Jain Dharm Darshan Ek Anushilan

Author(s): Dharmchand Jain
Publisher: Prakrit Bharti Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/022522/1

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jaina dharma-darzanaH eka anuzIlana DaoN. dharmacanda jaina prakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI jayapura (rAja.)

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IM KO pustaka-paricaya jaina dharma-darzana ke pramukha viSayoM kI carcA prastuta pustaka meM sarala bhASA meM prAmANikatA ke sAtha upalabdha hai| pustaka meM 28 Alekha haiM jo jaina tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA ke maulika svarUpa ko prastuta karate haiN| tattvamImAMsA ke antargata astikAya, dravya, kAla, AtmA, pudgala, paramANu, kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta, paMca samavAya, anekAntavAda, tIrthaGkara, navatattva Adi kI gahana carcA kI gaI hai| jJAnamImAMsA meM zrutajJAna, samyagdarzana, pramANa-vivecana, avagraha kI pramANatA, naya, nikSepa Adi viSaya vizadatayA vivecita haiN| AcAramImAMsA meM apramattatA, ahiMsA, aparigraha, bhogopabhogaparimANa vrata, samAdhimaraNa, pratikramaNa Adi viSayoM para vizleSaNAtmaka evaM jIvanopayogI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| pustaka meM vaidika evaM bauddha paramparA ke sAtha samAnatA evaM bheda pradarzita karane vAle Alekha bhI samAhita haiN| 'vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa' tathA 'jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha' Alekha vaidika evaM jaina paramparA meM nikaTatA tathA bhinnatA kA cintana prastuta karate haiN| do Alekha jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzana meM vibhinna mAnyatAoM ko lekara paraspara sAmya evaM bheda kA bodha karAte haiN| vAcaka umAsvAti kI do kRtiyoM tattvArthasUtra evaM prazamaratiprakaraNa meM prApta sAmya evaM bhinnatA ko bhI eka Alekha meM pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| pustaka jijJAsuoM evaM zodhArthiyoM donoM ke lie upAdeya hai|

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prAkRta bhAratI puSpa 350 jaina dharma-darzana: eka anuzIlana DaoN. dharmacanda jaina prakAzaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.)

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pustaka : jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana prakAzaka : prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, 13, e gurunAnaka patha, mena mAlavIya nagara, jayapura - 302017 phona : 0141-2524827, 2520230 E-mail : prabharati@gmail.com paoNlI meDikyora limiTeDa sahayoga(sI.esa.Ara.) se lekhaka : DaoN. dharmacanda jaina prathama saMskaraNa 2015 ISBN : 978-93-81571-56-9 mUlya : Rs 440/ (c) lekhakAdhIna lejara TAipa seTiMga evaM mudraNa : iNDiyana maipa sarvisa, jodhapura dUrabhASa : 0291-2612874 Jaina Dharma Darsana : Eka Anusilana Dr. Dharmchand Jain / 2015 Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur

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prakAzakIya prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI apanI sthApanA ke cAra dazaka pUrNa kara cukI hai tathA akAdamI ko prAkRta, saMskRta, hindI evaM aMgrejI bhASAoM meM aba taka 450 se adhika pustakeM prakAzita karane kA gaurava prApta hai| rASTrIya evaM antararASTrIya stara para prAkRta bhAratI ke prakAzanoM kI pratiSThA sthApita huI hai| usI zrRMkhalA meM jaina darzana evaM saMskRta-prAkRta bhASA ke manISI vidvAn DaoN. dharmacanda jaina kI prastuta pustaka 'jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana' kA prakAzana karate hue hameM mahatI prasannatA kA anubhava ho rahA hai| vyakti ke AcAra evaM vicAra ko pariniSThita banAne kI dRSTi se jaina dharma-darzana kA bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA meM viziSTa mahattva hai| yaha mAnava jAti ke samagra utthAna ke sAtha samasta prANijagat evaM paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa ko bhI samAna rUpa se mahattva detA hai| yaha vastuvAdI darzana hai, jisameM AtmA, zarIra, indriya, mana, buddhi, mokSa, paraloka, karma-siddhAnta Adi sabakA mahattva hai| vizva meM ahiMsA, zAnti, pAristhitikI santulana, mUlyaparaka Arthika vikAsa Adi ke sambandha meM jaina sAhitya meM anekavidha sabala vicAra samprApta hote haiN| jaina darzana ke anekAntavAda evaM nayavAda se vastu ko samajhane evaM usake svarUpa ko abhivyakta karane hetu vyApaka dRSTi prApta hotI hai| jaina dharma AcAra pradhAna hai, jisameM samyagdarzana evaM samyagjJAna pUrvaka AcaraNa para bala pradAna kiyA gayA hai| isakA dArzanika pakSa bhI atyanta sabala hai| jaina darzana meM tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA, pramANamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA para gahana cintanamanana huA hai| prastuta pustaka meM DaoN. jaina ke Alekha jaina darzana ke vibhinna AyAmoM para vizada prakAza DAlate haiN| isameM astikAya, AtmA, kAla, anekAntavAda, karmavAda, kAraNakArya siddhAnta, paMcasamavAya Adi tattvamImAMsIya viSayoM kI gahana carcA huI hai| samyagdarzana, zrutajJAna, pramANa-svarUpa, avagrahAdi matijJAna ke bhedoM, nayavAda, nikSepa

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana Adi jJAnamImAMsIya evaM pramANamImAMsIya viSayoM kA zodhAtmaka Alekhana kiyA gayA hai| ahiMsA kI sthApanA hetu Agamika yuktiyA~, ahiMsA kA samAjadarzana, jIvana meM apramattatA, aparigraha kI avadhAraNA, parigraha parimANavrata ke aucitya, paryAvaraNasaMrakSaNa, bhogopabhoga-parimANavrata, samAdhimaraNa, pratikramaNa Adi viSayaka Alekha jainadarzana kI AcAramImAMsA ko spaSTa karate haiN| katipaya tulanAtmaka Alekha bhI isa grantha ke gaurava kA abhivardhana karate haiN| vAcaka umAsvAti ke donoM jaina-paramparAoM ko mAnya pramukha sUtra grantha tattvArthasUtra evaM unhIM ke prazamaratiprakaraNa kI tulanA se jJAta hotA hai ki inakI viSaya vastu evaM pratipAdana zailI meM paryApta sAmya hai| do Alekha vaidika evaM jaina paramparA kI tulanA se sambaddha haiM, jinake antargata eka meM uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM nirUpita vItarAgatA evaM bhagavadgItA meM pratipAdita sthitaprajJatA kI tulanA huI hai to dUsare Alekha meM nigama (veda) evaM jaina Agama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha darzAte hue aneka tathya udghATita kie gae haiN| bauddha evaM jaina darzana kI tulanA karate hue unameM sAmya evaM bheda kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, donoM dharma-darzanoM kI dRSTi se varNAzrama evaM saMskAroM kI carcA kI gaI hai| ___ AzA hai yaha pustaka jaina dharma-darzana ke maulika svarUpa ko samajhane meM ruci rakhane vAle jijJAsu pAThakoM evaM zodhArthiyoM ke lie upayogI siddha hogii| pustaka ke lekhaka DaoN. dharmacanda jaina tathA prUpha saMzodhana Adi meM sahayogI DaoN. zvetA jaina evaM zrI devendranAtha modI ke bhI hama AbhArI haiN| devendrarAja mehatA saMsthApaka evaM mukhya saMrakSaka prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura (rAja.)

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prakAzakIya prAkkathana (i) tattvamImAMsA 1. 2. kAla kA svarUpa 3. sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma-vimarza 4. sUtrakRtAGga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA 5. Agama-sAhitya meM pudgala evaM paramANu 6. 7. 8. karmasAhitya meM tIrthaGkara prakRti arddhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM astikAya (ii) jJAnamImAMsA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. anukramaNikA kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMca kAraNa - samavAya anekAntavAda kA svarUpa aura usake tArkika AdhAra 2. zrutajJAna kA svarUpa samyagdarzana (iii) AcAramImAMsA 1. jaina nyAya meM pramANa - vivecana jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna naya evaM nikSepa 'isibhAsiyAI' kA dArzanika vivecana AcArAMgasUtra meM apramatta jIvana kI preraNA ahiMsA kA samAja darzana 3. AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA = vii 01 13 34 50 77 93 125 141 152 164 184 209 229 256 276 284 296

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vi jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 4. jainAgama sAhitya meM ahiMsA hetu upasthApita yuktiyA~ 5. aparigraha kI avadhAraNA 6. parigraha- parimANavrata kI prAsaGgikatA 7. paryAvaraNa- saMrakSaNa meM bhogopabhoga - parimANavrata kI bhUmikA 8. prakIrNaka sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 9. pratikramaNa 5. (iv) tulanAtmaka Alekha 1. umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 391 2. 419 3. 432 4. 451 467 310 323 335 344 353 380 vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa : eka vizleSaNa jaina aura bauddha dharma-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi jaina-bauddha vAGmaya meM varNAzrama dharma aura saMskAra jaina Agama - paramparA evaM nigama - paramparA meM antaHsambandha

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prAkkathana 'dharma' aura 'darzana' do bhinna zabda haiM tathA inake artha meM bhI bhinnatA hai| dharma jahA~ AcaraNa pradhAna hotA hai vahA~ darzana meM vicAra kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| dharma meM zraddhA kA pakSa prabala hotA hai, to darzana meM tarka kA bala adhika hotA hai / darzana ke binA dharma meM andhazraddhA athavA andhamAnyatAe~ sthAna le letI haiN| isalie dharma meM Ane vAlI vikRtiyoM kA zodhana darzana se sambhava hai / mAtra darzana bhI jIvana ko taba taka sArthaka nahIM banAtA jaba taka vyakti AcaraNa ko nahIM sudhAratA hai| isalie dharma evaM darzana eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiN| dharma se vyApaka kSetra hai darzana kA / dharma kA kSetra Atma-zuddhi evaM usake upAyoM taka sImita hai, jabaki darzana ke antargata loka, tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA, pramANamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA kI bhI carcA samAviSTa ho jAtI hai| jaina paramparA dharma evaM darzana donoM se samRddha hai| isameM ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, aparigraha, saMyama, tapa, svAdhyAya, dhyAna, sAmAyikAdi SaDAvazyaka, samAdhi - maraNa Adi viSaya AcAra - pradhAna hone ke kAraNa dharma se sambaddha haiN| kintu jaba inameM vaicArikatA evaM tarkasaMgatatA kA samAveza hotA hai to ye viSaya darzana ke kSetra meM AcAramImAMsA se jur3a jAte haiN| loka meM vidyamAna dharmAstikAya Adi SaDdravya, bandhana evaM mukti kI prakriyA se sambandhita jIvAdi navatattva, karma-siddhAnta, anekAntavAda Adi viSaya vicArapradhAna hone ke kAraNa dArzanika haiM tathA tattvamImAMsA se sambaddha haiN| matijJAna Adi paMcavidha jJAnoM kI carcA jJAnamImAMsA se tathA pratyakSa evaM parokSa pramANoM kI carcA pramANamImAMsA se yukta hai| aneka logoM kI yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hai ki jainadarzana meM koI maulikatA nahIM hai, mAtra vaidika darzanoM ke vicAroM kA hI isameM samAveza kara liyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha AkSepa una logoM kA hai jo jainadarzana kI maulikatA evaM vyApaka dRSTi se anabhijJa haiN| jainadarzana kI maulikatA tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA sabhI staroM para dRggocara hotI hai / yadi jainadarzana ke katipaya pAribhASika zabdoM para hI dRSTipAta kiyA jAe to bhI isakI maulikatA kA anumAna sahaja ho jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke lie lezyA, guNasthAna, jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, daNDaka, audArika

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana zarIra, vaikriya zarIra, AhAraka zarIra, taijasa zarIra, kArmaNa zarIra, samudghAta, paryApti, saMjJI-asaMjJI, sammUrcchima-janma, upapAta - janma, matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaH-paryAyajJAna, darzanamohanIya, cAritra - mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNAdi aSTavidha-karma, apavartya Ayu, anapavartya Ayu, visrasA pariNamana, prayogapariNamana, palyopama, sAgaropama, pudgala - parAvartana, astikAya, dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, paryAya, naya, nikSepa, syAdvAda, anekAntavAda Adi aise zatAdhika zabda haiM, jo mAtra jaina darzana meM prApta hote haiM, anya darzanoM meM nhiiN| ye pAribhASika zabda jainadarzana ko maulika siddha karane hetu paryApta haiN| jainAgamoM kI varNanazailI bhI viziSTa hai| kaI praznoM ke uttara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke dvArA dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva ke AdhAra para die gae haiN| kahIM dravya evaM paryAya ke AdhAra para praznoM kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie nAraka Adi jIva zAzvata haiM yA azAzvata, isa prazna ke uttara meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pharamAyA ki jIva-dravya kI dRSTi se nArakAdi jIva zAzvata haiM tathA manuSya, tiryaMca evaM deva kI vibhinna paryAyoM ko grahaNa karane kI apekSA azAzvata haiN| jisa bhramara ko hama kAle raMga kA jAnate haiM, use vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM nizcaya naya se pA~ca varNoM kA batAyA gayA hai| yaha kathana Aja ke vijJAna se bhI aviruddha hai| viii jainadarzana kI tattvamImAMsA nyAya-vaizeSika Adi vastuvAdI darzanoM se kucha viziSTatA rakhatI hai| vastuvAdI jainadarzana meM dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya nAmaka do dravya aise haiM, jo anya kisI bhAratIya darzana meM vivecita nahIM haiN| dharmAstikAya vaha dravya hai jo sampUrNa loka meM vyApta hai tathA jIva va pudgala kI gati - kriyA meM sahAyaka hai| isI prakAra adharmAstikAya bhI sampUrNa loka meM vyApta hai tathA jIva evaM pudgala kI sthiti meM sahAyaka hai| ye donoM dravya hameM dRggocara nahIM hote, kyoMki ye varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza se rahita haiN| AkAza ko nyAya-vaizeSika Adi darzana zabda guNa vAlA pratipAdita karate haiM, jabaki jainadarzana meM ise dharma, adharma, pudgala, jIva Adi dravyoM ko sthAna dene vAlA arthAt avagAha lakSaNa vAlA nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM paMcabhUtoM kI mAnyatA nahIM hai| prAyaH bhAratIya paramparA meM pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu evaM AkAza ko paMcamahAbhUta kahA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM AkAza ko ajIva dravya ke rUpa meM tathA zeSa cAra ko sajIva hone para ekendriya jIvoM ke 1

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prAkkathana antargata tathA ajIva hone para pudgala ke antargata samAviSTa kiyA gayA hai| pudgala varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza se yukta hotA hai| eka paramANu meM bhI ina cAroM kI avasthiti hotI hai| vaizeSika Adi darzana vAyu meM sparza, agni meM sparza evaM rUpa, jala meM sparza-rUpa-rasa tathA pRthvI meM ina tInoM ke sAtha gaMdha guNa svIkAra karate haiM, jabaki jaina mata meM ye cAroM guNa eka sAtha mAne gae haiN| pratyeka pudgala meM evaM usake pratyeka khaNDa yA aMza meM ye sabhI upalabdha rahate haiN| kAla ke sambandha meM nyAya-vaizeSika Adi darzanoM meM jo svarUpa prApta hotA hai, usase jainadarzana ke svarUpa meM kaMthacit sAmya hai, kyoMki kAla ke AdhAra para jyeSTha-kaniSTha kA bheda ve bhI svIkAra karate haiM aura jaina darzana bhii| kintu kAla meM vartanA evaM pariNAma lakSaNa kA pratipAdana jainadarzana kI maulikatA hai| isake sAtha hI samaya, kAla dravya kA sUkSmatama avibhAjya aMza svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jo Aja ke vijJAna meM mAnya saikeNDa ke lAkhaveM aMza se bhI sakSma hai| palaka jhapakane jitane kAla meM asaMkhyAta samaya vyatIta ho jAte haiN| kAla kI gaNanA karanA atyanta kaThina hai, ataH jainaparamparA meM upamAoM ke AdhAra para use palyopama, sAgaropama, pudgala-parAvartana Adi zabdoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| AtmA evaM jIva zabda kA prayoga jaina darzana meM ekArthaka hai| jJAna evaM darzana jIva ke pramukha lakSaNa evaM svarUpa haiN| AtmA kisI bhI avasthA meM ina donoM guNoM se rahita nahIM hotI, jJAna evaM darzana ke vyApAra (pravRtti) ko upayoga kahA gayA hai| pratyeka jIva upayoga yukta hotA hai| vaha amUrtika, kartA evaM bhoktA hotA hai| apane karmoM kA phala-bhoga vaha jIva tatkAla yA kAlAntara meM avazya karatA hai| sAdhanA ke dvArA vaha usa phala-bhoga kI sthiti evaM tIvratA ko kama bhI kara sakatA hai| jaba taka karma zeSa haiM taba taka saMsAra meM paribhramaNa jArI rahatA hai| kintu jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki jIva eka zarIra ko chor3akara nayA zarIra eka samaya se lekara adhikatama cAra samaya meM grahaNa kara letA hai| kaI logoM kI yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hai ki anyatra janma nahIM hone taka AtmA yahA~ bhaTakatI rahatI hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra punarjanma hone meM koI vizeSa kAla vyatIta nahIM hotA, jIva turanta hI anya bhava meM janma grahaNa kara letA hai| vastu kI vivecanA meM jainadarzana syAdvAda kA prayoga karatA hai tathA vastu ko vaha aneka dharmAtmaka yA ananta dharmAtmaka svIkAra karatA hai| yahI anekAntavAda kA mUla

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hai / vastu kA yaha svarUpa jainadArzanika tattvamImAMsIya vivecana kA AdhAra banA hai| vastu ke svarUpa ko jAnane ke lie evaM kathana karane ke lie nayoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| jaba kisI dRSTikoNa vizeSa se kathana kiyA jAtA hai to usakI abhivyakti syAt zabda se kI jAtI hai| ise hI syAdvAda kahA gayA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne vibhinna tarkoM ke AdhAra para vastu kI anekAntAtmakatA ko siddha kiyA hai, jisake anusAra vastu dravya-paryAyAtmaka, nityAnityAtmaka, sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka, bhedAbhedAtmaka, bhAvAbhAvAtmaka tathA ekAnekAtmaka kahI gaI hai| anekAntavAda kI yaha dRSTi jainadarzana ke vikAsa kA AdhAra banI hai| isI kA supariNAma hai ki jainadarzana meM kAraNa- kArya siddhAnta kA vicAra karate hue kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRta karma evaM puruSArtha ina paMca kAraNa - samavAya ke siddhAnta kA vikAsa huaa| X jJAnamImAMsA kI dRSTi se sampUrNa bhAratIya paramparA meM mAtra jainadarzana hI aisA darzana hai, jisameM jJAna ko pA~ca prakAroM meM vibhakta karate hue unake svarUpoM kI viziSTa vyAkhyA kI gaI hai / pA~ca jJAna haiM- matijJAna ( Abhinibodhika jJAna), zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAya jJAna aura kevalajJAna / inameM se hama prAyaH matijJAna se paricita haiM, jo indriya aura mana kI sahAyatA se hotA hai / buddhi se hone vAlA jJAna bhI matijJAna ke antargata hI samAviSTa hotA hai / pUrvajanma kA smaraNa, jise jAtismaraNa jJAna kahA jAtA hai vaha bhI matijJAna kA hI eka svarUpa hai / samasta smRtijJAna, pahacAnane rUpa pratyabhijJAna, tarkajJAna evaM anumAna se hone vAlA jJAna bhI matijJAna hI hai| yaha jJAna jaba samyagdarzana pUrvaka hotA hai to ise samyagjJAna kI zreNI meM rakhA jAtA hai tathA jaba yaha isake abhAva meM hotA hai to ajJAna kahA jAtA hai| matijJAna se zreSTha hai shrutjnyaan| yaha bhI samyagdarzana ke sadbhAva meM samyagjJAna tathA usake abhAva meM ajJAna mAnA gayA hai| pratyeka saMsArI jIva meM matijJAna evaM zrutajJAna- ye do jJAna 'jJAna' yA 'ajJAna' ke rUpa meM avazya pAe jAte haiM / zrutajJAna hI aisA jJAna hai, jo mukti meM sahAyaka hai| isakI tulanA kevalajJAna se kI gaI hai| kevalajJAna pratyakSa hai aura zrutajJAna parokSa, yahI donoM meM bheda hai| zrutajJAna se hI manuSya ko yaha prakAza prApta hotA hai ki use kyA chor3anA hai aura kyA grahaNa karanA hai tathA kaise Atma-zuddhi kI ora Age bar3hanA hai| yaha zrutajJAna matijJAnapUrvaka hotA

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prAkkathana hai| zeSa tIna jJAna saba jIvoM ko nahIM hote| avadhijJAna nArakoM aura devoM ko janma se tathA tiryaMca evaM manuSya ko vizeSa kSayopazama se prApta hotA hai| isake antargata varNa-gaMdha-rasa-sparza se yukta padArthoM kA indriya evaM mana kI sahAyatA ke binA sIdhe AtmA se jJAna hotA hai| manaH paryAyajJAna ke dvArA dUsare ke mana kI paryAyoM ko jAnA jAtA hai tathA kevalajJAna vaha jJAna hai jisase samasta dravyoM aura unakI paryAyoM kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jAtA hai| yaha zuddha jJAna mohakarma ke sAtha jJAnAvaraNAdi karmo kA kSaya hone para prakaTa hotA hai| yaha pUrNa, ananta evaM akSaya jJAna hai, jisake pazcAt kucha bhI jAnanA zeSa nahIM rhtaa| saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI kevalI mukta hI hotA hai tathA zarIra chUTane ke sAtha vaha siddha ho jAtA hai| mukti kA prArambha taba hI ho jAtA hai jaba kisI vyakti ko samyagdarzana kI upalabdhi hotI hai| samyagdarzana se hI jIva ko sahI dizA milatI hai| apane evaM parapadArtho ke svarUpa meM bheda jJAna kI pratIti hone para samyagdarzana kI abhivyakti hotI hai| yaha moha karma ke nyUna hone para hI sambhava hai| pragAr3ha mohayukta jIva sahI evaM galata kA bheda karane meM samartha nahIM hotA, use apane guNa-doSoM ko jAnane kI kSamatA prApta nahIM hotii| kSAyika samyagdarzana hone para moha-karma kA pUrNa kSaya nizcita hai| samyagdarzana hone para hI jJAna samyak hotA hai tathA jJAna samyak hone para hI AcaraNa samyak hotA hai| ina tInoM ke hone para hI mokSa-mArga prazasta hotA hai| jJAna ko hI jaina paramparA meM pramANa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai| pramANa kA prayoga jIvana- vyavahAra ke lie huA hai, ataH isameM samyagdarzana kI zarta nahIM hai| samyagdRSTi kA jJAna to pramANa hotA hI hai, kintu mithyAtvI kA jJAna bhI jIvanavyavahAra kI dRSTi se saMzaya-viparyaya-anadhyavasAya se rahita hone para pramANa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| umAsvAti ne pramANa ke do bheda kie haiM- pratyakSa evaM prokss| unhoMne sIdhe AtmA se hone vAle jJAna ko pratyakSa kI koTi meM tathA indriyAdi kI sahAyatA se hone vAle jJAna ko parokSa kI koTi meM rkhaa| tadanusAra matijJAna evaM zrutajJAna parokSa pramANa ke antargata tathA avadhi, manaHparyAya evaM kevalajJAna pratyakSa pramANa ke antargata vibhakta hote haiN| Age calakara jinabhadragaNi ne indriya evaM mana se hone vAle jJAna ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA, jise bhaTTa akalaGka Adi dArzanikoM ne apnaayaa| bhaTTa akalaGka ne pratyakSa ke mukhya evaM

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sAMvyavahArika ye do bheda kie tathA parokSa pramANa ke antargata smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna evaM Agama kA vyavasthApana kiyaa| jaina nyAya meM jaba jJAna ko pramANa rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA gayA to prazna uThA ki kyA matijJAna kA bheda avagraha bhI pramANa hai? pramANa ko nizcayAtmaka jJAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki avagraha jJAna sAmAnyagrAhI hotA hai / nizcayAtmakatA usake pazcAt hone vAle IhAjJAna meM bhI nahIM hotI, spaSTataH avAya jJAna meM hotI hai| isa viSaya para dArzanikoM ne paryApta UhApoha kiyA hai tathA isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce haiM ki avagraha ke eka bheda arthAvagraha ko kaMthacit pramANa mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu usake anya bheda vyaMjanAvagraha ko nahIM / xii naya bhI jJAnAtmaka hotA hai, kintu use pramANa kA aMza mAnA gayA hai| naya eka prakAra se jAnane kA eka dRSTikoNa hai, jisakA pratipAdana jaina darzana kI vizeSatA hai| anya darzanoM meM naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUDha tathA evaMbhUtaina sAta nayoM kA ullekha nahIM milatA, isalie nayoM kA pratipAdana bhI jainadarzana kI vizeSatA ko iMgita karatA hai| nayoM ke dvArA jAnA bhI jAtA hai evaM abhivyakti bhI kI jAtI hai| kisI apekSA se jitane vacanamArga haiM utane hI naya haiN| naya kI bhA~ti nikSepa bhI jaina darzana kA viziSTa zabda hai / naya ke dvArA jahA~ vAkyoM kA artha grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai vahA~ nikSepa ke dvArA zabdoM kA artha grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| AcAramImAMsA kI dRSTi se bhI jaina dharma-darzana samRddha hai| isameM ahiMsA kA jaisA sUkSma evaM tArkika vivecana huA hai, vaisA anyatra durlabha hai| prAyaH yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki hiMsA pApa hai, karmabandha kI hetu hai, isalie hiMsA tyAjya hai, kintu jaina AgamoM meM hiMsA-tyAga ke anya kAraNa bhI die gae haiN| vahA~ sabhI prANiyoM ke jIne kI abhilASA ke prati Adara evaM unake prati saMvedanazIlatA ko gaharA kiyA gayA hai| hiMsA ko ahita evaM abodhi kA sUcaka batAyA gayA hai| ahiMsA na kevala vyaktigata hita kA darzana hai, apitu yaha samAjadarzana ke rUpa meM bhI ubhara kara AtI hai| hiMsA kA tyAga AdhyAtmika dRSTi se jitanA upAdeya hai utanA hI sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI / jisa prakAra mujhe apanA AyuSya priya hai, usI prakAra anya prANiyoM ko bhI unakA jIvana evaM AyuSya priya hai| kisI bhI prANI kA zoSaNa nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie kisI ko bhI gulAma nahIM banAyA jAnA caahie| sabake prati AtmavadbhAva evaM

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xiii prAkkathana maitrIbhAva ke vikAsa kI AvazyakatA hai| hiMsA se kabhI hiMsA kI zuddhi nahIM hotii| isalie ahiMsA hI mAnavajAti ke lie hitAvaha hai| jainadarzana meM pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika, vanaspatikAyika evaM trasakAyika jIvoM kI rakSA dvArA paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa tathA hiMsA ko nyUnatama karane kA saMdeza prApta hotA hai| ___ aparigraha kA siddhAnta jahA~ mamatva evaM Asakti ko tor3ane meM sahAyaka hai vahA~ vaha satata Arthika vikAsa evaM samRddhi kA bhI sUtrapAta karatA hai| parigraha kI lAlasA ke kAraNa dUsare ke prati saMvedanazIlatA kA samApana evaM krUratA kA praveza ho jAtA hai| svahita ke prati anabhijJatA bar3hatI hai tathA dhana-sampadA Adi ke samakSa mAnavatA kA dRSTikoNa bhI phIkA par3a jAtA hai| aparigrahI hone kA tAtparya nirdhana yA daridra honA nahIM, apitu para padArthoM ke prati Asakti kA tyAga karanA hI aparigrahI honA hai| manuSya ko saMgRhIta padArtha ke prati svAmitva kI abhilASA nahIM, apitu sadupayoga kA bhAva rakhanA caahie| jo icchAoM ko alpa kara letA hai vaha svayaM bhI sukhI ho jAtA hai tathA dUsaroM ke lie bhI vastuoM kI upalabdhi meM sahayogI ho jAtA hai| aparigraha kA vicAra yogasUtra meM bhI huA hai tathA prakArAntara se aparigraha kA vicAra vizva ke aneka vicArakoM se puSTi prApta kara cukA hai| jainadarzana meM parigraha ko bandhana evaM parAdhInatA kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, jabaki aparigraha ko sukha evaM zAnti kA saadhn| ___ Arthika vikAsa kI daur3a meM parigraha kA parimANa karanA eka kaThina kadama hai, kintu tRSNA evaM lAlasA ke kSitija kA anta kahIM nahIM aataa| phalataH duHkha kA anta nahIM hotaa| duHkha kA anta karane ke lie parigraha kA parimANa eka upayogI evaM Avazyaka kadama hai| artha kA vikAsa hI vikAsa nahIM hai, zikSA, saMskRti evaM soca kA vikAsa bhI Avazyaka hai| manuSya Aja adhikAdhika vastuoM kA bhogopabhoga karanA cAhatA hai, jisase prAkRtika paryAvaraNa pradUSita hotA hai| paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ke lie jaina dharma meM manuSya ko bhoga-upabhoga kI vastuoM kA parimANa karane kI zikSA dI gaI hai| vaha jitanA bhogya vastuoM kA sImAMkana karegA utanA hI prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA anAvazyaka dohana rukegA evaM svayaM bhI parAdhInatA ke duHkha se baca skegaa|

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jaina dharma-darzana kI eka pramukha vizeSatA hai - saMlekhanA - saMthArApUrvaka smaadhimrnn| mRtyu kA samatApUrvaka svAgata karanA eka ucca koTi kI sAdhanA hai / isameM hone vAle maraNa ko paNDita maraNa bhI kahA gayA hai| isa maraNa ke pUrva krodhAdi kaSAyoM tathA zarIra ko kRza kiyA jAtA hai, phira eka bichaunA (saMstAraka) aMgIkAra kara AhAra kA pUrI taraha tyAga karate hue sabase kSamAyAcanA kI jAtI hai tathA Atmazuddhi meM sahAyaka bhAvanAoM kA Alambana liyA jAtA hai| samAdhimaraNa eka prakAra se maraNa kI utkRSTa kalA evaM sAdhanA hai, yaha AtmahatyA nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM binA kisI Aveza ke sahajatApUrvaka samatAbhAva kI sAdhanA kI jAtI hai| xiv usakA niyamita rUpa se Atmazuddhi ke lie jaina paramparA meM aneka upAya nirdiSTa haiM, jinameM eka upAya pratikramaNa hai| sAdhaka ke dvArA pratidina kyA doSa huA hai, prAtaHkAla evaM sAyaMkAla parimArjana karane hetu vaha pratikramaNa karatA hai| isase sAdhanA meM sajagatA rahatI hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM sAdhanA meM sajagatA kiM vA apramattatA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| AtmasvarUpa kI vismRti pramAda hai / ajJAnI vyakti to AtmasvarUpa kI vismRti meM hI jItA hai, kintu jJAnI bhI pramAda ke vazIbhUta hokara doSoM kA zikAra ho jAtA hai| jo pramAda meM jItA hai, vaha bhayabhIta hotA hai tathA jo apramatta hokara jItA hai, vaha nirbhaya hotA hai / duHkhamukti kI sAdhanA meM apramatta honA anivArya hai| tIrthaMkaroM ne janasAdhAraNa ko lAbhAnvita karane ke lie loka bhASA prAkRta meM jo upadeza diyA, use gaNadharoM evaM AcAryoM ne AgamoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| ina AgamoM meM AdhyAtmika, dArzanika, sAMskRtika evaM aitihAsika sAmagrI upalabdha hai, jo mAnavasamudAya evaM itihAsavidoM ke lie Aja bhI upayogI hai| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, prajJApanA, uttarAdhyayana Adi AgamoM meM aneka jijJAsAoM ke samAdhAna prApta hote haiN| eka mahattvapUrNa Agama hai'isibhAsiyAI' / isa Agama meM yAjJavalkya, asita devala, aMgarSi Adi sataraha vaidika RSiyoM, mahAkazyapa mAtaMga, sAciputra Adi pA~ca bauddha RSiyoM evaM RSipuSpazAla, tetaliputra, pArzva, varddhamAna Adi bAraha nirgrantha RSiyoM sahita 45 RSiyoM ke vacana bar3e Adara ke sAtha saMgRhIta haiM, jinameM adhikatara RSiyoM ko arhat kahA gayA hai| isameM jaina paramparA kI vyApaka dRSTi evaM udAratA kA paricaya

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prAkkathana milatA hai| ina RSiyoM ke dArzanika evaM AdhyAtmika vicAra mAnavajAti ke lie digbodhaka haiN| jainadarzana ko umAsvAti, kundakunda, siddhasena, samantabhadra, jinabhadragaNi, haribhadra, akalaGka, vidyAnanda, zIlAka, abhayadeva, prabhAcandra, hemacandra, vAdideva, malayagiri, yazovijaya Adi aneka AcAryoM ne apanI kRtiyoM se samRddha banAyA hai| jainadarzana ko prathama bAra saMskRta-sUtroM meM nibaddha karane vAle dArzanika umAsvAti kI do kRtiyoM tattvArthasUtra evaM prazamaratiprakaraNa kI prastuta pustaka meM tulanA kI gaI hai, jisase aneka nUtana tathya udghATita hue haiN| jIvAdi nava tattvoM meM puNya-pApa tattva kI svatantra sattA para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ___jainadarzana kA vaiziSTya anya dharma-darzanoM ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para vidita hotA hai| vaidika evaM bauddha paramparA ke cintana se jainadarzana kA cintana kina binduoM evaM kina AdhAroM para bhinna hai, yaha adhyayana jainadarzana kI vizeSatAoM evaM samAnatAoM ko ujAgara karatA hai| eka- dUsare darzana para vaicArika prabhAva kA bhI isase bodha hotA hai| prastuta pustaka meM bauddha evaM jaina paramparA tathA vaidika evaM jaina paramparA ke cintana para bhI tulanAtmaka vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jainaparamparAnusAra vItarAgatA evaM bhagavadgItA ke saMdarbha meM sthitaprajJatA kI avadhAraNA ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki ina donoM meM paraspara kitanA sAmya hai tathA kitanA bheda hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM varNita vItarAgatA hameM samatArUpa sAdhanA ke rUpa meM jJAta hotI hai, jo bhagavadgItA kI sthitaprajJatA se sAmya rakhatI hai| kaSAya kA pUrNa kSaya hone para jo vItarAgatA prApta hotI hai vaha jainadarzana meM sAdhyarUpa hai, gItA meM use brAhmI sthiti kahA gayA hai| ___ eka hI dharAbhAga para pallavita puSpita hone ke kAraNa vaidika evaM jaina paramparA meM antaHsambandha rahA hai tathA paraspara vaicArika AdAna-pradAna bhI huA hai| isakI kucha carcA pustaka ke "jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha" Alekha meM huI hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM dharma-darzana zramaNa saMskRti ke pratinidhi haiN| donoM kI 'zrama' arthAt 'puruSArtha' meM AsthA hai| donoM ne jagat kA sraSTA Izvara ko nahIM mAnA hai| buddha evaM mahAvIra donoM kA vicaraNa kSetra prAyaH samAna hI rahA tathA donoM ne janasamudAya ko lokabhASA meM sambodhita kara apanI-apanI dRSTi se mukti

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Xvi jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kA mArga prastuta kiyaa| ina donoM dharma-darzanoM meM rahI samAnatA evaM asamAnatA kI carcA pustaka ke do lekhoM meM huI hai| prastuta pustaka kI upayogitA kA nirdhAraNa pAThaka svayaM kreNge| pustaka ke AlekhoM meM pradatta saMdarbho ke svarUpa meM ekarUpatA nahIM raha pAI hai, kyoMki ye Alekha vigata do dazakoM meM samaya-samaya para bhinna-bhinna rIti se likhe gae the| unheM hI saMzodhita evaM saMvardhita kara pustaka kA AkAra pradAna kiyA gayA hai| parama AdaraNIya padmabhUSaNa zrI devendrarAja jI mehatA kA mujhe zikSA- kAla se hI pUrNa AzIrvAda evaM sneha milatA rahA hai| unhIM kI yaha kRpA hai ki maiM apane AlekhoM ko saMkalita kara pustaka kA svarUpa pradAna karane hetu pravRtta huaa| unake prati maiM zraddhA evaM Adara ke sAtha kRtajJatA jJApita karatA huuN| AlekhoM ke punarIkSaNa evaM saMvardhana meM DaoN. zvetA jaina ke amUlya sujhAva upayogI siddha hue haiN| prUpha saMzodhana meM zrI devendranAtha jI modI kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| maiM ina donoM ke prati hRdaya se AbhAra vyakta karatA huuN| 'jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana' pustaka ke prakAzana kA saharSa dAyitva antararASTrIya stara para pratiSThita prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura ne svIkAra kara mujhe kRtArtha kiyA hai| iNDiyana maipa sarvisa ke DaoN. Ara.pI.Arya ke prati niSThA evaM tatparatApUrvaka kArya sampAdana ke lie maiM anugRhIta huuN| yaha pustaka jaina dharma-darzana ke sambandha meM pAThakoM kI jijJAsAoM kA zamana karane meM yadi kiJcit bhI sahAyaka siddha huI tathA unakI ruci ko abhivRddha kara sakI, to mujhe mahatI prasannatA kA anubhava hogaa| - dharmacanda jaina 3K 24-25 kur3I hAusiMga borDa, jodhapura dUrabhASa - 0291-2730081, mo. 09413253084 Email- dcjain.jnvu@gmail.com

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arddhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM astikAya 'astikAya' jaina darzana kA viziSTa pAribhASika zabda hai, jo loka yA brahmANDa ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| astikAya kA nirUpaNa evaM vivecana zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI evaM saMskRta bhASA meM racita Agama-graMthoM, sUtroM, TIkAoM evaM prakaraNa graMthoM meM vistAra se samupalabdha hai, kintu prastuta lekha meM arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM nirUpita paMcAstikAya para vicAra karanA hI samabhipreta hai| arddhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha Agama zvetAmbara paramparA kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| digambara paramparA inheM mAnya nahIM krtii| usameM mAnya SakhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa, samayasAra, niyamasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya Adi (Agama) graMtha zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiN| arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM mukhyataH vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, prajJApanAsUtra, jIvAjIvAbhigamasUtra, samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi meM paMcAstikAya evaM SaD dravyoM kA nirUpaNa samprApta hotA hai| isibhAsiyAiM graMtha bhI isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai|' astikAya pA~ca haiM -1.dharmAstikAya, 2. adharmAstikAya, 3. AkAzAstikAya, 4. jIvAstikAya aura 5. pudglaastikaay| dravya ko chaha prakAra kA pratipAdita karate samaya addhAsamaya (kAla) ko bhI paMcAstikAya ke sAtha jor3akara nirUpita kiyA jAtA hai| astikAya evaM dravya do bhinna zabda haiM, ataH inake artha meM bhI kucha bheda honA caahiye| astikAya dravya haiM, kintu dravyamAtra astikAya nahIM hai| 'astikAya' (atthikAya) zabda kA vivecana karate hue Agama TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri kahate haiM- 'asti' ityayaM trikAlavacano nipAtaH, abhUvan bhavanti bhaviSyanti ceti bhaavnaa| ato'sti ca te pradezAnAM kAyAzca rAzaya iti - astikaayaaH| 'asti' zabda trikAla kA vAcaka nipAta hai, arthAt 'asti' se bhUtakAla, vartamAna evaM bhaviSyat tInoM meM rahane vAle padArthoM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| 'kAya' zabda 'rAzi' yA samUha kA vAcaka hai| jo kAya arthAt rAzi tInoM kAloM meM rahe, vaha astikAya hai| astikAya kI eka anya vyutpatti meM asti kA artha pradeza

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana karate hue pradezoM kI rAzi yA pradeza samUha ko astikAya kahA gayA hai- astizabdena pradezAH kvaciducyante tatazca teSAMvA kAyAH astikaayaaH| isa astikAya ke dvArA sampUrNa jagat kI vyAkhyA ho jAtI hai| 'astikAya' ko vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra ke AdhAra para adhika spaSTarUpeNa samajhA jA sakatA hai| vahA~ para tIrthaMkara mahAvIra se unake pramukha ziSya gautama gaNadhara ne jo saMvAda kiyA, vaha isa prakAra hai| prazna - bhaMte! kyA dharmAstikAya ke eka pradeza ko 'dharmAstikAya' kahA jA sakatA hai? uttara - gautama! yaha artha samartha nahIM hai| (arthAta dharmAstikAya ke eka pradeza ko dharmAstikAya nahIM kahA jA sakatA) prazna - bhaMte! kyA dharmAstikAya ke do, tIna, cAra, pA~ca, chaha, sAta, ATha, nau, dasa, saMkhyAta aura asaMkhyAta pradezoM ko 'dharmAstikAya' kahA jA sakatA hai ? uttara - gautama! yaha artha samartha nahIM hai| prazna - bhaMte! eka pradeza nyUna dharmAstikAya ko kyA 'dharmAstikAya' kahA jA sakatA hai ? uttara - gautama! yaha artha samartha nahIM hai| prazna - bhaMte! kisa kAraNa se aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ? uttara - gautama! jisa prakAra cakra ke khaNDa ko cakra nahIM kahate, kintu sampUrNa ko cakra kahate haiN| isI prakAra gautama! dharmAstikAya ke pradeza ko dharmAstikAya nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yAvat eka pradeza nyUna taka ko bhI dharmAstikAya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| prazna - bhaMte! phira dharmAstikAya kise kahA jA sakatA hai ? uttara - gautama! dharmAstikAya ke asaMkhyAta pradeza haiM, jaba ve kRtsna, paripUrNa, niravazeSa eka ke grahaNa se saba grahaNa ho jAeM, taba gautama! use dharmAstikAya kahA jAtA hai| dharmAstikAya kI bhA~ti vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya aura pudgalAstikAya kA bhI akhaNDa svarUpa meM astikAyatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha avazya hai ki jahA~ dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya ke asaMkhyAta pradeza haiM, vahA~ AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAya ke

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3 arddhamAgadhI Agama - sAhitya meM astikAya ananta pradeza haiN|' isakA tAtparya hai ki jisa prakAra dharmAstikAya ke antargata niravazeSa asaMkhyAta pradezoM kA grahaNa hotA hai, usI prakAra adharmAstikAya Adi ke bhI apane samasta pradezoM kA usa astikAya meM grahaNa hotA hai| eka pradeza bhI nyUna hone para use tat tat astikAya nahIM kahA jAtA | astikAya kA dravya se bheda astikAya kA dravya se yahI bheda hai ki astikAya meM jahA~ dharmAstikAya Adi ke akhaNDa niravazeSa svarUpa kA grahaNa hotA hai, vahA~ dharmadravya Adi meM usake aMza kA bhI grahaNa ho jAtA hai / paramArthataH dharmAstikAya akhaNDa dravya hai, usake aMza nahIM hote haiM / ataH ise samajhane ke lie pudgalAstikAya kA udAharaNa adhika upayukta hai / jaba samasta pudgala dravyoM kA akhaNDa rUpa se grahaNa kiyA jAegA taba vaha pudgalAstikAya kahalAyegA tathA Tebala, kursI, pena, pustaka, makAna Adi pudgala dravya kahalAyeMge, pudgalAstikAya nahIM / Tebala Adi pudgala to haiM, kintu pudgalAstikAya nhiiN| kyoMki inameM samasta pudgaloM kA grahaNa nahIM hotA hai / ataH Tebala, kursI, Adi ko pudgala dravya kahanA upayukta hai| isI prakAra jIvAstikAya meM samasta jIvoM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai, usameM koI bhI jIva chUTatA nahIM hai, jabaki alaga-alaga, eka-eka jIva bhI jIva dravya kahe jA sakate haiM / yaha astikAya evaM dravya kA sUkSma bheda AgamoM meM sannihita hai / kAla ko dravya to svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu usakA koI akhaNDa svarUpa nahIM hai, usameM pradezoM kA pracaya bhI nahIM hai, ataH vaha astikAya nahIM hai| I 'dravya' zabda kI vyutpatti karate hue kahA jAtA hai- dravati tAMstAn paryAyAn gacchati iti dravyam / jo pratikSaNa vibhinna paryAyoM ko prApta hotA hai vaha dravya hai / astikAya pA~ca hI haiM, jabaki dravya chaha haiM / vyAkhyAprajJapti ke dvitIya zataka meM pA~coM astikAyoM kA pA~ca dvAroM se varNana kiyA gayA hai- dravya se, kSetra se, kAla se, bhAva se aura guNa se|' dravya se varNana karate hue dharmAstikAya ko eka dravya, adharmAstikAya ko eka dravya, AkAzAstikAya ko eka dravya tathA jIvAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAya ko kramazaH ananta jIvadravya evaM ananta pudgaladravya pratipAdita

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kiyA gayA hai / isakA tAtparya hai ki 'astikAya' jahA~ tInoM kAloM meM rahane vAlI akhaNDa pracayAtmaka rAzi kA bodhaka hai, vahA~ dravya zabda ke dvArA usa astikAya ke khaNDoM kA bhI grahaNa ho jAtA hai / inameM dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya evaM AkAzAstikAya to akhaNDa hI rahate haiM, unake kalpita khaNDa hI ho sakate haiM, vAstavika nahIM, jabaki jIvAstikAya meM ananta jIva dravya aura pudgalAstikAya meM ananta pudgala dravya apane astikAya ke khaNDa hokara bhI apane Apa meM svataMtra rUpa se astitva meM rahate haiN| nAma se ve sabhI jIva jIvadravya evaM sabhI pudgala pudgaladravya kahe jAte haiN| anuyogadvArasUtra meM dravya nAma chaha prakAra kA pratipAdita hai- 1.dharmAstikAya, 2. adharmAstikAya, 3. AkAzAstikAya, 4. jIvAstikAya, 5. pudgalAstikAya aura 6. addhAsamaya (kaal)|' pudgalAstikAya ke eka pradeza arthAt paramANu ko kathaMcit dravya, kathaMcit dravyadeza kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra do pradezoM ko kathaMcit dravya, kathaMcit aneka dravya aura aneka dravyadeza kahA gayA hai / isI prakAra tIna, cAra, pA~ca, yAvat asaMkhyAta evaM ananta pradezoM ke saMbaMdha meM kathana karate hue unheM eka dravya evaM dravyadeza, aneka dravya evaM aneka dravyadeza kahA gayA hai| pA~ca astikAyoM meM AkAza sabakA AdhAra hai / AkAza hI anya astikAyoM ko sthAna detA hai / AkAzAstikAya loka evaM aloka meM vyApta hai, jabaki anya cAra astikAya lokavyApI haiM / dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, jIvAstikAya aura pudgalAstikAya se pUrA loka spRSTa hai|" dravya kA vibhAjana AgamoM meM SaDdravyoM ke atirikta jIva evaM ajIva ke rUpa meM bhI kiyA gayA hai, yathA kaivihANaMbhaMte!davvApaNNattA? goyamAduvihAdavvApaNNattA, tNjhaa-jiivdvvaayajiivdvvaay|" bhagavan! dravya kitane prakAra ke prajJapta haiM ? gautama! do prakAra ke prajJapta haiM - jIva dravya aura ajIva dravyA

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arddhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM astikAya vyAkhyAprajJapti meM ajIva dravyoM ko punaH rUpI ajIva dravya evaM arUpI ajIva dravya meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prajJApanAsUtra meM arUpI ajIva dravya kI 10 paryAya evaM rUpI ajIva dravya kI 4 paryAya nirUpita haiM / arUpI ajIva dravya kI 10 paryAya haiM - ___ 1. dharmAstikAya, 2. dharmAstikAya ke deza, 3. dharmAstikAya ke pradeza, 4. adharmAstikAya, 5. adharmAstikAya ke deza, 6. adharmAstikAya ke pradeza, 7. AkAzAstikAya, 8. AkAzAstikAya ke deza, 9. AkAzAstikAya ke pradeza aura 10. addhaasmy| ___ arUpI se tAtparya hai varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza se rahita / dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya evaM kAla dravya varNAdi se rahita hone ke kAraNa arUpI haiM / rUpI dravya eka hI hai - pudgalAstikAya / isake cAra paryAya haiM- skandha, skandhadeza, skandha pradeza aura paramANu pudgala / pudgala kA svataMtra khaNDa skandha, usakA kalpita aMza deza evaM usakA paramANu jitanA kalpita aMza pradeza kahA jAtA hai| paramANu pudgala svataMtra hai| deza evaM pradeza ke dharmAstikAya Adi arUpI dravyoM meM bhI kramazaH kalpita aMza evaM paramANu jitane kalpita aMza hI vAcya haiN| rUpI ajIva dravya kI ananta paryAyoM kA bhI pratipAdana huA hai| gautama gaNadhara ke prazna ke uttara meM prajJApanAsUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne spaSTa kiyA hai- "gautama! paramANu pudgala ananta haiM, dvipradezika skandha ananta haiM, yAvat dazapradezika skandha ananta haiM, saMkhyAta pradezika skandha ananta haiM, asaMkhyAta pradezika skandha ananta haiM, ananta pradezika skandha ananta haiM / isa kAraNa he gautama! aisA kahA jAtA hai ki rUpI ajIva- paryAya saMkhyAta aura asaMkhyAta nahIM haiM, kintu ananta haiN|" ___ jIvadravya kI bhI ananta paryAya svIkRta haiN| isakA kAraNa pratipAdita karate hue kahA gayA hai- asaMkhyAta nairayika haiM, asaMkhyAta asurakumAra yAvat asaMkhyAta stanita kumAra haiM, asaMkhyAta pRthvIkAyika haiM, asaMkhyAta apkAyika haiM, asaMkhyAta tejaskAyika haiM, asaMkhyAta vAyukAyika haiM, ananta vanaspatikAyika haiM, asaMkhyAta dvIndriya haiM, asaMkhyAta trIndriya haiM, asaMkhyAta caturindriya haiM, asaMkhyAta paMcendriya

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana tiryaMcayonika haiM, asaMkhyAta manuSya haiM, asaMkhyAta vANavyantara haiM, asaMkhyAta jyotiSka deva hai, asaMkhyAta vaimAnika deva haiM, ananta siddha haiN| isa prakAra he gautama! jIvaparyAya saMkhyAta aura asaMkhyAta nahIM, kintu ananta haiN|" dharmAstikAya gati pariNAma vAle jIva aura pudgaloM kI gati meM sahAyaka hotA hai| adharmAstikAya sthiti pariNAma vAle jIva aura pudgaloM kI sthiti meM sahakArI hotA hai| AkAzAstikAya anya sabhI dravyoM/astikAyoM ko sthAna/ avakAza detA hai| jIvAstikAya cetanAguNa yA upayogaguNa vAlA hotA hai| pudgalAstikAya varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza vAlA hotA hai / zabda, baMdha, sUkSmatA, sthUlatA, saMsthAna, bheda, aMdhakAra, chAyA, Atapa, udyota vAle dravya bhI pudgala hote haiN| kAla vartanA lakSaNa vAlA hai| inameM dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAya ajIvakAya haiM tathA dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya evaM jIvAstikAya arUpIkAya haiM, kyoMki inameM varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza nahIM haiN| pradeza kI apekSA dharma, adharma evaM eka jIva dravya meM asaMkhyAta pradeza mAne gae haiM tathA AkAza meM ananta pradeza kahe gae haiN| pudgala meM saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta pradeza haiM / pudgala paramANu eka pradezI hokara bhI aneka skandha rUpa bahu pradezoM ko grahaNa karane kI yogyatA rakhatA hai / gurulaghutva kI apekSA se pudgalAstikAya guru laghu bhI hai aura agurulaghu bhI, kintu dharmAstikAya Adi zeSa cAra agurulaghu haiN| SaDdravyoM meM dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya aura AkAzAstikAya dravya kI dRSTi se tulya haiM tathA sabase alpa haiM / unase jIvAstikAya dravya kI apekSA anantaguNe haiM |jiivaastikaay se pudgalAstikAya dravya kI apekSA anantaguNe haiM aura pudgalAstikAya se addhAsamaya dravya kI apekSA anantaguNe haiN|" ___ saMkhyA kA yaha nirdeza isa tathya ko spaSTa karatA hai ki astikAya evaM dravya meM bhinnatA hai| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya evaM AkAzAstikAya meM dravya evaM astikAya kI dRSTi se samAnatA hai, kyoMki ve astikAya kI dRSTi se bhI eka-eka haiM tathA dravya kI dRSTi se bhI eka-eka haiM / jIvAstikAya ko dravya kI dRSTi se

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arddhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM astikAya dharmAstikAya kI apekSA anantaguNA kahA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki pratyeka jIva eka bhinna dravya hai, isalie use anantaguNA kahA gayA hai| pudgalAstikAya ko to dravya kI dRSTi se jIva se bhI anantaguNA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isakA kAraNa paramANu ko bhI dravya ke rUpa meM samajhanA hai| uparyukta vivecana se yaha phalita hotA hai ki jAtyapekSayA to dravya chaha hI haiM, kintu vyaktyapekSayA dravya ananta haiN| pratyeka vastu apane Apa meM eka dravya hai| jo bhI svatantra astitvavAn vastu hai vaha dravya hai| isIlie dravyApekSayA jIva bhI ananta haiM aura pudgala bhI ananta / kAla ko to pudgala kI apekSA bhI anantaguNA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki astikAya evaM dravya kA svarUpa pRthak hai / astikAya to dravya hai, kintu jo dravya hai vaha astikAya ho yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| ___ dharmAstikAya Adi amUrta dravya AkAza meM eka sAtha rahate hue bhI eka-dUsare ko bAdhita yA pratihata nahIM krte| ve kisI na kisI rUpa meM eka-dUsare ke sahakArI banate haiM / yathA-dharmAstikAya se jIvoM meM Agamana, gamana, bhASA, unmeSa, manoyoga, vacanayoga aura kAyayoga pravRtta hote haiM / adharmAstikAya se jIvoM meM sthita honA, baiThanA, mana kI ekAgratA Adi kArya hote haiM / AkAzAstikAya jIva evaM ajIva dravya kA bhAjana yA Azraya hai / jIvAstikAya se jIvoM meM matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaH paryAyajJAna, kevala jJAna, mati ajJAna, zruta ajJAna, vibhaMga jJAna, cakSu darzana, acakSu darzana, avadhidarzana, kevaladarzana kI ananta paryAyoM ke upayoga kI prApti hotI hai| pudgalAstikAya se jIvoM ko audArika, vaikriyaka, AhAraka, taijasa va kArmaNa zarIra, zrotrendriya Adi indriyA~, manoyoga, vacanayoga, kAyayoga aura zvAsocchvAsa ko grahaNa karane kI pravRtti hotI hai| __bhagavatIsUtra ke bIsaveM zataka meM dharmAstikAya Adi ke aneka abhivacana(paryAyavAcI zabda) die gae haiM, jinase inakA viziSTa svarUpa prakAza meM AtA hai / udAharaNArtha dharmAstikAya ke abhivacana haiM-dharma yA dharmAstikAya, prANAtipAta-viramaNa yAvat parigraha-viramaNa, krodha-viveka yAvat mithyAdarzana

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana zalya-viveka, IryA samiti yAvat uccAra-prasravaNa - khela - jalla-siMghANapariSThApanikA samiti, manogupti yAvat kAyagupti / dharmAstikAya ke ye abhivacana use dharma ke nikaTa le Ate haiM / isI prakAra adharmAstikAya ke adharma, prANAtipAta aviramaNa yAvat parigraha - aviramaNa, krodha - aviveka yAvat mithyAdarzanazalya aviveka Adi abhivacana adharmAstikAya ko adharma yA pApa ke nikaTa le Ate haiM / AkAzAstikAya ke gagana, nabha, sama, viSama Adi aneka abhivacana haiM / jIvAstikAya ke abhivacanoM meM jIva, prANa, bhUta, sattva, cetA, AtmA Adi ke sAtha pudgala ko bhI liyA gayA hai, jo yaha siddha karatA hai ki pudgala zabda kA prayoga prAcInakAla meM jIva ke lie bhI hotA rahA hai / bauddhagranthoM meM pudgala zabda jIva ke lie hI prayukta huA hai| pudgalAstikAya ke aneka abhivacana haiM, yathA- pudgala, paramANu- pudgala, dvipradezI yAvat saMkhyAta pradezI, asaMkhyAta pradezI, ananta pradezI Adi / " 19 kAla kI dravyatA 8 paMcAstikAya ke atirikta kAla ko dravya mAnane ke saMbaMdha meM jainAcAryo meM matabheda rahA hai / isa matabheda kA ullekha tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti (umAsvAmI) ne 'kAlazcetyeke' sUtra ke dvArA kiyA hai / Agama meM bhI donoM prakAra kI mAnyatA ke bIja upalabdha hote haiM / udAharaNArtha bhagavAna mahAvIra se prazna kiyA gayA - kimidaM bhaMte! kAle tti pavuccati ? bhagavan! kAla kise kahA gayA hai ? bhagavAn ne uttara diyA- jIvA ceva ajIvA ceva tti / arthAt kAla ko jIva aura ajIva kahA gayA hai / isakA tAtparya hai ki kAla jIva aura ajIva kI paryAya hI hai, bhinna dravya nahIM / yaha kathana eka apekSA se samIcIna hai / 'lokaprakAza' nAmaka grantha meM upAdhyAya vinayavijaya (17vIM zatI) ne isa AgamavAkya ke AdhAra para tarka upasthita kiyA hai ki vartanA Adi paryAyoM ko yadi dravya mAnA gayA to anavasthA doSa A jAyegA / ataH paryAyarUpa kAla pRthak dravya nahIM bana sakatA hai / 20 vinayavijaya ne isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana kara kAla dravya kI sthApanA bhI kI hai / Agama meM 'addhAsamaya' ke rUpa meM kAla dravya kA vivecana prApta hotA hai, ataH lokaprakAza meM kAla ko pRthak dravya siddha karane hetu tarka upasthApita karate hue kahA gayA hai -

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9 arddhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM astikAya 1. loka meM nAnAvidha Rtubheda prApta hotA hai, usake pIche koI kAraNa honA cAhie aura vaha kAla hai / 21 2. Amra Adi vRkSa anya samasta kAraNoM ke upasthita hone para bhI phala se vaMcita rahate haiM / ve nAnAzakti se samanvita kAladravya kI apekSA rakhate haiM / 22 I 3. vartamAna, atIta evaM bhaviSya kA nAmakaraNa bhI kAla dravya ke binA saMbhava nahIM ho sakatA tathA kAla ke binA padArthoM ko pRthak-pRthak nahIM jAnA jA sakatA 123 4. kSipra, cira, yugapad, mAsa, varSa, yuga Adi zabda bhI kAla kI siddhi karate haiM / 24 5. kAla ko SaSTha dravya ke rUpa meM Agama meM bhI nirUpita kiyA gayA hai, yathA- kai NaM bhaMte! davvA ? goyamA ! cha davvA paNNattA, taMjahA dhammatthikAe, adhammatthikAe, AgAsatthikAe, puggalatthikAe, jIvatthikAe, addhAsamae yas I isa prakAra Agama aura yuktiyoM se kAla pRthak dravya ke rUpa meM siddha hai / vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva aura aparatva kAla ke upakAra haiN| dravya kA honA hI vartanA, usakA vibhinna paryAyoM meM pariNamana pariNAma, dezAntara prApti Adi kriyA, jyeSTha honA paratva tathA kaniSTha honA aparatva hai / kAla ko paramArtha aura vyavahAra kAla ke rUpa meM do prakAra kA pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai / jaina pratipAdana kA vaiziSTya paMcAstikAyAtmaka yA SaDdravyAtmaka jagat kA pratipAdana jaina Agama-vAGmaya kA mahattvapUrNa pratipAdana hai / jIva evaM pudgala athavA jar3a evaM cetana kA anubhava to hameM hotA hI hai, kintu inameM gati evaM sthiti bhI dekhI jAtI hai / gati evaM sthiti meM sahAyaka udAsIna nimitta ke rUpa meM kramazaH dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya kI svIkRti aura usakA jIva evaM pudgala ke kAraNa lokavyApitva svIkAra karanA saMgata hI pratIta hotA hai| ina sabake Azraya hetu AkAzAstikAya kA pratipAdana aparihArya thA / AkAza ko loka taka sImita na mAnakara use aloka meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki loka ke bAhara rikta sthAna AkAzasvarUpa hI ho sakatA hai| paMcAstikAya ke sAtha paryApta pariNamana ke hetu rUpa meM kAla ko mAnyatA denA bhI

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jaina-paramparA ko Avazyaka pratIta huaa| isalie SaD dravyoM kI mAnyatA sAkAra ho gii| ___ yahA~ para yaha ullekhanIya hai ki dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya kI mAnyatA jaina darzana kA apanA vaiziSTya hai| inakA anya kisI bhAratIya darzana meM nirUpaNa nahIM huA hai / yadyapi sAMkhyadarzana meM mAnya prakRti ke rajoguNa se dharmadravya kA tathA tamoguNa se adharmadravya kA sAmya pratIta hotA hai, kintu jaina darzana meM dharmAstikAya evaM adharmAstikAya svatantra dravya haiM, jabaki sAMkhya meM ye prakRti ke svarUpa haiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki dharma evaM adharma dravya lokavyApI haiM aura tIsarI bAta yaha hai ki sattvaguNa, rajoguNa evaM tamoguNa milakara kArya karate haiM, jabaki jaina darzana meM ye donoM svataMtrarUpeNa kArya meM sahAyaka banate haiN| ____ AkAza ko dravya rUpa meM prAyaH sabhI darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai, kintu AkAza ke lokAkAza aura alokAkAza bheda jainetara darzanoM meM prApta nahIM hote / nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, vedAnta Adi darzanoM meM 'zabda' ko AkAza dravya kA guNa mAnA gayA hai-'zabdaguNakamAkAzam',jabaki jaina darzana meM AkAza kA guNa avagAhana karanA mAnA gayA hai| zabda ko to pudgala dravya meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| vaizeSika darzana meM pRthvI, apa, tejas, vAyu, AkAza, kAla, dizA, AtmA aura mana ko dravya mAnA jAtA hai| inameM se AkAza, kAla evaM AtmA ko to pRthak dravya ke rUpa meM jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI aMgIkAra kiyA hai, kintu pRthvI, apa, tejasa evaM vAyu kI pRthak dravyatA kA jainadarzana ke anusAra koI aucitya nahIM hai,kyoMki ve sajIva hone para jIva dravya meM aura nirjIva hone para pudgala dravya meM samAhita ho jAte haiM / dizA koI pRthak dravya nahIM hai vaha to 'AkAza' kI hI paryAya hai| mana ko jaina dArzanikoM ne pudgala meM sammilita kiyA hai, kyoMki mana pudgala kI hI paryAya hai| AgamoM meM pudgalAstikAya evaM jIvAstikAya kA vistAra se nirUpaNa milatA hai| pudgala dravya meM 'paramANu' kA vivecana mahattvapUrNa hai| paramANu pudgala kI sabase choTI svataMtra ikAI hai| paramANu kA jaisA varNana AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai vaha Azcaryajanaka hai / eka paramANu dUsare paramANu se AkAra meM tulya hokara bhI varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza meM bhinna hotA hai| inameM koI kAlA, koI nIlA Adi varNa kA

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arddhamAgadhI Agama- sAhitya meM astikAya hai| koI eka guNa kAlA, koI dviguNa kAlA Adi hone se bhI unameM bheda hotA I hai paramANu kI aspRzadgati adbhuta hai / isa gati ke kAraNa paramANu eka samaya meM loka ke eka chora se dUsare chora taka pahu~ca sakatA hai / * 26 11 jaina darzana ke graMthoM meM Age calakara 'astikAya' ke sthAna para 'dravya' zabda kA hI prayoga ho gayA tathA vastu yA sat kI vyAkhyA 'dravyaparyAyAtmaka' svarUpa se kI jAne lgii| kintu AgamoM meM astikAya evaM dravya ke svarUpa meM bheda rahA hai, yaha vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra Adi meM kI gaI carcA se spaSTa hai / sandarbha: -- 1. cauvvihe loe viyAhite : davvato loe, khettao loe, kAlao loe, bhAvao loe / isibhAsiyAiM, jaina vizva bhAratI lADanU~, adhyayana 31 2. goyamA ! paMca atthikAyA paNNattA, taM jahA - dhammatthikAe, adhammatthikAe, AgAsatthikAe, jIvatthikAe, poggalatthikAe / - vyAkhyAprajJapti, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, zataka 2, uddezaka 10 sUtra 1 3. se kiM taM davvaNAme? davvaNAme chavvihe paNNatte, taMjahA - dhammatthikAe, adhammatthikAe, AgAsatthikAe, jIvatthikAe, poggalatthikAe addhAsamae y| - anuyogadvArasUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti byAvara, sUtra - 218 4. zrIsthAnAGgasUtram, abhayadevasUrivRttivibhUSita, bhAga - 2, zrI jaina AtmAnandasabhA bhAvanagara, adhyayana 4, uddezaka 1, pR. 330 5. vahI, pR. 330 6. draSTavya, vyAkhyAprajJapti, zataka 2, uddezaka 10, sUtra 7-8 7. NavaraM paesA aNaMtA bhaNiyavvA / - vahI 8. vahI, sUtra 2-6 9. anuyogadvAra, sUtra 218 10. vyAkhyAprajJapti, zataka 8, uddezaka 10, sUtra 23-24 11. sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 4, uddezaka 3 12. vyAkhyAprajJapti, zataka 25, uddezaka 2 13. prajJApanAsUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, pada 5, sUtra 500 503

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 14. vahI, sUtra 504 15. vahI, sUtra 438-439 16. gailakkhaNo u dhammo, ahammo tthaannlkkhnno| bhAyaNaM savvadavvANaM, nahaM ogaahlkkhnnN| vattaNAlakkhaNo kAlo, jIvo uvoglkkhnno| nANeNa daMsaNeNa ca suheNa duheNa ya / / sadadhayAra ujjoo, pabhA chAyAtave iva / vaNNarasagaMdhaphAsA, puggalANaM tu lkkhnnN|| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28.9-12 17. prajJApanAsUtra, pada 3 sUtra 270 18. vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 13, uddezaka 4, sUtra 24-28 19. vyAkhyAprajJapti zataka 20, uddezaka 2, sUtra 4-8 20. atra dravyAbhedavarti - vrtnaadivivkssyaa| kAlo'pi vartanAdyAtmA jIvAjIvatayoditaH paryAyANAM hi dravyatve'navasthApi prsjyte| paryAyarUpastatkAlaH pRthag dravyaM na sNbhvet||-lokprkaash,srg 28, zloka 13 va 15 21. vahI 28.47 22. vahI 28.48 23. vahI 28.49 24. vahI 28.53 25. lokaprakAza 28.55 ke pazcAt 26. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra zataka 3 sUtra 24-25

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kAla kA svarUpa Adhunika vaijJAnika yuga meM 'kAla' adhyayana kA eka mahattvapUrNa viSaya hai| isake sambandha meM anekavidha zodha hue haiN| prAcIna kAla meM bhI 'kAla' ko lekara gahana vicAra huA hai| kAla ko samasta kAryoM kA kAraNa mAnane vAlA eka siddhAnta rahA- kaalvaad| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM isakI vistRta carcA upalabdha hotI hai| nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, mImAMsA Adi bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI kAla kA astittva svIkAra karate hue usakI siddhi meM aneka hetu die gae haiM tathA usake svarUpa ko lekara bhI paryApta UhApoha huA hai| jainadarzana meM bhI kAla ko eka svatantra dravya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai tathA usake svarUpa evaM gaNanA para gahana vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM 'samaya' ko kAla kI ikAI mAnA gayA hai tathA ananta kAla kI gaNanA ke lie bhI palyopama, sAgaropama, pudgala parAvartana Adi upamAparaka zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| prastuta Alekha meM bhAratIya paramparA evaM usake darzana-granthoM ke AdhAra para kAla kA saMkSepa meM vicAra karate hue jainadarzana ke anusAra kAla kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM kAla bhAratIya paramparA meM kAla gahana cintana kA viSaya rahA hai| vibhinna prAcIna bhAratIya dArzanika siddhAntoM meM eka kAlavAda nAmaka siddhAnta bhI mAnya rahA hai, jisakA mantavya hai ki jo koI bhI kArya ghaTita hotA hai, usameM kAla hI pramukha kAraNa hotA hai| kAlavAda kI isa mAnyatA kA pratipAdaka eka prasiddha zloka hai kAla: pacati bhUtAni, kAlaH saMharate prjaaH| kAlaH supteSu jAgarti, kAlo hi durtikrmH|' arthAt kAla hI pRthvI Adi bhUtoM kA pariNamana karatA hai, kAla hI prajA yAnI jIvoM ko pUrva paryAya se pracyavita kara anya paryAya meM sthApita karatA hai| kAla hI jIvoM ke so jAne para jAgatA hai / kAla kI kAraNatA kA apAkaraNa nahIM ho sktaa| kAla ko paramAtmA ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| atharvaveda, nArAyaNopaniSad, zivapurANa, bhagavadgItA Adi grantha isake sAkSI haiM / atharvaveda ke 19 veM kANDa ke 53-54 veM sUkta meM kAla kA vivecana huA hai| vahA~ kAla kI mahimA

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14 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kA gAna karate hue kahA hai kAlaH prajAasRjata, kAloagre prjaaptim| svayambhUH kazyapaHkAlAt, tpHkaalaadjaayt|| kAlAdApasamabhavan kAlAdbrahma tapo dishH| kAlenodetisUryaH kAle nivizate punH| kAla ne prajA (jagat evaM jIvoM) ko utpanna kiyaa| svayaMbhU kazyapa bhI kAla se utpanna hue tathA tapa bhI kAla se utpanna huaa| kAla se jala-tattva utpanna huaa| kAla se hI brahmA, tapa aura dizAe~ utpanna huiiN| kAla se hI sUrya udita hotA hai tathA kAla meM hI niviSTa hotA hai| nArAyaNopaniSad meM kAla ko nArAyaNa',zivapurANa meM kAla ko Izvara' tathA viSNupurANa meM use brahma kA parama pradhAna rUpa kahA gayA hai|' bhagavadgItA meM kRSNa kahate haiM kAlo'smi lokakSayakRtpravRddho, lokAn samAhartumiha prvRttH| arthAt maiM loka kA kSaya karane vAlA pravRddha kAla hU~ tathA isa samaya lokoM ko naSTa karane ke lie pravRtta huA huuN| kAlavAda kA prathama ullekha zvetAzvataropaniSad meM prApta hotA hai-'kAlaH svabhAvo niyatiryadRcchA bhUtAniyoniH puruSaiticintyA" isakA tAtparya hai ki kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, bhUta, yoni, puruSa Adi kAraNa haiM / jyotirvidyA meM kAla ke AdhAra para hI samasta gaNanAe~ kI jAtI haiM tathA jIvana kI bhUta-bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM kA Akalana kAla ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| bure dinoM yA acche dinoM kA AnA Adi janamAnyatA, kAla kI kAraNatA ko iMgita karatI hai| kAlavAda kI mAnyatA ke anusAra kAla hI sarvavidha kAryoM kA kAraNa hai| ___ bhAratIya darzana-granthoM meM bhI kAla ke svarUpa evaM usakI kAraNatA kA pratipAdana huA hai / vaizeSika darzana meM kAla ko eka dravya mAnA gayA hai / "pRthivyApastejo vAyurAkAzaM kAlo digAtmA mana iti dravyANi'" sUtra se spaSTa hai ki kAla eka dravya hai| kAla kA anumAna jyeSThatva-kaniSThatva, krama-yogapadya, cira-kSipra Adi pratyayoM se hotA hai| vaizeSika darzana ke anusAra kAla nitya hai| saMkhyA meM eka hI hai| bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna meM ise vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| prazastapAdabhASya meM

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kAla kA svarUpa 15 kAla ko saMkhyA, parimANa, pRthaktva, saMyoga aura vibhAga-ina pA~ca guNoM se yukta mAnA gayA hai / vaizeSika darzana meM kAla ko sabhI kriyAoM kA sAmAnya kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, aisA 'kAraNena kAla:"' sUtra se siddha hotA hai| kAla nimitta kAraNa banatA hai, samavAyI kAraNa nahIM / nyAyadarzana meM bAraha prameya padArthoM meM kAla kI gaNanA nahIM kI gayI hai, kintu kAla kI sattA ko svIkAra avazya kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha mana kI siddhi karate hue naiyAyika kahate haiM-"yugapajjJAnAnutpattirmanaso linggm|" yahA~ yugapad zabda kAla kA bodhaka hai / prasaMgavaza eka sthala para akSapAda gautama ne dizA, deza, kAla aura AkAza kI kAraNatA ke sambandha meM kAla zabda kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai| sAMkhyadarzana ke 25 tattvoM meM kahIM bhI kAla kA ullekha nahIM AyA hai, tathApi sAMkhyapravacanabhASya ke dvitIya adhyAya meM ullekha prApta hotA hai ki dizA aura kAla AkAza ke hI svarUpa haiN| ye donoM AkAza prakRti ke guNa vizeSa haiN| AkAza ke vibhu hone ke kAraNa dik aura kAla bhI vibhu haiM / jo dik-kAla Adi ke khaNDa prApta hote haiM ve upAdhi saMyoga Adi se AkAza se utpanna mAne gaye haiN| isa prakAra sAMkhyadarzana meM prakArAntara se kAla ko aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai tathA usake vibhu aura khaNDa donoM svarUpa svIkAra kiye gae haiM / yuktidIpikAkAra ne upAdAna kA sAmarthya hone para bhI kAla kI apekSA ko aMgIkAra kiyA hai / sAMkhya darzana meM kAla ko tRtIya tuSTi ke rUpa meM bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| yoga darzana meM vyAsabhASya ke antargata kAla kA vivecana kSaNa evaM krama kI vyAkhyA karate hue prApta hotA hai| kSaNa ko paribhASita karate hue vyAsa kahate haiM ki eka paramANu pUrva sthAna ko chor3akara uttara sthAna ko jitane samaya meM prApta hotA hai vaha kAla 'kSaNa' kahalAtA hai| isa kSaNa ke pravAha kA viccheda na honA hI krama kahalAtA hai / kSaNa vAstavika hai tathA krama kA AdhAra hai / krama avAstavika hai, kyoMki do kSaNa kabhI bhI sAtha nahIM rahate haiN| pahale vAle kSaNa ke anantara dUsare kSaNa kA honA hI krama kahalAtA hai, isalie vartamAna eka kSaNa hI vAstavika hai, pUrvottara kSaNa nahIM / muhUrta, ahorAtra Adi jo kSaNa-samAhAra rUpa vyavahAra hai, vaha buddhi kalpita hai, vAstavika nahIM / " kAla aura dik ko sAMkhyadarzana kI bhA~ti yoga

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana dArzanika vijJAnabhikSu ne AkAza se hI utpanna svIkAra kiyA hai|" mImAMsA darzana meM kAla kA svarUpa vaizeSika darzana ke hI samAna mAnA gayA hai / pArthasArathi mizra kI zAstradIpikA TIkA ke vyAkhyAkAra paMDita rAmakRSNa kA maMtavya hai ki vaizeSika jahA~ kAla ko apratyakSa mAnate haiM, vahA~ mImAMsaka mata meM vaha pratyakSa hai| advaita vedAnta darzana meM vyAvahArika rUpa se kAla ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / vedAnta paribhASA meM naimittika pralaya meM kAla ko nimitta mAnA gayA hai| zuddhAdvaita darzana meM kAla ko atIndriya hone se kArya se anumita svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / " bauddhadarzana meM bhI bhUta, bhaviSya evaM vartamAna ke rUpa meM kAla svIkRta hai| kAla-kSaNa ko svIkAra karane ke AdhAra para hI vastu ko kSaNika kahA gayA hai| ___ vyAkaraNadarzana meM bhI kAla kI carcA prApta hotI hai| bhartRhari ne vAkyapadIya ke tRtIya kANDa meM kAla samuddeza ke antargata kAla ke svarUpa evaM bhedoM para vicAra kiyA hai| kAla ko helArAja ne amUrta kriyA ke pariccheda kA hetu pratipAdita kiyA hai- kaalo'muurtkriyaapricchedhetuH| utpatti, sthiti aura vinAza kriyAoM meM tathA ina kriyAoM se yukta padArthoM kI utpatti Adi meM kAla nimitta kAraNa hotA hai| jainadarzana meM kAla kI dravyatA viSayaka matabheda jaina darzana meM kAla ko dravya svIkAra karane ke sambandha meM mata-vaibhinya hai / tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti athavA umAsvAmI 'kAlazcetyeke" sUtra se matabheda kA saMketa karate haiM / jaina darzana meM loka ko SaDdravyAtmaka kahA gayA hai", ataH usameM kAla dravya kA samAveza svataH ho jAtA hai, kintu bhagavatIsUtra meM loka ko paMcAstikAyAtmaka bhI kahA gayA hai paMcAstikAya meM kAla kA antarbhAva nahIM hone se usakI pRthak dravyatA para praznacihna upasthita hotA hai / digambara paramparA meM to nirvivAda rUpa se kAla ko dravya aGgIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu zvetAmbara paramparA meM do mata haiM / kucha zvetAmbara jaina dArzanika kAla ko pRthak dravya aMgIkara karate haiM tathA kucha nahIM / ina donoM matoM kA ullekha jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM, haribhadrasUri viracita dharmasaMgrahaNi meM, upAdhyAya vinayavijaya kI kRti lokaprakAza Adi granthoM meM saMprApta hai /

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kAla kA svarUpa kAla kI pRthak dravyatA asvIkRti meM tarka jo dArzanika kAla kI pRthak dravyatA aGgIkAra nahIM karate, ve kahate haiM ki dharmAstikAyAdi dravyoM kA paryAya hI kAla hai, usakA pRthak astitva asiddha hai| isa mata ke pratipAdana meM vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM nirUpita bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM gautama gaNadhara ke madhya saMvAda pramukha AdhAra hai / gautama gaNadhara ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se prazna kiyA- "kimidaMbhaMte! kAle tti pvuccti|' bhagavan yaha kAla kise kahA jAtA hai? bhagavAn ne uttara diyA- jIvAceva ajIvA cev| arthAt kAla jIva bhI haiM aura ajIva bhii| jIvoM kI paryAya rUpa se yaha kAla jIvasvarUpa hai evaM ajIva dravyoM kI paryAya rUpa meM yaha ajIva rUpa hai| sthAnAGgasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai- samayAti vA Avilayati vA jIvAti vA ajIvAti vA pavuccati arthAt jo paryAya utpanna hotI hai evaM vilIna hotI hai, vaha jIva evaM ajIva paryAya hI hotI hai| ___ jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM bhI kAla kA jIva aura ajIva dravyoM ke paryAya rUpa meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai / vahA~ para kathana hai- "so vattaNAirUvo kAlo davvassa ceva pjjaao|" vaha vartanAdisvarUpa kAla dravya kI hI paryAya hai| haribhadrasUri viracita dharmasaMgrahaNi ke TIkAkAra malayagiri kA bhI kathana hai ki kAla jIva evaM ajIva dravyoM kA paryAya hotA hai, usakA svatantra astitva nahIM hai| malayagiri ke zabdoM meM- "jIvAdivastu se vyatirikta kAla nAmaka parikalpita padArtha pratyakSa se kahIM upalabdha nahIM hotA hai|728 TIkAkAra malayagiri yahA~ kAla ke dravyatva ko aGgIkAra karane vAle vaizeSika mata ko pUrvapakSa meM upasthApita karate haiM"pratyakSa se kAla bhale hI upalabdha na ho, anumAna se to usakI prApti hotI hai, kyoMki pUrvApara vyavahAra dekhA jAtA hai / vaha pUrvApara vyavahAra vastu ke svarUpa mAtra kA nimitta nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki vaha to vartamAna meM bhI hotA hai / isalie vaha jisa nimitta se hotA hai vaha kAla hai| usa kAla kA pUrvatva aura aparatva svayaM jAna lenA cAhie, anyathA anavasthA kA prasaGga AtA hai / ataH pUrvakAlayogI pUrva hai tathA aparakAlayogI apara hai|" kahA gayA hai-"pUrvakAlAdiyogI yaHsapUrvAdyapadezabhAk puurvaaprtvNtsyaapisvruupaadevnaanytH|"

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18 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana AcArya malayagiri vaizeSikoM kI isa yukti kA pratyuttara dete hue kahate haiM ki yadi kAla eka hI hai to usameM pUrvAparatva kaise sambhava haiM ? yadi sahacArI ke samparka ke kAraNa kAla kI pUrvatva, aparatva Adi kalpanA kI jAtI hai to yaha bhI samIcIna nahIM hai, kyoMki itaretarAzraya doSa kA prasaGga AtA hai| kyoMki sahacArI rAma Adi kI pUrvatA kAlagata pUrvatvAdi yoga se hogI evaM kAla kI pUrvatvAditA sahacArI rAma Adi ke yoga se hogii| isa prakAra eka ke asiddha hone para dUsarA asiddha ho jAtA hai / isalie para parikalpita kAla yukti se anupapanna hone ke kAraNa vartanAlakSaNa kAla hI svIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki isameM binA kaThinAI ke pUrva Adi kA prayoga sambhava hai, kyoMki atIta vartanA ko pUrva, bhAvI vartanA ko apara aura tatkAla meM hone vAlI vartanA ko vartamAna kahA jAtA hai| usa vartanA lakSaNa kAla ke prati dravya bhinna hone ke kAraNa yaha ananta hai| isalie yaha kathana upayukta hai ki vaha kAla jIvAjIvAdi paryAya rUpa dharma hai| kAla pRthak dravya nahIM hai,isakI puSTi meM lokaprakAzakAra upAdhyAya vinayavijaya kahate haiM-"vartanAdi paryAya rUpa kAla jIva-ajIva kA svarUpa hai evaM dravya se abhinna haiN| vartanAdisvarUpa kAla pRthak dravya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki yadi dravya kI paryAya hI pRthak dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI jAyegI to anavasthA doSa kA prasaGga upasthita hogA / kAla to dravyoM ke paryAyarUpa hai, ataH vaha pRthak dravya nahIM ho sakatA / " upAdhyAya vinayavijaya anya tarka dete hue kahate haiM, "jisa prakAra vyoma sarvatra vidyamAna hone se astikAya mAnA jAtA hai to usI prakAra vartamAnasvarUpa evaM sarvatra vyApta kAla ko bhI astikAya kI koTi meM aGgIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, kintu aisA sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki AgamoM meM pA~ca hI astikAya mAne gae haiN"|" isa prakAra jahA~ kAla kI pRthak dravyatA kA nirasana kiyA gayA hai vahA~ jainadArzanika kAla kI pRthak dravyatA ko siddha karane meM bhI aneka hetu prastuta karate haiN| kAla kI pRthagdravyatAsiddhi meM tarka yaha to vidita hI hai ki digambara paramparA meM nirvivAda rUpa se kAla ko pRthak dravya aGgIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu zvetAmbara paramparA bhI isakI siddhi meM aneka tarka prastuta karatI hai| AgamoM meM dravya chaha kahe gae haiM tathA astikAya pA~ca / kahIM

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kAla kA svarUpa 19 bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki dravya pA~ca hote haiM / isa Agama saMdarbha se hI siddha hotA hai ki kAla bhI eka dravya hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, uttarAdhyayana sUtra evaM anuyogadvAra sUtra meM dharmAstikAyAdi chaha dravyoM kA kathana hai / " kAla kI pRthakdravyatA siddhi meM AcArya vidyAnanda, malayagiri aura upAdhyAya vinayavijaya ne aneka tarka die haiN| vidyAnanda digambara dArzanika haiM, kintu tattvArthazlokavArtika meM unhoMne dravya ke lakSaNa 'guNaparyAyavavavyam" ko kAla meM ghaTita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| ve kahate haiM ki 'dravya' guNa evaM paryAyayukta hotA hai| kAla bhI guNayukta evaM paryAyayukta hotA hai / kAla meM sAmAnyataH saMyoga, vibhAga, saMkhyA, parimANa Adi guNa tathA vizeSarUpa se sUkSmatva, amUrtatva, agurulaghutva, eka pradezatva Adi guNa hote haiM / anya padArthoM ke krama-vartana meM jo vartanA Adi kAraNa haiM ve kAla kI paryAya haiM, ataH kAla bhI guNaparyAyavAn hone se dravya hai| prazna utpanna hotA hai ki alokAkAza meM kAladravya nahIM hotA hai ataH vahA~ paryAyaparivartana kaise hotA hai? isa prazna ke uttara meM vidyAnanda kahate haiM ki AkAza to akhaNDa hai usake lokAkAza evaM alokAkAza bheda aupacArika haiM / ataH lokAkAza meM kAladravya ke nimitta se jo paryAya parirvatana hotA hai vaha sampUrNa AkAzadravya kA eka sAtha hotA hai| ataH alokAkAza kA bhI paryAya parivartana sAtha hI ho jAtA hai| AcArya malayagiri kAla ko dravya siddha karane hetu nimnalikhita tarka dete haiM-36 1. dharmAstikAyAdi pA~ca dravyoM se pRthak aDhAI dvIpa samudra ke bhItara rahane vAlA SaSTha kAla dravya hai jisake kAraNa bItA huA kala, Ane vAlA kala ityAdi kA jJAna hotA hai tathA ye kAlavAcI zabda bhI yathArtha haiM, kyoMki Apta ke dvArA prayoga kie gae haiN| 2. Agama meM bhI sAkSAt kahA gayA hai ki chaThA dravya kAla hai, yathA "kaiNaM bhaMte davvA paNNattA?! cha davvA paNNattA taMjahA dhammatthikAe, adhammatthikAe AgAsatthikAe, jIvatthikAepoggalatthikAe addhAsamae iti|" 3. yaha addhAsamaya pUrvApara koTi se rahita nahIM hai, kyoMki atyanta asat kA utpAda nahIM hotA tathA sat kA sarvathA vinAza nahIM hotA, apitu vaha kAla

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana pUrvApara meM anvayI hai| usakA anvayI rUpa dhruva hai, pUrvAparaparyAya ke nAza evaM utpAda se usameM vyaya evaM utpAda kI siddhi hotI hai / ataH 'utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM sat'sallakSaNayoga se kAladravya kI sattAsiddhi hotI hai| 'guNaparyAyavad drvym'| (tattvArthasUtra 5.37) evaM 'dravyam sallakSaNam' sUtrAnusArI dravyalakSaNa bhI kAla meM ghaTita hone se vaha svatantra dravya hai| upAdhyAya vinayavijaya ne bhI kAla kI siddhi meM vibhinna tarka die haiM, yathA1. jisa prakAra skandhAdi kAryoM se paramANu svarUpa kAraNa kA anumAna hotA hai usI prakAra sUrya Adi kI gati ko dekhakara kAla kA anumAna hotA hai|" 2. samayAdi vizeSa svarUpa ke AdhAra se kAla kA pRthak dravyatva siddha hotA hai| 3. loka meM nAnAvidha Rtubheda dRSTigocara hotA hai, jisakA kAraNa kAla hai| . 4. anya samasta kAraNoM ke hone para bhI AmrAdi vRkSoM meM phala nahIM lagate haiM, ve nAnA zakti samanvita kAla kI apekSA rakhate haiN| 5. kAla dravya ko svIkAra kie binA vartamAna, atIta, bhaviSyat Adi zabdoM kA prayoga saMbhava nahIM hai tathA kAladravya ke binA inakA pRthak rUpa se jJAna bhI sambhava nhiiN| 6. kSipra, cira, divasa, mAsa, varSa, yuga Adi zabda bhI kAla dravya ko siddha karate haiN| 7. jisa zuddha pada se jo vAcya hotA hai vaha saMsAra meM avazya hotA hai, isa anumAna se bhI kAla zabda ke dvArA kAladravya kI siddhi hotI hai| bhaTTa akalaka ne tattvArthavArtika meM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki AkAza dravya anya dravyoM kA AdhAra hotA hai, parantu unakI vartanA meM nimitta kAladravya hI hotA hai| kAladravya kI vartanA meM anya nimitta kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI / kAla dravya kA vartanA lakSaNa dUsare dravyoM kI sattA siddha karane ke sAtha svakAla dravya kI bhI sattA siddha kara detA hai| kAla ke upakAra:vartanAdi kA svarUpa jaina darzana meM kAla ke kucha upakAra yA kArya svIkRta haiM, yathA vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva aura aparatva / ina kAryoM se kAraNa svarUpa kAla dravya kA anumAna

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kAla kA svarUpa 21 hotA hai| vartanA evaM pariNAma zabdoM kA prayoga kAla ke svarUpa-vivecana meM jaina dArzanikoM ne hI kiyA hai| vartanA, pariNAma evaM kriyA meM atyanta-sUkSma bheda hai| paratvAparatva kA abhiprAya to jaina darzana meM bhI vahI hai jo vaizeSika darzana meM mAnya hai| arthAt paratva zabda jyeSTha kA bodhaka hai evaM aparatva kaniSTha kA bodha karAtA hai| jyeSTha-kaniSTha kA vyavahAra kAla ke Azrita hai| yadi kAla nAmaka dravya mAnya na ho to jyeSTha-kaniSTha kA bheda nahIM ho skegaa| aba vartanA, pariNAma evaM kriyA kA svarUpa samajha leM / tattvArthabhASya meM kahA gayA hai- "sarvabhAvAnAM vartanA kAlAzrayA vRttiH| samasta padArtho kI jo kAla ke Azrita vRtti hai vaha vartanA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to vastu astitva kAla ke Azrita hai| sarvArthasiddhikAra pUjyapAda kahate haiM"vRtterNijantAtkarmaNibhAve vAyuTi strIliGgevartaneti bhvti|vy'te vartanamAtraMvA vartanA iti| dharmAdInAM dravyANAM svaparyAyanirvRtiM prati svAtmanaiva vartamAnAnAM bAhyopagrahAdvinA tavRttyabhAvAttatpravartamAnopalakSitaH kAla iti kRtvA kaalsyopkaarH|" 'vartanA' zabda 'vRtu vartane' dhAtu se Nic pratyaya evaM phira yuT pratyaya lagakara banA hai| vastu kA vartanamAtra vartanA hai| dharma, adharma, AkAza, jIva evaM pudgala dravya apanI paryAyoM ko svayaM prApta hote haiM, tathApi unameM bAhya upagraha ke rUpa meM kAla kAraNa banatA hai / vaha udAsIna nimitta kAraNa hotA hai / vartanA ke upAdAna kAraNa to svayaM dharma, adharma Adi dravya hote haiM / yaha vartanA utpatti, sthiti athavA gati ke rUpa meM prathama samaya Azrita mAnI gaI hai jaisA ki tattvArthabhASyakAra kahate haiM- 'vartanA utpattiH sthitiratha gatiH prthmsmyaashryetyrthH| dravya cAhe utpatti avasthA meM ho, cAhe sthiti avasthA meM ho yA gati avasthA meM, vaha jisa bhI avasthA meM prathama samaya meM vartamAna hai vaha kAla ke vartanA nAmaka upagraha yA kArya kA phala hai| pariNAma, kriyA Adi kI vyAkhyA dvitIyAdi samayoM ke Azrita hotI hai| lokaprakAzakAra upAdhyAya vinayavijaya jI kahate haiM dravyasya paramANvAderyA tadrUpatayA sthitiH| navajIrNatayAvAsA vrtnaaprikiirtitaa||" arthAt dravya kI yA paramANu Adi kI tatsvarUpa se athavA navInatA yA jIrNatA rUpa se jo avasthiti hai vaha vartanA kahI gaI hai|

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22 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura AkAza dravyoM kI vartanA bahiraMga kAraNa kI apekSA rakhatI hai aura unakA bahiraMga kAraNa kAla hai| kAla ke vartana kA anya koI nimitta kAraNa nahIM hai / yadi usakI vartanA kA anya koI nimitta kAraNa mAnA jAe, to anavasthA doSa kA prasaMga upasthita ho jaaegaa| vartanA ko yadi dharma, adharma Adi dravyoM kA hI kArya mAnA jAe to upAdAna kAraNoM kI bhinnatA hone se inase eka prakAra kA kArya honA sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki bhinna-bhinna upAdAna kAraNa bhinna-bhinna kAryoM ko janma dete haiM, kisI eka prakAra ke kArya ko nahIM / ataH kAla ko hI vartanA kA kAraNa mAnane se samasyA kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai| pariNAma kA svarUpa pratipAdita karate hue pUjyapAda kahate haiM- "dravyasya paryAyo dharmAntarAnivRttidharmAntaropajananarUpaH aparispandAtmakaH prinnaamH| jIvasya krodhAdiH, pudgalasya vrnnaadiH|" dravya kI aparispandAtmaka paryAya ko hI pariNAma kahate haiN| yaha eka dharma kI nivRttirUpa tathA anya dharma kI utpattisvarUpa hotA hai| AcArya vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika meM pariNAma ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai"dravyasya svajAtyaparityAgena prayogavisrasAlakSaNo vikAraH pariNAmaH visrsaaprinnaamo'naadiraadimaaNshc| svajAti kA tyAga kie binA dravya kA prayoga lakSaNa evaM vinasA lakSaNa vikAra pariNAma kahalAtA hai| inameM vinasA pariNAma anAdi evaM AdimAn ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai / umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra meM 'tadbhAvaH pariNAmaH sUtra dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki dharma, adharma Adi dravyoM tathA unake guNoM kA svabhAva hI pariNAma hai aura vaha anAdi evaM AdimAna ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| dharma, adharma, AkAza dravyoM meM anAdi pariNAma hotA hai aura rUpI pudgala dravya tathA jIva meM anAdi evaM AdimAna donoM pariNAma pAye jAte haiN| yaha pariNamana rUpa kArya bhI kAla ke binA sambhava nhiiN| paryAya pariNamana hI yahA~ pariNAma haiM / pariNAma ko svabhAva pariNAma evaM vibhAva pariNAma ke rUpa meM bhI vivecita kiyA gayA hai| jIva ke krodhAdi pariNAma vibhAva pariNAma haiM tathA jJAna, darzanAdi svabhAva pariNAma haiN| kriyA parispandAtmikA hotI hai / tattvArthabhASya meM gati ko kriyA kahA hai tathA ise tIna prakAra kA nirUpita kiyA gayA hai- prayogagati, vinasAgati evaM mizrikA /

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kAla kA svarUpa 23 pUjyapAda devanandI ne prAyogika evaM vainasika ye do bheda nirUpita karate hue zakaTa Adi kI gati ko prAyogika evaM megha Adi kI gati ko vainasika kahA hai / " zakaTa ko azva yA vRSabha khIMcate haiM, ataH jIva ke prayatna se yukta hone ke kAraNa yaha prAyogikI gati hai tathA megha Adi svataH svAbhAvika gati karate haiM ataH unakI gati vaisrasikI kahalAtI hai / lur3hakatI huI geMda ko paira se dhakkA mArane para jo gati hotI hai use mizrikA kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usameM svataH gati ke sAtha jIva kA prayatna bhI sammilita hai / vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika meM kriyA ko dravya kI vaha parispandAtmaka paryAya mAnA hai jo dezAntara prApti meM hetu hotI hai tathA vaha gati, bhramaNa Adi bhedoM se yukta hotI hai / " aba prazna yaha hai ki kriyA athavA gati meM to nimitta kAraNa dharmAstikAya dravya hai, phira kAla bhI usameM nimitta kaise huA? yahA~ samajhanA yaha hai ki dharmAstikAya jahA~ padArthoM / dravyoM kI sarvavidha gati meM sIdhA nimitta kAraNa hai vahA~ kAla dravya usa gati/kriyA kI nirantaratA yA avadhi kA jJAna karAtA hai evaM usameM nimitta bhI hotA hai / yadi kAla / samaya na ho to kriyA kI avadhAraNA ghaTita nahIM ho sakatI / vyAkaraNa darzana meM jahA~ 'amUrtakriyAparicchedahetuH kAlaH kahA gayA hai vahA~ jainadarzana meM kriyA kI niSpatti meM bhI kAla ko hetu kahA jAtA hai / 958 paratva-aparatva zabdoM kA prayoga kAla ke sandarbha meM jyeSTha-kaniSTha, nayA-purAnA Adi arthoM meM athavA pUrvabhAvI pazcAdbhAvI ke artha meM hotA hai / kAla ko svIkAra kie binA paratva - aparatva bodha honA kaThina hai T isa prakAra vartanA ko prathama samayAzrita, pariNAma ko dvitIyAdi samayAzrita, aparispandAtmaka paryAya tathA kriyA ko bahusamayAzrita, parispandAtmaka gati, ceSTA Adi kahA jA sakatA hai / paratva - aparatva ke svarUpa meM koI vivAda nahIM hai / vartanAlakSaNa kAla paramArtha kAla hai tathA pariNAmAdi lakSaNa kAla vyavahAra kAla hai / " kAla kA svarUpa | jaina darzana meM kAla amUrta hai tathA varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se rahita mAnya hai / vaha agurulaghu guNa yukta hotA hai / usakA pramukha lakSaNa vartanA hai / " yaha apradezI

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kiMvA eka pradezI hotA hai / jaina granthoM ke anusAra pratyeka AkAza pradeza para eka pRthak kAlANu kI sattA hai / lokAkAza asaMkhyAta pradezI hai, usake pratyeka pradeza para ratnoM kI rAzi kI bhAMti kAla dravya ke eka-eka kAlANu avasthita haiM / ye bhI AkAza pradezoM kI bhA~ti asaMkhyAta haiM, kintu vyavahAra naya se ananta paryAyoM kI vartanA meM nimitta hone se yaha kAla ananta bhI kahA jAtA hai / ina kAlANuoM meM snigdha evaM rukSa guNa kA abhAva hone se inakA pradeza pracaya athavA saMcaya nahIM bana pAtA hai| isIlie kAla dravya kA kAyatva athavA astikAyatva mAnya nahIM hai / ye kAlANu niraMza evaM niSkriya hote haiM kAla ananta samayasvarUpa hotA hai / tattvArthasUtra meM so'nantasamaya: sUtra ke dvArA isakA spaSTa ullekha huA hai| 'samaya' kAla kI sUkSmatama ikAI hai, jise eka sekaNDa kA bhI asaMkhyAtavA~ bhAga kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki gaNita ke AdhAra para eka sekaNDa meM 5825 AvalikAe~ bIta jAtI haiM evaM eka AvalikA meM asaMkhyAta samaya hote haiN| dUsarI ora eka muhUrta (48 minaTa) meM eka karor3a saDasaTha lAkha sattahattara hajAra do sau solaha AvalikAe~ hotI haiM / vartamAna eka samaya kA hotA hai tathA atIta evaM anAgata ananta hotA hai / paMcAstikAya kI tAtparyavRtti meM prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki jitane kAla meM AkAza ke eka pradeza se dUsare pradeza meM paramANu gamana karatA hai utane kAla ko samaya kahate haiM to eka samaya meM paramANu caudaha rajju loka taka gamana kare to kyA jitane AkAza pradeza haiM, utane hI samaya mAnane cAhie? isa prazna ke samAdhAna meM kahA gayA hai ki Agama meM jo paramANu kI eka samaya meM eka AkAza pradeza se dUsare AkAza pradeza meM gamana kI bAta kahI gaI hai vaha mandagati se kahI gaI hai tathA eka samaya meM paramANu kA caudaha rajju gamana zIghra gati kI apekSA se hai| vidyAnanda sUri ne paryAya se evaM vyavahAra se kAla ko ananta samayaka mAnA hai tathA dravya se evaM paramArthataH use lokAkAza pradeza parimANaka svIkAra kiyA hai so'nantasamayaH prokto bhAvato vyvhaartshc| drvytojgdaakaashprdeshprimaannkH||" paryAya se kAla ananta samaya vAlA hai, kyoMki vaha ananta paryAyoM kI vartanA kA

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kAla kA svarUpa 25 hai| eka-eka kAlANu zaktibheda se pratikSaNa ananta paryAyoM kA vartana karatA hai| ananta zakti sampanna kAla vyavahAra se ananta samaya vAlA hai / dravya se vaha lokAkAza pradeza parimANaka hone se asaMkhyeya hI hotA hai, AkAzAdi ke samAna vaha eka nahIM hotA aura na hI ananta hotA hai / kAla kA anastikAyatva yahA~ para yaha bhI spaSTataH jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki astikAya aura dravya ye donoM bhinna pAribhASika zabda haiM / ' astikAya' meM 'asti' zabda trikAlavAcI nipAta hai tathA 'kAya' zabda pradezoM ke samUha kA dyotaka hai / " arthAt jo pradeza samUha kAlatraya meM eka sAtha rahate haiM ve astikAya kahalAte haiM / ' asti' zabda kA pradeza artha bhI kiyA jAtA hai | ataH pradezoM kA samUha astikAya kahalAtA hai / " kAla meM pradeza pracaya nahIM hotA / pradeza pracaya ke abhAva meM use anastikAya svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai I I astikAya evaM dravya meM kyA bheda hai, yaha vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra se spaSTa hotA hai / vahA~ gautama gaNadhara kA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAtha jo saMvAda huA" usase vidita hotA hai ki dharmAstikAya kA eka pradeza dharmAstikAya nahIM hotA / usake do, cAra, pA~ca, chaha, sAta, ATha, nava, daza, saMkhyAta evaM asaMkhyAta pradeza bhI dharmAstikAya nahIM hote / dharmAstikAya kA akhaNDa grahaNa hone para hI use dharmAstikAya kahA jAtA hai| eka pradeza bhI nyUna hone para use dharmAstikAya kahanA sambhava nahIM / jaba dharmAstikAya ke samasta asaMkhyAta pradeza niravazeSa rUpa se gRhIta hote haiM tabhI use dharmAstikAya, kahA jAtA hai / dharmAstikAya ke samAna hI adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya aura pudgalAstikAya kA bhI akhaNDa rUpa svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / astikAya evaM dravya kA bheda pudgala aura jIva meM pUrNataH spaSTa hotA hai, kyoMki ve dravya se ananta haiM evaM astikAya se eka-eka haiM / jaba pudgalAstikAya zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai to usameM samasta pudgaloM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, kintu dravya kI dRSTi se pudgala ananta haiM / skandha, deza evaM pradeza bhI pudgala dravya haiM / pustaka, bhavana, lekhanI, kursI Adi pudgala dravya haiM,

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kintu astikAya nahIM / isI prakAra ananta jIva ananta dravya to haiM, kintu saba milAkara eka jIvAstikAya haiM / astikAya aura dravya meM yaha sUkSma bheda vyAkhyAprajJapti meM varNita hai / kAla dravya to hai, kintu astikAya nahIM, kyoMki usakA koI svarUpa nahIM banatA hai| kAla ke prakAra sthAnAGgasUtra, SaTkhaNDAgama, niyamasAra, tattvArtharAjavArtika, gommaTasAra Adi granthoM meM kAla ke prakAroM kA nirUpaNa hai / kAla ke paramArtha evaM vyavahAra bheda prasiddha haiN| inheM nizcaya evaM vyavahAra bhI kahA jAtA hai / kAla ke mukhyataH tIna prakAra haiM-atIta, anAgata aura vartamAna / ' ye vyavahArakAla ke hI bheda haiM / nAma, sthApanA, dravya aura bhAva kI apekSA se kAla cAra prakAra kA hai / guNasthiti, bhavasthiti, karmasthiti, kAyasthiti, upapAda aura bhAvasthiti kI apekSA se kAla ke chaha prakAra vizeSAvazyakabhASya aura lokaprakAza meM nikSepa kI apekSA se kAla ke 11 prakAra nirUpita haiM," yathA-1. nAmakAla, 2. sthApanAkAla, 3. dravyakAla, 4.addhAkAla, 5.yathAyuSkakAla, 6.upakramakAla, 7.dezakAla 8. kAlakAla, 9. pramANakAla, 10. varNakAla aura 11. bhaavkaal| kisI kA 'kAla' nAma rakhanA nAmakAla hai| kisI vastu athavA vyakti kI pratikRti, mUrti athavA citra meM kAla kA guNa-avaguNa rahita AropaNa karanA sthApanA kAla hai / jaise retaghar3I kI reta ke eka khaNDa se dUsare khaNDa meM Ane kI avadhi meM muhUrta yA ghaNTe kI sthApanA karanA sthApanA kAla hai| sacetana aura acetana dravyoM kI sthiti hI dravyakAla hai / yaha sAdi-sAnta, sAdi-ananta, anAdi-sAnta evaM anAdi ananta ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA hai / cauthA addhAkAla hai| yaha ar3hAIdvIpa (jambUdvIpa, dhAtakIkhaNDa evaM arddha puSkaradvIpa) kSetra meM sUrya, candra Adi graha-nakSatroM kI gati-kriyA se utpanna hotA hai| addhAkAla ke hI bheda haiM-samaya, AvalikA, muhUrta aadi| yaha addhAkAla jaba jIvoM ke AyuSya mAtra kA kathana karatA hai, to use yathAyuSkakAla kahA jAtA haiN|"

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kAla kA svarUpa 27 nArakI, tiryaJca, manuSya aura deva jitane AyuSkarma kA upArjana kara usakA jIvanakAla meM anubhava karate haiM, vaha yathAyuSkakAla hai / upakramakAla sAmAcArI upakrama aura yathAyuSka upakrama ke bheda se do prakAra kA hotA hai| isameM karmapudgaloM ko apane udayakAla se pUrva udaya meM lAkara bhogA jAtA hai| viziSTa sthiti se yukta kA bodha karanA dezakAla hai| maraNa kA samaya 'kAlakAla hai| kAla kA nizcita mApa nirdhArita kara gaNanA karanA pramANakAla hai / yaha addhAkAla kA bhI bheda hai / sthAnAGgasUtra kI TIkA meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki jisase sau varSa, palyopama Adi pramANa mApA jAtA hai vaha pramANa kAla hai / " zyAmavarNa ko varNakAla mAnA gayA hai tathA audayikAdi pA~ca bhAvoM kI sAdi, sAnta Adi vibhAgoM ke sAtha jo sthiti banatI hai use 'bhAvakAla' kahA gayA hai| pudgala parAvartana isa viSaya ke vivecana se sambaddha do pANDulipiyoM 'pudgala parAvartana vicAra' evaM 'pudgala parAvartana' kA avalokana kiyA gayA hai / 82 'pudgala parAvartana vicAra' pANDulipi se spaSTa hotA hai ki kAla ko mApane kI 'pudgala parAvartana' sabase bar3I ikAI hai, jisameM ananta utsarpiNI evaM ananta avasarpiNI yukta kAlacakroM kA antarbhAva ho jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM vyavahAra kAla ko saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta ke bheda se samajhA jAtA hai / samaya, AvalikA, muhUrta, ahorAtra, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara se lekara zIrSa prahelikA (194 aMka) taka ke kAla kI gaNanA saMkhyAta kAla meM hotI hai / palyopama evaM sAgaropama ko upamA se samajhAyA gayA hai / use aMkoM se varSagaNanA karake samajhAnA sambhava nahIM hai| eka aisA palya jo eka yojana lambA, eka yojana caur3A evaM eka yojana gaharA ho, use eka se sAta dina vAle navajAta zizu ke bAloM ke Tukar3e kara unase ThasAThasa bhara diyA jaae| usa para se hAthI, ghor3e phirA die jAe~, sau varSa meM eka bAla nikAlA jAe aura isa vidhi se jitane kAla meM vaha palya khAlI ho use palyopama kahA jAtA hai| dasa koTAkoTi palyopama kA eka sAgaropama hotA hai / kAla kI gaNanA meM pRthvIkAla zabda kA bhI prayoga hotA hai, jo isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki pRthvIkAya ke jIva adhikatama kitane samaya taka

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28 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana pRthvIkAya meM raha sakate haiM / ise asaMkhyAta utsarpiNI evaM asaMkhyAta avasarpiNI jitanA kAla mAnA gayA hai| pudgala parAvartana anantakAla kA dyotaka hai / pudgala parAvartana se Azaya hai saMsAra ke samasta pudgaloM ko zarIrAdi ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara chor3a dene kA jaba eka cakra pUrNa ho jAe to use eka pudgala parAvartana kahate haiN| eka pudgala parAvartana meM ananta avasarpiNI evaM utsarpiNI kAla vyatIta hotA hai / pudgala parAvartana dravya,kSetra,kAla evaM bhAva ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA hai tathA ina cAroM ke bAdara evaM sUkSma-bheda karane para yaha pudgala parAvartana ATha prakAra kA ho jAtA hai| ATha prakAra kI pudgala vargaNAe~ nirUpita haiM- (1) audArika vargaNA, (2) vaikriya vargaNA, (3) AhAraka vargaNA, (4) taijasa vargaNA, (5) bhASA vargaNA, (6) zvAsocchvAsa vargaNA, (7) manovargaNA aura (8) kArmaNa vrgnnaa| samAnajAtIya pudgala samUha ko vargaNA kahate haiM / inameM AhAraka vargaNA kA pudgala parAvartana sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki kisI bhI jIva ko AhAraka zarIra cAra bAra se adhika prApta nahIM hotaa| isalie zeSa sAta vargaNAoM ko AdhAra batAkara kahA gayA hai ki jitane kAla meM eka jIva samasta loka meM rahane vAle samasta paramANuoM ko audArika zarIra Adi sAta vargaNA rUpa se grahaNa karake chor3a detA hai, utane kAla ko bAdara dravya pudgala parAvartana kahate haiM aura jitane kAla meM samasta pudgala paramANuoM ko kisI eka vargaNA rUpa se grahaNa karake chor3a detA hai, utane parAvartana kAla ko sUkSma dravya pudgala parAvartana kahate haiM / yaha dravya pudgala parAvartana hai| eka jIva apane maraNa ke dvArA lokAkAza ke samasta pradezoM ko jaba binA krama sparza kara letA hai to use bAdara kSetra pudgala parAvartana kahate haiM tathA jaba vaha krama se unakA sparza karatA hai, to use sUkSma kSetra pudgala parAvartana kahA jAtA hai / isI prakAra utsarpiNI evaM avasarpiNI kAla ke pratyeka khaNDa meM binA krama se maraNa ko prApta hone para bAdara kAla pudgala parAvartana hotA hai evaM krama se aisA karane para sUkSma kAla pudgala parAvartana kahA jAtA hai / jaba jIva samasta anubhAga baMdha ke sthAnoM ko binA krama ke sparza kara letA hai, to use bAdara bhAva pudgala parAvartana kahate haiM evaM

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kAla kA svarUpa 29 krama se sparza karane para sUkSma bhAva pudgala parAvartana kahalAtA hai / audArika pudgala parAvartana kA abhiprAya hai saMsAra kI samasta pudgala vargaNAoM ko audArika ke rUpa meM pariNata karake chor3a dene para usameM lagane vAlA kAla / isI prakAra vaikriya Adi anya pudgala parAvartana ko samajhanA caahie| audArika Adi sAta pudgala parAvartanoM meM sabameM ananta kAla lagatA hai, tathApi kArmaNa pudgala parAvartana meM sabase kama kAla lagatA hai evaM vaikriya pudgala parAvartana meM sabase adhika / isa prakAra jaina darzana meM kAla kA atyanta sUkSma evaM gambhIra vivecana huA hai / 'samaya' kI ikAI rUpa meM pratiSThA jainadarzana kI viziSTa dRSTi kI paricAyaka hai, jo Adhunika vijJAna meM mAnya saikiNDa ke karor3aveM hisse se bhI sUkSma hai / palyopama, sAgaropama evaM pudgala parAvartana Adi kI avadhAraNA bhI jainadarzana kI kAla viSayaka avadhAraNA kI vyApaka dRSTi kA anumAna karAtI hai / saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta evaM ananta zabdoM kA gaNitIya prayoga bhI jaina dArzanikoM kI gaNanA viSayaka maulika medhA ko sUcita karatA hai sandarbhaH I - 1. (1) sanmatitarkaprakaraNa 3.52 para abhayadevasUri kRta tattvabodhavidhAyinI TIkA, gujarAta purAtattva maMdira, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1980, pR. 711 (2) AcArAMga para zIlAGka TIkA, zrI siddha sAhitya pracAraka samiti, sUrata, 1935, 1.1.1.3 (3) zAstravArtAsamuccaya, divyadarzana TrasTa, bambaI, stabaka 2, zloka 54, (4) mahAbhArata, gItApresa, gorakhapura, caturtha saMskaraNa, 1988, Adiparva, prathama adhyAya, zloka 248 evaM 250 kI prathama paMktiyA~, 2. (1) atharvaveda, hariyANA sAhitya saMsthAna, rohataka, vi.saM. 2043, kANDa 19, adhyAya 6, sUkta 53, maMtra 10 (2) artharvaveda, kANDa 19, adhyAya 6, sUkta 54, maMtra 1 3. kAlazca nArAyaNaH / tripAdavibhUtimahAnArAyaNopaniSad, nArAyaNopaniSad, 2, IzAdyaSTozatopaniSad, vyAsa prakAzana, vArANasI, 1983, pR. 312 4. zivapurANa, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, banArasa - dillI, 1973, vAyusaMhitA ( pUrva bhAga), zloka 16

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 5. zrI viSNupurANa, prathama bhAga, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 1956, prathama aMza, sRSTiprakriyA, pRSTha 9 6. bhagavadgItA, gItApresa, gorakhapura, 11.32 7. zvetAzvataropaniSad, IzAdi nau upaniSad, gItA presa, gorakhapura, 2002, prathama adhyAya, 30 mantra 2 8. vaizeSika sUtra, oriyaNTala iMsTITyUTa, bar3audA, 1982, adhyAya 1, AhUnika 1, sUtra 4 9. (1) aparasminnaparaM yugapacciraM kSipramiti kAlaliGgAni / - vaizeSikasUtra, adhyAya 2, AhUhnika 2, sUtra 6, - (2) kAlaH parAparavyatikarayaugapadyacirakSiprapratyayaliGgam / prazastapAdabhASya, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, dravyanirUpaNa 10. tasya guNAH sNkhyaaprimaannpRthktvsNyogvibhaagaaH| - prazastapAdabhASya, pUrvokta 11. vaizeSika sUtra, 5.2.26 12. nyAyasUtra, caukhambA saMskRta saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1.1.16 13. digdezakAlAkAzeSvapyevaM prsNgH| - nyAyasUtra, 2.1.23 14. dikkaalaavaakaashaadibhyH| - sAMkhyapravacanabhASya, dvitIya adhyAya, sUtra 12 15. sAMkhyakArikA meM 9 tuSTiyoM meM cAra AdhyAtmika tuSTiyA~ haiM- prakRti, upAdAna, kAla aura bhaagy| inake atirikta pA~ca tuSTiyA~ zabdAdi pA~ca bAhya viSayoM se virata hone para prApta hotI haiN| 16. yogabhASya, yogasUtra, 3.52 para, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, vArANasI, 1997 17. yogavArtika, yogasUtra, 3.52 para, bhAratIya vidyA prakAzana, vArANasI, 1997 18. nAsmAkaM vaizeSikAdivadapratyakSaH kAlaH, kintu pratyakSa eva, asminkSaNe mayopalabdha ityanubhavAt / arUpasyApyAkAzavat pratyakSatvaM bhaviSyati 1- zAstradIpikA (yuktisnehapUraNIsiddhAnta candrikATIkA ) - adhyAya 5, pAda 1, adhikaraNa 5, sUtra 5, darzana ane cintana, pR. 1027 para uddhRta 19. atIndriyatvena kAryAnumeyatvena c| prasthAnaratnAkara, puruSottama gosvAmI, zrI vallabha vidyApITha, kolhApura, tRtIya saMskaraNa, vikrama saMvat 2056, pR. 202 20. vAkyapadIya, kAlasamuddeza kArikA 2 para helArAjakRta prakAzavyAkhyA 21. tattvArthasUtra, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, tRtIya saMskaraNa, 1993, 5.38 22. (ka) dhammo ahammo AgAsaM, kAlo puggalajaMtavo esa logo tti paNNato, jiNehiM varadaMsIhiM / / - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 28.7 -

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31 kAla kA svarUpa (kha) davaNAme chavihe paNNatte, taMjahA-dhammatthikAe, adhammatthikAe, AgAsatthikAe, jIvatthikAe, poggalatthikAe, addhAsamae ya - anuyogadvArasUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, sUtra 218 23. "kimiyaM bhaMte! loyatti pavuccai ? goyamA pNctthikaayaa|" - vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, (rAja.) 1983, zataka, 13.4.481 24. anyatra bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| draSTavya- paNDita sukhalAla saMghavI, 'darzana aura cintana', ___paM. sukhalAla sanmAna samiti, ahamadAbAda, 1953, pR. 331 25. uddhRta, lokaprakAza, caturtha bhAga, zrI bhairUlAla kanhaiyAlAla koThArI rIlijiyasa TrasTa, bAlakezvara, mumbaI, pR. 3 26. sthAnAGgasUtra, sthAna 2, uddezaka 4, uddhRta, lokaprakAza, caturthabhAga, 27. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA, 20-26 28. na hi jIvAdivastuvyatiriktaH kazcit kAlo nAma padArthavizeSaH parikalpitaH ekaH prtykssennoplbhyte|- dharmasaMgrahaNi, divyadarzana TrasTa, dholakA, gAthA 32 para TIkA 29. vahI, gAthA 32 para TIkA 30. vahI, gAthA 32 para TIkA 31. lokaprakAza, 28.13-15 evaM 29.16-17 32. draSTavya- uparyukta TippaNa, 22 33. tattvArthasUtra, 5.37 34. tattvArthazlokavArtika, AcArya kunthusAgara granthamAlA, zolApura, 1951, 5.39.2-3, 35. vahI, 5.40.2 36. dharmasaMgrahaNi, divyadarzana TrasTa, dholakA, gAthA 32 para TIkA, pR. 38 37. lokaprakAza, zrI jinAjJA prakAzana, vApI (guja.), vi.saM. 2062, 28.16 38. vahI, 28.21, 39. vahI, 28.25 40. vahI, 28.48 41. vahI, 28.49-50 42. vahI, 28.53-54 43. vahI, 28.20 44. tattvArthavArtika, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, kAzI, 1955, 5.22

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32 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 45. vartanA pariNAmaH kriyA paratvAparatve ca kAlasya / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.22 46. tattvArthabhASya, seTha maNilAla revAzaMkara jagajIvana jauharI, bambaI 1932, 5.22 47. sarvArthasiddhi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, 2009, sUtra 5.22, pR. 222 48. tattvArthabhASya, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, 1992, sUtra 5.22, pR. 267 49. lokaprakAza, 28.58 50. tattvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra, SaSTha bhAga, pR. 165 51. sarvArthasiddhi, 5.22, pR. 222 52. tattvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra, SaSTha bhAga, pR. 169 53. tattvArthasUtra, 5.41 54. anaadiraadimaaNshc| - tattvArthasUtra, 5.42 55. kriyA gatiH, sA trividhA - prayogagatiH, visrasAgatiH, mizriketi / - tattvArthabhASya, 5.22 56. kriyA parispandAtmikA / sA dvividhA; prAyogikavainasikabhedAt / tatra prAyogikI zakaTAdInAm, vaisrasikI meghAdInAm / - sarvArthasiddhi, 5.22, pR.223 57. parispandAtmako dravyaparyAyaH sampratIyate kriyA dezAntaraprAptiheturgatyAdibhedabhRt / / -tattvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra, SaSTha bhAga, pR. 195 58. vAkyapadIya, kAlasamuddeza, kArikA 2 para helArAjakRta prakAza vyAkhyA 59. kAlo hi dvividhaH paramArthakAlo vyavahArakAlazca / paramArthakAlo vartanAlakSaNaH | pariNAmAdilakSaNo vyavahArakAlaH / - sarvArthasiddhi, 5.22, pR.223 60. vavagadapaNNavaNNaraso vavagada do gaMdha aTThaphAso ya / agurulahugo amutto vaTTaNalakkho ya kAlo tti|| -paMcAstikAya saMgraha, paNDita ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, jayapura, 1984, 24 61. lokAkAzasya yAvantaH pradezAstAvantaH kAlANavo niSkriyAH ekaikAkAzapradeze ekaikavRttyA lokaM vyApya vyvsthitaaH| uktaM ca - logAgAsapadese ekkekke je TThiyA hu ekkkkaa| rayaNANaM rAsI viva te kAlANU muNeyavvA / / - gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 589 evaM dravyasaMgrahavRtti, 22 62. tattvArtharAjavArtika, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1953, 5.40 63. niyamasAra, gAthA 34, digambara jaina triloka zodha saMsthAna, vIra. ni. 2511 64. tattvArthasUtra, 5.40 65. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAja.), 1957, zataka 6, uddezaka 6 66. egA koDI satasaTThi lakkhA sattahuttari sahassA ya, do ya sayA solahiyA AvaliyA iga muhutammi / / navatattvaprakaraNa, nirNaya sAgara presa, muMbaI, vi. saM. 1954

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33 kAla kA svarUpa 67. tattvArthabhASya, 5.40 68. paMcAstikAyasaMgraha tAtparya vRtti, 25 evaM dravyasaMgrahaTIkA, 22 (asaMkhyAta koTAkoTi yojana kA eka rajju hotA hai|) 69. tattvArthazlokavArtika, 5.39 70. tattvArthazlokavArtika, 5.39 para vRtti 71. astItyayaM trikAlavacano nipAtaH, abhUvan bhavanti bhaviSyanti ceti bhaavnaa| ato'sti ca te pradezAnAM kAyAzca rAzaya iti astikaayH|- abhayadevasUri, zrI sthAnAGagasUtram (abhayadevasUrikRta TIkA yukta) sampAdaka-munijambUvijaya, zrI jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, san 2003, bhAga 2 pRSTha 330, zrI abhidhAna rAjendra koza, bhAga 1, pRSTha 513 para bhI uddhRta 72. astizabdena pradezapradezAH kvaciducyante tatazca teSAM vA kAyAH astikaayaaH|- zrI sthAnAGagsUtram (abhayadevasUriTIkA), pR. 330 tathA zrI abhidhAna rAjendra koza, bhAga 1, pRSTha 513 73. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 2, uddezaka 10, sUtra 7-8 74. dvividhaH kAlaH paramArthakAlaH vyvhaarkaalshceti| - tattvArthavArtika, 5.22 75. (1) sthAnAMgasUtra, tIna sthAna, caturtha uddezaka, kAlasUtra ___(2) SaTkhaNDAgama, jIvasthAna 1.5.1 76. SaTkhaNDAgama, jIvasthAna, 1.5.1 77. (1) vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 2030-31,(2)- lokaprakAza, 28.93-94 78. sUryAdikriyayA vyaktIkRto nRkssetrgocrH| godohAdikriyAniyaMpekSo'ddhAkAla ucyate / / - lokaprakAza, 28.105 79. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 2038 tathA lokaprakAza, 28.110 80. lokaprakAza, 28.192 81. sthAnaGgaTIkA, gaNitAnuyoga,Agama anuyoga TrasTa, ahamadAbAda, pR. 692 para uddhRta 82. (1) pudgala parAvartanavicAra, 24 panne, lekhaka kA ullekha nahIM (2) pudgala parAvartana, 1 pannA 83. prajJApanAsUtra, zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara (rAja.), samudghAtapada 84. uparyukta pANDulipiyA~, paMcakarmagrantha, gAthA 86-88, lokaprakAza, sarga 35 evaM pravacanasAroddhAra, dvAra 162, gAthA 1043-1050

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sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma-vimarza umAsvAti* (dvitIya-tRtIya zatI I.) dvArA racita 'tattvArthasUtra' jainadarzana kA saMskRta bhASA meM racita prathama sUtra grantha hai jo zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM ko mAnya hai / isa sUtra para pUjyapAda devanandI dvArA 'sarvArthasiddhi' TIkA kI racanA kI gaI hai| siddhasenagaNi (tattvArthabhASyavRtti), haribhadrasUri (tattvArthaTIkA), bhaTTa akalaMka (tattvArthavArtika) AcArya vidyAnanda (tattvArthazlokavArtika) Adi ke dvArA bhI tattvArthasUtra para vyAkhyA grantha likhe gae / yahA~ pUjyapAda devanandI kI TIkA ke AdhAra para jainadarzana meM pratipAdita 'AtmA' kiM vA 'jIva' ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa vivecana se vidita hotA hai ki cetanAlakSaNa se yukta jIva meM jJAna evaM darzana ye do guNa jIva ke svarUpa banakara rahate haiN| inakA jIva se svatantra astitva nahIM hai / ye donoM guNa bodha rUpa vyApAra kI apekSA upayoga bhI kahe gae haiN| isa AdhAra para jIva kA lakSaNa 'upayoga' bhI svIkRta hai| upayoga ke bhI do prakAra pratipAdita haiM- jJAnopayoga evaM drshnopyog| darzanopayoga nirvikalpaka bodha hai tathA jJAnopayoga savikalpaka bodha / prastuta Alekha meM jIva ke bhedoM, amUrtatA-mUrtatA, mukta jIva, jIvoM ke bahutva, deha-parimANatva, nityAnityAtmakatA, paraspara-upagrahatva Adi ke sambandha meM bhAratIya paramparA ke darzanoM ke sAtha tulanA karate hue prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM 'jIva' evaM 'AtmA' zabda kA prayoga ekArthaka hai| donoM meM koI bheda nahIM hai / tattvArthasUtra meM tattvagaNanA evaM dravyagaNanA ke prakaraNa meM kramazaH prathama evaM paMcama adhyAya meM 'jIva' zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai|' sarvArthasiddhi meM 'AtmA' zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie vahA~ 'akSa' kA artha AtmA evaM indra kA artha AtmA kiyA gayA hai / prAyaH 'jIva' zabda hI adhika prayukta hai| jIva tattva bhI hai evaM dravya bhI hai| jaba jIva kA nirUpaNa SaDdravyAtmaka loka ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA hai taba vaha 'dravya' kahalAtA hai tathA jaba bandhana evaM mukti kI prakriyA ko samajhane kI dRSTi se kiyA jAtA hai to vaha tattva kahalAtA hai| tattva evaM dravya svarUpataH pRthak hokara bhI eka hI adhikaraNa meM raha sakate haiM arthAt unakA sAmAnAdhikaraNya sambhava hai / tattvArthasUtra para TIkA 'sarvArthasiddhi' ke racayitA * digambara jaina paramparA meM 'umAsvAmI' evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM 'umAsvAti' nAma pracalita hai|

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sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma-vimarza 35 pUjyapAdAcArya kahate haiM ki tattva dravya se pRthak nahIM pAyA jAtA hai, vaha dravya kA hI bhAva hotA hai| isalie tattva kA dravya ke sAtha sAmAnAdhikaraNa sambhava hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki bhAva meM dravya kA adhyAropa kara liyA jAtA hai| isalie bhI donoM kA sAmAnAdhikaraNya sambhava hai| isa Alekha meM jIva kA tattva evaM dravya donoM svarUpoM meM Age sammilita rUpa se nirUpaNa kiyA jaaegaa| ___ tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti ne upayoga lakSaNa vAle ko jIva kahA hai| upayoga ke do bheda haiM- jJAnopayoga evaM drshnopyog| inameM jJAnopayoga sAkAra tathA darzanopayoga nirAkAra hotA hai| jJAna savikalpaka hotA hai tathA darzana nirvikalpaka hotA hai| jJAna evaM darzana ye donoM AtmA athavA jIva ke svarUpa haiN| inake abhAva meM jaina darzana meM jIvadravya athavA jIvatattva kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| jisa prakAra sAMkhyadarzana meM prakRti triguNAtmikA hotI hai| sattva, rajas evaM tamas ina tInoM guNoM se hI prakRti kA svarUpa banatA hai, prakRti kA inase bhinna koI svarUpa nahIM hai tathA sattva, rajas evaM tamas kI pRthak svatantra sattA bhI nahIM hai, isI prakAra jaina darzana meM jIva yA AtmA ke svarUpa ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| jJAna evaM darzana guNa jIva athavA AtmA ke svarUpa haiM, inase bhinna jIva kA koI svarUpa nahIM hai tathA jJAna evaM darzana kA svatantra rUpa se pRthak astitva bhI nahIM hai| nyAya-vaizeSika dArzanika jJAna ko AtmA meM Agantuka guNa mAnate haiM, kintu jainadarzana ko aisA svIkArya nahIM hai| jaina darzana to jJAnadarzanopayoga ko hI jIva kA lakSaNa svIkAra karatA hai| jJAna jIva kA lakSaNa bhI hai, svarUpa bhI hai evaM guNa bhI hai| jIva kA lakSaNaH upayoga sarvArthasiddhikAra pUjyapAda 'upayogo lakSaNam' sUtra para vRtti karate hue likhate haiM- "ubhayanimittavazAdutpadyamAnazcaitanyAnuvidhAyI pariNAma upayogaH" arthAt antaraMga evaM bahiraMga donoM prakAra ke nimittoM se utpanna hone vAlA caitanya saMpRkta jo pariNAma hai vaha upayoga hai| sarvArthasiddhikAra kI isa vRtti se do bAteM spaSTa hotI haiN| eka to yaha ki upayoga kA prakaTIkaraNa bAhya athavA Abhyantara athavA donoM nimittoM se ho sakatA hai, dUsarA yaha ki isa upayoga meM caitanya nihita hotA hai| yaha

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana upayoga hI AtmA ko karma-pudgala Adi ajIvoM se pRthak karatA hai / 'upayoga' lakSaNa jIva ke atirikta kisI bhI anya dravya meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| prathama adhyAya meM jaba jIva, ajIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA evaM mokSa - ina sAta tattvoM kI gaNanA kI gaI taba pUjyapAda devanandI ne jIva kA lakSaNa cetanA karate hue kahA hai- 'tatra cetanAlakSaNo jiivH|" jIva kA yaha lakSaNa saMsArI evaM siddha sabhI jIvoM meM ghaTita hotA hai| prANadhAraNa karane se jo jItA hai vaha jIva hai, yaha lakSaNa saMsArI jIvoM meM to ghaTita ho jAtA hai, kintu siddhoM meM ghaTita nahIM hotaa| saMsArI prANiyoM meM bhI vigrahagati meM yaha lakSaNa ghaTita nahIM hotaa| ataH isa lakSaNa meM avyApti doSa hai| isalie cetanA athavA upayoga hI aisA lakSaNa hai jo siddha evaM saMsArI saba jIvoM meM pUrNataH ghaTita hotA hai evaM usameM avyApti, ativyApti tathA asambhava doSa nahIM Ate haiN|' * 36 jIva ke lakSaNa 'upayoga' meM jJAnopayoga ke ATha evaM darzanopayoga ke cAra prakAra hote haiN| jJAnopayoga ke ATha bhedoM meM matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna evaM kevalajJAna ye pA~ca jJAna tathA matiajJAna, zrutaajJAna tathA vibhaGgajJAna ye tIna ajJAna parigaNita hote haiM tathA darzanopayoga meM cakSurdarzanAvaraNa, acakSurdarzanAvaraNa, avadhidarzanAvaraNa evaM kevaladarzanAvaraNa kI gaNanA hotI hai| inameM kevalajJAna evaM kevaladarzana kSAyika hote haiM jo kramazaH jJAnAvaraNa evaM darzanAvaraNa ke kSaya se prakaTa hote haiN| zeSa sabhI jJAna, ajJAna evaM darzana kSAyopazamika haiM, jo jJAnAvaraNa evaM darzanAvaraNa ke kSayopazama se prakaTa hote haiN| mithyAtva kI avasthA meM jo jJAna 'ajJAna' kahalAtA hai vahI samyaktva kI avasthA meM jJAna ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai| sarvArthasiddhikAra ne chadmastha jIvoM meM jJAnopayoga evaM darzanopayoga kA kramabhAva svIkAra kiyA hai tathA nirAvaraNa kevaliyoM evaM siddhoM meM kevalajJAna evaM kevaladarzana ko yugapad svIkAra kiyA hai| ' 8 prazna yaha hotA hai ki jaba chadmastha jIva meM kramabhAva ke kAraNa eka samaya meM * jaba lakSaNa lakSaNIya vastu meM pUrA na ghaTita ho to use avyApti doSa, lakSaNIya se anya vastu meM bhI calA jAe to use ativyApti doSa tathA lakSaNIya vastu meM kataI ghaTita na ho to use asambhava doSa kahate haiN|

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sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma-vimarza jJAnopayoga hotA hai taba usa samaya meM usake darzanopayoga kA kyA hotA hai? yahA~ kahanA hogA ki upayoga to eka samaya meM eka hI hogA, kintu jaba 'jJAna' guNa kA upayoga hogA taba 'darzana' guNa ke rUpa meM to vidyamAna rahegA, kintu usakA vyApAra nahIM hogaa| isI prakAra jaba 'darzana' guNa kA upayoga hogA taba 'jJAna' guNa ke rUpa meM vidyamAna rahegA, usakA vyApAra nahIM hogaa| ise eka udAharaNa se samajha sakate haiN| jaba kisI ke vinaya guNa kI pravRtti hotI hai taba usameM ImAnadArI, satyavAditA Adi guNa bhI rahate haiM, kintu unakI pravRtti nahIM hotii| isI prakAra jJAna kI pravRtti hone para darzanaguNa samApta nahIM hotA, kintu upayoga meM nahIM rahatA hai| isalie upayoga ko kramabhAvI kahA gayA hai| __vastu ko jAnane ke lie jIva ke dvArA jo jJAnAdi kA vyApAra (pravartana) kiyA jAtA hai vaha upayoga hai / ' upayoga kramabhAvI hotA hai tathA guNa sahabhAvI hote haiN| ataH chadmastha meM jaba cAra jJAna evaM tIna darzana pAe jAte haiM taba eka samaya meM upayoga inameM se eka kA hI hotA hai arthAt eka kA hI vyApAra hotA hai, zeSa guNa ke rUpa meM vidyamAna rahate haiM / kasAyapAhuDa ke anusAra jJAnopayoga aura darzanopayoga kA utkRSTa kAla kSudrabhAva pramANa hai / arthAt itane samaya meM jJAna evaM darzana kA upayoga parivartita hotA rahatA hai| saMsArI evaM muktajIva kA svarUpa jIvoM ke saMsArI aura mukta- ye jo do bheda kie gae haiN| unameM saMsArI jIvoM ke saMsaraNa kA sarvArthasiddhi meM vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| pUjyapAda likhate haiM"saMsaraNaM saMsAraH privrtnmityrthH| sa eSAmasti te sNsaarinnH| tatparivartanaM paJcavidham-dravyaparivartanaM kSetraparivartanaM kAlaparivartanaM bhavaparivartanaM bhAvaparivartanaM ceti|"2 saMsaraNa athavA saMsAra kA artha parivartana hai| yaha parivartana pA~ca prakAra kA hotA hai -dravyaparivartana, kSetraparivartana, kAlaparivartana, bhavaparivartana evaM bhaavprivrtn| jaina darzana meM parivartana athavA parAvartana kA yaha eka mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai, jo kisI anya bhAratIya darzana meM itanI sUkSmatA se vivecita nahIM hai| dravya parivartana do prakAra kA hotA hai- nokarmadravya parivartana evaM karmadravya

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38 jaina dharma-darzana: eka anuzIlana privrtn| inameM karmabandha ke yogya pudgaloM ko jaba koI jIva grahaNa karatA hai tathA phira nirjarita kara punaH naye pudgala grahaNa karatA hai, isa krama se jaba vaha samasta pudgaloM ko grahaNa kara chor3a detA hai tathA punaH unhIM gRhIta pudgaloM ko grahaNa karane lagatA hai to eka karmadravya parivartana pUrNa hotA hai| isa prakriyA meM ananta kAla vyatIta hotA hai| jaba yaha jIva zarIra, paryApti Adi ke yogya pudgaloM ko grahaNa karatA huA evaM chor3atA huA samasta nokarma dravyapudgaloM ko grahaNa kara chor3a detA hai to use eka nokarmadravya parivartana kahate haiN| isa prakAra jIva kA karmadravya parivartana ke rUpa meM evaM nokarmadravya parivartana ke rUpa meM saMsaraNa calatA rahatA hai / kSetra kA tAtparya hai lokAkAza / jaba koI jIva AkAza ke pratyeka pradeza ko kramazaH apanA janma kSetra banAkara chor3a detA hai to ise eka kSetraparivartana kahate haiM / loka meM aisA koI kSetra nahIM hai, jahA~ yaha jIva apanI avagAhanA se bahuta bAra utpanna na huA ho, kAlaparivartana ko spaSTa karate hue pUjyapAda devanandI kahate haiM- "koI jIva utsarpiNI ke prathama samaya meM utpanna huA evaM apanI Ayu samApta hone para mara gyaa| punaH vahI jIva dvitIya utsarpiNI ke dUsare samaya meM utpanna huA evaM Ayu pUrNa hone para mRtyu ko prApta ho gyaa| punaH vahI jIva tIsarI utsarpiNI ke tRtIya samaya meM utpanna huaa| isa prakAra isa krama se utsarpiNI evaM avasarpiNI kAla pUrNa kiyaa| janma evaM maraNa donoM se isa prakAra utsarpiNI evaM avasarpiNI ke saba samaya pUrNa ho jAya~ to ise eka kAlaparivartana kahate haiN| yaha jIva utsarpiNI evaM avasarpiNI kAla ke saba samayoM meM aneka bAra janmA evaM marA hai| bhavaparivartana ke antargata naraka, tiryaMca, manuSya evaM devabhava kI saba AyuSyoM ke pratyeka samaya meM utpatti evaM maraNa ko prApta hone para eka bhava parivartana kahA gayA hai| isa jIva ne mithyAtva ke kAraNa naraka se lekara graiveyaka taka aneka bAra paribhramaNa kiyA hai / bhAvaparivartana kA sambandha kaSAya adhyavasAya sthAnoM evaM yogasthAnoM se hai| inameM jaba jIva SaTsthAna hAni evaM vRddhi ke dvArA prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga evaM pradezabandha ke saba sthAnoM ko * anantabhAgavRddhi, asaMkhyeyabhAgavRddhi, saMkhyeyabhAgavRddhi, saMkhyeyaguNavRddhi, asaMkhyeyaguNavRddhi evaM anantaguNavRddhi-ye chaha vRddhi sthAna haiN| inake viparIta anantabhAgahAni, asaMkhyeyabhAgahAni, saMkhyeyabhAgahAni, saMkhyeyaguNahAni, asaMkhyeyaguNahAni evaM anantaguNahAni- ye chaha hAni sthAna haiN|

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-vimarza sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma 9713 prApta kara letA hai to use eka bhAva parivartana kahate haiM / ' 39 14 pUjyapAda kahate haiM jo ina paMcavidha parivartana rUpa saMsAra se nivRtta ho gae haiM, ve jIva mukta haiN|" mukta kA yaha svarUpa sarvArthasiddhikAra ne adbhuta rIti se vistAra se diyA hai, anyathA ve saMkSepa karanA cAhate to kaha sakate the ki aSTavidha karmoM se rahita jIva mukta kahalAte haiM, kintu unakA prayojana saMsAra kI parivartanazIlatA evaM usameM anantakAla se ho rahe paribhamraNa kA bodha karAnA thA, tAki hama sAvadhAna hokara isa paribhramaNa ke mArga se Upara uThakara mukti ke mArga ko cunane kA mana banA skeN| jIva kI amUrtatA evaM kathaMcid mUrtatA prAyaH jainadarzana meM jIva ko amUrta hI mAnA jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha rUpa, rasa, gaMdha evaM sparza se rahita hotA hai / kintu sarvArthasiddhi meM prazna uThAyA gayA ki amUrta mAnane para AtmA ke karmabaMdha nahIM ho sakatA / prazna ke uttara meM AcArya pUjyapAda ne kahA ki yaha zaMkA karanA ucita nahIM hai / jaina darzana meM anekAMtadRSTi hai / ekAnta rUpa se hama AtmA ko amUrta nahIM mAnate / karmabaMdha kI paryAya kI apekSA se karmayukta hone ke kAraNa AtmA kathaMcit mUrta hai aura zuddha ( karmarahita) svarUpa kI apekSA se vaha amUrta hai / " pUjyapAda dvArA pradatta yaha samAdhAna unakI anekAMtadRSTi evaM sUjhabUjha kA paricAyaka hai / koI kahe ki karmabaMdha ke Aveza se yukta AtmA evaM karma meM aikya ho jAegA to pUjyapAda kahate haiM ki lakSaNataH athavA svarUpataH AtmA evaM karma pRthak haiN| AtmA upayoga athavA cetanAlakSaNa vAlA hai aura karma ajIva pudgala hai| 10 AcArAMgasUtra meM zuddha cetanA kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki AtmA na dIrgha hai, na hrasva hai, na gola hai, na trikoNa hai| vaha na kAlI hai, na nIlI hai, na lAla hai, na pIlI hai, na zveta hai| vaha varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza se rahita hai| ( AcArAMga 1.5.6, sUtra 176 ) isI prakAra samayasAra meM bhI use rasa, rUpa, gandha evaM zabda se rahita, indriya se agocara, bAhya liMga se agrAhaya, AkAra rahita tathA cetanA guNa se yukta nirUpita kiyA gayA hai / ( samayasAra, gAthA 49) AtmA ke isa amUrta svarUpa

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana se pUjyapAda paricita the, tathApi karmabandhana ko samajhAne kI naya dRSTi se unhoMne use mUrta svIkAra kiyA hai| pRthvIkAyikAdi ekendriya jIva ___ pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika evaM vanaspatikAyika jIvoM kI sattA svIkAra karanA tathA inheM sparzanendriyadhAraka sthAvara jIvoM kI zreNI meM rakhanA jaina darzana kA vaiziSTya hai jo ise anya bhAratIya darzanoM se pRthak karatA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya-yoga, mImAMsA-vedAMta Adi darzanoM meM pRthvI, apa, tejasa evaM vAyu ko pA~ca bhUtoM ke antargata sammilita kiyA gayA hai| paMcama bhUta AkAza hai| jaina darzana meM AkAza ko to ajIva hI mAnA gayA hai, kintu pRthvI, ap, agni evaM vAyu ko sajIva evaM nirjIva donoM prakAra kA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pUjyapAda ne ise spaSTa karate hue pRthvI Adi ke cAra-cAra prakAra svIkAra kie haiN| udAharaNa ke lie pRthivI ke pRthivI, pRthivIkAya, pRthivIkAyika evaM pRthivIjIva ye cAra prakAra haiN|" inameM jo acetana evaM vainasika pariNamana se banI kAThinya guNa vAlI hai, vaha pRthivI hai / kAya kA artha zarIra hai / pRthivIkAyika jIva ke dvArA jo zarIra chor3a diyA jAtA hai vaha mRta zarIra pRthivIkAya kahalAtA hai / jisa jIva kI pRthvI hI kAyA hai use pRthivIkAyika jIva kahate haiM tathA kArmaNakAya yoga meM sthita vaha jIva jisane abhI taka pRthivI ko kArya rUpa se grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai taba taka vaha pRthivI jIva kahalAtA hai| isI prakAra apa, tejasa, vAyu evaM vanaspati ke bhI cAra-cAra bheda samajhane cAhie / vanaspatikAyika ko jIva mAnane kA jaina siddhAnta vaijJAnika jagadIzacandra basu Adi ke dvArA bhI puSTa kiyA gayA hai / anya bhAratIya darzana vanaspati ko prAyaH jIva nahIM mAnate haiN| jIvoM meM prANoM kA vargIkaraNa jainadarzana meM jIva kA vivecana vaijJAnika dRSTi se huA hai / kisa jIva meM kitanI indriyA~ hoMgI, kitanI paryAptiyA~ hoMgI, kitane prANa hoMge, kaunasA zarIra kaba hogA Adi vibhinna biMdu vaijJAnika rIti se taya hote haiN| ekendriya pRthivIkAyika Adi jIvoM meM sparzanendriya balaprANa, kAyabalaprANa, ucchvAsa- niHzvAsa evaM

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sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma-vimarza AyuSya bala prANa ye cAra prANa svIkAra kiye gae haiM / dvIndriya jIva meM rasanendriya balaprANa evaM vacana balaprANa ko milAkara chaha prANa prApta hote haiN| trIndriya jIva meM ghrANendriya balaprANa sahita sAta, caturindriya jIva meM cakSurindriya balaprANa sahita ATha, asaMjJI paMcendriya jIva meM zrotrendriya balaprANa sahita nau evaM saMjJI paMcendriya meM manobala prANa sahita daza prANa hote hai / dvIndriya se lekara paMcendriya jIvoM ko trasa tathA pRthivIkAyika Adi ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara kahA gayA hai| indriya vicAra ___ indriya pA~ca haiM - zrotrendriya, cakSurindriya, ghrANendriya, rasanendriya evaM sprshnendriy| nyAya-vaizeSika Adi darzanoM meM vAk, pANi, pAda, pAyu aura upastha ye pA~ca karmendriyA~ svIkAra kI gaI haiM / isa sambandha meM AcArya pUjyapAda kA kathana hai ki jo upayoga ke sAdhana haiM unheM hI indriya ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, kriyA-sAdhana ko nahIM / phira unakI koI nizcita saMkhyA nahIM hai, kyoMki nAmakarma se niSpanna sabhI aGgopAGga kriyA ke sAdhana hote haiM / indriya ke bhI tattvArthasUtra meM dravyendriya evaM bhAvendriya ye do bheda kie gae haiN| unameM dravyendriya ke nirvRtti evaM upakaraNa ke rUpa meM tathA bhAvendriya ke labdhi evaM upayoga ke rUpa meM do-do bheda pratipAdita haiN| inameM nirvRtti, upakaraNa evaM labdhi to upayoga meM sAdhana hone se indriya haiM, kintu upayoga ko indriya kyoM kahA gayA? isake uttara meM pUjyapAda kA kathana hai -"kAraNadharmasya kaarydrshnaat| yathA-ghaTAkArapariNataM vijJAnaM ghaTa iti / svArthasya tatra mukhytvaacc|indrsy liGgamindriyamiti yaH svArthaH sa upayoge mukhyaH upayogalakSaNo jIva itivcnaat| arthAt kAraNa kA dharma kArya meM dikhAI dene se upayoga ko bhI indriya kahA jA sakatA hai, jisa prakAra ki ghaTa ke AkAra meM pariNata jJAna ko bhI ghaTa kahA jAtA hai| dUsarA samAdhAna yaha hai ki indra arthAt AtmA kA liGga indriya kahalAtA hai| isa dRSTi se upayoga AtmA kA liGga hai tathA sva artha ko mukhya rUpa se prastuta karatA hai isalie upayoga bhI indriya hai| jIvoM kA bahutva jainadarzana meM ananta jIvoM kI sattA mAnI gaI hai| sabake apane-apane karma haiM

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana tathA una karmoM ke anusAra ye nAnA gatiyoM evaM yoniyoM meM gamana karate haiN| sAMkhyadarzana meM bhI aneka puruSa mAne gae haiN| sAMkhyakArikA meM tarka diyA gayA hai ki saba prANiyoM kA janma evaM maraNa alaga-alaga hotA hai, sabakI indriyA~ evaM antaHkaraNa bhinna hote haiN| sabakI pravRtti eka sAtha hotI dikhAI nahIM detI tathA sabameM sattva, raja evaM tama kA bheda hotA hai, isalie cetana puruSa eka nahIM, aneka haiM / 24 vedAMta darzana meM yadyapi brahma eka hI hai, kiMtu ajJAna kI vyaSTi se Acchanna aneka jIva svIkAra kie gae haiN| 25 bauddhadarzana meM usa jIva ko pudgala zabda se kahA gayA hai tathA karmasiddhAnta evaM punarjanma ko mAnane ke kAraNa usameM bhI aneka pudgala svIkRta haiM jo apane-apane kRta karmoM ke anusAra svarga evaM naraka kA sukha - duHkha bhogate haiN|" nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM meM Atmatva jAti mAnI gaI hai jo aneka AtmAoM meM rahatI hai, isalie AtmAe~ aneka haiN| 27 AtmA yA jIva ko aneka mAne binA karmaphala kI vyavasthA nahIM bana sakatI, isalie lagabhaga sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ne isa vyavasthA kI saMgati biThAyI hai / tattvArthasUtra kA 'jIvAzca' sUtra (5.3) yaha pratipAdita karatA hai ki jIva aneka haiM / sarvArthasiddhikAra ne isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM kahA hai ki 'jIvAH' zabda meM bahuvacana kA nirdeza jIvoM ke bhedoM ko batalAtA hai / 2 tattvArthasUtra (5.15 ) meM 'asaMkhyeyabhAgAdiSu jIvAnAm' se bhI jIva ke bahutva kI siddhi hotI hai| isakI TIkA meM pUjyapAda devanandI likhate haiM- nAnAjIvAnAM tu sarvaloka eva / nAnAjIva to samasta loka ko avagAhana karake rahate haiM / yahA~ nAnAjIva zabda se jIvoM kA bahutva spaSTa hai| yahA~ para vaha kathana bhI prAsaMgika hogA ki jainadarzana meM jIva saMkhyA kI dRSTi se saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta nahIM apitu ananta svIkAra kie gae haiM / dehaparimANatva 42 jIva ke parimANa ko lekara jaina darzana kA viziSTa evaM vyAvahArika pratipAdana hai, jisake anusAra saMsArI jIva kA dehaparimANatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| anya koI bhI bhAratIya darzana aisA nahIM maantaa| nyAya, vaizeSika, vedAMta, mImAMsA, sAMkhya Adi darzana AtmA ko vibhu athavA vyApaka mAnate haiM, jabaki bauddhadarzana rUpa,

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sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma-vimarza vedanA, vijJAna, saMjJA evaM saMskAra ke atirikta AtmA kI sattA nahIM maantaa| hA~, use pudgala kahakara bhI sarvathA pariNamanazIla mAnatA hai| jaina darzana ne AtmA ko vyApaka mAnane kA khaMDana kiyA hai, kyoMki cetanA kA anubhava athavA sukha-duHkha kA vedana sabako apane zarIra parimANa meM hI hotA hai, zarIra ke bAhara nhiiN| yadi zarIra ke bAhara bhI apanI AtmA kA astitva mAnA jAegA to dUsare ke sukhaHdukha kA anubhava bhI apanI AtmA ko hone lagegA evaM karma-phala kI pRthak-pRthak vyavasthA bhI nahIM bana skegii| isalie jainadarzana meM cetanA ko dehaparimANa svIkAra kara vyAvahArika yathArtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM isa tathya ko 'pradezasaMhAravisarpAbhyAM pradIpavat" sUtra meM nibaddha kiyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra dIpaka ko choTe kakSa meM rakhane para usakA prakAza usa kakSa meM tathA bar3e kakSa meM rakhane para utane sthAna meM phaila jAtA hai arthAt - usameM saMkoca evaM vistAra kA vaiziSTya hotA hai, isI prakAra Atmapradeza bhI saMkoca evaM vistAra kI vizeSatA vAle hote haiN| jitane AkAra kI deha hotI hai, Atmapradeza usI AkAra meM phaila jAte haiM / sarvArthasiddhi meM pUjyapAdAcArya ne kahA hai ki yadyapi AtmA amUrta svabhAvI hai tathApi anAdikAla se kArmaNa zarIra se saMyukta rahane ke kAraNa kathaMcit mUrta hai, isalie vaha saMkoca evaM vistAra svabhAva vAlA hai| AtmA kA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva jaina dharma meM AtmA ko apane sukhaHduHkha kA kartA evaM vikartA mAnA gayA hai'appA kattA vikattA yaduhANa vsuhaanny|" aSTavidha karmoM kA baMdhanakartA bhI vahI tathA unakA phalabhoga bhI vahI AtmA karatA hai| AtmA kA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva jaina darzana meM ekamata se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| tabhI karmasiddhAnta ke niyama bhI ghaTita ho pAte haiN| vikartA zabda kA eka artha karma na karane vAlA bhI ho sakatA hai / arthAt sukha-duHkha kA kartA evaM akartA hone meM AtmA svatantra hai| tattvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jIva kaSAyayukta hokara karma ke yogya pudgaloM ko grahaNa karatA hai tathA yahI bandha kA svarUpa grahaNa karatA hai / * mokSa-prApti meM bandha hetuoM kA abhAva Avazyaka hotA hai / bandha kA phala bhI jIva ko bhoganA par3atA hai| sarvArthasiddhi meM

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jaina dharma-darzana: eka anuzIlana tattvArthasUtra ke etadviSayaka sUtroM kI vyAkhyA meM bhI yaha tathya puSTa huA hai ki jIva hI apane karmoM kA kartA hai, phala bhoktA hai tathA vaha hI mukta hotA hai| sAMkhyadarzana meM cetana puruSa ko akartA athavA niSkriya mAnA gayA hai, kintu nyAya vaizeSika, mImAMsA Adi darzana AtmA kA kartA evaM bhoktA honA svIkAra karate haiM / jIvoM kA parasparopagraha yadyapi jIva svayaM ke sukha-duHkha ke kartA evaM bhoktA hote haiM tathApi ve eka dUsare ke upakArI yA apakArI bhI ho sakate haiM / tattvArthasUtra meM 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm sUtra jIva ke bAhya lakSaNa ke rUpa meM pratipAdita hai / jIvoM meM paraspara hitakArI kArya rUpa upakAra upAdeya hai tathA ahitakArI pravRtti tyAjya hai| AcArya pUjyapAda karmavyatikara athavA pArasparika kriyA dvArA upakAra ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM- "parasparazabdaH karmavyatihAre vrtte| karmavyatihArazca kriyaavytihaarH| parasparasyopagraha parasparopagrahaH, kaH punarasau? svAmI bhRtyaH, AcAryaH ziSyaH, ityevamAdibhAvena vRttiH parasparograhaH / svAmI tAvadvittatyAgAdinA bhRtyAnAmupakAre vrtte| bhRtyAzca hitapratipAdanenAhitapratiSedhena c| AcArya ubhayalokaphalapradopadezadarzanena tadupadezavihitakriyAnuSThApanena ca ziSyANAmanugrahe vrtte| ziSyA api tadAnukUlyavRtyA aacaaryaannaam|"" paraspara zabda karmavyatihAra athavA pArasparika kriyA ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai / paraspara upagraha kA udAharaNa dete hue ve kahate haiM ki svAmI dhana dekara sevaka kA upakAra karatA hai tathA bhRtya svAmI ke hita kA pratipAdana kara evaM ahita kA niSedha kara upakAra karatA hai / AcArya ihaloka evaM paraloka ke phala kA upadeza dekara tathA usa upadeza ke anusAra kriyA meM lagAkara ziSya kA upakAra karatA hai| ziSya bhI AcArya ke anukUla vyavahAra kara unakA upakAra karate haiM / pUjyapAdAcArya ne isa sUtra meM upagraha zabda ke punaH prayoga ko sArthaka batAte hue kahA hai ki pUrvasUtra 'sukhaduHkhajIvitamaraNopagrahAzca meM sukha, duHkha, jIvana evaM maraNa ko jo pudgala kA upakAra nirUpita kiyA gayA hai, vaha jIvoM kA bhI paraspara upagraha samajhanA cAhiye / arthAt jIva bhI eka dUsare ke sukha, duHkha jIvana evaM maraNa meM nimitta banate haiN|

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sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma-vimarza jIva kI nityAnityAtmakatA jIva athavA AtmA ke sambandha meM jaina darzana kI eka vizeSa mAnyatA yaha hai ki vaha dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya evaM kAla kI bhA~ti jIva ko bhI nityAnityAtmaka svIkAra karatA hai| dravya kI dRSTi se jIva nitya hai evaM naraka, tiryaMcAdi paryAyoM kI dRSTi se vaha anitya hai| jIva meM jIvapanA kabhI samApta nahIM hotA, vaha dhruva hai| isa dRSTi se jIva nitya hai, kintu vaha saMsArI avasthA meM narakAdi vibhinna paryAyoM meM pariNata hotA rahatA hai, isalie vaha anitya hai| yahI nahIM, usameM jJAnAdi guNoM kI paryAyeM bhI nirantara utpanna evaM vyaya hotI rahatI haiM, isalie pUrva paryAyoM ke nAza evaM uttara paryAyoM ke utpAda kI dRSTi se vaha anitya hai| jIva athavA AtmA kI aisI nityAnityAtmakatA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya darzana ko mAnya nahIM hai| sAMkhya-yoga darzana AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnate haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika evaM vedAnta darzanoM meM bhI AtmA ko nitya mAnA gayA hai| bauddha darzana anAtmavAdI hai, usameM citta santati kA jo satata pravAha hai vaha hI sattva athavA pudgala hai evaM vaha anitya hai / sarvArthasiddhi meM pUjyapAda devanandI kahate haiManitya paryAya ke sAtha dravya kI dRSTi se tadbhAva rUpa nityatA bane rahane para hI vastu kA pratyabhijJAna honA sambhava hai| yadi pUrva vastu kA sarvathA nAza ho jAe to smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna Adi ke rUpa meM loka-saMvyavahAra nahIM ho sktaa| yadi sarvathA nityatA mAna lI jAe to saMsAra se nivRtti kI prakriyA sambhava nahIM ho skegii| AcArya hemacandra AtmA ke ekAnta nitya evaM anityatva kA khaMDana karate hue kahate haiM"naikAntavAde sukhaduHkhabhogau na puNyapApe na ca bndhmokssau|' ekAnta nitya evaM ekAnta anitya AtmA mAnane para karmaphala ke rUpa meM sukha evaM duHkha kA bhoga saMbhava nahIM hai| puNya evaM pApa tathA bandha va mokSa kI prakriyA bhI ekAntavAda meM utpanna nahIM ho sktii| mokSa meM Urdhvagamana jIva aSTavidha karmoM se rahita hokara jaba mokSa prApta kara letA hai to vaha kahA~ sthira hotA hai? vedAnta darzana kA mantavya hai ki jIvAtmA taba brahma meM vilIna ho jAtA

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hai, nyAya-vaizeSika darzana mAnate haiM ki taba AtmA jJAna, sukha, duHkha, icchA, dveSa evaM prayatna se rahita ho jAtA hai arthAta vaha ajJAnAdi se rahita hone ke kAraNa jaDavata ho jAtA hai| mImAMsA darzana meM mukti kI nahIM svarga kI parikalpanA hai, ataH AtmA svarga meM gamana kara jAtA hai| bauddha darzana ke anusAra nirvANa hone para vijJAna athavA citta saMtati kA pravAha sadA ke lie ruka jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra na to mukta AtmA kA kisI anya meM vilaya hotA hai, na kabhI vaha avatAra ke rUpa meM punaH janma grahaNa karatA hai aura na hI usakI sattA samApta hotI hai, apitu vaha jyoMhI sarvakarma maloM se rahita hotA hai to loka ke UrzvabhAga meM jAkara avasthita ho jAtA hai| vaha loka se aloka meM nahIM jAtA, kyoMki gati meM sahAyaka udAsIna nimitta loka meM hI rahatA hai, aloka meM nhiiN| lokAgra meM avasthita usa siddha jIva meM bhI anantajJAna, anantadarzana, kSAyika samyaktva, siddhatva, avyAbAdha sukha Adi vizeSatAe~ rahatI haiN| upasaMhAra isa prakAra sarvArthasiddhi meM jIva athavA AtmA ke vividha pakSoM kA sundara nirUpaNa huA hai| tAttvika spaSTatA ke sAtha lalita evaM sugrAhya bhASA kA prayoga pUjyapAdAcArya kI vilakSaNa vizeSatA hai| yadyapi tattvArthasUtra ke prathama cAra adhyAya jIvatattva se hI sambaddha haiM, kintu paMcama evaM anya adhyAya bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM jIva se jur3e hue haiN| AtmA viSayaka jaina darzana kI pramukha mAnyatAe~ sarvArthasiddhi TIkA meM carcita huI haiM / aupazamika, kSAyika, kSAyopazamika, audayika evaM pAriNAmika bhAvoM ke rUpa meM bhI jIva kI vizeSatA varNita huI hai tathA tattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya ke sAtaveM evaM AThaveM sUtra para vibhinna mArgaNAoM ke mAdhyama se jIva kI vividha vizeSatAoM para jo prakAza DAlA gayA hai vaha pUjyapAdAcArya ke gahana ArSajJAna kA dyotaka hai| SaTkhaNDAgama evaM kasAyapAhuDa bhI usake AdhAra rahe haiN|

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sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma-vimarza pramukha bhAratIya darzanoM evaM jainadarzana meM AtmAviSayaka mAnyatAe~ svarUpa/lakSaNa mUrta/amUrta atI parimANa| bheda | eka/ mokSake tya | aneka anantara jIva jaina | upayogamaya amUrta, mUrta | kartA | svadeha |saMsArI |nityAnitya aneka |UrdhvagAmI parimANa | evaM siddha hokara loka ke agrabhAga para sthita nyAya - aatmtvjaatiyukt| jJAna, | amUrta | kartA | vyApaka, | bheda nahIM | nitya aneka jar3a vaizeSika | icchA, duHkha, sukha, dveSa, prayatna | Adi guNa Agantuka haiN| sAMkhya | cetana, guNatraya se bhinna akartA, vyApaka nitya |aneka punaH nahIM niSkriya mImAMsA | cetanAlakSaNa amUrta kartA vyApaka nitya aneka svargastha / | vedAnta | ajJAna kI vyaSTi se Acchanna amUrta vyApaka | jIva evaM | nitya |aneka mokSa/brahma | sat, cit evaM Anandamaya brahma | aMza meM vilIna bauddha | pudgala/rUpa, vijJAna, vedanA | srotApanna | anitya |aneka nirvANa/santati saMjJA evaM saMskAra skandha rUpa sakRdAgAmI pravAha samApta - anAtmavAda anAgAmI - vijJAna kA pravAha arhat cArvAka | cArabhUtoM se | kartA | dehaparimANa - anitya | aneka mokSa kI / utpanna cetana avadhAraNA nahIM, baMdhatA saMkSepa meM ullekha nimna sAraNI meM kiyA jA rahA hai / jaina darzana evaM bhAratIya darzanoM meM AtmA-viSayaka mAnyatA - bhedoM kA katto | vyApaka amUrta mRtyu ke sAtha hI cetanA kA nAza

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sandarbha:1. (i) jIvAjIvAnavabaMdhasaMvaranirjarAmokSAstattvam / - tattvArthasUtra, 1.4 ___(ii) dravyANi jIvAzca / - tattvArthasUtra 5.2(sarvArthasiddhi meM 'jIvAzca' pRthakasUtra hai|-5.3) 2. (i) akSNoti vyApnoti jAnAtItyakSa AtmA |-srvaarthsiddhi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, 15 vAM saMskaraNa, 2009 sUtra 1.12 pR. 73 (ii) indatIti indra aatmaa|- sarvArthasiddhi, sUtra 1.14 pR.77 3. "tattvazabdo bhaavvaaciityuktH| sa kathaM jIvAdibhirdravyavacanaiH sAmAnAdhikaraNyaM pratipadyate? avyatirekAttadbhAvAdhyAropAcca sAmAnAdhikaraNyaM bhvti| tathA-'upayoga evAtmA' iti|" sarvArthasiddhi, sUtra 1.4, pRSTha 12 4. upayogo lkssnnm| - tattvArthasUtra, 2.8 5. sAkAraM jJAnamanAkAraM drshnmiti| - sarvArthasiddhi 2.9 pRSTha 118 6. sarvArthasiddhi 2.8, pRSTha 117 7. vahI 1.4, pRSTha 11 8. tacchadmastheSu krameNa vrtte| nirAvaraNeSu yugpt| - vahI 2.9, pRSTha 118 9. upayujyate vastuparicchedaM prati vyApAryate jiivo'nenetyupyogH| - prajJApanAsUtra, 24veM pada kI TIkA 10. kasAyapAhuDa, gAthA 16 se 20 11. saMsAriNo muktaashc| - tattvArthasUtra, 2.10 12. sarvArthasiddhi 2.10, pRSTha 119 13. vahI, pRSTha 119-122 14. uktAtpaMcavidhAtsaMsArAnivRttA ye te muktaaH| - vahI, pRSTha 122 15. na cAmUrteH karmaNAM bandho yujyata iti| tanna, anekaantaat| nAyamekAntaH amuurtirevaatmeti| - karmabandhaparyAyApekSayA tdaaveshaatsyaanmuurtH| zuddhasvarUpApekSayA syaadmuurtH| - sarvArthasiddhi ___1.7, pRSTha 116 16. bandhaM pratyekatve satyapi lakSaNabhedAdasya naanaatvmvsiiyte| - vahI, pRSTha 116 17. eSAM pRthivyAdInAmArSe cAturvidhyamuktaM prtyek| tatkathamiti cet ? ucyate-pRthivI, pRthivIkAyaH, pRthivIkAyikaH, pRthivIjIva iti| - vahI 2.13, pRSTha 124 18. vahI, pRSTha 124-125 19. vahI, 2.14 pRSTha 125 20. tattvArthasUtra 2.13-14 21. karmendriyANAM vAgAdInAmiha grahaNaM kartavyam? na kartavyam, upyogprkrnnaat|

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sarvArthasiddhi meM Atma-vimarza upayogasAdhanAnAmiha grahaNaM, na kriyAsAdhanAnAm, anvsthaanaacc| kriyAsAdhanAnAmagopAGganAmakarmanivartitAnAM sarveSAmapi kriyAsAdhanatvamastIti na paMcaiva krmendriyaanni| - sarvArthasiddhi 215, pRSTha 126 22. tattvArthasUtra 2.17-18 23. sarvArthasiddhi 2.18, pRSTha 128 24. jananamaraNakaraNAnAM prtiniymaadyugptprvRtteshc| ___puruSabahutvaM siddhaM traiguNyaviparyayAccaiva / / - sAMkhyakArikA, 18 25. tathAjJAnasya vyaSTyabhiprAyeNa tadanekatvavyapadezaH 'indro mAyAbhiH pururUpa Iyate ityAdi' shruteH| - vedAntasAra, sAhitya bhaNDAra, meraTha, sUtra 40, pRSTha 80 26. aMguttaranikAyapAli, saMpAdaka - dvArikAdAsa zAstrI, bauddha bhAratI, vArANasI, bhAga-4, pRSTha 408 27. AtmatvajAtistu sukhaduHkhAdisamavAyikAraNatAvacchedakatayA sidhyti|__ nyAyasiddhAntamuktAvalI, pratyakSa khaNDa, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 1977, pRSTha 232 233 28. sarvArthasiddhi 5.3, pR. 203 29. sarvArthasiddhi 5.15 pR. 213 30. draSTavya, syAdvAdamaMjarI, zloka 9 para TIkA 31. tattvArthasUtra, 5.16 32. sarvArthasiddhi, 5.16, pRSTha 213-214 33. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 20.37 34. tattvArthasUtra, 8.2 35. tattvArthasUtra, 10.2 36. tattvArthasUtra 5.21 37. sarvArthasiddhi, 5.21, pRSTha 220 38. tattvArthasUtra, 5.20 39. sarvArthasiddhi, 5.31, pRSTha 230-231 40. anyayogavyavaccheda dvAtriMzikA, syAdvAdamaMjarI,paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, zloka 27 41. tadanantaramUvaM gcchtyaalokaantaat| - tattvArthasUtra, 10.5

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva ko lekara bhAratIya cintanadhArA meM vibhinna mata pracalita rahe haiM, unameM se kaI matoM kI carcA prAcIna jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM upalabdha hai| isameM paMca mahAbhUtoM se cetanA kI utpatti mAnane vAle cArvAkoM, eka hI AtmA ko svIkAra karane vAle vaidikoM, tajjIva-taccharIravAdI lokAyatikoM, AtmA ko akartA mAnane vAle sAMkhyadArzanikoM, AtmaSaSThavAdiyoM, anAtmavAdI evaM cAturdhAtukavAdI bauddhoM tathA sukha-duHkha ko niyati se svIkAra karane vAle niyativAdiyoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| ina vibhinna matavAdoM meM se kucha kA khaNDana sUtrakRtAMga meM huA hai to kucha kA khaNDana sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, sUtrakRtAMga cUrNi evaM zIlAkAcArya kRta TIkA meM upalabdha hai| prastuta Alekha meM AtmA-sambandhI vibhinna paramatoM ke pUrvapakSa kA upasthApana karane ke sAtha sUtrakRtAMga evaM usake vyAkhyA- sAhitya ke AdhAra para khaNDana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / jainadarzana meM svIkRta Atma-svarUpa ko upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM vivecita kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana ko svamata tathA usase bhinna matoM ko yahA~ paramata kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM AtmA jJAna evaM darzana guNoM se yukta cetana tattva hai| vizva meM ananta AtmAe~ haiM tathA saba astitva kI dRSTi se svatantra haiN| zarIra, indriya, mana evaM buddhi meM cetanA kA anubhava AtmA ke saMyoga se hotA hai| AtmA ko hI jIva bhI kahA gayA hai| saMsArI evaM siddha ke bheda se AtmA ke do prakAra haiN| siddha AtmA kA saMsAra meM punarjanma nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha saMsAra meM janma-maraNa ke hetu aSTavidha karmoM se rahita hotA hai| saMsArI AtmA ko karma-bandhanoM se baMdhA huA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnA gayA hai ki vaha samyagjJAna tathA kriyA ke bala para athavA jJa-parijJA evaM pratyAkhyAna-parijJA ke Alambana se parAdhInatA ke bandhanoM ko tor3akara sadA ke lie unase mukta ho sakatA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki kAma-bhogoM meM Asakta jo zramaNa evaM brAhmaNa bandhanamukti ke samyak upAyoM ko nahIM jAnate, ve aneka aise mantavyoM kA pratipAdana karate haiM jo mAnava jAti ko sanmArga se bhaTakAte haiN| prAcInakAla se AtmA ke svarUpa tathA bandhana aura mukti ko lekara vibhinna vicArakoM meM matabheda rahA hai| kucha matoM kA

