate haiN| ina saba kriyAoM meM, padArtha kA kriyAnvita honA spaSTa dekhA jA sakatA hai| dArzanika kSetra meM sAmAnyata: 'arthakriyA' se tAtparya hai - vyAvahArika upayogitA ke viSaya banane ke krama meM kriyAnvita honaa| isa dRSTi se vastu kA jJAna va anubhUtiyoM kA viSaya bananA, prayojanAnusAra vividha pariNatiyoM se yuktahonA Adi sabhI sthitiyA~ 'arthakriyA' meM antarbhUta haiN| jaina AcAryoM ne arthakriyA arthakriyAkAritva - ina donoM ke sambandha meM sUkSma va maulika cintana karate hue inheM vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai| jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA ke anusAra, arthakriyA va arthakriyAkAritva ko isa prakAra paribhASita kiyA jAtA hai - apane maulika astitva, sArthakatA va upayogitA ko nirantara banAye rakhate hue, deza-kAlAnurUpa sadRza yA visadRza, sUkSma yA sthUla pariNatiyoM- rUpAntaraNoM ke mAdhyama se kriyAnvita honA hI padArtha kI 'arthakriyA' hai, aura usa kriyA se sampanna hote rahane kI sahaja yogyatA 'arthakriyAkAritva' hai| -185

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ukta arthakriyA sakriya-niSkriya, mUrta-amUrta Adi samasta astitvayukta padArthoM meM anAdinidhana rUpa se, sUkSmatama niravacchinna Antarika pariNati- paramparAoM ke rUpa se pravartamAna rahatI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha 'arthakriyA' anekAntAtmaka padArthamAtra ke astitva yA sattA kA avinAbhUta aMga hai| astitva-vastutva aura arthakriyAkAritva- ye donoM eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| itara dArzanikoM ne jo sarvathA nitya, sarvathA kSaNika Adi padArtha-svarUpa mAne haiM, unameM 'arthakriyA' nahIM ho pAtI, ata: ve 'asat' siddha hote haiM- ityAdi gahana cintana jaina dArzanikoM kI apanI vizeSatA va maulikatA lie hue haiN| jaina dArzanikoM ne kriyA, pariNAma (bhAva) va vartanA- inameM kucha antara kiyA hai; kintu arthakriyA ke prasaMga meM pariNAma Adi ko bhI 'kriyA' ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| pratyeka padArtha meM nihita 'agurulaghu' guNa va usake avibhAgI guNAMzoM meM pratisamaya hone vAlI SaDvidha hAni-vRddhi kA nirUpaNa bhI isa 'arthakriyA' ke prasaMga meM kiyA gayA hai jisameM jaina darzana kI maulikatA spaSTa jhalakatI hai| -186

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jainadarzana meM SaDdravya aura unakA arthakriyAkAritva - DaoN. dharmacanda jaina, jodhapura jainadarzana kA yaha mantavya hai ki ekAnta nitya evaM ekAnta kSaNika padArthoM meM na krama se arthakriyA sambhava hai aura na hI yugpd| bhaTTa akalaGka kahate haiM arthakriyA na yujyeta nitya kssnnikpkssyoH| kramAkramAbhyAM bhAvAnAM sA lakSaNatayA mtaa|| (laghIyastraya, 8) jaina darzanAnusAra utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka kiM vA nityAnityAtmaka padArtha meM hI arthakriyA sambhava hai| jainadarzana meM SaDdravya pratipAdita haiM- 1. jIvAstikAya, 2. pudgalAstikAya, 3. dharmAstikAya, 4. adharmAstikAya, 5. AkAzAstikAya aura 6. kaal| ye chahoM dravya guNa evaM paryAyoM se yukta hote haiM- guNaparyAyavad drvym| (tattvArthasUtra, 5.37) / ye sabhI dravya utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka, nityAnityAtmaka, sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka evaM bhedAbhedAtmaka hote, isalie inameM arthakriyA ghaTita hotI hai| ekAnta nitya padArtha meM krama se arthakriyA svIkAra karane para vaha anitya siddha hotA hai tathA yugapad arthakriyA mAnane para dUsare hI kSaNa usakA svabhAvabheda mAnanA hogA, jo punaH use anitya siddha karatA hai| kSaNika padArtha ke eka hI kSaNa rahane ke kAraNa usameM krama nahIM bana sakatA tathA yugapad arthakriyA mAnane para usameM nAnAsvabhAva aGgIkAra karanA hogA, jisase usakI kSaNikatA dUSita hotI hai| isalie nityAnityAtmaka padArtha meM hI arthakriyA kA honA yuktisaMgata hai| dharmAstikAyAdi SaDdravyoM kA upagraha/kArya hI unakI arthakriyA hai| dharmAstikAya jIvoM ke Agamana, gamana, bhASA, unmeSa, manoyoga, vacanayoga aura kAyayoga kI pravRtti meM nimitta banatA hai| yaha pudgala kI gati meM bhI sahAyaka hotA hai| yahI dharmAstikAya kI arthakriyA hai| yaha arthakriyA dharmAstikAya meM sadaiva ghaTita hotI rahatI hai| isI prakAra adharmAstikAya dravya jIva evaM ajIva kI sthiratA meM udAsIna nimitta ke rUpa meM arthakriyAvAn hotA hai| jIva evaM ajIva dravyoM ko avakAza dene kA kArya AkAzAstikAya kA hai| dharmAstikAyAdi dravyoM ke vartana meM nimitta bananA kAladravya kI arthakriyA hai| yaha kAladravya pariNAma, kriyA, paratva evaM aparatva meM bhI sahAyaka hotA hai| pudgaladravya jIvoM ke zarIra, vANI, mana, prANa, sukha-duHkha, jIvana-maraNa Adi meM sahAyaka banakara arthakriyAkArI hotA hai| jIva eka-dUsare kA upagraha karane se arthakriyAvAn hote haiN| jIva meM jJAna, darzana, vIrya Adi guNa bhI hote haiM, jo jIva ke arthakriyAkAritva kI vyAkhyA karate haiN| -187

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jaina tattvamImAMsA kA vaiziSTya "jJAna aura AtmA meM bhedAbheda sambandha" - suzrI DaoN. rAjakumArI jaina, ajamera jainadarzana jJAnamaya AtmA kA ArAdhaka hai| isa darzana ke anusAra jJAna aura AtmA do bhinna-bhinna tattva nahIM haiM apitu kundakundAcArya ke zabdoM meM jJAna hI AtmA hai aura AtmA hI jJAna hai| unake isa siddhAnta ko pUrI dRr3hatA se pratipAdita karate hue AcArya amRtacandra kahate haiM, "AtmA jJAna hai, vaha svayaM jJAna hI hai tathA vaha jAnane ke atirikta karatA hI kyA hai? AtmA ko jJAnamaya tattva svIkAra karane kA artha yaha nahIM hai ki AtmA zuSka, nIrasa, niSkriya, bauddhika cetanAmAtra hai| isake viparIta apane mUla svarUpa meM AtmA darzana, vIrya aura Ananda se paripUrNa jJAnamaya tattva hai| vastutaH jJAna, darzana, sukha, vIryAdi, guNa AtmA ke aise aneka zAzvata svabhAva haiM jo paraspara eka dUsare kI vizeSatA hote hue, eka dUsare meM vidyamAna hote hue eka astitva se racita haiM, eka sattA hai| AcArya devasena ke zabdoM meM jJAna, darzanAdi aneka guNa hI svadravya, svakSetra, svakAla aura svabhAva kI apekSA paraspara eka dUsare kA svabhAva hote haiM aura isalie ye aneka guNa hI AtmA nAmaka eka dravya hai| AtmA aura usake jJAnAdi guNoM meM isa tAttvika abheda ke hone para bhI inameM nayAtmaka buddhi se bheda sthApita kiyA jAtA hai tathA AtmA aura usake jJAna, darzanAdi vibhinna guNoM ko pRthak-pRthak nAma aura lakSaNa diye jAte hai| ___ jaina-darzana ke isa bhedAbheda sambandha ke siddhAnta ko samajhane ke lie hama pahale jJAna kA kramaza: darzana, vIrya aura sukha se aura usake bAda AtmA se bhedAbheda sambandha ko samajhane kA prayAsa kreNge| darzana aura jJAna kA bhedAbheda sambandha jaina-darzana ke anusAra samasta jJAna sAkSAt yA paramparA se darzanapUrvaka hotA hai| darzana zabda kA artha hai dekhanA, avalokana, avabhAsa (mahasUsa krnaa)| kisI padArtha ke sAkSAtkArapUrvaka hone vAlI saMvedanAtmaka anubhUti ko darzana kahA jAtA hai| yaha darzana dRSya padArtha aura dRSTA AtmA kI pRthak-pRthak anubhUti na hokara eka akhaNDa dRzyAnubhUti svarUpa hotA hai isalie ise nirAkAra yA nirvikalpaka anubhUti tathA antarcita prakAza kahA jAtA hai| jaise - tvacA se agni kA saMyoga hone para dRSTA-cetanA AtmA aura dRzya-uSNa padArtha kI pRthak-pRthak anubhUti nahIM hotI apitu eka akhaNDa dRzyAnabhUti - uSNAnabhUti ko mahasUsa kiyA jAtA hai| yaha mahasUsa karane kI prakriyA sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka padArtha ke yathAvasthita svarUpa kA aisA grahaNa hai jo apane Apa meM varNanAtIta hai, nAma jAti Adi vikalpoM se rahita hai tathA kartA karma ke dvaita se bhI rahita hai| isake viparIta jJAna padArtha kI kartA karma bhAva se yakta sAkAra yA savikalpaka cetanA hai| jJAna kA AkAra "maiM uSNa padArtha ko jAna rahA hU~" rUpa nizcayAtmaka buddhi svarUpa hotA hai| isameM maiM-jJAtA, uSNa padArtha- jJeya aura jAna rahA hU~ jJAna tInoM apane-apane viziSTa svarUpa meM jJAta hote haiN| jJAna kartA aura karma ke dvaita se yukta hone ke kAraNa bahircita prakAza kahalAtA hai| jJAna aura darzana meM yaha zAbdika aura lAkSaNika bheda hone para bhI ye pRthak-pRthak tattva na -188

