Vikram Pushpanjali

Author(s): Kalidas Mahakavi
Publisher: ZZZ Unknown
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/035307/1

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vikrama-puSpAMjali [ mahAkavi kAlidAsa] atra priyakAriNaM sambhAvayAmo rAjarSim / apanA hita karanevAle rAjarSi kA Aja hama sammAna karate haiN| diSTyA mahendropakAraparyAptena vikramamahimnA vardhate bhavAn / __he rAjarSi, vikrama kI mahimA ke liye hama ApakA abhinaMdana + karate haiN| svarga ke mahAn iMdra kA bhI upakAra karane meM ApakA vikrama samartha hai ; phira pRthivI-tala kA to kahanA hI kyA hai ? vayaM tvadIyaM jayodAharaNaM zratvA tvaamihsthmupaagtaaH| ApakI jaya kA bakhAna karanevAle stutigAnoM ko sunakara hama / / Apake samIpa ekatra hue haiN| diSTyA mahArAjo vijayena vardhate / he mahArAja, harSa hai ki ApakI vijaya kI kahAnI bar3ha rahI hai| sarvathA kalpazataM mahArAjaH pRthivIM pAlayan bhavatu / he mahAn rAjan, saikar3oM kalpoM taka yaha pRthivI ApakI surakSA / aura suzAsana se sajI huI rahe /

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. YOOOOOD JOID O OOOO abo va LOOD pUrNa ghaTa (kAbula se 60 mIla uttara begrAma, prAcIna kapizA se prApta)

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA, . vikramAMka varSa 48-aMka 1-4 [navIna saMskaraNa] vaizAkha-mAgha 2000 - bhArata-vaMdanA [mahAbhArata se ] . atharvaveda ke pRthivIsakta se prAraMbha kara deza ke stuti-gAna ke kaI udAharaNa hamAre sAhitya meM prApta hote haiN| unameM se mahAbhArata ke bhISmaparva kI bhArata-vaMdanA bhAvoM kI dRSTi se atyaMta utkRSTa hai| bhISmaparva meM jo bhArata kA bhaugolika bhuvanakoSa diyA hai, yaha prazasti usakI suMdara kAvyamayI bhUmikA hai| isake zlokoM meM prAcIna vaidika chaMdoM kI dhvani sunAI par3atI hai| atra te kIrtayiSyAmi varSe bhArata bhAratam / priyamindrasya devasya manovaivasvatasya ca // 5 // pRthostu rAjanvainyasya tathekSvAkormahAtmanaH / / yayAterambarISasya mAndhAturnahuSasya ca // 6 // tathaiva mucukundasya ziberauzInarasya ca / RSabhasya tathailasya nRgasya nRpatestathA // 7 // kuzikasya ca durdharSa gAdhezcaiva mahAtmanaH / sAmakasya ca durdharSa dilIpasya tathaiva ca // 8 //

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA anyeSAM ca mahArAja kSatriyANAM balIyasAm / sarveSAmeva rAjendra priyaM bhArata bhAratam // 9 // [bhISma parva zra.6] saMjaya dhRtarASTra ko saMbodhana karake kahate haiM "he bhArata, aba maiM tumase usa bhAratavarSa kA bakhAna karU~gA jo bhArata devarAja iMdra ko pyArA hai, vivasvAn ke putra manu ne jisa bhArata ko apanA priyapAtra banAyA thA; he rAjan, AdirAja vainya pRthu ne jisa bhArata ko apanA prema arpita kiyA thA aura mahAtmA rAjarSivarya ikSvAku kI jisa bhArata ke liye hArdika prIti thii| __pratApI yayAti aura bhakta aMbarISa, trilokavizrata mAMdhAtA aura tejasvI nahuSa jisa bhArata ko apane hRdaya meM sthAna dete the; samrATa mucukuMda aura prauzInara zibi, RSabha aila aura nRpati nRga jisa bhArata ko cAhate the; he durdharSa, mahArAja kuzika aura mahAtmA gAdhi, pratApI somaka aura vratI dilIpa jisa bhArata ke prati bhakti rakhate the, use maiM tumase kahatA huuN| he mahArAja, aneka balazAlI kSatriyoM ne jisa bhUmi ko pyAra kiyA hai tathA aura saba bhI jisa bhArata ko cAhate haiM he bharatavaMza meM utpanna, usa bhArata ko maiM tumase kahatA huuN|" - isa bhAratavaMdanA meM jina cakravartI rAjarSiyoM ke nAma haiM ve bhArata ke itihAsa meM himAlaya ke U~ce zikharoM kI bhA~ti suzobhita haiN| ve loga binA kAraNa bhAratavarSa ko pyAra karanevAle na the| isa bhUmi kI sabhyatA kA upakAra karane ke liye unhoMne apane jIvana kA bharapUra dAna diyaa| una puNyAtmA rAjarSiyoM ke vikrama se bhArata-dharitrI dhanya huii| unake sthApita Adarza bhArata ke ciraMtana jayastaMbha haiN| jisa prakAra sumahAn himAlaya apane dravita varadAnoM kI dhArAoM se deza ko sIMcatA hai, usI prakAra mahAn AdarzoM ke ve himAdri hamArI saMskRti ko rasa pradAna karate haiN| ina mahAtmAoM ne AdoM ke nUtana pathoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| unakA kIrtana itihAsajJoM kA dharma hai|

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bhArata-vaMdanA 62. [viSNupurANa se] manvAdi rAjarSi apane kisI sukha ke liye bhAratavarSa ke anurAgo na the| zibi aura dilIpa jisa kAraNa se bhAratavarSa ko prema karate the ve isa bhUmi ke satya aura dharma ke Adarza haiM jinako jIvana meM pratyakSa karanA unakA dRr3ha vrata aura parAkrama thaa| ina puNya AdarzoM kI jisa bhUmi meM pratiSThA huI vaha bhUmi svarga aura mokSa donoM kI prApti kA sAdhana samajhI gii| isI bhAva ke dhyAna se gadgada hokara viSNu-purANa ke lekhaka ne svarga ke pada se bhI bhAratavarSa ke pada ko U~cA uThA diyA haigAyanti devAH kila gItakAni dhanyAstu te bhaartbhuumibhaage| svargApavargAspadahetubhUte ____ bhavanti bhUyaH puruSAH suratvAt // [viSNu0 2 / 3 / 24] "sunA hai ki devatA bhI svarga meM yaha gIta gAte haiM-'dhanya haiM ve loga jo bhArata-bhUmi meM utpanna hue haiN| vaha bhUmi svarga se bhI viziSTa hai, kyoMki vahA~ svarga aura mokSa donoM kI sAdhanA kI jA sakatI hai| jo devatva bhoga cukate haiM ve mokSa ke liye punaH bhAratavarSa meM janma lete haiM, jahA~ ke Adarza apavarga kI prApti meM kAraNabhUta haiN|" [yajurveda se ] * Upara jisa Adarza-saMskRti kI kalpanA kI gaI hai usakA citra yajurvada ke isa Abrahman sUkta meM prApta hotA hai zrAbrahman ! brAhmaNo brahmavarcasI jAyatAm / zrArASTra rAjanyaH zUra iSavyo'tivyAdhI mahAratho jAyatAm / dognI dhenu:, voDhAnar3avAn , aAzuH saptiH, purandhiryoSA; jiSNUratheSThAH, sabheyo yuvAsya yajamAnasya vIro jAyatAm / nikAme nikAme naH parjanyo varSatu / phalavatyo na oSadhayaH pacyantAm / yogakSemo naH kalpatAm / [yaju0 22 / 22]

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA he brahman ! ho rASTra hamAsa, vizvaziromaNi bhArata pyArA / hoM budha brahmavarcasI brAhmaNa, mahArathI rAjanya vicakSaNa, sAdhvI vIraprasU mahilAgaNa, vijayI vIra sabheya yuvakagaNa, , ho saba sabhya samAja hamArA / zUra iSavya ratheSTha sulabha hoM, . dogdhrI dhenu baliSTha vRSabha ho.. drutagati azva vAyu-sannibhaM hoM, samaya-samaya para ghana-yuta nabha ho, barasAvai madhu-madhu jaladhArA / annauSadhi vaibhava anaMta hoM, druma-dala vilasita dig-digaMta hoM, nara-nArI saba tejavaMta ho, divya bhAva dizi-dizi jvalaMta hoM, ho zubha yoga-kSema hamArA / (paM0 dvijendranAthajI kRta padyAnuvAda)

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caraiveti-caraiveti gAna [ lekhaka - zrI vAsudevazaraNa ] aitareya brAhmaNa ke isa suMdara gIta meM iMdra ne harizcaMdra ke putra rohita ko sadA calate rahane kI zikSA dI hai| iMdra ko yaha zikSA kisI brahmavettA brAhmaNa prApta huI thii| ( 1 ) caraiveti caraiveti nAnAzrAntAya zrIrasti iti rohita zuzruma / pApo nRSadvaro jana indra iccarataH sakhA // caraiveti, caraiveti / he rohita, sunate haiM ki zrama se jo nahIM thakA, aise puruSa ko zrI nahIM pApa ghara dabAtA hai| iMdra usI kA mitra hai, isaliye calate raho, calate raho / milatI / baiThe hue AdamI ko jo barAbara calatA rahatA hai| ( 2 ) puSpiNyau carato jaMghe bhUSNurAtmA phalagrahiH / zere'sya sarve pApmAnaH zrameNa prapathe hatAH // caraiveti, caraiveti / jo puruSa calatA rahatA hai, usakI jA~ghoM meM phUla phUlate haiM, usakI AtmA calanevAle ke pApa thakakara soe rahate haiM / bhUSita hokara phala prApta karatI hai / isaliye calate raho, calate raho / ( 3 ) Aste bhaga AsInasya UrdhvastiSThati tiSThataH / zete nipadyamAnasya carAti carato bhagaH // caraiveti, caraiveti /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA baiThe hue kA saubhAgya baiThA rahatA hai, khar3e honevAle kA saubhAgya khar3A ho jAtA hai, par3e rahanevAle kA saubhAgya sotA rahatA hai aura uThakara calanevAle kA saubhAgya cala par3atA hai| isaliye calate raho, calate rho| kaliH zayAno bhavati saMjihAnastu dvAparaH / uttiSThastretA bhavati kRtaM sampadyate caran / __ caraiveti, caraiveti / sonevAle kA nAma kali hai, aMgar3AI lenevAlA dvApara hai, uThakara khar3A honevAlA netA hai, aura calanevAlA kRtayugI hotA hai| isaliye calate raho, calate rho| caranvai madhu vindati caransvAdumudambaram / sUryasya pazya zremANaM yo na tandrayate caran / caraiveti, caraiveti / calatA huA manuSya hI madhu pAtA hai, calatA huA hI svAdiSTha phala cakhatA hai| sUrya kA parizrama dekho, jo nitya calatA huzrA kabhI Alasya nahIM krtaa| isaliye calate raho, calate rho| isa gIta kA vAstavika abhiprAya yaha hai ki jIvana meM sadA calate raho, kyoMki calane kA nAma hI jIvana hai| ThaharA huA pAnI sar3a jAtA hai, baiThA huzrA manuSya pApI hotA hai| bahate hue pAnI meM jIvana rahatA hai, vahI vAyu aura sUrya ke prANa-bhaMDAra meM se prANa ko apanAtA hai| par3Ava DAlane kA nAma jiMdagI nahIM hai| jIvana ke rAste meM thakakara so jAnA, yA AlasI banakara baserA le lenA mUrchA hai| jAgane kA nAma jIvana hai| jAgRti hI gati hai| nidrA mRtyu hai| apane mArga meM barAbara Age paira bar3hAte raho, sadA 'calate raho, calate raho' kI dhvani kAnoM meM gUMjatI rhe| vaha dekho anaMta AkAza ko pAra karatA huA aparimita lokoM kA paribhramaNa karatA huA sUrya prAta:kAla Akara hamameM se pratyeka ke jIvana-dvAra para yahI alakha jagAtA hai. 'mere zrama ko dekho, maiM kabhI calatA huA thakatA nahIM; ___ isaliye, calate raho, calate rho|'

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vikrama-sUtra - [ lekhaka-zrI rAmadatta zukla bhAradvAja, lakhanaU ] svayaM vAjin tanvaM kalpayasva svayaM yajasva svayaM juSasva / mahimA te'nyena na sNnshe| [yaju0 23 / 15] . krama kyA hai ? krama kI apekSA se vikrama kyA hai ? krama aura vikrama meM kyA aMtara hai ? / krama gati hai, vikrama vizeSa gati hai| krama jIvana meM astitvamAtra kA paricAyaka hai, vikrama jIvana kI sattA meM caitanya kA yoga hai / krama asti-bhAva hai, vikrama jIvana meM caraiveti kI sazakta bhAvanA ke sAtha saMyukta honA hai| krama pRthivI ke sAtha reMgatA hai, vikrama mahAn hokara dhuloka ko bhI nApatA hai| krama kI sthiti bhUmi ke samAnAMtara rahato hai, vikrama kA dRr3ha merudaMDa urdhvasthita hotA hai| krama vAmana hai, vikrama viSNu kI bhAMti virAT hai| vAmana se virAT meM AnA hI vikrama kI saccI paribhASA hai| krama pairoM ke nIce kI bhUmi ko kaThinAI se dekhatA hai, vikrama tIna pairoM se samasta brahmAMDa ko nApa letA hai "idaM viSNurvicakrame tredhA nidadhe padam" prajApati viSNu ne sRSTi-racanA meM mahAna vikrama kiyaa| apane tIna padoM se dyAvA pRthvI ke gaMbhIra pradeza ko viSNu ne maapaa| viSNu ke padoM se jo paricchinna huA hai, vaha saMtata vikrama se prabhAvita hai| eka kSaNa ke liye bho viSNu ke vikramazIla karma meM vyavadhAna nahIM hotaa| __ manuSya vAmana hai, devatva virAT bhAva hai| mAnavI mana vikrama se yukta hokara virAT hotA hai| sAr3he tIna hAtha kI kSudra paridhi se pariveSTita manuSya kA mana jaba vikrama se yukta hotA hai, sAre vizva ko nApa letA hai| manuSya martya hai, paraMtu vikrama amRta bhAva se yukta hotA hai|

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA manuSya ke prayatna alpAyu hote haiM, vikrama kA sAkA loka meM cirAyuSa lAbha karatA hai| jisa kedra meM vikrama ke bhAva utpanna hote haiM, usakI lahareM tIna loka meM vyApta ho jAtI haiM, vikrama ke sphuraNa ko dUra taka saba anubhava meM lAte haiN| ___ jahA~ vikrama hai vahIM jIvana kA pUrNa vikAsa hai / pratyeka manuSya apane keMdrabiMdu para sthita hokara vikrama karane meM samartha hai| tapaHprabhAva aura devaprasAda vikramazIla Adarza jIvana ko upalabdhi ke sAdhana haiM / vikrama ke aneka rUpa haiM / virATa bhAva vizvarUpa se yukta hotA hai| svayaM prajApati viSNu ne vikramayajJa ke dvArA sRSTi utpanna kI / kSatrakArya, jyeSThatA, jAnarAjya, aura iMdratva, ina cAra guNoM ko rAjasUya yajJa meM dhAraNa karane ke liye rAjA apane rASTra meM vikrama karatA hai| jAtaveda AcArya apane prANoM se bhI priya aMtevAsI ke zuddha aMtaHkaraNa meM brahmadAna dvArA usameM dIrghAyuSya aura apane liye amRtatva kI upalabdhi ke nimitta-vikrama karatA hai| brahmaniSTha brahmacArI tApatraya-vinAza tathA puruSArtha catuSTaya ko prApta karane ke liye brahmaudana rUpI mahAn zakti ko apane aMdara paripakva karane ke liye devadurlabha vikrama karatA hai| isI prakAra mAtA aura pitA, pati aura patnI, Rtvika aura yajamAna, svAmI aura sevaka, Adi kalyANa-patha para nirApada agrasara hone ke liye sUrya aura caMdra kI bhA~ti saba apane apane kSetra meM punardAna, ahiMsA aura prajJAna ke AdhAra para satata vikrama kara sakate haiN| vikrama kA pariNAma kabhI ahitakara nahIM ho sktaa| vaha to sadA satya ke anuSThAna ke liye hI hotA hai| vikrama to kevala kalyANa kA AhvAna karatA hai| eka janapada ke viSaya meM azvapati kekaya kI pratijJA unakA mahAn vikrama hai| mere janapada meM koI stena, saMkalpa se virahita athavA AcArazUnya nahIM hai| cakravartI mahArAja dilIpa ne naMdinI ke rakSArtha apane zarIra ko annarUpa se siMha ke samakSa prastuta karake eka lokottara vikrama kA paricaya diyaa| isI prakAra bharata aura bhISma ne alpatA kI samasta maryAdAoM kA atikramaNa karake bhUmA bhAva kA mahAn Adarza sthApita kiyaa| AtmavikAsa kI apekSA se hI vizva kA samasta vaibhava priya honA saMbhava hai, isa parama adhyAtma

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vikrama-sUtra tattva ke sarvazreSTha upadeSTA maharSi yAjJavalkya kI patnI maitreyI ne bhogyavastu-pradhAna aura ekAMtataH vinazvara sAMsArika vaibhava kA parityAga karake avinAzI adhyAtmavidyA prApta karane ke liye jo dRr3ha saMkalpa kiyA usake samAna Adarza vikrama itihAsa meM sarvathA durlabha hai| satItva ke kSetra meM prAta:smaraNIyA gAMdhArI kA udAharaNa dhruva ke samAna alaukika vikrama kA paricAyaka hai| oMkArapUrvaka jo vacana diyA jAtA hai, vaha sadA satya hI karane ke liye hotA hai| isa prakAra kI manovRtti vikrama kI janayitrI hai| pRthivI zaila sAgaroM ko sukha se dhAraNa karatI hai, kiMtu vaha asatya kA bhAra nahIM vahana kara sktii| - "satyenottabhitA bhUmiH sUryeNottabhitA dyauH" vAmana ke vikrama ke liye bali ke aDiga satya kI AvazyakatA hai| jIvana kA pratyeka krama vikrama meM pariNata kiyA jA sakatA hai| jo vikrama ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtA hai, vahI zAzvata mahattva rakhatA hai| vikrama ke tIna pada vAmana ke asaMkhya padoM se adhika mahimAzAlI haiN| brahmacArI, gRhastha aura yati. vikrama ke tIna caraNa haiM, jinase yaha jIvana nApA gayA hai| prathama pada meM pradatta avikasita daivI zaktiyoM kA pUrNa vikAsa hotA hai, dvitIya pada meM suvikasita vaibhava kA suprayoga kiyA jAtA hai, aura tRtIya pada meM punaH vitarita zaktiyoM ko paripUrNa karake akSaya adhyAtmakoza kI upalabdhi karane ke liye vikrama kiyA jAtA hai| prathama do padoM kA dhyeya Abhyudayika kalyANa hai aura tRtIya pada kA lakSya niHzreyasa siddhi hai| ina donoM prakAra kI siddhiyoM kI suprApti hI parama puruSArtha hai| viSNurUpI yajJa ke yahI tripAda, tIna savana, tIna avasthAe~ athavA tIna vikrama haiN|

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vikrama saMvatsara kA abhinaMdana [ lekhaka - zrI vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ] atIta kA merudaMDa aura aura maiM rASTra se vikramAM maiM saMvatsara hU~ --- rASTra ke vikrama kA sAkSI, bhaviSya kA kalpavRkSa / mujhase rASTra poSita huA hai kita huA hU~ / bhAratIya mahAprajAoM ke madhya meM maiM mahAkAla kA varada pratIka huuN| merA aura rASTra kA gaurava eka hai| mere vikramazola yaza kI pati hai| gauravazIla zatAbdiyA~ mero kIrti ke jayastaMbha haiM / maiM sote huoM meM jAganevAlA huuN| mere jAgaraNazIla sparza se yuga-yuga kI nidrA aura taMdrA gata ho jAtI haiN| mahAkAla kI jo zakti sRSTi ko Age bar3hAtI hai vahI mujhameM hai / mere sazakta bAhuoM meM rASTra pratipAlita huA hai / maiM calanevAloM kA sakhA hU~ / mere saMcaraNazIla rathacakroM ke sAtha jo cala sakA hai vahI jIvita hai| mere akSa kI dhurI kabhI garama nahIM hotI, dhIra abAdhita gati se maiM Age bar3hatA hU~ / pRthivI aura dyuloka ke gaMbhIra pradeza meM merI vidyut taraMge vyApta haiN| unase jinake mAnasa saMcAlita haiM Baat nizA bIta jAtI hai / maiM prajApati hU~ / prajAoM ke jIvana se maiM jIvita rahatA hU~ / prajAe~ jaba vRddhizIla hotI haiM taba maiM sahasra netroM se harSita hotA hU~ / maiM AyuSmAn hU~ / prajAoM kA AyusUtra mujhase hai| maiM prajAoM se AyuSmAn aura prajAe~ mujhase AyuSmAn hotI haiM / unake jisa karma meM Ayu kA bhAga hai hama hai| pratyeka pIr3hI meM prajAe~ Ayu kA upabhoga karatI calatI haiM ; paraMtu ve samaSTi rUpa meM amara haiM kyoMki unake prAMgaNa meM sUrya nitya amRta kI varSA karatA hai| sUrya ahorAtra ke dvArA mere hI svarUpa kA udghATana karatA hai| maiM aura sUrya eka haiM / mere ekarasa rUpa meM saMvat aura tithiyoM ke aMka divya alaMkAroM ke samAna haiN| unakI zobhA ko dhAraNa karake maiM gauravAnvita hotA hU~ /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA mere aMdara prajanana kI anaMta sAmarthya hai| prajAntvabhAna merA saccA svarUpa hai| sarvabhUtadhAtrI lokanamaskRtA pRthivI ke aMka meM mere hI varadAna se prativarSa anata sRSTi hotI hai| jisa samaya rASTra kI prajAoM meM navIna nirmANa kI cetanA sphurita hotI hai vahI mere yauvana kA kAla hai| nUtana racanA kI jo zobhA hai vahI merI bhI hai| racanA kI zakti hI prajAoM meM jIvana kA pramANa hai| jisa yuga meM sabase mahAna racanA kA kArya huA hai vahI mere jIvana kA svarNayuga hai| pratyeka deza kA itihAsa suvarNa-yugoM se hI zrImAn banatA hai| suvarNa-yuga itihAsa kI parama Rddhi haiN| jahA~ RddhabhAva haiM vahIM iMdra kA pada hotA hai| maiM iMdra kA sakhA huuN| rASTra ke aizvarya meM maiM iMdra-pada ko dekhatA huuN| jisa yuga meM rASTra kA yaza samudroM ko lA~ghakara dvIpAMtaroM meM phaila gayA thA aura parvatoM ko pAra karake dezAMtaroM meM pahuMcA thA, so yuga meM maiM apane jIvana meM dhanya huaa| mere kRtArtha hone para hI deza kRtakRtya hotA hai| mere liye havi arpita kie binA koI jAti ajita nahIM hotii| maiM jJAna aura karma kI havi cAhatA huuN| sazakta ciMtana aura sakriya jIvana ke yajJa kA maiM yajamAna huuN| mere vikramaparaka nAmakaraNa ke jo purohita the unhoMne mere svarUpa ke yathArtha bhAva ko samajhA thaa| gaNita ke aMkoM meM samAe hue mere rUpa ko dekhakara jo merI avahelanA karate haiM ve mUr3ha haiN| maiM mahAna vikramAMka huuN| sRSTi ke nirmANa meM viSNu ne vicaMkramaNa kiyA; rASTra ke nirmANa meM merA vikrama hai| - rAjarSiyoM kI paraMparA ne apane vikrama ke varadAna se mujhe upakRta kiyA hai| vikrama hI merA upaniSad hai| merA Adi aura aMta avyakta hai| vikrama kA ojAyamAna pravAha hI mere vyakta madhya kA sUcaka hai| usameM prajAoM ke jIvana kA rasa ota-prota rahatA hai| maiM purANa puruSa kI taraha vRddha hotA huA bhI vikrama ke kAraNa ciraMtana yauvana kA svAmI huuN| jisakA jIvana sadA utthAnazIla hai vahI merA nikaTa saMbaMdhI hai, anyathA maiM eka-rasakAla ke samAna nilaMpa huuN| sadotthAyI rASTra para kRpA karake hI maiM tithiyoM ke dIpta aMka apane utsaMga meM dhAraNa karatA huuN| prajAoM ke karmaTha jIvana ke jo pAdanyAsa vikrama ke sAtha rakhe gae, unhIM ko /

Page #17
-vikrama saMvatsara kA abhinaMdana chApa mere kAlacakra para amiTa par3I hai| una caraNa-nyAsoM ke liye yadi prajAoM ke mana meM zraddhA kA bhAva hai to unakA bhAvI jIvana bhI amara hai| maiM bhUta ke baMdhana se bhaviSya ko bA~dhane ke liye astitva meM nahIM hU~, varan atIta ke prakAza se bhaviSya ko Alokita karane ke liye maiM jIvita huuN| jahA~ jIvana kA rasa hai vahA~ merA nivAsa hai| rasa-hIna karma mujhe asatya pratIta hotA hai| satya ke Azraya se hI jIvana meM rasa kA srota pravAhita hotA hai| niSprANa jJAna ko maiM rASTra kA abhizApa samajhatA huuN| prANavaMta jJAna vyakti aura samAja ke jIvana ko amRta-rasa se vRddhi ke liye sIMcatA hai| jahA~ rasa hai. vahA~ viSAda nahIM raha sktaa| jisa rASTra ke rasa-taMtuoM ko vipakSI abhibhUta nahIM kara pAte vaha AnaMda ke dvArA amRta pada meM saMyukta rahatA hai| jIvanarasa kI rakSA, usakA saMcaya, saMvardhana aura prakAzana hI vyakti aura rASTra meM amRtatva kA hetu hai| mere roma-roma meM akSayya rasa kA adhiSThAna hai| usa rasa kA lAvaNya prati-prabhAta meM uSA kI sunahalI kiraNeM mere zarIra meM saMcita karatI haiN| jo vikrama ke dvArA mere divya bhAva ko ArAdhanA karatA hai usako pitA kI bhA~ti maiM navIna jIvana ke liye AzIrvAda detA huuN| mere putra vyaSTi rUpa meM martya hote hue bhI samaSTi rUpa meM amara haiN| . utkarSa merI vINA ke tAroM kA gAna hai| jAgaraNa kI velA meM jaba . vicAroM kA pracaMDa phagunahaTA calatA hai, taba vasaMta kA mUlamaMtra prajAoM ko hariyAlI se lAda detA hai, aura sote hue bhAva uThakara khar3e ho jAte haiN| jaba rASTrIya mAnasa kA kalpavRkSa isa prakAra nUtana cetanA se pallavita hone lagatA hai taba maiM svayaM apane vikrama ke abhinaMdana ke sAja sajAtA huuN| jaba prajAoM ke netra taMdrA ke haTane se khula jAte haiM taba bhUta aura bhaviSya ke aMtara ko cIrakara dUra taka dRSTipAta karane kI unameM kSamatA utpanna hotI hai| rASTra ke koSa meM jo jJAna kI ciMtAmaNi hai usake eka sahasra aMzuoM ko prajA sahasra netroM se dekhane lagatI hai| jIvana ke aprakAzita kSetra nae Aloka se jagamagAne lagate haiN| unnati aura pragati ke nae patha dRSTi meM A jAte haiN| patha kI dhuMdhalI rekhAoM ko merA vikramAMkita amara pradIpa samaya para prakAzita karake janatA ko Age bar3hane ke

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14 / nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA liye utsAhita karatA hai| maiM bhUtakAla ke saMcita kalyANa ko isa hetu lie khar3A hU~ ki bhaviSya ko usakA varadAna de skuuN| - jisa yuga meM gaMgA aura yamunA ne anaMta vikrama se himAdri ke zilAkhaMDoM ko cUrNita karake bhUmi kA nirmANa kiyA thA, usa devayuga kA maiM sAkSI huuN| jisa purA kAla meM Arya mahAprajAoM ne bhUmi ko vaMdanA karake isake sAtha apanA amara saMbadha jor3A thA, usa yuga kA bhI maiM draSTA huuN| vaziSTha ke maMtroccAra aura vAmadeva ke sAmagAna ko, evaM siMdhu aura kubhA ke saMgama para Arya prajAoM ke ghoSa ko maiMne sunA hai| zatazaH rAjasUyoM meM vINA-gAthiyoM ke nArAzaMsI gAna se merA aMtarAtmA tRpta huA hai| rASTrIya vikrama kI jo zata sAhasrI saMhitA hai usako isa nae yuga meM maiM phira se sunanA cAhatA huuN| usa itihAsa ko kahanevAle kRSNa dvaipAyana vyAsoM kI mujhe AvazyakatA hai| parIkSita ke samAna merI prajAe~ pUrvajoM ke usa mahAn carita ko sunane ke liye utsuka haiN| 'na hi tRSyAmi zRNvAnaH pUrveSAM caritaM mahat'-maiM pUrvaja pUrvajanoM ke mahAn carita ko sunate hue tRpta nahIM hotaa| yogI yAjJavalkya, AcArya pANini, Arya cANakya, priyadarzI azoka, rAjarSi vikrama, mahAkavi kAlidAsa aura bhagavAn zaMkarAcArya ke yazAmaya saptaka meM jo rAga kI zobhA hai usase manuSya kyA devatA bhI tRpta ho sakate haiN| merA AzIrvacana hai ki bhArata ke kArtigAna kA satra cirajIvI ho| pratnakAla se bhAratI prajAoM ke vikrama kA pArAyaNa jisa abhinadanotsava kA mukhya svara hai, vahI merA priya dhyAna hai| rASTra kA vikramAMkita itihAsa hI merA jIvana-carita hai| mere jIvana kA keMdra jJAna ke himAlaya meM hai| suvarNa ke meru maiMne bahuta dekhe, para maiM unase AkarSita nahIM huaa| mere lalATa ko lipi ko kauna purAtattvavettA par3hakara prakAzita karegA ?... maiM kAlarUpI mahAn azva kA putra hU~ jo nityaprati phUlatA aura bar3hatA hai / virAT bhAva kI saMjJA hI azva hai| vistAra aura ghRddhi yahI azva kA azvatva hai| jaba rASTra vikramadharma se saMyukta hotA hai taba vaha mujhapara savArI karatA hai, anyathA maiM rASTra kA vahana karatA huuN| merA ahorAtrarUpI nAr3I. jAla rASTra ke vivardhana ke sAtha zakti se saMcAlita hone lagatA hai| merI pragati kI