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA 51 saMketa hameM sUtrakRtAMga sadRza mahattvapUrNa Agama meM prApta hotA hai| __ sUtrakRtAMga meM vaidika paramparA, cArvAka, sAMkhya, bauddha Adi darzanoM se sambaddha vibhinna mAnyatAoM kA upasthApana evaM khaNDana upalabdha hotA hai| isake prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana meM paMcamahAbhUtavAda, ekAtmavAda, tajjIva-taccharIravAda, AtmaSaSThavAda, kSaNikavAda, niyativAda, ajJAnavAda, kriyAvAda, jagatkartRtvavAda, avatAravAda Adi vibhinna paramatoM kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| prathama zrutaskandha ke hI samavasaraNa nAmaka bArahaveM adhyayana meM ajJAnavAda, vinayavAda, akriyAvAda evaM kriyAvAda nAmaka mithyAmatoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana meM punaH tajjIva-taccharIravAda, paMcamahAbhUtavAda, niyativAda Adi ke sAtha IzvarakAraNavAda kI bhI vizada carcA huI hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha ke ArdrakIya nAmaka chaThe adhyayana meM gozAlaka kI mAnyatA kA Ardraka muni dvArA prativAda kiyA gayA hai| bauddhoM, mAMsabhojI brAhmaNoM, sAMkhya matavAdiyoM evaM hastitApasoM kI mAnyatAoM kA bhI khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM hameM usa samaya pracalita vibhinna matavAdoM kA ullekha evaM khaNDana prApta hotA hai| sUtrakRtAMga para AcArya bhadrabAhu kI niyukti, jinadAsagaNi kRta cUrNi tathA AcArya zIlAMka kI TIkA prApta hotI hai| AcArya zIlAMka ne ina matoM para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| Adhunika kAla meM pUjya ghAsIlAla jI mahArAja ke dvArA sUtrakRtAMga para samayArthabodhinI TIkA kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| inase pUrva harSakulagaNi racita dIpikA tathA sAdhuraGgagaNiviracita dIpikA TIkAe~ bhI upalabdha hotI haiN| ina sabameM paramatoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| AtmA ke svarUpa se sambaddha katipaya matoM kI carcA isa Alekha meM kI jA rahI hai| (1)paMcamahAbhUtoM se cetanA kI utpatti kA mata evaM usakA khaNDana bhAratIya paramparA meM pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu evaM AkAza ina pAMcoM ko mahAbhUta kahA gayA hai| ina mahAbhUtoM kI carcA sAMkhya, vaizeSika, nyAya, vedAnta Adi vibhinna darzanoM meM prApta hotI hai| prAyaH ye darzana paMcamahAbhUtoM ko svIkAra karake bhI AtmA kA svarUpa evaM astitva inase pRthak aMgIkAra karate haiN| kintu cArvAka eka aisA darzana hai jo ina pAMca mahAbhUtoM se AtmA kA pRthak astitva svIkAra nahIM karatA evaM ina pAMca

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana bhUtoM se cetanA kI utpatti usI prakAra aMgIkAra karatA hai jisa prakAra jau, gur3a, mahuA Adi padArthoM ke saMyoga se banane vAlI madirA meM mada zakti utpanna ho jAtI hai| cArvAka mata kA kathana hai ki pRthvI Adi paMca mahAbhUtoM ke zarIra rUpa meM pariNata hone para inhIM bhUtoM se zarIra meM caitanya utpanna ho jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga kI nimnAMkita gAthAoM meM cArvAka darzana kI isI mAnyatA kA nirUpaNa huA hai saMtipaMcamahabbhUyA, ihmegesimaahiyaa| puDhavIAUteUvA, vaauuaagaaspNcmaa| ete paMcamahabbhUyA, tebbhoegottiaahiyaa| aha tesiMviNAseNaM, viNAso hoi dehinno|' (kinhIM ke dvArA pAMca mahAbhUta kahe gae haiM- pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura aakaash| ina pAMca mahAbhUtoM se eka caitanya athavA AtmA utpanna hotA hai aura ina paMca mahAbhUtoM ke vinAza hone para usa dehI AtmA kA vinAza ho jAtA hai|) cArvAka athavA lokAyatika paramparA meM punarjanma evaM naraka-svarga Adi kI parikalpanA nahIM hai| unake anusAra isa jIvana meM prApta hone vAlA duHkha hI naraka hai tathA yahA~ milane vAlA sukha hI svarga hai| loka meM koI naraka-svarga nahIM hai| isa zarIra kA uccheda honA hI mokSa hai| 'maiM moTA hU~', 'maiM dubalA hU~', 'maiM kAlA hU~' Adi anubhavayukta kathana bhI iMgita karate haiM ki cetanA zarIra rUpa hI hai| yaha merA zarIra hai isa prakAra kA vyavahAra aupacArika hai| ___ lokAyatikoM kI eka anya mAnyatA ke anusAra pA~ca nahIM, apitu pRthvI, jala, agni aura vAyu ina cAra bhUtoM ke milane se caitanya kI utpatti hotI hai ___atra catvAri bhuutaanibhuumivaarynlaanilaaH| caturthyaH khlubhuutebhyshcaitnymupjaayte|| (yahA~ cAra bhUta haiM- pRthvI, jala, agni aura vaayu| ina cAra bhUtoM se caitanya utpanna hotA hai|) yahAM para yaha kahanA ucita hogA ki cArvAka-darzana pratyakSa ko hI pramANa mAnatA hai| AkAza meM kisI prakAra kA varNa yA rUpa nahIM hotaa| isakA cakSu Adi indriya ke dvArA pratyakSa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isalie yaha sambhava hai ki cArvAkoM kI eka paramparA ne AkAza ko bhUta svIkAra karane kA niSedha kara diyA ho

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA evaM pA~ca ke sthAna para cAra bhUtoM se hI caitanya kI utpatti mAnane lage hoN| bauddha grantha dIghanikAya ke brahmajAla sutta meM cAra bhUtoM ko mAnane vAle lokAyatikoM kA ullekha huA hai| unakA kathana hai ki yaha AtmA rUpI hai, cAra mahAbhUtoM se nirmita tathA mAtA - pitA ke saMyoga se utpanna hai tathA zarIra ke naSTa hote hI cetanA ucchinna, vinaSTa aura lupta ho jAtI hai / ' 3 53 sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke anusAra paMcamahAbhUtavAdI kahate haiM ki satkriyA yA asatkriyA, sukRta yA duSkRta, kalyANa yA pApa, sAdhu yA asAdhu, siddhi yA asiddhi, naraka yA svargAdi kI prApti athavA tinake ke hilane jaisI kriyA bhI ina paMca mahAbhUtoM se hotI hai / ye pAMca mahAbhUta kisI kartA ke dvArA nirmita nahIM haiM aura na nirmeya haiN| ye kisI ke dvArA kRta nahIM haiM aura na hI ye kRtrima haiN| na hI ye apanI utpatti ke lie kisI kI apekSA rakhate haiN| ye pAMcoM mahAbhUta anAdi evaM ananta haiN| ye svatantra evaM zAzvata haiN| apanA kArya svayaM karane meM samartha haiN| ' khaNDanaH- cArvAkoM kI isa mAnyatA kA sUtrakRtAMga meM sIdhA khaNDana nahIM kiyA gayA hai| kintu niryuktikAra bhadrabAhu ne khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki pRthvI Adi paMca bhUtoM ke saMyoga se caitanya Adi guNa utpanna nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki paMcamahAbhUtoM kA guNa caitanya nahIM hai| anya guNa vAle padArthoM ke saMyoga se anya guNa vAle padArtha kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI / jisa prakAra bAlU reta meM tela utpanna karane kA snigdhatA guNa nahIM hai, isalie bAlU reta ko pIlane para usase tela utpanna nahIM ho sakatA; usI prakAra paMcabhUtoM meM caitanya utpanna karane kA guNa na hone se unake saMyoga se caitanya utpanna nahIM ho sktaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki pAMca indriyoM ( rasana, sparzana, ghrANa, cakSu aura zrotra ) se hone vAle jJAnoM kA saMkalanAtmaka anubhava eka hI jJAtA ko hone ke kAraNa AtmA kA alaga astitva jJAta hotA hai / " 5 AcArya zIlAGka ne sUtrakRtAGgaTIkA meM cArvAka mata kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki jau, guDa, mahuA Adi meM madazakti nahIM hote hue bhI inake samudAya meM madazakti prakaTa ho jAtI hai, yaha kathana ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki jau, guDa Adi meM miTAne kA sAmarthya hotA hai, bhrama ( cakkara ) utpanna karane kA sAmarthya hotA hai bhUkha

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54 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana tathA jala meM tRSA ko dUra karane kA sAmarthya hotA hai, ataH inase madazakti kA utpanna honA sambhava hai, jabaki paMcabhUtoM meM se pRthvI Adi kisI bhI bhUta meM caitanya nahIM hotA, ataH paMcabhUtoM se caitanya kI utpatti hetu jo dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai vaha viSama yA anucita hai| yadi paMcabhUtoM meM caitanya svIkAra kiyA jAe to unase utpanna jIva kA kabhI maraNa nahIM ho sakegA, kyoMki mRta zarIra meM bhI pRthvI Adi pAMca bhUtoM kA sadbhAva rahatA hai| isase yaha mAnyatA bhI khaNDita ho jAtI hai ki paMca bhUtoM ke naSTa hote hI dehI AtmA kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| zIlAGkAcArya ne eka tarka yaha bhI prastuta kiyA hai ki miTTI se nirmita putalI meM pAMcoM mahAbhUta hote haiM, phira bhI usameM jar3atA hI dekhI jAtI hai, cetanA nhiiN| AtmA kI siddhi anumAna evaM Agama pramANa se bhI hotI hai| zIlAGkAcArya ne anumAna pramANa se AtmA kI siddhi karate hue kahA hai- AtmA hai, kyoMki usake jJAnAdi asAdhAraNa guNa upalabdha hote haiM, jisa prakAra cakSu indriya kA sAkSAt jJAna nahIM hotA hai, vaha usake asAdhAraNa guNa rUpavijJAna kI zakti se anumita hotI hai, usI prakAra AtmA bhI usake asAdhAraNa caitanya guNa se jJAta hotA hai| AtmA kA asAdhAraNa guNa caitanya hai tathA pRthivI Adi bhUtoM meM isakA nirAkaraNa karane para hI yaha asAdhAraNa guNa jJAta hotA hai| maiM sukhI hU~, maiM duHkhI hU~' Adi anubhavoM meM AtmA pratyakSa se tathA "asthi me AyA uvavAie" vAkyoM meM Agama pramANa se siddha hai| paMcabhUtoM se pRthak zAzvata Atma-tattva ko svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai, anyathA baMdha-mokSa evaM puNya-pApa Adi kI vyavasthA nahIM bana skegii| jainadarzana kA maMtavya hai ki dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se jIva yA AtmA zAzvata hai tathA paryAyArthika naya kI dRSTi se vaha azAzvata yA anitya hai| AtmA kI paryAyoM meM parivartana hote hue bhI dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se jo AtmA kamoM kA kartA hotA hai vahI usake phala kA bhoktA bhI hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTarUpeNa kahA gayA hai appAkattA vikattAya, duhaannysuhaanny| appA mittmmittNcdupptttthiosupptttthio||" AtmA hI apane duHkha evaM sukha kA kartA evaM vikartA hai| vaha sanmArga meM

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA 55 calane para apanA mitra tathA kumArga para ArUDha hone para apanA zatru ho jAtA hai| yadi AtmA ko paMcabhUtoM se svatantra dravya nahIM mAnA jAegA to karma-baMdha evaM usakA phala bhoga kisake dvArA hogA, yaha prazna anuttarita raha jaaegaa| (2)ekAtmavAda kA siddhAnta evaM usakA khaNDana jainadarzana ke anusAra loka meM ananta jIva haiM tathA ve sabhI apane-apane kRta karmoM ke anusAra phala prApta karate haiN| zubha karmoM kA phala zubha tathA azubha karmoM kA phala azubha prApta hotA hai| kintu kucha paramatAvalambI eka hI AtmA kA astitva svIkAra kara sabhI jIvoM ko usI ke nAnArUpa mAnate haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM unake mata kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai jahA ya puDhavIthUbhe, ege nANA hi diisi| evaMbho!kasiNeloe, viNNUnANA hidiisi||" jisa prakAra eka hI pRthvI piNDa ghara, bhavana Adi nAnA rUpoM meM dikhAI detA hai, usI prakAra samasta loka meM vyApta vijJa puruSa (brahma) nAnA jIva rUpoM meM dikhAI detA hai| vaidika grantha brahmabindUpaniSad evaM kaThopaniSad meM isakA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai eka eva hi bhUtAtmA, bhUte bhUte vyvsthitH| ekadhA bhudhaacaivdRshytejlcndrvt||" vAyuryathaiko bhuvanaM praviSTo, rUpaMrUpaMpratirUpo bbhuuv| ekstthaasrvbhuutaantraatmaaruupNruupNprtiruupobhishc||" jisa prakAra eka hI candramA jala se bhare hue vibhinna ghar3oM meM aneka dikhAI detA hai, usI prakAra sabhI bhUtoM meM rahA huA eka hI bhUtAtmA upAdhibheda se nAnA dikhAI detA hai| jisa prakAra eka hI vAyu sAre loka meM vyApta hai, kintu upAdhibheda se alaga-alaga rUpa vAlA ho gayA hai, usI prakAra eka hI AtmA upAdhibheda se vibhinna rUpa vAlA ho jAtA hai| vedAntadarzana meM bhI eka brahma ko sat mAnakara samasta jIvoM ko usI kA aMza svIkAra kiyA gayA hai tathA use samasta carAcara jagat kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai|

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56 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana vedAntadarzana kA vikAsa upaniSadoM ke AdhAra para huA hai| zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai eko devaH sarvabhUteSugUDhaH, srvvyaapiisrvbhuutaantraatmaa| karmAdhyakSaH sarvabhUtAdhivAsaH, sAkSI cetA kevalo nirgunnshc||" arthAt eka deva hI samasta prANiyoM meM chipA huA hai| vaha sarvavyApI hai evaM samasta prANiyoM kA antaryAmI paramAtmA hai, vaha saba karmoM kA adhiSThAtA tathA samasta bhUtoM kA nivAsa hai| vaha sabakA sAkSI cetana svarUpa, zuddha evaM guNAtIta (sattva, raja evaM tama rhit)hai| khaNDana:- sUtrakRtAMga meM isakA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki yaha mandabuddhi logoM kA kathana hai ki AtmA eka hai| vAstava meM to Arambha Adi pApapravRtti meM saMlagna sabhI loga svayaM pApa karake apane-apane karmAnusAra tIvra duHkha ko prApta karate haiN|" saba AtmAe~ astitva kI dRSTi se alaga-alaga haiM, sabakA apanA-apanA karma hotA hai, tadanusAra hI jIvoM ko phala kI prApti hotI hai| svarUpataH AtmA eka hai, isalie sthAnAMgasUtra meM 'ege AyA' kathana AyA hai, vaha jIva ke akelepana ko bhI ghotita karatA hai, ataH jainadarzana meM astitva kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to sabhI jIva alaga-alaga haiM, svatantra haiM evaM saMkhyA meM ananta haiN| yadi ina jIvoM ko bhinna-bhinna nahIM mAnA jAegA to karma-phala kI vyavasthA nahIM bana skegii| eka ke kRta karmoM kA phala sabako bhoganA pdd'egaa| parivAra, samAja Adi kA vyavahAra nahIM ho skegaa| eka kA janma hone para sabhI kA janma, eka kI mRtyu hone para sabhI kI mRtyu mAnanI pdd'egii| eka ke mukta hone para sabhI mukta ho jAyeMge tathA eka ke baMdhana ko prApta hone para sabhI jIva baMdhana ko prApta ho jaayeNge| kintu satya isase viparIta hai| yahA~ kisI kA janma hotA hai to kisI kI mRtyu| koI sukhI hotA hai to koI duHkhii| koI vRddha hai to koI bAlaka hai| koI manuSya hai to koI pshu| ataH yaha mAnanA cAhie ki sabhI jIvoM kI svatantra sattA hai evaM sabhI apane kRta karmoM ke anusAra phala prApta karate haiN| sabhI jIvoM ko alaga-alaga mukta honA hai| sAmAjika vyavahAra evaM naitikatA kA prazna bhI tabhI ghaTita hogA jaba saba jIvoM kI svatantra sattA svIkAra kI jaaegii| AcArya zIlAMka kA kathana hai ki eka AtmA

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57 sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA ko svIkAra karane para eka ke pApa se sabhI pApI aura eka kI mukti se sabakI mukti mAnanI par3egI, jo ucita nahIM hai| ve Age kahate haiM ki yadi eka hI vyApaka AtmA hai to ghaTAdi meM bhI caitanya mAnanA hogA, jo hai nhiiN| sabhI bhUtoM ke apane-apane guNa haiM tathA sabhI jIvoM kA apanA-apanA jJAna hai| ataH AtmAdvaita kA siddhAnta samyak nahIM hai / " sAdhuraGga ne dIpikA vyAkhyA meM kahA hai ki yadi eka hI AtmA vyApaka hokara pratyeka zarIra meM jalacandravat pratibhAsita hotA hai to kucha sukhI haiM, kucha duHkhI haiM, kucha dhanika haiM, kucha nirdhana haiM, kucha mUrkha haiM, kucha prAjJa haiM ityAdi vyavasthA nahIM ho skegii|" yadi eka hI AtmA hai to eka prANI ke dvArA aparAdha kie jAne para sabhI deva, mAnava, tiryaJca evaM nAraka samAna duHkharUpa phala kA anubhava kreNge| jabaki aisA dekhA nahIM jAtA hai / nArakoM ko duHkha evaM devoM ko sukha kA Adhikya rahatA hai| 18 ( 3 ) tajjIva- taccharIravAdiyoM kA mata evaM usakA khaNDana va evaM zarIra meM bhinnatA nahIM mAnanA hI tajjIva- taccharIravAda kahA gayA hai| isa mata ke anusAra AtmAe~ to aneka svIkAra kie gae haiM, kyoMki saMsAra meM ajJAnI jIva bhI haiM aura paNDita puruSa bhI / ataH sarvavyApI rUpa meM eka AtmA svIkAra karanA tajjIva-taccharIravAdI ucita nahIM mAnate, kintu inakA mAnanA hai ki jaba taka zarIra rahatA hai taba taka hI caitanya yA AtmA kA astitva hai| mRtyu hone ke pazcAt AtmA kA koI astitva nahIM rahatA / ataH zarIra se bhinna koI AtmA mRtyu ke pazcAt paraloka meM jAkara utpanna nahIM hotA hai / " inakA kathana hai" vijJAnaghana evaitebhyo bhUtebhyaH samutthAya tAnyevAnuvinazyati na pretya sNjnyaa'stiiti|2deg arthAt ina paMcabhUtoM se vijJAnaghana AtmA utpanna hotA hai tathA unhIM bhUtoM meM vilIna ho jAtA hai| vaha marakara anyatra kahIM utpanna nahIM hotaa| 44 paMcabhUtavAda ke samAna tajjIva- taccharIravAda kI mAnyatA bhI cArvAkoM kI pratIta hotI hai| AcArya zIlAMkakRta TIkA evaM zrI harSakulagaNi racita dIpikA vyAkhyA meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki bhUtavAdiyoM se tajjIva- taccharIravAdiyoM meM kyA bhinnatA hai? isake uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki bhUtavAdiyoM ke anusAra paMcabhUta kAyA ke AkAra meM pariNata hokara dhAvana, calana Adi kriyA karate haiM, kintu

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana tajjIva-taccharIravAda meM kAyA ke AkAra meM pariNata bhUtoM se cetanA nAmaka AtmA utpanna hotA hai| tajjIva-taccharIravAdiyoM ke mata ko sUtrakRtAMga meM prastuta karate hue kahA gayA natthi puNNe va pAve vA, nasthi loe itovre| sarIrassa viNAseNaM, viNAso hoi dehinno||" inake anusAra abhyudaya kI prApti karAne vAlA tattva puNya bhI nahIM hai tathA isake viparIta jIva kA patana karane vAlA tattva pApa bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki jaba zarIra se bhinna jIva kI hI sattA nahIM hai to usameM rahane vAle puNya-pApa bhI sattAvAn nahIM ho skte| isa loka se bhinna anya loka bhI nahIM hai, jahAM para puNya-pApa kA anubhava kiyA jA sake, kyoMki zarIra kA vinAza hone para AtmA yA caitanya kA vinAza ho jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAGga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha meM bhI tajjIva-taccharIravAda kI carcA hai| usake anusAra tajjIva-taccharIravAdiyoM kA kathana hai ki pairoM ke talave se Upara tathA sira ke kezoM ke agrabhAga se nIce taka tathA bIca meM jo bhI zarIra hai, vaha jIva hai| yaha zarIra hI jIva kA samasta paryAya hai| isa zarIra ke jIne taka hI yaha jItA hai tathA zarIra ke mara jAne para yaha nahIM jiitaa| zarIra ke calane para hI yaha calatA hai tathA vinaSTa hone para nahIM cltaa| ve kahate haiM ki jIva anya hai aura zarIra anya hai, ise kisI prakAra siddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jIva ko zarIra se pRthak mAnate haiM to unakA prazna hai ki vaha AtmA dIrgha hai yA isva? parimaMDala hai yA gola? vaha trikoNa hai yA catuSkoNa? SaTkoNa hai yA aSTakoNa? athavA kyA yaha Ayata hai?yaha kAlA hai yA nIlA? lAla hai yA pIlA yA zveta? yaha sugandhita hai yA durgandhita? yaha tIkhA hai yA kar3avA? kaSailA hai yA khaTTA yA mIThA? yaha karkaza hai yA komala? bhArI hai yA halkA? zItala hai yA uSNa? snigdha hai yA rukSa? tajjIva-taccharIravAdiyoM kI isa zaMkA kA uttara hameM AcArAMga sUtra meM prApta hotA hai| jo loga jIva aura zarIra ko pRthak mAnate haiM ve AtmA aura zarIra ko pRthak-pRthak karake dikhA nahIM skte| jisa prakAra myAna se talavAra ko bAhara

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA 59 nikAla kara dikhAyA jA sakatA hai usa prakAra koI puruSa zarIra se jIva ko pRthak karake nahIM dikhA sktaa| isa prakAra ke ATha tarka tajjIva-taccharIravAdiyoM ke dvArA prastuta kie gae haiM, jinase yahI siddha kiyA gayA hai ki AtmA ko zarIra se pRthak dikhAnA sambhava nahIM hai| isalie zarIra ko hI jIva mAnanA ucita hai| rAjapraznIyasUtra meM bhI rAjA pradezI ke dvArA kezIzramaNa ke samakSa aisI zaMkAe~ uThAyI gaI haiM jo tajjIva-taccharIravAda kI puSTi karatI haiN| rAjA pradezI ne apane adhArmika dAdA evaM dhArmika dAdI ke dRSTAnta dekara kahA hai ki yadi zarIra se jIva bhinna hotA to dAdA naraka se lauTakara mujhe sAvadhAna karate ki maiM pApakriyA na karU~ tathA dAdI svarga se Akara sajaga karatI ki maiM apanA AcaraNa sudhaaruuN| unhoMne Akara mujhe kucha nahIM khaa| isase mujhe lagatA hai ki jo zarIra hai vahI jIva hai| jIva evaM zarIra bhinna nahIM haiN| rAjapraznIya sUtra meM lohakumbhI meM cora ko banda karane Adi ke bhI udAharaNa die gae haiM, jo tajjIva-taccharIravAda ko pratipAdita karate haiN| 26 sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki jo karma samArambhoM meM lage rahate haiM ve sakriyA aura asatkriyA meM, sukRta aura duSkRta meM, puNya aura pApa meM, sAdhu aura asAdhu meM, siddhi aura asiddhi meM, naraka aura svarga meM bheda nahIM maante| sUtrakRtAMga meM yaha bhI saMketa kiyA gayA hai ki tajjIva-taccharIravAdI bhI kadAcit apane matAnusAra pravrajyA aMgIkAra karate haiM aura apane hI dharma ko satya samajhate haiN| ve upadeza dekara dUsare logoM ko bhI apane mata se jor3ate haiM, kintu sat-asat Adi kriyAoM meM bheda kA pratipAdana nahIM hone ke kAraNa ve hiMsA, parigraha Adi kA sevana aura anumodana karane lagate haiN| kAma bhogoM meM Asakta hokara na anyoM ko bandhana mukta kara pAte haiM aura na svayaM mukta ho pAte haiN| AcArya zIlAMka ne tajjIva-taccharIravAda ko prastuta karate hue yaha bhI zaMkA uThAI hai ki puNya-pApa ke abhAva meM jagat ke jIvoM kI vicitratA kisa prakAra hogI? isake uttara meM ve tajjIva-taccharIravAdiyoM kI ora se svabhAvavAda ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM- "kaNTakasya ca tIkSNatvaM, mayUrasya vicitrtaa|vrnnaashc tAmracUDAnAM, svabhAvena bhavanti hiN| 27 arthAt kAMToM kI tIkSNatA, mayUra kI

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana vicitratA aura murge ke vibhinna vargoM kA honA svabhAva se hI siddha hai| isameM puNya, pApa Adi kAraNoM kI apekSA nahIM hai| ataH AtmA ko zarIra rUpa svIkAra karane meM bAdhA nahIM hai| khaNDana- tajjIva-taccharIravAda bhI eka prakAra se cArvAkoM kA hI mata hai| kyoMki yaha AtmA kA svatantra astitva svIkAra na karake nAstikatA ko sthApita karatA hai| samAja meM naitikatA kI sthApanA ke lie AtmA kA svatantra astitva svIkAra karanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki vahI apane kRta karmoM ke anusAra anya bhava meM bhI phala kI prApti karAtA hai| tajjIva-taccharIravAda mata atyanta sthUla anubhava ke AdhAra para kahA gayA pratIta hotA hai| vAstava meM caitanyadhArI AtmA zarIra se bhinna hai, aisA bheda-vijJAniyoM evaM kevalajJAniyoM ne anubhava kiyA hai| zarIra meM cetanAzIlatA AtmA ke kAraNa hai, Atma-tattva ke nikala jAne para zarIra niDhAla ho jAtA hai| ataH yaha kahanA ki zarIra pariNata paMcabhUtoM se caitanya utpanna hotA hai, ucita nahIM hai| jaina darzana meM to AtmA kA vistRta vivecana huA hai, jisake anusAra guNasthAnoM meM ArohaNa AtmA kA hotA hai, zarIra kA nhiiN| aupazamika Adi bhAva bhI AtmA meM pAe jAte haiM, zarIra meM nhiiN| jJAna, darzana, guNa kI upalabdhi AtmA meM hotI hai, zarIra meM upalabdha indriyA~ to mAtra sAdhana banatI haiN| vibhinna indriyoM se hone vAle jJAnoM ke AdhAra para hI AtmA ko yaha anubhava hotA hai ki maiMne dekhA, maiMne sunA, maiMne cakhA, maiMne sparza kiyA evaM maiMne suuNghaa| ye sabhI jJAna yadyapi alaga-alaga indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hote haiM, tathApi inakA saMkalanAtmaka jJAna eka hI AtmA ko hotA hai| ___ AtmA ko zarIra se abhinna mAnane vAle vAdiyoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki paMcabhUtoM se bhinna AtmA kA astitva nahIM mAnane para caturgatika saMsAra meM jIva dvArA janma-maraNa kisa prakAra kiyA jAegA aura phira jagat kI vicitratA bhI kaise ghaTita ho sakegI? aise ajJAnI loga ajJAna rUpI andhakAra se punaH adhika andhakAra (jJAnAvaraNa Adi) kI ora gamana karate haiN| paMcabhUtoM se nirmita zarIra se bhinna AtmA kA abhAva mAnane para puNya, pApa kA bhI abhAva hogA aura puNya-pApa ke abhAva se paraloka gamana kA abhAva ho jaayegaa| isa prakAra AtmA ke abhAva kA

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA pratipAdana karane vAle matavAdI mahArambha meM DUba jAte haiM aura mahArambha meM nimagna hokara ve naraka kA rAstA pakar3a lete haiN| rAjapraznIya sUtra meM kezIkumAra zramaNa ne rAjA pradezI dvArA 'jIvo taM sarIraMtaM ceva' (tajjIva-taccharIravAda) ke pakSa meM pradatta toM kA sodAharaNa khaNDana kiyA hai| unhoMne batAyA hai ki kina kAraNoM se naraka gayA huA jIva hameM sAvadhAna karane nahIM A sakatA, tathA svarga meM gayA huA jIva bhI kina kAraNoM se Akara hameM nahIM cetaataa| lohakumbhI Adi se nikalane meM jIva ko kisI chidra kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| jIva apratihata gati vAlA hotA hai| pUjya ghAsIlAlajI kRta TIkA evaM yuvAcArya zrI madhukaramunijI dvArA sampAdita sUtrakRtAMga meM AtmA ko zarIra se abhinna mAnane ko anucita ThaharAte hue katipaya tarka die gae haiM, yathA1. zarIra ko hI AtmA mAnane para buddhimAnoM kI zAstrAdi meM pravRtti nahIM hogii| ___ mokSa ke lie lI jAne vAlI dIkSA, cAritra Adi kI pravRtti nahIM ho sakegI, kintu tIrthakara, gaNadhara Adi kI mokSa ke lie pravRtti hone se use niSphala nahIM kahA jA sktaa| 2. yadi zarIra se bhinna AtmA na ho to bAlyAvasthA meM anubhUta padArtha kA smaraNa nahIM honA caahie| 3. kisI bhI vyakti ko dAna, sevA, paropakAra, loka-kalyANa Adi zubhakarmoM kA phala prApta nahIM hogaa| 4. hiMsA, jhUTha, corI Adi pApakarma karane vAle loga niHzaMka hokara pApakarma kareMge, kyoMki zarIra ke sAtha caitanya kA vinAza ho jAne se phala bhogane vAlA koI nahIM rhegaa| AtmA ke akartRtva sambandhI mata evaM usakA khaNDana / AtmA ko akartA-svIkAra karane vAlA yaha siddhAnta akArakavAda athavA akartRtvavAda ke nAma se kahA gayA hai| kapila dvArA praNIta sAMkhyadarzana meM AtmA kiM vA puruSa ko cetana mAnakara bhI akartA kahA gayA hai| SaDdarzanasamuccaya TIkA meM sAMkhyadarzana ke sambandha meM ullekha AtA hai

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62 - jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana amUrtazcetano bhogI nityaH sarvagato'kriyaH / akartA nirguNaH sUkSma AtmA kApiladarzane / / " kApila arthAt sAMkhya darzana meM AtmA ko amUrta, cetana, bhoktA, nitya, vyApaka, niSkriya, akartA, nirguNa (sattva, raja evaM tamo guNa se rahita ) aura sUkSma svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM isa mata kA ullekha nimnAMkita gAthA meM kiyA gayA hai kuvvaM ca kAravaM ceva, savvaM kuvvaM Na vijjati / evaM akArao appA, evaM te upagabbhiyA / / 2 ( AtmA svayaM koI kriyA nahIM karatA, na dUsaroM se karavAtA hai tathA vaha sabhI prakAra kI kriyAoM se rahita hai / isa prakAra AtmA akAraka hai| yaha paramatAvalambI (sAMkhya darzana) kA dhRSTatApUrvaka kiyA gayA kathana hai | ) sAMkhyadarzana ke anusAra prakRti evaM puruSa do pramukha tattva haiN| jinameM se prakRti meM sAMkhya dArzanika kartRtva svIkAra karate haiM tathA puruSa ko bhoktA mAnakara bhI kartA nahIM mAnate haiN| isa akArakavAda siddhAnta meM antarvirodha hai, kyoMki AtmA yA puruSa cetana hai ataH vaha niSkriya tathA akartA nahIM ho sktaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jo kartA nahIM hotA vaha phala kA bhoktA kaise ho sakatA hai? sAMkhya darzana meM puruSa ko akartA mAnakara bhI bhoktA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha usakI mAnyatA kA pArasparika virodha hai| khaNDanaH- isa akArakavAda ke nirAkaraNa meM niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu kA tarka hai ki jaba AtmA ko akartA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai to usake akRta kA vedana kauna karatA hai|" AcArya zIlAMka ne vyAkhyA karate hue kahA hai ki AtmA ke niSkriya hone se usameM vedana kriyA bhI ghaTita nahIM ho sktii| yadi akRta kA bhI anubhava ho sakatA hai to phira akRta ke Agamana aura kRta ke nAza kI Apatti AtI hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki puruSa ke vyApaka evaM nitya hone ke kAraNa usameM pAMca prakAra kI gati nahIM ho sktii| pAMca prakAra kI gatiyA~ haiM- naraka, tiryak, manuSya, deva aura mokss| akartA puruSa inameM se kisI bhI gati meM nahIM jA sakatA hai| phira puruSa ke akartA hone ke kAraNa use kASAya vastra dhAraNa karane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai?

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA sira kA muNDana karane kI, daNDa dhAraNa karane kI aura bhikSA mAMgakara bhojana karane kI bhI kyA AvazyakatA hai? paMcarAtra ke niyama ke anusAra yama-niyama ke anuSThAna kI bhI kyA AvazyakatA hai?phira to sAMkhyadArzanikoM kA nimnAMkita kathana vyartha siddha hotA hai- 'paMcaviMzatitattvajJo, yatra tatrAzrame rtH| jaTI muNDI zikhI vApi, mucyate nAtra sNshyH|" (sAMkhya ke 25 tattvoM ko jAnane vAlA vyakti, kisI bhI Azrama meM rahane vAlA ho, jaTAdhArI ho, athavA muNDana kiyA huA, athavA zikhA dhAraNa karane vAlA ho, vaha mukta ho jAtA hai, isameM koI saMzaya nahIM hai|) AtmA ko sarvavyApaka evaM nitya mAnane se vismaraNa kA bhI abhAva hotA hai| ataH jAtismaraNa jJAna Adi kI kriyA bhI nahIM ho sktii| jaba puruSa ko nitya evaM niSkriya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai to usameM bhoktA hone kI kriyA bhI saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha bhI eka kriyA hai| ___ yadi puruSa kI niSkriyatA kA abhiprAya sAMkhyadarzana meM pUrNa niSkriyatA nahIM hai, kintu sakriyatA kI alpatA ke kAraNa use niSkriya kahA gayA hai to uttara meM zIlAMkAcArya kahate haiM ki yadi kisI vRkSa ke phala nahIM hai to usase druma ke abhAva kI siddhi nahIM hotii| phalavAna hone para hI kisI vRkSa ko druma kahA jAe, anyathA adruma kahA jAe, to yaha ucita nahIM hai| supta Adi avasthA meM AtmA kI kathaJcit niSkriyatA hameM bhI svIkAra hai, kintu isase AtmA ko niSkriya kahanA ucita nahIM hai| thor3e phala vAlA hone para vRkSa kA abhAva siddha karanA ucita nahIM hai| kyoMki thor3e phala vAle panasa Adi vRkSa bhI 'vRkSa' kahe jAte haiN| isI prakAra AtmA bhI svalpa kriyA vAlA hone para bhI kriyAvAn hI kahalAtA hai| yadi sAMkhya dArzanika yaha mAnatA ho ki jisa prakAra thor3e dhana vAlA dhanI nahIM kahalAtA, usI prakAra thor3I kriyA vAlA bhI kriyAvAn nahIM kahA jAtA, to aisA mAnanA ucita nahIM hai| alpa dhana vAle puruSa ko bhI jIrNa vastra vAle vyakti kI apekSA dhanI samajhA jAtA hai| AtmaSaSThavAda mata evaM usakA khaNDana kucha dArzanika pRthvI Adi pAMca mahAbhUtoM ko svIkAra karane ke sAtha AtmA ko

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana chaThA padArtha mAnate haiN| ye AtmA ko zAzvata mAnate haiN| jisa prakAra AkAza sarvavyApI aura amUrta hone se zAzvata hai usI prakAra AtmA bhI sarvavyApI tathA amUrta hone se zAzvata hai| inake mata kA ullekha karate hue sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai saMti paMca mahabbhUyA, ihamegesiM aahiyaa| AyachaTTo puNo Ahu, aayaalogeysaase||" (pA~ca mahAbhUta haiN| kinhIM ke dvArA AtmA ko chaThA padArtha kahA gayA hai| inameM AtmA evaM loka (paMca mahAbhUta) zAzvata haiN|) isa mata meM AtmA ko paMca mahAbhUtoM se svatantra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai tathA paMca mahAbhUtAtmaka, loka evaM AtmA ko zAzvata aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AtmA bhI zAzvata hai evaM loka bhI zAzvata hai| paMca bhUtoM se caitanya kI utpatti mAnane vAle cArvAka ke mata meM jahA~ paMcabhUta evaM unase utpanna caitanya anitya hai vahA~ AtmaSaSThavAda mata meM pAMcoM bhUtoM evaM AtmA ko nitya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| mAtra paMcabhUtoM evaM AtmA ina chaha dravyoM yA padArthoM ko mAnane vAlA vartamAna meM koI darzana pracalita nahIM hai| hA~, vaizeSika darzana meM mAnya nau dravyoM ke antargata ina chahoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| vaizeSika darzana meM nau dravya aMgIkRta haiM- pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, AkAza, kAla, dik, AtmA aura mn| inameM pUrvokta chahoM dravya samAviSTa haiN| kintu vaizeSika darzana meM AtmA evaM AkAza ko pUrNataH nitya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki pRthvI, jala, agni evaM vAyu ke paramANuoM ko nitya tathA kAryarUpa pRthvI Adi ko anitya mAnA gayA hai| sAMkhya darzana ke paccIsa tattvoM meM bhI paMcabhUtoM kA prakRti meM tathA AtmA kA puruSa tattva meM samAveza hotA hai| sAMkhya darzana meM puruSa nitya hai, jabaki pRthvI Adi paMcabhUta kArya athavA vikRti rUpa hone se anitya haiN| mImAMsA darzana meM bhI paMcabhUta evaM AtmA ko svIkRta kiyA gayA hai, kintu inake atirikta bhI padArtha svIkAra kie gae haiN| ataH yaha AtmaSaSThavAda koI prAcIna mata rahA hai, jisakA abhI svatantra astitva dRggocara nahIM hotA hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM AtmaSaSThavAda kI anya vizeSatAoM ko nimnAMkita gAthA meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA 65 duhaotaNaviNassati, noyaupajjae asN| savve visavvahAbhAvA, niytiibhaavmaagtaa||" (ye pAMca mahAbhUta aura AtmA donoM prakAra (nirhetuka evaM sahetuka) se naSTa nahIM hote haiN| asat padArtha utpanna nahIM hotA hai| ye sabhI padArtha sarvathA niyatibhAva arthAt nityatva ko prApta hote haiN|) ina chaha padArthoM kA na nirhetuka vinAza hotA hai aura na sahetukA bauddha paramparA kSaNikavAdI hai| usameM pratyeka vastu kA nirhetuka arthAt binA kAraNa ke vinAza svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| jo bhI vastu utpanna hotI hai vaha naI vastu ko janma dekara svataH naSTa ho jAtI hai| usake nAza meM koI anya hetu nahIM hotA hai isalie ise nirhetuka vinAza kahA jAtA hai| dUsarA vinAza sahetuka hotA hai jaise lakar3I, DaNDe, hathaur3e yA kisI astra-zastra se jo vinAza kiyA jAtA hai, use sahetuka vinAza kahate haiN| isa prakAra kA vinAza vastuvAdI nyAya-vaizeSika darzana svIkAra karate haiN| AtmaSaSThavAdI ke mata meM ina donoM prakAra kA vinAza nahIM hotaa| inakA mAnanA hai ki jo sat hai usakA vinAza nahIM hotA aura jo asat hai use utpanna nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bauddhoM kI mAnyatA hai ki jo vastu utpanna hotI hai vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| usakI utpatti hI usake vinAza kA hetu hotI hai| anya koI usakA hetu nahIM hotA hai| khaNDana:- jaina darzana ke anusAra sabhI padArtha nityAnityAtmaka haiN| dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se unheM nitya aura paryAyArthika naya kI dRSTi se anitya pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| mAtra nityapadArthoM ko svIkAra karane para jagat kA vyavahAra nahIM cala sktaa| AtmA ko nitya mAnane para usameM kartRtva ghaTita nahIM ho sktaa| jaba AtmA meM kartRtva hI nahIM hogA to karmabandhana kA abhAva ho jAyegA tathA karmaphala kI prApti bhI nahIM ho skegii| koI sukhI hai to vaha sukhI hI banA rahegA aura koI duHkhI hai to vaha duHkhI hI banA rhegaa| prANiyoM kA janma-maraNa bhI sambhava nahIM hogaa| narakAdi cAra prakAra kI gatiyoM kI avadhAraNA vyartha ho jAyegI tathA mokSa bhI sambhava nahIM ho skegaa| jainadarzana dvArA mAnya kathaMcit nityatA aura kathaMcit anityatA meM janma-maraNa, puNya-pApa, bandha-mokSa Adi sabhI paryAyeM ghaTita ho

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sakatI haiN| isI prakAra pRthvI Adi paMcabhUtoM kI nityatA svIkAra karane para unase ghaTa Adi vastuoM kA nirmANa nahIM ho skegaa| jala evaM vAyu eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para gati nahIM kara skeNge| agni kI lapaTeM Urdhva gamana nahIM kara sakeMgI va cAroM ora bhI nahIM phaila skeNgii| anAtmavAda evaM usakA khaNDana bauddha dArzanika AtmA kA svatantra astitva nahIM maante| ve ise paMcaskandhoM se janya svIkAra karate haiN| vahAM cetanA ko pravAhI vijJAna ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha mata kSaNikavAdI bhI hai| isa mata ko sUtrakRtAMga kI nimna gAthA meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai 66 paMca khaMdhe vayaM tege, bAlA ukhaNajoiNo / anna anno vA''hu, heuyaM ca aheuyaM / / " (vastu ko kSaNika mAnane vAle kucha ajJAnI pAMca skandha kA pratipAdana karate haiN| ve AtmA ko pAMca skandhoM se na bhinna mAnate haiM aura na abhinna / ve ise sahetuka arthAt skandhoM se utpanna athavA nirhetuka arthAt anAdi ananta bhI nahIM mAnate haiN|) bauddha mata meM pAMca skandha pratipAdita haiM- rUpa, vedanA, vijJAna, saMjJA aura sNskaar| ina pAMca skandhoM se sarvathA bhinna AtmA nAma kA koI padArtha nahIM hai| inameM se pRthvI aura pArthiva rUpa vastue~ 'rUpa-skandha' ke antargata samAviSTa hotI haiN| sukha-duHkha aura unake abhAva kA anubhava 'vedanA - skandha' ke antargata AtA hai| rUpajJAna, rasajJAna Adi kA jJAna 'vijJAna - skandha' ke antargata samAviSTa hotA hai| ghaTa, paTa Adi saMjJAoM kA jJAna 'saMjJA - skandha' se hotA hai| puNya-pApa Adi vAsanAoM kA samudAya 'saMskAra - skandha' hai| AtmA yAnI cetanA ina paMca skandhoM kA samudAya rUpa hI hotA hai| inase bhinna AtmA nAmaka padArtha mAnane meM pramANa kA abhAva hai| pratyakSa evaM anumAna donoM pramANoM se AtmA kI pRthak siddhi nahIM hotI / cakSu Adi indriyoM se AtmA kA pratyakSa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA tathA anumAna pramANa se usakA jJAna karane ke lie koI nirdoSa hetu upalabdha nahIM hai| bauddha darzana meM pratyakSa evaM anumAna ke atirikta koI pramANa nahIM mAnA gayA hai, jisase sAdhya kI siddhi kI jA ske| 12 42

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA yahAM para yaha dhyAtavya hai ki bauddha darzana caitanya ko svIkAra to karatA hai, kintu vaizeSika Adi darzanoM kI bhAMti use nitya nahIM maantaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha darzana meM nirvANa kI avasthA meM cetanA yA AtmA kA pravAha ruka jAtA hai tathA vaha kahIM anyatra gamana nahIM krtaa| jisa prakAra dIpaka kA nirvANa hone para usakI lau vahIM samApta ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra nirvANa kI avasthA meM cetanA kA pravAha vahIM samApta ho jAtA hai| ___ eka bAra nirvANa hone ke pazcAt vaha sadA ke lie ho jAtA hai| nirvANa ko bauddha paramparA meM parama sukha svarUpa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai- 'nibbANaM prmNskhN|" nirvANa ke bauddha darzana meM do prakAra nirUpita haiM- sopadhizeSa nirvANa aura nirupadhizeSa nirvaann| jaba zarIra rahate hue nirvANa kI prApti hotI hai to use sopadhizeSa nirvANa kahA gayA hai tathA zarIra ke chUTane para jo nirvANa prApta hotA hai use nirupadhizeSa nirvANa kahA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM arihanta kI jo avasthA hai use sopadhi zeSa nirvANa ke samAna tathA siddha kI avasthA ko nirupadhizeSa nirvANa kI avasthA ke samakakSa mAnA jA sakatA hai| vedAnta darzana meM ise jIvanmukta aura videhamukta avasthA ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| kintu jaina darzana meM siddha jIvoM meM anantajJAna, ananta darzana, ananta sukha Adi ATha guNa svIkAra kie gae haiM, jinakA bauddha darzana meM mAnya paripUrNa nirvANa kI avasthA meM cetanA kA pravAha ruka jAne se abhAva ho jAtA hai| __ bauddhoM ko kSaNayogI arthAt kSaNikavAdI kahA gayA hai| inake anusAra jo bhI sat hai vaha kSaNika hai| AkAza evaM nirvANa ko chor3akara bauddha darzana meM sabhI vastue~ kSaNika aMgIkAra kI gaI haiN| pratyeka vastu apane samAna vastuoM ko janma dekara svayaM samApta ho jAtI haiN| khaNDana:- prAyaH bauddhoM ko anAtmavAdI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki ve nitya AtmA kA astitva nahIM maante| kintu AtmA kI kathaMcit nityatA svIkAra na kI jAe to kartA evaM bhoktA kI vyavasthA gar3abar3A jaaegii| taba kartRtva kisI anya kA hogA tathA phalabhoga koI anya kregaa| ekAnta kSaNikavAda meM sukha-duHkha, puNya-pApa, bandha-mokSa Adi kI vyavasthA ghaTita nahIM ho sktii| yadi paMcaskandhoM se bhinna

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68 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana AtmA kA astitva nahIM hai to bandhana aura mokSa kisakA hogA? kartRtva aura bhoktRtva kisameM ghaTita hogA? pUrNataH cetanA yA AtmA kA astitva na mAnane para punarjanma kI vyavasthA bhI nahIM bana skegii| jabaki bauddha paramparA meM buddha ke aneka bhavoM kA varNana jAtaka kathAoM meM prApta hotA hai| isalie aisA kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki bauddha darzana meM AtmA yA cetanA ko bilkula svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| ve vijJAnaskandha ko AtmA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| pUjya ghAsIlAla jI mahArAja ne bauddhoM ke pakSa ko prastuta karate hue kahA hai"nanu ko brUte AtmA nAsti, astyeva tu vijJAnaskandharUpa AtmA- yadyapi AtmApi vijJAnarUpa eva, tathApi tasminneva vijJAnAtmani jJAnasukhAdayo vidynte| jJAnasukhAdayazca tAdRzavijJAnAtmana evAkAra-vizeSAH te tadAtmani samavetAH, tataH sukhaduHkhAdiphalAnAmupabhogo janmamaraNAdikA sarvA'pi vyavasthA ca samAhitA bhvti|' arthAt bauddha mata meM AtmA vijJAnarUpa hai| usa vijJAna AtmA meM jJAna, sukha Adi rahate haiN| usa vijJAna AtmA meM samaveta sukha duHkhAdi phaloM kA bhoga tathA janma-maraNa Adi kI vyavasthA sambhava hotI hai| kintu jaina dArzanikoM ne kSaNikavAda ke AdhAra para isakA khaNDana kiyA hai| pUjya ghAsIlAla jI ne khaNDana meM kahA hai ki jisa prakAra ghaTa Adi padArtha kSaNika haiM usI prakAra bauddhamata meM AtmA bhI kSaNika hI hai| kSaNika hone se utpanna hokara vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| usa vinaSTa AtmA ke dvArA kAlAntarabhAvI svargAdi phaloM kA bhoga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kyoMki anya kSaNa meM kI gaI kriyA kA anya kSaNa meM milane vAle phala ke sAtha anitya pakSa meM sambandha nahIM ho sktaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki kSaNikavAda meM kRtakarma ke phala ke nAza evaM akRta karma ke phala kI prApti kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai|* cAturdhAtukavAda evaM niyativAda meM Atma-carcA ___ bauddha darzana kI eka mAnyatA ke anusAra pRthvI, jala, agni evaM vAyu ina cAra dhAtuoM se yaha zarIra nirmita hotA hai, jise jIva kahA jAtA hai|" bauddhadarzana meM jIva ko pudgala zabda se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| cArvAka darzana meM jahA~ ina cAroM ko bhUta kahA gayA hai, vahA~ bauddha darzana meM inheM dhAraNa-poSaNa ke kAraNa dhAtu kahA gayA hai| bauddhoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA khaNDana niyukti gAthA ko veei' ke AdhAra para

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA karate hue zIlAMkAcArya kahate haiM ki jisa prakAra pA~ca skandhoM se pRthak AtmA ko svIkAra na karane para yaha samasyA utpanna hotI hai ki sukha-duHkha Adi karmaphala kA anubhava kauna karatA hai, vahI samasyA isa cAturdhAtukavAda meM bhI utpanna hotI hai| niyativAda kI mAnyatA hai ki duHkha-sukha svayaMkRta nahIM haiM aura na anyakRta haiM, inakI prApti sAMgatika hai arthAt niyati se hotI hai| niyativAda meM niyati hI eka mAtra kAraNa hai| maMkhali gozAlaka ke isa mata meM AtmA kA svAtantrya samApta ho jAtA hai tathA karma-siddhAnta kI vyavasthA bhI Dhaha jAtI hai| isa vyavasthA meM puruSArthapUrvaka duHkhoM se mukti kA mArga avaruddha ho jAtA hai, ataH AtmA ko hI apane sukha-duHkha tathA bandhana evaM mokSa ke lie uttaradAyI mAnanA caahie| upasaMhAra jainadarzana ke anusAra AtmA meM jJAna evaM darzana ye do guNa pramukha haiM, kyoMki inase hI cetanA kA bodharUpa vyApAra 'upayoga' saMbhava hotA hai| isalie 'upayogo lakSaNam' (tattvArthasUtra 2.8) sUtra ke dvArA AtmA kA lakSaNa upayoga svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM AtmA ko zarIra, indriya, mana evaM buddhi se pRthak pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi AtmA ke sAtha inakA karma ke kAraNa ghaniSTha sambandha hai, tathApi AdhyAtmika dRSTi se inase AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa ko pRthak aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zarIra Adi meM cetanA kA anubhava hameM AtmA ke saMyoga se hI hotA hai| isalie bhramavaza kucha dArzanika zarIra ko hI AtmA mAna lete haiN| yaha unakA adhUrA evaM sthUla jJAna hai| jainadarzana meM AtmA kI vizeSatAoM ko agrAMkita gAthA meM vyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai jIvo uvaogamao, amuttiikttaasdehprimaanno| bhottA saMsArattho siddho, so visssoddddhgii| (jIva upayogamaya hai, amUrtika hai, kartA hai tathA svadehaparimANa hai| vaha bhoktA hai| usake do prakAra haiM-saMsArastha evaM siddh| vaha svabhAvataH Urdhvagati vAlA hai|) 'jIva' evaM 'AtmA' zabda ke prayoga ko lekara kaI bAra matabheda dikhAI dete haiN| kintu jainadarzana ke pariprekSya meM dekhA jAe to ina donoM zabdoM kA prayoga samAna artha meM hI huA hai| 'atati satataM gacchati iti AtmA' arthAt jo sadaiva vibhinna gatiyoM meM

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70 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana utpanna hotA hai, athavA jo sadaiva jAnatA hai, vaha AtmA hai| 'jIvatiprANairitijIvaH' arthAt jo indriyAdi bala prANoM ke AdhAra para jItA hai, vaha jIva hai| isa prakAra vyutpattiparaka bheda hone para bhI Agama-sAhitya meM evaM tattvArthasUtra meM jIva evaM AtmA zabda kA prayoga eka hI artha meM kiyA gayA hai| siddha AtmAoM ke lie bhI 'jIva' zabda kA prayoga isakA eka udAharaNa hai| jIva upayogamaya hai| upayoga usakA svarUpa hai| jJAnAdi guNoM kA upayoga hI jIva kA svarUpa banatA hai| nyAya-vaizeSika Adi dArzanika jJAna Adi guNoM ko AtmA nAmaka dravya meM Agantuka guNa mAnate haiM tathA mokSa kI avasthA meM ina guNoM kA nAza svIkAra karate haiN| aisI avasthA meM unakI AtmA kA svarUpa caitanyarahita arthAt jar3a ho jAtA hai| jainadarzana AtmA kA yaha svarUpa nahIM maantaa| jainadarzana meM svIkRta AtmA jJAna evaM darzana se abhinna hai| vivakSA kI dRSTi se jJAnAdi guNoM ko kathaMcit guNa evaM AtmA ko dravya kaha diyA jAtA hai| anyathA jJAna ko hI AtmA evaM AtmA ko hI jJAna kahane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai| isI prakAra darzana guNa AtmA kI saMvedanazIlatA ko vyakta karatA hai| AtmA ke ye do Avazyaka guNa haiM, jo usake svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karate haiM tathA jar3a padArthoM se use pRthak siddha karate haiN| jIva kA upayoga-lakSaNa caitanya kA sUcaka hai| jIva ke isa lakSaNa se paMcabhUtavAda kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana ho jAtA hai| paMcabhUtavAdI cArvAka matAvalambI pRthvI Adi pAMca bhUtoM se hI caitanya kA anubhava mAnate haiM, jo unakI atyanta sthUla dRSTi kA sUcaka hai| ve bAhya jagat ko dekhakara hI isa prakAra kI mAnyatA ko lekara cale haiM, bhItara meM AtmasvarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra karane vAle jJAnI puruSa isa satya ko jAnate haiM evaM pratipAdita karate haiM ki AtmA yA jIva vastutaH zarIra se pRthak svarUpa vAlA hai| vaha aSTavidha karmoM se Abaddha hone ke kAraNa audArika Adi zarIroM se yukta hai| vigraha gati meM vaha taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIra se yukta rahatA hai| ye zarIra usa cetanA ke kAraNa hI cetana bane hue lagate haiN| isa satya kI siddhi jaina Agama ke vizeSAvazyaka Adi bhASyagraMthoM, TIkAoM evaM uttarakAlIna dArzanika graMthoM meM vistAra se kI gaI hai| paMcabhUtoM se pRthak cetana tattva ko svIkAra kiye binA sanmArga kA evaM satya kA anveSaNa saMbhava nahIM hai| AtmA kA dUsarA lakSaNa usakA amUrtatva hai| usakA na koI AkAra hai aura na hI

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA 71 usameM rUpa, rasa, sparza Adi guNa haiN| use hama indriyoM se nahIM jAna skte| usakA anubhava svayaM kara sakate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie 'maiM jAnatA hU~' yaha eka hamArA anubhava hai| jAnane kA kArya bhale hI indriya, mana, buddhi Adi ke mAdhyama se hotA ho, kintu phira bhI hameM yaha anubhava hotA hai ki jJAtA vyakti indriya Adi se bhinna hai| isIlie vaha yaha jAnatA hai ki maiM hI sunatA hU~, dekhatA hU~, sUMghatA hU~, cakhatA hU~, chUtA hU~, socatA hU~, tarka karatA hU~ aadi| tAtparya yaha hai ki indriya, mana evaM buddhi se hone vAle jJAna kA kartA inase bhinna hai| isIlie vaha aneka jJAnoM kA jJAtA svayaM ko mAnatA hai| smaraNa, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna Adi kA jJAtA bhI vahI hotA hai| isa prakAra AtmA kI siddhi anumAna pramANa se bhI hotI hai| Agama meM to AtmA ke astitva evaM amUrtatA ke aneka kathana prApta hote haiN| AtmA ko amUrta svIkAra karane ke kAraNa lokAyatika mata meM mAnya paMcabhUtavAda evaM tajjIva-taccharIravAda kA khaNDana ho jAtA hai| kyoMki ve jIva ko mUrta mAnakara apanA mata rakhate haiN| amUrta tattva ko jAnane ke lie unake pAsa pratyakSa ke atirikta anumAna Adi koI pramANa nahIM haiN| ___ AtmA kA tIsarA lakSaNa isakA kartA honA hai| sAMkhya dArzanika AtmA ko akartA evaM bhoktA mAnate haiN| kintu prazna hotA hai ki jo akartA hai vaha bhoktA kaise ho sakatA hai?vastutaH jo jaisA karma karatA hai vaha usI ke anurUpa phala bhogatA hai| sAMkhyadarzana meM phalabhoga kI yaha prakriyA bAdhita ho jAtI hai, kyoMki vahA~ akartA ko hI bhoktA mAna liyA gayA hai| eka bAta yaha bhI hai ki jo akartA hai vaha bhoga kI kriyA bhI kaise kara sakatA hai?kyoMki bhoga kI kriyA kA bhI to vaha kartA khlaaegaa| sAMkhyadarzana meM jar3a prakRti ko kI mAnA hai jo kisI bhI prakAra yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| sAMkhya evaM jainadarzana meM yaha to samAnatA hai ki ye donoM darzana AtmA ko aneka mAnate haiM, kintu AtmA ke kartRtva evaM akartRtva ko lekara matabheda hai| ___ upaniSad evaM vedAnta kI dhAraNA hai ki AtmA sarvavyApaka hai tathA eka hI AtmA ke aMza rUpa meM anya jIva rahate haiN| yaha dhAraNA bhI ucita nahIM hai| AtmA sarvavyApaka nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki hameM sukha-duHkha Adi kA vedana zarIra paryanta hI hotA hai| zarIra ke bAhara hone vAlI ghaTanAoM kA anubhava mana evaM saMskAroM ke mAdhyama se to ho sakatA hai, kintu usake lie AtmA ko vyApaka mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| AtmA ko vyApaka

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72 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana mAnane para anya ke sukha-duHkhAdi kA bhI hameM vedana honA cAhie, anya ke coTa lagane para, yA anya ke dvArA svAdiSTa padArthoM kA AsvAdana lene para hameM bhI usakA anubhava honA cAhie, kintu aisA nahIM hotA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki sabhI jIva svatantra haiM, koI kisI kA aMza yA aMzI nahIM hai| sabako apane-apane kRta karmoM ke anusAra phala kI prApti hotI hai| bandhanoM se mukta hone ke lie sabako pRthak rUpa se prayatna karane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isalie jaina darzana meM jIva ko svadeha parimANa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jIva ko sarvavyApaka nahIM mAnane evaM ananta mAnane se ekAtmavAda kI mAnyatA kA bhI khaNDana ho jAtA hai| __ jIva apane kRta karmoM kA svayaM bhoktA hai| jainadarzana kA yaha siddhAnta use apanI pravRtti meM sudhAra kI preraNA detA hai| mana, vacana evaM kAyA ke mAdhyama se hama samyagdarzana pUrvaka jo pravRtti karate haiM vaha hI hameM bhoktRtvabhAva kI zRMkhalA se chuTakArA dilA sakatI hai| bhoktA honA saMsArI jIvoM kA lakSaNa hai| kartRtva ke anurUpa phala-prApti svIkAra karane ke kAraNa jainadarzana niyativAda kA bhI nirasana kara detA hai| jIva do prakAra ke haiMsaMsArI aura siddh| jo karma-bandhanoM se Abaddha haiM tathA saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate rahate haiM, ve saMsArI jIva haiM tathA jo aSTavidha karmoM se mukta ho gaye haiM, ve siddha jIva haiN| ve punaHjanma grahaNa nahIM krte| isase avatAravAda kI mAnyatA kA bhI khaNDana ho jAtA hai| jainadarzana meM AtmA nitya bhI hai aura anitya bhii| vaha dravyArthika naya se nitya hai tathA paryAyArthika naya se anitya hai| aneka bhavoM meM janma lekara bhI jIva dravyArthika naya se vahI jIva banA rahatA hai, jabaki paryAyArthika naya se vaha hara bhava meM zarIrAdi ke kAraNa badala jAtA hai| isIlie bhagavatIsUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jIvoM ko syAt zAzvata evaM syAt azAzvata kahA hai| aSTavidha karmoM se mukta hone ke lie AtmA ke sahI svarUpa ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai aura vaha jJAna samyag darzana evaM samyagjJAna ke hone para hI saMbhava hai| ina donoM ke hone para cAritra athavA AcaraNa meM pragati ho sakatI hai| ye tInoM milakara mokSa ke mArga kahalAte haiN| jIva ke kAraNa aupazamika, kSAyika evaM kSAyopazamika bhAvoM kI carcA hotI hai| jaina AgamoM meM sUtrakRtAMga eka mahattvapUrNa Agama hai, jo ahiMsA, samatA, aparigraha Adi ke AcaraNa kI preraNA karane ke sAtha jIva ke sahI svarUpa kA bodha

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA 73 karAtA hai| saMsAra meM aneka mata-matAntaroM ko dekhakara yA sunakara maMdabuddhi evaM komala hRdaya vAle loga bhaTaka jAyA karate haiN| ataH unako sanmArga para lAne ke lie anya matoM ke doSoM yA kamiyoM kA jJAna karAnA bhI zAstrakAroM kA uddezya hotA hai| usa uddezya meM sUtrakRtAMga evaM usake vyAkhyA-granthoM kI bhUmikA sarAhanIya hai| sandarbha:1. sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.1., gAthA 7-8 2. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, cArvAkadarzana, zloka 6 3. ayaM attA rUpI cAturmahAbhUtiko mAtApettikasambhavo kAyassa bhedA ucchijjatti, vinassati, na hoi paraM maraNA....... ittheke sato sattassa ucchedaM vinAsaM vibhavaM pjnyaapeNti|diighnikaay, brahmajAla sutta, pR. 30, prakAzaka-bhAratIya bauddha zikSA pariSad, buddha vihAra, lkhnuu| 4. sUtrakRtAMga 2.1, sUtra 655 5. paMcaNhaM saMjoe aNNaguNANaM ca ceynnaaigunno| paMciMdiyaThANANaM Na aNNamuNiyaM muNai annnno||-niyukti-sNgrh, sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, gAthA 33 6. yadapyatrapUrvoktaM yathA- madyAGgeSvavidyamAnA'pi pratyekaM madazaktiH samudAye prAdurbhavatIti, tadapyayuktaM, yatastatra kiNvAdiSu yA ca yAvatI ca zaktirupalabhyate, tathAhi kiNve bubhukSApanayanasAmarthya bhramijananasAmarthya ca udakasya tRDapanayana- sAmarthyamityAdineti, bhUtAnAM ca pratyekaM caitanyAnamyupagame dRSTAntadAAnti- kyorsaamym|- zrI sUtrakRtAMgasUtra 1.1.1, gAthA 7-8 para zIlAMkakRtaTIkA, patrAMka 53 7. kiM ca bhUtacaitanyAbhyugame maraNAbhAvo, mRtakAye'pi pRthvyAdInAM bhUtAnAM sdbhaavaat| -vahI, patrAMka 53 8. lepyapratimAyAM samastabhUtasadbhAve'pi jddtvmevoplbhyte|- vahI, patrAMka 53 9. astyAtmA, asaadhaarnntdgunnoplbdheH............| -vahI, patrAMka 54 10. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 20.37 11. sUtrakRtAGga 1.1.1.9 12. brahmabindUpaniSad, 11 13. kaThopaniSad, 2.2.10 14. zvetAzvaropaniSad, 6.11 15. evamege tti jaMpaMti, maMdA aarNbhnissiyaa| ege kicyA sayaM pAvaM, tivvaM dukkhaM niycchi||- sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.1.10

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 16. yadi punareka evAtmA vyApI syAttadA ghaTAdiSvapi caitanyopalabdhiH syAt, na caivaM, tasmAnneka . AtmA bhUtAnAM cAnyA'nyaguNatvaM na syAd, eksmaadaatmno'bhinntvaat| - zrI sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, lAkhAbAvala, zIlAMGkaTIkA, patrAMka 60 17. zrI sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, lAkhAbAvala, sAdhuraGgadIpikA vyAkhyA, patrAGka 61 18. vahI, patrAGka 61 19. patteaMkasiNe AyA, je bAlA je a pNddiyaa| ____ saMti piccA na te saMti, natthi sttovvaaiyaa||- sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.1.11 20. vRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 2.4.12 21. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1.1.1.12 22. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra,2.1, sUtra 648 23. vahI, sUtra 649 24. AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA na dIrgha hai na isva, na vRtta hai na trikoNa, na catuSkoNa, na parimaMDala, na kRSNa, na nIla, na lohita, na pIlA, na zukla, na surabhigandha, na durabhigandha, na tikta hai na kaTu, na kasailA, na khaTTA, na madhura, na kakarza hai na mRdu, na guru hai na laghu, na zIta hai na uSNa, na snigdha hai na rukSa, na vaha kAyA hai| vaha janmadharmA nahIM hai, vaha saMgarahita hai, vaha na strI hai, na puruSa aura na napuMsakA- AcArAMgasUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1.5.6, sUtra 176 25. sUtrakRtAGga, 2.1, sUtra 650 26. draSTavya- rAjapraznIyasUtra, sUtra 242 se 259 27. sUtrakRtAMga TIkA, 1.1.1.12 meM uddhRta vAkya 28. tamAo te tamaM jaMti, maMdA aarmbhnissiyaa| - sUtrakRtAMga 1.1.1.14 29. draSTavya, rAjapraznIya sUtra, sUtra 243 se 259 30. dehamAtrasya hyAtmatve dehnaashaadvinaashtH| ___ mahAdhiyAM ca zAstrANAM pravRttirnaiva sNbhvet|| -zrI sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, pUjya ghAsIlAla kRta TIkA, bhAga-1, pR. 141 31. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, TIkA meM uddhRta, pR.152 32. sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.1.13 33. ko veyaI akayaM? kayanAso paMcahA gaI ntthi| devamaNussagayAgaiM jAIsaraNAiyANaM c||-niyuktisNgrh, sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA 341 34. draSTavya, sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1.1.1.14 para zIlAMkAcArya kRta TIkA, prathama bhAga, patrAMka 71 35. draSTavya, vahI, patrAMka 71

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sUtrakRtAMga meM paramatAnusArI Atma-svarUpa kI mImAMsA 75 36. zrI sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, zIlAGkAcAryakRta TIkA, lAkhA bAvala, prathama bhAga, patrAGka 72 37. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1.1.1.15 38. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1.1.1.15 39. 'nAsato vidyate bhAvo, nA bhAvo vidyate stH|'-bhgvdgiitaa, 2.26 40. jAtireva hi bhAvAnAM, vinAze heturissyte| yo jAtazca na nazyet, nazyet pazcAtsa kena sH|| -zrI sUtrakRtAMgasUtra 1.1.1.15 para ghAsIlAla jI mahArAja kI samayArthabodhinI nAmaka TIkA meM uddhRt| 41. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1.1.1.17 42. zrI sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, pUjya ghAsIlAla kRta TIkA, bhAga-1, pRSTha 214 43. dIpo yathA nirvRtimabhyupeto naivAvaniM gacchati naantrikssm| dizaM na kAMcid vidizaM na kAMcit snehakSayAt kevalameti shaantim|| evaM kRtI nirvRtimabhyupeto naivAvaniM gacchati naantrikssm| dizaM na kAMcid vidizaM na kAMcid klezakSayAt kevalameti shaantim||-saundrnnd, sarga 16, zloka 28-29 44. dhammapada, 15.8 45. zrI sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1.1.1.18, pUjya ghAsIlAlakRta samayArthabodhinI TIkA, bhAga prathama, pR. 229 46. yathA ghaTAdayo bhAvAH kSaNikAH tathA AtmApi kSaNika eveti kSaNikatvAt utpadya sadya eva __vinazyati, tato vinaSTenAtmanA kAlAntarabhAvi svargAdiphalaM kathamiva bhoktuM shkyet| kSaNarUpayoH kriyAphalavatoH sNbndhaa'bhaavaat| kRtanAzA'kRtAbhyAgamadoSazca syaat| -zrI sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1.1.1.18, samayArthabodhinI TIkA, bhAga-1, pRSTha 230 47. (1) puDhavI Au teU ya, tahA vAU ya ego| cattAri dhAuNo rUvaM, evamAhaMsu aavre|- sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.1.18 (2)pRthivI dhAturApazca dhAtustathA tejo vAyuzceti, dhArakatvAtpoSakatvAcca dhAtutvameSAm, 'egaotti' yadaite catvAro'pyekAkArapariNatiM bibhrati kAyAkAratayA tadA jIvavyapadezamaznuvate, tathA cocuH- "caturdhAtukamidaM zarIraM, na tadvyatirikta aatmaa'stiiti|-shrii sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1.1.1.18 para zIlAMkAcArya kRta TIkA patrAMka 81 48. draSTavya- zrI sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1.1.1.18 para zIlAMkAcArya kRta TIkA patrAMka 81-82 49. na sayaM kaDaM Na annehiM, vedayanti puDho jiyaa| saMgatiyaM taM tahA tesiM, ihmegesimaahiy||- sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.2.3 50. bRhadravya saMgraha, 1.2

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76 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana prayukta grantha-sUcI 1. AcArAMgasUtra (prathama zrutaskandha)- zrI Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, caturtha saMskaraNa, san 2010 2. IzAdi nau upaniSad-gItA presa, gorakhapura 3. upaniSadvAkyamahAkoSa (239 upaniSadoM ke vAkyoM se yukta)- saMkalaka- zrI gajAnana zambhu sAdhale, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, cauka, vArANasI, punarmudrita 1990 4. niyukti-saGgraha- bhadrabAhu, saMpAdaka- zrI vijayajinendrasUrIzvara, zrI harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA, lAkhA bAvala, zAMtipurI, jAmanagara (saurASTra), san 1989 5. bhagavadgItA- gItA presa, gorakhapura 6. rAjapraznIyasUtra- yuvAcArya zrI madhukaramuni sampAdita, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, san 1981 7. zrI sUtrakRtAGgasUtram (bhAga-eka) (niyukti, cUrNi, zIlAGkAcAryakRta TIkA, zrI harSakulagaNi racita dIpikA evaM zrI sAdhuraGgaNi kRta dIpikA vyAkhyA sahita), sampAdakaAcArya zrI vijayajinendrasUrIzvara, zrI harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA, lAkhA bAvala, zAMtipurI, jAmanagara (saurASTra), san 1992 8. zrI sUtrakRtAGgasUtram (bhAga 1 evaM 4) (zrI ghAsIlAla mahArAja kRta samayArthabodhinI TIkA evaM hindI- gujarAtI anuvAda yukta), zrI a.bhA.zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina zAstroddhAra samiti, gureDiyA kuvA roDa, rAjakoTa (saurASTra), san 1969 evaM 1971 9. sarvadarzanasaMgraha- mAdhavAcArya, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, punarmudrita saMskaraNa 2001 10. sUtrakRtAGgasUtra (hindI anuvAda, vivecanAdi sahita), yuvAcArya zrI madhukara muni sampAdita, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, dvitIya saMskaraNa 1991 11. SaDdarzanasamuccaya (guNaratnakRta TIkA sahita)- haribhadrasUri, sampAdaka- DaoN. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, dvitIya saMskaraNa, san 1981

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Agama-sAhitya meM pudgala evaM paramANu vizva meM jIva ko AkarSita karane vAlA sabase bar3A sAmrAjya pudgala kA hai| mobAila evaM TI.vI. ho yA inakI taraMgeM, sonogrAphI evaM eksare kI kiraNeM ho yA sUrya kI kiraNeM, madhura saMgIta ho yA sundara rUpa, phrija ho yA kUlara, bhavana ho yA pharnIcara, pena ho yA pustakeM sabhI pudgala haiN| hamArA zarIra, hamArI bhojyasAmagrI Adi sabhI pudgala haiN| pudgala Thosa, drava, gaisa, taraMga, UrjA Adi vibhinna rUpoM meM rahatA hai| yaha paramANu, skandha Adi kisI bhI AkAra meM ho sakatA hai| pudgala kA vaiziSTya hai ki vaha sparza, rasa, gaMdha evaM rUpa se yukta hotA hai| ye sparzAdi jaba utkaTa hote haiM to hama inheM indriyoM se jAna lete haiM tathA jaba ye sUkSma hote haiM to indriyoM se grAhya nahIM hote| paramANu bhI sparza, rasa Adi guNoM se yukta hotA hai| jaina darzana meM prANAtipAta Adi pApoM ko bhI pudgala mAnA gayA hai| pudgala hamAre sukha, duHkha, jIvana, maraNa, prANa, apAna, bhASA, mana Adi sabameM hamArA upakAra karate haiN| AtmA ko baMdhana meM DAlane vAle karma bhI pudgala hI haiN| pudgaloM kI vibhinna avasthAoM para prastuta Alekha meM Agama-sAhitya ke AdhAra para prakAza DAlA jA rahA hai| jaina darzana meM pudgala eka dravya hai| dravya ke chaha prakAra pratipAdita haiMdharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, kAla, jIvAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAyA inameM pudgala dravya ko rUpI athavA mUrta mAnA gayA hai tathA zeSa pA~ca dravya arUpI evaM amUrta haiN| pudgala meM rUpa, rasa, gandha evaM sparza guNa hone ke kAraNa ise rUpI athavA mUrta svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pudgala kA svarUpa Adhunika vijJAna meM padArtha (Matter), paramANu (Atom), UrjA (Energy) aura taraMgoM (Waves) kA jo nirUpaNa prApta hotA hai, jainadarzana meM vaha pudgala ke vivecana kA viSaya hai| sthAnAMgasUtra, vyAkhyAprajJaprisUtra, prajJApanAsUtra, jIvAjIvAbhigamasUtra Adi AgamoM meM tathA niyamasAra, pravacanasAra, gommaTasAra,bRhadravyasaMgraha Adi evaM tattvArthasUtra aura usakI TIkAoM meM pudgala kA paryApta vivecana huA hai| saMkSepa meM kaheM to jo pUraNa evaM galana svabhAvI hotA hai, vaha pudgala hai|' pUraNa kA artha hai

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana milanA evaM galana kA artha hai bichur3anA / pudgala meM saMyoga evaM viyoga kI pravRtti hotI hai, saMghAta evaM bheda kI pravRtti hotI hai| loka meM hama zrotra, cakSu, ghrANa, rasanA evaM sparzana indriyoM se jo kucha jAnate haiM vaha saba pudgala hI hai| isa taraha jo indriya grAhya hai, vaha saba pudgala hai, kintu kucha sUkSma pudgala isa prakAra ke bhI hote haiM, jinheM hama indriyoM se grahaNa nahIM kara pAte haiN| 78 ajIva dravya 'pudgala' ke pramukhataH do prakAra haiM- 1. sUkSma pudgala evaM 2. bAdara pudgala / jo indriyoM dvArA grAhya pudgala hai vaha bAdara pudgala hai tathA jo pudgala indriya grAhya nahIM hai vaha sUkSma pudgala hai| ina donoM prakAra ke pudgaloM meM pudgala kA lakSaNa pAyA jAtA hai| pudgala kA lakSaNa hai- sparzarasagandhavarNavantaH pudglaaH| (tattvArthasUtra 5:30) jo sparza, rasa, gandha evaM varNa / rUpa guNa vAle dravya haiM ve pudgala haiN| pudgala cAhe bAdara / sthUla 'hoM athavA sUkSma, sabameM sparza, rasa, gandha evaM varNa kA astitva nyUnAdhika rUpa meM rahatA hai| pudgala kA yaha lakSaNa sabhI pudgaloM meM vyApta hai| paramANu evaM sUkSma pudgaloM meM yaha lakSaNa anutkaTa rUpa meM rahatA hai, ataH hameM jJAta nahIM hotA hai| yadi sUkSma pudgaloM meM sparza Adi guNa na hoM to ve sthUla pudgaloM meM bhI nahIM A skte| vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM pudgala meM varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza ke sAtha saMsthAna pariNAma kA bhI kathana huA hai, kyoMki pudgala inake sAtha pariNamana karatA hai| saMsthAna kA tAtparya hai - AkAra | pudgala kA koI na koI AkAra bhI hotA hai| pudgala ko varNAdi ke AdhAra para jAnA jAtA hai| isalie varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza evaM saMsthAna ko pudgala - karaNa kahA gayA hai| " AlApapaddhati nAmaka grantha meM sparzAdi cAra guNoM ke sAtha mUrtatva evaM acetanatva ko bhI pudgala kA vizeSa guNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|' ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki sparza, rasa, gandha evaM rUpa se yukta vaha dravya jo acetana ho evaM mUrta ho vaha pudgala hai / kintu mUrtatva guNa rUpitva yA saMsthAna/ AkAra ke rUpa meM pahale se svIkRta guNa hai tathA acetanatva sabhI ajIva dravyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| isa taraha sparza, gandha evaM varNa hI ajIva pudgala ke pramukha guNa evaM lakSaNa kahe jA sakate haiN| zabda, bandhAdi bhI pudgala ke paryAya uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM zabda, andhakAra, udyota ( candramA kA prakAza), prabhA (sUrya

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Agama-sAhitya meM pudgala evaM paramANu 79 kA prakAza), chAyA, Atapa ko bhI pudgala kA lakSaNa (paryAya) kahA gayA hai|' tattvArthasUtra meM zabda, bandha, sUkSmatA, sthUlatA, saMsthAna, bheda, andhakAra, chAyA, Atapa, udyota se yukta ko bhI pudgala kahA gayA hai| ye saba pudgala kI paryAya haiM' evaM pudgalarUpa haiM, inheM guNa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| zabda ko nyAya-vaizeSika Adi darzana AkAza kA guNa mAnate haiM, kintu jaina dArzanika isakA khaNDana karate haiM evaM zabda ko pudgala kI paryAya siddha karate haiN| zabda jIva yA ajIva padArthoM ke dvArA utpanna hote haiN| kahIM donoM ke mizrita rUpa se bhI zabda kI utpatti hotI hai| kintu pudgala ke saMyoga ke binA zabda utpanna nahIM hotaa| pudgala ke saMyoga se utpanna hone ke kAraNa zabda pudgala kI paryAya hai| Adhunika vijJAna meM bhI zabda kI taraMgoM para zodhakArya hue haiM, jo inake pudgala hone kA pramANa hai| bandha bhI pudgala kI paryAya hai, kyoMki bandha pudgaloM meM hI hotA hai| bandha do paramANuoM, dvipradezI skandhoM Adi ke milane se hotA hai| paramANuoM athavA skaMdhoM kA paraspara milane se jo bandha hotA hai, usameM mukhya kAraNa unameM vidyamAna snigdha aura rukSa sparza hai| Adhunika vijJAna meM jise dhanAtmaka Aveza kahA jAtA hai vaha snigdha guNa kA tathA jise RNAtmaka Aveza kahA jAtA hai, vaha rukSa guNa kA sUcaka hai| bandhana kisakA hotA hai evaM kisakA nahIM, isa sambandha meM zvetAmbara aura digambara matoM meM bhinnatA hai| jaghanya guNayukta do paramANuoM kA bandha nahIM hotA, isa sambandha meM donoM paramparAe~ eka mata haiM, kintu zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya tattvArthabhASya evaM tattvArthavRtti ke anusAra eka paramANu ke jaghanya guNa hone aura dUsare ke jaghanya guNa na hone para unakA bandha mAnya hai| jabaki sarvArthasiddhi Adi digambara granthoM ke AdhAra para jaghanya guNa aura ajaghanya guNa paramANu kA paraspara bandha nahIM hotA hai| donoM paramparAe~ yaha mAnatI haiM ki samAna aMza hone para sadRza snigdha Adi guNa vAle avayavoM kA bandha nahIM hotA hai|' samAna aMza vAle snigdha kA snigdha ke sAtha tathA samAna aMza vAle rukSa kA rukSa ke sAtha bandha nahIM hotA hai| isa sambandha meM zvetAmbara paramparAgata tattvArthabhASya kI mAnyatA hai ki eka avayava meM snigdhatva yA rukSatva ke sadRza aMza eka se adhika do-tIna cAra tathA saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta yA ananta adhika hone para to bandha hotA

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 10 hai, kintu kevala eka aMza adhika hone para bandha nahIM hotA hai / digambara granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM ke anusAra eka avayava se dUsare avayavoM ke mAtra do adhika hone para bandha mAnA gayA hai| eka aMza kI taraha, tIna, cAra yAvat saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta tathA ananta hone para bandha nahIM mAnA jAtA / zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra asadRza avayavoM meM mAtra jaghanya se jaghanya guNa kA baMdha nahIM hotA, zeSa sthitiyoM meM baMdha hotA hai| jabaki digambara mAnyatAnusAra jaghanya se bhinna guNAMza vAle avayava kA do adhika guNAMza vAle avayavoM se hI bandha hotA haiM, anya se nhiiN| " 80 sUkSmatA evaM sthUlatA pudgala meM hI upalabdha hotI hai| isa AdhAra para pudgala ke chaha prakAra nirUpita haiM 12 1. bAdara - bAdara (atisthUla - sthUla ) - mahatkAya Thosa pudgaloM ko sthUla-sthUla athavA bAdara- bAdara kahA jAtA hai| parvata, caTTAna, lakar3I Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| 2. bAdara (sthUla ) - yaha drava athavA gaisa rUpa meM hotA hai, yathA- jala, tela, dUdha, ghI, vAyu aadi| ye chinna-bhinna hone para punaH mila jAte haiN| 3. bAdara - sUkSma - jisakA chedana - bhedana na kiyA jA sake, na hI jise eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para bhejA jA sake, kintu jo cakSugocara ho sake use bAdarasUkSma kahate haiM, yathA- prakAza, chAyA, Atapa aadi| 4. sUkSma - bAdara - jo adRzya hote hue bhI indriya- grAhya ho, yathA - sugandha, zabda Adi / dhvani evaM mobAila, reDiyo, TI.vI. Adi kI taraMgeM bhI isI varga meM samAviSTa hotI haiN| 5. sUkSma jIva jina pudgaloM ko grahaNakara bhASA, mana, karma Adi kA nirmANa karatA hai, unheM sUkSma pudgala kahate haiN| 6. sUkSma - sUkSma - ananta paramANuoM se nyUna dvayaNuka Adi se banA vaha skandha jisakA upayoga jIva bhI nahIM kara pAtA hai, use sUkSmasUkSma kahA gayA hai| saMsthAna kA tAtparya AkAra hai| pudgala kisI na kisI AkAra ko grahaNa karatA hai| saMsthAna ke vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra meM parimaNDala, vRtta, trikoNa, catuSkoNa,

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Agama- sAhitya meM pudgala evaM paramANu 81 Ayata aura aniyata ye chaha prakAra pratipAdita haiN| sthAnAMga sUtra meM isake sAta bheda bhI haiM- dIrgha, hasva, vRtta, trikoNa, catuSkoNa, pRthula aura parimaNDalA" pudgala inameM se kisI na kisI AkAra meM rahatA hai| __ bhedana kriyA pudgala meM upalabdha hotI hai, dharmAstikAya Adi anya dravyoM meM nhiiN| bheda evaM saMghAta bhI pudgala kI paryAya haiN| pudgala dravya kA hI bhedana hotA hai| dharmAstikAyAdi akhaNDa dravya haiM, unakA bhedana sambhava nhiiN| saMghAta bhI pudgala meM hI prApta hotA hai| aneka paramANuoM evaM skandhoM ke milane ko saMghAta kahate haiM tathA skandhoM ke TUTane ko bhedana kahA jAtA hai| pudgaloM meM bheda (bhedana) evaM saMghAta (milana) kI prakriyA calatI rahatI hai / yaha prakiyA kabhI svataH hotI hai to kabhI kisI nimitta se hotI hai| paramANu pudgaloM ke saMghAta se skandhoM kA nirmANa hotA hai tathA kabhI bar3e skandha ke TUTane se choTe skandhoM kI to kabhI paramANuoM kI utpatti hotI hai| pudgala meM saMghAta rukSa evaM snigdha guNa ke kAraNa hotA hai| aMdhakAra evaM chAyA ko pudgala kI paryAya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| aMdhakAra ke paramANu prakAza meM tathA prakAza ke paramANu aMdhakAra meM badala sakate haiN| isI prakAra chAyA bhI pudgala kA pariNAma hai| kyoMki pudgala se hI chAyA kA nirmANa hotA hai| sUrya Adi ke uSNa prakAza ko Atapa, candramA Adi ke anuSNa prakAza ko uddyota kahate haiN| ye donoM hI pudgala ke paryAya haiN| pudgala sampUrNa loka meM vyApta haiN| vaha paramANu, dvipradezI skandha Adi ke rUpa meM sarvatra upalabdha hai| vaha dharmAstikAya ke nimitta se gati karatA hai tathA adharmAstikAya ke nimitta se sthira rahatA hai| jIva evaM pudgala __ jIva ke sAtha pudgala kA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| AhArAdi pudgaloM ko grahaNa karake jIva unheM zarIra, indriya Adi ke rUpa meM pariNata karatA hai| zarIra, indriyAdi bhI pudgaloM se nirmita haiN| zarIra ke bhItara banane vAle rakta, hArmona Adi bhI saba pudgala hI haiN| jIva ke saMyoga ke kAraNa unameM cetanA kI pratIti hotI hai| jIva ke sAtha sambaddha jJAnAvaraNAdi aSTavidha karma bhI paudgalika hI svIkAra kie gae haiN| yahI nahIM

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82 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda Adi aThAraha pApoM ko bhI paudgalika kahA gayA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM zarIra, vANI, mana, prANa, apAna Adi ko jIva ke prati pudgala kA upakAra kahA gayA hai| zarIra to pudgaloM se nirmita hai hI, vANI mana, prANa evaM apAna bhI paudgalika hai| pudgaloM ke kAraNa jIva ko aindriyaka sukha evaM duHkha kI prApti hotI hai, prANAdi ke saMyoga se jIvana kI tathA inake viyoga se maraNa kI prApti hotI hai|' jainadarzana meM prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna, maithuna evaM parigraha ko bhI pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa evaM cAra sparza se yukta svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| krodha,mAna,mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa, yAvat mithyAdarzana Adi pApoM meM bhI pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa evaM cAra sparza svIkAra kie gae haiN| kintu prANAtipAta virati yAvat mithyAdarzanazalya virati ko varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza se rahita aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha karma bhI varNAdi se yukta hone ke kAraNa pudgala haiN| jIva ko jo para-bhAva meM le jAte haiM, ve saba Agama meM paudgalika dravya mAne gae haiN| rAga-dveSAdi svabhAva nahIM, para bhAva svarUpa haiM ataH ye bhI paudgalika haiN| AcArya kundakunda samayasAra meM isI prakAra kA nirUpaNa karate haiM |drvy lezyA bhI varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza se yukta hone se paudgalika hai", jabaki bhAva lezyA inase rahita hone se pudgala nahIM hai| audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka evaM taijasa zarIra pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa evaM ATha sparzayukta haiM, jabaki kArmaNa zarIra catuHsparzI hai| manoyoga evaM vacanayoga catuHsparzI haiM tathA kAyayoga aSTasparzI hotA hai| vaizeSika mata se bhinnatA vaizeSika, sAMkhya, vedAnta Adi darzanoM meM pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu evaM AkAza ko paMcabhUta kahA gayA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra pRthvI, jala, agni evaM vAyu jaba sajIva hote haiM to inakI gaNanA ekendriya jIva meM hotI hai, kintu inake zarIra to paudgalika hI hote haiM, ataH nirjIva hone para inakI gaNanA pudgala dravya meM hotI hai| jaina darzana meM paMcabhUtoM yA mahAbhUtoM kI avadhAraNA nahIM hai| vaizeSika darzana meM vAyu meM sparza guNa, jala meM sparza evaM rasa guNa, agni meM sparza, rasa evaM rUpa guNa tathA pRthvI meM inake sAtha gandha guNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu jainadarzana meM sabhI pudgala dravyoM meM ye cAroM guNa eka

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83 Agama- sAhitya meM pudgala evaM paramANu sAtha svIkRta haiN| ye cAroM guNa sahabhAvI haiN| eka ke hone para cAroM hote haiN| yaha avazya hai ki kisI guNa kI tIvratA evaM kisI guNa kI mandatA ho sakatI hai| AkAza ko jaina darzana meM pRthak se dravya mAnA gayA hai| pudgala pariNamana paryAya kI apekSA pudgala meM nirantara parivartana ho rahA hai / vaha parivartana yA pariNamana tIna prakAra kA pratipAdita hai- 1. prayoga pariNamana 2. vinasA pariNamana 3. mizra pariNamanA jIva dvArA gRhIta pudgaloM kA pariNamana prayoga pariNamana hai, yathA AhAra Adi grahaNa karane para usakA mana, vacana, rakta, majjA Adi meM pariNamana / pudgala kA jo pariNamana svataH hotA hai use vinasA pariNamana kahate haiM, jaise paramANuoM kA svataH saMghAta honA, skandhoM kA bhedana honA Adi / jisameM vinasA evaM prayoga donoM pariNamana hoM use mizra pariNamana kahA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie Ama, kelA Adi ko rasAyanoM se pakAnA mizra pariNamana hai| isameM pudgala evaM jIva donoM kA yogadAna hotA hai| Ama, kelA Adi pakane para svabhAvataH pIle ho jAte haiM, manuSya unheM rasAyanoM ke prayoga se zIghra pakA detA hai| paramANu pudgala ke pramukhataH cAra svarUpa haiM - 1. skandha 2. deza 3. pradeza evaM 4. prmaannu| pudgala kA svatantra khaNDa jo paramANu se bar3A ho skandha kahalAtA hai| yaha dvipradezika se lekara anantapradezika taka ho sakatA hai| skandha kA kAlpanika aMza deza kahalAtA hai tathA pudgala kA sUkSmatama avibhAjya khaNDa paramANu mAnA gayA hai| skandha kA paramANu jitanA apRthak aMza pradeza kahA gayA hai| pudgala kA sabase choTA avibhAjya khaNDa paramANu hai, jisakA svatantra astitva hotA hai| ise avibhAjya ke sAtha adAhya, acchedya aura agrAhya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| Adhunika vijJAna meM svIkRta paramANu kA vibhAjana ilekTraoNna, proTona evaM nyUTraoNna ke rUpa meM mAnya hai, kintu jainadarzana meM mAnya paramANu kA vikhaNDana amAnya hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra paramANu ko kisI sAdhana se jalAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai, use kisI bhI upakaraNa se chedA nahIM jA sakatA aura na hI use indriyAdi se grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana paramANu ke dravya paramANu, kSetra paramANu, kAla paramANu evaM bhAva paramANu ke AdhAra para cAra prakAra kahe gae haiN| inameM hama prAyaH jisa paramANu kI carcA karate haiM vaha dravya paramANu hai| dravya paramANu acchedya, abhedya, adAhya evaM agrAhya hotA hai| kSetra paramANu ko anarddha (jisakA AdhA bhAga na ho), amadhya (jisakA koI kendra yA madhya bhAga na ho), apradeza (jisakA koI pradeza na ho), tathA avibhAjya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kAla paramANu ko avarNa, agandha, arasa evaM asparza arthAt varNa, gandha, rasa, evaM sparza se rahita pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai / bhAva paramANu varNavAn, gandhavAn, rasavAn evaM sparzavAn hotA hai| pudgala paramANu dravya evaM bhAvarUpa hai| dravya paramANuoM ke saMghAta se dvipradezI, tripradezI Adi sUkSma pudgala banate haiM tathA unake saMghAta se sthUla pudgala nirmita hote haiN| dravya kI dRSTi se paramANu zAzvata haiM, kintu paryAya kI apekSA azAzvata haiM, kyoMki paryAya nirantara badalatI rahatI hai| samasta pudgaloM meM parirvatana hotA rahatA hai, kintu unameM AdhArabhUta kula paramANuoM kI saMkhyA loka meM samAna hI rahatI hai| vaha nyUnAdhika nahIM hotI hai| paramANu kA skandha meM evaM skandha kA paramANu meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai / skandha ke bhedana se paramANu tathA paramANuoM ke saMghAta se skandha nirmita hote haiN| saMkhyA kI dRSTi se paramANu ananta haiN| ye jaba gati karate haiM to prakAza kI bhA~ti anuzreNi arthAt sIdhI gati karate haiN| kisI pratighAta ke kAraNa hI inakI gati meM mor3a utpanna hotA hai| ___ paramANu kI gati ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki eka paramANu pudgala loka ke pUrvI caramAnta se pazcimI caramAnta taka, uttarI caramAnta se dakSiNI caramAnta taka, nIce ke caramAnta se Upara ke caramAnta taka eka samaya (kAla kI sUkSmatama ikAI) meM gati kara sakatA hai| yaha gati Adhunika vijJAna meM svIkRta prakAza kI gati se bhI adhika hai| ataH vijJAna ke dvArA yaha anveSaNIya hai ki kyA koI pudgala (Particle) prakAza kI gati se bhI tIvra gati kara sakatA hai| paramANu sUkSmatama hone ke kAraNa usakA koI pradeza yA avayava nahIM hotA, kintu tIna kAraNoM se paramANu pudgala kA pratighAta (gatibhaGga) svIkAra kiyA gayA hai1. eka paramANu dUsare paramANu pudgala ko prApta kara pratihata hotA hai| (vaha kadAcit

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Agama- sAhitya meM pudgala evaM paramANu 85 saMghAta ke mAdhyama se dvipradezI skandha Adi kA svarUpa grahaNa kara letA hai|) 2. rukSa sparza ke kAraNa pratighAta ko prApta hotA hai| 3. lokAnta meM jAkara dharmAstikAya ke abhAva meM gati na karane ke kAraNa pratihata hotA hai| __ jainAgamoM ke adhyayana se vidita hotA hai ki saba paramANu eka jaise nahIM hote| varNAdi kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para unameM paraspara bhinnatA pAyI jAtI hai| paramANuoM meM varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza guNoM kI taratamatA yA bhinnatA ke AdhAra para paramANu paraspara bhinna hote haiN| jainadarzana meM varNa ke pA~ca prakAra haiM - 1. kRSNa (kAlA), 2. nIla 3. rakta (lAla), 4. pIta, 5. zveta / gandha ke do prakAra haiM - 1. surabhigandha aura 2. durabhigandhA rasa ke pA~ca bheda haiM- 1. amla 2. madhura 3. tikta 4. kaTu aura 5. kASAyikA sparza ke 8 prakAra haiM- 1. snigdha 2. rukSa 3. zIta 4. guru 5. laghu 7. karkaza aura 8. mRdu / varNAdi ke ina prakAroM meM se eka paramANu meM kama se kama eka varNa, eka gandha, eka rasa aura do sparza avazya pAye jAte haiN| pA~ca prakAra ke varSoM meM se eka varNa, do prakAra kI gandhoM meM se eka gandha, pA~ca prakAra ke rasoM meM eka rasa tathA ATha prakAra ke spoM meM se do sparza (snigdha aura rukSa meM se koI eka tathA zIta aura uSNa meM se koI eka) avazya pAye jAte haiN| kabhI koI paramANu kAle varNa kA hotA hai to koI nIle varNa kA, koI lAla varNa kA hotA hai to koI pIle varNa kA, to koI paramANu zveta varNa kA hotA hai| isI prakAra koI paramANu surabhigandha yukta hotA hai to koI durabhigandha yukta, koI khaTTA hotA hai to koI madhura, koI tikta hotA hai to koI kaTu yA ksailaa| do sparza vAlA hone para paramANu kadAcit zIta aura snigdha, kadAcit zIta aura rukSa, kadAcit uSNa aura snigdha to kadAcit uSNa evaM rukSa sparza vAlA hotA hai| isa prakAra paramANuoM meM paraspara bhinnatA pAyI jAtI hai| yahI nahIM varNAdi meM bhI guNAtmaka taratamatA hotI hai| koI kAlA varNa eka guNa, koI do guNa, yAvat koI saMkhyAta guNa, koI asaMkhyAta guNa evaM koI ananta guNa kAlA hotA hai| isI prakAra varNAdi ke anya bhedoM meM guNAtmakatA kA yaha bheda upalabdha hotA hai| eka prazna yaha uThAyA gayA hai ki eka paramANu dUsare paramANu ko eka deza se sparza

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86 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana karatA hai yA sarva se sparza karatA hai? uttara meM kahA gayA hai ki eka paramANu dUsare paramANu pudgala ko sparza karatA huA sarva se sarva ko sparza karatA hai| paramANu pudgala kI sakampatA evaM niSkampatA ko lekara bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| paramANu pudgala kadAcit sakampa hotA hai aura kadAcit niSkampa hotA hai| jaba vaha sakampa hotA hai taba sarvasakampa hotA hai, deza sakampa nahIM hotaa| paramANu pudgala jaghanya eka samaya aura utkRSTa asaMkhyAta kAla taka niSkampa rahatA hai|' paramANu ke atirikta sUkSma pudgala sUkSma pudgala bhI do prakAra ke haiM- 1. antya arthAta paramANu evaM 2. ApekSika arthAta dvayaNukAdi / paramANu to sUkSma haiM hI, kintu dvipradezI skandha, tripradezI skandha, catuHpradezI skandha yAvat, saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta evaM anantapradezI bhI aise aneka skandha haiM jo indriyoM se gRhIta nahIM hote, kintu ve pudgala ke lakSaNoM se yukta haiM aura sUkSma pudgala kI koTi meM Ate haiN| ___ paramANu ke atirikta dyuNakAdi skandha bhI sUkSma pudgala hote haiN| ye indriya grAhya nahIM hote tathA dUsarI vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye catuHsparzI hote haiN| aSTasparzI pudgala bAdara pudgala kahalAte haiM, jabaki catuHsparzI pudgala sUkSma pudgaloM kI zreNI meM Ate haiN| do paramANuoM vAle skandha ko dvipradezI, tIna paramANuoM vAle skandha ko tripradezI, cAra paramANuoM vAle skandha ko catuHpradezI skandha kahA jAtA hai| yaha krama nirantara Age bar3hatA rahatA hai| koI skandha dazapradezI evaM usase adhika, saMkhyAta pradezI, asaMkhyAta pradezI yA anantapradezI bhI hotA hai| dvipradezI skandha meM eka yA do varNa, eka yA do gandha, eka yA do rasa tathA do, tIna yA cAra sparza hote haiN| do sparza hoM to kadAcit zIta aura snigdha, kadAcit zIta aura rukSa, kadAcit uSNa aura snigdha, kadAcit uSNa aura rukSa sparza hote haiN| tIna sparza hone para sarvazIta, eka aMza snigdha aura eka aMza rukSa hotA hai| snigdha evaM rukSa ke atirikta sarva uSNa, sarva snigdha evaM sarvarukSa ke bhI vikalpa pAe jAte haiN| tripradezI skandha meM varNa evaM rasa eka se lekara tIna taka ho sakate haiM, kintu sparza cAra se adhika nahIM hote haiN| catuHpradezI skandha meM cAra varNa, do gandha, cAra rasa evaM cAra sparza taka ho sakate haiN| cAra sparzoM meM zIta, uSNa, snigdha evaM

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87 Agama- sAhitya meM pudgala evaM paramANu 30 rukSa kI gaNanA hotI hai| paMcapradezI skandha meM pA~coM varNa evaM pA~coM rasa kA honA sambhava hai| asaMkhyAta pradezI skandha meM pA~ca varNa, do gandha, pA~ca rasa evaM cAra sparza pAe jAte haiN| anantapradezI skandha bhI sUkSma ho sakatA hai, jisameM bhI itane hI varNAdi upalabdha hote haiN| 3 bAdara pariNata ananta pradezI skandha prAyaH aSTa sparzI hotA hai / usameM sparza ke AThoM bheda pAe jAte haiN| vaha kabhI catuHsparzI bhI ho sakatA hai| taba bAdara pudgala meM karkaza evaM mudu meM se tathA guru-laghu meM se koI na koI sparza avazya pAyA jAtA hai / bAdara pudgala bAdara arthAt sthUla pudgala anantapradezI skandha vAlA hotA hai / vaha kadAcit eka varNavAlA yAvat kadAcit pA~ca varNa vAlA hotA hai| kadAcit eka gandha vAlA aura kadAcit do gandha vAlA hotA hai / kadAcit eka rasa vAlA yAvat kadAcit pA~ca rasa vAlA hotA hai| kadAcit catuHsparzI yAvat kadAcit aSTasparzI hotA hai| yadi bAdara pudgala catuHsparzI ho to vaha kadAcit sarvakarkaza, sarvaguru, sarvazIta evaM sarva snigdha hotA hai| vaha kadAcit sarvakarkaza, sarvaguru, sarva uSNa aura sarva snigdha hotA hai / catuHsparzI ke isa prakAra solaha bhaMga hote haiM, jinameM mRdu yA karkaza, laghu yA guru, uSNa yA zIta evaM snigdha yA rukSa meM se eka-eka sparza pAye jAte haiN| " catuHsparzI sUkSma pudgala meM uSNa, zIta, snigdha evaM rukSa sparza hI pAe jAte haiN| mRdu, karkaza, laghu, guru meM se koI nahIM pAyA jaataa| Adhunika vijJAna ke anusAra vicAra kiyA jAe to snigdha sparza dhanAtmaka Aveza kA sUcaka hai tathA rukSa sparza RNAtmaka Aveza kA sUcaka hai| isI prakAra guru evaM laghu sparza ApekSika bhAra kA sUcana karate haiN| yadi kisI pudgala ko bhArahIna kahA jAe to vaha guru- laghu sparza se rahita hotA hai / I hameM prAyaH aSTasparzI bAdara pudgaloM kA hI bodha hotA hai / indriyoM ke mAdhyama se hama unheM hI jAnate haiM / vargaNAe~ samAna prakAra ke pudgaloM ke samUha ko vargaNA kahA jAtA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM vargaNA ke aneka prakAroM kA kathana huA hai / udAharaNa ke lie paramANu pudgaloM kI vargaNA

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88 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana eka hai / dvipradezI skandhoM kI yAvat ananta pradezI skandhoM kI eka-eka vargaNA hai| AkAza ke eka pradeza ko avagAhana kara rahane vAle pudgaloM kI vargaNAe~ bhI eka-eka haiN| samaya kI apekSA eka samaya kI sthiti vAle pudgaloM kI vargaNA eka hai| isI prakAra do samaya kI sthiti vAle yAvat asaMkhyAta samaya kI sthiti vAle pudgaloM kI vargaNA eka-eka hai| eka guNa kAle pudgaloM kI vargaNA eka hai| isI prakAra do guNa kAle pudgaloM kI yAvat asaMkhyAta guNa kAle pudgaloM kI vargaNA eka-eka hai| ananta guNa kAle pudgaloM kI vargaNA eka hai| isI prakAra sabhI varNa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza ke eka guNa nIle yAvat ananta guNa rukSa sparza vAle pudgaloM kI vargaNA eka-eka hai| jaghanya pradezI skandhoM kI vargaNA eka hai evaM utkRSTa pradezI skandhoM kI bhI vargaNA eka hai| ajaghanya anutkRSTa (madhyama) pradezI skandhoM kI vargaNA eka hai / isI prakAra jaghanya avagAhanA vAle skandhoM kI, utkRSTa avagAhanA vAle skandhoM kI aura madhyama avagAhanA vAle skandhoM kI vargaNA eka hai| jaghanya sthiti vAle skandhoM kI, utkRSTa sthiti vAle skandhoM kI tathA madhyama sthiti vAle skandhoM kI vargaNA eka hai| jaghanya guNa vAle skandhoM, utkRSTa guNa vAle skandhoM evaM madhyama guNa vAle skandhoM kI vargaNAe~ eka-eka haiN| isI prakAra zeSa sabhI varNa-gandha rasa evaM sparzo ke jaghanya guNa, utkRSTa guNa aura madhyama guNa vAle pudgaloM kI vargaNA eka-eka hai| ___ gommaTasAra jIvakANDa meM 23 prakAra kI vargaNAoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai, yathAaNu vargaNA, saMkhyAtANu vargaNA, asaMkhyAtANu vargaNA, anantANu vargaNA, AhAra vargaNA, agrAhya vargaNA, tejasa vargaNA, bhASAvargaNA manovargaNA, kArmaNavargaNA aadi|" jIva evaM pudgala ke sambandha ko lekara ATha prakAra kI vargaNAe~ prasiddha haiM, yathA1. audArika vargaNA-jina vargaNAoM se audArika zarIra kA nirmANa hotA hai, unheM audArika vargaNA kahA gayA hai| 2. vaikriya vargaNA - vaikriya zarIra ke nirmANa meM prayukta vrgnnaa| nairayika evaM devatA isakA prayoga karate haiN| kabhI manuSya evaM tithaMca ke dvArA bhI vaikriya zarIra kA nirmANa karate samaya isakA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| 3. AhAraka vargaNA - pramatta saMyata manuSyoM ke dvArA AhAraka zarIra kA nirmANa

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Agama-sAhitya meM pudgala evaM paramANu karate samaya AhAraka vargaNA kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| 4. taijasavargaNA-taijasa zarIra ke nirmANa meM prayukta pudgala vrgnnaa| 5. kArmaNa vargaNA- karma pudgaloM ke mAdhyama se kArmaNa zarIra ke nirmANa meM prayukta vrgnnaa| 6. zvAsocchvAsavargaNA- jIvoM ke dvArA zvAsocchvAsa meM prayukta vrgnnaa| 7. bhASAvargaNA- bhASA bolane meM prayukta vrgnnaa| 8. manovargaNA-mana ke nirmANa evaM cintana prakriyA meM prayukta pudgala vrgnnaa| ye sabhI vargaNAe~ sampUrNa loka meM vyApta haiN| eka vargaNA ke pudgala dUsarI vargaNA ke pudgaloM meM bhI parivartita ho sakate haiN| prAyaH ye vargaNAe~ apane prAkRtika svarUpa meM rahatI haiM, jIva ke dvArA prayukta hone para inameM kArya sampanna hote hai| ___ ATha vargaNAoM meM se audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka evaM taijasa vargaNAe~ aSTasparzI haiM, jabaki kArmaNa, bhASA evaM manovargaNA catuHsparzI (zIta, uSNa, snigdha evaM rukSa sparzayukta) haiN| zvAsocchvAsa vargaNA catuHsparzI evaM aSTasparzI donoM prakAra kI haiN| Adhunika vijJAna evaM pudgala ___ Aja hama vijJAna ke aneka camatkArapUrNa prayogoM se paricita haiM / mobAila phona para bAtacIta ho yA iNTaraneTa para ceTiMga, TI.vI. para dhArAvAhika kA prasAraNa ho yA reDiyo para kAryakramoM kA zravaNa- yaha saba pudgaloM kA hI camatkAra hai / mobAila taraMgeM eka mobAila se dUsare mobAila taka seTelAiTa ke mAdhyama se pahu~catI haiM, ve bhI pudgala hI haiN| ve dRSTigocara nahIM hone se sUkSma pudgala ke rUpa meM svIkArya haiN| cikitsA ke kSetra meM jo camatkAra hue haiM ve bhI pudgaloM para kie gae prayoga haiN| hRdaya kI zalya cikitsA ho yA kisI aMga kA TrAMsaplAnTezana - sAre prayoga pudgaloM para Azrita haiN| Adhunika vijJAna meM jitanI bhI zodha kI jA rahI hai, vaha prayoga para Azrita hai aura jitane bhI prayoga haiM, ve paudgalika vastuoM athavA jIva yukta pudgaloM para hI saMbhava haiN| hama vijJAna ke kAraNa jitanA vikAsa dekha rahe haiM, vaha pudgaloM ke prayoga pariNamana aura mizra pariNamana kA phala hai| paTarI kA nirmANa ho yA Trena kA, kAroM kA

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90 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana nirmANa ho yA sar3akoM kA, vAyuyAna kA nirmANa ho yA raoNkeTa kA, yaha saba pudgaloM kA pariNamana hai| san 2010 evaM 2012 meM phrAMsa evaM jenevA ke nikaTa sarna meM saMsAra kA eka bahuta bar3A proTaoNna TakarAva kA prayoga huaa| ise higsabosona athavA goDa pArTikala prayoga ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yaha vizva ko camatkRta kara dene vAlA prayoga thaa| isameM eka saikiNDa meM 600 miliyana TakarAva utpanna kiye gye| usase jo dhvani utpanna huI usakA adhyayana kiyA gyaa| isa adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki pudgala kI jisa gati evaM zakti kA nirUpaNa jaina Agama vyAkhyAprajJapti meM huA hai usake prayoga kI dizA meM vaijJAnikoM ne kucha kadama bar3hAe haiN| vijJAna meM phoTona nAma tattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jo svayaM bhArahIna hotA hai| parantu usakI UrjA aura gati ke kAraNa usameM bhAra mAnA gayA hai| bhautika zAstra meM lepaTona, nyUTriyona, bairIyona Adi vibhinna prakAra kI bhautika saMracanAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jo skaMdhoM ke arntagata samAviSTa ho sakatI haiN| kvArka, gloona, kvANTama Adi zabda bhI pudgaloM kI vibhinna avasthAoM ko samajhAte haiN| sandarbha:1. (i) pUraNagalanAnvArthasaMjJatvAt pudugalAH / - tattvArtharAjavArtika 5.1.24 (ii) galanapUraNasvabhAvasanAthaH pudgalaH / - niyamasaratAtparyavRtti9 2. goyamA! paMcavihe poggalapariNAme paNNatte, taMjahA-vannapariNAme, gaMdhapariNAme, rasa pariNAme, phAsa pariNAme, saMThANa prinnaam|-vyaakhyaaprjnyptisuutr, zataka 8, uddezaka 1, sUtra 1 3. goyamA! paMcavihe poggala-karaNe pannatte, taM jahA-vaNNakaraNe, gaMdhakaraNe, rasa karaNe, phAsa karaNe, sNtthaannkrnne|- vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 19, uddezaka 9 sUtra 11 4. pudgalasya sparzarasagandhavarNAH mUrtatvamacetanatvamiti SaT / - AlApapaddhati, 2 5. sadadhayAra-ujjoo, pabhA-chAyA''tavo i vaa| vaNNa-rasa-gandha-phAsA, puggalANaM tu lkkhnn||-uttraadhyyn, 28.12 6. zabdabandha saupRkyasthaulyasaMsthAna bhedtmshchaayaatpodyotvntshc| - tattvArthasUtra, 5.31 7. saddo baMdho suhumo thUlo saMThANa bhedtmchaayaa| ujjodAdavasahiyA puggaladavvassa pjjaayaa||-bRhdrvysNgrh, gAthA 16 8. na jghnygunnaanaam| tattvArthasUtra, 5.33

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Agama-sAhitya meM pudgala evaM paramANu 9. guNasAmye sdRshaanaam|-tttvaarthsuutr, 5.34 10. vyadhikAdiguNAnAM tu|-tttvaarthsuutr, 5.35 11. draSTavya- tattvArtha sUtra, 5.33-35 para paNDita sukhalAla saMghavI kRta vyaakhyaa| 12. (i) aithUlathUlathUlaM thUlaM suhumaM ca suhumathUlaM c| suhumaM aisuhumaM iti dharAdigaM hoi chbmey||-niymsaar, gAthA 21 (ii) bAdarabAdara bAdarasuhumaM suhamathUlaM c| suhumaM ca suhamasuhamaM ca dharAdiyaM hodi chbmey|| -gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, gAthA 603 13. goyamA! cha saMThANA paNNattA, taM jahA-parimaMDale, vaTTe, taMse, cauraMse, Ayate, annitthNthe| -vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 25, uddezaka 3, sUtra 1 14. satta saMThANA pannattA, taM jahA-dIhe, rahasse, vaTTe, taMse, cauraMse, pihule, primNddle|-sthaanaaNgsuutr, sthAna 7 15. zarIravAGmanaH prANApAnAH pudgalAnAm / - tattvArthasUtra 5.19 16. sukhaduHkhajIvitamaraNopagrahAzca / - tattvArthasUtra 5.20 17. aThAraha pApoM meM varNAdi kA nirUpaNa huA hai| draSTavya, dravyAnuyoga, bhAga 3, Agama anuyoga ___ TrasTa, ahamadAbAda, 1995, pudgala adhyayana, pR. 1774 para vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 12, uddezaka 5, sUtra 2-7 kA uddhrnn| 18. dravyAnuyoga,bhAga 3, pR. 1774-75 para uddhRta vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 12, uddezaka 5, sUtra 8 19. dravyAnuyoga, bhAga 3, pR. 1777 20. orAliyasarIre jAva teyagasarIre eyANi paMcavaNNANi jAva aTThaphAsANi kmmsriire-cuphaase| ___maNajoge vaijoge ya cauphAse, kAyajoge atttthphaase| - vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 12, uddezaka 5, sUtra 31, dravyAnuyoga, bhAga-3, pR. 1777 21. goyamA! paogapariNae vA, mIsApariNae vA, vIsasApariNae vaa|-vyaakhyaa- prajJapti, zataka 8, uddezaka 1, sUtra 49, dravyAnuyoga, bhAga-3, pR. 1812 22. goyamA! cauvihe paramANu paNNatte, taM jahA-davvaparamANu, khettaparamANu, kAla- paramANu, bhaavprmaannu| -vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, zataka 20, uddezaka 5, sUtra 15 23. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, zataka 20, uddezaka 5 24. haMtA, goyamA! paramANupoggale NaM logassa purithimillAo carimaMtAo paccatthimillaM carimaMtaM egasamaeNaM gacchae jAva hechillAo carimaMtAo uvarille carimaMte egasamaeNaM gcch|| -vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 16, uddezaka 8, sUtra 13, dravyAnuyoga, bhAga 3, pRSTha 1831 25. tivihe poggalapaDighAe paNNatte, taMjahA- 1. paramANupoggale paramANupoggale pappa paDihammejjA, 2. lukkhattAttAe vA paDihammejjA, 3. logaMte vA pddihmmejjaa|- sthAnAMgasUtra, adhyayana 3,

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana uddezaka 4, sUtra 211 26. draSTavya, dravyAnuyoga, bhAga 3, pR. 1755-1776 evaM vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, zataka 18, uddezaka 6 evaM zataka 20 uddezaka 5 27. dravyAnuyoga, bhAga-3, pR. 1844 evaM vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 5, uddezaka 7 28. dravyAnuyoga, bhAga-3, pR. 1848 evaM vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 25, uddezaka 4, sUtra 211-216 29. dravyAnuyoga, bhAga-3, pR. 1854 30. dravyAnuyoga, bhAga-3, pR. 1756-1768 31. dravyAnuyoga, bhAga-3, pR. 1768-1770 32. sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna-1 33. gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, gAthA 594-595 34. gUgala sarca ke AdhAra para 35. vijJAna ke sAtha pudgala kI tulanA hetu draSTavya pustakeM (i) 'The Enigma of the Universe' by Prof. Muni Mahendra Kumar, Jain Vishva Bharati University, Ladnun, 2010 (ii) 'Jain Metaphysics And Science : A Comparision', by N.L. Kachhara, Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur, 2011 -- -

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kAraNa- kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa - samavAya binA kAraNa ke koI kArya utpanna nahIM hotA / kArya kI utpatti meM prAyaH upAdAna evaM nimitta ye do kAraNa pramukha hote haiM / jisa kAraNa meM kArya utpanna hotA hai, use upAdAna kAraNa kahA jAtA hai, yathA dahI kA upAdAna kAraNa dUdha hotA hai, kyoMki dUdha se hI dahI banatA hai| upAdAna se bhinna sabhI kAraNoM ko nimitta kAraNa kahA jAtA hai| dUdha meM diyA jAne vAlA jAmaNa, ucita tApamAna kA honA, jAmaNa dene vAlA vyakti, bartana Adi nimitta kAraNa haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM meM samavAyI, asamavAyI evaM nimitta kAraNoM kA pratipAdana huA hai, kintu unameM se samavAyI evaM asamavAyI kAraNoM ko upAdAna kI zreNi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| T jainadarzana meM upAdAna evaM nimitta kAraNoM ke atirikta bhinna prakAra se bhI kAraNoM kI carcA samprApta hotI hai| tadanusAra dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva evaM bhava kI kAraNatA; dharmAstikAya Adi SaDdravyoM kI kAraNatA; kartA, karma Adi SaTkArakoM kI kAraNatA bhI aMgIkAra kI gaI hai / siddhasenasUri ne kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRtakarma evaM puruSa / puruSArtha ke rUpa meM paMca kAraNa samUha kI bhI carcA kI hai / kAlAdi ina pA~ca kAraNoM ke samudAya ko aba (19vIM zatI se) 'paMca samavAya' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| jainadarzana ke anekAntavAdI evaM nayavAdI dRSTikoNa kA hI pariNAma hai ki isameM paMca samudAya kI kAraNatA ko sthAna milaa| isase jainadarzana kI vyApaka dRSTi kA bodha hotA hai| isameM kAraNa- kArya vyavasthA para gahana, sUkSma evaM vyAvahArika cintana huA hai| jainadarzana ne jIva evaM ajIva donoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara kAraNavAda kA vicAra kiyA hai| prastuta Alekha meM jainadarzana kI kAraNa kArya viSayaka mAnyatAoM evaM kAlAdi paMcakAraNa samavAya kI saMkSepa meM carcA kI gaI hai| jainadarzana meM kAraNa-kArya-vimarza jainadarzana meM mAnya SaDdravyoM meM dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya evaM kAla meM to svAbhAvika pariNamana rUpa kArya svataH hotA rahatA hai| kAla ko usameM nimitta mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu jIva evaM pudgala meM kArya kA viziSTa svarUpa dekhA jAtA hai / inameM kArya utpanna hote samaya anya dravyoM kI bhI nimittakAraNatA dRSTigocara hotI hai / dharmAstikAya gati meM, adharmAstikAya sthiti

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana meM, AkAzAstikAya avagAhana meM, kAla paryAyapariNamana meM, jIva prayogapariNamanAdi meM tathA pudgala bhI vividha kAryoM meM nimitta banatA hai| jaina darzana ke kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta ke aneka AyAma haiM, jinheM saMkSepa meM nimnAMkita binduoM meM prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai(1) dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva aura bhava ke AdhAra para kAraNa-kArya kA cintana jainadarzana kA apanA vaiziSTya hai|' prAyaH dravya kI kAraNatA se Azaya hai- dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla, jIva aura pudgala kI kaarnntaa| kintu yahA~ AkAza kA samAveza kSetra meM hone se tathA kAla kA pRthak ullekha hone se dravya kI kAraNatA se Azaya pramukhataH jIva evaM pudgala kI kAraNatA hai| dharma evaM adharma dravya to udAsIna nimitta ke rUpa meM kramazaH gati evaM sthiti meM kAraNa banate haiN| pratyeka dravya svapariNamana meM upAdAna kAraNa hotA hai| pudgala evaM jIva dravya anya jIva tathA pudgala ke prati sakriya nimitta kAraNa bhI ho sakate haiN| isa prakAra sabhI dravya svapariNamana meM antaraMga aura anya dravyoM ke pariNamana meM bahiraMga kAraNa banate haiN| kSetra kI kAraNatA se Azaya hai AkAza kI kaarnntaa| 'khittaM khalu AgAsaM' kathana kSetra ko AkAza pratipAdita kara rahA hai| sabhI dravyoM ko avagAhana hetu sthAna dene ke kAraNa AkAza ko hI kSetra mAnA gayA hai| sabhI dravya AkAza meM hI nivAsa karate haiM, isalie vaha sabakA kSetra yA nivAsa kahA jAtA hai| jo dravya yA padArtha jitanA AkAzIya sthAna gheratA hai, usakA utanA kSetra hotA hai| kAla kI kAraNatA vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA aura paratva-aparatva svarUpa kAryoM kI dRSTi se aMgIkAra kI gaI hai| kAla ke kAraNa hI dharmAstikAya Adi dravya vartana karate haiM arthAta bane rahate haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to inakA astitva kAla se hI sambhava hotA hai| dravyoM ke paryAya-pariNamana meM, unakI parispanda rUpa kriyA meM tathA jyeSThatva-kaniSThatva meM kAla udAsIna nimitta kAraNa hotA hai| ___ bhAva kI kAraNatA kA sambandha vizeSataH jIva se hai| jIva ke pA~ca bhAva svIkAra kiye gaye haiM - audayika, kSAyika, kSAyopazamika, aupazamika aura pAriNAmikA' chaThA bhAva inake mizraNa se sAnnipAtika kahalAtA hai|' audayika bhAva se naraka Adi cAra gatiyA~, krodha Adi cAra kaSAya, strI Adi tIna veda, mithyAdarzana,

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95 kAraNa- kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa - samavAya ajJAna, SaDlezyAe~, asaMyama, saMsAritva aura asiddhatva svarUpa kAryoM kI utpatti hotI hai| aupazamika bhAva se samyaktvalabdhi aura cAritralabdhi tathA krodha - zamana, mAna- zamana Adi kArya niSpanna hote haiN| kSAyopazamika bhAva se matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna, cakSudarzana, acakSudarzana, avadhidarzana, samyak-darzana tathA dAna-lAbha-bhoga-upabhoga aura vIryalabdhi prApta hotI hai| jIva kA jIvatva, ajIva kA ajIvatva, bhavyajIva kA bhavyatva aura abhavya jIva kA abhavyatva pAriNAmika bhAva se niSpanna hote haiN| ajIva meM ajIvatva pAriNAmika bhAva hotA hai, kintu ajIva pudgala ke varNa, gaMdha, rasa evaM sparza kI paryAyoM ko bhI unakA bhAva kahA gayA hai / ina bhAvoM kI taratamatA ke anusAra pariNamanarUpa kArya siddha hotA hai / bhava kI kAraNatA kA tAtparya hai - amuka yoni meM janma kI kAraNatA se kisI kArya kA honA / udAharaNArtha- devagati aura narakagati meM janma se hI vaikriya zarIra pAyA jAtA hai / avadhijJAna yA vibhaMgajJAna devoM aura nArakoM meM janma se hotA hai / ' tiryaMca gati meM pakSiyoM kA ur3anA, sAMpa kA reMganA, machalI kA tairanA, meMDhaka kA jalathala meM rahanA Adi kArya bhava kI kAraNatA siddha karate haiM / I (2) SaDdravyoM kI kAraNatA jainadarzana kI apanI vizeSatA hai / jIva ke zarIra, mana, vAk, zvAsa, niHzvAsa Adi kArya pudgala dravya ke dvArA sampanna hote haiM / ' jIvapudgala ke gati, sthiti, avagAhana aura vartanA rUpa kArya kramazaH dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla dravya dvArA sampanna kiye jAte haiM / jIvoM ke gamana - Agamana, bhASA, unmeSa, mana-vacana-kAya - yoga kI pravRtti bhI dharmAstikAya ke nimitta se hotI hai / " jIvoM ke sthirIkaraNa, niSIdana, mana kI ekAgratA Adi sthira bhAvoM meM adharmAstikAya nimitta banatA hai / ' AkAza evaM kAla kI kAraNatA kA vicAra Upara bindu na. 1 meM kiyA jA cukA hai / pudgala se jIvoM ke audArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, taijasa, kArmaNa zarIroM kA nirmANa hotA hai| jIva dravya bhI anya jIvoM ke lie upakArI hotA hai"parasparopagraho jIvAnAm " ( tattvArthasUtra, 5.21 ) vAkya se isakI puSTi hotI hai / kundakundAcArya dvArA jIva aura pudgala meM nimitta - naimittika sambandha svIkAra kiyA

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96 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana gayA hai / jIva ke rAgAdi pariNAmoM ke nimitta se pudgala karma rUpa meM pariNata hote haiM tathA pudgala kamoM ke nimitta se jIva rAgAdi bhAva meM pariNamana karatA hai / SaDdravyoM meM kArya-kAraNatA svIkAra karane para bhI jaina darzana yaha mAnatA hai ki dharmAstikAya Adi dravya apane svarUpa kA kabhI tyAga nahIM karate evaM anya dravya rUpa meM pariNamita nahIM hote haiN| (3) jaina darzana meM nirUpita pariNamana bhI eka prakAra kA kArya hI hai tathA pariNamanoM ke AgamoM meM tIna prakAra nirUpita haiM- vinasA pariNamana, prayoga pariNamana aura mina pariNamanA' binA kisI bAhya preraka nimitta ke upAdAna meM svataH hone vAlA parivartana vinasA (svabhAva) pariNamana kahalAtA hai| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya evaM kAla dravya meM jo pariNamana hotA hai, vaha vinasA pariNamana hai| jIva aura pudgala meM bhI yaha pariNamana pAyA jAtA hai| jJAna, darzana Adi kI paryAyoM kA pariNamana siddha jIvoM meM svAbhAvika rUpa se hotA hai| isI prakAra paramANuoM meM pariNamana bahudhA svAbhAvika rUpa se hotA hai| prayoga-pariNamana meM jIva ke prayatna kA yogadAna rahatA hai, yathA- tantuoM se vastra, miTTI se ghaTa Adi kA nirmANa prayogaja pariNamana hai| mina pariNamana meM svAbhAvika pariNamana evaM jIva ke prayatna donoM kA samAveza hotA hai| (4) tadravya aura anyadravya kI kAraNatA ke rUpa me vizeSAvazyakabhASya evaM usa para malladhArI hemacandra kI vRtti meM carcA kI gaI hai, jo donoM kramazaH upAdAna aura nimitta kAraNoM ke sUcaka haiM / paTa kArya kI utpatti meM tantu 'tadravya kAraNa' tathA vemAdi ko 'tad anya dravya kAraNa' svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| (5) kartA, karma, karaNa, sampradAna, apAdAna, adhikaraNa-ina SaTkArakoM ko vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM kAraNa ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki ye sabhI kriyA yA kArya kI janakatA meM sahayogI hote haiN| vyAkaraNa-darzana meM kriyA kA janaka hone se hI kartA, karma Adi ko kAraka kahA gayA hai| (6) jainadArzanikoM ke anusAra nityAnityAtmaka, dravyaparyAyAtmaka, sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka athavA sadRzAsadRzAtmaka padArthoM meM hI kAryakAraNa bhAva ghaTita ho sakatA hai| jainadArzanikoM kA mantavya hai ki kAryakAraNa bhAva arthakriyA karane vAle

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 97 padArthoM meM hI saMbhava hai aura arthakriyA sarvathA nitya tathA sarvathA anitya padArthoM meM na krama se ho sakatI hai aura na yugpt| nityAnityAtmaka padArthoM meM hI arthakriyA kA ghaTana ho sakatA hai isalie unameM hI kArya-kAraNa bhAva saMbhava hai| (7) jaina dArzanika kArya-kAraNa meM bhedAbhedatA svIkAra karate haiN| jisa prakAra ghaTa-kArya mRttikA kAraNa se bhinna bhI hotA hai aura abhinna bhI, usI prakAra pratyeka kArya apane kAraNa se bhinna bhI hotA hai aura abhinna bhii| sAMkhyadarzana kAraNa evaM kArya meM ekAnta abheda mAnatA hai tathA vaizeSika darzana inameM ekAnta bheda svIkAra karatA hai| ina donoM kI mAnyatAoM kA jainadArzanikoM ne nirasana kiyA hai| jainadArzanikoM kA mantavya hai ki kArya apane kAraNa se abhidhAna, saMkhyA, lakSaNa Adi se bhinna bhI hotA hai tathA sattva, jJeyatva Adi apekSA se vaha abhinna bhI hotA hai| (8) jaina darzana meM kAraNa-kArya ko sadasadAtmaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isameM kAraNa bhI sadasadAtmaka hotA hai tathA kArya bhI sadasadAtmaka hotA hai| kArya apanI utpatti ke pUrva asat hotA hai tathA utpatti ke pazcAt sat hotA hai, jabaki kAraNa kArya kI utpatti ke pUrva sat hotA hai tathA utpatti ke pazcAt vaha asat ho jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se kArya evaM kAraNa donoM sadasadAtmaka hote haiN| (9) upAdAna evaM nimitta bhedoM kA pratipAdana bhI jainadarzana meM huA hai| jisa kAraNa meM kArya utpanna hotA athavA jo kArya kA pramukha kAraNa hotA hai use upAdAna kahate haiM sahakArI kAraNa ko nimitta kAraNa kahA jAtA hai| vedAntadarzana meM upAdAna evaM nimitta zabdoM se hI kArya- kAraNa-vyavasthA kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| ye zabda jainadarzana meM vidyAnanda kI aSTasahanI, bRhadravyasaMgrahaTIkA, svAmikArtikeyAnuprekSA Adi granthoM meM prayukta hue haiN| phUlacanda siddhAntazAstrI ne 'jainatattvamImAMsA' grantha meM upAdAna-nimitta kI vistRta carcA kI hai| (10) kArya utpanna ho jAne ke anantara apanI arthakriyA meM vaha kAraNa-sApekSa nahIM rahatA hai, isakA pratipAdana prabhAcandra (980-1065 I.) ne prameyakamala-mArtaNDa meM kiyA hai|

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98 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana paMcakAraNa samavAya kI pRSThabhUmi zvetAzvataropaniSad meM vibhinna kAraNavAdoM kA ullekha huA hai, yathA kAlaH svabhAvo niyatiryadRcchA, bhUtAniyoniH puruSa iti cintyaa| saMyoga eSAM na tvAtmabhAvAdAtmApyanIzaH sukhduHkhhetoH|| -zvetAzvataropaniSad, 1.2 kAla, svabhAva, niyati, yadRcchA, paMcamahAbhUta, yoni, puruSa- inakA saMyoga sRSTi kA kAraNa hai, mAtra AtmabhAva se yaha sRSTi nirmita nahIM huI hai, kyoMki sukha-duHkha ke kAraNa AtmA bhI svayaM kI Iza nahIM hai| yahA~ para yaha saMketa prApta hotA hai ki zvetAzvatara upaniSad meM cetana evaM acetana donoM ke saMyoga ko sRSTi kA kAraNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha upaniSad usa samaya pracalita sRSTi kI utpatti evaM usake saMcAlana viSayaka vibhinna matoM ko prastuta kara rahA hai| kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, niyativAda, yadRcchAvAda, paMcabhUtavAda, yonivAda evaM puruSavAda ina sAta matoM kI ora yahA~ saMketa mila rahA hai| upaniSad kA yaha mantra vibhinna vAdoM meM samanvaya sthApita kara rahA hai| isI prakAra kA samanvaya hameM siddhasenasUri (pAMcavI zatI) ke 'sanmatitarka prakaraNa' kI nimnAMkita gAthA meM prApta hotA hai| kAlo sahAva NiyaI, puvvakayaM purise kaarnnegNtaa| micchattaM te ceva, samAsao haoNti sammattaM // -sanmatitarka, 3.53 kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRta (karma) evaM puruSa (cetana tattva, AtmA, jIva) inheM ekAnta kAraNa mAnane para ye mithyAtva ke dyotaka haiM tathA inakA sAmAsika (sammilita) rUpa samyaktva kahalAtA hai| ___ siddhasenasUri (siddhasena divAkara) yahA~ zvetAzvataropaniSad meM ukta yadRcchAvAda, paMcabhUtavAda evaM yonivAda ke matoM ko asvIkRta karate hue pUrvakRta karma kA nUtana ullekha kara rahe haiN| jainadarzana yadRcchAvAda athavA AkasmikavAda ko svIkAra nahIM krtaa| vaha kAryakAraNa- vyavasthA ko aMgIkAra karatA hai| paMcabhUta nAma jaina darzana meM pracalita nahIM hai, inakA samAveza pRthvIkAyikAdi jIvoM evaM pudgaloM meM ho jAtA hai| jaina darzana dravya kI kAraNatA ko aMgIkAra karatA hai, jisameM pudgala

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 99 dravyoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| yoni kA tAtparya hai utpatti sthAna / isakA samAveza puruSa (cetana tattva) evaM svabhAva meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| __ jainadarzana meM kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta kI pahale se hI vyavasthA hote hue bhI usake anekAntavAda evaM nayavAda siddhAnta ke kAraNa siddhasenasUri (5vIM zatI) ne kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRta (karma) evaM puruSa (jIva evaM usakI kriyA) ke samudAya ko kArya kI utpatti meM kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai| jainadarzana meM ye pA~coM kAraNa uttarakAla meM paMca kAraNasamavAya athavA paMcasamavAya ke nAma se prasiddha hue hai| siddhasenasUri ina pA~coM kA samanvaya karane vAle prathama jaina dArzanika haiM, jo inake ekAntavAda ko mithyA evaM sammilita rUpa ko samyak kahate haiN| paMcakAraNa-samavAya kA yaha siddhAnta jaina mAnyatAoM se aviruddha hai| isIlie siddhasenasUri ke anantara vibhinna jaina dArzanikoM ne paMcakAraNasamavAya siddhAnta kA tArkika samarthana kiyA hai| ina dArzanikoM meM haribhadrasUri (700-770 I.), zIlAMkAcArya (9-10 vIM zatI), abhayadevasUri (10 vIM zatI), malladhArI rAjazekharasUri (12-13 vIM zatI), yazovijaya (17 vIM zatI), upAdhyAya vinayavijaya (17 vIM zatI) Adi kA nAma ullekhanIya hai|" Adhunika yuga meM paNDita ToDaramala jI, kAnajI svAmI, zrI tiloka RSi jI, zatAvadhAnI ratanacandra jI, AcArya hastImala jI, AcArya mahAprajJa Adi ne paMca samavAya ke siddhAnta ko puSTa kiyA hai| samprati jaina dharma ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM paMcakAraNasamavAya siddhAnta mAnya evaM pratiSThita hai| jainadarzana sRSTi utpatti kI dRSTi se kAraNoM kI carcA nahIM karatA, kyoMki isameM sRSTi ko anAdi ananta svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kAlAdi pA~ca kAraNoM ke samudAya ko kArya kI siddhi meM kAraNa svIkAra karanA jaina darzana kI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi kA sUcaka hai| yaha usake vyApaka dRSTikoNa ko bhI iMgita karatA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRta karma, puruSa/puruSakAra kI kAraNatA aneka kAryoM meM siddha hai| jainadarzana ke paMcakAraNasamavAya meM sammilita kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRtakarma evaM puruSavAda/ puruSakAra ke sambandha meM prAcIna bhAratIya vAGmaya meM vividha prakAra kI jAnakAriyA~ prApta hotI haiN| inako ekAnta rUpa se kAraNa mAnane vAle kAlavAda Adi siddhAntoM

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100 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana ke svatantra grantha prApta nahIM hote, kintu veda, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi vibhinna granthoM meM inake sambandha meM sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| yahA~ kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda Adi paMcakAraNa samavAya para saMkSepa meM prakAza DAlA jA rahA hai| kAlavAda evaM jainadarzana meM kAla kI kathaMcit kAraNatA kAlavAda se Azaya hai aisI vicAradhArA jo kAla ko hI kAraNa mAnakara samasta kArya usI se niSpanna honA svIkAra karatI hai| isa vicAradhArA kA koI svatantra grantha nahIM milatA, kintu bhAratIya paramparA meM isakI gaharI jar3e rahI haiN| atharvaveda, nArAyaNopaniSad, zivapurANa, bhagavadgItA Adi granthoM meM to kAla ko paramatattva, paramAtmA, parabrahma, Izvara Adi svarUpoM meM pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai| atharvaveda ke 11 veM kANDa ke 53-54 veM sUktoM ko kAlasUkta ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| inameM kahA gayA hai ki kAla ne prajA ko utpanna kiyA, kAla ne prajApati ko utpanna kiyA, svayambhU kazyapa kAla se utpanna hue haiM tathA tapa bhI kAla se utpanna huaa| kAla sabhI kA Izvara aura prajApati kA pitA hai| nArAyaNopaniSad meM kAla ko nArAyaNa kahA gayA hai| akSyupaniSad meM kAla ko samasta padArthoM kA nirantara nirmAtA kahA gayA hai"kAlazca kalanodyuktaH srvbhaavaanaartm"| mANDUkyopaniSad para racita gauDapAdakArikA (1.8) meM kAlavAda kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai- "kAlAtprasUtiM bhUtAnAMmanyantekAlacintakAH" zivapurANa bhI kahatA hai ki kAla se hI saba utpanna hotA hai tathA kAla se hI vaha vinAza ko prApta hotA hai| kAla se nirapekSa kahIM kucha nahIM hai| viSNupurANa meM ullekha hai ki kAlasvarUpa bhagavAn anAdi haiM aura inakA anta bhI nahIM hotaa| zrImadbhAgavata meM nirUpita hai ki puruSavizeSa Izvara kAla ko upAdAna kAraNa banAkara apane Apa se vizvarUpa sRSTi kI racanA karatA hai| mahAbhArata ko vizvakoSa kahA jAtA hai, ataH kAlavAda ke bhI saMketa isameM prApta hote haiN| mahAbhArata meM nigadita hai ki sthAvara-jaMgama prANI sabhI kAla ke adhIna haiN| sUrya, candramA, jala, vAyu, indra, agni, AkAza, pRthvI, mitra, parjanya, vasu, aditi, nadI, samudra Adi sabhI kA kartA kAla hai| sRSTigata kAryoM ke sAtha-sAtha kAla svayaM sRSTi kA racanAkAra aura saMhArakartA hai| zrImadbhagavadgItA (11.32) meM zrIkRSNa ne svayaM ko kAla kahA hai| ve arjuna se kahate haiM- "kAlo'smi lokakSayakRtpravRddho, lokAn samAhartumiha

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101 kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya prvRttH|" ki ve loka ke vinAzakartA kAla haiN| sArI jyotirvidyA kAlAzrita hai / kAla ke hI AdhAra para jyotirvidyA meM gaNita evaM phalita niSpAdita kie gaye haiN| 19 bhAratIya darzana bhI kAla kI carcA karate haiM, kintu ve kAlavAdI nahIM haiM, kyoMki ve eka mAtra kAla se kArya kI utpatti nahIM maante| kAla ko bhAratIya darzana meM prAyaH sAdhAraNa nimitta kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| vaizeSika darzana ise dravya mAnatA hai tathA ise eka, nitya, vyApaka evaM amUrta svIkAra karatA hai| usake anusAra kAla kI siddhi jyeSThatva, kaniSThatva, krama, yaugapadya, cira, kSipra Adi pratyayoM se hotI hai / " nyAyadarzana meM mAnya 12 prameyoM meM kAla kI gaNanA nahIM huI hai, kintu prakArAntara se nyAyadarzana meM kAla ko avazya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha mana kI siddhi karate hue akSapAda gautama kahate haiM- "yugapajjJAnAnutpattirmanaso linggm|" ( nyAyasUtra 1.1.16 ) yahA~ yugapat zabda kAla kA hI bodhaka hai| eka anya sthala para dizA, deza aura AkAza ke sAtha kAla zabda kA bhI kAraNatA ke sambandha meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai|deg sAMkhyadarzana meM kAla ko AkAza tattva kA hI svarUpa mAnA gayA hai| 21 yogadarzana meM kSaNa ko vAstavika tathA krama ko avAstavika svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki do kSaNa kabhI bhI sAtha nahIM rahate haiN| pahale vAle kSaNa ke anantara dUsare kSaNa kA honA hI krama kahalAtA hai, isalie vartamAna eka kSaNa hI vAstavika hai, pUrvottara kSaNa nahIM | muhUrtta, ahorAtra Adi jo kSaNa samAhAra rUpa vyavahAra hai vaha buddhikalpita hai, vAstavika nhiiN| 2 mImAMsAdarzana meM kAla kA svarUpa vaizeSika darzana ke samAna mAnA gayA hai, kintu vaizeSika jahA~ kAla ko apratyakSa mAnate haiM vahA~ mImAMsaka use pratyakSa svIkAra karate haiN| 23 advaitavedAnta meM kAla ko vyAvahArika rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zuddhAdvaita darzana meM kAla ko atIndriya hone se kArya se anumita svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 24 vyAkaraNadarzana meM bhartRhari ke vAkyapadIya meM tRtIyakANDa kA 'kAlasamuddeza' kAla ke svarUpa evaM bhedoM kI carcA se sampRkta hai| TIkAkAra lArAja ne kAla ko amUrta kriyA ke pariccheda kA hetu nirUpita kiyA hai - "kAlo'mUrtakriyA - paricchedahetuH " " bauddhadarzana meM bhI kAla ko bhUta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai tathA kSaNika padArtha kI vyAkhyA karate hue ve kAla ko bhI mahattva dete haiN| hA~, bauddhadarzana meM kSaNasthAyI ghaTAdi padArtha ko bhI

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102 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kSaNa kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya darzana meM jahA~ bhI kAla kI carcA hai vahA~ use kArya kI utpatti meM AkAza kI bhA~ti sAdhAraNa kAraNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu ekamAtra kAla se kArya kI utpatti mAnya nahIM kI gaI hai| jainadarzana meM bhI kAla ko dravya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu kArya kI utpatti meM use udAsIna nimitta kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| pratyeka dravya ke paryAya pariNamana meM jainadarzana kAla ko kAraNa mAnatA hai| jainadarzana meM kAla kI vistRta carcA prApta hotI hai| tattvArthasUtra meM vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva evaM aparatva ko kAla ke upakAra yA kArya kahA gayA hai| samasta padArthoM kI jo kAla ke Azrita vRtti hai vaha vartanA hai| vastu kA vartanamAtra vartanA hai| dravya utpatti avasthA meM ho, sthiti avasthA meM ho athavA gati avasthA meM, vaha jisa bhI avasthA meM vartamAna hai vaha kAla ke vartanA nAmaka upagraha yA kArya kA phala hai| jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma aura AkAza dravyoM kI vartanA bahiraMga kAraNa kI apekSA rakhatI hai aura unakA bahiraMga kAraNa kAla hai| kAla ke vartana kA usase bhinna koI kAraNa nahIM hai, anyathA anavasthA doSa utpanna hogaa| dravya kI svajAti kA tyAga kiye binA dravya kA prayogalakSaNa (jIva ke prayatna se janya) tathA vinasAlakSaNa (svabhAvataH utpanna) vikAra pariNAma kahalAtA hai| kriyA parispandAtmikA hotI hai / tattvArthabhASya meM gati ko kriyA kahA hai tathA ise tIna prakAra kA nirUpita kiyA gayA hai- prayogagati, vinasAgati evaM mishrikaagti| vidyAnanda ne tattvArthazlokavArtika meM kriyA ko dravya kI vaha parispandAtmaka paryAya mAnA hai jo dezAntara prApti meM hetu hotI hai tathA vaha gati, bhramaNa Adi bhedoM se yukta hotI hai| yadi kAla na ho to kriyA kI avadhAraNA ghaTita nahIM ho sktii| paratva-aparatva zabdoM kA prayoga kAla ke sandarbha meM jyeSTha-kaniSTha, nayA-purAnA Adi arthoM meM athavA pUrvabhAvI-pazcAdbhAvI ke artha meM hotA hai| jainadarzana meM kAla amUrta hai| varNa, gandha, rasa aura sparza se rahita evaM agurulaghu hai| vaha apradezI kiMvA eka pradezI arthAt anastikAya hotA hai| loka meM pratyeka AkAza pradeza para eka pRthak kAlANu kI sattA hai| ananta paryAyoM kI vartanA meM nimitta hone se yaha kAla ananta bhI kahA jAtA hai| ina kAlANuoM meM snigdha evaM rukSa guNa kA abhAva hone se inakA pradeza pracaya athavA saMcaya nahIM bana pAtA hai| samaya, AvalikA, muhUrta,

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 103 ahorAtra, pakSa Adi ko jainadarzana meM addhAsamaya athavA vyavahAra kAla kahA gayA hai, jo manuSyoM dvArA aDhAIdvIpa (jambUdvIpa, dhAtakIkhaNDa evaM arddhapuSkaradvIpa) meM hI vyavahRta hotA hai| vyavahAra kAla ko saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta ke bheda se bhI samajhA jAtA hai| jainadArzanikoM ne kAla kI kAraNatA ko udAsIna nimitta ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai tathA kAlavAda kI mAnyatAoM kA pUrvapakSa meM upasthApana kara nirasana kiyA hai| kAlavAda ke upasthApana evaM vidhivat nirasana meM mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa (5vIM zatI), haribhadrasUri (700-770 I.), zIlAMkAcArya (9vIM-10vIM zatI), abhayadevasUri (10vIM zatI) kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| ina dArzanikoM kI kRtiyoM meM pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM kAla ko parama tattva, paramAtmA, Izvara Adi ke rUpa meM to pratipAdita nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kintu samasta kAraNoM ke upalabdha hone para bhI kAla ke binA kArya nahIM hone ke aneka udAharaNa die gae haiN| jainadArzanika kAlavAda kA nirasana karate hue vibhinna tarka dete haiM / do, tIna tarka udAharaNArtha yahA~ prastuta haiM1. haribhadrasUri kahate haiM ki ekamAtra kAla ko kAraNa mAnanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki kAla ke samAna hone para bhI kArya samAna nahIM dekhA jaataa| 2. zIlAMkAcArya kahate haiM ki kyA kAla eka svabhAvI, nitya aura vyApaka hai? aisA svIkAra karane meM koI pramANa nahIM hai, dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki kAla ko eka svabhAvI, nitya evaM vyApaka mAnane para usameM pUrvApara vyavahAra sambhava nahIM hai| yadi vaha samayAdi rUpa se pariNamana karake kAraNa banatA hai to bhI mAtra use hI kAraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA,kyoMki eka hI samaya meM koI mUMga pakatA hai tathA koI nhiiN|" 3. abhayadevasUri kA tarka hai ki pratyeka kArya ke lie pRthak-pRthak kAla kI kAraNatA svIkAra karanA upayukta nahIM hai, kyoMki isameM anityatA Adi doSa Ate haiN| kAla kI krama se evaM yugapad donoM prakAra se hI kAraNatA svIkAra nahIM kI jA sktii| krama se kAraNa hone para usameM anityatva doSa AtA hai tathA yugapad kAryotpatti mAnane para sabhI kArya eka sAtha utpanna ho jAne evaM phira dvitIya kSaNa meM kAla ke akiMcitkara hone kI avasthA banatI hai|

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104 ... jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana .. kAla ko hI ekAnta kAraNa mAnane kA jainadArzanika khaNDana karate haiM, kintu usakI kathaMcit kAraNatA unheM svIkArya hai| jainadarzana meM pratyeka dravya ke paryAyapariNamana meM kAla kI kAraNatA aMgIkAra kI gaI hai| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAya ke paryAya-pariNamana meM kAla pramukha udAsIna nimitta kAraNa hai| yahI nahIM sabhI dravyoM kA vartana kAla se hI sambhava hotA hai| kriyA evaM jyeSTha-kaniSTha kA bodha bhI kAla ke binA sambhava nhiiN| kAlalabdhi ko mokSa meM bhI hetu mAnA gayA hai| karmasiddhAnta meM abAdhAkAla kI avadhAraNA bhI kAla kI kAraNatA kA dyotana karatI hai| svabhAvavAda evaM jainadarzana meM usakI kathaMcit kAraNatA svabhAvavAda ke anusAra sabhI kArya svabhAvajanya hote haiN| kAMToM kI tIkSNatA, mRgoM aura pakSiyoM ke vicitra varNa evaM svarUpa svabhAva se hote hai| svabhAvavAda kA vedoM meM sIdhA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu veda vyAkhyAkAra paM. madhusUdana ojhA ne nAsadIyasUkta ke AdhAra para dasa vAdoM kA sthApana kiyA hai| ina dasa vAdoM ke antargata aparavAda ko svabhAvavAda kahA hai| ve 'a para' kA artha 'sva' (a+para) karate haiM tathA svabhAvavAda ko cAra rUpoM meM prastuta karate haiM- 1. pariNAmavAda 2. yadRcchAvAda 3.niyativAda 4. pauruSI prkRtivaad| svabhAva se hone vAlA pariNamana 'pariNAmavAda' kahA gayA hai| udAharaNa ke lie agni kI jvAlA se tApa aura prakAza svataH hote haiN| jala meM zItalatA aura anna-jala se tRpti svabhAvataH hotI hai| yadRcchAvAda ko 'AkasmikavAda' bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha eka pRthak vicAradhArA ke rUpa meM pracalita rahA, kintu paM. ojhA ne ise svabhAvavAda kA hI eka prakAra svIkAra kiyA hai| niyativAda ko bhI paM. ojhA ne svabhAvavAda kA aMga mAnA hai| prAcInakAla meM bhI tiloM se tela hotA thA, Aja bhI hotA hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI hotA rahegA, yaha niyati eka svabhAva hai| prakRtivAda bhI svabhAvavAda hai, kyoMki triguNAtmikatA prakRti meM svabhAva se pariNamana hotA hai| unhoMne svabhAva kA sambandha prakRtivAda se mAnA hai tathA puruSa ko svabhAvAtIta svIkAra kiyA hai| padArthoM kI niyata zakti kA nAma svabhAva hai| jaise agni kA svabhAva hai uSNatA- "svabhAvo nAma padArthAnAM pratiniyatA zaktiH agneraussnnymiv"| harivaMzapurANa meM jagat ko svabhAvakRta pratipAdita

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 105 kiyA gayA hai- "svAbhAvAjjAyate sarva svabhAvAcca te tathA'bhavan, ahaMkAraH svabhAvAcca tathA sarvamidaM jgt| svabhAva se hI sabakI utpatti hotI hai, svabhAva se hI vastue~ vaisI huI haiN| svabhAva se hI yaha aMhakAra tathA yaha sArA jagat prakaTa huA hai| mANDUkyakArikA meM pratipAdita hai ki amara vastu kabhI maraNazIla nahIM hotI aura na maraNazIla vastu kabhI amr| kyoMki koI bhI vastu apane svabhAva ke viparIta nahIM ho sakatI hai| bhagavadgItA meM bhI svabhAvavAda kA pratipAdana hai| kyoMki vahA~ svabhAva se utpanna guNoM ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ke karmoM kA vibhAga kiyA gayA hai| gItA meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai na kartRtvaM na karmANi lokasya sRjati prabhuH / na karmaphalasaMyogaM svabhAvastupravartate / / - bhagavadgItA, 5.14 arthAt loka ke kartRtva, karma aura karmaphalasaMyoga kI prabhu ne racanA nahIM kI hai, apitu svabhAva ina sabameM pravRtta huA hai| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM bhI svabhAvavAda kA ullekha huA hai| 'svabhAvaM bhUtacintakAH" vAkya ke dvArA paMcabhUtoM ko svIkAra karane vAle svabhAvavAda ko apanI vicAradhArA meM sthAna dete haiN| pA~ca bhUtoM meM apa, AkAza, vAyu, jyoti (agni) aura pRthvI kA samAveza hotA hai| ye svabhAva se hI sAtha rahate haiM aura svabhAva se hI viyukta hote haiM / buddhacarita meM spaSTa rUpa se svabhAvavAda kA ullekha huA hai| bRhatsaMhitA, paMcataMtra, hitopadeza Adi sAhityika kRtiyoM meM bhI svabhAva kI carcA hai| paM. nArAyaNa ne svabhAva ko duratikrama batAyA hai| sAMkhyakArikA kI mATharavRtti meM svabhAva kI kAraNatA kA spaSTa ullekha huA hai| nyAyasUtra evaM nyAyabhASya meM svabhAvavAda kA upasthApana evaM nirasana kiyA gayA hai|" vAkyapadIya meM svAbhAvikI pratibhA kA ullekha hai|" bauddha grantha tattvasaMgraha meM zAntarakSita ne svabhAvavAda kA ullekha spaSTa rUpa se kiyA hai| svabhAvavAdiyoM ke anusAra padArthoM kI utpatti samasta sva-para kAraNoM se nirapekSa hotI hai| kamala ke parAga, mayUra ke candovA Adi kA nirmANa kisI ke dvArA nahIM kiyA gayA, svabhAva se hI unakI upalabdhi hotI hai| nyAyakusumAMjali meM udayanAcArya ne AkasmikavAda ke antargata svabhAvavAda kI carcA kI hai| cArvAka darzana meM jagat kI vicitratA ko svabhAva se hI utpanna mAnA gayA hai| cArvAka darzana svabhAvavAda kA pratinidhi darzana hai|

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106 - jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jaina Agama praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, nandIsUtra kI avacUri, haribhadrasUri racita lokatattvanirNaya evaM zAstravArtAsamuccaya, zIlAMkAcAryakRta AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga kI TIkA prabhRti granthoM meM svabhAvavAda kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai| inake atirikta mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa ke dvAdazAranayacakra, jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa ke vizeSAvazyakabhASya, haribhadrasUri racita dharmasaMgrahaNi, abhayadevasUri kRta tattvabodhavidhAyanI TIkA meM svabhAvavAda kA upasthApana evaM nirasana prApta hotA hai| jaina granthoM meM pratipAdita svabhAvavAda evaM usake nirasana se svabhAvavAda ke sambandha meM vibhinna tathya prakaTa hue haiN| jainAcAryoM dvArA nirUpita svabhAvavAda kI katipaya vizeSatAe~ yahA~ dI jA rahI haiM 1. praznavyAkaraNasUtra ke TIkAkAra jJAnavimalasUri ne svabhAvavAda kA svarUpa pratipAdita karate hue kahA hai ki sUMTha meM tiktatA aura haritakI meM virecanazIlatA kA guNa svabhAva se hI hotA hai|" nandIsUtra kI avacUri meM kahA gayA hai ki svabhAvavAda ke anusAra sabhI padArtha svabhAva se utpanna hote haiM, kyoMki miTTI se kumbha utpanna hotA hai, paTAdi nhiiN| 2. zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM kahA gayA hai ki pratyeka padArtha apane svabhAvAnusAra hI kArya ko utpanna karatA hai| yadi sabhI vastuoM kI utpatti meM miTTI Adi kI samAna kAraNatA mAnI jAe to kAraNa-kArya kI vyavasthA nahIM bana skegii| haribhadrasUri svabhAvavAda kA pakSa rakhate hue kahate haiM- pUrva-pUrva upAdAna pariNAma uttarottara hone vAle tattat upAdeya pariNAmoM ke prati kAraNa haiN| udAharaNa ke lie bIja kA carama kSaNAtmaka pariNAma aMkura ke prathama kSaNAtmaka pariNAma kA kAraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra kramavat kAryajanakatva bhI svabhAva hai| ___ 3. mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa dvAdazAranayacakra meM svabhAvavAda ko prastuta karate hue kahate haiM ki bhUmi, jala Adi dravyoM kI apekSA rakhakara kaNTakAdi kI utpatti hotI hai, yaha bhI svabhAva hI hai| bhUmi Adi nimittoM kI nimittatA bhI svAbhAvika hai| isakA tAtparya yaha bhI hai ki svabhAvavAda meM upAdAna evaM nimitta donoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| zIlAMkAcArya ne tajjIvataccharIravAdI ke mata meM svabhAva se hI jagat kI vicitratA ko upapanna batAyA hai| kArya kI utpatti meM svabhAva se bhinna dravyoM kI

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 107 upasthiti se svabhAvavAdiyoM ko koI Apatti nahIM hai, kyoMki ve anya kAraNoM ko svabhAva ke antargata sammilita karate haiN| svabhAvavAda ke khaNDana meM bhI jainadArzanika sabala tarka prastuta karate haiN| katipaya tarka draSTavya haiM___ 1. mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa svabhAvavAdiyoM se prazna karate haiM ki svabhAva vyApaka hai yA pratyeka vastu meM parisamApta hotA hai ? yadi vyApaka hai to ekarUpa hone ke kAraNa pararUpa kA abhAva hone se sva yA para vizeSaNa nirarthaka hai| yadi yaha pratyeka vastu meM parisamApta hotA hai to loka meM pracalita ghaTa ke ghaTatva, paTa ke paTatva svabhAva Adi se bhinna yaha svabhAva nahIM ho skegaa| 2. haribhadrasUri ne dharmasaMgrahaNi meM aneka prazna khaDe kie haiN| svabhAva bhAvarUpa hai yA abhAvarUpa? yadi bhAva rUpa hai to ekarUpa hai yA anekarUpa? yadi anekarUpa hai to vaha mUrta hai yA amUrta? yadi mUrta hai to vaha jainadarzana meM mAnya karma se aviziSTa yAnI pudgala rUpa hogaa| yadi amUrta hai to vaha anugraha evaM upaghAta na karane se sukha-duHkha kA hetu nahIM ho sktaa| svabhAva yadi eka rUpa hai to vaha nitya hai yA anitya? yadi nitya hai to vaha bhAvoM/padArthoM kI utpatti meM hetu nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki utpatti meM hetu hone se usameM parivartana A jAtA hai| yadi vaha anitya hai to eka rUpa hokara anitya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki anitya vividha rUpoM vAlA hotA hai athavA aneka hotA hai| ___ isa prakAra vibhinna takoM se jainadArzanika mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa, jinabhadragaNi (6-7vIM zatI), haribhadrasUri, zIlAMkAcArya, abhayadevasUri, yazovijaya (17vIM zatI) Adi ne svabhAvavAda kA nirasana kiyA hai| jainadArzanikoM ne svabhAvavAda ke do svarUpoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai- 1.svabhAvahetuvAda evaM 2. nirhetuka svbhaavvaad| prathama svarUpa ke anusAra kArya kI utpatti evaM jagat kI vicitratA meM ekamAtra svabhAva hI hetu hai| dvitIya svarUpa ke anusAra sabhI padArtha evaM kArya binA kisI kAraNa ke utpanna hote haiM, yahI unakA svabhAva hai, kintu svabhAvavAda kA yaha dUsarA rUpa yadRcchAvAda, kAdAcitkatva athavA AkasmikavAda ke rUpa meM bhI jAnA jAtA hai| __yadyapi jainadArzanikoM ne svabhAvavAda kA nirasana kiyA hai tathApi nayavAda se jainadarzana meM bhI svabhAva kI kAraNatA svIkRta hai| udAharaNa ke lie- SaDdravya apane

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana svabhAva ke anusAra hI kArya karate haiN| pariNAma ke trividha prakAroM meM visrasA pariNamana meM vastu kA svabhAva hI kAraNa banatA hai| jIva kA anAdi pAriNAmika bhAva bhavyatva, abhavyatva, jIvatva Adi ke rUpa meM svabhAva se hI kArya karatA hai| isI prakAra darzanAvaraNa Adi anya karmoM kA bhI apanA-apanA svabhAva hai, jisake anusAra ve kArya karate haiN| jaina darzana meM ise karma kA prakRtibandha kahA jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadArzanika paMcakAraNa samavAya meM svabhAva ko bhI sthAna dete haiN| niyativAda evaM jainadarzana meM usakI kathaMcit kAraNatA niyativAda ke anusAra niyati hI saba kAryoM kA kAraNa hai / niyativAda mukhyataH maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kI mAnyatA ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai / kintu yaha bhAratIya manISiyoM kI vicAradhArA meM otaprota rahA hai| Agama, tripiTaka, upaniSad, purANa, saMskRta mahAkAvyoM evaM nATakoM meM bhI niyati ke mahattva ko spaSTa karane vAle ullekha prApta hote haiM / sUtrakRtAMga TIkA (1.1.2.3), zAstravArtAsamuccaya (2.62 kI TIkA ), upadezamahAgrantha (pR. 140), lokatattvanirNaya ( zloka 27 ) Adi dArzanika granthoM meM niyativAda kA pratipAdaka nimnAMkita zloka prApta hotA hai - 108 prAptavyo niyatibalAzrayeNa yo'rthaH so'vazyaM bhavati nRNAM zubho'zubho vA / bhUtAnAM mahati kRte'pi hi prayatne nAbhAvyaM bhavati na bhAvino'sti nAzaH // arthAt jo padArtha niyati ke bala ke Azraya se prAptavya hotA hai vaha zubha yA azubha padArtha manuSyoM (jIvamAtra) ko avazya prApta hotA hai| prANiyoM ke dvArA mahAn prayatna karane para bhI abhAvya kabhI nahIM hotA hai tathA bhAvI kA nAza nahIM hotA hai| niyati ko sAhitya meM bhavitavyatA bhI kahA gayA hai| veda meM niyativAda kA pratipAdaka koI mantra yA sUkta nahIM hai, kintu veda vivecaka paM. madhusUdana ojhA ne aparavAda ke antargata niyativAda kA bhI samAveza kiyA hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad, mahopaniSad evaM bhAvopaniSad meM niyAmaka tattva ke rUpa meM niyativAda kA pratipAdana huA hai| harivaMzapurANa meM "durvArA hi bhavitavyatA", "durlaghyaM hi bhavitavyatA" Adi uktiyoM se niyativAda kI puSTi huI hai| rAmAyaNa meM kahA gayA hai 1952

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 109 niyatiH kAraNaMloke, niyatiH karmasAdhanam / niyatiH sarvabhUtAnAM, niyogeSviha kAraNam / / - rAmAyaNa,kiSkindhA kANDa, sarga 25 zloka 4 loka meM niyati sabakA kAraNa hai, niyati samasta kAryoM kA sAdhana hai, samasta prANiyoM ko vibhinna kAryoM meM saMlagna karane meM niyati hI kAraNa hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI niyati kI prastuti nimnAMkita zabdoM meM huI hai yathA yathA'sya prAptavyaM, prApnotyeva tathA tathA / bhavitavyaM yathA yacca, bhavatyeva tathA tathA // __-mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, adhyAya 226, zloka 10 arthAt puruSa ko jo vastu jisa prakAra milane yogya hotI hai, vaha use usI prakAra prApta kara letA hai| jo jisa prakAra bhavitavya hotA hai vaha vaise ghaTita hotA hI hai| abhijJAnazAkuntalam meM bhI bhavitavya zabda se yukta do sUktiyA~ prasiddha haiM- 1. bhavitavyAnAMdvArANi bhavanti sarvatra 2. bhavitavyatAkhalu blvtii| hitopadeza meM bhI kahA gayA hai- 'yadabhAvi na tadbhAvi, bhAvi cenna tdnythaa|' jo honahAra nahIM hai vaha nahIM hogA tathA jo honahAra hai vaha avazya hogaa| bhartRhari ke nItizataka meM bhI isa prakAra ke vicAra puSTa hue haiN| kAvyaprakAza jaise sAhityazAstra ke grantha meM bhI niyatikRta niyama kA ullekha huA hai| yogavAsiSTha meM akSaya niyama ko niyati kahA hai| ve kahate haiM ki niyati ko svIkAra karate hue bhI vyakti ko puruSArtha kA tyAga nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki puruSArtha rUpa se hI niyati niyAmaka hotI hai| zaivadarzana ke grantha paramArthasAra meM "mujhe yaha karanA cAhie aura yaha nahIM karanA cAhie" isa prakAra ke niyamana kA hetu niyati kahA gayA hai|" ___ niyativAda kA sampradAya AjIvaka nAmaka sampradAya ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| jaina AgamoM evaM bauddha tripiTakoM meM niyativAda kI carcA prApta hotI hai| bauddha tripiTaka meM dIghanikAya ke prathama bhAga meM maMkhali gozAlaka ke mata ko pratipAdita karate hue kahA gayA hai- "prANiyoM ke duHkha kA koI pratyaya yA hetu nahIM hai| binA hetu aura pratyaya ke prANI duHkhI hote haiN| prANiyoM kI vizuddhi kA bhI koI hetu yA pratyaya nahIM hai| binA hetu yA pratyaya ke hI prANI vizuddhi ko prApta hote haiN| na AtmA

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110 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kucha karatI hai aura na para kucha karatA hai| na puruSakAra hai aura na bala hai, na vIrya hai, na puruSastAma hai, na puruSaparAkrama hai| sabhI sattva, sabhI prANI, sabhI bhUta aura sabhI jIva avaza haiM, abala haiM, avIrya haiN| niyati ke saMga ke bhAva se pariNata hokara ve chaha prakAra kI abhijAtiyoM meM sukha-duHkha kA saMvedana karate haiN|" __ jainAgama sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatIsUtra aura upAsakadazAMga jaise pramukha jainAgamoM meM niyativAda kA nirUpaNa evaM nirasana huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga (2.1.665) meM niyativAda ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai- "pUrva Adi dizAoM meM rahane vAle jo trasa evaM sthAvara prANI haiM, ve saba niyati ke prabhAva se hI audArika Adi zarIra kI racanA ko prApta karate haiN| ve niyati ke kAraNa hI bAla, yuvA aura vRddhAvasthA ko prApta karate haiM aura . zarIra se pRthak hote haiN| ve niyati ke bala se hI kANe yA kubja hote haiM / ve niyati kA Azraya lekara hI nAnA prakAra ke sukha-duHkhoM ko prApta karate haiN|"59 upAsakadazAMga meM gozAlaka ke anuyAyI sakaDAlaputra kI niyativAdI mAnyatA kA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai tathA prayatna, puruSArtha, parAkrama Adi ke mahattva kA sthApana kiyA gayA hai| ___ jainAcArya siddhasenasUri ne dvAtriMzad-dvAtriMzikAoM meM 16 vIM dvAtriMzikA meM niyati kA vivecana kiyA hai| inhoMne niyati ke svarUpa kI carcA karane ke anantara sarva sattvoM ke svabhAva kI niyatatA pratipAdita kI hai| jIva, indriya, mana Adi ke svarUpa kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai tathA svarga-naraka kI prApti niyati se svIkAra kI hai| jJAna ko bhI unhoMne niyati ke bala se svIkAra kiyA hai| haribhadrasUri ke zAstravArtAsamuccaya meM niyativAda kA upasthApana kiyA gayA hai| niyativAda ke anusAra sabhI padArtha niyata rUpa se hI utpanna hote haiN| niyati ke binA muMga kA pakanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| kArya kA samyak nizcaya niyati se hotA hai| niyati ke binA kArya meM sarvAtmakatA kI Apatti prApta hotI hai anyathA niyatatvena sarvabhAvaH prsjyte| anyonyAtmakatApatteH kriyAvaiphalyameva c| -zAstravArtAsamuccaya, 2.64 sanmatitarka ke TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri ne niyativAda ke pakSa ko prastuta karate hue kAla evaM svabhAva ko bhI niyati meM hI sammilita kara liyA hai, jaisA ki kahA

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 111 hai- "na ca niyatimantareNa svabhAvaH kAlo vA kazcid hetuH yataH kaNTakAdayo'pi niyatyaiva tIkSNAditayA niyatAH samupajAyante na kunntthaadityaa|' arthAt niyati se bhinna koI svabhAva athavA kAla hetu nahIM hai, kyoMki kaNTakAdi bhI niyati se hI tIkSNAdi hote haiM, kuNThAdi nahIM hote| digambara grantha svayambhUstotra, aSTazatI, gommaTasAra evaM svAmikArtikeyAnuprekSA meM bhI niyati kA svarUpa vivecita huA hai| gommaTasAra meM kahA hai jattu jadA jeNa jahA jassa ya NiyameNa hodi tattu tdaa| teNa tahA tassa have iti vAdo NiyadivAdo hu / / -gommaTasAra, karmakANDa arthAt jo jaba, jisake dvArA, jisa prakAra, jisake niyama se honA hotA hai vaha taba, usake dvArA, usI prakAra usake hotA ho to yaha niyativAda hai| niyativAda meM ghaTanA kI pUrNa vyavasthiti sunizcita hai| bhaTTa akalaMka ne aSTazatI meM bhavitavyatA se sambaddha zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jisakA Azaya hai ki jaisI bhavitavyatA hotI hai vyakti kI vaisI buddhi ho jAtI hai, vaisA hI prayatna hotA hai tathA sahAyaka bhI vaise hI mila jAte haiN| __jainadArzanika jahA~ niyativAda ko pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM prastuta karane meM nipuNa haiM, vahA~ ve usakI ekAnta kAraNatA kA nirasana karane meM bhI dakSa haiN| jainadArzanikoM ke katipaya tarka draSTavya haiM1. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM niyativAda ke nirasana meM kahA gayA hai ki koI sukha-duHkha pUrvakRtakarma janya hone se niyata hote haiM tathA koI sukha-duHkha puruSa ke udyoga, kAla Adi se utpanna hone se aniyata hote haiN| isalie ekAnta niyati ko kAraNa mAnanA samucita nhiiN| 2. niyativAda ko svIkAra karane para zubha kriyA ke puruSArtha kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI, isalie niyativAdI vipratipanna haiN| 3. niyati ko aMgIkAra karane para hita kI prApti evaM ahita ke parihAra ke lie upadeza nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| 4. niyati kI ekarUpatA hone para kAryoM kI anekarUpatA sambhava nahIM ho sktii| 5. abhayadevasUri kahate haiM ki niyati ko nitya mAnane para usameM kArakatva kA

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112 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana ayoga hogA, kyoMki nityatva meM parivartanazIlatA kA abhAva hotA hai| niyati ko anitya mAnane para vaha svayaM kArya bana jAegI, ataH usakI utpatti ke lie kisI anya kAraNa kI kalpanA karanI hogii| 3 63 niyativAda ke nirasana meM jainadArzanikoM ne aneka tarka die haiM, kintu jainadarzana meM kAlalabdhi evaM sarvajJatA aise pratyaya haiM, jo jainadarzana meM kathaMcit niyati ko svIkRta karate haiN| jainadarzana kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki anAdikAlIna mithyAdRSTi jIva kAlalabdha Ane para hI samyaktva kI prApti karatA hai| kAlalabdhi se Azaya hai samucita kAla kI praapti| usakA honA niyata hotA hai tabhI kAlalabdhi hotI hai| isI prakAra sarvajJatA ko tInoM kAloM ke samasta dravyoM evaM unakI paryAyoM ko jAnane ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai to bhI bhAvI ko jAnane ke kAraNa niyatatA kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai| isa niyatatA ke AdhAra para hI vigata zatAbdiyoM meM jainadarzana meM kramabaddhaparyAya siddhAnta kA vikAsa huA hai| sarvajJatA kA AtmajJatA artha svIkAra karane para uparyukta sthiti nahIM banatI, tathApi jaina paramparA meM niyati ko kAraNa mAnane ke aneka udAharaNa prApta hote haiM, yathA - ( 1 ) kAlacakra meM avasarpiNI evaM utsarpiNI kA krama tathA unameM chaha ArakoM kA vidhAna / ( 2 ) 24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva, 9 vAsudeva, 9 prativAsudeva Adi kI nizcita mAnyatA / (3) akarmabhUmi meM sadaiva tathA karmabhUmi meM tIna AroM meM strI-puruSa ke yugaloM kI utptti| (4) anapavartya AyuSya vAle jIvoM kA AyuSya kI pUrNa avadhi bhogakara maraNa ko prApta honA / (5) pUrvabhavAzrita siddhoM, kSetrAzrita siddhoM, avagAhanA Azrita siddhoM kA kathana bhI kathaMcit niyati ko mAnya karatA hai / eka samaya meM adhikatama 108 jIvoM ke siddha hone kA kathana bhI isI prakAra kA hai / (6) vibhinna gatiyoM meM jIvoM kI adhikatama Ayu nizcita hai| pUrvakRtakarmavAda evaM jainadarzana meM usakA sthAna pUrvakRtakarmavAda eka pramukha siddhAnta hai jo yaha pratipAdita karatA hai ki prANI ke dvArA pUrva meM kie gae karmoM kA phala avazya prApta hotA hai| jIva jagat kI vicitratA meM yaha eka pramukha kAraNa hai| prANI ke dvArA kie gae karmoM kA phala Izvara pradAna karatA hai yA apane Apa prApta hotA hai, isa viSaya meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM matabheda hai|

