Acharya Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi Vyaktitva Krutitva

Author(s): Shaivya Jha
Publisher: Anupam Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010031/1

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AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva paTanA vizvavidyAlaya kI pI-eca0 DI0 upAdhi ke lie svIkRta zodha-prabandha 'kaH punaragayorbhedo yatkavirbhAvayati bhAvakazca kaviH ityAcAryAH ' | zevyA bhA ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 hindI - vibhAga kaoNmarsa kaoNleja paTanA anupama, anupama prakAzana - rAjazekhara

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kaoNpIrAiTa DaoN0 zavyA jhA, paTanA anupama prakAzana, paTanA-6 dvArA prakAzita tathA zrI gaNeza presa, paTanA-4 dvArA mudrita prathama saMskaraNa :1977 mUlya paiMtIsa rupaye

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bhUmikA bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prathama do dazakoM meM jina navIna bhAvAdarzo kI pratiSThA huI aura jinase eka naye klAsikala evaM AcAravAdI yuga kA sUtrapAta huA, usa pyUriTana yuga kA samartha netRtva AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne kiyA jo banArasIdAsa caturvedI ke zabdoM meM, ' mahApuruSa hI nahIM, mahAmAnava bhI the / 1 vastutaH, dvivedIjI hindI - sAhitya ke vaise hI zahIda the, jaise bhAratendu / ina donoM ne dina-rAta eka kara sAhitya kI athaka sevA kI aura isakI imArata ko eka aisI sudRDha pIThikA para kAyama karanA cAhA, jo yuga-yuga taka akSuNNa rahe / bhAratendu ke adhUre kAma ko dvivedIjI ne hI pUrA kiyA | hindI kAvya vrajabhASA se mukta ho gayA, 'bhASA kI zabda- sampatti kI abhivRddhi huI tathA usameM vaha lacaka AI, jo use sahaja hI bhinna dizAoM meM mor3a sake / yaha vaha kAla thA, jisane ratizAstra ko agnisAt kiyA thA / isa AcAravAdI jar3atA aura AdarzavAdI rukSatA kA prabhAva bhASA aura zailI para bhI pdd'aa| dvivedIjI kI zailI isakA jvalanta pramANa hai / bhAva aura bhASA donoM dRSTiyoM se yaha eka puruSa kAla thA / 2 isa puruSa - kAla ke lekhakoM ke lie dvivedIjI Adarza lekhaka, mArgadarzaka evaM sampAdaka the / dhyAtavya hai ki una dinoM ekamAtra 'sarasvatI' hI 'patrikAoM kI rAnI nahIM, pAThakoM kI sevikA thI / ' dvivedIjI ke kathanAnusAra, 'taba usameM kucha chApanA yA kisI ke jIvana caritra Adi prakAzita karanA jarA bar3I bAta samajhI jAtI thI / ' 3 aisI dazA meM loga dvivedIjI ko kabhI-kabhI bar3e- bar3e pralobhana dete / "koI kahatA - merI mausI kA marasiyA chApa do, maiM tumheM nihAla kara dU~gA / koI likhatA - amuka sabhA meM dI gaI, amuka sabhApati kA 'spIca' chApa do, maiM tumhAre gale meM banArasI dupaTTA DAla dU~gA / koI AjJA detA - mere prabhu kA sacitra jIvana caritra nikAla do, to tumheM eka bar3hiyA ghar3I yA pairagAr3I najara kI jAyagI / " ina pralobhanoM ke bAvajUda dvivedIjI Tasa se masa nahIM hote the, parantu itanA to avazya hotA thA ki inakA vicAra karake ve apane durbhAgya ko kosate the aura kahate the ki jaba mere AkAza mahaloM ko khuda merI hI patnI ne girAkara cUra kara diyA, taba bhalA ye ghar3iyA~ aura gAr3iyA~ maiM kaise hajama kara sakUMgA / ataH 'baharA' aura 'gU~gA' banakara ve 'sarasvatI' meM unhIM racanAoM kA 1. rekhAcitra (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1952), pR0 12 / 2. kesarIkumAra, sAhitya aura samIkSA (1951), pR0 42 / 3. dra0 kSemacandra sumana (sampAdaka), jIvana-smRtiyA~ (1953) pR0 45 //

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( 4 ) prakAzana karate the, jo pAThakopayogI hote / unhoMne likhA hai : "maiM unakI ruci kA sadaiva khayAla rakhatA, aura yaha dekhatA rahatA 'ki mere kisI kAma se unako satpatha se vicalita hone kA sAdhana na prApta ho / saMzodhana dvArA lekhoM kI bhASA bahusaMkhyaka pAThakoM kI samajha meM Ane lAyaka kara detA / yaha na dekhatA ki yaha zabda arabI kA hai yA phArasI kAyA turkI kii| dekhatA sirpha yaha ki isa zabda, vAkya yA ullekha kA Azaya adhikAMza pAThaka samajha leMge yA nahI / alpajJa hokara bhI kisI para apanI vidvattA kI jhUThI chApa lagAne kI koziza maiMne kabhI nahI kI / " jAhira hai ki dvivedI jI - jaise karttavyaparAyaNa, udAra sAhityasevI virale hI hote haiM / unameM apane karttavya ke prati apUrva niSThA aura ImAnadArI thI hI, hindI-bhASA aura sAhitya ke prati agAdha prema bhI thA / apanI 'jIvanagAthA' ke eka rocaka sthala para unhoMne apane sAhityika jIvana ke Arambhika dinoM kI jhA~kI prastuta karate hue kahA hai ki katipaya chiTapuTa racanAoM ke prakAzana ke anantara hI unhoMne apane Upara granthakAra, lekhaka, samAlocaka aura kavi kI padaviyA~ lAda lI thIM, jinake kAraNa unake garva kI mAtrA meM bahuta-kucha ijAphA ho gayA thA / kintu unake tatkAlIna mitroM aura salAhakAroM ne use paryApta na smjhaa| unhoMne dvivedIjI ko salAha dI : 'ajI ! koI aisI kitAba likho jisase Take sIdhe hoM / ' saralahRdaya dvivedIjI unake cakame meM A gae aura bar3e zrama se unhoMne 'taruNopadeza' nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI / phira bhI, unake mitroM ko isase santoSa na huA, kAraNa ki isameM vaha sarasatA na thI, jisase 'pAThaka usapara isa taraha TUTeM, jisa taraha gur3a nahIM, bahate hue vraNa yA gandagI para makkhiyoM ke jhuNDa ke jhuNDa TUTate haiN|' unhoMne lekhaka ko salAha dI : ' kAmakalA likho, kAmakillola likho; kandarpa- darpaNa likho; rati-rahasya likho; manoja-maMjarI likho; anaMgaraMga likho / ' dvivedIjI ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki isa salAha ke kAraNa hI bahuta dinoM taka unakA citta calAyamAna rahA / anta meM, unhoMne cAra-cAra caraNavAle lambe-lambe chandoM meM eka padyAtmaka pustaka likha hI DAlI / isakI AlocanA svayaM dvivedIjI ne isa prakAra kI hai: ".... aisI pustaka, jisake pratyeka padya se rasa kI nadI nahIM, to barasAtI nAlA jarUra baha rahA thA / nAma bhI maiMne aisA cunA ki usa samaya taka usa rasa ke adhiSThAtA ko bhI na sUjhA thA / tIsa-cAlIsa sAla pahale kI bAta kaha rahA hU~, Ajakala kI nahIM / Ajakala to nAma bAjArU ho rahA hai aura apane alaukika AkarSaNa ke kAraNa nirdhanoM ko dhanI aura dhaniyoM ko dhanAdhIza banA rahA hai / apane bUr3he mu~ha ke bhItara dha~sI huI jabAna se Apake sAmane usa nAma kA ullekha karate mujhe bar3I lajjA mAlUma hogii| para pApoM kA prAyazcitta karane ke lie Apa paMca samAja-rUpI

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paramezvara ke sAmane zuddha hRdaya se usakA nirdeza karanA hI hogaa| acchA, to usakA nAma thA yA hai 'sohAgarAta' / usameM kyA hai, yaha Apa para prakaTa karane kI jarUrata nahIM, kyoMki-'pareGgitajJAnaphalA hi buddhayaH / " aisI hI svIkArokti aura nirbhIka spaSTavAditA dvivedIjI kI cAritrika vizeSatAe~ hai, jo unakI patnAvalI aura AlocanAoM meM bhI avitatha pratibimbita huI hai| dvivedIjI vyakti ke nahIM, usake guNoM ke upAsaka the, isIlie unhone anaucitya kI bharasaka purajora garhaNA kI hai aura asAdhu prayogoM kI ora apane samasAmayikoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai, cAhe ve prayoga kisI mahAn kahe jAnevAle vyakti yA sAhityakAra ke hI kyoM na hoN| unhoMne jUhI, kAnapura se pa0 padmasiMha zarmA ko likhA thA : "hamane do-eka vyaMgyapUrNa aura hAsyarasAnuyAyI gadya-padyamaya lekha likhe hai, unakA sambandha aise logoM kI samAlocanAoM se hai, jo kucha nahI jAnate, para saba kucha jAnane kA dAvA karate haiN| agara salAha huI, to unako zAyada hama krama-krama se prakAzita kara deN| bhASA aura vyAkaraNa para eka aura lekha likhane kA hamArA irAdA hai| umameM bhI hama harizcandra kI truTiyAM dikhalAyeMge, aura acchI taraha dikhalAyeMge / kAzI ke kaI paNDitoM ne anasthiratA ko sAdhu batalAyA / 'saMskRta' patrikA ke sampAdaka appAzAstrI vidyAvAgIza ne to kaI taraha se usakI sAdhutA sAbita kii|"1 dvivedIjI ne na to apane jIvana meM kliSTatA ko mahattva diyA aura na kAvya meN| yahA~ taka ki bAbU maithilIzaraNa gupta kI racanAoM meM bhI isa doSa ko pAkara unhone kavi ko salAha dI thI ki kAvya meM saralatA hI vareNya hai, na ki aspaSTatA aura duruhatA / guptajI ke nAma likhe gaye eka patra meM dvivedIjI ne kahA hai : 'yatra-tatra peMsila ke nizAna aura sUcanAe~ dekha jaaie|....ismeN kahIM-kahIM kliSTatA khaTakatI hai| yathAsambhava use dUra karane kA yatna kiijiegaa| nahIM to TippaNiyA~ de diijiegaa|' isI patra ke anta meM unhoMne guptajI ko sarala bhASA meM kavitA racane kI salAha dI hai : 'eka bAta kA vicAra rkhiegaa| bhASA sarala ho| bhAva sArvajanIna aura sArvakAlika ho, saba dezoM ke saba manuSyoM ke manovikAra prAyaH eka-se hote haiM / kAvya aisA honA cAhie, jo sabake manovikAra ko uttejita kare-deza-kAla se maryAdA-baddha na ho / aisI hI kavitA amara hotI hai / 2 ___jina kAraNoM se iMgalaiNDa meM DaoN0 jaoNnasana ne meTAphijikala kaviyoM kI AlocanA kI thI, prAyaH unhIM kAraNoM se dvivedIjI ne 'sukavikiMkara' aura 'dvirepha' ke chadma 1. dvivedI-patnAvalI (bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1954), pR060 / 2. uparivat, pR0 114 /

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( 6 ) nAmoM se 'kamala-amala, aravinda - milinda Adi anokhe anokhe upanAmoM kI lAMgUla lagAnevAle chAyAvAdI kaviyoM ko 'kavitvahantA' chokar3A kahA thA / dvivedIjI kI dRSTi meM kAvyagata utkarSa - apakarSa kI parIkSA ke lie eka hI acUka nikaSa hai-- satya / jisa prakAra vyakti kA caritra isa bAta se jAnA jAtA hai ki vaha satya kA kitanA premI hai, usI prakAra kAvya kI zreSThatA isa bAta se dyotita hotI hai ki usameM satya kI mAtrA kitanI hai / 'rasajJa raMjana' ke eka avismaraNIya sthala para dvivedIjI ne kahA hai ki cU~ki binA asaliyata ke joza kA honA bahuta kaThina hai, isalie kavi ko asaliyata kA sabase adhika dhyAna rakhanA cAhie / dvivedIjI ke kathanAnusAra 'acchI kavitA kI sabase bar3I parIkSA yaha hai ki use sunate hI loga bola uTheM ki saca kahA / vahI kavi sacce kavi hai, jinakI kavitA sunakara logoM ke mu~ha se sahasA yaha ukti nikalatI hai / aise kavi dhanya haiM; aura jisa deza meM aise kavi paidA hote haiM, vaha deza bhI dhanya hai / aise kaviyoM kI kavitA cirakAla taka jIvita rahatI hai / " satya ke aise hI ananya upAsaka evaM hindI - AlocanA ke janaka para likhA gayA yaha zodhagrantha kaI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai / zodhakartI ne dvivedIjI ke mUla granthoM kA sUkSma vizleSaNa to kiyA hI hai, una granthoM para likhe gae nibandhoM aura AlocanAoM se bhI prabhUta preraNA grahaNa kI hai, unameM upasthita vicAroM kA khaMDana-maMDana kiyA hai| aura isa prakAra eka aise maulika grantha kI racanA kI hai, jo vaiduSyapUrNa to hai hI, 'asaliyata' tathA gambhIra zodhaparaka bhAvoM se bharapUra hai / merI dRSTi meM prastuta grantha dvivedIjI ke sampUrNa sAhityika pahaluoM para likhA gayA eka sarvAMgapUrNa adhyayana hai, jisakI bhASA prAMjala aura viSaya-vastu kA vizleSaNa evaM prastutIkaraNa bahuta manohArI hai / isake lie lekhikA aura prakAzaka, donoM hI badhAI ke pAtra haiM / a~garejI-vibhAga, bhAgalapura vizvavidyAlaya 15. 6. 1977 1. rasajJa -raMjana (1949), pR0 61 / rAmacandra prasAda yUnivarsiTI prophesara aura adhyakSa

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AbhAra yoM to, AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke jIvanavRtta, vyaktitva evaM kartRtvasambandhI kaI pustakeM upalabdha haiM,para adhikatara pustakoM meM kevala unake / / vicAroM kA ullekha huA hai / dvivedI-yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara unake vyaktitva tathA kartatva para pUrA vicAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| inhIM abhAvoM ko dekhakara maiMne isa zodha-prabandha dvArA inakI pUrti kA vinamra prayAsa kiyA hai| isa mahatkArya ke preraka aura protsAhaka paramAdaraNIya DaoNkTara rAmacandra prasAda haiN| inhIM kI preraNA se prabhAvita hokara maiM zodha kI ora AkRSTa huii| inhIM kA sneha merA sambala rahA hai / ataH, yaha jo kucha bhI hai, saba inhIM kA hai / hindI ke jina mahAn AcAryoM kI kRtiyoM se maiM atizaya lAbhAnvita huI hU~, ve haiM DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI, DaoN0 zatrughna prasAda, zrIsiddhinAtha tivArI, DaoN0 nagendra Adi / paTanA vizvavidyAlaya-pustakAlaya, sinhA lAibrerI, caitanya pustakAlaya, bihArarASTrabhASA-pariSad-pustakAlaya, kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA Adi ke vyavasthApakoM ne samaya-samaya pustakoM ke upayoga kI jo suvidhA dI hai, usake lie maiM ina saMsthAoM aura inake adhikAriyoM kA AbhAra svIkAra karatI huuN| -zaivyA jhA kaoNmarsa kaoNleja, paTanA

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antarvastu bhUmikA 3 AbhAra/7 prathama adhyAya vaM paristhitiyA~ avataraNikA/1 rAjanItika paristhitiyA~/4 sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ Arthika paristhitiyA~/9 sAMskRtika paristhitiyA~/11 sAhityika pRSThabhUmi tathA usakA dvivedIyugIna pratiphalana/14 (ka) unnIsavI zatAbdI ke antima do dazaka/15 (kha) bIsavIM zatAbdI kA Arambha/25 dvitIya adhyAya jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva jIvanavRtta/29 vyaktitva/35 svabhAva evaM cAritrika vizeSatAe~/37 (ka) patnI ke prati prema/38 (kha) svAbhimAna evaM nirbhayatA/40 (ga) kSamAgIlanA evaM komalatA/41 (gha) bhAvukatA/43 (Ga) vinodazIlatA/44 (ca) vinamratA aura zAlInatA/45 (cha) karttavyaparAyaNatA/47 (ja) samayajJatA/47 (jha) nyAyapriyatA/48 (Ja) vyavahArakuzalatA evaM atithi-sevA/49 (Ta) vyavasthApriyatA/50 (8) pratibhA kI parakha/50 (Da) saMgrahavRtti/51 (6) dAnavIratA/52

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( 10 ) (Na) dhArmika AcaraNa/52 (ta) grAma-sudhAra/53 tRtIya adhyAya dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya AcArya dvivedIjI kI maulika kAvya-kRtiyA~/56 AcArya dvivedIjI kI anUdita kAvya-kRtiyA~/61 AcArya dvivedIjI kI maulika gadya-pustakeM/62 AcArya dvivedIjI kI anUdita gadya-pustakeM/68 AcArya dvivedIjI kI anya logoM dvArA sampAdita kRtiyA~/70 AcArya dvivedI jI kI aprakAzita kRtiyA~/70 caturtha adhyAya AcArya dvivedIjI ko sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra uccastarIya vividha zRgAra-maNDita patrikA 'sarasvatI'/85 hindI-jagat meM naye-naye viSayoM kI upasthApanA/92 lekhaka-maNDala kA nirmANa/68 bhASA-sudhAra/103 paMcama adhyAya AcArya dvivedIjI kI gadyazailI (nibandha evaM AlocanA) nibandha-kalA/131 AlocanA/151 paricayAtmaka AlocanA/159 saiddhAntika AlocanA/165 upadezamUlaka AlocanA/175 AcArya dvivedIjI aura chAyAvAda/184 SaSTha adhyAya AcArya dvivedIjI kI kavitA evaM itara sAhitya kavitA/198 dvivedIjI kA anUdita kAvya/204 dvivedIjI kI maulika kavitAe~/209 kathA-sAhitya/234

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( 11 ) nATaka/235 jIvanI/236 upayogI sAhitya/237 anya racanAe~/240 zodha-niSkarSa pramukha sahAyaka grantha evaM patrikAeM hindI/254 aMgarejI/261 patra-patrikAe~/262

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prathama adhyAya dvivedI yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ avataraNikA : sAhityetihAsa me kisI yuga-vizeSa kA nAmakaraNa sAmAnyataH pravRtti- vizeSa ke AdhAra para hotA hai, parantu kabhI-kabhI kisI vyakti ke nAma para bhI yuga kA nAmakaraNa kara diyA jAtA hai / vyakti ke nAma para kisI kAla kA nAmakaraNa tabhI sArthaka hotA hai, jabaki usa vyakti vizeSa ne apane samasAmayika sAhitya ko vyApaka rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA ho / hindI ke sAhityika itihAsa kA kAla-vibhAjana karate hue AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne saM0 1900 se abataka ko sampUrNa sAhityika paramparA ko Adhunika kAla ke antargata parigaNita kiyA hai / 'Adhunika' zabda hamAre yuga kI pravRttiyoM kA pratinidhitva karatA hai; kyoMki Adhunika yuga meM jIvana aura kalA ke vibhinna kSetro meM abhUtapUrva yuga parivartana dikhAI par3atA hai / abhivyakti kI nUtana pravidhiyoM eva kalA jagat kI navInatAoM kI isa vyApti ke kAraNa AcArya zukla evaM anyAnya vidvAnoM ne saM0 1600 se prArambha honevAle isa kAla ko 'Adhunika kAla' nAma diyA / zuklajI ne Adhunika kAla meM antarvibhAga bhI kiye haiM / unhone 25-25 varSo kA utthAna mAnA hai aura prathama utthAna, dvitIya utthAna, tRtIya utthAna Adi kahate cale gaye haiM / inhIM utthAnoM ko vyakti vizeSa kI pramukhatA ke AdhAra para kramaza: bhAratendu-yuga, dvivedI-yuga Adi kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai / jahA~taka dvivedI yuga kA sandarbha hai, isa kAlakhaNDa kI sthUla sImA san 1900 se 1930 I0 taka mAnI gaI hai / kAla kI kisI vizeSa avadhi ko dvivedI yuga kahakara sambodhita karane kA spaSTa artha yahI hai ki ukta yuga - vizeSa kI sAhityika gatividhiyoM kA netRtva dvivedI nAmadhArI kisI sAhityasevI ke jimme thA / vAstava me, san 1900 se 1920 I0 kI, sampUrNa hindI - jagat meM honevAlI gatividhiyA~ AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke nirdezana meM saMcAlita hotI thiiN| isa tathya ko sabhI Alocaka vidvAnoM ne ekamata hokara svIkAra kiyA hai ki dvivedIjI ne apanI namanAnavika hindI sAhitya ko dizAbodha karAne evaM bhASA kA svarUpa gar3hane meM netA- jaisA kArya kiyA hai / zrIbAlakRSNa rAva ne likhA hai :

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2 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva "svayaM apane ko ve mahAn sAhityakAra banA pAye hoM yA na banA pAye hoM, isameM koI sandeha nahI ki unhoMne aneka sAhityakAra bnaaye| unakI preraNA se jAne kitanoM ne usa yuga me hindI meM likhanA zurU kiyA, unake prazikSaNa ke kAraNa jAne kitane ma~je-maeNjAye lekhaka bana gye| jise hama dvivedI yuga kahate haiM, usa yuga meM mahAn sAhitya kI sRSTi bhale hI na huI ho, usa yuga ne hI mahAn sAhitya kI sRSTi ke lie mArga prazasta kiyA / " apane yuga kI upalabdhiyoM ke bIca dvivedIjI kA apanA viziSTa mahattva thA, itanA niHsandigdha hai / DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne isI Azaya ke vicAra abhivyakta kiye hai : "hama usa yuga ke anyAnya sAhityika mahArathiyoM kI mahimA ko sampUrNa svIkAra karate hue bhI ni sakoca kaha sakate hai ki bhASA ko yugocita, ucchvAsahIna, spaSTavAdI aura vaktavya artha ke prati ImAnadAra banAkara jo kAma dvivedIjI kara gaye haiM, vahI unhe hindI sAhitya me advitIya sthAna kA adhikArI banAtA hai / sAdhAraNataH, sAhitya kSetra meM bhASA ke prajApatigaNa kevala zailI aura bhASA ke bala para isa mahattvapUrNa Asana para adhikAra nahIM karate, parantu dvivedIjI eka aise adbhuta muhUrtta meM Aye the aura aisI prakRti aura aisA saMskAra lekara AvirbhUta hue the ki ve uma Asana para nirvivAda bhAva se adhikAra kara sake / 2 y yuga-netRtva kA uttaradAyitvapUrNa kArya saMcAlita karane ke kAraNa dvivedIjI kA samucita prabhAva tatkAlIna sAhityika vikAsa para par3A / isa kAraNa unakI chatacchAyA me sAhitya-racanA hone kI sampUrNa avadhi ko 'dvivedI yuga' kahanA sarvathA yuktisaMgata hai / isa nAmakaraNa ko adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne svIkRti dI hai / parantu isa kAlakhaNDa ke lie kaI anya saMjJAoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA (vArANasI) se prakAzita 'hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa' meM saM0 1950 se saM0 1975 kI isa sAhityika kAla - sImA ko 'pariSkAra - kAla' kahA bhASA ke sthirIkaraNa evaM sudhAra kA jo kArya isa avadhi meM huA thA, prastuta nAma usI para AdhRta hai / isa aitihAsika kArya ko AcArya dvivedI ne hI gati aura sahI dizA kA jJAna diyA thA, ataeva isa kAlakhaNDa ko 'pariSkAra - kAla' kI apekSA 'dvivedI yuga' kahanA hI adhika samIcIna pratIta hotA hai / isI bhA~ti, DaoN0 jitarAma pAThaka ne tatkAlIna rASTrIya kAvya para prabhAva DAlanevAlI sAmayika paristhitiyoM para AdhRta saMjJAoM kI kalpanA kI hai, parantu mAnyatA sarvasvIkRta nAma ko hI dI hai / yathA : gayA hai / 1. zrIbAlakRSNa rAva : sampAdakIya, 'mAdhyama', maI, 1964 I0, pR0 6 / 2. DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra aura vitarka, pR0 84 /

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dvivedI-yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyAM [ 3 "isa yuga-vizeSa meM sudhAroM kA jora rhaa| dvivedIjI bhI bhASA ke sAtha jIvana ke anya kSetroM meM sudhAra kara maryAdA kI sthApanA karanA cAhate the| unapara AryasamAja kA sudhAravAda hAvI rahA / rASTrIya kSetra meM tilaka kA prabhAva isake uttarAddha me rhaa| isalie rASTrIya kAvya para par3anevAle prabhAva kI dRSTi se isa yuga kA nAmakaraNa *dayAnanda-yuga' athavA 'tilaka-yuga' kiyA jA sakatA hai, lekina hindI-sAhintiAna meM pracalita 'dvivedI-yuga' nAma hI yahA~ gRhIta hai|"1 DA~0 pAThaka ne dvivedI-yuga kI kAla-sImA san 1901 se 1919 I0 taka mAnI hai / dUsarI ora, DaoN0 gAnivantrata ne kAvya-paramparAoM evaM mUla AdarzoM kI dRSTi se dvivedI-yuga ko bhAratendu-yuga se abhinna bhAnA hai| unhone dvivedIkAlIna sampUrNa kAvya-sabhyatA ko bhAratendu-yuga se hI prArambha huI 'AdarzavAdI kAvya-paramparA' ke khAte meM DAla diyA hai aura likhA hai : "kAvya-paramparAoM kI dRSTi se yaha yuga pUrvavartI yuga se avibhAjya hai, pUrvavartI yuga kI hI paramparAoM aura pravRttiyoM kA vikAsa isa yuga meM huA hai| parivartana kevala do kSetroM me huA-eka to netRtva meM aura dUsare, racanA-paddhati evaM kAvyabhASA meN| aba bhAratendu kA sthAna mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne grahaNa kara liyA tathA unake prabhAva tathA prayAsa se muktaka zailI ke sthAna para prabandhAtmakatA kI tathA brajabhASA ke sthAna para khar3I bolI kI pratiSThA huii|"2 DaoN0 gaNapaticandra gupta kA yaha kathana dvivedI-yuga kI kAvyagata upalabdhiyoM para AdhRta hai, gadya-sambandhI gaveSaNAoM kI ora isameM dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA hai| ataeva, isa vibhAjana ko sarvA gapUrNa nahI mAnA jA sakatA / dvivedI-yuga ke nAmakaraNa evaM kAla-vibhAjana ko sarvAdhika vistAra DaoN0 zrIkRSNa lAla ne diyA hai| unhoMne san 1900 se 1925 I0 taka kI avadhi ko 'dvivedI-yuga' ke antargata mAnA hai| isa yuga kI sAhityika viziSTatAoM kI carcA karate hue likhate hai : ____"bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prathama caturthAza meM hindI-sAhitya kA vikAsa prayoga se prArambha hokara nizcita siddhAntoM kI ora, prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya ke prativartana (rivAivala) se pAzcAttya sAhitya ke anukaraNa aura rUpAntara kI ora; muktaka aura prabandhakAvyoM se gItikAvyoM kI ora; itivRttAtmaka aura asamartha kavitA se prabhAvazAlI aura bhAvapUrNa kavitA kI ora; karuNA, vIra aura prakRti-varNana ke sahajodreka bhAvoM se prArambha 1. DaoN. jitarAma pAThaka : 'rASTrIyatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM Adhunika kAvya kA vikAsa', pR0 153 / 2. DaoN0 gaNapaticandra gupta : 'hindI-sAhitya kA vaijJAnika itihAsa', pR0 637 /

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4 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva hokara citrabhASA-zailI meM kalApUrNa racanAoM kI ora, alaMkAra, guNa aura rasa se dhvani aura vyaMjanA kI ora; sAdhAraNa prema, vIratA aura tyAga kI bhAvanA se mAnavajIvana kI ucca tRptiyoM aura bhAvanAoM kI vyaMjanA kI ora huaa|"1 / dvivedI-yuga kI ina sAhityika denoM kI abhizaMsA karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha DaoN0 zrIkRSNa lAla ne isa yuga-vizeSa ke bhI antarvibhAga kiye hai : san 1900-1608 I0 : arAjakatA-kAla san 1908-1916 I0 : sAhityika vyavasthA-kAla san 1916-1925 I0 : sAhityika utkarSa-kAla isa vibhAjana kA dvivedI-yugIna sandarbho meM apanA nijI aucitya hai| dvivedIyuga kI mAhitya-sarjanA ke pIche usa yuga kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM Arthika paristhitiyoM kA vizeSa yoga thaa| isa kAraNa, isa yuga kA vAstavika mahattvapUrNa nirUpaNa ina preraka paristhitiyo ke vistRta adhyayana ke abhAva meM usI prakAra adhUrA hai, jisa prakAra bhAratendu yugIna sAhitya kA mUlyAkana samAjazAstrIya sandarbha ke vinA apUrNa raha jAtA hai| bhAratendu-yuga meM bhArata ke rAjanItika, sAmAjika tathA sAMskRtika kSitija para arAjakatA evaM videzI zAsana se utpanna zoSaNa ke jaise kAle bAdala chAye hue the, dvivedI-yuga kI sthiti usase bhinna nahI thii| DaoN0 zatrughna prasAda ne ThIka hI likhA hai : "vaha yuga sAMskRtika tathA rAjanItika AndolanoM ke ubuddha tathA Arthika zoSaNa se pIr3ita thaa| cintana ke kSetra me vijJAna-janya hetuvAda, mAnavatAvAda, rASTrIyatA tathA rAgavAdI evaM karmavAdI jIvana-darzana ke vicAra phaila rahe the| deza-videza ke vibhinna vicArakoM ke nava-cintana bauddhika vAtAvaraNa me santaraNa kara rahe the| dvivedI-yuga punarjAgaraNa tathA navotthAna ke yuga meM praveza kara cukA thA, jabaki bhAratendu-yuga navayuga kA abhinandana kara usameM praveza karane kA prayatna kara rahA thaa| inhIM paristhitiyoM tathA vicAroM se sAhitya bhI anuprANita ho rahA thA / "2 tayugIna sAhitya ko jina vizeSa paristhitiyoM ne sabase adhika prabhAvita kiyA, unameM nimnAMkita kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai : rAjanItika paristhitiyA~ : dvivedI-yuga bhAratIya itihAsa meM bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| isa naI zatI ke prArambha hone taka kazmIra se kanyAkumArI - 1. DaoN0 zrIkRSNa lAla : 'Adhunika hindI kA vikAsa', pR0 25-26 / 2. DaoN0 zatrughna prasAda : 'dvivedIyugIna hindI-nATaka', pR0 19-20 /

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dvivedI yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 5 taka sampUrNa bhAratIya janatA ne a~garejo kA Adhipatya svIkAra kara liyA thA / san 1857 I0 ke gadara kI Aga zAnta ho gaI thI, IsTa iNDiyA kampanI ke sthAna para bhArata kA zAsana briTena ke samrAT ke adhIna ho gayA thA aura san 1885 I0 meM bhAratIya rASTrIya kA~garesa kA janma ho cukA thA / bIsavI zatI ke prArambha hote hI san 1901 I0 se bhArata ke gavarnara janarala laoNrDa karjana kA zAsana prArambha huA / adhikAMza logoM kA mata hai ki bhAratavyApI arAjakatA ke lie jo akelA vyakti usa samaya uttaradAyI thA, usakA nAma laoNrDa karjana thA / aise abhimatoM ke prakAzana kA kAraNa yahI hai ki karjana ne apane haThI svabhAva ke kAraNa vibhinna bhArata-virodhI kArya kara bhAratIyoM ko asantuSTa kara diyA thA / niraMkuza evaM kaThora nItivAle laoNrDa karjana ne apane damanakArya se bhAratavAsiyo ke mana meM a~garejI zAsana ke viruddha bhAvanAoM ko jAgarita kiyA / baMgAla kA vibhAjana - sambandhI unake nirNaya ne Aga meM ghI kA kAma kiyA / phalasvarUpa, deza kI rASTrIya cetanA ne bho krAntikArI rUpa dhAraNa karanA prArambha kiyA / usa samaya kI rASTrIya sthiti ke prasaMga meM zrIpaTTAbhisItArAmaiyA ne likhA hai : "sarakAra kI uttarottara ugra aura nagna rUpa dhAraNa karanevAlI damana-nIti ke kAraNa navacetanA bhI sacamuca vyApaka, vistRta aura gaharI hotI gii| deza ke eka kone meM jo ghaTanA hotI thI, vaha sAre deza meM phaila jAtI thI / "1 bhAratenduyugIna zAsana-sudhAra kI mA~ga karanevAlI rASTrIya cetanA isa avadhi meM svazAsana kI adhikAra ghoSaNA karane lgii| isa dRSTi se bhAratIya kA~garesa meM bhI krAntikArI parivartana ke lakSaNa dIkha par3e / san 1906 I0 meM kA~garesa ke kalakattA- adhivezana me zrIdAdAbhAI naurojI ne sarvaprathama svarAjya kA prastAva rkhaa| isI varSa rAjanItika stara para bhAratIya musalamAnoM ke dala 'muslima lIga' kA bhI janma huA / isake pUrva san 1905 I0 meM laoNrDa karjana ke sthAna para miNTo vAyasarAya niyukta ho cuke the / unhoMne bhArata-saciva mAle ke sAtha milakara bhAratavyApI miNTo - mArle-dhAra kI yojanA taiyAra kii| parantu isa sudhAra ko aMgarejo kI nijI durbalatA hI samajhA gayA tathA rASTrIya Andolana ko aura adhika vega se calAyA jAne lagA / san 1910 I0 meM paMcama jaoNrja gni para ArUDha hue aura san 1911 I0 meM rAnI merI - sahita unake bhArata Agamana ke avasara para dillI meM vizAla darabAra kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isI samaya bhArata kI rAjadhAnI kalakattA se haTAkara dillI lAI gaI / san 1908 I0 me khudIrAma bosa dvArA bama pheMke jAne se lekara san 1912 I0 meM laoNrDa hArDiMga para bama pheke jAne kI ghaTanA taka briTiza zAsana ke prati bhAratIya janamAnasa meM utpanna roSa 1. zrIpaTAbhisItArAmaiyA : 'kA~garesa kA itihAsa', bhAga 1, pR0 64 /

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6] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva abhivyakta ho cukA thA / parAdhIna rASTra kI rAjanItika cetanA kI vidrohamUlaka jAgRti kA eka mukhya kAraNa bhArata ke sAtha anya dezoM kA bar3hatA huA samparka bhI thA / rUsa-jApAna yuddha me jApAna kI vijaya (san 1905 I0 ) se bhAratIya jIvana meM navajAvaraNa kI preraNA milI thii| isI bhA~ti, dakSiNa aphrikA ke boara yuddha, julU - vidroha aura satyAgraha Adi meM mahAtmA gAndhI ke sevAkAryoM se bhI rASTra ke jIvana meM navIna sphUrti kA saMcAra huA / parantu antararASTrIya cetanA kA sarvAdhika sacAra san 1914 I0 meM chir3e vizvayuddha ke dvArA huA / DaoN0 zrIkRSNa lAla ne ThIka hI likhA hai : "san 1914 - 18 I0 kA mahAyuddha eka anya mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA thI / isase pahale bhAratavarSa me antararASTrIya bhAvanA bilakula na thI / abataka bhArata pazcima kI rASTrIyatA se hI prabhAvita huA thA, parantu aba use isa bAta kA anubhava hone lagA ki bhAratavarSa vizAla vizva kA eka aMga hai aura vizva kI pratyeka ghaTanA usake lie bhI mahattva rakhatI hai / " bhArata ne prathama vizvayuddha meM isa AzA se a~garejoM kA sAtha diyA ki ve unakI sevA se prasanna hokara svazAsana kA adhikAra de dege / parantu isa sahAyatA se koI phala nahIM prApta karane para rASTrIya Andolana ke netAo ne bhAratavyApI asantoSa ko abhivyakta karane ke lie kArya prArambha kiyA / isa bIca san 1915 I0 meM zrIgopAla kRSNa gokhale aura zrIphirojazAha mehatA ke nidhana ke pazcAt bhAratIya kaoNgaresa me naramadala ke sthAna para garamadala kI pramukhatA ho gaI thI / zrIbAla gaMgAdhara tilaka aura lAlA lAjapata rAya Adi netAoM kA udaya isa kAla meM jora-zora se huA / zrImohanadAsa karamacanda gAndhI san 1915 I0 meM bhArata Aye aura agale varSa san 1916 I0 se ve yahA~ kI rAjanIti meM kUda par3e / san 1916 I0 me yahA~ zrImatI enIbeseNTa ne 'homarUla lIga' kI sthApanA kI / san 1919 I0 meM amRtasara ke jAliyA~vAlA bAga me janarala DAyara ke Adeza para hue pAzavika golIkANDa dvArA isa dvivedI-yugIna briTiza- damanacakra kI pUrNAhuti huI / damana ke virodha meM kaoNMgaresa, muslima lIga tathA enIbeseNTa ke homarUla lIga ne rASTrIya Andolana ko apane-apane DhaMga se sahArA de rakhA thaa| inake sAtha-sAtha ugrapanthI evaM AtaMkavAdI krAntikAriyoM kA Andolana bhI cala rahA thA / san 1900 se 1920 I0 kA yaha kAlakhaNDa bhArata ke rAjanItika kSitija para mahAtmA gAndhI ke chA jAne kI pUrvapIThikA ke rUpa meM svIkRta ho sakatA hai / ina sArI rAjanItika sthitiyoM se usa yuga ke sAhityasevI asampRkta nahIM the / 1. DaoN0 zrIkRSNalAla : Adhunika hindI sAhitya kA vikAsa', pR0 29 /

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dvivedI yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 7 sAhitya meM rAjanItika vAtAvaraNa kI spaSTa chApa dIkha par3atI hai / DaoN0 suSamA nArAyaNa ke zabdoM meM : "rASTravAdI vicAradhArA prabala rUpa meM sampUrNa deza meM chA gaI thI, prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti tathA sabhyatA kI dhAka bhAratIya mastiSka meM baiThAI jA cukI thI aura sAmrAjyavAdiyo kI niraMkuzatA se mukti pAne ke lie atIta gaurava eka sudRDha rakSAkavaca ke samAna thA / ataH, hindI sAhitya meM bhI bhArata ke atItakAlIna AdhyAtmika, naitika aura bhautika utkarSa ke sundara, prabhAvotpAdaka, purANa tathA itihAsa- sammata viSaya cune gaye / atIta gaurava kI tulanA meM varttamAna durdazA kI anubhUti me tIvratA AI / bhaugolika ekatA evaM mAtRbhUmi-stavana para vizeSa bala diyA gayA / varttamAna ke abhAvoMrAjanItika abhizApa, sAmAjika kurItiyA~, Arthika zoSaNa, sAMskRtika hInatA - kA citraNa kiyA gayA / / rASTravAda ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa svadezI Andolana, tilaka kI umra rASTravAditA, homarUla - Andolana, ahisAtmaka satyAgraha aura balidAna kI bhAvanA kI sAhitya me abhivyakti kI gii| bhArata ke sundara bhaviSya ke svapna sa~joye gaye / " " yugIna rAjanItika ghaTanAo se hindI sAhityakAroM ke sAhacarya kI spaSTa sUcanA uparyukta paMktiyoM me mila jAtI hai / sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ : dvivedI yuga ke prArambha hone taka bhArata kI sAmAjika avasthA rAjanItika arAjakatA ke samakakSa hI viSama ho cukI thI / bhAratIya samAja vinAzazIla pravRttiyoM ko bar3I hI prasannatA ke sAtha grahaNa kara rahA thA, isake pramANasvarUpa samAja ke sabhI vargo meM hue patana ko sAmane rakhA jA sakatA hai| apanI prAcIna vizeSatAoM se pIchA chur3Akara bhAratIya samAja pUrI taraha vargagata evaM sAmpradAyika viSamatAoM kA pratIka bana cukA thA / sAtha hI, azikSA ke kAraNa bhAratIya samAja andhavizvAsoM eva kuprathAoM kA aDDA bana gayA thA / aisI sAmAjika kurItiyo meM bAla vivAha, bela vivAha, bahuvivAha, mAMsa bhakSaNa, madirA sevana, dhArmika andhavizvAsa, chuAchUta, pArasparika phUTa aura kalaha Adi kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai, jinake kAraNa isa deza kI adhogati ho rahI thI / unnIsavI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha kAla kI sAmAjika avasthA ke sambandha me DaoN0 lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya kI nimnAMkita paMktiyA~ draSTavya haiM : "eka ora to bhAratIya jIvana suvyavasthita evaM sudRDha zikSA-paddhati ke abhAva ke kAraNa aneka madhyayugIna kaTTara, gatihIna, rUDhibaddha, asAmAjika aura anudAra andhavizvAsoM, kurItiyoM aura kuprathAoM se bharA huA thA, samAja meM kUpamaNDUkatA kA 1. DaoN0 suSamA nArAyaNa : 'bhAratIya rASTravAda ke vikAsa kI hindI - sAhitya meM abhivyakti' pR0 63 /

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8 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva pracAra thA, usakI sarjanAtmaka aura navonmeSazAlinI zakti aura ucca AkAMkSAoM aura sAhasika prakRti kA hrAsa ho gayA thA aura bhAratIya islAmI sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kA sUrya astAcalagAmI ho cukA thA, to dUsarI ora vaha paramparA aura rUDhipriyatA tathA paurANikatA kA moha chor3akara navInatA kI ora bar3I tIvratA ke sAtha baDha rahA thA jisase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yadyapi bhAratIya jIvana apane durdina dekha rahA thA, to bhI vaha nitAnta niSprANa nahIM ho gayA thaa|" ___ san 1857 I0 ke vidroha ke pUrva bhI aneka sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika Andolana hue, jinake phalasvarUpa bhArata me sAmAjika pragati kI bhAvanA dhIre-dhIre vikasita huii| isa sAmAjika punarutthAna kA bIr3A sarvaprathama rAjA rAmamohana rAya ne san 1815 I0 meM hI 'AtmIya sabhA' evaM san 1828 I0 meM 'brahma samAja' kI sthApanA dvArA uThAyA / bhAratIya janamAnasa ko sAmAjika punargaThana kI nitAnta AvazyakatA kA sarvAdhika bodha karAne kA zreya AryasamAja ko hai| svAmI dayAnanda ne bAla-vivAha, bahu-vivAha tathA aspRzyatA kA virodha kiyA evaM bhAratIya samAja ko naI dRSTi pradAna kii| unhone samAja kA dhyAna naye mUlyo kI ora AkRSTa kiyaa| isa dRSTi se zrIsurendra nAtha banarjI dvArA sAmAjika sudhAra ke lie kiye gaye prayatna bhI mahattvapUrNa haiM / unhone bhAratIya rUDhivAdI samAja me naI cetanA kI lahara phailA dI aura isa kArya ke lie kaI saMsthAo kI sthApanA dvArA deza-bhara me antarajAtIya vivAha, mAdakadravya-nipedha aura rAtri-pAThazAlAoM kA pracAra kiyaa| san 1885 I0 me bhAratIya kAMgaresa kI sthApanA se bhI sAmAjika sudhAroM ko bala milA aura samAja kI aneka rUDhiyoM ke unmUlana ke lie prayatna hone lge| ina sudhAravAdI AndolanoM ke preraNA ke srotoM kI ora saMketa karate hue DaoN0 ravIndrasahAya varmA ne likhA hai : "ina sAmAjika AndolanoM kI preraNA pazcima se hI AI, para sAtha meM yaha kahanA bhI ThIka hai ki ina AndolanoM kI pragati a~garejI prabhAva ke prasAra ke sAtha-sAtha huii|"2 bhAratIya samAja para AMgla-prabhAva kA yaha eka upakAra sAmane AyA ki eka sarvathA naI sAmAjika cetanA kA vikAsa huA aura rUDhigrasta paramparA kA parityAga Avazyaka pratIta hone lagA thaa| sAmAjika parivartana kI inhI paristhitiyoM ke madhya sampUrNa dvivedI-yuga bhI ghirA thaa| rAjanItika arAjakatA kI hI bhaoNti janajIvana meM sAmAjika khokhalepana ke viruddha bhI AvAja utthii| unnIsavI zatI ke anta meM brahmasamAja evaM AryasamAja ne jina krAntikArI bhAvanAoM tathA punarutthAnavAda ko janma diyA thA, isa kAla meM use bala milaa| isake phalasvarUpa naye-naye sAmAjika mUlya 1. DaoN0 lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya : 'unnIsavIM zatAbdI', pR0 4 / 2. DaoN0 ravIndrasahAya varmAH 'hindI-kAvya para AMgla prabhAva', pR0 66 /

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dvivedI yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 9 sAmane Aye / sAmAjika asamAnatA, jAtivarNa-bheda, bAlavivAha, vidhavAoM kI duravasthA Adi ke viruddha isa yuga meM AryasamAja, prArthanA samAja Adi saMsthAo ke saMrakSaNa meM sudhAraparaka Andolana cala rahA thA / bhAratIya Adarzo tathA naitikatA kI rakSA ke sAtha buddhivAdI samAjasudhAraka - samudAya sAmAjika-dhArmika parivartana lAne ke lie kAryazIla thA / anya sAmAjika utthAnoM ke sAtha-hI-sAtha nAriyoM kI dazA meM sudhAra isa yuga kI eka mahAn upalabdhi hai / AryasamAja Adi ke prayatna - svarUpa jina sAmAjika sudhAroM kA sthAyI prabhAba tatkAlIna sAhitya para par3A, uname nArI jAgaraNa kA sarvAdhika mahattva hai / DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa gupta ke anusAra : "AryasamAja ke pracAra ne 'eka aura bar3A mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA, jisakA prabhAva sAhitya para pdd'aa| vaha hai nArI jAgaraNa kA kArya / lagabhaga 300 varSo se 19vIM zatI ke anta taka hindI - sAhitya evaM kAvya me striyo kA bar3A hIna citraNa kiyA gayA thA / nAyikA bheda ke jAla se jakar3akara unhe ekamAtra upabhogya sAmagrI banA rakhA thA / unakA varNana proSitapatikA, abhisArikA, ajJAtayauvanA, vAsakasajjA Adi ke rUpa me hI milatA thA / andhavizvAsa aura rUDhivAda meM ulajhe hue hindUsamAja ne unheM pUrNatayA ghara kI cahAradIvArI me banda kara rakhA thA / ve azikSita thI, tiraskRta thIM aura pati ke kAryo me hastakSepa karane evaM parAmarza dene kA unheM adhikAra na thA / AryasamAja ne striyoM kI aisI dazA dekhakara unakA bhI uddhAra kiyA, unheM ardhAginI kA pada dilAyA, paradA prathA ke garta se bAhara nikAlA, unhe zikSita kiyA aura sItA eva sAvitrI kA Adarza unake sanmukha rakhA / "" nAriyoM ke isa jAgaraNa kA prabhAva dvivedIyugIna sAhitya para pdd'aa| paramparita nArI-zobhA kI kAvyagata abhivyaMjanA ke viruddha svayaM paM0 mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne bhI AvAja uThAI hai| isI bhA~ti, anyAnya kSetroM me ho rahe sAmAjika sudhAroM kI ora bhI tatkAlIna sAhityasevI jAgarUka the / rASTrIya cetanA kA vikAsa karane ke mahAn uddezya se bhAratIyIkaraNa kI sAmAjika nIti ko sAhitya meM bhI prAzraya milA / jaise-jaise samAja kA netRtva AbhijAtya varga ke hAthoM se nikalakara udita ho rahe madhyamavarga ke hAthoM meM A rahA thA, dezavyApI sAmAjika sudhAravAditA bhI sAhitya meM mukharita ho rahI thI 1 Arthika paristhitiyA~ : vyApArI banakara Aye a~garejo ne jaba bhArata ke zAsana ko apane adhIna kara liyA, taba svatantra vyApAra kI Arthika nIti kA sUtrapAta huA / bhArata meM - 1. DaoN0 la0 nA0 gupta : 'hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ko AryasamAja kI dena', pR0 192 /

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10 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva sTIma-iMjana, sTIma-pAvara tathA anya vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kA pracura mAtrA meM pracAra huA, jisakA phala deza kI audyogika sthiti ke hita me acchA nahIM huaa| videzI zAsaka iMgalaiNDa ke kala-kArakhAnoM ke lie bhArata se kaccA mAla le jAne lage, jisake phalasvarUpa deza ke udyoga-dhandhe naSTa hone lge| udyoga evaM vyApArika kSetroM ke sAtha hI isa deza kI kRSi para bhI agarejoM ke Arthika SaDyantra kA prabhAva pdd'aa| udyogo ke naSTa ho jAne para bekAra kArIgara khetoM kI ora lauTa gaye, phalasvarUpa kRSi para janasaMkhyA kA bhAra adhika ho gyaa| ataH, kRSi kA utpAdana janasakhyA ke bhAra evaM purAne kRSi-sAdhano ke kAraNa kama ho gyaa| isI avadhi meM deza ke kaI bhAgoM meM akAla kI bhISaNatA bhI raMga lAI, jisase janasAdhAraNa kI Arthika sthiti DAvA~Dola ho gii| sAtha hI, videzI vyApAra tathA anya kaI sUtroM se bhArata kA dhana briTena jA rahA thaa| deza ke dhana kA niryAta tathA usakA saMcaya a~garejoM ne jisa nirdaya zopaNa-vati dvArA kiyA, usane to bhArata kI Arthika kamara hI tor3a ddaalii| agarejoM kI karasaMgrahapaddhati kI tulanA eka aise spaMja se kI jA sakatI hai, jo gagAtaTa se saba acchI cIjoM ko cUsakara Taiksa-taTa para lA nicor3atI thii| kula milAkara, bhArata meM a~garejIzAsana kI kahAnI zoSaNa, dhanalolupatA Adi kI kahAnI hai| bhAratendu-yuga se hI deza kI Arthika sthiti zocanIya ho gaI thii| apane 'bhArata-burdazA' nATaka me bhAratendu ne bhArata-durdaiva ke muha se aMgarejoM kI Arthika nIti ko udbodha karavAyA hai : marI bulAU~ deza ujAr3a', mahagA karake anna / sabake Upara Tikasa lagAU~, dhana hai mujha ko dhanna // 1 bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prathama caraNa meM bhArata kI Arthika sthiti meM koI parivartana nahI AyA thaa| DaoN0 parazurAma zukla virahI ne likhA hai : __ "viveDhIbugIna bhArata kI Arthika dazA bhAratenduyugIna bhArata se kucha vizeSa acchI nahI thii| isIlie, 'ye dhana videza cali jAta' kI jo 'atikhvArI' bhAratendu ko thI, vahI kSobha dvivedI-yuga ke kaviyoM ko bhI thaa| bhArata kI Arthika dazA ke DAvaoNDola hone kA vAstavika kAraNa yahI thA ki videzI vastuoM se bhArata kA bAjAra pATa diyA gayA thA aura etaddezIya udyoga-dhandhe naSTa kara diye gaye the|"2 prathama vizvayuddha ke prArambha hone ke pUrva bhArata kI Arthika evaM audyogika sthiti paravartI kAla kI tulanA meM kucha acchI thii| vizvayuddha-kAla meM videzoM meM sthita bhAratIya 1. zrIbrajaratnadAsa : 'bhAratendu-granthAvalI', bhAga 1, pR0 402 / / 2. DaoN0 parazurAma zukla virahI : 'Adhunika hindI-kAvya meM yathArthavAda', pR0 66-100 /

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dvivedI yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 11 senA kA pUrA vyayabhAra deza para A par3A / sainika vyaya ke bar3hane tathA usake phalasvarUpa karoM ke baDhane se bhArata kI Arthika dazA dayanIya ho gii| DaoN0 rAmacandra mizra ne tatkAlIna Arthika sthiti kA ina zabdoM meM spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai : "deza kI Arthika pragati pUrvavat hI asantoSajanaka thI / akAla aura bhukhamarI se deza bar3A pIr3ita aura jarjarita thA / kRSakoM evaM kArIgaroM kI dazA dinAnudina zocanIya ho rahI thI / a~garejI - sarakAra svArthapradhAna thI / isase unake dvArA sahRdayatApUrvaka deza kI dIna-hIna dazA ko sudhArane kA prayAsa kiyA hI nahI gayA / "" bIsavIM zatI ke prArambha ke uparAnta bhArata kI Arthika sthiti meM jo dayanIyatA chAI rahI, usake phalasvarUpa deza ke navajAgarita samAja me kaI naI cetanAoM janma liyA / eka ora gA~voM kI nizcintatA evaM kRSipradhAna grAmINa sabhyatA kA uttarottara vinAza hotA gayA, to dUsarI ora udyogoM tathA vyavasAya ke pazcimonmukhI vaijJAnika vikAsa ke kAraNa nAgarika sabhyatA kA vikAsa huA / nagaro me briTizo kI zoSaNa pUrNa Arthika nIti kA virodha bhI svadezI Andolana ke rUpa me prArambha huA / isa svadezIvAle nAre ko bhAratendu ne hI apane yuga meM vANI dI thI, parantu sabase pahale san 1903 I0 meM hI ise kAryAnvita kiyA jA sakA / sAhityakAroM ne bhI svadezIAndolana evaM Arthika zoSaNa ko apanI racanAoM me abhivyakti dI / isa prakAra, dvivedI yuga meM bhAratIya janatA evaM usake sAhitya me apanI daridratA evaM videzI zopaNa se nivRtti pAne kI cetanA jagI / sAMskRtika paristhitiyA~ dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika kSetra meM dvivedI yuga apane pUrvavartI yuga se bhinna nahI thA / unnIsavI zatAbdI ke anta meM jina sAskRtika Andolano ne janma liyA thA, unhI kI vicAradhArAe~ isa yuga meM bhI vikAsazIla rahIM / aneka sAmAjika kurItiyo evaM arAjakatA kA jo hastidala bhAratenduyugIna samAja ko kucala rahA thA, vahI dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika mAnyatAo ke kadalIvana meM bhI ghusa par3A thaa| sAmAjika evaM . sambandha yaha thA ki adhikAza sAmAjika kurItiyA~ dharma kI Ar3a meM jIvita thiiN| isa kAraNa tatkAlIna dhArmika paristhiti anAcAro evaM andhavizvAsoM se otaprota ho gaI thI / hindU dharma kI dhArmika avanati para musalamAnoM ke islAmapracAra evaM a~garejoM ke IsAI dharma pracAra kA bhI paryApta prabhAva par3A / parantu isI kAla me bhAratIya janatA ne sAMskRtika punarjAgaraNa kI dizA meM bhI prayAsa prArambha 1. DaoN0 rAmacandra mizra : 'zrIdhara pAThaka tathA hindI kA pUrva - svacchandatAvAdI kAvya' pR0 63 /

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12 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva kiye| isa kArya ke lie bahutere Andolana hue aura kaI saMsthAoM kA janma huaa| isa karma me svAmI dayAnanda dvArA saMsthApita AryasamAja (san 1875 I0 ) kA sarvAdhika mahattva mAnA jA sakatA hai| AryasamAja kI sthApanA ke pUrva hindU-samAja mukhya rUpa se do vargoM meM vibhakta ho cukA thaa| eka varga hindU-purANazAstra evaM anyAnya dhArmika granthoM kA andhabhakta thA aura jo vartamAna yuga kI parivartanazIla paristhitiyoM ke prati anAsakta thaa| dUsarA varga pAzcAttya sabhyatA ke sAgara meM gote lagAkara isa pariNAma para pahuMca cukA thA ki hamArI prAcIna sAmAjika evaM dhArmika pravRttiyA~ evaM rItiyA~ sar3a gaI hai aura iname AmUla parivartana karane se hI deza kA svAsthya ThIka raha sakatA hai| rUDhivAdI aura parAmparAbhaktoM ke bIca navIna evaM prAcIna kA samanvaya sthApita karane kA kicit prayatna AryasamAja ne kiyaa| AryasamAja kA mukhya uddezya bhArata kA sAMskRtika adhyutthAna thA eva usakA AdhAra vaidika thaa| vaidika saMskRti tathA prakArAntara se bhArata ke svarNima atIta kA guNagAna kara AryasamAja ne bhAratIya mAMskRtika cetanA ko eka nayA mor3a diyaa| dUsarI ora AMzika pAzcAttya prabhAva ke kAraNa brahmasamAja, thiyosophikala sosAiTI, rAmakRSNa mizana Adi saMsthAoM ne bhI aspRzyatA evaM dhArmika vibheda kI rekhA miTAkara, eka satra meM sampUrNa deza ko bA~dhakara yahA~ kI sAMskRtika ekatA ko saMsthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA / sAMskRtika aikya evaM rASTrIyatA kI yaha lahara mukhya rUpa se hinda-dhArmikatA se AkrAnta thii| bhArata meM dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika punarjAgaraNa ke isa kAla meM briTiza-zAsana ke prabhAva-svarUpa pAzcAttya saMskRti kA bhI gaharA prabhAva anajIvana para par3a rahA thaa| dvivedI-yugIna bhAratIya samAja para par3e pAzcAttya prabhAva kI carcA karate hue DaoN0 urmilA guptA ne likhA hai : "prAcIna andhavizvAsI dRSTikoNa samApta ho gayA tathA bhAratavAsiyoM ke rahanasahana aura veza-bhUSA meM parivartana A gyaa| isa yuga me prAcIna mAnyatAe~ hI samApta ho rahI thI, parantu navIna mAnyatAoM ko janatA pUrI taraha apanA nahI pA rahI thI, isalie saMskRti meM eka prakAra kI avyavasthA-sI phailI huI thii| isa sAMskRtika vizRkhalatA ke bIca AryasamAja Adi dvArA bhArata ke gauravamaya atIta ke guNagAna kA jo zaMkhanAda kiyA gayA, usase isa deza kI sAMskRtika cetanA evaM sAhityika gatividhi ko eka spaSTa mArga dIkha pdd'aa| yaha mArga thA atIta ke AdhAra para rASTrIya evaM sAMskRtika cetanA ko panapAne kaa| dvivedI-yuga ke sabhI 1. DaoN0 urmilA guptA : 'hindI-kathAsAhitya ke vikAsa meM mahilAoM kA yoga', pR0 19 /

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dvivedI yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyAM [ 13 sAhityakAra, citrakAra Adi buddhijIvI isI kAraNa bhAratIya atIta gaurava kI abhivyakti pradAna karane me lIna rahe / sAMskRtika atItAvalokana ke sAtha bhAratIya janamAnasa evaM sAhitya ke antaH sambandhoM kI carcA karate hue DaoN0 kesarInArAyaNa zukla ne likhA hai : " dvivedI yuga meM janatA kA dhyAna hindU-saMskRti aura usake nidarzaka pUrvajo kI ora gayA / janatA kA yaha rASTrIya aura jAtIya jAgaraNa dvivedI yuga ke sAhitya meM pratibimbita hai / janatA kI bhAvanAe~ kAvya meM jhalaka rahI hai / janatA kI manobhAvanA ke samAna kavi kI manodRSTi bhI anIta kI ora lagI huI hai / kavi atIta ke gIta gA rahe hai aura hindU-saMskRti ke uccatama pratIka aura vyaktitvo kI ora saMketa kara rahe hai / isa prakAra, jana-mana ke samAna kAvya bhI atIta aura hindutva se otaprota hai / " " hindutva ke pariSkRta rUpa kA prastutIkaraNa tathA bhAratIya itihAsa ke svarNima pRSThoM kI abhivyakti ke krama me dvivedIyugIna sAhitya, mukhya rUpa se kavitA, kA svarUpa AdarzavAdI evaM itivRttAtmaka ho gayA hai / parantu, sAMskRtika dharAtala para hindutva ko zIrSasthAna dilAne ke lie itivRttAtmakatA anivArya thI aura isI kAraNa upadezAtmakatA tathA AdarzavAditA bhI dvivedIyugIna kAvya me sarvatra upalabdha hai| isa sandarbha meM DaoN0 parazurAma zukla birahI ne pazcimI vidvAnoM ke yoga ko bhI mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai : 'dvivedI yuga ke kAvya meM sAMskRtika punarutthAna aura atIta gauravagAthA kI jo. pravRtti parilakSita hotI hai, usake mUla meM bhI a~garejI kA prabhAva hI vidyamAna hai / maiksamUlara, kolabruka, viliyama jonsa Adi pAzcAttya vidvAnoM ne vaidika sAhitya aura prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke sambandha me apanI jo zodheM prastuta kI, unase etaddezIya vidvAn lAbhAnvita hue aura apanI prAcIna saMskRti evaM sAhitya ke prati unakI gaurava-bhAvanA jAgarita huI / isI prakAra geTe, zelI Adi yUropIya kaviyoM ne bhArata ke upaniSadoM aura kAlidAsa Adi saMskRta ke mahAkaviyoM kI jo mahattvaghoSaNA kI, usase prabhAvita bhAratIya sAhityakAroM ne bhI apane deza ke gauravazAlI: atIta ko sammAna kI aMjali dI / 2 1. DaoN0 kesarInArAyaNa zukla : 'Adhunika kAvyadhArA kA sAMskRtika srota',. pR0 138- 136 / 2. DaoN0 parazurAma zukla virahI : 'Adhunika hindI kAvya meM yathArthavAda', pR0 106 /

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14 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva isa prakAra, AryasamAja ke yuvapradhAna pracArAtmaka Andolana evaM pAzcAttya vidvAno dvArA kI gaI, bhArata ke prAcIna sAhitya kI prazaMsA ne bhAratIya janamAnasa evaM tayugIna sAhitya meM sAMskRtika cetanA kI eka apUrva lahara daur3A dii| sarvatra nijI gaurava-bhAvanA ne prasAra pAyA aura svarNima atIta kI bhaoNti vartamAna aura bhaviSya ko sa~vArane tathA samujjvala banAne kI dizA meM loga saceSTa hue| dvivedIyugIna sAMskRtika paristhiti ko hama apane-Apa meM vividha prabhAvoM ke kAraNa vizRMkhalita hote hue bhI atItonmukhI eva punarutthAnavAdI kaha sakate hai| sAhityika pRSThabhUmi tathA usakA dvivedIyugIna pratiphalana : unnIsavI zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM prAcIna aura navIna vicAradhArAoM kA jo saMgharSa sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika stara para cala rahA thA, usakA prabhAva tatkAlIna sAhityika gatividhiyoM para bhI pdd'aa| phalataH, usa samaya sAhityaseviyoM meM rItibhavitakAlIna paramparAvAdI tathA navIna vicArabhUmi para vicaraNa karanevAle paramparAmukta jaise spaSTa hI do dala ho gaye the| una donoM daloM kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM ko samanvita kara hindI meM samartha sAhityadhArA pravAhita karanevAle yuganirmAtA ke rUpa me bhAratendu haricandra ne eka jAgarUka sAhityakAra ke sAre guNoM ko AtmasAt kiyaa| DaoN0 lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya ne likhA hai : __"bhAratendu harizcandra do aitihAsika yugoM ke sandhisthala para khar3e the, isalie unakA dhyAna prAcIna aura navIna dono kI ora gyaa| unhoMne na to prAcIna kI upekSA kI ora na usake moha meM ba~dhe / sAtha hI, unhoMne na to navIna kA andhAnukaraNa kiyA aura na usase AzaMkita hI rhe| unhone jo kucha dekhA,A~kheM kholakara dekhA aura unakI sAhityika pratibhA ne maNikAMcana-saMyoga upasthita kiyaa|"1 ___ bhAratendu kI nijI sarvatomukhI pratibhA se Alokita hote hue bhI hindI-sAhitya kaI dRSTiyo se arAjakatA kI sthiti se usa samaya gujara rahA thaa| isa yuga meM sAhityocita viSaya evaM zailI ko lekara jo vaiSamya thA, usase kahI adhika prabala vivAda bhASA-viSayaka thA / zrI siddhinAtha tivArI ne usa samaya kI dazA kI carcA ina zabdoM meM kI hai : "19vIM zatAbdI kA goSThI-sAhitya samucita manovRtti liye bhASA, bhAva aura niyama aura vidhAna meM kucha Adarza nahIM rakha sakA / urdU, ba~galA, marAThI Adi - pradezoM ke hindI-bhASAbhASI apane-apane sthAnIya sA~ce meM hI hindI ko DhAlane kA prayatna kara rahe the / naye lekhakoM dvArA vyAkaraNa kI avahelanA kama nahIM thii| inake 1. DaoN0 dhIrendra varmA : 'hindI-sAhityakoza', bhAga 2, pR0 383 /

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dvivedI yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 15 atirikta zabdoM kA bhaNDAra bhI rivata hI thA / .... . hindI ke pAsa na koI apanA itihAsa thA, na koza, na vyAkaraNa... sAhitya kA khajAnA khAlI par3A thA / "1 sAhitya-kSetra meM phaile abhAva evaM arAjakatA ke isa yuga meM gadya evaM padya donoM hI kSetroM meM samAna vizRMkhalatA thI / urdU, vrajabhASA evaM a~garejI ke sAtha saMgharSarata hindI kA usa samaya taka koI nirdhArita stara nahI bana pAyA thA / phira bhI, yugIna paristhitiyo evaM nijI pratibhA ke sahAre bhAratendu ne sthiti ko apanI chatacchAyA meM vizeSa bigar3ane nahI diyA / tadyugIna zikSA evaM usake prabhAva se parivartita ho rahe janamAnasa ne hindI sAhitya ke Adhunika kAla kA prArambha hone meM bharapUra sahayoga diyA / parantu, bhAratendu ke avasAna se dvivedI yuga ke zurU hone taka hindI - sAhitya ko avaicArika zUnyatA tathA netAvihIna manodazA ke daladala meM pha~sa jAnA par3A / tatkAlIna paristhiti ko DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne ina zabdoM meM abhivyakti dI hai : " dvivedI - bhAskara ke udita hone ke pUrva evaM bhAratendu ke arata hone ke pazcAt 15-16 varSa kA samaya hindI bhASA kA arAjakatA - kAla thA / sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanItika AndolanoM evaM paristhitiyoM se deza meM jo janacetanA udbhUta huI thI, usakI prakriyA svarUpa hindI sAhitya meM drutagati se sRjana kArya prArambha huA thA / usa samaya 'parama svatantra na sira para koI' vAlI kahAvata bhASA ke kSetra meM pUrNata: caritArtha ho rahI thI / zAsaka - vihIna rAjya kI ucchRMkhalatA, svecchAcAritA, avyavasthA tathA asthiratA kA bolabAlA thA / zabdoM kA akAla, vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI zithilatA, netRtvahInatAjanya sannipAta - bakavAsa evaM hindI-urdU saMgharSa - ye cAra bar3I samasyAe~ thI / inameM se prathama do kA sambandha bhASA ke antaraMgapana se hai tathA antima do kA sambandha vAhya paristhitiyoM se / "2 (ka) unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke antima do dazaka : paM0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa dvArA sampAdita 'hindI- pradIpa' ke tIsare aMka ( 1 navambara, 1877 I0) meM prakAzita 'bhArata - jananI aura iMgalaiNDezvarI kA saMvAda' bhAratendu-yuga kI manovRtti aura bhAvabodha para prabhUta prakAza DAlatA hai / iMgalaiNDezvarI se asabhya aura dAsI 1 1. zrIsiddhinAtha tivArI : dvivedIjI kI dena', 'jyotsnA', disambara, 1953 I0, pR0 13 / 2. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : dvivedI yuga kI hindI gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana', pR0 450 /

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16 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva kahI jAne para bhArata-jananI cauka uThatI hai aura isa bAta kI udghoSaNA karatI hai| ki bhAratavarSa kabhI guruo kA guru, ustAdoM kA ustAda, 'muallimoM kA muallima' aura rAjAdhirAjo kA rAjAdhirAja thA / usakI sabhyatA kA prakAza aura usakA nAma sabhI dizAoM meM usa samaya ujAgara thA, jaba iMgalaiNDa kA kahI nAma-nizAna aura patA bhI na thA / "misira, yUnAna aura kyAlDiyA ne kisake kAraNa sevA kara buddhi aura vidyA pAI... jyotiSazAstra, agavidyA, padArthavidyA, vaidyavidyA, kalA-kauzala, kavitA aura darzanoM kA kendrasthAna kauna thA, bahumUlya ratnoM kI khAna se ratnagarbhA yaha vasudhA kA nAma kisake kAraNa se huA, yaha hIrA jo tumhArI mukuTa meM camaka rahA hai, isakI utpatti kahA~ se huI, kahA~ tumhArA dhyAna hai, choTe mu~ha bar3I bAta, tanika hoza kI davA karo nA / " 1 isa saMvAda ke lekhaka kA svara bhAratendu-yuga kA pratinidhi svara hai, isa yuga ke lekhaka isa bAta ke lie sadaiva prayatnazIla hai ki bhArata apane prAcIna vaibhava aura apanI garimAmayI paramparAoM ko vismRta na kare / ekatA ke aTUTa sUtra me paraspara ba~dhA mAnava deza ko gaurava ke zikhara para ArUDha kare aura iMgalaiNDa ke 'mAyAvI putro' se isako mukti dilAye / isa aMka meM kisI grantha kI na to vyAvahArika AlocanA milatI hai aura na kisI prakAra kA siddhAnta pratipAdana hI / parantu, nibandhoM ke cayana meM sampAdaka kI bhAvayitrI pratibhA kA acchA prakAzana huA hai aura ina nibandhoM me ( jiname kucha anuvAda bhI sammilita hai ) usake mantavya meM sandeha nahIM raha jAtA / 'lalita bhASA chandoM meM' kiyA gayA 'meghadUta' kA anuvAda aura 'vAlmIkirAmAyaNa' kA hindI-rUpAntara, donoM isa bAta kI ghoSaNA karate hai ki isa yuga ke lekhaka, sampAdaka aura kavi hindI - sAhitya ke vikAsa ko apanA punIta lakSya banA cuke haiM aura ve cAhate haiM ki hindI - sAhitya hI samRddha na ho, pratyuta hindI kI takanIkI zabdAvalI bhI yathAzIghra saMvaddhita ho jAya / isI uddezya se prerita hokara 'hindI- pradIpa' (navambara, 1877 I0) ne 'vAyu kA varNana' aura 'aiMglo varanyAkulara' zIrSaka nibandha (jisameM pazcimottara deza kI sarakAra kI zikSA nIti kI AlocanA kI gaI hai) prakAzita kiyA thA / ' hindI - pradIpa' ke disambara, 1877 I0 vAle aMka meM prakAzita 'bhojanapadArtha' aura isI aMka meM prakAzita 'havA kA bojha' Adi saikar3oM nibandha kevala rocakatA kI dRSTi se hI mahattvapUrNa nahI haiM, ve tayugIna sampAdakIya manovRtti ko bhI prakAzita karate hai aura isa bAta kI sUcanA dete haiM ki khar3I bolI kI nIMva sudRDha ho calI hai aura naye-naye pAribhASika zabdoM kA AyAta zurU ho gayA hai / hindI kI Adhunika AlocanA kA vikAsa aisI hI nIMva para sambhava thA / paM0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa, bhAratendu prabhRti ne bhAvasampreSaNa ke mAdhyama ko 1. hindI - pradIpa (jilda 1, saMkhyA 3, san 1877 I0), pR0 2 /

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dvivedI-yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 17 sazakta banAkara hindI-AlocanA ke vikAsa ke lie jo rAjamArga banAyA, vaha hindIsAhitya ke itihAsa meM cirasmaraNIya rhegaa| 'hindI-pradIpa' kA yuga hindIpatrakAritA kA, hindI-gadya ke vikAsa kA aura Adhunika hindI-AlocanA ke AvirbhAva kA aitihAsika yuga thaa| isa yuga ke nibandhoM meM pracura AlocanAtmaka sAmagrI bhI milatI hai, jisakI ora zAyada hI kisI Alocaka ne dhyAna diyA hai| apraila, 1878 I0 meM 'hindI-pradIpa' meM prakAzita 'veda' zIrSaka nibandha bhale hI AlocanAtmaka paripakvatA se rahita ho, para ise hama paricayAtmaka AlocanA kI zreNI meM parigaNita karane meM saMkoca kreNge| isa nibandha meM 'veda' zabda kI utpatti se vedoM ke pratipAdya taka kA ullekha hai aura yaha batalAyA gayA hai ki mantra aura brAhmaNa kyA haiN| isI prakAra, saMhitA aura mImAMsA Adi kI bhI carcA huI hai aura yaha kahA gayA hai ki veda nitya aura apauruSeya hai| isI aMka (apraila, 1878 I0) meM 'dezI bhASAoM ke patroM ke viSaya ke kAnUna kI samAlocanA' bhI prakAzita hai, jo sAhityika mahattva nahI rkhtii| isameM sandeha nahIM ki AlocanA kA vikAsa gadya ke vikAsa aura mAdhyama kI paripakvatA para bhI AdhRta hotA hai| isalie i~galaiNDa meM bhI jaba navajAgaraNa-yugIna AlocakoM ne itAlavI evaM abhijAta AlocakoM se preraNA lekara aMgarejI-AlocanA kA sUtrapAta kiyA, taba unhoMne bhI isa bAta kI ghoSaNA kI ki AlocanA kI bhASA nArmana phreMca aura laiTina na hokara svadezI a~garejI hI ho / siDanI, spensara, malkAsTara, paTanama prabhRti ne isI tathya para bala diyA ki iMgalaiNDa kI bhASA-sarjanAtmaka sAhitya kI bhASA-na to phrAnsIsI ho sakatI hai aura na laittin| kisI bhI deza kI sarjanAtmaka UrjA sahaja abhivyakti ke lie svadezI bhUmikA kI apekSA karatI hai| zIrSa koTi ke kAvya-bIja svadeza kI sahaja prazasta evaM urvarA bhUmi meM hI aMkurita evaM pallavita ho sakate haiN| malkAsTara sarIkhe dezabhakta lekhakoM ne bhASA-viSayaka jisa nIti kI ghoSaNA kI, usake pariNAmasvarUpa a~garejI ko anya yUropIya bhASAoM se naye-naye zabda upalabdha hue aura AlocanAgata vizleSaNa evaM saiddhAntika pratipAdanoM ke lie a~garejI upayukta mAdhyama bnii| isI prakAra, bhAratendu-yuga ne hindI-AlocanA ke AvirbhAva-kAla me bhASA kI samasyA para samadhika bala diyA aura bAra-bAra isa bAta kI ghoSaNA kI ki deza kI sarvatomukhI unnati hindI ke vikAsa aura prauDhi ke sAtha sampRkta hai| 'sArasudhAnidhi' ke prathama aMka meM bhASA ko unnati kA pradhAna Akara kahA gayA hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki yadi hama ise AtmA kI dUtI kaheM, to bhI isameM atyukti nahIM hogii| bar3e hI marmasparzI DhaMga se 'sAhitya' zIrSaka nibandha meM kahA gayA hai ki bhASA ke arasajJa Adhunika zikSita manuSya bhASA kA itanA adhika

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18 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva Adara karate haiM, jo apanI mAtRbhASA bhI bhUla jAte haiN|' ina mahAtmAoM kI bolacAla eka naye prakAra kI atyanta adbhuta bolI hotI hai, jise hama 'garejI-pArasI-mizrita citakabarI' bhASA kaha sakate hai| akTUbara, 1884 I0 me zrIdhara pAThaka ne eka gajala likhI thI, jo isa prakAra hai : 'hindI kA aba to koI kadaradA~ rahA nhiiN| vAisa yahI hai uskA rutavA jarA nahIM // 1 // kAyama haiM jitane mulka meM par3hate haiM phaarsii| hindI kA nAma lenA bhI unako ravA nahIM // 2 // zAstara ke raTanebAloM ko hindI se kAma kyaa| bhASA kI pothI par3hane se bananA gadhA nahIM // 3 // aMgrejI par3he bAbU ko hindI se kyA garaja / iMgaliza ke barobara to kisI meM majA nahIM // 6 // sarakAra meM nahIM hai jaba isakI kadara khiiN| ai yAro hindI kA par3hanA vajA nahIM // 7 // 3 usI varSa 'bhAratendu' meM 'hindI' zIrSaka kitanI hI TippaNiyA~ paDhane ko milatI haiN|4 eka TippaNI sarakAra kI AlocanA karatI huI pUchatI hai : 'sarakAra kacahariyoM meM hindI kyoM nahIM jArI karatI ? sunA hai ki sarakAra hindI ko asabhya bhASA samajhatI hai| kyoM na ho ? jisameM vyAkaraNa, kAvya koza, nyAya, vedAnta, sAhitya, sAMkhya, pAtaMjala, veda-upaveda, purANa, itihAsa, vaidyaka, jyotiSa, catuSpaSTi kalA Adi kI pustakeM eka hajAra varSa se bhI prAcIna hoM, vaha parama asabhya hai| jo hindI Adhe se adhika bhAratavarSa bhara meM vyApta ho, jise dasa bAraha koTi manuSya bolate hoM, vaha mahAn aprasabhya hai|5 tadyugIna patra-patrikAoM meM aise anaginata sthala mileMge, jahA~ lekhakoM ne hindI ke pracAra ke lie Agraha kiyA hai aura sarakArI 1. sArasudhAnidhi, 13 janavarI, 1879 I0, pR0 9 / 2. uparivat / 3. uparivat, akTUbara, 1884 I0, jilda 8, naM0 2, saM0 1941 / 4. bhAratendu pustaka 1, aMka e, 18 agasta, 1883 I0, pR0 74 : "pukAro hindI ! hindI ! hindI ! bolo prema se (aura) hindI ! hindI ! hindI ! phira jora se, hindI ! hindI ! hindI! hindI! hindI ! karate raho jaba lagi ghaTa meM prANa / kabahU~ to dInadayAla ke bhanaka paregI kAna // " 5. bhAratendu, 10 maI, 1884 I0, pustaka 2, aMka 2, pR0 20 /

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dvivedI-yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 16 nIti kI AlocanA kI hai| isI prakAra, usa yuga kI racanAoM ke anuzIlana se isa bAta kA patA calatA hai ki unake racayitA 'naI rozanI ke viSa' se apane pAThakoM ko yathAsAdhya bacAne kI ceSTA karate the aura ve jAnate the ki 'hamArI hajAroM varSa se pracalita zreNIbaddha rIti-nIti isa aMgarejI-zikSA ke prabhAva se ukhar3I jAtI hai| unheM samasAmayika navayuvakoM kA koTa-bUTa aura cakkaradAra TopI pahananA aura usase hI apanI zobhA samajhanA apriya lagatA thaa| ve nahIM cAhate the ki loga 'apane deza kI sanAtana rItoM' ko burA kahe, nAma ke Age 'misTara' zabda kA lagAnA pratiSThA kA hetu mAneM, kamiTiyoM aura sabhAoM meM akar3a-akar3a kara lekcara par3heM, deza meM banI baDhiyA-se-bar3hiyA cIjoM ko dekha ghinAyeM aura videzI cIjoM ke lie eka kA chaha dAma dekara bhI sampUrNa phaizana kI nAka usI ko jaaneN|' 3 'zrImadaMgjadeva mahA mahA purANa' kA lekhaka sUTajI ko apanA pravaktA banAkara kahatA hai :4 prAta nAma aMgreja ucAre / acchA bhojana turatahi pAve / jo aMgreja mukha darzana kre| trividha tApa tAke hari hare / jo aMgreja karahi smbaadaa| tAke begahi miTeM viSAdA / jo aMgreja pada dhUli parai / turatahi bhavasAgara ko tarai / jo aMgreja prasAdahi pAvai / so baikuNTha dhAma ko jAvai / jo aMgreja ko DAlI deve / so TrejarI kI lAlI leve / jo aMgreja ko gAlI khAya / kabhI na kisamata khAlI jAya / ... 1. "huA koI nahIM hindI kA madadagAra kbhii| jabA~ urdU kA aba rutavA bar3A itanA aphasosa / vo pAyegI adAlata se bhalA phiTakAra kabhI // rahA hai phaila urdU kA yahA~ vaha jora au zora / sunegI hindI kI pharyAda kyoM sarakAra kabhI // gaye haiM bhUla hindU bhI jabA~ apanI ko khAsa / urdU karatI hai adAlata meM hajAro galtI / to bhI ghaTatA vahA~ usakA jarA itabAra nhiiN|... -bhAratendu, pustaka 2, aMka 6, 7, 8, san 1884 I0, pR0 107 (hindI kI hAlata), pR0 108 / 2. hindI-pradIpa, 1 sitambara, 1878 I0, pR0 8 / 3. uparivat, 1 pharavarI, 1879 I0, pR0 13 / 4. bhAratendu, pustaka 2, aMka 3, 8 jUna, 1884 I0, pR0 46 se 'zrImadaMgrejadeva mahA-mahApurANa' kI kathA kA punaH Arambha, pR0 46 /

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20 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva hindI meM aisA vyaMgya bhAratendu-yuga meM hI sambhava thA / aisA lagatA hai ki usa yuga ke sAtha hI hindI kI yaha saprANa vyaMgya - paramparA lupta ho gaI hai / bhAratendu-yugIna AlocanA ke svarUpa ko acchI taraha vizleSita karane ke pUrva isa pariveza aura isameM pravAhita honevAlI vivAradhArAo kA samyak jJAna apekSita hai / dhyAtavya hai ki yuga-vizeSa kI vaicArika evaM dArzanika pravRttiyA~ tathA Arthika evaM rAjanItika paristhitiyA~ sAhityAlocana ko bhI prabhAvita karatI haiN| Alocaka apane pariveza se pUrNatayA pRthak aura Adyanta vastuniSTha nahIM ho sakatA / anya manuSyoM kI taraha bhI sAmayika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita aura apanI pratikriyAoM se paricAlita hotA hai / phrAnsIsI Alocaka Tena (TAINE) ne pratyeka kalAkRti ko kalAkAra ke yuga, jAti aura pariveza se prabhAvita kahA, jo sarvathA samIcIna hai / samIkSA ke kSetra meM pUrNa vastuniSThatA virala hai / 1 bhAratendu-yuga kI utkaTa dezabhakti aura hindI-bhASAprema hindI - AlocanA meM bhI jIvanta abhivyaMjanA pA sakA hai aura isa AlocanA ke nItimUlaka svara meM pratidhvani hai / isa yuga kI AlocanA kA naitika honA utanA hI svAbhAvika hai, jitanA usa sampUrNa yuga kA pragADha dezaprema se otaprota honA / deza meM jaba 'naI rozanI kA viSa' vyApta ho rahA ho, jaba 'bIbI uradU' nAjanIna bana rahI ho aura hindI 'karama kA phuTahA ' bana gaI ho " " jaba vilAyata ke julAhe deza ke zoSaNa meM anavarata lage hoM aura dezabhASA ke akhabAroM ke eDITara 'mahApApI' ghoSita ho gaye hoM, taba dezabhASA meM likhanevAle Alocaka apane pAThakoM kI nIti aura upadeza se bharI huI AlocanAe~ deMge hii| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa yuga kI paricayAtmaka alocanAe~ bhI mUlata. unhIM bAtoM kA ullekha karatI hai, jinase pAThakoM ko zikSA mile| paricaya kA kendra zikSA bana jAtI hai, upadeza ho jAtA hai / apakva evaM romANTika pratikriyAoM ke sahaja ucchalana - mAtra se bhAratendu-yuga kI samIkSA kA nirmANa nahIM hotA / zrIrAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI ne likhA thA : " vaMgabhASA meM 'bhAratamAtA' aura 'bhArate yavana' yaha do rUpaka haiM / 'bhAratamAtA' kA 'bhArata-jananI' ke nAma se kucha aMza 'harizcandra candrikA' aura 'kavivacanasudhA' meM prakAzita ho cukA hai / 'bhArate yavana' kA aba maiMne anuvAda kiyA hai / anuvAda ke sundara hone kI mujhe neka bhI AzA nahIM hai; kyoMki apanI buddhi kA mujhe bhalI bhA~ti anubhava hai, para isake par3hane se dezavAsiyoM ko lajjA hogI, yaha maiM avazya kaha sakatA hU~...' 3 daMgabhASA meM 'bhAratamAtA' aura 'bhArate yavana' kA likhA jAnA yuga kI pravRttiyoM ko dekhate hue,. 1. hindI - pradIpa, sitambara, 1879 I0, pR0 6 | 2. uparivat / 3. uparivat, 1 mArca, 1876 I0, pR0 2 /

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dvivedI-yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 21 sahaja svAbhAvika ghaTanA hai| isI prakAra gosvAmIjI dvArA 'bhArate yavana' kA anuvAda bhI atyanta svAbhAvika dIkhatA hai| unakI zAlInatA ke mUla meM bhI dezabhakti hI hai aura unake isa bhaya se ki unake anuvAda se dezavAsiyoM ko lajjA hogI, unakA dezaprema udbhAsita hotA hai| parantu, vijJApana aura 'pustaka-svIkRti' yA 'pustakasvIkAra' alocanA kI koTi meM parigaNita na hoNge| inameM kucha. aise bhI 'pustakasvIkAra' avazya milate hai, jinase bhAratendu-yuga kI bhASAgata manovRtti kA upayogI paricaya milatA hai| udAharaNArtha, prastuta 'pustaka-svIkAra' kevala vijJApana nahI hai : "hama atyanta dhanyavAdapUrvaka zrIhRSIkeza bhaTTAcArya mahodaya racita kavitAvalI nAmaka pustaka svIkAra karate hai, isameM 18 pRthak 2 viSayoM para bhaTTAcArya mahAzaya kI kavitA aura pANDitya kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai, isakA mUlya kevala 4 AnA hai| saskRta, vizeSa kara kAvya-rasikoM ko yaha grantha bahuta hI manoraMjaka hai / isakI bahuta-sI kavitA a~garejI-kavitA se anuvAda kI gaI hai / hamako isa bAta kA vizeSa harSa hai, jo nUtana praNAlI ke saMskRta vidvAno ne isa bAta kI ora mana diyA ki videzI bhASAoM me jo kucha cAturI ho,usakA bhI rasAkarSaNa kara saMskRta meM kara leM..." isameM 'manoraMjaka' 'kAvya-rasika', 'nUtana praNAlI', 'rasAkarSaNa' Adi zabda vizuddha sAhityika AlocanA ke zabda hai| dhIre-dhIre inhI zabdoM se hindI ke usa AlocanA-prAsAda kA nirmANa hotA hai, jo hamAre deza kI anupama vibhUti hai| __ janavarI, 1880 I0 meM 'hindI-pradIpa' kA 'nATakAbhinaya' zIrSaka 'vijJApana' draSTavya hai : "koTi dhanyavAda Izvara kA hai jisakI preraNA se prayAga Arya nATya sabhA ke membaroM ke jI meM phira abhinaya karane kA utsAha huaa| yaha abhinaya gata mAsa kI 6 disambara zanivAra ko relave thiyeTara meM kiyA gayA sayogavaza se abaki bAra jetanI bAta abhinayopayogI hai, ve saba Akara ekatra ho gaI, jaisA dillIvAsI lAlA zrInivAsa dAsa ke pANDitya kA prakAza rUpa raNadhIra aura prema mohanI nATaka vaisA hI hamAre pAna varga 'bhI aba khUba ma~ja gaye haiM...yaha nATaka jaisI uttama rIti para bA~dhA gayA hai isa viSaya meM hameM kucha kahane kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hai; kyoMki prAyaH hamAre grAhakoM meM se usase bhalIbhAMti paricita haiM kevala isameM abhinaya meM itanA jJAtavya hai ki sukhavAsI lAla kI kuTilatA nAthUrAma kA mAravAr3Ipana aura jIvana kI svAmibhakti kA abhinaya bahuta hI uttama rIti para kiyA gayA hai|"...2 yadi una sabhI tattvo kI vyAkhyA prastuta kI gaI hotI,jo abhinayopayogI thI,to nissandeha 'nATakAbhinaya' eka ucca koTi kA nATyazAstrasambandhI nibandha huA rahatA / parantu, 'jetanI bAta' kahI jAnI cAhie, utanI bAta yahA~ 1. hindI-pradIpa, 1 jUna, 1979, I0 pR0 16 / 2. janavarI 1980 I0, jilda 3, saMkhyA 5, nATakAbhinaya, pR0 2 /

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22 ] AcArya mahAvIrapramAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva nahIM kahI gaI, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa 'nATakAbhinaya' AlocanA ke sthAna para 'AlocanA karane kA abhinaya' hai, yathArtha AlocanA nahIM / isakA yaha artha nahIM ki isa yuga kI patrikAe~ kevala vijJApana aura 'pustaka-svIkAra' prakAzita kara AlocanA ke dAyitva se palAyana karane kA prayatna karatI hai / vastutaH, jahA~ AlocanA kI apekSA nahIM kI jAnI cAhie, vahA~ bhI bar3e hI sUkSma AlocanAtmaka sUtra bikhare milate haiM / kabhI-kabhI sampAdakoM kI dRSTi atyanta painI aura AlocanAtmaka ho uThatI hai| 'hindI-praTIpa' meM 1 apraila, 1880 I0 ko eka 'prAptagrantha' (kezavarAma bhaTTa dvArA preSita 'zamazAda sIzana') ke lie dhanyavAda jJApita kiyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai : "hamAre cira-sneha kezavarAma bhaTTa preSita 'zamazAda sIzana' nAmaka nATaka hama bahuta dhanyavAda pUrvaka svIkAra karate hai| yaha nATaka kabIra ke isa dohe ko lakSya kara likhA gayA hai : durbala ko na satAie jAkI moTI hAya / muI khAla kI saoNsa se sAra bhasama hoi jAya / / bhASA isake jaisA ki grantha ke nAma hI se prakaTa hotA hai TheTha uradU nAgarI akSaroM me hai aura usameM uttama pAtroM kI bolI sarala uradU aura naukara Adi dIna pAtroM kI bhASA paTane kI yA bhojapura kI pUrabI ravakhI gaI hai, choTe 2 hAkima jaise atyAcAra kA baratAva hamalogoM ke sAtha karate hai vaha eka jaoNiNTa majisTreTa ro sAhaba ke namUne se isameM acchA darasAyA gayA hai aura pAtra jo musalamAna rakhe gaye hai isameM kadAcita granthakartA kA yaha matalaba hai ki jisameM musalamAnoM ko bhI nATaka kI ruci bar3he aura abhinaya ke dvArA apanI jAti kI kurItoM ke zodhana meM pravRtta hoM, jo ho nATaka yaha uttama rIti para bA~dhA gayA hai mUlya isakA eka rupayA aura bihAra bandhu chApAkhAne meM chapA hai|'' isa paricaya meM kitane hI sUkSma siddhAnta nirdiSTa ho gaye haiM / prathama to lekhaka ne nATaka ke rUpa-sauSThava aura saMghaTana kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura dikhAyA hai ki isame bhAvAnviti milatI hai| eka bhAva ko kendra meM rakhakara isa nATaka kI ghaTanAoM aura dRzyoM kA sarjana huA hai aura isameM pAtrAnukUla bhASA kA prayoga huA hai| bhASA ke aucitya kI ora saMketa isakA dUsarA siddhAnta-pratipAdana hai| samIkSaka kA svara isa aucitya ke nirvAha ke prati svIkArAtmaka hai| tIsarA siddhAnta nATaka kI naitikatA se sambaddha hai| nATaka aisA ho, jo zrotAoM aura pAThakoM kI ruci ko proddIpta kare aura jo kurItiyoM ke zodhana meM unheM pravRtta kre| dvivedI-yuga meM adhikAMza samIkSaka lokahita ko sAhitya kA prayojana mAnate haiM aura jise AcArya nagendra ne prabhAvavAdI samIkSA kI saMjJA dI hai, vaisI hI prabhAvamUlaka 1. "hindI-pradIpa', 1 apraila, 1880 I0, jilda 3, maM0 8, pR0 1-2 /

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dvivedI yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 23 samIkSA likhate haiM / prabhAvavAdI samIkSakoM kA 'dhyeya vizleSaNa yA antaH pravRttiyoM kI gaveSaNA nahIM hotA / kisI grantha athavA kRti ko paDhakara inake mana para jaisA prabhAva par3atA hai, usako vaisA hI aMkita kara denA inakI vizeSatA hai / yaha ' . AlocanA apane mUla rUpa meM phaizanebala hai aura eka atyanna saMskRta ruci aura sUkSma komala pakar3a kI apekSA karatI hai, tabhI lekhaka kI dhAraNAe~ vizvAmayogya aura krAntimAn ho sakatI hai, tabhI unakA mahattva hai / yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki isa prakAra kI AlocanA apane sundaratama rUpa meM bhI gahana, sAga evaM kramabaddha nahI ho sakatI, pAThaka kI utsukatA ko jAgarita karane ke atirikta usake jJAna meM vizeSa parivRddhi nahIM kara sakatI, sAtha hI isameM niSkapaTa mata- pradarzana hI saba kucha hai, ataH ImAnadArI kI bhI bar3I jarUrata hai / ' bhAratendu-yuga kI paricayAtmaka samIkSAe~ gahana aura mAMga na hokara taloparika haiM aura unakA lakSya mata- pradarzana hI adhika dIkhatA hai / parantu, sAtha hI unameM prabhUta niSkapaTatA bhI milatI hai / san 1879 I0 meM, 'sarasudhAnidhi' meM 'dhAtuzikSA' nAmaka pustaka kI samAlocanA na to gambhIra hai aura na to siddhAnta pratipAdana kI dRSTi se upayogI hI / isa samAlocanA ke anuzIlana se isa tathya para prakAza avazya par3atA hai ki samAlocanA kI dRSTi se kalA tabhI upayogI hotI hai, jaba vaha zikSAprada ho / lekhaka ko isa bAta se prasannatA huI hai ki 'dhAtuzikSA' kA uddezya 'yaha hai ki striyA~ isako par3hakara apanI rakSA aura apanI santAna kI rakSA karane meM samartha hoM / 2 ' dhAtuzikSA' ke anuvAda kI garhaNA bhI isakI bhASA ko lokahita kI kasauTI para parakha kara kI gaI hai| aura kahA gayA hai ki anuvAdaka ne 'prasUti aura dhAtu ke praznottara kI rIti se aura ati khulAsA bhASA meM likhakara aisA azlIla kara diyA hai ki striyoM ko to kyA puruSoM ko bhI par3hate lajjA AtI hai / ' pAThaka ! dekhie isake viSaya saba kaise uttama aura upakArI haiM, parantu likhAvaTa kaisI jaghanya azlIla huI hai / . .. 13 kahI-kahI lekhakoM kI AlocanA bar3e hI tIkhe aura marmasparzI vyaMgya kA rUpa le letI hai aura vastuniSTha mUlyAMkana na hokara AtmaniSTha prabhAvAbhivyaMjana bana jAtI hai / san 1883 I0 meM 'rAjA zivaprasAda kauna haiM' zIrSaka eka nibandha meM kahA gayA hai ki 'rAjA sAhaba kannauja ke rAjA jayacanda hai / ' rAjA sAhaba murzidAbAda nAzakArI 1. DaoN0 nagendra : 'vicAra aura anubhUti', dillI, san 1934 I0, pR0 61 / 2. 'sArasudhAnidhi', 4 agasta 1879 I0, pR0 353 / 3. uparivat /

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24 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva abhicanda haiN| rAjA sAhaba laMkAdhipati ke bhAI vibhISaNa haiN| rAjA sAhaba iMgaliza maina aura pAinIyara kA sivila milaTarI gajaTa ke jIva yoga hai...rAjA sAhaba hindUdharma ke nAza karane ke lie sAkSAt jainamuni hai| rAjA sAhaba hindustAna kI phUTa ke tAje namUne hai|...videsh kyA, rAjA sAhaba yathArtha hI ziva hai aura jaise ziva ke kaNTha me viSa hai, usI prakAra unake kaNTha me viSa hai|... rAjA sAhaba hindustAna kI unnati ke pralaya karane ke lie trinetra, trizUladhArI, mahAkAla, vikarAla, muNDamAla, sarvA gapUrita vyAla, zmazAnavAsI, avinAzI ziva hai ..!' spaSTa hai ki isa nibandha kA lekhaka ucca koTi kA vyaMgyakAra to hai, parantu samIkSaka nahIM / usakI bhASA meM apanI asvastha pratikriyAoM ko abhivyakta karane kI prANazakti to hai, para aisI pratikriyAe~ nipaTa rUkSa pratikriyAe~ hI kahIM jAyeMgI, satsamAlocanA ke lie anivArya sucintita vicAra nhiiN| vastutaH, tayugIna patrikAo me 'bhAratendu' kA svara sabase adhika vyaMgya-pradhAna hai aura isakeM nibandha hindI ke pracAra ke lie sabase adhika aagrhii| san 1883 I0 ke chaThe aMka meM kahA gayA hai ki 'hamaloga hindU hai', 'hamArI bhASA hindI hai', 'hamAre akSara devanAgarI hai'2, para 'hindI' zIrSaka TippaNI meM kahA gayA hai ki 'sarakAra kacahariyoM meM hindI kyo nahI jArI karatI ? sanA hai ki sarakAra hindI ko asabhya bhASA samajhatI hai, kyoM na ho, jimame vyAkaraNa, kAvya koza, nyAya, vedAnta, sAMkhya, pAtaMjala, veda-upaveda, purANa, itihAsa, vaidyaka, jyotiSa, catuSSaSTi kalA Adi kI pustakeM eka hajAra varSa se bhI prAcIna ho, vaha parama asabhya hai| jo hindI Adhe se adhika bhAratavarSa bhara meM vyApta ho, jise dasa-bAraha koTi manuSya bolate hoM, vaha mahAn aprasabhya hai!!... vartamAna rIti ke anusAra bhI jisameM saba viSaya ke do-tIna hajAra grantha hoM, cAlIsa se adhika sambAdapatra chapate hoM, prativarSa saikar3oM vidyArthI pAsa hote hoM, vaha asabhyacUr3AmaNi bhASA hai !!... jisa bhASA meM zabdoM kA akSaya bhaNDAra hai...vaha aspRzya hai avyavahArya aura asambhASya hai!!!"...3 'bhAratendu' meM isa zIrSaka kI aneka TippaNiyA~ milatI hai| san 1884 I0 meM hI 'bhAratendu' meM prakAzita 'sa kSipta samAlocanA'4 se katipaya siddhAnta niSkarSita hote hai / prastuta samAlocanA kA lekhaka sarvaprathama 'yUropiyana pativratA aura dharmazIlA striyoM ke jIvana-caritra' ke lekhaka bAbU kAzInAtha khatrI kA paricaya detA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa lekhaka ke matAnusAra kalAkRti ke samyak 1. bhAratendu, 10 sitambara, 1883 I0, pR0 85 / 2-3. uparivat, 10 maI, 1884 I0, pR0 20 / 4. bhAratendu, pu0 2, aMka 9-12, saM0 1884-85, pR0 129 /

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dvivedI-yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 25 mUlyAMkana ke lie yaha apekSita hai ki kRtikAra ke sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI hAsila kI jAya / sAMvyUma ne aisI jAnakArI ko sAhityAlocana ke lie vAMchanIya ghoSita kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki mAhityika kRtiyoM kI samucita parakha tabhI sambhava hai, jaba unake racayitAoM ke jIvana se hama paricita ho leM; kyoMki pratyeka kalAkRti apane racayitA ke jIvana se nibaddha hotI hai / Adhunika manovizlepaNa bhI kalA ko antazcetanA kI abhivyakti athavA avacetana meM damita vAsanAoM se prabhAvita mAnatA hai, parantu jisa saMkSipta samAlocanA kI yahA~ carcA kI jA rahI hai, usameM lekhaka ke sambandha meM koI aisI bAta nahI kahI gaI hai, jisase usakI kRti ke vastuparaka mUlyAMkana meM sahayoga mile / vastutaH, samAlocaka ne bAbU kAzInAtha khatrI kI prazaMsA ke dvArA hamAre dRSTikoNa ko pakSapAtapUrNa banAne kI koziza kI hai| usakA lekhaka-paricaya korI virudAvali hai aura isI kAraNa AlocanAtmaka mahattva se rahita bhii| sAtha hI, yaha bhI dhyAtavya hai ki jise vaha hindI kA garva kahatA hai, vaha Aja prAyaH vismRta ho cukA hai| bAbU kAzInAtha khatrI kI tulanA a~garejI ke milTana se kI gaI hai, jo atyanta hAsyAspada hai| kahA~ milTana aura kahA~ bAbU kAzInAtha khatrI ! para, itanA avazya hai ki isa Alocaka ke mAnadaNDa bhI naitika haiM aura vaha pustaka kI prazaMsA isa kAraNa karatA hai ki pustaka kI bhASA parama sarala aura bAlikAoM ke lie paThanIya hai| Alocaka ke sambandha me jo bAta sabase adhika ullekhanIya hai, vaha yaha hai ki vaha bar3e hI niSpakSa bhAva se anuvAdaka dvArA prayukta zIrSaka ke jIvana-caritra zabda para Apatti karatA hai, vaha kahatA hai ki 'doSapakSa meM rasa kA jIvana-caritra nAma na hokara (caritra) nAma honA cAhie thA... dUsare eka hI prakAra ke bahuta se caritra na likhakara bhinnabhinna prakAra ke thor3e se hI caritra likhate, to bar3A camatkAra thA, tRtIya kahI-kahI bhASA me azuddhi milatI hai|' spaSTa hai ki isa samAlocanA kA lekhaka taTastha hai aura usake anusAra sAhitya kI samIkSA na to guNoM kI tAlikA hotI hai aura na doSoM kI sUcI / samAlocanA guNa-doSa-vivecana hai aura bhAvaka nIra-kSIravivekI hotA hai| (kha) bIsavIM zatI kA Arambha : bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha hote hI jisa tejI ke sAtha bhArata kI sAmAjika evaM rAjanItika paristhitiyoM meM parivartana huA, usI tIvratA ke sAtha sAhityika kSetra meM bhI krAntikArI parivartana hue| vAstava meM, naI zatI kI vividha paristhitiyoM ne bhAratIya jIvana meM mAnasa-krAnti upasthita kii| phalasvarUpa, jana-mAnasa kA kSetra vistRta ho gayA / AryasamAja, rAmakRSNa mizana, thiyosophikala sosAiTI Adi bhAratIya saMgaThanoM tathA janavAda, buddhivAda, mAnavatAvAda, svacchandatAvAda jaisI pazcimI laharoM ne

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26 ] AcArya mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva vicAro meM yugAntara upasthita kiyA / ina badalI huI paristhitiyoM ne dvivedI yuga ko janma diyaa| DaoN0 zrI kRSNalAla ke zabdo meM : " isa parivartana yuga ke sabase mahAn yugapravarttaka puruSa tathA nAyaka mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI the / san 1900 se 1925 I0 ke bIca meM padya racanA athavA gadyazailI meM aisA koI bhI sAhityika Andolana nahIM, jisapara dvivedIjI kA pratyakSa yA apratyakSa prabhAva na par3A ho / " " apane pUrvavarttI yuga kI sAhityika pRSThabhUmi tathA samakAlIna parisvitiyo kA adhyayana karane ke bAda dvivedIjI ne hindI ke svarUpa - nirdhAraNa kA bIr3A uThAyA thA / usa samaya taka hindI sAhitya para pAzcAttya sAhitya, vizeSataH a~garejI - sAhitya kA prabhAva par3ane lagA thA / a~garejI sAhitya meM jaisA svacchandatAvAdI Andolana cala rahA thA, unnIsavIM zatI ke antima caraNa se hindI ke zrIdhara pAThaka prabhRti kavi usako grahaNa karane lage the / isI prakAra, hindI ke sAtha urdU ke sAhitya kA samparka bhI bhASA - vivAda Adi ke sandarbha meM baDhA / isa kAraNa rASTrIya jAgaraNa, samAja-sudhAra jaisI bhAvanAe~ dono meM samAna rUpa se milatI hai / isa dRSTi se hAlI - kRta 'musaddasa' aura guptajI kI 'bhArata-bhAratI' kA viSayasAmya ullekhanIya hai / bIsavIM zatI ke prathama caraNa me hI baeNgalA - kavi zrI ravIndranAtha ThAkura ko nobela puraskAra milaa| isakA roba usa samaya hindI - sAhitya para bhI par3A aura vaMga- sAhitya ke mAdhyama se navIna bhAvanAoM kA hindI meM Agamana huA / yadyapi bhASA aura chanda ko lekara svayaM hindI - sAhitya bhI usa samaya kaI samasyAoM se jUjha rahA thA, tathApi bhASA, chanda aura viSaya ko lekara khar3I - bolI- sambandhI krAnti ke bIja bhAratendu ke samaya se hI aMkurita ho uThe the, parantu kAvya - siMhAsana ke lie vrajabhASA aura khar3IbolI ke kaviyoM meM sparddhA lagI huI thI / isa saMgharSa ke nirAkaraNa ke rUpa meM dvivedIjI ne kAvya-bhASAsvarUpa khar3IbolI ko hI sthApita kiyA / unhoMne hI sarvaprathama khar3IbolI meM kavitA kA zuddha evaM TakasAlI rUpa prastuta kiyA | khar3IbolI meM unakI pahalI kavitA 'balIvarda' hai, jisakA prakAzana 19 akTUbara, 1900 I0 ke 'veMkaTezvara - samAcAra' meM huA thA : tumhIM annadAtA bhArata ke sacamuca betAja mahArAja / binA tumhAre ho jAte hama dAnA dAnA ko muhatAja / tumheM khaNDa kara dete haiM jo mahA-nirdayI jana-siratAja // dhika unako, unapara ha~satA hai burI taraha yaha sakala samAja / 2 1. DaoN0 zrIkRSNalAla : 'Adhunika hindI - sAhitya kA vikAsa', pR0 31 2. zrImahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA', pR0 275 /