Page #19
vikrama saMvatsara kA abhinaMdana iyattA nahIM hai| yadyapi maiM mahArNava ke samAna sadA apanI maryAdAoM kA rakSaka hU~, tathApi vikrama ke oja se merI uttAla taraMge pRthivI aura AkAza ke aMtarAla ko bharane ke liye uThatI haiN|| merI Ayu kA eka-eka kSaNa amogha hai| RtuoM ke sAtha maiM brahmacArI huuN| merI utpAdana zakti se rASTrIya itihAsa kI jo Rtu kalyANI banatI hai usI kA teja aura sauMdarya saphala hai| rASTrIya vikrama kI sahasra dhAgoM ne merA abhiSeka kiyA hai| eka-eka puruSAyuSa se jIvita rahanevAlIprajAoM ke madhya meM maiM hI amara huuN| merA paricaya aneka mahAn AdarzoM ke rUpa meM huA hai| himAlaya ke prAMzu devadAruoM kI taraha jo mahApuruSa apane caritra-yoga se Upara uThe haiM unakI smRti mere jIvana kA rasa hai| caritra ko mahAn karane kA saMkalpa jaba vyakti meM aura rASTra meM uThatA hai, taba merA prANa sote se jAgatA hai| merI bhUmi para zAzvata pratiSThA prApta karane ke liye prANoM ko zakti aura. rasa se spaMdita karanA Avazyaka hai| merA prANa ve suMdara svastha prajAe~ haiM jo sau varSa taka adIna bhAva se jIvita rahatI haiN| mere prajApati rUpa ko zatAyu aura prANavaMta prajAe~ bahuta priya haiN| unakI vikramaparaka paricaryA se bahuputra-pautrINa gRhapati kI taraha maiM tRpta hotA huuN| jisa aMza meM kriyAzIla prajAe~ nava nirmANa kA kArya karatI haiM usI ko maiM unakI Ayu kA amRta aura sat bhAga mAnatA hU~, zeSa itihAsa kA asat bhAga hai| pRthivI ke sAtha sauhArda bhAva kA saMbaMdha merI jIvanadhArA kA poSaka prANa hai| yaha bhUmi merI mAtA hai, aura maiM isakA putra hU~ [ mAtA bhUmiH putro aham pRthivyAH], yaha bhAva jahA~ hai vahA~ jIvana kA amRtatulya dugdha sadA vidyamAna rahatA hai| pRthivI para pratiSThita hue binA koI mere amRtatva kA prasAda nahIM prApta kara paataa| jaba prajAoM kA bahumukhI ciMtana bhUmi ke sAtha baddhamUla hotA hai taba vaha vasaMta kI taraha nae pallavoM se lahalahAtA hai| jisakI vicAradhArA bhUmi meM pratiSThita nahIM hai vaha zuSka parNa kI taraha murajhAkara gira jAtA hai| apane pairoM ke nIce kI pRthivI ke nadI-parvata, vRkSa-vanaspati, pazu-pakSI Adi ke samyaka darzana se rASTra ke netroM meM dekhane ko naI jyoti utpanna

Page #20
16 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hotI hai / pRthivI ke bhautika rUpa meM prajAe~ jitanA adhika rasa letI haiM unakA jIvana utanA hI rasa-poSita hotA hai / prajAoM ke jIvana kI dIkSA bhI merA prANabhAga hai| jIvana kA kauzala yahI haiM ki usameM jJAna aura karma kI hotI rahe / merI dRSTi meM nira Mtara siddhi rASTra meM jAgatI anyathA unheM dhyAna isa prakAra trividha prANoM kI ArAdhanA se prajA merI anubhUti unake mana meM jAgatI rahatI hai / bhI nahIM hotA ki merA astitva unake sAtha hai yA nhiiN| viSNu ke tIna caraNoM kI taraha mere bhI tIna vikrama haiN| una tIna vikramoM ko pUrA karake hI jIvana saphala hotA hai / bhUmi, bhUmi para basanevAlI prajAe~ aura prajAoM meM rahanevAlA jJAna- ina tInoM ko kalyANa para parA hI mAnoM merI tIna RtuoM kA maMgala-vidhAna hai / merA samasta jIvana Rtumaya hai| vasa Mta, prISma aura zarada inakA paryAya krama itihAsa ke cakra ko satata ghumAtA hai / pratyeka saMskRti ko prabhAta, madhyAhna aura saMdhyAkAla ke cakra kA anubhava karanA par3atA hai| zarada ke anaMtara vasa Mta kA nizcita Agamana merA sabase bar3A devatulya prasAda hai / mere vikramAMkita svarUpa ke smaraNa aura abhinaMdana kA yahI upayukta avasara hai| mere abhinaMdana se prajA svastimatI ho, yaha merA AzIrvAda hai /

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viSNu kA vikramaNa [ lekhaka-zrI vAsudevazaraNa] idaM viSNuvicakrame tredhA nidadhe padam / samUDhamasya pAMsure // viSNu kA trivikrama saMsAra kA sabase bar3A sAkA hai| viSNu vAmana the, vikrama karane se virAT hue / jo vikrama karatA hai vaha bhI viSNu kI taraha vAmana se virAT ho jAtA hai, vaha mahAn banatA hai aura loka meM phailatA hai| sRSTi kA mahAn deva viSNu hai, jisase isa jagat kI sthiti haiN| usa viSNu ke parAkrama se yaha adbhuta saMsAra racA gayA hai| viSNu ne pArthiva lokoM ko phailAkara emameM anaMta sauMdarya, vaicitrya aura rahasya bhara diyA hai| yaha vizva AkarSaNa aura rasa kA adhiSThAma hai| sarga, sthiti aura nArA, ye vizvavyApI viSNu ke tona durdharSa kramaNa yA caraNa haiM, jinhoMne sAre saMsAra aura mAnavI jIvama ko nApa rakhA hai| vizva meM kucha bhI aisA nahIM hai jo ina caraNoM ke nIce ma ho| kAla ke ekarasa krama meM viSNu ke dvArA hI vizrAma kA bhAva bharI gyaa| viSNu kA tredhAvicaMkramaNa zAMta kAla kA vikSobha hai| viSNu kA mahAn parAkrama eka kSaNa ke liye bhI maMda mahIM hotaa| viSNu satya hI guDAkeza hai, jo nIda ko jItakara vimindra vIrya se isa jagat kA sacAlana karatA hai| viSNu ke baloM ke srota vizva ke roma roma se prakara ho rahe haiN| sUrya aura cadra, pRthivI aura dhuloka, megha aura samudra, inakI sthiti aura vighaTana viSNu ke niyamoM para hI nirbhara hai| vaidika artha-paddhati ke anusAra saMvatsara yA sUrya kA nAma viSNu hai| sUrya meM jo vikrama hai use pratidina hama dekhate haiN| prAtaHkAla, madhyAhna aura sAyaMkAla, ye usake tIna caraNa haiN| anaMta carAcara ko prANa-vRSTi se amRta aura jIvana pradAna karanA yaha sUryarUpI viSNu kA vikrama hai| sUrya kA vikrama .

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nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA na ho to sRSTi kA aMta ho jaay| saMvatsara bhI viSNu kA eka rUpa hai| tIna RtuoM ke tIna caraNoM se saMvatsara apane kalyANoM kI sRSTi aura vRSTi karatA hai| vasaMta, proSma aura zarad inameM se kisI bhI Rtu kA yadi viparyaya ho, . to prajAoM ke hita ke liye pravartita cakra kA khaMDana hone lagatA hai| pratyeka varSa meM saMvatsara kitanI adhika prANi-saMpatti aura sasya-saMpatti ko janma detA hai ? aneka vIryavatI oSadhiyAM, mahAn vRkSa aura vanaspati saMvatsara ke vikrama kA phala pAkara utpanna hAte aura bar3hate haiN| saMvatsara svarUpa se vAmana hai| usake tIna caraNa bAraha mahInoM kI parimita avadhi meM samApta ho jAte haiM, paraMtu inhIM cAturmAsya ke baune caraNoM se saMvatsara rUpI viSNu ne mahAkAla ke anaMta vistAra ko nApa rakhA hai| jo vAmana thA, vaha vastuta: apane bhItara viSNu kA rUpa lie hue thA--'vAmano ha viSNugasa', zatapatha 1 / 2 / 5 / 5 / vAmana aura viSNu ke saMbaMdha kA nityarUpaka saMvatsara aura anaMta kAla ke pArasparika saMbaMdha se bhalI bhAMti prakaTa hotA hai| anaMta kAla sahasrazorSA puruSa hai| saMvatsara viSNu hai| viSNu ke samAna saMvatsara bhI aparimita bala se yukta hai, usakI preraNA se mAnavIya itihAsa aprasara hotA rahatA hai| jisa prakAra viSNu ke yaza kA gAna hamArA kartavya hai, usI prakAra saMvatsara kA abhinaMdana aura sammAna bhI Avazyaka kartavya hai| brAhmaNa graMthoM ke anusAra yajJa aura yajamAna bhI viSNu ke rUpa haiM / (zatapatha 67 / 2 / 10-11) / prAtaH savana, mAdhyaMdina savana aura sAyaM savana, ina tIna bhAgoM meM yajJa ke karmakAMDa kI pUrti hotI hai, jo viSNu ke tIna caraNoM ke samAna haiN| hamArA vaidha-yajJa virAT sRSTi ke vidhAna aura mAnavIya jIvana kI hI anukRti hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM kahA gayA hai ki yajamAna viSNu banakara apane jIvana ke lokoM ko apanI yAtrA se nApatA hai| yaha usakA bar3A bhArI vaiSNava vikrama hai| manuSya ke vikrama se jIvana meM kitane adhika nirmANa aura utpAdana kA kArya hotA hai ? manuSyoM ke samudAya arthAt rASTra meM bhI viSNu kA svarUpa caritArtha dekhA * jAtA hai| rASTra kA vikrama viSNu ke vikrama se kama mahimAzAlI nahIM kahA

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viSNu kA vikramaNa jA sktaa| vyakti aura samAja kI sthiti ke liye rASTrarUpI viSNu kA parAkrama Avazyaka hai| bhAratIya rAjanItizAstra ke anusAra rAjA yA rASTra. pati viSNu kA svarUpa hai (nAviSNuH pRthiviiptiH)| jisa prakAra viSNu ke yazovIrya kA gAna kiyA jAtA hai usI prakAra rASTra meM vikrama karanevAle rAjarSiyoM . kI kIrti kA bakhAna bhI rASTrIya abhyudaya ke liye Avazyaka hai| vikrama kA gAna prajAoM kA dharma hai| vikrama kI nArAzaMsI se hI jAti ke jIvana meM Urjita rasa bharatA hai| Rgveda ke vikramaNa sUkta Rgveda meM viSNu ke vikrama kA varNana karanevAle kaI sUkta haiN| inameM vikramaNa kI mahimA, usakA prakAra aura pariNAma sRSTi ke virAT dharAtala se kahA gayA hai| vikrama cAhe jisa kSetra meM ho, eka jaise niyamoM ke anusAra prakaTa hotA hai| vikrama ke bhAva ko samajhane ke liye ina sUktoM kA bhAvArtha yahA~ diyA jAtA hai| (1) Rgveda 1 / 22 / 16-21 1-'kyoMki viSNu ne pRthivI ke sAta lokoM meM vikrama kiyA hai, isaliye deva hamAre rakSaka haiN| ___saptAMga rAjya pRthivI ke sAta lokoM ke samAna hai| usa saptAMga rAjya meM rAjA jaba taka vikrama nahIM karatA taba taka anya jana bhI rakSA karane meM asamartha rahate haiN| 2-'viSNu ne vikrama ke dvArA tIna paira rakhe aura saba kucha una pairoM kI dhUli ke nIce samA gyaa|' jIvana ke jisa kSetra meM vyakti yA samAja kA vAmana svarUpa apane kSudra bhAva ko tyAgakara virAT bhAva ko prahaNa kara letA hai, vahIM vaha viSNupana kA paricaya detA hai| jahA~ viSNu-bhAva hai, vahIM tredhA vicaMkramaNa kA niyama pAyA jAtA hai| 3-jisa viSNu ne tIna pairoM ke dvArA vikrama kiyA, vaha gopA hai,' arthAt rakSA karane meM svayaM samartha hai aura svayaM apane vIrya se gupta (rakSita) hai| 'vaha dhRtizIla hai, koI bAharI zakti use dabA nahIM sktii| apane ina do guNoM ke kAraNa hI vaha jIvana ke saba dharmoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai ( ato dharmANi

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20 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dhArayan ) / viSNu se dhAraNa kiyA huA dharma prajAoM ke jIvana ko dhAraNa karatA hai / ( namo dharmAya mahate dharmo dhArayati prajA: - udyoga 137/9) / biSNu kA parAkrama usa dharma kI nIMva hai| yadi viSNu kA vikrama na ho to dharma astavyasta ho jAte haiM / 4 - 'viSNu ke karmoM ko dekho, jo karma usake mahAna vratoM kI jhA~kI dete haiN| vaha viSNu iMdra kA sAthI mitra hai / ' prajAoM ke jina karmoM kA hama pratyakSa dekhate haiM, unakA mUla srota ucca jIvanavratoM meM hai / samAja meM kaThora vratoM kI sthApanA karma kI zakti kA anivArya aMga hai| vyakti ke jIvana meM jisa samaya vrata praveza karate haiM, usI kSaNa se usake karma bhI ujjvala aura unnata hone lagate haiM / 'karma aura vrata' iMdra aura viSNu kI taraha Apasa meM jur3e rahate haiM aura eka dUsare ko zakti pradAna karate haiN| mahAn vratoM se hI mahAn karmoM kA janma hotA hai / 5- 'jo vivekazIla haiM ve viSNu ke uccatama pada ko AkAza meM isa taraha spaSTa dekhate haiM jisa taraha koI khulA huA kSetra ho / ' prajAoM kA utthAna aura netRtva karanevAle jJAnI vyaktiyoM ko dRSTi meM jIvana aura samAja ka rahasya spaSTa dikhAI par3ate haiM / unako cakSuSmattA kahIM rukatI nhiiN| unakI khulI huI A~kha se hI aura sabako dekhane kI sAmarthya prApta hotI hai| * 6- 'jo jAgarUka haiM ve viSNu kI paramocca sthiti ko apane stutigAna se prakAzita karate rahate haiN|' viSNu kA saccA svarUpa kabhI tirohita na ho, isake liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki prabuddha vyakti usa rUpa ko apanI vAkzakti aura sAdhanA se samujjvala karate raheM / (2) Rgveda 1/154 1 - 'viSNu ke vIryazAlI parAkrama kA hama bakhAna kareMge, jisa viSNu ne pArthiva lokoM kA apane caraNoM se nApA hai, jisane sabase U~ce sabake sammAnya sthAna ko Teka rakhA hai, jisane laMbe khaga bharate hue tIna prakAra se vikrama kiyA hai / ' 'viSmonu ke vAryANi pravocaM, isakI dhvani jisa samaya prajAzroM meM uThatI hai, usa samaya unake kaMTha meM pUrva bala A jAtA hai| vastutaH rASTra rUpI

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21 jisane jIvana meM kiso viSNu kA vikrama viSNu ke parAkramoM kA gAna prajAyoM kA dharma hai| prakAra kA bhI vikrama kiyA hai, usake vikrama ke zramadAna ko kahanA eka pavitra dharma hai| viSNu ne pArthiva lokoM ko apane vikrama ke sUtra se nApA / jJAna aura karma ke jo pradeza pahale anadhikRta the, ve vikrama ke dvArA manuSyoM ke adhikAra kSetra meM A jAte haiM, yahI viSNu kA bhU-mApana karma hai| pratyeka samAja meM eka 'uttara sadhastha' yA sarvocca ekatA kA sthAna rahatA hai, jisa dharAtala para sAre vyaktigata aura sAmAjika tathA rASTrIya svArtha aura dharma milakara eka ho jAte haiN| vaha sadhastha kevala vikrama ke dvArA hI prApta hotA hai / vikrama kI bhAvanA balavatI hokara apane sAtha aikya guNa kA AvAhana karatI hai| 2 - ' vIrya ke kAraNa viSNu kI stuti kI jAtI hai / vaha bhayaMkara giristha siMha kI taraha hai | usake laMbe tIna pairoM meM sAre loka basate haiN|' viSNu kA mahAn parAkrama jana-samudAya ko usake stuti gAna ke liye bAdhita karatA hai / viSNu ke vikrama kI stuti koI nissattva kalpanA nahIM hai / vaha zakti kA ucita sammAna aura abhinaMdana hai jisakA karanA prajAoM kA svAbhAvika dharma hai / jisa prakAra parvata kI durgama ghATiyoM meM jhapaTanevAle bhayaMkara siMha ke parAkrama ko prazaMsA karane ke liye hama majabUra hote haiM, usI prakAra viSNu ke yaza kA kIrtana hameM karanA par3atA hai| viSNu apanA caraNa uThAkara jahA~ taka vistRta loka ko nApa detA hai, vahIM taka aura saba kI iyattA yA maryAdA rahatI hai / 3- 'yaha stuti gAna ( manma ) viSNu ke bala se puSTa kare / vaha viSNu puruSoM meM vRSabha ke samAna zIghragAmI aura parvata ke zikhara jaisI UMcAI para sthita hai| usane isa laMbe caur3e nivAsa sthAna ( sadhastha ) ko tIna pairoM se nApa DAlA / " at yazaskara-mAda (manma ) prajAoM ke kaMTha se uThatA hai, vaha 'zUSa' yA bala banakara viSNu ko prApta hotA hai| vikrama kA gAna nayA zakti-sa cAra karane kI prakriyA hai / janatA ke aitihAsika parAkrama kA varNana tathA usake sAhitya, kalA aura saMskRti kA bakhAna usako apane svarUpa kA jJAna karAne ke liye Avazyaka hai / mAtRbhUmi hI vaha saghasya hai jahA~ saba eka sAtha rahate haiM /

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22 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA yaha nivAsa sthAna dIrgha aura vistRta hai| . viSNu ke caraNoM meM jitanI zakti hotI hai, utanA hI vaha dIrgha bhU-mApana karatA hai| prajAe~ pratyeka kSetra meM abAdhita gati cAhatI haiN| jisa kSetra meM unheM bAdhAeM milatI haiM, vahIM viSNu kI gati kuMThita ho jAtI hai| 4-'viSNu ke vikrama ke jo tIna paira haiM ve zahada se bhare hue haiN| usa madhu kA rasa akSayya hai| viSNu akelA hI saba bhuvanoM ko dhAraNa karatA hai| tIna pRthiviyoM aura tIna AkAzoM ko vahI roke hue hai|' hama dekhate haiM ki yuga-yugAMtara se prajAoM ke dvArA rasa kA AsvAdana hone para bhI vaha rasa unake liye kSINa nahIM hotA / apanI saMskRti ke sAtha jisa vastu kA saMbaMdha jur3a jAtA hai usI ke anubhava karane, sunane aura socane meM prajAoM ko rasa milatA hai| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata, kAlidAsa aura tulasI-inako kavitA meM rasa kI jo akSayya nidhi hai vaha kabhI samApta hone kA nAma nahIM letii| apanA jJAna, apanI kalA, apane sAhitya kA akSIyamANa rasa barAbara mukta hone para bhI kabhI nahIM chojtaa| pratyeka yuga ko janatA nUtana dRSTikoNa se usa rasa kI pahacAna karatI hai| sattva, raja aura tama bheda se jIvana tIna prakAra kA hai| avama, madhya aura uttama bheda se rASTra bhI tIna prakAra kA hotA hai [pRthivIsUkta, maMtra 8] inhIM se saMbaMdhita tIna pRthiviyA~ aura tIna AkAza haiM jinheM viSNu dhAraNa karatA hai| 5- viSNu ke usa priya sthAna se hama jur3e jahA~ devatva ke premI nara AnaMdita hote haiN| viSNu ke usa paramocca sthAna meM zahada kA ku~A hai| vaha urukrama kA baMdhu hai|' viSNu ke tIsare caraNa meM madhva utsa' yA zahada kA srota kahA gayA hai| jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM eka saba se U~cA pada yA sthiti hai jahA~ saba prakAra ke AnaMda kA srota hai| vistRta vikrama ke dvArA hama usa zahada ke kue~ ke pAsa pahu~cate haiN| 6-prasannatA se hama una sthAnoM meM calakara raheM jahA~ vikrama ke samaya aneka prakAra kI zIghragAminI razmiyA~ (tIvra preraNAe~) prajAoM meM vyApta rahatI haiN| dIrgha gativAle viSNu kA paramapada bahuta hI manohara hai| . .

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viSNu kA vikramaNa ( 3 ) Rgveda 1 / 155-156 (bhAvArtha ) vikrama kA yaha gAna mahAn viSNu ke pauMsya ko bar3hAtA hai| puMstva ke saMvadhana se bAda meM AnevAle putra pUrva meM honevAle pitAoM se bar3ha jAte haiM (dadhAti putro'varaM paraM piturnaam)| jIvana ke liye aura loka meM anaMta vistAra ke liye (urugAyAya jIvase) hama milakara usa viSNu ke pausya kA bakhAna karate haiM (pauMsyaM gRnniimsi)| viSNu ke vikramaNoM ko jaba manuSya pahacAnatA hai to usameM bhI halacala kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| viSNu ke tIsare caraNa ko koI nahIM dekha paataa| AkAza meM ur3anevAle pakSiyoM kI bhI vahA~ gati nahIM hai| ___ 'viSNu kA vikrama gola cakra kI taraha nitya ghUmatA hai| jaise jaise . viSNu nApatA hai usakA bRhat zarIra AkAra meM bar3hatA hai| vaha viSNu yauvana se bhare hue kumAra ke samAna hai|' janatA ke puNya zloka kA gAna karanevAle RkvA gAyakoM kI RcAoM ko sunakara viSNu kA yauvana puna: usake pAsa lauTa AtA hai| pRthivI para basanevAlA vRddhajana apane bRhaccharIra aura bhUmApana karanevAle rUpa ko prApta karake yazagAna ke dvArA phira se yuvA kumAra bana jAtA hai| pratyeka saMskRti kA cakra gola pahie kI taraha bArI bArI se Upara-nIce ghUmatA rahA hai| cakravat paribhramaNa hI saMsAra kA niyama hai / viSNu ke nimitta sabako apanA apanA arghya car3hAnA hai| jo vidvAn haiM ve jJAna kI havi se viSNu ko samRddha karate haiN| saMskRti kI sevA hI unake dvArA rASTrarUpI viSNu kA saMvardhana hai / paraMtu jo haviSmAn haiM, jinake samIpa bhautika saMpatti kI havi hai ve usake dvArA viSNu ke yajJa ko bar3hAte haiN| _ 'yaha mahAn viSNu 'pUrvya' arthAt purAne se bhI purAnA hai, paratu sAtha hI yaha 'navIyasa' arthAt nae se bhI nayA hai| isa viSNu kI jo zobhanI * griphitha-Vishnu strode the realms of Earth for freedom and for life (R. 161554)

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24 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jAyA yA rASTrIya zrI hai use bhI aya dekara tRpta karanA caahie| viSNu ke mahAn janma ko kahakara hama apane pUrva puruSoM ke sAtha jur3ate haiN| 'o jivanA mAnatA hai vaha stavana karanevAlA yathAvid kahakara viSNu ko tuSTa karatA hai| pratyeka gAyaka mahAn viSNu kI sumati cAhatA hai, vaha sAdhanA se prApta hotI hai| 'viSNu utsama para ko, sarvAdhika prANa ko dhAraNa karatA hai| viSNu kA sakhA iMdra hai| iMdra sukRta aura viSNu usase bhI bar3hakara sukRtatara hai| viSNu Aryajana ko rakSA karatA hai|' jana viSNu hai, rAjA iMdra hai| ina donoM kA paraspara sakhya bhAva hai| uttama da viSNu ke pAsa hI rahatA hai| - -

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zAkvarI vrata [ lekhaka-zrI vAsudevazaraNa] ___ gobhila gRhyasUtra 32179 meM eka ullekha hai ki prAcIna kAla meM mAtAe~ apane baccoM ko dUdha pilAte samaya usa amRta-kSIra ke sAtha isa maMgalAtmaka AzIrvAda kA pAna karAtI thIM ki 'he putro, tuma isa jIvana meM zAkvarI vrata ke pAragAmI bano athA hi raurukibrAhmaNa bhavati / kumArAn ha sma mAtaraH pAyayamAnA pAhuHzAkvarINAM putrakA vrataM pArayiSNavo bhavateti / yaha kisI prAcIna brAhmaNa graMtha kA vacana hai, jo isa samaya aprApya hai aura jisakA nAma roruki brAhmaNa thaa| roruka nagara prAcIna sauvIra deza kI jise Ajakala siMdha kahate haiM rAjadhAnI thii| roruka kA vartamAna nAma ror3I hai jo sakkhara ke pAsa siMdha ke taTa para hai| saMbhavataH isI sImAMta deza ke eka RSi-pravara ne isa zAkvarI vrata ke mAhAtmya ko bhalI bhA~ti samajhakara rASTrIya kumAroM ke jIvana ke sAtha usake saMbaMdha ko dRDha karane kA upadeza diyA thaa| jisa rASTra meM mAtAe~ kumAroM ke jIvana-sUtra kA prAraMbha zAkvarI maMtroM se kareM, jahA~ stanya-pAna ke sAtha hI zAkvarI bhAvanA prota-prota ho, vahA~ kI udayAtmaka zakti kA kevala anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| jIvana-mUla maMgalamaMtra kA rahasya zAkvarI vrata hai| yadi yaha pUchA jAya ki mAnavI jIvana kyA hai to isa prazna kA yathArtha uttara yaha kahakara diyA jA sakatA hai ki pratyeka manuSya kA jIvana 'DukRJ karaNe' dhAtu ke anaMta rUpoM kA vikAsa hai| manuSya jo kama karatA hai usI ke anurUpa apane jIvana ko DhAlane meM samartha hotA hai| karma karane kI kSamatA jIvana kA akSayya dhana hai| isa anaMta bhaMDAra meM se pratyeka manuSya jo cAhe prApta kara sakatA hai| 'DukRJ karaNe' yA 'karanA' dhAtu kA merudaMDa 'zakla' yA sakanA dhAtu hai| manuSya kI zakti usake kArya kI sanAtanI meru hai| zakti kI nIMva para

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26 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jIvana kA prAsAda khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai| hama jitanA-kara sakate haiM vahI hamAre jIvana kI kasauTI hai| 'zakla' dhAtu ke jina lakAroM kA hamAre jIvana meM pArAyaNa ho pAtA hai ve hI hamArI gati ke dhruvamApadaMDa banate haiN| jIvana ke zAMta muhUrtoM meM jaba hama socate haiM-"krato smara, kRtaM smara" arthAt apane saMkalpa kA smaraNa karo aura apane karma se usakA milAna karo, to yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki 'sakanA' hI karanA hai| hamAre dRr3ha sakalpa kI zakti bAhu meM avatIrNa hokara hameM kama kI ora prerita karatI hai| zaktivihIna sakalpa kore kAgaja kI bhA~ti hai| karmazakti yA zAkvarI ke aMkoM se likhA huA patra jIvana meM darzanI huMDI ke samAna kAma detA hai| vaha jIvana-lakSya ko vIra ke amogha bANa kI bhA~ti vedha detA hai| isa vizva meM jahA~ bhI dekhA zAkvarI vrata kA prakAza hai| prajApati apane anaMta IkSaNa, tapa aura zrama se sRSTi banAne meM samartha hue-yahI unakA zAkvarI vrata thA: 'yadimAMllokAnprajApatiH! sRSTvedaM sarvamazaknodyadida kiM ca tacchakvaryo'bhavaM. stacchazvarINAM zakvarItvam / ' (aitareya brA0 57) . arthAt prajApati ne ina logoM ko banAkara yahA~ jo kucha bhI hai usa sabako zakti-samanvita kiyaa| yahI zakti zakvarI huii| prajApati ke 'sakane', sajanasAmarthya meM hI zakvarI kA zAkvarIpana hai| kauSItakI brAhmaNa 232 meM kahA gayA hai ki iMdra ne jisa zakti se vRtrAsura kA vadha kiyA usakA nAma zAkvarI hai| etAbhirvA indro vRtramazakaddhantum tadyadAbhitramakazaddhantu tsmaacchshvryH|| . eka ora AsurI zakti kA pratIka vRtra hai, dUsarI ora daivI zakti ke pratinidhi iMdra haiN| devoM aura asuroM ke zAzvata-saMgrAma meM jisa vizAla sacita zakti se devatA asuroM para vijaya pAte rahe haiM usa zakti kA nAma zAkvarI hai| jaba taka vizva-niyaMtA ke sarvAbhibhAvI niyamoM ke anukUla sRSTi ke kAryoM kA saMcAlana hotA rahegA taba taka Adhidaivika, AdhyAtmika aura Adhibhautika kSetroM meM avazya hI asuroM ko zAkvarI zakti ke anuzAsana meM