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kAraNa- kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya nyAya-vaizeSika Adi darzana karmoM kA phala pradAtA Izvara ko mAnate haiM, jabaki jaina, bauddha Adi darzana inakI phala prApti ko svataH vyavasthApita mAnate haiN| isameM sandeha nahIM ki karma-siddhAnta ko lekara jitanA cintana jainadarzana meM huA hai, utanA kisI anya darzana meM prApta nahIM hotA / jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa Adi aSTavidha karmoM, karaNa- siddhAnta tathA puNya-pApa, Asrava-saMvara, baMdha - nirjarA evaM mokSa sadRza tattvoM kA pratipAdana jainadarzana kA vaiziSTya hai jo karma - pudgaloM ke baMdhana evaM vimocana kI prakriyA ko spaSTa karatA hai / pUrvakRta karmoM se hI daiva athavA bhAgya kA nirmANa hotA hai| 113 64 166 64 karma ke sAtha punarjanma kA aTUTa sambandha hai / isakI puSTi kaThopaniSad, " bRhadAraNyakopaniSada, chAndogyopaniSad, purANa - sAhitya, rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata sadRza granthoM se bhI hotI hai| jaina evaM bauddha darzana ke grantha to punarjanma ko spaSTa karate hI haiM, kintu cArvAkadarzana ke atirikta sabhI bhAratIya darzana punarjanma ko svIkAra karate haiN| upaniSadoM meM karma - siddhAnta kA pratipAdana hai, isakI puSTi vibhinna vAkyoM se hotI hai| "karmaNA badhyate janturvidyayA ca vimucyate / ' 'mana eva manuSyANAM kAraNaM bandhamokSayoH "7 Adi aise hI vAkya haiN| rAmAyaNa meM kahA hai"yAdRzaM kurute karma tAdRzaM phalamaznute / "" arthAt jo jaisA karma karatA hai use vaisA phala prApta hotA hai| bhagavadgItA meM anAsakta karmayoga kA pratipAdana hai, jisake anusAra phalAkAMkSA se rahita hokara karma kiyA jAnA caahie| "karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kadAcana" (bhagavadgItA, 2.47 ) vAkya yahI saMdeza detA hai / phalecchA meM Asakti rakhane vAlA vyakti sadA karmoM se baMdhatA hai| 65 yn saMskRta-sAhitya meM pUrvakRtakarma ko daiva yA bhAgya kahA gayA hai tathA usake anusAra phalaprApti aMgIkAra kI gaI hai / zukranIti meM pUrvajanma kRta karma ko bhAgya tathA isa janma meM kie gae karma ko puruSArtha kahA hai, " kintu bhAgya evaM puruSArtha kA dAyarA isase vyApaka hai, kyoMki isa janma meM kiyA gayA karma bhI bhAgya ko prabhAvita karatA hai| svapnavAsavadattam meM "kAlakrameNa jagataH parivartamAnA cakrArapaMktiriva bhAgyapaMktiH " tathA meghadUta meM "nIcairgacchatyupari ca dazA cakranemikrameNa" Adi vAkya bhI pUrvakRtakarma athavA bhAgya ke svarUpa ko prakaTa karate haiN| bhartRhari viracita

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114 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana nItizataka meM "bhAgyAni pUrvatapasA khalu saMcitAni kAle phalanti puruSasya yathaiva vRkSAH" vAkya spaSTa karatA hai ki pUrvatapa se saMcita bhAgya samaya Ane para usI prakAra phala pradAna karate haiM, jaise vRkSa samaya Ane para phala pradAna karate haiN| yogavAsiSTha meM pratipAdita hai ki daiva se prabala puruSArtha hotA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI karma ko vibhinna rUpoM meM svIkRti milI hai| nyAyadarzana meM ise adRSTa, sAMkhyadarzana meM dharmAdharma, mImAMsAdarzana meM apUrva tathA bauddhadarzana meM caitasika kahA gayA hai| yogadarzana meM kRSNa, zukla, zuklakRSNa evaM azuklakRSNa ke bheda se cAra prakAra ke karma nirdiSTa haiN| vaidika paramparA meM karma tIna prakAra kA hai- saMcita, prArabdha aura kriymaann| pUrvajanma meM kRtakarma saMcita haiM, jina karmoM kA phala prArambha ho gayA hai ve prArabdha karma haiM tathA vartamAna meM puruSArtha ke rUpa meM jo karma kie jA rahe haiM ve kriyamANa karma haiN| zvetAmbara jainaparamparA meM prajJApanAsUtra, vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, karmagrantha, paMcasaMgraha, kammapayaDi Adi granthoM meM tathA digambara paramparA meM SaTkhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa, mahAbaMdha tathA inakI dhavalA, jayadhavalA, mahAdhavalA TIkAoM meM karmasiddhAnta kA vistRta pratipAdana huA hai| pUrvakRtakarmavAda jainadarzana kA pramukha siddhAnta hai tathA jainadarzana meM isakA vistRta vivecana prApta hotA hai| jainadarzana karma ko paudgalika aMgIkAra karatA hai| karma evaM jIva kA anAdikAla se sambandha hai, kintu mokSAvasthA meM jIva karma se rahita ho jAtA hai| zubhAzubha kriyA karane para jIva meM vidyamAna kaSAya se karma-pudgala jIva ke sAtha cipaka jAte haiM, jise bandha kahate haiN| yaha bandha prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga aura pradeza ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA hotA hai| prakRtibandha karma ke jJAnAvaraNa Adi svabhAva ko nizcita karatA hai| sthitibandha usa karma kI phalAvadhi ko dyotita karatA hai| anubhAga yA anubhava bandha usa karma kI phaladAnazakti kI taratamatA kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai tathA pradezabandha karmapradezasamUha ko iMgita karatA hai| karmoM ko jainadarzana meM ATha prakAra kA nirUpita kiyA gayA hai, yathA- jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, AyuSya, nAma, gotra aura antarAya / inameM jJAnAvaraNa karma jIva ke jJAna ko Avarita karatA hai, darzanAvaraNa usake darzana guNa ko Avarita karatA hai| vedanIya karma sukha-duHkha kA vedana karAtA

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 115 hai| mohanIya karma jIva kI antaHdRSTi ko malina banAtA hai tathA usake AcaraNa ko krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha se yukta karatA hai| AyuSyakarma eka bhava kI jIvanAvadhi kA nirdhAraka hai| nAmakarma se gati, jAti, zarIrAdi kI prApti hotI hai| gotrakarma jIva ke ucca evaM nIca saMskAroM kA dyotaka hai / antarAya karma vighnarUpa hotA hai, jo jIva ke dAna, lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga evaM vIrya guNa ko bAdhita karatA hai| jainadarzana meM karma kI bandhana, sattA, udaya, udIraNA, udvartanA, apavartanA, saMkramaNa, upazamana, nidhatti evaM nikAcanA avasthAoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| jainadarzana meM karma ko paudgalika kiMvA mUrta mAnA gayA hai, kyoMki vaha AtmA se bhinna hai tathA usa mUrtakarma se mUrta zarIrAdi kI prApti hotI hai| samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyak cAritra aura samyak tapa kI sAdhanA dvArA jIva se mUrtakarma kA sambandha viccheda hone para mukti kI prApti ho jAtI hai| mukta hone para bhI jIva meM anantajJAna, anantadarzana, avyAbAdha sukha, kSAyika samyaktva Adi guNa rahate haiM tathA usa jIva athavA AtmA kA svatantra astitva banA rahatA hai| prazna yaha hai ki jaina darzana karma-siddhAnta kA sUkSma vivecana karake bhI kArya kI siddhi meM usakI ekAnta kAraNatA ko aMgIkAra kyoM nahIM karatA? isakA eka kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jaina darzana vyApakadRSTi ko lie hue hai, ataH vaha puruSArtha ko bhI utanA hI mahattva detA hai, jitanA pUrvakRta karma ko / balki nUtana karmoM kI racanA vartamAna puruSArtha se hI hotI hai| puruSArtha ke dvArA pUrvabaddha karmoM kI sthiti evaM phaladAnazakti meM parivartana ko bhI jainadarzana aMgIkAra karatA hai| puruSArtha ke sAtha vaha kAla, svabhAvAdi ko bhI mahattva detA hai| __ pUrvakRtakarmavAda jainadarzana kI pramukha vizeSatA hai, phira bhI jainadArzanika pUrvakRtakarmavAda ko hI eka mAtra kAraNa mAnane kA nirasana karate haiM tathA kAla, svabhAva, puruSArtha Adi kI kAraNatA ko bhI mahattva dete haiN| puruSavAda evaM puruSakAra(puruSArtha ): jainadarzana meM inakA sthAna paMca kAraNasamavAya meM jainadArzanika paMcama kAraNa ke rUpa meM puruSArtha/puruSakriyA ko mahattva dete haiM / vastutaH puruSArtha/puruSakriyA zramaNa paramparA kA pramukha vaiziSTya hai, jisakA jainadarzana meM bhI apratima sthAna hai| jainadarzana puruSArthavAdI darzana hai,

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116 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jisameM jIva hI apane karmaphala ke lie uttaradAyI hotA hai| vaha hI apane samasta baMdhanoM se mukta hone kA sAmarthya rakhatA hai tathA vaha hI apane kAryoM se baMdhana ko sudRr3ha banAtA hai| ahiMsA, saMyama evaM tapa kA nirUpaNa jainadarzana meM jIva ke svAtantrya evaM parAkrama kA dyotaka hai| samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra svarUpa triratna jainadarzana meM puruSakAra/puruSArtha ke mahattva ko pratiSThita karate haiN| jainadarzana jahA~ puruSakAra/puruSArtha ko pramukha sthAna detA hai vahA~ vaha puruSavAda kA nirasana karatA hai| puruSavAda ke anusAra jagadutpatti meM eka puruSa, brahma yA Izvara hI kAraNa hai| jainadarzana aise puruSavAda ko kataI svIkAra nahIM krtaa| vaha to jagat ko anAdi evaM ananta mAnatA hai| siddhasenasUri ne kAla, svabhAva Adi paMcakAraNa samavAya kA pratipAdana karate samaya jo "kAlo sahAva NiyaI, puvvakayaM purise kAraNegaMtA" Adi gAthA dI hai usameM 'purise' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| 'purise' ke do artha ho sakate haiM- eka vaha parama puruSa jo samasta sRSTi kI utpatti kA kAraNa hai tathA dUsare artha ke anusAra vaha puruSa jise cetana yA jIva kahA jAtA hai| jainadarzana ke sandarbha meM dvitIya artha grAhya hai, prathama nahIM, kyoMki jainadarzana prathama artha jagatsraSTA puruSa kA to nirasana karatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainadArzanika haribhadrasUri ne 'purise' ke sthAna para bIjaviMzikA meM 'purisakiriyAo' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai|" purisakiriyAo kA artha hai- puruSa arthAt jIva kI kriyA / puruSa yA jIva kI isa kriyA ko puruSakAra athavA puruSArtha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| jainadarzana ke paMcakAraNasamavAya meM puruSakAra, puruSArtha yA puruSakriyA zabda kA prayoga hI abhISTa hai| uttaravartI kucha AcAryoM ne yahI artha grahaNa kiyA hai| puruSavAda kAraNa-kArya vyavasthA kA eka siddhAnta rahA hai, jisakI carcA vedoM meM bhI prApta hotI hai| Rgveda meM isa puruSa kA varNana 'sahasrazIrSA puruSaH sahasrAkSaH shsrpaat|sbhuumiN vizvatovRtvAtyatiSThatdazAGgulam' (Rgveda 10.4.90.1) Adi zabdoM meM huA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai ki vaha puruSa sahasra ziroM vAlA, sahana netroM vAlA, sahasra pairoM vAlA hai, vaha bhUmi ko cAroM ora se gherakara sthita hai| puruSa kI mahimA meM kahA hai

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 117 puruSa evedaM sarvaM yadbhUtaM yacca bhavyam / utAmRtatvasyezAno yadannenAtirohati / / -Rgveda 10.4.90.2 arthAt jo kucha vidyamAna hai, jo kucha utpanna huA hai aura jo utpanna hone vAlA hai tathA jo amRtatva kA Iza hai aura anna se AvirbhAva ko prApta hotA hai vaha puruSa hI hai| isa puruSavAda kA varNana aitareyopaniSad, taittirIyopaniSad, zvetAzvataropaniSad, praznopaniSad Adi upaniSadoM meM bhI prApta hotA hai| vahA~ kahIM puruSa evaM kahIM brahma zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / chAndogyoniSad meM 'sarvakhalvidaM brahma" vAkya meM use brahma kahA hai / taittirIyopaniSad kI bhRguvallI, anuvAk 1 meM kahA hai- "yato vA imAni bhUtAni jAyante yena jAtAni jiivnti| ytpryntybhisNvishnti| tdvijijnyaassv| tad brhmeti|" jisase ye prANI utpanna hokara jisake sAtha jIte haiM tathA jisameM mila jAte haiM, use jAno, vaha brahma hai|" isa prakAra yaha puruSavAda hI brahmavAda ke rUpa meM varNita hai| isa puruSavAda kA hI IzvaravAda ke rUpa meM bhI vikAsa huA hai| purANa, mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa evaM manusmRti grantha isake sAkSI haiN| yaha vizeSa bAta hai ki usa jagatsraSTA puruSavAda kA varNana pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM jaina granthoM meM bhI huA hai| mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa (5vIM zatI) ke dvAdazAranayacakra meM usa puruSa ko sarvAtmaka evaM sarvajJa pratipAdita karane ke sAtha usakI cAra avasthAeM batAI gaI haiM, yathA- jAgrat, svapna, suSupti aura tuury| ina cAra avasthAoM kA varNana mANDUkyopaniSad meM bhI prApta hotA hai| vahA~ jagata ke sAtha puruSa kA aikya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jinabhadragaNi (6-7vIM zatI) ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya' meM evaM abhayadevasUri (10-11 vIM zatI) ne sanmatitarkaTIkA meM puruSa ke svarUpa ko upasthApita kiyA hai| abhayadevasUri ne puruSavAda ke anusAra samasta loka kI sthiti, sarga aura pralaya kA hetu usa puruSa ko batAyA hai| mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa, jinabhadragaNi evaM abhayadevasUri ne apanI kRtiyoM meM puruSavAda kA AmUla utpATana kiyA hai| mallavAdI ke anusAra puruSa kI advaitatA, sarvagatatA evaM sarvajJatA sambhava nahIM hai| unhoMne puruSa kI jAgrat Adi cAra avasthAoM kA bhI nirasana kiyA hai| abhayadevasUri ne vibhinna tarka dete hue kahA

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118 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hai ki binA uddezya ke evaM anukampA se puruSa ke dvArA sRSTi kI racanA karanA ucita nahIM, kyoMki taba duHkhI prANiyoM kI racanA nahIM kI jA sktii| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki vaha na yugapat jagat kA nirmANa kara sakatA hai, na hI krama se, kyoMki donoM meM doSa Ate haiN|" ____ brahmavAda kA nirUpaNa evaM nirasana prabhAcandra (11vIM zatI) ne prameyakamalamArtaNDa meM vistAra se kiyA hai| brahmavAda ke anusAra brahma hI samasta jagat ke cetana-acetana, mUrta-amUrta Adi padArthoM kA upAdAna kAraNa hotA hai| mAyopahita brahma hI jagat kA kAraNa hai| prabhAcandra ne brahmavAda kI advaitatA evaM jagatkAraNatva kA sabala khaNDana kiyA hai| IzvaravAda mukhyataH nyAya-vaizeSika darzana kA siddhAnta hai| vedAnta meM bhI ise ajJAna kI samaSTi se Acchanna brahma ke rUpa meM svIkRti dI gaI hai| IzvaravAda kI siddhi meM nyAyadArzanika udayana ne nyAyakusumAMjali grantha meM vibhinna hetu die haiM, kintu unakA nirasana abhayadevasUri, prabhAcandra, malliSeNasUri ne apanI kRtiyoM meM sabala rUpa se kiyA hai| malliSeNa ne syAdvAdamaMjarI meM spaSTataH siddha kiyA hai ki Izvara jagat kA kartA nahIM hai, kyoMki eka Izvara dvArA jagat kA nirmANa sambhava nhiiN| vaha na sarvajJa hai aura na hI jagat ke kArya meM svtntr|" ___ puruSa kA jIva artha grahaNa karake puruSakAra, puruSakriyA athavA puruSArtha kI sthApanA ko jainadarzana meM pUrNa svIkRti hai, kyoMki jainadarzana zramaNasaMskRti kA darzana hone ke kAraNa mUlataH puruSArthavAdI hai| yahA~ utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya, parAkrama Adi ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| jainadarzana kA mantavya hai ki sukha-duHkha kA kartA AtmA svayaM hai| duHkha dUsare ke dvArA nahIM, svayaM ke dvArA utpanna haiM- attakaDe dukkhe no prkdde'| puruSArtha ke cAra prakAroM kI dRSTi se kaheM to jainadarzana meM dharma puruSArtha kA sarvAdhika mahattva hai, kyoMki vahI mokSa kA sAdhana banatA hai| artha evaM kAma puruSArtha ko yahA~ tyAjya kahA gayA hai| yadi unakA sevana bhI kiyA jAe to dharma puruSArtha pUrvaka sevana kiyA jAnA caahie| jainadarzana ahiMsA, saMyama evaM tapa meM parAkrama karane kI zikSA detA hai| saMvara evaM nirjarA kI sAdhanA ko hI jainadarzana meM mahattva diyA gayA

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 119 hai, vahI mokSa meM sahAyaka hotI hai| samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyak cAritra ke rUpa meM ise triratna kahA jAtA hai| jainadarzana meM samatA kI sAdhanA ho yA apramattatA kI, ahiMsA kA AcaraNa ho yA aparigraha kA, parISajaya kA prasaMga ho yA Abhyantara tapa ke ArAdhana kA, svAdhyAya kA krama ho yA dhyAna kA, sarvatra puruSakAra yA puruSArtha kI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI gaI hai| puruSArthavAdI darzana hokara bhI isameM kAla, svabhAva, niyati evaM pUrvakRtakarma kI kAraNatA ko bhI mahattva diyA gayA, isalie ise ekAnta puruSArthavAdI bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| hA~, puruSArtha kI pradhAnatA ke sAtha anya kAraNoM ko bhI yathocita mahattva diyA jA sakatA hai| isIlie isameM paMcakAraNoM ke samavAya ko aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kAla, svabhAva, niyati Adi pA~ca kAraNoM meM kabhI koI pradhAna hotA hai to kabhI koI gaunn| kabhI jIva kI pravRtti hI na ho to ajIva se janya kAryotpatti meM puruSArtha evaM pUrvakRta kI kAraNatA kA honA Avazyaka nahIM hotaa| kAlAdi meM bheda-vyavasthA kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRtakarma evaM puruSArtha meM sUkSmatayA kyA bheda hai, ise samajhanA Avazyaka hai| kAla kI kAraNatA meM vastu ke svabhAva kI kAraNatA kA samAveza nahIM hotA, isalie kAla ko svabhAva se bhinna mAnanA caahie| mUMga kI phalI jaba kheta meM pakatI hai to usameM kAla bhI kAraNa hai evaM svabhAva bhI, kintu kAlavAdI mAtra kAla ko kAraNa kahegA tathA svabhAvavAdI mAtra svabhAva ko kAraNa khegaa| svabhAvavAdI mUMga ko AMca para pakAte samaya kahegA ki jo mUMga pakane ke svabhAva vAle haiM ve hI pakate haiM evaM kaDu mUMga lAkha prayatna karane para bhI nahIM pkte| niyati meM kAla evaM svabhAva kI apekSA rahatI hai, kintu niyativAda ke anusAra niyati hI kAraNa hai, kAla evaM svabhAva nhiiN| niyativAda kA siddhAnta eka aisA siddhAnta hai jisameM samasta kAraNa samAhita haiN| niyativAda jIva evaM ajIva ke saba kAryoM evaM avasthAoM ko niyatijanya mAnatA hai / jo bhI bhavitavya hai vaha sunizcita hai, vaha hokara hI rhegaa| niyativAda eka aisA siddhAnta hai jisameM kAla, svabhAva, pUrvakRtakarma evaM puruSArtha sabakA samAveza ho jAtA hai, yaha hamArI samasyAoM kA manovaijJAnika uttara to ho sakatA hai, kintu isase Atma-svAtantrya kA siddhAnta

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kuNThita hotA hai / pUrvakRtakarma kA jo siddhAnta hai usake anusAra jIva ko apane dvArA kRta karmoM kI phalaprApti hotI hai| ise niyati se bhinna samajhanA caahie| pUrvakRtakarma puruSArtha se nirmita ve karma haiM jinakA phala yathAvasara prApta hone vAlA hai| inheM daiva yA bhAgya bhI kahA gayA hai| niyati isase bhinna hai, kyoMki vaha jIva evaM ajIva donoM para lAgU hotI hai jabaki pUrvakRtakarma kA sambandha jIva se hI hai| pUrvakRtakarma jahA~ puruSArtha para AdhRta hai vahA~ niyati ke sambandha meM aisA nizcita nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki usameM karmasiddhAnta evaM puruSArtha ko mahattva nahIM diyA gayA hai| puruSavAda kA siddhAnta saba kucha jagatsraSTA evaM saMcAlaka paramapuruSa ke adhIna mAnatA hai| usase hI jagat utpanna hai tathA vahI pratyeka kArya ko utpanna karatA hai, usI meM saba vilIna hotA hai| yaha puruSavAda hI brahmavAda evaM IzvaravAda ke rUpa meM vikasita huaa| puruSa kA artha jaba jIva karate haiM to jIva kI kriyA athavA puruSakAra/puruSArtha kA svarUpa ubharakara AtA hai, jo kArya kI utpatti meM eka mahattvapUrNa kAraNa hai / jainadarzana ko isakI kAraNatA abhISTa hai| 120 niSkarSa rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainadarzana ke kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta ke DhAMce meM paMcakAraNa-samavAya kA siddhAnta sarvathA upayukta hai| yaha jainadarzana kI anekAntavAdI, nayavAdI evaM samanvayavAdI dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai / isa siddhAnta kA prArambha jahA~ siddhasenasUri se huA hai vahA~ haribhadrasUri, malayagiri, zIlAMkAcArya abhayadevasUri, yazovijaya Adi dArzanikoM ne ise puSTa kiyA hai| jainadarzana meM pahale se svIkRta dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva evaM bhava kI kAraNatA se isa paMcakAraNasamavAya kA koI virodha nahIM hai, apitu ina paMca kAraNoM kA dravya, kSetra Adi meM samAveza kiyA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha kAla ko kAla meM, svabhAva evaM pUrvakRta karma ko bhAva meM, niyati ko bhava evaM kSetra meM, puruSArtha ko jIvadravya evaM bhAva ( jIva ke bhAva ) meM samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| sandarbha: 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti, zataka 19, uddezaka 9, prajJApanAsUtra pada 23, sUtrakRtAMganiryukti 4, Adi ke AdhAra para kathana / kahIM bhava ke alAvA cAra kA hI kathana hai to kahIM bhava ke sAtha pA~ca karaNoM yA kAraNoM kA /

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kAraNa- kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 2. aupazamikakSAyikau bhAvau mizrazca jIvasya svatattvamaudayikapAriNAmikau ca 1 -tattvArthasUtra, 2.1 3. chavvidhe bhAve paNNatte odaie, upasamite, khatite, khAovasamite, pariNAmite, sannivAie / -anuyogadvArasUtra, nAmAdhikAra, sUtra 233 tatra bhavapratyayo nArakadevAnAm / - tattvArthasUtra, 1.22 4. 5. zarIravAGmanaH prANApAnAH pudgalAnAm / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.19 6. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 13, uddezaka 4 7. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 13, uddezaka 4 8. jIvapariNAmaheduM kammattaM puggalA pariNamaMti / puggalakammaNimittaM taheva jIvovi pariNamai / / - samayasAra, gAthA 80 9. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 8, uddezaka 1 10. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, divyadarzana TrasTa, mumbaI, dvitIyabhAga, pR. 434 11. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 2112-2118 121 12. (i) kAryakAraNabhAvazcArthakriyAsiddhau sidhyet / - SaDdarzanasamuccaya, vRtti, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, pR. 389 (ii) arthakriyA na yujyeta nityakSaNikapakSayoH kramAkramAbhyAM bhAvAnAM sA hi lakSaNatayA matA / - bhaTTa akalaMka, laghIyastraya, 4 13. (i) malladhArI hemacandra, vizeSAvazyakabhASya vRtti, gAthA 2103 evaM 2911 (ii) syAdvAdaratnAkara, bhAratIya buka kArporezana dillI, pR. 803 14. jainadarzana meM sAMkhya ke satkAryavAda, nyAya-vaizeSika ke asatkAryavAda, vedAnta ke satkAraNavAda evaM bauddhoM ke asatkAraNa kA nirasana kara sadasatkAryavAda evaM sadasatkAraNavAda kI siddhi kI gaI hai| 15. aSTasahasrI, pR. 210, bRhadravyasaMgrahaTIkA, gAthA 21, svAmikArtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA 217 16. prameyakamalamArtaNDa, bhAga-1, pR. 416-417 17. vistRta carcA hetu, draSTavya, DaoN. zvetA jaina, jainadarzana meM kAraNa- kArya vyavasthAH eka samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 2008, adhyAya saptama, pR. 567-574 18. kAlaH prajA asRjata, kAlo agre prajApatim / - svayambhUH kazyapaH kAlAt tapaH kAlAdajAyata / / - atharvaveda, kANDa 19, adhyAya 6, sUkta 43, maMtra 10

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122 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 19. kAlaH parAparavyatikarayogapadyacirakSiprapratyayaliGgam / - prazastapAdabhASya, dravyanirUpaNa 20. digdezakAlAkAzeSvapyevaM prasaMgaH / - nyAyasUtra 2.1.23 21. dikkAlAvakAzAdibhyaH / - sAMkhyapravacanabhASya, dvitIya adhyAya, sUtra 12 22. yogabhASya, yogasUtra, 3.52 para 23. nAsmAkaM vaizeSikAdivadapratyakSaH kAlaH kintu pratyakSa eva, asmin kSaNe mayopalabdha ityanubhavAt / - zAstradIpikA, 5.1.5.5 24. atIndriyatvena kAryAnumeyatvena ca / - prasthAnaratnAkara, pR. 202 25. vAkyapadIya, kAlasamuddeza, kArikA 2 para helArAjakRta prakAza vyaakhyaa| 26. bauddhAnAM mate kSaNapadena ghaTAdireva padArtho vyavahiyate, na tu taditiriktaH kazcit kSaNo nAma kAlo'sti kSaNikaH padArtha iti vyavahArastu bhedklpnyaa|- brahmavidyAbharaNa, dvitIya, 2.20 27. vartanApariNAmakriyAparatvAtve ca kAlasya / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.22 28. tattvArthabhASya, 5.22 29. tattvArthabhASya, 5.22 30. gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, 589 evaM dravyasaMgrahavRtti, 22 31. draSTavya, abhidhAna rAjendra koza, bhAga 3, pRSTha 493 32. draSTavya, sanmatitarka 3.53 para abhadevasUrikRta tattvabodhavidhAyinI TIkA 33. svabhAvametaM pariNAmameke prAhuryadRcchAM niyatiM tthaike| syAt pauruSI prakRtistaditthaM svabhAvavAdasya gatizcaturdhA / / - aparavAda, madhusUdana ojhA zodha prakoSTha, jodhapura, lokAyatavAda adhikaraNa, zloka 6, pR. 2 34. zAMkarabhASya, zvetAzvataropaniSad, 1.2 35. harivaMzapurANa, dvitIyakhaNDa, saMskRti saMsthAna, khvAjA kutuba barelI, pR. 189, zloka 13 36. na bhavatyamRtaM mayaM na martyamamRtaM tthaa| prakRteranyathA bhAvo na kathaMcid bhaviSyati / / - mANDUkyakArikA, 3.20 37. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, adhyAya 232, zloka 19 38. kaH kaNTakasya prakaroti taikSNyaM vicitrabhAvaM mRgapakSiNAM vA / ___ svabhAvataH sarvamidaM pravRttaM na kAmacAro'sti kutaH prayatnaH / / - buddhacarita, 9.62 39. yaH svabhAvo hi yasyAsti sa nityaM duratikramaH / - hitopadeza, vigraha, zloka 60 40. kena zuklIkRtA haMsAH zukAzca haritIkRtAH / svabhAvavyatirekeNa vidyate nAtra kAraNam / / - mATharavRtti, sAMkhyakArikA,61

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kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta evaM paMcakAraNa-samavAya 123 41. nyAyasUtra, adhyAya 4, sUtra 22-24 42. vAkyapadIya, vAkyakANDa, kArikA, 149-150 43. tattvasaMgraha, zloka 111-112 44. praznavyAkaraNa, mRSAvAda prakaraNa, jJAnavimalasUriTIkA, zAradA mudraNAlaya, ratanapola, ___ahamadAbAda, vi. saMvat 1993, adharmadvAre, mRSAvAdinaH, sUtra 7 45. (i) nandIsUtra, malayagirikRta, avacUri, pR. 179 ___(ii) SaDdarzanasamuccaya, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, pR. 19-20 para bhI uddhRt| 46. draSTavya, zAstravArtAsamuccaya, stabaka, 2, zloka 60 47. pUrvapUrvopAdAnapariNAmAnAmevottarotaropAdeyapariNAmahetutvAt / - zAstravArtAsamuccaya TIkA, stabaka 2, zloka 60 48. dvAdazAranayacakra, bhAga 1, pR. 223-224 49. draSTavya, sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.1 ke zloka 12 kI TIkA / 50. dvAdazAranayacakra, bhAga 1, pR. 233 51. dharmasaMgrahaNi, gAthA 549-552 52. harivaMzapurANa, 61.77 evaM 62.44 53. abhijJAnazAkuntalam, 1.14 evaM draSTavya 6.9 se pUrva gadya / 54. hitopadeza, saMdhi, zloka 10 55. niyatikRtaniyamarahitAM - kAvyaprakAza, ullAsa 1, zloka 1 56. yogavAsiSTha, 3.62.27 57. niyatiH mamedaM kartavyaM nedaM kartavyamiti niyamanahetuH / - paramArthasAra kI bhUmikA, pR. 17 58. dIghanikAya, prathama bhAga (vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI 1998) sAmaJaphalasuttaM, makkhaligosAlavAda kA hindI abhiprAya / 59. draSTavya, sUtrakRtAMga, 2.1.665 60. sanmatitarka 3.53 para abhayadevakRta TIkA / 61. tAdRzI jAyate buddhirvyavasAyazca taadRshH| sahAyAstAdRzAH santi yAdRzI bhavitavyatA / / - aSTazatI meM uddhRta 62. evameyANi jaMpaMtA, bAlA pNddiamaanninno| niyayAniyayaM saMtaM, ayANaMtA abuddhiyA / / - sUtrakRtAMga 1.1.2.4. 63. sanmatitarka 3.53 para abhayadevakRta TIkA

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124 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 64. sasyamiva martyaH pacyate sasyamivAjAyate punaH / - kaThopaniSad, 1.1.6 65. puNyo vai puNyena karmaNA bhavati, pApaH pApeneti / - bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, 3.2.13 66. saMnyAsopaniSad, 2.98 67. brahmabandUipaniSad, 2 68. rAmAyaNa, uttarakANDa, sarga 15, zloka 23 69. daive puruSakAre ca khalu sarva pratiSThitam / pUrvajanmakRtaM karmehArjitaM tad dvidhAkRtam / / - zukranIti, 1.49 70. yogasUtra, 4.7-8 71. taha bhavvattaM jaM kaalniyipuvkypuriskiriyaao| . taha bhavvattaM jaM kaalniyipuvkypuriskiriyaao| akkhivai taha sahAvaM tA tadadhINaM tayaM pi bhave / / - bIjaviMzikA, 9 72. chAndogyopaniSad, adhyAya 3, khaNDa 14, mantra 1 73. dvAdazAranayacakra, bhAga 1, pR. 179-182 74. vizeSAvazyakabhASya evaM malladhArI hemacandra kI vRtti, gAthA 1643 75. sanmatitarkaTIkA (tattvabodhavidhAyinI), pR. 715 76. dvAdazAranayacakra, bhAga 1 pR. 246-248 77. sanmatitarkaTIkA (tattvabodhavidhAyinI), pR. 715 78. prameyakamalamArtaNDa, prathama bhAga, pR. 175-190 79. syAdvAdamaMjarI, zloka 5 kI ttiikaa| 80. uTThANe kamme bale vIrie purisakkAraparakkame, taM ceva jAva aphAse pannatte / -vyAkhyAprajJapti, zataka 12, uddezaka 5, sUtra 11

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anekAntavAda kA svarUpa aura usake tArkika AdhAra bhAratIya darzana meM sata evaM vastu paryAyArthaka haiN| sabhI darzana sat kA apanI-apanI dRSTi se vivecana karate haiN| svarUpataH sat to jaisA hai, vaisA hai| hamAre jAnane kI dRSTi evaM kahane kI prakriyA meM hI bheda hai, isalie usa sat yA vastu kI vyAkhyA vibhinna darzana bhinna-bhinna rIti se karate haiN| yaha tathya veda meM "ekaM sat viprAH bahudhA vadanti" vAkya se abhivyakta huA hai| aba kisa dRSTi ko samyak kaheM evaM kise mithyA? yaha kaThina prazna khar3A hotA hai| ataH sabhI darzana apanI dRSTi se kie gae vivecana ko samyak evaM dUsare darzana ke vivecana ko doSapUrNa ThaharAte haiN| ve yadi anekAnta kI vyApakadRSTi ko svIkAra kareM to anya darzanoM kI vivecanA meM bhI kisI naya se satyatA jAnI jA sakatI hai| yaha kArya jaina dArzanikoM ne kiyA hai| ve kisI naya se anya darzanoM meM bhI satyatA kI anveSaNA karate haiM tathA samagradRSTi se jaba vicAra karate haiM to usameM rahI huI ekAntadRSTi kI kamiyoM ko bhI ujAgara karate haiN| jainadarzana vastu ko anekadharmAtmaka evaM anantadharmAtmaka svIkAra karatA hai| utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka kI dRSTi se vaha use trayAtmaka bhI mAnatA hai| vastu ko dravyaparyAyAtmaka svIkAra karane ke kAraNa vaha usameM nitya-anitya, sAmAnya-vizeSa, abhilApya-anabhilApya, bhAva-abhAva Adi virodhI dharmoM ko bhI aMgIkAra karatA hai| virodhI dharmoM ke samanvaya ke lie jaina dArzanikoM ke pAsa dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika nayoM kI dRSTi hai, jisase dArzanika stara para samAdhAna prApta hotA hai tathA vyavahAra jagat meM bhI koI bAdhA utpanna nahIM hotI hai| sat ko mAtra nitya mAnane vAle vedAntadarzana tathA sat ko mAtra kSaNika mAnane vAle bauddhadarzana ko saMvyavahAra satya kI vivecanA alaga se karanI par3atI hai, kintu anekAntavAda meM vastu ko dravyArthikanaya kI dRSTi se nitya evaM paryAyArthika naya kI dRSTi se anitya mAnane vAle jaina darzana ko vyAvahArika jagat meM koI bAdhA nahIM AtI hai| anekAntavAda vyavahAra evaM paramArtha donoM kI vyAkhyA kara detA hai| vaha vastu kI nityatA evaM anityatA donoM ko bhinna-bhinna dRSTiyoM se vivecita karatA hai|

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126 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana vastu kI anekadharmAtmakatA vastu anekadharmAtmaka hai- yaha jaina darzana kI mAnyatA ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai, kintu avalokana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki isakA astitva bhAratIya darzana ke vibhinna sampradAyoM meM upalabdha hai| sAMkhyadarzana meM prakRti ko sattvarajastamoguNAtmikA arthAt triguNAtmikA kahA gayA hai| mImAMsAdarzana meM 'tasmAd vastu trayAtmakam" vAkya ke dvArA vastu kI trayAtmakatA aMgIkAra kI gaI hai, jo jainadArzanika samantabhadra ke vAkya "tasmAt tattvaM trayAtmakam" se pUrA mela khAtI hai / nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM meM pratipAdita 'apara sAmAnya' meM prathivItva, ghaTatva Adi aise udAharaNa haiM jinameM sAmAnya evaM vizeSa (bheda) donoM pAye jAte haiN| bauddhadarzana ke dvArA mAnya sat meM kSaNikatva, arthakriyAkAritva, pratItyasamutpannatva Adi aneka dharma pAye jAte haiN| vedAnta darzana meM brahma ke lakSaNa kA pratipAdana karate hue use sat, cid evaM Anandamaya pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra brahma bhI aneka dharmAtmaka hai| isa prakAra vastu kI anekadharmAtmakatA prAyaH sabhI darzanoM ko mAnya hai| anekadharmAtmakatA hI anekAntAtmakatA hai| 'anekAnta' meM 'anta' zabda dharma kA vAcaka hai| jo siddhAnta vastu meM aneka dharmoM ko svIkAra karatA hai vaha anekAntavAda hai| isa dRSTi se prAyaH sabhI darzana anekAntavAdI haiN| anekAntavAda aura anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa meM bheda anekAntavAda meM rahe 'anekAnta' kA sAmya kucha vidvAn 'anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa' zabda se karane lagate haiM, kintu yaha unakI bhUla hai / anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa do sthitiyoM meM hote haiM- 1. jaba hetu pakSa, sapakSa evaM vipakSa tInoM meM rahe to use sAdhAraNa anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa kahA jAtA hai, jaise zabda nitya hai prameya hone se, vyoma kI trh| yahA~ prameyatva hetu sapakSa nitya evaM vipakSa anitya donoM meM rahatA hai ataH sAdhAraNa anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa hai| 2. jo sapakSa evaM vipakSa donoM se vyAvRtta hokara pakSa meM hI rahatA hai vaha asAdhAraNa anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa kahalAtA hai| udAharaNArtha-'pRthvI nitya hai, gandhavatI hone se| gandhavatva hetu mAtra pRthvI meM rahatA hai usakA koI sapakSa evaM vipakSa nahIM hai| yahAM para avadhAraNIya hai ki anekAntavAda

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anekAntavAda kA svarUpa aura usake tArkika AdhAra 127 koI anaikAntika hetvAbhAsa nahIM hai| yaha vastu ke svarUpa kA niyAmaka siddhAnta hai| yaha vastu meM rahI nityatA evaM anityatA donoM ko dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika nayoM se spaSTa karatA hai| isake anusAra prameyamAtra nityAnitya hai| ise samajhane ke lie kevalAnvayI hetu kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisameM vipakSa hotA hI nahIM hai| vastu kI anantadharmAtmakatA evaM trayAtmakatA yahA~ dhyAtavya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne vastu meM anekadharmAtmakatA hI nahIM anantadharmAtmakatA bhI svIkAra kI hai| hemacandrAcArya anyayogavyavaccheda dvAtriMzikA meM kahate haiM _anantadharmAtmakameva tattvamato'nyathA sttvmsuuppaadm| malliSeNasUri ne vastu kI anantadharmAtmakatA trikAlaviSayatva ke kAraNa svIkAra kI hai-"anantAstrikAlaviSayatvAd aparimitA ye dharmAH sahabhAvinaH kramabhAvinazca pryaayaaH| ta evAtmA svarUpaM yasya tadanantadharmAtmakam arthAt trikAla ko viSaya karane ke kAraNa sahabhAvI dharma aura kramabhAvI paryAya vAlI vastu anantadharmAtmaka hotI hai| AptamImAMsA meM samantabhadra ne 'ghaTamaulisuvarNArthI' evaM 'payovrato na dadhyatti' kArikAoM ke mAdhyama se vastu ko trayAtmaka kahA(tasmAt tattvaM trayAtmakam) to prazna uThA ki vastu ke trayAtmaka hone para usameM anantAtmakatA kaise siddha hogI? isa prazna kA uttara AcArya vidyAnanda ne ina kArikAoM para TIkA karate hue aSTasahanI meM pararUpa se vyAvRtti ke AdhAra para diyA hai| ve kahate haiM-parapadArthoM ke svarUpa se vyAvRtti bhI vastu kA svabhAva hai| parapadArtha ananta haiM, ataH vastu kA svabhAva anantadharmAtmaka siddha hai-"na caivamanantAtmakatvaM vastuno virudhyate, pratyekamutpAdAdInAmanantebhya utpadyamAnavinazyattiSThadbhyaH kAlatrayApekSebhyo'rthebhyo bhidyamAnAnAM vivakSitavastuni tattvato'nantabhedopapatteH pararUpavyAvRttInAmapi vastusvabhAvasAdhanAt, tadavastusvabhAvatve sakalArthasAGkaryaprasaGgAt" arthAt vastu ke anantadharmAtmaka hone meM koI virodha nahIM aataa| pratyeka vastu utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya ke kAraNa utpanna hotI huI, vinAza ko prApta hotI huI evaM dhruva rahatI huI kAlatraya kI apekSA se bhinna-bhinna hai, ataH vivakSita vastu meM paramArthataH

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128 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana anantabheda utpanna ho jAte haiM, kyoMki pararUpa se vyAvRtti bhI vastu ke svabhAva ko siddha karatI hai| yadi vastu kA svabhAva para rUpa se vyAvRtti ko na mAnA jAe to samasta arthoM ke svarUpa meM saMkaratA kA doSa A jaaegaa| tAtparya yaha hai ki utpadyamAna, vinazyamAna paryAya vAlI dhruva vastu meM anya ananta para vastuoM se vyAvRtti hotI hai| vaha vyAvRtti bhI usa vastu ke svabhAva ko hI spaSTa karatI hai| vastu kI anekadharmAtmakatA aura anantadharmAtmakatA anekAntavAda ke AdhAra rahe haiN| anekAntavAda koI vAda nahIM, apitu eka darzana hai jo vastu kA vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vivecana karatA hai| ArSavAkya-'uppanei vA vigamei vA dhuvei vA' ke AdhAra para vAcakamukhya umAsvAti ne vastu ko utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka pratipAdita kiyA-utpAdavyayadhauvyayuktaM st| isI ke AdhAra para samantabhadra ne use trayAtmaka siddha kiyA - "ghaTamaulisuvarNArthI, naashotpaadsthitissvym| zokapramodamAdhyasthyaM, jnoyaatishetukm||" payovrato na dadhyatti, na payo'tti ddhivrtH| agorasavato nobhe, tasmAt vastutrayAtmakam / / svarNa ke ghaTa kA, svarNa ke mukuTa kA aura kevala svarNa kA icchuka vyakti kramazaH svarNa-ghaTa kA nAza hone para zoka ko, svarNa mukuTa utpanna hone para harSa ko aura donoM hI avasthAoM meM svarNa kI sthiti hone se mAdhyasthya bhAva ko prApta hotA hai| yaha saba sahetuka hotA hai / isa udAharaNa se vastu kI trayAtmakatA siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra anya udAharaNa diyA gayA- dUdha sevana karane kA vratadhArI dahI nahIM khAtA tathA dahI sevana kA vratadhArI dUdha nahIM pItA / jo gorasa kA tyAgI hotA hai vaha donoM kA sevana nahIM karatA, isalie vastu trayAtmaka hai| trayAtmakatA meM utpAda, vyaya evaM dhrauvya kA siddhAnta samAhita hai| svarNaghaTa kA vyaya evaM svarNa mukuTa kA utpAda tathA svarNadravya kA dhrauvya trayAtmakatA ko siddha karatA hai tathA dUdha kA vyaya, dahI kA utpAda evaM gorasa kI sthiratA bhI trayAtmakatA ko siddha karatI hai| dravyaparyAyAtmakatA siddhasena divAkara ne dhrauvya ko dravya evaM utpAdavyaya ko paryAya mAnakara vastu kA

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anekAntavAda kA svarUpa aura usake tArkika AdhAra 129 dravyaparyAyAtmaka svarUpa se varNana kiyA hai| ve paryAya se rahita dravya evaM dravya se rahita paryAya kI saMbhAvanA kA pratiSedha karate hue kahate haiM-davvaM pajjayaviuyaM, davvaviuttA ya pajjavA ntthi|| arthAt paryAya se rahita dravya evaM dravya se rahita paryAya nahIM hai| AcArya hemacandra ne dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastu ko hI pramANa kA viSaya pratipAdita kiyA hai - pramANasya viSayo dravyaparyAyAtmakaM vstu|' dravya kI vyutpatti karate hue pramANamImAMsA 1.1.30 ke uparyukta sUtra kI svopajJavRtti meM AcArya hemacandra ne kahA hai-'dravati tAMstAnparyAyAngacchatiiti dravyaM dhauvylkssnnm'| jo vibhinna paryAyoM ko prApta karatA rahatA hai, vaha dravya hai| yaha dhrauvyasvarUpa vAlA hai / yahA~ ise ve UrdhvatAsAmAnya bhI kahate haiMpUrvottaravivartavaya'nvayapratyayasamadhigamyamUrdhvatAsAmAnyamiti yaavt||"puurv paryAya ke naSTa hone evaM uttara paryAya ke utpanna hone para bhI, jisake kAraNa usa vastu meM ekAkAra (anvaya) kI pratIti hotI hai usa dravya ko UrdhvatA sAmAnya kahA gayA hai| paryAya kI vyutpatti isa prakAra kI gaI hai-"pariyantyutpAdavinAzadharmANo bhavantIti paryAyAvivartAH" jo utpAda-vinAza dharma vAle haiM ve paryAya haiN| virodhI dharmoM kA samanvaya vastu ke dravyaparyAyAtmaka svarUpa ke AdhAra para hI use nityAnityAtmaka, ekAnekAtmaka, bhedAbhedAtmaka, sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka Adi bhI kahA gayA hai| dravya kI apekSA se vastu meM nityatA, ekatA, abhedatA evaM sAmAnya pAyA jAtA hai tathA paryAya kI apekSA se vaha anitya, aneka, bhinna evaM vizeSa hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM vastu ko virodhI guNoM yA dharmoM se bhI yukta svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / anekAntadRSTi vastu meM ina virodhI guNoM ko svIkAra karake bhI apekSA vizeSa ke dvArA virodha kA parihAra kara detI hai, yaha isa dRSTi kA vaiziSTya hai| anekAntavAda jainadarzana kA siddhAnta pUrva carcA ke anusAra anantadharmAtmakatA anya darzanoM ko bhI mAnya hai, kintu anekAntavAda jaina darzana kA pramukha siddhAnta bana gyaa| isake aneka kAraNa ho sakate haiN| paNDita sukhalAla jI ke zabdoM meM "sAmAnya rUpa se dArzanika kSetra meM yaha

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130 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana mAnyatA rUr3ha hai ki jaina darzana hI anekAntavAdI hai, ataeva jaise jainetara dArzanika apane darzanoM meM labhya anekAnta vicAra kI ora dRSTi die binA hI anekAnta ko mAtra jainavAda samajhakara usakA khaNDana karate haiM vaise hI jainAcArya bhI usa vAda ko sirpha apanA hI mAnakara usa khaNDana kA pUre jora se javAba dete hue anekAnta kA vividha rUpa se sthApana karate Ae haiM, jisake phalasvarUpa jaina sAhitya meM naya, saptabhaMgI, nikSepa, anekAnta Adi kI samarthaka eka bar3I svatantra grantharAzi bana gaI hai|" aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaba ekAntavAda kA prAbalya huA taba jaina dArzanikoM dvArA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko AdhAra banAkara anekAntavAda kI tArkika rUpa se pratiSThA kI gii| anekAntAtmakatA ko vastu kI vyAkhyA kA AdhAra banAne ke kAraNa jaina darzana kA yaha pramukha siddhAnta banA tathA anya darzana apane yahA~ kisI rUpa meM ananta dharmAtmakatA svIkRta hone para bhI jainoM kA khaNDana karane lge| dharmakIrti", zaMkarAcArya', zAntarakSita', arcaTa", Adi isake udAharaNa haiM / unhoMne apanI kRtiyoM meM anekAntavAda kA nirasana karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, jisakA uttara akaMlaka, vidyAnanda Adi jainAcAryoM ne apanI kRtiyoM meM diyA hai| anekAntavAda kI sthApanA kA AdhAra jaina dArzanikoM ne anekAntavAda kI sthApanA kA AdhAra mUlataH jaina AgamoM ko hI banAyA hai| loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata? isa prazna ke uttara meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA-loka syAt zAzvata hai, syAt azAzvata hai| trikAla meM eka bhI samaya aisA nahIM mila sakatA jaba loka na ho, ataH loka zAzvata hai| parantu loka sadA eka sA nahIM rahatA, kAlakrama se usameM unnati, avanati hotI rahatI hai, ataH vaha anitya aura parivartanazIla hone ke kAraNa azAzvata bhI hai| isI prakAra loka sAnta hai yA ananta? isa prazna ke uttara meM bhagavAn ne parivrAjaka skandhaka se kahA-dravya kI apekSA se loka eka hai aura sAnta hai, kSetra kI apekSA se loka asaMkhyAta koTAkoTi yojana lambA-caur3A aura asaMkhyAta koTAkoTi yojana paridhi vAlA hai, ataH sAnta hai| kAla kI dRSTi se aisA koI kAla nahIM jaba loka na ho, ataH loka ananta hai| bhAva se yaha loka ananta varNa-paryAya vAlA, ananta gandhaparyAya vAlA, ananta rasa paryAyavAlA, ananta saMsthAna paryAya yukta, ananta

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anekAntavAda kA svarUpa aura usake tArkika AdhAra 131 gurulaghuparyAyayukta evaM ananta agurulaghuparyAyukta hai / ataH bhAva kI dRSTi se isakA koI anta nahIM / isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anusAra dravya se evaM kSetra se loka sAnta hai tathA kAla evaM bhAva se ananta hai| isa taraha anekAntadRSTi se paripUrNa aneka udAharaNa AgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| anekAntavAda kA sthApana _ jainAcArya janma se brAhmaNa paNDita rahe, ataH anya darzanoM kA pANDitya unheM prApta thA, phira AgamoM kA talasparzI jJAna prApta karake unhoMne anekAntavAda kI sthApanA meM pUrI zakti lagAyI / jaina dArzanikoM ne ekAnta kSaNabhaMgavAdI bauddhoM, ekAntanityavAdI vedAntiyoM evaM nitya va anitya ko svatantra mAnane vAle nyAya-vaizeSikoM kA khaNDana karate hue anekAntavAda kA sabala pratiSThApana kiyaa| isa dRSTi se jaina dArzanika siddhasena (pAMcavI zatI), samantabhadra (pAMcavI zatI) mallavAdI (pAMcavIM zatI) haribhadrasUri (700-770 I.) bhaTTa akalaMka (720-780 I) vidyAnanda (775-440 I), abhayadeva sUri (10 vIM zatI), prabhAcandra (980-1065 I.) vAdidevasUri (1086-1169 I.) hemacandra (1088-1173 I.) yazovijaya (17 vIM zatI) vimaladAsa Adi kA yogadAna ullekhanIya hai| hemacandrAcArya ne vastu meM anekAnta ke mukhyataH cAra prakAra pratipAdita kie haiM syAnnAzi nityaM sadRzaM virUpaM, vAcyaM na vAcyaM sadasattadeva / vipazcitAM nAtha ! nipItatattvasudhodgatodgAraparampareyam // " cAra prakAra haiM syAt nitya syAt anitya - nityAnityAtmaka syAt sAmAnya syAt vizeSa - sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka 3. syAt vAcya syAt acAcya - vAcyAvAcyAtmaka/abhilApyAnabhilApya 4. syAt sat syAt asat - sadasadAtmaka ve dIpaka se lekara AkAzaparyanta pratyeka vastu meM anekAntavAda ko svIkAra karate hue kahate haiM - AdImAvyoma samasvabhAvaM, syAdvAdamudrAnatibhedi vstu| tannityamevaikamanityamanyaditi tvadAjJAdviSatAMpralApAH // "

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132 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana dIpaka se lekara AkAza taka sabhI vastue~ samAna svabhAvavAlI haiN| koI bhI vastu syAdvAda siddhAnta (anekAntavAda) kA ullaMghana nahIM krtii| usa vastu ko katipaya dArzanika mAtra nitya athavA mAtra anitya kahate haiM, jo ucita nahIM hai| dIpaka kI lau anitya hai yaha to sarvavidita hai, kintu dIpaka meM prakAza ke pudgala dIpaka bujhane para andhakAra meM pariNata ho jAte haiM, jo pudgala kI apekSA se nitya kahalAte haiN| isI prakAra AkAza ko saba nitya mAnate haiM, kintu AkAza meM jina dravyoM kA avagAhana hotA hai unake sthAna parivartana se AkAza kI bhI paryAya badala jAtI hai| isa dRSTi se AkAza anitya bhI siddha hotA hai| dIpaka se lekara AkAza taka padArthoM ko nityAnitya kahane se saMsAra kA koI padArtha nahIM chUTA hai,sabameM nityAnityatA siddha ho jAtI hai| malliSeNasUri (13vIM zatI) ne vastu ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA hai"vasanti guNaparyAyA asminniti vastu dharmAdharmAkAzapudgala- kAlajIvalakSaNaM dvyssttkm|'"" jisameM guNa evaM paryAya rahate haiM vaha vastu hai| jainadarzana meM dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya, kAla evaM jIvAstikAya-ina chaha dravyoM ko vastu kahA gayA hai| ina chahoM dravyoM meM apane-apane guNa sahabhAvI rUpa se rahate haiM tathA paryAya kramabhAvI rUpa se utpanna evaM naSTa hotI rahatI haiM / isa dRSTi se sabhI dravya nityAnityAtmaka haiM, dravyaparyAyAtmaka haiM, sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka haiM / dravya meM abheda evaM paryAyoM meM bheda hone se use bhedAbhedAtmaka bhI kahate haiN| dravya vAcya hai, kintu usakI pratikSaNa badalane vAlI paryAya ke lie pRthak pRthak zabdoM kA abhAva hone se usako avAcya kahane se vastu ko vAcyAvAcyAtmaka bhI kaha sakate haiN| anekAntavAda kI siddhi meM pramukha tarka jaina AcAryoM ke dvArA anekAntavAda ke sthApana evaM ekAntavAda ke khaNDana meM prastuta katipaya tarka isa prakAra haiMprathama tarka- anekAntAtmaka vastu meM hI arthakriyAkAritva sambhava hai, ekAnta nitya evaM ekAnta kSaNika vastu meM arthakriyA ghaTita nahIM hotii| utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka yA

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anekAntavAda kA svarUpa aura usake tArkika AdhAra 133 nityAnityAtmaka (anekAntAtmaka) vastu meM arthakriyA ghaTita ho jAtI hai aura arthakriyA hI vastu kA lakSaNa mAnI gaI hai| bhaTTa akalaMka ne isa prakAra kA tarka apane grantha 'laghIyastraya' meM diyA hai arthakriyAnayujyeta, nitykssnnikpkssyoH| kramAkramAbhyAM bhAvAnAMsA hi lkssnntyaamtaa|" nitya evaM kSaNika pakSa meM na to krama se arthakriyA ghaTita ho sakatI hai aura na akrama se| yahA~ para ullekhanIya hai ki vastu kA lakSaNa arthakriyAkAritva sarvaprathama bauddhoM ne diyA hai / ve vastu ko svalakSaNa bhI kahate haiN| diGnAga ke TIkAkAra jinendrabuddhi ne vastu kA lakSaNa dete hue kahA hai- tatra yadarthakriyAsamartha tadeva vastu svlkssnnmiti|" dharmakIrti ne kahA hai- arthakriyAsAmarthyalakSaNatvAd vstunH| arthakriyA ko vastu kA lakSaNa mAnakara bauddhoM ne nityatva kA khaNDana kiyA hai aura arthakriyA kA ghaTita nahIM honA siddha kiyA hai / jayanta bhaTTa ne kSaNika svalakSaNa meM arthakriyAkAritva kA khaNDana kiyA hai, kintu bhaTTa akalaMka Adi dArzanikoM ne nityavAda evaM kSaNikavAda donoM meM hI vastu ke arthakriyAkAritva kA khaNDana karate hue use anekAntAtmaka vastu meM siddha kiyA hai| vastu ko nitya mAnane para usameM na krama se arthakriyA saMbhava hai aura na yugapad, kyoMki krama se arthakriyA karane para usakI nityatA bhaMga ho jAtI hai tathA yugapad arthakriyA karane para agale kSaNa vaha akiJicatkara ho jAtI hai| usI prakAra artha ko kSaNika mAnane para usameM krama se arthakriyA saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki kSaNika artha meM aneka vastuoM ko utpanna karane ke nAnA svabhAva nahIM ho skte| 'pramANamImAMsA' meM hemacandra ne dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastu ko hI arthakriyA meM samartha svIkAra karate hue kSaNika evaM nityapakSa meM arthakriyA ghaTita na hone kA vistAra se nirUpaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne sAmAnya evaM vizeSa ko pRthak padArtha mAnane vAle vaizeSikoM kA bhI prabalarUpeNa tarkapurassara khaNDana kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM mAnya sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka yA dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastu meM arthakriyA kisa prakAra ghaTita hotI hai, isa saMbaMdha meM mANikyanandi, vAdidevasUri evaM hemacandra ne mArga prazasta kiyA hai| hemacandra kahate haiM

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134 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana puurvottraakaarprihaarsviikaarsthitilkssnnprinnaamenaasyaarthkriyoppttiH| arthAt pUrvaparyAya ke parihAra, uttara paryAya ke svIkAra tathA dravya rUpa meM sthiti Adi pariNAmoM se arthakriyA kI upapatti ho jAtI hai| dvitIya tarka- ekAnta nityavAda evaM ekAnta anityavAda meM kRtanAza evaM akRta-abhyAgama doSa Ate haiM, jabaki nityAnityavAda (pariNAminityavAda) meM vyavasthA bana jAtI hai| anyayogavyavaccheda dvAtriMzikA meM kSaNikavAda kA khaNDana karate hue AcArya hemacandra ne usameM kRtapraNAza, akRtakarmabhoga, bhavabhaMga, pramokSabhaMga aura smRtibhaMga doSa nirUpita kie haiM kRtprnnaashaakRtkrm-bhog-bhv-prmoksssmRtibhNgdossaan| upekSyasAkSAtkSaNabhaMgamicchannaho!mahAsAhasikaH prste|" bauddha darzana meM vastu kA pratikSaNa niranvaya vinAza mAnA jAtA hai| ataH usameM kie hue kA phala nahIM milane kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai / bauddhamata meM jisa jJAna kSaNa meM acchA yA burA kArya kiyA jAtA hai usa kSaNa kA niranvaya (pUrNa) vinAza svIkAra karane se usake phala kI prApti nahIM ho sktii| isI prakAra nahIM kie gae yA dUsare ke dvArA kie gae karma ke phala kI prApti kisI dUsare ko hone kI bhI sthiti banatI hai / jaba karmaphala kI paramparA hI samyak rUpeNa nahIM calegI to punarjanma evaM mokSa kI vyavasthA bhI nahIM bana sktii| unake mata meM AtmA hI nahIM hai to kisakA mokSa hogA ? kSaNikavAda meM smRti kI vyavasthA to bana hI nahIM sakatI, kyoMki loka meM kisI anya ke dvArA dekhA gayA padArtha kisI dUsare ko yAda nahIM hotA, isI prakAra eka kSaNa kA sampUrNa vinAza hone para anya kSaNa meM smRti kaise rahegI? _isI prakAra kSaNikavAda meM kartA evaM bhoktA kI vyavasthA nahIM bana sakatI, kyoMki jJAnakSaNa santAna meM sadaiva bhinnatA ke kAraNa kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva siddha nahIM ho sakatA / kartA bhinna evaM bhoktA bhinna hogaa| ekAnta nityavAda meM bhI kartA evaM bhoktA kI vyavasthA nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki vahA~ kartA sadaiva kartA hI rahegA, bhoktA nahIM ho sakatA aura bhoktA sadaiva bhoktA hI rahegA, kartA nahIM ho sktaa|

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anekAntavAda kA svarUpa aura usake tArkika AdhAra 135 dravyaparyAyAtmaka evaM nityAnityAtmaka AtmA meM ye doSa nahIM Ate haiM / vahA~ para dravya kI dRSTi se ekatva bhI banA rahatA hai tathA paryAya kI dRSTi se phalabhoga Adi bhI prApta hote rahate haiN| tRtIyatarka- svarUpataH vastu anekAntAtmaka hai, kyoMki vaha hameM vaisI hI anubhava meM AtI hai| bhaTTa akalaMka ne siddhivinizcaya meM yaha tarka dete hue kahA hai na pazyAmaH kvacit kiJcit sAmAnyaM vA svlkssnnm| jAtyantaraM tu pazyAmaH tto'nekaanthetvH|| kahIM bhI mAtra sAmAnya evaM mAtra vizeSa vastu dikhAI nahIM detI hai, sarvatra jAtyantara sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka vastu dRSTigocara hotI hai, isalie vastu anekAntAtmaka hai| ___ hameM bhedAbhedAtmaka rUpa meM hI kisI artha kA jJAna hotA hai, dravyaparyAyAtmaka artha kA hI buddhi meM pratibhAsa hotA hai-dravyaparyAyAtmano'rthasyabuddhau prtibhaasnaat||" caturtha tarka- anekAntAtmaka vastu meM hI pramANaprameya vyavahAra siddha hotA hai, kyoMki usameM kisI prakAra kA doSa nahIM aataa| anekAntajayapatAkA meM aisA haribhadrasUri spaSTataH kathana karate haiM "ato'nekAntAtmaka eva vastutattve pramANaprameyavyavahArasiddhiruktavat skldossvirhaaditi| haribhadrasUri ne sabhI ekAntavAdoM kA nirasana karane ke pazcAt yaha kathana kiyA hai| hemacandrasUri bhI 'pramANamImAMsA' meM kahate haiM- dravyaparyAyAtmakaH pramANaviSayaH prmaannvissytvaanythaanupptteH| na hi pratyakSataH svalakSaNaM paryAyamAtraM snmaatrmivoplbhaamhe| nApyanumAnAdeH sAmAnyaM dravyamAnaM vizeSamAtramiva pratipadyemahi sAmAnya-vizeSAtmano dravyaparyAyAtmakasya jAtyantarasyopalabdhaH pravartamAnasya ca tatprAptaH anythaa'rthkriyaanupptteH|" pramANa kA viSaya dravyaparyAyAtmaka vastu hotI hai, kyoMki usase bhinna pramANa kA viSaya sambhava nahIM, kyoMki pratyakSataH svalakSaNa yA paryAyamAtra vastu upalabdha nahIM hotI hai, anumAnAdi pramANoM se vizeSa kI bhAMti sAmAnya yA dravyamAtra vastu kA bodha nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki vastu sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka, dravyaparyAyAtmaka athavA jAtyantara svarUpa meM hI upalabdha

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136 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hotI hai| pravartamAna vyakti ko usI kI prApti hotI hai, anyathA svarUpa vAlI vastu arthakriyA meM samartha nahIM hai| paMcama tarka- samantabhadra sarvathA ekAnta kA khaNDana karate hue kahate haiM ki sarvathA ekAnta kA niyAmaka dRSTAnta hI nahIM banatA hai, dRSTAnta banane para dvaita yA anekAnta kI siddhi hotI hai dRSTAntasiddhAvubhayorvivAde, sAdhyaM prasiddhayenna ca taadRgsti| yatsarvathaikAntaniyAmi dRSTaM, tvdiiydRssttirvibhvtyshesse|" yadi koI aisI bhI vastu mila jAe jo dRSTAnta banakara sarvathaikAnta ke astitva ko siddha kara de to sarvathaikAnta rUpa sAdhya kI siddhi ho sakatI hai, kintu aisI koI vastu dRSTigocara nahIM hai, jo sarvathaikAnta kI niyAmaka ho arthAt jo dRSTAnta banakara sarvathaikAnta kI siddhi kara ske| anekAntadRSTi sAdhya, sAdhana aura dRSTAnta sabameM apanA prabhutva sthApita karatI hai| SaSTha tarka- kriyA-kArakAdi kA vyavahAra anekAntavAda meM hI sambhava hai / samasta kriyAoM tathA kartA, karma, karaNa Adi kArakoM kI siddhi anekAntavAda meM hI ho sakatI hai, anya matoM meM nahIM-yatazca zeSeSu mateSu nAsti sarvakriyAkArakatattvasiddhiH kSaNikavAda evaM nityaikAnta meM vastu kI utpatti evaM kArakoM kA anvaya siddha nahIM hotaa| saptama tarka- kAraNakArya kA siddhAnta bhI anekAntavAda meM hI ghaTita ho sakatA hai, kyoMki kAraNa evaM kArya meM na pUrNataH ekatA hotI hai aura na hI pUrNataH bhinnatA / pro. sAtakaDi mukarjI ne ise spaSTa karate hue kahA hai The cause and the effect are not entirely identical, but different also. If the effect were entirely identical with the material cause, there would be no occasion for the exercise of activity to bring it into existense. If it were different the manifestation would not relate to the effect.., The effect is partially identical with the cause and different in other respects. This is the position maintained by Jaina and it has been shown to be inescapable. 34 aSTama tarka- ekAntavAda meM karma-phala-vyavasthA nahIM bntii| ekAnta nityavAda evaM

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137 anekAntavAda kA svarUpa aura usake tArkika AdhAra ekAnta anityavAda meM sukha-duHkha ke bhoga, puNya-pApa aura bandha mokSa kI bhI vyavasthA nahIM banatI- naikAntavAde sukha-duHkha bhogau, na puNyapAyena ca bandhamokSau " nyAya-vaizeSika mata meM 'apracyutAnutpannasthiraikarUpaM nityam' paribhASA ke anusAra apracyuta, anutpanna, sthira aura ekarUpa vastu ko nitya mAnA gayA hai / nitya AtmA meM sukha-duHkha kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI / nitya AtmA sukha kA bhoga yA duHkha kA upabhoga karane lage to apane nitya aura eka svabhAva ko chor3ane ke kAraNa, AtmA meM svabhAvabheda hone se AtmA ko anitya mAnanA hogA / sukha puNya se evaM duHkha pApa se hote haiM, nitya AtmA meM yA to puNya hI hogA yA pApa hI / puNya-pApa se hone vAlI arthakriyA kUTastha nitya AtmA meM nahIM ho sakatI / bandha aura mokSa kI vyavasthA bhI ekAnta nityavAda meM nahIM bana sakatI / ekAnta nitya mAnane para usake sAtha karmoM kA bandha nahIM ho sakatA / yadi usameM anAdi bandha mAnA jAtA hai to mokSa nahIM ho sakatA, anyathA nityatA bhaMga ho jAegI / ekAnta anityavAda meM bhI isI prakAra sukha - duHkha ke bhoga, puNya-pApa aura bandha - mokSa kI vyavasthA nahIM bntii| AcArya samantabhadra ne AptamImAMsA meM kahA haipuNyapApakriyA na syAt, pretyabhAvaH phalaM kutaH / bandhamokSau ca teSAM na yeSAM tvaM nAsi nAyakaH / / kSaNikaikAntapakSe'pi pretyabhAvAdyasambhavaH / pratyabhijJAdyabhAvAnna kAryArambhaH kutaH phalam / / 36 AcArya samantabhadra ne kSaNikaikAnta evaM nityaikAnta pakSoM meM paraloka-gamana bhI asambhava batAyA hai, kyoMki nityaikAnta meM puNya evaM pApa kriyA hI sambhava nahIM hotI hai paraloka meM phala kI prApti kahA~ se hogI ? usameM bandha-mokSa bhI sambhava nahIM hai / kSaNikaikAnta pakSa meM bhI pretyabhAva Adi asambhava hai, usameM pratyabhijJA Adi kA abhAva hone se kArya kA prArambha hI nahIM ho sakatA hai to phala prApti kaise hogI? navama tarka - anekAntavAda se hI smRti Adi kA vyavahAra sambhava hai / ekAntavAda meM smRti evaM pratyabhijJAna kA prAmANya nahIM banatA aura inake abhAva meM vyApti kA grahaNa na hone se anumAna pramANa kI bhI pravRtti nahIM ho sakatI / nityAnityAtmaka yA

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 1 sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka vastu meM hI smRti evaM pratyabhijJAna kA prAmANya zakya hai / inake prAmANya ko saMvyavahAra se svIkAra kie binA anumAna kA bhI prAmANya sambhava nahIM / isalie vastu ko anekAntAtmaka mAnanA Avazyaka hai / vedAntI evaM bauddha donoM hI anumAna ko saMvyavahAra se pramANa mAnate haiM, unake yahA~ isakA isIlie pAramArthika prAmANya svIkRta nahIM hai / 138 dazama tarka- vyavahAra kI niSpatti anekAntavAda se hI sambhava hai / siddhasena divAkara ne anekAntavAda evaM nayavAda kI sthApanA meM puruSArtha kiyaa| unakA kathana hai ki anekAnta ko svIkAra kie binA lokavyavahAra nahIM cala sakatA / jeNa viNA logassa vi vavahAro savvahA Na NivvaDai / tassa bhuvaNekkaguruNo Namo aNegaMtavAyassa / / " bhuvana ke ekamAtra guru usa anekAnta ko namaskAra hai jisake binA loka kA vyavahAra bhI nahIM cala sktaa| vimaladAsa ne saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI meM kahA hai ki anekAntavAda hI yukti tathA anubhava rUpa kasauTI para kharA ThaharatA hai, ataH vahI nirvivAda rUpa se sthira hai tathA anantadharmAtmaka vastu svayaM pramANa se pratipanna haianantadharmAtmakasya vastunaH svayaM pramANapratipannatvenAbhyupagamAt / / upasaMhAra jaina dArzanikoM ne anekAntavAda ke sthApana evaM ekAntavAda ke nirasana meM jo tarka die haiM, ve anubhava evaM vyavahAra ko kendra meM rakhakara die haiM / unakI dRSTi meM jagat yathArtha hai evaM usakI yathArthatA meM anekAntAtmakatA hI mukhya kAraNa hai / jainoM kI yaha tattvamImAMsIya anekAntadRSTi hI jJAnamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA ke kSetra meM Ata huI hai| Aja anekAntadRSTi ko samyak soca kA paryAya samajhA jA rahA haiM, jisase kalaha, tanAva Adi ko dUra kara vaiyaktika, pArivArika evaM sAmAjika samarasatA kA saMcAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / isa lekha meM anekAntavAda ke katipaya tArkika AdhAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / anveSaNa karane para anya AdhAra bhI sAmane A sakate haiM / ina AdhAroM ko samajhane para tathA dravya paryAya dRSTiyoM ko samajhane para vastu meM rahane vAlI dhruvatA evaM utpAdavyayatA ko ThIka se samajhA jA

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anekAntavAda kA svarUpa aura usake tArkika AdhAra sakatA hai / phira virodha, saMzaya, vyatikara Adi doSoM kI Apatti kA svataH parihAra sakatA hai sandarbha: 1 1. mImAMsAzlokavArtika, vanavAda, 22, ratnA pablikezana, kamacchA, vArANasI, 1978 2. anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, 22, syAdvAdamaMjarI, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad 139 rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, 1979 3. syAdvAdamaMjarI, anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, zloka 22 kI TIkA, pRSTha 200 4. aSTasahasrI, draSTavya kArikA 59-60 kI TIkA, sampA, baMzIdhara nAthAraMga jI gAMdhI, akalUja, solApura, 1915 5. AptamImAMsA, 59-60, zrI gaNeza varNI digambara jaina saMsthAna, nariyA vArANasI 6. (i) sanmatitarka aMgrejI saMskaraNa 1.12, lAlabhAI dalapata bhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA mandira ahamadAbAda, punarmudrita, 2000 (ii) isI prakAra kA eka anya zloka hai dravyaM paryAya viyutaM, paryAyA dravyavarjitAH / - kadA kena kiMrUpA, dRSTA mAnena kena vA / / syAdvAdamaMjarI TIkA, agAsa, pRSTha 19 7. pramANamImAMsA 1.1.30, zrI tiloka ratna jaina dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI, ahamadanagara, 1970 8. pramANamImAMsA 1.1.30 kI svopajJavRtti 9. pramANamImAMsA 1.1.30 kI svopajJavRtti 10. pramANamImAMsA 1.1.30 kI svopajJavRtti 11. pramANavArtika, bauddha bhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI 3. 181-183 12. brahmasUtra zAGkarabhASya, adhyAya 2, pAda 2, sUtra 33 13. tattvasaMgraha, bauddha bhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, zloka 1709-1784 14. draSTavya hetubinduTIkA, sampA. paM. sukhalAla saMghavI evaM muni jinavijaya, gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sIrIja, baDaudA, 1949 15. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, zataka 9, uddezaka 33 16. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, zataka 2, uddezaka 1, skandhaka prakaraNa 17. anyayogavyavaccheda dvAtriMzikA, 25 18. anyayogavyavaccheda dvAtriMzikA, 5 19. syAdvAdamaMjarI, anyayogavyavaccheda dvAtriMzikA, zloka 23 kI TIkA

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140 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 20. laghIyastraya, 2.1, akalaGkagranthatrayam, siMghI jaina granthamAlA, 1939 21. pramANasamuccaya TIkA, raMgAsvAmI ayaMgara, maisUra, pR.6 22. nyAyabindu 1.15 nyAyabinduTIkA sahita, sAhitya bhaNDAra, meraTha, 1975 23. parIkSAmukha 4.2, syAdvAdamahAvidyAlaya, kAzI 24. syAdvAdaratnAkara, bhAratIya buka kArporezana, dillI 1988, pR. 726 25. pramANamImAMsA 1.1.33 26. pramANamImAMsA 1.1.33 27. anyayogavyavaccheda dvAtriMzikA 18 28. siddhivinizcayaTIkA 2.12, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 29. laghIyastrayavRtti 7, akalaGkagranthatraya, pR. 3-4 30. anekAntajayapatAkA, bhAga 2, gAyakavADa oriyaNTala sIrIja, baDaudA, pR. 236 31. pramANamImAMsA, pR. 65 32. svayambhUstotra, 54 33. svayambhUstotra, 21 34. The Jaina Philosophy of Non-absolutism, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1978, pp. 36-37 35. anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, 27 36. AptamImAMsA, 40-41 37. sanmatitarka kA prasiddhazloka jo kucha pratiyoM meM upalabdha hai| 38. saptabhaGgItaraMgiNI, paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, agAsa, pR. 89

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karma - sAhitya meM tIrthaGkara prakRti jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara' atyanta Adara prApta viziSTa pAribhASika pada hai| jJAnAvaraNAdi cAra ghAtikarmoM kA kSaya kara jo mahApuruSa kevala jJAna prApti ke pazcAt sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka evaM zrAvikA rUpa caturvidha tIrtha/saMgha kI sthApanA karate haiM, unheM tIrthakara kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnya kevala jJAniyoM evaM tIrthaMkaroM meM jJAna kI dRSTi se samAnatA hai, kintu tIrtha-pravartana aSTa mahAprAtihArya Adi kI dRSTi se paryApta bhinnatA hai| tIrthakara ke sambandha meM Agama-sAhitya, purANa sAhitya evaM carita-sAhitya ke sAtha karma-sAhitya meM bhI carcA prApta hotI hai| jaina paramparA meM 'tIrthaMkara' nAmaka eka karma prakRti svIkAra kI gaI hai, jo kevalajJAna hote hI tIrthaMkara ke udaya meM AtI hai| prastuta Alekha meM tIrthaMkara kI mahimA kA sAmAnya paricaya pradAna karane ke anantara karma-siddhAnta ke AdhAra para tIrthaMkara prakRti ke bandha, udaya, udIraNA evaM sattA se sambaddha vibhinna pahaluoM para carcA kI gaI hai| karma-sAhitya meM saMprApta nirUpaNa se tIrthakara kI avadhAraNA para vizeSa prakAza prApta hotA hai| tIrthaDkara kA vaiziSTya jisa jIva ke nAmakarma kI tIrthakara nAmaka prakRti kA udaya rahatA hai, use tIrthakara kahA jAtA hai| tIrthaMkara kA yaha lakSaNa karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra hai| tIrthakara ke guNavarNana meM zakrastava jaise aneka stuti-pATha evaM stotra upalabdha haiN| Agama, purANa, mahAkAvya, itihAsa, stotra-sAhitya Adi meM tIrthaMkara ke svarUpa evaM mahattva kA pratipAdana huA hai| tIrthaMkara kevalajJAnI hote haiM, kintu sAmAnya kevalI evaM tIrthakara meM mahad antara hotA hai| tIrthaMkara aSTa mahAprAtihAryoM se yukta hote haiM, kintu kevalI unase yukta nahIM hote / tIrthakara nAmakarma ke vipAkodaya ke pUrva hI garbhastha bAlaka kI mAtA dvArA 14 svapna dekhanA, 64 indroM dvArA pUjA-bhakti karanA Adi aneka kAraNoM se tIrthaMkara kI mahimA vizeSa hai| tIrthaMkara 1008 lakSaNoM evaM 34 atizayoM se sampanna hote haiN|' unakI vANI meM 35 viziSTa guNa mAne gae haiM, jabaki sAmAnya kevalI meM inakA honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| tIrthakara lokahita kI bhAvanA se samasta jIvoM kI rakSA-dayA ke lie pravacana pharamAte haiN| tIrthaMkara kI

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana mukhya vizeSatA hai ki ve sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka evaM zrAvikA rUpa caturvidha saMgha ke praNetA hote haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM arihanta ko tIrthaMkara kahA gayA hai / ' tIrthaMkara ke paMca kalyANaka mAnya haiM, sAmAnya kevalI ke nhiiN| tIrthaMkara prakRti kA itanA prabhAva hotA hai ki isake udaya se pUrva hI tIrthaMkara indroM ke pUjanIya bana jAte haiN| jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, antarAya evaM mohanIya ina cAra ghAtI karmoM kA kSaya karane kI dRSTi se tIrthaMkara evaM sAmAnya kevalI meM koI bheda nahIM hotA, kintu donoM ke atizaya meM bar3A bheda hai aura isakA kAraNa tIrthaMkara nAma prakRti hai| digambara grantha dhavalA TIkA meM kahA gayA hai- 'jassa kammassa udaeNa jIvassa tilogapUjA hoditaM titthayaraM NAma / ' arthAt jisa karma ke udaya se jIva kI triloka meM pUjA hotI hai, vaha tIrthaMkara nAma karma hai| sarvArthasiddhi meM ise Arhantya kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai / ' tIrtha kA eka artha dvAdazAMga gaNipiTaka bhI kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki usake Alambana se saMsAra - samudra ko tairA jA sakatA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM ullekha hai ki tIrthaMkara bhI tIrtha ko namaskAra karate haiM- namastIrthAya / ' isase tIrtha kA mahattva udghATita hotA hai| tIrtha ke mahattva se tIrthaMkara kA mahattva svataH bar3hatA hai| tIrtha ke antargata zramaNa, zramaNI, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA rUpa caturvarNoM kI gaNanA hotI hai| ' 10 142 tIrthaMkara kI gaNanA 54 mahApuruSoM meM hotI haiN| 54 mahApuruSa haiM - 24 tIrthaMkara, 12 cakravartI, 9 baladeva aura 9 vAsudeva / inameM 9 prativAsudevoM kI saMkhyA milAne para 63 zalAkApuruSa kahe gae haiN| " inameM tIrthaMkara ko chor3akara anya kisI mahApuruSa kI aisI karma-prakRti kA ullekha nahIM milatA jisake kAraNa unheM cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva yA prativAsudeva kahA jA ske| mAtra tIrthaMkara hI aise mahApuruSa yA - puruSa haiM, jinako tIrthaMkara nAma karma - prakRti kA gaurava prApta hai| zalAkA isa tIrthaMkara nAma karma ke AdhAra para cintana kiyA jAye, to Agama evaM karmaviSayaka-sAhitya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM aneka naye tathya udghATita hote haiN| jaba yaha nizcita hai ki tIrthaMkara nAmaka eka karmaprakRti kA udaya hone para hI koI kevalI tIrthaMkara banatA hai, to vaha karma - prakRti kisa prakAra ba~dhatI hai ? kauna se jIva

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karma - sAhitya meM tIrthaGkara prakRti bA~dhate haiM? udaya meM kaba AtI hai ? udIraNA kaba hotI hai aura sattA meM kahA~-kahA~ rahatI hai? etadviSayaka cintana Avazyaka hai| tIrthaGkara prakRti kA upArjana 143 jJAtAdharmakathAMgasUtra meM mallinAtha ke prakaraNa meM tIrthaMkara nAma gotra ke upArjana hetu 20 boloM kA nirUpaNa huA hai| 12 ve bIsa bola haiM - ( 1-7 ) arihanta, siddha, pravacana, guru, sthavira, bahuzruta, tapasvI - ina sAtoM ke prati priyatA, bhakti yA vAtsalya kA honA (8) jJAna kA bArambAra upayoga karanA ( 9 ) darzana samyaktva kI vizuddhi honA (10) vinaya honA ( 11 ) Avazyaka kriyAe~ ( sAmAyika Adi) karanA (12) zIlavratoM kA niraticAra pAlana karanA (13) kSaNa - lava pramANa kAla meM saMvega ( tathA bhAvanA evaM dhyAna) kA sevana karanA ( 14 ) tapa karanA ( 15 ) tyAga muniyoM ko dAna denA (16) apUrva arthAt navIna jJAna grahaNa karanA ( 17 ) samAdhi - guru Adi ko sAtA upajAnA (18) vaiyAvRttya karanA ( 19 ) zruta kI bhakti karanA aura (20) pravacana kI prabhAvanA karanA / ye sabhI 20 bola samyagdarzanI manuSya meM sambhava haiN| jaba usameM nirmalatA AtI hai taba ina 20 kAraNoM yA inameM se kisI ke bhI bAra-bAra ArAdhana se tIrthaMkara prakRti kA upArjana ho sakatA hai| 13 tattvArthasUtra meM tIrthaMkara nAma ke upArjana hetu 16 kAraNoM kA hI nirUpaNa hai / " ve 16 kAraNa haiM - (1) darzanavizuddhi (mokSamArga meM ruci ) ( 2 ) vinaya sampannatA (3) zIla aura vratoM kA aticAra rahita pAlana (4) jJAna meM satata upayoga ( 5 ) satata saMvega (6) zakti ke anusAra tapa ( 7 ) yathAzakti tyAga ( 8 ) sAdhuoM kI samAdhi meM yogadAna (9) vaiyAvRttya (10) arihanta bhakti ( 11 ) AcArya - bhakti ( 12 ) bahuzruta bhakti (13) pravacana bhakti ( 14 ) Avazyaka kriyAoM meM saMlagnatA (15) mokSamArga (16) pravacana vAtsalya / tattvArthasUtra meM nirUpita ina 16 kAraNoM ko pRthak-pRthak rUpeNa bhI samyagbhAvita kiyA jAye to tIrthaMkara prakRti kA upArjana sambhava hai| inheM tIrthaMkara prakRti ke Anava kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| " jJAtAdharmakathA meM tattvArthasUtra se cAra kAraNa adhika pratipAdita haiM, yathA- siddha, sthavira evaM tapasvI kI bhakti tathA naye 14

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144 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jJAna kA grhnn| ina cAra kAraNoM ke atirikta nyUnAdhika rUpa se donoM granthoM meM nirUpita kAraNoM meM samAnatA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM jahA~ AcArya kI bhakti kA ullekha hai vahA~ jJAtAdharmakathA meM guru kI bhakti kA ullekha hai| donoM granthoM meM pratipAdita ye bola bhakti, zraddhA evaM mokSaruci vAle samyagdarzanI manuSya ko hI tIrthakara prakRti ke arjana kA pAtra mAnate haiN| Avazyakaniyukti meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki manuSyagati kA jIva zubha lezyA vAlA hokara ina bIsa boloM meM se kisI kA bhI sevana karatA hai to vaha tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA upArjana karatA hai| tIrthakara prakRtiHsAmAnya niyama ___ karma-siddhAnta ke anusAra bhI jo samyagdarzana kI avasthA vAlA manuSya hai, vahI tIrthaMkara prakRti ke bandha kA prArambha karatA hai| avirata samyagdRSTi nAmaka caturtha gaNasthAna se lekara anivRttibAdara nAmaka AThaveM guNasthAna ke chaThe bhAga taka tIrthakara prakRti (jinanAma) kA bandha hotA hai| isa prakRti kA udaya terahaveM sayogI kevalI evaM caudahaveM ayogI kevalI guNasthAna meM hotA hai| kevalajJAna kI prApti ke sAtha hI tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA udaya prArambha ho jAtA hai, jo caudahaveM guNasthAna ke antima samaya taka rahatA hai| tIrthaMkara prakRti kI udIraNA honA bhI sambhava hai| yaha udIraNA mAtra 13 veM guNasthAna meM hotI hai| sattA kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAye, to isa prakRti kI sattA prAyaH cauthe guNasthAna se lekara caudahaveM guNasthAna taka rahatI hai," kintu eka apavAda ke rUpa meM baddhanarakAyu kI apekSA antarmuhUrta ke lie mithyAtva nAmaka prathama guNasthAna meM bhI tIrthaMkara prakRti kI sattA pAyI jAtI hai|" bandha-viSayaka vicAra prazna yaha hotA hai ki tIrthakara prakRti kisa prakAra ke samyagdarzana meM ba~dhanA prArambha hotI hai? samyagdarzana ke mukhyataH tIna prakAra haiM- kSAyopazamika, kSAyika evaM aupshmik| karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra ina tInoM hI prakAra ke samyaktva meM tIrthaMkara prakRti kA baMdha sambhava hai| gommaTasAra 'karmakANDa' meM kahA gayA hai ki prathamopazama samyaktva, dvitIyopazama samyaktva, kSAyopazamika samyaktva aura kSAyika samyaktva kI avasthA meM aviratasamyagdRSTi se lekara cAra guNasthAnoM taka ke manuSya tIrthaMkara

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karma - sAhitya meM tIrthaGkara prakRti prakRti ke bandha kA prArambha karate haiN| isI prasaMga meM eka vizeSa bAta yaha kahI gaI hai ki tIrthaMkara kevalI athavA zruta kevalI ke nikaTa hI koI tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandha prArambha karatA hai|' 19 145 tIrthaMkara prakRti ke bandhane ke sambandha meM aura bhI aneka tathya haiM, yathA 1. yadi koI manuSya eka bAra tIrthaMkara prakRti ko bAMdhanA prArambha karatA hai, to vaha nirantara hI isakA baMdhana karatA rahatA hai| 20 yaha baMdhana usa jIva ke devagati yA narakagati meM jAne para bhI jArI rahatA hai / " punaH manuSyagati meM Ane para vaha kevalajJAna prakaTa hone ke antarmuhUrta pUrva taka isakA baMdhana karatA rahatA hai| 2 isake nirantara baMdhane ke saMbaMdha meM do apavAda haiN| 22 (a) pahale narakAyu bA~dhane ke pazcAt kSayopazama samyagdRSTi prApta karake koI jIva yadi tIrthaMkara nAma prakRti ko bA~dhanA prArambha karatA hai, to vaha manuSya bhava ke antima antarmuhUrta meM samyaktva kA vamana karake mithyAtva meM calA jAtA hai| 23 mithyAtva guNasthAna meM rahatA huA vaha tIsarI naraka taka meM janma le sakatA hai / vahA~ paryApta avasthA prApta karane ke pazcAt vaha punaH samyagdarzanI bana jAtA hai| manuSyagati se jAne evaM naraka meM aparyApta rahane kA yaha kAla bhI antarmuhUrta parimANa hotA hai| itane kAla ke lie tIrthaMkara prakRti kA ba~dhanA ruka jAtA hai| zeSa sabhI samaya yaha prakRti nirantara ba~dhatI rahatI hai| (ba) tIrthaMkara nAmakarma ko bA~dhatA huA jIva upazamazreNi meM car3hatA hai, to vaha AThaveM guNasthAna ke sAtaveM bhAga se gyArahaveM guNasthAna taka upazama zreNi ke samaya tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandha nahIM karatA hai| yaha avasthA bhI eka antarmuhUrta se adhika kAla taka nahIM hotI / isa taraha do apavAdoM ko chor3akara tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandha eka bAra prArambha hone ke pazcAt nirantara hotA rahatA hai| (2) tIrthaMkara prakRti kA utkRSTa sthiti bandha cauthe guNasthAna meM taba hotA hai, jaba kSAyopazamika samyaktvI jIva mithyAtva ke abhimukha ho / mithyAtva ke abhimukha vaha jIva hotA hai, jisane pahale hI naraka kA AyuSya bA~dha liyA ho| aisA jIva hI

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146 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana tIrthakara prakRti kA utkRSTa baMdha karatA hai| kisI bhI karma kI utkRSTa sthiti saMkleza (kaSAyavRddhi) se baMdhatI hai| cAhe vaha puNya prakRti ho yA pApa prkRti| sabhI prakRtiyoM kI sthiti kaSAya se ba~dhatI hai| ataH tIrthaMkara nAmaka puNya prakRti kI utkRSTa sthiti kA baMdha usa aviratasamyagdRSTi jIva ke hotA hai, jo mithyAtva ke abhimukha ho| tIrthakara prakRti kA jaghanya sthitibaMdha AThaveM guNasthAna ke chaThe bhAga meM hotA hai, kyoMki vaha vizuddha avasthA hotI hai| (3) tIrthaMkara prakRti baMdhane kA narakagati evaM tithaMca gatiyoM ke bandha ke sAtha virodha hai| arthAt tIrthaMkara prakRti badhaMne ke pazcAt ye donoM gatiyA~ nahIM ba~dhatI haiN| pahale hI kisI jIva ne narakAyu bA~dha liyA ho, yaha to sambhava hai, kintu tIrthaMkara prakRti ba~dhane ke pazcAt narakAyu kA bandhana bhI sambhava nahIM hai| naraka gati evaM tiryaMca gati to kramazaH pahale evaM dUsare guNasthAna meM hI ba~dhatI hai| tIrthakara prakRti bA~dhane vAle jIva ke kevala devagati ba~dhatI hai| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki devI tIrthakara nahIM banatI hai, ataH tIrthakara prakRti bA~dhane vAlA deva hI banatA hai, devI nhiiN| vaha tIna kilviSika ko chor3akara vaimAnika deva meM jA sakatA hai| ___ (4) jisa jIva ne pahale manuSyAyu evaM tiryaMcAyu kA bandha kara liyA hai, usake tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandha nahIM hotA hai, kintu devAyu evaM narakAyu bA~dhane ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandhana ho sakatA hai| dhavalA TIkA meM eka prazna uThAyA gayA ki tiryaMcAyu bA~dhane vAle ko samyaktva prApta hone ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara prakRti ke bA~dhane meM kyA bAdhA hai? isakA uttara dete hue kahA gayA ki jisa bhava meM tIrthaMkara prakRti kA baMdha prArambha kiyA hai, usase tRtIya bhava meM tIrthakara prakRti kI sattA vAle jIvoM ke mokSa jAne kA niyama hai, jo deva evaM nArakI banane para hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| tRtIya bhava meM mokSa jAne kA kathana zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI upalabdha hai| (5) tIrthakara prakRti kA sambandha lezyAoM se bhI hai| tejo, padma evaM zukla nAmaka zubha lezyAoM meM to tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandha ho hI sakatA hai, kintu azubha lezyAoM meM se eka mAtra kApota lezyA hI aisI hai, jisameM tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandha ho sakatA hai| yaha tathya mahAbaMdha, dhavalAAdi granthoM meM spaSTa pratipAdita huA hai ki

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karma - sAhitya meM tIrthaGkara prakRti 147 narakagati vAlA jIva nIla evaM kRSNa lezyAoM meM tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA baMdha nahIM karatA hai| tIsarI naraka meM kApotalezyI ko hI AgAmI bhava meM tIrthaMkara banane kA ullekha milatA hai| mahAbandha ke kAla-prarUpaNA-khaNDa meM tIrthaMkara kI Agati meM vaimAnika se jo jIva AtA hai, usameM tejo, padma evaM zukla lezyAeM batAyI gaI haiM tathA naraka se jo jIva AtA hai, usameM eka mAtra kApota lezyA batAyI gaI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM tIrthaMkara kI Agati meM ina cAra lezyAoM ke atirikta nIla lezyA kA bhI kathana kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA puSTa kAraNa dhyAna meM nahIM aataa| ___(6) naraka evaM devaloka ke asaMkhyAta jIva isa samaya bhI tIrthaMkara nAma karma kA bandha kara rahe haiN| mahAbaMdha meM spaSTa kahA hai - "titthayarANaM baMdhagA asNkhejjaa,|" arthAt tIrthaMkara ke baMdhaka asaMkhyAta haiN| ___(7) gommaTasAra meM kahA gayA hai ki tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandha to strI, puruSa evaM napuMsaka-tInoM vedoM meM ho sakatA hai, kintu udaya kevala puruSaveda meM hI hotA hai| dhyAtavya hai ki strI kA tIrthakara honA zvetAmbaroM ne hI mAnya kiyA hai| isakA udAharaNa mallI bhagavatI haiN| udaya, udIraNA evaM sattA viSayaka vicAra udaya ke sambandha meM yaha nirvivAda rUpa se mAnya hai ki tIrthaMkara prakRti kA udaya terahaveM evaM caudahaveM guNasthAna meM hotA hai| ataH janma lete hI koI tIrthakara nahIM bana jAtA hai| cAra ghAtI karmoM kA kSaya karane ke sAtha hI terahaveM guNasthAna meM tIrthaMkara prakRti kA udaya hotA hai| yaha bAta avazya hai ki isa prakRti kA jisa bhava meM udaya hone vAlA hai, usakA garbha-praveza ke sAtha hI prabhAva prArambha ho jAtA hai| tIrthaMkara kI mAtA ke dvArA caudaha yA solaha svapna dekhanA isI kA pratIka hai| tIrthakara nAmakarma kI udIraNA bhI sambhava hai, kintu yaha udIraNA mAtra terahaveM gaNasthAna meM hI hotI hai| caudahaveM gaNasthAna meM jina prakRtiyoM kA udaya rahatA hai, unakI udIraNA terahaveM guNasthAna taka hI hone kA niyama hai| caudahaveM meM udIraNA nahIM hotI hai| sattA kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAye to tIrthaMkara prakRti kI sattA prathama

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148 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana guNasthAna evaM cauthe se caudahaveM guNasthAna taka pAyI jAtI hai| prathama mithyAtva guNasthAna meM to baddhanarakAyuSka vAle jIva kI apekSA se sattA pAyI jAtI hai, kyoMki jisa jIva ne narakAyu kA baMdha karane ke pazcAt tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA baMdha prArambha kiyA hai, vaha jIva naraka ke bhava meM jAte samaya evaM vahA~ aparyApta samaya taka mithyAtvadazA meM rahatA hai| cauthe se AThaveM guNasthAna ke chaThe bhAga taka to tIrthakara nAmakarma kA baMdha hone ke kAraNa ina guNasthAnoM meM sattA rahatI hI hai, kintu upazamazreNi karate samaya bhI AThaveM guNasthAna ke chaThe bhAga se gyArahaveM guNasthAna taka tIrthakara nAmakarma kI sattA rahatI hai, kyoMki yaha kAla mAtra antarmuhUrta kA hotA hai evaM pUrvabaddha tIrthakara prakRti to usa kAla meM bhI sattA meM rahatI hI hai| isI prakAra bArahaveM kSINamohanIya guNasthAna meM bhI isa prakRti kI sattA pUrvabaddha kI apekSA se rahatI hai, kyoMki sattA meM rahane para hI koI karma udaya meM AtA hai| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki tiryaMcagati ke jIva meM tIrthakara nAma karma kI sattA nahIM pAyI jAtI hai, kyoMki tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA baMdha karane vAlA jIva tiryaMca gati meM nahIM jAtA hai| isakA bhI kAraNa yaha hai ki tIrthaMkara nAmakarma ko bA~dhane vAlA jIva (pUrva nirdiSTa do apavAdoM ko chor3akara) nirantara isa prakRti kA baMdha karatA hai evaM vaha baddhanarakAyu ke apavAda ko chor3akara cauthe guNasthAna se nIce nahIM AtA hai| isalie tIrthaMkara nAmakarma ko bA~dhane vAlA jIva tiryaMca gati kA baMdha nahIM kara paataa| tiryaMca gati kA baMdha prathama evaM dvitIya guNasthAna meM hI hotA hai, usake pazcAt nhiiN| dUsarI bAta yaha bhI hai ki tiryaMcAyu kA baMdha kara lene vAlA tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA bandha nahIM krtaa| tIsarI evaM mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha hai ki tIrthaMkara nAmakarma ke baMdha kA prArambha manuSya gati meM hI hotA hai, tiryaMcAdi anya gatiyoM meM nhiiN| manuSya se vaha jIva naraka yA devagati meM jAtA hai| isalie ina tIna gatiyoM meM tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kI sattA rahatI hai| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa Adi AcAryoM ke anusAra tIrthaMkara prakRti kA anikAcita bandha karane vAlA jIva tiryaMcagati meM bhI jA sakatA hai tathA isa prakRti kI udvelanA bhI ho sakatI hai| tIrthakara nAmakarma kI utkRSTa sthiti antaH koTAkoTi sAgaropama evaM

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karma - sAhitya meM tIrthaGkara prakRti 149 abAdhAkAla antarmuhUrta batAyA gayA hai| ataH yaha prakRti apanI sajAtIya prakRtiyoM meM saMkramita hokara bhogI jAtI hai| isI prakAra kA udvartana evaM apavartana bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| paMcama karmagrantha, kammapayaDI evaM paMcasaMgraha ke anusAra tIrthaMkara prakRti adhruvabandhinI, adhruva sattAka, aghAtI, puNya prakRti, aparAvartamAna, jIva vipAkI, svAnudayabandhinI, krama vyavacchidyamAna baMdhodayA, nirantarabandhinI anudaya-saMkramotkRSTA evaM udayavatI hai| ___ uparyukta carcA se vidita hotA hai ki aSTavidha karmoM se mukta hone ke lie tIrthakara honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| sAmAnya kevalajJAnI bhI mukti ko prApta kara sakate haiM / aSTa mahAprAtihArya evaM tIrthapravartana kI yogyatA tIrthakara meM viziSTa hotI hai, sambhavataH isIlie tIrthaMkara nAma prakRti pRthak se svIkAra kI gaI hai| jaba koI kevalajJAnI usa puNya prakRti ke udaya se yukta hotA hai to use tIrthaMkara kahA jAtA hai / tIrthakara nAma prakRti kA eka bAra bandha prArambha hone ke pazcAt katipaya apavAdoM ko chor3akara cauthe se AThaveM guNasthAna ke chaThe bhAga taka nirantara bandha hotA rahatA hai, kintu udaya terahaveM sayogI evaM caudahaveM ayogI kevalI guNasthAna meM satata rahatA hai| tIrthaMkara prakRti kI udIraNA terahaveM guNasthAna meM ho sakatI hai, jabaki sattA cauthe se caudahaveM guNasthAna taka rahatI hai / baddha narakAyuSka jIva kI apekSA se mithyAtva guNasthAna meM bhI tIrthakara prakRti kI sattA antarmuhUrta taka raha sakatI hai / yaha ullekhanIya hai ki tIrthaMkara prakRti kA utkRSTa sthiti bandha bhI kaSAya se hotA hai evaM vaha usa avirata samyagdRSTi jIva ke hotA hai jo mithyAtva ke abhimukha ho| jaghanya sthiti baMdha AThaveM guNasthAna vAlA jIva karatA hai| sandarbha:1. 34 atizayoM ke lie draSTavya-samavAyAMgasUtra,Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara samavAya 34 2. samavAyAMgasUtra, samavAya 35 3. imaM ca NaM savvajagajIvarakkhaNadayaTThayAe pAvayaNaM bhagavayA sukahiyaM - praznavyAkaraNasUtra, dvitIya zrutaskandha, adhyayana 1 4. goyamA! arahA tAva niyamaM titthgre|- vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra,zataka 20,uddezaka 8 5. zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pA~ca kalyANakoM kA ullekha sthAnAMgasUtra meM huA hai| draSTavya-sthAnAGgasUtra, sthAna 5, uddezaka 1

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150 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 6. dhavalA, 6.1 7. ArhantyakAraNaM tiirthngkrtvnaam|- sarvArthasiddhi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI 1991, sUtra 8.11, pR. 306 8. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, divyadarzana TrasTa, mumbaI, vikrama saMvat 2039, pR. 1 9. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, maladhArI hemacandra vRtti, divyadarzana TrasTa, mumbaI, pR. 1 10. titthaM puNa cAuvvaNNAiNNo samaNasaMgho, taMjahA-samaNA samaNIo sAvagA saavigaao| ___-vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 20, uddezaka 8, sUtra 14 11. vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie draSTavya-cauppannahApurisacariyaM (zIlAMkAcArya racita) evaM triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritam (AcArya hemacandra viracita) 12. arihNt-siddh-pvynn-guru-ther-bhussue-tvssiisuN| vacchallayA eesiM, abhikkhanANovaoge yaa| 1 / / daMsaNa-viNae Avassae ya sIlavvae niriaaro| khaNalava-tavacciyAe, veyAvacce samAhI yaa|2|| appuvvanANagahaNe, suyabhattI pavayaNe pbhaavnnyaa| eehiM kAraNehiM, titthayarattaM lahai jiivo||3|| -jJAtAdharmakathAga, adhyayana 8, Avazyakaniyukti gAthA, 179-181 13. darzanavizuddhivinayasampannatA zIlavrateSvanaticAro'bhIkSNaM jJAnopayogasaMvegau zaktitastyAgatapasIsaMghasAdhusamAdhiyAvRttyakaraNamarhadAcAryabahuzrutapravacanabhakti rAvazyakAparihANirmArgaprabhAvanApravacanavatsalatvamiti tiirthkRttvsy| - tattvArthasUtra, 6.23 14. tAnyetAni SoDazakAraNAni samyagbhavyamAnAni vyastAni ca tIrthakara nAma- karmAnavakAraNAni pratyetavyAni- sarvArthasiddhi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 6.24, pR. 261 15. niyamA maNuyagaIe, itthI puriseyaro ya suhleso| AseviyabahulehiM, vIsAe annnnyrehiN|| - Avazyakaniyukti 184, niyuktisaMgraha, harSapuSpAmRta granthamAlA, lAkhA bAvala / 16. dvitIya karmagrantha, bandha-vivecana, gAthA 6 evaM 9-10 17. dvitIya karmagrantha meM udaya, udIraNA evaM sattA kA vivecana drssttvy| 18. dvitIya karmagrantha, zrI marudharakesarI sAhitya prakAzana samiti, byAvara, pariziSTa pR. 201-210 19. paDhamuvasamiye samme sesatiye avirdaadicttaari| titthayarabaMdhapAraMbhayA NarA kevlidugNte| - gommaTasAra, karmakANDa, gAthA 93 20. NiraMtaro baMdho, sagabaMdhakAraNe saMte addhAkkhaeNa bNdhuvrmaabhaavaado| - dhavalA 8.3, 38.74.4 21. nikAcita tIrthaMkara prakRti vAlA jIva tiryaMcagati meM nahIM jAtA hai, anikAcita tIrthaMkara prakRti vAle jIva ke tiryaMcagati meM jAne kA niSedha nahIM hai, yathA - jamiha nikAiya titthaM

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karma - sAhitya meM tIrthaGkara prakRti tiriyabhave taM nisehiyaM saMtaM / iyaraMmi natthi doso uvaTTaNavaTTaNAsajjhe / - paMcasaMgraha 5.44 vizeSaNavatI meM jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne bhI kahA hai- taM pi sunikAisseva taiya bhavabhAviNo vinnichitttth| aNikAiyammi vaccai savvagaIo vi na viroho / - uddhRta, paMcasaMgraha, bhAga 5 pR. 175 22. AThaveM guNasthAna kA jIva antarmuhUrta meM hI kevalajJAna prApta kara sakatA hai aura tIrthaMkara prakRti kA bandha AThaveM guNasthAna ke chaThe bhAga taka mAnya hai| 23. tIrthaMkara prakRti kA utkRSTa baMdha nirUpita karane ke prasaMga meM yaha bAta spaSTa hotI haititthayaranAmassa ukkosaThiiM maNusso asaMjao veyagasammaddiTThI puvvaM naragabaddhAugo naragAbhimuho micchattaM paDivajjihI / - paMcasaMgraha, prathamabhAga, malayagiri TIkA, uddhRta, paMcama karmagrantha, (byAvara), pR. 162 24. (a) paMcama karmagrantha, gAthA 42 (A) titthayaranAmassa ukkosaThiiM maNusso asaMjao veyagasammaddiTThI puvvaM naragabaddhAugo naragAbhiho micchattaM paDivajjihI iti aMtime ThiIbaMdhe vaTTamANo baMdhai, tabbaMdhagesu aisaMkiliTTho tti kaauN| - paMcasaMgraha, prathamabhAga, malayagiri TIkA 25. tittharabaMdhassa Niraya - tirikkhagaibaMdhehi saha virohAdo / - dhavalA 8.3,38.74.5 26. kappitthIsu Na titthaM / - gommaTasAra 'karmakANDa', gAthA 112 27. pAraddhatitthayarabaMdhabhavAdo tadiyabhave titthayarasaMtakammiyajIvANaM / mokkhgmnnnniymaado| - dhavalA 8.3, 38.74.8, 38.75.1 28. ( a ) vizeSaNavatI, jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa, gAthA 78 (A) bajjhaI taM tu bhagavao taiyabhavosakkaittANaM / - Avazyakaniryukti 183 29. draSTavya - mahAbandha, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, prathama bhAga, kAlaprarUpaNA - pR. 63 30. kAlamAse kAlaM kiccA taccAe bAluyappabhAe puDhavIrae ujjalie narae neraiyattAye uvavajjihisi / --- AgamesAe ussappiNIe - - - -bArasame amame NAmaM arahA bhavissasi / - aMtagaDadasAsUtra, varga 5 ( ujjvala naraka meM nIla lezyA hI hai) 151 31. mahAbandha, prathama bhAga, pR. 177 32. strISaNDhavedayorapi tIrthAhArakabandho na virudhyate udayasyaiva puMvediSu niyamAt / - gommaTasAra 'karmakANDa', jIvatattvapradIpikA TIkA, gAthA - 119 33. Agama meM ise eka Azcarya mAnA gayA hai / draSTavya sthAnADGgasUtra, sthAna 10 34. draSTavya, dUsarA karmagrantha, sattA- vicAra / 35. draSTavya, uparyukta 21 vA~ ttippnn| 36. paMcama karmagrantha, gAthA 33 -

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zrutajJAna kA svarUpa prAyaH AgamajJAna ko zrutajJAna kahA jAtA hai, kintu zrutajJAna kA yaha lakSaNa apUrNa pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki jina jIvoM ko Agama jJAna nahIM hotA hai, unameM bhI matijJAna ke sAtha zrutajJAna Avazyaka rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| hA~, vaha zrutajJAna samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM ekendriya se caturindriya taka ke jIvoM meM zrutaajJAna kahA jAtA hai| kintu jina paMcendriya jIvoM meM samyagdarzana hotA hai unameM hI zrutajJAna pAyA jAtA hai| zrutajJAna labdhyakSara ke rUpa meM pratyeka jIva meM nitya udghATita rahatA hai| isakA kabhI pUrNataH samApana nahIM hotA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM ise bhAvazruta bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha bhAvazruta rUpa yA labdhyakSara rUpa zrutajJAna (yA zruta ajJAna) sabhI jIvoM meM hotA hai| isa zrutajJAna kA upayoga matijJAna ke pazcAt hotA hai, ataH ise matipUrvaka kahA gayA hai| yaha zrutajJAna traikAlika hotA hai tathA kevalajJAna kI utpatti meM sahAyaka hotA hai| mukti ke upAyoM meM jo samyagjJAna parigaNita hai, vaha mukhyataH zrutajJAna kA hI dyotaka hai, kyoMki Atmahita bodhaka jJAna hai| isakI samAnatA kevalajJAna ke sAtha karate hue kahA jAtA hai ki kevalajJAna pratyakSa hai tathA zrutajJAna parokSa hai| zrutajJAna eka mahattvapUrNa jJAna hai, kyoMki yaha duHkha se mukti kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| isakI tulanA zuddha paripUrNa kevalajJAna se kI jAtI hai| donoM meM antara itanA hI hai ki kevalajJAna pratyakSa jJAna hai aura zrutajJAna parokSa jJAna hai| kundakundAcArya ne samayasAra evaM pravacanasAra meM isake mahattva kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA hai ki jo zuddha AtmasvarUpa ko zrutajJAna ke dvArA jAnatA hai, use loka ko prakAzita karane vAle RSiyoM ne zrutakevalI kahA hai|' kevalI bhagavAna samasta dravyoM aura unakI paryAyoM ko kevalajJAna se sAkSAt jAnate haiM, jabaki zrutajJAnI unheM parokSa rUpa meM jAnate haiM / kundakunda kahate haiM ki jo AtmasvarUpa ko jAnatA hai vaha zrutakevalI hai| isa taraha Atma-vikAsa meM zruta kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| zruta kyA hai? isa para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai to prAyaH AgamoM ko zruta kahA jAtA hai| ye Agama kevaliyoM kI artharUpa vANI haiM, kintu gaNadharoM evaM AcAryoM ke dvArA zabda rUpa meM grathita vANI ko bhI zruta kahA jAtA hai / zabda rUpa Agama arthasvarUpa Agama ko

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zrutajJAna kA svarUpa 153 samajhane meM sahAyaka haiM tathA ye AtmasvarUpa ko samajhane meM bhI sahAyaka haiM, isalie ye zruta haiM / zabda rUpa Agama sAdhana haiM tathA artharUpa anubhavAtmaka jJAna sAdhya hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM jinabhadragaNi kahate haiM ki pratyeka zabda jJAna zrutajJAna nahIM hotA, jo jJAna Aptopadeza yA zruta se utpanna hotA hai, vahI zrutajJAna kahalAtA hai, anya zabdajJAna matijJAna hai / matijJAna indriya se, mana se athavA donoM se utpanna hotA hai| __umAsvAti tattvArthAdhigamabhASya meM Aptavacana, Agama, upadeza, aitihya, AmnAya, pravacana evaM jinavacana ko zrutajJAna kA paryAyavAcI pratipAdita karate haiN|' ye sabhI paryAyavAcI zabda isa tathya kA sthApana karate haiM ki rAga-dveSa ke vijetA 'jina' athavA Apta puruSoM ke upadeza hI zrutajJAna kI zreNI meM Ate haiN| kintu yaha zruta dravyazruta hai, aura yaha bhAvazruta ko janma de sakatA hai| __zrutajJAna ke do pahalU haiN| pahalA, jaba yaha kisI Apta puruSa ke dvArA bolA jAtA hai aura dUsarA, jaba vaha kisI zrotA ke dvArA AtmajJAna ke lakSya se samajhA jAtA hai| ye donoM hI jJAna zrutajJAna haiN| jaba koI Apta vAkya uccarita hotA hai athavA likhita hotA hai, to usako bhI loga zrutajJAna kahate haiM, kyoMki isa zrutajJAna se AtmA meM vAstavika zrutajJAna prakaTa hotA hai| veda ke artha meM prayukta 'zruti' zabda se isa 'zruta' zabda kA sAmya hai| ina donoM meM Aptavacana hone kI samAnatA hai| mImAMsA dArzanikoM ke anusAra zruti athavA veda kA koI racayitA nahIM hai, vaha apauruSeya hai, jabaki nyAyadArzanika mAnate haiM ki veda kI racanA Izvara ne kI hai| jaina darzana meM yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki jaba koI kevalI yA tIrthakara samasta prANiyoM ke kalyANa ke lie satya kathana karate haiM to use zruta kahA jAtA hai aura jaba usakA tAtparya kisI vyakti ke dvArA anubhava kiyA jAtA hai to use zrutajJAna kahate haiN| zrutajJAna ko Agama pramANa ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| vAdidevasUri kahate haiM ki vAstava meM to AptavacanoM ko sunakara jo artha kA saMvedana hotA hai vaha Agama pramANa hai, kintu upacAra se Aptavacana ko bhI Agama pramANa kahA jA sakatA hai| zruti evaM zruta meM bar3A antara yaha hai ki zruti kA pratyeka jIva meM honA anivArya nahIM mAnA gayA hai, jabaki jaina

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154 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana darzana meM zrutajJAna ko pratyeka jIva meM Avazyaka rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yaha dUsarI bAta hai ki vaha zrutajJAna mithyAtvI jIva meM mithyAtva ke kAraNa zrutaajJAna ke rUpa meM upalabdha hotA hai| yaha mAnyatA hai ki zrutajJAna matijJAnapUrvaka hotA hai / ' tattvArthasUtra, usakI TIkAoM tathA jinabhadragaNi viracita vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki zrutajJAna matijJAna ke pazcAt utpanna hotA hai| matijJAna zrutajJAna kI utpatti meM prabhAvI kAraNa hotA hai| pUjyapAda devanandI ne sarvArthasiddhi meM prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi zrutajJAna matijJAnapUrvaka hotA hai to vaha bhI mati hI honA cAhie, kyoMki loka meM kAraNa ke sadRza hI kArya dekhA jAtA hai| uttara meM ve kahate haiM ki yaha sadaiva saca nahIM hotA hai ki kAraNa ke sadRza hI kArya utpanna ho, kyoMki ghaTa kI utpatti meM daNDa kAraNa hotA hai, kintu daNDa kabhI ghar3e ke rUpa meM pariNata nahIM hotA hai| isI taraha matijJAna zrutajJAna meM pariNata nahIM hotA hai, apitu yaha zrutajJAna kI utpatti meM kAraNa banatA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki matijJAna ke hone para tatsambaddha zrutajJAna ho hii| zrutajJAna ke prakaTIkaraNa meM zrutajJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama bhI anivArya hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM jinabhadragaNi isa vicAra kA samarthana karate haiM ki zrutajJAna matijJAnapUrvaka hotA hai| ve bhASya meM kahate haiM- 'maipuvvaM suyN'| ve 'pubva' zabda ke aneka arthoM kA pratipAdana karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki 'pUrva' zabda 'pR' pAlanapUraNayoH' dhAtu se niSpanna hai tathA isakA prayoga utpanna karane, rakSA karane, pAlana karane evaM poSaNa karane ke artha meM bhI hotA hai| matijJAna zrutajJAna kA karaNa hai tathA yaha use puSTa karatA hai evaM saMrakSA karatA hai|' zrRtajJAna matipUrvaka prApta kiyA jAtA hai tathA yaha laukika AptoM dvArA matijJAnapUrvaka dUsaroM taka pahu~cAyA jAtA hai| matijJAna ke binA zrutajJAna kI rakSA nahIM ho sktii| bhaTTha akalaGka tattvArthavArtika meM eka prazna uThAte haiM ki yadi zruta matipUrvaka utpanna hotA hai to zruta kA prArambha mAnanA hogA aura jisakA prArambha hotA hai, usakA anta bhI mAnanA hogaa| isa taraha yaha Agama mAnyatA ki zruta kA na Adi hai aura na anta, khaNDita ho jAtI hai| bhaTTa akalaGka isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahate haiM ki kisI vyakti vizeSa athavA avasthA vizeSa meM zrutajJAna kA prArambha

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zrutajJAna kA svarUpa 155 mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu saba jIvoM kI dRSTi se vaha sadaiva vidyamAna rahatA hai| yadyapi zrutajJAna ko zabdajJAna ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA jAtA hai, jo zabdoM ke mAdhyama se matijJAna ke dvArA gRhIta hotA hai, kintu yaha zabdajJAna taka sImita nahIM hotaa| AcArya vidyAnanda ne spaSTa kiyA hai ki sabhI indriyoM evaM mana se hone vAlA matijJAna zrutajJAna kA kAraNa hotA hai| isa prakAra sparzanendriya, rasanendriya, ghrANendriya, cakSurindriya evaM zrotrendriya se hone vAlA matijJAna bhI zrutajJAna ko janma detA hai / udAharaNa ke lie cIMTI ghrANendriya se cInI, miThAI Adi kA jJAna kara usakI heyopAdeyatA kA bodha zruta ajJAna se karatI hai| zrutajJAna matijJAna ke bAda kI avasthA hai / matipUrvaka yadyapi smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka evaM anumAna jJAna bhI hote haiM, kintu inakA samAveza matijJAna meM hI hotA hai| ataH smaraNa Adi jJAna zrutajJAna se bhinna hai| AcArya vidyAnanda ne matijJAna ko zrutajJAna kA bahiraMga kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai tathA antaraMga kAraNa ve zrutajJAnAvaraNa ke kSayopazama ko mAnate haiM / smRti, pratyabhijJAnAdi meM yaha antaraMga kAraNa kArya nahIM karatA, ataH smRti Adi ko zrutajJAna nahIM kahA jA sktaa|" eka prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki kevalajJAnI jaba koI dezanA pharamAte haiM to vaha dravyazruta hai aura dravyazruta binA bhAvazruta ke nahIM ho sakatA, ataH kevalajJAnI meM bhI zrutajJAna mAnane kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai| niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu ne isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahA hai ki kevalajJAnI kevalajJAna se artha ko jAnakara usameM jo prajJApanA karane yogya artha hotA hai use kahate haiM, unakA isa prakAra dezanA denA vacana yoga hai tathA zeSa jIvoM ke lie yaha zrutajJAna hai|" matijJAna evaM zrutajJAna meM bheda ___ tattvArthAdhigama meM umAsvAti matijJAna evaM zrutajJAna meM bheda karate hue kahate haiMutpannavinaSTArthagrAhakaM sAmpratakAlaviSayaM matijJAnaM, zrutajJAnantu trikAlaviSayam utpannavinaSTAnutpannArthagrAhakam / " arthAt matijJAna to vartamAna kAla ke utpanna evaM vinaSTa hone vAle artha ko grahaNa karatA hai, jabaki zrutajJAna tInoM kAla ke utpanna, vinaSTa evaM anutpanna arthoM ko jAnatA hai / yahA~ prazna uThatA hai ki smRti bhI eka prakAra kA matijJAna hai evaM vaha bhUtakAla ke viSayoM ko jAnatI hai, to yaha kaise kahA

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jA sakatA hai ki matijJAna ke viSaya mAtra vartamAna kAla ke haiN| AcArya haribhadra ne tattvArthavRtti meM isa prazna kA uttara dete hue kahA hai ki sAmpratakAla meM gRhIta vastu kI hI smRti hotI hai- " smRteratItaviSayatvAnna sarvamevamvidhamiti cet, na, sAmpratakAla- la-gRhItAriktasya ksycidsmrnnaat|' 156 9914 umAsvAti ne zrutajJAna kI eka anya vizeSatA kA ullekha kiyA hai ki yaha matijJAna kI apekSA adhika spaSTa hai / " haribhadra vyAkhyA karate haiM ki zrutajJAna se bAdhita, dUrastha evaM sUkSma viSayoM kA bhI jJAna ho sakatA hai, isalie usameM adhika spaSTatA hai / " jAnane kI isa yogyatA ke kAraNa hI jJAtA ko zruta kevalI kahA jAtA hai|" tattvArthabhASya ke anusAra donoM jJAnoM meM eka anya bhedaka vizeSatA yaha hai ki zrutajJAna kA viSaya matijJAna se adhika vyApaka hai / ve isake samarthana meM do tarka dete haiM- 1. zrutajJAna sarvajJa ke dvArA kahA jAtA hai 2. yaha ananta jJeya ko viSaya karatA hai / 18 - Agamika vicAradhArA ke anusAra pratyeka jIva meM kama se kama do jJAna hote haiM. matijJAna aura zrutajJAna / samyaktva ke abhAva meM ye donoM kramazaH mati- ajJAna aura zruta- ajJAna kahalAte haiN|" yadi hama zrutajJAna ko zAbdika athavA Agamika jJAna mAnate haiM, to aisA jJAna ekendriya se caturindriya jIvoM meM nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki unameM zrotrendriya nahIM hone se zabda jJAna nahIM ho sakatA tathA AgamajJAna to adhikAMza paMcendriya jIvoM meM bhI nahIM hotA, AgamasvarUpa zrutajJAna to mAtra kucha manuSyoM meM hI prApta hotA hai / vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM jinabhadragaNi ne isa samasyA kA samAdhAna karate hue kahA hai ki pratyeka jIva meM bhAva zrutajJAna hotA hai / unhoMne do prakAra ke zrutajJAnoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai - 1. dravyazruta jJAna, 2. bhAvazruta jJAna / dravyazruta jJAna zAbdikajJAna hai tathA bhAvazrutajJAna kA usake mAdhyama se anubhava hotA hai, kintu kahIM bhAvazruta jJAna kA anubhava binA dravya zruta ke bhI hotA hai, jaise ki ekendriya se lekara caturindriya jIvoM meM hotA hai| isako labdhyakSara zrutajJAna bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| yaha akSara zrutajJAna pratyeka jIva kI nyUnatama yogyatA hai, isake binA koI jIva jIva nahIM ho sakatA | 20 zrutajJAna evaM zrutaajJAna meM bheda kA pratipAdana karate hue zrI kanhaiyAlAla jI

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zrutajJAna kA svarUpa 157 lor3hA likhate haiM ki matijJAna se viSayoM kA jJAna hone ke pazcAt yadi vyakti unake bhoga meM hI sukha mAnatA hai to yaha usakA zruta ajJAna hai tathA matijJAna se viSayoM ko jAnakara nirNaya karatA hai ki ina viSayoM ke bhoga se jisa sukha kI pratIti hotI hai, vaha sukha kSaNika hai, sukhAbhAsa hai, vAstavika sukha nahIM hai| isa prakAra kA samyagdarzana yukta jJAna zrutajJAna hai| zrutajJAnI jAnatA hai ki viSayasukha ke bhogI ko duHkha bhoganA hI par3atA hai / 21 Adhunika vidvAnoM meM DaoN. nagIna je. zAha evaM zrI kanhaiyAlAla loDhA kA cintana vicAraNIya hai / nagIna je. zAha kA cintana hai ki pahale zravaNa hotA hai evaM phira manana hotA hai | zravaNa zrutajJAna kA tathA manana matijJAna kA dyotaka hai / ve apane cintana kA AdhAra vaidika mAnyatA ko banAte haiM, jisameM zravaNa, manana evaM nididhyAsana kA krama hai / unhoMne apane cintana kA AdhAra tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra siddhasenagaNi ke kathana ko bhI banAyA hai / siddhasenagaNi likhate haiM- matijJAnI tAvat zrutajJAnenopalabdheSu artheSu 'dravyANi dhyAyati (manute ) tadA matijJAnaviSayaH sarvadravyANi na tu sarvAH paryAyAH ' tathA zrutagranthAnusAreNa sarvANi dharmAdIni jAnAti, na tu teSAM sarvaparyAyAn / ( TIkA, sUtra 1.27 ) / nagIna je. zAha kA niSkarSa hai - yaha spaSTa dikhAtA hai ki jise jaina matijJAna kahate haiM vaha mUlataH manana hai aura prathama zravaNa (zruta) hai aura bAda meM mati (manana) hai| zruta ke AdhAra para hI manana (mati) calatA hai| 22 DaoN. zAha kA yaha cintana una para vaidikadhArA ke zravaNa, manana evaM nididhyAsana ke krama kA prabhAva hai, kyoMki jaina paramparA meM to yaha tathya hI prabalatA se ujAgara huA hai ki matipUrvaka zruta hotA hai / ataH isa tathya kI upekSA karanA ucita nahIM hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki matijJAna kA jo eka vyApaka svarUpa hai ki sparzanendriya, rasanendriya Adi pratyeka indriya se evaM mana se matijJAna hotA hai, vaha bhI dhUmila ho jAtA hai| ataH nagIna je. zAha kA cintana jaina mata ke anukUla nahIM hai| zrI kanhaiyAlAla loDhA zrutajJAna ko AdhyAtmika jJAna ke rUpa meM prastuta karate haiN| ve likhate haiM- " zrutajJAna hai - dekhe hue, jAne hue matijJAna se apane iSTa aura aniSTa kA, hita-ahita kA, haiya - upAdeya kA jJAna karanA / prANimAtra kA hita svabhAva ke anubhava meM hai / ataH apane svabhAva kA jJAna hI zrutajJAna hai / yaha svayaM siddha jJAna

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158 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hai / 13 loDhA sAhaba kA cintana hai ki yaha zrutajJAna sabako sahaja rUpa se prApta hai tathA yaha hI mokSa kA upAya hai| ___ vastutaH matijJAna se jo vastu Adi kA jJAna hotA hai, usameM Atmahita kI dRSTi se heya, upAdeya Adi kA bodha zrutajJAna se hotA hai| yaha AtmA ke dvArA sune jAne se zruta kahA gayA hai- "zrUyate AtmanA taditi shrutm|"4 maiMne apane eka aMgrejI Alekha meM zrutajJAna ke sambandha meM likhA hai- "Srutajnana is theKnowledge which leads a person to decide distinction between the real needs and futile wants in life. It enables a person in attaining detachment from the worldly allurements and motivates him to proceed towards the salvation from sorrows. It is a big power for spiritual development of a soul. When it is obscured or perverted, a soul cannot decide the right path."25 zrutajJAna kA mahattva mukti ke lie zrutajJAna kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| jaba samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyakcAritra ko mokSa-mArga ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai to samyagjJAna kI bhUmikA meM zrutajJAna kI mahattA sarvAdhika hai| yadyapi matijJAna, avadhijJAna aura manaHparyAyajJAna bhI samyagjJAna haiM, kintu kevalajJAna kI prApti evaM duHkhamukti ke lie zrutajJAna adhika upayogI hai| zrutajJAna ko AtmajJAna bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| bAhya vizva ko jAnane meM matijJAna kI sImA hai, kintu yaha zrutajJAna ko prakaTa karane meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| zrutajJAna svayaM ko jAnane meM sahAyaka hai| yaha indriyoM ke mAdhyama se prakaTa nahIM hotA / tattvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- zrutamanindriyasya / yahA~ 'anindriya' zabda mana evaM AtmA donoM kA vAcaka hai / isa taraha zrutajJAna mana evaM AtmA ke dvArA prakaTa hotA hai / yahI eka mAtra jJAna hai jo svayaM ko jItane meM upayogI hai| yahI hameM batAtA hai ki rAga evaM dveSa AtmA ke lie ahitakara haiN| mUlAcAra meM samyagjJAna kA lakSaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai jeNa taccaM vibujjhejja, jeNa citaM nnirujjhdi| jeNa attA visujjhejja, taM NANaM jinnsaasnne| jeNa rAgA virajejja, jeNa seesu rjjdi| jeNa mittI pabhAvejja, taM nANaM jinnsaasnne|"

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zrutajJAna kA svarUpa 44 159 jisase tattva kA bodha ho, jisase citta kA nirodha ho, jisase AtmA vizuddha ho, jinazAsana meM vaha jJAna hai| isI prakAra Age kahA- jisase rAga se virakti ho, jisase zreya meM anurakti ho, jisase saba jIvoM ke prati maitrIbhAva ho vaha jinazAsana meM jJAna hai / yaha jJAna hI zrutajJAna kahA jA sakatA hai| zrutajJAna svayaM kA Antarika prakAza hai jo vyakti ko sahI AcaraNa kA mArga prazasta karatA hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai- "je AyA se viNNAyA, je viNNAyA se AyA / 28 jo AtmA hai vaha vijJAtA hai tathA jo vijJAtA hai vaha AtmA hai| jJAna vastuoM ko evaM svayaM ko jAnane kI vaha zakti hai jo kabhI naSTa nahIM hotI / zrutajJAna para kabhI bhI pUrNa AvaraNa nahIM AtA hai| pratyeka jIva ko yaha kisI na kisI rUpa meM anubhUta hotA hai / zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM ke anusAra yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki kevalajJAna athavA zrutajJAna kA anantavA~ bhAga sadaiva udghATita rahatA hai / SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM sUkSma nigoda ke aparyAptaka jIva meM jo jaghanya jJAna hotA hai use labdhyakSara kahA gayA hai| usa jJAna kA vinAza nahIM hone se tathA eka svarUpa meM avasthAna hone se usakI akSara saMjJA hai / dravyArthika naya se sUkSma nigoda jIva meM bhI bane rahane se isa jJAna kI akSara saMjJA hai / ataH kahA gayA hai'akkharassANaMtimabhAgo NiccugghADio / " dhavalATIkA meM yaha kevalajJAna kA anantavA~ bhAga kahA gayA hai / gommaTasAra meM bhI kahA gayA hai- havadihu savvajahaNaNaM niccugghADaM nirAvaraNaM / " nirAvaraNa kevalajJAna jaghanya rUpa meM nitya udghATita rahatA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya evaM usakI hemacandrakRta bRhadvRtti meM bhI yaha carcA kI gaI hai" tathA yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra kevalajJAna kA akSara kA anantavA~ bhAga nitya udghATita rahatA hai, usI prakAra zrutajJAna kA bhI anantavAM bhAga nitya udghATita rahatA hai / vahAM para yaha bhI saMketa kiyA gayA hai ki sarvajIva zabda kA prayoga karanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki kevalajJAniyoM ke to kevalajJAna pUrNa udghATita rahatA hai, ataH unako chor3akara zeSa jIvoM ke usakA anantavAM bhAga udghATita rahatA hai, aisA kahanA cAhie / isI prakAra zrutajJAna ke sambandha meM bhI samasta dvAdazAMgI ke vettAo ko chor3akara zeSa jIvoM ke zrutajJAna kA anantavAM bhAga nitya udghATita kahanA caahie| 2 isakA tAtparya hai ki nyUnAdhikarUpa meM zrutajJAna saba jIvoM ko prApta hai / isa zrutajJAna T I

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160 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kA mahattva samajhakara jo isakA upayoga karatA hai vaha jIva Atma-vikAsa karane meM samartha hotA hai| vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM zrutajJAna ko AtmA kahA gayA hai- suyaM tu paramatthao jiivo| tIrthaMkaroM ke mata meM zrutajJAna AtmA kA lakSaNa hai, jaisA ki mallavAdI hemacandra bRhadvRtti meM kahate haiM- AtmanaH pariNAmazca zrutajJAnamiSyate tIrthakarAdibhiH / AtmA ke pariNAma ko zrutajJAna kahA jAtA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM bhI zrutajJAna ko niyamataH jIva kahA gayA hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai ki yA to jIva zrutajJAnI hotA hai yA zrutaajJAnI hotA hai athavA kevalajJAnI hotA hai| zrutajJAna ke kAraNa akevalI bhI kevalI ke samAna hotA hai / kevalI tIna prakAra kA kahA gayA hai- 1. zrutakevalI 2. avadhikevalI tathA 3. kevlkevlii| zrutajJAna ko tRtIya netra ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karate hue guru ne ziSya se kahAziSya! "tuma zruta ke agrahaNa kA durAgraha mata karo / zruta sUkSma, vyavahita Adi atIndriya padArthoM ke jJAna ke lie tRtIya cakSu ke samAna hai| tuma usakA anuzIlana kro|" zrutajJAna ke lie manuSya ko jAgrata evaM apramatta rahane kI AvazyakatA hai| kahA gayA hai jAgarahanarA!NiccaM, jAgaramANassavaDDhate buddhI / suvatisuvaMtassasutaM, sNkitNkhliyNbhvepmttss| jaagrmaannsssutN,thirNpricitmppmttss| ___- bRhatkalpabhASya,3382 evaM 3384 he manuSyoM! sadA jAgRta raho / jo jAgatA hai arthAt apramatta rahatA hai, usakI buddhi bar3hatI hai| sone vAle kA zruta so jAtA hai| jo pramatta hotA hai usake jJAna meM zaMkA yA skhalanA utpanna ho jAtI hai| jo jAgRta rahatA hai, apramatta hai, usakA zruta sthira tathA paricita ho jAtA hai| niSkarSaH1. zrutajJAna pratyeka jIva kA eka Avazyaka lakSaNa hai| samyagdarzana kI upasthiti meM yaha samyak zrutajJAna kahalAtA hai tathA mithyAdarzana kI upasthiti meM zruta ajJAna kahalAtA hai|

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161 zrutajJAna kA svarUpa 2. sAmAnyataH zrutajJAna ko Agama pramANa ke rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, jisameM jinavANI, Agamagrantha evaM Aptopadeza kA samAveza hotA hai| 3. yaha matijJAnapUrvaka hotA hai / matijJAna indriyoM evaM mana ke dvArA prakaTa hotA hai tathA zrutajJAna usake pazcAt prakaTa hotA hai| yaha kathana jJAtA kI apekSA se kiyA gayA hai, vaktA kI apekSA se nhiiN| jJAtA matijJAna se jAnakara hI heya, jJeya evaM upAdeya kA vicAra karatA hai tathA isa sambandha meM liyA gayA nirNaya hI zrutajJAna kA svarUpa grahaNa karatA hai| vaktA yadi kevalajJAnI hai yA Apta puruSa hai to usake vacana bhI zrutajJAna ko utpanna karane meM sahAyaka hone se zrutajJAna kahe jAte haiN| 4. zrutajJAna ke prakaTIkaraNa ke lie zrutajJAnAvaraNa kA kSayopazama honA anivArya hai svAdhyAya se tathA jJAna kA Adara arthAt AcaraNa karane se zrutajJAnAvaraNa karma kA kSayopazama hotA hai| 5. zrutajJAna hI eka aisA jJAna hai jisakI samAnatA kevalajJAna se kI jAtI hai tathA vaha sarva duHkhoM se mukti kA mArga prazasta karatA hai evaM kevalajJAna ke prakaTIkaraNa meM sahAyaka hai| 6. yadi zrutajJAna ko mAtra zAbdika athavA Agamika jJAna mAnA jAe, to vaha ekendriya se lekara caturindriya jIvoM meM sambhava nahIM ho sakatA tathA kucha paMcendriya jIvoM meM bhI nahIM ho sktaa| isalie zrutajJAna kA svarUpa Agamika jJAna se bhinna bhI honA cAhie / jinabhadragaNI ne samAdhAna karate hue kahA hai ki ekendriya se lekara caturindriya jIvoM meM bhI bhAvazruta pAyA jAtA hai, jo dravyazruta ke binA bhI ho sakatA hai| 7. zrutajJAna vyakti ko sAMsArika AkarSaNoM se dUra karatA hai tathA use mukti ke mArga hetu prerita karatA hai| yaha AdhyAtmika vikAsa hetu bahuta bar3I zakti hai, jaba yaha ruka jAtA hai yA bhrAnta hotA hai to jIva ko sahI patha kA jJAna nahIM hotA hai| sandarbha:1. (1) jo hi sudeNAhigacchai appANamiNaM tu kevalaM suddhN| taM sudakevalimisiNo bhaNaMti loyppdiivyraa||- samayasAra, 1.9

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162 (2) jo hi sudeNa vijANadi appANaM jANagaM sahAveNa / taM sudakevalimisiNo bhaNati loyappadIvayarA / / - pravacanasAra, 1.33 2. sudakevalaM ca nANaM, doNNi vi sarisANi honti bohaado| sudaNANaM tu parokkhaM, paccakkhaM kevalaM nANaM / / - gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, 369 3. zrutamAptavacanamAgama upadeza aitihyamAmnAyaM pravacanaM jinvcnmitynrthaanntrm|sbhaassytttvaarthaadhigmsuutr, 1.20 4. AptavacanAdAvirbhUtamarthasaMvedanamAgamaH / upacArAdAptavacanaM ca / pramANanayatattvAloka 4.1-2 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana maipuvvaM suyamuttaM na maI suyapuvviyA viseso 'yaM / puvvaM pUraNa- pAlaNabhAvAo jaM maI tassa, pUrijjai pAvijja dijjai vA jaM maIe NAmeNa pAlijjai ya maIe gahiyaM iharA paNasejjA / / 5. (1) zrutaM matipUrvaM dbrayanekadvAdazabhedam / - tattvArthasUtra, 1.20 (2) maipuvvaM suyamuttaM - vizeSAvazyakabhASya, divyadarzana TrasTa, mumbaI, gAthA 105 6. draSTavya, sarvArthasiddhi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI, 15vAM saMskaraNa, 2009, pR. 85 7. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 105 evaM 106 - 8. tattvArthavArtika, 1.20.7 9. matisAmAnyanirdezAnna zrotraM matipUrvakam / zrutaM niyamyate azeSamatipUrvasya vIkSaNAt / / - tattvArthazlokavArtika, 1.20.10 10. na smRtyAdi matijJAnaM zrutamevaM prasajyate / matipUrvatvaniyamAttasyAsya tu matitvataH / - tattvArthazlokavArtika 1.20.12 11. matirhi bahiraMgaM zrutasya kAraNaM antaraMga tu zrutajJAnAvaraNakSayopazamavizeSaH / sa ca smRtyAdermativizeSasya nAstIti na zrutatvam / - tattvArthazlokavArtika 1.20.13 kI vRtti 12. (i) kevalaNANeNatthe, NAuM je tattha paNNavaNajogge / te bhAsai titthayaro, vayajogaM suyaM havai sesaM / - Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 78 (ii) jinabhadragaNi ne bhI isakI carcA kI hai / - draSTavya, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 829 13. tattvArthabhASya, 1.20 14. hAribhadrIyA, tattvArthavRtti, 1.20 pR. 99 15. zrutajJAnantu trikAlaviSayaM vizuddhataraM ceti / - sabhASyatattvArthAdhigamasUtra, 1.20 16. vyvhitviprkRssttaaneksuukssmaarthgraahitvaadvishuddhtrmucyte| - hAribhadrIyA tattvArthavRtti, tattvArthAdhigamasUtra, svopajJabhASyanusAri zrI haribhadravRtti - samanvita, zrI harSapuSpAmRta jaina

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zrutajJAna kA svarUpa 163 ___ granthamAlA, granthAGka-369, lAkhAbAvala, saurASTra, san 2000, sUtra 1.20 pR. 103 17. NANaM appA savvaM jamhA sudakevalI tamhA / - samayasAra, gAthA 10 18. sarvajJapraNItatvAdAnantyAcca jJeyasya zrutajJAnaM mtijnyaanaanmhaavissym| - sabhASyatattvArthAdhigamasUtra, 1.20 19. samyagdarzanaparigRhItaM matyAdi jJAnaM bhvtynythaa'jnyaanmeveti| - tattvArthabhASya 1.32 20. draSTavya, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 110 se 117 21. bandha tattva, pUrvokta, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 2010, pR. 9-10, bhAvArtha drssttvy| 22. jainadarzana meM zraddhA (samyagdarzana), matijJAna aura kevalajJAna kI vibhAvanA, saMskRta-saMskRti granthamAlA 8, ahamadAbAda, 2003 pR. 37 23. bandha tattva, pUrvokta, pR. 16 24. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 81 para hemacandra vRtti| 25. Jinvani, Samyag Jnana Pracharak Mandal, Jaipur, ISSN 2249-2011, ___July 2013,p.49 26. tattvArthasUtra, 2.22 27. samaNasuttaM, gAthA 252 se 253 28. AcArAMgasUtra 1.5.5 sUtra 177 29. SaTkhaNDAgama, dhavalATIkA, pustaka 13, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura sUtra 5.5.48 pR. 262 30. gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, gAthA 320 31. savvajIvANaM pi ya NaM akkharassa aNaMtabhAgo niccugghADiyao- vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 458 kI bRhavRtti evaM gAthA 492 kI bRhvRtti| 32. draSTavya- vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 492 kI bRhadvRtti / 33. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 99 kA antima pAda 34. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 98 para vRhavRtti 35. niyamA suyaM tu jIvo, jIve bhayaNA u tIsu tthaannesu| suyanANI suya annANI, kevalanANI va so hojjA / / - bRhatkalpabhASya, gAthA 139 36. gIyattho---akevalI vi kevalIva bhavati / ahavA kevalI tividho---suyakevalI avadhikevalI kevlikevlii|- nizItha bhASya 4820 kI cUrNi 37. mA evamasaggAhaM giNhasu giNhasu suyaM taiyacakTuM -- sUkSmavyavahitAdiSvatIndriyArtheSu tRtIyacakSuH / - bRhatkalpabhASya 1154 kI vRtti

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samyagdarzana AcArAMga kA eka vAkya hai- jahA aMto tahA baahiN| arthAt vyakti jaisA bhItara meM hotA hai vaisA hI bAhara hotA hai| jaisI usakI Antarika dRSTi hotI hai vaisA hI usakA jIvana hotA hai| bhItara meM yadi usakA soca saMkIrNa hai to vyavahAra meM bhI saMkIrNatA A hI jaaegii| bhItara meM jaisA dRSTikoNa hotA hai, jaisI mAnyatA hotI hai, jaisI zraddhA yA vizvAsa hotA hai, vyakti kA jIvana vaisA hI banatA hai| vyakti cAhe to apanI dRSTi badala kara jIvana badala sakatA hai| duHkha se mukta hone ke lie yaha dRSTi kA parivartana hI prathama AdhAra hai| yaha yadi samyak ho jAe to use samyagdRSTi athavA samyagdarzana kahA jAtA hai| darzana samyak hote hI vyakti kA jJAna svataH samyak ho jAtA hai tathA ina donoM ke samyak hone para AcaraNa samyak ho jAtA hai| jaba ye tInoM samyak hoM to mokSa kI prApti kA mArga pUrNatA ko prApta hotA hai| samyagdarzana ko mApane kA bAharI paimAnA hai- zama, saMvega, nirveda, anukampA evaM Astikya kA honaa| samyagdRSTi vyakti meM krodhAdi kaSAyoM kA zAnta honA zama kahalAtA hai, duHkha se mukti kI tIvra abhilASA saMvega hai, viSaya-bhogoM se virakti nirveda hai, duHkhI prANiyoM ke duHkha kA saMvedana honA anukampA hai tathA sabhI jIvoM ke astitva evaM duHkhamukti ko svIkAra karanA Astikya hai| duHkha se mukta hue arihantoM evaM siddhoM, duHkhamukti ke mArga ke upadeSTA guruoM tathA duHkhamukti ke AcaraNa svarUpa dharma para zraddhA honA bhI samyagdarzana kA svarUpa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jIvana, jagat, sukha-duHkha Adi ke sambandha meM pratyeka jIva koI na koI vyakta yA avyakta mAnyatA, zraddhA, vizvAsa yA dhAraNA lie hue hai| yaha mAnyatA, vizvAsa, zraddhA yA dhAraNA hI usakI dRSTi hai| isa dRSTi ke anusAra pratyeka jIva eka hI ghaTanA ke prati bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNa rakhatA hai tathA bhinna-bhinna pratikriyA vyakta karatA hai| koI eka ghaTanA meM sukha kA anubhava karatA hai to dUsarA usI ghaTanA meM duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai| eka use tyAjya samajhatA hai to dUsarA use grAhya mAnatA hai| eka kI dRSTi moha kI pragADhatA se dUSita rahatI hai to dUsare kI dRSTi nirmala evaM nirAsakta hotI hai| eka dhana-sampatti, bhUmi-bhavana Adi ko prApta kara unheM pakar3e rakhane meM hita mAnatA hai to dUsarA unakI tucchatA samajhakara unheM tyAga dene meM hita samajhatA hai| isa prakAra yaha dRSTi jIva kI jIvana zailI kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai|

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samyagdarzana 165 Agama meM dRSTi tIna prakAra kI kahI gaI hai-1. samyagdRSTi 2. mithyAdRSTi aura 3. mizradRSTi / ye tInoM dRSTiyA~ jIva kI Antarika jIvana-dRSTi kI paricAyaka haiN| vaise to pratyeka jIva kI dRSTi eka dUsare se bhinna hI hotI hai, isalie dRSTi ke ananta bheda bhI ho sakate haiM, kintu una ananta dRSTiyoM kA samAveza sthAnAMgasUtra, prajJApanA sUtra Adi AgamoM meM uparyukta tIna dRSTiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai| tadanusAra loka meM kucha jIva samyagdRSTiyukta hote haiM, kucha jIva mithyAdRSTi yukta hote haiM tathA zeSa kucha jIva mizradRSTi vAle hote haiN| prazna yaha hotA hai ki kise samyagdRSTi kahA jAye, kise mithyAdRSTi evaM kise mizradRSTi? sthUladRSTi se kahA jAye to jo jIva padArthoM ke svarUpa ko yathArtha rUpa se jAnakara vaisA zraddhAna nahIM karate haiM, viSaya bhogoM meM ramaNa karanA acchA samajhate haiM yA mUDha bane hue haiM ve mithyA dRSTi hote haiN| isake viparIta jo jIva-jIvAdi padArthoM ko yathAbhUta rUpa meM jAnakara una para vaisA zraddhAna karate haiM, vaiSayika sukhoM se virakta hokara vikAra-vijaya ke mArga kI ora unmukha hone meM apanA hita samajhate haiM ve samyagdRSTi hote haiN| jaba koI jIva samyagdRSTi evaM mithyAdRSTi na hoM to ve samyagmithyAdRSTi yA mizradRSTi kahe gae haiN| mizradRSTi kA kAla antarmuhUrta jitanA hotA hai, jabaki mithyAdRSTi anantakAla taka raha sakatI hai| samyagdRSTi meM pratyeka kA kAla bhinna-bhinna hai| samyagdarzana ke trividha svarUpa 1. tattvArthazraddhAna- uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM samyaktva athavA samyagdarzana zabda kA aneka bAra prayoga huA hai| vahA~ samyagdarzana kA svarUpa nirUpita karate hue kahA gayA hai tahiyANaM tu bhAvANaM, sabbhAve uvesnnN| bhAveNa saddahatassa, sammattaM tu viyaahiyN| __-uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28.15 jo jIva, ajIva Adi padArtha jaise haiM unake vaise hone kA svataH athavA upadeza se bhAvapUrvaka zraddhAna honA samyaktva kahA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne bhI samayasAra meM jIvAdi padArthoM para zraddhA karane ko samyagdarzana kahA hai|' jo jIvAdi

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166 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana tattva jaise haiM una para vaisA hI zraddhAna karanA athavA unako vaisA hI mAnanA samyagdarzana hai| samyagdarzana kA aisA hI lakSaNa tattvArthasUtra meM bhI prApta hotA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai- 'tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam' (tattvArthasUtra 1.2) arthAt tattvArtha para zraddhAna karanA samyagdarzana hai| tattvArtha zabda kA Azaya hai- jIva, ajIva Adi tttv| inheM hI artha yA padArtha kahA gayA hai| Agama meM ina tattvoM kI saMkhyA nau haijIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Amrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA evaM mokSA tattvArthasUtra meM puNya evaM pApa ke atirikta sAta tattva pratipAdita haiN| ina tattvoM ke yathAbhUta svarUpa para zraddhAna karanA samyagdarzana hai| ina tattvoM ke svarUpa bodha se bandhana evaM mukti kI prakriyA kA bodha hotA hai, isalie ina tattvoM kA jJAna evaM una para zraddhAna Avazyaka hai| AcArya kundakunda ne bhUtArtha (yathAbhUta artha) kA Azraya lene vAle ko samyagdRSTi kahA hai tathA bhUtArtha meM ve jIva, ajIva Adi nau tattvoM kA grahaNa karate haiN|' 2. deva, guru evaM dharma(tattva)para zraddhAna - samyagdarzana kA eka vyAvahArika lakSaNa hai- sudeva, suguru evaM sudharma para aasthaa| AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM isI prakAra kA lakSaNa pradAna karate hue kahA hai yAdevedevatAbuddhirgurauca gurutaamtiH| dharma ca dharmadhIH zuddhA, samyak shrddhaanmucyte|| -yogazAstra, 2.2 vItarAga deva ko deva samajhanA, sadguru ko guru mAnanA tathA jinaprajJapta dharma meM dharmabuddhi honA samyak zraddhAna hai athavA samyagdarzana hai| yogazAstra ke isa kathana kA AdhAra sambhava hai Avazyaka sUtra kI nimnAMkita gAthA rahI ho| arihaMto mahadevo, jAvajjIvaMsusAhuNo gurunno| jiNapaNNattaMtattaM,iyasammattaMmae ghiyN|| arihanta mere deva haiM, susAdhu mere guru haiM tathA jinaprajJapta tattva (dharma) hai, yaha samyaktva mere dvArA jIvana paryanta ke lie grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| haribhadrasUri ke SaDdarzana samuccaya (zloka 46) meM bhI jinendra ko devatA kahA gayA hai- jinendro devatA tatra rAgadveSavivarjitaH |raajshekhrsuuri (13 vIM zatI) ne guru kA svarUpa spaSTa karate hue likhA hai

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samyagdarzana 167 mhaavrtdhrodhiirHsrvaagmrhsyvit| krodhamAnAdivijayI nigraMtho gururucyte||' paMca mahAvratadhArI, samasta AgamoM ke rahasyoM ke jJAtA, krodha-mAna Adi kaSAya vijayI, dhIra evaM nigraMtha guru kahe gae haiN| AcArya kundakunda ke mokSapAhuDa meM bhI kathana hai ki hiMsA rahita dharma, ajJAnAdi aThAraha doSoM se rahita deva tathA nigraMtha pravacana para zraddhA honA samyaktva hai|' kArtikeyAnuprekSA meM guru pada kA bhI samAveza karate hue kahA gayA hai nnijjiydosNdevNsvvjinnaannNdyaavrNdhmm| vajjiyagaMthaM caguruM, jomaNNadiso husdditttthii| doSavijetA vItarAga ko jo 'deva', utkRSTa dayA ko 'dharma' tathA nigraMtha ko 'guru' mAnatA hai, vaha samyagdRSTi hai| samprati vItarAga arihanta-siddha ko deva, paMca mahAvratadhArI ko guru evaM jinaprajJapta tattva ko dharma mAnane rUpa samyagdarzana ke svarUpa kA adhika pracalana hai| kintu aMga evaM upAMga AgamoM meM prAyaH nirgrantha pravacana yA jinavacana para zraddhA karane kA hI ullekha milatA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai-'tameva saccaM NIsaMkaM jaM jiNehiM paveditaM" arthAt vahI satya nizzaMka hai jo jinendroM ke dvArA kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga ke isa vacana meM mAtra mahAvIra kA nahIM, samasta jinendroM kA kathana hai / jinendroM ke dvArA prarUpita vacana zraddheya haiN| upAsakadazAMga sUtra meM Ananda zrAvaka bhagavAna mahAvIra kI dharmadezanA sunane ke pazcAt kahatA hai-saddahAmiNaMbhaMte!niggaMthaM pAvayaNaM pattiyAmi NaM bhaMte! niggaMthaM pAvayaNaM, roemi NaM bhaMte! 'niggaMtha pAvayaNaM, evameya bhaMte ! tahameyaM bhaMte!avitahameyaM bhaMte!' arthAt 'he bhagavan! maiM nirgrantha pravacana para zraddhA karatA hU~, vizvAsa karatA hU~, nirgrantha pravacana mujhe rucikara hai| vaha aisA hI hai, tathya hai, satya hai| nirgrantha pravacana yA jinendroM dvArA prarUpita tattva zraddheya hai|' jinendroM dvArA prarUpita dharma jaba zraddheya hai to jinendra deva to svataH hI zraddheya ho ge| isI prakAra nirgrantha-pravacana zraddheya hone se usake upadeSTA nirgrantha guru bhI zraddheya ho ge| isa dRSTi se deva, guru evaM dharma (jina prarUpita) tInoM para zraddhA rakhanA samyagdarzana siddha hotA hai|

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168 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 3. Atma-anAtma viveka-tattvArthazraddhAna evaM jinAgama para zraddhAna kA phala hotA hai- AtmA kA para padArthoM se bhinnatA kA anubhv| para se Atma-tattva kI bhinnatA nizcaya samyagdarzana hai| paNDita cainasukhadAsa ne jaina darzanasAra meM samyagdarzana kA isI prakAra kA lakSaNa diyA hai- samyagdarzanaM hi aatmetrvivekruupm| AtmA evaM para padArthoM meM pRthaktA kA bodha samyagdarzana hai| isa kathana kA AdhAra AcArya jayasena kA yaha vAkya rahA hogA-"athavA teSAmeva bhUtArthanAdhigatAnAM padArthAnAM zuddhAtmanaH sakAzAt bhinnatvena samyagavalokanaM nishcysmyktvm|"" bhUtArtha se jJAta padArthoM kI zuddhAtmA se bhinnatA kA samyak anubhava karanA yA jAnanA nizcaya samyaktva hai| aisA samyaktva hone para zuddhAtmA kI upAdeyatA ke prati zraddhAna hotA hai| samyagdarzana se yukta jIva AtmA meM lIna rahatA hai, jaisA ki kundakunda kahate haiMappA appammi rao, sammAiTThI havei phuDu jiivo|(bhaavpaahudd 31) AtmasvarUpa meM lIna jIva samyagdRSTi hotA hai| samyagdarzana ke isa svarUpa ko Atmavinizcaya, granthibheda Adi zabdoM se bhI vyakta kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra samyagdarzana nizcaya evaM vyavahAra donoM prakAra kA ho sakatA hai| jaba taka tattvArthoM ke svarUpa kA Atmika stara para anubhava nahIM huA hai taba taka una para huI zraddhA vyavahAra samyagdarzana hai tathA Atma-anAtma viveka nizcaya samyagdarzana kA rUpa hai| deva, guru evaM dharma para sahI zraddhAna bhI vyavahAra samyagdarzana hai| samyagdarzana ke lie mAtra 'samyaktva (sammattaM) zabda kA prayoga bhI Agama meM bahuzaH huA hai| vaise samyaktva zabda samyakpane yA yathArthatA kA dyotaka hai jisakA darzana, jJAna evaM cAritra tInoM ke sAtha prayoga hotA hai, yathA- samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyak caaritr| tattvArthasUtra meM 'samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArga:'' sUtra meM sthita 'samyak' pada kA darzana, jJAna evaM cAritra tInoM ke sAtha anvaya huA hai| phira bhI samyaktva zabda samyagdarzana ke artha meM hI rUDha hai, kyoMki tInoM meM samyagdarzana kI pradhAnatA hai / darzana samyak hone para hI jJAna samyak hogA aura jJAna samyak hone para hI cAritra samyak hogaa| dRSTi kA mahattva evaM samyagdarzana jaisI dRSTi hotI hai, prAyaH sRSTi vaisI hI pratIta hotI hai / netroM para yadi hare

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samyagdarzana 169 glAsa kA cazmA car3hA liyA jAye to bAhara saba kucha harA hI dikhAI detA hai tathA vyavahAra bhI phira usI ke anusAra kiyA jAtA hai| jaba bAhya netradRSTi kA bhI itanA prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai to antaHdRSTi kI to bAta hI kyA? bhItara meM dRSTi bhoga kI hai to sabakucha bhogya hI najara AtA hai, bhItara meM bhogoM ko tyAjya samajha liyA hai, to sAre bhoga tuccha evaM tyAjya najara Ate haiN| dRSTi kI nirmalatA ko samyagdRSTi kahA gayA hai| jaba dRSTi samyak se punaH malina hone lage, kintu pUrNataH mithyAtva ko prApta nahIM ho, aisI mizrita avasthA ko mizradRSTi kahA jAtA hai| cU~ki mizradRSTi meM jIva antarmuhUrta se adhika kAla taka nahIM rahatA, isalie hama prAyaH mithyAdRSTi evaM samyagdRSTi avasthA meM hI jIte haiN| inameM bhI dRSTi nairmalya ke AdhAra para Akalana kiyA jAye to mithyAdRSTi jIva hI adhika haiN| ekendriya se lekara caturindriya jIva to prAyaH mithyAdRSTi hI hote haiM, kintu paMcendriyoM meM manuSyoM kI carcA kI jAye to ve bhI adhikatara mithyAdRSTi hI haiN| 'dRSTi' kA apara nAma 'darzana' bhI hai| saMskRta meM ye donoM zabda 'dRz' (dekhanA) dhAtu se niSpanna hue haiN| 'dRz' dhAtu se jaba 'ktin' pratyaya kiyA jAtA hai to 'dRSTi' zabda niSpanna hotA hai tathA jaba 'lyuT' (ana) pratyaya kiyA jAtA hai to 'darzana' zabda niSpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra 'dRSTi' evaM 'darzana' zabda eka hI 'dRz' dhAtu se niSpanna haiN| dRz kA artha hai- dekhanA, kintu sarvArthasiddhi meM pUjyapAda devanandI ne prastuta sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM darzana kA 'zraddhAna' artha svIkAra kiyA hai| darzana zabda kA prayoga jainadarzana meM do prakAra se huA hai- eka to darzanAvaraNIya karma ke kSaya athavA kSayopazama ke lie tathA dUsarA jIva ke dvArA darzanamohanIya karma ke kSaya, upazama yA kSayopazama ke lie| yahA~ para 'samyagdarzana' kA abhiprAya darzanamoha karma ke kSayAdi se prakaTa 'darzana' se hai| samyagdarzana ke do upAya ___ samyagdarzana kI prApti hetu tattvArthasUtra (1.2) meM do upAya pratipAdita haiM"tannisargAdadhigamAdvA" vaha samyagdarzana svataH evaM adhigama arthAt guru Adi ke upadeza se hotA hai| parivAra meM kisI kI mRtyu dekhakara kisI ko yaha bodha ho sakatA hai ki saMsAra anitya hai, jIvana bhI nazvara hai, isameM moha mamatA karanA duHkha kA

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170 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kAraNa hai| isa prakAra yathArtha kA bodha evaM usa para zraddhAna rUpa samyagdarzana nisarga se arthAt svataH hone vAlA samyagdarzana hai| kabhI guru Adi ke upadeza se evaM zAstra se bhI saMsAra kI anityatA, azaraNatA, duHkhazIlatA Adi kA bodha evaM zraddhAna hotA hai, vaha adhigamaja samyagdarzana hai| Agama meM aise aneka vAkya prApta hote haiM, jo vyakti ko saMsAra se virakta karate haiN| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai imaMsarIraM aNiccaM, asuiM asuisNbhvN| asaasyaavaasminnNdukkhkesaannbhaaynnN||" yaha zarIra anitya hai, azuci hai tathA azuci meM utpanna hai| yaha azAzvata hai tathA duHkha evaM klezoM kA bhAjana hai| isa prakAra kA yaha Agama vAkya zarIra ke prati Asakti ko tor3ane ke lie prerita karatA hai| zarIra se Asakti TUTegI to dRSTi kA samyak honA sambhava hai| athavA kaheM ki dRSTi samyak ho jAegI to Asakti kA TUTanA zakya hai| isI prakAra mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka kA vacana hai ego mesAsaoappA, naanndNsnnsNjuo| sesAmebAhirAbhAvA, svvesNjoglkkhnnaa||" jJAnadarzanamaya eka zAzvata AtmA hI merI hai, zeSa saba padArtha bAharI hai evaM saMyoga lakSaNa vAle haiN| yaha kathana AtmA evaM usase itara padArthoM meM bhedajJAna karAne ke lie adhigama kA kArya karatA hai| ___ zrImad rAjacandra kA kathana 'merA so jAve nahIM, jAve so merA nhiiN|' bhI jIvana ko eka dRSTi pradAna karatA hai ki jo nazvara hai vaha vastu jAegI hI, usake prati moha mamatva karanA ucita nhiiN| vaha mere lAkha cAhane evaM prayatna karane para bhI chUTa jAegI, ataH usake jAne se duHkhI honA ucita nhiiN| isa taraha yaha vAkya AtmA evaM Atmetara padArthoM meM bhedajJAna karane kA sUtra pradAna karatA hai| ___ jo samyagdRSTi honA cAhatA hai, usake lie prAthamika upAya yahI hai ki vaha jinendroM ke dvArA prarUpita tattva ko nizzaMkatApUrvaka svIkAra kre| jinhoMne samyagdarzana ke mAdhyama se samyak patha ko apanAyA hai tathA samasta rAga-dveSAdi zatruoM ko jItakara kevalajJAna kevaladarzana kI prApti kI hai, unake vacanoM para

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samyagdarzana 171 vizvAsa karanA samyagdarzana kI prApti hetu samucita kadama hai / yaha vizvAsa yA yaha zraddhA bhI samyagdarzana hI hai, kyoMki aisA svIkAra karane para vyakti unmArga se sanmArga para A jAtA hai evaM AtmA kA itara padArthoM se bhedajJAna karane meM samartha hotA hai / vaha bhedajJAna hI samyagdarzana hai / samyagdarzana kA prakaTIkaraNa evaM usakI prakriyA dRSTi kI samyaktA evaM isake mithyAtva ke mApadaNDa kA AdhAra jaina graMthoM meM moha kI kamI yA Adhikya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| samyagdRSTi jIva ve haiM jinhoMne pragAr3ha moha ko zithila kara diyA hai| pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to samyagdRSTi kA prakaTIkaraNa taba hotA hai, jaba darzanamohanIya kI tIna prakRtiyoM (samyaktvamohanIya, mithyAtva mohanIya evaM mizramohanIya) kA tathA cAritramohanIya ke anantAnubandhIcatuSka (anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha) kA kSaya, upazama yA kSayopazama kara diyA jAtA hai | cAritramohanIya moha kA AcaraNa sambandhI rUpa hai jo krodhAdi ke mAdhyama se prakaTa hotA hai | darzanamohanIya moha kA dRSTigata yA vizvAsagata rUpa hai, jo adhika bhayaMkara hai / dRSTi hI malina ho to svacchatA najara nahIM A sktii| antaH dRSTi meM malinatA ko hI mithyAtva kahA gayA hai / samyagdarzana kI prApti ke lie kSayopazama, vizuddhi, dezanA, prAyogya evaM karaNa ina pA~ca labdhiyoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| pUrva baddha karmoM ke anubhAga athavA rasa kI tIvratA jaba kama hotI hai tathA vizuddhi ke kAraNa anubhAga ke spardhaka anantaguNa hIna hote hue udIrNa hote haiM to use kSayopazama labdhi kahate haiM / " kSayopazama jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya evaM antarAya - ina cAra ghAtI karmoM kA hI hotA hai| vizeSataH moha meM kamI hI kSayopazama labdhi kI dyotaka hotI hai, jisameM jIva apane jJAna kA upayoga tattvabodha meM karatA hai / pratisamaya anantaguNita hIna krama se anubhAga spardhakoM se utpanna huA sAtA vedanIya Adi zubha karmoM ke bandha kA nimittabhUta aura asAtA Adi azubha karmoM ke bandha kA virodhI jo jIva kA pariNAma hai usakI prApti vizuddhi labdhi hai| " tIrthaMkara, guru Adi kA upadeza zravaNa kara usake artha ke grahaNa, dhAraNa aura vicAraNa kI zakti ko dezanA labdhi kahate haiN| dezanAlabdhi kadAcit mithyAtvI ke nimitta se bhI prApta ho sakatI hai| mithyAdRSTi

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana muniyoM ke upadeza se aneka bhavya jIvoM ko samyagdarzanapUrvaka samyagjJAna prakaTa huA hai| cauthI labdhi prAyogya labdhi hai| digambara grantha labdhisAra ke anusAra isake antargata jIva Ayu karma ke atirikta zeSa karmoM kI utkRSTa sthiti antaH koTA koTi sAgaropama kara letA hai| isameM karmoM kI utkRSTa sthiti evaM utkRSTa anubhAga kA ghAta hotA hai tathA azubha karmoM kA anubhAga dvi sthAnika baMdhatA hai tathA zubha karmoM kA pratisamaya anantaguNA bar3hatA catuHsthAnika anubhAga baMdhatA hai| azubha karmoM kA dvisthAnika udaya tathA zubha karmoM kA catuHsthAnika rasa udita hotA hai / ' labdhisAra ke anusAra kSayopazama Adi cAra labdhiyA~ abhavya jIvoM ko bhI ho sakatI haiM, kintu karaNa labdhi bhavya jIva ko hI hotI hai| " samyaktva prApti ke anukUla vizeSa prazasta pariNAma hI karaNa labdhi haiN| isakI prApti saMjJI, paryAptaka, nirmala pariNAma vAle, jJAnopayogavAn, jAgrata aura zubha lezyA vAle bhavI jIva ko hotI hai| 17 172 19 karaNa labdhi ke tIna stara haiM- 1. yathApravRttikaraNa ( adhaH pravRttikaraNa ), 2. apUrvakaraNa evaM 3. anivRttikaraNa | " prAyogya labdhi ke antargata jaba sAta karmoM kI sthiti aMtaH koTAkoTi sAgaropama rahatI hai, usako yathApravRttikaraNa meM aura parimita kara diyA jAtA hai / yathApravRtta karaNa meM pratisamaya anantaguNI vizuddhi bar3hatI rahatI hai jo apUrva karaNa meM aura adhika bar3hatI jAtI hai| isakA ullekha paMcasaMgraha bhAga 9 kI gAthA 7 meM huA hai, yathA- 'paisamayamaNantaguNA sohI uDDhAmuhI tiricchA u|' yathApravRttikaraNa karane vAlA jIva rAga-dveSa kI granthi taka pahu~catA hai, kintu use bheda nahIM pAtA hai| apUrvakaraNa meM jIva rAga-dveSa kI durbhedya granthi ko tor3ane meM saphala ho jAtA hai, yaha usake lie eka navIna upalabdhi hotI hai, isalie ise apUrvakaraNa kahA gayA hai| karmagranthoM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra yathApravRttikaraNa abhavya jIvoM meM bhI ananta bAra ho sakatA hai, kintu ve usase Age nahIM bar3ha pAte haiN| bhavya jIva hI apUrvakaraNa karane meM samartha ho pAte haiM / apUrvakaraNa ke dvArA jIva ke pariNAma jaba adhika zuddha hote haiM taba anivRttikaraNa hotA hai| antarmuhUrta pramANa anivRtti karaNa meM jIva kA vIrya samullAsa itanA bar3ha jAtA hai ki vaha antarmuhUrta sthiti kA eka bhAga zeSa rahane para antarakaraNa kI kriyA karatA huA mithyAtva mohanIya ke karma dalikoM ko upazAMta karane meM samartha hotA hai| isa karaNa ke

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173 samyagdarzana pazcAt antarmuhUrta kAla taka mithyAtva mohanIya kA koI dalika udaya meM nahIM rahatA hai| phalataH aupazamika samyaktva prakaTa ho jAtA hai| aupazamika samyaktva meM jIva zAnti, sthiratA aura pUrNa Ananda kA anubhava karatA hai / ise prathamopazama samyaktva kahA jAtA hai| yathApravRttikaraNa Adi trividha karaNa aupazamika samyaktva kI prApti ke lie Avazyaka hote haiN| aupazamika samyaktva prApta karane vAlA jIva mithyAtva ke tIna puMja karatA hai - zuddha, arddha zuddha aura azuddha / aupazamika samyaktva kA antarmuhUrta kAla pUrNa hone para jIva kI tIna avasthAe~ ho sakatI haiN| pariNAmoM kI zuddhatA rahane para zuddha puMja udaya meM AtA hai, jisase samyaktva kA ghAta nahIM hotA hai evaM jo samyaktva prakaTa hotA hai use kSAyopazamika samyaktva kahA jAtA hai / jIva ke pariNAma arddha vizuddha rahane para dUsare puMja kA udaya rahatA hai, taba jIva mizra dRSTi kahalAtA hai| pariNAmoM ke azuddha hone para azuddha puMja kA udaya hotA hai, phalataH punaH jIva mithyAdRSTi ho jAtA hai| samyaktva ke prakAra samyagdarzana kaisA evaM kitane kAla ke lie huA hai, isakA bhI bar3A mahattva hai| yadi samyagdarzana kSAyika huA hai to vaha eka bAra hone ke kabhI samApta pazcAt nahIM hotaa| aise samyagdarzana ko prApta manuSya ne yadi samyagdarzana kI prApti se pUrva agale bhava kA AyuSya nahIM bAMdhA hai to vaha usI bhava meM mokSa prApta kara letA hai| yadi AyuSya bAMdha liyA hai to tIna yA cAra bhavoM meM avazya hI mokSa prApta ho jAtA hai| kSAyika samyagdarzana atyanta nirmala hotA hai tathA anantAnubandhI catuSka evaM darzana moha kI tIna prakRtiyoM kA kSaya hone para prakaTa hotA hai| aupazamika samyagdarzana anantAnubandhI catuSka evaM darzanamoha kI tInoM prakRtiyoM kA upazama hone para prakaTa hotA hai / aupazamika meM bhI kSAyika samyagdarzana kI bhAMti nirmalatA rahatI hai, kintu isameM anantAnubandhI Adi sAtoM prakRtiyA~ sattA meM banI rahatI haiM, jo punaH prakaTa ho jAtI haiM, jabaki kSAyika samyagdarzana meM inakA pUrNataH kSaya ho jAtA hai| ina donoM ke bheda ko eka udAharaNa se samajhA jA sakatA hai| eka gilAsa meM pAnI miTTI se gaMdalA ho tathA phiTakarI Adi kA prayoga karane para

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana miTTI nIce baiTha jAe to pAnI nirmala dikhAI detA hai, kintu gilAsa ke hilane para pAnI meM miTTI ke punaH milane se pAnI gaMdalA hone kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai / yahI sthiti aupazamika samyagdarzana kI hai, jo sattA meM sthita anantAnubandhI catuSka evaM darzanamoha kI prakRtiyoM ke udaya meM Ane para samApta ho sakatA hai| yadi gilAsa kI miTTI ko haTA kara pAnI ko pUrNataH nirmala kara liyA jAe to hama use kSAyika samyagdarzana ko samajhane kA udAharaNa mAna sakate haiN| kSAyika samyagdarzana ke punaH azuddha hone yA samApta hone kI guMjAiza nahIM hotI / aupazamika samyagdarzana eka bhava meM jaghanya eka bAra, utkRSTa do bAra tathA aneka bhavoM kI apekSA jaghanya do bAra evaM utkRSTa pA~ca bAra prApta ho sakatA hai / aupazamika samyagdarzana huA hai to vaha eka bAra avazya hI samApta hotA hai, kyoMki aupazamika samyaktva kA kAla jaghanya-utkRSTa antarmuhUrta taka rahatA hai| aise jIva kI bhI adhika se adhika arddhapudgala parAvartana kAla meM to mukti nizcita hI hai| 174 samyaktva kA tRtIya prakAra hai kSAyopazamika / isa samyaktva meM anantAnubandhI catuSka tathA mithyAtva mohanIya aura mizra mohanIya ina chaha prakRtiyoM kA kSayopazama ( udaya ke abhAva rUpa kSaya aura sattA meM upazama ) ho jAtA hai, kintu samyaktvamohanIya kA vedana rahatA hai| yaha samyaktva jaghanya antarmuhUrta evaM utkRSTa 66 sAgaropama se adhika kAla taka rahatA hai| yaha samyaktva eka bhava meM jaghanya eka bAra, utkRSTa pRthaktva hajAra bAra tathA aneka bhavoM kI apekSA jaghanya do bAra tathA utkRSTa asaMkhyAta bAra prApta ho sakatA hai| samyaktva ke kucha anya prakAra bhI haiM, jinameM upazama samyaktva se giratA huA jIva jaba mithyAtva ko prApta karane kI ora agrasara hotA hai to jaghanya eka samaya evaM utkRSTa chaha AvalikA taka vaha sAsvAdana samyaktva kA AsvAdana karatA hai / samyaktva mohanIya kA vedana honA vedaka samyaktva hai / anantAnubandhI catuSka Adi anya chaha prakRtiyoM kA taba upazama yA kSaya hotA hai| samyagdarzana kA mahattva samyagdarzana adhyAtma sAdhanA kA mUla AdhAra hai| isake hone para AtmA meM eka navIna Aloka kA anubhava hotA hai| AcArya zubhacandra ne jJAnArNava meM kahA hai