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hokara eka akhaNDa jJAnadarzanamaya sattA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jJAna kI jJAnarUpatA usameM darzanarUpatA kA sadbhAva hone para hI tathA darzana kI darzanarUpatA usake jJAnamaya hone para hI sambhava hai tathA jJAna rahita darzana aura darzana rahita jJAna kI sattA kabhI nahIM hotii| jaise- "maiM uSNa padArtha ko jAna rahA hU~" yaha sparzana matijJAna tvacA se uSNa padArtha kabe acakSu darzana se sampanna nizcayAtmaka anubhUti hai| tvacA se uSNa padArtha kA darzana, saMvedana, avabhAsa yA mahasUsa karate hue hI vyakti usa padArtha ko zItala sparza, raMga, gandha Adi anya guNoM se vilakSaNa uSNa sparza rUpa viziSTa svarUpa meM pahacAnatA hai tathA isa darzana ke abhAva meM yaha samajha pAnA pUrNatayA asambhava hai ki uSNapanA kyA hotA hai, kisa viziSTa svarUpa ko uSNa kahA jAtA hai| isI prakAra kisI padArtha ke prati vyakti ko "yaha agni hai" yaha jJAna tabhI ho sakatA hai jabaki use vibhinna indriyoM se padArtha ke bhasura rUpa, uSNa sparza Adi guNoM kI saMvedanAeM prApta ho tathA vaha ina saMvedanAoM se yukta hokara padArtha ko pRthvI, jalAdi se vilakSaNa agni rUpa viziSTa svarUpa meM pahacAna ske| isa prakAra matijJAna mAtra jJAna na hokara jJAnadarzanamaya anubhati hai| usameM apane viAya ke prati vastusthiti aisI hI hai" yaha anubhUti, pratIti yA vizvAsa darzana se paripUrNa hone para hI hotAhai tathA darzana se rahita budhyAkAra jJAna na hokara mAnasika kalpanAmAtra hai| jJAna aura vIrya meM bhedAbheda sambanya vIrya zabda kA artha hai shkti| AtmA kA vIrya guNa usakI saMkalpa zakti tathA kArya sampAdana kI sAmarthya aura pravRtti kA paricAyaka hai| pratyeka AtmA meM svabhAvata: anantavIryazakti vidyamAna hai jo saMsArI avasthA meM vIryAntarAya karma se AvRtta hokara manda ho jAtI hai| isa avasthA meM jIva kI vIrya zakti jitanI mAtrA meM prakaTa hotI hai vaha usI ke anurUpa vibhinna zArIrika, mAnasika, bauddhika, AdhyAtmika Adi kriyAoM kA sampAdana kara pAtA hai| jaise- pRthvI kAyika Adi ekendriya jIvoM meM vIrya zakti bahuta kama mAtrA meM prakaTa hotI hai isalie ve mAtra karmodayajanita sukha-duHkha kA hI bhoga kara pAte hai| isake viparIta dviindriya se lekara saMjJAI paJcendriya jIvoM ke isa guNa kI utkRSTa abhivyakti hone ke kAraNa vaha iSTa prApti aura aniSTa parihAra hetu puruSArtharata hone kI kSamatA se sampanna hote haiN| jisa jIva ke vIryAntarAya karma kA jitanA prakhara kSayopazama hotA hai vaha utanA hI adhika urjAvAn hotA hai aura usameM khataroM kA sAmanA karane, viparIta paristhitiyoM meM dhairya banAye rakhane aura unheM apane anukUla banAne hetu saMgharSa karane kI kSamatA utanI hI adhika hotI hai| jIva ke samakSa vibhinna samasyAoM, icchAoM, AvazyakatAoM Adi kA sadbhAva usakI apUrNatA kA paricAyaka hai tathA isalie icchAoM kI tRpti tathA samasyAoM ke samAdhAna hetu kiyA jAne vAlA samasta puruSArtha AtmA ke vIrya guNa kI nimnastarIya abhivyakti hai| AtmA ke vIrya guNa kI sarvotkRSTa abhivyakti jJAna cetanA ke rUpa meM hotI hai| isa stara para vidyamAna AtmA kA Atmabala sImAhIna hotA hai| usakI samasta AvazyakatAeM samApta ho jAtI hai| vizva ke kisI bhI padArtha, kisI bhI ghaTanA meM usake lie samasyA banane kI sAmarthya zeSa nahIM rahatI tathA vaha vizva ke pratyeka padArtha ko eka sAtha viSaya banAtA huA sarvajJa, sarvadarzI hotA hai| vIrya AtmA kI kartRtva zakti kA paricAyaka hai tathA isa zakti kI abhivyakti kArya sampAdana ke jJAnapUrvaka hI sambhava hotI hai| jaise khataroM kA sAmanA karane kI sAmarthya rUpa vIryarUpatA meM yaha saMjJAnAtmaka tathA bhAvanAtmaka - 18-5

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pakSa anivAryatayA vidyamAna hotA hai ki yaha paristhiti hamAre jIvana aura sukha zAnti ke lie khatarA hone ke kAraNa avAMchanIya hai aura isalie isakA isa vidhi se nirAkaraNa Avazyaka hai tathA mujhameM isakA sAmanA karake isakA nirAkaraNa karane kI kSamatA vidyamAna hai| isa eka akhaNDa jJAnadarzanavIryamaya sattA meM nayAtmaka buddhi dvArA vizleSaNapUrvaka nizcayAtmaka, bhAvanAtmaka aura zaktyAtmaka pakSa meM bheda sthApita karake unheM kramaza: jJAna, darzana aura vIrya rUpa pRthak-pRthak nAma diye jAte hai, jJAna ko svArtha vyavasAyAtmaka rUpa se, darzana ko svArtha saMvedanAtmaka rUpa se aura vIrya ko kriyAtmikA zakti rUpa se paribhASita kiyA jAtA hai| jJAna, darzana aura vIrya meM mAtra nAma aura lakSaNa kI apekSA hI bheda nahIM hai apitu inake kAraNa bhI bhinna-bhinna hai| AtmA meM jJAna zakti kA sadbhAva jJAnAvaraNIya karma ke, darzana zakti kA sadbhAva darzanAvaraNIya karma ke tathAvIrya zakti kA sadbhAva vIryAntarAya karma ke kSaya athavA kSayopazamapUrvaka hotA hai| jJAna, darzana auravIrya meM ina bhedoM ke kAraNa ye AtmA ke tIna alaga guNa haiM tathA jJAna ke viziSTa svarUpa se vIrya kA tathA vIrya ke viziSTa svarUpa se usake jJAna guNa kA viziSTa svarUpa nirdhArita nahIM hotaa| jaise eka buddhimAna aura vidvAn vyakti AlasI aura kAyara bhI ho sakatA hai tathA karmaTha aura sAhasI bhI ho sakatA hai| vaha vibhinna kriyAoM ke sampAdana ke saMjJAnAtmaka pakSa ko bhalI prakAra jAnate hue bhI kArya sampAdana ke prati udAsIna bhI ho sakatA hai aura utsAhI bhI ho sakatA hai| donoM hI sthitiyoM meM vIrya jJAna kI hI vizeSatA hotA huA vidyamAna hotA hai| jaba vyakti kisI kArya ke sampAdana kI prakriyA ko jAnane ke sAtha hI svayaM kI usa kArya ko sampanna karane kI zakti kA bhI anubhava karatA hai to usakA jJAna vIryamaya jJAna hai tathA jaba vaha apane andara isa zakti ke abhAva ko mahasUsa karatA hai to usakA jJAna vIryahIna jJAna hai| jisa prakAra vIrya kA vizeSa stara AtmA ke jJAna guNa kI vizeSatA hotA huA vidyamAna hotA hai usI prakAra usake jJAna kA viziSTa svarUpa usakI kriyAtmikA zakti kI vizeSatA hotA huA hI vidyamAna hotA hai| jaise eka manda buddhi aura buddhimAna donoM hI vyakti samAna rUpa se karmaTha aura saMgharSazIla ho sakate haiM. unameM samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karane kA hausalA samAna rUpa se vidyamAna ho sakatA hai, lekina unake isa viSayaka jJAna kA vaiziSTya unakI kAryazailI ke vaiziSTya ko nirdhArita karatA hai| hama kyA kara rahe haiM, usake kyA pariNAma hoMge tathA hama apane abhISTa lakSyoM ko kisa prakAra prApta kareM, prayatna meM vidyamAna yaha saMjJAnAtmakatA yadi mithyA tathA nimnastarIya hotI hai to isake anurUpa kArya karake vyakti samasyAoM ko samApta karane ke sthAna para aura ulajhA detA hai tathA yadi yaha yathArtha aura utkRSTa hotI hai to vaha paristhitiyoM para niyantraNa sthApita karane tathA iSTa prApti aura aniSTa parihAra karane meM sakSama hotA hai| bAhya jagat meM vibhinna kAryoM ke sampAdana ke stara para hI jJAna aura vIrya paraspara vizeSaNa-vizeSya bhAva se yukta nahIM hote apitu jJAnArjana kI prakriyA kA sadbhAva bhI ina guNoM kI paraspara antarvyApti rUpa eka astitvarUpatA ke kAraNa sambhava ho pAtA hai| AtmA eka upayogAtmaka tattva hai| sadaiva kisI na kisI padArtha ko viSaya banAkara use jAnane dekhane ke lie udyama karanA aura jAnane dekhane kI kriyA karanA usakA zAzvata svabhAva hai| vaha jaba jisa padArtha para, padArtha ke jisa pakSa para dhyAna kendrita karake use jAnane dekhane hetu puruSArtha karatA hai taba apanI jJAna zakti ke vikAsa kI mAtrA ke anusAra use jAnatA hai| isa prakAra AtmA ke upayogAtmaka svarUpa meM do vizeSatAeM garbhita haiM - jAnane dekhane hetu udyama rUpa vIryarUpatA tathA jAnane dekhane kI kriyA rUpa jnyaandrshnruuptaa| AtmA ko jAnane dekhane hetu puruSArtha eka jJAna rahita kriyA na hokara jJAnamaya kriyA hai| vIryavAn -1-60 -

