Brahmi Vishwa ki Mool Lipi

Author(s): Premsagar Jain
Publisher: Veer Nirvan Granth Prakashan Samiti
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003641/1

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|MOD GIEN na vizva kI matnalipi EO PiobOM janasAgaraja Jain Education inte

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vizva kI mUla lipi brAhmI "Namo baMbhIe livIe" DaoN. premasAgara jaina prophesara evaM adhyakSa, hindI-vibhAga, di. jaina kaoNleja, bar3auta (uttara pradeza) vIra nirvANa grantha prakAzana samiti, indaura vI. ni. saM. 2501

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(c) DA. premasAgara jaina prakAzaka: zrI vIra nirvANa grantha prakAzana samiti, 48, sItalAmAtA bAjAra, indaura-452 002, (ma. pra.) AvaraNa : viSNu cicAlakara prathama AvRti vI. ni. saM. 2501 IsvI san 1975 mUlya : dasa rupaye mudraka : naI duniyA presa, indaura vizva kI mUla lipi brAhmI bhASA vijJAna DA. premasAgara jaina Vishwa Ki Mul Lipi Brahmi Linguistics Dr. PREMSAGAR JAIN

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isa grantha ke preraNA - dIpa mAM bhAratI ke varada putra, vizva- maitrI ke pratIka aura vItarAgatA ke tapI sAdhaka 108 munizrI vidyAnandajI ke caraNa-kamaloM meM sazraddha samarpita

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thellA~ araha mughala yejahU bhagavan nimbA kaluttadham Adi / palave // 1 // avarNo vartate loke zabdAnAMprathamo yayA / tayAdi bhagavAnasti purANapuruSottamaH ||1|| 'a' jisa prakAra zabdaloka kA Adi varNa hai, ThIka usI prakAra Adi bhagavAn AdinAtha purANa- puruSoM meM AdipuruSa haiM /

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AzIH vacana isakA brahma ko lekara nAnA kathana aura upakathana cale / zodha-khoja ke satata pravAha meM yaha svAbhAvika bhI hai; kintu brAhmI bhAratabhUmi para janmI, palI aura bar3I huI, aisA nirvivAda satya hai / jaina anuzrutiyoM meM usake anekAneka udAhaNa surakSita haiN| karmasRSTi ke prArambha meM antima kulakara nAbhirAya ke putra RSabhadeva ne aneka vidyAe~ prajA, putroM aura apanI putriyoM ko diiN| inake binA bhogabhUmi kA karmabhUmi meM rUpAntaraNa sahI na ho paataa| vaha sahI huA, saphala ho sakA, ekamAtra zreya prajApati kI anUThI pratibhA, zrama aura pauruSa ko hI thA / unhoMne apanI putrI brAhmI ko lipi kA jJAna diyA, aisA jainadhArA se pramANita hai / brAhmI usameM kho gaI, donoM kA tAdAtmya anUThA thA / usase brAhmI, brAhmI na raha kara lipa ho gaI aura lipi 'lipa upadehe' chor3a kara alipi ho utthii| to, lipi brAhmI kahalAyI aura brAhmI lipi / donoM ke samAyojana kI kathA isa bhAratabhUmi para likhI gayI / koI videzI Aja bhale hI use apanA kahe / prajApati RSabhadeva ne brAhmI ko akSarajJAna diyA / vaha sthUla thA kintu sUkSma bhI / vaha bhautika thA kintu AdhyAtmika bhii| vaha sAkAra thA kintu nirAkAra bhI / brAhmI ke adhyAtma meM DUbe satata mana ne, dIrgha tapa aura sAdhanA ne donoM ko ujAgara kiyA / zAyada yahI kAraNa hai ki 'AtmAnuzAsana' ke racayitA ne akSara samAmnAya kA carama prayojana paramAtma-prApti mAnA / aura zAyada yahI kAraNa hai| ki 'kalyANa maMdira' kA stotA 'kiM vAkSaraprakRtirapyalipistvamIza !' kaha sakA / yogavAsiSTha kA RSi 'lipikarmArpitAkArA' hokara hI dhyAnAsakta mana se paramAtmA ko pA sakA / paM. AzAdhara ne 'AdhyAtma rahasya' meM zabda aura artha ke grahaNa ko upayoga kahA / unakI dRSTi meM zabda-gata upayoga 'darzana' aura arthagata upayoga 'jJAna' kahalAtA hai / aura puruSa - AtmA darzana - jJAna rUpa hai| to, abhAratIya vidvAna brAhmI lipi ko jisa kaimare se khIMcate rahe, vaha kevala sthUla upakaraNoM se banA thA / usake sukSma adhyAtmAloka ko utAra pAne meM vaha nitAMta asamartha rahA / jaina zruta meM akSara, varNa, zabda, pada aura vAkyoM kA vizada vivecana milatA hai| vizada kA artha hai ki unake sabhI pahaluoM ko bhalI-bhAMti jAMcA-parakhA gayA hai / usase lipi ke bAhyAMgoM kA pUrNa vyaktIkaraNa huA hai to prayojana-gata sUkSma bhAva bhI gopanIya nahIM raha sake haiN| isI AdhAra para jainAcAryoM ne lipi ko dravya lipi (a)

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aura bhAva lipi ke rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai| varNamAlA ke Adi akSara 'a' kI mahimA se aisA spaSTa hai| likhA milatA hai ki-"akAracandrakAntAbhaM sarvajJaM sarvahitaM. krm|" isakA artha hai ki candra kI kAntivAlA 'a' sarvajJa hai aura sarvahitakArI hai 'sarvajJa' jaina pAribhASika zabda hai| sarvajJa vahI hotA hai, jise kevalajJAna ho jAye / kevala jJAna se tAtparya hai ki jIvAtmA paramAtma rUpa ho gayA ho, arthAt paramAnanda bana gayA ho, arthAt jyotirmaya ho gayA ho---aisI jyoti jo kabhI cake na, sadaiva banI rahe--zAzvata, ciraMntana / 'nandikezvara kAzikA' kI 'akAraH sarvavarNAgryaH prakAzaH paramaH zivaH' paMkti se isakI puSTi hotI hai| isakA artha hai ki akAra parama prakAza hai--aisA prakAza jo parama ziva hai / yahA~ prakAza aura ziva do pRthaka tattva nahIM haiM / pRthaktva sambhava nahIM hai| divya prakAza vahI hai jo ziva ho aura ziva vahI hai jo divya prakAza-sA chiTakA ho / 'akAra' aisA hI hai / / varNamAlA ke antima varNa 'ha' ko lekara 'akAra' ne jisa bIjamantra kI racanA kI vaha pUrNa sarvahitakArI hai| bIjamantra hai--aham / 'vidyAnuzAsana' meM aham ko paramasattA kA pratIka kahA gayA hai| vaha zakti-sampanna hai / jo prati dina isakA dhyAna karatA hai, vaha saba prakAra se sadaiva sukhI rahatA hai| yogIjana isa parama jyotirUpa akSarabrahma kA dhyAna kara svayaM jyotirUpa ho jAte haiM, tattvAnuzAsana kA yaha kathana sarvathA satya hai| isameM 'a' amRta hai, 'ra' ratnatraya hai aura 'ha' mohahantA hai| tInoM kA samanvaya jo samUcI varNamAlA ko ApyAyita kiye hai, paramabrahma hai / AcAryoM ne isa parama brahma ko 'siddhacakrasya sadbIjaM sarvataH praNamAmyaham' kaha kara praNAma kiyA hai / eka kArikAkAra ne 'ra' ko chor3a kara 'a' aura 'ha' se aham pada kI sRSTi kI hai aura likhA hai--ahaM svavAcaka, Atmabodhaka zabda hai, ataH akSaroM kA satya Atma-prApti meM hI upalabdha hotA hai / yAyAvara zramaNa sAdhuoM ne brAhmI lipi ko eka yuga se dUsare yuga taka aura eka deza se dUsare deza taka phailAyA, yaha eka prAmANika bAta hai| prAcIna sAhitya aura purAtatva se isakI puSTi hotI hai| rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne 'ghumakkar3a zAstra' meM isake anekAneka uddharaNa prastuta kiye haiM / eka AcArya the dolAmasa--nitAMta ni:saMga aura nagna / samrATa sikandara ne unheM apane zivira meM bulAyA, ve na gaye to svayaM AyA aura unakI AdhyAtmika mastI se prabhAvita hue binA na raha skaa| lauTate samaya vaha unake saMgha ke kucha sAdhuoM ko apane sAtha le gyaa| yaha eka itihAsa-prasiddha bAta hai / isI AdhAra para paM. sundaralAla kaha sake ki-'pazcimI eziyA yUnAna, mizra aura ithiyopiyA ke pahAr3oM aura jaMgaloM meM una dinoM hajAroM jaina santa mahAtmA jA-jAkara jagaha-jagaha base hue the|" to, jaina sAdhuoM ne vahA~-vahA~ adhyAtma phailAyA / mAdhyama thA brAhmI lipi aura usakI vrnnmaalaa| AdAna-pradAna ne kucha na ye rUpa diye, kintu ve brAhmI se pRthak kaise kahe jA sakate haiM / (A)

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uttara-pazcimI prAntoM kI mukhya lipi thI khrosstthii| cInI vizvakoSa phA-vAna-zulina kA yaha kathana satya-sA lagatA hai ki usa ke sraSTA koI kharoSTha nAma ke AcArya the| 'kharoSTha' kI vyutpatti vRSabhoSTha se mAnanA yukti-saMgata hai / varNaviparyaya se yaha sambhava hai| isa ke atirikta, prajApati vRSabhadeva ne apanI putriyoM ko bAyeM se dAyeM likhanA sikhAyA to dAyeM se bAyeM bhii| sAtha hI, brAhmI ke aThAraha bhedoM meM kharoSThI kA nAmollekha huA hai, aisA samavAyAMga Adi jaina grantha aura lalitavistara jaise bauddha grantha se pramANita hI hai / jaina sandarbha meM brAhmI lipi para eka grantha kI racanA honI hI cAhie, aisA mere mana meM AyA thaa| Aja se tIna varSa pUrva, maiMne yaha bAta DaoN. premasAgara jaina se khii| kAma kaThina thA, kintu ve sahamata ho gaye / lagana ke sAtha lage rhe| kArya sampanna huaa| mujhe pUrNa santoSa hai| prasannatA hai| dharma aura dharma ke nAnA dRSTikoNoM ke tulanAtmaka vivecana tathA vibhinna bhASAoM ke vizada adhyayana ne hI nahIM, apitu unmukta khule cintana ne DaoN. premasAgara jaina ko eka aisI vyApaka niSThA dI hai, jisase ve mana sAdha kara kAma kara pAte haiN| yaha grantha unake sadhe mana aura satata zrama kA pratIka hai| unakA maMgala ho / mahAvIra jayanti, vidyAna-pAna vIra nirvANa saM. 2501

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prakAzakIya zrI vIra nirvANa grantha prakAzana samiti, indaura kA yaha prakAzana kaI dRSTiyoM se bahumUlya aura mahattvapUrNa hai / yaha na koI jIvanI hai, na upadeza apitu jaina saMskRti kI garimA ko udghoSita karanevAlA eka tathyamUlaka prakAzana hai / saba jAnate haiM bhASA aura lipi na kevala bhAratIya varan vizva-saMskRti kI anivArya AvakatAe~ haiN| brAhmI lipi dAdI mA~ hai, prAyaH samasta bhAratIya lipiyoM kii| vaha mAtra AkRtiyoM kI tAlikA nahIM hai, apitu AdhyAtmika preraNAoM kI sUkSma saMkalikA bhI hai| jaina saMdarbha meM brAhmI aura brAhmI lipi, jinheM lokamAnasa karIba-karIba bhulA cukA hai, ko jA~cane-parakhane kA yaha prathama prAmANika aura tarkasaMgata prayAsa hai| vidvAn lekhaka ne ise likhane meM parizrama to anathaka kiyA hI hai sAtha hI jahA~ bhI saMbhava huA hai usane prAcIna jaina granthoM, zilAlekhoM, tAmrapatroM, rajata evaM svarNapaTToM tathA mUrtilekhoM se tathyadohana bhI kiyA hai / hameM vizvAsa hai, grantha ke prakAzana se vidvajjana to lAbhAnvita hoMge hI, una logoM ko bhI naye tathya aura maulika sAmagrI milegI jo lipi kA ka, kha, ga bhI nahIM jAnate / _ "lipi : vyutpatti aura vizleSaNa' ke antargata lekhaka ne abhinava sAmagrI kA saMyojana kiyA hai / viSaya-vastu ke jaTila aura durUha hote hue bhI usane apane sahaja vyaktitva kI sarasatA se use harA-bharA aura sukhada banAyA hai isIlie jAnalevA marusthala meM bhI kaI zAdvala-khaNDa dekhe jA sakate haiM, kaI saghana amarAiyoM kI chA~va meM vizrAma kiyA jA sakatA hai / hameM bharosA hai, viSaya kI jaTilatA pAThaka ko kahIM rokegI yA thakA yegI nahIM, vaha sarvatra vibhora aura prasanna banA rhegaa| ___ aba yaha tathya prAyaH sarvasammata hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva pUrvavaidika the aura unhoMne karmabhUmi kA pravartana kiyA thaa| unhoMne prajA ko chaha Avazyaka nityakarma batAye the, tathA use nAnA vidyAoM kI zikSA-dIkSA dI thii| unhoMne apanI bar3I beTI brAhmI ko lipi-jJAna diyA thaa| brAhmI ne lipi kI gaharI sAdhanA kI thii| vaha lokapriya thI, lokAnuraMjinI / usane sthAnIyatA ke tathya kA adhyayana kiyA thA aura tadanusAra 18 lipiyoM kA pracalana bhI / ina sabakA vizada vivecana jaina granthoM meM surakSita hai| prastuta grantha meM lekhaka ne kevala jaina hI nahIM varan bauddha srotoM kI bhI sahAyatA lI hai yaura abhI taka ajAneavidita tathyoM ko prakaTa kiyA hai| brAhmI kabhI divaMgata nahIM huI, usakA svabhAva sadaiva lokonmukha rahA; usane hara yuga, deza aura kAla meM nayA rUpAkAra grahaNa kiyA aura badalate hue saMdarbho meM samAyojita hote hue bhI vaha atyanta vaijJAnika aura AdhyAtmika banI rhii| usakA sAMskRtika vyaktitva akSuNNa rhaa| isIlie Aja bhI bhArata kI pratyeka lipi para brAhmI kI chApa dekhI jA sakatI hai / isI dRSTi se lekhaka ne nAgarI ko 'Adhunika brAhmI' abhihita kiyA hai / hameM vizvAsa hai lipi ke itihAsa meM eka kvA~rA adhyAya kholanevAlA yaha grantha mahavattpUrNa siddha hogA / parama pUjya upAdhyAya munizrI vidyAnandajI mahArAja kI preraNA se prakAzita yaha grantha pAThakoM meM to lokapriya hogA hI, vidvajjanoM meM bhI bharapUra samAdRta hogaa| samiti kRtajJa hai vidvAn lekhaka, kalAmI zrI viSNu cicAlakara tathA naI duniyA presa kI jinhoMne eka samanvita prayatna dvArA ise itanA kalAtmaka aura nirdoSa rUpa pradAna kiyA hai| -maMtrI

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anukrama 1. AzIvacana munizrI vidyAnandajI. 2. Amukha 1-20 3. lipi : vyutpatti aura vizleSaNa 23-54 lipi aura lipikara, akSara, varNa, lekha-sAmagrI, lipi kI prAcInatA. brAhmI lipi 55-113 brAhmI zabda aura usakA prayoga, brAhmI lipi kA nAmakaraNa, brAhmI kA pUjya bhAva, brAhmI lipi kI zikSAdIkSA, brAhmI lipi : vikAsa kI ora, aSTAdaza prakArA brAhmI lipi, prasAronmukhA brAhmI, gupta lipi, nAgara lipi, kuTila lipi, zAradA lipi, brAhmI se vikasita dakSiNI lipiyA~. 5. kharoSThI lipi 114-119 6. varNa-viparyaya 7. aMkalipi 120-127 8. vizvabhASAoM kI lipi-saMkhyA 128 9. bhAratIya lipimAlA-svara aura vyaJjana 129 10. caubIsa tIrthakara akSara-mAlA-stotra 130-31 11. akArAdi akSara : varNa tathA phala 132-34 12. aMkAnAM vAmato gatiH 13. 443 I. pU. ke eka abhilekha kI brAhmI lipi 14. samrAT khAravela (170 I. pU.) ke zilAlekha ko brAhmI lipi 137 15. zabdAnukramaNikA 138 119 135

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DaoN. sunItikumAra cATA kA kathana hai ki mohana-jo-darolipi ke kucha cihna brAhmI-varNoM ke sadRza yA lagabhaga vahI haiN| isake atirikta vyaJjana varNoM meM svaramAtrAoM ke lagAne ko brAhmIviziSTatA bhI mohana-jo-daro-lipi meM prApta hotI hai| brAhmI sArvabhauma thii| mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA abhimata hai ki yadi koI eka brAhmI lipi ko acchI taraha sIkha jAye, to vaha anya lipiyoM ko thor3e hI parizrama se sIkha sakatA hai aura zilAlekha Adi ko par3ha sakatA hai, kyoMki sArI lipiyA~ brAhmI se hI udbhUta huI haiN| jaina yAyAvara sAdhu sIlona aura jAvA-sumAtrA taka hI nahIM, apitu pazcimI eziyA, yUnAna, mizra aura ithiyopiyA Adi dezoM ke pahAr3oM aura jaMgaloM meM jA-jA kara jagaha-jagaha base hue the| vahA~ unhoMne brAhmI lipi kA pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| mahAvIra kA tIrthakAla pazcima ke arastU aura cIna ke zuinatsU ke siddhAntoM kA madhya srota tathA pAyathegorasa aura kanphyUzasa kI vicAra-krAnti kA milana-sthala mAnA jAtA hai| brAhmI lipi pUrNa rUpa se vaijJAnika hai / usameM pratyeka dhvani ke lie nizcita cihna haiN| ghoSa, aghoSa, alpaprANa, mahAprANa aura anunAsika-sabhI prakAra kI dhvaniyoM ke lie lipi-cihna nirdhArita haiN| dhvani tathA usake pratIka cihna ke uccaraNa meM yatkiJcid bhI antara nahIM hai| semeTika aura Armeika meM sabase bar3I kamI hai ki usameM dhvani ke anurUpa akSara nahIM haiM / dIrgha svara kA nitAMta abhAva hai /

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Amukha tadeva tasmai kasmaicitparasmai brahmaNe'munA / sUkSmenedaM manaH zabdabrahmaNA saMskaromyaham // --adhyAtma-rahasya bhArata kI purAlipi aura purAvidyA ke sAdhakoM ko una pAzcAtya paNDita kA kRtajJa honA hI cAhie, jinhoMne alpasAdhanoM ke madhya bhI ina viSayoM para likhA sAdhana sImita the, sAmagrI alpa thI aura ve dUra-dezAntaroM kI bhASA aura lipi ke pariveza meM panape aura bar3he the| unakA daSTikoNa bhinna honA svAbhAvika thaa| unhoMne jaisA samajhA, likhA / Aja hamArI gaveSaNAoM ke lie unakA diyA AdhAra to hai hii| naye sAdhana, nayI sAmagrI aura naye yugabodha ke sandarbha meM, yadi unakA likhA huA, dUra-darAja se AtI AvAja-sA mAlUma par3e to Azcarya kA viSaya nahIM hai / gaveSaNA kA ratha satata calatA hai| kisI eka ko zodha-khoja mIla kA antima pattthara nahIM hotii| yaha bhI nahIM hogA, aisA maiM vinata ho mAnatA huuN| __ brAhmI lipi kA maladeza bhArata nahIM thA, bhAratanivAsI lipividyA se zUnya the, unheM yaha jJAna bAharI dezoM ke samparka se milA Adi aneka bAteM cala par3I thiiN| saba-se-pahale ojhA jI ne, 'prAcIna lipimAlA' meM ina saba para taTastha hokara vicAra kiyaa| ve vizuddha bhAratIya the / unakA dRSTikoNa bhI vaisA hI thA / ve sacce zodhaka aura jijJAsu the| phira bhI, unake kAla taka, jaina zAstra-bhaNDAra banda the| unameM praveza asambhava-prAyaH thA / ojhAjI vivaza the, ThIka vaise hI jaise pro. jaikobI, jaise DA. viNTaranitsa / Aja vaha sAmagrI upalabdha hai| maiMne usakA yathAsambhava yathAzakya prayoga kiyA hai| phira bhI, bahuta kucha aisA baca gayA hogA, jise maiM nahIM dekha sakA huuN| use anya dekheMge, aisA vizvAsa hai / brAhmI ke udgama ko khojate hue aneka kalpanAyeM kI giiN| kisI ne veda, kisI ne brahma, kisI ne brAhmaNa aura kisI ne brahmadeza ko brAhmI kA janaka btaayaa| kintu zramaNadhArA ke Adi pravartaka samrATa RSabhadeva kI ora kisI kA dhyAna AkarSita nahIM huA / maiMne apane grantha 'bharata aura bhArata' meM unakA utlekha kiyA hai / RSabhadeva ke pitA nAbhirAya antima kulakara the| antima hote hue bhI dIrghAyu, samunnata zarIra, apratima rUpa-saundarya, apAra bala-vikrama aura vipula guNoM ke kAraNa

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saba-se-agrima the / zrImadbhAgavat meM unheM Adi manu svAyambhuva ke putra priyavrata aura priyavrata ke AgnIghra tathA AgnIghra ke nau putroM meM jyeSTha mAnA hai| mahArAjA nAbhi apane viziSTa jJAna, udAraguNa aura paramaizvarya ke kAraNa kulakara athavA manu kahalAte the / unake samaya meM eka bRhad parivartana huA ki yaha pRthvI bhogabhUmi se karmabhUmi meM badalane lgii| unhoMne isa badalate yuga ko dRr3hatA-pUrvaka sambhAlA, apanI niSThA, zrama aura pratibhA ke bala para use vyavasthita kiyA, jisase trAhi-trAhi karatI prajA sukha santoSa kI sA~sa le sakI / zAyada isI kAraNa unakI sthAyI yAdagAra ke rUpa meM isa deza ko ajanAbhavarSa kahA jAne lgaa| DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne likhA hai, "yahI nAbhi ajanAbha bhI kahalAte the, jo atyanta pratApI the aura jinake nAma para yaha deza ajanAbhavarSa kahalAtA thA / " 1 nAbhi-putra RSabhadeva ne prajA ko karma kI zikSA dI / usameM niSNAta banAyA / ve karma ke vareNya dUta the / unhoMne karmabhUmi meM rahanA sikhaayaa| ve saba se pahale AdamI the, jinhoMne "zazAsa kRpyAdiSu karmasu prajA: " -- jaisA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA / khetI kI pahalI zikSA RSabhadeva ne dI thI, isa bAta ko zAyada vizva na jAnatA ho / aise uddharaNa jaina granthoM meM surakSita haiN| saca yaha hai ki khetI se hI karmabhUmi kI mukhya samasyA kA samAdhAna huA, aura Arya kRSi-jIvI kahalAye / yadi bhArata isa 'kRSi - jIvoM' kI paramparA ko akSuNNa rakhatA, to vaha kabhI-bhI adhogati ko prApta nahIM ho sakatA thaa| Aja bhI usakI unnati kRSi meM hI surakSita hai / RSabhadeva ne to usa para itanA adhika dhyAna diyA ki usake mAdhyama vRSabha ko apanA cihna mAnA / ve vRSabhalAJchana kahalAye / purAtattvajJa isa cihna se hI unakI mUrtiyoM ko pahacAna pAte haiM / itihAsa ke purAne pRSThoM para bacA yaha eka aisA uddharaNa hai, jise apanAkara Aja bhI bhArata rASTroM kA ziramaura bana sakatA hai| jaba misIsIpI kI dharatI khetI se DAlara ugA sakatI hai, to gaMgA, yamunA, sindhu aura narmadA kI pAvana bhUmi kyoM nahIM eka aisA prazna hai, jisase bhArata gaNatantra sabaka to le ho sakatA hai / khetI meM ikSudaNDa svataH prasUta the, kintu prajA unakA upayoga karanA nahIM jAnatI thI / RSabhadeva ne usakI vidhi batAI / unase rasa nikAlanA sikhAyA | usa para bala diyA / yahA~ taka ki unhoMne apane ko ikSvAkuvaMzI khaa| mahApurANa meM likhA hai, "AkAnAcca tadikSUNAM rasa-saMgrahaNe nRNAm / ikSvAkurityabhUd devo jagatAmabhisammataH / / " 12 Aja kA bhArata ina ikSvAkuvaMziyoM kA vaMzadhara hai| sahI 1. mArkaNDeyapurANa: sAMskRtika adhyayana, pAdaTippar3a 1, pR. 138. 2. mahApurANa, bhagavajjinasenAcArya, 16 / 264.

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arthoM meM bane to usakI agaNya samasyAe~ svataH hala ho jaayeNgii| kyA araba kA tela aura bhArata kA ikSu samakoTi meM nahIM A sakate / yaha bhAratavAsiyoM para nirbhara karatA hai| RSabhadeva ne kevala kRSi hI nahIM, asi, maSI, vidyA, vANijya aura zilpa kI bhI zikSA dI / ye SaD jIvanopayogI upAya the, jinameM unhoMne apanI prajA ko nipuNa bnaayaa| itanA hI nahIM, kalAoM ke to ve janaka hI the / unhoMne 72 kalAoM kA jJAna pradAna kiyaa| unameM eka lekhana kalA bhI thI / maSI jIvanopayogI upAyoM meM pahale hI se maujUda thii| arthAt lekha aura maSI donoM kI zikSA RSabhadeva ne dI / donoM kA saMyoga lipi kI ora izArA karatA hai| yaha sahasroM varSa pUrva kI bAta hai, jabaki pAzcAtya dezoM ne ThIka se rahanA aura kapar3e pahananA bhI nahIM sIkhA thaa| bhogabhUmi ke bAda, saba-se-pahalA yahI deza thA, jisane jIvanopayogI upAyoM ko sIkhA aura sAdhA / zikSaka the RSabhadeva, jinakA ullekha vedoM se lekara zrImadbhAgavat taka avicchinna rUpa se milatA hai| DaoN. pI. sI. rAya caudharI kA abhimata hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne pASANa yuga ke anta meM aura kRSi yuga ke prArambha meM jainadharma kA pracAra magadha meM kiyaa| zAyada DaoN. caudharI ko yaha vidita nahIM thA ki kRSi ke AviSkA RSabhadeva hI the| __ zramaNadhArA ke granthoM meM RSabhadeva kI jaisI prazaMsA milatI hai, usase kahIM adhika vaidika granthoM meM / ve donoM meM samarUpa se AdaraNIya bane / zramaNa aura vaidika donoM dhArAe~ bahuta dUra taka eka-dUsare kI pUraka rahIM / muniyoM kI prazaMsA usI prakAra huI, jaise ki RSiyoM kI / zrImadbhAgavata meM "nAnAyogacaryAcaraNo bhagavAn kaivalyapatiH RSabhaH / " 3 likhA milatA hai to zrImadbhagavat gItA meM bhI, "du:khedhvanudvignamanAH sukheSu vigataspahaH / vItarAgamayAkrodhaH sthitirdhI munirucyate // "" likhA gyaa| isa sandarbha meM DaoN. maMgaladeva zAstrI kA eka kathana dRSTavya hai, "Rgveda ke eka sUkta (10/136) meM muniyoM kA anokhA varNana milatA hai| unako vAtarazanAH (digambara), pizaMgA, basatemalA aura prakIrNakezI ityAdi kahA gayA hai| yaha varNana zrImadbhAgavat ke paMcama skandha meM diye hue jainiyoM ke Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke varNana se atyanta samAnatA rakhatA hai| vahA~ spaSTa zabdoM 1. dekhie-Rgveda 4/6/26/4, atharvaveda-16vAM kANDa-prajApatisUkta, mahAbhArata-zAnti parva 1 2164/ 20, vAyupurANa-pUrvArddha 30/50-51, brahmANDapurANa 14/49, liMgapurANa 47/29, zrImadbhAgavat-5/4/2, 5/4/14, 1/17/22/5/5/19 Adi. 2. Jainism in Bihar P. 7. L. P. 3. zrImadbhAgavat, 5/6/24 4. bhagavadgItA, 2/56

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meM kahA gayA hai ki RSabhadeva ne vAtarazanA zramaNamuniyoM ke dharmoM ko prakaTa karane kI icchA se avatAra liyA thA / " 1 RSabhadeva ne yadi eka ora karma aura zrama kA upadeza diyA to dUsarI ora "prabuddhatattvaH punaradbhutodayo mamattvato nirvivide vidAmbaraH / " kA dRSTAnta bhI prastuta kiyaa| ve yogirAja bane / unhoMne svayaM apane karmoM ko apanI samAdhi kI agni se bhasma kara diyaa| unheM brahma saMjJA se abhihita kiyA jAne lagA / unakA kSatriya zabda sArthaka thA / unhoMne jaisI vIratA laukika karma meM dikhAI, vaisI hI AdhyAtmika kSetra meM bhI / ve sAgaravAsasA vasudhA vadhU ke pati the to unhoMne mokSalakSmI kA bhI varaNa kiyA thaa| unhoMne isa bhUmi para jInA sikhAyA, to mokSa taka pahu~cane kA mArga bhI unhoMne hI darzAyA thA / ve isa pRthvI ke adhirATa the to kaivalyapati bhI ve hI the / RSabhadeva ke sau putra the aura do putriyA~ -brAhmI aura sundarI / bharata ko rAjyazrI sauMpa kara RSabhadeva pravrajita ho gaye / calate samaya unhoMne kahA ki-"hamArA yaha putra prajAoM ke pAlana-poSaNa meM samartha pramANita hogA / " vaha siddha huA, yahA~ taka ki bharata zabda 'prajAoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa' artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA aura 'bharaNAt poSaNAcca kahA 'jAne lagA | mahAtmA tulasIdAsa ne to usa vyakti ko bharata ke samAna kahA, jo saMsAra kA, sucAru DhaMga se 'bharaNa-poSaNa' karatA hai / unakA kathana hai, "visva bharaNapoSaNa kara joI / tAkara nAma bharata asa hoI / ' kI cirasmRti meM isa deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa par3A / arthAt nAbhi ke pautra bharata unase bhI adhika pratApavAna the| tabhI to 'ajanAbhavarSa' bhAratavarSa ke nAma se prasiddha huA / 3 bharata bharata cakravartI the, unhoMne digvijaya kara SaTkhaNDoM ko jItA thaa| jagaha-jagaha unake vijayadhvaja phaharAte the / vRSabhAcala para bahattara jina caitya unakI vijaya ke amaracihna the| unake uttuMga zikhara; jaise bharata ke hI mAnastambha the / gandharva - bAlAe~ unake guNa gAtI thIM, indrasabhA ke nRtya aura laya unhIM kI vijayatAnoM se ota-prota the / vetravatI ke taTa para siddhavadhue~ unhIM kA vINAvAdana karatI thiiN| isa apAra vaibhava, yaza aura garimA se ghire bharata vairAgI the - nitAMta vairAgI / unakA mana anAsakta thA / yahI kAraNa thA ki dIkSA ke lie aMgarakhe kI gA~Tha kholate ho unheM kevalajJAna hoM gyaa| ve rAjA hote hue bhI muni the, rAgoM ke madhya 1. bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa aupaniSad dhArA, pRSTha 180. 2. matsyapurANa 114/5-6 3. rAmacaritamAnasa 1/197/7 :

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bhI vItarAgI the, saMsAra ke bIca bhI mokSagAmI the aura ve AsaktiyoM ke ghirAva meM bhI anAsakta the / unhoMne eka ora karma sAdhA to dUsarI ora adhyAtma | ve sahI arthoM meM puruSa the / pauruSa ke dhanI / ihaloka unakA thA, paraloka bhI unakA hI banA / ve bhArata mA~ ke amaraputra the / kAza, bhArata ke mahArAjAoM ne unakA anukaraNa kiyA hotA, to rAjyatantra bhI prajAtantra hotA aura unakI ujjvala gAthAyeM svarNAkSaroM meM likhI jAtIM / RSabhadeva ne apane sabhI putroM ko nAnA kalAoM aura vidyAoM meM niSNAta bnaayaa| sabhI yogya bane / pauruSa to jaise sAkSAt ho uThA thA / ve kSatriya the to 'trANa sahaH' unakA jIvana thA / ve karma aura adhyAtma ke sandhisthala para teja-puJjase damakate rahe / 'prabuddhatattvaH' hI unakA jIvanalakSya thA, jise unhoMne vIratA pUrvaka prApta kiyA / RSabhadeva kI putriyA~ bhI sau-sau putroM se adhika pUtazIlA thIM / zIla aura saundarya to jaise unameM sAkSAt hI ho uThA thA / ve zivarUpA thIM / ucita vaya meM bhagavAn ne unheM bhI zikSita banAyA / brAhmI bar3I thI aura sundarI choTI / donoM ke aMgoM se svarNareNu ke samAna kAMti vikIrNa hotI thI / jagadguru RSabhadeva ne donoM ke vinaya, zIla Adi ko dekhakara vicAra kiyA ki yaha samaya inake vidyAgrahaNa kA hai, ataH unhoMne donoM ko siddhamAtRkA ke sAtha-sAtha akSara, gaNita, citra, saMgIta Adi kA jJAna karAyA / bhagavajjinasenAcArya ke mahApurANa' meM likhA hai ki RSabhadeva ne dAhine hAtha se lipi aura bAyeM hAtha se aMkoM kA likhanA sikhAyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki lipi bAyeM se dAyIM ora aura aMka dAyeM se bAyIM ora calate haiN| bhagavatI sUtra ke eka prakaraNa meM likhA hai ki bhagavAn ne dAhine hAtha se brAhmI ko lipijJAna diyA, ataH usI ke nAma para lipi ko bhI brAhmI kahane lage aura 'brAhmI lipi' nAma pracalita ho gyaa| isase siddha hai ki brAhmI aura lipi ekarUpa ho gaI thii| donoM meM tAdAtmya ho gayA thA / yaha tabhI sambhava hai, jaba brAhmI ne lipi ke sAtha ekaniSThatA sAdhI ho| ekaniSThatA, ekAgratA aura yoga paryAyavAcI haiM / arthAt brAhmI sAdhikA thI, jisane lipi para dhyAna kendrita kiyA thA / saca to yaha hai ki ikSvAkuvaMza sAdhakoM kA thA, yogiyoM kA thA, mahAmAnavoM kA thA, jinhoMne jagata ko eka naye sA~ce meM DhAlA, to adhyAtma ke puraskarttA bhI bane / usakI beTiyA~ bhI sAdhanA kI pratIka thiiN| jisa brAhmI ke pitAmaha nAbhi ke nAma para, yaha deza ajanAbhavarSa aura jyeSTha bhrAtA bharata ke nAma para bhAratavarSa kahalAyA ho tathA jisake pitA zramaNadhArA ke pravartaka bane hoM, yadi usake nAma para lipi bhI brAhmI saMjJA se abhihita ho uThI ho, to Azcarya kyA 1. mahApurANa 16 / 97, 102. 2. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, bhAga 2, pRSTha 1126.

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hai / saba kucha vaMzAnurUpa thaa| isa vaMza kI vizeSatA thI ki jisane jo sAdhA tadrUpa ho utthaa| arthAt donoM eka ho gye| saMjJA-bheda miTa gyaa| sAdhanA sAdhaka se kRtArtha huI aura sAdhaka sAdhanA siddha kara gauravAnvita huaa| donoM ekadUsare ke pUraka the, aba dvaidha miTa gyaa| dIpaka aura battI kA pRthaktva hI cuka gyaa| baca gaI kevala lau-eka prakAza / Aja bhI usase saba prakAzavanta haiN| usakA nAma hai-brAhmI lipi / brAhmI ke dUsare bhAI the, bAhubalI / baliSTa lambI kAyA, AjAnubAhu, vRSabhaskandha aura kAmadeva-se sundara / bharata-bAhubali-yuddha prasiddha hai| jIta kara bhI jisane apane agraja bharata ko hI pratiSThA dI aura svayaM dIkSA le tapa saadhaa| unake nAma para vipula sAhitya racA gayA, to unakI pratimAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti aura kalA kI gauravapUrNa thAtI haiN| una bAhubali ko RSabhadeva ne pUrA pazcimotara pradeza ba~TavAre meM diyA thaa| usameM paMjAba, siMgha, kAzmIra, bilUcistAna, aphagAnistAna Adi Aja ke deza zAmila the / brAhmI kA adhikAMza jIvana yahA~ hI vyatIta huaa| kalpasUtra 1, adhi. 7 kSaNa meM likhA milatA hai ki--"sA ca bAhubaline bhagavatA dattA pravrajitA pravartinI bhattvA caturazItipUrvaM zatasahastrANi sarvA'yu : pAlayitvA siddhaa|" aise paryApta ullekha milate haiM ki brAhmI dIkSA lekara sAdhvI ho gaI thii| sAdhvI hI nahIM, unakI agraNI banI thii| usane tapa tapA thaa| pazcimI bhUbhAga hI usakI tapobhUmi thii| gaddiyAroM ke kendrasthAna bharamaura se eka mIla U~cAI para kASTha kA banA eka devI-mandira hai / usameM adhiSThita pratimA brahmANI devI kI mAnI jAtI hai / vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM kA kathana hai ki yaha pUrA kSetra usI devI kA pUjA-kSetra thaa| aba yaha nizcaya ho gayA hai ki yaha brahmANI devI aura koI nahIM, RSabhadeva kI putrI brAhmI hI thii| yadi kASTha mandira ke nIce khudAI ho to bahuta kucha aisA mila sakatA hai, jisase vahA~ RSabhadeva aura bAhubali ke samaya se pravAhita zramaNadhArA kI kar3I sindhu ghATI ke purAtAttvika avazeSoM se jur3a jaayegii| phira bhI vahA~ eka vedI to aisI milI hI hai, jisakI pRSpamaya citrakArI ko kanidhama ne pUrNavizvAsa aura prAmANikatA ke sAtha jaina kahA hai / ' samrATa sikandara ne 326 I. pU., rAvI ke taTa para jaina sAdhuoM ko dekhA thA, yaha eka aitihAsika tathya hai, aneka itihAsa granthoM meM likhA milatA hai| sindhughATI kI sabhyatA zramaNa saMskRti kI pratIka hai, ise prasiddha purAtatvavida mAnate haiN| to vaha pUrA kSetra hI kabhI zramaNadhArA kA pratIka thA aura phira bharamaura kI devI bhI brAhmI thI, aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai / 1. Cunningham, A. S. R. XIV, P. 112. 2. Kausambi D.D. An Introduction to the study of Indian History, Bombay, 1959, Page 180.

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isa uparyukta vivecana se siddha hai ki bhArata ke pazcimottara pradeza meM brAhmI kA adhivAsa thA / vahA~ hI usane sAdhanA sAdhI, tapa tapA, pUjI gaI, loka-khyAti prApta kI / loka khyAti se spaSTa hai ki usane loka-loka ko samajhA thA / zAyada isI kAraNa usane lipi ke 18 DhaMga banAye aura unheM yathA-sthAna pracalita kiyA / aThAraha lipiyoM kA sabase purAnA sUtra jaina granthoM meM hI upalabdha hotA hai / maiMne prAsaMgika rUpa se unakA vivecana kiyA hai| zramaNadhArA ne loka -ruci ko saba-se-adhika prazraya diyA / brAhmI ne jina aThAraha lipiyoM kA sRjana kiyA thA, ve lokAnurUpa thIM / Age calakara ve hI bhArata kI aThAraha bhASAoM kA AdhAra banIM / tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne una saba ko arddha mAgadhI meM saMgarbhita kiyA thA / 1 arddhamAgadhI vaha bhASA thI, jisameM Adhe zabda magadha ke aura Adhe zabda aThAraha bhASAoM ke the / yahI vaha bhASA thI, jise bhArata ke harabhAga ke aura hara jAti ke loga samajhate the / yahI vaha bhASA thI, jisake mAdhyama se zramaNa sAdhu janamAnasa taka pahu~cate the aura unheM apanA banA lete the / bhASA ke kSetra meM yaha eka vaijJAnika, krAnti thI aura usake janaka the tIrthaMkara mahAvIra / tattvArthavRtti meM likhA hai, "arddha bhagavadbhASAyA magadhadezabhASAtmakaM arddha ca sarvadezabhASAtmakam / " aThAraha bhASAe~ 'sarvadezabhASAtmakam' ko pratIka hI thiiN| yahA~ taka hI nahIM, eka sthAna para to 'sarvanRbhASA aura bahUzca kubhASA' ke antaraneSTa hone kI bAta bhI likhI milatI hai / vaha zloka hai- " ekatayo'pi ca sarvanRbhASA: so'ntaraneSTa bahUzca kubhASAH / apratimattimapAsya ca tattvaM bodhayati sma jinasya mahimnA // " ma. pu. 23/70 Aja bhI bhArata ko aisI sArvabhauma bhASA kI AvazyakatA hai / vaise zramaNadhArA apane prArambha se hI loka- ruciyoM meM pravAhita hotI rahI hai| usI kA pariNAma thIM aThAraha lipiyA~ aura unakI sUtradhAra thI brAhmI / vaha arddhamAgadhI bhASA, jise sura aura asura, Arya aura anArya, vanaukasa aura nAgarika sabhI samajhate the, brAhmI lipi aura unake aSTAdaza bhedoM meM likhI jAtI thI / ataH yaha kahanA ki bhAratIyoM ko lipijJAna IsA se kevala pAMca sau varSa pUrva huA, anucita hai / 1. dekhie paM. manhedrakumAra nyAyAcArya sampAdita tatvArthavRtti, prastAvanA. 2. "bhagavaM ca Na addhamAgahI e bhAsAe dhammaM Aikkhai / sA vi yaNaM addhamAgahI bhAsA bhAsijjamANI tesi savvesa AriyaM -aNAriyANaM duppaya cauppayamiyapasupakkhisarI sivANaM appaNI driyasivasuhadAya bhAsatAe pariNamaDa / " samavAyAMgasUtta 98

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sindhughATI kI khudAiyoM meM milI kAyotsarga yogiyoM kI mUrtiyoM para khudI lipi unake kathana ko eka sazakta cunautI hai, jisakA koI uttara nahIM hai| sindhughATI kI lipi aura bar3alI, piprAvA tathA azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI lipi meM kevala samaya kA antarAla hai| samaya bahuta badala detA hai / badalAva hI gati hai| gati jIvana hai| usakA rukanA hI mauta hai| to, parivartana huaa| IsA se pAMca sau varSa pUrva aura do sahasra varSa pUrva meM pandraha sau varSa kA antara hai| parivartana svAbhAvika thaa| kucha aisA zeSa raha gayA, jo donoM ko eka vaMza kA batAne meM samartha hai / DA. sunItikumAra cATuA kA kathana hai ki mohana-jo-darolipi ke kucha cihna brAhmI vargoM ke sadRza haiM athavA lagabhaga vahI haiN| isake atirikta vyaJjana varNoM meM svaramAtrAoM ke lagAne kI brAhmI-viziSTitA bhI mohana-jo-daro-lipi meM prApta hotI hai / ' DaoN. udayanArAyaNa tivArI kA to spaSTa abhimata hai ki brAhmI lipi kA prAcIna rUpa sindhu ghATI lipi meM upalabdha hotA hai / sindhu ghATI lipi hI citra, bhAva tathA dhvanyAtmaka rUpoM se gujaratI huI brAhmI lipi meM pariNata huI thii| ataH ojhA jI kA yaha kathana ki "prAcIna zilAlekha athavA sAhitya, jahA~ bhI brAhmI dikhAI dI, apanI praur3ha avasthA aura pUrNa vyavahAra meM AtI huI milii| usake prArambhika vikAsa kA patA nahIM calatA,"3 susaMgata pratIta nahIM hotA / usakA prArambhika rUpa sindhughATI lipi meM surakSita hai| brAhmI sArvabhauma thI, aisA aneka vidvAnoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| mahApaNDita rAhula sAMskRtyAyana ne kahA ki, "yadi koI eka brAhmI lipi ko acchI taraha sIkha jAye, to vaha anya lipiyoM ko thor3e hI parizrama se sIkha sakatA hai aura zilAlekha Adi ko par3ha sakatA hai, kyoMki sArI lipiyA~ brAhmI se hI udbhUta huI haiN|" dakSiNa kI drAvir3I lipiyAM, jo jAvA-sumAtrA taka phailI thIM, brAhmI se hI nikalIM / yadi aisA na hotA to samrATa azoka dakSiNa meM apane zilAlekhoM ko brAhmI meM na khudavAtA / dakSiNa bhArata ke aneka prAcIna granthoM meM likhA milatA hai ki brAhmI RSabhadeva kI bar3I putrI thii| usI ne aThAraha prakAra kI lipiyoM kA AviSkAra kiyA, jinameM se eka lipi kannar3a huii| zrIrAmadhArIsiMha dinakara ne isa mAnyatA ko pallavita kiyA hai| zrI siddhagopAla kAvyatIrtha ne 1. dekhie, 'Indian systems of writing', Govt of India, 1966, Page 9. 2. hindI bhASA : udgama aura vikAsa, pRSTha 580. 3. prAcInalipibhAlA. 4. mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana sampAdita gaMgA-purAtattvAMka, 1933, bhAratIyoM kA lipijJAna zIrSaka nibandha.

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'kannar3a sAhitya ke navIna itihAsa' (pRSTha 6) meM spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai ki brAhmI lipi kI vahI zAkhA, jisase kannar3a lipi nikalI hai, dakSiNa meM siMhala tathA pUrva meM sudUra jAvA taka jA phuNcii| tamila lipi brAhmI kI dUsarI zAkhA se nikalI, ataH kannar3a tathA telugu lipi se bhinna hai| unakA yaha bhI kathana hai ki-yoM to brAhmI lipi se nikalI hone ke kAraNa bhArata kI tathA eziyA kI anya sabhI lipiyoM meM kucha samAnatAe~ haiN| kAvyatIrthajI ne eziyA taka kI bAta to kI, kintu na jAne kyoM vizva kI bAta na kaha sake, to vizva vAloM ne ThIka ulaTA kahA ki brAhmI sAmI lipi se nikalI hai| unake apane tarka haiM, aura socane kI apanI dizA hai| unakA kathana hai ki semeTika aura Arameniyana logoM ne saba-se-pahale bhArata se vyApArika sambandha sthApita kiye aura unake mAdhyama se hI bhAratIyoM ko akSarajJAna huaa| dUsarI ora jaina granthoM kI akATya sAkSI hai ki yAyAvara zramaNa muni bhASA aura lipi ko eka yuga se dUsare yuga taka aura eka deza se dUsare deza taka pahu~cAte rahe haiN| zrI satyeketu vidyAlaMkAra ne bhArata kA itihAsa' grantha meM pRSTha 118 para likhA hai, "samprati jaina dharma kA anuyAyI thaa| usane jaina dharma ke pracAra ke lie bahuta udyoga kiyA aura deza -videza meM jaina sAdhuoM ko dharmapracAra ke lie bhejaa|" bauddha mahAvaMza ke "taM disvAna palAyaMtta nigaNTho giri nAma ko // 2 // a. 33" se spaSTa hai ki samrATa samprati ke samaya meM digambara muniyoM ne sIlona meM dharmapracAra kiyA thaa| paM. sundaralAla ne hajarata IsA aura IsAI dharma' meM likhA hai, "pazcimI eziyA, yUnAna, mizra aura ithiyopiyA ke pahAr3oM aura jaMgaloM meM, una dinoM hajAroM jaina saMta mahAtmA jA-jA kara jagaha-jagaha base hue the, ye loga bilakula sAdhuoM kI taraha rahate aura apane tyAga aura apanI vidyA ke lie mazahUra the / "1 yahA~ taka hI nahIM, hajarata IsA ke bhArata Ane aura jana sAdhuoM se samparka kI bAta atyadhika prasiddha ho gaI hai| saba-se-pahale rUsI paryaTaka noTovica ne tibbata ke himina maTha se prApta pAlibhASA ke eka grantha ke AdhAra para likhA ki-IsA bhArata tathA moTa deza Akara ajJAtavAsa meM rahe aura unhoMne jaina sAdhuoM ke sAtha sAkSAtkAra kiyaa|2 aba AcArya rajanIza ne 'mahAvIra merI dRSTi meM' zIrSaka grantha meM isa bAta ko nAnA prAmANika yukti saMgata tarko se siddha kiyA hai| zrI akSayakumAra jI ke eka dhArAvAhika nibandha se isakI mahattvapUrNa puSTi huI hai| isake atirikta, IsA se bhI pUrva 326 meM samrATa sikandara yahA~ se eka jaina sAdhu ko apane sAtha yUnAna le gayA thA, yaha eka itihAsa-prasiddha bAta hai| zrI lakSmIcandra jaina 1. paM. sundaralAla, 'hajarata IsA aura IsAI dharma,' pRSTha 22. 2. hindI vizvakoSa, tR. bhA. , zrI nagendranAtha vasu sampAdita, pRSTha 128. 3. 'The life of the Budha, by E. I. Thomas, 1927,

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ne mahAvIra ke tIrthaMkAla ko pazcima ke arastU aura cIna ke zuina-tsU ke siddhAntoM kA madhyasrota tathA pAyathegorasa aura kanphyUzasa kI vicAra - kAnti kA milanasthala mAnA hai / " yaha bAta vicAraNIya hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke siddhAnta unake tIrthakAla meM pUrva se pazcima taka prasRta hue / avazya hI zramaNa sAdhuoM kA yAyAvara vizeSaNa isa prasAra kA sAdhaka banA hogA / vyApArI AtA hai vyApAra karane, bhASA athavA akSara jJAna dene nahIM / usakA mUla uddezya vyApAra hai / use siddha karane ke lie bhASA aura kucha akSaroM kA AdAna-pradAna ho jAtA hai, to vaha svAbhAvika hI hai / usameM yogadAna donoM tarapha kA samAna hotA hai, use ekataraphA mAna lenA nitAMta asaMgata hai / kintu, dharma-pracAra ekataraphA hI hotA hai| zramaNa sAdhuoM ke pAsa apane siddhAnta the, apanI bhASA aura apanI lipi / dUsaroM ko jJAna pradAna karane meM nipuNa hone hI ke kAraNa unheM upAdhyAya aura AcArya kahA jAtA thaa| to, bAta yahI adhika jaMcatI hai ki ina yAyAvara sAdhuoM ne jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha lipijJAna bhI una-una dezoM ko diyA, jahA~ ve gaye / zAyada isI kAraNa mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne bhale hI ina sAdhuoM ko 'ghumakkar3a' zabda se sambodhita kiyA ho, kintu una ke bhinna-bhinna dezoM meM jAne aura jJAna, bhASA tathA lipi pradAna karane kI bAta svIkAra kI hai| pahala bhArata ne kI, yaha asaMdigdha rUpa se satya hai / semeTika ( phoneziyA) aura Arameniyana ( dakSiNa arabI) donoM pazcimI eziyA se sambandhita haiM / kisI samaya yaha bhU-bhAga IrAnI sAmrAjya ke antargata thaa| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kA abhimata hai ki prAcIna kAla meM bhArata aura IrAnI janasamUha eka parivAra thA aura vaha eka-sI bolI bolatA thA / unhoMne 'jasaharacariu' kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai, "usase ( vedoM se ) purAne zabda rUpa usa kAla ke milate haiM, jaba bhAratIya aura IrAnI janasamAja pRthak bolI tear thA / yaha bAta vaidika aura prAcIna IrAnI aura pArasiyoM ke prAcIna dharmagrantha avestA kI bhASAoM ke milAna se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yahI nahIM, pazcima eziyA ke bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM se kucha aise lekha bhI mile haiM, jinase patA calatA hai ki usa kAla meM apane Aja ke aneka supracalita nAmoM va zabdoM kA hinda-IrAnI samAja kaisA uccAraNa karatA thaa| jina devoM ko hama Aja sUrya, indra aura varuNa kahate haiM, unheM hinda- IrAnI samUha surias, intara aura uruvan kahate the / " isa prakAra bhArata aura pazcimI do pRthak janasamUha nahIM 1. bhikSu abhinandanagrantha, lakSmIcanda jaina kA nibandha 'bhAratIya lokottara gaNita-vijJAna ke zodha patha', pRSTha 225. 2. jasaharacariu, dvi. saM., hIrAlAla jaina sampAdita, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1972, prastAvanADaoN. hIrAlAla jaina likhita, pRSTha 29-30.

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11 the / ataH unakA AdAna-pradAna bhI agara huA, to vaha ghara ke bhItara kA thA / use eka kA dUsare para prabhAva nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / prabhAvaka adhika sazakta hotA hai apekSAkRta prabhAvya ke / usameM kucha aisI UrjA, aisI garimA aura aisI pradIpti hotI hai, jisase prabhAva kI kiraNeM phUTatI haiM aura Asa-pAsa kA vAtAvaraNa pradIpta hue binA nahIM rahatA / vaha usake raMga meM raMga jAtA hai / isa saba ko Aja kI bhASA meM vaijJAnika kahA jA sakatA hai / brAhmI lipi pUrNa rUpa se vaijJAnika hai / usameM pratyeka dhvani ke lie nizcita cihna haiM / ghoSa, aghoSa, alpaprANa, mahAprANa aura anunAsika - sabhI prakAra kI dhvaniyoM ke lie lipi - cihna nirdhArita haiM / dhvani tathA usake pratIka cihna ke uccAraNa meM yatki - Jcit bhI antara nahIM hai / isase spaSTa hai ki isa lipi ke nirmAtA bhASA zAstra aura dhvani zAstra ke prakANDa paNDita the / isa sandarbha meM DaoN. vAsudeva upAdhyAya kA eka kathana dRSTavya hai, "yaha vyakta karanA atyAvazyaka hai ki vaijJAnika rUpa meM brAhmI meM pratyeka akSara dhvanyAtmaka cihna hai / likhane tathA bolane meM samatA hai, yAnI jo likhate haiM, usI ke samAna uccAraNa bhI karate haiN| isameM svara aura vyaJjana ke cauMsaTha cihna haiM / hrasva tathA dIrgha ke pRthak-pRthak cihna vartamAna haiM tathA madhya meM sthita cihna se svara - vyaJjana kA mela hotA hai / a sabhI vyaJjanoM meM nihita tathA antarvarttI hai| isa prakAra brAhmI vaijJAnika lipi hai, jisameM eka krama hai| ina sabala pramANoM ke sammukha semeTika jaisI aniyamita aura avaijJAnika lipi se brAhmI kI utpatti kaise mAnI jA mAnI jA sakatI hai / " semeTika aura Aramaika meM saba-sebar3I kamI hai ki unameM dhvani ke anurUpa akSara nahIM haiM / dIrghasvara kA nitAMta abhAva hai / kahA~ vaha aura kahA~ brAhmI / isa pariprekSya meM brAhmI prabhAvaka aura sAmI prabhAvya ho sakatI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne 'a' varNa kA " akAraM candrakAntAbhaM sarvajJaM sarvahitaMkaram" kaha kara jaisA mahattva pratipAdita kiyA hai, anyatra dekhane ko nahIM milatA / unhoMne use purANa- puruSottama 'Adi bhagavAn' ke samAna kahA hai aura ise apane bIjamantra kA Adi akSara kaha kara divya zakti kA pratIka mAnA hai / isake uccAraNa ke sAtha jo citra mana meM ubharatA hai, usase bIjamantra zakti sampanna bana pAtA hai / jaina AcAryoM ne varNamAtRkA ke isa Adi akSara 'a', madhya akSara 'ra', antima akSara 'ha' aura bindu tathA nAda se jisa 'arham' bIjamantra kI racanA kI hai, vaha paramAtma rUpa hai, paramasattA kA pratIka hai / usameM paMcaparameSThI kA nivAsa hai / vaha navakAra mantra ke samUce vyaktittva ko vyApta kiye hue hai / mantroM kI racanA varNoM 1. DaoN. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana', pRSTha 250.