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dvivedI-yuga kI pRSThabhUmi evaM paristhitiyA~ [ 27. bhASA kI asIma zakti ke pradarzana aura saTIka prayoga kI jaisI paddhati dvivedIjI ne apanAI, usI ko unake sama-sAmayika maithilIzaraNa gupta, rAmacarita upAdhyAya, hariaudha, rAya devIprasAda pUrNa, rUpanArAyaNa pANDeya Adi anya kaviyoM ne bhI grahaNa kiyaa| dvivedI-yuga kI kAvyagata vizeSatAoM ke sandarbha meM DaoN0 gaNapaticandra gupta kI nimnAMkita paktiyA~ draSTavya haiM : "jisa prakAra iNDiyana nezanala kaoNgaresa meM tilaka evaM gokhale ke sthAna para mahAtmA gAndhI ke A jAne se usakI kArya-paddhati meM thor3A antara AyA, kintu usakA mUla lakSya aparivartita rahA, ThIka usI prakAra sAhitya meM mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke Agamana ne bhAratenduyugIna racanA-paddhatiyoM evaM kAvyabhASA meM parivartana kiyA, kintu usakA mUla lakSya vahI rhaa|"1 bhAratendu-yuga meM kavitA ke antargata AdarzavAda kA jaisA bolabAlA thA, dvivedIyuga meM usI ko adhika pallavita kiyA gyaa| usakA svarUpa kucha aura nikhara avazya. gyaa| saca pUchA jAya, to kAvyagata svarUpoM aura kAvyadRSTiyoM kI kasauTI para sampUrNa dvivedI-yuga eka vyApaka prayogazAlA hai| eka ora navajAgaraNa ke anurUpa khar3IbolI me naI chandoyojanA evaM zabdayojanAoM ke prayatna isameM milate hai aura dUsarI ora yugIna paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hokara atItonmukhI itivattAtmakatA kA prAcurya bhI milatA hai| vastu-vyaMjanA kI dRSTi se apanI ina vizeSatAoM se pUrI taraha maNDita hone ke pIche dvivedIyugIna vibhinna sthitiyA~ hI thiiN| zrIsaccidAnanda vAtsyAyana ne likhA hai : "dvivedI-yuga kI paristhitiyA~ aura samasyAe~ Arambhika yuga se bhinna thii| hindI ke pratimAnIkaraNa kA kArya abhI pUrA na huA thA, para khar3IbolI kI pratiSThApanA ke viSaya meM koI dvidhA na rahI thii| isI prakAra, yadyapi bhAratIyatA ke svarUpa kI koI sAmAnya aura sarvasammata avadhAraNA abhI nahIM ho sakI thI, tathApi usakI asti ke bAre meM kahIM koI sandeha nahIM raha gayA thaa|"2 isa kAraNa, dvivedI-yuga ke kaviyoM ne jisa joza ke sAtha khar3IbolI ko apanAyA, usI tanmayatA ke sAtha AdarzavAda para Azrita atItonmukhI itivRttAtmakatA ko bhI svIkAra kiyaa| padya kI hI bhA~ti gadya ke kSetra me bhI AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne khar3IbolI kI rUpa-pratiSThA kii| yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya usa samaya taka nahIM 1. DaoN. gaNapatitrandra gupta : 'hindI-sAhitya kA vaijJAnika itihAsa', pR0 637 / 2. zrIsaccidAnanda vAtsyAyana : 'hindI-sAhitya : eka Adhunika paridRzya', pR0 54 /

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28 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva dizA meM bhI varNana - kuzalatA, huA thA / dvivedIjI ne hindI gadya ko ghisa mA~jakara use pariSkRta kiyaa| unake bhASA-sudhAra kA Andolana vyAkaraNa-vizuddhatA kA Andolana thA / sAtha hI, hindIparamparA tathA gaurava ke anukUla bhASA - zailiyoM ke samucita vikAsa kI dvivedIjI saceSTa rahe / saMskRta bhASA kI alakAra-yojanA aura aMgarejI kI saralatA aura spaSTatA, marAThI kI gambhIratA aura rUDhatA, ba~galA kI kamanIyatA, urdU-phArasI kI gatizIlatA Adi zailIgata vizeSatAoM ko dvivedIjI ke nirdezana meM hindI ne sAvadhAnI ke sAtha AtmasAt kiyA / apane kaThora nApAnuzAsana ke kAraNa hI ve hindI gadya ko apanI icchA ke anurUpa DhAla ske| unhoMne apane samaya meM pracalita hindI kI truTiyoM kA parimArjana kiyA aura sAmasAmayika lekhakoM se pariSkRta gadya meM likhavAyA / isa prakAra, hindI gadya aura padya ke kSetroM meM khar3I bolI ke sihAsanArUDha hone meM dvivedIjI ne nijI prayAsa kI caramatA taka zrama kiyA / apane yuga kI pratyeka sAhityika zAkhA para apanA akSuNNa prabhAva DAlakara unhoMne " dvivedI yuga' AkhyA ko sArthaka kiyA hai / jaba hindI - kavitA kI bhASA ke kSetra meM vrajabhASA tathA khaDIbolI kA saMgharSa carama sImA para pahu~ca cukA thA aura viSaya ke kSetra se rItikAlIna rUDhiyA~ dUra jA cukI thI, taba hindI ke sAhitya jagat meM AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kA avataraNa huA / usa samaya hindI gadya vividha vidhAoM kI dRSTi se vikAsa ke patha para bar3hA A rahA thA, para bhASA kI arAjakatA vyavadhAna banakara sAmane A gaI thI / isI samaya AcArya dvivedIjI ne san 1903 I0 meM 'sarasvatI' mAsika kA sampAdana kArya sa~bhAlA aura usI ke mAdhyama se hindI gadya evaM padya kI bhASA meM vyApta anekarUpatA ko dUra karane kA saphala prayAsa kara unhoMne hindI - sAhitya ke vikAsa kI dizA nirdhArita kI / bIsavIM zatAbdI ke jina prArambhika varSo meM racita hindI sAhitya para unakA prabhAva chAyA rahA, unakI sAmAjika, rAjanItika evaM sAMskRtika avasthA bhI sAhitya ko usake vikAsa kI ora unmukha karatI rahI / isa prakAra, dvivedI yuga bhAratIya itihAsa kA vaha dvAra hai, jisa sthala se bIsavIM zatI kI AdhunikatA meM praveza kara bhArata ne apane-Apako dekhA-parakhA hai / yugIna sandarbhoM ke Aloka meM isa yuga meM racita hindI - sAhitya kA mahattva nizcaya hI bhAsvara hai /

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dvitIya adhyAya jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva jIvanavRtta : hindI ke sAhityetihAsa meM Adhunika kAla ke dvitIya utthAna kA nAmakaraNa jisa yugapravartaka mahAn AtmA ke nAma para huA, unakA pUrA nAma mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI thaa| uttarapradeza ke rAyabarelI jile meM eka bar3A-mA lagabhaga 50-60 gharoM kA gA~va me hai-daultpur| isI gA~va ke nirdhana brAhmaNa-parivAra meM vaizAkha zukla 4, saMvat 1921, tadanusAra 9 maI, 1864 I0 kI rAtri meM pichale pahara eka bAlaka ne janma liyaa| yahI bAlaka Age calakara hindI-bhASA aura sAhitya ke itihAsa meM yuganetA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huaa| usa samaya kauna jAnatA thA ki daulatapura meM janma lenevAlA bAlaka AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI banakara hindI ke lekhakoM kA pathanirdeza kregaa| dvivedIjI ke gA~va meM brAhmaNa ke bIca adhyayana kI pravRtti bar3I vyApaka thii| svayaM unake pitAmaha paM0 hanumanta dvivedI saMskRta ke bar3e prakANDa paNDita the / inake tIna putra hue-durgAprasAda, rAmasahAya aura rAmajana / inameM se rAmajana kA bacapana meM hI dehAvasAna ho gayA / paM0 hanumanta dvivedI apanI asAmayika mRtyu ke kAraNa bAkI donoM putroM ko pUrNa suzikSita nahIM kara ske| isa kAraNa durgAprasAda ko jIvikA ke lie baisavAr3e meM hI gaunA ke tAlukedAra ke yahAM kahAnI sunAne kI naukarI karanI pdd'ii| paM0 rAmasahAyajI kA jIvanavRtta hindI ke adhyetAoM ke lie vizeSa mahattva rakhatA hai; kyoMki inhIM ko AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kA pitA banane kA gaurava prApta huA thA / ve senA meM bharatI ho gaye the| lekina, san 1857 I0 ke gadara meM vidrohI sipAhiyoM ke sAtha ve bhI bhAga gye| isI krama meM eka bAra satalaja nadI kI dhArA inheM kAphI dUra taka bahA le gii| saceta honepara ghAsa ke DaNThaloM kA rasa cUsakara unhoMne apanI jAna bcaaii| bAda meM sAdhu ke veza meM kisI prakAra mA~gate-khAte ve daulatapura pahu~ce / dubArA jIvikA kI talAza meM unheM bambaI jAnA par3A / vahA~ unhoMne cimanalAla aura narasiMhalAla jaise seThoM ke yahAM naukarI kii| pUjA-pATha meM aTUTa vizvAsa rakhanevAle paM0 rAmasahAya kA dehAvasAna san 1896 I0 meM ho gayA /

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30 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva unakI kula do santAneM huI-eka to AcArya dvivedI aura dUsarI unakI bahana / paM0 rAmasahAyajI ko hanumAnajI kA iSTa thA,isa kAraNa unhoMne beTe kA nAma 'mahAvIrasahAya' rkhaa| bAda me skUla ke adhyApaka kI galatI se pramANa-patra meM 'mahAvIraprasAda' nAma 'mahAvIrasahAya' kI jagaha likha diyA gyaa| yahI nAma Age calakara sthAyI ho gyaa| apanI zikSA-dIkSA ke prArambha ke sambandha me svaya dvivedIjI ne likhA hai : "maiM eka aise dehAtI kA ekamAtra Atmaja hU~, jisakA mAsika vetana dasa ru0 thaa| apane gA~va ke dehAtI madarase me thor3I-sI urdU aura ghara para thor3I-sI saMskRta par3hakara teraha varSa kI umra meM chabbIsa mIla dUra rAyabarelI ke jilA skUla meM a~garejI par3hane gyaa| ATA, dAla ghara se pITha para lAdakara le jAtA thaa| do Ane mahIne phIsa detA thaa| dAla hI meM ATe ke per3e yA TikiyAe~ pakA karake peTapUjA kiyA karatA thaa| roTI banAnA taba mujhe AtA hI na thaa| saMskRta-bhASA usa samaya skUla meM vaise hI achUtI samajhI gaI thI, jaisI madrAsa ke nambUdarI brAhmaNoM meM vahA~ kI zUdra jAti samajhI jAtI hai| vivaza hokara aMgarejI ke sAtha phArasI par3hatA thaa| eka varSa kisI taraha vahA~ kaattaa| phira purabA, phatehapura aura unnAva ke skUloM meM cAra varSa kaatte| kauTumbika duravasthA ke kAraNa maiM isase Age na bar3ha skaa| merI skUlI zikSA kI vahIM samApti ho gii|"1 dvivedIjI kI kula zikSA-dIkSA itanI hI huii| parantu, isa prasaMga meM unakI kuzAgratA aura paDhane kI uddAma lAlasA kI prazaMsA karanI pdd'egii| kAvyakAla meM hI unake cAcA ne 'durgAsaptazatI', 'viSNusahasranAma', 'muhUrttacintAmaNi', 'zIghrabodha' 'amarakoza' Adi ke kaI aMza unheM kaNThAna karA diye the| isI gharelU par3hAI kI nIMva para unhoMne apane gAMva kI pAThazAlA meM hindI, urdU aura gaNita kI prArambhika zikSA pAI / a~garejI kA jJAna una dinoM bhAratIyoM ke lie dhIre-dhIre kucha sImA taka Avazyaka evaM AkarSaka bhI banatA jA rahA thaa| unhIM kI zikSA pAne ke lie unheM rAyabarelI ke jilA skUla meM par3hane ke lie teraha mIla paidala jAnA par3atA thaa| una dinoM kI eka mArmika ghaTanA kA vivaraNa DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne ina zabdoM meM diyA hai : "eka bAra to jAr3e kI Rtu meM sArI rAta paidala calakara pA~ca baje sabere ghara phuNce| dvAra banda thA, mA~ cakkI pIsa rahI thii| bAlaka kI pukAra sunakara saprema 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'merI jIvanarekhA', bhASA : dvivedI-smRti aMka, pR0 12 //

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 31 daur3a par3I / kivAr3a khola diye / zrAnta santapta vatsa ko apane snigdha A~cala kI zItala chAyA meM kasakara sameTa liyA / "1 isa parizrama se upalabdha honevAlI zikSA ko dvivedIjI ne pUrNa ekAgratA ke sAtha grahaNa kiyA, jisake phalasvarUpa unheM 'Dabala promozana' bhI milA / parantu, avyavasthita jIvana aura parivAra kI Arthika duravasthA ke kAraNa unheM par3hAI chor3a denI par3I / isa samaya taka unakA vivAha ho cukA thA / par3hAI chor3a dene ke bAda dvivedIjI apane pitA ke pAsa bambaI cale gaye / yahA~ unhoMne gujarAtI, marAThI, saMskRta aura a~garejI kA thor3A-bahuta abhyAsa kiyA / jahA~ ve rahate the, vahA~ par3osa meM relave meM kAma karanevAle kaI loga rahate the / unhIM ke samparka evaM kahane meM Akara dvivedIjI ne thor3I-sI TeligrAphI sIkhI aura relave meM naukarI karane lage / kucha samaya bAda unakI badalI nAgapura ho gaI / vahA~ unakA jI na lagA / unake gA~va ke kucha loga ajamera ke rAjaputAnA relave ke loko supariNTeNDeNTa oNphisa meM klarka the / unhIM ke sahAre ve ajamera cale gaye / vahA~ unheM pandraha rupaye mAsika kI naukarI mila gaI / una pandraha rupayoM meM se pA~ca rupaye ko apanI mA~ ke pAsa bhejate the, pAMca rupayoM se apanA mAsa-bhara kA kharca calAte the aura zeSa pA~ca rupayo meM eka gRhazikSaka rakhakara vidyAdhyayana karate the / parantu, ajamera meM unakA jI na lagA aura ve punaH bambaI lauTa aaye| isa bAra TeligrAphI kA aura bhI jJAna prApta karake ve jI0AI0 pI0 relave meM siganalara ho gaye / usa samaya ve kevala 20 varSa ke the / tAra bAbU ke pada para rahakara unhoMne TikaTa bAbU mAla bAbU, sTezanamAsTara, pleTiyara Adi ke kAma sIkhe / phalataH, unakI padonnati aura sthAna-sthAna para badalI bhI hotI rahI / iNDiyana miDalaiNDa relave ke khulane para usake TrAphika mainejara DablyU 0 bI0 rAiTa ne unheM jhA~sI bulA liyA aura TeligrApha - insapekTara bahAla kiyA / parantu isa pada para daure se Ubakara unhoMne TrAphika mainejara ke oNphisa meM badalI karA lii'| kucha samaya bAda unakI padonnati asisTeNTa cIpha klarka aura phira reTsa ke pradhAna nirIkSaka ke rUpa meM huI / jaba Ai0 em0 relave Ai0 pI0 relave meM milA dI gaI, taba tIsarI bAra ve bambaI kucha dina ke lie gye| lekina, jaldI hI anukUla vAtAvaraNa na pAkara unhoMne apanI badalI jhA~sI karavA lI / vahA~ ke DisTrikTa TrAphika supariTeNDeNTa ke oNphisa meM cIpha klarka rahe / isa pada para rahane ke pA~ca varSa dvivedIjI ne bar3I Atmika pIr3A ke bIca kATe / unheM dina-rAta kAma karanA par3atA thA / isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki unake a~gareja sAhaba surAsundarI ke cakkara meM " 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 35 /

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32 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva par3akara apanA adhikAMza samaya ArAma se sone me athavA klaboM me bitAyA karate the| dvivedIjI dina-bhara apanA kAma karane ke bAda rAta me sAhaba ke patroM, tAroM Adi ke uttara diyA karate the| isa zArIrika evaM Atmika kaSTa ko ve kisI bhA~ti sahate gye| parantu, sAhaba ke atyAcAra kA anta nahIM huaa| isake sthAna para usane dvivedIjI ke mAdhyama se auroM para bhI kAma kA adhika bhAra DAlanA caahaa| usa samaya kI paristhitiyoM ke bAre meM svayaM dvivedI jI ne likhA hai : "maiM yadi kisI ke atyAcAra ko saha lUgA, to usase merI sahanazIlatA avazya sUcita hotI hai, para usase mujhe auroM para atyAcAra karane kA adhikAra nahIM prApta ho jaataa| parantu, kucha samayottara bAnaka aisA banA ki mere prabhu ne mere dvArA auroM para atyAcAra karanA caahaa| hukma huA ki itane karmacAriyoM ko lekara roja subaha ATha baje daphtara AyA karo aura ThIka dasa baje mere kAgaja merI meja para mujhe rakhe mile| maiMne kahA, maiM AU~gA, para auroM ko Ane ke lie lAcAra nahIM kruuNgaa| unheM hukma denA hujUra kA kAma hai| basa, bAta bar3hI aura vinA kisI soca-vicAra ke maine istIphA de diyaa| bAda ko use vApasa lene ke lie izAre hI nahIM, siphArizeM taka kI gii| para saba kucha vyartha huA / kyA istIphA vApasa lenA cAhie, yaha pUchane para merI patnI ne viSaNNa hokara kahA-'kyA thUkakara bhI use koI cATatA hai ?' mai bolA, 'nahIM aisA kabhI nahIM hogA, tuma dhanya ho / ' 1 __isa taraha, dvivedIjI kI relave meM kI gaI nokarI kA anta huaa| vaha sambhavataH sana 1902 I0 kI ghaTanA hai| relave kI sevA meM dvivedIjI ne jitane varSa vitAye, unakI adhika vistRta evaM tathyapUrNa jAnakArI zodhakartAoM ko nahIM mila skii| isa sampUrNa vivaraNa kA mukhya AdhAra dvivedIjI kA Atmakathana hI hai| relave meM kAma karane kI avadhi ne dvivedIjI ke mastiSka evaM caritra para jo prabhAva DAle haiM, unakA apanA viziSTa mahattva hai| isI avadhi meM dvivedIjI sAhitya-jagata meM apane praveza kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra kara rahe the| naukarI karate samaya bhI unhoMne apanI adhUrI zikSA ko pUrNa karane kA prayatna nahIM chor3A thaa| ve svayaM athavA zikSaka rakhakara hindI, urda, saMskRta, a~garejI, marAThI aura gujarAtI ke sAhitya kA jJAna prApta karate rhe| haradoI, huzaMgAbAda, nAgapura, jhA~sI Adi sabhI jagahoM para unhoMne apanA vidyAdhyayana jArI. rakhA / huzaMgAbAda meM hI kacaharI ke eka mulAjima bAbU harizcandra kulazreSTha se piMgala kA jJAna prApta kiyaa| isa samaya dvivedIjI vrajabhASA aura 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'merI jIvanarekhA', 'bhASA' (dvi0 smR0 aMka), pR0 15 /

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 33 avadhI meM kavitAe~ likhakara apane ko mahAkavi samajhane lage the| parantu, jhA~sI Ane para unheM jaba khar3I bolI ke tukAntahIna kAvya kA paricaya milA, taba ve isa dizA meM unmukha hue| ve dhIre-dhIre gadya meM samAlocanAe~ bhI likhane lge| jaba ve jhA~sI meM the, tabhI vahA~ ke tahasIlI skUla ke eka adhyApaka ne unheM korsa kI eka pustaka dikhalAI aura ukta 'tRtIya rIDara' ke kucha doSa batAye / jaba dvivedIjI ne ukta rIDara ko svayaM dekhA, taba aura bhI kucha doSa sAmane aaye| rIDara ko ilAhAbAda ke iNDiyana presa ne prakAzita kiyA thaa| ukta adhyApaka mahodaya ke prayAsa se dvivedIjI kI usa rIDara para likhI huI samAlocanA pustakAkAra hokara iNDiyana presa se hI chpii| isa samAlocanA ke mAdhyama se dvivedIjI kA paricaya iNDiyana prema se huA / jaba iNDiyana presa se san 1900 I0 meM 'sarasvatI' mAsika kA prakAzana prArambha huA, taba dvivedIjI kI kavitAe~ evaM samAlocanAe~ bhI usameM chapane lgii| apanI inhI sAhityika gatividhiyoM ke bIca unhoMne relave kI naukarI kA parityAga kiyaa| naukarI chor3ate samaya dvivedIjI kI mAsika Aya Der3ha sau rupayoM kI thii| usa samaya lekha Adi bhejane ke pArizramika-svarUpa 'sarasvatI' kI ora se unheM jo teIsa rupaye milate the, unhI para santuSTa jIvana bitAne kA nizcaya unhoMne kiyaa| naukarI chUTa jAne ke bAda kaSTa ke una dinoM meM kaI minnoM ne aneka prakAra ke pralobhana diye| parantu, dvivedIjI ne kisI kI bhI sahAyatA nahIM lii| san 1903 I0 meM iNDiyana presa ke svAmI zrIcintAmaNi ghoSa ke Agraha evaM tatkAlIna 'sarasvatI'-sampAdaka bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa ke samarthana para AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdana kA bhAra grahaNa kiyaa| usa samaya unheM iNDiyana presa kI ora se adhika paise nahIM milate the / parantu, jaise-jaise 'sarasvatI' kA pracAra bar3hatA gayA, vaise-vaise unakI Aya bhI bar3hatI gii| zIghra hI unakI mAsika Aya utanI hI ho gaI, jitanI relave kI naukarI chor3ate samaya thii| unhoMne pUre prANapaNa se 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana kiyaa| yaha kArya ve san 1904 I0 taka jhA~sI se karate rhe| bAda meM ve vahA~ se kAnapura cale gye| parizrama kI adhikatA ne unake svAsthya para paryApta burA prabhAva ddaalaa| isI asvasthatA ke kAraNa unheM san 1910 I0 meM pUre eka varSa kI chuTTI 'sarasvatI' se lenI pdd'ii| isI varSa unakI mA~ kA dehAvasAna bhI huaa| satraha varSa taka sampAdaka rahane ke pazcAt san 1921 I0 meM unhoMne isa kArya se avakAza grahaNa kiyaa| apane jIvana ke zeSa varSa dvivedIjI ne apane gAMva daulatapura meM hI bitAye / isa bIca kucha samaya taka ve oNnarerI musipha rahe aura bAda meM grAma-paMcAyata. ke sarapaMca-pada para suzobhita hue / ina sabake bAvajUda unakA nijI pArivArika jIvana sukhI nahIM thaa| mAtA-pitA ke dehAvasAna ke pazcAt jaba dvivedIjI kI dharmapatnI

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34 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva kI akAlamRtyu huI, taba unheM bar3A duHkha huA thA / unakI patnI vizeSa sundara nahIM thIM aura hisTIriyA kI marIja thI, phira bhI unhe apanI patnI se bar3A prema thA / parantu, durbhAgyavaza unake koI santAna nahIM huI / apane parivAra kA koI unakI A~khoM ke sAmane nahIM rahA / di0 12-8-33 I0 ko likhe gaye zrIkizorIdAsa vAjapeyI ke nAma eka patra meM ve apanI vyathA abhivyakta karate haiM : "ApakI kauTumbika vyavasthA se milatA-julatA hI merA hAla hai / apanA nija kA koI nahIM hai / dUra-dUra kI cir3iyA~ jamI huI haiN| khUba cugatI haiM / puraskArasvarUpa dina-rAta pIDina kiye rahatI hai / " 1 parivAra kI isa abhAvAtmaka sthiti se Ubakara unhoMne zrIkamalakizora tripAThI ko apanA kalpita bhA~jA banAyA / san 1907 I0 meM hI unhoMne apanI vasIyata kara DAlI thii| unhoMne apanI mA~, sarahaja aura patnI ke pAlana-poSaNa ke lie apanI Aya kA kramazaH tIsa, bIsa aura pacAsa pratizata nirdhArita kiyA thA / parantu, ina sabake kAlakavalita ho jAne para cala sampatti kA sarvAza dAna kara unhoMne zrIkamalakizora tripAThI ko apanI acala sampatti kA uttarAdhikArI banAyA / apane jIvana kI sAndhya velA meM dvivedIjI zArIrika dRSTi se bar3e kSINa evaM azakta ho gaye the| bur3hApA tathA jalodara Adi rogoM ke kAraNa akTUbara, 1938 I0 taka unakA zarIra paryApta kamajora ho gayA / apanI usa samaya kI avasthA kA varNana unhoMne rAyabarelI ke DaoNkTara zaMkaradatta avasthI ke pAsa dinAMka 20-10 - 38 ko likhe gaye apane antima patra meM kiyA hai : 'ApakA tArIkha 4 kA kArDa Aja abhI subaha milA / merI hAlata acchI nahIM hai / agara kamalakizora eka-do dina bAda AyeM, to unake sAtha kRpA karake cale Aie / ... do haphte se daliyA - tarakArI bhI nahIM khA sakA / eka bhI grAsa peTa meM jAte hI kai ho jAtI hai| subaha, dopahara, zAma ko jarA-sA dUdha munakke par3A huA le letA hU~ / vaha bhI bemana / use bhI dekhate hI jI jalatA hai / jAna par3atA hai, mujhe jalodara ho rahA hai / pahale dina maiM 3-4 ghU~Ta pAnI pItA thA / aba pyAsa bahuta bar3ha gaI hai / peTa betaraha phUlA rahatA hai / bahuta bhArIpana mAlUma hotA hai / uThanA-baiThanA muhAla hai / calanA-phiranA banda hai / peTa gar3agar3AyA karatA hai / pezAba sukhaM hotA hai / pAkhAnA ThIka-ThIka nahIM hotA, leTe rahane se kama, khar3e hone se tathA calane-phirane se peTa kA bhArIpana bar3ha jAtA hai / yahA~ ke vaidya kucha nahIM kara sakate / 12 1 - 2. zrIamarabahAdura siMha amareza : jIvana kI sAndhya velA meM, 'bhASA' : dvi0 smR0 aMka, pR0 63 //

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 35 jIvana ke antima dinoM meM dvivedIjI kaisA zArIrika kaSTa bhoga rahe the, isakA sahaja anumAna ina paMktiyoM se lagAyA jA sakatA hai / san 1938 I0 ke 12 navambara ko dvivedIjI kI hAlata bigar3atI dekhakara DaoN0 zaMkaradatta evaM kamalakizora tripAThI Adi unheM rAyabarelI le Aye / vahA~ DaoN0 zakaradatta ke nivAsa sthAna para aneka DaoNkTaroM ke parizrama ke bAvajUda dvivedIjI kI hAlata bigar3ane lagI / san 1938 I0 ke 21 disambara ko cAra baje ke bAda lagabhaga paune pA~ca baje unheM antima hicakI AI aura jo samaya dainika jIvana me prAtaH kAla jagane kA thA, usI samaya ve sadA-sarvadA ke lie so gaye / subaha hone para unakA zava daulatapura lAyA gayA / cAroM ora kuharAma maca gayA, parantu sarasvatI ke ananya sAdhaka, hindI ke bhISmapitAmaha, mahAn patrakAra AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI kI AtmA apanA piMjar3A chor3a cukI thI / erferer : AcArya dvivedIjI kA vyaktitva AcAryatva kI garimA se bharA huA aura vizada thA / unake gaura varNa, unnata lalATa, siMha ke samAna bar3I-bar3I mUcheM, baisavAr3I mukhamaNDala tathA asAdhAraNa rUpa se bar3I-bar3I bhauMheM dekhane se citta meM eka mahAn puruSa evaM tattvavettA ke sAkSAtkAra kA anubhava hotA thA / sundara lambA DIlaDaula, vizAla robadAra ceharA, pratibhA kI rekhAoM se aMkita bhavya bhAla aura veza-bhUSA kI sAdagI ke mAdhyama se apane vyaktitva kA jo prabhAva dvivedIjI auroM para DAlate the, unakA apanA eka vizeSa AkarSaNa hotA thaa| DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne likhA hai : "paMDita mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kA vyaktitva bahuta vizAla evaM vizada thA / suvizAla zarIra meM unakI prabhAvI mukhamudrA, siMha kI-sI bar3I tathA ghanI mU~che, unnata lalATa, nIce ghanI bhauhe, tejasvI marmabhedI dRSTisampanna dUra deza-videza ke hindI - seviyoM ko pahacAna kara DhU~r3ha nikAlanevAle netra Adi unake bAhya vyaktitva kA nirmANa karate the / prathama darzana se hI darzaka unake usa bhavya vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho jAtA thaa|" unakI mukhAkRti se hI gAmbhIrya TapakatA thA / unake robIle vyaktitva kA bar3A hI sundara citraNa apane eka lekha meM DaoN0 bhuvanezvaranAtha mizra 'mAdhava' ne kiyA hai / yaha avasara thA dvivedIjI ke kAzI - nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA dvArA abhinandita hone kA aura yahIM DaoN0 mAdhava ne apane jIvana meM pahalI aura antima bAra dvivedIjI ke darzana kiye| DaoN0 mAdhava ne likhA hai : "dvivedIjI kA vaha robIlA vyaktitva eka bAra hI sabhA para chA gyaa| aisA vyaktitva vaha thA hI / dvivedIjI haNTiga koTa pahane hue the, jisakI cAro jebeM bAhara 1. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI yuga kI hindI - gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana', pR0 144 /

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36 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva ubharI aura baTana banda thI / sira para kazmIrI TopI, A~khoM para nikila phrema kA cazmA, ghuTanoM se kucha hI nIce pahu~cI dhotI aura pairoM meM nAgaurI jUte, hAtha meM damadAra beMta - anAmikA meM eka binA naga kI sone kI sAdI a~gUThI / dvivedIjI ke caur3e aura unnata lalATa para rekhAe~ unakI kaThora tapazcaryA aura dRDha nizcaya ke vrata ko vyakta karatI thIM, to unakI ghanI aura nIce palakoM taka ko Dhaka lenevAlI bhauhe aura usase bhI adhika ghanI aura gahana - gambhIra mUche unake vyaktitva ke prati bhayamizrita zraddhA, jise a~garejI meM 'Ava' (AWE) kahate hai, utpanna karatI thIM / unakI A~khoM se nikalatA prakhara teja dekhanevAloM ko cakamakA detA thA / kula milAkara dvivedIjI kA vyaktitva baisavAr3I kama, marAThI adhika lagatA thA / yadi dvivedIjI ke sira para pezavAI pagar3I aura mastaka para zrIvaiSNavoM kA tilaka hotA, to dvivedIjI aura lokamAnya tilaka me sahaja hI abhedatA siddha ho jAtI / "" prastuta vivaraNa meM dvivedIjI ke vyaktitva kI bhavyatA ke sAtha hI unake vyaktitva kI eka anya vizeSatA sAdagI ubharI hai| apanI veza-bhUpA aura rahana-sahana meM dvivedIjI paryApta sAdagI baratate the / relave kI naukarI aura sampAdana ke Arambhika kAla meM ve dezI kapar3e kA koTa - patalUna pahanate the / bAda meM sAdhAraNa moTA dhotIkuratA, cAra-chaha Ane kI mAmUlI TopI aura camaraudhA jUtA, bama yahI unakI veza-bhUSA bana gaI / yaha veza unake zarIra para zobhA bhI pAtA thA / unakI yaha atizaya sAdI veza-bhUSA bahudhA logoM ko bhrama meM DAla detI thii| eka bAra zrIkezavaprasAda mizra dvivedIjI se milane gaye / usa samaya AcArya mahodaya eka amauve kI baNDI aura paNDitAU kanaTopa pahane baiThe the / mizrajI ne unheM koI grAmINa samajhakara unhIM se dvivedIjI se milane kI icchA prakaTa kI / zrIvizvambharanAtha zarmA kauzika ko bhI kucha aisI hI bhrAnti huI thii| jaba ve dvivedIjI se milane ke lie gaye, taba dvivedIjI paira laTakAye eka cArapAI para baiThe hue the / unake zarIra para baNDI, ghuTanoM taka dhotI aura paira meM khar3AU~ thA / kozikajI ne unheM na pahacAna kara unhIM se unakA patA pUchA / aisI galataphahamiyA~ logoM ko dvivedIjI kI sAdI veza-bhUSA ke kAraNa huA karatI thIM / veza kI hI bhA~ti dvivedIjI kA AhAra bhI bar3A sAdA thA / ve nirAmiSa bhojana kiyA karate the / jIvana ke antima varSoM meM to dUdha, sAga aura moTA daliyA hI unakA ekamata AhAra thA / prArambha meM ve pAna - tambAkU khAte the, lekina bAda meM unhoMne ina donoM ko hI chor3a diyA / pahale ve cAya bahuta piyA karate the, bAda meM cAya kA sthAna dUdha ne le liyA / bhojana aura pahanane kI sAmagrI kI bhA~ti unake ghara meM nityaprati kAma meM AnevAlI vastue~ bhI sAdamI kA hI vAtAvaraNa prastuta karatI thIM / kula 1. 'AcArya dvivedI' : saM0 nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 13 /

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 37 milAkara, yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kA vyaktitva jitanA hI bhavya aura prabhAvazAlI thA, unakA rahana-sahana utanA hI sarala aura sAdagI se bharA thaa| inhIM kA samucita vikAsa unakI vividha cAritrika vizeSatAoM aura svAbhAvika lakSaNoM ke rUpa meM huaa| garIbI, kaSTa sahane kI pravRtti, sAdagI aura brAhmaNa-vaMza meM utpanna hone ke gaurava ne dvivedIjI ke svabhAva ko eka vizeSa mor3a diyaa| isI ke phalasvarUpa yuganirmAtA ke rUpa meM unakA vyaktitva tatkAlIna evaM paravartI sAhityikoM dvArA pUjita huaa| svabhAva evaM cAritrika vizeSatAeM : ___ apanI svabhAvagata vizeSatAoM ke Aloka meM jisa vizAlahRdaya mahApuruSa kA vyaktitva AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne nirmita kiyA, usakA pUrA prabhAva unake dvArA racita evaM nirdezita sAhitya para bhI par3A hai| dvivedIjI ke vyaktitva se sambaddha unakI dhAraNAoM, vicAroM, anubhUtiyoM, bhAvoM, vRttiyoM-pravRttiyoM evaM anyAnya sAhityakAroM kA prabhAva unake AcAra-vicAra, rahana-sahana, veza-bhUSA, jIvana-darzana evaM antatogatvA unakI bhApA-zailI para spaSTa hI dRSTigocara hotA hai| 'vyaktitva hI zailI hai' kI ukti kI satyatA kA pratipAdana unake vyaktitva evaM caritra kI vizeSatAoM ke gambhIra adhyayana tathA ina sabake, unakI sAhitya-sAdhanA para par3e prabhAvoM ke anuzIlana dvArA hotA hai| unakI sampUrNa jIvana-rekhA para dRSTipAta karane se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bacapana se hI kaSTa sahana karane kI pravRtti dvivedIjI meM thii| relave meM kAma karate samaya pUre utsAha ke sAtha apanI naukarI karane, evaM sAtha hI vidyAdhyayana bhI jArI rakhanevAle dvivedIjI ke caritra kI adhikAMza pravRttiyoM kA udaya unake jIvana ke prArambhika paccIsa varSoM meM hI huaa| DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne ThIka hI likhA hai : ____ "isa samaya unakI pratibhA kA vilakSaNa vikAsa aura prakAza huaa| kArya kI lagana, samaya kI pAbandI, kartavya kI tatparatA tathA satata kaThora adhyavasAya-ye saba unake vyaktitva ke aga bana gaye / yathArtha meM unake inhIM guNoM ne, jinakA vikAsa unakI relave kI naukarI kI avadhi meM huA thA, unheM hindI-sAhitya kA prathama AcArya bnaayaa|"1 dvivedIjI ke svabhAva evaM caritra kI ye vizeSatAe~ unake jIvana-paryanta unake sAtha saMlagna rhii| patnI ke prati prema, svAbhimAna evaM nirbhayatA, ugratA, kSamAzIlatA, 1. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI-yuga kI hindI-gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana', pR0 140 /

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38 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva komalatA,vinodazIlatA, kartavyaparAyaNatA, vyavahArakuzalatA, vyavasthApriyatA, samayajJatA, pratibhA kI parakha, saMgrahavRtti, atithi-sevA, bhAvukatA, dAnavIratA evaM brAhmaNatva kA gaurava Adi jina pramukha svabhAvagata evaM cAritrika vizeSatAoM kA ve vahana karate the, unameM se pratyeka kA unake vyaktitva-nirmANa evaM sAhityika upalabdhiyoM ke pariprekSya meM apanA viziSTa sthAna hai / ataeva, dvivedIjI ke ukta viziSTa cAritrika pahaluoM kA adhyayana unake vyaktitva aura kRtitva ke sampUrNa anuzIlana ke sandarbha meM Avazyaka hI nahI, anivArya bhI hai| (ka) patnI ke prati prema : ___apane pArivArika jIvana meM dvivedIjI bar3e hI duHkhI rahe / mAtA-pitA ke kAlakavalita ho jAne ke bAda niHsantAna hone ke kAraNa unake sneha aura prema kI sampUrNa dhArA patnI kI ora unmukha huI / unakA vivAha bacapana meM hI ho gayA thaa| dharmapatnI koI vizeSa rUpavatI nahI thI, phira bhI dvivedIjI unase bahuta prema karate the| isakA eka pramukha kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki dharmapatnI ne unheM kaI bAra kukRtya karane se rokakara satkarma kI ora prerita kiyA thaa| jaba dvivedIjI ne relave kI naukarI chor3akara punaH istIphA vApasa lene kI bAta kahI, taba unakI patnI ne kahA thAH 'bhalA thUkakara bhI koI cATatA hai ?' patnI kI isI bAta ne unheM relave kI naukarI kI ora se vimukha kara diyA aura unhoMne 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se hindI-saMsAra meM praveza kiyA / tulasIdAsajI ko jaisI dhArmika antaH preraNA unakI strI ratnA ne dI thI, lagabhaga usI prakAra kA parivartanakArI kArya AcAryapravara dvivedIjI kI patnI ne bhI unake jIvana meM kiyaa| yadi usa samaya ve Der3ha sau rupayoM ke moha meM pha~sakara naukarI kA istIphA vApasa ma~gavA letI, to hindI-sAhitya mAtra eka relave aphasara athavA sTezana-mAsTara ke pada ke lie apanA eka yuganirmAtA netA kho baitthtaa| isa prakAra, dvivedIjI kI dharmapatnI ne jisa niHspRhatA ke sAtha apane pati kA avadAna hindIjagat ko diyA, jisake lie vaha sarvadA unakA AbhArI rhegaa| yahI nahIM, jaba dvivedIjI ne sAhitya-racanA kI dizA meM prayAsa zurU kiye, taba unakI patnI ne hI unheM saste aura bAjArU sAhitya kI racanA karane se rokaa| dvivedIjI ne 'suhAgarAta' nAma kI eka pustaka likhI thii| kAmazAstra-viSayaka yaha pustaka jaba unakI strI ke hAtha lagI, taba unhoMne isakI racanA ke lie apate pati ko bahuta phttkaaraa| svayaM dvivedIjI ne likhA hai : "usane mujha para vacana-vinyAsa rUpI itane kar3e kazAghAta kiye ki maiM tilamilA utthaa| usane una pustakoM kI kaoNpiyoM ko Ajanma kArAvAsa yA kAlApAnI kI sajA de dii| ve usake sandUka meM banda ho gii| usake marane para hI unakA chuTakArA isa

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 39 'dAyamulahansa' se huaa| chUTane para maiMne unheM ekAntavAsa kI AjJA de dI hai; kyoMki satI kI AjJA kA ullaMghana karane kI zakti mujhameM nhiiN| isa taraha merI patnI ne to mujhe sAhitya ke usa paMka-payodhi meM DUbane se bacA liyaa|"1 isa prakAra, jisa AtmIyatA ke sAtha dvivedIjI kI patnI ne ardhAgiNI aura sahadharmiNI hone kA dAyitva pUrA kiyA, utanI hI sacAI aura tanmayatA ke sAtha dvivedIjI ne bhI unake prati apanA aTUTa sneha vyakta kiyaa| eka bAra dvivedIjI kI strI kI eka sakhI ne unake dvAra para par3I pUrvajoM dvArA sthApita mahAvIrajI kI mUrti ko dikhAkara kahA ki isake lie cabUtarA bana jAtA, to acchA hotaa| cabUtarA banavAkara unakI patnI ne 'mahAvIra' zabda kI zliSTatA kA upayoga karate hue dvivedIjI se kahA ki maiMne tumhArA cabUtarA banavA diyA hai| isapara dvivedIjI ne tatkAla uttara diyA ki tumane merA cabUtarA banavA diyA hai, aba maiM tumhArA mandira bnvaauuNgaa| usa samaya haMsI-majAka ke bIca nikalI huI isa bAta ko dvivedIjI ne patnI ke dehAvasAna ke bAda satya meM parivartita kiyaa| unakI patnI ko Arambha se hI hisTIriyA kA roga thaa| isI kAraNa dvivedIjI unheM akelI gaMgAsnAna karane nahIM jAne dete the| eka bAra de gA~va kI kucha anya auratoM ke sAtha gaMgAsnAna karane calI gii| durbhAgyavaza gaMgAsnAna karate samaya hI ve jalamagna ho gii| dUsare dina unakA zava pAnI meM lagabhaga eka kosa para milaa| apanI dharmapatnI ke nidhana se duHkhI dvivedIjI ne logoM ke lAkha samajhAne para bhI dUsarA vivAha nahIM kiyaa| apitu, unhone gA~va meM apane patnI-prema ke smAraka-svarUpa eka mandira kA nirmANa prArambha kraayaa| isa smAraka-mandira meM unhoMne jayapura se lakSmI aura sarasvatI kI mUrtiyA~ ma~gavAkara sthApita karavAI tathA ina dono ke bIca unhone eka zilpI dvArA lagabhaga sAta-ATha mAsa me eka hajAra rupayA kharca kara banavAI gaI apanI patnI kI mUrti sthApita kii| apanI prijananA strI kI mUrti ke nIce dvivedIjI ne svaracita nimnAMkita zloka aMkitA karavA diye hai : "navaSaNNavabhUsaMkhye vikramAdityavatsare / zukra kRSNanayodazyAmadhikASADhamAsi ca // mohamugdhA gatajJAnA bhrmrognipiidditaa| jaha nujAyA jale prApa paJcatvaM yA pativratA // . 1. AcArya ma0pra0 dvi0 : 'merI jIvana-rekhA', 'bhASA' : dvivedI-smRti-aMka, pR0 15 /

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40 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva nirmApitamidaM tasyAH svapalyAH smRtimandiram / vyathitena mahAvIraprasAdena dvivedinA // patyugRhe yataH sAsIt sAkSAcchIriva rUpiNI / patyApyekAdRtA vANI dvitIyA saiva suvratA // eSA tatpratimA tasmAnmadhyabhAge tayoddhayoH / lakSmIsarasvatIdevyoH sthApitA paramAdarAt // smRti-mandira aura dharmapatnI kI mUrti banAne ke lie unheM saba ora se upahAsa aura tAnoM kA pAtra bananA pdd'aa| parantu, sacce patnIbhakta evaM Adarza pati ke rUpa meM dvivedIjI ne ina sabako shaa| patnI kA viyoga unheM jIvana-bhara sAlatA rhaa| (kha) svAbhimAna evaM nirbhayatA: __ AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke cAritrika vikAsa kA eka pradhAna AdhAra yaha bhI thA ki ve nirbhaya AcaraNa karate the aura Atmagaurava unake bhItara kUTa-kUTakara bharA huA thA / apane nijI pArivArika evaM sAhityika jIvana meM sarvatra unhone svAbhimAna aura nirbhayatA kA paricaya diyA hai / ve spaSTavaktA aura bar3e hI AtmasammAnI puruSa the / Atmagaurava kI rakSA ke lie hI unhone Der3ha sau rupaye kI mAsika Aya ThukarAkara 'sarasvatI' kI teIsa rupaye mAsika vRtti svIkAra kara lI / nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA se eka bAra jaba unakA saiddhAntika matabheda huA, taba bahuta samaya taka unhoMne sabhA-bhavana meM paira nahIM rakhe / apane Atmagaurava para tanika bhI A~ca ve sahana nahIM kara pAte the| dabanA dvivedIjI kI prakRti me nahIM thA / jo kucha bhI ve kahate the, usapara dRr3ha rahanA bhI ve jAnate the| unhoMne kisI ke samakSa kucha pAne kI AzA se kabhI apanA sira nahIM jhukaayaa| do TUka bAta kaha dene kI jo nIti unhoMne apanA rakhI thI, usake kAraNa loga unase aprasanna bhI ho jAyA karate the| unakI nirbhIkatA evaM AtmasammAna kI bhAvanA ne logo ke mana meM yaha dhAraNA utpanna kara dI thI ki unameM akar3a evaM ahammanyatA hai| parantu, vAstavikatA aisI nahI thiiN| ve ghamaNDI evaM akar3avAle nahIM the| ve sarala hRdaya ke the, khulakara vAra karate the| bhItara-hI-bhItara mIThI churI calAnA ve nahIM jAnate the aura isI svabhAva ke kAraNa ve kisI ke Age nahIM jhuke / svAbhimAna evaM nirbhayatA ke ina guNoM ke kAraNa unake vyaktitva meM eka svAbhAvika ugratA avazya udita ho gayI thii| isI kAraNa, jahA~ kahIM bhI unheM apanA nijI gaurava / 1. DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha : "mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI pR0 36 para uddhR ta / aura unakA yuga',

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 41 bAdhita athavA apamAnita pratIta hotA thA, ve Ape se bAhara ho jAte the / jaba ve apane muhabole bhAMje zrIkamalakizora tripAThI kI barAta meM relayAtrA kara rahe the, taba eka a~gareja ne unase bar3e hI apamAnajanaka zabdoM meM dvitIya zreNI kA DibbA khAlI karane ko khaa| ise dvivedIjI sahana nahI kara ske| unhoMne ukta a~gareja ko apane mirjApurI DaNDe dvArA ucita uttara diyA / unake isa ugra svabhAva ke pratIkasvarUpa eka pharasA unake kamare meM TaeNgA rahatA thA / zrIvyaMkaTezanArAyaNa tivArI ne kadAcit use hI dekhakara dvivedIjI ko 'vAkzUra parazurAma'' kahA thA / unake svAbhimAna evaM tajjanita ugratA ke sandarbha meM ukta prasaMga kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai, jaba dvivedIjI ne Aveza meM Akara zrI bI0 ena0 zarmA para mAnahAni kA dAvA kara diyA thA / vAstava meM, zarmAjI ne 24 sitambara, 1908 I0 aura 1 akTUbara, 1908 I0 ke 'Aryamitra' meM dvivedIjI ke siddhAntoM kI bar3I tIkhI bhASA meM AlocanA kI thI aura dvivedIjI ne isa AkSepa ko sahana nahIM kara pAne para lekhaka-prakAzaka para bIsa hajAra rupayoM ke dAve kI kAnUnI noTisa de dI / rAyadevI prasAda 'pUrNa' unake vakIla the / parantu, zrI bI0 ena0 zarmA evaM 'Aryamita' ke prakAzakoM ne dvivedIjI ke sAtha kSamA mA~gakara sandhi kara lI / isI bhA~ti, kAzI - nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, evaM bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa, zrIbAlamukunda gupta aura anyAnya kaI vidvAno ke sAtha dvivedIjI kA saiddhAntika evaM sAhityaka viSayoM ko lekara matabheda thA / isa matameda ko unake svAbhimAna ne bhI khUba bar3hAvA diyA thA / parantu isake pIche unakI koI burI evaM vaiyaktika kaTutA nahI thI / ve sAhitya, bhASA aura jIvana sabhI ko pavitra evaM vikAsa - zIla dekhanA cAhate the / jahA~ kahIM unheM isake viparIta dRzya dikhAI diyA, unhoMne aMguli -nirdeza kiyA hai / isI ko yadi koI akar3a aura ahammanyatA kI saMjJA detA hai, to isa akar3a aura ahammanyatA kI pratyeka yuga ke mAhityasevI meM AvazyakatA mAnI jAnI cAhie / yadi AcArya dvivedIjI me nirbhayatA, Atmagaurava aura ugratA kI ye svabhAvagata vizeSatAe~ na hotI, to ve apane samasAmayika sAhityakAroM ko DA~Ta phaTakAra kara hindI bhASA aura usake sAhitya ko eka nayA mor3a dene meM samartha nahIM hote / (ga) kSamAzIlatA eva komalatA : dvivedIjI ke svabhAva meM miThAsa aura tiktatA, karuNA aura kaThoratA, dayA aura zeSa tathA bhAvukatA aura yathArtha kA eka abhUtapUrva mela thA / ve jitane svAbhimAnI aura ugra prakRti ke the, utanI hI komalatA tathA kSamAzIlatA bhI unameM thI / paM0 vizvanAthaprasAda mizra ne dvivedIjI ke vyaktitva kI isa vizadatA evaM viSamatA ko sundara zabdoM meM vivecita kiyA hai : 1. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 40, saMkhyA 2, pR0 215 /

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42 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva __ "dvivedIjI sacamuca 'vajrAdapi kaThorANi mudUni kusumAdapi' caritravAle lokottara puruSa the| ucchRkhalatA na unheM sAhitya meM pasanda thI aura na jIvana meN| ve duSToM ke kaTTara zatru the, bar3e nirbhIka aura prbhaavshaalii| karmakSetra meM ve barAbara vajra rahe, para kSetra-tyAga ke anantara ve bar3e hI komala ho gye| aisA bhAsita hotA hai ki unakI ugratA Aropita thI, ve jAna-bUjhakara apane ko kar3A banAye rakhate the, hRdaya se bar3e komala the| jina dvivedIjI ne sampAdana-kAla meM pustakoM kI choTI-choTI truTiyoM ke lie lekhakoM aura prakAzakoM ko lather3A thA, vizrAma grahaNa karane para unhoMne mukta kaNTha se sabakI prazaMsA Arambha kara dii|"1 dvivedIjI kI komalatA evaM kSamAzIlatA bhI apane-Apa meM Adarza thii| ve apane mitroM-ziSyoM ko kSamA karane meM tanika bhI saMkoca nahI karate the| 'abhyudaya' ke mainejara ne apane 'nibandha-navanIta' meM dvivedIjI ke nibandha 'pratApanArAyaNa mizra kA jIvana-carita' saMgRhIta kara liyA thA aura isI prakAra bAbU bhavAnIprasAda ne unakI kucha kavitAe~ apanI pustaka 'zikSA-saroja' evaM 'AryabhASA-pAThAvalI' meM unakI anumati ke binA hI saMgRhIta kI thiiN| dvivedIjI pahale to una donoM sajjanI para bar3e kruddha hue, para bAda meM kSamA kara diyaa| isI prakAra, ve zrI bI0 en0 zarmA para unake saiddhAntika AkSepoM ke kAraNa itane adhika kupita hue the ki unhoMne zarmAjI para mAnahAni kA mukadamA dAyara kara diyaa| parantu, jaba zrI bI0 en0 zarmA ne dvivedIjI se kSamA mA~gI, taba komalahRdaya dvivedIjI ati zIghra pighala gaye / dvivedIjI kA nijI krodha jisa zIghratA ke sAtha zAnta hotA thA, usI prakAra dvivedIjI auroM kA krodha bhI zAnta kiyA karate the| unhoMne apane eka lekha meM nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA kI AlocanA kI thI, yadyapi unheM sabhA ke AdarzoM aura uddezyoM se pUrNa sahAnubhUti thii| isapara sabhI kI ora se paM0 kedAranAtha pAThaka unake pAsa A dhamake aura kruddha svara meM bole : 'AlocanA kA hameM kisa rUpa meM prativAda karanA hogA ?' dvivedIjI muskarAte hue bole : 'devatA, jarA Thahara jAo, dhIraja to rkho|' aura, ve apane ghara ke bhItara se eka taztarI meM miThAI, eka loTA jala aura eka moTI lAThI lekara bAhara Aye / phira, ve sahaja svara meM pAThakajI se bole : 'Apa yAnA se thaka gaye hoMge, hAtha-mu~ha dhokara jaldI se nAztA kara leM, sabala ho jaayeN| taba yaha lAThI hai aura yaha merA mastaka hai| merI AlocanA ke badale jI bharakara mujhe pITa lenaa|' dvivedIjI se yaha bAteM sunakara pAThakajI kA na kevala krodha hirana ho gayA, apitu ve dvivedIjI ke bhakta ho gye| isI prakAra ke anekAneka prasaMga dvivedIjI ke jIvana se 1. vizvanAthaprasAda mizra : 'hindI kA sAmayika sAhitya', pR0 25 / '

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 43 udAhRta kiye jA sakate haiM, jinase unakI komalatA aura kSamAzIlatA pradarzita hotI hai| DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne dvivedIjI kI ina cAritrika vizeSatAoM ke sambandha meM likhA hai : "ve gambhIra tathA zAnta the, kintu udAsa aura zuSka nhiiN| vyastatA tathA niyamitatA ke prati kaThora Agraha ne jahA~ unheM gambhIra tathA zAnta banA diyA thA, vahIM jIvana ke prati sarasatA evaM taralatA ne udAsI aura zuSkatA se unheM rahita kara diyA thaa| unake kaThora anuzAsana, dRr3ha kAryaparAyaNatA tathA satata tatparatA kI lauhakAyA meM sahRdayatA, dayA tathA sevAbhAva kI AtmA pUrNataH surakSita thii| isa mahAdurdharSa vyaktitva ke durga meM unake hRdaya kI komala vRttiyA~ nizcita hI svacchandatA aura svatantratA se puSpita tathA phalita hokara lahalahA uThI / vajrAdapi kaThoratA tathA kusumAdapi sukumAratA isa mahAna yuganAyaka ke vyaktitva ke sAdhAraNataH do rUpa haiM / "1 DaoN0 rAmasakala rAya zarmA ne bhI likhA hai : "ve hRdaya se komala, kintu karttavya ke prati jAgarUka the| unakI dRDhatA ko dekhakara hama unheM nAriyala ke phala kI upamA de sakate hai, jimakI kaThora jaTA ke bhItara hameM mIThI girI aura svAdiSTa jala pIne ko milatA hai|"2 (gha) bhAvukatA: dvivedIjI saralatA, sahAnubhUti, karuNA aura bhAvukatA ke avatAra the| vastutaH, ve bar3e sarala evaM bhAvuka the / sAmAnyataH, santAnahInatA aura patnI-viyoga se logoM kA vyavahAra nIrasa ho jAyA karatA hai aura unake hRdaya me udAsInatA, kaTutA evaM nairAzya kA vAsa ho jAtA hai| parantu, dvivedIjI ne viSapAyI ziva ko bhA~ti apane jIvana ke sabhI abhAvoM ko pI DAlA thaa| isI kAraNa unake hRdaya para saMgIta aura rudana kA itanA adhika prabhAva par3atA thA ki kabhI-kabhI ve usI meM kho jAte the| yaha tanmayatA unakI atizaya bhAvukatA kI dena thii| unakI bhAvukatA ke sambandha meM itanA hI saMketa kara denA paryApta hogA ki jaba kabhI ve grAmINa striyoM ke mukha se 'bichur3a gaI jor3I, more rAmA....' Adi gIta sunate the, taba ve Atmavibhora ho jAyA karate the| una grAmINa kulazIlA gRhiNiyoM kI to bAta hI alaga hai, eka bAra kisI utsava meM nartakI vezyA ke muMha se 'mo sama kauna kuTila khala kAmI' sunakara ve usI kI bhAvukatA meM DUba gaye the| apanI isa bhAvukatA ke kAraNa ve sabhI paricitoM 1. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI-yuga kI hindI-gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana, pR0 146 / 2. DaoN0 rAmasakala rAya zarmA : 'dvivedI-yuga kA hindI-kAvya', pR0 50 /

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44 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva ke lie kabhI nahIM bhUlanevAle vyakti bana gaye haiN| zrIvRndAvanalAla varmA ne unakI bhAvukatA kA eka saMsmaraNa ina zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA hai : ____ "san 1922 I0 ke lagabhaga jaba vidyArthIjI (zrIgaNezazaMkara vidyArthI) para rAyabarelI meM daphA 500 kA mukadamA calA, mai bhI pairavI ke lie jAyA karatA thaa| eka dina dekheM, to dvivedIjI kAnapura sTezana para gAr3I calane ke pahale A gye| vidyArthIjI sAtha the| unhe dvivedIjI bahuta pyAra karate the| mujhase kahA : bhaiyA varmAjI, gaNezajI kI pairavI acchI taraha karanA-Age kucha na kaha ske| galA bhara AyA aura A~kheM chalaka aaii|"1 / A~khoM ke sajala ho jAne ke anekAneka prasaMga dvivedIjI ke jIvanavRtta meM milate haiN| sambandhiyoM ke smaraNa-mAna se unakI A~kheM bhara jAtI thii| apane jIvana ke antima dinoM meM janmasthAna daulatapura ke smaraNa se dvivedIjI kitane bhAvavihvala ho gaye the, isakA vivaraNa zrIamarabahAdura siMha amareza ne kiyA hai : "... jIne ke koI lakSaNa dRSTigocara nahIM ho rahe the| DaoNkTara zaMkaradattajI ne duHkhI mana se dvivedI jI se pUchA : 'kyA Apa daulatapura jAnA cAhate haiM ?' yaha prazna sunate hI AcAryajI ke nayana chala chalA uThe / zarIra me romAca-sA huaa| kucha cetanA jgii| unhoMne apane zarIra kI sampUrNa pIr3A sameTakara bahuta dRr3ha zabdoM me uttara diyA : 'daulatapura meM kyA dharA hai, jo vahA~ jAU~ / jo honA hai, vaha aba yahIM hogaa| yaha mere prasthAna kA samaya hai|' unake isa uttara se sabhI kA antas Dola utthaa|"2 isa prakAra, apanI karuNA evaM bhAvukatA ke dvArA dvivedIjI ne apane hadaya kI komalatA evaM sahRdayatA ko pratyeka avasara para abhivyakti pradAna kI thii| (Ga) vinodazIlatA : dvivedIjI ke vyaktitva evaM lekhanI se jisa gAmbhIrya kA bodha hotA hai, usakA apanA viziSTa parivezagata aucitya hai / unakI mukhAkRti se hI vidita hotA hai ki unameM gambhIratA thii| parantu, isa gambhIratA ke pIche unakA sarala evaM niSkapaTa vinodI mana adhika samaya taka chipA nahIM rahatA thaa| hAsya-vinoda meM ruci rakhane kI unakI jo svabhAvagata viziSTatA thI, usakA prakAzana unhoMne kaI avasaroM para kiyA thaa| eka bAra kisI ne unase kahA ki paNDitajI, Aja ApakA cina liyA jAyagA / isapara dvivedIjI ne savinoda kahA- 'bhAI, sc| maiM to dehAta kA rahanevAlA huuN| agara, mujhe mAlUma hotA, to kama-se-kama eka koTa kA intajAma kara letA / ' isI prakAra, 1. zrIvRndAvanalAla varmA : 'sasmaraNa', bhASA : dvivedI-smRti-aka, pR0 18 / 2. zrIamarabahAdura siMha amareza : 'jIvana kI sAndhya velA meM', uparivat, pR0 64 /

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 45 eka bAra unhoMne hindI ke khyAtiprApta kavi evaM tatkAlIna 'pratApa' ke sampAdaka zrIbAlakRSNa zarmA navIna kI zRgAra-rasa se otaprota kavitAoM para vinodapUrNa kaTAkSa kiyA thaa| unhoMne navInajI se ha~sI-ha~sI meM pUcha DAlA : 'kAhe ho bAlakRSNa, I tumhAra sajanI-sakhI-salAnI-prANa ko Aya ? tumhAra kavitA mAM inakA bar3A jikara rahata ha ?' navInajo yaha ukti sunakara jheMpa gaye the| vyavahAra kI hI bhAMti lekhana meM bhI unhoMne hAsya-vyaMgya ko yathAvasara apanAyA hai| unakI 68vIM varSagAMTha ke avasara para kucha logoM ne 67 vIM varSagA~Tha ko hI manAyA / isapara dvivedIjI ne likhA : "kisI-kisI ne 9vI maI, 1932 I0 ko sarasaThavI hI varSagA~Tha manAI hai| jAna par3atA hai ki ina sajjanoM ke hRdaya me mere viSaya ke vAtsalyabhAva kI mAtrA kucha adhika hai / isI se unhoMne merI umra eka varSa kama batA dI hai| kauna mAtA-pitA yA gurujana aisA hogA, jo apane snehabhAjana kI umra kama batalAkara usakI jIvanAvadhi ko aura bhI Age baDhA dene kI ceSTA na karegA ?" 1 AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI aisI vinodapUrNa ukti ko paDhakara kisake hoThoM para ha~sI kI rekhA nahIM phUTa pdd'egii| ataH, spaSTa hai ki unake vyaktitva kA eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa unakI vinodazIlatA bhI thii| (ca) vinamratA aura zAlInatA : dvivedIjI ko kaI mahAnubhAvoM ne rUkSa aura kaThora prakRti kA batalAyA hai / parantu, unake paricitoM-ziSyoM Adi ko yaha sarvadA anubhava rahA hai ki kabhI-kabhI unakA vinaya-pradarzana apanI sImA ko bhI pAra kara jAtA thaa| vastutaH, dvivedIjI bar3e hI zAlIna aura vinayazIla puruSa the| apane khyAta Atmacarita meM unakI yaha vinamratA lekhanI ke mAdhyama se bhI phUTa nikalI hai : "mujhe AcArya kI padavI milI hai| kyoM milI hai, mAlUma nahIM / kaba, kisane dI hai, yaha bhI mujhe mAlUma nhiiN| mAlUma sirpha itanA hI hai ki bahudhA isa padavI se vibhUSita kiyA jAtA huuN| yaha lakSaNa to mujhapara ghaTita hotA hai nahIM; kyoMki maiMne kabhI kisI ko ikkA eka bhI nahI pddh'aayaa| zaMkarAcArya, madhvAcArya, sAMkhyAcArya Adi ke sadRza kisI AcArya ke caraNa-rajakaNa kI barAbarI maiM nahIM kara sktaa| banArasa ke saMskRtakAlija yA kisI vizvavidyAlaya meM bhI maiMne kabhI kadama nahIM rkhaa| phira, isa padavI 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : kRtajJatA-jJApana, 'bhArata', dvi0 22-5-32 I0 /

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46 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva kA mustahaka kaise ho gayA ? vicAra karane para merI samajha meM isakA ekamAtra kAraNa mujhapara kRpA karanevAle sajjano kA anugraha hI jAna par3atA hai / " " hindI ke sAhityetihAsa meM yuga-nirmANa kI kSamatA rakhanevAle AcArya kI ina paMktiyoM se unakI vinamratA hI jhalakatI hai / apanI zAlInatA ke kAraNa mAna evaM sammAna kI unhone paravAha nahIM kI / hindI-sAhitya sammelana ne unheM kaI bAra adhivezanoM kI adhyakSatA karane ke lie Amantrita kiyA, parantu apanI sahaja vinayazIlatA ke kAraNa apane-Apako ukta pada ke lie ayogya mAnakara dvivedIjI ne sadaiva asvasthatA Adi kA bahAnA banAkara sammelana ke AmantraNa ko ttaalaa| sammelana kI ora se dvivedIjI ke abhinandanArtha prayAga meM 'dvivedI - melA' Ayojita karane kA vicAra kiyA gayA, taba bhI AcArya mahodaya ne isa mele kA virodha kiyA thA / lekina, melA Ayojita huA / aura, dinAMka 4-5-6 maI, 1933 I0 ko paM0 madanamohana mAlavIya ke dvArA udghATita melA DaoN0 gaMgAnAtha jhA kI adhyakSatA meM sampanna huA / bharI sabhA meM DaoN0 jhA ne dvivedIjI ko apanA guru svIkAra kiyA aura unakA caraNasparza karane jhuka par3e / dvivedIjI saMkocavaza tejI se kursI chor3akara uTha gaye / usa samaya dvivedIjI ne kahA thA : 'bhAiyo, jisa samaya DaoN0 gaMgAnAtha jhA merI ora bar3he, maiMne socA, yadi pRthvI phaTa jAtI aura maiM usameM samA jAtA, to acchA hotA / 2 apane bhASaNa meM dvivedIjI ne 'dvivedI - melA' ke Ayojana kA kAraNa apane ina vinamra zabdoM meM abhivyakta kiyA : "Apane kahA hogA - bUDhA hai, kuladruma hai, Adhi-vyAdhiyoM se vyathita hai, niHsahAya hai, suta, dAra aura bandhu bAndhavoM se rahita hone ke kAraNa nirAzraya hai / lAo, ise apanA Azrita banA leM / apane prema, apanI dayA aura apanI sahAnubhUti ke sUcaka isa mele ke sAtha mere nAma kA yoga karake ise kucha sAntvanA dene kA prayatna kareM, jisase ise mAlUma hone lage ki merI bhI hitacantanA karanevAle aura zAntidAna kA sandeza sunAnevAle sajjana maujUda haiN| "3 dvivedIjI apanI zAlInatA aura RjutA ke lie cAhe jo bhI kaheM, parantu ukta dvivedI - melA hindI-saMsAra kI, AcAryapravara kI sevA meM arpita eka puSpAMjali - mAtra thA / dvivedIjI kA to svabhAva hI mAna-sammAna se anAsakta rahane kA thA / apane vinaya ke kAraNa ve jIvana-bhara lakSmI ke varadAna se vaMcita rahe / 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'merI jIvana rekhA', 'bhASA' : dvivedI- smRtiaMka, pU0 11 / 2. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 40, saMkhyA 2, pR0 164 / 3. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'mele ke avasara para diyA bhASaNa, pR0 6 /

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 47 (cha) kartavyaparAyaNatA : ___ adamya utsAha, sAhasa, lagana aura niSThA ke sAtha dvivedIjI ne pratyeka kArya ko apanAyA aura karmakSetra meM vibhinna bAdhAoM ko jhelakara, vibhinna zilAoM ko haTAkara unhoMne apanA mArga caurasa kiyaa| prArambhika jIvana se 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdana taka unheM viparIta paristhitiyoM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| parantu, apanI ImAnadArI aura aTUTa karttavyaparAyaNatA ke kAraNa ve pratyeka saMgrAma meM vijayI hue| jaba dvivedIjI ne relave kI naukarI prArambha kI thI, taba unhoMne apane kucha Adarza banAye the| unhoMne svayaM likhA hai : "... maiMne apane lie cAra siddhAnta yA Adarza nizcita kiye / yathA : 1. vakta kI pAbandI karanA, 2. rizvata na lenA, 3. apanA kAma ImAnadArI se karanA aura 4. jJAnavRddhi ke lie satata prayatna karate rahanA / 5 kAma karane kI lagana aura niSThA ke kAraNa hI relave me unakI zIghratA se padonnati hotI gaI / yahI mUla siddhAnta unhoMne sAhitya-sevA karate hue bhI apanA rakhe the / 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana-kArya karate samaya bhI dvivedIjI ne tatkAlIna evaM paravartI sampAdakoM ke samakSa kartavyaparAyaNatA kA ucca Adarza rkhaa| isI kAraNa, 'sarasvatI' ko bhI lokapriyatA milI aura dvivedIjI sAre hindI-premiyoM ke lie pUjya bana gaye / isa karttavya ke pIche unhoMne apane zarIra kI asvasthatA kI paravAha nahIM kI, parantu unake kAma meM kabhI DhIlApana nahIM aayaa| (ja) samayajJatA: dvivedIjI ko kAma kI ImAnadArI jisa sImA taka priya thI, usI sImA taka ve samaya ke mahattva ko bhI pahacAnate the| bacapana se hI vakta kI pAbandI unake jIvana meM eka mahattvapUrNa guNa banakara ghula-mila gaI thii| relave kI naukarI karate samaya unakI samayajJatA se unake aphasara bar3e prasanna rahate the / jaba dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana apane hAthoM meM liyA, taba 'sarasvatI' ke samaya para prakAzita ho jAne kA pUrA 'bhAra unhoMne apane sira para le liyaa| unhoMne svayaM likhA hai : ___ 'presa kI mazIna TUTa jAya, to usakA jimmedAra maiM nhii| para kaoNpI samaya para na pahuMce, to usakA jimmedAra maiM huuN| maiMne apanI isa jimmedArI kA nirvAha jI-jAna homa kara kiyaa| cAhe pUrA-kA-pUrA aMka mujhe hI kyoM na likhanA par3A ho, kaoNpI 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'merI jIvana-rekhA', 'bhASA : dvi0 smR0 aMka, pR0 12 /

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48 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva samaya para hI maiMne bhejii| maiMne to yahA~taka kiyA ki kama-se-kama chaH mahIne Age kI sAmagrI sadA apane pAsa prastuta rkhii| socA ki yadi maiM mahInoM bImAra par3a jAU~, to kyA ho ?" apanI patrikA ke aMka ko samaya kI isa pAbandI ke sAtha parizrama sahita nikalavAnevAle sampAdaka aba kahA~ haiM ? unake inhI guNoM para rIjhakara iNDiyana presa ke mAlika zrIcintAmaNi ghoSa ne kahA thA : 'hindustAnI sampAdako me maine vakta kI pAbandI aura karttavyapAlana ke viSaya me dRDhapratijJa do hI AdamI dekhe hai, eka to rAmAnanda bAbU (zrIrAmAnanda caTarjI) aura dUsare aap|' sarasvatI kI hI bhA~ti apane jIvana krama ko bhI eka ba~dhe hue samaya meM calAne kI Adata dvivedIjI kI thii| unakI dinacaryA nizcita thI / subaha uThane; likhane, bhojana karane, Tahalane, logoM se milane Adi sabakA samaya nizcita thA / eka bAra eka Ai0 sI0 esa0 mahodaya ko unase milane ke lie Adhe ghaNTe taka pratIkSA karanI par3I thI; kyoMki dvivedIjI kA milane kA samaya nahI huA thA / dvivedIjI vAde ke bar3e pakke aura samaya ke pUre pAbanda the / yadi kabhI unake mu~ha se nikala gayA ki Apake ghara amuka dina amuka samaya para AU~gA, to vighna samUha ke hote hue bhI vacana pAlana karate the / samayajJatA ke inhIM guNoM ke kAraNa unhe apane pUre jIvana me saMyama athavA dRDhatA kI kamI nahIM mahasUsa huii| kabhI (jha) nyAyapriyatA : apane vaiyaktika jIvana evaM sAhityika kSetra meM dvivedIjI pUrNa rUpa se pakSaNata-rahita vyavahAra karate the / lekhaka unake lie paricita hoM athavA aparicita, sabakI racanAoM meM ve samAna bhAva se kATa-chA~Ta karate the| isI bhA~ti, doSa dekhane para ve apane atipriya ziSyoM evaM mitroM ko bhI DA~Tane se bAja nahIM Ate the| isI pakSapAtahInatA ke sAtha unhoMne 'sarasvatI' meM naye-purAne sabhI lekhakoM ko sthAna diyA / nyAyapriyatA kA unakA yaha guNa 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdana se avakAza lene para aura bhI pallavita huaa| apane gA~va daulatapura jAne para kucha samaya taka ve oNnarerI majisTreTa rahe aura usake bAda grAma-paMcAyata ke sarapaMca rahe / ina padoM para rahate hue unhoMne nyAya meM sadA niSpakSa - bhAvanA se kAma liyA / unakI kaThora nyAyapriyatA se aneka loga asantuSTa hue, kintu dvivedIjI ne isakI kucha bhI paravAha nahIM kI / ve nyAya para DaTe rahe / 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'merI jIvana rekhA', 'bhASA' : dvi0 smR0 aMka, pR0 15-16 /

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 49 nyAya kI rakSA ke lie yadi kisI akicana ko Arthika daNDa diyA, to karuNA ke vazIbhUta hokara unhoMne usakA juramAnA apane pAsa se bhI cukAyA thaa| sampAdaka, oNnarerI musipha aura sarapaMca ke padoM para rahate samaya unheM na jAne kitane pralobhana diye gaye / parantu, una sabako ThukarAkara dvivedIjI ne sacAI aura nyAya kI rakSA kii| sampAdana-kAla meM apane hAni-lAbha kI paravAha na karake unhoMne sadA hI 'sarasvatI' ke svAmI aura pAThakoM kA dhyAna rakhA / isI prakAra, 'nyAyAdhIza' ke pada se unhoMne pApa aura puNya ko niSpakSa bhAva se nyAya kI tulA para taulA / isa nyAyapriyatA ne dvivedIjI ke vyaktitva ke utkarSa ko eka atirikta AdhAra diyaa| (Ja) vyavahArakuzalatA evaM atithi-sevA : __ AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI apane niSkapaTa vyavahAra, sarala evaM sarasa prema tathA sahRdayatA ke kAraNa auroM ke lie IrSyA karane yogya AcaraNavAle puruSa the| jIvana-bhara unhoMne apane sabhI paricitoM-sambandhiyoM ke sAtha yathAyogya kuzala vyavahAra kiyA aura apane AcaraNa se sabako mohita rkhaa| dvivedIjI ziSTAcAra ke pUre pAlaka the| jaba koI unake pAsa jAtA, taba apanI DibiyA se do pAna use dete aura bAtacIta samApta hone para phira do pAna dete, jo isa bAta kA saMketa hotA thA ki aba Apa jAie / unake ziSTAcAra meM kisI prakAra kA ADambara nahIM thaa| ve sahI arthoM meM ziSTa AcAra ke samarthaka the| bAtacIta ke krama meM ve apane sarala evaM sahRdaya svabhAva kI chApa bAtacIta karanevAle ke mana para chor3a dete the| vyAvahArika kuzalatA ke bIca dvivedIjI ke AcaraNa kI eka viziSTatA unakI atithisevA thii| jinheM unakA atithi banane kA gaurava prApta huA, ve isa satya se bhalI bhA~ti paricita the ki apane pratyeka atithi kI sevA ve AtmavismRta hokara kiyA karate the| eka bAra kAnapura meM zrIkezavaprasAda mizra unake ghara rAta meM Thahare / jaba ve sokara uThe,taba dekhA ki dvivedIjIsvayaM loTe meM jala lekara khar3e haiM / mizrajI lajjita ho gaye / isapara dvivedIjI ne kahA ki vAha, tuma to mere atithi ho| unake atithi-satkAra kA eka aisA hI saMsmaraNa paM0 sItArAma caturvedI ne likhA hai : "eka bAra maiM rAyabarelI ke kavi-sammelana meM gayA / vicAra huA ki daulatapura jAkara darzana kara AyA jAya / mai pahuMcA, to dina Dhala rahA thA, dekhate hI uTha khar3e hue aura atyanta AtmIyatApUrNa sneha se pUchA : 'are, yaha akasmAt vinA pUrva sUcanA diye kahA~ se ?' maiMne kahA ki 'mandira meM sUcanA dekara thor3e hI koI jAtA hai ?' bar3e gadgada hue| jalapAna kI vyavasthA karane lge| maiMne bahuta Agraha kiyA ki upacAra na kiijie| unhoMne kahA ki 'upacAra nahIM hai, yaha AtithyAcAra hai / ' ve mere durabhyAsa se paricita the ki maiM kahIM khAtA-pItA nahIM huuN|

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50 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva isalie jhaTa bole : 'maiM saba jAnatA hU~, aura phira eka panaserI loTe meM Ikha kA rasa ddha milAkara le aaye|"1 dvivedIjI ke Atithya evaM ziSTAcAra kI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA paM0 devIdatta zukla, DaoN0 baladevaprasAda mizra, haribhAU upAdhyAya, maithilIzaraNa gupta, lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI, cintAmaNi ghoSa Adi sabhI ne kI hai| apanI vyavahArakuzalatA tathA atithi-satkAra ke kAraNa ve apane paricitoM ke bIca eka AdarzasvarUpa the| (e) vyavasthApriyatA: dvivedIjI svabhAva se hI vyavasthApriya the / ve siddhAnta aura zuddhatA ke pakSapAtI the| pratyeka kArya meM ve vyavasthA, niyamitatA, anuzAsana aura spaSTatA kI apekSA rakhate the| ve svayaM auroM ke sAtha inhIM ke anukUla AcaraNa karate the aura auroM se bhI aisI hI niyamitatA evaM suvyavasthA kI AzA karate the| unhoMne vANI ke sthAna para karma ko apane AdarzoM ke pracAra kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| mArga meM gobara, kAMca, kA~TA Adi par3A dekhakara ve unheM rAste se haTA dete the| yaha dekhakara anya logoM ko bhI aise satkarmoM kI preraNA milatI thii| apane ghara meM bhI dvivedIjI bar3A vyavasthita aura niyamabaddha jIvana bitAte the| unake ghara meM pratyeka vastu ThikAne se ucita sthAna para rakhI jAtI thii| apanI pustakoM kI saphAI ve svayaM karate the| pustakeM unheM prANoM se adhika priya thiiN| yadi ve kisI ko unheM par3hane ke lie dete the, to pUrI hidAyata ke sAtha ki unameM kahIM koI dAga, syAhI athavA gandagI na lagane pAye / vyavasthA aura niyamitatAsambandhI dvivedIjI kI kaThoratA isa sImA taka thI ki eka bAra unakI patnI ne thAlI meM rakhe gaye padArthoM kA niyamita krama bhaMga kara diyA, taba unheM bhartsanA sunanI par3I thii| isa prakAra, dvivedIjI kI vyavasthApriyatA aura saniyama jIvana bitAne kI cAritrika vizeSatAe~ jIvana-bhara unake sAtha saMlagna rhiiN| isa prakAra, vastutaH, ve sAhitya aura jIvana pratyeka kSetra meM eka suvyavasthA cAhate the| isI suvyavasthA ko lAne ke lie unhoMne pahale apane rahana-sahana ko vyavasthita kiyA, phira apane sAhitya meM vyavasthA ko sarvopari mahattva diyaa| inhIM kAraNoM se ve hindI ke sAhityika vikAsa ko eka vyavasthita mor3a de ske| ataeva, AcArya dvivedIjI kI vyavasthApriyatA kA bhI apanA eka sAhityika mahattva hai| (8) pratibhA ko parakha : ___ dvivedIjI svayaM bahumukhI pratibhA ke dhanI the| isI kAraNa, unhoMne jisa zIghratA se relave-vibhAga ke vibhinna kAryoM kI jAnakArI hAsila kara lI thI, usI pratibhA ke 1. 'AcArya dvivedIjI' : saM0 nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 30 /

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THYA davAvRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 51 sAtha unhoMne na kevala hindI kI vividha vidhAna lekhanI daur3AI, apitu sAhityika itihAsa meM apanA yugAntarakArI mAnadaNDa bhI sthApita kiyaa| jisa bhA~ti unakI pratibhA prakhara thI, usI bhA~ti auroM kI pratibhA ko parakhane kI antardaSTi bhI unameM thii| unameM sAhityakAroM kI pratibhA ko parakhane kI vilakSaNa zakti thii| ve lekhakoM kI prArambhika racanAeM dekhakara hI unake bhaviSya ke bAre meM Azvasta ho jAyA karate the aura honahAra sAhityaseviyoM ko hara sambhava protsAhana dete the| apane anurodha, preraNA aura protsAhana dvArA ve lekhakoM kI pratibhA ko jagAne kA kArya karate the| unakA yaha kArya apanA aitihAsika mahattva rakhatA hai| AcArya nandadulAre vAjapeyI ne likhA hai : __ "dvivedIjI ke hI udyoga aura protsAhana kA pariNAma hai ki zrImaithilIzaraNa gupta aise bhArataprasiddha kavi, bAbU gopAlazaraNa siMha aise satkavi aura paM0 rAmacarita upAdhyAya aise paNDita kavi hindI meM dikhAI pdde|"1 dvivedIjI ke protsAhana evaM anurodha 'para hindI-sAhitya ke seviyoM kI jo senA taiyAra huI, usakI sUcI bahuta lambI hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki dvivedIjI lekhakoM kI pratibhA bhalI bhA~ti parakhate the| isI guNagrAhakatA ko ve apane jIvana meM bhI amala meM lAte the| apane udAra aura unnata vicAroM ke kAraNa dvivedIjI ne guNadoSa-sambandhI nijI viveka sarvadA pariSkRta banAye rkhaa| aura, isI guNagrAhakatA ke AdhAra para ve vyaktiyoM yA saMsthAoM kI samIkSA. prazaMsA karate rhe| (Da) saMgrahavRttiH dvivedIjI kI saMgraha-bhAvanA bhI sarAhanIya thii| ve sabhI purAne kAgajoM, liphAphoM, paikeToM kI DoriyoM, akhabAra kI kataranoM Adi ko sa~bhAlakara rakhate the aura avasara Ane para unakA upayoga karate the| AcArya zivapUjana sahAya ne likhA hai : "baNDaloM ke andara kAgajoM kA silasilA dekhakara AcArya dvivedI ke apUrva maMgrahAnurAga para bar3A hI Azcarya hotA hai / ciTThiyo ke liphAphe, rajisTrI aura tAra kI rasIdeM, akhabAroM ke raipara aura kaTiMga saba surakSita rakhe haiN|" vAstava meM, unake jaisA saMgrahI sampUrNa hindI-jagat meM dUsarA nahIM dRSTigocara hotA hai| DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne bhI likhA hai : "kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA meM surakSita 'sarasvatI' ke svIkRta aura asvIkRta lekhoM kI hastalikhita pratiyA~, unakI nijI racanAoM kI hastalikhita pratiyAM; 1. AcArya nandadulAre vAjapeyI : 'hindI-sAhitya : bIsavIM zatAbdI', pR0 1 / 2. AcArya zivapUjana sahAya : 'zivapUjana-racanAvalI', bhAga 4, pR0 181 /

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52 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva patra-patrikAoM kI kataraneM, kalA-bhavana aura kAryAlaya meM tIsa hajAra patra, saikar3oM patrikAoM kI phuTakala pratiyA~, dasa AlamArI pustakeM, daulatapura meM rakSita patra, katarane, nyAya-sambandhI kAgaja-patra nakze, citra, hastalikhita racanAe~ Adi eka mahAn puruSa kI saMgraha-bhAvanA kI sAkSI hai|"1 niSkarSataH, dvivedIjI kI yaha saMgrahavRtti bhI paravartI zodhakartAo ke lie varadAnasvarUpa siddha huI haiN| (Dha) dAnavIratA : dvivedIjI apane pAsa kAgaja-patroM kA saMgraha karate the, parantu apane pAsa ke dhana kA khule hAthoM se dAna karate the| ve apane Aya-vyaya ke paise-paise kA hisAba rakhate the| bAhara se AnevAle patro, akhabAroM Adi ke liphAphoM aura sAde kAgajoM kA ve mitavyayitA ke sAtha upayoga karate the| parantu, itanI mitavyayitA ke sAtha pUrA parizrama karake jisa dhana kA unhoMne arjana kiyA, usakA adhikAMza unhone dAna kara diyaa| apanI gAr3hI kamAI ke 6400 ru0 unhoMne kAzI-hindU-vizvavidyAlaya ko dAna kara diye| apane daulatapura ke nivAsakAla me unhoMne gA~va ke garIbo kI lar3akiyoM ke vivAha meM, nirdhanoM kI vipannAvasthA meM evaM vidhavAoM ke saMkaTa meM sadaiva sahAyatA kii| paropakAra meM hI unheM Ananda milatA thaa| (Na) dhArmika AcaraNa: dvivedIjI Izvara meM aTala vizvAsa rakhate the, parantu unhoMne apane ko kabhI dhArmika bandhanoM meM nahI jkdd'aa| vastutaH, ve ADambara athavA dikhAvA pasanda nahIM karate the| isI kAraNa bAhya daSTi se dekhanevAle AsapAsa ke loga unheM prAyaH nAstika samajhate the| ve niyamita rUpa se pUjA-pATha, sandhyA-vandana Adi kucha bhI nahIM karate the| parantu, karmakANDa kA ve pUrI taraha pAlana karate the| zubhakArya ko saguna yA ghar3I vicAra kara karate the| vivAha Adi kI paramparita rItiyoM kA ve pAlana karate the / zrImadbhAgavata aura rAmAyaNa meM bhI zraddhA rakhate the| phira bhI, dhArmika vandhana unheM jakar3a nahIM sake / ADambarahIna Izvara-bhakti karanevAle dvivedIjI yaha kabhI nahIM bhUlate the ki ve ucca brAhmaNa-kula meM utpanta haiM / ugratA, kaThoratA, samayajJatA, vyavasthApriyatA, nyAyapriyatA Adi unakI kaI cAritrika vizeSatAoM kA unake vyaktitva meM vikAsa brAhmaNocita zailI meM hI huaa| dvivedIjI ke hRdaya meM apanI jAti kI vajaha se kucha durbalatAeM bhI thiiN| unhoMne seNTrala hindU kaoNleja (kAzI) meM 2. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 55 /

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jIvanavRtta evaM vyaktitva [ 53 eka chAtravRtti calAI thI aura yaha zarta rakhI thI ki unakI chAtravRttiyA~ kAbyakunja brAhmaNa chAtra ko hI dI jAyeM / brAhmaNoM ke viruddha kucha bhI sunane para ve Ape se bAhara ho jAte the| isa prakAra, dhArmika dizA meM ADambarahInatA ke pakSadhara hote hue bhI dvivedIjI brAhmaNatva ke gaurava kA AjIvana vahana karate rahe / (ta) grAmasudhAra : ___ apanI sAhityika upalabdhiyoM tathA AcAryatva kI garimA se dvivedIjI ne paravartI sAhitya-cintakoM kI A~kheM itanI cauMdhiyA dI haiM ki logoM ko unake vyaktitva ke anya kisI pakSa kA bhAna nahIM ho pAtA hai| unake vizAla vyaktitva kA eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa hai-grAmasudhAra / 'sarasvatI' se avakAza pAne ke bAda dvivedIjI apane gA~va daulatapura meM rahane lage, taba se sarapaMca ke rUpa me kiye gaye unake kArya bhAratIya paMcAyatoM ke itihAsa meM grAma-vikAsa kI dRSTi se bar3e hI mahattvapUrNa haiM / apane gA~va kI saphAI ke lie unhoMne vahA~ eka bhaMgI ko lAkara basAyA / gA~va meM aspatAla, DAkaghara, mavezIkhAnA Adi unhoMne banavAye / AmoM ke kaI bAga bhI unhoMne lgvaaye| unhoMne isa bAta kA anubhava kiyA ki azikSita grAmavAsiyoM ko zikSita karake hI bhArata kA vikAsa ho sakatA hai / unhoMne isa dizA meM prayAsa bhI kiye| ve sarapaMca ke nAte bahuta hI lokapriya hue the; kyoMki ve nyAyapriya tathA grAmasudhAraka the| unakA mRtyudivasa, 21 disambara, 1938 I0, jisa bhAMti hindI-sAhitya ke lie mahAn zoka kA divasa hai, usI bhA~ti vaha dina paMcAyatoM tathA grAmasudhAra ke itihAsa meM bhI vajrapAta kA dina hai : __ AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI ina vividha cAritrika evaM svabhAvagata vizeSatAoM ke samakSa unakA bAhya vizAla vyaktitva sUkSma-sA lagane lagatA hai aura surasA-vijetA mahAvIra jaisA unakA antarvyaktitva virAT ho jAtA hai| DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne likhA hai : "antarvyaktitva unakA sUkSma hote hue bhI sthUla tathA gahana thaa| niyamabaddhatA, niyamitatA aura anuzAsana ne unake jIvana ko atyanta kaThora, saMyamazIla aura karmaTha banA diyA thaa| satyAgraha, pratibhA aura gahana adhyayana ne unake svAbhimAna ko jAgarita kara diyA thaa| mahAvIra kI-sI sevA-bhAvanA, lagana, agAdha zakti , sAhasa, nirabhimAnatA, dRDhatA Adi guNa unheM apanI paitRka dharohara tathA iSTadeva ke prasAda ke rUpa meM prApta the| sIdhA, sarala, spaSTa tathA svAbhAvika vyavahAra unheM priya thA, isake viparIta Ter3he aura ADambarapUrNa jIvana se ghRNA thii| ziSTAcAra, vinamratA, dhairya aura sAdagI kI ve pratimUrti the| satyaniSThA aura guNagrAhakatA unake jIvana kI Teka thii| dAna denA unakI bAna thI tathA AtmAbhimAna thI unakI zAna / nirbhayatA aura

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54 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva spaSTavAditA unake rakta kA svabhAva thaa| parizrama karanA hI unakA pramukha vyasana thaa|"1 inhIM vizeSatAoM se bharA-pUrA dvivedIjI kA vyaktitva hI hindI-bhASA aura sAhitya ko eka nayA mor3a denevAlA tathA AcArya-paramparA kA sUtrapAtakartA ho sakatA thaa| nizcaya hI, dvivedIjI ke vizAla evaM mahAn vyaktitva kA samucita prabhAva unake nijI evaM tatkAlIna sAhitya para pdd'aa| zrIkRSNAcArya ne ThIka hI likhA hai : "yaha sambhavataH sarvamAnya satya hai ki mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI kRtiyoM se bar3hakara unakA vyaktitva hai| nissandeha, kRtitva aura vyaktitva kI sampUrNatA virala hotI hai / iTAliyana kalAkAra mAikelejalo, iMgaliza dArzanika phrAMsisa bekana,jarmana kavi geTe,phreMca vAlTeyara aura rUsI tAlsatAya aise vyaktitva the, jinakA jIvana sAdhAraNa thA aura kRtiyA~ pratibhA-kiraNa se pUrita / inakI jIvanI kI thAha lagatI hai, na ki kRtiyoM kI / aura, aise bhI loga haiM, jaise kopATakina, gAndhI, javAharalAla neharU, inako samajhakara bhI haThAt muha se yaha nikalapar3atA hai-aise bhI manuSya isa saMsAra meM hue the,jo hamalogoM kI taraha hI the,kintu apane jIvana-krama meM kitane viziSTa, kitane vizvAsaniSTha / dvivedIjI kA vyaktitva kucha aise hI tattvoM se banA thaa|2 ataeva, AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke vyaktitva evaM caritna kI viziSTatAoM ko unakI sAhityika upalabdhiyoM ke vizeSa sandarbha meM rakhakara mahattva denA hI hogaa| isa dRSTi se anuzIlana karane para dvivedIjI ke vyaktitva evaM kRtitva kI mahAnatA aura bhI adhika khulakara sAmane AtI hai| ve pratyeka dRSTi se hindI ke bhISmapitAmaha pratIta hote haiN| 1. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI-yuga kI hindI-gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana', pR0.146 / 2. 'AcArya dvivedI' : saM0 nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 56-57 /

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tRtIya adhyAya dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI Adhunika hindI ke yuga pravarttaka lekhaka aura AcArya ke rUpa meM sarvapratidina hai / aise hI mastiSka kI bhagIratha-zakti se saMsAra meM navIna vicAradhArAoM ko pravAhita karanevAle mahApuruSoM ke sambandha meM gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ne 'te narabara thor3e jaga mAhI' kI sambhAvanA prakaTa kI hai / AcArya dvivedI ne kaI varSoM ke satata parizrama se khar3I bolI ke gadya aura padya kI eka saccI vyavasthA kI aura donoM praNAliyoM dvArA pUrva aura pazcima kI purAtana aura nUtana, sthAyI aura asthAyI jJAna-sampatti hindI-saMsAra ko mukta hAthoM se vitarita kI / hindI-bhASA aura sAhitya kI sevA meM nimagna unake aneka rUpa milate hai / bhASA zikSaka, lekhaka, sampAdaka, hindI-bhASA - pracAraka, bhASA-pariSkAraka, nibandhakAra, Alocaka, kavi, itihAsakAra Adi aneka svarUpoM meM isa anekavidha karma - paMkhur3iyoM se yukta mahApuruSa ke pArijAta ko rASTrabhASA ke vizAla udyAna meM hama Aja bhI saurabha bikherate hue, preraka evaM utsAhavarddhaka zakti ke rUpa meM anubhava kara sakate haiM / dvivedIjI ko hama hindI ke avyavasthita udyAna kI sucAru vyavasthA karanevAle kuzala mAlI ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara sakate hai / jaMgalI upavana kA manacAhA vistAra aura prAkRtika rUpa kitanA hI manorama kyoM na ho, para suvyavasthita ramaNIya udyAna kA prabhAva susaMskRta sabhya nAgarika janoM para kucha aura hI par3atA hai / aura, yahI kArya AcArya dvivedIjI ne nAgarajanoM ke lie hindI kA pariSkAra karake kiyA / zrIpadumalAla pannAlAla bakhzI ne likhA hai : "yadi koI mujhase pUche ki dvivedIjI ne kyA kiyA, to maiM use samagra Adhunika sAhitya dikhalAkara kaha sakatA hU~ ki yaha saba unhI kI sevA kA phala hai / kucha lekhaka aise hote haiM, jinakI racanA para hI mahattA nirbhara rahatI hai / kucha aise hote haiM, jinakI mahattA unakI racanAoM se nahI jAnI jA sakatI / dvivedIjI kI sAhityasevA unakI racanAoM se kahIM adhika mahattvapUrNa hai / unake vyaktitva kA prabhAva samagra sAhitya para par3A hai / megha kI taraha unhoMne vizva jJAnarAzi saMcita kara aura use phira barasAkara samagra sAhityodyAna ko harA-bharA kara diyaa| vartamAna sAhitya unhIM kI sAdhanA kA suphala hai / " " 1. 'AcArya dvivedI' : saM0 nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 11 /

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56 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM meM dvivedIjI kI pratibhA ke alaga-alaga unmeSa ke darzana hote hai / unakI bahumukhI pratibhA ne kaI kSetroM meM praveza kiyA / isakA sahaja hI anumAna unakI sAhityika upalabdhiyoM kI sUcI dvArA lagAyA jA sakatA hai / AcArya dvivedIjI kI racanAoM kI sabase prAcIna sUcI 'haMsa' (varSa 3, saMkhyA 8, maI, 1933 I0) meM AcArya zivapUjana sahAya ne prastuta kiyA thA / unhoMne likhA hai : "maiM zurU se hI dvivedIjI kI likhI huI saba pustakoM kI nAmAvalI taiyAra kara rahA thaa| vaha dina-dina nAmAvalI bar3hatI gaI / usake saMzodhana meM ( devIdatta zukla ) paM0 yajJadatta vartamAna (san 1933 I0) sarasvatI - sampAdaka ne bar3I sahAyatA dI / zukla ' ne bhI dvivedIjI kI pustakoM kI sUcI banAI thI / .... vaha dvivedIjI ke sambandhI haiM / isalie, unakI banAI huI sUcI vizeSa prAmANika ho sakatI hai / sarasvatI - sampAdaka zuklajI ke anurodha se unhoMne apanI sUcI mujhe de dene kI kRpA kii| maine apanI aura unakI sUcI eka karake dvivedIjI kI sevA meM bheja dI / usameM dvivedIjI ne yatra-tatra saMzodhana - mAtra kara diyA / "1 ina kaThinAiyoM aura prakriyAoM se gujarane ke bAda unhoMne jo sUcI prastuta kI, vaha isa prakAra hai : padya : 1. devIstuti 2. vinayavinoda 3. mahimnaH stotra 4. gaMgAlaharI 5. snehamAlA 6. vihAra-vATikA 7. kAvyamaMjUSA 8. kavitA-kalApa (kavitA-saMgraha) 9. kumArasambhavasAra 10. sumana (kAvyamaMjUSA kA nayA saMskaraNa) 11. amRtalaharI / gadya : 1. bhAminIvilAsa 2. bekanavicAra - ratnAvalI 3. hindI - kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA 6. nATyazAstra 4. atIta smRti 10. hindI bhASA kI utpatti 5. hindI - zikSAvalI ke tRtIya bhAga ko samAlocanA 11. hindI -mahAbhArata 6. svAdhInatA 12. raghuvaMza 2. AcArya zivapUjana sahAya : 'zivapUjana racanAvalI', bhAga 4, pR0 180 7. zikSA 8. sampattizAstra

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dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya [ 57 13. meghadUta 35. kAlidAsa 14. kirAtArjunIya 36. vaicitrya-citraNa 15. naiSadhacaritacarcA 37. vijJAnavArtA 16. vikramAMkadevacaritacarcA 38. caritra-citraNa 17. kavi kAlidAsa 39. vijJavinoda 18. AlocanAMjali 40. samAlocanA-samuccaya 16. AkhyAyikA-saptaka 41. vAgvilAsa 20. kovida-kIrtana 42. sAhitya-sandarbha 21. videzI vijJAna 43. vanitA-vilAsa 22. jalacikitsA 44. mahilAmoda 23. prAcIna yuddha 45. adbhuta AlApa 24. caritacaryA 46. sukavi-saMkIrtana 25. purAvRtta 47. prAcIna kavi aura paNDita 26. loara prAimarI rIDara 48. saMkalana 27. apara prAimarI rIDara 49. vicAra-vimarza 28. zikSA-saroja (rIDara, pA~ca bhAga) 50. purAtattva-prasaMga 29. bAlabodha yA varNabodha (prAimara) 51. sAhityAlaya 30. jilA kAnapura kA bhUgola 52. lekhAMjali 31. kumArasambhava 53. sAhitya-sIkara 32. AdhyAtmikI 54. dRzyadarzana 33. audyogikI 55. avadha ke kisAnoM kI barabAdI 34. rasajJaraMjana 56. kAnapura ke sAhitya sammelana kA svaagt-bhaassnn| 57. Atmanivedana (kAzI ke abhinandanotsava meM diyA gayA bhASaNa) isa sUcI ko prastuta karane ke pazcAt ina pustakoM ke sambandha meM AcArya zivajI ne katipaya sUcanAe~ bhI dI haiN| yathA : "padya kI pustakoM meM naM0 1 se 6 taka bahuta purAnI hai / naM0 1 san 1892 I0 meM aura naM0 2 san 1899 I0 meM chapI thii| gadya kI pustakoM meM bhI naM0 1 se 5 taka bahuta purAnI haiN| naM06 aura 7 a~garejI se anUdita prasiddha grantha haiN| naM0 11 aura 12 anUdita hone para bhI maulika ke samAna Anandaprada haiM / yahI bAta naM0 13 se 17 taka kI pustakoM ke bAre meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai| dvivedIjI kI anUdita pustakeM bhI zuddha maulika pratIta hotI haiN|

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58 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva naM0 7 se 32 taka kI pustakeM sambhavataH iNDiyana presa, prayAga se nikalI haiN| naM. 6 kA prakAzana hindI-grantha-ratnAkara-kAryAlaya (bambaI) hai| naM0 33, 34 aura 35 jabalapura ke rASTrIya mandira se tathA naM0 38 aura 39 hindI presa, prayAga se prakAzita hai / naM0 40 ke prakAzaka hai rAmanArAyaNa lAla, ilAhAbAda aura naM0 41 ke haiM vaidehIzaraNa, hindI-pustaka-bhaNDAra, laheriyAsarAya (bihaar)| naM0 32 se 47 taka kA prakAzana lakhanaU ke gaMgA pustakamAlA-kAryAlaya dvArA huA hai| naM048 aura 49 kAzI ke bhAratI-bhaNDAra ne prakAzita kiyA hai| naM0 50 ciragAMva, jhA~sI ke sAhityasadana se, naM0 51 paTanA ke khaDgavilAsa presa se, naM0 52 kalakattA kI hindI-pustaka ejensI se, naM0 53 prayAga ke taruNa bhArata-granthAvalI-kAryAlaya se prakAzita hai, naM0 54 matavAlA maNDala (kalakattA) se aura naM0 55 kAzI ke jJAnamaNDala-kAryAlaya se prakAzita haiM / naM0 14 se 26 aura naM0 32 se 54 taka kI pustakoM meM adhikatara sarasvatI meM prakAzita lekhoM aura sampAdakIya noToM kA hI saMgraha hai| kucha lekha anya patrikAoM ke bhI haiN| phira bhI, merA khayAla hai ki dvivedIjI ke bahuta choTe-choTe lekha aba bhI pustakAkAra meM saMgRhIta nahIM hue haiN| maiMne moTe taura para hisAba lagAkara dekhA hai ki 25-30 varSoM ke andara AcArya mahodaya ne 20,000 pRSThoM se bhI adhika likhA hai|" AcArya zivapUjana sahAya dvArA prastuta sUcI meM dvivedIjI kI sabhI aprakAzita evaM aneka prakAzita racanAoM ko sammilita nahI kiyA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI isa sUcI meM racanAoM ke prakAzana-kAla evaM prakAzakoM kI pUrI tathA prAmANika jAnakArI bhI nahIM dI gaI hai| ataeva, isa sUcI ko sarvaguNasampanna evaM antima nahI mAnA jA sktaa| isakI prAmANikatA kevala isa bAta meM hai ki isameM parigaNita sabhI kRtiyA~ dvivedIjI dvArA likhI huI hI haiN| AcArya dvivedIjI kI racanAoM kI dUsarI sUcI DaoN. premanArAyaNa TaNDana ne prastuta kI hai| unhoMne jisa sUcI ko prastuta kiyA hai, usameM AcArya zivapUjana sahAya kI sUcI se pare aura bhinna nAmavAlI puratako kI atirikta sUcanA hai : 1. devIstutizataka 6. caritacitraNa 2. RtutaraMgiNI 7. sAhityAlApa 3. vaijJAnika koSa 8. vaktRtva-kalA 4. videzI vidvAn 9. veNIsaMhAra nATaka 5. bAlabodha yA varNabodha 10. speMsara kI jJeya aura ajJeya mImAMsAe~ 1. AcArya zivapUjana sahAya : 'zivapUjana-racanAvalI', khaNDa 4, pR0 181-182 // 2. DaoN0 premanArAyaNa TaNDana : 'dvivedI-mImAMsA', pR0 14 /

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dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya [ 56 DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ke anusAra, "isa sUcI ke bhI kucha doSa samAlocya haiM / lekhaka ne dvivedIjI kI kisI bhI aprakAzita racanA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / dvivedIjI kI aneka racanAe~ chor3a dI gaI haiM / kahIM-kahIM racanA kA nAma bhI galata diyA gayA hai, yathA 'vaktRtva kalA' aura 'kAlidAsa' ina donoM ke mukhapRSTha para kramazaH 'bhASaNa' aura 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA' nAma diye hue haiM / 'speMsara kI jJeya aura ajJeya mImAMsAe~' ke anuvAdaka dvivedIjI nahIM haiN| unake lekhaka lAlA kannomala haiM / " " isake atirikta, DaoN0 TaNDana ne bhI prakAzana varSa aura prakAzaka kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / ataeva, yaha sUcI bhI pUrNa tathA prAmANika nahIM hai / kAzInAgarI pracAraNI sabhA, 'rUpAbha', 'sAhitya-sandeza' Adi meM bhI dvivedIjI kI kRtiyoM kI jo sUciyA~ upalabdha haiM, unakI bhI yahI sthiti hai / DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne apane zodha-prabandha meM AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI kula 81 pustakoM kI, unake prakAzanavarSa evaM prakAzaka kI sUcanA dete hue, sUcI prastuta kI hai / unakI sUcI meM dvivedIjI kI sabhI prakAzita evaM aprakAzita kRtiyoM kA vivaraNa hai| DaoN0 siMha dvArA prastuta sUcI meM granthapuTIyatA ke sabhI guNa nahIM hai / kisI bhI racanA ke prAmANika sAkSya ke lie prakAzaka, prakAzana varSa aura AkAra - vivaraNa kA vistRta ullekha honA Avazyaka hai / isa dRSTi se 'bhASA' ke dvivedI- smRti-aMka 3 meM prakAzita tathA zrIkRSNAcArya 4 dvArA prastuta sUciyA~ apanI granthapuTIya vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa sarvAgapUrNa hai / unhIM ke AdhAra para AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke samagra kRtitva kA adhyayana yahA~ kiyA gayA hai / AcArya dvivedIjI kA maulika kAvya-kRtiyA~ : 1. devIstutizataka : saMskRta meM pracalita stutipradhAna zatakoM kI zailI meM dvivedIjI ne isa zataka kI racanA san 1892 I0 meM kI thii| jUhI (kAnapura) meM svayaM granthakAra ne hI isakA prakAzana kiyA thA / saMskRta ke gaNAtmaka chanda vasantatilakA meM likhe gaye isa zataka meM devI caNDI kI padyAtmaka stuti kI gaI hai| isa kRti kI pratiyA~ aba anupalabdhaprAya haiM / isa kAraNa anya jAnakArI andhakAra meM hai / 2. nAgarI : san 1900 I0 meM vedavidyA pracAriNI sabhA, jayapura dvArA prakAzita yaha laghu pustikA nAgarI-viSayaka cAra kavitAoM kA saMgraha hai / 23 pRSThoM kI yaha pustikA 18 seM0 ke AkAra kI hai| 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 88 2. uparivat, pR0 78-85 / 3. 'bhASA' : dvivedI smRti aMka, pR0 245 - 268 / 4. 'AcArya dvivedI' : saM0 nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 239 - 248 /