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samyagdarzana saddarzanaM mahAratnaM vizvalokaikabhUSaNam / muktiparyantakalyANa- dAnadakSaM prakIrttitam / / 175 -jJAnArNava 6.53 samyagdarzana saba ratnoM meM mahAn ratna hai, samasta loka kA bhUSaNa hai, AtmA ko mukti prApta hone taka kalyANa pradAna karane vAlA hai| eka AcArya ne samyaktva kI mahimA meM kahA hai samyaktvaratnAnna paraM hi ratnaM, samyaktvamitrAnna paraM hi mitram / samyaktvabandhorna paro hi bandhuH, samyaktvalAbhAnna paro hi lAbhaH / / samyaktva rUpI ratna se bar3hakara dUsarA koI ratna nahIM haiN| samyaktva rUpI mitra se bar3hakara anya koI mitra nahIM hai, samyaktva rUpI bandhu se bar3hakara anya koI bandhu nahIM hai tathA samyaktva rUpI lAbha se bar3hakara anya koI lAbha nahIM hai| samyaktva hone para kI gaI tapa Adi kI sAdhanA tIvratA se karma - nirjarA kA sAdhana banatI hai| isalie bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM kahA gayA hai ki samyaktva kA prApta honA trailokya kI prApti se bhI zreSTha hai / " 20 22 23 nandIsUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo samyagdRSTi hotA hai, usakA zruta zrutajJAna hotA hai tathA mithyAdRSTi kA zruta zruta ajJAna hotA hai / " isakA tAtparya hai ki samyagdarzana eka mahattvapUrNa Antarika dRSTi hai, jisake kAraNa ajJAna jJAna meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| karmakSaya evaM duHkha - vimukti kA jo upAya batAyA gayA hai, usameM samyagdarzana kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / samyagdarzana ke binA jJAna samyak nahIM hotA tathA jJAna samyak hue binA cAritra samyak nahIM hotA / " AcArAMga niryukti meM kahA gayA hai ki samyagdRSTi ke hI tapa, jJAna, cAritra Adi saphala hote haiN| " AcArAMga sUtra meM eka vAkya prApta hotA hai- sammattadaMsI na karei pAvaM / ( AcArAMga 1.3.2 ) isa vAkya ke do artha kie jAte haiM- (1) samyaktvadarzI sAdhaka pApa nahIM karatA / ( 2 ) samatvadarzI sAdhaka pApa nahIM krtaa| inameM prathama artha tabhI sambhava hai jaba mUla pATha meM 'sammattadaMsI' pada ho tathA dUsarA artha taba sambhava hai jaba mUlapATha meM 'samattadaMsI' pada ho| donoM artha apanA mahattva rakhate haiN| samyagdRSTi hone para pApa kI pravRtti nyUna ho jAtI hai| isakI puSTi samayasAra ke isa vAkya se bhI hotI hai- "jaM kuNadi

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sammAdiTThI, taM savvaM NijjaraNimittaM " ( samayasAra, gAthA 193 ) samyagdRSTi jo kucha karatA hai, vaha saba karma kI nirjarA ke lie karatA hai| karma kI sakAma nirjarA tabhI sambhava hai jaba pApa kI pravRtti pUrvApekSayA kama hotI jaae| dUsarA samatvadarzI artha bhI upayukta hai, kyoMki samatvadarzI vahI vyakti hotA hai jo vItarAgatA kA pathika ho athavA yoM kaheM ki vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA ke lie samatvabhAvapUrvaka draSTA bananA Avazyaka hai| jo samabhAvapUrvaka draSTA hotA hai, vaha rAga-dveSa Adi pApoM para vijaya sahaja hI prApta karane meM sakSama hotA hai| samyagdRSTi vyakti samabhAva ke mArga para sahI rIti se cala sakatA hai, ataH samyagdarzana samatvabhAva meM bhI sahAyaka hai| 176 samyagdarzana se dRSTi kI nirmalatA hotI hai / dRSTi kI nirmalatA meM saMkIrNa svArtha nahIM rahatA aura na hI apanA evaM dUsaroM kA ahita karane kI buddhi hotI hai| nirmaladRSTi manuSya sat-asat ko jAnatA hai evaM use vaisA svIkAra bhI karatA hai| usakA jIvana sva-para kalyANa kI ora kendrita hotA hai / vaha paudgalika vastuoM kI prApti meM hI jIvana kI pUrNatA nahIM maantaa| use inakI kSaNabhaMguratA evaM vinazvaratA kA bodha rahatA hai / jIvana ke prati usakA dRSTikoNa sApha hotA hai / anukUlatA evaM pratikUlatA meM vaha sama rahatA hai| bhogoM se usakA AkarSaNa chUTa jAtA hai| ajJAniyoM evaM tajjanya duHkhoM se grasta janoM para usake hRdaya meM anukampA hotI hai| apane para usakA vizvAsa hotA hai, jise AtmavizvAsa tathA AtmazraddhAna kaha sakate haiN| samyagdarzana ke ATha aMga samyagdarzana ke ATha AcAra yA aMgoM kA ullekha bhagavatI sUtra ( zataka 1, udde. 3), uttarAdhyayana sUtra (28.31 ), cAritra pAhuDa ( gAthA 7 ) Adi granthoM meM prApta hotA hai| ATha aMga yA AcAra haiM- 1. niHzaMkita, 2. niSkAMkSita, 3. nirvicikitsA, 4. amUDhadRSTi, 5. upabRMhaNa, 6. sthirIkaraNa, 7. vAtsalya, 8. prbhaavnaa| samyagdarzana kI sAdhanA karane para tathA samyaktva kI prApti para ye sabhI aMga vikasita hote haiN| aise vyakti ko jinendroM ke dvArA prarUpita vacanoM para kisI prakAra kI zaMkA nahIM rahatI tathA sat-asat, Atma-anAtma ke viveka meM bhI vaha zaMkArahita hotA hai, ataH vaha niHzaMkita kahA gayA hai| bhautika yA aindriyaka sukha ke prati kAMkSA yA abhilASA

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samyagdarzana 177 nahIM hone ke kAraNa usameM niSkAMkSatA kA AvirbhAva hotA hai| samyagdRSTi vyakti meM nirvicikitsA guNa bhI samprApta hotA hai| vaha utpanna paristhiti hetu cikitsA yA parivartana kI abhilASA na rakhakara samabhAva kI sAdhanA karatA hai| usakI dRSTi meM mUr3hatA yA ajJAna nahIM rhtaa| paM. AzAdhara ne anagAra dharmAmRta meM mUr3hatA ke tIna prakAra batAye haiM- devamUr3hatA, lokamUr3hatA aura smymuuddh'taa| arihanta evaM siddha ke atirikta kisI anya rAga-dveSa yukta ko deva mAnanA devamUr3hatA hai| loka pravAha aura loka rUr3hiyoM kA andhAnukaraNa lokamUr3hatA hai| siddhAnta aura zAstra ke sambandha meM jJAna kA abhAva samayamUr3hatA hai| samyagdarzanI ina tInoM mUr3hatAoM se rahita hone ke kAraNa amUDhadRSTi kahA gayA hai| samyak AcaraNa se yukta sAdhakoM kI prazaMsA karanA aura unheM isa dizA meM Age bar3hAnA upabRMhaNa hai| mUlAcAra evaM cAritra pAhuDa meM upabRMhaNa ke sthAna para upagUhana zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jisakA tAtparya hai dUsare ke doSoM ko prakaTa na krnaa| svayaM sadAcaraNa se zithila ho jAe athavA dharmamArga se koI patita ho jAe to svayaM ko evaM use dharmamArga para ArUr3ha karanA sthirIkaraNa hai| dhArmikajanoM ke prati premapUrNa vyavahAra vAtsalya hai| jJAnI puruSoM ke prati atyanta bahumAna evaM prIti rakhanA unake prati harSita honA bhI vAtsalya guNa kA dyotaka hai| dharma tIrtha dharma ke sahI svarUpa ko sthApita karanA, pracArita karanA prabhAvanA hai| svayaM ke AcaraNa se evaM vicAroM se yaha prabhAvanA sambhava hotI hai| samyaktvaevaMsAmpradAyikatA deva, guru evaM tattva kA nirUpaNa pratyeka dharma-darzana meM bhinna-bhinna rahA hai| isalie deva, guru evaM dharma para zraddhAna karane kA sthUla tAtparya hai usa dharma kA anuyAyI honaa| jaba bhI eka dharma se dUsare dharma meM dharmAntaraNa kiyA jAtA hai yA dharma meM dIkSita kiyA jAtA hai to deva, guru evaM dharma kA svarUpa samajhAkara samyaktva grahaNa karAI jAtI hai| udAharaNataH bauddhadharma meM buddha, dharma evaM saMgha kI zaraNa meM jAne kA ullekha huA hai, isI prakAra jainadharma meM 'arihaMte saraNaM pavajjAmi, siddhe saraNaM pavajjAmi, sAhU saraNaM pavajjAmi, kevalipaNNattaM dhammaM saraNaM pvjjaami|" pAThAnusAra arihaMta, siddha, sAdhu evaM kevaliprajJapta dharma kI zaraNa ko grahaNa karane kA kathana hai| inakI zaraNa meM jAnA tabhI saMbhava hai jaba ina para zraddhA ho| zraddhA ke binA

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178 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana zaraNa meM jAnA zakya nahIM hai| inakI zaraNa grahaNa karanA yA zraddhA karanA sanmArga ko svIkAra karanA hai| vizva meM aneka dharma haiN| sabhI dharmoM ke anuyAyI usa dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ko Astika yA samyaktvI samajhate haiM tathA anya dharmAvalambiyoM ko pAkhaNDI, mithyAtvI evaM nAstika mAnate haiN| yahI nahIM dUsare dharmAvalambiyoM ko ve ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiN| apane dharma kI burAiyoM ko bhI acchAI samajhate haiM tathA anya dharmoM kI acchAiyoM ko bhI burAI ke rUpa meM dekhate haiM / eka dharmAnuyAyI kI anya dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke prati isa prakAra kI pakSapAtapUrNa dRSTi sAmpradAyikatA kahI jAtI hai| sampradAya kA honA burA nahIM, kyoMki vaha eka vyavasthA hai, kintu sampradAyAbhiniveza yA sAmpradAyikatA kA honA burA hai| yaha sampradAyAbhiniveza manuSya ko saMkIrNa banAtA hai| sampradAya jahA~ adhigamaja samyagdarzana kA nimitta banatI hai vahA~ sAmpradAyikatA samyagdarzana para AvaraNa DAla detI hai| ___sAmpradAyikatA kA doSa vizva ke anya dharmoM kI bhAMti jainoM meM bhI dikhAI detA hai| jainoM meM jainetara dharmoM ke prati ghRNA evaM hInatA kA bhAva prAyaH kama hai, kintu jainoM kI jo upasampradAyeM haiM, ve eka dUsare ke anuyAyiyoM ko mithyAtva ke kalaMka se dUSita karatI haiN| yaha doSa tabhI sambhava hai jaba samyagdarzana ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA grahaNa nahIM huA hai, mAtra sampradAya kA vyAmoha hai| samyagdarzana hone para saccAI kA bodha to hotA hai, kintu sadbhAva samApta nahIM hotaa| eka-dUsare para chIMTAkazI sadbhAva ko samApta karatI hai| galata prarUpaNA evaM asad AcaraNa kA samarthana karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, kintu dveSabhAva utpanna kie binA heya evaM upAdeya kA bodha karAnA cAhie tathA tattva ke prati ruci utpanna karanI caahie| mithyAtvakItyAjyatA samyagdarzana hone para jJAna to samyak hotA hI hai, kintu AcaraNa bhI samyak ho jAtA hai| jaba taka AcaraNa samyak nahIM hotA taba taka vaha mukti kA sAdhana nahIM bntaa| samyagdarzana (nizcaya) ke abhAva meM bAhya tapa-tyAga bhI koI ullekhanIya mahattva nahIM rkhte| AcArAMgasUtra kI niyukti meM AcArya bhadrabAhu ne kahA hai

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samyagdarzana kuNamANo vi nivittiM, pariccayaMto vi synndhnnbhoe| dito vi duhassa uraM, micchAdiTThI na sijjhii| arthAt mithyAdRSTi prANI saMsAra se nivRtti letA huA bhI, svajana, dhana evaM bhogoM kA tyAga karatA huA bhI tathA duHkhiyoM kI sahAyatA karatA huA bhI siddha nahIM hotaa| mukti yA siddhi prApta karane ke lie mithyAdarzana kA kSaya, upazama yA kSayopazama karanA anivArya hai, tabhI samyagdarzana kA prakaTIkaraNa hogA evaM mukti kI ora caraNa bddheNge| __ mithyAdarzana ko zalya kI upamA dI gaI hai| mithyAdarzana eka aisA kaNTaka (zalya) hai, jo manuSya ko pIr3ita evaM duHkhI karane meM nimitta to banatA hai, kintu isa zalya kA manuSya ko prAyaH bhAna nahIM hotaa| mithyAtva kA bhAna hone para hI samyaktva kI upalabdhi hotI hai| mithyAtva ko tor3anA taba saMbhava hai jaba Ayukarma ke atirikta zeSa sAta karmoM kI sthiti antaH koTAkoTi sAgaropama raha jAtI hai| mithyAtva kI sthiti bhI 70 koTAkoTi sAgaropama se ghaTakara eka koTAkoTi sAgaropama se bhI nyUna raha jAtI hai| arthAt mithyAtva kI saghanatA jaba atyanta kamajora par3a jAtI hai to samyaktva kI upalabdhi hotI hai| ___ Aja hama prAyaH mithyAtvadazA meM hI jI rahe haiN| viSaya-bhoga hameM pyAre lagate haiN| indriya-jaya evaM manojaya meM hamArI ruci nahIM hai, hamArI ruci hai inheM uttarottara bhogoM meM lagAne meN| para se sukha milegA, yaha mAnyatA hI mithyAtva hai| sUkSmatA se kaheM to bhogoM meM jIvanabuddhi honA mithyAtva hai| bhogoM ke binA jIvana nahIM calegA evaM bhogoM ke lie hI jIvana milA hai, isa prakAra kI mAnyatA mithyAtva hai| isa mAnyatA ke kAraNa hI manuSya adhikAdhika bhoga-sAdhana juTAne meM lagA huA hai| mithyAtva ke zAstroM meM pAMca, dasa evaM paccIsa prakAroM kA nirUpaNa hai, kintu Adhunika bhASA meM jIvana kI vibhinna avasthAoM kA kathana kiyA jAye to agrAGkita bindu bhI mithyAtva ko hI vyakta karate haiM- 1. bhoga meM ruci honA evaM yoga-samAdhi meM aruci honA 2.bhogoM meM hI jIvanabuddhi svIkAra karanA 3. bhaya evaM pralobhana se dharmAcaraNa karanA 4. bhogoM kI prApti hetu dharma-kriyAe~ karanA 5. Arthika unnati ko hI saba samajhakara zarIra, mana evaM Atmika-svAsthya kI upekSA karanA

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180 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 6. Atma-vizuddhi se adhika mahattva dhana ko denA aadi| mithyAtvI vyakti sAMsArika sukhoM kI pUrti hetu dharma-kriyA kA avalambana letA hai| vaha dhArmika pravRttiyoM ko sAMsArika sukhoM kI pUrti kA mAdhyama samajhatA hai| mithyAtvI kA AcaraNa bAhya rUpa se tapa-tyAga kA hote hue bhI Antarika rUpa se saMsAra kI abhilASA se hI jur3A rahatA hai| vibhinna devI-devatAoM ko pUjanA, unase laukika kAmanAoM kI pUrti hetu yAcanA karanA bhI mithyAtva kA hI eka rUpa hai jo Aja jainoM meM bhI pracalita hai, kintu yaha to mithyAtva kA sthUla rUpa hai, isake mUla meM to mithyAtva kA sUkSma, kintu bhayaMkara rUpa chipA huA hai aura vaha hai Atmetara padArthoM kI prApti meM sukha maannaa| Atmetara padArtha haiM-AtmA se bhinna padArtha, yathA-zarIra, strI, putra, dhana, bhavana, vAhana aadi| ina para-padArthoM meM sukha mAnanA mithyAtva hai| manuSya ina para-padArthoM se sukha prApta karane kI mAnyatA kA itanA AdI hai ki use yaha bhI jJAta nahIM ki sukha kA srota bAhara nahIM bhItara hai| sukha kI talAza bAhara karanA evaM use anya padArthoM meM mAnanA mithyAtva hI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sukha-duHkha kA kartA svayaM AtmA ko mAnA hai, isalie anya se sukha-duHkha cAhanA unakI dRSTi meM mithyAtva hai| samyagdarzana:bhAratIya paramparAke pariprekSya meM samyagdarzana kA jainadarzana meM karmaprakRtiyoM ke AdhAra para jitanA sUkSma vivecana huA hai, vaisA anya darzanoM meM prApta nahIM hotA hai| kintu nyUnAdhika rUpa meM sAMkhya, vedAnta, bauddha Adi darzanoM meM samyagdarzana yA samyagdRSTi kA kahIM sAkSAt to kahIM prakArAntara se vivecana prApta hotA hai| sAMkhyadarzana meM cetana puruSa evaM jar3a prakRti meM bheda-vijJAna ke abhiprAya se yukta 'viveka khyAti' zabda kA prayoga huA hai|" puruSa jaba apane ko prakRti se bhinna anubhava kara letA hai to vaha bandhana se mukta ho jAtA hai| vedAntadarzana meM adhikArI kA nirUpaNa karate hue use sAdhanacatuSTaya se sampanna svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|"saadhnctusstty ke antargata nityAnitya vastuviveka, ihAmutrArthaphalabhogavirAga, zamAdiSaTkasampatti evaM mumukSutva kI gaNanA kI gaI hai|" nitya evaM anitya padArthoM meM bhedabuddhi ko nityAnitya-vastuviveka kahA gayA hai| isa loka evaM paraloka meM prApta hone vAle phala-bhoga ke prati virakti honA ihAmutrArtha

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samyagdarzana 181 phalabhogavirAga hai| zama, dama, uparati, titikSA, zraddhA aura samAdhAna- ina chaha sampattiyoM se yukta pramAtA vedAnta kA adhikArI hotA hai|" ina SaTkasampatti kA samAveza jainadarzana meM pratipAdita zama, nirveda evaM Astikya meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| mokSa kI icchA honA 'mumukSutva' hai| jainadarzana meM pratipAdita saMvega meM isa yogyatA kA antarbhAva kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vedAntadarzana meM pratipAdita sAdhanacatuSTaya kA svarUpa samyagdRSTi vyakti se pUrNataH mela khAtA hai| bhagavadgItA meM samadarzana athavA samatvayoga kA jo pratipAdana huA hai vaha samyagdarzana kA hI sUcaka hai| isameM samyagjJAna kA svarUpa pratipAdita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa jJAna ke dvArA manuSya avyakta se lekara sthAvaraparyanta samastabhUtoM meM eka avayavabhAva arthAt Atmavastu ko dekhatA hai tathA alaga-alaga zarIroM meM avibhakta Atmatattva ko dekhatA hai, vahI sAttvikajJAna-samyagjJAna hai| AcArya zaMkara ne bhagavadgItA ke aTThArahaveM adhyAya ke 20veM zloka para bhASya karate hue likhA hai- "tajjJAnam advaitAtmadarzanaM sAttvikaM samyagdarzanaM viddhi|" yahA~ AcArya zaMkara ne advaita vedAnta ke anusAra samasta bhUtoM meM ekatva ke darzana ko samyagdarzana svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM samasta prANiyoM ke prati AtmavadbhAva sthApita karane ke lie 'Ayatule payAsu' jaise vAkyoM kA prayoga huA hai tathA saba prANiyoM ko apane samAna samajhane para hI samyagdarzana kA lakSaNa anukampA bhAva' ghaTita hotA hai| bauddhadarzana meM nirvANa-prApti ke lie pratipAdita ASTAMgika mArga ke antargata 'samyak dRSTi' ko sarvaprathama sthAna diyA gayA hai| samyak dRSTi se sampanna vyakti duHkha, duHkha ke kAraNa, duHkha-nirodha evaM duHkha-nirodha ke upAya- ina cAra Arya satyoM ko samyak rUpeNa jAnatA hai| usa para usakI zraddhA bhI hotI hai| isa taraha bauddhadharma meM bhI duHkha-mukti ke upAya meM samyak dRSTi kA mahattva aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai| nyAya Adi darzanoM meM tattvajJAna athavA samyagjJAna ko mahattva diyA gayA hai, ve samyagdarzana kI vizeSa carcA nahIM krte| jainadarzana meM isa bAta para bala diyA gayA hai ki jJAna kI samyaktA dRSTi kI samyaktA para nirbhara karatI hai| ise jainadarzana kA vaiziSTya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ yaha kathana samIcIna nahIM hogA ki jainadarzana yA jainadharma kA anuyAyI hI

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182 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana samyagdRSTi hotA hai tathA vahI mokSa meM jAne kI yogyatA rakhatA hai| jainadharma meM anyaliMgI ko bhI siddha mAnA gayA hai| samyagdarzana kA vAstavika svarUpa Antarika rUpa se mohakarma ke bhedana kI prakriyA se prArambha hotA hai| jo mohakarma ko tor3atA huA karmAsrava ko rokakara saMvara evaM nirjarA kI sAdhanA karatA hai, vaha samyagdarzana sahita ratnatraya kI sAdhanA karatA huA mokSa kI prApti kara letA hai| jaina darzana ne samyagdarzana kI prakriyA ko pA~ca labdhiyoM, trividha karaNa Adi ke mAdhyama se jo spaSTatA pradAna kI hai vaha mumukSuoM ke lie upayogI hai tathA jaina darzana kI vizeSatA ko iMgita karatI hai| phira bhI yatkiMcit bAhya bhedoM ke AdhAra para yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki mAtra jaina dharma ke anuyAyI hI muktipatha ke adhikArI haiM, anya nhiiN| samyagdarzana hone para jIvana kA lakSya spaSTa ho jAtA hai tathA jIvana dRSTi meM aisA parivartana ghaTita hotA hai jo jIvana kI dizA hI badala detA hai| jIvana meM phira zama, saMvega, nirveda, anukampA evaM Astikya kI svataH abhivyakti ho jAtI hai| sandarbha:1. jIvAdisaddahaNaM sammattA- samayasAra, gAthA 155 2. bhUyatthamassido khalu sammAiTThI havai jiivo|-smysaar, gAthA 11 3. bhUyattheNAbhigadA jIvAjIvA ya puNNapAvaM cN| AsavasaMvaraNijjarabaMdho mokkho ya smmtt|| samayasAra, gAthA 13 4. rAjazekhara kRta SaDdarzanasamuttvaya, zloka 9 5. hiMsArahie dhamme aTThArahadosavajjie deve| niggaMthapavvayaNe saddahaNaM hoi smmtt||-mokss pAhuDa, gAthA 90 6 kArtikayAnuprekSA, gAthA 317 7. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.5.5 sUtra 168 8 upAsakadazAMgasUtra, Ananda zrAvaka prakaraNa 9. jainadarzanasAra, haMsA prakAzana, jayapura, pR. 12 10. samayasAra, gAthA 155 para tAtparyavRtti, agAsa saMskaraNa, pR. 220 11. tattvArthasUtra,1.1 12 sarvArthasiddhi, 1.2.11 dhaatuunaamnekaarthtvaaddossH| 13. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 19.13 14. (i) mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka, gAthA 16

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samyagdarzana 183 (ii) niyamasAra, gAthA 99 meM bhI kiMcit pATha bhinnatA ke sAtha uplbdh| 15. labdhisAra, gAthA 4 16. labdhisAra, gAthA 5 17. labdhisAra, gAthA 7-9 18. labdhisAra, gAthA 3 para TIkA 19. draSTavya- jinavANI, samyagdarzana vizeSAMka Adi grantha 20. sammaiMsaNalaMbho varaM khu telokklNbhaado|- bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gAthA 742 21. samaddiThissa suyaM suyaNANaM, micchaddiTssi suyaM suya annANA-nandIsUtra 44 22. nAdaMsaNissa nANaM, nANeNa viNA na huMti caraNa gunnaa|- uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 28.30 23. daMsaNavao hi saphalANi, huMti tvnaanncrnnaaiN|- AcArAMganiyukti, 2.21 24. AvazyakasUtra meM pradatta pATha kA aMza 25. AcArAMganiyukti, 220 26. sAMkhyakArikA meM ise vivekajJAna bhI kahA gayA hai tathA sAMkhyatattvakaumudI meM 'sattvapuruSAnyatA-khyAti' zabda se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| draSTavya, sAMkhyakArikA, 21 para tttvkaumudii| 27. nitAntanirmalasvAntaHsAdhanacatuSTayasampannaH prmaataa|- vedAntasAra, adhikArI lakSaNa 28. sAdhanAni nityaanityvstuvivekehaamutraarthphlbhogviraagshmaadissttksmpttimumukssutvaani| ___-vedAntasAra, adhikArI varNana 29. draSTavya, sadAnandakRta vedAntasAra, adhikArI varNana 30. sarvabhUteSu yenaikaM bhaavmvyymiiksste| avibhaktaM vibhakteSu tajjJAnaM viddhi saattvikm||-bhgvd gItA, 18.20

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa-vivecana bhAratIya darzana-paramparA kA eka AyAma hai- pramANavidyA / vastuoM ko evaM apane ko samyak rUpa se jAnane kI vidyA hI pramANa vidyA hai| isa vidyA ko pAzcAttya dArzanika 'episTimolaoNjI' kahate haiM / isa vidyA ke antargata indriyoM se hone vAlA jJAna bhI samAhita hai to anumAna, Apta puruSoM ke vacana Adi se hone vAlA jJAna bhI sammilita hai / yaha jJAna hI hamAre jIvana-vyavahAra meM upayogI hotA hai| isalie pramANavidyA dainika jIvana-vyavahAra se jur3I huI vidyA hai| isa vidyA kA prayoga jIvana meM prAcIna kAla se athavA kaheM to anAdi se hotA AyA hai, phira bhI isa para aneka bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne vicAra kara isa vidyA ko eka vyavasthita svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai| jainadarzana meM bhI pramANavidyA para gahana vicAra huA hai| isameM AgamoM meM pratipAdita matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna evaM kevalajJAna ke AdhAra para pramANa-vidyA kA vyavasthApana kiyA gayA hai / jaina darzana meM sva evaM para ke nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko hI pramANa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kara usake do prakAra pratipAdita kie gae haiM- 1. pratyakSa evaM 2. prokss| tattvArthasUtrakAra ne matijJAna evaM zrutajJAna ko parokSa pramANa meM tathA avadhi, manaHparyAya evaM kevalajJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa ke antargata rakhA hai| Age calakara jinabhadragaNi evaM bhaTTa akalaka ne indriya evaM mana se hone vAle jJAna ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kaha kara use bhI pratyakSa pramANa kI koTi meM rakha diyaa| avadhi, manaHparyAya evaM kevalajJAna ko taba mukhya yA pAramArthika pratyakSa nAma diyA gyaa| bhaTTa akalaka ne matijJAna ke hI smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka evaM anumAna ko pramANa kI koTi meM rakhakara unheM parokSa pramANa kahA tathA zrutajJAna ko bhI Agama pramANa ke nAma se parokSa pramANa meM hI sammilita kiyaa| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM pramANavidyA kA vikAsa hotA rhaa| anya bhAratIya dArzanika cintakoM ke sAtha bhI jaina dArzanikoM kA saMvAda huA, jisase yaha vidyA nirantara vikasita hotI rhii| pramANavidyA meM samyaktayA jAnane yogya padArtha ko 'prameya', jAnane ke sAdhana ko 'pramANa', jAnane vAle ko 'pramAtA' tathA prameya ke jJAna ko 'pramA' athavA 'pramiti' kahA jAtA hai| pramANoM ke dvArA prameya padArtha kI parIkSA karane ko 'nyAya' kahate haiN|' nyAyAlayoM meM kie jAne vAle nyAya meM bhI pramANoM (sAkSI, prUpha Adi) ke AdhAra para

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa-vivecana 185 parIkSA kI jAtI hai| pramANoM se prameya artha ko jAnA bhI jAtA hai tathA jJAta artha ko samyaktayA jAnA hai yA nahIM, - isakI parIkSA bhI kI jAtI hai| bhAratIya cintana-paramparA meM pramANoM kA vicAra nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, mImAMsA, vedAnta, bauddha, cArvAka evaM jaina ye sabhI bhAratIya darzana karate haiM, kintu 'nyAya' kA vikAsa mukhyatayA agrAMkita tIna paramparAoM meM huA hai- (1) maharSi gautama praNIta nyAyadarzana, (2) bauddhadarzana tathA (3) jaindrshn| gautama (paMcama zatI I. pUrva) praNIta nyAyadarzana kA vikAsa vAtsyAyana (400 I.) uddyotakara (chaThI zatI), vAcaspatimizra (841 I.), jayantabhaTTa (850-910 I.), bhAsarvajJa (930 I.) Adi naiyAyikoM ne kiyA, jisakI antima pariNati gaMgeza (12 vIM zatI) se prArambha navyanyAya ke rUpa meM huI, jisakA prabhAva pandrahavIM zatI ke pazcAt racita jainanyAya kI kRtiyoM para bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| bauddhanyAya kA vyavasthita prArambha diGnAga (470-530 I.) se huA jo dharmakIrti (620-690 I.) dharmottara (700 I.), prajJAkaragupta (8 vIM zatI), zAntarakSita (8 vIM zatI), kamalazIla (8 vIM zatI) Adi dArzanikoM kI kRtiyoM meM vikasita hotA rhaa| jainanyAya kA mUla hameM Agama-sAhitya meM dRggocara hotA hai| 'anuyogadvAra sUtra' meM pramANa kA vistRta nirUpaNa, bhagavatI sUtra' evaM 'sthAnAMga sUtra' meM pramANa-bhedoM kA ullekha isakA nidarzana hai| vaise jainadarzana meM samyak-jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai, ataH paMcavidha jJAna kA varNana karane vAle 'nandIsUtra', 'SaTkhaNDAgama' Adi grantha bhI pramANa-vidyA athavA nyAya-vidyA se sambaddha kahe jA sakate haiM, kintu nyAya ke vyavasthita vikAsa meM siddhasena (pA~cavIM zatI) viracita 'nyAyAvatAra' prathama kRti ke rUpa meM upalabdha hotI hai, jisameM mAtra 32 zlokoM meM pramANa-vyavasthA kiMvA jaina nyAya kA saMkSipta nirUpaNa huA hai| siddhasena ke pazcAt bhaTTa akalaMka (720-780 I.) jaina nyAya ke vyavasthApaka AcArya ke rUpa meM prasiddha hue, jinhoMne laghIyastraya, nyAyavinizcaya, siddhivinizcaya, pramANasaMgraha, tattvArthavArtika evaM aSTazatI kI racanA kii| inake pUrva sumati (7 vIM zatI), pAtrasvAmI (7 vIM zatI) Adi dArzanikoM ke grantha carcita rahe, kintu ve abhI anupalabdha haiM / cauthI-pA~cavI zatI meM eka mahAn jaina naiyAyika mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa hue jinhoMne 'dvAdazAranayacakra' meM tatkAlIna

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186 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana anya dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA 12 adhyAyoM meM khaNDana karate samaya bauddha dArzanika diGnAga ke pramANa-cintana kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne jainadarzana kI ora se pramANa-vyavasthA prastuta nahIM kii| siddhasena, samantabhadra (pA~cavI zatI), haribhadra sUri (700-770 I.) Adi kI adhikatara racanAe~ mukhyataH anekAntavAda kI pratiSThApaka rhiiN| bhaTTa akalaMka ke anantara vidyAnandi (775-840 I.) kI AptaparIkSA, pramANaparIkSA, patraparIkSA evaM satyazAsana-parIkSA ko mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai| unakI aSTasahanI evaM tattvArthazlokavArtika TIkAoM meM bhI pramANa-viSayaka carcA samprApta hotI hai / siddharSigaNi (9vIM zatI) kI nyAyAvatAravivRti, anantavIrya (950-990 I.) kI siddhivinizcaya TIkA, mANikyanandI (993-1053 I.) ke parIkSAmukha, vAdirAja (1025 I.) ke nyAyavinizcayavivaraNa evaM pramANanirNaya, abhayadevasUri (10 vIM zatI) kRta tattvabodhavidhAyinI TIkA (sanmatitarkaTIkA), prabhAcandra (980-1065 I.) viracita nyAyakumudacandra evaM prameyakamalamArtaNDa, vAdidevasUri (1086-1169 I.) viracita pramANanayatattvAloka evaM usa para TIkAgrantha syAdvAdaratnAkara, hemacandra (1088-1173 I.) kRta pramANamImAMsA Adi grantha ullekhanIya haiN| inake atirikta jinezvarasUri (10vIM-11vIM zatI) ke pramAlakSma, candrasenasUri (11vIM- 12vIM zatI ) racita utpAdAdisiddhi, anantavIrya (11vIM-12vIM zatI) viracita TIkAgrantha prameyaratnamAlA, vimaladAsa racita saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI, yazovijaya (17vIM zatI) kRta jainatarkabhASA Adi granthoM ko mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai, jinameM pramANoM ke dvArA prameya padArtha kI parIkSA kI gyii| inake pazcAt bhI jaina nyAyaviSayaka granthoM kA lekhana calatA rhaa| ___ jaina nyAya atyanta samRddha hai / jainadarzanAnusArI pramANaviSayaka granthoM kA samAveza to jainanyAya ke pratipAdaka granthoM meM hotA hI hai, kintu jainetara prameya - padAthoM ke khaNDana tathA jaina darzana meM mAnya tattvamImAMsIya siddhAntoM ke pratipAdana meM bhI pramANoM kA upayoga hone se tatsambaddha grantha bhI jaina nyAya ke grantha kahe jA sakate haiN| isa prakAra jainanyAya kA phalaka vistRta hai|

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa-vivecana 187 bhAratIya cintana-paramparA meM prameya padArtha ko jAnane ke lie pramANa ko sAdhana aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai / prameyasiddhiH pramANAddhi','mAnAdhInA meyasiddhiH', 'pramANAdhIno hi prameyAdhigamaH' vAkya isI kI puSTi karate haiM, kintu jaina darzana meM pramANa ke sAtha naya ko bhI prameya ke adhigama meM sAdhana aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai,-'pramANanayairadhigamaH' pramANa evaM naya donoM prameya ko jAnane meM sahAyaka haiM, tathA ina donoM ke dvArA artha kI parIkSA kI jA sakatI hai| isalie jainanyAya meM pramANa evaM naya donoM nyAya ke vivecya viSaya haiM, kintu prastuta adhyAya kI sImA hone ke kAraNa isameM pramANa-viSayaka nirUpaNa kiyA jA rahA hai, naya-vivecana ke lie pRthak adhyAya hai| pramANa-lakSaNa sAdhAraNataH prameya padArtha ko jAnane kA sAdhakatama kAraNa yA karaNa pramANa hai| pramANa se prameya yA jJeya padArtha ko samyaktayA jAnA jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra prAyaH sva evaM para padArtha kA nizcayAtmaka athavA vyavasAyAtmaka-jJAna pramANa kahalAtA hai| yaha samyagjJAna, tattva-jJAna, avisaMvAdaka-jJAna, svArthavyavasAyAtmakajJAna, svapara-vyavasAyi jJAna Adi ke rUpa meM bhI paribhASita kiyA gayA hai, yathA1. samyagjJAnaM prmaannm| svArthavyavasAyAtmakaM smygjnyaanm| - (vidyAnanda, pramANaparIkSA, pR.1 evaM 5 ) samyagajJAna ko pramANa kahA gayA hai| jo sva evaM artha kA vyavasAyAtmaka (nizcayAtmaka) jJAna hotA hai vaha samyagjJAna hai| 2. tttvjnyaanNprmaannN|- samantabhadra, AptamImAMsA, kArikA 101 tattvajJAnaM pramANamiti hi nigadyamAne mithyAjJAnaM saMzayAdi matyAdyAbhAsaM vyvcchidyte| - (vidyAnanda aSTasahanI, zrI mahAvIra jI, pR. 343 ) tattvajJAna ko pramANa kahA gayA hai| tattvajJAna ko pramANa kahane para saMzaya Adi mithyAjJAna evaM mati Adi jJAnoM ke AbhAsa kA vyaccheda hotA hai| 3. avisaMvAdakaM prmaannm|- bhaTTa akalaGka, laghIyastrayavRtti 22 , akalaGkagranthatraya, pR. 8.10 avisaMvAdakaM ca nirnnyaayttm| tadabhAve'bhAvAt tadbhAve ca bhaavaat|(lghiiystryvRtti 60),avisaMvAdaka jJAna pramANa hotA hai| avisaMvAdakatA nirNayAtmakatA ke AdhIna hotI hai| nizcayAtmakatA nahIM hone para jJAna avisaMvAdaka nahIM hotA hai tathA nizcayAtmakatA hone para jJAna saMvAdaka hotA hai|

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188 -jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 4. svprvyvsaayijnyaanNprmaannm|- vAdidevasUri, pramANanayatattvAloka, 1.2 sva evaM para kA vyavasAyAtmaka arthAt nizcayAtmaka jJAna pramANa hotA hai| pramANa ke uparyukta lakSaNoM se vidita hotA hai ki jo jJAna saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya rahita hotA hai tathA sva evaM para kA nizcAyaka hotA hai vaha pramANa kahalAtA hai| 'pramANa' zabda 'pra' upasarga pUrvaka 'mAG mAne' dhAtu se 'lyuT' (ana) pratyaya lagakara niSpanna huA hai| sAdhAraNataH 'pramIyate'nena iti' nirukti ke anusAra jisase prameya padArtha kA jJAna kiyA jAya, use pramANa kahA jAtA hai| pramANa prameyajJAna ke lie sAdhakatama kAraNa kiM vA karaNa hai| isIlie pramANa ko paribhASita karane vAle dArzanika 'pramAkaraNaM pramANam' zabdAvalI kA bhI prayoga karate haiN| pramA evaM pramiti prameyajJAna ke hI paryAyArthaka-zabda haiN| pramANa ko prameyajJAna kA karaNa mAnakara hI nyAyadarzana meM indriya, indriyArtha-sannikarSa, sAMkhyadarzana meM indriyavRtti aura mImAMsAdarzana meM jJAtRvyApAra ko pramANa kahA gayA hai| jainamata meM pramANa jJAnAtmaka hotA hai, isalie jainadArzanika indriya, indriyArthasannikarSa Adi ko pramANa mAnane kA khaNDana karate haiN| jainadArzanikoM ke anusAra pramANa hameM heya padArtha ko chor3ane, upAdeya padArtha ko grahaNa karane evaM upekSaNIya padArtha kI upekSA karane kA jJAna karAtA hai, isalie vaha jJAnAtmaka hI ho sakatA hai, acetanAtmaka indriyAdi nhiiN| bauddhadarzana bhI pramANa ko jJAnAtmaka mAnatA hai, kintu vaha nirvikalpaka jJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa aMgIkAra karatA hai jo jainadarzana ko abhISTa nahIM hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra jJAna savikalpaka hI hotA hai, nirvikalpaka nahIM / nirvikalpaka jJAna nizcayAtmaka nahIM hone se pramANa nahIM ho sktaa| jainadarzana meM jJAna kI pUrvAvasthA ke rUpa meM 'darzana' ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jo bhI cetana AtmA kA hI eka guNa hai, kintu use nirvikalpaka hone ke kAraNa pramANakoTi se bAhara rakhA gayA hai| jaina dArzanika aise nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko hI pramANa aMgIkAra karate haiM, jo saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya se rahita ho|' pramANa evaM jJAna ko sUrya kI bhAMti sva-para prakAzaka mAnanA jainadarzana kA vaiziSTya hai| jisa prakAra sUrya svayaM ko bhI prakAzita karatA hai evaM jagat ko bhI

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa-vivecana / 189 usI prakAra pramANa sva evaM para donoM kA nizcAyaka hotA hai| jaina dArzanika kahate haiM ki jo jJAna svayaM ko nahIM jAnatA, usameM bAhya-padArtha ko jAnane kA bhI sAmarthya nahIM ho sktaa| vahI jJAna bAhya-artha kA prakAzaka hotA hai, jo sva-prakAzaka bhI ho| sva kA artha yahA~ jJAna athavA jJAna-lakSaNa jIva hai aura inase bhinna jitane padArtha haiM, ve para haiN| pramANa ina donoM kA vyavasAyAtmaka athavA nizcayAtmaka jJAna karAtA hai| gyArahavIM zatI ke pramukha zvetAmbara jainadArzanika vAdidevasUri ne ise 'sva-paravyavasAyi-jJAnaM pramANam' (pramANanayatattvAloka, 1.2) sUtra se paribhASita kara 'sva' evaM 'para' padArtha ke vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai| vyavasAyAtmaka kA artha yahA~ nizcayAtmaka hai| pramANa kA yahI lakSaNa vAdidevasUri ke pUrva dArzanikoM meM bhI pratiSThita rahA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki akalaMka ne aSTazatI meM evaM mANikyanandI ne parIkSAmukha meM bauddha evaM mImAMsA darzanoM ke pramANa-lakSaNoM se prabhAvita hokara sva evaM apUrva yA anadhigata padArtha ke vyavasAyAtmaka-jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai, kintu unake dvArA prayukta apUrva yA anadhigata vizeSaNa ko zvetAmbara jaina dArzanikoM ne anAvazyaka samajhakara nahIM apanAyA hai, kyoMki jainamata meM smRti, pratyabhijJAna Adi jJAta-artha kA jJAna karAne vAle jJAna bhI pramANa mAne gaye haiN| digambara dArzanika vidyAnandi ne bhI apUrva yA anadhigata vizeSaNa ko vyartha batalAkara sva evaM artha ke vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai| svayaM akalaMka ne bhI laghIyastraya meM anadhigata yA apUrva pada kA prayoga kiye binA AtmA evaM artha ke vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa kA mukhya lakSaNa nirUpita kiyA hai|' pramANalakSaNa meM apUrva yA anadhigata vizeSaNa jor3ane kI AvazyakatA isalie bhI nahIM hai, kyoMki eka hI prameya padArtha kA nirantara jJAna karAne vAlA dhArAvAhika jJAna bhI jaina darzana meM apramANa nahIM hai| vaha bhI vastu kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna karAne ke kAraNa pramANa hai| isa sambandha meM AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki dravya kI apekSA se gRhItagrAhitva kA niSedha kiyA jAtA hai yA paryAya kI apekSA se? paryAya kI apekSA se to dhArAvAhI jJAnoM meM bhI gRhItagrAhitA sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki paryAya to pratikSaNa badalatI rahatI hai| isalie usakA niSedha karane ke lie apUrva yA anadhigata vizeSaNa kA aucitya

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana nahIM hai / dravya kI apekSA se yadi gRhItagrAhitA kA niSedha kiyA jAe to bhI ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki dravya to nitya hotA hai, usakI gRhItagrAhI evaM grahISyamANa grAhI avasthAoM meM koI antara nahIM hotA / ataH gRhItagrAhI jJAna bhI grahISyamANa grAhI kI bhAMti pramANa hI hai|' kisI vastu ko eka bAra jAna lene para punaH jAnanA gRhItagrAhI jJAna hotA hai tathA bhaviSya meM kisI vastu ke hone vAle jJAna ko grahISyamANa grAhI kahate haiN| grahISyamANa kA yadi vartamAna meM jJAna kiyA jAe to vaha jisa prakAra pramANa kahalAtA hai, usI prakAra gRhItagrAhI jJAna bhI pramANa hI hotA hai / 190 bhaTTa akalaMka ne bauddhaprabhAva se pramANa ko avisaMvAdaka - jJAna bhI kahA hai, kintu ve pramANa kI avisaMvAdakatA ko nizcayAtmakatA meM hI paryavasita karate haiN| " prazna yaha hotA hai ki jainadarzana meM jaba pramANa ko jJAna-rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA gayA hai, to jJAna evaM pramANa meM koI antara hai yA nahIM ? jaina dArzanika isakA samAdhAna karate hue kahate haiM ki jJAna saMzayAtmaka evaM viparyayAtmaka bhI ho sakatA hai, kintu pramANa saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya se rahita hotA hai| saMzaya se Azaya sandehAtmaka jJAna se hai / viparyaya viparIta yA bhrAnta jJAna ko kahate haiM tathA anadhyavasAya avagraha se pUrva kA Alocana mAtra anizcayAtmaka jJAna hai| saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya se rahita jJAna ko jaina dArzanikoM ne samyagjJAna bhI kahA hai| isa artha meM samyagjJAna hI pramANa hai| yahA~ samyagjJAna se Azaya Agama meM varNita usa jJAna se nahIM hai- jo caturtha guNasthAnavartI yA usake pazcAtvartI - jIva ko samyagdarzana pUrvaka hotA hai / tArkika yuga meM jaina dArzanikoM ne samyagdarzana ko AdhAra nahIM banAkara vyAvahArika dRSTi se saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya rahita jJAna ko pramANa kahA hai| saMkSepa meM pramANa kI nimnAMkita vizeSatAe~ kahI jA sakatI haiM 1. pramANa ke dvArA prameya padArtha ko jAnA jAtA hai 2. pramANa jJAnAtmaka hotA hai, arthAt jJAna ko hI pramANa kahA gayA hai| 3. aise jJAna ko pramANa kahA gayA hai jo vastu kA evaM svayaM kA nizcAyaka ho / saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya ( anizcaya) se rahita ho| 4. nirvikalpaka jJAna pramANa nahIM hotaa| jainadarzana meM pratipAdita jJAna ke pUrvavartI

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa-vivecana 191 'darzana' bhI nirvikalpaka hone se pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai| 5. yaha pramANa jIvana-vyavahAra ke lie upayogI hai| isakA lakSaNa samyagjJAna evaM tattvajJAna ke rUpa meM bhI diyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya se rahita evaM vastu kA yathAbhUta jJAna hone se samyagjJAna yA tattvajJAna hai| isake lie samyagdarzana honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| samyagdarzana yukta jJAna to pramANa hotA hI hai, kintu vyavahAra meM samyagdarzanarahita jJAna bhI pramANa ho jAtA hai| jaise- yaha pAnI svaccha, nirdoSa aura peya hai- koI yaha jAnakara pAnI ko pItA hai, usakA jJAna samyagdarzana ke binA bhI pramANa hai| 6. pramANa jIvana-vyavahAra meM heya, upAdeya evaM upekSaNIya kA jJAna karAtA hai 7. yaha sva-para prakAzaka hotA hai| 8. jo padArtha jaisA hai usakA vaisA jJAna karAne ke kAraNa pramANa ko avisaMvAdaka kahA jAtA hai| yaha avisaMvAdakatA bhI pramANa ko nizcayAtmaka jJAna siddha karatI hai| 9. mImAMsA evaM bauddha dArzanika ajJAta yA anadhigata padArtha ke grAhI jJAna ko pramANa mAnate haiM, kintu jaina dArzanika adhigata yA jJAta padArtha ke punaH hone vAle jJAna ko bhI pramANa kI koTi meM rakhate haiN| 10. indriya, indriyArtha sannikarSa Adi bhI jJAna meM sahAyaka hote haiM, kintu jainadarzana meM inheM pramANa nahIM mAnA gayA, kyoMki ye jJAnAtmaka nahI haiM, acetana haiN| 11. sva-para vyavasAyAtmakatA svarUpa pramANa kA lakSaNa pramANa ke sabhI bhedoM meM ghaTita hotA hai| pramANa-bheda bhAratIya darzanoM meM pramANoM kI saMkhyA ko lekara matabheda hai| cArvAkadarzana meM mAtra eka pratyakSa pramANa mAnya hai| vaizeSika evaM bauddha darzana pratyakSa evaM anumAna ye do pramANa mAnate haiN| sAMkhyadarzana inameM Agama (Aptavacana) ko milAkara pramANoM kI saMkhyA tIna svIkAratA hai| nyAyadarzana meM upamAna pramANa sahita cAra pramANa svIkRta haiN| prabhAkara mImAMsaka arthApatti pramANa sahita pA~ca tathA bhATTa mImAMsaka ina pA~ca meM anupalabdhi (abhAva) sahita chaha pramANa mAnate haiN| vedAnta dArzanika bhI ye chahoM pramANa vyavahAra se svIkAra karate haiN| jainadarzana meM pramANa ke do prakAra haiM- 1. pratyakSa evaM 2. parokSa / ina do bhedoM kA sarvaprathama ullekha umAsvAti/umAsvAmI ke tattvArtha-sUtra meM huA hai| isase pUrva

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192 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 'anuyogadvArasUtra' evaM 'bhagavatIsUtra' meM pramANa ke cAra bheda pratipAdita haiM - 1. pratyakSa, 2. anumAna, 3. upamAna, evaM 4. Agama / yaha pramANa-vibhAjana 'nyAya-sUtra' evaM 'caraka saMhitA' se prabhAvita hai| 'nandI-sUtra' meM jJAna ke do bheda haiM - pratyakSa evaM parokSa / jJAna ke ye do bheda hI jaina naiyAyikoM ne pramANa ke do bhedoM ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiye haiM, aisA pratIta hotA hai| pratyakSa pramANa ke punaH do bheda haiMsAMvyavahArika evaM pAramArthika (mukhya) / sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke do prakAra haiMindriya nimitta evaM anindriya nimitta / pAramArthika pratyakSa ke tIna bheda haiM avadhijJAna, manaHpayaryajJAna aura kevalajJAna / inameM avadhi evaM manaH paryaya jJAna vikala-pratyakSa haiM tathA kevalajJAna sakala-pratyakSa / parokSa pramANa ke pA~ca bheda haiMsmRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura Agama / siddhasena ne nyAyAvatAra meM parokSa-pramANa ke anumAna evaM Agama- ye do bheda hI nirUpita kie haiN| vAdirAja ne nyAyavinizcaya-vivaraNa meM isakA anusaraNa kiyA hai, kintu ve smRti, pratyabhijJAna evaM tarka ko anumAna-pramANa ke gauNabhedoM meM sthAna dete haiN| saMkSepa meM pramANa-bhedoM ko isa prakAra darzAyA jA sakatA haitattvArthasUtra meM prApta pramANa-bheda pramANa pratyakSa parokSa avadhijJAna manaHparyayajJAna kevalajJAna matijJAna zrutajJAna uttarakAlIna vibhAjana (bhaTTa akalaMka evaM unake pazcAt ) pramANa pratyakSa parokSa sAMvyavahArika pAramArthika (mukhya) 1. smRti indriyanimitta anindriyanimitta sakala' pratyakSa vikala pratyakSa 2. pratyabhijJAna kevalajJAna 13. tarka avadhijJAna manaHparyayajJAna ! 4. anumAna 5. Agama noTaH sakala evaM vikala-pratyakSa zabda kA prayoga vAdidevasUri ne kiyA hai|

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa-vivecana 193 pratyakSa pramANa vizada yA spaSTa nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko jaina dArzanikoM ne pratyakSa pramANa kahA hai| yaha pratyakSa-pramANa anumAna Adi parokSa pramANoM kI apekSA vizeSa prakAzaka hotA hai / pratyakSa pramANa se prameya-artha kA jJAna karate samaya anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, jabaki smRti, anumAna Adi parokSa-pramANa pratyakSa-pramANa ke Azrita hote haiN| pratyakSa kI eka anya vizeSatA aura hai, vaha hai prameya kA idantayA (yaha pustaka hai Adi ) pratibhAsa honaa|" idantayA pratibhAsa eka prakAra se padArtha kA sAkSAt jJAna hai| ___ AgamasaraNi ke anusAra tattvArthasUtra evaM usakI TIkAoM meM indriya tathA mana kI sahAyatA se hone vAle jJAna ko parokSa kahA gayA hai| tadanusAra Agama-varNita pA~ca jJAnoM meM se avadhi, manaH paryaya evaM kevalajJAna hI pratyakSa kI koTi meM Ate haiM, mati evaM zrutajJAna parokSajJAna kI zreNI meM samAviSTa hote haiN|' pramANa-mImAMsIya racanAoM ke yuga meM jaina dArzanikoM ne nyAya, mImAMsA, bauddha Adi darzanoM ke sAtha pramANa-carcA meM bhAga lene ke lie indriyajJAna ko bhI pratyakSa kI koTi meM lenA Avazyaka smjhaa| ataH jinabhadra evaM akalaMka ne sambhavataH 'nandIsUtra' meM ullikhita indriya-pratyakSa evaM no-indriya-pratyakSa bhedoM ke AdhAra para indriya evaM mana ke nimitta se hone vAle jJAna ko sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa nAma diyA aura unheM pratyakSa-pramANa kI koTi meM pratiSThita kara diyaa| pAramArthika-pratyakSa ke bhedoM kA Agama se koI virodha nahIM hai| aba pahale sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke donoM bhedoM para vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa 1. indriya-pratyakSa- zrotra, cakSu Adi indriyoM ke nimitta se hone vAle bAhya padArthoM ke spaSTa jJAna ko indriya-pratyakSa kahate haiN| yaha pratyakSa jaba saMzaya, viparyaya Adi doSoM se rahita evaM nizcayAtmaka hotA hai, tabhI pramANa kahA jAtA hai, anyathA vaha pratyakSAbhAsa kahalAtA hai / jainadarzana kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki zrotra, ghrANa, rasanA evaM sparzana, - ye cAra indriyA~ padArtha ko prApta kara arthAt padArtha kA saMyoga prApta kara padArtha kA jJAna karAtI haiM / isalie ye cAroM prApyakArI haiM, kintu cakSu indriya

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194 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana evaM mana padArtha se spRSTa hue binA padArtha se dUra rahakara usakA jJAna karAne meM samartha haiM, ataH ye donoM aprApyakArI haiN| 2. anindriya pratyakSa- mana ko jainadarzana meM anindriya kahate haiN| ataH mana ke dvArA hone vAle bAhya ghaTa, paTa Adi yA bhItarI sukha-duHkha Adi padArthoM ke spaSTa evaM nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko anindriya-pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai| nyAyadarzana meM jahA~ mana AtmA se saMyukta hotA hai evaM indriyA~ mana se saMyukta hotI haiM, tabhI bAhyArtha kA jJAna hotA hai, vahA~ jainadarzana meM AtmA ko mAtra mana ke dvArA bhI bAhyArtha kA pratyakSa jJAna karane vAlA mAnA gayA hai| hemacandrasUri ne spaSTa kahA hai- sarvArthagrahaNaM manaH (prmaannmiimaaNsaa,1.1.24)| yaha pratyakSa 'manaH paryaya jJAna' rUpa pratyakSa se bhinna hai, kyoMki manaHparyaya jJAna sIdhA AtmA dvArA hotA hai, usameM mana karaNa nahIM banatA, jabaki anindriya pratyakSa mana ke mAdhyama se hotA hai| isameM indriyA~ sahayogI nahIM hotI haiN| ___indriya evaM mana ke mAdhyama se hone vAle sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa kI cAra avasthAe~ haiM- avagraha, IhA, avAya evaM dhaarnnaa| avagraha ke bhI do prakAra haiM- vyaMjanAvagraha evaM arthaavgrh| padArtha ke sAtha indriya kA sambandha hone para vyaMjanAvagraha hotA hai| arthAvagraha meM padArtha kA grahaNa hotA hai ki yaha kucha hai| cakSu-indriya evaM mana padArtha se dUra rahakara, asambaddha rahakara athavA aprApyakArI hokara padArtha ko jAnate haiM, ataH unameM vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotA, mAtra arthAvagraha hotA hai| zeSa indriyoM ke pratyakSa meM donoM prakAra ke avagraha hote haiN| avagRhIta artha ke viSaya meM vizeSa jAnane kI ceSTA yA AkAMkSA IhA hai / " IhA-jJAna saMzayapUrvaka hote hue bhI saMzaya-rUpa nahIM hotA, kyoMki yaha saMzaya kI bhA~ti do palar3oM meM nahIM jhUlatA / eka ora jhukA rahatA hai, yathA- ye zabda puruSa ke hone cAhie- yaha IhA-jJAna hai| Ihita padArtha kA nirNaya avAya hai| ye zabda puruSa ke hI haiM - isa prakAra kA nizcayAtmaka - jJAna avAya hai| avAyarUpa meM nirNIta jJAna ke saMskAra ko dhAraNA kahate haiN| sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa meM avagraha, IhA, avAya evaM dhAraNA kA nizcita krama hai, kintu ye itanI zIghratA se hote haiM ki pramAtA ko inake krama kA bhAna hI nahIM rhtaa| jAnane kI isa prakriyA kA pratipAdana zikSaNa-vidhi meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| jaba jAnane kI prakriyA avagraha se

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa- vivecana 195 IhA, avAya evaM dhAraNA taka pahu~catI hai, to chAtra ko par3hA huA acchI taraha sthira ho jAtA hai| jainadarzana kI isa jJAna - vidhi kA zikSA manovijJAna meM vivecana apekSita hai| pAramArthika pratyakSa pAramArthika pratyakSa hI jainadarzana meM mukhya pratyakSa hai, kyoMki vaha sIdhe AtmA ke dvArA hotA hai / " yaha mAtra AtmasApekSa evaM nizcayAtmaka pratyakSa - jJAna hai| isameM kisI indriya, mana Adi kI sahAyatA nahIM rahatI / yaha pUrNataH evaM AMzika rUpa se ho sakatA hai| jaba pUrNataH sakala padArthoM kA pratyakSa hotA hai, to use sarva - pratyakSa yA sakala-pratyakSa tathA AMzika rUpa se padArthoM evaM unakI paryAyoM ke pratyakSa ko deza - pratyakSa yA vikala - pratyakSa ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / sarva pratyakSa kA eka hI bheda hai - kevalajJAna aura vikala pratyakSa ke do bheda haiM - avadhijJAna evaM mana:paryayajJAna / 1. kevalajJAna - jisa jJAna meM vizva ke samasta carAcara padArthoM evaM unakI traikAlika samasta paryAyoM kA hastAmalakavat spaSTa evaM nizcayAtmaka bodha hotA hai, vaha kevalajJAna hai / " jainadarzana meM kevalajJAna hI sarvAdhika pramukha pratyakSa hai / yaha jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, moha evaM antarAya karmoM kA kSaya hone para prakaTa hotA hai / samasta padArthoM evaM unakI paryAyoM ko jAnane ke kAraNa kevalajJAna - prApta jIva ko sarvajJa kahA jAtA hai | AcArya kundakunda ne niyamasAra meM kahA hai ki kevalI bhagavAn saba padArthoM ko vyavahAra - naya se jAnate - dekhate haiM tathA nizcayanaya se kevala AtmA ko jAnate - dekhate haiN| 19 I 2. mana:paryaya jJAna * - mana:paryayajJAna - rUpa pratyakSa jJAna ke dvArA parakIya manogata paryAya ko jAnA jAtA hai / manaHparyaya jJAna taba prakaTa hotA hai, jaba saMyama - vizuddhi se manaH paryayajJAnAvaraNa karma kA kSayopazama hotA hai / " yaha Rjumati evaM vipulamati ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| inameM Rjumati se vipulamati mana:paryayajJAna adhika vizuddha evaM apratipAtI hotA hai| jo jJAna kevalajJAna hone taka banA rahatA hai, use apratipAtI kahate haiM / 3. avadhijJAna- yaha avadhijJAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazama se prakaTa hotA hai tathA isake dvArA rUpI - padArthoM evaM unakI paryAyoM kA jJAna hotA hai| yaha bhI indriya evaM

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196 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana mana kI sahAyatA ke binA sIdhA AtmA se hotA hai, kintu mAtra rUpI padArthoM kA jJAna karAne ke kAraNa yaha sImita arthAt avadhijJAna hai| yaha nArakI evaM devoM meM janma se prApta hotA hai, ataH bhavapratyaya kahalAtA hai tathA manuSya eMva tiryaMca meM puruSArtha se prakaTa hotA hai, ataH guNa-pratyaya kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra avadhijJAna bhavapratyaya evaM guNapratyaya ke rUpa meM do prakAra kA hai|" pratyakSa pramANa ke uparyukta samasta bheda Agama meM pratipAdita jJAna ke pA~ca bhedoM se sAmaMjasya rakhate haiN| sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke jo indriya-pratyakSa evaM anindriya-pratyakSa ye do bheda haiM, ve matijJAna ke antargata samAviSTa hote haiM, kyoMki mana evaM indriyoM ke nimitta se hone vAlA jJAna matijJAna hI hai| avadhi, manaHparyaya tathA kevalajJAna rUpa pratyakSa to Agama se jyoM ke tyoM gRhIta haiN| pratyakSa pramANa ke ina sabhI bhedoM meM pramANa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa ghaTita hotA hai| ataH ye bhI sva-para vyavasAyI hote haiN| parokSa-pramANa yaha pramANa avizada yA aspaSTa hotA hai| pratyakSa kI bhA~ti isameM vizadatA nahIM rahatI, kintu yaha bhI sva evaM para padArthoM kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna karAtA hai, isalie pramANa kI koTi meM AtA hai| parokSa pramANa ke pA~ca bheda haiM- smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna aura aagm| inameM Agama-pramANa zrutajJAna rUpa hai tathA zeSa cAroM pramANa matijJAna ke hI antargata samAviSTa hote haiN| 'tattvArthasUtra' meM umAsvAmI/umAsvAti ne matijJAna ke paryAya zabdoM meM smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha kI gaNanA kI hai / bhaTTa akalaMka ne AThavIM zatI meM inakA Azraya lekara kramazaH smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka evaM anumAna pramANa ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| inameM smRti, pratyabhijJAna evaM tarka kI pramANa rUpa meM pratiSThA kA zreya akalaMka ko jAtA hai, jise uttaravartI zvetAmbara eva digambara sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ne apanAyA hai| yaha ullekhanIya hai ki smRti, pratyabhijJAna evaM tarka kI pratiSThA karanA jaina dArzanikoM kA pramANa ke kSetra meM bhAratIya nyAya ko mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| * isake lie manaHparyAyajJAna evaM manaHparyavajJAna zabda bhI pracalita haiN|

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa-vivecana 197 1.smRti-pramANa dhAraNA yA saMskAra se udbhUta evaM tat (vaha) AkAra vAlA jJAna smRti-pramANa hai| yaha pratyakSa dvArA anubhUta pUrva jJAna ko viSaya banAtA hai / tadanusAra 'vaha pustaka hai','vaha mohana hai' Adi ke rUpa meM pUrva jJAta viSaya kA 'vaha' AkAra meM grahaNa karane vAlA jJAna smRti pramANa kahA jAtA hai| sabhI smRtiyA~ pramANa nahIM hotI haiM, kintu jo smRti pUrva anubhUta viSaya kA yathArtha nizcayAtmaka jJAna karAtI hai, vahI smRti pramANa kahI jAtI hai / smRti kA prAmANya hamAre lena-dena ke vyavahAra evaM bhASA ke prayoga se bhI puSTa hotA hai| binA smRti ke koI vyakti kisI kArya ke lie nizcita samaya para evaM nizcita prayojana se pravRtta nahIM ho sakatA hai| vastutaH smRti hameM heya, upAdeya evaM upekSaNIya kA bhI bodha karAtI rahatI hai, isalie smRti ko pramANa mAnanA sarvathA vyavahArya hai / smRti ko pramANa mAnakara jaina dArzanikoM ne jaina pramANa-mImAMsA ko sAMvyavahArikatA yA lokopayogitA kI ora bar3hAyA hai| 2. pratyabhijJAna-pramANa ___ yaha smRti evaM pratyakSa kA saMkalanAtmaka jJAna hotA hai| vyavahAra meM ise hama 'pahacAnanA' zabda se jAnate haiM / pUrva anubhava kI smRti evaM vartamAna meM pratyakSa, ye donoM milakara hI pratyabhijJAna kA svarUpa banate haiN| yaha pratyabhijJAna aneka prakAra kA ho sakatA hai / mukhya rUpa se isake cAra prakAra pratipAdita haiM- ekatva pratyabhijJAna, sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna, vailakSaNya (vaisAdRzya) pratyabhijJAna aura prAtiyaugika pratyabhijJAna / ekatva pratyabhijJAna meM pUrva jJAta artha kA pratyakSa hone para 'yaha vahI hai' isa prakAra ekatA kA jJAna hotA hai, jaise- pUrva dRSTa devadatta kA punaH pratyakSa hone para 'yaha vahI devadatta hai' isa prakAra kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna ekatva-pratyabhijJAna hai| sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna meM pUrvadRSTa ke sadRza anya artha kA pratyakSa hone para 'yaha usake sadRza hai' isa prakAra sAdRzya jJAna hotA hai / yathA- pUrvadRSTa gAya ke pazcAt tatsadRza gavaya kA pratyakSa hone para 'yaha (gavaya) gAya ke sadRza hai' rUpa meM sAdRzya-pratyabhijJAna hotA hai / vailakSaNya yA vaisAdRzya-pratyabhijJAna pUrva-dRSTa se vartamAna meM pratyakSa ho rahe padArtha kI asamAnatA (visadRzatA) batalAtA hai; udAharaNArtha pahale gAya kA pratyakSa

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kiyA thA, usakI smRti abhI kAryazIla hai aura vartamAna meM usase bhinna bhaiMsa kA pratyakSa ho rahA hai, to 'yaha bhaiMsa gAya se vilakSaNa ( bhinna) hai' rUpa meM vaisAdRzya pratyabhijJAna hai / pUrva-dRSTa padArtha se vartamAna meM pratyakSa ho rahe padArtha kI dUrI yA nikaTatA kA jJAna prAtiyaugika pratyabhijJAna se hotA hai, yathA- 'yaha usase dUra hai ' Adi / pratyabhijJAna ke ina samasta bhedoM meM pramANa kA sAmAnya lakSaNa ghaTita hotA hai, isalie pratyabhijJAna ke ye sabhI bheda pramANa haiM / 198 nyAya, mImAMsA Adi darzanoM meM pratipAdita 'upamAna pramANa' kA antarbhAva jaina dArzanikoM ne sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna meM kiyA hai / 'pratyabhijJA' athavA 'pratyabhijJAna' zabda kA prayoga kazmIra zaivadarzana meM bhI huA hai, kintu vahA~ isa zabda kA prayoga Atma-sAkSAtkAra yA Atma- pratyabhijJAna ke artha meM huA hai / 3. tarka-pramANa anumAna -pramANa meM hetu evaM sAdhya kI vyApti kA bar3A mahattva hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne tarka ko usa vyApti kA grAhaka jJAna mAnakara use bhI pramANa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA hai / jaba kisI sAdhya kA hetu ke dvArA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai, to hetu kI sAdhya ke sAtha vyApti honA anivArya hotA hai / yadi hetu kI sAdhya ke sAtha vyApti (avinAbhAva niyama ) nahIM hai to hetu se sAdhya - artha kA jJAna nahIM ho sakatA / jaise parvata meM sthita 'agni' sAdhya hai aura 'dhUma' usakA hetu hai / dhUma kI agni ke sAtha vyApti hai, kyoMki jahA~ dhUma hotA hai, vahA~ agni avazya hotI hai, agni ke abhAva meM dhUma nahIM hotA / dhUma aura agni kI vyApti ko jAnane ke lie navya nyAya-dArzanikoM ne alaukika sannikarSa kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, kintu jaina dArzanika usa vyApti kA jJAna tarka-pramANa ke dvArA kara lete haiM / jahA~-jahA~ dhUma hotA hai, vahA~-vahA~ agni hotI hai, - isa vyApti kA grahaNa tarka-pramANa se zakya hai / AcArya vidyAnandi ne pratipAdita kiyA hai ki jitanA bhI koI dhUma hai, vaha - saba agni se utpanna hotA hai aura agni ke abhAva meM dhUma kI utpatti nahIM hotI hai, isa prakAra sakala deza evaM kAla kI vyApti se sAdhya evaM sAdhana ke sambandha kA jo UhApohAtmaka jJAna hotA hai, vaha tarka hai" tarka kA hI dUsarA nAma Uha bhI hai| AcArya mANikyanandi ne upalambha evaM anupalambha se utpanna vyApti - jJAna ko tarka

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199 jaina nyAya meM pramANa - vivecana kahA hai|" upalambha kA artha hai sAdhya ke hone para sAdhana kA honA tathA anupalambha kA artha hai sAdhya ke nahIM hone para sAdhana kA nahIM honA / tarka - pramANa ke dvArA sAdhya evaM sAdhana kI traikAlika vyApti kA jJAna hotA hai, jo tarka ko pramANa mAne binA sambhava nahIM hai / tarka eka prakAra kA nizcayAtmaka evaM paraspara avirodhI jJAna hai, isalie vaha pramANa hai I smRti, pratyabhijJAna evaM tarka ko pramANa rUpa meM pratipAdita kara jaina dArzanikoM ne pramANa - jagat ko mahAn yogadAna kiyA hai, kyoMki pramANa kA prayojana heyopAdeya artha kA jJAna karAnA hai, tAki pramAtA heya vastu kA tyAga evaM upAdeya kA upAdAna kara ske| smRti evaM pratyabhijJAna isa kArya meM samartha haiM, ataH ye donoM pramANa rUpa loka - vyavahAra ke lie upayogI haiN| tarka ko pramANa rUpa meM pratiSThita kara jaina dArzanikoM ne vyApti ke grAhaka tattva kI samasyA kA sthAyI samAdhAna khoja liyA hai| tarka-pramANa ke binA jaina dArzanika anumAna - pramANa kI pravRtti svIkAra nahIM karate haiN| jainadarzana meM smRti - pramANa kA phala pratyabhijJAna hai, pratyabhijJAna kA phala tarkapramANa hai aura tarka-pramANa kA phala anumAna - pramANa hai / smRti - pramANa dhAraNA (sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke bheda ) kA phala hai| 4. anumAna -pramANa cArvAka darzana ke atirikta samasta bhAratIya darzana anumAna -pramANa ko aMgIkAra karate haiM / anumAna - pramANa kA hamAre jIvana meM bar3A mahattva hai| hamArI aneka dainika gatividhiyA~ anumAna - pramANa se saMcAlita haiM / jaina dArzanikoM ne anumAna -pramANa ko parokSa - pramANa mAnA hai, kyoMki yaha pratyakSa ke sadRza vizadAtmaka yA spaSTa nahIM hotA aura isameM hetu ke dvArA sAdhya kA jJAna kiyA jAtA hai| hetu yA sAdhana ke dvArA sAdhya ke jJAna ko hI jainadarzana meM anumAna - pramANa kahA gayA hai"; jaise - dhUma hetu ke dvArA parvata meM sthita agni sAdhya kA jJAna karanA anumAna hai evaM 'kRtakatva' hetu ke dvArA zabda meM 'anityatA' sAdhya ko siddha karanA bhI anumAna hai / anumAna ke do bheda prasiddha haiM- svArthAnumAna evaM parArthAnumAna / yadyapi 'anuyogadvAra sUtra' meM anumAna ke pUrvavat, zeSavat evaM dRSTasAdharmyavat nAmaka tIna bheda pratipAdita haiM, 2" kintu jaina pramANa - mImAMsA meM svArtha evaM parArtha bheda pratiSThita 28

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* jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hone ke pazcAt ina tIna bhedoM ko mahattva nahIM milaa| svayaM pramAtA ke lie hetu se sAdhya kA jJAna svArthAnumAna hai tathA jaba pramAtA svArthAnumAna hone ke pazcAt kisI anya ko hetu Adi kA kathana karake sAdhya kA jJAna karAtA hai, to use parArthAnumAna kahA jAtA hai| 200 svArthAnumAna meM hetu evaM sAdhya do mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka haiN| tIsarA ghaTaka inakA pArasparika avinAbhAva sambandha athavA vyApti sambandha hai, jisake kAraNa hetu dvArA sAdhya kA jJAna hotA hai| aba prazna hotA hai ki hetu kA jaina darzana meM kyA svarUpa hai ? jaina dArzanikoM ne apanI pramANa - mImAMsA ke dvArA bhAratIya darzana ko jo mahattvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai, usameM hetu- -lakSaNa kA viziSTa sthAna hai| ve hetu kA eka hI lakSaNa pratipAdita karate haiM aura vaha hai usakA sAdhya ke sAtha nizcita avinAbhAva / " avinAbhAva kA artha hai- usake binA isakA na rhnaa| sAdhya ke binA hetu nahIM rahatA, yahI usakA lakSaNa hai / hetu ke binA sAdhya to raha sakatA hai| dhUma ke binA agni raha sakatI hai, kintu agni ke binA dhUma nahIM raha sakatA arthAt avicchinna dhUma tabhI hotA hai, jaba agni ho / hetu tabhI hotA hai, jaba sAdhya ho / sAdhya ke na hone yA abhAva hone para hetu kA bhI abhAva rahatA hai / hetu kA lakSaNa yahI hai ki usakA sAdhya ke sAtha nizcita avinAbhAva sambandha rahatA hai / avinAbhAva ke artha meM anyathAnupapanna evaM anyathAnupapatti zabdoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai / isalie kucha dArzanika hetu kA lakSaNa pratipAdita karate hue hetu kI sAdhya ke sAtha nizcita anyathAnupapatti batalAte haiN| yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki pAtrasvAmI, bhaTTa akalaMka, vidyAnandi Adi sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ne bauddhoM ke dvArA pratipAdita hetu ke trilakSaNa (pakSadharmatva, sapakSattva evaM vipakSAsattva) kA tathA nyAyadArzanikoM dvArA mAnya hetu ke paMcalakSaNa ( uparyukta tIna + asatprapipakSatva aura abAdhitaviSayatva) kA nirasana kara sAdhyAvinAbhAvitA svarUpa eka hetu - lakSaNa pratipAdita kiyA hai / pAtrasvAmI ke trilakSaNakadarthana grantha kA nimnAMkita zloka akalaGka, vidyAnanda Adi aneka jaina dArzanika uddhRta karate haiM I anyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim / nAnyathAnupapannatvaM yatra tatra trayeNa kim /

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa - vivecana 201 jahA~ hetu kA anyathAnupapannatva lakSaNa hai, vahA~ sapakSasatva Adi tIna lakSaNoM kA kyA aucitya hai? jahA~ anyathAnupapatva lakSaNa nahIM hai, vahA~ bhI tIna lakSaNoM kA koI aucitya nhiiN| sAdhya kise kahA jAya ? sAdhAraNa rUpa se hama jise siddha karanA cAhate haiM, use sAdhya kahate haiM, kintu pramANa - cintaka jaina dArzanika usakI tIna vizeSatAoM kA ullekha karate haiM- 1. vaha asiddha yA ajJAta honA cAhie, jJAta ho jAne arthAt siddha ho jAne para use sAdhya nahIM kahA jA sakatA; 2. pratyakSa Adi pramANoM se vaha bAdhita nahIM honA cAhie, jaise agni meM zItalatA siddha karanA pratyakSa se bAdhita hai, ataH zItalatA sAdhya nahIM ho sakatI; 3. pramAtA kA use siddha karanA abhISTa honA cAhie- ina tIna vizeSatAoM se yukta sAdhya ko hI hetu ke dvArA siddha kiyA jAtA hai 1 32 tIsarA jo mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka hai, vaha hai sAdhya evaM hetu meM vyApti - sambandha / nyAyadArzanika hetu evaM sAdhya ke sAhacarya niyama ko athavA hetu evaM sAdhya ke svAbhAvika sambandha ko vyApti kahate haiM / 30 jaina dArzanikoM ne avinAbhAva niyama ko vyApti kahA hai| siddhasena, akalaGka, vidyAnanda Adi dArzanikoM ke hetu lakSaNa kA adhyayana karane se vidita hotA hai ki ve sAdhya evaM hetu ke avinAbhAva niyama ko hI vyApti mAnate haiN| 3166 yaha isake hone para hI hotA hai, isake nahIM hone para nahIM hotaa|" isa prakAra sAdhya ke hone para hI hetu kA honA tathA sAdhyAbhAva meM hetu kA na honA hI vyApti hai, aisA lakSaNa mANikyanandi ne diyA hai| " vAdidevasUri ne sAdhya evaM sAdhana ke traikAlika sambandha ko vyApti mAnA hai / jahA~-jahA~ dhUma hotA hai, vahA~-vahA~ agni hotI hai - yaha vyApti kA eka rUpa hai tathA jahA~ agni nahIM hotI, vahA~ dhUma nahIM hotA, yaha vyApti kA dUsarA rUpa hai| ina donoM ko avinAbhAvaniyama rUpa vyApti se phalita kiyA jAtA hai| jaina darzana ke hetu - lakSaNa meM bhI isa avinAbhAva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki hetu ke lakSaNa meM usakI sAdhya ke sAtha vyApti ko sthApita karanA Avazyaka hai / vyApti ko jaina darzanikoM ne antarvyApti aura bahirvyApti ke bheda se do prakAra kA batalAyA hai / jisa pakSa (sAdhyadeza) meM hetu se sAdhya ko siddha kiyA jAya aura hetu kI usa sAdhya se vyApti 33 I

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202 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana usa pakSa (sAdhyasthala) meM hI ghaTita ho, usake bAhara nahIM, to use antarvyApti kahA jAtA hai| jaise vastu anekAntAtmaka hai, kyoMki vaha sat hai, isa hetu ke sAtha jo vyApti banatI hai, vaha samasta vastuoM rUpI pakSa meM vidyamAna rahatI hai, usase bAhara nahIM jAtI, ataH antarvyApti kahalAtI hai| jo vyApti pakSa (sAdhya-sthala) se bAhara bhI ghaTita hotI hai, use bahirvyApti kahA jAtA hai, jaise dhUma kI agni ke sAtha vyApti pakSa (sAdhyadeza) ke bAhara rasoIghara Adi meM bhI hone se vaha bahirvyApti hai| __ parArthAnumAna meM dUsaroM ko sAdhya kA jJAna karAyA jAtA hai| dUsaroM ko sAdhya kA jJAna karAne ke lie kevala hetu kA kathana paryApta nahIM hotaa| hetu ke atirikta pakSa-vacana bhI Avazyaka hotA hai / nyAya darzana meM parArthAnumAna ke lie pA~ca avayavoM kA kathana Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / ve pA~ca avayava haiM - pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya aura nigmn| jaina darzana meM pakSa evaM hetu - ye do avayava adhika mAnya rahe haiM / isalie parArthAnumAna kA lakSaNa dete samaya vAdidevasUri ne pakSa evaM hetu ke kathana ko parArthAnumAna kahA hai| parArthAnumAna yadyapi vacanAtmaka (kathanAtmaka) hotA hai, tathApi anumAna kI pratipatti kA nimitta hone se ise upacAra se parArthAnumAna kaha diyA gayA hai / parArthAnumAna ke do avayava svIkAra karane meM jaina dArzanika ekAntavAdI nahIM haiM / unake mata meM pratipAdya puruSa kI yogyatA ke anusAra avayavoM kI saMkhyA nirdhArita ho sakatI hai / atyadhika vyutpanna puruSa ko sAdhya kA jJAna karAne ke lie mAtra 'hetu' kathana bhI paryApta hai aura mandagati puruSoM ko jJAna karAne ke lie pratijJA, hetu Adi nyAyadarzana meM pratipAdita pA~coM avayava Avazyaka haiN| jainAcArya bhadrabAhu kI 'dazavaikAlika niyukti' meM daza avayavoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai, kintu unheM uttaravartI jaina naiyAyikoM ne nahIM apanAyA hai| __ jaina dArzanikoM ne anumAna-pramANa ko vyApaka banAne ke lie hetu ke aneka bheda pratipAdita kie haiN| mANikyanandi ke 'parIkSAmukha' meM hetu ke 22 bhedoM evaM vAdidevasUri ke 'pramANanayattattvAloka' meM 25 bhedoM kA varNana hai| mukhya rUpa se jo hetu haiM, unameM svabhAva, kArya, kAraNa, pUrvacara, uttaracara evaM sahacara hetuoM kA nAma liyA jA sakatA hai / svabhAva hetu svabhAva rUpa hotA hai, yathA-samasta vastue~ anekAntAtmaka haiM, kyoMki unameM aneka guNa-dharma haiM / yahA~ para aneka guNadharmoM kI

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa - vivecana 203 I upasthiti rUpa hetu vastu meM anekAntAtmakatA sAdhya ko siddha karane ke lie svabhAva hai / kArya hetu meM hetu kArya rUpa hotA hai evaM sAdhya kAraNa rUpa, yathA- parvata meM vahnina hai, kyoMki dhUma upalabdha hai / yahA~ dhUma vahni kA kArya hai / kArya se kAraNa kA anumAna lagabhaga pratyeka bhAratIya darzana meM svIkRta hai, kAraNa hetu meM kAraNa se kArya kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai, jaise- barasane vAle bAdaloM ko dekhakara varSA kA anumAna, dUdha meM cInI milane se miThAsa kA anumAna aadi| pUrvacara, uttaracara evaM sahacara hetuoM kA sthApana jaina dArzanikoM kI naI sUjha hai / pUrvacara evaM uttaracara hetuoM meM jaina dArzanikoM ne sAdhya ke sAtha kramabhAvI avinAbhAva svIkAra kiyA hai / sahacara hetu meM ve sahabhAvI avinAbhAva kA pratipAdana karate haiN| jainadArzanikoM kA mantavya hai ki do vastuoM yA ghaTanAoM kA jaba koI nizcita krama ho, to unameM pUrvabhAvI vastu yA ghaTanA ke dvArA pazcAdbhAvI vastu yA ghaTanA kA anumAna pUrvacara hetu se tathA pazcAdbhAvI vastu yA ghaTanA ke dvArA pUrvabhAvI kA anumAna uttaracara hetu se sampanna hotA hai / yathA- pUrvabhAva kRttikA nakSatra ke udaya se jaba pazcAdbhAvI zakaTa nakSatra ke udaya kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai, to kRttikA nakSatra pUrvacara hetu hai, kyoMki vaha zakaTa (rohiNI) nakSatra ke ThIka pahale udita hotA hai / jaba zakaTa (rohiNI) nakSatra ko dekhakara kRttikA nakSatra ke eka muhUrta pUrva udaya ho cukane kA anumAna kiyA jAya, to zakaTa uttaracara hetu hogA, kyoMki vaha kRttikA kA pazcAdbhAvI hai / sahacara hetu meM sAtha-sAtha rahane vAle do tattvoM meM se eka ke dvArA dUsare kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai, yathA- Amra phala ko khAte samaya rasa kA anubhava kara usameM rUpa kA anumAna / rasa aura rUpa sAtha - sAtha rahate haiM / jahA~ rasa hai, vahA~ rUpa avazya hogaa| ataH rasa, rUpa ke anumAna meM I sahacara hetu hai| 5. Agama-pramANa Agama-pramANa ko anya darzanoM meM zabda - pramANa ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai, kintu jaina darzana meM 'Agama' zabda kA prayoga prasiddha hai| Apta puruSa ke vacanoM athavA unase hone vAle prameya artha ke jJAna ko jaina dArzanika Agama-pramANa kahate haiN| Apta ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karate hue vAdidevasUri kahate haiM ki jo puruSa

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204 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana abhidheya vastu ko yathAvasthita (jo jaisI hai, use vaise hI) rUpa se jAnatA hai tathA jaisA jAnatA hai, use vaisA kahatA hai- vaha Apta hai|" Apta puruSa laukika bhI ho sakatA hai aura lokottara bhii| mAtA-pitA, gurujana, santa Adi laukika Apta puruSa haiM tathA tIrthakara, arhanta Adi lokottara Apta haiM / Apta puruSa ke vacanoM se vastu kA yathArtha jJAna yA samyagjJAna hotA hai, isalie unake vacanoM ko upacAra se pramANa mAnA gayA hai / jainAgama pramANa haiM, kyoMki ve arhanta prabhu (Apta) kI vANI haiN| Agama-pramANa zrutajJAna hai| yahA~ para kahanA hogA ki jainadarzana meM matijJAna ke AdhAra para jahA~ sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa, smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka evaM anumAna-pramANa kA pratipAdana huA hai, vahA~ zrutajJAna ke AdhAra para mAtra Agama-pramANa kA nirUpaNa huA hai| prameya 'pramAtuM yogyaM prameyam' arthAt jo jAnane yogya hai athavA siddha karane yogya hai, vaha prameya hai| 'pra+mA+yat' pUrvaka prameya zabda niSpanna huA hai jo jJeya kA artha bhI detA hai, kintu khAsa bAta yaha hai ki prameya jJeya hokara bhI heya evaM upAdeya ho sakatA ___ saMsAra kI pratyeka vastu prameya hai, aura ve vastue~ saMkhyA meM ananta haiN| pratyeka vastu meM ananta-guNa dharma haiM, jinake kAraNa jaina dArzanikoM ne samasta prameyoM ko anekAntAtmaka kahA hai / vaha anekAntAtmaka prameya sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka, dravyaparyAyAtmaka, nityAnityAtmaka, ekAnekAtmaka Adi rUpoM meM jAnA jAtA hai / jaina darzana meM pratyeka vastu dravya evaM paryAya se yukta mAnI gayI hai| dravya sadA banA rahatA hai evaM usakI paryAya nirantara badalatI rahatI hai / paryAya kA utpAda evaM vyaya hotA rahatA hai, dravya dhruva rahatA hai / isa taraha vastu ko jaina darzana utpAda, vyaya evaM dhauvya se yukta bhI kahatA hai / dravya se nitya bane rahane evaM paryAya ke badalate rahane ke kAraNa vastu ko nityAnityAtmaka bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina dArzanika vastu kI sadRzatA evaM bhinnatA ke AdhAra para use sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka bhI pratipAdita karate haiM / eka vastu ke jo dharma anya vastuoM se athavA usI vastu kI pUrva evaM uttara paryAya se sAdRzya rakhate haiM, ve sAmAnya tathA jo dharma anya vastuoM se athavA usa

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa-vivecana 205 vastu kI anya paryAyoM se bhinnatA batalAte haiM, ve vizeSa kahe gaye haiN| pratyeka vastu meM sAmAnya evaM vizeSa dharma vidyamAna rahate haiM / vaizeSika darzana meM sAmAnya evaM vizeSa do bhinna padArtha haiM, jabaki jainadarzana meM pratyeka padArtha sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka hotA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra koI sAmAnya vizeSa se rahita nahIM hotA evaM koI vizeSa sAmAnya se rahita nahIM hotaa| pramANa-phala jaina dArzanika pramANa ke phala ko do prakAra kA nirUpita karate haiM-1. sAkSAt phala evaM 2. paramparA phala / pratyakSa, smRti Adi samasta pramANoM kA sAkSAt phala ajJAna nivRtti hai / paramparA-phala do prakAra kA hai| kevalajJAna kA paramparA-phala upekSA buddhi tathA anya samasta pramANoM kA paramparA-phala hAna (tyAganA), upAdAna (grahaNa karanA) evaM upekSAbuddhi hai| ___ kisI prameya kA jJAna hone kA artha hai- usa prameya ke sambandha meM ajJAna kI nivRtti / yahI pramANa kA sAkSAt phala hai| pramANa evaM usakA phala donoM jJAnAtmaka hote haiM / donoM ke jJAnAtmaka hone ke kAraNa ve paraspara kathaMcit bhinna evaM kathaMcit abhinna mAne gaye haiM / jaina dArzanika kahate haiM ki yadyapi pramANa kA sAkSAt phala ajJAnanivRtti sva-para-vyavasAyI pramANa se abhinna pratIta hotA hai, tathApi pramANa sAdhana evaM ajJAnanivRtti sAdhya hai| ina donoM meM sAdhya-sAdhana kI pratIti hone se ye donoM kathaMcita bhinna haiN| hAna, upAdAna evaM upekSAbuddhi rUpa paramparA-phala bhI pramANa se kathaMcid bhinna evaM kathaMcid abhinna hai / vaha pramANa se kathaMcit bhinna pratIta hotA huA bhI eka hI pramAtA dvArA donoM kA anubhava hone se ve donoM kathaMcit abhinna bhI haiM / yadi pramANa evaM phala kathaMcit bhinna evaM kathaMcit abhinna na hoM, to pramANa evaM phala kI vyavasthA nahIM bana sktii| pramANa kA prAmANya pramANa ke dvArA prameya padArtha kA doSarahita jJAna honA usakA prAmANya hai| aba prazna yaha hotA hai ki pramANa kI pramANatA kA jJAna kaise ho ki yaha pramANa vastutaH pramANa hai| jaina dArzanikoM ne isake lie pratipAdita kiyA hai ki pramANa kI pramANatA (prAmANya) kA jJAna abhyAsa-dazA meM svataH hotA hai tathA anabhyAsa-dazA meM parataH

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206 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hotA hai| jabaki prAmANya evaM aprAmANya donoM kI utpatti parataH hotI hai / tathApi unakA abhyAsadazA meM jJAna svataH tathA anabhyAsadazA meM parataH hotA hai| indriyAdi meM doSa hone ke kAraNa pramANa meM jo aprAmANya AtA hai, vaha parataH utpanna kahA jAtA hai| parataH aprAmANya utpanna na ho, to saMzayAdi ke abhAva meM prAmANya hI rahatA hai| prAmANya ko jAnane ke lie anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA na ho, to use svataH prAmANya kahA jAtA hai| abhyAsa-dazA meM prameya kA doSa rahita jJAna hI usakA svataH prAmANya hai / jaba pramANa ke prAmANya ko jAnane ke lie anya pramANa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, to use parataH prAmANya kahA jAtA hai| anabhyAsa dazA meM yA saMzayAdi kI sthiti meM parataH prAmANya hotA hai, yathA-anumAna se jAne gaye prameya-jJAna kA pratyakSa se prAmANya jAnanA parataH prAmANya hai| __ anta meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina pramANa-mImAMsA kA tArkika jagat meM pUrNa vyavasthApana bhale hI vilamba se huA ho, tathApi usakA bhAratIya darzana meM viziSTa mahattva hai| jJAna ko pramANa-rUpa meM pratiSThita kara jaina dArzanikoM ne jahA~ Agama-saraNi ko surakSita rakhA hai, vahA~ unhoMne pramANa ko laukika jagat ke lie upAdeya bhI banAyA hai| smRti, pratyabhijJAna Adi ko pramANa-rUpa meM pratiSThita kara jaina dArzanikoM ne bhAratIya darzana ko mahAn yogadAna kiyA hai| unake dvArA pratipAdita pramANa-lakSaNa, hetu-lakSaNa evaM pUrvacara, uttaracara, sahacara Adi hetuoM kA sthApana bhI bhAratIya nyAya ko mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| sandarbha:1. pramANairarthaparIkSaNaM nyaayH| - vAtsyAyanabhASya, nyAyasUtra 1.1.1 2. (1) hitAhitaprAptiparihArasamarthaM hi pramANaM tato jJAnameva tt| - parIkSAmukha, 1.2 (2) abhimatAnabhimatavastusvIkAratiraskArakSamaM hi pramANam, ato jnyaanmevedm| - vAdidevasUri, pramANanayatattvAloka, zrI tilokaratna jaina dhArmika parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI, ahamadanagara, 1.3 3. prakarSeNa saMzayAdivyavacchedena mIyate paricchidyate vastutattvaM yena tat pramANaM pramAyAM saadhktmm|- prabhAcandra, nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga - 1, mANikyacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA, mumbaI, 1938, pR. 48.10 evaM hemacandrakRta pramANamImAMsA 1.1.1 4. (1) svaparAvabhAsakaM yathA pramANaM bhuvi buddhilkssnnm| - samantabhadra, svayambhUstotra, 63 (2) pramANaM svaparAbhAsi-jJAnaM baadhvivrjitm| - siddhasena, nyAyAvatAra, 1

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jaina nyAya meM pramANa-vivecana 207 5. (1) prmaannmvisNvaadijnyaanmndhigtaarthaadhigmlkssnntvaat| -aSTazatI, aSTasahanI, __ solApura, 1915, pR. 175 (2) svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM prmaannm| - parIkSAmukha, 1.1 6. tatsvArthavyavasAyAtmajJAnaM maanmitiiytaa| lakSaNena gatArthatvAd vyrthmnyvishessnnm|| - tattvArthazlokavArtika, 1.10.77 7. vyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnamAtmArthagrAhakaM mtm|| grahaNaM nirNayastena mukhyaM praamaannymshnute|| - laghIyastraya, 60, akalaMkagranthatrayam, siMghI jaina granthamAlA 12, ahamadAbAda, kalakattA, 1939 8. grahISyamANagrAhiNa iva gRhItagrAhINo'pi naapraamaannym|-prmaannmiimaaNsaa,1.1.4evN isakI vRtti 9. avisaMvAdakatvaM ca nirnnyaayttm| tdbhaave'bhaavaat| tadbhAve ca bhAvAt / - laghIyastrayavRtti, 60 10. vizadajJAnAtmakaM prtykssm| - vidyAnandi, pramANaparIkSA, vIrasevAmandira TrasTa, vArANasI, 1977, pR. 37 11. pramANAntarAnapekSedantayA pratibhAso vA vaishdym| - pramANamImAMsA, 1.1.14 12. Adye prokssm| prtykssmnyt| - tattvArthasUtra, 1.11-12 13. (1) iMdiyamaNobhavaM jaM taM sNvvhaarpcckkhN| - vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 95 (2) tatra sAMvyavahArikam indriyaanindriynimittm| - laghIyastrayavRtti, 4 14. avagRhItArthavizeSAkAMkSaNamIhA / - pramANanayatattvAloka 2.8 15. saMzayapUrvakatvAdIhAyAH saMzayAd bhedaH / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 2.11 16. IhitavizeSanirNayo'vAyaH / - pramANanayatattvAloka 2.9 17. pAramArthikaM punarutpattAvAtmamAtrApekSam / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 2.18 18. nikhiladravyaparyAyasAkSAtkArisvarUpaM kevalajJAnam / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 2.23 19. jANadi passadi savvaM vavahAraNayeNa kevalI bhgvN| kevalaNANI jANadi passadi NiyameNa appaann|| - niyamasAra , 158 20. saMyamavizuddhinibandhanAd viziSTAvaraNavicchedAjjAtaM, manodravyaparyAyAlambanaM manaHparyAyajJAnam / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 2.22. 21. avadhijJAnAvaraNavilayavizeSasamudbhavaM bhavaguNapratyayaM rUpidravyagocaramavadhijJAnam / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 2.21 22. matiH smRtiH saMjJAcintA'bhinibodha itynrthaantrm| - tattvArthasUtra, 1.13 23. tatra saMskAraprabodhasambhUtamanubhUtArthaviSayaM, tadityAkAraM vedanaM smaraNam / pramANanayatattvAloka, 3.3 24. draSTavya, pramANanayatattvAloka, 3.5-6

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208 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 25. draSTavya, pramANaparIkSA, vIrasevAmandira TrasTa, vArANasI, 1977, pR. 44-45 26. upalambhAnupalambhanimittaM vyaaptijnyaanmuuhH| - parIkSAmukha 3.7 27. sAdhanAt sAdhyavijJAnamanumAnam / - nyAyavinizcaya, 170 28. se kiM taM aNumANe? se tivihe paNNatte, taMjahA- puvvavaM, sesavaM, diTThasAhammavaM / anuyogadvArasUtra, anumaanprmaanndvaar| 29. sAdhyAvinAmAvitvena nizcito hetuH| - parIkSAmukha, 3.11 30. (1) yatra dhUmastatrAgniriti sAhacaryaniyamo vyaaptiH| - kezavamizra, tarkabhASA, anumAnanirUpaNa, caukhambhA saMskRta saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1977 (2) svAbhAvikazca sambandho vyaaptiH| - tarkabhASA, anumAnanirUpaNa 31. draSTavya, DaoN. dharmacanda jaina, bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jainadRSTi se samIkSA, pArzvanAtha ____vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1995, pR. 260 32. parIkSAmukha 3.8-9 33. pramANanayatattvAloka, 3.7 34. pakSIkRta eva viSaye sAdhanasya sAdhyena vyAptirantAptiH, anyatra tu bhirvyaaptiH| pramANanayatattvAloka, 3.38 35. pakSahetuvacanAtmakaM praarthmnumaanmupcaaraat|- pramANanayatattvAloka, 3.23 36. daza avayavoM ke nAma do prakAra se ullikhita haiN| prathama prakAra meM - 1. pratijJA, 2. pratijJAvizuddhi, 3. hetu, 4. hetuvizuddhi, 5. dRSTAnta, 6. dRSTAntavizuddhi, 7. upasahAra, 8. upasaMhAravizuddhi, 9. nigamana evaM 10. nigamanavizuddhi kA ullekha hai| dvitIya prakAra meM- 1. pratijJA, 2. pratijJAvibhakti, 3. hetu, 4. hetuvibhakti, 5. vipakSa, 6. vipakSapratiSedha, 7. dRSTAnta, 8. AzaMkA, 9. AzaMkApratiSedha evaM 10. nigamana kA nirUpaNa hai| vAtsyAyana ke 'nyAyabhASya' meM bhI daza avayavoM kA ullekha milatA hai, kintu unameM pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya evaM nigamana ke atirikta jijJAsA, saMzaya, zakyaprApti, prayojana evaM saMzayavyudAsa kI gaNanA kI gayI hai| - draSTavya, nyAyabhASya 1.1.32 37. abhidheyaM vastu yathAvasthitaM yo jAnIte, yathAjJAnaM cAbhidhatte sa aaptH| pramANanayatattvAloka, 4.4 38. draSTavya, pramANanayatattvAloka 6.2-5 39. tatpramANataH syAdbhinnamabhinnaM ca, prmaannphltvaanythaanupptteH|- pramANanayatattvAloka 6.6

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 1 jainadarzana meM sva evaM para padArtha ke nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa kahA gayA hai / pramANa kI vizeSatA hotI hai ki yaha jIvana-vyavahAra meM tyAjya, grAhya evaM upekSaNIya padArtha kA bodha karAtA hai / aisA bodha hameM nizcayAtmaka jJAna se hI hotA hai / vaha nizcayAtmaka jJAna saMzaya, viparyaya (viparIta jJAna) evaM anadhyavasAya (anizcayAtmaka) jJAna se bhinna /rahita hotA hai / jainadarzana meM pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna pratipAdita haiM- matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaH paryAyajJAna evaM kevalajJAna / isa sabakA samAveza pramANa-bhedoM meM kiyA gayA hai / matijJAna kI prakriyA meM avagraha (sAmAnyagrAhI), IhA (avagraha se adhika grAhI), avAya (nirNayAtmaka jJAna) evaM dhAraNA (avAya jJAna kI dRr3hatA, jo smRti meM kAraNa hotI hai) kA pratipAdana huA hai / avagrahAdi ina cAra jJAnoM meM avAya evaM dhAraNA jJAna to nizcayAtmaka hone se pramANa hote hI haiM, kintu avagraha evaM IhA ko pramANa kisa AdhAra para mAnA jAe, yaha prazna khar3A hotA hai / prastuta Alekha meM avagraha kI pramANatA para carcA kI gaI hai / avagraha ke bhI do prakAra haiM- vyaMjanAvagraha evaM arthAvagraha / inameM arthAvagraha ko pramANa mAnane ke sambandha meM kucha AdhAra prApta hote haiM, jinakA vicAra karate hue use pramANakoTi meM rakhA gayA hai, kintu vyaMjanAvagraha pramANakoTi meM nahIM AtA hai / arthAvagraha ko pramANa mAnane para IhA jJAna ko pramANa svIkAra karane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai / 1 jaina pramANa - zAstroM meM Agama-nirUpita jJAna hI pramANarUpa meM pratiSThita hai| jJAna kI pramANa ke rUpa meM pratiSThA bauddhadArzanikoM ke dvArA bhI svIkRta hai, kintu ve nirvikalpaka jJAna ko bhI pramANa mAnate haiN| jaina dArzanika isa sambandha meM matabheda rakhate haiN| nyAyadarzana meM pramA kA karaNa hone se indriya aura indriyArthasannikarSa ko, mImAMsA darzana meM jJAtRvyApAra ko aura sAMkhyadarzana meM indriyavRtti ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai| indriya, indriyArthasannikarSa Adi jar3a hone ke kAraNa hAna, upAdAna aura upekSA kA jJAna karAne meM samartha nahIM haiM, isalie jaina dArzanika jJAna se bhinna indriya Adi ko pramANa svIkAra nahIM karate haiN|' ve sva evaM para ke nizcayAtmaka savikalpaka jJAna ko hI hAna, upAdAna aura upekSA kA jJAna karAne meM samartha mAnate haiM, ataH ve isI ko pramANa svIkAra karake nirvikalpaka jJAna kI pramANatA kA khaNDana karate haiN|

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210 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jJAna aura pramANa meM kathaMcidabhinnatA ___ pramANa kathaJcid jJAna se bhinna hai| saMzayajJAna aura viparyayajJAna jJAna hokara bhI pramANa nahIM haiM, yaha nirvivAda hai, kintu Agama meM jo samyagjJAna mokSaprApti ke lie Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai usakA svarUpa pramANazAstra meM nirUpita samyagjJAna se bhinna hai / vidyAnanda (775-840 I.) pramANaparIkSA meM 'samyagjJAnaM pramANamiti' pramANa-lakSaNa kI racanA karate hue saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya se rahita jJAna ko hI samyagjJAna batalAte haiN| hemacandra (1088-1173 I.) bhI pramANamImAMsA meM isI prakAra kA nirUpaNa karate haiN|' Agama meM jo samyagjJAna nirUpita hai vaha pramANalakSaNa se bhinna hai| Agama ke anasAra mithyAtvI jaba samyaktva ko prApta kara letA hai tabhI usakA jJAna samyagjJAna hotA hai| samyaktva kI yaha prApti jIva ke anantAnubandhI kaSAya catuSka aura darzanamohatrika ke kSaya, upazama aura kSayopazama se hotI hai| anantAnubandhI kaSAya catuSka meM pragADha krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha kaSAyoM kA tathA darzanamohatrika meM samyaktvamoha, mithyAtvamoha aura mizramoha prakRtiyoM kA samAveza hotA hai| pramANa ke lie moha karma (kI ina prakRtiyoM) ke catuSka aura trika ke kSaya Adi kI apekSA nahIM rahatI hai| vahA~ to mithyAtvI kA saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya se rahita jJAna bhI pramANa hI hotA hai / isa prakAra pramANazAstrIya samyagjJAna AgamanirUpita samyagjJAna se bhinna hai| pramANa kA anya vaiziSTya hai usakI svpr-vyvsaayaatmktaa| sva kA aura artha (padArtha) kA nizcayAtmaka jJAna hI jainadarzana meM pramANa mAnA gayA hai| jo jJAna nizcayAtmaka nahIM hotA usakA pramANa jainadArzanikoM ko abhISTa nahIM hai| jainadarzana meM svapara- prakAzakatA prasiddha hai| AcArya kundakunda ke niyamasAra grantha meM jJAna kI svapara-prakAzakatA kI prabala rUpa meM sthApanA kI gaI hai| AcArya siddhasena (5vIMzatI) aura samantabhadra (SaSTha zatI) ne pramANa ko sva evaM para kA avabhAsaka nirUpita kiyA hai| akalaka (720-780 I.), vidyAnanda, abhayadevasUri (10vIM zatI), prabhAcandra(980-1065 I.), devasUri (1086-1196 I.), hemacandra Adi samasta dArzanika jJAnAtmaka hone ke kAraNa pramANa meM svapara-prakAzakatA svIkAra karate haiN|

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 211 AgamanirUpita jJAna kA pramANa-bhedoM meM samAveza AgamoM meM jJAna kA jo nirUpaNa upalabdha hotA hai vaha saba pramANa-vivecana meM bhI samAviSTa ho gayA / AgamoM meM jJAna ke matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna aura kevalajJAna nAmaka pAMca bheda prApta hote haiM / matijJAna kA ullekha Abhinibodhika zabda se bhI huA hai / tattvArthasUtrakAra umAsvAti (dvitIya zatI) ne jJAna ke ina pAMca bhedoM kA samAveza pramANa ke do bhedoM meM kiyA hai| pramANa ke do bheda haiM- 1. pratyakSa aura 2. parokSa / 'Adye parokSam' tathA 'pratyakSamanyad' ina do sUtroM se umAsvAti matijJAna aura zrutajJAna kA antarbhAva parokSapramANa meM karate haiM tathA avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevalajJAnoM kA samAveza pratyakSa pramANa meM karate haiN|' pratyakSa aura parokSa ke isa vibhAjana meM AtmamAtra sApekSa jJAna ko pratyakSa tathA zeSa anya jJAnoM ko parokSa kahA gayA hai| jinabhadra (SaSTha-saptama zatI) akalaGka Adi jainAcAryoM ne uttarakAla meM pramANamImAMsA kA vyavasthita vistAra kiyaa| pratyakSa pramANa ke do bheda kie gae- 1. sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa aura 2. pAramArthika pratyakSa / parokSapramANa ke pAMca bheda kie gae- 1. smRti, 2. pratyabhijJAna, 3. tarka, 4. anumAna aura 5. Agama / sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke do bheda pratipAdita kie gae- 1. indriya pratyakSa aura 2. anindriya pratyakSa / ye donoM bheda avagraha, IhA, avAya evaM dhAraNA rUpa hote haiM / pAramArthika pratyakSa ke punaH tIna bheda kie gae- 1. avadhijJAna, 2. manaHparyAyajJAna aura 3. kevalajJAna nandI sUtra, SaTkhaNDAgama Adi zvetAmbara aura digambara AgamoM meM Abhinibodhika arthAt matijJAna ke zrutinizrita rUpa meM cAra bheda pratipAdita haiMavagraha, IhA, avAya (apAya) aura dhaarnnaa| matijJAna ke AgamanirUpita ina cAra bhedoM kA samAveza sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa-pramANa ke bhedoM meM huA hai / smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka aura anumAna nAmaka parokSapramANa matijJAna ke hI paryAya haiN| yaha bAta umAsvAti ke 'matiH smRtiH saMjJA cintA'bhinibodha ityanarthAntaram' sUtra se siddha hotI hai| zrutajJAna kA samAveza Agama pramANa meM hotA hai|

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212 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA kA saMkSipta svarUpa nandIsUtra ke niyuktikAra ne avagraha Adi kA svarUpa nirUpaNa karate hue kahA hai atthANaM uggahaNaM avaggahaM taha viyAlaNaM IhaM / vavasAyaM ca avAyaM dharaNaM puNadhAraNaM baeNti / / " arthAt arthoM ko grahaNa karanA avagraha hai, usakA (avagRhIta artha kA) vicAra karanA IhA hai, Ihita kA nizcaya karanA avAya hai tathA usa nirNaya ko dhAraNa karanA dhAraNA hai / jinadAsagaNi mahattara ne nandIsUtra kI cUrNi meM prAkRta bhASA meM inakA svarUpa isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai- "rUpAdi vizeSa se nirapekSa anirdezya sAmAnya kA grahaNa avagraha hai| usakA (avagRhIta artha kA) vizeSa vicAra yA anveSaNa IhA hai| usa (Ihita) vizeSaNa viziSTa artha kA nirNaya honA avAya hai / usa vizeSa rUpa se jJAta artha kA dhAraNa karanA, usakI avicyuti honA dhAraNA kahA jAtA hai / " vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM jinabhadragaNikSamAzramaNa inake svarUpa kA varNana karate hue kahate haiM sAmaNNatthAvaggahaNamuggaho bheymggnnmhehaa| tassAvagamo'vAo aviccuI dhAraNA tassa / / " "sAmAnya artha kA grahaNa avagraha hai, usakI bhedamArgaNA (yA vizeSa anveSaNa) IhA hai, usakA nirNayAtmaka bodha avAya hai, usakI avicyuti (kucha kAla taka TikanA) dhAraNA hai|" pUjyapAda devanandI (5vIM zatI), akalaGka Adi digambara dArzanika bhI avagraha ko chor3akara IhA Adi kA isI prakAra vivecana karate haiN| ve avagraha ke pahale 'darzana' kA honA aGgIkAra karate haiN| unake mata meM viSaya tathA viSayI (indriya) kA sannipAta (sannikarSa) hone para darzana hotA hai, usake pazcAt artha kA grahaNa avagraha kahalAtA hai| avagRhIta artha meM usase vizeSa jAnane kI AkAMkSA IhA hai| vizeSa ko jAna lene para yathAsvarUpa kA jJAna avAya kahalAtA hai tathA avAya dvArA jAne gae artha ko kAlAntara meM bhI na bhUlanA dhAraNA hai|''

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 213 avAyajJAna aura dhAraNAjJAna meM isa prakAra nizcayAtmakatA nirvivAda hai, kintu avagraha evaM IhA jJAna kI nizcayAtmakatA vivAda kA viSaya hai| zvetAmbara Agama-paramparA ke anuyAyI jinabhadra Adi dArzanika avagraha aura IhAjJAna meM nizcayAtmakatA aGgIkAra nahIM karate haiM, kintu pramANazAstra ke anuyAyI akalaka Adi digambara dArzanika tathA vAdI devasUri Adi kucha zvetAmbara dArzanika avagraha aura IhA jJAna ko pramANa batalAne ke lie unameM nizcayAtmakatA svIkAra karate haiN| prastuta zodha lekha meM avagraha ke svarUpa kA vivecana kara yaha vicAra kiyA jAegA ki avagraha meM pramANa-lakSaNa ghaTita hotA hai yA nahIM / avagraha ke sAtha darzana kA bhI prazna jur3A huA hai / IhA jJAna kI carcA yahA~ adhika nahIM kI jAegI, kyoMki IhAjJAna to avagraha ke Azrita hai| yadi avagraha meM prAmANya siddha ho jAtA hai to IhA meM to svataH siddha ho jaaegaa| avagraha ke do bhedaH vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha AgamoM meM avagraha ke do bheda nirUpita haiM- vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthaavgrh| sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa aura zrotrendriya se gRhIta hone ke kAraNa vyaMjanAvagraha cAra prakAra kA hotA hai| cakSu aura mana se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki ye donoM indriyA~ aprApyakArI haiN| jo indriyA~ viSaya se saMyukta yA spRSTa hokara jJAna kI sAdhana banatI haiM ve prApyakArI kahalAtI haiN| sparzana Adi pUrvokta cAra indriyA~ prApyakArI haiM / arthAvagraha chaha prakAra kA varNita hai, kyoMki yaha sabhI indriyoM (pAMca jJAnendriyoM aura mana) se hotA hai| aprApyakArI cakSu evaM mana se bhI arthAvagraha hotA hai, yaha tAtparya hai| vyaMjanAvagraha evaM arthAvagraha ke sambandha meM yaha mata nirvivAda hai ki vyaMjanAvagraha cakSu aura mana se nahIM hotA hai tathA arthAvagraha sabhI indriyoM se hotA hai, kintu ina donoM ke svarUpa ko lekara aneka matabheda haiN| vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha ke svarUpa meM matabheda vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha ke svarUpa ko lekara jainadarzana meM pramukha rUpa se tIna mata haiM

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214 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 1. pUjyapAda devanandI aura akalaGka ke mata meM avyakta grahaNa vyaMjanAvagraha hotA hai tathA vyakta grahaNa arthAvagraha hotA hai| jisa prakAra nayA sakorA jala kI do tIna sUkSma bUMdoM se chIMTe jAne para gIlA nahIM hotA hai, kintu vahI sakorA bAra-bAra chIMTe jAne para dhIre-dhIre gIlA ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra zabdAdi viSayoM ke avyakta grahaNa ko vyaMjanAvagraha evaM vyakta grahaNa ko arthAvagraha kahate haiM / AcArya vidyAnanda bhI isI mata kA samarthana karate hue vyaMjanAvagraha ko aspaSTa tathA arthAvagraha ko spaSTa grahaNa ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karate haiN|' 2. dvitIya mata meM vIrasenAcArya (9-10 vIM zatI) SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM aprApta artha grahaNa ko arthAvagraha aura prApta artha grahaNa ko vyaMjanAvagraha batalAte haiM / ve akalaGka ke dvArA dI gaI paribhASA kA khaNDana karate hue kahate haiM- "spaSTa grahaNa arthAvagraha nahIM hai, kyoMki phira aspaSTa grahaNa ko vyaMjanAvagraha mAnanA par3egA / yadi aisA ho bhI jAye to cakSu meM bhI aspaSTa grahaNa hotA dikhAI detA hai, isalie usameM bhI vyaMjanAvagraha mAnane kA prasaMga AtA hai aura Agama meM cakSu evaM mana se vyaMjanAvagraha svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| ____ dhavalATIkA kI navamI pustaka meM vIrasenAcArya ne zaGkA uThAI hai ki avagraha nirNaya rUpa hotA hai yA anirNaya rUpa ? yadi vaha nirNaya rUpa hotA hai to usakA avAya meM antarbhAva honA cAhie aura yadi vaha anirNaya rUpa hotA hai to pramANa nahIM ho sakatA / isa zaGkA ke samAdhAna meM vIrasena svAmI ne avagraha ke do naye bheda kie haiM- 1. vizada avagraha aura 2. avizada avagraha / unameM se vizada avagraha nirNayAtmaka hotA huA IhA, avAya evaM dhAraNA jJAna kI utpatti meM kAraNa banatA hai| vaha avagraha nirNaya rUpa hotA huA bhI IhA, avAya Adi nirNayAtmaka jJAnoM se pRthak hotA hai| (kisI puruSa kI) bhASA, AyuSya, rUpa Adi vizeSoM kA grahaNa kie binA puruSa mAtra (sAmAnya) kA grahaNa karanA avizada avagraha hotA hai| 3. tIsarA mata jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa (chaThI zatAbdI) ne yuktipurassara upasthApita kiyA hai| AgamaparamparA ke vyAkhyAkAra AcArya jinadAsagaNimahattara, siddhasenagaNi, yazovijaya (17vIM zatI) Adi isake samarthaka haiM / jinabhadra ke mata meM

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 215 vyaMjanAvagraha se pUrva viSaya evaM viSayI ke sannipAta se utpanna darzana nahIM hotA hai| vyaMjanAvagraha ke svarUpa kA nirdeza karate hue ve vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM kahate haiM vNjijjijenntthoghddovvdiivennvNjnnNtNc| uvgrnnidiysddaaiprinnyddvvsNbNdho||" arthAt jisa prakAra dIpaka ke dvArA ghaTa prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jisase artha prakaTa kiyA jAye use vyaMjana kahate haiM / vaha vyaMjana hai- upakaraNendriya evaM zabdAdi pudgala paryAya kA sambandha / jaba zrotra Adi upakaraNa indriyoM kA artha (padArtha) ke sAtha sambandha hotA hai taba vyaMjanAvagraha hotA hai| ataH indriya-lakSaNa vyaMjana se zabdAdi pariNata dravya ke sambandha svarUpa vyaMjana kA avagraha vyaMjanAvagraha kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra vyaMjana tIna prakAra kA hotA hai- 1. indriya 2. zabdAdipariNata dravya aura 3. una donoM kA sambandha / yadyapi vyaMjanAvagraha meM jJAna kA anubhava nahIM hotA hai phira bhI jJAna kA kAraNa hone se yaha jJAna kahalAtA hai| agni ke eka kaNa meM agni kI bhAMti vyaMjanAvagraha meM atIva alpa jJAna svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / 18 vyaMjanAvagraha ke carama samaya meM arthAvagraha hotA hai| jinabhadra gaNi ne arthAvagraha kA svarUpa isa prakAra nirUpita kiyA hai- sAmannamaNidesaM sruuvnaamaaikppnnaarhiyN|" (yaha arthAvagraha) sAmAnya, anirdezya evaM svarUpa, nAma Adi kI kalpanA se rahita hotA hai / arthAt arthAvagraha meM vastu kA sAmAnya grahaNa hotA hai / vaha sAmAnya grahaNa anirdezya hotA hai (usakA kathana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA) tathA svarUpa evaM nAmAdi kI kalpanA se rahita hotA hai / sAmAnya artha nirdezya bhI hotA hai, kintu usakA vyavaccheda karane ke lie anirdezya pada grahaNa kiyA gayA hai, aisA vRttikAra maladhArI hemacandra ne spaSTa kiyA hai| svarUpa, nAmAdi kI kalpanA se rahita meM Adi zabda se jAti, kriyA, guNa evaM dravya kA grahaNa hotA hai| arthAvagraha ina sabase rahita hotA hai| arthAvagraha kA kAla jainAgamoM meM eka samaya hI mAnA gayA hai| samaya kAla kA sabase choTA avibhAjya aMza hotA hai| eka samaya meM nAmAdi kI kalpanA honA saMbhava bhI nahIM hai| svarUpa kA nirdeza bhI nahIM kiyA jA

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216 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sakatA hai / AcArya yazovijaya ne jainatarkabhASA meM arthAvagraha kA yahI svarUpa spaSTa kiyA hai, yathA-"svarUpa, nAma, jAti, kriyA, guNa aura dravya kI kalpanA se rahita sAmAnyagrahaNa arthAvagraha hai|21 AcArya jinabhadra isa prasaMga meM kucha anya matAvalambI dArzanikoM ke do matoM kA ullekha kara unakA khaNDana karate haiM / saMkSepa meM yahA~ yaha carcA prastuta hai1. prathama mata meM saMketAdi vikalpa se rahita, sadyojAta bAlaka ko sAmAnya grahaNa hotA hai| jo viSayoM (padArthoM) se paricita haiM unheM to prathama samaya meM hI vizeSa jJAna ho jAtA hai / isa mata kA khaNDana karate hue jinabhadra kahate haiM ki isa prakAra to viSaya se adhika paricita vyakti ko prathama samaya meM hI 'yaha zaMkha kA zabda hai' ityAdi avAya jJAna bhI ho jaaegaa| puruSa kI zaktiyoM meM tAratamya vizeSa dikhAI dete haiM, kintu eka samaya meM aneka upayoga nahIM hote| isa prakAra yadi ho to sArA matijJAna avAya mAtra ho jAye athavA avagraha mAtra raha jaaye| yadi prathama samaya meM vizeSa jJAna kA honA mAnA jAye to arthAvagraha ke eka samaya taka hone kI bAta khaNDita ho jAtI hai, jo Agamaviruddha hai| isalie paricita viSayoM kA jJAna hone meM bhI prathama samaya meM sAmAnya grahaNa svIkAra karanA caahie| jinabhadra avagraha Adi ke krama ko lekara dRr3ha haiN| unake mata meM avagraha ke binA IhA, IhA ke binA avAya aura avAya ke binA dhAraNA nahIM hotI hai| 2. dUsare mata meM arthAvagraha AlocanApUrvaka hotA hai, aisA kahA gayA hai / Alocana ko sAmAnyagrAhI mAnA gayA hai aura arthAvagraha kAla meM zabda rUpAdi se bhinna jJAta hotA hai / AlocanA jJAna kA ullekha kumArilabhaTTa ne bhI nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kA vivecana karate hue kiyA hai, yathA asti hyAlocanAjJAnaM prathamaM nirvikalpakam / bAlamUkAdivijJAnasadRzaM zuddhavastujam // - zlokavArtika, pratyakSasUtra, 112 "pahale nirvikalpaka AlocanA jJAna hotA hai / vaha bAlaka evaM mUka ke jJAna ke samAna nirvikalpaka tathA zuddha vastu se utpanna hotA hai|" isa AlocanA jJAna kA AcArya jinabhadra ne khaNDana kiyA hai / isake khaNDana

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 217 ke lie ve prazna karate haiM ki AlocanA jJAna vyaMjanAvagraha se pUrva hotA hai, pazcAt hotA hai yA vaha vyaMjanAvagraha hI hotA hai ? inameM se prathama pakSa ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki taba artha evaM vyaMjana (indriya) ke sambandha kA hI abhAva rahatA hai| bAda meM bhI AlocanA jJAna honA saMbhava nahI hai, kyoMki vyaMjanAvagraha ke carama samaya meM arthAvagraha hotA hai| yadi vyaMjanAvagraha hI AlocanAjJAna hai to yaha nAmAntarakaraNa hI huaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki vyaMjanAvagraha arthazUnya (arthajJAna se rahita) hotA hai, isalie artha kA AlocanajJAna taba bhI honA ucita nahIM hai| bauddha dArzanikoM ke dvArA pratipAdita nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kisa prakAra kA hai, isakA jinabhadra ne vicAra nahIM kiyA hai, kintu jinabhadra ke mata meM jo arthAvagraha hai vaha hI bauddhoM kA nirvikalpaka indriya pratyakSa ho, aisA pratIta hotA hai| nirvikalpaka pratyakSa ke jo svasaMvedana aura yogI pratyakSa nAmaka do bheda haiM,* ve indriya kI apekSA nahIM karate, ataH ve donoM indriya pratyakSa se bhinna haiM / mAnasapratyakSa indriyapratyakSa ke Azrita hotA hai| bauddhoM ke dvArA pratipAdita indriya-pratyakSa se jainoM dvArA pratipAdita indriya-pratyakSasvarUpa arthAvagraha kathaJcid bhinna bhI hai| bauddha mata meM indriyapratyakSa kA viSaya svalakSaNa mAnA gayA hai aura jaina mata meM arthAvagraha kA viSaya sAmAnya grahaNa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| darzana aura avagraha meM bhedAbhedatA jainadarzana meM 'jJAna ke pUrva darzana hotA hai' yaha prasiddha siddhAnta hai| darzana ke anantara hI jJAna hotA hai, yaha sunizcita krama hai| avagraha matijJAna kA bheda hone ke kAraNa jJAnAtmaka hotA hai, ataH usase pUrva darzana honA cAhie, kintu darzana aura avagraha ke svarUpa kA jaba dArzanikoM ke dvArA vivecana kiyA jAtA hai taba ina donoM kI pRthaktA batalAnA kaThina ho jAtA hai| saMkSepa meM yahA~ isakI carcA kI jA rahI hai| AcArya siddhasena sanmatitarka grantha meM sAmAnya-grahaNa darzana hai tathA vizeSa kA grahaNa jJAna hai, aisI paribhASA karate haiN| dravyArthikanaya se darzana sAmAnyagrAhI tathA paryAyArthikanaya se jJAna vizeSagrAhI hotA hai| unake mata meM darzana aura jJAna meM * bauddhadarzana meM pratyakSa-pramANa ke cAra bheda haiM- 1. indriya pratyakSa, 2. mAnasa pratyakSa, 3. svasaMvedana pratyakSa aura 4. yogipratyakSa

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218 . jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana aikAntika bheda nahIM hai / 'jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga hai' yaha jaina paramparA meM sarvamAnya hai| vaha upayoga jJAna aura darzana ke bheda se do prakAra kA hotA hai| jaba hamAre dvArA vastu kA sAmAnya grahaNa hotA hai to darzanopayoga hotA hai tathA jaba vizeSa grahaNa hotA hai to jJAnopayoga kahA jAtA hai| (mAnyatA hai ki eka samaya meM eka hI upayoga hotA hai evaM ye donoM krama se hote rahate haiN| antarmuhUrta meM ye badalate rahate haiN|) yahA~ prazna khar3A hotA hai ki AcArya jinabhadra arthAvagraha ko sAmAnyagrAhI mAnate haiM aura siddhasena darzana ko sAmAnyagrAhI mAnate haiM taba darzana aura arthAvagraha ke svarUpa meM koI bheda hai yA nahIM ? AcArya siddhasena isakA samAdhAna karate haiM ki avagraha jJAna darzana se bhinna hai| yadi avagraha jJAna ko darzana mAnA jAye to sampUrNa matijJAna ko darzana mAnanA hogaa| taba phira darzana aura jJAna ke madhya bheda siddha nahIM kiyA jA skegaa| ataH matijJAna se aspRSTa evaM aviSayabhUta artha meM darzana pravRtta hotA hai| matijJAna meM cakSu evaM mana se vyaMjanAvagraha svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba ina donoM (cakSu evaM mana) se darzana hotA hai| usako kramazaH cakSudarzana aura acakSudarzana kahate haiN| isa prakAra avagraha jJAna se cakSudarzana aura acakSudarzana bhinna haiN| acakSu zabda se prAyaH cakSu se bhinna sArI indriyoM kA grahaNa hotA hai, kintu siddhasena ke mata meM acakSu zabda se mAtra mana hI gRhIta hotA hai| ___ jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM darzana kA vizada vivecana nahIM karate haiM, kintu eka sthAna para unhoMne avagraha aura IhA ko darzana rUpa meM svIkAra karane kA saMketa kiyA hai, yathA-avAya aura dhAraNA jJAna haiM tathA avagraha evaM IhA kA darzana honA iSTa hai| yahAM AcArya ne apanA mata prastuta nahIM kiyA, apitu paramparA kA hI ullekha kiyA hai| yadi isa mata ko svIkAra karake vicAra kareM to avAyajJAna evaM dhAraNAjJAna kA hI samAveza jJAna ke bhedoM meM hotA hai, usake pUrva hone vAle avagraha aura IhAjJAna sAmAnyagrAhI hone ke kAraNa darzana ke hI aGga siddha hote haiN| darzana aura jJAna ke madhya prAyaH sAkAra aura nirAkAra ke AdhAra para bheda kiyA jAtA hai| darzana nirAkAra aura nirvikalpaka hotA hai, jJAna sAkAra aura savikalpaka hotA hai| avagraha meM vizeSataH arthAvagraha meM nirvikalpakatA aura nirAkAratA prApta hotI hai, ataH jinabhadra ke mata meM kisI apekSA se avagraha bhI darzana ho sakatA hai|

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 219 dhavalA TIkAkAra vIrasenAcArya darzana aura jJAna ke svarUpa kA vicAra karate hue darzana ko AtmaprakAzaka aura jJAna ko paraprakAzaka mAnate haiM, kintu yaha mata bhI Agama paramparA ke anukUla nahIM hai, kyoMki taba cakSudarzana Adi darzana ke bheda ghaTita nahIM ho skte| cakSudarzana Adi paraprakAzaka dikhAI dete haiN| digambara AgamoM kI mAnyatA hai ki svarUpa kA grahaNa darzana hai, kintu AcArya vidyAnanda ne isa mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai, yathA-AtmagrahaNa bhI darzana nahIM hai, kyoMki cakSu, avadhi aura kevaladarzana ke abhAva kA prasaMga AtA hai| kucha digambara dArzanika nyAyazAstra kI apekSA se sAmAnya grahaNa ko darzana tathA siddhAnta kI apekSA se svarUpagrahaNa ko darzana pratipAdita karate haiN| ___ pramANazAstrIya cintaka pUjyapAda, akalaGka, vidyAnanda Adi digambara dArzanika aura hemacandra, devasUri Adi zvetAmbara dArzanika 'darzana sAmAnyagrAhI hotA hai' aisA mAnate hue usakA sattAmAtra viSaya aGgIkAra karate haiM / sattAmAtra ke grAhaka usa darzana ko ve avagraha se pUrva rakhate haiN| unake mata meM viSaya aura viSayI ke sannipAta (sannikarSa) ke hone para darzana hotA hai tathA usake pazcAt avagraha hotA hai| isa prakAra pramANazAstrIya sandarbha meM kramabheda se darzana aura avagraha meM bheda svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| avagraha jJAna pramANa hai yA nahIM? __ aba yaha vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai ki avagraha jJAna pramANa hai yA nahIM ? yadi pramANa hai to pratyakSa pramANa kA lakSaNa usameM anvita hotA hai yA nahIM ? isa sambandha meM do paramparAeM prApta hotI haiM / eka Agamika paramparA aura dUsarI pramANamImAMsIya paramparA / Agamika paramparA meM avagraha kA pramANa honA siddha nahIM hotA, kintu pramANamImAMsIya paramparA meM isakI siddhi ke lie samucita prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| __ pramANa ke jaina darzana meM aneka lakSaNa die gae haiM, yathA(i) pramANaMsvaparAbhAsijJAnaM bAdhavivarjitam |-siddhsen, nyAyAvatAra, 1 sva evaM para kA AbhAsI (vyavasAyaka) evaM bAdhArahita jJAna pramANa hai| (ii) svaparAvabhAsakaMyathApramANaMbhuvibuddhilakSaNam |-smntbhdr, svayambhUstotra, 63 sva evaM para kA avabhAsaka (vyavasAyAtmaka/prakAzaka) jJAna pramANa hai|

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220 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana (iii) vyavasAyAtmakaMjJAnamAtmArthagrAhakaMmatam / grahaNaM nirNayastena mukhyaMprAmANyamaznute / / - akalaGka, laghIyastraya, 60 vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna sva evaM artha kA grAhaka mAnA gayA hai, isalie vyavasAyAtmaka athavA nirNayAtmaka jJAna hI mukhya pramANa hai| (iv) ttsvaarthvyvsaayaatmjnyaanNmaanmitiiytaa| vidyAnanda,tattvArthazloka-vArtika 1.10.78 sva evaM artha kA vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna pramANa hai| svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaMjJAnaM pramANam / - mANikyanandI, parIkSAmukha 1.1 sva evaM apUrva artha kA vyavasAyAtmaka jJAna pramANa hai| (vi) prmaannNsvaarthnirnniitisvbhaavjnyaanmiti| abhayadevasUri,tattvabodhavidhAyanI,pR. 518 sva evaM artha kI nirNItisvabhAva vAlA jJAna pramANa hai| (vii) svaparavyavasAyijJAnaMpramANam / - vAdidevasUri, pramANanayatattvAloka, 1.2 sva evaM para kA vyavasAyaka jJAna pramANa hai| (vili) samyagarthanirNayaHpramANam / - hemacandra, pramANamImAMsA 1.1.3 artha kA samyak nirNaya pramANa hai| pramANa ke ina lakSaNoM kA adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainadarzana meM vahI jJAna pramANa hotA hai jo sva evaM para kA nizcAyaka hotA hai / jo jJAna sva evaM para (artha) kA nizcAyaka nahIM hotA, vaha pramANa nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAyAtmaka jJAna pramANa koTi meM nahIM AtA hai, kyoMki vaha samyak nahIM hotA hai| sva kA evaM artha (padArtha, vastu) kA samyak nirNaya hI pramANa hotA hai, yaha sabhI jaina dArzanikoM ke dvArA svIkRta hai / isa lakSaNa meM hAna, upAdAna aura upekSA buddhi kA prayojana hI pramukha hai| saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya hAna, upAdAna evaM upekSA buddhi meM asamartha hone ke kAraNa pramANalakSaNa se bahirbhUta haiN| nirvikalpaka darzana bhI isa kAraNa se pramANakoTi meM samAviSTa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| Agama-paramparA ke jinabhadra kSamAzramaNa Adi zvetAmbara dArzanikoM ke mata meM avAya jJAna hI nizcayAtmaka hotA hai, usase pUrva hone vAle avagraha evaM hAjJAna nirNayAtmaka nahIM hote haiM / digambara-paramparA meM avagraha jJAna svaprakAzaka nahIM hai,

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 221 kyoMki sva-prakAzakatA darzana kA viSaya hai, jJAna kA nahIM / nirNayAtmakatA bhI avAyajJAna meM hI mAnI gaI hai, avagraha aura IhA meM nahIM mAnI gaI / akalaGka Adi jo pramANamImAMsIya paramparA ke AcArya haiM, ve avagraha jJAna meM prAmANya sthApita karane hetu usameM nirNayAtmakatA bhI svIkAra karate haiN| tattvArthavArtika meM akalaka ne avagraha evaM IhAjJAna meM nirNayAtmakatA isa prakAra siddha kI hai- 'sthANu, puruSa Adi aneka arthoM ke Alambana rUpa sannidhAna se saMzaya anekArthAtmaka hotA hai, jabaki avagraha eka puruSa Adi ke anyatamAtmaka jJAnasvarUpa hotA hai| saMzaya nirNaya virodhI hotA hai, kintu avagraha nahIM, kyoMki usameM nirNaya hotA dikhAI detA hai / " tAtparya yaha hai ki avagraha jJAna saMzaya jJAna se bhinna hai| saMzaya aneka arthoM kA AlambI evaM nirNayavirodhI hotA hai, kintu avagraha meM aise doSa nahIM haiN| vaha to ekAtmaka aura nirNayAtmaka hotA hai isalie pramANa hI hai| akalaka ne IhA ko avagRhIta artha kA AdAna karane se nirNayAtmaka mAnA hai, isalie IhA bhI pramANa hai| I yaha ullekhanIya hai ki AcArya siddhasena ke TIkAkAra abhayadevasUri sAkAra jJAna kI bhAMti nirAkAra darzana ko bhI pramANa svIkAra karate haiM / ve hI akele jainAcArya haiM jinhoMne sAmAnyagrAhI darzana ko bhI vizeSagrAhI jJAna kI bhAMti pramANa mAnA hai / unhoMne kahA hai- 'nirAkAra aura sAkAra upayoga to apane se bhinna AkAra ko gauNa karake apane viSaya ke avabhAsaka rUpa meM pravRtta hone se pramANa haiM, itara AkAra se rahita hokara nahIM / " yahA~ abhayadevasUri ne anekAntadRSTi ko apanAkara jJAna evaM darzana kI sApekSa pramANatA svIkAra kI hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai / avagraha ke do bheda haiM- vyaMjanAvagraha aura arthAvagraha / avagraha ke prAmANya kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu ina donoM kA pRthak rUpa se vicAra kiyA jAegA / vyaMjanAvagraha pramANa nahIM hai vyaMjanAvagraha kA jo svarUpa jainAcAryoM ne batalAyA hai vaha to kisI bhI prakAra pramANakoTi meM, vizeSataH pratyakSapramANa kI koTi meM samAviSTa nahIM ho sakatA / jinabhadra Adi ke mata meM vyaMjanAvagraha indriya evaM artha ke sambandha rUpa hotA hai,

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana ataH vaha to nyAyadarzana meM varNita indriyArthasannikarSa se atyanta bhinna nahIM hai / indriyArthasannikarSa ko jainadarzana meM pramANa nahIM mAnA gayA / use pramANa mAnane kA jainadarzana meM aneka bAra khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / pUjyapAda, akalaka Adi jo jainadArzanika vyaMjanAvagraha ko avyaktagrahaNa ke rUpa meM mAnate haiM vaha bhI pratyakSa pramANa kI koTi meM nahIM AtA hai, kyoMki pratyakSa pramANa to vizadatAlakSaNa vAlA hotA hai / 'spaSTa jJAna pratyakSa hotA hai' yaha pratyakSapramANa kA lakSaNa jaina darzana meM sarvasvIkRta hai / vyaMjanAvagraha meM aspaSTatA hotI hai, isalie usakA samAveza pratyakSapramANa meM kisI bhI prakAra nahIM ho sakatA / vIrasenAcArya ne dhavalA TIkA meM " prApta artha kA grahaNa vyaMjanAvagraha hai evaM aprApta artha kA grahaNa arthAvagraha hai" yaha jo kahA hai vaha bhI ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki vyaMjanAvagraha ke pazcAt arthAvagraha hone kA krama nizcita hai / vyaMjanAvagraha meM jaba prApta artha kA grahaNa hotA hai taba arthAvagraha meM vaha aprApta artha kA grahaNa kaise ho sakatA hai ? jo pUrva meM prApta (sannikarSa yukta ) hai vaha anantarakAla meM aprApta nahIM ho sakatA / cakSu evaM mana se vyaMjanAvagraha nahIM hotA, isalie unase prArambha meM hI arthAvagraha hotA hai, kintu anya indriyoM se vyaMjanAvagraha ke pazcAt arthAvagraha hotA hai, yaha niyama hai / ataH vIrasenAcArya dvArA nirUpita lakSaNa vyaMjanAvagraha meM pramANatA siddha karane meM samartha nahIM hai / vyaMjanAvagraha yadi avizada avagraha ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai to vizadatA ke abhAva meM usakA pratyakSapramANa honA siddha nahIM hotA / arthAvagraha pramANa kaise ? 222 I aba arthAvagraha ke pramANa hone kI carcA kI jA rahI hai / jinabhadra Adi ke dvArA varNita svarUpa, nAmAdi kI kalpanA se rahita evaM anirdezya arthAvagraha meM sva-para nizcayAtmakatA kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa pramANatA siddha nahIM hai / sva-para kI nizcayAtmakatA ke lakSaNa ke binA vaha arthAvagraha pramANa nahIM hotA, kintu AcArya jinabhadra ne vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM arthAvagraha ke do bheda kie haiM 1. naizcayika arthAvagraha aura 2. vyAvahArika arthAvagraha / naizcayika arthAvagraha eka samaya kA, anirdezya evaM svarUpa, nAmAdi kI kalpanA se rahita hotA hai| vyAvahArika arthAvagraha upacarita arthAvagraha hotA hai / chadmastha vyavahArI prAyaH isa upacarita -

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 223 arthAvagraha kA hI vyavahAra karate haiN| naizcayika arthAvagraha ke pazcAt IhA dvArA jJAta vastu-vizeSa kA jo apAya jJAna hotA hai vaha punaH hone vAlI IhA evaM apAya kI apekSA se upacarita arthAvagraha kahalAtA hai| apAya jJAna bhI vizeSa kA AkAMkSI hotA hai| vizeSa ke jJAna kI AkAMkSA ke kAraNa vaha apAyajJAna sAmAnya ko grahaNa karatA hai| sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane ke kAraNa yaha (apAya) arthAvagraha mAnA jAtA hai| sAmAnya evaM vizeSa kA vyavahAra taba sApekSika hotA hai| avAntara vizeSa kI apekSA se pUrva apAyajJAna bhI isa prakAra sAmAnyagrAhI hone ke kAraNa arthAvagraha hotA hai| yaha upacarita arthAvagraha kahalAtA hai| yaha upacarita arthAvagraha nirNayAtmaka evaM vizada hotA hai, isameM saMdeha ko avakAza nahIM hai| sva evaM para kA nirNayAtmaka hone ke kAraNa yaha pramANa evaM vizada hone ke kAraNa pratyakSa pramANa siddha hotA hai| isa upacarita arthAvagraha meM arthAvagraha ke bahu, bahuvidha Adi 12 bheda bhI ghaTita ho sakate haiN| akalaka Adi dArzanikoM ke mata meM jo arthAvagraha hai vaha to nirNayAtmaka hone ke kAraNa pramANa mAnA hI jAtA hai, kintu vahA~ para arthAvagraha kA kAla eka samaya kA hai, yaha Agama-mAnyatA khaNDita ho jAtI hai| kyoMki eka samaya meM nirNayAtmaka jJAna kA honA zakya nahIM hai| phira bhI vidyAnanda, prabhAcandra, devasUri Adi dArzanikoM ne avagraha ko pramANa mAnA hI hai| AcArya vidyAnanda avagraha ko saMvAdaka hone ke kAraNa bhI pramANa siddha karate haiN| avagraha meM pramANatA siddha karane ke lie ve tarka dete haiM- avagraha pramANa hai, kyoMki vaha saMvAdaka hai, sAdhakatama hai, anizcita artha kA nizcAyaka hai aura pratipattA ko usakI apekSA rahatI hai / avagraha ko pramANa mAnane kA sAkSAt phala hai sva evaM artha kA vyavasAya / isakA paramparAphala to IhA evaM hAnAdi buddhi kA honA hai| isa prakAra AcArya vidyAnanda ne avagraha meM pramANatA siddha karane ke lie aneka hetu upasthita kie haiM / ye hetu avagraha ke nizcayAtmaka rUpa ko prastuta karate haiM / nizcayAtmakatA ke sAtha unhoMne spaSTatA bhI aGgIkAra kI hai| yathA tattvArthazlokavArtika meM - tannirNayAtmakaH siddho'vagraho vstugocrH| spaSTAbho'kSabalodbhUto'spaSTo vyaMjanagocaraH //

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224 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana "vaha arthAvagraha indriyabala se utpanna hotA hai, spaSTa rUpa se prakAzaka hotA hai, vastu kA jJAna karAtA hai, isalie vaha nirNayAtmaka rUpa meM siddha hai| vyaMjana ko viSaya karane vAlA vyaMjanAvagraha aspaSTa hotA hai|" ___ yahAM vidyAnanda ke mata meM arthAvagraha pratyakSa pramANa siddha hotA hai, kyoMki vaha nizcayAtmaka hotA hai tathA vizada hotA hai| vidyAnanda pratyakSa pramANa meM nizcayAtmakatA ko aGgIkAra karake bhI zabda yojanA ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnate haiN| zabda yojanA se rahita hone kI apekSA ve pratyakSa ko kathaJcid nirvikalpaka bhI mAnate haiN|" tattvabodhavidhAyinI ke racayitA abhayadeva sUri bhI isI prakAra pratyakSa meM nirvikalpakatA ko (kathaJcid) svIkAra karate haiN| dhavalAkAra vIrasena svAmI mAnate haiM ki yadi avagraha nirNayAtmaka hotA hai to usakA antarbhAva avAya meM honA cAhie aura yadi vaha anirNaya rUpa hotA hai to vaha pramANa nahIM ho sktaa| isa samasyA kA samAdhAna karane ke lie vIrasenAcArya ne avagraha ke vizadAvagraha evaM avizadAvagraha ye do bheda batalAkara vizadAvagraha ko nirNayAtmaka tathA avizadAvagraha ko anirNayAtmaka pratipAdita kiyA hai| yahAM vyaMjanAvagraha ko avizadAvagraha ke rUpa meM tathA arthAvagraha ko vizadAvagraha ke rUpa meM vivikta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra vizadAvagraha svarUpa arthAvagraha pratyakSa pramANa ke rUpa meM siddha hotA hai| ____ isa prakAra jinabhadra ke mata meM upacarita arthAvagraha, akalaGka, vidyAnanda Adi ke mata meM varNita arthAvagraha aura vIrasenAcArya ke mata meM vizadAvagraha svarUpa jo arthAvagraha hai, vaha pratyakSa-pramANa siddha hotA hai| upasaMhAra jainadarzana meM sva evaM artha ke vyavasAyAtmaka athavA sva evaM para ke nizcayAtmaka jJAna ko pramANa mAnA gayA hai| vaha pramANa saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya se rahita hotA hai tathA saMvAdaka hotA hai| jaba yaha pramANa vizadatA ke lakSaNa se yukta hone ke kAraNa pramANAntara se nirapekSa evaM idantayA pratibhAsa se yukta hotA hai taba vaha pratyakSa pramANa kahalAtA hai|

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 225 AgamanirUpita matijJAna kA jaba pramANa ke sAMvyavahArikapratyakSa bhedoM meM vicAra kiyA gayA taba matijJAna ke avagraha, IhA, avAya evaM dhAraNA bhedoM kA unameM samAveza kara liyA gyaa| inameM se avAya aura dhAraNAtmaka jJAna to sva evaM artha ke vyavasAyAtmaka hone ke kAraNa evaM vaizadya lakSaNa vAle hone ke kAraNa pratyakSa pramANa haiM, isameM koI sandeha nahIM, kintu avagraha evaM IhA jJAna kA pratyakSa pramANa meM samAveza taba saMdehAspada banA jaba avAya jJAna ke pahale jainAcAryoM ne nirNayAtmakatA svIkAra nahIM kii| isa zodha lekha meM avagraha ke svarUpa kI parIkSA karake hama kaha sakate haiM ki vyaMjanAvagraha nirNayAtmaka nahIM hone ke kAraNa kiMvA anadhyavasAyAtmaka hone ke kAraNa pramANa nahIM hotA hai / yaha vizadatA kA abhAva hone ke kAraNa pratyakSa bhI nahIM hotA / arthAvagraha to pramANa hai, kyoMki vaha vyavasAyAtmaka hai, saMzaya, viparyaya evaM anadhyavasAya se rahita hai tathA saMvAdaka hai / vaha pratyakSa bhI hai, kyoMki vaha vizada hai aura usameM idantayA pratibhAsa hotA hai| vaizadya ke stara kI apekSA se avagraha, IhA, avAya evaM dhAraNA jJAnoM meM bheda hai, phira bhI ve saba parokSa pramANa kI apekSA adhika vizada hote haiM, isalie ve saba pratyakSa pramANa hI haiN| ina sabameM idantayA pratibhAsa hotA hI hai / avagraha jJAna anya jJAnoM se nirapekSa hone ke kAraNa adhika vizada hotA hai| IhA jJAna avagraha jJAna ke Azrita hai, ataH usameM vizadatA avagraha se nyUna siddha hotI hai, kintu IhA Adi jJAna avagraha kI apekSA vizeSa ko jAnate haiM, isalie unameM vizadatA phira bhI rahatI hI hai| 40 arthAvagraha sAmAnyagrAhI hotA hai, yaha jinabhadra Adi dArzanikoM kA mata hai| jaina darzana meM samasta prameya vastue~ sAmAnyavizeSAtmaka mAnI gaI haiM / " avagraha jJAna jaba sAmAnyagrAhI hotA hai, taba kyA vaha 'sAmAnya' vizeSa nirapekSa hotA hai, yaha prazna khar3A hotA hai| yahA~ yaha samAdhAna lagatA hai ki vaha sAmAnya vizeSa nirapekSa nahIM hai| sAmAnya kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa vaha sAmAnya grahaNa kahalAtA hai| vizeSa kI pradhAnatA se vizeSa-grahaNa mAnA jAtA hai| manuSya, puruSa, brAhmaNa Adi zabda kabhI sAmAnya kI

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana pradhAnatA se sAmAnya tathA vizeSa kI pradhAnatA se vizeSa mAne jAte haiM / (manuSya kI apekSA puruSa vizeSa hai tathA puruSa kI apekSA manuSya sAmAnya hai| isI prakAra brAhmaNa kI apekSA puruSa sAmAnya hai aura puruSa kI apekSA brAhmaNa vizeSa hai / ) 42 bauddhadArzanikoM ne jo pratyakSa ko kalpanApoDha kahA hai" vaha arthAvagraha pratyakSa se kathaJcid bhinna hai| bauddha pramANazAstra meM pratyakSa kA viSaya svalakSaNa nirUpita kiyA gayA hai, jabaki jainadarzana meM arthAvagraha sAmAnyagrAhI mAnA gayA hai| zvetAmbara AcArya jinabhadra ne usa sAmAnya grahaNa ko svarUpa se anirdezya evaM nAmAdi kI kalpanA se rahita kahA hai| vaha bauddha praNIta kalpanApoDha pratyakSa ke sadRza pratIta hotA hai, kintu bauddha darzana meM kalpanA ke svarUpa kA vivecana karate hue AcArya dharmakIrti ne kahA hai- abhilApa ke saMsarga yogya pratibhAsa kI pratIti kalpanA hai / 12 kintu kalpanA kA yaha svarUpa jainoM dvArA svIkRta nahIM hai / ve usa prakAra ke nirvikalpaka pratyakSa kA aneka bAra khaNDana karate haiM / arthAvagraha meM svarUpa evaM nAmAdi kI yojanA nahIM hotI hai, kintu nAma Adi kI yojanA ke saMsarga kI yogyatA to hotI hI hai / svarUpa, nAma Adi kI yojanA kI yogyatA kA parihAra jaina dArzanika arthAvagraha meM pratipAdita nahIM karate haiM / ataH bauddha praNIta nirvikalpaka pratyakSa se jainoM kA arthAvagraha bhinna hai / 226 arthAvagraha meM jJAnAntara se nirapekSatA, idantayApratibhAsatva (sAkSAtkAritva), parokSapramANa kI apekSA adhika prakAzana rUpa vaizadya hai hI, isalie yaha pratyakSa pramANa hI hai / vizeSataH avasAya rUpa vyavasAya to yadyapi avAyajJAna meM prApta hotA hai, kintu avagraha meM bhI usakA aMza hai hI, ataH arthAvagraha jJAna ko pramANa mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai / I sandarbha: 1. ( a ) hitAhitaprAptiparihArasamarthaM hi pramANaM tato jJAnameva tat / - parIkSAmukha, 1.2 (A) sannikarSAdirajJAnasya prAmANyamanupapannamarthAntaravat / - laghIyastravRtti 1.3 - 2. pramANaparIkSA, vIrasevAmandira TrasTa, vArANasI, pR. 5 3. samyagarthanirNayaH pramANam / tatra nirNayaH saMzayAnadhyavasAyAvikalpatvarahitaM jJAnam / -pramANamImAMsA,1.1.2

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jaina pramANazAstra meM avagraha kA sthAna 4. svaparavyasAyi jJAnaM pramANam / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 1.1 5. draSTavya, niyamasAra, 161-171 6. nyAyAvatAra, 1, svayambhUstotra, 63 7. tattvArthasUtra 1, 9-12 8. suyanissiyaM cauvvihaM paNNataM, taM jahA - uggahe IhA avAo dhAraNA / - nandisUtra, 27 9. tattvArthasUtra, 1.12 10. nandisUtra, 67 11. iha sAmaNNassa rUvAdiatthassa ya visesaniravekkhassa aNiddesassa avagrahaNamavagrahaH / tasseva 'tthassa vicAraNavisesasaNNesaNamIhA / tassa visesaNavisiTThassa 'tthassa vyavasAto'vAyaH, tavvisesAvagatamityarthaH / tavvisesAvagata 'tthassa dharaNaM aviccutI dhAraNA ityrthH| - nandisUtra (cUrNiyuta) prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, vArANasI 1966, pR. 34 12. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, divyadarzanaTrasTa, mumbaI, gAthA 180 13. tattvArthavArttika 1.15 14. sarvArthasiddhi evaM tattvArthavArttika 1.18 15. spaSTAbho'kSabalodbhUto'spaSTa vyaMjanagocaraH / - tattvArthazlokavArtika 1.1.15.43 16. na spaSTagrahaNamarthAvagrahaH aspaSTagrahaNasya vyaMjanAvagrahaprasaGgAt / bhavatu cet na cakSuSyapyaspaSTagrahaNadarzanato vyaMjanAvagrahasya sattvaprasaGgAt / Agame ca cakSurmanobhyAM vyaMjanAvagraho na svIkRtaH / - dhavalATIkA pustaka 13, sUtra 5.5.24 17. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 194 18. maladhArihemacandravRtti, vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 194-196 19. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 252 20. uggahe ikkasamaie- naMdisUtra, 35 21. svarUpanAmajAtikriyAguNadravyakalpanArahitaM sAmAnyagrahaNamarthAvagrahaH / - jainatarkabhASA, ahamadanagara, pR10 22. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 268-272 23. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 273-277 227 24. jaM sAmaNNagahaNaM daMsaNameyaM visesiyaM nANaM / doha vi yANa eso pADekkaM atthapajjAo / - sanmatiprakaraNa, 2.1 25. sanmatiprakaraNa, 2.23-25 26. nANamavAyadhiIo daMsaNamiTTaM jahoggahehAo / - vizeSAzyakabhASya, 536 27. dhavalApustaka, 1.7.13

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228 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 28. tattvArthazlokavArtikavRtti, 1.15.15 29. jainanyAya, bhAga 1(paM. kailAzacandrazAstrI), bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1966, pR. 147 30. DaoN. nathamala TATiyA - The Agamika Conception of the avagraha as indeterminate cognition was not upheld by the Jaina Logicians in view of its indefiniteness and lack of pragmatic value - Studies in Jaina Philosophy,p. 40 31. sthANupuruSAdyanekArthAlambanasannidhAnAdanekArthAtmakaH saMzayaH, ekapuruSAdyanyatamAtmako'va grhH| saMzayo hi nirNayavirodhI natvavagraho, nirNayadarzanAt / - tattvArthavArttika,1.15 32. nirAkArasAkAropayogau tUpasarjanIkRtataditarAkArau svaviSayAvabhAsakatvena prarvanamAnau pramANaM ___na tu nirastetarAkArau / - tattvabodhavidhAyinI (sanmatitarkaTIkA) pR. 458 33. vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 282-284 34. vahI, 288 dvAdazabhedoM ke lie draSTavya, tattvArthasUtra 1.16 35. tattvArthazlokavArttika, 1.15 36. vahI, 1.15.43 37. vahI, 1.12.26-27 38. dhavalApustaka, 9 39. vizadaH prtykssm| pramANAntarAnapekSedantayA pratibhAso vA vaishdym|-prmaannmiimaaNsaa 1.1.13-14 40. sAmAnyavizeSAtmA tadartho viSayaH / parIkSAmukha, 4.1 41. tatra pratyakSa kalpanApoDhamabhrAntam / - nyAyabindu,1.4 42. nyAyabindu, 1.5

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naya evaM nikSepa pramANa kI bhA~ti naya ko bhI vastu ke jJAna kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai / tattvArthasUtra (1.6) meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki pramANa aura naya se adhigama hotA hai - 'prmaannnyairdhigmH|" pramANa se naya kA yaha bheda hai ki pramANa meM jahA~ mati, zruta, avadhi, manaHparyAya aura kevala ina pA~coM jJAnoM kA samAveza hotA hai vahA~ naya mAtra zrutajJAna se sambaddha hai / isakA pramukha kAraNa hai ki naya jJAna vAkyoM se hotA hai| vAkya zabdAtmaka hote haiM, zabdAtmaka hone se inheM zrutajJAna se sambaddha mAnA gayA hai| naya ke dvArA vAkyoM kA artha yA abhiprAya grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| usI taraha nikSepa yA nyAsa kA prayoga zabdoM kA sahI artha grahaNa karane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra naya evaM nikSepa donoM pAribhASika zabda bhASAtmaka prayoga se sambandha rakhate haiN| pramANa ke dvArA jahA~ vastu ko nityAnityAtmaka svarUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai vahA~ naya ke dvArA use dravya kI dRSTi se nitya evaM paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya mAnA jAtA hai| isa taraha naya eka dRSTikoNa se vastu kA bodha karAtA hai / vastu ke eka aMza yA katipaya dharmoM ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya vastu ke anya dharmoM kA niSedha nahIM karatA, vivakSA ke anusAra vaha eka aMza ko pradhAna tathA dUsare aMza ko gauNa rUpa meM pratipAdita karatA hai / vastu ko kauna, kisa prakAra jAnatA hai isameM jJAtA kA abhiprAya hI mukhya hotA hai aura jJAtA ke isa jJAna ko naya kahate haiM / vaktA kA abhiprAya bhI naya hai, kyoMki vaha kisa prakAra ke vAkya kA prayoga karatA hai, usake pIche koI naya dRSTi rahatI hai| naya kA sampUrNa lakSaNa isa prakAra ho sakatA hai- anekAntAtmaka vastu ke eka aMza ko grahaNa karane vAlA , kintu anya aMzoM kA niSedha na karane vAlA jJAtA evaM vaktA kA abhiprAya vizeSa naya hai| naya kA svarUpa jaina paramparA meM naya kA pratipAdana pramANa ke nirUpaNa se bhI prAcIna hai| pramANa kA samAveza jainadarzana meM nyAya-vaizeSikAdi darzanoM ke prabhAva se huA hai, kintu naya kA nirUpaNa jainadarzana kA maulika vaiziSTya hai| 'naya' ke katipaya lakSaNa isa prakAra haiM

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230 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 1. nIyateparicchidyate ekadezaviziSTo'rthaH AbhiritinItayo nyaaH| -anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, zloka 28 para syAdvAdamaMjarI TIkA jinake dvArA vastu ke eka aMza kA jJAna kiyA jAtA hai ve naya haiN| 2. nyojnyaaturbhipraayo| -akalaMkagranthatraya, laghIyastraya, kArikA 30 kI vRtti evaM pramANasaMgraha, kArikA 86 jJAtA kA abhiprAya naya hai| 3. jAvaiyAvayaNapahAtAvaiyAcevahA~tiNayavAyA-sanmatitarkaprakaraNa, 3-47 jitane vacanamArga haiM utane nayavAda hote haiN| 4. nIyategamyate yena zrutArthAMzonayo hisH| -tattvArthazlokavArtika, nayavivaraNa, zloka 20 zrutajJAna ke dvArA jAne gae padArtha kA aMza jisake dvArA jAnA jAtA hai, vaha naya hai| 5. anirAkRtapratipakSovastvaMzagrAhI jJAturabhiprAyo nayaH / prameyakamalamArtaNDa, pR. 676 pratipakSa kA nirAkaraNa na karane vAlA tathA vastu ke aMza ko grahaNa karane vAlA, jJAtA kA abhiprAya naya kahalAtA hai| 6. pramANapratipannAthaikadezaparAmarzI nayaH syAdvAdamaMjarI,zloka 28 kI TIkA, pR. 242 pramANa ke dvArA jJAta artha ke eka aMza ko jAnane vAlA jJAna naya hai| 7. pramANaparicchinnasyAnantadharmAtmakasya vastuna ekadezagrAhiNastaditarAMzAprati kssepinno'dhyvsaayvishessaanyaaH| jaina tarkabhASA, naya pariccheda pramANa ke dvArA jJAta anantadharmAtmaka vastu ke eka deza ko grahaNa karane vAle tathA usake anya aMzoM kA pratikSepa nahIM karane vAle adhyavasAya (jJAna) vizeSa ko naya kahA gayA hai| 8. nirapekSAnayA mithyA, sApekSAvastute'rthakRtAptamImAMsA, kArikA 108 nirapekSa naya mithyA hote haiM tathA sApekSa naya vAstavika hote haiM, kyoMki ve artha kriyAkArI hote haiN| naya ke uparyukta lakSaNoM se naya kI agrAMkita vizeSatAoM kA bodha hotA hai1. pramANa kI bhAMti naya bhI jJAnAtmaka hotA hai, kyoMki abhiprAyavizeSa ko naya

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231 naya evaM nikSepa kahA gayA hai| abhiprAya kA artha yahA~ adhyavasAya hai' yA nirNaya hai, jo jJAnAtmaka hotA hai| AcArya vidyAnanda ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai- naya ko jJAnAtmaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, ataH vaha pramANa kA eka deza hai| isameM kisI prakAra kA virodha nahIM hai| 2 2. jJAtA kA abhiprAya vizeSa jisa prakAra naya hai, usI prakAra vaktA kA abhiprAya vizeSa bhI naya hai| vaktA ke abhiprAya ko naya mAnane kA AdhAra sanmatitarka kA vaha vAkya hai jisameM kahA gayA hai ki jitane vacana mArga hote haiM utane nayavAda hote haiN| malliSeNasUri ne sanmatitarka ke isa vAkya se yahI artha phalita kiyA hai, yathA- vakturabhiprAyANAM ca nayatvAt / - syAdvAdamaMjarI, zloka 28 kI TIkA, pR. 243 3. naya ke jJAnAtmaka hote hue bhI vAkyoM ko nayAtmaka vAkya kahanA upacAra se sambhava hai, kyoMki vAkyoM ke mAdhyama se artha kA bodha hotA hai / 4. naya ke dvArA anantadharmAtmaka vastu ke eka aMza kA jJAna hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie vastu ko dravya kI dRSTi se nitya jAnanA evaM paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya jAnanA naya jJAna hai| pramANa ke dvArA vastu ko dravyaparyAyAtmaka rUpa meM nityAnityAtmaka jAnA jAtA hai| 5. naya kA viSaya zrutajJAna se jJAta vastu hotI hai| naya ko Agama - vAkyoM kA abhiprAya samajhane meM sAdhana hone se zrutajJAna kA aMza svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 6. naya ke dvArA vastu ke jisa aMza kA jJAna hotA hai, usase bhinna aMzoM kA niSedha yA apalApa nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| yahI naya kA vaiziSTya hai| 7. naya jJAna bhI nirNayAtmaka jJAna hotA hai, jise abhiprAya yA adhyavasAya zabdoM se abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai| 8. naya jJAna sApekSa jJAna hai, jisameM koI na koI dRSTikoNa yA apekSA nihita rahatI hai| udAharaNa ke lie kisI vastu ko nitya kahane para dravyadRSTi kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai tathA use anitya kahane para paryAyadRSTi kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| jaina AgamoM meM tIrthaMkaroM kI vANI naya samanvitA hai / ve vibhinna nayoM ke AdhAra para tattvajJAna kA nirUpaNa karate haiN| ataH naya siddhAnta kA prayoga

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232 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana Agama-vAkyoM kA artha samajhane kI dRSTi se hotA rahA hai| AgamoM meM tIrthaMkaroM, gaNadharoM evaM AcAryoM ke dvArA jo sUtra yA vAkya kahe gaye haiM ve kisI na kisI naya se kahe gaye haiN| ataH una vAkyoM kA usI dRSTikoNa se artha samajhane para vastu tattva kA bodha hotA hai| isa dRSTi se naya kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana kA maulika siddhAnta naya siddhAnta ke vikAsa kA AdhAra __naya siddhAnta kA vikAsa kaise huA, yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai| mAnava kI jAnane evaM kathana karane kI zakti sImita hai / ataH vaha kisI vizeSa dRSTikoNa se hI jAnatA hai tathA kathana karatA hai / sarvajJa kevalajJAna se sampUrNa rUpa se samasta vastuoM kA jJAna bhale hI kara leM, kintu kathana ve bhI apekSA vizeSa se karate haiM / isIlie jainAgamoM meM kathana karate samaya vibhinna apekSAoM yA dRSTikoNoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM prabhu mahAvIra se prazna kiyA gayA ki loka sAnta hai yA ananta? unhoMne cAra apekSAoM se isa kathana kA uttara dete hue kahA hai ki dravya kI dRSTi se loka sAnta hai, kyoMki dravya se vaha eka hai| vaha kSetra kI dRSTi se bhI sAnta hai, kyoMki vaha asaMkhyAta yojana koTAkoTi vistAra vAlA hai| kAla evaM bhAva kI dRSTi se vaha ananta hai| kAla se vaha pahale bhI thA, aba bhI hai evaM bhaviSya meM bhI rahegA, vaha dhruva, nitya, zAzvata, akSaya evaM avasthita hai, usakA anta nahIM hai| bhAva arthAt usakI paryAya yA avasthA vizeSa ananta hai, ataH loka ananta hai| yaha eka dRSTi hai kathana karane kI evaM vastuoM ko ThIka se samajhane evaM samajhAne kii| sAdhAraNa vyakti isa prazna kA uttara hA~ yA nahIM meM dene kI koziza karatA hai, vaha yA to use antayukta batAtA hai yA anthiin| kintu yaha naya siddhAnta kA prabhAva hai ki sAntatA evaM anantatA kA ThIka-ThIka kathana kiyA jA skaa| isI prakAra jayantI zrAvikA dvArA prazna kiyA gayA ki manuSya kA sonA acchA hai yA jAganA ? prabhu mahAvIra ne uttara diyA ki jo vyakti pApI hai, adharmiSTha hai, asat AcaraNa karatA hai usakA sonA acchA hai tathA jo sadAcArI hai, dharmiSTha hai usakA jAganA acchA hai| isa prakAra ke aneka praznoM ke uttara hama apekSA vizeSa ko samajhane kI dRSTi se dete haiN| eka anya prazna kiyA gayA ki jIva zAzvata hai yA

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233 naya evaM nikSepa azAzvata? to unhoMne kahA ki dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se jIva zAzvata hai, kyoMki aneka janmoM meM bhI jIva ke jIvatva kA nAza nahIM hotA / paryAyArthika naya se vaha azAzvata hai, kyoMki naraka, tiryaMca, manuSya Adi yoniyA~ badalatI rahatI haiN| kisI eka yoni meM usa jIva ko zAzvata nahIM kahA jA sktaa|' isa taraha jainAgamoM meM dRSTikoNa vizeSa athavA apekSA vizeSa kA prayoga milatA hai, jo naya siddhAnta ke vikAsa kA AdhAra banA hai| eka hI vastu kI vyAkhyA vibhinna prakAra se karanA bhI nayadRSTi hai| udAharaNa ke lie vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra meM kahA gayA hai - maiM dravyarUpa se eka hU~, jJAna evaM darzana kI dRSTi se do prakAra kA huuN| AtmapradezoM kI apekSA se maiM akSaya hU~, avyaya hU~, avasthita hU~ tathA upayoga kI dRSTi se maiM aneka bhUta, vartamAna aura bhaviSya ke vividha pariNAmoM ke yogya bhI huuN|' isa prakAra AtmA ke sambandha meM vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vivecana prApta hotA hai / AgamoM meM jIva kA vivecana karate hue usake eka, do, tIna, cAra, pAMca, chaha, caudaha evaM 563 bheda prApta hote haiN| jIvoM ko samajhAne ke lie vibhinna dRSTiyoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| jisameM jIva ke eka prakAra ko saMgraha naya se tathA do se lekara samasta bhedoM ko vyavahAra naya se samajhA jA sakatA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM 'ege AyA " ( AtmA eka hai) kathana saMgraha naya se kiyA gayA hai| vyavahAra kI dRSTi se jIva saMkhyA meM ananta svIkAra kie gae haiN| vyavahAranaya se hI saMsArI evaM siddha bhedoM ke AdhAra para jIva ke do prakAra kie gae haiN| bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA ke bheda se jIva tIna prakAra ke haiN| narakagati, tiryaMcagati, manuSyagati evaM devagati se saMsArI jIva cAra prakAra ke haiM tathA inameM siddha gati milAne para pA~ca prakAra ke ho jAte haiN| isI prakAra pA~ca indriyoM ke AdhAra para jIvoM ke pA~ca prakAra, pRthvIkAyika- apkAyika- tejaskAyika- vAyukAyika vanaspatikAyika- trasakAyika ke AdhAra para jIvoM ke chaH prakAra sambhava haiN| caudaha guNasthAnoM ke AdhAra para tathA bAdara ekendriya, sUkSma ekendriya, dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya, saMjJI paMcendriya, asaMjJI paMcendriya ina sAtoM ke paryApta evaM aparyApta bhedoM se jIva ke caudaha prakAra hote haiM / jIva ke 563 bhedoM kA kathana karate samaya nAraka ke 14, tiryaJca ke 48, manuSya ke 303 evaM devoM ke 198 bheda gine jAte haiN|

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234 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana anekAntavAda, syAdvAda evaM nayavAda meM bheda anekAntavAda evaM nayavAda meM antara hai| vastu anekadharmAtmaka yA anantadharmAtmaka hai yaha mAnyatA anekAntavAda hai tathA usa vastu kA vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se jJAna karanA naya hai| anekAnta kI mAnyatA naya siddhAnta para TikI haiNayamUle aNeyanto (nayacakra, mAilladhavala, gAthA, 175) / 'syAdvAda' kathana kI zailI hai| vastu kI ananta dharmAtmakatA kA syAtpUrvaka kathana karanA syAdvAda kahalAtA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne syAdvAda se pravibhavata artha-vizeSa ke abhivyaMjaka ko naya kahA hai| ataH anekAntavAda, nayavAda evaM syAdvAda tInoM siddhAnta sUkSmabheda ke sAtha paraspara sambaddha haiN| naya kI upayogitA tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA kahI gaI vANI hamAre lie zrutajJAna kA sAdhana hai| ataH unake dvArA kathita, gaNadharoM evaM AcAryoM dvArA prastuta kathanoM yA vAkyoM ko bhI upacAra se zrutajJAna kahA jAtA hai| ye vAkya kisI naya se kahe gae haiM, ataH ina vAkyoM kA sahI artha samajhane ke lie naya siddhAnta kI upayogitA hai| jinabhadragaNi kahate haiM ki Agama kA eka bhI sUtra aura artha aisA nahIM hai jo nayazUnya ho|' mAilladhavala ne naya kA mahattva pratipAdita karate hue kahA hai je NayadiTThivihINA tANa Na vtthushaavuvlddhii| vatthusahAvavihUNA sammAdiTThI kahaM huti|| __dravyasvabhAvaprakAzaka nayacakra, gAthA 181 jo naya dRSTivihIna haiM, unheM vastusvarUpa kA bodha nahIM ho sakatA aura jinheM vastusvarUpa kA bodha nahIM hai, ve samyagdRSTi kaise ho sakate haiM? isakA tAtparya hai ki nayadRSTi kI bhUmikA para hI vastu svarUpa kA bodha hotA hai evaM vastu svarUpa kA bodha samyaktva kI prApti karAtA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki naya kA prarUpaNa mUlataH Agama-vAkyoM kA sahI artha samajhane ke lie huA, kintu uttarakAlIna AcAryoM evaM dArzanikoM ke dvArA sAdhAraNa logoM kI bhASA meM prayukta vAkyoM meM bhI nayadRSTi kA prayoga dikhAyA jAne lgaa| naigamAdi nayoM ke lie pradatta udAharaNa isa tathya kI siddhi karate haiM, jinakA

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naya evaM nikSepa 235 nirUpaNa Age kiyA gayA hai| __ vyApakarUpa meM soceM to nayadRSTi meM Agraha nahIM hotA, binA Agraha ke satya ko samajhane kI dRSTi nayadRSTi hai| yaha sAmAnya jIvana meM bhI upayogI hai, dArzanika kSetra meM bhI isakI upayogitA hai to AdhyAtmika kSetra meM bhI nayadRSTi kA mahattva hai| sAmAnya jIvana meM eka ke dvArA dUsare vyakti ke kathanoM kA sahI pariprekSya meM sahI dRSTi se artha samajhanA Avazyaka hotA hai| yadi donoM kI dRSTi bhinna ho evaM donoM eka-dUsare kI dRSTi kA ThIka se bodha na rakhate hoM tathA apane dRSTikoNa kA Agraha ho to unameM TakarAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| dArzanika kSetra meM bhI isI prakAra nayadRSTi se eka-dUsare ke dRSTikoNa ko yA pratipAdana ko na samajhane ke kAraNa virodha yA vivAda utpanna hote haiN| vibhinna dArzanika matoM kA apane-apane dRSTikoNa se isIlie khaNDana bhI kiyA gayA hai| AcArya zaMkara ke dvArA jainadarzana ke syAdvAda siddhAnta kA khaNDana isakA eka udAharaNa hai| yadi isa siddhAnta ko unhoMne sahI rUpa meM samajhA hotA to unheM apane tarka nirbala naz2ara aate| AdhyAtmika kSetra meM bhI dharmArAdhana kI bAhya kriyAoM evaM rAga-dveSa nivAraNa kI antaH sAdhanA ko lekara kaI bAra matabheda utpanna hote haiN| koI bAhya kriyAoM ko adhika mahattva detA hai to koI Antarika sAdhanA ke samakSa inakI nagaNyatA mAnatA hai, kintu nizcaya evaM vyavahAra dRSTi kA samanvaya kiyA jAe to ina donoM kA samanvaya upasthita ho jAtA hai| bAhya kriyAe~ yadi antaHsAdhanA kA sAdhana banatI haiM to unakI apanI upayogitA hai| dharma-kriyAe~ sAdhana haiM tathA Antarika vikAroM kI zuddhi sAdhya hai| sAdhana ko sAdhya kI siddhi ke anukUla banAne kI AvazyakatA hai| naya siddhAnta kI vyAvahArikatA __vastu dravyaparyAyAtmaka hotI hai| pramANa ke dvArA vastu ke dravya evaM paryAya ina donoM svarUpoM kA jJAna kiyA jAtA hai, jabaki naya meM kabhI paryAyoM kA to kabhI dravya kA jJAna hotA hai| isIlie kahA jAtA hai ke naya ke dvArA vastu ke eka aMza ko jAnA jAtA hai| vastu ke eka aMza kA jJAna vAkyoM ke dvArA to hotA hI hai, kintu jIvana-vyavahAra meM bhI isa prakAra kA jJAna dekhA jAtA hai| vyakti kaI bAra paryAya ko pradhAna banAkara vastu kA jJAna karatA hai, to aneka bAra dravya ko pradhAna banAkara vastu

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236 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kA jJAna karatA hai| vaha eka prakAra se nayadRSTi kA hI prayoga hai| vastutaH hama kisI eka vastu ko eka sAtha pUrI taraha nahIM jAna pAte haiN| usake kucha aMzoM yA paryAyoM ko jAnakara hI hama samajhate haiM ki hamane usa vastu kA jJAna kara liyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie koI tAjamahala ko dekhakara usake nirmANa meM prayukta saMgamaramara ke bAre meM jAnatA hai, koI usakI kalAkRti ke bAre meM jAnatA hai, koI usameM kI gaI mInAkArI ko jAnatA hai, koI usameM bane gumbajoM, khambhoM aura AkAroM ke bAre meM jAnatA hai, to koI jAnatA hai ki tAjamahala yamunA ke kinAre para sthita hai| eka vyakti bhI alaga-alaga kSaNoM meM evaMvidha jAnakArI kara sakatA hai| hama inameM se kisI bhI jAnakArI ko mithyA nahIM kaha sakate / sabhI jAnakAriyoM kA apanA mahattva hai| vibhinna dRSTikoNoM yA apekSAoM se sabhI jAnakAriyA~ sahI haiN| ina dRSTikoNoM ko paryAya pradhAna hone se jainadarzana meM naya kahA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ yaha Avazyaka hai ki vastu meM jo guNadharma yA vaiziSTya hai, usakA sahI sahI jJAna honA caahie| vastu meM jo guNadharma nahIM hai, usakA jJAna mithyA kahA jaaegaa| udAharaNa ke lie tAjamahala meM sImeNTa evaM lohe kA prayoga nahIM huA, usako bhI jAnane kA dAvA kareM to hamArA yaha jJAna mithyA hogaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki eka naya (View Point) se vastu ke jisa guNa dharma kA jJAna hotA hai, usase bhinna guNadhoM kA usake dvArA apalApa yA niSedha nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| yahI naya siddhAnta kA vaiziSTya hai| dUsare udAharaNa se samajhane kA prayAsa kreN| koI phoTogrAphara kisI bhavana kA kisI eka koNa se phoToM khIMcatA hai, phira dUsare koNa se phoTo khIMcatA hai, isI prakAra vaha vibhinna dizAoM evaM koNoM se aneka phoTogrApha letA hai| ve sabhI phoTo eka hI bhavana ke haiM, ataH yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki koI phoTo usa bhavana kA nahIM hai| sabameM bheda hai tathApi sabhI phoTo apanI jagaha sahI haiN| ye vibhinna dRSTikoNa bhI naya siddhAnta ko hI vyAkhyAyita karate haiN| ____jAnane ke sAtha abhivyakti bhI vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se kI jAtI hai| una dRSTikoNoM ko bhI naya kahA gayA hai| isIlie vaktA jisa abhiprAya se kathana karatA hai, usakA vaha abhiprAya-vizeSa naya kahalAtA hai| vyavahAra meM isa abhiprAya- vizeSa

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naya evaM nikSepa 237 ko samajhakara jaba koI zrotA pratyuttara detA hai to saMvAda cala pAtA hai| yadi vaktA ke abhiprAya ko samajhe binA pratyuttara diyA jAe to saMvAda nahIM cala pAtA, vivAda avazya khar3A ho sakatA hai| jagat kA evaM usameM vidyamAna kisI bhI vastu yA vyakti ke sambandha meM jJAna kisI apekSA vizeSa se hI hotA hai| yaha apekSA vizeSa hI naya hai| eka sAtha hama kisI vyakti ke bAre meM sabhI apekSAoM se jJAna nahIM kara sakate / yahA~ yaha bAta dhyAna dene kI hai ki naya siddhAnta meM kisI eka naya se jJAna karane para anya nayoM kI upekSA nahIM kI jAtI athavA una nayoM kA pratikAra nahIM kiyA jAtA / jisa prakAra eka naya sahI hai usI prakAra kisI apekSA se anya naya bhI sahI ho sakate haiM / yahA~ prasaMga yA vivakSA kA mahattva hotA hai ki hama kisa prasaMga meM kisa naya ko prAthamikatA dete haiM athavA kisa naya ko pradhAna evaM anya nayoM ko gauNa banAnA cAhate haiN| pramANa evaM naya meM bheda __ pramANa bhI jAnane kA sAdhana hai tathA naya bhI, kintu pramANa kA kSetra naya ke kSetra kI apekSA vyApaka hai| pramANa meM mati-zruta-avadhi-manaHparyava evaM kevala ina pAMcoM jJAnoM kA samAveza hotA hai arthAt inameM se koI bhI jJAna pramANa ho sakatA hai, kintu naya ko jainAcAryoM ne zrutajJAna ke viSaya taka sImita rakhA hai, jaisA ki naya kI nimnAMkita paribhASA evaM kathana se jJAta hotA hai1. nIyate yena zrutAkhyapramANaviSayIkRtasyArthasyAMzastaditarAMzaudAsInyataH sa pratipatturabhiprAyavizeSonayaH / -pramANanayatattvAloka 7.1 zrutajJAna nAmaka pramANa ke dvArA viSaya kie gae padArtha ke aMza kA usake anya aMzoM ke prati udAsIna rahakara jisake dvArA jJAna karAyA jAtA hai, pratipattA kA vaha abhiprAya vizeSa naya kahalAtA hai| yahA~ para yaha vicAraNIya hai ki kyA naya-jJAna ke pUrva pramANa jJAna kA honA Avazyaka hai? yadi pahale pramANa dvArA jAna liyA gayA hai to naya se jAnane kI jijJAsA kahA~ zeSa rahegI? kyoMki yaha mAnA gayA hai ki naya ke dvArA vastu ke eka aMza ko jAnA jAtA hai tathA pramANa ke dvArA vastu ke sampUrNa aMza ko jAnA jAtA

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238 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hai| jaba sampUrNa aMza ko jAna liyA gayA to eka aMza ko jAnane kI bAta mahattva nahIM rakhatI / isalie naya ko pramANa se svatantra jJAna kA sAdhanA mAnanA caahie| pramANa se bhI jAnA jAtA hai aura naya se bhii| kintu naya meM yaha vaiziSTya hotA hai ki vaha eka dRSTi se jAnakara anya dRSTiyoM ke prati udAsIna rahatA hai| 2. zrutamUlA nayA siddhAH vakSyamANAH pramANavat- tattvArthazlokavArtika 1.6.27 naya zrutajJAnamUlaka hote haiM tathA unakI prAmANikatA pramANavat hai| uparyukta vAkyoM se vidita hotA hai ki naya kA prayoga zrutajJAna ke dvArA jAne gae viSaya meM hotA hai| zrutajJAna se jisa viSaya ko jAnA gayA hai, usake eka aMza kA jJAna naya hai| AcArya vidyAnanda ne pramANa evaM naya meM bheda pratipAdita karate hue kahA hai ki dharma aura dharmI ke samUha kA nAma vastu hai| jo jJAna dharma yA kevala dharmI ko hI mukhya rUpa se jAnatA hai vaha naya hai aura jo donoM ko hI mukhya rUpa se jAnatA hai vaha pramANa hai|' pramANa evaM naya meM eka pramukha bheda yaha hai ki pramANa ke dvArA jahA~ vastu ke dravya evaM paryAya ina donoM svarUpoM ko samAnarUpa se jAnA jAtA hai vahA~ naya ke dvArA dravya evaM paryAya meM se kisI eka ko pradhAnatA se jAnA jAtA hai| isIlie use vastvaMzagrAhI kahA gayA hai| bhaTTa akalaMka ne naya evaM pramANa meM bheda kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA hai ki samyag anekAnta pramANa hai tathA samyag ekAnta naya hai|" anekAnta bhI anekAntAtmaka hotA hai| usameM jo ekAnta hai vaha jaba sApekSa hotA hai to samyak kahalAtA hai evaM vaha nayarUpa hotA hai tathA jo anekAnta pramANarUpa hotA hai vaha bhI samyak hotA hai| ataH naya ko samyag ekAnta tathA pramANa ko samyak anekAnta kahA gayA hai| dhavalA TIkAkAra vIrasenAcArya ne bhI pramANa evaM naya meM bheda spaSTa karate hue kahA hai- kiM ca na pramANaM nayaH, tsyaanekaantvissytvaat| na nayaH pramANaM, tsyaikaantvissytvaat| (jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 2, pR. 516) pramANa naya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usakA viSaya anekAnta hai tathA naya pramANa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usakA viSaya ekAnta hai| naya ko na to pramANa mAnA gayA hai, na hI aprmaann| jisa prakAra samudra kA aMza na to samudra kahA jA sakatA hai aura na asmudr| vaha samudra kA aMza hote hue bhI samudra nahIM hai usI prakAra vastu ke eka aMza kA jJAna karane vAle naya ko pramANa nahIM

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239 naya evaM nikSepa mAnA gyaa|" anuyogadvArasUtra meM cAra anuyogadvAroM kA nirUpaNa huA hai- upakrama, nikSepa, anugama aura ny| inameM naya kA ullekha naya kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karatA hai| syAdvAdamaMjarIkAra ne mukhyavRtti se pramANa kA prAmANya svIkAra karate hue bhI nayoM kI pramANa ke tulya prAmANikatA svIkAra kI hai| 3 pramANa, naya evaM durnaya meM bheda karate hue AcArya hemacandra ne kahA hai- " sadeva sat syAtsaditi tridhArthA mIyeta durnItinayapramANai: '14 kisI hI hai, ko vastu sat aisA kahanA durnaya hai, sat hai aisA kahanA naya hai tathA kathaJcit (syAt) sat hai, aisA kahanA pramANa hai| pramANa evaM naya eka bheda yaha hai ki pramANa sakalAdezI hotA hai tathA naya vikalAdezI hotA hai / " dravya evaM paryAya donoM kA grahaNa karane se pramANa ko sakalAdezI tathA ina donoM meM se eka kA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa naya ko vikalAdezI kahA gayA hai| nayoM kI saMkhyA jAnane evaM kahane ke jitane mArga ho sakate haiM, ve sabhI naya haiN| AcArya siddhasena kahate haiM 1- satta " jAvar3ayA vayaNapahA tAvaiyA ceva hoMti NayavAyA / " - sanmatitarka, 3.47 arthAt jitane vacana mArga hote haiM, utane naya hote haiM / isa taraha nayoM kI saMkhyA asImita hotI hai| vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hotI hai, ataH naya ananta bhI ho sakate haiM", kintu vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra ke AdhAra para dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika ye do naya pramukha haiN| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM spaSTa rUpa se sAta nayoM kA ullekha huA hai / - mUlaNayA paNNattA / taM jahA-Negame saMgahe vavahAre ujjusue sadde samabhiruDhe evaMbhUte / (anuyogadvArasUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti byAvara, sUtra 606) sAta mUla naya haiM- 1. naigama, 2. saMgraha, 3. vyavahAra, 4 RjusUtra, 5. zabda, 6. samabhirUDha tathA 7 evambhUta / tattvArthasUtra ke zvetAmbara pATha meM naya pAMca kahe gaye haiMnaigamasaMgraha-vyavahArarjusUtrazabdA nayAH / ( tattvArthasUtra 1.34 ) naigama, saMgraha, vyavahAra, RjusUtra evaM zabda ye pAMca naya hote haiM / kintu isa sUtra ke pazcAt pradatta sUtra meM naigama naya ke do tathA zabda naya ke tIna bhedoM kA pratipAdana huA hai- Adyazabdau dvitribhedau (tattvArthasUtra 1.35) / naigama naya ke do prakAra haiM- deza parikSepI evaM sarva

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana parikSepI / zabda naya ke tIna prakAra haiM- zabda, samabhirUDha tathA evaMbhUta naya / digambara paramparA meM mAnya tattvArthasUtra ke pATha meM eka sAtha sAta nayoM kA ullekha huA hai, yathA - naigamasaMgrahavyavahArarjusUtra - zabdasamabhirUDhaivaMbhUtA nayAH (sarvArthasiddhi 1.33) / zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM pAThoM kA samanvaya karake kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya umAsvAti ko sAta naya mAnya the| sanmatitarka nAmaka grantha meM siddhasena sUri ne naigama ko chor3akara anya chaha nayoM kA kathana kiyA hai| unhoMne naigamanaya kI sAmAnyagrAhitA ko saMgrahanaya meM tathA vizeSa - grAhitA ko vyavahAranaya meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai| vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra meM nizcaya naya evaM vyavahAra naya zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai / vahA~ para bhramara meM vyavahAra naya se kRSNa varNa tathA nizcaya naya se kRSNa, nIla, pIta, rakta evaM zveta ye pAMcoM varNa svIkAra kiye gaye haiN|" Age calakara AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM meM ina donoM nayoM kA Atma-vivecana kI dRSTi se bharapUra prayoga huA hai| ve kahate haiM ki gandha, rasa, sparza, rUpa, deha aura saMsthAna Adi jIva meM vyavahAranaya se haiM, nizcayanaya se nahIM / ' 18 240 nayoM kA Azraya lekara IsvIya 5 vIM zatI meM mallavAdI kSamAzramaNa ke dvArA eka mahattvapUrNagrantha dvAdazAranayacakra kI racanA kI gii| isa grantha meM usa samaya pracalita vibhinna dArzanika mAnyatAoM ko bAraha aroM se yukta nayacakra ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| mallavAdI ne naya vicAra ko ekacakra kA svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai| unhoMne sAta nayoM ke sthAna para 12 nayoM kI kalpanA kI hai tathA unheM isa rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai ki prathama naya se pratipAdita dArzanika vicAradhArAoM kA dvitIya naya se nirasana ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra hara nayacakra meM yaha krama calatA rahatA hai / anta meM 12 veM ara kA prathama ara ke dvArA khaNDana hotA hai / jisa prakAra cakra ke are eka kendra meM saMlagna hote haiM usI prakAra ye sabhI naya syAdvAda yA anekAnta rUpa kendra se saMlagna haiN| unake dvArA pratipAdita dvAdaza naya isa prakAra haiM- 1. vidhi, 2. vidhi-vidhi, 3. vidhyubhaya, 4. vidhi kA niyama, 5. vidhi aura niyama, vidhiniyamavidhi, 7. ubhayobhaya, 8. ubhayaniyama, 9. niyama, 10. niyamavidhi, 11. niyamobhaya, 12. niyama - niyama / ye bAraha naya dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika nayoM se kisa prakAra sambaddha haiM, isakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue AcArya mallavAdI kahate haiM ki 6.