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se hotI hai| kintu yaha mantra samUcI varNamAlA kA saMkSipta rUpa to hai hI, yogiyoM ke dhyAna kA anubhUta tattva bhI hai| vaha eka ora dravya lipi ko ujAgara karatA hai, to dUsarI ora bhAvalipi ko bhI kendrita karatA hai| isI kAraNa vaha bIjamantra hai / rAmasenAcArya-praNIta tattvAnuzAsana meM likhA hai, "Adau madhye'vasAne yadvAGamayaM vyApya tiSThati / hRdi jyotiSmadudgacchannAmadhyeyaM tadarhatAm ?"1 / isakA artha hai ki - "apane Adi, madhya aura anta meM (prayukta a-ra-ha akSaroM-dvArA) jo vAGamaya ko-vANI yA varNamAlA ko vyApta karatA hai, vaha arhantoM kA vAcaka 'aham' pada hai| vaha hRdaya meM U~cI uTatI huI jyoti ke rUpa meM nAmadhyeya hai|" sahasrasahasra yogiyoM ne isa akSara brahma ko apane hRdaya-sthala meM Urdhva-Urdhva gamana karatI jyoti ke rUpa meM dhyAna kA viSaya banAyA hai| usako praNAma karate hue eka AcArya ne likhA, "ahamityakSarabrahmavAcakaM parameSThina: / siddhacakrasya sadbIjaM sarvataH praNamAmyaham // "2 artha-parameSThI ke vAcaka 'aham' iti akSarabrahma ko siddhacakra kA sadbIja bhI batalAyA gayA hai| maiM use hara prakAra se praNAma karatA huuN| aham paramabrahma kA vAcaka hai / isameM 'a' akSara amRtamUrti ke rUpa meM sthita sukha kA pratIka hai| sphurAyamAna repha avikala ratnatraya rUpa hai, arthAt samyaradarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kI pratimUtti hai / 'ha' akSara moha-yukta samUce pApa-samUha ke haMtA rUpa meM pratiSThita hai, arthAt 'ha' se samRce pApa vinaSTa ho jAte haiM / isa prakAra abhinnAkSara pada ke rUpa meM yaha bIjAkSara smaraNIya hai / isa pada ke a aura ha akSaroM ke madhya meM varNamAlA ke zeSa saba akSara vAsa karate haiN| aura isI se muniyoM ne ise anadha zabdabrahmAtmaka batAyA hai| isameM bindu aura nAda ardhacandrakalA se yukta sakiraNa jyoti pada ke dyotaka haiM aura 'ma' antara-dhvani ko abhivyakta karane vAlA hai| yaha pUrA pada paraMbrahma-siddha paramAtmA ke dhyAna kI anubhUti karAtA hai| arham ke mahattva ko yogAgAstra meM rahasyamaya nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| aham kA yaha vivecana kumArakavi ke Atmaprabodha meM milatA hai| unake mUla zloka isa prakAra haiM-- "akAro'yaM sAkSAdamRtamayamUttiH sukhayati / sphuradreko ratnatrayamavikalaM saMkalayati // samohaM haMkAro duritanivahaM haMti sahasA / smaredevaM bIjAkSaramabhinnAkSara padam // 118 // 1. tattvAnuzAsana, jugalakizora mukhtAra sampAdita, vIra sevA mandira TrasTa prakAzana, 1963 zloka 101, pRSTha 100. 2. dekhie vahI, pRSTha 100.

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vadhati vasati madhye varNA akAra-hakArayoriti yadanaghaM zabdabrahmAspadaM munayo jaguH / yadamRtakalAM vibhravindujjvalAM raciciSaM dhvanati parabrahma dhyAnaM tavastu padaM mude // 119 // " akAra se hakAra paryanta jo mantrarUpa akSara haiM, ve apane-apane maNDala ko prApta hue parama zaktizAlI dhyeya haiM aura donoM loka ke phaloM ko dene vAle haiN| yahA~ "amantramakSaraM nAsti, nAsti mUlamanauSadham / ayogyaH puruSaH nAsti, saMyojakastatra durlabhaH // " pUrNa rUpa se caritArtha huA hai| yaha satya hai ki aisI koI mUla (jar3a) nahIM, jo auSadhi ke kAma na AtI ho aura koI aisA akSara nahIM jo mantra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita na ho sake / kintu, jisa prakAra pratyeka mUla (jar3a) se auSadhi kA kAma lene vAlA durlabha hai, usI prakAra pratyeka akSara kI mantra-rUpa meM yojanA karane vAlA bhI durlabha hai / 'yojakastatra durlabhaH' ThIka hI hai| isa sandarbha meM munizrI nathamala kA eka kathana dRSTavya hai, "eka kAlidAsa saMskRta kA kavi hai aura dUsarA anya koI sAdhAraNa kavi / kyA antara par3atA hai kAlidAsa meM aura dUsare meM / antara kucha nahIM hai, sirpha varNoM ke vinyAsa kA hotA hai| jo zabdoM kI yojanA karane meM samartha hotA hai, vaha unameM prANa bhara detA hai| jo prANa bharane meM nipuNa nahIM hotA, vaha prANa bharane ke sthAna para kabhI-kabhI prANa hara bhI letA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki hamAre AcArya aura sAth brAhmI lipi ke akSaroM aura varNoM kA saMyojana karane meM nipuNa rahe haiN| unhoMne sAvadhAnatA baratI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hamArA varNavinyAsa yadi eka ora vaijJAnika bana par3A hai, to dUsarI ora bhAva rUpa meM bhI japa, saMkalpa aura mantra ko sAdha sakA hai aura zrImad bhagavadgItA ke zabdoM meM saccI "brAhmI sthiti" taka pahu~ca sakA hai| __ usI samaya, eka dUsarI samannata lipi aura thii| usakA nAma thA khrosstthii| yaha dAyeM se bAyeM likhI jAtI thii| isake avazeSa eka ora pazcimottara pradeza se mathurA taka, to dUsarI ora madhya eziyA taka milate haiN| isakA prAcInatama purAtAttvika lekha azoka se tIna sau I. pUrva ke eka zilAlekha meM prApta huA hai / madhya eziyA se prApta zilAlekha do sau IsavI pUrva ke haiN| grantha rUpa meM isakA prAcIna namUnA khotAna se milI dhammapada kI hastalikhita prati hai / prAcIna jaina-granthoM-bhagavatIsUtra, AvazyakacUNi, samavAyAMgasutra Adi meM aThAraha lipayoM kA vivecana hai| unameM eka kharoSTrikA hai| maiMne 1. jAgarikA, jaina vizva bhAratI prakAzana, 1973, pRSTha 129.

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apane isa grantha meM siddha kiyA hai ki kharoSThI vizuddha bhAratIya lipi thii| usakA AdhAra haiM--samrATa vRSabhadeva / unhoMne apanI putriyoM ko bAyeM se dAyeM likhanA sikhAyA to dAyeM se bAyeM bhI / brAhmI kA nivAsa pazcima meM thA aura vaha sthAna tathA loka-ruci kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhatI thI, aisA usake jIvana se spaSTa hI hai| ho sakatA hai ki usane eka kAma calAU dainika loka vyavahAra kI lipi ke rUpa meM kharoSThI ko janma diyA ho| bUlara aura ojhA-jaise vidvAnoM ne kharoSThI ko brAhmI se prabhAvita svIkAra kiyA hai| jahA~ taka kharoSThI ke nAmakaraNa kA sambandha hai, khara + oSTha (gadhe kA oTha) jaisI vyatpatti, nitAMta asaMgata hai| cInI mAnyatA ki isakA nAma kisI kharoSTha nAma ke vyakti para rakkhA gayA, saca pratIta hotI hai| maiMne varNa-viparyaya ke AdhAra para vRSabhoSTha > rikhaboSTha > kharoSTha svIkAra kiyA hai aura usake pIche samrATa RSabhadeva kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / vidvAnoM ko yaha navIna-sA pratibhAsita hogA, kintu jaina granthoM meM vaha pahale se surakSita hai| aMka lipi aura gaNita kA jaisA samunnata vivecana jaina granthoM meM prApta hotA hai, anyatra nahIM / 'aMkAnAM vAmato gatiH' kA mUla sAkSI pramANa bhI jaina granthoM meM hI milatA hai / RSabhadeva ne apanI dUsarI putrI sundarI ko, jo dAhinI ora baiThI thI, aMka lipi kI vidyA pradAna kii| vahA~ se hI vaha dAyeM se bAyIM ora calI / aMkoM kA janma aura vikAsa bhArata meM huA / bhArata unakA janma sthala hai / ojhA Adi vidvAn bhAratIya mUla aMkoM para videzI prabhAva kI bAta nahIM mAnate / unakA spaSTa abhimata hai, "prAcIna zailI ke bhAratIya aMka bhAratIya AryoM ke svatantra nirmANa kiye hue haiN|"1 kintu unheM zUnya yojanA ke janmadAtA kA patA na cala sakA, jisane aMkoM ko navIna zailI pradAna kii| vaise ve yaha mAnate haiM ki-"navIna zailI ke aMkoM kI bhI sRSTi bhAratavarSa meM hI huI, phira yahA~ se araboM ne yaha krama sIkhA aura araboM se usakA praveza yorupa meM huaa|"2 zAyada isa sandarbha meM ojhA jI ne ToDaramala-racita 'artha saMdRSTi' nAma kA grantha na dekhA hogaa| isameM unhoMne RNa-pratIka ke lie pA~ca cihnoM kA prayoga batalAyA hai, unameM eka zUnya bhI hai| vahA~ usakA vizada vivecana hai| zrI lakSmIcanda jaina kA abhimata hai ki"artha saMdRSTi sadRza granthoM ke gahana adhyayana se aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi ke AdhAroM 1. prAcIna lipimAlA, pRSTha 110. 2. dekhie vahI, pRSTha 110.

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ko sudRr3ha kiyA jA sakatA hai aura bhArata ke ujjvala atIta para vizeSa prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai|"1 artha saMdRSTi prAcIna granthoM para AdhRta eka mahattvapUrNa ___prAkRta ko kAma meM lAne ke kAraNa jaina aura bauddha aMkalipi ke udbhAvaka nahIM ho skte|" bUlara kA yaha kathana kucha aTapaTA aura tarka-hIna sA lagatA hai| aMka aura usa para AdhRta gaNita kA samunnata rUpa jaina prAkRta granthoM meM hI saba-se-adhika dekhA jAtA hai| vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki ina prAkRta granthoM meM vivecita gaNita ke AdhAra para hI ananta, salAgAgaNana, karmabandha, dravyakSetrAdi aura mArgaNAoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA jA skaa| prAkRta granthoM meM avibhAga praticcheda ko ikAI rUpa meM lekara yathArtha anantoM kA alpa-bahuttva saMracita kiyA gayA hai| jahA~ iTalI meM jIno (460 I0 pUrva) kA vibhAjyatAsambandhI tarka aura cIna ke huIthiha (5 vIM sadI I0pU0) kA akSarabhAsa ananta kI gaNanA na kara sakA, vahA~ jaina prAkRta granthoM kA gaNita eka siddhAnta rUpa meM prarUpita huaa| spaSTa hai ki yadi prAkRta aMkoM ke udbhAvana meM bAdhaka hotI, to unakA aisA vikasita rUpa prAkRta granthoM meM na miltaa| yadi mahAvIra kA tIrthakAla apanI lokotara avadhAraNAoM ko laukika gaNita ke mAdhyama se siddha karane meM samartha huA hai, to yaha nizcita hai ki prAkRta aMka vikAsa ke lie varadAna thI, abhizApa nhiiN| ___ jaina granthoM meM lekha-sAmagrI ke pramANa bikhare hue haiN| maiMne unheM yathA sambhava isa grantha meM dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai| phira bhI, bahuta kucha aisA raha gayA hai , jise maiM nahIM saMjo sakA hU~, aisA mujhe vizvAsa hai / munizrI nathamala ke grantha 'jaina darzana, manana aura mImAMsA'2 meM 'potthArA' ke sambandha meM naye sandarbho kA ullekha huA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki 'rAjapraznIya sUtra' meM pustaka ratna kA varNana karate hue kambikA (kAmI), morA, gAMTha, lipyAsana (maSipAtra), chaMdana (Dhakkana), sAMkalI, maSi aura lekhanI kI carcA kI gaI hai| prajJApanA (pada1) meM potthArA zabda AtA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai--lipikAra--pustaka vijJAna-Arya / isI meM batAyA gayA hai ki arddhamAgadhI bhASA aura brAhmI lipi kA prayoga karane vAle mASArya hote haiM / dazavakAlika kI hAribhadrIyA vRtti (patra 25) meM pA~ca prakAra kI pustakeM batalAI gaI haiM--gaNDI, kacchavI, muSTi, saMpuTaphalaka aura sRpATikA / nizIthacUrNi meM bhI inakA ullekha hai| anuyogadvAra kA potthakamma (pustaka karma) zabda bhI lipi kI prAcInatA kA eka prabala pramANa hai| TIkAkAra ne pustaka kA artha 1. bhikSu abhinandana grantha, pRSTha 224-25. 2. munizrI nathamala, jaina darzana, manana aura mImAMsA, parivaddhita saMskaraNa, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUrU, 1973, pRSTha 85.

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16 , tAr3apatra athavA saMpuTaka patra-saMcaya aura karma kA artha usameM vartikA Adi se likhanA kiyA hai| isI sUtra meM Aye hue potthakAra ( pustakakAra) zabda kA artha TIkAkAra ne ' pustaka ke dvArA jIvikA calAne vAlA kiyA hai / jIvAbhigama (3 prati 4 adhi.)ke potthAra zabda kA bhI yahI artha hotA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI pAThazAlA meM par3hane-likhane kI ghaTanA bhI tAtkAlika lekhana-prathA kA eka pramANa hai / yadyapi bhAratIya vAGmaya - cAhe jaina ho, bauddha athavA vaidika eka lambe ---- samaya taka kaNThastha paramparA meM surakSita rahA hai, kintu isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki hama usa samaya likhanA nahIM jAnate the / jalavAyu kI viSamatAoM ke kAraNa lekha-patra bhale hI naSTa ho gaye hoM, kintu IsA se sahasroM varSa pUrva kA purAtAttvika pramANa mohana-jo-daro aura harappA kI khudAiyoM meM prApta huA hai / usa para utkIrNa lipi, lipi to hai hI, bhale hI Aja use par3hane meM hamAre madhya vivAda ho / lipi saMskAra ke samaya bAlaka ke mukha se eka aise maMgala vAkya kA uccAraNa karavAyA jAtA thA, jo Age cala kara samUce bhArata kI virAsata banA / vaha vAkya thA----onAmAsI dhamma / saMskRta meM ise 'OMnamaHsiddhemyaH' / kahate haiM / isakA artha hai--siddhoM ko namaskAra ho / yaha zramaNa paramparA kA prAcIna maMtra vAkya hai / tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke pahale se cale Aye caudaha pUrvI meM se eka pUrva thA vidyAnuvAda' - mantra vidyA kA sazakta grantha / usameM yaha mantra nibaddha thA / isake uccAraNa se bAlaka kA vidyAdhyayana nirvighna pUrA hotA thA, aisI mAnyatA thI / isakA pracalana kevala jainoM meM hI nahIM, apitu bhArata ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM thA / zramaNa aura brAhmaNa ke saMgharSa ke hote hue bhI yaha vAkya binA kisI bhedabhAva ke calatA rahA / vaha sArvabhauma bana sakA, aisI usameM kSamatA thI / bhAvAtmaka ekatA ke lie aise sUtravAkyoM kA apanA eka pRthak mahattva hotA hai| yaha prazna uThAnA ki yaha sUtra mUlataH zramaNoM kA thA athavA brAhmaNoM kA aura zramaNoM meM bhI jainoM kA thA athavA bauddhoM kA, eka vyartha kI bAta hai / vaha saba kA bana sakA aura lipi saMskAra ke samaya bAlaka ke dvArA usakA uccAraNa maMgala mAnA gayA, itanA hI paryApta hai / kintu aise prazna uThe avazya hoMge, tabhI to yaha pavitra sUtra bhI Age cala kara vidveSa aura vikRti kA zikAra banA / eka dUsarA vAkya hai- 'kakkA rItu kevaliyA' / yaha mahAjanI muNDiyA fafe ke bahIkhAtoM meM Aja bhI likhA jAtA hai / kakkA bArahakhar3I kA dyotaka hai aura 'kevaliyA' kevalI bhagavAn, arthAt kevalajJAna ke dhAraka arhanta kA pratIka 1. kahA jAtA hai ki muni sukumArasena ( 7 vIM sadI IsavI) ke vidyAnuzAsana meM, vidyAnuvAda kI bikharI sAmagrI kA saMkalana huA hai / vidyAnuzAsana kI hastalikhita prati jayapura aura ajame ke zAstra bhaNDAroM meM maujUda hai /

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17 hai| ye donoM hI zabda spaSTa rUpa se jaina paramparA ke haiM aura vahA~ se hI cle| bahIkhAtoM kA sambandha aMkalipi se hai| bIca-bIca meM akSara-lipi kA bhI prayoga karanA par3atA hai| bahIkhAtoM meM logoM ke khAte Aja bhI varNAnukrama se hI DAlane kA rivAja hai / bArahakhar3I ke varNoM ke AdhAra para jaina AcAryoM ne bar3e-bar3e AdhyAtmika granthoM kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| a se ha taka ke vargoM meM se eka-eka ko lekara zlokoM kI satata racanA karate jAnA jaina AcAryoM kI apanI zailI thii| maiMne jayapura ke bhaNDAroM meM paM0 daulatarAma kAsalIvAla kA eka bRhat kAya hastalikhita grantha---'adhyAtma bArahakhar3I' dekhA thaa| isa grantha meM bArahakhar3I ke eka-eka varNa ko lekara anekAneka AdhyAtma paraka padyoM kI racanA kI gaI hai| yaha hindI kA eka sarasa grantha hai| aise-hI-aise aneka grantha haiM, jo apane hastalikhita rUpa meM bhaNDAroM meM par3e haiN| unakA sampAdana aura prakAzana honA hI cAhie / tAtparya yaha hai ki jaina paramparA apane prAcIna kAla se hI brAhmIlipi aura varNamAtRkA kI parama bhakta rahI hai| usake aMga-pratyaMga meM isake uddharaNa bikhare hue haiN| bAta prAmANika hai| varNa aura akSaroM kA jaisA saiddhAntika, tAttvika aura bhASA vaijJAnika vivecana jaina granthoM meM upalabdha hotA hai, anyatra nhiiN| varNamAtRkA ke caraNoM meM jaina manISiyoM kI yaha vinamra zraddhAJjali hI hai / / ___jainAcAryoM ne zabdAtIta kI sthiti, aciMtana kI bhUmikA aura nirvicAra kI koTi taka pahu~cane ko nirvikalpa taka pahu~canA kahA hai| ise ve mauna kI sahI sthiti mAnate haiM aura ise hI vAksavara athavA vAksaMyama kahate haiN| kintu ve eka dUsarI bAta aura kahate haiM ki jo vyakti vacana-zUnya hai, vaha nirvacana taka nahIM pahu~ca sktaa| isI prakAra zabda-zUnya zabdAtIta taka, vAka-zUnya nirvAk taka, cintana zUnya aciMtana taka aura vicAra rahita nirvicAra taka pahu~cane meM asamartha hai / isa prakAra ve zabda, vAk, cintana aura vicAra ko bhI samarUpa se mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiN| varNoM se zabda banate haiM aura zabdoM se vAkya, vAk yA vacana / bhASA vargaNA aura zabda para jaina-granthoM meM gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra zabda paudgalika hai, AkAzIya nahIM, jaisA ki kaNAda Adi katipaya naiyyAyika mAnate haiM / sAMkhyadarzana use AkAza kA janaka kahatA hai| mImAMsaka use nitya mAnate haiM, AkAza kI bhA~ti usakI sarvatra, savadA sattA hai, jaba vyaJjaka nimitta milate haiM, taba vaha hamAre zravaNa meM AtA hai, anyathA nhiiN| bhartRhari ke anusAra samasta vizva zabdamaya hai / jainAcArya use bhASA vargaNA ke pudgaloM kA paryAya kahate haiN| pudgala dravya mUrtika hotA hai, ataH zabda bhI mUttika hai| rUpa, rasa, gaMdha aura sparza-ye sabhI pudgala dharma usameM vidyamAna haiN|

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18 itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne zabda kI utpatti, zIghragati aura loka-vyApitva Adi pahaluoM para bhI pUrA prakAza DAlA hai / jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM likhA hai ki sughoSA ghaNTA kA zabda asaMkhya yojana kI dUrI para sthita ghaNTAoM meM pratidhvanita hotA hai| yaha usa samaya kI bAta hai, jabaki reDiyo, vAyaralesa Adi kA anusandhAna nahIM huA thA / zabda kSaNa-mAtra meM loka-vyApI bana jAtA hai| zabda pudgala-skandhoM ke saMghAta aura bheda se utpanna hotA hai| usake bhASA, zabda aura nobhASA zabda Adi aneka bheda haiN| bolane ke pUrva, vaktA bhASA paramANuoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, phira bhASA ke rUpa meM unakA pariNamana karatA huA anta meM utsarjana karatA hai|' grahaNa aura utsarjana meM kevala eka samaya kA vyavadhAna hotA hai| jIva gRhIta bhASA-dravyoM ko dhAraNa karake rakha nahIM sktaa| jisa samaya meM grahaNa karatA hai, usake dUsare hI samaya meM nisarga karanA hotA hai / utsarjana ke dvArA bAhara nikale hue bhASA-pudgala AkAza meM phailate haiN| bAhara nikale zabdoM kA vega itanA tIvra hotA hai ki eka hI samaya meM ve loka ke anta taka jA pahu~cate haiN| bijalI kI taraha lapalapAtI zabdoM kI tIvragati Aja dhvani yantroM para sAkSAt kI jA sakatI hai / zabda meM padArtha kI bodhaka zakti nisargaja hotI hai, arthAt pratyeka zabda vizva ke samasta padArthoM kA pratipAdana karane meM samartha hai / ghaTa zabda jaise kalaza kA vAcaka hai, vaise hI vaha vastra, pustaka, TopI Adi kA bhI vAcaka ho sakatA hai, kintu manuSya ne zabda kI isa vAcaka zakti ko saMketa ke dvArA sImita kara diyA hai| ataH saMketa praNAlI ke dvArA hI zabda apane vAcya kA pratipAdaka hotA hai| naiyyAyika zabda kI sahaja artha-prakAzana zakti ko nahIM mAnate / kintu, sahaja bodhaka zakti ke abhAva meM saMketa bhI nahIM Tika skegaa| saMketa ke binA zabda artha ko to batA sakegA, kintu kisa artha ko batAye, yaha mAlUma na ho paayegaa| amuka zabda amuka artha kA vAcaka hai, yaha nirdhAraNa saMketa ke dvArA hogA, kintu usameM arthAvabodhana kI zakti to pahale se caahie| saMketa eka rUDhi-bhara hai / vaha eka praNAlI hai| usameM vyApakatva nahIM hai| phira bhI, vAcaka aura vAcya kA sambandha banAne meM saMketa eka mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAtA hai| zabda kI arthAvabodhana kI vyApaka sAmarthya ko yadi saMketa-dvArA niyata na kiyA gayA to vaha vaktA ke abhISTa artha kA pratipAdaka na hokara, zrotA kI icchAnusAra kisI bhI artha kA vAcaka bana jaayegaa| isa prakAra zabda prayoga kA uddezya hI naSTa 1. jaina darzana, manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 181.

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ho jaayegaa| kahA jAyegA gau lAne ko aura vaha le AyegA zakarakanda, kahA jAyegA sindUra lAne ko aura vaha le AyegA jaradA / aisI avyavasthita dazA meM bhASA uddezyahIna bana kara yaha jaayegii| ___ eka dUsarA prazna hai ki zabda apane artha se bhinna hai yA abhinna / yadi sarvathA bhinna hotA to zabda ke dvArA artha kA jJAna ho hI nahIM sakatA thaa| "vAcya ko apanI sattA ke jJApana ke lie vAcaka cAhie aura vAcaka ko apanI sArthakatA ke lie vAcya caahie| zabda kI vAcaka paryAya vAcya ke nimitta se banatI hai aura artha kI vAcya paryAya zabda ke nimitta se banatI hai, isalie donoM meM kathaJcid tAdAtmya hai| sarvathA abheda isalie nahIM ki vAcya kI kriyA vAcaka kI kriyA se bhinna hai|" vAcaka bodha karAne kI paryAya meM hotA hai aura vAcya jJeya paryAya meN| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki zabda vahI hai, jo arthavAna ho| artha ke binA zabda 'sthANurayaM bhArahAraH--jaisA hai / isI ko bhartahari ne apanI dArzanika bhASA meM kahA hai ki arthabrahma ke binA zabdabrahma kI koI sattA nahIM hai / zabda aura artha eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| isI ko vAkyapadIyam (2 / 31) meM "ekasyaivAtmanau bhedau zabdArthAvapRthak sthitau|" kahA gayA hai / kAlidAsa ne kumArasambhava meM vAk aura artha ko saMpRkta mAnate hue hara aura pArvatI ke samAna kahA hai / mahAtmA tulasIdAsa ne vAk aura artha ko jala aura taraMga ke samAna kahate hue likhA hai, "girAaratha jala-vIci sama kahiata bhinna-na-bhinna 2 / " jala-vIci kI bAta puSpadanta aura svayambhU ne pahale hI likhI thii| __ Aja, jaba tejI se badalate isa yuga ke jIvana mUlyoM meM saMtulana rakha pAnA kaThina ho gayA ho, taba maiM atIta kI gaharAiyoM meM DUbA rahU~, sambhava na thA / sambhava huA eka vItarAgI sAdhu ko niSkAma preraNA aura satata maMgalavarSA se / kArya AsAna nahIM thA / bajramaNi meM cheda karane-jaisA hI thaa| mujhe to aisA hI lgaa| anavarata zrama to Avazyaka thA hI, kintu satata niSThA aura ekAgratA ke binA to kucha ho hI na paataa| merI kuTiyA meM niSThA kA dIpa jalatA rahA aura jalatA rhaa| kisI rAga-dveSa athavA mAyA-moha kA prabhaJjana use cukA na skaa| to, maiM usa sneha kA AbhArI hU~, jisane isa dIpa kI battI ko, dhIme-dhIme hI sahI, manda-manda hI sahI jalane diyaa| vaha sneha thA eka zramaNa sAdhu kA, jo mujhe eka AzIrvAda ke rUpa meM milA thaa| sneha-divya sneha, rAga-rahita, moha-rahita / jaina granthoM kI sAdhanA 1. jaina darzana, manana aura mImAMsA, pRSTha 607. 2. rAmacarita mAnasa. bAlakANDa 18

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binA isa sneha ke sambhava nahIM hai / niSThA cAhie, korA zrama vyartha hai| mujhe jahA~ se niSThA milI, unhIM caraNoM meM yaha grantha samarpita hai / 20 maiM una AcAryoM, sUriyoM aura granthakAroM kA bhI hRdaya se kRtajJa hU~, jinakI bauddhika sampatti mujhe virAsata ke rUpa meM milii| unakI jalAI jyoti na hotI to maiM kucha dekha hI na pAtA / vIra nirvANa grantha prakAzana samiti, iMdaura, bhAI bAbUlAlajI pATaudI aura DA. nemIcanda jaina ke lie kyA likhUM, ve apane hI haiM / unake patroM se mujhe utsAha milA hai aura maiM umaMgita mana se isa grantha ko pUrA kara sakA hU~ / unake prati AbhArI huuN| zrI mANikacanda jI pANyA ke sneha se hI maiM granthaprakAzana ke antima kSaNoM meM indaura pahu~ca sakA, suvidhA - pUrvaka grantha dekha sakA, unakA kRtajJa hU~ -- atIva kRtajJa / maiMne jo kucha likhA hai, bambhI devI ke caraNoM meM laghu vinata zraddhAJjali hai / yadi vidvAnoM ko rucikara huI, to maiM apane ko kRtArtha samajhaMgA / zruta paJcamI vI. ni. saM. 2501 - DaoN. premasAgara jaina adhyakSa evaM rIDara hindI vibhAga

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vizva kI mUla lipi brAhmI

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lipi : vyutpatti aura vizleSaNa lipi aura lipikAra lipi zabda 'lipa upadehe' se lip dhAtu meM, 'ika kRSyAdibhyaH' iti ik pratyaya ke lagAne se banatA hai| 1 lip dhAtu lepane, lIpane yA potane ke artha meM AtI hai| jaise kASThAdiphalaka para cikanI mulatAnI miTTI kA lepana karanA / oThoM para mAMjiSTha (majITha) kA lepana bhI lipi kahalAtA hai--"lipi lepana dravyam, oSTha rajjikA mAMjiSThI lipiroSThayoH / " isI kAraNa 'lipyate iti lipiH' kahA jAtA hai / jaina granthoM meM kASThaphalakAdi ko sudhA prabhRti dravyoM se lIpane kI bAta kahI gaI hai| 2 lipi zabda kevala lIpane yA potane ke artha meM hI nahIM, apitu likhane ke artha meM bhI AtA hai| medinIkoza ke racayitA ne 'lekhA lipi:' likha kara lekhana karma ko lipi mAnA hai / lekhA zabda likh' dhAtu se banA hai aura likh dhAtu 'likha vilakhane' se vilakhan artha meM AtI hai| vilakhana kA artha hai engrevezana arthAt khodanA yA chedanA / vaha dhAtupatra para ho, kApTha phalaka para ho, patthara para ho, sUtI kapar3e para ho yA kisI aura para, khodanA yA chedanA hI khlaayegaa| IsA se chaThI zatAbdI pUrva ke siMhalI AgamoM meM lekhana ko 'chindati likhati' kahA gayA hai|' vinayapiTaka meM eka sthAna para bauddha-bhikSuoM ke lie niyama khodane kI bAta likhI hai|5 jainoM meM mUrti lekha atyadhika prAcIna haiM / mohana-jo-daro meM RSabhadeva kI khaDgAsana mUrti para 'jinAya namaH' khudA huA hai| isa chedane yA khodane ke kAma meM chainI, hathaur3A aura kIla kA prayoga hotA thaa| prAcIna granthoM meM ina sAdhanoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai / kAlAntara meM hala se bhUmi-vidAraNa ko bhI vilakhana kahane lage, jaisA ki 'lekhanaM bhUmidAraNaM' se siddha hai| 1. 'lipyata iti lipi:'--amarakoSa 2/8/16 'lip upadehe'-ju. u. a., iti dhAtoH, 'ika kRSyAdibhyaH'-vAttika 3/3/108 iti ik pratyayaH / 2. "pUrvasmin yuge kASThaphalakAdika sudhAprabhRtidravyarupalipya aMgulibhinaMDairvA akSarANAmAkRti vidhIyate smeti pratIyate / " dekhie bhagavatIsUtra, saMskRta vyAkhyA. 3. medinIkoza, 'kha' 4. 4. vinayapiTaka, bholenavarga sampAdita, 1/24 aura sekreTa baksa mA~va IsTa'.10/29. 5. dekhie vahI.

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devatAoM ko bhI lekha kahate haiM, zAyada isa kAraNa ki ghara-dvAroM para rekhAkRtiyoM se devatAoM ke citra banAne kI prAcIna prathA hai| isI kAraNa unheM rekha athavA lekha saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ para bhI devatAoM ke citra utkIrNa karane kI bAta hai| arthAt citra khodane ke artha meM bhI likha dhAtu AtI thii| amara koSakAra ne 'likhitAkSara vinyAsa' ko lipi kahA hai / usakA kathana hai --"likhitAkSara vinyAse lipilibirubhe striyau' / isakA samAsa vigraha hai-'likhitaM cAkSaravinyAsazca, anayoH samAhAraH, tasmin / '2 isakA artha hai-likhita ho aura akSara vinyAsa ho, usameM strIliMgavAcI lipi athavA libi hotI hai / uccAraNa bheda se lipi ko libi kahate haiM / likhitaM-arthAt likhita ho-arthAt khudA huA yAchindita ho / kyA ho? akSara vinyAsa-akSaroM kI AkRti / isakA artha huA ki khadI haI akSaroM kI AkRti / khudA huA artha likh dhAtu se nikalA hai, ataH yadi yaha kahA jAye ki likhe hue akSaroM kI AkRti ko lipi kahate haiM, to anyathA na hogaa| kintu prazna to yaha hai ki khude hue athavA likhe hue akSara vinyAsa meM 'lipi lipyate' vAlI bAta kaise ghaTita huI / yadi ghaTita nahIM hotI to usakA lIpanApotanA artha vyartha ho jAtA hai| kintu, prAcIna granthoM se vidita hai ki jisa vastu para bhI akSara vinyAsa hotA thA, use pahale lIpA-potA athavA pAliza kI jAtI thii| elabarUnI kA kathana hai ki bhoja patra para pahale pAliza kI jAtI thI phira usa para likhA jAtA thaa| tAr3apatra ko bhA mulAyama patthara athavA zaMkha se ragar3a kara likhane ke pUrva cikanA kara liyA jAtA thaa| isI bhA~ti sUtI kapar3e para pAliza karane kA rivAja thA / patthara ko bhI pahale mulAyama kiyA jAtA thA, phira usa para pAliza hoto thA, tadupari akSara-vinyAsa chainA-hathaur3e, kIla yA anya kisI vastu se kiyA jAtA thaa| 5 jaina-granthoM meM likhA hai-"pUrvasmina yuge kASThaphalakAdikaM sudhAprabhRtidravyairupalipya aMgulibhirnaDA akSarANAmAkRtividhIyate sm|" isakA artha hai-pahale samaya meM kASThaphalaka Adi para, sudhA prabhRti dravyoM se lepana kara, aMgulI athavA nAkhUnoM se akSara vidhAna kiyA jAtA thaa| 1. "lekhaH devaH / lekhaH kasmAt ? purA hi anumatAM divyAnAM devAnAM vigrahAtmikA rUpavarNaracanA bhittiSa likhitvaiva kriyate smeti lekhaH / adyApi vivAhAdikautukAvasare dvArabhittiSu paramparAtvena gaNezagaurIviSNugajahayasvastikAdInAM pANDukagarikAdibhirlekhanaM vidhIyate / " 'lekharSabho'nilaH ' jinasahasranAma 108, zrutasAgarI vyAkhyA aura 'lekho lekhye sure' , medinIkoza, 'kha'-4. 2. amarakoSa 2/8/16. 3. iNDiyA, 1.171, (sacAU) 4. rAjendralAla mitra, gApha peparsa, pRSTha 14. 5. dekhie maisUra aura kurga gajeTiyara-1877, 1-408. 6. iNDiyana peliyogrAphI, DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya, bhAga 1, pRSTha 77 7. dekhie bhagavatI sUtra-saMskRta vyAkhyA.

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isa prakAra lipi aura lekha paryAyavAcI the / pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI meM lipi zabda kA prayoga huA hai| DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla kA kathana hai, "pANini ne grantha, lipikara, yavanAnI lipi aura gauoM ke kAnoM para saMkhyAvAcI cinha aMkita karane kI prathA kA ullekha kiyA hai| ye saba lipi-jJAna ke astitva ke nizcita pramANa haiN|"1 pANini ne apane sUtra 3/2/21 meM lipi kA dUsarA uccAraNa libi bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| kauTilya ke artha zAstra (1/5) meM lipi zabda AyA hai| vahA~ sAMketika lipi ko saMjJAlipi kahA gayA hai / 2 - IrAnI samrATa dArA prathama ke bahistUna abhilekha meM utkIrNa lekha ko divi kahA gayA hai| lipi aura divi meM lipi aura libi kI bhA~ti uccAraNa bheda ho sakatA hai, kintu isa AdhAra para yaha anumAna kara lenA ki-"lipi aura dipi kA mUla sambhavataH prAcIna IrAnI dipi se hai aura ye zabda IsA-pUrva 500 meM paMjAba para dArA ke AkramaNa se pUrva bhArata meM na pahu~ce hoNge| dipi hI bAda meM lipi ho gii|"3 ThIka nahIM hai| veda aura avestA meM zabda sAmya hai| uccAraNa bheda se zabdoM meM antara AyA hai| isakA artha yaha to nahIM hai ki avestA se veda athavA veda se avestA meM zabda-grahaNa huA hai| saMskRta aura phArasI bhI -- Allied Languages ' thI / ataH lipi aura dipi kA mUla eka ho sakatA hai, kintu lipa se dipi athavA dipi se lipi zabda banA yA ho gayA, kahanA upayukta nahIM hai| vhUlara kA yaha kathana bhI sAragabhita pratIta nahIM hotA ki bhAratIya mahAkAvyoM aura bauddha AgamoM meM likha, lekha, lekhaka aura lekhana kA prayoga adhika hai, lipi kA kama, kyoMki vaha videzI zabda hai / 5 eka zabda ke aneka paryAyavAciyoM meM koI adhika cala par3atA hai aura koI kama, kintu isa AdhAra para kama calane vAle kA mUla videzI mAna lenA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| jaise candramA ke aneka paryAyavAcI haiM, kintu candra yA candramA jitanA pracalita 1. DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, pANinikAlIna bhArata, pra.saM0, vi. saM.. 2012, vArANasI 5/2/306. 2. kauTilya, arthazAstra 1/7. 3. vhUlara, bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, maMgalanAthasiMha-anuvAdita, vArANasI, pRSTha 12 4. "The origin of the term 'divira' seems to be in the word 'diPikara' ( a writer or Engraver ) used in the Asokan Edicts. Dipikara' could Easily be Prakritised into 'divikara-divira, It is likely that dipikara' and divir were derived from the same common source, as sanskrit and ancient Persian were allied languages." DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya, iNDiyana peliyogrAphI, pRSTha 61. 5. vhUlara, bhAratIyapurAlipi zAstra, pRSTha 10.

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26 huA, anya nhiiN| to, una para anyathA kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / yaha to pracalita ho jAne kI bAta hai / usameM jana pravRtti hI adhika sahAyaka hai, jo sugamatA aura sukaratA adhika cAhatI hai / lipikara se lekhaka sugama hai aura sukara / usake adhika pracalana meM yaha bhASA vaijJAnika kAraNa bahuta kucha sambhAvya hai / lipi aura lekha ke samAna hI lipikara aura lekhaka bhI paryAyavAcI haiM | lipi ko uccAraNa bheda se libi kahate haiM, usI prakAra lipikara ko libikara / donoM hI zabda pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI meM prayukta hue haiN| eka zabda aura hai - dipikara yaha dipi se banA hai / dipi aura lipi eka hI artha meM Ate haiM / dipi videzI zabda hai / isa para abhI vicAra ho cukA hai / samrATa azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM lipi aura dipi donoM kA prayoga huA hai / jahA~ unake brahmagiri aura giranAra ke abhilekhoM meM lipikara zabda milatA hai, vahA~ zAhavAz2agar3hI ke 14veM lekha meM dipikara zabda prayukta huA hai / DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne likhA hai, "maurya yuga meM lipi zabda lekhana ke lie prayukta hotA thA / azoka ne apane stambha lekha aura zilAlekhoM ko dhammalipi yA dhammadipi kahA hai / laghu zilAlekha saM0 2 meM lekha khodane vAle ko lipikara kahA gayA hai| "2 Age cala kara sAtavIM AThavIM zatAbdI ke vallabhI ke zilAlekhoM meM divira yA divIra zabda kA prayoga huA hai| DaoN0 vhalara ke anusAra yaha zabda phArasI ke devIra se banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai - lekhaka / ye sAsAnI zAsanakAla meM pazcimI bhArata meM basa gaye the / zAyada aisA IrAna aura bhArata ke bIca vyApArika sambandhoM ke bar3hane ke kAraNa huA ho / rAjataraMgiNI meM divira zabda kA prayoga huA hai / kSemendra ke loka prakAza meM gajadivira ( bAz2Ara lekhaka ), grAma divira, nagara divira Adi aneka bheda milate haiM / madhyakAla meM divirapati zabda kA ullekha milatA hai / divirapati saMdhivigraha kRta - saMdhi aura yuddha ke maMtrI ko kahate the / DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya 1 I likhA hai, " " In a large number of vallabhi inscriptions of the Seventh and eightth Centuries A. D., the minister of Alliance and war (Sandhi-Vigrahadhikrta), who was responsible for the preparation of the draft of documnts, is Called 'divirpati' 1. 'ki lipilibi' (3/2/21) iti liGgAt pasya bo vA / 'libiH' sautro dhAtuH- iti mukuTaH / amarakoSa 2/8/16. 2. DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa, 5 / 2 / 306.* 3. bhAratIyapurAlipizAstra, vhalara, pR. 207.

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which means the lord of diviras."' isakA spaSTa artha hai ki bahuta se lekhaka isa divirapati-vigraha aura saMdhi maMtrI ke nIce DrAphTsa aura DokyUmenTsa taiyAra karate the / aise lekhakoM ko rAja lipikara bhI kahate the| sAMcI ke zilAlekha meM 'subihita gotIputta'-ko rAjalipikara kahA gayA hai / 2 azoka ke zilAlekhoM se aisA lagatA hai ki lekhaka zabda, usa samaya taka likhane aura utkIrNa karane donoM arthoM meM AtA thA, kintu Age cala kara ye do pRthak-pRthak kAma ho gaye / lekhaka kevala likhane kA kAma karatA thA aura zilpI unheM pattharoM athavA tAmra patroM Adi para khodane kA kAma karate the| isa sandarbha meM hUlara kA kathana dRSTavya hai, "jaisA ki abhilekhoM ke antima aMzoM se vidita hotA hai ki paramparA yaha thI ki patthara para khode jAne ke lie prazastiyA~ athavA kAvya pezevara lekhakoM ko diye jAte the| ye usakI svaccha prati taiyAra karate the| isa prati ke AdhAra para hI kArIgara (sUtradhAra, zilAkaTa, rUpakAra yA zilpin) pattharoM para pralekha khoda dete the|"3 iNDiyA epigrAphikA XVI 208 meM zilpin ke lie vInANi zabda ke prayoga kI bAta kahI gaI hai| vInANi kA artha hai vaijJAnika / arthAt zilpI vaijJAnika kahA jAtA thA / kaliMga meM ise hI akSazAlin athavA azmazAlin kahate the| kArIgaroM ke rUpa meM ayaskara, kaNsara (kaserA), saMgatarAza aura hemakAra kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| pezevara lekhakoM meM kAyastha pramukha the| pahale inakI koI jAti nahIM thii| bhinna-bhinna vargoM ke loga rAjya ke AphisoM meM lekhaka (klarka) kA kAma karane ke lie Ate the| Age cala kara inakI eka jAti bana gaI / vaha eka sammizrita jAti thii| brAhmaNa granthoM kA kathana hai ki unameM zUdra rakta adhika hai, kintu rAjAoM aura maMtriyoM ke samparka meM rahane ke kAraNa unakA sthAna U~cA thaa|" zAyada isI kAraNa unake dvArA pIr3ita prajA kI rakSA kI bAta yAjJavalkya smRti meM AI hai, "kAyasthA lekhakA gaNakAzca te pIDyamAnA vizeSato rakSet / 1. DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya, iNDiyana peliyogrAphI, pR 61 2. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, II, 102 3. vhUlara, bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pR. 208. 4. iNDiyana eNTIkverI, 13 vA~ bhAga, pR. 123. 5. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pR 206, pAdaTippar3a. 6. DaoN. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, vArANasI, 1661, pR. 256. .. kolabuka, eseja, II, 161, 166 (kAbela) aura bambaI gajeTiyara, XIII, I, 88

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28 teSAM rAjaballabhatayAtimAyavittvAcca durnivArattvAt / "' isase spaSTa hai ki ve rAja-priya to the hI, atimAyAvit bhI the, arthAt mAyA racane meM nipuNa the| unake samUce Adarza aura siddhAnta apanI svArtha siddhi ke lie the| ve apane atirikta aura kisI kA bhalA nahIM dekha pAte the / ve atyadhika svArthI the| kAyastha zabda kI vyutpatti-kAye sthitaH se bhI yahI spaSTa hotA hai ki ve apanI kAyA meM hI sthira rahate the, arthAt apane svArthoM meM nimagna rahate the| kAyastha kA sabase pahalA ullekha 'viSNudharma sUtra' meM milatA hai-"rAjAdhikaraNe tanniyuktakAyasthakRtaM tadadhyakSakaracihnitaM rAjasAkSikam / "2 dUsarA ullekha yAjJavalkya smRti meM AyA hai, jisameM kAyasthoM se prajA ko vizeSarUpa se rakSita karane kI bAta hai-"cATa taskara durvRtta mahAsAhasakAdibhi; pIDayamAnAH prajA: rakSet kAyasthaizca vizeSataH / 3" buddha gupta ke samaya (I0 saM0 476-495) ke eka tAmrapAtra ke lekha meM ullekha hai ki-"kAyasthoM kA pramukha jilA pariSad kA sadasya thaa|" abhilekhoM meM rAjasthAna kA 'kANasva abhilekha' (I0 sa0 738-39) pahalA hai, jisameM kAyastha zabda kA prayoga prApta hotA hai| gujarAta aura kaliMga' ke abhilekhoM meM inakA prAyaH nAma milatA hai / kalhaNa kI rAjataMragiNI aura kSemendra ke lokaprakAza meM bhI inakA ekAdhika bAra nAmollekha huA hai| lekhaka ke anya nAma bhI the, jaise-karaNa, karaNika, karaNin, zAsanika aura dharmalekhin / karaNa kAyastha kA paryAyavAcI thaa| yaha bhI eka varNasaMkara jAti thii| yAjJavalkya smRti meM ise vaizya pitA aura zUdrA mAM kI santAna mAnA hai, "vaizyAttu karaNaH zUdrAyAM vinnAsveSa vidhiH smRtaH / " ina sabakA kAma vahI thA jo kAyastha kiyA karate the / prAyaH inheM rAjAjJApatroM aura kAnUnI dastAvejoM ko taiyAra karanA hotA thaa| inakA ullekha madhyayuga ke cedi aura caMdeloM ke 1. mitAkSarA, yAjJavalkyasmRti, I, 366. 2. viSNudharmasUtra, 7vA~ adhyAya, 3 rA zloka3. yAjJavalkyasmRti, 1/366. 4. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 15, pR. 138. 5. iNDiyana eNTIkverI, bhAga 16, pR. 55. 6. vahI, bhAga 6, pR 162. 7. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 3, pR. 224. . 8. DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya, iNDiyana peliyogrAphI, pR. 63. 6. yAjJavalkyasmRti, 1/62. 2. .. .

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lekhoM meM milatA hai / vahA~ yaha bhI likhA hai ki ve sundara akSara likhate the| apane sundara akSaroM ke kAraNa unheM gaur3a deza se madhyadeza athavA rAjapUtAnA meM nimaMtrita kiyA jAtA thaa| unheM saMskRta bhASA kA acchA jJAna hotA thA, ata: zuddha bhI likhate the / 1 eka jagaha likhA hai ''saMskRta bhASA vipuSA jayaguNa putreNa kautukA likhitA rucirAkSarA prazastiH kAraNika jaddhena gauDena // "2 sundara akSara likhane ke sandarbha meM kAyasthoM kA bhI ullekha AtA hai| baMgAla ke gaur3a kAyastha isa kArya meM nipuNa the| unheM bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM nimantrita kiyA jAtA thaa| khujarAhoM ke lekha (10 vI sadI), madhya pradeza kI kalacuri prazasti tathA mAravAr3a se prApta cAhamAna lekhoM meM kAyastha kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai, kyoMki vaha rAjakIya patroM ko sundara va lalita akSaroM meM likhatA thA / amarakoSakAra ne 'lipikaro'kSaracaNo'kSaracuJcuzca lekhake 3 sUtra meM akSaracaNa aura akSaracuJca ko lekhaka aura lipikara ke paryAyavAciyoM meM dekara kahanA cAhA hai ki lekhaka ko sundara akSaroM kA dhanI honA hI cAhiye / kAyastha sulekhaka the| iNDiyA epigrAphikA meM kAyastha ke lekha ko kahIM para 'akhila dakhila varNa vyakta paMkti prazaMsyaM" aura kahIM 'sphuTa lalita nivezairakSarastAmrapadam' kahA gayA hai| jaina mandiroM aura bhaNDAroM meM bhI aise lekhakoM ko niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| vahA~ ve dharmagranthoM kI pratilipi kiyA karate the| kintu satya yaha hai ki jaina granthoM kI adhikAMza pratilipiyA~ jaina sAdha, sAdhviyA~, zrAvaka aura zrAvikAoM ke dvArA taiyAra kI gii| unhoMne brAhmaNa paNDitoM se bhI yaha kArya sampanna krvaayaa| kAyastha aura karaNikoM ke prati unake hRdaya meM kahIM-nakahIM zUdra vAlA bhAva avazya hI sannihita thA / vhalara ke isa kathana meM-'kabhIkabhI jaina sAdhviyA~ bhI pratilipi kA kAma karatI thIM'-kabhI-kabhI ThIka nahIM hai| unhoMne yaha kArya bahuta kiyA, aisA hastalikhita graMthoM kI prazastiyoM se vidita 1. DaoN. vAsudevasiMha, 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana', pR. 257. 2. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 1, pR. 126. 3. amarakoSa, 2/8/15. 4. epigrAphiyA iNDikA, bhAga 14, pR 195 5. vahI, pa. 14. 6. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pR. 206. "

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hai| DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya kA yaha kathana Jain Mss were copied by monks and nuns who spent their time in preparing the Mss of sacred texts. ' 5.1 nitAnta satya hai aura tathyoM para AdhRta hai / jo pratilipiyA~ kAyastha lekhakoM ke dvArA kI gaI haiM, unameM bhaddI bhUleM haiM / kahIM-kahIM aisA gajaba huA hai ki Aja vidvAnoM ke lie unakA parihAra durUha pratIta hotA hai / merI dRSTi meM kAyastha lekhakoM ko saMskRta - prAkRta kA suSThu jJAna nahIM thaa| brAhmaNa paNDitoM kI pratilipiyoM meM aisI AzuddhiyA~ nahIM haiM / akSara 30 'akSara vinyAsa' kA artha hai- akSaroM kI banAvaTa yA likhAvaTa | isake paryAyavAcI haiM - akSara lipi, varNa vinyAsa, akSara saMsthAna, akSaroTI aura akSara lekha aadi| inameM akSara mukhya haiN| 'atha kimidamakSaramiti', arthAt yaha akSara kyA haiM ? isa prakAra kA prazna bhASyakAra ne uThAyA thA / zloka vArtika nAma ke jaina graMtha meM eka sUtra hai-akSaraM na kSaraM vidyAt / isakA artha hai, jisakA nAza na ho, vaha akSara hai| akSara zabda kSara dhAtu se banA hai aura 'kSara saMcalane' ( vA0 pa0 se 0 ) / pacAdyaca ( 3|1|134) / yadvA-aznute / 'azU vyApto' (svA0 A0 saM0 ) / 'aze: sara:' ( u0 3 / 70 ) / isa dRSTi se akSara kI vyutpatti huI'nakSaratIti akSaram' / arthAt jisakA kSaraNa na ho-saMcalana na ho calAyamAnatA na ho, vaha akSara hai| aisI bAta yA to labdhyakSara meM hotI hai athavA phira kevalajJAna meM hI / donoM hI hAni-vRddhi rahita haiM, arthAt donoM hI nAza hue binA eka rUpa se rahate haiN| donoM hI nirAvaraNa haiM / labdhyakSara- sUkSmatigodiyA labdhyaparyAptaka ke jaghanya jJAna ko kahate haiM / aura kevalajJAna tIrthaMkara athavA kisI bhI sAdhaka ke sarvottama jJAna ko kahate haiM / yaha moha, jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa aura antarAya ke kSaya se utpanna hotA hai / ise pAkara jIva sarvajJa, sarvadarzI paramAtmA ho jAtA hai / labdhyakSara jJAna kevalajJAna anantavA~ bhAga hai, kintu hai vahI, ataH donoM ko hI akSara saMjJA prApta hai / kevalajJAna kA artha hai mokSa, paramAtmapada, parabrahma Adi / anekArtha koSa meM- "mokSe'pavarge oM brahmaNyacyute'kSaram / " kahA gayA hai / nAnArtha ratnamAlA meM - " akSaraM praNave dharme prakRtI tapasi kRtau / varNe mokSe ca nA tveSa zivaviSNuviraJciSu / mRgAdAna bauddheSu / " 2 likhA hai / 1. DaoN. pANDeya, iNDiyana peliyogrAphI, pR 10. 2. amarakoSa -- 'akSaraM tu mokSe'pi' kI saMskRta vyAkhyA, 3/3/182

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31 usa akSara rUpa paramAtmA ko abhivyakta karane vAle svara, vyaJjana, dhvani aura dhvani saMketa nimitta rUpa hote haiM, ataH unheM bhI akSara kahate haiM, nandikezvara kAzikA meM likhA hai "akAraH sarva varNAgyAH prakAzaH paramaH ziva: / Adhamantyena saMyogAvahamityeva jAyate // " ' isakA artha hai ki akAra arthAt 'a' yaha akSara samasta vargoM meM prathama hai| yaha zAstrAdi kI rUpAtmakatA kA janaka hone se prakAza rUpa hai, parama hai, ziva hai| isa prathamAkSara atathA aMtima akSara ha ke saMyoga se 'ahaM' siddha hotA hai aura ahaM kA artha hai-aatmbrhm| ataH yaha 'akSarasamAmnAya' sAbhiprAya hai-paramAtma bodhaka hai| isI artha kA dyotaka eka zloka AcArya jinasena ke Adi purANa meM sunibaddha hai-- __ "akArAdihakArAntarephamadhyAntabindukam / dhyAyana pamidaM bIjaM muktyarthI nAvasIdati // " artha-Adya a aura antya ha ke saMyoga se ahaM siddha hotA hai| isake madhya meM repha tathA mastaka para bindu lagAne se ahaM pada banatA hai / yaha arha paramabIja maMtra hai / isa parama bIja maMtra kA dhyAtA yogI maktyabhilASI hotA hai aura kabhI avasAda ko prApta nahIM hotA, arthAt mukti pA hI letA hai| aisA hI eka zloka zlokavArtika meM bhI AyA hai "varNajJAne vAg viSayo yatra ca brahma vartate / tadarthamiSTabuddhayartha ladhvartha copadizyate // "3 arthAt yaha varNajJAna vAk kA viSaya hai, jisameM brahma kA nivAsa hai| akAra se hakAra-paryanta akSaravANI kA varNAtmaka laukika saMghaTana hai, sArA saMsAra ina a-hAtmaka akSaroM se sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| samasta loka ko isa prakAra apane varNakuNDala meM pariveSTita karane vAlI kuNDalinI kA viSaya sahasrAra meM sthita parama ziva hI hai, jise brahma kahate haiM- isa prakAra vAka meM brahma kI sthiti hai| jaba koI jIva paramAtmA ko sambodhita karatA hai, taba use brahma, paramAtmA, paramezvara Adi kahane ke lie vAk kA hI Azraya lenA hotA hai| iSTa kA jJAna bhI vAk se hI hotA hai, isa hetu se varNajJAna (akSara viSayaka parAmarza) ucita hI hai| 1. nandikezvarakAzikA, 4. 2. AcArya jinasena, AdipurANa, 21/231. 3. dekhie zlokavArtika.