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AtmA apanI tattvamImAMsIya aura mUlyamImAMsIya dRSTi aura samajha ke stara ke anusAra apane jJAnArjana hetu puruSArtha kA viziSTa svarUpa svayaM nirdhArita karatA hai| yadi vaha dehAtmavAdI tathA svArthavAdI sukhavAdI hai tathA usake lie bhautika sukhoM kI prApti hI parama mUlya hai to vaha apanI jJAnadarzanavIrya zakti kA upayoga bhogya padArthoM ko prApta karane aura bhogane hetu karatA hai tathA zeSa padArthoM ko, usake kAryoM se anya vyaktiyoM para par3ane vAle prabhAvoM Adi ko jAnane ke prati usameM udAsInatA kA bhAva hotA haiM yadi vyakti sarvArthavAdI hai to vaha vyApaka hita ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue jJAnArjana kI prakriyA meM pravRtta hotA hai tathA viSaya bana rahe padArtha ko vyApaka pariprekSya meM dekhatA hai| eka dehAtmavAdI ke samasta lakSya bAharI jagat kI upalabdhiyoM taka hI sImita hote hai lekina eka adhyAtmavAdI ke lie apane jJAna-darzana-sukha-vIryaguNoM kI utkRSTatama paryAyoM kI prApti hI parama mUlya hai| usane gurumukha se AtmA kA zarIra se bhinna, pUrNarUpeNa svAdhIna, anantajJAnAdi guNoM kA jo jJAna prApta kiyA hai usa jJAna ko apanA AcaraNa banAne ke lie vaha satat puruSArtharata hotA haiN| isa lakSya kI prApti ko hI vyApakatama sandarbha meM jAnane dekhane hetu puruSArtha karatA hai ........... / isaprakAra AtmA ke jJAnadarzana guNa vIryarUpatA se sampanna hokara hI tathA vIryaguNa jJAnadarzana rUpatA se sampanna hokara hI vidyamAna hote hai tathA jJAna rahita vIrya aura vIrya rahita jJAna kI sattA kabhI nahIM hotii| jJAna aura sukha meM bhedAbheda sambandha jJAnamaya AtmA eka zuSka, nIrasa bauddhika tattva mAtra nahIM hai balki vaha Anandamaya cetanA bhI haiN| AtmA apane jJAna, darzana aura vIrya guNoM se kramaza: jJAtA, dRSTA aura kartA hone ke sAtha hI sAtha sukha guNa svarUpa hone ke kAraNa bhoktA bhI hai| sadaiva kisI na kisI viSaya meM rasa lenA, use bhogate hue sukhAnubhUti svarUpa honA AtmA kA zAzvata svabhAva hai| jJAna kA darzana aura vIrya ke samAna hI sukha se bhI bhedAbheda sambandha hai jJAna aura sukha AtmA ke do bhinna-bhinna guNa hai, kyoMki inake nAma, lakSaNAdi bhinna-bhinna haiN| jJAna viSaya prakAzaka hotA hai jabaki sukha AlhAdAtmaka anubhUti hai| jJAnotpatti kA kAraNa jJAnAvaraNIya aura vIryAntarAya karma kA kSayopazama yA kSaya hai jabaki saMsArI avasthA meM sukha kI anubhUti sAtAvedanIya karma ke udaya se tathA muktAvasthA meM jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya aura antarAya karma ke kSayapUrvaka hotI hai| jJAna aura sukha meM yaha bheda hone para bhI ye AtmA ke aise do svabhAva haiM jo paraspara apRthak haiN| sukha 'maiM sukhI hU~' rUpa se jJAnasvarUpa hotA hokara hI vidyamAna hotA hai tathA ajJAta sukha kI sattA nahIM hotii| sAtha hI jJAna kI sukharUpatA ko prApta karatA haiN| ____ saMsArI jIva moha, rAga, dveSa ke vazIbhUta hokara paJcendriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakta hotA hai tathA unheM jAnane, prApta karane aura bhogane hetu apanI jJAnazakti kA upayoga karatA hai| indriya sukha ke stara para vyakti tAttvika rUpa se bAhya padArthoM ko na bhogakara apanI viSayAnubhUti ko bhogatA hai| jo vyakti madhura saMgIta ke zravaNa ko upAdeya aura kA~Te ke sparza ko heya samajhatA hai vaha isa heya upAdeya buddhi ke kAraNa madhura saMgIta ke zrotRja pratyakSa meM rasa lete hue, use bhogate hue sukhAnubhUti svarUpa hotA hai, jabaki kA~Te kI sparzAnubhUti use kaSTakAraka pratIta hotI haiM isa prakAra heya upAdeya buddhi se yukta indriya jJAna hI duHkhAtmaka yA sukhAtmaka hotA hai tathA jJAna se svatantra sukha kI upalabdhi nahIM hotii| amRtacandrAcArya bhautika sukha kI jJAnAtmakatA aura heyarUpatA ko pratipAdita karate hue kahate haiM - sazarIrI avasthA meM bhI zarIra sukha kA sAdhana na hokara AtmA kA -1-59

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jJAnadarzanavIryAtmaka svabhAva hI nizcaya se sukha kA kAraNa hai| isa avasthA meM jIva mithyAtva ke prabala udaya ke vazIbhUta hone para naze meM dhutta vyakti ke samAna asamIcIna pravRtti karatA hai| vaha 'yaha viSaya mujhe iSTa hai' isa Asakta bhAva se yukta hokara indriyoM ke viSayoM kI ora daur3ane rUpa apane jJAnadarzana vIryamaya svabhAva meM pariNamana karatA huA svayameva sukhatva ko prApta karatA hai| AtmA kI yaha bhautika sukha meM Asakti tathA lInatA usake jJAnadarzanavIryaguNoM kI nimnatama paryAya hai| eka samyagdRSTi vyakti bAhya padArthoM prati heya upAdeya buddhi se yukta hokara pravRtta nahIM hotA, balki usake lie apane caitanya svarUpa meM avasthiti aura cetanA kA pUrNa vikAsa hI upAdeya hai| bAhya padArtha usake lie na tyAjya hote haiM, na grAhya hote haiN| isake viparIta ve vizuddha rUpa se usake jJAna kA viSaya hote haiN| vaha mAtra unake tathyAtmaka svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, lekina vaha unako bhogate hue sukhI yA duHkhI nahIM hotaa| samyagdRSTi vyakti apanI cetanA ke viSayAtmaka pakSa meM rasa nahIM letA balki vaha apanI cetanA ke jJAnadarzana sukhavIryamaya viSayIrUpatA ko bhogatA huA Anandamaya sattA hai| sukha AtmA kA svabhAva hai| yaha AtmA meM kahIM bAhara se nahIM AtA balki AtmA kA sadbhAva mAtra hI Anandamaya hai| AtmA kA yaha sukha guNa usameM anya guNoM se nirapekSa rUpa se avasthita nahIM hai balki yaha AtmA ke jJAnadarzanavIryAtmaka svarUpa kI vizeSatA hai| bhautika sukha kI anubhUti AtmA ke isa svarUpa kI bahuta nimnastarIya abhivyakti hai| jaise-jaise AtmA apane jJAnAdi svarUpamaya cetanA kI utkRSTatara avasthAoM ko prApta karatA jAtA hai, usake sukha meM vRddhi hotI jAtI hai tathA ina gaNoM ke pUrNa vikAsa se vaha ananta AnandarUpatA prApta karatA hai| amRtacandrasvAmI kahate hai, "darzana aura jJAna ko vIrya tIkSNa karatA hai, darzana aura jJAna kI tIkSNatA se nirAkulatA utpanna hotI hai| yaha nirAkulatA hI sukhasvarUpa hai tathA he deva! Apa isa sukha meM gahana rUpa se nimagna haiN| isaprakAra jJAna kA darzana aura vIrya ke samAna hI sukha se bhI tAdAtmya sambandha hai| jJAna hI sukha svarUpa hotA hai tathA sukha jJAnamaya hokara hI vidyamAna hotA hai| ina donoM guNoM meM yaha vizeSaNa vizeSya bhAva vidyamAna hone ke sAtha hI inameM nAma, lakSaNa, prayojana kI apekSA bheda bhI hai| jJAna aura AtmA meM bhedAbheda sambandha uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki AtmA kA jJAna guNa darzana, vIrya aura sukhAtmaka svabhAva se paripUrNa hai| jJAna meM AtmA ke darzana, vIryAdi vizeSa guNa hI vidyamAna nahIM hai balki AtmA ke astitva, vastutva, dravyatva, prameyatva, agurulaghutva aura pradezatva jaise samasta sAmAnya guNa bhI jJAna kA svabhAva haiN| ye sabhI guNa jJAna meM vidyamAna hokara use saMvedanAtmakatA, pravRtyAtmakatA, satsvarUpatA Adi svabhAva pradAna karate hai tathA viSaya prakAzaka rUpa viziSTa svarUpa meM jJAna ke sadabhAva ko sambhava banAte haiN| sAtha hI jJAna bhI AtmA ke darzana. vIryAdi samasta guNoM meM rahate hue, una sabhI ko jJAnarUpatA pradAna karate hue unake saMvedanAtmakatA, kriyAzIlatA Adi rUpa viziSTa svarUpa ko sambhava banA rahA hai tathA ina guNoM meM jJAnarUpatA kA abhAva hone para inakA sadbhAva bhI asambhava haiN| jaise - vIrya svayaM ke prati 'maiM isa kArya kA sampAdana kara rahA hU~' rUpa nizcayAtmaka buddhi svarUpa hotA huA hI apane kriyAtmaka anubhUti rUpa viziSTa svarUpa meM avasthita hotA hai| isa prakAra AtmA sampUrNata: eka-anekAtmaka, bheda-abhedAtmaka tattva hai| AtmA kA svarUpa usake jJAna, darzanAdi samasta guNa haiM aura usake -1-52