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naya evaM nikSepa 241 vidhi Adi prathama chaha naya dravyArthika naya ke antargata tathA zeSa chaha paryAyArthika naya ke antargata haiN| isake atirikta unhoMne prasiddha naigamAdi sAta nayoM ke sAtha bhI ina bAraha nayoM kA sambandha batalAyA hai, tananusAra prathama naya vyavahAra naya meM, dUsare se cauthe taka ke naya saMgrahanaya meM, pA~cavA~ aura chaThA naya naigama naya meM, sAtavAM naya RjusUtranaya meM, AThavAM evaM navamAM naya zabdanaya meM, dasavAM naya samabhirUr3ha naya meM tathA gyAharavAM va bArahavAM evaMbhUtanaya meM samAviSTa hotA hai| mAilladhavala kRta dravyasvabhAvaprakAzaka nayacakra tathA devasenakRta AlApapaddhati evaM zrutabhavana-dIpaka-nayacakra meM anekavidha nayoM kA varNana huA hai| DA. hukamacanda bhArilla ne pravacanasAra kI tattvapradIpikA TIkA Adi ke AdhAra para 'paramabhAvaprakAzaka nayacakra' nAmaka pustaka meM 47 nayoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| unake dvArA vivecita nayoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- 1. dravyanaya 2. paryAyanaya 3. astitva naya 4. nAstitva naya 5. astitva nAstitva naya 6. avaktavya naya 7. astitva avaktavya naya 8. nAstitva avaktavya naya 9. astitva nAstitva avaktavya naya 10. vikalpa naya 11. avikalpa naya 12. nAmanaya 13. sthApanA naya 14. dravyanaya 15. bhAvanaya 16. sAmAnya naya 17. vizeSanaya 18. nityanaya 19. anityanaya 20. sarvagatanaya 21. asarvagatanaya 22. zUnya naya 23. azUnya naya 24. jJAnajJeya advaitanaya 25. jJAnajJeya dvaitanaya 26. niyatinaya 27. aniyatinaya 28. svabhAvanaya 29. asvabhAvanaya 30. kAlanaya 31. akAlanaya 32. puruSakAranaya 33. daivanaya 34. Izvara naya 35. anIzvaranaya 36. guNInaya 37. aguNInaya 38. kartRnaya 39. akartRnaya 40. bhoktRnaya 41. abhoktRnaya 42. kriyAnaya 43. jJAnanaya 44. vyavahAranaya 45. nizcayanaya 46. azudvanaya aura 47. zudvanayA" dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika naya jainadarzana meM pramukhataH do prakAra ke naya haiM- 1. dravyArthika naya 2. paryAyArthika naya / dravya ko pradhAna banAkara jaba jJAna yA kathana kiyA jAtA hai to use dravyArthika naya kahA jAtA hai tathA jaba paryAya ko pradhAna banAkara jJAna yA kathana kiyA jAtA hai to use paryAyArthika naya kahA jAtA hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra meM ina do nayoM kA pracura prayoga huA hai| dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva se vibhakta kara vibhajyavAdapUrvaka samAdhAna

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242 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana karane kI jo zailI rahI hai use bhI dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika nayoM meM vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| dravya kA dravyArthika naya meM tathA kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva kA samAveza paryAyArthika naya meM ho sakatA hai| vastu kI nityatA kA pratipAdana dravyArthikanaya se kiyA jAtA hai tathA anityatA kA pratipAdana paryAyArthikanaya se kiyA jAtA hai| dravyArthika naya abhedagAmI hai tathA paryAyArthika naya bhedagAmI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM dravyArthika naya ekatvagAmI tathA paryAyArthika naya anekatvagAmI hai| eka hI vastu kA ina donoM dRSTiyoM se vivecana karane meM virodhI dharmoM nityatA evaM anityatA kA, bheda-abheda kA, ekatva-anekatva kA samanvaya ho jAtA hai| tattvArthazlokavArtika meM AcArya vidyAnanda ne prazna uThAyA hai ki dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika naya ke sAtha guNArthika naya kA pRthak kathana kyoM nahIM kiyA gayA? isake uttara meM unakA kathana hai ki guNoM kA samAveza bhI yahA~ paryAyoM meM ho jAtA hai, isalie guNArthika naya kA pRthak kathana karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| dravyArthika (dravyAstika) evaM paryAyArthika (paryAyAstika) naya hI pramukha naya haiN| naigama Adi sAta nayoM meM se naigama, saMgraha evaM vyavahAra naya ko dravyArthika naya ke antargata tathA RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evambhUta ko paryAyArthika naya ke antargata vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| saptavidha naya naya ke prasiddha sAta prakAroM kA svarUpa yahA~ saMkSepa meM prastuta hai1. naigama naya 'naigama' zabda 'nigama' zabda se banA hai| 'nigama' kA artha hai vasati (bstii)| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM vasati ke dRSTAnta se naigama naya ko samajhAyA gayA hai tathA isake tIna bheda kie gae haiM- 1. azuddha naigama naya 2. vizuddha naigama naya 3. vizuddhatara naigama naya / koI puruSa pUchatA hai- Apa kahA~ rahate ho? uttara dAtA kahatA hai- loka meM rahatA huuN| yaha azuddha naigama naya hai| yadyapi uttaradAtA loka meM hI rahatA hai, kintu prazna kartA ke abhiprAya ko yaha uttara satya hote hue bhI saMtuSTa nahIM karatA hai| phira vaha kahatA hai maiM tiryak loka meM rahatA huuN| yaha uttara vAstavika vasati se kucha nikaTa

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naya evaM nikSepa 243 hai isalie vizuddha naigama kA udAharaNa hai| jaba vaha kahatA hai ki maiM jambUdvIpa meM rahatA hU~ to yaha pUrva apekSA vizuddhatara dRSTikoNa hai| isa prakAra kramazaH uttara dete hue bhArata varSa, dakSiNArddha bhAratavarSa, pATaliputra, devadatta ke ghara aura garbhagRha meM rahane kA uttara detA hai to isase naigama kI vizuddhataratA bar3hatI jAtI hai| prasthaka ke dRSTAnta se bhI naigama naya kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| prAcInakAla meM anAja mApane ke eka viziSTa pAtra ko prasthaka kahA jAtA thaa| koI vyakti jaMgala meM kulhAr3I lekara jA rahA thA, usase kisI ne pUchA- tuma jaMgala meM kyoM jA rahe ho? usane uttara diyA- maiM prasthaka ke lie jA rahA huuN| yaha avizuddha naigama naya kA udAharaNa hai| jaba vaha lakar3I kATa rahA thA taba kisI ne pUchA - tuma kyA kATa rahe ho ? taba usa puruSa ne uttara diyA maiM prasthaka kATa rahA huuN| yaha vizuddha naigama naya kA udAharaNa hai| kyoMki pUrvApekSA prasthaka banAne kI prakriyA meM nikaTa pahu~ca rahA hai| kASTha ko tarAzane, ukerane tathA chIlane Adi kriyAoM ko dekhakara pUchatA hai to vaha punaH uttara detA hai maiM prasthaka banA rahA huuN| yaha uttara vizuddhatara naigamanaya kA udAharaNa hai| anuyoga dvAra sUtra meM jo prasthaka kA dRSTAnta diyA gayA hai| usake AdhAra para AcArya pUjyapAda ne sarvArthasiddhi meM naigama naya kA lakSaNa dete hue kahA hai ki aniSpanna artha meM saMkalpa mAtra ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya naigama naya hai| jaba taka kArya pUrNa na ho taba taka use aniSpanna yA anabhinivRtta kahA jAtA hai| digambara paramparA ke AcArya akalaMka vidyAnanda, devasena, prabhAcandra Adi ne isa lakSaNa kA samarthana kiyA hai tathA adhikAMza AcAryoM ne prastha ke saMkalpa kA udAharaNa lekara isa lakSaNa ko samajhAyA hai| ___ saMkalpa ko nigama kahA gayA hai tathA usa saMkalpa se yA prayojana se hone vAlI kriyAoM ko naigamanaya se samajhA jAtA hai| naigama naya kA yaha svarUpa Aja hamAre jIvana meM paryApta rUpa se prayukta hotA hai| koI vidyArthI kapar3e pahana rahA ho aura usase pUchA jAe ki tuma kyA kara rahe ho? to vaha uttara detA hai ki maiM mahAvidyAlaya jA rahA huuN| usake kapar3e pahanane kA uddezya, saMkalpa yA prayojana vidyAlaya jAnA hai| isalie isa prakriyA meM kapar3e pahananA, jUte pahananA, vAhana calAnA athavA vAhana meM

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244 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana baiThane ke lie TikaTa kharIdanA Adi sambandhita kriyAoM kA mahAvidyAlaya jAne kA aMga hone se naigama naya ke antargata samAveza hotA hai| isI prakAra koI mahilA sabjI sApha kara rahI ho, usase pUchA jAe tuma kyA kara rahI ho to vaha uttara detI hai ki maiM bhojana banA rahI huuN| bhojana banAne kI kriyA kA aMga hone se usakA sabjI sApha karanA naigama kA udAharaNa hotA hai| isa taraha bhojana banAne ke aMgarUpa sabhI kriyAeM naigama naya ke dvArA kahI jA sakatI haiN| bhagavatI sUtra meM 'kaDemANe kaDe', 'calamANe cale' Adi vAkya naigama naya ke udAharaNa kahe jA sakate haiN| kisI atithi ke ghara Ane para use hama kahate haiM- bhojana bana gayA Apa bhojana karake jAe / yadyapi rasoI meM bhojana banAne kI prakriyA cala rahI hai aura bhojana pUrA banA bhI nahIM, taba bhI aisA prayoga naigama naya se kiyA jA sakatA hai| naika gamaH naigamaH ke rUpa meM naigama zabda kI nirukti kI jAtI hai, arthAt jisameM aneka prakAra se vastu ke svarUpa ko jAnA jAtA hai tathA aneka bhAvoM se vastu kA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai use naigama naya kahate hai| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM naigama naya kI yahI nirukti dI gaI hai| isa prakAra naigama naya kA svarUpa vyApaka hai, vividhatA lie hue hai| ___ laghIyastraya grantha meM bhaTTa akalaMka ne naigama naya kA lakSaNa karate hue kahA hai ki eka dravya meM do dharmoM ko gauNatA aura mukhyatA se kahane kI jo vivakSA hai athavA jo bheda aura abheda meM se paraspara eka ko gauNa aura eka ko pradhAna karake kahatA hai, vaha naigama naya hai| __ naigama naya meM sAmAnya evaM vizeSa donoM prakAra ke dharmoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| isakA samarthana vIrasenAcArya, vidyAnanda, prabhAcandra, vAdideva sUri Adi AcAryoM ne kiyA hai| vAdideva sUri ne naigama naya kA lakSaNa karate hue kahA hai- do dharmoM kI do dharmiyoM kI athavA dharma-dharmI kI pradhAna tathA gauNa rUpa se vivakSA karanA, isa prakAra aneka mArgoM se vastu kA bodha karAne vAlA naya naigama naya kahalAtA hai| do dharmoM ke pradhAna gauNa bhAva kA udAharaNa hai- AtmA meM sattva se yukta caitanya hai| do dharmiyoM ke pradhAna gauNa bhAva kA udAharaNa hai- paryAya vAlA dravya vastu kahalAtA hai| dharma

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naya evaM nikSepa 245 dharmiyoM meM se eka ko gauNa evaM dUsare ko pradhAna banAne kA udAharaNa hai- viSayAsakta jIva kSaNabhara sukhI hotA hai|" uparyukta udAharaNoM meM do dharmoM ke antargata caitanya ko pradhAna evaM sattva guNa ko gauNa banAyA gayA hai| do dharmiyoM ke antargata dravya ko gauNa aura vastu ko pradhAna vivakSita kiyA gayA hai| dharma-dharmI ke antargata jIva dharmI ko pradhAna tathA sukhI vizeSaNa (dharma) ko gauNa batAyA gayA hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM kahA jAe to naigama naya atyanta vyApaka naya hai jisameM vividha prakAra se jJAna karAne kI kSamatA hai| mukhya kArya ke aMgoM ko bhI jisa prakAra naigama naya se kaha diyA jAtA hai usI prakAra jisameM sAmAnya-vizeSa kA gauNa pradhAna bhAva se samAveza hotA hai vaha naigama naya hai| 2. saMgraha naya sAmAnya yA abheda ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya 'saMgraha naya' hai / saMgraha naya kI dRSTi se AtmA eka hai| saMgraha naya do prakAra kA hotA hai- 1. para saMgraha naya, 2. apara saMgraha naya / sattA ke rUpa meM samasta padArthoM kA samAveza karane vAle sAmAnya ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya 'para saMgraha naya' hai| jaise- vizva eka hai| yaha kathana 'para saMgraha naya' kA dyotaka hai| dravyatva, paryAyatva Adi avAntara sAmAnyoM kA grahaNa karane vAlA naya 'apara saMgraha naya' hai / jaise- dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla, pudgala aura jIva dravyatva kI dRSTi se eka haiN| 33 3. vyavahAra naya ___ bheda ko grahaNa karane vAle naya ko 'vyavahAra naya' kahate haiN| jaise-sat yA vastu ko dravya aura paryAya ke rUpa meM athavA jIva aura ajIva ke rUpa meM jAnanA 'vyavahAra naya' hai / bhedaparaka jitanA bhI jJAna hai vaha saba 'vyavahAra naya' hI hai / jIva ke saMsArI aura siddha bheda, saMsArI jIvoM ke trasa aura sthAvara bheda yA nAraka, tiryaca, manuSya aura deva Adi bheda 'vyavahAra naya' se hI kie jAte haiM / 'saMgraha naya' jahA~ anekatA meM ekatA kA bodha karAtA hai, vahA~ 'vyavahAra naya' eka meM aneka kA bodha karAtA hai| 'saMgraha naya' se AtmA ko eka tathA vyavahAra naya' se AtmA ko ananta kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki saMkhyA meM AtmAe~ ananta haiM, jabaki mUla svarUpa kI dRSTi se ve eka haiN|

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246 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 4. RjusUtra naya __vartamAna kAla kI paryAya ko grahaNa karane vAlA naya 'RjusUtra naya' kahalAtA hai| vartamAna kAla meM yadi koI adhyayanazIla hai to svAdhyAyI yA vidyArthI kahA jaaegaa| bhUtakAla yA bhaviSyat kAla ke AdhAra para kathana karanA, RjusUtra naya kA viSaya nahIM hai, vaha mAtra vartamAna ko viSaya karatA hai| jaise- vartamAna meM koI sukha se jI rahA hai, to use 'RjusUtra naya' se sukhI kaha sakate haiM / 5. zabda naya ___ kAla, saMkhyA, liMga, kAraka Adi ke bheda se zabda ke artha meM bheda kA pratipAdana karane vAlA naya 'zabda naya' hai| jaise- vArANasI nagarI thI, vArANasI nagarI hai aura vArANasI nagarI hogii| ina tInoM vAkyoM meM kAla ke kAraNa jo bheda hai use zabda naya spaSTa karatA hai| saMkhyA bheda ke AdhAra para bheda kA udAharaNa- "eka puruSa jA rahA hai| aneka puruSa jA rahe haiN|" inameM prathama vAkya eka puruSa kA bodhaka hai, jabaki dUsarA vAkya aneka puruSoM kA bodhaka hai| liMga ke AdhAra para artha bheda kabhI hotA hai evaM kabhI nhiiN| 'bAlikA jAtI hai' kahane para bAlikA (strI) kA bodha hotA hai, 'bAlaka jAtA hai' kahane para bAlaka (puruSa) kA bodha hotA hai, kintu saMskRta meM taTaH, taTI, taTama tInoM kA eka artha hai| kAraka ke prayoga ke AdhAra para arthabheda hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'rAma pustaka par3hatA hai' vAkya meM rAma kartA hai| 'rAma ko pustaka detA hai' vAkya meM rAma sampradAna hai| 6. samabhirUr3ha naya paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM nirukti (zabda-nirmANa, prakriyA) ke bheda se artha kA bheda batAne vAlA naya 'samabhirUr3ha naya' hai / jaise- indra ke aneka paryAyavAcI zabda haiMindra, zakra, purandara, devarAja, zacIpati Adi / ina sabhI zabdoM kI nirukti bhinna-bhinna hai / jo indana arthAt aizvaryazAlI hotA hai, vaha indra / jo zakana arthAt zaktizAlI hotA hai, vaha zakra / jo pura arthAt zatru-nagara kA dAraNa karane yA vinAza karane vAlA hotA hai use purandara, devoM ke rAjA ko devarAja aura zacI ke pati ko zacIpati kahate haiM / nirukti yA vyutpatti ke AdhAra para ina saba arthoM meM

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naya evaM nikSepa 247 bhinnatA hai| vaise ye saba paryAyavAcI bhI haiN| ina paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM nirukti bheda se arthabheda karAne vAlA naya hI samabhirUr3ha naya hai| 7. evambhUta naya ___ zabda ke artha ke anusAra kriyA meM pravRtta hone para usa zabda kA prayoga karanA 'evaMbhUta naya' hai| jaise- koI sevA kara rahA ho tabhI sevaka kahanA, prajA kA pAlana karane vAle ko prajApati kahanA, aizvaryazIla ko indra kahanA, zacI ke sAtha baiThe hone para indra ko zacIpati kahanA Adi evaMbhUta naya ke udAharaNa haiM / samabhirUr3ha naya jahA~ nirukti bheda se artha bheda kA hI pratipAdana karatA hai, vahA~ evaMbhUta naya usa artha ke anusAra kriyA meM pariNata padArtha kA bodha karAtA hai|| naigama Adi sAta nayoM kA pratipAdana vAkyoM kA sahI-sahI artha grahaNa karane kI dRSTi se hI kiyA gayA hai| dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika nayoM kA pratipAdana jahA~ Agama vAkyoM ko ThIka se samajhane meM upayogI hai, vahA~ usase vastu yA padArthoM ke svarUpa ko jAnane meM bhI saralatA kA anubhava hotA hai| zabdoM yA vAkyoM ke mAdhyama se hone vAlA yaha jJAna vastu ko jAnane meM bhI sahayogI hotA hai| isa taraha zrutajJAna se sambaddha hote hue bhI naya siddhAnta kA kSetra zrutanizrita matijJAna se jur3a jAtA hai| yahI nahIM, nayoM kA prayoga jIvana vyavahAra ke sAdhAraNa vAkyoM meM bhI dikhAI detA hai tathA hamAre jAnane kI prakriyA meM bhI alaga-alaga prakAra ke dRSTikoNa hote haiM jo eka prakAra se nayoM kA hI prayoga hai| naya prayoga meM kabhI dharma, guNa yA paryAya kI pradhAnatA hotI hai, kabhI dravya athavA vastu kI pradhAnatA hotI hai, kabhI do dharmoM, do dharmiyoM athavA dharma-dharmI meM gauNa-pradhAna bhAva kA prayoga hotA hai| kabhI vartamAna paryAya yA dharma kI pradhAnatA hotI hai to kabhI zabdoM ke prayoga kI bhinnatA se bhI artha meM bheda kA jJAna hotA hai| ina vibhinnatAoM ke AdhAra para hI naigamAdi sAta nayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| arthanaya evaM zabdanaya uparyukta sAtoM nayoM meM se prathama cAra naya artha pradhAna (vastu pradhAna) hone ke kAraNa 'artha naya' kahalAte haiM tathA zeSa tIna naya zabda pradhAna hone ke kAraNa 'zabda naya' kahe gae haiN|

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248 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana naya ke viSaya kI nyUnAdhikatA ... sAta nayoM meM naigama naya sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM ko viSaya karatA hai| ataH usakA viSaya sabase adhika hai| saMgraha naya kevala sAmAnya ko viSaya karatA hai| ataH usakA viSaya naigama naya se alpa hai| vyavahAra naya vizeSa yA bhedoM kA nirUpaNa karatA hai| ataH usakA viSaya saMgraha naya kI apekSA kama hai| RjusUtra naya mAtra vartamAna kI paryAya kA grahaNa karatA hai| isalie usakA viSaya vyavahAra naya kI apekSA nyUna hai / zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta meM bhI pUrvavartI naya adhika viSaya vAlA evaM uttaravartI naya nyUna viSaya vAlA hai| nizcaya naya evaM vyavahAra naya . naya ke eka prasiddha vibhAjana ke anusAra naya do prakAra ke haiM- 1. nizcaya naya 2. vyavahAra naya / nizcaya naya ko pAramArthika naya bhI kahA jAtA hai| tAttvika artha kA pratipAdana karane vAlA naya 'nizcaya naya' hai / jaise- nizcaya naya kI apekSA bhramara pA~ca prakAra ke varNa vAlA hai| loka prasiddha artha kA pratipAdana karane vAlA naya 'vyavahAra naya' hai| jaise- bhramara meM pA~ca varNa hote hue bhI use vyavahAra naya se kAle raMga kA kahA jAtA hai| nizcaya naya kA adhika vicAra digambarAcArya kundakunda ke samayasAra Adi granthoM meM huA hai| nizcaya naya se ve AtmA ko zarIra, indriya, prANa Adi se pRthak batalAte haiM, jabaki vyavahAra naya se ve prANa, indriya Adi se yukta cetanA ko jIva kahate haiN| jIvana meM nizcaya evaM vyavahAra donoM nayoM kA mahattva hai| nizcaya naya lakSya kA bodha karAtA hai aura vyavahAra naya usakI ora pravRtta karatA hai| dravyArthika evaM paryAyArthika nayoM kA hI AdhyAtmika dRSTi se nizcayanaya evaM vyavahAranaya meM vikAsa huA hai| samayasAra kI TIkA meM AcArya amRtacandra ne yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki nizcaya naya dravyAzrita hai aura vyavahAranaya paryAyAzrita haiN|* AlApapaddhati meM kahA gayA hai ki saba nayoM meM nizcaya naya aura vyavahAranaya ye do mUlabhUta bheda haiN| nizcaya kA hetu dravyArthika naya hai aura sAdhana arthAt vyavahAranaya kA hetu paryAyArthika naya hai| nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya meM eka yaha bhinnatA pratipAdita kI gaI hai ki nizcayanaya dravyArthika naya kI bhAMti abheda ko viSaya

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naya evaM nikSepa 249 karatA hai tathA vyavahAra naya paryAyArthika naya kI bhAMti bheda ko viSaya karatA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se nizcaya ko AtmAzrita tathA vyavahAra naya ko parAzrita pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai- "AtmAzrito nizcayanayaH, parAzrito vyavahAra nyH| 37 naya siddhAnta evaM zabdazaktiyA~ naya siddhAnta meM naya ke dvArA kathana kA abhiprAya samajhA jAtA hai / kathana ke abhiprAya hetu saMskRta sAhitya meM abhidhA, lakSaNA evaM vyaMjanA zaktiyoM kA pratipAdana huA hai| jaina darzana meM ina zaktiyoM kA kArya naya siddhAnta ke prayoga dvArA sambhava hai| abhidhA vRtti ke dvArA vAkya kA jo mukhya vAcyArtha hai vahI gRhIta hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vAkya kA jo sIdhA artha hai vahI abhidhA zakti ke dvArA abhidheya yA vAcya hotA hai| jainadarzana meM RjusUtra naya ke dvArA isa artha kA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'yahA~ saMta virAja rahe haiM', yaha vAkya RjusUtra naya se santoM ke yahA~ virAjane kI sUcanA mAtra de rahA hai| yahI artha abhidhA zakti se prakaTa hotA hai| lakSaNA zakti kA prayoga taba hotA hai jaba mukhya artha kA bAdha ho evaM kucha zabda jor3a kara samIcIna artha nikalatA ho, udAharaNa ke lie 'gaMgAyAM ghoSa':- isa vAkya kA mukhyArtha hai gaMgA meM ahIroM kI bastI hai| kintu yaha artha bAdhita hotA hai, kyoMki gaMgA ke pravAha meM bastI nahIM ho sakatI / lakSaNA zakti se gaMgA kA artha gaMgA taTa lekara artha kI saMgati biThAI jAtI hai / vyavahAra naya meM bhI isa prakAra kI saMgati hotI hai / vyavahAra naya meM 'gaMgAyAM ghoSaH' vahI artha degA jo lakSaNA zakti ke prayoga se ghaTita hotA hai / RjusUtra naya ke udAharaNa meM prayukta vAkya "yahA~ santa virAja rahe haiM" vAkya meM 'yahA~' kA tAtparya taba spaSTa hogA jaba isameM grAma, nagara, sthAnaka, mandira Adi kA artha bodha hogA / vyaMjanA zakti ke dvArA abhidheya artha se pUrNataH bhinna artha prakaTa hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie 'yahA~ santa virAja rahe haiM' isa vAkya kA vyaMjanA zakti se artha hogA- hameM darzana karane, carcA-vArtA karane jAnA caahie| yaha artha naigama naya se siddha ho sakatA hai| naigama naya meM hI yaha zakti hai ki vaha vividha prakAra ke arthoM ko ghaTita kara detA hai| isa prakAra sAhitya-zAstra kI dRSTi se bhI artha ghaTita karane meM naya siddhAnta kA mahattva hai|

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250 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana naya siddhAnta dvArA vibhinna darzanoM meM samanvaya ... jaina darzana kI dRSTi udAra hai| naya siddhAnta kA prayoga na kevala Agama vAkyoM ko samajhane kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai, apitu isake dvArA anya bhAratIya darzanoM kI vicAradhArA ko bhI samajhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra vibhinna darzana yadi apanI virodhI mAnyatA kA apalApa na kareM to unakI vicAradhArA eka naya kA rUpa le letI hai, kintu aikAntika pratipAdana ke kAraNa unakI vicAradhArA naya na hokara nayAbhAsa ho jAtI hai| siddhasenasUri (5vIM zatI) ne prasiddha bhAratIya darzanoM kI tulanA vibhinna nayoM se kii| unake pazcAt bhaTTa akalaMka (8 vIM zatI) ne una darzanoM kA nayAbhAsoM meM nirUpaNa kara eka naye cintana ko janma diyaa| kisa darzana ko kisa nayAbhAsa meM rakhA jAe, isa sambandha meM dArzanikoM meM kiMcit matabheda rhaa| 12 vIM zatI meM vAdidevasUri ne pramANanayatattvAloka meM nayAbhAsoM meM nyAya-vaizeSikAdi darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM ke udAharaNa die haiN| 15 vIM zatI meM malliSeNasUri syAdvAdamaMjarI TIkA meM kahate haiM ki naiyAyika evaM vaizeSika naigamanaya kA anusaraNa karate haiM, sabhI advaitavAdI darzana tathA sAMkhyadarzana saMgraha naya ke abhiprAya se pravRtta hue haiN| cArvAka dArzanika vyavahAranaya kA anusaraNa karate haiN| bauddha dArzanikoM ne RjusUtra naya ko apanAyA hai tathA vaiyAkaraNoM ne zabdAdi nayoM kA avalambana liyA hai| upAdhyAya yazovijaya (17vIM-18vIM zatI) ne adhyAtmasAra meM vibhinna darzanoM kA ina nayoM meM samAveza karate hue likhA hai bauddhAnAmRjusUtrato matamabhUd vedAntinAM sNgrhaat| sAMkhyAnAM tata eva naigamanayAd yaugazca vaishessikH|| zabdabrahmavido'pi zabdanayataH srvairnyairgumphitaa| jainI dRSTiriti sArataratA prtykssmuviikssyte|| -adhyAtmasAra, zloka 879 yazovijaya ne bauddhamata ko RjusUtra naya se, vedAnta evaM sAMkhya mata ko saMgraha naya se, nyAya aura vaizeSika mata ko naigama naya se, zabda brahmavAdiyoM ko zabdanaya se gumphita mAnA hai| kintu ye darzana ekAnta rUpa se apane hI mata ko satya

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251 naya evaM nikSepa mAnane evaM anya matoM ko pUrNataH tiraskRta karane para nayAbhAsa kI koTi meM Ate haiN| saptabhaMgI naya nayoM ke dvArA vAkya kA sahI-sahI artha samajhA jAtA hai tathA jJAta tathyoM ko vAkyoM ke mAdhyama se isa prakAra prastuta kiyA jAtA hai ki ve vAkya kisI eka dRSTi se ucita hote haiM, kintu anya dRSTiyoM kA apalApa nahIM krte| naya vAkyoM kA kathana karane ke lie tathA unakI sApekSatA yA kisI dRSTikoNa ko iMgita karane ke lie 'syAt' nipAta kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| jaina darzana meM aise vAkya sAta prakAra se kahe jA sakate haiM, isalie unheM saptabhaMgI naya ke nAma se prasiddhi prApta hai| ve sAta naya haiM- 1. syAt asti, 2. syAt nAsti, 3. syAt asti nAsti, 4. syAt avaktavya, 5. syAt asti avaktavya, 6. syAt nAsti avaktavya, 7. syAt asti nAsti avaktavya | ye sAtoM bhaMga kisI dRSTikoNa yA naya vizeSa se kahe gaye haiN| prathama bhaMga vidhi kalpanA se, dvitIya bhaMga niSedha kalpanA se, tRtIya bhaMga vidhi - niSedha kalpanA se kahe gaye haiN| tRtIya bhaMga meM jahA~ krama se vidhi-niSedha kA AdhAra rahA hai vahA~ caturtha bhaMga meM yugapad vidhi-niSedha kalpanA kA prayoga hone ke kAraNa avaktavya bhaMga banatA hai| paMcama bhaMga meM vidhikalpanA evaM yugapad vidhi - niSedha kalpanA kA AdhAra rahA hai| SaSTha bhaMga meM niSedha kalpanA tathA yugapad vidhi - niSedha kalpanA kA dRSTikoNa hai to saptama bhaMga meM krama se vidhi-niSedha kalpanA evaM yugapad vidhi-niSedha kalpanA donoM kA prayoga huA hai| * 39 saptabhaMgI do prakAra kI hotI hai - pramANa saptabhaMgI evaM naya saptabhaMgI / jo sakala Adeza yukta hotI hai vaha pramANa saptabhaMgI aura jo vikalAdeza yukta hotI hai use naya saptabhaMgI kahate haiN| malliSeNa viracita syAdvAdamaMjarI ke anusAra kAla, AtmarUpa, (svabhAva), artha (AdhAra), sambaddha, upakAra, guNideza, saMsarga aura zabda ina ATha ke dvArA abheda vRtti kI pradhAnatA se jo kathana kiyA jAtA hai, vaha pramANa saptabhaMgI ke arntagata AtA hai tathA ina kAlAdi ke dvArA jaba bheda kI pradhAnatA se kathana kiyA jAtA hai to use vikalAdeza kahA jAtA hai / " 40

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252 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana nikSepa __zabda kA samucita artha khojane kA kArya jisa vidhi se ho, use nikSepa kahate haiM / tattvArthasUtra meM ise nyAsa bhI kahA gayA hai| nikSepa ke cAra prakAra haiM- 1. nAma nikSepa, 2. sthApanA nikSepa, 3. dravya nikSepa aura 4. bhAva nikSepa / 1. nAma nikSepa :- zabda ke vyutpattiparaka artha ke binA hI kisI vyakti, vastu Adi kA nAmakaraNa karanA 'nAma nikSepa' hai| jaise- kisI andhI mahilA kA nAma sunayanA hai| 'sunayanA' zabda kA artha hotA hai- acche netroM vAlI, kintu yaha artha andhI mahilA ke sandarbha meM ghaTita nahIM hotA hai| sunayanA kevala usakA nAma hai| artha se isakA koI lenA-denA nahIM hai| isa prakAra saMsAra meM bahuta-sI vastuoM ko jAnane hetu saMketa rUpa meM nAma rakhA jAtA hai| isalie kisI Darapoka kA nAma bhI 'nAma nikSepa ' se 'mahAvIra' ho sakatA hai| 2. sthApanA nikSepa:- mUla yA vAstavika vastu na ho, kintu usakI mUrti, citra, pratikRti Adi meM usakA Aropa kiyA gayA ho, to use 'sthApanA nikSepa' kahate haiN| jaise- rAmacandra jI kI mUrti ko rAma samajhanA, hanumAna ke citra ko hanumAna samajhanA, philma, nATaka Adi meM abhinetA ko vAstavika nAyaka samajhanA Adi sthApanA nikSepa ke udAharaNa haiN| sthApanA nikSepa ke do prakAra haiM1. sadbhAva sthApanA, 2. asadbhAva sthaapnaa| jaba koI citra, pratikRti Adi mukhya AkAra ke samAna ho to use sadbhAva sthApanA nikSepa kahate haiN| jaisekabUtara kA citra, kabUtara ko hI batalAtA hai| mahAtmA gA~dhI kI ainaka yukta mUrti unake vAstavika AkAra kA bodha karAtI hai| jaba koI mUrti Adi vAstavika vastu ke AkAra se rahita hotI hai, to use asadbhAva sthApanA nikSepa kahate haiM, jaise- kisI patthara ko devatA mAna lenA aadi| 3. dravya nikSepa :- bhUta yA bhAvI avasthA ke kAraNa vastu, vyakti Adi meM vartamAna meM bhI vaisA prayoga karanA 'dravya nikSepa' hai| yaha dravya nikSepa bhAva nikSepa kA pUrva rUpa yA uttara rUpa hotA hai| jaise- meDikala kaoNleja meM par3hane vAle chAtra ko bhaviSya meM DaoNkTara banane ke AdhAra para vartamAna meM hI DaoNkTara khnaa| isI prakAra tahasIladAra yA paTavArI Adi padoM se sevAnivRtta vyakti ko bhUtakAla ke

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naya evaM nikSepa AdhAra para tahasIladAra, paTavArI Adi kahanA 'dravya nikSepa' ke udAharaNa haiN| upayoga rahita kriyA ko dravya kahanA bhI dravya nikSepa kA udAharaNa hai| 4. bhAva nikSepa :- jaba zabda ke artha ke anurUpa hI kriyA ghaTita ho rahI ho, to use 'bhAva nikSepa' se jAnA jAtA hai| jaise- adhyApana kriyA meM saMlagna vyakti ko adhyApaka kahanA, sevA kArya meM saMlagna vyakti ko sevaka kahanA Adi bhAva nikSepa ke udAharaNa haiM / koI sundara nayanoM vAlI ho to use sunayanA kahanA caahie| 253 zAstra meM prayukta zabda kA samIcIna artha khojane ke lie nikSepa kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / dainika vyavahAra meM bhI yaha nikSepa prayoga meM AtA hai / sandarbha: 1. abhiprAya ityasya ko'rthaH ? pramANaparigRhItArthaikadezavastvadhyavasAyaH abhiprAyaH / -dhavalA TIkA, jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga-2, pR. 513 2. nApramANaM pramANaM vA nayo jJAnAtmako mataH / syAtpramANaikadezastu sarvathApyavirodhataH / / - vahI 3. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 2, uddezaka 1, parivrAjaka skandhaka kA prakaraNa 4. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 12, uddezaka 2 5. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 7, uddezaka 2 6. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra ( bhagavatIsUtra ) - 18.10 7. sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 1 8. syAdvAdapravibhaktArthavizeSavyaMjako nayaH / - AptamImAMsA, kArikA 106 9. natyi naehi vihUNaM suttaM attho ya jiNamae kiMci - vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 762 10. dharmadharmisamUhasya prAdhAnyArpaNayA vidaH / pramANatvena nirNIteH pramANAdaparo nayaH / / - tattvArthazlokavArtika, naya vivaraNa, zloka 11. samyagekAnto naya ityucyate / samyaganekAntaH pramANam / nayArpaNAdekAnto bhavati ekanizcayapravaNatvAt, pramANArpaNAdanekAnto bhavati anekanizcayAdhikaraNotvAt- tattvArthavArtika, 1.6 12. (i) yathA hi samudraikadezo na samudro nApyasamudrastathA nayA api na pramANaM na vA apramANamiti / - jainatarkabhASA, nayapariccheda /

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254 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana (ii) nApramANaM vA nayo jJAnAtmako mtH| syAtpramANaikadezastu srvthaapyvirodhtH||-tttvaarthshlokvaartik,nyvivrnn, zloka 16 13. syAdvAdamaMjarI, zloka 28 kI TIkA, pR.242 14. anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, zloka 28 15. sakalAdezaH pramANAdhIno, vikalAdezo nyaadhiinH| -sarvArthasiddhi 1.6.24 16. nayAzcAnantAH, anantadharmatvAt vstunH| -syAdvAdamaMjarI, agAsa, pR. 243 17. draSTavya, vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 18, uddezaka 6 18. gaMdharasaphAsarUvA deho saMThANamAiyA je yA savve vavahArassa ya NicchayadaNhU vvdisNti|| samayasAra, gAthA 60 19. draSTavya, paramabhAvaprakAzaka nayacakra, paNDita ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, jayapura, 2001 20. paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA likhate haiM - kAla aura kSetra, paryAyoM ke kAraNa hone se, yadi paryAyoM __ meM samAviSTa kara lie jAeM taba to mUlataH do hI dRSTiyA~ raha jAtI haiM-dravyArthika aura paryAyArthika / - Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, pR. 117 21. guNaH paryAya evAtra sahabhAvo vibhaavitH| iti tadgocaro nAnyastRtIyo'sti gunnaarthikH||-tttvaarthshlokkaartik, naya vivaraNa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha se prakAzita mAilladhavalakRta nayacakra meM pradatta pariziSTa 2, zloka 22 22. anabhinittArthasaMkalpamAtragrAhI naigamaH / - sarvArthasiddhi, 1.33, pR. 100 23. DaoN. anekAMta kumAra jaina, dArzanika samanvayaya kI jaina dRSTi (nayavAda), prAkRta jainazAstra ___aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI, san 2011, pR. 98 24. saMkalpo nigamastatra bhavo'yaM ttpryojnH| tathA prasthAdisaMkalpaH tadabhiprAya issyt||-tttvaarthshlokvaartik, naya vivaraNa, zloka 32 25. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 1 26. NegehiM mANehiM miNai tti Negamassa ya niruttii|- anuyogadvArasUtra, sUtra 606 27. guNapradhAnabhAvena dhrmyorekdhrminni| vivakSA naigamo'tyantabhedoktiH syaattdaakRtiH| api ca anyonyaguNabhUtaikabhedAbhedA prarUpaNAt / naigamo'rthAntaratvoktau naigamAbhAsa issyte| - akalaMkakRta, laghIyastraya, tRtIya pravacana praveza, SaSThapravacana pariccheda, kArikA 66 28. dharmayodharmiNodharmadharmiNozca pradhAnoparsajanabhAvena yadvivakSaNaM sa naikagamo naigmH| ___- pramANanayatattvAloka, 7.7 29. saccaitanyamAtmanIti dhrmyoH|-prmaannnytttvaalok, 7.8

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naya evaM nikSepa 30. vastu paryAyavad dravyamiti dharmiNoH / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 7.9 31. kSaNamekaM sukhI viSayAsaktajIva iti dharmadharmiNoH / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 7.10 32. azeSavizeSvaudAsInyaM bhajamAnaH zuddhadravyaM sanmAtramabhimanyamAnaH prsNgrhH| -pramANanayatattvAloka, 7.15 33. draSTavya, pramANanayatattvAloka, 7.19-20 34. vyavahAranayaH kila paryAyAzritatvAt.. gAthA, 56 kI TIkA [..... / nizcayanastu dravyAzritatvAt. 35. NicchayavavahAraNayA mUlamabhedA NayANa savvANaM / NicchayasAhaNaheU davvayapajjatthiyA muNaha / / 255 [...... / / - samayasAra - AlApapaddhati, bhAratavarSIya anekAnta vidvatpariSad, puSpa saMkhyA 36, gAthA 4 36. tatra nizcayanayo'bhedaviSayo vyavahAro bhedaviSayaH / - AlApapaddhati, 216 37. samayasAra, gAthA 272 para AtmakhyAti TIkA 38. tathAhi naigamanayadarzanAnusAriNau naiyAyikavaizeSikau / saMgrahAbhiprAyapravRttAH sarve'pyadvaitavAdAH sAMkhyadarzanaM c| vyavahAranayAnupAti prAyazcArvAkadarzanam / RjusUtrAkUtapravRtta buddhayastAthAgatAH zabdAdinayAvalambino vaiyaakrnnaadyH| - anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, zloka 28 para syAdvAdamaMjarI TIkA, agAsa, pR. 248 39. draSTavya- pramANanayatattvAloka, sUtra 4.15 se 4.21 40. vistAra ke lie draSTavya, syAdvAdamaMjarI, zloka 23 kI TIkA, pR. 213-220

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'isibhAsiyAI' kA dArzanika vivecana 'isibhAsiyAI' (RSibhASitAni) bhAratIya AdhyAtmika evaM dArzanika paramparA kA eka adbhuta mahanIya grantha hai, jisameM jaina, bauddha aura vaidika ina tInoM paramparAoM ke arhat RSiyoM ke mUlyavAn vicAra saMgRhIta haiN| yaha grantha sampUrNa bhAratIya vAGmaya kI eka amUlya nidhi hai, jo jainAcAryoM kI vaicArika udAratA evaM dhArmika sahiSNutA ko pratibimbita karatI hai| isameM nArada, asitadevala, aMbaDa, tArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, maMkhali gozAlaka Adi RSiyoM ke vacana saMgRhIta haiM / prAyaH isa grantha meM una AdhyAtmika vicAroM kA saMkalana hai, jo sAdhaka kI sAdhanA meM sahAyaka haiM, vItarAgatA kA mArga prazasta karane vAle haiN| kucha sthAnoM para dArzanika vicAra haiM, jo prAyaH jainadharma ke anukUla haiN| jo kucha anukUla pratIta nahIM hote haiM, unheM bhI yathAvat prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jo jainAcAryoM kI vaicArika udAratA kA hI paricaya detA hai| isibhAsiyAI: eka paricaya isibhAsiyAiM zvetAmbara paramparA ke aMga bAhya AgamoM meM parigaNita hai| arddhamAgadhI prAkRta bhASA meM racita yaha Agama bhASA evaM viSaya vastu kI prastuti kI dRSTi se atyanta prAcIna hai| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ise AcArAMga sUtra ke pazcAt tRtIya-caturtha zatI IsavIya pUrva kI racanA mAnate haiN|' DaoN. vAlthara zUbriga ise tIrthakara pArzva kI paramparA se nirmita grantha svIkAra karate haiN| DaoN. samaNI kusumaprajJA likhatI haiM ki puSTa pramANoM ke abhAva meM isa graMtha-racanA kA sahI samaya nirdhArita karanA sambhava nahIM hai, lekina bhASA zailI, racanA tathA anya Agama evaM vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM isake ullekha se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha graMtha kAphI prAcIna hai| 'isibhAsiyAI' kA ullekha tattvArthabhASya meM pradatta aMga bAhya AgamoM kI sUcI meM huA hai| nandIsUtra meM ise kAlikasUtroM kI sUcI meM rakhA gayA hai tathA sthAnAMgasUtra meM ullikhita praznavyAkaraNadazA nAmaka Agama ke daza adhyayanoM meM ise sthAna diyA gayA hai| samavAyAMga sUtra meM isake 45 meM se 44 adhyayanoM kA nAmollekha hai| isa prakAra Agama-sAhitya meM ullikhita 'isibhAsiyAI' kI samprati prakIrNaka AgamoM meM gaNanA kI jAtI hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ne jina dasa AgamoM para

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257 'isi bhAsiyAI' kA dArzanika vivecana niryukti likhane kA saMkalpa kiyA hai, unameM isibhAsiyAiM bhI eka hai, kintu isa para evaM sUryaprajJapti para samprati unakI koI niryukti prApta nahIM hotI / yaha bhArata kA saubhAgya hai ki jaina paramparA meM isa prakAra kA mahattvapUrNa Agama surakSita hai| vAlthara zUbriMga jaise jarmana vidvAn ne isibhAsiyAI kA eka mahattvapUrNa saMskaraNa apanI vyAkhyA ke sAtha taiyAra kiyA jo san 1974 meM lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda se ajJAtakartRka TIkA ke sAtha prakAzita huA / ' anya koI TIkA isa Agama para upalabdha nahIM hai| isibhAsiyAiM meM 45 adhyayana haiN| sabhI adhyayana alaga-alaga RSiyoM ke nAma se grathita haiN| mAtra bIsaveM ukkala adhyayana meM kisI RSi kA nAma nahIM hai| isibhAsiyAiM meM prAyaH RSiyoM ke nAma para hI adhyayanoM ke nAma rakhe gae haiN| krama se RSiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- 1. nArada, 2. vajjiyaputta, 3. devila, 4. aMgarisI, 5. puSpazAla putra, 6. vakkalacIrI, 7. kummAputta, 8. ketaliputra, 9. mahAkAzyapa, 10. tetaliputra, 11. maMkhali putra, 12. yAjJavalkya, 13. metAryabhayAli, 14. bAhuka, 15. madhurAyaNa, 16. zauryAyaNa, 17 vidu, 18. varSapakRSNa, 19. AryAyaNa, 20. utkaTa (ukkala) adhyayana ( RSi kA nAma nahIM), 21. gAthApati putra, 22. dakabhAla, 23. rAmaputra, 24. harigiri, 25. aMbaDa, 26. mAtaMga, 27. vAratraka, 28. Ardraka, 29. varddhamAna, 30. vAyu, 31. pArzva, 32. piMga, 33. aruNa, 34. RSigiri, 35. uddAlaka, 36. tArAyaNa, 37. zrI giri, 38. sAiputta ( sAciputra, svAtiputra), 39. saMjaya, 40. dvIpAyana, 41. indranAga, 42. soma, 43. yama, 44. varuNa, 45.vaishrmnn| graMtha kI prathama saMgrahaNI gAthA meM ina RSiyoM meM 20 ko tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi, 15 ko tIrthaMkara pArzva evaM 10 ko tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke kAla kA kahA gayA hai, kintu yaha spaSTa nahIM kiyA gayA ki kaunase RSi kisa tIrthaMkara ke kAla meM hue / samaNI kusumaprajJA jI ne apanI mati se 12 RSiyoM ko mahAvIra kAlIna, 14 RSiyoM ko pArzvanAtha kAlIna tathA 10 RSiyoM ko ariSTanemikAlIna aMgIkAra kiyA hai / " bIsaveM ukkala adhyayana meM RSi kA nAma nahIM hai| unake dvArA pradatta sUcI isa prakAra hai

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258 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana mahAvIra kAlIna- ambaDa, Ardraka, indranAga, puSpazAlaputra, maMkhaligozAlaka, mahAkAzyapa, metArya bhayAli, varddhamAna, valkalacIrI, vAratraka,vRjika putra (vajjiyaputta), sAciputra= 12 RSi pArzvakAlIna- aMgarSi, kUrmAputra, ketaliputra, gardabhAla (dakabhAla), gAthApati putra taruNa, tetaliputra, pArzva, piMga, bAhuka, madhurAyaNa, mAtaGga, vidu, saMjaya, harigiri- 14 RSi ariSTanemikAlIna- asita devala, AryAyaNa, uddAlaka, RSigiri, tArAyaNa, dvaipAyana, nArada, mahAzAlaputra aruNa, yama, yAjJavalkya, rAmaputra, varuNa, varSapakRSNa, vAyu, vaizramaNa, zauryAyaNa, zrIgiri, soma= 18 RSi ___ ina RSiyoM meM kauna kisa paramparA se sambaddha hai, isakA nizcita nirdhAraNa karanA kaThina hai| isakA eka kAraNa hai sArvabhauma AdhyAtmika upadezoM kA sNkln| DaoN. zUbiMga ke anusAra yAjJavalkya, bAhuka, mahAzAlaputra aruNa, uddAlaka, asita devala, aMgarisi aura vidu spaSTatayA aupaniSadika paramparA ke RSi haiN| piMga, RSigiri aura zrI giri ko brAhmaNa-parivrAjaka tathA ambaDa ko parivrAjaka kahA gayA hai, ataH ye vaidika RSi hone caahie| bhAradvAja gotra se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa aMgarisi brAhmaNa paramparA se sambaddha the, kintu Avazyaka niyukti, usakI cUrNi tathA RSimaNDala Adi granthoM meM aMgarisi (aMgarSi) kA varNana Ane se ye jaina sAhitya meM bhI pratiSThita rhe| sUtrakRtAMga ke anusAra asita devala, rAmaputra, tArAyaNa, bAhuka evaM dvaipAyana vaidika paramparA ke RSi the|' nArada ko brAhmaNa paramparA kA RSi mAnA jAtA hai| DaoN. zUbiMga ne sAciputra, vajjiyaputta aura mahAkAzyapa ko bauddha paramparA se sambaddha mAnA hai| maMkhali gozAlaka AjIvaka sampradAya ke pravartaka the| Ardraka, kUrmAputra, ketaliputra Adi RSiyoM ko nigraMtha paramparA se jor3A jAtA hai| ___ yahA~ para ullekhanIya hai ki isibhAsiyAiM ke adhyayana kramAMka 4, 20, 25, 32, 34, 37 evaM 38 ko chor3akara zeSa 38 adhyayanoM meM RSiyoM ke nAma ke sAtha 'arahatA isiNA buitaM' vAkyAMza prayukta huA hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai ki ye RSi arhat the| RSimaNDala grantha ke anusAra sabhI 45 RSi mokSa ko prApta hue tathA ve sabhI

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'isibhAsiyAI'kA dArzanika vivecana 259 pratyekabuddha the| ina RSiyoM ke sAtha arhat vizeSaNa lagAnA nizcita rUpa se jaina paramparA kI atyanta udAra dRSTi hai| cauthe aMgarisI (aMgarSi) ke sAtha 'bhAradvAja arahatA isiNA buitaM' vAkyAMza ke mAdhyama se bhAradvAja vizeSaNa unake vaidika hone kA saMketa karatA hai| adhyAya paccIsa ke aMbaDa adhyayana meM aMbaDa ke sAtha mAtra 'parivrAjaka' vizeSaNa lagAyA gayA hai, arhat vizeSaNa kA prayoga nahIM hai| isakA artha hai ki aMbaDa arhat nahIM thaa| 32veM piMga adhyayana, 34veM RSigiri adhyayana evaM 37 veM zrIgiri adhyayana meM 'mAhaNa parivvAyageNaM arahatA isiNA buitaM' vAkyAMza dvArA sambaddha RSiyoM ko brAhmaNa parivrAjaka arhat svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| arthAt ye RSi vaidika haiN| 38 veM sAciputra adhyayana meM sAciputra ko 'buddha arhat' kahA gayA hai| isase unake bauddha hone kI sUcanA milatI hai| yaha samasta kathana adhyayanoM meM prayukta RSiyoM ke vizeSaNoM ke AdhAra para hai| vidvAnoM ne inake atirikta bhI AdhAra mAnakara inheM tattat paramparAoM meM rakhA hai| dArzanika vivecana yadyapi isibhAsiyAiM adhyAtmapradhAna graMtha hai, tathApi isameM hameM kucha dArzanika sandarbha bhI prApta hote haiN| vizeSataH cArvAka darzana ke paMcabhUtavAda tathA dehAtmavAda siddhAnta kA evaM AtmA ke akartRtva kA ullekha samprApta hai| cArvAka sammata paMcabhUtavAda tathA dehAtmavAda bIsaveM ukkala adhyayana meM cArvAka mata kI prastuti huI hai| isa adhyayana meM samajhAyA gayA hai ki jaise daNDa kA Adi, madhya aura anta milakara daNDa saMjJA prApta karatA hai vaise hI zarIra se bhinna AtmA nAmaka tattva nahIM hai| zarIra kA nAza hone para saMsAra kA nAza ho jAtA hai| Age kahA gayA hai ki jIva pAMca mahAbhUtoM ke skandhoM kA samudAya mAtra hai| mahAbhUtoM kA nAza hone para saMsAra kI paramparA kA nAza ho jAtA hai| sampUrNa tvacA paryanta taka jIva hai| yaha zarIra jItA hai taba taka prANI jItA hai, yaha usakA jIvana hai| jaise dagdha bIjoM meM punaH aMkuroM kI utpatti nahIM hotI, vaise hI zarIra ke jala jAne para punaH zarIra utpanna nahIM hotA, isalie jo abhI milA hai, vahI jIvana hai| cArvAka mata ke hI siddhAnta kA ullekha karate hue ukkala adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki paraloka nahIM hai, sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana ke phala kI prApti nahIM hai| jIva kA punarjanma nahIM hotA hai| puNya aura pApa AtmA kA sparza nahIM krte| puNya aura pApa niSphala haiN| " AtmA ke akartRtva kA ullekha 260 jainadarzana meM AtmA kA kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu bIsaveM ukkala adhyayana meM daNDa utkaTa Adi pA~ca prakAra ke utkaToM (utkaloM) ke antargata deza utkaTa kA svarUpa pratipAdita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki isake anusAra jIva yA AtmA kA svarUpa to aMgIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, kintu usakA kartRtva aMgIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA / sAMkhyadarzana isI prakAra kI mAnyatA rakhatA hai, ataH pratIta hotA hai ki yaha sAMkhyadarzana kI mAnyatA hai, kintu pUraNakAzyapa aura pakudha kAtyAyana kA mata akriyAvAdI thA, ataH sambhava hai yaha mAnyatA ina dArzanikoM kI bhI rahI ho / sRSTiviSayaka mata: puruSavAda evaM jala se sRSTi kI utpatti cUMki isibhAsiyAiM meM aneka RSiyoM ke vacana upalabdha haiM, ataH isameM loka yA sRSTi ke sambandha meM jaina dRSTi se bhinna mata bhI prApta hote haiM / dakabhAla adhyayana meM puruSavAda ke anusAra puruSa kiM vA Izvara hI pradhAna evaM jyeSTha hai, vaha hI jagat kA kartA hai| puruSa hI saba dharmoM (padArthoM) kA Adi kAraNa hai|" Rgveda meM bhI yaha kathana prApta hotA hai ki pahale yaha saba puruSa hI thA evaM Age bhI puruSa hI hogA vaha amRtatva kA Iza hai, kintu anna se abhivyakti ko prApta hotA hai| 2 zrI giri adhyayana meM vaidika mAnyatAnusAra kathana hai ki pahale yahA~ saba ora jala thaa| phira yahA~ aMDA saMtapta huA, usase loka utpanna huaa| " yahA~ usane zvAsa liyA arthAt sRSTi utpanna huii| yaha varuNa-vidhAna hai| Rgveda ke hiraNyagarbha sUkta meM kahA gayA hai ki pahale hiraNya mArga hI thA jo samasta prANiyoM kA svAmI thA / 14 zrI giriRSi vizva ko mAyArUpa pratipAdita karate hue kahate haiM ki yaha saMsAra atIta meM mAyArUpa nahIM thA, aisA nahIM hai, vartamAna meM mAyArUpa nahIM hai, aisA nahIM hai aura bhaviSya meM mAyArUpa nahIM hogA, aisA bhI nahIM hai / 15 loka evaM paMcAstikAya kI zAzvatatA jainadarzana sRSTi ko anAdi ananta svIkAra karatA hai / vaha yaha nahIM mAnatA ki

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'isibhAsiyAI'kA dArzanika vivecana 261 sRSTi kA kabhI prArambha huA thaa| isibhAsiyAiM ke pArzva adhyayana meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki yaha loka kabhI nahIM thA, aisA nahIM hai, yaha loka kabhI nahIM hai, aisA nahIM hai, yaha loka kabhI nahIM hogA, aisA bhI nahIM hai| yaha loka pahale thA, vartamAna meM hai aura bhaviSya meM rhegaa| yaha loka dhruva, niyata, zAzvata, akSaya, avyaya aura nitya hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra meM bhI loka evaM aloka ko zAzvata bhAva ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA gayA hai|" loka kA svarUpa SaDdravyAtmaka hai| SaDdravyoM meM dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya, jIvAstikAya tathA kAla dravya kI gaNanA hotI hai| inameM se kAla ko chor3akara zeSa pA~ca dravya paMcAstikAya ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA prAcIna hai, isakI puSTi isibhAsiyAI meM prApta ullekha se hotI hai| isameM SaDdravyoM kA ullekha na hokara paMcAstikAya kA ullekha huA hai| paMcAstikAya ke lie bhI loka kI bhAMti kahA gayA hai ki paMca astikAya kabhI nahIM the, aisA nahIM hai, kabhI nahIM haiM, aisA nahIM hai tathA ye kabhI nahIM hoMge, aisA bhI nahIM hai| ye dhruva, nitya, zAzvata, akSaya, avyaya evaM avasthita haiN|" SaD dravyoM meM jIvAstikAya jIva hai evaM zeSa pA~ca dravya ajIva haiN| pArzva adhyayana meM loka cAra prakAra kA kahA gayA hai- 1. dravyaloka, 2. kSetraloka, 3. kAlaloka aura 4. bhaavlok| loka AtmasvarUpa meM avasthita hai| svAmitva kI apekSA se yaha jIvoM kA loka hai, racanA kI apekSA se jIva aura ajIva donoM kA loka hai| loka kA astitva anAdi ananta aura pAriNAmika hai|19 duHkha ke kAraNa evaM unase mukti bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM duHkha se mukti pramukha pratipAdya rahA hai| vastutaH duHkha se Atyantika mukti hI mokSa hai| prazna yaha hai ki hameM duHkha kyoM hotA hai? isibhAsiyAiM meM duHkha ke kAraNoM para gahana vicAra huA hai| sAmAnyataH ajJAna ko duHkha kA mUla mAnA jAtA hai| RSi gAthApatiputra taruNa ajJAna ko hI parama duHkha ke rUpa meM pratipAdita karate hue kahate haiM aNNANaMparamaMdukkhaM, aNNANAjAyate bhyN| aNNANamUlo saMsAro, vivihosvvdehinnN|"

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana ajJAna parama duHkha hai| ajJAna se bhaya utpanna hotA hai / samasta prANiyoM ke lie saMsAra-paramparA kA kAraNa ajJAna hI hai| 262 jainadarzana ke anusAra ajJAna kA mUla kAraNa 'moha' hai| isalie moha ko bhI duHkha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyayana meM RSi vajjiyaputta aisA hI kahate haiM - mohamUlANi dukkhANi, mohamUlaM ca jammaNaM / " sabhI duHkhoM ke mUla meM moha hai aura moha ke kAraNa hI saMsAra meM janma hotA hai| jahA~ moha hotA hai vahA~ karmabandhana bhI hotA hai aura una baddhakarmoM kA hameM phala bhoganA hotA hai| isalie jaba taka karma haiM taba taka duHkha hai / mahAkAzyapa RSi isI satya kA udghATana karate hue kahate haiM- kammamUlAiM dukkhAI, kammamUlaM ca jammaNaM / " sabhI duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa karma hai tathA pUrvakRta karma ke kAraNa hI phala bhoga hetu janma hotA hai| karma bhI do prakAra ke hote haiM- puNya evaM pApa krm| inameM mukhyataH pApakarma duHkha kA kAraNa hotA hai, ataH madhurAyaNa RSi kahate haiM- pAvamUlANi dukkhANi, pAvamUlaM ca jammaNaM / " sabhI duHkha pApamUlaka hote haiM tathA janma kA mUla bhI pApa hai| ve apane mantavya ko spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM saMsAre dukkhamUlaM tu, pAvaM kammaM purekaDaM / 24 pAvakammaNirodhAya, sammaM bhikkhU parivvae / / saMsAra meM duHkha kA mUla pUrvakRta pApakarma hai, pApakarma kA nirodha karane ke lie bhikSu ko samyakrUpa se parivrajana karanA cAhie / duHkha se rahita honA hai to pApakarma kA tyAga anivArya hai, kyoMki pApa kA sadbhAva hone para duHkha avazya utpanna hotA hai - sabhAve sati pAvassa, dhuvaM dukkhaM pasUyate / " pApa kA ghAta hone para duHkha kA usI prakAra nAza ho jAtA hai jisa prakAra puSpa kA vinAza hone para phalotpatti nahIM hotI - pAvaghAte hataM dukkhaM, pupphaghAte jahA phlN|" mUla kA siMcana karane para phala kI utpatti hotI hai, mUla kA ghAta hone para phala bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai- mUlaseke phaluppattI, mUlaghAte hataM phalaM / " kaI bAra duHkhI vyakti apane duHkha kA nAza karane ke lie dUsaroM ko duHkha detA hai, kintu aisA karake vaha anya duHkhoM kA baMdha kara letA hai| 28 kUrmAputra adhyayana meM utsukatA ko bhI

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'isibhAsiyAiMkA dArzanika vivecana 263 duHkha kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai- dukkhaM uusuyttnnN|" yaha utsukatA moha kA hI eka rUpa hai, jisameM apekSA evaM phalaprApti kI kAmanA nihita hai| ___ yahA~ para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mohakarma hI duHkha kA mUla hai, usake kAraNa hI pApakarma kiyA jAtA hai tathA moha ke kAraNa vyakti kA jJAna AcchAdita rahatA hai| arthAt ajJAna kI dazA meM bhI moha kAraNa hai| yaha mohakarma hI Asakti, mamatva, ahaMkAra, krodha, mAyA, lobha Adi ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai| Atyantika sukha kyA hai, ise nirUpita karate hue ar3atIsaveM sAciputra adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba sukha se sukha prApta hotA hai to vaha Atyantika sukha hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki jaba sukha kI avasthA nirantara nitanUtanabanIrahe, kabhI bAdhita na ho vaha sukha Atyantika sukha hai| isa sukha ke pazcAt kabhI duHkha nahIM AtA hai| indriyajanita sukha ke pazcAt duHkha kI prApti hotI rahatI hai, ataH aisA sukha Atyantika sukha nahIM ho sktaa| sambhavataH sAciputra (sAriputra/svAtiputra) bauddha haiM, isalie ve kahate haiM ki prajJAvAn sAdhaka anekavidha padArthoM kA tyAgakara kahIM bhI lubdha nahIM hotA, yaha buddhoM kI zikSA hai| nAnA zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi viSayoM ke prati paNDita sAdhaka na to rAga kare, na dveSa kre|" isI prakAra kI carcA RSi varddhamAna (mahAvIra) adhyayana meM bhI samprApta hotI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki muni manojJa zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa evaM sparza meM rAga nahIM karatA tathA inake amanojJa hone para unake prati dveSa nahIM karatA- maNuNNammi Na rajjejjA, Na padussejja hi paave| isa prakAra AcaraNa karane vAlA sAdhaka muni pApakarma ke srota kA nirodha karatA hai| zrotrAdi pA~ca indriyA~ yadi damana nahIM kI jAeM to saMsAra kI hetu bana jAtI haiM aura yadi unheM niyantrita kara liyA jAe to ve hI nirvANa meM sahAyaka ho jAtI haiN| jisa prakAra vinIta ghor3e sArathI ko mArga para le jAte haiM, usI prakAra samyak rUpa se dAnta indriyA~ sAdhaka ko viSayoM meM pravRtta nahIM krtii| jo sAdhaka mana evaM kaSAyoM ko jItakara samyak prakAra se tapa karatA hai vaha zuddhAtmA usI prakAra dIpta hotA hai jaise havana se agni dIpta hotI hai|" vaizramaNa adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki jo vyakti sukha yA sAtA ke icchuka

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264 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hokara pApakarma karate haiM unakA pApa vaise hI bar3hatA hai, jaise RNa lene vAle vyakti kA RNa bar3hatA hai| jo jIva vartamAna sukha kI khoja karate haiM, usake pariNAma ko nahIM dekhate haiM ve bAda meM usI prakAra duHkha prApta karate haiM, jaise kAMTe se biMdhI huI mchlii| karma-siddhAnta ___ isibhAsiyAiM meM karma-siddhAnta ke isa niyama kI bhUrizaH puSTi huI hai ki jo jaisA acchA yA burA karma karatA hai, usake anusAra use phala-prApti hotI hai| caturtha adhyayana meM aMgarSi kahate haiM- sukaDaMdukkaDaM vAvi kttaarmnnugcchti| sukRta ho yA duSkRta sabhI karma kartA kA anugamana karate haiM, arthAt kartA ko unake phala kI prApti hotI hai| madhurAyaNa RSi kahate haiM ki AtmakRta karmoM kA phala AtmA svayaM bhogatI hai, ataH AtmA ke hita ke lie pApakArI kAryoM kA varjana karanA caahie|" harigiri adhyayana meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki prANI jo nAnA prakAra ke zubhAzubha karma karatA hai usI ke anusAra nAnA avasthAoM ko prApta karatA hai| tIsaveM vAyu adhyayana meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki jaisA bIja boyA jAtA hai vaisA hI phala prApta hotA hai| usI prakAra nAnA prayogoM se niSpanna sukhada yA duHkhada karma kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA hI phala prApta hotA hai- jArisaMkijjate kammaM, tArisaM bhujjate phlN|" jainadarzana meM aSTavidha karmoM kA vivecana prApta hotA hai| isibhAsiyAiM meM aSTavidha karma zabda to AyA hai, kintu ina karmoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha nahIM huA hai| ATha karma haiMjJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra aura antraay| jJAnAvaraNa karma jJAna ko Avarita karatA hai, darzanAvaraNa karma jIva ke darzana guNa (svasaMvedana) ko Avarita karatA hai, vedanIya karma sukha-duHkha kA vedana karAtA hai, mohanIya karma dRSTi evaM AcaraNa ko malina karatA hai, krodha, mAna, mAyAdi vikAroM ko prakaTa karatA hai| Ayu karma ke kAraNa manuSyAdi bhava kI eka nizcita avadhi ke lie prApti hotI hai| nAmakarma se zarIra, indriyAdi kI prApti hotI hai| gotrakarma se jIva meM uccatA evaM nIcatA ke saMskAra Ate haiM tathA antarAya karma ke kAraNa jIva ke dAna (udAratA), lAbha, bhoga, upabhoga, vIrya (zakti) Adi guNa bAdhita hote haiN|

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'isibhAsiyAI'kA dArzanika vivecana 265 karma ke AdAna yA Amnava ke kAraNoM kA ullekha mahAkAzyapa adhyayana meM huA hai| vahA~ para mithyAtva, avirati (anivRtti), pramAda, kaSAya evaM yoga ko karmAnava kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai|" jaina darzana ke tattvArthasUtrAdi granthoM meM bandha-hetu ke ye hI pA~ca prakAra nirUpita haiN| inhIM se karmoM kA baMdha hotA hai| RSi mahAkazyapa kA kathana hai ki saMsArI prANI ke lie karma kA vahI sthAna hai jo aMDe aura bIja kA hai| karma ke anusAra hI jIva santAna, bhoga evaM nAnA avasthAoM ko prApta karatA hai| saMsAra kI paramparA kA mUla pUrvakRta puNya aura pApa hai| ataH puNya evaM pApa ke nirodha ke lie samyak parivrajana karanA caahie| saMsAra meM azAnti kA mUla karma hai- kammamUlamaNivvANaMsaMsAre svvdehinnN| saMsAra ke jitane duHkha evaM kaSTa haiM, ve prAyaH pUrvakRta karma ke kAraNa prApta hote haiN| mahAkAzyapa adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki hastachedana, pAdachedana Adi vividha prakAra ke duHkha pUrvakRta koM se prApta hote haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yahA~ RSi mahAkAzyapa pApakarmoM ko na karane kI preraNA kara rahe haiN| karma kI vibhinna avasthAe~ bandha, udaya, udIraNA, sattA, apakarSaNa, utkarSaNa, saMkramaNa, nidhatta, nikAcanA Adi haiN| mahAkAzyapa adhyayana meM baddha, spRSTa, nidhatta, upakrama, utkera, saMkramaNa, nidhatta, nikAcanA Adi avasthAoM kA ullekha huA hai| harigiri adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra dhvani kI pratidhvani hotI hai usI prakAra karma ke anusAra kAnti, jAti, vaya yA avasthA kA nirmANa hotA hai| jIva do prakAra kI vedanAoM kA vedana karate haiN| prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna yAvat mithyAdarzanazalya Adi 18 pApa karake jIva asAtA yA duHkha kA vedana karatA hai tathA prANAtipAtaviramaNa yAvat mithyAdarzana zalya viramaNa se jIva sAtA athavA sukha kA vedana karatA hai| karmoM meM pramukha mohakarma hai| yaha karmasenA kA senApati hai| moha kA nAza hone para anya karmoM kA nAza ho jAtA hai| harigiri RSi kahate haiM chinnamUlAjahAvallI, sukkmuulojhaadumo| naTThamohaMtahA kamma, sinnnnNvaahtnnaayk||"

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266 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jisa prakAra jar3a se kaTI huI latA, sUkhe hue mUla vAlA vRkSa naSTa ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra moha kA nAza hone para kamoM kA vaise hI nAza ho jAtA hai jaise senApati kI hAra hone para senA kI hAra ho jAtI hai| __ karmAsrava ko rokane ke lie saMvara kA vidhAna hai tathA pUrva saMcita karmoM ke kSaya ke lie nirjarA kA pratipAdana hai| dakabhAla RSi parizATana zabda se nirjarA ko abhivyakta karate hue kahate haiM ki karma parizATana karane yogya haiN| ajJAnI jIva karmoM kA parizATana nahIM karate, jJAnI karmoM kA parizATana karate haiM, isalie jJAnI puruSa karmoM se vaise hI lipta nahIM hote, jaise pAnI se kamala patrA pArzva adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki asambuddha evaM karmAnava kA saMvara nahIM karane vAlA vyakti cAturyAma nigraMtha dharma meM dIkSita hokara bhI ATha prakAra kI karmagraMthiyoM kA baMdha karatA hai, vaha naraka, tiryaca, manuSya evaM devagati meM utpanna hokara karmaphala prApta karatA hai, kintu yadi vaha sambuddha aura saMvRtakarmA ho jAe to aSTavidha karmoM kA bandha nahIM karatA tathA sampUrNa karmoM kA kSaya kara lene para use narakAdi gatiyoM meM phalabhoga bhI nahIM karanA pdd'taa| cAturyAma evaM paMca mahAvrata pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM cAturyAma dharma thA evaM bhagavAna mahAvIra ne brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ko pRthak kara paMca mahAvrata kA svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| nArada adhyayana meM cAturyAma dharma kA hI saMketa milatA hai, kyoMki nArada tIrthakara ariSTanemi ke samaya para hue| arhat nArada RSi ne inheM cAra zrotavya lakSaNoM ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai| vyakti tIna karaNa (kRta, kArita evaM anumodita) tathA tIna yoga (mana, vacana evaM kAyA) se prANAtipAta na kare, na dUsaroM se karavAe, yaha prathama zrotavya lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra mRSAbhASaNa evaM adattAdAna ke tyAga ko kramazaH dvitIya evaM tRtIya zrotavya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| caturtha zrotavya meM abrahma evaM parigraha donoM kA kathana eka sAtha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka na to inakA sevana kare aura na dUsaroM se krvaae| puSpazAla adhyayana meM prANAtipAta Adi pA~ca pApoM ke tyAga kA kathana hai

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'isibhAsiyAiMkA dArzanika vivecana 267 NapANe ativAtejjA, aliyaadinnnnNcvjje| mehuNaM ca Na sevejjA, bhavejjA aprigghe||" paiMtAlIsaveM vaizramaNa adhyayana meM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra zastra prayoga se yA agni se svayaM ke zarIra meM ghAva yA jalana kI vedanA hotI hai, usI prakAra anya jIvoM ko bhI hiMsA se vedanA kA anubhava hotA hai| prANaghAta saba prANiyoM ko apriya hai tathA dayA sabako priya hai| isa tathya ko jAnakara prANighAta kA varjana karanA caahie| ahiMsA saba prANiyoM ko zAnti upajAne vAlI hai, yaha saba prANiyoM meM anindita brahma hai| ___ AcAramImAMsA ke antargata sAdhvAcAra pramukha hai| sAdhvAcAra ke antargata cAturyAma dharma athavA paMca mahAvrata ke atirikta pA~ca samiti, tIna gupti Adi kA bhI vizeSa mahattva hai| isibhAsiyAiM meM inakA bhI yathAvasara ullekha huA hai| sAdhu ke lie svAdhyAya aura dhyAna kA vidhAna hai| isakA saMketa vidu RSi ne kiyA hai, yathA sajjhAyajhANovagato jitappA, saMsAravAsaM bahudhA vidittaa| sAvajjavuttI karaNe'ThitappA, nirvjjvittiitusmaayrejjaa| AtmajetA muni svAdhyAya evaM dhyAna meM saMlagna hokara saMsAra ke kAraNoM ko bahudhA jAnakara sAvadyavRtti kAryoM meM apane ko nahIM lagAtA, apitu vaha niravadya (niSpApa) kArya kA AcaraNa karatA hai| ___ sAdhu ke lie sAvadha arthAt pApakArI kArya akaraNIya haiM tathA niravadya kArya karaNIya haiN| mokSa kA svarUpa jainadarzana meM jJAnAvaraNAdi aSTavidha karmoM ke kSaya ko mokSa kahA jAtA hai, kintu 'isibhAsiyAiM' meM aisA lakSaNa prApta nahIM hotaa| mokSa kA svarUpa yahA~ devila, mahAkAzyapa, rAmaputra Adi RSiyoM ke vacanoM meM abhivyakta huA hai, tadanusAra vaha ziva, acala, aruja, akSaya, avyAbAdha aura apunarAvRtta zAzvata sthAna hai| jo mokSa ko prApta karatA hai usake vizeSaNa lagabhaga pratyeka adhyayana meM die gae haiM,

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268 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana yathA- vaha isa prakAra siddha, buddha, virata, niSpApa, dAnta, vItarAga, zaktisampanna evaM trAtA hotA hai| eka bAra siddhAvasthA mokSa ko prApta kara lene ke pazcAt vaha punaH saMsAra meM utpanna nahIM hotaa| adhyAtma darzana isibhAsiyAiM meM AdhyAtmika cintana mukhara huA hai| isameM kAma-bhogoM evaM indriyoM ke viSayoM meM anAsakta rahane kI pade-pade preraNA kI gaI hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhAdi kisa prakAra hAni pahuMcAte haiM evaM ina para kisa prakAra vijaya prApta kI jA sakatI hai, isakI carcA isa Agama meM pracurarUpeNa samupalabdha hai| zauryAyaNa RSi kahate haiM ki durdAnta pA~ca indriyA~ hI prANiyoM ke lie saMsAra kA kAraNa banatI haiN| yadi unheM saMyamita kara liyA jAe to ve hI nirvANa kA kAraNa bana jAtI haiN| ina pA~ca indriyoM ke viSayoM meM jo nahIM bahatA vaha uttama puruSa hotA hai| manojJa (iSTa) zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa, sparza Adi meM Asakti, rAga, gRddhi, mUrchA na ho tathA amanojJa (aniSTa) zabda, rUpAdi ke prati dveSa na ho tabhI indriyoM para pUrNa saMyama hotA hai tathA mukti kA mArga prazasta hotA hai| __ RSi varddhamAna kahate haiM ki jAgRta rahane vAle muni kI pA~ca indriyA~ supta rahatI haiM tathA supta vyakti kI pA~coM indriyA~ jAgRta rahatI haiN| suptamuni pA~coM indriyoM se karmaraja ko grahaNa karatA hai tathA jAgRtamuni indriyoM ke saMyama dvArA karmaraja ko rokatA hai| vartamAna RSi kahate haiM manojJa zabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa, sparza ke prati rAga nahIM karanA cAhie tathA inake amanojJa hone para dveSa nahIM karanA caahie| yahI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA mUla abhyAsa hai| aisA karane vAlA vyakti karma-Asava ko roka detA hai| jisa prakAra durdAnta ghor3e sArathI ko rAjapatha se haTAkara unmArga meM le jAte haiM, usI prakAra damana nahIM kI gaI indriyA~ AtmA ko balapUrvaka kumArga meM le jAtI haiN| kintu jaba ve sudAnta ho jAtI haiM to vinIta ghor3e kI bhAMti unmArga para nahIM le jaatii| indriyoM ko niyantrita karane ke lie mana ko jItanA Avazyaka hai| varddhamAna adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka mana ko jItakara indriya-viSayoM meM pravRtti ko roke tathA phira viveka rUpI hAthI para ArUr3ha hokara zastradhArI zUravIra

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'isibhAsiyAI' kA dArzanika vivecana 269 kI bhAMti kaSAyoM ke sAtha yuddha kre| jo sAdhaka mana aura kaSAyoM ko jItakara samyak prakAra se tapa karatA hai usakI AtmA zuddha hokara dIpta hotI hai| uddAlaka RSi kahate haiM ki vyakti ko Atmahita ke lie jAgRta rahanA cAhie, jo mAtra parArtha kA abhidhAraka hotA hai usakA Atmahita nahIM ho paataa|" svayaM ke ghara meM Aga lagane para dUsaroM ke ghara kI ora daur3anA ucita nhiiN| pahale apanA ghara samhAlanA caahie| sva ko evaM para ko sarvabhAva se saba prakAra se jAnanA caahie| AtmArthI nirjarA karatA hai tathA parArthI karmabandhana karatA hai| uddAlaka adhyayana meM sadA jAgRta rahane tathA dharmAcaraNa meM apramatta rahane kA saMdeza diyA gayA hai- jAgaraha NarA NiccaM, mA bhe dhammacaraNe pmttaannN| jo muni jAgRta rahatA hai usase doSa dUra hI rahate haiN| chattIsaveM tArAyaNa adhyayana meM krodha vijaya kI preraNA kI gaI hai| krodha ko agni, andhakAra, mRtyu, viSa, vyAdhi, zatru, raja, jarA, hAni, bhaya, zoka, moha, zalya evaM parAjaya kahA gayA hai| bAhya agni ko to jala se zAnta kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu krodhAgni ko samasta samudroM ke jala se bhI zAnta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| krodha rUpI graha se abhibhUta vyakti ke sattva (bala), buddhi (nirNayazakti), mati (cintanazakti), medhA (pratibhA), gambhIratA, saralatA Adi saba guNa niSprabha ho jAte haiN| krodhAviSTa vyakti mAtA-pitA, guru, sAdhu, rAjA, devatA Adi kisI ko kucha nahIM smjhtaa| vaha sabase gAlI-galauja karane lagatA hai| krodha ke kAraNa tapa, saMyama Adi naSTa ho jAte haiN| isalie krodha kA nigraha karanA Avazyaka hai| jisa prakAra krodha kaSAya se AtmaguNoM kI hAni hotI hai, usI prakAra mAna, mAyA evaM lobha se AtmaguNoM kI hAni hotI hai| ataH ina para vijaya prApta karane ke lie prayatnazIla rahanA caahie| uddAlaka adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki ajJAna se vimUDhAtmA krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha ke bANa se apanI AtmA ko hI bIMdhatA hai| arthAt apanI hI hAni karatA hai| 'yoga'zabda kA prayoga jainadarzana ke prAcIna granthoM evaM AgamoM meM 'yoga' zabda kA prayoga prAyaH mana,

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 72 73 vacana evaM kAyA kI pravRtti ke lie huA hai| yaha yoga zubha evaM azubha donoM prakAra kA sambhava hai| pataMjali ke yogasUtra meM yoga zabda cittavRtti ke nirodha ke lie prayukta huA hai / " haribhadra, hemacandra, zubhacandra Adi ke sAhitya meM yoga zabda kA prayoga mokSa se jor3ane vAlI pravRtti ke lie bhI huA hai, " kintu isi bhAsiyAiM ke mahAkAzyapa adhyayana meM 'juttajogissa' zabda prayukta huA hai, jo 'yuktayogI' kA vAcaka hai| vahA kahA gayA hai ki dhImAn yuktayogI ke pApakarma kSaya ho jAte haiM tathA AMzika rUpa se karma kA kSaya hone para anekavidha RddhiyA~ prakaTa hotI haiN| " yogasUtra ke vibhUtipAda meM jisa prakAra vibhinna siddhiyoM yA labdhiyoM kA kathana hai kucha-kucha usI prakAra kA kathana mahAkAzyapa adhyayana meM bhI huA hai| mahAkAzyapa adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki tapasaMyama se yukta AtmA karma kA vimardana (nAza) karake vidyAlabdhi, auSadhilabdhi, nipAnalabdhi, vAstuvidyA, zikSApada, gati - Agati (pUrvajanma tathA punarjanma) Adi kA jJAna kara letI hai / " 74 75 270 sAdhaka ko ina RddhiyoM yA labdhiyoM kI prApti meM nahIM aTakanA caahie| jisa prakAra vivekazIla vyakti mizrita phUloM ke Dhera meM se viSapuSpoM ko alaga kara anya phUloM ko grahaNa kara letA hai, usI prakAra yogoM se yuktAtmA pApakArI evaM baMdhanakArI labdhiyoM kA tyAga kara duHkha kA kSaya kara detA hai / jJAnamImAMsA adhyAtma-pradhAna granthoM meM jJAna kA mahattva nirvivAda rUpa se pratiSThita rahatA hai| ataH vidu adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha vidyA mahAvidyA hai evaM sarvavidyAoM meM uttama hai jise sAdhakara sAdhaka saba duHkhoM se mukta ho jAtA hai|" vidu RSi kahate haiM ki jisa vidyA se vyakti bandha, mokSa aura jIvoM kI gati - Agati tathA AtmabhAva ko jAnatA hai, vaha vidyA duHkha vimocanI hai| " duHkhoM se mukti ke lie jJAna kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai| jisa prakAra roga kA jJAna hone para usakA nidAna sambhava hotA hai tathA auSadhi kA jJAna hone para usakA nirAkaraNa sambhava hotA hai, usI prakAra karma kA samyak parijJAna hone para tathA karmamokSa kA parijJAna hone para hI karmoM se chuTakArA sambhava hai| jo vyakti jIvoM ke karma-bandha, mokSa usakI phala paramparA ko jAnatA hai, vahI karmoM kA nAza karatA hai / "

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'isibhAsiyAI'kA dArzanika vivecana 271 caturtha adhyayana meM aMgarSi kA kathana hai ki jisa jJAna ke dvArA maiM apane prakaTa yA ekAnta meM kRta Arya yA anArya karmoM ko jAnatA hU~ vahI jJAna acala hai, dhruva isibhAsiyAiM meM hameM anekAntavAda ke bIja bhI prApta hote haiN| navama adhyayana 'mahAkAzyapa' meM saMsArastha jIvoM ke lie kahA gayA hai ki ve dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva kI dRSTi se nityAnitya haiM davvatokhettatoceva, kaaltobhaavtothaa| NiccANiccaMtuviNNeyaM, saMsAre svvdehinnN|" katipaya adhyayanoM meM jina prajJapta mArga kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana huA hai| mahAkAzyapa adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai gaMbhIraMsavvatobhadaM, svvbhaavvibhaavnnN| dhaNNAjiNAhitaMmaggaM, smmNvedetibhaavto||" ve loga dhanya haiM, jo jinendroM dvArA prarUpita gambhIra, sarvatobhadra, sarvapadArtha prakAzaka mArga ko bhAvapUrvaka samyak rUpa se jAnate haiM evaM AcaraNa karate haiN| grantha meM jaina pAribhASika zabdoM kA prayoga vaidika RSiyoM ke mukha se bhI huA hai| udAharaNa ke lie uddAlaka RSi ke adhyayana meM svayaM ke lie trigupti se gupta, tridaNDa se virata, niHzalya, agArava, caturvidhakathA se varjita, pA~ca samitiyoM se samita, pA~ca indriyoM se saMvRta, navakoTi parizuddha, udgama, utpAdanA evaM eSaNA ke doSoM se rahita vizeSaNoM kA prayoga huA hai| isibhAsiyAI vastutaH eka mahattvapUrNa AdhyAtmika grantha hai, jisako par3hakara mere mana meM jo bhAva uThe haiM, unheM prAkRta gAthAoM meM prastuta kara rahA huuN| mnnomehrisiojaaopddhiuunnisibhaasiyaaiN| risINAMvayaNANieyammi, sohntisuddhbhaavenn|| jaiNA boddhaamaahnnaayrisiobhvntiarhtaa| ajjhattadosanivAraNAya, uvesaauvoginno|| saMpadAyAbhinivesassa, bhaavnnaattthvjjiaa| sammAdiTThIe bhavai sammaM, svvNbhnnitNajjrisiihiN||

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272 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sandarbha:1. RSibhASita : eka adhyayana - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 1988, bhUmikA, pR.9 2. Isibhasiyaim, L.D.Series, 45, Edited by Dr Walther Schubring, L.D. Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, First Edition, 1974, Introduction, P.5 3. isibhAsiyAiM (RSibhASitAni), jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM, 2011, pR. 13 4. yaha TIkA saMkSipta hai tathA pustaka ke pR. 131 se 159 taka prakAzita hai| 5. isibhAsiyAI, lADanUM, RSibhASita : eka paricaya, pR. 21 6. Isibhasiyaim, Ahmedabad, Introduction, P. 3-4 aura dekheM- isibhAsiyAiM, RSibhASita : eka paricaya, pR. 18 7. isibhAsiyAiM, RSibhASita : eka paricaya, pR. 19 8. patteyabuddhasAhU, namimo je bhAsiuM sivaM pttaa| paNayAlIsaM isibhAsiyAiM ajjhynnpttaaii||- RSimaNDalastotra, 45 9. isibhAsiyAI, 20.2-3 evaM 7 10. isibhAsiyAI, 20.7 11. isibhAsiyAiM 22.2-3 12. puruSa evedaM sarva yadbhUtaM yacca bhvym| 13. utAmRtatvasyezAno, ydnnenaatirokRti||- Rgveda, puruSasUkta, 10.90.2 (a) isibhAsiyAI, 37.1-2 (ba) zatapatha brAhmaNa 11.1.6.1 meM ullekha hai- Apo ha vA idamagre slilmevaas| 14. hiraNyagarbhaH samavartatA'gre, bhUtasya jAtaH pahireka AsItA- Rgveda, 10.121.1 15. isibhAsiyAI, 37.4 16. isibhAsiyAI, 31.9 17. draSTavya vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 1 meM roha ke sAtha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI crcaa| 18. se jahANAmae paMca atthikAyA Na kayAi NAsI, Na kayAi Na bhavati, na kayAi Na bhavissati, bhuviMca, bhavati ya bhavissati ya, dhuvA NitiyA sayA, akkhayAavvayA avaTThiA / isibhAsiyAiM 31.10 19. vahI, 31.2 20. isibhAsiyAiM, 21.3 21. isibhAsiyAI, 2.7

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'isibhAsiyAI'kA dArzanika vivecana 273 22. isibhAsiyAI, 9.4 23. isibhAsiyAI, 5.5 24. isibhAsiyAI, 15.6 25. isibhAsiyAI, 15.8 26. isibhAsiyAI, 15.10 27. isibhAsiyAI, 15.11 28. dukkhio dukkhaghAtAya, dukkhAvettA sriirinno| ___paDiyAreNa dukkhassa, dukkhamaNNaM nnibNdhtii||- isibhAsiyA, 15.12 29. isibhAsiyAiM, 7.1 30. jaM suheNa suhaM laddhaM, accaMtasuhameva tN| ___jaM suheNa duhaM laddhaM, mA meM teNa smaagmo||-isibhaasiyaaii, 38.1 31. isibhAsiyAI, 38.4-9 32. isibhAsiyAI, 29.5 33. isibhAsiyAI,29.15 34. isibhAsiyAI, 29.17 35. isibhAsiyAI, 45.8 36. isibhAsiyAI, 4.12 37. Ata-kaDANa-kammANaM, AtA bhuMjati taM phlN| tamhA Atassa aTThAe, pAvamAdAya vjje|| - isibhAsiyA, 15.21 38. isibhAsiyAI, 24.19 39. isibhAsiyAI, 30.4 40. isibhAsiyA, 31.7-8 41. isibhAsiyAI, 9.8 42. jahA aMDe jahA bIe, tahA kammaM sriirinnN| ___ saMtANe ceva bhoge ya, naannaavnnnnttmcchti|| 9.9 43. isibhAsiyAI, 9.4 44. isibhAsiyAI, 9.2 45. uvakkamo ya ukkero, saMchobho khavaNaM tthaa| baddhapuTThavidhattANaM, vedaNA tu nnikaayite|| - isibhAsiyAI, 9.15

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274 46. isibhAsiyAI, 24.20 47. isibhAsiyAI, 24.25 48. isibhAsiyAI, 22.1 49. isibhAsiyAI, 31.7-8 50. isibhAsiyAI, 1.2 51. isi bhAsiyA, 5.3 52. isibhAsiyAI, 17.8 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 53. (a) sivamayalamaruyamakkhayamatvAbAhamapuNarAvattaM sAsayaM ThANaM / 9.3 (ba) sivamayalamaruyamakkhamavvAbAhamapuNarAvattayaM siddhi gatilAmadhijjaM / / 23.2 54. (i) dudaMtA iMdiyA paMca, saMsArAe sriirinnN| te cceva NiyamitA saMtA, jjANAe bhavaMti hi / / - isibhAsiyAiM, 16.3 (ii) isI se milatI-julatI gAthA varddhamAna adhyayana meM bhI prApta hotI hai, yathA duddatA iMdiyA paMca, saMsArAya sarIriNaM / te ceva NiyamitA sammaM NevvANAya bhavaMti hi / / - isibhAsiyAiM, 219.13 55. vahI, 16.1 56. isibhAsiyAI, 29.2 57. maNuNNammi arajjaMte, aduTThe itrmmiy| asutte avirodhINaM, evaM sote pahijjati / / - isi bhAsiyAiM, 29.4 58. isibhAsiyAI, 29.14-15 59. isibhAsiyAI, 29.16 60. jittA maNaM kasAe ya, jo sammaM kurute tavaM / saMdipyate sa suddhappA, aggI vA havisA''hute / / - isi bhAsiyAI, 29.17 61. AtaTThe jAgaro hohi, mA paraTThAhidhArae / AtaTTha hAyate tassa, jo paraTThAhi dhArae / / - isibhAsiyAiM 35.15 62. isibhAsiyAI, 35.14 63. isibhAsiyAI, 35.13 64. isibhAsiyAI, 35.17 65. isibhAsiyAiM, 35.20 66. isi bhAsiyAiM, 35.24

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'isi bhAsiyAI' kA dArzanika vivecana 67. kovo aggI tamo maccU, visaM vAdhI arI rayo / jarA hANI bhayaM sogo, mohaM sallaM parAjayo / / - isi bhAsiyAI, 36.3 68. isi bhAsiyAiM, 36.5 69. isi bhAsiyAI, 36.7 70. isibhAsiyAiM, 36.15 71. isibhAsiyAI, 35.2, 4, 6, 8 72. yogazcittavRttinirodhaH / - pAtaMjalayogasUtra, 1.1 73. mokSeNa yojanAd yogaH / - dvAtriMzadvAtriMzikA Adi grantha 74. khijjaMte pAvakammANi, juttajogissa dhImatA / desakammakkhayabhUtA, jAyaMte riddhio bhuu|| isibhAsiyAI, 9. 18 75. vijjosahiNivANesu, vatthu - sikkhAgatIsu ya / tavasaMjamapayutte ya, vimadde hoti paccao / / - isibhAsiyAiM, 9.19 76. imA vijjA mahAvijjA, savvavijjANa uttmaa| jaM vijjaM sAhaittANaM, savvadukkhANa muccatI / / - isibhAsiyAI, 17.1 77. jeNa baMdhaM ca mokkhaM ca, jIvANaM gtiraagtiN| AyAbhAvaM ca jANati, sA vijjA dukkhamoyaNI / / - isibhAsiyAI, 17.2 78. isibhAsiyAiM, 17.6 79. jeNa jANAmi appANaM, AvI vA jai vA rhe| ajjayAriM aNajjaM vA, taM NANaM ayalaM dhuvaM / / 4.4 275 80. isibhAsiyAiM, 9.34 81. isibhAsiyAI, 9.35

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AcArAMga sUtra meM apramatta jIvana kI preraNA vItarAga patha ke sAdhaka ke lie kisa prakAra kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai evaM kisa prakAra vaha AdhyAtmika nirmalatA kI sIr3hiyA~ car3ha sakatA hai, isakA sundara nirUpaNa AcArAMga sUtra meM samprApta hai| isa Agama meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI kA maulika rUpa upalabdha hai| yaha sAdhakoM kA mArga prazasta karane vAlA uttama Agama hai| apramatta sAdhanA ke aneka sUtra sAdhaka isa Agama se AtmasAt kara sakate haiN| manuSya prAyaH pramAda meM jItA hai| pramatta jIvana hI use acchA lagatA hai| usakI cittavRttiyoM meM pramAda kA prabhAva chalakatA rahatA hai| pramAda ajJAnI vyakti meM bhI hotA hai, to jJAnI vyakti meM bhii| ajJAnI meM pramAda kA honA svAbhAvika hai, kyoMki usakA AtmasvarUpa se paricaya hI nahIM hotA, viSayoM se kabhI vaha vimukha hI nahIM huA, ataH usameM pramAda kA honA avazyambhAvI hai, kintu AdhyAtmika unnayana ke prati caraNa bar3hAte hue jJAnI vyakti meM bhI pramAda kA DaMka laga jAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa vaha vyakti Upara car3hate hue guNasthAnoM se nIce gira jAtA hai| upazAnta moha nAmaka gyArahavAM guNasthAna isakA udAharaNa hai| ajJAnI kA pramAda __ sAdhAraNataH AtmasvarUpa ke vismaraNa ko pramAda kahA jAtA hai| pramAda ko aneka prakAra se paribhASita kiyA jA sakatA hai| kisI satya ko jAnate hue bhI use svIkAra na karanA pramAda kA eka rUpa hai| ajJAnI yA mithyAtvI vyakti meM prAyaH isa prakAra kA pramAda hotA hai| isa pramAda ke kAraNa hI vaha para padArthoM se sukha cAhatA hai| unake prati Asakta hotA hai evaM pariNAma meM duHkha prApta karatA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai-"iti se guNaTTI mahatA paritAveNa vase pmtte|" viSayasukhoM kI cAhanA karane vAlA vyakti pramatta hokara paritApa ko prApta karatA hai / AcArAMga ke isa vAkya se spaSTa hai ki indriyajanita viSayasukhoM kI icchA karanA pramattatA kA sUcaka hai / aisA vyakti apane se bhinna vyakti aura vastuoM ke prati mamatva karatA hai| mamatva meM bhI sukha kI icchA chipI rahatI hai| saMsAra kA yaha satya hai ki hama vyavahAra se bhale hI parivAra meM eka-dUsare ko apanA samajhakara mamatva karate haiM, kintu vAstava meM eka sImA ke pazcAt koI kisI kA trANa nahIM kara pAtA hai| phira bhI pramatta

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AcArAMga sUtra meM apramatta jIvana kI preraNA 277 hokara vyakti apane rizte nAtoM meM Asakta hokara apane ko bhulAve meM rakhatA hai tathA Atmika unnati se vaMcita rahatA hai| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai-"taMjahA mAyA me, pitA me, bhAyA me, bhagiNI me, bhajjA me, puttA me, dhUyA me, suNhA me sahi-sayaNa-saMgaMtha-saMthutA me, vivittovagaraNa-pariyaTTaNa-bhoyaNa- acchAyaNaM me iccatyaM gaDhie loe vase pmtte|" pramAda ke vazIbhUta hokara vyakti socatA hai-yaha merI mAtA hai, yaha mere pitA hai, yaha merA bhAI hai, yaha merI bahina hai, yaha merI patnI hai, yaha mere putra haiM, ye merI putriyA~ haiM, yaha merI putravadhU hai, ye mere mitragaNa haiM, yaha mere svajana haiM isa prakAra unake sAtha Asakti utpanna kara letA hai| vyaktiyoM ke sAtha hI nahIM, vastuoM ke sAtha bhI usakI Asakti ho jAtI hai / aneka prakAra kI sAdhana-sAmagrI, AvAsa, bhojana, vastra Adi ko apanA samajhakara vaha unameM Asakta ho jAtA hai tathA pramAdayukta jIvana jItA hai| AcArAMgasUtra isa prakAra ke jIvana ko AdhyAtmika zuddhi kI dRSTi se ucita nahIM maantaa| vaha sAvadhAna karatA hai- "NAlaM te tava tANAe vA saraNAe vA, tuma pi tesiMNAlaM tANAe vA saraNAe vaa|" arthAt ve saba sage sambandhI tumheM trANa dene aura zaraNa dene meM samartha nahIM haiM aura tuma bhI unako trANa aura zaraNa dene meM samartha nahIM ho| sukha-duHkha sabakA alaga hai-"jANittu dukkhaM patteyaM saatN|" isa tathya ko jAnakara sAdhaka apane duHkha kA kAraNa dUsare ko nahIM maantaa| dUsare ke sukhI hone meM bhale hI vaha nimitta bana jAye, kintu usase svayaM meM ahaMkAra utpanna na ho, isakA dhyAna rakhatA hai| pramatta vyakti sadA duHkha ko prApta karatA hai| AcArAMgasUtra kahatA hai ki aise pramatta vyakti kI AturatA evaM duHkha ko dekhakara sAdhaka ko apramattatApUrvaka rahanA cAhie-"pAsiyaAture pANe appamatto privve| jo viSayoM ke prati gAr3ha Asakta hotA hai vaha dina-rAta paritApa ko prApta hotA huA kAla, akAla meM unake saMyoga ke lie udvigna rahatA hai| vaha artha kA lobhI hokara dUsaroM kI hiMsA karatA hai| binA soce samajhe kArya karatA hai tathA bAra-bAra usakI prApti meM hI citta ko lagAye rakhatA hai| pramatta vyakti dUsaroM kI hiMsA karane meM saMkoca nahIM karatA / use apanI abhilASA athavA mahattvAkAMkSA adhika mahattvapUrNa naz2ara AtI hai| usake mana meM yaha bhAvanA hotI hai ki jo aba taka nahIM

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278 ... jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kiyA gayA hai vaisA maiM karake dikhAU~gA- "akaDaM karissAmi tti mnnnnmaanne|" usakI abhilASA pUrI hone meM yadi anya prANiyoM kI hiMsA hotI hai, Arthika rUpa se dUsaroM ko hAni hotI hai, anya vyaktiyoM kA zoSaNa hotA hai athavA choTe-choTe prANiyoM kA vadha hotA hai to bhI use dayA nahIM aatii| pramAda kA yaha nikRSTa rUpa hai| vaha dUsaroM ke duHkha ko dekhakara karuNita nahIM hotA / deza-videza meM bar3e-bar3e katlakhAne isake sAkSI haiM, jahA~ lAkhoM pazuoM ko berahama hokara apane vyavasAya ke lie mauta ke ghATa utArA jAtA hai| yaha pramAda kA sthUla rUpa hai| pramAda kA yadi bAhulya ho to vyakti kA viveka pUrNataH Dhaka jAtA hai / vaha krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha kI adhikatA vAlA hotA hai| vaha viSayapUrti ke aneka saMkalpoM se yukta hotA hai tathA nirantara karmoM kA Asrava karatA rahatA hai| ajJAna ke sAtha pramAda kA astitva vyakti ko sadA mUr3ha banAye rakhatA hai aura vaha dharma ke sahI svarUpa se aparicita rahatA hai-"satataM mUDhe dhmmNnnaabhijaannti|" dharma ke mArga para calane vAle logoM ko vaha sanmArgagAmI nahIM mAnatA aura svayaM ke asat mArga ko sahI samajhatA rahatA hai evaM duHkhI hotA rahatA hai| jJAnI kA pramAda ___ jAnate hue bhI AcaraNa na karanA pramAda kA dUsarA rUpa hai / ise jJAna kA anAdara bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| pramAda kA yaha rUpa jJAnI vyakti meM pAyA jAtA hai| zrAvaka evaM sAdhu bhI isase grasta hote haiN| sAdhaka jAnatA hai ki usameM amuka doSa hai, phira bhI use chor3ane ke lie tatpara nahIM hotA, yaha usakA pramAda hai| yaha jJAta hai ki Asakti burI hai, saMsAra meM phaMsAne evaM aTakAne vAlI hai, phira bhI hama Asakti kA tyAga na kareM to yaha pramAda hai| yaha jJAta hai ki saMsAra nazvara hai, zarIra nazvara hai, saba akele Ae haiM aura akele jAyeMge, phira bhI unake prati Asakti kareM to pramAda hI kahA jaayegaa| yaha jJAta hai ki saMsAra meM sabhI prANI sukha cAhate haiM, koI bhI duHkha nahIM caahtaa| phira bhI hama dUsaroM ko duHkhI karane kA prayatna kareM to yaha hamArA pramAda hI hai| koI yaha samajhe ki dhana manuSya ko trANa dene vAlA hai, to yaha usakI bhUla hai| pramAdI vyakti ko sAvadhAna karate hue uttarAdhyayanasUtra kahatA hai-"vitteNa tANaMna labhe pmtte|" dhana se bhI koI pUrNataH rakSita nahIM hotaa| isIlie meghakumAra

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AcArAMga sUtra meM apramatta jIvana kI preraNA 279 aura zAlibhadra jaise rAjakumAra evaM seTha bhI pravrajyA ke patha para cala pdd'e| Aja vyakti dhana se apane trANa kI AzA karatA hai, yaha usakI bhUla hai| dhana AtmaguNoM kA rakSaka nahIM ho sktaa| usako yahA~ hI chor3akara jAnA hotA hai| yaha saca hai ki samaya Ane para sabako jAnA hI par3atA hai| mRtyu kA AnA nizcita hai, usase koI nahIM baca sktaa| phira bhI pramAda ke kAraNa vyakti sAvadhAna nahIM hotaa| vaha saMsAra se cipake rahanA cAhatA hai| apane sukha kI pUrti na hone para dUsaroM ko kosatA hai tathA apane duHkha kA kAraNa dUsaroM meM DhUMDhatA hai| yaha jJAnI kA pramAda hai| __jJAnI jaba pramatta hotA hai to vaha apane mAna-sammAna, pUjA-pratiSThA, prazaMsA-stava Adi ke jAla meM ulajha jAtA hai| use sabase pyArA apanA nAma lagatA hai| usa nAma ke kAraNa saMyama kI ArAdhanA nirdoSa nahIM raha paatii| athavA kaheM ki Atma-zuddhi evaM Atmonnayana ke lakSya se sAdhaka bhaTaka jAtA hai| use AcArAMga sUtra sAvadhAna karatA hai ki sAdhaka ko bAhya AkarSaNoM meM na ulajhakara Atma-zodhana ke mArga ko prAthamikatA denI caahie| pramAdI vyakti meM jaba jJAna bhI hotA hai to vaha bAhara meM apanA AcaraNa acchA rakhane kA prayAsa karatA hai, kintu bhItara meM doSa karatA rahatA hai| vaha akaraNIya kArya karate hue mana meM socatA hai-koI mujhe dekha na le| yaha aisI sthiti hai jisameM sAdhaka bhItara evaM bAhara meM eka nahIM hotaa| vaha mAyA ke phaMde meM ulajha jAtA hai| AcArAMga sUtra kahatA hai ki mAyI evaM pramAdI vyakti janma-maraNa karatA rahatA hai, vaha duHkha kI kArA ko nahIM kATa paataa|" usameM IrSyA-dveSa, rAga-lobha Adi kI jar3eM siMcita hotI rahatI haiN| jo apramatta hotA hai vaha duHkha kI ina jar3oM ko kATane hetu sadaiva tatpara rahatA haiM evaM eka dina inheM pUrNataH dagdha karane meM samartha ho jAtA hai| hiMsA kA doSa tabhI lagatA hai jaba usake pIche pramAda kI bhAvabhUmi ho| vAcaka umAsvAti ne tattvArthasUtra meM hiMsA kA lakSaNa dete hue kahA hai-"pramattayogAt prANavyaparopaNaM hiNsaa"|" arthAt pramattayogapUrvaka prANoM kI hAni karanA hiMsA hai| yadi pramAda na ho aura sAvadhAnI rakhate hue bhI kisI prANI ke prANa cale jAyeM to hiMsA kA doSa nahIM lagatA hai| vaha karmabaMdhana kA hetu nahIM hotA hai| pramAda karmabaMdhana kA hetu hai| isalie sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai-"pmaaykmmmaahsu'""| kevala

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280 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hiMsA ke doSa kI bAta nahIM hai, sAre doSa pramAda kI bhAvabhUmi meM hI sakriya hote haiN| pramAda ke kAraNa hI vyakti apane mAna-sammAna, pUjA-pratiSThA Adi ke lie hiMsA, jhUTha, corI Adi doSa yA karma karatA hai| apramAda kA svarUpa evaM mahattva duHkha-mukti ke lie pramAda kA tyAga anivArya hai / dRSTi samyak ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI pramAda pIchA nahIM chor3atA / viSayoM se virakti ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI pramAda galiyAM banAkara A gheratA hai / vaha sajaga vyakti se hI bhaya khAtA hai / anyathA vaha vyakti ko bhayabhIta banAye rakhatA hai| AcArAMga spaSTa rUpa se nirUpaNa karatA hai ki jo pramatta hai use bhaya hai tathA jo apramatta jIvana jItA hai use kisI prakAra kA bhaya nahIM hai-"savvato pamattassa bhayaM, savvato appamattassa natthi bhyN|"14 isalie AcArAMgasUtra prerita karatA hai-uTho! pramAda mata karo-"udvite No pmaade|" apramattatA ke svarUpa para vicAra kareM to samajha meM AtA hai ki yaha hameM nirdoSa banAne kI mahattvapUrNa sAdhanA hai| mujha para kisI prakAra kA doSa hAvI na ho, maiM doSayukta na baneM, isa prakAra kI sAvadhAnI apramattatA hai / ise jAgarUkatA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / aisA sAdhaka AtmasvarUpa se vicalita nahIM hotA evaM kaSAyoM meM Abaddha nahIM hotaa| pramAda AtA hai to sAdhaka kI sajagatA se vaha palAyana kara jAtA hai| sajagatA aura pramAda eka dUsare ke virodhI haiN| donoM sAtha nahIM raha skte| isalie pramAda ko dUra bhagAne ke lie sajaga honA Avazyaka hai| sajagatA meM dhyAnasAdhanA kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai| sAdhaka apane lakSya ke prati nirantara sajaga rahatA hai| isameM jarA bhI cUka hotI hai to use pramAda kahA jAtA hai / yaha pramAda hI hai jo vyakti ko samyagjJAna hone para bhI usakA AcaraNa nahIM karane detA hai| ___ hamArA viveka jAgRta rahe, viveka aviveka meM pariNata na ho jAya, isakI sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai / apramAda viveka kI mahimA ko bar3hAtA hai-"evaM se appamAdeNa vivegaM kiTTiti vedvii|" pramatta vyakti AtmalakSya se bhaTake hue hote haiM / kucha ko AtmalakSya kA bodha hotA hai to kucha ko nahIM / AtmalakSya kA bodha nahIM honA atyanta burI sthiti hai| hama meM se adhikAMza loga isa burI sthiti meM jI

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AcArAMga sUtra meM apramatta jIvana kI preraNA 281 rahe haiM / yaha ghora pramAda kI avasthA hai| thor3A bhI bodha hone lage to pramAda se Upara uThakara jInA sIkhanA hai / jaba jIvana meM pramAda rahatA hai to doSa surakSita bane rahate haiN| ___ doSoM ko haTAne ke lie jAgarUkatA Avazyaka hai| sacce muni sadA jAgarUka rahate haiM aura amuni sadA soye rahate haiM- "suttA amuNI muNiNo sayA jaagrNti|" yaha jAgarUkatA pratipala Avazyaka hai| eka sAdhu jaba jAgarUka hotA hai to vaha sAtaveM apramatta guNasthAna meM hotA hai tathA vahA~ se Age ke guNasthAnoM meM bhI bar3ha sakatA hai| kintu vaha jAgarUka na ho to cha? pramatta saMyata guNasthAna meM hI aTakA rahatA hai| sAtaveM guNasthAna kA jIva yadi guNazreNI karatA hai to vaha apramatta hotA hai| yaha guNazreNI AtmavikAsa kI sUcaka hai| vItarAgatA evaM kevalajJAna kI avasthA kSapakazreNI se prApta hotI hai| sAdhaka antarmuhUrta meM hI karmoM ke kalimala ko dho DAlatA hai| isa prakriyA meM sabase pahale moha karma kA kSaya hotA hai| mohakarma saba karmoM kA mUla hai| yaha karma jJAna evaM darzana ko bhI pUrNataH prakaTa nahIM hone detaa| jJAna ke pUrNa prakaTIkaraNa ke lie moha kA kSaya Avazyaka hai| duHkha se mukti bhI isI ke kSaya se hotI hai| ___uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM prabhu mahAvIra gaNadhara gautama ko sAvadhAna karate hue kahate haiM-"samayaM goyama ! mA pamAyae !'"" he gautama! tuma samaya mAtra kA bhI pramAda mata kro| AcArAMga meM bhI kahA hai "dhIre muhuttamavi No pamAdae"" dhIra puruSa apane antara svarUpa ko jAnane hetu kSaNabhara bhI pramAda na kre| jAnane ke pazcAt tadanurUpa jIvana jIne meM pramAda na kre| AcArAMga sUtra meM bAra-bAra pramAda ke tyAga evaM apramAda ke AcaraNa kI preraNA kI gaI hai| pramatta vyakti bAhara bhaTakatA rahatA hai| vaha satya, zAnti evaM avyAbAdha sukha ko prApta nahIM kara sktaa| isalie kahA hai"appamatto privve| 120 apramattatA kyoM? pramAda nahIM karane ke aneka hetu haiN| usakA eka hetu yaha hai ki yaha jIvana nazvara hai| sahI samajha ke sAtha isa jIvana kA sadupayoga kara lenA cAhie tathA isameM samaya mAtra kA bhI pramAda nahIM karanA caahie| manuSya zrotra, cakSu, ghrANa, rasanA,

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282 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sparzana Adi indriyoM se azaktatA kA anubhava karane para bhI nahIM cetatA, yaha usakI bhUla hai| vaya bItatI jAtI hai, yauvana bhI bIta jAtA hai-"vao acceti jovvnnNc|" koI yaha mAne ki mRtyu merI nahIM dUsaroM kI hI hotI rahegI to yaha usakI bhUla athavA pramAda hai| aise vyakti ko sAvadhAna karate hue AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai- "NANAgamo maccumuhassa asthi|" mRtyu nahIM AyegI, aisA nahIM hai| vaha eka dina avazya AegI, ataH A~kha mUMdakara usakI upekSA karanA ucita nhiiN| nirbhaya banane ke lie, parama sukha ko prApta karane ke lie, saMsAra ke duHkhoM se sadA ke lie chuTakArA pAne ke lie bhI pramAda kA tyAga anivArya hai| pramAda eka prakAra kI bAdhA hai, jise sajagatA se dUra kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| doSa rahita hone ke lie bhI apramattatA upayogI hai| apramatta kauna? apramatta vahI ho sakatA hai jisakI dRSTi satya para ho / satya ko jAnane aura usakA AcaraNa karane ke prati tatpara vyakti hI apramatta jIvana jI sakatA hai| isaliye AcArAMgasUtra meM bAra-bAra satya ko jAnane ke lie prerita kiyA gayA hai"saccami dhitiM kuvvh| etthovarae mehAvI savvaM pAvaM kammaM jhoseti|" he sAdhaka! satya meM dhairya rakho / jo satyaniSTha hotA hai vaha medhAvI puruSa samasta pApa karmo kA kSaya kara detA hai| AcArAMga meM hI kahA gayA hai-"purisaa|sccmev samabhijANAhi! saccassa ANAe se uvaTThie medhAvI mAraM trti|" he puruSoM! satya ko jaano| jo satya kI AjJA meM upasthita hotA hai vaha medhAvI mRtyu ko taira jAtA hai| jo satyaniSTha hotA hai vaha dUsaroM kA nigraha karane kI apekSA svayaM kA nigraha karatA hai aura svayaM kA nigraha karane vAlA sAdhaka duHkha se mukta ho sakatA hai| satyaniSTha jJAnI sAdhaka kabhI pramAda nahIM krtaa| vaha sarvocca lakSya ke prati sajaga rahatA hai- "aNaNNa paramaM NANI No pamAde kayAi vi| Ayagutte sadA vIre jAyAmAyAe jaave| apane sarvocca Atma-lakSya ke prati sajaga rahane vAlA sAdhaka AtmanigrahI hotA hai tathA apanI saMyama yAtrA kA nirvAha Atmagupta hokara karatA hai| vaha dUsaroM se yuddha karane kI apekSA svayaM para vijaya prApta karane ke lie sajaga rahatA hai|

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AcArAMga sUtra meM apramatta jIvana kI preraNA 283 No o sandarbha:1. AcArAMgasUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 2010, prathama zrutaskandha, adhyayana 2, uddezaka 1, sUtra 63 2. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 2.1.63 3. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 2.1.66 4. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 2.1.68 __ AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 3.1.108 __ AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 2.5.94 AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 5.1.151 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 4.5 duhato jIviyassa parivaMdaNa-mANaNa-pUyaNAe jaMsi ege pamAdeti-AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 3.3.127 10. 'mA me kei adakkhu' aNNANa pamAdadoseNaM-AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha 5.1.151 11. mAyI-pamAyI puNareti gabmA-AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 3.1.108 12. tattvArthasUtra, 7.8 13. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1.8.3 14. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 3.4.129 15. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 5.2.152 16. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 5.4.163 17. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 3.1.106 18. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyayana, 10 19. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 2.1.65 20. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 5.2.156 21. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 2.1.65 22. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 4.2.134 23. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 3.2.117 24. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 3.3.127 25. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, 3.3.123

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ahiMsA kA samAja darzana ahiMsA do svarUpoM meM prApta hotI hai- 1. hiMsA ke niSedha rUpa meM, 2. dayA, karuNA, anukampA Adi ke sakArAtmaka rUpa meN| inheM ahiMsA ke do pakSa bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| inameM dvitIya pakSa to samAja-darzana se sIdhA sambaddha hai tathA prathama pakSa prANiyoM kI rakSA ke rUpa meM samAja-darzana kA aMga banatA hai| ahiMsA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi bhI hai to sAmAjika dRSTi bhii| hiMsA kA tyAga AdhyAtmika dRSTi se jahA~ saMvara kA kAraNa hai vahA~ sAmAjika dRSTi se usakA prabhAva prANi-rakSaNa ke rUpa meM samasta prANiyoM ko prApta hotA hai| prANijagat ke saha-astitva, paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa, zAnti aura sAmAjika sauhArda ke lie ahiMsA amRta kI bhAMti upAdeya hai| 'sabvesiM jIvitaM piyaM'- sabhI jIvoM ko jIvana priya hai- yaha sUtra jahA~ ahiMsA ke samAjadarzana kA AdhAra hai, to 'Ayatule payAsu'- saba jIvoM ko apane samAna samajheM, 'mittiM bhUesu kape' saba jIvoM ke prati maitrIbhAva rakheM, 'dayAmUlo bhaved dharmo' dharma dayAmUlaka hotA hai- Adi vAkya ahiMsA ke samAjadarzana ko puSTa karate haiN| samAjadarzana kA AdhAra :saMvedanazIlatA evaM jIvanapriyatA ahiMsA kA jitanA sUkSma aura vizada vivecana jainadarzana meM huA hai, utanA anya kisI darzana meM dikhAI nahIM detaa| pRthvIkAya, apakAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya ke sthAvara ekendriya jIvoM tathA trasakAya ke dvIndriya se lekara paMcendriya taka ke jIvoM kI hiMsA na karane, na karAne tathA anumodana na karane kA vivecana jainadarzana kI anUThI vizeSatA hai| pRthvIkAyika Adi jIvoM kA rakSaNa ahiMsA ke samAjadarzana ko khar3A karatA hai| pRthvI evaM jala kA upayoga yadi sImita nahIM huA to manuSya kI bhAvI pIr3hiyoM kA jIvana surakSita nahIM raha skegaa| manuSya samAja hI nahIM samasta prANijagat pRthvI evaM jala para Tike hue haiN| vAyu bhI sabake jIvana kA AdhAra hai, usakA rakSaNa mAnava kA anivArya karttavya hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM vizva ke samasta jIvoM kI rakSA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara kahA gayA hai- savve pANA piAuyA suhasAtA dukkhapaDikUlA appiyavadhA piyajIviNo jiivitukaamaa|-aacaaraaNgsuutr, 1.2.3

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285 ahiMsA kA samAja darzana arthAt sabhI prANiyoM ko AyuSya priya hai, sabako sukha anukUla lagatA hai tathA duHkha pratikUla lagatA hai| sabhI prANiyoM ko vadha apriya hai, sabako jIvana priya hai, saba jInA cAhate haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ye vacana ahiMsA ko sAmAjika evaM mAnavIya rUpa pradAna karate haiN| yaha ahiMsA prANimAtra se jur3I huI hai / yahI ahiMsA ke samAja-darzana kA mUla hai| sUtrakRtAMgasUtra (2.1 sUtra 679 ) meM bhI AcArAMgasUtra kI anugUMja hai| vahA~ manuSya ko prANimAtra ke prati saMvedanazIla banAne hetu kahA hai- "jisa prakAra mujhe DaMDe se, muTThi se, asthi se, Dhele se athavA kapAla se koI coTa pahu~cAtA hai, tarjanA detA hai, pITatA hai, paritApa detA hai, pIr3A pahu~cAtA hai, vinAza karatA hai athavA eka roma bhI ukhAr3atA hai to mujhe hiMsAkArI duHkha evaM bhaya kI vedanA ( anubhUti) hotI hai| isI prakAra samasta jIvoM ko jAno / samasta jIva, bhUta, prANa evaM sattva ko DaMDe Adi kisI bhI sAdhana se pIr3A pahu~cAne, mArane, pITane, paritApa dene, khinna karane, roma ukhAr3ane Adi se use duHkha evaM bhaya kA vedana hotA hai| isalie yaha jAnakara kisI bhI prANI ko nahIM mAranA, una para zAsana nahIM karanA cAhie, apane adhIna nahIM banAnA cAhie, paritApa nahIM denA cAhie tathA pIr3ita nahIM karanA caahie| isa prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM nirUpita ahiMsA kA yaha darzana prANI ko dUsaroM ke duHkha ke prati saMvedanazIla banAtA hai| dUsaroM ke duHkha ke prati saMvedanazIla hokara hI unake prati kI jA rahI hiMsA se bacA jA sakatA hai| samAja meM vyApaka stara para yojanAbaddha tarIke se jo hiMsA ho rahI hai, cAhe vaha hiMsA AtaMkavAda ke rUpa meM ho, zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ho athavA kisI anya rUpa meM ho; usa hiMsA ko rokane ke lie Avazyaka hai dUsaroM ke duHkha ke prati saMvedanazIlatA kA vikaas| jisa prakAra pratAr3ita kie jAne, mAre jAne para, kaSTa die jAne para mujhe duHkha hotA hai usI prakAra anya prANiyoM ko bhI duHkha hotA hai, jaba taka manuSya meM yaha bhAvanA nahIM AyegI taba taka ahiMsA kA sAmAjika pakSa puSTa nahIM ho sktaa| mujhe jisa prakAra jIvana pyArA hai usI prakAra anya prANI bhI jInA cAhate haiN| 'savvesiM jIvitaM piyaM' AcArAMga kA yaha vAkya apane samAna anya prANiyoM ko

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286 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana samajhakara unake duHkha-sukha ke prati saMvedanazIla hone kA pATha par3hAtA hai| jAnabUjhakara nirdoSa prANiyoM ko kaSTa pahu~cAnA pratyeka manuSya ke lie tyAjya hai| ahiMsA kI AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika dRSTi hiMsA ko karmabandhana kA kAraNa mAnakara hiMsA na karanA ahiMsA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi hai tathA kisI bhI prANI ko hiMsA priya nahIM, yaha mAnakara hiMsA na karanA ahiMsA kI sAmAjika dRSTi hai| isa taraha vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika donoM dRSTiyoM se hiMsA tyAjya hai| hiMsA-tyAga ke ye donoM rUpa paraspara pUraka bhI haiN| bAhya hiMsA jitanI tyAjya hai, utanI bhItara meM hone vAlI bhAvAtmaka hiMsA bhI tyAjya hai, kyoMki bhAvAtmaka hiMsA hI bAhya hiMsA ko janma detI hai| isI prakAra bAhya arthAt anya prANiyoM kI cetanA ko apane samAna samajhane para bAhya hiMsA bhI rukatI hai evaM bhItara meM bhI hiMsA ke bhAva kamajora par3ate haiN| aisA nahIM ho sakatA ki hama bAhya jagat ke prANiyoM ke prati asaMvedanazIla hokara ahiMsA kI bhAvAtmaka sAdhanA kA dAvA kara skeN| jisa prakAra maiM cetanAvAn hU~, mujhe sukha-duHkha kI pratIti hotI hai, usI prakAra anya jIva bhI cetanAzIla haiM tathA unheM bhI sukha-duHkha kA anubhava hotA hai, ataH maiM unake sAtha apriya evaM kaTu vyavahAra na karU~, yaha samavedanA sAmAjika stara para merI ahiMsA ko puSTa karatI hai| __hiMsA kA tyAga AdhyAtmika dRSTi se jahA~ saMvara kA kAraNa hai vahA~ sAmAjika dRSTi se usakA prabhAva prANi-rakSaNa ke rUpa meM samasta prANiyoM ko prApta hotA hai| hiMsA se mAtra hiMsaka vyakti prabhAvita nahIM hotA, apitu samAja prabhAvita hotA hai| ahiMsA kA prabhAva bhI vyakti evaM samAja, donoM para hotA hai| hiMsA kA prabhAva hameM zIghra parilakSita ho jAtA hai, jabaki ahiMsA ke prabhAva kA anubhava prekSAvAn loga hI kara pAte haiN| jahA~ ahiMsA hotI hai vahA~ prANI paraspara vairabhAva kA tyAga kara dete haiN| -ahiMsApratiSThAyAMtatsannidhau vairtyaagH|-yogsuutr, 2.35 prAyaH yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki hiMsA yA ahiMsA kA phala hiMsaka ko hI prApta hotA hai, kintu vyApakadRSTi se cintana kiyA jAe to yaha mAnyatA ucita nahIM hai| hiMsA evaM ahiMsA kA dAyarA dUsaroM taka bhI pahu~catA hai| Ae dina bama visphoTa yA AtaMkI ghaTanAe~ deza-videza meM ghaTita hotI rahatI haiN| una ghaTanAoM meM aneka

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287 ahiMsA kA samAja darzana nirdoSa bAlaka, mahilAe~ yA puruSa apanI jAna se hAtha dho baiThate haiN| yaha hiMsA kA samAja para sIdhA prabhAva hai, use jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sktaa| vizva meM ahiMsA ke vAtAvaraNa kI AvazyakatA kA jo anubhava kiyA jA rahA hai, usake pIche eka kAraNa yaha hai ki hiMsA paryAvaraNa evaM prANadhAriyoM kI vinAzaka hone se vizva kI vinAzaka hai| hiMsA kA prabhAva dUsare prANiyoM para jisa prakAra parilakSita hotA hai, usI prakAra ahiMsA kA prabhAva bhI anya prANiyoM ke prANoM kI rakSA evaM maitrI meM sahAyabhUta hotA hai| ahiMsA se manuSya antaHzAnti kA anubhava karane ke sAtha mAnava samAja evaM prANisamudAya meM bhI nirbhayatA tathA zAnti kA saMcAra kara sakatA hai| Aja AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki ahiMsA kA sAmAjika pakSa ujAgara ho| prANimAtra ke jIvana kI rakSA kA bhAva mana meM paidA ho| yaha bhAva hI karuNA kA dyotaka hai, aura jahA~ karuNA hai vahA~ hiMsA svataH vizrAma pA letI hai| vaiyaktika mukti kI prakriyA meM ahiMsA sAdhanabhUta hai, vahIM prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM unheM abhaya pradAna karane meM bhI usakI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hai| samasta vizva ke prANijagat kA astitva ahiMsA ke sAmAjika pakSa para TikA huA hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se hiMsA kA pariNAma svayaM ko bhoganA par3atA hai, ataH hameM hiMsA kA saMkalpa mAtra bhI chor3a denA cAhie tathA sAmAjika dRSTi se prANirakSaNa kI ucca bhAvanA se hiMsA kA parihAra karanA caahie| AyuSya karma aura ahiMsA bhAratIya paramparA meM yaha vicAradhArA pracalita hai ki prANI kA AyuSya karma pUrNa hone para hI usakI mRtyu hotI hai, kintu isa prakAra kI mAnyatA ahiMsA ke sAmAjika pakSa para prazna khar3e karatI hai| pahalA prazna to yaha khar3A hotA hai ki hiMsA ke kAraNa kyA prANI kI mRtyu nahIM hotI? yadi mRtyu nahIM hotI hai yA AyuSyakarma pUrNa nahIM hotA hai to hiMsaka kabhI doSa kA bhAgI nahIM khlaaegaa| isase karmavyavasthA evaM samAja-vyavasthA gar3abar3A jaaegii| jainadarzana meM isakA samAdhAna akAlamaraNa kI avadhAraNA se kiyA gayA hai| jisake anusAra kisI ke dvArA bAMdhI gaI Ayu vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM pahale bhI pUrNa ho sakatI hai| yadi aisA nahIM mAnA .

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288 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jAegA to hiMsakoM ko hiMsA karane hetu protsAhana milegA evaM ve yaha kaheMge ki hamArA kyA doSa hai, sAmane vAle prANI kA AyuSya karma pUrNa ho gayA thA, hama to usakI mRtyu meM mAtra nimitta bane haiN| isase hiMsA karanA eka sAmAnya bAta ho jAegI, jo daNDa ke yogya bhI nahIM ThaharAyI jA skegii| isa taraha prANiyoM ke prati anyAya kI abhivRddhi hogI evaM sAmAjika jIvana caramarA jaaegaa| katlakhAnoM kI bar3hatI saMkhyA ko bhI una prANiyoM ke AyuSya karma kI pUrNatA kI duhAI dekara ucita ThaharAyA jA skegaa| isa prakAra yaha mAnyatA dharmavirodhI evaM prANivirodhI bana jaaegii| ataH hiMsA se hiMsita prANI kI jIvana-lIlA ke samApta hone ko mAtra AyuSyakarma kI kSINatA kA pariNAma mAnanA, hiMsA ko bar3hAvA denA hai| hiMsA ke kAraNa AyuSyakarma pahale bhI samApta ho sakatA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM akAla mRtyu ke sAta kAraNa ginAe gae haiM, jo yaha pramANita karate haiM ki prANI kI nirdhArita Ayu ke pUrva bhI usakI mRtyu ho sakatI hai| ve sAta kAraNa haiM ajjhavasANaNimitte, AhAre veynnpraaghaate| phAse ANApANe, sattavidhaMbhijjae aauN|| -sthAnAMgasUtra, saptama sthAna 1. rAga-dveSa ke tIvra adhyavasAyoM se, 2. zastra, astra, bama-visphoTa, viSa Adi ke nimitta se, 3. AhAra na milane athavA atyadhika AhAra karane se, 4. tIvra vedanA hone se, 5. dUsaroM ke dvArA coTa pahu~cAne, AghAta pahu~cAne se, 6. vidyut dhArA ke sparza Adi se, 7. zvAsa-niHzvAsa ke avarodha se AyuSya kA bhedana ho sakatA hai arthAt nirdhArita AyuSya ke pUrva bhI audArika zarIradhAriyoM kI deha chUTa sakatI hai| tattvArthasUtra (2.52) meM bhI apavartanIya AyuSya kI carcA AI hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki aupapAtika janma grahaNa karane vAle devoM evaM nArakoM, caramazarIrI (usI bhava meM mokSa prApta karane vAle) jIvoM, tIrthakara, cakravartI, vAsudeva Adi uttama puruSoM, asaMkhyAta varSa kI Ayu vAle manuSyoM, tiryacoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI jIvoM kA AyuSya apavartya hotA hai| apavartya kA tAtparya hai ki usa AyuSya ko samaya se pahale bhI bhoga kara pUrNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM ise akAlamaraNa kahA

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ahiMsA kA samAja darzana jAtA hai| ekendriya se lekara paMcendriya taka ke hama jaise sabhI audArika zarIradhArI jIvoM kA akAlamaraNa sambhava hai, ataH jahara khAkara yA rela kI paTarI ke Age kUdakara AyuSya karma kI parIkSA nahIM karanI cAhie tathA katlakhAnoM meM nirantara mAre jA rahe pazuoM ko bacAne hetu prayatna karanA caahie| hiMsA ko rokane kI bAta tabhI sambhava hai jaba hama akAlamaraNa kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karake caleM / kSemaMkarI ahiMsA 289 sahajIvana, sahaastitva evaM vizvazAnti ke lie ahiMsA ko sAmAjika Andolana ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA hogaa| per3a-paudhoM kI rakSA kA prazna ho yA jaMgalI jAnavaroM ke saMrakSaNa kA savAla, saba jagaha ahiMsA ko apanAnA hogaa| ahiMsA ke abhAva meM hamArA jIvana bhI saMdigdha bana jAtA hai| paryAvaraNa kI zuddhi kI bAta ho yA pRthvI ko bacAne kI, sarvatra ahiMsA bhagavatI kalyANa-kAriNI hai| ahiMsA kA yaha sArvajanika abhiyAna kisI prANI ke lie lAbhakArI hogA, anya ke lie nahIM, aisA nahIM ho sakatA / ahiMsA sabako nirbhayatA, svatantratA evaM jIvana pradAna karatI hai| isIlie 'prazna - vyAkaraNasUtra' meM kahA gayA hai-ahiMsA tasathAvarasavvabhUyakhemaMkarI / ahiMsA trasa evaM sthAvara samasta prANiyoM kA kSema karane vAlI hotI hai| vaha eka kA nahIM samasta prANiyoM kA kalyANa karatI hai| vaha ahiMsaka kA to kalyANa karatI hI hai, kintu usake samparka meM Ane vAloM kA bhI usase kalyANa hotA hai| RSiyoM ke Azrama meM vaira-virodha tyAga kara samasta prANI eka sAtha baiThate the, yaha saMskRta sAhitya meM bhUrizaH ullekha hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke samavasaraNa meM bhI nirbhaya hokara virodhI prANI eka sAtha baiThakara upadeza zravaNa karate the| isIlie kahA gayA bhagavatI ahiMsA bhayANaM viva saraNaM / (praznavyAkaraNa, 2.1 ) bhagavatI ahiMsA bhIta prANiyoM kI zaraNa pradAtrI hai| - jisa prakAra hiMsA meM sva evaM para donoM kA ahita vidyamAna hai, usI prakAra ahiMsA meM sva evaM para donoM kA hita nihita hai| ahiMsA meM sahAyaka hai yatanA jainadarzana meM yaha nirdeza hai ki jo bhI kArya karo use yatanApUrvaka karo,

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290 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana vivekayukta hokara kro| bAlaka ko sahI mArga para lAne ke lie yadi DAMTanA par3e to yatanApUrvaka ddaaNtto| calanA, bolanA, khAnA Adi sabhI kriyAe~ yatanApUrvaka kI jAnI caahie| ___ ahiMsA kI sthApanA ke lie karuNA bhAva evaM saMvedanazIlatA kI AvazyakatA hai, kintu sAtha hI pramAda evaM ayatanA kA tyAga bhI Avazyaka hai| binA viveka evaM yatanA ke saMvedanazIlatA kA durupayoga bhI saMbhava hai| vizvahita yA samAjahita meM socA jAya to apane kSudra svArtha yA sukha kI pUrti ke lie niraparAdha prANiyoM kA jIvana le lenA nitAMta ghRNita hai| niSkaruNa prANI ahiMsaka nahIM ho sktaa| jo dUsaroM ke duHkha ko apane duHkhoM ke sadRza samajhatA hai vahI dayArdra hokara dUsare ke duHkha ko halakA karane meM, use sAntvanA dene meM samartha ho pAtA hai| jIvoM kI paraspara upakArakatA ___sAmAjika-jIvana eka dUsare prANiyoM ke sahayoga se calatA hai| mAtA yadi zizu ko dUdha na pilAkara pratAr3ita kare to usakA zizu para viparIta prabhAva par3atA hai| vahI mAtA zizu ko samaya para dUdha pilAe evaM pyAra de to vaha zizu ke lie jIvanadAyinI siddha hotI hai| karuNA evaM pyAra, sevA evaM maitrI se ahiMsaka samAja kA nirmANa hotA hai to AtaMka, bhaya evaM hiMsA se hiMsaka tathA azAnta samAja kA nirmANa hotA hai| _ 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm' sUtra isa rahasya kA nirUpaNa karatA hai ki jIva paraspara eka dUsare ke upakAraka hote haiN| mAtA apane putra para upakAra kara usakA lAlana-pAlana karatI hai| putra bhI mAtA-pitA kA sahayoga karatA hai| paraspara sahayoga se hI bar3e-bar3e kArya sampanna ho pAte haiN| svAmI-bhRtya, guru-ziSya Adi eka dUsare ke upakAraka haiN| yaha upakAra ahiMsA, maitrI evaM karuNA ke sAtha hI sambhava hai| ___ 'praznavyAkaraNasUtra' meM tIna prakAra ke hiMsakoM kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai- kuddhA haNaMti, luddhA haNaMti, muddhA hnnNti| arthAt yA to jIva krodha ke kAraNa hiMsA karate haiM, yA lobha ke vazIbhUta hokara hiMsA karate haiM, yA phira ve ajJAnatAvaza hiMsA karate haiN| kabhI ve saprayojana hiMsA karate haiM to kabhI niSprayojana hiMsA karate haiN| hiMsA ke

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ahiMsA kA samAja darzana 291 ye jo kAraNa haiM unakA tyAga tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba hameM 'Atmavat sarvabhUteSu' kA bodha ho jaae| apane samAna anya prANiyoM ko bhI jIvana priya hai, yaha ahiMsA kA pATha samajha meM A jaay| prANAtipAta zabda kI sArthakatA evaM prANiyoM meM bheda hiMsA ke artha meM AgamoM meM 'prANAtipAta' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| vastutaH AtmA kA hanana nahIM hotA hai, vaha to zAzvata hai, kintu AtmA yA jIva jina prANoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai, unakA atipAta yA hanana hotA hai| pratyeka saMsArI jIva prANadhAraNa karake hI jIvana jItA hai| prANadhAraNa karane ke kAraNa use prANI kahA jAtA hai| prANadhAraNa karane kI apekSA jIvoM meM bhinnatA pAyI jAtI hai| pRthvI, jala, vanaspati Adi ekendriya jIva jahA~ sparzanendriya balaprANa, kAyabala prANa, AyuSya bala prANa evaM zvAsocchvAsa bala prANa- ina cAra prANoM kA dhAraka hotA hai, vahA~ laTa, keMcuA Adi dvIndriya jIva inake sAtha rasanendriya bala prANa evaM vacanabala bala prANa sahita chaha prANoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai| cIMTI, jUM Adi trIndriya jIva ghrANendriya prANa ke sAtha sAta prANoM kA dhAraka hotA hai| makkhI, macchara Adi caturindriya jIva cakSurindriya sahita ATha prANoM kA svAmI hotA hai| paMcendriya jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM- mana vAle saMjJIjIva tathA mana rahita asaMjJI jiiv| inameM asaMjJI paMcendriya jIva zrotrendriya sahita nau prANoM kA dhAraka hotA hai tathA pazu, pakSI, manuSya Adi saMjJI paMcendriya jIva manobala sahita dasa prANoM ko dhAraNa karate haiN| isa prakAra prANoM ke dhAraNa karane kI apekSA ina jIvo meM bhinnatA pAyI jAtI hai / ataH ekendriya evaM paMcendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA ko sAmAjika dRSTi se samAna nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ataH ekendriya kI apekSA dvIndriya kI, dvIndriya kI apekSA trIndriya kI, trIndriya kI apekSA caturindriya kI evaM caturindriya kI apekSA asaMjJI paMcendriya kI tathA asaMjJI paMcendriya kI apekSA saMjJI paMcendriya kI rakSA adhika mahattva rakhatI hai| eka manuSya ko jIne ke lie jala, vAyu, vanaspati evaM agni kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| yadi manuSya ke jIva evaM ekendriya ke jIva ko prANoM kI apekSA bhI samAna mAna liyA jAe to manuSya ke dvArA inakA sevana nyAyocita nahIM ThaharegA, kintu manuSya inakI vyartha hiMsA se bacane kA prayatna kare yaha Avazyaka hai| sabhI prANI rakSaNIya hote hae

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana bhI inameM prANadhAraNa ke vikAsa kI apekSA bheda samajhanA hogA, ataH dvIndriya se lekara paMcendriya taka ke jIvoM ko mAMsAhAra kI zreNi meM rakhakara unakI hiMsA ko vanaspati (zAkAhAra) kI apekSA adhika tyAjya batAyA gayA hai| isalie koI manuSya ke prANa bacAne kI apekSA jala ke prANoM kI cintA kare to yaha aviveka hI kahA jaaegaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki manuSya ke zarIra ke Azrita aneka jIva rahate haiN| manuSya kI hiMsA ke sAtha una jIvoM kI bhI hiMsA ho jAtI hai| vijJAna kI dRSTi se kaheM to manuSya kA zarIra asaMkhya kozikAoM se nirmita hai, jabaki vanaspati Adi meM itanI kozikAeM nahIM hotI / 292 katipaya vicAraka dAna, sevA, paropakAra Adi puNya kAryoM kA niSedha isalie karate haiM ki ina kAryoM meM prANiyoM kI hiMsA hotI hai| unakA yaha cintana mAnavatA ke viruddha hai| unheM yaha bAta samajha lenI cAhie ki apkAya ke jIva kI apekSA paMcendriya manuSya kA jIvana prANoM evaM indriyoM kI apekSA adhika vikasita hai / isalie apkAya ke asaMkhya jIvoM kI hiMsA se bhI adhika pApa eka manuSya ko mArane meM hai| zAkAhAra ke sambandha meM bhI yahI tarka hai| vanaspati ke asaMkhya jIvoM kI apekSA eka pazu evaM manuSya kA jIvana adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| manuSyoM meM bhI jo jJAna, darzana evaM cAritra ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se agraNI haiM, ve adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| manuSya evaM pazuoM se RSi kI cetanA adhika vikasita hotI hai| ataH anya prANiyoM kI apekSA RSi ke hanana meM adhika pApa mAnA gayA hai- egaM isiM haNamANe aNaMte jIva haNai / ( bhagavatIsUtra 9.34 ) arthAt eka RSi ko mArane vAlA ananta jIvoM ko mAratA hai, kintu isakA yaha Azaya nahIM hai ki apkAya, vanaspatikAya Adi ke ekendriya jIvoM kI hama niSprayojana hiMsA karate rheN| isakA prayojana itanA hI hai ki hama cetanA ke stara ko pahacAna kara hiMsA se baceM tathA jahA~ taka sambhava ho hiMsA kA alpIkaraNa karate hue ahiMsA kA niravadya rUpa surakSita rkheN| prANoM kI apekSA, cetanA ke vikAsa kI apekSA tathA manuSya samAja meM upayogitA kI apekSA se bhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa meM bheda sambhava hai| bhAvoM ke stara para hiMsA na ho, ahiMsA ke isa vizuddha rUpa kI sthApanA evaM saMvardhana ke lie dayA, karuNA, anukampA, dAna, sahAnubhUti Adi sakArAtmaka bhAvoM

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ahiMsA kA samAja darzana 293 ke vikAsa kI AvazyakatA hai| ye sakArAtmaka bhAva hiMsA ko to rokate hI haiM, anya prANiyoM ke prati maitrI, sahayoga evaM sauhArda ke bhAvoM kA bhI vikAsa karate haiN| AtmavadbhAva evaM maitrIbhAva bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ahiMsA kA upadeza prANimAtra kI cetanA se jur3akara kiyaa| unake upadezoM meM sabhI prANiyoM ke prati karuNA evaM AtmIyatA kA srota phUTa par3A hai| unhoMne sabhI jIvoM ke prati AtmavadbhAva yA AtmatulA kA siddhAnta diyAAyatule payAsu (sUtrakRtAMga 1.10.3), apane samAna dUsaroM ko dekho| Attao pAsaisavvaloe( sUtrakRtAMga1.12.15 )apane samAna sarvaloka ko dekhatA hai| AcArAMga cUrNi meM kahA gayA hai-jaha me iTThANiThe suhAsuhe taha savvajIvANaM (AcArAMga cUrNi 1.1.6) jisa prakAra mujhe sukha iSTa evaM duHkha aniSTa hai, usI prakAra saba jIvoM ko sukha iSTa evaM duHkha aniSTa hotA hai| bhagavAna ne jIvamAtra ke prati maitrI kA upadeza diyA-"mittiM bhuuesukppe|"(uttraadhyyn-suutr, 6.2 ) maitrI evaM kAruNya bhAvanAe~ ahiMsAdi vratoM ke pAlana meM sahAyaka haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM kahA gayA hai- maitrI-pramoda-kAruNyamAdhyasthyAni csttvgunnaadhikklishymaanaavinyessu|-(tttvaarthsuutr, 7.11) samasta prANiyoM ke prati mitratA kA bhAva honA caahie| 'mittI me savvabhUesu' (AvazyakasUtra ) paMkti meM bhI yahI bAta kahI gaI hai| maitrI hameM to nirmala banAtI hI hai, kintu dUsaroM ke prati ahiMsaka AcaraNa kI preraNA bhI detI hai| isIlie use ahiMsAdi vratoM ke pAlana meM sahAyaka mAnA gayA hai| dIna-duHkhiyoM ke prati athavA kaSTa pA rahe jIvoM ke prati karuNA bhAva ho, yaha bhI saMdeza isa sUtra se milatA hai| guNIjanoM ke prati pramoda evaM avinItoM ke prati samatA kA bhAva bhI ahiMsAdi vratoM ke pAlana meM sahAyaka hai| sakArAtmaka ahiMsA hiMsA-niSedha ke sAtha Agama vAGmaya meM ahiMsA kA sakArAtmaka svarUpa bhI ujAgara huA hai, jo ahiMsA ke samAjadarzana ko puSTa karatA hai| Agama vAGmaya meM sakArAtmaka ahiMsA ke dyotaka vibhinna zabda prayukta hue haiM, yathA- dayA, karuNA,

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294 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana anukampA, vaiyAvRttya, dAna, maitrI, vAtsalya aadi| praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM ahiMsA ke 60 paryAyavAcI nAma upalabdha haiM, jinameM adhikAMza zabda ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka svarUpa ko prastuta karate haiN| unameM 'dayA' evaM 'rakSA' zabda atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM jo prANimAtra ke prati ahiMsAtmaka sahayoga ko dhvanita karate haiN| nivRtti, samAdhi, zAnti, prIti (rati), tRpti, zAnti, dhRti, vizuddhi, kalyANa, pramoda, maMgala Adi zabda bhI usake sakArAtmaka svarUpa ko hI iMgita karate haiN| jaina vAGmaya meM dharma ko dayAmUlaka pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai- dayAmUlo bhaved dharmo / (AdipurANa 5.21), dhammo dayAvisuddho ( bodhapAhuDa 25 ) / dAna ko dharma kA eka bheda batAyA gayA hai| (saptatisthAnaprakaraNa gAthA 96) anukampA ko samyaktva kA lakSaNa nirUpita kiyA gayA hai-'tadevaM prazamasaMveganirvedAnukampAstikyAbhivyaktilakSaNaM tattvArtha- zraddhAnaM smygdrshnm|(sbhaassytttvaarthaadhigmsuutr 1.2 ) / vAtsalya ko samyagdarzana ke aMga ke rUpa meM sthAna diyA gayA hai| jaga ke samasta jIvoM ke prati maitrIbhAva 'mittI me savvabhUesu' (AvazyakasUtra) ko Atmavizuddhi evaM nirbhayatA kA hetu pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kSamA kI mahattA kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kSamAbhAva se prahlAda bhAva utpanna hotA hai tathA prahlAdabhAva prApta hone para samasta prANa, bhUta, jIva evaM sattvoM ke prati maitrIbhAva utpanna hotA hai| maitrIbhAva prApta hone para jIva bhAvavizuddhi karake nirbhaya bana jAtA hai| (uttarAdhyayana 29.17) / vaiyAvRttya se karma-nirjarA (sthAnAMga 5.1) evaM tIrthakara nAmagotra ke upArjana (uttarAdhyayana 29.43) kA kathana 'vaiyAvRttya' kI mahattA ko spaSTa karatA hai| vaiyAvRttya kA hI vyApaka rUpa Aja 'sevA' hai| sevA kA bhAva sevaka evaM sevya donoM kA upakAra karatA hai| isa prakAra jaina vAGmaya meM sakArAtmaka ahiMsA kA svarUpa samAjahita ko spaSTa karatA hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi sUtroM meM jo ahiMsA kA nirUpaNa huA hai usakA mAtra vaiyaktika pakSa nahIM hai, apitu usakA eka sAmAjika pakSa bhI hai jo prANi-rakSaNa ke lie hameM bAra-bAra prerita karatA hai| ahiMsA kA eka samAja-darzana bhI hai jo hameM dUsare jIvoM ke prati saMvedanazIla banAkara karuNA evaM maitrI kA saMdeza detA hai| hiMsA samAja ke lie zatru hai to ahiMsA usake lie parama

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295 ahiMsA kA samAja darzana mitra | hiMsA prANi- samAja ke lie ghAtaka hai to ahiMsA usake lie jIvanadAyinI hai| hama yaha soceM ki jisa prakAra dUsaroM ke dvArA kI gaI hiMsA hameM apriya lagatI hai usI prakAra anya jIvoM ko bhI lagatI hai, ataH use chor3a deN| Aja vizva zAnti evaM sAmAjika bandhubhAva ke lie hiMsA ke z2ahara ko utArakara ahiMsA kA amRta pIne va pilAne kI AvazyakatA hai| prANijagat ke sahaastitva, paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa, zAMti aura pArasparika sauhArda ke lie ahiMsA atyanta Avazyaka hai / ahiMsA ke binA parivAra aura samAja kI parikalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| hiMsA jahA~ vaira ko utpanna karatI hai aura use nirantara bar3hAtI hai vahA~ ahiMsA paraspara maitrI aura sahayoga kI bhAvanA ko puSTa karatI hai, jisase samAja meM sAmaMjasya sthApita hotA hai /

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AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA AcArAMga meM pratipAdita ahiMsA manuSya kI cetanA ko saMvedanazIla, jAgarUka, AtmavadbhAva se otaprota, jJAnasampanna evaM apramatta banAtI hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA kA jitanA AdhArabhUta evaM mAnava kI cetanA se jur3akara nirUpaNa huA hai, uttarakAlIna jaina granthoM meM usI kA vistAra prApta hotA hai| ahiMsA ke pariprekSya meM AcArAMga na kevala jainoM kA grantha hai, apitu yaha vizva kA eka anamola grantharatna hai, jisameM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA manovaijJAnika, sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika pakSoM ko AdhAra banAkara kI gaI hai| jainAgama AcArAMgasUtra do zrutaskandhoM meM nibaddha hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM nau adhyayana haiM, tathA dvitIya zruta skandha meM solaha adhyayana haiN| prathama zrutaskandha bhASA evaM viSaya pratipAdana kI dRSTi se dvitIya zrutaskandha kI apekSA adhika prAcIna hai| prathama zrutaskandha meM sAdhanA ke vibhinna sUtra upalabdha haiN| yaha Agama dArzanika evaM manovaijJAnika rIti se manuSya ko bodha pradAna karatA hai tathA use hiMsA, Asakti, parigraha, pramAda evaM krodhAdi doSoM se rahita hone ke lie preraNA karane ke sAtha unake tyAga hetu mArga bhI prazasta karatA hai| AcArAMga meM satya ko jAnane, samajhane evaM usako AcaraNa meM lAne kI mahatI preraNA kI gaI hai| ahiMsA kA zAzvata sandeza bhI isameM mukhara huA hai| mahAvIra kI ahiMsA ke hameM pA~ca lakSya dRggocara hote haiM- 1. Atmazuddhi, 2. prANirakSaNa, 3. paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa , 4. unnata samAja evaM 5. vizva zAnti / AcArAMga meM hameM ina pA~coM lakSyoM kI pUrti hetu cintana-bindu prApta hote haiN| yaha vizva aneka choTe-bar3e prANiyoM se yukta hai| manuSya kI bhA~ti vizva ke sabhI prANiyoM kA jIvana mahattvapUrNa hai| per3a-paudhoM evaM pazu-pakSiyoM kA jIvana bhI santulita paryAvaraNa ke lie Avazyaka hai| isalie jagat ke sabhI jIvoM kA saMrakSaNa mAnava kA parama karttavya hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM mAnava ke isa karttavya ko manovaijJAnika DhaMga se prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM, sabako AyuSya priya hai, sabako sukha anukUla evaM duHkha pratikUla lagatA hai, sabako jIvana priya hai| ataH kisI bhI jIva kI hiMsA nahIM kI jAnI caahie|'aatmshaanti evaM sukha sabhI jIvoM ko priya hai| kaSTa evaM duHkha sabako pratikUla lagate haiN| jIvoM kI yaha

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AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA 297 svAbhAvika abhivRtti evaM unake jIne kI abhilASA ahiMsA ke mAdhyama se hI surakSita raha sakatI hai| ataH samasta prANiyoM, sabhI bhUtoM, sabhI jIvoM evaM sabhI sattvoM* kA hanana nahIM karanA cAhie, una para balAt Adeza dekara zAsana nahIM karanA cAhie, unheM gulAma nahIM banAnA cAhie, unheM paritApa nahIM denA cAhie tathA unheM azAnta nahIM banAnA cAhie- ahiMsA kI aisI prarUpaNA atIta-vartamAna-bhaviSya kAla ke sabhI arhanta bhagavantoM dvArA kI gaI hai, kI jA rahI hai evaM kI jaaegii| yaha ahiMsAdharma zuddha hai, nitya hai, zAzvata hai tathA samasta loka ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kSetrajJoM (AtmajJoM) ke dvArA prarUpita kiyA gayA hai|' ahiMsA kA yaha upadeza una logoM ke lie bhI hai jo ise sunane ke lie tatpara nahIM haiM, upasthita nahIM haiM, hiMsA se uparata nahIM haiM, hiMsA ke sAdhanoM se yukta haiM tathA vibhinna vastuoM ke saMyogoM meM rata haiN|' Aja hiMsAtmaka vyavahAra ke kAraNa manuSya kI manuSya se dUriyA~ bar3ha rahI haiM, parivAra vighaTita ho rahe haiN| pati-patnI meM talAka kI saMkhyA bar3ha rahI hai, bhAI-bhAI, sAsa-bahU Adi sabake riztoM meM khaTAsa vyApta ho rahI hai| anya prANiyoM ke prati bhI saMvedanazIlatA samApta ho rahI hai| AhAra, saundarya prasAdhana evaM anya kAryoM ke lie vizvastara para prANiyoM kI hiMsA ho rahI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne choTe-se-choTe prANI meM bhI cetanA evaM saMvedanazIlatA kA sAkSAtkAra kiyaa| AcArAMga sUtra meM vanaspati evaM manuSya meM kI gaI tulanA isakA pramANa hai| unhoMne kahA ki jisa prakAra manuSya janma letA hai, vanaspati bhI janma letI hai, jisa prakAra manuSya vRddhi ko prApta karatA hai, vanaspati bhI vRddhi ko prApta hotI hai| jisa prakAra manuSya cetanAyukta hai, usI prakAra vanaspati bhI cetanAyukta hai| jisa prakAra manuSya kA zarIra chinna hone para mlAna hotA hai, vanaspati bhI chinna hone para mlAna hotI hai| manuSya kA zarIra jisa prakAra anitya evaM azAzvata hai *dvIndriya, trIndriya evaM caturindriya jIvoM ko prANa, paMcendriya jIvoM ko jIva, vanaspatikAyika jIvoM ko bhUta evaM apkAyika Adi zeSa jIvoM ko AcArya zIlAMka ne sattva kahA hai 'prANAH dvitricatuH proktA, bhUtAstu taravaH smRtaaH| jIvAH paMcendriyAH proktA, zeSAH sattvA udiiritaaH||' -ArAcArAMga, zIlAMka TIkA, patrAMka 64

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298 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana tathA AhArAdi se upacita-apacita hotA hai usI prakAra vanaspati bhI anitya, azAzvata evaM cayopacayayukta hai| manuSya jisa prakAra vipariNAmadharmA hai, usI prakAra vanaspati bhI vipariNAma dharmA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM vanaspati meM cetanA evaM saMvedanazIlatA kA yaha svarUpa usake prati AtmavadbhAva utpanna karatA hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni evaM trasa jIvoM ke bhI saMrambha, samArambha Adi ko tyAjya nirUpita kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki zAnti evaM sauhArda ke lie ahiMsA kI AvazyakatA sampUrNa mAnava jAti evaM samasta vizva ke prANiyoM ko sadA se rahI hai| hiMsA ke svarUpa-bodhaka vibhinna zabda hiMsA ke lie AcArAMgasUtra meM samArambha, kSaNa (chaNa), daNDa-samArambha, zastra Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| pRthvIkAyika Adi jIvoM kI hiMsA ke lie prathama adhyayana meM 'samArambha' zabda kA prayoga huA hai, yathA- se sayameva agaNisatthaM samAraMbhati, aNNehiM vA agaNisatthaM samAraMbhAveti, aNNe vA agaNisatthaM samAraMbhamANe samaNujANati / yahA~ samArambha zabda hiMsA kA vAcaka hai, jo vaidika prayoga 'Alabhana' se sAmya rakhatA hai| tRtIya adhyayana ke dvitIya uddezaka meM 'chaNa' zabda kA prayoga huA hai- seNachaNe, na chaNAvae, chnntNnnaannujaannti| arthAt saMyama meM jIne vAlA prANiyoM kI hiMsA na svayaM kare, na dUsaroM se karavAe tathA na hiMsA karane vAloM kA anumodana kre| 'daNDa-samArambha' zabda kA prayoga aSTama adhyayana meM isa prakAra huA hai- taM pariNNAya mehAvI va sayaM etehiM kajjehiM daMDaM samAraMbhejjA, NevaNNehiM etehiM kajjehiM daMDaM samArambhAvejjA, NevaNNe etehiM kajjehiMdaMDaMsamAraMbhaMte vismnnujaannejjaa| medhAvI sAdhaka na to svayaM ina kAryoM se SaDjIva nikAyoM kA daNDa-samArambha kare, na dUsaroM se ina kAryoM kA daNDa-samArambha karavAe tathA na hI dUsaroM ke daNDa-samArambha karane para unakA anumodana kre| zastra zabda kA prayoga karate hue kahA gayA hai- atthi satyaM pareNa paraM, natthi asatthaM pareNa prN| arthAt zastra eka se bar3hakara eka hai, kintu azastroM meM koI azastra bar3hakara nahIM hai| yahA~ zastra zabda hiMsA kA evaM azastra zabda ahiMsA kA bodhaka hai| hiMsA ke lie AcArAMga meM 'vipparAmusa' zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| udAharaNa ke lie paMcama

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AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA 299 adhyayana meM kahA gayA hai- "AvaMtI keAvaMtI loyasi vipparAmusaMti aTThAe aNaTThAe vA etesu ce vippraamusNti|" yahA~ vipparAmusaMti zabda kA artha hiMsA karanA kiyA gayA hai| yaha hiMsA mArapITa yA vaicArika hiMsA ke lie prayukta huI hai| AcArAMga kahatA hai ki yaha hiMsA grantha/bandhana hai, moha hai, mAra/mRtyu hai aura yaha naraka hai| hiMsA kA yaha svarUpa hiMsaka kI apekSA se kahA gayA hai| nigraMtha hiMsA nahIM krtaa| bRhatkalpasUtra meM krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi evaM mithyAtva ko bhAvagrantha ke 14 prakAroM meM sthAna diyA gayA hai|" moharahita vyakti hiMsA nahIM krtaa| hiMsA karane kA tAtparya hai ki vyakti meM koI na koI aisA vikAra hai jisake kAraNa vaha hiMsA karatA hai| isIlie AcArya amRtacandra ne rAgAdi vikAroM ke aprAdurbhAva ko ahiMsA kahA hai|12 citta meM krodhAdi yA rAgAdi kA koI bhI vikAra ho athavA ajJAna yA mithyAtva kA doSa ho to vaha hiMsA ko janma detA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM pramattayoga ko hiMsA kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai- pramattayogAt prANavyaparopaNaM hiNsaa|"prmaad se yukta jIva asajaga hokara prANAtipAta karatA hai| jisa prakAra hiMsA eka graMtha, graMthi yA bandhana hai usI prakAra vaha moha kI sUcaka hai| moha meM mithyAtva evaM krodhAdi vikAroM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai| hiMsA prANI ke citta ko grathita karatI hai, isalie vaha grantha yA granthi hai| hiMsA mUDhatA ko prApta karAtI hai, isalie moha hai| yaha mRtyu kI ora le jAtI hai, isalie mAra hai tathA hiMsA se vipula vedanA prApta hotI hai isalie yaha naraka hai| ataH hiMsA caitasika stara se hI tyAjya hai| hiMsA kA tyAga hI ahiMsA kA AdhAra khar3A karatA hai| hiMsA ke vikAra ko chor3ane para mAnava ahiMsaka bana sakatA hai| hiMsA ke haiM vibhinna kAraNa hiMsA kI utpatti kaI kAraNoM se hotI hai| kahIM AzaMkA evaM pratizodha kI bhAvanA hiMsA ko janma detI hai| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kucha prANI aisA socakara hiMsA karate haiM ki isane merI hiMsA kI, ataH maiM isakI hiMsA karU~gA, yaha merI hiMsA karatA hai, ataH maiM isakI hiMsA karU~gA, yaha merI hiMsA karegA, ataH usake pahale hI maiM isakA hanana kara detA huuN|" isa prakAra AzaMkAoM evaM pratizodha kI bhAvanA ke kAraNa hiMsA kA prayoga hotA hai| bhaya ke kAraNa bhI hiMsA hotI hai| jo bhayabhIta hai vaha