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32 AcArya siddhasena ne "kalyANa maMdirastotra' meM virodhAbhAsa ke mAdhyama se bhagavAn kI stuti karate hue eka paMkti meM likhA hai, "kiM vAkSaraM prakRtirapyalipistvamIza / "1 isakA artha hai ki he Iza ! Apa akSara prakRti hokara bhI alipi-arthAt lipi rahita haiN| jaba akSararUpa haiM to lipi rUpa haiM, phira lipi rahita kaise ho gaye ? samAdhAna hai ki Apa akSara rUpa haiM, arthAt avinAzI haiM aura lipi-rahita kA artha hai-leparahita haiM-karmaleparahita haiN| athavA, alipi kA artha hai ki Apa lipi ke ghere meM nahIM samA paate| lipi sasIma hai aura Apa asIma haiN| ataHlipi dvArA kahI gaI stuti Apake sampUrNa ko kahane meM asamartha hai| jainadharma kA savikalpadhyAna varNAkRtimalaka hotA hai, arthAt usameM varNoM ke AkAra ko AdhAra banAkara dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai / dharmyadhyAna kA eka upabheda hai-padastha dhyAna / isameM eka yA aneka akSaroM se bane maMtroM U~, hrIM, haM, Namo arihantANaM, a si A u sA Adi kA athavA inake vAcya paramAtma tatva kA ekAgra cintavana kiyA jAtA hai| isake aneka bhedoM meM se eka bheda kA nAma hai'akSara mAtRkA dhyAna' / isameM mAnA gayA hai ki nAbhikamala, hRdaya kamala aura mukha kamala para cakrAkAra ghUmate hae svara aura vyaJjanoM para mana kendrita karane se paramAtma pada prApta hotA hai / pratiSThAsAroddhAra meM 'Namo-arihantANaM' ko brahmAha kA pratIka mAnA hai, yahA~ taka ki use zabda brahma kI saMjJA dI hai| usakI indrAdideva ArAdhanA karate haiM / vaha zloka hai "ddaka zuddhayAdisamiddhazakti parama brahma prakAzoddharaM; zabdabrahmazarIramIrita vipadyan mUlamantrAdibhiH / indrAdyairabhirAdhyate tadamito dIptAgniH saH kSmAsane, nyasyArcAmi subhuktimuktidamahaM brahmAhamityakSaram // "3 artha-brahmAha kA tAtparya hai ki arahanta parameSThI brahma haiM aura ve akSarAtmaka haiM, arthAt zAzvatika haiM-kSaratItikSaraM pudgala dravyaM tadbhinnamakSarAtmA zAzvatika : / zAzvatika kA artha hai-avinazvara / ve aha~ svarUpa paramAtmA samyagadarzanAdi 1. "vizvezvaro'pi janapAlaka durgatastvaM, ki vaakssrprkRtirpylipistvmiish| ajJAnavatyapi sadaiva kathaJcideva jJAnaM tvayi sphurati vizvavikAsahetuH / / " / -kalyANamandira stotra, 30 vA zloka 2. zA. pra. 38, zloka 2-6, u. 1,2. 3. pratiSThAsArodvAra, 3/3.

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33 dR zuddhi se atizaya zaktimAn haiM, parabrahma haiM aura amita prakAzamaya haiM / mUla makara Adi meM, akhila klezoM ko harane vAle usI brahmArha kA zabda brahmAtmaka zarIra hai| cAroM ora se usa pradIpta agnimaya deva kI indrAdi ArAdhanA karate haiM / una bhukti-mukti ke dAtA sarvezvara kI, kSmApITha para virAjamAna kara maiM arcanA karatA hU~ / yogavAsiSTha meM yogiyoM ke dhyAna ko lipikarmApitAkAra kahA hai / aisA kiye binA ve antastha mana se ciMtana nahIM kara sakate the| usameM likhA hai "lipikarmApitAkArA dhyAnAsavatadhiyazcate / antasthenaiva manasA cintayAmAsurAdRtA: / / " " isakA artha hai - ve 'lipikarma AkAra' meM apane ko arpita kiye hue, dhyAnAsakta buddhi hokara, antastha mana se, Adara-pUrvaka cintana karane lage / jisa prakAra akSara Atmabrahma kA pratIka hai aura nimittanaimittika bhAva se use bhI Atmabrahma kahA jAtA hai, usI prakAra akSara jJAna kA pratIka hai / jaina granthoM meM akSara ko zrutajJAna kahA hai| sUkSmanigodiyA labdhyaparyAptaka jIva ke jo labdhyakSarAtmaka jJAna hotA hai, vaha zrutajJAna hI hai| zrutajJAna mati - jJAna pUrvaka hotA hai / gommaTasAra jIva kANDa meM eka gAthA hai "suhamaNigoda apajattayassa jAdassa paDhamasamayamhi / phAsiMdiyamadipuvaM suvaNANaM laddhi akkharayaM // 2 isakA artha hai - sUkSmanigodiyA labdhyaparyAptaka jIva ke utpanna hone ke prathama samaya meM sparzana indriya-janya matijJAna- pUrvaka labdhyakSararUpa zruta jJAna hotA hai / isakI vyAkhyA svarUpa kahA jA sakatA hai ki labdhi kA artha prApti hai| AtmasvarUpa kI prApti hI vAstavika prApti hai / anya prAptiyA~ parapadArthAtmaka hone se bhramotpAdaka haiM / ve svaprApti se bhinna haiM, ataH unakA kSaya karanA hI vAMchanIya hai / labdhi to Atmalabdhi hI hai| usa labdhi kA sAdhana zrutajJAna hai / vaha zrutajJAna akSarAtmaka hai / eka ora to akSara kabhI kSara na hone ke kAraNa paramAtmA kA vAcaka hai, dUsarI ora zruta kA sAdhanabhUta aMga hai / zAstra binA akSara ke jJAnopadeza meM samartha nahIM ho sakate / ataH zruta ke jJAna prabandha ke upadeSTA zabda bhI akSarAtmaka haiM aura unase jJeya AtmA bhI akSara (avinazvara ) hai / usa jJAna kI parAsImA ( sarvajJattva sthiti ) tIrthaMkaroM meM hotI hai tathA jJAna ke avibhAjya paramANu sammita atyanta 1. yogavAsiSTha, utpatti. 86 / 37. 2. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, je. ela. jainI sampAdita, 322, pU. 166.5

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alpajJAna kI sthiti sUkSma nigodiyA jIva meM hotI hai, arthAt tIrthakara sarvajJa hone se jJAna ke caramotkarSa ko prApta hote haiM, usI prakAra nigodiyA jIva jJAna ke atyArambhika unmeSamAtra ko prApta hote haiN| kevalajJAna aura zrutajJAna meM kevala itanA aMtara hai ki kevalajJAna kI pravRtti saba dravyoM meM aura dravyoM kI saba paryAyoM meM hotI hai, jabaki zrutajJAna kI pravRtti saba dravyoM meM to hotI hai kintu usakI kucha hI paryAyoM meM hotI hai / kevalajJAna pratyakSa aura pUrNa vizadajJAna hai, jabaki zrutajJAna parokSajJAna hai| parokSa isalie ki apane mAnasa para pratyakSa karane ke lie use cintana kA sahArA lenA hotA hai| isake atirikta kevalajJAna jJAnAvaraNIya aura darzanAvaraNIya karma prakRtiyoM ke kSaya se hotA hai aura zrutajJAna kSayopazama se, arthAt eka kSAyika hai aura dUsarA kSAyopazamika, kintu donoM jJAna haiM aura donoM kA sambandha Atmopalabdhi se hai| SaTkhaNDAgama ke satprarUpaNAsUtra meM eka zaMkA upasthita kI gaI hai ki jaba akSara zrutajJAna kA sAdhanabhUta hai, taba use zruta saMjJA se abhihita kyoM kiyA gayA ? samAdhAna hai ki kAraNa meM kArya ke upacAra meM aisA huA hai| isa prakAra akSara ko upacAra se zrutajJAna kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| pravacanasAra kI eka gAthA meM bhI yaha hI bhAva abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai| vaha gAthA hai "suttaM jiNovaviThTaM poggaladavvappargehi vayaNehi / / taM jANaNA hi NANaM sattassa ya nANaNA bhaNiyA // "2 bhagavAna jinendra deva dvArA pratipAdita zruta pudgala dravyAtmaka hai| etAvatA paudgalika vacana bhI bhAgavata jJAna ke prati-jJapti ke prati sAdhanabhata haiM / una zabdoM se jJapti hI zeSa rahatI hai| yaha zabdAtmaka zAstra jJeya jJAna ke phalitArtha kA sAdhaka hone se upacAra se jJAna kahA jAtA hai, jaise-annaprANAH-anna prANa hai, aisA vyavahAra meM kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki anna prANa-dhAraNa meM sahakArI hai, parantu tattvataH aisA nahIM hai| yadi anna sarvathA prANAtmaka hotA to annopalabdhi-paryanta prANoM kA nAza nahIM honA cAhie / zrutajJAna kA zruta zabda purAnA hai / vedoM kI RcAoM ko zruti kahate haiM / vedoM ke bAda, vaidika paramparA meM zruti zabda kA vyavahAra nahIM huaa| jaina AcAryoM ne samasta prAcIna zAstroM ko zruta kahA aura yaha zabda Aja bhI pracalita hai| kahIM kisI sImA para rukA nhiiN| zruta kA artha hai-sunA huaa| yaha eka yaugika zabda hai / tadanurUpa hI suna-suna kara jisa jAna ko surakSita rakhA gayA, use zAstra kI saMjJA 1. satprarUpaNAsUtra, paM. kalAmacandra sampAdita, bArApasI-5, . 120.. 2. pravacanasAra, vAcArya kundakunda, mAroTha (rAva.), loka 34 bA~, i. 36.

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prApta huii| AcArAMga Adi sUtra 'suyaM me-jaise vAkyoM se prArambha hote haiM : yaha mokhika paramparA-suna-suna kara yAda rakhanA-zatAndiyoM taka calatI rhii| isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki prAcIna AcAryoM ko likhanA nahIM AtA thaa| isake viparIta, ve pratyeka akSara aura zabda ke uccAraNa-hrAva, dIrgha, lupta aura kAnA-mAtrA Adi ke prati itane satarka the ki unameM yatkiJcit parivartana bhI unheM sahya nahIM thaa| zAstra-lekhana ke prati udAsInatA kA kAraNa thA-jaina zramaNoM kI caryA, sAdhanA aura paristhiti / usameM ahiMsA evaM aparigraha mukhya the, aura zAstra lekhana meM hiMsA tathA parigraha kI saMbhAvanA thii| zAyada isI kAraNa bRhatkalpa nAmaka cheda sUtra meM spaSTa vidhAna hai ki pustaka pAsa meM rakhane vAlA zramaNa prAyazcit kA bhAgI hotA hai / ' ___ zrutajJAna ke do mukhya bheda hai--akSarazruta aura anakSarazruta / akSarazruta meM vividha bhASAe~, lipiyA~ aura saMketa samAviSTa haiM / 'bRhat jaina zabdArNava' meM akSarazruta ke sambandha meM likhA hai, "vaha jJAna jo kama-se-kama eka akSara-sambandhI ho aura adhika-se-adhika zruta jJAna ke samasta akSaroM se pUrNa ho / "2 pUrNa akSarAtmaka zrutajJAna ke do bheda hai--aMgapraviSTa aura aMgavAhya / isameM aGga-praviSTa ke AcArAMga Adi bAraha bheda hai aura aMgabAhya ke aneka / sarvArthasiddhi meM eka zaMkA uThAI gaI hai--AcArAMga Adi bhASAtmaka zAstra hai, phira ve zrutajJAna ke bheda kaise ho gaye ? uttara dete hue AcArya ne likhA hai ki-mokSa ke lie ina zAstroM kA abhyAsa vizeSa upayogI hai, isalie kAraNa meM kArya kA upacAra karake bhASAtmaka zAstroM ko hI zrutajJAna meM ginA diyA hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki zrutajJAnAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazama kA aura bhASAtmaka zAstroM kA anyonya sambandha hai / anakSarazruta meM zrUyamANa avyakta dhvaniyoM tathA dRzyamAna zArIrika ceSTAoM kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai / avyakta dhvaniyA~ tathA cepTAe~ bhI bodha kA nimitta banatI hai| isa prakAra karAha, cItkAra, niHzvAsa, khakAra, khA~sI, chIMka Adi bodhanimitta saMketa akSara-zruta meM samAviSTa hai| dhvani vyakta ho yA avyakta-sunAI denI caahie| yadi sunAI nahIM detI to vaha zruta meM zamila nahIM kI jA sktii| vyakta dhvani varNAtmaka hone se akSarazruta kahalAyegI aura bheryAdi kI dhvani avyakta hone se anakSara zruta rUpa hogii| nyAya zAstra meM likhA hai--"zrotragrAhyoguNaH zabdaH / saH dvividhaH / dhvanyAtmako varNA1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 8. 2. 'bRhat jaina zabdArNava' pRSTha 41, aura gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, gAthA 333, pR0 193. 3. AcArya pUjyapAda, sarvArthasiddhi-dekhie 'zrutaM matipUrva dvayane kadvAdazabhedama' 1/20 kI saMskRta vyAkhyA. 4. jaina sAhitya kA bahata itihAsa, bhAga 1, paSTha 14

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tmakazca / tatra dhvanyAtmako bheryAdau / varNAtmaka prAkRta-saMskRta bhaassaadiruupH|"1 isakA artha hai ki zrotrendriya se grahaNa kiyA jAne vAlA guNa zabdAtmaka hai| vaha dhvanyAtmaka aura varNAtmaka do prakAra kA hai| zaMkha, bherI Adi kA zabda dhvanyAtmaka tathA prAkRta-saMskRta Adi bhASAgata zabda varNAtmaka hai| dhvani asphuTAkSara hotI hai / varNa akSarAtmakatA grahaNa kara dhvani ko spaSTatA pradAna karate haiN| __ prazna hai zArIrika ceSTAoM kA-ve zruta kI koTi meM AtI hai yA nahIM? uparyukta pariccheda meM kahA jA cukA hai ki ve ceSTAe~ jo dRzyamAna haiM, anakSara zruta meM AtI hai| sAMketika bhASA ke atirikta sAMketika ceSTAe~ bhI zruta kA viSaya hai| kinta, prasiddha bhASyakAra jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM zArIrika ceSTAoM ko zruta kA viSaya nahIM mAnA hai| unake anusAra jo sunane yogya hai, vahI zruta hai, anya nahIM / zArIrika ceSTAe~ sunAI nahIM detI, ataH unheM zruta nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isakA artha huA ki kSamAzramaNa zruta zabda ko yaugika mAnate haiM, kintu bhaddAkalaMka ke tattvArtha rAjavAttika meM-"zruta zabdo'yam rUr3hizabda: iti sarvamatipUrvasya zrutattvasiddhirbhavati / "3 arthAt zruta zabda rUDha zabda haiM aura zruta jJAna meM kisI bhI prakAra kA matijJAna kAraNa ho sakatA hai| AcArya umAsvAmI ne 'zrutaM matipUrva' diyA hai| to phira, dRzyamAna zArIrika ceSTA bhI matijJAnapUrvaka ho sakatI hai aura isa kAraNa use zrutajJAna kI koTi meM ginA jAnA caahie| gommaTasAra jIvakANDa meM zrutajJAna ke tIsare bheda akSara jJAna ko tIna prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai-labdhyakSara, nirvRtti akSara aura sthApanA akSara / inameM-se labdhyakSara ke sambandha meM likhA jA cukA hai| mukha se utpanna kisI bhI svara yA vyaJjanAdi ko, jo mUla varNa yA saMyogI varNa ho nirvRtti akSara kahate haiN| kisI bhI deza yA kAla kI pravRtti ke anukula, kisI bhI prakAra kI lipi meM likhita kisI bhI akSara ko sthApanA akSara kahate haiM / gommaTasAra jIvakANDa meM hI, akSarAtmaka aura anakSarAtmaka zrutajJAna kA bhalI-bhA~ti vizleSaNa karane ke lie bIsa bheda kiye gaye haiN| jinameM se prathama do paryAyajJAna aura paryAya samAsajJAna anakSarAtmaka zrutajJAna ke bheda hai aura avaziSTa aThAraha akSarAtmaka ke / 5 unameM eka akSara jJAna hai aura dUsarA akSara samAsa jJAna / akSara jJAna vaha hai jo kevala eka mUlAkSara athavA saMyogI akSara se sambandhita ho, isI ko arthAkSarajJAna bhI kahate haiM / yaha paryAya 1. dekhie jaina nyAya aura siddhAnta grantha. 2. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 503, pRSTha 275. 3. bhaTTAkalaMka, tattvArtharAjavArtika, 1/20 sUtra kI akalaMka-kRta vAttika. 4. umAsvAmi, tattvArthasUtra, 1/20 aura SaTkhaNDAgama-satprarUpaNAsUna, vArANasI-5, pRSTha 120. 5. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, je. ela. jainI sampAdita, lakhanaU, gA. 317, 318, 348, 346.

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samAsa jJAna ke utkRSTa bheda se anantaguNA hai|' akSara samAsa jJAna vaha jJAna hai jo kama-se-kama do akSaroM kA aura adhika-se-adhika eka madhyama pada se eka akSara kama kA ho / eka madhyama pada meM 16348307888 akSara hote haiN| yahA~ eka zaMkA hai-kyA eka pada meM ukta akSaroM kA pAyA jAnA saMbhava hai ? samAdhAna hai-madhyama pada ke ye akSara vibhakti yA arthabodha kI pradhAnatA se nahIM batalAye gaye haiM, kintu bAraha aMgarUpa dravya-zruta meM se pratyeka ke akSaroM kI gaNanA karane ke lie madhyama pada kA yaha pramANa mAna liyA gayA hai / akSara jJAna eka akSara kA hotA hai- aura akSara samAsa do akSara se prArambha hotA hai / 3 saMskRta kAvyoM meM ekAkSara zloka racanA prApta hotI hai, jo bhAratIya bhASAoM kI samRddhi kI dyotaka hai| mahAkavi bhAravi kA eka zloka hai "na nonanunno nunnono nAnA nAnAnanA nanu / nunno'nunno nanunneno nAnenA nunnanunna nut // 15 // 14 // 4 artha-he vividhamukha pramathagaNo ! yaha kSudra vicAravAna puruSa nahIM hai, apitu nyUnatA ko samUla naSTa karane vAlA koI devatA hai| vidita hotA hai ki isakA koI svAmI bhI hai| bANoM se Ahata hokara bhI yaha anAhata pratIta hotA hai| atyanta vyathita ko aura vyathita karanA sadoSa hotA hai, isa doSa se bhI yaha mukta hai| 'bRhadAraNyakopaniSad' meM ekAkSarI bhASA kA ullekha hai / vahA~ da da da=dayA, dAna aura damana ke lie AyA hai| jaina graMthoM meM bhI hA, mA ekAkSaroM se daNDa diyA jAtA thA / saMskRta bhASA meM Aja bhI abrahmA-prajApati, kajala-sukha, kha=AkAza, ca=aura, na=nahIM, bha=nakSatra, ra=agni, la svarga, havAphya pUraNa aura vA=vikalpa ke lie prayukta hotA hai| AcArya samantabhadra ne 'stutividyA' meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI stuti karate hue ekAkSarI zloka kA prayoga kiyA hai "tatotitA tu tetIta stotu totI titotRtaH / tato'tAtitatotote tatatA teta totataH // "5 artha-he bhagavAn ! Apane vijJAna vRddhi kI prApti ko rokane vAle ina jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM se apanI vizeSa rakSA kI hai, arthAt kevalajJAnAdi vizeSa 1. vahIM, gA. 333, pR. 163. 2. 'bRhat jaina zabdArNava', pR. 40. 3. 'tattvArthasUtra', paM. phUlacandra siddhAntazAstrI vivecita, vArANasI-5, pR. 40. 4. bhAravi, kirAtArjunIyam, 15/14. 5. stutividyA, 13 vA zloka, pR. 16.

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38 guNoM ko prApta kiyA hai| tathA Apa parigraha-rahita svataMtra haiN| isalie pUjya aura surakSita haiM / Apane jJAnAvaraNAdi karmoM ke vistRta-anAdikAlika sambandha ko naSTa kara diyA hai, ataH ApakI vizAlatA-prabhutA spaSTa hai-Apa tInoM lokoM ke svAmI haiN| bhaiyyA bhagavatIdAsa ne 'brahmavilAsa' meM ekAkSaro, dvayakSarI, trayakSarI aura caturakSarI Adi dohoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / unameM se ekAkSarI kA uddharaNa hai "nAnI nAnI nAma meM, nAnI nAnI nAna / nana nAnI nana nAnane nana nainA nana nAna // "" AcArya samantabhadra ne namijina kI stuti meM dvayakSarI, trayakSarI Adi zlokoM kI racanA kI hai / AcArya samantabhadra dArzanika aura tArkika the, to uttamakoTi ke sAhityakAra aura bhakta bhii| bhakti sAhitya kI to unhoMne dhArA hI pravAhita kI hai| unakI 'dvayakSarI zloka' meM kI gaI stuti hai "namemAna namAmena mAna mAna namA nmaa| manAmonu numonAmanamanomama no mana // "2 artha-he neminAtha ! Apa aparimeya haiM-hamAre jaise alpajJAniyoM ke dvArA ApakA vAstavika rUpa nahIM samajhA jaataa| Apa saba ke svAmI haiN| ApakA jJAna saba jIvoM ko prabodha karane vAlA hai| Apa kisI se usakI icchA ke viruddha namaskAra nahIM karAte / Apa vItarAga haiM aura moha-rahita haiM; ata: Apako sadAkAla namaskAra karatA hU~-hamezA ApakA dhyAna karatA huA ApakI stuti karatA huuN| prabho! merA-mujha zaraNAgata kA bhI dhyAna rakhie -maiM Apake samAna pUrNajJAnI tathA moha-rahita honA cAhatA huuN| bhaiyyA bhagavatIdAsa ne eka dvayakSarI dohe meM kahA hai ki jainoM ko jaina naya avazya jAnane cAhiye / vaha dohA isa prakAra hai "jainI jAne jaina nai, jina jina jAnI jaina / je je jainI jaina jana, jAne nija nija naina // "3 artha-jaina vaha hai jo jaina zAstrokta nayoM ko jAnatA hai aura jinhoMne una nayoM ko nahIM jAnA, unakI jaya nahIM hotI, ata: jo jo jaina dharma ke dAsa haiM. unheM apane-apane nayoM ko jAnanA hI caahie| 1. bhaiyyA bhagavatIdAsa, brahmavilAsa, pR. 276. 2. 'stutividyA', mukhtyAra-sampAdita, sarasAvA, 64 vAM zloka, pa. 115 3. brahmavilAsa'. 15 vA~ dohA, pa. 281.

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varNa 'varNyate yaH sa varNaH / ' 'varNa preraNe' (cu. pa. se.) ghaJ (3/3/19 bhAve) pANiniH / varNa preraNA artha meM AtA hai / usake Age dhA pratyaya lagAne se 'varNa:' niSpanna hotA hai| varNa bhAvoM aura vicAroM ko preraNA dete haiM, ataH usakA preraNA artha sArthaka hI hai / yadi varNa ko ac pratyaya se sampanna mAnA jAye (3/1/134) to vyutpatti hogI- varNayatIti varNaH / varNa ke aneka artha hote haiM / amarakoSa meM likhA hai, "varNAH syuH braahmnnaadyH|"" yahA~ brAhmaNAdi kA artha hai--brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra / medanI koza meM varNa zabda-"varNo dvijAdi-zuklAdi yajJe guNakathAsu ca / stutaunA na striyAM bhedarUpAkSaravilepane / / "2 artho meM AyA hai / hemakoza ke anusAra varNa zabda--"varNaH svarNe vrate stutau / rUpe dvijAdau zuklAdau kuthAyAmakSare gnne| bhede gItakrame citre yazastAlavizeSayoH / aMgarAge ca varNaM tu kuMkume / "3 arthoM meM mAnA gayA hai| isa saba ke AdhAra se spaSTa hai ki jaba koI bhAva, vicAra athavA cetanarUpa vastu , kisI prakAra kA nizcita rUpa yA AkAra grahaNa karatA hai, to use varNa kahate haiM / jaba Adi prajApati RSabhadeva aura unake cakravartI putra bharata ne karmAnusAra mAnavoM ko cAra jAtiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA, to isakA artha thA ki unheM eka nizcita rUpa diyaa| zAyada isI kAraNa unheM varNa kahA gyaa| bheda-prabhedoM kA artha hI eka nizcita rUpa athavA AkAra nirdhArita karanA hai| phira vaha AkAra cAhe mAnavoM kA ho, cAhe yajJoM kA, cAhe raMgoM kA, cAhe gItoM kA, cAhe stutiyoM kA aura cAhe akSaroM kA, unheM varNa saMjJA se hI abhihita kiyA jaayegaa| __ a, ka, kha, ga ko jaba lipi-rUpa prApta huA, taba unheM varNa kahA jAne lgaa| kisI viSaya vizeSa kA nirUpaNa karanA varNana hai aura varNa usakI sAdhana-sAmagrI hai| akSarAtmikA vAk varNamayI hai| akSaroM kA AkRti bheda se paricaya karanA hI varNa-racanA kA viSaya hai| pANini zikSA 3 meM eka sthAna para likhA hai-"triSaSTizcatuHSaSTirvAvarNAH zambhubhate matAH / prAkRte saMskRte cApi svayaM proktAH svymbhuvaa|" yahA~ 'prokta' zabda vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai / uccAraNa-janya akSara prokta hotA hai / ataH varNa kA artha vaha AkRtimAna sphoTa hai, jise svayambhU ne triSaSTi athavA catuHSaSTi saMkhyA meM Abaddha kiyA hai| 1. amarakoSa, 2/7/1, pR. 324. 2. medinIkoza, 63/46. 3. haimakoza, 2/153-155.

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40 'sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa' meM dhArApati bhojadeva ne 'dhvanivarNAH padaM vAkyamityAspadacatuSTayam / yasyAH sUkSmAdi bhedena -' likhate hue varNa ko vANI kA dvitIya caraNa mAnA hai / " yaha varNa dhvani se sthUla hai tathA padavAkyaracanA kA AdhAra haiM / dhvani asphuTAkSara hotA hai aura varNa akSarAtmakatA grahaNa kara dhvani ko spaSTatA pradAna karate haiM / jaise saMskRta kI saMkhyAvAcI dhvaniyoM ko varNa ekam dve, trINi catvAri, maMtra, pada, sapta, aSTa, nava yadi AkAra dekara spaSTa kara dete haiM / isI prakAra aMgrejI kI saMkhyAvAcI dhvaniyoM kI e. TU, zrI, phora, phAiba, siksa Adi AkAra varNa hI dete haiN| isI prakAra bhagavAn kI divyadhvani ne bhI vargoM ke mAdhyama se hI spaSTatA prApta kI thii| use nirakSarI mAnanA upayukta nahIM hai / bhagavajjinasenAcArya ne mahApurANa meM likhA hai- "devakRto dhvanirityasadetad devaguNasva tathA bihitiH syAt / sAkSara eva ca vargasamUhAneva vinAtirjagati syAt // " artha- kisI-kisI kI mAnyatA hai ki bhagavAn kI divyadhvani devoM ke dvArA kI jAtI hai, kintu unakA vaisA kathana asat hai / yadi devakRta mAnI jAya to divyadhvani devaguNa kahalAyegI, bhagavat guNa nhiiN| isake atirikta, divya dhvani sAkSara-akSara rUpa hotI hai, kyoMki akSaroM ke samUha ke binA artha kA parijJAna nahIM hotA / akSara samUha ko 'akSarasamAmnAya' athavA 'varNa samAmnAya' kahate haiM / kAtantra vyAkaraNa meM 'varNa samAmnAya' kA vivecana hai / 3 zambhu ke matAnusAra 'varNa samAmnAya' meM tresaTha athavA cauMsaTha varNa mAne jAte haiM / gommaTasAra jIvakANDa meM likhA hai, "tetIsa vejaNAhaM, sattAvIsA sarA tahA bhaNiyA / cattAri ya jogavA, causaTThI mUlavaNNAo / " arthAt 33 vyaJjana, 27 svara ( 9 hrasva, dIrgha, 9 pluta) aura cAra yogavAha (anusvAra, visarga, jihvAmUlIya, upapadhmAnIya ) milakara 64 mUlavarNa hote haiM / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI inhIM mUlavarNoM kA vivecana huA hai / ye 64 mUlavarNa prAkRta varNamAlA ke haiM / saMskRta bhASA kI akSaramAlA meM 33 vyaJjana, 22 svara (5 hrasva, 8 dIrgha aura 9 pluta ), 4 yogavAha aura 4 yugmAkSara ( yama ) - kula 63 mUlAkSa 1. dekhie dhArApati bhojadeva kA sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa. 2. bhagavajjinasenAcArya, mahApurANa, 23 / 73. 3. 'siddho varNasamAmnAya : ' bhAvasenakRta kAtantravyAkaraNa, 2 4. pANinizikSA - 3. 5. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, gAthA 352, pR. 200. 6. bhagavatI ArAdhanA - 18.

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41 haiN| hindI meM 33 vyaJjana, 16 svara aura 3 yugmAkSara --52 mUlavarNa mAne jAte haiM / urdU meM 38, arabI meM 38, phArasI meM 24, aMgrejI meM 26 aura phinika bhASA meM 20 akSara haiM / bhata hari ne 64 varNavAle 'akSara samAmnAya' ko, jo ki samasta pada, vAkyarUpa kAma vyavahAra kA janayitA hai, anAdi nidhana bhAnA hai----usakA koI kartA nahIM hai| unakA kathana hai- "aspAkSarasamAmnAyasya vAgvyavahArajanakastha na kazcit kAjakti vameva vede pAraspaNa samayamANam / / " 5 kAtantra vyAkaraNa meM bhI 'middhaM varNa samAmnAya:' likhA hai ! isase varNa samAmnAya kI anAdi nidhanatA siddha hotI hai / 'tasvArtha nAra dIpaka' kI eka paMkti 'dhyAyedanAdi siddhAnta vyAkhyAtAM vardhAmAtakAm' meM bhI use anAdi hI kahA hai| jJAnArNava (28-2) aura mantroccAra samaccaya (a.) meM...-"vyAyedanAdi siddhAnta-prasiddha-varNamAtRkAm / ni:zeSa zabdavinyAsa-janma bhUmi jagannutAM / / " likhA hai / gommaTyAra meM 'varNasamAnnAya' ko yadi eka ora anAdi mAnA hai to dUsarI ora yaha bhI liyA hai ki varNa AkAra grahaNa karate haiM aura AkAra meM parivartana hotA hai, isa dRSTi se use sAdi bhI kahA hai| aisA jainadharma kI anekAntavAdI pravRtti ke anukUla bhI hai| varNa vAk kA mUlAdhAra hai / varNoM se zabda banate haiM aura zabdoM se vAzya / " mana ke bhAvoM ko pUrNa rUpa se samajhane-samajhAne kA sAdhana hai vAkya / arthAt vAkya kisI-na-kisI artha kA bodha karAtA hai / isI prakAra jisa eka athavA aneka akSara samUha se artha bodha hotA hai, use zabda kahate haiN| artha-bodha honA hI mukhya hai ! artha-bodha ke binA varNa, zabda athavA vAkya kI koI gati nhiiN| jaise gau, yaha akSarAtmikA vANI-'sAsnAdimAn pazu-jisake gale meM kambala-sA jhUla rahA hai-kA bodha karAtI hai / gau zabda apane isa abhipreta artha ke lie hI hai| yadi arthavattA zabda kA prayojana na ho to zabdAdhyayana niSphala hai| ataH zabdamAtra jAna lenA paryApta nahIM, arthajJAna kalyANakAraka hai| jisa zabda kA arthajJAna nahIM hotA, vaha AlhAdaka nahIM lgtaa| upaniSadoM meM kahA gayA hai"yo'rthajJaH sa ita sakalaM bhadramaznate, nAkameti jJAna vidhuutpaapmaa|" isakA artha hai ki jo zabda ke artha ko jAnatA hai, vaha yahA~ sampUrNa kalyANa ko prApta karatA hai aura jJAna dvArA pApoM kA kSaya kara svarga meM jAtA hai| vedoM ke viSaya meM gItA aura 1. dekhie bhartRhari kA vAkyapadIyam. 2. tattvArthasAradIpaka-35. 3. bhAvazruta anAdi hai aura dravyazruta sAdi hai / bRhat jaina zabdArNava, pR. 31. 4. "varNAH padAnAM karttAro vAkyAnAM tu padAvaliH" tattvArthasAra, vArANasI--5, 23 vA zloka, pR. 212.

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42 upaniSadoM kA mantavya hai ki vaidika zabdAvalI ko jAnakara usake artha ko jAnanA caahiye| yadi RcAoM ko kaNThastha karanA hI vedajJAna kI parisamApti mAna lI jAya to yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hogii| eka zruti kA kathana hai--"sthANurayaM bhArahAraH kilAbhUdadhItya vedaM yo vijAnAti nArtham / " arthAt vaha to bhAravAhaka ThUTha hI hai, jo vedapAThI hokara usakA artha nahIM jaantaa| upaniSadoM ke 'akSareNa mimate saptavANI' meM saptavidha vAk akSaroM-dvArA vyakta hai| yahA~ saptavidhavAk kA artha-prathamA, dvitIyAdi vibhaktiyA~ hI nahIM, apitu saptabhaMgimA bhI hai| bhaMgimA kA artha hai-modd'| sAta mor3oM se tAtparya sAta dRSTikoNoMasti, nAsti Adi se kisI vAk kA arthabodha karAnA hai| artha anakSarAtmaka hotA hai aura vAk akSarAtmaka / akSarAtmaka vAk se anakSarAtmaka artha kA dohana hI vAk kA vAMchita viSaya hai / zabda aura artha ke sambandha ko samajhane ke lie 'so'haM' tathA 'o3m' kA udAharaNa samIcIna hogaa| sAdhaka prathamAvasthA meM dvaita-paricchinna athavA mAyAzabala hone se apane ko 'so'ham'-vaha paramAtmA maiM hU~-aisA socatA hai / usa samaya vaha paramAtmA ke lie 'saH' pada kA prayoga karatA hai| saH usake lie kahA jAtA hai jo dUra athavA parokSa ho| zanaiH-zanaiH sAdhaka ke siddhAvasthA meM pahu~cane para vaha usa parokSa ko sAkSAt kara letA hai, usa samaya vaha so'ham ke sthAna para 'o3m' kahatA hai / 'o3m paramAtmaparaka zabda hai tathA saMskRta meM usakA artha 'svIkAra' hai| paramAtmA ke sAtha apane tAdU pya svIkAra ko 'OM' zabda se kahA gayA hai| yahA~ zabda apanI paudgalika sImA se Upara uThakara artha kI garimA se mahanIya ho uThA hai| isakA yahI Azaya hai ki zabda-dvArA artha ko prApta karanA abhISTa hai / etAvatA zabda vAhana hai aura artha gantavya deza-prApti / yadi zabda artharUpa-gantavya deza prApti meM asamartha haiM, to ve kASThanirmita usa azva ke samAna haiM, jo nAmadhArI azva to haiM, parantu tadartha sampAdaka nhiiN| gItA meM eka sthAna para likhA hai "yAvAnartha udapAne sarvataH sampalatokke / tAvAn sarveSu vedeSu brAhmaNasya vijAnataH // " 3 / artha-cAroM ora bhare hue jalAzayoM meM se, tRSita vyakti ko apane tRSAzamanamAtra jala kI AvazyakatA hai| tRSA-pUrti hone para bhare hue pAnI ke prati usakA 1. samAdhitaMtra, vIra-sevA mandira, dillI, 28 vAM zloka, pRSTha 36. aura adhyAtmarahasya, vIra-sevA-mandira, dillI, 44 vA zloka, pRSTha 54. 2. zrImad bhagavagItA, 2/46. d

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koI prayojana yA rAga bhAva nahIM, usI prakAra veda- prokta zabdoM se yathArtha kA jJAna prApta hone para vidvAna ko una zabdoM se prayojana nahIM raha jaataa| ataH zabda naukA hai aura artha taTabhUmi / 43 zAstra arthavAn hote haiM / arthAbhivyakti hI unakA lakSya hai / jaina paramparA meM zAstra zruta kahalAte haiM / zruta vandanIya hai, kyoMki vaha agAdhajJAna kA koSa hai / usase jJAnarUpa artha kI upalabdhi hotI hai / yaha zruta athavA zAstra padavAkyoM se banate haiM aura pada-vAkya varNoM se race jAte haiM / 'puruSArthasiddhyupAya' ke kartA kA kathana hai- "varNaiH kRtAni citraiH padAni tu padaiH kRtAni vAkyAni / vAkyaiH kRtaM pavitraM zAstramidaM na punarasmAbhiH // " 1 hindI anuvAda varNoM ne pada- vAkya race, vAkyoM ne svayaM racita isa Apta zAstra meM aho ! Agama / kauna hama // yaha pada-vAkya rUpa vAk hI zAstra tathA kalA kA mukhya srota hai| usake binA zAstra aura kalA nirarthaka - se hokara raha jAte haiM / nirarthaka-se kyA, unakI racanA hI nahIM ho pAtI / zAyada isI kAraNa Adi brahmA ne saba se pahale vAGmaya kA upadeza diyaa| bhagavajjinasenAcArya ne 'mahApurANa' ke solahaveM parva meM likhA hai "na binA vAGamayAt kiMcidasti zAstrakalApi vA / tato vAGamayamevAdau vedhAstAbhyAmupAdizat // 2 artha- --akSara tathA aMka rUpa vAGmaya ke binA kisI bhI zAstra tathA kalA kI abhivyakti nahIM ho sakatI - yahI vicAra kara prajApati ne unheM prArambha se vAGamaya kA hI upadeza diyA / paM. AzAdhara ne zabda aura artha ke grahaNarUpa vyApAra ko upayoga kahA hai / unakA kathana hai ki zruta kI dRSTi se zabda-gata upayogadarzana aura artha-gata upayoga jJAna kahalAtA hai tathA puruSa AtmA darzana - jJAna rUpa hai / paM. AzAdhararacita 'adhyAtma rahasya' meM likhA hai- upayogazcita: svArtha-grahaNa- vyApRti: zruteH / zabdagodarzanaM jJAnamarthagastanmayaH pumAn // 1. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 3/226. 2. bhagavajjinasenAcArya, mahApurANa, 16 / 106. 3. paM. AzAdhara, adhyAtmarahasya, vIra sevA mandira, dillI, 14 vA~ zloka, pR. 35.

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44 lekha-sAmagrI vhUlara ne lekha-sAmagrI ke rUpa meM bhojapatra, tAr3apatra, kAgaja, ruI kA kapar3A kASThaphalaka, camar3A, pattthara, ITeM, vibhinna dhAtue~ aura syAhI kA ullekha kiyA hai| DaoN. rAjavalI pANDeya ne inhIM ko katipaya adhika uddharaNoM ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai / kucha nayA nahIM hai| nayA ho bhI nahIM sktaa| kucha kama-bar3ha yahI sAmagrI thI jo likhane ke kAma AtI thiiN| jaina graMtha bhI isI saba para likhe milate haiN| jainagraMthoM meM kahIM-kahIM saiddhAntika rUpa se bhI isa sAmagrI ke prayoga kA varNana milatA hai / somasena ne trairvANakAcAra meM likhA hai ki kASThaphalaka para akhaMDa cAvaloM se akSara likhe aura chAtra se likhavAve / yahA~ cAvala lekhanavidhi kA mAdhyama hai-- "prAGamakho garurAsInaH pazcimAbhimukhaH zizaH / kuryAdalarasaMskAraM dharmakAmArthasiddhaye // vizAla phalakAdau tu nistuSAkhaNDataNDulAn / . upAdhyAyaH prasAryAtha vilikhedakSarANi ca // ziSya hastAmbaja dvandva dhata puSpAkSatAna sitaan| kSepayittvA'kSarAbhyaNe tatkareNa vilekha yet // "1 artha--adhyApaka pUrvamukha hokara baiThe aura bAlaka ko pazcima kI ora mukha kara biThAve / bAda meM dharma, artha aura kAma kI siddhi ke lie akSara-saMskAra kre| vaha isa prakAra ki--upAdhyAya eka moTe kASTa phalaka (paTTI) para nistaSa (chilake rahita) akhaMDa cAvaloM ko bichA kara pahale svayaM akSara likhe, bAda meM una akSaroM ke pAsa bAlaka ke hAtha se sapheda puSpa aura akSatoM kA kSepaNa karavAkara, usa bAlaka ke hAtha ko apane hAtha se pakar3e aura bAlaka se akSara likhavAve / kASTaphalaka para akSarAkRti ke vidhAna kI bAta 'bhagavatI sUtra' meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| usameM likhA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM kASThaphalaka para sudhA prabhati dravyoM kA lepana kara, aMgulI athavA nAkhUnoM se akSaroM kI AkRti banAI jAtI thii| --"pUrvasmin yuge kASThaphalakAdikaM sudhAprabhRti dravyarupalipya aMgulibhinDairvA akSarANAmAkRtirvA vidhIyate smeti pratIyate / "2 jaina graMthoM ke anusAra prAcInakAla meM akSara likhane kA lokapriya sAdhana kASTaphalaka hI thaa| usakA sarvasAdhAraNa meM prayoga hotA thaa| bAlakoM ko akSarArambha usI para karavAyA jAtA thA / bar3e gharoM (seTha, sAmanta aura rAjA) 1. somasena, vaNikAcAra, 8/174-176. 2. dekhie 'bhagavatI sUtna' kI saMskRta vyAkhyA.

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meM una para kuMkuma aura sudhA Adi kA lepa hotA thA kintu sAdhAraNa janasAdhAraNa rogana kara khar3iyA se likhate the / kAtyAyana ne vyavasthA dI thI ki -- vAdoM kA vivaraNa kASThaphalaka para khar3iyA se likhanA cAhie / ' nagara nigamoM meM aise kATha ke paTTa raMge rahate the, jina para khar3iyA se lena-dena kA vyaurA likhA jAtA thA / abhI taka bhAratIya zodha-khojoM meM aisA koI graMtha nahIM milA hai, jo ki kASThaphalakoM para likhA gayA ho| DaoN. viNTaranitsa ne kASThaphalaka para likhA huA eka bhAratIya graMtha boDalIna pustakAlaya meM dekhA thA / 2 varmA meM aise graMtha bahuta mile haiN| 3 ho sakatA hai ki yahA~ bhI likhe jAte rahe hoM, kintu pracalana kama hI rahA hogA, aisA lagatA hai / " jaina graMthoM ke anusAra lekhana kArya ke lie svarNapaTToM kA bhI adhika prayoga hotA thA / somasena ne ' traivaNikAcAra' meM jahA~ kASThaphalaka para nistupAkhaNDa taNDuloM se likhane kI bAta kahI hai, vahA~ unhoMne vikalpa meM hemapITha para kuMkuma kA lepa kara svarNalekhanI se akSarAkRti ke vidhAna kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / unakA kathana hai- "hemAdipatch vA'pi prasArya kuMkumAdikam / suvarNalekhanokena likhet tatrAkSarANi vA // namaH siddhebhyaH ityAdau tataH svarAdikaM likhet / akArAdi hakArAntaM sarvazAstraprakAzam // ' 11.5. isakA artha hai ki sonA-cA~dI Adi ke bane hue pATe para kuMkumakezara Adi kA lepa kara, sone kI lekhanI se usa para akSara likhe aura vAlaka se likhavAve | akSara likhate samaya saba se pahale 'namaH siddhebhyaH' likhe / isake bAda, akAra ko Adi lekara 'ha' kAra paryanta --sava zAstroM ko prakAzita karane vAle svara aura vyaJjana likhe aura bAlaka se likhavAve / paM. AzAdhara ne 'pratiSThApATha' meM 'OM hrI, zrI, ahaM namaH' maMtra ko eka yaMtra para likhakara eka sau ATha bAra japane kA nirdeza kiyA hai| yaMtra svarNa pAtra para banAyA jAye aura usa para padmarAgamaNi ke samAna prabhA vAle loMga ke phUloM 1. baranela, 'elImeNTas oNva sAutha iNDiyana peliyogrAphI', pR. 87, N2. 2. vhUlara, bhAratIyapurAlipizAstra, vArANasI, pR. 132. 3. baranela, 'elImeNTas oNva sAutha iNDiyana peliyogrAphI', pR. 87 4. 'bhagavatI sUtra' ke vividha uddharaNoM se vidita hai ki kucha jaina ullekha kASThaphalakoM para ukere gaye the / 5. somasena, tairvANakAcAra, 8/177, 178.

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se bane kuMkumAdi se upayukta maMtra likhA jaaye| unhoMne likhA hai "kuMkumA_likhed yantraM pAtre svarNAdi nimite / lavaMgAdi bhavaiH puSpaH padmarAga sama prabhaH // "1 'OM hrIM zrIM aha~ namo mantra japedaSTottaraM zatam / paM. AzAdhara ne hI 'pratiSThApATha' meM eka dUsare sthAna para likhA hai ki nivAsa bhUmi ke agrabhAga meM eka bimba kI pratiSThA karanI cAhie, jisa para svarNalekhanI se sundara akSaroM meM yaMtra banAyA gayA ho| usa bhUmi meM virAjamAna vaha AcAlya bimba aisA hI hai, jaise manaH prasatti meM rahasya / aisI bhUmi zlAghanIya hotI hai-- "AcAlya bimbe'granivAsabhUmau vilekhanIyaM paTuttvikena / suvarNalekhanyajayantradhAryA zlAdhyA rahasyeva manaH prasattau // "2 bhagavajjinasenAcArya ne mahApurANa meM varNamAlA kA jJAna karAne ke lie svarNapaTTa ke prayoga kI bAta likhI hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI do putriyA~ thIMbrAhmI aura sundarI / eka dina donoM ko bulAkara bhagavAn ne kahA ki he putriyo ! tuma donoM ke vidyAgrahaNa karane kA yahI samaya hai, ataH tuma donoM vidyA-grahaNa karane meM prayatna kro| bhagavAna ne aisA kahakara tathA bAra-bAra AzIrvAda dekara vistRta svarNapaTTa para a, A Adi varNamAlA tathA ikAI-dahAI aMkoM ko svayaM likhA, phira unase likhvaayaa| "tadvidyAgrahaNe yatnaM putrike kuruta yuvAm / tatsaMgrahaNa kAlo'yaM yuvAyorvartate'dhunA // ityuktvA muhurAzAsya vistIrNe hemapaTTake / adhivAsya svacittasthAM zrutadevIM saparyayA // vibhuH karadvayenAbhyAM likhannakSaramAlikAm / upAdizallipi saMkhyAsthAnaM cAGakairanukramAt // "3 svarNa paTToM ke sAtha rajata patroM kA bhI pracalana thaa| una para yA to 'namaskAra maMtra' (NamokAra maMtra) likhA hotA thA athavA koI yaMtra (RSimaNDala Adi) khudA hotA thaa|' yaMtra ke AkAra ke bIca meM tatsambandhI maMtra tathA usake akSara 1. paM. AzAdhara, pratiSThApATha, 132, pR. 416-17. 2. paM. AzAdhara, pratiSThApATha, 132, pR. 414. 3. bhagavajjinasenAcArya, mahApurANa, 16/102-104. 4. ojhA, prAcInalipimAlA, pR. 152, pAdaTippar3a, 5..

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47 rahate hI haiM, yaha niyama hai| Aja bhI adhikAMza jaina yaMtra 'rajata patroM para hI likhe jAte haiN| unhIM ko zubha mAnA jAtA hai / svarNapaTTa ke bAda tAmrapatra athavA tAmrazAsana kA adhika prayoga hotA thA / prAcIna jaina tAmrapatroM se spaSTa hai ki adhikAMza rUpa se una para dAna ghoSaNAe~ hotI thIM / prArambha meM dAna dene vAle kI prazasti, phira dAna kI mikadAra - grAma, svarNa aura rajata aura tatpazcAt dAna grahaNa karane vAle kA nAma aura paricaya Adi rahatA thA / vajIrakheDa ( nAsika - mahArASTra) meM prApta tIna tAmrapatroM meM likhA hai ki- rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya, svarNa tulAdAna ke avasara para, ikkIsa lAkha dramma Aya vAle 650 gA~va dAna diye gaye / isI meM jaina dravir3a saMgha ke varddhamAna guru ko do gA~va diye jAne kA bhI ullekha hai / ' kAdalUra ( mAMDayA - maisUra) meM nau tAmrapatra mile haiM / ina para prArambha meM gaMgavaMza ke rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI dI hai, tatpazcAt, koMgala deza meM nirmita jina maMdira ke lie sUrastagaNa ke elAcArya ko kAdalUra grAma dAna meM diye jAne kI bAta likhI hai / DaoN. vAsudevasiMha ne apane grantha 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana' meM prArambhika IsavI san ke aneka tAmrapatroM ko mUlarUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / sabhI meM dhArmika kAryoM ke lie dAna dene kA ullekha hai / * unhoMne likhA hai ki dAna tathA dhArmika vRttAnta likhane ke lie tAmrapatroM kA prayoga hotA thA / ve to azoka- pUrva yuga ke piparAvA (uttara pradeza) ke 'sohArA tAmrapatra' se IsavI - pUrva pA~ca sau ke lagabhaga lekhana kalA ke pracAra ko pramANita karate haiM / jinamaMdiroM meM tAMbA aura pItala milA kara banAye gaye pleTsa bhI bahuta milate haiM, jina para dhArmika sUtra khude hue haiN| sAtavIM sadI IsavI kI pItala kI banI lagabhaga sabhI mUrtiyA~ jaina mUttiyA~ haiM aura una para khude mUrtilekha jaina lekha haiM / 1 uttaravartI kAla meM tIliyoM se tAlapatra ( tAr3apatra ) para likhane kA kArya prArambha huA, aura vahA~ se hI 'likha vilakhane' prasiddha huA / bhagavatI sUtra meM likhA hai -- " tatpazcAduttaravartini yuge zaMkubhistAlapatreSUtkIrya lekhanaM pravRttamiti lekhana zabdasya ( likha vilakhane dhAtuH ) vilekhanArthaparattvAt vijJAyate / " " tAr3apatra mUlarUpa se dakSiNa meM paidA hotA thA / vahA~ se bhArata ke dUsare dezoM meM 1. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 5, joharApura-sampAdita, vArANasI, pR. 15. 2. vahI, pR. 21. 3. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pU. 46. 4. dekhie vahI, pR. 240. 5. bhagavatI sUtra, saMskRta vyAkhyA.

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08 phailaa| bauddha grantha tripiTaka isI para likhe gaye the|' digambara jaina dharma ke prAcIna graMtha jayadhavala aura mahAdhavala bhI tAr3apatroM para likhe gaye the| ___sUtI aura rezamI kapar3oM para bhI grantha likhe jAte the / vhalara ko jaisalamera ke 'bRhajjJAnakoSa' meM rezama kI eka paTTI para likhI jaina sUtroM kI sUcI prApta huI thii| isa para rozanAI se likhA gayA thaa| pITarasana ko aNahilavAda pATaNa meM kapar3e para likhA eka jaina graMtha dharmavidhi, jisake racayitA zrIprabhasUri the, prApta huA thaa| isa graMtha meM 93 pRSTa haiM aura unakI caur3AI lagabhaga 13 iMca hai| aise graMthoM ke saMdarbha meM DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya kA kathana hai, "At Present in Jain Temples a number of papers are found, containing Mandalas and figures made at the time of the concecration of temples" kabhI zilAlekhoM para bhI brAhmIlipi meM graMtha likhane kA rivAja thA / jaina AcAryoM ne use siddhAnta ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai-- "zubhe zilAsai utkIrya zrutaskandhamapi nyaset / brAhmInyAsavidhAnena zrutaskandhamiha stuyAta // sulekhakena saMlikhya paramAgamapustakam / brAhmIM vAzrutapaJttamyAM sulagne vA pratiSThayet // "5 artha--zabha mahUrta meM zilAdi meM utkIrNa karake zrataskandha kI bhI sthApanA kare, phira brAhmI ke nyAsa vidhAna se usakI stuti kre| sulekha-pUrvaka paramAgama pUstaka athavA bAhmI likhakara zratapaMcamI ke zabha maharta meM usakI sthApanA karanI caahiye| jaina samAja meM Aja bhI zratapaMcamI ke dina bAlaka ko pA~ca varSa kI Ayu meM akSarAbhyAsa kA maharta karAye jAne kI prathA hai| yaha prathA tIrthakara vRSabhadeva se prArambha huI aura satata cala rahI hai| ___ Aja aneka jaina grantha kAgajoM para likhe milate haiM, kintu ve adhika prAcIna nahIM haiN| bhArata kI jalavAyu meM kAgaz2a kAlAntara taka nahIM cala pAtA, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki sikandara ke sAtha Aye niya rakasa (327 B. C.)-- eka grIka lekhaka ne yahA~ jo ruI se taiyAra kagaz2a para logoM ko likhate dekhA, 1. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pR. 163. 2. dekhie vahI, pR. 191 . 3. isakA lekhana-kAla 1361-62 I. san mAnA gayA hai| dekhie-iNDiyana peliyogrAphI, DA. rAjabalI pANDeya, pR. 72-73. 4. vahI, pR. 73. 5. paM. AzAdhara, pratiSThApATha, 6 / 33-34. 6. Starbo, xv, 717.

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49 vaha galata thA / usa samaya ke likhe graMtha to aba nahIM milate, ve bhAratIya jalavAyu ke kAraNa naSTa ho gaye hoMge, svAbhAvika hai / kAgaz2a para likhane kI bAta kAzagara (madhya eziyA) se prApta eka bhAratIya graMtha se bhI hotI hai / yaha pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM, guptA pIriyaDa meM, guptA lipi meM likhA gayA thA / rAjA bhoja ( 11vIM zatI) ke bhojaprabandha se bhI siddha hai ki kAgaja lekhana ke kAma AtA thaa| Aja ve graMtha yahA~ bhale hI na mileM, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki usa samaya kAgaz2a kA pracalana nahIM thA / 'elabarUnIz2a iNDiyA' meM likhA milatA hai ki bauddha aura jaina graMtha prAya: bhojapatra para likhe gye| Aja bhI jaina grantha-bhaNDAroM meM bhojapatroM para likhe aneka prasiddha jaina graMtha milate haiM / ataH kAlidAsa ke 'kumArasambhava meM yaha kathana ki bhojapatra para kevala premapatra hI likhakara bheje jAte the, ucita nahIM hai / amarakoSa meM- jo ki eka jaina graMtha thA aura jisake racayitA amara nAma ke jaina sAdhu the - bhojapatra kA ullekha AyA hai / usameM likhA hai, "bharjecUrmimRdutva cau / " bhojapatra himAlaya ke uttuMga pradeza meM utpanna hotA thA / pahale isakA pracalana uttara pazcimI bhAga taka sImita thA, phira aura bhAgoM meM bhI phaila gyaa| sikandara ke AkramaNa ke samaya usakA pracAra thA / 7 zrI gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA kA kathana hai ki bhojapatra para kharoSThI lipi meM likhA saba se prAcIna graMtha 'dhammapAda' prApta huA hai| bhojapatra para likhA isase adhika prAcIna graMtha aura nahIM milaa| isakI racanA IsA se do yA tIna zatAbdI pUrva huI thii| jaina lekhaka apane granthoM meM raMgIna syAhI kA prayoga karane meM nipuNa the / unhoMne prAyaH graMthoM ke anta meM pIlI aura harI syAhI se likhA hai / bIca-bIca meM sunahalI syAhI se likhane kA unakA svabhAva-sA thA / prArambhika paMktiyA~ prAyaH lAla syAhI se likhI milatI haiM / 'kathA saritsAgara' ke racayitA somadeva 0 1. vhUlara, purAlipizAstra, pR. 166. 2. Rajendralal Mitra, gough's papers. 16. 3. Alberuni, India ( Sachau ) I. 171. 4. nyastAkSarA dhAturasena yattra, bhUrjatvacaH kuJjaravinduzoNAH / brajanti vidyAdharasundarINAmanaGga lekha kriyayopayogam // 5. amarakoSa, 2 / 4/46. 6. Gough's papers, 17. 7. iNDiyana peliyogrAphI, DA. pANDeya, pR. 67. 8. ojhA, prAcInalipimAlA, pR. 144. 9. Rajendralal Mitra, Notices of sanskrit M. S. S. 3, PLI. 10. ojhA, prAcInalipimAlA, pR. 156. kumArasambhava 1/7.