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zAkvarI vrata rahanA pdd'egaa| tAMDya brAhmaNa meM spaSTa kahA hai ki iMdra ke dvArA. vRtrAsura ko parAjaya pApa kI parAjaya hai| - jitanA zIghra hama jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM zakti ke. avalaMbana se pApa ko parAjita kara dete haiM utane hI vega se hama jIvana ke zreSTha kalyANoM ko prApta karane meM samartha hote haiN| etAbhirvA indro vRtramahan / kSipraM vA etAbhiH pApmAnaM hanti citraM vasIyAn bhvti| (tAMDya 12 / 1223) iMdra kA vajra zakvarI zakti se banA huA hai, isaliye use prAcIna paribhASA meM zAkvara kahA gayA hai| "zAkvaro vanaH" (tai0 2 / 25 / 11 ) / rASTra kA rakSaka bala zakvarI ho kA suMdara rUpa hai| brAhmaNoM kA brahmavarcasa teja bhI zAkvarI zakti para nirbhara hai, vaizyoM kI zrI aura zUdroM kI pazu-samRddhi tabhI taka surakSita hai jaba taka rASTra meM zakvarI maMtroM kA mahAnAda jIvita rahatA hai| isa dRSTi se brAhmaNakAroM ne nimnalikhita paribhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai 'brahma zakvaryaH' (tA. 165 / 18), "vana zakvaryaH" (tAM0 12 / 1 / 14), zrIH zakvaryaH (tA. 13222), pazavaH zakvaryaH (tA. 13 // 1 // 3) / gobhila-gRhyasUtra meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM brahmacArI vedAdhyayana samApta karane ke bAda kucha kAla paryata vizeSa rUpa se zAkarI vrata ko ArAdhanA ke liye prAcArya ke pAsa Thahara jAte the| vidyAdhyayana ke dvArA jo kucha unheM upalabdha huzrA thA use isa samaya meM apanI sakalpa zakti ke bala se jIvana ke liye upayogI banAte the| isa zAkarI vrata kI avadhi meM vizeSa rUpa se mahAnAmnI RcAoM kA adhyayana aura pArAyaNa karanA par3atA thaa| ye dasa RcAe~ sAmaveda ke aMtargata pUrvAcika ke anaMtara aura uttarAciMka ke pahale do gaI haiN| inakA gAna mahAnAmnI sAma kahalAtA thA aura zAkarI chaMda meM hone ke kAraNa inhIM ko zAkarI bhI kahate the| kisI samaya ina maMtroM kI mahimA gAyatrI mAtra ke samAna samajhI jAtI thii| gautama aura baudhAyana ke dharma sUtroM meM inako parama pAvana kahA gayA hai| jisa samaya rASTra meM vaidika zikSA ke Adarza

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jIvita the usa samaya mAtAe~ apane baccoM ko stanyapAna karAte samaya ye AzIrvAda detI thI-'he putro! tuma yathAvidhi brahmacaryAzrama kA pAlana karake vidyAdhyayana karate hue aMta meM mahAnAmnI sAma payaMta ucca zikSA meM pAraMgata bno|' aitareya brAhmaNa meM spaSTa kahA hai ki apanI AtmA ko mahAn banAne kA prayoga mahAnAmnI hai indro vA etAbhirmahAnAtmAnaM - niramimIta tasmAt mahAnAmnyaH (aita0 57) zatapatha brAhmaNa ke anusAra yajJa ke mAdhyaMdina savana meM mahAnAmnI RcAoM kA gAna kiyA jAnA caahie| isakA abhiprAya yahI hai ki manuSya kA yauvanakAla jo ki usake AyurUpa yajJa kA mAdhyaMdina savana hai, bharapUra zakti ke saMcaya aura abhivyakti kA sarvottama samaya hai| mahAnAmnI RcAoM meM jisa zaktizAlI iMdra kA AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai usa vanazAlI deva kI vIryavatI mahimA kA jIvana meM sAkSAtkAra karanevAle navayuvaka jisa rASTra va samAja meM janma lete haiM vaha samAja kRtakRtya ho jAtA hai| jahA~ Alasya aura mUrchA rUpI ghora pApoM ko pairoM tale rauMdakara prajAe sote se jAgatI haiM vaha rASTra iMdra kI bhA~ti hI mahAn bana jAtA hai| usake sabheya aura ratheSTha yuvaka iMdra kA AvAhana karate hue zAkvarI gAna karate haiN| zAkarI maMtroM kA anuvAda "he devoM meM baliSTha aura maMhiSTha iMdra! tuma pUrvajoM kI zaktiyoM ke adhipati ho| hama apane navajAgaraNa meM una baloM kA punadarzana karanA cAhate haiN| ataeva he vajin ! tumhAre aparAjita teja kA hama zraddhA ke sAtha AvAhana karate haiN| tumhArI abAdhita gati hamAre ratha-cakroM meM ninAdita ho / he zUra! apanI samasta rakSaNa-zakti se hamArI rakSA kro| abhyudaya aura rakSA ke liye tumhArA sAnnidhya hameM prApta ho| he vasupate ! hamako saba prakAra se pUrNa karo, kyoMki jo bhare-pUre haiM unhIM kI saMsAra meM prazaMsA hai|

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zAkarI vrata he advitIya sakhe ! tumhArI vijaya cirajIvI ho|" jisa samaya ina mahAnAmnI RcAoM ke utkarSazAlI svara gUMjane lagate haiM usa samaya saba prajAeM usakA anumodana karatI huI pukAra uThatI haiM evA hov| evA hyev| evA hygne| evA hi indr| evA hi pUSan / evA hi devAH // aisA hI hogaa| avazya aisA hI hogaa| . he agni, aisA hI hogaa| he iMdra, aisA hI hogaa| he pUSA, aisA hI hogaa| aura he anya saba devo, aisA hI hogaa| hamAre kama kI zakti se jIvana kI paridhi uttarottara vistAra ko prApta hogI aura hamAre dRr3ha saMkalpoM se siMcita yaha mahAvRkSa yuga-yugAMta taka jIvana lAbha karatA rhegaa|

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pArikSitI gAthAe~ [ lekhaka-zrI vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ] rAjA parikSit ke rAjya meM prajA ke yogakSema kA eka Adarza citra vaidika sAhitya [atharva 20 / 12717-10] meM milatA hai| ye parikSit kuru ke vaMzaja the aura janamejaya se bahuta pUrva meM hue the| ina maMtroM ko brAhmaNa-graMthoM ke vyAkhyAtAoM ne pArikSitI' saMjJA dI hai| aitareya brAhmaNa meM kahA hai ki chaMdoM kA rasa unameM se nikala gayA thaa| paraMtu 'nArAzaMsI' aura 'pArikSitI' ke dvArA vaha rasa chaMdoM meM puna: bharA gyaa| prajAoM kI saMjJA 'nara' hai aura unakI vAk 'zaMsa' hai| prajAoM kI vAk arthAt lokavANI nArAzaMsI hai| jaba rASTra kI stuti meM rasAtmaka nArAzaMsI phailatI hai, tabhI chaMdoM meM rasa bahane lagatA hai, anyathA chaMda bhI nIrasa pratIta hote haiN| isI taraha parikSit jaise vizvajanIna yA vizvahitakArI gajA ke rAjya meM jaba prajAe~ svastimatI huI taba unake kalyANa se utpanna rasa pArikSitI jaisI loka-gItiyoM meM baha niklaa| ye pArikSitI maMtra isa prakAra hai rAjJo vizvajanInasya yo devomA ati| . vaizvAnarasya suSTutimA sunotA parikSitaH // 7 // paricchinaH kSemamakarottama AsanamAcaran / kulAyankRNvankauravyaH patirvadati jAyayA // 8 // katarattazrA harANi dadhi manyAM pari zrutam / jAyA patiM vi pRcchati rASTra rAjJaH prikssitH||9|| abhIva svaH prajihIte yavaH pazvaH payo bilam / janaH sa bhadramedhati rASTra rAjJaH parikSitaH // 10 // . * aitareya 6 / 5 / 32, kauSItakI 305; gopatha 2 / 6 / 12 /

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32 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA -usa rAjA parikSit kI, jo sAre jana kA svAmI hai, jo devatArUpa hai aura manuSyoM meM bar3hakara hai, sudara stuti suno jo usakI saba prajAoM ko priya hai| 8-rAjya ke Asana para virAjate hI parikSit ne, jo saba meM guNavAn hai, aisA yoga-kSema kiyA jaisA pahale kabhI nahIM huA thaa| yaha vAkya kurudeza kA nivAsI eka pati ghara basAte samaya apanI patnI se kahatA hai| 9-'dahI, dUdhiyA sattU aura Asava inameM se Apake liye kyA lAU ' yaha parikSit rAjA ke rAjya meM patnI apane pati se pUchatI hai| 10-gale se nigaratA huA jo AkAza meM sUrya kI ora jaise bar3hatA hai, aise hI parikSit gajA ke rASTra meM sukha se saba jana bar3hate haiN| rAjA parikSit ke rAjya kI yaha sukha-samRddhi unake mahAna vikrama kI dyotaka hai| parikSit ke rAjya kA bhaugolika vistAra unake vikrama kI saccI mApa nahIM hai| unake parAkrama kI mahimA rASTra meM rahanevAle jana ke bhadra yA. kalyANa se nApI jA sakatI hai ki cakravartiyoM ke vikrama kA saccA Adarza thaa| eka azvapati kaikeya deza jItane ke liye agrasara nahIM hotA, paraMtu vaha apane rAjya ke Asana para virAja kara jaba yaha pratijJA karatA hai ki mere janapada kA koI vyakti AcAra meM zithila nahIM hai, to vaha apanI vANI ke teja se vikrama ke vAstavika arthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| aisA vikrama dharma aura saMskRti ke kSetra meM jo cAhe kara sakatA hai| pratyeka vyakti jIvana ke jisa cakra meM sthita hai, usake ekachatra cakravartI pada ko vikrama ke dvArA prApta kara sakatA hai| * mantha arthAt dUdha meM jau ke sattU calAkara banAyA huA peya / + "na me steno janapade na kadayoM na madyapaH / nAnAhitAgni vidvAn na svairI svairiNI kutaH 1".

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deza kA nAmakaraNa [ lekhaka-zrI vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ] bhArata vAyu purANa ke anusAra hamAre deza kA nAma bhAratavarSa hai, aura isameM basanevAlI janatA kA nAma bhAratI prajA hai| bhAratavarSa kA bhaugolika vistAra samudra ke uttara aura himavAn ke dakSiNa meM kahA gayA hai uttaraM yatsamudrasya himavaddakSiNaM ca yat / varSa yadbhArataM nAma yatreya bhAratI prajA // (vAyu. 45/75) isI purANa ke eka anya zloka meM kumArikA aMtargapa se lekara himAlaya meM gaMgA ke prabhava-sthAna taka phailA huA bhUpradeza bhAratavarSa meM sammilita mAnA gayA hai-Ayato hyAkumArikyAdAgaMgAprabhavAcca vai / 45 / 81 / pUrva ke mahodadhi. aura pazcima ke ratnAkara nAmaka do samudroM kA jahA~ saMgama hai usake samIpa hI kumArI aMtarIpa hai, jahA~ tapazcaryA meM nirata kumAroM pArvatI gaMgA ke prabhavasthAna himAcala ke devadAru vRkSoM kI vedikA meM samAdhistha bhagavAn zaMkara ke dhyAna meM aharniza lIna rahatI haiN| deza ke uttara-dakSiNa ke do biMduoM meM saMtata cAriNI vidyut-zakti kI eka atyaMta ramaNIya kalpanA ziva aura pArvatI ke isa rUpaka ke dvArA kI gaI hai| deza kI bhUmi kevala pArthiva paramANuoM kI rAzi to hai nahIM, usameM eka cetana prANadhArA jo kuMDalinI kI taraha sajaga hai, otaprota hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki uttara se dakSiNa taka deza ke kisI bhAga meM honevAlI ghaTanA rASTra ke samasta caitanya kA sparza karatI hai| * Adhunika baMgAla kI khAr3I kA purAnA nAma mahodadhi aura araba sAgara kA purAnA nAma ratnAkara hai|

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34 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dakSiNa meM phaile hue samudroM kI apAra jalarAzi ke Upara kumArikA adhiSThAtrI devI kI taraha bhAratavarSa ke sAtha una samudroM ke saMbaMdha ko vijJApita karatI hai / uttara meM gaMgA kA udgama bhArata kI svAbhAvika uttarI sImA hai / himAlaya meM gaMgA ke udgama aura dhArAoM kI khoja tathA nAmakaraNa prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola- vettAoM ke vilakSaNa vikrama kA pramANa hai| gaMgA, alakanaMdA, bhAgIrathI, maMdAkinI aura jAhnavI yadyapi loka-sAhitya meM paryAyavAcI samajhI jAtI haiM, tathApi ye nAma himAlaya meM gaMgA kI jaladroNI ko sIMcanevAlI pRthak pRthaka dhArAoM ke haiN| inameM se jAhnavI gaMgA kI sabase uparalI dhArA hai / vaha himAlaya ke bhI usa pAra jaskara parvata zrRMkhalA se AI hai aura usakA udgama TiharI riyAsata kA sabase UparI chora hai / vartamAna bhArata kI uttarI sImAe~ Thoka vahIM taka vistIrNa haiM / isaliye kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ taka gaMgA hai vahIM taka uttara meM bhAratavarSa hai| 1 purANoM ne niruktazAstra kI dRSTi se bhI deza ke nAma kI vyAkhyA karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| matsya aura vAyu purANa ke anusArabharaNAcca prajAnAM vai manurbharata ucyate / niruktavacanAJcaiva varSaM tadbhArataM smRtam // ( vAyu0 45/76 ) 'prajAoM kA bharaNa-poSaNa karane ke kAraNa manu kI eka saMjJA bharata kahI gaI hai / isa zabda vyutpatti ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yaha deza bhAratavarSa kahalAtA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki manu prajApati ne sabase pahale dharma aura nyAya vyavasthA sthApita kii| usa vyavasthA ke dvArA prajAoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa kA silasilA zurU huaa| isa bharaNAtmaka guNa ke kAraNa manu bharata kahe gae, aura jisa bhUkhaMDa meM manu kI saMtati ne nivAsa kiyA aura manu kI paddhati pracalita huI usakA nAma bhAratavarSa par3A / isa vyAkhyA kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isameM deza ke nAmakaraNa ko traikAlika dRSTikoNa se samajhane kA prayatna hai| atharvaveda ke pRthivIsUkta meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki yaha mAtRbhUmi manu kI saMtati ke beroka-Toka (asaMbAdha ) basane kA sthAna hai / 1 kiMtu bharata aura bhArata ina do zabdoM kA aura bhI prAcInatara mUla Rgveda meM hai| Rgveda-kAla meM bharata AryoM kI eka pratApI zAkhA yA jana kI saMjJA thI, jo

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deza kA nAmakaraNa sarasvatI aura dRSadvatI nadiyoM ke bIca meM base the| bharatoM ke dvArA samiddha hone ke kAraNa agni kI eka saMjJA bhArata prasiddha huI aura jJAna kI adhiSThAtro devI ko bhAratI kahA gayA / bharatoM ke dvArA vikasita jJAna-pradhAna saMskRti ke liye bhAratI, yaha ThIka hI nAma thaa| bhArata agni' aura 'bhAratI devI' deza ke jisa bhAga meM phailatI gaI deza kA vaha bhUbhAga bhArata nAma kA adhikArI hotA gyaa| kramazaH bhArata nAma kA saMbaMdha sAre deza ke sAtha rUr3ha ho gyaa| bhArata agni aura bhAratI devI ke AdhAra para bhAratavarSa nAma kI vyAkhyA bhUmi para kramaza: jana-pratiSThA aura saMskRti ke vistAra kI sUcaka hai, aura sAMskRtika dRSTikoNa se bahuta hI suMdara hai| brAhmaNa-yuga meM prAcIna bharata jana kA aMtarbhAva kuru-paMcAla ke kSatriyoM meM . hone lagA thaa| kevala eka janapada ke rUpa meM bharata nAma cAlU rhaa| prAcya bharata saMjJA eka janapada ke liye pANini ko aSTAdhyAyI meM ( 2 / 4 / 66, 4 / 2 / 113, 8 / 3 / 75) bhI upalabdha hotI hai / brAhmaNa-yuga meM bhArata nAma kI utpatti kA AdhAra dauSyaMti bharata ko kahA gayA hai| inhoMne aThahattara azvamedha yajJa yamunA ke taTa para aura pacapana gaMgA ke taTa para kie| bharata ke bar3hate hue pratApa kI mahimA ko batAne ke liye yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki sArI pRthivI jItakara bharata ne iMdra ke liye sahasroM azvoM ko madhya kiyA paraH sahasrAnindrAyAzvAnmadhyAn ya Aharat ; vijitya pRthivIM sarvAm // (zatapatha 13 / 5 / 3 / 13) isa gAthA meM 'vijitya pRthivIM sarvAm' zabda mahattvapUrNa haiN| digaMtavyApI bharata ke pratApa ko prakaTa karanevAlI dUsarI gAthA yaha hai mahadadya bharatasya na pUrve nApare jnaaH| diva' martya iva bAhubhyAM nodApuH paJcamAnavAH // (za0 brA0 ) arthAt, bharata ke mahat yA mahatva ko na pahale ke na bAda ke janoM meM koI prApta kara sakA, jaise pRthivI para khar3e hue kisI vyakti ke liye AkAza ko kunA kaThina ho| saba pRthivI ko apane vijita meM lAne ke kAraNa bharata kA mahatva pahale ke aura bAda ke itihAsa meM sabase adhika samajhA gyaa| jJAta

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36 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hotA hai ki bharata ke isa vizAla cakravartI svarUpa se bhArata deza ke nAma kA saMbaMdha bhAratI janatA ko bahuta rocaka pratIta huaa| kuru-paMcAloM ke yazaHpradhAna kAvya mahAbhArata itihAsa meM bharatavaMzotpanna bhArata aura dezavAcI bhArata kA sabaMdha bilkula nizcita ho cukA thA aura usameM 'varSa bhArata bhAratam' kI gUMja sarvatra sunAI dene lagatI hai| 'varSa bhArata bhAratam' mahAbhAratakAla kA sabase bar3hiyA bhaugolika sUtra hai jo Aja bhI hamAre kAma kA hai| madhyadeza-AryAvarta manu ke dharmazAstra meM aura pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM madhyadeza aura AryAvarta ina do nAmoM kA bhI prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| bhArata nAma kA prayoga vahAM nahIM hai| madhyadeza aura AryAvarta nAmoM kI paraMparA laukika saMskRta aura kAvya-sAhitya meM barAbara Age calatI rhii| para ina donoM nAmoM kA prayoga samasta deza ke liye na hokara uttarI bhArata, vizeSataH gaMgA-yamunA kI aMtavedI kI vistRta sImAoM ke liye hI prasiddha rhaa| manu meM madhyadeza ke liye bar3I zraddhA kA bhAva prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| madhyadeza mAnava-caritra ke liye pRthivI kA Adarza aura usakA hRdaya thA / gupta-kAla ke suvarNayuga meM bhI madhyadeza na kevala bhAratavarSa meM, balki caturdigaMta meM bhI prasiddha ho gayA thaa| nepAla aura tibbata meM aMtarvedI ke nivAsI gaurava ke sAtha 'madhyadezIya' yA madhesiyA kahe jAne lge| . siMdhu-hiMdu deza ke nAmakaraNa kI eka dUsarI dhArA RgvedIya 'siMdhu' zabda hai| Rgveda meM sidhu zabda usa mahAna nada ko sajJA ke liye prayukta huA hai jo uttarapazcimI bhArata ke bhUgola kI saba se bar3I vizeSatA hai| siMdhu ke isa pAra kA paMcanadIya pradeza to bhAratavarSa kI sImA ke aMtargata hai hI, sidhu ke usa pAra kA vaha kA~ThA bhI jahA~ kA pAnI Dhalakara sidhu meM AtA hai aura jisameM kubhA ( kAbula nadI), suvAstu (svAta paMjakorA), gomatI (gomala), mu (kurama ) Adi nadiyA~ haiM--sadA bhAratIya bhaugolika vistAra kA eka aMga mAnA jAtA thaa| aphagAnistAna (AzvakAyana, gaMdhAra ), badakhzoM aura

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nAmakaraNa pAmIra ( kaMboja ) kA prAcIna bhUgola eka prakAra se bilakula bhAratIya saMskRti kI dena hai aura bhAratavarSa kA jo sabase purAnA prAka-pANini-kAla kA sAhitya hai, usake sAtha usa bhUgola kA ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai| vikrama kI lagabhaga dasavI zatAbdI taka sidhu ke usa pAra ke dezoM se bhAratavarSa kI hiMdU-saskRti kA sabaMdha aTUTa banA rhaa| usa samaya siMdhu ke taTa para udbhoDapura nAmaka rAjadhAnI (Adhunika ohida ) meM hiMdU dharma ke anuyAyI zAhI rAjAoM kA Adhipatya thaa| siMdhu nAma se hiMdU zabda kI kalpanA kA saMbaMdha muslimakAla se samajhanA bhrama hai| musalamAnI dharma ke janma se bhI bAraha sau varSa pahale IrAnI samrAT dArI (prAcIna rUpa dArayavahu, saMskRta dhArayadvasu) ke zilAlekhoM meM vikrama se chaThI zatAbdI pUrva meM bhAratIya pradezoM ke liye hiMdu zabda prayukta huA thaa| prAcIna zuSA (Adhunika sUsA) ke rAjamahala se mile hue zilAlekha meM likhA hai piruSa hya idA karta hacA kuS zrA utA hacA hindauva utA hacA harauvatiyA avariya (pNkti.43-44)| arthAt (isa rAjaprAsAda ke liye) hAthIdAMta jo yahA~ banAyA gayA, vaha kuSa deza se, aura hiMdu se, aura harahvatI se lAyA gyaa| isameM hidau hidu zabda kI saptamI kA ekavacana saMskRta sindhau ke barAbara hai| usa samaya bhAratavarSa kA hiMdu nAma IrAna Adi videzoM meM prasiddha thaa| dArA ke anya lekhoM meM 'hiMduSa' arthAt hidu (saM0 sidhu.) aura 'hiMduvitra' arthAt hidu deza kA nivAsI (saM0 sidhuvyaH) ye zabda bho prayukta hue haiN| pANini ke bhUgola ke anusAra sidhu eka janapada-vizeSa kA nAma bhI thA, jo Adhunika paMjAba kA siMdha-sAgara doAba hai| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki jise aba sidha kahate haiM usakA prAcIna nAma sauvIra thaa| prAcIna sidhu janapada kA nAma siMdhu nadI ke taTa para dUra taka phaile hue hone ke kAraNa hI par3A thaa| isaliye yadyapi eka janapada-vizeSa ke liye bhI sidhu zabda rUr3ha ho gayA thA, phira bhI bhArata deza ke liye usake rUpAMtara hidu kA prayoga usa

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38 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA samaya videzoM meM hotA pratIta hotA hai| dArA ke lekhoM meM vaha janapada- vizeSa ke liye na hokara bhArata deza ke liye hI prayukta huA hai, kyoMki hAthIdA~ta kA vyApAra jisake kAraNa hidu zabda kA ullekha huA hai, siMdha sAgara doAba ke bhUpradeza kI apekSA deza ke pUrvI bhAgoM se hI adhika hotA thA / siMdhu - hiMdu samIkaraNa ke AdhAra se hI prAcIna yUnAnI lekhakoM ne isa deza ko iMDosa (Indos) kahA / aMtya sakAra prathamA ke ekavacana kA cihna hai jaisA saM0 sa ghusa aura IrAnI hiMduSa meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| isI paraMparA se bhAratavarSa ke hiMdustAna, iMDiyA, aba ke nAma pracalita hue haiN| ina nAmoM ke viSaya meM eka bAta dhyAna dene kI hai ki svayaM bhAratavAsiyoM ne apane deza ke nAmakaraNa meM bharata zabda se pracalita paraMparA ko apanAyA, kiMtu videzI lekhakoM ne siMdhu zabdavAle nAmoM ko grahaNa kiyaa| cInI logoM ne bhI siMdhu nAma kI paraMparA kA vyavahAra kriyaa| cInI senApati pan-yoGa ne vi0 182 (125 I0) meM cInI samrAT ko pazcimI dezoM kA varNana karate hue likhA hai ki thi-ena-cu deza (devoM kA deza ) zintu nAma se bhI prasiddha hai| zin - tu siMdhu kA hI cInI rUpa hai* / cInI sAhitya meM isI ko 'in tu-ko' bhA kahA hai jisameM in-tu, zin tu (siMdhu) kA rUpAMtara hai aura 'ko' kA artha deza hai + | * phArena noTisej zraoNpha sadarna iMDiyA, lekhaka zrI nIlakAMta zAstrI, pR0 10 / + 'in-tu-ko' nAma kI sUcanA mujhe zrI zAMti bhikSujI, cInabhavana, zAMtiniketana, se prApta huI hai jisake liye maiM unakA AbhArI hU~ /

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bhArata-lakSmI lampsakasa (laghu eziyA ) se prApta cAMdI kI taztarI se

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lamplaksa se prApta bhArata - lakSmI kI mUrti [ lekhaka - zrI vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ] lampsksa eziyA mAinara ke uttara-pazcimI kone ke mAisiyA jile meM eka prAcIna sthAna thA / usakI ThIka sthiti gailIpAlI ke sAmane samudra-taTa para thI / arvAcIna kAla meM lapskI grAma usa sthAna kA sUcaka hai / yahA~ para eka sudara prAcIna cA~dI kI taztarI prApta huI thI, jo isa samaya istAMbUla ke saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| yaha lagabhaga vikrama kI prathama dvitIya zatAbdI ko hai| 1 yaha sthAna kisI samaya yUnAnI upaniveza thA aura yahA~ ke bane hue cA~dI ke pAtra dUra dUra taka prasiddha the| sIriyA ko aMtiyoka nAmaka nagarI apane rukma- pAtroM ke liye prasiddha thI / mahAbhArata ke sabhAparva meM isa dUsarI puge ko aMtAkhI kahA gayA hai| samrATa agasTas ke samaya ( vi0-71 = 14 I0 ) eziyA mAinara roma sAmrAjya kA aMga ho gayA thA / lampsasa kI cA~dI kI taztarI rajata -zilpa kA eka suMdara namUnA hai / paraMtu bhAratavAsiyoM ke liye isakA vizeSa mahattva isaliye hai ki usa para bhAratamAtA yA bhArata lakSmI kA eka suMdara citra aMkita hai| isakA zilpI koI yUnAnI rahA hogA / usane bhArata kI vyApAra-kIrti kI carcA se AkarSita hokara bhArata-lakSmI kI kalpanA eka suMdara strI ke rUpa meM kI hai, jisakI bhavya mukhAkRti para kalAkAra ke kauzala ko chApa spaSTa hai| zilpI ne tatkAlIna romadezIya saMbhrAMta mahilA ke rUpa meM bhArata mAtA kA citraNa kiyA hai, paraMtu veSa-bhUSA aura alaMkaraNa bhAratIya anuzruti se lie gae haiN| strI ke sira ke uSNISa se do khU~TiyA~ jaisI Upara ko nikalI huI haiN| bhArata-lakSmI hAthIdA~ta ke bane hue eka Asana para baiThI hai| ina donoM vizeSatAoM ko dekhakara isa saMbaMdha meM upAyanaparva meM romaza puruSoM kA varNana dhyAna meM AtA hai

