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Nyaya-Kusumanjali
systems of philosophy, such as Vedanta, Nyaya, Sankhya, Mimamsa, etc. It also means knowledge of scriptures. It is the most important form of S'rutajnana. It is admitted as Pramana because it is the most reliable form of testimony being the word of an omniscient being who is completely devoid of all sorts of attachment and aversion and who has no motive or reason for deceiving or misleading any one. Such being the case, Agama is not incompatible with the truths derived from perception, etc.
The fallacy of example may arise in the homogeneous or heterogeneous form from defect in the middle term or the major term or both; or from doubt about them.
Fallacies of the homogeneous example are as
under:
(1) Sadhya-Vikala, (2) Sadhana-Vikala and (3) Ubhaya-Vikala.
Word is Apaurusheya (not produced by man) because it is Amurta (devoid of sensible qualities ) like (a) sensual pain, (b) an atom or (c) a jar.
Here (a) is an instance of the wrong illustration of the Sadhya (because sensual pain is rather Paurusheya), (b) of the Sadhana (for an atom is not devoid of sensible qualities) and (c) of both, Sadhya and Sadhana (for, a jar is neither Apaurusheya nor void of sensible qualities). (a), (b) and (c) are res pectively the illustrations of the examples involving a defect in the major term, the middle term and in 18
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