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kA yaha kathana ki lAla akSaroM ke lie khuna kA prayoga hotA thA, ThIka nahIM hai| jaina aura ajaina koI graMtha aisA nahIM hai, jisameM khUna kA prayoga kiyA gayA ho| syAhI ke abhAva meM bhI rudhira kA prayoga graMtha lekhana meM nahIM huaa| pratijJA pUrI karane ke lie kucha sAthI rudhira se hastAkSara karate the aura vaha pratijJA bhI rudhira se likha lete the| bhArata ke ati prAcIna kAla meM lAla syAhI ke badale siMdUra aura hiMgula kA prayoga hotA thaa| majITha kA prayoga bhI adhika kiyA jAtA thaa| syAhI ke saMdarbha meM aitihAsikatA kI bAta karate hue bhalara ne likhA hai, "niArkasa aura kaTisa ke isa kathana se ki hindU ruI ke kapar3e aura per3a kI chAla, arthAt bhojapatra para likhate the-pratIta hotA hai ki ve IsavI-pUrva cauthI zatI meM syAhI kA prayoga karate the| azoka ke Adeza lekhoM meM kabhI-kabhI kucha akSaroM meM phandoM ke sthAna para bindiyA milatI haiN| isase bhI yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai / " 2 isake atirikta eka prAcIna udAharaNa aMdhera kA dhAtukalaza bhI hai, jisa para syAhI se akSara likhe hue haiM / yaha IsavI-pUrva dUsarI zatI kA udAharaNa hai| IsA pUrva likhe gaye gRhya sUtroM meM bhI maSi zabda kA prayoga huA hai| maSi zabda 'maS hiMsAyAm' se banA hai / isakA artha hai--masalanA, jisako aMgrejI meM Crushing athavA Poundiog bhI kahate haiN| bhArata ke kucha bhAgoM meM syAhI ke lie 'melA' zabda kA prayoga huA hai / benaphe, hiksa aura bebara ne maSi ke lie eka grIka vyutpatti DhUMDhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai, kintu vhUlara kA kathana hai ki melA zabda prAkRta ke 'maila' se banA hai, jisakA artha hotA hai gaMdA, kaalaa| DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya kA mata hai ki yaha saMskRta kI dhAtu 'mela' se banA hai, jisakA artha hai-sammizraNa / 6 syAhI, pAnI, goMda aura zakkara Adi milA kara hI taiyyAra hotI hai / melA zabda kA jJAna subandhu ko thA / usane 'melAnandAyate' kA prayoga kiyA hai| melAnanda Inkpot ko kahate haiN| saMskRta ke lekhakoM ko 'melA' zabda kA jJAna thaa| amarakoSa meM eka trikANDakoSa kA uddharaNa diyA huA hai"melA masIjalaM patrAJjanaM ca syAnmasiddhayoH iti trikANDazeSaH" eka dUsare koSa 1. vhUlara, bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pR. 201. 2. dekhie, vahI, pR. 200. 3. dekhie, vahI, pR. 200. 4. vahI, pR. 166. 5. vahI, pR. 200 6. But a more plausible derivation of the term Mela' is from the Sanskirit root Mel' (to mix). The word 'Mela' obviously means the state of being mixed, implying the mixing of many ingredients in the preparation of Ink." ---Dr. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, P. 84. 7. amarakoSa, 3/5/10, vikANDakoSa, 2/8/27.

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meM likhA hai, "malinAmbuH kAcanikA melA dhAtupala: pumAn / klIbe patrAnaM ca syAt / / " davAta ke lie koSakalpataru meM 'melAndharmaSikUpikA'1 AyA hai / isake anusAra melAndha aura maSikapikA davAta ko kahate the| isake atirikta melAnandA, melAMdhukA, masipAtra aura masibhAMDa Adi kA bhI vibhinna graMthoM meM prayoga huA hai| - lekhanI ke lie varNaka zabda kA prayoga hotA thA / amarakoSa aura medinIkoSa donoM meM 'varNaka' hI AyA hai| jahA~ raMga bharane kI bAta hotI thI, vahA~ lekhanI ko amarakoSa meM "eSikA tulikAsame" likhA hai| isakA eka tIsarA nAma zalAkA bhI thA / jaina graMthoM meM usakA adhikAdhika prayoga huA hai| mAlatI mAdhava meM-'ayaskAntamaNi zalAkA' AyA hai| dazakumAra carita meM varNavartikA zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| jahA~ zilAstambhoM para lekhana kA prazna thA, vahA~ chainI se kAma liyA jAtA thaa| lekhanI zabda sabhI meM pracalita thaa| lipi ko prAcInatA pAzcAtya vidvAn bhAratIya lipi kI prAcInatA ke sandarbha meM pahalA uddharaNa azoka ke zilAlekhoM ko mAnate haiN| isake pUrva kA koI uddharaNa unheM prApta nahIM huA thaa| azoka ke zilAlekhoM kA samaya IsA-pUrva tIna sau varSa kUtA jAtA hai| zrI gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA ne apanI prAcIna lipimAlA' meM azoka se bhI pUrva ke do uddharaNa prastuta kiye haiN| pahalA hai-naipAla kI tarAI meM sthita piprAvA nAmaka sthAna ke eka stUpa ke bhItara se prApta tAmrapatra para khudA eka lekha / isa pAtra meM buddhadeva kI asthiyA~ rakhI huI thIM aura usake Upara eka lekha khudA huA thA-"idaM zarIra nidhAnaM buddhasya bhagavataH zAkyAnAM / " isa tAmrapatra kA samaya IsA-pUrva cAra sau varSa mAnA gayA hai| isa prasaMga meM DaoN. vAsudevasiMha ne apane grantha 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana' meM likhA hai. "aise pAtroM para upalabdha lekhoM meM pIparAvA (bastIuttarapradeza) kA pAtra-lekha saba-se-purAnA hai, jisa para azoka se pUrva lipi meM lekha aMkita hai|" 1. koSakalpataru, dekhie 'dhI' varga. 2. amarakoSa, 3/5/38, medinIkoSa, 13/153-154. 3. amarakoSa, 3/10/32. 4. mAlatI mAdhava, 1/2. 5. dazakumAracarita, ucchvAsa 2. 6. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pR. 31-32. 7. vahI, pR. 42.

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ojhAjI ne dUsarA uddharaNa ajamera jile ke bar3alI grAma meM sthita eka choTe-se zilAlekha ko mAnA hai| bar3alI (baralI) gA~va ajamera se chabbIsa mIla dakSiNa-pUrva meM hai| yaha zilAlekha eka stambha para utkIrNa lekha kA khaNDa hai| isakI pahalI paMkti meM-vIra (1) bhagava (ta) aura dUsarI paMkti meM caturAsiti va (sa) khudA hai / isa para ojhAjI kA abhimata hai, "isa lekha kA 84 vA~ varSa jainoM ke antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa saMvat kA 84 vA~ varSa honA caahie| anumAna ThIka ho to yaha lekha I. pUrva (527-84=443) kA honA cAhie / isakI lipi azoka ke lekhoM meM prayukta lipi se pUrva kI pratIta hotI hai| isameM vIrAya kA bI akSara hai| ukta bo meM jo I mAtrA cihna hai, vaha azoka ke lekhoM meM athavA usake uttaravartI kisI lekha meM nahIM milatA / ataeva vaha cihna azoka se pUrva kI lipi kA honA cAhie / azoka ke samaya meM I mAtrA ke lie '' cihna vyavahAra meM Ane lagA thaa|"1 eka patra meM prakAzita isa lekha kA uddharaNa aura Tippar3a isa prakAra diyA hai"......viraya bhagava (ta) ....tha....caturAsi tiva (sa.)...... (kA) ye sAlimAlini .....ra niviThamAjhimi ke" isakA artha hai-bhagavAn vIra ke lie.....84veM varSa meM madhyamikA ke .... / isa para, usa patra ke sampAdaka kA Tippar3a hai, "yaha zilAlekha mahAvIra-saMvat 84 kA hai / Ajakala yaha ajamera saMgrahAlaya meM hai| ajamera se 26 mIla dakSiNa-pUrva meM sthita varalI se yaha prApta huA thaa| zilAlekha meM ullikhita mAdhyamikA cittaur3a se 8 mIla uttara sthita nagarI nAmaka sthAna hai| yaha bhArata kA prAcInatama zilAlekha hai|" 2 yadi sudUravartI bhArata meM jhAMkeM to mohana-jo-daro aura harappA kI khudAiyoM meM prApta moharoM aura phalakoM para khude lekha prAcInatama bhAratIya lipi ke cihna haiN| una para aMkita AkAroM kI kAyotsarga mudrA aura vairAgyapUrNa dhyAnAvasthA se purAtattvajJoM ne unheM jaina tIrthakara mAnA hai aura una para khude lekhoM ko jaina lekha / DaoN.prANanAtha ne eka lekha para 'OM jinAya namaH' par3hA hai| lipi kA par3hA jAnA vivAdagrasta ho sakatA hai, kintu vaha lipi to hai hI, isameM kisI ko vivAda nahIM hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki IsA se 3000 tIna sahasra varSa pUrva ke bhAratavAsiyoM ko lipi-jJAna thaa| DaoN. sunItikumAra cATuA ne azoka ke zilAlekhoM kI suvidita brAhmI lipi kA sambandha sindhughATI (mohanajo-daro aura harappA) kI lipi se jor3A hai| unakA kathana hai-- "There is a superfieial agreement between this youngest or linear phase of Mohan-Jo-dro writing of the period before 1500 or 2000 B. C. and the Brahmi Script of the 3rd Century B. C. Some of the Mohan-Jo-dro Signs resemble or are 1. ojhA, prAcIna lipimAlA, pR. 2-3.. 2. vaha 'eka patna' munizrI vidyAnandajI ke pAsa surakSita hai /

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53 almost identical with Brahmi letters. Some others are a bit Complicated. what is most important, in some of the MohanJo-dro signs, it would oppear that the Brahmi charactestic of tagging on vowel signs to the Consonent letters is also found, besides combinations of two or more consonents."9 isakA hindI artha hai-IsA-pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI kI brAhmI lipi aura mohana-jodaro lipi ke 1500 yA 2000 IsavI-pUrva ke kaniSTha athavA uttaravartI rUpoM meM vizeSa samAnatA hai| mohana-jo-daro lipi ke kucha cihna brAhmI vargoM ke sadaza haiM athavA lagabhaga vahI haiM / katipaya anya jaTila avazya haiM / do yA adhika vyaJjanoM ke saMyojana ke atirikta, vyaJjana vaNoM meM svara-mAtrAoM ke lagAne kI brAhmI viziSTatA bhI mohana-jo-daro lipi meM prApta hotI hai| ____ DaoN. udayanArAyaNa tivArI ne bhI apane grantha hindI bhASAH udgama aura vikAsa' meM aisI hI mAnyatA sthApita kI hai| unakA kathana hai, "isakA prAcInatama rUpa sindhughATI lipi meM upalabdha hotA hai aura vastutaH yahI lipi (sindhu ghATI lipi) citra, bhAva tathA dhvanyAtmaka lipi kI vibhinna avasthAoM se hotI huI brAhmIlipi meM pariNata huI thI / "2 nimnAMkita tulanAtmaka cArTa se yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA -- vartamAna sindhu lipi brAhmI lipi brAhmI lipi hindI ::: x.: :: + la ururta > 6800 8 Soad, 1. Dr. Suniti Kumar Chatterji, Indian system of writing, Publication ___division,Govt-of India, 1966, P.9. 2. DA. udayanArAyaNa tivArI, 'hindI bhASA : udgama aura vikAsa', pR. 580.

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54 sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA bhAratIya sabhyatA thI, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai / usakA pracAra-prasAra samUce bhArata meM thaa| Age panapane vAlI bhAratIya sabhyatA meM bhI usake cihna niHzeSa nahIM hue, yaha Aja kI zodha-khojoM se prakaTa hai / rAya bahAdura pro. rAmaprasAda jI caMdA kA abhimata hai ki mohana-jo-daro aura mathurA kI jainamUrtiyoM meM hU-ba-hU samAnatA hai / arthAt vaisI hI kAyotsarga mudrA, vaisI hI dhyAnAvasthA aura vaisI hI vairAgya dRSTi / yadyapi mizra aura grIka kI prAcIna mUrtiyoM kI bhI kAyotsarga mudrA hai, kintu vairAgyapUrNa dhyAnAvasthA nahIM / yaha bAta kevala jaina mUrtiyoM prApta hotI hai, anyatra nahIM / ' DaoN. rAdhAkumuda mukarjI ne apane grantha 'Hindu Civilization' meM bhI mohana jodaro aura mathurA kI jaina mUrtiyoM meM sAmya svIkAra kiyA hai / RSabhadeva kI jisa khaDgAsana pratimA ko khArabela rAjagRha se punaH vApisa kaliMga meM le gayA, vaha bhI mohana jodaro mUrtiyoM kI pratikRti-sI thI / mohana jodaro aura harappA kI khudAiyoM meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyoM kI upalabdhi vivAdagrasta nahIM hai / purAtAttvika dRSTi se darpaNavat spaSTa hai / yaha siddha hai ki samrATa RSabhadeva ne apane putra bAhubalI ko sImA prAnta, paMjAba aura sindha kI dizA kA pUrA rAjya ba~TavAre meM diyA thA / yadi vahA~ jainadharma aura saMskRti vikasita huI ho to vaha praznavAcI nahIM hai / jahA~ kI sabhyatA itanI samunnata ho, vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ko lipijJAna na ho, kaise sambhava hai ? to, bhAratIya lipi kI kahAnI bahuta dUra taka calI gaI hai, yaha satya hai / bAhubali kI rAjadhAnI takSazilA " tato bhagavaM viharamANo bahalIvisayaM gato, tattha bAhubalIssa rAyahANI takkhasilA NAmaM / -- Avazyaka sUtra niyukti, pRSTha 180-81 usabhajiNassa bhagavo puttasyaM cadasUrasarisANaM / samaNattaM paDivanaM sae ya dehe nikhayakhaM // takkhasilAe, mahappA, bAhubalI tassa niccapaDikUlo / bhararnAradassa sayA na kugai ANA-paNA meM so // aha ruTTho cakkaharo, tassuvari sayaga sAhaNa samaggo / nayarasa turiyacavalo, viNiggao sayalabala sahio // patto takkhasilapuraM jayasadda ghuTTha kalayalA rAvo / jujjhassa kAraNatthaM sannaddho takkhaNaM bharaho // bAhubalI vi mahappA, bharahanaridaM samAgayaM sou / bhaDacaDayareNa mahayA, takkhasilAo viNijjAo || " -- paumacariyaM, vimalasUri, 4-37-41 1. Modern review, August, 1932, Page 155-160. 2. 'Hindu Civilisation' kA hindI anuvAda - hindU sabhyatA', pR0 275. 3. " nandarAja nItAni aga jinasa naga maha ratana paDihArehi aMga mAgadhe vasavu neyAti / " hAthIgumpha zilAlekha, 12 vIM paMkti, dekhie jainasiddhAntabhAskara, bhAga 16, kiraNa 2, pRSTha 134. aura Dr. Boolchand Jain, 'Jainism in Kalingdesa', 'Jain cultural research society', Banaras Hindu University, Bulletin No. 7, P. 10.

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brAhmI lipi brAhmI zabda aura usakA prayoga ___ Rgveda meM brAhmI zabda AyA hai jise mAtaraH kahA gayA hai| arthAt mAtA ke artha meM brAhmI kA prayoga hotA thaa| Rgveda kI vaha RcA isa prakAra hai "amI brahmIranUSat brahmIvratasya mAtaraH ma jyate divaH zizum // " ---Rgveda 9/33/5, caturtha bhAga, pUnA isa RcA se spaSTa hai ki mAtaraH ke artha meM brAhmI zabda kA nahIM, apitu brahmI zabda kA prayoga huA thaa| 'amarakoSakAra' ne isI artha meM brAhmI zabda kA prayoga kiyA, jaisA ki 'brAhmItyAdyastu mAtaraH1 se spaSTa hai| 'amarakoSakAra' ne brAhmI zabda kA prayoga 'somavallarI, aura bhASA tathA lipi' ke artha meM bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| somavallarI ke lie unhoMne likhA hai, "brAhmI tu matsyAkSI vayasthA somvllrii|" 2 bhASA aura lipi ko batAne vAlI unakI paMktiyAM haiM:-- "brAhmI tu bhAratI bhASA gIrvAgvANI srsvtii| vyavahAra uktirlapitaM bhASitaM vacanaM vacaH // "3 isakI pahalI paMkti kA vizleSaNa karate hue eka vyAkhyAkAra ne likhA hai"brAhmI dvArA loka meM pracArita hone se brAhmI, bhArata meM bole jAne se bhAratI, makha se uccAryamANa hone se bhASA, zabdArthoM kA nigaraNa karane se gI: athavA girA, uccarita hone se vAk, zabdArtha ke sambhavana se vANI tathA gatizIlatA se sarasvatI kahalAtI hai / " AcArya hemacandra ne 'abhidhAna ciMtAmaNi' meM brAhmI zabda kA prayoga aneka arthoM meM kiyA hai| unhoMne rohiNI nakSatra ke do nAma batAye-brAhmI aura rohinnii| mAtara. ke artha meM bhI unhoMne brAhmI zabda kA prayoga kiyaa| unhoMne likhA ki zivajI ke parikara meM brAhmI Adi sAta mAtAe~ haiM--brAhmI, siddhI, mAhezvarI, kaumArI, 1. amarakoSa, 1/1/35, milAie 'brahmANyAdyAH smRtAH saptadevatA mAtaro budhaiH iti halAyudhaH', 1/17. 2. amarakoSa, 2/4/137, milAie, 'brAhmI tu bhAratI / zAkabheda:paMkagaNDI hajjikA somvllrii| brahmazakti iti haimaH, 2/232-33 tathA 'brAhmI tu bhAratI somavallarI brahmazaktiSa' iti medinii| 3. amarakoSa, 1/6/1, milAie 'brahmANI vacanaM vAnA jalpitaM gaditaM girA, iti zabdAva: (4)' tathA 'brAhmI ta brahAzakti: myAnmatyAkSI bhAratI ca mA' iti nAnArtharatnamAlA 4. 'kRttikA balAzcAgnidevA brAhA ta roTiNI', abhidhAna cintAmaNi, 2123, pa0 23.

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vaiSNavI, vArAhI, cAmuNDA / hemacandra ne sarasvatI ke nau nAma batAye-vAk, brAhmI, bhAratI, gauH, gI:, vANI, bhASA, sarasvatI aura zruta devii| isake atirikta unhoMne pItavarNa lohe ke pA~ca nAmoM meM eka nAma brAhmI bhI likhaa| bhAguri ne bhI brAhmI ko 'mAtaraH' kaha kara sambodhita kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai, "brAhmAdyA mAtaraH smRtaaH|" harSakIrti ne apanI zAradIyA nAmamAlA meM vAgdevI, zAradA, bhAratI gIH aura sarasvatI ke sAtha hI brAhmI ko bhI rakhA hai| unhoMne use haMsayAnA brahmaputrI kahA hai - "vAgdevI zAradA brAhmI bhAratI gIH srsvtii| haMsayAnA brahmaputrI sA sadA varadAstu vaH // "4 kucha loga apanI putriyoM kA nAma brAhmI rakhate the| vArANasI ke mahArAjA vizvasena kI mahArAnI kA nAma brAhmI devI thaa| Age ke sAhitya meM inhIM ko vAmAdevI kahA gyaa| teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha inake putra the| AcArya guNabhadra ke uttarapurANa meM vAmAdevI kA ullekha hai-- "vArANasyAmabhUdvizvaseno kAzyapagotrajaH / brAhmayasya devI samprAptA vasudhArAdi pUjanA // isI prakAra prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI do putriyA~ thIM-brAhmI aura sundrii| bhagavajjinasenAcArya ne mahApurANa meM inakA vistRta vivecana kiyA hai / harivaMza purANa meM bhI inakA ullekha milatA hai / purudeva campU meM brAhmI kI utpatti kA kalApUrNa varNana hai -- "brAhmIM tanUjAmati sundarAMgI brahmanAtha tasyAmutpAdayatsaH / kalAnidheH pUrNakalAM manojJAM prAcyA dizAyAmiva zuklapakSaH / "6 RSabhadeva Adi brahma kahalAte the| unheM yaha brahmapada, apane samAdhiteja se aSTa karmoM ko bhasma karane ke bAda prApta huA thaa| AcArya samantabhadra ne unheM 'babhUva ca brahmapadAmRtezvaraH' likhA hai / ve vizvacakSuH the aura samagra vidyAoM ke dhanI / unakA 1. abhidhAnacintAmaNi, 2/115, pR0 57. 2. vahI, 2/155, pR0 67. 3. vahI, 4/114, pR0 258. 4. harSakIrti, zAradIyA nAmamAlA, 1/2. 5. guNabhadra, uttarapurANa, 73/75. 6. purudeva campU, 6/36:40

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vapu niraJjana thA--sabhI prakAra ke maila aura kaluSa se rahita / ' brahma hone ke kAraNa hI unakI bar3I putrI brAhmI khlaaii| RSabhadeva ne use brahma vidyA sikhAI / vaha viduSI hI nahIM banI apitu apanI sAdhanA se jana-jana ke madhya pUjApada kI adhikAriNI bhI huii| cambAghATI meM brAhmI devI kA maMdira Aja bhI isakA pramANa hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Age kI jaina paramparA meM putriyoM kA nAma brAhmI rakha kara dhArmika bhAvanA hI nahIM, gaurava kA bhI anubhava kiyA jAne lagA / koSakAroM, vaiyyAkaraNoM aura sAhityikoM ne vidyA artha meM jitane zabda cune, unameM brAhmI ko pramukhatA milii| brAhmI zabda kA aneka arthoM meM prayoga huA, kintu sabase adhika lipyartha meN| azokakAlIna adhikAMza zilAlekha brAhmI lipi meM utkIrNa hue| unake pUrva ke zilAlekhoM kI bhI lipi brAhmI hI thii| usakI sArvabhaumikatA aura lokapriyatA dekha kara hI prAcIna granthakAroM ne sthAna-sthAna para usako namaskAra kiyA hai / bhagavatI sUtra kA 'Namo baMbhIe livIe' isakA pramANa hai| brAhmI lipi kA nAmakaraNa ___ isa lipi ke brAhmI nAma par3ane ke sandarbha meM kaI mata abhivyakta kiye gaye haiN| unameM pahalA hai ki vizva kI anya vastuoM kI bhA~ti brahmA yA brahma hI isake bhI nirmAtA haiM aura isI AdhAra para isakA nAma brAhmI pdd'aa| dUsarA mata cInI vizvakoSa fA-vAna-zu-lina (668 I.) para AdhRta hai / isake anusAra brAhmI lipi ke nirmAtA koI brahmA nAma ke AcArya the, unake nAma se hI ise brAhmI kahA gyaa| 3 ina donoM matoM meM koI maulika bheda nahIM hai / eka meM lipi kA udbhAvaka brahmA svayaM hai-vaha brahmA jise jagatpitA kahate haiM aura dUsare meM eka AcArya, jisameM niyaMtA kI kSamatA hotI hai| tIsarA mata DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne abhivyakta kiyA hai| unake anusAra veda (jJAna) kI rakSA ke lie AryoM ne isakA AviSkAra kiyaa| veda kA dUsarA nAma brahma hai| isI AdhAra para use brAhmI saMjJA prApta huii| kucha vidvAna brAhmaNa se brAhmI kA sambandha jor3ate haiN| DA0 vhUlara kA kathana hai---"isameM saMdeha 1. AcArya samantabhadra, svayambhU stotra, 1/3-4. 2. sekreDa buksa oNva IsTa-nArada smRti, 23.58 aura manu para bRhaspati kA vAttika, 23.304. 3. dekhie cInI vizvakoSa phA-vAna-zulina. phreMca vidvAna kuperI cInI lipi se brAhmI kI utpatti mAnate haiN| 4. Indian Palaeography by Dr. R. B. Pandey, Page 35.

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nahIM ki brAhmI ke prAcInatama upalabdha rUpa vidvAn brAhmaNoM ke dvArA nirmita hue|" DaoN0 udayanArAyaNa tivArI ne bhI isa kathana kA samarthana karate hue likhA hai, "brAhmI lipi ke svaroM aura vyaJjanoM kI paryApta saMkhyA evaM uccAraNa, sthAna ke anasAra usakA vibhinna vargoM meM vargIkaraNa yaha spaSTa rUpa se pramANita karatA hai ki isake nirmANa meM bhASA zAstra tathA vyAkaraNa meM niSNAta brAhmaNoM kA hAtha thaa|"2 eka pA~cavAM mata aura hai jo brahmadeza meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa ise brAhmI mAnatA hai / brahma aura AcArya se brAhmIlipi kA udbhAvana eka bhAvanA-mAtra hai| jaba brahma samasta jagata kA nirmAtA hai, to lipi kA bhI hogA hii| yaha koI zodhakhoja kI bAta nahIM hai, eka dharmaniSTha saMcetana hai| veda aura brAhmaNa eka hI sUtra hai| yaha bhI to ho sakatA hai ki brAhmI ke AdhAra para veda ko brahma aura manuSya jAti ke eka varga ko brAhmaNa kahA gyaa| jahA~ taka brahma vidyA (AtmavidyA) kA sambandha hai, vaha brAhmaNoM se pUrva kSatriyoM meM thii| yaha brahmavidyA kSatriyoM se brAhmaNoM ko prApta huI , ise sabhI bar3e-bar3e vidvAna mAnate haiN| isI bhA~ti brAhmaNa aura saMskRta ko ghaniSTha mAnA jA sakatA hai, brAhmaNa aura prAkRta ko nhiiN| brAhmI lipi ke prAcInatama uddharaNa prAkRta meM milate haiM, saMskRta meM nhiiN| saMskRta se bhI pUrva prAkRta maujUda thii| DaoN. dhIrendra varmA ke pradhAna sampAdakattva meM prakAzita 'hindI sAhitya koSa' meM likhA hai, "prAkRta bhASA koI ekAeka prayoga meM nahIM A gii| apane naisargika rUpa meM vaha vaidika kAla se pUrva bhI 1. George Buhler, Indische Palaeography, hindI anuvAda-bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 34. 2. DaoN0 udayanArAyaNa tivArI, hindI bhASA : udgama aura vikAsa, pRSTha 580, milAie-bhArata meM lipi vikAsa, hindI bhASA kA udbhava aura vikAsa , guNAnanda juyAla, pR0 184. 3. yatheyaM na prAktvattaH purAvidyA brAhmaNAn gacchati / tasmAttu sarveSu lokeSa kSatrasyaiva prazAsanamabhUt // chAndogya0 5/3/7. "tatrAsti vaktavyam--yathA yena prakAreNa iyaM vidyA prAktvatto brAhmaNAn na gacchati na gatavatI, na ca brAhmaNA anayA vidyayA anuzAsitavanta tathA etat prasiddhaM loke yataH / tasmAd purA pUrva sarveSu lokeSa kSatrasyaiva kSatrajAtereva anayA vidyayA prazAsanaM prazAstRtvaM ziSyANAmabhUt babhava / kSatriyaparamparayaiveyaM vidyA etAvantaM kAlamAgatA / tathApyetAM ahaM tubhyaM vakSyAmi / tvatsampradAnAdUrdhvaM brAhmaNAn gamiSyati / ato mayA yadukttaM tatkSantumarhasItyuktvA tasmai hi uvAca vidyAM raajaa|" chAndogya0 5/3/7 kA zAMkarabhASya. aura "athedaM viveta. evaM na kasmizcana brAhmaNa uvAsatAm / " bRhadAraNyaka 6/28

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vidyamAna thI / vaidika bhASA ko svayaM usa kAla meM pracalita prAkRta boliyoM kA sAhityika rUpa mAnA jA sakatA hai / " 9 isa saMdarbha meM prAkRta mahAkAvya vo kA kathana ullekhanIya hai 59 "sayalAo imaM vAyA visaMti etto ya gati vAyAvo eMti samuddhaM ciya ti sAyaroocciya calAI // 2 isakA artha hai ki jisa prakAra jala samudra meM praveza karatA hai aura vASpa banakara punaH samudra se bAhara jAtA hai, usI prakAra prAkRta se saba bhASAoM kA udgama hotA hai aura usI meM saba bhASAe~ punaH samAhita ho jAtI haiM / prAkRta kA yaha vyApaka artha hai / bhASA kA yahI svacchanda rUpa sthAnagata aura kAla vibhinnatAoM ke kAraNa 500 I. pUrva se 1000 I. taka prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAoM ke rUpa meM vikasita huA / usa kAla meM prAkRta lokapriya bhASA bana gaI thI, jaisA ki rAjazekhara ne spaSTa kiyA hai - " prAkRta bhASA strI ke samAna sukumAra aura saMskRta bhASA puruSa ke samAna kaThora hai / vaiyyAkaraNoM ne sambhavataH saMkucita artha meM sAhityika prAkRta kA mUla AdhAra saMskRta ko mAnA hai / yadyapi yahA~ saMskRta kA Azaya prAcIna AryabhASA ke svacchanda rUpa meM vikasita vaidika saMskRta se lenA yuktisaMgata hogA, kyoMki saMskRta to svayaM hI lokabhASA kA saMskAra kiyA huA rUpa thA / "3 to brAhmI lipi sambandhita thI isa lokabhASA prAkRta se aura brAhmaNa sambandhita thA saMskRta se, ataH brAhmaNa ke AdhAra para brAhmI nAma par3A, asaMgata hai / saMyuktAkSara saMskRta meM hI nahIM, prAkRta meM bhI the / bhASA aura vyAkaraNa kI jAnakArI brAhmaNa ko hI nahIM, zramaNa ko bhI thI / yahA~ taka ki Arya ve hI kahalAte the jo prAkRta bolate aura lipi ke rUpa meM brAhmI kA vyavahAra karate the / eka jaina grantha paNNavaNAsutta meM likhA hai "se kiM taM bhAsAriyA / bhAsAriyA je NaM addhamAgahAye bhAsAe bhAti / jattha vi ya NaM baMbhI livi pavattai / " 4 artha - bhAsAriyA (bhASA ke anusAra Arya ) kauna kahe jAte haiM ? bhASA ke anusAra Arya loga ve haiM, jo ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM vArtAlApa karate haiM, likhate-par3hate 1. 'hindI sAhityakoSa', pradhAna sampAdaka DA0 dhIrendra varmA, pRSTha 462. 2. vAkpatirAja, gauDabaho, zloka 63 vA~, DA. agravAla ke 'prAkRta vimarza' meM uddhRta, pRSTha 4. 3. " parasA sakkaabaMdhA pAuaprabaMdho vi hoi suumAro / purusamahilAe~ jettia mihaMtaraM tettia mimANaM / / " karpUramaJjarI, 1.8. 4. paNNavaNAsutta - 56.

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60 haiM aura jinameM brAhmI lipi kA vyavahAra hotA hai / AcArya hemacandra ne kalpasUtra meM likhA hai -- porANaM addhamAgahabhAsA niyayaM havai suttaM 1 arthAt jaina dharma 1 prAcIna sUtra arddhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha hote the / yaha nibandhana brAhmI lipi meM hotA thA / yAyAvara jaina sAdhu deza-deza meM vihAra karate the, vahA~ kI pracalita janabhASA meM bolate aura vahA~ kI bhASA meM hI grantha- nirmANa karate the / vaha janabhASA prAkRta thI / prAkRta eka rUpa hote hue bhI deza-bheda se bhinna rUpa bhI thI / nami sAdhu ne kAvyAlaMkAra - TIkA meM likhA hai -- "megha nirmuktaM jalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva ca dezavizeSAt saMskArakaraNAcca samAsAdita vizeSaMsat saMskRtAdyuttaravibhedAn Apnoti / "2 aisA hI eka vAkya 'bhAratIya vidyAnibandha saMgraha' meM, 'sarasvatI' kaMThAbharaNa' se saMkalita hai - " sA punarjalaparamparevaika rUpApi tattaddezAdi vizeSAt saMskArakaraNAcca bhedAntarAn Apnoti / 3 isakA artha hai ki meghoM se chor3I jAne vAlI jala paramparA eka rUpa hote hue bhI deza vizeSa se bhinnatva ko prApta hotI hai, unameM eka saMskRta bhI hai / unake anusAra, "prAkRtamAdau nirdiSTaM tadanusaMskRtAdIni pANinyAvyAkaraNodita zabdalakSaNena saMskaraNAt saMskRtamucyate / " arthAt Adi meM saMskRta thI, phira saMskRtAdika AIM, pANinIya vyAkaraNa ke anusAra pracalita bhASA kA saMskAra karane se jo bhASA banI, vaha saMskRta kahalAI / saMskAra ke bAda saMyuktAkSara kI saMkhyA bar3ha gaI, jo pahale kama thI / jahA~ taka brahmadeza ke AdhAra para brAhmI lipi ke nAmakaraNa kA sambandha hai, vaha kevala kalpanA-janya aura AnumAnika hai / vaha deza kahA~ thA ? usakI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA kaisI thI ? usakI bhASA kauna-sI thI ? Adi prazna adhUre haiM / koI prAmANika hala nahIM hai / kevala brahma nAma hone mAtra se, use brAhmI kA mUlAdhAra mAna liyA jAye, ucita nahIM hai / brAhmI ke nAmakaraNa sambandhI Thosa AdhAra jaina graMthoM meM upalabdha hote haiN| Aja taka una para bhASA vijJAnavettAoM kI dRSTi nahIM gaI hai / unake katipaya uddharaNa maiM yahA~ prastuta karanA cAhU~gA / hindI vizvakoSa ke prathama bhAga meM zrI nagendranAtha basu ne likhA thA, , "RSabhadeva ne hI sambhavataH lipividyA ke lie kauzala kA udbhAvana kiyA / RSabhadeva ne hI sambhavataH brahmavidyA kI zikSA ke lie upayogI brAhmI lipi kA pracAra kiyA thA / " " yadyapi zrI vasu mahodaya avazya hI jaina graMthoM ke adhyayana 1. kalpasUtra - 4 / 287, milAie - avavAiasutta, pArA - 56. 2. namisAdhukRta kAvyAlaMkAraTIkA, 2/12. 3. dekhie sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa, AjaDakRta vyAkhyA, bhAratIyavidyAnibaMdhasaMgraha, pRSTha 232. 4. namisAdhukRta kAvyAlaMkAra TIkA, 2/12. 5. nagendranAthavasu sampAdita, hindI vizvakoza, prathama bhAga, pRSTha 64.

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se isa pariNAma para pahu~ce hoMge, kintu usakI sampuSTi unhoMne nahIM kI / RSabhadeva jainoM ke Adi tIrthaMkara the / unakA ullekha Rgveda se lekara zrImad bhAgavat taka avicchinna rUpa se ajaina graMthoM meM bhI milatA hai / maiMne unakA vistRta vivecana apane grantha 'bharata aura bhArata' meM kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki unakA jaba janma huA, bhogabhUmi samApta ho cukI thI - kalpavRkSoM kA yuga bIta gayA thA / vaha karmabhUmi kA prArambha thA / dharA aura dharAvAsiyoM kI naI samasyAe~ thIM, naye hala cAhie the / RSabhadeva ne niSThA, pratibhA aura zrama-pUrvaka unakA samAdhAna kiyaa| unhoMne asi, maSi, kRSi, vidyA, vANijya aura zilpa ina SaDvidha pAyoM kA upadeza dekara prajA kI samRddhi kA mArga dikhaayaa| ve prajApati kahalAye / dUsarI ora unhoMne AdhyAtmika sAdhanoM ko bhI pUrNatA dI / ' apane karmaphala ko apane samAdhiteja se bhasma kara diyA / 2 karma - mala ke haTa jAne se ve vizuddha AtmabrahmarUpa ho gaye / unhoMne eka ora loka ko saphala banAne kA mArga prazasta kiyA, to dUsarI ora Atma-sAdhanA kA bhI rAstA dikhAyA aura donoM kI samanvayAtmaka pUrNatA ko jIvana kA lakSya banAyA | 3 61 RSabhadeva ne jahA~ eka ora kRSi karanA sikhAyA, vyApAra kA DhaMga batAyA, nAnA zilpoM meM dIkSita kiyA aura zastra vidyA kA jJAna karAyA, vahA~ lipi aura aMka kI prArambhika zikSA bhI unhoMne dI / RSabhadeva kI prathama mahArAjJI nandA se jyeSTha putra bharata aura putrI brAhmI kA yugala rUpa meM janma huA thaa| isI bhA~ti unakI dUsarI rAnI sunandA se bAhubalI aura sundarI yugala rUpa meM janme the / * inake atirikta sunandA se unake chyAnave putra aura hue / 6 sabhI carama zarIrI the / bhagavAn ne atizaya buddhi se sampanna apane samasta putroM ke sAtha-sAtha donoM putriyoM-brAhmI aura sundarI ko bhI akSara, citra, saMgIta aura gaNita kA jJAna karAyA thaa| jinasena ne 'harivaMza purANa' meM likhA hai- "akSarAlekhyagandharva gaNitAdikalArNavam / sumedhAnaH kumArIbhyAmavagAhayati sma / / 7 eka dina rAja sabhA meM brAhmI aura sundarI donoM putriyAM apane pitA AdinAtha ke samIpa aaiiN| una putriyoM ke vakSasthala para ratnamAlA par3I huI thI, kamara 1. svayambhU stotra - 1/3. 2. vahI - - 1/4. 3. bharata aura bhArata, pRSTha 31. 4. jinasena, harivaMzapurANa, 6/21. 5. vahI, 6 / 22. 6. vahI, 6 / 23. 7. vahI, 6 / 24.

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62 para kardhanI kA mRdu zabda ho rahA thA, unake netra khaMjanapakSI ke samAna the aura unake aMgoM se svarNareNu ke samAna kAMti vikIrNa hotI thI / una donoM ke vinaya-zIla Adi guNa ko dekhakara jagadguru bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne vicAra kiyA ki yaha samaya vidyAgrahaNa kA hai, ataH unhoMne donoM ko siddhamAtRkA sikhAne ke sAthasAtha gaNita, koza, pada-vidyA, chanda - alaMkAra zAstra par3hAye / purudeva cappU meM likhA hai- "tadanutayovinayazIlAdikaM vilokya jagadguruvidyA-svIkaraNakAlo'yaM iti matvA brAhmI-sundarIbhyAM siddhamAtRkopadeza puraHsaraM gaNitaM svayaMbhuvAdhAnAni padavidyAchando vicityalaMkAra zAstrANi ca / " 2 isa sandarbha meM bhagavajjinasenAcArya kA mahApurANa dRSTavya hai| usake solahaveM parva meM brAhmI-sundarI aura unake vidyArambha kA vizada vivecana haiM / ve donoM sauMdarya aura zIla kI to mAnoM mUttimatI pratimAe~ thIM / unheM dekhakara socanA hotA thA ki ve nAgakanyAe~ haiM athavA dikkanyAe~, ve saubhAgya deviyA~ haiM athavA lakSmI sarasvatI kI adhiSThAtR deviyA~ athavA unakA avatAra hI / unakI AkRti nAnA kalyANodbhavA hai / darzaka ko vismayakAriNI AnandAnubhUti hotI hai / eka dina donoM ne bhagavAn ke samIpa jAkara vinaya-pUrvaka praNAma kiyaa| donoM ko praNata aura natamastaka dekha prabhu ne prIti se unheM aMka meM biThAyA aura unakA sira sUMghate hue bole -- tuma donoM kI yaha avasthA aura anupama zIla yadi vidyA se vibhUSita kiyA jAya to saphala ho jAyegA / ataH he putriyo ! tuma vidyAgrahaNa karane meM prayatna karo, yahI kAla hai- " praNate te samutthApya dUrAnnamitamastake | prItyA svamaGkamAropya spRSTvAghrAya ca mastake // 94 // idaM vapurvayazcedam idaM zIlamanIdRzam / vidyayA cedvibhUSayet saphalaM janma yuvAmidam // 97 // tadvidyA grahaNe yatnaM putrike kuruta yuvAm / tatsaMgrahaNakAlo'yaM yuvayorvartate'dhunA // 102 // " 4 1. "udbhinnastanakuD male mRduraNatkAMcIkalApAMcite / sijanmaMjlanapureddhacaraNanyAse cakorekSaNe / kAMtikAMcanareNurAjisadRzImaMga: kiratyau puro / brAhmI saMsadi sundarI ca ta ime prApte samIpaM guroH / / " arhadAsa, purudevacampU, 7/1 2. vahI, 7, pR0 142. 3. bhagavajjinasenAcArya, mahApurANa bhAga 1, 16 / 60 - 12 4. bhagavajjinasenAcArya, mahApurANa, 16 / 24 -102.

Page #74
__ aisA kahakara unhoMne punaH punaH AzIrvacana ke sAtha, svarNapaTTa para, apane citta meM sthita zrutadevatA kA pUjana kara sthApita kiyA, phira donoM hAthoM se a, A, Adi varNamAlA likhakara unheM lipi likhane kA upadeza diyA aura anukrama se ikAI, dahAI Adi aMkoM ke dvArA unheM saMkhyA kA jJAna bhI kraayaa| "ityuktvA muhurAzAsya vistIrNaM hemapaTTake / adhivAsya svacittasthAM zrutadevIM saparyayA // 103 // vibhuHkaradvayenAmyAM likhannakSaramAlikAm / upAdizalipi saMkhyA saMsthAnaM cAkairanukramAt // 104 // "1 tIrthaMkara deva ne donoM hAthoM meM se dAhine hAtha se lipi jJAna aura bAyeM hAtha se aMkajJAna krvaayaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki lipi bAyeM se dAyIM ora aura aMka dAyeM se bAyIM ora calate haiN| bhagavAn ke mukha se jo akSarAvalI nikalI, usameM 'siddhaM. namaH' maMgalAcaraNa hai aura vyaJjana padoM meM a, A, i, I Adi mAtrAe~ milI huI haiN| usameM akAra se lekara hakAra paryanta zuddha bhuktAvalI ke samAna varNa haiN| ina vargoM ke do bheda haiM-svara aura vyaJjana / ye ase ha paryanta 64 ayogavAha haiN| isameM aneka bIjAkSaroM se vyApta saMyuktAkSara haiN| isa akSara vidyA ko buddhimatI brAhmI ne aura ikAI -dahAI rUka aMka vidyA ko sundarI ne dhAraNa kiyaa| vAGamaya ke binA, na to koI zAstra hai, na koI kalA hai, isIlie tIrthaMkara ne saba se pahale una putriyoM ke lie vAGamaya kA upadeza diyaa| "tato bhagavato vaktrAniHsRtAmakSarAvalIm / 'siddhaM nama' iti vyaktamaGgalAM siddhamAtRkAm // 105 // akArAdihakArAntAM zuddhAM muktAvalImiva / svara vyaJjana bhedena dvidhA bhedamupeyuSIm // 106 // ayogavAhaparyantAM sarvavidyAsu santatAm / saMyogAkSarasambhUti naikabIjAkSarazcitAm // 107 // samavAdIdharad brAhmI medhAvinyati sundarI / sundarI gaNitaM sthAnakramaH samyagadhArayat // 108 // na binA vAGagamayAta kiJcidasti zAstraMkalApi vaa| tatovAGgamayamevAdau vedhAstAbhyAmupAdizat // 109 // "2 brAhmI aura sundarI ko samasta vidyAe~ padajJAnarUpI dIpikA se prakAzita huIM aura apane Apa hI svAbhAvika sahaja rUpa se paripakva avasthA ko prApta 1. vahI, 16/103-104. 2. bhagavajjinasenAcArya, mahApurANa, bhAga 1, 16/105-3.

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ho gii| isa prakAra guru athavA pitA se samasta vidyA prApta donoM putriyA~ sAkSAt sarasvatI kA avatAra-sA pratibhAsita hone lgiiN| bhagavatI sUtra eka prAcInagraMtha hai| usameM aneka prAcIna uddharaNa haiN| vidvAnoM ne usakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha rUpa se svIkAra kI hai| usameM tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke sandarbha bhI saMkalita haiN| eka sthAna para likhA hai ki RSabhadeva ne dAhine hAtha se brAhmI ko lipijJAna aura bA~ye hAtha se sundarI ko aMka jJAna karAyA___ "leNaM livIvihANaM jiNeNa baMbhIe dAhiNa kareNa / gaNiyaM saMkhANaM surandarIe vAmeNa uvaiTaThaM // " 2 isakI saMskRta vyAkhyA abhidhAna rAjendra koza ke 'usabha' prakaraNa meM isa prakAra dI huI hai-- "lekhanaM lekho nAma sUtre napuMsakatA prAkRtattvAllipividhAnaM tacca jinena bhagavatA vRSabhasvAminA brAhma yA dakSiNakareNa pradarzitamataeva tadAdita Arabhya vAcyate / gaNitaM naumakadvitryAdi saMkhyAnaM tacca bhagavatA sundaryA vAmakareNopadiSTamata eva tatparyantAdArabhya gaNyate / "3 isI prakaraNa meM eka anyatra sthAna para likhA hai ki bhagavAn ne dAhine hAtha se 'brAhmI' ko lipijJAna karAyA, to usI ke nAma para lipi ko bhI 'brAhmI' kahane lage aura 'brAhmI lipi' nAma pracalita ho gyaa| vaha ullekha hai, "lekho lipividhAnaM tadakSiNa hastena jinena brAhma yA darzitam iti / tasmAd brAhmI nAmnI sA lipiH / " isI prakAra bhAvasena vidya ne 'kAtantrarUpamAlA' meM likhA hai-"tena brAhya kumAryai ca kathitaM pAThahetave / kAlApakaM tatkaumAraM nAmnA zabdAnuzAsanam / " 5 yahA~ tena se tAtparya zrI RSabhadeva se hai, jaisA ki unhoMne anta meM likhA hai-"tasmAt zrI RSabhAdiSTamityeva pratipadyatAm / " 6 abhidhAna rAjendrakoza ke pA~caveM bhAga meM, jahA~ pustakAkSaravinyAsarUpa lipi aura usake 18 bhedoM kI bAta likhI hai, vahA~ hI nAbheyajina arthAt nAbhi ke putra RSabhajina kI svasutA brAhmI ke nAma para isa lipi kA nAma brAhmI lipi par3A, aisA bhI likhA hai / vaha lekha hai-- 1. vahI, 16/116, 117. 2. dekhie bhagavatI sUtra, uddhRta-AbhidhAnarajendrakoSa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 1126. 3. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, 'usabha' prakaraNa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 1126. 4. dekhie vahI. 5. zrI bhAvasena vaividya, kAtantrarUpamAlA, 1/4. 6. vahI, 17.

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65 " lipi: pustakAssaau akSaravinyAsaH sA cASTAdazaprakArApi zrImannAbheyajinena svasutAyA brAhmI nAmikAyA darzitA, tato brAhmI nAma ityabhidhIyate / 1 'Avazyaka niyukti bhASya' meM dAhine hAtha se brAhmI ko lipijJAna karAye jAne kI bAta kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / usameM likhA hai- "laheM livivIhANaM jiNeNa baMbhIi dAhiNa kareNaM / " 2 Avazyaka cUrNi ke pRSTha 156 para likhA hai ki isI brAhmI putrI ke nAma para lipi kA nAma bhI brAhmI pdd'aa| aisI hI bAta samavAyAMgasUtra aura vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM bhI kahI gaI hai / vahA~ to brAhmI lipi ke bhedoM kA vivecana bhI prApta hotA hai - aisA vivecana jo bauddhoM ke lalita vistara ke atirikta, anyatra dekhane ko nahIM milatA / apabhraMza ke prasiddha kavi puSpadanta ne 'mahApurANa' kI racanA kI thI / yaha graMtha DA. pI. ela. vaidya ke sampAdana meM mANikacanda digambara jaina graMthamAlA, bambaI se 1937-41 I. meM nikala cukA hai| ise 'tisaTTimahApurisaguNAlaMkAru' bhI kahate haiM / isameM 63 zalAkA puruSoM ke caritra nibaddha haiM / ataH isameM tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva aura unake putra-pautrAdikoM kA bhI vivecana hai| paM. nAthUrAma premI ne puSpadanta kA sAhityika kAla zaka saMvat 881 se 894 taka mAnA hai / unhoMne likhA hai - " zaka saMvat 88 1 meM puSpadanta melapATI meM bharata mahAmAtya se mile aura unake atithi hue / isI sAla unhoMne mahApurANa zurU karake use zaka saMvat 887 meM samApta kiyA / 3 puSpadanta vidarbhAntargata rohar3akher3a gA~va ke rahane vAle the| Aja bhI yaha gA~va dhAmaNa gA~va se khAmagAMva ke mArga meM AThaveM mIla para avasthita hai / isa graMtha meM bhI brAhmI vAlA ullekha hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne dAhine aura AT Ttha se brAhmI aura sundarI donoM kanyAoM ko akSara aura gaNita kI zikSA dI / vahA~ likhA milatA hai- " bhAveM gamasiddhaM pabhaNepaNu dAhiNavAbhakarehiM lihepiNu / dohiM miNimmalakaMcana vaNNahaM akkharagaNiyAM kaNNahaM / / " 5 artha -- bhAvapUrvaka siddha ko namaskAra kara bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne donoM hI nirmala kaMcanavarNI kanyAoM ko, dAyeM aura bAyeM hAtha se likhakara akSara aura gaNita batAyA / 1. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, paMcama bhAga, pRSTha 1284. 2. AvazyakaniryuktibhASya, uddhRta - abhi. rAjendrakoza, bhAga 5, pR. 1284. 3. paM0 nAthUrAma premI, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 250. 4. vahI, pRSTha 227-228. 5. pupphayaMtu, mahApurANa, 5 / 18- prathama do paMktiyAM.

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iso saMdarbha ko Age bar3hAte hue mahAkavi puSpadanta ne likhA hai "attheM saddeNa vi sohillau gadda, agadda, duvihu kavvullau / sakkau pAyau puNu avahaMsau vittau uppAiu sapasaMsau / sattthaka lAsiu saggaNivaddhau pAuDa akkhAiya kahariddhau / aNibaddhau gAhAiu akkhiu geyavajjalakkhaNuvi Nirikkhau // baMbhe saI vakkhANisaM jaM jiha kuMarI juyaleM bujjhiu taM tih|"1 artha-artha aura zabda se suzobhita gadya aura agadya (padya) do prakAra kA kAvya AlApa aura saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kI chandaracanA kA prazaMsAyogya upAya batAyA / unhoMne zAstra kalAzrita sarga-nibandhana, kathAprAbhRta kI racanA, anibaddha gAthA aura gIta-vAdya ke lakSaNa bhI kahe / isa prakAra svayaM brahma (RSabhadeva) dvArA jisakA jaisA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA, yugala kumAriyoM ne usako vaisA hI samajha liyaa| .. puSpadanta ne jo gadya-agadya kAvya, vividha bhASAoM kI chanda racanA, sarganibandhana, kathA prAbhRta, gAthA aura gItavAdya ke sambandha meM kahA, vaha saba lipi ke sandarbha ke anukala hI thaa| bhagavAn ne usI pravAha meM yaha saba kucha apanI putriyoM ko sikhAyA aura putriyA~ itanI pratibhAvAn thIM ki bhagavAn ne jo kucha jaisA batAyA, unhoMne vaisA hI grahaNa kara liyA--AtmasAt kiyA, smaraNa rakkhA aura sAdhanA se aura adhika visphurita kiyaa| isa para DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina kA niSkarSa dRSTavya hai, "brAhmI aura sundarI (RSabha kI putriyoM) ko kAvya kI zikSA vizeSa rUpa se dI gaI--saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza, chanda, zAstranibaddha kalAe~, sargabaddha gAthAe~ aura giit-vaady| isase itanA hI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki rAjakumAriyoM ko usa yuga meM kAvya kI zikSA kA vizeSa mahattva thaa| saMskRta kAvya ke atirikta lokabhASA kA sAhitya bhI unheM par3hAyA jAtA thaa| isa kAvya ke kaI bheda the| 'gaNezAyanamaH' kI jagaha 'oM namaH siddhAnAm' zikSA ke prArambha meM kahA jAtA thaa|" 2 / isI prakAra AcArya hemacandra ne bhI 'saThazalAkA puruSa caritra' meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke dvArA brAhmI aura sundarI ko akSara aura gaNita kI zikSA diye jAne kI bAta likhI hai| AcArya hemacandra kA janma vi. saM. 1145 aura divAvasAna vi. saM. 1229 mAnA jAtA hai / 3 gujarAta ke mahArAja siddharAja aura kumArapAla ke samaya meM ve jIvita the| donoM ke guru the aura apane yuga ke 1. vahI, 5/18-madhyavartI pA~ca paMktiyA~ 2. DaoN. devendrakumAra jaina, apabhraMzabhASA aura sAhitya, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1965, pR0 277. 3. DaoN0 haravaMza kochar3a, apabhraMzasAhitya, pRSTha 321-22.

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67 1 atyadhika pratiSThita aura prabhAvazAlI sAdhu the / unakA siddhahemavyAkaraNa Aja bhI vidvAnoM ke AkarSaNa kA viSaya hai / koSagraMthoM meM 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| unhoMne hI ' tresaThazalAkA puruSa caritra' kA nirmANa kiyA thA / unakA kathana hai "aSTAdazalipi brAhma yA apasavyena pANinA / darzayAmAsa savyena sundaryAM gaNitaM punaH // 1 isakA artha hai ki bhagavAn ne brAhmI ko aThAraha lipiyoM kA jJAna dAyeM ( apasavya ) hAtha se karAyA aura sundarI ko bAyeM hAtha se gaNita ( aMka jJAna ) kI zikSA dI / AcArya dAmanandi ke 'purANasAra saMgraha' meM AdinAtha carita bhI saMgRhIta hai aura usameM tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva, unake putra-putriyoM aura unakI zikSA-dIkSA kA vivecana hai / AcArya dAmanandi ke samaya, sthAna aura guru-paramparA kA koI paricaya nahIM milatA / 'purANasAra saMgraha' ke sampAdaka DaoN. gulAbacanda caudharI ne apanI bhUmikA meM likhA hai, "purANasAra saMgraha' ke adhyayana se bhI bahuta thor3I sAmagrI unake paricaya ke lie milI hai| unhoMne apane purudeva carita (AdinAtha carita) ke paMcama sarga ke 50 veM zloka meM svayaM ko 'pravara vinayanandisUriziSyaH' kahA hai, arthAt ve AcArya vinayanandi ke ziSya the / AcArya dAmanandi ke guru vinayanandi ke sambandha meM bhI hameM kucha jJAta nahIM aura na unake nAma kA upalabdha sUciyoM se kucha patA lagatA hai|"2 eka dUsare sthAna para DaoN. gulAbacanda ne AcArya dAmanandi ko devasaMgha kA AcArya mAnA hai / unakA AdhAra hai varddhamAna carita kI prathama sargAnta prazasti / usameM likhA hai- "vardha- 3 mAna carite - devasaMghasya kRtau prathama sargaH / " 3 devasaMgha dakSiNabhArata ke digambara mUlasaMgha ke cAra bhedoM meM se eka hai / isase spaSTa hai ki ve dAkSiNAtya the / dakSiNa meM hI kahIM ke rahane vAle the / catuvizaMti purANa inakA dUsarA graMtha hai, isameM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta mahApuruSoM kA bhI vivecana hai / rAisa mahodaya ne bhUlavazAt hI purANa sAra saMgraha aura caturviMzati purANa ko eka mAna liyA thA / isa dUsare graMtha se bhI AcArya dAmanandi ke jIvana para koI prakAza nahIM par3atA / AcArya dAmanandi ne 'AdinAtha carita' ke tIsare sarga meM samrATa RSabhadeva ke sau putroM aura do putriyoM ke utpanna hone kI bAta likhI hai / sAtha hI yaha 1. hemacandrAcArya, tresaThazalAkApuruSacaritra, 1 / 2 / 663. 2. AcArya dAmanandi, purANasArasaMgraha, DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI- sampAdita, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, prastAvanA, pRSTha 8. 3. dekhie vahI, pRSTha 6.