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dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya [ 61 sUcI ke AdhAra para hI DaoN0 rAmasakala rAya zarmA ne bhI ina tInoM pustakoM kA astitva A~kha mUMdakara svIkAra kara liyA hai| isa prakAra, AcArya dvivedIjI kI maulika kAvya-kRtiyoM ke rUpa meM pUrva vivRta chaha racanAoM kI hI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai| AcArya dvivedIjI kA anUdita kAvya-kRtiyA~ : 1. vinayavinoda : bhartRhari-kRta 'vairAgyazataka' ke kucha dohoM kA padyAtmaka anuvAda isa pustaka ke rUpa meM huA hai / 'vinayavinoda' kA prakAzana san 1889 I0 meM huA thaa| vrajabhASA meM likhita isa dohA-saMgraha ko kavi kI kalA kA prAthamika unmeSa mAnA jA sakatA hai| 2. vihAra-vATikA : saMskRta ke kavi jayadeva ke khyAta grantha 'gItagovinda' kA bhAvAnuvAda, saMkSipta rUpa meM vrajabhASA ke chandoM meM, 'vihAra-vATikA' meM huA hai| isakA prakAzana san 1890 I0 meM huA thaa| 3. snehamAlA : bhartRhari-viracita 'zRgArazataka' ke zlokoM kA vrajabhASA meM anuvAda kara dvivedIjI ne ise 'snehamAlA' kA rUpa diyA thaa| isakA prakAzana san 1860 I0 meM huA thaa| 4. RtutaraMgiNI : mahAkavi kAlidAsa-kRta 'RtusaMhAra' kI chAyA lekara khar3I bolI meM race gaye chandoM kA isameM saMkalana hai| 17 seM0 AkAra meM, AryAvarta presa (kalakattA) meM prakAzita isa pustaka kA prakAzana-varSa 1891 I0 hai / 5. gaMgAlaharI : prastuta pustaka paNDitarAja jagannAtha dvArA racita saMskRta 'gaMgAlaharI' kA vrajabhASA meM, savaiyA vRtta ke antargata anuvAda hai| isakA prakAzana san 1861 I0 meM huA thaa| 6. zrImahimnaHstotram : puSpadanta-viracita isI nAma kI pustaka kA padyAtmaka anuvAda dvivedIjI ne san 1885 I0 meM sampanna kara diyA thA, parantu isakA prakAzana san 1891 I0 meM huaa| DaoN0 rAmasakala rAya zarmA ne isakA prakAzana-varSa san 1890 I0 mAnA hai| parantu, anya vidvAnoM ne ise san 1891 I0 meM hI prakAzita mAnA hai| 7. kumArasambhavasAra : mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke khyAta mahAkAvya 'kumArasambhavam ke prathama pA~ca sargo kA bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda isa rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| kAzI-- 1. DaoN0 rAmasakalarAya zarmA : 'dvivedI yuga kA hindI-kAvya', pR0 58 / 2. uparivat, pR0 57 /

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dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya [ 61 sUcI ke AdhAra para hI DaoN0 rAmasakala rAya zarmA ne bhI ina tInoM pustakoM kA astitva A~kha mUMdakara svIkAra kara liyA hai| isa prakAra, AcArya dvivedIjI kI maulika kAvya-kRtiyoM ke rUpa meM pUrvavivRta chaha racanAoM kI hI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai| AcArya dvivedIjI kA anUdita kAvya-kRtiyA~ : 1. vinayavinoda : bhartRharikRta 'vairAgyazataka' ke kucha dohoM kA padyAtmaka anuvAda isa pustaka ke rUpa meM huA hai / 'vinayavinoda' kA prakAzana san 1889 I0 meM huA thA / vrajabhASA meM likhita isa dohA saMgraha ko kavi kI kalA kA prAthamika unmeSa mAnA jA sakatA hai / 2. vihAra-vATikA : saMskRta ke kavi jayadeva ke khyAta grantha 'gItagovinda' kA bhAvAnuvAda, saMkSipta rUpa meM vrajabhASA ke chandoM meM, 'vihAra - vATikA' meM huA hai / isakA prakAzana san 1890 I0 meM huA thA / 3. snehamAlA : bhartRhari - viracita 'zrRMgArazataka' ke zlokoM kA vrajabhASA meM anuvAda kara dvivedIjI ne ise 'snehamAlA' kA rUpa diyA thA / isakA prakAzana san 1860 I0 meM huA thA / 4. RtutaraMgiNI : mahAkavi kAlidAsa kRta 'RtusaMhAra' kI chAyA lekara khar3I bolI meM race gaye chandoM kA isameM saMkalana hai / 17 seM0 AkAra meM, AryAvartta presa (kalakattA) meM prakAzita isa pustaka kA prakAzana varSa 1891 I0 hai / 5. gaMgAlaharI : prastuta pustaka paNDitarAja jagannAtha dvArA racita saMskRta 'gaMgAlaharI' kA vrajabhASA meM, savaiyA vRtta ke antargata anuvAda hai / isakA prakAzana san 1861 I0 meM huA thA / 6. zrImahimnaH stotram : puSpadanta - viracita isI nAma kI pustaka kA padyAtmaka anuvAda dvivedIjI ne san 1885 I0 meM sampanna kara diyA thA, parantu isakA prakAzana san 1891 I0 meM huA / DaoN0 rAmasakala rAya zarmA ne isakA prakAzana varSa san 1890 I0 mAnA hai / parantu, anya vidvAnoM ne ise san 1891 I0 meM hI prakAzita mAnA hai / 7. kumArasambhabasAra : mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke khyAta mahAkAvya 'kumArasambhavam' ke prathama pA~ca sargo kA bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda isa rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| kAzI -- 1. DaoN0 rAmasakalarAya zarmA : 'dvivedI yuga kA hindI - kAvya', pR0 58 / 2. uparivat, pR0 57 /

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62 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA dvArA san 1902 I0 meM prakAzita 134 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 17 seM 0 hai / isa prakAra, AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI kI kula sAta anUdita kAvya-kRtiyA~ upalabdha haiM / AcArya dvivedIjI kA maulika gadya-pustakeM : 1. naiSadhacaritacarcA : nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA (kAzI) dvArA san 1899 I0 prakAzita evaM hariprakAza yantrAlaya, vArANasI meM mudrita isa pustaka meM zrIharSa - likhita 'naiSadhIyacaritam' nAmaka saMskRta kAvya kI paricayAtmaka AlocanA hai / kula 72 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 20 seM 0 hai / 2. hindI - kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA : lAlA sItArAma ne 'kumArasambhavabhASA' 'meghadUtabhASA' aura 'raghuvaMzabhASA' nAma kI tIna pustakeM likhI thIM / prastuta samAlocanA unhIM tIna pustakoM ke Upara likhI huI hai / isa 158 pRSThoM kIM pustaka ko kAnapura ke marceNTa presa se san 1901 I0 meM prakAzita kiyA thA / isakA mUla AkAra 22.5 seM 0 hai / / 3. hindI - vaijJAnika koSa : DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ' isa pustaka kA nAma 'vaijJAnika koSa' diyA hai, parantu paravartI zrIkRSNAcArya Adi vidvAnoM ne ise 'hindI - vaijJAnika koSa' hI mAnA hai kAzI - nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA dvArA jaba isa koSa kA prakAzana san 1906 I0 me huA, taba isake sampAdaka ke rUpa meM mAtra -zrIzyAmasundaradAsa kA nAma chpaa| isI kAraNa dvivedIjI ke sAtha inakA matabheda bhI huA / vastutaH, isa koSa kA bahuta sArA kArya dvivedIjI ne hI kiyA thA aura isa koSa kA prathama mudraNa svatantra rUpa se unhoMne san 1901 I0 meM hI karAyA thA / bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa dvArA sampAdita isa koSa meM bhI isa bAta kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki pR0 243 se 258 taka dArzanika paribhASAoM kA sampAdana 'dvivedIjI dvArA kiyA huA hai / 4. vikramAMkadevacaritacarcA : saMskRta-kavi dvArA viracita 'vikramAMkadevacaritam' kI paricayAtmaka AlocanA 18 seM0 AkAra meM chapI thiiN| isakA prakAzana iNDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda dvArA san 1907 I0 meM huA thA / 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 83 // 2. ' AcArya dvivedI' : saM0 nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 240 /

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dvivedIjo kA sampUrNa sAhitya [ 63 5. hindI-bhASA kI utpatti : iNDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda dvArA san 1900 I0 meM hI prastuta pustaka kA bhI prakAzana huA thaa| 16 seM0 AkAra meM 96 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka meM hindI-bhASA kA prArambhika vyAkaraNa-viSayaka vivecana hai| 6. sampattizAstra : a~garejI, marAThI, ba~galA Adi kI kucha pustakoM se sahAyatA lekara dvivedIjI ne sampatti ke svarUpa, vinimaya, vitaraNa, baiMkiMga, upabhoga Adi se sambaddha katipaya nibandha likhe the, jo sabase pahale 'sarasvatI' meM tathA 'ArA-nAgarIpracAriNI sabhA-patrikA' meM chpe| inhIM nibandhoM ko vyavasthita pustakAkAra dekara sampattizAstra' ke nAma se iNDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda ne san 1908 I0 meM prakAzita kiyaa| isa pustaka kI bhUmikA san 1907 I0 meM likhI gaI thii| 366 pRSThoM kI 25 seM. AkAra meM chapI arthazAstra kI yaha sacitra pustaka apane samaya meM isa viSaya kI akelI thii| 7. kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA : mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke Upara likhI gaI yaha samAlocanA san 1911 I0 meM ilAhAbAda ke iNDiyana presa dvArA prakAzita huI thii| 16 seM0 AkAra meM chapI 88 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AlocanA kI dRSTi se mahattva hai| 8. nATyazAstra : nATakoM ke sambandha meM likhA gayA dvivedIjI kA yaha grantha iNDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda dvArA san 1911 I0 meM prakAzita kiyA gyaa| parantu, isakA lekhana san 1903 I0 meM hI samApta ho gayA thaa| 59 pRSThoM kI yaha pustaka 21 seM. AkAra meM chapI hai| 9. prAcIna kavi aura paNDita : jUhI (kAnapura)-sthita kamarziyala presa dvArA isa pustaka kA prakAzana san 1918 I0 meM huA thaa| yaha pustaka mUlataH 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita ATha prAcIna vidvAnoM ke sambandha meM likhe gaye lekhoM kA saMgraha hai| 10. vanitA-vilAsa : jUhI (kAnapura) ke kamarziyala presa dvArA hI 84 pRSThoM isa pustaka kA bhI prakAzana san 1919 I0 meM huA thaa| dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' meM deza-videza kI khyAtilabdha nAriyoM ke vibhinna jIvanacarita prakAzita kiye the| unhIM meM se 12 lekhoM kA saMgraha isa 18 seM0 AkAra meM chapI pustaka meM huA hai| 11. kAlidAsa : rASTrIya hindI-mandira (jabalapura) se prakAzita isa pustaka meM kAlidAsa-sanbandhI 6 lekha haiM / 235 pRSThoM kI 18 seM0 AkAra meM chapI isa pustaka kA prakAzana san 1920 I0 meM huA thaa| 12. kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA : san 1920 I0 meM hI rASTrIya hindImandira (jabalapura) dvArA isa pustaka kA bhI prakAzana huA thaa| isameM 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita katipaya lekha saMgRhIta haiN|

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64 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva 13. rasajJaraMjana : 'sarasvatI' meM pUrvaprakAzita vividha sAhityika lekhoM ke isa saMgraha kA prakAzana iNDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda dvArA san 1920 I0 meM huA thaa| isa nibandha-saMgraha kA dUsarA nibandha zrIvidyAnAtha urpha zrIkAmatAprasAda guru kA likhA huA hai| 14. audyogikI : rASTrIya hindI-mandira (jabalapura) se san 1921 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka meM 112 pRSTha haiN| isakA prakAzana-kAla DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne san 1920 I0 mAnA hai / parantu, vastutaH isakI mAtra bhUmikA hI san 1920 I0 meM likhI gaI thI / astu, isa 18 seM0 AkAra meM chapI isa pustaka kA prakAzana-varSa 1921 I0 hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / 15. zrIhindI-sAhitya-sammelana ko svAgatakAriNI samiti ke adhyakSa paM0 mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kA vaktavya : 77 pRSThoM ke 18 seM0 AkAra meM chape isa bhASaNa kA prakAzana svAgata-samiti, kAnapura kI ora se huA thA / yaha vaktavya san 1923 I0 ke 30 mArca ko diyA gayA thA, isake prakAzana kA bhI yahI kAla hai| isa bhASaNa kA mudraNa kAnapura ke kamarziyala presa meM huA thaa| 16. atIta-smRti : mAnasa muktA-kAryAlaya (murAdAbAda) ke zrIrAmakizora zukla dvArA prakAzita evaM sarasvatI presa (kAzI) meM mudrita ima pustaka meM 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita sAMskRtika-aitihAsika lekhoM kA saMgraha hai| 251 pRSThoM kI 18 seM0 AkAra me chapI isa pustaka kA prakAzana san 1924 I0 me huA thA / 17. sukavi-saMkIrtana : mAikela madhusUdana datta, durgAprasAda, zrInavInacandra Adi para dvivedIjI ke likhe hue nibandhoM kA prakAzana isa pustaka ke rUpa meM lakhanaU ke gaMgA pustakamAlA-kAryAlaya dvArA san 1924 I0 meM huaa| DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha ne isakA prakAzana-varSa san 1922 I0 likhA hai| parantu, vastutaH isakI bhUmikA hI akTUbara, 1922 I0 meM likhI gaI thii| isI kAraNa. zrIkRSNAcArya 3 prabhRti ne 166 pRSThoM kI 18 seM0 AkAra meM chapI isa pustaka kA prakAzana-varSa san 1924 I0 hI mAnA hai| 18. adbhuta AlApa : lakhanaU ke gaMgA pustakamAlA-kAryAlaya dvArA san 1924 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka meM 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekhoM kA saMgraha hai| 156 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 se0 hai / 1. DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 84 // 2. upariSat / 3. 'AcArya dvivedI' : saM0 nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 242 /

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dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya [ 65 19. mahilA-moda : 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita mahilApayogI dasa lekhoM kA saMgraha 67 pRSThoM kI. 18 seM0 AkAra meM chapI isa sacitra pustaka meM huA hai| isakA prakAzana gaMgA pustakamAlA-kAryAlaya (lakhanaU) dvArA san 1925 I0 meM huA thaa| 20. AkhyAyikA-saptaka : isa pustaka meM ba~galA, a~garejI aura saMskRta se sAmagrI lekara likhe gaye sAta nibandhoM kA saMkalana huA thaa| iNDiyana presa (prayAga) dvArA prakAzita isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai evaM isakI pRSTha-saMkhyA 69 hai| 'AkhyAyikA-saptaka' kA prakAzana-varSa san 1927 I0 hai| 21. AdhyAtmikI : 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita dharma evaM darzana-viSayaka lekhoM ke isa saMkalana ko iNDiyana presa (ilAhAbAda) ne san 1927 I0 meM prakAzita kiyA thaa| DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne isakA prakAzana-varSa san 1926 I0 mAnA hai| 18 seM. AkAra meM chatrI isa pustaka kI pRSTha-saMkhyA 203 hai / 22. kovida-kIrtana : 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita bAraha vidvAnoM kA jIvanacarita isa pustaka meM saMkalita kiyA gayA hai| iNDiyana presa (ilAhAbAda) dvArA 203 pRSThoM kI, 18 seM0 AkAra meM mudrita evaM prakAzita isa pustaka kA prakAzana-varSa san 1927 I0 hai| 23/ videzI vidvAn : isa pustaka meM 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita vidvAnoM ke saMkSipta jIvanacaritoM kA saMgraha hai| ilAhAbAda ke iNDiyana presa ne isakA prakAzana san 1927 I0 meM kiyA thaa| 129 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai| ___ 24. AlocanAMjali : ilAhAbAda ke iNDiyana presa dvArA san 1928 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka meM 'sarasvatI' ke katipaya pUrva-prakAzita lekhoM kA saMgraha huA hai| 124 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai / 25. dRzya-darzana : 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita kucha lekhoM kA prakAzana san 1928 I0 meM isa pustaka ke rUpa meM sulabha grantha-pracAraka maNDala (kalakattA) ne kiyA thaa| 133 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai| 26. lekhAMjali : san 1928 I0 meM hI prastuta pustaka ko bhI hindI pustakaejensI (kalakattA) ne prakAzita kiyaa| 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekhoM ke isa saMgraha meM 167 puSTha haiM aura AkAra 18 seM0 hai / sAmAjika viSayoM para likhe gaye ina lekhoM kI saMkhyA 19 hai| 27. vaicitrya-citraNa : hindI ke khyAta upanyAsakAra premacanda dvArA sampAdita isa pustaka kA prakAzana lakhanaU ke navalakizora presa dvArA san 1928 I0 meM huA thaa| 1. DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 84 /

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66 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne isakA prakAzana-varSa san 1926 I0, likhA hai| isa pustaka meM 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekhoM ko kramazaH narAdhyAya, vAnarAdhyAya, jalacarAdhyAya, sthalacarAdhyAya, udbhijjAdhyAya, prakIrNakAdhyAya jaise chaha adhyAyoM meM vibhAjita kara prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 28. sAhitya-sandarbha : gaMgA pustakamAlA-kAryAlaya (lakhanaU) dvArA san 1928 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka kA prakAzana-varSa DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne san 1924 I0 mAnA hai| isa pustaka meM AcArya dvivedIjI dvArA likhe gaye aura 'sarasvatI' meM pUrvaprakAzita lekhoM ke sAtha-sAtha anya cAra vidvAnoM dvArA likhe gaye lekha bhI hai| lekhoM kI kula saMkhyA 70 hai / 274 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai| 29 purAvRtta : iNDiyana presa (ilAhAbAda) dvArA san 1928 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka meM 'sarasvatI' meM chape itihAsa-sambandhI 12 lekha saMgrahita hai / DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne isakA prakAzana-varSa san 1927 I0 mAnA hai / 3 kula 154 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA Akara 18 seM0 hai / 30. purAtattva-prasaMga : sAhitya-sadana (ciragA~va) se prakAzita isa pustaka meM 171 pRSTha haiM tathA isakA AkAra 17 seM0 hai| isameM 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita purAtattvasambandhI 13 nibandha saMkalita hai| isa pustaka kA prakAzana-varSa san 1929 I0 hai| 31. prAcIna cihna : 'sarasvatI' me prakAzita elorA, sA~cI, khajurAho Adi se sambaddha nibandhoM kA prastuta pustaka ke rUpa meM prakAzana iNDiyana presa (ilAhAbAda) dvArA san 1929 I0 meM huA thaa| 123 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai / 32. sAhityAlApa : khaDgavilAsa presa (paTanA) dvArA man 1929 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka meM 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita hindI-bhASA aura lipiviSayaka 18 lekha saMkalita haiN| isa saMgraha meM kucha anya lekhakoM ke lekha bhI saMgRhIta hai / DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne isa pustaka kA prakAzana-varSa san 1926 I0 mAnA hai / kula 352 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai| 31. carita-carcA : isa pustaka kA prakAzana sAhitya-sadana, ciragAMva (jhA~sI) dvArA sana 1930 I0 meM huA thaa| 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita jIvanacaritoM ke isa saMgraha kA prakAzana-varSa DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ke anusAra san 1927 I0 hai / 163 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM hai| 1. DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura usakA yuga', pR0 84 / 2. uprivt| 3. uparivat, pR0 85 / 4. uparivata, 1084 / 5. uparivat, pR0 85 //

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'dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya [ 67 34. vAgvilAsa : hindI-pustakabhaNDAra (laheriyAsarAya) dvArA prakAzita isa pustaka meM kula 288 pRSThoM ke antargata bhASA, vyAkaraNa, lipi, samAlocanA Adi para 14 nibandha saMkalita haiN| isakA prakAzana-varSa san 1930 I0 hai / pustaka kA AkAra 17 seM0 hai| 35. vijJAnavArtA : san 1930 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka meM vijJAna se sambandha rakhanevAle, 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita nibandhoM kA saMkalana hai| ise lakhanaU ke navalakizora presa ne 18 seM0 AkAra meM prakAzita kiyA hai| isakI pRSTha-saMkhyA 233 hai| ___36. samAlocanA-samuccaya : ilAhAbAda ke prakAzaka rAmanArAyaNa lAla dvArA prakAzita isa pustaka meM aneka viSayoM para AdhRta 27 nibandha saMkalita haiN| isakA prakAzana 18 seM0 AkAra meM, 236 pRSThoM meM, san 1930 I0 meM huA thaa| DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne isakA prakAzana-varSa san 1928 I0 mAnA hai| 37. sAhitya-sIkara : san 1930 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka meM 'sarasvatI' meM chape 21 nibandhoM kA saMkalana hai| taruNa bhArata-granthAvalI (ilAhAbAda) dvArA prakAzita isa pustaka meM 141 pRSTha hai tathA isakA AkAra 18 seM hai| 38. vicAra-vimarza : 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekhoM aura TippaNiyoM ke saMka rana ke rUpa meM prastuta grantha kA prakAzana san 1931 I0 meM bhAratI bhaNDAra (vArANasI) ne kiyA thaa| isa pustaka meM 555 pRSTha haiM tathA isakA AkAra 18 seM0 hai| 39. saMkalana : bhAratI-bhaNDAra (vArANasI) dvArA san 1931 I0 meM hI prastuta pustaka kA bhI prakAzana huA thaa| yaha bhI 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita lekhoM kA hI saMgraha hai| isa pustaka meM 109 pRSTha haiM aura isakA AkAra 18 se hai| 40. caritra-citraNa : 1 hindI presa (ilAhAbAda) se prakAzita isa pustaka meM 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita jIvanI-sAhitya kA saMkalana huA hai| isakA prakAzana san 1934 I0 meM huA thaa| 146 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai| 41. prabandha-puSpAMjali : san 1935 I0 meM sAhitya-sadana, ciragA~va (jhA~sI) dvArA prakAzita isa pustaka meM 11 lekha saMkalita haiN| inameM se cAra lekha uttarI dhrava aura dakSiNI dhra va-sambandhI haiM / 140 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 17 seM0 kA hai| AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI jina maulika gadya-kRtiyoM kI sUcI yahA~ dI gaI hai, unameM se kaI kA ullekha DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha kI khyAta sUcI meM nahIM mitA hai| 'prAcIna kavi aura 'paNDita', 'kAlidAsa', 'AkhyAyikA-saptaka' 'caritra-citraNa', 'pravandha-puSpAMja-i' jaisI pustakoM kA ullekha unakI sUcI meM 1. DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga, pR0 85 /

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68 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva nahI hai / parantu, ullikhita 41 racanAoM ke atirikta katipaya anya pustakoM ko unhone apanI sUcI meM sthAna diyA hai, yathA : 1. hindI - zikSAvalI, tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA (san 1899 I0 ) 2. hindI kI pahalI kitAba (san 1911 I0) 3. zeara prAimarI rIDara (san 1911 I0) 4. apara prAimarI rIDara (san 1911 I0) 5. zikSA-saroja (san 1911 I0) 6. bAlabodha yA varNabodha (san 1911 I0 ) 7. jilA kAnapura kA bhUgola (san 1911 I0) 8. avadha ke kisAnoM kI barabAdI (san 1911 I0) 6. lekhAMjali (san 1928 I0) 10. Atmanivedana (san 1933 I0 meM kAzI - nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA meM diyA gayA bhASaNa 11. bhASaNa (prayAga meM, san 1933 I0 meM Ayojita dvivedI - mele meM diyA. gayA bhASaNa ) 1 ina gyAraha racanAoM meM adhikAMza kevala bAlopayogI pustakeM, rIDareM aura bhASaNa haiN| 'lekhAMjali', 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM kA eka saMkalana hai / isake prakAzaka Adi kA patA nahIM calatA hai / isa prakAra, AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI maulika gadyakRtiyoM kI sUcI me 41 prArimbhaka kRtiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha ina 11 pustakoM ko bhI parigaNita kiyA jA sakatA hai / AcArya dvivedIjI kA anUdita gadya-pustakeM : 1. bhAminI - vilAsa : saMskRta kavi paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI pustaka 'bhAminIvilAsa' kA samUla anuvAda dvivedIjI ne isa pustaka ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / khemarAja kRSNadAsa (bambaI) dvArA prakAzita 50 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 67 seM0 hai / isakA prakAzana san 1896 I0 meM huA thA / 2. amRtalaharI : yaha pustaka paNDitarAja jagannAtha - racita 'yamunAstotra' kA samUla bhAvAnuvAda hai / isakA prakAzana san 1896 I0 meM huA thaa| 'amRtalaharI' meM dvivedIjI kI prArambhika bhASA kA spaSTa rUpa dRSTigata hotA hai / 3. bekana - vicAra - ratnAvalI : khemarAja kRSNadAsa (bambaI) dvArA san 1901 I0 meM prakAzita prastuta pustaka meM a~garejI ke khyAta nibandhakAra phrAMsisa bekana ke 36 nibandhoM kA anuvAda-saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| bekana ke nibandhoM ke sAtha saMskRta ke subhASita zlokoM kI ekavAkyatA dikhAne ke lie pratyeka nibandha ke zIrSa para eka yA do zloka bhI uddhRta kara diye gaye haiM / 668 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 20 seM 0 hai / 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 83-85

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dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya [ 69 4. zikSA : prasiddha a~gareja tattvavettA harbarTa speMsara kI khyAta 'eDukezana' nAmaka pustaka ke anuvAda-svarUpa prastuta kRti kA prakAzana huA hai / iNDiyana presa (ilAhAbAda) dvArA san 1906 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka meM 358 pRSTha haiM tathA isakA AkAra 24 seM0 hai / 5. jalacikitsA : jarmana - lekhaka luI kone kI mUla jarmana- pustaka ke a~garejI - anuvAda kA hindI anuvAda dvivedIjI ne isa pustaka meM prastuta kiyA hai / iNDiyana presa (ilAhAbAda) dvArA prakAzita ima pustaka kA prakAzana varSa san 1907 I0 hai | 6. svAdhInatA : jaoNna sTuarTa mila kI mUla pustaka 'jaoNna libarTI' ke anuvAda - svarUpa isa pustaka kA prakAzana hindI -grantharatnAkara (bambaI) dvArA san 1907 I0 meM kiyA gayA hai| isa pustaka kI bhUmikA san 1905 I0 meM hI likhI gaI thI / bhUmikA meM mUla lekhaka kI jIvanI bhI sammilita hai / 22 pustaka kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai / pRSThoM ke isa anuvAda - 7. mahAbhArata mUla AkhyAna : DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha' ne apanI sUcI meM isa pustaka ko 'hindI -mahAbhArata' kI saMjJA dI hai / yaha zrIsurendranAtha ThAkura kI baeNgalA - 'pustaka 'mahAbhArata' se svacchandatApUrvaka kiyA huA anuvAda hai / isakI bhUmikA san 1908 I0 meM hI likhI gaI thii| DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne bhI isakA prakAzanavarSa san 1908 I0 hI likhA hai / parantu, iNDiyana presa ( ilAhAbAda ) dvArA 24 se0 AkAra meM chapI 502 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA prakAzana san 1910 I0 meM huA thA / 8. raghuvaMza: mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke isa saMskRta - mahAkAvya kA gadyAtmaka anuvAda dvivedIjI ne kiyA thA / isa bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda kA prakAzana iNDiyana presa ( ilAhAbAda) ne san 1913 I0 meM kiyA thA / 160 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 21 seM 0 hai / 9. veNIsaMhAra : nArAyaNabhaTTa - racita saMskRta nATaka 'veNIsaMhAra' kA eka AkhyAyikA ke rUpa meM kiyA huA prastuta bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda jUhI (kAnapura) ke kamarziyala presa dvArA san 1912 I0 meM prakAzita kiyA gayA thA / 10. kumArasambhava : mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke saMskRta mahAkAvya 'kumArasambhava' kA gadyAtmaka anuvAda isa pustaka ke rUpa iNDiyana presa ( ilAhAbAda ) dvArA san 1917 I0 meM prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| isa pustaka kI bhUmikA san 1915 I0 meM likhI gaI thI, isa AdhAra para DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha 3 isakA prakAzana varSa 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 80 / 2. uparivat / 3. uparikt /

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70 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva san 1915 I0. mAna liyA hai / 173 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka kA AkAra 17 seM0 hai / 11. meghadUta : mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke khyAta saMskRta - khaNkAvya 'meghadUta' kA hindI gadya meM kiyA gayA bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda iNDiyana presa ( ilAhAbAda ) dvArA san 1917 I0 meM prakAzita huA thA / 47 pRSThoM ke isa anuvAda kA AkAra 18 seM 0 hai / 12. kirAtArjunIya : mahAkavi bhAravi racita saMskRta ke khyAta mahAkAvya 'kirAtArjunIya' kA bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda dvivedIjI ne kiyA thA / iNDiyana presa (ilAhAbAda) dvArA san 1917 I0 meM ukta anuvAda kA prakAzana kula 380 pRSThoM kI prastuta pustaka ke rUpa meM 18 se0 AkAra meM huA / saMskRta, a~garejI aura ba~galA kI inhIM 12 pustakoM kI gaNanA AcArya dvivedIjI ke anUdita gadya sAhitya ke rUpa meM hotI hai / ina kRtiyoM se anuvAdaka kI bhASAzailI kA nidarzana hone ke sAtha-hI-sAtha usakI pariSkRta ruci kA bhI paricaya milatA hai / dvivedIjI dvArA kiye gaye ye anuvAda manoraMjaka bhI haiM aura jJAnaprada bhI / AcArya dvivedIjI ko anya logoM dvArA sampAdita kRtiyA~ : dvivedIjI kI katipaya racanAe~ unakI mRtyu ke bAda aprakAzita raha giiN| unhI meM se kucha ko vibhinna sajjanoM ne sampAdita kara prakAzita kiyA hai / isa prasaMga me adholikhita do pustakoM kI carcA apekSita hai : 1. saMcayana : zrIprabhAta zAstrI dvArA sampAdita 145 pRSThoM kI isa pustaka meM vibhinna viSayoM para sAhitya - sambandhI dvivedIjI ke lekhoM kA saMkalana huA hai / ilAhAbAda ke sAhityakAra saMgha dvArA san 1949 I0 meM prakAzita isa pustaka kA AkAra 18 se N 0 hai | 2. dvivedI - patrAvalI : AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI ke vividha patnoM kA yaha saMkalana baijanAtha siMha vinoda ne sampAdita kiyA hai| isakA prakAzana bhAratIya jJAnapITha (vArANasI) dvArA san 1954 I0 meM huA hai / isa pustaka kI bhUmikA zrImaithilIzaraNa gupta ne likhI hai / 226 pRSThoM ke isa grantha kA AkAra 18 seM0 hai / ina donoM pustakoM kA bhI AcArya dvivedIjI ke kRtitva meM apanA vizeSa mahattva hai / vizeSa rUpa se inake pattoM kA to aitihAsika mahattva hai / aba bhI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA (vArANasI) meM dvivedIjI ke 1801 patra prakAzana kI pratIkSA meM surakSita par3e hue haiN| dvivedIjo ko aprakAzita kRtiyAM : 'sarasvatI' sampAdaka hone ke nAte AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI lagabhaga sArI racanAe~ pustakAkAra dhAraNa kara cukI haiM, phira bhI unakI tIna pustakeM

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dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya [71 aprakAzita raha gaI haiN| ina tInoM pustakoM kA vistRta adhyayana evaM vivecana DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne kiyA hai| vastutaH, ina kRtiyoM kI khoja kA zreya bhI unhIM ko hai| * 1. kauTilya-kuThAra : prastuta grantha pANDulipi ke rUpa meM nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA (kAzI) ke kalA-bhavana meM saMgRhIta hai| dvivedIjI ke svabhAva kI ugratA aura bhASAzailI kI ojasvitA kA yaha eka uttama udAharaNa hai| isa kRti meM nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA evaM bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa kI tIvra AlocanAe~ kI gaI hai| prastuta pustaka tIna khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai : sabhA kI sabhyatA, vaktavya aura pariziSTa / nAgarIpracAriNI sabhA ke sAtha dvivedIjI kA jo saiddhAntika matabheda calA karatA thA, usI kI pratikriyA-svarUpa 'kauTilya-kuThAra' kA praNayana dvivedIjI ne kiyA thaa| parantu, unhoMne ise prakAzita karanA ucita nahIM smjhaa| 2. sohAgarAta : apanI taruNAvasthA meM dvivedIjI ne isa rasIlI pustaka ko likhA thaa| unhoMne svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai ki yaha a~garejI ke kavi 'bAyarana'-racita 'brAiDala nAiTa' kA chAyAnuvAda hai| yaha pahale-pahala pati ke ghara AI huI eka bAlA strI kA usakI sakhI ko likhA gayA patra hai| isake pacAsa padyoM meM navavivAhitA sakhI ne apanI avivAhitA sakhI kalAvatI ke prati sohAgarAta meM kI gaI chaha bAra rati kA prastAvanA-sahita pUre vistAra se varNana kiyA hai| yaha racanA paryApta mAtrA me azlIla hai aura isake prakAzita hone para nizcaya hI dvivedIjI kA vyaktitva kaluSita ho jaataa| isa sAhityika avanati se bacane ke lie dvivedIjI apanI patnI ke AbhArI haiM; kyoMki unhoMne hI 'sohAgarAta' ko apane sandUka meM banda kara apane pati ko aisI racanA kI ora pravRtta hone para phaTakArA thaa| dvivedIjI ne svayaM likhA hai : ....isa taraha merI patnI ne to mujhe sAhitya ke usa paMka-payodhi meM DUbane se bacA liyA / Apa bhI mere usa duSkRtya ko kSamA kara deM, to bar3I kRpA ho|' isI azlIlatA evaM patnI kI icchA ke kAraNa dvivedIjI ne 'sohAgarAta' ko prakAzita nahIM kiyaa| Aja bhI yaha pustaka unake dolatapura-sthita makAna meM par3I 3. taruNopadeza : taruNoM ko svAsthya, saMyama Adi ke sAtha-sAtha brahmacarya-pAlana kA upadeza dene ke lie prastuta kRti kI racanA dvivedIjI ne san. 1894 I0 meM kI thii| 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR058| 2. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'merI jIvana-rekhA', 'bhASA' : dvi0 smR0 aMka, pR0 15 //

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72 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva parantu, azlIla aura rasIlI mAnakara unhoMne ise bhI aprakAzita hI rakhA / 210 pRSThoM kI isa hastalikhita pustaka kA cAra adhikaraNoM meM vibhAjana hai| 'sAmAnyAdhikaraNa' ke sAta paricchedoM meM tAruNya, puruSoM meM kyA-kyA striyoM ko priya hotA hai, vivAhakAla, dAmpatya-saMgama, icchAnukUla putra athavA kanyotpAdana, apatya-pratibandha aura santAna na hone ke kAraNa; 'vIryAdhikaraNa' meM tIna paricchedoM ke antargata vIrya-varNana, brahmacarya kI hAniyA~, atiprasaMga kI hAniyA~; 'aniSTavidyAdhikaraNa' ke cAra paricchedoM me niSiddha maithuna, hastamaithuna, vezyAgamana-niSedha tathA madyaprAzana aura 'rogAdhikaraNa' ke cAra paricchedo meM anicchita vIryapAta, mUtrAghAta, upadaMza evaM napusaMkatva kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra, taruNa-samAja ke lie upayogI kAmakalA-viSayaka sArI jAnakArI isa pustaka meM bodhagamya bhASA meM pratipAdita huI hai| hAlA~ki, isameM azlIlatA kahIM bhI nahIM hai| bhArata ke prAcIna aura arvAcIna vidvAnoM tathA yUropIya cintakoM ke matoM kA samanvaya bhI dvivedIjI ne apanI isa pustaka meM kiyA hai| dvivedIjI kI uparyukta tIna aprakAzita racanAoM ke atirikta anya kisI kRti kA patA abhI taka nahIM lagA hai / ataeva, kahA jA sakatA hai ki unake dvArA likhA gayA adhikAMza sAhitya aba prakAza meM A gayA hai| __ AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI sampUrNa sAhityika sampadA kI sUcI ko dekhate hue hama unakI mahAn lekhana-zakti aura pratibhA kA lohA mAne binA nahIM raha sakate / unhoMne sAhitya evaM sAhityetara viSayoM para vividha vidhAoM meM samAna gati se lekhanI calAI aura hindI-bhASA ke svarUpa ko pariSkRta evaM sthira karane meM apanA abhUtapUrva yogadAna kiyA / saMkhyA meM vigula hotI huI bhI dvivedIjI kI racanAe~, apane kalApakSa evaM sAhityika gaurava kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva kI nahIM hai, isa bAta ko kaI vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra se duharAyA hai| AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne likhA hai : __"yaha bAta nirvivAda hai ki usa yuga kI sAhityika sAdhanAoM kI agragati ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vicAra karane para dvivedIjI kI vaktavya vastu prathama zreNI kA nahIM tthhrtii| usame pracIna aura navIna, prAcya aura pAzcAttya, sAhitya aura vijJAna saba kucha hai, para sabhI 'sekeNDa haiNDa' aura anusNklit|"1 ___ yadyapi guNa kA mahattva saMkhyA se adhika hotA hai, tathApi dvivedIjI ne jitanI bar3I saMkhyA meM sAhitya-racanA kI hai, usa anupAta meM likha DAlanA hI eka bar3e sAhasa kI bAta hai / kavitA nibandha, samAlocanA Adi sabhI kSetroM meM unhoMne prayAsa kiye haiN| parantu, kisI bhI kSetra meM unheM yuga kA sarvazreSTha lekhaka hone kA gaurava nahIM mila sakA hai| 1. DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI : "vicAra aura vitarka', pR0 79 / .

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dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa sAhitya [ 73 ve svayaM rasasiddha kavi nahIM the, unakI adhikAMza padyakRtiyA~ kavitA kI sImA meM nahIM aatiiN| zuklajI kI dRSTi meM vaha kevala padya racanA kI praNAlI ke pravartaka haiM 1 yaha dazA gadya kI bhI hai / yadi dvivedIjI kI gadyaracanAe~ dekhI jAya~, to bahuta hI nirAza honA par3egA / unakI kRtiyoM meM kaI anuvAda haiM, kucha dUsaroM kI racanAoM ke sarala vizleSaNa haiM, kucha sAmAnya AlocanAtmaka nibandha haiM aura zeSa vividha viSayoM para Azrita nibandha / parantu, unakI racanAoM meM jo varNanazailI kA eka adbhuta pravAha hai, hRdaya ko AkRSTa aura vimugdha karanevAlI jo kalA hai, vaha auroM kI sacetana kalA aura saMgItapUrNa bhASA se adhika prabhAvapUrNa aura sundara hai / aura, yahI dvivedIjI kI mAhityika upalabdhiyoM kA vizeSa mAdhurya hai / bhASA-zailI kI saralatA evaM prabhAvotpAdaka zakti ke bala para hI ve hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ke itihAsa meM apanA yugapravartaka vyaktitva nirmita kara ske| unakI isa sAhityika mahattA kA pratipAdana DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne ina zabdoM meM kiyA hai : "....sarasvatI ke ananya upAsaka isa mahAvIra ne apanI satata sAdhanA ke dvArA kucha varSo meM vaha kArya kara dikhAyA, jo kimI bhI anya bhASA ke itihAsa meM bemisAla aura bejor3a hai / unhoMne usa samaya pukArI jAnevAlI 'sTupiDa' hindI ko saMskRta evaM pariSkRta karane kA bIr3A uThAyA aura mahAtmA tulasIdAsa kI sArvabhauma cunautI 'mUrakha hRdaya na ceta jo guru milihi viraMci sama' svIkAra kara apane uddezya meM saphala hue / mUrkha hRdaya ko saMskRta karane meM jahA~ sarasvatI ke svAmI brahmAjI asaphala hote haiM, vahA~ sarasvatI ke sevaka ne apanI ekaniSTha satata sevA se saphalatA prApta kara lI / ve nissandeha, hindI ke prathama AcArya hue, jinhoMne bhASA ko anuzAsita evaM vyavasthita karane meM abhUtapUrva saphalatA prApta kI / unhoMne na kevala sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyA, varan sAhityakAroM kA bhI sarjana kiyA / 2 vizva - sAhitya meM sAhityakAroM kI paryApta saMkhyA hai / parantu, jo bhASA kI sudRDha nIMva para patha kA nirmANa karate haiM, samartha yAtriyoM ko usa patha para paricAlita karate haiM evaM hRdaya ko kaThora banAkara sundara, kintu hAnikAraka jhAr3I ko isa yAtrApatha se alaga karate haiM, aise logoM kI saMkhyA bahuta kama hai / AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke rUpa meM hindI - saMsAra ko eka aisA hI sAhityakAra milA thA / unakI kalpanA vyakti nahIM, eka saMsthA ke rUpa meM kI jA sakatI hai / jisa yAntrika gati aura zakti se 1. AcArya rAmacandra zukla : 'hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa', pR0 103 / 2. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI yuga kI hindI gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana', pR0 453 /

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74 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva unhoMne apanA kArya kiyA, usakI carcA karake Azcarya hotA hai| DaoN0 gaMgAprasAda vimala ne likhA hai : ___ "AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI eka 'mizanarI' the aura ve apane usa 'mizana' ke yantra the, jisake anusAra unake dvArA hindI kA eka Adhunika sAhityika vyaktitva banatA hai| ataeva, hindI ke unnAyaka evaM mArgadarzaka ke rUpa meM hama AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI sAhityaka upalabdhiyoM ke apratima mahattva ko asvIkAra nahIM kara skte| 1. meM gaMgAprasAda vimala : 'dvivedIjI kI kAvyasRSTi', 'bhASA": dvivedI smRti-aMka, pR0 88 /

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caturtha adhyAya AcArya dvivedIjI kI sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra sAmAnyataH 'sampAdaka' zabda kA prayoga usa vyakti ke lie hotA hai, jo dUsaroM dvArA bhejI gaI likhita sAmagrI meM Avazyaka kATa-chA~Ta kara use prakAzanArtha pustaka, patra yA patrikA ke rUpa meM saMyojita karatA hai| parantu sampAdaka ke kArya kI yahIM iti nahIM ho jAtI hai| apanI vyApaka pRSThabhUmi tathA mahAn uddezyoM ke Aloka meM sampAdaka kevala eka Adarza saMgrAhaka nahIM raha jAtA hai| kucha logoM kI yaha dhAraNA hai ki sampAdaka kI sthiti usa mAlI ke samAna hai, jo jagaha-jagaha se phUloM ko cunakara unakA eka sajA huA guladastA pAThakoM ke sammukha prastuta kara detA hai / dainika 'Aja' ke yazasvI sampAdaka bAbUrAva viSNu parAr3akara ne 'sampAdaka' kI kalpanA eka memAra athavA mistrI ke rUpa meM kI hai : ___"ITa, patthara, cUnA, lohA-lakkar3a sabakA eka Dhera aura unhIM padArthoM se banAyA huA eka mandira, inameM antara hai| ITa banAnevAle, saMgatarAza, luhAra, baDhaI sabane apanI-apanI kalA dikhA dI, para vaha Dhera-kA-Dhera hI raha gayA-mandira na ho. skaa| yaha kAma memAra kA hai|"1. ___ isI taraha, vibhinna lekhakoM dvArA vibhinna viSayoM evaM vidhAoM para likhI huI racanAoM kA sundara saMyojana sampAdaka karatA hai| kahAnI, kavitA, samIkSA, nATaka, jIvanacarita tathA anya viSayoM para Azrita sAmagrI ko sucAru rUpa dene ke mAtha hI pratyeka racanA ko vyAkaraNa-sammata, kalAtmaka aura prabhAvapUrNa banA denA sampAdaka kA hI kArya hai| kula milAkara, eka sampAdaka kalA kA nirmAtA bhI hai, nirmANa kA preraka bhI hai aura nirmita kalA ko prabhAvazAlI banAtA hai| apane isa sAdhAraNa-se pratIta honevAle kArya kI pRSThabhUmi meM sampAdaka apane samasAmayika samAja evaM sAhitya kI gatividhiyoM tathA pravRttiyoM kA niyamana karatA hai| zrIbA~kevihArI bhaTanAgara ne likhA hai : "acchI bhASA aura acche sAhitya ke mAdhyama se acche samAja ke vikAsa meM sampAdaka kA bahuta bar3A hAtha hotA hai aura vaha yaha kahakara apane uttaradAyitva se 1. zrIbAbUrAva viSNu parADakara : "sammAdaka AcArya dvivedI', 'sAhitya-sandeza', dvivedii-aNk| ,

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[ 76 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva mukta nahIM ho sakatA ki usakA kArya sAhitya ke upavana se puSpoM ko ekatra kara kevala eka sthAna para athavA eka pAtra meM rakha bhara denA hai / phUla sundara haiM yA asundara, unakI gandha mAnava samAja ke lie kalyANakara hai athavA ahitakara aura basa phUla vAstavika haiM yA kRtrima - yaha saba dekhanA bhI sampAdaka kA kArya hai aura yadi ise vaha sampanna nahI kara pAtA, to nissandeha vaha eka asaphala tathA adhUrA sampAdaka hai / "1 isa prakAra, samartha sampAdaka eka sudhAraka bhI hotA hai / bhASA, sAhitya evaM samAja meM phailI kurItiyoM ko dUra karane kA prayAsa vaha apanI patrakAritA ke dvArA - karatA hai / isa kAraNa patrakAritA kA kArya eka mahAn kArya samajhA jAnA cAhie / zrIbhAratIya ne ThIka hI likhA hai : "videza ke unnatizIla dezoM me patrakAra kA vyavasAya eka mahattvapUrNa vyavasAya - samajhA jAtA hai, jisameM kevala parizramazIla, uttaradAyitva ko samajhanevAle loga hI praveza pAte haiM / jahA~ ke patrakAroM para deza kI bar3I se bar3I samasyAoM ko sujhAne kA bhAra rahatA hai, yadi vahA~ 'patrakAra' eka uttaradAyitvapUrNa upAdhi samajhI jAya, to ise Azcarya na samajhie / 2 patrakAritA ke isa gauravapUrNa zIrSa taka pahu~canevAle sampAdaka kA nirbhIka evaM 'dRDhavratI honA Avazyaka hai / vaha samAja evaM sAhitya kI jar3atA kI samIkSA karatA hai aura vikAsa ke mArga ko prazasta banAtA hai| isa krama meM nirbhayatA hI usakI satyavANI ' kA mukhya bala hotI hai / zrIanantagopAla zevar3a ke zabdoM meM : "zreSTha aura suyogya sampAdaka samAja kA netA hotA hai / vaha bahatI huI bayAra ke anusAra apane mata nahIM banAtA, preyas ke pIche nahIM bhAgatA, balki svatantra buddhi aura svatantra cintana ke AdhAra para nirbhIkatApUrvaka apanI rAya detA hai aura sadA zreyas kI hI upAsanA karatA hai / .... vaha nirbhIka hotA hai, sArvajanika hita kA AgrahI hotA hai, kintu vaha ucchRMkhala nahIM hotA, usakI spaSTavAditA ke pIche lokahita tathA sArvajanika kalyANa kI gaharI bhAvanA hotI hai / " 3 ina sArI viziSTatAoM ke sandarbha meM jisa virAT sampAdaka - vyaktitva kA AbhAsa milatA hai, vaha usake dvArA samAja aura sAhitya ke lie kiye gaye kAryo ke 1. DaoN0 harivaMza rAya baccana : 'patrakAritA ke gaurava : bA~kevihArI bhaTanAgara, ' pR0 107 / 2. zrIbhAratIya : 'lekhanI uThAne ke pUrva ', pR0 179-180 / 3. DaoN0 harivaMzarAya baccana : 'patrakAritA ke gaurava : bA~kevihArI bhaTanAgara, ' pR0 43 |

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Aloka meM hI saMghaTita hotA hai / sampAdaka na kevala mAhitya kA cintaka evaM vidhAtA hotA hai, apitu usake dvArA samasta samAja kI vividha pravRttiyoM kA samucita. pariSkAra bhI hotA hai / sampAdaka ke aise hI mahAn evaM Adarza udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| ve hindI ke prathama sampAdakAcArya the| bIsavIM zatI ke prArambha ke pUrva jaba AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI jhA~sI meM relave kI naukarI kara rahe the, tabhI se tatkAlIna prakAzita honevAlI hindI-patrapatrikAoM meM unhoMne lekha Adi bhejanA prArambha kiyA thaa| unake bheje gaye ve sAre nibandha yatra-tatra patrikAoM meM sthAna pAte gye| usa samaya sAhityika vAtAvaraNa itanA adhika vistRta nahI ho pAyA thA ki Aja kI taraha lekhaka ko sthApita hone ke lie athaka saMgharSa aura avirAma parizrama-vRtti ko nimantraNa denA pdd'e| dvivedIjI kI pratibhA bhI isa vAtAvaraNa me cAroM ora apanI sugandha phailAne lagI / unhI dinoM eka pratibhA sampanna AyuprApta lekhaka lAsA sItArAma ne mahAkavi kAlidAsa kI zakuntalA kI AlocanA tathA tatsambandhI sAhitya para eka bRhat grantha kA prakAzana kraayaa| saMyogavaza vaha pustaka dvivedIjI kI A~khoM ke sAmane se gujarI aura ukta pustaka kI nyUnatAoM ke AdhAra para usakI kaTu AlocanA 'sarasvatI' mAsika meM prakAzita hone ke lie bheja dii| jaba dvivedIjI ke nAma se ukta AlocanA chapI, taba kucha logoM ne unake pAsa sahamati evaM asahamati-bhare patra bheje / antatogatvA AcArya dvivedI kI samIkSocita nirbhIkatA ne 'sarasvatI' ke maMcAlaka bAbU cintAmaNi ghoSa ko jhakajhorA aura ghoSa bAbU ne unheM 'sarasvatI' ke pradhAna sampAdaka kA pada grahaNa karane kA nimantraNa de ddaalaa| isI ke phalasvarUpa, san 1903 I0 meM ve 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdaka bane aura usa samaya se san 1920 I0 taka unakA 'sarasvatI'-sampAdana-kArya na kevala jIvikopArjana kA nimitta banA, pratyuta unake lie yaha avadhi sAhitya ke hara pahalU para jama. kara likhane-socane kI sarvottama kalA pramANita huI / lagabhaya 18 varSa taka sampAdanakArya karane pazcAt san 1930 I0 taka bhI bur3hApe meM ve kucha-na-kucha sAhitya-sevA karate rhe| isa prakAra, dvivedIjI ne lagabhaga 40 varSoM se adhika samaya taka sAhityasarjana kiyaa| isa dIrghAkAlAvadhi meM unakA 'sarasvatI'-sampAdana-kAla sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki kaI AlocakoM evaM itihAsa-lekhakoM ne kevala unake 'sarasvatI'-mampAdanakAla ko hI dvivedI-yuga kI saMjJA dI hai| isa sandarbha meM zrImArkaNDeya upAdhyAya kI adholikhita paMktiyA~ draSTavya haiM : ____ 'AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se jo kArya kiyA, vaha hindI-sAhitya kI bahuta bar3I upalabdhi hai| jisa AsthA aura vizvAsa ke sAtha 18:

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178 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva 'varSoM taka ve 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana karate rahe, vaha unake dhairya, AtmavizvAsa, kartavyaniSThA aura ImAnadArI kA sabase bar3A sabUta hai| vizva-sAhitya ke itihAsa meM aise udAharaNa kama milege, jaba eka vyakti akele eka patrikA ke mAdhyama se itanI lambI avadhi taka pUre sAhitya para chAyA huA ho aura zAsana karatA rahA ho|' jisa samaya AcArya dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdana kA kAryabhAra saMbhAlA, 'usa samaya taka hindI-patrakAritA kA svarUpa bar3A hI bikharA huA-sA thA / 'sarasvatI' ke pahale hindI meM sAhityika patrikA kA sarvathA abhAva thA aura jo eka-Adha aisI patrikAe~ thIM, unake sAhityaka stara evaM Adarza ke sambandha meM matavaibhinnya vyApta thaa| isI kAraNa, usa samaya taka hindI-patrikAoM ke grAhakoM-pAThakoM kI bhI kamI thii| isalie, dvivedIjI ne jaba sampAdana-kArya prArambha kiyA, taba unake sAmane sabase pahalI samasyA hindIbhASI janatA me patra-patrikAoM ke prati ruci jAgarita karane kI aaii| isake lie unhone 'sarasvatI' ko yathAsambhava rocaka eva AkarSaka banAne kA prayatna kiyA aura apane athaka parizrama dvArA hindI kA pAThaka-varga nirmita kiyaa| pAThakoM kI hI bhaoNti hinI-jagat me vibhinna viSayoM para likhanevAle suyogya lekhakoM kI bhI kamI thii| acchI racanAoM kI bhI kamI thii| isI kAraNa usa samaya taka na to hindI-patrakAritA ke kSetra meM kisI Adarza suniyojita patra kA udaya huA thA aura na patrakAritA kI koI samartha vANI hI mukharita huI thii| DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne likhA hai : "tatkAlIna durvidagdha mAyAvI sampAdaka apane ko dezopakAravatI, nAnAkalAkauzalavid, niHzeSazAstradIkSita,samastabhASApaNDita aura sakalakalAvizArada samajhate the| apane patra meM besira-paira kI bAteM karate, rupayA aiThane ke lie aneka prakAra ke vaMcaka vidhAna racate, apanI doSarAzi ko tRNavat aura dUsaroM kI nanhI-nanhI-sI truTi ko sumeru samajhakara alekhya lekhoM dvArA apanA aura pAThakoM kA akAraNa samaya naSTa karate the|" ___ usa samaya kI sampAdana-kalA ke bAre meM DaoN0 mAhezvarI siMha 'maheza' ne likhA hai : "usa samaya sampAdana-kalA kA koI Adarza sthira nahIM thaa| bar3e aura prasiddha vyakti ke truTipUrNa lekha bhI chapate the aura choTe logoM ke vidvattApUrNa lekhoM kI bhI upekSA hotI thI : AlocanArtha Aye granthoM kA nAmamAna chApa diyA jAtA thaa| 1. zrImArkaNDeya upAdhyAya : 'sarasvatI-patrikA aura dvivedIjI kI sampAdakIya nIti', 'bhASA' : dvivedI-smRti-aMka, pR0 126 / / 2. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 162 /

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 79 lekhoM ke pratipAdya viSaya kA sampAdana karanA to dUra, unakI bhASA taka ko nahIM sudhArA jAtA thA / samaya kI pAbandI para to kisI kA dhyAna hI nahIM thaa|"1 kula milAkara, jisa samaya AcArya dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana-kArya svIkAra kiyA, usa samaya unake samakSa hindI-patrakAritA kI nimnAMkita nyUnatAoM ko samApta karane kI samasyA thI : (ka) acche lekhakoM kA abhaav| (kha) bar3I saMkhyA meM hindI-pAThakoM kI kamI / (ga) khar3IbolI hindI-gadya ke vyAvahArika evaM vyAkaraNa-sammata rUpa kA abhAva / (gha) a~garejI, ba~galA, marAThI, saMskRta Adi ke sAhitya kI utkRSTa upalabdhiyoM __ ke sAtha hindI-jagat kA aparicaya / (Ga) videzoM meM honevAlI jJAna-vijJAna ke nUtana zodhoM evaM parivartanoM ke prati hindIbhASI janatA kA ajJAna / / (ca) hindI meM prakAzita honevAle asvarUpa sAhitya kA prasAra evaM utkRSTa racanAoM kI kmii| uparyukta truTiyoM evaM abhAvoM se hindI-patrakAritA usa samaya vyApta thii| aise hI samaya AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdana kA kAryabhAra grahaNa kiyaa| ___ kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA dvArA anumodita 'sarasvatI' kA prakAzana iNDiyana presa, ilAhAbAda dvArA san 1900 I0 meM prArambha huA thaa| isake sampAdaka-maNDala meM pAMca vyakti ye-kAttikaprasAda khatrI, kizorIlAla gosvAmI, jagannAtha ratnAkara, bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa evaM rAdhAkRSNadAsa / isa navaprakAzita patrikA ke prathama aMka kI bhUmikA meM hI 'sarasvatI' ke uddezya aura rUparekhA kA ullekha ina paMktiyoM meM kiyA gayA : ___"....aura, isa patrikA meM kauna-kauna-se viSaya raheMge, yaha kevala isI se anumAna karanA cAhie ki isakA nAma 'sarasvatI' hai / inameM gadya, padya, kAvya, nATaka, upanyAsa, campU, itihAsa, jIvanacarita, patra, hAsya, parihAsa, kautuka purAvRtta, vijJAna, zilpa, kalA-kauzala Adi sAhitya ke yAvatIya viSayoM kA yathAvakAza, samAveza rahegA aura Agata granthAdikoM kI yathocita samAlocanA kI jaaygii| yaha hamaloga nija mukha se nahIM kaha sakate ki bhASA meM yaha patrikA apane DhaMga kI prathama hogii| kintu, hA~, 1. DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu : 'hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa', bhAga 13. pR0 147 /

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80 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva sahRdayoM kI samucita sahAyatA ora sahayogiyoM kI saccI sahAnubhUti huI, to avazya yaha apane kartavya-pAlana meM saphalamanoratha hone kA yathAzakya udyoga karane meM zithilatA na kregii| isa patrikA kA uddezya usake prArambhika sampAdakoM ne bar3A hI mahAn rakhA thA, parantu isa pratijJA kA pAlana una logoM ne kisa tatparatA se kiyA, isakA anumAna 'sarasvatI' ke prathama aMka kI viSaya-sUcI para dRSTipAta karake lagAyA jA sakatA hai : 1. bhUmikA 2. bhAratendu harizcandra kI jIvanI 3. simbelIna : zeksapiyara-racita nATaka kI AkhyAyikA kA marmAnuvAda 4. prakRti kI vicitratA-kutte ke muMhavAlA AdamI 5. kAzmIra-yAtrA 6. kavi-kItti-kalAnidhi : arjunamizra 7. Aloka-citraNa athavA phoTogrAphI lekha-saMkhyA ko chor3akara anya sabhI lekha sampAdakoM ke likhe hue the| patrikA kA kalevara prArambha meM 16 se 21 pannoM taka sImita rhaa| prArambhika tIna varSoM taka 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdaka use vividha-viSaya-maNDita karane kI apanI pratijJA kA pUrNataH pAlana nahIM kara ske| pahale varSa pA~ca sampAdakoM ke hote hue bhI sampAdana kA pUrA bhAra bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa para hI rhaa| san 1901 I0 meM kevala zyAmasundaradAsa hI sampAdaka raha gye| apane ekAkI sampAdakatva meM unhoMne 'sarasvatI' kA yathAsambhava kucha sudhAra kiyaa| parantu, nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA kA kAryabhAra tathA kucha sudhAra Adi anya kaI mahattvapUrNa kAryoM meM vyasta hone ke kAraNa ve 'sarasvatI' ko apekSita samaya aura zrama pradAna nahIM kara pAte the| ataeva, unhoMne san 1901 I0 ke anta meM 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana karane meM apanI asamarthatA prakaTa kara dii| isa samaya taka iNDiyana presa ke saMcAlaka bAbU cintAmaNi ghoSa kI pArakhI dRSTi ne AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI pratibhA ko pahacAna liyA thaa| aura, unhoMne zyAmasundaradAsa ke kAryamukta hote hI dvivedIjI ko patrikA ke sampAdana kA kArya sauMpa diyaa| ___ AcArya dvivedI kavi bhI the, nibandhakAra bhI the, Alocaka bhI the, kahAnIkAra bhI the aura sarvopari ve sampAdaka the| unakI sAhitya-sAdhanA kA sabase mahattvapUrNa aMza unake 'sarasvatI'-sampAdaka ke rUpa meM hI pratipAdita huA hai / 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana 1. bhUmikA, 'sarasvatI', bhAga 1, saMkhyA 1, janavarI, 1900 I0 /

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sampAdana kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 81 - apane hAtha me lete hI unhone apanI sArI buddhi- sArI zakti ko isa patrikA ke lie vyaya karanA prArambha kara diyaa| DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa dube ne likhA hai : "yugapravartaka AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura 'sarasvatI' donoM zarIra aura eka AtmA the / kalyANI gaMgA ko avani para lAkara mamrAT bhagIratha ne use bhAgIrathI banA diyA, usI prakAra dvivedIjI ne bhI 'marasvatI' ke yugAntarakArI evaM prabhAvotpAdaka nAdaundarya se hindI - saMsAra ko vimohita kara diyA / " " lagI / 'sarasvatI' patrikA ke aMga-aMga meM unakI pratibhA kI jhalaka dikhAI paDane ke prArambhika sampAdakoM ne isakI jo rUparekhA banAI thI aura ise hindI kI apratima patrikA banAne kI jo pratijJA kI thI, usakA akSarazaH evaM aura bhI adhika pariSkRta rUpa se pAlana dvivedIjI ne kiyA / isake phalasvarUpa dvivedIjI ke sampAdana meM 'sarasvatI' ke eka-do aMkoM ke nikalate hI hindI - jagat meM isa patrikA ko sarvocca sthAna milane lagA / apane sampAdakatva ke sambandha meM dvivedIjI kI katipaya nijI mAnyatAe~ thI / apane Atmanivedana meM unhoMne sampAdana sambandhI apane AdarzoM kI jo vistRta vivecanA kI hai, usase unakI sampAdana- kalA ke mUla binduoM taka saralatA se pahu~cA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne svayaM likhA hai : "sarasvatI ke sampAdana kA bhAra uThAne para maiMne apane lie kucha Adarza nizcita kiye / maiMne saMkalpa kiyA : 1. vakta kI pAbandI karU~gA / 2. mAlikoM kA vizvAsapAtra banane kI ceSTA karU~gA / 3. apane hAni-lAbha kI paravA na karake pAThakoM ke hAni-lAbha kA sadA khayAla rakhUMgA aura 4. nyAyapatha se kabhI na vicalita hU~gA / inakA pAlana kahA~ taka mujhase ho sakA, saMkSepa meM suna lIjie : 1 sampAdakajI bImAra ho gaye, isa kAraNa 'svarga' do haphte banda rahA / mainejara sAhaba ke mAmA paraloka prasthAna kara gaye, lAcAra 'vizvamohinI' patrikA dera se nikala rahI hai / 'pralaMyakara' patrikA ke vidhAtA kA phauNTenapena TUTa gayA / usake mAtama meM 13 dina kAma banda rahA / isI se patrikA ke prakAzana meM vilamba ho gayA / presa kI mazIna nArAja ho gii| kyA kiyA jaataa| 'trilokamitra' kA yaha aMka usI se samaya para na chapa sakA / isa taraha kI ghoSaNAe~ merI dRSTi meM bahuta par3a cukI thiiN| maiMne kahA- maiM ina bAtoM kA kAyala nahI / presa kI mazIna TUTa jAya, to usakA jimmedAra maiM nahI, para kaoNpI samaya para na pahu~ce, to usakA jimmedAra maiM huuN| maiMne apanI isa jimmedArI kA nirvAha jI-jAna homa kara kiyaa| cAhe pUrA kA pUrA aMka mujhe hI 1. DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa dube : sarasvatI tathA amara zahIda zrIgaNezazaMkara vidyArthI, 'sarasvatI', hIraka jayantI - aMka, san 1961 I0, pR0 35 /

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82 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva kyoM na likhanA par3A ho, kaoNpI samaya para hI maiMne bhejii| maine to yahA~taka kiyA ki kama-se-kama cha. mahIne Age kI sAmagrI sadA apane pAsa prastuta rkhii| socA, yadi maiM mahInoM bImAra par3a jAU~, to kyA ho ? 'sarasvatI' kA prakAzana tabataka banda rakhanA kyA pAThakoM ke sAtha anyAya karanA na hogA ? astu, mere kAraNa solaha-satraha varSa ke dIrgha kAla meM eka bAra bhI 'sarasvatI' kA prakAzana nahI rukaa| jaba maine apanA kAma chor3A, taba bhI maine naye sampAdaka ko bahuta-se bace hue lekha arpaNa kiye / usa samaya ke upArjita aura apane likhe hue kucha lekha aba bhI mere saMgraha me surakSita hai / 2. mAlikoM kA vizvAsI banane kI ceSTA meM mai yahA~taka saceta rahA ki mere kAraNa unhe kabhI ulajhana meM par3ane kI nIvata nahI AI / 'sarasvatI' ke jo uddezya the, unakI rakSA maiMne dRDhatA se kii| eka daphe alabattA mujhe ilAhAbAda ke DisTrikTa majisTreTa ke baMgale para hAjira honA par3A / para maiM bhUla se talaba kiyA gayA thA / kisI vijJApana ke sambandha meM majisTreTa ko cetAvanI denI thI, vaha kisI aura ko milI; kyoki vijJApano kI chapAI se merA koI sarokAra na thA / merI sevA se 'sarasvatI' kA pracAra jaise-jaise bar3hatA gayA aura mAliko kA maiM jaise-jaise adhikAdhika vizvAsabhAjana banatA gayA, vaise hI vaise merI sevA kA badalA bhI milatA gayA / aura, merI Arthika sthiti prAyaH vaisI hI ho gaI, jaisI ki relave kI naukarI chor3ane ke samaya thI / isameM merI kAragujArI kama, divaMgata bAbU cintAmaNi ghoSa kI udAratA hI adhika kAraNIbhUna thI / unhone mere sampAdana - svAtantrya me kabhI bAdhA nahI DAlI / ve mujhe apanA kuTumbI-sA samajhate rahe aura unake uttarAdhikArI abataka bhI mujhe vaise hI samajhate hai / 3. isa samaya to kitanI hI mahArAniyA~ taka hindI kA gaurava bar3hA rahI hai, para usa samaya ekamAtra 'sarasvatI' hI patrikAoM kI rAnI nahI. pAThako kI sevikA thI / taba usame kucha chApanA yA kisI ke jIvana caritra Adi prakAzita karanA jarA bar3I bAta samajhI jAtI thI / dazA aisI hone ke kAraNa mujhe kabhI-kabhI bar3e-bar3e pralobhana diye jAte the / koI kahatA, merI mausI kA marasiyA chApa do, mai tumheM nihAla kara dU~gA / koI likhatA, amuka sabhApati kI spIca chApa do, mai tumhAre gale me banArasI dupaTTA DAla dU~gA / koI AjJA detA, mere prabhu kA sacitra jIvanacarita nikAla do, tumhe eka bar3hiyA ghar3I yA pairagAr3I najara kI jaaygii| ina pralobhanoM kA vicAra karake mai apane durbhAgya ko kosatA aura kahatA ki jaba mere AmaloM ko khuda merI hI patnI ne girAkara cUra kara diyA, taba bhalA maiM ve ghar3iyA~ aura pairagAr3iyA~ kaise hajama kara skuuNgaa| natIjA yaha hotA ki mai baharA-gUgA bana jAtA aura 'sarasvatI' me vahI masAlA jAne detA, jisase maiM pAThakoM kA lAbha samajhatA / mai unakI ruci kA sadaiva khayAla rakhatA aura yaha dekhatA rahatA ki mere kisI kAma se unako

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 83 satpatha se vicalita hone kA sAdhana na prApta ho / sazodhana dvArA lekhoM kI bhASA adhiHsakhyaka pATako kI samajha me Ane lAyaka kara detaa| yaha na dekhatA ki yaha zabda arabI kA hai yA phArasI kA yA turkI kaa| dekhatA sirpha yaha ki isa zabda, vAkya yA lekha kA Azaya adhikAMza pAThaka samajha lege yA nhiiN| alpajJa hokara bhI kisI para unakI vidvattA kI jhaThI chApa chApane kI koziza maine kabhI nahI kii| 4. 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita mere laghu lekho (noTo) aura AlocanAo se hI sarva sAdhAraNajana isa bAta kA patA lagA sakate hai ki maine kahA~taka nyAya-mArga kA 3 valambana kiyA hai / jAna-bUjhakara maine kabhI apanI AtmA kA hanana nahI kiyA, na kisI ke prasAda kI prApti kI AkAkSA kI aura na kisI ke kopa se vicalita huA {...." tatkAlIna viSama paristhitiyoM me hindI ke lie eka atyanta adhyavasAyI sevaka, ekaniSTha karmayogI, bahubhASAvijJa, sAhasI mahAvIra, prakhara Alocaka, kaThora anuzAsaka evaM kuzala yuga-niyantA sUtra kArake mahAna vyaktitvase sampanna sampAdaka kI AvazyakatA thii| AcArya dvivedIjI me ye saba vizeSatAe~ eka sAtha hI upasthita thii| 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdana dvArA AcArya dvivedI ne hindI-bhASA ko pariSkRta, maMjula aura zuddha rUpa diyA, hindI-sAhitya ko Adarza diyA, nIti dI, hindI-pATako ko jJAna evaM Ananda diyA, hindI ko nirmANakArI lekhaka die aura svayaM bhI nirantara vividha viSayoM para likhaa| unake dvArA sampAdita 'sarasvatI' ko unnata patrakAra-kalA kA namUnA kahA jA sakatA hai| vAratava me, 'sarasvatI'-sampAdaka AcArya dvivedI ke sAtha hI hindIjagat me, prathamataH san 1903 I0 me Adhunika sampAdana-kalA kA praveza huaa| apanI sampAdana-nIti eva sampAdana-sambandhI Adarzo ke lie dvivedIjI ke sammukha koI vikalpa nahI thaa| ve bar3I kaThoratA se apane niyamoM kA pAlana karate the| paM0 devIdatta zuklara ne isa sandarbha meM eka pI-ec0 DI0 lekhaka mahodaya ke pAsa likhe gaye unake eka patna kA smaraNa kiyA hai| ukta lekhaka mahodaya ne apanI eka racanA prakAzanArtha bhejate hue anurodha kiyA thA ki lekha ko sampAdita karate samaya usameM koI urdU-zabda na jor3A jAya / dvivedIjI ne ukta racanA ko lauTAte hue unheM uttara diyA ki 'sampAdana ke sambandha meM mai kisI prakAra kI koI zarta svIkAra nahIM krtaa|' isa taraha, dvivedIjI ne apane AdarzoM kA yathAsambhava bar3I dRDhatA ke sAtha pAlana kiyaa| jisa tatparatA eva niyamabaddhatA ke sAtha unhone apanI sampAdana-kalA ko saMcAlita kiyA, 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'merI jIvanarekhA', 'bhASA' : dvivedI-smRti aMka, pR0 15-16 / 2. dvivedI-abhinandana-grantha, pR0 540 /

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24 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva umakA gaharA prabhAva 'sarasvatI' ke rUpa-sauSThava, pracAra tathA mahattva para bhI pddaa| dvivedIjI ke sampAdana-kAla meM na kevala 'sarasvatI' kA rUpa-zRgAra AkarSaka bana gayA, apitu usakI khyAti aura mahattA bhI bar3ha gii| pAThakoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi huI evaM hindI ke sAhityaseviyoM ke bIca 'sarasvatI' meM chapanA gaurava kI bAta ho gii| AcArya zivapUjana sahAya ne 'sarasvatI' kI tatkAlIna unnata dazA kA varNana karate hue likhA hai : "dvivedIjI ke samaya kI 'sarasvatI' meM jAna thii| jIvana kI cahala-pahala thii| satya kI pipAsA se vyAkula vaha durgama parvatoM aura durUha guphAoM meM amRta-salila ko DaDane ke lie sadaiva tatpara thii| vaha jIvana-saMgrAma meM zatruoM se mukAbalA karane ke lie sadaiva khaDgahasta rahatI thii| vaDe-bar3e mahArathiyoM ne usame morcA liyA,apane tarahataraha ke dAMva-peca dikhAye, hara taraha se paiMtare badale aura talavAra calAne ke apane jauhara se dekhanevAloM ko cakita bhI kara diyA, lekina 'sarasvatI' kI mahAvIrI gadA ke nAmane unakI eka na clii|"1 sampAdana ke krama meM dvivedIjI evaM unakI 'sarasvatI' ko aneka prakAra kI samasyAoM evaM bAdhAoM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| dvivedI jI kI anuzAsanapUrNa kaThora nIti evaM kharI samAlocanAoM se aneka sAhityikoM evaM samAja ke mahAnubhAvoM kI dRSTi unake Upara vakra thii| 'sarasvatI' ke bahiSkAra kA Andolana bhI unase kSubdha hokara kucha logoM ne calAne kA prayatna kiyA thaa| parantu, na to ve 'sarasvatI' ko hindIbhASI janatA ke hRdaya kA hAra banane se roka sake aura na dvivedIjI ko unake mahAn Adarzo se DigA ske| kula milAkara, hama AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI dvArA nannAdita 'sarasvatI' ko tatkAlIna samasta sAhityika pravRttiyoM kA kendrabindu mAnakara dvivedIjI ke sampAdakatva kI vivecanA kara sakate haiN| tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM meM 'sarasvatI' ko rakhakara hI hama dvivedIjI kI sampAdakIya upalabdhiyoM kA sahI mUlyAMkana kara sakate haiM / unakI sampAdana-kalA kI mahAnatA kI carcA karate hue DaoN0 natyanasiMha ne likhA hai : __"bhAratendu-jIvana kI patrakAritA ke vikAsa ko proDanA pradAna karane meM AcArya dvivedI ko vizeSa saphalatA milii| eka lambe samaya taka 'sarasvatI' kA sammAdana karake Ane sanmAdana-kalA kA Adarza udAharaNa prastuta kiyA / viSana-capana, lekhakoM ko pro lAhana, samaya para patra kA prakAzana, sampAdakIya gaurava-rakSaNa aura patra kI nIti ke anupAlana kA anupameya nidarzana Apane prastuta kiyA / / 2 / / 1. AcArya zivapUjana sahAya * 'zivapUjana-racanAva nI', khaNDa 4, pR0 171 / 2. DaoN0 natthana siMha : 'dvivedIyugIna usanadhimA~', 'sAhi-ya-paricaya', Adhunika sAhitya-aka, janavarI 1967 I0, pR. 31 /

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sampAdana-kalA eva bhASA-mudhAra [ 85 sampAdaka ke rUpa me AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI adholikhita pAca aitihAsika upalabdhiyA~ kahI jA sakatI haiM : 1. uccastarIya vividha zRgAra-maNDita patrikA 'srsvtii'| 2. hindI-jagat me naye-naye viSayoM kA upasthApana / 3. lekhako kA nirmANa / 4. pustakAlocana eva TippaNiyoM kI Adarza paramparA / 5 bhASA-sudhAra / 'saragvatI' kA sampAdana karate hue AcArya dvivedIjI ne hindI-saMsAra ko inhI pA~ca pramukha upalabdhiyo kA upahAra diyaa| aura, inameM se pratyeka kA hindI-bhASA: aura sAhitya ke itihAsa meM apanA viziSTa sthAna hai| uccastarIya vividha zRgAra-maNDita patrikA 'sarasvatI' : ___AcArya mahAvIra prasAda dvivedI ne jisa mAsa me 'marasvatI ke sampAdana kA kArya prArambha kiyA, patrikA ke usI aMka se usake rUpa me zrIvRddhi hone lgii| jisa kArya ko usake bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa, rAdhAkRSNadAsa, kizorIlAla gosvAmI, kAttikaprasAda khatrI evaM jagannAthadAsa ratnAkara jaise pA~ca-pA~ca sampAdaka nahIM kara sake, usa abhUtapUrva kArya ko dvivedIjI ne akele kiyaa| san 1903 I0 ke pUrva 'sarasvatI' kA prakAzana nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ke anumodana se hotA thaa| dvivedIjI ne Ate ho sabase pahale isa anumodana kI samApti kI ghoSaNA kii| 'anumodana kA anta' zIrSaka TippaNI likhakara unhone 'sarasvatI' ko nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ke akuza se mukta kara hindI-bhASI janatA ke sammukha usakI nijI eva svatantra patrikA ke rUpa me prastuta kiyA / vividha stambho,viSayo aura citro se unhone isa patrikA ko susajjita kiyaa| DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne ThIka hI likhA hai : ___ "dvivedIjI kI sampAdana-kalA kI sarvapradhAna vizeSatA thI 'sarasvatI' kI vividhaviSayaka sAmagrI kI samaMjasa yojnaa| phalaka thA, tUlikA thI, raga the, parantu citra na thA / pratibhAzAlI citrakAra ne unake kalAtmaka samanvaya dvArA sarvAgapUrNa cittAkarSaka citra aMkita kara diyA / ITa-patthara, lohe-lakkaDa aura cUne-gAre ke rUpa meM vividhaviSayaka racanAo kA Dhera lagA huA thaa| zitpI dvivedIjI ne unake suSamti upasthApana dvArA 'sarasvatI' ke bhavya mandira kA nirmANa kiyaa| viSayoM kI anekarUpatA, vastuyojanA, sampAdakIya TippaNiyA~, pustaka-parIkSA, citra, citra-paricaya, sAhitya-samAcAra ke vyaMgya-citra, manoraMjaka sAmagrI, bAlavanitopayogI racanAe~, prArambhika viSaya-sUcI, prUpha-saMzodhana Adi sabase dvivedIjI kI 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga' /

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dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva =6 ] AcArya mahAvIra nampAdana- kalA kA camatkAra saSTa hI dikhAI par3atA thA / dvivedIjI ke sampAdana- kAla me 'sarasvatI' ba~galA ko choDakara sabhI anya dezI bhASAoM kI patrikAoM meM sarvazreSTha thI / nampAdaka dvivedIjI eka jAgarUka praharI kI bhA~ti aMgarejI, urdU, marAThI. baMgalA Adi kI adhika patrikAoM ko dekhA karate the / uname ve 'marasvatI' kA agalA aka suzobhita karate the aura jahA~ kahIM koI naI bAta dikhatI thI, usase 'sarasvatI' kA agalA aMka suzobhita ho jAtA thA / zrIbAbUrAva viSNu parAr3akara ne dvivedIjI kI sampAdana kalA kI sImAmA karate huA likhA hai : "AcArya dvivedI ke samaya 'sarasvatI' kA koI aMka nikAla dekhie, mAlUma hogA ki pratyeka lekha, kavitA aura noTa kA sthAna pahale nizcita kara liyA gayA thaa| bAda me ve usI krama se mudraka ke pAsa bheje gaye / eka bhI lekha aisA na milegA, jo bIca me DAla diyA gayA- mA mAlUma ho / sampAdana kI yaha kalA bahuta hI kaThina hai aura eka ko hI middha hotI hai / dvivedIjI ko siddha huI thI aura isI se 'sarasvatI' kA pratyeka aMka apane racayitA ke vyaktitva kI ghoSaNA apane aMga-pratyaMga ke mAmaMjasya se detA hai / maine anya bhASAoM ke mAsikoM meM yaha bhI vizeSatA bahuta kama pAI hai aura vizeSakara isI ke lie maiM svargavAsI paNDita mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ko sampAdakAcArya mAnatA hU~ / " " dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' meM citroM ko prakAzita karane kI sundara paramparA jIvita rakhI / unhoMne pAThakoM ke bauddhika eva Atmika vikAsa ke uddezya se vibhinna sAde evaM raMgIna citroM dvArA 'sarasvatI' ko alaMkRta kiyA / prAkRtika dRzyoM aura dhArmika pragoM para AdhRta tathA sAmAjika, aitihAsika, sAhityika evaM kAvya meM varNita vibhinna viSayo para AdhRta raMgIna citroM kA saMkalana 'marasvatI' ke tatkAlIna aMkoM me milatA hai / isI taraha lekhoM ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sthAnoM aura vyaktiyoM Adi ke vAde citra bhI usI samaya ne 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita hone lage / iNDiyana prema meM hI 'maoNrDana rivyU' tathA 'pravAsI' kI bhI chAI honI thI, isa kAraNa dvivedIjI 'sarasvatI' ke lie ina dono patrikAoM meM prakAzita citroM kA punarmudraNa karavA lete the / 2 racanAoM ko citra ke sAtha chApane kI ora unakA vizeSa dhyAna thA / parantu ve 1. zrIbAbUrAva viSNu parAr3akara : 'sampAdakAcArya dvivedIjI', 'sAhitya-sandeza', dvivedI - aMka | 2. unhone kAmatAprasAda guru kI 'zivAjI' zIrSaka kavitA ko sacita karane ke lie likhA thA : 'maI san 1907 I0 ke maoNDarna rivyU ke 438 pRSTha para jo zivAjI kA citra hai, vaha isake sAtha chApie / ' * ma0 pra0 - 'sarasvatI' kI hastalikhita pratiyA~, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA /

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sampAdana- kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra 'sarasvatI' meM acche bAlakoMvAle sundara citroM ko hI chapane denA cAhate the / asundara athavA aspaSTa blaoNkoM vAle citroM ke chapa jAne para unhoMne etadartha kSamAyAcanA kI thI / 87 citroM ke mudraNa evaM cayana me dvivedIjI ne unakI kalA aura upAdeyatA kA sarvopari dhyAna rakhA / 'sarasvatI' me prakAzita adhikAMza raMgIna citra rAjA ravi varmA aura rAmezvaraprasAda varmA kI tUlikA kI upaja rahate the| sabhI pAThaka sabhI citroM kA sahIsahI bhAva grahaNa karane meM sakSama nahIM the, isa kAraNa 'sarasvatI' meM citro kA paricaya denA bhI dvivedIjI ne Avazyaka samajhA / cittro kA paricaya dene me bhI dvivedIjI ne pratibhA kA camatkAra dikhAyA hai| DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne likhA hai : " zailI kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke citra paricaya ke cAra varga kiye jA sakate haiM : Safari gArika evaM spaSTa citroM ke paricaya meM unake nAmamAtra kA ullekha, 2 kalAtmaka citroM aura unake racayitAo kA vizeSa paricaya aura adhika sundara hone para unakI prazaMsAtmaka AlocanA, 3 atyanta bhAvapUrNa eva prabhAvotpAdaka citroM kA kAvyamaya nidarzana' aura yadA-kadA aitihAsika Adi citroM kI tulanAtmaka vivecanA bhI hai| * aise sAmAnya raMgIna evaM sAde citroM ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' meM sAhityika vyaMgya - citroM ko bhI sthAna diyA / isake pUrva hindI kI kisI bhI patrikA me aise vyagya-citroM kA prastutIkaraNa nahI huA thA / aise vyaMgya citroM ke mAdhyama se tatkAlIna hindI - sAhitya kI kalpanA dene tathA hindI-saMsAra ke yathArtha ko logoM ko sAmane rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai / ina vyaMgyAtmaka citroM ne pAThakoM me 'eka kSa etra-vizeSa kA nirmANa karane meM sahAyatA dii| usa samaya kI, hindI - jagat meM vyApta sArI samasyAoM evaM paristhitiyoM kA vAstavika svarUpa sAmane rakhanevAle ye 1. 'sarasvatI kI gata sakhyA me zAstravizArada jainAcArya zrIvijayadharmasUri kA citra nahI diyA jA sakA / kAraNa yaha huA ki blaoNka acchA na hone se citra kharAba chapA / aura aisA citra chApane se na chApanA hI acchA samajhA gayA / ' - 'sarasvatI' aka 12, varSa 7, pR0 351 / 2. udAharaNArtha, 'navor3hA', sarasvatI, bhAga 18, khaNDa 1 Adi / 3. udAharaNArtha, 'Atithya', sarasvatI, julAI, 1918 I0 Adi / 4. udAharaNArtha, 'viyoginI', sarasvatI, disambara, 1915 I0 Adi / 5 udAharaNArtha, 'prAcIna takSaNa kalA ke namUne', sarasvatI, disambara, 1915 I0 Adi / 6. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ; 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 177 /

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88 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva eva kartRtva citra hindI-AlocanA ke kSetra me bhI sthAyI mahattva rakhate hai / 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana-- bhAra svIkAra karane ke pUrva san 1902 I0 se hI dvivedIjI patrikA me vyagya-citro kA prakAzana prArambha karA cuke the| isake pUrva san 1901 I0 me 'sarasvatI' (sakhyA 10, pR0 357) me bhI bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa kI preraNA se 'citragupta kI riporTa' zIrSaka vyagya-citra prakAzita huA thaa| yukta aka ke pRSTha 350 tathA 358 para do citra chape the / pahale citra me eka sajjana khar3e hue kitAba para kucha likha rahe hai aura pasa me DAkiyA khar3A hai| dUsare citra meM apane cAro ora kAgaja phailAye citragupta baiThe hai, pAsa hI aruNaka kucha kAgaja lene ke lie hAtha phailA rahA hai| ina dono hI sAdhAnya aura spaSTa citro ke nIce eka vaktavya savAdo ke rUpa me likhA hai| mambhava hai. nitra ko bAbU zyAmanandandAna ne banavAyA ho, parantu 'citragupta kI riporTa' zIrSaka jo savAdAtmaka vaktavya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne likhA hai. vahI isa vyagya-triva kI gula AtmA hai / ukta vaktavya isa prakAra hai : __ citragupta kI riporTa ciTThIrasaoN : Apake nAma eka vI0 pI0 bhI hai| bAbU sAhaba : vI0 pI0 ! mere nAma !! nAmumakina !!! ci0 : yaha liijie| bAbU : (khUba dekha-bhAlakara) yaha mere lie nahIM / ci0 : nAma to basa ApakA hI hai| hindo me hai, so bhI chapA huA hai (paDatA hai)| bAbU : nahIM, nahI / jahA~ se yaha kitAva AI hai. vahA~ yaha nAma koI nahIM jaataa| ci0 : kyA Apake kaI nAma hai ? bAbU : bar3A gustAkha hai| ci0 : kasUra mApha ho, isI nAma para Aya hue akhabAra vagairaha meM roja ho Apako de jAyA karatA huuN| bAbU : are mUrkha ! mere nAma ke agAr3I au pichAr3I jo kucha honA cAhie, vaha isapara nahI hai| merA nAma bakAyade nahI likhaa| ci0 : acchA Apa isapara likha dIjie ki agAr3I-pichAr3I ke na hone se Apa lene se inakAra karate hai| bAbU : phira gustAkhI ! maiM tumhArI zikAyata kruuNgaa| (yaha kahakara khar3e-hI-khar3e pesila se paikeTa para 'inakAra kiyA' likhakara bAbU sAhaba ne use ciTThIrasA~ ko vApasa kiyA / ) ci0 : (calatA huaa)| bAbU : hai, vI0 pI0 ! abhI do varSa bhI pUre nahIM hue !! merI pratiSThA meM coTa lagane kA bhI khayAla nahI !!!

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sampAdana-kalA eva bhASA-sudhAra [ 89 citragupta : (pArSaTa kI ora dekhakara) aruNaka ! yaha saMvAda jo maiMne abhI darja rajisTara kiyA, usakI yaha nakala tabataka prayAga kI 'sarasvatI' me chapane ke lie tuma phaurana de aao| aruNaka : jo AjJA, mahArAja ! (jAtA hai|) yaha savAda manorajaka hone ke sAtha-sAtha kaI sujhAvo se bhI bharA huA hai| prasaMga se jAna par3atA hai ki do varSa kA candA 'sarasvatI' kA pUrA hone ke pUrva hI 'sarasvatI' ke lekhaka kI pratiSThA para dhyAna nahI diyA gayA aura patrikA vI0 pI0 se bheja dI gaI aura vaha bhI paNDita athavA zrI tathA vaMzanAma ke binA hI patA likhakara / isI bhUla kI ora saketa karane ke lie ukta saMvAda ko dvivedIjI ne prastuta kiyA thaa| 'citragupta kI riporTa' meM citra se adhika saMvAda kA mahattva hai| bAda me san 1902 I0 meM dvivedIjI ne 'sAhitya-samAcAra' zIrSaka eka stambha hI vyaMgya-citroM ke lie 'sarasvatI' meM prArambha karavA diyaa| ina citro kI kalpanA dvivedIjI ke mana me hI utpanna huii| kalpita cAra vyaMgya-citra san 1902 I0 kI 'sarasvatI' meM unake dvArA isa prakAra prakAzita hue the : 1. marAThI-sAhitya, a~garejI-sAhitya, baMgalA-sAhitya, pR0 35 / 2. hindI-sAhitya, pR0 36 / 3. prAcIna kavitA, pR0 99 / 4. prAcIna kavitA kA arvAcIna avatAra, pR0 100 / inameM pratyeka meM dvivedIjI kI kalpanA kA camatkAra dIkhatA hai / saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne sAhitya-vadhU kI kalpanA kI thI, AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne sAhitya-puruSa kI kalpanA kI hai| pahale citra meM kramaza marAThI, a~garejI aura baMgAlI vezabhUSA meM saje tIna puruSoM kA aMkana huA hai, kisI kI pagar3I gAyaba hai, kisI kA koTa nadArada hai, to kisI kA dupaTTA gAyaba hai| yaha citra usa samaya ke una hindI-sevako para vyaMgya hai, jo hindI-sevA ke nAma para marAThI, aMgarejI aura baeNgalA kI chAyA prastuta karate the| isI sAhityika corI kI ora dUsare citra 'hindI-sAhitya' meM bhI saMketa kiyA gayA hai| hindI-sAhitya ko puruSa-veza dhAraNa kiye isa citra me dikhAyA gayA hai-aMgarejI koTa hai, kandhe para baMgAlI dupaTTA aura sira para marAThI pagar3I hai / san 1902 I0 meM hI 'prAcIna kavitA' nAmaka citra bhI chpaa| isameM prAcIna kavitA ko strIveza meM khUba zRgAra kara baiThe bA~surI bajAte hue dikhAyA gayA hai| paoNca rasika usakI ora mugdhabhAva se dekha bhI rahe hai| isa citra ke mAdhyama se zRgAra-pradhAna prAcIna kavitA kI komalakAnta padAvalI-rUpI baoNsuro kI tAna para rasika darabArI logoM ko mugdha karane kI pravRtti para vyaMgya kiyA gayA hai| parantu, 'prAcIna kavitA kA arvAcIna avatAra' zIrSaka citra meM kavitA kA bhayAnaka nArI-rUpa dikhalAyA gayA hai| ghora vilAsitA

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90 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva evaM zRgAra kA vikRta rUpa pratIkita karanevAlI isa strI kA urvabhAga nagna hai, bAyA~ hAtha kaTA huA hai, bAla kaTe hue hai aura isa bIbhatsa kavitA ko dekhakara janasamUha bhAga rahA hai| isa citra ke dvArA dvivedIjI ne sAhityikoM ko saceta kiyA hai ki ve azlIla evaM vikalAMga kavitA kA nirmANa nahIM kare / 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana apane hAtha meM lete hI dvivedIjI ne 'sAhitya-samAcAra' kA sthAyI stambha hI patrikA ne prArambha kara diyA aura pratyeka aka meM eka-na-eka vyaMgya-citra dene lge| san 1903 I0 me, 'mdatI' ke aMkoM meM dvivedIjI kI kalpanAprasUta adholikhita vyaMgya-citra prakAzita hue the| 1 kavitA-kuTumba para vipatti 2. sAhitya-mabhA pR0 113 3. nAyikA-bheda ke kavi aura unake puraskartA rAjA pR0 150 4. kalAsarvajJa sampAdaka pR0 186 5. mAtRbhASA kA satkAra pR0 222 6. kAzI kA sAhitya-vRkSa pR0 258 7. zUravIra mamAlocaka pR0 295 8 madaraso me pracalita pustaka-praNetA aura hindI pR0 336 6. cAtakI kI carama lIlA pR0 806 ye sabhI zIrSaka pratibhAzAlI 'sarasvatI'-sampAdaka kI hindI-sAhityagata vipattiyoM aura kamiyo ko dUra karane ke lie prayatnazIla rahane kI pravRtti ke paricAyaka hai| 'pro0 nirmala tAlavAra ne ThIka hI likhA hai : ___san 1902-03 I0 meM 'sarasvatI' ne ina vyaMgya-citro dvArA kAvya kI vipani ko batAyA; sampAdaka, samAlocaka, upanyAsakAra ke karttavya ko samajhAyA, sAhitya kI kauna-sI zailiyA~ aura sAhitya ke kauna-se viSaya achUte par3e haiM, usa ora lekhakoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| janasAdhAraNa ke sAmane sthUla rUpa meM sAhitya kI sthiti batAkara unako prabuddha kiyaa| ina citroM ne nizcaya hI apane yuga meM eka aisI pRSThabhUmi banA dI thI ki isake bAda sAhitya kA vikAsa samRddha tathA svastha rUpa me sambhava ho skaa| pAThaka aura lekhaka donoM hI svastha sAhitya kI kAmanA karane lge|'' svastha sAhitya kI utkaTa lAlasA se race gaye ina vyaMgya-citroM meM pratyeka ke dvArA hindI-sAhitya kI kisI-na-kisI samasyA kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA gayA hai| 'kavitA-kuTumba para vipatti' citra ke dvArA namasyApUrti kI vyApaka, kintu ahitakara pravRtti ko haTAne kI apIla kI gaI hai| 'mAhinya-mabhA' to tatkAlIna samasta hindIsaMsAra kA hI lekhA-jokhA hai| usa samaya itihAsa, koza aura jIvanacaritra upekSita vidhAe~ thI, unheM rikta dikhAyA gayA hai / man 1903 I0 me sAhitya ke jina aMgoM para 1. nirmala tAlavAra : 'AcArya dvivedI', pR0 167 /

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 11 lekhakoM kI lekhanI daur3a rahI thI, ve bhI svastha evaM maMgalakArI nahIM the| paryaTana yathArtha mAhitya kI upekSA muha phera kara dikhA rahA hai, samAlocanA prAkRta nahIM hai| jisakI samIkSA use karanI hai, usakI apekSA usakA dhyAna apane para hai| bAjIgarI evaM aiyANI me DUbe upanyAsoM kI dazA aura bhI vicitra hai| vyAkaraNa vyAdhigrasta dikhAyA gayA hai, kAvya darabArI hai aura nATaka kakAla-mAtra raha gayA hai / 'sAhitya-sabhA' ke ina vibhinna sadasyoM kI dayanIya dazA devakara sarasvatI ko rote hue dikhAyA gayA hai| 'nAyikAbheda ke kavi aura unake puraskartA' hI isI nAma ke citra meM vyaMgyabANa ke zikAra hue haiN| kanAsarvajJa sampAdaka' zIrSaka citra ne dikhAyA gayA hai ki U~ce maMca para eka moTA aura nATA vyakti urpha sammAda ra dAyeM hAtha meM jhaNDA lekara khaDA hai aura bAye nAtha se mAnoM logoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kara rahA hai| aNDe para likhA hai : 'hamAre yantrAlaya kI aisI adbhuta pustake triloka meM nhiiN| hamAre yahA~ kI char3iyA~ vajra se bhI nahIM TUTatI !! hamArI davAiyo se murde bhI jI uTate hai !!! ina citra ke dvArA dambhI nampAdakoM kI padalolupatA, vijJApanavAditA aura bahujanI hone ke ghamaNDa para kaTAkSa kiyA gayA hai| 'bhASA kA satkAra' zIrSaka citra meM mAtRbhASA kI avahelanA kara bhAratIya bAoM dvArA aMgarejI-rUpI preyanI ko apanAye jAne para vyagya aMkita hai| 'kAzI kA sAhitya-vRkSa' kevala upanyAsoM ko hI utpanna kara rahA hai, isa ora saMketa 'kAzI kA sAhitya-vRkSa' zIrSaka citra meM hai| pAThyapustakoM kI durdazA kA citraNa karane ke uddezya se 'madarasoM meM pracalita pustaka-praNetA aura hindI' zIrSaka citra meM hindI ko atyanta bhayabhIta khule kezoMvAlI nArI ke rUpa meM 'bacAo ! bacAo' ! kI pukAra karate dikhalAyA gayA hai| yaha hindI-nArI jiname bacanA cAhatI hai, vaha hai paiTa-koTa-TAI lagAye khar3A puruSa granthakartA, jisane eka hAtha se strI ke keza khIMca rakhe haiM aura dUsare hAtha meM prahAra ke uddezya se churA thAma rakhA hai| pAThyakrama ke rUpa meM vyavahRta hindI-pustakoM ke racayitA hindI-bhASA aura sAhitya para aisA hI atyAcAra karate the, yahI dikhAnA isa citra kA lakSya thaa| dvivedIjI dvArA kalpita antima citra 'cAtakI kI carama lIlA' anya sabhI citroM kI apekSA adhika sAMketika aura gUDhArtha hai| kAzI ke gaMgAtaTa para eka U~ce sthAna para eka rAjapUta khar3A dikhAyA gayA hai aura vahI se eka cAtakI (nArI) gagA ke jalapravAha meM kUda jAne kI taiyArI meM hAtha uThAye khar3I hai| ghATa para eka ora eka bhakta aura dUsarI ora eka bhaktina dhyAnamagna haiM / jaladhArA meM cala rahI eka nAva para eka rAjapuruSa baiThA hai| isa citra meM nArI athavA cAtakI kavitA kI pratIka hai| rAjapUta vIragAthAkAla, bhakta aura bhaktina bhaktikAla aura naukA-vihAra me magna rAjapuruSa rItikAla kI abhivyakti karane ke lie aMkita hue haiM / san 1903 I0 taka Ate-Ate sAhityetihAsa

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92 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva eva kartRtva se ina tInoM yugo kA aMta kAvyakSetra meM ho gayA thaa| kavitA arakSinA-sI hokara AtmahatyA kI dazA taka pahuMca gaI hai / kavitA kA yuga bIta gayA hai, usakA gaMgAjala me vilIna ho jAne kA udyama karanA carama lIlA kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra, AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI dvArA kalpita ina sabhI vyagya-citroM ke mAdhyama se jina samasyAoM evaM vicAro ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai, bhale hI Aja ve anAvazyaka pratIta ho, parantu dvivedIyuga me unakI upadeyatA ni sandigdha thii| dvivedIjI ne jisa bhaoNti apanI sAhityasAdhanA ko kaI prayogo se samanvita kiyA, usI prakAra vyaMgya-citro kI yaha yojanA bhI unake lie prayoga hI thii| patA nahIM kyo, san 1903 I0 ke bAda 'sarasvatI' meM vyagya-citro ko unhoMne sthAna nahIM diyaa| sambhava hai. unhe varSa bhara me inhI citroM kA apekSita prabhAva eva tajanita sudhAra isa nImA taka dIkha paDA ho ki ve inakI aura adhika AvazyakatA hI nahI samajhate ho| sAmAnya pAThako ke lie ina vyagyapradhAna nitro me koI AkarSaNa nahIM thaa| DA0 mAhezvarIprasAda siMha 'maheza' ne likhA hai: ___isa prakAra ke vyaMgya-citra pAThako ko acche nahIM lage, parantu dvivedIjI unake dvArA hindI-sAhitya kA kalyANa karanA cAhate the|"1 ___aura, pAThako kI ruci ko dhyAna meM rakhakara dvivedIjI ko 'sarasvatI' ke vyaMgyacitroM kA stambha 'sAhinya-sanAcAra' samApta karanA pdd'aa| vAstava me, sampAdaka ke rUpa meM ve apane pAThakoM kI ruci kA sarvAdhika dhyAna rakhate the| 'sarasvatI' kA kauna-sA rUpa, kauna-sA stambha pAThako ko adhika pasanda AyagA,isI AdhAra para unhoMne isa patrikA kA rUpa-zRgAra apane sampAdana-kAla meM kiyA thaa| isa prakAra, AcArya dvivedIjI ne apane ko eka saphala sampAdaka siddha kiyA aura 'sarasvatI' para apanI chApa lagA dii| unake dvArA sampAdita manohAriNI patrikA 'sarasvatI' ne samasta hindI-sAhitya para apanI chApa lagA dii| hindI-jagat meM naye-naye viSayoM kA upasthApana : 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se dvivedIjI ne hindI kA bahuvidha vikAsa kiyaa| isako vibhinna viSayoM se pUrNa karane ke lie unhone 'sarasvatI' ke vividha viSayoM se suzobhita hone kI ghoSaNA dvivedIjI ke sampAdaka banane ke pUrva hI patrikA ke pahale aMka me hI kI gaI thii| yathA : "aura, isa patrikA me kauna-kauna-se viSaya rahege, yaha kevala isI se anumAna karanA cAhie ki isakA nAma 'sarasvatI' hai| isameM gadya, padya, kAvya, nATaka, upanyAsa campU, itihAsa, jIvanacaritra, patna, hAsya, parihAsa, kautuka, purAvRtta, zilpa, kalAkauzala 1. DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu : 'hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa', bhAma 13, pR0 19. /

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sampAdana kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 93 Adi sAhitya ke yAvatIya viSayoM kA yathAvat samAveza rahegA aura Agata granthAdikoM kI yathocita samAlocanA kI jAyagI / " lekina, isa ghoSaNA kA samucita paripAlana patrikA ke prArambhika varSa meM to ekadama nahIM ho sakA / prathama varSa meM 'sarasvatI' ke antargata upanyAsa, nATaka, vijJAna Adi ke nAma para bahuta kama hI sAmagrI jA sakI / dUsare varSa se jaba bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa ke karmaTha kandhoM para 'sarasvatI' - sampAdana kA bhAra AyA, taba isameM viSayoM kI vividhatA kucha bddh'ii| isa avadhi ke aMkoM kA avalokana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki jIvanacaritra likhane kI ora pravRtti isa samaya adhika rahI / parantu, 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana san 1903 I0 meM apane hAtha meM Ate hI dvivedIjI ne 'narambanI' ke kalevara aura majjA meM paryApta parivartana kiye aura use vividha viSayoM kI ora mor3akara unake AkarSaNa meM cAra cA~da lagA diyA / unake Ane ke pahale 'sarasvatI' kI hAlata kucha acchI nahIM thI aura usake grAhakoM kI saMkhyAbhI ghaTatI jA rahI thI / dvivedIjI ne vaDhalatI huI sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usameM vividha prakAra kI sAmagrI prastuta kara pAThakoM kA dhyAna usakI ora khIMcA evaM sthiti ko sudhAra liyA / dvivedIjI ke samakSa tatkAlIna hindItroM kI durdazA thI aura ve samaya-samaya unakI dazA para duHkha bhI prakaTa karate rahate the / 'sarasvatI' (navambara, 1913 I0) neM unhoMne likhA thA : "hindI patra dekhane se kabhI-kabhI yaha zaMkA hotI hai ki kyA inake sacAlaka aThArahavIM sadI ke haiM athavA kyA ye kisI a~garejI-patra ko bhUla se bhI uThAkara nahIM par3hate aura dekhate ki unameM kaise kaise lekha rahate haiM aura unakA sampAdana kisa DhaMga se hotA hai ? jo khabareM rejI, uI aura mukhya-mukhya hindI patroM meM nikala jAtI hai, vahI bahuta purAnI ho jAne para bhI kimI- kisI patra meM nikalI dekha dukha hotA hai / kabhI-kabhI to cha -chaH mahIne, varSa varSa kI purAnI strIveM TukaDe Tukar3e karake chAnI jAtI haiN| apane nagara aura prAnta kI kI khabareM na chAnakara suvana aura vikI bAnI bAteM prakAzita kI jAtI haiM / grAhakoM kI ruci aura lAbha kA kucha bhI khAna na karake nisAra aura arucikara bAteM bhara dI jAtI haiM / " 2 hindI patra-patrikAoM kI isa zocanIya avasthA ko dekhate hue unhoMne 'sarasvatI' ko ina samasta truTiyoM se mukta evaM vividha viSayoM kI navInatama sAmagrI se yukta karane kA saMkalpa liyA / ve sampAdaka ke lie deza-videza kI vibhinna sAmayika evaM aitihAsika paristhitiyoM kA jJAna rakhanA anivArya karma mAnate the / unhoMne svayaM 'sarasvatI' 1 1. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 1, Arambhika bhUmikA / 2. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza, pR0 14-15 /

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94 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva, (julAI, 1915 I0) meM sampAdako ke lie Avazyaka jJAna kI adholikhita rUparekhA prastuta kI thI: " sampAdaka ko ina zAstro aura ina viSayo kA jJAna avazya honA cAhieitihAsa, sampatizAstra rASTravijJAna, samAjatattva, vyavasthA vijJAna ( Jurisprudence), aparAdha-tattva (Criminology ), aneka laukika aura vaiSayika vyApAroM kA saMkhyA-sambandhI zAstra (Statistics) aura janapada- varga ke adhikAra aura karttavya. aneka dezoM kI zAsana praNAlI, zAnti-rakSA aura svAsthya-rakSA kA vivaraNa, zikSApaddhati aura kRSi vANijya Adi kA vRttAnta | deza kA svAsthya kisa taraha sudhara sakatA hai, kRSi, zilpa aura vANijya kI unnati kaise ho sakatI hai. zikSA kA vistAra aura utkarSa sAdhana kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai, kina upAyo ke avalambana se hama rASTra-sambandhI nAnA prakAra ke adhikAra pA sakate hai, sAmAjika kurItiyoM ko kisa prakAra dUra kara sakate hai ityAdi aneka viSayoM para sampAdako ko lekha likhane cAhie / 1 'sarasvatI' ke yazasvI sampAdaka ke rUpa me dvivedIjI ne viSaya - vaibhinya kI isa kasauTI para apanI pratibhA ko kharA sAbita kiyA hai / 'sarasvatI' meM vividha viSayo kI samaMjasa yojanA hI dvivedIjI kI sampAdana - kalA kA vizeSa mAdhurya thA / unhone ' adbhuta aura vicitra viSayoM ke AkarSaNa evaM AkhyAyikA kI sarasatA, AdhyAtmika viSayoM kI jJAna-sAmagrI, aitihAsika viSayo kI rASTrIyatA, kavitAoM kI manohAritA aura kAntA - sammita upadezoM, jIvaniyoM meM varNita Adarza caritroM, bhaugolika viSayoM meM samAviSTa deza - videza kI jJAtavya aura manoraMjaka bAtoM, vaijJAnika viSayoM meM varNita vijJAna ke AviSkAroM aura unake mahattva kI kathAoM, zikSA viSayo ke antargata deza kI avanata evaM videzo kI unnata dizA kI samIkSA, zilpAdi - viSayaka lekhoM meM bhArata tathA anya dezoM ke kalA - kauzala kA nidarzana, sAhityika viSayoM meM sAhitya ke siddhAntoM, racanAoM aura racanAkAroM kI samAlocanAoM, phuTakara viSayoM meM vividha prakAra kI vyApaka bAtoM kI carcA, vinoda aura AkhyAyikA, ha~sI- dillagI, manoraMjaka zlokoM kI manoraMjakatA, citroM ke udAharaNa aura unakI kalA, vyaMgya - citroM meM sAhityagata duravasthA kA saMketa kara 'sarasvatI' ko sarvAMgasundara banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| usa samaya kI 'sarasvatI' me vijJAna ke naye AviSkAroM, deza-videza kI halacaloM, mahattvapUrNa jIvanacarita, itihAsa- darzana Adi sabhI viSayoM para racanAe~ Ane lagI thIM / dvivedIjI ne vividha viSayoM ke sAmagrI-saMcayana ke sambandha meM apanA dRSTikoNa ina zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai : 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 43-44 /

