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Logical Speculations and Terms
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maxim of apadesa is the method of showing the reasons of things. Thus it is said that phlegm (śleşman) increases through the taking of sweet things (madhureṇa śleṣmā 'bhivardhate). The maxim of pradeśa is the analogy by which a present difficulty is solved in the way in which a past difficulty was solved (prakṛtasya atikrāntena sadhanam pradeśaḥ). Thus it may be said that, since this has cured Devadatta in this way in the past, it would also cure Yajñadatta in a similar way now. The maxim of atideśa is that of anticipating a future event from a present indication or prognostication. Thus from the fact of the increase of uprising wind in a man's system it may be predicted that he will have a specific bowel-disease (udāvarta). The maxim of apavarja consists in allowing exceptions to general directions (e.g. cases of poisoning should not be fomented, except in the case of poisoning through the bites of insects). The maxim of vakya-seṣa consists in supplying an idea suggested by the context, but not expressly mentioned. Thus when it is said "of the head, hands, feet, sides, back, belly, heart," it is the whole man that is to be understood though it is not expressly stated in the context. That which is understood, by implication, though not directly mentioned, is called the maxim of arthapatti. Thus, when a man says "I shall eat rice," it is understood that he is not thirsty, but hungry. The maxim of viparyaya is that by virtue of which from a positive or a negative assertion its contrary is asserted also, e.g. when it is said that those who are lean, weak and of fearful temperament are difficult to be cured. The maxim of prasanga is that by virtue of which allusion is made to things repeatedly described in another chapter. The maxim of ekānta allows of affirming a specific action of things unexceptionably (e.g. madana fruit induces vomiting, i.e. under all circumstances). The maxim of anekānta is that by virtue of which one understands that different opinions prevail on a particular subject. Thus some teachers think that substances are the most important, while others think that rasa is so; others, again, think that the inner essence (virya) is the most important, while still others think that chemical action through digestion (vipāka) is so. The maxims of purva-pakṣa and uttara-pakṣa allow of discussing a matter in the form of question and answer. The maxim of anumata is that by virtue of which it is to be understood that, when the opinion of other authorities is referred to and not contradicted, it is signified that it is approved. The maxim of vidhana is that by virtue of