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bhI likhA hai ki bhagavAn ne dAyeM hAtha se brAhmI ko akSarajJAna aura bAyeM hAtha se brAhmI ko aMkajJAna kraayaa| unakA kathana hai "putrANAM zatamekonaM sutAM caikAM yazasvatIm / suSavebAhubalinaM sunandA sundarImapi // 13 // akSarANi bibhu brAhma yA akArAdInyavocat / vAmahastena sunda- gaNitaM cA'pyadarzayat // 14 // "1 isakA artha hai--RSabhadeva kI patnI yazasvatI ne ekonazata (ninyAnave) putroM ko aura eka putrI (brAhmI) ko janma diyA tathA sunandA (dUsarI patnI) se bAhubali aura sundarI utpanna hue / bhagavAn ne brAhmI ko akArAdi akSara (dAyeM hAtha se) sikhAye aura sundarI ko bAyeM hAtha se gaNita vidyA (aMka jJAna) kA darzana kraayaa| DaoN. nemicandra jaina ne 'saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna' meM eka zatruJjaya kAvya kA ullekha kiyA hai| usameM likhA hai ki RSabhadeva ne apane jyeSThaputra bharata ko 72 kalAe~, bAhubali ko gaja, azva, strI aura puruSa ke lakSaNa tathA putrI sundarI ko gaNita kA jJAna karAyA / sAtha hI, unhoMne apanI dUsarI putrI brAhmI ko apasavya (dAyeM) hAtha se aThAraha lipiyoM kI zikSA dii| lekhaka ne zatruJjaya kAvya meM likhA hai adhyajIgapadIzo'pi, bharataM jyeSThanandanam / dvAsaptatikalAkhaNDaM, so'pibandhannijAn parAn // lakSaNAni ganAzvastrIpuMsAmIzastvapAThayat / sutaM ca bAhubalinaM sundarI gaNitaM tathA // aSTAdazalipI tho darzayAmAsa pANinA / apasavyena sa brAhmayA jyotirUpA jagaddhitA // artha-bhagavAn ne apane jyeSThanandana bharata ko bahattara kalAe~ sikhAIM aura phira usane apane anya bhAiyoM ko| bhagavAn ne apane hI dUsare putra bAhubali ko gaja, azva, strI aura puruSa ke lakSaNa tathA sundarI ko gaNita pddh'aayaa| unhoMne saMsAra kA hita karane vAlI aura jyoti rUpA aThAraha lipiyA~ brAhmI ko dAhine hAtha se sikhaaii| 1. AdinAtha carita, tIsarA sarga, 13, 14, purANa sArasaMgraha meM saMkalita, pRSTha 36. 2. zannuJjaya kAvya, 3/126-131, 'saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna', pRSTha 561.

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bharata ko 72 kalAoM kI zikSA bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne dI aura brAhmI ko lipi jJAna karAye jAne kI bAta 'padmAnanda kAvya' meM bhI dekhane kI milatI hai| vahA~ lekha kI paribhASA bhI dI gaI hai| usameM likhA hai ki sundara aura spaSTa lipi likhane ko lekha kahate haiN| usakA uddezya bhAva aura vicAroM ko abhivyaJjita karanA hai| ___anagAradharmAmRta TIkA ke racayitA paM. AzAdhara the| pIche ke granthakartAoM ne unheM sUri aura AcArya-kalpa mAnA hai| ve gRhastha the, muni nahIM, kintu unakA pANDitya aura vidvattA sarvajana-vizruta thii| unhoMne nAlachA ke nemicaityAlaya meM baiThakara, 35 varSa taka ekaniSTha sAhitya-sAdhanA kii| unhoMne usa kAla kI sarasvatI rUpA dhArAnagarI ke zAradA-sadana meM vyAkaraNa aura nyAya zAstra kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| 2 unake sambandha meM paM. nAthUrAma premI kA kathana hai, "unakI pratibhA aura pAMDitya kevala jaina zAstroM taka hI sImita nahIM thI, itara zAstroM meM bhI unakI gati thii| isIlie unakI racanAoM meM yathAsthAna sabhI zAstroM ke uddharaNa dikhAI par3ate haiM aura isI kAraNa aSTAMgahRdaya, kAvyAlaMkAra aura amarakoSa jaise graMthoM para TIkA likhane ke lie ve pravRtta hue|" 3 unhoMne lagabhaga bIsa granthoM kI racanA kI / unhIM meM eka anagAra dharmAmRta TIkA' bhI hai| unhoMne jo kucha likhA, usakA sAra hai ki brAhmI eka devI haisarasvatI kA avatAra / unakI kRpA se maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyastha kI zikSA prApta ho sakatI hai / uttama bhAvanAoM kI zikSA grahaNa karanI hai, to brAhmI kI bhakti kro| paM.AzAdhara ne likhA hai "mA bhUtkopIha dukhI bhajatu jagadsaddharmazarmetimaitrI, jyAyohRtteSu rajyannayanamadhiguNeSveSviveti pramodam / dukhAdrakSeyamArlAn kathamiti karuNAM brAhmi mAmehi zikSA, kA'dravyeSvityupekSAmapi paramapadAbhyudyatA bhAvayantu // " artha-prANimAtra meM dukhoM ke utpanna na hone kI AkAMkSA, maitrI, guNavAnoM meM harSarUpa manorAga, pramoda, dukhiyoM meM udAra buddhi kAruNya aura anukUla-pratikUla vyaktiyoM meM samatA mAdhyastha bhAvanA hai / he brAhmI ! mujhe Apa aisI hI zikSA deM ki maiM ina bhAvanAoM meM tatpara rhuuN| 1. padmAnanda kAvya, bar3audA, san 1932 I., 10/76. 2. paM. nAthUrAma premI, jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 343. 3. vahI, pRSTha 342. 4. paM0 AzAdhara, anagAradharmAmRta, 4/151.

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70 brahmacArI manasukhasAgara ne apane 'bhASA AdipurANa' meM bharata kI bahina brAhmI kA ullekha kiyA hai aura likhA hai ki tIrthaMkara vRSabhadeva ne akSara lipi kA jJAna kraayaa| brAhmI ke kAraNa hI vaha akSaralipi brAhmI lipi khlaaii| unakA kathana hai-- "bharatAdika brAhmI sutA, saba jana ko sukhadAya / aMka likhe jyautiSa gatasAra, brAhmI sundari nija mana dhAra // "1 brAhmI kA pUjyabhAva uparyukta kathana se siddha hai ki brAhmI (RSabhadeva kI putrI) ke nAma para lipi kA nAma brAhmI pdd'aa| kisI deza, bhASA, sthAna, yA vastu kA nAma usI vyakti ke nAma para rakhA jAtA hai, jisane apanI sAdhanA se lokakhyAti prApta kI ho| cakravartI samrATa bharata ke nAma para isa deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa isalie par3A ki unhoMne prajAoM kA bharaNa-poSaNa apane dila kI gaharAiyoM se kiyaa| prajA kI cintA unakI apanI cintA thii| unake bhI pUrva mahArAjA nAbhi ke nAma para isa deza kA nAma ajanAbhavarSa thaa| unhoMne bhogabhUmi se karmabhUmi meM badalate yuga kI samasyAoM ko sAdhA thaa| isase prajA ke bhayAvaha kaSTa dUra hue the aura unheM rAhata kI sAMsa milI thii| abhUtapUrva niSThA, pauruSa aura pratibhA se kiyA gayA koI bhI kArya apane kartA ko amara banA detA hai| RSabhadeva kI putrI brAhmI ne bhI lipi ke mArga ko itanA samunnata aura prazasta kiyA ki vaha lipi unhIM ke nAma se khyAti prApta huii| brAhmI sAdhikA thIM, unhoMne yoga sAdhA thA, samAdhi lagAI thI aura usakA pariNAma thI brAhmI lipi / Age cala kara, yaha lipi bhAratIya lipiyoM kI janmadAtrI bnii| hama usake caraNoM meM zirasAvanata haiN| brAhmI ke prati bhAratavAsiyoM ke hRdaya meM sadaiva zraddhA kA bhAva rahA hai / ve samayasamaya para apane zraddhA-vigalita bhAva-sumana usake caraNoM meM arpita karate rahe haiN| bhagavatI sUtra-jaise prAcIna grantha meM sUtrakAra ne brAhmI lipi ko namaskAra karate hue likhA hai, "Namo baMbhIe livIe," arthAt brAhmI lipi ko namaskAra ho| isa sUtra para bhASyakAra ne katipaya mahattvapUrNa paMktiyA~ likhI haiM--"bhAvazrutaM hi dravyazrutaM prati hetuH / akSarAtmakaM ca tad dravyazrutaM / zrutajJAnasyAtyantopakAri1. manasukhasAgara, hindI AdipurANa, 142, pR0 146. 2. dekhie merA grantha 'bharata aura bhArata', Amakha, pRSTha 6-7, milAie-"visvabharana poSaNa kara joI / tAkara nAma bharata asa hoI / " rAmacarita mAnasa 1/167/7. 3. mArkaNDeya purANa : sAMskRtika adhyayana, DA. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla sampAdita, pAdaTippar3a 1, pR0 138, 4. siddhagopAla kAvyatIrtha, kannar3a sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 6.

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71 tvAd dravyazrutaM namaskurvan Aha sUtrakAraH - brAhma yai lipaye namaH / eSA hi dravyazruta rUpA brAhmI lipirityabhidhIyate / atra brAhmIlipiriti zabdadvayI nirvacanamapekSate / tadyathA - 'lehaM livI vihANaM jiNeNa baMbhIi dAhiNakareNaM' ayamarthaH - 'lekho lipividhAnaM taddaNikSahastena jinena brAhma yA darzitamiti / tasmAd brAhmI nAmnI sA lipi: / " " isakA artha hai - bhAvazruta hI dravyazruta ke prati hetu hai, arthAt kAraNarUpa hai / dravyazruta akSarAtmaka hotA hai ---- akSaroM meM likhe gaye grantha dravyazruta kahalAte haiM / ataeva dravyazruta zrutajJAna kA atyadhika upakArI hai / use namaskAra karate hue sUtrakAra kA kathana hai-- brAhmI lipi ko namaskAra ho / yahA~ 'brAhmI lipi' ye do zabda vivecana kI apekSA rakhate haiM / lipi vidhAna lekha ko kahate haiM, vaha jinendra bhagavAn ne dAhine hAtha se brAhmI ko sikhAyA thA / isI kAraNa usa lipi kA nAma brAhmI par3A / abhidhAna rAjendrakoza meM eka mahattvapUrNa zloka uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| usameM deza, zAstra aura guru kI paricAyikA brAhmI lipi aura brahma rUpa pratimA ko eka hI batAyA hai / donoM meM koI antara nahIM hai / donoM pUjya haiM / vaha zloka hai "luptaM mohaviSeNa kiM kimuhataM mithyAtvadambholinA, manaM kiM kunayAva kimu manolInaM nu doSAkare / prajJaptau prathamaM natAM lipimapi brAhmImanAlokayan, vandyAtpratimA na sAdhubhiriti brUte yadunmAdavAn // 2 artha:-zrI arhantadeva kI pratimA kA vandana sAdhuoM ko nahIM karanA cAhie, aisI asat durukti kahane vAle ko sambodhana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki kyA tumhArA mana mohaviSa pIkara kAla-kavalita ho gayA hai ? kyA mithyAtvarUpI bajra ne usa para AghAta kiyA hai ? kyA kunIti ke gahana garta meM gira gayA hai ? kyA use doSasamUha ne AtmasAt kara liyA hai ? anyathA 'Namo baMbhIe livie' kahate hue AcAryoM ne deva zAstra Adi kI paricAyikA varNamayI lipi taka ko namaskAra kiyA hai, vaha svayaM brahmarUpa arhatpratibhA ko avandanIya kahane vAle tuma unmatta to nahIM ho ? arthAt tumhArA vaisA kathana unmatta pralApa mAtra hai / brAhmI ne apanA samUcA jIvana varNamayI lipi kI sAdhanA meM lagAyA / anta meM vaha apane pitA (RSabhadeva), jo pravrajita hokara tIrthaMkara bane, se dIkSA lekara 1. bhagavatIsUtra, saMskRta vyAkhyA, bha0 1, za0 1, u0 2. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, paMcama bhAga, pRSTha 1206.

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72 AryikA banI / usane tapa kiyA aura AryikAoM meM agraNI ho gaI / amaroM ne usakI pUjA kii| mahApurANa meM isakA ullekha hai "bharatasyAnujA brAhmI dIkSitvA gurvanugrahAt / gaNinIpadamAryANAM sA bheje pUjitAmaraiH || " 1 artha-- bharata kI bahana brAhmI ne guru ke anugraha se dIkSA lI aura kucha samaya meM hI AryikAoM meM gaNinIpada ko prApta ho gaI / amaroM se pUjita banI / aisA hI eka ullekha AcArya dAmanandi ke 'purANasAra saMgraha' meM bhI prApta hotA hai / usameM likhA hai ki apane jIvana se santuSTa brAhmI, sundarI sahita purudeva arthAt bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI zaraNa ko prApta huI / vahA~ dIkSA lekara AryikAoM kI purassarI bana gaI / purassarI kA artha hai agraNI / aisA avazya hI dravyazruta meM niSNAta hone ke kAraNa huA hogA / vaha zloka hai "brAhmI sasundarI tuSTA prapadya zaraNaM purum / abhiSekamavApyAbhUdAyakANAM purassarI // 2 nATya-zAstra ke prasiddha racayitA bharatamuni ne brAhmI ko nATyamAtR kA pada pradAna kiyA hai| usake prasanna hone kI kAmanA kI hai, kyoMki prasanna nATyamAtR nATaka ke uddezya ko saphala banAne meM pUrNa samartha hai| unhoMne brAhmI ko bArambAra namaskAra kiyA hai / 3 bhAguri ne 'brAhma yAdyA mAtaraH smRtAH' likha kara brAhmI Adi mAtAoM ko smaraNIya mAnA hai / bhAguri kA tAtparya hai ki brAhmI Adi mAtAe~ pAvanatA kI pratIka haiM aura unake smaraNa se mana pavitra ho jAtA hai / harSakIrti ne 'zAradIya nAmamAlA' meM vAgdevI, zAradA, bhAratI, gIH aura sarasvatI ko brAhmI kA paryAyavAcI batAte hue likhA hai - "haMsayAnA brahmaputrI sA sadA varadAstu naH arthAt haMsayAnA sarasvatI hameM sadaiva varadAna deve| unhoMne usameM vara dene vAlI sAmarthya ko svIkAra kiyA hai / 4 mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM likhA hai ki pUrvakAla meM brahmA ne brAhmI aura sarasvatI kI racanA caturvarNoM ke lie kI thI, kintu ve lobha meM par3a kara ajJAnatA ko prApta gaye / isakA artha hai ki brAhmI lipi kA jJAna cAroM varNoM ke lie samAna rUpa se nirdhArita kiyA gayA thA, kevala brAhmaNa ke lie nahIM / likhane-par3hane kA adhikAra 1. bhagavajjinasenAcArya, mahApurANa, 24/175. 2. purANasAra saMgraha, DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI - sampAdita, isameM saMkalita AdinAtha carita, 3 / 84, pR0 48. 3. " namostu nATyamAtRbhyo brAhma yAdyAbhyo namonamaH / " bharatamuni, nATyasUta, 3/67. 4. zAradIyA nAmamAlA, 1 / 2 .

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brAhmaNa ko hI nahIM, sabhI vargoM ko thaa| isase yaha bhI siddha hai ki jo lobha ke vazIbhUta hai, vaha jJAnArjana nahIM kara pAtA, apitu arjita ko bhI vismaraNa kara jAtA hai| maharSi veda vyAsa ne likhA hai-- "vAzcattvAra ete hi yeSAM brAhmI srsvtii| vihitA brahmaNA pUrva lobhAdajJAnatAM gatAH // " 1 artha--pUrva meM (pahale) brahmA ke dvArA cAra varNoM kI sthApanA kI gaI thI aura jinake lie brAhmI lipi tathA sarasvatI (vidyA) kI racanA kI thI, ve lobha ke kAraNa ajJAnatA ko prApta ho gaye / yaha kahanA ThIka nahIM hogA ki dIkSita brAhmaNa hI brAhmI lipi kA prayoga aura uccAraNa karane kA adhikArI thA / tADya brA0 17/4 meM likhA hai, "adIkSitA dIkSitavAcaM vadanti" isakA artha hai ki vrAtya loga yadyapi dIkSita nahIM haiM, phira bhI dIkSA pAye huoM kI bhASA bolate haiM / DA0 sampUrNAnanda ne vrAtyakANDabhUmikA meM likhA hai, "upanayanAdi se hIna manuSya vrAtya kahalAtA hai| aise logoM ko vaidika kRtyoM ke lie sAmAnyataH anadhikArI aura patita mAnA jAtA hai, kintu yadi koI vrAtya vidvAn aura tapasvI ho to brAhmaNa usase bhale hI dveSa kareM, phira bhI vaha sarvapUjya hogA aura devAdhideva paramAtmA ke tulya hogaa|"2 drAvir3oM ko bhI adIkSita aura anArya mAnA jAtA thA, kintu drAvir3a bhASAoM kI sabhI lipiyA~ brAhmI se nikalI haiM, aisA vidvAn mAnate haiN| zrI dinakarajI ne apane grantha 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya' meM likhA hai, "brAhmI kA jJAna azoka ke samaya dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI pracalita rahA hogA, anyathA azoka ne apane abhilekha dakSiNa meM bhI brAhmI meM hI nahIM khudavAye hote / dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita jaina paramparA ke anusAra brAhmI RSabhadeva kI bar3I putrI thiiN| RSabhadeva ne hI aThAraha prakAra kI lipiyoM kA AviSkAra kiyA, jinameM se eka lipi kannar3a huii|" 3 telaga tathA kannar3a lipiyoM meM atyalpa antara hai, utanA jitanA ki gujarAtI aura devanAgarI meM / do-tIna akSaroM ke sivA bAkI saba akSara donoM lipiyoM meM samAna haiN| brAhmI lipi kI vahI zAkhA, jisase kannar3a lipi nikalI hai, dakSiNa meM siMhala tathA pUrva meM sudUra jAvA taka jA phuNcii| tamila lipi brAhmI lipi kI dUsarI zAkhA se nikalI hai| arthAt drAvir3oM ko brAhmI lipi sIkhane aura bolane kA adhikAra thA / AcArya barAhamihira ne to yahA~ 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, mokSadharma, 12/181/15. 2. vrAtyakANDa bhUmikA, DaoN0 sampUrNAnanda-likhita, pRSTha 2. 3. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pRSTha 44. 4. ' kannar3a sAhitya kA navIna itihAsa', pR0 6.

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74 taka likhA ki ve mleccha aura yavana, jinameM zAstra bhalI bhA~ti sthita haiM, RSivat pUje jAte haiN| unakA kathana hai "mlecchA hi yavanAsteSu samyak zAstramidaM sthitam / RSivat te'pi pUjyante kiM punardaivavid dvijaH / " 'paNNavaNAsutta' meM, bhASA ke anusAra Arya kevala unako batAyA, jo arddhamAgadhI bhASA meM vArtAlApa karate haiM, likhate-par3hate haiM aura jinameM brAhmIlipi kA vyavahAra hotA hai|' arthAt unhoMne una sabako Arya mAnA, jo arddhamAgadhI prAkRta meM bolate aura brAhmI lipi kA vyavahAra karate haiM, phira vaha yavana ho yA mleccha, zUdra ho yA brAhmaNa, kSatriya ho yA vaizya / 'avavAiasutta' meM bhI likhA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra Arya aura anArya donoM ko samAna rUpa se dharmopadeza karate the--"tesi savvesiM AryaaNAriyANaM agilAe dhamma aaikkhii|"2 arthAt jainoM ne bhASA aura lipi ke adhyayana aura adhyApana meM jAti-bheda ko kabhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| likhane-par3hane kA adhikAra kevala brAhmaNa ko hai, anya kisI ko nahIM, isa mAnyatA kI racanA brAhmaNa ne kI aura usakA pracAra bhI kiyaa| zramaNa-paramparA ne aisA kabhI nahIM maanaa| usane lipi ko eka sAdhanA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA aura usakA dvAra sabake lie khulA rkkhaa| jaina samAja meM zrutapaJcamI kA mahattva bahuta adhika hai| isa dina naye zAstra likha kara sthApita kiye jAte haiM aura prAcIna zAstroM kI vandanA kI jAtI hai / arthAt zrutapaMcamI kA artha zruta bhakti se hai-vaha kisI rUpa meM kI gaI ho, naye zAstra likha kara athavA prAcIna zAstroM ko zraddhAJjali arpita kr| zrI AzAdhara sUri ne pratiSThA sAroddhAra meM likhA hai-- "zubhe zilAdAvutkIrya zrutaskandhamapi nyaset / brAhmInyAsa vidhAnena zrutaskandhamiha stuyAt / / sulekhakena saMlikhya paramAgamapustakam / brAhmIM vA zrutapaJcamyAM sulagne vA pratiSThayet // " --pratiSThAsAroddhAra 6/33-34 artha---zubha muhUrta meM, zilAdi meM utkIrNa karake zrutaskaMdha kI sthApanA kare, phira brAhmI ke nyAsavidhAna se usakI stuti kare / sulekha-pUrvaka paramAgama pustaka athavA brAhmI likha kara zrutapaJcamI ke zubha muhUrta meM usakI sthApanA kre| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke do sau varSa pazcAt jaina RSiyoM ne maukhika paThana-pAThana ke sAtha grantha racanA prArambha kii| sabase pahale AcArya guNadhara ne kaSAya pAhuDa aura AcArya puSpadanta bhUtabali ne SaTakhaNDAgama ko lipibaddha kiyaa| isa 1. paNNavaNAsutta-56. 2. avavAiasutta, pArA-56.

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grantha meM paune do lAkha zloka hai| yaha grantha jyeSTha zuklA paJcamI ke dina pUrNa huA thaa| usa dina sabhI bhavya jIvoM ne usa grantha kI pUjA kI / tabhI se yaha dina zruta paJcamI ke nAma se prasiddha huA aura jJAna kA pratIka bnaa| AcArya indranandi ne isakA varNana karate hue 'zrutAvatAra' meM likhA hai jyeSThasitapakSapaJcamyAM cAturvarNya sNghsmvetH| tatpustakopakaraNairvyadhAt kriyA-pUrvakaM pUjAm // zrutapaJcamIti tena prakhyAti tithiriyaM parAmApa / adyApi yena tasyAM zrutapUjAM kurvate jainAH // --zrutAvatAra 143-144 artha--jyeSTha zuklA paJcamI ke dina kaSAyapAhuDa aura SaTkhaNDAgama kI pUjA, caturvidha saMgha, aura caturvarNa sahita, kriyA-pUrvaka kI gaI thii| isI kAraNa zrutapaJcamI pavitra khyAti ko prApta huii| Aja bhI jaina loga usa dina zruta pUjA karate haiM / vAstava meM yaha pUjA lipi-pUjA hI hai / kevala zramaNa paramparA meM hI nahIM, apitu vaidikoM meM bhI brAhmI ko dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kI denevAlI-dharmArthakAmamokSadA' kahA gayA hai / kUrmapurANa kI eka saMhitA kA nAma brAhmI hai / vaha cAra vedoM se sammata hai aura usameM chaH hajAra zloka hai, arthAt vaha bAhya aura antaH donoM prakAra ke jJAna se bharapUra hai| isa saMhitA kI do paMktiyA~ haiM iyantu saMhitA brAhmI caturvedaistu smmitaa| bhavanti SaT sahasrANi zlokAnAmatra saMkhyayA // --kUrmapurANa, 1/22-23 ___ brAhmI ko 'varadA' bahatoM ne kahA, jainAcAryoM ne bhii| hama jo kucha cAhate haiM, use prApta karane ke lie eka mAdhyama kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, phira vaha mAdhyama mahAvIra ke rUpa meM ho, buddha, kRSNa yA IsA ke rUpa meN| mAdhyama to mAdhyama hI hotA hai, vaha hameM prerita kara sakatA hai, Age bar3hA sakatA hai, kintu prAptavya prApta hotA hai, apanI hI zakti se / jaba taka hama meM dRr3ha vizvAsa na hogA, hama apanI koI bhI-ihalaukika athavA pAralaukika icchA pUrI nahIM kara sakate, yaha saca hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI ThIka hai ki jise hamane apanA preraNA sUtra mAnA hai aura jisase preraNA prApta kara hamArA vizvAsa dRr3ha se dRr3hatara banA hai, vaha hamAre lie sammAnya aura pUjya to hai hii| brAhmI bhI aise hI pUjya sthAna para pratiSThita hai| prasiddha paM0 AzAdhara ne apane anagAradharmAmRta meM brAhmI se AzIrvAda mA~gA hai, jisase ki ve maitrI, pramoda kAruNya aura mAdhyastha jaisI bhAvanAoM meM satata tatpara raheM, unheM nirantara bhAte rheN| bhAyeMge ve svayaM, kintu unakA mana DagamagAtA hai, use maz2abUta banAnA hai / vaha una bhAvanAoM meM aDiga banA rahe, aisA ve cAhate haiN| ataH brAhmI kI ora

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76 dekhate haiN| vaha aisI hI sAdhikA thii| usane cAroM bhAvanAoM ko nizcala mana se bhAyA thaa| paM0 AzAdhara ne 'anagAradharmAmRta' meM likhA hai, "ananta catuSTaya paramapada kI prApti ke lie abhimukha muniyoM ko maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyastha cAroM bhAvanAoM ko nirantara cintana karanA caahie| prANimAtra meM dukhoM ko utpanna na hone kI AkAMkSA maitrI, guNavAnoM meM harSarUpa manorAga pramoda, dukhiyoM meM udArabuddhi kAruNya aura anukUla-pratikUla vyaktiyoM meM samatA-mAdhyastha bhAvanA hai / he brAhmi! vacanoM kI tathA AtmA kI devi ! mujhe Apa aisI zikSA deM ki maiM ina bhAvanAoM meM tatpara rhuuN|"1 kisI samaya UparI rAvI ghATI athavA buDDhala nadI ghATI kA kSetra brAhmI kA prabhAva kSetra mAnA jAtA thA, aisA usake purAtAttvika avazeSoM se anumAnita hotA hai| Adhunika cambA jile ke bharamaura sthAna se eka mIla parvatIya U~cAI kI ora bar3hane para eka devI mandira milatA hai| vaha kASThanirmita hai| usameM siMhArUDha devI kI eka pItala kI pratimA hai| pratimA ke pIche eka vyakti khar3A hai, jo devI ko pakar3e hue hai / yahA~ ke nivAsI isa mUtti aura mandira ko brahmANI devI kA kahate haiM / unakA kathana hai ki AdikAla meM isa kSetra para brahmANI devI kA advitIya prabhAva thaa| usI ke nAma para ise brahmapurI kahate the| yaha bhUmi usI devI kI mAnI jAtI thii| __isa sthAna se eka mIla nIce caurAsiyA kA maidAna hai, jisameM caurAsI liMga sthApita haiM / vahA~ gaNeza, zItalA aura lakSaNA deviyoM ke mandiroM ke atirikta eka vizAla ziva mandira tathA aSTadhAtu kA nAdiyA baila bhI hai| Adhunika samaya meM nirmita eka nAgAbAbA-mandira bhI hai, jisameM assI sahasra rupaye vyaya hue haiN| isa maMdira kI nirmANa-zailI rAjapUta hai| yahA~ ke logoM kA kathana hai ki AdikAla meM yahA~ 'brahmANI devI' kA vizAla maMdira thaa| saba usI ke bhakta the| yadi isa sthAna kI khudAI karAI jAye to usa mandira ke avazeSa mila sakate haiN| yaha kathana isa bAta se aura bhI puSTa ho jAtA hai ki gaNezamandira kI vedI para jo puSpamaya citrakArI hai, vaha niHsandeha jaina hai, aisA kaniMghama ne bahuta pahale hI likha diyA thaa| yaha saca hai ki yaha kSetra kisI samaya zramaNa saMskRti kA pramukha sthAna thaa| sikandara mahAn ne apane AkramaNa ke samaya' (326 I. pU.) yahA~ aneka jaina 1. paM0 AzAdhara, anagAradharmAmRta, 4/151. 2. "bharamaura ke gaNeza maMdira kI vedI para jo puSpamaya citrakArI hai (phoTo naM0 30), vaha niHsaMdeha jaina yA bauddha hai, jaina citrakArI se adhika milatI-julatI hai|" Cunningham, A. S. R. xiv, P. 112, milAie Vogel A. S. R, 1902-3, P.239, Fig. 5, Antiquities, P. 140, 142, F. Plates viii.

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.. 77 sAdhuoM ko dekhA thaa|' vaha unake tyAga, tapa, nitAMta anAsakti aura vItarAgatA se itanA adhika prabhAvita huA thA ki AcArya dolAmasa ko apane sAtha yUnAna le jAnA cAhatA thA, kintu unhoMne inakAra kara diyA, phira bhI vaha eka sAdhu ko le jAne meM samartha huaa| isa kSetra meM jaina sAdhuoM kI yaha paramparA eka lambe kAla se avicchinna rUpa meM calI A rahI thI, aisA maiM mAnatA huuN| usakA AdhAra bhI hai / Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva, jinakA ullekha vedoM se zrImadbhAgavat taka meM pAyA jAtA hai aura jinheM kucha vidvAnoM ne veda-pUrva bhI svIkAra kiyA hai, ne paMjAba aura sImAnta kA samUcA bhAga apane putra bAhubali ko diyA thA / ve hI isa pradeza ke rAjA the| kalpasUtra ke anusAra bhagavAn ne apanI putrI brAhmI, jo bharata ke sAtha sahajanmA thI, bAhubali ko dI thii| usakA adhivAsa idhara hI thaa| anta meM vaha pravrajita hokara aura sarvAyu ko bhogakara siddhaloka meM gii| 3 yadi yaha kathana satya mAna liyA jAye to brAhmI isa pradeza kI mahArAjJI thii| anta meM vaha sAdhvI -pramukhA bhI banI / idhara hI usane tapa kiyA / usakI loka-priyatA kI bAta maiM pahale hI likha cukA hU~ / Age calakara usakI smRti meM jana sAdhAraNa ne apanI zraddhA ke puSpa arpita kiye hoM, to kucha anucita nahIM lgtaa| yaha saMbhava hai ki usake nAma para kabhI vizAla mandira kA nirmANa huA ho| Age anya dharmAvalambiyoM ne use vinaSTa kara apanI naI sthApanAe~ kI hoM aura eka vedI apanI sundara citrakArI ke kAraNa baca gaI ho aura usa para gaNezajI kI matti virAjamAna kara dI gaI ho| aisA bhArata ke anya aneka sthAnoM para bhI huA hai| isa sandarbha meM DaoN. mohanalAla guptA kA eka ullekha dRSTavya hai| unhoMne apane zodha-prabandha 'Habitant, Econony and Society in Gaddiyars ( H. P.)' meM likhA hai, "prazna yaha hai ki yadi zramaNa vicAradhArA isa kSetra meM prAcIna samaya se thI to bAda meM spaSTataH usake darzana kyoM nahIM hue ? isa viSaya meM hamArA mata hai ki vartamAna cambA jile aura bharamaura ko sAta IsvI pazcAt bauddhoM ne bahuta prabhAvita kiyA / isase yahA~ kI jaina vicAradhArA ko AghAta pahu~cA hogA / bauddhoM ke pazcAt cambA jile tathA bharamaura ko navIna DhaMga se basAne vAle barmana zAsakoM ne zaMkarAcArya ke prabhAva ke kAraNa, isa kSetra se zramaNa sabhyatA ke cihnoM ko pUrI taraha naSTa karake isa sthiti meM lA diyA hogA, jisase vaha kSetra unake dharma evaM astitva kA ekamAtra 1. Kausambi D. D., 'An Introduction to the study of Indian History,' Bombay--1959, Page 180. 2. The Lite of the Buddha' by E. I. Thomas, 1927, P. 115. 3. "RSabhadevasya sumaGgalAyAM devyAM, bharatena sahajAtAyAM putryAm, ti0/sA ca bAhubaline bhagavatA. dattA pravrajitA pravartinI bhUtvA caturazItipUrva zatasahasrANi sarvA''yuH pAlayitvA siddhA / " kalpasUtra 1, adhi0 7 kSaNa, abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, paMcam bhAga, pRSTha 1284.

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78 sthAna bana jAye / dhArmika vidveSa ke kAraNa aneka zramaNa dhArmika cihnoM kA vinAza tathA unakA itihAsa se pRthakkaraNa bhArata ke anya sthAnoM kI bhA~ti yahA~ bhI kara diyA gayA hogA / " " 'brAhmI lipi' ko dIkSA- zikSA bhAratavarSa saMskAroM kA deza hai / yahA~ binA saMskAra ke koI kAma nahIM hotA / unameM eka lipi-saMskAra bhI hai / isakA artha hai- akSaroM aura aMkoM kA prArambha / bhAratIya graMthoM ke anusAra caulakarma saMskAra ke uparAnta hI lipisaMskAra honA cAhie / caulakarma muMDana saMskAra ko kahate haiM, arthAt lipi jJAna Arambha karane ke pUrva, garbha se cale Aye bAloM kA muMDana honA Avazyaka / svAsthya kI dRSTi se yaha ucita bhI hai| isake lie AcAryoM ne pA~ca varSa kI Ayu nizcita kI thii| jaina aura ajaina donoM graMthoM meM yaha Ayu samarUpa se mAnya hai | mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza meM raghu kI zikSA Adi ke sambandha meM paryApta likhA hai / mallinAthIya - TIkA meM, vaidika granthoM - manusmRti Adi ke sahAyya se use aura adhika spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| unakA kathana hai ki raghu kA akSarArambha yA lipijJAna pA~ca varSa kI Ayu meM prArambha huA thA / eka zloka kI TIkA meM unhoMne likhA hai "sa vRtta calazcalakAkapakSakairamAtyaputraiH savayobhiranvitaH / liperyathAvadgrahaNena vAGamayaM nadImukheneva samudramAvizat / / " 2 mallinAthIya TIkA --" sa raghuH prApte tu paJcame varSe vidyArambhaM ca kArayed, iti vacanAt paJcame varSe .... . amAtyaputrairanvitaH san / lipeH paJcAzadvarNAtmikAyA mAtRkAyA yathAvad grahaNena samyag bodhenopAyabhUtena vAGamayaM zabdajAtaM...." 3 artha--mahArAja dilIpa ne apane kumAra raghu kA yathAvidhi cUDAkarma (garbhakezamuNDana) saMskAra kiyA / vaha kumAra zira para nikale masRNamedura zyAmakezoM se zobhAyamAna aura apanI samAna vaya ke mantriputroM ke sAtha gurukula meM jAne lgaa| vahA~ usane svaravyaJjanAtmikA lipi kA jJAna prApta kiyA, jisase use zabda vAkyAdi rUpa vAGmaya meM praveza karanA usI prakAra sarala ho gayA jaise nadI meM bahakara Ane vAle kisI makarAdi jalapazu ko 'samudra praveza sulabha ho jAtA hai / yahA~ AcArya mallinAtha kI TIkA kA yaha kathana - sa raghuH prApte tu paJcame varSe vidyArambhaM ca kArayed iti vacanAt paJcame varSe .... / ' dhyAna dene yogya 1. DaoN0 mohanalAla guptA, 'Habitant, Economy and Society in Gaddiyars', TaMkita prati, pRSTha 358. 2. kAlidAsa, raghuvaMza, 3/28. 3. raghuvaMza - mallinAthIya TIkA 3 / 28.

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79 hai / unhoMne "prApte paJcame varSe kisI anya graMtha se uddhRta kiyA hai aura yaha mAnA hai ki raghu kA lipi saMskAra pA~ca varSa kI vaya meM, muNDana saMskAra ke bAda prArambha huA thA / kauTilya ne bhI apane arthazAstra ( 2/4/4 ) meM likhA hai ki pAMca varSa kI Ayu meM bAlaka kA muNDana saMskAra honA cAhie aura usake bAda hI varNamAlA aura aMkajJAna kA abhyAsa apekSita hotA hai / jaina AcArya jinasena ne apane AdipurANa meM lipi saMskAra ke lie bAlaka kI pA~ca varSa kI Ayu nirdhArita kI hai| unakI dRSTi meM bhI caulakarma pahale ho jAnA cAhie / ' kavi vAdIbhasiMha ke chatracUr3AmaNi meM kumAra jIvandhara kA akSarArambha pA~ca varSa kI Ayu meM huA thA / pArzvanAtha carita meM bhI kumAra razmivega ne lipi kA Arambha pA~ca varSa kI Ayu meM kiyA thA / 3 vidvAnoM ke madhya prazna yaha rahA hai ki bAlaka kA vidyArambha caulakarma ke bAda pA~ca varSa kI Ayu meM karanA cAhie athavA upanayana saMskAra ke anantara ATha varSa kI Ayu meM ? upanayana saMskAra athavA upanItikriyA ke sambandha meM, Adi purANa meM likhA hai ki yaha garbha se aSTama varSa meM sampanna hotA hai / isameM bAlaka ko mU~ja kI banI mekhalA dhAraNa karanI hotI hai| ise mauMjIbandhana kahate haiM / mekhalA tIna lara kI hotI hai aura use ratnatraya kA dyotaka mAnA jAtA hai| bAlaka ko sapheda dhotI pahananA, coTI rakhanA aura sAta lara kA yajJopavIta dhAraNa karanA hotA hai / vidyAsamApti taka brahmacaryavrata aura bhikSAvRtti Avazyaka mAnI gaI hai / " yAjJavalkyasmRti, saMskAraratnamAlA aura smRticandrikA Adi vaidika graMthoM meM upanayana ke bAda hI lipijJAna aura zAstra jJAna kA Arambha batalAyA gayA hai| jaina mahAkavi asaga ne varddhamAna carita (5/27) meM aura kavi dhanaJjaya ne dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ( 3 / 24 / ) meM bhI upanayana ke bAda hI bAlaka kA akSarArambha athavA anya vidyArambha svIkAra kiyA hai, arthAt ye loga lipisaMskAra caulakarma ke bAda nahIM, apitu upanayana saMskAra sampanna hone para mAnate haiN| caulakarma pA~ca varSa kI Ayu meM aura upanayana ATha varSa kI Ayu meM hotA hai / 'jambUsvAmI cariu' meM likhA hai ki kumAra ATha varSa kI Ayu meM sampUrNa sUtrArthoM aura niHzeSa kalAoM ko jAna liyA thA / isakA artha hai ki kumAra ne pA~ca varSa kI Ayu meM vidyArambha kiyA aura ATha varSa kI Ayu taka, apanI kuzAgrabuddhi ke kAraNa vaha samUcI vidyAoM meM pAraMgata ho gayA / uparyukta caritra ke kathana se aisA hI AbhAsita hotA hai1. AdipurANa, 38 / 102-103. 2. chatracUr3AmaNi, 1/110-112. 3. pArzvanAtha carita, 4 / 26-28. 4. DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, gaNezavarNI granthamAlA, vArANasI, pRSTha 261-62.

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80 "aTTavarisakappeNa kumAreM puNNAvajjiya vijjApAreM / gurupAdaNa nimitta maMtattthai~ jANiyAi~ paDhiyAi~ vasatthai~ / saMpAiyati vaggaphala rasiyau nIsesAu kalau abbhasiyau / " 1 artha- -ATha varSa kI Ayu hone para kumAra ne sakala vidyAoM kA pAra pA liyaa| guru ke par3hAne ke nimitta se usane maMtrArthI arthAt sUtroM ke maMtavyoM ko aura zAstroM ko pahale se hI paDhe hue ke samAna jAna liyA / trivargaphala arthAt dharma, artha va kAma kA sampAdana karane vAlI aura citta meM rasa arthAt Ananda utpanna karane vAlI niHzeSa kalAoM kA abhyAsa kara liyA / 'jiNadattacariu' hindI ke AdikAla kI mahattvapUrNa racanA hai / kavivara raha ne ise vi. saM. 1354 meM raca kara pUrA kiyA thaa| isake anusAra bAlaka ne 15 varSa kI Ayu meM vidyArambha kiyA aura bIsa varSa kI Ayu taka sampUrNa vidyAoM aura kalAo meM pravINa ho gayA / 3 hindI ke AdikAla kI hI eka dUsarI kRti hai - pradyumna caritra / isake racayitA sadhAra vi. kI 14vIM sadI ke uttamakoTi ke afa the| unhoMne bhI pradyumna kA vidyArambha 15 varSa kI Ayu meM mAnA hai / pradyumna kI vRddhi kuzAgra thI / vaha zIghra hI lakSaNa, chanda, tarka, nATya, dhanuSa evaM bANavidyA meM pAraMgata ho gayA / isa sandarbha meM bhaTTAraka somasena kA 'trairvANakAcAra' eka dRSTavya graMtha hai / usameM sabhI saMskAroM kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| unakA spaSTa mata hai ki lipi saMskAra caulakarma ke bAda aura upanayana se pUrva honA cAhie / unhoMne likhA hai- "dvitIyajanmanaH pUrvamakSarAbhyAsamAcaret / mauJjIbandhanataH pazcAcchAstrArambho vidhIyate // paJcame saptame cAbde pUrva syAnmauJjibandhanAt / ta caivAkSarAbhyAsaH karttavyastadagayane / / " artha -- bAlaka ko dvitIya janma (dvitIya saMskAra ) arthAt upanayana saMskAra se pUrva akSarAbhyAsa karAnA cAhiye aura upanayana ke bAda zAstrArambha honA 1. jambUsvAmI cariu, 4/9, pRSTha 70. 2. jiNadattacariu, DA0 mAtAprasAda gupta sampAdita, mahAvIra zodha saMsthAna, jayapura, 1666, bhUmikA, pRSTha 4. 3. vahI, padya 63 vA~, pRSTha 26. 4. pradyumnacaritra, zodha saMsthAna, jayapura, pacasaMkhyA 137-38, pRSTha 29. 5. somasena, traivarNikAcAra, 8/163-64.

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cAhie, aisA vidhAna hai| mauMjibandhana se pUrva pA~caveM athavA sAtaveM varSa meM, jaba sUrya uttarAyaNa ho, bAlaka ko lipijJAna Arambha karavA denA upayukta hai| somasena ne kevala sUrya ke hI uttarAyaNa aura dakSiNAyana para vicAra nahIM kiyA hai, apitu unhoMne zubha aura azubha nakSatroM kI bhI gaNanA kI hai| unakA kathana hai ki yadi bAlaka ko uttama nakSatra meM lipijJAna Arambha karAyA jAye to vidyA sahaja siddha hotI hai aura koI vyavadhAna nahIM AtA / siddha puruSa aisA hI mAnate haiM--- "mRgAdipaMcasvapi teSu mUle / hastAdike ca kriyate'zvanISu / pUrvAtraye ca zravaNatraye ca / vidyAsamArambhamuzAnta siddhayai // "1 artha--bAlaka ko vidyArambha mRgazirA, ArdrA, punarvasu, puSya, AzleSA, mUla, hasta, citrA, azvinI, pUrvASAr3hA, pUrvAbhAdrapadA, zravaNa, dhaniSThA aura zatatArakA nakSatroM meM karAnA caahie| aisA karane se vidyA kI siddhi sahaja hI ho jAtI hai, aisA vidvAnoM ne kahA hai| dinoM kA vicAra prAyaH calatA hai| arthAt vidyArambha ke lie kauna-sA dina zubha hotA hai aura kauna-sA azabha ? somasena ne isa sambandha meM bhI vicAra kiyA hai| unakI dRSTi meM ravivAra ko vidyArambha karAne se AyuvRddhi, somavAra ko sthUlabuddhi, maMgalavAra ko mRtyu, budhavAra ko medhAzakti, guruvAra ko kuzala buddhi, zukravAra ko tarkazakti aura zanivAra ko zarIra-kSINatA hotI hai| anadhyAya ke dinoM, pradoSa ke samaya, chaTha tathA riktA tithiyoM--caturthI navamI aura caturdazI ko vidyArambha nahIM karAnA caahie| vidyArambha ke lie budhavAra, guruvAra aura zukravAra zubha mAne gaye haiM, somavAra aura ravivAra madhyama, zanivAra aura maMgalavAra nikRSTa haiN| pA~cavA~ varSa lagane para aura sUrya ke uttarAyaNa hone para, bAlaka ko vidyArambha kA muharta karAnA caahie| usa samaya sarasvatI aura kSetrapAla kI pUjA zubha hotI hai-- "AdityAdiSu vAreSu vidyArambhaphalaM kramAt / AyurjADyaM matirmedhA sudhIH prajJA tanukSayaH // anadhyAyAH pradoSAzca SaSThI riktA tathA tithiH / varjanIyA prayatnena vidyArambheSu sarvadA // vidyArambhe zubhA proktA jIvajJaptita vAsarAH / madhyamau somasUyauM ca nindyazcaiva zaniH kujaH // udagate bhAsvati paMcame'bde / prApte'kSara svIkaraNaM zizUnAm / sarasvatI kSetrasupAlakaM ca / guDodanAcairabhipUjyaM kuryAt // 2 1. vahI, 8/165. 2. somasena, vaivarNikAcAra, 8/166-66.

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isa prakAra eka sunizcita kAla meM bAlaka ko vidyArambha karAnA caahie| usa dina, ambA guru aura zAstra kI pUjA kare tathA jinAlaya meM jAkara homa aura jina-pUjA sampanna kare / isake bAda bAlaka ko snAna karAkara vastrAbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta kara aura lalATa meM tilaka lagAkara vidyAlaya meM le jAve / vahA~ nirvighna vidyA-pUrti ke lie jaya Adi paMca devatAoM kI pUjA kare, namaskAra kre| phira vastra, AbhUSaNa, phala aura dravya se adhyApaka guru kI abhyarthanA kare, unheM bhakti-pUrvaka hAtha jor3akara namaskAra karanA cAhie / AcArya somasena ne likhA hai-- "evaM sunizcite kAle vidyArambha tu kArayet / vidhAya pUjAmambAyAH zrI gurozca zrutasya ca // pUrvavad homapUjAdikAryaM kRtvA jinAlaye / putraM saMsnApya sadbhUSairalaMkRtya vilepanaiH // vidyAlayaM tato gatvA jayAdi paMcadevatAH / saMpUjya praNamed bhaktyA nirvighna graMthasiddhaye // vastrairbhUSaH phalairdravyaH saMpUjyAdhyApakaM gurum / hastadvayaM ca saMyojya praNamed bhaktipUrvakam // "1 zubha muhUrta meM, pUjAdi pavitra kArya sampanna kara, mA~-bApa ne apanA bAlaka guru ko sauMpa diyA / guru sarvaprathama use akSarajJAna aura aMkajJAna karavAtA hai / yaha lipi kA prArambha hai| yadi bAlaka use samyak rUpa se jAna letA hai, to Age kA jJAna sahaja ho jAtA hai| isI kAraNa, usa samaya prArambhika zikSA para adhika bala diyA jAtA thaa| kAla, muhUrta, dina, snAna, pUjA aura havana Adi se dhvanita hai ki bAlaka ke vidyArabhbha meM mAtA-pitA gambhIra the to guru bhI use gambhIratApUrvaka hI letA thA / vaha guru pratiSThA kA jIvana jItA thaa| bAlaka ko par3hAne meM usakA mana lagatA thaa| vaha ruci letA thA aura bAlaka vyutpanna bana jAtA thaa| somasena ne traivaNikAcAra meM batAyA hai ki adhyApaka bAlaka ko lipijJAna kisa DhaMga se sampanna krvaaye| isase tatkAlIna lipi-adhyApana kI zailI para acchA prakAza par3atA hai1. somasena, vaivaNikAcAra, 8/170-173.

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"prAGamukho gururAsInaH pazcimAbhimukhaH zizuH / kuryAdakSarasaMskAraM dharmakAmArtha siddhaye // vizAla phalakAdau tu nistuSAkhaNDataNDulAn / upAdhyAyaH prasAryAtha vilikhedakSarANi ca // ziSya hastAmbujadvandva dhRtapuSpAkSatAn sitAn / kSepayitvAkSarAbhyaNe tatkareNa vilekhayet // hemAdipIThake vA'pi prasArya kuGakumAdikam / suvarNalekhanIkena, likhettatrAkSarANi vA // 'namaH siddhebhyaH' ityAdau tataH svarAdikaM likheta / akArAvi hakArAntaM sarvazAstraprakAzakam // "1 artha-lipi-prArambha ke samaya guru prAGamukha aura ziSya pazcimAbhimukha hokara baiThe / bAda meM, dharma, artha aura kAma kI siddhi ke lie akSara-saMskAra kare / vaha isa prakAra ki eka vizAla phalaka moTI paTTI para chilake-rahita akhaNDa cAvaloM ko bichAkara upAdhyAya svayaM akSara likhe, una akSaroM ke pAsa bAlaka ke hAtha se sapheda puSpa aura akSatoM ko kSepaNa karavAve, phira bAlaka kA hAtha pakar3akara, usase akSara likhavAve / athavA sonA, cA~dI Adi ke paTTa para kuMkuma athavA kezara kA lepa kara, sone kI lekhanI se usa para akSara likhe aura bAlaka se likhavAye / akSara likhate samaya sabase pahale 'namaH siddhebhyaH' likhkhe / isake bAda akAra se hakAra-paryanta ravara aura vyaJjana, jo sampUrNa zAstroM ko prakAzita karane vAle haiM, svayaM likhe aura bAlaka se likhavAve / AcArya somasena bhaTTAraka the aura zAyada isI kAraNa maMtroM meM unakA aTala vizvAsa thaa| yaha saca hai ki mAMtrika kI saMkalpazakti maMtra ko jIvanta phaladAyI pramANita karatI hai| maMtra koI ho, kisI se sambandhita ho| uparyukta prasaMga meM, somasena kA kathana hai ki bAlaka ko svara-vyaJjana prArambha karAte samaya nimnalikhita maMtrakA uccAraNa karanA cAhie:---- 'OM namo'rhate namaH sarvajAya sarvabhASAbhASita sakalapadArthAya bAlaka akSarAbhyAsa kArayAmi dvAdazAGgazrutaM bhavatu aiM zrIM hrIM klIM svaahaa|'2 lipi' saMskAra ke samaya, zrutadevatA ke sthApana aura pUjana kI bAta 'Adi purANa' meM bhI kahI gaI hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne brAhmI aura sundarI ko vidyAgrahaNa kA AzIrvAda dekara vistRta svarNa paTTa para svacittastha zrutadevatA ko saparyA 1. somasena, traivarNikAcAra, 8.174-178. 2. somasena, traivarNikAcAra, pRSTha 257.

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(pUjA) pUrvaka sthApita kiyA, phira apane donoM hAthoM se akSaramAlikA rUpa lipi aura aMkarUpa saMkhyA saMsthAna likhanA sikhAyA / 84 " ityuktvA muhurAzAsya vistIrNe hemapaTTake / adhivAsya svacittasthAM zrutadevoM saparyayA // vibhuH karadvayenAbhyAM likhannakSaramAlikAM / upadizaoift saMkhyA saMsthAnaM cAGkeranukramAt // " 1 lipa saMkhyAna kA Arambha karate samaya, bhagavAn ne 'siddhaM namaH' iti vyaktamaGgalA siddhamAtRkA mantra kA uccAraNa kiyA / siddhamAtRkA svara vyaJjana ke bheda se do bhedavAlI hai / samasta vidyAoM meM pAI jAtI hai / yaha aneka bIjAkSaroM se vyApta hai aura isase aneka saMyuktAkSara utpanna hote haiM / yaha akAra se hakAra paryanta aura visarga, anusvAra, jihvAmUlIya, upadhmAnIya tathA ayogavAha taka zuddha muktAvalI ke samAna akSarAvalI se pradIpta rahatI haiM / isa mAtRkA ko brAhmI aura sundarI ne acchI taraha dhAraNa kiyA "tato bhagavatovaktrAnniHsRtAmakSarAvalIm / 'siddhaM nama' iti vyaktamaGgalAM siddhamAttRkAm // akArAdi hakArAntAM zuddhAM muktAvalImiva / svaravyaJjanabhedena dvidhA bhedamupeyuSam || sarvavidyAsu santatAm / naikabIjAkSaraizcitAm // samavAdodharad brAhmI medhAvinyati sundarI / sundarI gaNitaM sthAnakramaiH samyagadhArayat // 2 yogavAhaparyantAM saMyogAkSarasambhUti varNamAtRkA ke dhyAna kI bAta aneka jaina graMthoM meM dekhane ko milatI hai / 'tattvasAra dIpaka sandarbha' meM eka rucikara zloka AyA hai- "dhyAyedanAdisiddhAnta vyAkhyAtAM varNamAtRkAm / AdinAtha mukhotpannAM vizvAgamavidhAyinIm // " 3 artha -- anAdi siddhAnta ke rUpa meM prasiddha evaM sampUrNa AgamoM kI nirmAtrI, bhagavAn AdinAtha ke mukha se utpanna varNamAtRkA kA dhyAna karanA cAhie / varNamAtRkA athavA varNasamAmnAya ke anAdi siddhAnta ke rUpa meM prasiddhi kI bAta bhartRhari ne apane 'vAkyapadIyam' meM bhI likhI hai| unakA kathana hai-"asyAkSarasamAmnAyasya vAgvyavahArajanakasya na kazcit karttA'sti evameva vede pAramparyeNa smaryamANam / " isakA artha hai ki-- isa akSara samAmnAya kA, 1. bhagavajjinasenAcArya, mahApurANa, 16/103-104. 2. bhagavajjinasenAcArya, mahApurANa, 16 / 105-10. 3. tattvasAradIpaka - 35.