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pratyeka guNa kA svarUpa sampUrNa AtmA arthAt AtmA ke samasta guNa haiM, isalie tAttvika rUpa se AtmA aura usake jJAnAdi guNoM meM koI antara nahIM hai| isa apekSA se jo sattA AtmA hai, vahI jJAna bhI hai, vahI darzana bhI hai ............ / eka cetana sattA ke vibhinna svabhAvoM meM tAttvika rUpa se abheda hone para bhI unameM nayAtmaka buddhi dvArA bheda sthApita kiyA jAtA hai tathA eka svabhAva ko pradhAna aura anya ko gauNa karate hue usa svabhAva kA eka vizeSa nAma aura lakSaNa diyA jAtA haiN| ina aneka svabhAvoM ke nAma lakSaNAdi kI apekSA bhedAtmaka pakSa ko gaNa tathA inake tAttvika rUpa se abhedAtmaka pakSa ko gaNI kahA jAtA hai| AtmA-gaNI aura jJAna-gaNa meM zAbdika aura lAkSaNika rUpa se bheda kiyA jAnA sambhava hone para bhI tAttvika rUpa se ye pRthak-pRthak sattA na hokara eka abhinna sattA hai| jaina-darzana jJAnamaya AtmA kA ArAdhaka hai| isa darzana ke anusAra AtmA ananta darzana, ananta vIrya aura ananta sukha se paripUrNa tathA sarvajJatva zakti se yukta jJAnamaya tattva hai| apane isa svarUpake kAraNa AtmA muktAvasthA meM sarvajJa hotA hai| saMsArI avasthA meM usakA yaha jJAnamaya svarUpa moha, rAga, dveSAdi vikAroM se yukta hokara alpa jJAna rUpa meM pariNamita ho rahA hai| jaina sAdhanA paddhati ina doSoM ko samApta kara apane pUrNa vikasita aura sarvaguNa sampanna jJAnamaya svarUpa kI prApti kA upAya batAtI hai tathA yaha dAvA karatI hai ki AtmA isa sAdhanA paddhati ko aMgIkAra kara apane ananta darzana, ananta vIrya aura ananta sukha se sampanna ananta jJAnamaya zuddha svarUpa ko prApta kara sakatA hai| - -

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jainadharma ke mUlatattva aura vyAvahArika vedAnta - svAmI brahmezAnandajI, caNDIgar3ha vedAnta prAcIna hote hue bhI vyAvahArika jIvana meM svAmI vivekAnanda pratipAdita vedAnta kA siddhAnta navInatama hai| vastuta: yaha kahanA hI ucita hogA ki svAmI vivekAnanda ne purAtana vyAvahArika vedAnta kI Adhunika yuga ke anurUpa eka nayI vyAkhyA bhara kI hai| uparyukta vizleSaNa se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAyegA ki jainadharma kA paramparAgata hindU dharma se vyAvahArika evaM saiddhAntika matabheda hote hue bhI vyAvahArika vedAnta ke sAtha usakI samAnatAeM adhika aura matabheda kama haiN| svAmI vivekAnanda kI vedAnta-sambandhI paribhASA atyanta vyApaka hai| unake anusAra dharma kA artha vedAnta hI hai aura vedAnta ke isa vyApaka dAyare meM sabhI dharmoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| isa vyApaka paribhASA ko svIkAra na karane para bhI, jaisAki hama kaha cuke haiM, jainadharma aura vedAnta meM kAphI samAnatAe~ haiN| yahI nahIM, donoM kI paddhatiyA~ eka-dUsare kI paripUraka ho sakatI haiM jaisAki honA hI caahie| vedAnta jainadharma se kucha sIkha sakatA hai aura jainadharma bhI vedAnta se, apanI maulikatA banAye rakhate hue, lAbha uThA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie vyAvahArika vedAnta ke 'ziva jJAna se jIva sevA' ke siddhAnta ko jainadharma AsAnI se AtmasAta kara sakatA hai, kyoMki AtmA ke caitanya, nitya-zuddha-buddha svarUpa meM to vaha vizvAsa karatA hI hai| dUsarI ora Adhunika vyAvahArika vedAntavAdI jainadharma meM tapa para diye gaye mahattva se lAbha uThA sakate haiN| kSamApanA evaM navakAra mantra kA bhI adhika vyApaka upayoga jainetara vedAntI bhI kara sakate haiN| saMvatsarI ke dina sabhI jaina saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM se kSamAyAcanA karate haiM tathA svayaM bhI sabhI ko yaha kahakara kSamA karate haiM khammAmi savva jIvesu, savvejIvA khamantu me| mitti me savva bhUdesa, veraM majjhaM Na kennvi|| "arthAt maiM saba jIvoM ko kSamA karatA huuN| saba jIva mujhe kSamA kreN| merI sabhI se maitrI hai, kisI se bhI baira nahIM hai|" jaina dharma kA NamokAra mantra bhI eka ati pavitra, sundara evaM udAra mantra hai, jisameM saMsAra ke samasta evaM siddha mahAmanAoM ko praNAma kiyA gayA hai| vedAntiyoM ko aise zubha mantra ko svIkAra karane meM kyA Apatti ho sakatI hai? saccA dharma matabheda nahIM sikhaataa| vaha prANiyoM ko eka dUsare ke nikaTa lAtA hai| vedAnta aura jainadharma donoM kA hI uddezya yahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata meM jainadharma aura Adhunika nava vedAntavAdiyoM ke bIca sadA-sarvadA maitrI evaM sadbhAva banA rahA hai aura nirantara bar3hatA jA rahA hai| inhIM saba binduoM para isa Alekha meM vistAra meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| 108