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana apanI surakSA ke lie dUsaroM kI hiMsA karatA hai / isake dUsare pakSa ko dekheM to yaha bhI saca hai ki hiMsA bhaya ko janma detI hai| dUsaroM dvArA kRta hiMsA hameM bhayabhIta karatI hai| isa taraha hiMsA evaM bhaya eka-dUsare ko utpanna karate rahate haiN| manuSya jijIviSA, prazaMsA, sammAna, pUjA, janma, mRtyu, duHkha ke pratighAta Adi kAraNoM se bhI hiMsA karatA hai| vaha ina kAraNoM se pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika, vanaspatikAyika evaM trasakAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA karatA hai|" kabhI svayaM hiMsA nahIM karatA hai to dUsare se karavA detA hai| yadi svayaM hiMsA nahIM karatA hai, dUsaroM se bhI hiMsA nahIM karavAtA hai to hiMsA karane vAle kA samarthana kara detA hai| isa prakAra hiMsA kA sambandha hamArI caitasika vicAradhArA se hai / hamArI vicAradhArA evaM cintana prakriyA kaisI hai, hamArI abhivRtti evaM saMskAroM kI dhArA kaisI hai, isa para bhI hiMsA kA honA yA na honA nirbhara karatA hai| 300 AcArAMga ke anusAra pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu evaM vanaspati bhI sajIva haiN| " ataH unakA upayoga AvazyakatAnusAra hI karanA caahie| AvazyakatA se adhika upayoga unakI anAvazyaka hiMsA kA kAraNa hai / yaha paryAvaraNa ko bhI pradUSita karatA hai| AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki manuSya jIne ke lie to pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, vanaspatikAyika Adi kA samArambha karatA hI hai, kintu vaha inakA samArambha apanI prazaMsA ke lie bhI karatA hai| prazaMsA prApta karane ke lie manuSya pRthvIkAyika evaM apkAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA karate hue bar3e - bar3e bhavana banAtA hai| gharoM ko dhone meM AvazyakatA se adhika jala bahAtA hai| bar3e-bar3e bhojoM kA Ayojana kara athavA jaMgala Adi meM Aga lagAkara tejaskAyika kI hiMsA karatA hai| vaha vAyu ko pradUSita karake usakI hiMsA karatA hai| vanaspati kI hiMsA to pharnIcara, kAgaja, IMdhana, sajAvaTa Adi aneka nimittoM se karatA hI hai, kabhI binA prayojana bhI hiMsA karatA hai| bhUmi kA betahAzA khanana Aja pRthvI para saMkaTa khar3A kara rahA hai| peyajala kI itanI kamI bar3ha rahI hai ki bhAvI yuddha ke bAdala jala saMkaTa ko lekara maMDarAne vAle haiN| sammAna kI abhilASA bhI pRthvIkAyika Adi sabhI jIvoM ke samArambha ko bar3hAvA detI hai| manuSya meM Aja oNnara kiliMga kI kaI ghaTanAe~ dekhane ko milatI haiN| aneka parivAroM meM prema sambandhoM ke kAraNa kabhI kanyA, kabhI usake premI kI to kabhI parivArajanoM kI hatyA kara dI jAtI hai| ye

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AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA 301 udAharaNa sammAna kI rakSA ke lie kI jAne vAlI hiMsA ke antargata Ate haiN| pUjA arcanA ke lie bhI vanaspati, jala Adi kI hiMsA kI jAtI hai| pahale devI-devatAoM kI pUjA ke lie pazuoM kI bali dI jAtI thI, aba usameM kAphI kamI AyI hai, kintu abhI aura prayatna apekSita haiN| pRthvI, jala, vAyu evaM vanaspati ko bacAnA hai to inakA apavyaya rokanA hogA, jisakI preraNA AcArAMgasUtra meM pade-pade prApta hotI hai| koI janmotsava ke lie to koI mRtyu-prasaMga para vanaspati, jala Adi kA apavyaya karatA hai| koI apane duHkhoM kA pratighAta karane ke lie aise upAya apanAtA hai, jinase jaivika paryAvaraNa kA hanana hotA hai| vAstava meM to duHkha kA pratikAra karane hetu Antarika jJAna evaM dRSTi kI nirmalatA upayogI hotI hai, kintu ajJAna ke kAraNa manuSya bAhya sukha-suvidhAoM ko juTAkara hI duHkha kA pratikAra karanA cAhatA hai| manuSya kabhI apane pApa se mukti pAne ke lie bhI hiMsA karatA hai| vaha kabhI koI aparAdha karatA hai, phira usa aparAdha ko chipAne ke lie hiMsA kA sahArA letA hai| aisI aneka ghaTanAe~ Aja ke yuga meM prakAza meM A rahI haiN| pati dvArA premikA yA patnI kI hatyA athavA patnI evaM premikA dvArA pati kI hatyA apane aparAdhoM ko chipAne ke lie kI jA rahI hai| AcArAMga meM aisI hiMsA ke kAraNa ko pApa-mokSa ke prayojana se kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kahA gayA hai| ___ Aja adhikAMza hiMsA sukha-suvidhAoM ke saMvardhana meM lage mAnava-samudAya ke dvArA kI jA rahI hai| mAnava-samudAya kisI bhI deza kA kyoM na ho, vaha apanI sukha-suvidhAe~ bar3hAkara paryAvaraNa meM asantulana utpanna kara rahA hai, jise AcArAMgasUtra ne pRthvIkAya, apkAya, vAyukAya Adi kA samArambha kahA hai| manuSya sukha-suvidhAe~ prApta kara inheM pradUSita kara rahA hai| e.sI. ho yA phrija inake dvArA vAyu pradUSaNa nirantara bar3ha rahA hai| globala vArmiMga evaM ojona parata meM cheda hone kA kAraNa bhI sukha-suvidhAoM kI sAmagrI kA vistAra hai| bar3e-bar3e kala-kArakhAne evaM hiMsaka katlakhAne bhI paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita kara rahe haiN| __ AcArAMga sUtra meM camar3e, rakta, haDDI, mAMsa Adi kI prApti ke lie trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA kI bhI carcA kI gaI hai| vahA~ pazu Adi trasa jIvoM ke vibhinna aMgoM kI hiMsA ke aneka kAraNa pratipAdita haiN| Aja saundarya prasAdhanoM ke nirmANa meM vibhinna

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302 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana prakAra ke prANiyoM kI hiMsA kI jA rahI hai| yaha hiMsA manuSya kI nirdayatA evaM krUratA kI paricAyaka hai| ___ manuSya apane ko balavAn evaM buddhimAna samajhatA hai, isalie vaha sRSTi ke anya jIvoM kI svatantratA ko dara kinAra kara unake jIvana ke prati beparavAha ho gayA hai| vaha apanI sukha-suvidhAoM ke lie unakA hanana karane meM koI saMkoca nahIM krtaa| sattA, sampatti Adi kI prApti ke lie manuSya apanA bala bar3hAne meM lagA rahatA hai| vaha zarIrabala, jJAtibala, mitrabala, rAjabala, dhanabala, zastrabala Adi bala bar3hAtA hai aura dUsaroM ko parAsta karane meM hiMsA kA sahArA letA hai| Aja manuSya apanI buddhi evaM bala kA durupayoga hiMsA ke kAryoM meM kara rahA hai| hiMsA kA eka pramukha kAraNa ajJAna hai| prAyaH manuSya ajJAna meM jItA hai| use yaha bhalIbhAMti jJAta nahIM hai ki usake dvArA kI jA rahI hiMsA kA pariNAma use svayaM ko kyA milane vAlA hai? hiMsA karane evaM kaSTa dene kA pratiphala svayaM ko bhI kaSTa rUpa meM bhoganA par3atA hai| bama visphoTa Adi ke dvArA kI gaI hiMsA kA pariNAma bahusaMkhyaka prANiyoM ko bhoganA par3atA hai| kabhI bRhatstara para kRta hiMsA samUcI mAnavajAti evaM prANijagat ke lie bhI atyanta dardanAka hotI hai| AturatA bhI manuSya ko hiMsA ke lie prerita karatI hai| kAmAtura vyakti ko apanI vAsanA yA kAmanA kI pUrti mahattvapUrNa pratIta hotI hai| vaha yauna utpIr3ana, balAtkAra Adi se lekara hatyA, gRhadAha, grAmadAha Adi ke lie saMrambha evaM samArambha karane hetu tatpara ho jAtA hai| anekavidha bhayoM se AkrAnta vyakti bhI Atura hokara bhaya ke kAraNoM kA nAza karane ke lie hiMsA kA Alambana letA hai| kSudhA se pIr3ita (kSudhAtura) vyakti yadi vivekazIla na ho to vaha bhI dUsare prANiyoM ke prANoM kA pyAsA hokara hiMsA meM pravRtta hotA hai|griibii evaM berojagArI isIlie hiMsA meM kAraNa banatI haiN| AjIvikA ke abhAva se trasta jana lUTapATa evaM hiMsA meM saMlagna hokara udarapUrti karane lagate haiN| Adhunika yuga meM yuvApIr3hI heroina Adi vibhinna prakAra kI nazIlI Draga ke sevana kI Adi ho gaI hai| usake pAsa jaba paise nahIM hote haiM tathA Draga kI talapha uThatI hai to vaha hiMsA kara paisA juTAtI hai| yaha bhI AturatA ke kAraNa hiMsA hai|

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303 AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA hiMsA kA anya pramukha kAraNa pramAda hai| Atma-svarUpa ke bodha kI vismRti evaM asajagatA pramAda hai| asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa sAdhu-sAdhviyoM se bhI hiMsA ho sakatI hai, phira gRhastha kI to bAta hI kyA? vaha ajJAnavaza evaM asAvadhAnI vaza choTe-bar3e stara para hiMsA karatA rahatA hai| hiMsA kA eka kAraNa lobha evaM parigraha kI vRtti hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki abhISTa vastu Adi ke saMyogoM kA abhilASI evaM artha kA lobhI manuSya dina-rAta paritapta hotA hai tathA kAla - akAla meM sadaiva arthalAbha ke lie sannaddha rahatA hai| vaha corI evaM lUTapATa meM bhI saMkoca nahIM karatA tathA usI meM apanA citta lagAe rakhatA hai aura bAra-bAra hiMsA kA sahArA letA hai| 23 lobha evaM parigraha kI vRtti ke kAraNa manuSya adhikAdhika vastuoM, dhana-sampatti evaM bhUsampadA para adhikAra karanA cAhatA hai, jisase hiMsA evaM krUratA kI bhAvanA ko prazraya milatA hai| vigata zatAbdiyoM meM hiTalara, musolinI Adi zAsaka hue hoM, yA mahamUda gajanavI jaise atyAcArI, sabake mana meM lobha evaM parigraha kI vRtti kA dabAva rhaa| bhArata meM bhI choTI-choTI riyAsateM apane bhU-svAmitva kA vistAra karane ke kAraNa paraspara yuddha karatI rhiiN| Aja manuSya adhikAdhika jamIneM kharIdakara baiMka baileMsa bar3hAkara athavA do nambara kA paisA bar3hAkara dUsaroM ke sAtha anyAya karane meM saMlagna hai, jisase hiMsA ko bar3hAvA milatA hai| ataH hiMsA ko rokane ke lie parigraha evaM lobhavRtti para bhI vijaya kI AvazyakatA hai| manuSya na kevala svayaM ke lie, apitu dUsaroM ke lie bhI hiMsA meM pravRtta hotA hai| vaha parivAra kA nAma lekara na jAne kitanA Arambha karatA hai| isalie AcArAMga meM kahA gayA- dUsare ke lie krUra karma karatA huA ajJAnI jIva duHkha prApta karatA hai tathA usase mUr3ha banakara viparyAsa bhAva ko prApta karatA hai| 24 prANi-rakSA meM samAyA Atmahita AcArAMgasUtra meM anya jIvoM ke sAtha AtmavadbhAva sthApita karate hue kahA gayA- tuma bhI vahI ho jisako tuma mArane yogya mAnate ho| " tumhAre meM evaM usameM koI antara nahIM hai| vaha bhI cetanAzIla hai tathA tuma bhI cetanAzIla ho / hiMsA ko rokane kI preraNA karate hue AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki yaha

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304 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hiMsA ahita evaM abodhi kI sUcaka hai| hiMsA meM hita nahIM ahita samAyA huA hai tathA hiMsA ke kAraNa citta meM jar3atA Ane se ajJAnatA puSTa hotI rahatI hai| kaI loga hiMsA meM apanA hita samajhate haiM, kintu AcArAMgasUtra unakI isa galata dhAraNA kA khaNDana karatA huA spaSTa karatA hai ki hiMsA kabhI hitakAriNI nahIM ho sktii| usase na Atmahita hotA hai na prhit| vaha jJAna kI nahIM ajJAna kI sUcaka hai| yaha prANiloka Arta hai, parijIrNa hai, ajJAna se grasta hone ke kAraNa ise samajhAnA kaThina hai| ataH loka meM prANI bahuta duHkhI haiM- bahudukkhA hu jNtvo|" duHkha kA eka kAraNa to kAmanAoM meM Asakti hai tathA dUsarA kAraNa ina kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke lie kI jA rahI hiMsA hai| apanI kAmanAe~ pUrNa karane ke lie eka prANI dUsare prANI ko kleza yA duHkha detA hai| naraka ke jIva paraspara eka dUsare ko duHkha dete haiM, kucha vaisI hI sthiti isa manuSya loka meM naz2ara A rahI hai| yahA~ bhI eka-dUsare ko duHkha dene vAle logoM kI kamI nahIM hai| ajJAna ke kAraNa aisA hotA hai| aise ajJAnI durbodhya hote haiM, tathApi samajhAne kA prayatna jArI rakhanA caahie| .. jahA~ hiMsA vyApta hotI hai, jahA~ eka jIva anya jIva ko mArane yA duHkhI karane ke lie udyata hotA hai vahA~ bhaya kA vAtAvaraNa bana jAtA hai| AcArAMga kahatA hai"pANA pANe kilessNti|paas loe mhbbhyN|" prANI prANiyoM ko kaSTa dete haiN| loka ko dekho, yahA~ mahAn bhaya hai| isa bhaya se bacane ke lie hiMsA kA tyAga anivArya hai| Aja AtaMkavAdiyoM, luTeroM, coroM, ucakkoM Adi ke kAraNa to mAnava bhayAkrAnta hai hI, kintu vaha Aja ghara meM rahane vAle naukaroM, nikaTa ke riztedAroM, parivAra ke sadasyoM evaM pratispardhiyoM se bhI bhayabhIta rahatA hai| isa bhaya kA nivAraNa pArasparika prema, maitrI evaM sahayoga ke mAdhyama se kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaira-virodha evaM bhaya para vijaya prApta karane ke lie hiMsA ko upAya nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, kyoMki khUna se sane vastra ko khUna se svaccha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isake lie ahiMsA hI zreyaskara upAya hai| hiMsA AtaMkakAriNI hai| AtaMka pIDAkArI hotA hai| vaha manuSya kI svatantratA aura sukhI jIvana-paddhati ko bAdhita karatA hai| ataH AtaMka se chuTakArA pAne ke lie ahiMsA kA Azraya upayogI hai|

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AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA ahiMsaka jIvana zailI ke upAya aba prazna yaha hai ki hiMsA para niyantraNa kisa prakAra kiyA jAe ? hiMsA para niyantraNa karane ke lie AcArAMgasUtra meM hameM anekavidha samAdhAna prApta hote haiN| unameM sabase pramukha hai ki jo bhI kriyA kareM use jJAnapUrvaka kreN| usa kriyA kA kyA phala hogA, yaha jAnane kA prayatna kreN| hiMsA kabhI anajAne meM hotI hai to kabhI jAnabUjha kara kI jAtI hai| anajAne meM hiMsA karanA to ajJAna kA sUcaka hai hI, hiMsA ko jAnabUjhakara karanA bhI mithyAjJAna yA galata jJAna rUpa ajJAna kA sUcaka hai| alpajJAna meM hiMsA karanA bhI ajJAna hI hai| binA prayojana ke bhI loga hiMsA karate rahate haiM, vaha hiMsA bhI ajJAna ke kAraNa hotI hai| isalie AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai- se hu pannANamaMte buddhe Arambhovarae / " jo hiMsA se uparata hai vaha jJAnavAn evaM bodhiprApta hai| jJAnI kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karatA - eyaM khu nANiNo sAraM, jaMna hiMsai kiMcaNa / " jJAnI hone kA sAra hI yaha hai ki vaha kisI kI hiMsA nahIM karatA hai| prayatnapUrvaka yadyapi kisI ko jJAnI nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, tathApi janacetanA jAgRta kara hiMsA kI aneka pravRttiyoM ko rokA jA sakatA hai tathA hiMsA kA alpIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo hiMsA anajAne meM ho rahI hai, athavA galata jJAna ke kAraNa ho rahI hai, use rokA jA sakatA hai| Aja saundaryaprasAdhanoM ke nirmANa meM kitanI hiMsA ho rahI hai, isakI jAnakArI Ama vyaktiyoM ko nahIM hai| jAnakArI hone para kucha kamI AnA sambhava hai| isalie AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki karmasamArambha kA jJAna karake hiMsA ko rokA jaae| jo parijJAta karmA hotA hai vaha karma samArambha se uparata hotA hai / " jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA meM lagA rahatA hai vaha aparijJAtakarmA hai| parijJAtakarmA puruSa vividha prakAra kI svaicchika hiMsA ko niyantrita kara sakatA hai| hiMsA ke doSoM kI jAnakArI se vizva meM ahiMsA ke prati AsthA bar3ha sakatI hai evaM bar3hI hai| hiMsA se virata hone kA anya upAya hai- pramAda kA tyaag| yaha pramAda jJAnI ko bhI hotA hai evaM ajJAnI ko bhii| ajJAnI to AtmasvarUpa se vismRta hone ke kAraNa prAyaH pramAda meM hI jItA hai| vaha viSayoM ke prati Asakta hotA hai / AcArAMgasUtra isa pramAda kI ora dhyAna AkarSita karatA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki viSayoM kA 305

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306 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana abhilASI vyakti pramatta hokara paritApa ko prApta hotA hai|* viSayoM ke prati pramatta vyakti isa jIvana meM anya prANiyoM ke hanana, chedana, bhedana, corI, apaharaNa, upadrava, uttrAsa Adi pravRttiyoM meM sannaddha rahatA hai tathA yaha mAnane lagatA hai ki jo aba taka nahIM kiyA gayA hai maiM vaha kArya kruuNgaa| isa Aveza meM vaha anekavidha hiMsA ko janma detA rahatA hai| Aja manuSya meM aisI pravRtti paryApta rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI hai| vaha pramAda ke kAraNa mithyA-abhimAna meM Akara prANijagat ke lie ahitakara pravRttiyoM meM saMlagna rahatA hai| AtaMkavAda ho yA gharelU hiMsA- ye sabhI hiMsAe~ ajJAnI kI pramattatA ke kAraNa hotI haiN| jJAnI bhI asAvadhAnI pUrvaka jIvana jIte samaya pramAda karatA hai, usakI asAvadhAnI se bhI hiMsA hotI hai| ataH use bhI pramAda tyAga karanA caahie| isa prakAra pramAda kA tyAga hiMsA ko niyantrita karane kA eka AdhyAtmika upAya hai| pramAda ke kAraNa hI hiMsA baMdhanakAriNI hotI hai| ___AcArAMgasUtra meM vivekapUrvaka kriyA karane para bala diyA gayA hai| vivekapUrvaka kI gaI kriyA sAvadhAnI ke sAtha kI jAtI hai| isI ke lie Age calakara dazavaikAlikasUtra meM 'yatanA' zabda kA prayoga huA hai|" sonA, uThanA, baiThanA, calanA Adi pratyeka kriyA yatanA ke sAtha karane para jIvoM kA saMrakSaNa bhI hotA hai tathA kriyA bhI nirdoSa rUpa se sampanna hotI hai| sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie yatanApUrvaka gamanAgamana kI dRSTi se IryA samiti kA, yatanApUrvaka bolane ke lie bhASA samiti kA, AhAra Adi ke nirdoSa anveSaNa hetu eSaNA samiti kA, vastuoM ko sAvadhAnI ke sAtha uThAne evaM rakhane hetu AdAna-nikSepaNa samiti kA, zArIrika-malamUtra Adi ke vivekapUrvaka utsarjana hetu pariSThApanikA samiti kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| sAdhu-sAdhvI kI isa AcAra-saMhitA se preraNA lekara gRhastha bhI apane kAryoM ko jahA~ taka sambhava ho vivekapUrvaka yA yatanApUrvaka sampanna kareM to mahatI hiMsA se bacA jA sakatA hai| lokasaMjJA ke kAraNa manuSya dUsaroM kI dekhA-dekhI hiMsA karatA hai| isa hiMsA ko rokane ke lie janamAnasa meM adhikAdhika isa bAta kA pracAra kiye jAne kI AvazyakatA hai ki Apa dUsaroM ko dekhakara hiMsA ke sAdhanoM kA avalambana na leM, apitu sva-viveka se yaha nirNaya kareM ki maiM akAraNa hI hiMsA meM pravRtta hokara dUsare

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AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA 307 prANiyoM ko kyoM Arta banA rahA huuN| kisI prANI ko diyA gayA duHkha yA paritApa apane lie bhI pariNAma meM paritApakArI hotA hai| satya ko jAnane ke lie AcArAMgasUtra meM bAra-bAra preraNA kI gaI hai- saccammi dhitiM kuvvhaa|" arthAt satya ko jAnane meM buddhi lgaaeN| jo satya ko jAnatA hai vaha svataH hiMsA se virata ho sakatA hai, kyoMki use ahiMsA apane lie evaM prANimAtra ke lie kalyANakAriNI evaM abhaya pradAyinI pratIta hotI hai| dUsaroM ke lie mana, vacana evaM kAyA se kisI bhI prakAra kA aniSTa na karane kI preraNA hameM AcArAMgasUtra se prApta hotI hai| dUsare kA aniSTa kyoM na kareM tathA dUsare ko apanI bhA~ti zAnti upajAne meM sahayogI kyoM baneM, isake lie AtmavadbhAva ke vikAsa kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra mujhe DaMDe se, kapAla Adi se pITe jAne para pIr3A hotI hai usI prakAra anya prANiyoM ko bhI hotI hai, isa prakAra kI saMvedanazIlatA ke sAtha AtmavadbhAva kA vikAsa sambhava hai| yaha AtmavadbhAva ahiMsA kA atyanta samartha upAya hai| AtmavadbhAva apanAkara hama samasta prANiyoM ke prati maitrI, karuNA evaM abhaya kA saMdeza de sakate haiN| ahiMsaka samAja hI unnata samAja hotA hai| AcArAMgasUtra hameM na kevala mAnava kI hiMsA ko rokane kI preraNA karatA hai, apitu pazu-pakSiyoM kI rakSA ke lie bhI prerita karatA hai| vaha mAnava kI saMvedanazIlatA ko gaharI karatA hai tathA pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu evaM vanaspati kA bhI samArambha ghaTAne hetu prerita karatA hai| __ Aja vizvastara para mAnava ke adhikAroM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie mAnavAdhikAra Ayoga Adi saMsthAe~ kArya kara rahI haiN| isI prakAra kI saMsthAe~ paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa kI dRSTi se pazu-pakSiyoM evaM prANiyoM ke jIvanAdhikAra ke lie bhI sthApita kI jAnI caahie| manuSya sabase buddhimAn prANI hai, ataH vaha apanA bhI hita soca sakatA hai tathA anya prANiyoM ke hita meM bhI kArya kara sakatA hai| isalie AcArAMga sUtra ne bAra-bAra manuSya ko sAvadhAna kiyA hai ki tuma hiMsA se virata bno| AcArAMga meM pratipAdita ahiMsA ko Aja pUre vizva meM phailAne kI AvazyakatA hai| gA~dhIjI kA ahiMsAviSayaka cintana Aja sampUrNa vizva meM AdRta ho rahA hai, usake adhika Thosa AdhAra evaM sUkSma cintana ke sUtra AcArAMgasUtra meM

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308 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana upalabdha haiN| yaha Agama jIvana ko bhItara evaM bAhara se ahiMsaka banane ke upAyoM kA patha prazasta karatA hai| ataH AcArAMgasUtra ahiMsA ke zAzvata pratipAdana kI dRSTi se vizva stara para samAdaraNIya hai| sandarbha:1. savve pANA piyAuyA suhasAtA dukkhapaDikUlA appiyavadhA piyajIviNo jiivitukaamaa| savvesiM jIvitaM piyN|-aacaaraaNg sUtra AgamaprakAzana samiti, byAvara, caturtha saMskaraNa, 2010, 1.2.3 sUtra 78, 2. se bemi- je ya atItA je ya paDuppaNNA je ya AgamissA arahaMtA bhagavaMtA te savve evamAikkhaMti, evaM bhAsaMti, evaM paNNaveMti, evaM pasveMti-save pANA sabve bhUtA savve jIvA, sabve sattA Na haMtavvA, Na ajjAvetavvA, Na parighettavvA, Na paritAveyavvA, Na uddveyvvaa| esa dhamme suddhe Nitie sAsae samecca loyaM khetaNNehiM pvedite|-aacaaraaNg sUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1.4.1, sUtra 132 3. taM jahA- uThThiesu vA aNuTThiesu vA, uvaTThiesu vA aNuvaTThiesu vA, uvaratadaMDesu vaa| aNuvaratadaMDesu vA sovadhiesu vA aNuvahiesu vA, saMjogaraesu vA asaMjogaraesu vaa||-aacaaraaNgsuutr, 1.4.1, sUtra 132 4. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.1.5, sUtra 45 5. AcArAMga sUtra 1.1.4 6. AcArAMga sUtra, 1.3.2, sUtra 119 7. AcArAMga sUtra 1.2.2, sUtra 74 8. (i)AcArAMga sUtra 1.3.4, sUtra 129 ___(ii)anyatra bhI kahA hai- ettha satthe puNo punno|-aacaaraaNg sUtra 1.2.2, sUtra 72 9. AcArAMga sUtra, 1.5.1, sUtra 147 10. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.1.3 sUtra 25 11. bRhatkalpasUtra, uddezaka 1, gAthA 10-14 12. aprAdurbhAvaH khalu rAgAdInAM bhvtyhiNseti|-purussaarthsiddhyupaay, zloka 44 13. tattvArthasUtra, 7.8 14. eSA hiMsA prANinazcittaM grathnAti tenA'sti graMthiH, eSA mUDhatAM nayati, tenAsti mohaH, eSA mRtyuM nayati tena mAraH, eSA vipulAM vedanAM nayati tena nrkH|- AcArAMgabhASya, AcAryamahAprajJa, jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna lADanUM, 1994, 1.2.25, pRSTha 36 15. appege hiMsiMsu me tti vA, appege hiMsaMti vA, appege hiMsissaMti vA Nege vdheti|- AcArAMga sUtra, 1.1.6, sUtra 52

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AcArAMgasUtra meM ahiMsA 16. bhayA kajjati - AcArAMga sUtra 1.2.2, sUtra 73 17. AcArAMga sUtra 1.1, uddezaka 2-7 18. draSTavya AcArAMga sUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, prathama adhyayana, uddezaka 2-7 19. bhayAkajjati pAvamokkho ti maNNamANe aduvA AsaMsAe / - AcArAMga sUtra 1.2.2, sUtra 73 20. AcArAMga sUtra 1.1.6, sUtra 52 21. se Atabale, se NAtabale, se mittble.....| AcArAMgasUtra 1.2.2 sUtra 33 22. (i) AturA pritaarveti| - AcArAMga sUtra 1.1.2, sUtra 10 (ii) AturA paritAvae / - AcArAMga sUtra 1.6.1, sUtra 180, (iii) AturA paritAveMti / - AcArAMga sUtra 1.1.6, sUtra 49 23. aho ya rAo ya paritappamANe kAlAkAlasamuTThAyI saMjogaTThAI aTThAlobhI AlUMpe sahasakkAre viNiviTThacitte ettha satthe puNo puNo / - AcArAMgasUtra, 1.2.2 sUtra 72 309 24. AcArAMga sUtra 1.2.4, sUtra 82 25. tumaM si NAma taM ceva jaM haMtavvaM ti maNNasi / - AcArAMgasUtra 1.5.5, sUtra 170 26. taM se ahitAe, taM se abodhIe / - AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, prathama adhyayana, sabhI uddeshk| 27. aTTe loe parijuNNe dussaMbodhe avijANae / AcArAMgasUtra, 1.1.2 sUtra, 10 28. AcArAMgasUtra 1.6.1 sUtra, 180 29. prsprodiiritduHkhaaH| - - tattvArthasUtra, 3.4 30. AcArAMga sUtra 1.6.1, sUtra 180 31. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.4.4 32. sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, 1.1.4.10 33. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.1.4, sUtra 38 34. iti se guNaTThI mahatA paritAveNa vase pamatte- AcArAMgasUtra, 1.2.1, sUtra 63 35. jIvite iha se pamattA se haMtA chettA bhettA luMpittA viluMpittA uddevattA uttAsayittA, akaDaM karissAmi ti mnnnnmaanne| - AcArAMgasUtra, 1.2.1, sUtra 66 36. AcArAMgasUtra 1.5.4, sUtra 163 37. jayaM care jayaM ciTThe, jayamAse jayaM sae / jayaM bhuMjaMto bhAsato, pAvakammaM na baMdhai / / - dazavaikAlika, caturtha adhyayana, gAthA 8 38. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.3.2, sUtra 117

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jainAgama sAhitya meM ahiMsA hetu upasthApita yuktiyA~ zAnti, svataMtratA, samatA evaM nirbhaya jIvana ke lie ahiMsA aparihArya AvazyakatA hai| isake abhAva meM sukhI jIvana, sundara samAja, samRddha rASTra evaM maitrImaya vizva kI parikalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / Aja jaba vizva meM bhaya, AtaMka evaM hiMsA kA bolabAlA hai, taba ahiMsA kI upayogitA adhika prAsaMgika evaM Avazyaka pratIta hotI hai| hiMsA jahA~ vyakti, samAja, rASTra evaM vizva ko duSprabhAvita karatI hai, vahA~ ahiMsA prANimAtra kA kalyANa karane vAlI hai| hiMsA jahA~ hiMsA meM saMlagna vyakti ko dUSita karatI hai evaM samaSTi ke hita ko prabhAvita karatI hai, vahIM ahiMsA zatrutA kA nAza kara vyakti ko bhItara se nirmala banAtI hai evaM samAja meM sabake prati pArasparika maitrI kA sthApana karatI hai| jainAgamoM meM hiMsA ko pApa evaM ahiMsA ko dharma pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai / 'dhammo maMgalamukkiTheM ahiMsA saMjamo tavo" (ahiMsA, saMyama evaM tapasvarUpa dharma utkRSTa maMgala hotA hai|) vAkya se yahI dhvanita hotA hai| hiMsA kA artha jaina dharma meM kisI prANI kA vadha karanA mAtra nahIM hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM hiMsA ke pA~ca rUpoM kA anekazaH kathana huA hai, yathA - 1. kisI jIva kA hanana karanA, 2. usa para dhoMsa jamAte hue zAsana karanA, 3. dAsa banAnA, 4. paritApa denA, 5. kisI jIva ko azAnta bnaanaa| ina rUpoM kA ullekha sabhI prANa, bhUta, jIva evaM sattva kI hiMsA nahIM karane kA parAmarza dete hue kiyA gayA hai, yathA- 'savve pANA jAvasavve sattANa haMtavvA Na ajjAveyavvA, Na parighetavvA, Na paritAveyavvA, Na uddveyvvaa|" sAdhAraNatayA hiMsA kA artha hanana kiyA jAtA hai, kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita ahiMsA sabako samAna rUpa se jIne kA adhikAra pradAna karatI hai| isameM pratyeka prANI ke jIvana kA sammAna hai| prANI choTA ho yA bar3A, sabako jIne kA adhikAra hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI ahiMsA mAtra mAnava samudAya taka sImita nahIM, yaha prANimAtra kI rakSA kI preraNA karatI hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhI atItakAla meM arihanta hue haiM, vartamAna meM arihanta haiM tathA bhaviSya meM arihanta hoMge, ve sabhI isI prakAra kA pratipAdana karate haiM ki kisI bhI prANa, bhUta, jIva evaM

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jainAgama sAhitya meM ahiMsA hetu upasthApita yuktiyA~ 311 sattva kA hanana nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie, unheM zAsita, dAsa, paritApita evaM azAnta nahIM banAyA jAnA caahie| yaha ahiMsA dharma dhruva, nitya evaM zAzvata hai| ise kSetrajJoM AtmajJoM ne loka ko jAnakara kahA hai| isa kathana se yaha spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA zAzvata dharma hai| yaha vyakti evaM samaSTi donoM ke lie hitakArI hai| hiMsAkA pramukha kAraNaH ajJAna hiMsA tabhI ghaTita hotI hai, jaba Atmika stara para pramAda yA asajagatA vidyamAna ho / jJAna kA samyak svarUpa prakaTa hone para evaM apramattatA Ane para hiMsA nahIM kI jA sktii| isalie sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- evaMkhunANiNo sAraM jaMna hiMsati kiNcnnN| ajJAna se Acchanna evaM usake kAraNa pramAdayukta bane hue vyakti hI prAyaH hiMsA meM pravRtta hote haiN| hiMsA ke anya kAraNa bhI haiM - 'kuddhA haNaMti, luddhA haNaMti, muddhA hnnNti|" - arthAt krodhI, lobhI evaM ajJAnI hiMsA karate haiN| AcArAMgasUtra meM hiMsA kI tIna sthitiyoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai - svayaM hiMsA karanA, dUsaroM se hiMsA karAnA evaM hiMsA karate hue kA samarthana krnaa| ye tInoM prakAra ke hiMsAkArya tyAjya haiN| vahA~ para chaha prakAra ke jIva nikAyoM- pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vanaspatikAyika, trasakAyika evaM vAyukAyika kI hiMsA svayaM karane, dUsaroM se karAne evaM hiMsA karane vAle kA anumodana karane ko tyAjya batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki medhAvI puruSa ina chahoM jIva nikAyoM kI tInoM prakAra se hiMsA nahIM karatA, yathA- 'taM pariNNAya mehAvI Neva sayaM chajjIvaNikAyasatthaM samAraMbhejjA, Neva'NehiM chajjIvaNikAyasatthaM samAraMbhAvejjA, Neva'NNe chajjIvaNikAyasatthaM samAraMbhaMte smnnujaannejjaa'| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM ina jIva nikAyoM kI mana, vacana evaM kAyA ke stara para hiMsA kA niSedha hai, yathA- 'etehiM chahiM kAehiM, taM vijjaM prijaanniyaa| maNasA kAyavakkeNaM, NAraMbhI Na prigghii'|' ahiMsA ke lakSaNa meM uttaravartI sAhitya meM vikAsa hotA rahA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM jahA~ pramattayoga se prANoM ke vyaparopaNa ko hiMsA kahA gayA hai, vahA~ amRtacandra ne puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM rAgAdi kI anutpatti ko hI ahiMsA kaha diyA hai-'aprAdurbhAvaH khalu rAgAdInAM bhvtyhiNseti"| kintu isa prakAra kI ahiMsA to

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312 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana vItarAgiyoM meM hI saMbhava hai| yaha ahiMsA kA utkRSTa rUpa hai| dvitIya rUpa mahAvratadhArI una zramaNa-zramaNiyoM meM upalabdha hotA hai jo tIna karaNa evaM tIna yogoM se hiMsA ke tyAgI hote haiN| ahiMsA kA tRtIya rUpa aNuvrata ke rUpa meM zrAvaka-zrAvikA svIkAra karate haiN| isameM sabhI niraparAdha trasa jIvoM ke hanana rUpa hiMsA kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| isa taraha hiMsA kA abhAva bhI ahiMsA hai tathA hiMsA kA alpIkaraNa bhI ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA kA jitane stara para pAlana kiyA jAya, utanA lAbhakArI hai| isalie hiMsA se bacane meM hI sabakA hita nihita hai| ahiMsA kA pAlana evaM hiMsA kA tyAga yadyapi Adhunika yuga kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai, tathApi jainAgamoM meM isake lie kisa prakAra ke tarka die gae haiM, unakA adhyayana hI prastuta nibandha kA pramukha pratipAdya viSaya hai| jaina pramANamImAMsA ke antargata pratyakSa evaM parokSa do pramANa pratipAdita haiN| parokSa pramANa meM smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka, anumAna evaM Agama pramANa kA samovaza hotA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM mukhyataH tarka evaM Agama-pramANa kA avalambana lekara ahiMsA ke aucitya kI sthApanA AgamoM ke AdhAra para kI jA rahI hai1. jIvana sabako priya hai __ AcArAMga sUtra meM spaSTa pratipAdana hai ki sabhI prANI jInA cAhate haiM, sabako AyuSya priya hai, sabako sukha anukUla evaM duHkha pratikUla lagatA hai| vadha sabako apriya evaM jIvana priya hai| sabhI jIvana kI icchA rakhate haiN| isalie kisI bhI jIva kA atipAta nahIM karanA cAhie, yathA - 'savve pANA piAuyA, sahasAtA dukkhapaDikUlA, appiyavadhA, piyajIviNo jiivitukaamaa| savvesiM jIvitaM piyN| nAtivAtejjaM kNcnnN| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai - 'savve jIvAvi icchaMti jIviuMna marijjiGa, tamhApANivahoghoraM, niggNthaavjjyNtinnN|"" hiMsA yA to prANI ke jIvana ko samApta kara detI hai yA usameM asAtA athavA duHkha utpanna karane meM nimitta hotI hai| isalie saba jIvoM kI bhAvanA kA Adara karate hue unakI hiMsA nahIM kI jAnI caahie| AcArAMga sUtra kI isa yukti se pratyeka prANI ke jIne ke adhikAra kI bhI sthApanA hotI hai| Adhunika yuga meM mAnavAdhikAra ke antargata manuSya ko hI jIne kA adhikAra pradatta hai, anya prANiyoM ko nhiiN| mahAvIra kI

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jainAgama sAhitya meM ahiMsA hetu upasthApita yuktiyA~ 313 ahiMsA sabhI prANiyoM ko jIne kA adhikAra pradAna karatI hai| yadi per3a-paudhe, pazu-pakSI Adi sabake jIne ke adhikAra yA unakI jIvana priyatA kI bhAvanA kA Adara kiyA jAe to unakI hiMsA meM nizcita hI kaTautI saMbhava hai| 2. sabhI jIva cetanAzIla haiM ___ jisa prakAra mAnava cetanAzIla prANI hai, usI prakAra anya jIvoM meM bhI cetanA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jainAgamoM meM ekendriya se lekara paMcendriya taka ke jIvoM meM jJAna-darzana svarUpa cetanA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| ekendriya jIvoM meM pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika evaM vanaspatikAyika jIvoM kA samAveza hotA hai, kyoMki inameM eka hI sparzanendriya hotI hai| dvIndriya jIvoM (laTa, keMcuA Adi) meM sparzana ke sAtha rasanA, trIndriya jIvoM (cIMTI Adi) meM ina donoM ke sAtha ghrANa tathA caturindriya jIvoM meM cakSu indriya sahita cAra indriyA~ hotI haiN| paMcendriya meM zrotrendriya bhI hotI hai| paMcendriya jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM- saMjJI arthAt mana vAle evaM asaMjJI arthAt mana rhit| manoyukta paMcendriya jIvoM meM manuSya, pazu, pakSI, uraparisarpa, bhujaparisarpa evaM jalacara jIva hameM dRSTigocara hote haiN| nArakI evaM deva bhI paMcendriya hote haiM, kintu vaikriya zarIradhArI hone ke kAraNa ve hamAre carmacakSuoM se dikhAI nahIM dete haiN| isa prakAra jIvoM kI vividhatA hai| kintu jIva choTe hoM yA bar3e, ekendriya hoM yA paMcendriya-sabhI jIva cetanAzIla haiN| cetanAzIla hone ke kAraNa hamArI unake prati AtmIyatA evaM saMvedanazIlatA apekSita hai| saMvedanazIlatA jAgRta karate hue AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai - tumaM si NAma taM ceva, jaM haMtavvaM ti mnnnnsi| tumaM si NAma taM ceva, jaM ajjAvetavvaM ti mnnnnsi| tuma si NAma taM ceva, jaM paritAvetavvaM ti mnnnnsi|| tumaM si NAma taM ceva, jaM parighettavvaM ti mnnnnsi| tumaM si NAma taM ceva, jaM uddavetavvaM ti mnnnnsi|" tuma vahI ho jise tuma mArane yogya samajhate ho, tuma vahI ho jise tuma zAsana karane yogya samajhate ho, tuma vahI ho jise tuma paritApa dene yogya mAnate ho, tuma vahI ho jise tuma gulAma banAne yogya mAnate ho, isI prakAra tuma vahI ho jise

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana azAnta karane yogya samajhate ho| ina vAkyoM meM manuSya kI saMvedanazIlatA ko gaharA kiyA gayA hai evaM hananIya, zAsanIya, paritApanIya Adi ke rUpa meM dekhe jAne vAle prANiyoM ko apane samAna samajhane tathA unake sthAna para apane ko rakha kara dekhane kI preraNA kI gaI hai| 314 AcArAMga sUtra meM vanaspati evaM manuSya meM jo samAnatA nirUpita kI gaI hai, vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vaijJAnikatA, saMvedanazIlatA evaM sUkSmadRSTi kI paricAyaka hai| vahA~ para nigadita hai ki jisa prakAra manuSya utpatti svabhAva vAlA, vRddhi svabhAva vAlA evaM cetanAzIla hai usI prakAra vanaspati bhI utpanna hotI hai, bar3hatI hai evaM cetanAzIla hai|" jagadIzacandra basu ke prayogoM ke pazcAt samasta vizva vanaspati meM cetanA svIkAra karane lagA hai, kintu prabhu mahAvIra ne 2600 varSa pUrva yaha tathya udghATita kara diyA thaa| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne yaha bhI kahA ki jisa prakAra manuSya ko chedA jAya to vaha mlAna hotA hai usI prakAra vanaspati bhI chede jAne para mlAna hotI hai| manuSya jaise AhAra karatA hai vaise vanaspati bhI AhAra karatI hai| donoM anitya, azAzvata, cayopacaya vAle evaM vipariNAma dharmI haiN| 14 sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA ki - se jahA nAmae mama assAyaM daMDeNa vA aTThINa vA muThThINa vA, lUNa vA kavAleNa vA, AuDijjamANassa vA, hammamANassa vA tajjijjamANassa vA tADijjamANassa vA paritAvijjamANassa vA kilAmijjamANassa vA uddavijjamANassa vA jAva lomukkhaNaNamAtamavi hiMsAkaraM dukkhaM bhayaM paDisaMvedemi, iccevaM jAva savve pANA jAva sattA daMDeNa vA jAva kavAleNa vA AuDijjamANA vA hammamANA vA tajjijjamANA vA tADijjamANA vA pariyAvijjamANA vA kilAmijjamANA vA uddavijjamANA vA jAva lomukkhaNaNamAtamavi hiMsAkaraM dukkhaM bhayaM paDisaMvedeti / evaM NaccA savve pANA jAva savve sattA Na haMtavvA, Na ajjAveyavvA, Na parighettavvA, va paritAveyavvA, uddaveyavvA / s arthAt jisa prakAra koI mujhe daNDa se, haDDI se, muSTi se, patthara se yA ThIkarI se mAre, tarjanA de, tAr3anA de, paritApa de, khinnatA utpanna kare, azAnta kare yAvat roma ukhAr3e to mujhe kitanI asAtA, hiMsAkArI duHkha evaM bhaya kA anubhava hotA hai|

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jainAgama sAhitya meM ahiMsA hetu upasthApita yuktiyA~ 315 isI prakAra sabhI prANa, bhUta, jIva evaM sattva ko DaNDe se yAvat kapAla se coTa mAre yAvat roma ukhADe (unheM kisI bhI prakAra kI yantraNA de) to unheM bhI kitane duHkha evaM bhaya kA anubhava hotA hogaa| aisA jAnakara sabhI prANa yAvat sattva na hantavya haiM, na zAsitavya haiM, na dAsa banAye jAne yogya haiM, na paritApanIya haiM aura na hI azAnta banAne yogya haiN| ___ sUtrakRtAMga kA yaha saMdeza sabhI prANiyoM meM AtmavadbhAva kI sthApanA karatA hai| jina kAraNoM se mujhe svayaM duHkha kA anubhava hotA hai, vaise kAraNa mujhe dUsare prANiyoM ke lie bhI upasthita nahIM karane caahie| 3. hiMsA karma-baMdhana kA hetu hai __ jaina AgamoM ke anusAra hiMsA se pApa karmoM kA Anava evaM phalataH baMdha hotA hai| dazavaikAlika sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ajayaM caramANo u, pANabhUyAiM hiNsi| baMdhai pAvayaM kamma, taM se hoi kaDuyaM phlN||" ayatanA (aviveka, pramattatA) se kArya karane vAlA prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa kaTuka phala dene vAle pApa karmoM kA baMdha karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra meM mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya evaM yoga ko baMdha kA hetu kahA gayA hai| hiMsA kA samAveza sthUla rUpa se avirati meM hotA hai| sUkSma rUpa se usa samaya azubha yoga, pramAda evaM kaSAya bhI rahate haiN| karma-baMdhana kA hetu hone se hiMsA tyAjya hai| ahiMsA se saMvara, nirjarA evaM mokSa kI prApti saMbhava hai| kyoMki ahiMsA dharma hai, vrata hai, samiti evaM gupti hai| ahiMsA kisa prakAra karmabaMdha kA kAraNa nahIM hai, isake lie kahA gayA hai jayaM care jayaM ciThe, jayamAse jayaM se| jayaM bhuMjato bhAsaMto, pAvakammaM na bNdhi||" yatanApUrvaka yadi calane, Thaharane, baiThane, sone, bhojana karane, bolane Adi kI pravRtti kI jAtI hai, to vaha pApakarma ke baMdhana kA kAraNa nahIM hotii| Age kahA gayA hai savvabhUyappabhUyassa sammaM bhUyAI paaso| pihiyAsavassa daMtassa, pAvaM kammaM na bNdhi|"

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316 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jo saba jIvoM ko samyak rUpa se apane samAna samajhakara unake sAtha vyavahAra karatA hai vaha Amnava kA nirodha karatA huA pApakarma kA baMdha nahIM krtaa| jo jIva ke samyak svarUpa ko na samajhakara vyavahAra karatA hai vaha karma-baMdha karatA hai aura usakA phala bhoganA par3atA hai| ataH karmabandhana se bacane ke lie hiMsA kA tyAga karanA Avazyaka hai| 4. hiMsA se hiMsA kI zuddhi nahIM hotI bhagavAna mahAvIra ne badale kI bhAvanA se kie jAne vAle kArya kA niSedha kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki rudhira se sane hue vastra ko yadi rudhira se hI dhoyA jAya to vaha svaccha nahIM ho sakatA- ruhikayassa vatthassa ruhireNaM ceva pakkhAlijjamANassa Natthi sohii|" isI prakAra hiMsA kA upacAra hiMsA nahIM hai| ahiMsA se hI hiMsA para kAbU pAyA jA sakatA hai| kSamA ke dvArA hiMsaka ko zAnta banAyA jA sakatA hai| kSamA se prahlAda bhAva utpanna hotA hai, maitrIbhAva kA sthApana hotA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- hiMsA to eka se bar3hakara eka hotI hai, kintu ahiMsA sabase bar3hakara hai- asthi satyaM pareNa paraM Natthi asatyaM pareNa prN|" 5. hiMsA ahita evaM abodhi kA hetu hai ___ hiMsA kisI bhI prakAra kI kyoM na ho, vaha ahita evaM ajJAna kA hI nimitta banatI hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- imassa ceva jIviyassa parivaMdaNamANaNa-pUyaNAe jAtimaraNa- moyaNAe dukkhapaDighAtaheuM se sayameva puDhavisatthaM samAraMbhati, aNNehiM vA puDhavisatthaM samAraMbhAveti, aNNe vA puDhavisatthaM samAraMbhaMte smnnujaannti|tNse ahitAe, taMse abodhiie| koI manuSya isI jIvana ke lie prazaMsA, Adara tathA pUjA kI prApti hetu, janma-maraNa evaM mokSa ke lie tathA duHkha kA pratighAta karane hetu pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vanaspatikAyika, trasakAyika evaM vAyukAyika jIvoM kI svayaM hiMsA karatA hai, dUsaroM se hiMsA karAtA hai tathA inakI hiMsA karane vAle kA anumodana karatA hai| yaha usake ahita evaM abodhi ke lie hai| yahA~ para bhagavAna mahAvIra kA saMdeza hai ki kisI uttama prayojana ke lie kI gaI hiMsA bhI ajJAna evaM

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317 jainAgama sAhitya meM ahiMsA hetu upasthApita yuktiyA~ ahita kA hI kAraNa banatI hai| yahA~ para yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kabhI-kabhI jIvana meM hameM hiMsA meM bhI hita dikhAI par3atA hai| bahuta sI dharmakriyAe~ bhI hiMsAyukta hotI haiM tathA kabhI hameM do hiMsAoM meM se eka hiMsA kA cunAva karanA par3atA hai| aise avasara para jaina dArzanikoM ne bar3I hiMsA kI apekSA choTI hiMsA yA alpa hiMsA ko svIkAra karane kA sujhAva diyA hai| bahu-Arambha athavA bahu-hiMsA ko jahA~ narakAyu ke bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai vahA~ alpArambha yA alpahiMsA ko manuSyAyu kA hetu pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai 123 dharmakriyAoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA ko jainoM ne hiMsA kI hI zreNI meM rakhA hai, dharma kI zreNI meM nahIM, jaisA ki AcArAMga sUtra ke uparyukta kathana se spaSTa hai / kintu dharmakriyA karate samaya bhAvoM kI zubhatA yA vizuddhatA ke kAraNa prAyaH bhAvahiMsA nahIM hotI hai| bhAvahiMsA hI baMdhana kA mukhya kAraNa banatI hai, dravya hiMsA nahIM | " bhAvoM kI vizuddha hone para hI jIva arihanta prajJapta dharma kI ArAdhanA ke lie udyata hotA hai| 24 25 6. ahiMsA meM sabakA kalyANa nihita hai praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM kahA gayA hai - aMhisA tasa - thAvara -: - savvabhUyakhemaMkarI" . sa evaM sthAvara sabhI prANiyoM ke lie ahiMsA kalyANakAriNI hai| sabakA hita karane vAlI ahiMsA sabake lie avazya upAdeya hai| hiMsA ahitakAriNI hai| vaha hiMsaka kA bhI ahita karatI hai, hiMsya ko bhI pIr3ita karatI hai tathA paryAvaraNa ko bhI pradUSita karatI hai| hiMsA ko Aja vizvastara para tyAjya mAnA jA rahA hai| 7. maitrIbhAva ke lie ahiMsA Avazyaka hai sUtrakRtAMgasUtra meM spaSTa kathana hai ki hiMsA karane, hiMsA karAne evaM hiMsA kA anumodana karane se vaira bar3hatA hai - saMya tivAya pANe, aduva'nnehiM ghAyae / haNaMtaM vANujANAi, veraM vaDDhai appaNo / / " ataH maitrIbhAva kI sthApanA ke lie ahiMsA Avazyaka hai / bhaya evaM vaira se uparata hokara manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha prANiyoM ke prANoM kA hanana na kare - nahaNe pANiNa pANe, bhayaverAo uvarae / "

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318 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 8. sabhI jIva pahale hI duHkha se pIr3ita haiM saMsArI jIva pahale se hI duHkhAkrAnta haiM, isalie hiMsA ke dvArA unheM aura adhika duHkhI nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie- savve akkaMtadukkhA ya, ato savve ahiNsiaa|" athavA duHkha sabako akAnta arthAt apriya hai, isalie bhI unakI hiMsA nahIM kI jAnI caahie| hiMsA se asAtA utpanna hotI hai jo azAnti, mahabhaya evaM duHkha rUpa hotI hai- savvesiM pANANaM, savvesiM bhUtANaM, savvesiM jIvANaM, svvesisttaannNasaayNaprinivvaannNmhbbhyNdukkhNttibemi|" 9. bhayabhItoM ke lie ahiMsA zaraNabhUta hai praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM ahiMsA ke saMdarbha meM pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA haiesA sA bhagavaI ahiMsAjAsAbhIyANaM vivasaraNaM, pakkhINaM vivagamaNaM, tisiyANaM viva salilaM, khuhiyANaM viva asaNaM, samuddamajjhe ya poyavahaNaM, cauppayANaM va AsamapayaM, duhaTThiyANaM va oshiblN|' yaha bhagavatI ahiMsA bhayabhItoM ke lie zaraNa hai| yaha pakSiyoM ke lie AkAza ke samAna, tRSitoM ke lie salila ke samAna, bubhukSitoM ke lie bhojana kI taraha, samudra ke madhya jahAja kI bhA~ti, catuSpadoM ke lie Azramasthala ke samAna tathA roga ke duHkha se grastoM ke lie auSadhibala ke samAna hai| 10. hiMsA duHkhajanaka hai AcArAMga sUtra meM pratipAdita hai ki yaha duHkha Arambhajanya hai- ArambhajaM dukkhamiNaM ti nnccaa| evamAhu smttdNsinno|" jo apanI sAtA yA sukha ke lie anya prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, vaha kuzIla dharmavAlA hotA hai - ahAhu se loge kusIladhamme bhUtAiM se hiMsati aatsaate| hiMsA kI duHkharUpatA ko AcArAMgasUtra meM isa prakAra bhI abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai - soccA bhagavato aNagArANaM ihamegesiM NAtaM bhavati-esa khalu gaMthe, esa khalu mohe, esa khalu mAre, esa khalu nire| yaha hiMsA kA kArya baMdhana meM paTakane vAlA, mUrchA utpanna karane vAlA, aniSTa meM dhakelane vAlA evaM naraka meM le jAne vAlA hai| kabhI hiMsA kA kArya saprayojana hotA hai, to kabhI niSprayojana-aTThA haNati aNaTThA hnnNti| yadi nirarthaka yA niSprayojana hiMsA kA pUrNa tyAga karate hue

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319 jainAgama sAhitya meM ahiMsA hetu upasthApita yuktiyA~ saprayojana hiMsA ko bhI yatanA, viveka yA samiti ke mAdhyaka se nyUna kiyA jAe to samasta mAnavajAti evaM sampUrNa prANijagat ko zAnti, sukha, samRddhi evaM Ananda kA anubhava ho sakatA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne kahA bhI hai- ahiMsA bhUtAnAM jagati viditaM brahma paramam / " jagat meM ahiMsA samasta prANiyoM ke lie parama brahma hai I samasta jagat ke jIvoM ke prati vAtsalyabhAva se pUrita tIrthakaroM ne isIlie ahiMsA kA upadeza diyA hai- esA sA bhagavaI ahiMsA jA sA aparimiya- NANadaMsaNadharehiM sIla - guNa - viNayatavasaMjamaNAyagehiM titthakarehiM savvajagajIvavacchalehiM tiloyamahiehiM jiNavarehiM suTaThu diTThA / " 11. karuNA jIva kA svabhAva hai hiMsA kA niSedha hI ahiMsA nahIM hai, apitu ahiMsA kA sakArAtmaka pakSa bhI hai, jo karuNA, anukampA, dayA, maitrI Adi ke rUpa meM abhivyakta hotA hai / anya jIvoM ke prati AtmavadbhAva ke sAtha unake duHkha-darda ko dUra karane kI bhAvanA bhI ahiMsA kA hI vistAra hai| eka-dUsare jIva kA niravadya evaM hitAvaha upagraha karanA jIva ke svAbhAvika lakSaNa meM sammilita hai- parasparopagraho jiivaanaam|" SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA meM karuNA ko jIva kA svabhAva nirUpita kiyA gayA - karuNAe jIvasahAvassa kammajaNidattavirodhAdo / " karuNA ke sAtha anukampA para bhI bala diyA gayA hai / anukampA ko samyagdarzana kA eka lakSaNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra dharma use kahA gayA hai jahA~ dayA hai | bhagavAna ne saba jIvoM kI rakSA evaM dayA ke lie pravacana pharamAyA thaa| 12 jainAgamoM meM saba jIvoM ke prati maitrI kA saMdeza milatA hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI prastuti ke sAtha ahiMsA ko AgamoM meM sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA 43 gayA hai| 44 sArAMza yaha hai ki AgamoM meM vibhinna sthaloM para bhinna-bhinna prakAra se ahiMsA ke pAlana evaM hiMsA ke tyAga kI preraNA kI gaI hai| yaha ahiMsA vyaktigata stara para bhI kalyANakAriNI hai to samAja evaM rASTra ke stara para bhI maMgalavidhAtrI hai| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa, bhraSTAcAra, AtaMkavAda jaisI Adhunika vizva kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bhI ahiMsA ke mAdhyama se sambhava hai| paryAvaraNa kA pradUSaNa hiMsA - janya hai|

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320 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana per3a-paudhoM kI hiMsA, jala evaM vAyu kI hiMsA, kITanAzakoM ke prayoga se hiMsA, pazu-pakSiyoM kI hiMsA Adi se paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa bar3hatA rahatA hai| bhraSTAcAra kI samasyA bhI tabhI utpanna hotI hai, jaba mana meM pradUSaNa kA bhAva ho| dUsaroM ko evaM apane ko hone vAlI pIr3A kA yadi pahale se hI bodha ho jAe to bhraSTAcaraNa kI ora mAnava pravRtta hI na ho| AcaraNa kI pUrNa zuddhatA evaM naitikatA ahiMsA ke hone para hI sabhaMva hai| ahiMsA ke hone para jIvana meM zAnti, sauhArda evaM prema kA ajamna jharanA bahatA hai| parivAra samAja evaM rASTra meM sarvatra zAnti evaM Ananda kA anubhava ahiMsA ke dvArA hI sambhava hai| sandarbha:1. dazavakAlika, 1.1 samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura 2005, 2. (a) sUtrakRtAMga 2.1 sUtra 679, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1991, pRSTha-499 (ba) AcArAMgasUtra 1.4.2 sUtra 138, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, dvitIya saMskaraNa 1989, pRSTha-126 3. sUtrakRtAMga, 2.1.680, pRSTha-500 4. sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.4.10, pRSTha-98 5. praznavyAkaraNa, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara,1983, 1.1, pRSTha-23 6. AcArAMga sUtra, 1.1.7, sUtra 62 pRSTha-36 7. sUtrakRtAMga, 1.9.9 pRSTha-361 8. pramattayogAt prANavyaparopaNaM hiNsaa|-tttvaarthsuutr, 7.8, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha,vArANasI, 1985 9. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, zloka 44, zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, 1966 10. AcArAMga sUtra, 1.2.3- sUtra 78 evaM 85, pRSTha-51 evaM 57 11. dazavaikAlika, 6.11, samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, caturtha saMskaraNa, 2005, pRSTha-180 12. AcArAMgasUtra 1.5.5, sUtra 170 pRSTha-186 13. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.1.5, sUtra 45, pRSTha-26 14. imaM pi chiNNaM milAti evaM pi chiNNaM milAsi, imaM pi AhAragaM evaM pi AhAragaM, imaM pi aNitiyaM eyaM pi aNitiyaM, imaM pi asAsayaM evaM pi asAsayaM, imaM pi cayovacaiyaM evaM

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jainAgama sAhitya meM ahiMsA hetu upasthApita yuktiyA~ 321 pi cayovacaiyaM, imaM pi vippariNAmadhammayaM eyaM pi vipprinnaamdhmmyN| - AcArAMgasUtra, 1.1.5, sUtra-45, pRSTha-26-27 15. sUtrakRtAMga, 2.1.679, pRSTha-499 16. dazavaikAlika, 4.1, pRSTha-76 17. dazavaikAlika, 4.8, pRSTha-79 18. dazavaikAlika, 4.9, pRSTha-80 19. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1.5, zailaka adhyayana, pRSTha-171,Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1989 20. khamAvaNayAe NaM palhAyaNabhAvaM jnnyi| palhAyaNabhAvabhuvagae ya savva-pANa-bhUya-jIva sattesu mittiibhaavmuppaaei|-uttraadhyynsuutr, 29.18, samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, tRtIya bhAga, 1989 21. AcArAMga sUtra, 1.3.4, pRSTha-113 22. AcArAMga sUtra, 1.1.2.13, pRSTha-9 23. (a) bahvAArambhaparigrahatvaM ca naarksyaayussH| - tattvArthasUtra, 6.16-pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, __ vArANasI, 1985 (ba) alpArambhaparigrahatvaM svabhAvamArdavArjavaM ca mAnuSasyA-tattvArthasUtra, 6.18 oghaniyukti, 747-749, niyuktisaMgraha, zrI harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA, jAmanagara, 1989 bhAvavisohIe vaTTamANe jIve arahaMtapannattassa ArAhaNayAe abbuddhei| - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 29.51-samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, tRtIya bhAga, 1989 praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, 2.1.108, pRSTha-165 sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.1.3, pRSTha-7 28. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 6.7, pRSTha-208 sUtrakRtAMga, prathama zruta skandha, adhyayana 1, uddezaka 4, gAthA 9 30. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.4.2, sUtra 139, pRSTha-126, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1989 31. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, 2.1.108, pRSTha-165 32. AcArAMga sUtra, 1.4.3.140, pRSTha-132 33. sUtrakRtAMga, 1.7.5, pRSTha-333

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322 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 34. AcArAMga sUtra, 1.1.2.14, pRSTha-9 35. praznavyAkaraNa, 1.1.18, pRSTha-23 36. svayambhUstotra, 21.4, svayambhUstotra tattvapradIpikA, zrI gaNezavarNI digambara jaina saMsthAna, vArANasI, 1993 37. praznavyAkaraNa, 2.1.109, pRSTha-167 38. tattvArthasUtra, 5.21 39. dhavalA, pustaka 13, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura pRSTha-362 40. (a) tadevaM prazamasaMveganirvedAnukampAstikyAbhivyaktilakSaNaM tattvArthazraddhAnaM ___ samyagdarzanam / - sabhASyatattvArthAdhigama sUtra 1.2, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa (ba) prazamasaMvegAnukampAstikyAbhivyaktilakSaNaM smyktvm|-dhvlaa, 1.1.4, zolApura 41. (a) dhammo dyaavisuddho|- bodhapAhuDa, 25, aSTapAhuDa, zrI seThI digambara jaina graMthamAlA, mumbaI (ba) dhammo dyaaphaanno| - kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 97, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, 1990 42. savvajagajIvarakkhaNadayaTThayAe pAvayaNaM bhagavayA sukhiy|- praznavyAkaraNa, 2.1.112 mittiM bhUesu kppe| - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 6.2 44. ahiMsA ke sakArAtmaka pakSa kI prastuti ke lie draSTavya pustaka -"sakArAtmaka ahiMsAH zAstrIya aura cAritrika AdhAra" - kanhaiyAlAla lor3hA, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 2004 43.

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aparigraha kI avadhAraNA aparigraha kA siddhAnta mAnava jAti kI khuzahAlI, mAnasika zAnti evaM sAmAjika samarasatA ke lie atyanta upayogI hai| yaha prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM ke saMrakSaNa, usake samyak vitaraNa evaM mahaMgAI para niyantraNa ke lie bhI upAdeya hai| aparigraha kI avadhAraNA mUlataH cetana prANiyoM evaM jar3a padArthoM para manuSya kI adhikAra-bhAvanA para niyantraNa karatI hai| sukha kI lAlasA ke kAraNa mAnava padArthoM evaM dhana kA saMgraha karatA hai tathA prANiyoM para adhikAra kara hukuma calAtA hai| parigraha kI isa vRtti ke kAraNa anya prANiyoM kI hiMsA hotI hai tathA jar3a padArthoM kA anAvazyaka saMgraha hone se samAja-vyavasthA gar3abar3A jAtI hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se kahA jAe to para-padArthoM ke prati mUrchAbhAva parigraha hai, jo Asakti evaM mamatva ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai| yaha mUrchAbhAva manuSya kI cetanA ko supta evaM saMvedanA zUnya banAkara bandhana meM DAla detA hai| yaha bandhana manuSya ko parAdhIna evaM duHkhI karatA hai, ataH parigraha tyAjya hai| vyaktigata zAnti evaM citta kI svasthatA ke lie bhI parigraha tyAjya hai to sAmAjika hita meM bhI padArtha-saMgraha rUpa parigraha kA tyAga-bhAva apekSita hai| aparigraha kA svarUpa parigraha kA abhAva yA alpatA hI aparigraha hai| aba yaha parigraha kyA hai? 'parigraha' zabda saMskRta bhASA kA zabda hai| prAkRta meM ise 'pariggaha' kahate haiN| isakI vyutpatti 'pari' upasargapUrvaka 'graha' dhAtu se 'ghaJ' pratyaya lagakara hotI hai| 'graha' dhAtu kA artha hotA hai grahaNa karanA yA pakar3anA aura parigraha kA artha hai- bhalI-bhAMti pakar3a lenA arthAt jakar3a lenaa| para-padArthoM ko mAnasika rUpa se pakar3e rakhanA yA unameM Asakti rakhanA hI parigraha hai| para-padArthoM meM svayaM kI AtmA ke atirikta sRSTi kI sArI vastue~, vyakti, dhana-sampatti, zarIra Adi sabhI padArtha sammilita ho jAte haiN| yaha padArtha merA hai, yaha mujhe cAhie, isakA vinAza merA vinAza hai, isakA vikAsa merA vikAsa hai, yaha to bar3hate rahanA cAhie, isase sukha bhoganA hai Adi samasta mAnasika vikalpa parigraha rUpI vRkSa kI hI zAkhAe~ haiN| isIlie kahA hai- "nathi eriso pAso paDibaMdho savvajIvANaM" (praznavyAkaraNasUtra, 1.5) arthAt

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana parigraha ke samAna jagat meM jIva ke lie koI bandhana nahIM hai| yaha bandhana manuSya ko parAdhIna banAtA hai| parigraha kA yaha AMtarika athavA vAstavika rUpa hai| 324 dazavaikAlika evaM tattvArthasUtra meM para - padArthoM evaM prANiyoM ke nimitta se jIva meM utpanna mUrcchA ko parigraha kahA gayA hai / ' mUrcchA vaha hai jo vyakti ko svahita se bebhAna kara detI hai, kisI aMza meM naze meM lA detI hai, vyakti apane hita se bekhabara hokara para-padArthoM evaM vyaktiyoM meM apanA sukha khojakara unase baMdhana ko prApta hotA hai| yaha parigraha bandhana svarUpa hai| vyakti svayaM unase baMdhatA hai| parigraha ko samajhane ke lie prAyaH Asakti evaM mamatva zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| manuSya jina vastu evaM vyaktiyoM meM apanA sukha mAnatA hai, jinameM saMrakSA evaM surakSA kI AzA rakhatA hai, unake prati vaha yA to Asakta hotA hai yA unake prati mamatva karatA hai| yaha parigraha mohakarma kA hI eka rUpa hai, ataH Abhyantara parigraha ke bhedoM meM mithyAtva, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, hAsya, rati, arati, zoka, bhaya, jugupsA, strIveda, puruSaveda va napuMsaka veda kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| ataH pUrNataH aparigrahI hone ke lie mohakarma kA kSaya anivArya hai| yaha AMtarika parigraha jo padArthoM se sambandha rakhane ke kAraNa hotA hai, upacAra se jaba padArthoM para hI Aropita kara diyA jAtA hai taba padArthoM ko bhI 'parigraha ' kahA jAtA hai| prAcIna kAla meM moTe rUpa se strI ke prati hI puruSa kI gaharI Asakti hotI thI, ataH usako 'parigraha' nAma diyA gyaa| saMskRta sAhitya ke mUrdhanya kavi kAlidAsa ne apanI prasiddha kRti 'abhijJAnazAkuntalam' meM parigraha zabda kA prayoga 'patnI' ke artha meM hI kiyA hai|' yaha Asakti anya vastuoM ke sAtha bhI hotI hai| ataH naukara-cAkara, gAya, baila, bhaiMsa Adi pazuoM tathA bhUmi, bhavana evaM anya bhogya - padArthoM ko bhI parigraha kI koTi meM samAviSTa kiyA gyaa| Aja vaijJAnika anusaMdhAna ke pariNAmasvarUpa bhogya-padArthoM kI agaNita vRddhi huI hai| vividha prakAra kI sukha-suvidhAoM kA vistAra huA hai| kaI suvidhAe~ pratyeka parivAra ke lie Avazyaka bana gaI haiN| naye-naye padArthoM kA saMgraha karane kI manovRtti manuSya meM janma letI jA rahI hai, kintu padArtha ananta haiM, unakA koI pAra nahIM, ataH vastuoM kA saMgraha - rUpa parigraha bar3hatA jA rahA hai| isa parigraha kA mUla

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aparigraha kI avadhAraNA 325 kAmanA hai| kAmanA unakI hotI hai jinase hameM sukha-suvidhA kA anubhava hotA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- 'kAmesu giddhA NicayaM kareMti' (AcArAMga sUtra, 1.3.2, sUtra 113) jo kAma-bhogoM meM gRddha yA Asakta haiM ve saMcaya karate haiN| saMcaya ke do prakAra haiM- svarNAdi padArthoM kA saMcaya evaM karmoM kA sNcy| kAmanAoM ke kAraNa ye donoM prakAra ke saMcaya hote haiN| gRhastha kI apekSA vartamAna meM parigraha ke svarUpa ko pratipAdita karate hue kahA jAtA hai ki AvazyakatA se adhika vastuoM kA saMgraha karanA hI parigraha hai| AvazyakatA ko paribhASita karanA duSkara kArya hai| pratyeka vyakti kI AvazyakatA ke mAnadaNDa bhinna-bhinna ho sakate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki amerikA meM jo padArtha vyakti kI AvazyakatA ke rUpa meM gine jAte haiM, ve hI bhArata meM vilAsitA ke rUpa meM gine jAte haiN| sAre arthazAstrI milakara bhI AvazyakatA ke viSaya meM ekamata nahIM ho sakate haiM, kyoMki AvazyakatA kA kSetra nirantara bar3hatA jA rahA hai| aba azana, vasana evaM nivAsa kI AvazyakatA ke atirikta bhI aneka icchAoM ko AvazyakatA kI paridhi meM sammilita kiyA jA rahA hai| jo bhI ho, icchAoM kA kahIM bhI parimANa kiyA jAe, sImAMkana kiyA jAe to bhI parigraha-parimANa ke rUpa meM gRhastha kathaMcit aparigraha ke dAyare meM AtA hai| parigraha-parimANa vrata parigraha ko eka doSa mAnakara usakI abhivRddhi ko rokane ke saMkalpa evaM prayatna ko sUcita karatA hai| ___ 'na parigrahaH iti aprigrhH|' aparigraha zabda meM naJ samAsa hai| naJ kA 'a' zeSa rahatA hai, jisakA saMskRta bhASA meM chaha arthoM meM prayoga hotA hai- sAdRzya, abhAva, bhinnatA, alpatA, aprAzastya aura virodh| ina arthoM meM se yahA~ Abhyantara stara para abhAva artha meM prayoga huA hai, ataH abhAva artha meM aparigraha kA artha hogA- parigraha kA na honaa| parigraha kA sarvathA abhAva hI aparigraha hai| bAhya aparigraha meM alpatA artha kA grahaNa kara alpa parigraha ko bhI aparigraha kahA jA sakatA hai| prabhu mahAvIra bAhya evaM Abhyantara donoM prakAra se parigraha-mukta the| unake sAtha zarIra thA, kintu usakA parigraha nahIM thA, kyoMki zarIra meM unakI Asakti nahIM

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326 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana thii| unhoMne aparigrahI banane hetu mahAvrata evaM aNuvrata kA upadeza diyaa| ___ parigraha sarvatra duHkha kA mUla mAnA gayA hai| isIlie 'AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai-"pariggahAo appANaMavasakkejjA" (AcArAMga 1.2.5 sUtra 89) arthAta parigraha se apane ko dUra rkho| parigraha kI bhAvanA zAnti evaM samatA ko bhaMga kara azAnti evaM viSamatA utpanna kara detI hai| jIvana meM AkulatA, viSAda aura nIrasatA kA viSa ghola detI hai| yaha hRdaya ko saMkIrNa, buddhi ko bhogonmukha, mana ko capala aura indriyoM ko aniyantrita banA detI hai| bAhara se sukha-sAmagriyoM kA ambAra lage hone para bhI bhItara se sukha ko sokha letI hai| parigraha kI kAmanA tRSNA ko uttarottara bar3hAkara manuSya ko ananta duHkha ke bhayAnaka jaMgala meM chor3a detI hai jahA~ para bhaTakAva ke atirikta koI mArga dikhAI nahIM detaa| parigraha ke duSpariNAma parigraha bhAva ke aneka duSpariNAma pratIta hote haiN| unameM katipaya isa prakAra sambhava haiM- 1. anya manuSyoM ke prati saMvedanazIlatA kA samApana, 2. vyavahAra meM kaThoratA evaM krUratA kA praveza, 3. svahita se anabhijJatA, 4. hiMsA meM abhivRddhi, 5. dharma-zravaNa evaM dharmAcaraNa meM aruci, 6. pradarzana kI bhAvanA meM vRddhi, 7. mAnavIya mUlyoM kA hAsa, 8. para-padArthoM ke prati Asakti ke kAraNa Atma-vikAsa kI upekSA, 9. Atma-vikAsa kI upekSA se padArtha-vistAra meM ruci, 10. anAvazyaka saMgraha kI pravRtti, jisase vastu ke vitaraNa meM avyavasthA evaM samAja meM Arthika asantulana, 11. kama zrama meM adhika lAbha prApta karane kI pravRtti, 12. lobha evaM tRSNA kI satata upasthiti, 13. anaitikatA, kAlAbAjArI, rizvatakhorI evaM bhraSTAcAra ko protsAhana, 14. vastuoM ke anAvazyaka saMgraha se maMhagAI meM vRddhi, 15. prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA dohana, 16. dhana-saMgraha evaM vyApAra meM pratispardhA tathA hiMsA kA prayoga, 17. asatya, corI Adi doSa, 18. vilAsitA kA prayoga karate hue hiMsA Adi doSa, 19. IrSyA, dveSa evaM tanAva meM abhivRddhi, 20. zArIrika evaM mAnasika asvasthatA, 21. pArivArika vaimanasya evaM kalaha, 22. ahaM kI puSTi, 23. lobha ke kAraNa asantoSa, 24. mAnavIya mUlyoM se adhika dhana ko mahattva aadi| inameM kucha doSa AdhyAtmika haiM to kucha sAmAjika evaM Arthika asantulana se

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aparigraha kI avadhAraNA 327 smbddh| zArIrika, mAnasika evaM mAnavIya mUlyoM se sambaddha hAniyA~ bhI inameM sammilita haiN| hRdayahInatA evaM krUratA kA praveza dhana evaM padArthoM ke saMgraha meM lage vyakti kI anya manuSyoM evaM prANiyoM ke prati saMvedanazIlatA prAyaH samApta ho jAtI hai| vaha lobha kI mUrcchA ke kAraNa apanI kAmanAoM kI pUrti ko hI sarvocca mAnatA hai tathA anya prANiyoM ke sukha-duHkha kI paravAha nahIM krtaa| vaha dUsaroM kA zoSaNa karake bhI dhanavAnoM kI zreNI meM uccatara sthAna prApta karanA cAhatA hai| isa manovRtti ke kAraNa dUsaroM kI to hAni hotI hI hai, kintu svayaM meM bhI krUratA evaM hRdayahInatA kA prabhAva bar3hatA jAtA hai| krUra evaM hRdayahIna vyakti dUsaroM ke duHkha meM duHkhI nahIM hotA tathA vaha sabake prema se vaMcita hotA hai| vaha sampattizAlI hokara bhI dUsaroM se prema pAne meM vipanna ho jAtA hai / mAnavIya prema sambandha tyAga evaM samarpaNa para jIvita rahate haiN| krUra evaM hRdayahIna vyakti svayaM kI sukha-lolupatA evaM parigraha bhAvanA meM itanA andhA hotA hai ki vaha mAnavIya prema bhAvanA kA Adara nahIM kara pAtA hai / vaha mauja-mastI ke lie to bar3I hoTaloM aura klaboM meM jAtA hai tathA vivAha Adi samAroha meM dhana kA pradarzana kara rutabA jamAnA cAhatA hai, kintu dUsare kI pIr3A ko dUra karane meM vaha saMvedanA zUnya dikhAI detA hai| dhana kI lAlasA vAle parivAra prAyaH kalaha meM jIte haiM, kyoMki unameM dhana kA abhimAna aura suvidhA kI lipsA kA svArtha sarvopari hotA hai| dhana kA sadupayoga na karane kA duSpariNAma parigrahI yA dhanI vyakti parigraha ke duSprabhAva se tabhI baca sakatA hai jaba vaha saMgRhIta vastuoM aura dhana kA sadupayoga mAnava mAtra athavA prANimAtra ke hita meM karane ko tatpara ho| jisa prakAra hamArA bhojana udara ke mAdhyama se sabhI aMgoM ko poSaNa detA hai, usI prakAra saMgraha karane vAle ke mAdhyama se jarUratamandoM kI AvazyakatAe~ pUrNa honI cAhie | arjita dhana ke sambandha meM jaba yaha ahaMkAra hotA hai ki yaha dhana maiMne kamAyA, yaha mesa hai, dUsare ke kAma meM nahIM A sakatA, to vaha dhana usa saMgrahI vyakti ke lie bhI ghAtaka bana jAtA hai| vaha dhana yA to use vilAsitA kI ora le jAtA hai yA phira krUratA kI ora / vilAsI jIvana meM

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328 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sukha-bhoga to hai, kintu usakI nirantaratA nIrasatA meM badala jAtI hai| aise vyakti kI jaba icchAe~ yA mahattvAkAMkSAe~ pUrNa nahIM hotI haiM to vaha tilamilAtA hai tathA kabhI Diprezana kA zikAra ho jAtA hai| AcArAMgasUtra ke anusAra kAmanAoM meM Abaddha vyakti unake pUrNa na hone para zoka karatA hai, khinna hotA hai, kupita hotA hai, A~sU bahAtA hai, pIr3A aura paritApa kA anubhava karatA hai| Diprezana Adi ina duSpariNAmoM se bacane ke upAya haiM- tyAga, prema aura sevaa| Asakti kA tyAga hI tyAga hai, dUsaroM ko apanI bhAMti samajhanA prema hai tathA apane ko prApta dhana Adi kA dUsaroM ke lie sadupayoga karanA sevA hai| buddhi evaM bhAva kA upayoga ___prAyaH dhanika vyakti parigrahI hotA hai| usake pAsa buddhi bhI hai aura bhAva bhI hai, buddhi kA upayoga vaha dhana ke saMgraha evaM usakI surakSA meM karatA hai tathA bhAvoM kA upayoga arjita dhana evaM padArthoM ke prati Asakti meM karatA hai| vicAroM se vaha saMkIrNa hotA hai, use dhana apanI surakSA kA evaM khuzahAlI kA hetu dikhAI detA hai| vaha samajhatA hai ki mujhe duniyA meM jo kucha milanA hai isI dhana-sampadA se milegA, isa taraha kA bhrama bhI vaha pAla letA hai| yaha bhrama use bhaTakAtA hai tathA kadAcit aisI duHkhada paristhitiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM ki vaha dhana se una para vijaya prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| use hatAzA evaM nirAzA kA anubhava hotA hai| udAra vyakti prAyaH Diprezana kA zikAra nahIM hotaa| vaha buddhi kA upayoga dhana ke arjana evaM rakSaNa meM karake bhI pIr3itoM evaM jarUratamandoM kI madada ke lie tatpara rahatA hai, isase use bhItarI sukha kA anubhava hotA hai| usa sukha kA rasa use Diprezana se bacAye rakhatA hai| bhAvoM ke stara para manuSya kI svasthatA anivArya hai aura vaha svasthatA, udAratA, prema, sahAnubhUti, tyAga Adi sakArAtmaka bhAvoM se sambhava hai| parigrahI meM saMyama evaM indriyanigraha nahIM parigrahI (Asakta) vyakti indriya-saMyama, tapa evaM niyama kA pAlana nahIM kara pAtA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- "Na ettha tavo vA, damo vA, Niyamo vA dissti|" (1.2.3, sUtra 77) jo parigrahI vyakti zarIra evaM padArtha-sukha ke prati Asakta hotA hai, vaha svAda-vijaya, anazana Adi kA tapa svecchA se nahIM kara

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aparigraha kI avadhAraNA 329 pAtA hai| vaha indriyoM para nigraha bhI nahIM kara pAtA, kyoMki parigraha kA janma hI indriya-janya sukha para AdhArita hotA hai| parimita samaya ke lie bhoga-upabhoga kI vastuoM ke pratyAkhyAna rUpa niyama kA bhI pAlana nahIM kara pAtA hai| (AcArAMgabhASya 1.2.3, sUtra 59 kA bhaassy)| isakA tAtparya hai ki AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vaha apanA vikAsa karane meM asamartha hotA hai| jisa kSaNa vyakti ko ina para-padArthoM, dhana-sampatti evaM parijanoM ke prati Asakti asahya lagatI hai to vaha usI kSaNa inheM tyAgakara pravrajita ho jAtA hai| yahI nahIM vaha samasta bandhanoM se mukti ke lakSya ko prApta karane meM bhI saphala ho jAtA hai| parigraha kisake lie? ___ kucha loga yaha kahate haiM ki ve apane lie dhanArjana nahIM karate, parivAra ke sadasyoM kI sukha-suvidhA tathA baccoM ke adhyayana aura unnayana ke lie dhana evaM padArtha kA saMgraha karate haiN| yadyapi pArivArikajanoM ke samucita vikAsa evaM pAlana-poSaNa hetu sAmagrI juTAne kA dAyitva parivAra ke pramukha sadasya kA hotA hai tathApi vaha apanI pArivArika janoM ke prati Asakti hone ke kAraNa tathA svayaM ke dhana sampadA kamAne meM rasa ke kAraNa krUra evaM anaitika karma karake bhI dhana-saMgraha meM lagA rahatA hai aura anta meM duHkha prApta karatA hai| AcArAMga sUtra ke zabdoM meM"iti se parassa aTThAe kUrAI kammAI bAle pakuvvamANe teNa dukkheNa mUDhe vippriyaasmveti|" (AcArAMga 1.2.2, sUtra 79) arthAt ajJAnI puruSa dUsare ke lie krUra karma karatA huA, duHkha meM mUDha hokara viparyAsa ko prApta karatA hai| sukha ke sthAna para use duHkha prApta hotA hai, yahI viparyAsa hai| icchA kA parimANa manuSya yaha jAne ki usako jIne ke lie kitanI evaM kina vastuoM kI AvazyakatA hai| isakA ThIka se mUlyAMkana kara vaha apanI icchAoM ko sImita kara sakatA hai| jisa prakAra vartamAna kAla meM kama santAna ko sukha kA eka AdhAra mAnA gayA hai usI prakAra icchAoM kI sImA bhI jIvana kI yAtrA ko apekSAkRta sukhI banA detI hai| adhika icchAe~ manuSya ko azAnta banAtI haiN| icchAoM para niyantraNa bhI jJAnapUrvaka honA caahie| yaha jIvana sImita hai, asImita bhogecchAoM ko

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330 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana pAlanA duHkha ko AmantraNa denA hai| icchA kI pUrti ke pazcAt manuSya ko jo sukha kI pratIti hotI hai, vastutaH vaha icchA yA kAmanA kA abhAva hone se hotI hai| jina santa-mahAtmAoM ke padArtha saMgraha kI kAmanA nahIM hai, ve usa gRhastha kI apekSA sukhI dekhe jAte haiM, jo kAmanAoM ke jaMjAla meM phaMsA huA hai| ataH sukha se jIne ke lie icchAoM kA parimANa karanA Avazyaka hai| adhika icchAoM vAle (maheccha) evaM alpa icchA vAle (alpeccha) manuSya meM bhI mahad antara hotA hai| yahA~ unake jIvana ke katipaya antara prastuta haiMmaheccha yA parigrahI mAnavakA jIvana 1. tanAva grasta evaM azAnta 2. apane samakakSa janoM ke prati IrSyA-dveSa se yukta 3.prApta sukha-sAdhanoM se asantuSTa, ataH unase bhI sukhI nahIM 4. raktadAba (Blood Pressure), madhumeha (Diabetes) Adi rogoM se AkrAnta 5. pArivArika kalaha evaM azAnti 6. dUsaroM ko kaSTa dekara jIvanayApana 7.Arthika asantulana 8. anaitikatA pUrvaka arjana ko protsAhana 9.niSThuratA evaM saMvedanahInatA meM vRddhi 10. paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ko bar3hAvA 11. aparAdha meM vRddhi alpeccha yA parigraha parimANakartA mAnava kA jIvana 1. apekSAkRta tanAvarahita evaM zAnta 2. apane samakakSoM ke prati premabhAva, mahecchoM ke prati bhI IrSyA-dveSa nhiiN| 3. prApta sukha-sAdhanoM se santuSTa 4. anekavidha rogoM se mukta 5. parivAra meM apekSAkRta zAnti evaM sauhArda kA vAtAvaraNa 6. dUsaroM ko kama se kama kaSTa dete hue jIvana-yApana 7. Arthika abhAva kI anubhUti nyUna

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aparigraha kI avadhAraNA 331 8. naitikatA pUrvaka arjana sambhava 9. karuNA evaM saMvedanazIlatA 10. paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa 11. aparAdha meM nyUnatA aparigraha evaM nirdhanatA nirdhanatA evaM aparigraha kA sambandha vastuoM ke saMgraha yA asaMgraha se nahIM hai| aparigrahI hone kA tAtparya nirdhana yA daridra honA nahIM hai| yadi aisA ho to sabhI per3a-paudhe, kIDe-makor3e, pazu-pakSI Adi nirdhana hone se aparigrahI kahe jaayeNge|' sabhI bhikhArI nirdhana hone se aparigrahI kI zreNi meM A jaayeNge| vastutaH jisane samajha bUjhakara para-padArthoM ke prati Asakti evaM mamatva kA tyAga kiyA hai vaha hI aparigrahI kI zreNi meM AtA hai| gRhastha jIvana meM nirdhana honA jIvana ko saMkaTa meM DAlanA hai| yathocita dhana yA AjIvikA kA sAdhana bhI Avazyaka hai, kintu dhana evaM padArthoM ke prati jo mamatva evaM Asakti hai use tyAgane kI AvazyakatA hai| aparigraha kA siddhAnta vaibhava sampanna vyaktiyoM ke lie jitanA hitakara hai utanA hI vaibhavahIna vyaktiyoM ke lie bhI hai| eka ke pAsa dhana hai, dUsare ke pAsa nahIM hai, kintu mUrchA yA mamatva donoM meM hai| ataH usa mUrchA kI vimukti ke lie aparigraha dharma kA upadeza donoM vyaktiyoM ke lie samAnarUpa se upAdeya hai|' aparigraha kI AvazyakatA ataH para padArthoM ke prati Asakti evaM mamatva na ho- yahI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke aparigraha siddhAnta kA mUla lakSya hai| isa siddhAnta ko jIvana meM AtmasAt karane para zAnti, samatA evaM prasannatA prApta hotI hai| nirAzA, asaMtoSa, evaM nIrasatA ke bAdala chaMTa jAte haiN| sadaiva prema, dayA evaM karuNA kI ajasradhArA pravAhita hone lagatI hai| bandhana kA aMta evaM mukti kA udaya hotA hai| parAdhInatA kI beDiyA~ TUTa jAtI haiN| yaha merA bhavana hai, yaha merI bhUmi hai, yaha merA baiMka-baileMsa hai, yaha merA naukara hai, yaha merA bhavya kAryAlaya hai Adi vAkya mamatvabuddhi ke sUcaka haiN| merepana kI buddhi chUTane para mamatva chUTatA hai, ataH AcArAMga meM kahA gayA hai- 'je

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332 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana mamAiya-matiM jahAti, se jahAti mmaaiyN|' (AcArAMgasUtra, 1.2.6, sUtra 156) arthAt jo mamatva yA parigraha kI buddhi kA tyAga karatA hai vaha parigraha kA tyAga karatA hai| jaba taka mamatvabuddhi rahatI hai taba taka vyakti ke citta meM saMsAra rahatA hai tathA vaha usake cipakAva evaM bandhana se rahita nahIM ho pAtA hai| _ 'IzAvAsyopaniSad' (maMtra 1) meM bhI Asakti chor3ane hetu prerita karate hue kahA hai IzAvAsyamidaMsarva ytkinycjgtyaaNjgt| tena tyaktena bhuJjIthAH, mAgRddhaH ksysviddhnm|| arthAt isa saMsAra ke padArthoM kA tyAga bhAva se bhoga karo tathA kisI ke dhana ke prati Asakta mata bno| tyAga bhAva se bhoga karane kA artha hai- Asakti tyAga athavA aprigrh| tyAgabhAva ke kAraNa bhogya padArthoM ke sAtha sambandha sthApita nahIM hotA, phalasvarUpa parigraha nahIM hotaa| yahI bhAva 'bhagavadgItA' meM bhI hai| zrIkRSNa phala kI kAmanA se rahita hokara kArya karane kI preraNA dete haiN| phala kI kAmanA hI Asakti ko janma detI hai aura usase rahita hone para jo kArya kiyA jAtA hai vaha bA~dhatA athavA jakar3atA nahIM hai| prANI tanAvagrasta nahIM hotA, vaha parigraha se pare rahatA hai| bhagavadgItA meM 'aparigraha' zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| vahA~ yoga sAdhanA ke lie parigraha rahita honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| DaoN. dayAnanda bhArgava ne aparigraha kA artha karate hue kahA hai- "aparigraha kA eka artha yaha hai ki manuSya apane Apako bhogya padArthoM kA svAmI na smjhe| svAmitva kA artha hai- dUsare ko apanA dAsa banAne kI icchA ki vaha hamAre anukUla cle| yadi vaha vaisA nahIM karatA hai to hameM duHkha hotA hai| aparigraha kA dUsarA artha hai- hama parigraha ke gulAma na ho jaaeN| parigraha kI gulAmI kA artha hai- praadhiintaa| aparigraha kA artha hai svtntrtaa| padArthoM kA upayoga kareM, kyoMki padArthoM ke binA jIvanayAtrA sambhava nahIM hai, kintu padArthoM ke gulAma na bneN|' DaoN. sAgaramala jaina bhI yahI bAta kahate haiM ki hameM vastuoM ke prayoga kA adhikAra hai, unake svAmitva kA nhiiN| 'kaThopaniSad' meM eka kathA AtI hai jisameM yama se naciketA AtmA kI amaratA ke viSaya meM jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai aura jAnanA cAhatA hai ki AtmA

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aparigraha kI avadhAraNA 333 kyA hai? yama naciketA kI parIkSA lene hetu uttara ko TAlate hue dhana-sampatti, bhautika sukha-samRddhi evaM aizvarya kA pralobhana detA hai| vaha kahatA hai-'he naciketA! tuma sau-sau varSoM taka jIne vAle putra aura pautroM ko mAMga lo| gAya, bher3a, hAthI, svarNa, ghor3e aura vizAla bhU-maNDala ke sAmrAjya ko mAMga lo tathA ina sabako bhogane ke lie saikar3oM varSoM taka jIvita rho| kintu naciketA inakI yathArthatA ko jAnatA hai aura kahatA hai- 'na vittena tarpaNIyo mnussyH|" arthAt manuSya kabhI bhI dhanAdi dvArA tRpta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vaha kahatA hai mujhe AtmA kI amaratA ke rahasya ko jAnanA hai| ye saba dhanAdi to vinazvara haiN| ___ hama dhana kI abhivRddhi meM lage rahate haiM, kintu tRpti dUra bhAgatI najara AtI hai| dhanAkAMkSA kA kahIM aMta nahIM hai| yauvana se vRddhAvasthA taka pahu~cane para bhI dhana kI lAlasA arthAt tRSNA taruNa rahatI hai| tRSNA kI Aga kA zamana karane ke lie hI parigraha-parimANa evaM upabhoga-paribhoga-pariNAma vratoM kI preraNA kI gayI hai| ye donoM vrata sAdhana haiM- aparigraha evaM anAsakti taka pahu~cane ke lie| kSetra-vAstu, hiraNya-svarNa, dopada-caupada, dhana-dhAnya, kuviya-dhAtu Adi kA parimANa evaM karmAdAna kI AjIvikA kA tyAga karane se tRSNA evaM parigraha para niyantraNa prArambha hotA hai| parigraha kA bAhya niyantraNa AMtarika niyantraNa ko puSTa karatA hai| vastutaH AMtarika niyantraNa hI parigraha kA saccA niyaMtraNa hai aura vahI parigraha janita duHkha ko samApta kara sakatA hai| 'dazavaikAlika' sUtra ke caturtha adhyayana meM kahA hai jayAcayaisaMjogaM, sbbhiNtrbaahirN| tayAmuNDe bhavittANaM, pavvaieaNagAriyaM / / / arthAt bAhya evaM Abhyantara saMyoga (parigraha-Asakti) ko jo manuSya tyAga detA hai vaha muNDita hokara aNagAra banatA hai| vahI aNagAra duHkha se mukta hotA hai| __saMkSepa meM yadi kahA jAe to para padArthoM se mAnasika sambandha jor3a lenA hI unakA parigraha hai| padArtha, manuSya se, usakI AtmA se bAhara rahate haiM, kintu manuSya unameM apanI Asakti evaM adhikAra sthApita kara duHkhI hotA rahatA hai, unameM hI apanI AtmA ko samajhane lagatA hai| yaha bhrama (mithyAtva) hai aura yaha bhrama avivekapUrNa hai| viveka kI bAta to yaha hai ki para-padArthoM se mAnasika sambandha

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334 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kevala mAnA huA hotA hai| prANI cAhe to unameM sambandha na maane| sambandha na mAnate hI vaha aparigrahI ho jAtA hai| aparigrahI hone ke pazcAt duHkha se mukti mila jAtI hai| saMdarbha:1. (i) mucchA pariggaho vutto|- dazavaikAlika, 6.20 (ii) mUrchA parigrahaH |-tttvaarth sUtra, 7.12 2. parigrahabahutve'pi dve pratiSThe kulasya me| __samudravasanA corvI sakhI ca yuvyoriym||-abhijnyaanshaakuntl, 3.17 3. draSTavya, AcArAMga sUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1.2.5, sUtra 124 4. kanhaiyAlAla lor3hA, duHkharahita sukha, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 2005, pR. 172 5. AcArya mahAprajJa, AcArAMgabhASyam, jaina vizvabhAratI saMsthAna, lADanUM, 1994, sUtra, 174, pR. 150 6. yogI yujIta satatamAtmAnaM rahasi sthitH| ____ ekAkI yatacittAtmA niraashiirprigrhH||-bhgvdgiitaa 6.10 7. zrImadbhagavadgItA vipulabhASya, haMsA prakAzana, jayapura, san 2009, pR. 165 8. zatAyuSaH putrapautrAn vRNISva, bahUn pazUn hstihirnnymshvaan| bhUmermahadAyatanaM vRNISva, svayaM ca jIva zarado yaavdicchsi||-ktthopnissd, 1.1.13 9. kaThopaniSad, adhyAya 1, vallI 1, maMtra 27 10. dazavaikAlikasUtra,4.17

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parigraha - parimANavrata kI prAsaMgikatA Aja jahA~ vastuoM kI sulabhatA, dhana kI pracuratA, sAdhanoM kI suvidhA Adi ko vyakti, samAja evaM rASTra ke vikAsa kA mAnadaNDa samajhA jA rahA hai vahA~ parigraha-pariNAma vrata kI carcA kI kyA koI prAsaMgikatA hai, yaha vicAra kA viSaya hai| parigraha-parimANavrata to bAhUya dhana-sampadA ke svAmitva kI sImA bAMdhatA hai aura yaha yuga Arthika samRddhi kI ora agrasara hai| aise meM koI parigraha-parimANa vrata dhAraNa karatA hai to use Arthika samRddhi kaise prApta hogI ? ataH parigraha-parimANa vrata Arthika vikAsa meM bAdhaka pratIta hotA hai| kintu cintana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki vrata -grahaNa aura Arthika vikAsa donoM eka dUsare ke pUraka haiM, sahayogI haiN| parigraha-parimANavrata mAnava kI Atmika zAnti ke sAtha samucita Arthika vikAsa meM sahayogI hotA hai| parigraha kA parimANa mAnava ko jo amUlya nidhi pradAna kara sakatA hai, vaha artha ke asIma abhilASI ko kabhI bhI prApta nahIM ho sakatI / parigraha - parimANa vrata na kevala vyakti kI Atmika zAnti, santoSa evaM sukha ke lie Avazyaka hai, apitu samAja ke santulita vikAsa evaM rASTra kI samRddhi ke lie bhI Avazyaka hai| yaha arthazAstrI kenIja evaM mArksa kI mAnyatAoM se pare mAnava ko Abhyantara evaM bAhya donoM prakAra kI sampannatA pradAna karatA hai| Aja kA yuga vaijJAnika vikAsa ke sAtha Arthika vikAsa kA yuga hai| Aja samasta vikAsa arthakendrita hai| iMjIniyariMga meM jAne vAle chAtra hoM yA prabandhana meM, DaoNkTara bananA ho yA vakIla, prazAsanika adhikArI bananA ho yA udyogapati, prophesara bananA ho yA rAjanetA, prAyaH sabake kendra meM artha hai| artha ko jIvana-stara ke sudhAra kA AdhAra mAnA jAtA hai| deza kI nirdhanatA dUra ho, prativyakti Aya kA anupAta bar3he evaM sabake jIvana jIne kA stara U~cA uThe, vikAsa kI isa maMjila ke mUla meM Arthika samRddhi yA Arthika vikAsa ko AdhAra mAnA jA rahA hai| udyoga aba laghustara kI apekSA bRhatstara para, rASTrIya stara kI apekSA antararASTrIya stara para vistAra pAte jA rahe haiN| zikSA evaM bauddhika kSamatAoM kA bhI upayoga arthavyavasthA ke vikAsa meM hI kiyA jAnA apekSita samajhA jAtA hai| prAkRtika sampadA ho yA vaijJAnika utpAda, sabake dohana aura zoSaNa ko vyApAra kA hissA banAyA jA rahA

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hai / arthakendrita vyakti, samAja, rASTra evaM vizva ke samakSa bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA zrAvaka samAja ke lie pratipAdita parigraha pariNAma - vrata kitanA prAsaMgika raha gayA hai, yaha eka vicAraNIya bindu hai / artha ke sAtha gRhastha jIvana kA ghaniSTha sambandha hote hue bhI tanAva rahita -jIvana jIne ke lie parigraha kA parimANa Avazyaka hai / jo asImita icchAoM ke loka meM vicaraNa karatA hai vaha atRpta evaM azAnta banA raha kara duHkha ke sAgara meM DubakiyA~ lagAtA rahatA hai| usakA jIvana tanAva evaM dabAva se AkrAnta rahatA hai| mastiSka vividha cintAoM kI citA meM dagdha hotA rahatA hai / arthaprApti kI andhI asImita daur3a meM mAnava jinake lie dhana kamAtA hai, vaha unake lie hI samaya nahIM nikAla pAtA hai| 336 AcArAMga sUtra meM arthalobhI puruSa ke lie kahA gayA hai- 'aho ya rAo ya paritappamANe kAlAkAlasamaTThAI saMjogaTThI aTThAlobhI AlUMpe sahasakkAre viNiviTThacitte ettha satthe puNo puNo ' - ( AcArAMgasUtra 1.2.2 sUtra 72 ) / jo artha kA lobhI hotA hai vaha dina-rAta saMtapta rahatA hai, kAla - akAla meM bhI artha -prApti ke lie tatpara rahatA hai| icchita saMyogoM ko cAhatA huA vaha corI, hatyA evaM bhraSTAcAra kA Alambana lene meM bhI nahIM cUkatA hai / usakA citta dhanAdi artha kI prAtti meM hI lagA rahatA hai tathA usake lie hiMsA Adi karane ko bhI tatpara rahatA hai / isa prakAra AcArAMga kA yaha sUtra artha ke lobha ke kAraNa hone vAlI mAnasika sthitiyoM evaM doSoM kA khyApana karatA hai / parigraha kI bhAvanA hI artha ke prati lubdhatA utpanna karatI hai / aparigrahI ko lobha nahIM hotA, ataH usakA citta zAnta rahatA hai tathA vaha hiMsAdi anekavidha doSoM se baca jAtA hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM lobha ko naraka kA svIkAra karate hue kahA hai- lobhassa pAse NirayaM mahaMtaM / - (AcArAMga sUtra 1.3.2 sUtra 120) lobhI kI sthiti nAraka jIva kI bhAMti hotI hai jo sukha kI lAlasA meM viSayoM kA saMgraha karane hetu sannaddha rahatA hai, kintu anta meM use duHkha hI prApta hotA hai / nArakI jIva jisa prakAra eka-dUsare ko duHkha dete haiM, usI prakAra lobhI jIva bhI eka-dUsare ko duHkhI karate haiM / ve bhaya evaM AzaMkA meM jIte haiM / I artha-saMgraha kI asImita daur3a vAle ke lie Agama-vacana hai

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parigraha-parimANavrata kI prAsaMgikatA 337 kasiNaM pijo imNloyNpddipunnnnNdlejjikkss| teNAviseNasaMtusse, iiduppUraeime aayaa|| ___- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 8.16 yadi kisI vyakti ko samasta loka bhI de diyA jAya, to usase bhI vaha santuSTa nahIM ho sktaa| isalie mAnava ko apane lakSya kA sImAkaraNa kara lenA caahie| Ananda, kAmadeva Adi zrAvakoM ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakSa parigraha-parimANa vrata aMgIkAra kara svayaM ko prazama sukha ke mArga para prasthita kara liyA thaa| upAsakadazAMga sUtra meM Ananda Adi zrAvakoM ne hiraNya-suvarNa, caupAe pazu, kSetra-vAstu, zakaTavidhi, vAhanavidhi Adi kA parimANa kiyA thaa| aisA karake unhoMne apane jIvana ko aneka cintAoM se mukta banA liyA thaa| koI yaha samajhe ki dhana kA parigraha hamArA rakSaka hotA hai, saMkaTa ke samaya usakA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai to kahanA hogA ki bacata kie hue dhana kA saMkaTa meM upayoga ho sakatA hai, kintu usake prati mamatva rakhanA kadApi ucita nahIM hai| saMsAra meM jo bhI vastue~ yA dhana-sampatti hameM prApta huI haiM unake upayoga kA to hameM adhikAra hai, kintu unake anAvazyaka saMgraha evaM parigraha kA hameM adhikAra nahIM hai| dhanAdi kA adhika saMgraha bhI manuSya ko maraNa se nahIM bacA pAtA hai, isalie uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA - na vitteNa tANaM labhe pamatte / - (uttarAdhyayana, 4.5) arthAt pramatta manuSya dhana se trANa prApta nahIM kara sktaa|| parigraha kA artha bAhya bhautika vastuoM kA saMgraha mAtra nahIM hai| parigraha kA tAtparya hai mUrchA-mucchA pariggaho vutto (dazavaikAlika, 6.21) mUrchA kA tAtparya mamatva yA Asakti bhAva hai| para-vastu meM apanA mamatva yA svAmitva samajhanA parigraha hai| yaha vyakti ko cAroM ora se jakar3a letA hai| isalie ise parigraha kahA gayA hai| Agama meM parigraha ko duHkha evaM bandhana kA kAraNa pratipAdita karate hue kahA gayA hai - kimAha baMdhaNaM vIre, kiMvA jANaM tiuTTai ? cittamaMtamacittaM vA, parigijha kisaamvi| aNNaMvAaNujANAi, evNdukkhaannmucci|| - sUtrakRtAGga 1.1.1-2

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338 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sUtrakRtAGga sUtra meM prazna kiyA gayA - "bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bandhana kise kahA hai, tathA kyA jAnakara bandhana ko tor3A jA sakatA hai ?" gaNadhara sudharmA ne jambU svAmI ko uttara diyA hai - "jisakA cetana prANI yA acetana padArtho ke prati thor3A bhI parigraha hai athavA usa parigraha kA samarthana hai to vaha duHkha se mukta nahIM ho sktaa|" pUrNataH duHkha -mukti ke lie parigraha (mamatva) kA tyAga anivArya hai| yadyapi Agama meM mUrchA yA mamatva ko parigraha kahA hai, kintu isakA yaha Azaya nahIM ki gRhastha bAhya sAdhana-sAmragI yA dhana-sampadA kitanI bhI rakhe, aura mUrchA se rahita rhe| bAhya dhana-sampadA yA vastuoM kA svAmitva rakhate hue koI mamatva yA mUrchA se rahita nahIM ho sktaa| usa mUrchA ko niyantrita karane ke lie hI zrAvakAcAra meM icchA-parimANa yA parigraha-parimANa vrata ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| parigraha kA parimANa manuSya kI icchAoM kA sImAMkana kara detA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki parigraha ke sAtha Arambha, mithyAbhASaNa, caurya, lobha, ahaMkAra Adi sAre pApa jur3e hue haiN| jo alpeccha yA miteccha ho jAtA hai, kiM vA parigraha kA parimANa kara letA hai vaha saba pApoM ko niyantrita karane kI ora caraNa bar3hA letA hai| usako dUsare pApoM para bhI vijaya prApta karane meM AsAnI ho jAtI hai| ___ Abhyantara parigraha ke 14 bheda haiM- 1. mithyAtva 2. krodha 3. mAna 4. mAyA 5. lobha 6. hAsya 7. rati 8. arati 9. zoka 10. bhaya 11. jugupsA 12. strIveda 13. puruSaveda evaM 14. napuMsaka ved| isa prakAra Abhyantara rUpa se parigraha kA vistAra mithyAtva, cAra kaSAya evaM nau nokaSAya taka vyApta hai| ye sAre bheda mohakarma se sambaddha haiN| bAhya parigraha ke mukhyataH pA~ca prakAra nirUpita haiM- 1. hiraNya-suvarNa 2. kSetra-vAstu 3. dhana-dhAnya 4. dvipada-catuSpada tathA 5. kupyaadi-vstu| zrAvaka ina sabakI maryAdA karatA hai| vartamAna kAla meM parigraha yogya aneka vastuoM tathA sAdhana-sAmagrI kA vistAra huA hai| una sabakA bhI parimANa kie jAne kI AvazyakatA hai| Abhyantara evaM bAhya donoM prakAra ke parigraha meM kamI hone para jIvana AsAna ho jAtA hai| jo zrAvaka ina parigrahoM kA jitanA parimANa kara letA hai, vaha apanI jIvanayAtrA ko utanA sukhakara banA letA hai| Agama meM

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339 parigraha - parimANavrata kI prAsaMgikatA parigraha-parimANa ke sAtha AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM kI pavitratA para bhI dhyAna diyA gayA hai| aMgAra karma, vana karma Adi 15 vyavasAyoM ko hiMsA ke Adhikya evaM karmabandhana kA pramukha srota hone se zrAvaka ke lie tyAjya batAyA gayA hai| artha-vikAsa ke isa yuga meM gRhastha zrAvaka ke dvArA parigraha - parimANa ke aucitya ke sandarbha meM yahA~ para katipaya bindu prastuta haiM (1) prazna yaha hotA hai ki jisake pAsa paryApta dhana-sampadA hai vaha yadi parigraha parimANa kare to ucita pratIta hotA hai, kintu jisake pAsa khAne ko roTI nahIM, pahanane ko kapar3e nahIM, rahane ko AvAsa nahIM, AjIvikA kA sthAyI sAdhana nahIM, pratidina majadUrI kara jo udara kA bharaNa karatA ho usake dvArA parigraha-parimANa kiyA jAnA kyA ucita ho sakatA hai ? parigraha-parimANa vrata to usI ko suzobhita ho sakatA hai jisake pAsa mUlabhUta AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane ke pazcAt bhI paryApta sAdhana vidyamAna hoN| upAsakadazAMga sUtra kA adhyayana karane para jJAta hotA hai ki Ananda Adi zrAvakoM ke pAsa karor3oM svarNamudrAe~ thIM, taba unhoMne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mukhAravinda se parigraha kA parimANa kiyA / kisI nirdhana ne parigraha kA parimANa kiyA ho, aisA ullekha nahIM milatA / uparyukta prazna kA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara kiyA jA sakatA hai ki koI nirdhana bhAvI kI apekSA se vartamAna meM bhI parigraha parimANa kara sakatA hai / sambhava hai bhaviSya meM usake pAsa karor3oM kI dhana-sampadA ho jAe, ataH vaha usa apekSA se vartamAna meM bhI parigraha parimANa kare to anucita nahIM / parigraha - parimANa kA uddezya hai vastu evaM vyaktiyoM ke prati mamatva evaM Asakti ko heya samajhakara unake prati AkarSaNa ko kama karate hue pUrNataH samApta karanA / koI vyakti nirdhana hone se aparigrahI nahIM hotA / nirdhanatA evaM aparigraha meM mahAn bheda hai / nirdhana vyakti bhI dhana, vastu, bhavana Adi ke lie tIvra lAlasA evaM kAmanA mukta ho sakatA hai, to vaha bhI parigrahI hI hai / usa lAlasA ko jItanA hI aparigraha - siddhAnta kA mUla pratipAdya hai / ataH parigraha kA parimANa karate samaya parigraha rakhane kI adhikAdhika icchA tyAjya hai| kucha loga jitanI dhana-sampadA unake pAsa jIvana paryanta na ho sake, utane parigraha kI maryAdA karate haiM, jo samIcIna nahIM hai| Ananda Adi zrAvakoM ne parigraha

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340 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kA parimANa bhAvI kI apekSA se nahIM, jitanA unake pAsa thA usake AdhAra para kiyA thaa| zrAvaka ke taba ke evaM aba ke AcAra meM yaha eka pramukha bheda hai ki vartamAna meM zrAvaka kI vrata rakhate samaya bhI parigraha kI bhAvanA balavatI rahatI hai, jabaki Ananda Adi zrAvakoM meM vrata-aMgIkAra karane ke sAtha parigraha-tyAga kA bhAva ucca thaa| (2) icchA-parimANa yA parigraha parimANa se Arthika vikAsa avaruddha nahIM hotA, apitu parimANa se adhika arjita rAzi kA upayoga berojagAroM ko rojagAra upalabdha karAne meM athavA samAjahita yA rASTrahita ke upayogI kAryoM meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isase samAja meM Arthika santulana bhI banatA hai tathA hara jarUratamanda ko jIvana-nirvAha kA sAdhana mila jAtA hai| parigraha-parimANa vratI ke lie dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to jise apane lie nahIM cAhie, vaha dUsaroM ke lie upayogI bana jAtA hai| (3) vartamAna Arthika yuga meM upabhoktAvAda kA prabala prabhAva hai| bar3I-bar3I kampaniyA~ yA audyogika pratiSThAna apane utpAda becane ke lie manovaijJAnika DhaMga se dUradarzana, AkAzavANI, akhabAra, horDiMga Adi ke mAdhyama se aisA vijJApana karate haiM ki AvazyakatA na hone para bhI unheM kharIdane hetu manuSya kA mana bana jAtA hai| yahI nahIM kampaniyoM dvArA binA byAja ke kiztoM meM una utpAdoM kI upalabdhatA se grAhakoM ko AkarSita kiyA jAtA hai| baiMkoM dvArA pradatta RNa evaM kaizakArDa-kreDiTa kArDa bhI isameM apanI bhUmikA kA nirvAha kara rahe haiN| utpAdoM meM paraspara spardhA hai, isalie grAhakoM ko ahaM AkarSita kara Arthika kArobAra meM tejI lAyI jAtI hai| madhyama varga kA mAnava Aja apanI Aya se adhika vastuoM ko kraya karane meM apanI pratiSThA samajhane lagA hai| ghara para upalabdha ye vastue~ manuSya kI pratiSThA kI mAnadaNDa samajhI jA rahI haiN| jisake pAsa suvidhAoM kA jitanA ambAra hai, vaha utanA hI adhika pratiSThA prApta hai| isase mAnava kI asantuSTi kA grApha nirantara U~cA jA rahA hai| pahale jahA~ eka skUTara se vyakti santuSTa thA vahA~ Aja vaha eka kAra se bhI asantuSTa hai| aba use ghara ke pratyeka sadasya ke lie alaga-alaga kAreM caahie| ve bhI sAmAnya nahIM, vAtAnukUlita honI caahie| ve bhI nayA maoNDala nikalane para phira badala lI jAtI haiN| mobAila phona kI vividhatA evaM suvidhA sampannatA kA vistAra

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parigraha - parimANavrata kI prAsaMgikatA 341 tejI se ho rahA hai| yahA~ para do bindu ubhara kara Ate haiN| pahalA to yaha ki suvidhAoM kA jitanA vistAra yA vikAsa hotA hai, manuSya se saMtoSa utanA hI dUra hotA jAtA hai| yadi vaha parimANa yA niyantraNa karake calatA hai to sadaiva santuSTa raha sakatA hai / dUsarA bindu yaha hai ki vaijJAnika sAdhanoM evaM suvidhAoM se manuSya kI kAryakSamatA bar3hI hai| isa dRSTi se inakI upayogitA hai / kintu ina suvidhAoM ne usako parAdhInatA meM hI jakar3A hai tathA usake mAnasika evaM zArIrika svAsthya ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai| (4) Arthika vikAsa ko hI yadi kendra meM rakhA jAe evaM nyAya-nIti ko gauNa kara diyA jAya to aneka doSa utpanna hote haiM, yathA - anaitikatA, bhraSTAcAra, asaMyama, lobha, vastuoM kI dAsatA, zoSaNa, milAvaTa, taskarI, kAlA bAjArI, dhokhAdhar3I aadi| isake viparIta yadi mAnavava - hita ko lakSya meM rakhakara parigraha kI maryAdA ko protsAhana diyA jAe to uparyukta doSoM meM nizcita rUpa se kamI A sakatI hai| (5) mAtra artha-kendrita vikAsa manuSya kI vRttiyoM ko pazutva kI ora le jA sakatA hai| vaha use saMvedanAzUnya, krUra evaM svArthI banAtA hai, kintu parigraha - parimANa vrata manuSya ko jIvana mUlyoM se jor3e rakhatA hai, jisase vaha apanI duSpravRtiyoM para niyantraNa karane ke sAtha jagat ke anya prANiyoM ke prati saMvedanazIla, udAra evaM sahayogI banatA hai| Arthika vikAsa ke sAtha mAnavatA kA vikAsa bhI Avazyaka hai, jisameM parigraha-parimANa vrata kI mahatI bhUmikA ho sakatI hai| (6) parigraha kA parimANa aneka kAraNoM se mAnava jAti ke lie lAbhaprada hai, unameM se katipaya kAraNa isa prakAra haiM 1. parigraha parimANa mAnava ko Atma-santoSa evaM zAnti pradAna karatA hai| 2. ananta icchAoM ko sImita karane ke kAraNa vyakti manojayI, indriya-vijetA evaM Atma-vijetA banatA hai| 3. parimANa se adhika dhana hone para vyakti usakA janahita meM upayoga kara sakatA hai| 4. vaha jagat meM aneka lokopakArI kArya kara puNya kA saMcaya kara sakatA hai|

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342 - jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 5. parigraha pApa hai, ataH usakA tyAga evaM parimANa AtmahitakArI hai| 6. Arambha, mithyA bhASaNa, caurya, lobha Adi doSoM se bacane ke kAraNa Asrava kA nirodha kara karma bandhana se bacA jA sakatA hai| 7. jahA~ Anava-nirodha rUpa saMvara kI sAdhanA hotI hai, vahA~ pUrvakRta karmoM kI nirjarA bhI sahaja hI hone lagatI hai| 8. parigraha-parimANa karane vAlA vyakti nirdhana varga kI IrSyA kA bhAjana banane se baca jAtA hai| 9. hRdaya meM udAratA kI bhAvanA ko bala milatA hai, jo svayaM ko evaM dUsaroM ko prasanna rakhane meM sahAyaka hotI hai| 10. parigraha kA parimANa sarvajanahitAya sarvajanasukhAya hotA hai, kyoMki usameM sampadA para ekAdhipatya kI bhAvanA kA nAza ho jAtA hai| apanI pUrti hone ke pazcAt sarvakalyANa kA bhAva vikasita ho sakatA hai| samprati na kevala bhArata meM, apitu samasta vizva meM berojagArI, bhraSTAcAra, AtaMkavAda, aura paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyAe~ mu~habAyeM khar3I haiN| ina samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita parigraha parimANavrata eka sArthaka upAya siddha ho sakatA hai| berojagArI evaM nirdhanatA se pIr3ita vyaktiyoM ko Izvara yA bhAgya ke bharose chor3anA ucita nahIM hai| unake mana meM asIma icchAoM kI utpatti kA udAharaNa prastuta karanA bhI samucita nhiiN| unake lie zramaniSTha AjIvikA ke sAdhanoM kA vikAsa tathA tadanukUla zikSaNa kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| parigraha-parimANavratI zrAvaka-samAja isa dizA meM thor3e kSetra meM hI sahI, Adarza nidarzana bana sakatA hai| bhraSTAcAra kI samasyA purAtanakAla se calI A rahI hai| binA zrama ke dhana arjita karane kI lAlasA hI isakA mUla kAraNa pratIta hotI hai| vratI vyakti isa prakAra kI lAlasA se rahita hokara bhraSTAcAramukta vAtAvaraNa pradAna kara sakatA hai| dhana yA sattA kI prApti AtaMkavAda kA mukhya hetu hai| parigraha-parimANavratI svayaM isase mukta rahatA hai, sAtha hI dUsaroM ke lie bhI vaha preraka udAharaNa bana sakatA hai|

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343 parigraha- parimANavrata kI prAsaMgikatA paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA prAkRtika sampadA ke zoSaNa aura usake rAsAyanika parivartana kI prakriyA se jur3I huI hai / mAnava sukha-suvidhA ke jitane sAdhana juTAtA hai vaha utanA hI pradUSaNa phailAtA hai / parigraha vrata ko yadi vyApaka stara para svIkAra kara liyA jAe to paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA para eka sImA taka niyantraNa ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra parigraha - parimANa jahA~ Atmika zAnti, sauhArda evaM bhAvAtmaka samRddhi kA hetu hai, vahA~ vaha samAja, rASTra evaM vizva kI vibhinna samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa meM bhI sahAyaka hai /

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paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa meM bhogopabhoga-parimANavata kI bhUmikA paryAvaraNa kI azuddhi kA mAnava-jIvana para gaharA prabhAva par3atA hai| paryAvaraNa ke pradUSita hone para mAnava ke sarvavidha svAsthya ke lie khatarA utpanna ho jAtA hai| yahI nahIM prANimAtra kA jIvana saMkaTa meM par3a jAtA hai| isalie paryAvaraNa kI zuddhatA Avazyaka hai| paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa meM mAnava kA jitanA hAtha hai, utanA kisI anya prANI kA nhiiN| usakI gaMdI pravRttiyoM se vAyu, jala, pRthvI Adi sabhI prAkRtika tattva nirantara pradUSita ho rahe haiN| Aja vikAsa kI daur3a ke kAraNa prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA atyadhika dohana ho rahA hai tathA bhoga-upabhoga kI vastuoM meM nirantara vRddhi ho rahI hai, jisase paryAvaraNa meM anekavidha pradUSaNa utpanna ho rahe haiN| jaina dharma meM bhogopabhoga parimANa-vrata kA vidhAna hai, jisakI prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM ke anAvazyaka dohana tathA kacare se utpanna pradUSaNa ko rokane meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA ho sakatI hai| prastuta Alekha meM usakI carcA kI jA rahI hai| Agama-sAhitya meM paryAvaraNa cetanA paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa isa yuga kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai| paryAvaraNa aura usake saMrakSaNa ke saMbaMdha meM jainAgamoM meM paryApta cintana upalabdha hotA hai| AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, praznavyAkaraNa Adi AgamoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI paryAvaraNa-cetanA se ota-prota dikhAI par3atI hai| AcArAMga-sUtra meM paryAvaraNa ke prati bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vizada cetanA kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| unhoMne anubhava kara pratipAdita kiyA ki bahuta se jIva aise haiM, jinakI kAyA mAtra pRthvI hai, bahuta se jIva aise haiM jinakI kAyA mAtra jala hai| isI prakAra agni, vAyu evaM vanaspatikAyika jIvoM meM bhI mahAvIra ne cetanA kA anubhava kiyA / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne saba jIvoM meM isa tathya kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA ki sabhI prANiyoM ko AyuSya priya hai, sukha anukUla hai, duHkha pratikUla hai, vadha apriya hai, jIvana priya hai, sabhI jIva jInA cAhate haiM-"savve pANA piAuyA, suhasAtA dukkhapaDikUlA appiyavadhA piyajIviNo jIvitukAmA svvesiNjiivitNpiyN|" (AcArAMga sUtra 2.2.3) sabhI jIvoM ke prati ekAtmatA kA pratipAdana karate hue unhoMne kahA - "tumaMsi

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paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa meM bhogopabhoga - parimANavata kI bhUmikA 345 NAmataMcevajahaMtavvaMtti maNsi " (AcArAMga 1, 5.5) jise tuma mArane yogya samajhate ho, vaha tuma hI ho| arthAt tumhAre meM evaM anya jIva meM koI bheda nahIM hai| isI Azaya ko abhivyakta karate hue sthAnAMga sUtra meM cetanA kI dRSTi se AtmA ko eka bhI kahA gayA hai- 'egeAyA' (sthAnAMga sUtra 1.1) paryAvaraNaHjaina dRSTi meM hamAre cAroM ora jo kucha hai, vaha saba paryAvaraNa hai- paritaH AvaraNaM pryaavrnnm| hama bhI usa paryAvaraNa ke aMga haiN| yaha paryAvaraNa jaina darzanAnusAra do prakAra kA hai - sajIva aura nirjIvA dharma, adharma, AkAza evaM pudgala kA samAveza nirjIva paryAvaraNa meM tathA pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika, vanaspatikAyika evaM trasakAyika jIvoM kA samAveza sajIva paryAvaraNa meM hotA hai| yaha loka aneka sUkSma jIvoM evaM ajIva dravyoM se pUrI taraha bharA huA hai / Aja jo baikTIriyA proTojoA Adi sUkSma jIvoM kI carcA kI jAtI hai vaha bhI sajIva paryAvaraNa kA aMga hai| sajIva evaM nirjIva donoM prakAra ke dravya milakara paryAvaraNa ko pUrNatA pradAna karate haiN| donoM kI pArasparika upayogitA hai| jIva meM utpanna pradUSaNa kA phala ajIva pudgala padArthoM para bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai tathA ajIva padArtho kA prabhAva jIva para bhI par3atA hai / isakI puSTi tattvArthasUtra ke agrAMkita sUtroM se hotI hai* gatisthityupagrahI dhrmaadhrmyorupkaarH| * aakaashsyaavgaahH| * zarIravAGmanaHprANApAnAH pudglaanaam| * sukh-duHkhjiivitmrnnopgrhaashc| * parasparopagraho jiivaanaam| * vartanA pariNAmaH kriyA paratvAparatve ca kaalsy| -tattvArthasUtra 5.17-22 * dharma evaM adharma dravya kA upakAra gamana evaM sthiti meM nimitta honA hai| * AkAza kA kArya anya sabhI dravyoM ko sthAna denA hai| * pudgala se jIva ko zarIra, vANI, mana, prANa evaM apAna prApta hote haiN| * sukha-duHkha, jIvana-maraNa rUpa upagraha bhI pudgaloM dvArA sampanna hote haiN|

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346 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana * jIva paraspara eka-dUsare ke upakAraka haiN| . - * kAla kA kArya pariNamana, kriyA evaM paratva-aparatva (jyesstthtv-knisstthtv)hai| isa prakAra jIva evaM ajIva kA paraspara ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai| donoM eka-dUsare ke upakAraka haiN| ajIva kA ajIva ke sAtha evaM jIva kA jIva ke sAtha bhI upakArya - upakAraka bhAva saMbaMdha hai| isalie nizcayanaya se yaha kahanA ki kisI eka dravya kA dUsare para prabhAva nahIM hotA, upayukta pratIta nahIM hotA / paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA para vicAra isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki jIva ajIva se prabhAvita hotA hai| ajIva meM pradUSaNa bhI jIvana ko dUbhara banA detA hai| pradUSaNa kI samasyA ataH paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA vAstavika hai / paryAvaraNa ke ghaTakoM meM kisI prakAra kA doSa utpanna honA paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa hai| isa pradUSaNa kA prabhAva na kevala dUSita ghaTaka para hotA hai, apitu anya ghaTakoM para bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| jala meM yadi pradUSaNa hai to usako pIne vAle prANI bhI rogagrasta hote hue dekhe jAte haiM / vAyu kA pradUSaNa bhI prANiyoM ke sAmAnya evaM svastha jIvana ko bAdhita karatA hai| isa prakAra pradUSaNa se na kevala vaha pradUSita vastu prabhAvita hotI hai, apitu anya vastue~ evaM prANI bhI prabhAvita hote haiM / adhikatara pradUSaNa mAnava ke dvArA utpanna kie gae haiN| usake mana meM utpanna icchAoM, kAmanAoM, tRSNAoM Adi se pahale vaha svayaM pradUSita hotA hai tathA bAda meM paryAvaraNa ke anya ghaTakoM ko pradUSita karatA hai| isa pradUSaNa kA phala phira svayaM manuSya evaM anya prANiyoM ko bhoganA par3atA hai| paryAvaraNa ke ajIva ghaTaka meM hue pradUSaNa se hamArA jIvana nizcita hI prabhAvita hotA hai, isIlie isa pradUSaNa ke nirAkaraNa kA vicAra uThatA hai| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kA eka pramukha kAraNa hai- 'amaryAdita bhogopbhog| Aja manuSya upabhoga-paribhoga kI maryAdA ko lAMgha cukA hai / vaha adhikAdhika bhoga-sAmragI kI upalabdhi ko vikAsa kA sUcaka mAnatA hai / dhanI rASTra bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM meM nirantara abhivRddhi karate hue prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA adhikAdhika dohana kara rahe haiM / prAkRtika sampadA ke dohana kA atireka eka prakAra kA zoSaNa hai, jo bhAvI pIr3hI ke lie abhizApa hai / Aja manuSya kRtrima urvarakoM,

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paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa meM bhogopabhoga - parimANavrata kI bhUmikA 347 kITanAzakoM evaM rasAyanoM kA prayoga kara bhUmi kI svAbhAvika urvaratA ko samApta kara rahA hai| vanaspati ke utpAdanoM meM roga-pratirodhaka zakti nyUna hotI jA rahI hai| deza meM vanabhUmi kA pratizata nirantara ghaTatA jA rahA hai| pharnIcara Adi ke lie vanoM kA nirantara vinAza ho rahA hai / audyogIkaraNa se utpanna pradUSaNa bar3hatA jA rahA hai| baDe-baDe kArakhAnoM se uThatA huA dhuA~ vAyupradUSaNa ko janma de rahA hai| sar3akoM para daur3ate vAhana zvAsa lene meM kaThinAI kA anubhava karA rahe haiM / phrija Adi meM prayukta kloro phaloro kArbana ojona parata meM vighaTana utpanna kara rahA hai| khAdya padArthoM meM milAvaTa evaM plAsTika paiMkiga kA prayoga bhI svAsthya ke lie hAnikAraka siddha ho rahA hai / ina dinoM phAsTa phUDa kI saMskRti deza-videza meM vistAra pA rahI hai, kintu yaha bhojana svAdiSTa bhale hI ho, pauSTika to kadApi nahIM hai / saundarya prasAdhana sAmagrI ke lie bhI aneka mAsUma prANiyoM kI hiMsA kI jA rahI hai| ye saundarya prasAdhana carmarogoM ko bhI janma de rahe haiM / isa prakAra bhogopabhoga kI sAmagrI prAkRtika paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita kara rahI hai| guTakhA, zarAba, tambAkhU Adi kA sevana na kevala sevanakartA ko prabhAvita karatA hai, apitu isase anya loga bhI prabhAvita hote haiN| upabhoktA saMskRti ke isa yuga meM bhogopabhoga kI sAmragI ke prati lipsA bar3hI hai| usakA adhikAdhika saMgraha karane ke lie vyakti lAlAyita huA hai| vijJApana ke isa yuga meM upabhoktA meM bhogyavastuoM ko kraya karane hetu AkarSaNa utpanna kiyA jAtA hai / bAlakoM, yuvAoM, striyoM evaM prauDhoM kI ruci ke anurUpa manovaijJAnika DhaMga se vijJApana dene kI vidhi kA nirantara vikAsa ho rahA hai| isase vijJApita vastue~ upabhoktA kI AvazyakatA banakara ubharatI haiM aura vaha phira unheM kharIdane ke lie Atura ho jAtA hai| isa upabhoktA saMskRti ke kAraNa paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa meM betahAzA vRddhi huI hai| maryAdAhIna bhogopabhoga yA upabhoga-paribhoga ke kAraNa aneka hAniyA~ huI haiM, yathA1. jIvanadAyI vAyu, jala evaM khAdya vastuoM meM pradUSaNa bar3hA hai| 2. khanija padArtho kA bharapUra dohana yA zoSaNa ho rahA hai / 3. peTroliyama padArthoM kI khapata bar3hI hai| phalasvarUpa inakA bhI saMkaTa upasthita ho sakatA hai| 4. kRSiyogya bhUmi kA udyoga

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348 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana evaM AvAsoM meM rUpAntaraNa huA hai| 5. pIne yogya pAnI kI kamI huI hai| 6. pRthvI kA tApamAna bar3hA hai| 7. jaMgaloM kA vinAza huA hai / 8. zArIrika rogoM meM vRddhi huI hai| kaiMsara, eDsa jaise roga paidA hue haiM, 9. jIvana prAkRtika saundarya evaM svAsthya se vaMcita ho rahA hai| 10. mAnasika tanAva bar3hA hai, manovikAroM meM vRddhi huI hai| 11. parivAroM kA bikharAva huA hai| 12. samAja meM viSamatA bar3hI hai, dasa pratizata dhanika logoM kA nabbe pratizata sAdhanoM para niyantraNa hai| 13. pArasparika saMvedanazakti ghaTI hai| 14. karuNA, anukampA, sahayoga evaM sahAnubhUti meM kamI AI hai| 15. saMbaMdhoM kI pavitratA dUSita huI hai| 16. hiMsA, asatya, caurya, maithuna sevana evaM parigraha meM vRddhi huI hai| aise aura bhI aneka duSpariNAma haiM jo bhogopabhoga kI amaryAdA ke kAraNa utpanna hue haiN| inase Antarika evaM bAhya donoM prakAra kA paryAvaraNa dUSita huA hai| bhogopabhoga kI sAmagrI : vikAsa kA samyak mApadaNDa nahIM Aja vikAsa kA mApadaNDa bhoga-upabhoga kI sAmagrI meM vRddhi ke AdhAra para AMkA jAtA hai, kintu vikAsa kA yaha sahI mApadaNDa pratIta nahIM hotA / vAstavika vikAsa meM Ama logoM kI samyak samajha kA vikAsa Avazyaka hai| vastu kA honA vikAsa nahIM, apitu usakA upayoga kisa prakAra evaM kitanA kiyA jAe, usakA zikSaNa bhI Avazyaka hai| prasiddha arthazAstrI amartya sena ne isa saMdarbha meM sahI kahA ki pichar3e varga kA zaikSaNika evaM sAmAjika stara jaba taka unnata nahIM hogA taba taka samucita vikAsa saMbhava nahIM hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki bhautika sAmagrI ke vRddhirUpa vikAsa paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kA utpAdaka evaM abhivardhaka hone ke kAraNa samagratA kI dRSTi se hAsa hI adhika kara rahA hai, jisakA dUra dRSTi ke abhAva meM hama mUlyAMkana nahIM kara pA rahe haiM / yaha vikAsa kA vyavasthita rUpa nahIM hai| yadi paryAvaraNa kA upayoga sahaja rUpa meM hotA hai to usase paryAvaraNa kA saMtulana banA rahatA hai, kintu jaba usameM anAvazyaka hastakSepa kiyA jAtA hai to isase paryAvaraNa kA aMsatulana bar3hatA hai| hiMsA, AtaMka, durAcAra, bhraSTAcAra Adi kI ghaTanAoM meM kamI honA vikAsa

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paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa meM bhogopabhoga - parimANavata kI bhUmikA 349 kA sUcaka mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu Aja inake bar3hane se mAnasika, sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika pradUSaNa bhI bar3ha rahA hai, jo hAsa kA sUcaka hai| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ko rokane evaM paryAvaraNa ko saMrakSita rakhane ke lie jainadarzana meM aneka upAya upalabdha haiN| inameM aMhisA, satya, acaurya Adi 12 vratoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| yahA~ para zrAvaka ke upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata ke AdhAra para paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa para vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata se paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa bhoga yA paribhoga vastu kA eka bAra hotA hai, yathA- bhojana Adi kaa| upabhoga eka se adhika bAra hotA hai, yathA- vastra, makAna Adi kaa| bhagavAna ne zrAvaka ke lie bhogopabhoga kI maryAdA hetu upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata pratipAdita kiyA hai| isameM khAne-pIne evaM anya prakAra kI vastuoM ke upayoga kI maryAdA kI jAtI hai| ___ upabhoga-paribhoga kA yadi parimANa kara liyA jAe to paryAvaraNa kI saMrakSA svataH ho skegii| katipaya bindu nIce prastuta haiMbhogopabhoga ke yogya vastuoM kA parimANa kara lene para unakI mA~ga kama hogii| mAMga kama hone para utpAdana kama karanA hogaa| utpAdana kama hone se prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA dohana kama hogaa| prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA dohana kama hone se pradUSaNa kama hogA evaM paristhiti kA saMtulana banA rhegaa| 2. upabhoga-paribhoga kI jitanI adhika lAlasA hotI hai, utanA hI manuSya bhogopabhoga kI sAmagrI kA adhika saMgraha karatA hai| adhika saMgrahavRtti se kisI eka ke pAsa vastuoM kI upalabdhatA bar3ha jAtI hai, jabaki isase dUsare ke adhikAroM kA hanana hotA hai| unheM anAvazyaka rUpa se usa vastu yA sAmagrI se vaMcita rahanA par3atA hai| isa prakAra bhogopabhoga kA parimANa na honA sAmAjika paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita karatA hai| yadi bhogopabhoga kA parimANa ho jAe to rASTra aura vizva kI sAmAjika viSamatA dUra kI jA sakatI hai| 3. upabhoga-paribhoga kA parimANa kara lene para AhAra, jala evaM vanoM kA anAvazyaka vinAza ruka skegaa| Aja peyajala kI kamI kA eka pramukha kAraNa

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350 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jala kA durupayoga bhI hai| jala kA yadi Avazyaka evaM sImita upayoga ho tathA isake anAvazyaka durupayoga ko rokA jAe to jala kI samasyA para bhI vijaya pAyI jA sakatI hai tathA usase hone vAlI gaMdagI evaM pradUSaNa ko bhI rokA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra lakar3I ke upayoga ko maryAdita kara liyA jAe to vanoM kI kaTAI para niyantraNa pAyA jA sakatA hai| 4. upabhoga-paribhoga parimANavrata mAnasika pradUSaNa ko bhI niyantrita karatA hai to bAhya bhautika pradUSaNa ko bhI rokatA hai / bhogopabhoga kI vastuoM kI maryAdA karane vAle vyakti kI icchAe~ sImita hotI haiN| asImita icchAoM se vyakti kA antarmana dUSita hotA hai tathA usakA prabhAva bAhya pradUSaNa ko bar3hAne ke rUpa meM vyakta hotA hai| 5. Aja yadi koI yaha vrata kara le ki use paoNlIthina kI thailiyoM kA prayoga nahIM karanA hai to isase paoNlIthina kI thailiyoM se utpanna hone vAle pradUSaNa para roka lgegii| prazna yaha khar3A hotA hai ki eka vyakti ke dvArA aisA vrata lene se kyA hogA ? to kahanA hogA ki isa prakAra kA vrata lene kI sAmUhika preraNA karanI hogii| jitane vyakti isakA prayoga chor3eMge, utane hI anupAta meM tajjanya pradUSaNa kama ho skegaa| ullekhanIya hai ki rAjasthAna sarakAra ne paoNlIthina kI thailiyoM ke prayoga para roka bhI lagAyI hai / isakA jaba anya padArthoM ke sAtha gAya bhakSaNa karatI hai to usake prANa khatare meM par3a jAte haiN| paoNlIthina kI thailI to eka udAharaNa hai| isI prakAra anyavidha pradUSaNoM ko rokane hetu bhogopabhoga kI maryAdA eka mahattvapUrNa sAdhana siddha ho sakatI hai| sarakAra bhI isameM bRhatstara para niyama banAkara apanA yogadAna kara sakatI hai| camar3e kA prayoga ho yA mA~sa kA prayoga, usake prayoga kA yadi tyAga kara liyA jAe to pazuvadha para to roka lagegI hI, kintu kula milAkara pAristhitikI saMtulana evaM paryAvaraNa para bhI acchA prabhAva pdd'egaa| 6. dhUmrapAna, zarAba, guTakhA Adi ke sevana kA tyAga karake bhI paryAvaraNa ko zuddhabanAne meM sahayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| guTakhe ke pAuca bhI Aja paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ko nirantara baDhA rahe haiN|

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paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa meM bhogopabhoga - parimANavata kI bhUmikA 351 7. zrAvaka ke upabhoga-paribhoga vrata ke sAtha 15 karmAdAnoM kI bhI carcA kI jAtI hai| upAsakadazAMga (prathama adhyayana) evaM Avazyaka sUtra meM zrAvaka ke lie 15 prakAra ke dhandhe tyAjya batAye gae haiM, kyoMki ve karmabaMdha ke mahAn kAraNa haiN| kintu vicAra kiyA jAya to jJAta hotA hai ki ye 15 karmAdAna paryAvaraNa ko bhI pradUSita karate haiN| 15 karmAdAnoM meM mukhya haiM- aMgAra karma, vana karma, bhUmi-khanana karma, pazu-bhATaka karma, danta-vyApAra, madya-vyApAra aadi| Aja vana-saMrakSaNa ko zuddha paryAvaraNa kA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka mAnA jAtA hai / vana kA saMrakSaNa vanakarma evaM aMgAra karma kA tyAga karane para svataH sahaja rUpa meM ho sakatA hai| 8. bhogopabhoga kI lAlasA ne audyogIkaraNa ko janma diyA hai| audyogIkaraNa ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI mazInoM se nikalate dhue~, kacare Adi se vAyu evaM jala pradUSita hue haiN| bhogopabhoga para niyantraNa isa pradUSaNa ko rokane meM avazya hI kAragara upAya siddha ho sakatA hai| 9. dUradarzana, reDiyo, dhvanivardhaka yantra Adi dhvani-pradUSaNa meM abhivRddhi kara rahe haiN| phrija, eyarakaNDIzanara Adi ghara ke andara evaM bAhara pradUSaNa phailAte haiN| isa prakAra vyakti bhogopabhoga kI ora jitanA adhika lAlAyita hogA, utanA hI vaha pradUSaNa ko AmaMtraNa degaa| 10. pazu-pakSI paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita nahIM karate, kyoMki unameM saMgrahavRtti nahIM pAyI jAtI hai| manuSya adhikAdhika bhoga-sAmagrI kA saMgraha karane kA abhilASI hai, ataH vaha paryAvaraNa ko pradUSita karane meM sabase bar3A ghaTaka hai| 11. jaba taka bhogopabhoga kI maryAdA nahIM kI jAtI, taba taka hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, abrahmasevana evaM parigraha rUpa pApoM ke sevana kI saMbhAvanA adhikAdhika banI rahatI hai, jinake kAraNa parokSa rUpa se paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa meM vRddhi hotI hai| upasaMhAra vAyu, jala Adi vastuoM kA sevana tabhI lAbhakArI hai jaba ve pradUSaNa rahita hoN| vikRta yA pradUSita avasthA meM unakA sevana hitakara nahIM hai| isaliye hameM unheM

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352 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana pradUSita nahIM karane kA saMkalpa lenA hogaa| Adhunika vijJAna paryAvaraNa ke ghaTakoM meM pradUSaNa kI carcA taba karatA hai jaba vaha pradUSaNa bRhat stara para jana-samudAya yA prANisamudAya ko prabhAvita karatA hai, jabaki jainadarzana meM eka vyakti ke dvArA kie gae pradUSaNa ko bhI 'pApa' kahakara use tyAjya pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| Aja manuSya na kevala bhogopabhoga ke lie, apitu binA prayojana ke bhI paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa meM lagA huA hai| zAstrakAra aise anarthadaNDa se bhI bacane kI preraNA karate haiN| jainadharma kI samasta sAdhanA pradUSaNoM ko dUra karane kI sAdhanA hai| isake dvArA Antarika evaM bAhya donoM prakAra ke pradUSaNoM para vijaya pAyI jA sakatI hai| vastuoM kA samyak upayoga paryAvaraNa ke lie hAnikAraka nahIM, unakA amaryAdita bhoga evaM upabhoga hAnikAraka hai| isalie Agama meM bhogopabhoga ke parimANa kI bAta kahI gaI hai| zikSA ke pAThyakramoM meM jainadarzana ke isa siddhAnta ko sammilita kiyA jAnA cAhie ki adhikAdhika bhoga sAmagrI kA honA vikAsa kA sUcaka nahIM hai, apitu vastuoM kA upayoga mAtra zarIra-nirvAha ke lie Avazyaka hai| bhogopabhoga kA AkarSaNa jitanA kama hogA, paryAvaraNa kA saMrakSaNa utanA hI AsAnI se ho sakegA tathA deza-duniyA ke paryAvaraNa meM svacchatA kAyama ho skegii| vaha svacchatA bAhya evaM Abhyantara donoM prakAra ke paryAvaraNoM ko saMrakSita kara skegii| phira prAkRtika paryAvaraNa ke sAtha sAmAjika, Arthika evaM rAjanaitika paryAvaraNa meM bhI svacchatA kA prabhAva dRSTigocara ho skegaa|

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA jaina jIvana zailI kA eka mahattvapUrNa AyAma hai- smaadhimrnn| jainadharma meM jIne kI kalA kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai to zAnti evaM samAdhibhAvoM ke sAtha mRtyu kI kalA kA bhii| sAdhu ho yA sAdhvI, zrAvaka ho yA zrAvikA - unakA eka manoratha hotA hai ki ve antima samaya meM saMlekhanA* - saMthArA karake samAdhimaraNa kA varaNa kreN| aspatAla meM oNksIjana kI naliyoM meM ulajhakara marane kI apekSA samAdhibhAvoM meM mRtyu ke lie paNDitamaraNa kA varaNa zreSTha hai| AcArAMgasUtra, samavAyAMgasUtra, sthAnAMgasUtra, vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM samAdhimaraNa athavA paMDitamaraNa kI carcA saMprApta hotI hai, kintu prakIrNaka sAhitya kA adhikAMza bhAga to samAdhimaraNa kI carcA se hI otaprota hai| ArAdhanA prakaraNa, ArAdhanA patAkA, paryantArAdhanA ke sAtha mahApratyAkhyAna Adi aneka prakIrNaka granthoM meM samAdhimaraNa athavA paMDitamaraNa kI vizada carcA prApta hotI hai| prastuta Alekha meM prakIrNaka-sAhitya ko AdhAra banAkara samAdhimaraNa ke vibhinna pahaluoM kI carcA kI jA rahI hai| digambara/yApanIya paramparA kA grantha bhagavatI ArAdhanA bhI samAdhimaraNa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA se saMpRkta prakIrNaka sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa pramukha pratipAdya rahA hai| mahApratyAkhyAna, AturapratyAkhyAna (vIrabhadra), saMstAraka, saMlekhanAzruta, bhaktaparijJA(vIrabhadra), maraNavibhakti,maraNavizuddhi,maraNa-samAdhi aura ArAdhanApatAkA Adi aneka ArAdhanAeM samAdhimaraNa kA hI pratipAdana karatI haiN| samAdhimaraNa se sambaddha ATha prakIrNakoM ko saMkalita kara use maraNavibhakti yA maraNasamAdhi nAma diyA gayA hai| isa saMkalana meM jo prakIrNaka saMgRhIta haiM, ve haiM- maraNavibhakti, maraNavizuddhi, maraNasamAdhi, saMlekhanAzruta, bhaktaparijJA, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna aura ArAdhanA prakIrNaka / ye samasta prakIrNaka samAdhipUrvaka maraNa karane kI prakriyA evaM usake mahattva kA pratipAdana karate haiN| eka prakIrNaka hai-cndrvedhyk| isa prakIrNaka meM vinaya, AcArya, ziSya, vinayanigraha, jJAna aura cAritra guNoM kA vivecana karane ke sAtha * zvetAmbara sAhitya meM prAyaH 'saMlekhanA' zabda prApta hotA hai tathA digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM 'sallekhanA' zabda dRggocara hotA hai|

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354 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana maraNaguNa para bhI vistAra se prakAza DAlA gayA hai| RSibhASita prakIrNaka ke tevIsaveM adhyayana meM bhI maraNa kI carcA hai| vIrabhadra (10vIM zatI) kI ArAdhanApatAkA, abhayadevasUri (11vIM zatI) kA ArAdhanA prakaraNa, jinabhadra kA kavacaprakaraNa eka ajJAtakartRka ArAdhanApatAkA tathA paryantArAdhanA Adi aneka ArAdhanAeM bhI prakIrNakoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI gaI haiN| isa prakAra prakIrNakoM kI viSayavastu meM maraNa athavA samAdhimaraNa ko pramukha sthAna milA hai| prakIrNakoM meM nirUpita samAdhimaraNa ke vaiziSTya ko jAnane se pUrva yaha vicAra kara liyA jAya ki aMga-AgamoM meM isake sandarbha meM kyA vivecana huA hai| samavAyAMgasUtra meM maraNa ke 17 prakAra nirUpita haiM- AvIcimaraNa, avadhimaraNa aadi|' ina sataraha prakAroM meM bAlamaraNa, paMDitamaraNa, bAlapaMDitamaraNa, kevalimaraNa, bhaktapratyAkhyAnamaraNa, iMginImaraNa aura pAdapopagamana** maraNa bhI samAhita haiN| ye bheda maraNa ke samAdhirUpa evaM asamAdhirUpa donoM kA pratipAdana karate haiM / samavAyAMgasUtra meM hI samAdhi ke dasa sthAnoM kA kathana hai, unameM kevalimaraNa ko bhI samAdhi kA eka sthAna mAnA gayA hai| yaha kevalimaraNa vyakti ko saba prakAra ke duHkhoM se rahita kara detA hai, isalie samAdhirUpa hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM maraNa ke bAlamaraNa evaM paNDitamaraNa ye do bheda batalAkara bAlamaraNa ke valayamaraNa, vazArttamaraNa Adi 12 bheda kie gae haiM jo maraNa ke vibhinna nimittoM ke dyotaka haiM, yathA giripatana, tarupatana, jala praveza, agni praveza, viSabhakSaNa aadi| vahA~ paMDitamaraNa ke prAyopagamana evaM bhakta pratyAkhyAna ye do bheda kie gae haiN| iMginImaraNa*** kA samAveza vahA~ bhaktapratyAkhyAna meM kara liyA gayA hai|' sthAnAGgasUtra ke dvitIya sthAna meM valayamaraNa, vazArttamaraNa, nidAnamaraNa, tadbhavamaraNa, giripatanamaraNa, tarupatanamaraNa, jalapravezamaraNa, agnipravezamaraNa, viSabhakSaNamaraNa evaM zastrAvapATanamaraNa ko bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA avarNita, ** jaina Agama sAhitya meM prastuta zabda ke tIna rUpa milate haiM aura ye tInoM hI rUpa samAnArthaka haiM- 1. pAdapopagamana, 2. pAdopagamana aura 3. prAyopagamana / *** avadheya hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya meM prastuta zabda ke tIna rUpa milate haiM aura ye tInoM hI rUpa samAnArthaka haiM- 1. iMginImaraNa, 2. iMgitamaraNa aura 3. iMgiNImaraNa /

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA akIrtita, aprazaMsita evaM anabhyanujJAta batalAyA gayA hai| kAraNavaza do maraNa abhyanujJAta haiM- vaihAyasamaraNa aura giddhapiTThamaraNa / bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA do maraNa varNita, kIrtita, prazaMsita aura abhyanujJAta haiM- 1. pAdopagamanamaraNa aura 2. bhktprtyaakhyaanmrnn|' jo maraNa mahAvIra ke dvArA abhyanujJAta nahIM haiM unheM bAlamaraNa tathA abhyanujJAta maraNoM ko paNDitamaraNa kI zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| vaise sthAnAMgasUtra meM maraNa ke tIna prakAra bhI nirUpita haiM- 1. bAlamaraNa, 2. paMDitamaraNa aura 3. baalpNdditmrnn|' asaMyamI jIvoM kA maraNa bAlamaraNa, saMyamiyoM kA maraNa paMDitamaraNa tathA saMyatAsaMyata arthAt zrAvakoM kA maraNa bAlapaMDitamaraNa hotA hai| ina maraNoM kA sambandha lezyA se jor3ate hue sthAnAGgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki ye tInoM maraNa tIna-tIna prakAra ke hote haiN| bAlamaraNa ke tIna prakAra haiM- 1. sthitalezya ( sthita azuddha lezyA vAlA), 2. saMkliSTalezya aura 3. paryavajAtalezya (vizuddhi kI vRddhi se yukta ) / paMDitamaraNa meM lezyA saMkliSTa nahIM hotI ataH usake 1. sthita lezya ( sthita vizuddha lezyA vAlA) 2. asaMkliSTa lezya evaM 3. paryavajAta ( pravardhamAna vizuddha lezyA vAlA) lezya ye tIna bheda hote haiN| bAlapaMDitamaraNa meM 1. sthitalezya, 2. aMsakliSTa lezya evaM 3. aparyavajAta lezya ( hAni - vRddhi se rahita) ye tIna bheda hote haiN| " 355 uttarAdhyayanasUtra (mUlasUtra) meM maraNa ke do bheda pratipAdita haiM- 1. akAmamaraNa evaM 2. sakAmamaraNa / bAla jIvoM arthAt ajJAniyoM kA maraNa akAmamaraNa tathA paMDita jIvoM arthAt jJAniyoM kA maraNa sakAmamaraNa hotA hai / ' AcArAMgasUtra jo prathama aMga Agama hai, usake vimokSa nAmaka aSTama adhyayana meM saMlekhanA, saMthArA aura maraNa vidhi kA vistRta varNana hai| niryuktikAra evaM TIkAkAroM ne bhaktapratyAkhyAna, iMgitamaraNa evaM pAdopagamanamaraNa ke rUpa meM AcArAMga meM varNita maraNa vidhi kI vyAkhyA kI hai| upadhi-vimokSa, vastra - vimokSa, AhAra-vimokSa, svAda- vimokSa, sahAya- vimokSa Adi vibhinna caraNoM ke sAtha AcArAMgasUtra meM zarIra-vimokSa kA nirUpaNa huA hai| saMlekhanA ke antargata zarIra evaM kaSAya donoM ko kRza karane kA ullekha hai| aMtima samaya meM jaba vyakti glAna ho jAe, zarIra ko vahana karane meM asamartha ho jAya to tRNa arthAt sUkhA ghAsa mA~gakara

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356 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana una para saMthArA karane kA vidhAna hai| AcArAMgasUtra meM bhaktapratyAkhyAna Adi trividha maraNoM ke atirikta vaihAyasamaraNa ko bhI ucita batalAyA gayA hai, jisake anusAra saMkaTApanna sthiti Ane para koI sAdhu saMyama kI rakSA hetu prANatyAga kara detA hai| sayaMma mArga para dRr3ha rahakara akasmAt mRtyu kA varaNa karane vAlA sAdhu eka prakAra se hitakara, sukhakara, kAlopayukta evaM niHzreyaskara maraNa maratA hai| prakIrNakoM meM vaihAyasamaraNa kI upekSA kI gaI hai tathA bhaktapratyAkhyAna, iMginI evaM pAdopagamana maraNoM kA hI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| ___ samAdhimaraNa kA nirUpaNa bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra meM bhI huA hai, kintu DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke anusAra prakIrNakoM kI gAthAeM hI bhagavatI ArAdhanA evaM mUlAcAra meM AI haiN| maiM inake pUrvApara hone kI carcA meM na jAkara itanA hI kahU~gA ki samAdhimaraNa ke pratipAdana kI dRSTi se yApanIya paramparA ke ye donoM grantha mahattvapUrNa haiN| prakIrNaka sAhitya para dRSTipAta karane ke anantara jJAta hotA hai ki usameM sarvatra paMDitamaraNa, abhyudyatamaraNa kiMvA samAdhimaraNa se marane kI preraNA dI gaI hai| sarvatra yaha dhvani gUMjatI haiM ikkaM paMDiyamaraNaM chiNNai jAIsayAI bhuyaaiN| taM maraNaM mariyavvaM jeNa mao summao hoI // " arthAt eka paMDitamaraNa saiMkar3oM janmoM kA baMdhana kATa detA hai, isalie usa maraNa se maranA cAhie, jisase maranA sArthaka ho jAya / maraNa usI kA sArthaka hai jo paMDitamaraNa se deha tyAga karatA hai| isake lie paryApta taiyArI athavA tatparatA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, isalie isa maraNa ko abhyudyatamaraNa kahA gayA hai / isa maraNa ke samaya citta meM samAdhi rahatI hai, sAdhaka AtmA evaM zarIra meM bhinnatA kA anubhava kara tIvra vedanA kAla meM bhI zAnta evaM anAkula rahatA hai, isalie ise samAdhimaraNa kahate haiN| yaha maraNa paNDA arthAt sad-asad vivekinI buddhi se sampanna kiMvA samyagjJAna se sampanna saMyatI hI kara sakatA hai, isalie isa maraNa ko paNDitamaraNa kahate haiN| prakIrNakoM me ye tInoM zabda eka hI artha ko abhivyakta karate haiN| jJAnapUrvaka marane vAlA eka ucchvAsa mAtra kAla meM utane karmoM ko kSaya kara detA

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 357 hai jitane ajJAnI jIva bahuta se karor3oM varSoM meM bhI kSaya nahIM kara sktaa|" isalie karma-nirjarA kI dRSTi se paNDitamaraNa atyanta upAdeya hai| prakIrNaka-racayitA AcAryoM kI dRSTi me paMDitamaraNa sAdhanA kA utkRSTa rUpa hai| isake lie jIvana meM sAdhanA ke abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jo sAdhaka apane jIvana meM yoga-sAdhanA kA abhyAsa nahIM karate haiM, ve maraNakAla meM parISahoM ko sahana karane meM samartha nahIM ho pAte haiN| yahI nahIM bahirmukhI vRttiyoM vAlA, jJAnapUrvaka AcaraNa na karane vAlA tathA pUrva meM sAdhanA na kiyA huA jIva ArAdhanA kAla meM arthAt samAdhimaraNa ke avasara para vicalita ho jAtA hai| isalie mukti rUpI lakSya ko prApta karane ke lie apramAdI hokara nirantara sadguNa sampanna hone kA prayatna karanA caahie| isakA artha yaha nahIM ki maraNakAla ke upasthita hone para koI sAdhaka apane ko badala nahIM sktaa| yadyapi viziSTa sAdhaka maraNakAla meM bhI apane ko badala sakatA hai, kintu sAmAnya sAdhakoM ko paryApta samaya evaM pratibodha kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| candravedhyaka prakIrNaka ke racayitA ne mRtyukAla upasthita hone para mithyAtva kA vamanakara samyaktva kI prApti ke lie kAmanA kI hai tathA unheM dhanya kahA hai jo indriya-sukhoM ke adhIna na hokara maraNasamudghAta ke dvArA mithyAtva kI nirjarA kara dete haiN| yahA~ eka bAta yaha spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki sAdhuveza aMgIkAra kara lene mAtra se pratyeka zramaNa samyaktvI nahIM ho jaataa| jaba taka vaha bahirmukhI hai, aindriyaka sukhoM ke adhIna evaM rasalolupa hai, jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha vaha mamatva ko ucita mAnatA hai taba taka vaha samyaktvI nahIM hotaa| samyaktva ke hone para hI jJAna samyak hotA hai tathA jJAna samyak hone para hI cAritra evaM tapa samyak hote haiN| ina cAroM ko ArAdhanA ke cAra skandha mAnA gayA hai| ArAdhanA bhI abhyudyatamaraNa kI taiyArI hai| jo paMDitamaraNa pUrvaka marate haiM ve ArAdhaka kahalAte haiM tathA jo ajJAnapUrvaka maraNa karate haiM ve anArAdhaka kahalAte haiN| dIrghakAla taka pA~ca samiti aura tIna guptiyoM kA pAlana karane vAlA muni bhI yadi mRtyu ke samaya virAdhanA karatA hai to use dharma kA anArAdhaka kA jAtA hai tathA atyadhika mohI vyakti bhI yadi jIvana kI sandhyAvelA meM saMyamI aura apramatta ho jAtA hai to use ArAdhaka kahA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jo samAdhipUrvaka maratA hai vaha ArAdhaka evaM jo

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358 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana asamAdhipUrvaka maratA hai vaha anArAdhaka kahA gayA hai| maraNa ke prakAra AturapratyAkhyAna Adi prakIrNakoM meM sthAnAGga sUtra kI bhA~ti maraNa ke tIna prakAra nirUpita haiM- 1. bAlamaraNa, 2. bAlapaMDitamaraNa aura 3. pNdditmrnn| ArAdhanApatAkA meM AcArya vIrabhadra ne maraNa ke pA~ca prakAra batalAe haiM- 1. paMDitapaMDitamaraNa, 2. paMDitamaraNa, 3. bAlapaMDitamaraNa, 4. bAlamaraNa aura 5. baalbaalmrnn|" kevaliyoM kA maraNa paMDitapaMDitamaraNa kahalAtA hai| muniyoM kA bhaktaparijJA Adi maraNa paMDitamaraNa hai| dezavirata evaM avirata samyagdRSTiyoM kA maraNa bAlapaMDitamaraNa kahalAtA hai| upazama yukta mithyAdRSTiyoM kA maraNa bAlamaraNa hai tathA kaSAya se kaluSita jIvoM kA jaghanya maraNa bAlabAlamaraNa kahalAtA hai| inameM se prathama tIna maraNa samyagdRSTiyoM ko hote haiM ataH ve tInoM paMDitamaraNa kI zreNI meM Ate haiM tathA aMtima do maraNa mithyAdRSTiyoM ko hone se bAlamaraNa kI zreNI meM Ate haiN|18 bAlamaraNa ke bheda bAlamaraNa ke bhedoM kA nirUpaNa prakIrNakoM meM nahIM hai, kintu jala praveza, agni praveza, viSabhakSaNa Adi ke AdhAra para vaha aneka prakAra kA ho sakatA hai| AturapratyAkhyAna meM kucha prakAroM kA ullekha milatA hai| Adhunika kAla meM to bAlamaraNa ke aneka rUpa haiM, vizeSataH akAlamRtyu meM akasmAt jo maraNa hotA hai vaha prAyaH bAlamaraNa hI hotA hai| isake antargata vimAna durghaTanA, rela durghaTanA, sar3aka durghaTanA, bhUkampa, bAr3ha, bijalI ke jhaTake, Aga lagane Adi ke kAraNa hone vAlI mRtyu evaM astra-zastra ke kAraNa huI mRtyu sammilita hai| akAlamRtyu Amagasammata hai| sthAnAGgasUtra meM Ayubheda ke die gae sAta kAraNa evaM tattvArthasUtra meM pratipAdita apavartya Ayu isake pramANa haiN| sAdhAraNa roga yA asAdhya rogoM ke kAraNa bhI ajJAna dazA meM jo mRtyu hotI hai vaha bAlamaraNa kI zreNI meM AtI hai| paMDitamaraNa ke bheda mRtyu jIvana kA eka anivArya pahalU hai, isase koI baca nahIM sktaa| isalie prakIrNakoM kA saMdeza hai ki jaba maranA hai to dhIratApUrvaka paMDitamaraNa se hI kyoM na

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prakIrNaka - sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA marA jaay| vaha paMDitamaraNa bhI tIna prakAra kA pratipAdita hai - 1. bhaktaparijJAmaraNa, 2. iMginImaraNa aura 3. pAdopagamana yA prAyogyamaraNa / 21 (1 ) bhaktaparijJAmaraNa 359 bhaktapratyAkhyAna athavA bhaktaparijJAmaraNa kI vidhi, svarUpa evaM bhedoM kA vivecana 'bhaktaparijJA' prakIrNaka meM tathA vIrabhadrAcArya kI 'ArAdhanApatAkA' meM vistAra se milatA hai| bhaktaparijJAmaraNa ke bheda kie gae haiM- 1. savicAra aura 2. avicAra | samaya rahate saMlekhanApUrvaka parAkrama ke sAtha jo bhaktaparijJAmaraNa hai vaha savicAra bhaktaparijJAmaraNa hai tathA alpakAla rahane para binA zarIra saMlekhanA vidhi ke jo bhaktaparijJAmaraNa kiyA jAtA hai vaha avicAra bhaktaparijJAmaraNa hai| 2 bhaktapratyAkhyAna zabda se aisA lagatA hai ki isameM mAtra azana, pAna, khAdima evaM svAdima rUpa cAra AhAroM kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hogA, kintu aisA hI nahIM hai| isameM bhI bhItarI zuddhi arthAt Atmika zuddhi kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| AhAra kA tyAga to isameM sAgArI evaM anAgArI donoM prakAra se kiyA jAtA hai / prArambha meM trividha AhAra kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai tathA bAda meM yathAsthiti cauthe AhAra 'pAna' kA bhI tyAga kara diyA jAtA hai| isa maraNa meM gurujanoM evaM kevaliyoM ke prati vinaya, zraddhA athavA bhakti bhAva bhI pAyA jAtA hai, isalie bhI isakA bhaktaparijJA nAma sArthaka hai| aba bhaktaparijJAmaraNa ke donoM prakAroM para vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai (ka) savicAra bhakta parijJAmaraNa vIrabhadrAcArya ne savicAra bhaktaparijJAmaraNa ke cAra dvAra nirUpita kie haiM- 1. parikarma vidhi 2. gaNasaMkramaNa 3. mamatva-vyuccheda aura 4. samAdhilAbha / parikarma vidhi ke bhI unhoMne gyAraha pratidvAra batalAe haiM- 1. arha 2. liMga 3. zikSA 4. vinaya 5. samAdhi 6. aniyata vihAra 7. pariNAma 8. tyAga 9. zIti 10. bhAvanA aura 11. saMlekhanA / yaha bhaktaparijJAmaraNa vaha sAdhaka karatA hai jo saMyama meM hAni pahu~cAne vAlI duHsAdhya vyAdhi se pIr3ita ho, jarA avasthA se pIr3ita ho, deva - manuSya tiryaJca Adi se utpanna upasarga A gayA ho, durbhikSa kAla ho, mArga bhaTaka gayA ho, jaMghAoM meM calane kA sAmarthya na rahA ho, aura jisakI AMkheM kamajora ho gaI hoN| isa savicAra bhaktaparijJAmaraNa ke lie rajoharaNa, acelakatA, kezaloca Adi jo

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana bAhya liMga die gae haiM unase patA calatA hai ki yaha maraNa sAdhu-sAdhvI hI svIkAra karate the| jabaki bhaktaparijJA kA avicAra bheda gRhasthoM ke dvArA bhI svIkArya rahA hai| zikSA, vinaya Adi pratidvAroM ke nirUpaNa se savicAramaraNa kA vaiziSTya spaSTa hotA hai| 360 parikarma vidhi ke pazcAt gaNasaMkramaNa dvAra kA nirUpaNa karate hue AcArya vIrabhadra ne usake 10 pratidvAra batalAe haiM- 1. dizA 2. kSamApanA 3. anuziSTi 4. paragaNa 5. susthita gaveSaNA 6. upasaMpadA 7. parIkSA 8. pratilekhanA 9. ApRcchanA 10. prtiicchaa| isa gaNasaMkramaNa dvAra meM apane gaNa ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM se kSamAyAcanA kI jAtI hai| ArAdhanA ke nimitta vaha sAdhaka dUsare gaNa meM bhI jA sakatA hai, jaisA ki kahA hai evaM pucchittA sagaNaM abbhujjayaM paviharaMto / ArAhaNAnimittaM paragaNagamaNe maI kuNai / / - ArAdhanApatAkA, gAthA 231 vaha mAyA, mithyAdarzana evaM nidAna zalyoM ko chor3akara Atmazuddhi karatA hai| vaha sAdhu tapa Adi karake saMlekhanA bhI karatA hai / gaNa kA adhipati bhI isa maraNa ko apanAtA hai| savicAra bhaktaparijJAmaraNa kA tRtIya dvAra hai - mamatvavyuccheda | isa mamatvavyuccheda dvAra meM mAtra zarIra se mamatva chor3ane kI bAta nahIM hai, apitu isake bhI 10 pratidvAra haiM- 1. AlocanA 2. guNa-doSa 3. zayyA 4. saMstAraka 5. niryApaka 6. darzana 7. hAni 8. pratyAkhyAna 9. kSamaNA ( kSamAyAcanA ) 10. kSamAdAna / ina dvAroM se maraNa kI vidhi prakaTa hotI hai I savicAramaraNa kA cauthA dvAra hai - samAdhilAbha | isake ATha pratidvAra haiM 1. anuziSTi 2. sAraNA 3. kavaca 4. samatA 5. dhyAna 6. lezyA 7. ArAdhanA 8. prityaag| saMstArakagata kSapaka ko niryApaka (citta meM samAdhi lAne vAle yogya upadezaka sAdhu) nau prakAra kI bhAva saMlekhanA kA upadeza dete haiM, jisameM mithyAtva kA vamana, samyaktva kA grahaNa, paJca mahAvrata kI rakSA Adi sammilita haiN| dharmadhyAna evaM zukladhyAna tathA prazasta lezyAoM ko isameM apanAyA jAtA hai| anta meM zarIratyAga

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 361 karane ke sambandha meM ullekha hai| (kha)avicAra bhaktaparijJAmaraNa yaha maraNa sAdhu evaM gRhastha donoM ke lie hai| AcArya vIrabhadra ne isake 3 bheda kie haiM - 1.niruddha 2. niruddhatara aura 3. prmniruddh| jaMghAbala ke kSINa ho jAne para athavA rogAdi ke kAraNa kRza zarIra vAle sAdhu kA binA zarIra saMlekhanA kie jo samAdhimaraNa hotA hai, use niruddha avicAra bhaktaparijJAmaraNa kahate haiN| vaha maraNa yadi logoM ko jJAta ho jAya to use prakAza aura jJAta na hone para aprakAza kahA jAtA hai| vyAla (sarpa), agni, vyAghra Adi ke kAraNa athavA zUla, mUrchA evaM dasta Adi ke kAraNa apanI Ayu ko upasthita samajhakara samAdhimaraNa kI jo kriyA karatA hai vaha niruddhatara kahalAtI hai| jaba bhikSu kI vANI bhI vAtAdi ke kAraNa ruka jAya to vaha mRtyu ko upasthita samajhakara paramaniruddhamaraNa maratA hai| ___ bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka meM avicAramaraNa kA vistRta vivecana hai, kintu vahA~ niruddha, niruddhatara evaM paramaniruddha bheda nahIM kie gae haiN| bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka ke racayitA AcArya vIrabhadra ke anusAra sAdhu evaM gRhastha donoM ke dvArA isa maraNa ko grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| jaba vyAdhi, jarA aura maraNa ke magaramacchoM kI nirantara utpatti se yukta saMsArasamudra duHkhada pratIta ho tathA mRtyu najadIka pratIta ho to ziSya guru ke caraNoM meM jAkara kahe ki maiM saMsAra samudra ko tairanA cAhatA hU~, Apa mujhe bhaktaparijJA meM ArUr3ha kiijie| vaha guru bhI ziSya ko AlocanA aura kSamApanA ke sAtha bhaktaparijJA me ArUr3ha hone ke lie kahatA hai| ziSya phira vaisA hI karake tIna zalyoM se bhI rahita hotA hai| guru usa ziSya ko mahAvratoM meM ArUr3ha karatA hai| yadi ziSya dezavirata arthAta zrAvaka ho to guru use aNuvratoM meM ArUr3ha karatA hai| vaha ziSya harSita hokara guru, saMgha evaM sAdharmika kI pUjA karatA hai| gRhastha sAdhaka phira apane dravya kA dhArmika-AdhyAtmika kAryoM meM upayoga karatA hai| yadi vaha sarvavirati meM anurAga rakhane vAlA ho to vaha bhI saMstAraka-pravrajyA ko aMgIkAra kara sarvavirati pradhAna sAmAyika cAritra meM ArUr3ha ho jAtA hai| ziSya guru ke dvArA anumata bhaktaparijJAmaraNa kA niyama aMgIkAra kara letA hai| vaha bhavaparyanta trividha AhAra kA tyAga kara detA hai| phira use saMghasamudAya ke samakSa caturvidha AhAra kA

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362 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana tyAga karAyA jAtA hai, kintu isase pUrva samAdhi-pAna karAne kA ullekha hai| samAdhi-pAna eka aisA dUdha hai jisameM ilAyacI, teja, nAgakesara, tamAlapatra evaM zakkara milI rahatI hai| use ubAlakara ThaMDA karake pilAyA jAtA hai jisase zarIra meM zAnti banI rahatI hai| isake anantara phophalA Adi dravya dekara virecana kiyA jAtA hai, isase peTa kI agni kA kucha zamana bhI ho jAtA hai| caturvidha AhAra kA pratyAkhyAna karane ke sAtha hI vaha AcArya, upAdhyAya, sAdharmika, kula evaM samasta jIvoM Adi se kSamAyAcanA karatA hai| vaha sabako Atmika zuddhi ke lie kSamAdAna bhI karatA hai| isa prakAra vaMdanA, kSamaNA, gardA Adi se saikar3oM bhavoM meM arjita karmoM ko vaha kSaNabhara meM nirjarita kara detA hai| isake lie mRgAvatI rAnI kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai|" sAdhu ko bhI gaNAdhipati mithyAtva, zalya, kaSAya Adi ke tyAga kI preraNA karatA huA bhaktaparijJAmaraNa meM ArUr3ha karatA hai| (2) iMginImaraNa yaha bhaktaparijJAmaraNa se viziSTa hai| bhaktaparijJA meM kI jAne vAlI sAdhanA-vidhi to isameM A hI jAtI hai, kintu isameM sAdhaka dUsaroM se kisI prakAra kI sevA na lekara saMthArA grahaNa karane ke anantara svayaM hI AkuJcana, prasAraNa evaM uccAra Adi kI kriyAeM karatA hai|ythaa sayameva appaNA so karei aauNttnnaaikiriyaao| uccArAi vigiMcai eyaM ca sammaM niruvsgge|| yadi devoM, manuSyoM yA tiryaJcoM ke dvArA kisI prakAra kA upasarga bhI upasthita kiyA jAya to vaha nirbhaya hokara kisI prakAra kI pratikriyA nahIM krtaa| una upasargoM se usameM AkulatA bhI nahIM hotI tathA vaha unheM dUra karane kA bhI prayAsa nahIM karatA hai| yadi kinnara kiMpuruSa devoM kI kanyAeM use cAheM to bhI vaha vicalita nahIM hotA hai aura na hI kisI RSi kA Azcarya karatA hai| vaha antaH evaM bAhya zuddhi karake eka sthAna para tRNoM kA saMstAraka bichAtA hai tathA arahanta ko praNAma karate hue vizuddha mana se AlocanA karatA huA cAroM AhAroM kA tyAga karatA hai| dravya evaM bhAva se saMlekhanA karane ke anantara hI vaha saMstAraka grahaNa karatA hai| isa iMgiNImaraNa se maraNa karane vAlA jIva prathama saMhanana arthAt vajraRSabha nArAca