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85 jo ki samasta pada-vAkya rUpa vAgvyavahAra kA janayitA hai, koI kartA nahIM hai - paramparA se veda meM aisA hI smaraNa kiyA gayA hai / 'siddho varNasamAmnAyaH' tathA 'siddhaM namaH' padoM se varNa samAmnAya anAdi siddha hai, yahI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| zrI vAdIbhasiMha ne chatracUr3AmaNi meM varNa samAmnAya prArambha karane se pUrva siddha pUjana, havana, dAnAdi sampanna karanA Avazyaka batalAyA hai| isake bAda varNamAlA prArambha karane se pariNAma zubha hotA hai, arthAt vidyA siddha hotI hai, usameM koI vighna nahIM AtA / jIvandhara kI nivighna vidyA-prApti ke lie aisA hI kiyA gayA thA / ___ "niSpratya heSTa siddhayartha siddha pUjAdi pUrvakam / siddhamAtRkayA siddhAmatha lebhe sarasvatIm // ' artha:--anantara, nirvighna vidyA-prApti ke hetu siddha pUjana, havana aura dAnAdi ko sampanna kara siddhamAtRkA a, i, u, ka, kha Adi varNamAlA (varNa samAmnAya) ko sIkhanA Arambha kiyA / DaoN0 AlTekara ne apane eka lekha (10 ba0 a0 graM0 ) meM likhA hai ki zikSA ke prArambha meM bAlaka ko 'gaNezAyanamaH' kI jagaha 'OM namaH siddhAnAm' kahanA hotA thaa| DaoN0 hUlara kA kathana hai-'isa bArahakhar3I ko 'OM namaH siddham' ke maMgalapATha ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI 'siddhAkSarasamAmnAya' yA 'siddhamAta kA' bhI kahate haiN| isakI prAcInatA kA pramANa hui-lina (788 se 810 I.) se bhI milatA hai| usane isa maMgalapATha ko pahalI phAGa yA cakra kahA hai| usa kAla meM hindU lar3ake isI se vidyArambha karate the / " 2 DaoN0 rAdhAkumuda mukharjI ne 'prAcIna bhArata meM zikSA' graMtha meM vidyArambha 'oma namaH siddhAnAm' se mAnA hai / vhUlara kA yaha kathana satya hai ki prArambha meM siddha ko namaskAra karane ke kAraNa hI bArahakhar3I kA nAma hI siddhamAtRkA athavA siddhAkSara samAmnAya pdd'aa| kintu, samaya parivartanazIla hai| sAmpradAyika bheda-bhAvoM ne eka dUsare ke zabdoM ko bhI vikRta bnaayaa| na jAne kaba bauddha kA buddha aura bhadra kA bhaddA ho gyaa| na jAne kaba priyadarzI ko mUrkha kahA jAne lgaa| isI prakAra 'om namaH siddhAnAm' jaise prasiddha aura pracalita maMgalapATha ko na jAne kaba Age cala kara 'onAmAsIdhamma bApa par3he na hamma' / ke rUpa meM dhvasta kara diyA gyaa| kintu prArambha se hindI ke madhyakAla meM bahuta dUra taka yaha pratiSThita rahA, yaha eka prAmANika satya hai aura itanA hI yahA~ abhISTa hai| isakI pratiSThA ke sambandha meM mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA eka kathana dRSTavya hai, "onAmAsI dham' vastutaH 'oM namaH siddham' kA vikRta uccAraNa hai / pIche kahIM-kahIM isakI jagaha hI kaI jagahoM meM "rAmAgati/dehUmati" kA prayoga hone lgaa| kahIM-kahIM zrI gaNezAyanamaH' se bhI akSarArambha karAyA jAtA rahA / 'siddham' meM eka vacana kA prayoga hai, 1. chatracUr3AmaNi, 1/112. 2. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, DA. vhUlara, pRSTha 6.

Page #97
yaha caurAsI siddhoM ke lie nahIM hai / yadi aisA hotA to 'om nama: siddhebhyaH' kahanA pdd'taa| yaha brAhmaNoM kA bhI prayoga nahIM hai| brAhmaNoM ke tridevoM ko siddha nahIM kahA jaataa| bauddha aura jaina hI apane sampradAya-pravartaka ko siddha kahate haiN| isalie 'OM namaH siddham' athavA 'onAmAsIdham' kA itanA vyApaka prayoga zramaNa dharma ke prabhAva kI vyApakatA ko batalAtA hai|"1 ___ hindI yuga ke prArambha meM bAlaka ko bArahakhar3I sikhAne ke pahile oMkAra kA maMgalapATha bhI cala par3A thA / jaina granthoM meM isake aneka sUtra pakar3e jA sakate haiM / ralha ne 'jiNadattacariu' meM likhA hai ki jiNadatta ne sarvaprathama apane mana meM oMkAra kA dhyAna kiyA phira vidyA par3hanA Arambha kii| ralha ne likhA hai "oMkAra layau maNu jANi / lakkhaNu chaMdu takka parivANi / muNi vyAkaraNa virati kau jANu bharaha ramAyaNu mahApurANu // "2 artha-sarvaprathama usane oMkAra zabda ko mana meM mAnA, arthAt oMkAra para mana ttikaayaa| phira, lakSaNa, chanda aura tarkazAstra ko pramANita kiyA-prAmANika rUpa se par3hA, pallavagrAhI nahIM rhaa| Age vyAkaraNa, vairAgyaparaka kathAe~, bharata (nATyazAstra), rAmAyaNa aura mahApurANa par3he / mahAvIra aura buddha ne lokabhASA para bala diyaa| jaina upAdhyAya bAlaka kA vidyArambha lokabhASA ke svara-vyaMjanoM se hI karate the, 'a, i, u, n' se nhiiN| unhoMne bArahakhar3I vidyA kA AviSkAra kiyA thA, jo sahaja thI aura svAbhAvika bhI / unake par3hAne kA DhaMga bhI kaSTadAyaka nahIM thaa| bAlaka use AsAnI se avagama kara letA thA / svayambhU ke 'paumacariu' meM eka rUpaka AyA hai| vana jAte samaya rAma ko eka vizAla vaTa-vRkSa dikhAI par3A aura usakI tulanA unhoMne grAmINa upAdhyAya se kI "guruvesu karevi sundara sarAhaM NaM vihaya paDhAvai akkharAI vukkaNa kisalaya kakkA ravanti vAuli-vihaMga kikkI bhaNanti vana kukkur3a kukka Ayaranti aNNa vikalAvi kekkaha cavanti piyamAha viyaDa kaukkaDa lavanti kaMkA vappIha samullavanti so taravara guNagaNadarasamANu phalavatta vantu akkhara khihANu // "3 1. mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bauddha siddha sAhitya (nibandha), sammelana pahivA, bhAga, ___saMkhyA 1, zaka saMvat 1887, pRSTha 4. 2. ralha, jiNadattacariu, zodha saMsthAna, jayapura, padya 64 vA~, pRSTha 26. 3. svayambhU, paumacariu, II, kar3avaka 15, pRSTha 60.

Page #98
87 artha-vaTa kA vRkSa guru kA rUpa dhAraNa kara sundara svara meM akSaroM ko par3hA rahA thaa| par3hane vAle the svayaM usake Azrama meM rahane vAle pkssignn| vukkar3a kakkA kaha rahA thA, vAula kikki, mora kekkai aura priya koyala kokkaha, papIhA kuMkA kaha rahA thaa| ___ maiM ise kevala rUpaka hI nahIM mAnatA, avazya hI gA~va kA upAdhyAya ina pakSiyoM ke mAdhyama se bAlakoM ko bArahakhar3I kA jJAna karAtA hogA / vaha jJAna kitanA kriyAtmaka, sahaja aura svAbhAvika hogA, yaha spaSTa hI hai| Aja kA zikSA manovijJAna aise upAyoM ko bAlakoM ke lie rucikara mAnatA hai| inameM bAlakoM kA mana lagatA hai aura ve ise sahaja hI avagama kara pAte haiN| dUsarI ora, saMskRta kI 'a i un' raTAne kI kalA thI, jo zuSka thI aura kaSTadAyaka bhI / vaha bAlamastiSka ke samIpa kabhI nahIM rahI / usakA jo pariNAma honA thA, huA / sahasrazaH nirakSaroM ke rUpameM bhArata kA nakzA badalatA gyaa| bAla mana ke sannikaTa honA hI zikSA praNAlI kA sabase bar3A guNa hai / jaina upAdhyAyoM ne use khojA thA, kintu sAmpradAyika vidveSoM ke kAraNa vaha sArvabhauma na bana paaii| pAzcAtya zikSAzAstrI use bhArata lAye haiM aura Aja vaha panapa rahI hai / use pazcima kI dena hI kahA jAtA hai / hama bAhara ko apanAte haiM, bhItara ko nahIM-apane ko nahIM / jaina saMgha honahAra bAlakoM ko kama umra meM dIkSA dekara sAdhu banA dete the / sAdhu bAlaka kI zikSA saMgha meM hI prAraMbha hotI thii| usakA mAdhyama bhI bArahakhar3I hI thIlokabhASA ke svara-vyaMjana / isa bhA~ti vaha bAlaka zIghra vyutpanna hokara bar3e-bar3e granthoM kA pArAyaNa kara pAtA thaa| hindI ke prasiddha kavi zrI merunandana upAdhyAya kevala sAta varSa kI Ayu meM dIkSita hue the| ve eka ora zreSTha kavi bane to dUsarI ora dArzanika vidvAn / ina vidvAnoM ke siddhAnta, tarka aura darzana ke graMtha bhale hI saMskRta meM milate hoM, kintu unhoMne bhAvaparaka kAvyaracanA apanI mAtRbhASA meM hI kii| isakA kAraNa thA ki unake bhAva usI bhASA meM abhivyakta hone ko akulAte the, jisameM unhoMne akSarArambha kiyA thaa| aise vidvAn aura anubhUti-paraka sAdhu ve hote the, jinhoMne pA~ca se ATha varSa taka kI Ayu meM dIkSA lI thii| bAlaka ke vidyArambha ke lie, pA~ca varSa kI Ayu eka aisI Ayu thI, jise jaina, bauddha aura hinduoM ne hI nahIM, apitu muslima dharma ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| DaoN. AlTekara ne 'J.A. S. B, 1935, P. 249' kA uddharaNa dete hue likhA hai2"The Bismilla khani ceremony, which the Muslims performed in the 5th year, or to be more corrcet, on 4th day of the fourth month of the fifth year. It was performed 1. dekhie merA grantha-hindI jainabhakti kAvya aura kavi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, pRSTha 42. 2. Dr. A. S. Altekar, Education in Ancient India, pRSTha 266, pAdaTippar3a-2.

Page #99
88 on this day in the case of Humanyun" isakA hindI artha hai-muslima bAlaka ke pA~caveM varSa ke cauthe mahIne meM cauthe dina bismillA khAnI (akSarArambha) mahotsava karate haiN| humAyU~ kI tAlIma isI dina zurU huI thii| jaina graMthoM meM prAyaH pA~ca varSa kI Ayu svIkAra kI gaI hai aura aisA lagatA hai ki vaha sArvabhauma thI / ise lipi-saMskAra kahate the / brAhmI lipi : vikAsa kI ora brAhmI lipi zuddha bhAratIya lipi hai athavA kisI videzI lipi se vikasita huI hai ? vidvAnoM ke madhya yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prazna rahA hai| isa para bahuta kucha UhApoha huA, tarka-vitarka cale, khaNDana-maNDana kI bAr3ha AI, kintu anta meM yaha siddha huA ki yatkiJcit sAmya ke AdhAra para kisI lipi ko eka dUsare se nikalA huA siddha karanA halakApana hai| brAhmI lipi ke videzI janma kI mAnyatA kA eka sabala AdhAra prastuta kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki bhArata meM pA~cavIM sadI IsavI pUrva ke namUne nahIM milate / "lipi ke namUne' se unakA tAtparya thA purAtAttvika AdhAra / 'kintu piparAvA, sohagrorA, mahAsthAna aura bar3alI kI praur3ha lekha praNAlI (IsA pUrva 500 varSa) se siddha ho jAtA hai ki usase bhI pUrva bhArata meM samunnata lekhana-kalA thI, jisakA puSTa rUpa piparAvA Adi meM dikhAI par3A / svataMtratA-prApti ke bAda, yahA~ purAtAttvika khudAiyoM para adhikAdhika dhyAna diyA jA rahA hai| ho sakatA hai ki Age kucha aura dikhAI pdd'e| bar3alI ke praur3ha lekha kI pUrva kar3iyA~ avazya mileMgI, aisI saMbhAvanA hai| mohana-jo-dar3o aura har3appA kI khudAiyoM ne bahuta-se vivAdoM ko svataH zAnta hone ko bAdhya kiyA hai| isakA samaya IsA se 3000 varSa pUrva mAnA jAtA hai| isameM prApta lipi pUrNarUpa se bhAratIya lipi hai / bhale hI vaha abhI na par3hI jA sakI ho, kintu vaha eka lipi hai, isase koI inkAra nahIM kara sktaa| aura phira, DaoN. vhUlara kA yaha abhimata ki isa deza meM milane vAlA prAcInatama abhilekha IsA-pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kA hai, isase pUrva nahIM, nirAdhAra hai|' zodha-khoja kI khIMcatAna meM vidvAn kabhI-kabhI anargala bhI likha jAte haiN| eka ora unakA yaha kathana ki sindhughATI lipi abhI par3hI nahIM jA sakI hai aura dUsarI ora, DaoN. DiriMjara kA yaha nizcita mata ki yaha lipi akSarAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka athavA donoM ke bIca kI anuvartI lipi hai aura usase ardhavarNAtmaka brAhmI lipi nahIM nikala sakatI,2 kucha parezAniyoM meM DAla detA hai / jaba vaha 1. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, vhUlara, pRSTha 13, isake uttara meM dekhie 'bhASAvijJAna koza', DaoN0 bholAnAtha tivArI, pRSTha 416-20. 2. DaoN0 Dirijara, 'di alaphAveTa', uddhRta 'hindI bhASA : udgama aura vikAsa, DaoN0 udaya nArAyaNa tivArI, pRSTha 571.

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89 lipi par3hI hI nahIM jA sakI, to usakA koI eka nizcita rUpa mAna lenA, nyAyapUrNa nahIM hai / duniyA~ kI pratyeka bhASA citralipi se nikalI, aisA bhASAvidoM kA sarvamAnya mata hai / isakA spaSTa artha hai ki vizva kI sabhI bhASAe~ prArambha meM AkRti - mUlaka thIM / yogavAsiSTa ke eka zloka se siddha hai ki pahale lipikarma meM AkRtiyA~ hI aMkita hotI thIM- "lipikarmAfpatAkArA dhyAnAsaktadhiyazca te / antasthenaiva manasA cintayAmAsurAdRtAH // 1 artha---dhyAnAvasthita hone se ve lipikarma meM aMkita AkRtiyoM se nistabdha hokara AdarapUrvaka antaHsthita mana se cintana karane lage / aisA hI, jainagrantha 'sahasranAma' meM, 'lekharSabho'nilaH' sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArya zrutasAgara ne likhA hai -- " purA hi anumatAM divyAnAM devAnAM vigrahAtmikA rUpavarNana racanA bhittiSu likhitveva kriyate smeti lekhaH / "2 isakA artha hai ki pahale apane ArAdhya divya devoM kI vigrahAtmaka rUparacanA bhittiyoM para kI jAtI thI, use lekha kahate the / brAhmI lipi bhI citralipi se vikasita huI, yaha mAnanA asaMgata nahIM hai, kintu yaha bhI saca hai ki vaha citralipi bhArata meM maujUda thI, ataH vaha eka bhAratIya lipi thI, usakA nikAsa kisI anya videzI lipi se mAnanA, bhASAvidoM kA citralipi vAlA udgama sthala galata pramANita karanA hai / aura, use sahI mAnA jA cukA hai / sindhughATI kI sabhyatA vizva bhara meM eka samunnata sabhyatA thI, isa bAta hot itihAsajJoM ne eka svara se mAnA hai / usakI pratyeka bAta samunnata thI -- kyA vastukalA, kyA zilpakalA, kyA citrakalA aura kyA mUrtikalA / sindhughATI loga bhautika rUpa se samunnata the to AdhyAtmika rUpa se bhI kama na the / mohanajo daro aura har3appA meM prApta mUrtiyoM kI yogamudrA aura dhyAnastha ceSTA unake adhyAtmabhAva kI pratIka hai / prasiddha purAtattvavettA pro. rAmaprasAdajI candA kA kathana hai, "Not only the seated deities Engraved on some of Indus seals are in yoga posture and bear witness to the prevalence of yoga in the Indus valley in that remote age, the standing deities on the seals also show kayotsarga posture of yoga. The kayotsarga posture is peculiarly Jaina."3 isakA artha hai 1. yogavAsiSTha, utpatti0, 86 / 37. 2. jinasahasranAma, 'lekharSabho'nilaH' kI zrutasAgarIya vyAkhyA. 3. Modern Review, August 1932, Page 155 160.

Page #101
ki sindhughATI meM baiThI aura khar3I mUttiyA~ kAyotsargamudrA meM haiN| unakA kAyotsarga vAlA DhaMga vizeSa kara jainamUttiyoM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| Ijipziyana aura grIka mUrtiyoM meM bhI yaha mudrA milatI hai, kintu vaha vairAgyabhAva nahIM hai, jo mohanajo-daro kI mUttiyoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| yahA~ yaha kahanA apekSita hai ki sindhughATI ke vAsI hara dRSTi se itane samunnata the, to lipi ke sandarbha meM kore rahe hoM, mAnA nahIM jA sktaa| merI dRSTi meM, usase kevala bhArata hI nahIM, anya aneka deza bhI anuvartI bane hoM, to kucha Azcarya nahIM hai| ___ jahA~ taka sindhughATI lipi aura brAhmIlipi ke bIca kI kar3iyoM kA sambandha hai, yaha kathana satya pratIta hotA hai ki-"yaha bahuta sambhava hai ki Ardra jalavAyu tathA nadiyoM kI bAr3ha Adi ke kAraNa purAnI likhita sAmagrI naSTa ho gaI ho aura videzI AkramaNa tathA ApasI saMgharSoM ne bahuta kucha mahatvapUrNa dhvaMsa kara diyA ho|"1 isake atirikta yaha bhI satya hai ki sahasrAdhika varSa ke satata videzI zAsana ne hamArI apanI saMskRti aura sabhyatA ke anveSaNa-udghATana meM koI ruci nahIM dikhaaii| isake viparIta, usake vilupta rakhane meM hI apanA klyaannsmjhaa| vaise, vilupta rahane kI kathA bar3I prAcIna hai| mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva meM eka zloka hai-- __ "varNAzcatvAra ete hi yeSAM brAhmI srsvtii| vihitA brahmaNA pUrva lobhAdajJAnatAM gatAH // "2 / artha--pUrva meM (pahale) brahmA ke dvArA cAra varNoM kI sthApanA kI gaI thI aura jinake lie brAhmI lipi tathA sarasvatI vidyA kI sthApanA kI gaI thI, ve lobha ke kAraNa ajJAnatA ko prApta ho ge| yaha hai vaha kar3I jo sindhughATI aura brAhmI lipi ke bIca setubandha thii| brAhmI lipi ko eka bhAratIya lipi ghoSita karane meM sAhityika AdhAra bhI nakAre nahIM jA skte| unakA apanA mUlya hai| unase hokara satya pakar3A jA sakatA hai, isameM koI saMzaya nahIM hai| jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM praur3ha brAhmI ke uddharaNa haiM aura usake janma tathA vikAsa kI kathA hai / DaoN. Dirijara aura bUlara Adi bhI isa bAta ko mAnate haiN| DaoN. Dirijara kA abhimata hai, "chaH sau IsavI pUrva uttarI bhArata meM aisI adbhuta krAnti huI ki isane bhAratIya itihAsa ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyaa| isameM tanika bhI sandeha nahIM ki akSara jJAna ne jaina tathA bauddha dharmoM ke pracAra evaM prasAra meM vizeSa sahAyatA dI hogii| jahA~ taka bauddha dharma kA sambandha hai, yaha nirvivAda hai ki isa yuga meM likhane kI kalA kA vizeSa rUpa se pracAra huaa|"3 kintu, DaoN. bUlara kA kathana 1. hindI bhASA : udgama aura vikAsa, pRSTha 576 ora bhASAvijJAnakoza, pRSTha 415-22. 2. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, mokSadharma, 12/181/15. 3. DaoN0 DiriMjara, da alaphAveTa, pRSTha 328-334.

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hai ki bauddha AgamoM kI racanA se bhI pUrva loga lekhana-kalA se suparicita the aura unameM lekhana kA paryApta pracAra thaa|' bauddha AgamoM meM eka kathA hai ki eka bAra bauddha bhikSu bhagavAn buddha ke pAsa yaha pUchane gaye ki hama kisa bhASA meM likheM, to unhoMne spaSTa hI chandas (vedabhASA) meM na likhane kA upadeza diyaa| isakA artha hai ki chandas meM pahale se likhane kI paramparA thii| vinayapiTaka (400 I. pUrva ke bhI pUrva-olDanavarga ke anusAra) meM likhA hai ki buddha se pUrva bA~sa yA lakar3I ko paTTI para ziSyoM ke pAlanArtha niyama khoda kara dene kI prathA thii| isase pramANita hai ki buddha yuga se pUrva lekhana kalA kA yahA~ pracAra thaa| jAtakoM meM aneka niyamoM ko svarNapatroM para khudavAne, vyaktigata tathA sarakArI patra likhane evaM RNa lene para RNa-parNa likhe jAne ke rUpa meM lekhanakalA ke ullekha haiN| ojhAjI ke anusAra jAtakoM meM IsavI pUrva chaThI sadI yA usake pUrva ke samAja kA citra hai| bauddha grantha suttanta (sUtrAnta) meM eka 'akkharikA' kA ullekha hai, jo AkAza meM yA pITha para akSara likhakara khelA jAtA thaa| rAyasa DeviDsa jAtakoM kA samaya I. pUrva 450 aura DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya chaThI sadI IsavI pUrva se bhI pUrva kA mAnate haiN|6|| jahA~ taka jaina graMthoM kA sambandha hai, unameM brAhmI lipi kI utpatti AditIrthaMkara RSabhadeva aura unakI putrI brAhmI se sambandhita batAI gaI hai| RSabhadeva zramaNa saMskRti ke Adi pratiSThApaka the| Rgveda ke eka sUkta 10/136 meM likhA hai ki RSabhadeva ne vAtarazanA zramaNa muniyoM ke dharma ko prakaTa karane kI icchA se avatAra liyA thaa| Rgveda aura atharvaveda meM vAtarazanA, eizaMgA, vasatemalA aura prakIrNakezI zramaNa muniyoM kA ekAdhika sthaloM para ullekha huA hai / gItA aura zrImadbhAgavat meM to anekAneka prasaMgoM meM unake prazaMsA-mUlaka kathana haiN|' tAtparya hai ki vedoM kA jaba nirmANa huA, jana-jana ke madhya RSabhadeva pUjya bhAva ko prApta the / isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki brAhmI lipi ke janmadAtA bhagavAn RSabhadeva veda-yuga se pUrva-vartI haiN| DaoN. pI. sI. rAya caudharI ne unheM pASANa yuga ke anta aura kRSiyuga ke 1. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 16. 2. cullavaga, 5/33/1 3. Budaist India, Page 108. 4. Indian Palaeography by Dr. R.B. Pandey, P. 6-7. 5. suttanta-11. 6. hindI bhASA, DA. bholAnAtha tivArI, pRSTha 680.) 7. DaoN0 maMgaladeva zAstrI, bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa, aupaniSad dhArA, pRSTha 180. 8. bRhad vivecana ke lie dekhie merA grantha-bharata aura bhArata, pRSTha, 28-34.

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prArambha meM mAnA hai|' vAstavikatA yaha hai ki lipi hI kI bhA~ti ve kRSi ke bhI prathama AviSkAraka the / svayambhU stotra kI paMkti-"prajApatiryaH prathama jijIviSu: zazAsa kRSyAdiSu karmasu prajAH / "2 isI ora iMgita karatI hai| isa bhA~ti RSabhadeva ke yuga ko hama IsA se sahasroM varSa pUrva mAna sakate haiN| DaoN. bUlara aura viNTaranitsa ne vaidika sabhyatA kA prArambha IsA se 4000 (cAra hajAra) varSa pUrva mAnA hai| aura, isake pahale hue RSabhadeva, jinhoMne pahalA lipijJAna apanI putrI brAhmI ko diyaa| Rgveda ke 'sahasram me dadato'pTakarNya:se spaSTa hai ki usa samaya ke loga saMkhyA kA likhanA jAnate the / chAndogyopaniSad ke-'hiMkAra iti tryakSaraM'5 tathA taittirIya ke'varNaH svaraH mAtrA balam'6 se tatkAlIna akSarajJAna aura usake likhane kI bAta pragaTa hotI hai| ... RSabhadeva ne apane kAmadeva se sundara aura kAttikeya-se mahAbalI putra bAhubali ko sindhughATI kI tarapha kA pUrA rAjya ba~TavAre meM diyA thaa| jaina ullekhoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki 'bharata-bAhubali-yuddha' ke bAda, vijaya prApta karane vAle bAhubali ke hRdaya meM vairAgya utpanna huA aura unhoMne vItarAgI dIkSA le lI thii| RSabhadevajI ke sabhI putra-bharata hoM yA bAhubali, bhautikatA aura AdhyAtmikatA ke samanvaya sthala para khar3e the| unhoMne bhautika vikAsa ko caramotkarSa diyA to AdhyAtmikatA ke to pratIka hI bne| una saba ne "vihAya yaH sAgaravArivAsasaM, vadhUmivemAM vasudhAM vadhU satIm / mumukSurikSvAku kulAdirAtmavAn prabhu pravavrAja sahiSNuracyutaH // "8 ko apane jIvana meM DhAlA thaa| avazeSoM meM prApta sindhughATI kI sabhyatA isI kI udghoSaka hai| usameM vaibhava-sampannatA ke cihna haiM, to nAsAgradhyAnastha yogiyoM ke mUrtipratIka bhI haiN| isa AdhAra para maiM kahanA cAhU~gA ki yaha samUcI sabhyatA RSabhadeva aura unake putra bAhubali kI paramparAnugata hai| isI kAraNa, yaha bAta sunizcita rUpa se kahI jA sakatI hai ki sindhughATI kI lipi brAhmI kA pUrvarUpa thii| DaoN. Dirijara ne apane prasiddha grantha 'alaphAveTa' meM yaha siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA ki anArya aramaika akSara hI brAhmI ke pUrva rUpa mAne jA sakate haiN| unakA 1. Jainism in Bihar, P. 7, L. P. 2. svayambhUstotra, 1/2. 3. A History of Indian Literature, vol. I, P. 75 4. Rgveda, 10, 72, 7. 5. chAndogyopaniSad, 2, 10. 6. taittirIya upaniSad, 1, 1. 7. zAlibhadra sUri, bharatezvara-bAhubalirAsa, padya 186, 163. 6. svayambhUstotra, 1/3.

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mukhya AdhAra thA ki IsA se ATha sau varSa pUrva se chaH sau varSa pUrva taka semeTika (phoneziyA) aura Arameniyana (dakSiNa arabI) vyApAriyoM ne sarvaprathama bhArata se samparka sthApita kara akSaroM kA yahA~ samAveza kiyaa| semeTika aura Arameniyana donoM pazcimI eziyA se sambandhita haiN| DaoN. bUlara ne semeTika se aura DaoN. Dirijara ne Aramaika se brAhmI kI utpatti svIkAra kI hai| donoM meM koI bheda nahIM hai| semeTika meM 22 (bAIsa) vyaJjana haiM aura Aramaika meM aTThAIsa / donoM meM akSaroM kA prArambha vyaJjana se hotA hai| dIrghasvara kA nitAnta abhAva hai| brAhmI akSaroM kA prArambha svara se hotA hai, vyaJjana se nhiiN| isake atirikta vyApAra vAlI bAta aura ina logoM dvArA bhArata meM akSara-pracalana kI bAta hAsyAspada aura aprAmANika hai| kyA yaha nahIM ho sakatA ki unhoMne yahA~ Akara akSara jJAna kiyA ho| vyApAra donoM tarapha kA AdAna-pradAna hai, ata: yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki kucha unhoMne hamase liyA ho aura kucha hamane unase liyA ho| kintU, isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA ki brAhmI Aramaika athavA semeTika se nikalI / zAyada AdAna-pradAna ke kAraNa hI donoM meM kucha samAnatA hai aura aisI samAnatA aMgrejI aura brAhmI ke katipaya akSaroM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai| yatkiJcita samAnatA ke AdhAra para siddhAnta nahIM banAye jA skte| DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya kI mAnyatA hai ki phonezIya loga mUlataH bhAratavAsI the| ve jaba bAhara gaye, to yahA~ kI lipi sAtha le gye| vahA~ sAmI logoM ke bIca rahate hue unhoMne eka ora uttarI sAmI aura Aramaika ko prabhAvita kiyA, to dUsarI ora inakI apanI lipi meM bhI antara aayaa| aisI bAta sambhava to hai kintu abhI use sudar3ha pramANoM se pramANita honA avaziSTa hai| ____ dAyeM se bAyeM likhane kI bAta jahA~ taka hai, vaha kevala pazcimI eziyA kI lipiyoM meM thii| jaba IrAnI zAsakoM kA zAsana kAbula taka phailA, to dAyeM se bAyeM vAlI bAta bhI aaii| usase kharoSThI prabhAvita huI, brAhmI nhiiN| yaha vicAra ki brAhmI pahale dAyeM se bAyeM likhI jAtI thI, bhramAtmaka aura atathyAtmaka hai / eka zilAlekha aura eka sikke ke AdhAra para DaoN. balara ne itanA bar3A nirNaya le DAlA, Azcaryajanaka hai / azoka ke augar3ha aura dhaulI ke lekhoM meM 'o' tathA dehalI ke sivAlika stambhoM meM 'dha' ulaTA hai / kaniMghama ko madhyapradeza meM eraNa (jabalapura) nAma ke sthAna para eka sikkA milA thA, jisakA mudrAlekha brAhmI meM hote hue bhI dAyeM se bAyeM likhA gayA hai| DaoN. bUlara ne isa sikke ko bhI apanI mAnyatA ke samarthana meM prastuta kiyaa| 1. The Alphabet, PP 328-334. 2. Indian Palaeography by Dr. R. B. Pandey, P.47. 3. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 72-73. 4. DaoN. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana', pRSTha 246.

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inameM se prathama ke sambandha meM zrI ojhAjI kA abhimata hai ki-"yaha lekhaka kI asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa huA jJAta hotA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki deza-bheda ke kAraNa aisA ho gayA ho| chaThI sadI ke yazodharmana ke lekha meM to ''u' nAgarI ke 'u'-sA milatA hai, kintu isI sadI ke 'gArulika siMhAditya' ke dAna patra meM ThIka usake ulaTA / baMgalA kA 'ca' bhI pahale ulaTA likhA jAtA thaa|"1 ataH katipaya ulaTe akSaroM ke AdhAra para pUrI lipi kI gati ko ulaTI mAna lenA susaMgata nahIM hai| AndhravaMza ke rAjA zAtakarNI ke do sikkoM ke lekha bhI Thappe kI gar3abar3a ke kAraNa hI ulaTe ho gaye haiN| kharoSThI meM bhI aisA huA hai| pArthiana samrATa abdagasisa ke eka sikke kA kharoSThI kA lekha ulaTa gayA hai, kintu isa AdhAra para kharoSThI ko bAyeM se dAyeM kisI ne nahIM khaa| kahA bhI nahIM jA sktaa| bUlara ke bAda madrAsa meM ya gur3I sthAna para azoka kA eka laghu zilAlekha prApta huA hai| usakI eka paMkti dAyeM se bAyeM, to dUsarI paMkti bAyeM se dAyeM likhI milatI hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki lekhaka eka naye prayoga kI dRSTi se athavA khelavAr3a kI hauMsa meM aisA karatA gyaa| isalie yaha bhI brAhmI ke dAyeM se bAyeM kA koI AdhAra nahIM bana sktaa| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki adhikAMza lekha bAyeM se dAyeM milate haiM to katipaya ke kAraNa yaha kyoM mAnA jAye ki brAhmI dAyeM se bAyeM likhI jAtI thii| isI kAraNa nizcinta hokara kahA jA sakatA hai ki sAmI aura Aramaika kI mUlagati kA brAhmI se mela nahIM khaataa| gatiyA~ bhinna haiM / ataH eka dUsare se prAdurbhUta huI, isa siddhAnta ko sakArA nahIM jA sktaa| prasiddha purAtattvavettA DaoN. hulza aura palITa ne DaoN. balara ke tarkoM ko arthahIna mAnate hue brAhmI ko vizuddha bhAratIya lipi kahA hai| __ prazna yaha hai ki jaba jaina sAhitya brAhmI lipi ko samrATa RSabhadeva se utpanna huA mAnatA hai aura RSabhadeva pUrvavaidika the, to usakI (jaina sAhitya kI) likhita sAmagrI adhika prAcIna kyoM nahIM hai ? isakA kAraNa thA ki dhana, hAthI, ghor3A, jamIna Adi kI bhA~ti hI pustaka bhI parigraha mAnI jAtI thii| koI bhI vItarAgI zramaNa anya vastuoM kI bhA~ti use bhI apane pAsa nahIM rakha sakatA thaa| yadi rakhatA to prAyazcita kA bhAgI hotaa| jaina AcAryoM ne pustaka ko eka cakra mAnA, jisameM phaMsane para hiMsA hotI aura parigraha bhI bar3hatA, aisI mAnyatA panapane lagI thii| bAhya chor3ane se antaH sadhatA hai, bAta cala 1. bhASAvijJAnakoza, pRSTha 415-422. 2. dekhie vahI, pRSTha vahI.

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par3I thii| RSabhadeva kA kathana thA ki antaH sAdhane se antaH sadhatA hai, phira bAhya to svataH chUTa jAtA hai| chUTanA hI mukhya hai, chor3anA mukhya nahIM hai| bAhya chor3ane se bAhya chUTa jAyegA, kintu antaH sadhegA hI, nizcita nahIM hai| pustaka bAhya parigraha hai, kintu usake na rakhane se koI aparigrahI ho jAyegA, kahanA galata hai| parigraha aura aparigraha citta kI dazA hai, pustaka kI nhiiN| RSabhadeva ke isa jIvana darzana ko loga bhUla gye| kevala bAhya ko chor3ane vAlI bAta raha gaI aura usameM pustaka bhI A gii| mAnyatA jo kucha banI-bigar3I ho, galata phahamI jI cAhe vaise AI ho, kintu pustaka rakhanA pApa mAnA jAtA thaa| zAyada isI kAraNa usakA lekhana bhI nahIM hotA thaa| - jainAcAryoM ne pustaka ko zruta kahA hai / zruta zabda 'zruzravaNe' se bnaa| usakA artha hai-sunA huaa| vaidika paramparA meM kevala vedoM kI RcAoM ko zruti kahA gayA, anya ko nhiiN| kintu, jaina paramparA sabhI zAstroM ko zruta saMjJA se abhihita karatI hai| vahA~ zruta eka jJAna hai| jJAna rUpa zruta ko 'bhAva zruta' kahA gayA hai| vaha AtmaguNa hone ke kAraNa sadaiva amUrta hotA hai| use prakAzita karane kA nimitta kAraNa zabda hai, ataH vaha bhI nimitta-naimittika ke kathaMcid abheda kI apekSA se zruta kahalAtA hai / zabda mUrta hotA hai, ataH use dravyazruta kahA gayA hai| isa bhA~ti zruta ke do bheda hue-bhAvazruta aura dravyazruta / bhAvazruta ke jitane bhI nimitta haiM, cAhe ve zabda hoM, cAhe lipi ho, cAhe saMketa ho, vAhe ceSTA ho-sabhI kucha dravya zruta kahalAte haiN| zabdarUpa hone ke kAraNa pustaka dravyazruta hai| isa saMdarbha ko lekara jainagraMthoM meM eka manoraJjaka carcA kA ullekha milatA hai / eka prazna hai ki saMketa aura ceSTAe~, jo sunAI nahIM detIM, zruta haiM yA nahIM ? bhASyakAra jinadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa ne, vRtikAra AcArya haribhadra ne 'Avazyaka vRtti' meM tathA AcArya malayagiri ne 'nandivRtti' meM zruta ko yaugika zabda mAnate hue spaSTa nirdeza kiyA hai ki-zruta vahI hai, jo sunane yogya ho, anya nahIM / jo ceSTAe~ sunAI na deta. hoM, unheM zruta nahIM kahanA caahie| kintu, AcArya bhaTTAkalaMka ne 'tattvArtha rAjavAttika' meM likhA hai--'zruta zabdo'yaM rUDha zabda: iti sarvamatipUrvasya shrutttvsiddhirbhvti|" arthAt zruta zabda rUr3ha hai| zruta jJAna meM kisI bhI prakAra kA matijJAna kAraNa ho sakatA hai| isake anusAra kevala sunA gayA hI nahIM, apitu dekhA gayA bhI saMketa athavA ceSTA zrutajJAna ko koTi meM Ate haiN|' 1. dekhie isI grantha kA prathama adhyAya-'lipiH vyutpatti aura vizleSaNa'.

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aSTAdaza prakArA brAhmI lipi : vizva nAnA rUpAtmaka hai| usameM aneka dharma haiM, aneka rUpa haiM aura aneka bhASAe~ hai / Aja se nahIM anAdi kAla se aisA calA A rahA hai| artharvaveda meM eka sthAna para likhA milatA hai-- "janaM bibhratI bahadhA vivAcasaM / nAnA dharmANaM pRthivI yathaikasam // "5 artha---pRthvo bahuta-se janoM ko dhAraNa karatI hai, jo pRthaka dharmoM ke mAnane vAle aura bhinna-bhinna bhASAe~ bolane vAle haiN| atharvaveda se pUrva, RSabhadeva ke samaya meM bhI 'ekatayo'pi ca sarvanRbhASAH 2 aura 'aneka bhASA jagatI prasiddhA.' 3 se aneka bhASAoM ke astitva kA pratibhAsa hotA hai / bhASA aura lipi kA gaharA sambandha hai| yadi bhASAe~ aneka thIM to lipiyA~ bhI aneka thiiN| ekAdhika jaina granthoM meM aneka lipiyoM ke astittva kA ullekha milatA hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne apanI putrI brAhmI ko aThAraha lipiyo kA bodha karAyA thaa| putrI brAhmI ko sikhAye jAne ke kAraNa ve saba lipiyA~ brAhmI saMjJA se abhihita huiiN| bhagavatI sUtra meM eka sthAna para likhA hai-"lipi: pustakA''dAvakSaravinyAsaH sA cA'STAdazaprakArA'pi zrI mannAbheyajinena svasutAyA brAhmInAmikA yA dazitA, tato brAhmItyamidhIyate / "4 isakA artha hai ki nAbheyajina-RSabhadeva ne aThAraha prakAra kI lipiyA~ apanI brAhmI nAma kI putrI ko sikhAIM, ataH unheM brAhmI abhidhAna se pukArA gyaa| jaina-grantha 'samavAyAMga sUtra' aura 'paNNavaNAsUtra' meM bhI aThAraha lipiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| vahA~ yaha bhI likhA hai ki ye lipiyA~ RSabhadeva ne brAhmI ko 1. atharvaveda, 12/1/45. milAie-'pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa', pRSTha 426. 2. "ekatayo'pi ca sarvanRbhASA: so'ntaraneSTa bahUzca kubhASAH / apratimattimapAsya ca tattvaM bodhayati sma jinasya mhimnaa|" mahApurANa, 23/70. 3. "aneka bhASA jagatI prasiddhAH parantu divyo dhvanirarhato vai| evaM nirUpyAtmani tattvabuddhi abhyarcayAmo jina divyavAdam / / " pratiSThApATha--542. 4. bhagavatIsUva 1, za0 1, u.

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97 sikhAI thIM / 1 tiloyapaNNatti prAkRta kA mahatvapUrNa graMtha hai / isameM yativRSabhAcArya ne bhArata kA varNana karate hue likhA hai "NANA jaNavadaNihido aThThArasadesabhAsasaMjutto / kuMjaraturagAdi judo Nara-NArI maNDito rammo // 2 artha - bhAratavarSa nAnA janapadayukta, aThThArahadeza bhASA saMyukta, kuMjaraturagAdiyukta aura nara-nAriyoM se maNDita sundara deza hai / yativRSabha ne eka dUsare sthAna para ina aThAraha dezabhASAoM ko mahAbhASA kI saMjJA dI hai / inake atirikta sAta sau ke lagabhaga laghubhASAe~ thiiN| Age calakara isI ko eka hindI kavi ne - "dazaaSTamahAbhASA sameta / laghubhASAsAta zatakasuceta // " ke rUpa meM vyakta kiyA / isa prasaMga meM zrI rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara ke prasiddha graMtha 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya' meM likhA milatA hai, "dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita jaina paramparA ke anusAra brAhmI RSabhadeva kI bar3I putrI thI / RSabhadeva ne hI aThAraha prakAra kI lipiyoM kA pracAra kiyA, jinameM se eka lipi kannar3a huI / " 3 gujarAta ke mahArAja siddharAja aura rAjarSi kumArapAla ke samaya meM AcArya hemacandra kA nAma atyadhika prasiddha thA / unhoMne 'siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana" kI racanA kI to 'triSaSThizalAkA mahApuruSacarita' kI bhI / ve apane samaya ke prasiddha bhASAzAstrI aura bhAratIya saMskRti tathA sAhitya ke marmajJa vidvAn the / unhoMne brAhmI lipi ke sandarbha meM apane vicAra abhivyakta kiye haiM / unakA kathana hai ki RSabhadeva ne aThAraha prakAra kI lipiyA~ brAhmI ko sikhAI thIM / unhoMne likhA hai- " aSTAdazalipi brAhmacA apasavyena pANinA / darzayAmAsa savyena sundaryA gaNitaM punaH // " 114 artha-tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ne brAhmI ko dAhine hAtha se aThAraha lipiyoM kI aura sundarI ko bAyeM hAtha se gaNita kI zikSA dI / jainoM meM 'zatruJjaya kAvya' kA mAhAtmya bahuta adhika hai / DaoN. nemicandra jyotiSAcArya ne saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM 'zatruJjayakAvya' kA yogadAna spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai| usameM eka sthAna para likhA hai " aSTAdaza lipornAtho, darzayAmAsa pANinA / apasavyena sa brAhmacA jyotirUpA jagaddhitA // 5 zatruJjayakAvya 3 / 131 1. samavAyAMgasUtra - adhyAya 18. 2. tiloyapaNNatti 4/2267. 3. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pRSTha 44. 4. AcArya hemacandra, viSaSTizalAkA puruSa carita, 1 / 2 / 963. 5. 'saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jainakaviyoM kA yogadAna', pRSTha 561.

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isakA artha hai ki nAtha-vRSabhanAtha ne dAhine hAtha se brAhmI ko aThAraha lipiyoM kA jJAna kraayaa| isI sandarbha meM 'paNNavaNAsutta' kA eka uddharaNa atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai| usameM likhA hai--"se kiM taM bhAsAriyA / bhAsAriyA jeNaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsaMti / jattha vi ya NaM baMbhI livi pavattai / / "1 arthAt bhASA ke anusAra Arya loga ve haiM, jo ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM vArtAlApa karate haiM, likhate-par3hate haiM aura jinameM brAhmI lipi kA vyavahAra hotA hai| arddhamAgadhI eka prAkRta bhASA thI, jisameM bhArata kI aThAraha bhASAoM kA sammizraNa thaa| prasiddha AcArya zrutasAgara sUri ne 'tattvArtha vRtti' meM likhA hai-"sarvArdha mAgadhIyA bhASA bhavati / ko'rtha : ? arddha bhagavadbhASAyA magadhadezabhASAtmakaM arddha ca sarvabhASAtmakam / " 2 arthAt arddhamAgadhI vaha hai, jisameM Adhe zabda magadhadeza kI bhASA ke aura Adhe zabda bhArata kI saba bhASAoM ke hoN| sAtavIM zatAbdI ke samartha cUrNikAra gaNi jinadAsamahattara ne arddhamAgadhI ke sambandha meM likhA hai--"magahaddha visayabhAsAnibaddhaM aTThArasadesI bhAsANiyataM addhamAgahaM / '3 isakA artha hai ki arddhamAgadhI vaha hai jisakA arddhabhAga mAgadhI kA aura arddhabhAga aThAraha desI bhASAoM se banA ho| jaise-yadi usameM sau zabda mAna leM to pacAsa mAgadhI ke aura pacAsa aThAraha desI bhASAoM ke hone cAhiye / aisI hI bhASA meM bhagavAn mahAvIra apanA upadeza dete the| yaha hI kAraNa thA ki pratyeka vyakti use samajha jAtA thaa| samavAyAMgasutta meM likhA hai_ "bhagavaM ca Na addhamAgahI e bhAsAe dhamma Aikkhai / sA vi ya NaM addhamAgahI bhAsA bhAsijjamANI tesiM savvesi AriyaM-aNAriyANaM duppaya-cauppa yamiyapasupakkhisarIsivANaM appaNo hiyasivasuhadAya bhAsattAe pariNamai / "4 arthAt bhagavAn yaha dharma (jaina dharma) arddhamAgadhI bhASA meM pracArita karate haiM aura yaha arddhamAgadhI bhASA jaba bolI jAtI hai taba Arya aura anArya, dvipAda aura catuSpAda, vanya aura grAmya, paza-pakSI aura sarIsapa (riMgaNazIla sarpa Adi) saba prakAra ke kITAdi isI meM bolate haiM, aura yaha saba kA hita karatI hai, unakA kalyANa karatI hai aura unheM sukha detI hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki ve 18 bhASAe~-lipiyA~ kauna-kauna-sI thIM ? abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, bhAga paMcam, pRSTha 1284 para, kalpasUtra, bhagavatI sUtra aura AvazyakacUNi Adi granthoM ke sAhAyya se brAhmI aura anya lipiyoM kA 'lipi-bheda' ke nAma se vivecana huA hai / vahA~ 18 lipiyoM kA nAmollekha hai1. paNNavaNAsutta-56. 2. SaTprAbhRtaTIkA, pRSTha 66. 3. jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa : pUrvapIThikA, gaNezavarNI granthamAlA, vArANasI, pRSTha 268.. 4. samavAyAMgasutta--68.

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99 "baMbhIe Na livIe aThThArasavihe lekkhabihANe paNatte / taMjahA - baMbhI, javaNAliyA, desaUriyA, varodiyA, kharasAviyA, mahArAiyA, uccattariyA, akkhara-putthiyA, bhogavayattA, veyaNatiyA, NiNhaiyA, aMkalibi, gaNialibi gaMdhaaafafe, Adassalibi, mAhesaralibi, dAmilibi, bolidilibi / " 9 'samavAyAMgasUtra' meM bhI lipi ke bheda diye haiM / usameM brAhmI ke atirikta aura aThThAraha lipiyoM kA nAmollekha huA hai / vahA~ spaSTa likhA hai ki ye aThAraha lipiyA~ brAhmI ke vibhinna prakAra haiM / ve isa bhA~ti haiM- 1. yAvanI, 2. doSopakArikA, 3. kharoSTrikA, 4. kharazrAvitA, 5 pakArAdikA, 6. uccatarikA, 7. akSarapRSThikA, 8. bhogavatikA, 9. vaiNayikA, 10. ninhavikA, 11. aMkalipi, 12. gaNitilipi, 13. gandharvalipi, 14. bhUtalipi, 15. Adarzalipi, 16. mAhezvarIlipi, 17. drAviDalipi, 18. puliMdalipi vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI TIkA meM jina 18 lipiyoM kA nAmollekha huA hai, ve isa prakAra haiMhaMsa, bhUta, yakSI, rAkSasI, uDDI, yavanI, turukkI, kIrI, drAvir3I, siMdhavIya, mAlavI, naTI, nAgarI, lATa, pArasI, animittI, cANakyI, aura mUladevI / 3 2 samavAyAMgasUtra kI lipiyoM meM 'bhUtalipi' adhika hai / vaise, ina sabhI lipiyoM kA rUpa - vivecana uparyukta prAcIna granthoM meM nahIM milatA / phira bhI, jahA~ taka yAvanI kA sambandha hai, vaha yavanAnI arthAt yUnAnI lipi hai / nizcita rUpa se yaha bhArata ke uttara-pazcimI bhAga meM bolI jAtI thI / IsA se cauthI zatAbdI pUrva samrATa sikandara kA bhArata ke isa bhAga para AkramaNa huA thaa| tabhI se yUnAnI kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM vahA~ rahate rahe / unakI lipi kA bhI pracAra huA / eriana ne apanI pustaka 'iNDikA' meM sikandara ke senApati niArkasa ( 326 I. pU.) dvArA likhita bhArata kA vRttAnta saMkSepa meM diyA hai| usase spaSTa hai ki yahA~ pahale se hI brAhmI lipi thI, kintu yUnAniyoM ke basane aura unake rAjazAsana ke bAda yUnAnI lipi chA gaI hogI, aisI sambhAvanA vahA~ pAye gaye prabhAvoM se puSTa ho jAtI hai / DA. raghubIra ne apanI zodha-khojoM ke AdhAra para kahA thA ki cIna kI dIvAla ke isa ora bane eka bauddhamaTha meM aura takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya meM, bAhara jAne vAle yAtriyoM ko 'sambandhita bhASAoM aura 1. abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, bhAga paMcam, pRSTha 1284. 2. samavAyAMga sUtra - adhyAya 18. 3. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI TIkA, pRSTha 464. isake atirikta 18 lipiyoM ke lie lAvaNyasamayagaNi kA vimala prabandha, lakSmIvallabha upAdhyAya kI 'kalpasUtraTIkA', muni puNyavijayabhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhana kalA ( pR0 6 ) tathA zrI agaracanda nAhaTA kA 'jaina AgamoM meM ullikhita bhAratIya lipiyA~ evaM icchAlipi, ( nA0 pra0 pa0, varSa 57, aMka 4 ) dekhe jA sakate haiM / ]

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100 lipiyoM' kA jJAna karAyA jAtA thaa| unake anusAra takSazilA meM yUnAnI bhASA aura lipi ke vidhivat adhyayana kI vyavasthA thii| DA. vAsudeva upAdhyAya ne apane prasiddha graMtha 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana' meM likhA hai ki 'yavanAnI kA prayoga uttara-pazcima bhArata (vartamAna pazcimI pAkistAna) meM hotA thaa|" __brAhmI ke bAda, bhAratIya abhilekhoM meM kharoSThI kA hI adhika prayoga milatA hai| azoka ke do zilAlekha-manaserA tathA zAhabAjagar3hI (uttara-pazcima bhArata pAkistAna) kharoSThI meM likhe milate haiN| IrAnI rAjAoM ne uttarapazcimI bhArata bahuta pahale jIta liyA thaa| unake zAsana lekha athavA mudrA lekhoM meM kharoSThI kA hI prayoga kiyA gyaa| mauryakAla ke pazcAt yUnAnI zAsakoM ne (175 I. pU.) bhI kharoSThI kA prayoga kiyaa| udhara ke bhAratIya samrATa tuMvara milinda ke mudrAlekha kha roSThI meM hI milate haiN| kharoSThI kA prasAra madhya eziyA meM huA thaa| vahA~ ke zAsana-lekha kharoSThI meM prApta hue haiN| khotAna meM yahI lipi khotAnI aura tuSAra meM tokhArI ke nAma se prasiddha huii| yaha dAyeM se bAyeM likhI jAtI thii| vidvAna loga isakI utpatti uttarI sAmI aura Arameniyana lipiyoM se mAnate haiN| khara zrAvitA kA zAbdika artha hai ki jo sunane meM kaThora ho| isa anumAna ke atirikta, isa lipi ke sambandha meM aura kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isI prakAra pakArAdikA, jise prAkRta meM pahArAiA athavA paArAiA kahate haiM, pakAra se prArambha hone vAlI lipi mAnI jA sakatI hai| vaha yahA~ ke kisI bhUbhAga kI jAti vizeSa meM pracalita rahI hogii| zAyada sAMketika lipi kA nAma ninhavikA thaa| yaha katipaya vizeSa saMketoM se banI lipi hogii| aMka aura gaNita lipiyA~ nAma se hI spaSTa haiN| gAndharva, bhUta (bhoTa), Adarza (deva), mAhezvarI, drAvir3a aura puliMda lipiyA~ tantad jAtiyoM kI lipiyA~ thiiN| ho sakatA hai ki Aja kI kAzmIrI , bhoTAnI, pahAr3I, mur3iyA, dakSiNI aura AdivAsI jAtiyoM kI bhASAoM ke lie ye lipiyA~ pracalita rahI hoN| eka paizAcI prAkRta thI, jisameM guNADhya ne 'bRhatkathA' kI racanA kI thii| Age calakara yaha grantha vilupta ho gyaa| usakA saMskRta rUpAntara milatA hai / paizAcI prAkRta eka bhASA thii| vaha bhUtalipi meM likhI gaI ho, asambhava nahIM hai| bauddha grantha 'lalitavistara' meM cauMsaTha lipiyoM kA nAmollekha huA hai| ve nAma isa prakAra haiM---brAhmI, kharoSThI, puSkarasArI, aMgalipi, vaMgalipi, magadha1. 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana', pRSTha 244. 2. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pRSTha 245, 246.

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101 lipi, mAMgalyalipi, manuSyalipi, aMgalIyalipi, zakAri lipi, brahmavallI lipi, drAvir3a lipi, kanAri lipi, dakSiNi lipi, ugralipi, saMkhyAlipi, anulomalipi, Urdhvadhanulipi, darada lipi, khAsya lipi, cIna lipi, hUNa lipi, madhyAkSaravistara lipi, puSpalipi, devalipi, nAgalipi, yakSalipi, gandharva lipi, kinnaralipi, mahoraMga lipi, asura lipi, garuDa lipi, mRgacakra lipi, cakra lipi, vAyumaru lipi, bhaumadeva lipi, antarikSadeva lipi, uttara kurudvIpa lipi, apara gauDAdi lipi, pUrvavideha lipi, utkSepa lipi, nikSepa lipi, vikSepa lipi, prakSepa lipi, sAgara lipi, bajralipi, lekha-pratilekha lipi, anadratalipi, zAstrAvartalipi, gaNAvarta lipi, utkSepAvarta lipi, vikSepAvarta lipi, pAdalikhita lipi, dviruttarapada sandhi likhitalipi, dazottarapada sindhilikhita lipi, adhyAhAriNI lipi, sarvarutsaMgrahaNIlipi, vidyAnuloma lipi, vimizrita lipi, RSitapastapta lipi, dharaNo prekSaNo lipi, savauSadhaniSyanandalipi, sarvasAra saMgrahaNI lipi, sarvabhUtarudragrahaNI lipi / " ina uparyukta lipiyoM ke nAmoM se aisA lagatA hai ki ve prAcIna bhArata kI vibhinna jAtiyoM aura dezoM se sambandhita thiiN| inameM antima katipaya gaNita, vaidyaka, maMtra, rasAyana Adi vidyAoM ke pAribhASika zabdoM se yukta thiiN| DaoN. bholAnAtha tivArI kA yaha kathana ki-"isameM brAhmI aura kharoSThI-ina do kA hI Aja patA hai / anyoM meM adhikatara nAma kadAcit kalpita haiN|" ThIka pratIta nahIM hotaa| anyoM ko kalpita mAna lenA anupayukta hai| nAmoM kI AdhArabhUmi thI, yaha spaSTa hI hai| kevala brAhmI aura kharoSThI hI nahIM, anya lipiyoM meM bhI kaI Aja upalabdha haiN| kyA saMkhyA aura gaNita lipi Aja nahIM haiM ? kyA drAvir3a, yUnAnI aura dakSiNI lipiyA~ Aja nahIM haiM ? tatkAlIna deza aura jAtiyoM se sambandhita ye nAma AdhArabhUta the, nirAdhAra nahIM, kalpita nhiiN| jaina aura bauddha sUciyoM meM kaI nAma samAna haiN| ___ DA. bUlara kA kathana hai ki3-jaina aura bauddha sUcI ke AdhAra para brAhmI ke atirikta cAra aura nAma aise haiM, jinakI pahacAna jJAta lipiyoM se kI jA sakatI hai| eka hai dAyIM se bAyIM ora likhI jAne vAlI kharoSThI athavA 1. lalitavistara, 10, 125, 16. isake racanAkAla ke sambandha meM DaoN0 rAjabalI pANDeya kA abhimata hai. It is a work written in Sanskrit and deals with the biography of Lord Buddha. It is not possible to fix its date exactly. But as it was translated in the chinese in 308 A.D., it must belong to a time atleast one or two centuries Earlier. -Indian Palaeography, p. 24. quotation-I. 2. 'hindI bhASA', DaoN0 bholAnAtha tivArI, pRSTha 682. 3. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 4-5.