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jaina samudAya bhArata aura videzoM meM : eka janasaMkhyAtmaka adhyayana - DaoN. prakAzacandra jaina, naI dillI prastuta lekha meM bhArata aura videzoM meM raha rahe jaina samudAya se sambandhita katipaya pakSoM kA eka samAja zAstrIya adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| ina pakSoM meM pramukha hai janasaMkhyAtmaka parivartana, Arthika sthiti, jainoM kI alpasaMkhyaka samudAya hone kI mAMga aura jaina samudAya ke bAre meM nRtatvazAstrIya/samAjazAstrIyaadhyayanoM kA lagabhaga abhaav| ina pakSoM ke atirikta videzoM meM base jainoM kA eka janasaMkhyAtmaka vivaraNa bhI lekha meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma bhArata ke prAcInatama dharmoM meM se eka hai| yaha zramaNa-paramparA kA vAhaka hai jo vaidika-paramparA se na kevala bhinna hai apitu prAcInatara bhI mAnI jAtI hai| eka sAmAjika Andolana ke rUpa meM jainadharma ne janma-AdhArita jAti-vyavasthA, jAti-vyavasthA meM brAhmaNa varcasva, pazuyajJa, dAsatA, mahilAoM kI dvitIya darje kI sthiti aura rAjanItika ekasattAvAda jaisI aneka prathAoM kA virodha kiyA thaa| Azcarya nahIM ki jainadharma kA bhAratIya saMskRti para gaharA prabhAva par3A hai| vartamAna meM jaina samudAya eka alpasaMkhyaka samudAya hai| san 2001 kI janagaNanA meM jainoM kI kula janasaMkhyA karIba 42 lAkha AMkI gayI thii| jaina mukhyata: bhArata ke pazcimI bhAgoM meM kendrita haiM- vizeSa rUpa se mahArASTra, gujarAta, rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza, karnATaka, dillI aura pazcimI uttara pradeza meN| eka anumAna ke anusAra jainoM meM 80 pratizata zvetAmbara aura 20 pratizata digambara haiN| lagabhaga 75 pratizata jaina zaharoM meM rahate haiN| puruSoM kI tulanA meM mahilAoM kA anupAta 1000 : 940 hai jo ki eka cintA kA viSaya hai| yauna anupAta kI viSamatA vivAha-sambandhI aneka samasyAoM ko janma de rahI hai| jainoM meM sAkSaratA kA pratizata 95 hai| jainoM ke sAmane eka aura cintA kA viSaya hai unakI ghaTatI haI janmadara jo 1991 kI janagaNanA meM mAtra 4.42 pratizata AMkI gayI thii| 2001 kI janagaNanA ke anusAra jainoM meM baccoM kI janasaMkhyA kA bhAga (0-6 varSa kI Ayu samUha meM) mAtra 10.6 pratizata thA jo ki anya samudAyoM kI tulanA meM na kevala bahuta kama hai balki jainoM meM kama janmadara kA bhI paricAyaka hai| hAlAMki 2001 ke AMkar3oM ke anusAra jainoM kI kula janasaMkhyA meM 1991-2001 ke dazaka meM 26 pratizata kI dara se vRddhi huI hai, vizeSajJoM kI rAya meM yaha vRddhi janmadara meM bar3hottarI ke kAraNa na hokara janagaNanA ke samaya jainoM ke apanoM ko hindU na likhavAne ke kAraNa huI hai arthAt isa bAra kI janagaNanA meM adhikAMza jainoM ne apane ko hindU na kahakara jaina ke rUpa meM saMgaNanA meM zAmila karavAyA hai| ghaTatI huI janmadara kA mukhyakAraNa yaha hai ki jaina samudAya eka samRddha madhyavargIya samudAya bana cukA hai| ataH loga svata: hI kama bacce paidA karate haiN| janasaMkhyAvidoM ke mata se agale kucha dazakoM meM jaina -10

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samudAya pahale "janasaMkhyA ThaharAva" ke daura se gujaregA aura bAda meM "janasaMkhyA hrAsa' ke daura se| bhArata meM jainoM kI janasaMkhyA jahA~ eka ora dhImI gati se bar3ha rahI hai vahIM utpravAsa ke kAraNa videzoM meM unakI saMkhyA kAphI bar3ha rahI hai| Aja anumAnata: lagabhaga 2 lAkha jaina videzoM meM pravAsa kara rahe haiN| yoM to alpasaMkhyA meM jaina vyApArI prAcInakAla se hI videzoM meM jAte aura vahA~ basate rahe haiM, magara 19vIM zatAbdI ke anta se isa prakriyA meM kAphI bar3hata huI hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM eka bar3I saMkhyA meM jainoM kA utpravAsa huaa| isa utpravAsa ke daurAna eka ora jaina jahA~ pUrvI aphrIkI dezoM jaise- kenyA, ugANDA, taMjAniyA, sUDAna, ithiyopiyA, jAMmaviyA Adi meM gaye haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora ve amarIkA, keneDA, briTena, vailajiyama, AsTreliyA, nyUjIlaiNDa Adi dezoM meM bhI basa gaye haiN| pichale tIna dazakoM se IrAna kI khAr3I ke dezoM meM bhI A-jA rahe haiN| kenyA, iMglaiNDa, amarIkA aura keneDA meM to jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa bhI ho cukA hai| prAya: sabhI dezoM meM darjanoM kI saMkhyA meM jaina sAmAjika-sAMskRtika saMgaThana haiM jo jainadharma ke siddhAntoM aura vizeSa rUpa se zAkAhAra ke pracAra-prasAra meM kAryarata hai| hAlAMki jainadharma aura jaina-darzana-sambandhI vividha viSayoM para aneka prakAra ke adhyayana hue haiM aura ho rahe haiN| samAjazAstrIya dRSTikoNa se jaina samudAya ke vibhinna pakSoM para bahuta hI kama adhyayana hue haiN| yahA~ yaha batAnA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki prathama samAjazAstrIya adhyayana kA zreya jarmana samAjazAstrI maiksa vebara ko jAtA hai jinhoMne rilIjana oNpha iNDiyA nAmaka apanI pustaka ke eka Adhe adhyAya meM jainadharma aura samudAya kI sAragarbhita vyAkhyA kI hai| yaha pustaka 1950 ke dazaka meM aMgrejI meM anuvAdita huI thii| inhIM dinoM eka bhAratIya samAjazAstrI prophesara vilAsa AdinAtha saMgave kI mahattvapUrNa pustaka "jaina samudAya : eka sAmAjika sarvekSaNa' prakAza meM aayii| 1971 meM balavanta nevAsakara ne jainoM aura kvekaroM kA eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyaa| eka lambe antarAla ke pazcAt 1988-89 se oNksaphorDa, kaimbrija aura hAravarDa vizvavidyAlayoM se sambaddha aneka vidvAn jaina samudAya aura dharma kA nRtatvazAstrIya adhyayana kara rahe haiM jinameM paoNla DuMDAsa, phokarTa, jaoNna korTa, kairolAinahamphrI, jemsa leDalaoN, mAikela kairithara, mArkusa baiMksa, pro0 padmanAbha jainI Adi ullekhanIya haiN| sambhavataH inhIM kI preraNAsvarUpa kucha bhAratIya samAjazAstrI jaise narendra siMghI, mukunda lATha, ravIndra jaina, rAnU jaina aura ina paMktiyoM kA lekhaka (pro0 prakAzacanda jaina) bhI isa dizA meM prayatnazIla haiN| phira bhI yahA~ yaha kahanA atizayokti nahIM hogI ki jaina samudAya bhArata kA samAjazAstrIya dRSTikoNa se sabase kama anusandhAnita samudAya hai| kahanA nahIM hogA ki jaina samudAya ke vibhinna pakSoM ke samAjazAstrIya adhyayanoM kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai tabhI hameM jaina samudAya meM hone vAle mahattvapUrNa parivartanoM kI jAnakArI hogii| - 1V6 -

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jaina patrakAritA : dazA aura dizA - akhila baMsala, jayapura jaina samAja kI samasta gatividhiyoM kA lekhA-jokhA vyavasthita DhaMga se samAja taka pahu~cAnA jainatva kI saMskRti kA saMrakSaNa va usake saMvarddhana meM yogadAna denA jaina patrakAritA ke dAyare meM AtA hai| jisa prakAra vaktA apane bhASaNa se, paNDita apane pravacana se, lekhaka apane lekhana se, kavi apanI kavitA se janamAnasa ko prabhAvita karane meM sakSama hote haiM usI prakAra patrakAra yA sampAdaka apanI patra-patrikA ke mAdhyama se vaicArika krAnti karane meM sakSama hotA hai| patrakAra sAmAjika jIvana meM prANavAyu kA saMcAra kara usameM jIvantatA pradAna karatA hai| kisI bhI patra-patrikA ke prakAzana ke pUrva usakA prakAzaka patra kI prabhAvI rIti-nIti taiyAra karatA hai aura use kuzala sampAdaka ke hAtha meM saMcAlana hetu sauMpa detA hai| patra-patrikA kA bhaviSya usI rIti-nIti para hI TikA hotA hai| patra kI rIti-nIti kisa prakAra kI ho isa sambandha meM mathurA se prakAzita 'jaina sandeza' ke yazasvI sampAdaka sva0 paNDita kailAzacandajI zAstrI, vArANasI ne likhA thA- 'merI dRSTi se jaina patra-patrikAoM kI rIti-nIti meM jaina dRSTikoNa kA bhI saMrakSaNa honA caahie| yadi hama jainatva kI koI gahana mAnavIya bhUmikA mAnate haiM aura jaina siddhAntoM kI rakSA karanA cAhate haiM to sabase pahale hameM unakI rakSA apanI lekhana zailI se hI karanI cAhie; arthAt lekhanI meM saccAI ho, ImAnadArI ho, mahaja kaTuktiyA~ aura korI AkSepAtmaka bhASA na ho| bhAratavarSa meM patrakAritA kA zubhArambha san 1780 meM kalakattA ke 'hikkI gajaTa' se mAnA jAtA hai| haidarAbAda ke baiMkaTalAla ojhA dvArA sampAdita 'hindI samAcArapatra sUcI bhAga-1' kA prakAzana san 1950 meM huA jisameM lagabhaga 100 jaina patra-patrikAoM kA vivaraNa samAviSTa hai| ukta vivaraNa ke anusAra gujarAtI meM prakAzita 'jaina divAkara' sabase prAcIna jaina patra hai jo ahamadAbAda se mAsika patra ke rUpa meM san 1875 meM chaganalAla ummedacanda dvArA prakAzita kiyA gayA yaha patra 19 varSoM taka claa| isake bAda sana 1876 meM kezavalAla zivarAma dvArA gujarAtI meM hI 'jaina sudhArasa' kA prakAzana prArambha huA jo mAtra eka varSa taka hI cala paayaa| san 1880 meM prayAga se prakAzita 'jaina patrikA' ko hindI-bhASA kI prathama jaina patrikA hone kA gaurava prApta hai| isake nAma kA ullekha to kaI riporToM meM prakAzita hai para anya vizeSa jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| san 1884 meM bra. jiyAlAlajI, pharrukhanagara (hariyANA) dvArA 'jaina' (hindI) aura 'jiyAlAla prakAza' kA prakAzana (urdU) prArambha kiyA gyaa| isI kAla meM a.bhA.di. jaina zAstrI pariSad ke mukha patra ke rUpa meM solApura (mahArASTra) se 'jaina bodhaka' kA prakAzana hindI aura marAThI meM rAvajI sakhArAma dozI, gorelAla zAstrI aura pannAlAlajI sonI ke sampAdakatva meM pAkSika rUpa se kiyA gayA, Age calakara yaha patra kevala marAThI meM hI prakAzita hotA rhaa| jaina patrakAritA kA yaha prArambhika kAla thaa| isa kAla meM 'jaina gajaTa' aura 'jaina mitra' jaise hindI samAcAra- patroM kA prakAzana prArambha huaa| ye donoM patra prakAzana ke kSetra meM aba bhI nirantaratA banAye hue haiN| isa - --