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sampAdana-kAsa evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 95 "pazcimI dezo ne apane mAsika sAhitya kA ba~TavArA kara liyA hai| svAsthya, khela-kUda, vyAyAma, rAjanIti Adi kitane hI viSaya aise hai, jinake sambandha meM alagaalaga patra aura patrikAe~ prakAzita hotI hai| isalie bahuta subhItA hotA hai| pAThaka apanI rUci ke anukUla apane icchita viSaya ke patra dete aura par3hate haiN|"1 / lekina, mana 1903 I0 ke AsapAsa hindI-jagat itanA samRddha nahIM thA ki vividha viSayo para alaga-alaga patrikAe~ rhtii| Aja bhI sabhI vipayoM para hindI meM patrikAeM nahIM prakAzita hotI hai| dvivedIjI pAThakoM ruci kI vividhatA se paricita the| ataH, 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se ve vividha viSayoM kI sAmagrI dene kA pragama karate the| 'vividha viSaya' stambha ve svayaM likhA karate the, jisake antargata vibhinna viSayoM se sambaddha choTI-choTI sUcanAtmaka TippaNiyA~ rahatI thii| 'sarasvatI' ke isa stambha dvArA ve hindI-pAThakoM ko sakucita dAyare se nikAlakara eka vistRta bhUmi para khar3A karanA cAhate the| isa prakAra kI vividhaviSayaka mAmagrI ke lekhana kI dizA me pravRtta hone ke lie dvivedIjI tatkAlIna sAhityakAro se anurodha bhI karate rahate the| 'granthakAroM se vinaya' nAmaka kavitA meM unhone hindI meM satkAvya, itihAsa, vijJAna Adi kI racanA kI ora lekhakoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa karate hue likhA hai : satkAvya tathA itihAsa aura vijJAna satpuruSoM ke bhI carita vicitra-vidhAna likhie hai lekhana-kalA kuzalatAvAna isameM hI hai saba bhaoNti deza kalyANa' parantu, prArambha me hindI kA lekhaka-samUha naye-naye viSayo para kama uThAne ke lie taiyAra nahIM thaa| ata., ina viSayo para dvivedIjI ne svaya lekhanI claaii| manonakala viSayoM para racanAo kI upalabdhi ke abhAva meM 'sarasvatI' ke prArambhika varSoM meM to adhikAza racanAe~ svayaM dvivedIjI ne hI likhI hai| isa kathana kI puSTi meM sana 1903 I0 kI 'sarasvatI' me chapI vibhinna viSayoM kI racanAo kI prastuta sUcI ko dekhA jA sakatA hai : viSaya kula racanAe~ anyoM kI dvivedIlI kI adbhuta AkhyAyikA 1. dvivedI-patrAvalI, pR0 190-191 / 2. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'granthakAroM se vinaya', 'sarasvatI', sana 1905 I0, pR0 53 /

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12 96 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva viSaya kula racanAe~ anyoM kI dvivedIjI kI kavitA jIvana carita (strI) 8 jIvanacarita (puruSa) 11 phuTakara vijJAna 14 mAhitya vyaMgya-citra spaSTa hai ki vividha viSayoM ke lekhana meM dvivedI jI ko usa samaya anya lekhakoM kA bharapura sahayoga nahIM milA thaa| ataeva, dvivedIjI ne kabhI apane nAma se aura kabhI kalpita bhaDakIle dAnoM se vividha viSayoM kI sAmagrI prakAzita kara 'sarasvatI' kA bhANDAra bharA / DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha ne unakI kalpita nAmAvalI isa prakAra prastuna kI hai : "dvivedIjI ne kabhI kitanAmijora tripAThI' banakara 'namAcAra kA virATa rUpa'1 dikhalAyA, to kabhI 'kahalU addha ita' banakara 'marago naraka ThekAnA nAhi'2 kA AlhA gaayaa| kabhI 'gajAnana gaNeza garvakhaNDe' ke nAma se 'jambukkInyAya' 3 kI racanA kI aura kabhI 'paryAlocaka' ke nAma se jyotiSa-vedAMga kI AlocanA kii|4 kahIM 'kaviyoM kI urmilA-viSayaka udAsInatA'5 dUra karane, 'bhArata kA naukAnayana'6 dikhalAne, 'bAlodvIpa meM hinduoM kA rAjya'7 siddha karane athavA 'meghadUta-rahasya'8 khojane ke lie 'bhujaMgabhUSaNa bhaTTAcArya' bane, to kahIM 'amerikA ke akhabAra', 'rAmakahAnI kI samAlocanA'10, 'alabarUnI'11 aura bhArata kA calana 1. sarasvatI, san 1904 I0, pR0 367 // 2. sarasvatI, san 1906 I0, pR0 38 / 3. sarasvatI, san 1906 I0, pR0 217 / 4. sarasvatI, san 1907 I0, pR0 20-286 / '5. sarasvatI, san 1908 I0, pR0 313 / 6. sarasvatI, san 1909 I0, pR0 304 / 7. sarasvatI, san 1911 I0, pR0 219 / 8. sarasvatI, uparivat, pR0 365 / 9. sarasvatI, san 1917 I0, pR0 124 / 10. sarasvatI, uparivat, pR0 450 / 11. sarasvatI, san 1911, I0 242 //

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 97 bAjAra sikkA' Adi lekhoM ke prakAzanArtha zrIkaNTha pAThaka, em. e.' kI upAdhi se maNDita saMjJA paaii| 'mastiSka'2 kI vicAraNA ke lie 'locanaprasAda pANDeya' bana gye| eka bAra 'striyoM ke viSaya meM atyalpa nivedana'3 karane ke lie 'kasyacit kAnyakubjasya' paNDitAU jAmA pahanAyA, to dUsarI bAra 'zabdoM ke rUpAntaraNa'4 kI vivecanA karane ke lie 'niyamanArAyaNa zarmA' kA sainika veSa dhAraNa kiyaa| AcArya dvivedIjI kI isa nAmAvalI se spaSTa hai ki ve vividha racanAoM ko prastuta karane ke uddezya se 'sarasvatI' ke pAThakoM ke samakSa naye-naye kalpita nAmoM se Ate the| isa prakAra, dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' ko vividha viSayoM se bhUSita evaM sarvAgasundara banAne ke lie hara sambhava prayatna kiyA / 'sarasvatI' meM vividha viSayoM kI isa yojanA ke phalasvarUpa usa yuga kI anyAnya patra-patrikAoM meM bhI dhIre-dhIre ina viSayoM kA samAveza hone lgaa| 'sarasvatI' meM vividha viSayoM kI isa yojanA ko DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne marAThI ke eka mAsika 'kerala-kokila' ke AdhAra para nirmita mAnA hai : "dvivedI-sampAdita 'sarasvatI' ke vividha viSayoM para 'kerala-kokila' kA vizeSa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| dvivedIjI ne uparyukta patrikA kA andhAnukaraNa na karake usake doSoM kA parihAra aura guNoM kA grahaNa kyiA / . . . 'kerala-kokila' ke atirikta 'mahArASTra-kokila' kI itihAsa-viSayaka lekhamAlA aura 'pravAsI' (ba~galA) ke rAjanItika, sAMskRtika, Arthika Adi viSayoM ke lekhoM kA bhI prabhAva lakSita hai|" isa bhAMti, samasAmayika a~garejI, ba~galA, urdU, marAThI Adi vibhinna bhASAoM kI patrikAoM se upayukta sAmagrI kA cayana kara evaM unake guNoM ko AtmasAta kara dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' ko samRddha kiyA thaa| anya patrikAoM se 'sarasvatI' ne jitanA grahaNa kiyA hai, usakI apekSA anya patrikAoM ko kiye gaye usake dAna kI saMkhyA caugunI hai| 'maryAdA', 'cA~da', 'mAdhurI', 'prabhA', 'lakSmI', 'indu' Adi patrikAoM ne 'sarasvatI' ke hI Adarza para apanI viSaya-yojanA nirdhArita kI thii| isa prakAra, apanI vividha-viSayaka sAmagrI aura kalAtmaka yojanA ke bala para 'sarasvatI' ne apanA 1. sarasvatI, san 1912 I0, pR0 242 / 2. sarasvatI, san 1909 I0, pR0 609 / 3. sarasvatI, san 1913 I0, pR0 384 / 4. sarasvatI, san 1914 I0, pR0 483 / 5. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 166-168 / 6. uparivat, pR0 183-84 /

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98 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva nAma sArthaka kiyA / isake dvArA hindI sAhitya meM anekAneka viSayoM kA upasthApana huA aura hindI bhASI janatA kA bauddhika vikAsa bhI huaa| aura, 'sarasvatI' kI ye sArI upalabdhiyA~ usake sampAdaka AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI kalA kI dena thI / lekhaka - maNDala kA nirmANa : 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdaka ke rUpa meM dvivedIjI kI sabase mahAn upalabdhiyoM meM eka hai hindI - saMsAra meM aneka lekhakoM kA nirmANa | zrIambikAprasAda vAjapeyI ne likhA hai : " dvivedIjI koI 30 varSoM taka 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdaka rahe aura apanI vidvattA, parizramazIlatA aura kAryadakSatA se use unnata karate rhe| yahI nahIM, unhoMne bahutase lekhaka aura kavi taiyAra kara diye / kAnapura, jUhI meM varSoM taka unakA nivAsasthAna eka prakAra kA hindI - lekhaka - vidyAlaya hI rahA / "1 athaka gati se navIna lekhakoM tathA kaviyoM kA nirmANa, protsAhana aura mArgadarzana dvivedIjI ne apane sampAdana - kAla meM kiyA / ve svayaM sAhitya ke itane zreSTha racayitA bhale na kahe jAya~, parantu sAhitya kI racanA karanevAloM kI racanA karanevAle mahApuruSa ke rUpa meM unakI mahattA se kisI ko inakAra nahIM ho sakatA hai / 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana apane hAtha meM lene ke bAda isa patrikA kI jo vividha viSaya-maNDiDa rUparekhA dvivedIjI ne banAI, usake anukUla lekhakoM kA usa samaya hindI-saMsAra meM abhAva thA / eka ora adhikAMza viSayoM para likhanevAle lekhaka nahIM the aura dUsarI ora lekhakoM kI bhASA-zailI, vicAra - saraNi Adi dvivedIjI kI kasauTI para kharI nahIM utaratI thI / isa kAraNa 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzanArtha AnevAlI adhikAMza racanAoM ko dvivedIjI isa AdhAra para asvIkRta kara dete the ki unakA viSaya pratipAdana evaM stara 'sarasvatI' ke anukUla na hokara nimna hai / sampAdana- kAla ke prArambha meM isa patrikA ko Adarza banAne ke lie dvivedIjI athaka parizrama karate the / apane vAstavika nAma athavA aneka kalpita nAmoM se racanAe~ prakAzita kara unheM lagabhaga pUrI 'patrikA' akele dikhanI par3atI thI / usa samaya starIya lekhakoM kA kaisA abhAva thA evaM 'sarasvatI ke stara nirvAha ke lie dvivedIjI ne kitanA parizrama kiyA, isakA sahaja anumAna san 1903 I0 meM prakAzita aMkoM meM chapI racanAoM kI isa saMkhyA- sUcI se lagAyA jA sakatA hai : 1. zrIambikAprasAda vAjapeyI : 'samAcAra-patroM kA itihAsa', pR0 313 /

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sarasvatI kI saMkhyA 1 2 x 2 9 is 2-3 4 5 6 7 kula racanAe~ 11 15 e 12 12 sampAdana- kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 99 anya lekhakoM kI dvivedIjI kI 1 10 3 12 10 2 2 4 13 15 11 12 7 10 17 11 12 13 6 parantu, 'sarasvatI' kA jisa gati se pracAra ho rahA thA, usI gati se usameM atyadhika vaividhyapUrNa sAmagrI kI AvazyakatA bhI bar3hatI gaI / akelA sampAdaka pUrI patrikA likhakara kabataka 'sarasvatI' kI sevA kara sakatA thA / ataeva dvivedIjI ne bhArata hI nahIM, videzoM meM sthita bhAratIyoM meM bhI lekhana pratibhA kI khoja zurU kI anurodha evaM protsAhana dvArA unhoMne hindI meM lekhakoM kI saMkhyA bar3hAne kA yajJa prArambha kiyaa| DaoN0 rAmasakalarAya zarmA ne likhA hai : 1 4 3 5 10 6 9 11 8 'honahAra kI pahacAna aura usako protsAhana pradAna karane meM dvivedIjI bar3e tatpara rahate the / Aja hindI ke labdhapratiSTha lekhakoM meM adhikAMza aise haiM, jinheM dvivedIjI se likhane kA protsAhana milA thaa| yadi na milA, to ve Aja lekhaka na hote / una sabako isa kSetra meM khIMcakara lAne kA kArya dvivedIjI ne kiyA thA / ' unhoMne jaba 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana apane hAthoM meM liyA, vaha patrikA kA cauthA varSa thA aura grAhakoM kI dRSTi se usakI sthiti acchI nahI thI / aise meM prakAzaka bAbU cintAmaNi ghoSa ke sAhasa evaM patrikA ke sampAdaka AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI vidvattA evaM parizrama ke jora ne use sa~bhAlA / san 1903 I0 meM hI 'sarasvatI' kI dUsarI-tIsarI saMyukta saMkhyA meM dvivedIjI ne 'hindI bhASA aura sAhitya' zIrSaka eka nibandha prastuta kara usameM hindI bhASiyoM ke bIca acche lekhakoM kI kamI kA udghoSa kiyaa| isa krama meM unhoMne vizvavidyAlaya ke padavI dharoM ko bhI ulAhanA diyA hai aura mahAmAnya madanamohana mAlavIyajI se bhI nivedana kiyA hai - Apa svayaM hindI meM likhA kIjie aura apane prabhAva ke adhIna sabako hindI ko hI apanAne ko pravRtta kiijie|' isa ulAhane ke jora evaM 'sarasvatI' kI cAroM ora sugandha phailA rahI - mAdhurI ke AkarSaNa ke kAraNa dhIre-dhIre unake pAsa usa samaya ke acche evaM pratiSThita sAhityakAroM kI racanAe~ 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzanArthaM Ane lagIM / rAdhAkRSNadAsa, zrIdhara

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100 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva pAThaka, DaoN. mahendralAla garga, rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI, zivacandrajI bharatiyA, rAya devIprasAda pUrNa, ayodhyAsiMha upAdhyAya hariaudha, mAdhavarAva sapre, purohita gopInAthajI, janArdana jhA, gaurIdatta vAjapeyI, nAthUrAma zaMkara zarmA, gaMgAprasAda agnihotrI, zukadevaprasAda tivArI, muMzI devIprasAda muMsipha, rAmacarita upAdhyAya ityAdi tatkAlIna kaviyoM-lekhakoM ne apanI racanAoM se 'sarasvatI' ko suzobhita karanA prArambha kara diyaa| parantu, dvivedIjI ne isa purAnI pIr3hI ke sAhityakAroM kI hI racanAe~ pAkara santoSa nahIM kara liyaa| aba bhI unakI ruci evaM stara ke anurUpa likhanevAle sAhityakAroM kI saMkhyA hindI-jagat meM thor3I thii| ataeva, unhoMne naye-naye lekhakoM kA AvAhana kiyaa| jina logoM ne unhe uttara diyA ki 'mujhe hindI nahIM AtI', unase bhI dvivedIjI ne balapUrvaka Agraha kiyA aura kahA, 'to kyA huA, A jaaygii|' spaSTa hI, dvivedIjI meM gajaba kI preraNA-zakti thii| unake Agraha ko TAlanA sarala kArya nahIM thaa| ve jisa DhaMga se hindI kI sevA karane ke lie naye lekhakoM ko kahate, use TAlnA sarala kArya nahIM thA aura jisa taraha naye lekhakoM kI prerita karate, purAnoM ko Azvasta karate tathA abhAoM kI ora saMketa karate the, vaha bahuta marmasparzI hotA thaa| yathA : ___ "Aie, tabataka hamI loga apanI alpazakti ke anusAra kucha vizeSatvapUrNa kAma karake dikhAne kI ceSTA kreN| hamI se merA matalaba zikSitoM ke matAnusAra una alpajJa aura alpazikSita janoM se hai, jo isa samaya hindI ke sAhityaseviyoM meM gine jAte haiM aura jisameM maiM apane ko sabase nikRSTa samajhatA huuN|... AvazyakatA isa samaya hindI meM thor3I-sI acchI-acchI pustakoM kI hai| ... Aie, hamaloga milakara bhinna-bhinna viSayoM kI eka-eka pustaka likhane kA bhAra apane Upara le leN|"1 ___isI prakAra ke AgrahapUrNa patra bhI dvivedIjI ne aneka hindIbhASI vidvAnoM ko likhe| 'sarasvatI' ke lekhaka-samUha meM apane sammilita hone kI kathA zrI zrIprakAza ne ina zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai : "usa samaya zrIharibhAU upAdhyAya 'auDambara' nAma kI patrikA nikAlate the| unhoMne mere patra ko dekhA aura use apanI patrikA meM prakAzita kara diyaa| saMyogavaza dvivedIjI ne ise par3hA aura bahuta pasanda kiyA / dvivedIjI kA acAnaka mujhe patra milaa| unhoMne likhA ki 'auDambara' meM ApakA lekha par3hake paramAnanda huA, 'sarasvatI' ke lie bhI Apa likhie / isake bAda hI lekha likhakara maiMne unake pAsa bheje / hindI meM lekha likhane kI preraNA mujhe isI ghaTanA se milI / " 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'hindI-sAhitya-sammelana' (prayAga), kArya vivaraNa, 1969, bhAga 1, pR0 158 / 2. zrI zrIprakAza : 'mahAvIrapramAda dvivedI','bhASA' : dvivedI-smRti-aMka, pR. 24 /

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sampAdana kalA evaM bhASA sudhAra [ 101 zrI zrIprakAzajI ke isa saMsmaraNa se yaha bAta sAmane AtI hai ki dvivedIjI kI nigAha meM jahA~ bhI koI acchI racanA AtI thI, ve usake racayitA kA patA lagAkara 'sarasvatI' meM likhane ke lie use Amantrita kara dete the / apane lekhakoM kI pratibhA kA unheM paryApta jJAna thA / ve acchI taraha jAnate the ki kisa lekhaka se kisa viSaya para kisa taraha kA lekha mila sakatA hai / pratibhA parakhanevAlI isI zakti ke dvArA unhoMne eka ora purAne lekhakoM kA sahayoga grahaNa kiyA, to dUsarI ora naye lekhako ko bhI 'sarasvatI' meM prastuta kiyA / zrIsatyanArAyaNa kaviratna, maithilIzaraNa gupta, rAya sAhaba choTelAla, rUpanArAyaNa pANDeya, veMkaTezanArAyaNa tivArI, lokamaNi, vAgIzvara mizra, locanaprasAda, yazodAnanda akhaurI, narendranArAyaNa siMha, AnandIprasAda dUbe, kAmatAprasAda guru, rAmacandra zukla; lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI, gaMgAnAtha jhA, padumalAla punnAlAla bakhzI, devIdatta zukla, gopAlazaraNa siMha, lAlA haradayAla, giridhara zarmA, lallIprasAda pANDeya, vizvambharanAtha zarmA kauzika, baMga mahilA, baladeva prasAda mizra aura rAmadAsa gaur3a jaise kaviyoM evaM sAhityaseviyoM ko dvivedIjI ne bhArata ke vibhinna sthAnoM se khoja nikAlA aura ina sabako hindI sAhitya kA bhANDAra bharane kI ora pravRtta kiyA / naye lekhakoM ko dvivedIjI na kevala patra bhejakara utsAhita kiyA karate the, apitu suvidhA pAkara ve lekhakoM ke ghara taka jAne se nahIM cUke haiM / lekhaka-nirmANa kI yaha prakriyA ve bhArata se bAhara ke dezoM meM bhI makriya rUpa se karane lage the / ve videzoM meM patra likhakara vahA~ sthita pratibhAzAlI hindIbhASI logoM se hindI meM likhane kA Agraha karate the / unake isa Agraha ke phalasvarUpa 'sarasvatI' ke lie iMgalaiNDa se DaoN0 jAyasavAla, sundaratAla, santa nihAla siMha, kRSNakumAra mAthura, phrAMsa se benIprasAda zukla, amerikA se svAmI satyadeva, bholAdatta pANDeya, rAmakumAra khemakA, pANDuraMga khAnakhoje aura dakSiNI amerikA se premanArAyaNa zarmA, vIrasena siMha jaise logo kI racanAe~ Ane lagIM / isa prakAra, dvivedIjI ke prayatna se deza-videza meM hindI ke lekhaka - maNDala kA vikAsa hone lagA / lekhaka-nirmANa karane kI unakI isa pravRtti ke sambandha meM bAbU zyAmasundara dAsa ne eka bar3e mArke kI bAta likhI hai : 1 "eka dvivedIjI socA ki a~garejI par3he-likhe vyaktiyoM ko hindI ke kSetra meM lAnA cAhie / basa 'sarasvatI' ke prAyaH pratyeka aMka meM unakI sAma, dAma, daNDa, bheda kI praNAliyA~ cala nikalIM aura zIghra hI unakA yatheSTa prabhAva bhI dIkha par3A | hindI me aMgarejI ke vidyArthiyoM tathA lekhakoM kI saMkhyA bar3hane lagI / "" 1 jisa gati se 'sarasvatI' ke lekhakoM kI saMkhyA bar3hane lagI, usI anupAta se dvivedIjI ke kAma meM vRddhi hone lgii| jitanI racanAe~ 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzanArtha AtI thIM, una - 1. nirmala talavAra : 'AcArya dvivedI', pR0 48 para uddhRta /

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102 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva sabako chApa denA sambhava nahIM thaa| unakA samucita pariSkAra karake, bhAva evaM bhASA kI dRSTi se unheM zuddha karake hI dvivedIjI unheM chapane ke lie presa ke havAle karate the| pariSkAra ke isa krama me dvivedIjI racanAoM ko AmUla parivartita bhI kara dete the| parivartana kI isa prakriyA se gujarane ke bAda una racanAoM ko unake mUla racayitA bhI nahIM pahacAna pAte the| maithilIzaraNa gupta ne apanI 'hemanta' zIrSaka kavitA ko 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita dekhakara anubhava kiyA thA : "merA roma-roma pulaka uThA, jisa rUpa meM maine use bhejA thA, usase dUsarI hI vastu vaha dikhAI par3atI thI, bAhara se hI nahI, bhItara se bhii| par3hane para merA Ananda Azcarya me badala gyaa| isameM to itanA saMzodhana aura parivarddhana huA ki yaha merI racanA hI nahIM kahI jA sakatI thii|"5 ___isI taraha, eka bAra dvivedIjI ne sva0 paM0 lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI ko nAnA phar3anavIsa para kucha likhakara apanI patrikA ke lie bhejane kA Adeza diyaa| unhoMne paryApta adhyayana karake pacAsa pRSThoM kA lambA lekha likhakara unake pAsa bheja diyA / lauTatI DAka se vAjapeyIjI ko dvivedIjI kA patra milA ki Apane 'sarasvatI' ke lie yaha lekha likhA hai yA grantha likhA hai ? khaira, kisI taraha usakA upayoga kara liyA jaaygaa| aura, bAda meM 'sarasvatI' meM pacAsa pRSThoM ke apane ukta jIvanavRtta ko ATha pRSTho me prakAzita dekhakara vAjapeyIjI ko Azcarya huaa| lekha kA sAra aura silasilA itanA uttama ba~dhA thA ki kahI zithilatA nahI dIkhatI thii| apane lekhakoM kI sabhI racanAo ke sAtha dvivedIjI yaha nIti apanAte the| koI bhI racanA unake dvArA maMzodhita parivattita hue vinA 'sarasvatI' me prakAzita nahIM hotI thii| isa atizayasudhAravAditA se kaI lekhaka aprasanna bhI rahate the| ve apanI racanA meM adhika parivartana sahana nahIM kara sakate the aura dvivedIjI binA parivartana kiye santoSa kI sA~sa nahIM lete the| zrI zrIprakAzajI ne 'sarasvatI' meM apanI adhika racanAoM ke prakAzita na hone kA kAraNa dvivedIjI kI isa saMzodhanavAditA ko hI batAyA hai : __ "sarasvatI' meM adhika lekha na likhane kA kAraNa yaha huA ki dvivedIjI ko apanI zailI pasanda thii| ve sabake lekha phira se isa zailI-vizeSa meM likhate the aura taba prakAzita karate the / mujhe yaha na pasanda thA, na hai| isa sambandha meM dvivedIjI se merA kucha patra-vyavahAra bhI huaa| patra likhane meM ve bar3e pravINa the, turata uttara dete the| isa sambandha meM merA unakA matabheda banA rhaa| isa kAraNa do ke bAda tIsarA lekha maine nahIM likhA / 12 1. zrImaithilIzaraNa gupta : 'AcArya dvivedI' 'bhASA' : dvivedI-smRti-aMka, pR0 22 / 2. zrI zrIprakAza : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI', 'bhASA' : dvivedI-smRti-aMka, pR0 24-25 /

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sampAdana- kalA evaM bhASA sudhAra [ 103 parantu, dvivedIjI kI saMzodhana - nIti ne hI hindI ke sAhityika vikAsa ko eka nizcita gati dI hai / yadi ve isa nIti kA kaThoratA se pAlana na karate, to Aja hindI kA sAhityika itihAsa kucha aura hI hotA / jina racanAoM ko ve saMzodhana ke dvArA bhI starIya banane kI sambhAvanA se pare pAte the, unhe ve zIghra hI asvIkRta kara lauTA dete the / parantu, asvIkRti kI yaha sUcanA bhI ve vaise zabdoM meM dete the ki lekhaka ko hatotsAha na honA par3e, apitu unake asvIkRtiparaka pattoM ko par3hakara lekhakoM ko aura racanAo ke sarjana kI preraNA milatI thI / spaSTa hai ki AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne vividha viSayoM kI vizAla sAmagrI se hindI sAhitya kA bhANDAra bharane ke uddezya se na kevala apanI lekhanI ko avirala gati se calAyA thA, apitu unhoMne hindI - jagat ko naye kaviyoM evaM lekhakoM kA eka samUha bhI pradAna kiyA / unakI 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se paravartI kAla meM hindI sAhitya meM khyAti pAnevAle adhikAMza mahArathI prakAza meM Aye / zrIrAmadAsa gaur3a ne ThIka hI likhA hai : " 'sarasvatI' kI purAnI phAileM uThAkara dekhie- mAhitya vijJAna, darzana, itihAsa, saMgIta, citrakalA, nIti, koI zAstra chUTA nhiiN| sabhI viSayoM para acche se acche gambhIra aura gaveSaNApUrNa lekha haiM aura inameM se aneka yA to svayaM paNDitajI kI kalama se hai athavA unase prabhAvita lekhakoM kI kalama se / isa calate-phirate pracArita vizvavidyAlaya me lAkhoM pAThakoM ne ghara baiThe zikSA pAI aura paNDita, sulekhaka aura kavi ho gaye / " " bhASA sudhAra : AcArya dvivedIjI kI anyAnya samasta upalabdhiyoM kI tulanA meM bhASA sudhArasambandhI unake dvArA kiyA gayA kArya adhika mahattvapUrNa evaM aitihAsika hai / hama unakI pratibhA ke sparza ke binA hindI bhASA ke vartamAna rUpa kI kalpanA hI nahIM kara sakate / bhASA sudhAra sambandhI unakI upalabdhiyoM kI pRSThabhUmi prastuta karate hue zrIjagannAthaprasAda zarmA ne likhA hai : " pUrvakAla meM bhASA kI jo sAdhAraNa zithilatA thI athavA vyAkaraNa-sambandhI jo nirbalatA thI, usakA parihAra dvivedIjI ke matthe par3A / abhI taka jo jaisA cAhatA thA, likhatA rahA / koI usakI AlocanA karanevAlA na thA / ataeva, ina lekhakoM kI 'dRSTi bhI apanI truTiyoM kI ora nahIM gaI thI / dvivedIjI aise satarka lekhaka isakI avahelanA na kara sake, ataeva inhoMne una lekhakoM kI racanA -zailI kI AlocanA prArambha kI, jo vyAkaraNa-gata doSoM kA vicAra apanI racanAoM meM nahIM karate the / " 2 dvivedI 1. zrIrAmadAsa gaur3a : hindI-sAhitya para dvivedIjI kA prabhAva', abhinandana grantha, pR0 55 / 2. zrIjagannAthaprasAda zarmA : 'hindI kI gadyazailI kA vikAsa', pR0 73 /

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104 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva vAstava meM, dvivedIjI ke prAdurbhAva ke pUrva hindI-bhASA kA samucita pariSkAra nahIM ho pAyA thaa| gadya evaM padya kI bhUmi para bhAratendu bAbU harizcandra ne hindI-bhASA ko yathAsambhava viSayAnukUla evaM prAMjala tathA majIva banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| unake sAmane bhArata kI rASTrabhASA kA svarUpa spaSTa thaa| devavANI saMskRta se prabhAvita hote hue bhI unhoMne vyAvahArika hindI ko hI pramukhatA dii| unhoMne kliSTa evaM nirjIva bhASA kA bahiSkAra kiyA evaM saMskRta, urdU athavA a~garejI ke zabdoM se atyadhika bojhila hindI ko bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne bhASA ke kSetra meM atyanta sahiSNutA kA paricaya dekara madhyama mArga kA anusaraNa kiyaa| rAmagopAla siMha cauhAna ke zabdoM meM : ___ "isa prakAra kI hindI ko apar3ha bhI sunakara samajha sake, para jisame ga~vArUpana kI kughar3atA na ho, varan eka pravAha ho aura jo bhAva-vyaMjanA meM sakSama ho, hI bhAratendu kI hindI thii|"1 isa bhASA meM kisI prakAra kI ADambarayuktatA nahI thI / isa prakAra kI bhASA ko sAhityika stara para grahaNa karake bhAratendu ne hindI ko janasAdhAraNa ke nikaTa lAne kA aitihAsika kArya kyiA / yadyapi bhAratendu ke netRtva me hindI-bhASA ko navIna rUpa diyA gayA, tathApi usake rUpa me na to sthiratA AI aura na prauDhatA hii| usa bhASA kA pradhAna uddezya maralatama zabdoM me bhAvoM evaM vicAroM kI abhivyakti karanA mAtra thaa| ataeva, bhASA-viSayaka matabhinnya evaM bhASA kI kaumAryAvasthA ke kAraNa na to hindI meM vAkyavinyAsa, zabdacayana, virAmacihna Adi kA niyamana thA aura na koI eka sarvamAnya vyavasthA hI thii| bhAratendu ke prabhAva me hindI kI sAhityika racanAoM meM bolacAla ke tadbhava zabdoM kA bAhulya huA aura isI sandarbha meM bhASA ko uccAraNasammata banAne ke lie vyAkaraNa kI apekSA bhI huii| isa samaya taka hindI kA vikAsa mukhya rUpa se vrajabhASA kI goda me hI ho rahA thaa| isa kAraNa vrajabhASA kA paryApta prabhAva bhAratenduyugIna hindI para parilakSita hotA hai / vrajabhASA meM prAyaH saMyuktAkSaroM ko sthAna nahIM diyA jAtA hai / jaise puJja, piGgala, paNDita Adi kramazaH puja, pigala aura aura paMDita likhe jAte haiN| isI prakAra za, Na, r3a ko bhI madhura banAne ke prayAsa meM sa, na, ra banA diyA jAtA hai| vrajabhASA meM halanta nahI hone ke kAraNa dharma, karma, kArya ko kramaza: dharama, karama, kAraja likhA jAtA hai / brajabhASA kI ina pravRttiyo ke rahandI para hAvI ho jAne kA eka pramukha kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki usa samaya taka isa bhASA ke nijI zabdakoza kA bhANDAra bar3A sImita thA / bhAratendu aura unake sahayogiyoM ko bhaya thA ki hindI-bhASA vyAkaraNa ke kaThina bandhana meM samucita vikAsa kI dizA meM agrasara nahIM ho skegii| dUsarI ora, usa yuga ke saMskRta ke prakANDa paNDita bhI the, jo hindI-bhASA ko arabI-phArasI-aMgarejI ke prabhAvoM se mukta rakhana ke lie saMskRta ke 1. zrIrAmagopAla siMha cauhAna : 'bhAratendu-sAhitya', pR0 196-197 /

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 105 gar3he hue kRtrima zabdoM kA nirmANa karate jAte the / jaise jainendrakizora ne apane 'kamalinI' upanyAsa meM 'nAka baha rahI hai' ke sthAna para 'nAsikA-randhra sphIta' honA likhA hai| isI taraha paM0 rAmAvatAra zarmA ne to dvivedI-yuga meM a~garejI ke oNksaphorDa, kembrija aura landana jaise zabdoM ko kramaza: ukSapratara, kAmasetu tathA nandana kahA hai| isa pravRtti ne bhAvagata agajatA ko aura bhI vistAra diyaa| bhAratendu-maNDala ke anya sadasyoM kI bhASAgata truTiyoM kI kauna kahe, svayaM bhAratendujI ne bhI uTheMge, bAta, mileMge, boleMge, bera bhaI, zyAmalalAI, adhIrajamanA, kRpA kiyA hai, gRhastheM, nAnA-deza Adi azuddha zabdoM evaM padoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| isakA bhI paryApta prabhAva tatkAlIna bhASA para pdd'aa| bhAratendujI kI mRtyu ke bAda to bhASA kI arAjakatA aura bhI vyApaka rUpa dhAraNa kara sAmane aaii| hindI ke kathita seviyo meM haTha evaM mithyAbhimAna kI itanI vRddhi ho gaI thI ki usakA duSpariNAma usI samaya dRSTigocara hone lagA aura saba ora bhASA kI avyavasthA phailane lgii| isa sthiti meM eka hI zabda ke kaI rUpa cala rahe the, jaise huA, huvA huyA; jAegA, jAvegA; bhUka, bhUkha; inheM, ine; jisa para; sthira; sthAyI, sthAI; parantu, paraMtu; kAvya, kAbya; bicAra, vicAra Adi prayogoM ko lekara bar3I anekarUpatA sarvatra vyApta thii| vacana, liMga evaM vAkyaracanA se sambaddha anekAneka truTiyoM se bhASA kA svarUpa bigar3A huA thaa| isa avyavasthA ko dUra karane ke lie bhAratendu-sadRza mitravat salAha denevAloM ko nahIM, AcArya evaM guru ke samAna samasAmayika sAhityika gatividhiyoM kA niyantraNa karanevAle kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava usa samaya kiyA jAne lgaa| bhASA-sambandhI isa arAjakatA ke sandarbha meM DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne ThIka hI likhA hai : ___ bhinna-bhinna prakRti ke zabdoM, padoM tathA vAkyoM ke svacchanda evaM abAdha prayogoM meM na to zabdoM kI ekarUpatA hI thI aura na usakI ucita vyavasthA hii| vyAkaraNa ke aMkuza ke abhAva ke sAtha hI eka kaThora niyantA, catura samAlocaka tathA dUradarzI zAsaka kI atyadhika AvazyatA thii|' ___ hindI-bhASA evaM sAhitya ke aise hI arAjakatApUrNa vAtAvaraNa meM AcArya mahAvIra dvivedI kA prAdurbhAva huaa| unhoMne bhASAgata avyavasthAoM ko dUra karane ke lie athaka parizrama kiyA aura unhIM ke prayatna se eka aisI vyavasthita vyAkaraNasammata aura sAhityika bhASA kA prasAra huA, jisameM gambhIra evaM starIya sAhitya kA praNayana ho sakatA thaa| zrIsurendranAtha siMha ne unakI upalabdhiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue bar3I saccI bAta kahI hai : 1. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ; 'dvivedI-yuga kI hindI-gadya zailiyoM kA adhyayana', pR0 135 /

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106 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva 'Adhunika gadya aura padya kI bhASA, khar3I bolI ke parimArjana, saMskAra aura pariSkAra kA itihAsa paNDita mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI sUkSma dRSTi, prakhara pANDitya aura karmaThatA kA itihAsa hai|'1 spaSTa hI, dvivedIjI ne bhASA aura vyAkaraNa para sarvAdhika dhyAna dekara hindI-jagat kA mArga-nirdezana kiyaa| ve bhASA-saMskAra ke lie apekSita samasta vizeSatAoM se vibhUSita the / bhASAgata vivAdoM aura samasyAoM ko hala karane ke lie jisa satyaniSThA, anathaka parizrama, aDiga AtmavizvAsa aura ghora sakriyatA, asIma sahanazIlatA, nizcita nIti aura pragatizIla bhASAdarza kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, una sabakA samanvaya dvivedIjI ke vyaktitva me thaa| dvivedIjI ne apane adamya vyaktitva aura bhagIratha prayatna se bhASA kI anasthiratA dUra karake use sthira tathA pratiSThita rUpa diyA, vyAkaraNa kI vyavasthA dI aura sAhitya ke vikAsa kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| zrIzAntipriya dvivedI ke zabdoM meM : 'dvivedIjI ne isa bAta kI ceSTA kI hai ki bhASA apa-TU-DeTa aura sIdhI-sAdI ho aura saba taraha ke bhAvoM aura vicAroM ko prakaTa karane meM samartha ho| isI nIti ko sAmane rakhakara unhoMne hindI ke gadya-padya ko apane mastiSka ke sA~ce meM DhAlakara sundara aura suDaula banA diyaa| yadyapi usa samaya unakI nIti aura zailI ke sambandha meM bahuta vAda-vivAda hue the, tathApi anta meM dvivedIjI kI zailI lokapriya ho gaI / yaha unake Atmabala kA suphala hai / Aja hama apanI pustakoM meM hindI kI jaisI bhASA par3hate haiM, vaha dvivedIjI ke zramabinduoM se siMcita hokara khilI aura phalI-phUlI / 2 isa prasaga meM yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki dvivedIjI ne dUsaroM kI bhASA-sudhAra karane ke pahale svayaM apanI bhASA kA sudhAra kiyA / unakI prArambhika racanAoM meM tatkAlIna sAhityaseviyo kI kRtiyoM meM milanevAlI adhikAMza bhASAgata truTiyA~ pracura mAtrA meM vidyamAna haiN| 'amRtalaharI', 'bhAminIvilApta', 'vevana-vicAra-ratnAvalI' Adi meM lekhana-truTiyoM evaM vyAkaraNa kI bhUleM isa sImA taka hai ki ve bhASA kI dRSTi se vicAraNIya ho gaI hai| svayaM dvivedIjI ne hI 'a' ke sthAna para 'i' aura 'u' tathA 'A' ke sthAna para 'vA' kA galata prayoga kaI bAra kiyA hai| yathA : 'vikAlata'3 (zuddha rUpa vakAlata'); 'samujhA'4 (zuddha rUpa 'samajhA'); 'huvA'" (zuddha rUpa 'huaa')| 1. zrIsurendranAtha siMha : 'bhASAsudhAraka AcArya dvivedI', 'bhASA' : dvivedI-smRti aMka, pR0 105 / 2. zrIzAntipriya dvivedI : 'hamAre sAhitya-nirmAtA', pR0 4 / 3. zrImahAvIra prasAda dvivedI : 'bekana-vicAra-ratnAvalI', pR0 1 / 4. uparivat, 'bhAminIvilAsa', pR0 2 / 5. uparivat, pR0 88 /

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 107. 'i' athavA 'I' ke prayoga kI galatiyAM bhI huI hai : 'hariNIyoM 1 (zuddha rUpa 'hariNiyoM) 'kelI'2 (zuddha rUpa 'keli'); 'kIzorI'3 (zuddha rUpa 'kizorI'); 'dhvanI'4 (zuddha rUpa 'dhvani'); 'jyohi'5 (zuddha rUpa 'jyohI') / / isI taraha 'u' eva 'U' ke prayoga meM bhI truTiyA~ dvivedIjI kI prArambhika racanAoM me milatI haiM : 'tUjhe' 6 (zuddha rUpa 'tujhe'); 'kArUNika' (zuddha rUpa 'kAruNika'); 'upara' (zuddha rUpa 'Upara'); 'pratikula' 9 (zuddha rUpa 'prtikuul')| kare, rahe, jAno, vIro, to, ke, jinheM, se Adi ke sthAna para karai, rahai, jAnau, vIrauM, tau, ke, jinhai, sai jaise prayoga vrajabhASA ke prabhAvavaza karane kI pravRtti una dinoM sAmAnya thii| dvivedIjI bhI aise prayogoM se bace hue nahIM the| sAtha hI, unhoMne 'e' kI jagaha 'yA' tathA 'o' kI jagaha 'vo' kA prayoga bhI galata kiyA hai : 'yakadama'10 (zuddha rUpa 'ekadama'); 'yama0 e' 1 (zuddha rUpa 'ema0 e0'); 'lAva'12 (zuddha rUpa 'laao')| ___ gadyalekhana ke isa Arambhika kAla meM anumvAroM ke prati dvivedIjI kA vizeSa moha parilakSita hotA hai| kaI anunAsika prayoga unakI racanAoM meM milate hai : 'karanevAlA'13 (zuddha rUpa 'karanevAlA'); 'kAlimA 14 (zuddha rUpa 'kAlimA'); 'pUcha-tAMcha'15 (zuddha rUpa 'pUchatAcha') Adi / 1. ma0pra0 dvi0 : bhAminIvilAsa, pR0 17, 32 / 2. uparivat, pR0 25 / 3. uparivat, pR0 28 / 4. uparivat, pR0 82 / 5. uparivata, pR0 109 / 6. uparivat, pR0 29 / 7. uparivat, pR0 16 / 8. AcArya gahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'hindI-zikSAvalI, tRtIya bhAga kI AlocanA' pR0 33 / 9. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'bhAminIvilAsa', pR0 26 / 10 AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'hindI-zikSAvalI, tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA, pR0 45 / 11. uparivat, 'bekana-vicAra-ratnAvalI', pR0 1 / 12. uparivat, pR0 20 / 13. uparivat, 'bhAminIvilAsa', pR0 3 / 14. uparivat, 'bekana-vicAra-ratnAvalI', pR0 34 / 15. uparivat, pR0 25 /

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108 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva svaroM ke prayoga meM dvivedIjI ne bhASA kI azuddhatA kI jaisI bharamAra apanI prArambhika racanAoM meM prastuta kI hai, vyaMjanoM kI dizA meM bhI usI koTi kI truTiyoM ko ve prastuta karate rahe / Ta, Tha, Da, Dha Adi varNo ke prayoga meM aisI azuddhiyA~ adhika milatI hai : 'ceSThA'1 (zuddha rUpa 'ceSTA')'; 'viDambanA ' 2 (zuddha rUpa 'viDambanA '), 'baDe-baDe ' 3 (zuddha rUpa 'bar3e-bar3e'); 'caDhAI' 4 ( zuddha rUpa ' caDhAI' ) / isI tarasa 'thI' ke sthAna para 'I' aura 'yA' ke sthAna para 'A' kA azuddha prayoga bhI unhoMne kiyA hai : 'nidaI' " ( zuddha rUpa 'nirdayI'), 'dukhadAI 6 ( zuddha rUpa 'duHkhadAyI ' ) 'diA (zuddha rUpa 'diyA') / 'ra' aura repha ke prayoga meM bhI svacchandatA dIkhatI hai : 'niramANa 8 ( zuddha rUpa 'nirmANa'), 'pUraNa'' / zuddha rUpa 'pUrNa' ', ' manortha' 10 (zuddha rUpa 'manoratha'), 'antakarNa' 11 ( zuddha rUpa 'antaHkaraNa' / ) svaroM aura vyaMjanoM ke aise cintya prayoga usa samaya ke hindI - lekhana ke lie asAmAnya nahIM the / aisI bhUleM usa samaya sabhI choTe-bar3e lekhakoM kI racanAoM meM rahatI thIM / vyAkaraNa sambandhI arAjakatA bhI usa yuga me sarvatra vyApta thI / vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se kaI azuddha prayoga dvivedIjI kI racanAoM meM milate hai : 'cAturyatA' 12 ( zuddha rUpa 'cAturya'); 'saundaryatA ' ' 3 ( zuddha rUpa 'saundarya'); ' apanA hita sAdhana meM ' 14 ( zuddha rUpa 'apane' hitasAdhana meM) 'ceSTA na karanA cahie' 15 ( zuddha rUpa 'ceSTA na karanI cAhie' ) 1. bekana - vicAra - ratnAvalI, pR0 31 / 2. bhAminIvilAsa, pR0 12 / 3. uparivat, pR0 11 / 4. uparivat, pR0 37 / 5. uparivat, pR0 34 / 6. uparivat, pR0 121 / 7. 'hindI - kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA', pR0 107 / 8 'bhAminI vilAsa', pR0 1 / 9. uparivat, pR0 22 / 10. uparivat, pR0 140 / 11. uparivat, pR0 159 / 12. 'bhAminIvilAsa', pR0 23 / 13. 'hindI - zikSAvalI, tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA', pR0 69 / 14. 'bekana - vicAra - ratnAvalI', pR0 27 / 15. A0 ma0 pra0 dvivedI : 'svAdhInatA', bhUmikA, pR0 11 /

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 109 ('hamArA mRtyu'' (zuddha rUpa 'hamArI mRtyu)'; 'terA parAjaya'2 (zuddha rUpa 'terI parAjaya'); 'ke kiraNa'3 (zuddha rUpa 'kI kiraNa'); 'isa kAma ko sampAdana'4 (zuddha rUpa 'isa kAma kA sampAdana'; 'sanmAna'5 (zuddha rUpa 'sammAna' , 'inDiyana'6 (zuddha rUpa' iMDiyana' yA 'iNDiyana' ; 'dAmpatya' (zuddha rUpa 'dampati'); 'hastAkSepa'8 (zuddha rUpa 'hastakSepa'; 'aikyatA' (zuddha rUpa 'ekatA' yA 'aiky')| "utsava manAe jAne ko taiyAra'10 (zuddha rUpa 'utsava manAne ke lie taiyAra') 'utakarSita'11 (zuddha rUpa 'utkarSita') 'u~cA uDDAna bharate hai' 12 (zuddha rUpa 'U~cI ur3Ana bharate haiM'); 'upamA deve yogya'13 (zuddha rUpa 'upamA dene yogya'); 'do kArya bhae'14 / zuddha rUpa 'do kArya hue'); 'AkhyAyikoM'15 (zuddha rUpa 'AkhyAyikAoM') / isI prakAra ke anyAnya liMga, sandhi, pratyaya-prayoga, vAkya-vinyAsa evaM kriyAgata doSo se dvivedIjI kI sabhI prArambhika racanAe~ bharI par3I hai| tatkAlIna hindIlekhana kI sthiti kA anumAna ina truTiyoM para dRSTipAta kara sahaja hI lagAyA jA sakatA hai| ye doSa usa samaya ke sabhI sAhityaseviyoM kI racanAoM meM bahulatA ke sAtha vidyamAna the| parantu, dvivedIjI ne nijI sAdhanA evaM parizrama dvArA bhASA para adhikAra prApta kiyaa| unakI bauddhika kSamatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI unakI bhASA bhI prAMjala, pariSkRta aura vyAkaraNasammata hotI gii| AcArya dvivedIjI kI mahattA kevala isa bAta meM nahIM hai ki unhoMne svayaM vyAkaraNa-sammata tathA zuddha bhASA kA prayoga kiyA, 1. 'bekana-vicAra-ratnAvalI', pR0 13 / 2. A0 ma0pra0 dvivedI : 'veNIsaMhAra', pR0 7 / 3. A0 ma0pra0 dvivedI : kumArasambhava, pR048 / 4. 'bekana-vicAra-ratnAvalI', pR0 7 / 5. uparivat, pR0 11 / 6. uparivat, pR0 67 / 7 'bhAminI vilAsa', pR0 83 / 8. uparivat, pR0 46 / 9. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'veNIsaMhAra', pR0 88 / 10. 'hindI-zikSAvalI, tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA', pR0 78 / 11. 'bekana-vicAra- ratnAvalI', pR0 43 / 12. uparivat / 13. 'bhAminIvilAsa', pR0 15 / 14. uparivat, pR0 117 / 15. uparivat, pR0 5 /

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110 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva apitu unakI asAdhAraNa garimA kA AdhAra yaha hai ki unhoMne anya lekhakoM ko TakasAlI bhASA meM likhane kI preraNA dI, unakI likhI huI kRtiyoM kA apekSita sudhAra kiyA aura unakA mArgadarzana karake unhe isa yogya banAyA ki ve kAlAntara meM hindI - sAhitya ke vikhyAta sAhityakAra bana sake / bhASA sambandhI jitanA lacarapana unake sAmane AyA, usakI unhone acchI khoja-khabara lI / jahA~ eka aura ve navIna lekhakoM aura kaviyo ko protsAhita kara nirmANa kArya meM lagAne kI ceSTA karate the, vahA~ dUsarI ora unakI racanA ke samasta doSoM se bacane ke lie kaThora niyantraNa aura AlocanAbhara karate rahe / durbhAgyavaza, usa samaya hindI - sAhitya me pAsa acche zabdakoza, vyAkaraNa evaM mAnya kasauTiyoM kI kamI thii| isa kAraNa dvivedIjI ne nijI lekhana aura sampAdana bhI bar3I sAvadhAnI se kiyA / unakA lakSya bahudhA bhASA kI zuddhatA kI ora rahatA thA / aura, apane isa lakSya meM ve kisa sImA taka saphala hue, isakA anumAna paM0 vizvanAthaprasAda mizra kI adholikhita paMktiyoM se lagAyA jA sakatA hai : "bhASA ke pariSkAra me dvivedIjI ne jaisA kAma kiyA, vaisA kAma eka hI vyakti ne kisI bhASA meM nahI kiyA hogA / jitanA zuddha unhoMne akele zarIra se kiyA, utanA kisI hindI ke mahArathI ne na kiyA hogA / " " nizcaya hI, dvivedIjI dvArA kiyA gayA bhASA-saMskAra - viSayaka kArya bar3A hI anUThA, aitihAsika evaM mahattvapUrNa hai / DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne likhA hai : " dvivedIjI ne cAra prakAra se bhApA-sudhAra karake khar3I bolI ke pariSkRta aura parimArjita rUpa kI pratiSThA kii| unhone dUsaro ke doSoM kI tIvra AlocanA kI, sampAdaka pada se 'sarasvatI' ke lekhako kI racanAoM kA sazodhana kiyA aura karAyA, apane patnI, sambhASaNoM, bhUmikAoM aura sampAdakIya nivedanoM dvArA kaviyo aura lekhakoM ko unake doSoM ke prati sAvadhAna kiyA, aura sAhityakAroM ke granthoM kI bhASA kA bhI samaya-samaya para saMzodhana kiyA / 2 dvivedIjI ne apanI katipaya samIkSA-pustakoM tathA 'sarasvatI' meM 'pustaka - samIkSA' stambha meM dUsaroM kI kRtiyoM kI truTiyoM kI jama kara AlocanA kI hai / lekhaka bhASAsamvandhI doSoM se baceM, manamaujI azobhana prayogo se racanA ko bhAnumatI kA piTArA na banAye-- isa kAraNa kaThora anuzAsana evaM nirmANa-nirmama bhASA dvArA ve unapara prahAra karate the| 'hindI - kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA' me unakI oja pUrNa samIkSA-zailI dIkhatI hai : "anuvAdaka mahodaya ne vyAkaraNa- niyamo kI bahuta kama svAdhInatA svIkAra kI hai| kahIM kiyA hai, to kartA nahIM aura karttA hai, to kriyA nahI / kAraka cihnoM kI to atizya 1. paM0 vizvanAthaprasAda mizra : 'hindI kA sAmayika sAhitya', pR0 23 / 2. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 205 /

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 111 avahelanA huI hai| jahA~ kahI mUla meM samApikA kriyA hai, vahA~ anuvAda meM manamAnI asamApikA aura jahA~ amamApikA hai, vahA~ samApikA kara dI hai| kahIM eka ke sthAna meM do-do kriyAe~ rakhI gaI haiM ora kahIM eka bhI nhiiN| kAla aura vacana-vicAra ko kI aneka sthaloM para tilAMjali milI hai| ina mahAn doSoM ke kAraNa bhASA-padyoM kA ThIka-ThIka anvaya hI nahIM ho sakatA / yahI dazA prAyaH sAre anuvAda kI hai|..."1 dvivedIjI kaTu AlocanA ke sAtha-sAtha bhASA ke zuddha evaM pariSkRta rUpa kI ora saketa bhI karate calate the| cuTIlI zailI meM tadbhava zabdoM ke abhiprAya-rahita prayoga kI vigarhaNA karate hue inhoMne komala bhAva ke anukUla saMskRta ke zrutimadhura zabdoM ko apanAne kA Agraha kiyA hai| "ThaNDa" ke jhuNDa ko to dekhie / zIta aura zItala ko arddha candra dekara jahA~-jahA~ AvazyakatA par3I hai, prAyaH 'ThaNDa' kA hI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| 'caMca' athavA 'coMca' zabda nahIM Ane pAyA, apanAyA hai 'ttoNtt'| "palAza' aura 'kiMzuka' kA prayoga nahIM huA, huA hai 'TesU' kA / 'pAthara DherI', 'dhanuDora', nevAr3I' kI madhuratA to dekhie / 'kumArasambhavabhASA' meM anuvAdakajo ne 'baje ju TuTata saptaRSi hAthara' 'TuTe tAra kI bIna samAnA' likhA thA, isameM 'TuTI mAla bikharI laTeM base agara sanakesa' likha diyA / TUTanA kriyA se adhika sneha jAna par3atA hai| 'asta honA' syAt kaTu thA, jisase 'DUbanA' likhA gyaa| anuvAdaka jI abhI taka 'ThaNDa' ke pIche par3e the, chor3ate-chor3ate use chor3A, to usake sthAna me 'jAr3A' likha diyA / IMTa na sahI patthara shii||2 _ 'hindI-zikSAvalI, tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA','hindI-kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA' aura 'samAlocanAsamuccaya' jaisI pustakAkAra samIkSA-kRtiyoM ke atirikta dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' meM AlocanArtha AI pustakoM kI samIkSA karate hue bhI bhASagata truTiyoM kI ora lekhaka evaM pAThakavRnda kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai / jaise, zrIkezavarAma bhaTTa kI pustaka 'hindI-vyAkaraNa' meM prayukta 'zAstrI aura vaijJAnika viSayoM' jaise pado kI AlocanA unhoMne kI hai : __ "zAstrI' kI jagaha 'zAstrIya' kyoM nahI ? yadi zAstrI hI likhanA thA, to 'vaijJAnika' kI jagaha 'vijJAnoM' kyoM nahIM likhA ?3 paM0 sudhAkara dvivedI kI pustaka 'rAmakahAnI' kI samIkSA karate hue bhI dvivedIjI ne bhASA ke bemelapana kI ora saMketa kiyA hai : 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'hindI-kAlidAsa ko samAlocanA', pR0 34 / 2. uparivat, pR0 43 / 3. sarasvatI, bhAga 6, saMkhyA 1, pR0 283 /

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112 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva 'isa pustaka kI bhASA na hindI hai, na urdU, na gavArI hai| vaha ina sabakI khicar3I hai| kisI kI mAtrA kama hai, kisI kI adhika / gehU~, cAvala, tila, urada Adi sAta dhAnya koI kama koI adhika saba eka meM gaDDabaDDa kara dene se jaise kaI boliyoM kI khicar3I kI hai|' 1 ina samIkSAoM ke atirikta dvivedIjI ne nAga-sudhAra ke uddezya se kaI lekha bhI likhe, jinakI bar3I carcA tatkAlIna sAhityika vAtAvaraNa meM rahI / 'dezavyApaka bhASA' (san 1903 I0), 'dezavyApaka lipi' (san 1905 I0) aura 'bhASA aura vyAkaraNa)', sarasvatI, navambara, 1905 I0) zIrSaka unake nibandha aise hI hai| inameM bhI antima nibandha to hindI-sAhitya ke bhASA-viSayaka vivAdo me apanA viziSTa mahattva rakhatA hai| 'bhASA aura vyAkaraNa' zIrSaka apane isa nibandha me bhASA ke antargata vyAkaraNa ke mahattva ko dikha lAte hue dvivedIjI ne hindI ke kaI svargIya mahArathiyoM kI bhASAgata truTiyo ke udAharaNa diye hai, yathA : 1. "merI banAI vA anuvAdita vA saMgraha kI huI pustako ko zrIbAbUrAmadIna siMha 'khaDgavilAsa' ke svAmI kA kula adhikAra hai aura kisI ko adhikAra nahIM ki. chApe-bhAratendu harizcandra ('bakarI-vilApa' kI pITha para vAlI noTisa, 23 sitambara, 1882 ii0)| 2. "auraMgajeba ne takhta para baiThakara apanA lakaba AlamagIra rakkhA / multAna ke pAsa taka dArAzikoha kA pIchA kiyaa| lekina jaba sunAki dArAzikoha multAna se sandhi kI tarapha bhAga gayA aura zujA baMgAla meM AtA hai, phaurana ilAhAbAda kI tarapha mudd'aa| - rAjA zivaprasAda (itihaas-timirnaashk)| 3. yaha eka pustaka nAgarI meM hai / ... jinako ye donoM pustaka lenI hoM .... zAhajahA~pura se maMgA leN| .... tRtIya bhAga meM niSedhakoM ke ApattiyoM aura kalyANAoM ke vidhipUrvaka uttara haiN|"-kaashiinaath khtrii| _____ isI prakAra bhAratendu harizcandra, rAjA zivaprasAda, gadAdhara siMha aura rAdhAcaraNa gosvAmI kI kRtiyoM ke anya cAra udAharaNa bhI bhASAgata truTiyoM ke sandarbha meM unhoMne diye haiN| sAtha hI, unhoMne ina truTiyoM kA saMzodhana bhI kiyA hai, yathA : 1. '... anuvAdita ... pustakoM ko chApane kA zrI bAbU... ki unheM yA unako chaape|'- 'bkrii-vilaap'|| __2. '... pAsa taka usane dArAzikoha ... jaba usane sunA ... phaurana vaha ilAhAbAda ... / ' 3. '... yaha pustaka ... donoM pustakeM ... niSedhakoM kI ApattiyoM aura kalpanAoM ... / ' 1. sarasvatI (san 1909 I0), pR. 45 /

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sampAdana kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 113 isa prakAra, bhASAdoSa evaM unameM sudhAra ke udAharaNa dekara dvivedIjI ne 'bhASA aura vyAkaraNa' zIrSaka ukta nibandha meM hindI-bhASA kI anyAnya truTiyoM kA bhI nirdeza kiyA aura use vyAkaraNasammata banAne para bala diyA / isa krAntikArI nibandha ne samUce hindI - jagat ko cauMkA diyaa| paM0 gaMgAprasAda agnihotrI, zrIdhara pAThaka, padmasiMha zarmA Adi vidvAn to isa lekha para mugdha ho gaye / parantu kucha loga dvivedIjI ke prastuta nibandha meM diye gaye bhAratendu-sadRza mahApuruSoM kI truTiyoM ke udAharaNoM ke kAraNa bar3e aprasanna hue| aise logoM meM 'bhArata mitra' - sampAdaka bAlamukunda gupta agraNI the / 'bhASA aura vyAkaraNa' nibandha meM prayukta 'anasthiratA' zabda ko lekara kruddha guptajI ne 'AtmArAma' ke nAma se 'bhAratamitra' kI dasa sakhyAo meM 'bhASA kI anasthiratA' zIrSaka lekhamAlA chApI / isa nibandhamAlA meM guptajI ne bar3I sajIva aura vyaMgyapUrNa zailI meM dvivedIjI kI samIkSA prastuta kI / yathA : phira harizcandra jaisA vidyAzUnya AdamI, jisane lAkhoM rupaye hindI ke lie svAhA kara DAle aura pacAsoM hindI ke grantha raca DAle, bhalA vaha kyA eka pUre paune do vAkya kA vijJApana zuddha likha sakatA thA ? kabhI nahI, tIna kAla meM nhiiN| chApevAle kabhI nahIM bhUle, harizcandra hI bhUlA; kyoki vaha vyAkaraNa nahI jAnatA thA / na to use karma ke cihna 'ko' kA vicAra thA, na vaha sarvanAma kI jarUrata kI khabara rakhatA thA / kyA acchA hotA ki dvivedIjI kA do darjana sAla pahale janma hotA aura harizcandra ko apane ziSyoM meM nAma likhAne tathA kucha vyAkaraNa sIkhane kA avasara mila jAtA / athavA yahI ki do darjana varSa harizcandra aura jItA, jisase dvivedIjI se vyAkaraNa sIkha lene kA avasara use mila jAtA / "1 'AtmArAma' ke isa prativAda kA muhator3a uttara govindanArAyaNa mizra ne 'hindI - vaMgavAsI' meM prakAzita apanI lekhamAlA 'AtmA kI TeM-TeM' dvArA diyA / isa bhASA vivAda meM 'sudarzana', 'veMkaTezvara-samAcAra' Adi pattoM ne bhI bhAga liyA / san 1906 I0 meM dvivedIjI ne 'bhASA aura vyAkaraNa' zIrSaka apane dUsare nibandha meM guptajI tathA anya sabhI AlocakoM kI mAnyatAoM kA tarkasaMgata khaNDana kiyaa| bhASA vivAda kA yaha jhagar3A varSoM taka claa| isa jhagar3e ke phalasvarUpa sampUrNa hindI - jagat kA dhyAna sAhitya samIkSA se haTakara bhASA - samIkSA kI ora AkRSTa ho gayA / dvivedIjI yahI cAhate the / dvivedIjI ke prayAsa se hindI lekhakoM meM bhASA ko lekara sajagatA vyApta ho gaI / usa samaya cala rahe vibhinna vivAdoM meM eka mahattvapUrNa vivAda vibhaktiyoM ko mUla zabda se saTAkara athavA haTAkara likhane ke prazna para calA / saTAUvAda ke samarthaka govindanArAyaNa mizra, ambikAprasAda vAjapeyI, jagannAthaprasAda caturvedI Adi the. 1. DaoN0 rAmavilAsa zarmA : 'bhAratendu harizcandra', pR0 17 para uddhRta |

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114 ] AcAryaM mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva aura haTAUvAda ke pakSadhara lAlA bhagavAna dIna, rAmacandra zukla, bhagavAnadAsa hAlanA Adi the / dvivedIjI adhikAMzataH vibhaktiyoM ko haTAkara likhane ke pakSa meM the, phira bhI unakA mata suvidhAnusAra saTAkara yA haTAkara likhane kA thA / dvivedI yuga me lekhanI - yuddhoM kA jo vAtAvaraNa taiyAra ho gayA, usake phalasvarUpa dvivedIjI ke bhASA-sambandhI Adarzo ko pracAra evaM prasAra milA / bhASA ke sambandha me dvivedIjI kI nIti udAra thI / ve sAdhAraNatayA saMskRta, urdU, a~garejI Adi sabhI bhASAoM ke una sarala zabdoM ke vyavahAra ke pakSapAtI the, jinako prayoga me lAne se bhAva - prakAzana me vizeSa bala ke Agamana kI sambhAvanA ho / zabdacayana, vAkyagaThana evaM bhAvavyaMjanA kI saralatA kI dizA meM bhI dvivedIjI ne Adarza upasthita kiyA / apane ina prayatnoM dvArA unhoMne vyAkaraNa aura bhASA-sambandhI bhUloM ko dUra kara hindI bhASA ko vizuddha banAyA aura muhAvaroM kI calatI bhASA kA sundara upayoga kara usameM bala evaM saundarya kA saMcAra kiyA | DaoN0 zakaradayAla cauRSi ke zabdoM meM : "unhone bhASA kA parimArjana, svarUpa-saMgaThana tathA vaiyAkaraNI bhUlo kA parihAra karake zuddha, vyAvahArika evaM vaidhAnika bhASA kI prANa-pratiSThA kI / vAkya-racanA, vAkya-vinyAsa, virAma cihnoM, praghaTTaka Adi kI hindI meM unhoMne sthAyI vyavasthA kI / unhoMne bhASA ke antara tathA bAhya svarUpa meM bhI ekatA lAne kA sabala prayatna kiyA / dvivedIjI ne apanI dUra dRSTi se hindI ke ujjvala bhaviSya kI dekhakara use mahAn uttaradAyitva ke vahana karane yogya banAne kA saMkalpa kiyA thA / 1 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdaka ke rUpa meM dvivedIjI ko anya lekhakoM kI racanAoM ke samparka meM Ane kA bharapUra avasara milA thA / 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzanArtha bhejI gaI svIkRta athavA asvIkRta racanAoM kI pANDulipiyA~ yaha pramANita karatI hai ki usa yuga ke lekhakoM kA lekhana bhASAgata truTiyoM se bharA hotA thA / dvivedIjI ne ina sArI truTiyoM kA saMzodhana kiyA / unake dvArA kiye gaye bhASA sudhAra kA eka mahattvapUrNa adhyAya inhIM saMzodhanoM se nirmita hotA hai / dvivedIjI ne sabakI racanAoM kA saMzodhana kiyA hai, parivartana kiyA hai, kAyAkalpa kiyA hai| eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai / paM0 girijAdatta vAjapeyI ne eka kahAnI likhI, usakA mUla rUpa isa prakAra thA : eka purAne buDDhe paNDita aura unakI yuvA patnI "paNDitajI kI avasthA karIba 45 varSa kI hai aura strI kI 20 varSa / paNDitajI bahuta vidvAn manuSya haiM aura pustakeM likhI haiN| saptAha meM do-eka dina unhoMne samAcAra yA mAsika pattoM ke lie lekha likhane ko niyata kara liyA / aura, 1. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI yuga kI hindI - gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana, pR0 157-158 /

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 115 paNDitajI ne hamase kahA ki inhIM dinoM meM vizeSakara jaba vaha kucha likhate hote haiM, taba unakI yuvA patnI unako bAtacIta meM lagAnA cAhatI hai| yaha paNDitAnI svarUpavAna haiM aura kucha par3hI-likhI bhI haiM aura vayas meM bahuta kama haiN| -girajAdatta bAjapeI / - isa avataraNa kA saMzodhana dvivedIjI ne isa prakAra kiyA : paNDita aura paNDitAnI "paNDitajI kI avasthA karIba 45 varSa kI hai aura unakI patnI kI 20 varSa kii| paNDitajI a~garejI aura saMskRta donoM meM vidvAn haiM aura kaI pustakeM likha cuke haiN| saptAha meM do-eka dina unhoMne samAcAra-patra aura mAsika pustako ke lie lekha likhane ko niyata kara liyA hai| vizeSakara inhIM dinoM meM, arthAt jaba ve kucha likhate hote haiM, taba unakI yuvA patnI unako vAtacIta meM lagAnA cAhatI hai| paNDitAnI svarUpavatI hai, aura kucha par3hI-likhI bhI haiM, umara meM bahuta kama haiM hii| -janavarI, 1903 I0, girijAdatta vAjapeyI aise saMzodhanoM se 'sarasvatI' kA rUpa-zRgAra hotA thaa| usa yuga meM vattanI kI azuddhi sAdhAraNa bAta thii| bhASA kA parimArjana karane ke lie vartanI ke zuddhIkaraNa para dvivedIjI ne vizeSa dhyAna diyA / apane saMzodhanoM dvArA unhoMne usa samaya sAhitya-jagat meM padArpaNa kara rahe jina sAhityakAro kI bhASA-zailI ko sahI mArga dikhAyA, unameM mizrabandhu, kAzIprasAda, pramathanAtha bhaTTAcArya, veMkaTezanArAyaNa tivArI, kAmatAprasAda guru, govindavallabha panta, pUrNasiMha, bAbUrAva viSNu parAr3akara, rAmacandra zukla, vRndAvanalAla varmA, maithilIzaraNa gupta, badarInAtha bhaTTa, gaNezazaMkara vidyArthI, zrImatI baMgamahilA, rAmacarita upAdhyAya, sUryanArAyaNa dIkSita, satyadeva, lAlA pArvatInandana, kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla, lakSmIdhara vAjapeyI, giridhara zarmA,santanihAla siMha,mAdhava rAva sapre Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| isa sUcI ke adhikAMza sAhityakAra paravartI kAla meM hindI-sAhityetihAna meM apanI pratibhA evaM bhASA-zailI ke kAraNa aitihAsika gaurava ke adhikArI bane / ina sabakI isa unnati kA rahasya dvivedIjI kI usa lekhanI meM thA, jisake dvArA inakI racanAe~ saMzodhita hokara kramazaH prauDhatA ko prApta kara sakI thiiN| dvivedIjI ne saMzodhana dvArA hindI ke tatkAlIna lekhaka-samAja kI varNa evaM zabdagata lekhana-truTiyoM, saMjJA, sarvanAma, vizeSaNa, kriyA, avyaya, liMga, vacana, kAraka, pratyaya, AkAMkSA, yogyatA, sandhi, vAcya Adi kI vyAkaraNagata truTiyoM tathA virAmAdi cihnoM, avacchedoM, muhAvaroM, punarukti, jaTilatA Adi anyAnya doSoM kA parihAra kara hindI ke anizcita svarUpa ko sthiratA dene kA aitihAsika kArya kiyaa| bhASA ko sudhArane kA yaha kArya ve patroM-bhASaNoM Adi dvArA bhI kiyA karate the / udAharaNa ke lie, seTha govindadAsa ke nAma likhe gaye unake eka hI patra ko uddhRta karane se unakI prabala bhASA-sudhAraka pravRtti kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai :

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116 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva zrImatAMvara, __ sAgara ke sammelana meM kiye gaye Apake isa abhibhASaNa kI eka kApI mujhe prApta huii| usa para likhA hai - vaktA kA premopahAra / upahAra ko maiMne sAdara grahaNa kiyaa| isake Arambha kA zloka mujhe bahuta pasanda aayaa| usapara aura usake Age bhI jo do zloka bhAgavata meM isI taraha ke haiM, unapara bhI merI bar3I bhakti hai| zrImadbhAgavata merA sabase pyArA grantha hai| abhibhASaNa meM pR0 15 para 'striyopayogI' zabda khaTakatA hai / jarA Apa bhI vicAra kara liijie| anta ke padyoM kI antima paMkti meM 'karake' meM 'ke' adhika jAna par3atA hai| prasanna hoNge| zubhAnudhyAyI mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI isI prakAra, anyAnya sAhityakAroM ke nAma likhe gaye unake patra meM bhI bhASA ko sudhArane kI sIkha milatI hai / bhASaNoM kI bhI yahI dazA hai / spaSTa hai ki hindI-bhASA ke saMskAra evaM pariSkAra kA kArya dvivedIjI ne bar3I lagana aura niSThA ke sAtha kiyaa| unhIM ke zrama se hindI-bhASA kA vartamAna vyAkaraNasammata evaM parimArjita rUpa nikharA hai| DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu ne ThIka hI likhA hai : "unakA sabase bar3A kRtitva yaha hai ki unhoMne bhASA-sambandhI eka nayA pratimAna hI prastuta kiyaa| bhAva aura bhASA, viSayavastu aura upAdAna, chanda aura rUpa, gati aura paramparA kI dRSTi se sAhitya ke kSetra meM anekamukhitA ke kAraNa jo avyavasthA aura asthiratA AI, unake samagra jIvana kI tapasyA usI ko vyavasthita aura sucAru rUpa dene meM samarpita huI hai|" isa prakAra. bhASA-sudhAra evaM lekhaka-nirmANa jaise mahattvapUrNa kAryoM ko jisa padapara rahakara dvivedIjI ne sampanna kiyA, vaha sampAdakatva hI unakI kItti kA mukhya AdhAra kahA jAyagA / ve apane yuga ke zIrSastha sampAdaka the| Aja bhI una jaisI pratibhA aura parizrama se sampanna dUsarA sampAdaka hindI-jagat ko nahIM mila sakA hai| dvivedIjI sampAdana-kalA ke apratima Adarza the| unakI sampAdana-kalA ne hindI-saMsAra meM Adhunika patrakAritA kA zrIgaNeza kiyaa| 'sarasvatI' kA bahuvidha rUpa-zRgArapUrvaka pAThakoM ke saba prakAra se yogya banAne ke lie usameM nAnA viSayoM kA samAveza 1. seTha govindadAsa : 'hindI-pravartaka', bhASA : dvivedI-smRti-aMka, pR0 44 / 2. DaoN. lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu : 'hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa', bhAga 13, pR0 20 /

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sampAdana-kalA evaM bhASA-sudhAra [ 117 karake dvivedIjI ne jisa kauzala ke sAtha prastutIkaraNa kiyA, unakA koI misAla nahIM hai| unake samaya kI 'sarasvatI' ke panne-panne para dvivedIjI kI kalA aura pratibhA kI muhara lagI huI hai| prUpha-saMzodhana, racanAoM ke saMzodhana evaM viSaya-saMyojana se lekara sampAdakIya TippaNiyoM taka meM dvivedIjI kA pasInA bahatA thA / zrInArAyaNa caturvedI ne likhA hai : ___ "niyamita rUpa se isa prakAra sampAdakIya TippaNiyA~ likhanA hindI-mAsika patroM meM zAyada sabase pahale 'sarasvatI' ne hI Arambha kiyA thaa|'' __ vAstava meM, dvivedIjI kI 'sarasvatI' ne patrakAritA evaM sAhityika upalabdhiyoM kI aneka dizAoM meM pahalakadamI kI thii| aura, yaha dvivedIjI kI dena thii| niHsandeha, dvivedIjI athaka parizramI, karmaTha evaM Adarza sampAdaka, bhASAsaMskAraka evaM hindI ke mahArathI the| 1. zrIzrInArAyaNa caturvedI : 'sarasvatI' kI kahAnI, sarasvatI-hIraka-jayantI aMka, san 1961 I0, pR0 24 /

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paMcama adhyAya AcArya dvivedIjI kI gadyazailI (nibandha evaM AlocanA ) unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvAddha meM hI hindI gadya meM prANa-pratiSThApana kA kArya dhIre-dhIre prArambha ho gayA thaa| paM0 sadala mizra, sadAsukhalAla, lallUlAla, iMzA allA khA~ aura rAmaprasAda niraMjanI kI lekhanI kA sAhacarya pAtI huI hindI kI gadyadhArA san 1950 I0 ke AsapAsa urdU, saMskRta aura a~garejI ke trikoNa meM pha~sa gaI / rAjA lakSmaNasiMha aura zivaprasAda sitAre hinda kI kramaza. saMskRta- bahula evaM urdUmA bhASA ke sthAna para hindI gadya ko puSTa svarUpa dene kA kAma sabase pahale bhAratendu zrIharizcandra ne kiyA / tayugIna bhASA vivAda ko dUra karane kI dizA me bhAratendu ne sarala bhASA ke prayoga para bala diyA aura gadya kI viSayAnurUpa zailiyoM kA pravartana kiyA / parantu, bhASA-saMskAra evaM gadyazailI ke pariSkAra ke kSetra meM bhAratendu kI apanI sImAe~ thIM / ve svayaM paramparita lekhana se pUrI taraha nAtA nahIM tor3a sake the aura unake samakSa bhASAzailI kA koI Adarza mAnadaNDa bhI nahIM thA / bolacAla kI bhASA ko hI adhikAMzataH abhivyakti kA mAdhyama mAnate hue unhone gadyazailI ke nirmANa kI dizA meM jo kucha bhI kiyA, vaha eka prazaMsanIya prayAsa hI kahA jA sakatA hai / parantu, durbhAgyavaza bhAratendu ke bAda hindI kA gadya zailI ko sajIvatA pradAna karanevAlA unakI paramparA meM bAlamukunda gupta ke atirikta koI aura nahIM huA / sampUrNa bhAratendu-yuga kI gadyazailI ko gadya-nirmANa kI dizA me kiyA gayA eka zlAghanIya prayAsa hI kahA jAyagA, use kisI yuganirmiti ke rUpa meM nahIM svIkArA jA sakatA hai / DaoN0 lakSmIsAgara vASrNeya ne bhAratenduyugIna gadyazailI kI pravRttiyoM ke sandarbha meM likhA hai : 1 "AlocyakAla meM na to vrajabhASA kA prabhAva hI bilakula dUra hone pAyA thA aura na bhASA varttamAna kAla kI bhA~ti pariSkRta aura parimArjita hI ho pAI thI / svayaM bhAratendu harizcandra kI racanAoM meM vrajabhASA ke prayoga aura azuddhiyA~ milatI haiM / vAstava meM, Alocya kAla kA mahattva sAhitya kA naye-naye viSayoM kI ora pravRtta hone meM hai, na ki bhASA ke pariSkRta aura prAMjala rUpa meM / yaha dUsarA kArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke hAtha se honA badA thA / " " S 1. DaoN0 lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya : 'Adhunika hindI - sAhitya', pR0 59 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [-119 bhAratendu harizcandra ke nidhana evaM 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se dvivedIjI ke udaya ke bIca hindI-jagat meM caturdika arAjakatA vyApta ho gaI thii| bhASA, bhAva, vidhAna, zailI Adi se sambaddha Adarza ke abhAva meM usa samaya ke sabhI sAhityakAra eka aise ajIba-se cakravyUha phaMse the, jisase hindI ko koI vIra sAhasI abhimanyu-sarIkhA dRr3hapratijJa puruSa hI trANa dilA sakatA thaa| usa samaya kI sabase bar3I ulajhana to yaha thI ki sabhI apanI-apanI DaphalI lekara apanA rAga alApa rahe the, koI kisI ko nahIM sunatA thA / aisI paristhiti me eka aise svatantra manISI vyakti kI AvazyakatA thI, jo kisI ke jhUThe varcasva ko svIkAra na kare tathA apane svatantra vicAroM se bhASA ke kSetra meM mArgadarzana kre| kinta, arAjakatA-bhare usa vAtAvaraNa meM aisA karanA koI ha~sIkhela nahI thA / vahI isa kArya meM saphala ho sakatA thA, jisameM pratibhA kA sambala ho, viveka kI gaharI dRSTi ho, jIvana kI akhaNDa jyoti ho tathA kisI se na DaranevAlA sAhasa ho / saMyogavaza, AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ina sabhI caritna evaM lekhanIgata guNoM se lekara mAmane Aye / inakA vyaktitva prArambha se hI itanA ojasvI thA ki jo sAmane AtA thA, natamastaka ho jAtA thA aura jo ar3a gayA, vaha yA to TUTakara khaNDa-khaNDa ho gayA anyathA bAda meM svayaM inakI zaraNa meM A gyaa| apanI inhIM vizeSatAoM ke dvArA unhoMne apane samaya kI hindI-gadyazailI kA niyamana kiyA aura bhASA kA apratima sudhAra kiyaa| zrIpremanArAyaNa TaNDana' ne ThIka hI likhA hai : _ 'bIsavIM zatAbdI ke Arambha meM dvivedIjI ke prAdurbhAva ke samaya bhAva-prakAzana kA jo asthira aura aparipakva svarUpa dikhAI detA thA, usame sajIvatA aura bodhagamyatA kA puTa dete hue, prauDhatA aura bala kA saMcAra karate hue, jJAta aura ajJAta, prakaTa aura parokSa rUpa se apane samakAlIna lekhakoM kI racanAzailI para Adhipatya sthApita karate hue, vilakSatApUrNa aura camatkArayukta jisa navIna, vividha bhAva-pratipAdana-praNAlI ko dvivedIjI ne janma diyA, vahI Aja hindI-bhASA ke pracAra-prasAra aura hindI-sAhitya kI Adhunika unnati kA pradhAna kAraNa hai / "1 apane dvArA sampAdita patra 'sarasvatI' tathA anyAnya pustakoM dvArA dvivedIjI ne gadyabhASA kI sthiratA ke lie athaka prayAsa kiyaa| AcArya zivapUjana sahAya ne likhA hai : ___ "taba hindI-gadya ThIka jeTha kI gaMgA ke samAna thaa| usake uthale jala para halke vicAroM kI choTI naukAoM ko kuzala' sAhityika mallAha bahuta ma~bhAla kara khete the / dvivedIjI kI badaulata aba usI gadyadhArA meM gaharAI A gaI hai aura usakA vistAra aba bahuta bar3ha gayA hai, jisapara gambhIra bhAvoM aura gahana viSayoM ke bar3e-bar3e jalapota 1. zrIpremanArAyaNa TaNDana : 'dvivedI-mImAMsA', pR0 192 /

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120 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva sugamatA ke sAtha pAra ho jAte haiM / athaka parizrama se unhoMne hindI gadya ke dhuMdhale hIre ko lekara apanI pratibhA kI kharAda para bAra-bAra car3hAyA aura tabataka use car3hAte hI cale gaye, jabataka usake ananta pahaloM se abhUtapUrva AbhA na jagamagAne lagI / hindI gadya ko pariSkRta, parimArjita aura saMskRta banA diyA / usakI zailI meM arAjakatA ke sthAna meM eka niyamina sattA unhIM ke prayatna se sthApita ho gaI / bhAvI itihAsa - lekhaka suvyavasthita gadya kI cirasthAyI zailI kA sabase bar3A aura pratiSThita nAyaka dvivedIjI ko hI svIkAra karegA / " " ke yadi AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI gadya racanAoM ko sAhityika mahattA evaM guNoM kI dRSTi se parakhA jAya, to adhikAMzataH nirAza honA par3egA / unakI adhikatara gadyakRtiyA~ anuvAda hai, kucha dUsaroM kI racanAoM ke sarala vizleSaNa haiM, thor3e AlocanAtmaka nibandha haiM aura zeSa sAdhAraNa vividha viSayoM para likhe gaye TippaNI jaise lokapriya nibandha hai / ina sabakA apanA sAhityika mahattva nahI ke barAbara hai / parantu inameM bhASA aura zailI ke jisa rUpa ke darzana hote haiM, vahI dvivedIjI kI aitihAsika mahattA kA kAraNa hai / hindI gadya itihAsa me varNana - zailI kI apUrva pravAha se bharI huI hRdaya ko AkRSTa aura vimugdha karanevAlI jisa kalA kA pravarttana unhoMne kiyA, vahI unakI hindI - jagat kI sabase bar3I dena hai / bhASA ke nikhare hue rUpa aura zailI kI AkarSaka chaTA dvArA dvivedIjI ne hindI gadya kA zrRMgAra kiyA / unake samaya meM sAdhAraNa janatA ke bIca hindI bhASA ke pracAra kI samasyA ke sAtha yaha prazna bhI uTha khar3A huA thA ki janaruci ke anukUla kisa prakAra kI zailI kA prayoga kiyA jAya ? dvivedIjI ne isI uddezya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue 'kyA likhA jA rahA hai', isakI cintA kama kI tathA 'kaise likhA jAya' kI samasyA kA samAdhAna AjIvana kiyA aura likhane kI apUrva zailI ko nirmita karane meM kRtakArya bhI hue / AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne unakI isa upalabdhi evaM mahattA ko aitihAsika gaurava pradAna kiyA hai : "saca pUchA jAya, to saMsAra ke Adhunika sAhitya meM yaha eka adbhuta-sI bAta hai ki eka AdamI apane 'kyA' ke bala para nahIM, balki 'kaise' ke bala para sAhitya kA sraSTA ho gayA / sasAra bahuta bar3A hai, usakA sAhitya bhI choTA nahIM hai, isalie yaha dAvA to nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yaha ghaTanA kevala hamAre sAhitya meM hI huI hai, para itanA nizcita hai ki aisA hotA bahuta kama hai / 1. AcArya zivapUjana sahAya : 'zivapUjana racanAvalI', khaNDa 4, pR0 168-69 / 2. DaoN0 lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya : 'Adhunika hindI - sAhitya', pR0 58 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 121 sarvasAdhAraNa meM hindI-pracAra Andolana kA dvivedIjI ne zailI kI dRSTi se netRtva kiyA / hindI ke sahaja vikAsa evaM pracAra kI dRSTipatha meM rakhate hue unhoMne kahAnI kahane kI atyAkarSaka aura mugdhakArI zailI ke dvArA kaThina viSaya ko bhI sarala bhASA meM kahanA prArambha kiyA / isa navIna zailI ke pravartana kA prayAsa bhAratendu harizcandra ne kiyA thA, parantu bhASA ko mA~jakara zailI ko sunizcita gati pradAna karane kA kArya dvivedIjI ne hI kiyA / zailI ke svarUpa ko lekara sAhitya jagat meM carcAeM hotI rahI haiM / aura, isa sandarbha meM zailI tathA racanAkAra ke vyaktitva ke paraspara gaThabandhana para adhikAMza vicArakoM ne jora diyA hai / 'vyaktitva hI zailI hai'- isI bAta ko ghumA-phirAkara ek0 ela0 lukAsa, 1 je0 miDilaTana mare, 2 Ar0 e0 skaoNTajemsa, 3 baphana 4 aura haDasana" jaise pazcimI vicArakoM evaM zivadAnasiMha cauhAna, DaoN0 narendra 7, AcArya nandadulAre vAjapeyI' prabhRti bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne bhI kahA hai / zailI aura vyaktitva ke anyonyAzrita sambandhoM kI isa pRSThabhUmi meM zailI ko pratyeka abhivyakti kA sAdhAraNa dharma nahIM, viziSTa abhivyakti kA sahaja dharma kahA jA sakatA hai / parantu, dvivedI-yuga 9 F. L. Lucas. 2. J. Middleton Muray. 3. R. A. Scott James. 4. Buffon. 5. Hudson. 6. " sAhitya me zailI kA artha hai zabdacayana aura vAkyavinyAsa kA aisA DhaMga, jo lekhaka ke vyaktitva aura usake vicAra aura mantavya ko pUrNa rUpa se vyakta kara sake / jisa lekhaka kI bhASA usake vicAroM ke anurUpa ho, unheM adhikase-adhika mArmika aura suspaSTa DhaMga se vyakta kara sake, usI zailI ko hama acchI yA zreSTha zailI kaha sakate haiM / " - zrIzivadAna siMha cauhAna : 'AlocanA ke mAna', pR0 151 / 7. " zailI ke do mUla tattva haiM - eka vyakti-tattva aura dUsarA vastu-tattva | ..... vAstava meM, zailI ke vyakti tattva aura vastu tattva meM vyakti tattva hI pradhAna hai, usI ke dvArA zailI ke bAhya upakaraNo kA samanvaya anekatA meM ekatA kI sthApanA karatA hai / " - DaoN0 nagendra : 'bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kI bhUmikA', pu0 53 / 8. "Aja zailI kA prayoga kalA aura zilpa ke samasta upakaraNoM kI abhivyakti ke lie kiyA jAtA hai / " - A0 nandadulAre vAjapeyI : 'nayA sAhitya : naye prazna', pR0 23 /

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122 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva meM hindI-saMsAra kI paristhitiyA~ viziSTa zailI kI abhivyaMjanA ke adhika anukala nahIM thiiN| usa yuga meM vyaktitva-zUnya sArvajanika zailI ko hI mahattA evaM lokapriyatA mila sakatI thI ! dvivedIjI kI racanAoM meM isI kAraNa unake vyaktitva kA aMza kama dIkhatA hai aura janaruci ke anukUla bhASAzailI kA pravAha unakI racanAoM meM sarvatra dIkhatA hai| logoM ko samajhAne meM apane pANDitya ko bhUlakara par3hanevAle ke stara para Akara likhanA dvivedIjI kI lekhana-prakriyA kI pramukha vizeSatA thii| vAstava meM, bhAratendu-yuga me dvivedI-yuga taka hindI kA gadya-lekhana vartamAna sAhityika tarkakarkaza garimA nahIM dhAraNa kara sakA thaa| tarkaparNa gambhIra zailI to AcArya rAmacandra zukla ke prAdurbhAva ke bAda hindI meM aaii| isake pahale hindI-gadya ke nirmANa evaM saMskAra kI sArI prakriyAe~ janasAdhAraNa ke anukUla dharAtala para bhAratendu evaM dvivedIjI prabhRti yuganetAoM ne sampanna kii| bhAratendu aura unake bAlamukunda gupta jaise anuyAyiyoM ne nibandhoM meM nijI vaiyaktikatA ko mukhara kiyA hai, parantu unakI zailI mUlataH janasAdhAraNa ke anukUla hI rhii| aisI hI zailI hinTI-sAhitya ke Adhunika kAla meM prathama do caraNoM meM gadya kI pratinidhi zailI banI rhii| isI zailI kA saMvahana isa avadhi kI patra-patrikAoM meM bhI huA hai / sAhitya-sarjana bhI una dinoM mukhya rUpa se kavivacanasudhA, harizcandracandrikA, bhAratamitra, brAhmaNa, hindI-pradIpa, sarasvatI, lakSmI Adi patrikAo meM hI sAmane AtA thA / ataeva, hindI-gadya ke ina prArambhika varSoM kI patrakAritA aura usame apanAI gaI mahaja bodha-sampanna zailI kA paraspara ghaniSTha sambandha mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa zailI ko DaoN. jekaba pI0 jaoNrja ne 'sArvajanika gadyazailI' kI saMjJA dI hai aura likhA hai : "sArvajanika gadyazailI kA AdhAra hai patrakAritA, jo pUrNa rUpa se sAdhAraNa janatA kI cIja huii| usakA sampAdaka sAdhAraNa kSamatAvAlA AdamI hai, usakA viSaya sAdhAraNa hai, yadi viSaya kucha mahattvapUrNa huA, to bhI vivecana sAmAnya hI rahegA, usakA uddezya hai janasAmAnya ko prabhAvita karanA aura ina sabake kAraNa usakI zailI bhI sAdhAraNa rahegI, jise sArvajanika gadyazailI ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jA sakatA hai| bolacAla kI bodhagamya bhASA, spaSTa pratipAdana evaM sarala-laghu vAkya-racanA se samanvita isa zailI meM sahajatA, sAdhAraNatA aura spaSTatA kI hI pradhAnatA hai| zrIbAlamukunda gupta ne isa zailI kA saphala prayoga kiyA hai, parantu dvivedIjI ne Ate hI sArvajanika gadyazailI ko viSayAnukUla adhika sahajatA pradAna kii| apane samaya meM 1. DaoN. jekaba pI0 jaoNrja : 'Adhunika hindI-gadya aura gadyakAra', pR0 37 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 123 vyApta hindI-gadya ke paNDitAUpana, urdUpana, kliSTatA aura AlaMkAritA ko dUra kara 'sarasvatI' ke sAmAnya pAThako ke samaya me AsAnI se samajha me A jAne yogya bhASAzailI meM unhoMne apane nibandhoM kI racanA kii| isa krama meM ve prathama zreNI kI patrakAritA kA Adarza sthApita karane kI dizA meM bhI saceSTa rhe| DaoN. jekaba pI0 jaoNrja ne likhA hai : "dvivedIjI kA kAla hamArI sArvajanika gadyazailI kA suvarNa-yuga rahA hai / unhoMne use sAdhAraNa patrakAritA ke stara se Upara uThAkara sAhitya ke udAtta dharAtala ke nikaTa pahu~cAyA aura apane isa prayatna meM ve isa ora bhI satata prayatnazIla the ki apanA gadya kahIM sArvajanika gadyazailI kI bhUmikA ko kho na baitthe|"1 sarala evaM spaSTa bhASA meM likhane kA kArya dvivedIjI svayaM karate the aura apane samaya ke anya sAhityikoM ko bhI isI sArvajanika zailI kA hI anusaraNa karane kI salAha dete the| unhoMne kaI sthAnoM para sarala evaM sahajabodhya bhASA kI apIla kI hai / yathA : "lekhakoM ko sarala aura subodha bhASA meM apanA vaktavya likhanA cAhie / unheM vAgADambara dvArA pAThakoM para yaha prakaTa karane kI ceSTA na karanI cAhie ki ve koI bar3I hI gambhIra aura bar3I hI alaukika bAta kaha rahe haiM |....hindii meM yadi kucha likhanA ho, to bhASA aisI likhanI cAhie, jise kevala hindI jAnanevAle bhI sahaja hI meM samajha jAyeM / "2 svayaM dvivedIjI ne sArvajanika gadyazailI kA kisa prakAra nirvAha kiyA thA, isakA anumAna unake eka-do gadya-avataraNoM para dRSTipAta karake lagAyA jA sakatA hai / bhalA isase bhI sarala bhASA ho sakatI hai ? ____ "vaha kauna-sI vastu hai, jo eka hokara bhI aneka hai, kucha na hokara bhI kucha hai, nirAkAra hokara bhI sAkAra hai, jJAnavAn hokara bhI jJAnahIna hai, dUra hokara bhI pAsa hai, sUkSma hokara bhI mahAn hai...."3 Izvara-sambandhI adhyAtma jaise kaThina viSaya para itanI sarala bhASA meM vivecana dvivedIjI ne kiyA hai| apanI aitihAsika TippaNiyoM meM kisI sthAna kA paricaya dete samaya unakI zailI vicitra prakAra se sarala dIkha par3atI hai| jaise somanAtha ke mandira ke bAre meM ve likhate haiM : "yaha mandira soma, arthAt candramA kA thaa| usake kharca ke lie dasa hajAra gA~va lage hue the| ananta ratnoM kI rAziyA~ mandira meM jamA thiiN| bAraha sau mIla dUra gaMgA 1. jekaba pI0 jaoNrja ; 'Adhunika hindI-gadya aura gadyakAra', pR0.109| 2. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 46 / 3. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 7, saMkhyA , pR0 321 /

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124 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva se roja gaMgAjala AtA thaa| usI meM mUtti-snAna hotA thaa| eka hajAra brAhmaNa pUjA ke lie aura sAr3he tIna sau nAcane-gAnevAle devamUtti ko rijhAne ke lie niyata the| yAtriyoM kI hajAmata banAne ke lie tIna sau nAI the| ina saba logoM kI tanakhvAha mukarrara thii| mandira meM lakar3I ke 50 khambhe the| usake Upara sIsA jar3A huA thaa| mUtti 5 hAtha u~cI thii| vaha eka a~dhere kamare meM thii| kamare meM ratnakhacita dIpaka jalate the| mUrti ke pAsa chata se sone kI jaMjIra laTakatI thii| usase 200 mana vajanI eka ghaNTA TaeNgA thaa| isa mandira kI lUTa se mahamUda gajanavI ko eka karor3a rupaye kA mAla milA thA / "1 choTe-choTe vAkyoM aura sarala zabdoM kA sundara prayoga isa vivaraNa meM milatA hai| tatkAlIna sArvajanika gadyazailI kA yahI svarUpa dvivedIjI ne sthApita kiyA thaa| sarala-sahaja evaM spaSTa zailI hone ke kAraNa isameM paricayAtmakatA kA AbhAsa milatA hai / aneka vidvAnoM ne dvivedIjI kI isa sarala evaM subodha zailI ko 'paricayAtmaka zailI' kI hI saMjJA dI hai| jisa prakAra koI gAiDa paryaTakoM ko samajhA-samajhAkara darzanIya sthalo kA paricaya detA hai, usI prakAra dvivedIjI ne bhI vividha viSayoM ke nirUpaNa ke lie sahaja bodhagamya paricaya denevAlI zailI apanAI hai| DaoN. vAsudevanandana prasAda ne likhA hai : "yoM to dvivedIjI kI gadyazailI meM anekarUpatA hai, parantu dvivedIjI kI racanAoM kI pratinidhi zailI paricayAtmaka hai / isameM sarala DhaMga se aura sarala bhASA meM vicAroM meM vyAkhyAtmakatA lAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| eka adhyApaka jisa prakAra apane 'chAtroM ko koI gambhIra viSaya bAra-bAra duharAkara samajhAtA hai aura use adhikAdhika bodhagamya banAne kI ceSTA karatA hai, usI prakAra kI ceSTA dvivedIjI ne apanI zailI dvArA kI hai|"2 saralatama bhASA meM gambhIratama bAta kahanA dvivedIjI kI zailI kA Adarza rahA / jaba kabhI unheM kisI gambhIra viSaya kI vivecanA karanI par3atI thI, ve apanI bhASA aura zailI dvArA apanI racanA meM gharelU vAtAvaraNa upasthita kara dete the| hindI kI * sahaja prakRti ke anukUla muhAvaroM, kahAvatoM, zabdoM Adi ko grahaNa karake pAThakoM ke samakSa 'meghadUta' ke rahasya taka ko sarala bhASA me rakha dete haiM : "jarA isa yakSa kI nAdAnI to dekhie / Aga, pAnI, dhue~ aura vAyu ke saMyoga se banA huA kahA~ jar3a megha aura kahA~ bar3e hI catura manuSyo ke dvArA bhejA jAne yogya sandeza / parantu, viyogajanya duHkha se vyAkula hue yakSa ne isa bAta kA kucha bhI vicAra 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 103 / 2. DaoN. vAsudevanandana prasAda : 'vicAra aura niSkarSa', pR0 122 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 125 na kiyA / " aura, isI prakAra kI sIdhI-sAdI bhASAzailI meM ve kathA - carcA bhI karate the / 'haMsa - sandeza' jaise kaThina kAvya kI kathA ko sarala zabdoM evaM sundara vAkyoM meM sajAkara dvivedIjI ne ina zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA hai : "mAmUlI bAteM ho cukane para haMsa ne matalaba kI bAta zurU kIM, jise sunane ke lie nala ghabarA rahA thA / usane kahA : mitra, tere lie eka ananya sAdhAraNa kanyA DhUr3ha meM mujhe bar3I hairAnI uThAnI pdd'ii| Upara jitane loka hai, matrakI khAka maiMne chAna DAlI / para eka bhI sarvottama rUpavatI mujhe na dekha par3I / taba maiMne TheTha amarAvatI kI rAha lI 1 hA~ para bhI maiMne eka-eka ghara DhU~r3ha DAlA / "2 sarala abhivyaMjanA kI yahI zailI AcArya dvivedIjI kI gadyazailI kA vizeSa mAdhurya thA / sahaja hI sabakI samajha meM A jAne yogya bhASA kA samarthana dvivedIjI ne jina joradAra zabdoM meM kiyA thA, 3 ve svayaM unake Adarza paripAlaka the / dvivedIjI kA bhAva- prakAzana evaM lekhana kauzala saralatA kI dRSTi se unake yuga kA Adarza thA / ' gA~voM meM kahAnI kahanevAle vaktA jisa bhA~ti apanI rasika zailI se zrotAoM ko mantramugdha kiye rahate hai, usI prakAra apanI rocaka zailI dvArA dvivedIjI ne apanI nipuNatA kA paricaya diyA / DaoN0 zrIkRSNalAla ne dvivedIjI kI isa sarala zailI kI tulanA mahAkavi gosvAmI tulasIdAsa kI kalA se kI hai : "gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ke 'rAmacaritamAnasa' meM jisa prakAra paurANika kalA kI pUrNatA milatI hai, usI prakAra mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI gadyazailI meM kahAnI kahane kI pUrNa parAkASThA hai / sarvasAdhAraNa meM hindI - pracAra-Andolana ke netA ke rUpa meM dvivedIjI kI adbhuta saphalatA kA rahasya unakI isa gadyazailI meM nihita hai / 4 vaise, dvivedIjI ne viSaya ke anusAra zailiyA~ apanAI haiM / 'sarasvatI' meM vividha viSayoM kI jAnakArI karAne ke uddezya se jo lekha yA TippaNiyoM kI sarjanA huI hai, unameM sarala, vyAvahArika evaM bodhagamya bhASAzailI hI apanAI gaI / kabhI-kabhI virodha, prazaMsA, mantavya yA samarthana, saMvedanAzI, AkSepa aura nirbhIkatA Adi ke spaSTa darzana bhI dvivedIjI kI zailI meM hote haiM / zailI kI ugratA, vakratA evaM bhAvAtmakatA ke 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'meghadUta', pR0 3 | 2. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 78 / 3. "jo 'kucha likhA jAtA hai, vaha isI abhiprAya se likhA jAtA hai ki lekhaka kA hRdgata bhAva dUsare samajha jaayeN| yadi isa uddezya hI kI saphalatA na huI, likhanA hI vyartha huA / " - AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 10 // 4. DaoN0 kRSNalAla : 'Adhunika hindI sAhitya kA vikAsa', pR0 109 /

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126 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva bIca bhI sArvajanika gadyazailI kA bhAva dvivedIjI kI mabhI gadyakRtiyoM meM sabase Upara dIkha par3atA hai| parantu isa sandarbha meM DaoN0 'rAmasakala rAya zarmA kI adholikhita paktiyA~ dhyAtavya haiM : "unako kisI eka racanA-vizepa ke sAtha na to bA~dhA jA sakatA hai, na kisI camatkArapUrNa vyAkhyA me unake zailIkAra ke vyaktitva ko ulajhAyA jA sakatA hai / bhAva-prakAzana ke tIna prakAra-vyaMgyAtmaka, AlocanAtmaka aura vicArAtmaka-unakI zailI me pAye jAte hai| kabhI-kabhI eka kRti meM tIno kA sundara mela milatA hai|"1 isa prakAra, bhASA eva zailI kI AtmA ke rUpa meM dvivedIjI ne sArvajanika gadyazailI ko grahaNa kiyA aura viSayoM kI anekarUpatA tathA bhAva-prakAzana kI dRSTi se mukhya rUpa se tIna zailiyA~ apnaaii| vyaMgyAtmaka zailI ko gadya me bhAratendu evaM unake sahayogiyoM ne bahuvidha vistAra diyA thA aura unameM vaiyaktika guNo kA samAveza kara usakI prANa-pratiSThA kI thii| AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne bhI isa zailI kA prayoga hindI-bhASA, sAhitya tathA bhArata kI dazA meM sudhAra ke nimitta kiyA hai / isa yuga meM bhASA-saMskAra tathA anyAnya samasyAo ko lekara jo sAhityika vivAda cala rahe the, unameM aisI hI vyaMgyAtmaka zailI kA prAdhAnya thaa| zrIbAlamukunda gupta isa zailI ke sarvazreSTha purodhA the| parantu, jahA~ kahIM bhI dvivedIjI ne isakA Azraya liyA hai, apanI pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| 'bhASA padya-vyAkaraNa' nAmaka pustaka kI samIkSA karate hue unhoMne vyaMgya kA bharapUra prayoga kiyA hai / yathA : ___ "hA~ mahArAja / Apa vidvAn, Apa AcArya, Apa pradhAna paNDita, Apa vikhyAta paNDita aura hama agAdha ajJa aura durjana; kyoMki hameM ApakI yaha vyAkaraNa toSaprada nhii| bhagavAna piMgalAcArya hI Apake isa chanda ke nAma-dhAma batAveM, to batA sakate haiM aura Apake isa samagra pATha kA artha bhI zAyada koI AcArya hI acchI taraha batA sakeM / ajJoM aura durjanoM kI kyA majAla, jo isa viSaya meM kucha kahane kA sAhasa kreN| aise hI spaSTa evaM tIkSNa vyaMgya kA paricaya dvivedIjI ne hindI kI tatkAlIna patra-patrikAoM kI avasthA para vicAra karate hue diyA hai| yathA : "... aura, hindI-bhASA meM sampAdana-kArya karanevAloM kI kuzalatA kI to itanI adhika unnati ho rahI hai, jisakA mApa bar3e-se-bar3e gaja, laThe aura jarIba se bhI nahIM ho sktii| isakA kAraNa yaha jAna par3atA hai ki hindI ke sampAdakoM ko sampAdana-kArya kI 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 185-186 / 2. DaoN0 rAmasakala rAya zarmA : 'dvivedI-yuga kA hindI-kAvya', pR0 72 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 127 yogyatA prApta karane kI mutalaka jarUrata nahIM / vaha unheM anAyAsa hI prApta ho jAtI hai, janma ke sAtha hI vaha unheM mila jAtI hai / .... . aura, isI se hindI ke nava-navodgata sampAdakoM me brahmA ne jahA~ yogyatA, udAratA, vidvattA, vivekazIlatA Adi kI ni. sIma sRSTi kI hai, hindI ke pAThako me ayogyatA, anudAratA, buddhihInatA aura avivekitA Adi durguNoM ko bhI ThUsa ThUsakara bhara diyA hai| phala yaha huA ki ve jJAna-vijJAna kI bAto se bhare hue patnoM kI bhI kadara nahI karate / koI kaisA hI acchA patra kyoM na nikAle, vaha mahIne hI do mahIne yA adhika-se-adhika varSa hI do varSa meM grAhaka yA pAThaka na milane se asta ho jAtA hai / " " apane yuga meM patra-patrikAoM kI adhogati kA pramukha kAraNa sampAdakoM kI alpajJatA evaM anubhavahInatA ko mAnakara dvivedIjI ne uparyukta paMktiyoM meM jisa pracchanna vyaMgya kA prayoga kiyA hai, vaha apane lakSya kI dRSTi se paryApta sArthaka evaM saTIka hai | vyaMgyAtmaka zailI kI atyanta sarala bolacAla kA sundara udAharaNa draSTavya hai : "isa myunisipailiTI ke ceyaramaina (jise aba kula loga kursImaina bhI kahane lage haiM) zrImatI 'bUcA zAha haiM / bApa-dAde kI kamAI kA lAkhoM rupayA Apake ghara bharA hai ! paDhe-likhe Apa rAma kA nAma hI haiN| ceyaramaina Apa sirpha isalie hue haiM ki apanI kAragujArI gavarnameNTa ko dikhAkara Apa rAyabahAdura bana jAe~, khuzAmadiyoM se ATha cauMsaTha ghar3I ghire raheM / myunisipailiTI kA kAma cAhe cale na cale, ApakI balA se / 2 -sAtha-hI-sAtha, dvivedIjI ne a~garejI aura phArasI tathA rUpakAdi alaMkAroM kI yojanA dvArA bhI vyaMgyavidhAna kI sarjanA kI hai| eka udAharaNa isa prakAra hai : "samAlocanA-sarovara ke haMsa hamAre samAlocaka mahAzaya ne hamArI tulanA eka vizeSa prakAra ke jalapakSI se kI hai / isa pakSI ko kinAre ke kIcar3a hI meM saba mila jAtA hai| thaiMka yU, jalapakSiyoM ke parIkSaka aura jubA~dAnI kA kIcar3a uchAlanevAle vIra ! Apane kabhI usa jalacara ko bhI dekhA hai, jo bhUkha ke mAre apane hAtha, paira, sira aura AtmA taka ko apane zarIra ke koTara meM chipAkara pAnI meM gotA lagA jAtA hai| vyaMgya ko dvivedIjI ne apanI nirbhIkatA evaM yaha zailI sampAdakIya garimA ke andara rahatI huI kI lokokti ko caritArtha karatI rahI / dvivedIjI kI udAharaNa unakI 'sarasvatI' kI phAiloM meM upalabdha spaSTokti kA vAhana banAyA thA / 'sA~pa bhI mare aura lAThI na TUTe' vyaMgyAtmaka gadyazailI ke agaNita yadi zUnya dRSTi se dekhA jAya, 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 60-70 / 2. zrIpremanArAyaNa TaNDana : 'dvivedI-mImAMsA', pR0 184 para uddhRta / 3. 'sarasvatI', bhAga 7, saMkhyA 2, pR0 77 /