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zakAstuSArAH kakAzca romazA: zRMgiNo nraaH| mahAgajAndUragamAn gaNitAnabu'dAn hayAn // 30 // zatazazcaiva bahuzaH suvarNa padmasamitam / balimAdAya vividha dvAri tiSThanti vAritAH // 31 // zrAsanAni mahArhANi yAnAni hAyanAni ca / maNikAJcanacitrANi gajadaMtamayAni ca // 32 // arthAt zaka, tuSAra, kaMka aura zRMgI romaza loga anya upahAroM ke atirikta aneka prakAra ke bahumUlya prAsana, yAna aura zayana upahAra meM lAe, jo ki maNi aura suvarNa se jar3AU hone ke sAtha gajadaMta ke bane hue the| hAthIdAMta para suvarNa kA jar3AU kAma yUnAnI kalA kI eka bar3I purAnI vizeSatA thI, jisakA pracAra roma-sAmrAjya meM bhI rahA / bhAratamAtA ke donoM ora kucha pakSo aura pazu aMkita haiM, jo zuddhata: bhAratIya haiN| prathama zatAbdI ke lagabhaga bhAratIya mahAsAgara kI mausamI havAoM kA paricaya roma ke vyApAriyoM ko huA, aura taba se vyApAra adhikAMza meM sAmudrika mArgoM se hone lgaa| paraMtu pazu-pakSiyoM kA bhAratIya vyApAra sthala-mArga se hI hotA rhaa| yaha vyApAra eziyA mAinara ke sthalamArga se hotA thaa| vArmigTana kA mata hai ki catura zilpI ne apane kauzala se isI vizeSatA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| saMbhavata: vaha svayaM vyApArI na thA, ' aura use vyApAra kI anya vastuoM kI apekSA sthala-mArga se AnevAlI inhIM vastuoM kA adhika jJAna thaa| bhAratamAtA ke dAhine hAtha ke pAsa eka sugge kI mUrti hai| bAI ora himAlaya pradeza kA cakora pakSI hai, jisake gale se do mAMsapiMDa ke galastana jhUla rahe haiN| vArmigTana ne isako pUrvI aphrIkA kI kukkuTI kahA hai, paraMtu DA0 kumArasvAmI ke mata meM yaha pahacAna ThIka nahIM hai| hAthIdA~ta kI kursI ke donoM ora do pazu haiM, jinheM vArmigTana ne saMdeha ke sAtha hanumAna yA laMgUra kahA thaa| inakI pUche laMbI, sira para jhabbUdAra bAla, laMbe kAna, bar3I bar3I gola A~kheM, patalI kamara aura gale meM paTTA hai| hamArI sammati meM ye bagherI

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lampsakasa se prApta bhArata - lakSmI kI mUrti 41 nasla ke bhAratIya kutte haiM, jinakI kIrti kisI samaya yUnAna taka pahu~cI thI, aura jinakA varNana plinI aura DAyoDorasa Adi lekhakoM ne vistAra se kiyA hai / ye bhayaMkara jAti ke kutte bAghoM aura zeroM se barAbarI kI Takkara lete the| sikaMdara ke sAmane bhI inakI zakti kA pradarzana karAyA gayA thA / kuttoM kI yaha kekaya deza meM taiyAra kI jAtI thI, aura abhI taka jIvita hai| nanihAla se bidA hote samaya bharata ko kekayarAja ne isa prakAra ke karAla DADhoMvAle bar3e DIlaDaula ke kutte bheMTa kie the jinameM ghAvoM jaisA bala thA aura jo rAjamahala meM hI pAlaposa kara taiyAra kie jAte the-- 'aMtaHpure'tisaMvRddhAn vyAghravIryabalopamAn / TrAyuktAnmahAkAyAn zunazcopAyanaM dadau / ' ( ayodhyAkAMDa, 70/11 ) are hI bhAratavarSa ke pazu- vyApAra meM isa nasla ke kuttoM kA pramukha sthAna rahA hogA / kursI ke sAmane do hiMsra pazuoM ko pAlatu rUpa meM do vyakti pakar3e hue khar3e haiN| inameM se dAhinI ora siMha aura bAIM ora teMduA hai| inake rakSaka dhotI aura uttarIya pahane haiM, sira para pagar3I hai| inakI pagar3I meM bhI khU~TiyA~ jaisI dikhAI par3atI haiN| bhArata ke samRddha vyApAra kA roma-sAmrAjya meM vizeSa sthAna thA / vyApAriyoM ke dvArA isa deza kA eka AkarSaka rUpa roma sAmrAjya kI janatA meM vizruta ho gayA thA / isI samaya aneka bhAratIya dUta- maMDala roma-samrAToM ke pAsa Ate-jAte the| eka praNidhi-varga samrAT agasTasa ke darabAra meM bhI pahu~cA thA / aise sammAnapUrNa vAtAvaraNa meM bhAratIya janatA aura bhArata deza ke prati romIya jagat meM vizeSa ruci kA honA svAbhAvika hai / usI kI tRpti ke liye aneka kalA ke udAharaNa taiyAra kie gae hoNge| unameM se eka viziSTa udAharaNa yaha cA~dI kI * maikU kiMDila, alekjeMDarsa invejana, pR0 363 ( pariziSTa ) / Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 3 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA taztarI hai, jisameM zilpI ne bahuta hI mArmika DhaMga se bhArata deza kA mUrta aMkana kiyA hai| usakI kalA kI paribhASA artha se bharI huI hone para bhI mana para ekadama sIdhA prabhAva DAlatI hai| usako arthAne ke liye prAyAsa kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| romana nAgarika usake saMketoM ko turata samajha lete hoNge| abhI hAla meM pApiyAI kI khudAI meM bhI kucha miTTI kI mUrtiyA~ milI haiM, jinameM se eka bhAratIya strI kI hai jo apane AbhUSaNa aura veSa-bhUSA ke kAraNa spaSTa pahacAnI jAtI hai| romana sAmrAjya ke sAtha bhAratIya saMskRti ke saMbaMdha ke aura bhI aneka udAharaNa milate haiN| misra deza ke ahrAsa nAmaka sthAna meM (isakA prAcIna nAma herAkliopolisa maiganA thA) prasnetana aura memaphisa ke bIca meM nIla nadI ke bAe~ kinAre para kalA kI bahuta sI sAmagrI upalabdha huI hai, jisameM bhAratIya prabhAva spaSTa hai| isa sAmagrI kA vizeSa varNana da vilArDa ne apanI pustaka ahnAsa kI zilpakalA ( La Sculture ad Ahnas ) meM kiyA hai aura misra aura bhArata ke sabaMdha viSayaka aneka pramANa-prathoM kI pUrI sUcI bhI dI hai| pilaDarsa piTrI ko ahrAsa meM romadezIya kalA kA eka miTTI kA khilaunA bhI prApta huA thA, jo eka bhAratIya kI mUrti hai| [kumArasvAmI, amerikana prAcya-pariSad kI patrikA, bhAga 51, pR0 181] pAda-TippaNI-ima rajata-pAtrI kA rekhA-citra vArmigTana kI pustaka 'roma aura bhArata kA vyApArika saMbaMdha' (iMTarakorsa biTavina iMDiyA aiMDa dI romana varlDa) nAmaka pustaka ke 142 pRSTha meM diyA gayA hai| rosTojopha kRta 'sozala aiMDa ekonaoNmika hisTrI zraoNpha romana iMpAyara' matha meM bhI yaha citra pleTa 17 para uddhRta hai| 'vikramAMka' kA rekhAcitra vArmigTana kI pustaka ke AdhAra para citrakAra zrI ravIMdra cakravartI ne banAyA hai|

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gupta-yuga meM madhyadeza kA kalAtmaka citraNa [ lekhaka-zrI vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ] madhyadeza kivA AryAvata guptoM ke sAmrAjya kA hRdaya-kedra thaa| prayAga kI digvijaya-prazasti ke anusAra samudra gupta ne pATaliputra se prAraMbha karake apane parAkrama kA kramika vistAra AryAvarta kI ora phailaayaa| rudradeva, matila, nAgadatta, caMdravarma, gaNapatinAga, nAgasena, acyuta, nadi, balavarma-ina nau AryAvarta ke pramukha rAjAoM ko prasabhoddharaNa kI nIti se balapUrvaka ukhAr3akara digvijayI samrATa ne sarvaprathama AryAvarta meM apane prabhAva ko mahAn bnaayaa| prazasti ke guNavAn kavi hariSeNa ne lekha ke aMtima zloka meM sArthaka DhaMga se kahA hai ki bhaTTArakapAdIya samrATa kA yaza unakI bhujAoM ke vikrama se isa prakAra loka meM ameka mAgoM se phailA, jisa prakAra ziva kI jaTAoM se chUTakara zubhra gaMgAjala tInoM lokoM ko pavitra karatA huA phailA hai| ___ gaMgA aura yamunA ke bIca kI pavitra aMtave do gupta-samrAjya kI eka mukti bnii| gaMgA ke sAtha gupta-sAmrAjya kA eka prakAra se abheda sabaMdha ho gyaa| purANoM meM gupta-rAjya ke vistAra ko gaMgA ke bhUgola dvArA hI prakaTa kiyA gayA hai anugaMgA prayAgaM ca sAketaM magadhAMstathA / etAnjanapadAn sarvAn bhokSyante guptavaMzajAH // (vAyupurANa) / inameM magadha aura prayAga gaMgA ke ho kUlavartI janapada haiN| sAketa kozala janapada kA pratIka hai| aura 'anugaMgA' pada se gaMgA ke taTavartI una janapadoM kA Azaya jJAta hotA hai jo prayAga aura haridvAra ke bIca meM thevizeSataH pAMcAla janapada aura kuru janapada ke kucha bhAga, jahA~ se samudra gupta ne matila, acyuta tathA anya rAjAoM kA unmUlana kiyA thaa|

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44 . nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA eka prakAra se gaMgA guptoM ke vijita athavA svarASTra kA pratIka hI bana gii| isa saMbaMdha meM samudra gupta ko 'vyAghraparAkrama' calana kI svarNamudrA vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai| isake eka ora dhanudhara samrAT karNAta pratyaMcA ko khIMcakara vyAghra kA zikAra kara rahe haiM, aura dUsarI ora bhagavatI gaMgA bAe~ hAtha meM sanAla kamala lie hue karimakara ke vAhana para khar3I huI haiN| yaha sikkA sAbhizaya jJAta hotA hai| isakI ye do vizeSatAe~ samrATU kI baMga-vijaya ko sUcita karatI haiM, jaba ki balapUrvaka baMgadezIya rAjAoM ko ukhAr3akara gaMgA ke srotoM ke bIca meM usane apane yaza ke jayastaMbha sthApita kie| gaMgA-siMdhu-saMgama arthAt samataTa kI vijaya kA nizcita ullekha prayAgaprazasti meM hai| jJAta hotA hai ki isa vijaya ke smAraka rUpa meM hI 'dhyAghraparAkrama' mudrA cAlU huii| eka prakAra se gaMgAsAgara se lekara gaMgAdvAra taka gaMgA kA dIrgha zrAyAma gupta sAmrAjya kA dRr3ha merudaMDa bana gyaa| tatkAlIna bhaugolika paribhASA meM gaMgA se pariveSTita yaha pradeza AryAvarta athavA madhyadeza isa nAma se vikhyAta thaa| guptoM ke varada prasAda se madhyadeza kI saMskRti nae varNa se camaka utthii| yahAM ke sphIta janapada dhana-dhAnya se paripUrNa ho ge| vidyA aura caritra meM, dharma aura kalA meM madhyadeza kI kIrti digadigaMta meM phaila gii| usa yuga meM cAroM ora madhyadeza ke prati jo zraddhAmayI bhAvanA jAgrat huI, usakA AbhAsa sAmayika sAhitya meM prApta hotA hai| kAzmIra rAjya ke gilagiTa sthAna se prApta prAcIna saMskRta vinayapiTaka kI hastalikhita prati meM madhyadeza ke viSaya meM nimnalikhita zraddhAspada varNana prApta hotA hai| madhyadeza kA eka mANava vidyAdhyayana ke liye dakSiNApatha meM gayA thaa| vahA~ anadhyAya ke dina sahapAThiyoM meM yaha carcA uThI ki kauna kahA~ se AyA hai| usa vidyArthI ne kahA-"maiM madhyadeza se AyA huuN|" isa para unhoMne kahA ..ailana : guptamudrAsUcI, 'byAghraparAkrama' calana kI mudrA (TAigara TAipa), bhUmikA, pR0 74 tathA pR0 17; phalaka 2, citra 14 | isa sikke ke abhI taka kevala cAra udAharaNa mile haiN|

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.gupta-yuga meM madhyadeza kA kalAtmaka citraNa . 45 "saba deza to hamane dekhe aura sune haiM, para madhyadeza nahIM dekhaa| he mANava, kaisA vaha madhyadeza hai ?" usane uttara diyA madhyadezo bhavaMto dezAnAmayaH / ittuzAligomahiSIsaMpanno bhaitukazatakalilo dasyujanavivarjita AryajanAkIrNo vidvjjnnissevitH| yatra nadI gaMgA puNyA maMgalyA zucizauceyasaMmatA, ubhayataH kUlAnyabhiSyaMdayamAmA prAvahati / aSTAdazavakronAma RSINAmagrapadaH / yatra RSayaH tapazcaryayA svazarIraM svarga kAmayamAnAH / 'he mitro, madhyadeza saba dezoM meM aprasthAnIya hai| 'vaha Ikha aura dhAna ke khetoM se saMpanna tathA godhana aura bhaiMsoM se bharA-purA hai| usameM aneka bhikSuoM ke samUha vicarate haiN| vahA~ dasyuoM kA nAma nahIM, sarvatra Aryajana vidyamAna haiM, aura vidvajjana nivAsa karate haiN| 'jahAM apane donoM taToM ke janapadoM ko sIMcatI huI maMgalakAriNI, pavitra, samasta pAvana vastuoM meM sammAnya gaMgA nadI bahatI hai, vaha madhyadeza hai; jahA~ ke prasiddha aSTAvakra RSi samasta RSiyoM meM agrasthAnIya hue haiN| - 'jahA~ tapazcaraNa ke prati RSiyoM meM itanA utsAha thA ki ve isI zarIra se svarga prApta kara lenA cAhate the, vaha madhyadeza hai|' . madhyadeza ke isa tatkAlIna rocanAtmaka varNana meM gaMgA kA isa bhUmi ke sAtha vizeSa saMbaMdha batAyA gayA hai, mAno usa samaya gaMgA isa pradeza ko vyaktaH karane kA eka pratIka bana gaI thii| donoM ke isa pArasparika saMbaMdha ke AdhAra para udayagiri kI guphA meM madhyadeza kA eka vilakSaNa bhaugolika citraNa kiyA gayA hai| yaha uttama zilpa-kRti madhyabhArata kI udayagiri guphA kI vizAla varAhamUrti ke pArzva meM aMkita haiN| isameM gaMgA aura yamunA ke avataraNa, prayAgarAja meM unake saMgama aura sidhu- sammilana kI paribhASA ke dvArA madhyadeza kA mUrta rUpa khar3A kiyA gayA hai| isa dRzya kA jo rekhAcitra yahA~ prakAzita hai, usameM dAhinI ora yamunA kI dhArA aura bAI ora gaMgA kI dhArA hai| Upara bIca meM eka

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46 nAgapracAriNI patrikA devAMganA ina do dhArAoM ke prakaTa hone para aMjalimudrA meM apanI zraddhA prakaTa kara rahI hai / usake nIce gaMgA aura yamunA ke janma kA mahotsava - guptakAlIna paribhASA meM 'jAtimaha' - aMkita hai / isameM chaH striyA~ nRtya aura gIta kA pradarzana kara rahI haiM / bIca meM eka strI nRtya kara rahI hai aura zeSa saptataMtrI vINA, vaMzI, mRdaMga aura kAMsyatAla bajA rahI haiN| viziSTa janma utsava ke aMkana meM saMgIta kA isa prakAra pradarzana bhAratIya kalA kI prAcIna paripATI thIM / bhArahuta meM bhI buddhajanma ke upalakSa meM devoM kA 'sammada' yA harSa-pradarzana aMkita kiyA gayA hai / saMgItAtmaka dRzya ke nIce bAI ora kI vAridhArA meM makara vAhana para khar3I huI gaMgA kI mUrti hai, aura dAhinI jala dhArA meM pUrNa ghaTa lie hue kacchapa vAhana para yamunA khar3I haiN| donoM pUrvAbhimukha haiM / strI-rUpa meM gaMgA aura yamunA kI kalpanA saba se pahale gupta zilpakalA meM hI pAI jAtI hai | mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne apane yuga kI isa kalAtmaka vizeSatA kA nizcita zabdoM meM ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki ziva kI. varayAtrA meM gaMgA aura yamunA mUrta rUpa dhAraNa karake hAtha meM ba~vara lie hue unakI sevA karane lagIM * - mUrte ca gaMgAyamune tadAnIM sacAmare devamaseviSAtAm / ( kumArasaMbhava 7 42 ) kavi ke ullekha kA samarthana guptakAlIna maMdiroM ke dvArastaMbhoM para citrita gaMgA aura yamunA kI mUrtiyoM se hotA hai, jisakA eka viziSTa udAharaNa devagar3ha ke dazAvatAra maMdira meM hai / gaMgA aura yamunA ke mUrta rUpa ke bAda prayAgarAja meM unake saMgama kA dRzya aMkita hai| guptakAla meM prayAga sAmrAjya kI zakti kA pradhAna keMdra thA / saMgama para hI samudragupta ne sAmrAjya-saMsthApana rUpa apane parAkrama kI prazasti ko utkIrNa karAyA / mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne apane yuga kI ina udAtta bhAvanAoM ko saMgama ko bhavya prazasti ( raghuvaMza 13/54157 ) likhakara amara kiyA hai|

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gupta-yuga meM madhyadeza kA kalAtmaka citraNa madhyadeza ke isa mUrta citraNa meM saMgama ke bAda nIce kI ora bahuta adhika jalarAzi dikhAI gaI hai| usake bIca meM eka suMdara puruSa kI mUrti pAtra se arghya detI huI khar3I hai| isa mUrti kA udAra nepathya atyaMta AkarSaka hai| bAhuoM meM keyUra aura prakoSTha valaya, gale meM hAra tathA kAnoM meM kuMDala haiN| dhotI aura uttarIya donoM ke pahanane kA DhaMga kuSANa-kAlIna hai| sira para patrAkRti mukuTa bhI kuSANa zailI kA sUcaka hai| ataeva yaha mUrti prAraMbhika gupta-yuga arthAt samudra gupta ke rAjyakAla (vi0 tIsarI zatI) meM banI huI jAna par3atI hai| . . apAra jalarAzi ke madhya meM sthita isa puruSa-mUrti kI pahacAna AsAnI se kI jA sakatI hai| yaha svayaM samudra kI pratimA hai jisameM gaMgA aura yamunA kI sammilita jaladhArAe~ milI haiN| strIrUpa meM gaMgA aura yamunA kI mUrti, prayAgarAja meM unakA sammilana aura puruSaviprA meM samudra kI apAra jalarAzi-ye tIna sUtra isa dRzya meM jAna DAla rahe haiN| saubhAgya se inakI vyAkhyA kAlidAsa ke eka hI zloka meM ekatra mila jAtI hai, jise mahAkavi ne saMgama-prazasti ke ThIka bAda kahA hai| yathA samudrapalyorjalasanipAte pUtAtmanAmatra kilAbhiSekAt / tattvAvabodhena vinApi bhUyastanutyajAM nAsti zarIrabaMdhaH // - (raghuvaMza 13 // 58) samudra, usakI donoM patniyoM aura unake jaloM kA sammilana-ina tIna zabdoM ke kavinirmita sUtra meM udayagiri ke dRzya kI pUrI vyAkhyA mila jAtI hai / isa prakAra yaha citra samudra se himAlaya taka vistIrNa madhyadeza yA Ayojata kI bhaugolika sImAoM ko aura Arya samudragupta ke sAmrAjya ke sAtha unake saMbaMdha ko itane suMdara aura kAvyamaya DhaMga se prakaTa karatA hai ki usakI sArthaka tulanA meM tatkAlIna anya koI zilpa-kRti nahIM tthhrtii| isI dRzya ko eka aura kar3I uso guphA meM pAsa banI huI varAha mUrti ke dvArA pRthivI ke uddhAra kA citraNa hai| varAha kI daMtakoTi para khIrUpa meM

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA . pRthivI ko eka mUrti banI huI hai| kisI pUrva yuga meM Adivagaha ne rasAtala se pRthivI kA udvahana kiyA thaa| aba usI ke sadRza vikrama karanevAle gupta samrAToM ne arAjakatA ke jalArNava meM DUbI huI jisa pRthivI kA uddhAra kiyA vaha yahI gaMgA-yamunA ko aMtavedo yA madhyadeza kI bhUmi thI jisako zilpa meM 5- 0 / deha udayagiri kI guphA kA yaha zilpAMkana na lA meM bhI abhUtapUrva hai|

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pRthivIsUkta - eka adhyayana [ lekhaka - pRthivIputra ] mAtA bhUmiH putro ahaM pRthivyAH atharvavedIya pRthivIsUkta ( 12 / 1 / 1-63 ) meM mAtRbhUmi ke prati bhAratIya bhAvanA kA suMdara varNana pAyA jAtA hai / mAtRbhUmi ke svarUpa aura usake sAtha rASTrIya jana kI ekatA kA jaisA varNana isa sUkta meM hai vaisA anyatra durlabha hai / ina maMtroM meM pRthivI kI prazasta vaMdanA hai, aura saMskRti ke vikAsa tathA sthiti jo niyama haiM unakA anupama vivecana bhI hai| sUkta kI bhASA meM apUrva teja aura arthavattA pAI jAtI hai| svarNa kA paridhAna pahane hue zabdoM ko kavi ne zraddhApUrvaka mAtRbhUmi ke caraNoM meM arpita kiyA hai / kavi ko bhUmi saba prakAra se mahatI pratIta hotI hai, 'sumanasyamAnA' kahakara vaha apane prati bhUmi kI anukUlatA ko prakaTa karatA hai / jisa prakAra mAtA apane putra ke liye mana ke vAtsalya bhAva se dugdha kA visarjana karatI hai usI prakAra dUdha aura amRta se paripUrNa mAtRbhUmi aneka payasvatI dhArAoM se rASTra ke jana kA kalyANa karatI hai / kalyANa-paraMparA kI vidhAtrI mAtRbhUmi ke stotra-gAna aura vaMdanA meM bhAvoM ke vega se kavi kA hRdaya uma~ga par3atA hai / usakI dRSTi meM yaha bhUmi kAmadudhA hai / hamArI samasta kAmanAoM kA dohana bhUmi se isa prakAra hotA hai jaise aDiga bhAva se khar3I huI dhenu dUdha kI dhArAoM se panhAtI hai / kavi kI dRSTi meM pRthivIrUpI surabhi ke stanoM meM amRta bharA huA hai / isa amRta ko pRthivI kI ArAdhanA se z2o pI sakate haiM ve amara ho jAte haiN| mAtRbhUmi kI poSaNa zakti kitanI anaMta hai ? vaha vizvaMbharA hai| usake vizvadhAyasa (27)* rUpa ko praNAma hai / 1 1 mAtRbhUmi kA hRdaya - sthUla netroM se dekhanevAloM ke liye yaha pRthivI zilAbhUmi aura patthara-dhUli kA kevala eka jamaghaTa hai| kiMtu jo manISI haiM, jinake pAsa dhyAna kA bala hai, ve hI bhUmi ke hRdaya ko dekha pAte haiN| unhoM ke liye mAtRbhUmi kA amara rUpa prakaTa hotA hai| kisI devayuga meM yaha bhUmi * koSThaka ke aMka sUktAMtargata maMtroM ke aMka haiM / 7 '

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nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA salilArNava ke nIce chipI huI thii| jaba manISiyoM ne dhyAnapUrvaka isakA ciMtana kiyA, taba unake Upara kRpAvatI hokara yaha prakaTa huii| kevala mana ke dvArA hI pRthivI kA sAnnidhya prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| RSi ke zabdoM meM mAtRbhUmi kA hRdaya parama vyoma meM sthita hai| vizva meM jJAna kA jo sarvocca srota hai, vahIM yaha hRdaya hai| yaha hRdaya satya se ghirA huA aura amara hai (yasyAH hRdaya parame vyoman satyenAvRtamamRtaM pRthivyaaH)| hamArI saMskRti meM satya kA jo prakAza hai usakA udgama mAtRbhUmi ke hRdaya se hI huA hai| satya apane prakaTa hone ke liye dharma kA rUpa grahaNa karatA hai| satya aura dharma eka haiN| pRthivI dharma ke bala se TikI huI hai (dharmaNA ghRtaa)| mahAsAgara se bAhara prakaTa hone para jisa tatva ke AdhAra para yaha pRthivI Azrita huI, kavi kI dRSTi meM vaha dhAraNAtmaka tattva dharma hai| isa prakAra ke dhAraNAtmaka mahAn dharma ko pRthivI ke putroM ne dekhA aura use praNAma kiyA-namo dharmAya mahate dharmo dhArayati prajAH ( mahAbhArata, udyogprv)| satya aura dharma hI aitihAsika yugoM meM mUrtimAna hokara rASTrIya saMskRti kA rUpa grahaNa karate haiN| saMskRti kA itihAsa satya se bhare hue mAtRbhUmi ke hRdaya ko hI vyAkhyA hai| jisa yuga meM satya kA rUpa vikrama se saMyukta hokara sunahale teja se camakatA hai, vahI saMskRti kA svarNayuga hotA hai| kavi kI abhilASA hai-'he mAtRbhUmi, tuma hiraNya ke saMdarzana se hamAre sAmane prakaTa ho| tumhArI hiraNmayo prarocanA ko hama dekhanA cAhate haiN| ( sA no bhUme prarocaya hiraNyasyeva saMzazi, 18) / rASTrIya mahimA kI nApa yahI hai ki yuga kI saMskRti meM suvarNa kI camaka hai yA cAMdI aura lohe ko| hiraNyasaMdarzana yA svarNa yuga hI saMskRti kI sthAyo vijaya ke yuga haiN| purAkAla meM manISI RSiyoM ne apane dhyAna ko zakti se mAtRbhUmi ke jisa rUpa ko pratyakSa kiyA thA, vaha prAptikaraNa kA adhyAya abhI taka jArI hai| Aja bhI ciMtana se yukta manISI loga nae nae kSetroM meM mAtRbhUmi ke hRdaya ke nUtana sauMdarya, navIna zrAdarza aura achUte rasa kA AviSkAra kiyA karate haiN| jisa prakAra sAgara ke jala se bAhara pRthivI kA sthUla rUpa prakAza meM AyA, usI prakAra vizva meM vyApta jo Rta hai, usake amUrta bhAvoM ko mUrta rUpa meM

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pRthivIsUkta-eka adhyayana prakaTa karane kI prakriyA Aja bhI jArI hai| dilIpa ke gocAraNa kI taraha mAtRbhUmi ke dhyAnI putra usake hRdaya ke pIche calate haiM (yAM mAyAbhiravacaranmanISiNaH, 18); aura usakI ArAdhanA se aneka nae varadAna prApta karate haiN| yaha vizva UrdhvamUla azvattha kahA gayA hai| Urdhva ke sAtha hI pRthivI ke hRdaya kA saMbaMdha hai| isI kAraNa mAtRbhUmi ke sAtha tAdAtmyabhAva kI prApti udhvasthiti yA adhyAtmasAdhanA kA rUpa hai| bhAratIya dRSTi se mAtRbhUmi kA prema aura adhyAtma, ina donoM kA yahI samanvaya hai| . . - mAtRbhUmi kA sthUla vizvarUpa-pRthivI kA jo sthUla rUpa hai, vaha bhI kucha kama AkarSaNa kI vastu nahIM hai| bhautika rUpa meM zrI yA sauMdarya kA darzana netroM kA parama lAbha hai aura usakA prakAza eka divya vibhUti hai| isa dRSTi se jaba kavi vicAra karatA hai to use pRthivI para pratyeka dizA meM ramaNIyatA dikhAI par3atI hai (AzAmAzAM raNyAm, 43) / vaha pRthivI ko vizvarUpA kahakara saMbodhita karatA hai| parvatoM ke uSNISa se sajjita aura sAgaroM kI mekhalA se alaMkRta mAtRbhUmi ke puSkala svarUpa meM kitanA sauMdarya hai ? vibhinna pradezoM meM pRthak pRthaka zobhA kI kitanI mAtrA hai ?-isako pUrI taraha pahacAna kara prasiddha karanA rASTrIya parAkrama kA Avazyaka aMga hai| prAkRtika zobhA ke sthaloM se jitanA hI hama adhika paricita hote haiM, mAtRbhUmi ke prati utanA hI hamArA AkarSaNa bar3hatA hai| bhUmi ke sthUla rUpa kI zrI ko dekhane ke liye hamAre netroM kA teja sau varSa taka bar3hatA rahe, aura usake liye hameM sUrya kI mitratA prApta ho (33) / . cAroM dizAoM meM prakAzita mAtRbhUmi ke caturasrazobhI zarIra ko jAkara dekhane ke liye hamAre pairoM meM saMcaraNazIlatA honI caahie| calane se hI hama dizAoM ke kalyANoM taka pahu~cate haiM (syonAstA mA carate bhavantu, 31) / jisa pradeza meM janatA kI padapaMkti pahu~catI hai, vahI tIrtha bana jAtA hai| pada-paMktiyoM ke dvArA hI mAtRbhUmi ke vizAla janAyana paMthoM kA nirmANa hotA hai, aura yAtrA ke bala se hI rathoM ke varma aura zakaToM ke mArga bhUmi para bichate haiM (ye te panthA bahavo janAyanA rathasya vamAnasazca yAtave, 47) / caMkramaNa ke pratApa se pUrva aura pazcima meM tathA uttara aura dakSiNa meM pathoM kA