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yuga ke khyAtinAma patroM meM 'jaina hitaiSI' kA nAma bhI ullekhanIya hai jisake saMsthApaka va sampAdaka paM. pannAlAlajI bAkalIvAla the| bulandazahara se bra. zItalaprasAdajI dvArA sampAdita 'sanAtana jaina' tathA bambaI se prakAzita sAptAhika 'jaina prakAza' kI bhI apanI viziSTa bhUmikA thii| svatantratA pUrva ke khyAtinAma patrakAroM meM paM. pannAlAlajI bAkalIvAla, paM. nAthUrAmajI premI, paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra, bAbU kAmatAprasAda jaina, paM. darabArIlAla jI satyabhakta, DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina, paM. kailAzacandajI zAstrI, bra. zItalaprasAda, DaoN. hIrAlAla, DaoN. e.ena. upAdhye, paM. ke. bhujabali zAstrI, paM. cainasukhadAsajI nyAyatIrtha tathA paM. parameSThIdAsajI Adi pramukha the| itihAsavid DaoN. jyotiprasAda jaina apane lekha 'merI patrakAritA ke pacAsa varSa' meM paM. jugalakizorajI mukhtAra kI prazaMsA nimna zabdoM meM karate haiM -- 'paNDita jugalakizorajI mukhtAra merI dRSTi meM apane yuga ke aura apane DhaMga ke advitIya ekaniSTha khojI zodhI sAhityAnveSaka samAlocaka the| una jaisA prakhara sampAdakAcArya jaina samAja meM zAyada aba taka anya nahIM huaa| Aja janasaMcAra mAdhyamoM ke kAraNa patrakAritA kA kSetra lokapriyatA ke prathama pAyadAna para pratiSThApita ho cukA hai| aneka vizvavidyAlayoM meM janasaMcAra evaM patrakAritA ke vibhinna pAThyakrama cala rahe haiM jinase prazikSita hokara Ae loga isa peze se jur3akara apAra khyAti arjita kara rahe haiN| pahale na to koI prazikSaNa kI vyavasthA thI aura na ise kamAI kA sAdhana hI banAyA gayA thaa| sampAdana kalA kyA hotI hai, isase kisI kA koI sarokAra nahIM thaa| sampAdana kI kAryazailI kyA aura kaisI ho, isa sambandha meM sUrata se prakAzita 'jaina mitra' likhatA hai'sampAdaka kA kArya kevala bAhara se Ae hue lekhoM kA saMgraha kara, chApa kara prakAzita kara dene mAtra kA hI nahIM hai varan usakA kArya deza, jAti, dharma, mAna, maryAdA, rAjya nIti para pratisamaya buddhi daur3atI huI rakhakara atula parizrama karane kA hai| usake Upara ukta saba bAtoM kA bhAra hai| ata: jisa puruSa meM itane bhAra uThAne kA bala hai vahI saccA sampAdaka kahA jA sakatA hai| ___DaoN. saMjIva bhAnAvata ne apane zodha grantha 'sAMskRtika cetanA aura jaina patrakAritA' meM patrakAritA ke itihAsa ko tIna khaNDoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai -- (1) prathama yuga san 1880 se 1900 (2) dvitIya yuga san 1901 se 1947 (3) tRtIya yuga san 1948 se Aja taka prathama yuga (san 1880 se 1900 taka) isa kAla meM prakAzita jaina gajaTa, jaina mitra, jaina bodhaka, jaina divAkara, jaina patrikA, jaina hitaiSI tathA sanAtana jaina jaisI patra-patrikAeM pramukha haiN| dvitIya yuga (san 1901 se 1947 taka) isa yuga meM digambara jaina, zrIjaina siddhAnta bhAskara, jaina prakAza, pragati ANi jinavijaya, ahiMsA, jaina jagat, jaina prabhAta, vIra, jaina pradIpa, saMgama, jaina sandeza, jinavANI, sanAtana jaina, jaina mahilAdarza, Atmadharma,

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jaina pracAraka, vIravANI, mahAvIra sandeza, zvetAmbara jaina tathA anekAnta jaise patroM kA udaya huaa| tRtIya yuga (san 1948 se Aja taka) isa yuga meM ahiMsAvANI, zramaNa, jaina bhAratI, sanmati, kathAloka, sanmati sandeza, tIrthaGkara, sanmati vANI, zAzvata dharma, aNuvrata, dizAbodha, jinabhASita, titthayara, vItarAga vANI, tIrthaGkara vANI, vItarAga vijJAna, jainapatha pradarzaka, arhatvacana, zodhAdarza, samanvaya vANI, ahiMsA mahAkumbha, zramaNopAsaka, zrAvikA, zrI amara bhAratI, vIra nikalaMka, dharmamaMgala tathA samyagjJAna jaisI zatAdhika patra-patrikAeM astitva meM aaii| vartamAna jaina patrakAritA svarUpa aura samIkSA Aja jaina patrakAritA kA lagabhaga 125 varSa kA lambA itihAsa hai| apane alpa sAdhanoM aura sImita kSetra meM rahakara mAnava mUlyoM kI pratiSThApanA meM usakA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| vartamAna meM jaina samAja kI vibhinna bhASA- bhASI lagabhaga 450 jaina patra-patrikAeM astitva meM haiN| jaina gajaTa, jaina mitra, jaina bodhaka to zatAdhika varSa prAcIna jaina samAcArapatra haiM hI jinakA gauravazAlI itihAsa rahA hai| vIra, jaina sandeza, jaina jagat, jaina pracAraka, jinavANI, jaina prakAza, ahiMsA vANI tathA anekAnta bhI dIrghajIvI patra-patrikAeM haiM jinakA prakAzana nirantara jArI hai| vartamAna meM zodhAdarza, tIrthaGkara, dizAbodha, jinabhASita, aNuvrata, sanmati sandeza, zramaNa, prAkRta vidyA, dharma maMgala, pArzva jyoti, vItarAga vANI, samanvaya vANI tathA arhat vacana jaisI patra-patrikAeM samAja ko unakI mAnasika khurAka dene meM pUrNata: samartha haiN| vartamAna meM digambara jaina samAja kI hI zatAdhika patrikAeM prakAzita ho rahI haiM jinheM do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai- (1) saMsthAgata, (2) vyktigt| niSkarSa jaina samAcAra patra-patrikAoM ko cintanazIla lekhaka varga taiyAra karane kI ora dhyAna denA Aja ke samaya kI AvazyakatA hai| starIya patra-patrikAoM kA prakAzana pAThaka varga ko AkarSita kara sakatA hai| pAThaka varga kA vistAra udyogapatiyoM ko vijJApana dene ko AkarSita karegA, jisase jaina samAcAra-patroM ko Arthika saMkaTa se mukti mila skegii| bAlavarga, yuvAvarga tathA mahilAvarga kI patrikAeM samAja meM naitika jAgaraNa kA kArya bakhUbI kara sakatI haiN| patrakAroM ko zikSaNa-prazikSaNa ke dvArA kuzala patrakAroM kI zreNI meM lAyA jA sakatA hai| mIDiyA pracAra-prasAra kA sazakta mAdhyama hai| samAja yadi isa dizA meM prayatna kara apanA cainala prArambha kare aura usameM sAmAjika gatividhiyoM ke sAtha santoM/vidvAnoM ke prabhAvI pravacana, jaina kathAnakoM para AdhArita lokapriya sIriyaloM kA nirmANa kara unakA prasAraNa kare to nayI pIr3hI meM saMskAra dRr3ha hoMge, jisase eka svastha samAja kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai| --