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128 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva to dvivedIjI kI vyaMgyAtmaka zailI kA mUla svara AlocanAtmaka hI pratIta hotA hai| isa dRSTi se vyaMgyAtmaka zailI ko AlocanAtmaka zailI se abhinna pAte haiN| AcArya dvivedIjI kI AlocanAtmaka gadyazailI apane-Apa meM eka viziSTa lekhanazailI thii| isa dizA meM unakI zailI pradhAnata: vyAsAtmaka-sarala hai| kahI AdezapUrNa, kahIM ojapUrNa aura kahIM vivecanAtmaka DhaMga se dvivedIjI ne apanI AlocanAtmaka zailI ko maralatA tathA vyAmAtmakatA ke AvaraNa meM prastuta kiyA hai| unakI isa zailI ke sambandha meM zrIkamalezvaraprasAda bhaTTa ne likhA hai : "AlocanAtmaka racanAoM meM dvivedIjI ne jisazailI ko apanAyA hai, usameM saralatA ke sAtha gAmbhIrya aura prauDhatA hai| vaha ziSTa saMyata bhASA se yukta hai| unakI zailI kahIM-kahIM vyaMgyAtmaka bhI ho gaI hai|" __AlocanA ke prasaMga me apane samakAlIna sAhitya kA dizA-nirdeza karane ke uddezya se jaisI bhASAzailI kA prayoga dvivedIjI ne kiyA hai, usameM yuganetA ke anurUpa AdezAtmaka dhvani milatI hai / yathA : "kRccha-sAdhyajanoM ko cAhie ki kAlidAsa Adi satkaviyoM ke sAre prabandhoM ko Adyanta par3heM aura khUba vicArapUrvaka pddh'eN| itihAsoM kA bhI adhyayana kreN| tAkikoM kI ugra sandhi se dUra hI raheM / kavitA ke madhura saurabha ko usase naSTa hone se bacAte rheN| abhyAsa ke lie koI nayA padya likheM, to mahAkaviyoM kI zailI ko sadA dhyAna meM rkheN|"2 bhUle hue sAhitya-pathikoM ko ucita mArga dikhAne kI isa zailI ne dvivedIjI kI gadya-racanAoM ko eka upadezaka yA zikSaka kI kRti kA bAnA pahanA diyA hai| parantu, unakI AlocanAtmaka zailI sarvatra itanI hI sarala evaM zikSAprada nahIM hai / viSaya ke gAmbhIrya ke anurUpa zailI ko bhI gambhIra banA DAlane kI kalA meM dvivedIjI kuzala the| yathA : "kartavya-jJAna na hone athavA kartavya-karma kA sampAdana na karane se manuSya ko aneka du kha aura kaSTa sahane par3ate hai / deza, samAja aura sAhitya kA hrAsa aura hInatA bhI prAyaH karttavya-karma se parAGa mukha hone kA hI phala hai / kartavya kA pAlana na karane se zarIra aura AtmA taka ko nAnA prakAra kI vyAdhiyoM aura jarA-maraNa Adi dukhoM se abhibhUta honA par3atA hai| parantu, AlocanAtmaka zailI ke rUpa meM dvivedIjI kI 1. kamalezvaraprasAda bhaTTa : 'hindI ke pratinidhi AlocakoM kI gadyazailiyAM, pR0 34 / 2. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajaraMjana', pR0 35 / 3. AcArya mahavIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 36 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 129 pratinidhi zailI sarala evaM pravAhamayI bhASA kI hI hai / dvivedIjI kI AlocanAtmaka zailI kA yahI pramukha rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| ___AcArya dvivedIjI kI gadyazailI kA eka anya rUpa bhAvAtmaka bhI hai| bhAvAveza ke sacce hRdayodgAra isI zailI meM prakaTa kiye jAte haiN| dvivedIjI se pUrva ThAkura jagamohana siMha evaM bhAratendu harizcandra prabhRti ne isa zailI kA sundara prayoga kiyA thaa| mana kI bhAvukatA ko mArmika zailI meM prastuta karane kI kalA meM dvivedIjI ko saphalatA milI hai| DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne likhA hai : __"iSTa-mitroM kI mRtyu para zokAdgAra, marmasparzI paristhitiyoM meM Atmanivedana, 'damayantI kA candropAlambha' Adi meM hRdaya kI mArmika anubhUtiyoM ke abhivyaMjana kI zailI bhAvAtmaka hai / isa prakAra kI racanAoM meM kaTutA, jaTilatA, zithilatA, punarukti, anaucitya, grAmyatA, ADambara-pradarzana, asambaddhatA Adi doSoM se hIna prasanna, gambhIra, madhara, komala aura kAnta padAvalI meM hRdaya kA sajIva citra aMkita kiyA gayA hai|" udAharaNArtha, mArmika bhAvapravaNatA kA eka avataraNa hai : ___ "kUpamaNDUka bhArata tuma kabataka andhakAra meM par3e rahoge ? prakAza meM Ane ke lie tumhAre hRdaya meM kyA kabhI sadicchA hI nahIM jAgarita hotI ? pakSahIna pakSI kI taraha kyoM tumheM apane piMjar3e se bAhara nikalane kA sAhasa nahI hotA ? kyA tumheM apane purAne dinoM ko kabhI yAda nahI AtI ?"2 prastuta avataraNa meM dvivedIjI ne praznavAcaka vAkyoM ke saTIka prayoga dvArA deza-dazA kI mArmika vyAkhyA kI hai, jisake antarAla se unakI bhAvapradhAna zailI chalaka rahI hai| kaI sthAnoM para dvivedIjI ne alaMkAra-yojanA dvArA bhAvAtmakatA ko sahArA diyA hai| jaise : ___ "saba taraha ke bhAvoM ko prakaTa karane kI yogyatA rakhanevAlI aura nirdoSa hone para bhI yadi koI bhASA apanA nija kA sAhitya nahI rakhatI, to vaha rUpavatI bhikhAriNI kI taraha kadApi AdaraNIya nahIM ho sktii| apanI mA~ ko asahAya, nirupAya aura nirdhana dazA me chor3akara jo manuSya dUsare kI mA~ kI sevA-zuzrUSA meM rata hotA hai, usa adhama kI kRtaghnatA kA kyA prAyazcitta honA cAhie, isakA nirNaya to koI manu, yAjJavalkya yA Apastamba hI kara sakatA hai / "3 isa prakAra, bhAvapradhAna zailI bhI dvivedIjI kI eka pratinidhi zailI kahI jA sakatI hai / gambhIra-se-gambhIra evaM sAdhAraNa-se-sAdhAraNa viSaya kI vivecanA ke prasaMga 1: DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 262 / 2. AcArya mahAvIrapramAda dvivedI : 'sAhitya-samuccaya', pR0 67 / / 3. 'hindI-sAhitya-sammelana ke kAnapura-adhivezana meM svAgatAdhyakSa ke pada se diyA gayA bhASaNa', pR0 19 /

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130 ] AcArya mahAbIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva meM kisI mArmika avasara ke Ate hI dvivedIjI kI bhAvukatA isa zailI ke rUpa meM mukhara ho gaI hai / parantu, gambhIra viSayoM ke vivecana-krama meM dvivedIjI ne jisa zailI kA vinyAsa kiyA hai, usame AlocanAtmaka yA vyaMgyAtmaka zailI kA cuTIlApana evaM zikSAbhAva nahI hai tathA bhAvAtmaka zailI jaisI bhAvukatA ke bhI darzana usameM nahI hote / sarala vAkya, subodha zabda evaM pratipAdana kI spaSTa praNAlI ke hote due bhI kaI aneka gadya-grantha evaM racanAoM se yaha dhvani nikalatI hai ki ve gambhIra viSaya kI vivecanA se sampanna hai / dvivedIjI kI isa gadyazailI ko hama vivecanAtmaka yA varNanAtmaka yA gaveSaNAtmaka zailI kaha sakate haiM / ise hI katipaya vidvAnoM ne vicArAtmaka zailI kI sajJA bhI dI hai / aisI vicArAtmaka zailI kA eka hI udAharaNa paryApta hogA / "kavi ko deza aura kAla kI avasthA kA pUrA jJAna honA caahie| vaha manovijJanavettA ho aura manuSya ke caritra kA usane acchI taraha adhyayana bhI kiyA ho / sabase acchI kavitA vaha hai, jisameM jIvana kI sArthakatA ke upAya aura usake uddezya manohAraNI bhASA batalAye jAte haiM, manuSya ko acchI zikSA dI jAtI hai, use unnati kA mArga dikhAyA jAtA hai / " 1 isa prakAra, hama dekhate haiM ki dvivedIjI kI gadyakRtiyoM meM zailiyoM ke aneka bhedaprabheda milate hai / inameM AlocanAtmaka, vyaMgyAtmaka vicArAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka, varNanAtmaka, vivecanAtmaka ityAdi zailiyoM kI carcA aneka vidvAnoM ne kI hai / dvivedIjI kI gadya-racanAoM se adhyayana karanevAle vidvAnoM ne unakI praznavAcaka, saMlApAtmaka, vaktRtAtmaka, mUrttimattAtmaka, vyAsAtmaka ityAdi aneka zailiyoM kA sandhAna kiyA hai / parantu, jo zailI unakI pratinidhi zailI dIkha par3atI hai, usakA mahattva gadya racanA kI dRSTi se hai aura vaha zailI hai - sArvajanika gadyazailI / sarala, sarasa evaM bodhagamya bhASA meM apanI patrikA 'sarasvatI' ke pAThakoM ke manonukUla sAmagrI prastuta karane ke krama meM dvivedIjI ne pradhAnataH isa sArvajanika zailI kA hI paripAlana kiyA hai / DaoN0 jekaba pI0 jaoNrja ne likhA hai : "san 1903 se 1921 I0 ke aThAraha varSo ke athaka parizrama ke phalasvarUpa hindI ke sArvajanika gadya ko eka pariniSThita rUpa dene meM, usameM ucita vyavasthA jAne meM dvivedIjI nitAnta saphala hue / 2 patrakAritA kA apratima Adarza upasthita karane, hindI-bhASA ko jana-jana meM pracArita karane, hindI ko vividha viSayoM se sampanna karane evaM sarasa-sarala zailI ko 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza, pR0 1 / 2. DaoN0 jekaba pI0 jaoNrja : 'Adhunika hindI gadya aura gadyakAra', pR0 155 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 131 pravAhita karane kI dizA meM dvivedIjI ko sArvajanika gadyazailI hI sarvAdhika upayukta dIkha pdd'ii| unakI isa zailI ne hindI ko unnati kI vartamAna avasthA taka pahu~cane meM sahAyatA kI hai| dvivedIjI kI sArvajanika subodha gadyazailI kA hindI-jagat sarvadA RNI rhegaa| nibandha-kalA : itanA to sabhI jAnate haiM ki nibandha eka gadya-racanA hai, jisameM kisI viSaya yA viSayAMza para vicAra-vimarza rahatA hai / nibandha ke vAstavika svarUpa ko samajhane ke lie usake janmadAtA mautena ke kathana ko dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie : 'iTa ija mAiselpha Ai paarttre'| apane nibandhoM ko usane kAvya ke samAna abhivyakti kA mAdhyama svIkAra kiyA hai| sAmAnyata:, "nibandha zabda kA prayoga usa laghu yA maryAdita dIrgha AkAra kI gadyakRti ke lie hotA hai, jisameM anavasthiti ke sAtha-hI-sAtha nibandhakAra ke vyaktitva kI abhivyakti usakI nijI bhASAzailI meM hotI hai' kahakara haDasana ne evaM 'Adhunika pAzcAttya lakSaNoM ke anusAra nibandha usI ko kahanA cAhie, jisameM vyaktitva athavA vyaktigata vizeSatA ho'1 kahakara AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne bhI nivandhoM meM vyaktitva kI mahattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / bAbU gulAbarAya ke zabdoM meM : ___ "nibandha usa gadya-racanA ko kahate haiM, jisameM eka sImita AkAra ke bhItara kisI viSaya kA varNana yA pratipAdana, eka vizeSa nijIpana, svacchandatA, sauSThava aura sajIvatA tathA Avazyaka saMgati aura sambaddhatA ke sAtha kiyA gayA ho|"2 spaSTa hai ki nibandhakAra meM bhI nibandha ke ina lakSaNoM ke anurUpa svacchandatA, saralatA, ADambarahInatA tathA ghaniSThatA aura AtmIyatA ke sAtha usake vaiyaktika AtmaniSTha dRSTikoNa ke prakAzana kI kSamatA honI caahie| isa bhaoNti nibandhakAra samAja kA bhASyakAra aura Alocaka bhI hotA hai, ataeva samAjika pariveza kA jaisA spaSTa prabhAva nibandho para dIkha par3atA hai, vaisA anya vidhAoM para / nahIM isakA kAraNa yahI hotA hai ki nibandhakAra se pAThaka kA sIdhA sambandha rahatA hai| jo nibandhakAra patrikAoM ke mAdhyama se bhAvAbhivyakti karate hai, pAThako ke sAtha unakA aura bhI adhika pratyakSa tAdAtmya rahatA hai| nibandha vyakti kI mAnasika cetanA aura bhAvAtmaka anubhUti kA likhita rUpa hone ke kAraNa apane aneka rUpoM meM hamAre sAmane lAyA jAtA hai aura isa krama me vaha kevala tathyoM kA Akalana nahI, apitu sarala zailI meM abhivyakta lekhaka kA nijI dRSTikoNa hai| isI tathya ko dhyAna me rakhakara DaoN0 kanhaiyAlAla sahala ne nibandha ko paribhASita karate hue likhA hai : 1. AcArya rAmacandra zukla : 'hindI-sAhitya kA itihAsa', pR0 559 / 2. zrIgulAbarAya : 'kAvya ke rUpa', pR0 227 /

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132 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva ___ "nibandha sarala zailI meM abhivyakta kiyA huA lekhaka kA nijI dRSTikoNa hai, jisameM AkAralaghutA ke sAtha-sAtha gadya kI kalAtmakatA ke darzana hote hai / "1 ___ zrIjayanAtha nalina ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai : "nibandha svAdhIna cintana aura nizchala anubhUtiyoM kA sarasa, sajIva aura maryAdita gadyAtmaka prakAzana hai|"re hindI-sAhitya me nibandha-lekhana kA sUtrapAta bhAratendu-yuga me huaa| svayaM bhAratendu bAbU harizcandra, paM0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa, pratApanArAyaNa mizra, jagamohana siMha, ambikAdatta vyAsa, bAlamukunda gupta prabhRti ne nibandha-lekhana kI dizA meM prazaMsanIya samartha upalabdhiyoM ko sAmane rkhaa| bhAratendu kI nibandha-kalA kisI vizeSa nIti se sImita nahIM thii| isalie, viSaya evaM zailI kI dRSTi se bhI unake nibandhoM kI koI sImArekhA nahI hai| unhoMne aitihAsika, gavepaNAtmaka, cAritrika, dhArmika, rAjanItika, sAmAjika, yAtrA-sambandhI, hAsyavyagyAtmaka, AtmakathAtmaka Adi sabhI prakAra ke nibandha likhe / unake sama-sAmayika anya nibandhakAroM kI bhI yahI pravRtti rhii| bhAratendu-yuga ke nibandho me vyApta jindAdilI evaM sajIvatA hI usa yuga kI sarvapramukha vizeSatA thii| anyathA, hindI ke Adhunika kAla ke isa prathama caraNa meM nibandhakAroM kA kSetra-vistAra nahIM ho pAyA thA evaM bhASAzailI-sambandhI nyUnatAe~ to thI hii| zrIjanArdanasvarUpa agravAla ne ThIka hI likhA hai : "ina lekhakoM ke samaya meM hindI-gadya prAya: apanI zaizavAvasthA meM hI thA / ataH, jo kucha bhI inhoMne ulTA-sIdhA likhA, vahI bahuta hai-usI se gadya-sAhitya kI, nibandhasAhitya kI nahIM, zrIvRddhi tathA unnati huii| .... haoN, ina logoM kI kRtiyo se hindIgadya kA mArga avazya prazasta ho gayA aura Age bananevAle nivandha-prAsAda ke lie kSetra prastuta hokara usakI nIMva rakhane kA bhI samucita Ayojana ho gyaa|"3 hindI me sahI arthoM meM jIvana ke pratyeka pakSa ko udghATita karanevAle nibandha-sAhitya kA zrIgaNeza bIsavIM zatAbdI meM 'sarasvatI' ke prakAzana ke sAtha huaa| isa bAta ko kaI lekhakoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| jaise, zrI ke0 bI0 jindala ne likhA hai : 'Saraswati heralded the birth of the essey in Hindi Literature' DaoN0 zrIkRSNalAla ne bhI isI bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai : "nibandhoM ke vikAsa kA prathama kAla 'sarasvatI' mAsika patrikA ke prakAzana se prArambha hotA hai, jaba hindI1. DaoN0 kanhaiyAlAla sahala : 'nibandha kA svarUpa-lakSaNa', 'sAhitya-sandeza', nibandha-aMka, agasta, 1967 I0, pR0 47 / 2. zrIjayanAtha nalina : 'hindI-nibandhakAra', pR0 10 // 3. zrIjanArdanasvarUpa agravAla : 'hindI meM nibandha-sAhitya', pR0 26 / 4. K. B. Jindal : A History of Hindi Literature, p. 250 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 133 sAhitya ke kSitija-vistAra ke sAtha-hI-sAtha lekhakoM ne jIvana ke sabhI aMgoM para dRSTi DAlanA prArambha kiyaa|" ___ abhinava zodhoM ke AdhAra para dvivedI-yuga kI hindI meM nibandhoM kA prArambha mAnanevAle ina niSkarSoM ko adhika mAnyatA nahIM dI jA sakatI hai| ye mata sarvamAnya nahIM, ativAdI haiN| phira bhI, inameM dvivedI-yuga kI mahattA evaM hindI-nibandha ke vikAsa meM isa yuga ke nibandhakAroM ke viziSTa yoga kI jhalaka avazya milatI hai| hindI meM nibandhoM kA prArambha bhAratendu-yuga me hI huA thA, parantu dvivedI-yuga meM viSaya-vistAra, bhASA-pariSkAra evaM zailI-zRgAra kI dRSTi se usakA paryApta saMskAra huA / apane yuga kI mamasta sAhityika gatividhiyoM ke netA AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne gadyalekhana kI isa vidhA ko bhI grahaNa kiyA thaa| unake sampUrNa kRtitva kI bhaoNti nibandhI kA bhI apanA yugIna aucitya thaa| unake samaya taka isa kSetra me vicAra aura bhASA kI jo avyavasthA vyApta thI, usase dvivedIjI aparicita nahIM the| unake samaya taka ke adhikAMza nibandhakAra nibandha-lekhana ko kalama kI kArIgarI mAnakara use camatkAritA aura bhAvAtmakatA se itanA bojhila banA dete the ki pratipAdya viSaya kA apekSita rUpa meM pratipAdana taka nahIM ho pAtA thaa| ina nibandho kI bhASA meM tatkAlIna arAjakatApUrNa vAtAvaraNa kI sabhI kamiyA~ thiiN| brahmadatta zarmA ne likhA hai : ___"bhASA kI isa avyAvahArikatA, azuddhatA aura zithilatA ko dUra karane ke lie dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' patrikA ko apanA sAdhana banAyA, jisake dvArA unhoMne aneka lekhakoM ko sAhitya-racanA kI ora prerita aura protsAhita kiyA / ina lekhakoM kI kRtiyo kI AlocanA athavA saMzodhana karake tathA svayaM bhinna-bhinna viSayoM para maulika evaM anUdita vicArapradhAna nibandhoM kI racanA karake inhoMne prazaMsanIya kArya kiyaa|"2 ___ bhAratendu-yuga taka hindI-nibandha kA jahA~taka vikAsa huA thA, dvivedI-yuga meM usI kI pronnati huii| bhASA-saskAra evaM viSaya-vistAra kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ne nibandhoM ke isa vikAsa-krama ko sahArA diyaa| viSayoM kI vividhatA, dRSTi kI sUkSmatA, bauddhikatA evaM susambaddhatA Adi unake nibandho kI vizeSatAeM haiN| unakA nibandha-sAhitya mukhya rUpa se 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se sAmane AyA hai aura isI meM prakAzita unake nibandho kA dhIre-dhIre pustakAkAra prakAzana bhI hotA gayA hai / dvivedIjI ke prArambhika nibandho tathA AlocanA meM adbhuta samanvaya huA hai| naiSadhacaritacarcA', 'hindI-kAlidAsa ko samAlocanA' Adi unakI prArambhika kRtiyA~ uddezya kI dRSTi se AlocanA hotI huI bhI AkAra kI dRSTi se nibandha hI haiM / 1. DaoN0 kRSNalAla : 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya kA vikAsa', pR0 349 / 2. zrIbrahmadatta zarmA : 'hindI-sAhitya meM nibandha', pR0 78 /

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134 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva dvivedIjI kI nibandha kalA kA pUrNa vikAsa 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdana -kAla meM hI huA / sampAdaka hone ke nAte unhe na kevala sampAdakIya TippaNiyA~ likhanI par3atI thI, apitu, racanAo kI kamI ke kAraNa svayaM vibhinna viSayoM para nibandhAtmaka sAmagrI bhI taiyAra karanI par3atI thI / dIrghakAla taka 'sarasvatI' me prakAzita honevAle unake isa nibandha - sAhitya kA adhikAMza pustakAkAra prakAzita huA hai / parantu unake kaI nibandha aba bhI aprakAzita pANDulipi kI zakla meM kAzI- sthita nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA ke saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiM / dvivedIjI ke prakAzita nivandha - sagraha nimnAMkita haiM : 1. prAcIna paNDita aura kavi (san 1918 I0 ) 2. vanitA - vilAsa (san 1919 I0 ) 3. kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA (san 1920 I0) 4. rasajJaraMjana (san 1920 I0 5. atIta smRti (san 1924 I0 ) 6. sukavi-saMkIrtana (san 1924 I0 ) 7. adbhuta AlApa (san 1924 I0 ) 8. mahilAmoda (san 1925 I0) 9. AkhyAyikA-saptaka (san 1927 I0 ) 10. AdhyAtmikI (san 1927 I0 ) 11. videzI vidvAn (san 1927 I0 ) 12. AlocanAMjali (san 1928 I0 ) 13. dRzya-darzana (san 1928 I0) 14. dRzya-lekhAMjali (san 1928 I0 ) 15. vaicitrya-citraNa (san 1928 I0 ) 16. sAhitya-sandarbha (san 1928 I0) 17. purAvRtta (san 1929 I0) 18. purAvRtta-prasaMga (san 1929 I0) 16. prAcIna cihna (san 1929 I0 ) 20. sAhityAlApa (san 1929 I0) 21. caritacaryA (san 1930 I0 ) 22. vAgvilAsa (san 1930 I0 ) 23. vijJAnavArttA (san 1930 I0 ) 24. samAlocanA-samuccaya (san 1930 I0 ) 25. sAhitya- sIkara (san 1930 I0 )

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 135 26. vicAra-simarza (san 1930 I0 ) 27. saMkalana (san 1931 I0) 28. caritra-citraNa (san 1934 I0 ) 29. (san 1935 I0 ) ina vividha viSayoM ke maulika nibandhoM ke saMkalanoM ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivejI ne a~garejI ke nibandhakAra phrAMsisa bekana ke 36 nibandho kA anuvAda ' bekana - vicAra - ratnAvalI, (san 1901 I0 ) meM prastuta kiyA hai / 1 AcArya dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM ke sabhI saMkalanoM meM viSayoM kA Azcaryajanaka afar dIkha par3atA hai / itane adhika viSayoM para eka hI samaya meM lekhanI daur3AnevAlA fredhakAra hindI meM dUsarA nahI huA / hindI sAhitya ko samRddha karanA hI isa prasaMga meM unakA lakSya rahA / DaoN0 oMkAranAtha zarmA ne ThIka hI likhA hai : " nibandha racanA ke mUla meM dvivedIjI kI ekAdhika vicAra dRSTiyA~ rahI haiM / sabase pramukha dRSTi hai - hindI ke jJAna- bhANDAra ko samRddha karanA / ... dvivedIjI ne svadezI aura videzI bhASAoM se, vizeSakara prAcIna saMskRta paripATI se jJAna ke vividha tathyoM kA Akalana kiyA / ise hama saMgrahAtmaka dRSTi kaha sakate hai / " " isa saMgrahAtmaka dRSTi ne dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM ko kaI naye purAne viSayo se sampanna kara diyA hai / vividhatA ke kAraNa unake nibandhoM ke viSaya kI dRSTi se aneka vibhAjana ho sakate haiM; jaise sAhityika, caritrapradhAna, vaijJAnika, aitihAsika evaM purAtattva viSayaka, AdhyAtmika Adi / dvivedIjI ke nibandha-saMkalanoM meM ina sabhI viSayoM kA alaga-alaga athavA mizrita samAhAra milatA hai / (ka) sAhityika nibandha : isa koTi meM dvivedIjI ke una sabhI nibandhoM kI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai, jinameM hindI-bhASA, usake sAhitya evaM sAhityakAroM kI sAhityika vivecanA milatI hai / aise nibandhoM ko bhI pustaka-samIkSA, TippaNI, zAstrIya vivecana, kavi-lekhaka-paricaya ityAdi aneka upabhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| 'prAcIna kavi aura paNDita', 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA', 'rasajJarajana', 'sukavi-saMkIrtana', 'kovida-kIrttana', 'AlocanAMjali', 'sAhitya-sandarbha', 'sAhityAlApa', 'vAgvilAsa' 'samAlocanA - samuccaba' jaise nibandhoM ke saMgrahoM meM saMkalita sabhI nibandha sAhityika hI / katipaya anya saMkalanoM meM bhI aise nibandha milate haiM / AcArya dvivedIjI ke sAhityika nibandha unake gahana adhyayana, manana evaM cintana ke phala haiM / aise adhikAMza nibandhoM kI zailI vivecanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka hai / tatkAlIna sAhityika pRSThabhUmi meM AcArya mahodaya ke ina nibandhoM kA apanA viziSTa mahattva hai / 1. DaoN0 oMkAranAtha zarmA : 'handI - nibandha kA vikAsa', pR0 150 /

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Sa a maANLASSETTLEGosavitaminore 136 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva (kha) caritapradhAna nibandha : prAcIna kAla ke tathA Adhunika yuga ke vibhinna kSetroM meM viziSTa khyAti arjita karanevAle mahApuruSoM kI jIvaniyA~ dvivedIjI ne isa koTi ke nibandhoM meM prastuta kI haiN| gautama buddha, zaMkarAcArya, bhISma pitAmaha, homara,mirjA gAliba, mahArAnI durgAvatI Adi aneka dezI-videzI, paurANika, aitihAsika, sAhityika, dhArmika caritroM ko dvivedIjI ne nibandha ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai / 'kovida-kIrtana', 'videzI vidvAn' 'caritacaryA', 'caritracitraNa' jaise nibandha-saMgrahoM meM dvivedIjI ke aise hI jIvanacaritAtmaka nibandha haiN| ina nibandhoM kI racanA ke pIche unakA uddezya caritra-nirmANa, jJAnavRddhi tathA sAhityika bhANDAra ko bharanA thaa| (ga) vaijJAnika nibandha : vaijJAnika anusandhAnoM evaM jJAna-vijJAna-sambandhI anya viSayoM para bhI dvivedIjI ne lekhanI calAI hai| unake samaya meM ina viSayoM meM hindI kA sAhitya bar3A daridra thaa| ise ve samajha gaye the, isa kAraNa unhoMne na kevala vaijJAnika pustakoM ke prakAzana para bala diyA, apitu svayaM bhI vaijJAnika viSayoM para nibandha likhe / unake 'adbhuta alApa', 'vaicitrya-citraNa', 'vijJAnavArtA' aura 'prabandha-puSpAMjali' zIrSaka nibandha-saMkalana jJAna-vijJAna kI aisI hI jAnakArI se bhare hue haiM / rasAyana, bhautikI, jIvavijJAna, bhUgola, anusandhAna, zilpa, yAntrikI ityAdi viSayoM para dvivedIjI ne nibandha inameM prastuta kiye haiN| aise nibandha dvivedIjI ne janaruci ke pariSkAra, sAmAnya jJAna ke vistAra evaM hindI ke bhANDAra ko bharane ke uddezya se hI likhe the|1 (gha) aitihAsika evaM purAtattva-viSayaka nibandha : dvivedIjI kI nibandha-pratibhA kA eka bahuta bar3A aMza bhAratIya prAcIna itihAsa evaM purAtttava-sambandhI anusandhAnoM ke nayepurAne pariNAmoM ko hindIbhASI janatA ke sammukha prastuta karane meM vyaya huA hai / 'atIta smRti', 'purAvRtta-prasaMga', 'prAcIna cihna' jaise nibandha-saMkalanoM meM dvivedIjI ke bhArata ke prAcIna itihAsa se sambaddha nibandhoM kA hI saMgraha huA hai / nibandhakAra ne aise nibandhoM meM apane deza ke gauravapUrNa atIta aura usake khaNDaharoM meM jhA~kane kA athaka prayAsa kiyA hai / ye nibandha dvivedIjI ke paramparA aura itihAsa-prema ke paricAyaka haiN| (Ga) AdhyAtmika nibandha : isa koTi ke nibandha dvivedIjI ke AdhyAtmika cintana, bhakti-bhAvanA aura jijJAsA-vRtti ke poSaka haiM / 'AdhyAtmikI' nAmaka nibandha-saMgraha meM unake aise dharma aura darzana-sambandhI nibandhoM kA saMkalana huA hai| ina nibandhoM meM AtmA, paramAtmA, jJAna, mukti, nirIzvaravAda jaise viSayoM para dvivedIjI ne lekhanI uThAI hai| 1. "hindI meM vaijJAnika pustakoM ke prakAzana kI bar3I jarUrata hai| jo loga Ajakala ke upanyAsa tathA vartamAna samaya kI ruci ke anusAra aura pustakeM prakAzita karake mAlAmAla ho rahe haiM, ve cAheM to vaijJAnika pustakeM bhI likhAkara par3hanevAloM kI ruci dhIre-dhIre vaisI pustakoM kI tarapha AkRSTa kara . sakate haiN|"-aacaary mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 62 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 137 (ca) anya viSayoM para AdhRta nibandha : dvivedIjI ne jIvanacarita, sAhitya, itihAsa, vijJAna aura adhyAtma ke sAtha hI kaI rAjanItika, sAmAjika evaM mahilopayogI viSayoM para bhI nibandha likhe the / unake mahilopayogI kaI nibandhoM kA saMkalana 'vanitAvilAsa' evaM 'mahilAmoda' meM huA hai / isI taraha sAmAjika-rAjanItikaArthika viSayoM para bhI unhoMne pracura mAtrA meM nibandha likhe hai / 'lekhAMjali', 'dRzyadarzana', 'AkhyApikA-saptaka', 'sakalana' aura 'vicAra-vimarza' jaise nibandha-saMgraho me ina vividha viSayoM para AdhRta dvivedIjI ke nibandha bhare hue hai / spaSTa hai ki dvivedIjI ne viSaya ke vaividhya se otaprota nibandha dvArA hindIsAhitya kI abhivRddhi kI / parantu, saMkhyA meM adhika tathA viSayoM kI dRSTi se vividhatApUrNa hote hue bhI unakI nibandha-kalA meM nibandha kI saccI AtmA kahIM dRSTigata nahIM hotI / dvivedIjI ke adhikAMza nibandho kA svarUpa TippaNI jaise hai aura unameM vyaktiparakatA kA puTa nahIM hai / ise hI lakSya kara zrIhaMsakumAra tivArI ne likhA hai : "saca to yaha hai ki cAhe jisa kAraNa se bhI ho, dvivedIjI kI nibandhakAritA kA svatantra rUpa se vikAsa na ho sakA / unakI choTI-choTI racanAe~ saMkhyA meM lagabhaga DhAI sau haiM. magara saba TippaNI jaisI haiM / unakA Arambha kathya kathana se hotA hai aura Adi se upasaMhAra taka saMgrAhaka vRtti kA paricaya milatA hai / " " unakI racanAoM meM, nibandhoM kI isa kamI ko aneka AlocakoM ne lakSya kiyA hai / vAstava meM, unakI zatAdhika racanAe~ TippaNiyoM jaisI haiM, unameM nibandha ke guNa sahI arthoM meM nahIM haiM / 'daNDadeva kA AtmAbhimAna' Adi ginI-cunI nibandhAtmaka racanAoM meM hI rocakatA, svatantratA aura AtmIyatA milatI hai, anyathA dvivedIjI ke adhikAMza nibandhoM kI AtmA ke darzana nahIM hote haiM / zrIjayanAtha nalina ke zabdoM meM : " dvivedIjI yathArtha me AcArya the / AcArya patha-pradarzana karatA hai, anyoM ko nirmANakArya meM lagAtA hai, svaya cAhe adhika nirmANa na kara sake / inake adhikatara lekha nibandha kI koTi meM nahI Ate / jAnakArI kI bAteM unameM mileMgI, nibandhAtmakatA nahIM / P.. . inake nibandhoM me bhASA kI zuddhatA, sArthakatA, zabdoM kI prayogapaTutA aura vAkyoM kI sadhI huI praNAlI to milegI, para sUkSma paryavekSaNa aura vicAroM kA vizleSaNa nahIM / svAdhIna cintana, anabhibhUta vicAra, achUtI bhAvanA - jo nibandha kI Antarika svarUpazaktiyA~ hai, inake nibandhoM meM kama hI milatI hai / unameM saMgrahabodha kI vividhatA, jAnakArI kI bahulatA aura patrakAritA kI sUcanA sampannatA hI adhika hai / 2 1. DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu : 'hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa', pR0 104, bhAga 13 / 2. zrIjayanAtha nalina : 'hindI - nibandhakAra', pR0 102 - 103 //

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138 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kattRtva isa prakAra, AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke nibandhoM meM parigaNita honevAlI gabhaga sabhI racanAoM meM nibandha-kalA ke lakSaNa sampUrNatA meM nahI milate haiN| vividha nibandha saMgrahoM tathA 'sarasvatI' ke stambhoM meM prakAzita ina nibandhoM ke cAra vidhAgata rUpa parilakSita hote hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki dvivedIjI ke kaI lekha apane AkAra, garimA evaM lakSaNoM kI dRSTi se nibandha kI sImA me A jAte haiN| aise nibandhoM kI saMkhyA apekSAkRta kama hai| dvivedIjI ke lekhoM kA pahalA rUpa to nibandhAtmaka hI hai aura dUsare rUpa-varga meM ve bhUmikAe~ hai, jo vividha pustakoM yA granthakAroM ke viSaya meM paricaya-svarUpa likhI gaI haiN| raghuvaza, kirAtArjunIya, svAdhInatA Adi pustakoM kI bhUmikAe~ nibandha kI isI koTi meM haiN| dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM kA tIsarA rUpaga ta varga una vividha-viSayAzrita TippaNiyo kA hai, jinheM sampAdakIya, vividha viSaya, vinoda aura AkhyAyikA Adi stambhoM ke rUpa meM dvivedIjI ne niyamita rUpa se 'sarasvatI' meM likhA thaa| dvivedIjI ke aise TippaNI jaise nibandhoM kI saMkhyA hI sarvAdhika adhika hai| unake nibandhoM kA cauthA evaM antima rUpa bhASaNoM kA hai| isa koTi meM unake dvArA abhinandana-samAroha, dvivedI-melA evaM hindI-sAhitya-sammelana ke terahaveM adhivezana meM svAgatAdhyakSa-pada se diye gaye unake bhASaNoM kI gaNanA hotI hai| nibandho ke rUpa meM saMkalita evaM khyAta ina sabhI rUpa-vidhAoM me dvivedIjI kI vividha viSayo se sambaddha paiTha tathA sarala bhASAzailI ke darzana hote hai| AkAra meM choTI tathA nibandhocita guNoM me kicit pRthak hotI huI bhI unakI ina racanAoM kA viSayavaividhya ke kAraNa apanA eka vizeSa mAdhurya evaM mahattva hai| premanArAyaNa TaNDana ne likhA hai : "dvivedIjI kI tulanA viSaya kI dRSTi se unake samaya ke lekhako meM kisI se nahIM kI jA sktii| dvivedIjI kA uddezya sAhityakatA aura maulika cintana kA Adarza janatA ke sAmane upasthita karanA hI nahIM thA, ve yaha bhI cAhate the ki uvayogI aura manoraMjaka viSaya janatA taka pahu~cA diye jAyeM, jisase hindI ke prati unake hRdaya meM kucha prema ho aura sAtha hI unakA jJAna bhI bddh'e| dUsare zabdoM meM, ve uddeztha-vizeSa se janatA kI ruci tathA usake sTaiNDarDa kA dhyAna rakhate hue nibandha likhate the|"1 isI kAraNa, unakI nibandha-kalA kA prAmANika DhaMga se suniyojita vikAsa nahIM huA, apitu unake nibandho kI isa viSayagata vividhatA evaM sampannatA kA sahaja anumAna 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita unake nibandhoM kI kisI bhI sUcI ko dekhakara lagAyA jA sakatA hai| unake nibandhoM ke prakAzana-krama ko dhyAna meM rakhakara banAI gaI 1.zrIpremanArAyaNa TaNDana : 'dvivedI-mImAMsA', pR0 128 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 139 'sarasvatI' kI prArambhika pA~ca varSoM meM hI unake prakAzita nibandhoM kI isa sUcI para gaura karane se yaha tathya aura bhI spaSTa hotA hai : 1. paNDita vAmana zivarAma ApTe : janavarI, 1901 I0 / 2. AtmA : janavarI, 1901 I0 / 3. jJAna : pharavarI, 1901 I0 / 4. nAyikAbheda : jUna, 1901 I0 / 5. nirIzvaravAda : akTUbara, 1901 I0 / 6. kavi-karttavya : julAI, 1901 ii0| 7. bhavabhUti-1 : janavarI, 1902 I0 / 8. hindI-sAhitya : janavarI, 1902 I0 / 9. bhavabhUti-2 : pharavarI, 1902 I0 / 10. vidyAvallabha kI vidvattA : mArca, 1902 I0 / 11. prAcIna kavitA : mArca, 1902 I0 / 12. prAcIna kavitA kA arvAcIna avatAra : mArca, 1902 I0 / 13. kAkatAlIya ghaTanA : apraila, 1902 I0 / 14. pratibhA : sitambara, 1902 I0 / 15. khar3I bolI kA padya : sitambara, 1902 I0 / 16. viSNuzAstrI cipalUNakara : janavarI, 1903 I0 / 17. mahAtmA rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa : pharavarI-mArca, 1903 I0 / 18. bandaroM kA pula : pharavarI-mArca, 1903 ii0| 19. tArIkha se dina nikAlane kI rIti : pharavarI-mArca, 1903 I0 / 20. adhyApaka vasu ke adbhuta AviSkAra : pharavarI-mArca, 1903 I0 / 21. hindI-bhASA aura isakA sAhitya : pharavarI-mArca, 1903 I0 / 22. kutubamInAra : pharavarI-mArca, 1903 I0 / 23. saubhAgyavatI rakhamAbAI : pharavarI-mArca, 1903 I0 / 24. striyoM meM saMgIta-vidyA : pharavarI-mArca, 1903 I0 / 25. koparnikasa, gailIliyo aura nyUTana : apraila, 1903 I0 / 26. tIna devatA : apraila, 1903 I0 / 27. hisAba lagAne kA yantra : apraila, 1903 I0 / 28. jalamAnusa : apraila, 1903 I0 / 29. maMgala : apraila, 1903 I0 / 30. lolimbarAja : apraila, 1903 I0 / 31. leDIjenane : apraila, 1603 I0 /

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140 ] bhAcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva " 32. pUnA kA anAtha bAlikAzrama : apraila 1903 I0 / 33. mahAmahopAdhyAya paNDita durgAprasAda : apraila, 1903 I0 / 34. jalacikitsA : apraila, 1903 I0 / 1 35. vimAna aura ur3anevAlA manuSya : apraila 1903 I0 / 36. A~kha kI phoTogrAphI : apraila 1903 I0 / , 37. kumArI kAraneliyA soharAbajI : apraila 1903 I0 / 38. gujarAtiyoM meM strIzikSA : apraila 1903 I0 / 39. zrImAna mahArAja kamalAnandasiha : jUna, 1903 I0 / 40. jalacikitsA : rogo ke kAraNa : jUna, 1903 I0 / 41. rAnI durgAvatI : jUna, 1903 I0 / 42. vaMgakavi mAikela madhusUdana datta : jUna, 1903 I0 / 43. jalacikitsA : jUna, 1903 I0 / 44. manuSyetara jIvoM kA antarjJAna : jUna, 1903 I0 / 45. jalagominI pairagADI : jUna, 1903 I0 / 46. kumAra epha0 pI0 kAba : jUna, 1903 I0 / 47. vaMgakavi mAikela madhusUdana datta : agasta, 1903 I0 / 48. dIpti-maNDala aura sUryAbhAsa: agasta, 1903 I0 : 46. jalacikitsA : agasta, 1903 I0 / 50. zrImatI nirmalA bAlA soma: agasta, 1903 I0 / 51. garbha ke AkAra aura parimANa : agasta, 1903 I0 / 52. pRthvI : sitambara, 1903 I0 / 53. dezavyApaka bhASA - 1 : sitambara, 1903 I0 / 54. kara aura siramayI machalI : akTUbara, 1903 I0 / 55. dezavyApaka bhASA - 2 : akTUbara, 1903 I0 / 56. mANika : akTUbara, 1903 I0 / 57. mahArAnI mAisora kI kanyA pAThazAlA : akTUbara, 1903 I0 / 58. prANaghAtaka mAlA : navambara, 1903 I0 / 56. dhvani : navambara, 1603 I0 / 60. dezavyApaka bhASA ( devanAgarI lipi ke guNa ) : navambara, 1603 I0 / 61. kavitA : navambara, 1903 I0 / 62. prasUti : navambara, 1903 I0 / 63. ainI kaitherAina lAyaDa : navambara, 1903 I0 / 64. siMhAvalokana : disambara, 1903 I0 /

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is gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 141 65. kITa-grAhaka paudhA : disambara, 1903 I0 / 66. kutubamInAra : disambara, 1903 I0 / 67. rajodarzana : disambara, 1903 I0 / 68. jhA~sI kI rAnI lakSmIbAI-1 : janavarI : 1904 I0 / 66. yalorA ke guphAmandira-1 : janavarI, 1604 I0 / 70. akSAMza aura rekhAMza : janavarI, 1604 ii0|| 71. sampAdakoM ke lie skUla : janavarI, 1904 I0 / 72. caturbhASI : pharavarI, 1904 ii.| 73. lAla baladeva siMha : pharavarI, 1904 I0 / 74. jhA~sI kI rAnI lakSmIbAI-2 : pharavarI, 1904 I0 / 75. yalorA ke guphA mandira-2 : pharavarI, 1904 I0 / 76. purAnA satI-saMvAda : pharavarI, 1904 I0 / 77. apharIkA ke rUrvAkAra jaMgalI manuSya : pharavarI, 1904 I0 / 78. koriyA aura koriyA-nareza : mArca, 1904 I0 / 76. phArasI kavi hAphija : mArca, 1904 I0 / / 80. Aryo kA Adima sthAna : mArca, 1904 I0 / 81. muzI nAnakacanda, sI0 AI0 I0 : apraila, 1904 I0 / 82. reDiyama : apraila, 1904 I0 / / 83. zivAjI aura a~gareja : apraila , 1904 I0 / 84. rAjA rAmapAla siMha : maI, 1904 ii0| 85. perU kA prAcIna sUrya-mandira : maI, 1904 I0 / 86. auraMgAbAda, daulatabAda aura rojA : maI 1904 I0 / 87. auraMgAbAda aura mullAjI : maI, 1904 I0 / 88. zrIguru harikRSNajI : jUna, 1904 I0 / 86. janarala kuropATakina : julAI, 1904 I0 / 90. mArakuIsa iTo : julAI, 1904 I0 / 91. pUrvI aphrIkA kI do-cAra bAteM : julAI, 1904 I0 / 62. tibbata : agasta, 1904 I0 / 93. sAmudrika suraMga aura samudrodaragAminI DoMgI : agasta, 1904 I0 / 94. Izvara-1 : agasta, 1904 I0 / 95. rAma bhagavAnadAsa : sitambara, 1904 I0 / 96. Izvara-2 : sitambara, 1904 ii0|| 97. yamaloka kA jIvana : sitambara, 1904 I0 /

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142 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva 8. zrIraMgapattana : sitambara, 1904 I0 / 99. sukhadeva mizra : akTUbara, 1904 I0 / 100. Izvara - 3 : akTUbara, 1904 I0 / 101. prasiddha pahalavAna saiNDo : akTUbara, 1904 I0 / 102. paThAnI sikkoM para nAgarI : navambara, 1904 I0 / 103. cidambara : navambara, 1904 I0 / 104. Izvara - 4 : navambara, 1904 I0 / 105. rAjakumArI himAMginI : navambara, 1904 I0 / 106. sAMvatsarika sihAvalokana: disambara, 1904 I0 / 107. sabhA aura sarasvatI : disambara, 1904 I0 / 108. mahAmahopAdhyAya paM0 AdityarAma bhaTTAcArya : disambara, 1904 I0 / 109. mahArAja mAnasiha : disambara, 1904 I0 / 110. gvAliyara : disambara, 1904 I0 / 'sarasvatI' meM san 1900 me 1904 I0 taka kI pA~ca varSo kI avadhi meM prakAzita dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM kI isa vistRta sUcI se unakI viSaya- vividhatA evaM yAntrika gati se likhane kI pratibhA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / isa sUcI ke nibandhoM ke atirikta ' vividha viSaya' ityAdi stambhoM kI TippaNiyA~ bhI dvivejI ne AkAra eka jaisA nahI thA / kucha nibandha panne meM bhI muzkila se surakSita hotA thA / sabase adhika hai / AkAra kI likhI thI / dvivedIjI ke ina nibandho kA to pustakAkAra the aura kucha kA vistAra eka Der3ha se do pannoM meM phaile unake nibandho kI saMkhyA hI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM kI laghutA kA eka hI udAharaNa paryApta hai / navambara 1913 I0 kI 'sarasvatI meM prakAzita unakA eka nibandha hai - ' kAlidAsa kI janmabhUmi' | yaha nibandha kula itanA hI hai : "iliyaDa nAmaka mahAkAvya kA karttA homara grIsa deza kA nivAsI thA / usa samaya grIsa aneka choTI-choTI riyAsatoM meM ba~TA huA thA / homara becArA andhA thA / vaha apane kAvya ke pada gA-gAkara sabhI riyAsatoM me bhIkha mA~gatA bhaTakatA phiratA thA / usa samaya to usakI kadara na huI / para jaba vaha mara gayA aura usake kAvya kA mahattva logoM ne samajhA, taba eka sAtha hI kitanI hI riyAsate kA dAvA karane lagI / pramANa mA~gA gayA, to sabhI ne uttara jAnate, homara ne isI riyAsata meM apanI kavitA gAI thI ? taba to use kisI ne na apanAyA / becArA homara mA~gatA-khAtA ho mara gayA / para pIche se usake mA~gane aura khAne aura bhaTakate phirane para janmabhUmi banane kA garva / kAlidAsa ko mA~ganA - khAnA usakI janmabhUmi hone diyA- kyA tuma nahIM

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gadyazailI : nivandha evaM AlocanA [ 143 to nahI par3A / unako janmabhUmi banane kA dAvA bhArata ke kaI prAnta avazya kara rahe haiM / kucha loga kahate haiM- kAzmIrI the, kucha kahate hai-dakSiNI the, kucha kahate haiM -bagAlI the| aba itane dinoM bAda baMgAla ke navadvIpavAlo ne kAlidAsa ko apanAne ke lie bar3A jora lagAyA hai| vahA~ ke paNDita kahate haiM, kAlidAsa kI janma bhUmi navadvIpa hI hai / una logoM ne isa viSaya meM baDe-bar3e vyAkhyAna, abhI hAla meM de DAle haiM, kAlidAma ke nAma para sabhAeM banA DAlI haiM, pustakAlaya bhI unhoMne unake nAma para khola diye haiN| abhI aura na mAlama, ve loga kyA-kyA karanevAle haiN| nadiyAvAloM ke isa utsAha aura uttejanA ko dekhakara kalakatte ke saMskRta-kaoNleja ke adhyakSa DaoN. satIzacandra vidyAbhUSaNa kA Asana Dola uThA hai| ve kAlidAsa kI asalI janmabhUmi kA patA lagAne ke lie mAlave kI tarapha padhAre hai| dekheM, unakI khoja kA kyA phala hotA hai / kAlidAsa navadvIpa ke Thaharate hai yA mAlave ke, yA aura kahIM ke|"1 imI AkAra kI athavA isase kucha hI bar3I racanAoM kA sarjana dvivedIjI ne bahuta bar3I saMkhyA me kI hai| inhI meM viSayoM kI vividhatA tathA apane pANDitya kA pradarzana bhI kiyA / unhone adhikAMzataH aise viSayoM para lekhanI uThAI, jinameM na pATakoM kI ruci thI aura na samajhane kI abhyasta buddhi hii| yadi inakI bhApAzailI dvivedIjI gambhIra aura kliSTa rakhate, to ina viSayoM kA hindI-kSetra meM vistAra nahIM hotaa| bhAratendu-yuga se calI A rahI halakI-phulakI evaM vyaMgyapradhAna manoraMjaka zailI ke sAmane ina achUne viSayoM para likhe gaye gambhIra nibandhoM ko pAThaka bhalA kyo grahaNa krte| isalie, dvivedIjI ne apanI isa prakAra kI racanAoM meM atyanta sarala bhASA ko apanAyA aura viSaya kA isa prakAra pratipAdana kiyA ki vaha atyanta sarala evaM bodhagamya ho gayA / yaha bodhagamyatA isa sImA taka sAmAnya stara kI hai, sahasA ina nibandhoM ko sAhityetihAsa ke dvivedIjI jaise yuganirmAtA kI racanA mAna lene meM hicaka hotI hai| parantu, dvivedIjI ne viSaya-pratipAdana kI yahI praNAlI ina nibandhoM meM apanAI thii| phrAMsisa bekana ke aMgarejI nibandhoM kA 'bekana-vicAraratnAvalI' ke antargata unhoMne gAmbhIrya se ota-prota zailI kA prayoga kara usakI alokapriyatA tathA durUhatA kA dRzya dekha liyA thaa| usa pustaka kI bhASAzailI kI ucastarIyatA bekana ke bhAva-gAmbhIrya ke sAtha gaThabandhana kara sAdhAraNa yogyatA ke pAThakoM kI samajha se bAhara ho gaI thI / dvivedIjI ne isa tathya ko lakSya kara apanI paravartI racanAe~ atyanta sApha aura calatI huI bhASAzailI meM likhiiN| kyoMki, ve jAnate the ki hama jina logoM ke lie likha rahe haiM, unameM sAhityika ucca stara ke gambhIra bhAvoM evaM zailI ko samajhane kI kSamatA nahIM hai| AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne dvivedIjI kI nibandha-kalA kI isI zailIgata subodhatA ko lakSya kara likhA hai : 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza' pR0 92-93 /

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144 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva ___ "dvivedIjI ke lekhoM ko par3hane se aisA jAna par3atA hai ki lekhaka bahuta moTI akla ke pAThako ke lie likha rahA hai / eka-eka sIdhI bAta kucha hera-phera, kahI-kahIM kevala zabdoM ke hI,ke sAtha pA~ca-chaH taraha se pA~ca-chaH vAkyo me kahI huI milatI hai| unakI yahI pravRtti unakI gadyazailI nirdhArita karatI hai| unake lekho me choTe-choTe vAkyoM kA prayoga adhika milatA hai / nape-tule vAkyo ko kaI bAra zabdoM ke kucha hera-phera ke sAtha kahane kA Dhaga vahI hai, jo vAda yA saMvAda me bahuta zAnta hokara samajhAne-bujhAne ke kAma meM lAyA jAtA hai|"1 dvivedIjI isa prakAra likhate the--bAta ko isa prakAra spaSTa karate the, mAnoM pAThakoM kI buddhi para unako vizvAsa na ho / yahI kAraNa hai ki ve apanI bAta bAra-bAra duharAte jAte the| punarukti kI yaha pravRtti kaI Alocako evaM pAThako ko khaTakI hai, parantu dvivedIjI kI isa sarala zailI kA apanA yugIna mahattva hai / 'kaviyoM kI urmilAviSayaka udAsInatA', zIrSaka unake prasiddha nibandha me yaha punaruktipUrNa subodha zailI spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai, yathA : "lakSmaNa ne bhrAtRsneha ke kAraNa bar3e bhAI kA sAtha diyaa| unhoMne rAjapATa chor3a kara apanA zarIra rAmacandra ko arpaNa kiyA, yaha bahuta bar3I bAta thii| para urmilA ne usase bhI bar3hakara Atmotsarga kiyaa| usane apanI AtmA kI apekSA bhI adhika pyArA apanA pati rAma-jAnakI ke lie de DAlA aura yaha Atmasukhotsarga usane taba kiyA, jaba use byAha kara Aye hue kucha hI samaya huA thaa| usane sAMsArika sukha ke sabase acche, aMza se hAtha dho ddaalaa|" eka zikSaka jisa prakAra apane ziSyoM ko viSaya ko bAra-bAra duharAkara bodha karAtA hai, dvivedIjI ne bhI sAmAnya samajha meM Ane yogya bhASAzailI kA isI prakAra jamakara vyavahAra kiyA hai / apanI patrikA ke mAdhyama se unhoMne jisa sarala-subodha-sarasa zailI kA upasthApana kiyA hai, DaoN0 jaikaba pI0 jaoNja ne 'sArvajanika gadyazailI ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai|'2 viSayoM kI anekarUpatA, hindI-bhASA kI unnati evaM pracAra tathA 'sarasvatI' kI gaurava-sthApanA ke uddezya se dvivedIjI ne apane nibandhoM meM aneka zailiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ke anusAra "zailI kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM kI tIna pramukha koTiyA~ hai-varNanAtmaka bhAvAtmaka aura cintanAtmaka / yoM to, dvivedIjI ke sabhI nibandho kA uddezya nizcita vicAroM kA pracAra karanA rahA hai aura una sabhI vicAroM kA nyUnAdhika 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 95 / 2. DaoN. jekaba pI0 jaoNrja : 'Adhunika hindI-gadya aura gadyakAra', pR0 137 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 145 sanniveza bhI huA hai, tathApi varNanAtmakatA, bhAvAtmakatA yA cintanAtmakatA kI pradhAnatA ke AdhAra para hI ina tIna viziSTa koTiyoM kI bhAvanA kI gaI hai|"1 sArvajanika gadyazailI kI saralatA eva spaSTatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM dvivedI jI ke nibandho kI spaSTa rUpa se varNanAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura cintanAtmaka tIna hI zailiyA~ prastuta huI hai| varNanAtmaka nibandhoM kI sImA meM dvivedIjI ke una nibandhoM kI gaNanA ho sakatI hai, jinakI racanA bhUgola, caritra, yAtrA, itihAsa, vijJAna aura utsavoM Adi kA sAmAnya paricaya pAThakoM ko dene ke lie nibandhakAra ne kI thii| aise hI nibandhoM kI zailI paricayAtmaka athavA vivecanAtmaka bhI kahI jAtI hai / isa zailI ke nibandha vividha-viSayaka, jJAnavarddhaka evaM bhASA-saMgaThana kI dRSTi se sarala hai| katipaya AlocakoM ne isa zailI kI viSaya-spaSTIkaraNa-paddhati ke AdhAra para ise 'vyAsazailI' kI saMjJA bhI dI hai| viSaya ke AdhAra para isa zailI ke vastu-varNanAtmaka, kathAtmaka, AtmakathAtmaka tathA caritAtmaka ityAdi kaI upabheda bhI mAne jA sakate haiN| ina vividha koTiyo meM apane varNanAtmaka yA vivecanAtmaka lekhana kA paricaya dvivedIjI ne diyA hai / vastu-varNana se sambaddha dvivedIjI ke nibandha aitihAsika athavA Adhunika sthAnoM, imArato Adi para likhe gaye hai| aise nibandho ke udAharaNasvarUpa 'gvAliyara',2 'sA~cI ke purAne stUpa', 'bauddhakAlIna bhArata ke vizvavidyAlaya',4 'devagar3ha kI purAnI imArata'5 Adi kI carcA kI jA sakatI haiM / isa koTi ke nibandhoM meM varNana kI zailI kisI 'gAiDa' jaisI apanAI gaI hai / yathA : ____ "vartamAna bagadAda TAigarita nadI ke donoM kinAroM para ghanA basA huA hai| usakI AbAdI koI Der3ha lAkha hogii| galiyA~ taMga aura bekAyade hai / kUDA uThAne aura gandA pAnI nikalane kA ThIka prabandha nhiiN| AbohavA acchI nahIM, pIne kA pAnI nadI se AtA hai| zahara ke AsapAsa per3a nhiiN|"6 spaSTa hai ki isa koTi ke aitihAsika vastuparaka samasta nibandhoM meM choTe-choTe vAkyoM evaM sarala bhASA kA prayoga huA hai| dvivedIjI ke varNanAtmaka nibandhoM kA eka anya prabheda kathAtmaka hai| kahAnI kahane jaisI saralatA to dvivedIjI ke sabhI nibandhoM 1. DaoN0 DadayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 150 / / 2. 'sarasvatI', disambara, 1904 I0, pR0 425-435 / 3. 'sarasvatI', jUna, 1906, pR0 217-227 / 4. 'sarasvatI', janavarI, 1909 I0, pR0 15--30 / 5. 'sarasvatI' apraila, 1909 I0, pR0 179-183 / 6. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 141-142 /

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146 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttanva meM milatI hai, parantu unake kucha nibandhoM kA sArA pariveza hI kathAtmaka hai| vastu ke sugaTita vinyAsa tathA caritrAkana Adi ke abhAva me inhe kathA kI sajJA nahIM dI jA sakatI hai| inheM kathAtmaka varNana-zailI kA nibandha hI kahA jA sakatA hai / 'adbhuta indrajAla', 'vyoma-viharaNa' 'hasa kA dustara dUtakArya'3 jaise nibandha isI koTi ke haiN| dvavedIjI ke kathAtmaka varNanapradhAna nibandhoM kI bhASA bhI bar3I sarala hai| eka avataraNa unake nala kA dustara dUtakArya' zIrSaka nivandha se udAharaNasvarUpa draSTavya hai : ____ "nala eka dina mRgayA ke lie rAjadhAnI se bAhara nikalA / AkheTa karate-karate vaha akelA dUra taka araNya meM nikala gyaa| vahA~ usane eka bar3A manohara jalAzaya dekhaa| usake taTa para eka alaukika rUpa-raMgadhArI hasa thaka jAne ke kAraNa A~kheM banda kiye baiThA ArAma kara rahA thA / nala kI dRSTi usapara pdd'ii| cupacApa dabe pairoM jAkara rAjA ne use pakar3a liyaa|"4 sarala bhASA, varNanAtmakatA aura kathA-pravAha ke AdhAra para hI dvivedIjI ke isa koTi ke nibandhoM ko kathAtmaka nibandha kahA gayA hai / isa zailI se milatA-julatA unake nibandhoM kA eka anya rUpa AtmakathAtmaka bhI hai| kaI vidvAnoM ne dvivedIjI ke sampUrNa nibandha-sAhitya meM mAtra isI koTi ke nibandho ko vyaktiparaka AtmIya guNoM se kiMcit sampanna mAnA hai| yathA zrIhasakumAra tivArI ne likhA hai : " 'daNDadeva kA AtmAbhimAna' Adi kucha ginI-cunI racanAe~ hai, jinameM rocakatA, svatantra bhAvanA aura AtmIyatA kA sparza hai, lekina nAmamAtra kaa|"5 'daNDadeva kA AtmAbhimAna',6 'merI jIvanarekhA' 7 prabhRti katipaya AtmakathAtmaka nibandhoM meM saMkSipta carita kA ullekha milatA hai / carita-varNana kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM kI varNanAtmaka zailI kA eka anya prabheda unake caritAtmaka nibandhoM kA hI hai / 'prAcIna paNDita aura kavi', 'videzI vidvAn', 'carita-caryA, 'caritra-citraNa' Adi 1. 'sarasvatI' janavarI, 1906 I0, pR0 26-31 / 2. 'sarasvatI', agasta, 1905 I0, pR0 315-318 / 3. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 98-126 / 4. uparivat, pR0 78 / 5. DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu : 'hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa', bhAga 13, pR0 102 / 6. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'lekhAMjali' meM saMkalita / 7. san 1933 I0 meM nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ke abhinandana-samAroha kA aatmnivedn|

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 147 saMgraho meM isI koTi ke nibandha saMkalita haiN| 'rAnI durgAvatI', 'zrIguru harikRSNa jI 2 'sukhadevamizra',3 'harbarTa seMsara', 'bauddhAcArya zIlabhadra'5 aura 'rAjA sara TI. mAdhavarAva'6 jaise nibandha jIvana caritAtmaka hI hai| apane pAThakoM ke samakSa Adarza caritroM kI upasthApanA karane ke uddezya se dvivedIjI ne isa koTi ke nibandhoM kI racanA kI thii| ina jIvanacaritAtmaka nibandho kI saralatA evaM spaSTatA bhI darzanIya hai: "zrIyuta vinAyaka koNDadeva oka marAThI ke nAmI lekhaka the| unakA janma eka garIba ke ghara huA / laDakapana meM hI mAtA-pitA mara gye| apanI mAtRbhASA marAThI aura bahuta thoDI a~garejI paDhakara ve 8) mAsika vetana para eka dehAtI madarase ke mudarisa niyata hue / kucha samaya bAda unakI badanI bambaI ko huI / vahA~ bhI ve murdArasI hI para Aye, para samaya-samaya para ApakI tarakI avazya hotI rhii|"7 spaSTa hai ki 'dvivedI jI ne apane vastuvarNanAtmaka, kayAtmaka, AtmakathAtmaka, caritAtmaka Adi sabhI koTiyo ke nibandhoM meM vivaraNAtmaka yA paricayAtmaka nibandhoM ke upayukta sarala evaM spaSTa bhASAzailI kA hI upayoga kiyA hai| inakI zaitI ke sambandha meM bAbU gulAba rAya ne likhA hai : "paricayAtmaka nibandha pAThakoM ko vividha viSayoM aura vizeSakara prAcIna sAhitya evaM itihAsa kI jAnakArI karAne ke uddezya se likhe gaye hai| isase jJAnavarddhana ke sAtha-sAtha pAThakoM kA manoraMjana bhI hotA hai| ina nibandhoM kI zailI adhyApakoM yA upadezakoM kI janI vyAsazainI hai, jisame eka hI bAta vibhinna raga-rUpa meM kaI bAra kahI gaI hai|8 paricayAtmaka athavA varNanAtmaka nibandhoM meM zainIgata eka viziSTa pravAha parilakSita hotA hai| choTe-choTe vAkyoM meM ba~dhI huI, pracalita zabdAvalI se gaThina eva prabhAvita karanevAnI zailI meM likhita ina nibandhoM kA uddezya jJAnavarddhana, pracAra evaM manAraMjana thaa| ataeva, janasAdhAraNa se sambandha rakhanevAle ina uddezyoM kI pUrti ke lie itakI zainI ko sarala banAye rakhane kI dizA meM dvivedIjI satata 1. 'sarasvatI', jUna, 1903 I0, pR0 215 218 / 2 'sarasvatI', jUna, 1904 I., pR0 181-182 / 3. 'sarasvatI , akTUbara, 1904 I0, pR0 327-337 / 4. 'sarasvatI', julAI, 1906 I0, pR0 255--262 / 5. 'sarasvatI', aprala, 1908 I0, pR. 174 - 176 / 6. 'sarasvatI', agasta, 1909 I0, pR0 332-337 / 7. AcArya mahAvIprasAda dvivedI : 'vivAra-vimarza', pR0 273 / 8. zrIgulAba rAya : hindI-gadya kA vikAsa aura pramukha zainI kAra', pR0 102

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148 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva saceSTa rahe haiN| ina nibandho kI bhASA ko bhI unhoMne subodha evaM sarala banAye rakhA hai| svayaM saskRta ke prati AkRSTa hote hue bhI unhone ina nibandhoM meM urdU-phArasI, a~garejI tathA sAmAnya vyavahAra meM prayukta honevAle zabdoM kA upayoga kiyA hai| isa prakAra, dvivedIjI kI varNanAtmaka athavA paricayAtmaka nibadha-zailI ko sarala, bodhagamya tathA vyAvahArika zailI ke rUpa me svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| __ AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke nibandhoM kI dUsarI ullekhanIya zailI bhAvAtmaka hai| zailI kI dRSTi se bhAvAtmaka kahe jAnevAle nibandhoM meM lekhaka ne madhumatI kavikalpanA yA gambhIra vicAra-mastiSka kA sahArA liye binA hI varNya viSaya ke prati apane bhAvoM ko abAdha gati se vyakta kiyA hai| ina bhAvAtmaka nibandho kI pradhAna vizeSatA yaha hai ki ucca koTi ke kavitva aura mananIya vastu kA abhAva hote hue bhI iname kisI aMza taka kAvya kI ramaNIyatA aura vicAroM kI abhivyakti eka sAtha huI hai| gadya me kAvya kA Ananda pradAna karanevAle dvivedIjI ke ina yA bhAvapradhAna nibandhoM kI zailI itanI adhika kAvyamaya hai ki kaI Alocako ne ina nibandhoM kI carcA 'gadyakAvya' ke rUpa me kI hai aura inhIM ke AdhAra para dvivedIjI ko 'gadyakAvyakAra' mAnA hai| zrIharimohanalAla zrIvAstava ne likhA hai : ___ "vrajabhASA-kAvya kI paridhi se hindI-kavitA ko nikAlakara evaM use khar3I bolI kA pracalita rUpa dekara bhI AcArya paM0 mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI ne gadyakAvya ke sajana meM sIdhA yoga diyaa...| unake samakAlIna saradAra pUrNasiMha, bAbU brajanandana sahAya prabhati lekhakoM ke gadya meM kAvya kA jo unmAda bikhara rahA hai, usake zreya kA eka bar3A aMza nissandeha dvivedIjI kI hai| dvivedIjI svayaM gadyakAvya-racanA kI ora aisA dhyAna nahIM de sake / isakA kAraNa unakI vaha zikSAtmaka paddhati rahI, jisake avalambana ne unheM yugapravartaka kI gauravapUrNa padavI se vibhUSita kiyA / gadyakAvyAtmaka abhivyaMjanA kI cintita viralatA ke hote hue bhI AcArya dvivedIjI kI racanA-zailI usase zUnya nahIM, aura vaha jo kucha hai, vaha gadyakAvya ke kSetra meM apane viziSTa sthAna kA adhikArI hai|" bhAva meM saundarya, laya evaM komalatA ke sundara sammizraNa kA eka Adarza udAharaNa draSTavya hai : "kavitA-rUpI sar3aka ke idhara-udhara svaccha pAnI ke nadI-nAle bahate hoM, donoM tarapha phaloM-phaloM se lade hue per3a hoM, jagaha-jagaha para vizrAma karane yogya sthAna bane hoM, prAkRtika dRzyoM kI naI-naI jhA~kiyA~ A~khoM ko lubhAtI hoN| duniyA meM Ajataka jitane acche-acche kavi hue haiM, unakI kavitA aisI hI dekhI gaI hai|"2 1. harimohanalAla zrIvAstava : 'gadyakAvya ke unnAyaka', 'bhASA' : dvivedI-smRti aMka, pR072-73 / 2. AcArya mahAvIra prasAdadvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 58 /

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gadyazailI: nibandha evaM AlocanA aise gadyAzoM ko dekhane se aisA lagatA hai ki dvivedIjI kevala mastiSka hI sajaga nahIM rakhate the, kabhI-kabhI hRdaya ke pravAha ko binA rukAvaTa bahane dete the| aneka sthaloM para. unako hArdika anubhUtiyA~ jhalakatI hai| jahA~ kalpanA kA sahArA lete hue varNya viSaya ke sAtha tAdAtmya sthApita karate haiM, vahA~ unakA gadya alaMkRta evaM kAvyAtmaka ho gayA hai| yathA : ____ "kavitA-kAminI kamakamanIya nagara meM kAlidAsa kA meghadUta eka aise bhavya bhavana ke sadRza hai, jisameM patha-rUpI anamola ratna jar3e hue haiM-aise ratna jinakA mola tAjamahala meM lage hue ratnoM se bhI kahIM adhika hai| ITa aura patthara kI imArata para jala kA asara par3atA hai, A~dhI-nuphAna se use hAni pahu~catI hai, bijalI girane se vaha naSTa-bhraSTa ho sakatI hai,para isa alaukika bhavana para iname se kisI kA kucha bhI jora nahIM cltaa|" dvivedIjI ke bhAva-pradhAna nibandha choTe-choTe vAkyoM dvArA paraspara gumphita hai| iname zabda aura vAkya caMcala zizuoM kI bhA~ti eka-dUsare ko Dhakelate hue Age bar3hate hai| inakI bhASA meM a~garejI, urdU Adi ke zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM ke barAbara milatA hai| kula milAkara, zailI kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke bhAvAtmaka nibandha apane-Apa meM gadyakAvya jaise saundarya evaM mAdhurya kA vahana karate haiN| zailI kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM kA tIsarA bheda cintanAtmaka athavA vicArAtmaka hai| vyAkhyAtmaka, AlocanAtmaka evaM tArkika zailI ke sabhI guNoM kA saMvahana karanevAlI isa zailI ke nibandhoM kA dvivedIjI ke nibandha-sAhitya me apanA viziSTa sthAna hai / aise nibandha unake pUrva bahuta kama likhe gaye the| isa koTi ke nibandhoM ke upayukta gambhIra evaM tAkika vAtAvaraNa dvivedIjI ne nirmita kiyA, jisakI bhitti para paravartI kAla meM AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne jJAna-gambhIra aura tarka-karkaza nibandhoM kI racanA kii| vividha sAhitya evaM sAhityetara viSayoM kA gambhIra adhyayana aura manana karake dvivedIjI ne unakA prastutIkaraNa vicArAtmaka athavA cintanapradhAna zailI me kiyaa| unakI isa zailI ke nibandha 'sAhitya-sIkara', 'sAhitya-sandarbha', 'rasajJaraMjana', 'samAlocanA-samuccaya', 'lekhAMjali', 'AlocanAMjali' Adi pustakoM meM sakalita hai| a~garejI ke nibandhakAra phrAMsisa bekana' ke 36 nibandhoM kA 'bekana-vicAra-ratnAvalI' ke rUpa meM anuvAda bhI unhoMne isI zailI meM kiyA thaa| sAhitya, manovijJAna, adhyAtma Adi viSayo para likhe gae unake nibandhoM kI zailI yahI hai / isa zailI meM unhoMne vizuddha khar3I bolI kA prayoga hI kiyA hai, urdU ke tadbhava zabdoM taka kA nahIM ke barAbara prayoga kiyA hai| isa zailI meM kiMcita kliSTatA bhI parilakSita hotI hai| isa zailI meM yaha kliSTatA bhASAjanya hI hai| dvivedIjI kI prastuta paMktiyoM para dRSTipAta kara unakI nibandhagata cintanAtmaka zailI kA paricaya pAyA jA sakatA hai : 1. 'sAhitya-sandeza', asTUbara, 1964, I0, pR0 159 para uddhata / /

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150 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva "va viyo ke lie jaise zabdoM, vRtto aura svAbhAvika varNanoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, vaise hI citrakAroM ke lie citrita vastu ke svAbhAvika raMga-rUpa kI tadvat pratikRti nirmita karane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| phira bhI, citrakAra aura kavi ke lie ye guNa gauNa hai / ina dono kA hI mukhya guNa to hai bhAvavyaMjakatA / jisame bhAvavyaMjanA jitanI hI adhika hotI hai, vaha apanI kalA kA utanA hI adhika jJAtA samajhA jAtA hai / " 1 isa avataraNa dvArA dvivedIjI kI tArkikatA tathA gambhIra vivecana paddhati kA sahaja anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / gAmbhIrya aura gUDhatA kA yahI vAtAvaraNa dvivedIjI ne apane sAhityetara viSayoM para nirmita vicArapradhAna nibandhoM me bhI taiyAra kiyA hai / yathA : "apasmAra aura vikSiptatA mAnasika vikAra yA roga hai / unakA sambandha kevala mana aura mastiSka se hai / pratibhA bhI eka prakAra kA manovikAra hI hai / isameM vikAroM kI paraspara salagnatA itanI hai ki pratibhA ko apasmAra aura vikSiptatA se alaga karanA aura pratyeka kA parimANa samajha lenA bahuta hI kaThina hai / "2 spaSTa hI, isa zailI kI bhASA adhika sarala nahIM hai aura isameM gambhIra bhAvAbhivyaMjana ke kAraNa kucha duruhatA bhI A gaI hai / dvivedIjI kI cintanAtmaka athavA vicArAtmaka. zailI se sampanna nibandhoM kI yahI pramukha pravRttiyA~ hai / viSaya aura zailI kI dRSTi se bahuvidha vistRta dvivedIjI ke nibandha - kauzala meM sArvajanika gadya evaM viSayabahulatA kA prAdhAnya dIkha par3atA hai| ina nibandho meM adhikAMza yadyapi TippaNI kI koTi meM parigaNita hone yogya hai, tathApi yugIna sandarbha inake mahatva se mu~ha nahI mor3A jA sakatA / patrakAritA, alocanA, bhASA-sudhAra evaM hindI ke kSetra vistAra ke samAna tatkAlIna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM lIna rahane ke kAraNa hI dvivedIjI apane nibandhoM ke mahI aura kalAtmaka vinyAsa kI ora dhyAna nahIM ske| jo vyakti AjIvana auro kI vividha vidhAgata racanAo kA rUpa nirmANa karatA rahA, usake lie apanI nijI kRtiyoM ko kalAtmaka nikhAra denA koI kaThina kArya nahI thA / parantu dvivedIjI kI sAhitya-sAdhanA kA pramukha uddezya sAmayika samasyAoM kA hala hI thA, isalie ve zuddha kalAtmakatA ko adhika mahattva nahI de sake / yuga kI AvazyakatAoM kI ora unmukha hone ke kAraNa hI dvivedIjI ne vyaktitva - anuprANita. nibandhoM kI racanA nahIM ke barAbara kI / DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne likhA hai : " dvivedIjI kI nibandhakAritA svatantra rUpa se vikasita nahIM huI, yaha eka siddha tathya hai / use Alocaka, sampAdaka, bhASAsudhAraka Adi ne samaya-samaya para AkrAnta kara rahA thA, ataeva usakA pUrNa vikAsa na ho sakA / sAtha hI, usa yuga kA pAThaka usa 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'samAlocanA -samuccaya', pR0 31 / 2. 'sarasvatI', sitambara, 1902 I0, pR0 266

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 151 sAdhAraNa stara se Upara kI vastu svIkAra karane ke lie prastuta nahIM thA / nibandha kI kalAtmakatA evaM sAhityikatA pAThaka tathA nibandhakAra ke sahayoga para hI avalambita hai|"" samasAmayika pariveza ke bandhana ke kAraNa eva apane samakSa khar3e yugAntarakArI uddezyoM kI pUtti meM saMlagna hone ke kAraNa AcArya dvivedIjI ne nibandha - kalA ko mAtra vicAro evaM jAnakAriyoM kA sarala saMvAhaka banAye rakhA / unake yahI nibandha tatkAlIna sAhityakAroM ke lie racanAkArya ke Adarza the aura dvivedIjI unake preraNAsrota the / AlocanA : gadya kI anyAnya vidhAoM kI taraha AlocanA kA prArambha bhI bhAratendu-yuga meM hI huA / apane prArambhika caraNa meM hindI AlocanA ekameva patrakAritA ke sAtha hI saMyukta rhii| isa avadhi meM samAlocanA kevala ' pustaka paricaya' athavA 'pustaka samIkSA' ke rUpa me vikasita hotI rahI / bhAratendu ne apane 'nATaka' zIrSaka nibandha meM tathA yatra-tatra apane kAvya-siddhAnto ke pratipAdana meM samIkSA kA bIja vapana kiyaa| unake yuga ke anya samAlocako me paM0 bAlakRSNa bhaTTa, badarInArAyaNa caudharI pramaghana, gaMgAprasAda aftar ityAdi ke nAma ullekhanIya hai / pustaka samIkSA para hI AdhRta samAlocanAzailI kA vikAsa isa yuga meM adhika huA / san 1877 I0 meM lAlA zrInivAsadAsa ke nATaka 'saMyogitA svayaMvara' kI samIkSAe~ tatkAlIna patrikAoM meM prakAzita huIM aura unake dvArA hI guNadoSa-darzana para AdhRta mamAlo vanA kA prArambha huA / bhAratenduyuga kI patra-patrikAoM meM pustaka - parIkSA ke svarUpa kA eka udAharaNa prastuta hai / zrIdevIprasAda upAdhyAya kRta 'sundara sarojinI' kI samIkSA hindI baMgavAsI (19 jUna, 1993 I0) meM isa prakAra nikalI thI : 'sundara sarojinI' apanI cAla-DhAla kI hindI meM pahalI pustaka hai, jAnane ke yogya evaM bhUgola eva itihAsa kI bAte yogyatA ke sAtha rakhI gaI hai, sthAna 2 kI Safaare~ bhI bahuta lalita haiN| isake pratyeka pRSTha se lekhaka kI vidyA - buddhi aura jAnakArI kA paricaya milatA hai / samUcI pustaka aimI sundara bhASA meM likhI gaI hai ki vAha re vAha / samAlocanA kI isI prazaMsAtmaka vidhi ko tatkAlIna adhikAMza AlocakoM ne apanAyA thA / bAlakRSNa bhaTTa ne prazaMsA ke sAtha-sAtha doSa-darzana kI nIti bhI apanAI thii| bAda meM, san 1897 I0 meM 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA' ke prakAzanArambha se hindI-samAlocanA-sAhitya meM vizeSa abhivRddhi huI / jyo-jyoM bhAratIya Ara 88 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha: 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 158 2. DaoN0 gopAla rAya : 'hindI - kathAsAhitya aura usake vikAsa para pAThakoM kA ruci kA prabhAva', pR0 340 para uddhata /

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152 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva pAzcAttya samIkSA- siddhAnto kA adhyayana hotA gayA, tyo tyoM hindI me AlocanAsAhitya samRddha hotA gayA / bhAratendu-yuga meM AlocanA apanI zaizavAvasthA meM thI / isame prAya prazasA aura dopa-darzana kI pravRtti ke darzana hote hai, AlocanA kI prauDhatA aura gambhIratA ke nahI / phira bhI, AlocanA kA zrIgaNeza karane kI dRSTi se bhAratenduyuga ke mahattva ko asvIkAra nahI kiyA jA sakatA hai / DaoN0 bhagavatsvarUva mizra ne likhA hai : "bhAratendu kAla kI samIkSA kA mahattva samIkSA kI prauDha zailI ke kAraNa nahIM, apitu una tattvo ke kAraNa hai, jo bhAvI vikAsa kA svarNima aura ujjvala sandeza lekara Aye hai|''1 hindI-AlocanA ko vikasita karane aura use sahI dizA pradAna karane kA zreya paM0 mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unake samasAmayika samAlocakoM ko hai / hindIsamIkSA ke itihAsa me dvivedI yuga ko punarutthAnavAdI yuga kahA jA sakatA hai / punarutthAnavAdI Aveza me isa kAla ke sAhityakAroM ne atIta ke sAhitya seviyoM kI racanAoM kI samIkSA kA sUtrapAta kiyA tathA Adhunika racanAo kI bhI AlocanA samaya samaya kI jAtI rhii| apane yuga kI anya sAhityika prakriyAoM kI bhA~ti AlocanA kA bhI netRtva dvivedIjI ne hI kiyaa| saMskRta kI prAcIna sAhityazAstrIya paramparA eva aMgarejI ke nUtana samIkSA- siddhAnta se hindI-saMsAra ko lAbhAnvita karane ke uddezya se dvivedIjI ne hindI - AlocanA me ina donoM hI AlocanApaddhitayoM kA samAveza kiyA / dvivedIjI ne svayaM saMskRta-kAvyoM kI samIkSA kI evaM anya prakAra se saMskRta ke kAvyazAstrIya siddhAntoM ko hindI me prastuta kiyA / anya logoM se unhoMne a~garejI ke kAvyazAstrIya grantho kA anuvAda karAyA / saiddhAntika dRSTi se unhoMne hindI-samIkSA me nIti, suruci, audAttya Adi kI pratijJA karake zAstrIyatA kI bhUmi me samanvayavAdI, navInatAvAdI aura punarutthAnavAdI samIkSA - zailiyoM kA bIja - vapana kiyA / unakI yaha sArI AlocanA - praNAliyA~ tatkAlIna hindI - AlocanA me vyApta hai / DaoN0 rAmadaraza mizra ke anumAra : " dvivedIjI apane kAla ke pratinidhi sAhitya- vicAraka aura Alocaka the / ataeva, usa kAla me lakSita honevAlI sArI AlocanAtmaka ceSTAe~ aura upalabdhiyA~ ApakI samikSA - kRtiyoM meM pAI jA sakatI haiM / " " samAlocaka ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki vaha sampAdaka bhI ho, parantu jo samAlocaka sampAdaka bhI hote haiM, unakI AlocanA adhika sugama, prAmANika aura sahI 1. DaoN0 bhagavatsvarUpa mizra : 'hindI - AlocanA : udbhava aura vikAsa', 10 246 / 2. DA0 rAmadarasa mizra 'hindI - AlocanA : svarUpa aura vikAsa', pR0 15 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 153 hotI hai / dvivedIjI ne 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdaka-pada para rahate hue apanI AlocanAtmaka pratibhA kA paricaya diyaa| isa kAraNa unakI samIkSAoM me sampAdakIya gAmbhIrya tathA sAhityanirmAtA-buddhi kA adbhuta yoga dikhAI par3atA hai| ve a~garejI, saMskRta evaM marAThI ke apane sampUrNa jJAna kA upayukta Azraya lekara apanI sampAdana-kalA evaM samIkSA ko apekSita nikhAra eva prauDhatA de pAye haiM / DaoN0 rAjakizora kakkar3a ne likhA hai : ___ "hindI ke AlocakoM meM dvivedIjI kA vizeSa mahattva hai / ve hindI ke vizAla AlocanA-bhavana kI sudRDha nIva ke sasthApaka haiM / paramparAgata sAhityika dhAraNAoM tathA AdarzoM kI upekSA karake unhoMne hI pahale-pahala cintana tathA manana ke AdhAra para nijI vicAroM kA pratipAdana karake paramparAgata AlocanA kI zailI tathA viSaya-tattva meM parivartana upasthita kiyaa| yadyapi unakI AlocanA Aja ke mAnadaNDoM ke vicAra se Adhunika nahI kahI jAyagI, kintu hindI ke lie vaha pahalI Adhunika AlocanA thii|" isameM sandeha nahIM ki dvivedIjI kI samIkSAoM kA mUla preraka srota unakA sampAdakIya jIvana thA / 'sarasvatI' ke sajaga, saprANa evaM nirbhIka sampAdaka hone ke kAraNa dvivedIjI vibhinna sAmAjika, rAjanItika, sAMskRtika evaM sAhityika gatividhiyoM kI samIkSA karane tathA unapara TippaNI karane ke abhyasta the| AlocanA ke kSetra meM bhI unhoMne apanI inhI pravRttiyoM kA paricaya diyaa| AlocanA karate samaya ve zatru yA mitra kA bhedabhAva bhUla jAte the| tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM meM, sAhityika samAlocanA meM tIvratA aura satyatA kA ImAnadArI se pAlana karanA sarala nahIM thaa| phira bhI, dvivedIjI ne Alocaka-dharma ko nyAyAdhIza ke karma ke samAna niSpakSatA-sApekSa mAnakara nirbhayatA evaM satyatA dikhlaaii| ve mAnate the ki : "samAlocaka kI upamA nyAyAdhIza se dI jA sakatI hai| jaise, nyAyAdhIza rAga-dveSa aura pUrva-saskAroM se dUra rahakara nyAya kA kAma karatA hai, samAlocaka bhI vaisA hI karatA hai|... bar3e-bar3e kavi vijJAnavettA, itihAsa-lekhaka aura vaktAoM kI kRtiyoM para phaisalA sunAne kA use adhikAra hai / "2 dvivedIjI kI AlocanA bhI adhikAMzataH nyAyAdhIza ke phaisale ke anusAra nirNayAtmaka hotI thii| yahI zailI unake yuga kI sampUrNa AlocanA meM vyApta hai| DaoN0 rAmadaraza mizra ne isa kAla kI pUrI samIkSA nirNayAtmaka DhaMga se kI hai : "sabhI Alocaka (cAhe kisI pravRtti ke rahe hoM) apanI-apanI kasauTI para kRtiyoM ke guNadoSoM ko kasakara unakI 1. DaoN0 rAjakizora kakkar3a : 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya meM AlocanA kA vikAsa', pR0 581 / 2. 'sarasvatI', apraila, 1911 I0, pR0 143 /

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154 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva zreSThatA yA azreSThatA kA nirNaya dete the| dvivedIjI bhI isa nirNayAtmaka vRtti se mukta nahIM hai|" parantu, dvivedIjI apanI ye samAlocanAe~ tathA TippaNiyA~ gahana cintana, sahRdayatA, nirbhIkatA tathA AdhArapuSTatA ke sAtha prastuta karate the| yahI kAraNa hai ki dvivedIjI kI AlocanA bar3I Thosa evaM maritapka-udvelaka hotI thii| isa prasaga me unhone apane yuga ke pariveza se kabhI svayaM ko asampRkta nahIM kiyA / hindI kI AvazyakatAoM ko samajhakara hI unhone apanI AlocanA ko unapara AdhRta kiyA eva hindI ko unnatizIla banAne ke apane lakSya ko pUrA kiyaa| DaoN0 rAjakizora kakkar3a ke zabdoM meM: ___ "unakA lakSya hindI-sAhitya ko unnatizIla banAnA, usame naI paramparAo ko sthApita karanA, rItikAla kI paramparA aura rUDhivAditA se kAvya tathA ko mukta karanA tathA apane yuga kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika, dhArmika tathA sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM ke sAtha sAhitya kA sambandha sthApita karanA thaa|"2 spaSTa hai ki dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa AlocanA-sAhitya mAtra Alocaka-dharma ke nirvAha ke lie nahIM likhA gayA thaa| unake sAhitya kI apanI soddezyatA evaM vidhAyakatva kI garimA thii| DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne likhA hai : "dvivedIjI kI samIkSAeM tathA kAvya-vivecanAe~ kevala karttavya-pAlana ke nimitta nahIM hotI thii| ve moddezya tathA nirmANakArI hotI thii| ve unake dvArA kAvyakAroM kA mArgadarzana bhI karanA cAhate the| isalie unhone kaThora, maryAdAvAdI tathA saMyamita Alocaka kA colA dhAraNa kiyA thaa|"3 dvivedIjI ke isI Alocaka vyaktitva ke Aloka meM unakI AlocanAoM kA adhyayana sahI evaM prAmANika tathyo taka pahuMcane me sahAyaka hogA / unake sampUrNa AlocanAsAhitya ko vastu-sagaThana kI dRSTi se do pramukha vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : 1. paricayAtmaka AlocanA tathA 2. siddhAntamUlaka AlocanA / vyAvahArika AlocanA ke nAma para likhI gaI dvivedIjI kA sArA samIkSAtmaka, sAhitya paricayAtmaka hI hai| isa koTi kI AlocanA dvArA dvivedIjI ne paramparAgata 1. DaoN0 rAmadaraza mizra : 'hindI-AlocanA : svarUpa aura vikAsa', pR0 17 / 2. DaoN0 rAjakizora kakkar3a : 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya me AlocanA kA vikAsa', pR0 583 / 3. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI-yuga kI hindI-gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana', pR0 159 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 155 TIkA-praNAlI ko hI pariSkRta kiyA aura isI prasaMga meM unhoMne kevala artha batalAkara, guNa-doSa dikhAkara hI apane karttavya kI itizrI nahI smjhii| inhoMne jina kRtiyoM kI AlocanAe~ likhI hai, unameM racanA ke guNadoSa-vivecana kI apekSA paricaya dene kI pravRtti adhika parilakSita hotI hai| apanI yaha nIti unhone kAlidAsa, zrIharSa jaise prAcIna kaviyoM tathA apane samasAmayika sAhityakAroM para eka sAtha lAgU kI thii| dvivedIjI kA lakSya ina granthoM kA paricaya hindIbhASI janatA ko dekara, unake guNa-doSa kI carcA kara, unake surucipUrNa saundarya kA digdarzana karAnA bhI thaa| isa prakAra kI paricayAtmaka AlocanA ke antargata dvivedIjI dvArA likhita 'naiSadhacaritacarcA', 'vikramAMkadevacaritacarcA' aura 'hindI-kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA' jaise sabhI pustakoM tathA 'sarasvatI' ke 'pustaka-paricaya' stambha me kI gaI tatkAlIna sAhitya kI samIkSAoM kI gaNanA ho sakatI hai| paricayAtmaka AlocanA meM adhikAzataH gUDha cintana evaM gAmbhIryapUrNa vizleSaNa ke lie sthAna nahI hotA hai| dvivedIjI ne bhI apanI paricayAtmaka AlocanAoM ke lie sarala bhASA evaM AdezAtmaka, vyaMgyAtmaka athavA nirNayAtmaka zailI kA hI viniyoga prastuta kiyA hai / AlocanA kI yaha paricayAtmaka zailI hI tayugIna pariveza meM sarvAdhika upayukta thii| DaoN0 rAjakizora kakkar3a ne bhI likhA hai: ____ "una dinoM Alocaka kA kArya kevala AlocanA hI nahIM, varan granthoM kA paricaya denA bhI thA / yaha kArya hindI kI usa samaya kI sthiti ke anukUla bhI thA / dvivedIjI kI paricayAtmaka AlocanA-zailI hindI ke usa navIna yuga ke pravartana ke samaya thI aura isakI vizeSatAoM meM ve sabhI guNa the, jo isa prakAra kI sthiti tathA sAhitya ke svarUpa ke upayukta hote haiN|"1 ___ isa yugAnukUla paricayAtmaka AlocanA ke sAtha hI dvivedIjI kI AlocanAoM kA eka anya vastuparaka unmeSa unakI nitAna-- AlocanA me dIkha par3atI hai| isa AlocanA ke darzana unakI 'rasajJaraMjana', 'samAlocanA-samuccaya', 'nATyazAstra' prabhRti pustakoM meM hote haiM / sAhitya tathA umake vibhinna rUpoM-aMgoM kI zAstrIya carcA dvivedIjI ne apanI siddhAntamUlaka AlocanA meM kI hai| isa prasaMga meM unhoMne apane vicAroM ko saMskRta, urdU, aMgarejI aura marAThI ke kAvyazAstra se bhalI bhA~ti samRddha kiyA hai aura yuga kI AvazyakatAo ke anukUla yathAsthAna maulika siddhAnto kA prastutIkaraNa bhI kiyA hai / isa dizA me unakI dRSTi adhikAMzataH saMskRta ke samIkSAzAstra para TikI rahI hai| hindI ke rItikAlIna AcAryo ne saMskRta kI saiddhAntika 1. DaoN0 rAjakizora kakkar3a : 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya meM AlocanA kA vikAsa', pR0 584-585 /

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156 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva vivecana-zailI grahaNa kI thI aura dvivedIjI ke AvirbhAva ke pUrva taka hindI-AlocanA kA siddhAnta-nirUpaNa rItikAlIna Adarzo para avalambita thaa| dvivedI jI ne hindI kI saiddhAntika samIkSA kA sIdhA nAtA saMskRta ke sAhityazAstra ke sAtha jor3a diyaa| isI kAraNa zrIzivanAtha jaise vicArakoM ko aisA lagA hai : "dvivedI-yuga meM jo saiddhAntika tathA vyAvahArika samIkSA kA sAhitya prApta hai, usako dekhane se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki usameM hindI-samIkSA kA mAna vahI hai, jo saMskRtasamIkSA kA mAna thaa| usameM saskRta ke samIkSakoM kI uddharaNI hI bAra-bAra milatI hai|"1 __saMskRta-kAvyazAstra ko sAmane rakha kara apane yuga kI sAhitya-sRSTi ke jina siddhAntoM kI racanA dvivedIjI ne kI, usameM janahita evaM lokaruci kA sarvAdhika dhyAna unhoMne rakhA / samIkSA ke jo uddezya nizcita hue, unameM sAhitya kI unnati, sAhitya ko sAdhAraNa janatA taka pahu~cAnA tathA sAhitya ko ramaNIya zikSAoM dvArA jIvanopayogI banAne kI dizA meM prayatnazIla karanA ityAdi para vizeSa bala diyA gyaa| nIti, suruci, lokamaMgala evaM AdarzavAda ko isI kAraNa dvivedIjI kI AlocanA ke pramukha svaroM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| DaoN0 makkhanalAla zarmA ne likhA hai : ___ "dvivedIjI kI sAhitya-kasauTI janamata para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa vyaktivAdI samIkSA kI apekSA saiddhAntika samIkSA ke samAjavAdI rUpa ko hI zreSTha mAnatI thii|"2 dvivedIjI kI AlocanA meM naitikatA evaM sAmAjika upayogitA kA kitatA sthAna hai, isakA anumAna unakI kAvya, kavi, sAhitya aura nATaka-sambandhI mAnyatAoM se lagAyA jA sakatA hai| dvivedIjI kI siddhAntamUlaka AlocanA unake AcAryatva ko pramANita karatI hai| isa krama meM unhoMne siddhAntoM ko sAdhya aura lakSya tathA racanAoM ko sAdhana na mAnakara racanAoM ko hI sAdhya evaM siddhAntoM ko sAdhana mAnA hai| satyaM, zivaM aura sundaram para AdhRta unakI saiddhAntika samIkSA kA yahI saundarya evaM Adarza kahA jA sakatA hai| ___ apanI paricayAtmaka evaM siddhAntamUlaka donoM hI AlocanAoM meM dvivedIjI ne apanI pratibhA, pANDitya evaM kauzala kA paricaya diyA hai| samAlocaka yadi kisI patrikA kA sampAdaka bhI rahatA hai, to use samIkSA ke lie eka vistRta kSetraphala mila jAtA hai / dvivedIjI ko yaha saubhAgya prApta thaa| 'sarasvatI' ke pannoM para unakI AlocanAtmaka pratibhA ke darzana pratimAsa hote the / ve apanI patrikA meM apanI AlocanA 1. zrIzivanAtha : 'Adhunika AlocanA kA udaya aura AcArya rAmacandra zukla' ___ 'AlocanA', AlocanA-vizeSAMka, akTUbara, 1953 I0, pR0 86 / 2. DaoN0 makkhanalAla zarmA : 'dvivedIyugIna samIkSA', paNDita jagannAtha tivArI abhinandana-grantha, pR0 402 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 157. sambandhI racanAoM ko kisa sImA taka sthAna pradAna karate the, isakI eka sAmAnya rUparekhA nimnAMkita sUcI meM prastuta hai : 1. naiSadha caritacarcA aura sudarzana : akTUbara, 1900 I0 / 2. nAyikAbheda : jUna, 1901 I0 / 3. kavi-karttavya : julAI, 1901 I0 / 4. 'mahiSasataka' kI samIkSA : akTUbara, 1901 I0 / 5. bhavabhUti 1) : janavarI, 1902 I0 / 6. hindI-sAhitya : janavarI, 1902 I0 / 7. bhavabhUti (2) : pharavarI, 1902 I0 / 8. prAcIna kavitA : mArca, 1902 I0 / 6. prAcIna kavitA kA arvAcIna avatAra : mArca, 1902 I0 / 10. khar3I bolI kA padya : sitambara, 1902 I0 / 11. hindI-bhASA aura usakA sAhitya : pharavarI-mArca, 1903 I0 / 12. samAlocanA : jUna, 1903 I0 / 13. bihAra ke vijJAna-pATha : sitambara, 1903 I0 / 14. dezavyApaka bhASA (1) : sitambara, 1903 I0 / 15. dezavyApaka bhASA (2) : akTUbara, 1902 I0 / 16. dezavyApaka bhASA (3): navambara, 1903 I0 / 17. sampAdakoM ke lie skUla : janavarI, 1904 I0 / 18. 'sarojanI' aura 'rAjapUta' : disambara 1904 I0 / 19. sabhA aura sarasvatI : disambara, 1904 I0 / 20. skUlI kitAbeM : mArca, 1905 I0 / 21. pUrvI hindI : maI, 1905 ii0| 22. kAlidAsa kI vaivAhika kavitA : jUna, 1905 I0 / 23. dezavyApaka lipi : agasta, 1905 I0 / 24. devanAgarI-lipi kA utpattikAla : avaTUbara, 1905 I0 // 25. 'jamAnA' aura devanAgarI lipi : akTUbara, 1905 ii0| 26. vAlmIkirAmAyaNa aura bauddhamata : akTUbara, 1905 I0 / / 27. bhASA aura vyAkaraNa : navambara, 1905 I0 / 28. AkhyAyikA : disambara, 1905 I0 / 29. bhASA aura vyAkaraNa : disambara, 1905 I0 / 30. urdU aura 'AjAda' : apraila, 1906 I0 / 31. prAcIna padya : navambara, 1906 ii.|

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158 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva 32. sampAdakIya yogyatA : jUna, 1907 I0 / 33. kavi aura kavitA : julAI, 1907 I0 / 34. pustaka prakAzana : janavarI, 1908 I0 / 35. sAhibI hindI (1) : janavarI, 1908 I0 / 36. sAhibI hindI (2) : pharavarI, 1908 I0 / 37. oMkAra-mahimA-prakAza : julAI, 1908 I0 / 38. a~garejoM kA sAhitya-prema : sitambara, 1908 I0 / 39. vaidika koza : mArca, 1906 I0 / 40. mahArASTra-sAhitya-sammelana : disambara, 1909 I0 / AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI ke sampAdana-kAla evaM usake pUrva kI 'sarasvatI' ke prArambhika dasa varSoM meM prakAzita dvivedIjI kA yaha AlocanAtmaka sAhitya isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki dvivedIjI ne vipula sakhyA meM AlocanAtmaka sAhitya likhA / isa sUcI meM unakI maikar3oM laghu TippaNiyoM tathA 'sarasvatI' meM pratimAsa 'pustaka-paricaya' stambha meM chapanevAlI samIkSAo kA ullekha nahIM hai / pustakAkAra prakAzita dvivedIjI kA AlocanAtmaka sAhitya kula milAkara itanA hI hai : 1. naiSadhacaritacarcA / san 1896 ii0)| 2. hindI-zikSAvalI, tRtIya bhAga kI samAlocanA (san 1899 ii0)| 3. hindI-kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA (san 1909 ii0)| 4. vikramAkadevacaritacarcA (san 1907 ii0)| 5. hindI-bhASA kI utpatti san 1907 I0) / 6. kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA (san 1911 ii0)| 7. nATyazAstra san 1911 I0) / 8. kAlidAsa (san 1920 ii0)| 9. kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA (san 1920 I0) / 10. rasajJaraMjana (san 1920 ii0)| 11. AlocanAMjali (san 1928 ii0)| 12. sAhitya-sandarbha (san 1928 I0) / 13. sAhityAlApa (san 1926 I0) / 14. vAgvilAsa san 1930 I0) / 15. samAlocanA-samuccaya (san 1930 I0) / 16. sAhitya-sIkara san 1930 ii0)| ina pustakoM ke atirikta vicAra-vimarza', 'saMkalana' ityAdi kaI saMkalanoM meM bhI dvivedI jI kI bhASA evaM sAhitya-pambandhI AlocanAtmaka ravanAe~ saMgRhIna haiN|

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 159 varNya viSaya kI dRSTi se ina samIkSAtmaka kRtiyoM meM kahI prAcIna kaviyoM se sambaddha vicAroM kA prastutIkaraNa huA hai, kahI samakAlIna sAhityakAroM kA vivecana huA hai| aura kahIM samIkSA ke saiddhAntika svarUpa kA upasthApana huA hai / parantu dvivedIjI kI samIkSAtmaka kRtiyoM kI prastuta sUcI ke vizeSa sandarbha meM DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha kI adholikhita paktiyA~ dhyAtavya hai : " dvivedIjI kA mahAn Alocaka Thosa AlocanAtmaka granthoM kA praNayana na kara sakA / vaha bhASA sudhAra, ruci - pariSkAra aura lekhaka-nirmANa taka hI sImita raha gayA / usane jAna-bUjhakara ina saMkucita sImAoM ko svIkAra kiyA - yuga kI mA~goM ko pUrA karane ke lie / " 1 apane yugIna mahattva ke Aloka meM dvivedIjI ke AlocanAtmaka sAhitya kA hindIAlocanA ke itihAsa meM apanA viziSTa sthAna hai / inake samUce AlocanAtmaka kRtitva ko mukhya rUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai / pahale bhAga meM unakI pustaka athavA kaviparIkSA-viSayaka samIkSAe~ AnI hai aura dUsare bhAga meM unake samIkSA - siddhAntoM kI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai / adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se ina donoM kA pRthak-pRthak vivecana hI samIcIna hogA / vastu evaM vivecana kI dRSTi se ina donoM vibhAgoM ko kramazaH paricayAtmaka AlocanA evaM saiddhAntika samIkSA kahA jA sakatA hai| parivayAtmaka AlocanA : dvivedIjI ke AlocanAtmaka sAhitya kA eka bahuta bar3A bhAga prAcIna aura navIna sAhityika kRtiyoM kI paricayAtmaka guNadoSa - vivecanA se vyApta hai / paricayAtmaka AlocanA ke antargata unhIM kI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai / 'sarasvatI' ke 'pustakaparicaya' stambha se katipaya pustakoM taka meM isa koTi kI AlocanA kA vistAra parilakSita hotA hai / dvivedIjI ne sAhityika racanAoM ke guNadoSa-parIkSaNa ke lie TIkA, zAstrArtha, khaNDana, sUkti, locana ityAdi kaI AlocanA-paddhatiyA~ apanAI / unhone apanI paricayAtmaka AlocanA kA prArambha anUdita granthoM kI samIkSA se kiyA / dvivedIjI dvArA likhita 'kumArasambhavabhASA' kI samAlocanA san 1896 I0 ke Arambha me 'kAzI - patrikA' meM chapI thii| yahI dvivedIjI kI pahalI AlocanAtmaka upalabdha racanA kahI jA sakatI hai| lAlA sItArAma dvArA mahAkavi kAlidAsa kRta 'kumArasambhavam' ke hindI anuvAda kI yaha doSamUlaka AlocanA thI / lAlA sItArAma ke hI anUdita grantha 'RtusaMhArabhASA' kI samIkSA bhI dvivedIjI ne likhI, jisakA - 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 141 /