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA nAr3IjAla phaila jAtA hai| parvatoM aura mahAkAMtAroM kI bhUmiyA~ yuvakoM ke padasaMcAra se paricita hokara suzobhita hotI haiM; 'cArika caritvA' kA vrata dhAraNa karanevAle caraka-snAtaka pugeM aura janapadoM meM jJAna-maMgala karate haiM. aura mAtRbhUmi kI samapra zobhA kA AviSkAra karate haiN| - prAraMbhika bhU-pratiSThA ke dina hamAre pUrvajoM ne mAtRbhUmi ke svarUpa kA ghaniSTha paricaya prApta kiyA thA / usake unnata pradeza, niraMtara bahanevAlI jaladhArAe~ aura hare-bhare samatala maidAna,-inhoMne apanI rUpa-saMpadA se unako AkRSTa kiyA ( yasyA udvata: pravataH sama bahu, 2) / choTe giri-jAla aura himarAzi kA zveta mukuTa bA~dhe hue mahAn parvata pRthivI ko Teke hue khar3e haiN| unake U~ce zRMgoM para zilIbhUta hima, adhityakAoM meM sarakate hue himazratha yA barphAnI gala, unake mukha yA bA~ka se nikalanevAlI nadiyA~ aura taTAMta meM bahanevAlI sahasroM dhArAe~, parvatasthalI aura droNI, nirbhara aura jhUlatI huI nadI kI talahaTiyA~, zailoM ke dAraNa se banI huI darI aura kaMdarAe~, parvatoM ke pAra jAnevAle jota aura ghATe-ina saba kA adhyayana bhaumika caitanya kA eka Avazyaka aMga hai| saubhAgya se vizvakarmA ne jisa dina apanI havi se hamArI bhUmi kI ArAdhanA kI, usa dina hI usameM parvatIya aMza paryApta mAtrA meM rakha diyA thaa| bhUmi kA tilaka karane ke liye mAno vidhAtA ne sabase U~ce parvata-zikhara ko svayaM usake mukuTa ke samIpa rakhanA ucita samajhA / itihAsa sAkSo hai ki ina parvatoM para car3hakara hamArI saMskRti kA yaza himAlaya ke usa pAra ke pradezoM meM phailaa| parvatoM kI sUkSma chAnabIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI eka bar3I vizeSatA rahI hai, jisakA pramANa prAcIna sAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai| vaijJAnika kahate haiM ki devayugoM meM parvata sAgara ke aMtastala meM sote the| tRtIyaka yuga ( Tertiary Era) ke prArabha meM lagabhaga cAra karor3a varSa pUrva bhAratIya bhUgola meM bar3I cakanAcUra karanevAlI ghaTanAeM ghttii| bar3e bar3e bhU-bhAga bilaTa gae, parvatoM kI jagaha samudra aura samudra kI jagaha parvata prakaTa ho ge| usI samaya himAlaya aura kailAza bhUgarbha se bAhara aae| isase pUrva himAlaya meM eka samudra yA pAthodhi thA, jise vaijJAnika 'TethisU' kA nAma

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pRthivIsUkta-eka adhyayana dete haiN| jo himAlaya isa arNava ke nIce chipA thA, use hama apanI bhASA meM pAthodhi himAlaya ( =Tethisa himAlaya ) kaha sakate haiN| jaba se pAthodhi himAlaya kA janma huA, tabhI se bhArata kA vartamAna rUpa yA ThATa sthira huaa| pAthodhi himAlaya aura kailAza ke janma kI kathA aura caTTAnoM ke Upara-nIce jame hue paratoM ko kholakara ina zaila-samrAToM ke dIrgha AyuSya aura itihAsa kA adhyayana jisa prakAra pazcimI vijJAna meM huA hai, usI prakAra isa zilIbhUta purAtatva ke rahasya kA udghATana hamAre dezavAsiyoM ko bhI karanA Avazyaka hai| himAlaya ke durdharSa gaMDa-zailoM ko cIrakara yamunA, jAhnavI, bhAgIrathI, maMdAkinI aura alakanaMdA ne kedArakhaMDa meM, tathA sarayU-kAlI-karNAlI ne mAnasakhaMDa meM karor3oM varSoM ke parizrama se parvatoM ke dale hue gaMgalAdoM ko pIsa pIsakara mahIna kiyA hai| una nadiyoM ke vikrama ke vArSika tAne-bAne se yaha hamArA vistRta samatala pradeza astitva meM AyA hai| vikrama ke dvArA hI mAtRbhUmi ke hRdayasthAnIya madhyadeza ko parAkramazAlinI gaMgA ne janma diyA hai / isake liye gaMgA ko jitanA bhI pavitra aura magalya kahA jAya kama hai| kavi dekhatA hai ki azmA aura pAMsu ke pArasparika saMprathana se yaha bhUmi saMdhRta huI hai (bhUmiH sadhRtA dhRtA, 26) / citra-vicitra zilAoM se nirmita bhUge, kAlI aura lAla raMga kI miTTI pRthivI ke vizvarUpa kI paricAyaka hai (babhru kRSNAM rohiNI vizvarUpAM dhruvAM bhUmim , 11) / yahI miTTI vRkSa, vanaspati, oSadhiyoM ko utpanna karatI hai| isI se pazuoM aura manuSyoM ke liye anna utpanna hotA hai| mAtRbhUmi kI isa miTTI meM adbhuta rasAyana hai| pRthivI se utpanna jo gaMdha hai, vahI rASTrIya vizeSatA hai, aura pRthivI se janma lenevAle samasta carAcara meM pAI jAtI hai| miTTI aura jala se banI huI pRthivI meM prANa kI aparimita zakti hai| isI liye jisa vastu kA aura vicAra kA saMbaMdha bhUmi se ho jAtA hai vahI navajIvana prApta karatA hai| ___ hamAre deza meM U~ce parvata aura unapara jamI huI himarAzi hai, yahA~ pracaMDa vega se vAyu calatI huI unmukta vRSTi lAtI hai| kavi ko yaha dekhakara prasannatA hotI hai ki apane upayukta samaya para dhUla ko ur3AtI huI aura per3oM ko ukhAr3atI huI mAtarizvA nAmaka A~dhI eka ora se dUsarI ora ko

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bahatI hai| isa durdharSa vAta ke bavaMDara Upara-nIce jaba calate haiM, taba bijalo kar3akatA hai aura AkAza kauMdha se bhara jAtA hai yasyAM vAto mAtarizvA Iyate rajAMsi kRNvan cyAvayaMzca vRkSAn / .. vAtasya pravAmupavAmanuvAti arciH, 51 / / .. jisa deza kA AkAza taDitvata meghoM se bharatA hai vahA~ bhUmi vRSTi se Dhaka jAtI hai varSeNa bhUmiH pRthivI vRtAvRtA, 52 . prativarSa sacita honevAle meghajAloM ke upakAra kA smaraNa karate hue kavi ne parjanya ko pitA (12 ) aura bhUmi ko pajanyapatnI (42) kahA hai| . bhUmyai parjanyapalyai namo'stu varSamedase / 'parjanya kI patnI bhUmi ko praNAma hai, jisameM vRSTi meda kI taraha bharI hai|' meghoM kI yaha vArSika vibhUti jahA~ se prApta hotI hai, una samudra aura siMdhuoM kA bhI kavi ko smaraNa hai| anna se lahalahAte hue kheta, bahanevAle jala aura mahAsAgara ina tInoM kA ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai (yasyAM samudra uta siMdhurApo yasyAmannam kRSTayaH saMbabhUvuH, 3) / dakSiNa ke garjanazIla mahAsAgaroM ke sAtha hamArI bhUmi kA utanA hI abhinna saMbadha samajhanA cAhie jitanA ki uttara ke parvatoM ke saath| ye donoM eka hI dhanuSa ko do koTiyA~ haiN| isI liye ramaNIya paurANika kalpanA meM eka sire para ziva aura dUsare para pArvatI haiM / dhanuSkoTi ke samIpa hI mahodadhi aura ratnAkara ke sagama kI adhiSThAtrI devo pArvatI kanyAkumArI ke rUpa meM Aja bhI tapa karato huI vidyamAna haiN| kumArikA se himAlaya taka phaile hue mahAdvIpa meM niraMtara parizrama karatI huI deza kI nadiyoM aura mahAnadiyoM kI ora sabase pahale hamArA dhyAna jAtA hai / isa sUkta meM kavi ne nadiyoM ke saMtata vikrama kA atyaMta utsAha se varNana kiyA hai yasyAmApaH paricarAH samAnIrahorAtre apramAda kSaranti / sA no bhUmibhUridhArA . payoduhAmatho ukSatu varcasA // 9 ... jisameM gatizIla vyApaka jala rAta dina vinA pramAda aura Alasya ke baha rahe haiM, vaha bhUmi una aneka dhArAoM ko hamAre liye dUdha meM pariNata kare

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pRthivImukta-eka adhyayana aura hamako varcas se sIMce / kavi kI vANI satya hai| meghoM se aura nadiyoM se prApta honevAle jala khetoM meM khar3e hue dhAnya ke zarIra yA paudhoM meM pahu~cakara dUdha meM badala jAte haiM, aura vaha dUdha hI gAr3hA hokara jau, gehU~ aura cAvala ke dAnoM ke rUpa meM jama jAtA hai| khetoM meM jAkara yadi hama apane netroM se isa kSIrasAgara ko pratyakSa dekheM to hameM vizvAsa hogA ki hamAre dhana-dhAnya kI adhiSThAtrI devI lakSmI isI kSIrasAgara meM basatI hai| yahI dugdha annarUpa se manuSyoM meM praviSTa hokara varcas aura teja ko utpanna karatA hai| kavi kI dRSTi meM pRthivI ke jala vizvavyApI ( samAnI, 9) haiN| AkAzasthita jaloM se hI pArthiva jala janma lete haiN| himAlaya kI coTiyoM para aura gaMgA meM utarane se pUrva gaMgA ke divya jala AkAza meM vicarate haiN| vahAM pArthiva sImAbhAva ko lakIreM unameM nahIM hotI / kauna kaha sakatA hai ki kisa prakAra pRthivI para Ane se pUrva AkAza meM sthita jala himAlaya ke aura kailAza ke zRMgoM kI kahA~-kahA~ parikramA karate haiM ? bhAratIya kavi gaMgA ke srota ko DhU~r3hate hue catugaMgam aura saptagaMgama dhArAoM se kahIM Upara uThakara una divya jaloM taka pahu~cakara gaMgA kA prabhavasthAna mAnate haiN| unake vyApaka dRSTikoNa ke sammukha sthUla pArthakya ke bhAva nahIM tthhrte| __bhUmi ke pArthiva rUpa meM usake prazaMsanIya araNya bhI haiM / kRSi-saMpatti aura vana-saMpatti, vanaspati jagat ke ye do bar3e vibhAga haiN| yaha pRthivI donoM kI mAtA hai| eka ora isake khetoM meM athaka parizrama karanevAle ( kSetre yasyA vikurvate, 43) isake baliSTha putra bhAMti bhAMti ke brIhi-yavAdika anoM ko utpanna karate haiM ( yasyAmanna brohiyavau, 42) aura lahalahAtI huI khetI (kRSTayaH 3) ko dekhakara harSita hote haiM, tathA dUsarI ora ve jaMgala aura kAMtAra haiM jinameM aneka prakAra kI voryavatI oSadhiyAM utpanna hotI haiM .( nAnAvIryA oSadhIryA bibharti, 2) / yaha pRthivI sAkSAt oSadhiyoM ko mAtA hai, ( vizvasvam mAtaramoSadhInAma, 17) / varSA Rtu meM jaba jala se bhare hue megha AkAza meM garajate haiM taba oSadhiyoM kI bAr3ha se pRthivI kA zarIra Dhaka jAtA hai| usa vicitra varNa ke kAraNa pRthivI ko eka saMjJA pRbhi kahI gaI hai| * eriyala vaattrs|

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nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA ve oSadhiyA~ SaT RtuoM ke cakra meM paripakva hokara jaba murajhA jAtI haiM taba unake bIja phira pRthivI meM hI samA jAte haiN| pRthivI una bIjoM ko sa~bhAlakara rakhanevAlI dhAtrI hai (gRbhiH oSadhInAm, 57) / samatala maidAna aura himAlaya Adi parvatoM ke utsaMga meM svacchaMda havA aura khule AkAza ke nIce vAtAtapika jIvana bitAnevAlI ina asaMkhya oSadhiyoM kI iyattA kauna kaha sakatA hai ? iMdradhanuSa ke samAna sAta raMga ke puSpoM se khilakara sUrya kI dhUpa meM haMsate hue jaba hama inheM dekhate haiM taba hamArA hRdaya AnaMda se bhara jAtA hai| zaMkhapuSpI kA choTA sA harita tRNa zveta puSpa kA mukuTa dhAraNa kie hue jahA~ vikasita hotA hai vahA~ dhUpa meM eka maMgala sA jAna par3atA hai| brAhmo, rudravatI, svarNakSIrI, sauparNI, zaMkhapuSpI, inake nAmakaraNa kA jo manohara adhyAya hamAre deza ke nighaMTu-vettAoM ne prAraMbha kiyA thA, usakI kalA advitIya hai| eka eka oSadhi ke pAsa jAkara usake mUla aura kAMDa se, patra aura puSpa se, kesara aura parAga se usake jIvana kA paricaya aura kuzala pUchakara usake liye bhASA ke bhaMDAra meM se eka bhavya sA nAma cunA gyaa| ina oSadhiyoM meM jo guNa bhare hue haiM unake sAtha hamAre rASTra ko phira se paricita hone kI AvazyakatA hai| ___ vRkSa aura vanaspati pRthivI para dhruva bhAva se khar3e haiM ( yasyAM vRkSA vAna-spatyA dhruvAstiSThanti vizvahA, 27) / yo dekhane meM pratyeka kI Ayu kAla se parimita hai; kiMtu unakA bIja aura unakI nasla hamezA jIvita rahatI haiN| yahI unakA pRthivI ke sAtha sthAyI saMbaMdha hai| karor3oM varSoM se vikasita hote hue vanaspati-jagat ke ye prANI vartamAna jIvana taka pahu~ce haiM, aura isake Age bhI ye isI prakAra bar3hate aura phUlate-phalate rheNge| isI bhUmi para unnata bhAva se khar3e hue jo mahAvRkSa haiM unako yathArthataH vana ke adhipati yA vAnaspatya nAma diyA jA sakatA hai| devadAru aura nyagrodha, Amra aura azvastha, udubara aura zAla--ye apane yahA~ ke kucha mahAviTapa haiN| mahA. vRkSoM kI pUjA aura unako ucita sammAna denA hamArA parama kartavya hai| jahA~ mahAvRkSoM ko Adara nahIM milatA vahA~ ke araNya kSINa ho jAte haiN| sau phuTa U~ce aura tosa phuTa gherevAle atyaMta prAMzu kedAra aura devadAruoM ko himAlaya ke

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pRthivIsUkta-eka adhyayana 57 . satsaMga meM dekhakara jina logoM ne zraddhA ke bhAva se una vanaspatiyoM ko ziva ke putra ke rUpa meM dekhA, ve sacamuca jAnate the ki vanaspati-saMsAra kitane ucca sammAna kA adhikArI hai| svayaM ziva ne kedAroM kA svAmitva svIkAra kiyA Aja anavadhAna ke kAraNa hama apane ina vAnaspatyoM ko dekhanA bhUla gae haiN| tabhI hama usa mAlajhana latA kI zakti se anabhijJa haiM jo sau-sau phuTa U~ce uThakara himAlaya ke bar3e bar3e vRkSoM ko apane bAhupAza meM bA~dha letI hai| Aja vanaspati-jagat ke prati 'amuM puraH pazyasi devadArum' ke praznoM ke dvArA hameM apane caitanya ko phira se jhakajhorane kI AvazyakatA hai| jahA~ phUle hue zAlavRkSoM ke nIce viddhazAlabhaMjikA kI krIDAoM kA pracAra kiyA gayA, jahA~ udIyamAna nArI-jIvana ke sarasa mana se vanaspati-jagat ko tara gita karane ke liye azokadohada jaise vinoda kalpita kie gae, vahA~ manuSya aura vanaspati-jagat ke sakhyabhAva ko phira se harA-bhaga banAne kI AvazyakatA hai| puSpoM ko zobhA vanazrI kA eka vilakSaNa hI zRgAra hotA hai| deza meM puSpoM ke saMbhAra se bhare hue aneka vana-khaMDa aura vATikAe~ haiN| kamala hamAre saba puSpoM meM eka nirAlI zobhA rakhatA hai| vaha mAtRbhUmi kA pratIka hI bana gayA hai| isI liye puSpoM meM kavi ne kamala kA smaraNa kiyA hai| vaha kavi kahatA hai-he bhUmi, tumhArI jo gaMdha kamala meM basI huI hai ( yaste gandhaH puSkaramAviveza, 24), usa sugaMdha se mujhe surabhita kro| - __ isa pRthvI para dvipada aura catuSpada ( pazu-pakSI) donoM hI nivAsa karate haiN| AkAza kI goda meM bhare hue haMsa aura suparNa vyoma ko prANamaya banAte haiM (yAM dvipAda: pakSiNa: saMpatanti haMsAH suparNAH zakunA vayAMsi, 51) / prativarSa mAnasarovara kI yAtrA karanevAle hamAre haMsoM ke paMkha kitane sazakta haiN| AkAza meM vana kI taraha TUTanevAle dRr3ha aura baliSTha supoM ko dekhakara hameM prasannatA honI caahie| manuSyoM ke liye bhI jo vana agama haiM unameM pazu aura pakSo cahala-pahala rakhate haiN| unake surIle kaMTha aura suMdara ragoM ko dekhakara hameM zabda aura rUpa kI apUrva samRddhi kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| bhUmi para rahanevAlI pazu-saMpatti bhI bhUmi ke liye utanI hI Avazyaka hai jitanA ki svayaM manuSya / kavi kI dRSTi meM yaha pRthivI gauoM aura azvoM kA

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58 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bahuvidha sthAna hai ( gavAmazvAnAM vayasazca viSThA, 5) / deza meM jo godhana hai, usakI jo nasleM sahasroM varSoM se dUdha aura ghI se hamAre zarIroM ko soMcatI AI haiM unake adhyayana, rakSA aura unnati meM dattacitta honA rASTrIya kartavya hai| godhana ke jIrNa hone se janatA ke apane zarIra bhI kSINa ho jAte haiN| gauoM ke prati anukUlatA aura saumanasya kA bhAva mAnuSI zarIra ke pratyeka aNu ko anna aura rasa se tRpta rakhatA hai| siMdhu, kaMboja aura surASTra ke jo turaMgama dIrgha yugoM taka hamAre sAthI rahe haiM unake prati upekSA karanA hameM zobhA nahIM detaa| isa deza ke sAhitya meM azvasUtra aura hastisUtra kI racanA bahuta pahale ho cukI thii| pazcimI eziyA ke amaranA sthAna meM AcArya kikkuli kA banAyA huA azva-zAstra saMbaMdhI eka graMtha upalabdha huzrA hai, jo vikrama se bhI paMdraha zatAbdI pUrva kA hai| isameM ghor3oM kI cAla aura kudAna ke bAre meM ekAvartana, vyAvartana, paMcAvartana, saptAvartana sadRza aneka saMskRta zabdoM ke rUpAMtara prayukta hue haiN| jo vyAghra aura siha kAMtAroM kI guphAoM meM nidva vicarate haiM, unakI ora bhI kavi ne dhyAna diyA hai| yaha pRthivI vanacArI zukara ke liye bhI khulI hai, siMha aura vyAghra jaise puruSAda pAraNya pazu yahA~ zaurya-parAkrama ke upamAna bane haiM (49) / pazu aura pakSI kisa prakAra pRthivI ke yaza ko bar3hAte haiM isakA itihAsa sAkSI hai| bhAratavarSa ke mayUra prAcIna bAveru ( bebIlana ) taka jAte the (baaverujaatk)| prAcIna kekaya deza (Adhunika zAhapura-jhelama) ke rAjakIya aMtaHpura meM karAla dAr3hoMvAle mahAkAya kuttoM kI eka nasla vyAghroM ke vIrya-cala se taiyAra hotI thI, jisakI kIrti yUnAna aura roma taka prAcIna kAla meM pahuMcI thii| laimpsakasa se prApta bhArata-lakSmI kI cA~dI kI taztarI para isa bagherI nasla ke kuttoM kA citraNa pAyA jAtA hai| kuttoM ko yaha bhoma jAti Aja bhI jIvita hai aura rASTrIya kuzala-prazna aura dAya meM bhAga pAne ke liye utsuka hai / viSaile sarpa aura tIkSNa DaMkavAle bicchU hemata Rtu meM sardI se ThiThurakara guma-zuma biloM meM soe rahate haiN| ye bhI pRthivI ke putra haiN| jitanI lakhacaurAsI varSA Rtu meM utpanna hokara sahasA raMgane aura ur3ane lagatI hai unake jIvana se bhI hameM apane liye kalyANa kI kAmanA karanI hai (46) /

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pRthivIsUkta-eka adhyayana Upara kahe hue pArthiva kalyANoM se saMpanna mAtRbhUmi kA svarUpa atyata manohara hai| usake atirikta svarNa, maNi-ratna Adika nidhiyoM ne usake rUpa-maDana ko aura bhI uttama banAyA hai| ratnaprasU, ratnadhAtrI yaha pRthivI 'vasudhAnI' hai, arthAt sAre koSoM kA rakSA-sthAna hai| usakI chAtI meM anata suvarNa bharA huA hai| hiraNyavakSA bhUmi ke isa aparimita koSa kA varNana karate hue kavi kI bhASA apUrva teja se camaka uThatI hai vizvaMbharA vasudhAnI pratiSThA hiraNyavakSA jagato niveshnii||2|| nidhiM bibhratI bahudhA guhA vasu maNi hirapaya pRthivI dadAtu me / vasUni no vasadA rAsamAnA devI dadhAtu sumanasyamAnA / / 44 // sahasraM dhArA draviNasya meM duhAM dhruveva dhenuranapasphurantI // 45 // vizva kA bharaNa karanevAlI, ranoM kI khAna, hiraNya se paripUrNa, he mAtRbhUmi, tumhAre Upara eka saMsAra ho basA huA hai| tuma sabako prANasthiti kA kAraNa ho / . apane gUr3ha pradezoM meM tuma aneka nidhiyoM kA bharaNa karatI ho| ratna, maNi aura suvarNa kI tuma denevAlI ho| ratnoM kA vitaraNa karanevAlI vasudhe, prema aura prasannatA se pulakita hokara hamAre liye koSoM ko pradAna kro| __ aTala khar3I huI anukUla dhenu ke samAna, he mAtA, tuma sahasroM dhArAoM se apane draviNa kA hamAre liye dohana kro| tumhArI kRpA se rASTra ke koSa akSayya nidhiyoM se bhare-pure rheN| unameM kisI prakAra kisI kArya ke liye kabhI nyUnatA na ho| hiraNyavakSA pRthivI ke isa AbhAmaya sunahale rUpa ko kavi apanI zraddhAMjali arpita karatA hai tasyai hiraNyavakSase pRthivyA akaraM nmH| (26) pRthivI ke sAtha saMvatsara kA anukUla sabadha bhI hamArI unnati ke liye atyaMta Avazyaka hai| kavi ne kahA hai ___ 'he pRthivI, tumhAre Upara saMvatsara kA niyamita Rtucakra ghUmatA hai| grISma, varSA, zarad, hemaMta, zizira aura vasaMta kA vidhAna apane apane kalyANoM ko prativarSa tumhAre caraNoM meM bheMTa karatA hai| dhIra gati se aprasara hote hue

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60 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA tumhAre ahorAtra nitya nae dugdha kA prasravaNa karate haiN|' pRthivI ke pratyeka saMvatsara kI kAryazakti kA vArSika lekhA kitanA aparimita hai| usakI dinacaryA aura nijatrA ahorAtra ke dvArA RtuoM meM aura RtuoM ke dvArA saMvatsara meM Age bar3hatI hai / punaH saMvatsara usa vikrama kI kathA ko mahAkAla ke pravartita cakra ko bheMTa karatA hai| saMvatsara kA itihAsa nitya hai / vasaMta Rtu ke kisa kSaNa meM kisa puSpa ko he pRthivI, raMgoM kI tUlikA se tuma sajAtI ho; aura kisa oSadhi meM tumhAre ahorAtra aura Rtue~ apanA dugdha kisa samaya jamA karatI haiM; paMkha phailAkara ur3atI huI tumhArI | titaliyA~ kisa Rtu meM kahA~ se kahA~ jAtI haiM; kisa samaya krauMca pakSI kalarava karatI huI paMktiyoM meM mAnasarovara se lauTakara hamAre khetoM meM maMgala karate haiM; kisa samaya tIna dina taka bahanevAlA pracaMDa phagunahaTA vRkSoM ke jIrNa-zIrNa pattoM ko dharAzAyI banA detA hai; aura kisa samaya puravAI zrAkAza ko meghoM kI ghaTA se chA detI hai? - isa Rtu vijJAna kI tumhArI romaharSeNa gRhavArtA ko jAnane kI hamameM nUtana abhiruci huI hai / jana bhUmi para jana kA sanniveza bar3I romAMcakArI ghaTanA mAnI jAtI hai / kisI pUrva yuga meM jisa jana ne apane pada isa pRthivI para Teke usI ne yahA~ bhU-pratiSThA prApta kI, usI ke bhUta aura bhaviSya kI adhiSThAtrI yaha bhUmi hai sA no bhUtasya bhavyasya patnI / ( 1 ) * bhU-pratiSThA, bhU-mApana, prAraMbhika yuga meM bhUmi para jana ke sanniveza kI saMjJA hai jise aMgarejI meM laiMDa-TekiMga kahA jAtA hai| prAisalaiMDa kI bhASA ke anusAra 'laiMDa-TekiMga' ke liye laiMDa -nAmA' zabda hai / DA0 kumArasvAmI ne Rgveda ko 'laiMDa-nAmA - buka' kahA hai, kyoMki Rgveda pratyeka kSetra meM zrArya jAti kI 'bhU-pratiSThA' kA graMtha hai / pUrvajanoM paira TekanA ) saba dezoM meM dvArA bhU-pratiSThA ( pRthvI para eka atyaMta pavitra ghaTanA mAnI jAtI hai / ( dekhie kumArasvAmI, RRgveda eja laiMDa-nAma-buka, pR0 34 )

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pRthivIsUkta - eka adhyayana 61 pRthivI para sarvaprathama paira Tekane kA bhAva jana ke hRdaya meM gaurava utpanna karatA hai / jana kI ora se kavi kahatA hai-- maiMne ajIta, ahata aura akSata rUpa meM saba se pUrva isa bhUmi para paira jamAyA thA - jIto'hato akSato'dhyaSThAM pRthivImaham / ( 11 ) usa bhU-adhiSThAna ke kAraNa bhUmi aura jana ke bIca meM eka aMtaraMga saMbaMdha utpanna huA / yaha saMbaMdha pRthivIsUkta ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra hai mAtA bhUmiH putro aha N pRthivyAH / ( 12 ) 'yaha bhUmi mAtA hai, aura maiM isa pRthivI kA putra hU~ / ' bhUmi ke sAtha mAtA kA saMbaMdha jana yA jAti ke samasta jIvana kA rahasya hai| jo jana bhUmi ke sAtha isa saMbaMdha kA anubhava karatA hai vahI mAtA ke hRdaya se prApta honevAle kalyANoM kA adhikArI hai, usI ke liye mAtA dUdha kA visarjana karatI hai / sA no bhUmirvisRjatAM mAtA putrAya me payaH / ( 10 ) 1 jisa prakAra putra ko hI mAtA se poSaNa prApta karane kA svatva hai, usI prakAra pRthivI ke Urja yA bala pRthivIputroM ko hI prApta hote haiM / kavi ke zabdoM se- 'he pRthivI, tumhAre zarIra se nikalanevAlI jo zakti kI dhArAe~ haiM unake sAtha hameM saMyukta karo' yatte madhya pRthivi yacca nabhya yAsta UrjastanvaH saMbabhUvuH / tAsu no dhehi abhinaH pavasva mAtA bhUmiH putro graha pRthivyAH // ( 12 ) pRthivI yA rASTra kA jo madhyabiMdu hai use hI vaidika bhASA meM nabhya kahA hai| usa keMdra se yuga yuga meM aneka Urja yA rASTrIya bala nikalate haiN| jatra isa prakAra ke baloM kI bahiyA AtI hai taba rASTra kA kalpavRkSa hariyAtA hai / yugoM se soe hue bhAva jAga jAte haiM. aura vahI rASTra kA jAgaraNa hotA hai / afai bhASA hai ki jaba isa prakAra ke UrjA pravAhita hoM taba maiM bhI usa cetanA ke prANavAyu se saMyukta hoU~ / pRthivI ke Upara AkAza meM chA jAnevAle vicAra-megha ve parjanya haiM jo apane varSaNa se samasta janatA ko sIMcate haiM ( parjanyaH pitA sa u naH pitu, 12 ) / una parjanyoM se prajAe~ naI naI preraNAe~ lekara bar3hatI haiN| pRthivI para uThanevAle ye mahAn vega mAnasika zaktiyoM meM

