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Belyden ) Nyāya-Kusumānjali cow ( Gotva ) (in cows ), and the fundamental substance ( like gold ) which is present in the modifications ( Paryayas )-a bracelet, etc., is called UrdhvataSamanya. The Paryaya is called Vis'esha. Samanya and Vis'esha are not entirely distinct from an object. (32)
Notes:--The same fundamental attribute that is found in all the objects denoted by a genus is called Tiryak-Samanya. Ghatatva which is present in all the Ghatas, Gotva that is found in all the cows, Suvarnatva that is to be had in all the objects of gold, etc; are instances of Tiryak-Samanya. On the other hand, Urdhvata-Samanya is a substance. It remains the same in all the modifications it undergoes. For instance, we can have various kinds of ornaments of gold. Now in all these kinds, modifications, gold is present. Hence Suvarna is called Urdhvata-Samanya. Consider one more case of Ghata prepared from clay. It is true that various articles such as Kumbha, Kalas'a, etc., can be prepared from this very clay. Thus, clay is to be found in all the modifications. So, this clay can be called Urdhvata-Samanya.
Vis'esha is of two kinds:-Guna and Paryaya. Guna is coexistent with what it reveals. In other words, it is Sahabhavin. For example, consciousness is the Guna of Atman. It coexists with it. It can be never separated from it. Paryaya is a modification. It is Krama-bhavin. Pleasure, pain, etc., are its instances. Thus it is clear that the particular mark which stays all the time with the substance is Guna, while the temporary state is Paryaya.
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