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160 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttatva prakAzana bambaI ke veMkaTezvara-samAcAra' meM navambara, 1897 se maI, 1898 I. taka hotA rahA / kucha samaya bAda 'meghadUtabhASA' aura 'raghuvaMzabhASA' kI samIkSAe~ bhI likhI gii| dvivedIjI kI ina sArI prArambhika samIkSAtmaka racanAoM kA pustakAkAra saMkalana 'hindI-kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA' ke nAma se san 1901 I0 meM prakAzita huaa| parantu, unakI pahalI paricayAtmaka samIkSA-pustaka 'hindI-zikSAvalI, tRtIya bhAga' kI samIkSA thI, jisakA prakAzana san 1899 I0 meM huA thaa| paricayAtmaka AlocanA ke antargata parigaNita kI jAnevAlI dvivedIjI kI pustakoM meM kramaza. 'hindIzikSAvalI, tRtIya bhAga' kI samAlocanA, 'naiSadhacaritacarcA', 'hindI-kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA', 'vikramAMkadevacaritacarcA', 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA', 'kAlidAsa', 'kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA' aura 'AlocanAMjali' kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| ina sabameM hI dvivedIjI ne AlocanA kI paricayAtmaka eva guNadoSa-darzana kI nIti apanAI hai| 'sarasvatI' ke 'pustaka-paricaya' stambha meM bhI unakI yahI AlocanApaddhati dIkha par3atI hai / prAcIna athavA navIna lekhakoM ke guNoM tathA doSo kA paridarzana karane meM dvivedIjI ne pakSapAtarahita AlocanA kI hai| unhoMne samajha liyA thA ki Alocya viSaya lekhaka nahI, usakI racanA hai / DaoN0 prabhAkara mAcave ne unakI isI AlocanA-nIti ke sambandha meM likhA hai : AcArya dvivedIjI kI AlocanA-zailI para vicAra karate samaya hameM isapara dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki unakI AlocanA kA mAnadaNDa guNadoSa-nirUpaNa hai| aisI sthiti meM yaha satya hai ki doSa dikhane para ve use binA dikhAye aura usakI kar3I samIkSA kiye nahIM rahate the aura guNa milane para ve usakI prazaMsA meM bhI kotAhI nahIM dikhAte the|"1 spaSTa hai ki mitroM ke sneha athavA zatruoM ke dvaSa se dvivedIjI kI AlocanAe~ kabhI prabhAvita nahIM huii| AlocanA ke kSetra meM dalabandI unheM pasanda nahI thii| isa sambandha meM unhoMne eka bAra 'sarasvatI' meM likhA thA : / "mitratA ke kAraNa kisI pustaka kI anucita prazaMsA karanA vijJApana dene ke sivA aura kucha nhiiN| IrSyA-dveSa athavA zatrubhAva ke vazIbhUta hokara kisI kRti meM amUlaka doSodbhAvanA karanA usase bhI burA kAma haiM / / 2 / / ___ isI guTanirapekSatA kA paripAlana dvivedIjI ne apanI sabhI paricayAtmaka AlocanAoM meM kiyA hai| unakI yaha nyAyapUrNa samAlocanAtmaka dRSTi aura apriya satya ko bhI spaSTataH kaha dene kI Adata dUsaroM ko bahuta khaTakatI thii| parantu, dvivedIjI ne jisa 1. DaoN0 prabhAkara mAcave : 'samIkSA kI samIkSA', pR0 182 / 2. nirmala tAlavAra : 'AcArya dvivedIjI', pR0 146 para uddhRta /

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gadyazailI: nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 161 ucca Adarza evaM mahAn uddezya ko lekara ina samAlocanAoM ko prastuta kiyA thA,, usakI patti ke lie unhoMne apanI kaTu AlocanAoM kI bhI paravAha nahIM kii| ve hindI-sAhitya kI abhivRddhi karane evaM usakI AlocanA ko nayA svarUpa pradAna karane. kI dizA meM satata prayatnazIla rahe / DaoN. zivakaraNa siMha ne likhA hai : ___ "ve ba~dhI-ba~dhAI athavA piTI-piTAI vicAradhArA ke vyakti na the| unake samakSa to: hindI-sAhitya ke rikta bhANDAra ko mUlyavAn sAhityika carcA se bharane aura AdarzapUrNa granthoM ke vivecana ke AdhAra para eka nizcita Adarza sthApita karane kA jvalanta prazna muha bAye khar3A thA / ve eka manISI evaM yugadraSTA vyakti kI taraha apane isa prayatna meM saMlagna hue aura prAcIna aura arvAcIna sabhI viSayoM ke vivecana ke AdhAra para hindI-- sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi karane kA bhagIratha prayAsa karane lge|" __ unakI ye AlocanAe~ hindI-jagat ke lie upakArI siddha huI, isameM sandeha nhiiN| AlocanA ke krama meM unhone eka ora kAlidAsa jaise atIta kAla ke sAhityikoM kI upalabdhiyoM kA punarmUlyAMkana kiyA aura dUsarI ora apane yuga ke naye-se-naye kavi ko ko bhI samIkSA kI kamauTI para rakhA / AcArya dvivedIjI kI isa paricayAtmaka AlocanA kA prArambhika rUpa adhikAMzataH doSa-darzana kI pravRtti se hI grasta yaa| isI kAraNa 'hindI-kAlidAsa kI samAlocanA', 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA' ityAdi kaI prArambhika kRtiyoM meM unakA sampUrNa dhyAna racanA ke doSoM kA sandhAna karane meM hI lagA rahA hai| dvivedIjI doSa-darzana kI isa nIti ko una dinoM burA nahI mAnate the, jaisA ki unhone svayaM eka sthAna para likhA hai : "samAlocanA karane kI praNAlI isa deza meM purAne samaya se hai, kintu vaha praNAlI aba purAne Dhaga kI hai| samAlocanA karane kI kaI praNAlI a~garejI-zikSA kI badaulata hamane sIkhI hai| a~garejI-sAhitya meM sacce samAlocakoM ko bar3e Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA hai| yaha saba samAlocanAe~ prazaMsAtmaka hI nhiiN| inameM zeksapiyara jaise kaviyoM ke doSa-darzana bhI dikhAye jAte haiM aura doSa bhI eka taraha ke nahIM, saba taraha ke-zeksapiyara kI bhASA ke doSa, zeksapiyara kI kavitA ke doSa aura zeksapiyara ke pannoM ke doSa; para ina doSoM ko koI burA nahIM maantaa|"2 prastuta avataraNa se eka ora dvivedIjI kI doSa-digdarzana-sambandhI bhAvanA prakaTa hotI hai aura dUsarI ora yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki prArambha se hI ve pAzcAttya AlocanA se prabhAvita the| bhAratIya saMskRti evaM saMskRta-sAhityazAstra meM pUrNa AsthA rakhate hue 1. DaoN. zivakaraNa siMha : AlocanA ke badalate mAnadaNDa aura hindI-sAhitya, pR0 391 / 2. DaoN0 rAmadaraza mizra : 'hindI-AlocanA kA itihAsa', pR0 50 para uddhRt|

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162 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva bhI prAcIna evaM arvAcIna sabhI kaviyoM ke doSa dikhAne ke lie dvivedIjI ne apane Upara par3e Agla prabhAva ko svIkArA hai / doSa dikhAne kA yaha kArya unheM a~garejI-zikSA se prApta jJAna se hI jJAta huA thA / 1 parantu unakI isa doSa darzana kI pravRtti ne bahuta logoM ko aprasanna kara diyA / 'kAlidAsa kI nirakuzatA' nAmaka pustaka para to aneka logoM ne kSobha prakaTa kiyA, yadyapi usakI bhUmikA meM dvivedIjI ne likha diyA thA : " pAThaka, vizvAsa kIjie, yaha lekha hama kAlidAsa ke doSa dikhAkara uname ApakI zraddhA kama karane ke irAde se nahIM likha rahe hai / aisA karanA hama ghora pApa samajhate hai, bhArI kRtaghnatA samajhate haiM / ise Apa vAgvilAsa samajhie / yaha kevala ApakA manoraMjana karane ke lie hai / itanA karane para bhI jaba logoM ne ruSTatA prakaTa kI, taba dvivedIjI ne apane 'prAcIna kaviyoM meM doSodbhAvanA' zIrSaka lekha meM likhA thA : " 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA' nAmaka lekha me jina doSoM kA ullekha huA hai, unameM se do-cAra ko chor3akara zeSa saba doSoM ko saMskRta ke sAhityazAstra - praNetAoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / jo bAte ina mahAtmAo ne pahale hI likha rakhI hai, unhIM kA nidarzana karAnA bhI yadi hindI me manA ho, to usake sAhitya se samAlocanA kA bahiSkAra hI kara denA cAhie / "3 4 isa prakAra, dvivedIjI ne apanI prArambhika AlocanAoM me doSadarzana athavA khaMDanAtmakatA ko mahattva diyA / isa pravRtti ko unakI paravarttI AlocanAoM meM afras prAzraya nahI milaa| phira bhI, jahA~ kahI unhe kisI bhI pustaka meM avaguNa dIkhate the, unakI ora saMketa karanA ve nahIM bhUlate the / dvivedIjI kI doSa paryavekSaNazailI se grasta unakI sabhI AlocanAoM ko DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne 'saMhArAtmaka samIkSA' kI saMjJA dI hai aura likhA hai : " unakI saMhArAtmaka samIkSAoM ne lekhakoM ko sAvadhAna karake, bhASA ko suvyavasthita karake hindI sAhitya kI IdRktA aura iyattA ko unnata karane kI bhUmA prastuta kI, sAhityika jagat meM jAgRti utpanna kI, jisake phalasvarUpa Age calakara mAnanIya Thosa granthoM kI racanA ho skii| "4 doSa-darzana se bharapUra samIkSAoM se Upara uThane para dvivedIjI nIra-kSIraviveka Alocaka kA bAnA dhAraNa kara liyA / unhoMne pakSapAta rahita bhAva se racanAo 1. vizeSataH draSTavya : DaoN0 rAmacandra prasAda : 'hindI - AlocanA para pAzcAttya prabhAva', paTanA- vizvavidyAlaya kI DI0 liT0 upAdhi ke lie svIkRta zodha prabandha | 2. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'kAlidAsa kI niraMkuzatA', pR0 2 / 3. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'AlocanAMjali', pR0 43 / 4. DaoN0 udayabhAnusiMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 162 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 163 kI samIkSA karanA prArambha kiyaa| prAcIna aura navIna sabhI kaviyoM-lekhakoM kI AlocanA unhoMne isI Adarza para kii| parantu, prAcIna kAvyakRtiyoM kI AlocanA ke sandarbha meM unakI eka pravRtti sarvatra parilakSita hotI hai / ve prAcIna kaviyoM ke kAvya kI vivecanA karane ke sAtha hI kavi kA aitihAsika paricaya evaM tatsambandhI vistRta gaveSaNA bhI prastuta karate jAte the / isI pravRtti ko lakSya kara DaoN0 prabhAkara mAcave ne likhA hai : "AlocanAoM meM AcArya dvivedI kI dRSTi kAvya-samIkSA para atyalpa rahI aura kavi yA usake AzrayadAtA ke samaya usake jIvanavRtta Adi para atyadhika Aja samAlocanA ke kSetra meM kavi ke jIvana tathA usake kAla-nirNaya para vizeSa dRSTi DAlane kI paddhati nahI hai / ye sAhitya ke itihAsa-kSetra kI vastue~ samajhI jAtI haiM / "" parantu dvivedIjI kI AlocanAoM meM inakA bar3A vistAra milatA hai / 'vikramAMkadevacaritacarcA', 'naiSadhacaritacarcA' evaM 'kAlidAsa' meM kavi, usake kAla, AzrayadAtA kA kAla evaM kavi ke jIvana para hI adhika pRSTha bhare gaye hai / jaise, 'kAlidAsa' meM kAlidAsa ke kAla nirNaya para hI 108 pRSThoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai, jabaki kula pustaka mAtra 235 pRSThoM kI hai| isa prakAra, dvivedIjI dvArA kI gaI prAcIna kaviyoM kI paricayAtmaka AlocanAoM meM kavi kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi prastuta karane kI pravRti dIkha par3atI hai| Adhunika granthoM kI samIA karate samaya dvivedIjI ne aisA nahIM kiyA hai / 'sarasvatI' ke 'pustaka paricaya' stambha meM tathA anyatra kaI sthAnoM meM apane samaya ke sAhitya kI paricayAtmaka AlocanA karate samaya dvivedIjI ne racanA kI guNa-do-mamasyA Adi kA hI vivecana kiyA hai| prAcIna kaviyoM kI samIkSA karate samaya jisa prakAra ve aitihAsikatA ke cakkara meM viSayAntara ho jAte the, usI prakAra sAmayika kRtiyo kI samIkSA karate samaya ve racanA kI mUla samasyA ko lekara viSayAntara ho jAyA karate the / AlocanA me samasyAoM kA praveza dvivedIjI ne hI karAyA thA / aise kaI udAharaNa milate hai ki vividha viSayoM kI pustakoM kI vivecanA karate-karate dvivedI pustaka ke varNya viSaya athavA uThAI gaI samasyA para hI gambhIra vistRta cintana karane lage hai / yathA, san 1907 I0 kI 'sarasvatI' meM 'strIzikSA' kI AlocanA meM unhone pustaka kI apekSA strIzikSA kI AvazyakatA para vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| aisA karane ke pIche unakA uddezya nitAnta sudhAravAdI evaM AdarzamUlaka thA / isI kAraNa, ve apane yuga kI sabhI azobhana evaM Adarzacyuta racanAoM kI kar3I samIkSA karate the aura naitika dRSTi se sampanna tathA murucipUrNa kRtiyoM kI prazaMsA karate the| DaoN0 mAhezvarI siMha 'maheza' ke anusAra : 1. DaoN0 prabhAkara mAcave : 'samIkSA kI samIkSA', pR0 86 /

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164 ] AcArya mahAbIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva "ve AlocanArthaM Aye granthoM kI samAlocanA to karate hI the, yadi koI galata aura amaryAdita grantha kahIM se prakAzita huA ho, to use ma~gAkara usakI bakhiyA - udher3a AlocanA karate the / 1 nirNAyaka bhAva se dvivedIjI ne apane yuga kI samasta upalabdhiyoM kI samIkSA kI aura hindI-saMsAra samakSa Adarza, nItimUlaka evaM satsAhitya kI sthApanA kA mAnadaNDa nirdhArita kiyA / viSaya, bhASA aura zailI kI dRSTi se hindI kI tatkAlIna pustakoM kA saMskAra unhoMne kiyA / tArkika, vyaMgyapUrNa aura ojapUrNa zailiyoM meM unhoMne pustaka-parIkSaNa kA yaha yugAntarakArI kArya kiyA / dvivedIjI kI pustakAlocanakalA kA eka hI udAharaNa paryApta hogA / mArca, 1915 I0 kI 'sarasvatI' meM unhoMne 'vaidika prANaiSaNA' nAmaka pustaka kI adholikhita samIkSA prakAzita kI thI: "vaidika prANaSaNA : AkAra bar3A, pRSTha-saMkhyA 520, mUlya 2 rupayA, lekhaka, zrImadvaidyAcArya paNDita hemanidhi zarmA upAdhyAya, bulandazahara; prakAzaka, lekhaka mahAzaya ke putra paNDitasudhAnidhi zarmA upAdhyAya, prakAzakajI se prApta / isa pusta kA nAma jaisA kliSTa hai, bhASA bhI isakI vaisI hI kliSTa hai, vaha kahIM-kahIM vyAkaraNaviruddha bhI hai / inameM na mAlUma kyA-kyA likhA gayA hai / isakA pradhAna uddezya nirAmiSa bhojana kI mahattA dikhAnA hai / parantu, jina bAtoM kA mUla viSaya se bahuta hI kama yA bilakula hI sambandha nahIM, ve bhI isameM sanniviSTa kara dI gaI haiN| udAharaNArtha, vAjIkaraNa-vidhi, vaidika garbhAdhAna-vidhi, madyapAna- vicAra, vAmamArga kA pracAra Adi / ... isa pustaka kI sabase bar3I vilakSaNatA yaha hai ki zrutiyoM meM, smRtiyoM meM, nATyasUtroM meM aura vaidyaka-granthoM Adi meM jahA~-jahA~ mA~sa khAne yA hiMsA karane kA ullekha haiM, vahA~vahA~ ke vacanoM kA nayA hI artha vaidyAcAryajI ne kara DAlA hai / matalaba yaha hai ki yadi 'kahIM kisI ko Apake mata ke viruddha koI vacana mile, to use samajhanA cAhie ki yA to usakA vaha artha hI nahIM, jo Ajataka adhikAMza vidvAn samajhate Aye haiM yA vaha vacana kA prakSipta aMza hai : durdharSa kArya ke upalakSya meM Apako badhAI / 2 pustaka kI taha taka jAkara usake durguNo kA patA lagAne meM dvivedIjI kisa sImA taka kuzala the, isakA sahaja anumAna isa samIkSA se lagAyA jA sakatA hai / isI prakAra, guNoM kA bodha hote hI ve prazaMsanIya vAkyoM kI jhar3I lagA dete the / yathA, jUna, 1915 I0 kI 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita 'kumArapAlacarita' kI samIkSA kI kucha paMktiyA~ draSTavya haiM : " jaina sAhitya meM bhArata ke madhyakAlIna itihAsa kI bahuta kucha sAmagrI hai| jainoM ko usakA sadupayoga karanA caahie| isase aneka durlabha bAtoM kA patA laga sakatA hai| 1. DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu : 'hindI - sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa', bhAga 13, pR0 147 / 2. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 205 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 165 kumArapAla ke viSaya meM saMskRta, prAkRta aura gujarAtI meM aneka pustakeM haiM / prastuta pustaka ke sadRza unake AdhAra para bhI pustaka nikalanI cAhie / isa pustaka kI bhASA kucha gujarAtIpana liye hue hai, para samajha meM acchI taraha AtI hai / hindIbhASA-bhASI jainoM ke lie hI yaha likhI gaI hai / lekhaka mahAzaya kA yaha kArya prazaMsanIya hai / " " isa prakAra, dvivedIjI ne apanI paricayAtmaka AlocanA ko hindI kI bahuvidha unnati kA mAdhyama banAyA evaM prAcIna navIna kRtiyoM kI pakSapAta rahita AlocanA karake Adarza-saMsthApana kA yugAntarakArI kArya kiyA / apane isa mahAn uddezya kI pUrti ke lie unhoMne patha kI bAdhAoM ko jhelA evaM kisI bhI kAla kI kisI bhI racanA ko apanI niSpakSa guNadoSa-nirNAyaka kasauTI para hI ksaa| DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne likhA hai : "unhoMne naye aura adhakacare lekhakoM kI AlocanA hI prakharatA se nahIM kI, varan mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke doSoM kA bhI nirbhIkatA se udghATana kiyA / unakI doSAnveSaNadRSTi bahuta sUkSma aura prabala thI, isalie ve Adarza aura maryAdita sAhitya kI sRSTi kara sake tathA tatkAlIna paristhiti meM pror3ha tathA vyAkaraNasammata vyAvahArika bhASA kA zilAnyAsa kara sake / 12 saiddhAntika AlocanA : vyAvahArika samIkSAoM dvArA prAcIna aura navIna sAhityika kRtiyoM meM guNadoSavivecana karake naye Adarza sthApita karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedI jI ne sAhityika maryAdA ke yugAnurUpa sAhityazAstra ko bhI nirmita kiyA thA / unhoMne apanI siddhAntamUlaka samIkSA meM sAhitya, kAvya, nATaka Adi se sambaddha siddhAntoM kA prastutIkaraNa kiyA hai / isa krama meM unakI vivecana paddhati saMskRta kAvyazAstriyoM jaisI AcArya-paddhati ke anurUpa hI hai / parantu, korA siddhAnta-nirUpaNa unakA lakSya nahIM rahA / unhoMne apane sAre siddhAntoM ko yugIna pariveza tathA AvazyakatAoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara prastuta kiyA, ataH unakI AcArya praNAlI evaM saMskRta ke AcAryoM kI siddhAnta - nirUpaNa-paddhati meM spaSTa hI eka bar3A antara thA / saMskRta ke AcAryoM ne yugabodha ko dRSTipatha meM nahIM rakhate hue sAhityika siddhAntoM ko prastuta kiyA thA, parantu hindI ke vAstavika AcArya for mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne apane sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa ke anukUla sAhityika siddhAntoM kA hI pratipAdana kiyaa| isa krama meM unakI ceSTA hindI meM eka spaSTa tathA Adarza sAhityazAstra kI sthApanA kI rahI / isalie, ve kisI vizeSa vAda yA mata ke 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 216 - 217 / 2. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI yuga kI hindI - gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana ' pR0 160 /

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166 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva bandhana meM nahIM ba~dha sake / ve na to bharata, vizvanAtha Adi kI bhA~ti rasavAdI haiM, na bhAmaha Adi kI taraha alakAravAdI hai, na vAmana Adi kI bhA~ti rItivAdI hai, na kuntaka Adi kI taraha vakroktivAdI hai, na Anandavaddhana kI bhaoNti dhvanivAdI hai, na jagannAtha kI taraha camatkAravAdI hai aura na hI pazcimI samIkSA-praNAlI se prabhAvita AlocvoM kI taraha antHsmiikssaavaadii| unakI saiddhAntika samIkSA meM sabhI vAdoM evaM praNAliyoM kA sAra prastuta karane kI adbhuta ceSTA dIkha par3atI hai| sAtha hI, unhone yathAsambhava sarala bhASAzailI meM apane vividha siddhAntoM kA prastutIkaraNa kiyA hai| unake ina sabhI siddhAntoM me bhI vizeSa ulajhAva nahIM dIkha par3atA hai| DaoN0 prabhAkara mAcave ne likhA hai : ___"ve hindIvAloM ko zAstrIya jaTilatAoM me ulajhAnA nahIM cAhate the| ve sAhitya kA sarala, mIdhA aura sAmAnya mArga sthApita karanA cAhate the| unake kAvya-sambandhI siddhAnto me nizcaya hI bar3I sAdagI hai| isa sAdagI ke mUla me vyAvahArikatA tathA yathArtha kI preraNA vizeSa rUpa se nihita hai|"1 / __ isI kAraNa, dvivedIjI ne bhAratIya siddhAnto ko bhI grahaNa kiyA aura prasaMgavaza pAzcAttya siddhAntoM kA bhI sahArA liyaa| unake samakSa bhAratenduyugIna sthiti nahIM thI,isI kAraNa unake Adarza bhI bhAratendayugIna nahI raha ske| nAmamAtra kI maulika cintanA dene ke atirikta bhAratenduyugIna kAvyazAstrIya cintana adhikAMzataH bhAratIya kAvyazAstra para AdhRta thaa| parantu, bhAratendu-yuga me jisa rItikAlIna kAvyazilpa tathA bhASAsauSThava ko kavitA kA mUla upAdAna mAnA gayA thA, usake anukUla paristhitiyA~ dvivedI-yuga meM nahI thii| isa kAraNa, dvivedIjI kA tatsambandhI cintana bhAratenduyugIna kAvyazAstrIya cintana se adhika nikharA, gaharA aura Age bar3hA huA hai / dvivedIjI kI siddhAntamUlaka AlocanA kA upasthApana adholikhita pustakoM meM huA hai : 1. nATyazAstra (san 1911 ii0)| 2. rasajJaraMjana (san 1920 ii0)| 3. samAlocanA-samuccaya (san 1930 I0) / inake atirikta, anyAnya vyAvahArika yA paricayAtmaka AlocanA se sambaddha pustakoM meM bhI yathAvasara dvivedIjI ne apanI saiddhAntika samIkSA kI abhivyakti kI hai| DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne isa sandarbha meM likhA hai : "unakA siddhAnta-nirUpaNa sabhI AlocanAo meM yathAsthAna bikharA huA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki unhone saMskRta-AcAryoM kI bhAMti siddhAntoM ko sAdhya aura lakSya tathA . racanAo ko sAdhana na mAnakara racanAoM ko hI sAdhya aura siddhAnto ko hI 1. DaoN. prabhAkara mAcave : 'samIkSA kI samIkSA', pR0 180 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 167 sAdhana mAnA hai / lekhaka yA usakI kRti kI AlocanA karate samaya jahA~ kahIM apane kathana ko pramANita yA puSTa karane kI AvazyakatA par3I hai, vahA~ para unhone apane yA anya AcAryo ke siddhAnto kA upasthApana kiyA hai / " 1 ataeva, pustaka paricaya se vividha nibandho taka me dvivedIjI kI saiddhAntika AlocanA bikharI huI hai / unake siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa bar3e hI vizAla phalaka para huA hai, isameM sandeha nahIM / AcArya dvivedIjI ne kAtrya evaM sAhitya ke bahiraMga tathA antaraMga svarUpa para Adarza - nItimUlaka siddhAntoM kA upasthApana kiyA hai / dvivedIjI ne kAvya ke lakSaNa para vicAra karate hue likhA hai : "antaHkaraNa kI vRttiyoM ke citra kA nAma kavitA hai / nAnA prakAra ke vikAroM ke yoga se utpanna hue manobhAva jaba mana meM nahI samAte, taba ve Apa hI Apa mukha ke mArga se bAhara nikalane lagate hai / 2 unakI isa mAnyatA kI pRSThabhUmi me zoka - zloka - samIkaraNa kA Adarza prastuta hai / ve va svartha kI taraha isa tathya se pUrNata abhijJa hai ki kAvya antarvRttiyoM kA svataH sphurita srota hai| unhoMne bhAva ko kavitA kA merudaNDa mAnA hai / bhASA ke bhAvamaya prayoga tathA kAvya kI bhAva-vyaMjanA para unhoMne sthAna-sthAna para bala diyA hai / kAvya ke Antarika satya bhAva kI mahattA sthApita karate hue unhone likhA hai : " kaviyoM ke lie jaise zabdoM, vRtto aura svAbhAvika varNanoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, vaise hI citrakAro ke lie citrita vastu ke svAbhAvika raMga-rUpa kI tadvat pratikRti nirmita karane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| phira bhI, citrakAra aura kavi ke lie ye guNa gauNa hai| ina donoM kA mukhya guNa to hai bhAva vyaMjakatA / bhAva-vyaMjanA jisameM jitanI hI adhika hotI hai, vaha apanI kalA kA utanA hI adhika jJAtA samajhA jAtA hai| 3 kAvyanirmiti meM bhAva kI sattA ko svIkArate hue dvivedIjI ne rasa ko kAvya kI AtmA mAnA hai / isa prakAra, ve bhAratIya kAvyAtmavAda kI dRSTi se ramavAdI kahe jA sakate haiM / unhoMne kaI sthAnoM para kavitA kA AdhAra rasa hI mAnA hai, jaise : " kavitA kA acchA aura burA honA vizeSataH acche artha aura rasa- bAhulya para avalambita hai / 4 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga, pR0 120 // 2. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 62 / 3. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'samAlocanA-samuccaya', pR0 31 / 4. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 20 /

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168 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva "rasa hI kavitA kA prANa hai, aura jo yathArtha kavi hai, usakI kavitA meM rasa avazya hotA hai|"1 __"kavitA par3hate samaya tadgata rasa meM yadi par3hanevAlA DUba na jAya, to vaha kavitA, kavitA nhiiN|"2 ina uktiyoM se spaSTa hai ki unhoMse rasa ko kAvya kA jIvana mAnakara yaha spaSTa pratipAdita kiyA hai ki rasavihIna racanA meM kAvyatva nahIM hotaa| unakA rasa-sambandhI yaha vivecana kavitA ke sandarbha meM hI huA hai, pRthak rUpa se rasa kA vivecana unhoMne nahIM kiyA hai| isI prakAra, unhoMne alaMkAroM kA bhI prasaMgavaza ullekha kiyA hai| rasavAdI hone ke nAte ve kAvya meM saralatA, spaSTatA evaM manoraMjakatA ke pakSadhara the, isI kAraNa alaMkAroM ke anAvazyaka camatkAra-bodhaka prayoga ko unhoMne mAnyatA nahIM dI hai / ve kAvya ke asvAbhAvika alakaraNa ke sthAna para usa meM Antarika gaurava ke pratiSThApana para bala dete the| unhoMne eka jagaha likhA bhI hai : ___ "artha ke saurasya hI kI ora kaviyoM kA dhyAna adhika honA cAhie, zabdoM ke ADambara kI ora nhiiN| sAtha hI, ve alaMkAroM ke navIna yugAnukUla vinyAsa ke bhI pakSapAtI the| 'bhAratIbhUSaNa' nAmaka eka tatkAlIna pustaka kI prastAvanA meM dvivedIjI kA eka patra uddhRta hai, usI meM dvivedIjI kI yaha bhAvanA sAmane AI hai : ___ "bhAratI ko kucha navIna bhUSaNoM se alaMkRta karane se hameM saMkoca nahIM karanA caahie|... phira, kyA kAraNa hai ki becArI bhAratI ke jevara vahI bharata, kAlidAsa bhoja ityAdi ke samaya ke jyoM-ke-tyoM bane hue haiN| bhAratI ko kyA navInatA pasanda nahIM ?'4 alaMkAroM kI taraha dvivedIjI ne rIti kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai| unhone rIti ko Adhunika zailI ke rUpa me svIkAra karake usake pramukha tattva bhASA kA hI vIvecana kiyA hai| unakA vicAra thA ki vahI bhASA uttama zailI kI sUcaka ho sakatI hai, jo zuddha, vyAkaraNasammata, marala, sIdhI tathA bolacAla kI ho| zailI yA rIti ke anya tattvoM kI vyAkhyA unhoMne isalie nahI ki usa samaya bhASA ko zuddha, vyavasthita, sarala tathA yugAnurUpa bhAvoM kI vyaMjaka banAnA hI AlocakoM kA prAthamika kArya thaa| isa taraha, jaba dvivedIjI ne guNoM kI carcA kI hai, taba bhI unakA dhyAna zuddhatA ke mahattva-sthApana: kI ora sarvAdhika dIkha par3atA haiN| unhoMne prAcIna paramparita guNoM kI carcA na karake bhASA ke guNoM kA maulika DhaMga se vivecana kiyA hai| isa sandarbha meM unhoMne 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'prAcIna paNDita aura kavi', pR0 35 / 2. 'sarasvatI', janavarI, 1900 I0, pR0 32 / 3. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 41 / 4. zrIarjunadAsa keDiyA : 'bhAratIbhUSaNa', pR0 41 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 169 zuddhatA, saralatA, subodhatA, spaSTatA Adi bhASA ke guNoM kA ullekha pAzcAttya AcAryo ke prabhAvavaza kAvya evaM bhASA kI yugIna sthiti ko dekhate hue kiyA hai / mUlata: rasavAdI hote hue bhI dvivedIjI ne alaMkAroM, rItiyoM aura guNoM ke sAtha-sAtha vakrokti para vicAra kiyA hai / ve camatkAra tathA vakratA ko bhI kAvya kA Avazyaka mAnate the / unhone likhA hai : "zikSita kaviyoM kI uktiyoM meM camatkAra kA honA paramAvazyaka hai / yadi kavitA meM camatkAra nahIM to usase Ananda kI prApti nahIM ho sakatI / "" siddhAnta rUpa se aisA mAnate hue yuga kI sImAoM tathA AvazyakatAoM se ba~dhA ho ke kAraNa dvivedIjI ne na apanI kavitA meM aura na apane ziSyoM kI kavitA meM hI camatkAra tathA vacanavakratA ko panapane diyA / anya kAvya-sampradAyoM ke pramukha guNoM ko grahaNa karate hue bhI dvivedIjI ne sarasatA ko hI kAvya kI pramukha vizeSatA mAnA hai | isa sambandha meM unakA niSkarSa hai : suramyatA hI kamanIya kAnti hai, amUlya AtmA rasa hai manohare, zarIra terA saba zabdamAtra hai, nitAnta niSkarSa yahI, yahI, yahI / 2 isa prakAra, kAvya ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM dvivedIjI kI vicAradhArA nItivAdI, upayogitAvAdI tathA AnandavAdI dRSTigocara hotI hai / kAvya hetu kA vivecana karane ke sandarbha meM unhoMne kavi ko prAtibha jJAna-sampanna evaM navanavonmeSazAlinI pratibhA se paripUrNa kalAkAra mAnA hai / yathA : " kavi ke lie jisa bAta kI sabase adhika jarUrata hotI hai, vaha pratibhA hai / " 3 pratibhA sampanna kavi kI racanA kavitA ko dvivedIjI ne eka aura kAntAsammita upadeza kI dRSTi se mahattA dI hai aura dUsarI ora zivatva kI rakSA bhI isakA mukhya uddezya ghoSita kiyA hai / dvivedIjI ne kAvya meM lokahita, pariSkRta Ananda aura bhaktipreraka bhAvoM ke abhiniveza ko hI usakA mUla prayojana mAnA hai / kAvya se prApta honevAle Ananda ke bAre meM unhoMne likhA hai : "jisa kavitA se jitanA hI adhika Ananda mile, use utanA hI U~ce daraje kI samajhanA cAhie / 4 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'saMcayana', pR0 66 / 2. devIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA', pR0 295 / 3. 'sarasvatI', mArca, 1906 I0, pR0 96 // 4. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'saMcayana', pR0 150 /

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170 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva parantu, Anandopalabdhi ke sAtha-sAtha lokopakAra ko bhI unhone kAvya kA pramukha lakSya mAnA hai / arthalAbha evaM yaza prApti kI dRSTi se bhI lokahita kI pravRtti se racita kAvya kA vizeSa mahattva hotA hai / yathA : bhASA hai ramaNI-ratna mahA-sukhakArI, bhUSaNa haiM usake grantha loka upakArI / unako likha usakI tRpti bhalIvidhi kIjai, ati vimala suyaza kI rAzi kyoM na le lIjai / / Ananda evaM lokahita ke prayojana se racita kavitAoM ko dvivedIjI vividha viSayoM se paripUrNa dekhanA cAhate the| hindI-sAhitya kI sarvAgINa unnati ke lie unhoMne vividha varNya viSayoM ke upayoga kI salAha dI thI : "jo jisa viSaya kA jJAtA hai athavA jo viSaya jise adhika manoraMjaka jAna par3atA hai, use usI viSaya kI grantha-racanA karanI caahie| sAhitya kI jitanI zAkhAe~ haiM-jJAnArjana ke jitane sAdhana hai-sabhI ko apanI bhASA meM sulabha kara dene kI ceSTA karanI caahie|"2 ___ isa kAraNa unhoMne apane yuga ke kavigoM ko naye-naye viSayoM para kAvya-racanA kI preraNA dI thii| 'kaviyoM kI urmilA-viSayaka udAsInatA' unakA eka aisA hI preraka nibandha hai| viSaya kI vividhatA aura ujjvala bhAvoM kI bhA~ti kavitA kI kalAtmaka pariSkRti kI bhI dvivedIjI ne carcA kI hai aura isa sandarbha me bhASA ke prasAda guNa aura usakI pariSkRti kI ora bhI dvivedIjI ne vizeSa dhyAna diyA hai| bhASA ke sarala, vyAkaraNasammata evaM viSayAnukula hone ke sambandha meM unakI sUktiyA~ draSTavya hai : "lekhakoM ko sarala aura subodha bhASA meM apanA vaktavya likhanA caahie|" 3 "kavitA likhane me vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI avahelanA nahIM karanI caahie|" "viSaya ke anukUla zabda-sthApanA karanI caahie|"5 kAvya-zilpa ke sambandha meM bhASA ke samAna anya alaMkAra Adi tattvoM kA vivecana dvivedIjI ne vistAra se nahIM kiyA hai| hA~, chanda-prayoga kI sAmAnya rUparekhA nirdhArita karate hue unhoMne atukAnta kAvya kA vivecana kiyA hai| ve chandoM ko kavitA kA bAhya upakaraNa mAnakara usameM bhAva-saundarya kI upasthApanA ko adhika mahattva dete the| isa prakAra, AcArya dvivedIjI 1. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (saM0) "dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 373 / 2. 'sammelana-patrikA', caitra-vaizAkha, maM0 1920, pR0 316 / 3. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 20 / 4. uparivat, pR0 18 / 5. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 18 /

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171 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva ke kAvya-siddhAntoM ko hama saMskRta kI sampUrNa kAvyazAstrIya paramparA, yugIna pariveza tathA pAzcAttya samIkSA-siddhAntoM se eka sAtha prabhAvita dekhate haiM / surezacandra gupta ne likhA hai : "yadyapi unhoMne kAvya-prayojana, kAvya-varNya aura kAvya-zilpa ke vivecana meM unase (bhAratendu-yugIna kaviyoM se) yathAvasara preraNA aura sAmagnI lI hai, tathApi eka ora kAvyAtmA, kAvyahetu, kAvyAbhASA, kAvyAnuvAda aura kAvyalocana ke vivecana meM apane pUrvavartI kaviyoM ke siddhAntoM ko vikasita aura samRddha kiyA hai, aura dUsarI ora kAvyabheda, nAyikAbheda, samasyApUti aura kAvya ke adhikArI kA prathama bAra ullekha kara hindI kaviyoM ko kAvya-cintana kI navIna dizA dI hai| unhoMne apane vicAroM ko saMskRta, hindI, a~garejI, urdU aura marAThI ke kAvyazAstra se bhalI bhA~ti samRddha kiyA hai aura yuga kI AvazyakatAoM ke anukUla yathAsthAna maulika siddhAnta-samIkSA kI hai|"5 dvivedIjI kI saiddhAntika samIkSA kI AtmA bhAratIya hai, parantu unhoMne apane kAvya-vivecana meM pAzcAtya kAvyatattvoM ke prArambhika tathA sarala rUpoM kA sAmAnya vivecana prastuta kiyA hai| yugabodha unake ina sabhI siddhAntoM ke Upara akuza kI taraha lagA huA pratIta hotA hai| apanI inhIM mAnyatAoM ke dvArA unhoMne apane samakAlIna hindI-kAvya kA niyamana kiyA evaM use AdarzavAdI, nItimUlaka, itivRttAtmaka navIna mor3a diyaa| kAvya kI hI bhaoNti dvivedIjI kI sAhitya-viSayaka mAnyatAe~ bhI Adarza tathA upayogitAvAdI hai| ve sAhitya ko 'jJAnarAzi kA sacita koSa 2 mAnate the / unhoMne sAhitya ko manoraMjana tathA jJAnavarddhana ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| unakI isa mAnyatA meM mAnava-jIvana evaM paramparA kI upalabdhi kI saMvalita viziSTatA se sAhitya kA sambandha sthApita karane kI ceSTA parilakSita hotI hai / kavitA kI hI taraha gadya kI vividha vidhAoM kA bhI dvivedIjI ne apane DhaMga se vivecana kiyA hai| jaise, upanyAsa ko unhoMne vividha viSayo ke vistAra kA eka sahaja mAdhyama svIkAra kiyA hai : ___'usakI sahAyatA se sAmAnya nIti, rAjanIti, sAmAjika samasyAe~, zikSA, kRSi, vANijya, dharma, karma, vijJAna Adi sabhI viSayoM ke dRzya dikhAye jAte haiN| parantu, ve kathA-sAhitya ko vividha viSayoM se paripUrNa hote hue bhI naitika Adarzo se cyuta nahIM dekhanA cAhate the| isI kAraNa, unakI tatsambandhI vivecanA bhI naitika AdarzoM para AdhRta rahI hai| gadya kI anya vidhAoM para dvivedIjI ke siddhAnto kA sphuTa prastutI 1. DaoN0 surezacandra gupta : 'Adhunika hindI-kaviyoM ke kAvya-siddhAnta', pR0 125 // 2. 'sammelana-patrikA', caitra-vaizAkha, saM 1980, pR0 307 / 3. zrIprabhAta zAstrI : (ma0) 'saMcayana', pR0 146 /

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gadya zailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 172 karaNa hI huA hai, parantu nATaka-viSayaka apane siddhAntoM kA vivecana unhone 'nATyazAstra' nAmaka apanI pustaka meM kiyA hai| zatraghnaprasAda ne likhA hai : "bhAratendu ke nibandha 'nATaka' ke bAda yaha hindI meM nATyazAstra kI pahalI pustikA hai| bhAratendu apane nibandha meM saMskRta-nATyazailI ko apanAte hue bhI navIna parivartana ke poSaka the, ye pUre-pUre se saMskRta-paddhati ke samarthaka haiM / "1 dvivedIjI ne isa pustaka me apanI nATaka-sambandhI samasta mAnyatAoM ko bharatapraNIta 'nATyazAstra' tathA dhanaMjaya-viracita 'dazarUpaka' para nirmita kiyA hai / ve nATya-cintana kI prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA ke hI paripAlaka the| parantu, kahIM-kahIM unhoMne paramparita vicAroM ke sthAna para navIna cintana ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| aisA unhoMne bhAratendu harizcandra ke cintana ke AdhAra para kiyA hai / jaise, 'dvivedIjI ne viyogAnta tathA yugAnurUpa nATakoM kI paramparA se haTakara svIkRti dI hai / isa prakAra, nATaka, upanyAsa Adi gadya kI vividha vidhAoM tathA kAvya, sAhitya ke upakaraNoM se sambaddha siddhAntoM ko dvivedIjI ne yathAvasara prastuta kiyA hai aura isa sandarbha meM yugIna pariveza ke AvazyamnAnusAra bhAratIya tathA pAzcAttya matoM ko grahaNa kiyA hai| unhone jahA~ eka ora saMskRta-sAhitya se vicAra liye haiM, vahA~ a~garejI se bhI lene kI bAta kahI hai : iMgaliza kA grantha-samUha atibhArI hai, saMskRta bhI sabake lie saukhyakArI haiN| ina donoM meM se artharatna loja, hindI meM arpaNa inheM premayukta kIjai // 2 isa prakAra, dvivedIjI ke samIkSA-siddhAntoM meM bhAratIya aura pAzcAttya, prAcIna aura navIna matoM kA upayogI mizraNa parilakSita hotA hai| unakI samIkSAtka kasauTI 'bhAva, viSaya aura abhivyakti ko dRSTi se sAmAjika naitikatA tathA hindI-sAhitya kI sarvAMgINa unnati ke sAtha avicchinna rUpa se sambaddha hai| "sAhityika samIkSA ke kSetra meM yugAnurUpa mArga-niSkAsana kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI kA jitanA mahattva hai, hindI-bhASA kI samIkSA ke kSetra meM bhI unakA mahattva usase kama nahIM hai / ve hindI-bhASA ke zIrSastha samIkSaka tathA saMskAraka kahe jA sakate haiN| DaoN. zivakaraNa siMha ne likhA hai : ___ "vicAroM se nirbhIka, cittavRtti se niraMkuza aura bhAvanA se rASTrapremI hone ke kAraNa unakA bhASAsudhAra-sambandhI vicAra sarvatomAvena bhASA kI unnati kI 1. DaoN0 zatrughnaprasAda : 'dvivedIyugIna hindI-nATaka', pI-ec DI0. upAdhi ke lie svIkRta zodha-prabandha, pR0 737 / 2. DaoN0 kRSNavallabha jozI : 'navya hindI-samIkSA', pR0 12 para uddha ta /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 173 ora unmukha huA / unake isa prayatna se katipaya loga nArAja bhI rahe aura unheM taraha-taraha ke apavAdoM kA viSaya bananA bar3A, para ve gaja kI mastI se apane uddezya kI ora nirantara bar3hate rahe / "1 dvivedIjI ke sAttvika sparza se hindI bhASA kA rUpa parivartita huA / unake samaya meM hindI kA svarUpa saMskRtaniSThatA, urdU, aMgarejI, vrajabhASA evaM anya dUSaNoM se bigar3a gayA thA / unhoMne hindI ko ina vikRtiyoM se bacAyA aura usake nijI vyavasthita tathA suspaSTa mArga kA nirdeza kiyA / bhASA sudhAra unake Alocaka evaM sampAdakIya jIvana kA pradhAna karma rahA / vyAkaraNa, zabdavinyAsa tathA azobhana prayogoM jaisI galatiyoM ko ve bar3I jaldI pakar3a lete the / apanI isI sUkSma dRSTi ke dvArA unhoMne bhASA ke sudhAra kA aitihAsika kArya kiyA aura hindI kA eka nayA surucipUrNa rUpa sAmane rkhaa| bhASA-samIkSA ke isa kArya meM unakI katipaya samIkSAtmaka pustakoM kI carcA ullekhanIya hai.. jinameM dvivedIjI ke bhASA aura lipi sambandhI vicAroM kA upasthApana huA hai / ina pustakoM meM 'hindI bhASA kI utpatti', 'sAhityAlApa' aura 'vAgvilAsa' kI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai / apanI bhASA - samIkSA ke dvArA dvivedIjI ne bhASA ke lie jisa pariSkRta sudhare hue rUpa ko nirmita kiyA, vahI unakI sampUrNa sAhitya - sAdhanA kA navanIta kahA jA sakatA hai / dvivedIjI gadya aura padya kI sabhI vidhAoM meM hindI ke isI nikhare hue rUpa ke paripAlana kA upadeza ve apane samasAmayikoM ko dete rahate the, usI kA unhoMne svayaM bhI upayoga kiyA hai / vyAvahArika tathA saiddhAntika samIkSA kI dizA meM bhI unakI bhASA kA yahI rUpa milatA hai / isa sambandha meM DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne likhA hai : "AlocanA ke kSetra meM unakI bhASA apekSayA adhika prakhara, pravAhamayI vyaMgyapUrNa tathA cuTIlI hotI hai| pahAr3I jharane ke sadRza usameM gati, svAbhAvikatA aura prakSAlana kI zakti hotI hai / vizeSatA isameM yaha rahatI hai ki unake vyaMgya aura kaTAkSa bhI unakI prakRti ke samAna sarala, spaSTa tathA vyAvahArika hote haiM, jinheM samajhane meM na to samaya lagatA hai, na zrama / oja, gAmbhIrya tathA saMyata bhASA kI kaThora caTTAnoM ke madhya se unake vyaMgya, kacoTa aura masakharI ke zItala-madhura nirjhara bahate rahate haiN| ina vAkya nirjharoM meM kahIM bhI gatihInatA, lacarapana, azuddhi Adi avAMchanIya tattvoM kA samAveza nahIM milatA / unake bhAva spaSTa, vicAra, sarala tathA bhASA sAdhu hai / "2 1. DaoN0 zivakaraNa siMha : 'AlocanA ke badalate mAnadaNDa aura hindI - sAhitya' pR0 388 / 1. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI yuga kA hindI gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana pR0 160 /

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174 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva Sh i nesenterest a menuintradiciarladkiokmarwarimpMR.antennisanei HTTEACHERECTRESS . bhASA kI hI bhA~ti dvivedIjI kI AlocanA-zailI bhI unakI paricayAtmaka tathA saiddhAntika samIkSAoM meM paryApta nikharI huI tathA viSayAnukUla banakara sAmane AI hai| dvivedIjI kI AlocanA-zailI ke spaSTataH do pramukha rUpa dIkhate haiM : 1. tAkika evaM gambhIra zailI, tathA 2. vyaMgyapUrNa shailii| apanI saiddhAntika sthApanAoM meM dvivedIjI ne pradhAnataH tArkika evaM gAmbhIryapUrNa zailI kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| apane virodhiyoM kA muhator3a javAba dene ke lie unhoMne prAyaH tArkika zailI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai aura apanI athavA auroM kI saiddhAntika mAnyatAoM ko prastuta karane ke lie gambhIra zailI kA upayoga kiyA hai / isI gambhIra evaM tarkapUrNa zailI ke darzana unakI katipaya paricayAtmaka samIkSAoM meM bhI hote haiN| apanI gAmbhIryapUrNa zailI ke lie unhoMne bhASA bhI gambhIra rakhI hai| paricayAtmaka AlocanA ke kSetra meM hI dvivedIjI kI vyaMgyapUrNa zailI kA sarvAdhika prasAra dIkhatA hai| Alocya racanA meM kahIM doSa yA vaiparItya dekhate hI dvivedIjI ne usake racayitA para vyaMgya-bANoM kI varSA kI hai| unakI isa vyaMgyapUrNa zailI meM hAsya kA hI kiMcit puTa milA huA hai| udAharaNArtha : / "vyAkhyAtA mahodaya ne ekamAtra dayAnanda sarasvatI ko vedoM ke sacce artha kA jJAtA batAyA / auroM kI Apane burI taraha khabara lI hai| pazcimI dezoM ke hI vedajJoM kI alamajJatA aura bhrama kA nirdezana Apane nahIM kiyA, sAyaNa taka ko Apane vedArtha-jJAna meM bilakula hI korA batAyA hai| zAyada binA aisI latAr3a ke svAmIjI mahArAja kI aura ApakI vedajJatA sAbita ho na pAtI / khaira, abhAgI bhArata ke saubhAgya ! se eka sacce vedajJa kA avatAra ho gayA / Arya samAja ko bdhaaii|11 ___'Rgveda para vyAkhyAna' zIrSaka pustaka kI samIkSA karate samaya dvivedIjI ne apanI cubhatI huI hAsya-vyaMgyapUrNa zailI kA sundara prastutIkaraNa isa avataraNa meM kiyA hai| apanI isa vyaMgyapUrNa tathA tArkika gambhIra zailI dvArA unhoMne apane AlocanAtmaka sAhitya kA bahuvidha gaThana kiyA hai / . spaSTa hai ki AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne hindI-bhASA evaM sAhitya ke niyamana tathA dizAnirdeza ke uddezya se apane AlocanAtmaka sAhitya kA nirmANa kiyaa| apanI paricayAtmaka tathA saiddhAntika donoM prakAra kI AlocanAoM dvArA unhoMne sAhityika pragati ko eka nayA mor3a diyaa| isa dizA meM unakI AlocanA ke do prayojana spaSTa hote haiM : saMhArAtmaka tathA sarjanAtmaka / dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa samIkSAsAhitya inhI donoM lakSya binduoM para AdhRta hai| unhoMne eka ora apanI vibhinna saMhAyatmaka AlocanAoM ke mAdhyama se prAcIna evaM navIna lekhana ke doSoM kI ora 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vicAra-vimarza, pR0 241 / ra

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 175 saMketa kara unase bacane kA Adeza diyA aura dUsarI ora apanI bahu-vistRta sarjanAtmaka koTi kI samIkSAoM ke dvArA navayuga ke anukUla Adarza upayogitAvAdI sAhitya kI racanA ke mAnadaNDa upasthita kiye / isa prakAra, AcArya dvivedIjI kA AlocanA-sAhitya hindI-AlocanA ke itihAsa meM apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhatA hai| isameM sampUrNa dvivedI-yuga kI sAhityazAstrIya mAnyatAeM chipI huI hai tathA usI meM hindI-sAhitya ke mUlyo-Adarzo ke yugAntarakArI parivartana kA itihAsa bhI samAviSTa hai| upadezamUlaka AlocanA : 'rasajJaraMjana' meM saMgRhIta AlocanAtmaka nibandhoM kA sambandha sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM se na hokara kevala kavitA se hai / dvivedIjI 'kavi-karttavya', 'kavi banane ke sApekSa sAdhana' Adi kA vivecana to karate hai, parantu na to ve anyAnya vidhAoM ke prati sajaga dIkhate haiM aura na pramAtA ke prati utanA jAgarUka hI, jitanA ve kavi kI ora hai / 'kavi-karttavya' kI zailI nitAnta nItimUlaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| Alocaka kA uddezya kavi ko yaha batalAnA hai ki usakI kavitA kaisI honI caahie| usakA yaha lakSya ki pAThako ko bhI 'kavi-karttavya' kA jJAna ho, gauNa-sA ho gayA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki 'kavi-karttavya' kI racanA sAmAnya pAThakoM ke lie na hokara una kaviyo ke lie huI hai, jinhe apane kartavya kA jJAna na thA athavA jo apane kartavya ko vismRta kara cuke the| 'kavi-karttavya' kA Alocaka kavi kA pathapradarzana bana jAtA hai aura abhijAta AlocakoM kI taraha kavi ke una karttavya para bala detA hai, jinheM sambhavataH ve vismRta kara cuke the / abhijAta AlocanA kavi ko vismRta tathyoM kA jJAna karAtI hai, vastuparaka hotI hai| jahA~ svacchandatAvAdI AlocanA AtmaniSTha hotI hai aura Alocya racanA ke prabhAvo ke prati atyanta saMvedanazIla aura unmukta bhI, vahI dUsarI ora abhijAta AlocanA Alocya racanA ke prati vastuparaka dRSTikoNa apanAtI huI prabhAvo se achUtI rahane kA prayAsa karatI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki abhijAta AlocanA me puruSa-tattva kI pradhAnatA hotI hai aura svacchandatAmUlaka AlocanA meM strI-tattva kii| ___ isa sandarbha meM hama, udAharaNArtha, una vAkyoM para vicAra kara sakate haiM, jinakA anta honA cAhie' se hotA hai : 1. "azlIlatA aura grAmyatA-gabhita artho se kavitA ko kabhI na dUSita karanA ___ cAhie aura na deza,kAla tathA loka Adi ke viruddha koI bAta kahanI caahie|" 2. "kavitA kA viSaya manoraMjana aura upadezAtmaka honA caahie|" 3. "gadya aura padya kI bhASA pRthak-pRthak na honI caahie|"

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176 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva 4. " viSaya ke anukUla zabda-sthApanA karanI cAhie / " 5. " kavitA likhane meM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI avahelanA na karanI cAhie / " 6. "jahA~taka sambhava ho, zabdoM kA mUla rUpa na bigAr3anA caahie|" 7. " zabdoM ko yathAsthAna rakhanA cAhie / " 8. "Ajakala kI bolacAla kI hindI kI kavitA urdU ke vizeSa prakAra ke chandoM meM adhika khulatI hai, ataH aisI kavitA likhane meM tadanukUla chandayukta honA caahie|" 9. " sArAMza yaha ki kavitA likhate samaya kavi ke sAmane eka U~cA uddezya avazya rahanA cAhie / " 10. " eka bhASA kI kavitA kA dUsarI bhASA meM anuvAda karanevAloM ko yaha bAta smaraNa rakhanI cAhie / " inake atirikta, 'kavi-karttavya' meM sahasroM aise vAkya milate haiM, jinakA mUlabhUta svara upadezamUlaka hai aura jo kavi ko lakSya banAkara likhe gaye haiM / dvivedIjI kI upadezamUlaka AlocanA ke mahattva ko hama tadya gIna sAhityika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha me bhI A~ka sakate haiM / isa prakAra kI AlocanAeM viziSTa paristhitiyoM kI dena hotI hai aura unakI jar3eM unameM hI Abaddha pAI jAtI haiN| jisa deza meM aura jisa-jisa yuga meM ina paristhitiyoM kA AvirbhAva hotA hai usa usa deza aura kAla meM aisI samAlocanAoM kA praNayana hotA rahA hai / rojara aiskama ( Roger Ascham), paTanama (Puttenham), veba (Webbe ), ceka (Cheke) Adi punarjAgaraNa ke a~garejI-Alocaka kucha aisI hI AlocanAe~ likhate the / dvivedIjI ke samakSa jo paristhitiyA~ thIM, kucha vaisI hI paristhitiyoM meM uparyukta a~garejI-AlocakoM ne kavikarttavya kA jJAna karAyA thA / jaba kavi apanA karttavya bhUla jAte haiM athavA jaba apane zaizava meM kavitA apakva hotI hai, taba dvivedIjI jaise sudhI AlocakoM kA avataraNa hotA hai| aise Alocaka kavi kA patha-pradarzana karate haiM aura sAtha hI pAThakoM ko isa tathya kA jJAna karAte haiM ki ve kavi se kina-kina bAtoM kI apekSA kara sakate haiM / 'kavi-karttavya' jaise nibandhoM kA prabhAva dvimukhI, dvistarIya hotA hai / inase pAThaka ko bhI kavi - karttavya kA yatheSTa jJAna ho jAtA hai aura vaha kavi se unhIM bAtoM kI apekSA karatA hai, jinakA sambandha kavi ke karttavya se hai / isa prakAra, Alocaka kavi kA nahIM, apitu pAThakoM kA bhI patha pradarzaka bana jAtA hai / vaha pAThakoM ke avacetana meM praviSTa hokara unake dRSTikoNa ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura pAThaka anAyAsa hI jAna jAte haiM ki unheM kavi se kina-kina bAtoM kI apekSA nahIM karanI cAhie / 'kavi- karttavya' ko paribhASita karane ke krama meM dvivedIjI ne anekAneka mahattvapUrNa sthApanAoM kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai / ina sthApanAoM meM unakI

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 177 eka sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa sthApanA yaha hai ki svAbhAvika kavi bhI eka prakAra ke avatAra haiM / "saMsAra meM Izvara yA devatAoM kA avatAra kaI prakAra kA aura kaI kAraNoM se hotA hai / alokika kArya karanevAle pratibhAzAlI manuSya bhI avatAra hai / svAbhAvika kavi bhI eka prakAra ke avatAra hai / isapara kadAcit koI prazna kare ki akele kavi kyoM avatAra mAne gaye, aura lekhaka isa pada para kyoM na biThAye gaye ? to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki lekhaka kA samAveza kavi meM hai, para kaviyoM meM kucha aisI vizeSa zakti hotI hai, jisake kAraNa unakA prabhAva logoM para bahuta par3atA hai / aba mukhya prazna yaha hai ki kavi kA avatAra hotA hI kyoM hai ? pahu~ce hue paNDitoM kA kathana hai ki kavi bhI 'dharmasaMsthApanArthAya ' utpanna hote hai / unakA kAma kevala tuka milAnA yA 'pAvasapacAsA' likhanA hI nahIM / tulasIdAsa ne kavi hokara vaiSNava dharma kI sthApanA kI hai, mata-matAntaroM kA bheda miTAyA hai aura 'jJAna ke pantha ko kRpANa kI dhArA' batAyA hai / prAyaH usI prakAra kA kAma, dUsare rUpa meM, sUradAsa, kabIra aura lallUlAla ne kiyA hai| harizcandra ne zUratA, svadezabhakti aura satyaprema kA dharma calAyA hai / " nizcaya hI, isa sthApanA meM aura siDanI prabhRti AlocakoM ke isa kathana meM ki kavi paigambara hotA hai, paryApta sAmya hai / dvivedIjI kaviyoM meM 'kucha aisI vizeSa zakti' dekhate haiM, jisake kAraNa unake matAnusAra, unakA prabhAva vyApaka evaM gambhIra hotA hai / AlocakoM kA eka pramukha varga sAhityakAra ke naitika dAyitva para samadhika bala detA hai aura kahatA hai ki sAhitya kA lakSya Ananda athavA rasa na hokara nIti yA upadeza hai | sAhitya kI sArthakatA sAhitya ke lie, pratyuta jIvana ke lie hai / dvivedIjI phalavAdI satsamAlocaka na hokara jIvanavAdI aura nItivAdI hai / usake anusAra, mahAn kavi kA avataraNa eka nizcita uddezya se hotA hai / dvivedIjI ke 'avatAra' zabda se dhArmika avatAroM kA smaraNa ho AtA hai / vastutaH, svayaM dvivedIjI ne jAna-bUjhakara isa zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / aura, dhArmika avatAroM kI yAda dilAI hai| gItA ke nimnAMkita zloka meM kahA gayA hai ki sanmArga meM sthita sAdhuoM ke paritrANa ke nimitta, pApa karma meM lIna rahanevAle duSToM ke vinAza aura dharma kI sthApanA ke lie yuga-yuga meM bhagavAn kA avatAra hotA hai : paritrANAya sAdhUnAM vinAzAya ca duSkRtAm / dharmasaMsthApanArthAya sambhavAmi yuge yuge // 2 1. rasajJaraMjana (uparivat), pR0 26-27 / 2. gItA, 4 / 8 /

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178 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva avatAroM ke mUla meM 'dharmasaMsthApanArthAya' kI bhAvanA kriyAzIla hotI hai, aura caki kavi bhI avatAra hotA hai, isalie usakA uddezya bhI sAdhuoM kA paritrANa aura duSToM kA vinAza honA rahatA hai / yadi usake kAvya se dharma kI saMsthApanA na ho sakatI, to vaha dvivedIjI ke kathanAnusAra nizcaya hI tuka milAnevAlA aura 'pAvasapacAsA' likhanevAlA kavi hai| jina kavi-avatAro kI 'dharmasaMsthApanArthAya' racI gaI kavitAoM ke AdhAra para dvivedIjI ne kavi ko avatAra ghoSita kiyA hai, unameM tulasIdAsa kA nAma agraNI hai| dvivedIjI ne sagarva udghoSaNA kI hai ki "tulasIdAsa ne kavi hokara vaiSNava-dharma kI sthApanA kI hai, mata-matAntaroM kA bheda miTAyA hai aura 'jJAna ke pantha ko kRpANa kI dhAra' batAyA hai| prAyaH usI prakAra kA kAma, dUsare rUpa meM, sUradAma, kabIra aura lallUlAla ne kiyA hai| harizcandra ne zUratA, svadezabhakti aura satyaprema kA dharma calAyA hai|"1 tAtparya yaha ki kavi kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM 1. upadezaka hotA hai, 2. deza, kAla, avasthA aura pAtra ke anusAra kavitA karatA hai aura 3. isa bAta kA khayAla rakhatA hai ki usakI racanA se pAThakoM kA manoraMjana ho / apane inhIM guNoM ke kAraNa kavi saMsAra kA kalyANa karate haiM -svayaM amara ho jAte haiM / vizva ke jina kaviyoM ne avinazvara yajJa kI upalabdhi kI hai, ve tattvataH upadezaka rahe haiN| yaha satya hai ki sabhI upadezoM aura nItimUlaka kathanoM ko kAvya kI saMjJA se abhihita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kaviyoM ke diye gaye upadeza jo 'kavi-karttavya' zIrSaka nibandha meM milate haiM, kavitA nahIM hai| AcAryoM aura guruoM se prApta nIrasa, itivRttAmaka upadeza hamArA manoraMjana nahIM karate / unameM na saMgIta kI svaramAdhurI hotI hai aura na lalita pada-yojanA hI, na alaMkAroM kI sahaja kamanIyatA hotI hai aura na chandaHzAstra ke niyamoM kA pAlana hii| vastutaH, kore upadeza nIrasa aura ubAnevAle hote haiN| dvivedIjI kaviyoM ko avatAra aura upadezaka to kahate haiM, para sAtha hI usake lie katipaya zattoM kA bhI ullekha karane meM saMkoca nahI karate / hama usI kavi ko avatAra kaha sakate haiM, jo upadeza to de hI, sAtha hI nimnalikhita zartoM kA bhI pAlana kre| 1. kavitA kA viSaya manoraMjana ho| 2. kavi deza, kAla, avasthA aura pAna ke anusAra kavitA kre| 3. kavi ke sAmane eka U~cA uddezya avazya rhe| 4. apanI kalpanA-zakti ke dvArA kavi apanI jaTila anubhUtiyoM ko bhI aise anokhe DhaMga se prastuta kare ki ve sahaja hI bodhagamya ho jAya / 1. rasajJaraMjana, pR0 27 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 179 5. isI satya ke dvArA vaha aparicita anajAne padArthoM athavA dRzyoM kA aisA manohara citra khIce ki pAThaka athavA zrotA ekAgnacitta ho jAya aura citrita viSaya para premapUrvaka vicAra kre| 6. kavi apane avalokana aura apanI kalpanA se aisI zikSA detA hai ki vaha na to AzA kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai aura na apanA svAbhAvika rUkhApana prakaTa karatI hai, kintu mInara-hI-bhItara mana ko ukasA detI hai|' 7. manohara varNana aura zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha kavi apane zabda aura vAkya bhI aise manohara banAtA hai ki par3hanevAle ke Ananda kI sImA nahIM rhtii|2 jahA~ kavi meM ina guNo kA honA anivArya hai, vahA~ dvivedIjI ke anusAra pAThakoM meM bhI sahRdayatA jaise guNoM kA honA apekSita hai / yadi pAThaka sajaga evaM sahRdaya nahIM hai, to kavitA cAhe kitanI bhI utkRSTa kyoM na ho, rasodreka nahI kara sktii| sahRdaya evaM saMvedanazIla pAThaka hI kavi dvArA saMcArita rasa meM avagAhana karane meM samartha hotA hai, usakI hI hattantrI jhaMkRta ho sakatI hai| isI prakAra, kavi meM bhI sahRdayatA kI apekSA hotI hai-aisI sahRdayatA kI, jo kavi ke svara meM apUrva mAdhurya evaM saMgIta saMcArita kara de| isa sahRdayatA ke abhAva meM kavi kavi nahIM raha jAtA aura na pAThaka pAThaka hI / hindI kI chAyAvAdI aura aMgarejI kI romANTika kaviyoM kI sahRdayatA khyAta hai, para hindI ke santa kaviyo meM bhI isa guNa kI pracuratA milatI hai / sahRdayatA ke lie Avazyaka nahIM ki kavi ke hRdaya meM sthUla jagat ke prati, pArthiva vastuoM ke prati hI agAdha prema ho / prema yadi sUkSma ho aura bhakti kA rUpa dhAraNa kara le, taba bhI vaha hRdaya ko utanA hI komala aura kamanIya banA detA hai, jitanA pArthiva prem| dvivedIjI ne jina pA~ca zartoM ke ullekha ke anantara 'kavi-kartavya' zIrSaka nibandha kA anta kiyA hai, ve hai : 1. kavitA meM sAdhAraNa logoM kI avasthA, vicAra aura manovikAroM kA varNana ho| 2. usameM dhIraja, sAhasa, prema aura dayA Adi guNoM ke udAharaNa rheN| 3. kalpanA sUkSma aura upamAdika alaMkAra gUr3ha na ho| 4. chanda sIdhA, paricita, suhAvanA aura varNana ke anukUla ho| isa zartoM ke sUkSma vizleSaNa se jo katipaya tathya prakaTa hote haiM, unakA lage hAthoM vicAra kara lenA vAMchanIya pratIta hotA hai| dvivejI ke anusAra kavitA kulIna aura abhijAta logoM se sambaddha na hokara sAdhAraNa logoM kI avasthA, vicAra aura mano 1. rasajJaraMjana, pR0 28 / 2. uparivat, pR0 26 /

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180 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva vikAroM se sambaddha hotI hai| spaSTa hI, dvivedIjI jisa prakAra kavitA ko paribhASita karane kA prayAsa kara rahe hai, vaha gItikAvya hai, na ki mahAkAvya / mahAkAvya aura prabandhakAvya me audAttya kA samyak nirvAha hotA hai aura unake pAtra hI nahI, unameM varNita ghaTanAe~ bhI udAtta huA karatI hai / audAttya ke paripAka ke lie camatkAra aura asAdhAraNa tattvoM kA sanniveza ho jAtA hai| nAyaka kI asAdhAraNa vIratA, kSamAzIlatA, nyAyapriyatA Adi guNa pramAtA ko camatkRta kara DAlate hai / romANTika pragIto, jaise varDsavartha kI kavitAoM meM, panta aura nirAlA ke gItoM meM udAtta kI jagaha sAdhAraNa kA hI prAdhAnya milatA hai| kintu, yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki jisa kavitA meM sAdhAraNa logoM kI avasthA Adi kA varNana ho, usakA prabhAva bhI sAdhAraNa rhe| kabhI-kabhI ciraparicita evaM ati sAmAnya prAkRtika dRzyoM ko dekhakara kavi bhAvavibhora ho uThatA hai aura usakI lekhanI se kavitA kI jo rasadhAra. phUTa par3atI hai, usase. sahRdaya pAThaka vicalita ho uThatA hai, rasasikta ho jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI sAdhAraNa tattvoM ke tAlamela se asAdhAraNa kavitA kI sarjanA hotI hai aura kabhI-kabhI sAdhAraNa logo kI kavitA asAdhAraNa prabhAva chor3a jAtI hai / udAharaNa ke lie, pantajI dvArA viracita 'ekatArA', 'grAmazrI', 'jhajhA meM nIma' jaisI kavitAe~ draSTavya hai| vastutaH, prakRti ke kAvya kA koI bhI saMkalana ise pramANita karane ke lie paryApta hogA ki viSaya cAhe sAdhAraNa hI kyoM na ho, kavi kI pratibhA usameM asAdhAraNatva kI prANapratiSThA kara detI hai| jisa kavitA meM sAdhAraNa sAdhAraNa-mAtra raha jAtA hai aura jisameM ucca koTi kI kavitA kI prabhaviSNutA nahIM rahatI, vaha asaphala racanA hotI hai| dvivedIjI kavitA meM anokhepana ke himAyatI the, isakA anumAna unake nibandhoM se. anAyAsa hI ho jAtA hai| ve kavi-karttavya meM isa tathya ko yaha kahakara prakAzita karate hai ki kavi apanI kalpanA-zakti dvArA kaThina bAtoM ko anokhe aura sarala DhaMga se pAThakoM ke sAmane rakhatA hai / ve naI kavitA ke udbhAvakoM aura sarjakoM kI taraha usa duvhatA kA samarthana nahI karate, jisake kAraNa kavitA pahelI bana jAtI hai / ve zuklajI ke una vicAroM kA samarthana karate haiM, jo unhoMne 'kamigsa' ke sambandha meM vyakta kiye haiN| zuklajI kucha vaisI hI subodhatA ko kAvya kI utkRSTatA kA eka sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa nikaSa banA lete haiM / nissandeha, unake vicAro se naye Alocaka hI nahI, unake pAThakoM kA eka mahattvapUrNa varga bhI asahamata hogaa| kavitA ke pAThaka eka to aise loga nahIM hote, jinheM usameM ruci nahIM hotI aura jisa vyakti meM kavitA ke prati prema hotA hai, use mambhavataH sAdhAraNa nahIM kahanA hI yuktiyukta hogaa| vartamAna yuga meM deza-videza meM kavitA ke pAThakoM kI saMkhyA atyalpa ho gaI hai aura dina-pratidina alpAtyalpa hotI jA rahI hai| vastutaH, kavi kA lakSya apanI anubhUtiyoM ke prati yathAzakya ImAnadAra rahanA caahie| isa ImAnadArI ke phalasvarUpa yadi usakI racanA bodhagamya

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 181 nahIM raha jAtI, to vaha dvivedIjI ko bhale hI arucikara lage aura garhaNIya bana jAya, kintu anekAneka udAra aura sudhI Alocaka jinakI sUjha aura paiTha sarvathA prazaMsanIya mAnI jAtI hai, usakA abhinandana kareMge / dUsarI bAta dhyAtavya hai ki sahajatA aura durbodhatA donoM hI sApekSa zabda hai / jise pAThako kA eka varga subodha kaha sakatA hai, vahI dUsare varga ke lie durbodha pratIta hotA hai / chAyAvAda ke AvirbhAvakAla me aneka taruNa pAThakoM ke lie naI kavitA naye yuga kI navyatara saMvedanAoM kI abhivyakti thI aura isI kAraNa unake lie abhinandanIya bhii| jina naye bhAvabodhoM kI abhivyakti ke lie naI zailI aura abhivyakti kI naI bhaMgimA kA viniyoga huA thA, una bhAvanAo se prabhAvita loga chAyAvAda ke samarthaka ye| kintu, jo inase achUte rahe, jinapara unakA prabhAva na par3A, jo naI pIr3hI ke prati svabhAvataH anudAra the, unake lie ve bhAvabodha durbodha aura jaTila the| Aja kI naI pIr3hI kI apanI kavitA hai aura apanI viziSTa zailI bhI / Aja ke naye kalAkAroM kA bhAvabodha nayA hai aura isI kAraNa unakI kalA bhI navyatA se maNDita hai| purAne kalAkAra purAnI pIr3hI aura prAcIna bhAvabodhoM ke anadyatana kavi na to isa naI sRSTi kI mUlabhUta anubhUtiyoM kA aura na to unakI sampreSaNa-zailI kA hI svAgata kara sakate hai / kintu, uparyukta AlocanA kA yaha artha nahI ki dvivedIjI kI mAnyatAe~ nitAnta doSamukta haiM aura na yahI ki dvivedIjI na to antardRSTi-sampanna Alocaka the aura na ucca koTi ke prabuddha evaM tarkakuzala sAhityakAra hii| dvivedIjI kI sImAe~ aura unake doSa mukhyataH kAlagata haiM aura unakA sambandha sthitiyoM se bhI hai, jinameM dvivedIjI kA avataraNa huA thaa| svayaM dvivedIjI ne apane yuga ko saMkrAnti kA yuga kahA hai| isa sandarbha meM unakA yaha kathana ki 'hindI-kavi kA kartavya hai ki vaha logoM kI ruci kA vicAra rakhakara apanI kavitA aisI sahaja aura manohara race ki sAdhAraNa par3he-likhe logoM meM bhI purAnI kavitA ke sAtha-sAtha naI kavitA par3hane kA anurAga utpanna ho jAya', vicAraNIya hai / unake isI kathana ke AdhAra para hama yaha bhI kaha sakate hai ki isa saMkrAnti-kAla se hindI kA Alocaka bhI logoM kI ruci kA vicAra rakhe aura apanI AlocanAoM ko yathAsambhava sahaja aura manohara banAye / dvivedIjI ke katipaya AlocanAtmaka nibandha tayugIna sAhityika paristhitiyoM para prakAza DAlate hue aitihAsika pIThikA kA nirmANa to karate hI haiM, sAtha hI una kaviyoM aura sAhityikAroM kI manaHsthiti ko prakAzita karate haiM, jinakI kAlajayI racanAe~ hindI-sAhitya kA avicchinna aMga bana cukI hai| 'kavi banane ke sApekSa sAdhana' zIrSaka nibandha kA Arambha dvivedIkAlIna sAhityika vAtAvaraNa ke samyak vivaraNa sehotA hai aura kahA jAtA hai ki 'Ajakala hindI ke kaviyoM ne bar3A jora pakar3A hai|

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182 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva jidhara dekhie, udhara kavi - hI kavi / jahA~ dekhie, vahA~ kavitA - hI kavitA / " niHsandeha, jahA~ isa kathana kI yathAtathyatA me sandeha nahI, vahA~ isameM kucha atizayokti bhI dIkha par3atI hai, jise AcArya dvivedI ne yahA~ kavitA kI abhidhA pradAna kI hai, vaha vastutaH tukabandI - mAtra thI aura jise unhoMne kavi kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai, vaha vastutaH tuka baiThAnevAlA 'akavi' hI rahA hogA / phira bhI, usa yuga meM aise bhI kavi the, jinakI racanAe~ kisI bhI sAhitya ke lie gaurava kA viSaya bana sakatI hai aura jinheM racakara koI bhI kavi gauravAnvita ho sakatA hai, usa yuga meM hI chAyAvAda kA aitihAsika avataraNa huA thA aura usa yuga ke sAhityAkAza para hI chAyAvAda ke mUrdhanya kalAkAra apanI dedIpyamAna racanAoM ko lekara prakaTa hue the / dvivedIjI kI uparyukta paMktiyA~ ina kaviyoM ko bhI usI zreNI meM sameTa letI hai, jiname hama tukabandI karanevAle kavi - nAmadhArI vyakti ko rakhate haiM / kavi banane ke lie jina sApekSa sAdhanoM kI apekSA thI aura rahegI, ve navodita kaviyoM me alpAdhika mAtrA meM varttamAna the / panta, nirAlA aura mahAdevI me pratibhA thI aura sAtha hI kavisulabha saMvedanazIlatA bhI, unameM anubhUti kI taralatA aura bhAvAbhivyakti me yathocita naipuNya upalabdha thA / parantu, jina anubhUtiyo meM unakI kavitAe~ Abaddha thI, ve anubhUtiyA~ kucha rahasyAtmaka, kucha durbodha aura kucha vicitra hotI thIM / dvivedIjI saralatA aura sampreSaNIyatA ke pakSapoSaka the aura durUhatA evaM kliSTatA isa kAraNa sandigdha thI ki unake kAraNa kavitA kI praSaNIyatA lupta ho jAtI hai| jisa kavitA ko adhikAdhika pAThaka na samajha pAyeM, vaha, dvivedIjI kI dRSTi meM avara samajhI jaaygii| isakA sIdhA artha yaha hai ki kavitA sampreSaNIya ho, kavi pratibhAsampanna vyakti ho aura sAtha hI sahRdaya bhI / dvivedIjI ne kavi banane ke lie jina sApekSa sAdhanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unakA AdhAra kSemendra kA 'kavikaNThAbharaNa' nAmaka grantha hai / cU~ki kSemendra svayaM bhI kavi the, isalie unakI etadviSayaka mAnyatAoM meM paryApta pramANikatA dIkha par3atI hai / kSemendra kI mAnyatAoM se dvivedIjI pUrNatayA sahamata haiM aura cAhate haiM ki hindI ke kavi kSemendra kI bAtoM para dhyAna deM : 1. kavitva - zakti 2. zikSA 3. camatkArotpAdana 4. guNadoSa-jJAna 5. paricaya - cArutA 1. kavitva zakti : kavi ke lie isa zakti kI upayogitA svayaMsiddha hai / ise bhI bhAratIya kAvyazAstra meM kArayitrI pratibhA kI saMjJA dI gaI hai aura isake sambandha 1. rasajJaraMjana, pR0 29 //

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 183 meM zAstravidoM kA kathana hai ki kavitA ke lie yaha pratibhA hI udgama-srota hai / isase ucca koTi kI kavitAe~ svataH niHsRta hotI haiN| isake abhAva meM kavitA prayAsajanya evaM kRtrima vAgjAla-mAtra ho jAtI hai| isalie, kaI AcAryoM ne pratibhA ko kavi ke lie upayogI sAdhanoM meM sarvopari sthAna diyA hai| kucha anya rItikAroM ke kathanAnusAra, pratibhA hI paryApta nahIM, usake sAtha abhyAsa aura rItizAstra kA alpAdhika jJAna bhI atyAvazyaka hai| dvivedIjI ko kavitva-zakti kI upAdeyatA evaM anivAryatA meM kayamapi sandeha nahIM, parantu ve yaha bhI jAnate haiM ki sabhI kaviyoM me yaha zakti samAna rUpa se nahI pAI jaatii| kisI-kisI me yaha zakti bIjarUpa meM rahatI hai aura isI kAraNa use aMkurita karanA par3atA hai| dvivedIjI ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki jisameM kavitva-zakti kA sarvathA abhAva hotA hai, vaha acchA kavi nahI ho sktaa| unhone 'kavitva-zakti' ke sphuraNa ke lie do upAyoM kI ora iMgita kiyA hai| ye upAya haiM divya aura pauruSeya / divya upAya me sarasvatI devI kI kRpApAtratA ke lie mantrajapa karanA, usakI mUtti kA dhyAna karanA aura usake yantra kA pUjana karanA Adi sammilita hai| isameM sandeha nahI ki dvivedIjI kI yaha vicAradhArA-unakA yaha matavAda ki katipaya divya uNayoM kI sahAyatA se 'kavitva-zakti' jAgrata kI jA sakatI hai, tarkasaMgata evaM vaijJAnika nahI hai| sarasvatI ke pUjana aura mantrajapa se yadi kavitva-zakti kA unmeSa ho pAtA, to vizva meM mahAn kaviyoM kI bAr3ha A jaatii| pratyeka vidyArthI apanI uttara-pustikAoM meM kavitAe~ prastuta karatA aura saba-ke-saba kavi ho gaye hote / kintu, hama jAnate haiM ki 'kavitva-zakti' janmajAta hotI hai aura pauruSeya upAyoM se hI usameM yatkicit paripakvatA A sakatI hai| tathAkathita divya sAdhana andhavizvAsa se udgata jAna par3ate haiN| kintu, dvivedIjI jise divya upAya kahate haiM, vaha sarvathA nirarthaka nahIM hai| smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki ve 'kavitva-zakti' ke udaya ke upAya na batalA kara usako jAgrat karane ke upAyoM kI carcA karate hai| ve usa vyakti ke lie divya upAyoM kA ullekha karate haiM, jisameM 'kavitva-zakti' pahale se maujUda hai| jisame isa zakti kA nitAnta abhAva hai, usake lie na to divya upAya kAragara ho sakate hai aura na pauruSeya hii| dvivedIjI pauruSeya upAyoM meM kAvyazAstra ke adhyayana ko utanA hI mahattva dete haiM, jitanA kisI acche kadi ko guru banAne ko / pAzcAttya kAvyazAstra meM bhI anukRti ke siddhAnta kI bhinna-bhinna vivRtiyA~ hotI rahI haiM, jinameM yaha bhI mAnyatA lokapriya nahIM hai ki navodita kaviyoM ko anukRti se apanI racanAoM kA Arambha karanA cAhie aura zanaiH-zanaiH maulikatA kI ora agrasara honA caahie| mahAkavi ko apanA garu mAnakara navodita kavi apanI zailI kA vikAsa kare aura use siddha kavi kI zailI ke

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184 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva anurUpa banAye / dvivedIjI ke anusAra kAvyazAstra ke adhyayana se apanI 'kavitva zakti' ICT vikAsa karanevAle ziSya tIna prakAra ke hote hai : alpaprayatnasAdhya, kRcchrasAdhya aura asAdhya | kahane kI AvazyakatA nahI ki dvivedIjI ke dvArA upanyasta yaha vargIkaraNa kSemendra ke kavikaNThAbharaNa se uddhRta hai / bhAratIya AcArya yaha kahate haiM ki katipaya ziSya alpa prayatna se hI kAvyakalA meM pAraMgata ho jAte hai aura kucha (ziSya) 'varSoM sira pITane para bhI ' kucha nahIM kara pAte / ziSyoM kA eka varga vizeSa parizrama karane se kAvyakalA meM naipuNya prApta kara letA hai| prathama koTi alpaprayatnasAdhya, dvitIya koTi kRcchrasAdhya evaM tRtIya koTi asAdhya ziSyoM kI hai / dvivedIjI ne prAcIna matavAdoM kA Azraya lekara alpaprayatnasAdhya ziSyoM ke karttavya kA savistara vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai / jisa yuga meM kaviyoM kI eka aTUTa zrRMkhalA dIkha par3atI ho, unakI bAr3ha A gaI ho, para sAtha hI kavitA ke nAma para tuka bandiyA~ ho rahI hoM aura santa kavi upekSita ho rahe hoM, usa yuga ke lie dvivedIjI kA yaha vivaraNa atyanta prAsaMgika evaM samIcIna jAna par3atA hai / ast bolI kI kavitA ke vikAsa kAla meM, jabaki deza ke kone-kone meM rASTrIya jAgaraNa kI bhAvanA var3I vyApta thI aura janasAdhAraNa meM isa bhAvanA kA unmeSa ho cukA thA, kavi banane kI lAlasA bhI - yaza aura jayatva pAne kI abhilASA bhI bahutoM ke hRdaya meM unmIlita ho cukI thI / aise samaya meM protsAhana kI AvazyakatA kama, anuzAsana kI apekSA adhika hotI hai / dvivedIjI kI AlocanA yadi protsAhana hai, to aMkuza bhI / yaha una logoM ke lie protsAhana thI, jinameM 'kavitva zakti bIjarUpa se nihita thI / unakA lakSya isa zakti ko ' aMkurita' karanA thA / ' jina kaviyoM meM isa zakti kA sarvathA abhAva thA, para jo asAdhya hokara bhI tukabandI karane meM dattacitta the, unake lie unakI AlocanA niHsandeha aMkuza thI / 'kavitva zakti' ke jisa vizada varNana kA ullekha hama kara rahe hai, usakI prAsaMgikatA isI kAraNa asandigdha hai / kucha kavi nAmadhArI vyakti kA durupayoga kara rahe the aura kucha isake abhAva meM mAna tukabandI | prastuta nibandha ke mAdhyama se dvivedIjI yaha spaSTa kara denA cAhate haiM ki kavi meM pratibhA aura sarjanA zakti honA anivArya hai / kavi kI yaha zakti apane-Apa meM eka sthAyI mAnadaNDa hai / jisa kavitA meM atyadhika AyAsa ho, jisakI paMktiyA~ ruka-ruka kara calatI hoM, jisameM pravAha na ho, vaha aise kavi kI racanA hai, jisameM 'kavitva zakti' nahIM / AcArya dvivedI aura chAyAvAda : kahA jA cukA hai ki dvivedIjI na kevala pariniSThita sampAdaka the, varan eka ucca koTi ke zAstra niSNAta samIkSaka bhI the / sampAdaka ke rUpa meM hI nahIM, Alocaka ke rUpa meM mI hindI - vAG maya ke saMvarddhana ke lie unhoMne udIyamAna lekhakoM ko yathAzakya protsAhita

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 185 "kiyA, unake nibandhoM kA pariSkAra kiyA, unakI bhASAzailI sudhArI aura svayaM bhI 'vicArottejaka AlocanAtmaka nibandha race / unake nibandhoM ke Adhunika adhyetA ko unameM usa kasAvaTa kI anubhUti bhale hI na ho, jo vizva ke vareNya AlocakoM kI 'racanAoM meM milatI hai, para ve atyanta vicArodbodhaka avazya hote haiM / ucca koTi kI . AlocanA-zailI kasI huI honI cAhie / usameM bhAvoM yA vicAroM kI punaruktiyA~ na hoM -aura pratyeka mahattvapUrNa sthApanA ke lie paryApta udAharaNa prastuta kiye jAya~ / dvivedIjI paripakva gadyazailI ke ina guNoM se sarvathA paricita the / phira bhI, kisI bAta 'para bala dene ke nimitta ve use duharAnA, usakI punarAvRtti karanA svAbhAvika samajhate haiN| ' 'sAhityAlApa' ke aTThAraha nibandhoM meM kucha hI aise nibandha haiM, jinakA AlocanAtmaka mahattva hai / isa saMgraha kA antima nibandha, jo sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa hai, chAyAvAdI kavi aura kavitA ke prati dvivedIjI ke dRSTikoNa ko prodbhAsita karatA hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki dvivedIjI chAyAvAdI nikAya ke kaviyoM ke prati anudAra haiM aura navya - abhinandana ke lie aprastuta bhI / isa kAraNa 1. unake isa nibandha kA mahattva aitihAsika mAtra haiM / phira bhI, isakI sthApanAe~ vivAdAspada hokara bhI upekSya nahIM haiM, -isameM na kevala dvivedIjI ke dRSTikoNa kA AbhAsa milatA hai, varan sAtha hI usa jugavizeSa kI abhivRtti kA bhI AbhAsa hotA hai, jisameM chAyAvAda kA abhyudaya huA thaa| 2. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedIjI kI isa AlocanA meM navyatA ke prati jo sandeha pratibimbita huA hai, vaha kucha aMzoM meM svAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai / vizva sAhitya meM aisI AlocanA ke anekAneka udAharaNa bhare par3e hai / jaba iMgalaiNDa meM usa romANTika kAvyadhArA kA avataraNa huA, jisase hindI kI chAyAvAdI kavitA anuprANita hai, jaba varDsvartha aura kolarija ke romANTika pragIta prakAzita hue, taba unake samasAmayikoM ne kucha aisI bAteM kahI thI, jaisI dvivedIjI ne chAyAvAdI kaviyoM ke sambandha meM kahI hai / naI kavitA apanI navInatA ke kAraNa hI durUha aura aspaSTa hotI hai / purAnI kavitA ke adhyayana se nirmita hamArI abhiruci naI racanAoM ke abhinandana ke lie taiyAra nahI rahatI / bhAva aura zilpa kI navyatA, navyAtinavya bimboM kI zRMkhalA, vastu-jagat ko dekhane kI abhinava zailI sandeha kI dRSTi se dekhI jAtI hai / parantu, smaraNIya hai ki pratyeka yuga kI apanI viziSTa abhivyaMjanA-zailI aura apanA viziSTa jIvana-darzana hotA hai| pratyeka yuga kI kalAkRtiyA~ yugasatya se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa prAgbhUta kalAkRtiyoM se bhinna huA karatI hai / yaha yugasatya evaM kalAkAra kI parivartita cetanA kA prabhAva hI hai, jo sabhI kalAkRtiyoM ko kisI-na-kisI prakAra kA vaiziSTya pradAna karatI / naI kavitA kI bhI vaisI hI AlocanA huI hai, jaisI chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI huI thI /

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186 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva kabhI-kabhI vizva ke nirvaiyaktika evaM vastuniSTha Alocaka bhI vaiyaktika abhiruci. kI avahelanA nahIM kara pAte / navyazAstravAdI jaoNnasana ne 'meTAphijikala' kaviyo kI AlocanA isa kAraNa bhI kI thI ki ina kaviyoM kI racanAe~ navyazAstravAda ke siddhAnto para AdhRta na hokara maulika hone kA dAvA karatI thIM / navyazAstravAda pratibhA aura maulika sarjanA me vizvAsa nahI karatA, vaha abhijAta niyamoM ke pAlana aura anukRti meM vizvAsa karatA hai| satrahavI zatAbdI me 'meTAphijikala' kaviyo ne naye-naye bimboM kI sarjanA aura sampreSaNa kI jaTilatara paddhatiyoM kI udbhAvanA kI thii| unakI maulika bhAvAbhivyakti jaoNnasana ke lie arucikara thii| dvivedIjI kA 'Ajakala ke chAyAvAdI kavi aura kavitA' zIrSaka nibandha samIkSaka ke prAyaH samasta guNoM aura usake katipaya doSoM kA saphala pratinidhitva karatA hai| jahA~ dvivedIjI kA utkaTa bhASAprema stutya hai, vahI unakI anudAratA kadAcita garhaNIya bhI hai| jahA~ unakI bhASAzailI kI prabhAvotpAdakatA prazaMsanIya hai, vahIM unakA prabhAvAbhivyaMjana sarvathA Apattijanaka bhI / jahA~ unakA vyaMgya spRhaNIya hai, vahA~ unakI punaruktiyA~ khaTakatI hai / "kauna aisA sarasahRdaya zrotA hogA, jo yaha kavitA sunakara loTa-poTa na ho jAya ? bhagavadbhakta to ise sunakara avazya hI mugdha ho jAyege / anya ramikoM para bhI isakA asara par3e binA hI na rhegaa| kitanI lalita, prasAdapUrNa aura karNamadhura racanA hai| isameM jo bhAva nihita hai, vaha sunane ke sAtha-sAtha hI samajha meM A jAtA hai / yaha isakI bar3I khUbI hai|"1 __eka sthala para dvivedIjI ne isa bAta para Azcarya prakaTa kiyA hai ki chAyAvAdI kavi apanI kavitA kA matalaba dUsaroM ko samajhA nahIM paate| jaba apane Adarza gaNatantra ke kaviyoM ko niSkAsita karane kI samasyA para pleTo ne vicAra kiyA, taba usane anyAnya tarko ke sAtha eka yaha bhI tarka upasthita kiyA ki kavi apanI kavitAoM ke artha samajhA nahI pAte; kyoMki unakI kavitAe~ usa manaHsthiti se udbhUta hoto hai, jiname kavi ko svayaM kA jJAna nahIM raha jaataa| kavitA preraNAprasUta sarjanA hai, isalie kavi usa kSaNa meM kavitA racatA hai, jaba vaha Atmavibhora huA rahatA hai| dvivedIjI kA lakSya chAyAvAdI kaviyoM ko hindI-- sAhitya se niSkAsita karanA nahIM hai, pratyuta yaha dikhAnA hai ki ucca koTi kA kAvyasarjaka yaha jAnatA hai ki usake lie kauna-sI zailI samIcIna hai aura use kina-kina anubhUtiyoM kI abhivyakti karanI hai| dvivedIjI kI samIkSA, tattvataH prabhAvAbhivyaMjaka (impresanisTika) na hokara vizleSaNAtmaka aura tathyaparaka hI adhika hotI hai / parantu, chAyAvAdI kaviyoM para likhate samaya ve svabhAvataH AtmaniSTha ho jAte haiM aura vizleSaNa 1. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'sAhityAlApa', pR0 348 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 1870 mUlaka samIkSA ke sthAna para bhAvodgAra prakaTa karane lagate haiM / isakA kAraNa spaSTa hai ki eka ora to chAyAvAdI kavitA kI navInatA aura zilpagata maulikatA. jisapara pAzcAttya romANTisijma kA bhI prabhAva dRSTigata hotA hai, unameM sandeha kA udra eka karatI hai, dUsarI ora unake kAvyagata Adarza unheM aisI AlocanA likhane ke lie prerita karate hai / dvivedIjI kI abhiruci jina kavitAoM se poSita huI thI, ve chAyAvAdI kavitAoM se nitAnta bhinna thIM / jahA~ unake manonukUla kaviyo kI racanAe~ sarala hotI thI, vahA~ unake anusAra, chAyAvAdI kavitA 'kliSTa kalpanAoM aura zuSka zabdADambara' para AdhRta 'vijRmbhaNa' - mAtra hotI hai / jahA~ utkRSTa kavitAoM meM sarala bhAvoM kA sampreSaNa hotA hai, vahA~ chAyAvAdI kavitAe~ aspaSTa aura durUha hotI hai / " gadya ho yA padya, usame se jo kucha kahA gayA ho, vaha zrotA yA pAThaka kI samajha meM AnA caahie| vaha jitanA hI adhika aura jitanA hI jaldI samajha meM AvegA, gadya yA padya ke lekhaka kA zrama utanA hI adhika aura utanA hI zIghra saphala ho jAyagA / jisa lekha yA kavitA meM yaha guNa hotA hai, usakI prAsAdika saMjJA hai / kavitA meM yadi prasAda guNa nahI, to kavi kI uddezya siddhi jAtI hai / kaviyoM ko isa bAta kA sadA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| use isa taraha kahanA cAhie ki vaha par3hane yA sunanevAloM kI adhikAMza meM vyartha jo kucha kahanA ho, samajha meM turanta hI A jAya / " " vivecya nibandha ko mahattvapUrNa mAnane kA eka aura kAraNa hai / isameM dvivedIjI ne chAyAvAdI kaviyoM kI AlocanA hI nahIM kI hai, varan kavitA-sambandhI apanI AdhArabhUta mAnyatAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / dvivedIjI kAvya-prayojanoM meM khyAti, dhanArjana aura manoraMjana kA ullekha karate hai| unakA kathana hai ki kavitA khyAti ke lie, yazaH prApti ke lie kI jAtI hai| unhoMne tulasIdAsa ke sandarbha meM eka aura prayojana kA ullekha kiyA hai aura batAyA hai ki kavitA svAntaH sukhAya bhI ho sakatI hai / 'paramezvara kA sambodhana karake koI kavi Atmanivedana bhI, kavitA dvArA hI, karatA hai / para ye bAteM kevala kaviyoM hI ke viSaya meM caritArtha hotI hai / asmadAdi laukika jana to aura hI matalaba se kavitA karate yA likhate hai aura unakA vaha matalaba khyAti, lAbha aura manoraMjana Adi ke sivA aura kucha ho hI nahIM sakatA / 12 dvivedIjI ko vizvAsa hai ki kavitA apane uddezya me tabhI siddha hotI hai, jaba usakA bhAvArtha 'dUsaroM kI samajha meM jhaTa A jAya / ' kavitA kA prasAda guNa hI 1. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'sAhityAlApa', pR0 337-38 // 2. uparivat pR0 327 /

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188 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva - sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa guNa hai / jisa kavitA kA Azaya aspaSTa ho, usase, dvivedIjI ke matAnusAra, pramAtA kA manoraMjana nahIM ho sakatA, 'na use sunakara sunanevAlA kavi kA abhinandana hI kara sakegA aura jaba usake hRdaya para kavitA kA kucha asara hI na hogA, taba vaha kavi ko kucha degA kyoM ?'1 saphala racanAeM sarala hI nahIM hotI, varan sabhI prakAra ke anAvazyaka alaMkAroM se bhI mukta hotI haiN| ADambarahIna, prasAdaguNa-sampanna eva ojasvI racanAeM hI apanI pranaviSNutA ke kAraNa pramAtA ko vimugdha karatI haiM / aisI racanAe~ hI pAThaka ko svataH AkRSTa karatI haiN| dvivedIjI ne isI bhAva ko yaha kahakara prakaTa kiyA hai ki-'satkavi ke lie ADambara kI mutalaka hI jarUrata nhiiN| yadi usameM kucha mAra hai, to pAThaka aura zrotA aura svayaM hI usake pAsa daur3e jaayeNge| Ama kI maMjarI kyA kabhI bhauMroM ko bulAne jAtI hai ?-na ratnamanviSyati mRgyate hi tat / 2 __dvivedIjI ke matAnusAra, kavitva-zakti durlabha aura virala hotI hai| jina kaviyazolipsuoM meM pratibhA nahIM hotI, ve kabhI saphala kavi nahIM ho skte| adhyayana aura abhyAsa se kavi banA jA sakatA hai, parantu pratibhA ke binA 'manuSya acchA kavi nahIM ho sakatA / '3 isa sthala para AcArya dvivedIjI ne mahAkavi kSemendra se apanI sahamati prakaTa kI hai aura unakI pustaka 'kavikaNThAbharaNa' par3hane kA parAmarza diyA hai : * "vartamAna kavimanyoM ko cAhie ki ve use par3he, svayaM na par3ha sakeM, to kisI saMskRtajJa se par3havAkara usakA Azaya samajha leN| aisA karane se, AzA hai, unheM apanI truTiyoM aura kamajoriyo kA patA laga jAyagA / "4 parantu, dvivedIjI yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM 'ki jahA~ kavitva-zakti anivArya hai, vahA~ vaha apane-Apa meM pUrNarUpeNa paryApta nahIM hai| jisa vyakti meM kavitva-zakti ho, use bhI 'pUrvavartI kaviyoM aura mahAkaviyoM kI kRtiyoM kA parizIlana karanA cAhie aura kavitA likhane kA abhyAsa bhI kucha samaya taka karanA caahie|5 dvivedIjI ke ye kAvya-siddhAnta bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kI variSTha paramparA meM nyasta haiN| unhoMne chAyAvAdI kAvya ke jina doSoM kI aura saMketa kiyA hai, ve yugayuga se kAvyadoSa mAne jAte rahe haiM / bharata ke nATyazAstra meM kAvya ke jina dasa doSoM kA ullekha milatA hai, unameM gUDhArtha, arthAntara, arthahIna, bhinnArtha Adi-Adi doSa 1. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'sAhityAlApa', pR0 328 / 2. uparivat, pR0 331-32 / 3. uparivata, pR0 333 / 4. uparivat / 5. uprivt|

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 189: bar3e mahattva ke haiN| isI prakAra, bharatamuni ke anusAra prasAda, mAdhurya, oja, pada-- saukumArya Adi guNa ullekhanIya haiN| 'kAvyAlaMkAra' ke raciyatA bhAmaha ne kahA ki 'buddhimAn loga mAdhurya aura prasAda ko cAhate hue samAsayukta bahuta padoM kA prayoga nahIM karate / ' daNDI ne vaidarbha mArga ke jina dasa guNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unameM prasAda, mAdhurya, sukumAratA Adi guNa bhI samAhita haiN| dvivedIjI kI kAvyahetu-sambandhI avadhAraNAeM bhI bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kI ciraparicita avadhAraNAeM haiN| bhAmaha ne to sApha-sApha kahA hai ki guru ke upadeza se to jaDabuddhi bhI zAstra paDa sakatA hai, kintu kAvya to kisI pratibhAzAlI se hI bana pAtA hai| isI kAraNa bhAratIya kAvyazAstra me isa pratibhA ko navanavonmeSazAlinI buddhi kahA gayA hai| bhAmaha bhI kAvyasAdhanoM kI carcA karate hue isa tathya kI udghoSaNA karate haiM ki kAvya-racanA ke abhilASI puruSa ko zabda, chanda, koSa-pratipAdita artha, aitihAsika kathAe~, lokavyavahAra-yukti aura kalAoM kA manana karanA cAhie / eka anya kArikA me unhoMne abhyAsa para bala dete hue kahA hai ki zabda aura artha kA samyak jJAna prApta kara kAvyajJoM kI upAsanA kara aura anya lekhakoM kI racanAoM ko dekhakara kAvya-praNayana meM pravRtta honA caahie| daNDI bhI pUrvajanma ke saMskAroM se sampanna Izvarapradatta svAbhAvika pratibhA ko kavitva-zakti kA AdhAra mAnate hai, para sAtha hI vividha vizuddha jJAna se yukta aneka zAstroM ke jJAna ko tathA atyanta utsAhapUrNa dRr3ha abhyAsa ko kavi ke lie anivArya ghoSita karate haiN| daNDI una prAcIna AcAryoM meM parigaNita hote haiM, jinake anusAra vyutpatti pratibhA kA sthAna bhale hI na le, para usase 'vAgdevI sarasvatI nizcaya hI alabhya anugraha karatI hI hai|' isa kAraNa daNDI kI salAha hai ki kavitva-janita yaza cAhanevAloM ko Alasyarahita hokara zramapUrvaka vAgdevI sarasvatI kI nirantara upAsanA karanI caahie| AcArya dvivedI pratibhA ko kavitva-zakti kA mUla athavA bIja mAnate haiM, parantu daNDI ke anusAra kAvya-nirmANa kA sAmarthya kama hone para bhI kAvyAnuzIlana ke prayAsa meM parizramI manuSya paNDita-maNDaliyoM meM rasAsvAdana karane meM samartha hote haiN| dvivedIjI kI, kAvyahetu evaM kAvya-prayojana-sambandhI mAnyatAe~ AcArya rudraTa aura AcArya vAmana kI etadviSayaka mAnyatAoM se milatI-julatI haiN| 'kAvyAlaMkAra' meM AcArya rudraTa ne sundara kAvya ke nirmANa ke lie zakti, vyutpatti aura abhyAsa. ina tInoM ko Avazyaka batalAyA hai| unake kathanAnusAra, "jisake hone para svastha citta meM nirantara aneka prakAra ke vAkyoM kI sphatti hotI hai tathA jisakI vidyamAnatA meM zIghra hI artha-pratipAdana meM samartha pada prasphuTita hote haiM, usako zakti kahate haiN|" daNDI Adi pramakha AlaMkArikoM ne isI zakti ko pratibhA ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai|

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'190 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva rudraTa ne isI pratibhA ke do rUpa batalAye haiM aura unake sahaja rUpa ko hI utpAdya kI apekSA zreSThatara kahA hai| sahaja zakti apane-Apa utkarSAdhAyaka evaM uttAdyA kI hetu hai| utpAdyA bAda meM honevAlI vyutpatti se bar3e kaSTa se siddha hotI hai| ___ isameM sandeha nahIM ki kavitA prasAdaguNasampanna, ADambaravihIna, sArayukta evaM pramaMgAnukUla ho / kintu, yaha bhI dhyAtavya hai ki kaI kAraNoM se kavitA kabhI-kabhI durUha, anekArthaka evaM aspaSTa bhI ho jAyA karatI hai / vastutaH,kavitA kA kevala prasAdaguNa-sampanna honA apane-Apa meM koI bar3I cIja nahIM hai| jaTila aura saMzliSTa anubhUtiyoM kI abhivyaMjanA prAyaH saMzliSTa ho jAyA karatI hai aura sarala bhASA me vyakta hokara bhI ausata pAThaka ko rahasyAnubhUti zIghra nahIM hotii| jo avAGmanogocara hai, jo akatha aura anirvacanIya hai, usa satya kI abhivyakti ke lie ciraparicita zabda aura sampreSaNa ke ghise-piTe mAdhyama aparyApta hote haiM / kabhI-kabhI pAThaka kI bhASAgata ayogyatA ke kAraNa racanA kaThina jAna par3atI hai aura sAhityakAra kI bAteM hRdayaMgama nahIM ho paatiiN| isake atirikta, katipaya sAhityakAroM kI vaha pravRtti,bhI jisake kAraNa ve vyaktigata sandarbho kA prayoga bharate haiM athavA pANDitya-pradarzana ke lie bhArI zabdoM se apanI racanAoM ko bojhila banA DAlate hai, racanA ko durUha banA DAlatI hai| isI pravRtti ke kAraNa kucha sAhityakAroM kI racanAoM me sUkSma saMketa aura anekAneka pANDityapUrNa sandarbha pAye jAte haiM / __ pUrva aura pazcima ke AlocakoM ne isI kAraNa, aucitya ko yatheSTa mahattva diyA hai aura batAyA hai ki sarala-sugama bhAvoM kI abhivyakti sarala-sugama bhASA meM hI suzobhana hotI hai aura jahA~ jaTilatara anubhUtiyoM kI abhivyakti abhipreta hotI hai, vahA~ sampreSaNa durUha ho jAyA karatA hai| iliyaTa ne isa bAta para prabhUta bala diyA hai ki pratyeka yuga kI apanI viziSTa anubhUtiyoM kA apanA satya, apanA jIvana-darzana aura apanA vyaktitva huA karatA hai| isI kAraNa, pratyeka yuga kI apanI viziSTa abhivyaMjanA-zailI huA karatI hai| aisI zailI ke abhAva meM hI sAhitya meM anaucitya, punarukti, niSprANa kAvyabimboM aura vizeSaNoM kA viniyoga Adi doSa AvirbhUta hote haiM / yadi uparinirdiSTa kasauTI para hama Adhunika kAvya ko parakhe aura tathAkathita naI kavitA kA mUlyAMkana kareM, to isameM prayukta 'camatkArapUrNa' aura abhinava vimboM kI anivAryatA spaSTa ho jAyagI aura naI kavitA kI sArthakatA kA ehasAsa hone lgegaa| dvivedIjI ko chAyAvAdI kaviyoM se prAyaH vaisI hI zikAyata hai, jaisI DaoN0 jaoNnasana ko meTAphijikala kaviyoM se thii| jahA~taka dvivedIjI ke AdhArabhUta tarko kA sambandha hai, hameM svIkArya honA cAhie ki chAyAvAdI kavitA kA prArambha bhI kucha usI prakAra