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62 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA prakaMpa utpanna karate haiM, aura zArIrika baloM meM cetanA yA halacala ko janma dete haiN| ina do prakAra ke vegoM ( phorsaja ) ke liye veda meM 'ejathru' aura 'vepathu' zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai mahatsavasthaM mahatI babhUva; mahAvega ejathurvepathuSTe (18) / bhUmi kI eka saMjJA saghastha ( kaoNmana phAdaralaiMDa ) hai, kyoMki yahA~ usake saba putra milakara ( saha + stha) eka sAtha rahate haiM / yaha mahatI pitRbhUmi yA sadhastha vistAra meM atyaMta mahAn hai aura jJAna kI pratiSThA meM bhI isakA pada U~cA hai| isake putroM ke ejathu ( mana ke preraka vega ) aura vepathu (zarIra ke bala) bhI mahAn haiN| tIna mahattAoM se yukta isakI rakSA mahAna iMdra pramAdarahita hokara karate haiM ( mahAMstvendro rakSatyapramAdam, 18 ) / mahAn deza- vistAra, mahatI sAMskRtika pratiSThA, janatA meM zarIra aura mana kA mahAn Andolana aura rASTra kA mahAn rakSaNa-bala- ye cAroM jaba eka sAtha milate haiM taba usa yuga meM itihAsa svarNa ke teja se camakatA hai| isI kA kavi ne kahA hai- 'he bhUmi, hiraNya ke saMdarzana se hamAre liye camako, koI hamArA vairI na he|' ( 18 ) / bar3e bar3e bavaMDara aura bhUcAla, hauhare aura har3akaMpa, batAsa aura ma~phAe~ - bhautika aura mAnasika jagat meM pRthivI para calate rahate haiM / itihAsa meM kahIM yuddhoM ke pralayaMkara megha ma~DarAte haiM, kahIM krAMti aura viplavoM ke dhakke pRthivI ko DagamagAte haiM, para Mtu pRthivI kA madhyabiMdu kabhI nahIM DolatA / jina yugoM meM kilakArI mAranevAlI ghaTanAoM ke adhyAya sapATe ke sAtha daur3ate haiM, unameM bhI pRthivI kA keMdra dhruva aura aDiga rahatA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki yaha pRthivI iMdra kI zakti se rakSita ( iMdraguptA) hai; saba meM mahAna deva iMdra pramAdarahita hokara svayaM isakI rakSA karatA rahatA hai| isa prakAra kI kitanI -- 1 parIkSAoM meM pRthivI uttIrNa ho cukI hai| kavi kI dRSTi meM manu kI saMtati isa pRthivI para asaMbAdha nivAsa karatI hai (asa bAdhaM badhyato mAnavAnAm, 2 ) / isa bhUmi ke pAsa cAra dizAe~ haiM, isakA smaraNa karAne kA tAtparya hai ki pratyeka dizA meM jo svAbhAvika diksImA hai vahA~ taka pRthivI kA apratihata vistAra hai / 'prAcI aura

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pRthivIsUkta - eka adhyayana 63 udocI, dakSiNa aura pazcima - ina dizAoM meM sarvatra hamAre liye kalyANa ho hama kahIM se utta na hoM ( 31, 32 ) / isa bhuvana kA Azraya lete hue hamAre pairoM meM kahIM Thokara na lage ( mA ni paptaM bhuvane zizriyANa: ) aura hamAre dAhine aura bAe~ paira aise dRr3ha pratiSThita hoM ki kisI avasthA meM bhI lar3akhar3Ae~ nahIM ( padbhyAM dakSiNasavyAbhyAM mA vyathiSmahi bhUmyAm ) / janatA ke parAkrama kI cAra avasthAe~ hotI haiM- kali, dvApara, tretA aura kRta / janatA kA sAyA huA rUpa kali hai, baiThane kI ceSTA karatA huA dvApara hai, khar3A huA rUpa tretA aura calatA huA rUpa kRta hai ( udIrANA utAsInAstiSThantaH prakrAmantaH, 285 ) | pRthivI para asaMbAdha nivAsa karane ke liye eka bhAvanA bAraMbAra ina maMtroM meM prakaTa hotI hai / vaha hai pRthivI ke vistAra kA bhAva / yaha bhUmi hamAre liye uru-loka arthAt vistRta pradeza pradAna karanevAlI ho ( uruloka pRthivI naH kRNeAtu ) / dyuloka aura pRthivI ke bIca meM mahAn aMtarAla janatA ke liye sadA unmukta rahe / rASTra ke liye kevala do cIjeM cAhie - eka 'vyaca' bhaumika vistAra aura dUsarI medhA yA mastiSka kI zakti (53) / ina Marat prApti se pRthivI kI unnati kA pUrNa rUpa vikasita ho sakatA hai / bhUmi para janoM kA vitaraNa isa prakAra svAbhAvika rIti se hotA hai jaiseazva apane zarIra kI dhUli ko cAroM ora phailAtA hai| jo jana pRthivI para base the ve cAroM ora phailate gae aura unase hI aneka janapada astitva meM Ae / yaha pRthivI aneka janoM ko apane bhItara rakhanevAlA eka pAtra hai ( tvamasyAvapanI janAnAm, 61 ) / yaha pAtra vistRta hai ( paprathAnA ), akhaMDa (aditi rUpa) hai, aura saba kAmanAoM kI pUrti karanevAlA (kAmadudhA ) hai / kisI prakAra kA koI nyUnatA prajApati ke suMdara aura satya niyamoM ke kAraNa * isI kI vyAkhyA aitareya brAhmaNa ke caraiveti-gAna meM hai-- kaliH zayAno bhavati saMjihAnastu dvApara: / . uttiSTha tretA bhavati kRtaM sampadyate caran //

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA isa pUrNa ghaTa meM utpanna nahIM hotii| pRthivI ke Una bhAvoM kI pUrti kA uttaradAyitva prajApati ke Rta yA vizva ko saMtulana-zaktiyoM para hai ( yatta una tatta ApUrayati prajApatiH prathamajA Rtasya, 61) / pRthivI para base hue aneka prakAra ke janoM kI sattA RSi svIkAra karatA hai| mAtRbhUmi ko ve milakara zakti dete haiM aura usake rUpa kI samRddhi karate haiN| apane apane pradezoM ke anusAra ( yathokasam ) unakI aneka bhASAe~ haiM aura ve nAnA dharmoM ke mAnanevAle haiM janaM bibhratI bahudhA vivAcasaM, nAnAdharmANaM pRthivI yayaukasam / (45) unameM jo vibhinnatA kI sAmagrI hai use mAtRbhUmi saharSa svIkAra karatI hai| vibhinna hote hue bhI una saba meM eka hI tAra isa bhAvamA kA piroyA huA hai ki ve saba pRthivI ke putra haiN| kavi kI dRSTi meM yaha ekatA do rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI hai| eka to usa gaMdha ke rUpa meM hai jo pRthivI kA vizeSa guNa hai| yaha gaMdha saba meM basI huI hai| jisameM bhUmi ko gaMdha hai vahI sagaMdha hai aura usI meM bhUmi kA teja jhalakatA hai| pRthivI se utpanna vaha gaMdha rASTrIya vizeSatA ke rUpa meM striyoM aura puruSoM meM prakaTa hotI hai| usI gaMdha ko hama strI-puruSoM ke bhAgya aura mukha ke teja ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| vIroM kA pausya bhAva aura kanyA kA varcas usI gaMdha ke kAraNa hai| mAtRbhUmi ko putro pratyeka kumArI apane lAvaNya meM usI gaMdha ko dhAraNa karatI hai| mAtRbhUmi kI usa gaMdha se hama saba suramita hoM, usa saurabha kA AkarSaNa sarvatra ho| anya rASTroM ke madhya meM hamArI usa gaMdha kA koI vairI na ho, kevala usa gaMdha ke kAraNa athot mAtRbhUmi kI usa chApa ko apane sira para dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa, koI hamase dveSa na kare ( tena mA surabhi kRNu mA no dvikSata kazcana, 24, 25) / vaha gaMdha bhUmi ke pratyeka paramANu kI vizeSatA hai| - oSadhiyoM aura vanaspatiyoM meM, mRgoM aura AraNya pazuoM meM, azvoM aura hAthiyoM meM sarvatra vahI eka vizeSatA spaSTa hai| mAtRbhUmi kI usa gaMdha ke kAraNa kisI ko kahIM bhI nirAdara prApta na ho, varan isI guNa ke kAraNa rASTra meM ve tejasvI aura sammAnita hoN| vahI gaMdha usa puSkara meM basI huI thI jise sUryA ke vivAha meM devoM ne sUMghA thaa|

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pRthivIsUka-eka adhyayana ena amayoM ko he bhUmi, tumhArI 'zrama gadha' sadaya ke prathama prabhAta meM prApta huI thI, vahI apa gadha hameM bhI surabhita karanevAlI ho| jisa samaya rASTra kI saba prajAe~ paraspara sumanasyamAna hokara apane sudara se sudara rUpa meM virAjamAna thI, usa samaya sUryA ke vivAha meM unakA jo mahotsava huA thA, usa sammilana meM jisa gaMdha se base hue kamala ko devoM ne sUghA thA usI amara gaMdha kI upAsanA Aja hama bhI karate haiM ( 23.25) / janatA kA bAhya bhautika rUpa aura zrI usI rASTrAya aikya se sadA prabhAvita ho| ekatA kA dUsarA rUpa adhika ucca hai| vaha mAnasa jagat kI bhAvanA hai| vaha agni ke rUpa meM sarvatra vyApta hai| agni hI jJAna kI jyoti hai| 'puruSoM aura striyoM meM, azvoM aura godhana meM, jala aura oSadhiyoM meM, bhUmi aura pASANoM meM, dhuloka aura aMtarikSa meM eka hI agni baso huI hai| martya loga apanI sAdhanA se usI agni ko prajvalita karake amartya banAte haiN|' mAtRbhUmi ke jina putroM meM yaha agni prakaTa ho jAtI hai ve amRtatva yA devatva ke bhAva ko prApta karate haiN| 'yaha samasta bhUmi usa ani kA vastra or3he hue hai| isakA ghuTanA kAlA hai' (agnivAsAH pRthivI asitajJaH, 21) / putra mAtA ke jisa ghuTane para baiThatA hai, usakA bhautika rUpa kAlA hai, kiMtu usa para baiThakara aura mAtRmAna banakara vaha apane hRdaya ke bhAvoM se usa agni ko prakAzita karatA hai, jisase vaha teja aura tIkSNa bala prApta karake tviSImaMta aura sazita banatA hai (21) / mAtRbhUmi ke sAtha saMbadhita hone ke liye manAbhAva hI pradhAna vastu hai| jo devoM kI bhAvanA rakhate haiM unake liye yahA~ sajAe hue yajJa haiM; jo mAnuSI bhAvoM se prerita haiM, una matyoM ke liya kevala anna aura pAna ke bhoga haiM (22) / isa sUkta meM bhUmi, bhUmi para basanevAle jana, janoM kI vividhatA, unakI ekatA, aura una saba ko milAkara eka uttama rASTra kI kalpanAina pAMcoM kA spaSTa vivecana pAyA jAtA hai| kavi ne nizcita zabdoM meM kahA hai sAno bhUmistvirSi balaM rASTra ddhaatuuttme| (8). ___samagratA-rASTrIya aikya ke liye sUkta meM 'samagra' zabda kA prayoga hai| yaha aikya kisa prakAra prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai ? Apasa meM bhinnatA honA, aneka bhASAoM aura dharmoM kA astitva koI truTi nahIM hai / abhizApa ke rUpa meM

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66 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA usako kalpanA veda kA bhAva nahIM hai| RSi kI dRSTi meM vividhatA kA kAraNa bhaumika paristhiti hai| nAnA dharma, bhinna bhASAe~, bahudhA jana, ye saba yathaukasa arthAt apane apane nivAsasthAnoM ke kAraNa pRthaka haiN| isa svAbhAvika kAraNa se jUjhanA manuSya kI mUrkhatA hai| ye sthUla bheda kabhI ekAkAra ho jAyeMge, yaha samajhanA bhI bhUla hai| 'pRthivI se jo prANI utpanna haiM unheM bhUmi para vicarane kA adhikAra hai| jo bhadra aura pApa haiM unheM bhI janAyana mArgoM ke upayoga kA svatva hai| jitane martya 'paMca mAnava' yahA~ haiM ve taba taka amara raheMge, jaba taka sUrya AkAza meM hai kyoMki sUrya hI to prAta:kAla sabako apanI razmiyoM se amara banA rahA hai| (15) pRthivI ke 'paMca mAnava' aura choTI moTo aura bhI aneka prajAe~ (paMca kRSTayaH ) vidhAtA ke vidhAna ke anusAra hI sthAyI rUpa se yahA~ nivAsa karane ke liye haiM, ataeva unako paraspara samagra bhAva se ekatA ke sUtra meM baMdhakara rahanA Avazyaka hai tA naH prajAH saM duhRtAM samagrA vAco madhu pRthivi dhehi mahyam / (16) binA ekatA ke mAtRbhUmi kA kalyANa asaMbhava hai| pRthivI ke dohana ke liye zrAdirAja pRthu ne jar3a-cetana ke aneka vargoM ko eka sUtra meM bA~dhA thA, aura bhUmi kA dUdha pIne ke liye pRthu ko adhyakSatA meM sabhI ko bachar3A bamanA par3A thaa| isa aikya bhAva kI kuMjI vANI kA madhu yA bolI kA miThAsa hai (vAcaH mdhu)| yaha kuMjI tIna kAla meM bhI nahIM bigdd'tii| hameM cAhie ki jaba bolane lage to pahale yaha soca le ki hama usase kisI ke hRdaya para AghAta to nahIM kara rahe haiN| 'he saba ko zuddha karanevAlI mAtA, tumhAre marma aura hRdaya sthAna kA vedhana maiM kabhI na kruuN| (35) priyadarzI azoka ne saMpradAyoM meM sumati aura sadbhAva ke liye vANI ke isa zahada kA upadeza diyA thaa| apane ko ujjvala siddha karane ke liye jaba hama dUsaroM kI nidA karate haiM taba Apa bhI bujha jAte haiN| rASTra kI vAk meM madhu ko aneka dhArAoM ke anavarata pravAha meM hI saba kA kalyANa hai aura vahI madhu samapra prajAoM ko eka akhaMDa bhAva meM gRthatA hai / pRthivI svayaM kSamAzIla dhAtrI hai (kSamA bhUmim ,29) /

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pRthivIsUkta-eka adhyayana vaha kSamA aura sahiSNutA kA saba se bar3A Adarza upasthita karatI hai| 'jJAnIguru (26) aura mUrkha-buddha donoM ko vaha poSita karatI hai| bhadra aura pApI donoM kI mRtyu usI kI goda meM hotI hai| (48) pratyeka prANI dAhinI-bAI pasaliyoM kI karavaTa se usa para leTatA hai aura vaha sabhI kA bichaunA banI hai' (savasya pratizIvarI, 34) / pRthivI para basanevAlA jana vyakti rUpa se zatAyu, para samaSTi rUpa se amara hai| jana kA jIvana eka por3hI meM samApta nahIM ho jAtA; vaha yugAMta taka sthira rahatA hai| sUrya usake amRtatva kA sAkSI hai| jana pRthivI ke utsaMga meM roga aura hAsa se abhaya hokara rahanA cAhatA hai (anamovA ayakSmA, 62) / he mAtRbhUmi, hama dIgha Ayu taka jAgate hue tumhAre liye bheMTa car3hAte raheM (62) / pRthivI jana ke bhUta aura bhaviSya donoM kI pAlanakartI hai ( sA no bhUtasya bhavyasya patnI, 1) / usako rakSA svayaM deva pramAda binA svapnarahita hokara karate haiM (7) / isaliye pRthivI kA jIvana kalpAMta taka sthAyI hai| usa bhUmi ke sAtha yajJIya bhAvoM se saMbaMdhita jana bhI ajara-amara hai| bhUmi ke sAtha jana kA saMbaMdha Aja nayA nahIM hai| yahI pRthivI hamAre pUrva puruSoM kI bhI jananI hai| 'he pRthivI, tuma hamAre pUrva kAlIna pUrvajoM kI bhI mAtA ho| tumhArI goda meM janma lekara pUrva janoM ne aneka vikrama ke kArya kie haiM yasyAM pUrve pUrvajanA vidhakire / (5) una parAkramoM kI kathA hI hamAre jana kA itihAsa hai| hamAre pUrvapuruSA ne isa bhUmi ko zatraoM se rahita (anamitra) aura asapatna bnaayaa| unhoMne yuddhoM meM du'dubhi-ghoSa kiyA ( yasyAM vadati dudubhiH, 41 ) aura AnaMda se vijayagAna karate hue nRtya aura saMgIta ke pramoda kie ( yasyAM nRtyaMti gAyaMti vyailabAH, 49) / janatA kI harSavANI aura kilakAriyoM se yukta gIta aura nRtya ke dRzya, tathA aneka prakAra ke parva aura maMgalotsavoM kA vidhAna saMskRti kA eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa hai jisake dvArA loka kI AtmA prakAzita hotI hai|

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68 . nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bhAratIya saMvatsara ke SaDa RtuoM kA cakra isa prakAra ke paryoM se bharA huA hai| unake sAmayika abhiprAya ko pahacAna kara unheM phira se rASTrIya jIvana kA aMga banAne kI AvazyakatA hai| udyAnoM kI krIDAe~ aura kitane prakAra ke puSpotsava saMvatsara kI parvaparaparA meM abhI taka baca gae haiN| ve phira se sArvajanika jIvana meM prANa-pratiSThA ke abhilASI haiN| isa vizvagarbhA pRthivI ke putroM ko vizvakarmA kahA gayA hai (13) / aneka mahattvapUrNa kAryoM kI yojanA unhoMne kI hai aura nae saMbhAroM ko ve uThAte rahate haiN| pRthivI ke vizAla khetoM meM unake dinagata ke parizrama se cAroM ora dhAnyasaMpatti laharAtI hai| unhoMne apanI buddhi aura zrama se aneka bar3e nagaroM kA nirmANa kiyA hai jo devanirmita se jAna par3ate haiM yasyAH puro devakRtaH kSetre yasyA vikurvate / prajApatiH pRthivIM vizvagarbhA AzAmAzAM raNyAM naH kRNotu, (43) pRthivI ko mahApuriyoM meM devatAoM kA aMza milA hai isIliye to ve amara haiN| mahApuriyoM meM devatva kI bhAvanA se svayaM bhUmi ko bhI devatva aura sammAna milA hai| jaMgala aura pahAr3oM se bharI huI, tathA samatala maidAna aura sadA bahanevAlI nadiyoM se paripUrNa bhUmi ko hara eka dizA meM nagaroM kI zobhA se ramaNIya banA denA rASTra kA bar3A bhArI parAkrama-kArya mAnA jAtA hai / saMskRti ke aneka adhyAyoM kA nirmANa ina nagaroM meM huA hai jisake kAraNa unako puna: pratiSThA milanI caahie| prAcIna bhArata meM nagaroM ke adhiSThAtA devatAoM kI kalpanA kI gaI thii| una nagara-devatAoM ko phira se paura-pUjA kA upahAra car3hAne ke liye sArvajanika mahotsavoM kA vidhAna honA caahie| pRthivI para jo grAma aura araNya haiM unameM bhI sabhyatA ke aMkura phUle-phale haiN| grAmoM ke janapadIya jovana meM evaM jahA~ aneka manuSya ekatra hote haiM una saMgrAmoM yA meloM meM, mAtRbhUmi kI prazaMsA ke liye usake putroM ke kaMTha niraMtara khulate raheM ye prAmA yadaraNyayAH sabhA adhi bhUmyAM ye saMgrAmAssamitayasteSu cAru vadema te / (56)

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-Q pRthivIsUkta-eka adhyayana 'pRthivI para jo grAma aura araNya haiM, jo sabhAe aura samitiyA~ haiM, jo sArvajanika sammelana haiM, unameM he bhUmi, hama tumhAre liye sudara bhASaNa kreN| .. suMdara bhASaNa kA smaraNa karate hue kavi kA hRdaya gadgada ho jAtA hai| vaha cAhatA hai ki bhUmi ke prazaMsA-gAna meM hamArA hRdaya vikasita ho, hamArI pANI udAra ho, aura hamArI bhASA kI zabdasaMpatti kA bhaMDAra unmukta ho| vANI kA sarvottama teja una sabhAoM aura samitiyoM meM dekhA jAtA hai jo rASTrIya jIvana ko niyamita karatI haiN| sabhA aura samiti ko vedoM meM prajApati kI putriyoM kahA gayA hai| rASTrIya jIvana ke sAtha unakA milakara kArya karanA atyaMta Avazyaka hai| sabhAoM aura samitiyoM meM janatA ke jo pratinidhi sammilita hote haiM, mAtRbhUmi ke liye unake dvArA sudaratama zabdoM ke prayoga kI kalpanA kitanI mArmika hai| vedoM ke anusAra pRthivI para basanevAlI janatA kA sabadha rASTra se hai| rASTra ke aMtargata bhUmi aura jana donoM sammilita haiN| isaliye yajurveda ke 'zrAbrahman' sUkta meM eka ora brahmavarcasvI brAhmaNa, tejasvI rAjanya aura yajamAnoM ke vIra yuvA putroM kA Adarza hai, dUsarI ora ucita samaya para meghoM se jalavRSTi aura phalavatI oSadhiyoM ke paripAka se pRthivI para dhana-dhAnya kI samRddhi kI abhilASA hai| ina donoM ke sammilana se hI rASTra kA yogakSema pUrNa hotA hai / pRthivIsUkta meM rASTra ke Adarza ko kaI prakAra se kahA gayA hai| bhUmi para jana kI dRr3ha sthApanA, janatA meM samapratA kA bhAva, jana kI anamitra, asapatra aura asa'bAdha sthiti, jo bAteM rASTra-vRddhi ke liye Avazyaka haiM unakA varNana sUkta meM yathAsthAna prApta hotA hai| bhUmi, jana aura jana kI saskRti, ina tInoM kI sammilita saMjJA rASTra hai| pRthivIsUkta ke anusAra rASTra tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-nikRSTa, madhyama aura uttama / prathama koTi ke rASTra meM pRthivI kI saba prakAra kI bhautika saMpatti kA pUrNa rUpa se vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| madhyama koTi ke rASTra meM jana kI vRddhi aura halacala dekhI jAtI hai, aura uttama koTi ke rASTra kI vizeSatA kA lakSaNa rASTrIya jana kI ucca saMskRti hai| isI ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue RSi

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA prArthanA karatA hai ki hama uttama rASTra meM mAnasika teja aura zArIrika bala prApta kareM sA no bhUmistviSi balaM rASTra dadhAtUttame, (8) / vaha bhUmi jisakA hRdaya parama vyoma meM amRta aura satya se DhakA huA hai, uttama rASTra meM hamAre liye teja aura bala kI denevAlI ho| rASTra ke upayukta svarUpa ko yo bhI kaha sakate haiM ki bhUmi rASTra kA zarIra hai, jana usakA prANa hai, aura jana kI saMskRti usakA mana hai| zarIra, prANa aura mana ina tInoM ke sammilana se hI rASTra kI AtmA kA nirmANa hotA hai| gaSTra meM janma lekara pratyeka manuSya tIna RNoM se RNavAna ho jAtA hai, arthAt trividha kartavya jIvana meM usake liye niyata ho jAte haiN| rASTra ke zarIra yA bhautika rUpa kI unnati devaRNa hai, kyoMki yaha bhUmi isa rUpa meM devoM ke dvArA nirmita huii| jana ke prati kartavya pitRRNa hai jo sudara svastha prajA kI utpatti aura unake saMvardhana se pUrNa kiyA jAtA hai| rASTrIya jJAna aura dharma ke prati jo kartavya hai vaha RSi-RNa hai| saMskRti ke vikAsa ke dvArA hama usa RNa se RNa hote haiN| RSiyoM ke prati uttaradAyitva kA artha hai jJAna aura saskRti ke AdarzoM ko apane hI jIvana meM martimAna karane kA prayatna, aura yaha vicAra ki rASTra meM jJAna ke saMrakSaNa aura saMcaya kI jo guhAe~ haiM, unameM merA apanA mana bhI eka guhA bane, isase rASTra ke uttama rUpa kA teja vikasita hotA hai| eka tapasvI ke tapa se, jJAnI ke zAna se aura sakalpavAn puruSa ke saMkalpa se samasta rASTra zakti, jJAna aura saMkalpa se yukta banatA hai| rASTra meM suvarNa ke sumeruoM kA saMcaya usake sthUla zarIra kI sajAvaTa hai; paraMtu vapa, jJAna aura sakalpa kI sAdhanA rASTra ke mana, aura jana kI saMskRti kA vikAsa hai| 'sA no bhUmistvirSi balaM rASTra dhAtUttame'--yaha vAkya rASTra kI uttama sthiti yA sarvazreSTha Adarza kA sUtra hai| pratyeka rASTra dUsare rASTroM ke sAtha saMbaMdhita hotA hai| usa vyavahAra ko dUsare maMtra meM (58) cAra prakAra se kahA gayA hai 1-'maiM jo kahatA hU~, usameM zahada ko miThAsa ghola kara bolatA huuN|' arthAt sabake sAtha sahiSNutA kA bhAva rASTra kI udghoSita nIti hai aura hamAre sAhitya aura saMskRti kA yahI sauMdeza hai|

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71 pUzviIsUkta-eka adhyayana 2-~-jisa A~kha se maiM dekhatA hU~ use saba cAhate haiN| hamArA dRSTikoNa vizva kA dRSTikoNa hai, ataeva sabake sAtha usakA samanvaya hai, kisI ke sAtha usameM virodha yA anahita kA bhAva nahIM hai| 3-'paraMtu mere bhItara teja (tviSi) aura zakti (jUti ) hai| hamArA vyavahAra aura sthAna vaisA hI hai jaisA tejasvI aura sazakta kA hotA hai| 4-'jo merA hiMsana yA AkramaNa (avodhana) karatA hai usakA maiM hanana karatA huuN|' isa nIti meM rASTra ke brahmabala aura kSatrabala kA samanvaya hai| RSi kI dRSTi meM yaha bhUmi dharma se dhRta hai, hamAre mahAn dharma ko vaha dhAtrI hai| usake Upara viSNu ne tIna prakAra se vikramaNa kiyA, azvinIkumAroM ne usako phailAyA aura prathama agni usa para prajvalita kI gii| vaha agni sthAna-sthAna para samiddha hotI huI samasta bhUmi para phailI hai aura usase bhUmi ko dhArmika bhAva prApta huA hai| aneka mahAn yajJoM kA isa pRthivI para vitAna huaa| usake vizvakarmA putroM ne aneka prakAra ke yajJIya vidhAnoM meM navIna anuSThAnoM ko bhUmikA ke rUpa meM pRthivI para vediyoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| aneka RtvijoM ne Rka , yaju aura sAma ke dvArA una yajJoM meM maMtroM kA uccAraNa kiyaa| bhUmi para pUrvajoM ke dvArA yajJoM kA jo anuSThAna kiyA gayA usase bhU-pratiSThA ke liye aneka prAsadiyA~ sthApita huI aura janakIrti ke yUpa-stabha khar3e kie ge| bhUmi ko AtmasAt karane ke pramANa rUpa meM yajJIya yUpa Aja taka AryAvarta se yavadvIpa taka sthApita haiN| ina yUpoM ke sAmane dI huI AhutiyoM se samrAToM ke azvamedha yajJa alaMkRta hue haiN| kahA jA sakatA hai ki rASTrIya vikrama ke pratIka cihnoM kI saMjJA hI yUpa hai| pRthivI kA iMdra ke sAtha ghaniSTha saMbadha hai| yaha iMdra kI patnI hai, iMdra isakA svAmI hai| isane jAna bUjhakara iMdra kA varaNa kiyA, vRtrAsura kA nahIM (iMdra ghRNAnA pRthivI na vRtram, 37) / isa prakAra pathivI na kevala hamArI mAtRbhUmi hai, ki tu hamArI dharmabhUmi bhI hai|

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA janasaMskRti athavA brahma-vijaya kArya hai, kiMtu brahma Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki bhUmi ke sAtha janatA kA saba se acchA aura gaharA saMbaMdha usakI saMskRti ke dvArA hotA hai / pRthivI para manuSya do prakAra se apane Apako pratiSThita karatA hai - eka sainika bala yA kSetra- vijaya ke dvArA aura dUsarA jJAna yA brahma-vijaya ke dvArA / kSatra- vijaya ( paoNliTika miliTarI eMpAyara ) bhI eka mahAna parAkrama kA vijaya (AiDiyaoNlaoNjikala kalcara e pAyara) usase bhI mahAn hai / ina donoM digvijayoM ke mArga eka dUsare se svataMtra haiN| hamArI pRthivI kA itihAsa donoM prakAra se gauravazIla hai| kSatra-bala ke dvArA deza meM aneka choTe aura bar3e rAjyoM kI sthApanA hamAre itihAsa meM hotI rhii| kisI pUrva yuga meM isa bhUmi para devoM ne asuroM ko pachAr3A thA aura dudubhi-ghoSa ke dvArA pRthivI ko dasyuoM aura zatruoM se rahita kiyA thA; usake phalasvarUpa pRthivIM putroM ne ajIta, akSata aura ahata hokara bhUmi para adhikAra prApta kiyaa| isa prakAra kI kSatra- vijaya itihAsa meM paryApta mahattvapUrNa samajho jAtI hai, paraMtu bhUmi kI sacI vijaya usakI saMskRti yA jJAna kI vijaya hai / jaisA kahA hai, yaha pRthivIM brahma yA jJAna ke dvArA saMvardhita hotI hai .72 brahmaNA vAvRdhAnAm (29) brahma-vijaya ke liye eka vyakti kA jIvana utanA hI bar3A hai jitanI pUrI trilokI / usa vizAla kSetra meM pratyeka vyakti apane jJAna aura karma kI pUrI U~cAI taka uThakara digvijaya ke Adarza ko sthApita kara sakatA hai / eka choTe janapada kA zAsaka bhI apane parAkrama se saccI brahmavijaya prApta karake jaba yaha ghoSita karatA hai ki mere rAjya meM cora, pApI aura AcArahIna vyakti nahIM rahate, taba vaha apane usa parimita keMdra meM bar3e se bar3e sArvabhauma zAsaka kA U~cA Adarza aura mahattva prApta kara letA hai / vyaktiyoM aura janapadoM ke - dvArA yaha brahmavijaya samasta deza meM phailatI hai, aura eka - eka grAma, pura, nadI, parvata aura araNya ko vyApta karatI huI dezAMtara aura dvIpAMtaroM taka pahu~catI hai| darzana, jJAna, sAhitya, kalA, saMskRti kI bahumukhI vijaya bhAratavarSa kI brahma-vijaya ke rUpa meM saMsAra ke dUra dezoM meM mAnya huI, jisake