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 31 saMhanana se yukta hotA hai| " 363 iMginImaraNa kA sAdhaka itanA nirbhaya evaM nirAkula ho jAtA hai ki yadi saMsAra ke sAre pudgala bhI duHkha meM pariNata ho jAyeM taba bhI use duHkhI nahIM kara skte| vaha dharmadhyAna evaM zukladhyAna se Arta evaM raudra dhyAna meM nahIM AtA hai| svAdhyAya evaM zubhadhyAna hI usake jIvana kA aMga bana jAte haiN| mauna evaM abhigraha dhAraka usa ArAdhaka se yadi deva evaM manuSya kucha pUche to vaha dharmakathA kahatA hai / " (3) pAdapopagamanamaraNa 32 bhaktapratyAkhyAna evaM iMginImaraNa se bhI yaha maraNa utkRSTa hai| isa maraNa se marane vAlA sAdhaka pAdapa ke sUkhe ThUMTha kI taraha eka sthAna para nizceSTa par3A rahatA hai| vaha kisI prakAra hilane-Dulane kI bhI kriyA nahIM karatA hai / maraNasamAdhi prakIrNaka meM pAdapopagamana kA lakSaNa isa prakAra diyA hai niccalanippaDikammo nikkhivaeM jaM jahiM vA aMgaM / eyaM pAovagamaM sanihAriM vA anIhAriM vA / / " 33 arthAt nizcala rUpa meM binA pratikriyA ke jahAM jisa prakAra aMga sthira karake jo maraNa kiyA jAtA hai vaha pAdopagamanamaraNa hai| yaha do prakAra kA hotA hai- sanihArI aura anihArI / jaba upasarga ke kAraNa maraNa hotA hai to use sanihArI evaM binA upasarga ke maraNa hone para use anihArI kahA jAtA hai, yathA uvasaggeNa vijaMso sAhario kuNai kAlamaNNattha / to bhaviyaM nIhArimiyaraM puNa niruvasaggammi / / [L34 yaha maraNa bhI prathama saMhanana arthAt vajraRSabhanArAca saMhanana se yukta jIva karatA hai| vIrabhadrAcArya ke mata meM saMlekhanA kiyA huA athavA saMlekhanA na kiyA huA bhI AtmA pAdopagamanamaraNa karatA hai| " pRthvI, ap, teja, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasoM para pheMka die yA DAla die jAne para bhI sAdhaka nizceSTa bane rahate haiM / " pAdopagamanamaraNa karane vAle jIvoM ke aneka udAharaNa ArAdhanApatAkA meM die gae haiN| maraNasamAdhi prakIrNaka meM cilAtIputra, skandhaka ziSyoM, gajasukumAla Adi ke samAdhimaraNa ke jo ullekha haiM ve dila dahalA dene vAle haiM tathA samAdhimaraNa kI

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364 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sAdhanA ke utkRSTa nidarzana haiN| cilAtIputra ke zarIra ko cITiyoM ke dvArA chalanI kara diyA gayA, kintu unhoneM mana meM unake prati thor3A bhI dveSa nahIM kiyA deho pipIliyAhiM cilAiputtassa cAlaNivva ko| taNuo vi maNapaoso na ya jAo tassa taannuvriN|| -maraNasamAdhi, gAthA 429 skandhaka RSi ke ziSyoM ko yantra meM pIlA gayA, kintu unhoMne kiJcita bhI dveSa nahIM kiyaa| gajasukumAla ke sira para zvasura ke dvArA aMgAre rakhe gae, phira bhI ve vicalita nahIM hue| isa prakAra kI utkRSTa cittasamAdhi se maraNa ko prApta honA jIvana kI sAdhanA kA utkRSTa nidarzana hai| samAdhimaraNa kA phala ___ bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka meM samAdhimaraNa karate samaya cAra bAteM prArthanIya mAnI gaI haiM- 1. duHkhakSaya, 2. karmakSaya, 3. samAdhimaraNa, 4. bodhilAbhA samAdhimaraNa se marane vAlA usa jIvana meM AtmA kI asIma zakti se to sAkSAtkAra karatA hI hai, kintu vaha usI bhava meM yA 3-4 bhavoM meM athavA adhikatama 7-8 bhavoM meM avazya mokSa prApta kara letA hai| samAdhimaraNa ke sopAna ___ samAdhimaraNa ke yadyapi bhaktapratyAkhyAna, iMginI evaM pAdapopagamana- ye tIna bheda haiM jo usa maraNa kI vizeSatAoM ko hI nirUpita karate haiM, kintu samAdhimaraNa kI prakriyA ke kucha sAmAnya sopAna bhI haiM, jinheM jAnanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| mahApratyAkhyAna evaM AturapratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka meM pAdapopagamana maraNa ke prasaMga meM paMDitamaraNa ke cAra Alambana kahe gae haiM-1. anazana, 2. pAdapopagamana, 3. dhyAna aura 4. bhaavnaa|" abhayadevasUri viracita ArAdhanA prakaraNa meM maraNavidhi ke chaH dvAra nirUpita haiM- 1. AlocanA 2. vratoM kA uccAraNa, 3. kSamApanA, 4. anazana, 5. zubha bhAvanA aura 6. namaskAra bhaavnaa| nandana muni ke dvArA ArAdhita ArAdhanA ke 6 prakAra ye haiM- 1. duSkAryoM kI garhA, 2. jIvoM se kSamAyAcanA, 3. zubha bhAvanA 4. catuHzaraNa grahaNa, 5. paJcaparameSThi- namaskAra aura 6. anazanA paryantArAdhanA meM

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 365 ArAdhanA ke 24 dvAra die gae haiM, jo ArAdhanA kA kramika svarUpa prastuta karate haiM, ve 24 dvAra haiM- 1. saMlekhanA dvAra, 2. sthAna dvAra (dhyAnAnukUla sthAna kA cayana), 3. vikaTanA (aticAroM kI AlocanA), 4. samyaktva dvAra, 5. aNuvrata dvAra, 6. guNavrata dvAra (zrAvaka ke lie), 7. pApasthAna dvAra, 8. sAgAra dvAra, 9. catuHzaraNa gamana dvAra, 10. duSkRta gardA dvAra, 11. sukRtAnumodanA dvAra, 12. viSaya dvAra, 13. saMghAdi se kSamA,14 caturgati ke jIvoM se kSamA dvAra, 15. caitya namana dvAra, 16. anazana dvAra, 17. anuziSTi dvAra (guru dvArA zikSA), 18. bhAvanA dvAra (dvAdaza bhAvanAeM), 19.kavaca dvAra (sthirIkaraNArtha), 20. namaskAra dvAra, 21. zubhadhyAna dvAra] 22. nidAna dvAra, 23. aticAranAza dvAra aura 24. phldvaar| isaprakAra paryantArAdhanA meM maraNavidhi kA eka vyavasthita krama nirUpita hai / eka AcArya (ajJAta nAma) kI ArAdhanA patAkA meM uttama maraNavidhi ke 32 dvAra die gae haiN| unhoMne anuziSTi dvAra ke 17 pratidvAra die haiM tathA niryAmaka, asaMvigna, nirjaraNA, dravyadAna, svajanakSamA, jinavarAdikSamA, zakrastava aura kAyotsarga dvAra - nae jor3e haiN| vIrabhadrAcArya ne apanI ArAdhanA patAkA meM bhaktapratyAkhyAna Adi trividha maraNoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue prasaMgAnusAra dvAroM kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| ina ArAdhanAoM kI apekSA prAcIna prakIrNakoM meM maraNavidhi to nirUpita hai, kintu use vibhinna dvAroM meM vibhakta nahIM kiyA gayA hai| AturapratyAkhyAna nAma ke tIna prakIrNaka haiM," kintu eka prakIrNaka meM hI cAra Alambana die gae haiM aura ve bhI pAdapopagamana maraNa ke sambandha meN| isakA artha yaha hai ki ArAdhanAoM kI racanA prakIrNakoM ke pazcAta huI hai evaM prakIrNakoM kI viSayavastu ko hI unameM spaSTatara rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| ___ hama prakIrNakoM ko AdhAra banAkara samAdhimaraNa ke nimnAMkita pramukha sopAna nirdhArita kara sakate haiM 1. saMlekhanA, 2. Atma-Alocana, 3. vratAdhAna, 4. saMstAraka 5. kSamAyAcanA, 6. AhAra, zarIra evaM upadhi kA tyAga, 7. bhAvanAoM dvArA dRr3hIkaraNa, 8. paMca parameSThI kI zaraNa, 9. deha visrjnaa| sthUla rUpa meM to saMlekhanA, saMthArA aura maraNa

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana ye tIna sopAna hI banate haiM, kintu samAdhimaraNa kA svarUpa kucha spaSTa ho sake, isalie sAta sopAnoM meM inakA vivecana kiyA jA rahA hai| 1. saMlekhanA 366 saMlekhanA kA artha hai kRza krnaa| saMlekhanA do prakAra kI hotI hai - 1. bAhya aura 2. Abhyantara / zarIra kI saMlekhanA bAhya saMlekhanA kahalAtI hai tathA kaSAyoM kI saMlekhanA Abhyantara saMlekhanA hotI hai / 2 vividha prakAra ke Ayambila, upavAsa Adi tapa karake zarIra ko kRza karanA zarIra saMlekhanA hai / alpa, virasa evaM rUkhA AhAra hI usa sAdhaka ke lie grAhya hai / bele, tele, cole Adi kI tapasyAeM evaM pratimA ArAdhanA bhI vaha kara sakatA hai / zarIra kI isa saMlekhanA ke sAtha kaSAya kI saMlekhanA Avazyaka hai| yadi zarIra kRza hotA jAya aura adhyavasAyoM meM vizuddhi na ho to zarIra kI saMlekhanA bhI nirarthaka ho jAtI hai| kaSAyoM meM kamI karane kA sAdhaka nirantara prayAsa kare / vaha krodha ko kSamA se, mAna ko mArdava se, mAyA ko Arjava se evaM lobha ko saMtoSa se jIte / " vaha rAga evaM dveSa donoM se bace tathA nissaMga hokara vicaraNa kre| zarIra saMlekhanA jaghanya, madhyama aura utkRSTa bhedoM kI apekSA tIna prakAra kI hai| jaghanya saMlekhanA 12 pakSa arthAt chaH mAha, madhyama saMlekhanA 12 mAha tathA utkRSTa saMlekhanA 12 varSo taka calatI hai / " isakA artha hai ki samAdhimaraNa se marane vAlA sAdhaka apanI taiyArI paryApta samaya rahate prArambha kara detA hai| 45 saMlekhanA sAdhanA kA lakSya vastutaH kaSAyoM meM kamI lAnA hai| zarIra kI saMlekhanA bhI usI kI pUrti ke lie kI jAtI hai| jo sAdhaka tapasyA Adi ke mAdhyama se zarIra ko kRza to kara letA hai, kintu kaSAyoM ko kRza nahIM karatA, usakI sAdhanA niSphala rahatI hai| 2. Atma- Alocana samAdhimaraNa kA yaha dUsarA mahattvapUrNa sopAna hai| isake dvArA apane bhItara vidyamAna doSoM kA avalokana kara unheM chor3A jAtA hai| saMlekhanA karate hue bhI jo doSa sAdhaka ke bhItara zeSa raha jAte haiM, unakA tyAga Atma - Alocana ke dvArA hI

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 1 saMbhava hai| apanI AlocanA svaMya bhI kI jA sakatI hai tathA guru ke pAsa jAkara bhI kI jA sakatI hai| gurujanoM ke samakSa apane doSoM ko prakaTa karane para halakepana kA anubhava hotA hai| gurujana bhI doSoM ko chor3ane kI preraNA dekara AtmA kA mahattva batalAte haiN| usa AlocanA ke dvArA pramukha rUpa se sAdhaka jina doSoM kI garhA karatA hai, ve haiM - sAta bhaya, ATha mada, tIna gArava, tIna zalya, cAra kaSAya, mithyAtva, asaMyama aura mamatva | " sAta prakAra ke bhayoM meM ihaloka, bhaya, paralokabhaya, AdAna bhaya, akasmAt bhaya, apayaza bhaya, AjIvikA bhaya aura maraNa bhaya samAviSTa haiM samAdhimaraNa kA sAdhaka samasta bhayoM ko jItakara nirbhaya ho jAtA hai / mada (ghamaMDa) ATha prakAra kA hai - jAtimada, kulamada, balamada, rUpamada, tapamada, lAbhamada, zrutamada aura aizvarya mada / gArava tIna haiM- RddhigArava, rasa gArava aura sAtA gArava / ina tInoM kI gurutA ko samAdhimaraNa kA icchuka sAdhaka tyAga detA hai| tIna zalyoM meM mAyA zalya, mithyAdarzana zalya evaM nidAna zalya kI gaNanA hotI hai| ye tInoM zalya tyAgakara sAdhaka niHzalya ho jAtA hai| sAdhanA meM ye tInoM kAMTe kI taraha bAdhaka haiN| krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha kaSAya ke tyAga kA prayAsa taba taka calatA rahatA hai jaba taka vItarAga avasthA prApta na ho jAya / mithyAtva, asaMyama evaM mamatva kA tyAga kie binA bhI sAdhanA lakSya kI ora nahIM bar3hatI hai| mithyAtva kA tyAga to sabase adhika mahattva rakhatA hai, kyoMki isako tyAge binA kisI bhI doSa kA tyAga sarvAMza meM nahIM ho sakatA / asaMyama arthAt avirati kA tyAga bhI aise sAdhaka ke lie Avazyaka hai| hiMsA, asatya Adi se vaha pUrNataH virata hotA hai / anta meM vaha apane zarIra Adi ke mamatva kA bhI tyAga kara detA hai / " AtmA ke nikaTa pahu~cane athavA AtmA meM ramaNa karate hue dehatyAga karane kA yahI tarIkA hai / " 47 48 AtmAlocana meM apane doSoM kI nindA evaM garhA karake unakA pratikramaNa bhI kiyA jAtA hai, yathA mUlaguNe uttaraguNe je me nArAhiyA pamAeNaM / 49 tamahaM savvaM niMde paDikkame AgamissANaM / / " 367 pramAda ke kAraNa mUlaguNa evaM uttaraguNoM kI ArAdhanA na kI gaI ho to maiM unakI nindA karatA hU~ tathA bhAvI doSoM se bhI pratikramaNa karatA huuN| AhAra Adi

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368 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana cAra saMjJAoM, taiMtIsa prakAra kI AzAtanAoM tathA rAga evaM dveSa kI gardA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| AlocanA guru ke samakSa bhI kI jAtI hai| guru ke samakSa samAdhimaraNa kA icchuka sAdhaka mAyAmRSAvAda ko chor3akara usI prakAra saralatA pUrvaka kArya evaM akArya ko prakaTa kara detA hai jisa prakAra ki eka bAlaka kArya evaM akArya kA vicAra kie binA saralatApUrvaka bAta kaha detA hai| 3.vratAdhAna doSoM ke tyAga ke sAtha mahAvratoM kA punaH AdhAna kiyA jAtA hai| zrAvaka aNuvratoM, guNavratoM evaM zikSAvratoM ko grahaNa karatA hai|" samyaktva sAmAyika, zruta sAmAyika tathA sarvavirati rUpa sAmAyika- ina trividha sAmAyika ko binA AgAra ke vaha svIkAra karatA hai| vratoM kA yaha grahaNa guru kI sAkSI meM bhI kiyA jAtA hai| 4. saMstAraka prakIrNakoM meM saMstaraNa ko adhika mahattva nahIM milA hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM cAra prakAra ke saMstaraNoM kA ullekha hai - puddhvisilaamovaaphlmotnnmoysNthaaro| hodisamAdhiNimittaMuttarasira ahvpuvvsiro|| arthAt samAdhimaraNa meM cAra prakAra ke saMstaraNa nimitta banate haiM - pRthvI, zilAmaya, phalamaya aura tRNamayA sAdhaka apanA sira pUrva yA uttara dizA meM karake saMthArA grahaNa karatA hai| saMstaraNa kA artha hai bichaunA, leTane-baiThane kA sthAna yA saMsArasAgara se tairane kI zayyA / prakIrNakoM kI dRSTi meM bAhya saMstaraNa kA koI mahattva nahIM hai, vastutaH AtmA hI pramukha saMstaraNa hai, yathA nvikaarnnNtnnmosNthaaronviphaasuaabhuumii| appA khalu saMthAro havai, visuddhe crittmmi|| arthAt vizuddha cAritra meM na to tinakoM kA banA saMthArA yA saMstaraNa nimitta hai aura na prAsuka bhUmi isameM nimitta hai, apitu AtmA hI nizcaya meM saMstaraNa hai| __saMstAraka prakIrNaka meM saMthAre ke sandarbha meM aneka mahattvapUrNa kathana milate haiN| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki devaloka ke devatA vividha prakAra ke bhogoM ko bhogate hue bhI

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 369 jaba saMthAre kA cintana karate haiM to ve Asana, zayyA Adi ko bhI chor3a dete haiN| jo gArava se matta hokara tathA guru ke samakSa apanI AlocanA na karake saMthArA grahaNa karatA hai usakA saMthArA avizuddha hotA hai| saMthArA zuddha kisakA hotA hai, usakA isa prakIrNaka meM vistRta nirUpaNa hai| jo guru ke pAsa AlocanA karake, samyagdarzana pUrvaka AcaraNa meM nirata rahakara, rAga-dveSa ko chor3ate hue tIna guptiyoM se gupta evaM tIna zalyoM se rahita hokara, tIna gAravoM evaM tIna daNDoM ko tyAgakara, caturvidha kaSAya evaM cAra vikathAoM se rahita hokara, pA~ca mahAvratoM evaM pA~ca samitiyoM kA pAlana karatA huA saMthArA grahaNa karatA hai, usakA saMthArA zuddha hotA hai| yahI nahIM zuddha saMthAre para ArUDha hone vAlA sAdhaka SaDjIvakAya kI hiMsA se virata hotA hai, sAta bhaya sthAnoM va ATha madoM se rahita hokara vaha nava prakAra kI brahmacaryagupti se yukta hotA hai evaM dasa dharmoM kA pAlana karatA hai| saMthArA grahaNa karane ke prathama dina hI itanA lAbha hotA hai ki usakA mUlya AMkanA kaThina hai| tRNa ke saMstaraNa para sthita evaM rAga tathA moha se rahita munivara ko mukti kA vaha sukha milatA hai jo cakravartI ko bhI nahIM mila sktaa| saMthAre para kaba ArUDha honA cAhie, isake lie kahA hai ki varSA Rtu meM vividha prakAra ke tapa karake hemaMta Rtu meM sathAMrA grahaNa karanA caahie| 5.kSamAyAcanA ___ samAdhimaraNa kA yaha bhI eka mahattvapUrNa sopAna hai| sAdhu ho to vaha guru, gaNa evaM saMgha ke sAdhuoM se kSamAyAcanA kara samasta jIvoM se kSamAyAcanA kre| zrAvaka ho to vaha bhI apane nikaTatama jIvoM se kSamAyAcanA karane ke pazcAt saba jIvoM se kSamAyAcanA kre| AcArya, upAdhyAya, ziSya, sAdharmika, kula, gaNa Adi sabase kSamAyAcanA karane kA vidhAna hai Ayarie uvajjhAe sIse sAhammie kula gaNe y| je me kei kasAyA savve tiviheNaM khaamemi||" vaha dUsaroM se kSamAyAcanA hI nahIM karatA, apitu dUsaroM ko kSamAdAna bhI karatA hai| vaha sabase vaira-virodha tyAgakara mitratA kA bhAva rakhatA hai, kyoMki vaha sabase kSamA yAcanA kara apane hRdaya ko nirmala banA letA hai

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370 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana khAmemi savve jIvA, savve jIvA khamaMtu me| mittI me savva bhUesu, vera majjhaM na kenni||" mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka meM isa gAthA kI dUsarI paMkti isa prakAra hai- 'Asave vosirittANaM samAhiM paDisaMdhae' arthAt maiM AsravoM ko tyAgakara samAdhi pratisaMdhAna karatA huuN| 6.AhAra,zarIra evaM upadhi kA tyAga vaise to saMlekhanA ke bAhya bheda meM zarIra ko kRza karane kA ullekha A gayA hai, kintu maraNa saMlekhanApUrvaka ho yA binA saMlekhanA ke, maraNakAla upasthita hone para cAroM prakAra ke AhAroM kA tyAga kara diyA jAtA hai| bhaktaparijJAmaraNa meM avazya prArambha meM trividha AhAra kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai, kintu bAda meM cAroM AhAroM kA tyAga kara diyA jAtA hai| jaba deha chUTane kA samaya ekadama najadIka hai, taba AhAra karane se kyA lAbha? AhAra ke lie kahA gayA hai ki AhAra ke kAraNa se matsya sAtavIM naraka meM jAte haiM, isalie sacitta AhAra kI to sAdhaka mana se bhI kAmanA na kre| __ AhAra ke sambandha meM eka bAta dhyAtavya hai ki samAdhimaraNa se marane vAle sAdhaka ke (ojAhAra evaM) romAhAra to cAlU hI rahatA hai, kevala kavalAhAra kA hI tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| (ojAhAra to sampUrNa zarIra ke dvArA grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai tathA) romAhAra zarIra ke romoM ke mAdhyama se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| kavalAhAra ke rUpa meM jisa AhAra kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai usameM azana, pAna, khAdima aura svAdima cAroM kA grahaNa ho jAtA hai| ___ zarIra ke sAtha bhinnatA kA anubhava karanA zarIra kA tyAga hai| zarIra ke sAtha mamatva chor3ane ke pazcAt hI yaha saMbhava hai ki zarIra se AtmA ko bhinna anubhava kiyA jA ske| 'annaM imaM sarIraM anno jIva tti' kA smaraNa evaM anubhava sadaiva rahanA caahie| upadhi do prakAra kI hotI hai-bAhya aura aabhyntr| parigraha bAhya upadhi hai tathA kaSAya bhAva Abhyantara upadhi hai| ina donoM prakAra kI upadhiyoM kA tyAga bhI anivArya hai| ye donoM upadhiyAM bAhya evaM Abhyantara parigraha kI dyotaka haiN|

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 371 AhAra, zarIra evaM upadhi kA tyAga tIna prakAra se arthAt mana vacana evaM kAya yoga se ho, yathA savvaM pi asaNaM pANaM cauvvihaM jo ya bAhiro uvhii| abbhiMtaraM ca uvahiM savvaM tiviheNa vosire|| uvahI sarIragaM ceva AhAraM ca cuvvihN| maNasA vaya kAeNaM vosirAmi tti bhaavo| arthAt caturvidha azana-pAnAdi, samasta bAhya upadhi evaM sampUrNa Abhyantara upadhi kA mana, vacana evaM kAyA se bhAvapUrvaka tyAga karanA caahie| vartamAna meM sote samaya jo sAgArI saMthArA kiyA jAtA hai usameM ina tInoM ke tyAga kA ullekha rahatA hai, yathA AhAra zarIra upadhi pacakhU pApa atthaarh| maraNa pAU~ to vosire, jIU~ to aagaar|| 7. bhAvanAoM dvArA dRDhIkaraNa __ vairAgyaparaka cintana evaM bhAvanAoM se citta meM samAdhi sudRr3ha hotI hai| anitya, azaraNa Adi dvAdaza bhAvanAeM bhI isI kI aMga haiN| abhayadevasUri ne ArAdhanA prakaraNa meM ekatva, anityatva, azucitva aura anyatva kA nAmataH ullekha karake prabhRti zabda se anya bhAvanAoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| ina bhAvanAoM kI puSTi meM mahApratyAkhyAna, AturapratyAkhyAna, bhaktaparijJA Adi prakIrNakoM se bhI aneka gAthAe~ upalabdha haiN| yathA ego me sAsao appA naanndNsnnsNjuo| sesA me bAhirA bhAvA savve sNjoglkkhnnaa|| arthAt jJAna evaM darzana se yukta zAzvata AtmA hI merI hai aura zeSa saba vastueM saMyoga lakSaNa vAlI haiM tathA bAharI haiN| unase AtmA kA saMyoga sambandha hai, nitya sambandha nahIM hai| isameM ekatva evaM anyatva donoM bhAvanAoM kA bhAva nihita hai| jaba samAdhimaraNa ke samaya atyanta vedanA ho to use bhI isa prakAra kI bhAvanAoM ke Alambana se sahaja hI sahana kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAdhaka socatA hai ki maiMne anantabAra narakAdi gatiyoM meM isase bhI tIvra vedanA sahana kI hai| jo jaisA karma

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372 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana karatA hai, use vaisA phala bhoganA par3atA hai, . . ekko karei kammaM ekko aNuhavai dukkyvivaagN| ekko saMsarai jio jara-maraNa-cauggaI guvilN||" arthAt jIva akelA hI karma karatA hai aura akelA hI apane duSkoM kA phala bhogatA hai, vaha akelA hI caturgatiyoM meM bhramaNa karatA hai| parivAra ke loga usake zaraNabhUta nahIM haiM na vi mAyA na vi piyA, na baMdhavA, na vi piyADaM mittaaddN| purisassa maraNakAle na hoMti, AlaMbaNaM kiNci||" arthAt mAtA-pitA, bandhujana aura priya mitra koI bhI mRtyu ke samaya puruSa kA sahArA nahIM banatA hai| azuci bhAvanA kA svarUpa prakaTa karate hue ArAdhanA prakaraNa meM kahA gayA hai deho jIvassa AvAso, soysukkaaisNbhvo| dhAurUvomalAhAro suI nAma kahaM bhve||" arthAt jIva kA AvAsa yaha deha zukra Adi se paidA hotA hai, dhAtu isakA rUpa hai, mala AhAra hai isameM zucitA kyA hai ? isa prakAra kI vibhinna bhAvanAoM se apanI Atmazakti ko bala milatA hai, vairAgya meM sthiratA AtI hai tathA vedanAoM evaM parISahoM ko sahana karane kA sAmarthya milatA hai| 8. paMca parameSThI kI zaraNa apane jIvana ko sArthaka banAne ke lie anta meM sAdhaka paMca parameSThI kI zaraNa grahaNa karatA hai / paMca parameSThI ko namaskAra kara unakI zaraNa grahaNa karane kA ullekha aMga AgamoM meM kahIM nahIM huA hai, yaha prakIrNakoM evaM ArAdhanAoM kI hI dena hai| mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka meM kahA hai mama maMgalamarihaMtA siddhA sAhU suyaM ca dhammo y| tesiM saraNovagao sAvajja vosiraamitti|' arthAt arihaMta, siddha, sAdhu, zruta aura dharma mere lie kalyANakArI haiM, maiM inakI zaraNa meM jAkara samasta pApakarma tyAgatA huuN| AcArya evaM upAdhyAyoM ko bhI

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 373 isI prakAra maMgala mAnA gayA hai| bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka meM arihaMta, siddha, caitya, pravacana, AcArya evaM sarvasAdhuoM ke prati tInoM karaNoM se bhakti karane kA ullekha hai| isI prakIrNaka meM arihaMta ko kie gae namaskAra kA phala batalAte hue kahA hai arihaMtanamukkAro vi havijja jo mrnnkaale| so jiNavarehiM diTTho sNsaaruccheannsmttho|| arthAta maraNakAla meM arihaMta ko kiyA gayA namaskAra bhI jinavaroM ke dvArA saMsAra uccheda karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| namaskAra mahAmantra meM use pApanAzaka kahA gayA hai, ye hI bhAva ArAdhanAprakaraNa meM isa prakAra Ae haiM iya paMcanamukkAro pAvANa pnnaasnno'vsesaannN| to sesaM caiUNaM so gejjho mrnnkaalmmi|| Age kahA haipaMcanamokkAravaratthasaMgao annsnnaavrnnjutto| vayakarivarakhaMdhagao maraNaraNe hoi dujjeo| arthAt pA~ca namaskArarUpI zreSTha astra se yukta, anazanarUpI kavaca ko dhAraNa kiyA huA tathA vratarUpI hAthI ke skandha para ArUr3ha sAdhaka maraNarUpI yuddhakSetra meM durjeya hotA hai| 9.deha visarjana deha chor3akara jaba AtmA kA mahAprayANa ho jAtA hai, taba deha kA visarjana kaba evaM kisa prakAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, isake sambandha meM prakIrNakoM meM koI saMketa nahIM milatA, kintu bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM mare hue sAdhu kI deha ko vahAM se tatkAla haTAne kA ullekha hai|" samAdhimaraNa aura AtmahatyA jainetara sampradAya ke loga yA samAdhimaraNa ke svarUpa se anabhijJa loga ise AtmahatyA kI saMjJA dete haiM, kintu unakA yaha mantavya ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki AtmahatyA karate samaya to kaSAyoM meM abhivRddhi arthAt saMkleza hotA hai jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM kaSAyoM para jaya prApta kI jAtI hai| yaha sAdhanA kA eka utkRSTa prakAra hai, jisake dvArA jJAna, darzana, cAritra evaM tapa kA ArAdhana kiyA jAtA hai|

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374 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana maine AtmahatyA evaM samAdhimaraNa kA antara isa prakAra kiyA hai:AtmahatyA tu sAvezA, rAgaroSavimizritA / samAdhimaraNaM tAvat, samabhAvena tajjayaH / / * arthAt AtmahatyA to AvezapUrvaka kI jAtI hai| isameM rAga-dveSa kA bhAva maujUda rahatA hai, jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM to rAga-dveSa ko samabhAvapUrvaka jItA jAtA hai / yuddha meM jo sainika lar3ate hue mAre jAte haiM vaha AtmahatyA to nahIM hai, kintu usameM prApta maraNa bhI bAlamaraNa athavA ajJAnamaraNa kI zreNI meM hI AtA hai, kyoMki usakA sambandha kaSAyajaya se nahIM, apitu rAga-dveSa se hI hai upasaMhAra I prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM varNita samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA ke sambandha meM nimnAMkita pramukha bindu ubharakara Ate haiM 1. aMga- sUtroM evaM uttarAdhyayanAdi meM varNita paMDitamaraNa athavA samAdhimaraNa kA prakIrNakoM meM vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| sAtha hI aMga - sUtroM meM sthApita mUlasvarUpa evaM lakSya unameM surakSita rahA hai| ataH prakIrNakoM kI gaNanA zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA ke 45 AgamoM meM hotI hai| jo paramparAe~ inheM Agama nahIM mAnatI, unake dvArA bhI Agamavat paThanIya haiN| 2. samAdhimaraNa mukti ke mArga kI eka utkRSTa sAdhanA hai| mukhyataH isake tIna prakAra haiM- bhaktaparijJAmaraNa, iMginImaraNa evaM paadpopgmnmrnn| ina sabhI samAdhimaraNoM meM jJAna, darzana, cAritra evaM tapa kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai| 3. mRtyu honA sunizcita hai| dhIra puruSa bhI maratA hai aura kAyara puruSa bhI maratA hai| jaba maranA sunizcita hai to dhIra puruSa kI bhA~ti hI kyoM na marA jAya, tAki maranA sArthaka ho jaay| yaha prakIrNakoM kI preraNA hai| 4. prakIrNakoM meM samAdhimaraNa ke pUrva saMlekhanA kI bAta kahI hai aura saMlekhanA ko bAhya evaM Abhyantara athavA zarIra evaM kaSAya ke bheda se do prakAra kA nirUpita kiyA gayA hai aura kaSAya kI saMlekhanA ke abhAva meM zarIra kI saMlekhalanA ko nirarthaka pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai|

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375 prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 5. kaSAya kI saMlekhanA ke sAtha sAta prakAra ke bhaya, ATha prakAra ke mada, tIna prakAra ke gArava, tIna prakAra ke zalya, cAra prakAra kI saMjJAoM aura taiMtIsa prakAra kI AzAtanA Adi tyAgane kA ullekha prakIrNakoM meM hI prApta hotA hai| inameM mamatva vyuccheda para bhI bala diyA gayA hai| 6. bhaktaparijJA, iMginI evaM pAdapopagamana maraNoM ke bhedoM kA svarUpa sahita varNana kara prakIrNakoM ne samAdhimaraNa ke pratyaya ko adhika spaSTa kiyA tathA mahattva pradAna kiyA hai| 7. samAdhimaraNa ke pUrva samasta jIvoM se kSamAyAcanA karanA (Atmazuddhi ke lie) Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| 8. samAdhimaraNa se pUrvabaddha karmoM kI nirjarA hotI hai tathA navIna karmoM ke Anava kA nirodha hotA hai, jisase mukti kA mArga sarala ho jAtA hai| isase pUrvabaddha karmoM kA sthitighAta evaM rasaghAta hotA hai| 9. jo jIva samAdhimaraNapUrvaka maratA hai vaha usI bhava meM athavA adhikatama 7-8 bhavoM meM mokSa prApta kara letA hai / 10. anazana evaM upadhi ke tyAga ke sAtha zarIra kA tyAga bhI Avazyaka hai| zarIra kA tyAga karane kA Azaya usake duHkha suHkha se aprabhAvita hone athavA AtmA se use bhinna anubhava karane se hai| 11. samAdhimaraNapUrvaka marane vAlA nirbhaya hokara maratA hai, sabake prati maitrI - bhAva rakhatA huA maratA hai, usakA kisI ke prati vaira bhAva nahIM rahatA / vaha vyAkula hokara nahIM mrtaa| vaha anAkula rahatA huA samAdhibhAva meM deha chor3a detA hai| 12. maraNa ke vividha prakAroM meM yaha sabase utkRSTa maraNa hai| 13. yaha AtmahatyA evaM yuddha kSetra meM marane se bhinna hai, kyoMki unameM kaSAya ke Aveza meM maraNa hotA hai, jabaki samAdhimaraNa meM kaSAyoM para jaya prApta kI jAtI hai| 14. samAdhimaraNa eka prakAra se sajagatApUrvaka maraNa hai, jise pUrNa taiyArI ke sAtha svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| acAnaka mRtyu kA prasaMga Ane para bhI sAdhaka isa

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376 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana maraNa ko sajagatApUrvaka apanA sakatA hai| ... 15. yadi samAdhimaraNa ke kAla meM koI sAdhaka vicalita ho jAya evaM citta meM asamAdhi ho jAya to usakA maraNa samAdhimaraNa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isalie yaha pUre jIvana kI sAdhanA kI antima pariNati hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| sAdhanA ke abhyAsa ke abhAva meM ise apanAnA utanA AsAna nahIM haiN| 16. samasta sAdhu yA zrAvaka isa maraNa se nahIM mara pAte, kucha hI ise apanA pAte sandarbha:1. draSTavya, samavAyAMgasUtra, saptadaza sthAnaka samavAya 2. draSTavya, samavAyAMgasUtra, dazasthAnaka samavAya 3. draSTavya, vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 2, uddezaka 1 4. sthAnAGgasUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, sUtra 2.4.411-414 5. vahI, sUtra 3.4.519 6. vahI, sUtra 3.4.520-522 7. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, paMcama adhyayana, gAthA 2-3 8. iccevaM vimohAyataNaM hiyaM suhaM khamaM NissesaM ANugAmiyaM tti bemi| - AcArAMga sUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, sUtra 1.8.4.215 9. draSTavya, mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka, prakA. Agama, ahiMsA-samatA evaM prAkRta saMsthAna, udayapura, bhUmikA pR. 52 10. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka, gAthA 49, ArAdhanApatAkA prakIrNaka, gAthA 50, maraNasamAdhi prakIrNaka, gAthA 245 11. jaM annANI kammaM khavei, bahuyAhiM vaaskoddiihiN| taM nANI tihiM gutto khavei, uusaasmittennN|| -mahApratyAkhyAna, gAthA 101 12. candravedhyaka prakIrNaka, gAthA 122 13. vahI, gAthA 149-150 14. daMsaNanANa caritte tave ya ArAhaNA cukkhNdhaa| sA ceva hoi tivihA ukkosA majjhima jhnnaa|| - mahApratyAkhyAna, gAthA 137 15. paMcasamio tigutto suciraM kAlaM muNI vihriuunnN| maraNe virAhayato dhammamaNArAhao bhnnio||

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 377 bahumoho viharittA pacchimakAlammi saMvuDo so u| ArAhaNovautto jiNehiM ArAhao bhnnio|| -candravedhyaka, gAthA 157-158 16. tivihaM bhaNaMti maraNaM bAlANaM bAlapaMDiyANaM c| taiyaM paMDiyamaraNaM jaM kevaliNo annumrNti|| -AturapratyAkhyAna, gAthA 36 17. paMDiyapaMDiyamaraNaM ca paMDiyaM bAlapaMDiyaM taha yA ____bAlamaraNaM cautthaM ca paMcamaM bAlabAlaM tu|| -ArAdhanApatAkA (2), gAthA 43 18. draSTavya, ArAdhanApatAkA (2), gAthA 44-47 19. satthaggahaNaM visabhakkhaNaM ca jalaNaM ca jalapaveso yA aNayAra bhaMDasevI jmmnnmrnnaannubNdhiinni|| -AturapratyAkhyAna, gAthA 46 20. sattavidhe Aubhede paNNatte, taM jahA ajjhavasANa Nimitte, AhAre veyaNA praaghaate| phAse ANApANU sattavihaM bhijjae aauu|| -sthAnAGgasUtra, 7.7.2 21. bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka, gAthA 9 22. bhattaparinnAmaraNaM duvihaM saviArao ya aviyaarN| saparakkamassa muNiNo saMlihiataNussa sviaarN|| aparakkamassa kAle appahuppaMtaMmi jaM tmviaarN|| -bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka, gAthA 10-11 23. sampUrNa vivaraNa ke lie draSTavya, ArAdhanApatAkA (vIrabhadra) 24. ArAdhanApatAkA (vIrabhadra), gAthA 895 25. draSTavya, vahI gAthA 896-900 26. bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka, gAthA 14 27. sampUrNa vivaraNa ke lie draSTavya, bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka 28. ArAdhanApatAkA (vIrabhadra), gAthA 908 29. vahI, gAthA 909 30. vahI, gAthA 910 31. vahI, gAthA 905-907 32. vahI, gAthA 911,919 Adi 33. maraNasamAdhi prakIrNaka, gAthA 527 34. ArAdhanApatAkA (vIrabhadra), gAthA 926 35. paDhamilluya saMghayaNo saMlihiyappA'havA asNlihio| nIhArimiyara vA pAovagamaM kuNai dhiiro|| -ArAdhanApatAkA, gAthA 922

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378 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana -ArAdhanApatAkA (1), gAthA 17 36. ArAdhanApatAkA (vIrabhadra), gAthA 924 37. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka, gAthA 92 38. AloyaNA vayaNaM uccAro, khAmaNA aNasaNaM c| suhabhAvaNA NamokkAra bhAvaNaM ca tti mrnnvihii|| -ArAdhanA prakaraNa, gAthA 1 39. nandanamuni ArAdhita ArAdhanA (saMskRta), zloka 37 40. draSTavya, paiNNayasuttAI bhAga-2 (mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI) 41. draSTavya, tInoM prakIrNaka, paiNNayasuttAI bhAga-1 (mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI) 42. saMlehaNA u duvihA abmiMtarA ya bAhirA cev| abmiMtarA kasAesu bAhirA hoi hu sriire| -paryantArAdhanA, gAthA 5 43. sayalA vi sA niratthA jAva kasAe na sNlihie|| -paryantArAdhanA, gAthA 10 44. kohaM khamAe mANaM maddavayA ajjaveNa mAyaM c| saMtoseNa ya lohaM jiNai hu cattAri vi ksaae|| 45. taNusaMlehaNa tivihA ukkosA majjhimA jahannA yA bArasavAsA bArasamAsA pakkhA vi bArasa u|| -paryantArAdhanA, gAthA 6 46. satta bhae aTTha mae sannA cattAri gArave tini| AsAyaNaM tettIsaM rAgaM dosaM ca grihaami|| asaMjamamannANaM micchattaM savvameva ya mmttN| jIvesu ajIvesu ya taM niMde taM ca grihaami|| -AturapratyAkhyAna, gAthA 29-30 47. mamattaM parivajjAmi, nimmamattaM uvddhio| AlaMbaNaM ca me AyA, avasesaM ca vosire|| -AturapratyAkhyAna, gAthA 23 48. AyA hu mahaM nANe AyA me daMsaNe caritte yA AyA paccakkhANe AyA me saMjame joge|| -AturapratyAkhyAna, gAthA 24 49. mahApratyAkhyAna, gAthA 12 50. jaha bAlo jaMpaMto kajjamakajjaM ca ujjuyaM bhnni| taM taha AloijjA mAyAmosaM pmottuunn|| -AturapratyAkhyAna, gAthA 32 51. bhaktaparijJA prakIrNaka, gAthA 28-29 52. saMthArayapavvavajjaM paDivajjai so vi niamnirvjj| savvaviraippahANaM saamaaiacrittmaaruuh|| -bhaktaparijJA, gAthA 33 53. bhagavatI ArAdhanA (zivArya), gAthA 640 54. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka, gAthA 96, saMstAraka prakIrNaka, gAthA 53

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prakIrNaka-sAhitya meM samAdhimaraNa kI avadhAraNA 379 55. saMstAraka prakIrNaka, gAthA 27 56. jo gAraveNa matto nicchai AloyaNaM gurusgaase| ____ ArUhai ya saMthAraM avisuddho tassa sNthaaro|| -saMstAraka prakIrNaka, gAthA 33 57. vahI, gAthA 36-40 58. vahI, gAthA 41-43 59. vahI, gAthA 46 60. taNasaMthAranisanno vi muNivaro bhtttthraagmymoho| ___ jaM pAvai muttisuhaM katto taM ckkvttttiivi|| -vahI, gAthA 48 61. vahI, gAthA 55 62. vahI, gAthA 104 63. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka, gAthA 54 64. saMstAraka prakIrNaka, gAthA 100 65. mahApratyAkhyAna prakIrNaka, gAthA 34 66. vahI, gAthA 109 67. iya paDivaNNANasaNo sammaM bhAvejja bhAvaNAo subhaa| egattA'NiccattA'suitta aNNatta pbhiiiso|| -ArAdhanAprakaraNa, gAthA 63 68. mahApratyAkhyAna, gAthA 16 69. vahI, gAthA 44 70. candravedhyaka prakIrNaka, gAthA 167 71. ArAdhanAprakaraNa (abhayadevasUri), gAthA 66 72. mahApratyAkhyAna, gAthA 114 73. bhaktaparijJA, gAthA 70 74. vahI, gAthA 77 75. ArAdhanAprakaraNa, gAthA 79 76. vahI, gAthA 83 77. jaM velaM kAlagado bhikkhU taM velameva nniihrnnN| jaggaNabaMdhaNachedaNavidhI avelAe kaadvvaa|| -bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gAthA 1968 78. svAdhyAya zikSA, jUna 1991

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pratikramaNa Atmavizuddhi ke mArga para Age bar3hane ke lie bhUloM kA parimArjana Avazyaka hai tathA punaH bhUla na doharAne kA saMkalpa bhI anivArya hai| jainadarzana meM isa prakriyA ko SaD AvazyakoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| sAmAyika, caturviMzatistavana Adi SaD AvazyakoM meM pratikramaNa kI pradhAnatA hone se ina SaDAvazyakoM kI pratikramaNa' nAma se adhika prasiddhi hai| saMyama athavA virati ke mArga para calane vAle sAdhaka se jaba bhI koI bhUla ho jAe to vaha niyamita rUpa se prAtaHkAla evaM sAyaMkAla usakA samabhAvapUrvaka nirIkSaNa kara usakI nindanA karatA huA punaH saMyamamArga para apane AcaraNa ko sudRr3ha kara sakatA hai / sAdhaka ke lie satata sajagatA Avazyaka hai / ataH usake dvArA avazya karaNIya hone se sAmAyika, caturviMzatistavana, vandanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ko Avazyaka kahA gayA hai / bhUla ko bhUla athavA doSa ko doSa jAnakara hI usakA parihAra kiyA jA sakatA hai evaM guNoM kA saMvardhana kiyA jA sakatA hai / jainadarzana meM AtmasudhAra kA eka sundara upAya hai- pratikramaNa / jIva kA svabhAva se vibhAva meM jAnA atikramaNa hai tathA punaH svabhAva meM sthita honA pratikramaNa hai| jIva kA doSa rahita jo zuddha svarUpa hai, vaha usakA svabhAva hai tathA vikAra evaM doSoM se yukta avasthA vibhAva hai| jIva mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya evaM azubhayoga ke kAraNa svabhAva se vibhAva meM gamana karatA rahatA hai, use punaH samyaktva, virati, apramAda, kaSAyavijaya evaM zubhayoga meM lAnA pratikramaNa kahA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to jIva kA audayika bhAva se punaH kSAyopazamika bhAva meM AnA pratikramaNa hai| yaha pratikramaNa kA pAramArthika svarUpa hai| isake anusAra jaba taka AtmA pUrNa zuddha nahIM hotI taba taka pratikramaNa kI AvazyakatA banI rahatI hai| AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra ke tRtIya prakAza kI svopajJavRtti meM pratikramaNa kA svarUpa spaSTa karate hue kahA hai-zubhayogebhyo'zubhayogAntaraM krAntasya zubheSu evakramaNAt pratIpaMkramaNam( pratikramaNam) arthAt zubhayoga se azubhayoga meM gae hue jIva kA punaH zubha yoga meM AnA pratikramaNa hai| binA zubhabhAvoM ke zubha yoga meM AnA azakya hai, ataH bhAvazuddhi hI pratikramaNa kA prayojana hai| isalie audayika bhAva se kSAyopazamika bhAva meM AnA athavA vibhAva se svabhAva meM AnA vAstavika

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pratikramaNa 381 yA bhAva - pratikramaNa hai / isa bhAva - pratikramaNa ke lie pratikramaNa ke pAThoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai / vyAvahArika dRSTi se ina pAThoM ko bhAvapUrvaka bolakara Atmazuddhi evaM vratazuddhi kI jAtI hai / pratikramaNa ke isa vyAvahArika svarUpa ke anusAra gRhIta vratoM meM aticAra lagane para Alocana, nindanA evaM garhA se una aticAroM yA doSoM ko dUra kara vratoM ko zuddha kara lenA pratikramaNa hai / pratikramaNa kI mahattA nirvivAda hai / vratoM meM aticAra lagane para sAdhu aura zrAvaka ko to unakI zuddhi ke lie yathAkAla pratikramaNa karanA hI cAhiye / kintu sAdhAraNa vyakti (avratI) bhI apanI bhUloM kA pratikramaNa karane lage to Atmazuddhi kA mArga usake lie bhI sarala ho jAtA hai / vratoM ke aticAroM kA pratikramaNa isa bAta kI bhI preraNA detA hai ki vyavahAra meM hamase koI bhI bhUla aisI huI ho jo hamAre pramAda kI vRddhi karatI ho, krodhAdi kaSAyoM ko uddIpta karatI ho, dUsaroM ke prati malina vyavahAra ko janma detI ho, apane bhItara jisase azAnti aura kSobha utpanna hotA ho, ve saba bhUleM pratyeka vyakti ke dvArA tyAjya haiM / pratikramaNa hameM AtmAnuzAsita karatA hai aura apane hI dvArA Atmazuddhi kA mArga prazasta karatA hai / apanI bhUla ko bhUla samajhanA hI Aja kaThina ho gayA hai, usakI zuddhi to dUra kI bAta hai / niyamita rUpa se dravya pratikramaNa karane vAle sAdhu aura zrAvaka bhI jaba taka apanI bhUloM, doSoM yA aticAroM kA avalokana ( Alocana ) nahIM kareMge taba taka unako bhI nirmalatA, zAnti aura Ananda kA svArasya prApta nahIM ho sakegA / dravya pratikramaNa kA samaya nirdhArita hai, kintu bhAva pratikramaNa kabhI bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / dravya pratikramaNa bhAva pratikramaNa kA smaraNa dilAne aura use puSTa karane ke lie hotA hai / pratikramaNa ke pAThoM kA zuddha uccAraNa dravya pratikramaNa hai, kintu usake sAtha jaba bhAva bhI jur3a jAte haiM to vaha dravya pratikramaNa bhAva pratikramaNa kA rUpa le letA hai / bhAva pratikramaNa kabhI bhI ho sakatA hai / pratikramaNa ke pAThoM ke binA bhI bhAva pratikramaNa sambhava hai / isake lie sAdhaka kA sajaga honA anivArya hai / bhUla ko sudhAranA evaM use punaH na doharAne kA saMkalpa hI pratikramaNa kA prayojana hai / sajaga sAdhaka apanI kI huI bhUla ko punaH na doharAne kA saMkalpa le letA hai, kintu pramAdI sAdhaka bAra-bAra bhUleM doharAtA rahatA hai aura na doharAne ke saMkalpa ke prati sajaga

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382 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana nahIM hotA hai / pratikramaNa AtmasudhAra kA amogha upAya hai / isake mAdhyama se sAdhaka apanI sAdhanA meM saphalatA prApta kara sakatA hai| bhUla sudhAra karake hI koI lakSya ko siddha kara pAtA hai / eka vyApArI bhI yadi apanI bhUla kA sudhAra nahIM karatA hai, bAra-bAra usa bhUla kI punarAvRtti karatA rahatA hai to vaha kabhI bhI eka saphala vyApArI nahIM ho sakatA / isI prakAra koI DaoNkTara, vakIla, iMjIniyara, prophesara apanI vyavasAyagata bhUloM kI samIkSA kara unako nahIM sudhAratA hai to vaha bhI apane kSetra meM vikAsa nahIM kara pAtA hai / isI taraha adhyAtma ke kSetra meM bhI vikAsa tabhI sambhava hai jaba apane dvArA hue doSa yukta atikramaNa kA tatkAla pratikramaNa hone lage / tatkAla pratikramaNa na kara sakeM to sAyaMkAla evaM prAtaHkAla pratikramaNa karake AtmasudhAra kara hI lenA caahie| zvetAmbara evaM digambara granthoM meM pratikramaNa ke lie tIna caraNa prApta hote haiM1. Alocana 2. nindanA 3. gardA / sarvaprathama to apane doSa hameM dikhAI deM yaha Avazyaka hai| apane doSa dekhanA hI Alocana hai, doSa dRSTigata hone para use burA samajhanA usakI 'nindanA' hai tathA jaba vaha doSa guru ke samakSa prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai to use 'garhA' kahA jAtA hai| isake lie yogya guru kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jo ziSya ke dvArA prakaTa doSa kA pracAra na kare tathA prAyazcittAdi se usakI zuddhi karane kA prayatna kare vaha yogya guru hotA hai| prAyazcitta ke dvArA vyakti doSa rahita bana sakatA hai tathA punaH doSa na karane kA saMkalpa bhI prAyazcitta ke dvArA dRr3ha hotA hai| pratikramaNa sIkhane-sikhAne para sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM vizeSa bala diyA jAtA hai / zikSaNa borDa, dhArmika pAThazAlA, svAdhyAya zivira Adi ke mAdhyama se sthAnakavAsI samAja dhArmika jJAna-vRddhi ke kSetra meM nirantara Age bar3ha rahA hai / samAja meM sAmAyika aura svAdhyAya kI satata preraNA kA hI yaha suphala hai ki aneka yuvaka-yuvatiyA~, kizora-kizoriyA~, bAlaka-bAlikAe~ sAmAyika, pratikramaNa, 25 bola Adi sIkha rahe haiN| samAja meM aneka dhArmika pratiyogI parIkSAe~ bhI jJAna-vRddhi meM sahAyaka huI haiM / yaha jJAna kahIM bhAra na bana jAye, isake lie Avazyaka hai usakA jIvana meM AcaraNaparaka prabhAva / AcaraNa bhI do prakAra kA ho sakatA hai - 1. dravya kriyAoM ke rUpa meM 2. apane doSa dUra karane ke rUpa meM / pratikramaNa apane doSa dUra karane kI zikSA detA hai| dravya kriyAe~ bhI saMvara ke sAtha nirjarA meM sahAyaka

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pratikramaNa 383 hoM, isa lakSya se bhAvapUrvaka karane para ve vizeSa phaladAyinI hotI haiM, kintu unheM aupacArikatAvaza karane para apekSita lAbha nahIM miltaa| pratikramaNa eka Avazyaka hai / Atmazuddhi ke lie jo avazya karaNIya hai, use Avazyaka kahA gayA hai / Avazyaka chaha mAne gaye haiM- 1. sAmAyika (sAvadyayoga virati) 2. caturviMzatistava (utkIrtana) 3. vandanA (guNavatpratipatti) 4. pratikramaNa (skhalita nindanA) 5. kAyotsarga (vraNa cikitsA) 6. pratyAkhyAna (guNadhAraNA) / ina chaha AvazyakoM meM pratikramaNa kA prAdhAnya hone se SaDAvazyakoM ko pratikramaNa' zabda se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| ataH pratikramaNa meM ina chahoM AvazyakoM kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai| prathama 'sAmAyika' Avazyaka meM sAvadhayoga kA tyAga kiyA jAtA hai tathA AtmA ko utkRSTa banAne ke lie, prAyazcitta karane ke lie, vizeSa Atmazuddhi ke lie, zalyarahita banAne ke lie, pApa-karmoM kA kSaya karane ke lie kAyotsarga bhI kiyA jAtA hai| isa kAyotsarga meM dehAbhimAna kA utsarga karate hue Atma-doSoM kA Alocana kiyA jAtA hai| unheM dhyAna meM rahakara dekhA jAtA hai| doSoM kA nirIkSaNa karake hI unakA nivAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / zrAvaka isa dhyAnamudrA meM rahakara pratikramaNa meM samyaktva, jJAna, bAraha vrata, karmAdAna, saMlekhanA Adi se sambaddha 99 aticAroM kA Alocana karatA hai / zramaNa-pratikramaNa meM kula 125 aticAroM kA Alocana kiyA jAtA hai| dehAdi se Asakti rahate hue AtmadoSoM kA avalokana itanA sarala nahIM hotA, isalie deha ke prati mamatva athavA dehAdhyAsa kA tyAga karake niSpakSa va taTastha hokara AtmakRta aticAroM kA Alocana kiyA jAtA hai| sabhI aticAroM ke pATha para dhyAna diye jAne se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki mere vratoM meM kauna sA aticAra lagA aura kauna sA nhiiN| yaha Alocana sUkSmastara para zAntabhAva se honA cAhie, tAki apanA doSa pakar3a meM A sake / dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to vartamAna meM nirdoSa rahakara hI atItakAla ke doSoM kA nirIkSaNa yA anveSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isalie sAvadhayoga se virati rUpa sAmAyika ko prathama Avazyaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| dUsare Avazyaka meM 'logassa' pATha ke dvArA 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI stuti kI jAtI hai| tIrthakara doSamukta haiM / ataH apane doSa dhyAna meM Ane ke pazcAt doSa-mukta kA

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana utkIrtana karane se apane doSoM ko dUra karane kI bhAvanA balavatI banatI hai aura yaha AtmavizvAsa jAgatA hai ki jisa prakAra tIrthaMkara doSamukta bane haiM usa prakAra maiM bhI doSamukta bana sakatA huuN| 384 tIsare 'vandanA' Avazyaka meM 'icchAmi khamAsamaNo' ke pATha se mUla guNa evaM uttaraguNoM ke dhAraka, saMyamI gurudeva se saMyama yAtrA kI kuzala kSema pUchI jAtI hai tathA unheM dvAdaza AvartanoM ke mAdhyama se bhAvapUrNa vandana kiyA jAtA hai| guru kI zaraNa ko sAdhaka doSa-mukta banane kA uttama sAdhanaM samajhatA hai| vaha apane dvArA krodhAdi ke kAraNa huI AzAtanA ke lie kSamAyAcanA karatA hai| ise anuyogadvArasUtra meM 'guNavatpratipatti' Avazyaka kahA gayA hai / guNavatpratipatti kA artha hai guNavAnoM ke prati AdarabhAva / guNavAnoM ke prati AdarabhAva AtmavikAsa meM sahAyaka hai / caturtha 'pratikramaNa' Avazyaka ke pUrva sAdhaka kI doSa - nivAraNa hetu bhUmikA taiyAra ho jAtI hai / usakA mana apane doSoM ke nivAraNa hetu athavA kaheM pratikramaNa hetu vyAkula ho jAtA hai aura vaha phira apane eka-eka aticAra ke lie kahatA haimicchAmi dukkaDaM arthAt merA duSkRta galata thA, mithyA thA, mujhe aisA nahIM karanA cAhie thA / isIlie anuyogadvArasUtra meM pratikramaNa Avazyaka ko 'skhalitanindA' kahA gayA hai / pratikramaNakartA apanI bhUla kI nindanA kara cintana karatA hai ki maiM punaH vibhAva se svabhAva meM, doSa se nirdoSatA meM, atikramaNa se pratikramaNa meM AnA cAhatA hU~ / pratikramaNakartA ko yaha jJAta hotA hai ki saMsAra meM cAra hI maMgala haiM arihaMta 2. siddha 3. sAdhu aura 4. kevaliprajJapta dharma / ina cAra ke atirikta dhana-sampadA-parijana Adi azaraNa bhUta haiM / inake prati mamatva tyAjya hai / isalie pratikramaNa kA sAdhaka 18 prakAra ke pApasthAnoM se virata hotA hai aura AjIvikA sambandhI 15 karmAdAnoM ko chor3ane kA saMkalpa karatA hai / vaha hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, maithuna aura parigraha se apane sAmarthyAnusAra virati athavA parimANa karatA hai T jIvana calAne ke lie vaha bhogopabhoga aura dizA kA bhI parimANa karatA hai apadhyAna ke nirarthaMka AcaraNa, pramAdapUrvaka AcaraNa, hiMsA ko bar3hAvA, pApa karma ke upadeza Adi se apane ko pRthak rakhatA hai / vaha mana, vacana aura kAyA ke duSpraNidhAna ko tyAgane kA saMkalpa karake samabhAva kA AcaraNa karatA hai / vaha I - 1.

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pratikramaNa 385 vibhinna dizAoM meM bhAga-daur3a ko rokakara Anava-sevana ko maryAdita karatA hai| apanA sAmarthya bar3hAne ke lie AtmapoSaNa hetu cAroM AhAroM kA tyAga karake brahmacaryapUrvaka pauSadha kI ArAdhanA karatA hai / mAlA Adi sugandhita dravyoM evaM kImatI padArthoM se apane ko pRthak rakhatA hai, sAdhu kI bhA~ti pratilekhanA evaM pramArjanapUrvaka uccAra prasravaNa kI bhUmi kA upayoga karatA hai| sAmAnya jIvana meM jo kucha usake pAsa hai usameM se anAsakti pUrvaka dene kA bhAva rakhatA hai| sAdhu-sAdhvI kA yoga milane para nirdoSa dAna dene ke lie bhAvanA bhAtA hai evaM sadaiva utsuka rahatA hai| zarIra chUTane ke samaya saMlekhanA-saMthArApUrvaka samAdhimaraNa kA varaNa karatA hai| paMcamaAvazyaka kAyotsarga' meM kAyA ke utsarga arthAt kAyA ke prati mamatva kA tyAga aura dehAbhimAna kA tyAga mukhya hai| apane doSoM kA pratikramaNa kara lene ke pazcAt bhI sAdhaka deha se apane ko pRthak samajhane kA abhyAsa karatA hai / prAcIna granthoM meM kAyotsarga kI vidhi dI gaI hai| kAyotsarga meM pahale zvAsocchvAsa para dhyAna kendrita kiyA jAtA thA aura aba usake sthAna para logassa ke pATha para dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| zvAsocchvAsa meM lakSya saMbhavataH zvAsa ke Ane yA jAne ko taTasthatA se dekhane kA rahA hogA / kintu kAlAntara meM yaha vidhi chUTa gaI / kAyotsarga khar3e hokara, baiThakara aura leTakara bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| lekina zreSTha vidhi khar3e rahakara kAyotsarga karanA hai, kyoMki isameM nidrA Adi doSa kI saMbhAvanA kama rahatI hai| anuyogadvArasUtra meM isa Avazyaka ko 'vraNacikitsA' nAma diyA gayA hai| 'vraNa' kA artha hotA hai- 'ghAva' / saMyama yA vratoM kI ArAdhanA meM pramAdavaza lagane vAle aticAra yA doSa vraNa haiM, unakI cikitsA isa 'kAyotsarga' Avazyaka ke mAdhyama se kI jAtI hai / kAyotsarga eka prakAra kI auSadha hai, marahama hai jisase Atmika ghAva ThIka hote haiN| chaThe 'pratyAkhyAna' Avazyaka kA nAma 'guNadhAraNA' bhI hai / vraNa cikitsA hone ke pazcAt zrAvaka evaM sAdhu AtmasAdhanA meM yogya guNoM ko dhAraNa karate haiN| sAdhaka apanI vRttiyoM ko niyantrita karane ke lie tapa kI ArAdhanA karatA hai| isa Avazyaka kA lakSya hotA hai Atma-doSoM kA nirAkaraNa kara unheM punaH na karane kA saMkalpa tathA jJAnAdi sadguNoM kI prApti / pratyAkhyAna ke mAdhyama se hI krodhAdi kaSAyoM para vijaya pAyI jAtI hai| koI bhI pratyAkhyAna hai, vaha jJAnapUrvaka karane para

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386 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana supratyAkhyAna hotA hai tathA ajJAnapUrvaka pratyAkhyAna duSpratyAkhyAna kahalAtA hai| ina SaDAvazyakoM kA AcaraNa vyakti ko mithyAtvI se samyaktvI, avratI se vratI, pramatta se apramatta, sakaSAya se niSkaSAya aura azubha yogI se zubha yogI banA sakatA hai| __Avazyaka kiM vA pratikramaNa ke pAThoM evaM vidhi meM yathAvazyaka vikAsa hotA rahA hai / Avazyaka sUtra kA avalokana karane para vidita hotA hai ki yaha saMkSipta evaM sAragarbhita hai tathA isameM zramaNa Avazyaka kA hI pratipAdana hai, zrAvaka pratikramaNa kA nahIM / Avazyaka sUtra ke 6 adhyayanoM meM kramazaH nimnAMkita pATha prApta hote haiMsAmAyika Avazyaka- karemi bhaMte, icchAmi ThAmi kAussaggaM, icchAmi paDikkamiuM iriyAvahiyAe kA pATha, tassauttarIkaraNeNaM kA pATha, jJAna ke aticAra (Agame tivihe kA pATha) aadi| caturvizatistava-logassa kA paatth| isa pATha meM logassa ujjoyagare se lekara 'siddhA siddhiM mama disaMtu' taka sAtoM padya haiN| vandana-icchAmi khamAsamaNo kA paatth| pratikramaNa- cattAri maMgalaM, icchAmi paDikkamiuM, iriyAvahiyAe, zayyAsUtra (zayana saMbaMdhI doSa-nivRtti kA pATha), bhikSAdoSa nivRtti sUtra (paDikkamAmi goyaraggacariyAe), svAdhyAya tathA pratilekhanA sUtra, taiMtIsa bola kA pATha (eka se lekara taiMtIsa kI saMkhyA meM vibhinna doSoM kA pratikramaNa), nirgrantha pravacana kA pATha (namo cauvIsAe titthayarANaM aadi)| kAyotsarga- kAyotsarga paatth| pratyAkhyAna- dazavidha pratyAkhyAna kA paatth| zramaNa-pratikramaNa meM pA~ca samiti, tIna gupti, paMca mahAvrata, rAtri bhojana tyAga, aThAraha pApasthAna, pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya, vanaspatikAya, dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya evaM paMcendriya kI virAdhanA sahita- sabake 'micchA mi dukkaDaM' ke pATha dazavaikAlika sUtra Adi AgamoM ke AdhAra se jor3e gae haiN| isI prakAra bar3I saMlekhanA kA pATha, darzana samyaktva kA pATha, Ayariya uvajjhAe Adi dohe, khAmemi sabve jIvA, caurAsI lAkha jIvayoni kA pATha, namotthuNaM Adi bhI

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pratikramaNa 387 Avazyaka sUtra meM yojita kie gae haiN| ina saba pAThoM ke yojita hone evaM nizcita vidhi kA nirdhAraNa hone se zramaNa-pratikramaNa samagratA se yukta hai| __ zramaNa-pratikramaNa meM pAMca pATha mukhya haiM- 1. zayyAsUtra 2. gocararyAsUtra 3. kAla pratilekhanAsUtra 4. taiMtIsa bola aura 5. pratijJA suutr| sAdhu-sAdhvI ke dvArA adhika samaya taka sonA, bAra-bAra evaM binA sAvadhAnI ke karavaTa badalanA, binA pramArjana hAtha paira pasAranA, ayatanA se zarIra ko khujalAnA, prANiyoM kA zarIra tale daba jAnA Adi AcaraNIya nahIM haiN| zayyAsUtra meM ina doSoM ke lie 'micchA mi dukkaDaM' diyA jAtA hai| gocaracaryAsUtra meM gocarI (bhikSAvidhi) evaM AhAra sevana se sambaddha doSoM kI AlocanA kI jAtI hai| sAdhu sAdhvI sUryodaya ke pahale gRhastha se AhAra nahIM le sakate tathA usakA sevana bhI nahIM kara skte| prathama prahara kA liyA bhojana caturthaprahara meM sevana nahIM kara skte| usake pahale hI unheM usakA upayoga karanA hotA hai| grahaNa kie gae AhAra ko do koza se Age nahIM le jA skte| isI prakAra pramANa yA bhUkha se adhika nahIM khA skte| ve gaveSaNaiSaNA, grahaNaiSaNA evaM paribhogaiSaNA se sambaddha 42 doSoM ko TAlakara AhAra sevana karate haiN| sAdhu-sAdhvI ke lie cAroM kAla svAdhyAya aura donoM sandhyAkAla meM vastra, pAtra Adi ke pratilekhana kA vidhAna hai| inameM yadi koI doSa raha jAe to svAdhyAya-pratilekhanA sUtrapATha ke dvArA una doSoM kI AlocanA kI jAtI hai| taiMtIsa bola kA pATha atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai isake antargata Atmazuddhi kA gahana abhyAsa kiyA jAtA hai| isake antargata asaMyama, rAga-dveSa, daNDa, zalya, gArava, virAdhanA, gupti, kaSAya, saMjJA, vikathA, dhyAna, kriyA, kAmaguNa, samiti, SaD jIvanikAya, lezyA, bhaya, mada Adi se sambaddha doSoM yA aticAroM kA pratikramaNa kiyA jAtA hai| isase niyamita Atmazodhana hotA hai tathA jIvana meM sajagatA banI rahatI hai| inake pazcAt pratijJApATha meM asaMyama se nivRtta hone, abrahma, pratyAkhyAna, ajJAna, akriyA, mithyAtva Adi kA pratyAkhyAna parijJA se tyAga kiyA jAtA hai| isase sAdhu jIvana ke pAlana meM dRr3hatA evaM naI UrjA kA anubhava hotA hai| zrAvaka pratikramaNa ke pATha bhI zrAvaka ko sanmArga para sthira rakhakara vratoM ke pAlana ke prati dRr3ha banAte haiM tathA vratoM ke pAlana meM lage aticAroM kI zuddhi meM

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388 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sahAyaka hote haiN| prANAtipAtaviramaNa Adi bAraha vratoM meM yaha pratikramaNa dRr3ha banAtA hai| yaha arihanta, siddha ko deva, paMca mahAvratadhArI ko guru evaM jinaprajJapta ko dharma svIkAra karane ke lie prerita karatA hai| Agama kA svAdhyAya nirdoSa rUpa se karane hetu prerita karatA hai| saMlekhanA svIkAra karane evaM usakA nirdoSa pAlana karane kI preraNA hameM pratikramaNa ke pAThoM se milatI hai| ___ pratikramaNa kA jaina paramparA meM zAzvata mahattva hote hue bhI isake pAThoM ko lekara thor3A-thor3A bheda rahA hai / zvetAmbara zramaNa pratikramaNa kA AdhAra Avazyaka sUtra hai tathA zrAvaka pratikramaNa meM bAraha vratoM ke aticAroM kA AdhAra upAsakadazAMga sUtra rahA hai / zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka tapAgaccha, kharataragaccha Adi paramparAoM meM bAraha vratoM kI AlocanA ke lie 'vaMdittu sUtra' kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai jo AcAryoM dvArA prAkRta ke 50 padyoM meM nibaddha hai| isake atirikta sakalArhat stotra, ajita-zAMti stavana Adi bhaktiparaka stutiyA~ bolI jAtI haiN| inase pUrva kharataragaccha ke mahAn AcArya jinaprabhasUri (13vIM-14vIM zatI) dvArA racita vidhimArgaprapA nAmaka grantha meM daivasika, rAtrika, pAkSika, cAturmAsika aura sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa ke svarUpa, vidhi Adi kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI, mUrtipUjaka aura terAMpatha ke pratikramaNa meM karemi bhaMte, icchAmi khamAsamaNo, tassauttarI, logassa, namotthuNaM Adi aneka pATha samAna haiN| pratikramaNa ko upayogI evaM rocaka banAne kI dRSTi se samaya-samaya para prayAsa hote rahe haiN| sthAnakavAsI pratikramaNa meM bhAva vandanA aura usameM tilokaRSi jI ke savaiyA kA saMyojana isI ke udAharaNa haiN| terApaMtha sampradAya ke pratikramaNa para dRSTipAta kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki isa paramparA ke zrAvaka pratikramaNa meM vratoM ke aticAroM ke pATha AcArya zrI tulasI jI ke dvArA racita geya hindI padyoM meM nibaddha kie gaye haiM aura prAkRta pATha haTA diye gaye haiN| digambara sampradAya meM bhI pratikramaNa kiye jAne kI paramparA hai| vaTTakera viracita mUlAcAra, AzAdharakRta anagAra dharmAmRta Adi granthoM meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vistAra se nirUpaNa hai| mUlAcAra meM pratikramaNa ke sAta prakAra pratipAdita haiN|- 1. daivasika 2. rAtrika 3. IryApatha- AhAra, guruvandana, zauca Adi jAte samaya lage aticAroM se

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389 pratikramaNa tatkAla nivRtti hetu 4. pAkSika 5. cAturmAsika 6. sAMvatsarika evaM 7. uttamArthasaMlekhanA-saMthArA ke samaya yAvajjIvana cAroM 'AhAroM' ke tyAga ke sAtha kRta prtikrmnn| usa taraha zvetAmbara paramparA se digambara paramparA meM IryApathika evaM uttamArtha pratikramaNa viziSTa haiN| mUlAcAra meM pratikramaNa ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva meM kRta aparAdhoM yA doSoM kA nindanA evaM garhApUrvaka mana, vacana evaM kAyA se zodhana karanA pratikramaNa hai|' amitagati ke anusAra sAyaMkAla pratikramaNa meM 108 zvAsocchvAsa pramANa, prAtaHkAlIna pratikramaNa meM 54 zvAsocchvAsa evaM anya kAyotsarga 27 zvAsocchvAsa pramANa kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM bhI zramaNoM evaM zrAvakoM donoM ke lie pratikramaNa kA vidhAna hai, kintu vartamAna meM pratikramaNa karane kI paramparA muniyoM taka sImita hai| virale hI aise digambara zrAvaka hoMge jo niyamita rUpa se pratikramaNa karate hoNge| isa paramparA meM bhI pratikramaNa ke antargata vartamAna meM bhakti pAThoM kA adhika sanniveza ho gayA hai| __ paramparAe~ sadaiva amUrta bhAvoM para kama evaM mUrta kriyAoM para apanA Agraha rakhatI AI haiN| isalie kucha binduoM para vivAda uThate rahate haiN| sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM pratikramaNa saMbaMdhI vivAda ko dUra kara eka zrAvaka pratikramaNa taya karane hetu san 1933 ke ajamera sAdhu-sammelana meM 'pratikramaNa nirNaya samiti' kA gaThana kiyA gayA thaa| pUjya (AcArya) zrI hastImala jI ma.sA. ke saMyojana meM zrAvaka pratikramaNa 'sArtha sAmAyika pratikramaNa sUtra' prakAzita huaa| sammelana meM yaha bhI nirNaya huA ki daivasika pratikramaNa meM 4, pakkhI pratikramaNa meM 8, cAturmAsika meM 12 evaM sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa meM 20 logassa kA dhyAna kiyA jaaegaa| kintu abhI bhI isake sahita kucha binduoM para matabheda haiM, yathA- zrAvaka pratikramaNa eka kiyA jAye yA do? ina vivAdoM meM sabake apane-apane tarka haiN| jo jaisA mAnatA hai vaha usake anusAra tarka DhU~Dha letA hai| vaise jJAtAsUtra meM paMthakajI dvArA do pratikramaNa kiye jAne ko sAmAnya niyama nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| jisa prakAra pAkSika pratikramaNa meM devasiya pratikramaNa sammilita mAnA jAtA hai usI prakAra cAturmAsika evaM sAMvatsarika pratikramaNa meM devasiya pratikramaNa ko sammilita mAnane meM koI bAdhA

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390 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana nahIM honI cAhiye / AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki pratikramaNa karate samaya mana, vANI aura kAyA tInoM kA yoga tathA AtmabhAvoM kA upayoga pratikramaNa meM rhe| yadi aisA huA to pratikramaNa sambandhI ye vivAda baune najara AyeMge aura pratikramaNa kI sAdhanA kA DaMkA jagat meM cahu~ ora svataH ninAdita hotA rahegA / prazna yaha hai ki jisane vrata aMgIkAra nahIM kie haiM, kyA aise gRhastha strI-puruSa yA bAlaka-bAlikA ko bhI pratikramaNa karanA cAhie? isa sambandha meM kucha bAteM dhyAtavya haiM- 1. eka to sAMskRtika aikya kI dRSTi se evaM usa prakAra ke saMskAra prApta karane yA ruci utpanna karane kI dRSTi se unheM bhI pratikramaNa karanA caahie| 2. vrata aMgIkAra na kie hue hone para bhI pratikramaNa Atmazuddhi meM sahAyaka hotA hai| usake pAThoM kA zraddhApUrvaka zravaNa karane se jIvana ko hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, vyabhicAra Adi se rahita banAne kI preraNA prApta hotI hai| kadAcit vrata aMgIkAra karane kI bhI bhAvanA bana sakatI hai| 3. yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jIvana meM hama jo doSa karate haiM, unakA nirIkSaNa kara niyamita rUpa se unakA nirAkaraNa kara zuddha banane hetu prayatnazIla honA caahie| 4. doSoM kI zuddhi sambhava hai, yaha vizvAsa jAgatA hai jo AdhyAtmika unnati kA mahattvapUrNa AdhAra hai| mere se Aja kyA bhUla huI hai, use maiM Age se kaise dUra kara sakatA hU~, isakA saMkalpa jAgatA hai, jo pratikramaNa kA mUla sandeza hai| burAiyoM evaM doSoM se bacane ke lie pratikramaNa eka kAragara auSadhi hai| sandarbha: - 1. paDikkamaNaM devasiyaM rAdiyaM iriyApathaM ca bodhavvaM / pakkhiya cAdummAsiya saMvaccharamuttamaTThe ca / / mUlAcAra, 615 2. davve khette kAle bhAve ya kayAvarAhasohaNayaM / NiMdaNagarahaNajutto maNavayakAyeNa paDikkamaNaM / / - mUlAcAra, 1.26

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA vAcaka umAsvAti/umAsvAmI kI do racanAe~ prasiddha haiM - 1. tatvArthasUtra evaM 2. prshmrtiprkrnn| tattvArthasUtra saMskRta sUtroM meM nibaddha hai tathA prazamaratiprakaraNa saMskRta kArikAoM/zlokoM meM grathita hai| tattvArthasUtra jainadarzana kA mahanIya AdhArabhUta grantha hai, jisameM jIva, ajIva, Asava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha evaM mokSa- ina sAta tattvoM ke mAdhyama se jaina jJAnamImAMsA, tattvamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA kA sAragarbhita nirUpaNa huA hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa meM bhI ina sabakI nyUnAdhika carcA huI hai, kintu prazamaratiprakaraNa meM prazama kiM vA vairAgya ke pratipAdana ko pramukha lakSya banAyA gayA hai| yaha grantha prazamasukha kI vartamAna jIvana meM anubhUti para bala pradAna karatA hai| tattvArthasUtra evaM prazamaratiprakaraNa meM viSayavastu kI dRSTi se evaM kahIM zabdAvalI kI dRSTi se samAnatA hai, to kucha viSayoM ke pratipAdana meM donoM grantha bhinnatA lie hue haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM jahA~ jIvAdi tattvoM kI saMkhyA sAta dI gaI hai vahA~ prazamaratiprakaraNa meM inakI saMkhyA nau hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa kalpya-akalpya, AtmA ke ATha prakAra, aSTamada, SaDlezyA, zAstra-lakSaNa Adi vibhinna viSayoM kI viziSTa carcA karatA hai| isa Alekha meM prazamaratiprakaraNa ke kartRtva tathA tattvArthasUtra se usake sAmya evaM bheda kI saMkSepa meM carcA kI gaI hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa ke kartA evaM TIkAkAra saMskRta kArikAoM meM Abaddha prazamaratiprakaraNa jaina adhyAtmavidyA kA utkRSTa grantha hai| isameM kaSAya-kaluSita jIva ke nirmala evaM mukta hone kA mArga samyak rIti se nirUpita hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa nirvivAda rUpa se tattvArthasUtra ke racayitA vAcaka umAsvAti kI racanA mAnI jAtI hai| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI tattvArthasUtra kI prastAvanA meM prazamarati ko umAsvAti kI kRti mAnane meM sandeha kA avakAza nahIM mAnate (tattvArthasUtra, prastAvanA, pR. 18) / paM.kailAzacandra zAstrI ne bhI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa likhate hue prazamarati ko umAsvAti kI hI kRti mAnA hai (jaina sAhityakA itihAsa, bhAga-2, pR.375)| DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA evaM pro. hIrAlAla kApar3iyA ne bhI vAcaka umAsvAti ko hI prazamarati kA racayitA svIkAra kiyA hai (jaina

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sAhitya kA vRhad itihAsa, bhAga 4, pR. 267 ) / isa prakAra zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM jaina paramparAe~ ekamata se tattvArthasUtra ke racayitA vAcaka umAsvAti ko hI prazamaratiprakaraNa kA karttA aGgIkAra karatI haiM, kintu isa mantavya kI puSTi meM paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ke atirikta kisI ne koI pramANa upasthApita nahIM kiyA hai| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ne ullekha kiyA hai ki haribhadrasUri ne tattvArthabhASya TIkA meM "yathoktamanenaiva sUriNA prakaraNAntare" vAkya likhakara prazamaratiprakaraNa kI 210 vIM evaM 211 vIM kArikAe~ uddhRta kI haiM ( tattvArthasUtra, prastAvanA, pR. 29, pAdaTippaNa 1 ) / isase tattvArthabhASyakAra evaM prazamaratikAra ke eka hI hone kI puSTi hotI hai / 392 prazamaratiprakaraNa vAcaka umAsvAti kI hI racanA hai, isa sambandha meM eka anya pramANa ajJAtakartRka avacUri meM prApta hotA hai, jisameM 500 prakaraNoM ke praNetA vAcaka umAsvAti ko hI prazamaratiprakaraNa kA karttA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, yathA - " zrI umAsvAtivAcakaH paMghazataprakaraNapraNetA prazamaratiprakaraNaM prarUpayannAdau maMgalamAha / " "- ( prazamaratiprakaraNa, agAsa, pariziSTa 1 ) isa kathana se bhI prazamaratiprakaraNa vAcaka umAsvAti kI hI kRti siddha hotI hai| TIkAkAra haribhadra ne prazamaratiprakaraNa ke karttA ke lie 'vAcakamukhya' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai - " tasmai vAcakamukhyAya namo bhUtArthabhASiNe " jo umAsvAti kA hI saMsUcana karatA hai / abhI taka aisA koI lekha dekhane meM nahIM AyA jisameM prazamaratiprakaraNa ke umAsvAtikRta hone kA khaNDana kiyA gayA ho / ataH isakA umAsvAtikRta honA nirvivAda hai / isa sandarbha meM yaha kahanA upayukta hogA ki prazamarati evaM tattvArthasUtra kI Antarika viSayavastu evaM prayukta zabdAvalI meM jo sAmya evaM ekarUpatva prApta hotA hai usase tattvArthasUtra evaM prazamarati ke eka kartRkatva kI siddhi ko bala milatA / ina donoM granthoM meM kitanA sAmya hai, isakI carcA Age kI jaayegii| hai prazamaratiprakaraNa kI abhI do TIkAe~ upalabdha haiM, jinameM eka TIkA AcArya haribhadra dvArA racita hai| ye haribhadra 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' ke racayitA AThavIM zatI ke prasiddha haribhadrasUri (700-770 I.) se pRthak haiN| TIkA ke anta meM prApta prazasti ke anusAra vaha TIkA aNahilapATaka nagara meM haribhadrAcArya ke dvArA jayasiMhadeva ke

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 393 rAjya meM vikrama saMvat 1185 (I. 1128) meM racI gaI thI (zrI haribhadrAcAryaiH racitaM prazamarativivaraNaM kiMcit / aNahilapATakanagare zrImajjayasiMhadevanRparAjye / bANavasurudrasaMkhye vikramato vatsare vrajati / ) TIkA apane Apa meM suspaSTa, saMkSipta, sarala tathA AgamAnusAriNI hai / prazasti meM ina haribhadra ke pUrva aneka TIkAe~ huI, aisA saMketa milatA hai (paribhAvya vRddhaTIkAH sukhabodhArtha smaasen)| dUsarI TIkA avacUri ke rUpa meM hai, jisakA kartA ajJAta hai| kintu avacUri ke anta meM pradatta 'dhanamiva jayamanubhavati' vAkyAMza se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa avacUri ke kartA dhanaJjaya (dhanam+jaya) haiM / ye dhanaJjaya kauna se haiM, isa sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / avacUri meM yathAvazyaka zabdoM kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa kA saMkSipta paricaya . prazamaratiprakaraNa kI racanA kA uddezya vAcaka umAsvAti ne prazamarati meM sthairya sthApita karanA batAyA hai- 'prazamaratisthairyArtha vakSye jinazAsanAt kiMcit / ' (kArikA 2) vAcaka umAsvAti ke isa kathana se grantha ke anubandha kA to bodha hotA hI hai, kintu isake sAtha hI do anya tathya bhI spaSTa hote haiM- 1. isa grantha kA AdhAra jinazAsana arthAt jinopadiSTa Agama vacana haiM / yaha koI kAlpanika kRti nahIM hai / 2. prazama arthAt vairAgya ke prati ruci meM umAsvAti ko usa samaya zithilatA dRSTigocara huI hogI, ataH usake prati sAdhu-sAdhviyoM evaM janamAnasa ko dRr3ha banAne ke lie umAsvAti ne yaha grantha racA hogaa| ina donoM tathyoM meM se prathama ke dvArA isa grantha kI prAmANikatA siddha hotI hai tathA dUsare tathya ke dvArA grantha kI upayogitA vidita hotI hai / grantha kA nAma 'prazamarati' hai / 'prazama' kA artha TIkAkAra haribhadra ne rAga-dveSa se rahita honA athavA vairAgya kiyA hai| 'rati' kA artha unhoMne zakti athavA prIti kiyA hai (tatra vairAgyalakSaNe prazame ratiH zaktiH prItiH tasyAM sthairya nishcltaa)| isa grantha meM umAsvAti ne vairAgya yA kaSAya-vijaya rUpa prazama ke prati ruci utpanna karane evaM usa ruci ko nizcala banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai / vairAgya ke paryAyavacanoM meM umAsvAti ne mAdhyasthya, virAgatA, zAnti,

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394 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana upazama, prazama, doSakSaya aura kaSAya vijaya kI gaNanA kI hai (mAdhyasthyaM vairAgyaM virAgatA zAntirupazamaH prazamaH / doSakSayaH kaSAyavijayazca vairAgyaparyAyAH |kaarikaa, 17 ) jo vairAgya yA prazama ke vibhinna rUpoM ko prakaTa karate haiM / TIkAkAra haribhadra ne to maMgalAcaraNa meM prazamarati ko vairAgya paddhati kA hI grantha batAyA hai| prazama yA vairAgya rUpa eka viSaya para hI kendrita hone ke kAraNa yaha prakaraNa grantha kI koTi meM AtA hai (zAstraikadezasambaddhaMzAstrakAryAntare sthitm|aahuH prakaraNaMnAma grnthbhedNvipshcitH||)| grantha meM 22 adhikAra evaM 313 kArikAe~ haiM / 22 adhikAra isa prakAra haiM - 1. pIThabandha 2. kaSAya 3. rAgAdi 4. aSTakarma 5. paMcendriya viSaya 6. aSTamada 7. AcAra 8. bhAvanA 9. dharma 10. dharmakathA 11. jIvAdi nava tattva 12. upayoga 13. bhAva 14. SaDdravya 15. cAritra 16. zIlAGga 17. dhyAna 18. kSapakazreNI 19. samudghAta 20. yoganirodha 21. mokSagamana-vidhAna 22. anta phala / grantha kI vistRta viSayavastu kA ApAtataH bodha ina adhikAroM ke nAmoM se hI ho jAtA hai| kintu prasaMgataH inameM nirgrantha-svarUpa, lokasvarUpa, AtmA ke ATha prakAra, mohanIya karma ke unmUlana kI prakriyA, gRhasthacaryA Adi viSayoM kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa meM varNita bahuta se viSaya aise haiM jo tattvArthasUtra ke pUraka haiM, yathA-dazavidha dharmoM, dvAdaza bhAvanAoM, SaDlezyAoM evaM mukti kI prakriyA kA jo vistRta varNana prazamaratiprakaraNa meM upalabdha hai vaha tattvArthasUtra meM uThI jijJAsAoM kA zamana karatA hai| AtmA ke dravya, kaSAya, yoga, upayoga Adi ATha bheda vinaya kA mahattva, prazama-sukha kI prApti kA upAya, kula-rUpa-bala Adi aSTa mada caturvidha dharmakathA, 18 hajAra zIlAGga Adi kucha viSaya aise haiM jo prazamaratiprakaraNa kI pRthak racanA ke vaiziSTya ko pradarzita karate haiN| prazamarati ke kucha pramukha viSayoM para yahA~ vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa meM carcita katipaya pramukha viSaya kalpya aura akalpya kA vicAra- prazamaratiprakaraNa ke aSTama 'bhAvanA' adhikAra meM sAdhu-sAdhvI ke lie kalpya-akalpya kA vidhAna karate samaya piNDa, zayyA, vastra, pAtra Adi ko kalpya pratipAdita karate hue umAsvAti dvArA prazna

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 395 uThAyA gayA ki bhojana, Azraya, vastra, pAtra Adi grahaNa karane vAle sAdhu ko aparigrahI kaise kahA jA sakatA hai? isakA samAdhAna karate hue unhoMne kahA ki AhAra, zayyA, vastraiSaNA, pAtraiSaNA tathA jo kalpya (grahaNa yogya) evaM akalpya (grahaNa na karane yogya) kA vidhAna hai vaha saddharma aura deharakSA ke nimitta se hai piNDaHzayyAvastraiSaNAdi pAtraiSaNAdi yaccAnyat / kalpyAkalpyaM saddharmadeharakSAnimittoktam / / - prazamarati, kArikA, 138 umAsvAti kA mantavya hai ki dharma ke upakaraNoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA sAdhu bhI paGka meM utpanna kamala kI bhA~ti nirlepa raha sakatA hai (kArikA, 140) / sAdhu ke lie kyA kalpya hai aura kyA akalpya, isakA nirUpaNa karate hue unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki jo jJAna, zIla aura tapa kA upagrAhaka aura doSoM kA nigrAhaka hai vaha nizcaya se kalpya hai tathA zeSa saba akalpya hai / (kArikA 141) isI tathya ko unhoMne prakArAntara se kahA ki jo vastu kalpya hone para bhI samyaktva, jJAna aura zIla kI upaghAtaka hotI hai tathA jisase jina pravacana kI nindA hotI hai vaha kalpya vastu bhI akalpya hI hai (kArikA 144) / umAsvAti pratipAdita karate haiM ki deza, kAla, kSetra, puruSa avasthA, upaghAta aura zuddha pariNAmoM kA vicAra karake hI koI vastu kalpya hotI hai, ekAntataH koI vastu kalpya nahIM hotI (kArikA 146) / isa prasaGga meM ve nirgrantha kA svarUpa pratipAdita karate hue kahate haiM ki jJAnAvaraNa Adi aSTavidha karma, mithyAtva, avirati evaM azubha yoga se saba grantha haiM tathA inheM jItane ke lie jo niSkapaTarUpeNa yatnazIla rahatA hai vaha nirgrantha hai granthaH karmASTavidhaM mithyAtvAviratiduSTayogAzca / tajjayahetorazaThaMsaMyatate yaH sa nirgranthaH / / -prazamarati, kArikA 142 isa prakAra umAsvAti vastra, pAtra Adi ko sAdhanA meM bAdhaka nahIM mAnakara unheM apekSA se kalpya svIkAra karate haiN| prazamaratiprakaraNa ke kartA umAsvAti kI yaha mAnyatA unheM zvetAmbara athavA yApanIya siddha karatI hai / tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti ne isa prakAra ke kisI mantavya ko sthAna nahI diyA hai| mukti kI prakriyA- mokSa-prApti meM bAdhaka ATha karma haiM- jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, AyuSya, nAma, gotra aura antarAya / inameM se

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396 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya evaM antarAya ye cAra ghAtI karma haiM jo kevalajJAna meM bAdhaka haiM / ina ATha karmoM meM se sarvaprathama mohanIya karma kA kSaya kiyA jAtA hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa meM moha kSaya karane kI prakriyA kA sundara nirUpaNa huA hai| isake lie jIva sarvaprathama anantAnubandhI krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha kA kSaya karatA hai| tadanantara mithyAtva mohanIya evaM samyaktva-mithyAtva moha kA kSaya kara samyaktva mohanIya ko naSTa karatA hai| isa prakAra mohakarma kI sAta prakRtiyoM kA kSaya karane ke pazcAt yadi mohonmUlana kI prakriyA anavarata calatI rahI to jIva ATha kaSAyoM (pratyAkhyAna catuSka aura apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa catuSka) kA kSaya karatA hai / kramazaH napuMsakaveda, strIveda hAsyAdiveda SaTka (hAsya, rati, arati, bhaya, zoka aura jugupsA) kA kSaya karake puruSaveda kA kSaya karatA hai / phira saMjvalana krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha kA bhI kSaya kara jIva vItarAgatA ko prApta kara letA hai (kArikA 260-262) / isa prakAra mohanIya karma kI 28 prakRtiyoM kA kSaya hone para pUrNa vItarAgatA prApta hotI hai / pUrNa vItarAgatA ke sAtha hI jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa evaM antarAya nAmaka ghAtI karma ko kSaya kara sAdhaka kevalajJAna prApta kara letA hai (kArikA 268-269) / ___ isa prakAra mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya nAmaka cAra ghAtI karmoM ko kSaya kara lene vAlA kevalajJAnI zeSa cAra aghAtI karmoM (vedanIya, Ayu, nAma aura gotra) ko anubhava karatA huA eka muhUrta taka athavA kucha kama eka pUrvakoTi kAla taka vicaraNa karatA hai (kArikA 271) / antima bhava kI Ayu anapavartita hone ke kAraNa abhedya hotI hai| vedanIya, nAma aura gotra karma bhI usake samAna abhedya hote haiN| kintu jisa kevalI ke Ayukarma kI apekSA vedanIya, nAma aura gotra karma kI sthiti adhika hotI hai to vaha use samudghAta karake Ayukarma ke samAna kara letA hai (kArikA 272-273) / samudghAta karane kI eka nizcita vidhi hotI hai jisameM Atma-pradezoM ko lokAkAza meM phailAkara karma sthiti ko samAna kara diyA jAtA hai| isake antargata AtmapradezoM ko kramazaH daNDAkAra, kapATAkAra, mathanyAkAra aura lokavyApI kiyA jAtA hai| yaha pratyeka karma eka-eka samaya meM hotA hai (kArikA 274) / isI prakAra viparIta krama se Atma-pradezoM kA eka-eka

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 397 samaya meM saMkoca kiyA jAtA hai (kArikA 275) / samudghAta ke pazcAt yoga-nirodha kI prakriyA prArambha hotI hai| sabase pahale manoyoga kA nirodha kiyA jAtA hai, phira kramazaH vacanayoga aura kAyayoga kA nirodha kiyA jAtA hai (kArikA 277-279) / kAyayoga kA nirodha karate samaya zukla dhyAna ke antima do prakAra sUkSmakriya apratipAti aura vyuparatakriya nAmaka dhyAna ko dhyAtA hai| yaha dhyAna kI antima avasthA hai (kArikA 280) / isake bAda ayoga avasthA A jAtI hai (kArikA 282) / ise karmasiddhAnta meM caudahavA~ guNasthAna kahA gayA hai| ise zailezI avasthA bhI kahA gayA hai| yaha avasthA pA~ca ISad hrasvAkSaroM ko uccArita karane jitane samaya taka ke lie hotI hai (kArikA 283) / isa avasthA meM hI vaha kevalI avaziSTa karmoM kA eka sAtha kSaya kara detA hai / isake sAtha hI audArika, taijasa aura kArmaNa zarIroM se mukta hokara Rju zreNi se aspRzad gati dvArA eka samaya meM hI Urdhva loka meM avasthita ho jAtA hai| yahA~ vaha sAdi, ananta, anupama aura avyAbAdha uttama sukha ko prApta hote hue kevala samyaktva, kevalajJAna, kevaladarzana svarUpa hokara rahatA hai (kArikA, 289) lokasvarUpa- prazamaratiprakaraNa meM loka kA bAhya svarUpa bhI nirUpita huA hai| isameM loka ko aise khar3e hue puruSa ke AkAra kA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, jisake donoM paira phaile hue hoM tathA kaTibhAga para donoM ora hAtha rakhe hue hoN| loka ko jaina darzana SaDdravyAtmaka svIkAra karatA hai| dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala, kAla aura jIva ye Sar3a dravya haiN| vaha loka adholoka, madhyaloka aura Urdhvaloka ke rUpa meM tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| adholoka ulaTe sakore ke samAna AkAra kA hotA hai| tiryakloka ko aneka prakAra kA tathA Urdhvaloka ko pandraha prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| ratnaprabhA Adi sAta naraka hI saptavidha adholoka haiN| tiryakloka jambUdvIpa Adi ke bheda se aneka prakAra kA tathA Urdhvaloka meM saudharmAdi ke dazakalpa, graiveyaka ke tIna, mahAvimAna kA eka tathA ISatprAgbhAra kA eka, isa prakAra 15 prakAra kA loka hai| AtmA ke ATha prakAra - AtmA ko dravya, kaSAya, yoga, upayoga,jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura vIrya kI mArgaNA ke AdhAra para ATha prakAra kA kahA gayA hai / jIva kI

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398 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana bhAMti ajIva se sambaddha jIva ko bhI dravyAtmA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / sakaSAya jIvoM ke kaSAyAtmA, sayogiyoM ke yogAtmA, samasta jIvoM ke upayoga AtmA, samyagdRSTi ke jJAnAtmA, saba jIvoM ke darzanAtmA, virata jIvoM ke cAritrAtmA tathA samasta saMsArI jIvoM ke vIryAtmA kahI gaI hai| aSTa mada- jAti, kula rUpa, bala, lAbha, buddhi, vAllabhya aura zruta madoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki ina madoM ke kAraNa vivekahIna hue manuSya ihaloka aura paraloka meM hitakArI artha ko bhI nahIM dekhate haiN| prazamaratiprakaraNa meM ina sabhI madoM ko tyAgane kI preraNA kI gaI hai| udAharaNa ke lie kulamada ko tyAgane kI preraNA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisakA zIla dUSita hai, usako kulamada karane se kyA prayojana hai ? aura jo apane guNoM se alaMkRta evaM zIlavAna hai usako bhI kula kA mada karane se kyA prayojana hai ? ina ATha prakAra ke madasthAnoM meM nizcaya se koI guNa nahIM hai, kevala apane hRdaya kA unmAda aura saMsAra kI vRddhi hai / yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jAti Adi ke mada se unmatta manuSya pizAca kI bhA~ti yahA~ para bhI duHkhI hotA hai aura paraloka meM bhI jAti Adi kI hInatA ko prApta karatA hai| Agama evaM karmasiddhAnta meM aSTavidha mada ko nIca gotra karma ke bandhana kA kAraNa nirUpita kiyA gayA hai / umAsvAti ne kahA hai ki samasta madoM ke mUla kA nAza karane ke lie apane guNoM ke garva aura para-nindA ko chor3a denA cAhie / jo dUsaroM kA tiraskAra evaM unakI nindA karatA hai tathA apanI prazaMsA karatA hai vaha aneka bhavoM meM bhogane yogya nIca gotra kA bandha karatA hai| dharmakathA- vairAgya mArga meM sthiratA ke lie pravacana-bhakti, zAstra-sampad meM utsAha aura saMsAra se virakta janoM ke sAtha samparka ke atirikta dharmakathA bhI vairAgya kI sthiratA ke lie Avazyaka hai| dharmakathA ke cAra prakAra pratipAdita haiM1. AkSepaNI 2. vikSepaNI 3. saMvedanI aura 4. nirvedanI / jo kathA jIvoM ko dharma kI ora abhimukha karane vAlI hai vaha AkSepaNI dharmakathA hai tathA jo dharmakathA kAmabhogoM se vimukha karatI hai vaha vikSepaNI dharmakathA hai / jisa kathA se saMsAra kA samyagbodha ho evaM usameM duHkha kA anubhava ho use saMvedanI tathA kAmabhoga se vairAgya utpanna karane vAlI kathA nirvedanI kahalAtI hai| ye cAroM kathAe~ to apanAne yogya haiM, kintu

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA strI, bhakta, cora aura janapada kathA parityAjya haiM / ( kArikA 182-183) zAstra kA lakSaNa - prazamaratiprakaraNa meM zAstra kA lakSaNa dharma meM anuzAsita kara duHkha se trANa karanA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / umAsvAti kahate haiM ki 'zAs' dhAtu anuzAsana artha meM par3hI jAtI hai, 'traiG' dhAtu pAlana artha meM nizcita hai (kArikA 186) / umAsvAti ne zAstra ko rAgAdi ke zAsana kA sAdhana batAte hue kahA hai ki jo rAgadveSa se uddhata citta vAle manuSyoM ko dharma meM anuzAsita kare tathA duHkha se rakSA kare, vahI zAstra hai yasmAdrAgadveSoddhatacittAn samanuzAsti saddharme / saMtrAyate ca duHkhAcchAstramiti nirucyate sadbhiH / / -prazamarati,kArikA 187 prazamaratiprakaraNa aura tattvArthasUtra : pArasparika sAmya 399 prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM tattvArthasUtra meM aneka sthaloM para paryApta sAmya hai / yaha sAmya kahIM zabdazaH bhI prakaTa huA hai, jo yaha siddha karatA hai ki tattvArthasUtra evaM prazamarati ke racayitA eka hI haiM / sAmya itanA sphuTa hai ki usase inakI ekakartRkatA meM sandeha nahIM raha jAtA hai / tattvArthasUtra ke tRtIya evaM caturtha adhyAya ke atirikta zeSa sabhI adhyAyoM kI kucha viSayavastu evaM sUtroM kI tulanA prazamaratiprakaraNa se kI jA sakatI hai / yahA~ para adhyAya krama se tulanA prastuta hai adhyAya-1 (i) samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / tattvArthasUtra, 1.1 samyaktvajJAnacAritrasampadaH sAdhanAni mokSasya / tAsvekatarA'bhAve'pi mokSamArgo'pyasiddhikaraH / prazamaratiprakaraNa, 230 prazamaratiprakaraNa kI dUsarI paMkti kA sAmya tattvArthabhASya kI nimna paMkti meM draSTavya hai- etAni ca samastAni mokSasAdhanAni, ekatarA'bhAve'pyasAdhanAnItyatastrayANAM grahaNam / - tattvArthabhASya, 1. 1 (ii) tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam / tannisargAdadhigamAdvA / tattvArthasUtra 1. 2-3 eteSvadhyavasAyo yo 'rtheSu vinizcayena tattvamiti / samyagdarzanametacca, tannisargAdadhigamAdvA / / - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 222

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400 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana inameM tattvArthazraddhAnaM samyagdarzanam' kA bhAva sAmya hai to 'tannisargAdadhigamAdvA' aMza to pUrNataH zabdazaH jyoM kA tyoM ubhayatra prApta hai| (i) sarvadravyaparyAyeSu kevalasya / - tattvArthasUtra, 1.30 kAAllokAlokevyatItasAmpratabhaviSyataH kAlAn / dravyaguNaparyAyANAMjJAtA draSTAcasarvAthaiH // - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 270 prazamaratiprakaraNa meM jahA~ kevalajJAnI ko loka evaM aloka ke atIta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSya kAla ke samasta dravya, guNa evaM paryAyoM kA jJAtA-draSTA kahA gayA hai vahA~ tattvArthasUtra meM use sUtra zailI meM samasta dravya evaM paryAyoM kA jJAtA kahA gayA hai| (iv) eka jIva meM eka sAtha kitane jJAna ho sakate haiM, isa sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra evaM prazamaratiprakaraNa meM umAsvAti milatI-julatI zabdAvalI meM kahate haiM ki eka jIva meM eka se lekara cAra jJAna taka pAye jA sakate haiM ekAdIni bhAjyAniyugapadekasminnAcaturthyaH / - tattvArthasUtra, 1.31 ekAdInyekasmin bhAjyAnitvAcaturthyaH // - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 226 (v) matizrutAvadhayo viparyayazca / - tattvArthasUtra, 1.32 AdyatrayamajJAnamapi bhavati mithyaatvsNyuktm| - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 227 ina donoM paMktiyoM meM bhAvasAmya hai / 'AyatrayajJAna' zabda mati, zruta evaM avadhijJAna kA hI dyotaka hai tathA ye tInoM jJAna mithyAtva se yukta hone para viparyaya ko prApta hote haiN| adhyAya-2 (i) aupazamikakSAyikau bhAvau mizrazcajIvasya svatattvamaudayikapAriNAmikau c| -tattvArthasUtra, 2.1 dvinavASTAdazaikaviMzatitribhedAH yathAkramam / tattvArthasUtra, 2.2 bhAvAH bhavanti jIvasyaudayikaH paarinnaamikshcaiv| aupazamikaH kSayotthaH kSayopazamajazcapaMcaite // tecaikaviMzatitridvinavASTAdazavidhAzca vijnyeyaaH| -prazamarati, 196-197 tattvArthasUtra ke uparyukta do sUtroM meM aupazamika, kSAyika, kSAyopazamika (mizra), audayika aura pAriNAmika bhAvoM ke nAmoM evaM unake bhedoM kA ullekha hai /

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 401 prazamaratiprakaraNa kI uparyukta kArikAoM meM bhI inhIM pA~ca bhAvoM ke nAmoM evaM bhedoM kA samAnarUpeNa ullekha hai, mAtra krama bhinna ho gayA hai| pA~ca bhAvoM evaM unake bhedoM kI samAnatA ke atirikta prazamarati meM sAnnipAtika nAmaka SaSTha bhAva kA bhI ullekha huA hai| usake 15 bheda kahe gae haiM SaSThazcasAnnipAtika itynypNcdshbhedH| - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 197 (ii) upayogolakSaNam / - tattvArthasUtra, 2.8 saamaanyNkhlulkssnnmupyogobhvtisrvjiivaanaam| - prazamarati, 194 jIva kA lakSaNa upayoga hai, yaha tathya ubhayatra samAna zabdAvalI meM abhihita hai| (iii) sadvividho'STacaturbhadaH / tattvArthasUtra, 2.9 sAkAro'nAkArazcaso'STabhedazcaturdhA tu| -prazamaratiprakaraNa, 194 vaha upayoga do prakAra kA hai- sAkAra(jJAna) evaM anAkAra (darzana) / inameM prathama sAkAra upayoga ATha prakAra kA evaM anAkAra upayoga cAra prakAra kA hai| (iv) saMsAriNo muktAzca / tattvArthasUtra, 2.10 jIvAH muktA sNsaarinnshcsNsaarinnstvnekvidhaaH| -prazamarati, 190 jIva saMsArI evaM mukta ke bheda se do prakAra ke haiN| inake upabhedoM meM bhI donoM granthoM meM paryApta sAmya hai| (v) eksmyo'vigrhH|- tattvArthasUtra, 2.30 smyenaikenaa'vigrhenngtvordhvmprtighH| - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 287 adhyAya-5 (i) saMkhyeyA'saMkhyeyAzca pudglaanaam| - tattvArthasUtra, 5.10 naannoH| - tattvArthasUtra, 5.11 dvayAdipradezavantoyAvadanantapradezakAH skandhAH / prmaannurprdeshovrnnaadigunnessubhjniiyH|| - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 208 prazamarati ke anusAra pudgala skandhoM meM do se lekara ananta pradeza hote haiM, paramANu meM koI pradeza nahIM hotaa| isa tathya ko tattvArthasUtra meM isa prakAra prakaTa kiyA gayA hai ki pudgala meM saMkhyeya, asaMkhyeya evaM ananta pradeza hote haiM, jabaki aNu meM koI pradeza nahIM hotaa|

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402 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana (ii) lokAkAze'vagAhaH / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.12 dharmAdharmayoH kRtsne / - tattvArthasUtra 5.13 asaMkhyeyabhAgAdiSujIvAnAm / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.15 lokAlokavyApakamAkAzaMmartyalokikaH kAlaH / lokvyaapictussttymvshesstvekjiivovaa|| -prazamaratiprakaraNa, 213 AkAza loka evaM aloka meM rahatA hai, kAla manuSya loka meM rahatA hai, zeSa cAra dravya lokavyApI haiM, eka jIva ke pradeza bhI lokavyApI kahe gae haiM / tattvArthasUtra meM dharma evaM adharma dravya ko sampUrNa loka meM vyApta kahA gayA hai tathA lokAkAza ke asaMkhyAtaveM bhAga se lekara sampUrNa loka taka jIvoM kA avagAhana kahA hai| (iii) A''kAzAdekadravyANi / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.5 niSkriyANica / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.6 dharmAdharmAkAzAnyekaikamataH paraMtrikamanantam / kAlaM vinA'stikAyAjIvamRte cA'pyakartRNi ||-prshmrtiprkrnn, 214 dharma, adharma evaM AkAza saMkhyA meM eka-eka haiM tathA niSkriya haiM / yaha kathana donoM granthoM meM samAnarUpa se huA hai| kintu prazamaratiprakaraNa meM zeSa tIna dravyoM pudgala, jIva aura kAla ko ananta pratipAdita karate hue kAla ko chor3akara zeSa pAMca dravyoM ko astikAya kahA hai tathA chaha dravyoM meM se 'jIva' ko chor3akara zeSa pA~ca ko akartA mAnA gayA hai| (iv) gatisthityupagraho dhrmaadhrmyorupkaarH|- tattvArthasUtra, 5.17 aakaashsyaavgaahH| - tattvArthasUtra, 5.18 dharmo gtisthitimtaaNdrvyaannaaNgtyupgrhvidhaataa| sthityupakRccAdharmo'vakAzadAnopakRdgaganam ||-prshmrtiprkrnn, 215 uparyukta donoM kathanoM meM pUrNa samAnatA hai, jinake anusAra dharma ko gati meM, adharma ko sthiti evaM AkAza ko avagAhana meM upakAraka pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| (v) sparzarasagandhavarNavantaH pudgalAH / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.23 zabdabandhasaumyasthaulyasaMsthAnabhedatazchAyAtapodyotavantazca / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.24

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 403 sparzarasagandhavarNAH zabdobandhazca sUkSmatA sthaulym| saMsthAnaM bhedatamazchAyodyotAtapazceti / / - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 216 pudgala ke lakSaNa se sambaddha uparyukta do sUtroM evaM kArikA meM pUrNa sAmya hai| mAtra udyota evaM Atapa ke krama meM bhinnatA hai| (vi)zarIravAGmanaH prANApAnA:pudgalAnAm / tattvArthasUtra, 5.19 sukhaduHkhajIvitamaraNopagrahAzca / tattvArthasUtra, 5.20 karmazarIramanovAgviceSTitocchvAsaduHkhasukhadAH syuH| jIvitamaraNopagrahakarAzca saMsAriNaH skandhAH / / - prazamarati, 217 zarIra, vAk, mana, ucchvAsa (prANApAna), sukha, duHkha, jIvana, maraNa- ye saba saMsArI jIva para pudgala ke upakAra haiN| (vii) vartanApariNAmaH kriyAparatvAparatvecakAlasya tattvArthasUtra, 5.22 ___pariNAmavartanAvidhiH parAparatvaguNalakSaNaH kaalH| prazamaratiprakaraNa, 218 vartanA, pariNAma, kriyA, paratva evaM aparatva kAla ke upakAra haiN| prazamaratiprakaraNa meM inheM kAla ke lakSaNa ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| paratva, aparatva Adi kA ullekha vaizeSika darzana ke granthoM meM bhI huA hai| prazastapAdabhASya meM kahA gayA hai- paratva, aparatva, yugapad, ayugapad, cira, kSipra Adi ke jJAna meM kAraNa 'kAla' hai| (kAlaH parAparavyatikara-yogapadyAyaugapadya cirakSiprapratyayaliGgam - prazastapAdabhASya, kAla nirUpaNa) (viii) utpAdavyayadhauvyayuktaMsat / - tattvArthasUtra, 5.29 arpitaanrpitsiddheH|- tattvArthasUtra, 5.31 utpAdavigamanityatvalakSaNaMyattadastisarvamapi / sadasadvAbhavatItyanyathArpitAnarpitavizeSAt / / - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 204 utpAda, vyaya evaM dhrauvya se yukta ko sat kahA gayA hai| inameM pradhAna gauNabhAva ke kAraNa vastu ko kabhI nitya evaM kabhI anitya kahA jAtA hai| vyaya ke lie prazamarati meM vigama evaM dhrauvya ke lie nityatva kA prayoga huA hai, zeSa yathAvat hai| adhyAya-6 zubhaH punnysy| ___azubha: pApasya / - tattvArthasUtra, 6.3-4

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404 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana pudgalakarmazubhaMyattatpuNyamitijinazAsane dRssttm|| yadazubhamathatatyApamitibhavati srvjnynirdissttim|-prshmrtiprkrnn,219 zubha Asava puNya kA evaM azubha Asrava pApa kA hetu hotA hai| yahI bAta prazamaratiprakaraNa meM spaSTa kI gaI hai ki zubha karmapudgala ko puNya tathA azubha karmapudgala ko jina zAsana meM pApa kahA gayA hai| adhyAya-7 (i) mUrchA parigrahaH / - tattvArthasUtra, 7.12 ____ adhyAtmavido mUcho parigrahaM vrnnyntinishcytH|-prshmrtiprkrnn, 178 mUrchA ko parigraha kahA gayA hai| adhyAtmavettA mUrchA ko parigraha ke rUpa meM varNita karate haiN| (ii) hiMsAnRtasteyAbrahmaparigrahebhyo virativratam / tattvArthasUtra, 7.1 annuvrto'gaarii|- tattvArthasUtra, 7.15 digdezAnarthadaNDaviratisAmAyikapauSadhopavAsopabhogaparimANAtithisaMvibhAgavatasampannazca / - tattvArthasUtra, 7.16 sthUlavadhAnRtacauryaparastrIratyarativarjitaH satatam / digvratamiha dezAvakAzikamanarthaviratiMca / sAmAyikaMcakRtvApauSadhamupabhogapArimANyaM ca / nyAyAgataMcakalpyaMvidhinA pAtreSu viniyojym|| - prazamarati, 303-304 zrAvaka ke 12 vratoM kA tattvArthasUtra evaM prazamaratiprakaraNa meM samAna krama hai| upAsakadazAGga sUtra meM dezAvakAzika ko sAmAyika ke pazcAt evaM upabhogaparibhoga parimANa vrata ko digvata ke pazcAt rakhA gayA hai| isa dRSTi se umAsvAti ne Agama nirUpita krama meM apanI sUjha se parivartana kiyA hai| adhyAya-8 () AdyojJAnadarzanAvaraNavedanIyamohanIyAyuSkanAmagotrAntarAyAH / - tattvArthasUtra, 8.5 sajjJAnadarzanAvaraNavedyamohAyuSAMtathAnAmnaH / gotraantraayyoshcetikrmbndho'ssttdhaamaulH|-prshmrtiprkrnn, 34

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 405 yahA~ para jJAnAvaraNa Adi ATha karmoM kA krama se donoM granthoM meM kathana kiyA gayA hai| (ii) paMcanavadyaSTAviMzaticaturdvicatvAriMzadvipaMcabhedAH ythaakrmm| - tattvArthasUtra, 8.6 pNcnvdyssttaaviNshtikshctuHssttksptgunnbhedH| dvipNcbheditisptnvtibhedaastthottrtH|- prazamaratiprakaraNa, 35 jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM kI kramazaH pA~ca, nau, do, aTThAvIsa, cAra, bayAlIsa, do evaM pA~ca prakRtiyA~ haiN| (iii) prkRtisthitynubhaavprdeshaastdvidhyH|- tattvArthasUtra, 8.4 prkRtiriymnekvidhaasthitynubhaagprdeshtstsyaaH|-prshmrti, 36 cAra prakAra ke bandha haiM- prakRti, sthiti, anubhAva/anubhAga evaM prdesh| adhyAya-9 (i) uttamaH kSamAmArdavArjavazaucasatyasaMyamatapastyAgAkiMcanya brahmacaryANi dhrmH| - tattvArthasUtra, 9.6 sevyaH kssaantirdivmaarjvshaucecsNymtyaagau| satyatapobrahmAkiMcanyAnItyeSa dharmavidhiH / / - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 167 satya, tapa aura brahmacarya ke krama meM bheda ke atirikta kSamA Adi dazavidha dharmoM kA samAna kathana huA hai| (ii) anityAzaraNasaMsAraikatvAnyatvAzucitvAnavasaMvaranirjarAloka bodhidurlabha dharmasvAkhyAtattvAnucintanamanuprekSAH / - tattvArthasUtra, 9.7 bhAvayitavyamanityatvamazaraNatvaMtathaikatAnyatve / azucitvaMsaMsAraH karmAsravasaMvaravidhizca / / nirjaraNalokavistaradharmasvAkhyAtattvacintAzca / bodheH sudurlabhatvaMcabhAvanAdvAdaza vizuddhAH -prazamaritaprakaraNa, 140-150 saMsAra evaM bodhidurlabha bhAvanAoM ke kramabheda ke atirikta anityAdi bAraha bhAvanAoM kA donoM granthoM meM samAna kathana huA hai| (iii) sAmAyikacchedopasthApyaparihAravizuddhisUkSmasamparAyayathAkhyAtAni cAritram |-tttvaarthsuutr, 9.18

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406 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sAmAyikamityAdyaM chedopasthApanaM dvitIyaM tu| parihAravizuddhikaM sUkSmasamparAyaMyathAkhyAtam / / ityetatpaMcavidhaMcAritraM mokSasAdhanaM prvrm||- prazamaratiprakaraNa, 226-227 sAmAyika, chedopasthApanIya, parihAravizuddhi, sUkSmasamparAya evaM yathAkhyAta cAritra kA kathana donoM granthoM meM huA hai| prazamarati meM paMcavidha cAritra ko mokSa kA sAdhana kahA gayA hai| (iv) anazanAvamaudaryavRttiparisaMkhyAnarasaparityAgaviviktazayyAsana kAyaklezA bAhyaM tapaH / - tattvArthasUtra, 9.19 anazanamUnodaratAvRtteH saMkSepaNaMrasatyAgaH / kAyaklezaHsaMlInateti bAhyaM tapaH proktm|| - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 175 vivikta zayyAsana ke sthAna para prazamaratiprakaraNa meM saMlInatA zabda prayukta huA hai, zeSa anazana Adi bAhya tapa-nAmoM meM samAnatA hai| (v) praayshcittvinyvaiyaavRttysvaadhyaayvyutsrgdhyaanaanyuttrm| - tattvArthasUtra, 9.20 praayshcittdhyaanevaiyaavRttyvinyaavthotsrgH| svAdhyAyaititapaHSaTprakAramabhyantaraM bhavati / / - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 176 krama bheda ke atirikta prAyazcitta Adi Abhyantara tapa-nAmoM meM pUrA sAmya hai| tattvArthasUtra meM vyutsarga zabda prayukta hai| usake sthAna para prazamarati meM 'utsarga' zabda AyA hai| (vi)AjJA'pAyavipAkasaMsthAnavicayAya dhrmmprmttsNytsy| - tattvArthasUtra, 9.37 aajnyaavicympaayvicyNcsdhyaanyogmupsRty| tasmAdvipAkavicayamupayAti sNsthaanvicyNc| prazamaratiprakaraNa, 247 uparyukta sUtra evaM kArikA meM dharmadhyAna ke cAra bhedoM AjJAvicaya, apAyavicaya, vipAka vicaya evaM saMsthAna vicaya kA ullekha huA hai| adhyAya-10 (1) mohkssyaajjnyaandrshnaavrnnaantraaykssyaacckevlm| tattvArthasUtra, 10.1

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407 svAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA mastakasUcivinAzAttAlasya yathA dhruvo bhavati nAzaH / tadvatkarmanAzo hi mohanIyakSaye nityam / / chadmasthavItarAgaH kAla so 'ntarmuhUrtamatha bhUtvA yugapad vividhAvaraNAntarAyakarmakSayamavApya / zAzvatamanantamanatizayamanupamamanuttaraM niravazeSam / sampUrNamapratihataM samprAptaH kevalajJAnam / / prazamaratiprakaraNa, 267-269 pahale mohakarma kA kSaya hotA hai, phira yugapad rUpa se jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa evaM antarAyakarma kA nAza hokara kevalajJAna prakaTa hotA hai| prazamarati meM batAyA gayA hai ki vaha kevalajJAna zAzvata, ananta, anatizaya, anupama, anuttara, niravazeSa, sampUrNa evaM apratihata hotA hai / (ii) tadanantaramUrdhvaM gacchatyAlokAntAt / - tattvArthasUtra, 10.5 siddhasyordhvaM muktasyAlokAntAd gatirbhavati / lokAgrataH sidhyati sAkAreNopayogena / prazamaratiprakaraNa, 288 AThoM karmoM kA kSaya hone ke pazcAt mukta jIva loka ke agra bhAga meM jAkara avasthita ho jAtA hai| prazamarati meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha sAkAropayoga meM siddha hokara lokAgra meM avasthita hotA hai| (iii) pUrvaprayogAdasaGgatvAdbandhacchedAttathAgatipariNAmAcca tadgatiH- tattvArthasUtra, 10.6 pUrvaprayogasiddherbandhacchedAdasaMgabhAvAcca / gatipariNAmAcca tathA siddhasyordhvaM gatiH siddhA / / prazamaratiprakaraNa, 294 mukta jIva kI pUrva prayoga ke kAraNa, asaMga hone se, bandha kA chedana hone se tathA usa prakAra kA gati-pariNAma hone se loka ke Urdhva bhAga kI ora gati hotI hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa aura tattvArthasUtra : pArasparika bheda prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM tattvArthasUtra meM jina binduoM para pArasparika bheda dRSTigocara hotA unameM se kucha pramukha viSayoM para yahA~ vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai (1) nava tattva- tattvArthasUtra meM sAta tattva nirUpita haiM, jabaki prazamaratiprakaraNa nau padArthoM yA tattvoM kA ullekha hai, yathA

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408 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jIvAjIvAsravabandhasaMvaranirjarAmokSAstattvam / - tattvArthasUtra, 1.4 jIvAjIvA puNyaM pApAsavasaMvarAH snirjrnnaaH| bandhAmokSAzcaitesamyacintyAH nvpdaarthaaH|| - prazamaratiprakaraNa, 189 isa sambandha meM cAra bindu vicAraNIya haiM(ka) padArtha evaM tattva meM koI bheda hai yA nahIM ? (kha) umAsvAti ne nau padArthoM ke sthAna para sAta tattvoM kA nirUpaNa kisa ___ apekSA se kiyA ? (ga) unhoMne ina tattvoM kA krama kyoM badalA ? (gha) kyA unake dvArA puNya-pApa kA samAveza Asava yA bandha meM karanA ucita hai ? cAroM praznoM ke sambandha meM kramazaH vicAra prastuta haiM (ka) padArtha evaM tattva zabda jainadarzana meM ekArthaka haiM / svayaM umAsvAti ne tattvArthabhASya meM 'saptavidho'rthastattvam' 'ete vA saptapadArthAstattvAni' (tattvArthabhASya 1.4) vAkyoM dvArA artha, padArtha evaM tattva ko ekArthaka batalAyA hai| (kha) umAsvAti ne puNya evaM pApa padArtha kA samAveza Asrava tattva meM kiyA hai, jaisA ki unake 'zubhaH puNyasya''azubhaH pApasya' (tattvArthasUtra, 6.3-4) sUtroM se prakaTa hotA hai / Asrava ke sAtha bandha tattva meM inakA samAveza svataH siddha hai, kyoMki, baMdhI huI karmaprakRtiyA~ yA to puNya rUpa hotI haiM yA pApa rUpa / prazamaratiprakaraNa ke TIkAkAra haribhadra ne puNya evaM pApa kA samAveza bandha tattva meM hI kiyA hai- zAstre puNyapApayorbandhagrahaNenaiva grahaNAtsaptasaMkhyA |(kaarikaa 189 kITIkA) (ga) prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM vibhinna AgamoM meM tattvoM kA krama jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha evaM mokSa ke rUpa meM hai / puNya-pApa kI pRthak gaNanA na karane para inakA krama rahatA hai- jIva, ajIva, Asava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha evaM mokSa / kintu tattvArthasUtra meM umAsvAti ne Asava ke pazcAt bandha ko rakhakara krama badala diyA hai| unake dvArA aisA kiyA jAnA ucita pratIta hotA hai,

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 409 kyoMki karma pudgaloM ke Asava ke anantara bandha hI ghaTita hotA hai tathA saMvara evaM nirjarA ke dvArA mokSa ghaTita hotA hai| (gha)puNya-pApakA samAvezaAsravaevaMbandha meM karake unheM svatantratattvake rUpa meMnirUpita nahIM karanAaneka kAraNoM se ucita pratIta nahIM hotA, yathA (i) puNya-pApa eka-dUsare ke virodhI haiM / puNyakarma jahA~ samyagdarzana evaM kevalajJAna meM sahAyaka kAraNa hai vahA~ pApakarma usameM bAdhaka hai / karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra jaba taka pApakarma kI prakRtiyoM kA catuHsthAnika anubhAga ghaTakara dvisthAnika nahIM hotA aura puNyaprakRtiyoM kA anubhAga dvisthAnika se bar3hakara catuHsthAnika nahIM hotA taba taka samyagdarzana nahIM hotA hai / isI prakAra puNyaprakRtiyoM kA anubhAga jaba taka utkRSTa nahIM hotA taba taka kevalajJAna prakaTa nahIM hotA hai| isa dRSTi se pApa ke anubhAga kA ghaTanA evaM puNya ke anubhAga kA bar3hanA samyagdarzana evaM kevalajJAna meM sahAyaka hone se ye eka-dUsare ke virodhI siddha hote haiM / ataH ina donoM kA pRthak kathana Agama evaM karmasiddhAnta kI dRSTi se apekSita pratIta hotA hai| (ii) ATha karmoM meM se cAra ghAtI karma jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya evaM antarAya- pApakarma haiM / kevalajJAna kI prApti hetu inakA kSaya anivArya hotA hai / puNya karmoM ke kSaya ke lie vizeSa puruSArtha kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| puNya karma aghAtI haiM, jo AtmA kI koI ghAta nahIM karate / ve dezaghAtI bhI nahIM haiN| manuSyagati, paMcendriya jAti, vajraRSabhanArAca saMhanana, samacaturasrasaMsthAna Adi puNya karma to mukti meM sahAyaka mAne gaye haiN| isalie puNya evaM pApa donoM kA pRthak bodha Avazyaka hone se inheM tattvagaNanA meM pRthak rUpeNa sthAna denA ucita pratIta hotA hai| (iii) AgamoM meM sarvatra pApa ke tyAga kA hI vidhAna hai tathA pApa-prakRtiyoM ke kSaya kA hI nirUpaNa hai| puNya tyAga yA usakA kSaya karane kI preraNA kahIM nahIM kI gaI hai| kucha udAharaNa draSTavya haiMtavasAdhuNai purANapAvarga, juttosayA tvsmaahie| -dazavaikAlikasUtra, 9.4.4

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410 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana tapasamAdhi se yukta sAdhaka sadaiva tapa ke dvArA prAcIna (pUrvabaddha) pApakarmoM ko naSTa karatA hai| ___ saMvareNaMkAyaguttepuNopAvAsavanirohaM krei| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29.55 saMvara se kAyagupti kara jIva punaH pApAnava kA nirodha karatA hai| (iv) AtmA ke zubha pariNAmoM ke kAraNa yoga 'zubha' evaM azubha pariNAmoM ke kAraNa yoga 'azubha' hotA hai (zubhapariNAmanivRtto yogaH zubhaH |ashubhprinnaamnirvRttshcaashubhH / - sarvArthasiddhi 6.3) kamoM ke zubhAzubhatva kA kAraNa hone se yoga zubhAzubha nahIM hote| yadi aisA kahA jAe to zubha yoga hogA hI nahIM, kyoMki zubha yoga ko bhI jJAnAvaraNa Adi karmoM ke bandha kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / (na punaH zubhAzubhakarmakAraNatvena / yadyevamucyate zubhayoga eva na syAt / zubhayogasyApi jJAnAvaraNAdibandhahetutvAbhyupagamAt / - sarvArthasiddhi 6.3) jo AtmA ko pavitra kare vaha puNya hai (punAtyAtmAnaM pUyate'neneti vA puNyam- sarvArthasiddhi 6.3) tathA jo puNya kA virodhI hai vaha pApa hai / ise dUsare zabdoM meM yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMkleza pApa hai evaM vizuddhi puNya hai / saMkleza meM kaSAyavRddhi hotI hai tathA vizuddhi meM kssaay-kmii| isa prakAra puNya-pApa ko samAna samajhanA upayukta nhiiN| (v) kasAyapAhuDa kI jayadhavalA TIkA meM anukampA evaM zuddha upayoga ko puNyAsava kA hetu tathA isake viparIta nirdayatA evaM azuddha upayoga ko pApAsava kA hetu batAyA gayA hai puNNAsavabhUdAaNukaMpAsuddhaoa upjoo| vivarIo pAvassa hu AsavaheuM viyANAhi // - kasAyapAhuDa, jayadhavalA TIkA, pustaka 1, pRSTha 96 yahA~ jJAta hotA hai ki puNyAsava evaM pApAsava eka dUsare ke viparIta haiM, ataH donoM kA pRthak kathana Avazyaka hai| (vi) puNya-pApa kA samAveza Asava evaM bandha tattva meM karane kA pariNAma yaha huA ki puNya ko bhI pApa kI hI bhAMti mukti meM bAdhaka mAnakara AcArya kundakunda ke dvArA pApa ko lohe kI ber3I tathA puNya ko sone kI ber3I kahA gayA, jo upayukta pratIta nahIM hotaa| kyoMki jo puNya kevalajJAna kI prApti meM bAdhaka na hokara sAdhaka

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 411 hai, use sone kI ber3I kahanA pApa kI zreNi meM DAla denA hai| hA~, yaha avazya hai ki aghAtI puNya karma zarIra rahane taka rahatA hai, zarIra chUTane ke sAtha vaha vaise hI svataH samApta ho jAtA hai, jisa prakAra ki yathAkhyAta cAritra svataH chUTa jAtA hai| isalie puNya ko pApakarma ke samakakSa nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| (vii) yadi pApa evaM puNya ko eka hI zreNI meM rakhakara samAna rUpa se tyAjya pratipAdita kiyA jAyegA to sAdhanA kA mArga hI nahIM raha sakegA, kyoMki pUrNataH ayogI avasthA to caudahaveM guNasthAna meM hotI hai| usake pUrva jo mana, vacana evaM kAya yoga rahatA hai vaha yA to kaSAya ke Adhikya ke kAraNa azubha hotA hai yA kaSAya ke ghaTane ke kAraNa zubha hotA hai / azubha se zubha kI ora bar3hane para hI sAdhanA sambhava hai / ataH puNya ko pApa karma kI bhA~ti ekAntataH tyAjya kahanA kadApi ucita pratIta nahIM hotaa| ye katipaya bindu hameM cintana karane ke lie vivaza karate haiM ki umAsvAti ne puNya evaM pApa ko tattva-saMkhyA meM sthAna na dekara jainadarzana ke sAtha kitanA nyAya kiyA hai ? sapta tattva ke pratipAdana kI unakI maulika sUjha kahIM jaina darzana ke tattvajJAna meM bhrAnti utpanna karane meM nimitta to nahIM bana gaI ? vidvAnoM ko isa para gambhIratA se vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai| zvetAmbara evaM digambara Agama-paramparA evaM karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra to nava tattva yA nava padArtha ko svIkAra karanA hI ucita pratIta hotA hai| puSTyartha uddharaNa(a) navasabbhAvapayatthA paNNattA taMjahA- jIvA ajIvA puNNaM pAvo, Asavo saMvaro NijjarA baMdho mokkho / - sthAnAMgasUtra, navamasthAna (A) jIvAjIvA ya baMdho ya, puNNaM pAvAsavo thaa| saMvaro nijjarA mokkho, saMte e tahiyA nava / uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28.14 (i) jIvAjIvA bhAvA puNNaM pAvaMca AsavaM tesiN| saMvaraNijjarabaMdho mokkho yahaMvati aTThA / / - paMcAstikAya, 108 (u) Nava ya padatthA jIvAjIvA tANaMca puNNapAvadugaM / AsavasaMvaraNijjarabaMdhAmokkhoyahA~titi / / -gommaTasAra,jIvakANDa,gAthA 621

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana uparyukta sabhI uddharaNoM meM jIva, ajIva, puNya, pApa, Asrava, saMvara, nirjarA, bandha evaM mokSa ina nau tattvoM yA padArthoM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| 412 ( 2 ) kAla dravya - umAsvAti ne prazamaratiprakaraNa meM dharma, adharma, AkAza evaM pudgala ke atirikta kAla ko bhI ajIva dravyoM meM sthAna diyA hai, jabaki tattvArthasUtra meM unhoMne kAla ko katipaya AcAryoM ke mata meM dravya nirUpita kiyA hai / isase yaha vivAda kA viSaya banatA hai ki umAsvAti ke mata meM kAla eka pRthak dravya hai yA nahIM ? isa sambandha meM nimnAkita bindu vicAraNIya haiM (ka) tattvArthasUtra meM dharma, adharma, AkAza evaM pudgala ko umAsvAti ne ajIvakAya kahA hai (ajIvakAyA dharmAdharmAkAzapudgalAH- tattvArthasUtra 5.1 ) / yahA~ 'ajIva' ke sAtha 'kAya' zabda unake astikAya hone kA sUcaka hai / 'kAla' ajIva hai, kintu vaha astikAya nahIM hai, kyoMki usake koI pradeza - samUha nahIM haiM, isalie ise cAra ajIvakAyoM ke sAtha tattvArthasUtra meM nahIM rakhA gayA hai / jIva astikAya hai, kintu ajIva nahIM hai, isalie use bhI yahA~ nahIM ginAkara usake lie pRthak sUtra 'jIvAzca' ( tattvArthasUtra 5.3 ) diyA gayA / phira umAsvAti ne ina pA~coM dravyoM kI samAnatA - asamAnatA ke AdhAra para unakA varNana tattvArthasUtra meM kiyA hai / I (kha) 'kAla' kA pRthak dravya ke rUpa meM ullekha tattvArthasUtra ke pA~cave adhyAya ke 38 veM sUtra 'kAlazcetyeke' ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai / kintu isake pUrva isI adhyAya ke 22 veM sUtra meM unhoMne 'vartanA pariNAmaH kriyA paratvAparatve ca kAlasya' sUtra ke dvArA kAla kA lakSaNa aura usake kArya batAe haiM, jisase siddha hotA hai ki kAla unheM pahale hI eka dravya ke rUpa meM abhISTa thaa| aisI sthiti meM 'kAlazcetyeke' (5. 38) sUtra kI upayogitA nahIM raha jAtI hai / sambhavataH yahI kAraNa hai ki sarvArthasiddhi Adi TIkAoM meM yaha sUtra 'kAlazca ( 5.39 ) ' rUpa meM hI par3hA gayA hai / pUjyapAda devanandI ne 'kAla' ke pRthak kathana kA aucitya pratipAdita kiyA hai / unhoMne prazna uThAyA ki kAla kA kathana dharma, adharma Adi cAra astikAyoM ke sAtha kyoM nahIM kiyA gayA ? isa prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue unhoMne kahA ki usa sUtra

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 413 meM kAla kA kathana karane para kAla meM kAyatva svIkAranA par3atA jo ki kAla meM hai nhiiN|-(srvaarthsiddhi, pR. 239) isI prakAra 'A''kAzAdekadravyANi' (5.5) niSkriyANi ca (5.6) sUtroM meM parigaNita dharma, adharma evaM AkAza ke atirikta zeSa dravya pudgala evaM jIva sakriya haiM, yadi kAla kI gaNanA pahale ho jAtI to unake sAtha 'kAla' bhI sakriya ho jAtA, jo abhISTa nahIM hai| uparyukta donoM binduoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki umAsvAti ko kAla pRthak dravya ke rUpa meM abhISTa thaa| (ga) paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA kA isa sambandha meM bhinna mata hai / ve likhate haiM ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM ke mata meM loka paMcAstikAyamaya hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra 28.7 ke atirikta loka ko SaDdravyAtmaka nahIM batAyA gayA hai / (Agamayuga kA jaina darzana, pa.214) mAlavaNiyA jI kA yaha kathana isa bAta kI ora saMketa karatA hai ki usa samaya pA~ca dravya mAnane kI bhI paramparA rahI hai tathA umAsvAti kAla ko pRthak dravya mAnane ke pakSapAtI nahIM the| paM. mAlavaNiyA jI ke isa kathana para prazna taba uThatA hai jaba vyAkhyAprajJapti (zataka 25, uddezaka 4, sUtra 8) evaM anuyogadvArasUtra (sUtra 269) meM spaSTataH SadravyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai tathA umAsvAti ne svayaM prazamaratiprakaraNa meM 'kAla' ko ajIva padArthoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai / prazamaratiprakaraNa meM unhoMne pudgala ko rUpI tathA dharma, adharma, AkAza evaM kAla ko arUpI dravya kahA hai, yathA dharmAdharmAkAzAnipudgalA: kAla evaMcAjIvAH / pudgalavarjamarUpaM turUpiNaH pudgalAH proktaaH| prazamaratiprakaraNa, 207 isakA tAtparya hai ki umAsvAti ko kAla pRthak dravya ke rUpa meM abhISTa thA, kintu ve isake sambandha meM rahe matabheda ko prakaTa karanA cAhate the| (3) bandha hetu- karma-bandhana ke tattvArthasUtra meM pA~ca hetu ginAe gae haiMmithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga / prazamaratiprakaraNa meM rAga-dveSa, moha, mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda evaM yoga ko karmabandha kA hetu batAyA gayA hai| Agama meM mithyAtva Adi ko Asava kA hetu tathA rAga-dveSa ko bandha kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai|

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414 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana (4)naya, pramANaaura anuyoga- jaina jJAna-mImAMsA meM adhigama ke lie naya, pramANa evaM anuyoga ko sahAyaka mAnA gayA hai / prazamaratiprakaraNa meM 'anekAnuyoganayapramANamArgaH samanugamyam' (229) kArikAMza ke dvArA aneka anuyoga, naya evaM pramANa mArga se adhigama karane ke kathana se isakI puSTi hotI hai| tattvArthasUtra (1.6) meM 'pramANanayairadhigamaH' sUtra ke dvArA pramANa evaM naya se adhigama sampanna hone kA kathana karake vibhinna anuyogoM kA nirdeza ina tInoM sUtroM meM pRthakUpeNa kiyA gayA hai| nAmasthApanAdravyabhAvatastanyAsaH tattvArthasUtra, 1.5 nirdezasvAmitvasAdhanAdhikaraNasthitividhAnataH / satsaMkhyAkSetrasparzanakAlAntarabhAvAlpabahutvaizca |-tttvaarthsuutr, 1.7-8 tattvArthabhASya meM nAma, sthApanA, dravya evaM bhAva ko spaSTarUpeNa anuyogadvAra kahA gayA hai- 'ebhirnAmAdibhizcaturbhiranuyogadvAraiH (tattvArthabhASya 1.5) isI prakAra nirdeza, svAmitva, sAdhana, adhikaraNa, sthiti aura vidhAna bhI bhASya ke anusAra anuyogadvAra haiM, (ebhizca nirdezAdibhiH SabhiranuyogadvAraiH- tattvArthabhASya 1.7) aura sata, saMkhyA, kSetra, sparzana, kAla, antara, bhAva, alpabahutva bhI anuyogadvAra haiM (sadbhUtapadaprarUpaNAdiraSTAbhiranuyogadvAraiH sarvabhAvAnAm- tattvArthasUtra, 1.8) isa prakAra adhigama meM naya evaM pramANa ke sAtha anuyogadvAroM kA bhI mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| niyukti (Avazyakaniyukti gAthA 13 evaM 895) evaM SaTkhaNDAgama meM bhI ina anuyogadvAroM kI carcA upalabdha hotI hai / anuyogoM ke mAdhyama se kisI eka viSaya kA jJAna samyak rIti se ho sakatA hai / prazamaratiprakaraNa kI apekSA tattvArthasUtra meM anuyoga-dvAroM kA kathana vyavasthita rUpa meM huA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki tattvArthasUtra prazamaratiprakaraNa ke pazcAviracita hai| __yahA~ isa tathya para bhI vizeSa dhyAna AkarSita karanA hogA ki naya evaM anuyoga kA pratyaya jaina darzana kI apanI maulika vizeSatA hai evaM cintana ke kSetra meM bhAratIyadarzana ko usakA yaha amUlya yogadAna hai / jJAnamImAMsA ke sambandha meM pramANa ke atirikta naya evaM anuyoga bhI apanI mahattvapUrNa upayogitA rakhate haiN|

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 415 (5) paMcavidha jJAna- mati, zruta, avadhi, manaH paryAya evaM kevala nAmaka paMcavidha jJAnoM kA jitanA suvyavasthita nirUpaNa tattvArthasUtra meM upalabdha hotA hai utanA prazamaratiprakaraNa meM nahIM / prazamaratiprakaraNa meM pA~ca jJAnoM ke nAma upalabdha hote haiM tathA unheM pratyakSa evaM parokSa meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai (kArikA 224-225), kintu ina jJAnoM ke bhedopabhedoM kA kathana-vivecana prazamarati meM upalabdha nahIM hai, jabaki tattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya kA adhikAMza jJAna ke pA~ca bhedoM ke bhedAntara evaM unake vivecana para hI kendrita hai / tattvArthasUtra kA prathama adhyAya jaina jJAnamImAMsA kA saMkSepa meM vyavasthita nirUpaNa karatA hai / isase bhI vidita hotA hai ki tattvArthasUtra kI racanA prazamaratiprakaraNa ke pazcAt huI hai| __(6) pramANa bheda- pramANamImAMsA ke sambandha meM umAsvAti kA eka anya mahattvapUrNa yogadAna yaha hai ki unhoMne hI sarvaprathama paMcavidha jJAnoM ko pramANa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA (tatpramANe- tattvArthasUtra 1.10) AgamoM meM jJAna ke pratyakSa evaM parokSa bheda (nandI sUtra, 2) to prApta hote haiM, kintu vahA~ unake lie 'pramANa' zabda kA prayoga nahIM hai| prazamaratiprakaraNa meM umAsvAti ne paMcavidha jJAnoM ko pratyakSa evaM parokSa meM vibhakta kiyA hai, (jJAnamatha paMcabhedaMtat pratyakSaM parokSaMca |-kaarikaa 224) kintu jJAnoM ke lie 'pramANa' zabda kA prayoga tattvArthasUtra meM hI kiyA hai| isa prakAra tattvArthasUtra pramANamImAMsA kI dRSTi se bhI prathama mahattvapUrNa grantha hai, jisameM Agama-paramparA meM prApta jJAna ke vivecana ko pramANa ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA gayA hai| unhoMne indriya evaM mana ke sApekSa mati evaM zrutajJAna ko parokSa (Adye parokSamtattvArthasUtra 1.11) tathA AtmamAtrApekSa avadhi, manaHparyAya evaM kevalajJAna ko pratyakSa pramANa (pratyakSamanyat-tattvArthasUtra 1.12) kahakara jaina pramANa-mImAMsA ko eka vyavasthita svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai, jo Age siddhasena, akalaGka, vidyAnanda, vAdirAja, abhayadeva, prabhAcandra, hemacandra, vAdideva, yazovijaya Adi dArzanikoM ke dvArA pallavita evaM puSpita huA hai / umAsvAti ne 'matiH smRti saMjJA cintA'bhinibodha ityanarthAntaram' (tattvArthasUtra, 1.13) sUtra ke anusAra mati, smRti, saMjJA, cintA aura abhinibodha ko ekArthaka pratipAdita kara bhaTTa akalaGka ke lie

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416 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana smRti, pratyabhijJAna, tarka evaM anumAna ko parokSa pramANa ke pRthaka bhedoM meM nirUpita karane kA mArga khola diyaa| bhaTTa akalaGka ne mati ke paryAyArthaka 'smRti' zabda se smRti pramANa kA, 'saMjJA' zabda se pratyabhijJAna pramANa kA, 'cintA' zabda se tarka pramANa kA evaM abhinibodha zabda se anumAnapramANa kA vikAsa kiyA / (bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jainadRSTi se samIkSA, pR. 293-294) __(7) SaD lezyA- tattvArthasUtra meM SaDlezyAoM (kRSNa, nIla, kApota, tejo, padma aura zukla) kA kathana audayika bhAva ke 21 bhedoM ke antargata AyA hai| isake atirikta tRtIya adhyAya meM sAta narakoM meM azubhatara lezyAoM ke prasaMga meM aura caturtha adhyAya meM devoM ke prasaMga meM vibhinna lezyAoM kA kathana huA hai (sUtra-3.3, 4.2, 4.7, 4.21, 4.23 ) nirgranthoM ke vivecana meM navama adhyAya (9.49) meM bhI lezyA zabda kA prayoga huA hai| kintu tattvArthasUtra meM yaha kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai ki ye lezyAe~ karmabandha meM bhI sahAyaka haiN| prazamaratiprakaraNa meM lezyA ke sambandha meM spaSTa kathana hai ki karma ke sthitibandha meM lezyA vizeSa se vizeSatA AtI hai| ye chaha lezyAe~ kaunasI haiM tathA ve karmabandhana meM kisa prakAra sahAyaka haiM, isakA varNana karate hue umAsvAti kahate haiM tAH kRSNanIlakApotataijasIpadmazuklanAmAnaH / zleSa iva varNabandhasya karmabandhasthitividhAtryaH // - kArikA, 38 kRSNa,nIla, kApota, tejasa, padma aura zukla nAmaka lezyAe~ karmabandha kI sthiti meM usI prakAra sahAyaka haiM, jisa prakAra raMga ko dRr3ha karane meM zleSa sahAyaka hai| isa adhyayana se vidita hotA hai ki prazamaratiprakaraNa eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai, tathApi ise vaha mahattva prApta nahIM huA, jo tattvArthasUtra ko prApta hai / isake aneka sambhava kAraNoM meM se kucha isa prakAra haiM- (1) 'prazamarati' Agamika prakaraNa grantha hai, isameM dArzanika tattva nagaNya haiM, jabaki tattvArthasUtra jainadarzana kA pratinidhi grantha rahA, ataH dArzanikayuga meM TIkA ke lie vahI AdhArabhUta grantha mAnA gayA / (2) prazamaratiprakaraNa meM zramaNa ke lie vastra kI eSaNA kA bhI ullekha huA hai, jo digambaroM ko svIkArya nahIM thA, ataH digambarAcAryoM ne isa para TIkA karanA ucita

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umAsvAtikRta prazamaratiprakaraNa evaM usakI tattvArthasUtra se tulanA 417 nahIM samajhA aura zvetAmbarAcAryoM ke lie Agamagrantha upalabdha the, ataH isa prakaraNa para apekSAkRta kama hI TIkAe~ likhI gaIM / jo likhI gaIM unameM se adhikAMza upalabdha nahIM haiM / (3) sUtra zailI ke granthoM para dArzanika yuga meM jitanI TIkAe~ likhI gaIM, utanI kArikA granthoM para nahIM / (4) prazamaratiprakaraNa ke pazcAt prauDha grantha tattvArthasUtra kI racanA huI evaM vaha bhI sUtrazailI meN| isalie tattvArthasUtra para TIkAoM kA lekhana jainadharma kI donoM paramparAoM meM huaa| aise hI kucha aura bhI kAraNa rahe hoMge, jo yaha spaSTa karate haiM ki umAsvAti kA prazamaratiprakaraNa utanA prakAza meM kyoM nahIM AyA, jitanA ki tttvaarthsuutr| ____ Adhunika yuga meM upayogI grantha- Adhunika yuga meM prazamaratiprakaraNa kI upayogitA asaMdigdha hai / prazamaratiprakaraNa meM prazama evaM usake sukha kA pratipAdana umAsvAti kI nitAnta maulika sUjha hai| unhoMne vairAgya, mAdhyasthya yA kaSAyavijaya rUpa prazama kA phala paraloka meM hI nahIM, isa loka meM bhI nirUpita kiyA hai / prazamaratiprakaraNa kI racanA kA yahI pramukha uddezya bhI pratIta hotA hai / umAsvAti ne kahA hai ki viSayasukha kI abhilASA se rahita tathA prazamaguNoM se alaGkRta sAdhu usa sUrya kI bhA~ti hai jo anya samasta tejoM ko abhibhUta karake prakAzita hotA hai (kArikA 242) / prazama evaM avyAbAdha sukha ko cAhane vAlA sAdhaka saddharma meM dRr3ha hai to devoM aura manuSyoM se yukta isa loka meM usakI tulanA nahIM ho sakatI (kArikA 236) / umAsvAti kA mantavya hai ki jinhoMne mada aura kAma ko jIta liyA hai, mana, vacana aura kAyA ke vikAroM se rahita haiM tathA para kI AzA se virahita haiM, aise zAstravidhi ke pAlaka sAdhuoM ko yahIM mokSa mila jAtA hai (kArikA, 238) / yahA~ para umAsvAti sambhavataH prazama sukha ko hI mokSa sukha ke rUpa meM prakaTa kara rahe haiM, kyoMki usase mokSasukha kA aMzataH anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai / prazamasukha kI mahimA kA varNana karate hue unhoMne kahA hai ki samyagdRSTi aura samyagjJAnI vrata evaM tapobala se yukta hokara bhI yadi upazAnta nahIM hai to vaha usa guNa ko prApta nahIM karatA jise prazama sukha meM vidyamAna sAdhu prApta kara letA hai / umAsvAti kahate haiM ki svarga ke sukha parokSa haiM tathA mokSa ke sukha atyanta parokSa haiM, kintu kaSAyoM kI zAnti

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418 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana svarUpa prazama sukha pratyakSa hai, vaha parAdhIna nahIM hai aura na hI vinAzI hai, isake lie dhanAdi ke vyaya kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| svargasukhAni parokSANyatyantaparokSamevamokSasukham / pratyakSaM prazamasukhaMnaparavazaMna vyayaprAptam ||kaarikaa, 237 N & Foooo - F prayukta grantha-sUcI 1. anuyogadvAra sUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, 1987 Agamayuga kA jaina darzana, paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura, 1990 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byaavr| gommaTasAra (jIvakANDa), zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa / jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, bhAga-2, zrI gaNezaprasAdavarNI jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, prathama saMskaraNa jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga-4, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI tattvArthasUtra, paM. sukhalAla saMghavI, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI, san 1993 dazavaikAlika sUtra, samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, 2005 nandIsUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara / paMcAstikAya, ToDaramala smAraka TrasTa, jypur| prazamaratiprakaraNa (hAribhadrIya TIkA evaM avacUri sahita) zrI paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, AgAsa, dvitIyAvRtti, vikrama saMvat, 2044 bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA, DaoN. dharmacanda jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, prathama saMskaraNa 1995 13. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara / sarvArthasiddhi, pUjyapAda devanandI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 15vAM saMskaraNa, 2009

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vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa : eka vizleSaNa jo rAgAdi doSoM se rahita hotA hai use vItarAga kahA jAtA hai| jo vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA karatA hai tathA kucha kSaNoM ke lie bhI samatA kA anubhava karatA hai vaha bhI kathaJcid vItarAga hai| manojJa indriya-viSayoM ke upasthita hone para bhI jo unameM rAga nahIM karatA tathA amanojJa viSayoM ke upasthita hone para unake prati dveSa nahIM karatA vaha samatA meM jIne vAlA sAdhaka vItarAgatA ke patha kA pathika hotA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 32veM adhyayana meM aisI vItarAgatA kA nirUpaNa huA hai| bhagavadgItA ke dvitIya adhyAya meM rAga, bhaya evaM krodha ko jItane vAle sAdhaka ko sthitaprajJa kahA gayA hai / vaha duHkhoM meM udvigna nahIM hotA tathA viSaya-sukhoM kA abhilASI nahIM hotaa| kAmanAoM kA tyAga kara svayaM meM prasanna rahatA hai| isa prakAra vItarAga evaM sthitaprajJa ina do avadhAraNAoM meM pracura sAmya pratIta hotA hai| zramaNa evaM vaidika saMskRti meM kaI vicAroM ko lekara sAmya dikhAI detA hai, jisakA eka nidarzana hai yaha vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa se sambaddha aalekh| 'uttarAdhyayana' jainadarzana kA pramukha Agama grantha hai tathA 'zrImadbhagavadgItA' vaidikadarzana kA pratinidhi granthA dono granthoM meM AdhyAtmika saMskRti evaM sAdhanA kA pratipAdana hai| 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' prAkRta meM nibaddha hai evaM 'zrImadbhagavadgItA' saMskRta meM vircit| eka nivRttipradhAna hai, dUsarA prvRttiprdhaan| gItA meM kRSNa arjuna ko yuddha karate rahane kI zikSA dete haiM, uttarAdhyayana meM apane Apa se yuddha karane ke lie kahA gayA hai| gItA meM jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga evaM karmayoga kA vidhAna hai, uttarAdhyayana meM jJAna, darzana, cAritra evaM tapa kI sAdhanA varNita hai| donoM grantha bhinna-bhinna saMskRtiyoM ke hote hue bhI, unameM aneka sthAnoM para sAmya hai| gItA meM jisa prakAra AtmA ko aja, nitya, zAzvata, acchedya, adAhya, akledya, azoSya Adi kahA gayA hai usI prakAra uttarAdhyayana meM bhI AtmA kI avinazvaratA svIkAra kI gayI hai evaM use indriyoM dvArA agrAhya batalAyA gayA hai| gItA meM punarjanma ke siddhAnta ko jisa prakAra svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, uttarAdhyayana meM bhI use usI prakAra sthApita kiyA gayA hai| prastuta lekha meM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM pratipAdita vItarAga evaM bhagavadgItA meM varNita sthitaprajJa ke svarUpa meM garbhita sAmya evaM bheda kA kiJcit

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420 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| jainadarzana meM 'vItarAga' zabda kA prayoga rAga-dveSAdi se rahita sAdhaka ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| yaha vItarAgatA gyArahaveM (upazAntamohanIya) guNasthAna se lekara caudahaveM (ayogikevalI) guNasthAna taka prakaTa hotI hai| inameM gyArahaveM upazAnta moha guNasthAna kI vItarAgatA mohakarma ke upazama hone se prakaTa hotI hai| upazAntamoha guNasthAna meM prakaTa hone vAlI vItarAgatA asthAyI hotI hai, kyoMki isa guNasthAna kA sAdhaka punaH sarAga ho jAtA hai, kintu bArahaveM kSINa-mohanIya guNasthAna meM prakaTa hone vAlI vItarAgatA sadA ke lie ho jAtI hai| taba sAdhaka mohakarma se pUrNataH rahita ho jAtA hai| aisI vItarAgatA sampanna sAdhaka jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa evaM antarAyakarma kA bhI kSaya kara arihanta bana jAtA hai tathA aMta meM cAra aghAti karmoM (vedanIya, AyuSya, nAma evaM gotra) kA bhI kSaya kara siddha bana jAtA hai| ___ mohakarma se rAga-dveSa kA gaharA sambandha hai| yadyapi rAga-dveSa kA mohakarma ke bhedoM meM sIdhA ullekha nahIM huA hai, kintu krodha, mAna, mAyA evaM lobha ko rAga-dveSa ke rUpa meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| yaha taya hai ki jaba taka moha kA udaya hotA hai, taba taka rAga-dveSa bhI sattA pAte rahate haiM aura mohakarma kA nAza hote hI rAga-dveSa kA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| jisake rAga, dveSa evaM moha kA nAza ho jAtA hai, use hI vItarAga kahA jAtA hai| 'vItarAga' zabda meM sthita 'rAga' zabda se dveSa evaM moha Adi vikAroM kA bhI upalakSaNa se grahaNa ho jAtA hai| arthAt jo vItarAga hotA hai vaha vItadveSa evaM vItamoha bhI hotA hai| vyAkaraNa-zAstra kI dRSTi se 'vItarAga' zabda meM bahuvrIhi samAsa hai| saMskRta meM samAsa-vigraha hogA- 'vIta: apagataH rAgaH yasmAt sa vItarAgaH' athavA 'vItaH naSTaH rAgaH yasyAsauvItarAgaH' arthAta jisakA rAga naSTa ho gayA hai vaha vItarAga hai| 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM vItarAga uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke battIsaveM adhyayana 'apramAda sthAna' meM vItarAga ke svarUpa kA sarala, kintu sAragarbhita nirUpaNa huA hai / vahA~ pA~ca indriyoM evaM eka mana ke viSayoM ke priya hone para jo unameM rAga nahIM karatA tathA unake apriya hone para dveSa nahIM karatA, apitu sama rahatA hai use vItarAga kahA gayA hai, yathA

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421 rAga aura sthitaprajJa : eka vizleSaNa cakkhussa rUvaM gahaNaM vayaMti, taM rAgaheDaM tu maNunnamAhu / taM dosauM amaNunnamAhu, samo ya jo tesu sa vIyarAgo / / uttarA . 32.22 soyassa saddaM gahaNaM vayaMti, taM rAgaheDaM tumaNunnamAhu / taM dosa amaNunnamAhu, samo ya jo tesu sa vIyarAgo / / uttarA . 32.35 ghANassa gaMdhaM gahaNaM vayaMti, taM rAgaheDaM tu maNunnamAhu / taM dosauM amaNunnamAhu, samo ya jo tesu sa vIyarAgo / / uttarA 32.48 jibbhAe rasaM gahaNaM vayaMti, taM rAgaheuM tumaNunnamAhu / taM dosauM amaNunnamAhu, samo ya jo tesu sa vIyarAgo / / uttarA . 32.61 kAyassa phAsaM gahaNaM vayaMti, taM rAgaheDaM tu maNunnamAhu / taM dosauM amaNunnamAhu, samo ya jo tesu sa vIyarAgo / / uttarA . 32.74 maNassa bhAvaM gahaNaM vayaMti, taM rAgaheDaM tu maNunnamAhu / dosa amaNunnamAhu, samo ya jo tesu sa tu vIyarAgo / / uttarA 32.87 arthAt netroM kA viSaya rUpa hai, manojJa ( priya) rUpa rAga kA kAraNa hotA hai tathA amanojJa (apriya) rUpa dveSa kA kAraNa hotA hai, jo ina donoM meM sama rahatA hai, vaha vItarAga hai / ( 32.22), kAnoM kA viSaya zabda hai, manojJa ( priya) zabda rAga kA kAraNa hotA hai tathA amanojJa (apriya ) zabda dveSa kA kAraNa hotA hai; jo ina donoM meM sama rahatA hai, vaha vItarAga hai / ( 32.35), nAsikA kA viSaya gaMdha hai, manojJa ( priya) gaMdha rAga kA kAraNa hotI hai tathA amanojJa (apriya ) gaMdha dveSa kAraNa hotI hai; jo ina donoM meM sama rahatA hai, vaha vItarAga hai / ( 32.48), jIbha kA viSaya rasa hai, manojJa ( priya) rasa rAga kA kAraNa hotA hai tathA amanojJa (apriya) rasa dveSa kA kAraNa hotA hai, jo ina donoM meM sama rahatA hai, vaha vItarAga hai / ( 32.61), kAyA kA viSaya sparzana hai, manojJa (priya) sparza rAga kA kAraNa hotA hai tathA amanojJa (apriya ) rasa dveSa kAraNa hotA hai; jo ina donoM meM sama rahatA hai, vaha vItarAga hai / ( 32.74), mana kA viSaya bhAva (vicArAdi) hai, priya bhAva rAga kA kAraNa hotA hai tathA apriya bhAva dveSa kA kAraNa hotA hai, jo inameM sama rahatA hai; vaha vItarAga hai / ( 32.87) uparyukta gAthAoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vItarAga samatA kI pratimUrti hotA hai| vaha sukhada - pratIta hone vAle viSayoM, bhogoM evaM kAmavAsanAoM ke prati na rAga karatA hai aura na duHkhada pratIta hone vAle viSayoM, bhogoM evaM saMkalpoM ke

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana prati dveSa karatA hai / vaha samatApUrvaka donoM sthitiyoM ko dekhatA bhara hai| vaha na anakUlatA meM sukhI hotA hai aura na pratikUlatA meM duHkhii| vaha duHkha-sukha se atIta hokara samatApUrvaka unako dekhatA rahatA hai| jo sukhada kAmabhogoM ke prati rAga karatA hai vaha apanI samatA bhaMga karatA hai tathA jo duHkhada paristhitiyoM ke prati dveSa karatA hai athavA unase duHkhI ho jAtA hai, vaha bhI samatA bhaMga karatA hai| samatA bhaMga hone para vaha moha se vimUr3ha ho jAtA hai / aisA puruSa sadaiva duHkha prApta karatA rahatA hai| vItarAga puruSa duHkhoM se rahita ho jAtA hai / duHkha ke mUla kAraNa to rAga aura dveSa haiN| jo rAga-dveSa se rahita hai vaha duHkhoM se bhI rahita hai / rAga-dveSa hI karmabandhana ke bIja haiM, jaisA ki kahA hai - - rAgo ya doso vi ya kammabIyaM, kammaM ca mohappabhavaM vayaMti / 422 I kammaM ca jAI - maraNassa mUlaM, dukkhaM cajAI - maraNaM vayaMti / / - uttarA. 32.7 arthAt rAga aura dveSa karma ke bIja haiM, vaha karma moha se utpanna hotA hai / karma hI janma evaM maraNa kA mUla kAraNa hai aura janma-maraNa duHkha haiM / manuSya pA~ca indriyoM evaM eka mana ke mAdhyama se sukhabhoga karatA rahatA hai / vaha madhura saMgIta sunakara harSita hotA hai, aniMdya saundarya ko dekhakara bhogane hetu lAlAyita ho jAtA hai, zarIra ko sugandhita karane hetu aneka prasAdhana-sAmagriyoM kA prayoga karatA hai, jihUvA ko svAda dete rahane ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai tathA kAyA ke sparzanasukha ke lie bhale-bure ko bhI bhUla jAtA hai, mAnasika kalpanAoM ke sukha meM divAsvapna lene lagatA hai| kintu ye sAre aindriyaka sukha manuSya ko bebhAna banAte haiM, usakI cetanA-zakti ko AvRtta karate haiM tathA viveka ko kuNThita banAte haiM aura manuSya meM bhrama utpanna kara dete haiM / uttarAdhyayana meM to aindriyaka sukhoM meM tIvra rAga karane vAle kA tatkAla vinAza kahA gayA hai, tathA dveSa karane vAle ko duHkhaparamparA kA janmadAtA kahA gayA hai, yathA I rUvesu jo giddhimuvei tivvaM, akAliyaM pAvai se viNAsaM / uttarA . 32.24 je yAvido samuvei tivvaM, taMsi kkhaNe se u uvei dukkhaM / uttarA . 32.25 jo rUpa meM tIvra gRddhi (Asakti) karatA hai vaha akAla hI vinAza ko prApta karatA hai aura jo tIvra dveSa karatA hai vaha usI kSaNa duHkha prApta karatA hai| yahA~ para

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vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa : eka vizleSaNa 423 rUpa meM Asakti karane kI gAthA dI gayI hai, kintu isI prakAra zabda, rasa, gaMdha, sparza evaM vicAra (bhAva) meM tIvra Asakti (rAga) karane vAlA bhI akAla hI vinAza ko prApta karatA hai evaM inameM dveSa karane vAlA duHkhI hotA hai| kAma-bhoga kiMpAka phala ke samAna manorama pratIta hote haiM, kintu ve anartha ko janma dene vAle hote haiM- khANI anntthaannhukaam-bhogaa| kAma-bhoga zalya haiM, viSa haiM aura AzIviSa ke samAna haiM, jo kAmabhogoM (viSayabhogoM) kI icchA karatA hai, vaha na cAhane para bhI durgati ko prApta karatA hai| vItarAga kAmabhogoM meM sukha nahIM maantaa| vaha unameM duHkha bhI nahIM maantaa| kyoMki kAmabhoga athavA viSayabhoga kI sAmagrI na samatA paidA karatI hai aura na viSamatA paidA karatI hai, apitu unake prati athavA bhogasAmagrI ke prati rahA huA rAga evaM dveSa hI moha ke kAraNa vikRti (viSamatA) paidA karatA hai, yathA na kAmabhogA samayaM urvati,na yAvi bhogA vigaiM urvti| je tappaosI ya pariggahI ya,so tesu mohAvigaiMuveI ||-uttraa.32.101 na kAmabhoga samatA paidA karate haiM, na vikRti paidA karate haiM, jo unake prati (bhoga sAmagrI ke prati) pradveSa karatA hai evaM parigraha (rAga, Asakti) karatA hai vaha unameM moha ke kAraNa vikRti prApta karatA hai| isI tathya ko bhinna prakAra se kahA gayA hai - virajjamANassayaiMdiyatthA, saddAiyA taaviyppgaaraa| na tassasavve vimnnunnyNvaa,nivvttyNtiamnnunnyNvaa||-uttraa. 32.106 indriyoM ke zabdAdi viSaya, jitane bhI haiM ve saba usa virakta (vItarAga) jIva ke lie manojJatA evaM amanojJatA utpanna nahIM kara skte| rUpAdi viSayoM se virakta manuSya zokarahita hotA hai| vaha saMsAra meM rahatA huA bhI duHkha-paramparA se usI prakAra lipta nahIM hotA jaise kamala-patra jala meM rahatA huA bhI jala se lipta nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra jo indriya evaM mana ke viSaya rAgI manuSya ke duHkha ke kAraNa hote haiM ve vItarAga manuSya ko kabhI bhI kiMcit bhI duHkha utpanna nahIM krte| duHkha kAmabhoga kI sAmagrI se nahIM hotA, apitu unameM rahI huI gRddhatA (Asakti, rAga) se hotA hai| vaha duHkha cAhe loka ke kisI bhI prANI ko kyoM na ho, sArA duHkha kAmabhogoM athavA viSaya bhogoM meM rahI huI Asakti (rAga) se utpanna

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana hotA hai| vItarAga puruSa samasta duHkhoM kA anta kara detA hai, yathAkAmANugiddhippabhavaM khudukkhaM, savvassa logassa sadevagassa / jaM kAiyaM mANasiyaM ca kiMci, tassaMtagaM gacchi vIyarAgo / / - uttarA. 32.19 devaloka sahita sampUrNa loka meM jo bhI zArIrika aura mAnasika duHkha utpanna hote haiM, ve kAma bhogoM meM Asakti se utpanna hote haiN| vItarAga puruSa una duHkhoM kA anta kara detA hai| 424 - vItarAgatA kI prApti hone kA artha hai rAga-dveSa kA nAza athavA mohakarma kA kssy| mohakarma kA kSaya hote hI jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa evaM aMtarAya kA bhI kSaya ho jAtA hai, jaisA ki kahA hai - savIyarAgo kayasavvakicco, khavei nANAvaraNaM khaNeNaM / taheva jaM daMsaNamAvarei, jaM caMtarAyaM pakarei kammaM / / - uttarA . 32.108 vaha vItarAga azeSa kArya karake, kSaNa bhara meM hI jJAnAvaraNa kA kSaya kara detA hai tathA darzana kA AvaraNa karane vAle karma evaM aMtarAya karma kA bhI usI prakAra kSaya kara detA hai| ina cAra ghAti-karmoM kA kSaya hone ke pazcAt mukti sunizcita hai| mukti kA sukha akSaya evaM avyAbAdha hotA hai / usa sukha kA kabhI nAza nahIM hotA tathA punaH duHkha nahIM hotaa| ataH uttarAdhyayana meM ise 'ekAntasukha' zabda diyA gayA hai - rAgassa dosassa ya saMkhaeNaM egaMtasokkhaM samuvei mokkhaM / - uttarA . 32.2 rAga evaM dveSa kA pUrNataH saMkSaya hone se vItarAga sAdhaka mokSa rUpa ekAnta-sukha ko prApta karatA hai| vItarAgatA vItarAga kI bhAvavAcaka saMjJA vItarAgatA hai| vItarAgatA hI sAdhaka kA lakSya hotI hai| vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA se hI vItarAga banA jA sakatA hai| vItarAgatA prApta hotI hai rAga-dveSa-kaSAyoM ke tyAga se / jaisA ki uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM prazna kiyA gayA hai - kasAyapaccakkhANeNaM bhaMte! jIve kiM jaNayai- he bhagavan ! kaSAya kA pratyAkhyAna (tyAga) karane meM jIva kyA lAbha prApta karatA hai? to bhagavAn uttara dete haiM- kasAyapaccakkhANeNaM vIyarAgabhAvaM jaNayai, vIyarAgabhAvaM paDivaNNe vi ya NaM

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vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa : eka vizleSaNa 425 jIve samasuhadukkhe bhvi|" arthAt kaSAya kA pratyAkhyAna (tyAga) karane se jIva vItarAgabhAva ko prApta karatA hai| vItarAga bhAva prApta ho jAne para jIva sukha duHkha meM sama (samAna) ho jAtA hai| vItarAgabhAva kI prApti se aura bhI aneka lAbha hote haiM, jinako adholikhita praznottara meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai - ___ vIyarAgayAe NaM bhaMte ! jIve kiM jaNayai ? vIyarAgayAe NaM nehANubaMdhaNANi taNhANubaMdhaNANi ya vocchiMdai maNuNNAmuNNesu saddapharisarasarUvagaMdhesu ceva virjji| he bhagavan ! vItarAgatA se jIva ko kyA lAbha hotA hai ? bhagavAn uttara dete haiM - vItarAgatA se jIva rAga (sneha) ke anubaMdhanoM evaM tRSNA ke anubaMdhanoM ko kATa detA hai tathA manojJa evaM amanojJa zabda, sparza, rasa, rUpa evaM gaMdhAdi se virakta ho jAtA hai| vItarAgatA kA sahabhAvI pariNAma rAga kA vinAza honA hai / prAkRta meM neha (sneha) zabda rAga athavA Asakti kA paryAya hai| isameM moha vidyamAna rahatA hai| putra pautra, kalatrAdi ke prati jo sneha hotA hai vaha moharUpa hotA hai / vItarAgatA ke sAtha hI isa moha kA kSaya ho jAtA hai aura moha kA nAza hote hI vaiSayika sukhabhoga kI tRSNA bhI samApta ho jAtI hai, vaiSayika sukhoM ke prati rAgI athavA mUDha (mohI) vyakti kA hI citta calita hotA hai| nirmohI vyakti sukhabhoga kI tRSNA se hIna, samabhAvI bana jAtA hai| kahA bhI hai- 'mohohaojassaNa hoitnnhaa'|" vItarAgatA kI sAdhanA samatA kI sAdhanA hai| samatA meM jo svAbhAvika Ananda kI prApti hotI hai, vaha viSamacitta meM kadApi saMbhava nhiiN| samatA meM zAnti, svAdhInatA evaM avyAbAdha sukha kA anubhava hotA hai, viSamatA meM vikAroM kI agni dhadhakatI rahatI hai, jo manuSya ke viveka kA nAza karatI hai| samatA meM viveka jAgrata hotA hai, mithyAtva kA hanana hotA hai, samyaktva kI prApti hotI hai tathA mukti (duHkha-mukti) kA anubhava hotA hai| sthitaprajJa evaM sthitaprajJatA _ 'bhagavadgItA' meM 'sthitaprajJa' kA utanA hI mahattva hai jitanA 'prasthAnatrayI' meM gItA kaa| 'sthitaprajJa' varNana ko gItA kA hArda kahA jA sakatA hai| 'sthitaprajJa' zabda