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 191 huA thA, jisa prakAra aMgarejI me meTAphijikala poeTrI kaa| chAyAvAdI kavi vrajabhASA me racI gaI tathA rIti-paddhati para AdhRta kavitAoM ke sthAna para. khar3IbolI meM likhI gaI naI savedanAo ke anukUla race gaye kAvya me naye-naye bimboM kI prANapratiSThA karane lge| unakA likhanA anApa-zanApa likhanA nahIM thA, parantu cUMki pratikriyA Arambha meM atyanta ugra huA karatI hai, isalie chAyAvAdI kavi navyatA kI khoja me kahI-kahI atyanta sapATa dIkhane lagate haiN| 'vicAra-vimarza' ke sAhitya-khaNDa meM saMgRhIta nibandhoM meM bhI AcArya dvivedIjI kI sAhitya-viSayaka avadhAraNAo kA samyak nirUpaNa huA hai / isa grantha kA 'Adhunika kavitA' zIrSaka prathama nibandha mArca, 1912 I0 meM kahA thaa| isameM AcAryajI ne Arthara jevisana phike kI kavi aura kAvya-sambandhI mAnyatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura unase sahamati prakaTa kI hai| phike ke matAnusAra kavi ko deza aura kAla kI avasthA kA pUrA-pUrA jJAna honA caahie| vahI kavi kAlajayI hotA hai, jisakI racanAoM me jIvana kI sArthakatA ke upAya batalAye jAte haiN| phike ne kAvya ke kalApakSa kI avahelanA nahIM kI aura apane pAThakoM kA dhyAna isa tathya kI ora AkRSTa kiyA ki kavitA soddezya to ho, para sAtha hI usakI bhApA manohAriNI ho / phike ke vicAroM ko uddhata karate hue AcArya dvivedI ne kahA hai : 'acchI kavitA meM unhI viSayoM kA varNana hotA hai, jo manuSya ke jIvana se ghaniSTha sambandha rakhate hai aura jo usakI AtmA aura AdhyAtmikatA para gaharA asara DAla sakate haiN| isameM sandeha nahIM ki svayaM dvivedIjI usI kavitA ke prazaMsaka the, jo nItimUlaka hotI thI, jisameM 'ucca vicAroM' ko vANI milatI thI, jo 'hRdaya aura buddhi' ke Upara acchA prabhAva DAlatI thI aura jisameM 'samayopayogI Avazyaka upadezoM ko' isa DhaMga se vyakta kiyA jAtA thA, 'jisase manuSya bahuta jalda unheM grahaNa kara skeN|' _ 'Ajakala ke chAyAvAdI kavi aura kavitA' nAmaka nibandha meM bhI dvivedIjI ne vibhinna zabdAvalI kA prayoga karate hue usI kAvya ko zreSTha ghoSita kiyA hai, jo bahuta jalda grahaNa ho jaay| isameM sandeha nahIM ki dvivedIjI ke anusAra 'kavitA kA sabase bar3A guNa hai usakI praasaadiktaa|'2 cUki, chAyAvAdI kavitA meM prAsAdikatA atyalpa hotI hai, isalie dvivedIjI usakA samarthana nahIM karate aura kahate hai ki prAsAdikatA 'jaba nahIM, taba kavitA sunakara zrotA rIjha kisa taraha sakeMge aura usakA asara unapara hogA kyA khAka / ' 3 dvivedIjI kI dRSTi meM chAyAvAdI kavi : "aise-vaise 1. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 1 (saM0 1988, kaashii| 2. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'sAhityAlApa', pR0 345, san 1929 I0 / 3. uparivat /

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192 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva kavi' the, jo apanI kavitAoM kA bhAva samajhane me Apa hI asamartha the / isase adhika Azcarya kI bAta bhalA aura kyA ho sakatI hai ki svayaM kavi bhI apanI kavitA kA matalaba dUsaroM ko na samajhA ske| yaha zikAyata zivanna zAstrI hI kI nahIM, aura bhI aneka kavitA-premiyoM kI hai / " " dvivedIjI kavitA ko prAsAdikatA aura bhAvoM kI sampreSaNIyatA ke vaise hI purajora samarthaka hai, jaise TaoNlsaTAya the / dvivedIjI to yahA~taka kahate hai ki " Ajakala jo loga rahasmayI yA chAyAmulaka kavitA likhate hai, unakI kavitA se to unalogoM kI padya racanA acchI hotI hai, jo dezaprema para apanI lekhanI calAte yA, 'calo vora paTuA khAlI' kI taraha kI paMktiyo kI sRSTi karate hai / iname kavitA ke aura guNa bhale hI na hoM, para unakA matalaba to samajha meM A jAtA hai| para, chAyAvAdiyoM kI racanA to kabhI-kabhI samajha meM bhI nahI AtI / ye loga bahudhA bar3e hI vilakSaNa chando yA vRtto kA bhI prayoga karate haiM / koI caupade likhate hai / koI cha. pade, koI gyArahapade / kisI kI cAra satareM gaja bhara lambI, to do satare do-hI-do aMgula kI / phira bhI, ye loga betukI padyAvalI bhI likhane kI bahudhA kRpA karate haiM / isa dazA meM inakI racanA eka ajIba gorakhadhandhA ho jAtI hai / na ye zAstra kI AjJA ke kAyala, naye pUrvavarttI kaviyoM kI praNAlI ke anuvarttI, na ye satsamAlocakoM ke parAmarza kI paravA karanevAle ! inakA mUlamantra hai : 'hama cunA dIgare nesta' / isa hamAdAnI ko. dUra karane kA kyA ilAja ho sakatA hai, kucha samajha meM nahI AtA / " " se dvivedIjI kI vyAvahArika AlocanAe~ tathyaparaka, nirbhIka tathA vidvattApUrNa hotI haiM / ve jisa viSaya para likhate hai, jisa kavi, lekhaka yA grantha kI AlocanA karate hai, usake sambandha meM prAyaH sabhI mahattvapUrNa tathyoM kA ullekha kara denA satsamAlocaka kA karttavya mAnate haiM / isalie, unameM anusandhitsu kI jijJAsA aura pariniSThita Alocaka kA vaikuppa milatA hai / unakI AlocanAoM ke adhyetA unake tarkoM kI prAmANikatA se hI nahIM, unake nivandhoM kI rocakatA aura paThanIyatA se bhI prabhAvita hue binA nahI rahate / dvivedIjI kI lekhanI kaThina kaThina viSaya ko saralAtisarala DhaMga se prastuta karane meM sakSama hai / jisa prasAdikatA kI kasauTI para ve chAyAvAdI kAvya ko parakhate haiM, usI prasAdaguNa ke nikaSa para unakA gadya kharA utaratA hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki dvivedIjI ke nibandha prasAdaguNa sampanna evaM pratyayakArI hote haiM / udAharaNArtha, 'purAnI samAlocanA kA eka namUnA' zIrSaka nibandha ko leM / 'vicAra-vimarza' meM sagRhIta yaha nibandha jitanA rocaka hai, utanA hI tathyamUlaka evaM zodhaparaka bhI / isameM dvivedIjI ne yaha pramANita karanA cAhA hai ki 'appayadIkSita aura jagannAtha rAya ke jamAne meM yadAkadA vaisI hI mRdu, madhura, saccI aura nirdoSa samAlocanAe~ hotI thIM, jaisI ki Ajakala 1. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'sAhityAlApa', pR0 341-342 /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 193 bahudhA dekhane meM AtI hai / "1 kintu, pramANoM ke prastutIkaraNa kI prakriyA meM dvivedIjI kore tarka kI nIrasatA kA Azraya na lekara jisa paddhati ko apanAte haiM, usase nibandha Adyanta rocaka ho gayA hai| ve paNDitarAja jagannAtha kA mahattva yaha kahakara pratipAdita karate hai ki 'rasagaMgAdhara' meM paNDinarAja jagannAtha ne, raso aura alakAroM Adi ke vivecana meM apane pUrvavartI paNDitoM ke siddhAntoM kI khaba hI jA~ca kI hai aura apanI buddhi kA nirAlA hI camatkAra dikhAne kI ceSTA kI hai / granthArambha karane ke pahale hI Apane yaha kasama khA lI hai ki mai udAharaNarUpa meM auroM ke zloka taka grahaNa na karU~gA, khuda apanI hI racanAoM ke udAharaNa duuNgaa| ise Apane nibhAyA bhI khUba / isa grantha meM jagannAtha rAya ne appayadIkSita kI baDI hI chIchAledara kii| bAta-bAta para dIkSitajI kI ukti aura siddhAntoM kA niSThuratApUrvaka khaNDana kiyA, unakI dillagI ur3AI, kahI-kahIM to unake lie apazabda taka kaha DAle / lo, alaMkArazAstrI banane kA karo dAvA / maiM to mai, dUsarA kauna isa viSaya meM jJAtA ho sakatA hai| bAta zAyada yaha / '2 appayadIkSita ke sAtha hue paNDitarAja ke jhagar3e kA bar3A hI prAsaMgika ullekha karate hue dvivedIjI kahate hai : 'appayadIkSita kI itanI khabara lekara bhI jagannAtha rAya ko santoSa na huaa| rasagaMgAdhara meM dikhAye gaye appayadIkSita ke doSoM kA saMkSipta saMgraha unhoMne usase alaga hI nikAlA aura 'citramImAMsA-khaNDana' nAma dekara use eka aura naI pustaka kA rUpa pradAna kiyaa| usake Arambha me Apa pharamAte haiM . rasagaGgAdhare citramImAMsAyA myoditaaH| ye doSAste'tra saMkSipya kathyante viduSAM mude // 3 dvivedI jI usI samAlocanA ko 'saccI' kahate hai, jo 'nekanIyatI se aura yuktipUrvaka'4 kI jAtI hai| cUMki unakI samAlocanA saccI hai, isalie usakA Adara karanA hI caahie|5 jo samAlocanA saccI nahIM hotI aura jo rAga-dveSa aura IrSyA kI preraNA se kisI ko hAni pahu~cAne yA usakA upahAsa karane ke lie kI jAtI hai, usakA Adara nahIM hotA / 6 dvivedIjI kI AlocanAoM ke pArAyaNa se hama isI niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki ve samIkSaka ke dAyitva se pUrNatayA paricita haiM aura taTastha bhAva se samIkSya grantha ke guNa-doSoM kA vivecana karanA apanA karttavya mAnate haiN| samIkSaka ke rUpa meM ve granthoM ke guNa-doSa-vivecana karane se hI santuSTa na hokara pAThakavarga kI 1. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', saM0 1988, pR0 5-6 / 2. uparivat / 3. uparivat, pR06| 4. uparivata, pR0 10 / 5. uparivat / 6. uparivat /

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194 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktiva evaM kartRtva abhiruci kA pariSkAra karanA aura sarjanAtmaka sAhitya ke racayitAoM kA patha-pradarzana karanA bhI apanA dharma mAnate haiM / isI kAraNa deza-videza aura sAhitya meM jahA~ bhI upayogI sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai, ve hindI ke kaviyoM aura pAThako ke lie prakAzita karane meM saMkoca nahIM karate / jaba a~garejI ke 'DelI kraoNnikala' nAmaka samAcAra-patra meM brAuniMga kA eka patra prakAzita huA, taba dvivedIjI ne dhar3alle se usakA hindI anuvAda prakAzita karate hue kahA ki brAuniMga kI yaha ciTThI hindI ke kaviyoM aura lekhakoM ke bar3e kAma kI hai / isa patra meM brAuniMga ne kahA thA ki 'maiMne rupayA kamAne kI nIyata se eka akSara bhI nahIM likhaa| isa dizA meM yadi Apako merI AmadanI ke viSaya meM bhrama ho jAya, to Azcarya kI bAta nahIM / merI pustakoM kA pracAra amerikA meM bahuta hai / para, isa pracAra kI badaulata mujhe eka phUTI kaur3I bhI nahIM miltii| maiM isa bAta ko acchI taraha jAnatA hU~ ki mere kaI sAhityasevI mitra apanI eka hI kavitA, nATaka yA upanyAsa kI bikrI se jitanA rupayA kamA lete hai, utanA maiM apanI sArI pustakoM kI bikrI se nahIM kamA sakA / tisapara bhI mujhe apanA hI DhaMga pasanda hai-- jo mArga maiMne apane lie pasanda kiyA hai, usase maiM bhraSTa nahIM honA cAhatA / svayaM rupaye ke lie aura loga khuzI se likheM / maine na likhA aura na likhU~gA / ' 1 svayaM dvivedIjI kA jIvana-darzana brAuniMga kI usa abhivRtti ke anukUla hai, jo uparyukta paMktiyoM meM rUpAyita hai / dvivedIjI rupayA kamAne kI nIyata se na to kisI kI prazaMsA karate the aura na kisI kI nindA | dvivedIjI kA abhimata hai ki samIkSaka kA kArya mahattva kI hI nahIM, atyanta kaThina bhI hai / ve yaha acchI taraha jAnate haiM ki katipaya Alocaka apane ko sarvajJa mAnakara pratyeka pustaka kI samAlocanA karane meM jarA bhI saMkoca nahI karate / dvivedIjI una samAlocakoM kI prazaMsA karate hai, jo sacamuca vidvAn hai aura jo apane karttavyAkarttavya ke prati jAgarUka haiM / kucha loga svayaM to kavi nahIM hote, parantu aneka kAvyoM kA rasAsvAdana karane tathA zreSTha samAlocakoM kI AlocanA par3hane ke kAraNa likhane kI yogyatA hAsila kara lete haiM / dvivedIjI kahate haiM ki aise loga cAheM to 'kAvya kI vicArapUrvaka AlocanA' 2 kara sakate hai / unake mantavyAnusAra samIkSaka na to anucita prazaMsA karanA aura samIkSya grantha kA vijJApana karanA apanA karttavya samajhatA hai. aura na anucita nindA karanA / 'IrSyA, dva eSa athavA zatrubhAva ke vazIbhUta hokara kisI . kI kRti meM amUlaka doSodbhAvanA karanA usase bhI burA kAma hai / 3 1. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 13 / 2. uparivat, pR0 45 / 3. uparivat /

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [-195 AcArya dvivedIjI ne 'sampAdakoM, samAlocakoM aura lekhakoM kA karttavya' zIrSaka nibandha meM usa samAlocanA kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai, jise ve pANDityasUcaka yA paNDitAI dikhAnevAlI samIkSA kahate haiN| aise samAlocaka kI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha karate hue unhone kahA hai ki 'pANDityasUcaka samAlocanA kA lekhaka samIkSya grantha meM vyAkaraNa, alakArazAstra, chandaHzAstra aura muhAvare kI bhUleM dikhalAtA hai / vaha yaha nahI dekhatA ki ina bAtoM ne chanda, alakAra, vyAkaraNa Adi ko gauNa kahA hai aura unake sAkSyAnusAra inapara jora denA 'avivekatA-pradarzana' ke sivA aura kucha nhii| vyAkaraNa Adi kI bhUleM hotI kisase nahI ? a~garejI, phArasI, arabI, saMskRta Adi bhASAoM ke bar3e-bar3e vidvAnoM ne kyA isa taraha kI bhUleM nahI kI ? para isase kyA unake granthoM kI pratiSThA kucha kama ho gaI hai ?1 uparyukta uddharaNa dvivedIjI jaise bhASAmarmajJa kI bhASAprayoga-sambandhI udAratA kara pratibimbana karatA hai aura batalAtA hai ki bhASA-prayoga meM asAdhAraNa sAvadhAnI baratane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| bhASA-prayoga meM raMcamAtra bhI asAvadhAnI baratI gaI ki vaha dUSita ho jAtI hai aura usameM azuddhiyA~ A jAtI haiN| kabhI-kabhI bhAvavibhora lekhaka rUpa kI apekSA 'vastu' para adhika dhyAna de baiThatA hai athavA bhAva meM tallIna hone ke kAraNa bhASA ke prati udAsIna ho jAtA hai| kaviyoM kI bhASA ke sambandha meM yaha bAta adhika prAsaMgika dIkhatI hai| kavi kI racanAe~ adhika rasadIpta aura bhAvAkula hotI haiM, isalie eka ora to kavi kI bhASA adhika prANavatI aura prabhAvatI hotI haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora usame vyAkaraNa Adi kI bhUleM ho sakatI hai| dvivedIjI ne jise pANDityasUcaka samAlocanA kahA hai, usa 'skAlI kriTisijma' ke viruddha i~galaiNDa meM eka Andolana kA sUtrapAta huA thA, jisake netAoM meM eka bAra lIvisa agragaNya the / pANDityasUcaka AlocanA kevala vyAkaraNAdi bhUloM kI ora hI saMketa nahIM karatI, apitu vivecya kRti ke Upara par3anevAle prabhAvoM aura parivezoM kA bhI vivecana karatI hai| ucca koTi kI AlocanA, lIvisa ke matAnusAra, kRti kI AlocanA karatI hai, kRtikAra kI nahIM; vaha pustaka kI AlocanA hotI hai, lekhaka ke deza, kAla aura jIvana kI nhii| dvivedIjI kA spaSTa abhimata hai ki samAlocaka kA kartavya yaha dikhalAnA hai ki *kisI pustaka yA prabandha meM kyA likhA gayA hai, kisa Dhaga se likhA gayA hai, vaha viSaya upayogI hai yA nahI, usase kisI kA manoraMjana ho sakatA hai yA nahIM, usase kisI ko lAbha pahuMca sakatA hai yA nahIM, lekhaka ne koI naI bAta likhI hai yA nahIM, yadi nahIM, to usase purAnI hI bAta ko naye DhaMga se likhA hai yA nhiiN| 2 samAlocaka ko isa bAta 1. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vicAra-vimarza, pR0 45 / 2. uprivt|

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196 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva kA patA lagAnA par3atA hai ki lekhaka ko apane uddezya meM siddhi milI athavA nhiiN| kevala anAvazyaka bAtoM kI ora pAThaka kA dhyAna AkRSTa karanA aura 'bAla kI khAla nikAlanA' samAlocaka kA kartavya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| aMgarejI-Alocaka DaoN0 jaoNnasana ne bhI una AlocakoM kI nindA kI hai, jo yA to dUrabIna lekara na dIkhanevAle doSoM kA bhI patA lagA lete haiM yA aNuvIkSaNa-yantra lekara choTe-choTe doSoM ko bhI dekha sakane meM samartha hote haiN| vivecya nibandha ke anta meM dvivedIjI jisa niSkarSa para bala dete haiM, vaha yaha hai ki lekhaka kI bhASA sarala aura subodha ho / unheM ve racanAe~ avara dIkhatI haiM, jinameM vAgADambara kA prAcurya hotA haiN| ve una samAlocakoM kI AlocanAe~ karate hai, jo jaTila bhASA ko ucca zreNI kI bhASA kahate haiM / unake anusAra, 'jisa racanA meM saMskRta ke anekAneka kliSTa zabda, saMskRta ke anaginata vacana aura zloka uddhRta hoM, jisameM yUrapa tathA amerikA ke aneka dezoM, vidvAnoM aura lekhakoM ke nAma hoM, usa racanA ko pANDityapUrNa samajhanA aparAdha hai| dvivedIjI bhASA kI prAMjalatA aura usake prasAda guNa ke sazakta samarthaka haiM aura cAhate haiM ki bhASA aisI likhI jAya, jisameM kevala hindI jAnanevAle bhI sahaja hI samajha jAya / yadi ekamAtra pANDitya hI dikhAne ke uddezya ke kisI lekha yA pustaka kI racanA na kI gaI ho, to aisI bhASA kA prayoga karanA cAhie, jise adhikAMza pAThaka samajha sakeM / tabhI racanAkAra kA uddezya saphala hogA-tabhI usase par3hanevAloM ke jJAna aura Ananda kI vRddhi hogii|' dvivedIjI dvArA prastuta upayukta mAnadaNDa kI samIcInatA taba nirvivAda hotI, jaba dvivedIjI saralatA para hI nahIM, aucitya para bhI yathAnukUla bala dete| itanA kaha denA hI paryApta nahIM ki bhASA sarala ho aura usameM tatsama zabdoM kA prayoga atyalpa ho| vastutaH, prAMjalatA athavA spaSTatA bhASA kA guNa bhI hai aura doSa bhI / kabhI-kabhI viSaya kI gambhIratA, bhAvoM kI jaTilatA aura kathya kI durUhatA lekhaka ko yatkicit durUha banAne ko bAdhya kara detI hai| naI-naI maulika anubhUtiyA~ navyatara zabdoM kI mAMga karatI haiN| isa kAraNa lekhaka ke samakSa do vikalpa raha jAte hai, cAhe to vaha apanI anubhUti ke prati ImAnadAra rahakara uparyukta zailI kA prayoga kare athavA kathya ke prati beImAnI kare aura saralatA ko apanA Adarza mAna una samasta zabdoM kA bahiSkAra kare, jo jaTila yA tatsama hoM, para jinake prayoga se racanAkAra apanI anubhUtiyoM ke sampreSaNa meM adhika samartha hotA hai| naI kavitA kI durUhatA ke mUla me kavi kI vaha ImAnadArI hai, jisake kAraNa vaha naI anubhUtiyoM ke anukUla naye-naye prayoga karatA hai, naI zailiyoM kA janaka banatA hai| 1. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicaar-vimrsh'|

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gadyazailI : nibandha evaM AlocanA [ 197 '... ki kucha dUra eka makAna kI khir3akI kI caukhaTa ubhAsita ho jAtI hai, jaga jAtI hai jhillI eka ragar3atI AvAja hai, bagala ke kamare meM dIvAra-ghar3I ko AhistA-AhistA phusaphusAte sunatA hU~ kAla ke karNa-randhra meMTika-Tika, Tika-Tika, Tika-Tika, bahuta dUra para eka bAjArU kuttA bhauMkatA hai|' saMskRta ke kliSTa zabdoM, usake anekAneka vacanoM aura zlokoM tathA a~garejI ke uddharaNoM ke bahiSkAra ke mUla meM dvivedIjI kA utkRSTa hindI-prema dRSTigata hotA hai| san 1915 I0 meM hI unhoMne yaha ghoSaNA kI thI ki 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya ke vizeSa utkRSTa grantha na hone para bhI par3hane lAyaka kitane hI grantha likhe jA cuke hai aura likhe jA rahe haiN| kintu, prAcIna hindI-sAhitya meM aneka amUlya ratna vidyamAna haiN|'' Aja se lagabhaga cauvana varSa pahale likhe gaye isa nibandha kA svara mAtRbhASA ke prati utkaTa prema kA svara hai / yadi dvivedIjI kI dRSTi vastuparaka hotI aura ve niSpakSa bhAva se hindIsAhitya kI upalabdhiyoM para dakpAta karate, to unheM isa bAta kA pUrA-pUrA ehasAna hotA ki hindI-sAhitya meM utkRSTa granthoM kI saMkhyA una dinoM u~galI para ginI jA sakatI thI aura aise granthoM kI saMkhyA atyalpa thI, jinheM paThanIya kahA jA sakatA thaa| prAcIna upalabdhiyoM kA guNagAna karanA vartamAna abhAvoM ko chipAne kA asaphala prayAsa hotA hai| 1. nalinavilocana zarmA, kesarIkumAra, nareza (prapadya-dvAdaza-sUtrI tathA paspazA saMvalita) nakena ke prapadya / 2. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vicAra-vimarza, pR048 /

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SaSTha adhyAya AcArya dvivedIjI kI kavitA evaM itara-sAhitya kavitA: bhAratIya bhASAoM meM Adhunika kAla kA prArambha san 1857 I0 ke bAda huaa| unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke isI uttarArdha kAla ko samasta bhAratIya sAhitya meM nUtana cetanA aura AdhunikatA kA uSaHkAla kahA jA sakatA hai / gadya kA vikAsa, a~garejI aura yUropIya bhASAoM kA prabhAva, prAcIna adhikatara rUDhiyoM ke prati avizvAsa, samAja-sudhAra kI utkaTa abhilASA, rASTrIya cetanA aura naye-naye viSayoM ke sAhityika avataraNa ke kAraNa sabhI bhASAoM ke sAhitya meM eka yugAntara upasthita ho gayA / hindI ke kSetra me bhI yaha krAnti huii| Adhunika hindI-kAvya ke isa prathama pravAha ko bhAratendu harizcandra ne abhinava sambhAvanAoM tathA abhivyakti se sampanna kiyaa| bhAratendu ke vyaktitva-kartavya meM aneka purAnI paramparAe~ Akara milatI hai, to kaI nUtana paramparAe~ janma bhI letI haiN| DaoN. sudhIndra ke zabdoM meM "zatAbdiyoM se hindI-kavitA bhakti yA zRgAra ke raMga meM raMgI calI A rahI thii| kevala cumbana aura AliMgana, rati aura vilAsa, romAMca aura sveda, svakIyA aura parakIyA kI kar3iyoM meM jakar3I hindI kavitA ko bhAratendu ne sarvaprathama vilAsa-bhavana aura lIlAkujoM se bAhara lAkara lokajIvana ke rAjapatha para khar3A kara diyaa| hindI-kavitA meM bhAratendu ne sarvaprathama samAja ke vakSaHsthala kI dhar3akana ko sunaayaa| kAvya meM yaha raMga-parivartana hindI ne pahalI bAra dekhA / vrajabhASA meM yaha viSaya kI krAnti thii|"1 prAcIna kAvya-paramparAoM meM pUrNa anAsthA nahIM rakhate hue bhI bhAratendu ne khar3I bolI ko navIna viSayoM se sampanna kiyA aura naye kSetroM ke sandhAna kI dizA meM use pravRtta kiyaa| parantu, bhAratendu khar3I bolI meM kAvyaracanA ko protsAhita nahIM kara ske| yaha kArya AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke hAthoM honA badA thA / kAvyabhASA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hone ke lie vrajabhASA banAma khar3I bolI kA jo saMgharSa bhAratendu-yuga se hI cala rahA thA, use dvivedIjI ne samApta kara diyaa| isa saMgharSa ko eka mahattvapUrNa mor3a zrIdhara pAThaka ne apanI khar3I bolI kI kavitAoM dvArA diyaa| unhoMne bhASA ko sAhityika evaM prAMjala rUpa pradAna karane ke lie vrajabhASA tathA arabI-pArasI ke zabdoM kA kramazaH bahiSkAra kiyA aura unake sthAna para arthAnukUla vyaMjaka tatsama zabda sanniviSTa kara * khar3I bolI-jagat ko vaisA prabhAvazAlI netRtva nahIM pradAna kara sake, jaisA bhAratendu ne kiyA thaa| zrIazoka mahAjana ne likhA hai : / 1. DaoN. sudhIndra : 'hindI-kavitA kA krAntiyuga', pR0 26 /

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kavitA evaM itara-sAhitya [ 199 . "bhAratendu ke asta aura 'pratApa' ke tirohita hone para jaba hindI-sAhitya patavArahIna naukA kI bhAMti asahAya hokara DagamagAne lagA, usa samaya dvivedIjI ne Age Akara hindI kA netRtva grahaNa kiyaa| unhoMne khar3I bolI ko samasta sAhityika abhivyaktiyoM kA mAdhyama banAkara gadya-padya kI eka pakkI vyavasthA kI aura donoM praNAliyoM dvArA pUrva aura pazcima kI, purAtana aura nUtana, sthAyI aura asthAyI jJAnasampatti sampUrNa hindIbhASA-bhASI prAntoM meM mukta hasta se vitarita kii| isase kavitA kA colA hI badala gayA aura satoguNa kI sanyAsinI ke rUpa meM vaha hindI-ragamaMca para prakaTa huii|" hindI kavitA meM viSayagata krAnti kA sUtrapAta evaM saMcAlana bhAratendu harizcandra ne kara diyA thA aura zrIdhara pAThaka ne bhraNa rUpa meM bhASAI krAnti ko bhI janma de diyA thaa| parantu, hindI-kavitA kI bhASA ke rUpa meM khar3I bolI kA pratiSThAna evaM yuganirdeza kA sArA kArya dvivedIjI ne kiyaa| unake Ate hI samasta hindI-jagat meM bhASA-sambandhI AndolanoM kA eka daura zurU ho gyaa| gadyabhASA kA pariSkAra aura sudhAra kA aitihAsika kArya karane ke sAtha hI dvivedIjI ne kavitA ke lie bhI bhASA-nIti ke navIna mArga kA sandhAna kiyaa| unhoMne vrajabhASA ke sthAna para khar3I bolI ko kavitA kA abhivyakti-sAdhana banAne kI apIla kii| DaoN0 zitikaNTha mizra ne likhA hai: "vrajabhASA itanI saMkucita aura rItigrasta ho gaI thI ki navIna bhAvoM aura kAvyaprayogoM ke lie usameM sthAna nahIM raha gayA thaa| eka hI viSaya para saikar3oM varSoM se saikar3oM kaviyoM ne itanA likha liyA thA ki koI nayA kavi usameM maulikatA yA navInatA nahIM lA sakatA thaa| ataH, dvivedIjI ne Adeza diyA ki purAnI lakIra kA pITanA banda honA caahie|"2 unake pUrva taka gadya kI racanA khar3I bolI meM hotI thI aura kavitAe~ vrajabhASA meM likhI jAtI thii| dvivedIjI ne vrajabhASA ke sthAna para khar3I bolI ke hI sarvatra prayoga para bala diyaa| ve gadya aura padya kI alaga-alaga bhASA kA honA samIcIna nahIM mAnate the| unhone spaSTa rUpa se ghoSaNA kI: "gadya aura padya kI bhASA pRthaka-pRthaka na honI caahie| hindI hI eka aisI bhASA hai, jisake gadya meM eka prakAra kI aura padya meM dUsare prakAra kI bhASA likhI jAtI hai| sabhya samAja kI jo bhASA ho, usI bhASA meM gadya-padyAtmaka sAhitya honA caahie|" 1. zrIazoka mahAjana : 'dvivedI-kAvya : prayojana aura viSaya', 'bhASA' : dvivedI smRti-aMka, pR0 63 / 2. DaoN. zitikaNTha mizra : 'khar3I bolI kA Andolana', pR0 215 / 3. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 19 /

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200 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva unake dvArA nirdezita sabhya samAja kI bhASA khar3I bolI hI thI, jisakA prayoga usa samaya taka gadyAtmaka racanAoM meM hI hotA thA / dvivedIjI ne apane samakAlIna kaviyoM ko khar3I bolI meM kAvyaracanA kI ora prerita kiyA : " kaviyoM ko cAhie ki ve krama-krama se gadya kI bhASA meM bhI kavitA karanA Arambha kareM - bolanA eka bhASA aura kavitA meM prayoga karanA dUsarI bhASA prAkRtika niyamoM ke viruddha hai / " " 'auroM ko khar3I bolI ke kAvya-praNayana kI ora prerita karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ne svayaM bhI kavitA-sarjana kI dizA me prayAsa kiye / 'sarasvatI' meM unakI vividha viSaya-maNDita aneka kavitAe~ saMkalita huI haiM aura unakI kavitAoM kA pustakAkAra prakAzana bhI huA hai / dvivedIjI kI kavitAoM ke mAdhyama se unakI nItiyoM aura Adarzo kA hI upasthApana huA hai / dvivedIjI kI sampAdana- kalA aura nibandha-kalA meM upayogitAvAda, nItivAda, AdarzavAda aura AnandavAda kA jaisA prastutIkaraNa dRSTigocara hotA hai, unakI kavitAo meM bhI inhI mAhityika mAnyatAoM kA abhiniveza dIkhatA hai / apanI kAvyasRSTi ke sambandha meM svayaM dvivedIjI ne bhI likhA thA : " kavitA karanA anya loga cAhe jaisA samajheM, hameM to yaha eka taraha duHsAdhya hI jAna par3atA hai | ajJatA aura aviveka ke kAraNa kucha dina hamane bhI tukabandI kA abhyAsa kiyA thA / para kucha samajha meM Ate hI hamane apane ko isa kAma kA anadhikArI samajhA / ataeva, usa mArga se jAnA hI prAyaH banda kara diyA / " ina paktiyoM meM dvivedIjI kI zAlInatA hI nahI, unakI kavitAoM ke sandarbha meM yaha satya bhI udghATita huA hai ki dvivedIjI kAvyAtmaka pratibhA se sampanna nahI the aura unakI adhikAMza kavitAo meM uttama kavitva ke lakSaNa nahIM milate / parantu isameM sandeha nahI ki apanI sAhityika yAtrA ke pUrvArddha meM dvivedIjI ne apane kavi-rUpa ko vikasita kiyA thA / relave meM naukarI karate samaya 21 varSa kI Ayu se hI kavitAe~ likhane lage the / prArambha meM unhone saMskRta pralayoM kA hindI meM rUpAntara kiyA / isa prakAra kA prathama prayAsa san 1885 I0 meM huzaMgAbAda meM kiyA gayA aura yaha rUpAntara puSpadanta ke 'zrI mahimnaH stotra' kA thA / isameM dvivedIjI ne yathAsambhava saMskRtachandoM kA hI prayoga kiyA hai aura isameM vrajabhASA kA upayoga huA hai / yaha rUpAntara lagabhaga 6 varSa bAda iNDiyana miDalaiNDa yantrAlaya (jhA~sI) se san 1891 I0 meM prakAzita huA / apanI kAvyasRSTi ke prArambhika varSoM meM dvivedIjI ne maulika athavA anUdita kavitAoM ke lie vrajabhASA kA hI prayoga kiyA hai / ' zrImahimna stotra' kA 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'rasajJaraMjana', pR0 20 / 2. uparivat, pR0 32 //

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kavitA evaM itara-sAhitya [ 201 vrajabhASA-rUpAntara unakI sarvaprathama kAvyaracanA hai, ataeva ukta racanA kI adholikhita paMktiyoM ko dekhakara unakI prArambhika kAvyadRSTi aura kAvyabhASA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai : karauM maiM vinaya nAtha kaise tihaarii| lajI hohie yAhiM hA hA pukArI // lahe anta nAhIM kabauM veda jA ko| su maiM mandabuddhi kahau kAha tAko // 1 sarvaprathama likhI gaI ina paMktiyoM kI hI bhAMti dvivedIjI kI prathama prakAzita 'pustaka 'vinayavinoda' meM bhI vrajabhASA kA hI Azraya liyA gayA hai| 'vinayavinoda' kA prakAzana san 1889 I0 meM huA thA aura usake pUrva dvivedIjI kI, gadya athavA padya me koI racanA pustakAkAra nahIM chapI thii| yaha bhattahari ke 'vairAgyazataka' kA padyAnuvAda hai / 'vinayavinoda' kI vinaya se otaprota antima paMktiyo para dRSTipAta kara dvivedIjI kI tatkAlIna kAvyabhASA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai : dInabandhu karuNAyatana jagapati dInAnAtha / bUr3ata bhavanidhi madhya lakhi gahiye mero hAtha / / zaraNAgata mA~gata prabho he anAtha ke nAtha / yugala caraNa aravinda maha rAkhana dIje mAtha // 2 parantu, zIghra hI dvivedIjI vrajabhASA se khar3I bolI kI ora unmukha ho gye| khar3I bolI meM sarvAMgataH likhI gaI unakI pahalI kavitA bambaI me prakAzita honevAle samAcAra-patra 'zrIveMkaTezvara-samAcAra' meM, 19 akTUbara, 1900 I0 ke aMka meM prakAzita haI thii| 'balIvarda' zIrSaka isI kavitA se dvivedIjI kI khar3I bolI kI padyaracanA kA prArambha mAnA jA sakatA hai; kyoMki isake pUrva kI unakI samasta kAvyakRtiyAM sthUlataH vrajabhASA athavA saMskRta meM likhI gaI haiN| 'balIvarda' ke prakAzana dvArA khar3I bolI kI asIma zakti aura kSamatA kA pradarzana hI kavi kA uddezya thaa| isa kavitA meM dvivedIjI kI bhASA aura abhivyaMjanA kA eka hI udAharaNa paryApta hogA : tumhIM annadAtA bhArata ke sacamuca bailarAja mahArAja / binA tumhAre ho jAte hama dAnA-dAnA ko mohatAja // tumheM SaNDa kara dete haiM jo mahAnirdayI jana-siratAja / dhika unako, unapara ha~satA hai, burI taraha yaha sakala samAja // 3 1. nirmala tAlavAra : (saM0) AcArya dvivedI', pR0 33 para uddhRta / 2. uparivat, pR0 64 para uddhata / 3. DaoN0 zrIkRSNalAla : 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya kA vikAsa', pR0 2 para uddha ta /

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202 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva 'balIvarda' ke prakAzana ke pazcAt dvivedIjI kA kAvya-lekhana eka-do apavAdoM ko chor3akara mukhyatayA khar3I bolI meM hI huA / apanI kavitAoM ko patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita karAte rahane kI dizA meM dvivedIjI saceSTa the / 'sarasvatI' ke prakAzanArambha ke pUrva unakI kaI kavitAe~ zrIveMkaTezvara - samAcAra, hindosthAna, hindI - baMgavAsI, nAgarI pracAriNI - patrikA, bhAratamitra, bhAratajIvana, rAjasthAna- samAcAra, sudarzana ityAdi patrikAoM meM chapa cukI thiiN| 'sarasvatI' meM unakI pahalI kavitA 'draupadI - vacana - vANAvalI' akTUbara, 1900 I0 ke aMka meM chapI / phira to 'sarasvatI' meM unakI kavitAoM kA anavarata rUpa se prakAzana hotA rahA / 'draupadI - vacana - bANAvalI' khar3I bolI kI racanA thI, phira bhI isakI bhASA meM kahIM-kahIM vrajabhASA kA puTa thA / 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita unakI paravatrttI kavitAe~ pUrNataH khar3I bolI meM likhI gaI / 'sarasvatI' ke prArambhika dasa varSoM meM hI dvivedIjI kI kula itanI kavitAeM, usameM prakAzita ho gaI : 1. draupadI - vacana - vANAvalI : navambara, 1900 I0 / 2. vidhi-viDambanA : pharavarI, 1901 I0 / 3. he kavitA : jUna, 1901 I0 / 4. granthakAra-lakSaNa : agasta, 1901 I0 / 5. kokila : sitambara, 1901 I0 / 6. vasanta : akTUbara, 1901 I0 / 7. Izvara kI mahimA : disambara, 1901 I0 / 8. bhArata kI paramezvara se prArthanA : pharavarI, 1901 I0 / 9. sevA - vigarhaNa : sitambara, 1902 I0 / 10. sarasvatI kA vinaya : janavarI, 1903 I0 / 11. janmabhUmi : pharavarI mArca 1903 I0 / 1 12. videzI vastra kA svIkAra : julAI, 1903 I0 / 13. gAnavidyA : sitambara, 1903 I0 / 14. zrIhArnalI-paMcaka : akTUbara, 1903 I0 / 15. vicAra karane yogya bAte : pharavarI, 1904 I0 / 16. granthakAroM se vinaya : pharavarI, 1905 I0 / 17. rambhA : mArca, 1905 I0 / 18. kumudasundarI : agasta, 1905 I0 / 19. mahAzvetA : sitambara, 1905 I0 / 20. USA - svapna : janavarI, 1906 I0 / 21. mahilA pariSad ke gIta : janavarI, 1906 I0 /

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kavitA evaM itara-sAhitya [ 203 22. pyArA vatana : pharavarI, 1906 I0 / 23. bhagavAna kI bar3AI : mArca, 1906 I. / 24. jambukI-bhUmi : mArca, 1906 I0 / 25. AryabhUmi : apraila, 1906 I0 / 26. zahara aura gA~va : apraila, 1906 I0 / 27. gaMgA-bhISma : maI, 1906 I0 / 28. zarIra-rakSA : maI, 1906 I0 / 26. kavi aura svatantratA : julAI, 1906 I0 / 30. akSara eka : agasta, 1906 I0 / 31. kAnyakubja-abalA-vilApa : sitambara, 1906 I0 / 32. TesU kI TA~ga : akTUbara, 1906 I0 / 33. ThaharonI: navambara, 1906 ii0| 34. priyaMvadA : disambara 1906 I0 / 35. indirA : apraila, 1907 I0 / 36. zakuntalA-janma : janavarI, 1906 I0 / 37. kuntI aura karNa : apraila, 1906 I0 38. bhavana-nirmANa-kauzala : julAI, 1909 I0 / spaSTa hai ki apane sampAdana-kAla meM evaM usake pUrva bhI dvivedIjI ne apanI kavitAoM kA acchI saMkhyA meM prakAzana 'sarasvatI' meM kiyaa| jisa bhASAI krAnti kI bahuvidha carcA dvivedI-yuga ke sandarbha meM hotI hai, usakA zrIgaNeza svayaM dvivedIjI kI inhIM kavitAoM dvArA huaa| unhoMne aneka maulika evaM anUdita kAvya-kRtiyoM kI racanA kara hindI-kavitA ko eka naI dizA kI ora mor3ane kA prayAsa kiyaa| apane ina kAvyaprayAsoM meM unheM kalAtmaka saphalatA kitanI milI hai, yaha apane-Apa meM eka vivAdAspada viSaya hai| parantu, isameM tanika bhI sandeha nahIM ki unake netRtva meM kavitA ne apanI sambhAvanAoM aura avasthAoM kA paricaya prApta kiyaa| DaoN. sudhIndra ne likhA hai : "kavi dvivedI ne pahale zrIdhara pAThaka kI bhA~ti khar3I bolI ke mAdhyama se kavitA kI sRSTi kI aura apanI kSamatAoM kA nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa kiyaa| sAtha hI, apanI mAnyatAoM dvArA unhoMne usa krAnti kI dizA kI ora iMgita kiyA, jo ki Avazyaka hI nahIM, anivArya thii|"1 vinyAsa kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke kAvyAtmaka sAhitya ko spaSTa hI do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : (ka) maulika evaM (kha) anUdita / 1. DaoN. sudhIndra : 'hindI-kavitA meM yugAntara', pR0 42 /

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- 204 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva unhoMne eka ora vividha sAmayika samasyAoM para AdhRta evaM prakRti-saundaryasambandhI maulika kavitAoM kI racanA kI aura dUsarI ora saMskRta ke kaI prasiddha kAvyagranthoM kA padyAtmaka anuvAda bhI prastuta kiyA / dvivedIjI kA anUdita kAvya : AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI sAhityika gatividhiyoM kA prArambha hI saMskRta kI kavitAoM ke rUpAntaraNa ke sAtha huA thA / 21 varSa kI Ayu se hI ve isa dizA meM pravRtta ho gaye the / zrIrAmaprIta ne unake kAvya- vikAsa ke isa prArambhika kAla (san 1885 se 1889 I0 taka) ko 'anuvAda -kAla' kI saMjJA dI hai / vastuta:, isa avadhi meM dvivedIjI mUlataH saMskRta ke bhartRhari, jayadeva, kAlidAsa, puSpadanta, paNDitarAja jagannAtha jaise kAvyakAroM kI kRtiyoM kA vrajabhASA evaM khar3I bolI meM anuvAda karane meM hI saMlagna rahe / yaha kArya unhoMne san 1885 I0 meM hI puSpadanta viracita 'zrI mahimna:stotra' ke rUpAntaraNa ke sAtha prArambha kiyA thA / yaha anuvAda san 1889 I0 meM prakAzita huA thA / isa pustaka kI bhUmikA meM anuvAdaka kI kaThinAiyoM kA ullekha karate hue svayaM dvivedIjI ne likhA thA : " eka bhASA ke chanda ko dUsarI bhASA ke chanda meM ulthA karanA kucha to Apa hI kaThina hotA hai, tisapara isa pantha meM praveza karane kA yaha merA prathama hI prayAsa hai / "2 phira bhI, dvivedIjI anuvAda kArya meM lage rahe aura unhoMne kaI anuvAda prastuta kiye / unake anUdita kAvyagrantha adholikhita hai : 1. 'vinayavinoda' (san 1889 I0 ) : bhartRharikRta vairAgyazataka' kA anuvAda | 2. 'vihAravATikA' (san 1890 I0 ) : jayadeva - viracita khyAta kRti 'gItagovinda' kA eka sau gaNAtmaka chandoM meM kiyA gayA saMkSipta bhAvAnuvAda | 3. 'snehamAlA' (san 1890 I0 ) : bhartRhari ke 'zrRMgArazataka' kA anuvAda | 4. 'RtutaraMgiNI' (san 1891 I0 ) : mahAkavi kAlidAsa kRta 'RtusaMhAra' kA padyAtmaka chAyAnuvAda | 5. 'gaMgAlaharI' (san 1861 I0) : paNDitarAja jagannAtha ke isI nAma ke kAvya kA anuvAda | 6. 'zrImahimnaH stotra' (san 1891 I0 ) : puSpadanta-racita 'zrImahimnaH stotra' kA anuvAda | 7. 'kumArasambhava' (san 1902 I0 ) : mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke mahAkAvya 'kumArasambhava' ke pA~ca sargo kA anuvAda | 1. nirmala tAlavAra : (saM0) 'AcArya dvivedI', pR0 112 / 2. uparivat /

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kavitA evaM itara-sAhitya [ 205 ina sAta padyAtmaka anuvAdoM ke atirikta kaI saMskRta-kAvyakRtiyoM kA gadyAtmaka bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda bhI dvivedIjI ne prastuta kiyA thA / yathA : (ka) 'bhAminIvilAsa' (san 1891 I0) : paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI kRti 'bhAminIvilAsa' kA gadyAnuvAda / (kha) 'amRtalaharI' (san 1896 I0) : paNDitarAja jagannAtha kI hI isI nAma kI racanA kA gadyAnuvAda / (ga) 'mahAbhArata mUla AkhyAna' (san 1910 I0 ) : yaha vedavyAsa-racita mUla saMskRtagrantha 'mahAbhArata' kA gadyAnuvAda nahIM hai, apitu zrIsurendranAtha ThAkura kI aMgarejI-pustaka 'mahAbhArata' kA svacchandatApUrvaka dvivedIjI dvArA kiyA gayA anuvAda hai| (gha) 'raghuvaMza' (san 1913 I0) : mahAkavi kAlidAsa-kRta mahAkAvya 'raghuvaMza' kA bhAvArthabodhaka gdyaanuvaad| (Ga) 'kumArasambhava, (san 1917 I0) : mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke hI mahAkAvya 'kumArasambhava' kA bhAvArthabodhaka gadyAnuvAda / (ca) 'meghadUta' (san 1917 I0) 'mahAkavi kAlidAsa-kRta khaNDakAvya 'meghadUta' ___ kA bhAvArthabodhaka gdyaanuvaad| (cha) 'kirAtArjunIya' (san 1917 I0) 'mahAkavi bhAravi ke mahAkAvya 'kirAtArjunIya' kA bhAvArthabodhaka gadyAnuvAda / itane bar3e paimAne para anuvAda-kArya meM saMlagna hone meM dvivedIjI kA uddezya hindIpAThakoM ko saMskRta-kAvya-surabhi se paricita karAnA evaM hintI-trAkAnImA ko vistRti pradAna karanA hI thaa| isa krama meM unheM kAlidAsa, bhAravi, paNDitarAja jagannAtha, bhartRhari Adi jaise saMskRta-kAvya ke zIrSastha unnAyakoM kI kavitA kA hindI me rUpAntaraNa karane kA avasara milaa| anuvAda kI dizA meM unhoMne zabdAnuvAda kI apekSA bhAvAnuvAda ko adhika mahattva diyaa| isI siddhAnta kA paripAlana unhoMne apane adhikAMza anUdita-kAvya meM kiyA hai| unakA mata thA : ___ "bhAva hI pradhAna hai, zabda-sthApanA gauNa / zabdoM kA prayoga to kevala bhAva prakaTa karane ke lie hotA hai / ataeva, bhAvapradarzaka anuvAda hI uttama anuvAda hai|"1 isa kAraNa, dvivedIjI ke anuvAdoM meM bhAvoM ko prastuta karane kI ceSTA sarvopari parilakSita hotI hai| bhAvoM kI sundara abhivyakti ke lie zabda aura bhAva ke kramavinyAsa meM unhoMne yadA-kadA svacchandatA se bhI kAma liyA hai / unake anuvAda-kArya ke katipaya udAharaNa draSTavya haiM : 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'kumArasambhava', pR0 1 /

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ihre ho ho 206 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva bhavantamehi manasvihite vivartamAnaM naradevavarmani / kathaM na manyuvalayatyudIritaH zamItaru zuSkamivAgnirucchikhaH // -kirAtArjunIyam, 1332 / he mahIpa mAnI nara jisakA mahAnidhya batalAte haiN| usI panya ke Apa pathika haiM, nahIM parantu lajAte haiM / kopAnala kyoM nahIM Apako bhasmIbhUta banAtA hai, sUkhe-rUkhe zamIvRkSa ko jaise jvAla jalAtA hai|' vidhisamayaniyogAdadIptisaMhAra jima, zithilavasumagAghe magnamApatpayodhau / riputimiramudasyodIyamAnaM dinAdau, dinakRtabhiva lakSmIstvAM samabhyetu bhUyaH // -kirAtArjunIyam, 1146 / daivayoga se duHkhodadhi meM tujha DUbe ko yaha AsIsa, zavanAza hone para lakSmI mile punaH aise avanIza / jaise prAta kAla sindhu meM magna hue dinakara ko Aya, timira-rAzi haTane para dina kI zobhA milatI hai sukha pAya // 2 himavyapAyAdvizadAdharANAmApANDarIbhUtamukhacchavInAm / svedodgamaH kimpuruSAGganAnAM cakre padaM patravizeSake tu // -kumArasambhavam, 3132 / jinake adhara niroga ho gae miha par3anA miTa jAne se, 'jinakI mukhachavi pIta ho gaI kukuma ke na lagAne se / aisI kinnara-kAminiyoM ke tana meM svedabindu sundara, rucira patra-racanA ke Upara zobhita hue prakaTa hokara // 3 sthitAH kSaNaM pakSmasu tADitAdharAH payodharotsedhanipAtacUrNitAH / valISu tasyAH skhalitAH prapedire cireNa nAbhi prathamodabindavaH // -kumArasambhavam, 5124 // prathama vRSTi kI bUMda umA kI barauniyoM para kucha Thahare, phira pIr3ita kara adhara, kuco para cUra-cUra hokara bikhare / tadanandara, sundara trivalI kA krama-krama se ullaMghana kara, bar3I dera meM pahu~ca sake ve usakI rucira nAbhi-bhItara / 4 1. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR. 300 / 2. uparivat, pR0 284 / 3. uparivat, pR0 324 / / 4. uparivat, pR0 342 / /

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kavitA evaM itara-sAhitya [ 207 uddhRta padyAzoM kI mUla zlokoM se tulanA karane para spaSTa hotA hai ki dvivedIjI ne saMskRta-kAvyoM kA anuvAda karate samaya bhAvAbhivyaMjana ko yathAvat rakhane ke sAtha-hIsAtha kAvya-prasAdhanoM ko bhI yathAzakti jyoM-kA-tyoM rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| apane anUdita kAvyagranthoM ke atirikta, 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita katipaya anUdita kavitAoM meM bhI dvivedIjI ne yahI nIti apanAI hai| navambara, 1900 I0 kI 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita 'draupadI-vacana-vANAvalI' zIrSaka kavitA bhAravi-kRta 'kirAtArjunIyam' ke prathama sarga ke 27-46 zloko kA padyabaddha bhASAntara hai / dvivedIjI ne apanI sabhI anUdita kavitAoM meM bhAva, kAvya-saundarya tathA dRzyavidhAna ko yathocita rUpa se mUla kRti se grahaNa kiyA hai| pAtroM kI bhAva-bhaMgimA.mudrA, prakRti Adi ko prastuta karanevAle bimba mUla racanA kI Takkara ke na hote hue bhI sundara bana par3e haiN| eka sundara anuvAda draSTavya hai, isameM samAdhimagna ziva kI bhavya AkRti kA aMkana huA hai : tana kA bhAga UparI sthira yA, vIrAsana meM the zaMkara, ve vizeSa sIdhe bhI the, para kandhe the vinamra atitr| ulaTe rakkhe dekha pANiyuga mana meM aisA AtA thA, khilA kamala unakI godI meM mAnoM zobhA pAtA thaa| dvivedIjI kA anUdita kAvya unakI sAhitya-sAdhanA ke prArambhika varSoM kI dena hai, isa kAraNa ina kavitAoM meM vyAkaraNa aura bhASA kI dRSTi se doSoM kI bhI acchI upasthiti milatI hai| ina racanAoM kI khar3I bolI prAyaH saMskRtaniSTha hai| 'vinayavinoda', 'zrImahimnaHstotra', 'vihAravATikA', 'snehamAlA', 'RtutaraMgiNI' jaisI unako prArambhika anUdita kAvyakRtiyoM kI to bhASA paramparita vrajabhASA hI thI / parantu, isa avadhi kI unakI tatsamapradhAna khar3I bolI se sampanna kavitAoM para bhI vrajabhASA kA prabhAva kahIM-kahIM dIkhatA hai / saMskRta-racanA kA anuvAda karate samaya dvivedIjI tatsama bhASA ke sundara upasthApana ke prati saceSTa the| isI kAraNa unakI ina anUdita racanAoM meM priya, lunAI, tadapi, AsIma, nahi, tau, Aya, lagAya, madhuratAI jaise bolacAla ke prayoga kama milate haiM / aise doSoM kI saMkhyA unakI prArambhika maulika kavitAoM me adhika hai| parantu, anUdita racanAoM meM kahIM-kahIM dvivedIjI ne vAkya-racanA aura zabda-sthApanA meM aisI avyavasthA lA dI ki arthabodha meM kaThinAI hotI hai| jaise, draupadI kruddha hokara kahatI hai : vastraharaNa Adika ati dussaha duHkha, tathApi Aja isa kAla, bAra-bAra prerita karate haiM mujhe bolane ko bhUpAla / 2 isa padya meM kavi kA Azaya kaThinAI se spaSTa hotA hai| mUla racanA paDhakara hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vastraharaNa Adi jaise ati dussaha duHkha sahakara bhI 1. devIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 326 / 2. uparivat, pR0 282 /

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208 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva maiM mauna rahI, tathApi he bhUpAla Aja ApakA kAyarapana mujhe bAra-bAra bolane ke lie prerita karatI hai / parantu, prastuta artha kA bodha pAThakoM ko sahaja hI nahI ho jAtA hai / AcArya dvivedIjI kA sampUrNa anUdita kAvya unakI pracchanna bhASAzailI kA eka sundara udAharaNa hai / inakI kAvyagata mahattA ke sambandha meM DaoN0 AzA gupta ne likhA hai : "prastuta anuvAdoM dvArA dvivedIjI apanA pANDitya pradarzita karanA nahIM cAhate the / unakA uddezya to kAlidAsa bhAravi jaise mahAkaviyo ke bhAvoM ko khar3I bolI meM bhASAntarita karake usake virodhiyo ko yaha avagata karAnA thA ki isa navasvIkRta padyabhASA meM bhI vrajabhASA kI taraha ucca bhAvamayI kalpanA abhivyaMjita karane kI asIma evaM vyApaka zakti nihita hai / ataeva, yaha kahanA atyukti na hogI ki ina anuvAdoM kI mahattA evaM sArthakatA tathA unameM prayukta vividha abhivyaMjanA upAdAnoM ke Azrita nahI, balki khar3I bolI ke svarUpa kI prAMjalatA, usake dvArA mUla bhAva kI sakSama preSaNIyatA tathA artha kI bodhagamyatA para nirbhara hai / " 1 saMskRta kI mUla kAvyakRtiyo kI vrajabhASA evaM khaDI bolI meM rUpAntara karane ke sAtha hI dvivedIjI ne marAThI kavitAoM se unake bhAvArtha grahaNa kara tIna-tIna kavitAe~ prastuta kI thiiN| apraila, 1906 I0 kI 'sarasvatI' me prakAzita unakI 'AryyabhUmi' zIrSaka kavitA eka aisI hI racanA hai| isameM Aryo kI bhUmi bhArata ke prAcIna gaurava kA guNagAna kiyA gayA hai, yathA : jahA~ hue vyAsa muni pradhAna, rAmAdi rAjA ati kIrtimAna / jo thI jagatpUjita dhanyabhUmi, vahI hamArI yaha AryabhUmi // 2 isa prakAra, dvivedIjI ne saMskRta tathA marAThI se anUdita apanI kAvyakRtiyoM dvArA hindI sAhitya kA bhANDAra bharA / ina anuvAdoM kI racanA dvArA unhoMne eka ora hindI - kavitA kI bhASA ke rUpa meM khar3I bolI ke pratiSThita hone meM sahArA diyA aura dUsarI ora hindI ke pAThako kA tAdAtmya saMskRta ke mahAn kAvyakAroM ke sAtha sthApita kiyA / isa prasaMga meM unhone apane samasAmayika sAhitya kI usa viziSTa pravRtti kA paricaya bhI diyA, jise vibhinna vidvAnoM ne 'atItonmukhatA' kahakara pukArA hai / bhaktikAla aura rItikAla kI sAhityika upalabdhiyoM ko laoNghakara dvivedIjI ne saMskRta-kAvya ke amUlya ratnoM ko hindI - jagat meM bikherane kA kArya kiyA / unakA yaha kArya bhI atIta kI ora jhukAva kA hI eka rUpa thA / unake ina anuvAdoM dvArA saMskRtika cetanA ko apane DhaMga se vANI milI hai / ataeva dvivedIjI ke anUdita kAvya 2 1. DaoN0 AzA gupta : 'khar3I bolI- kAvya meM abhivyaMjanA', pR0 225 / 2. 'sarasvatI', apraila, 1906 I0, pR0 134 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 209 kA apanA viziSTa mahattva sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se mAnA jA sakatA hai| bhASA kI abhivyaMjanA-zakti evaM kAvya-saundarya kI dRSTi se unakA maulika kAvya ina anUdita kAvyakRtiyoM kI tulanA meM aparyApta evaM nIrasa hai| saca to yaha hai ki dvivedIjI kI anUdita kAvyakRtiyAM unakI maulika kavitAoM kI apekSA kahIM adhika kAvyamayI aura sarasa haiN| dvivedIjI kI maulika kavitAeM : vividha anuvAda-kAvyoM dvArA hindI-kavitA kI zrIvRddhi karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ne vibhinna maulika kavitAoM kI bhI racanA kii| unakI kAvyasAdhanA kA apanA viziSTa mahattva evaM uddezya thA / saMskRta-kAvya kI chAyA lekara unhoMne khar3I bolI meM bhASA-padyaracanA ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye tathA vrajabhASA ke pravAha ko hindI meM anUdita kiyaa| unakI maulika kavitAe~ adhikAMzataH unake sAhitya-siddhAntoM kA upasthApana karane ke uddezya se hI likhI gaI hai| unhoMne vrajabhASA meM bhakti aura zRgAra kI calI AtI paramparAoM ke sthAna para navIna yuga ke anurUpa AdarzoM aura mAnatAoM ko hindI-kavitA meM sthApita kiyaa| isa prasaMga meM bhASA kI krAnti upasthita karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha unhoMne sAmayika viSayoM kI prastuti para bhI vizeSa dhyAna diyaa| apane isa uddezya kI pUrti ke lie unhoMne zRgAra-bhAvanA ke. Atyantika varNana ke sthAna para vividha nUtana samasyAoM ke prastutIkaraNa ko apane kAvya-siddhAntoM meM sthAna diyA / unake isa aitihAsika kArya ko zrIzivacandra pratApa ne isa prakAra zabda-citrAtmaka jaisI zailI meM abhivyakta kiyA hai : "zRgAra ke bhagnAvazeSoM para usakI kalama vana banakara girii| zabda zole banakara jhdd'e| kalpanA kI duniyA jhulasane lgii| rasa kI dhArA sUkhane lagI / sAre AvaraNoM ko cIrakara usane kaThora satya ko dekhA-dekhA aura dikhaayaa| galAmoM ko rUpa aura javAnI para rIjhane kA haka nhiiN| usane kahA-deza aura samAja sarvopari hai|"1 anupayogI zRgArikatA kI jagaha hindIbhASI janatA meM manoraMjaka evaM upayogI viSayoM kI jAnakArI jAgarita karanA dvivedIjI kA uddezya thA / isIlie, unhoMne eka sAtha gadya meM vividha viSayoM para nibandha likhe evaM TippaNiyA~ likhI aura dUsarI ora kavitA meM bhI kaI. navIna sAmAjika-sAhityika viSayoM ko prastuta kiyaa| deza kI paristhiti se svakIyA-parakIyA ke keli-varNanoM meM lIna kaviyoM ko dvivedIjI ne phaTakArA aura rASTrIya utthAna meM sahAyaka kAvya likhane kA Adeza diyaa| isa prakAra, unhoMne kavitA meM vastuvRtta ke sarvAdhika mahattva ko svIkAra kiyaa| DaoN. gaMgAprasAda vimala ne. lakSya kiyA hai : "vastutaH cetanA kA vistAra unakI gadya-racanAoM meM jitanA hai, kavitAoM meM anupAtika dRSTi se kama nahIM hai / yaha pUrA prasaMga yugasandarbha meM dekhA jAya,to yugIna vastu 1. zrIzivacandra pratApa : 'hindI-sAhitya : eka rekhAcitra', pR0 128 /

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210 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva pravRtti ko sAmAjika AdhAroM se alaga karake nahIM rakhA jA sakatA / AcArya dvivedI samaya ke sandarbho se bhalI bhA~ti paricita the| isalie, unakA vastuvRtta na to koI romANTika avadhAraNA kA Agraha kiye hue hai aura na hI kisI taraha ke AdhyAtmika 'pariveza kI racanA karatA hai| isa dRSTi se AcArya dvivedI zAstrIya paramparA ke anugAmI hote hue bhI apane vartamAna se vilaga nahI hai|'' vartamAna samasyAoM se sambaddha dvivedIjI kA adhikAMza maulika kAvya soddezya racita hai| unakA uddezya thA, naitika-sAmAjika-sAhityika AdarzoM kA upasthApana / dvivedI-yugIna pariveza hI kucha aisA thA ki sAmAjika, dhArmika, rAjanItika evaM Arthika staroM para AdarzavAdI mUlyoM kI sthApanA hone lagI thI / ina yugIna AndolanoM ke prabhAvasvarUpa sAhitya meM AdarzavAdI cetanA kA prArambha ho gyaa| naitika dRSTi se sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika vizvAsoM kA gaThana hI AdarzavAda kahalAtA hai / kAvya meM AdarzavAdI cetanA dvivedIjI kI maulika dena nahI thii| DaoN0 gaNapati candragupta ke zabdoM meM : "AdarzavAdI kAvya-cetanA kA prasphuTana Adhunika hindI-kAvya meM sarvaprathama 'bhAratendu kI racanAo me dRSTigocara hotA hai / 2 parantu, isa AdarzavAdI kAvya-paramparA ko hindI-kavitA para pUrNatayA AcchAdita karane kA zreya dvivedIjI ko hI diyA jA sakatA hai| unakI apanI kavitAoM meM tathA unake Adeza evaM preraNA se racita anya kaviyoM kI kavitAo me isa AdarzavAda kA bahuvidha vistAra huA hai / dvivedI-yugIna kAvya kA mampUrNa pariveza hI naitika AdarzavAda meM jakar3a gayA thA / manoraMjana ke sAtha-sAtha upadeza bhI isa yuga meM kavitA kA pradhAna lakSya bana gayA thaa| isI AdarzavAdI evaM upadezAtmaka pRSThabhUmi meM dvivedIjI ke maulika kAvya kA adhyayana mamIcIna hogaa| ve apanI kAvya-sAdhanA ke prArambhika yuga meM anuvAdoM meM saMlagna the, parantu zIghra hI ve maulika kavitAoM kI racanA kI ora pravRtta hue| prArambha meM unhoMne vrajabhASA meM hI kavitAe~ likhIM, saMskRta meM kAvya-racanA kii| parantu, phira bAda meM unhoMne khar3I bolI meM kavitAoM kI racanA zurU kara dI / "isa dizA meM apane-Apa ko vizeSa saphala nahIM hotA dekhakara unhoMne kAvya-racanA se apanI lekhanI ko zIghra hI mukta kara diyA aura apanI sampUrNa zakti apane samakAlIna kaviyoM kA mArga-nirdezana karane meM lgaaii| dvivedIjI kI yathAnirdiSTa maulika kAvyakRtiyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai : DaoN. gaMgAprasAda vimala : 'dvivedIjI kI kAvyasRSTi', 'bhASA' : dvivedI-smRti aMka, pR0 89 / 2. DaoN. gaNapaticandra gupta : 'hindI-sAhitya kA vaijJAnika itihAsa', pR0 615..

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1. devIstutizataka (san 1892 I0 ) 2. nAgarI (san 1900 I0) 3. kAvyamaMjUSA (san 1903 I0) 4. kavitA-kalApa (san 1909 I0 ) kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 211 5. sumana (san 1923 I0) 6. dvivedI-kAvyamAlA (san 1940 I0, zrIdevIdatta zukla dvArA sampAdita sampUrNa kAvya saMkalana) ina chaha kAvya-saMkalanoM ke atirikta dvivedIjI kI maulika kAvyakRtiyoM kI sUcI meM DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne kramazaH 'kAnyakubjalIvratam' (san 1898 I0), "samAcArapatra-sampAdakastavaH ' ( san 1898 I0 ) aura 'kAnyakubja - abalA - vilApa (san 1907 I0) nAmaka tIna racanAoM kI bhI gaNanA kI hai / isameM sandeha nahIM ki ina tInoM kavitAoM kI racanA dvivedIjI ne hI kI thI aura inakA prakAzana bhI nirdiSTa varSa me hI patrikAo me huA thA, parantu inakA pustakAkAra prakAzana bhI huA thA--yaha kahanA prApta pramANoM ke AdhAra para tarkasaMgata nahIM hai / 'dvivedI + kAvyamAlA' meM ina tInoM hI kavitAoM kA saMkalana huA hai / ataeva dvivedIjI kI maulika kAvyakRtiyoM ke rUpa meM uparyukta chaha kAvya-sakalanoM kI hI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai / bhASA kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke maulika kAvya ko inhIM cAra vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA haiM / apanI sAhityika sAdhanA ke prArambhika yuga meM dvivedIjI ne brajabhASA meM hI anUdita kAvya racane kA kAma prArambha kiyA thA / unako prArambhika for kavitAe~ bhI isI kAraNa vrajabhASA me hI racita haiM / unakA pahalA mauliMka kAvya 'devIstutizataka' isa prArambhika bhASA kA sundara udAharaNa hai / saMskRta ke paramezvarazataka, sUryazataka, caNDIzataka Adi kI zailI meM daihika tApoM se mukti pAne tathA ArAdhyA caNDI devI kI stutiparaka Atmanivedana karane ke lie dvivedIjI ne - 'devI stutizataka' kI racanA kI thI / unake isa prathama maulika kAvyagrantha meM prayukta vrajabhASA kA eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai :.. zakti vizUla asi pAsa gadA kuThArA, dhanvA dhurINa yuta kehari pe savArA jAsoM samasta mahiSAsura sainya hArI tA aSTabAhu jananIhi namo hamArI // 16 // 3 1. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga, pR0 78-79 2. 'AcAryaM dvivedI' : (saM0 ) nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 70 para uddhRta hai.

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212 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kattuM tva unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM hI racita evaM prakAzita unakI kaI anya kavitAoM meM bhI vrajabhASA kA hI prayoga huA hai / aisI kavitAoM meM 'bhArata dubhikSa'' 'nAhi ! vAhi !! tAhi !!!'2 'bAlavidhavA-vilApa'3 jaisI kavitAoM kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| inameM prayukta vrajabhASA ko dekhane se sApha patA calatA hai ki dvivedIjI dhIre-dhIre khar3I bolI kI ora unmukha ho rahe the / vrajabhASA se khar3I bolI kI ora jhukAva unakI adholikhita paMktiyoM meM parilakSita hotA hai : locana cale gaye bhItara kaheM, kaMTaka samakaca chAye, kara meM khappara liye, anekana jIraNa paTa lapaTAye / mAMsavihIna hAr3I ko DherI, bhISaNa bheSa banAye, manahu prabala durbhikSa rUpa dhari bahu vicarata sukha pAye // 4 4. bambaI se prakAzita samAcAra-patra 'zrIveMkaTezvara-samAcAra' ke 19 akTUbara, 1900 I0 vAle aMka meM dvivedIjI kI khar3I bolI kI pahalI kavitA 'balIvarda' prakAzita huii| isake pUrva bhI unakI khar3I bolI kI katipaya kavitAe~ vividha patra-patrikAoM meM chapI thIM, parantu unapara vrajabhASA kA spaSTa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| dvivedIjI kI aisI kavitAoM meM 'gardabha-kAvya'5, 'prArthanA' 6, 'nAgarI kA vinaya', 'sutapaMcAzikA', 'meghopAlambha'9' 'ayodhyA kA vilApa'10, 'kRtajJatA-prakAza' 11 Adi ullekhanIya haiM / inakI bhASA meM vrajabhASA kA prabhAva hai aura khar3I bolI kA nikharA aura sudharA huA rUpa nahIM hai| san 1900 I0 meM prakAzita dvivedIjI . ke 'nAgarI' zIrSaka saMkalana kI cAroM kavitAoM kI bhASA bhI aisI hI hai| parantu, 'balIvarda' kavitA ke prakAzita hone ke bAda dvivedIjI ne mAtra khar3I bolI meM hI kavitAe~ likhiiN| - sana 1901 I0 se unakI kavitAoM meM vrajabhASA ke prabhAvoM kA lopa ho gayA / 1. 'hindosthAna', 11 mArca, 1897 I0 / 2. 'hindI-baMgavAsI', 29 navambara, 1897 I0 / 3. 'bhAratamitra', 7 akTUbara, 1898 I0 / 4. zrIdevIdatta zukla : 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 175 / 5. 'hindI-baMgavAsI', 29 agasta, 1868 I0 / 6. zrIveMkaTezvara-samAcAra', 7 apraila, 1899 I0 / 7. 'bhAratajIvana', 15 maI, 1866 ii0| 8. 'bhAratamitra', 8 janavarI, 1900 I0 / 9. "hindI-baMgavAsI', 4 disambara, 1899 I0 / . 10. 'sudarzana', mArca, 1900 ii.| 11. uparivat, apraila, 1900 I0 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 213 isa avadhi ke bAda patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita athavA pustakAkAra saMkalita unakI kavitAe~ khar3I bolI meM likhita hone lgiiN| unakI khar3I bolI kI eka pratinidhi kavitA 'he kavite' kI katipaya paMktiyA~ udAharaNArtha draSTavya haiM : suramyarUpe rasarAziraMjite vicitravarNAbharaNe kahA~ gaI ? alaukikAnandavidhAyinI mahA, kavIndrakAnte ! kavite ! aho kahA~ ? kahA~ manohAri manojJatA gaI, kahA~ chaTA kSINa huI naI-naI ? kahIM na terI kamanIyatA rahI, batA tuhI aba kisa loka ko gaI ? patA nahIM hai bhuvanAntarAla meM, kahA~ gaI hai tava ruuprmytaa| sajIva hotI yadi jIvaloka meM, kabhI kahIM to milatI avazya hii|' aisI tatsama zabdAvalI se yukta bhASA ko dvivedIjI ne apanI khar3I bolI meM grahaNa kiyA hai| sAtha hI, unakI khar3I bolI kI maulika kavitAoM kI eka bahuta bar3I saMkhyA bAlopayogI evaM sarala bhASA se yukta hai| unakI aisI sarala bhASA kAvyatva evaM sArasya se adhikAMzataH hIna hai| unakI isI khar3I bolI ke bAre meM DaoN0 rAmakumAra siMha ne likhA hai : "dvivedIjI kI kAvyabhASA sIdhI-sAdI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama hai| usameM apekSita kAvyAtmaka saurasya, zrutipriyatA, mAdhurya aura saMgIta-tatva Adi kA ekAnta abhAva hai| use bhAvasaMvAhaka na kahakara vicArasaMvAhaka kahanA hI ucita pratIta, hotA hai|"2 dvivedIjI kI AdarzamayI evaM upadezAtmaka samasta nItiyAM inhIM kavitAoM meM abhivyakta huI haiM aura inheM kavitA mAnane meM bhI hicaka hotI hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki dvivedIjI ne gadyabhASA ko tukoM meM nibaddha kara denA hI kavitA mAna liyA thaa| unakI aisI nIrasa kAvyakalA ke kucha udAharaNa draSTavya haiM : 1. udyoga aura zramazilpa sikhAo, vyApAra meM mana jarA inakA lgaao| vidyA viveka dhana-dhAnya sabhI bar3hAo, Arogya aura balavAna inheM bnaao| 2. ' svadezI vastra kA svIkAra koja, vinaya itanA hamArA mAna liije| zapatha karake videzI vastra tyAgo, na jAo pAsa isase dUra bhaago|| 1. 'sarasvatI', jUna, 1901 I., pR0 198 / 2. DaoN0 rAmakumAra siMha : 'Adhunika hindI kAvyabhASA', pR0 406 3. 'sarasvatI', pharavarI, 1902 I0, pR0 50 / 4. 'sarasvatI', julAI, 1903 I0, pR0 234 /

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214 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva isa prakAra, dvivedIjI ne mukhyatayA khar3I bolI kI kavitA likhI / vrajabhASA aura khar3I bolI meM kAvya-racanA karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha unhoMne saMskRta me bhI kavitAoM kI sRSTi kii| saMskRta-kAvyagranthoM ko anUdita karane ke prasaMga meM hI unheM saMskRta meM kavitAoM ko likhane kI preraNA milI hogii| 'kAnyakubjalIvratam' unakI prathama saMskRta-racanA thI, jisakA prakAzana san 1898 I0 meM huA thaa| isakI paramparA meM dvivedIjI ne 'samAcArapatra-sampAdakastavaH' (san 1868 I0), 'kathamahaM nAstikaH'', 'zivASTakam', 'prabhAtavarNanam', 'kAkakUjitam', 'sUryagrahaNam', 'kAnyakubjalIlAmRtam' Adi saMskRta-kavitAoM kI racanA kii| dvivedIjI kI ina kavitAoM kI bhASA alaMkAramayI, camatkArapUrNa evaM sarasa hai / arthAntaranyAsa se sampanna unakI kAvyakalA kA yaha udAharaNa draSTavya hai : chAyAM karoti viyati sma yadA yadenduH zyAmaprabhA vitanute sma tadA tadArkaH / Apatsu devaviniyogakRtAgamAsu, dhIro'ti yAdi yadane kila kAlimAnam // isameM sandeha nahIM ki unakI saMskRta-padAvalI khar3I bolI kI adhikAza kavitAoM kI tulanA meM vizeSa sarasa, kAvyapUrNa aura prasAdaguNa-sampanna hai| eka aura bhI dAharaNa draSTavya hai : . kuzezayaH svacchajalAzayeSu vadhUmukhAmbhojadalaMga heSu / dhaneSu puSpaiH savituH saparyayA tatpAdasaMsparzanayA kRtAsIt // 3 vrajabhASA, khar3I bolI aura saMskRta meM kAvya-racanA karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ne apanI grAmINa bhASA baisavADI meM bhI kavitA likhii| baisavADI bolI meM likhI gaI unakI ekamAtra 'kavitA' 'saragau narakaH ThekAnA nAhiM' usa samaya me pracalita bhASA-vivAda kI dena thii| bAbU bAlamukunda gupta ne 'bhAratamitra' meM dvivedIjI ke khyAta nibandha 'bhASA aura vyAkaraNa' kI dhArAvAhika kaTu samIkSA karane ke bAda unakI gharelU bhASA baisavAr3I kA upahAsa 'hama paMcana keTavAlA mA~' lekha likhakara kiyaa| isI se kSubdha hokara dvivedIjI ne baisavAr3I' meM 'saragau naraka 1. 'rAjasthAna-samAcAra', 15 maI, 1899 I0 / 2. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (ma0) 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 206 / 3. uparivat / 4. 'sarasvatI', janavarI, 1906 I0 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 21 ThekAnA nAhi' zIrSaka prastuta kavitA likhakara usakA prakAzana kallU alhaIta ke nAma se kiyA thA / isa baisavAr3I - kavitA meM loka- pracalita AlhA-zailI ke bIsa chanda haiM / spaSTa hai ki bhASA kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI kI sampUrNa kAvyasRSTi ko inhIM cAra pramukha bhASAoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : vrajabhASA, khar3I bolI, saMskRta aura baisavAr3I / parantu viSaya kI dRSTi se unakI kAvyakRtiyoM kA vibhAjana bar3A kaThina pratIta hotA hai / isakA mukhya kAraNa yahI hai ki bhAratendu-yuga se hI viSayoM kI jisa krAnti ne janma liyA thA, usane dvivedI yuga meM Akara aura bhI vistAra ka liyA thaa| naye naye viSayoM tathA utpanna ho rahI samasyAoM kI samyak prastuti karanAha aba sAhitya seviyoM kA kArya ho gayA thaa| DaoN0 sudhIndra ne isa dizA meM AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI mahAn upalabdhiyoM kI carcA karate hue likhA hai : "svecchita viSayavastu aura saMkSipta svatantra rUpa ke dvArA AcArya ne muktaka: kavitAoM ke lie hindI - sarasvatI kA A~gana khola diyA / pRthvI se lekara AkA taka ke Izvara kI nissIma sRSTi meM choTe-choTe sajIva athavA nirjIva padArthoM para sthUla aura sUkSma saba viSayoM para aba kavigaNa kavitA likhate the / " 1 viSaya - vaividhya ke isa bhare-pUre vAtAvaraNa meM svayaM dvivedIjI ne bhI aneka viSaya ko apanI kavitAoM kA AdhAra banAyA / apane samasAmayika sAhityika, sAmAjika, rAjanItika, sAMskRtika evaM Arthika pariveza tathA unakI samasyAoM se ve anabhijJa nahIM / ina sabakA prastutIkaraNa unhone kavitAoM meM kiyA / isI taraha ve dharma evaM adhyAtma, prakRti evaM zRMgAra Adi se sambaddha kavitAoM kI racanA kI dizA meM bhI pravRtta hue / viSayoM kI isa vividhatA ko dekhate hue unake sampUrNa maulika kAvya ko adholikhita cAra rUpoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai : (ka) sAhityika samasyAparaka kavitAe~; (kha) sAmayika samasyAparaka kavitAe~; (ga) adhyAtmaparaka kavitAe~ aura (gha) prakRti evaM saundaryaparaka kavitAe~ | hindI - sAhitya ka apane samasAmayika vAtAvaraNa meM nAgarI lipi kI upekSA evaM avanata avasthA dekhakara dvivedIjI ne inakI sthiti meM sudhAra lAne kA kArya prArambha kiyA / sAhityakAroM ko patra likhakara, 'sarasvatI' meM nibandha evaM TippaNiyoM ko prakAzita kara aisA karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha unhone kavitA ko bhI apanI ina vicAraNAoM kA vAhaka banAyA / nAgarI kI dazA, hindI-sAhitya ke vikAsa eka apane sAhityika siddhAntoM Adi ko prastuta karane ke lie unhoMne kaI kavitAe~ likhI 1. DaoN0 sudhIndra : 'hindI - kavitA meM yugAntara', pR0 72 /

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216 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva " nAgarI terI yaha dazA" isa krama kI pahalI kavitA thI / isa kavitA meM eka ora nAgarI kI tatkAlIna dazA para kSobha hai : zrIyukta nAgarI ! nihAri dazA tihArI, hove viSAda mana mAhi atIva bhArI / hA hanta loga kata mAtu tumheM bisArI, seve ajAna urdU ura mAhiM dhArI // 2 dUsarI ora nAgarI kI viziSTatA para garva bhI hai : tere samAna rucirA, saralA, rasAlA, zobhAyutA, sumadhurA, saguNA, vizAlA / bhASA na anya yahi kAla laho dikhAI, boleM nizaMka hama yoM svabhujA uThAI || 3 isI taraha nAgarI ke vikAsa kI prArthanA 'nAgarI kA vinayapatra' 4 kavitA meM bhI kI gaI hai| ina donoM kavitAoM tathA nAgarI-viSayaka anya do kavitAoM kA saMkalana 'nAgarI' nAmaka kAvya-saMgraha me huA hai / bhASA kI hI bhA~ti sAhitya ke utthAna ke lie bhI dvivedIjI saceSTa the / hindI kI patrikAoM, sampAdakoM, lekhakoM, kaviyoM Adi meM vyApta svacchandatA para kaTAkSa karane tathA unheM sahI mArga kA nirdeza karane ke lie bhI unhoMne kaI kavitAe~ likhiiN| saMskRta meM likhita 'samAcArapatra-sampAdakastavaH ' kavitA meM unakI yahI sudhAraka pravRtti dIkhatI hai / isI taraha unakI ' he kavite'", " granthakAra - lakSaNa', 6 'sarasvatI kA vinaya' 7 ' granthakAroM se vinaya', 'kavi aura svatantratA' jaisI anya kavitAoM meM bhI bhASA evaM sAhityagata vividha samasyAoM -- siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai / hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ko unnata karanA dvivedIjI kI sAhitya sAdhanA kA pramukha uddezya thA / ataeva, hindI kI hitakAmanA unakI ina kavitAoM meM sarvatra dIkhatI hai / 'vidhi-biDambanA' zIrSaka 1. 'nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA', jUna, 1898 I0 / 2. ' AcArya : dvivedI' saM0 nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 71 para uddhata / 3. uparivat / 4. 'bhAratajIvana', 15 maI 1899 I0 / 5. 'sarasvatI', jUna, 1901 I0 / 6. uparivat, agasta, 1901 I0 / 7. uparivat, janavarI, 1903 I0 / 8. uparivat, pharavarI, 1905 I0 / 9. uparivat, julAI, 1906 I0 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya ] 217 kavitA meM vidhAtA kI anya bhUloM kA nirdeza karane ke pazcAt unhoMne hindI-patrikAoM ke sampAdakoM kI ajJatA kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai : zuddhAzuddha zabda taka kA hai jinako nahIM vicAra, likhavAtA hai unake kara se naye-naye akhabAra / ' hindI ko sampanna banAne ke lie to ve sabase prArthanA karate the : tosoM kahA~ kahu kave ! mama aura jovo, hindI daridra hari tAsu kalaMka dhovo |2 hindI ke alpajJa adhakacare lekhakoM para dvivedIjI ne 'granthakAra-lakSaNa' kavitA se vyaMgya kiyA hai : zabdazAstra hai jisakA nAma ? isa jhagar3e se jinheM na kAma, nahIM virAmacihna taka rakhanA jina logoM ko AtA hai / jora-baTora, tor3a-maror3a / idhara-udhara se likhate haiM jo isa pradeza meM ve hI pUre granthakAra kahalAte haiM 13 'sarasvatI' jaisI patrikAe~ usa samaya jaise Arthika saMkaTa kA sAmanA kara rahI thIM, usa ora bhI saMketa unhone 'sarasvatI kA vinaya' likhakara diyA : yadyapi ve sadaiva manomohaka dharatI hU~, vacanoM kI bahubhA~ti rucira racanA karatI hU~ / udara hetu maiM anna nahIM tisa para pAtI hU~, hAya hAya ! Ajanma duHkha sahatI AtI hU~ // hindI sAhitya ko vikasita karane ke uddezya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara likhI gaI unakI kavitAe~ kAvya kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa nahI haiN| aisI kavitAoM ko samIkSakoM kona kA bhojana bananA par3A hai / jaise, DaoN0 sudhIndra ne likhA hai : " dvivedIjI ke lie kavitA bAyeM hAtha kA khela ho gaI thii| apane Adeza nirdeza taka ve padya ke hI mAdhyama se diyA karate the / " 1. zrI devIdatta zakla : (saM0) 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA', pR0 291 / 2. uparivat, pR0 262 / 3. 'sarasvatI', agasta, 1901 I0, pR0 255 / 4. 'sarasvatI', janavarI 1903 I0, pR0 14 / . 'sarasvatI', pharavarI, 1905 I0, pR0 53 /

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218 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva aisI nirdezAtmaka kavitA kA eka sundara udAharaNa unakI 'granthakAroM se vinaya " zIrSaka kavitA hai / isameM nitAnta kAvyatva- hIna zailI meM dvivedIjI ne hindI ke lekhakoM ko Adeza diyA hai : iMgaliza kA pratyasamUha bahuta bhArI hai, ati vistRta jaladhi- samAna dehadhArI hai / saMskRta bhI sabake lie saukhyakArI hai, usakA bhI jJAnAgAra hRdayahArI hai / ina donoM meM se artharatna le lIjai, hindI ko arpaNa unheM pra emayukta kIje / ' spaSTa hai ki kavitA ke mAdhyama se dvivedIjI ne na kevala hindI kI durdazA kI ora saMketa kiyA aura sAhityakAroM kA mArganirdeza kiyA, apitu inhI ke dvArA unhoMne apanI sAhityika mAnyatAoM kA bhI prastutIkaraNa kiyA / 'he kavite' zIrSaka racanA siddhAnta pratipAdana kI dRSTi se unakI sarvazra eSTha kavitA hai / AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne likhA hai : 16 ' he kavite' eka padyabaddha nibandha hai / isameM kavitA ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai / dvivedIjI kI dRSTi meM kavitA kyA hai aura kyA nahI hai, ye donoM hI bAteM usame spaSTa ho gaI hai| ' he kavite' ke AdhAra para hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki dvivedIjI ne bhAvanA ke rasAtmaka AkhyAna, lokahita aura bhakti - preraNA ko kAvya meM Antarika zobhA kA vidhAna karanevAlA tattva mAnA hai / rasavAdI dvivedIjI kI kAvya-sambandhI mAnyatAoM kA niSkarSa ina paMktiyoM me abhivyakta huA hai : suramyatA hI kamanIya kAnti hai, amUlya AtmA rasa hai manohare / sarIra terA saba zabda mAtra hai, nitAnta niSkarSa yahI, yahI, yahI / isa prakAra, spaSTa hai ki dvivedIjI ne apanI aneka kavitAoM meM bhASA aura sAhitya kI samasyAoM kA upasthApana kiyA hai, samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA mArga sujhAyA hai| aura apanI mAnyatAoM ko bhI abhivyakti kI hai| jisa prakAra ve apane samasAmayika sAhityaka vAtAvaraNa se bhalI bhA~ti paricita the, usI prakAra tatkAlIna sAmAjika. 1. 'sarasvatI', pharavarI, 1905 I0, pR0 53 / 2. AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI : 'he kavite kI kavitA', 'sAhitya-sandeza', navambara, 1939 I0, pR0 91 / 3. 'sarasvatI', jUna, 1901 I0, pR0 200 //

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 219 rAjanItika, sAMskRtika pariveza meM vyApta avyavasthA evaM kurItiyoM se bhI ve anabhijJa nahIM the / dvivedIjI kI bahuta sArI kavitAoM meM hameM sAmAjika samasyAo kA aMkana milatA hai / DaoN0 gaMgAprasAda vimala ne ThIka hI likhA hai : "kavi - AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI kavitAoM meM hameM sAmayika kavitAe~ vyaMgya kavitAe~ evaM soddezya kavitAe~ mila jAtI hai| ina tInoM AdhAroM para hama eka sarvamAnya lakSya kA AbhAsa pAte haiM / unakI soddezya kavitAoM meM bhI eka Adarza kI jhalaka hai, isI taraha sAmayika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie bhI unake pAsa aspaSTa-sA samAdhAna hai, vyaMgya - kavitAe~ ve Adarzacyuta jIvana- yogiyoM ko cetavanI dete hue racate hai, antataH vahA~ bhI eka Adarza kI paripUrti hotI hai ...... isI AdhAra para hama AcArya dvivedI ke Adarza vyaktitva kI kAvyasRSTi kI eka samagra dRSTi AdarzavAda ( sAhityika AdarzavAda ) ko unakI kavitA kI kendrIya cetanA - bindu mAna sakate hai / .... dvivedIjI kI kAvyasRSTi ko hama kevala kavitA taka hI sImita nahI rakha sakate, apitu hameM samasAmayika jIvanabodha ko sAmane rakhanA hogA / "1 yugIna pariveza kI vividha samasyAoM para racita unakI kavitAoM meM naitikatApUrNa AdarzavAda hI parilakSita hotA haiM / bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha ke sAtha rASTrIya bhAvanA ne mahAtmA gAndhI ke netRtva meM jaisA svarUpa dhAraNa kiyA thA, usakA prabhAva bhI dvivedIyugIna kAvya para pdd'aa| yadyapi, eka yugAntara upasthita ho gayA thA aura bhAratendu yuga se calI A rahI dezabhakti kI bhAvanA ne aba svatantratA prApti kA lakSya grahaNa kara liyA thA, tathApi rAjabhakti kI dhArA bhI kSINa evaM mandagati se baha rahI thI / dvivedIjI bhI apanI 'bAlavinoda' zIrSaka kavitA meM Alasya, phUTa, madamoha Adi dUra karane kI prArthanA Izvara se karane ke sAtha hI samrAT eDavarDa ke cirAyu hone kI kAmanA karate haiM : hai eka aura vinatI tumase hamArI, so bhI karo saphala hai prabhu pApahArI / ye sAtaveM nRpa nae eDavarDa deva, rAnI sameta cirajIvI raheM sadaiva // parantu, paravartI kaI kavitAoM meM unhoMne bhAratamAtA aura svatantratA kI carcA kI hai| 'vande mAtaram' kI chAyA lekara dvivedIjI ne hindI meM gIta likhe / isa gIta 1. DaoN0 gaMgAprasAda vimala : 'dvivedIjI kI kAvyasRSTi' 'bhASA' : dvivedI -smRtiaMka, pR0 92 / 2. 'sarasvatI', pharavarI, 1902 I0 . 0 50

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220 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva meM bhAratamAtA ko sajala, saphala batAyA gayA hai aura isa mUrti kI hI bhAvanA ko apanA iSTa mAnA gayA hai : pAnI kI kucha kamI nahIM hai, hariyAlI laharAtI hai / phala aura phUla bahuta hote haiM, ramya rAta chavi chAtI hai / malayAnila mRdu-mRdu bahatI hai, zItalatA adhikAtI hai, sukhadAyinI varadAyinI terI mUrti mujhe ati bhAtI hai / " bhArata-vandanA ke krama meM dvivedIyugIna kaviyoM ne janmabhUmi ke saukhya aura rUpAMkana ke sAtha-hI-sAtha sampUrNa janajIvana ko jayanAda se AhlAdita kara diyA hai / dvivedIjI kI eka kavitA 'janmabhUmi' meM bhI isI bhAvanA ko abhivyakti milI hai / janmabhUmi kI kalpanA eka gRha ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai tathA pratyeka bhAratavAsI ko usameM nivAsa karanevAle eka parivAra kA aMga batAyA gayA hai / yathA : pyArI / yaha jo bhAratabhUmi hamArI, janmabhUmi hama sabakI eka geha sama vistRta prajA kuTumba tulya hai bhArI, sArI // 2 jana-bandhutva kA mantroccAra kara janmabhUmisvatantratA kA samarthana bhI unhoMne 'sevA- vRtti isa prakAra, unhoMne jana-ekatA evaM " candanA kA nayA AyAma prastuta kiyA / kI vigarhaNA' zIrSaka kavitA meM joradAra zabdoM meM kiyA hai : svatantratA-tulya ati hI amUlya ratna, dekhA na aura bahu bAra kiyA prayatna / svAtantrya meM naraka bIca vizeSatA hai, na svarga bhI sukhada jo paratantratA hai || 3 svadezI-Andolana ke antargata videzI vastuoM ke vyApaka bahiSkAra kA jo daura una dinoM calA thA, dvivedIjI ne bhI 'svadezI vastra kA svIkAra' likhakara apanA yoga usame diyaa| unhoMne likhA : svadezI vastra ko svIkAra lIje, vinaya itanA hamArA mAna lIjaM / zapatha karake videzI vastra tyAgo, na jAo pAsa isase dUra bhAgo // 4 1. 'sarasvatI', pharavarI-mArca, 1903 I0, pR0 50 / 2. uparivat pR0 51 / 3. 'sarasvatI', sitambara, 1602 I0, pR0 291 / 4. sarasvatI, julAI, 1903 I0, pR0 234 //

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 221 rASTrIya Andolana ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedI yugIna kaviyoM kA dhyAna sAmAjika astavyastatA aura dUSaNoM para bhI gyaa| DaoN0 parazurAma zukla virahI ne likhA hai : "apane samAja kI samakAlIna sAmAjika aura Arthika dazA para kaviyoM ne aneka prakAra se apanI bhAvAbhivyakti kI hai / kahIM sIdhe-sAde rUpa meM yathArtha citraNa kiyA hai, kahIM samAja aura deza kI dayanIya dazA para kSobha prakaTa kiyA hai, kahIM hAsyavyaMgya ke cuTIle mAdhyama se kavi ne apanI bAta kahI hai / " " AcArya dvivedIjI kI kavitAo meM bhI deza kI sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM Arthika dazA ke aMkana kI yahI pravidhiyA~ apanAI gaI hai / nArI-sudhAra, brAhmaNa samAja ke utthAna, daheja-prathA, Arthika saMkaTa, bAla-vivAha, mAMsa bhakSaNa Adi dezavyApI vividha samasyAoM aura kuprathAoM ko viSaya banAkara dvivedIjI ne kavitAe~ likhI / isa dRSTi se unakI 'bhAratadurbhikSa' 2, 'bAla-vidhavA vilAha', 3 'mAMsAhArI ko haNTara', 4 'vidhi - viDambanA ', ' 'kAnyakubja - abalA - vilApa', 'ThaharaunI' 7 Adi khar3I bolI kI tathA 'kAnyakubjalIlAmRtam' jaisI saMskRta kI kavitAe~ draSTavya haiN| apane samAja meM vyApta kurItiyoM ke kAraNa dvivedIjI ko gaharA kSobha thA, isa kAraNa unhone avasara milate hI una durguNoM ko prakAza me lAyA hai / deza kI durgati para unheM bhI itanA hI kSobha thA, jitanA duHkha bhAratendu evaM unake sahayogI sAhityakAroM ko hotA thA / bhAratendu zrIharizcandra' kI taraha unhone bhI bhArata durdazA para A~sU bahAye haiM : G yadi koI pIr3ita hotA hai, use dekha saba ghara rotA hai / deza-dazA para pyAre bhAI, AI kitanI rulAI // bAra 1. DaoN0 parazurAma zukla virahI : 'Adhunika hindI kAvya meM yathArthavAda', pR0 90 / 2. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA', pR0 105 / 3. 'bhAratamitra', 7 akTUbara, 1898 I0 / 4. 'hindI-baMgavAsI', 19 navambara, 1900 I0 / 5. 'sarasvatI', maI, 1901 I0, pR0 147-148 / 6. 'sarasvatI', sitambara, 1906 I0, pR0 351 -- 354 / 7. 'sarasvatI', navambara, 1906 I0, pR0 437-442 / 8. 'rovahu saba milike Avahu bhArata bhAI / hA hA bhArata durdazA dekhi na jAI // ' - bhAratendu harizcandra : 'bhArata-durdazA', bhAratendu granthAvalI, pR0 469 / 9. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (saM0) dvivedI kAvyamAlA', pU0 367 //

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222 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva deza-bhara meM jaisI viDambanA vyApta thI, usakI ora saMketa unhoMne apanI vidhiviDambanA' zIrSaka kavitA meM kiyA hai : durAcAriyoM ko tU prAyaH dharmAcArya banAtA hai, kutsita karma-kuzala-kuTiyoM ko akSarajJa upajAtA hai / mUrkha dhanI vidvajjana nirdhana ulaTA sabhI prakAra, terI caturAI ko brahmA! bAra-bAra dhikkAra / ' vidhAtA ko dhikkArane ke vyAja se ina paMktiyoM me deza kI vividha ulTI vyavasthAoM kI hI carcA huI hai| apanI kAvyakubja brAhmaNa-jAti kI adhogati kA dvivedIjI ko bar3A kSobha thaa| 'kAnyakubjalIlAmRtam' tathA 'kAnyakubja-abalAvilApa' 'meM unake isa asantoSa ko abhivyakti milI hai| yathA : he bhagavAna ! kahA~ soye ho ? vinatI itanI suna lIja, kAminiyoM para karaNA karake kamale ! jarA jagA dii| kanavajiyoM meM ghora avidyA jo kucha dina se chAI hai, dUra kIjie use dayAmaya ! do sau daphe duhAI hai| kAnyakubjoM me vyApta ajJAna ke andhakAra ke dUra karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha striyoM ke utthAna kI prArthanA bhI dvivedIjI ne Izvara se kI hai| striyoM kI azikSA tathA unakI sAmAjika adhogati ko dUra karane ke sambandha meM unhoMne mahilA-pariSad (vAzI) ke lie race gae gItoM meM hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM : . par3hatI thI veda taka jahA~ mahilA sadaiva hI, nArI-samUha hai vahI ajJAna hmaaraa| 'kAnyakubja-abalA-vilApa' meM 'unhone nArI-jIvana kI samasta vedanA ko mukharita kiyA hai| isI krama meM ve gosvAmI tulasIdAsa kI khyAta paMktiyo (Dhola -ga~vAra zUdra pazu nArI, ye saba tAr3ana ke adhikArI) para vyaMgya bhI karate hai| yathA : mahAmalina se malina kAma hama karatI haiM dinarAta, dukhI dekha pati pitA putra ko vyAkula ho kRza karatoM, gAta / he bhagavAna hAya ! tisa para bhI upamA kaisI pAtI haiM, Dhola tulya tAr3ana adhikArI hamI banAI jAtI haiN| striyoM kI samasyA se hI sambaddha daheja kI prathA bhI hai| dvivedIjI ne 'ThaharaunI' kavitA meM isa prathA kI niHsAratA evaM nirmamatA kA bakhAna kiyA hai : 1. 'sarasvatI', maI 1901 I0, pR. 147 / 2. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR. 437 / 3. 'sarasvatI', janavarI, 1906 I0, pR037 / 4. 'sarasvatI', sitambara, 1906, pR0 352 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 223 lar3ake ke vivAha meM kahie molatola kyoM karate ho? isa kAle kalaka ko hA hA ! kyoM apane sira dharate ho? jinake nahIM zakti dene kI kyoM unakA dhana harate ho? car3hakara ucca suyaza-sIr3hI para kyoM isa bhauti utarate ho?' apane kaI dhArmika aura naitika AdezoM kI abhivyaMjanA dvivedIjI ne kI hai| mAMsAhAriyoM para vyaMgya karanevAlI apanI kavitA 'mAMsAhArI ko haNTara' meM unhoMne deza meM khAnapAna-sambandhI naitikatA para bala diyA hai : dhikkAra tohi, nara-janma vRthA hi pAyo, AhAra mAMsa kari mAnuSatA nsaayo| tosoM bhale pazu, asabhya manuSya Adi, hA hanta ! hanta !! taba jIvana janmabAdi // 2 isa prakAra, dvivedIjI ne yuga kI AvazyakatA aura samAja kI mAMga ke anurUpa dubhikSa, kAnyakubno kI adhogati, strIzikSA, vidhavAoM kI dazA, mAMsabhakSaNa, svatantratA Adi kaI viSayoM ko kavitA kA Alambana bnaayaa| unakI samakAlIna sAmAjika kavitAdhArA mukhya rUpa se naitika Adarzo se vyApta thii| bhAratendu-yugIna kaviyoM ne samAja ke avaguNoM ko dUra karane ke lie hAsya aura vyaMgya kI manorajanakArI sudhArAtmaka nIti apanAI thI, parantu dvivedIjI evaM unake samasAmayika kaviyoM ne sAmAjika avanati ko sudhArane ke lie nItiparaka-AdarzavAdI mArga apnaayaa| saca pUchA jAya, to hindI-kavitA meM AdarzavAditA kA carama prastutIkaraNa dvivedIkAlIna kAvya meM hI huaa| sAmAjika-naitika Adarzo kI abhivyaMjanA karanevAlI kavitAoM ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ne AdhyAtmika tattvo ko bhI apanI kavitA kA Alambana bnaayaa| bhartRhari, paNDitarAja jagannAtha aura kAlidAsa prabhRti kI saMskRtabhaktiparaka racanAoM kA anuvAda karane tathA sAttvika brAhmaNa-vaMza meM janma lene ke saMskAra-svarUpa unake hRdaya me bhakti evaM adhyAtma kI jyoti bhI jala rahI thii| Izvara kI bhakti-sambandhI unakI aneka kavitAe~ prArthanA kI koTi kI haiM, tathA unameM mukhya rUpa se deza kI bigar3I huI dazA evaM hindI kI alpapragati ko sudhArane kI kAmanA kI gaI hai| dvivedIjI kI aisI kavitAoM meM 'nAhi ! nAhi !! trAhi !!!'3 1. 'sarasvatI', navambara, 1906 I0, pR0 438 / 2. 'hindI-baMgavAsI', 19 navambara, 1900 I0 / 3. 'zrIveMkaTezvara-samAcAra', 7 apraila, 1699 I. /

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224 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva 'prArthanA 1 'bhArata kI paramezvara se prArthanA'2 Adi ullekhanIya hai / inameM bhagavAn se sudhAra evaM ucca AdarzasthApana kI kAmanA hI kI gaI hai / yathA : he jagadIza! zIza maiM apano bIsa bAra mahi dhaarii| puni puni puni taNa tohi jori kara vinatI karauM tihArI // kopa zAnta kari kAnta rUpa dhari hare ! harahu dukha bhaarii| na tu pAtAla praveza karegI aba yaha deza dukhArI // 3 dvivedIjI kI kaI kavitAoM meM Izvara aura jagat se sambaddha unake AdhyAtmika vicAroM kA upasthApana huA hai| 'devIstutizataka' unakI maulika bhaktipUrNa kAvyaracanA hai| daihika tApoM se mukti pAne ke lie caNDI bhavAnI kI rUpavarNanayukta stuti evaM unake prati apane Atmanivedana ko dvivedIjI ne isa racanA meM mukhara kiyA hai, sAtha-hI-sAtha lokahita kI bhAvanA se bhI unhoMne apane 'devIstutizataka' ko anuprANita kiyA hai / saMskRta kI sUryazataka, paramezvarazataka, caNDIzataka Adi racanAoM kI paddhati para isakI racanA huI hai aura tadanukUla hI isameM bhI devI ke virATa rUpa kI stuti gAI gaI hai| yathA : zakti trizUla asipAsa gadA kuThArA, dhanvA dhurINa yuta kehari pai savArA / jAsoM samasta mahiSAsura sainya hArI, tA aSTabAhu jananIhi namo hamArI / / 4 devI caNDI kI hI bhA~ti Izvara ke anya rUpoM tathA unakI mahimA kA bhI aMkana unhoMne apanI kucha kavitAoM meM kiyA hai / isa koTi kI unakI pramukha kavitAoM meM 'ayodhyA kA vilApa', 'Izvara kI mahimA'6, 'bhagavAna kI bar3AI', 'gorI', gaMgA-bhISma'9 Adi kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| Izvara ke astitva meM agAdha 'vizvAsa rakhane aura AdhyAtmika ruci se sampanna hote hue bhI dvivedIjI ne dhArmika 1. 'sarasvatI', pharavarI, 1602 I0, pR0 86-93 / 2. 'AcArya dvivedI' : (saM0) nirmala tAlavAra, pR0 71 para uddhRta / 3. 'hindI-baMgavAsI', 29 navambara, 1887 ii0| 4. 'AcArya dvivedI' : (saM0) nirmala tAlavAra pR0 70 para uddhata / 5. 'sudarzana', mArca, 1900 I0 / 6. 'sarasvatI', disambara, 1901 I0, pR0 406 / 7. 'sarasvatI', mArca, 1906 I0, pR0 102-103 / 8. 'sarasvatI', pR0 103-104 / 9. 'sarasvatI', maI 1906 I0, pR0 173-174 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 225 kSetra meM vyApta vividha kurItiyoM kA virodha kiyaa| vidhavA-vivAha ko apanI 'bAlavidhavA-vilApa' kavitA meM sagata batalAkara aura kAnyakubja brAhmaNa-samAja kI avanati kA kaI kavitAoM me nirdeza kara unhone paramparita dharmadhvajiyoM ko kupita kara diyA thaa| 'kathamahaM nAstikaH' zIrSaka saMskRta-kavitA meM dvivedIjI ne una sAre dharmAcAryoM kI pola kholI hai, jo unhe nAstika kahA karate the| isa kavitA me unakI dhArmika vicAradhArA kA sarvAdhika prakhara evaM samanvita sudhAravAdI rUpa milatA hai| kula milAkara, dvivedIjI ne apanI IzvarIya sattA ke prati AsthA tathA dhArmika kuprathAoM ke pariSkAra kI abhilASA ko apanI adhyAtma-sambandhI kavitAoM meM abhivyakta kiyA hai| bhaktiparaka racanAoM ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ne kaI saundaryaparaka kavitAoM kI bhI racanA kii| saundarya ke kSetra meM unhoMne nArI-maundarya aura prakRti-saundarya donoM kA upasthApana apanI kavitA meM kiyA hai| nArI-saundarya ke citraNa kI dizA me unakI nijI zRgAra-varNanasambandhI naitika mAnyatAe~ sadA bAdhaka banI hai / DaoN0 surezacandra gupta ne likhA hai : "dvivedIjI kAvya meM zRgAra rasa ko sthAna na dene ke prati prAyaH sajaga rahe haiM, kintu ravivarmA ke citroM para AdhArita kavitAoM evaM 'vihAra-vATikA' meM ve apanI pratijJA kA nirvAha nahI kara pAye hai| ina kavitAoM meM nAyikA ke hAva-bhAva, nakhazikha-saundarya, vasanabhUSaNa-sajjA aura saMyoga-viyogAtmaka sthitiyoM kA ullekha isa bAta ko pramANita karatA hai ki ve zRMgAra rasa ke prati udAsIna nahIM rahe hai|"1 ____ 'vihAra-vATikA' meM dvivedIjI ne jayadeva-viracita khyAta zRgAra-kAvya 'gItagovinda' ke katipaya chandoM kA bhAvAnuvAda kiyA hai aura isa anuvAda meM bhI zRgArika prasaMgoM ke anukUla saundarya-varNana se ve bAja nahI Aye haiM / jaise, nAyikA rAdhA kA yaha rUpa draSTavya hai: suSamA sadana suci rUpa sundara dhanya lakhi mana mAnahI / anamola gola aDola gaura uraja yugula samAna hI // 2 'kumAranannavanAra' meM kAlidAsa dvArA vaNita pArvatI kI sundaratA ko anUdita karane meM bhI dvivedIjI ne isI pratibhA kA paricaya diyA hai| strI-saundarya ke varNana kA hI udAharaNa unake dvArA bhartRhari-kRta 'zRgArazataka' ke anuvAda 'snehamAlA' meM bhI aneka sthaloM para prastuta huA hai| yathA : candrAnana sarasija nayana svarNamayI saba deha / kaca kuMcita lakhi hota haiM bali bali aligaNa kheha // cakravAka kuca kehari kaTi nitamba visthUla / vacana sarasa mRdu apara saba tiya svabhAva ke mUla // 3 1. DaoN0 surezacandra gupta : 'Adhunika hindI-kaviyoM ke kAvya-siddhAnta', pR0 123 // 2. nirmala tAlavAra : (saM0) 'AcArya dvivedI', pR0 66 para uddhRt| 3. uparivat /

