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20143.) Nyāya-Kusumānjali
Avinabhava. If the middle term and the major term exist simultaneously, the former is called Vyapya (pervaded or contained ) and the latter, Vyapaka
pervader or container). Thus in the instance, “ Wherever there is smoke there is fire,” smoke is Vyapya and fire, Vyapala,
Dharmin is the place or the locus in which the major term abides. It is called the minor term. It is also known as A’sraya and Paksha. In the inference “ gaat afgat, Thala” (This mountain is fiery as it is smoky ), 'ta' ( mountain ) is the Dharmin ( the minor term ),
fanta' (fiery ) is the Sadhya, ( the major term) and stafara (for it is smoky ) is the Sadhana (the middle term ).
Anumana is of two kinds: (1) Svarthanumana and (2) Pararthanumana.
Svarthanumana is the valid knowledge arising in one's own mind from repeated observation of facts. It is useful for removing one's own doubts. A man by repeated observations in the kitchen and elsewhere forms the conclusion in his mind that wherever there is smoke there is fire. Afterwards, he is not certain as to whether the mountain that he sees is fiery or not. But noticing it to be smoky he l'ecalls to his mind the inseparable connection between fire and smoke and concludes that there must be fire on this mountain. This is an example of Svarthanumana,
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