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426 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana kA vigraha hogA- "sthitA prajJA yasya saH sthitaprajJaH' arthAt jisakI prajJA sthita (sthira) hai vaha sthitaprajJa hai| 'sthitaprajJa' zabda meM sthita zabda jar3atA kA sUcaka nahIM, apitu samatA kA sUcaka pratIta hotA hai / yaha gItA kA apanA viziSTa zabda hai / arjuna ne jaba zrIkRSNa se sthitaprajJa kA svarUpa samajhane kI jijJAsA prakaTa kI to zrIkRSNa ne isa prakAra samajhAyA prajahAti yadAkAmAn, sarvAnpArtha !mnogtaan| AtmanyevAtmanA tuSTaH sthitaprajJastadocyate / / - bhagavadgItA, 2.55 duHkheSvanudvignamanAH sukheSuvigataspRhaH / vItarAga-bhaya-krodhaH sthitadhIrmunirucyate / / - bhagavadgItA, 2.56 he arjuna ! jaba sAdhaka apane mana meM sthita samasta kAmanAoM (bhogecchAoM) kA tyAga kara detA hai tathA apane ApameM saMtuSTa ho jAtA hai taba vaha sthitaprajJa kahA jAtA hai| 2.55 jisakA mana duHkhoM (duHkhada sthitiyoM) meM udvigna nahIM hotA tathA sukhoM (sukhada sthitiyoM) meM unako pAne kI abhilASA nahIM rakhatA, aisA rAga, bhaya evaM krodha se rahita muni sthitaprajJa kahA jAtA hai| 2.56 __sthitaprajJa ke uparyukta lakSaNa se nimnalikhita tathya spaSTa hote haiM- (1) jo sthitaprajJa hotA hai vaha (sukha-bhoga kI) kAmanA se rahita hotA hai / (2) vaha apane ApameM saMtuSTa rahatA hai / (3) duHkha meM udvigna nahIM hotA tathA sukha kI abhilASA nahIM rakhatA arthAt duHkha evaM sukha meM sama rahatA hai / (4) vaha rAga, bhaya evaM krodhAdi vikAroM se rahita hotA hai| gItA meM sthitaprajJa ko 'sthirabuddhi' evaM 'sthiramati' zabdoM se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| sthirabuddhi zabda kA prayoga karate hue kahA gayA hai naprahRSyet priyaMprApya nodvijetpraapycaapriym| sthirabuddhirasaMmUDho brahmavid brahmaNi sthitaH / / - bhagavadgItA, 5.20 arthAt sthirabuddhi, manuSya asaMmUDha evaM brahmavid hokara brahma meM sthita rahatA hai tathA priya vastu ko prApta kara harSita nahIM hotA aura apriya vastu ko prApta kara udvigna nahIM hotaa|

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vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa : eka vizleSaNa 427 'sthiramati' zabdakAprayogabhIsthitaprajJakesamatvalakSaNameM kiyAgayAhai, yathA samaH zatrau ca mitre ca tathA mAnApamAnayoH / zItoSNasukhaduHkheSu samaH saMgavivarjitaH ||-bhgvdgiitaa, 12.18 tulyanindAstutiaunI saMtuSTo yenkencit| aniketaH sthiramatirbhaktimAn me priyo naraH ||-bhgvdgiitaa, 12.19 zatru aura mitra ke prati sama rahane vAlA, sammAna evaM apamAna meM samAna rahane vAlA, zIta, uSNa tathA sukha evaM duHkha meM saMga (Asakti) rahita hokara sama rahane vAlA, nindA evaM prazaMsA meM sama rahane vAlA, sarvathA saMtuSTa rahane vAlA maunI saMnyAsI sthiramati hotA hai tathA vaha bhaktisampanna sthiramati manuSya merA priya hai| ___ isa prakAra sthiramati evaM sthirabuddhi zabdoM kA prayoga samatvaprApta manuSya ke artha meM kiyA gayA hai, sthitaprajJa kA bhI yahI mukhya lakSaNa hai ki vaha sukha evaM duHkha ke kAraNoM se prabhAvita nahIM hotaa| vaha sukha meM rAga evaM duHkha meM dveSa nahIM krtaa| jaisA ki kahA hai yaH sarvatrAnabhisnehastattatprApya zubhAzubham / nAbhinandati na dveSTi tasya prajJA prtisstthitaa|- bhagavadgItA, 2.57 jo sarvatra rAga rahita (anabhisneha) hai, zubha (priya) vastu ko prApta kara usase harSita nahIM hotA tathA azubha (apriya) vastu ko prApta kara usase dveSa nahIM karatA, usakI prajJA sthita hotI hai arthAt vaha sthitaprajJa hotA hai| manuSya sthitaprajJa kaba banatA hai athavA usakI prajJA sthita (pratiSThita) kaba hotI hai, isakA nirUpaNa karate hue gItA meM kahA gayA hai - yadA saMharate cAyaM kUrmo'GgAnIva sarvazaH / indriyANIndriyArthabhyastasya prajJA prtisstthitaa||-bhgvdgiitaa, 2.58 jaba sAdhaka apanI indriyoM ko unake viSayoM (rUparasAdi) se usI prakAra sameTa letA hai, jisa prakAra kachuA apane aMgoM ko cAroM ora se sameTa letA hai, usakI prajJA sthita hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jAya to- 'vazehi yasyendriyANi tasya prajJA pratiSThitA'- gItA 2/61 arthAt jisake vaza meM indriyA~ haiM, usakI prajJA sthita hai|

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428 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa: samAnatAe~ vItarAga evaM sthitaprajJa ke svarUpa evaM vizeSatAoM para vicAra karane para nimnalikhita samAnatAe~ pratIta hotI haiM 1. samatA - vItarAga kA pramukha guNa hai samatA / vaha manojJa (priya) rUpa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza, zabda evaM bhAvoM ke prati rAga nahIM karatA tathA amanojJa (apriya) rUpa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza, zabda evaM bhAvoM ke prati dveSa nahIM karatA / priya evaM apriya donoM sthitiyoM meM vItarAga sama rahatA hai- sthitaprajJa meM bhI yaha pramukha vizeSatA hotI hai / vaha bhI vItarAga ke sadRza sukha-duHkha, priya-apriya, jaya-parAjaya, lAbha-hAni Adi meM samadarzI hotA hai| gItA meM prajJA ke sthita (pratiSThita ) hone kA artha samatA kI prApti | 2. rAga -dveSAdivikAravihInatA - vItarAga evaM sthitaprajJa donoM rAga-dveSa Adi vikAroM se rahita hote haiM | rAga ko saba vikAroM kA mUla kahA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ rAga hai, vahA~ samasta vikAra ( kaSAya) vidyamAna haiN| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kAmaguNoM meM Asakta (rAgayukta ) jIva meM anya vikAroM kI upasthiti ko isa prakAra prastuta kiyA gayA hai kohaMca mANaMca taheva mAyaM, lohaM dugaMchaM araI raiMca | hAsaM bhayaM soga pumitthiveyaM, napuMsaveyaM vivihe ya bhAve // uttarA, 32.102 Avajjai evamaNegarUve, evaMvihe kAmaguNesu satto / anneya eyappabhave visese, kAruNNadINe hirime vaisse / / uttarA, 32.103 arthAt kAmabhogoM meM Asakta ( rAgayukta ) jIva krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, jugupsA, arati, rati, hAsya, bhaya, zoka, puruSaveda, strIveda, napuMsakaveda aura usI prakAra ke aneka bhAvoM ko evaM vividha rUpoM ko tathA inase utpanna hone vAle anya aneka vikAra vizeSoM ko prApta karatA hai / isa kAraNa se vaha kAmAsakta jIva karuNA-pAtra, lajjita evaM dveSya bana jAtA hai / rAga kA nAza hote hI ina saba vikAroM kA vinAza ho jAtA hai / bhagavadgItA meM bhI sthitaprajJa ko rAga, bhaya evaM krodha se rahita batAyA gayA haivItarAgabhayakrodhaH sthitadhIrmunirucyate / ye tIna vikAra (doSa) upalakSaNa se tatsadRza

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429 vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa : eka vizleSaNa anya vikAroM kA bhI grahaNa kara lete haiN| sthitaprajJa meM bhI vItarAga kI bhA~ti rAga-dveSAdi vikAroM kA samUla nAza ho jAtA hai / jaisA ki kahA hai'rAgadveSaviyuktaistu viSayAnnindriyaizcaran" ityAdi / 3. viSayoM se vimukhatA - vItarAga puruSa kI pA~coM indriyA~ (kAna, A~kheM, nAka, jIbha evaM sparzana) evaM mana viSaya-bhogoM kI ora AkRSTa nahIM hote haiN| vaha viSaya-bhogoM se vimukha ho jAtA hai| sthitaprajJa bhI indriya-viSayoM se apane Apako sameTa letA hai| zrIkRSNa arjuna se kahate haiM- he arjuna ! jisakI indriyA~ apane viSayoM se pUrNataH nigRhIta haiM, usakI prajJA sthita hotI hai| " 4. duHkha-nAza - vItarAgatA kI prApti ke sAtha hI duHkhoM kA vinAza ho jAtA hai / vItarAga ke pAsa kisI bhI prakAra kA duHkha nahIM phaTakatA / vaha sarvavidha duHkhoM kA aMta kara detA hai- jaMkAiyaM mANasiyaM ca kiMci, tassaMtagaM gacchai vIyarAgo / " arthAt jo kucha bhI zArIrika aura mAnasika duHkha hote haiM, vItarAga una sabakA aMta kara detA hai / anyatra uttarAdhyayana meM hI - te ceva thovaM vi kayAi dukkhaM, Na vIyarAgassa kati kiMci'' kahakara vItarAga se duHkhoM ko dUra rakha diyA hai| 16 'sthitaprajJa' bhI indriyaniyaMtraNa kara evaM Atmavazya hokara AcaraNa karatA hai to vaha prasAda (prasannatA) prApta karatA hai tathA prasAda prApta karane para saba duHkhoM kA vinAza ho jAtA hai, yathA AtmavazyairvidheyAtmA prasAdamadhigacchati / - bhagavadgItA, 2.64 prasAde sarveduHkhAnAM hAnirasyopajAyate / / - bhagavadgItA, 2.65 5. atyanta sukha evaM zAnti - uttarAdhyayana meM rAga evaM dveSa kA kSaya karane vAle vItarAga ko ekAntasukha (avyAbAdha - sukha, akSayasukha, anantasukha) kA prAptakartA kahA hai, yathA-rAgassa dosassa ya saMkhaeNa, eganta- sokkhaM samuvei mokkhaM / " battIsaveM adhyayana meM saba karmoM se mukta hone para use atyanta sukhI batalAyA hai. so tassa savvassa duhassa mukko jaM bAhai sayayaM jaMtumeyaM / dIhAmayaM vippamukko pasattho to hoI acvaMtasuhI kayattho / / - uttarA 32.110 - jo duHkha isa jIva ko nirantara pIr3ita kara rahA hai, usa samasta duHkha se vaha

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430 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jIva mukta ho jAtA hai tathA dIrgha karmaroga se mukta huA prazasta jIva kRtArtha hokara atyanta sukhI ho jAtA hai| bhagavadgItA meM atyantasukha kI bAta nahIM kahI gayI kintu kAmanAoM ke tyAgane vAle niHspRha, nirmama evaM niraMhakAra sAdhaka ko zAnti prApta karane vAlA kahA hai, jo sambhava hai atyanta sukha ho| vItarAga aura sthitaprajJaHbhinnatA vItarAga evaM sthitaprajJa meM jo bhinnatA hai usake pIche bhagavadgItA evaM uttarAdhyayana se jur3I pRSThabhUmi hai| udAharaNa ke lie uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM jahA~ vItarAga ko mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa evaM aMtarAya kA kSaya karane vAlA kaha kara use karmakSaya kI kasauTI para parakhA gayA hai, vahA~ sthitaprajJa ke sAtha karmakSaya kA koI sambandha sthApita nahIM kiyA gayA / jainadarzana ke anusAra ATha karmoM (jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra aura antarAya) meM sarvaprathama moha kA kSaya hote hI sAdhaka vItarAga bana jAtA hai, tadanantara vaha jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa evaM antarAya karmoM kA kSaya karatA hai| anya cAra karmo kA eka sAtha Ayu karma ke kSaya hote hI nAza ho jAtA hai aura vItarAga mokSa ko prApta kara letA hai|" bhagavadgItA meM isa prakAra kA vivecana prApta nahIM hotA hai| ___ bhagavadgItA meM samasta kamAnAoM ke tyAgI sthitaprajJa kI sthiti ko brAhmI sthiti kahA gayA hai| vaha isa sthiti ko prApta kara punaH mohita nahIM hotA tathA isa sthiti meM sthita rahakara brahma nirvANa ko prApta kara letA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI zabdAvalI meM mokSa zabda kA prayoga huA hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM pratipAdita 'vItarAga' evaM bhagavadgItA meM pratipAdita 'sthitaprajJa' kI avadhAraNA hameM AdhyAtmika samatva evaM zAnti ke lie prerita karatI hai| donoM avadhAraNAe~ rAga-dveSa para vijaya prApta karane tathA kAmanAoM kA tyAga karane kI preraNA pradAna karatI haiN| ina donoM meM samAnatA bhI hai to kathaJcid bheda bhI hai| sandarbha:1. niyataM kuru karma tvaM, karma jyAyo hyakarmaNaH / - bhagavadgItA, 3.8 2. appANameva jujjhAhi, kiM te jujjheNa bjjho| - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 1.35

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vItarAga aura sthitaprajJa : eka vizleSaNa 3. ajo nityaH zAzvato'yaM purANo, na hanyate hanyamAne zarIre / - bhagavadgItA, 2.20 4. no iMdiyagejjha amuttabhAvA vi ya hoi Nicco / / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 14.19 5. dehino'smin yathA dehe kaumAraM yauvanaM jarA / tathA dehAntaraprAptirdhIrastatra na muhyati / - bhagavadgItA 2.13 6. egayA devaloesu, Naraesu vi egayA / egayA Asure kAye, ahAkammehiM gacchai / / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 3.3 7. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 19.18 8. sallaM kAmA visaM kAmA, kAmA AsIvisovamA / kAme patyemANA ya, akAmA jaMti duggaI / / - uttarA 9.53 9. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29.36 10. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29.45 11. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32.8 12. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32.22, 35, 48, 69, 87 13. bhagavadgItA, 2.64 14. tasmAdyasya mahAbAho nigRhItAni sarvaza: / indriyANIndriyArthebhyastasya prajJA pratiSThitA / / - bhagavadgItA, 2.68 15. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32.19 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32.100 17. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32.2 18. vihAya kAmAnyaH sarvAn pumAMzcarati niHspRhaH / nirmamo niraMhakAraH sa zAntimadhigacchati / / - * bhagavadgItA, 2.71 19. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32.108 109 20. eSA brAhmI sthitiH pArtha nainAM prApya vimuhyati / sthitvAsyAmantakAle'pi brahmanirvANamRcchati / / bhagavadgItA, 2.72 431

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jaina aura bauddha dharma-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi jaina evaM bauddha donoM dharma-darzana zramaNa saMskRti ke paricAyaka haiN| ina donoM meM zrama kA mahattva aMgIkRta hai| 'zramaNa' kA prAkRta evaM pAlibhASA meM mUla zabda 'samaNa' hai, jisake saMskRta evaM hindI bhASA meM tIna rUpa banate haiM- 1.zamana- yaha vikAroM ke zamana evaM zAnti kA sUcaka hai| 2. samana- yaha samatAbhAva kA sUcaka hai| 3. zramaNa- yaha tapa, zrama evaM puruSArtha kA sUcaka hai| zramaNa darzanoM meM ye tInoM vizeSatAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| jaina evaM bauddha dharma-darzanoM meM anekavidha samAnatAe~ haiM tathA kaI binduoM para bheda bhI haiM, jinakI carcA prastuta Alekha meM kI jA rahI hai| donoM dharma-darzanoM meM sAmya zramaNa saMskRti ke paricAyaka ye donoM dharma-darzana vaidika karmakANDa meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhate, sRSTikartA Izvara ko nahIM mAnate / vaidika devI-devatAoM ko svIkAra nahIM karate / ina donoM kA vizvAsa manuSya ke puruSArtha para hai| donoM kI mAnyatA hai ki manuSya svayaM apane kAraNoM se duHkhI yA sukhI hotA hai| manuSya meM hI yaha kSamatA hai ki vaha apane puruSArtha ke dvArA duHkha-mukti ko prApta kara sakatA hai athavA naraka ke ghora duHkhoM ko bhoga sakatA hai| ye darzana vyakti kI dRSTi ko samyak banAne para bala pradAna karate haiN| inameM laukika abhyudaya kI apekSA nirvANa ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai / hA~, laukika abhyudaya yadi nirvANa meM sahAyaka hotA hai to vaha svIkArya hai / udAharaNa ke lie manuSyabhava, dharmazravaNa, zubhavicAra Adi laukika abhyudaya nirvANaprApti meM sAdhaka bana sakate haiM / ataH inakA honA abhISTa hai / kintu AdhyAtmika unnayana se rahita laukika abhyudaya kI abhilASA ina dharmoM meM pratiSThita nahIM hai / laukika abhyudaya meM yazaHkIrti kI AkAMkSA ko doSapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| vaidikadharma jahA~ abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa donoM ko lakSya meM rakhate haiM tathA dharma use hI kahate haiM jisase abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa donoM kI siddhi ho,' jabaki jaina aura bauddha dharma dharmArAdhana kA lakSya niHzreyasa, mokSa athavA nirvANa ko svIkAra karate haiN|

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paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa meM bhogopabhoga - parimANavata kI bhUmikA 433 varNa, jAti Adi ke AdhAra para mAnavasamudAya kA vibhAjana evaM ina AdhAroM para unako ucca yA nimna samajhanA jaina aura bauddha donoM darzanoM ko svIkArya nahIM haiN| donoM dharma-darzanoM ke sAhitya meM jAtivyavasthA kA prabala khaNDana huA hai tathA dharma kA dvAra sabake lie samAnarUpa se kholA gayA hai| bauddhagrantha suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai najaccAvasalo hotinajaccAhoti braahmnno| kammunAvasalohoti, kmmunaahotibraahmnno|| jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai kammuNA baMbhaNo hoi, kmmnnaahvikhttio| vaisso kammaNA hoi, suddohavai kammuNA / / arthAt apane karma yA AcaraNa se hI koI brAhmaNa hotA hai, karma se hI koI kSatriya, vaizya yA zUdra hotA hai| AdipurANa meM samasta manuSyoM kI eka hI jAti mAnI gaI hai- manuSyajAtirekaiva / isIlie ina donoM dharmoM meM kSatriya, brAhmaNa, vaizya aura zUdra sabhI vargoM ke vyakti dIkSita yA pravrajita hue haiN|| ina donoM dharmoM kI eka samAnatA yaha hai ki donoM dharma ke pravartakoM ne apanA upadeza lokabhASA meM diyA hai / tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne apanA upadeza ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM diyA hai to buddha ne pAlibhASA meM / pAlibhASA prAkRta kA hI aMga rahI hai| isa dRSTi se ye donoM dharma Ama logoM ko jor3ane meM sakSama rahe haiN| jainaparamparA meM jisa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra praznoM ke uttara vibhajyavAda zailI meM dete haiM, usI prakAra buddha bhI tripiTakoM meM vibhajyavAda kI zailI kA prayoga karate haiN| vibhajyavAda zailI meM praznoM kA uttara vibhakta karake diyA jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra se jayantI zrAvikA dvArA prazna kiyA gayA ki manuSya kA sonA acchA hai yA jAganA? prabhu ne isakA uttara dete hue kahA- jayantI! jo adhArmika, adharmiSTha, adharma kA kathana karane vAle, adharma se AjIvikA calAne vAle loga haiM, unakA supta rahanA acchA hai tathA jo dhArmika haiM, dharmAnusArI yAvat dharmapUrvaka AjIvikA calAne vAle haiM, una jIvoM kA jAganA acchA hai| gautama buddha bhI isI prakAra vibhajyavAda zailI kA prayoga karate haiM / majjhimanikAya meM zubha

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434 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana mANavaka ne prazna kiyA ki maiMne suna rakhA hai ki gRhastha hI ArAdhaka hotA hai, pravrajita ArAdhaka nahIM hotaa| isameM ApakA kyA mantavya hai? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue gautama buddha ne kahA ki gRhastha bhI yadi mithyAtvI hai, to vaha nirvANa mArga kA ArAdhaka nahIM hotA aura tyAgI bhI yadi mithyAtvI hai to vaha bhI ArAdhaka nahIM hotaa| kintu yadi ve donoM samyak pratipatti sampanna haiM to ArAdhaka hote haiM / gautama buddha ne isa AdhAra para apane ko vibhajyavAdI batAyA hai, ekAMzavAdI nahIM / ___ bauddhadarzana meM maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA nAma se cAra brahmavihAroM kA nirUpaNa huA hai / ' jainadarzana meM nirUpita maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyasthya bhAvanAe~ bauddha dharma ke brahmavihAra ke sAtha samanvaya sthApita karatI haiN| prANimAtra ke prati maitrIbhAva guNijanoM ke prati pramodabhAva, duHkhI jIvoM ke prati karuNAbhAva evaM viparIta vRtti vAle jIvoM ke prati mAdhyasthya bhAva kA pratipAdana jainadarzana meM huA hai| vIrasevA maMdira ke saMsthApaka paMDita jugalakizora mukhtAra ne ina cAra bhAvanAoM ko merI bhAvanA meM isa prakAra nibaddha kiyA hai maitrIbhAva jagata meM merA, saba jIvoM se nitya rahe dInaduHkhI jIvoM para mere, urase karuNAsrota bahe / durjana krUra kumArgaratoM para, kSobha nahIM mujhako Ave sAmyabhAva rakhU maiM una para, aisI pariNati ho jAve / / guNIjanoM ko dekha hRdaya meM,mere prema umar3aAve bane jahA~ taka unakI sevA, karake yaha mnsukhpaave| bauddhadarzana meM do prakAra ke satyoM kA pratipAdana huA hai- 1. vyavahAra satya va 2. paramArtha sty| bauddha dArzanika nAgArjuna ina donoM kI mahattA aMgIkAra karate haiN| unakA kathana hai vyavahAramanAzrityaparamArthonadezyate / paramArthamanAgamyanirvANaMnAdhigamyate / / ' arthAt vyavahAra kA Azraya lie binA paramArtha ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA aura paramArtha ko jAne binA nirvANa ko prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isalie vyavahAra aura paramArtha donoM dRSTiyoM kA apanA-apanA mahattva hai| samayasAra grantha meM

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paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa meM bhogopabhoga - parimANavata kI bhUmikA 435 AcArya kundakunda bhI isI prakAra kA maMtavya rakhate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki jisa prakAra anArya vyakti ko anArya bhASA kA prayoga kie binA nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA usI prakAra vyavahAra naya ke binA paramArtha kA upadeza asambhava hai jaha Navi sakkamaNajjo aNajjabhAsaM viNA u gaaheuN| taha vavahAreNa viNA paramatthuvaesaNamasakkaM / ' bauddha dArzanika nAgArjuna kahate haiM ki vyavahAra satya upAyabhUta hotA hai tathA paramArtha satya upeyabhUta hotA hai- upAyabhUtaM vyavahArasatyamupeyabhUtaM paramArthasatyam / aisA hI mantavya AcArya kundakunda kA bhI hai jo uparyukta gAthA se puSTa hotA hai| sAmya bhI, bhedabhI bauddhadarzana meM trizaraNa kA mahattva aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa kA pratipAdana hai- buddhaM saraNaM gacchAmi, dhammaM saraNaM gacchAmi, saMgha saraNaM gcchaami| jainadharma meM cAra zaraNa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / arihanta kI zaraNa, siddha kI zaraNa, sAdhu kI zaraNa aura kevaliprajJapta dharma kI zaraNa / mUla pATha meM kahA gayA hai- arihaMte saraNaM pavajjAmi, siddhe saraNaM pavajjAmi, sAhusaraNaM pavajjAmi, kevalipaNNattaM dhamma saraNaM pavajjAmi / " ina cAra zaraNoM meM arihanta evaM siddha kI zaraNa ke sthAna para bauddha dharma meM buddha kI zaraNa svIkAra kI gaI hai| sAdhu evaM saMgha kI zaraNa meM koI vizeSa bheda nahIM hai tathA dharma kI zaraNa donoM meM samAna rUpa meM svIkRta hai / mAtra krama kA bheda hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha nikalatA hai ki ye donoM dharma kisI anya devI-devatA kI zaraNa grahaNa karane kA kathana yA anumodana nahIM karate haiN| jainadharma meM sAdhu-sAdhvI ke lie paMca mahAvratoM kI tathA gRhastha zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke lie pA~ca aNuvratoM kI avadhAraNA hai / bauddhadharma meM bhI paMcazIla kA pratipAdana huA hai, jinameM jaina paramparA se kucha bhinnatA hai / jainaparamparA meM jina pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pratipAdana huA hai, ve haiM1. pANAivAyAo veramaNaM - prANAtipAta se viramaNa - ahiMsA mahAvrata 2. musAvAyAo veramaNaM - mRSAvAda se viramaNa - satya mahAvrata

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436 3. adinnAdANAo veramaNaM - adattAdAna se viramaNa - maithunasevana se viramaNa 4. mehuNAo veramaNaM 5. pariggahAo veramaNaM parigraha se viramaNa jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana * acaurya mahAvrata -- - brahmacarya mahAvrata - aparigraha mahAvrata prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda Adi ina pA~coM kA kRta, kArita evaM anumodana ke stara para mana, vacana evaM kAyA se sarvathA viramaNa honA mahAvrata hai tathA aMzataH viramaNa honA aNuvrata hai / " bauddhadharma meM paMcazIla ke antargata parigrahaviramaNa ke sthAna para surAmeraya- madyAdi ke tyAga ko sthAna diyA gayA hai / unhoMne ina pA~coM kA krama bhinna rakhA hai, yathA - 1. prANAtipAtaviramaNa 2. adattAdAnaviramaNa 3. kAmamithyAcAra (vyabhicAra) viramaNa - yaha maithunaviramaNa kA paryAyavAcI hai| 4. mRSAvAdaviramaNa 5. surAmeraya-madyapramAdasthAnaviramaNa / zrAmaNeravinaya nAmaka khuddaka pATha meM ina paMcazIloM ko zikSApada ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane kA ullekha huA hai| yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki jainadharma meM mAMsa-madirA ke tyAga ko zrAvaka evaM sAdhu banane kI prAthamika AvazyakatA mAnA gayA hai| jaina AgamoM evaM uttaravartI sAhitya meM mAMsa evaM madirA ke tyAga kA aneka sthAnoM para ullekha huA hai / sapta kuvyasanoM ke antargata bhI jainasAhitya meM mAMsa evaM madirA ke tyAga para bala diyA gayA / yahI nahIM, inake vyApAra ko bhI karmAdAna kA hetu hone se tyAjya batAyA gayA hai / jaina darzana meM parigraha-viramaNa ko mahAvratoM evaM aNuvratoM meM sthAna dekara AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika krAnti kA zaMkhanAda kiyA gayA hai / para-padArthoM ke prati AsaktirUpa parigraha jaba taka nahIM chUTatA taba taka duHkha - mukti saMbhava nahIM hai / yahI nahIM jaba taka padArtha evaM vyaktiyoM ke prati Asakti bhAva hai taba taka hiMsAdi pApoM se bhI chuTakArA nahIM miltaa| isalie parigraha se virati AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai tathA sAmAjika samarasatA bhI tabhI sambhava hai jaba bAhya parigraha kI lAlasA niyaMtrita ho / parigraha kI lAlasA para niyaMtraNa hone para bAhya padArthoM kI upalabdhatA sabake lie AsAna ho sakatI hai / isIlie jainadharma meM gRhastha ke lie bhI parigraha kA parimANa nirdiSTa hai / -

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paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa meM bhogopabhoga - parimANavrata kI bhUmikA 437 yahA~ para yaha jJAtavya hai ki bauddha bhikSu evaM bhikSuNiyoM kI saMyama-sAdhanA utane kaThora niyamoM meM Abaddha nahIM hai, jitanI jaina muniyoM evaM sAdhviyoM kI hai / bauddha bhikSu yAtrA meM vAhana Adi kA upayoga kara lete haiM, ve pAsa meM paisA bhI rakha sakate haiM, bhikSA ke binA bhI suvidhA se AmaMtraNa para bhojana kara lete haiM / brahmacarya ke pAlana meM bhI kaThora niyama na hone se bhikSuNiyoM kI saMyama-sAdhanA para khatarA utpanna huA aura unakI saMkhyA vilupta ho gii| buddha pahale cAhate bhI nahIM the ki bhikSuNI saMgha banAyA jAe, kintu pramukha ziSya Ananda ke nivedana para bhikSuNI saMgha bnaa| usameM aneka nAriyoM ke jIvana kA sacamuca uddhAra huA, kintu niyamoM kI zithilatA se bhikSuNI saMgha anta meM nahIM Tika paayaa| bauddha bhikSu bhikSA meM prApta mAMsa kA sevana bhI karate rhe| vahIM jaina sAdhu-sAdhvI saMyama kI pAlanA meM unase kahIM Age rhe| katipaya apavAda ko chor3akara ve Aja bhI padayAtrA karake eka grAma se dUsare grAma pahu~cate haiM, vAhana Adi kA upayoga nahIM krte| pAsa meM phUTI kauDI bhI nahIM rakhate tathA eSaNA samiti ke niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue zuddha gaveSaNApUrvaka AhAra grahaNa karate haiN| mAMsa-madirA ke sevana se jaina sAdhu-sAdhvI kosoM dUra haiM / sAdhu-sAdhvI ke pArasparika vyavahAra ke niyama itane kaThora haiM ki ve akele meM kabhI mila baiThakara bAta nahIM kara sakate / dina ke nizcita samaya meM gRhastha strI-puruSa kI upasthiti meM hI ve mila sakate haiM tathA ratnatraya kI sAdhanA kI abhivRddhi sambandhI carcA kara sakate haiM, vikAravardhaka carcA nahIM kara skte| digambara muni bAhya parigraha ke sarvathA tyAgI hote haiM tathA zvetAmbara sAdhu lajjA evaM saMyama kI rakSA ke lie sImita vastra rakhate haiN| una vastrAdi para bhI mUrchAbhAva kA honA usI prakAra tyAjya hai, jisa prakAra zarIra evaM apane vaicArika Agraha ke prati mUrchAbhAva tyAjya hai| bauddhadarzana meM duHkhamukti ke lie Arya aSTAMgika mArga kA jo pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai usakA samAveza jainadarzana ke triratna athavA samyak tapa sahita caturvidha mArga meM ho jAtA hai / aSTAMgika mArga hai- 1. samyakdRSTi 2. samyaksaMkalpa 3. samyakvAcA 4. samyakkarmAnta 5. samyakAjIva 6. samyakvyAyAma 7. samyaksmRti aura 8. samyaksamAdhi / inameM prathama do ko prajJA, madhya ke tIna ko zIla evaM antima tIna ko samAdhi ke antargata vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai |duHkh hai, duHkha kA

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438 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana samudaya (kAraNa) hai, duHkha kA nirodha hai evaM duHkha-nirodha kA mArga hai- ina cAra AryasatyoM kA jJAna hone para dRSTi samyak ho jAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM cAra Arya satyoM kA sahI-sahI jJAna honA bauddhamata meM samyak dRSTi hai| dRSTi samyak hone para Arya zrAvaka durAcaraNa evaM usake mUlakAraNa ko tathA sadAcaraNa evaM usake mUlakAraNa ko pahacAna letA hai| avidyA ke Azrita saMskAroM ko nirmala karane kA saMkalpa hI samyak saMkalpa hai| naiSkarmya (niSkAmatA evaM saMsAra tyAga) kA saMkalpa avyApAda (droha, ghRNA, dveSa, durAva Adi na karane) kA saMkalpa tathA avihiMsA (hiMsA na karane) kA saMkalpa hI samyak hai| jhUTha bolane , cugalI karane, kaThora vANI bolane evaM gappa hAMkane se virata honA samyak vAk hai| buddha ne bhikSuoM ko sambodhita karate hue kahA- bhikSuoM! Apasa meM ekatrita hone para do bAtoM meM se eka honI cAhie yA to dhArmika bAtacIta yA phira Arya maun| ise samyak vANI kahate haiN| jIvahiMsA, corI, vyabhicAra Adi se virata honA samyak karmAnta hai| samyak karmAnta se yukta vyakti lajjAzIla, dayAvAna evaM sabhI prANiyoM para anukampA karane vAlA hotA hai| vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika jIvana kI zuddhi ke lie samyak AjIva kI mahattA hai| doSapUrNa yA mithyA AjIvikA ko chor3a nyAyarIti se AjIvikA calAnA samyak AjIva hai| dIghanikAya ke brahmajAlasutta meM viSa, zastra, madirA evaM mAMsa kA vikraya karanA, jhUThA nApatola karanA, naukara, jAnavara Adi kA vyApAra karanA Adi ko mithyA AjIvikA kahA gayA hai| ataH samyak AjIva meM inakA tyAga kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| samyak vyAyAma meM vyAyAma zabda kA artha hai- prayatna, utsAha, parizrama aadi| citta meM anutpanna pApayukta akuzala dharmoM ko utsAha evaM prayatnapUrvaka rokanA aura usake lie nirantara yatnazIla rahanA samyak vyAyAma hai| jaina zabdAvalI meM kaheM to Asava-nirodha rUpa saMvara kI sAdhanA karanA samyak vyAyAma hai| nirjarA bhI usI kA pariNAma hai| ataH citta kI akuzala pravRttiyoM kA apramatta hokara nirantara prahANa karanA aura kuzala dharmoM ko utpanna karanA, utpanna kuzala dharmoM kI sthiti, vRddhi tathA pUrNatA ke lie puruSArtha karanA, prayatna karanA, utsAhita honA tathA citta se jAgarUka rahanA samyak vyAyAma hai| kAyA meM kAyAnupazyanA, vedanAoM meM vedanAnupazyanA, citta meM cittAnupazyanA aura dharmoM meM dharmAnupazyanA honA samyak

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jaina aura bauddha dharma-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi 439 smRti hai| samyak smRti kA sAdhaka AtmadIpa, AtmazaraNa evaM ananyazaraNa hokara viharatA hai| tRSNA evaM upAdAna se virati meM samyak smRti sahAyaka hai| kuzala citta kA ekAgra honA samAdhi hai| samyak samAdhi dhyAna ke cAra caraNoM meM udita hotI hai| vitarka, vicAra, prIti, sukha evaM ekAgratA se yukta citta dhyAna kI prathama sthiti hai| prIti, sukha evaM ekAgratA se yukta citta dhyAna kI dvitIya sthiti hai| sukha, upekSA, smRti evaM ekAgratA se yukta citta dhyAna kI tRtIya sthiti hai| caturtha dhyAna meM upekSA, smRti evaM ekAgratA rahatI hai| isa caturtha dhyAna kI avasthA hI samAdhi hai| yaha aSTAGgika mArga eka prakAra se caturtha Aryasatya kA hI vistRta nirUpaNa hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra vicAra kareM to samyakdRSTi ko samyakdarzana ke antargata evaM samyak saMkalpa ko samyakjJAna ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| zeSa samyakvAcA, samyakkarmAnta, samyakAjIva, samyakvyAyAma, samyakasmRti evaM samyaksamAdhi ko samyakcAritra evaM samyaktapa ke antargata sanniviSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / samyak samAdhi kA jainadarzana meM pratipAdita tapa-bheda dhyAna ke sAtha sAmya hai| eka prakAra se ASTAMgika mArga nirvANa ke mArga ko vistAra se prastuta karatA hai tathA triratna isa mArga kA saMkSepa meM pratipAdana karatA hai| bauddha paramparA meM samprati 'vipazyanA' dhyAnasAdhanA kA bolabAlA hai| satyanArAyaNa goyanakA dvArA deza-videza meM isa dhyAna-sAdhanA kA vyApaka pracAra-prasAra kiyA gayA hai| jainAgama AcArAMgasatra meM 'logavipassI' Adi zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai, jo yaha saMketa karatA hai ki vipazyI yA vipazyanA zabda jaina paramparA meM bhI pracalita rahA hai tathA dhyAna kI yaha paddhati sambhava hai jaina paramparA meM bhI rahI ho| bauddha granthoM meM anupazyanA zabda kA prayoga adhika huA hai, vipazyanA kA nhiiN| bauddhadarzana meM pramANa do prakAra kA mAnya hai- 1. pratyakSa evaM 2. anumAna / pratyakSa pramANa nirvikalpa jJAnAtmaka hotA hai tathA anumAna pramANa savikalpa jJAnAtmaka / pratyakSa pramANa kA viSaya svalakSaNa artha hotA hai tathA anumAna pramANa kA viSaya sAmAnya lakSaNa prameya hotA hai / isa prakAra bauddhadarzana meM pramANoM ke pRthak-pRthak prameya svIkAra kie gae haiN| jabaki jainadarzana meM sabhI pramANoM ke prameya kA svarUpa

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440 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana eka hI prakAra kA hai, jise sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka kahA gayA hai / use hI dravyaparyAyAtmaka, ekAnekAtmaka, bhedAbhedAtmaka athavA nityAnityAtmaka kahA jAtA hai| pramANa do prakAra ke mAnya haiM- 1. pratyakSa evaM 2. parokSa / inameM parokSa pramANa ke bhaTTa akalaGka evaM uttaravartI AcAryoM ne pA~ca bheda svIkAra kie haiM- 1. smRti 2. pratyabhijJAna 3. tarka 4. anumAna evaM 5. Agama pramANa / bauddha dArzanika smRti, pratyabhijJAna evaM tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM tathA Agama pramANa kA bhI ve anumAna pramANa meM hI samAveza kara lete haiM / bauddhadharma kA vaiziSTya / bauddhadharma kA udbhava yadyapi jainadharma kI bhA~ti bhAratIya bhUbhAga para huA, tathApi bauddha bhikSuoM kI pracArAtmaka dRSTi ke kAraNa yaha dharma Aja eziyA ke cIna, tibbata, koriyA, jApAna, zrIlaMkA, bhUTAna, barmA Adi vibhinna dezoM meM vyApta hai tathA araboM kI saMkhyA meM isake anuyAyI haiM / yUropa evaM amerikI dezoM meM bhI yaha dharma nirantara prasAra pA rahA hai| prasAra kA AdhAra hiMsAtmaka sAdhana nahIM, apitu karuNA, maitrI evaM mAnavatA ke ahiMsAtmaka siddhAnta haiM / IsAI, islAma evaM hindU dharma ke pazcAt vizva meM sarvAdhika anuyAyI bauddhadharma ke mAne jAte haiN| ___ jaina dharma bhAratIya dharA para surakSita rahA, yahA~ pUrva se uttara, pazcima evaM dakSiNa taka pahu~cA, kintu videzoM meM apane adhika anuyAyI na banA sakA / isake aneka kAraNa saMbhava haiM- 1. jaina zramaNa-zramaNiyoM kI AcArasaMhitA atyanta kaThora hai jo unheM vAhanoM dvArA videzI yAtrA ke lie anumati pradAna nahIM karatI / 2. jainadharma apanI udAra evaM anekAntavAdI dRSTi ke kAraNa bhAratIya vaidika paramparAoM ke sAtha samanvaya biThAne meM sakSama rahA, ataH usake samakSa aisI koI vivazatA nahIM rahI ki use yahA~ se palAyana karanA par3e / bauddha bhikSuoM ko bhArata se palAyana karanA par3A, usameM eka kAraNa hindU paramparA kA pratirodha bhI rhaa| ___ jaina dharmAvalambI Aja aneka dezoM meM raha rahe haiM, kintu ve mUlataH bhAratIya haiN| jo koI vidvAn athavA samaNI videza meM dharmopadeza karate haiM ve bhI vahA~ raha rahe bhAratIya mUla ke jainoM ko hI apane upadeza kA lakSya banAte haiM / bauddhadharma bhArata meM punaH prasAra pA rahA hai / bIsavIM sadI meM DaoN. bhImarAva ambeDakara svayaM bauddha bane

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jaina aura bauddha dharma-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi 441 tathA bhAratIya dalitavarga ko vizAla stara para bauddhadharma se jor3A / ikkIsavIM sadI meM aneka vizvavidyAlayoM meM vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga kI yojanA ke antargata bauddha adhyayana kendroM kI sthApanA ho rahI hai| buddha kI vANI jitanI mUlarUpa meM surakSita rahI hai, utanI mahAvIra kI vANI surakSita nahIM raha sakI / buddha kI vANI ke saMrakSaNa hetu cAra mAha meM hI prathama saMgIti ho gaI thI, jabaki mahAvIra kI vANI ke saMrakSaNa hetu unake nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt prathama vAcanA huii| abhI vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI se tripiTakasAhitya ke 140 bhAga prakAzita hue haiM, jinameM aTThakathA Adi vyAkhyAsAhitya bhI sammilita hai| sampUrNa tripiTakasAhitya pAlibhASA meM likhA gayA hai / mahAyAna paramparA kA bauddha sAhitya saMskRta meM likhA gayA hai / saMskRta meM likhita bauddha sAhitya kA bahubhAga cInI, tibbatI Adi bhASAoM meM anUdita huaa| usakA bahuta aMza saMskRta meM Aja bhI aprApya banA huA hai| bauddhadarzana meM karuNA kA vizeSa pratipAdana huA hai / mahAyAna bauddha darzana mahAkaruNA ke rUpa meM karuNA ko vyApakatA pradAna karatA hai| vahA~ mAnA gayA hai ki bodhisattva meM itanA karuNAbhAva hotA hai ki vaha saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM ko duHkhamukta karake bAda meM svayaM mukta honA cAhatA hai| ____bauddhadarzana meM cittadazA yA manovijJAna kA jainadarzana kI apekSA adhika sUkSma vivecana huA hai / bauddha manovijJAna meM citta kI vibhinna dazAoM kA vistRta varNana huA hai| citta ke tIna prakAra haiM- kuzalacitta, akuzalacitta evaM upekSAcitta athavA avyAkRta citt| moha, nirlajjatA, caMcalatA, lobha, mAna, dveSa, IrSyA Adi se yukta citta akuzala hotA hai| zraddhA, smRti, pApa bhIrutA, alobha, adveSa Adi dharmoM se yukta citta kuzala hotA hai| rUpa dharma, citta viprayukta dharma evaM asaMskRta dharmoM se yukta citta avyAkRta kahalAtA hai| citta kI avasthA yA pravRtti ke AdhAra para usake cAra bheda bhI kie gae haiM- 1. kAmAvacara citta 2. rUpAvacara citta 3. arUpAvacara citta evaM 4. lokottara cittA kAmanAoM aura vAsanAoM kI pradhAnatA se yukta citta ko kAmAvacara citta, bAhya sthUla viSayoM para yogAbhyAsI citta ko rUpAvacara citta, atyanta sUkSma viSayoM yathA ananta AkAza, ananta vijJAna Adi meM lage citta ko

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442 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana arUpAvacara citta tathA vAsanA-saMskAra, rAga-dveSa Adi ke prahANa se yukta citta ko lokottara citta kahA gayA hai| citta zabda yahA~ cetanA kA hI dyotaka hai| cetanA citta-santAna ke rUpa meM pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| lobha, moha aura dveSa se yukta citta kisa prakAra aneka doSoM ko utpanna karatA hai tathA usakI vibhinna avasthAe~ kisa prakAra parivartita hotI rahatI haiM, isakA vivecana bauddhagranthoM meM vistAra se prApta hotA hai| citta aura caitasika kA vivecana bauddhadarzana kA vaiziSTya hai| citta kI avasthA vizeSa ko hI caitta yA caitasika kahA jAtA hai| pratyeka citta aneka caitasika anubhUtiyoM se saMzliSTa rahatA hai| sukhada, duHkhada tathA avyAkRta cetanA ke anurUpa saumanasya, daurmanasya evaM upekSArUpoM kA anubhava hotA hai| sthaviravAda ke anusAra 52 prakAra ke caitta yA caitasika hote haiN| inake sparza, vedanA, saMjJA, vitarka, moha, lobha, mithyAdRSTi, akarmaNyatA, zraddhA, smRti, alobha, adveSa, kAya prazrabdhi, kAyalaghutA, citta RjukatA Adi aneka bheda pratipAdita haiN| jainadharma kA vaiziSTya __ jaina dharma-darzana meM prabhu mahAvIra ke dvArA una praznoM kA bhI samIcIna samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai, jinheM buddha ne avyAkRta kahakara TAla diyA thA / udAharaNa ke lie loka zAzvata hai athavA azAzvata ? loka antavAna hai yA ananta ? jIva aura zarIra eka hai yA bhinna ? tathAgata deha tyAga ke bAda bhI vidyamAna rahate haiM yA nahIM ? ityAdi prazna buddha ke dvArA anuttarita haiN| ve ina praznoM kA uttara denA Avazyaka nahIM samajhate the tathA unheM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke AkSepa kI sambhAvanA rahatI thI, kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ina praznoM kA bhI samyak samAdhAna kiyA hai| unake samakSa jaba yaha prazna AyA ki loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata to prabhu ne isakA uttara dete hue pharamAyA ki loka syAt zAzvata hai evaM syAt azAzvata / trikAla meM eka bhI samaya aisA nahIM mila sakatA, jaba loka na ho, ataH loka zAzvata hai| parantu loka sadA eka sA nahIM rahatA / kAlakrama se usameM unnati, avanati hotI rahatI hai, ataH vaha anitya aura parivartanazIla hone ke kAraNa azAzvata hai| isI prakAra loka kI sAntatA aura anantatA ke saMbaMdha meM bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra

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jaina aura bauddha dharma-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi 443 ne bhagavatIsUtra meM dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva ke AdhAra para uttara dete hue kahA hai ki dravya kI apekSA se loka eka hai, ataH sAnta hai / kSetra kI apekSA bhI loka sAnta hai, kintu kAla evaM bhAva kI apekSA se loka ananta hai| kAla kA koI anta nahIM hai| ataH kAla kI apekSA loka ananta hai / bhAva kI apekSA se bhI loka ananta hai, kyoMki dharmAstikAyAdi SaDdravyAtmaka loka kI paryAyoM kA kabhI anta Ane vAlA nahIM haiN| ina dravyoM kA kabhI bhI pUrNataH nAza nahIM hotA / isalie loka jainadarzana meM anAdi-ananta hai| jIva aura zarIra eka hai yA bhinna, isa prazna kA samAdhAna bhI jainadarzana meM upalabdha hotA hai| jIva jJAnaguNa evaM darzanaguNa se sampanna hotA hai, jabaki zarIra audArika Adi pudgaloM se nirmita hotA hai| zarIra meM cetanA kI pratIti jIva ke kAraNa hotI hai| jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha jIva kA saMyoga rahatA hai taba taka zarIra meM cetanA banI rahatI hai| kintu zarIra se jIva ke pRthak hote hI zarIra jar3a ho jAtA hai| isalie jIva aura zarIra paramArthataH pRthak haiM, kintu jIvana jIte samaya unakA saMyoga banA rahatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM AtmA evaM zarIra ke bhedAbheda kI carcA uThAyI gaI hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai ki jaba zarIra ko AtmA se pRthak mAnA jAtA hai, taba vaha rUpI va acetana hai tathA jaba zarIra ko AtmA se abhinna mAnA jAtA hai taba zarIra rUpI evaM sacetana hai|" paMDita dalasukha mAlavaNiyA isa sambandha meM spaSTIkaraNa dete hue kahate haiM - jIva aura zarIra kA bheda isalie mAnanA cAhie ki zarIra kA nAza ho jAne para bhI AtmA dUsare janma meM maujUda rahatI hai, yA siddhAvasthA meM azarIrI AtmA bhI hotI hai| abheda isalie mAnanA cAhie ki saMsArAvasthA meM zarIra aura AtmA kA kSIra-nIravat yA agni-lohapiMDavat tAdAtmya hotA hai| isalie kAyA se kisI vastu kA sparza hone para AtmA meM saMvedana hotA hai aura kAyika karma kA vipAka AtmA meM hotA hai| deha-tyAga ke pazcAt tathAgata rahate haiM yA nahIM, isa prazna ko jIva kI nityatA yA anityatA ke rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM isa prakAra kA prazna uThAyA hai ki jIva zAzvata hai yA azAzvata? isakA uttara dete hue bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM ki dravya kI apekSA se jIva zAzvata hai tathA paryAya kI apekSA se jIva azAzvata hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki mukta jIva bhI

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se zAzvata hote haiM tathA paryAyArthika naya kI dRSTi se azAzvata hote haiM / 444 karmasiddhAnta kA jitanA vistRta evaM vyavasthita pratipAdana jainadarzana meM prApta hotA hai utanA bauddhadarzana meM nahIM miltaa| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki anya sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI apekSA jainadarzana meM karmasiddhAnta kA gUr3ha evaM vistRta vivecana upalabdha hai| jainadarzana meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, AyuSya, nAma, gotra evaM antarAya - ina ATha karmoM evaM inakI uttara prakRtiyoM kA vivecana huA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama, prajJApanAsUtra, bhagavatIsUtra, kasAyapAhuDa, gommaTasAra karmakANDa evaM vibhinna karmagranthoM meM bandha, udaya, udIraNA, sattA Adi kA vistRta vivecana prApta hotA hai| baMdhanakaraNa, udIraNAkaraNa, apakarSaNa, utkarSaNa, upazamanA, saMkramaNa, nidhatta, nikAcanA Adi karaNoM kA vivecana jaina granthoM meM mahattvapUrNa rIti se prApta hotA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra vyakti apane pUrvabaddha karmoM kI sthiti aura anubhAga meM bhI parivartana kara sakatA hai / manuSya apane bhAgya kA svayaM vidhAtA hai| guNazreNI meM car3hatA huA sAdhaka antarmuhUrta meM apane karmoM kA kSaya kara sakatA hai| guNasthAnasiddhAnta, lezyAsiddhAnta Adi jainadarzana ke viziSTa siddhAnta haiM jo use bauddhadarzana se pRthak pratipAdita karate haiM / bauddha darzana meM karmasiddhAnta kI carcA prApta hotI hai| vahA~ AlayavijJAna meM vAsanAe~ svIkAra kI gaI haiM jo samaya Ane para phala pradAna karatI haiN| jaina darzana kI bhA~ti bauddhadarzana meM karma ko paudgalika yA acetana nahIM mAnA gayA hai| bandhana aura mukti kI prakriyA meM Asrava, saMvara Adi pAribhASika zabda jisa prakAra jainadarzana meM prayukta hue haiM usI prakAra bauddhadarzana meM bhI unakA prayoga dikhAI detA hai| ye zabda donoM darzanoM meM lagabhaga samAna artha rakhate haiN| jainadarzana meM pUrvabaddha karmoM kI nirjarA ke lie tapa kA vidhAna hai| bauddhadharma meM tapa ko kAyakleza mAnakara chor3a diyA gayA, kintu jainadarzana AtmAnuzAsana ke lie tathA pUrvabaddha karmoM ko zithila evaM nirjarita karane ke lie bAhya evaM Abhyantara tapa kA pratipAdana karatA hai| anazana, UnodarI, bhikSAcaryA, rasaparityAga, kAyakleza evaM pratisaMlInatA ye chaha bAhya tapa haiM tathA prAyazcitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRttya, svAdhyAya, dhyAna evaM kAyotsarga ye

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jaina aura bauddha dharma-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi 445 chaha Abhyantara tapa haiM / ye donoM prakAra ke tapa AtmasaMyama ke sAtha saMvara evaM nirjarA kA patha prazasta karate haiM / tapa ke dvArA pUrvabaddha karmoM ke phalabhogakAla evaM phalAnubhava meM kamI AtI hai tathA karmoM kI udIraNA hokara unakI zIghra nirjarA ho jAtI hai / svAbhAvika rUpa se udaya meM Ane vAle karmoM ko samaya se pUrva udaya meM lAne kI prakriyA udIraNA kahalAtI hai / tapa ke dvArA yaha udIraNA sambhava hotI hai| gahanatA se vicAra kiyA jAe to samabhAva kI sAdhanA evaM Atmajaya kA mArga tapa ke dvArA prazasta hotA hai| isake dvArA rAgadveSAdi vikAra kSINa hote haiN| jisa tapa se vikAroM para vijaya prApta na ho tathA ahaMkAra, krodha Adi kaSAyoM kI vRddhi ho, usa tapa ko jainadarzana meM ajJAna tapa yA bAla tapa kahakara heya mAnA gayA hai| samyak darzana evaM samyak jJAnapUrvaka kiyA gayA tapa hI jainadarzana meM nirjarA kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| ajJAnapUrvaka kiyA gayA dIrghakAlIna tapa koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| bauddhadarzana meM jisa tapa ko kAyakleza svIkAra kara heya mAnA gayA hai vaha sambhavataH dIrghakAlIna anazana tapa hai, kyoMki gautama buddha jaba zarIra ko kRza karane vAlI dIrgha tapasAdhanA kara rahe the, taba unheM zarIra kI azaktatA kA anubhava huA evaM bodhi kI prApti meM kaThinAI huii| sujAtA ke dvArA lAyI gaI khIra se unhoMne pAraNaka kara liyA evaM phira kaThora tapa ko tyAgakara dhyAna-sAdhanA meM sannaddha ho gae aura unheM bodhi prApta ho gii| ataH unakA niSkarSa rahA- vINA ke tAroM ko itanA bhI mata khIMco ki ve TUTa jAeM evaM unheM itanA bhI DhIlA mata chor3o ki ve baja hI na skeN| buddha kI sAdhanA kA yaha mArga madhyama mArga khlaayaa| bauddhamata meM bhI kAyakleza svarUpa dIrghakAlIna anazana tapa ke atirikta tapa ke anya bheda duHkhamukti kI sAdhanA meM kisI bhI prakAra se heya nahIM mAne jA skte| vAsanA ke saMskAra ko tor3ane meM tapa kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai, isase bauddha darzana bhI asahamata nahIM ho sktaa| bhikSAcaryA, rasa-parityAga, pratisaMlInatA, prAyacitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRttya, svAdhyAya, dhyAna Adi bheda kisI na kisI rUpa meM unheM bhI mAnya hI haiM, bhale hI unhoMne inakA sIdhA pratipAdana na kiyA ho| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kI vANI kA kucha aMza jainAgamoM ke rUpa meM surakSita hai| ina AgamoM para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkA, TabbA Adi vyAkhyAsAhitya bhI likhA

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446 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana gayA hai jo jaina sAhitya kI vizAlatA iMgita karatA hai| digambaraparamparA meM SaTkhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa Adi grantha surakSita haiM jo pUrvavartI karmavAda ke aMzarUpa meM svIkArya haiM / kundakundAcArya ke samayasAra, pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAya, aSTapAhuDa Adi kRtiyA~ Agamavat mAnya kI gaI haiM / tiloyapaNNatti, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra Adi grantha bhI digambaraparamparA kI thAtI haiM / yadi digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke vidvAn donoM paramparAoM ke granthoM kA adhyayana kareM to jainaparamparA kI prastuti adhika sazakta rUpa meM ho sakatI hai| isa dizA meM vidvAnoM ne kadama bhI Age bar3hAye haiM, jo stutya haiN| ahiMsA kA pratipAdana yadyapi jaina evaM bauddha donoM dharmoM meM prApta hotA hai, tathApi jainadharma meM usakI vizeSa sUkSmatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| jainadarzana meM pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika, jIvoM kI jo parikalpanA hai, vaha bauddha darzana meM dikhAI nahIM detI hai / bauddhanyAya ke granthoM meM to vanaspati ko bhI cetanArahita svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki vijJAna ne bhI vanaspati meM prayoga dvArA cetanA siddha kara dI hai| jainadarzana loka ko vAstavika pratipAdita karatA hai tathA usakI samucita vyAkhyA karatA hai / jainadarzana ke anusAra yaha loka paMcAstikAyAtmaka athavA SaDdravyAtmaka hai / dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAya - ye pA~ca astikAya jisameM ho vaha loka hai| inameM kAladravya ko milAkara loka ko SaDdravyAtmaka bhI kahA gayA hai / bauddhadarzana meM astikAya kI koI avadhAraNA nahIM hai, na hI vahA~ dharma, adharma dravyoM kI parikalpanA hai / AkAza evaM kAla ko bauddhadarzana bhI svIkAra karatA hai| jIva ko bauddhadarzana meM citta, vijJAna yA pudgala kahA gayA hai / jainadarzana kA pudgala vahA~ rUpa zabda se abhihita hai| pudgala paramANu kA jo sUkSma vivecana jaina darzana meM prApta hotA hai vaha bauddhadarzana meM upalabdha nahIM hai| jainadarzana meM jJAna evaM darzana ko jIva kA lakSaNa svIkAra karate hue ina donoM ko pRthak pratyayoM ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai jabaki bauddhadarzana meM aise do pRthak pratyaya nahIM haiM / bauddha dArzanika jJAna ko hI nirvikalpaka evaM savikalpaka bhedoM

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jaina aura bauddha dharma-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi 447 meM vibhakta karate haiM jabaki jainadarzana meM darzana ko nirvikalpaka evaM jJAna ko savikalpaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina dArzanika darzana evaM jJAna kA krama svIkAra karate haiM / darzana ke pazcAta jJAna evaM jJAna ke anantara darzana kA krama calatA rahatA hai| jainadarzana meM jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra pratipAdita haiM- 1. matijJAna (Abhinibodhika jJAna) 2. zrutajJAna 3. avadhijJAna 4. manaHparyAya jJAna evaM 5. kevalajJAna / bauddhadarzana meM jJAna ke isa prakAra ke bheda parilakSita nahIM hote haiN| anekAntavAda jainadarzana kA pramukha siddhAnta hai / AcArya siddhasena ne anekAntavAda kI vyAvahArika jIvana meM upayogitA aMgIkAra karate hue kahA hai ki anekAntavAda ke binA loka kA vyavahAra nahIM cala sakatA jeNa viNAlogassavavahAro visavvahAna nivvaDai / tassa bhuvaNekkaguruNo, Namo'NegaMtavAyassa / / " anekAntavAda meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya kA samanvaya sthApita kiyA jAtA hai| kundakunda ke TIkAkAra amRtacandra ne nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya donoM kI AvazyakatA svIkAra karate hue kahA hai eknaakrssntiishlthyntiivstutttvmitrenn| antenjytijainiiniitirmnthaannetrmivgopii|" buddha jahA~ zAzvatavAda (AtmA ko nitya mAnane para zAzvatavAda kA prasaMga AtA hai) aura ucchedavAda (cetanA ko na mAnane para ucchedavAda kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai) ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM evaM AtmA ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM usakI nityatA yA anityatA ke pratipAdana se bacate haiM vahA~ jaina darzana meM AtmA ko nityAnityAtmaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana kSaNikavAdI hai usameM sat yA vastu use kahA gayA hai jo arthakriyAkArI ho tathA kSaNika vastu hI arthakriyA meM samartha hotI hai| unhoMne nitya padArtha meM arthakriyAkAritva ko asaMbhava batAkara kSaNika padArtha meM use svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina dArzanika vastu ko dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se nitya tathA payAryArthika naya kI dRSTi se anitya svIkAra karate haiN|

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448 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana upasaMhAra aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe to jainadharma (nirgranthadharma) bauddha dharma kI apekSA prAcIna hai, kyoMki tIrthakara mahAvIra ke pUrva bhI paramparA meM 23 tIrthakara ho gae haiM, jinameM RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha Adi tIrthaMkaroM ke puSTa pramANa bhI prApta hote haiN| bauddhadarzana meM bhI atIta buddha mAne gae haiM, kintu unake aitihAsika dastAveja prApta nahIM hote| bauddha dharma sautrAntika, vaibhASika, mAdhyamika (zUnyavAda) evaM yogAcAra (vijJAnavAda) sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hokara vikasita huA hai, jabaki jainadharma digambara, zvetAmbara evaM yApanIya sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hokara vikasita huA hai| bauddha darzana kI vibhinna sampradAyoM meM tattvamImAMsIya mAnyatAoM meM paryApta matabheda dRggocara hotA hai, jabaki jainadarzana kI sampradAyoM meM AcAra-bheda ko chor3akara aisA koI tattvamImAMsIya bheda dikhAI nahIM detA hai| jaina darzana ke sampradAya vastu ko dravyaparyAyAtmaka svIkAra karate haiM tathA usakA bAhya astitva mAnate haiN| bauddha darzana ke sampradAya vijJAnavAda ke mata meM vastu kA bAhya astitva hI mAnya nahIM hai, vaha vijJAna ko hI sat svIkAra karatA hai| sautrAntika evaM vaibhASika mata meM bAhya vastu kA astitva to svIkRta hai, kintu ve use kSaNika mAnate haiN| mAdhyamika mata meM vastu pratItyasamutpanna hone se niHsvabhAva hai tathA sat, asat, sadasat evaM na sat na asat- ina cAra koTiyoM se vinirmukta hai| jaina darzana meM vastu ko sadasadAtmaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM mAnya vastu kA lakSaNa "utpAdavyayaghrauvyayuktaM sat" sabhI dravyoM yA padArthoM para samAna rUpa se lAgU hotA hai| jaina darzana meM SaDdravyAtmaka loka kI jaisI mAnyatA hai vaisI koI mAnyatA bauddha darzana meM dikhAI nahIM detii| ___ bauddha darzana meM zAzvatavAda evaM ucchedavAda kA parihAra kiyA gayA hai| isIlie buddha AtmA kI zAzvatatA evaM azAzvatatA Adi praznoM ke sambandha meM mauna haiM / AtmA ko svIkAra karane para zAzvatavAda kA tathA use na mAnane para ucchedavAda kA AkSepa AtA hai, jise TAlane ke lie buddha ne isa prakAra ke praznoM para mauna dhAraNa

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jaina aura bauddha dharma-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi 449 karanA ucita samajhA / isake viparIta bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zAzvatatA aura azAzvatatA kA naya dRSTi se samanvaya sthApita kiyA hai jo jaina dharma kI vyApaka anekAnta dRSTi kA sUcaka hai| jJAnamImAMsA kI dRSTi se jaina darzana pA~ca jJAnoM kA pratipAdana karate hue jJAna ko savikalpaka nirUpita karatA hai tathA darzana ko nirvikalpaka rUpa meM sthApita karate hue use jJAna se pRthak pratyaya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karatA hai, jabaki bauddha darzana jJAna ke hI nirvikalpaka evaM savikalpaka bheda aMgIkAra karatA hai| AcAramImAMsA kI dRSTi se dekheM to donoM darzana samyagdarzanapUrvaka AcAra ko mahattva dete haiM, kintu bauddha darzana AcAra ke paripAlana meM adhika kaThoratA evaM zithilatA ke madhya kA mArga apanAtA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana meM jJAnapUrvaka AcaraNa kI kaThoratA para bala pradAna kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAdhu-sAdhvI Aja bhI AcAra pAlana kI dRSTi se anya dharmoM ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI apekSA agraNI haiM / donoM darzanoM kA adhyayana karane para vidita hotA hai ki inakA pArasparika adhyayana ina darzanoM ke hArda ko samajhane meM sahAyaka hai| donoM darzanoM kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi atyanta samRddha hai tathA mAnavIya caritra ko unnata banAne meM sahAyaka hai| donoM dharmoM meM krodhAdi, rAgAdi vikAroM para vijaya ko mahattva diyA gayA hai| sandarbhaH 1. yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasasiddhi sa dhrmH|- vaizeSika sUtra 1.1.2 2. suttanipAta, vAseTThasutta 3. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bhAga 3, samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, adhyayana 25, gAthA 33 4. AdipurANa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI 38.45 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra (bhagavatIsUtra) Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, zataka 12, uddezaka 2, pRSTha-134 6. dIghanikAya-33 saMgitipariyAya sutta meM cAra praznavyAkaraNa, draSTavya, Agama-yuga kA jainadarzana, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayapura 1990, pR. 53-54 7. yogasUtra meM bhI inakA ullekha huA hai- maitrIkaruNAmuditopekSANAM sukhaHdukhapuNyApuNya viSayANAM bhAvanAtazcittaprasAdanam / - yogasUtra 1.33 8. nAgArjuna, madhyamUla 24.10

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450 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 9. samayasAra, prathama adhikAra, gAthA 8 . . . 10. suttapiTaka, khuddakanikAya, khuddakapATha, ratanasutta 11. Avazyaka sUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1982, zaraNa sUtra, pR. 10 12. deshsrvto'nnumhtii|- tattvArthasUtra 7.2 13. yadi sarveSAM jJAnAnAM pramANatvamiSyate pramANAnavasthA prsjyte|- pramANasamuccaya, vRtti, maisUra, 1930, pRSTha-11 14. na pramANAntaraM zabdamanumAnAt, tathA hi saH / - diGnAga, uddhRta, tattvasaMgrahapaMjikA, bauddha ____ bhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, pRSTha-539 15. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 9, uddezaka 6 16. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 2, uddezaka 1 17. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 13, uddezaka 7 18. Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, pRSTha 65 19. nyAyabindu, 3.59 20. sanmatitarka, 3.69 21. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, zrImad rAjacandra Azrama, agAsa, zloka 225 22. samprati yApanIya sampradAya ke anuyAyI upalabdha nahI haiN| DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke anusAra kasAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi aneka grantha yApanIya sampradAya ke haiN|- draSTavya, jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya, pArzvanAthavidyApITha, vArANasI, 1996, adhyAya 3

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jaina-bauddha vAGmaya meM varNAzramadharma aura saMskAra bhAratIya paramparA meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra ye cAra varNa pracalita rahe haiN| ina vargoM kI carcA jaina granthoM meM bhI prApta hotI hai| dhIre-dhIre guNa evaM karma para AdhArita ye varNa janma se gRhIta hone lage, ataH inhoMne jAti kA rUpa le liyaa| jaina evaM bauddha dharmoM ne isa jAti prathA kA virodha kiyA tathA sabake lie dharma kA dvAra khola diyaa| vaidika paramparA meM brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa ina cAra AzramoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai, tathA inakA krama bhI nirdhArita hai, kintu jaina evaM bauddha dharma meM brahmacaryAzrama meM rahate hue sIdhe pravrajyA aMgIkAra kara saMnyAsAzrama meM pahu~cA jA sakatA hai| vaidika paramparA meM garbha se lekara antyeSTi taka 16 saMskAra svIkRta haiM, kintu jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM meM ina saMskAroM kA kucha parivartita rUpa dikhAI detA hai| vaha parivartana bhI uttarakAla ke sAhitya meM dRggocara hotA hai| tIrthaGkaroM ke paMca kalyANakoM kA kathana kucha purAtana hai| unake paMca kalyANaka haiM- 1. garbha kalyANaka 2. janmakalyANaka 3. dIkSA kalyANaka 4. kevalajJAna kalyANaka evaM 5. nirvANa klyaannk| prastuta Alekha meM varNa ko karma se sambaddha nirUpita karate hue jAtivAda kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai tathA brAhmaNa kA atyanta zreSTha AcaraNayukta puruSa ke rUpa meM saMsthApana kiyA gayA hai| Azrama-vyavasthA evaM saMskAroM ke sambandha meM jaina evaM bauddha paramparAnusAra saMkSepa meM kathana kiyA gayA hai| varNa-vyavasthA evaM jAtivimarza varNAzramadharma bhAratIya saMskRti kI atyanta prAcIna sAmAjika vyavasthA hai / brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra ye cAra varNa tIrthaMkara mahAvIra evaM gautama buddha ke jIvanakAla meM bhI pracalita the| yahI nahIM, usa samaya ina cAroM kA svarUpa guNa evaM karma ke AdhAra para na rahakara janma ke AdhAra para pracalita ho gayA thA, arthAt ye jAti kA svarUpa grahaNa kara cuke the|' janma se bAhmaNa honA uccatA kA evaM janma se zUdra honA nimnatA kA sUcaka ho gayA thA / jo manuSya ke samIcIna sAmAjikaAdhyAtmika vikAsa meM bAdhaka pratIta huA / isalie jaina evaM bauddha paramparA ne isakA paryApta virodha kiyA tathA pratyeka mAnava ko samAnatA evaM sammAnapUrNa jIvana jIne kI vakAlata kii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina evaM bauddha dharma meM sabhI vargoM ke mAnava

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452 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana dIkSita hue evaM anuyAyI bane / bauddha dharma meM agulimAla, nAI upAlI, bhaMgI suNIta, suppiya achUta, kuSTha rogI suprabuddha tathA prakRti nAmaka caNDAlikA sadRza nimnavarNa ke loga dIkSita hue aura jainadharma meM arjunamAlI, harikeza cANDAla jaise nimnavarga ke manuSya dIkSita hokara sAdhu bane / jaina evaM bauddha dharma ne sabake lie samAnarUpa se mukti yA nirvANa kA mArga prastuta kiyaa| jananaM jAti: janma lenA jAti hai / jo jisa yoni meM utpanna hotA hai vaha usakI jAti hai| isa AdhAra para pazuyoni meM janma lene vAlA jIva pazujAti kA, manuSyayoni meM janma lene vAlA manuSya jAti kA jIva kahalAtA hai| jaina AgamoM meM pA~ca prakAra kI jAtiyoM kA nirUpaNa hai- ekendriya jAti, dvIndriya jAti, trIndriya jAti, caturindriya jAti evaM paMcendriya jaati| janma se jisa jIva ko jitanI indriyA~ prApta huI haiM vaha usa jAti kA kahalAtA hai| jise janma ke samaya mAtra sparzanendriya prApta huI hai vaha jAti se ekendriya hai, yathA- pRthvIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika evaM vanaspatikAyika jiiv| jise sparzana evaM rasanA do indriyA~ prApta huI haiM ve dvIndriya jAti ke jIva haiM jaise- laTa, illI aadi| jinheM ina do ke sAtha ghrANendriya bhI prApta hai, ve trIndriya jIva kahalAte haiM, jaise cIMTI, jUM aadi| ina tInoM ke sAtha jo cakSu indriya se bhI yukta hai, aisA jIva caturindriya jAti kA hotA hai, jaise- makkhI, macchara aadi| ina cAra ke sAtha jo zrotrendriya se bhI yukta hotA hai vaha paMcendriya jAti kA jIva hai, jisameM deva, naraka, manuSya evaM kucha tithaMca jAti ke jIva sammilita haiN| Age calakara AdipurANa meM jinasena (nauvIM-dasavIM zatI) ne manuSya jAti ko eka pRthak zreNI meM sthApita kiyA- manuSyajAtirekaiva jaatinaamodyaadbhvaa| manuSyagati nAmakarma ke udaya se utpanna sabhI manuSyoM kI eka hI manuSya jAti' hai| Adhunika bhArata meM chuAchUta ke viruddha Andolana calAne vAle samAja sudhArakoM ne bhI samasta manuSyoM ko rakta ke raMga ke AdhAra para ekasUtra meM bA~dhane kA prayatna kiyA hai| ___ janma se prApta jAti kI apekSA tapa bar3hakara hotA hai| tapasAdhanA ke mAdhyama se koI nimna kula yA varNa kA vyakti bhI ucca ho sakatA hai / jainAgama uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke bArahaveM adhyayana meM harikeza cANDAla muni kA ullekha AtA hai, jo isakI

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jaina-bauddha vAGmaya meM varNAzramadharma aura saMskAra 453 puSTi karatA hai / harikeza muni janmataH cANDAla the, kintu jainadharma meM dIkSita hokara zramaNa bne| ve eka bAra bhikSA ke lie yajJasthala para pahuMca ge| yajJa kara rahe brAhmaNoM ne unheM bhikSA dene se yaha kaha kara manA kara diyA ki- tuma kahA~ se Ae ho? tuma kAle- kalUTe ho evaM pizAca kI taraha naz2ara A rahe ho, yahA~ se cale jaao| yaha bhojana kevala brAhmaNoM ke lie taiyAra huA hai, hama tumheM yaha bhojana nahIM de skte| muni ko brAhmaNaziSyoM ke dvArA yaSTiyoM aura cAbukoM se pITA gayA aura yajJasthala se bAhara nikAla diyA gyaa| aisA karate hI harikezI muni kI tapasyA kA prabhAva dRSTigocara huaa| vahA~ upasthita rAjakumArI bhadrA jo yajJapramukha rAjapurohita somadeva kI patnI thI, ne kahA- isa muni ko mata piitto| yaha tapasvI hai| mere pitA rAjA kauzika ne mere svastha hone para mujhe isa muni ko pradAna karane kA prayatna kiyA thA, kintu isa muni ne mana se bhI mujhe nahIM caahaa| ye muni narendroM evaM devendroM dvArA abhivandita haiM / ye ugratapasvI, ghoravratI, indriyavijetA, saMyamI tathA brahmacArI haiM- ye apamAnita karane yogya nahIM haiN| bhadrA ke dvArA aisA kahe jAne para munibhakta yakSoM ne una brAhmaNoM ko daNDa pradAna kiyaa| ve nizceSTa ho gae, A~khe khulI raha giiN| yaha dRzya dekhakara saba ghabarA ge| rAjapurohita somadeva khinna ho gyaa| harikeza muni se kSamAyAcanA karatA huA unase bhikSA ke lie prArthanA karane lgaa| AhAra grahaNa karane ke pazcAt yajJazAlA meM sugandhita jala aura puSpoM kI varSA huii| yahA~ sabako tapa kA sAkSAt prabhAva dikhAI diyA evaM unheM yaha spaSTa ho gayA ki jAti kI koI mahimA nahIM hai, tapa-sAdhanA kI hI vizeSa mahimA hai ___ sakkhaM khu dIsai tavo viseso, na dIsai jAI visesa koii| harikeza muni ne yAjJikoM ko sambodhita karate hue bAhya zuddhi kI apekSA Antarika zuddhi para bala diyA tathA zreSTha yajJa kI vidhi kA pratipAdana karate hue kahA ki jo pRthvI Adi SaDjIvanikAya kI hiMsA nahIM karate, mRSAvAda evaM adattAdAna kA sevana nahIM karate, parigraha, strI, mAna, mAyA Adi ko jAnakara inakA tyAga karate haiM, ahiMsA Adi pA~ca saMvaroM se saMvRta hote haiM tathA jIvana kI AkAMkSA nahIM karate, zarIra kI Asakti kA tyAga karate haiM, karma zatruoM para vijaya pAne vAle aise vyakti hI zreSTha yajJa karate haiN|'

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454 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana bhAratIya saMskRti meM varNa kI apekSA jAti ko heyadRSTi se dekhA gayA hai / jAtivAda eka vikRta svarUpa hai| uparyukta prasaGga se jAtivAda kI tatkAlIna sthiti kA bhAna hotA hai tathA usake virodha ke svara bhI mukharita hote hue dikhAI par3ate haiM / isake sAtha hI yajJa meM hone vAlI hiMsA para bhI praznacihna uThane lage the aura Antarika zuddhi ke binA bAharI zuddhi kI vyarthatA pratipAdita hone lagI thI / vibhinna jAtiyoM meM anuloma evaM pratiloma vivAha paddhatiyoM ke kAraNa naI-naI jAtiyA~ evaM upajAtiyA~ bana rahI thIM / brAhmaNa puruSa evaM zUdra strI se utpanna santAna 'niSAda', vaizya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa strI se utpanna santAna 'videha', zUdra puruSa evaM brAhmaNa strI se utpanna santAna 'cANDAla' kahalAne lgii| isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa evaM brAhmaNa strI se utpanna santAna ko 'sUta' kahA gyaa| ugra puruSa evaM kSatriya strI se utpanna santAna ko 'sovAga', zUdra puruSa evaM niSAda strI se utpanna santAna ko 'kukkuDaka' kahA gyaa| isa prakAra aneka jAtiyA~ evaM upajAtiyA~ banane lgii| Aja deza meM jAtivAda hAvI hai| sarakAra ne ArakSaNa ke mAdhyama se ise adhika sazakta banAyA hai| voToM kI rAjanIti bhI jAtivAda kI nIMva para calatI hai| guNa gauNa ho gae haiM, jAti kA mantra pramukha ho gayA hai| isako japa lene se hI sattA kI siddhi ho jAtI hai| kintu isase deza kA sarvAMgINa kalyANa nahIM ho sakatA / yaha manuSyoM ke bIca bhedabhAva ko surakSita rakhatA hai evaM unameM IrSyA-dveSa ko samApta nahIM hone detA / jAti ke AdhAra para AjIvikA upalabdha karAnA yA sattA sauMpanA hI paryApta nahIM, unameM guNoM evaM tadanurUpa karmoM kA AdhAna karAnA bhI Avazyaka hai| DaoN. bhImarAva ambeDakara kA mantavya hai-'jAtiprathA kI nIMva para kisI bhI prakAra kA nirmANa sambhava nahIM hai| kisI rASTra kA nirmANa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / jAtiprathA kI nIMva para nirmita koI bhI cIja kabhI sampUrNa nahIM ho sakatI,usameM darAra par3a jaaegii| bhAratIya samAja-vyavasthA vastutaH eka hai| hinduoM aura jainoM ke vaivAhika evaM sAMskRtika kAryakrama lagabhaga samAna hote haiM / jaina paramparA para hindU paramparA kA prabhAva spaSTa dRSTigocara hotA hai / tathApi jaina vAGmaya meM jAti (janma) ko manuSya

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jaina-bauddha vAGmaya meM varNAzramadharma aura saMskAra 455 kI zreSThatA kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA gayA / manuSya apane guNoM evaM vyavahAra se hI zreSTha yA azreSTha hotA hai| vyakti apane karma se hI brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya yA zUdra hotA hai kammuNA baMbhaNo hoi, kammuNA hoi khttio| vaisso kammuNA hoI, suddho havai kammuNA / / ' vahA~ yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki muNDana mAtra se hI koI zramaNa nahIM ho jAtA tathA oMkAra kA japa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, araNya meM rahane se koI muni nahIM hotA tathA kuza ke vastroM se koI tapasvI nahIM hotaa| samatA ke AcaraNa se manuSya zramaNa hotA hai, brahmacarya kA pAlana karane se brAhmaNa hotA hai, jJAna se muni hotA hai tathA tapa se tapasvI hotA hai| ___ bauddha grantha suttanipAta meM bhI janma (jAti) kI apekSA karma ko mahattva diyA gayA hai na jaccA vasalo hoti, na jaccA hoti brAhmaNo / kammunA vasalo hoti, kammunA hoti braahmnno|' na janma se koI vRSala (zUdra) hotA hai, na janma se koI brAhmaNa hotA hai| karma se hI koI vRSala hotA hai evaM karma se hI brAhmaNa hotA hai| suttanipAta meM eka rocaka prasaGga AtA hai, jisameM bhAradvAja evaM vasiSTha brAhmaNa isa bAta ko lekara vivAda karate haiM ki brAhmaNa janma se hotA hai yA karma se ? bhAradvAja ne kahA ki jaba koI puruSa mAtA-pitA se sujAta hotA hai tathA donoM ora kI sAta pIr3hI taka vizuddha vaMza vAlA hokara jAti kI apekSA anindita hotA hai to vaha brAhmaNa hotA hai / vAsiSTha ne isakA pratiSedha karate hue kahA ki jaba koI puruSa zIlavAn aura vratasampanna hotA hai to vaha brAhmaNa kahalAtA hai| donoM paraspara jhagar3ate hue buddha ke caraNoM meM pahu~ce evaM apanI samasyA rakhI / buddha ne samAdhAna karate hue kahA ki vibhinna prANiyoM meM janma se jo bheda dikhAI detA hai vaha jAtigata arthAt janmagata bheda hai, jaise - tRNa, kITa, pataMga, kunthu, pipIlikA, pazu, pakSI, jalacara, nabhacara Adi prANiyoM meM paraspara janmagata/jAtigata bheda hai| manuSya meM

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456 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana janma se isa prakAra kA koI bheda nahIM pAyA jaataa| sabhI manuSya samAna hI utpanna hote haiM / sabameM samAna hI aMga hote haiM, unameM janmagata vaisA liMga bheda nahIM hotA, jaisA anya prANiyoM meM dekhA jAtA hai - liGgajAtimayaM naiva, yathA ajJAsu jaatisu|" ___jAti aura varNa meM pramukha bheda yaha hai ki jAti kA nirdhAraNa jahA~ janma se hotA hai vahA~ varNa kA nirdhAraNa guNa evaM karma ke AdhAra para hotA hai| isalie jAti jIvanabhara eka hI rahatI hai, kintu varNa kA parivartana AcaraNa ke AdhAra para parivartita honA sambhava hai| manusmRti meM bhI kahA gayA hai - 'zUdro brAhmaNatAmeti brAhmaNazcaiti zUdratAm / " janma se vyakti zUdra paidA hotA hai, kintu saMskAroM se vaha dvija kahalAtA hai| jainadharma meM karma-siddhAnta ke antargata yaha pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai ki koI vyakti nIca gotra karma ke sAtha janma lekara apanI sAdhanA ke bala para uccagotra kA ho sakatA hai| harikezI muni, arjunamAlI Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| __ AcArya jinasena (6vIM zatI) ne AdipurANa meM varNa-vyavasthA kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne ullekha kiyA hai ki rAjA RSabhadeva jo prathama tIrthaMkara bane, ne tIna varSoM kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra kI sthApanA kI aura unake putra bharata ne brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA kI / " vargoM kA yaha ullekha eka ora varNoM kI prAcInatA ko siddha karatA hai, dUsarI ora jinasena para vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva ko iGgita karatA hai / yahA~ para yaha bhI ullekha karanA ucita hogA ki jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM brAhmaNa kI apekSA kSatriya ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai, kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM gautama buddha donoM kSatriya varNa meM utpanna hue the| jainadharma meM aisI kimvadantI hai ki mahAvIra pahale devAnandA brAhmaNI ke garbha meM utpanna hue, evaM phira devoM ke dvArA unakA garbha rAnI trizalA ke garbha meM sthAnAntarita kiyA gayA / bauddhagranthoM meM kSatriya ke pazcAt brAhmaNa, vaizya evaM zUdra kI gaNanA kI gaI hai| jaina tIrthaMkara evaM buddha bhale hI kSatriya hue hoM, kintu unake pramukha ziSya gaNadhara evaM AcArya prAyaH brAhmaNa hue haiM / unhoMne jaina evaM bauddha dharma kA pratipAdana evaM pracAra kiyA hai| vaizya evaM zUdra bhI jaina-bauddha dharma meM dIkSita hue haiM / Aja jainadharma

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jaina-bauddha vAGmaya meM varNAzramadharma aura saMskAra 457 ke adhikAMza anuyAyI vaizya haiM tathA bauddha dharma eziyA ke vibhinna dezoM meM bRhat stara para phailA huA hai / yUropa, amerikA Adi mahAdvIpoM meM bhI isakA astitva dikhAI detA hai| jaina grantha AcArAMgacUrNi meM rAjA ke Azrita vaMzAnugatoM ko 'kSatriya', hiMsA, corI Adi kAryoM meM saMlagna, zoka, droha svabhAva vAle manuSyoM ko 'zUdra', zilpa, vANijya se jIvana-yApana karane vAloM ko 'vaizya' kahA gayA hai| jo sarala svabhAvI, dharmapriya hote haiM, svayaM hiMsA nahIM karate tathA hiMsA karane vAle ko rokate haiM evaM usase kahate haiM - 'he mAhaNa! mA haNa' arthAt tuma hiMsA mata kro| isa prakAra kA AcaraNa karane vAlA 'brAhmaNa' hotA hai|' Rgveda ke puruSasUkta meM brAhmaNa ko paramapuruSa brahma ke mukha se, kSatriya ko bhujAoM se, vaizya ko jaGghAoM se tathA zUdra ko pairoM se utpanna svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|"jainaacaary prabhAcandra (980-1065I.) ne brAhmaNa kI utpatti brahma ke mukha se hone kA khaNDana kiyA hai| nyAyakumudacandra grantha meM ve khaNDana karate hue vaidikoM se pUchate haiM- brahma brAhmaNa hai yA nahIM ? yadi vaha brAhmaNa nahIM hai to usase brAhmaNa kI utpatti kaise ho sakatI hai ? eka manuSya amanuSya se utpanna nahIM ho sakatA / yadi brahma brAhmaNa hai to vaha apane sabhI aMgoM se brAhmaNa hai yA mAtra mukha se ? yadi vaha sabhI aMgoM se brAhmaNa hai to saMsAra ke sabhI prANI jo brahma se utpanna hue haiM, ve brAhmaNa haiN| yadi brahma mAtra mukha se brAhmaNa hai to usake anya aMga zUdra kI zreNI meM aaeNge| isalie brAhmaNa ko brahma ke caraNoM meM praNAma nahIM karanA caahie|' bauddha dharma ke anusAra bhI mAnava kI zreSThatA kA AdhAra usakA AcaraNa hai, brAhmaNAdi vargoM meM janma lenA nhiiN| isa tathya ko gautama buddha ne yathArtha ke dharAtala para Azrita toM se siddha kiyA hai| brAhmaNoM kI usa samaya mAnyatA thI ki brAhmaNa hI zreSTha varNa hai, anya varNa hIna hai, brAhmaNa hI zukla varNa hai, anya varNa kRSNa hai, brAhmaNa hI zuddha hai, anya varNa nahIM / brAhmaNa brahmA ke aurasa putra haiM tathA mukha se utpanna hue haiN| isa mAnyatA kA jaivika evaM zArIrika AdhAra para nirasana karate hue bhagavAn buddha dIghanikAya ke aggajJasutta meM kahate haiM- he vAsiSTha! brAhmaNoM kI

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana patniyA~ bhI anya striyoM kI bhA~ti RtumatI hotI haiM, garbhiNI hotI haiM, prasava karatI haiM tathA stanyapAna karAtI haiM / ve brAhmaNa bhI strIyoni se hI utpanna hue haiN| ataH brAhmaNoM ko zreSTha evaM anya vargoM ko janma ke AdhAra para hIna kahanA ucita nahIM hai / 1 | 16 458 suttanipAta meM buddha kahate haiM ki gorakSA se jIvikA karane vAle ko karSaka, zilpa se jIvikA karane vAle ko zilpI, vyApAra se jIvikA karane vAle ko vaNik evaM purohitatva se jIvikopArjana karane vAle ko yAjaka kahA jAtA hai, brAhmaNa nahIM / mAtA kI yoni se utpanna hone ke AdhAra para buddha kisI ko brAhmaNa nahIM kahate / jo bhogavAdI yA saMgrahI hai vaha brAhmaNa nahIM, brAhmaNa to akiMcana evaM asaMgrahI hotA hai, jo saMga evaM Asakti se virata hotA hai vaha brAhmaNa hai / " brAhmaNa zabda kA prayoga suttanipAta meM sugata yA buddha ke lie bhI huA hai, yathA cutiM yo vedi sattAnaM, upapatiM ca savvaso / asataM sugata buddhaM, tamahaM brUmi mAhaNaM / / 18 jo prANiyoM kI mRtyu evaM utpatti ko bhalIbhA~ti jAnatA hai tathA jo Asaktirahita, sugata aura buddha ( jJAnI) hai use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hU~ / jaina dharma ke uttarAdhyayana sUtra tathA bauddha dharma ke suttanipAta evaM dhammapada meM brAhmaNa ke jisa svarUpa kA varNana prApta hotA hai, vaha vastutaH eka ucca koTi ke zramaNa jIvana se samAnatA rakhatA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI aneka gAthAoM meM pratipAdana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra jala meM utpanna kamala jala se lipta nahIM hotA usI prakAra jo kAmavAsanAoM se lipta nahIM hotA hai, usako hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / " jo mana, vacana, kAyA tInoM staroM para trasa evaM sthAvara prANiyoM kI hiMsA nahIM karatA, jo krodha, hAsya, lobha, bhaya Adi ke kAraNa jhUTha nahIM bolatA vaha brAhmaNa hotA hai / jo alpa sacitta vastu ko binA die grahaNa nahIM karatA vaha brAhmaNa nahIM hotA / isI prakAra jo divya mAnuSa evaM tiryaMca ke maithuna sevana kA mana, vacana, kAyA se parihAra karatA hai vaha brAhmaNa hotA hai, jo Asakti evaM lolupatA kA tyAga karatA hai vaha brAhmaNa hotA hai | 20 |

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jaina-bauddha vAGmaya meM varNAzramadharma aura saMskAra 459 dhammapada ke brAhmaNavagga meM brAhmaNa ke aneka lakSaNa die gae haiM, jo usako unnata zIlavAn nirUpita karate haiM, udAharaNArtha yassa kAyena vAcA ya, manasA natthi dukkataM / saMvatuM tIhi ThAnehi, tamahaM brUmi mAhaNaM // na jaTAhi na gottehi,na jaccA hoti braahmnno| yamhi saccaMcadhammo ca, sosucIsoca brAhmaNo / / AsA yassa na vijjati, asmiM loke paramhi ca / nirAsayaM visaMyutaM, tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / " zarIra, vANI evaM mana se jo dRSkRta nahIM karatA tathA zarIrAdi tInoM se jo saMvarayukta hai vaha brAhmaNa hai| na jaTAoM se, na gotra se aura na jAti se koI brAhmaNa hotA hai, apitu jisameM satya aura dharma hai vahI zuci hai aura vahI brAhmaNa hai / isa loka evaM paraloka ke viSaya meM jisakI AzAe~ (tRSNA) nahIM raha gaI haiM, jo AzArahita tathA Asaktirahita hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| suttanipAta meM prAcIna brAhmaNoM kI vizeSatA batAte hue buddha kahate haiM ki ve brahmacarya, zIla, RjutA, mRdutA, tapa, sajjanatA, ahiMsA aura kSamA ke prazasaMka the| brAhmaNoM ke pAsa na pazu hote the, na hiraNya tathA dhAnya / svAdhyAya karanA hI unakA dhana-dhAnya thaa| unhoMne zreSTha vidhi se brahma kI rakSA kii| buddha kI dRSTi meM janma (jAti) kA nahIM, karma kA mahattva hai, ve kahate haiM kammanA vattatI loko, kammanA vattatI pjaa| kammanibandhanA sattA, rathassaNIva yAyatI // -suttanipAta, vAseTThasutta, 61 loka karma se cala rahA hai, prajA karma se cala rahI hai, ratha ke cakke kI ANI kI bhA~ti prANI karma se baMdhe haiN| pratItyasamutpAdadarzI aura karmavipAka kovida paNDitajana karma ko yathArtha jAnate haiN| ___dIghanikAya ke aggajJa sutta meM kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra ina cAra varNoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki koI kSatriya bhI prANAtipAtI arthAt hiMsaka hotA hai, adattAdAnI hotA hai, vyabhicAra karatA hai, jhUTha bolatA hai, cugalI karatA hai, kaThora

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460 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana bhASA bolatA hai, vyartha pralApa karatA hai, lobhI hotA hai, hiMsA meM citta lagAye rakhatA hai aura mithyAdRSTi hotA hai / kSatriya kA aisA honA usake akuzala dharmoM ko batAtA hai| hiMsaka honA Adi akuzala dharma sAvadha haiM, samAja meM nindanIya haiM evaM asevanIya haiN| inakA sevana karane vAlA Arya nahIM hotA / vaha kRSNa evaM kRSNa phala vAlA hotA hai tathA vijJa puruSoM dvArA nindita hotA hai / dhammapada meM bhI Arya evaM anArya kI bhedaka gAthA AI hai na tena ariyo hoti, yena pANAni hiMsati / ahiMsA savvapANAnaM, ariyoti pavuccati / / buddha kI dRSTi meM Arya vaha nahIM hotA, jo prANiyoM kI hiMsA karatA hai, apitu ahiMsaka honA hI Arya kA lakSaNa hai / aggaJasutta hiMsA ke sAtha adattAdAna, vyabhicAra, jhUTha, cugalI Adi doSoM ko bhI anArya ke lakSaNa meM sammilita karatA hai| aggajJasutta meM aise akuzala dharmoM se yukta kSatriya ko hI nahIM, brAhmaNa, vaizya evaM zUdra ko bhI nindanIya batAyA gayA hai| unheM anArya kahA gayA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki buddha ne sabhI vargoM kI AcaraNagata nirmalatA para bala pradAna kiyA hai tathA naitika AcaraNa ke AdhAra para hI inako zreSTha yA hIna svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra dharma hI zreSTha hai- dhammo hi seTTho janetasmiM / yahA~ yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki kSatriya kA kArya yuddha karanA hai, vaha hiMsA se kaise baca sakatA hai ? uttara meM kahanA hogA ki buddha kSatriya ke usa kArya meM vyavadhAna utpanna nahIM karate, kintu vyartha meM prANAtipAta se to kSatriya ko bhI bacanA hI cAhie / kaliMga yuddha kI vibhISakA se dravita hokara to azoka ne Age yuddha na karane kA saMkalpa hI le liyA thaa| __buddha kI dRSTi se uccakulIna hone se koI zreyaskara athavA azreyaskara nahIM hotA / udAravarNa honA aura udArabhogoM yA dhana-dhAnya kA honA zreyaskaratA yA azreyaskaratA kA sUcaka nahIM hai, kyoMki uccakulIna bhI yadi hiMsA, corI, vyabhicAra Adi doSoM se yukta hotA hai to vaha azreyaskara hotA hai tathA yadi vaha ina akuzala dharmoM se rahita hotA hai to vaha zreyaskara hai| isI prakAra ucca varNa vAlA evaM udAra bhogoM se yukta vyakti bhI ina burAiyoM se yukta hotA hai to vaha azreyaskara hotA hai tathA inase rahita hone para zreyaskara hotA hai|

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jaina-bauddha vAGmaya meM varNAzramadharma aura saMskAra 461 esukArIsutta meM buddha kSatriya, brAhmaNa, vaizya evaM zUdra ke kramazaH bhikSAcaryA, zastravidyA, kRSi- gorakSA evaM bhAra DhonA Adi svadharmoM kA khaNDana karate haiM / buddha kI dRSTi meM puruSa kA lokottara dharma hI svadhana hai, jo use duHkhamukta banAtA hai| vargoM kI samAnatA ke sambandha meM ve kahate haiM ke nadI meM snAna karake brAhmaNa hI svaccha nahIM hotA, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra bhI svaccha ho sakatA hai / isI prakAra prANAtipAtavirati, adattAdAnavirati Adi kuzala dharmoM ko kisI bhI varNa kA vyakti apanA sakatA hai| ___ yahA~ eka vizeSa bAta ullekhanIya hai ki jaina dharma meM zramaNa, zramaNI, zramaNopAsaka aura zramaNopAsikA ina cAra ko tIrtha yA saMgha kahA gayA hai tathA ina cAra ke lie cAuvaNNe (cAturvarNya) zabda kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| Azrama-cintana bhAratIya hindU paramparA ke dharmazAstroM meM jIvana kI avadhi sau varSa mAnakara usake cAra vibhAga kie gae haiM- 1. brahmacaryAzrama 2. gRhasthAzrama 3. vAnaprasthAzrama evaM 4. sNnyaasaashrm| pratyeka Azrama ke lie kramika rUpa se paccIsa varSa nirdhArita mAne ge| ataH 25 varSa kI Ayu taka kA kAla brahmacArI rahakara vidyAdhyayana karane, usake pazcAt 50 varSa kI Ayu taka kA kAla gRhastha jIvana meM vivAha, santAnotpatti Adi gArhasthika kAryoM hetu nirdhArita kiyA gyaa| hindU paramparA kI yaha mAnyatA rahI ki putrotpatti hue binA sadgati nahIM hotii| (aputrasya gati sti)| 51 se 75 varSa ke AyukAla meM gRhastha kA dAyitva santAna ko sauMpakara vana meM nivAsa karane kA vidhAna thaa| patnI jIvita ho to vana meM usake sAtha bhI rahA jA sakatA thaa| saMnyAsa Azrama pUrNataH mohatyAga kA Azrama rhaa| ina cAra AzramoM ke krama ko apanAnA bauddha evaM jaina Avazyaka nahIM maante| unake anusAra koI mumukSu brahmacaryAzrama se sIdhA saMnyAsa Azrama meM bhI praveza kara sakatA hai| jainadharma meM atimuktaka kumAra, vajrasvAmI Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| vartamAna meM bhI jainadharma ke aise aneka AcArya evaM santa haiM jo bAlavaya meM dIkSita haiN| jaina-bauddhoM kI isa paramparA kA prabhAva vaidika saMskRti para bhI pdd'aa| yahI kAraNa hai ki vedAnta ke

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana vibhinna sampradAyoM evaM rAmasnehiyoM meM alpavaya ke bAlaka bhI saMnyAsa grahaNa kara lete haiM / jIvana kA koI bharosA nahIM ki pratyeka vyakti Ayu ke 100 varSa pUrNa karegA / koI bhI mRtyu ko kabhI bhI prApta kara sakatA hai, isalie jIvana ko duHkhamukta banAnA hai to gRhastha evaM vAnaprastha AzramoM se gujare binA brahmacarya se sIdhe saMnyAsa Azrama ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / saMskAra-vimarza 462 saMskAroM ke sambandha meM vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai jina saMskAroM kA vidhAna smRtizAstroM meM kiyA gayA hai, unameM adhikatara saMskAra jainoM ko bhI mAnya haiM tathA kucha saMskAra bauddhoM ko bhI svIkRta haiM / bauddha paramparA meM 1. garbhamaGgala (puMsavana), 2. nAmakaraNa, 3. annAzana, 4. kezachedana, 5. karNavedhana, 6. vidyArambha, 7. vivAha, 8. pravrajyA, 9. upasampadA aura 10. mRtaka saMskAra kA vidhAna hai / ye sabhI saMskAra bauddha bhikSuoM dvArA sampanna karAye jAte haiN| DaoN. bhImarAva ambeDakara ke dvArA bhArata meM sthApita nava bauddhoM meM gRhapraveza, paritrANapATha Adi ke sAtha 16 saMskAra bhI pratipAdita haiN| jaina paramparA meM alpabheda ke sAtha hindU paramparA ke 16 saMskAra mAnya haiM / jinasena ke AdipurANa meM aneka saMskAroM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / " kintu saMskAroM ke sambandha meM vistRta vivecana 15vIM zatI ke vardhamAnasUri ke AcAradinakara nAmaka grantha meM huA hai / AcAradinakara meM 16 saMskAra gRhastha ke lie, 16 saMskAra sAdhu ke lie tathA 8 saMskAra donoM ke lie pratipAdita haiM / 32 jaina paramparA meM yaha prathama grantha hai, jo saMskAroM kA itane vistAra se pratipAdana karatA hai I gRhastha ke 16 saMskAra isa prakAra haiM- 1. garbhAdhAna saMskAra, 2. puMsavana saMskAra, 3. janma saMskAra, 4. sUrya-candra darzana saMskAra (sUrya evaM candramA kI pratimAoM kI pUjA) 5. kSIrAzana saMskAra ( dugdhapAnaprArambha), 5. SaSThI saMskAra (devamAtRkA pUjA), 7. zucikarma saMskAra ( daihikazuddhi, sthAnazuddhi Adi se sambaddha), 8. nAmakaraNa saMskAra, 9. annaprAzana saMskAra, 10. karNabheda saMskAra, 11. cUDAkaraNa saMskAra (kezamuNDana), 12. upanayana saMskAra ( gurUpadiSTa dharmamArga meM praveza hetu saMskAra), 13. vidyArambha saMskAra, 14. vivAha saMskAra, 15. vratAropaNa saMskAra

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jaina-bauddha vAGmaya meM varNAzramadharma aura saMskAra 463 (zrAvaka ke yogya vratoM kA svIkaraNa) aura 16. antya saMskAra (saMlekhanA ArAdhanA evaM mRtadeha- agnisNskaar)| ina 16 saMskAroM meM vaidika paramparA ke saMskAroM se vizeSa bheda nahIM hai| kintu inakA sampAdana jaina siddhAntoM kI vyAkhyA ke anurUpa kiyA gayA hai| vardhamAnasUri ne ina saMskAroM kI jaina dRSTi se vivecanA kI hai| inameM vratAropaNa saMskAra jaina paramparA kA viziSTa saMskAra hai, jisake antargata koI gRhastha ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura parigraha-parimANa nAmaka pA~ca aNavratoM ko svIkAra karatA hai tathA inake sAtha dikparimANa Adi tIna guNavrata aura sAmAyika Adi cAra zikSAvratoM kA AdhAna karatA hai / kahIM vaha zrAvaka ke sAmAnya guNoM evaM niyamoM ko aMgIkAra karatA hai| ___ sAdhukelienirUpita 16 saMskAra jaina paramparA kA vaiziSTya hai| ve 16 saMskAra haiM-1.brahmacaryavratagrahaNavidhi, 2. kSullakavidhi (pUrNataH sAdhubanane ke pUrvavratoM ke abhyAsa kI vidhi), 3. pravrajyAvidhi (sAdhu-sAdhvI ke rUpa meM dIkSAvidhi), 4. upasthApanAvidhi (mahAvrata-AropaNavidhi), 5. yogodvahanavidhi (mana, vacana evaM kAyA se), 6. vAcanAgrahaNa vidhi (AgamapATha grahaNavidhi), 7. vAcanAnujJAvidhi (AgamavAcanA-pradAnaAjJAvidhi),8.upAdhyAyapadasthApanAvidhi,9. AcAryapadasthApanAvidhi, 10. bhikSupratimAudvahanavidhi, 11. sAdhvIdIkSAvidhi, 12. pravartinIpadasthApanAvidhi, 13. mahattarApadasthApanAvidhi, 14.ahorAtricaryAvidhi, 15.RtucaryAvidhi aura 16. sNlekhnaavidhi| vaidika paramparA meM santajIvana ke lie vAnaprastha evaM saMnyAsa saMskAra ke atirikta saMskAra kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| ATha saMskAra aise haiM, jo gRhastha aura sAdhu donoM ke lie upayogI haiM1. pratiSThAvidhi (pratimA kI pratiSThAsambandhI vidhi), 2. zAntikarma (zAnti utpAdakavidhi), 3. pauSTikakarma (satkArya poSaNavidhi), 4. balividhAnavidhi, 5. prAyazcittavidhi (doSa zuddhi hetu prAyazcitta svIkaraNa), 6. Avazyakavidhi (sAmAyika Adi SaD AvazyakoM kA AcaraNa), 7. tapavidhi aura 8. pdaaropnnvidhi| ina ATha saMskAroM kA sambandha sAdhu-sAdhvI aura zrAvaka-zrAvikA sabhI se hai|

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 33 somadevasUri (11vIM zatI) ne yazastilakacampU meM ullekha kiyA hai ki laukika vidhi meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai vaha jainoM ke lie bhI pramANa hai / kevala do bAtoM kA dhyAna jainoM ko rakhanA hai- eka to aisA AcaraNa na kiyA jAe, jisase samyaktva kI hAni ho tathA dUsarA, vratoM meM kisI prakAra kA doSa lge| isase vidita hotA hai ki jaina paramparA meM hindU paramparA ke sAmAjika niyamoM ko svIkRti milatI rahI hai, para jaina zrAvaka-zrAvikA apane samyaktva aura vratoM ko surakSita rakhate hue una sAmAjika niyamoM kA pAlana karate rahe haiN| kucha jaina vidvAnoM ne jaina rIti se vivAha vidhi kA vikAsa bhI kiyA hai, kintu jaina parivAroM ne bRhat stara para use nahIM apanAyA hai| isakA kAraNa vivAha sampanna karAne vAle jaina paNDitoM kA abhAva bhI hai / isalie nUtana gRha kA praveza ho athavA vivAha samAroha kA kAryakrama, sarvatra hindU paNDitoM aura purohitoM ko hI jaina parivAroM dvArA bulAyA jAtA hai / jaina mandiroM meM mUrti kI pratiSThA athavA jaina parvoM ke anuSThAnoM kA Ayojana avazya jaina vidvAnoM athavA santoM ke dvArA sampanna karAyA jAtA hai / I upasaMhAra niSkarSataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM ne bhI cAra varNoM kI carcA kI hai, kintu unhoMne brAhmaNa kI apekSA kSatriyavarNa ko varIyatA pradAna kI hai evaM brAhmaNa kA aisA Adarza svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA hai jo zramaNa ke guNoM se sampanna hai / ye donoM darzana janma ke AdhAra para jAtivAda ke pracalana kA virodha karate haiM tathA sabhI vargoM evaM jAtiyoM ke lie dharma kA dvAra khulA rakhate haiM / inake anusAra mokSa yA nirvANa prApti hetu kisI bhI varNa yA jAti kA vyakti pravrajyA aMgIkAra kara sakatA hai / ye jAti kI apekSA karma evaM sadguNoM ko mahattva pradAna karate haiM / kisI bhI varNa yA jAti kA vyakti yadi prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna, vyabhicAra, parigraha yA madyapAna karatA hai to yaha usake lie azreyaskara hai / donoM dharmoM ke vAGmaya meM saMskAroM kI bhI carcA huI hai / bauddha dharma meM jahAM sImita saMskAra parigaNita haiM, vahA~ jainadharma meM gRhastha evaM sAdhu ke lie pRthak-pRthak 16 saMskAra kahe gae haiM / sAmAjika rIti-rivAja prAyaH hindU paramparA se prabhAvita 464

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jaina-bauddha vAGmaya meM varNAzramadharma aura saMskAra 465 haiM / bauddhoM ne svatantra rUpa se apanI sAmAjika paramparA kA jitanA vikAsa kiyA hai, utanA jainoM ne nahIM / AzramoM ke sambandha meM donoM kA mantavya hai ki koI mumukSu brahmacaryAzrama kI avasthA meM sIdhA pravajyA grahaNa kara sakatA hai, gRhasthAzrama meM jAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai| sandarbha:1. manusmRti evaM yAjJavalkyasmRti meM bhI 'jAti' zabda kA prayoga dikhAI detA hai, yathA zUdrAyAM brAhmaNAjjAtaH zreyasA cetprjaayte| azreyAn zreyasI jAtiM gacchatyAsaptamAd yugAt / / - manusmRti 10.64 jAtibhraMzakaraM karma kRtvAnyatamamicchayA - manusmRti 11.124 jAtyutkarSo yuge jJeyaH saptame paMcame'pi vA / - yAjJavalkyasmRti 1.96 jAtimAtropajIvI vA kAmaM syAd brAhmaNabruvaH / dharmapravaktA nRpatena tu zUdraH kathaMcana / / - manusmRti 8.20 jAtyA bhavati pukkasaH / manusmRti 10.18 2. (a) AdipurANa bhAga -2, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1998, 38.45 (ba) bhadrabAhu (tRtIya zatI I.) ne AcArAMganiyukti meM kahA hai - 'ekkA mnnussjaaii'|-aacaaraaNg niyukti, niyukti saMgraha, zrI harSa- puSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA, jAmanagara, 1989, gAthA 19 3. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, 12.37 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 12.41-42 5. draSTavya, AcArAMganiyukti saMgraha, harSa puSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA, lAkhA bAvala, jAmanagara, 1989 6. jAtivAda kA bIjanAza, DaoN. bhImarAva ambeDakara kI pustaka Annihilation of Caste kA hindI anuvAda, anuvAdaH AcArya jugalakizora bauddha, samyak prakAzana, naI dillI, 2010, pR. 55 7. uttarAdhyayanasUtra samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura, 25.33 8. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25.31-32 9. suttanipAta, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 2003, vAseTThasuta 10. suttanipAta, vAseTThasutta 11. manusmRti, caukhAmbhA saMskRta saMsthAna, vArANasI, 2003, 10.65 12. AdipurANa, bhAga-1, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 16. 243-246 13. je rAyaassitA te. ya khttiyaa| hiMsAcoriyAdisu sajjamAnA sogadrohaNasIlA-suddA sippavANijjehiM visaMti-vessA / ujjugassabhAvA dhammappiyA je ca kiMci haNaMtaM picchati taM

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466 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana nivAreti mAhaNa bho ! mA haNa iti evaM te jaNeNa sukkamanivatitasantA baMbhaNA jAtA / / AcArAMgacUrNi 14. brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsId bAhU rAjanyaH kRtH| urU tadasya yadvaizyaH padbhyAM zUdro ajAyata / / - Rgveda, puruSasUkta, 10.90.12 15. nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga-2, sampAdaka : mahendrakumAra, mANikyacandra digambara jainagranthamAlA, ____ mumbaI, 1941, zloka 65 para TIkA 16. dIghanikAya, bhAga-1, bauddha bhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, vAseTThasutta 17. suttanipAta, vAseTThasutta 18. suttanipAta, vAseTThasutta, 50 19. jahA pommaM jAyaM, novalippai vaarinnaa| evaM alittaM kAmehi, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / ____ uttarAdhyayanasUtra 25.27 20. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25.23-26, 28-29 21. dhammapada, brAhmaNavaggo, gAthA - 9, 11 evaM 28 22. suttanipAta, brAhmaNadhammika- sutta, gAthA 9 23. suttanipAta, brAhmaNadhammika-sutta, gAthA 2 24. dIghanikAya bhAga-3, bauddha bhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, aggajJasutta, pR. 652-653 25. dhammapada, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, dhammaTThavaggo, gAthA 15 26. dIghanikAya bhAga-3, aggajJasutta, pR. 653-654 27. majjhimanikAya, bhAga 3-4, bauddha bhAratI, vArANasI, pR. 963 28. vahI, pR. 964 29. vahI, pR. 967 30. sanAtana hindUdharma aura bauddhadharma, zyAmasundara upAdhyAya, vizvavidyAlaya prakAzana,vArANasI, 2002, pR. 60 31. AdipurANa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 2000, parva 39, pR. 269 32. draSTavya, AcAradinakara, (tIna bhAga) hindI anuvAda : mokSaratnAzrI evaM DaoN. sAgaramala jaina, prAcya vidyApITha, zAjApura, udaya 1-40 33. sarva eva hi jainAnAM, pramANaM laukiko vidhiH / yatra samyaktvahAnirna, yatra na vratadUSaNam / - yazastilakacampU 8.34

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jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha nigama (veda) bhI zabda pramANa haiM aura Agama bhii| inakA prAmANya AsthA evaM AptatA kI kasauTI para nirbhara hai / nigama meM jahA~ zAzvata apauruSeya jJAna sannihita hai vahA~ AgamoM meM AptavANI kA saMcaya hai / nigama evaM Agama donoM bhAratIya vAGmaya ke prANa haiM / zaiva, zAkta, vaiSNava Adi paramparAoM ke AgamoM kA antaH sambandha nigamoM se phira bhI sambhava hai, kintu zramaNa- paramparA ke Agama evaM tripiTikoM kI pUrNataH pRthak dhArA rahI hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM nigama arthAt veda kA prAmANya mAnya nahIM hai / veda kA khaNDana yA virodha bhI inameM mukhara nahIM huA hai| hA~, vaidika saMskRti meM vikRtiyoM evaM katipaya mAnyatAoM kA virodha zramaNa-paramparA meM huA hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM aneka dharma-darzana rahe, kintu do darzana samprati pramukha haiM- jaina aura bauddha / inameM bauddha darzana zabda yA Agama kA pRthak prAmANya nahIM mAnakara parArthAnumAna meM hI usakA samAveza kara letA hai| jainadarzana 'zabda-pramANa' ke sthAna para Agama-pramANa zabda kA prayoga karake apanI vedabAhyatA kA khyApana karatA hai / 'nigama' zabda veda yA zruti kA vAcaka hai| 'niHzeSeNa karmajJAnopAsanAnAMgamaH yasmAtsa nigamaH' nirukti ke anusAra jisase jJAna, karma evaM upAsanA kA samagra avagama ho use nigama yA veda kahA gayA hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM zaivAgamoM, zAktAgamoM evaM vaiSNavAgamoM ko kucha vidvAn nigama se pUrNataH pRthak nirUpita karate haiM to kucha nigama ke sAtha una AgamoM kA sambandha sthApita karate haiN| tantrAgamoM kI dhArA ko bhI ina AgamoM kA hI aMga mAnA gayA hai| kintu yahA~ para jainAgamoM evaM nigama meM rahe pArasparika sambandha kI hI carcA kI jaaegii| jainadarzana meM Agama kA svarUpa ___ jaina mAnyatA hai ki tIrthaGkaroM kI vaha artharUpa vANI jo gaNadharoM tathA AcAryoM ke dvArA zabda rUpa meM gumphita hai, 'Agama' kahalAtI hai|' vAdidevasUri (12 vIM zatI) 'Agama' kA lakSaNa karate hue kahate haiM- "aaptvcnaadaavirbhuutmrthsNvednmaagmH| * nigama tathA zaivAdi AgamoM kI paramparAoM meM rahe antaHsambandha ko jAnane ke lie paThanIya pustaka- "nigama tathA zaiva-zAkta-vaiSNava Agama paramparAoM kA antaHsambandha, saMpA. rAdhAvallabha tripAThI, nyU bhAratIya buka kArporezana, dillI 2010

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468 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana upacArAdAptavacanaM c|" arthAt AptapuruSa ke vacanoM se prakaTa hone vAlA padArthajJAna Agama hai, kintu upacAra se Apta ke vacana bhI Agama kahe jAte haiN| Apta puruSa kauna hotA hai, isakA lakSaNa karate hue vAdidevasUri kahate haiM"abhidheyaMvastu yathAvasthitaMyojAnIte ythaajnyaanNcaabhidhttesaaptH|" arthAt jo vastu ke svarUpa ko jaisA hai vaisA jAnatA hai tathA usa jJAna ke anurUpa kathana karatA hai vaha Apta puruSa hotA hai / laukika evaM lokottara ke bheda se vaha Apta puruSa do prakAra kA hotA hai / mAtA-pitA, gurujana Adi laukika Apta haiM tathA tIrthakara alaukika Apta haiM / isa prakAra tIrthaGkaroM kI artharUpa vANI ke AdhAra para gumphita Agama lokottara Agama haiN| ___tIrthaGkara samaya-samaya para dezanA dete rahe / antima tIrthakara mahAvIra (599527 I.pU.) ne jo dezanA dI, vaha zuddha jJAnarAzi ke rUpa meM pravAhita huI / vaha mahAsamudra kI bhA~ti thii| usameM se gaNadharoM dvArA yatkiMcit jJAnarAzi kA zabdoM meM saMkalana kiyA gayA, jo aMga Agama ke rUpa meM mAnya hai| yaha AgamavANI prArambha meM maukhika paramparA se calatI rahI, jo kAla ke thaper3e meM vismRti evaM vizRMkhalatA ko prApta hone lgii| use surakSita rakhane ke lie tIrthakara mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt se 980 varSa taka kI avadhi meM kramazaH pATaliputra, khAravela, mathurA evaM valabhI meM vAcanAe~ huI / vartamAna meM upalabdha Agama antima vAcanA ke anurUpa haiN| AgamoM meM AcArAMgAdi 11 aMga ('dRSTivAda' nAmaka 12 vAM aMga anupalabdha), aupapAtika Adi 12 upAMga, dazAzrutaskandha Adi 4 chedasUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra Adi 4 mUlasUtra evaM Avazyaka sUtra ye 32 Agama zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI evaM terApaMtha sampradAya meM mAnya haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya 10 prakIrNakoM, piNDaniyukti evaM do anya chedasUtroM mahAnizItha evaM jItakalpa ko milAkara 45 Agama mAnatI hai| inheM katipaya anya prakIrNakoM evaM granthoM ko milAkara 84 Agama bhI mAnya haiN| digambara jaina sampradAya meM AcArAMgAdi AgamoM ke nAma to zvetAmbaroM kI bhA~ti samAna rUpa se svIkRta haiM, kintu ve unheM anupalabdha mAnate haiM / unake anusAra aMga AgamoM meM 12veM aMga Agama 'dRSTivAda' kA kucha aMza SaTkhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa, mahAbandha Adi granthoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha hai| AcArya kundakunda (prathama

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469 jaina Agama - paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaH sambandha zatI I.) ke samayasAra Adi grantha tathA tiloyapaNNatti Adi kucha grantha bhI Agamavat svIkArya haiM / parantu samprati 'jainAgama' kahane para prAyaH zvetAmbara jainAgamoM ko hI gRhIta kiyA jAtA hai I AgamoM para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, TIkAe~ evaM Tabbe ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA-sAhitya bhI samupalabdha hai / jainAgama-va - vAGmaya ke saMvarddhana meM bhadrabAhu, umAsvAti, pUjyapAda devanandI, siddhasenasUri, samantabhadra, bhaTTa akalaGka, jinabhadragaNi, jinadAsagaNi mahattara, haribhadrasUri, malayagiri, abhayadevasUri, hemacandrasUri Adi aneka AcAryoM kA mahAn yogadAna rahA hai / digambara paramparA bhale hI zvetAmbara AgamoM ko mAnya na karatI ho, kintu strImukti, kevali - bhukti sadRza katipaya binduoM ko chor3akara digambara evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM siddhAntagata vizeSa matabheda nahIM hai| " jo bheda hai vaha prAyaH AcAragata hI adhika hai / jainAgama evaM nigama : do bhinna dhArAe~ jaina paramparA kA nigamoM se sIdhA sambandha khoja pAnA kaThina hai, kyoMki donoM kI bhinna dhArAe~ rahI haiM / veda jahA~ pravRttipradhAna haiM vahA~ jainAgama nivRttipradhAna haiM / laukika abhyudaya ko dharma kA lakSya banAnA jainAgamoM ko abhISTa nahIM hai / vedoM kA adhyayana karane para vidita hotA hai ki vahA~ laukika abhilASAoM kI pUrti evaM abhyudaya ko bhI pade pade mahattva diyA gayA hai / vahA~ zatAyu hone, santAna ke baliSTha hone, gAyoM ke adhika dUdha dene, vanaspati ke pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hone Adi laukika abhyudaya kI bhI kAmanAe~ kI gaI haiN|' jainAgamoM meM isa prakAra kI kAmanAoM ko sthAna nahI hai / inameM to saMyama, tyAga evaM tapa kA vizeSa mahattva hai / gRhastha ke lie pA~ca aNuvratoM (prANAtipAta viramaNa, mRSAvAda viramaNa, adattAdAna viramaNa, maithuna - viramaNa evaM parigraha - parimANa) kI tathA sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke lie paMca mahAvratoM ( uparyukta pA~coM ke pUrNa viramaNarUpa ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha ) kI sAdhanA ko sarvocca sthAna hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to vedoM meM jaivika mUlyoM kI bhI pradhAnatA hai, jabaki jainAgamoM meM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko hI mukhyatA dI gaI hai / isa prakAra nigama evaM jaina AgamoM kI dRSTi meM bheda hai / jainAgama bAhyazuddhi kI apekSA antaHzuddhi para bala pradAna karate haiN|

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana uttarAdhyanasUtra meM dharma ko hrada, brahma ko zAntitIrtha, apanI nirdoSa evaM prasanna lezyA ko jala kA rUpaka pradAna kara usameM kRta snAna ko vimalatA, vizuddhatA evaM zItalatA kA kAraNa tathA doSa -tyAga kA sAdhana nirUpita kiyA gayA hai / " jaina zramaNa snAna evaM vibhUSA ke pUrNataH tyAgI hote haiN| gRhastha ke lie snAna evaM vibhUSA kA tyAga nahIM hai, kintu vaha bhI cAhe to parimANa kara sakatA hai| jainAgamoM kA naigamika nirUpaNa se eka yaha bhI bheda hai ki jainAgamoM meM prANimAtra ke prati AtmavadbhAvapUrvaka saMvedanazIlatA ko gaharA karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / vedoM meM pRthivI, ap, agni, vAyu evaM vanaspati kI stuti meM aneka sUkta haiM tathA inheM devatA rUpa meM pratiSThita kara inake prati AdarabhAva sthApita kiyA gayA hai, jo prAkRtika paryAvaraNa ke saMrakSaNa kI dRSTi se mahattva rakhatA hai| jainAgamoM meM inheM satya ke dharAtala para vyAvahArika rUpa se ekendriya jIvoM ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kara inakI hiMsA se bacane kA sIdhA-sIdhA upadeza diyA gayA hai / AcArAMgasUtra meM pRthivIkAyika, apkAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika, vanaspatikAyika aura trasakAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA ko ahita evaM abodhi kA sUcaka mAnA gayA hai' tathA prazaMsA, Adara evaM pUjA ke lie bhI hiMsA ko ucita nahIM mAnA gayA / ' 10 jainAgama pazubali ko to anucita mAnate hI haiM, vanaspati ke phUla - pattoM ko tor3ane meM bhI hiMsA kA bhAva pratipAdita karate haiM / AcArAMgasUtra meM vanaspati kI manuSya se tulanA karate hue usameM jIvatva kI siddhi kI gaI hai / " vedoM meM hiMsA ke tyAga kA upadeza avazya hai, kintu itane sUkSma stara para nahIM hai / jainAgama to svayaM hiMsA karane, dUsaroM se karAne tathA karane kA anumodana karane ko bhI tyAjya nirUpita karate haiM / 470 1 isa prakAra nigama evaM jaina AgamoM meM dRSTi kA bheda hai / donoM meM sambandha DhU~DhanA eka kaThina kArya hai tathA yaha sImita kSetra meM hI lAgU ho sakatA hai / donoM meM antaH sambandha kA eka kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki nigama evaM jaina Agama donoM kA janma bhArata meM huA / jisa dharA para vedoM kA pATha hotA rahA, vedoM ke AdhAra para yajJa evaM samAja-vyavasthA kA nirUpaNa huA, usI dharA para jainadharma ne apane prANa dhAraNa kie / isa kAraNa donoM meM vaicArika sambandha avazya rahA hogA /

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jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha 471 nigamoM kI pratidhvaniHjainAgamoM meM nigamoM evaM jainAgamoM meM pratidhvanyAtmaka antaHsambandha dRSTigocara hotA hai| veda meM carcita katipaya binduoM kI jainAgamoM meM bhinna dRSTi se carcA huI hai| prAyaH veda se jainAgamoM kA virodha nahIM hai| yaha tathya jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa (7 vIM zatI) viracita vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM tIrthakara mahAvIra ke sAtha 11 gaNadharoM ke saMvAda se vidita hotA hai| sabhI gaNadhara pahale brAhmaNa the, jo vidvAnoM ke samUha ke sAtha tIrthaGkara mahAvIra se apanI jijJAsAoM kA samAdhAna prApta karane aae| prabhu mahAvIra ne apane jJAna se unakI jijJAsAoM ko jAnA tathA unakA samAdhAna karane hetu veda vAkya uddhRta karate hue unameM dRSTa pArasparika virodha kA nirAkaraNa kiyA aura kahA ki tuma veda ke sahI svarUpa ko nahIM jAnate ho|12 'U~' kA prayoga, yajJa kA svarUpa, brAhmaNa kA lakSaNa Adi katipaya viSaya jainAgamoM meM evaM uttaravartI sAhitya meM pratidhvanyAtmaka rUpa meM carcita hue haiN| 'OM' kA prayoga vedoM meM nirUpita 'U~kAra' yA 'praNava' kA prayoga uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke atirikta jainAgamoM meM to nahIM, kintu uttaravartI sAhitya meM jainIkaraNa ke sAtha huA hai| yahA~ 'a' 'u' evaM 'm' tIna akSaroM se nirmita 'U~' zabda brahmA, viSNu evaM maheza kA vAcaka nahIM, kintu prasiddha 'namaskAra mantra' meM paThita arihanta, asarIra (siddha), AcArya, upAdhyAya evaM muni (sAdhu) ke prathama akSaroM ke AdhAra para nirmita (a+a+A+u+m) 'U~' ko arihanta, siddha, AcArya upAdhyAya evaM muni kA vAcaka mAnA gayA hai| U~kAra kA vaha padya hai arihaMtA asarIrA, AyariyA taha uvajjhAyA munninno| padamakkharaNippaNo, U~kAro paMcaparameTThI / / " U~kAra ke isa prayoga ke pazcAt yaha jaina paramparA kA bhI aMga bana gyaa| jaina maMtroM meM 'U~' kA bhUrizaH prayoga huA hai / mantrarAja rahasya ke sUrimantra meM yathA- 'OM namo jiNANaM / ' 'U~ namo ohijiNANaM / ' 'U~ namo paramohijiNANaM / ' 'U~ namo aNaMtohijiNANaM / ' Adi / stotroM meM bhI U~ kA prayoga dRSTigocara hotA hai, yathA vajrapaMjara stotra meM -

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472 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana U~ namo arahatANaM, ziraskaM zirasi sthitam / U~ namo savvasiddhANaM, mukhe mukhaparaM varam / / U~ namo AyariyANaM aNgrkssaa'tishaayinii| U~ namo uvajjhAyANaM AyudhaM hastayordRDham / / namaskAra maMtra ke pA~ca padoM ko bhI kucha loga 'U~' lagAkara uccArita karate haiM, yathA- 'U~ namo arahaMtANaM / ' 'U~ namo siddhANaM / ' Adi yajJa kA svarUpa jainadarzana ke mUlasvarUpa meM yajJa evaM havana kA koI sthAna nahIM hai / bhAratIya paramparA meM jo yajJa pracalana meM rahA hai, vaha jainAgamoM ko svIkArya nahIM hai / yajJa meM pazubali ke prati to jainAgamoM meM virodha ke svara mukharita hue hI haiM, kintu yajJa ke svarUpa ko bhI AdhyAtmika rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai / uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke 'yajJIya' adhyayana meM jayaghoSa evaM vijayaghoSa kI kathA AtI hai| ye donoM prAtA the| jayaghoSa jaina zramaNa bana gayA thA aura vijayaghoSa pakkA vedavid brAhmaNa thA / vijayaghoSa ne vArANasI ke bAhara udyAna meM eka yajJa kA Ayojana kiyaa| akasmAt saMyoga se vahA~ para hI jayaghoSamuni mAsika upavAsa ke pAraNaka ke avasara para bhikSA ke lie A ge| vijayaghoSa unheM apane bhrAtA ke rUpa meM na pahacAna sakA tathA jaina zramaNa ko bhikSA dene kA niSedha karate hue kahA -" he bhikSo! maiM tumheM bhikSA nahIM dUMgA / tuma anyatra jAkara yAcanA kro| yaha sarvakAmita anna unhIM ko diyA jAegA jo vedajJa brAhmaNa haiM, yajJArthI haiM, jyotiSAGga ke vettA haiM, dharmazAstra ke pAragAmI haiM tathA jo apanI aura dUsaroM kI AtmA kA uddhAra karane meM samartha haiN| jayaghoSa muni isa ghaTanA se na to ruSTa hue aura na hI harSita hue, kintu unhoMne veda, yajJa Adi ke sahI svarUpa ko jAnane kI preraNA kI na vi jANAsi veyamuhaM, na vi jannANa jaM muhN| nakkhattANa muhaM jaM ca, jaM ca dhammANa vA muhaM / / " na to tuma veda ke mukha ko jAnate ho, na yajJoM ke mukha ko jAnate ho, na nakSatroM ke mukha ko jAnate ho aura na dharmoM ke mukha ko jAnate ho / jo apanI AtmA kA evaM dUsaroM kA uddhAra karane meM samartha haiM, unheM bhI tuma nahIM jAnate ho / vaha Age kahatA hai- "vedoM meM agnihotra kI pradhAnatA hai tathA dharmoM meM kAzyapa mahAvIra kA dharma

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jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha 473 pramukha hai" aggihuttamuhA veyA, jannaTThI veyasAM muhaM / nakkhattANaM muhaM caMdo, dhammANaM kAsavo muhaM // " uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke hI 12 veM adhyayana meM zreSThayajJa kA lakSaNa AdhyAtmika rUpa meM isa prakAra pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai chajjIvakAe asamArabhaMtA, mosaM adattaM ca asevmaannaa| pariggahaM ithio mANamAyaM, eyaM parinnAya carati daMtA / / susaMvuDo paMcahiM saMvarehiM, iha jIviyaM annvkNkhmaanno| vosaTThakAo suicattadeho, mahAjayaM jayai jannasiThaM / " SaDjIvanikAya (pRthvIkAya, apkAya, tejaskAya, vAyukAya, vanaspatikAya aura trasakAya) kI hiMsA se virata, mRSA evaM caurya kA sevana nahIM karane vAlA tathA parigraha, strI aura mAna-mAyA ko bhalI bhAMti jAnakara inakA parityAga kara vicaraNa karatA hai tathA jo pA~ca (ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha) saMvaroM se susaMvRta hai, isa janma meM jIvana kI AkAMkSA nahIM karatA aura zarIra ke prati Asakti kA tyAga karatA hai, pavitra hai tathA dehabhAva kA tyAga kara cukA hai, aisA sAdhu hI karma zatruoM para vijaya pAne vAlA zreSTha yajJa karatA hai| yajJa kA svarUpa vaidika paramparA meM bhinna hai, usako karane kI vidhi bhI bhinna hotI hai, kintu jaina paramparA ke anusAra zreSTha yajJa kyA ho sakatA hai use 'jannasiTuM' zabda se abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai / zreSTha yajJa kA yaha svarUpa jaina AcAra mImAMsA kI TakasAla meM ghar3A gayA hai| jainAgama bAhya zuddhi evaM yajJa kI apekSA bhAvazuddhi evaM sadAcaraNa ko mahattva dete haiM tathA karma-siddhAnta ko mukhyatA dete haiM / uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM sadAcaraNa evaM karma-siddhAnta para bala dete hue kahA gayA hai pasubaMdhA savvaveyA, jaThaM ca paavkmmunnaa| na taM tAyaMti dussIlaM, kammANi balavaMti hi / " pazuvadha vidhi ke nirUpaka veda tathA pApakarma se kRta yajJa duzzIla vyakti kI rakSA nahIM kara sakate, kyoMki karma balavAn hai / karma ke anusAra phala prApti hotI hai

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jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana satkarma karane vAle ko zubha phala evaM pApakarma karane vAle ko azubha phala kI prApti hotI hai / " vyakti kA bhItarI bhAva kaisA hai tathA AcaraNa kaisA hai, isa para hI phala kI prApti nirbhara hai / 474 uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 12 veM adhyayana meM yajJa kA pratIkAtmaka svarUpa nirUpita hai, jahA~ tapa ko agni, jIva ko agnikuNDa, mana, vacana evaM kAyA ko kuDachI, zarIra ko kaNDe, zubhAzubha karma ko samidhA, saMyama ko zAntipATha evaM prazasta cAritra ko ho kahA hai| 22 uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 14 veM iSukArIya adhyayana meM bhRgu rAjapurohita ke putra zramaNadIkSA aMgIkAra karane ke pUrva apane pitA se kahate haiM veyA ahIyA na bhavaMti tANaM / bhuttA diyA niMti tamaMtameNaM / jAyA ya puttA na havaMti tANaM / 23 koNAma te, aNumannejja eyaM / / " adhIta veda zaraNabhUta nahIM hote, brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAkara bhI koI tamastama naraka meM jA sakate haiM, patnI aura putra koI zaraNabhUta nahIM hote haiM, isalie he pitRvarya! Apake vacana kA anumodana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / uparyukta kathana kA tAtparya hai ki vyakti ke sadbhAva evaM sadAcaraNa se hI mukti kA patha prazasta hotA hai / jainAgamoM kA pratipAdana bAhya kriyAkANDa kI apekSA bhAvazuddhi evaM AcaraNa zuddhi ko mahattva pradAna karatA hai / varNavyavasthA evaM brAhmaNa kA svarUpa jainAgama sabhI manuSyoM ko samAnatA evaM svatantratA kA adhikAra pradAna karate I I haiM / vibhinna vargoM evaM jAtiyoM ke AdhAra para manuSya kI uccatA aura nimnatA ko mahattva na dekara vaha sabake lie mokSa ke dvAra khule rakhatA hai / brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra koI bhI kyoM na ho, mokSa - prApti ke lie saMyama aMgIkAra kara sakatA hai, pravrajyA kA patha apanA sakatA hai| bauddha evaM jaina donoM zramaNadharmoM meM isa dRSTi se samAnatA hai / harikezI cANDAla, arjunamAlI jaise loga bhI jainadharma meM dIkSita hokara zramaNa bane / bhagavAna mahAvIra ne varNa, jAti evaM raMga ke sthAna para guNoM evaM sAdhanA I

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jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha 475 ko mahattva diyA / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki guNa evaM karma ke AdhAra para jo varNa-vyavasthA sthApita huI thI, vaha tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ke kAla meM Ate-Ate jAti-vyavasthA ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gaI thii| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM 'jAivisese' (jAti vizeSa) zabda isa tathya ko iMgita karatA hai sakkhaM khudIsai tavo viseso| na dIsai jAivisesa koI / / tapa vizeSa kA prabhAva sAkSAt dikhAI par3atA hai, jAti vizeSa kA nahIM / jAti se zUdra harikezI cANDAla ne jaina zramaNa pravrajyA aMgIkAra kI thii| bhikSA ke lie vaha yajJasthala para gayA to brAhmaNoM dvArA bhikSA dene kA niSedha kiyA gyaa| yahI nahIM, muni ko lAThI aura koDoM se pITakara bhagAyA gayA, kintu muni ke tapa kA adbhuta prabhAva parilakSita huA aura anta meM sabhI brAhmaNa usa muni ke samakSa natamastaka ho ge| 'brAhmaNa' kA svarUpa kyA ho, isa para uttarAdhyayanasUtra kA 25 vAM adhyayana prakAza DAlatA hai| vahA~ 11 gAthAoM meM brAhmaNa kA svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai, jo zramaNa ke svarUpa ke tulya hI pratIta hotA hai, yathA- " jo kisI vastu ke prApta hone para na prasanna hote haiM aura na usake cale jAne para zoka karate haiM, jo Aryavacana meM ramaNa karate haiM, jo bhaya, rAga-dveSa se rahita haiM ve brAhmaNa haiM / jo tapasvI, dAnta aura kRzatanu haiM, jo suvrata haiM tathA zAnta-svabhAvI haiM unako hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / jo trasa aura sthAvara prANiyoM kI mana, vacana evaM kAyA se hiMsA nahIM karatA, jo krodha, hAsya, bhaya aura lobha se mithyAvacana nahIM kahatA, usa satyavacana ke vaktA ko hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / jo adattAdAna kA tyAgI hai, divya, mAnuSa aura pazu ke sAtha maithuna sevana nahIM karatA vaha brAhmaNa hai / jaise jala meM utpanna kamala jala ke mala se lipta nahIM hotA usI prakAra jo kAmoM se alipta hai use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / jo alolupa evaM mudhAjIvI hai, jisane ghara kAMcana kA tyAga kara diyA hai tathA jo gRhIjanoM meM Asakta nahIM hai vaha brAhmaNa hai| 128 brAhmaNa kA jo lakSaNa uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM upalabdha hai vaisA bauddha grantha dhammapada meM bhI milatA hai, kintu kisI bhI vaidika grantha meM nahIM miltaa| manusmRti Adi granthoM

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476 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana meM adhyayana, adhyApana, yajana, yAjana Adi ko hI brAhmaNa kA lakSaNa kahA gayA hai, jisakA sambandha Antarika zuddhi se utanA nahIM hai, jitanA bAhya kartavyoM se| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 12 veM adhyayana meM somadeva ke dvArA yakSa ko kahA gayA hai koho ya mANo ya vaho ya jesiM mosaM adattaM ca pariggahaM c| te mAhaNA jAI-vijjAvihUNA tAI tu khettAiM supAvayAI / / jo krodha, mAna, hiMsA, asatya, caurya aura parigraha se yukta haiM ve brAhmaNa jAti evaM vidyA se hIna haiN| tubbhe'tha bho!bhAradharA girANaM, aThaM na jANaha ahijja vee|" ve brAhmaNa to vANI kA bhAra lie ghUmate haiM / vedoM ko par3hakara bhI unakA artha nahIM jAnate haiM / isa prakAra jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM brAhmaNa ko eka ucca caritravAn vyakti ke rUpa meM dekhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| vedoM ko par3hakara unakA artha jAnane tathA usa artha ke anurUpa AcaraNa karane kI preraNA kI gaI hai| ___ jainAgamoM meM varNa-vyavasthA kA nirUpaNa nahIM huA hai, kintu uttaravartI sAhitya meM jainAcAryoM ne varNa-vyavasthA kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai| jinasenAcArya (9vIM zatI) ke AdipurANa meM ullekha hai ki Adi tIrthaGkara RSabhedava ne kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra varNoM kI racanA kI tathA unake putra bharata ne brAhmaNa varNa kI racanA kii| isa prakAra Adi purANa meM cAroM vargoM kA ullekha hai| isake pazcAt AzAdhara (13 vIM zatI) ke sAgAradharmAbhUta evaM somadeva sUri ke yazastilakacampU meM bhI cAra varNoM kA kathana hai| dUsarI ora 11 vIM zatI ke dArzanika prabhAcandra ne veda ke mantra "brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsId bAhU rAjanyaH kRtaH / urU tadasya yadvaizyaH padbhyAM zUdro'jAyata / " kA nirasana karate hue kahA hai- brahma brAhmaNa hai yA nahIM? yadi brahma brAhmaNa nahIM hai to usase brAhmaNa kA janma kaise ho sakatA hai ? jo manuSya nahIM hai usase manuSya kI utpatti nahIM ho sktii| yadi brahma brAhmaNa hai to vaha sabhI aMgoM se brAhmaNa hai yA mAtra mukha se brAhmaNa hai ? yadi vaha sabhI agoM se brAhmaNa hai to vizva ke sabhI prANI

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jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha 477 usake aMgo se utpanna hone ke kAraNa brAhmaNa kahe jaayeNge| yadi brahma mAtra mukhapradeza para brAhmaNa hai to usake zarIra ke anya aMga zUdra hone se brahma ke caraNoM meM brAhmaNoM ko apanA sira nahIM jhukAnA caahie|33 naigamika AgamoM kA jaina uttaravartI sAhitya para prabhAva zaivAgamoM, vaiSNavAgamoM, zAktAgamoM athavA tantrAgamoM kA prabhAva jaina uttaravartI sAhitya para bhI dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaina stotra-sAhitya ho athavA tantra, mantra evaM yantra se sambaddha sAhitya, sarvatra anya naigamika AgamoM athavA svatantra tantrAgamoM kA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai / jaina stotra-sAhitya meM jaina paramparA ke zabdoM ke prayoga ke sAtha ziva, viSNu, brahma Adi ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA bhI bharapUra prayoga huA hai| hA~, yaha avazya hai ki jaina stotrakAra AdinAtha kI ziva zabda se stuti karate hue bhI unheM bAhya zakti se yukta pratipAdita nahIM karate haiM, ve use kalyANakArI, maMgalakArI artha meM hI grahaNa karate haiN| yahA~ tIrthaGkara ke vizeSaNa rUpa meM prayukta vaidika zabdoM tathA tantra, mantra evaM yantra sAhitya se sambaddha carcA kI jaaegii| tIrthakara ke vizeSaNa: vaidika-paramparA ke zabda prAkRtabhASA meM jahA~ tIrthaGkaroM ko loka kA uddyotakara, dharmatIrtha kA pravartaka, svayaMsambuddha, puruSotama, puruSasiMha, lokottama, lokanAtha, lokahita, lokapradIpa, abhayadAtA, cakSudAtA, mArgapradAtA, zaraNadAtA Adi vizeSaNoM se vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA hai vahA~ Age calakara saMskRta stotroM meM unake sAtha ve sAre vizeSaNa prayukta hue haiM jo brahmA, viSNu evaM maheza ke sAtha prayukta hue haiN| viSNusahasranAma stotra kI tarja para 'jinasahasranAma stotra' kI bhI racanA huI hai| pUjyapAda devanandI samAdhitantra meM tIrthakara ke vizeSaNoM kA prayoga karate hue kahate haiM nirmalaH kevalaHzuddhoviviktaH prabhuravyayaH / parameSThI parAtmeti, paramAtmezvaro jinaH / / jayantI yasyAvadato'pi bhAratI, vibhuutystiirthkRto'pyniihituH| zivAya dhAtre sugatAya viSNave, jinAya tasmai sakalAtmane namaH / / ina zlokoM meM prayukta avyaya, parAtmA, Izvara, ziva, dhAtA, viSNu, sakalAtmA

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478 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana Adi zabda vaidika paramparA ke sAtha jaina paramparA kA tAdAtmya prakaTa karate haiM, kintu pUjyapAda ne ina zabdoM kA prayoga jaina paramparA ke anusAra abhiprAya grahaNa kara kiyA hai| vahA~ siddha apane svarUpa se cyuta nahIM hote, isalie avyaya haiM, ve zreSTha AtmA haiM isalie parAtmA haiM, ve anantavIryavAn haiM isalie Izvara haiN| arihanta kalyANakArI haiM isalie ziva haiM, ve ananta jJAna-darzana Adi guNoM ke dhAraka haiM ataH dhAtA haiM, unakA svarUpa vyApanazIla hai, unake Atmapradeza sampUrNa lokavyApI ho sakate haiM ataH ve viSNu haiM, ve saMsAra ke AvAgamana se mukta haiM ataH apane pUrNa svarUpa meM sthita hone se sakalAtmA haiN| siddhasenasUri kI varddhamAna dvAtriMzikA ke nimnAMkita zloka naigamika paramparA ke sAtha jainoM ke antaH sambandha ko dyotita karate haiM trikAla-triloka-trizakti-trisandhya trivrg-tridev-trirtnaadibhaavaiH| yaduktA tripadyeva vizvAni vavra, sa ekaH parAtmA gatimeM jinendraH / / " samutpatti-vidhvaMsa-nityasvarUpA yadutthA tripadyevaM loke vidhitvam / haratvaM haritvaM prapede svabhAvaiH, sa ekaH parAtmA gatimeM jinendraH / " paramAtmA jinendra kI stuti meM trikAla, triloka, trizakti, trisandhyA, trivarga, trideva, hara, hari Adi zabdoM kA prayoga naigamika paramparA ke sAtha antaH sambandha ko spaSTa karatA hai| jaina paramparA meM racita stotroM meM prAyaH tIrthaGkaroM kI stuti pramukha rahI hai / tIrthaGkara rAga-dveSa se pUrNataH rahita hone ke sAtha strI evaM zastra se bhI virahita hote haiN| isalie bhagavAna mahAvIra kI stuti meM siddhasenasUri kahate haiM na gaurI na gaMgA na lakSmIryadIyaM, vapurvA ziro vApyuro vA jgaale| yamicchAvimuktaM zivazrIstubheje, sa ekaH parAtmA gatimeM jinendraH / /

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jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha 479 na hAsyaM na lAsyaM na gItAdi ysy| na netre na gAtre na vaktre vikAraH sa ekaH parAtmA gatimeM jinendraH / / " tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ke na gaurI hai, na gaMgA hai aura na koI lakSmI hai jo unake zarIra, zira yA chAtI se AliMgana karatI ho / icchA se vimukta unako to zivazrI varaNa karatI hai, vahI paramAtmA jinendra mere zaraNya haiM / na unake zUla hai, na dhanuSa hai, na hAtha meM cakra Adi haiM, na hAsya hai, na lAsya hai, na gIta Adi haiM, na netra meM vikAra hai, na zarIra meM aura na mukha para / aise paramAtmA jinendra hI mere zaraNya haiM / isa prakAra vaidika paramparA ke ziva se tIrthakara mahAvIra kA ziva svarUpa bhinna hai| ___ arhata tIrthakara 18 doSoM se rahita hote haiM, ve doSa haiM- 1. jugupsA 2. bhaya 3. ajJAna 4. nidrA 5. avirati 6. kAma 7. hAsya 8. zoka 9. dveSa 10. mithyAtva 11. rAga 12. rati 13. arati 14. dAnAntarAya 15. lAbhAntarAya 16. bhogAntarAya 17. upabhogAntarAya 18. vIryAntarAya / yakSa-yakSiyoM evaM deva-deviyoM ko sthAna jainAgamoM meM kisI bhI tIrthaGkara ke kisI yakSa evaM yakSI kA vivecana nahIM milatA hai, kintu uttaravartI vAGmaya meM pratyeka tIrthaGkara ke sAtha yakSa evaM yakSI ko yojita kiyA gayA hai| yaha vaidika prabhAva to hai hI, naigamika AgamoM kA prabhAva bhI hai / pratyeka tIrthakara ke yakSa evaM yakSiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM tIrthakara yakSa yakSI 1. RSabhadeva gomukha cakrezvarI, apraticakrA ajitanAtha mahAyakSa ajitA, rohiNI sambhavanAtha trimukha duritArI, prajJapti abhinandana yakSezvara kAlikA, vajrazRMkhalA sumatinAtha lumbaru mahAkAlI, puruSadattA padmaprabha kusuma, puSpa acyutA, mAnasI supArzvanAtha mAtaMga zAntA, kAlI

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480 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana candraprabha vijaya, zyAma - bhRkuTi, jvAlA, jvAlinI suvidhinAtha ajita, jaya sutArA, mahAkAlI zItalanAtha brahma azoka, mAnavI zreyAMsanAtha Izvara, yakSarAja mAnavI, zrIvatsA, gaurI vAsupUjya kumAra caNDA, pracaNDA, candrA, gAndhArI vimalanAtha SaNmukha, caturmukha viditA, vairoTI anantanAtha pAtAla aMkuzA, anantamatI dharmanAtha kinnara kandarpA, pannagA, mAnasI zAntinAtha garur3a nirvANI, mahAmAnasI kuMthunAtha gandharva kalA aranAtha yakSendra, yakSezvara dhAraNI, tArAvatI mallinAtha kubera vairoTyA, dharaNapriyA, aparAjitA munisuvrata naradattA, varadattA, bahurUpiNI naminAtha bhRkuTi gAMdhArI, cAmuNDA neminAtha/ gomedha ambikA, kuSmANDI, kuSmANDi ariSTanemi pArzvanAtha pArzva, vAmana, padmAvatI dharaNa 24. mahAvIra mAtaMga siddhAyikA, siddhAyinI ___ yakSa-yakSiyoM kA yaha ullekha jaina dharma para vaidika AgamoM kA prabhAva hai / jainAgama samavAyAMgasUtra (caturtha-paMcama zatI) meM tIrthaMkaroM, unake mAtA-pitA, janma, nagara, caityavRkSa Adi kA to ullekha hai, kintu unake yakSa-yakSiyoM kA koI ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai / yakSa-yakSiyoM kA zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama ullekha kahAvalI (11 vIM-12 vIM zatI) aura pravacanasAroddhAra (14 vIM zatI) meM prApta hotA hai| digambara paramparA ke tiloyapaNNatti (6-7 vIM zatI) grantha meM yakSa-yakSiyoM kA kathana huA hai, jise vidvajjana prakSipta mAnate haiM / yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyoM ke varuNa 23. pA

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481 jaina Agama - paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaH sambandha sambandha meM DaoN. sAgaramala jaina likhate haiM- " yadyapi cakrezvarI, ambikA, padmAvatI Adi ke aMkana aura svatantra mUrtiyA~ lagabhaga navIM zatAbdI meM milane lagatI haiM, kintu 24 tIrthaGkaroM ke 24 yakSoM evaM 24 yakSiyoM kI svatantra lAkSaNika vizeSatAe~ lagabhaga 11 vIM 12 vIM zatI meM hI nirdhArita huI haiM / yakSa-yakSiyoM kI mUrtiyoM ke lakSaNoM kA ullekha isa kAla ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra, pratiSThA sArasaMgraha, nirvANakalikA Adi kaI granthoM meM milatA hai / inameM yakSa-yakSiyoM kI carcA jina zAsana rakSaka devatA ke rUpa meM milatI hai| 242 I jaina paramparA meM aihika abhilASA ke lie yAcanA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki isase mukti kI sAdhanA kA pakSa kamajora par3a jAtA hai, kintu jinazAsana rakSaka yakSa-yakSiyoM ke pracalana meM Ane ke pazcAt aihika kAmanAoM kI pUrti hetu unase yAcanA bhI prArambha huI evaM yaha mAnA gayA ki apanI evaM tIrthaGkaroM kI pUjA-upAsanA se prasanna hokara ye yakSa-yakSiyA~ zraddhAlu bhaktoM kI zArIrika, bhautika Adi saMkaToM se trANa to dilAtI hI haiM, unakI manaH kAmanAoM ko bhI pUrNa karatI haiM / jainAgamoM meM maNibhadra, pUrNabhadra, tinduka Adi yakSoM aura bahuputrikA nAmaka yakSI kA ullekha milatA hai, kintu inakI upAsanA ko jainadharma kI ora se vaidhatA pradAna nahIM kI gaI thI, yakSa-yakSiyoM kI pUjA-upAsanA ko vaidhatA tabhI milI jaba inheM tIrthaGkaroM ke zAsana rakSaka deva-deviyoM ke rUpa meM mahattva milA / caubIsa yakSiyoM meM padmAvatI kI sarvAdhika pUjA hotI hai / isake pazcAt ambikA aura cakrezvarI kA sthAna hai| yakSoM meM maNibhadra kA sarvocca sthAna hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki jaina paramparA meM yakSiyoM kI mAnyatA para tantrAgamoM kA prabhAva hai, kyoMki tAMtrika hindU paramparA kI yakSiyoM ke aneka nAma jaina paramparA meM jyoM ke tyoM gRhIta ho gae haiM, yathA- cakrezvarI, kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, gaurI, gAndhArI, cAmuNDA, ambikA, padmAvatI Adi / jaina paramparA meM zrutadevI ke rUpa meM sarasvatI kI upAsanA IsA kI prathama dvitIya zatI se prArambha ho gaI thii| Adi maMgala ke rUpa meM zrutadevatA kI stuti kI jAtI rahI hai tathA jainAcAryoM ne sarasvatI kI stuti meM aneka stotroM kI racanA kI hai /

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482 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana sarasvatI kI mUrtiyA~ bhI prApta hotI haiM, jinameM mathurA se prApta mUrti ko prathama zatI kA mAnA gayA hai| mathurA ke atirikta pallU-bIkAnera aura lADanUM jaina sarasvatI kI pratimAe~ bhI apane zilpa-sauSThava kI dRSTi se prasiddha haiN| jainAgamoM meM devayoni ke devoM ko cAra prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai- bhavanapati, vANavyantara, jyotiSI aura vaimAnika / inake phira aneka upa prakAra haiM, kintu ye saba upAsya deva nahIM haiM / upAsanA kI dRSTi se yakSa-yakSiyoM evaM sarasvatI ke atirikta kSetrapAloM, dikpAloM, navagrahoM, kAmadevoM, nAradoM aura rudroM ko sthAna milA hai| kSetrapAloM ke rUpa meM bhairavoM kI upAsanA Aja bhI pracalita hai| nAkor3A bhairava unameM se eka hai| nivRttipradhAna jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiyoM evaM deva-deviyoM kI pUjA upAsanA tantrAgamoM athavA vaidika paramparA kA prabhAva hai| ise kucha aMzoM meM bauddhoM kA prabhAva bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki unameM bhI isa prakAra ke deva-deviyoM evaM taMtroM kA vikAsa ho rahA thaa| kintu vaidika tantrAgamoM kA prabhAva hI vizeSa jJAta hotA hai, kyoMki nAmoM kA sAmya vaidika paramparA se adhika pratIta hotA hai| mantra, tantra evaM yantra kA prayoga veda ke padyoM ko mantra kahA jAtA hai / isa 'maMtra' zabda kA prayoga jaina vAGmaya meM sarvaprathama 'namaskAra sUtra' ke lie kiyA gayA / use 'namaskAra maMtra' ke rUpa meM pratiSThA milI tathA isa maMtra ko saba pApoM kA nAzaka pratipAdita kiyA gyaa|43 namaskAra maMtra meM pA~ca padoM ko namana hai- "namo arahaMtANaM (arihaMtANaM), namo siddhANaM, namo AyariyANaM, namo uvajjhAyANaM, namo loe savvasAhUNaM / " isa namaskAra maMtra kI cUlikA meM isakA mahattva pratipAdita hai - "eso paMca namukkAro svvpaavppnnaasnno| maMgalANaM ca savvesiM paDhamaM havai maMgalaM / " ye pA~ca namaskAra saba pApoM ke nAzaka haiM tathA sabhI maMgaloM meM pradhAna maMgala haiN| namaskAra mantra ke pazcAt jaina paramparA meM aneka maMtroM kA nirmANa huA jise naigamika evaM tantrAgamika prabhAva mAnA jA sakatA hai / namaskAra mantra se sambandhita bhI aneka mantra haiM / kucha saMkSipta mantra isa prakAra haiM- OM / OM ahaM / namo asiAusAya / namo arhtsiddhaacaaryopaadhyaaysrvsaadhubhyH| siMhanandI viracita

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jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha 483 paMcanamaskRti dIpaka meM namaskAra maMtra se sambaddha aneka mantra haiM, yathA- kevalividyA, aGganyAsa, aparAjitA vidyA, parameSThibIjamantra aadi| __ maMtroM kA prayoga 6 kAryoM meM hotA rahA hai- mAraNa, mohana, uccATana, AkarSaNa, stambhana aura vazIkaraNa / inameM se jainAcAryoM ne prAyaH AkarSaNa, stambhana aura vazIkaraNa se sambaddha mantroM kI hI racanA kI hai, mAraNa mohana aura uccATana se ve dUra hI rahe haiM / jaina paramparA ke mantroM meM 'OM' kA prayoga to huA hI hai, vibhinna mAtRkA padoM athavA bIjAkSaroM kA bhI prayoga huA hai, yathA- hI, zrI, klIM, krAM, blu aadi| jaina paramparA meM prAkRta evaM saMskRta donoM bhASAoM meM mantroM kI racanA huI hai| prAkRta mantroM meM iSTadeva ke rUpa meM paMca parameSThI yA tIrthakaroM ko upAsya banAyA gayA hai / mantroM kI racanA ke tIna prakAra milate haiM, yathA- 1. eka ve mantra jo mUlataH AdhyAtmika haiM, jinameM kisI prakAra kI laukika kAmanA kI pUrti lakSya nahIM haiN| isa prakAra ke maMtroM meM mukhyataH namaskAra maMtra se sambaddha maMtra Ate haiN| 2. dUsare prakAra ke ve maMtra haiM jinakA mUlasvarUpa tAntrika paramparA se gRhIta hai, kintu ve jaina dRSTikoNa se vikasita haiM, udAharaNArtha___ "OM' namo ariho bhagavao arihaMta-siddha-Ayariya-uvajjhAya-savvasaMgha dhmmtitthpvynnss|" "OM namo bhagavaIe suyadevayAe saMtidevayAe savvadevayANaM dasaNhaM disApAlANaM paMcaNhaM lokapAlANaM ThaH ThaH svaahaa|" 3. tRtIya prakAra meM ve mantra sammilita haiM jo mUlataH tAntrika paramparA ke haiM tathA jinheM jainoM ne kevala devatA Adi kA nAma badalakara apanA liyA hai| udAharaNArtha "OM namo bhagavati ! ambike ! ambAlike ! yakSidevI ! yUM yauM blaiM isvalIM blUM hasau ra raM ra rAM rAM nitya madanadrave madanAture ! hI kroM amukAM dazyAvRSTiM kuru kuru saMvauSaT / ___ jaina vAGmaya meM mantroM ko viSaya kara aneka grantha likhe gae haiM, yathA- siMhanandi dvArA paMcanamaskRtidIpaka, vajrasvAmI dvArA vardhamAnavidyA, mantrarAjarahasya, sUrimaMtra, maMgalam aadi|

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484 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana jaina paramparA meM tantrAgamoM ke prabhAva se anekavidha mantroM kA samAveza huA, yathA-agnistambhanamantra, duSTajanastambhanamantra, zatrusenAstambhanamantra, strI-AkarSaNa sambandhI mantra, vazIkaraNa mantra, sarpadaMzajanitaviSApahAra mantra, taskarabhayahara mantra, bandivimocana mantra, vyAla-vRzcika-mUSakAdidUrIkaraNa mantra, grahazAnti mantra, parivArarakSAmantra, buddhivardhakamaMtra aizvaryadAyaka mantra, roganivAraka mantra, bhUtapretAdinivAraNa mantra aadi| ina mantroM meM tantra kA prayoga sAtha hI yojita hai / tantra kI dRSTi se siMhatilakasUri ke mantrarAjarahasya, jinaprabhasUri ke vidhimArga prapA, malliSeNasUri ke bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa aura AcArya kuMthusAgara ke laghuvidyAnuvAda kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| tantra ko yadi AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sAdhanA mAnA jAe to usakA svarUpa to AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana Adi AgamoM meM samupalabdha hai, kintu jaba ise laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke sAtha jor3A jAtA hai to uvasaggaharastotra, bhaktAmarastotra, viSApahArastotra jvAlAmAlinI kalpa, nirvANa kalikA, ekIbhAvastotra, pratiSThAtilaka, sUrimantrakalpa Adi pramukha grantha haiM / namiUNa stotra, namaskAra maMtrastava Adi bhI tAntrika stotra haiN| tantra, mantra ke sAtha yantroM kA prayoga bhI jaina paramparA meM paryApta rUpa se dRggocara hotA hai / jyAmitIya AkRtiyoM meM nirmita yantroM meM vividha mantra, bIjAkSara evaM saMkhyAe~ nizcita krama meM aMkita rahate haiM / yantroM ko laukika kAmanAoM ke lie yA to dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai yA phira unakA pUjana kiyA jAtA hai| bIjAkSara evaM mantroM se yukta yantroM meM RSimaNDala, parameSThividyAmaMtra Adi prasiddha haiN| mAtra saMkhyAoM se yukta yantroM meM namaskAramantra kI AnupUrvI, paiMsaThiyA yantra Adi prasiddha haiM / jinheM dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai ve dhAraNa yantra tathA jinheM pUjA jAtA hai ve pUjAyantra kahe jAte haiN| bhaktAmarastotra evaM kalyANamandira stotra ke AdhAra para aneka yantra bane haiN| jinendravarNI ke jainendra siddhAnta koza meM 48 yantroM kA saMgraha citroM sahita kiyA hai, yathA- aMkurArpaNa yantra, agnimaNDala yantra, arhanmaNDala yantra, RSimaNDala yantra, karmadahanayantra, kula yantra, gaNadharavalaya yantra, cintAmaNi yantra Adi / isa prakAra maMtra, taMtra evaM yantra prayoga jaina paramparA meM naigamika AgamoM aura

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jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha 485 tantrAgamoM kI dena hai| inakA prayoga jaina dharma-darzana kI mUla bhAvanA ke anurUpa nahIM hai| bhakti tattvaHstotra evaM japa karmasiddhAnta meM vizvAsa rakhane vAlI jaina paramparA meM siddhoM evaM tIrthakaroM kI bhakti to prArambha se rahI, kintu bAda meM stotra racanA ko jo gati milI usameM vaidika paramparA ke tattvoM kA bhI samAveza hotA gayA / jaina stotra prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA meM race ge| samantabhadra (pAMcavI zatI) evaM siddhasenasUri (pAMcavI zatI) ke dvArA racita stotra prArambhika saMskRta stotra haiM, jinameM tIrthaGkaroM kI stuti ke sAtha anya darzanoM kA nirasana bhI hai, kintu bAda meM aise bhI stotra race gae jinakA laukika prabhAva bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA / mAnatuMgAcArya kA bhaktAmarastotra isa koTi meM AtA hai| nAma japa, mAlA japa Adi kA prayoga bhI jaina paramparA meM vaidika prabhAva ke pariNAma haiN| aisA nahIM hai ki jaina paramparA meM bhakti kA samAveza nahIM thA / prAkRta ke 'namotthuNaM', 'logassa (caturviMzati stava) Adi pATha bhakti ko spaSTa karate haiM, tathApi isakA vizeSa prayoga vaidika paramparA ke kAraNa pracalita huaa| aSTa dravya pUjA, yajJopavIta Adi kA prayoga bhI vaidika kiM vA hindU saMskRti kA prabhAva hai| upasaMhAra ___ isameM sandeha nahIM ki nigama aura jainAgama donoM pRthak dhArAe~ haiM, tathApi donoM meM kahIM na kahIM antaH sambandha bhI prakaTa hotA hai| 'OM' kA prayoga, yajJa kA svarUpa Adi binduoM ne jaina-cintakoM ko prabhAvita kiyA / eka aisA jaina Agama bhI hai, jisameM nArada, maMkhaliputra, rAmaputra, aMbaDa, dvIpAyana Adi vividha paramparAoM ke RSiyoM ke vacana prAkRta bhASA meM saMkalita haiM, isa Agama kA nAma haiisibhaasiyaaiN| saMskRta meM ise RSibhASita kahA jAtA hai| yaha Agama nigamoM ke sAtha jainAgamoM kI nikaTatA ko spaSTa karatA hai| uttarAdhyayana sadRza AgamoM meM naigamika paramparAe~ pratidhvanita huI haiM to uttaravartI jaina vAGmaya meM una paramparAoM ko apane DhA~ce meM AtmasAt bhI kiyA

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486 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana gayA hai| yaMtra, maMtra, taMtra kA prayoga ho yA nAma, japa Adi kA, ye naigamika paramparAe~ jaina vAGmaya meM bAda meM hI AI haiN| ___ sAMskRtika dRSTi se dekheM to jaina AgamoM ne jo sAdhanA kA mArga prazasta kiyA hai vaha laukika abhyudaya ko nahIM, AdhyAtmika unnayana ko lakSya karatA hai| sAmAjika paramparAoM kI dRSTi se jainAgamoM meM vahI saMskRti citrita hai jise hama vaidika saMskRti athavA bhAratIya saMskRti kahate haiN| sandarbha:1. atthaM bhAsai arahA, suttaM gaMthaMti gaNaharA niuNaM / 2. pramANanayatattvAloka, 4.1-2 3. pramANanayatattvAloka, 4.4 4. sa ca dvedhA laukiko lokottarazca / - pramANanayatattvAloka, 4.6 5. AgamoM ke vivaraNa hetu draSTavya, jinavANI, jayapura, jainAgama vizeSAGka, 2002 6. SaTkhaNDAgama meM manuSyiNI meM 14 guNasthAna svIkAra kie gae haiM, jisase jJAta hotA hai ki digambara paramparA meM bhI strImukti svIkRta rahI hai| yadi digambara aisA nahIM mAnate haiM to DaoN. sAgaramala jaina ke anusAra yaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha siddha hotA hai| draSTavya, jainadharma kA yApanIya sampradAya, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1996, pRSTha 101 7. udAharaNa ke lie draSTavya-Rgveda 2.33 ke rudrasUkta ke mantra 1 evaM 2 8. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 12.45-47 9. taM se ahitAe taM se abodhIe / - AcArAMgasUtra 1.1.2-5 uddezaka meM 10. imassa ceva jIviyassa privNdnnaa-maannnn-puuynnaae|- AcArAMgasUtra 1.1.2-5 uddezaka meM 11. AcArAMgasUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, prathama adhyayana, paMcama uddezaka 12. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, divyadarzana TrasTa, mumbaI, bhAga-2, gaNadharavAda prakaraNa 13. jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI nimnAMkita gAthA meM oMkAra zabda prayukta huA hai, anyatra nahIM na vi muNDieNa samaNo, na oMkAreNa bmbhnno| na muNI raNNavAseNaM kusacIreNa na taavso||- uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 25.31 14. bRhadravyasaMgraha TIkA meM uddhRta prAcIna gAthA 15. vajrapaMjarastotra, zloka 2-3 16. samuvaTThiyaM tahiM saMtaM, jAyago pddisehe| nahu dAhAmi te bhikkhaM, bhikkhU jAyAhi annao / /

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jaina Agama-paramparA evaM nigama-paramparA meM antaHsambandha 487 je ya veyaviU vippA, jannaTThA ya je diyaa| joisaMgaviU je ya, je ya dhammANa pAragA / / je samatthA samuddhattuM, paramappANameva ya / tesiM annamiNaM deyaM, bho bhikkhU ! savvakAmiyaM ||-uttraadhyynsuutr, adhyayana 25, gAthA 6-8 17. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 25.11 18. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25.30 19. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 12.41-42 20. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25.30 21. suciNNA kammA suciNNaphalA bhvnti| duciNNA kammA duciNNaphalA bhvnti| - aupapAtikasUtra, 56 22. tavo joi jIvo joiThANaM, jogA suyA sarIraM kArisaMgaM / kammehA saMjama joga saMtI, homaM huNAmi isiNaM pasatyaM / / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 12.44 23. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 14.12 24. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 12.37 25. draSTavya, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyayana 12 26. uttarAdhyayanasUtra,25.20-26 27. jahA pommaM jale jAyaM, novalippai vAriNA / evaM alittaM kAmehi, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25.27 28. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 25.28-29 29. dhammapada ke brAhmaNavaggo meM 41 gAthAoM meM brAhmaNa kA svarUpa varNita huA hai| yahA~ para do gAthAe~ uddhRta haiMyassa kAyena vAcA ya manasA natthi dukkataM / saMvutaM tIhi ThAnehi tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / - dhammapada, bAhmaNavaggo, gAthA 9 jisake mana, vacana aura zarIra se duSkRta (pApa) nahIM hote, jo ina tInoM sthAnoM se saMvarayukta hai, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| vAri pokharapatteva Araggeriva saaspo| yo na lippati kAmesu tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / - dhammapada, bAhmaNavaggo, gAthA 19 tAlAba meM kamala ke patte para jala tathA Are kI noMka para sarasoM kI bhAMti jo bhogoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, use maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| 30. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28.14

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488 jaina dharma-darzana : eka anuzIlana 31. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 28.15 32. (i) Adi purANa, parva 16, zloka 243-245 (ii) jainAcArya jAtivAda kA nirasana karate haiM / AzAdhara kahate haiM ki zUdra bhI kAlalabdhi prApta hone para dharmalAbha prApta kara sakatA hai|- sAgAra dharmAmRta, zloka 2 33. brahmaprabhavatvAdasya ca tadaGgatve atiprasaMga eva, sakalaprANinAM tatprabhavatayA brAhmaNyaprasaMgAta, kiMca brahmaNo brAhmaNyamasti na vA? yadi nAsti, kathamato brAhmaNotpattiH ? na hi amAnuSyAta manuSyotpattiH pratItA / atha asti, kiM sarvatra mukhapradeze eva vA? yadi sarvatra, sa eva prANinAM bhedAbhAvAnuSaGgaH, atha mukhapradeze eva, tadAnyatrAsya zUdratvAnuSaGgAt na viprANAM tatpAdayoH vandyaH syAt- nyAyakumudacandra, bhAga 2, zloka 65 34. (i) logassa ujjoyagare dhammatitthayare jiNe / - sAmAyika sUtra, logassa pATha (ii) namotthuNaM, arihaMtANaM bhagavaMtANaM AigarANaM titthayarANaM, sayaMsambuddhANaM, purisuttamANaM, purisasIhANaM, purisavarapuMDariyANaM, purisavaragaMdhahatthINaM, loguttamANaM, loganAhANaM, logahiyANaM, logapaIvANaM, logapajjoyagarANaM, abhayadayANaM cakkhudayANaM maggadayANaM / sAmAyika sUtra, zakrastava 35. samAdhitantra, zloka 1 evaM 2 36. varddhamAnadvAtriMzikA, siddhasenasUrikRta, anuvAda evaM vivecana-sAdhvI DaoN. hemaprabhA 'himAMzu', ___ muni zrI hajArImala smRti prakAzana, byAvara, 2004, zloka 13 37. varddhamAnadvAtriMzikA, zloka 14 38. varddhamAnadvAtriMzikA, zloka 10 39. varddhamAnadvAtriMzikA, zloka 8 40. varddhamAnadvAtriMzikA, zloka 3 41. ina nAmoM kA saMkalana DaoN. sAgaramala jaina kI pustaka 'jaina dharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA', pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1997 ke dvitIya adhyAya ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| draSTavya, pR. 31-32 42. DaoN. sAgaramaila jaina, jainadharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA, vArANasI, pR. 22 43. svvpaavppnnaasnno|- namaskAramantra kI cUlikA 44. draSTavya, jaina dharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA, vArANasI, adhyAya 5 45. draSTavya, jaina dharma aura tAntrika sAdhanA, vArANasI, adhyAya 7 46. sAmAyikasUtra ke pATha

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lekhaka paricaya DaoN. dharmacanda jaina, jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya jodhapura ke saMskRta-vibhAga meM san 2001 se prophesara ke pada para kAryarata haiN| Apa bauddha adhyayana kendra ke saMsthApaka nidezaka (2006-2011) evaM saMskRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa (2009-2012) bhI rhe| DaoN. jaina ne bI.e. oNnarsa (saMskRta) tathA ema.e. (saMskRta) kI parIkSAeM rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jayapura se svarNapadaka ke sAtha uttIrNa kI, zodhakArya bhI isI vizvavidyAlaya se pUrNa kiyaa| Apa san 1981 se rAjakIya mahAvidyAlayoM meM sevA dete rahe tathA 1992 se jodhapura ke jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya meM adhyApana kArya kara rahe haiN| ___bhAratIya darzana evaM jaina vidyA ke sAtha prAkRtabhASA Apake viziSTa kSetra haiN| Apa rAjasthAna saMskRta akAdamI ke ambikAdatta vyAsa puraskAra (1991), yuvA pratibhA zodha sammAna (1994), campAlAla sANDa smRti puraskAra (1997) AcArya hastI smRti - sammAna (2001), karuNA lekhaka-vaktA-pracAraka puraskAra (2014), rAmaratana kocara smRti-sammAna (2015) Adi se sammAnita haiN| ApakI prakAzita pustakeM haiM1. bauddha pramANamImAMsA kI jaina dRSTi se samIkSA 2. bauddha darzana meM pramANamImAMsA 3. cintana ke aayaam| aneka pustakeM sampAdita haiM, yathAmAnavajIvana aura smRtizAstra, bauddhadarzana ke pramukha siddhAnta, bauddhetara darzanagranthoM meM bauddhadarzana, aMtagaDadasAsUtra, bRhatkalpasUtra, jIva-ajIva tattva, puNya-pApa tattva, Asrava-saMvara tattva, bandha-tattva, nirjarA- tattva, mokSatattva, duHkharahita sukha, sakArAtmaka ahiMsA aadi| Apa samyagjJAna pracAraka maNDala, jayapura se prakAzita 'jinavANI' mAsika patrikA ke mAnad sampAdaka haiN| Apane hAMgakAMga (1995), landana (2006 evaM 2013) tathA nepAla (2013) kI akAdamika yAtrAeM kI haiN|

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aneka logoM kI yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hai ki jainadarzana meM koI maulikatA nahIM hai, mAtra vaidika darzanoM ke vicAroM kA hI isameM samAveza kara liyA gayA hai| vastutaH yaha AkSepa una logoM kA hai jo jainadarzana kI maulikatA evaM vyApaka dRSTi se anabhijJa haiN| jainadarzana kI maulikatA tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA evaM AcAramImAMsA sabhI staroM para dRggocara hotI hai| yadi jainadarzana ke katipaya pAribhASika zabdoM para hI dRSTipAta kiyA jAe to bhI isakI maulikatA kA anumAna sahaja ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie lezyA, guNasthAna, jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, daNDaka, audArika zarIra, vaikriya zarIra, AhAraka zarIra, taijasa zarIra, kArmaNa zarIra, samudghAta, paryApti, saMjJI-asaMjJI, sammUrcchima- janma, upapAta-janma, matijJAna, zrutajJAna, avadhijJAna, manaHparyAyajJAna, darzanamohanIya, cAritra-mohanIya, jJAnAvaraNAdi aSTavidha-karma, apavartya Ayu, anapavartya Ayu, vinasA pariNamana, prayoga- pariNamana, palyopama, sAgaropama, pudgala- parAvartana, astikAya, dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, paryAya, naya, nikSepa, syAdvAda, anekAntavAda Adi aise zatAdhika zabda haiM, jomAtra jainadarzana meM prApta hote haiM, anyadarzanoM meM nhiiN| ye pAribhASika zabda jainadarzana ko maulika siddha karane hetu paryApta haiN| prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI 13-e, gurunAnaka patha, mena mAlavIya nagara, jayapura - 302017 phona : 0141-2524827, 2520230 E-mail: prabharati@gmail.com 978-93-81571-56-9