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jaina pustakAlayoM ke vikAsa ke upAya evaM dizA-nirdeza - DaoN. saMjIva sarrApha jainAgamoM meM zikSA evaM jJAna ke bAre meM vistRta carcAeM milatI hai jeNa taccaM vibujjhejja, jeNa cittaM nnirujjhdi| jeNa attA visujjhejja, taM NANaM jinnsaasnne|| jinavANI meM usI ko jJAna kahA gayA hai jisase tattvoM kA bodha hotA hai, jisase citta kA nirodha hotA hai tathA jisase AtmA vizuddha hotI hai, yaha AdhyAtmika zikSA kA svarUpa hai| jainAgamoM meM AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ko vidyA pradAna karane kA adhikAra diyA gyaa| AcArya zrutajJAna ke prakAzaka hote hai| kahA hai jaha dIvA dIvasamaM, paIppae so ya dIppae diivo| dIvasamA AyariyA, dipyaMti appaM ca paraM ca diivNti|| prAcInakAla meM jaba pustakoM kA pracalana nahIM thA taba svAdhyAya kiyA jAtA thaa| usa samaya jJAna ko kaNThastha rakhanekA pracalana thaa| ziSya guruoM se zAstra zravaNa kara unheM apanI smRti meM saMjokara rakhate the| jaina AcAryoM ne svAdhyAya ke nimna pAMca aMgoM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai| vAcanA, pRcchanA, anuprekSA, AmnAya aura dhrmopdesh| Aja jo jaina-sAhitya upalabdha hai vaha saba bhagavAn mahAvIra kI upadeza-paramparA se sambandhita hai, unake nirvANa ke bAda unake gaNadharoM ke saMgaThita prayAsoM se jaina-sAhitya ke granthoM pANDulipiyoM ke saMgrahaNa kA bhI kArya hotA rhaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pradhAna gaNadhara gautama indrabhUti the| unhoMne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko avadhAraNa karake bAraha aMgoM va caudaha pUrva ke rUpa meM nibaddha kiyaa| jo ina aMgoM aura pUrvo kA paragAmI hotA thA, use zrutakevalI kahA jAtA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt tIna kevalajJAnI hue aura unake pazcAt pAMca zrutakevalI hue jinameM se antima zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu the| pATaliputra meM bhadrabAhu svAmI kI anupasthiti meM jo aMga sAhitya saMkalita kiyA gayA, dUsare pakSa ne use svIkAra nahIM kiyA, yahIM se jaina saMgha meM zvetAmbara samudAya kA janma huA aura sAhitya judA-judA ho gyaa| jinavANI mokSa kI sIr3hI hai| hamAre AcAryoM ne yahA~ taka kahA hai ki jinavANI kI pUjA sAkSAt jinendra kI pUjA hai, parantu durbhAgya se jaina dharmAvalambI madhyakAla se lekara abhI taka isa satya tathya se kama paricita evaM kama prabhAvita rahe isalie jaina-granthoM meM nihita vizva ke sarvazreSTha jJAna-vijJAna kA Thosa vyApaka zodhapUrNa jJAna svayaM bhI nahIM rakhate hai tathA isakA pracAra-prasAra vizva maMca tathA vizva stara para nahIM karate, karAte haiN| - 200--

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jaina pustakAlayoM ke vartamAna svarUpa meM pAThaka ko sUcanAoM ke saMgraha meM kaI kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai, kyoMki jaina pustakAlaya na to vyavasthita hai aura na hI antarrASTrIya mAnakoM kA pAlana kara rahe hai| ina kaThinAiyoM ko dUra karane ke lie praudyogikI kA sahArA liyA jAnA cAhie, jo ki Aja upalabdha hai| isalie vartamAna kI AvazyakatA hai tathA yuga kI mAMga hai ki jaina-sAhitya meM nihita samasta siddhAntoM kA vyApaka zodhapUrNa adhyayana-adhyApana, pracAra-prasAra ho| etadartha jaina pustakAlayoM ke vikAsa kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hai, kyoMki manuSya ko prApta hone vAlI sUcanAoM kA sabase bar3A mAdhyama pustakeM tathA pustakAlaya hai| abhI taka jisa saMgaThita va zaktizAlI svarUpa ko dhAraNa kara jainadharma rASTrIya evaM antarrASTrIya stara para pratiSThA prApta kara rahA hai vaha sarvaguNagrAhI hai; kintu jainadharma AdhArita pustakAlayoM kI sthiti, unakI bhUmikA, unake kArya tathA unakI sevAoM ko dekhakara aise lagatA hai ki pustakAlayoM ke rakha-rakhAva, prabandhana, vyavasthApana, unake bhavana, adhyayana kakSa tathA anya jJAna-vijJAna viSayaka suvidhAoM kA abhAva pustakAlaya kI avadhAraNA ke anukUla nahIM baiThate hai phira bhI prAcIna hastalikhita saMgrahAlayoM evaM zodha pratiSThAnoM kI mahattA niHsandeha nirvivAda hai| jaina pustakAlayoM ke vikAsa hetu upAya evaM dizA-nirdeza vartamAna kI sthitiyoM ko dekhate hue jaina pustakAlaya ke vikAsa ke kyA upAya ho tathA usake lie kauna se dizA-nirdeza taya kiye jAye isa para vicAra karanA caahie| vartamAna samaya meM sUcanA praudyogikI ke mahattva ko dekhate hue jaina pustakAlayoM ke vikAsa ke lie nimnalikhita upAyoM evaM dizA-nirdezoM ko apanAnA hogA tAki unakA samucita vikAsa ho sake tathA jinavANI ko AgAmI pIr3hiyoM ke lie surakSita rakhA jA ske| 1. jaina pustakAlaya adyatana sAmagrI bhI kraya kareM jisase pustakAlaya vikasita ho ske| 2. jaina pustakAlaya meM yogya pustakAlaya vijJAna kI upAdhi dhAraka tathA sUcanA takanIkI kI jAnakArIyukta vizeSajJa ucita mAnadeya para niyukta kiyA jaaye| 3. jaina-sAhitya kA sUcIkaraNa antarrASTrIya mAnakoM ke anusAra kiyA jAye tAki bhaviSya meM use iNTaraneTa para upalabdha karAyA jA ske| 4. vizva ke anya pustakAlayoM ke sAtha bhI jaina pustakAlayoM kA sUcanA AdAna-pradAna kA sambandha honA caahie| 5. jaina pustakoM ke prakAzana meM bhI antarrASTrIya pustaka kramAMka Adi kA prayoga kiyA jAye tAki use vizva paTala para lAyA jA ske| 6. jaina pustakAlaya jaina patrikAoM va anya sAmayika patrikAoM meM prakAzita jainadharma se sambandhita lekhoM kI eka samasAmayika sUcI prakAzita kre| jaina pustakAlaya saMgha kIsthApanA kI jAye jisake sadasya jaina vidvAn, jaina pustakAlayAdhyakSa, jaina prakAzaka va jinavANI ko samarpita vyakti ho| - 2.1

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8. jaina pustakAlayoM meM sUcanA takanIkI kA upayoga karake unakI neTavarkiMga para vicAra kiyA jaaye| 9. jaina pustakAlayoM ke lie eka Adhunika DijiTala laiba kI AvazyakatA hai jo ki granthoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie prabhAvI bhUmikA adA kara sake isake lie nimnalikhita upakaraNoM kI AvazyakatA hogii| * DijiTala kaimarA/skainara, * kampyUTara, * priNTara, * Avazyaka sAphTaveyara, * sI.DI./DI.vI.DI. 10. jaina-sAhitya ke phulaTeksTa DATAbesa kA nirmANa kiyA jAye tAki use vizva ke kisI bhI kone se prApta kiyA jA ske| 11. adhikAMza jaina-sAhitya abhI taka Ama janatA kI pahu~ca se pare hai use sarala bhASA meM sarvasulabha karAyA __ jaaye| 12. jaina pustakAlaya anuvAda ke mAdhyama se jaina-granthoM ko anya bhASAoM meM bhI anuvAdita kareM tAki anya deza ke nAgarika bhI jaina-sAhitya se avagata ho ske| 13. baccoM meM jaina-sAhitya ko lokapriya banAne ke lie enImezana philmeM va kAmiksa prabhAvI bhUmikA nibhA sakatI hai| 14. Aja jaina pAThazAlAoM kA hrAsa ho rahA hai ata: jaina pAThazAlAoM meM Adhunika takanIkoM kA prayoga kiyA jaaye| jaina-sAhitya sampUrNa rASTra meM aneka saMsthAoM meM phailA huA hai isalie jaina pustakAlaya ke vikAsa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki sampUrNa jaina-sAhitya kI eka saMgha sUcI aura sArvabhaumika grantha-sUcI niyantraNa ke tahata sampUrNa jaina-sAhitya kA sUcIkaraNa kiyA jAya, isa prakriyA se vizva ko sampUrNa jaina-sAhitya aura usake prAptisthala kI jAnakArI salabha ho jaayegii| pare deza meM kama se kama eka sthAna aisA honA cAhie jisameM vizva meM prakAzita sampUrNa jaina-sAhitya sulabha ho jaay| isake lie eka jaina-sAhitya saMgrahaNa ke projekTa ko mUrtarUpa denA hogaa| Aja jaba vaizvIkaraNa evaM bhUmaNDalIkaraNa kI bhAvanA se vizva eka gAMva ke rUpa meM badala rahA hai, yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama jaina pustakAlayoM ko sArvabhauma jJAna ke nAnAvidha viSaya-granthoM se paripUrNa kreN| jaina pustakAlayoM kI yaha bhUmikA bhI apanI paridhi se bAhara nikAlakara vyApaka dRSTikoNa pradAna karane meM madada kregii| -202