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226 ] AcArya mahAvIrasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva parantu, jitanI svacchandatA evaM mukta hRdaya ke sAtha dvivedIjI ne anUdita kAvyakRtiyoM meM zRgAra tathA nArI-saundarya kA aMkana kiyA hai, utanI ruci tathA sahRdayatA ke sAtha ve apanI maulika kavitAoM meM nArI ke rUpa-varNana kI dizA meM pravRta nahI hue| isa dizA me unakI zRgAra-viSayaka kAvyagata mAnyatAe~ bAdhaka thIM / yahI kAraNa hai ki nArI ke rUpa-saundarya ke citraNa meM unakI lekhanI sahamI-sahamI hai / DaoN0 rAmasakalarAya zarmA ne unake aise saundarya-varNanoM ke sandarbha meM likhA hai : "kavi kI sthiti yahA~ ThIka vaisI hI a~catI hai, jaise koI gaMgAsnAna ke lie eka lambI yAtrA karake Aye, parantu ghATa para pahuMcakara culla bhara pAnI mastaka para caDhA le aura sIr3hiyoM para baiThakara snAna kI kriyA pUrI kara le aura dhArA meM tairane kA sAhasa na kare / "1 nArI ke saundarya-aMkana kI dizA meM dvivedIjI kI pratibhA kA sarvAdhika sphuraNa 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita rAjA ravivarmA ke paurANika khayAta AkhyAnoM para AdhRta tailacitroM ke kAvyAtmaka paricaya dene ke sandarbha meM huaa| rAjA ravivarmA ke citra san 1900 I0 se hI 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita hone lage the| parantu, sarasvatI-sampAdana kA bhAra grahaNa karate hI dvivedIjI ne unake citro kI vyAkhyA karanevAlI paricayAtmaka kavitAoM ko citroM ke sAtha-sAtha prakAzita karane kI paramparA kA sUtrapAta kiyA / citrakalA ke sAtha kAvyakalA ke pArasparika saMyoga ko sthApita karane ke lie dvivedIjI ne na kevala dUsaroM se isa koTi kI kavitAe~ likhavAI aura hindI ke prAcIna kaviyoM ke dohe citroM ke sAtha prakAzita kiye, apitu svayaM bhI khar3I bolI meM kaI paricayAtmaka kavitAoM kI racanA kii| rambhA, kumudasundarI, mahAzvetA, USAsvapna, gaurI, gaMgA, bhISma, priyaMvadA, indirA Adi citroM para inhIM zIrSakoM kI unakI kavitAeM haiN| ina kavitAoM meM adhikAMza kA sambandha nArI-saundarya se hai| 'rambhA' kA rUpa isa prakAra hai : veza vicitra banAyA isane, mukha-mayaMka dikhalAyA isane / bhRkuTI dhanuSAkAra manohara, . aruNa dukUla bahuta hI sundara // 2 isI prakAra, 'kumudasundarI' kI zobhA darzanIya hai : isake adhara dekha jaba pAte, zuSka gulAba phUla ho jAte / komala isakI dehalatA hai, mUrttimatI yaha sundaratA hai ! 1. DaoN0 rAmasakalarAya zarmA : 'dvivedI-yuga kA hindI-kAvya', pR0 93 / 2. nirmalatAlavAra : (saM0) 'AcArya dvivedI', pR0 78 para uddha ta / 3. zrIdevIdatta devIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 377 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 227 spaSTa hI aisI paricayAtmaka kavitAoM meM dvivedIjI dvArA kiyA gayA nArIsaundarya-varNana apekSita manohAritA aura suruci se sampanna nahIM hai / kavitA ina sthaloM "para AdarzavAdI nItiyoM se dabI hone ke kAraNa pUrNa rUpa se unmukta nahIM ho sakI hai / sAtha hI, kAvyatva kI dRSTi se bhI ina kavitAoM meM kisI vizeSatA ke darzana nahIM hote haiN| nirmama tukabandI athavA zabdo ko pada kA rUpa pradAna karanA hI ise kahA jA sakatA hai / udAharaNArtha, 'mahAzvetA' ke isa varNana meM Alocaka bhalA kisa kAvyagata saundarya kA zodha kara sakate haiM : yaha sundarI kahA~ se AI, sundaratA ati adbhuta pAI / sUrata isako ati bholI hai, aura na isakI hamajolI hai // ' isa prakAra, 'priyaMvadA' ke adholikhita varNana me bhI kisI prakAra kA koI kAvyatva nahIM hai : sIkhA citra banAnA isane, karake kauzala nAnA isane / par3hanA aura par3hAnA isane, pati kA citta curAnA isane // puruSoM meM bhI jAnA isane / manda manda muskAnA isane / sudhA-salila barasAnA isane, jarA nahIM zaramAnA isane // 2 spaSTa hai ki nArI saundarya ke maulika kAvyAbhivyajana meM dvivedIjI ko saphalatA nahIM milI hai| prakRti-saundarya ke kSetra meM bhI unakI pratibhA ne maulikatA kara pradarzana nahIM kiyA hai / kAlidAsa jaise mahAkaviyoM ke kAvya meM varNita prakRti ko hindI meM anUdita karane meM bhI ve adhika saphala nahIM hue hai / unakI kavitAoM meM kahoM to prakRti kA bhAva citraga huA hai aura kahI rUgata citraNa huA hai / prakRti ke bhA citraNa kI dRSTi se prabhAtavarNanam' kI paMktiyA~ draSTavya haiM : kva mAmanAdRtya nizAndhakAraH palAyya pApaH kila yastanoti / jvalanniva krodhamareNa bhAturaGgArarUpaH sahasAvirAsIt // 3 1. nirmala tAlavAra : (saM0) 'AcArya dvivedI, pR0 78 para uddhRta 2. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA', pR0 441 / 3. uparivat pR0 169 /

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228 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva dvivedIjI kI prakRti-varNana - sambandhI katipaya maulika kavitAe~ saMskRta meM likhI gaI haiM aura kucha kI racanA khar3I bolI meM huI hai / aisI kavitAoM meM 'prabhAtavarNanam', 'sUryagrahaNam', 'zaratsAyaMkAla.', 'vasantaH', 'kokilaH ' Adi kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai / inameM bhI dvivedIjI kI saMskRta-padyAvalI vizeSa prasAdayukta evaM kAvyocita hai / yathA : kuzezayaiH svacchajalAzayeSu vadhU mukhAmbhojadalaigaM heSu vaneSu puSpaiH racitaH saparyyA, tatpAdasaMsparzanayA kRtAsIt // 1 1 isake viparIta, unakI khar3I bolI meM racita prakRti-saundarya-sambandhI kavitAo meM apekSita pravAha evaM kAvyAtmakatA ke darzana nahI hote / DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha ne dvivedIjI kI aisI kavitAoM ke sandarbha meM likhA hai : " nirUpita aura nirUpayitA kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke prakRti-varNana meM kevala dRzya-darzaka - sambandha kI vyaMjanA huI hai, tAdAtmya - sambandha kI nahIM / yahI kAraNa hai ki unakI prakRti-viSayaka kavitAoM meM gaharI anubhUti kI apekSA varNanAtmakatA hI adhika hai / 2 khar3I bolI meM likhI gaI dvivedIjI kI prakRti-sambandhI kavitAe~ adhikAMzataH bAlopayogI stara kI haiM / yathA 'kokila' kA yaha varNana draSTavya hai : atree ati sundara cir3iyA hai, saca kahate haiM, jisa raMgata ke ati bar3hiyA hai / ku~vara kanhAI, usane bhI vaha raMgata pAI // 3 isa eka udAharaNa ke AdhAra para hI yaha niSkarSa diyA jA sakatA hai ki dvivedIjI kI prakRti-varNana sambandhI khar3I bolI kI kavitAe~ saphala nahIM ho sakI hai| pramukha rUpa sedvivedIjI ne sAhityika evaM sAmayika - rASTrIya samasyAoM, adhyAtma prakRti evaM saundarya ko hI apanI kavitA kA viSaya banAyA hai evaM sAmayika viSayoM kI bhI upekSA nahIM kara ske| isa kAraNa, unakI kavitAoM kA / sAtha-hI-sAtha, ve anya upayogI eka pRthaka vibhAga ina vividha viSayoM para Azrita bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai / isa koTi 1. devIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI - kAvyamAlA', pR0 169 / 2. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura anakA yuga', pR0 115 3. 'sarasvatI', sitambara, san 1901 I0 pU0 300 / "

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 229 kI vividha-viSayAtmaka kavitAoM meM 'gAnavidyA', 'zrIhArnalI-paMcaka'2 'vicAra karane yogya bAteM'3, 'zahara aura gAMva', 'zarIra-rakSA'5, 'bhavana-nirmANa-kauzala' Adi kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| spaSTa hI, inameM viSaya kA adbhuta vaividhya milatA hai| 'eka ora zarIra-rakSA ke upAyoM para kavitA likhI gaI hai, to dUsarI ora zahara aura gA~va kA vArtAlApamaya tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai; eka ora gAnavidyA ko kavitA kA viSaya banAyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora bhavana-nirmANa-kalA para kavitA likhI gaI hai| isa prakAra, dvivedIjI kI kavitAI ke vividha viSayoM para Azrita AyAma dRSTigata hote haiN| 'sarasvatI' ke pannoM ko bharane ke lie unhe kavitA ko vividha staroM para likhanA pdd'aa| isI kAraNa, unakI kAvya-kalA koI nizcita rUpa nahI dhAraNa kara sakI aura kaI viSayoM meM ulajhakara raha gii| vidhAna kI daSTi se dvivedIjI kI kAvya-racanAoM ke cAra rUpa sAmane Aye haiM : prabandha, muktaka, gIta aura gadyakAvya / prabandha-racanA kI mUla AtmA ko abhivyakta karane kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ne kisI mahAkAvya athavA khaNDakAvya kI racanA nahIM kI thii| unakI kaI lambI kavitAoM me prabandha ke anukUla vAtAvaraNa milatA hai, kathAtmakatA kA nirvAha milatA hai aura padya-prabandha ke sabhI guNa milate hai| unakI aisI kathAtmaka 'prabandha-kavitAoM meM hama 'sutapaMcAzikA', 'draupadIvacana-vANAvalI', 'jambukI-nyAya', 'TesU kI TA~ga' Adi kI gaNanA kara sakate haiN| sAtha hI, dvivedIjI kI kaI kavitAoM meM prabandha 'evaM muktaka ke guNa eka sAtha milate haiN| isa koTi kI racanAoM kA rUpa-vidhAna mukhyatayA vastuvarNanAtmaka hai| inake viSaya meM DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha ne likhA hai : ___ "vastuvarNanAtmaka padyaprabandhoM meM binA kisI kathAnaka ke kisI vastu yA vicAra kA prabandhakAvya kI bhAMti kucha dUra taka nirvAha kiyA gayA hai aura phira kavitA samApta ho ___isa zreNI kI kavitAoM ko prabandhamukta kI saMjJA bhI dI jA sakatI hai| dvivedIjI kI 'kumudasundarI', 'bhArata durbhikSa', 'samAcArapatra-sampAdakastavaH', 'gardabhakAvya' jaisI racanAe~ isI koTi kI haiN| zuddha rUpa se muktaka kahI jAnevAlI kaI 1. 'sarasvatI', sitambara, 1903 I0, pR0 307-308 / 2. 'sarasvatI', akTUbara, 1903 I0, pR0 346 / 3. 'sarasvatI', pharavarI, 1904 I0, pR046-47 / 4. 'sarasvatI', apraila, 1906 I., 154-156 / 5. 'sarasvatI', maI, 19.6 I., pR0 174 / 6. 'sarasvatI', julAI, 1909 I0, pR. 316-324 / 7. DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', 1.1.5 /

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230 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM karttRtva kavitAe~ bhI dvivedIjI ne likhI haiN| muktaka racanAoM meM dvivedIjI ne mukhya rUpa se saundarya athavA upadeza ko viSaya ke rUpa grahaNa kiyA hai / 'snehamAlA', 'vihAra - vATikA', 'prabhAtavarNanam', 'sUryagrahaNam' jaisI unakI muktaka - racanAoM me nArI athavA prakRti / dUsarI ora, 'vicAra saunda kA nirUpaNa hI lakSya pratIta hotA hai karane yogya bAteM' aura 'vinayavinoda' meM nIti- upadeza ke lie muktaka - zailI meM kAvyaprayoga dvivedIjI ne kiye haiM / prabandha aura muktaka kI paramparita zailiyoM meM kAvya-racanA karane ke sAtha-hIsAtha dvivedIjI ne katipaya gIta bhI likhe / mahilA pariSad ke lie likhe gaye gIta aura 'TesU kI TA~ga' kI gaNanA inameM ho sakatI hai / AlhAparaka geyatA ke AdhAra para 'saragau naraka ThekAnA nAhIM' kI ginatI bhI gItoM kI zrRMkhalA meM honI cAhie / gItoM ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ne gadyakAvya lekhana kI dizA meM bhI prAthamika prayAsa kiyA / unakI 'plegarAjastava', 'samAcArapatroM kA virATa rUpa' jaisI racanAe~ " gadyakAvyAtmaka garimA se sapanna haiM / isa koTi kI kavitAoM meM kalpanA eka bhAva-vyaMjanA kI uccatA bhale na ho, parantu gadyakAvya kI dizA meM pahalakadamI hone ke kAraNa inakA aitihAsika mahattva avazya hai / dvivedIjI ne apanI kavitAoM meM saMskRta, hindI, ba~galA, marAThI aura urdU ke vividha chandoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / ve chanda ko kavitA kI AtmA nahIM mAnate the aura unako dRSTi meM chanda kA mahattva alaMkAra ke hI samakakSa thA / DaoN0 surezacandra gupta ne likhA hai : yojanA para bala dete "chandovidhAna kI dRSTi se unhoMne kAvya meM samartha chandoM kI hue varNavRttoM aura atukAnta racanA kA samarthana kiyA hai / unhoMne apanI kavitAoM meM chandovaividhya rakhate hue mAtrika chandoM ke antargata mukhyataH dohA, harigItikA aura tomara kA prayoga kiyA hai / "1 chandoM kA prayoga karane meM dvivedIjI ne vAstava meM vaividhya dikhalAyA hai / unhoMne saMskRta-hindI kI harigItikA, dohA, sragdharA, zArdUlavikrIDita, drutavilambita, vaMzastha, zikhariNI, bhujaMgaprayAta, mAlinI, mandAkrAntA, nArAca, cAmara, vasantatilikA, upajAti, upendravajrA indravajrA, tomara, pajjhaTikA, savaiyA Adi jaisI chanda- saraNiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / saMskRta-vRttoM kA prayoga karate samaya marAThI kAvyaracanA-paddhati unake dRSTipatha meM thI / baMgalA ke amitAkSara chanda ko bhI unhoMne apanAyA / apanI prArambhika anUdita evaM maulika kavitAoM kI racanA dvivedIjI ne vasantalatikA, zArdUlavikrIDita, drutavilambita, indravajrA aura mAlinI, jaise gaNAtmaka vRttoM meM hI kI hai / ve gaNAtmaka chandoM ke prayoga meM vizeSa siddha the / atukAnta kAvya-racanA unheM vizeSA 1. DaoN0 surezacandra gupta 'Adhunika hindI kaviyoM ke kAvya-siddhAnta', 1240

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya 231. iSTa nahIM hai / tuka milAne kA moha unakI kavitAoM kA saundarya, gati evaM laya saba kucha haraNa kara letA thA, parantu tuka milAkara hI ve kavitAe~ likhate the / unakI kavitAoM meM kevala 'he kavite' hI antyAnuprAsa-rahita hai / svayaM tukapUrNa kavitA kA vividha chandoM meM sarjana karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ne anya kaviyoM ko bhI vividha chandoM ke prayoga ke lie protsAhita kiyaa| dvivedIjI ne bhAvanA ke rasAtmaka AkhyAna ko kavitA kA zobhAdhAyaka tattva mAnA hai| ve rasa kI kAvyAtmA ke rUpa meM niSpatti karane meM asamartha rahe haiM / 'gardabhakAvya', 'granthakAra-lakSaNa', 'TesU kI TA~ga', 'ThaharaunI' Adi kavitAoM meM hAsyarasa tathA vyaMgya kI sundara vyaMjanA milatI hai, parantu unakI adhikAMza kavitAoM meM kAvya-saundarya kA vAstavika vinyAsa nahIM dIkha par3atA hai| DaoN0 AzA gupta ne spaSTa kiyA hai : "dvivedIjI ke kAvya meM viSaya kI pradhAnatA evaM racanA ke saprayojana hone se ve kAvyocita guNa na A sake, jo sahRdaya pAThaka ko AhlAdita kara sakate / adhikAMza kavitAe~ bhAvoM ke vAcana-mAna haiM, na unameM zabda-saundarya hai aura na artha kI ramaNIyatA / " isI kAraNa, dvivedIjI kI kavitAoM meM alaMkAra-yojanA bhI samartha evaM spaSTa nahIM ho sakI hai / kahIM-kahIM yamaka aura anuprAsa kA prAcIna paripATI ke anukUla prastutIkaraNa huA hai| yathA : __ vRttyanuprAsa : nAbhi navala nIraja dikhalAtI, stana-taTa se paTa ko khiskaatii| yamaka : gaurI gaurIzikhara sudhaarii| isI taraha, katipaya anya alaMkAroM ke bhI prayoga yatra-tatra milate haiN| udAharaNa svarUpa : upamA-viSaya : varada nIla nIrada smkaalaa| pratIpa : isake bhRkuTI-bhaya kA mArA, lopa zarAsana hai becaaraa| isake adhara dekha jaba pAte, zuSka gulAba phUla ho jAte 5 1. DaoN0 AzA gupta : 'khar3I bolI-kAvya meM abhivyaMjanA' pR0 249 / / 2. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 375 / 3. uparivat, pR0 405 / 4. uparivat, pR0 385 / 5. uparivat, pR0 378 /

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232 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva vyatireka : rUpavatI yaha rambhA nArI, surapati taka ko yaha ati pyArI / rati, dhRti bhI donoM becArI, ise dekha mana meM haiM haarii|' arthAntaranyAsa : saumyasvarUpa ziva ne sira pai biThAyA, sarvaprakAra ati Adara bhI dikhAyA / to bhI mahAkRza kalAdhara kI kalA hai, hA hA ! parAjaya nahI kisako khalA hai / nizcaya hI, ina udAharaNoM meM alaMkAra kI upasthiti lakSita hotI hai, phira bhI ina kavitAoM meM na kathana kI manorama bhaMgimA hai aura na vizeSa kAvyagata camatkAra hI dIkha par3atA hai| isI bhA~ti, dvivedIjI ne apanI kavitAoM meM kahAvatoM aura muhAvaroM kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| inake upayoga se kavitA meM kiMcit sajIvatA AI hai, parantu inakA pracura upayoga nahI huA hai / unake sampUrNa kAvya meM mAtra 'kAnyakubja-abalA-vilApa' aura 'ThaharaunI' ko hI kahAvatoM-muhAvaroM ke sajIva prayoga kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai / ina donoM hI kavitAoM meM mArmika prasaMgoM kI muhAvaroM ke mAdhyama se vyajanA kI gaI hai / yathA : ___ paidA jahA~ huI hama ghara meM sannATA chA jAtA hai / bar3e bar3e kulavAnoM kA to muMha phIkA par3a jAtA hai| aura : ___ kanyA-kula ko bhAMti-bhAMti se pIr3ita hama nita karate haiN| muniyoM ke vaMzaja hone kA phira bhI dama bharate haiN|" phira bhI, adhikAMzataH dvivedIjI kI kavitAoM meM ucca koTi ke kavitva evaM sajIvatA kA abhAva khalatA hai| bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa kA apane yuga meM netRtva karanevAle AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI kavitAoM meM bhASA aura vyAkaraNa-sambandhI kaI doSa dRSTigata hote haiN| bhAvavAcaka saMjJApada sarvanAma, zabda-sandhi, kriyApada, liMga, Adi ke anucita prayoga tathA dUrAnvaya, zaithilya Adi se sambaddha vibhinna doSa unakI kavitAoM meM dIkhate haiN| prArambhika racanAoM ko dvivedIjI bhASA-saMkaratA tathA vikRta zabdoM (miSa, mUrakhatAI, suhAgilapana Adi) ke anAvazyaka prayoga se nahIM bacA sake haiM / yathA : 1. devIdatta zukla (saM0) : 'dvivedI kAvyamAlA', pR0 378 / 2. uparivat, pR0 303 / 3. uparivat, pR0 425 / 4. uparivat, pa. 436 /

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... kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 233 adbhuta merI sundaratAI, mUtti manohara maiMne paaii|' kriyApada-sambandhI doSa ke do udAharaNa draSTavya hai : nahIM kahIM bhI bhuvanAntarAla meM, dikhA par3e hai taba rUparamyatA / 2 aura: jinakI kIttidhvajA abhI taka satata phirai haiM phhraanii| liMgadoSa kA to eka hI udAharaNa denA paryApta hogA : nUtana citra-caritra prasAra, karake unakI citta anusAra 4 kahIM tuka ke moha aura kahI bhASA meM kasAvaTa lAne ke lie dvivedIjI ne saMjJAoM "ko hI kriyApada meM pariNata kara dene kI bhUla kaI bAra kI hai / yathA : kAma kAminI ko le chAyA jise caturmukha ne nirmaayaa|5 aura : suSamA sara usane avagAhA aura : surasari ne inako svIkArA / aise hI vividha vyAkaraNagata doSo se vyApta hone ke sAtha-sAtha dvivedIjI kI kavitA kA pradhAna avaguNa hai usakI rasahInatA evaM zaithilya / yAdarza khar3I bolI meM tukapUrNa kAvya-racanA karane ke Agraha ne dvivedIjI kI kavitAoM meM adbhuta zaithilya lA diyA hai| apane AdarzoM ko pUtti ke lie saceSTa hone ke kAraNa dvivedIjI apanI racanAoM ko samucita kavitvapUrNa AbhA nahIM pradAna kara pAye haiN| DaoN0 rAmakumArasiMha ne ThIka hI likhA hai : ___ "dvivedIjI ke anuvAdoM ke chor3akara anya lagabhaga sabhI maulika racanAe~ vicAroM athavA bhAvoM kI padya meM pariNati-mAtna hai| unameM AnandasvarUpa rasoM kI niSpatti karanevAle guNoM, zabda evaM artha-saundaryo kA nitAnta abhAva hai| unameM udbodhanAtmaka kavitAoM ke atirikta anyAnya gati aura laya saralatA tathA mAdhurya 1. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (saM0) 'dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 389 / 2. uparivat, pR0 291 / 3. uparivat, pR0 281 / 4. uparivat, pR0 300 / 5. uparivat, pR0 377 / 6. uparivat, pR0 386 / 7. uparivat, pR0 415 //

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234 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva Adi vizeSatAe~ milatI hI nahI / vyaMgya evaM udbodhanAtmaka racanAoM meM kevala pravAha aura ojasvitA kabhI-kabhI dikhalAI par3a jAtI hai| mAdhurya ko to dvivedIjI kI naitikatA sApha hajama kara gaI hai|"1 nizcaya hI, dvivedIjI ke netRtva meM kAvya kI manohAritA kA hrAsa huA hai| ve AdarzavAda ke poSaka, pracAraka tathA kAvya ke protsAhaka the| upadezoM aura ghoSaNAo se khar3I bolI kA kAvya apanI manoramatA evaM rasAtmakatA kho baitthaa| dvivedIjI kI nijI kavitAe~ bhI kAvyagata saundarya evaM saralatA se hIna pratIta hotI hai| unameM kavitA kahI jAne yogya kisI tattva ke darzana nahIM hote| adholikhita paMktiyA~. udAharaNArtha draSTavya hai, jinameM kAvyagata saurasya kA lezamAtra nahIM : dekho yahA~ sakala bAlaka ye khar3e haiM, choTe aneka dasa-pA~ca kahIM bar3e haiN| he he dayAlu inakA kara thAma lIjai, kIjai kRpA aba inheM mata chor3a dIjai / 2 kAvyagata zaithilya evaM gadyavat padyasarjana kI isI pravRtti ke phalasvarUpa dvivedIjI kAvya-racanA ke kSetra meM saphala nahIM ho ske| niSkarSataH, DaoN. vizvambharanAtha upAdhyAya ke zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai : "dvivedIjI ke apane kAvya meM unakI dezabhakti, bhASA-bhakti, janatA-bhakti Adi ucca bhAvanAoM kA prasAra hameM prabhAvita karatA hai, yadyapi unakI abhivyakti meM kavi ko saphalatA nahIM milI hai|"3 kathA-sAhitya : ___ AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ne apane samasAmayika kahAnI-upanyAsa jaisI kathAtmaka vidhAoM ko apanI lekhanI kA upAdAna nahIM bnaayaa| bhAva evaM racanA-pakSa kI dRSTi se tatkAlIna kathA-sAhitya dvivedIjI se usa sImA taka prabhAvita nahIM hai, jisa sImA taka nibandha-racanA, kavitA aura bhASA kA saMcAlana dvivedIjI ke nirdezAnusAra hotA thaa| kathA-sAhitya ke nAma para dvivedIjI ne svayaM ghoSaNA karake kucha nahI likhA hai| phira bhI, unakI katipaya racanAoM meM kathA kA Ananda mila jAtA hai| isa krama meM sarvaprathama dvivedIjI dvArA saMskRta-mahAkAvyoM ke gadya meM kiye gaye bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAdoM kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| 'mahAbhArata', 'raghuvaMza', 1. DaoN. rAmakumAra siMha : 'Adhunika hindI-kAvyabhASA', pR0 406 / 2. zrIdevIdatta zukla : (saM0) dvivedI-kAvyamAlA', pR0 362 / / 3. DaoN. vizvambharanAtha upAdhyAya : 'Adhunika hindI kavitA : siddhAnta aura samIkSA', pR0 124 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 235 'kumArasambhava', 'meghadUta' evaM 'kirAtArjunIyana' jaise khyAta saMskRta granthoM kA khar3I bolI- gadya meM bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda dvivedIjI ne prastuta kiyA hai / ina anuvAdoM kI kAyA gadya meM hone ke kAraNa kathAtmaka ho gaI hai / inhe par3hate samaya 'mahAbhArata', 'raghuvaMza', 'kumArasambhava', 'kirAtArjunIyam' Adi kI kathA kA hI bodha hotA hai evaM ina anuvAdoM kA sAga pariveza kathA-sAhitya ke anukUla hI hai / isI taraha, dvivedIjI dvArA racita una katipaya nibandhoM kI bhI gaNanA kathA-sAhitya ke antargata kI jA sakatI hai, jinakI carcA kathAtmaka nibandha kI saMjJA dekara Alocaka kara Aye hai / aise nibandhoM kI koTi meM 'rasajJaraMjana' ke antargata saMkalita 'hasasandeza " aura 'nala kA dustara dUtakArya' jaisI racanAo kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| ina donoM hI nibandhoM kA racanA - vidhAna evaM svarUpa kathAtmaka hai aura dvivedIjI ke kathAsAhitya kI sUcI meM inakI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai / yahI sthiti nArAyaNa bhaTTa ke saMskRta - nATaka 'veNIsaMhAra' ke dvivedIjI dvArA kiye gaye AkhyAyikA jaise bhAvArthabodhaka anuvAda kI bhI hai / isakA svarUpa bhI kathAmaya hai / spaSTa hai, yadyapi dvivedIjI ne kathA - sAhitya ke nAma para kisI maulika evaM svatantra racanA kI sRSTi nahIM kI, tathApi unake bhAvArthabodhaka gadyAnuvAdoM tathA kathAtmaka nibandhoM meM kathAparaka tattvoM evaM tatsambandhI dvivedIjI kI pratibhA kI jhalaka mila jAtI hai / nATaka : dvivedIjI ne nATakoM kI racanA meM bhI vizeSa ruci nahIM dikhalAI / 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita vyaMgya - citroM meM avasara milane para ve sAhitya kI isa vidhA kI hInatA kI ora saMketa karate the, parantu unakI racanAtmaka pratibhA isa dizA meM sakriya na ho skii| DaoN0 zatrughna prasAda ke zabdoM meM : " eka ora ve khar3I bolI- kavitA ke parimArjana tathA parivarddhana ke lie nirdezana dete rahe aura dUsarI ora gadya ke parimArjana tathA vikAsa ke lie prayatnazIla hue / mukhya rUpa se ve gadya ke saMskAra, kavitA ke vikAsa tathA AlocanA- sAhitya kI samRddhi kI ora unmukha hue / kathA-sAhitya evaM nibandha para bhI unakI dRSTi rahI / parantu, nATakoM ke vikAsa para ve dhyAna nahIM de ske| unhoMne upekSA nahIM kI / 'nATyazAstra' pramANa hai / 'sarasvatI' ke 'pustaka-parIkSA' stambha meM nATakoM kI parIkSA bhI draSTavya hai / para ve nATakoM kI ora AkRSTa nahIM the / yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki anajAne meM nATyasAhitya upekSita raha gayA / "1 1. DaoN0 zatrughna prasAda : 'dvivedIyugIna hindI nATaka', paTanA- vizvavidyAlaya kI pI-ec0 DI0 upAdhi ke lie prastuta zodha-prabandha, pR073.

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-236 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva dvivedIjI ne nArAyaNabhaTTa ke saMskRta-nATaka 'veNIsaMhAra' kA anuvAda prastuta kiyA thaa| parantu, durbhAgyavaza san 1913 I0 meM prakAzita yaha anuvAda mUla nATaka kA nATya-rUpAntara na hokara AkhyAyikA ke rUpa meM likhA gayA bhAvArthabodhaka gadyAnuvAda hai| yadi ise nATaka ke rUpa meM anUdita kiyA gayA hotA, to dvivedIjI kI nATya-pratibhA kA paricaya isase miltaa| parantu, saMskRta-nATaka kA kathAtmaka anuvAda prastuta karake dvivedIjI ne spaSTa kara diyA hai ki nATakoM kI racanA meM tanika bhI ruci nahI / netA kI udAsInatA ke kAraNa unake anusaraNakartA sAhityakAroM ne bhI nATakoM kI racanA ko vizeSa mahattva nahIM diyaa| jIvanI: __AcArya dvivedIjI ke vizAla nibandha-sAhitya kI carcA ke prasaMga meM unake jIvanIparaka nibandhoM kI bhI vyAkhyA hotI rahI hai| parantu, sAhitya kI vartamAna unnatAvasthA meM jIvanI-sAhitya ne nibandha-vidhA se apanA riztA tor3a liyA hai aura - aba jIvanI-sambandhI sAhitya ne eka svatantra gadyavidhA kA bAnA dhAraNa kara liyA hai| isa naye pariveza meM hama dvivedIjI dvArA likhita una sabhI nibandho kI gaNanA jIvanIsAhitya kI sImA me kara sakate haiM, jinameM kisI-na-kisI kI jIvanI prastuta kI gaI hai| unhoMne bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM jIvaniyoM kI racanA kI hai| jIvaniyoM ko likhane kI AvazyakatA kA nirdeza unhoMne paM0 durgAprasAdajI kA jIvana-carita likhate samaya kiyA hai : "durgAprasAdajI ke caritra se spaSTa hai ki eka sAmAnya manuSya bhI yadi vaisI hI - saccaritratA aura lagana se kAma kare-sadAcaraNa aura sadvidyA ke bala se sarvasAdhAraNa kI to koI bAta nahIM, bar3e-bar3e rAjA-mahArAoM kA bhI sammAna prApta kara sakatA hai aura apanI kotti-kaumudI se deza-dezAntaroM ko dhavalita bhI kara sakatA hai|"1 isI * ko sAmane rakhakara dvivedIjI ne apanI dRSTi meM mahAn evaM ucca caritravAle mahApuruSoM evaM nAriyoM kI jIvaniyAM likhiiN| 'sarasvatI' meM aisI jIvaniyoM kI bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM avasthiti milatI hai| ina jIvaniyoM ke kaI pustakAkAra saMkalana bhI bAda meM prakAzita hue haiM / yathA : 1. prAcIna paNDita aura kavi (san 1918 I0) 2. sukavi-saMkIrtana (san 1924 I.) 3. kovida-kIrtana (san 1924 I0) 4. videzI vidvAn (san 1927 I0) 5. caritra-caryA (san 1930 I0). 6. caritra-citraNa (san 1934 I0) 1. 'sarasvatI', maI 1903 I0pR0.160 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 237. ina vividha nibandhoM ke saMgrahoM meM vibhinna kSetroM meM abhUtapUrva saphalatA evaM khyAti prApta strI-puruSoM ke jIvanavRtta hai / sAhityakAroM evaM sAhityapremiyoM (paM0 durgAprasAda, mAikela madhusUdana datta, navInacandra sena, ravIndranAtha ThAkura, rAya devIprasAda pUrNa, hAphija, viliyama jonsa Adi), vidvAnoM evaM itihAsa- vettAoM ( DaoN0 gaMgAnAtha jhA, paM0 vAmana zivarAma ApTe, paM0 AdityarAma bhaTTAcArya harbarTa spesara, bauddhAcArya zIlabhadra Adi), zAhoM, rAjo evaM sultAna ( rAjA bhagavAnadAsa, sultAna abbula ajIja, phArasa ke zAha mujaphpharuddIna, rAjA mAnasiMha Adi) khyAta rAjanItijJoM, rAjakIya ucca padAdhikAriyoM aura yoddhAoM (janarala kurepATakina, lArDa karjana, lArDa miNTo, karnala jAlakUTa, zrIguru harikRSNajI Adi), itihAsaprasiddha evaM navayuga kI Adarza nAriyoM (rAnI durgAvatI, leDI jena gra e, kumArI eph0pI0 kaoNba, jhA~sI kI rAnI bAI, zrImatI nirmalAbAlA soma Adi), dharmapracArakoM, sudhArakoM yA kisI bhI kSetra meM viziSTa khyAti arjita karanevAle puruSoM (mahAtmA rAmakRSNa paramahaMsa, prasiddha pahalavAna saiNDo, prasiddha mUrtikAra mahAtare, DaoN0 jI0 thobo, gAyanAcArya viSNudigambara palusakara, navInacandra sena Adi) kI jIvaniyA~ AcArya dvivedIjI ne likhI haiN| ina vividha Adarza nara-nAriyoM ke jIvana caritra likhane ke pIche AcArya dvivedIjI kA yahI lakSya thA ki dezavAsI ina caritroM se preraNA grahaNa kareM tathA inake batalAye AdarzapUrNa mArga para calakara adhikAdhika unnati kara skeN| isa prakAra dvivedIjI ne jIvanIsAhitya kA soddezya praNayana kiyA aura apane isa uddezya meM ve upayogI sAhitya : saphala bhI hue / kalA kA vibhAjana lalita evaM upayogI do vibhAgoM meM kiyA gayA hai| upayogI kalAe~ mAnava-AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti meM sahAyaka hotI hai / inhIM upayogI kalAoM kA zAstrIya vistRta adhyayana karanevAlA sAhitya upayogI sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai / prAcIna kAla meM saMskRta ke antargata kAmasUtra, arthazAstra, Ayurveda, gaNita, jyautiSa, zilpakalA Adi para granthoM kI racanA huI thI / parantu, paravartI kAla meM hindI-sAhitya ina upayogI viSayoM kI dRSTi se hIna rahA / upayogI sAhitya ke nAma para mAtra dharmazAstrIya pustakoM kI racanA huI / bhArata me a~garejoM ke Agamana ke pazcAt yahA~ arthapradhAna vaijJAnika yuga kA sUtrapAta huA / DaoN0 zrIkRSNa lAla ne isa parivartana ko adholikhita zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai : " unnIsavIM zatAbdI meM bhAratavarSa meM a~garejI - rAjya kI sthApanA huI, jisase deza kI Arthika, rAjanItika aura vyAvahArika avasthA meM eka abhUtapUrva parivartana huA / ... rela, tAra, DAka, moTara, bijalI ityAdi ke adbhuta yuga meM pratyeka manuSya ko vijJAna, yantrasaMcAlana- vidyA, Adhunika samAjazAstra ityAdi kA thor3A bahuta jJAna prApta karanA

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238 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva Avazyaka ho gyaa|...raassttriiytaa kI bhAvanA ne hamameM apane atIta gaurava kA itihAsa jAnane kI preraNA utpanna kI aura isa prakAra hamane itihAsa, bhUgola, arthazAstra vijJAna, vyApAra ityAdi kA adhyayana prArambha kiyA / "1 yuga aura samAja kI isa mAMga ko lakSya kara dvivedIjI ne vijJAna, arthazAstra, dharma, zikSAzAstra, AviSkAra, cikitsA Adi upayogI viSayo para lekhanI claaii| 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdaka-pada para rahane ke nAte unhe vividha upayogI viSayoM para likhane evaM auroM se ina viSayo para likhavAne kA bharapUra avasara milaa| unhoMne upayogI sAhitya ke antargata do varSoM ke viSayoM ko grahaNa kiyaa| upayogI sAhitya ke ye do pramukha varga isa prakAra hai : 1. upayogI sAhitya kI ve zAkhAe~, jo paramparita haiM tathA jinakA calana prAcIna __ bhArata meM bhI thaa| 2. upayogI mAhitya kI ve dhArAeM, jo navIna haiM tathA Adhunika vaijJAnika yuga ke phalasvarUpa jinakA vikAsa huA hai| paramparita upayogI sAhitya kI sImA meM unakI dharma evaM darzana-sambandhI racanAoM kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| isa dizA meM unakI 'AdhyAtmikI' (san 1927 I0) zIrSaka pustaka kI carcA hI ekameva kI jA sakatI hai| isa pustaka meM dharma aura darzanasambandhI dvivedIjI ke lekha sakalita haiN| navIna yugAnurUpa upayogI viSayoM para dvivedIjI ne aneka maulika-anUdita pustakoM kI racanA kI hai / yathA : 1. arthazAstra : 'sampatti-zAstra' (san 1908 I.) 2. vijJAna evaM AviSkAra : (ka) 'hindI-vaijJAnika koza' (san 1906 I0) 3. cikitsA evaM prANizAstra : (ka) 'vaicitrya-citraNa' (san 1928 I0) (kha) 'jala-cikitsA' (san 1907 I0)-luI kune ke tadviSayaka khyAta grantha kA anuvAda / 4. samAjazAstra: 'svAdhInatA' (san 1907 I.)-jaoNna sTuarTa mila-racita 'oNna libarTI' kA anuvaad| 5. udyoga-vyApAra : _ 'audyogikI' (san 1921 I0) 1. DaoN0 zrIkRSNa lAla : 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya kA vikAsa', pR0 378 /

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [ 239 6. zikSAzAstra : 'zikSA' (san 1906 I0 ) - harbarTa speMsara - likhita pustaka 'ejukezana' kA anuvAda | 7. kAmazAstra : (ka) 'taruNopadeza' (racanAkAla : san 1894 I0) kartRtva kA bahuta (kha) 'sohAgarAta ' - a~garejI kavi bAyarana- kRta 'brAiDala nAiTa' kA anuvAda | ina viSayoM para lekhanI daur3Ane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ke bar3A upayogI sAhitya-viSayaka aza 'sarasvatI' ke aMkoM meM bikharA par3A hai / vividha zilpoM, kutUhalavarddhaka tattvoM, navIna AviSkAroM, sAmAjika viSayo aura samasyAoM para nibandhoM - TippaNiyoM kI racanA unhoMne kI hai / ve sampAdaka ko deza kA bauddhika vidhAyaka mAnate the / unhoMne likhA hai : " deza kA svAsthya kisa taraha sudhara sakatA hai, kRSi, zilpa aura vANijya kI unnati kaise ho sakatI hai, zikSA kA vistAra aura utkarSa sAdhana kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai, kina upAyoM ke avalambana se hama rASTra-sambandhI nAnA prakAra ke adhikAra pA sakate hai, sAmAjika kurItiyoM ko kisa prakAra dUra kara sakate haiM - ityAdi aneka viSayoM para sampAdakoM ko lekha likhane cAhie / " sampAdaka ke isa dharma kA unhone svayaM pAlana kiyA hai evaM arthazAstra, vijJAna, cikitsA, prANizAstra, samAjazAstra, udyoga-vyApAra, zikSAzAstra evaM kAmazAstra Adi vividha viSayoM para pustakoM kI racanA kI, nibandhoM tathA TippaNiyoM kA praNayana kiyA / ina vividha upayogI viSayoM meM mAtra kAmazAstra sambandhI dvivedIjI kI do pustakeM hI aprakAzita raha gaI haiM : ' taruNopadeza' evaM 'suhAgarAta' / ina donoM ko svayaM dvivedIjI ne rasIlI pustakeM kahakara sambodhita kiyA hai aura inake aprakAzita raha jAne meM apanI dharmapatnI kA upakAra mAnA hai / yathA : "durghaTanA kucha aisI huI ki usane ye pustakeM dekha liiN| dekhA hI nahIM, ulaTa-pulaTa kara par3hA bhI / phira kyA thA, usake zarIra meM karAlA kAlI kA samAveza ho gayA / ... usane una pustakoM kI kApiyoM ko Ajanma kArAvAsa yA kAlepAnI kI sajA de dii| ve usake sandUka meM banda ho gaI / usake marane para hI unakA chuTakArA usa dAyamulahabsa khe huA / ... isa taraha merI patnI ne to mujhe sAhitya ke isa paMka-payodhi meM DUbane se bacA liyA / 2 1. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra-vimarza', pR0 44 / 2. AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 'merI jIvanarekhA', 'bhASA' : dvivedIsmRti-aMka, pR0 15 /

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240 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva ina donoM rasIlI pustakoM kA aprakAzita raha jAnA dvivedIjI kI garimA ke anukUla hI hai / kama-se-kama 'suhAgarAta' kA azlIlatva to itanA bar3hA-car3hA hai ki use dvivedIjI jaise guru-gambhIra vyakti kI racanA mAnane meM hI sandeha hotA hai| 'taruNopadeza' ko apane viSaya kI prathama hindI-pustaka hone kA zreya diyA jA sakatA hai / isase pUrva hindI me kAmazAstra kI itanI vizada vyAkhyA karanevAlI koI pustaka nahIM likhI gaI hai| parantu, yaha pustaka aprakAzita raha gii| spaSTa hai ki dvivedIjI kI aneka maulika-anUdita, prakAzita athavA aprakAzita racanAe~ hindI ke bhANDAra ko upayogI sAhitya se bharane kI AkAMkSA se likhI gaI / Aja upayogI sAhitya kA lekhaka sAhityika itihAsa me cacita nahI hotA hai, parantu hindI-bhASA aura sAhitya kI usa vikAsAvasthA me to cikitsA, jyotiSa, vijJAna, rAjanIti,arthazAstra, zikSAzAstra Adi upayogI sAhityo ko samRddha karanevAlA bhI hindI kA sAhityakAra kahA jAtA thaa| usI yuga kI mUla bhAvanA ko grahaNa kara dvivedIjI ne upayogI viSayoM ke sAhitya ko apanI pratibhA kA dAna diyA / anya racanAeM: patrakAritA, nibandha, samIkSA, kavitA, kathA, nATaka, jIvanI aura upayogI sAhitya jaisI vividha sAhityika vidhAoM ko apanI lekhanI ke sparza se pallavita karane ke sAtha dvivedIjI ne kucha anya racanAe~ bhI prastuta kI, jinakI gaNanA ina vidhAoM kI sImA meM sambhava nahIM hai| isa koTi meM inake dvavArA likhI gaI kaI bAlopayogI pAThya-pustakoM evaM skUla-rIDaroM kI carcA kI jA sakatI hai| aisI kula pustakeM isa prakAra haiM: 1. hindI kI pahalI kitAba 2. loara prAimarI rIDara 3. apara prAimarI rIDara 4. zikSAsaroja 5. bAlabodha yA varNabodha 6. jilA kAnapura kA bhUgola ina sabhI skUlI kitAboM kA prakAzana san 1911 I0 meM huA thaa| isI taraha, 'avadha ke kisAnoM kI barabAdI, (san 1911 I0) sAmayika samasyA para likhI gaI pustaka hai| dvivedIjI ke samaya meM katipaya sAhityika jhagar3e bhI cala rahe the| vizeSa rUpa se unakA nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA ke sAtha cala rahA vivAda una dinoM -bar3A ugra ho gayA thaa| isI vivAda kI manobhUmikA meM apane brAhmaNajanya sahaja krodhI svabhAva ko unhone eka pustaka likhakara abhivyakta kiyaa| 'kauTilya-kuThAra' nAmaka

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kavitA evaM itara sAhitya [241 isa pustaka kI racanA unhone nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA aura usakI kAryavidhi para kaTu prahAra karane ke lie kI thii| parantu, bAda meM apanI ugratA ko dabAkara unhone 'kauTilya-kuThAra' ko aprakAzita hI rahane diyaa| dvivedIjI kI pratibhA unake bhASaNoM meM bhI ubharI hai aura unake tIna lambe bhASaNoM kA pustakAkAra prakAzana bhI huA hai| yathA : 1. terahaveM hindI-sAhitya sammelana (kAnapura) ke svAgatAdhyakSa-pada se diyA gayA __bhASaNa (san 1923 ii0)| 2. 'Atmanivedana' (kAzI-nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA dvArA kiye gaye abhinandana-- samAroha ke samaya diyA gayA abhibhASaNa, san 1933 ii.)| 3. prayAga meM Ayojita dvivedI-mele ke avasara para diyA gayA bhASaNa (san ina tInoM bhASaNoM meM dvivedIjI ke vinaya, hindI-prema aura dezahitaiSitA kI abhivyakti huI hai| AcArya dvivedIjI kI sAhityika mahattA kA sarvAdhika bikharAnikharA rUpa unake patra-sAhitya meM dRSTigata hotA hai| zrIparamAtmAzaraNa baMsala ne likhA hai : "patralekhana sAhitya kI eka kalA hai| yadyapi sAhityakAra patra dvArA vyaktigata bhAvanAoM aura vicAroM ko kisI vizeSa vyakti taka hI pradarzita karatA hai, parantu jaba pana prakAzita ho jAte haiM, taba ve sAhitya banakara samaSTi kA kalyANa karate haiN| ma na - AcArya paM. mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kA patra-sAhitya isI koTi kA hai|" dvivedIjI ke patroM ko dekhane se yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki kisa prakAra unhoMne 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se saMsAra-bhara ke hindI-lekhakoM ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bAMdhA, unakA mArganirdeza kiyA aura unheM protsAhita kiyaa| unake patroM kA sampAdana zrIbaijanAtha siMha vinoda ne 'dvivedI-patrAvalI' (san 1954 I0) nAma se kiyA hai| aba bhI dvivedIyugIna sAhityika itihAsa ke amUlya ratna dvivedIjI ke 2801 patra nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA meM surakSita par3e hai| ina sabakA apanA viziSTa mahattva hai| dvivedIjI kI kavitA se prArambha kara unake patra-sAhitya taka kA sarvekSaNa prastuta karane ke pazcAt dvivedIjI kI lekhanI kI zakti para Azcarya vyakta karane ke sivaha kucha aura zeSa nahIM raha jAtA hai| unhoMne AmaraNa hindI-sevA kA jo vrata liyA thA,, usI ke pariNAmasvarUpa vividha vidhAoM aura viSayoM meM unakI gati nirbAdha rhii| moTe taura para unake sampUrNa sAhitya ke AdhAra para anumAna lagAyA jAya, to kahA 1. DaoN. lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu : 'hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa', bhAga 13, pR0 21 /

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242 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva sakatA hai ki dvivedIjI ne 25 varSa ke bhItara lagabhaga 25 hajAra pRSTha likhe haiM / eka varSa meM eka hajAra pRSTha kI raphtAra se likhane kA parizrama karake hIM ve apane yuga kI samasta sAhityika gatividhiyo ke aguA bana sake / niSkarSataH, hama DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu kI nimnoddhata paMktiyoM se sahamati prakaTa karate hue kaha sakate hai : "san 1900 me 1920 I0 taka kA hindI sAhitya sabhI dizAoM meM pratyakSa yA apratyakSa rUpa se dvivedIjI kI pratibhA kA RNI hai| naye yuga kI avatAraNA ke nAyaka, bahumukhI vikAsa ke mantradAtA aura hindI kI nizcita pragati ke purohita vahI the / hindI kA bahuvidha sAja-sajjA se susajjita jo manorama mahala Aja khar3A hai, usakI dRr3ha bhitti unhIM kI dena hai / 1 1. DaoN0 lakSmInArAyaNa sudhAMzu : 'hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa', bhAga 13, pa0 21 /

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zodha-niSkarSa sAhityetihAsa meM yuga-vizeSa kA nAmakaraNa kisI sAhityakAra ke nAma para karanA tabhI sArthaka hotA hai, jaba usa sAhityasevI ne apane samasAmayika sAhitya ke vividha agoM ko abhUtapUrva sparza se spandita kiyA ho evaM samasta sAhityika gatividhiyoM kA netRtva kiyA ho| bhAratendu-yuga, dvivedI-yuga jaise nAmoM kI yahI sArthakatA hai| hindI-sAhitya ke Adhunika kAla kA dvitIya caraNa AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI ke netRtva se saMcAlita thA, ataeva ukta avadhi ko vidvAnoM ne 'dvivedIyuga' kI saMjJA dI hai / yathA : "bIsavI zatAbdI ke prathama paccIsa varSoM ke sAhityika vikAsa aura pragati ke mantradAtA aura purohita dvivedIjI hI the| yaha yuga vAstava meM dvivedI-yuga thaa|'' "saM0 1660 meM ve 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdaka hue| unhoMne eka prabhaviSNu aura saphala senApati kI bhA~ti hindI ke zAsana kI bAgaDora apane hAtha meM le lii| yahIM se arAjakatA-yuga kA anta aura dvivedI-yuga kA prArambha huaa|"2 / / ___ dvivedI-yuga ke nAma se saMjJApita isa sampUrNa avadhi (sana 1900 -1925 I.) kI sAhityika gatividhiyoM para tatkAlIna rAjanItika, sAmAjika, Arthika evaM sAMskRtika paristhitiyoM kA bhI payApta prabhAva par3A thaa| ataeva, AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI evaM unake samasAmayikoM kI sAhityika upalabdhiyoM kI vAstavika pRSThabhUmi inhIM yugIna paristhitiyoM meM nihita hai / unnIsavIM zatI ke anta hote-hote briTizazAsana bhArata-bhara meM bhalI bhAMti sthApita ho cukA thA aura lArDa karjana jaise pratinidhi zAsakoM kI bhAratavirodhI nItiyoM ne deza kI rAjanItika sthiti ko eka nayA mor3a denA prArambha kara diyA thaa| sAre deza meM sarakArI nItiyoM ke viruddha AvAja uThane lagI thI aura svatantratA kA AhvAna kiyA jAne lagA thaa| isI yuga meM san 1920 I. ke AsapAsa bhArata ke rAjanItika kSitija para mahAtmA gAndhI kA avataraNa huaa|praadurbhaav ke sAtha hI ahiMsA aura svadezI-Andolana kA jora claa| ina rAjanItika pAra-.. sthitiyoM kA prabhAva sAhitya para bhI par3A / kaviyoM ne mahAtmA gAndhI tathA unake ahiMsAtmaka Andolana ko apanI kavitA kA viSaya bnaayaa| svayaM dvivedIjI ne bhI "svadezI vastra-svIkAra' jaipI kavitA kA praNayana kiyaa| rAjanItika stara para bhArata 1. DaoN0 zrIkRSNalAla : 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya kA vikAsa', pR0 32 // . 2. DaoN0 udayabhAnu siMha : 'mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga', pR0 265.

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244 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva bhara meM kA~garesa-sarakAra evaM krAntikArI dala ne jaisI cahala-pahala macA rakhI thI, usakA bharapUra prabhAva sAhitya para pdd'aa| parantu, deza kI svatantratA evaM a~garejasarakAra ke sAtha cala rahe saMgharSa ko yathocita vANI nahI mila skii| jisa prakAra bhAratendu evaM unake sahayogI sAhityakAro ne san 1857 I0 ke gadara ko sAhitya kA viSaya nahIM banAyA, usI prakAra dvivedIjI evaM unake anukaraNa-kartA sAhityaseviyo ne bhI svAtantrya-Andolana ko usake vistAra ke anurUpa abhivyakti nahIM dii| yugavettA hote hue bhI dvivedIjI sarakAra ke kopabhAjana ho jAne ke sambhAvita bhaya se rASTrIya AndolanoM ko pUrI taraha apanA samarthana nahIM de ske| parantu, usa yuga kI sAmAjikasAskRtika avanati para unakI dRSTi gii| bhAratendu-yuga se hI vividha sAmAjika kurItiyoM evaM sAMskRtika anAcAroM ke viruddha sAhityika Andolana chir3a gayA thaa| rAjA rAmamohana rAya, kezavacandra sena prabhRti samAjasudhArako kI vicAradhArA se bhAratendu kA mata mela khAtA thaa| dvivedI-yuga taka bhArata ke sAmAjika-sAMskRtika durguNoM meM sudhAra kA sArA Andolana AryasamAja ke netRtva meM calA AyA thaa| AryasamAja ke sAtha pUrNa sahamati na rahate hue bhI dvivedIjI evaM unake yugIna sAhityakAroM ne samAja aura dharma meM vyApta kurItiyoM ke anta ko mahattva diyaa| bAla-vivAha, vidhavA-vivAha, nArI-zikSA, panAnA, achUtoddhAra jaise viSayoM para sAhitya-lekhana huaa| isa kAla ke sAMskRtika, dhArmika evaM sAmAjika dharAtala para AdarzavAda ke darzana hote haiM / prAcIna bhArata kI gauravagAthA duharAkara jisa prakAra, AryasamAja ke pracAraka sAMskRtika stara para AdarzoM ko prastuta kara rahe the, usI prakAra dviveTI-yugIna sAhityaseviyoM ne bhI atIta kA gauravagAna karake vartamAna kI adhogati ke sammukha ucca Adarza kI sthApanA kI / atIta kA aMkana evaM itivRtta prastuta karane kA moha isa avadhi ke pratyeka kavi-lekhaka meM parilakSita hotA hai| Arthika dRSTi se bhI bhArata kI sthiti una dinoM acchI nahIM thii| bhArata meM sampUrNa briTiza-zAsana kI kathA hI zoSaNa kI kathA hai| dvivedI-yuga bhI isakA apavAda nahIM thaa| kara, zoSaNa evaM akAla se trasta janatA ke oNsU poMchane evaM Arthika viSamatA ke khilApha nAre lagAne kA kicit kArya sAhityaseviyoM ne bhI kiyaa| isa yuga kI sAmAjika, rAjanItika, sAMskRtika evaM Arthika sthiti jitanI arAjakatApUrNa thI, lagabhaga vaisI hI avyavasthA bhASA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM bhI vyApta thii| AcArya dvivedIjI ke Agamana ke pUrva hindI-sAhitya kA lekhana bhASA kI vyavasthA evaM viSayoM kI saMkIrNatA se grasta thaa| kavi vrajabhASA meM hI kAvya-racanA ke lie kRtasaMkalpa the evaM gadyakAroM ne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI avahelanA karake likhanA hI apanA dharma banA liyA thaa| sAtha hI, prAcIna kAla se calI A rahI bhakti evaM ghora zRgArikatA kI viSaya-sImA se mukta hone ke lie hindI-sAhitya chaTapaTA rahA thaa| isameM sandeha nahIM ki dvivedIjI apane sAmayika

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zodha-niSkarSa [245 pariveza ke prati adhika jAgarUka nahIM the aura unhone samakAlIna kucha hI samasyAoM para dhyAna diyaa| parantu, bhASA aura sAhitya kI arAjakatA ke vinAza kA jaisA yugAntarakArI kArya unhone kiyA, vahI unheM AcAryatva evaM viSaya kI dRSTi se rucikara banAyA / sAhityika lekhana ko saMvAra kara eka nizcita gati pradAna karane kA kArya unhoMne akele kiyaa| naye-naye viSayoM kI ora unmukha kara unhoMne hindIkavitA eva gadya ko eka nayA mor3a diyaa| isa prakAra, ve apane samakAlIna pariveza se sambaddha rahane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha sAhityika vyavasthA ke saMsthApaka ke rUpa meM mAmane aaye| unake kattva me yUga kI AtmA eva sAhityagata unnayana ke darzana eka sAtha hote hai / yaha unake yuga-netRtva ko vizeSatA kahI jA sakatI hai| ataeva, vAstava meM bIsavIM zatI kA yaha prathama caraNa (san 1900-1925 I0) dvivedI-yUga thA evaM AcArya dvivedI isa yuga ke vidhAtA the| ____ AcArya dvivedI jisa yuga kI sAhitya-dhArA ke mArgadarzaka bane, vaha paryApta arAjakatApUrNa yuga thA / sthiti yaha thI ki sabhI apanI-apanI DaphalI lekara apanA rAga alApa rahe the| koI kisI kI sunanevAlA nahI thaa| sarvatra eka ajIba-sI uthala-puthala thii| DaoN0 rAmasakalarAya zarmA ne likhA hai : "aisI paristhiti meM eka aise svatantra vyaktitva kI AvazyakatA thI, jo kisI ke jhUThe varcasva ko svIkAra na kare tathA apane svatantra vicAroM se bhASA ke kSetra meM mArgadarzana kre|...yh vahI kara sakatA thA, jisameM pratibhA kA sambala ho, viveka kI gaharI dRSTi ho, jIvana kI akhaNDa jyoti ho, kArya ke prati niSThA ho aura ho kisI se bhI na DaranevAlA sAhasa / "1 AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedo ke virATa vyaktitva meM yuganetA banane kI sArI vizeSatAe~ thii| unake caritna meM bAlyakAla se hI kaSTa sahane, kaThinAiyoM se jUjhane kI kSamatA evaM svAbhimAna para aTala rahane kA guNa A gayA yA / unake paricitoM evaM ziSyoM ne eka svara se unakI saphalatA kI kuMjI ghora parizrama, dRDha saMkalpa, ImAnadArI, kartavyaparAyaNatA evaM manuSyatva ko mAnA hai| unakI kAyA cAhe kabhI svastha bhale hI na rahI, parantu mana sadaiva svastha rahA / apane dIrgha sAhityika jIvana meM unheM anekAneka matabhedoM evaM virodho kA sAmanA karanA par3A, parantu unhoMne cANakya kI bhA~ti virodhiyoM kA sAmanA kara unheM parAsta kiyA aura asIma dhairya, kSamatA evaM dakSatA dikhalAte hue vijaya kA DaMkA bjaayaa| unakA janma saM0 1921 vaizAkha zukla caturthI ko huaa| bacapana se hI adhyayana kI pragADha lAlasA unameM vidyamAna thii| isa kAraNa navayuvaka hone para relave kI sevA meM siganalamaina, mAla bAbU, sTezanamAsTara, cIpha klarka jaise nIrasa asAhityika padoM para kAma karate hue bhI unhoMne par3hane-likhane 1. DaoN0 rAmasakalarAya zarmA : 'dvivedI-yuga kA hindI kAvya', pR0 70 /

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246 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva kI Adata nahIM chor3I / vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki inhI padoM para kArya karate samaya unhoMne marAThI, saMskRta, hindI, a~garejI Adi kA vidhivat adhyayana kiyA aura hindI meM apanI sAhityika pratibhA ko mukharita kiyaa| apane prakhara svAbhimAna ke kAraNa unhoMne relave kI Der3ha sau rupayoM kI naukarI para lAta mArakara 25 rupaye mAhavAra para 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana-kArya prArambha kiyaa| yadi uname dhana ke prati anAsakti evaM svayaM ke prati itanA svAbhimAna na hotA, to hindI-sAhitya eka yugapravartaka kI sevAoM se vaMcita raha jaataa| relave kI naukarI karate hue dvivedIjI bhaviSya meM TrAphika supariNTeNDeNTa athavA kisI aura bhI bar3e pada para jA sakate the, isase sarakAra kA relave vibhAga lAbhAnvita hotaa| parantu, relave kI naukarI chor3akara unake sAhityika kSetra meM cale Ane se sArA hindI-sAhitya, hindIbhASI janatA evaM prakArAntara se bhAratavarSa lAbhAnvita huA / 'sarasvatI'-sampAdana kA pada grahaNa karate hI unake sAmane yaha sthiti spaSTa ho gaI thI ki hindI-saMsAra vividha jaTilatAoM evaM saMkIrNatAoM se ba~dhA huA hai| ina paramparita bandhanoM se hindI-bhASA evaM sAhitya ko mukti dilAne kA vrata unhoMne nahIM liyA, apitu unhoMne mAtra sudhArAtmaka niyama-pAlana kI nIti apanAI / paramparA ke prati vidroha kA kArya hindI meM chAyAvAda-yuga se prArambha huaa| apane yuga meM bhASA evaM sAhitya kI avyavasthA ko sudhAra kara sa~vArane kA bIr3A dvivedIjI ne apnaayaa| unakI isa navIna dRSTi ne prAcIna paripATI ke andhabhaktoM ko jagA diyA ora ve saba dala bA~dhakara isa mahAvIra ke sAtha jujha pdd'e| AcArya dvivedIjI ne sabakA sAmanA kiyA aura hindI-sAhitya kI dhArA ko svaccha kara manonukUla dizA pradAna kii| isa yugAntarakArI kArya meM unake caritra evaM svabhAvagata vizeSatAoM ne unakI vizeSa sahAyatA kii| nyAyapriyatA, saralatA, dRDhatA, vinamratA, sAdagI, niyamitatA, satyaniSThA, dhairya, vyavasthApriyatA, guNagrAhakatA, nirbhayatA, spaSTavAditA, AtmAbhimAna, -, sagrahavRtti, sahRdayatA aura zramazIlatA ko unake caritra ke pramukha guNoM ke rUpa meM pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| ve AjIvana inhIM cAritrika guNoM kI rakSA karate rahe / inhIM ke kAraNa unheM virodhoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A, Arthika-daihikapArivArika kaSTa jhelane par3e aura inhIM kI vajaha se hindI-sAhityAkAza meM eka tapaHpUta dhruvatAre-sA sthAna-gaurava bhI prApta hai| dvivedIjI kA satyapUta, premajanita evaM zikSAprada, kabhI vinodamaya to kabhI gambhIratA se otaprota ojasvI vArtAlApa sunane kA saubhAgya jina logoM ko prApta huA hai, ve unakI sahRdayatA, AtmIyatA aura saralatA ke kAraNa unako kabhI vismRta nahIM kara skte| eka bAra ke darzana athavA bAtacIta se hI dvivedIjI aisA gaharA AtmIya sambandha sthApita kara lete the ki milanevAlA prabhAvita hue binA na rahatA thaa| sAtha hI, jina logoM ne unake sAtha kRtrimatA,

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zodha-niSkarSa [ 247 kapaTa evaM cATukAritA kA AcaraNa rakhA, unheM dvivedIjI kA svabhAva ispAta kI taraha kaThora mAlUma huaa| unake svabhAva kA yaha virodhAbhAsapUrNa jIvana-darzana hI unakI upalabdhiyoM evaM saphalatAoM ke mUla meM rhaa| sAhityika upalabdhiyoM ke nAma para unakI racanAoM kI saMkhyA bahuta bar3I hai| gadya aura padya meM unakI maulika-anUdita-prakAzita racanAoM kI saMkhyA 80 se Upara hai| AcArya dvivedIjI kI pustakoM meM sabhI koTi kI vibhinna viSayoM kI racanAoM kA saMkalana huA hai| unakI racanA kA adhikAMza pustakAkAra prakAzita hone ke pUrva 'sarasvatI' ke pannoM para chapa cukA thaa| isa kAraNa unakI racanAoM meM sAhityika nirmiti kI vaisI suDaula garimA nahIM dIkhatI hai, jaisI sAhityakAra kI sthAyI kRti meM dIkhanI cAhie / patrikA meM prakAzita sAhitya ke anurUpa bikharAva evaM azRkhalita vinyAsa unakI kavitAo se nibandhoM-TippaNiyo taka dIkhatA hai| pustaka ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama unakI kavitA-kRti 'devIstutizataka' san 1892 I0 meM chapI thI aura usake bAda jaba prakAzana kA silasilA jArI haA. taba AcAryapravara ke nidhana ke pazcAt bhI nahIM rukA / kucha vidvAnoM ne anumAna lagAyA hai ki dvivedIjI ne prativarSa eka hajAra pRSTha kI gati se lekhana kiyA aura 25 varSa kI avadhi meM lagabhaga 25 hajAra pRSTha sAmagrI likha ddaalii| unakI racanAoM kI vistRta sUcI evaM unameM vyApta vaividhya ko dekhate hue yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki dvivedIjI vyakti nahIM saMsthA the| a~garejI ke khyAta vidvAn samAlocaka DaoN0 jaoNnasana ke sambandha meM bhI yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jitanA kArya akele jaoNnasana ne kiyA, utanA kArya kaI sAhityika saMsthAoM dvArA hI sambhava thaa| yahI bAta dvivedIjI ke sandarbha meM bhI duharAI jA sakatI hai| unhoMne hindI-bhASA aura sAhitya ke saMskAra tathA pariSkAra kA jo abhUtapUrva kArya kiyA, vaha kisI akele vyakti ke nahIM, kaI vizAla saMsthAoM ke hI vaza kI bAta thii| dvivedIjI dvArA kiyA gayA yaha aitihAsika kArya hI unake racanAtmaka sAhitya kI apekSA adhika mahattvapUrNa evaM gauravazAlI hai| sAhitya kisa koTi kA hai, isakI apekSA unhoMne sAhitya kisa prakAra kA honA cAhie evaM kaise likhA jAnA cAhie, isake nirdeza para dhyAna diyaa| bhASA aura sAhitya ke isI pariSkArAtmaka dRSTikoNa ko lekara unakI sAhityika mahattA svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai / DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne unakI isa vilakSaNatA kA ullekha kiyA hai : "...saMsAra ke Adhunika sAhitya meM yaha eka adbhuta-sI bAta hai ki eka AdamI apane 'kyA' ke bala para nahIM, balki kaise' ke bala para sAhitya kA sraSTA ho gyaa|"' AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kA sampUrNa racanAtmaka sAhitya adhikAMzataH uttama koTi kA nahIM hai evaM usake AdhAra para dvivedIjI apane hI yuga ke kaI sAhityakAroM 1. DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI : 'vicAra aura vitarka', pR053|

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'248 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyavitatva evaM kartRtva kI tulanA meM oche pratIta hoge| yaha satya kaI vidvAnoM ne vibhinna prakAra se svIkAra kiyA hai| parantu, racanAtmaka sAhitya kI apekSA unakA racanAtmaka kArya adhika mahattvapUrNa evaM aitihAsika garimA se sampanna hai| nija sAhitya-sarjana dvArA dvivedIjI bhale hI sAhitya kI rAzi me gauravapUrNa bRddhi nahIM kara sake, parantu samasAmayika lekhakoM ko sAhityika abhAvoM kI pUrti kI dizA meM unmukha karane, hindI-bhASA evaM sAhitya kA saMskAra karane evaM hindI-jagat ko abhinava viSayoM kI ora mor3ane meM unakI buddhi evaM pratibhA kA lohA hindI-mAhitya sadaiva mAnatA rhegaa| AcArya dvivedIjI gADivitra nAkA pramukha AdhAra unakI sampAdana-kalA thI aura isI kAraNa 'sarasvatI' ko unakI kItti kI patAkA kahA jA sakatA hai| hindI-saMsAra ko naye lekhakoM-viSayoM se paricita karAne evaM bhASA-sAhitya ko pariSkRta karane kA yugAntarakArI kArya unhone 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se hI kiyaa| man 1903 I0 me jisa samaya unhoMne isa patrikA kA sampAdakatva grahaNa kiyA, usa samaya taka hindI meM sampAdana-kalA kA koI Adarza sthApita nahIM huA thaa| patrikAoM meM upayogI viSaya, samaya kI pAbandI, bhASA, lekhakoM kI khyAti ityAdi para dhyAna nahIM diyA jAtA thaa| isa kAraNa, adhikAMza hindI kI patra-patrikAoM kI akAlamRtyu ho jAyA karatI thii| 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana apane hAtha meM lete hI dvivedIjI ne hindI meM naye-naye upayogI viSayoM ko prastuta karanA zurU kiyA aura patrikA kA kalevara vividhaviSayamaNDita banA diyaa| navIna viSayoM para lekhanI calAne ke lie lekhakoM kI bhI kamI thii| dvivedIjI ne deza-videza ke hindIbhASI vidvAnoM ko likhane ke lie prerita 1. (ka) "maulika racanA kI dRSTi se unakI sevA-sAdhanA kA mahattva utanA nahIM hai, jitanA sAhitya kI anekamukhI sAmagrI ekatra karane meN|" -DaoN. lakSmI nArAyaNa sudhAMzu' : hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 13, pR0 20 / (kha) "unakI maulika racanAoM kA mahattva adhika nahIM hai, parantu ve eka mahAn zakti ke pratIka the, jinhoMne hindI-sAhitya ko bala pradAna kiyA aura isa dRSTi se unakA mahattva bahuta adhika hai|"-ddoN0 zrIkRSNa lAla : 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya kA vikAsa', pR0 31 / (ga) "yaha bAta nirvivAda hai ki usa yuga kI sAhityika sAdhanAoM kI agragati ko dRSTi meM rakhakara vicAra karane para dvivedIjI kI vaktavya-vastu prathama zreNI kI nahIM tthhrtii| usameM navIna aura prAcIna, prAcya aura pAzcAttya, sAhitya aura vijJAna-saba kucha hai, para sabhI sekeNDa haiNDa aura anusaMkalita / " -DaoN0 hajArIprasAda dvivedI : vicAra aura vitarka, pR0 79 /

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zodha-niSkarSa [ 249 kiyA aura protsAhana dekara 'sarasvatI' kA apanA vizAla lekhaka-parivAra taiyAra kara liyaa| 'sarasvatI' ke isa lekhaka-samudAya ne hindI-sAhitya kA bhANDAra abhUtapUrva rIti se bharA hai aura isake lie hindI-jagat sadaiva dvivedIjI kA RNI rhegaa| unhoMne na kevala naye-naye viSayoM kA upasthApana kiyA aura naye lekhakoM-kaviyoM ko prakAza meM lAyA, apitu sAhityika lekhana kA eka Adarza mArga bhI 'sarasvatI' dvArA nirdezita kiyaa| isI sandarbha me DaoN0 oMkAranAtha zarmA ne likhA hai : "dvivedIjI kA prabala vyaktitva eka vidyut-gRha kI bhA~ti caturdika zakti-saMcAra kara rahA thA aura caturdika anugAsana kA bhAva dikhAI par3atA thaa| ...pratyeka lekhaka ke lie 'sarasvatI' ke nibandha racanA-kArya ke udAharaNa the aura dvivedIjI ke zabda preraNA the|" sAhityakAro kA mArga-nirdeza karane evaM 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana karane ke krama meM unakI sarvAdhika viziSTa upalabdhi bhASA-sudhAra ke kSetra meM rhii| isI kSetra meM ve sabase adhika sakriya bhI the| unake pUrva sampAdaka racanAoM kI bhASA-zailI evaM racanAvinyAsa para dhyAna nahIM dete the| isa kAraNa bhASA-sambandhI avyavasthA hindI-jagat meM vyApta thii| vrajabhASA aura paNDitAU bhASA kA pracara prabhAva bhI hindI para parilakSita hotA thaa| vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI avahelanA to Ama bAta thii| aise samaya meM AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kA prAdurbhAva huaa| unhoMne 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzanArtha AI sabhI racanAoM kI bhASA ko vyAkaraNa aura racanA-vinyAsa kI dRSTi se sudhAra kara prastuta karanA zurU kiyaa| unake isa bhASAI Andolana ke phalasvarUpa paramparita sAhityikoM ne inake viruddha jehAda bola diyaa| bhASA ke nAma para bar3A bhISaNa sAhityika vivAda chir3a gyaa| isa jhagar3e meM dvivedIjI ke sAtha zrIbAlamukunda gupta, gopAlarAma gahamarI, govindanArAyaNa mizra, mannana dvivedI Adi sAhityasevI sambaddha the| parantu, ghora virodha evaM vivAdoM ke bIca bhI dvivedIjI ne bhASA kI svacchatA se sambaddha apanI nIti nahIM chor3I aura 'sarasvatI' kI racanAoM kA bhASA-saMskAra karate-karate sampUrNa hindI-bhASA evaM sAhitya ko hI eka sarvathA naI bhASAgata krAMti ke daura meM khar3A kara diyaa| unake akatha parizrama evaM satprayAsoM ke phalasvarUpa hI hindI-bhASA apane vartamAna vyavasthita rUpa ko pA skii| isameM sandeha nahIM ki dvivedIjI kI nijI prArambhika racanAoM meM ve sArI vyAkaraNa evaM bhASAgata truTiyA~ vidyamAna haiM, jinako dUra karane ke lie unhoMne bhASA-Andolana claayaa| unakI paravartI racanAe~ Adarza bhASA evaM vyAkaraNa-sammata racanA-vidhAna kA udAharaNa haiN| vyAkaraNa kI svacchatA evaM bhASA kI saphAI se sambaddha krAnti ke dvivedIjI 1. DaoN0 oMkAranAtha zarmA : 'hindI-nibandha kA vikAsa', pR0 108 /

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250 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva pravartaka kahe jA sakate haiN| yaha aitihAsika kArya karane kA sundara avasara unheM 'sarasvatI' kA sampAdana hone ke nAte hI prApta huaa| ataeva, 'sarasvatI' ke sampAdaka ke rUpa meM unakI sAhityika upalabdhiyA~ sabase adhika prakaTa huI haiM, isameM sandeha nhiiN| hindI-gadya kI bhASA ko pariSkRta karane ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI ne gadyazailI ko bhI pariniSThita rUpa pradAna kiyaa| apane samaya taka kI gadyazailiyoM ko bhASAsaMskAra, viSaya-nirUpaNa eva bhAva-prakAzana kI dRSTi se unhoMne eka nayA hI vidhAna diyaa| unakI gadyazailI ko kisI racanA-vizeSa athavA viSaya-vizeSa se sambaddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| dvivedIjI ne viSaya ke anusAra zailiyA~ apanAI haiN| isI kAraNa unakI gadyazailI meM anekarUpatA hai, phira bhI bhAva-prakAzana kI dRSTi se unakI gadyazailI ko pramukhataH tIna vibhAgoM-AlocanAtmaka, paricayAtmaka aura vyaMgyAtmaka-meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| inameM bhI paricayAtmaka athavA vivecanAtmaka (vivaraNAtmaka) koTi kI gadyazailI unakI pratinidhi gadyazailI hai|| apane sabhI nibandhoM evaM samIkSAoM meM unhoMne mukhyatayA yahI zailI apanAI hai / jisa prakAra adhyApaka apane chAtroM ko eka hI bAta bAra-bAra sarala rIti se samajhAtA hai,. usI prakAra dvivedIjI ne bhI isa paricayAtmaka gadyazailI meM viSaya-vivecana kiyA hai / zailI kI hI bhA~ti gadya-racanAoM meM dvivedIjI kI bhASA bhI sarala eva pravAhamayI hai| unakI bhASA ko samajhane ke lie zabdakoza kI AvazyakatA nahIM mahasUsa hotii| bhASAzailI ke anusAra hI kahIM prakhara, kahIM pravAhamayI aura kahIM cuTIlI banakara sAmane AI hai| bhASAzailI kI saralatA evaM vivecanagata spaSTatA ke udAharaNarUpa hama dvivedIjI ke nibandhoM kI carcA kara sakate haiN| unake nibandhoM meM vividha viSayoM kA sarala spaSTa zailI meM jitanA manohArI vivecana huA hai, vaha prazaMsanIya hai| dvivedIjI . kA nibandha-sAhitya itihAsa, vijJAna, arthazAstra, gRhavijJAna, jIvanI Adi vividha upayogI viSayoM se bharA huA hai| 'sarasvatI' meM prakAzita unake ina nibandhoM kA paravartI kAla meM pustakAkAra prakAzana bhI huaa| parantu, nibandha-vidhA ke lie apekSita / guNoM kA ina nibandhoM meM hama adhikAMzataH abhAva pAte haiN| viSaya, AkAra evaM prastutIkaraNa kI dRSTi se dvivedIjI ke nibandha sAhitya kI sImA meM rakhI jAnevAlI adhikAMza racanAe~ TippaNI kI koTi kI haiN| 'sarasvatI' ke saphala sampAdaka hone ke kAraNa dvivedIjI vividha viSayoM para sUcanAtmaka TippaNiyA~ to likha sake, lekina una TippaNiyoM meM nibandhocita vyaktiparakatA evaM pravAhasampannatA nahIM lA sake / isa kAraNa, ve saphala nibandhakAra nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM aura na unake tathAkathita nibandhoM ko zIrSa koTi kA nibandha hI kahA jA sakatA hai| kaI vidvAnoM ne isa Azaya ke

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zodha-niSkarSa [251 vaktavya diye haiN|' nibandhoM kI tulanA meM dvivedIjI kA AlocanAtmaka sAhitya adhika prauDha hai| prAcIna bhAratIya AdarzoM para unake samIkSA-siddhAnta Adhuta the aura unhIM siddhAntoM para unhone kavitA, nATaka Adi ke sambandha meM apanI samIkSA-dizA nirdhArita kii| dvivedIjI kI samIkSAoM kA mUla preraka srota unakA sampAdakIya jIvana mAnA jA sakatA hai| lokajIvana ke maMgala kI kAmanA evaM rasAtmakatA ko ve kAvya, nATaka Adi kA lakSya mAnate the| DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi ne ThIka hI likhA hai : __ "dvivedIjI kI samIkSAeM tathA kAvya-vivecanAe~ kevala karttavya-pAlana ke nimitta nahIM hotI thiiN| ve soddezya tathA nirmANakArI hotI thii| ve unake dvArA kAvyakAroM kA mArgadarzana bhI karanA cAhate the| isalie, unhoMne kaThora, maryAdAvAdI tathA saMyamita Alocaka kA colA dhAraNa kiyA thaa|"2 nirbhIka evaM lokamaMgalakArI Alocaka hone ke sAtha-hI-sAtha dvivedIjI apane samasAmayika vAtAvaraNa ke prati sudhArAtmaka dRSTikoNa rakhanevAle sAmAjika prANI bhI the / ataeva, samIkSA ke bIca meM sAmayika samasyAoM kA prasaMga Ane para ve samIkSaka-dharma tyAga kara sudhAraka-vaktavya dene lagate the| unakI aisI nIti ke darzana adhikAMzataH pustaka-parIkSAoM meM dIkha par3ate haiN| jaise, san 1907 I. kI 'sarasvatI' meM 'strIzikSA' pustaka kI AlocanA karate hue unhoMne strI-zikSA kI AvazyakatA para hI vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai| aisI samIkSA samasyApradhAna ho jAtI hai aura samIkSaka-dharma se cyUta hokara hI likhI jA sakatI hai| dvivedIjI kI samIkSAoM meM bahudhA yaha doSa milatA hai| isakA kAraNa ekameva yahI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki dvivedIjI mukhyataH lokamaMgala kI bhAvanA se anuprANita the| kula milAkara, dvivedIjI ke 1. (ka) "saca to yaha hai ki cAhe jisa kAraNa se bhI ho, dvivedIjI kI nibandhakAritA kA svatantra rUpa se vikAsa na ho skaa| unakI choTIchoTI racanAe~ saMkhyA meM lagabhaga DhAI sau hai, magara saba TippaNI jaisI haiN|" -zrIhaMsakumAra tivArI : 'hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 13, pR0 104 / (kha) svAdhIna cintana, anabhibhUta vicAra, achUtI bhAvanA-jo nibandha kI Antarika svarUpa-zaktiyA~ hai, inake nibandhoM meM kama hI milatI hai| inameM saMgrahabodha kI vividhatA, jAnakArI kI bahuzru tatA aura patrakAritA kI sUcanA-sampannatA hI adhika hai|"-shriijynaath nalina : hindI-- nibandhakAra, pR0 103 / 2. DaoN0 zaMkaradayAla cauRSi : 'dvivedI-yuga kI hindI-gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana', pR0 159 /

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252 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva AlocanA-sAhitya ke sandarbha meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya-paramparA meM dvivedIjI ne bhI apane samIkSAtmaka niSkarSoM kA sarjana kiyA aura tadanukUla AcaraNa kI AdarzavAdI nIti hindI-jagat ke sammukha rkhii| DaoN0 rAjakizora kakkar3a ne unake samIkSA-sAhitya ke bAre meM likhA hai : "unakA mahattva unake AlocanAtmaka sAhitya kI apekSA unakI preraNA para nirmita sAhitya ke lie adhika hai| ve sAhitya ke Alocaka se kahIM adhika jIvana, bhASA, sAhitya-racanA, Adarza, sAmayika nIti tathA apane samasta yuga kI gatividhi ke Alocaka the|"1 raha gaI dvivedIjI kI kvitaa| kAvyakSetra bhI dvivedIjI kI lekhanI se achUtA nahI bacA hai| unhone brajabhASA, hindI, saMskRta aura baisavAr3I meM kavitAeM likhI haiN| apanI maulika aura anUdita kavitAoM meM unhoMne vividha sAmAjika, paurANika aura sAhityika viSayoM kA prastutIkaraNa kiyA hai| anuvAdoM meM to dvivedIjI kavitA ke saundarya, rasAtmakatA evaM bhAva-prakAzana kSamatA kI rakSA kara sake haiM, parantu maulika, kavitAoM meM aisA nahIM ho sakA hai| unakI adhikAMza maulika kavitAe~ gadya kA rUpAntara-mAna banakara raha gaI haiN| uname kahIM bhI kavitva evaM rasAtmakatA ke darzana nahIM hote / maulika kavitAo kI tulanA me dvivedIjI kI anUdita kavitAeM adhika acchI bana par3I hai| maulika kAvya meM jo bhI asarasatA evaM pravAhahInatA parilakSita hotI hai, usakA kAraNa dvivedIjI kI atizaya naitikatA evaM AdarzavAditA ko hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| kavitAoM meM bhI isa nIrasatA evaM kavi ke rUpa meM dvivedIjI kI asaphalatA ko vibhinna AlocakoM ne bhI lakSya kiyA hai / 2 ataeva, dvivedIjI kI kavitAoM ko unakI prasiddhi kA AdhAra nahIM banAyA jA sakatA hai / 1. DaoN0 rAjakizora kakkar3a : 'Adhunika hindI-sAhitya meM AlocanA kA vikAsa', pa0 588 / / 2. (ka) "dvivedIjI ke anuvAdoM ko chor3akara anya lagabhaga sabhI maulika racanA vicAroM athavA bhAvoM kI padya meM pariNati-mAtra haiN| unameM una AnandasvarUpa rasoM kI niSpatti karanevAle guNoM-zabda evaM arthasaundaryoM kA nitAnta abhAva hai|...maadhury ko to dvivedIjI kI naitikatA sApha hajama kara gaI hai|"-ddoN0 rAmakumAra varmA : 'Adhunika hindI-kAvyabhASA', pR0 406 / "dvivedIjI ke apane kAvya meM unakI dezabhakti, bhASAzakti, janatAbhakti Adi ucca bhAvanAoM kA prasAra hameM prabhAvita karatA hai, yadyapi unakI abhivyakti meM kavi ko saphalatA nahIM milI hai|"-ddoN. vizvambharanAtha upAdhyAya : 'Adhunika hindI-kavitA : siddhAnta aura samIkSA', pa0 124 / (ga) "rasa kI pradhAnatA dene para bhI ve apanI racanAoM meM rasa kI niSpatti karane meM asamartha rahe haiN|"-ddoN. surezacandra gupta : 'Adhunika hindIkaviyoM ke kAvya-siddhAnta, pR0 122-123 /

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zodha-niSkarSa [ 253 dvivedIjI kA itara sAhitya vaividhya-pUrNa evaM bikharA huA hai| kathA-sAhitya ke kSetra meM bhI unakI lekhanI kA kamAla kicit mAtrA me dIkhatA hai aura jIvanI-sAhitya kI racanA meM to dvivedIjI paTa hI the| nATakoM kI racanA dvivedIjI ne nahIM kii| upayogI viSayoM ke sAhitya kA bhANDAra unhoMne 'sarasvatI' ke mAdhyama se bharA aura isa dizA meM unakI upalabdhiyA~ mahattvapUrNa bhI haiN| AviSkAra, cikitsA-vijJAna. prANizAstra, arthazAstra, samAjazAstra, zikSAzAstra jaise upayogI zAstro se sambandha rakhanevAlI kaI maulika-anUdita racanAeM dvivedIjI ne prastuta kii| AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI kI sampUrNa sAhityika upalabdhiyoM ke isa anuzIlana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki sAhityakAra kevala apane racanAtmaka sAhitya se hI aitihAsika gaurava kA adhikArI nahI bana jAtA hai| dvivedIjI isake udAharaNa hai| unake dvArA likhA gayA sAhitya adhikAMzataH zIrSakoTi kA nahI hai, phira bhI hindIsAhitya ke itihAsa meM unakA mahattva Aloka-stambha ke samAna hai evaM unake nAma para sAmayika kAla kA nAmakaraNa 'dvivedI-yuga' ucita hI huA hai / DaoN0 rAmaavadha dvivedI ne likhA hai: "sAdhAraNatayA kaha sakate haiM ki dvivedIjI meM asAdhAraNa pratibhA na thI, na ve mahAn cintaka hI the, parantu unameM sudhAraka kA utsAha thA aura uddezya kI pUrti ke nimitta kArya karane kI zakti thI / inhI kAraNo se ve apane yuga ke apratima sAhitya kAra hai|" dvivedIjI ne sAhityika mArga-nirdezana karake, bhASA aura vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se hindI kA saMskAra karake evaM hindI-jagata kA paricaya vibhinna naye lekhakoM-kaviyoM se karAkara vaha aitihAsika sthAna hindI ke sAhityetihAsa meM prApta kara liyA thA, jisake lie mahAn sAhityika upalabdhiyoM kI pRSThabhUmi anya sAhityika rakhate hai| dvivedIjI kI sAdhanA kA yahI utkarSa eva niSkarSa mAnA jA sakatA hai| hindIsAhitya kI Aja jitanI bhI unnati huI hai, usakI vikAsAtmaka dizA kA nirdeza dvivedIjI ne kiyA thaa| ataeva, Adhunika samasta hindI-sAhitya dvivedIjI kI hI dena hai-yaha kathana atizayoktipUrNa nahI kahA jaaygaa| 1. DaoN0 rAmaavadha dvivedI : 'hindI-sAhitya ke vikAsa kI rUparekhA',pu0 160 /

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pramukha sahAyaka grantha eva patrikAe~ 'hindI : arjunadAsa keDiyA : bhAratI bhUSaNa, pra0 saM0, 1987 saM0 / AzA gupta : khar3I bolI-kAvya me abhivyaMjanA,pra0saM0 ,san 1962 I0 / oMkAranAtha zarmA : hindI-nibandha kA vikAsa, pra0 saM0, san 1964 I0 / udayabhAnu siMha : mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI aura unakA yuga, pra0 saM0, san 1953 ii0| urmilA gupta : hindI-kathAsAhitya ke vikAsa meM mahilAoM kA yoga, pra0 saM0, san 1966 I0 / kamalezvaraprasAda bhaTTa : hindI ke pratinidhi AlocakoM kI gadya-zailiyA~, pra0 saM0, san 1968 ii0| kRSNavallabha jozI : navya hindI-samIkSA, pra0 saM0, san 1966 I0 / kRSNalAla : Adhunika hindI-sAhitya kA vikAsa, pra0 saM0, san 1942 I0 / kesarInArAyaNa zukla : Adhunika kAvyadhArA kA sAMskRtika srota, pra. saM0, san 2004 vi0 (1947 ii.)| gaNapaticandra gupta : hindI-sAhitya kA vaijJAnika itihAsa, pra0 saM0 san 1965 ii0| gulAba rAya : 1. adhyayana aura AsvAda, AtmArAma / 2. AlocanA-kusumAMjalI, rUpakamala / 3. kAvya ke rUpa, AtmArAma, san 1947 I0 / 4. navarasa, dvi0 saM0, san 1934 I0 / 5. siddhAnta aura adhyayana, chaThA saM0, san 1965 I0 / 6. hindI-gadya kA vikAsa aura pramukha zailIkAra, pra0 saM0, san 1959 ii0|| gopAla rAya : hindI-kathAsAhitya aura usake vikAsa para pAThakoM kI ruci kA prabhAva, pra0 saM0, san 1965 I0 / govinda triguNAyata : zAstrIya samIkSA ke siddhAnta, bhAga 1-2, san 1962 ii0|

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pramukha sahAyaka grantha evaM patrikAe~ [ 255 jagannAthaprasAda zarmA : 1 hindI-gadya ke yuganirmAtA, nandakizora brdrs,kaashii| 2. hindI kI gadyazailI kA vikAsa, nAgarI-pracAraNI sabhA, kAzI, saM0 1987 vi0 / janArdanasvarUpa agravAla : hindI meM nibandha-sAhitya, dvi0 saM0, san 1953 ii0| jayacanda rAya : AcArya rAmacandra zukla : siddhAnta aura sAhitya, dillI, san 1963 ii0| jayanAtha nalina : hindI-nibandhakAra, dvi0 saM0, san 1964 I0 / jitarAma pAThaka : rASTrIyatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM Adhunika hindI-kAvya kA vikAsa, paTanA-vizvavidyAlaya, pI-eca. DI. zodha prabandha, san 1962 I0 / jekaba pI0 jaoNrja : Adhunika hindI-gadya aura gadyakAra, pra0 saM0, san 1966 I0 / dazaratha ojhA samIkSA-zAstra, rAjapAla aiNDa sansa, dillI, san 1955 ii0| devarAja 1. Adhunika samIkSA, lakhanaU, san 1954 I0 / 2. chAyAvAda kA patana, vANI mandira, chaparA, san 1948 ii0| 3. pratikriyAe~, rAjakamala prakAzana, dillI, san 1966 ii0| 4. sAhitya-cintA, dillI, san 1950 I0 / devarAja upAdhyAya : sAhitya tathA sAhityakAra, jayapura, san 1960 I0 / devIdatta zukla : dvivedI-kAvyamAlA, pra0 saM0, san 1940 ii0|| devIzaMkara avasthI : AlocanA aura AlocanA, kAnapura, san 1961 I0 / 'dhIrendra varmA : 1. pariSad-nibandhAvalI, bhAga 1-2 / 2. vicAradhArA, prayAga, saM0 1998 / 3. hindI-sAhityakoza, bhAga 2, pra0 saM0, san 1963 nandadulAre vAjapeyI : 1. Adhunika sAhitya, saM0 2007 vi0 / 2. nayA sAhitya : naye prazna, san 1955 I0 / 3. rASTrabhASA kI kucha samasyAe~, san 1962 ii0| 4. rASTrIya sAhitya tathA anya nibandha,san 1965 I0 / 5. hindI-sAhitya : bIsavI zatAbdI, san 1945 I0 / nagendra : 1. anusandhAna aura AlocanA,dillI,san 1961 I0 / 2. Adhunika hindI-kavitA kI mukhya pravRttiyA~, dvi0 saM0, san 1962 ii0|

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256 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRttva 3. Alocaka kI AsthA, dillI, pra0 sa0, san 1966 I0 / 4. bhAratIya kAvyazAstrI kI paramparA, dillI, saM0 2013 vi0| 5. bhAratIya kAvyazAstra kI bhUmikA, dillI, dvi0 saM0, san 1963 I0 / nalinavilocana zarmA : 1. dRSTikoNa, paTanA, san 1947 I0 / 2. mAnadaNDa, paTanA, san 1963 I0 / nAmavara siMha : 1. Adhunika sAhitya kI pravRttiyA~, prayAga, san 1954 I0 / 2. itihAsa aura AlocanA, kAzI, san 1962 I0 // 3. chAyAvAda, banArasa, san 1955 I0 / nirmala tAlavAra(sampA0): AcArya dvivedI, sAhitya-pratiSThAna, AgarA, san 1964 I0 / paTTAbhisItAramaiyA : kA~garesa kA itihAsa, bhAga 1 / pazUrAma zukla virahI : Adhunika hindI-kAvya meM yathArthavAda, pra0 saM0, san 1966 I0 / prakAzacandra gupta : 1. Adhunika hindI-sAhitya : eka dRSTi, bIkAnera, san 1952 ii0| 2. Aja kA hindI-sAhitya, dillI, san 1966 I0 / 3. nayA hindI-sAhitya : eka dRSTi, banArasa, pra0 sa0, san 1940 I., tR0 saM0, san 1946 I0 / 4. sAhitya-dhArA, banArasa, san 1956 I0 / 5. hindI-sAhitya kI janavAdI paramparA, prayAga, san 1953 I0 / pratApanArAyaNa TaNDana : samIkSA ke mAna aura hindI-samIkSA kI viziSTa pravRttiyA~ (2 khaNDa), lakhanaU, san 1965 I0 / prabhAkara mAcave : 1. vyakti aura vAGamaya, sAhanI prakAzana, dillii| 2. santulana, dillI, san 1954 ii0| 3. samIkSA kI samIkSA, dillI, 1953 I0 / prabhAta zAstrI (sampAdaka): saMcayana, pra0 saM0 1949 ii0|| premanArAyaNa TaNDana : dvivedI-sImAMsA, pra0 saM0, san 1939 I0 / bajaratnadAsa (sampA0) : bhAratendu-granthAvalI,bhAga 1, pra0 saM0 (2007 vi0)| brahmadatta zarmA : hindI-sAhitya meM nibandha, caturtha saM0, san 1956 I0 /

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pramukha sahAyaka grantha evaM patrikAe~ [ 255 bhagavatsvarUpa mizra : hindI-AlocanA : udbhava aura vikAsa, deharAdUna, san 1961 ii0| bhagIratha mizra : 1. adhyayana, lakhanaU, san 1963 ii0| 2. kalA, sAhitya aura samIkSA, dillI, san 1963 ii0| 3. sAhitya-sAdhanA aura samAja, lkhnuu| bhAratIya __ lekhanI uThAne ke pUrva, pra0 saM0, san 1940 I0 // mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : 1. AlocanAMjali, iNDiyana presa, prayAga san 1920 2. kAlidAsa aura unakI kavitA rASTrIya hindI mandira, jabalapara, saM0 1977 vi0 / 3. kAliTAsa ka, naraMkutA, prayAga, san 1911 ii0|| 4. kumArasambhava, tR0 saM0, san 1928 ii0| 5. naiSadhacaritacarcA, kalakattA, san 1916 I0 / 6. prAcIna kavi aura paNDita, pra0 saM0, san 1918 I0 / 7. rasajJa-raMjana, AgarA, saM0 2006 vi0 ( saptama saMskaraNa) 8. lekhAMjali, kalakattA, saM0 1985 vi0| 6. vikramAMkadevacaritacarcA, prayAga, san 1907 ii0|| 10. vicAra-vimarza, bhAratI bhaNDAra, kAzI, saM0 1981 vi0| 11. samAlocanA-samuccaya, prayAga, san 1930 ii0| 12. sAhitya-sandarbha, lakhanaU, saM0 1985 vi0| 13. sAhitya-sIkara, prayAga, san 1948 ii0| 14. sukavi-saMkIrtana, lakhanaU, pra0 saM0 / 15. hindI-kAlidAsa kI AlocanA, jhAMsI, san 1901 ii0| mizrabandhu : 1. sAhitya-pArijAta, lakhanaU / 2. mizrabandhu-vinoda (4 bhAga), lkhnuu| ramAkAnta pitrAThI hindI-gadyamImAMsA, kAnapura, san 1932 I.. ravIndranAthasahAya varmA: 1. pAzcAttya sAhityAlocana aura hindI para usakA prabhAva, gorakhapura, san 1960 ii0| hindI-kAvya para AMgla prabhAva, kAnapura, saM. 2011 vi0|

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258 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva rAMgeya rAghava : 1. kAvya, kalA aura zAstra, AgarA, san 1955I0 / : 2. kAvya, yathArtha aura pragati, AgarA, saM0 2012 vi0 / : 3. pragatizIla sAhitya ke mAnadaNDa, AgarA, san 1954 ii0| rAjakizora pANDeya bhAratIya bhASAoM kA Adhunika sAhitya, pra0 saM0, san 1961 ii0| rAmaavadha dvivedI hindI-sAhitya ke vikAsa kI rUparekhA, pra0 saM0 / rAmakumAra varmA : 1. sAhityazAstra, ilAhAbAda, san 1956 I0 / 2. sAhitya-samAlocanA, prayAga, saM0 1987 vi0 / 3. hindI-sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, ilAhAbAda, san 1938 I0 / rAmakumAra siMha Adhunika hindI-kAvyabhASA, pra0 saM0, san 1965 rAmagopAla siMha cauhAna : bhAratendu-sAhitya, pra0 saM0, san 1957 I0 / rAmacandra prasAda hindI-AlocanA para pAzcAttya prabhAva, zodha prabandha, paTanA-vizvavidyAlaya, san 1967 I0 / rAmacandra mizra zrIdhara pATaka tathA hindI kA pUrva-svacchandatAvAdI kAvya, pra0 saM0, san 1959 I0 / rAmacandra zukla hindI-sAhitya kA itihAsa, navA~ saMskaraNa, san 2009 vi0| gamadaraza mizra : hindI-AlocanA kA itihAsa, pra0 saM0, san 1960 ii0| rAmayatana siMha bhramara : Adhunika hindI-kavitA meM citra-vidhAna, pra0 saM0, san 1965 ii0| rAmavilAsa zarmA : 1. bhAratendu-yuga, caturtha saM0, san 1963 I0 / 2. bhAratendu harizcandra, dvi0 sa0, san 1966 I0 / 3. bhASA aura samAja, dillI, san 1961 I0 / 4. bhASA, sAhitya aura saMskRti, san 1954 I0 / 5. loka-jIvana aura sAhitya, AgarA, san 1955 6. saMskRti aura sAhitya, AgarA, san 1955 I0 / lakSmInArAyaNa gupta : hindI-bhASA aura sAhitya ko AryasamAja kI dena, pra0 sa0, saM0 2018 vi0 (san 1961 ii0)| lakSmInArAyaNa 'sudhAMzu' : hindI-sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, san 1965 ii0|

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pramukha sahAyaka grantha evaM patrikAeM [ 259 lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya : 1. Adhunika hindI-sAhitya, hindI-pariSad, prayAga vizvavidyAlaya, san 1941 I0 / 2. unnIsavIM zatAbdI, pra0 saM0, san 1933 I0 / 3. Adhunika hindI-sAhitya 'kI bhUmikA, prayAga___vizvavidyAlaya, san 1952 I0 / 4. hindI-gadya kI pravRttiyA~, pra0 saM0, san 1958 ii0| 5. hindI-sAhitya kA itihAsa, lakhanaU, san 1952 ii0| vAsudevanandana prasAda : vicAra aura niSkarSa, pra0 saM0, san 1956 ii0| vijayendra snAtaka : AlocanA : rAmacandra zukla (DaoN0 gulAba rAya aura vijayendra snAtaka dvArA sampAdita), dillI, dvi0 sa0, san 1962 ii0| vizvanAthaprasAda mizra : 1. vAGamaya-vimarza, caturtha saM0, saM0 2008 vi0| 2. hindI kA sAmayika sAhitya, sarasvatI mandira, kAzI, sa. 2008 vi0 / vizvambharanAtha upAdhyAya : Adhunika hindI-kavitA : siddhAnta aura samIkSA, pra0 saM0, san 1962 I0 / zakaradayAla cauRSi : dvivedI-yuga kI hindI-gadyazailiyoM kA adhyayana, pra0 saM0, san 1965 ii0| zacIrAnI gurTsa : hindI ke Alocaka, dillI, san 1955 I0 / zatrughna prasAda dvivedIyugIna hindI-nATaka, paTanA-vizva0 zodha prabandha, san 1968 ii0| zAntipriya dvivedI : 1. yuga aura sAhitya, prayAga, san 1941 ii0| 2. sAhityikI, bAMkIpura, san 1938 I0 / 3. saMcAriNI, prayAga, san 1941 ii0| 4. sAmayikI, kAzI, saM0 2001 vi0| 5. hamAre sAhityanirmAtA, pra0 saM0, san 1947 I0 / zitikaNTha mizra khar3I bolI kA Andolana, pra0saM0 san 1958 ii0| zivakaraNa siMha AlocanA ke badalate mAnadaNDa aura hindI-sAhitya, pra0 saM0, san 1967 ii0| zivacandra pratApa hindI-sAhitya : eka rekhAcitra, pra0 saM0, san 1957 I0 /

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260 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva zivapUjana sahAya (saM0 ) : 1. dvivedI - abhinandana grantha, pra0 saM0, san 1933 I0 / 2. zivapUjana racanAvalI, bhAga 4, pra0 saM0, san 1659 I0 / : 1. AlocanA ke mAna, dillI, san 1958 I0 / 2. AlocanA ke siddhAnta, dillI, 1960 I0 / 3. AlocanA : itihAsa tathA siddhAnta, dillI, dvi0 saM0, san 1964 I0 / 4. sAhitya kI parakha, prayAga, san 1948 I0 / 5. sAhitya kI samasyAe~, dillI, san 1951 I0 / 6. sAhityAnuzIlana, dillI, san 1955 I0 / 7. hindI sAhitya ke assI varSa, dvi0 saM0, san 1961 I0 / zivadAna siha cauhAna zivanAtha sudhIndra : hindI - AlocanA kI arvAcIna pravRttiyAM, pra0 saM0, san 1961 I0 / : 1. hindI - kavitA meM yugAntara, pra0 saM0, san 1956 I0 / pra0 saM0, san 2. hindI - kavitA meM krAnti-yuga, 1947 I0 / : Adhunika hindI kaviyoM ke kAvya-siddhAnta, pra0 saM0 san 1960 I0 / bhAratIya rASTravAda ke vikAsa kI hindI - sAhitya meM abhivyakti, pra0 saM0, san 1966 I0 / : bIsavIM zatI ke prathama do dazakoM kI 'sarasvatI' aura Adhunika sAhitya ke vikAsa meM usakA yoga, pI-eca0 DI0 zodha-prabandha, bI0 eca0 yU0, san 1963 I0 / hajArIprasAda dvivedI (saM0) : 1. paNDita jagannAtha tivArI - abhinandana grantha, pra0 saM0, surezacandra gupta suSamA nArAyaNa santabakhza siMha san 1966 I0 / 2. vicAra aura vitarka, pra0 saM0, san 1945 I0 / 3. sAhitya- sahacara, vArANasI, san 1965 I0 / 4. hindI - sAhitya, saM0 2009 vi0 / patrakAritA ke gaurava : bA~kebihArI bhaTanAgara, pra0saM0, san 1967 I0 / harivaMzarAya 'baccana' (saM0) :

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pramukha sahAyaka grantha evaM patrikAe~ [ 261 Hirtant : Bradley, A. C. : Oxford Lectures on Poetry, London;" 1962, Caudwell, Christopher : Studies in a Dying Culture, London 1956. Collingwood, R.C. : The Principles of Art, Oxford, 1962. Daiches, David. : 1. Literary Easays, London & Edinburgh, 1956. 2. A Study of Literature for Readers and Critics, New York, 1948. Eliot, T. S. : The Sacred Wood, London, 1957. Frye, Northrop : Anatomy of Criticism, Princeton, 1957. Ghiselin, Brewster : The Creative Process, A Mentor Book, 1955. Highet, Gilbert : The Classical Tradition, Oxford, 1949. Holloway, John : The Charted Mirror, London, 1960. Hudson, W. H. : An Introduction to the Study of Litera ture, London, 1958. Hulme, T. E. : Speculations. Jarrell. Poetry and the Age, New York, 1962. Jones, Edmnmd D. : English critical Essays, XIX Century, 1945. Levin, Harry (Ed.) : Perspectives of Crticism, Cambridge, 1950. Lucas, FL. : Style, 1956. Murry, Middleton : The Problem of Styles, 1962. Scott James, R. A. : The Making of Literature, 1944. Wimsatt, William K. : Literary Criticism, A Short History, New (Jr)& Cleanth Brooks: York, 1959. Worsfold, W. Basil : The Principles of Criticism, London, 1923.

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262 ] AcArya mahAvIraprasAda dvivedI : vyaktitva evaM kartRtva patra-patrikAeM: 1. avantikA 2. AlocanA 3. kalpanA 4. nAgarI-pracAriNI patrika 5. naI dhArA 6. mAdhyama 7. sarasvatI 8. hindI-anuzIlana 9. himAlaya