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pRthivIsUkta-eka adhyayana aneka pramANa Aja bhI upalabdha haiN| bRhattara bhArata kA adhyayana iso cAturdiza brahma-vijaya kA adhyayana hai| brahma-vijaya yA saMskRti ke sAmrAjya kA rahasya kyA hai ? AdhyAtmika jIvana ke jo mahAn tastra haiM RSi kI dRSTi meM ve hI pRthivI ko dhAraNa karate haiN| isa sUkta ke prathama maMtra meM hI rASTra kI isa AdhAra-bhUmi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki bhUmi ke svarUpa kA dhyAna karate hue saba se pahale yahI mUla satya RSi ke dhyAna meM pAyA jise usane nimnalikhita zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA satya bRhahatamugraM dIkSA tapo brahma yajJaH pRthivIM dhArayanti / sA no bhUtasya bhavyasya patnI ursa lokaM pRthivI naH kRNotu // 1 // 'satya, bRhat aura una Rta, dIkSA, tapa, brahma aura yajJa-ye pRthivI ko dhAraNa karate haiM / jo pRthivo hamAre bhUta aura bhaviSya kI patnI hai vaha hamAre liye vistRta loka pradAna karanevAlI ho|' yaha maMtra bhAratavarSa kI sAMskRtika vijaya kA aMtaryAmo sUtra hai| isase tIna bAteM jJAta hoto haiM-satya, Rta Adika zAzvata tattva jisa taraha AdhyAtmika jIvana ke AdhAra haiM, usI taraha rASTrIya jIvana ke bhI AdhAra haiM, unhIM se saMskRti kA nirmANa hotA hai| dUsare bhUta kAla meM aura bhaviSya meM rASTra ke sAtha pRthivI kA jo sabaMdha hai vaha saskRti ke dvArA hI sadA sthira rahatA hai| tIsare yaha ki brahma-vijaya ke mArga meM pRthivI kI dik sImAe~ anaMta ho jAtI haiN| eka janapada se jo saskRti kI vijaya prAraMbha hotI hai usakI taraMgeM deza meM phailato haiM, aura punaH deza se bAhara, samudra aura parvatoM ko lA~ghatI huI dezAMtaroM meM aura samasta bhUmaMDala meM phaila jAtI haiN| yaho pRthivI kA 'uru-loka pradAna karanA hai| __satya aura Rta jIvana ke do bar3e AdhAra-staMbha haiN| karma kA satya satya hai aura mana kA satya Rta hai| mAnasa-satya ke niyama vizva bhara meM akhaMDa aura durdharSe haiN| karma-satya aura mAnasa-satya ina donoM ke bala se rASTra balavAn

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74 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hotA hai / ina do prakAra ke satyoM ko prApta karane ke liye jIvana ke kaTibaddha vrata kA nAma dIkSA hai| dIkSita vyakti pahalI bAra satya kI ora A~kha se A~kha milAkara dekhatA hai| dIkSA ke anaMtara jIvana meM jo sAdhanA kI jAtI hai vahI tapa hai| aneka vidvAn aura jJAnI satya ke kisI eka pakSa ko pratyakSa karane kI dIkSA lekara jIvana meM ghora parizrama karate haiM, vahI unakA / isa tapa ke phala kA vizvahita ke liye visarjana karanA yajJa hai / ina pA~coM ko jIvana meM prApta karane yA anuprANita karane kI jo bhAvanA hai vahI brahma yA jJAna hai / tapa ina AdarzoM meM zraddhA rakhanevAle pUrva RSiyoM ne apane dhyAna kI zakti se ( mAyAbhiH ) isa pRthivI ko mUrta rUpa pradAna kiyA, anyathA yaha jala ke nIce chipI huI thii| ve hI RSi Adarzo ke saMsthApaka hue jinhoMne jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM saba taraha se nayA nirmANa kiyA / una nirmAtA pUrvajoM (bhUtakRtaH RSayaH ) ne yajJa aura tapa ke sAtha rASTrIya satroM meM jina vANiyoM kA udghoSa kiyA vahIM yaha vaidika sarasvatI bhAratIya brahma-vijaya kI U~cI zAzvatI patAkA hai| zruti mahatI sarasvatI ke kAraNa hI hamArI pRthivI saba bhuvanoM meM agraNI huI, isI kAraNa RSi ne use 'apratvarI' ( Age jAnevAlI) - vizeSaNa diyA hai| mAtRbhUmi ke isI agraNI guNa ko arvA - cIna kavi ne 'prathama prabhAta udaya tava gagane' kahakara prakaTa kiyA hai| jo svayaM sabase Age hai vahIM apane putroM ke prathama sthAna meM sthApita kara sakatI hai ( pUrva peye dadhAtu ) / apanI durdharSa brahma vijaya ke AnaMda meM vizvAsa ke sAtha mastaka U~cA karake pratyeka pRthivI - putra isa prakAra kaha sakatA hai - 'maiM vijayazIla hU~, bhUmi ke Upara sabase viziSTa hU~, maiM vizvavijayI hU~ aura dizA - vidizAoM meM pUrNata: vijayI hU~' tvarI ( a + itvaro ) lIDara aiMDa heDa praoNv zraoNla * bhuvanasya dI varlDa (griphitha, atharva * 12 | 1 | 57 ) + pUrvapeya - phoramosTa raiMka aeNDa sTezana - griphitha |

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pRthivIsUkta-eka adhyayana ahamasmi sahamAna uttase nAma bhUmyAm / abhISADasmi vizvASADAzAmAzAM viSAsahiH // (54) 'ahamasmi sahamAna' kI bhAvanA aneka kSetroM meM aneka prakAra se sahasrAbdiyoM taka bhAratIya saMskRti meM prakaTa hotI rhii| isake kAraNa aneka paristhitiyoM ke bIca meM par3akara bhI janatA kA jIvana akSuNNa banA rahA / he vizvaMbharA pRthivI, tumhAre priya gAna ko hama gAte haiN| tuma vizva kI dhAtrI (vizvadhAyasa ) mAtA ho, apane putroM ke liye payasvatI hokara sadA dUdha kI dhArAoM kA visarjana karatI ho| dhruva kAmadhenu kI taraha prasanna ( sumanasyamAna ) hokara tuma sadA saba kAmanAoM ko pUrNa karatI ho| he kalyANavidhAtrI, tuma kSamAzIla aura vizvagarbhA ho| tuma sadA apane prANamaya sasparza se hamAre manobhAvoM ko aura jIvana ko saba taraha ke maila se zuddha rakhanevAlI ho| he mAjena karanevAlI devi vimRgvarI ( 29, 35, 37), tuma jisako maoNja detI ho vahI nava teja se prakAzita hone lagatA hai| tuma dhana-dhAnya se pUrNa vasuoM kA aAdhAna ho| hiraNya, maNi aura koSa tumhAre vakSaHsthala meM bhare hue haiN| he hiraNyavakSA devi, prasanna hokara apanI ina nidhiyoM ko hameM pradAna kro| jisa samaya tuma samudra meM chipI thI usa samaya tumheM apane janma se pahale hI vizvakarmA kA varadAna prApta huA thaa| tumhAre bhujiSya pAtra meM vizvakarmA ne apanI havi DAlI thI (yAmanvaicchaddhaviSA vizvakarmA, 60), isake kAraNa vidhAtA kI sRSTi meM jitane bhI padArtha haiM aura jitane prakAra kI sAmarthya hai yaha saba tumameM vidyamAna hai| vizvakarmA kI havi meM vizva ke saba padArtha sammilita hone hI cAhie~, ataeva una saba ko dene aura utpanna karane kA guNa tumameM hai / he vizvarUpA devi, jisa dina tumane apane svarUpa kA vistAra kiyA thA, aura devoM se saMbodhita hokara tumhArA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA, usI dina jitane prakAra kA sauMdarya thA vaha saba tumhAre zarIra meM praviSTa ho gayA ( A tvA subhUtama vizattadAnI, 55) / vahI sauMdarya tumhAre parvatoM aura nirbharoM meM, himarAzi aura nadiyoM meM, cara aura acara saba prakAra ke prANiyoM meM prakaTa ho rahA hai| he mAtRbhUmi, tuma prANa aura Ayu kI adhiSThAtrI ho, hameM sau varSa taka sUrya kI mitratA pradAna karo jisase hama tumhAre sauMdarya ko dekhate hue apane netroM ko saphala kara ske| tuma

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76 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA apanI vijaya ke sAtha vRddhi ko prApta hotI huI hamArA bhI saMvardhana karo ( sA no bhUmivadheyad vardhamAnA, 13 ) / jIvana ke kalyANoM ke sAtha hama supratiSThita hoM / pRthivI para rahate hue kevala bhautika aura pArthiva vibhUti hI jIvana meM paryApta nahIM hai / kavi kI krAMtadarzinI prajJA dyuloka ke ucca adhyAtmabhASoM kI ora dekhatI hai, aura usa vyoma meM use mAtRbhUmi ke hRdaya kA darzana hotA hai / isaliye vaha prArthanA karatA hai - 'he bhUmi, he mAtA, hameM pArthiva kalyANoM ke madhya meM rakhakara dyuloka ke bhI ucca bhAvoM ke sAtha yukta karo bhUti aura zrI donoM kI jIvana ke liye AvazyakatA hai|' dyuloka ke sAtha sa manazka hokara zrI aura bhUti kI eka sAtha prApti hI Adarza sthiti hai - bhUme mAtanidhehi mA bhadrayA supratiSThitam / saMvidAnA divA kave zriyAM ma dhehi bhUtyAm / (63) pArthiva saMpatti kI saMjJA bhUti hai aura adhyAtma bhAvoM kI prApti zrI kA lakSaNa hai / bhUti aura zrI kA ekatra sammilana hI gItA ko iSTa hai / yahI bhAratavarSa kA U~cA dhyeya rahA hai /

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vikrama saMvat [ lekhaka - DA0 anaMta sadAziva alatekara ema0 e0, elU- ela0 bI0, Di0 liT0 ] [ isa lekha meM lekhaka ne vikrama saMvatsara saMbaMdhI prAcIna aitihAsika sAmagrI aura anuzruti kA ullekha karate hue siddha kiyA hai (1) isa saMvatsara kI sthApanA 57 IsvI pUrva meM mAlavagaNa rAjya meM huI / (2) isakA prAraMbhika nAma kRta saMvatsara thA / (3) isake sa MsthApaka mAlavagaNa yA prajAtaMtra ke koI kRta nAmavAle pradhAna yA senApati the jinake nAma para saMvat kA pahalA nAma kRta par3A / para ina kRta kA aitihAsika pramANa nahIM milatA / (4) navIM zatAbdI se kRta- mAlava saMvat kA nAma vikrama saMvat prasiddha huA aura yaha nayA nAma saMbhavataH caMdragupta vikramAditya ke nAma para rakhA gayA / - saM0] vikrama saMvat kA zrArabha IsA ke pUrva prathama zatAbdi meM huA vikrama saMvat IsA ke 57 varSa pUrva prAraMbha huA yaha bAta nizcita hai, kyoMki vikrama saMvat kI tithiyoM aura mahInoM kI zRMkhalA usI avasthA meM jur3a sakatI hai jaba hama uparyukta vidhAna ko gRhIta mAna leM / eka samaya aisA thA jaba phargyusana ke samAna kucha vidvAn yaha batalAte the ki I0 san 500 taka vikrama saMvat kA astitva hI na thA / san 544 meM vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA ne hUNoM ko parAjita kiyA aura usI ghaTanA ke smaraNArthaM usane apane nAma se navIna saMvat kA prAraMbha kiyaa| kiMtu sAtha hI sAtha logoM * hiMdI meM isa lekha ko likhane meM mujhe apane chAtra zrI jozI, bI0 e0 se bar3I sahAyatA milI hai|

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78 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ko yaha dikhalAne ke liye ki yaha saMvat prAcIna kAla se calA A rahA hai, usane apane saMvat kI Adya tithi 600 varSa pUrva nizcita kI, para Mtu itihAsa meM isa prakAra kA nayA savat, jisakI pradyatithi vAstavika tithi se kaI zatAbdiyoM pIche batalAI jA rahI ho, calAe jAne kA abhI taka koI pramANa nahIM miltaa| isa bAta ko gata zatAbdiyoM meM ApAdataH saMbhavanIya isaliye mAnA jA rahA thA, ki usa samaya taka chaThIM zatAbdi ke pUrva ke aise koI ullekha prApta nahIM the jinameM vikrama saMvat kA nAma ho / paraMtu aba IsA kI tIsarI, cauthI va pA~cavIM zatAbdi meM bhI isa saMvat kA ullekha milA hai| zrataeva uparyukta mata kA tyAga zravazyaMbhAvI hai / isaliye vi0 saM0 (vikrama sa Mvat ) kA prAraMbha IsA ke 57 varSa pUrva hI huA yaha nizcita hai / aba hama isa para vicAra kareMge ki isa saMvat kA prAraMbha kisane aura kisaliye kiyA / kucha pracalita mata vikrama saMvat kI upapatti ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM aneka mata pracalita haiN| cU~ki isa saMvat kA prAraMbha I0 pU0 57 varSa ke lagabhaga huA, isaliye yaha bAta spaSTa hI hai ki isakI nIMva tatkAlIna kisI pratApI samrAT ne hI DAlI hogI / paratu usa samaya vikramAditya nAmaka kisI sAmarthyavAn zAsaka ke hone kA koI pramANa nahIM miltaa| isI AdhAra para, usa samaya paMjAba meM rAjya karanevAle pArthiyana rAjA asa (Azes) ne hI isakA prAraMbha kiyA hogA, aisA sara jaoNna mArzala kA kathana hai / ajhesa ne usI samaya ke lagabhaga eka nayA saMvat calAyA thA, yaha bAta satya hai paraMtu eka hAla meM mile zilAlekha se isa bAta kA pramANa milatA hai ki vaha saMvat usI ke nAma se pracalita thA, arthAt asa ke saMvat aura vikrama saMvat kA ekIkaraNa * isa mata kA AdhAra alaberunI ke graMtha kA dvitIya bhAga ( pRSTha 6-7 ) hai ; paraMtu usakA pATha azuddha hai / + ja0 raoNyala eziyATika sosAiTI 1914, pR0 983 / + vahI ; 50 949 /

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. vikrama saMvat asabhava hai| phlITa nAmaka dUsare vidvAn kA mata hai ki prakhyAta rAjA kaniSka ne vikrama sa0 kI sthApanA kI / paraMtu kaniSka kA samaya san 78 ke lagabhaga thA yaha bAta aba siddha ho jAne ke kAraNa uparyukta mata agrAhya ho gayA hai| vi0 saM0 kA prArabha kArtika mAsa meM hotA hai, aura usI samaya yuddhayAtrA prArabha kara vikrama arthAt parAkrama karane kI bhI sadhi milatI hai, ataeva RtuvaiziSTya ke kAraNa isa saMvat ko vi0 sa0 kahA gayA,-kisI rAjA ke nAma-vizeSa kA usase koI saMbaMdha nahIM-aisA kIlahAna kA mata hai| paraMtu saMvat kA nAma karaNa kisI Rtu ke nAma ke AdhAra para hone kA udAharaNa itihAsa meM nahIM milatA, isaliye isa mata ko bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vikrama saMvat nAma kaba rUda humA ? vikramAditya rAjA ne vikrama saMvat prasthApita kiyA aisA svAbhAvika anumAna koI bhI kara sakatA hai, para saca yaha hai ki zAlivAhana zaka aura vikrama saMvat kI Ara bhika zatAbdiyoM ke prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM na to zAlivAhana kA nAma milatA hai aura na vikrama kA / gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdi se isa saMvat ko isa prakAra ullekhita kiyA gayA hai-'vikramanapakAlAtIta saMvatsara' (vi. sa. 1195 kA lekha ), 'zrIvikramAdityotpAdita saMvatsara' (vi0 sa0 1176 kA lekha ), 'zrIvikramAnapakAlAtItasavatsarANAm' (vi0 sa0 1161 kA lekha ), 'vikramAdityakAle' (vi0 saM0 1099 kA lekha), 'vikramAdityabhUbhRtaH kAle' (vi0 saM0 1028 kA lekha), 'kAlasya vikramAkhyasya' (vi0 sa0898 kA lekha ), ityaadi| ataeva yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki I0 san kI * ja* raoN0 e0 sA. 1933, kaniSka kA vivaraNa aura carcA | + iDiyana eTikverI 1891, pR. 403-04 / + aipigrAphiyA iMDikA (bhAga 19-23) meM DA. devadatta bhAMDArakara ne prAcIna lekhoM kI sUcI saMvat ke kramAnusAra dI hai, usameM ye saba lekha aura isa lekha meM uddhata anya lekha bhI dekhe jA sakate haiN|

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80 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA gyArahavI, bArahavIM zatAbdi meM logoM meM yaha dhAraNA pracalita thI ki vikramIya saMvat kI sthApanA IsA pUrva 57 varSa meM vikramAditya nAmaka kisI pratApo samrAT ne kI thii| paraMtu yahA~ bhI vicAraNIya bAta yaha hai ki isa kAla ke prApta zilAlekhoM meM kevala 15 pratizata hI aise haiM jinameM vikramAditya kA isa saMvat se pratyakSa sabadha batAyA gayA hai, zeSa 85 pratizata lekhoM meM savat kA ullekha binA vizeSa saMbodhana ke hI hai jaise 'saMvat 1253' 'savatsareSu dvAdazazateSu / ' kyA prAcIna kAla meM bhI yahI nAma pracalita yA ? paraMtu hama jitanA hI adhikAdhika prAcIna lekhoM kA anuzIlana kareMge utanA hI hameM vikramAditya kA isa saMvat se saMbadha kama hotA huA dikhAI degaa| Aja taka hameM vikramIya saMvat kI dasavIM zatAbdi ke 34 zilAlekha prApta hue haiN| inameM se 32 lekhoM meM kAla-gaNanA kevala 'savat' zabda mAtra se ullikhita hai| kevala bijApUra nAmaka zahara se prApta rASTrakUTa vidagdharAja ke lekha meM, jo vi0 saM0 673. kA hai, isa savat kA ullekha 'vikramakAlagate' isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai aura isa taraha isa saMvat kA saMbaMdha vikramAditya se sthApita kiyA gayA hai| para sAtha hI sAtha isI zatAbdi ke 636 ke lekha meM, jo ki gavAliyara rAjya ke gyArasa pUra nAmaka sthAna se prApta huA thA, vikramakAla-gaNanA ko mAlava kAla ke nAma se saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai-'mAlakakAlAccharadA SaTutriMzatsa. yutessvtiitessu'| navIM zatAbdi ke dasa lekha upalabdha haiN| unameM se kevala sa0 898 ke zilAlekha meM isa savat ke sAtha vikrama kA ullekha hai-'vasu-nava-aSTau varSAgatasya kAlasya vikramAkhyasya / ' anya lekhoM meM kevala savat yA savatsara itanA ho nAma diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra isa savat kI AThavIM zatAbdi ke sAta lekha prApta haiN| unameM kevala kAThiyAvAr3a ke DhiMkaNI nAmaka gA~va se prApta tAmrapaTa meM 'vikrama. savatsarazateSu saptasu' yaha ullekha hai| anya lekhoM meM isa savat kA

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vikrama saMvat 81 koI bhI nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai| paraMtu ina paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ne yaha bAta pramANita kara dI hai ki yaha tAmrapaTa uttarakAlona aura banAvaTI hai / vikrama saMvat yA mAlava saMvat 1 paraMtu yadi hama sAtavIM zatAbdi se bhI prAcIna zilAlekhoM ko dekhate haiM to isa saMvat ko mAlava saMvat ke nAma se pAte haiN| maMdasora ke sauM0 493 vAle zilAlekha meM isa saMvat kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai| :-- ( 1 ) mAlavAnAM gaNasthityA yAte zatacatuSTaye | trinavatyadhike'bdAnAM Rtau senyaghanastane // isI sthala se prAptavat 586 ke anya lekha meM (2) 'mAlavagaNa sthiti-vazArakAlajJAnAya likhiteSu' isa prakAra se isa saMvat ko upapatti batalAI gaI hai| koTA rAjya ke kaNasvA grAma se prApta lekha meM aura gvAliyara rAjya ke gyArasapUra ke saM0 936 vAle lekha meM isa saMvat ko kramazaH 'mAlavoM kA saMvat' aura 'mAlatra deza kA kAla' kahA gayA hai| mAlava saMvat yA kRta saMvat 1 paraMtu inhIM lekhoM ke samakAlIna athavA pUrvavartI lekhoM ke adhyayana se hama dekhate haiM ki isI kAla-gaNanA ko vahA~ para kRtakAla-gaNanA kahAM gayA hai(3) nagarI kA vi0 saM0 481 kA lekha - 'kRteSu caturSu varSazateSu ekAzItyuttareSu asyAM mAlavapUrvAyAm / ' ( 4 ) rAjapUtAnAsthita gaMgAdhara grAma kA vi0 saM00 480 kA lekha - 'yAteSu caturSu kRteSu zateSu zrazItyuttareSu / ' (5) mAlavA prAMta ke maMdasora nAmaka grAma se prApta vi0 saM0 461 kA lekha - 'zrI mAlavagaNAsnAte prazaste kRtasaMjJite / ekaSaSThayadhike prApte - samAzatacatuSTaye / ' ( 6 ) bharatapura rAjyAMtargata vijayagar3ha kA vi0 saM0 428 kA lekha - 'kRteSu caturSu varSazateSvaSTAviMzeSu / ' > * epigrAphiyAM iMDikA bhAga 26 pR0 186 11

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA (7-8) barnAlA (jayapura rAjya) ke vi0 sa0 335 aura 284 ke yUpa-lekhoM meM kRtehi (=kRtaiH) 335 jyeSTha zu0 15 . kRtehi (= kRtaiH ) 284 caitra zu0 15 . (9.11) bar3avA ( koTA rAjya) ke vi0 saM0 295 ke tIna yUpa-lekhakRtehi (kRtaiH ) 295, phAlguna zu05 (12) udayapura rAjya ke nAMdasA ke yUpa-lekha meM (vi0 saM0 282) 'kRtayo dvayovarSazatayodayazItayoH caitrapUrNamAsyAm / ' vikrama, mAlaSa aura kRta saMvat eka hI haiM hama dekhate haiM ki abhI taka prApta prathama sAta zatAbdiyoM ke lekhoM meM isa kAla-gaNanA ko vikrama saMvat ke nAma se saMbodhita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM, kiMtu use 'mAlava kAla' tathA 'kRta kAla' kahA gayA hai| yaha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki kRta kAla aura mAlava kAla vikrama saMvat ke paryAyavAcI na the; kyoMki anya asaMdigdha pramANoM se yaha bAta nizcita ho jAtI hai ki ye nAma IsA ke 57 varSa pahale prAraMbha kie gae saMvat ko hI die gae the| udA. haraNa ke liye maMdasora ke zilAlekha meM ullekhita mAlavagaNoM kA 493vAM varSa vi0 sa0 kA hI 493 varSa hai| kyoMki usa samaya guptavaza kA samrATa kumAragupta zAsana kara rahA thaa| usakA kAla I0 414 se 454 nizcita hai| ataeva yadi usake zAsana-kAla meM kisI saMvat kA 493 vA~ varSa par3egA, to nizcita ho usa savat kA prArabha IsA ke pUrva prathama zatAbdi ke madhyakAla meM hI honA cAhie arthAt vaha saMvat vikrama saMvat hI hogA, kyoMki usa kAla ke lagabhaga kisI anya bhAratIya saMvat kA bhI prAraMbhakAla hai isa bAta ko puSTi Aja taka prApta kisI bhI pramANa se nahIM hotii| sArAMza yaha ki prApta zilAlekhoM se isa bAta kA koI vizeSa pramANa nahIM milatA ki vi0 sa0 kI sthApanA vikramAditya nAmaka kisI bhUpAla ne ko tho| yadi yahI bAta hotI to prathama sAta zatAbdiyoM meM isa savat ko vikrama ke nAma se saMbaddha kyoM na kiyA gayA, isakA koI kAraNa pratIta nahIM hotaa|

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vikrama saMvat 83 * dekhanA cAhie ki prAcIna sAhitya hamArI vicAradhArA ko kisa aura parivartita karatA hai / pracalita dAMtakathA ko jaina graMthoM kA AdhAra terahavIM zatAbdi meM likhita 'prabhAvakacarita' nAmaka jaina graMtha meM 'kAlakA'cAryakathA' nAmaka eka kahAnI hai / usameM vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA ne zakoM ko parAbhUta kara I0 pU0 57 varSa ke lagabhaga eka nae saMvat kI sthApanA kI aisA vRttAMta milatA hai / vi0 saM0 kA vicAra karate hue isa kahAnI ko eka viziSTa sthAna denA par3atA hai, isaliye usakA sArAMza isa payukta na hogA / sthala para denA anu kAlakAcArya kI kathA - prAcIna kAla meM vIrasiMha nAmaka rAjA dhArA nagarI meM rAjya karate the| unake kAlaka nAmaka putra va sarasvatI nAmaka kanyA thii| kucha hI dinoM meM donoM bhAI-bahana sUri guNAkara nAmaka jaina bhikSu ke upadeza se saMnyAsI ho ge| apane guru guNAkara ke pazcAt kAlaka poThAdhipati bhI ho gayA / eka samaya bhramaNa karate hue vaha apanI bhikSuNI bahana ke sAtha ujjayinI ko gayA / usa samaya ujjayinI meM gardaibhila nAmaka eka viSayI rAjA rAjya karatA thA / eka dina bhikSuNI sarasvatI bhikSATana ke liye cala par3I / para Mtu vaha apane ko rAjA kI kaluSita dRSTi se na bacA skii| phalataH use a MtaHpura meM kaida honA pdd'aa| apanI bahana ko mukta karane ke liye kAlakAcArya ne rAjA kI aneka prakAra se prArthanA kI, paraMtu nIca rAjA kA hRdaya na psiijaa| taba kruddha hokara unhoMne rAjA ke nAza' kI pratijJA kI aura ve siMdha kI ora cala par3e / zakoM ke dvArA gardabhila kA parAbhava - usa kAla meM sidha meM zaka kA zAsana thA / usa pradeza meM 96 choTe-choTe rAjya the aura una sabake Upara eka zuka-samrAT zAsana kara rahA thA / adhIna rAjAoM ko 'zAhI' aura samrAT ko 'zAhAnuzAhI' kahA jAtA thaa| ina adhIna rAjAoM meM se eka kI mitratA kAlakAcArya se ho gaI / paraMtu kucha hI dinoM meM tatkAlIna zAhAnuzAhI tathA kAlakAcArya ke mitra meM kucha manamuTAva ho gayA / ataeva usa samrATU ke caMgula se

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bacane ke liye kAlakAcArya ne use kAThiyAvAr3a bhAga jAne ko salAha dii| vaha becArA kAThiyAvAr3a bhAga gayA aura usI kA anusaraNa kara dhIre dhIre anya rAjA bhI kAThiyAvAr3a bhAga ge| vahA~ para una logoM ne choTe choTe rAjya sthApita kara lie| . Age calakara usI kAlakAcArya ke mitra ne gardabhila para AkramaNa kiyA aura use pUrNa rUpa se parAsta kara diyaa| bAda meM parAbhUta garda mila ko jaMgaloM meM idhara-udhara bhaTakate samaya zera kA zikAra bananA pdd'aa| idhara badinI sarasvatI mukta kara dI gii| isa prakAra kAlakAcArya ne apanI pratijJA pUrNa kii| itanA varNana karane ke uparAMta kAlakAcArya ne kisa prakAra bhar3auca aura pratiSThAna ityAdi sthaloM kI yAtrA kI; vahA~ ke rAjA jaina-dharmAnuyAyI kaise bane ityAdi kA varNana hai ; paraMtu usase hameM koI sarokAra nahIM / vikramAditya dvArA zakoM kA parAbhava aura saMvat kI sthApanAprathama 89 zlokoM meM gardabhila ke parAbhava aura ujjayinI meM zaka rAjya kI sthApanA kA varNana kara kavi ne nimnalikhita mahatvapUrNa zloka likhe haiM zakAnAM vazamucchedya kAlena kiyatA'pi hi / rAjA zrIvikramAdityaH sArvabhaumopamo'bhavat // 9 // sa connatamahAsiddhiH sauvarNa puruSodayAt / medinImanaNAM kRtvA'dhIkaradvatsaraM nijam / 91 // tato varSazate paMcatrizatA sAdhike punaH / tasya rAjJo'nvayaM hatvA vatsaraH sthApitaH zakaiH // 12 // 'ina zlokoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki jisa zaka rAjA ne gadabhila kA parAbhava kiyA vaha bhI Age calakara vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA se parAbhUta huaa| apanI vijaya ke upalakSa meM vikramAditya ne apane eka savat kI sthApanA bhI kI, aura usake 135 varSa bAda zakoM ne vikrama ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ko harAkara apanA nija kA zaka (saMvat ) prAraMbha kiyaa|