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Jaina Kings in India - Prof. Satya Ranjan Banerjee From the pages of Indian history, we know that there were some Jaina kings in the past. From hoary antiquity down to the 15th century A.D. there were some Jaina kings who ruled for sometime in the annals of Indian history. In the pre-Vedic and Vedic history, the Tirthankaras were the rulers. But they have all renounced the world, owing to the impermanent nature of life leaving aside the kingdom to their sons and grandsons. The Rsabhadeva was the first Tirthanka who ruled this world for many years and introduced the agriculture system and other aspects connected with it. All other Tirthankaras, from Ajit to Nami, i.e. from the second to the twenty first, equally ruled India and made some progress of the country. But as their history is not yet clear to us, we do not know their contributions a rulers. During the late Vedic period (i.e. from 1000-600 B.C., i.e., from the period of the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and the Upanisads) came three Tirthankaras, such as, Aristanemi (1000 B.C.), Parsvanatha (817 B.C.) and Mahavira (599-527 B.C.). The social and political conditions of India in those days were somewhat trirbulent. In fact, we do not know anything about Aristanemi except the fact that he was a relative to Krsna who is considered a historical puran belonging to 1000 B.C., and so also Aristanemi. It is said that Parsvanatha was the real reformer of Jainism and Mahavira gave a final shape to it. It is from Mahavira that we know the history of Jainism uninterruptedly. In the 4th century B.C. at the time of Maurya Chandragupta (324-300 B.C.), there was a femine for twelve years which made a group of people led by Bhadrabahu migrated to the south, particularly to Sravana-Belagola (Mysore) which had established Jainism in the south. The Maurya Chandragupta, it is said by the Jains, was a Jaina and died in the south. Asoka (273-236 B.C.), The grandson of Chandragupta, succeeded to the throne of Patliputra, Even though the Jains say that Asoka was a Jaina, There was no significant achievement of Jainism in his time. So for the history of Jainism in Based on some facts which we will have to ransack from the pages o history and which are overlaid with contovesialand contradictory views. But the real Jaina king was kharavela who ruled in the 3d, 2nd century B.C. in Orissa. -203

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In the second century B.C. even though king samprati, a grandson of Asoka, was responsible for the spread of Jainism to Malwa, The Jaina sage Kalakacarya was also equally responsible to spread Jainism in Malwa in the first century B.C. In the same second century B.C. a group of Jaina community migrated to Mathura and Ujjagini. In Mathura we have some ruins of a Jaina strine and a small number of inscriptions engraved on Jaina images. Ujjayini was also a stronghold of Jainism. In the 5th century A.D. in the classical Age, he second council at Valabhi was held in 454 or 467 A.D. under, the able guidance of Devardhigani Ksmasramana to codify the Jaina cononical texts at the time of king Dhruvasena I of the Maitraka dynasty of Valabhi who extolled as a Jaina convert. Though history adoubts it, but the Jaina tradition asserts it. In the 6th and 7th centuries A.D. the Ganga kings of Mysore, through not Jains, were very much attached to Jainism. In a similar way, the Kodamba rulers of Vaijayanti, showed unusual respect to Jainism. The Chaulukya's of Badami did not show much respect to Jainism, but Pulakesin II (610-11-642 A.D.) favoured much to Jainism. In the tenth century A.D., Camundaraya, the student of Digambara Nemicandra, who was the minister and general of the Ganga princes Mahasimha (dies in 974 A.D.) and Racamalla or Rajamalla II (974-984 A.D.) ereded the famous colossal statue of Gommata in Sravanabelagola (Mysore) in about 980 A.D. In the 12th century, Jayasimha who was a convert Jaina, ruled Gujarat from 1159 to 1172 A.D. During his reign there were two kings named Jayasimha (1093-1143 A.D.) and Kumarapala (1143-1174 A.D.). Jayasimha was the Choulukya king Jayasemha Siddharaja. In the 13th century in the history of Gujarat the name Mahamatya Vastupala, through a time minister, practically ruled Gujarat at that time like a king and in his literary circles there were Jaina poets and Sadhus who contributed so much that Vastupala became famous as a king. In this way, the contributions of the Jain kings to the growth of Jainism is described in this paper. - 207 -

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prastAvita kAryakrama prathama divasa : 28 disambara, 2005 budhavAra viSaya : vande tIrthaMkaram aura zramaNa saMskRti prAtaH 8 baje se sammelana hetu vidvAnoM kA paMjIyana evaM pArasparika paricaya prAtaH 11 baje se 1 baje dopahara - vidvat sammelana udghATana satra dopahara 2.30 se 5 baje - zodha Alekha prastutikaraNa satra rAtri 7.30 se 10 baje - zodha Alekha prastutikaraNa satra dvitIya divasa : 29 disambara, 200 5 vIravAra viSaya : zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu aura pramukha jainAcAryoM kA avadAna prAtaH 8 baje se 11 baje - caturviMzati jinAbhiSeka aura sarvatobhadra pUjana dopahara 1.30 se 5 baje - zodha Alekha prastutikaraNa satra rAtri 7.30 se 10 baje - zodha Alekha prastutikaraNa satra tRtIya divasa : 30 disambara, 2005 zukravAra viSaya : bhagavAn bAhubalI praNati aura jainA kalA vaibhava prAtaH 8 baje se 11 baje - candragiri-darzana evaM zilAlekha-adhyayana dopahara 1.30 se 5 baje - zodha Alekha prastutikaraNa satra rAtri 7.30 se 10 baje - zodha Alekha prastutikaraNa satra caturtha divasa : 31 disambara, 2005 zanivAra viSaya : brAhmI lipi aura prAkRta-apabhraMza zrutArcana prAtaH 8 baje se 11 baje - jaina viduSI adhivezana satra dopahara 1.30 se 3 baje - avaziSTa zodha Alekha prastutikaraNa satra dopahara 3 se 5 baje - vidvat satkAra evaM samApana satra paMcama divasa : 1 janavarI, 2006 ravivAra viSaya : Agama, adhyAtma aura siddhAnta prAtaH 8 baje se 11 baje - jaina paNDita adhivezana satra udghATana, vyAkhyAna evaM saMvAda satra dopahara 1.30 se 5 baje - tIna pravacanakAra variSTha paNDitoM ke viziSTa vyAkhyAna rAtri 7.30 se 10 baje - paNDita satkAra evaM samApana satra

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akhila bhAratIya jaina vidvat sammelana pAvana prasaMga : 4 pharavarI se 19 pharavarI 2006 taka samAyojita hone vAle vizvaprasiddha atizayakArI gommaTezvara bAhubalI bhagavAn kI pAvana pratimA kA bAraha varSIya mahAmastakAbhiSeka mahotsava ke bhavya Ayojana ke pUrva Ayojita ho rahe aneka AyojanoM kI zrRMkhalA meM jaina vidyA sambandhI jJAna yajJa kA paMcadivasIya mahattvapUrNa akAdamika aayojn| uddezya : zramaNa saMskRti, tIrthaMkara paramparA, jainAcAryoM kI mahatI zrutasevA, ahiMsA aura zAnti ke agradUta bhagavAn RSabhadeva, cakravartI bharata, tapasvI samrAT bAhubalI, zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke sAtha-sAtha jainadarzana, sAhitya, saMskRti aura kalA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko vizeSa yogadAna, nispRhI sAdhaka digambara jaina AcAryoM aura samAjasevI, sadAcArI jaina zrAvakoM ke bahumUlya avadAna para vyAkhyAna, zodha Alekha-vAcana aura tattvacarcA Adi ke mAdhyama se sampUrNa deza ke bahuzruta jaina vidvAnoM, viduSiyoM, anyAnya manISiyoM aura paNDitoM dvArA eka hI maMca para milakara ujAgara krnaa| pratibhAgI : deza-videza ke mUrdhanya zrutasevA meM samarpita zatAdhika jaina vidvAn, sAhityakAra, patrakAra, pravacanakAra, pratiSThAcArya, paNDitavarga, viduSI mahilAoM aura anyAnya zodha-adhyetAoM kA vizAla samudAya / vizeSa AkarSaNa : sammelana ke udghATana evaM samApana tathA akAdamika satroM ke pramukha atithiyoM, adhyakSoM evaM saMyojakoM ke rUpa meM deza ke labdhapratiSThita manISiyoM, sAhityapremiyoM aura rAjanetAoM ke udbodhanoM kA lAbha tathA zravaNabelagolA meM virAjita tapasvI digambara jaina zramaNa saMghoM aura bhaTTArakoM ke pAvana darzana aura tIrtha vandanA kA suavasara | puNyArjana suyoga : vizva meM sarvottama kalAkRti gommaTeza bAhubalI ke darzana, bhAratIya itihAsa kI dharohara candragiri meM surakSita prAcIna zilAlekhoM aura mandiroM kA avalokana tathA zrI jaina maTha meM surakSita tAr3apatrIya prAcIna jaina zAstroM evaM durlabha ratna pratimAoM ke darzana aadi| jaina pustaka pradarzanI: zatAdhika manISiyoM dvArA prakAzita hajAroM jaina vidyA sambandhI vizAla sAhitya kI pradarzanI evaM unakA pratyakSa avalokana / sammelana meM sammilita ho rahe vidvAnoM kI paricaya pustikA evaM ina dvArA prastuta hone vAle zodha AlekhoM kI sAra-saMkSepa pustikA kA lokaarpnn||