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102 kharoTTI, jise vidvAnoM ne pahale baikTIriyana, iNDobaikTIriyana, baikTropAli, airiyAno pAli Adi nAmoM se abhihita kiyA thaa| dUsarI hai drAviDI yA ddaamilii| zAyada yaha brAhmI kA hI eka svatantra bheda hai| isakA patA bhaTTaprolu ke stUpa se prApta dhAtupAtroM se lagA hai| tIsarI hai puSkarasAri yA puskhrsaariyaa| pANini, Apastamba dharmasUtra aura anya granthoM meM isa nAma ke eka yA aneka dharmazAstriyoM aura vaiyyAkaraNoM kA ullekha hai| asambhava nahIM ki puSkara sad vaMza ke kisI vyakti ne kisI naI lipi kA sRjana kiyA ho athavA kisI pracalita lipi kA saMskAra kara nayA nAma diyA ho| cauthI hai-yavaNAliyA, jise pANini ne yavanAnI kahA hai / yaha eka yUnAnI lipi thii| DA. bUlara kA abhimata hai ki sikandara ke AkramaNa ke pUrva uttara-pazcimI bhArata meM yUnAnI varNamAlA kA prayoga hotA thaa| unhoMne pramANa svarUpa kucha aise sikkoM kI bAta kI hai, jo sikandara se pahale ke haiM aura usa pradeza meM prApta hue haiN| una para yUnAnI lipi meM abhilekha haiN| unakI racanA yUnAnI eTika drAma kI anukRti para hai| bUlara ne I. pU. 509 meM skAIlaiksa ke uttara-pazcimI bhArata para AkramaNa ke samaya se hI yahA~ para yUnAnI lipi ke pracAra kI bAta svIkAra kI hai / isa prakAra bUlara bambhI, kharoTrI, dAmi (drAvir3I) , pukkharasAriyA aura javaNAliyA (yUnAnI) ko bhArata kI aitihAsika lipiyA~ svIkAra karate haiN| isa sandarbha meM ve jaina sUcI ko atyadhika mahattvapUrNa mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai, "abhilekha zAstra, pANini tathA svatantra uttarI bauddha paramparAoM kI sAkSI se yaha siddha hotA hai ki jainoM kI sUcI meM jina lipiyoM kI gaNanA hai, unameM kucha to nizcaya hI prAcIna haiM aura unakA paryApta aitihAsika mUlya hai| isa bAta kI paryApta sambhAvanA hai ki I. pU. 300 meM bhArata meM aneka lipiyA~ jJAta yA pracalita thiiN|"1 prasAronmukhA brAhmI bhArata kI sabhI lipiyA~ brAhmI se nikalI haiM, aisA bar3e-bar3e vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai| mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke sampAdana meM prakAzita 'gaMgA' ke purAtattvAMka meM likhA hai, "eka brAhmI lipi ko agara vidyArthI acchI taraha sIkha jAye to vaha anya lipiyoM ko thor3e hI parizrama se sIkha sakatA hai aura zilAlekha Adi ko bhI kucha kucha par3ha sakatA hai, kyoMki sArI lipiyA~ brAhmI se hI udbhUta huI hai|"2 DA. rAmadhArIsiMha 'dinakara' kA kathana hai ki "drAvir3a 1. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 5. 2. gaMgA, purAtattvavizeSAMka-dekhie sAhityAcArya maga kA lekha-bhAratIyoM kA lipijJAna, san 1933 I0

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103 bhASAoM kI sabhI lipiyA~ brAhmI se hI nikalI haiN| brAhmI kA jJAna azoka ke samaya dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI pracalita rahA hogA, anyathA azoka ne apane abhilekha, dakSiNa meM bhI, brAhmI meM hI nahIM khudavAye hote|"1 zrI siddhagopAla kAvyatIrtha ne brAhmI lipi kA prasAra siMhala, barmA aura sudUra jAvA taka mAnA hai| 'kannar3a sAhitya kA navIna itihAsa' nAma ke apane grantha meM unhoMne likhA hai, "brAhmI lipi kI vahI zAkhA, jisase kannar3a lipi nikalI hai, dakSiNa meM siMhala tathA pUrva meM sudUra jAvA taka jA pahu~cI hai| ata: siMhala tathA barmA Adi kI lipiyA~ kannar3a tathA telagu lipi se milatI-julatI haiN| tamila lipi brAhmI lipi kI eka dUsarI zAkhA se nikalI hai, ata: kannar3a aura telagu lipi se bhinna hai| yoM to brAhmI lipi se nikalI hone ke kAraNa bhArata kI tathA eziyA kI anya sabhI lipiyoM meM kucha samAnatAe~ haiN|" 2 brAhmI lipi bhArata ke sabhI bhAgoM aura bhArata ke bAhara sudUra taka prasRta thii| isa kArya meM yAyAvara zramaNa jaina muniyoM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna thaa| 'ena inTroDakzana Tu jainijma' nAma ke grantha meM likhA hai ki kRSiyuga ke prArambha se lekara sikandara ke samaya taka takSazilA meM jainamuniyoM kA nirbAdha vicaraNa thA, isameM koI saMdeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| mahArAja samprati jaina dharma kA anuyAyI thaa| usane jainadharma ke pracAra ke lie bahuta udyoga kiyA aura dezavideza meM jaina sAdhuoM ko bhI dharma pracAra ke lie bhejaa| bauddha mahAvaMza ke 'taM disvAna palAyatta nigaNTho girinAyako' se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA samprati ke samaya meM sIlona (laMkA) meM bhI digambara maniyoM ne dharma pracAra kiyA thaa| zrI nagendranAtha basu ne 'hindI vizvakoSa' meM likhA hai. "tivbata himina maTha meM rUsI paryaTaka noTovica ne eka pAlI bhASA kA grantha prApta kiyA thaa| usameM likhA hai ki IsA bhArata tathA bhoTa deza meM Akara ajJAtavAsa meM rahA thA aura usane jaina-sAdhuoM ke sAtha sAkSAtkAra kiyA thA / " 5 prasiddha itihAsavettA paM. sundara lAla kA abhimata hai ki jaina santa-mahAtmA vibhinna dezoM meM jA-jAkara base the aura dharma pracAra kiyA thaa| unhoMne 'hajarata IsA aura IsAI-dharma' nAma ke grantha meM likhA hai, "usa jamAne kI tavArIkha se 1. 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya', pRSTha 44. 2. 'kannar3a sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 6. 3. milAie-Kausambi D. D., An Introduction to the study of Indian History', Bombay, 1952, p. 180. aura "The life of the Buddha, E.I. Thomas, 1927, p. 157. 4. 'bhArata kA itihAsa', satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra, pR0 218. 5. hindI vizvakoSa, bhAga 3, zrI nagendranAtha vasu, pRSTha 128.

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104 patA calatA hai ki pazcimI eziyA, yUnAna, mizra aura ithiyopiyA ke pahAr3oM aura jaMgaloM meM una dinoM hajAroM jaina santa mahAtmA jA-jAkara jagaha-jagaha base hue the| ye loga vahA~ bilkula sAdhuoM kI taraha rahate aura apane tyAga aura apanI vidyA ke lie mazahUra the / "" vidvAna azoka ko bauddha kahate haiM, kintu satya yaha hai ki azoka ko jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma meM itanA kama bheda dIkhatA thA ki usane sarva sAdhAraNa meM apanA bauddha honA apane rAjya ke bAharaveM varSa ( I. pU. 247 varSa) meM svIkAra kiyA thaa| usake kaI zilAlekha jaina samrATa ke rUpa meM milate haiM / abulaphajala ne 'Aine akabarI' meM likhA hai ki azoka ne kazmIra meM jaina dharma kA pracAra kiyA thA / aneka jaina sAdhu vahA~ basa gaye the | 3 prAcInakAla se hI ghumakkar3a jaina sAdhu videzoM meM jAte rahe haiM / unhoMne vahA~ ke dharma aura saMskRti ko hI nahIM, apitu bhASA aura lipi ko bhI satat prabhAvita kiyaa| ve prAkRta bhASA aura brAhmI lipi ke dhanI the / unakI abhivyakti ke ye hI sAdhana the / DA. rAjabalI pANDeya kA yaha kathana satya pratIta hotA hai ki Arameniyana Adi lipiyAM brAhmI se prabhAvita huI, brAhmI unase nahIM / DA. udayanArAyaNa tivArI ne 'hindI bhASAH udgama aura vikAsa' meM likhA hai, "bhAratIya saMskRti kI pratIka svarUpa vastutaH brAhmI lipi hI bhArata ke vividha pradezoM evaM bhArata ke bAhara videzoM meM phailI / bhAratIya dharma pracArakoM dvArA yaha madhya eziyA pahu~cI, jisameM vahA~ kI purAnI khotAnI, tokhArI evaM IrAnI bhASAe~ likhI gaI / " " DA. bholAnAtha tivArI kA kathana hai, "yaha lipi bhArata ke bAhara bhI gaI, vahA~ isake rUpoM meM dhIre-dhIre kucha bhinnatAoM kA vikAsa huA / madhya eziyA meM brAhmI lipi meM hI purAnI khotAnI tathA tokhArI Adi bhASAoM ke lekha milate haiM / " 6 yaha bhI satya hai ki vahA~ rahane aura vahA~ kI bhASA aura lipiyoM ke mizraNa se brAhmI ne eka parivartita rUpa dhAraNa kiyA / yaha svAbhAvika bhI thA / AdAna-pradAna se aisA hotA hI hai / apane mAtRdeza meM bhI bhASA aura lipi eka hI rUpa meM sthAyI nahIM hotI / yugAnurUpa usameM parivartana hotA hai, honA bhI cAhie, tabhI vaha mRtyuJjayI ho sakatI hai, anyathA divaMgata honA pariNAma hai / aneka lipiyA~ usI pariNAma ko prApta huIM / Aja unakA ullekha mAtra milatA hai / unameM prajanana zakti nahIM thI aura ve 1. paM0 sundaralAla, 'hajarata IsA aura IsAI dharma', pRSTha 22 . 2. Maj. General J. S. R. Forlong, Studies in Science of Comparative Religions, p. 20. 3. Jadunath Sarkar, Bibioteea Indica, Ain-I-Akabari, vol. II, Royal Asiatic Society, 1949. p. 377. 4. "It were the Phoenician and the Armaic characters which derived some Elements from the Proto-type of the Brahmi and not the vice-versa." -Indian Palaeography, p. 47. 5. DaoN0 udayanArAyaNa tivArI, hindI bhASA udgama aura vikAsa, pRSTha 580. 6. DaoN0 bholAnAtha tivArI, hindI bhASA, pRSTha 660.

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105 niravaMsiyA cala basIM / brAhmI kI kokha phalavatI thI / usakA vaMza calatA rahA / Aja devanAgarI Adi sAmpratika lipiyA~ usI se sambaddha haiM / IsavI pUrva 500 se 350 I. taka brAhmI meM aneka parivartana hote rahe, kintu taba taka vaha lipi brAhmI ke nAma se hI pukArI jAtI thI / IsavI san 350 ke bAda vaha spaSTa rUpa se uttarI aura dakSiNI zailiyoM meM vibhakta ho / unake nAma bhI bhinna ho gaye / prAcIna maurya evaM zuMga yuga kI brAhmI cauthI zatAbdI meM gupta brAhmI meM pariNata huii| gupta yuga ke pUrva - I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI meM hI azoka ke lekhoM kI lipi seliMga lipi meM spaSTa bhinnatA utpanna ho gaI thI / hAthIgumpha zilAlekha se yaha spaSTa hai / hAthIgumpha ke akSaroM ke sire choTI rekhA AtI hai / azokakAlIna brAhmI meM akSaroM kI golAI thI, rekhA nahIM thI, jo Age cala kara prakaTa ho gaI / brahma meM dIrgha tathA U ke lie kramazaH sire tathA nIce do rekhA jor3a dI jAtI thiiN| hAthI gumpha meM yaha bAta dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| isI prakAra nAgArjunI guphA lekha (phalaka ii, sta0 xvii) ke akSaroM ko azoka ke Adeza lekhoM ke akSaroM se pRthak kiyA jA sakatA hai / nAgArjunI koMDA ke lekhoM meM ja, na, da, la, akSara kAphI vikasita haiM aura inameM khar3I lakIreM kAphI choTI ho cukI haiM / 2 DA0 ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla 'hAthIgumpha' zilAlekha kI lipi ko kevala brAhmI mAnate haiM, na maurya, na gupta aura na zuGga / DA0 bulara gupta yuga se pUrva uttarI bhArata kI zailI ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta huA mAnate haiM - eka hai zuMga lipi, jisameM uttarI kSatrapa raMjuvala kA mathurA lekha likhA gayA aura dUsarI hai kuSANa lipi, jisameM kaniSka, huviSka aura vAsudeva ke lekha prApta hote haiM / gupta yuga ke hI pUrva - 350I0pU0, jaba samasta bhArata kI lipi kA nAma brAhmI thA, uttarI aura dakSiNI lipiyoM ke lekhoM meM antara prArambha ho gayA thA / uttarI bhArata kI zuMgakAlIna bharahuta vedikA ke lekha aura dakSiNa ke zAsaka sAtavAhana ke nAsika aura nAnAghATa ke lekhoM kI lipi meM spaSTa bhinnatA hai, kama se kama samAna to nahIM hai / mauryakAlIna lipi ( azoka lipi) meM svara ke cinha akSara ke sire para yA nIce lagAye jAte the, visarga kA nAma nahIM thA aura R kA sarvathA abhAva thaa| sabase pahale unakA prayoga IsavI san 120-25 ke uSavadatta ke nAsika lekha meM prApta hotA hai| saMyuktAkSaroM kA nizcita prayoga rudradAmana ke IsavI san 150 ke lekha meM milatA hai / 3 isa prakAra, brAhmI eka nAma ke hote hue bhI, uttara aura dakSiNa, aura uttara ke bhI vibhinna bhAgoM kI lipiyoM meM dezabheda aura rAjya bheda ke kAraNa bheda ho gayA thA / sthAna kI kamI aura adhikatA bhI zailiyoM ke antara kA kAraNa banI / pazcimI bhArata ke kSatrapa aura sAtavAhana narezoM ke 1. DaoN0 vAsudeva upAdhyAya, 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana', pRSTha 251. 2. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 68. 3. 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana', pRSTha 250-51.

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106 mudrA lekhoM meM naye akSara--jJa, ya, sa, ha, kSa, ma tathA i sAmane aaye| sikkoM para sthAna kI kamI ke kAraNa isa zailI ko apanAnA pdd'aa| yaha saca hai ki cauthI sadI taka AteAte maurya lipi meM AmUla parivartana huaa| cauthI sadI se chaThI sadI taka narvadA ke uttara meM pracalita lipi ko gupta lipi kahA gayA / avazya hI yaha nAma gupta zAsakoM ke AdhAra para AdhRta thA / 1 gupta lipi ___gupta lipi lokapriya banI / sarvatra usakA pracAra hone lagA / saMskRta bhASA ne use apanA mAdhyama mAnA / jihvAmUlIya aura upapadhmAnIya kA sarvaprathama upayoga gupta lipi meM hI dekhane ko milatA hai| isakA pramANa bhilasA ke samIpa udayagiri ke eka lekha meM pAyA jAtA hai / gupta lipi ko mukhya rUpa se do zailiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai--eka pazcimI aura dUsarI pUrvI / 2 kumAra gupta prathama ne bhilasad (eTA jilA) meM eka lekha khudavAyA thA, jo pazcimI zailI kA pratinidhi lekha hai| isakI vizeSatA hai ki isake svara bilakula spaSTa haiN| inhIM ke kAraNa Age cala kara 'kuTila lipi' kA AvirbhAva haa| mathurA ke jainoM ke dAna lekhoM meM bhI yahI zailI prayukta huii| mAlavA ke udayagiri kA jaina abhilekha aura rAjasthAna kA vijayagar3ha abhilekha bhI isI zailI meM Ate haiM / pUrvI zailI kA pratinidhi lekha prayAga kA stambha lekha hai| isameM la, sa, ha, ma akSaroM kA nayA rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai| isI meM i ke lie do bindu tathA sAmane lambavat rekhA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| sabhI akSaroM meM koNa tathA zirorekhA pAI jAtI hai| isase Age cala kara chaThI zatAbdI meM siddhamAtRkA lipi kA vikAsa huA / bodha gayA kA 588-89 kA prasiddha lekha isI lipi meM likhA gayA thA / phlITa ne isa abhilekha kA sampAdana kiyA hai| bUlara ise nyUnakoNIya lipi kahate haiN| yaha nAma dene ke sandarbha meM unakA kathana hai, "ina rUpoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki inameM akSara dAyeM se bAyeM ko jhukate haiM / nIce yA dAyIM ora Akhira meM eka nyUnakoNa banatA hai / akSaroM meM khar3I yA tirachI rekhAoM ke siroM para hamezA choTI-sI kIla banatI hai / agalI cAra zatAbdiyoM ke bahusaMkhyaka abhilekhoM meM ye vizeSatAe~ milatI hai| isalie isa varga ke akSaroM ko maiM nyUnakoNIya akSara hI kahanA ucita 1. 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana', pRSTha 251. 2. Indian Antiquary, XXI, p. 29. 3. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 64. 4. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana pRSTha 252. 5. dekhie gupta insakripzansa, phlITa-sampAdita.

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samajhatA hU~ / " 1 isakA bhAratIya nAma siddhamAtRkA lipi thA / barUnI ne ise svIkAra kiyA hai aura kAzmIra tathA banArasa meM isakA pracalana bhI batAyA hai / 2 107 bUlara ne nyUnakoNIya lipi ke vikAsa ko tIna caraNoM meM bAMTA hai| prathama caraNa meM gayA aura lakkhAmaNDala ke abhilekha, dvitIya caraNa meM Adityasena kI aphasar3a prazasti ke akSara (sAtavIM sadI) aura tIsare caraNa meM mulatAI tAmrapaTTa (7089 ) aura san 876 kA gvAliyara kA abhilekha Ate haiN| bUlara ne mAnA hai ki AThavIM dasavIM zatI meM nyUnakoNIya athavA siddhamAtRkA lipi dhIre-dhIre vikasita hotI hotI apanI uttarAdhikAriNI nAgarI lipi kI ora calI jAtI hai / nAgarI ke purAne bhAratIya rUpa aura isameM sirpha itanA antara hai ki nAgarI meM khar3I lakIroM ke siroM para kIloM ke sthAna para Ar3I rekhAe~ banAte haiM / 3 yaha saca hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI se 'gupta brAhmI' meM parivartana Arambha ho gayA thA / harSavarddhana kI mRtyu ke pazcAt, rAjanaitika ekatA chinna-bhinna ho gaI / usakA prabhAva lipi para bhI pdd'aa| lipi ke bhI aneka rUpa ho gaye, arthAt usane aneka rUpa dhAraNa kara lie| ise vikAsa bhI kaha sakate haiM / inameM nyUnakoNIya athavA siddhamAtRkA lipi kI bAta Upara kahI jA cukI hai / siddhamAtRkA aura nAgarIlipi meM bahuta thor3A antara hai, yaha bhI kahA jA cukA hai / yahA~ nAgarIlipi ke sambandha meM vizadatA abhISTa pratIta hotI hai / nAgara lipi ise nAgarI yA devanAgarI lipi bhI kahate haiM / isake nAmakaraNa ke sambandha meM aneka mata haiM / katipaya vidvAn nAgarI kA sambandha nAga lipi se jor3ate haiM / nAga lipi bhArata kI purAnI lipi hai / usakA ullekha bauddhoM ke 'lalita vistara' nAma ke graMtha meM huA hai / DA0 ela0 DI0 vArneTa ke anusAra nAga lipi aura nAgarI lipi meM koI sambandha nahIM hai / * donoM meM nitAnta bhinnatA hai / nAga lipi se nAgarI lipi ke vikAsa kA kahIM koI sUtra nahIM miltaa| gujarAta ke nAgara brAhmaNoM se isa lipi kA vikAsa mAnanA nitAMta anupayukta hai / nAma sAmya kA kSINa sUtra koI Thosa AdhAra nahIM kahA jA sakatA / / aisI sambhAvanAoM kA zodha-khoja ke kSetra meM koI sthAna nahIM hai / isI prakAra yaha mAnanA ki nagara se nAgara lipi kA vikAsa huA, apane meM hI vyartha - sA hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha abhimata ki -- "devabhASA saMskRta 1. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 102. 2. iNDiyA I, 173 ( sacAU ) 3. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 103-4. 4. hindI bhASA : udgama aura vikAsa, pRSTha 581. 5. hindI bhASA : udgama aura vikAsa, pRSTha 583.

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108 ke likhane ke lie bhI isakA prayoga kiyA gayA, ata: ise devanAgarI kahate haiN|" kohare se Achanna-sA lagatA hai| eka prazna ubharatA hai ki--kyA saMskRta hI devanAgarI meM likhI gaI, prAkRta aura apabhraMza nahIM ? phira kevala saMskRta ke nAma para hI usakA nAmakaraNa kyoM huA? isakA koI samucita samAdhAna nahIM miltaa| devanagara se devanAgarI kI utpatti kI bAta zrI Ara. ema. zAstrI ne 'iNDiyana eNTIkverI' jilda 35 meM likhI thii| unakA kathana hai ki--"devatAoM kI mUrtiyA~ banane ke pUrva sAMketika cihnoM dvArA unakI pUjA hotI thii| ve trikoNa, cakroM Adi se bane hue yaMtroM ke madhya likhe jAte the| sAMketika cihnoM se yukta ye yantra devanagara kahalAte the| devanagara ke madhya likhe jAne vAle aneka prakAra ke sAMketika cihna kAlAMtara meM una-una nAmoM ke pahale akSara mAne jAne lge| devanagara ke madhya unakA sthAna thA, ataH unase banI lipi devanAgarI ke nAma se khyAta huii|" zrI gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA zAstrIjI ke isa kathana ko gaveSaNA-pUrNa mAnate haiM, kintu isameM diye gaye tAntrika pustakoM ke uddharaNoM ke kAla nirNaya ke sambandha meM unheM saMdeha hai| unakA kathana hai, "jaba taka yaha na siddha ho jAya ki jina tAMtrika pustakoM se avataraNa diye gaye haiM, ve vaidika sAhitya se pahale ke haiM athavA kAphI prAcIna haiM, isa mata ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|"2 kintu yaha samajha meM nahIM AyA ki ojhAjI ko yaha Agraha kyoM hai ki ye tAntrika cihna vaidika sAhitya se pUrva ke athavA atyadhika prAcIna hI hone caahie| na to devanAgarI prAcIna hai na usake vikAsa ke mUla ke hI prAcIna hone kI AvazyakatA hai| vaise devatAoM ko lekha kahane kI bAta atyadhika prAcIna hai, zAyada isa kAraNa ki ghara-dvAroM para rekhAoM se devatAoM ke citra banAne kI prathA thii| yaha koI tAntrika kriyA nahIM thI, apitu sarvasAdhAraNa meM pracalita rivAja thA / una rekhAoM se lipi kA vikAsa huA aura usI krama meM devanAgarI bhI eka hai| devanAgarI nAma jisa kisI bhI kAraNa se par3A ho, kintu usakA vikAsa siddhamAtakA se huA, ise sabhI mAnate haiM / isameM sire kI par3I rekhA lambI ho gaI aura akSaroM meM lambI lakIra kA samAveza ho gayA / siddhamAtakA se bhinna sire kI mAtrAe~ adhikatara sIdhI ho gaIM / sAtavIM sadI meM nAgarI ke svarUpa kA AbhAsa milane lagA thA, kintu navIM sadI se sarvatra nAgarI meM lekha yA pustaka likhanA Arambha 1. bhASAzAstra tathA hindI bhASA kI rUparekhA, DaoN0 devendrakumAra zAstrI, pRSTha 316. 2. ojhA, prAcIna lipimAlA, pRSTha 30. 3. "lekha : devaH / lekhaH kasmAt ? purA hi anumatAM divyAnAM devAnAM vigrahAtmikA rUpavarNaracanA bhittiSu likhittvaiva kriyate smeti lekhaH / " dekhie jinasahasranAma, 'lekharSabho'nila:' kI zrutasAgarIya vyaakhyaa|

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109 ho gayA / gyArahavIM sadI taka to uttarI bhArata meM nAgarI vyApta ho gaI / uttarapradeza, madhyapradeza, bihAra, baMgAla, rAjapUtAnA meM sabhI jagaha nAgarI meM abhilekha tathA mudrAlekha utkIrNa kiye gye|' gujarAta, mahArASTra aura rAjasthAna meM aneka grantha tAr3apatra para likhe mile haiM, jo devanAgarI meM hai / 2 sAtavIM zatAbdI ke devanAgarI ke prAcIna abhilekha upalabdha hai / devanAgarI arddhaakSarAtmaka lipi hai| isameM ar3atAlIsa cihna haiM, jinameM 14 svara evaM saMdhyakSara tathA 34 mUlavyaJjana zAmila haiN| ina vyaJjanoM ko hI akSara kahate haiM / yaha sabase adhika vaijJAnika lipi hai, jisake akSara meM a antanihita hai| usakA pRthaka uccAraNa nahIM hotaa| yaha aMgrejI aura phArasI donoM lipiyoM se adhika pUrNa aura yuktisaMgata hai| isameM bhArata-AryAyI bhASAoM meM pAI jAne vAlI prAyaH sabhI dhvaniyoM ke lie alaga-alaga cihna haiM / cihnoM kI aisI spaSTatA na romana lipi meM hai aura na phArasI meM / 3 aMgrejI aura phArasI ke sabhI zabdoM ko devanAgarI lipi meM likhA jA sakatA hai, kintu saMskRta aura hindI ke saba zabdoM ko romana aura phArasI lipi meM nahIM likhA jA sktaa| isI kAraNa svataMtratA ke bAda devanAgarI ko rASTralipi ghoSita kiyA gyaa| kalakattA hAIkorTa ke cIpha jasTisa zrI zAradAcaraNa mitra ne gata zatAbdI ke anta meM hI devanAgarI kI rASTravyApI sAmarthya kI bAta kahI thii| Age cala kara use rASTrIya pada bhI prApta huaa| DaoN. caTarjI ke zabdoM meM devanAgarI kA bhArata kI anya prAntIya lipiyoM se sahodara bahanoM yA cacerI bahanoM kA-sA sambandha hai| baMgalA-asamI, maithilI ur3iyA, gurumukhI tathA devanAgarI eka-dUsare se itane nikaTa rUpa se sambaddha haiM evaM eka-dUsare se itanI adhika milatI-julatI haiM ki hama unheM eka hI lipi kI vibhinna zailiyA~ taka kaha sakate haiN| samUce bhArata meM sabhI lipiyA~ devanAgarI lipi kI svagotra yA kauTumbika lipiyA~ hI siddha hotI haiN| prasiddha DaoN. esa. ema. katre ne devanAgarI lipi ke vaijJAnika gaThana tathA usakI aitihAsika mahattA para bala dete hue use apavAda ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA hai| unake vicAra se anya lipiyoM ke sAtha devanAgarI kI tulanA anAvazyaka hai| uttarI aura dakSiNI bhASAoM kI mahAna lipiyoM ke bIca meM hI nahIM, bhAratIya Arya tathA dravir3a vargoM kI lipiyoM ke bIca meM bhI devanAgarI ne 1. 'prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pRSTha 253. 2. 'hindI bhASA: udgama aura vikAsa', pRSTha 584. 3. DaoN0 sunItikumAra cATuA, bhAratIya Arya bhASA aura hindI, 1657, pRSTha 238. 4. vahI, pRSTha 233.

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110 eka kar3I kA kAma kiyA hai|' AcArya vinobA bhAve bhArata kI sabhI bhASAoM ko devanAgarI lipi meM likhane ke pakSa meM haiN| piTamana ke zabdoM meM saMsAra meM yadi koI pUrNa varNamAlA hai, to vaha hindI kI hai| kuTila lipi __Ter3he-mer3he akSaroM meM likhe jAne ke kAraNa ise kuTila lipi kahate haiM / guptalipi meM jo akSara likhe jAte the, kuTila lipi meM unake nIce kI ora khar3I rekhAe~ bA~yI ora mur3I haiM tathA svara kI mAtrAe~ Ter3hI aura lambI ho gaI haiN| lipi ke lie yaha kuTila zabda 'devalalekha' (uttarapradeza) meM dekhane ko milatA hai| vahA~ 'kuTilAkSarANi' likhA huA hai| "vikramAMkaH devacarita' meM bhI kuTila lipi kA ullekha hai| bAda meM, isakA dUsarA nAma par3AvikaTAkSarA / gupta nareza Adityasena ke apasada (gayA jilA) aura viSNugupta ke maMgarAva (zAhAbAda jilA) lekha bhI isI vikaTAkSarA meM likhe gaye haiN| yaha lipi pUrvI uttarapradeza, bihAra, baMgAla, AsAma, ur3IsA, manIpura aura nepAla meM pracalita thii| vahA~ ke adhikAMza lekha isa lipi se sambandhita haiN| yaha koI pRthaka lipi nahIM thI, isI ke akSaroM meM kucha parivartana kara nAgarI aura zAradA lipiyoM kA vikAsa huA thaa| A, halanta aura upapadhmAnIya kA prayoga to donoM meM (kuTila aura nAgarI) samAna hI thA / koI antara nahIM thaa| maMdasaura, madhuvana aura jodhapura Adi lekhoM meM kuTila lipi ke akSara devanAgarI se bahuta kucha milate-julate haiN| kuTila lipi kA samaya chaThI se nauvIM sadI taka mAnA jAtA hai| zAradA lipi pazcimI gapta lipi se zAradA lipi kA vikAsa huaa| ATha sau IsavI ke Asa-pAsa kAzmIra aura uttara-pUrvI paMjAba meM isakA astitva pAyA jAtA hai| isake tIna rUpa haiM-TakrI, laNDA aura gurumukhI / zrI griyarsana ke anusAra zAradA. TakrI aura laNDA-tInoM eka lipi se utpanna hone ke kAraNa bhaginIsvarUpA haiM, kintu bUlara TakrI ko zAradA se utpanna mAnatA hai / arthAt vaha zAradA kI bhaginI nahIM putrI thii| TakI Takka logoM kI lipi thii| Takka eka jAti thI jo prAcIna sAkala aura Adhunika syAlakoTa meM rahatI thii| isa lipi ke svara apUrNa haiM aura isake aneka rUpa pajAba ke uttara tathA himAlaya ke nicale bhAgoM meM bole jAte haiN| DaoN. bUlara ise jammU aura 1. bhASA (patrikA), varSa 6, aMka 4, pRSTha 6. 2. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pRSTha 252.

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usake Asa-pAsa ke DoMgaroM kI lipi batalAte haiN| unakI dRSTi meM aba to isakA pracalana kAzmIra meM bhI ho gayA hai / ' 111 zAradA lipi meM likhe gaye abhilekhoM meM sabase prAcIna kIragrAma (kAMgar3A) kI donoM 'baijanAtha prazastiyA~' mAnI jAtI haiN| inakI tithi 804 I. hai / prAcIna bhArata meM bahuta-se nAgarI ke hastalikhita graMthoM ke hAziyoM para Tippar3iyA~ zAradA lipi meM dI huI haiM / zAradA lipi ke akSara kuSANa kAla se milate-julate haiM / usakI lakIreM rUkhI aura moTI hotI haiN| DaoN. bUlara kA abhimata hai ki sAtavIM sadI se pahale zAradA lipi guptalipi se pRthaka nahIM huI thI / isake pramANa svarUpa unhoMne zAradA lipi meM dvipakSIya ya ke prayoga ko, Na kI AdhAra rekhA ke dabane ko, i aura I kI mAtrAoM ke kramazaH bAyeM aura dAyeM khiMcane ko tathA jihvAmUlIyoM ke saralIkaraNa ko prastuta kiyA hai| 2 brAhmI se vikasita dakSiNI lipiyA~ dakSiNI bhArata kI lipiyoM ke sambandha meM zrI rAmadhArIsiMha dinakara ne apane prasiddha graMtha 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya' meM likhA hai " drAvir3a bhASAoM kI sabhI lipiyA~ brAhmI se nikalI haiM / brAhmI kA jJAna azoka ke samaya dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI pracalita rahA hogA, anyathA azoka ne apane abhilekha, dakSiNa meM bhI, brAhmI meM hI nahIM khudavAye hote / RSabhadeva ne hI aThAraha prakAra kI lipiyoM kA AviSkAra kiyA, jinameM se eka lipi kannar3a huI / " 3 eka grantha hai --- kannar3a sAhitya kA itihAsa, isake lekhaka haiM- zrI siddhagopAla kAvyatIrtha / unhoMne telagu, kannar3a tathA tamila ke brAhmI se vikasita hone kI bAta likhI hai| unakA kathana hai, "telagu tathA kannar3a lipiyoM meM atyalpa antara hai, utanA jitanA ki devanAgarI aura gujarAtI lipi meM / do-tIna akSaroM ke sivA bAkI saba akSara donoM lipiyoM meM samAna haiM / akSaroM ke Upara kI zirorekhA meM donoM lipiyoM meM jarA-sA antara hai / brAhmI lipi kI vahI zAkhA, jisase kannar3a lipi nikalI hai, dakSiNa meM siMhala tathA pUrva meM sudUra jAvA taka jA pahu~cI / ataH siMhala tathA barmA Adi kI lipiyA~ kannar3a tathA telagu lipi se milatI-julatI hai| tamila lipi brAhmI kI eka dUsarI zAkhA se nikalI, ataH kannar3a aura telagu lipi se bhinna hai / yoM to brAhmI 1. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 117. 2. dekhie vahI, pRSTha 117-118. 3. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pRSTha 44.

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112 lipi se nikalI hone ke kAraNa bhArata kI tathA eziyA kI anya sabhI lipiyoM meM kucha samAnatA hai ?"1 DaoN. bUlara ne telagu-kannar3a kA vikAsa tIna kramoM meM svIkAra kiyA hai| pahalA krama vaha hai, jo kadamba abhilekhoM aura dAnapatroM meM prApta hotA hai| inakA samaya IsavI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI hai| dUsarA vikAsa-krama cAlukyoM aura rASTrakUToM ke abhilekhoM meM milatA hai / inakA samaya san 650 se 950 taka hai / vikAsa ke tIsare caraNa ko phlITa purAnI kannar3a kahatA hai| isa lipi ke namUne pUraba meM 11 vIM zatI ke veMgI ke abhilekhoM meM aura pazcima meM san 978 ke gaMga abhilekha meM upalabdha hote haiN| purAnI kannar3a Adhunika kannar3a se adhika bhinna nahIM hai| usakI saba-se-bar3I vizeSatA hai ki usameM sabhI mAtrikAoM ke Upara koMNa banate haiN| ina mAtrikAoM meM Upara svara cihna nahIM lagate / ye koNa Adhunika kannar3a se milate-julate haiN| 2 tailaga-kannar3a kA prayoga bambaI ke dakSiNa bhAga meM, Andhra pradeza tathA maisUra meM milatA hai| nauvIM sadI ke kannar3a grantha-kavirAjamArga meM isake darzana bhalIbhA~ti hote haiN| dakSiNa meM pracalita eka lipi kA nAma thA, 'grantha lipi' / yaha pUrvI madrAsa ke kinAre se prApta eka prAcIna saMskRta abhilekha meM milI hai| yaha lipi kAMcI meM pAMcavIM se nauvIM sadI taka tathA cola (uttarI madrAsa rAjya) meM nauvIM se caudahavIM sadI taka prayukta hotI rhii| pallava rAjyavaMza ke tAmrapatra (sAtavIM sadI) grantha lipi meM hI likhe gaye the| isakA nAma 'grantha lipi' isalie par3A ki ArakaTa se kerala taka sabhI grantha isI lipi meM likhe gye| DaoN. bUlara kA kathana hai ki tamila jiloM kI saMskRta lipiyoM ko sAmAnyatayA 'grantha lipi' kahate haiM / isa lipi ke sabase purAne rUpa palakkar3a aura dazanuyava ke pallava rAjAoM ke tAmra paTToM para milate haiN| isakA AkhirI udAharaNa-bAdAmI kA abhilekha hai| yaha abhilekha pallava narasiMha prathama ne 626 se 650 ke bIca kabhI khudavAyA thA / 'graMtha lipi' ke akSara purAnI telagu-kannar3a se milate haiN| isa lipi ke zA yA zI kI ora hulza ne dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai, jo dasavIM-nyArahavIM zatI ke nAgarI rUpoM ke samAna haiN| tamila ke sambandha meM kahA jAtA hai ki vaha pA~cavIM sadI kI brAhmI se utpanna huI aura grantha lipi se prabhAvita huii| madrAsa ke bhUbhAga meM aura mAlA1. kannar3a sAhitya kA itihAsa, pRSTha 6. 2. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 135-140. 3. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pRSTha 254. 4. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 144-45. 5. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha, 153.

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113 bAra pradeza ke lekhoM meM sAtavIM sadI se tamila kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| isameM saMyukta vyaJjana eka dUsare se milA kara nahIM, kintu pAsa-pAsa likhe jAte haiN| isameM kula' aThAraha vyaJjana haiM, zAyada isI kAraNa, isameM saMskRta nahIM likhI jA sktii| usake lie grantha lipi kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai|' tamila kI dhvaniyA~ purAnI kannar3a aura telagu ke anurUpa haiM, kintu cihna bhinna haiN| isase usakA pRthaka astittva siddha hI hai| hulza ne jina karama paTToM kI khoja kI hai. unakA bar3A aMza sAtavIM sadI kI tamila lipi aura bhASA meM hai| hulza ke kathanAnusAra isake aneka akSaroM meM uttarI lipiyoM kI vizeSatAe~ haiM / 2 tamila lipi kA namUnA, karamapaTToM ke bAda kathAkUDi paTToM meM milatA hai| inakA samaya san 740 I0 ke Asa-pAsa mAnA jAtA hai| dasavIM aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke abhilekhoM meM tamila lipi eka parivartita rUpa meM milatI hai, zAyada aisA grantha ke prabhAva se huA hai| Ta, pa aura vahu-bahU granthalipi ke rUpa haiN| vUlara kA kathana hai ki gyArahavIM sadI se tamila ke ka, Ga, ca, ta aura na ke siroM ke bAIM ora nIce laTakatI nanhIM lakIreM nikala AI haiM / 15 vIM zatI meM laTakanoM kA pUrNa vikAsa ho gyaa| uttara kAlIna tamila abhilekhoM meM pahale to virAma durlabha huA, phira gAyaba / aba phira virAma kA prayoga hone lagA hai| usake lie eka bindI lagatI hai| ___ bhAskara ravivarmana ke abhilekhoM aura tAmrapaTToM meM vaTTeluttu lipi ke darzana hote haiN| yaha eka ghasITa lipi hai| isakA tamila se vahI sambandha hai, jaise klarkoM aura saudAgaroM kI lipi kA apanI mala lipi se hotA hai athavA marAThoM ko mor3I kA bAlabodha se aura DoMgaro kI TAkarI kA zAradA se hai| isameM sabhI akSara , eka hI bAra meM, hAtha ko binA uThAye, bAyeM se dAyeM ko likhe jAte haiN| gaMgavaMzI rAjAoM ke dAnapatroM meM kaliMga lipi kA prayoga huA thaa| inakA samaya sAtavIM sadI me gyArahavIM sadI taka mAnA jAtA hai / gaMgavaMzI rAjA madrAsa ke gaMjAma aura kaliMga meM zAsana karate the| vahIM isa lipi kA pracalana thaa| isameM telagu, graMtha tathA nAgarI lipi kA sammizraNa huA hai| isake akSaroM ke siroM para sanduka kI AkRti-sI banatI hai / 5 1. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pRSTha 254-55. 2. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 150-151. 3. vahI, pRSTha 153. 4. vahI, pRSTha 154. 5. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana, pRSTha 255.

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114 kharoSThI lipi lipiyoM ke nAnA DhaMga the| ve sabhI brAhmI nAma se amihita hote the| prAcIna jaina granthoM meM aise aThAraha DhaMgoM kA vivecana milatA hai aura lalita vistara nAma ke bauddha-grantha meM cauMsaTha kaa| isa sambandha meM Upara kahA jA jA cukA hai, kintu abhI taka purAtAttvika AdhAra para aura granthoM ke likhita rUpa meM kevala do hI lipiyA~ milatI haiM--brAhmI aura kharoSThI / inameM se brAhmI ke sambandha meM bahuta kucha kahA jA cukA hai| dUsarI lipi thI kharoSThI, jo sarvAdhika pracalita bhAratIya lipi thii| bhArata ke pazcimottara bhAga se lekara madhya eziyA taka isake avazeSa mile haiN| nAmakaraNa-sambandhI vikalpa __ kharoSTha do zabdoM se milakara banA hai-khura --- oSTa / isakA artha hai gadhe ke oMTha athavA gadhe-jaise oMTha / eka mAnyatA hai ki isa lipi ke AviSkartA kA nAma kharoSTha thA aura zAyada isI kAraNa isa lipi kA nAma kharoSThI huA / dUsarA abhimata hai, uttara-pazcimI bhArata meM kharoSThI nAma kI eka jAti rahatI thI, jo asabhya aura barbara thii| usIke nAma para kharoSThI nAma cala pdd'aa| tIsarA abhimata hai ki kharoSThI zabda, madhya eziyA-sthita kAzagara kA saMskRta pratirUpa hai| isa para sTenakono kA kathana hai ki-"yadyapi cAyanIja turkistAna meM, kharoSThI ke aneka likhita pramANa mile haiM, kintu maiM aisA mAnatA hU~ ki ve bhAratIya pravAsiyoM dvArA le jAye gaye the / vahA~ kI likhita sAmagrI IsA kI dUsarI zatI se pahale kI nahIM hai, jabaki bhArata meM vaha IsA se tIna zatAbdI pahale kI pAI jAtI hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki yaha IrAnI zabda kharaposTa kA bhAratIya rUpa hai| kharaposTa gadhe ke camar3e ko kahate haiN| IrAna meM isa para likhA jAtA thaa| pA~cavA~ mata hai ki kharoSTa zabda hibra ke kharozetha se banA / prAkRta meM kharozetha kA kharoTa yA kharohI huA aura phira saMskRta meM kharoSTha / DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya ne likhA hai ki gadhe ke calate muMha ke samAna aniyamita aura avyavasthita hone se isa lipi kA nAma kharoSThI huaa| ina saba mAnyatAoM ke pIche koI sazakta bhUmikA nahIM hai, aisA maiM mAnatA huuN| 1. sTenakono kA abhimata, 'The Origin of the Kharosthi Alphabet', 'Indian Palaeography', Dr. R. B. Pandey, p. 52-53. 2. "The script may have been called so due to the fact that most of the Kharosthi characters are irregular Elongated curves and they look like the moving lips of an ass (Khara). Originally it must have been a nickname, which got currency in course of time. - Indian Palaeography, Dr. R.B. Pandey, P.53.

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115 sahasroM varSoM kI paramparA se anumodita eka sambhAvanA hai ki 'kharoSTha' zabda, 'vRSabhoSTha' se banA / vRSabha kA prAkRta meM-usabha > risabha saMskRta meM - vRSabha > RSabha, apabhraMza meM vRSabha > rikhaba ho jAtA hai / hindI meM bhI rikhaba calatA hai / varNa-viparyaya se 'rikhaboSThI' kA 'kharoSThI' bnaa| bhASA vijJAna kI dRSTi se varNa-viparyaya mahattvapUrNa hai / usase zabda kucha se kucha banate rahe haiM / ataH rikhaboSThI se kharoSThI ko eka bhASA vaijJAnika vyutpatti kaha sakate haiM / isase bhI adhika mahatvapUrNa hai vRSabhadeva kA sarvamAnya vyaktittva / brAhmI lipi ke prasaMga meM unakA ullekha ho cukA hai| unakI do putriyA~ brAhmI aura sundarI kramazaH unake bAyIM aura dAyIM ora baiThI thIM, ataH unhoMne brAhmI ke bAyeM hAtha para, apane dAhine hAtha se tathA sundarI ke dAyeM hAtha para apane bAyeM hAtha se likhA / yahI kAraNa thA ki sundarI ko jo kucha sikhAyA gayA, vaha dAyeM se bAyIM ora calA / vizeSakara use gaNita kI zikSA dI gaI aura 'aGkAnAM vAmato gatiH' prasiddha huA / abhidhAna rAjendra koza ke 'usabha' prakaraNa meM likhA hai "lehaM livovihANaM jiNeNa baMbhIe dAhiNakareNa / gaNiyaM saMkhANaM sundarIe vAmeNa uvaiTTha // ' TIkA - "lekhana lekho nAma sUtre napuMsakatA prAkRtattvAllipividhAnaM tacca jinena bhagavatA vRSabhasvAminA brAhma yA dakSiNakareNa pradarzitamata eva tadAdita Arabhya vAcyate / gaNitaM nAmaikadvitryAdi saMkhyAnaM tacca bhagavatA sundaryA vAmakareNopadiSTamata eva tatparyantAdArabhya gaNyate / ' 11 isakA artha hai ki vRSabhadeva ne brAhmI ko dAhine hAtha se lipi kI zikSA dI aura bAyeM hAtha se sundarI ko gaNita aura saMkhyA kI zikSA dI / isase aisA anumAna sahaja hI hotA hai ki brAhmI lipi ke viparIta, dAhinI ora se bAyIM ora likhI jAne vAlI kharoSThI ke nAma se prasiddha huI / AcArya dAmanandi ne bhI apane 'purANa sArasaMgraha' ke 'AdinAtha carita' meM 'vAmahastena sundayoM gaNitaM cApyadarzayat " " likhakara sundarI ko bAyeM hAtha se zikSA denevAlI bAta svIkAra kI hai / AcArya hemacandra ne 'triSaSTizalAkA puruSacarita' meM ' darzayAmAsa savyena sundaryAM gaNitaM punaH 3 likhA hai aura usase uparyukta kathana kI puSTi ho jAtI hai / 2 isase kharoSThI ke Armeika se utpanna hone kA eka Thosa AdhAra khaNDita ho jAtA hai / DA. bUlara aura DiriMjara kA abhimata hai ki dAyeM se bAyeM likhane kI 1. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, 'usama' prakaraNa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 1126. 2. AdinAtha carita, purANasAra saMgraha, DaoN. gulAbacanda caudharI- sampAdita, 3/14. 3. hemacandrAcAryakRta, nizaSThizalAkApuruSacarita, 1/2/663.

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116 pravRti kevala Armeika lipi meM thI aura kharoSThI ko yaha pravRtti usase hI, IsA se pAMca zatI pUrva prApta huI / isa kathana para DA. rAjabalI pANDeya kI pratikriyA dRSTavya hai "The direction of the Kharosthi from the right to the left is no guarantee that it was derived from the Semetic source as leftward movement of writing can not be regarded an absolute monopoly of the semetic people. In a vast country like India the Evolution of two types of writing, one runing from the left to the right and the other from the right to the left was not impossible." donoM prakAra kI likhane kI praNAliyoM kA itane bar3e bhArata deza meM pracalita honA asambhava nahIM hai, aisA unakA kahanA hai aura yaha kathana kevala sambhAvanAgarbhita hai / pANDeyajI koI pramANa nahIM de sake the, kintu jaina granthoM meM pramANa bhI sahaja upalabdha ho jAte haiM / yaha saca hai ki dAyeM se bAyeM likhane ke DhaMga para Armeika lipi kA ekAdhikAra nahIM thA / Armeika se bahuta pUrva samrATa RSabhadeva ne jahA~ bAyeM se dAyeM likhanA sikhAyA, vahA~ dAyeM se bAyeM likhanA bhI sikhAyA / isake atirikta, brAhmI ke samAna hI kharoSThI bhI akSarAtmaka lipi hai / isameM vyaJjana ke sAtha-sAtha svara bhI vRtta athavA par3I rekhA ke rUpa meM Ate haiN| Armeika meM gha, dha aura bha varNoM kA abhAva hai, kintu kharoSThI meM isake cinha vartamAna haiM / bUlara ne kharoSThI ke lipicinhoM kI Armeika se utpanna ho ne kI jo kalpanA kI hai, vAstava meM use eka kaSTa kalpanA hI kahanA cAhiye | 3 vizva kI lipiyoM ke varNa, rekhAoM, ardhavRttoM aura vRttoM Adi se hI banate haiM / inameM Avazyaka parivartana karake kisI bhI lipi ko anya lipi se udbhUta kahA jA sakatA hai / " 2 4 eka bAta avazya hai ki brAhmI meM dIrghasvara maujUda the, kharoSThI meM nahIM the / vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki kharoSThI meM dIrghasvaroM kA abhAva prAkRta prayoga ke kAraNa thA / prAkRta lokapriya bhASA thI / usameM dIrgha svara nahIM the / prAkRta ke likhane meM hI kharoSThI kA prayoga hotA thA, ataH usameM dIrghasvaroM kA na honA svAbhAvika hI hai / DA. rAjabalI pANDeya kA yaha kathana -- "The absence of long vowels in the kharosthi is due to avoid long vowels, big compounds and big ligatures-thus the 1. "Indian Palaeography, Dr. R.B. Pandey, P. 55-56. 2. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 36-41. 3. "The close study of the comparative table will reveal that resemblance between the Kharosthi and the Armaic is very superflous and it does not warrant the derivation of the former from the latter". ---Indian Palaeography, Dr. R. B. Pandey, P. 55. 4. hindI bhASAH udgama aura vikAsa, pRSTha 560.

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117 so called common Characteristics of the kharosthi were due to its popular use and not due to any semetic influence."9 nitAnta satya hai| kharoSThI meM dIrghasvaroM ke abhAva ke pIche semeTika prabhAva khojanA bhArata meM maujUda tathyAMzoM se A~kha pheranA hai| kharoSThI brAhmI se prabhAvita thI, yaha bAta DA. balara ne bhI svIkAra kI hai| unakA kathana hai, "vyaJjanoM meM akI antahita dhvani ke lie alaga cihna na lagAnA aura saMyuktAkSaroM ko banAne ke niyama niHsandeha brAhmI se lie gae haiN| inameM thor3I raddobadala avazya huI hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki i, u, e aura o ke lie sIdhI lakAroM kA prayoga bhI brAhmI se hI liyA gayA ho, kyoMki azoka ke sabhI Adeza lekhoM kI brAhmI meM u, e, aura o ke lie sadA yA bahudhA mAmUlI lakIreM lagAte haiN| giranAra meM i ke lie uthalA bhaMga banA dete haiM, jo sIdhI lakIra -sA ho dIkhatA hai| donoM meM antara karanA prAyaH kaThina hotA hai| brAhmI meM kharoSThI kI taraha hI i, e, aura o kI mAtrAe~ vyaJjanoM ke siroM para aura u kI mAtrA pairoM meM lagatI hai| isalie donoM ke svaramAtrAoM meM paraspara sambandha hai, isase inakAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isameM mUla cihna brAhmI ke hI haiM / kharoSThI meM sabhI svara-hIna anunAsikoM ke lie brAhmI kI bhAMti anusvAra kA prayoga hotA hai / " 2 __ bhArata ke uttara-pazcimI bhAga meM kharoSThI kA janma huA, aisA cInI granthoM se spaSTa hI hai| vahA~ yaha bhI likhA hai ki usakA janma-dAtA koI pratibhA sampanna bhAratIya vyakti thA aura usakA nAma zAyada kharoSTha thA / 3 'zAyada' zabda utsAhavardhaka hai| kharoSTha meM khara zabda ne gadhe se sambandha milAne para majabUra kiyaa| jaina paramparA se siddha hai ki yaha vRSabhoSTha =rikhaboSTha-kharoSTha thA, jisase kharoSThI kA janma huA / jo kucha bhI ho, yaha uttara-pazcimI bhAga meM chAI rhii| pA~ca sau IsA pUrva isa pradeza para phArasa vAloM kA Adhipatya thA, yadi yaha satya hai to yaha bhI saca hai ki unakA DAyarekTa zAsana kabhI nahIM rahA, vaha sadaiva ina-DAyarekTa claa| unhoMne kharoSThI ko eka lokapriya lipi ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki usa kAla kI IrAnI mudrAoM para kharoSThI ke zabda aMkita kiye gaye / jaba mauryoM kA zAsana AyA to unhoMne bhI isa pradeza ke lie kharoSThI ko hI mAnyatA dii| azoka ne mAnasarA aura zAhabAz2a gar3hI ke 1. Indian Palaeography, Dr. R. B. Pandey, P. 56. 2. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 47-48. 3. "Kharosthi script originated in the North-West part of India and as it is recorded in Chinese traditions, it was invented by an Indian genius whose nick-name was Kharostha, as the letters resemble ass-like. -Indian Palaeography, P.58. 4. Indian Palaeography, Dr. R.B. Pandey, P. 56-57.

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zilAlekhoM meM kharoSThI ke zabda aMkita karavAye / mauryoM ke bAda vaikTriyana, pArthiyana, zaka aura kuSANoM ne bhI isI lipi ko apanAyA / kuSANa samrATa bauddha the, ataH unhoMne dharmapracAra ke sandarbha meM pazcima aura uttara kI ora, arthAt balUcistAna, aphagAnistAna tathA madhya eziyA kI ora bhAratIyoM ko bhejA / unake sAtha hI vahA~ kharoSThI lipi bhI gaI / vahA~ ke zilAlekha, jo kharoSThI meM likhe milate haiM, bhAratIyoM ne khudavAye the / usa pradeza meM bhAratIya bhASAoM ke likhane ke lie kharoSThI kA hI prayoga hotA thA / ' pazcima aura uttara ke pradezoM meM, arthAt madhya eziyA Adi meM kharoSThI ke lekha prApta hue haiM, ve IsA bAda dUsarI zatAbdI se pahale ke nahIM haiM, jabaki bhArata meM azoka ke, kharoSThI meM likhavAye gaye zilAlekha IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI ke upalabdha haiM / isa AdhAra para kharoSThI ko uttara-pazcima se AyA huA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / usase pahale ke pramANa yahA~ upalabdha haiM / kharoSThI bhArata kI lipi thIbhArata meM janmI aura yahA~ hI vikAsa ko prApta huI / gupta samrAToM ke zAsanaATM meM, jabaki bhAratIya ekatA aura rASTrIya bhAvanA kA udaya huA, to usa samaya kI sarva pracalita aura vyApaka brAhmI lipi ne kharoSThI ko apadastha kara diyA aura isa bhA~ti IsA bAda cauthI sadI taka kharoSThI yahA~ pratiSThita rahI / 3 kharoSThI-lipi la la ka ca Ta * * * l 18** JTL ta pa. pu * ne y ya Sa. A A e.7 kha. 5 chaM. 5. the Tha. 118 - tha. + pha. U ra u sa P i aiM 15 M * Da 7 gaM . 5 Mm.com gha. Y jha X 4 da S ba. 5 la.y ha . 2 I au. 3 3. hindI bhASA : udgama aura vikAsa, pRSTha 562. 0 da * u dha 5 bha va * * * 7 u. au. Ga 1. vahI, pRSTha 53. 2. "Moreover, the manuscript and the documennts belong to a comparatively late date, none of them being apparently older than the second century A.D. In India on the other hand, the use of the Kharosthi can be traced back to the third century B. C". abha Na. ' 5 ma * U za* M na * - Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol.II, P. XIV, Indian Palaeography, Dr.Pandey, P. 53.

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119 kharoSThI lipi meM nimnavarNa nahIM milate haiM-- - A, I, U, ai, o aura Ga / isake atirikta R, R, lR, lR aura saMyukta vyaMjana kSa, tra, jJa, bhI nahIM haiM / "dhyAyedanAdi siddhAntavikhyAtAM varNamAtRkAm / AdinAthamukhotpannAM vizvAgama vidhAyinIm // " -- tattvArthasAra dIpaka sandarbha, 35 -- anAdi siddhAnta ke rUpa meM prasiddha evaM sampUrNa AgamoM kI nirmAtrI, prajApati AdinAtha ( RSabhadeva ) ke mukha se utpanna varNamAtRkA kA dhyAna karanA cAhie / varNa viparyaya eka mahAn vaidika RSi kA nAma janatA ne 'vizvAmitra' rakha diyA / kintu saMskRta kI sandhi ke anusAra - vizva + amitra vizvAmitra | vizvAmitra zabda kA artha 'samasta jagat kA zatru' hotA hai jo usa RSi ko anAdarasUcaka apazabda ( gAlI ) samAna hai / ataH saMskRta vyAkaraNakAra pANini ko 'vizvAmitra' zabda kA artha 'jagat kA mitra' ThaharAne ke liye, yAni janatA ke azuddha uccAraNa ko zuddha ghoSita karane ke liye eka nayA sUtra banAnA par3A / zera sadA anya nirbala prANiyoM kI hiMsA kiyA karatA hai / ataH mUladhAtu ke anusAra usakA nAma 'hiMsa' honA cAhiye, parantu janatA usako 'siMha' zabda se uccAraNa kara rahI thI, isa kAraNa vyAkaraNa ko yaha zabda 'hiMsa' ke bajAya ulaTe rUpa meM 'siMha' mAnane ke liye bAdhya honA par3A, isake liye usane likhA 'siMhe varNa viparyayaH / ' pRSat + udara ina do zabdoM ko milakara sandhi ke niyamoM ke anusAra 'pRSadudara' patalI kamara vAlA yA patale peTa vAlA) zuddha rUpa meM honA cAhiye, parantu janatA ne 'pRSodara' zabda apanA liyA, taba vyAkaraNa ko janatA kI isa azuddhi ko bhI zuddha ThaharAne ke liye nayA niyama banAnA par3A / sindhu ko sindhu rahanA cAhie thA, kintu vaha hindu ho gayA / isI prakAra saptAha kA haptA aura soma kA homa bana gayA / ataH bahuta pahale hI yAska ko niyama banAnA par3A thA -- "atha AdivarNaviparyayo'pi zabdaviparyAsa hetutayopanyasto yAskena / ayamapi niyamaH sarvabhASAsAdhAraNo dRzyate / " hRda ko ha, guhyam ko guyhaM, AlAna ko ANAla aura acalapura ko alacapura dekhakara hemacandrAcArya ne apane siddhehemazabdAnuzAsana meM varNaviparyaya kI paribhASA isa prakAra likhI, "kisI zabda ke svara, vyaJjana athavA akSara jaba eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para cale jAte haiM, to inake paraspara parivartana ko viparyaya kahA jAtA hai / "

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120 aMka lipi 'aMkAnAM vAmato gatiH' kI bAta kahI jA cukI hai| samrATa RSabhadeva ne apanI putrI sundarI ko aMka lipi kA jJAna karavAyA thaa| vaha dAhinI ora baiThI thI, ataH suvidhAnusAra usake dAyeM hAtha para, bhagavAn ne apane bAyeM hAtha se 1, 2, 3, 4 Adi aMka likhe, svAbhAvataH vaha dAyIM ora se bAyIM ora calI / taba se hI aMkoM kI 'vAmagati' mAnI jAtI hai| inhIM aMkoM se saMkhyA aura gaNita zAstra kA vikAsa huaa| kucha AcAryoM ne to 'gaNiyaM saMkhANaM' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| bhagavatI-sUtra kA 'gaNiyaM saMkhANaM sundarI e vAmeNa uvaiTeM'1 prasiddha hI hai| AcArya puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM bhI 'dohi mi NimmalakaM ca na vaNNahaM akkharagaNiiyaMkaNNaMha'2 likhA milatA hai / AcArya dAmanandi ne to 'vAmahastena sunda- gaNitaM cApyadarzayat'3 likhA hI hai| zatruJjaya kAvya meM 'sundarI gaNitaM tathA prasiddha hai / aMka lipi hai, gaNita zAstra hai| yaha siddha hai ki RSabhadeva ne apanI sundarI ko aMkalipi sikhAyI thii| gaNita aMkoM para hI AdhRta hai, ataH paravartI AcAryoM ne use gaNita hI khaa| isa avadhAraNA se, bhagavAnalAla indrAjI kA yaha abhimata ki brAhmI ke saMkhyAMkoM kA mUla bhAratIya hai, puSTa hotA hai| dUsarI ora, DaoN. bUlara kA yaha mata ki ina cihnoM saMkhyAMkoM kA vikAsa brAhmaNa adhyApakoM ne kiyA, kyoMki ve upapadhmAnIya ke do rUpa prayoga meM lAte hai, jo niHsandeha zikSA ke adhyApakoM kA AviSkAra hai,6 Tika nahIM paataa| yahA~ 'vikAsa' kA artha zAyada 'utpatti' se hai, tAtparya hai ki brAhmaNa adhyApakoM ne aMka lipi kA AviSkAra kiyA, kintu jaina uddharaNoM se siddha hai ki usake janmadAtA the RSabhadeva-IsA se sahasroM varSa pUrva / tIrthaMkara mahAvIra jisa kar3I ke antima chora the, RSabhadeva usake Adi the| ye vahI RSabhadeva the, jinakA ullekha Rgveda se lekara zrImadbhAgavat taka meM pAyA jAtA hai, jinake dAdA nAbhirAya ke nAma para isa deza kA nAma 'ajanAbhavarSa' aura jyeSTha putra bharata ke nAma para bhAratavarSa pdd'aa| ye vahI RSabhadeva the, jinhoMne asi, masi, kRSi meM yahA~ ke rahane vAloM ko niSNAta banAyA aura jinhoMne nAnA kalAoM meM apane putra-putriyoM 1. abhidhAna rAjendrakoza, bhAga 2, pRSTa 1126. 2. puSpadanta, mahApurANa, 5/18. 3. purANasAra saMgraha, 3/14. 4. zatruJjaya kAvya, 3/130. 5. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTa 168. 6. vahI, pRSTha 166.

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aura prajAjanoM ko kuzalatA dii|' yaha eka aitihAsika tathya hai, koI zraddhA vigalita paurANika gappa nhiiN| isa aMka praNAlI ko jainAcAryoM ne Age bddh'aayaa| unhoMne dAzamika vidyA ko janma diyA / jaina grantha bhaNDAroM ke tAr3apatra aura bhojapatroM ke pRSTha-saMkhyAMka isake sAkSI haiM / kIlahAna ne apanI riporTa (1880-81) meM likhA hai, "jainoM kI tAr3apatroM kI pothiyoM aura kAgaja ke hastalikhita graMthoM meM inake dAzamika aMkoM ke bahuta-se udAharaNa milate haiM / isa sandarbha meM DA. bUlara kA eka kathana daSTavya hai, "apanI pothiyoM ke pRSThAMkana meM jaina aura bauddha prAyaH 1 se 3 ke lie dAzamika aMkoM kA prayoga karate haiM / pustakoM ke saMkhyAMka sUcaka akSara e (eka), dvi, tri yA sva (1), sti (2), zrI (3) milate haiM, para dAzamika aMkoM se kama / 'svasti zrI' prasiddha maMgalavAcaka pada hai, jisase pralekhoM kA prArambha hotA hai / kabhI-kabhI eka hI pralekha meM dAzamika praNAlI ke zUnya aura anya saMkhyAMkoM ke sAtha-sAtha prAcIna saMkhyAMka sUcaka cinha bhI milate haiN|" 3 isase siddha hai ki jaina granthoM meM dAzamika aMkoM kA prayoga adhika-se-adhika hotA thA / ve hI isake AviSkAraka the| ___ aMkoM se saMkhyA aura saMkhyA se kAlagaNanA kA jaisA vivecana jaina graMthoM meM milatA hai, anyatra nhiiN| AcArya yativRSabha kA 'tiloyapaNNatti' eka prAcIna grantha hai| usakI racanA vikrama kI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM huI, aisA vidvAnoM kA mata hai| vaha prAkRta bhASA kA eka sAmarthyavAn grantha mAnA jAtA hai / usameM kAla aura usakI gaNanA kA vivecana hai| AcArya yativRSabha ne 'vyavahAra kAla' kI paribhASA dete hue likhA hai-- "samayAvali ussAsA pANAthovA ya AdiyA bhedA / vavahArakAlaNAmA NihiTThA vIyarAehi // 284 // paramANussa NiyadvivagayaNapadesassadikkamaNametto / jo kAlo avibhAgI hodi puDhaM samayaNAmA so // 285 // " --tiloyapaNNatti 4 / 284-85 artha--samaya, Avali, ucchvAsa, trANa aura stoka ityAdi bhedoM ko vItarAga tIrthakara ne vyavahAra kAla ke nAma se nirdiSTa kiyA hai| pudgala paramANu kA, nikaTa meM sthita, AkAza pradeza ke atikramaNa pramANa jo avibhAgI kAla hai, vahI 'samaya' nAma se prasiddha hai| 1. dekhie merA grantha-bharata aura bhArata. 2. kIlahAna, riporTa Ana di sarca phAra saMskRta mainyuskripTya, 1880-81, saM 0 58. 3. bhAratIya purAlipizAstra, pRSTha 160.

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122 jaina granthoM meM, kAla gaNanA se sambandhita katipaya pAribhASika zabdoM kA ullekha huA hai| unameM samaya, Avali, ucchvAsa-prANa, stoka, lava, nAlI, muhUrta aura ahorAtra mukhya haiN| inameM bhI samaya pramukha hai, kyoMki yaha saba sechoTA kAla-parimANa hotA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne 'paMcAstikAya' meM samaya kI paribhASA dete hue likhA hai, "paramANu pracalanAyattaH smyH|"1 arthAt paramANu mandagati se calakara, nikaTatama pradeza meM jitane kAla meM pahu~catA hai, use samaya kahate haiN| samaya, Avali, ucchvAsa, stoka Adi kI gaNanA kA mUlAdhAra hai / isa saba ko nimna prakAra se samajhA jA sakatA hai 2-- samaya = mandagati se calate hue paramANu ko nikaTatama pradeza meM pahu~cane kA kAla-parimANa / Avali = asaMkhyAta samaya parimANa kAla ucchvAsa == saMkhyAta Avali = 2880 / 3773 sekiNDa stoka = 7 ucchvAsa -- 5165 sekiNDa lava = 7 stoka = 3701 sekiNDa 3 lava = nimeSa nAlI = 383 lava = 24 miniTa muhUrta = 2 nAlI = 48 miniTa ahorAtra = 30 muhUrta = 24 ghaNTe AcArya kundakunda ne 'paMcAstikAya meM' 'nayanapuTaghaTanAyatto nimiSaH'3 kahA hai| isakA artha hai ki jitane kAla meM netra kI palaka khuleM, vaha nimiSa kahalAtA hai| kintu, saba ke mUla meM 'samaya' ke hone ke kAraNa, kAla kA paryAyavAcI samaya hI kahalAtA hai| jainAcAryoM kA kathana hai ki samaya atisUkSma hai, ataH vaha kevalajJAnagamya hai| avaziSTa cAra jJAna usa taka nahIM pahu~ca paate| sthUla samaya-samudAyoM ko kAla-cakra kahate haiN| yaha vyAvahArika hai-pratidina ke vyavahAra meM AtA hai| kAlacakra meM cakra zabda, 'kriyate gatiraneneti cakram' se gati kA sUcaka hai| kAla gatizIla hai, pravAhamaya hai, sadaiva calatA rahatA hai, kabhI rukatA nhiiN| 'sarvArtha 1. paMcAstikAya-25. 2. hIrAlAla jaina sampAdita--dhavalA, 3/34. 3. paMcAstikAya-24.

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123 siddhi' meM likhA hai, "dezAddezAntaraheturgatiH / "1 arthAt eka deza se dUsare deza ko prApta karane kA jo sAdhana hai, use gati kahate haiN| rAjavArtika meM gati kI paribhASA eka dUsare prakAra se bhI dI hai, "ubhayanimittavazAd utpadyamAnaH kAyaparispando gatirityucyate / "2 isakA artha hai ki bAhya aura Abhyantara nimitta ke vaza se utpanna hone vAlA kAya kA parispandana gati kahalAtA hai| isa gati kA mUla upalakSaNa sUrya hai| sUrya kI AkRti cakrAkAra hai| use Aditya maMDala bhI kahate haiN| saMsAra kA kArya vyavahAraparaka hai aura sUrya usakA pratIka sAdhana hai| isa AdityamaNDala meM bAraha Are lage hue haiM, jo sadaiva ghUmate rahate haiM / unheM hI bAraha mAha kahate haiN| ina bAraha AroM meM chaH Upara aura cha: nIce lage hote haiM aura Upara-nIce ardha-ardha valaya meM ghUmate haiM / mUla-cakra inhIM AroM para Aroha-avaroha karatA hai| isI kAraNa sUrya cha:mahIne uttara meM aura cha: mahIne dakSiNa meM gati karatA hai| ise usakA uttarAyaNa aura dakSiNAyana honA bhI kahate haiN| isI ko utsarpiNI aura avasarpiNI kAla kahA jAtA hai / utsarpiNI kAla meM sUrya kA teja prabala ho jAtA hai, taba dina lambe aura rAta choTI hotI hai| avasarpiNI kAla meM teja apakSINa ho jAtA hai| andhakAra kA rAjya hotA hai| rAteM bar3I hone lagatI haiN| sUrya kI ye donoM gatiyA~ rojAnA ke dina para bhI lAgU hotI haiN| prAtaH se madhyAhna taka sUrya kA utsarpaNa aura phira sAMdhya taka avasarpaNa hotA hai| utsarpaNa kAla meM prANiyoM meM AzA, utsAha, sAhasa, buddhi aura bala kA utkarSa rahatA hai, isake pazcAt avasarpaNa kAla meM anutsAha, Alasya aura nirAzA ko janma milatA hai| sUrya ke udaya aura asta kA prabhAva manuSya ke bhAvoM para par3atA hai--kaise aura kyA, jaina granthoM meM likhA milatA hai| saMsAra meM do hI bAteM haiM--sukha yA dukh| jaina AcAryoM ne sukha aura dukha ke sandarbha meM samUce kAla ko AdityamaNDala 3 ke bAraha AroM kI bhAMti bAraha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| ve bAraha bhAga isa prakAra haiM--" sukhamA-sukhamA, 1. sarvArthasiddhi, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1651, adhyAya 4, sUtra 21, pRSTha 252. 2. tattvArtharAjavAttika, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vi.saM.2008, adhyAya 4,sUtra 21, pRSTha 236, paMkti 1. (prathama) milAie --"gaikammaviNivvatA jA ceTThA sA gaI munneyvvaa| jIvA du cAuraMga gacchaMti tti ya gaI hoI // " artha--gati nAmakarma ke udaya se jIva kI jo ceSTAvizeSa hotI hai, use gati kahate haiM, athavA jimake nimitta se jIva caturgati meM jAte haiM, use gati kahate haiN| satprarUpaNAsUtra, varNIgranthamAlA, vArANasI 1671, pRSTha 8. 3. "varSAyanartuyuga pUrvakamatra saurAt / " bhAskarAcArya siddhAnta ziromaNi, kAlamAnAdhyAya-31.

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124 sukhamA, sukhamA-dukhamA, dukhamA-sukhamA, dukhamA, dukhamA-dukhamA / dukhamA-dukhamA, dukhamA, dukhamA-sukhamA, sukhamA-dukhamA, sukhamA, sukhamA- sukhamA / / "1 isako eka cakra kI AkRti ke mAdhyama se bhalIbhA~ti samajhA jA sakatA hai-- 12 Ma Dui A Ma Ke He REngs | BHEE hoeji oe mara Gy Nc Nav on jainAcAryoM ne jitanA adhyAtma para bala diyA, utanA hI gaNita para / unake granthoM meM samunnata gaNita ke darzana hote haiN| Aja usako samajhane aura jAnane kI AvazyakatA hai| yadi gaNita ke anusandhitsu jaina granthoM ko dekheM, to nisandeha naye adhyAya mileNge| usase prAcIna bhArata ke andhakAra pakSa para adhikAdhika prakAza par3a sakatA hai| jinendra varNI ne apane 'jainendra siddhAnta koza' meM likhA hai, "yadyapi gaNita eka laukika viSaya hai, parantu Agama ke karaNAnuyoga vibhAga meM sarvatra isakI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| kitanI U~cI zreNI kA gaNita vahA~ prayukta huA, yaha bAta usako par3hane se hI sambandha rakhatI hai / 2 1. tattvArthasUtra, paM0 phUlacanda siddhAntazAstrI-vivecita, varNI jaina granthamAlA, vArANasI, pRSTha 157-158. 2. jainendra siddhAntakoza, bhAga 2, pRSTha 213.

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125 mahAvIra-kAlIna gaNita ke bhAratIya itihAsa para prakAza par3ane kI bAta zrI lakSmIcandajI jaina ne apane nibandha 'bhAratIya lokottara gaNita ke zodhapatha' meM likhI hai| varddhamAna kA tIrthakAla eka srota thA, jisakA pravAha pUrva meM dUra taka gatizIla rahA to pazcima meM bhI usakI gati nirbAdha bhii| vaha eka milana thA--kendra sthala / pazcima meM arastU (384-322 I. pU.) ne AtmAoM ke zreNi-siddhAnta kI prarUpaNA kI to pUrva meM-cIna meM zuina-tsU (298-238 I. pU.) ne bhI aisA hI siddhAnta prarUpita kiyA aura yahI siddhAnta bhArata meM, jIvoM ke mArgaNA sthAna ke rUpa meM milatA hai| pazcima se pUrva taka kI ina avadhAraNAoM kA madhyasrota mahAvIra kA tIrthakAla' hI ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra bhArata ke eka ora pAyathegorasa aura dUsarI ora kanphyUzasa kI vicArakrAnti ke milana-sUtra bhI mahAvIra hI the| pAyathegorasa ahiMsA premI thA aura mahAna gaNitajJa / unhoMne jIva saMkhyA kI nizcalatA ke AdhAra para janatA ko mAMsAhAra kI ora se mor3akara zAkAhArI banAne kA prayatna kiyA thaa| cIna meM yahI bAta kanphyUzasa-kAla meM milatI hai| donoM meM koI antara nahIM hai| mizra meM bhI isI yuga meM ahiMsaka paramparAoM kA anusaraNa kiyA jAne lagA thaa| zAyada ahiMsA-prema hI pAyathegorasa ko pUrva kI yAtrA meM saMlagna banA sakA thaa|' mahAvIra kA tIrtha-kAla anUThA thA, mUlyavAna thA aura vizva kI vicArakrAnti kA eka Thosa aadhaar| gaNita ke sandarbha meM jaina prAkRta aura saMskRta grantha prAcIna to haiM hI, sUkSmatA kI dRSTi se bhI avalokanIya haiN| unameM dhavalA, anuyoga dvAra, carita pAhur3a, tiloyapaNNatti, jambUdIvapaNNatti, gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, gommaTasArakarmakANDa, rAjavAttika, trilokasAra, harivaMza purANa, mahApurANa aura artha saMdRSTi pramukha haiN| mahAvIrAcArya nAma ke eka vidvAn ne I. san 814-878 meM, 'gaNitasAra saMgraha', eka saMskRta grantha kI racanA kI thii| kaNAda se prAyaH do sau varSa pUrva eka AcArya umAsvAti hue haiN| unhoMne eka prasiddha grantha 'tattvArthasUtra' kI racanA kii| usameM pudgala ke avibhAgI praticcheda kI carcA hai| anaMta 1. zrI lakSmIcanda jaina, bhAratIya lokottara gaNita vijJAna ke zodhapatha, bhikSu abhinandana grantha, pRSTa 225. 2. mahAvIrAcArya kA prasiddha grantha 'gaNitasAra saMgraha' madrAsa gavarnameNTa ne, 1912 meM madrAsa se, mi0 raGgAcArya ema0 e0 rAyabahAdura ke aMgrejI anuvAda aura DaoN0 yUjIna smitha kI bhUmikA ke sAtha prakAzita kiyA thaa| bhamikA se spaSTa hai ki mahAvIrAcArya ke aneka karaNasUtra , lIlAvatI ke racayitA bhAskarAcArya (1114-1184) ke sUtroM se adhika sugama, sahI aura pUrNa haiM / yaha grantha eka adhikAra aura ATha vyavahAroM meM vibhakta hai|

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126 vibhAjyatA kA khaNDana karane vAle jIno ke tarka aura moziMga (370 I. pU.) kI bindu kI paribhASA jaina prAkRta granthoM meM surakSita milatI hai / isake atirikta, "prAkRta granthoM meM avibhAga praticcheda ko ikAI lekara yathArtha anantoM kA alpabahatva saMracita kiyA gayA hai / " vAstavikatA yaha hai ki gaNita se sambandhita hastalipiyoM aura zilA-lekhoM kI khoja atyAvazyaka hai| ve yahA~ thIM, yaha sunizcita hai| AcAryakalpa ToDaramalajI ne gommaTasAra jIvakANDa aura karmakANDa kI TIkAoM meM unakA prayoga kiyA hai| TIkAe~ mUlagrantha se jur3I hotI haiN| unameM khulakara likhane kA avasara kama hI mila pAtA hai / isI kAraNa zAyada ToDaramalajI ko 'artha saMdRSTi' grantha racane kI AvazyakatA pratIta huii| isameM unakI saMkalita kI huI samUcI sAmagrI kA prayoga dekhane ko milatA hai| isameM unhoMne "RNa-pratIka ke lie pA~ca cihnoM kA prayoga aura vibhinna arthoM meM zUnya kA pratIkabaddha prayoga batalAyA hai| isameM prayukta kucha pratIka giranAra tathA azoka kAla se pUrva ke zilAlekhakAlIna pratIta hote haiM / "2 isase siddha hotA hai ki unhoMne kucha purAtana zilAlekhoM ko bhI dekhA thA, jo aba upalabdha nahIM ho rahe haiN| gommaTasAra jIvakANDa aura trilokasAra meM gaNita-viSayaka 10 (dasa) prakriyAoM kA ullekha huA hai-- 1. aMkoM kI gati vAmabhAga se hotI hai, 2. parikarmASTaka ke nAma nirdeza, i. saMkalana va vyakalana kI prakriyAe~, 4. guNakAra va bhAgahAra kI prakriyAe~, 5. vibhinna bhAgahAroM kA nirdeza, 6. varga va vargamUla kI prakriyA, 7. ghana va ghanamUla kI prakriyA, 8. viralanadeya ghAtoka kI prakriyA, 9. bhinna karmASTaka ( Fraction ) kI prakriyA, 10. zUnya parikarmASTaka kI prakriyA / 3 gommaTasAra jIvakANDa aura arthasaMdRSTi meM padArthoM aura akSaroM se aMkoM ko jAnane kI vidhi kA ullekha milatA hai| 'artha saMdRSTi' meM ToDaramalajI ne likhA hai. "tahA~ kahIM padArthani ke nAma kari sahanAnI hai| jahA~ jisa padArtha kA nAma likhA hoI tahA~ tisa padArtha kI jitanI saMkhyA hoi titanI saMkhyA jaannii| jaise vidhu-1 kyoMki dRzyamAna candramA eka hai| nidhi =9 kyoMki nidhiyoM kA pramANa 9 hai|'4 akSara se aMka kI bAta likhate hue eka dUsare 1. bhikSu abhinandana grantha, pRSTha 223. 2. vahI, pRSTha 224-25. 3. jainendra siddhAntakoza, bhAga 2, pRSTha 213-14. 4. arthasaMdRSTi, 1/13.

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127 sthAna para unhoMne kahA hai, "bahuri kahIM akSaraniko aMkani kI sahanAnI kari saMkhyA kahie haiN| tAkA sUtra-kaTapaya purasthavarNaM navanava paJcASTa kalpita : kramazaH / svara-vyaJjana zUnyaM saMkhyAmAtro parimAkSaraM tyAjyam / arthAt 6 m kha ga gha Ga ca cha ja jha (ye nau) Vir (ye nau) Ta 1 pa 1 ya Tha Da Dha Na ta 2 3 4 5 6 pha ba bha ma 2 3 4 5 ra la va za Sa # my m om tha da dha 7 8 9 (ye pA~ca) sa ha (ye ATha) ___ bahuri akArAdi svara vA Ja vA na kari bindI jAnanI / vA akSara kI mAtrA vA koI Upara akSara hoi jAkA prayojana kiccha grahaNa na krnaa|"" tAtparyArtha--tAtparya yaha hai ki aMka ke sthAna para koI akSara diyA ho to vahA~ vyaJjana kA artha to uparyukta prakAra se 1, 2 jAnanA / jaise ki Ga, Na, ma, za ina saba kA artha 5 hai aura svaroM kA artha bindI jaannaa| isI prakAra kahIM Ja yA na kA prayoga huA to vahA~ bhI bindI jaannaa| mAtrA tathA saMyogI akSaroM ko sarvathA chor3a denaa| isa prakAra akSara para se aMka prApta ho jaayegaa| isase spaSTa hai ki aMka lipi, brAhmIlipi (akSarAtmikA) se prabhAvita thii| akSara aura aMkoM kA yaha sahagamana Age calakara adhyAtma aura gaNita ke samanvaya kA sUtra bnaa| mahAvIra ke tIrthakAla meM Adarza ko taulane ke lie laukika gaNita eka sAdhana ke rUpa meM prayukta huaa| usase ananta aura salAgA gaNana mApA jAne lagA / AtmA, adhyAtma aura jIva Adi kI koTiyA~ aura unase sambandhita prakriyAoM kI racanA meM laukika gaNita kI sahAyatA lI gii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainAcAryoM ne yadi eka ora adhyAtma kI sUkSma vivecanA kI to dUsarI ora gaNita kA bhI sUkSma aura sarvAGga vizleSaNa kiyaa| ve yaha kara sake, kyoMki aisA unake khuna meM bhidA thaa| 'akSara' samrATa RSabhadeva ke dAyIM ora thA aura 'aMka' bAyIM ora / donoM eka pitA kI santAneM / parasparAnupekSI sambandha svAbhAvika thA / isakI puSTi jaina prAkRta aura saMskRta granthoM se hotI hai / 1. artha saMdRSTi, 1/13

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vizva bhASAoM ko lipi-saMkhyA "triSaSThiH catuSSaSThirvA varNA zambhumate matAH / prAkRte saMskRte caiva svayaM proktA svayaMbhuvaH // " lipi - tAlikA 1. prAkRta 2. saMskRta 3. urdU 4. rUsI 5. apabhraMza 6. hindI 7. phArasI 8. arabI 9. turkI 10. spenI 11. leTina 12. jarmanI 13. phrAMsIsI 14. grIka 128 15. iTAliyana 17. cInI mUlavarNa 64 63 36. 36 34 45 32 28 28 28 26 26 25 24 20 214 pANinIya zikSA 3 isake atirikta eka - eka deza meM prAntoM ke hisAba se vibhinna bhASAe~ haiM, jaise bhArata meM baMgalA, tamila, ur3iyA, tailagu, marAThI, kannar3a Adi /

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129 bhAratIya lipimAlA-svara aura vyaJjana "tettIsa veMjaNAhaM, sattAvIsA sarA tahA bhaNiyA / cattAriya jogavahA, causaTThI mUlavaNNAo // " -AcArya nemicandra, gommaTasAra, 1/352 teMtIsa vyaJjana, sattAIsa svara aura cAra yogavAha cauMsaTha mUla varNa haiN| 27 svara hrasva svara jinake uccAraNa meM eka mAtrA-kAla lagatA hai / a i u R la e ai o au / / dIrgha svara jinake uccAraNa meM do mAtrA-kAla lagatA hai / A I U R la e ai o au / pluta svara jinake uccAraNa meM tIna mAtrA-kAla lagatA hai / A I U R la ai ai o au / 33 vyaMjanAkSara 25 paMcavargAkSara g gha, ja. jh __ kh cha Ga Ja / / Foot bps too th n / 8. paraM varNASTakam ra la v ya ! prAkRta bhASA kI brAhmI varNamAlA meM 33 vyaJjana, 27 svara aura 4 yogavAha milAkara 64 mUla varNa hote haiN| saMskRta bhASA kI akSaramAlA meM 63 mUlavarNa hote haiN| usameM 'la' kA prayoga nahIM hotA, avaziSTa 33 vyaMjana, 26 svara aura 4 yogavAha hote haiN|

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a A fur 40m i I u U Lao RR lh 2 o au lala Isto ka kha Fb ga gha hop Ga ca 10 15 5 ja 130 AcArya AzAdhara - viracita caubIsa tIrthaMkara akSara - mAlA stotra amaranarapatisamitikRtapAdapIThAya / AdityakoTirucivRSabhajinarAjAya ||1|| itihAsamAsibahujayaratnakozAya / IzvarazrIgaNabhRdajitaparamezAya // 2 // udadhisamadhairyAya baMdhuranivAsAya / UrjitajJAnapati saMbhava jinezAya || 3 || RvihitanutilasadabhinaMdajinezAya / RvihitanutilasadabhinaMdanajinezAya ||4|| lRstutikramakaraNa paramagurUnAthAya / lR pUjitapramadasumatiyatinAthAya // 5 // ekAMtavAdimada kuMjaramRgezAya / aizvaryabodha nidhipadmapramezAya || 6 || oracitacaraNavarasupArzvanAthAya / auvikAravihitamahAmati supAya ||7|| aMrupaparipUrNajagadaikanAthAya 1 aH zravatyaktamada zrIcaMdranAthAya ||8|| karuNArasasArakRtamatyanaMtAya ! khalakarma nirUhapaTupuSpadaMtAkhyAya ||9|| gajavairiviSTarAdhipa bhUtalezAya / ghadviradaharirAjasamazIta lezAya // 10 // 1 GaprastutatrikaraNabhadrAya caraNapraNItAtmazreyojineMdrAya / / 11 / / chatratrayAlaMkRta zreyorAjyAya 1 janmAdibhItivirahitavAsupUjyAya / / 12 / /

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131 jhaTitinizcayitArtha sujJAna vimalAya / apakSayIbhUtakIrtidharavimalAya // 13 // sala TakyAdikIrtiparipUrNajagadaMtAya / ThapramukhanarahitanutilasadanaMtAya / / 14 / / DamurAsanAyogajitakarmadharmAya / ThakkAdivAdyakhamahita jinadharmAya // 15 // 4 na NahadhAtuvAcyavirahitazAMtinAthAya / tatvavidyAmRtodadhi zAMtinAthAya // 16 / / thatyAganirmalIkRtakuMthunAthAya / darzanAditrayojita kuMthunAthAya / / 17 / / dhanadaviracita samavasaraNavaranAthAya / nalinarucipada vimalA'rajinanAthAya / / 18 / / 4 4 paramapadasukhamayamudamallinAthAya / phaNipatikRtejyAdhipatimallinAthAya / / 19 / / basvAdi vizadamarakIrtiparamezAya / bhavabhAra bhItihara munisuvratezAya // 20 // mahanIyaguNanivahabhUSanaminAthAya / yamaniyamaparikalitahRdaya naminAthAya / / 22 / / AAAAA 4 4 4 4 rajatagiriharahasItasitakIrtinAthAya / lalitaguNagaNajaladhividhi neminAthAya / / 22 / / vasudhAdhipatikoTinutapArzvanAthAya / zatapatrapITharaMjita pArzvanAthAya // 23 // SaDdarzanastotrazatavardhamAnAya / saptabhaMgI mahodayavardhamAnAya // 24 // hariharahiraNyagarbhastotrapAtrAya / dakSiNAdhipativimalabodhavaranetrAya // 25 //

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132 akArAdi akSara : varNa tathA phala dhyAyedanAdi siddhAnta prasiddhAM varNamAtRkAm / niH zeSa zabda vinyAsa janmabhUmi jagannutAm // akAraM candrakAntAmaM sarvajJa vizvayonikamja / sarvasiddhipradaM dhyAyetsamartha sarvakarmasu // 1 // AkAraM zvetavarNaM tu sarva loka vazaMkaram / vizvasya svAminaM dhyAyetsamarthaM bahu karmasu / / 2 / / ikAraM cintayenmaMtrI javAkusuma sannibham / vizvacakSustayA sarvaM samartha bahukarmasu // 3 // IkAraM raktavarNa tu smarasya jananI viduH / / anaMta sukhadaM devaM samartha bahu karmasu // 4 // ukAraM kRSNavarNa tu saMsmaret vizvamUrtikam / aupAsanasya varadaM dhyAyetsamartha bahukarmasu // 5 // UkAraM pItavaNaM tu sarvasiddhipradAyakam / smaredvizvamukhaM maMtrI sarvavighna vinAzakam / / 6 / / RkAraM nIlavarNa tu vizvavidyAdhinAyakam / cinAyecca mahAmantrI samarthaM bahukarmasu / / 7 / / RkAraM kRSNavaNaM tu vizvAtma sarvalokajit / maMtriNAM varadaM dhyAyet samarthaM bahukarmasu / / 8 / / lakAraM tadvizvabhavaM suvarNa-sadRza-prabham / maMtriNAM varadaM dhyAyet samartha bahukarmasu // 9 // mahAkAyaM vizvadRzaM sarvavighnavinAzakam / la kAraM cinta yetdhyAnI samarthaM bahukarmasu // 10 // mahAzUraM vizvavidaM kuMdapuSpa satviSam / / ekAraM cintayenmantrI samartha bahukarmasu // 11 //

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aikAraM vimalaM dhyAyedvizvajJAnAtmakaM zabham / maMtriNAM varadaM dhyAyet samarthaM bahukarmasu // 12 // okAraM paMcavarNaM tu paramAtma svarUpakam / sarvAtmavaradaM dhyAyet samarthaM bahukarmasu // 13 // vizvavidyAdhipaM dhyAye sarvabhUtavazaM karam / aukAraM varadaM dhyAnI samarthaM bahukarmasu // 14 // aMkAraM tArakAvaNaM cintayed vizvazaktidam / / maMtriNAM varadaM dhyAyet samarthaM bahukarmasu // 15 / / aHkAraM sphaTikAkAramanantAtma svarUpakam / / 16 / / kakAraM padmarAgAbhaM tatpuruSabhadhidaivatam // 17 // khakAraM nIlavarNaM tu jinarAjAdhipaM zubham // 18 // gakAraM tu haridvarNa karmaThAdhipameva ca // 19 // ghakAraM kAJcanAkAraM vIradeva samAhvayam // 20 // GakAraM pUrNacandrAbhaM kSetrajJAdhipapUjitam // 21 // cakAraM rajatAbhaM tu adhoramadhipatthakam // 22 // chakAraM tvikSupatrAbhaM amRtAtmasvarUpakam / / 23 / / jakAramazitazastaM vijayAdhipa daivatam // 24 // jhakAraM raktavarNa tu acyutAdhipadaivatam / / 25 / / AkAraM campakAvarNaM sarvajJAdhipadaivatam // 26 / / TakAraM kArikAvarNa sadyojAtAdhipatyakam / / 27 / / TakAraM zubhravarNaM tu devAMgena samanvitam // 28 // DakAraM svarNavarNaM tu cintitArthasvarUpakam / / 29 / / DhakAraM zvetavarNaM tu sthANurAdhipa daivatam // 30 // NakAraM padmavarNaM tu parameSThisvarUpakam // 31 // takAraM zaMkhavarNaM tu vAmadevAdhipatyakam // 32 // thakAraM zastavarNaM tu viSNudevAdhipatyakam // 33 // dakAraM kuMkumAkAraM kAlAdhIzAdhipatyakam // 34 // dhakAraM nIlavarNaM tu zivanAmAdhipatyakam // 35 //

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134 kAramindracApAbhaM nakAraM paMcavarNaM tu prasannAdhipapUjitam || 36 // pakAraM paMkajAbhaM tu IzAnAdhipa saMbhRtam ||37|| phakAraM prastutaM varNaM siddhAnAmAdhipatyakam ||38|| vRSabhAdhipa saMskRtam ||39|| bhakAraM tAmravarNaM tu nityaMdevAsurArcitam ||40|| bhakAraM zuklavarNaM tu bhavanAdhipa saMskRtam / / 41 // yakAraM kRSNavarNaM tu mahAprANa samanvitam // 42 // rakAraM raktavarNaM tu svAhAdhipa samanvitam ||43|| lakAraM pItavarNaM tu indradeva samacitam ||44 || vakAraM zvetavarNaM tu vAruNyamadhidaivatam / / 45 / / zakAraM nIlavarNaM tu sarvAmbara samacitam / / 46 / / SakAraM bahuvarNaM tu vAcaspatyAdhi daivatam // 47 // sakAraM kSIravarNaM tu gambhIrAdhipa saMbhRtam / / 48 / / hakAraM sarvavarNaM tu maMtramUrti samanvitam / / 49 / / sarvAtmakaM mahAkAraM sarvajJaM sarvamaMtra mukhaM dhyAyetsamarthaM sarvazaktikam / bahukarma ||1|| vAgbhavaM candrakAntAbhaM matijJAnAtmakaM zubham / jinendra sadRzaM dhyAyetsamarthaM bahukarmasu / / 2 / / raktAbhaM kAmarAjaM tu zrutajJAna svarUpakam / jinendraM satataM dhyAyetsamarthaM bahukarmasu || 3 || svarUpakam / bhUmIzaM dhavalAkAraM avadhijJAna jinendraM satataM dhyAyetsamarthaM bahukarmasu ||4|| zrIbIjaM hemavaNaM tu mana:paryayarUpakam / jinendraM satataM dhyAyetsamarthaM bahukarma || ||

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135 aMkAnAM vAmato gati : 1 ekam / 10 dsh| 100 zatam / 1000 sahasram / 10000 ayutam / 100000 lakSam / 10000000 1000000 niyutam / koTiH / arbudam / 1000000000 vRndam / 1000000 10000000000 kharvaH / 100000000000 nikharvaH / 10000000000000 padmam / 100000000000000 sAgaraH /

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443 I. pU. ke eka abhilekha kI brAhmI lipi abhilekha kI prApti-- paM. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA ne, miNAya nAmaka grAma (ajamera se 32 mIla dUra) ke eka kisAna se, eka patthara prApta kiyA, jisa para vaha tambAkU kUTA karatA thA / pattthara para kucha akSara aMkita the| unakI lipi prAcIna thI / paNDitajI prakhyAta purAtattvAnveSI the| ve una akSaroM ko sahaja hI par3ha sake / ve akSara the--- _ "virAya bhagavatAya caturasItivasa kA ye sAlAmAliniya . raMni viTha mAjjhamike..... . / " abhiprAya mahAvIra bhagavAn se 84 varSa pIche zAlAmAlinI nAma ke rAjA ne mAjjhamikA nAmaka nagarI meM, jo ki prAcIna samaya meM mevAr3a kI rAjadhAnI thIkisI bAta kI smRti ke lie yaha lekha likhavAyA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki yaha zilAlekha vIra-nirvANa ke 84 varSa bAda likhAyA gayA hai, arthAt pahale vIra-nirvANa saMvat pracalita thA aura lekhAdi meM usakA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| yaha zilAlekha ajamera myUjiyama meM surakSita hai|

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samrATa khAravela (170 varSa I.pU.) ke zilAlekha ko brAhmI lipi khAravela kaliMgadeza (ur3IsA) ke rAjA the| ve caubIsa varSa kI vaya meM rAjyasiMhAsana para adhiSThita hae aura unakA yaza caturdika meM vikIrNa ho uThA / ve dukhiyoM ke AdhAra-stambha, ahiMsA ke pratIka aura jinendra ke parama bhakta the| unhoMne magadha ke rAjA nanda ko parAjita kiyA aura apane kuladevatA kaliMgajina kI khaDgAsana mUrti ko utsAha aura utsava ke sAtha vApasa kaliMga lAye / kabhI kaliMgoM ke kuladevatA jina kA apaharaNa nanda ne kiyA thaa| udayagiri-khaNDagiri nAma ke do parvatoM meM 19 gaphAe~ haiN| unameM eka hAthIgaphA kahalAtI hai| isakA koI nirdiSTa AkAra nahIM hai / gaThana atisAdhAraNa hai / isameM hAthI ke cAra prakoSTha aura eka barAmadA hai| guphA kA antardeza 52 phITa lambA aura 28 phITa caur3A hai / dvAra kI UMcAI 11] phITa hai / isa guphA meM khAravela kA vizvavikhyAta zilAlekha utkIrNa hai / brAhmI lipi meM nibaddha / bahuta samaya taka ise koI par3ha na skaa| DA. kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ko isake par3hane meM solaha varSa lge| udAharaNa svarUpa isakI do paMktiyA~ isa prakAra haiM-- ___ namo arahaMtAnaM (1) namo savasidhAnaM ( / ) airena mahArAjena mahameghavAhanena ceta rAjavasavadhanena pasatha sulabhalakhanena caturaMtala thuna-guno pahitena kalaMgAdhipatinA siri khAravelena. paMdara vasAni siri-kaDAra-sararivatA kIDatA kumArakIDikA (1) tato lekha rUpagaNanA-vavahAra-vidhi-visAradena sabavijAvadAtena nava vasAni yovarAjapasAsitaM (1) saMpuNa-catuvIsati-vaste ta dAni vadhamAna sesayove (=va) nAbhivijayo tati ye. artha---arahaMtoM ko namaskAra (1) saba siddhoM ko namaskAra ( / ) aila mahArAja meghavAhana (') cetarAja vaMza kI pratiSThA ke prasAraka prazasta zubha lakSaNayukta cAroM dizAoM (vizva) ke AdhAra stambha ke guNoM se vibhUSita kaliMga deza ke rAjA zrI khAravela ke dvArA. (apane) kAMta pratApI gauravarNa kizora zarIra dvArA pandraha varSa-paryanta kumAra krIr3Ae~ karatA hai (1) isake uparAnta lekha mudrA rAjagaNita dharma (zAsana niyama) tathA zAsana saMcAlana meM pAraMgata samasta kalAoM meM pravINa (usane) nau varSa taka yuvarAja pada se zAsana karatA hai| caubIsavA~ varSa samApta hone para pUre yauvana-bhara uttarottara vizAla vijetA (usakA) kaliMga ke tRtIya rAjavaMza meM pUre jIvana ke lie mahArAjyAbhiSeka hotA hai /

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zabdAnukramaNikA atharvaveda-91. 99. AdipurANa-31, 79. arthazAstra-25, 79. AdipurANa (hindI)-70. arthasaMdRSTi-126, 127. AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata-79. arddhamAgadhI-74, 98. ApastambadharmasUtra-102 . adhyAtmarahasya-42. 43. Avazyaka cUNi-98. anagAra dharmAmRta-69. 75, 76. Avazyaka niyuktibhASya--65. anakSarazruta-35. AvazyakavRtti-95 anekArtha koSa-30. AzAdhara-43, 45, 46, 48, 69, apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya-66. 75, 76, 130. apabhraMNa sAhitya-66. iNDiyana eNTIkverI-27, 28, 106, abdagamisa-98. 108. abulaphaz2ala-104 iNDiyana peliyogrAphI-24, 25, 28, abhidhAna citAmaNi-55, 56, 67, 30, 48, 49, 50, 57 91, 115. 93. 114, 117, 118. abhidhAna rAjendra kopa-64, 65, 71. 1 iNDiyana sisTama oNva rAiTiMga-52. indranandi-75. amarakoSa-26.28, 26, 30, 39, I. AI. thAmasa-77, 103. IsA-75. annaphAveTa-88. 90, 93. uttarapurANa-56. udayagiri-khaNDagiri-137. avavAiamutta-60, 73. udayanArAyaNa tivArI-53, 58, 90, avestA-25. 104, 106, 109, 116, 118. azoka (samrATa)-26, 27, 73, 93, upanayana saMskAra-79, 80. 94. 100. 103, 105, 111, epigrAphiyA iNDikA-27, 28, 29. 117, 118. elabarUnI-24, 49. aSTAdhyAyI-25, 26. e. esa. Altekara-85, 87. amaga-79. Rgveda-91, 92, 120. akSara-30. 3, 83, RSabhadeva-39, 54, 56, 61, 65, akSaramamAmnAya-80. 67, 72, 73, 77, 91, 92, akSarazruta-35. 94, 98, 111, 116, 119, aMkalipi-120. 120. Aina-e-akabarI-108. kathAsaritsAgara-49.

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kadamba - 112. kannar3a sAhitya kA navIna itihAsa 70, 73, 103, 112. kaniMghama - 76, karpUramaJjarI - 59. karmakANDa - 126. 93. kapAyapAhur3a-74. kalpasUtra - 60, 77, 98. kalyANamandira stotra- 32. kaliMga - 27, 28, 54. kaliMgajina - 137. kaliMga lipi - 105. kRSNa- 75. kAtantra rUpamAlA - 68. kAtantra vyAkaraNa - 40, 41. kAtyAyana- 45. 28. 29. kAyastha - 27, kAlidAsa - 78. kAvyAlaMkAra TIkA - 60. kAzagara-49. kirAtArjunIyam-37. kIlahArna-121. kuTilalipi - 106, 110. kundakunda - 34, 122. kumArasambhava-49. kUrmapurANa- 75 ke. jI. jAyasavAla - 105, 137. kailAzacanda jaina - 98. kolabruka eseja - 27. kopakalpataru - 51. 140 kauTilya - 25, 79. khajurAho ke lekha - 29. kharoSThI - 94, 100, 101, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119. khAravela - 54, 137. khotAnI - 100 108. gauDabaho - 59. gaNitasArasaMgraha - 125. gaNeza mandira - 76. gaMgA ( purAtattvAGaka ) - 102. granthalipi - 112 113. grApha peparsa - 28, 49. gAlika siMhAditya - 14. 126. giranAra - 117. griyarsana - 110. guNadhara-34. guNabhadrAcArya-56. guNAdya-100. gupta insakripzansa - 106. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa - 33, 36, 40 126. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA - 46, 41, 51.52,91.98108, 136. cambA ( jilA ) - 76.77. cambAghATI - 57. cAlukya - 112. cUr3AmaNi saMskAra - 38. chatracUDAmaNi- 79, 85. chAndogyopaniSad - 58 92. jadunAtha sarakAra- 108. jambUsvAmI cariu - 32, 80. jiNadattacariu - 80.86. jinadAsagaNa - 95. jina sahasranAma - 24 89. je. esa. Ara. pharalAMga- 104. jainijma ina kaliMgadeza- 54. jainijma ina vihAra- 12. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha - 87. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa - 65, 69. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa - 35.

Page #152
141 jaina siddhAnta bhAskara-54. nandikezvarakAzikA-31. jaina hindI bhaktikAvya aura kavi-87. nandivatti-95. jainendra siddhAntakoSa-124, 126. namisAdhu-60. jaisalamera-48. nAgarI-107, 109. ToDaramala-126. nAgalipi-107. DiriMjara (DaoN.)-88, 90, 92, 115. nAgArjunI koMDA-105. DI. DI. kosAmbI-77, 103. nATyastra-72. tattvArtha rAjavAttika-36. 95. 122. nAthUrAma premI-65, 69. nAnArtha ratnamAlA-55. tattvArthavRtti-98. tattvArthasAradIpaka-41, 84. nAbhirAya-120. niyarakasa-48, 50, 99. tattvArthasUtra-36, 37, 124. takSazilA-54, 98, 100. nemicandra zAstrI-68, 79, 97. paumacariu-86. takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya-99. tiloyapaNNatti-97, 121. paJcAstikAya-122. trilokasAra-126. paNNavaNAsutta-59, 73, 96, 98. padmAnandakAvya-69. tuvamiliMda-100. pratiSThA pATha-45, 46, 48. taittirIya upaniSad-92 pratiSThAsAroddhAra-32, 74. tokhArI-100, 104. pradyumnacaritra-80. dazakumAra carita-51. pravacanasAra-34. dravyazruta-95. pANini-25. 102, 119. dAmanandi-67, 72, 115, 120. pANini zikSA-39, 40. dAmika vidyA-121. pANinikAlIna bhArata-25, 26, 96. drAvir3I-102. pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI-25. dinakara-73, 102, 111. pArzvanAtha carita-79. dipi-25. prAkRta vimarza-59. divira-26. prAcIna bhArata meM zikSA-85. dvisandhAna kAvya-79. prAcIna bhAratIya abhilekhoM kA adhyayanadevanAgarI lipi-107, 108, 109. 27, 46, 47, 51, 93, 100, dhanaJjaya-79. 105, 106, 109, 110, 112. dhammapada-49. prANanAtha (DaoN.)-52. dhammalipi-26. prAcIna lipimAlA-46,49,51.52. dharmyadhyAna-32. piparAvA-51, 88. dhavalA-122. pukkha rasAriyA-102. dhaulI-93. purANasAra saMgraha-67, 68, 72, 115, nandA-61. 120.

Page #153
142 purudevacampU-56, 6.. bhagavatIsUtra-23, 24, 44, 45, puruSArthasiddhyupAya-43. 47, 64.71, 96.98, 120. puSpadanta-65, 66, 120. bhagavAnalAla indrAjI-120. puSpadantabhUtabali-74. bhaTTAkalaMka-36, 95. pUjyapAda (AcArya)-35, 42. bharata-39, 61, 72. phlITa-94. 106, 112. bharatamuni-72. phA-vAna-zulina-57. bharata aura bhArata-61. 50, 91, 121. baTTeluttu-113. bharatezvara-bAhubali rAsa-92. bar3alI grAma-52, 88. bhata hari-41. baranela-45. bharamaura-76, 77. ballabhI-26. bhAratIya purAlipi zAstra-25, 26, bahistUna (abhilekha)-25. 27, 45, 48, 49, 50, 58, bRhajjJAnakoSa-48.. 85, 88, 91, 93, 101, bRhatkathA-100. 102, 105, 106, 107, 111, bRhatkalpa-35. 112, 117, 10, 121. bRhadAraNyaka-58. bhAvazruta-95. bRhat jaina zabdArNava-35, 37, 81. bhAvasena-40. brahmapurI-76. bhASA (patrikA)-110. brahmavidyA-58 bhASAvijJAna-koSa-88. brahmavilAsa-38. bhAskarAcArya-123. bAhubali-54, 61, 77, 92. bhikSu abhinandana grantha-125, 126. brAhmI-55, 56, 59, 61, 62, 63, bhatalipi-99, 100, 64, 65, 72, 74, 75, 77, bhojadeva-40. 83, 98, 101, 102. 105, manasukhasAgara-70. 114, 117. malayagiri-95. brAhmI devI-57. mallinAthIya TIkA-78. brAhmIlipi-55, 58, 60, 72, 74, mahApurANa (apabhraMza)-65, 120. 88, 90, 91, 99, 103, 111, mahApurANa (saMskRta)-80, 43, 86, 118, 127, 136. binovA bhAve-110. mahAbhArata-72, 73. 90. buddha-75, 86. mahAvIra (tIrthaMkara)- 78, 86, 120, buddhisTa iNDiyA-91. 127, 136. bhagavajjinasenAcArya-40, 43, 46, mahAvIrAcArya-125. maMgaladeva zAstrI-91. bhagavatIdAsa 'bhaiyyA'-38. mArkaNDeya purANa-70.

Page #154
maoNDarna rivhya- 54, 98. mAlatI mAdhava - 51. medinIkoSa- 23, 24, 39, 51. merunandana upAdhyAya - 87. mohana-jo-daro-23, 52, 54, 88, 89, 90. yativRSabha - 97, 121. yAjJavalkya smRti - 27, 28, 79. yUnAna - 77. yUnAnI lipi - 99, 101, 102. yogavAsiSTha - 33, 89. raghuvaMza - 78. rAjataraMgiNI - 26, 28. rAjabalI pANDeya - 26, 28, 30, 44, 48, 49, 50, 57, 91 93 114, 116. rAjendralAla mitra - 24. rAdhAkumuda mukarjI - 54, 85. rAmaprasAda caMdA - 54, 89. rAyasa Devisa - 91 rASTrakUTa- 112. rAhula sAMkRtyAyana - 85, 86. rudradAmana - 105. labdhyakSara - 30, lalitavistara - 100, 114. 33, 36. 143 lakSmIcanda jaina - 125. lAipha oNpha buddha - 77, 103. lipi saMskAra - 79 83. vajIrakher3a - 47. varNa- 39. varNamAtRkA - 84. varNa viparyaya - 115. varNa- samAmnAya - 85. varddhamAna guru-47. 101, 107, varddhamAna carita - 79. varAhamihira - 73. vhalara - 25 26 27.29, 44, 45, 89. 50. 58. 85, 88, 92, 101, 102112, 115, 117. vAkpatirAja - 59. vAkyapadIyam-41. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla - 25, 26, 70. vrAtya - 73. bAyakANDa bhUmikA- 73. viSTaranitsa - 45. vidyAnanda upAdhyAya - 12. vinayapiTaka - 23. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya - 36, 98. viSNudharmasUtra - 28. veda - 25, 61, 77. 91. zatruJjaya kAvya - 68. 97, 120. zaMkarAcArya - 77. zlokavAttika 30 31. zAtakarNI (samrATa) - 94. zAradA lipi - 110 111. zAradIyA nAmamAlA- 56, 72. zAhavAjagar3hI - 26, 100, 117. zrImadbhagavadgItA - 82, 91. zrImad bhAgavata - 61, 77, 91,120. zrutapaMcamI -74. zrutAvatAra - 75. paTkhaNDAgama - 74. paTprAbhRta TIkA - 98. satprarUpaNA sUda-34, 123. satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra - 103. samavAyAMga sUtra - 96, 97, 98, 99. samAdhitantra- 42. samprati - 103. sampUrNAnanda - 73.

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148 sarvArthasiddhi-35, 123. sUkSmanigodiyA labdhyaparyAptaka-33. sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa-40, 60. sTenakono-114. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya-73. 97. somasena-44, 45, 80,81, 82, 83. 103, 111. sohagrorA-47, 88. stutividyA-37, 38. haribhadra-95. svayambhU-39. harivaMzapurANa-61. svayambhUstotra-57, 61, 92. harSakIti-56. sAhityakoSa-58, 59. halAyudha-55. sAMcI-27. hAthIgumpha zilAlekha-105. sikandara-48, 49, 76, 99, 102. hindI bhASA-91, 101. 104. siddhagopAla kAvyatIrtha-70, 73. hindI vizvakoSa-60, 103. 103, 111. hindu sabhyatA-54. siddhamAtRkA-84, 107, 108. hIrAlAla jaina (DaoN.)-122. siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana-67, 97, 119. halza (DaoN.)-94, 110, 113. sindhughATI lipi-52, 88, - 90. hemakoSa-39. sivAlika stambha-93. hemacandra (AcArya)-56. 66. 67 sunandA-61. 97, 115, 119. sunItikumAra cATuA -52, 109. kSemendra-26, 28. sundaralAla (paM.)-103, 104. vesaThazalAkApuruSacaritra-66, 67, sundarI-56, 61, 62, 63, 65, 83, 97, 115. 114, 115, 120. 00

Page #156
anattara yogI: tIrthakara mahAvIra tIna khaNDoM meM 1000 pRSTha-vyApI mahAkAvyAtmaka upanyAsa prathama khaNDa: vaizAlI kA vidrohI rAjaputra : kumAra kAla (prastuta) dvitIya khaNDa: asidhArA-patha kA yAtrI : sAdhanA-tapasyA kAla (mudraNAdhIna) tRtIya khaNDa : tIrthakara kA dharma-cakra-pravartana : tIrthaMkara kAla (dvitIya khaNDa ke uparAnta prakAzya) mUlya : tInoM khaNDoM kA mUlya ru. 60) : agrima bhejane para ru. 50) alaga-alaga pratyeka khaNDa kA mUlya ru. 20) zrI bIra nirvANa anya prakAzana samiti 48, mItalAmAtA bAjAra, indaura-2 Basicmary.org