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vikrama saMvat kathAvastu kI satyatA . yaha bAta nizcaya se mAnI jA sakatI hai ki yadyapi kAlakAcAya kI kathA 13vIM zatAbdi meM likhI gaI, phira bhI usameM aitihAsika aMza acche pramANa meM milate haiN| itihAsa se mAlUma hotA hai ki kathA ke anusAra I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdi ke madhyakAla ke lagabhaga sidha meM zaka zAsana thaa| aura yaha bhI nizcita hai ki una rAjAoM ko 'zAhI' nAma se pukArA jAtA thaa| yaha bhI saMbhavanIya hai ki ye zaka rAjA kucha kAla ke anatara kAThiyAvAr3a meM A gae. hoM / aitihAsika pramANoM se bhI isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai ki I0 pU0 60 ke AsapAsa zakoM kA rAjya ujjayinI taka phailA huA thaa| ataeva kAlakAcArya kI kathA ke anusAra kucha hI dinoM ke liye avatI meM rahanevAle zaka rAjA kA parAbhava I0 pU0 57 ke lagabhaga vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA ne kiyA yaha bAta bhI pUrNatayA sauMbhava hai| saMvat sthApanA kA ullekha karanevAle zloka prakSipta mAlUma par3ate haiM . itanA saba hone para bhI yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotI ki vikramAditya ne I0 pU0 57 meM zakoM kA parAbhava kara saMvat kI sthApanA kii| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki yaha kathA 13vIM zatAbdi kI likhI huI hai, ataeva tatkAlIna daMtakathAoM kA usa para asara huA hai| yaha bhI spaSTa mAlUma par3atA hai ki para parAprApta mUla kathA meM uparyukta abhiprAyavAle zloka na the| bAda meM kavi ne pracalita kathAoM ke AdhAra se ina zlokoM kA sRjana kiyaa| ina tIna zlokoM ke kAraNa kathA kI dhArA khaDita so jAna par3atI hai| mUla kathA meM dezadrohI kAlakAcArya kI sahAyatA jisa zaka rAjA ne ko usake parAkrama kA varNana to anivArya hai; paraMtu Age calakara vikramAditya ne zaka rAjA kA parAbhava kisa prakAra kiyA isakA varNana aprAsaMgika jAna par3atA hai, kyoMki usase kathA kI rasotpatti meM bAdhA par3atI hai| kSaNa bhara yadi hama yaha bAta * nArvejiyana purAtattvavettA kono ne isa kathA ko pUrNatayA aitihAsika mAnA hai| epigrAphiyA iMDikA, mAga 14, pR0 293-95 /

Page #92
nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA . bhI mAna leM ki ghaTanAoM kI lar3I sI laga jAne ke kAraNa usakA ullekha kiyA gayA, to bhI 92ve zloka meM vikramAditya ke vazajoM kI zakoM dvArA 135 varSa bAda honevAlI parAjaya ko aura navIna zaka saMvat kI sthApanA ko batalAne kI koI AvazyakatA na thii| sArAMza yaha ki zloka 89-92 meM kiyA gayA varNana mUla jaina paraMparA meM na thaa| ukta varNana ko terahavIM zatAbdi meM pracalita kathAoM se lekara prabhAvaka ne usameM aMtarnihita kara diyaa| yadi yaha bAta I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdi meM hI loka-vizruta rahatI taba isa saMvat ko pahale to kRta aura pIche se mAlava kyoM kahA jAtA ? zatrajaya mAhAtmya kA pramANa bhI agrAhya prAcIna kAla meM bhI isa saMvat ko vi0 savat kahate the, isa vidhAna ko puSTa karane ke liye jainoM ke zatrujaya-mAhAtmya kA pramANa diyA jAtA hai* / usake aMta meM kahA gayA hai ki vi0 savat 477 meM yaha pratha likhA gyaa| yadi isa bAta ko sahI mAna liyA jAya to isakA artha yaha hogA vi0 saM0 ko 5vIM zatAbdi meM gujarAta meM yaha savat 'vikrama saMvat' nAma se rUda thaa| paraMtu uparyukta vidhAna mUlata: asatya hai| graMthakAra kA kathana hai ki valabhI ke adhipati - zilAditya ne kAThiyAvAr3a se jisa vi0 sa0 477 meM bauddhoM ko nikAla bAhara kiyA, usI varSa yaha pratha likhA gyaa| yaha kathana ThIka isa kathana ke anurUpa hai ki jisa 1191 meM zivAjI ne thAnezvara meM muhammada gorI kA parAbhava kiyA usI varSa kAvyaprakAza' pratha mallinAtha ne samApta kiyaa| san 420 meM valabhI meM zilAditya nAmaka koI rAjA hI nahIM thA, kyoMki una dinoM vahA~ para samrATa kumAragupta zAsana kara rahe the| valabhI ke zilAditya prathama san 605 meM aura zilAditya saptama 766 meM rAjya kara rahe the| san 420 meM zilAditya kA ullekha kara prathakato ne apane agAdha aitihAsika ajJAna evaM asatya pramANoM kA pradarzana mAtra kiyA hai| anya akATya pramANoM se yaha bAta siddha ** kaniMghama-e buka oNva iMDiyana irAj , pR0 46 /

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vikrama saMvat 87 ho cukI hai ki zatru jaya-mAhAtmya kA IsA kI 12vIM zatAbdi ke pahale likhA ataeva usa graMtha se yaha bAta siddha nahIM hotI ki isa meM vikrama saMvat kahA jAtA thA / jAnA asaMbhava hai / saMvat ko pA~cavIM zatAbdi jaina para parA kA pramANa graMthoM ke sAtha zvetAMbara jaina prathoM meM yaha milatA hai ki vIra-nirvANa-kAla ke 470 varSa bAda zakoM ko harA kara ujjayinI ke vikramAditya ne apanA saMvat sthApita kiyA / ina graMthoM ko pramANa (tabhI mAnA jA sakatA hai jaba unakA kAla vi0 saM0 kI prathama yA dvitIya zatAbdi ke lagabhaga siddha ho| paraMtu ve pratha to bahuta arvAcIna haiM aura unameM kI kitanI hI bAteM jaima digaMbara mela nahIM khaatiiN| ina graMthoM meM vIra nirvANa kAla vi0 saM0 ke 548 varSa pUrva batalAyA gayA hai / zvetAMbaroM ke anusAra mahAvIra kA nirvANa I0 pU0 527 meM aura digaMbaroM ke anusAra I0 pU0 605 meM huA / paratu anya aitihAsika pramANoM se mAlUma par3atA hai ki vIra- nirvANa-kAla I0 pU0 470 ke lagabhaga hai / ataeva isa paraMparA ko-jo ki adhikAMza visaMgata, arvAcIna tathA anya aitihAsika pramANoM se apuSTa hai - prAmANika samajhakara yaha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki vikramAditya ne vikrama saMvat kI sthApanA kI / 1 bauddha aura saMskRta vAGmaya meM bauddha sAhitya vikramAditya ke viSaya meM mauna hai| 'vetAlapaMcaviMzati' tathA 'si' hAsana battIsI' 'ityAdi graMthoM viSaya meM aneka daMtakathAe~ aura kahAniyA~ likhI huI haiN| paratu ye pratha bahuta hI arvAcIna hone ke kAraNa vikrama saMvat kI upapatti ko nae vizvasanIya prakAza se Alokita karane meM asamartha haiN| Ajakala ke purANa-pratha IsA kI cauthI zatAbdi meM likhe gae haiN| unameM gupta samrAToM taka ko itihAsa milatA hai / vidizA ujjayinI ke pAsavAle mAlava prAMta ke, IsA ke pUrva va pazcAt kI do zatAbdiyoM ke, zAsakoM kI nAmAvalI purANoM meM dI huI hai| para Mtu * viTaraniTja, e hisTrI va iMDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2 pR0 503 / Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat saMskRta sAhitya ke vikramAditya ke www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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88 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA usameM vikramAditya kA koI ullekha nahIM milatA aura isa bAta kI bhI puSTi nahIM hotI ki usane koI nayA saMvat calAyA thA / zilAlekhoM aura jaina, bauddha tathA saMskRta sAhitya kA samyak vicAra karane ke bAda yaha bAta sApha jhalaka jAtI hai ki janatA meM jo vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA ke vi0 saM0 kI sthApanA karane kI dhAraNA hai yaha IsA kI AThavIM zatAbdi taka pracalita nahIM thI / ataeva vi0 saM0 ke sthApanakartA kA patA pAne ke liye hameM prathama uddhRta kie gae bAraha prAcIna zilAlekhoM para hI nirbhara rahanA hogA aura unhIM ke AdhAra para niSkarSa nikAlane hoMge / vikrama saMvata arthAta mAlaba logoM kA saMvata prathama uddhRta zilAlekhoM ke saM0 1,25 ke vAkyoM ko pramANa mAnakara kucha vidvAn mAnate haiM ki vi0 saM0 kI sthApanA mAlava logoM ne kI / mAlava jAti atyaMta vIra jAti thI / yahA~ taka ki unhoMne svayaM sika Mdara ke bhI chakke chur3Ae the / unake yahA~ prajAtaMtra zAsana thA / pUrvakAla meM unakA vAsa sthAna dakSiNI paMjAba aura uttarI siMdha thA / pararaMtu bAda meM ve rAjapUtAnA aura tadana Mtara mAlave meM jAkara rAjya karane lge| kucha dinoM ke liye unheM zakoM ke hAtha apanA svAtaMtrya khonA par3A, paraMtu I0 pU0 57 meM unhoMne zakoM ko parAbhUta kara puna: prajAtaMtra kI sthApanA kara lii| prathama ta kie hue 'mAlavAnAM gaNasthityA. yAte zatacatuSTaye' va 'mAlavagaNasthitivazAt kAlajJAnAya vihiteSu' ina vAkyAMzoM meM garaNa arthAt prajAta'tra rAjya, eva sthiti arthAt rAjyasthApanA ye hI artha abhipreta haiN| isa prakAra ina vAkyoM 'kramaza: 'mAlava prajAtaMtra ke cAra zatAbdi uparAMta' va 'mAlava prajAtaMtra se saMbaddha kAlagaNanA ke anusAra' hogA / jisa prakAra gupta saMvat kA nAma Age calakara 'valabhisaMvata' ho gayA, usI prakAra 'mAlava saMvat' bhI 'vikrama saMvat' kahA jAne lagA / isa mata para honevAle AkSepa yadyapi uparyukta vicArasaraNI ApAtataH nirdoSa mAlUma par3atI hai, phira bhI usako svIkAra karanA utanA sarala nahIM hai| mAlava logoM kI prajAtaMtra

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vikrama saMvat zAsana-praNAlI prAcInatama kAla se calI A rahI thii| yadyapi bIca meM mAlavanivAsiyoM kA parAbhava huA, phira bhI unakI zAsana-praNAlI bhaMga ho gaI ho, isa bAta kA koI pramANa nahIM miltaa| sAmAnyata: 'sthiti' zabda kA artha 'para parA', 'saMpradAya', 'rIti' ityAdi hotA hai paraMtu 'rAjaghaTanA' nhiiN| ataeva upayukta vAkyoM kA ulthA 'mAlava prajAtatra meM rUr3ha kAlagaNanA ke anusAra karanA hI adhika sayuktika hogaa| - 'kRta' nAma kI upapatti yadyapi mAlava logoM ke samaya se yaha savat cala rahA thA, aura Age calakara use mAlava savat kahA bhI jAne lagA, phira bhI hameM yaha na bhUlanA cAhie ki prAraMbha meM usakA nAma 'kRta saMvat' hI thaa| yaha bAta prathama nirdezita lekhoM (7 aura 12 ) se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| isa lekhaka ne ina donoM zilAlekhoM ko, abhI thor3e hI dina hue, prakAzita kiyA hai| isake pUrva kRta saMvat ke zilAlekha atyata thor3I saMkhyA meM prApta the, aura kRta zabda kA artha yena kena prakAreNa kiyA jAtA thaa| mahAmahopAdhyAya haraprasAda zAstrI kA yaha mata thA ki mAlava saMvat hI isa savat kA AdinAma thaa| paratu usameM cAra varSoM kA eka yuga mAnA jAtA thaa| prathama varSa ko kRta, dvitIya varSa ko tretA, tIsare ko dvApara aura cauthe ko kali kahate the| zAstrIjI ne jisa samaya isa mata kA pratipAdana kiyA usa samaya kevala sa0 4-6 taka ke hI lekha prApta the| unhoMne apane mata kA pratipAdana karane ke liye sa0 4 aura 6 meM uddhRta 480 tathA 428 varSoM ko gata saMvatsara mAna liyA arthAt unhoMne yaha mAnA ki ye donoM zilAlekha kramazaH 480 aura 428 sAla pUre hone ke bAda cAlU 481 eva 429 meM likhe ge| isa prakAra yaha batalAne kA prayatna kiyA ki jisa jisa varSa ko kRta kahA gayA hai use 4 se bhAga dene para zeSa 1 rahatA hai aura kevala isI liye use kRta kahA gayA hai| paraMtu prastuta lekhaka dvArA prakAzita kie hue saM07, 6 aura 12 ke zilAlekhoM meM Ae hue 335, 295 * epigrAphiyA iMDikA bhAga 12, pR. 320

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA aura 282 varSoM ko bhI kRta nAma diyA gayA hai aura unheM cAhe pracalita mAnakara yA gata samajhakara 4 se bhAga diyA jAya to 1 zeSa nahIM rahatA / ataeva zAstrIjI dvArA pratipAdita kRta nAma kI upapatti asvIkArya hai / DA0 devadatta dvArA pratipAdita manoraMjaka upapatti vikrama saMvat kA mUla nAma mAlava saMvat ho hai / use 'kRta' nAma isaliye diyA gayA, ki jyotiSiyoM ke dvArA apanI sahUliyata ke liye vaha kiyA huA ( banAyA = kRta ) thaa| isa prakAra kA mata DA0 devadatta bhAMDAra - kara ne eka samaya pratipAdita kiyA thA / para Mtu bAda meM unhoMne apane pUrvakathita mata kA parityAga kara eka dUsarI manoraMjaka upapatti batalAI hai| I0 pU0 prathama aura dvitIya zatAbdi meM zakoM kA krUra tathA kaThora zAsana cakra cala rahA thA / zAsakoM ke atyAcAroM ko dekhakara logoM ne usa kAla ko kaliyuga hI samajha liyaa| Age calakara zuMgavaMzAvataMsa puSyamitra ne una duSToM kA parAbhava kara brAhmaNa dharma ko puna: pratiSThApita kiyA / phalasvarUpa brAhmaNoM ne isa kAla ko kRtayuga kA prAraMbhakAla mAna liyA / aura usI saMsmaraNIya prasaMga ke nimitta eka navIna saMvat ko sthApanA kara use 'kRta' nAma diyA gayA / / uparyukta vicArasaraNi bhI grAhya nahIM jAna pdd'tii| yadi yaha bAta logoM ke mana para jamI rahatI ki kRtayuga IsA ke 57 varSa pUrva hI prAraMbha ho cukA hai, to purANoM meM aise saikar3oM vidhAna kyoM kie jAte ki Ajakala kali hI cala rahA hai ? purANoM meM puSyamitra aura usake parAkramoM kA varNana hai, paraMtu yaha kahIM nahIM likhA hai ki usane eka nayA zaka saMvat sthApita kiyA / sAtha hI yaha bAta bhI aba sarvamAnya ho gaI hai ki puSyamitra kA zAsanakAla lagabhaga I0 pU0 180 se 150 thA na ki I0 pU0 60 ke lagabhaga / saMvat kA mUla nAma 'kRta' hI hai Upara uddhRta kie hue saMvat 461 vAle lekha meM saMvat kA varNana 'mAlava' logoM meM rUda, tathA 'kRta' vizeSa nAma se saMbodhita ( mAlavagaNAmnAsa, * iMDiyana eTIkverI bhAga 42, pR0 162 | vahI 61, pR0 101-103

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bikrama saMvat 91 hai kRtasaMjJite) aisA kiyA gayA hai / sara isameM koI zaMkA nahIM ki Aja taka upalabdha isa saMvat ke nAmoM meM 'kRta' nAma sabase prAcIna hai / saMvat 461 ke pUrva ke kisI bhI zilAlekha meM ise mAlava saMvat nahIM kahA gayA 1 atyadhika prAcIna arthAt tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdi ke chahoM lekhoM meM se pratyeka meM isa saMvat ko kRta saMvat hI kahA gayA hai, yaha bAta upayukta ava taraNoM (7-12 ) se spaSTa ho jAtI hai| Age calakara kucha kAla taka yaha savat mAlava aura kRta ina donoM nAmoM se prasiddha thaa| para tu pA~cavIM zatAbdi ke aMta meM kRta nAma haTakara mAlava nAma hI rUr3ha huaa| Age calakara navIM zatAbdi meM 'mAlava saMvat' nAma bhI aprasiddha hone lagA aura usakA sthAna vikrama saMvat ne le liyA / 'kRta' nAma kI upapatti kRta varSa ke - banAvaTI varSa, bItA huA varSa, caturvArSika yugoM kA prathama varSa, ityAdi - artha kisa prakAra amAya haiM isakA nirdeza Upara ho hI cukA hai / merI yaha dhAraNA hai ki kRta nAmaka kisI rAjA athavA adhinetA ne isakI nIMva DAlI aura usI ke kAraNa ise kRta saMvata kahA jAne lgaa| jisa prakAra 'chatrapati zaka' chatrapati zivAjI mahArAja ne prAraMbha kiyA, cAlukya vikrama zaka vikramAditya ne ( 1175 meM ) zurU kiyA, harSa zaka kI nIMva harSa ne DAlI, gupta saMvat gupta samrAToM ke nAma se prasiddha huA, usI prakAra 'kRta saMvat' kRta nAmaka kisI adhipati yA mahAn vyakti ne sthApita kiyA, aisA mAnane meM kyA hAni hai ? isa para kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'kRta' kisI vyakti kA nAma thA yaha bAta prasiddha nahIM hai, yahI isa upapatti meM bar3A bhArI doSa hai / paraMtu vAstava meM yaha AkSepa bhI akATya nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki gata 1000, 1500 varSoM meM kRta nAmaka koI adhipati nahIM huA hai, para Mtu yadi hama purANoM kI ora dRSTipAta karate haiM, taba dekhate haiM ki kRta nAma kA bhI kAphI bolabAlA thaa| vizvedevoM meM se eka kA nAma kRta thA, vasudeva-rohiNI ke eka putra kA bhI nAma kRta thA, hiraNyanAbha kA isI nAma kA ziSya thA aura parizvara ke pitA ko bhI isI nAma se saMbodhita karate the| isaliye yaha

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kahanA nimUla hai ki kRta-sajJaka koI vyakti ho hI nahIM sktaa| prAcAna kAla meM yaha nAma acchI taraha se pracalita thaa| kRta kI vijaya kA smAraka cUMki yaha aitihAsika satya hai ki IsA-pUrva 60 ke lagabhaga zakoM ne ujjayinI ko hastagata kiyA thA aura kucha hI dinoM meM unheM usa nagarI kA parityAga bhI karanA par3A, isaliye yaha mAnamA par3atA hai ki prAcIna paraMparA ke anusAra zakoM ke parAbhava ke sasmaraNArtha IsA se 57 varSa pUrva meM eka nae savatsara kI sthApanA huii| isa kAla-gaNanA kA prArabha prathamatayA mAlava deza meM hI huA aura use 'mAlavanivAsiyoM dvArA svIkRta kAla-gaNanA' (zrImAlavagaNAmnAta) hI kahA jAtA thaa| I0 pU0 prathama evaM dvitIya zatAbdiyoM meM mAlava jAti rAjapUtAnA aura mAlava prAMta meM prabala tho| ataeva yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki I0 pU0 57vAlI zaka-parAjaya mAlava ke rASTrapati ne hI kI hogii| isa samaya ke mAlava-rASTrapati yA senAdhyakSa kA vaiyaktika nAma 'kRta' rahA hogaa| usake mahAn parAkrama kA mUlya cukAne ke liye, jisa savata kI sthApanA kI gaI use mAlava saMvat ke sAtha sAtha kRta saMvata bhI kahA gayA hogaa| yaha bAta bhI saMbhava hai ki kRta ko usake parAkrama ke upalakSa meM 'vikramAditya' nAmaka upAdhi bhI dI gaI ho paratu isa bAta kA koI pramANa abhI taka prApta nhiiN| usa bora ke nAma se jisa saMvata kA prAraMbha kiyA gayA vaha 3-4 zatAbdiyoM taka 'kRta savat' nAma se hI adhika prasiddha thaa| Age calakara loga usake parAkramoM ko bhUlane lage aura cU~ ki yaha kAlagaNanA mAlava rAjya meM hI adhika prasiddha thI ataeva ise 'mAlava saMvat' kahA jAne lgaa| AThavI, navIM zatAbdiyoM taka yaha savat mAlavA aura usake pAsavAle rAjapUtAne ke bhAga meM hI pracalita thA, paraMtu jaise jaise usakA kSetra bar3hatA gayA aura vaha budelakhaMDa, saMyukta prAMta, gujarAta, kAThiyAvAI ityAdi prAMtoM meM phailane lagA vaise vaise loga 'vikrama saMvat nAma se use pahacAnane lage aura 'mAlava savat' nAma logoM kI dRSTi se haTane lgaa|

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94 vikrama saMvat vikrama kA nAma kaise cala par3A? yaha nayA nAma kyoM aura kaise cala par3A ? isakA nizcita aura nirNAyaka uttara denA Aja to kama se kama azakya hai| isa samaya taka mAlava logoM kI sattA aura zAsana-praNAlI bhaMga ho cukI thI, ataeva kisI prasiddha rAjA ke nAma se isa saMvat kA nAmAbhidhAna kara diyA jAya yaha bAta logoM ke mana meM jama gii| isa samaya taka sAre bhArata meM pA~cavIM zatAbdi ke guptasamrATa caMdragupta dvitIya kA yaza- usakI dAnazUratA, vidvattA tathA zakaparAjaya ke kAraNa-gAyA jA rahA thaa| sAtha hI yaha rAjA vikramAditya' nAma se prasiddha bhI thaa| guptoM kA svayaM sthApita gupta savata isa samaya lupta ho calA thaa| ataeva yaha socakara, ki mAlava saMvata ko yadi vikrama saMvata nAma diyA jAya to vaha kevala prAdezika na hokara sarvamAnya bhI hogA aura isa prakAra eka nae zakAri kA hI gaurava hogA, logoM ne ise vikrama saMvata kahanA prArabha kiyA hogA / prathamata: yaha nAma utanA lokapriya nahIM huaa| AThavIM, navIM aura dasavIM zatAbdiyoM ke lagabhaga 52 zilAlekha milate haiM para'tu unameM kevala tIna hI sthaloM para ise vikrama saMvata kahA gayA hai / gyArahavIM aura bArahavIM zatAbdiyoM meM vi0 sa nAma adhika lokapriya huaa| isakA adhikatara aya gujarAta ke cAlukya narezoM ko diyA jAnA caahie| sayuktaprAMtAMtargata gaher3havAla rAjya ke isa samaya ke lekhoM meM vikrama saMvata kA hI upayoga kiyA gayA hai, paraMtu vahA~ bhI use kevala saMvata yA saMvatsara hI kahA gayA hai, vikrama ke sAtha usakA sabadha nahIM dikhAyA gayA hai| cAlukyoM ne to isa savata ke vikrama nAma kI * aba yaha bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jisa kRta nAmaka prajAdhyakSa ne isa saMvat kI sthApanA kI usakA upanAma ( dUsarA nAma ) vikramAditya thA aura navIM zatAbdi ke aitihAsikoM ne saMvat ko vaha nAma dekara usakA punarujjIvana kiyaa| para yaha adhika saMbhava nhiiN| yadi aisI hI bAta thI lo prAraMbha se hI vaha nAma kyoM nahIM diyA gayA ? navIM zatAbdi ke logoM ko yaha bAta kaise jJAta ho gii| vikramAditya nAma prathama zatAbdi meM itanA lokapriya bhI na thA, yaha bAta bhI ullekhanIya hai|

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94 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA prathA joroM se claaii| isa vaMza ke saMsthApaka mUlarAja ke lekhoM meM (san 961-996) kevala 'saMvat' kahA gayA hai| bhImadeva (1022-64) ke lekhoM aura karNadeva (1064-1094) ke lekhoM meM vikrama saMvat likhA milatA hai| jayasiha ( 1014-1144), kumArapAla (1144-1974) aura ajayapAla (1174-1176) ke lekhoM meM 'zrImadvikrama saMvat' kA ullekha hai| tadanatara bhImadeva dvitIya ( 1978-1231 ) ke zAsanakAla meM likhita mekhoM meM 'zrImadvikramAdityotpAditasaMvatsara' (zrI vikramAditya dvArA prAraMbha kiyA huA saMvatsara) aura 'zrImavikramanRpakAlAtItasaMvatsara' ( zrI vikramAditya rAjA ke saMvat ke varSAnusAra ) likhA milatA hai| isase yaha bAta sApha ho jAtI hai ki yavanakAla ke prAraMbha meM hI gujarAta meM vi0 sa0 lokamAnya ho gayA thaa| anya prAMtoM ke jyotiSiyoM ne bhI svaracita paMcAgoM meM usako svIkAra kara use bhArata meM lokapriya banA diyaa| upasaMhAra vikrama saMvat ke viSaya meM Aja taka jo kucha mila sakA hai usakA vivecana Upara kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI sAtha usa sAhitya ke mathana se vidvAnoM ne jo niSkarSa nikAle haiM unakA bhI digdarzana karAyA gayA hai| pAThaka samajha sakate haiM ki itane alpa sAhitya ke AdhAra para koI nizcayAtmaka nirNaya denA kaThina hai| yadi isa saMvat ke prathama aura dvitIya zatAbdi ke zilAlekha prApta hoM aura unameM bhI isa savat ko kRta saMvat nAma hI diyA gayA ho to lekhaka ne jisa mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai vaha sarvamAnya ho sakatA hai| bhaviSya ke garbha meM chipe hue ati prAcIna lekhoM meM yA sAhitya meM isa saMvat ko vikramAditya saMvat nAma diyA gayA ho to upayukta mata agrAhya hogaa| paratu vikrama nAmAMkita prathama yA dvitIya zatAbdi ke lekhoM kI prApti Aja to asabhava sI mAlUma hotI hai| ataeva isa kSaNa yaha bAta tarkasaMgata jAna par3atI hai ki mAlava prajAtaMtra ke kRta nAmaka rASTrapati yA senAdhyakSa ne isa savat kI sthApanA I0 pU0 57 meM kI aura Age calakara vahI prathamata: mAlava saMvat aura havIM zatAbdi ke anatara vikrama saMvat nAma se prasiddha huaa|

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vikramAditya . [lekhaka-DA0 rAjabalI pAMDeya, ema0 e0, DI0 liT ] . janazruti-maryAdApuruSottama rAma aura kRSNa ke pazcAt bhAratIya janatA ne jisa zAsaka ko apane hRdaya-siMhAsana para ArUr3ha kiyA hai vaha vikramAditya hai| unake Adarza nyAya aura lokasa graha kI kahAniyA~ bhAratavarSa meM sarvatra pracalita haiM aura bAbAla vRddha sabhI unake nAma aura yaza se paricita haiN| unake sabaMdha meM yaha prasiddha janazruti hai ki ve ujjayinInAtha gaMdhava sena ke putra the| unhoMne zakoM ko parAsta karake apanI vijaya ke upalakSa meM savat kA pravartana kiyA thaa| ve svayaM kAvyamarmajJa tathA kAlidAsa Adi mahAkaviyoM ke AbhayadAtA the| bhAratIya jyotiSagaNanA se bhI isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai ki IsA se 57 varSa pUrva vikramAditya ne vikrama saMvat kA pracAra kiyA thaa| anubhUti-bhAratIya sAhitya meM aMkita anuzruti ne bhI uparyuka nanabhuti ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| inameM se kucha kA ullekha nIce kiyA jAtA hai : (1) anuzruti ke anusAra vikramAditya kA prathama ullekha gAthAsaptazatI meM isa prakAra milatA hai saMbAhaNa suha rasa tosieNa denteNa tuha kare lakkham / calaNeNa vizkamAhatta cari aNusikkhinaM tissA // 5 // 64 isakI TIkA karate hue gadAdhara likhate haiM-"pakSe saMvAhaNaM saMbAghamam / lakkhaM lkssm| vikramAdityo'pi bhRtyaka kena zatrusabAdhanena tuSTaH san bhRtyasya kare lakSa ddaatiityrthH|" isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki gAthA ke racanAkAla meM yaha bAta prasiddha thI ki vikramAditya nAmaka eka pratApI tathA udAra zAsaka the jinhoMne zatroM ke Upara vijaya ke upalakSa meM bhRtyoM ko lAkhoM kA upahAra diyA thaa| gAthA-saptazatI kA racayitA sAtavAhana rAjA hAla prathama zatAbdi IsvI pazcAta huA thaa| ataH isake pUrva vikramAditya kI aiti

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96 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hAsikatA siddha hotI hai| isa aitihAsika tathya kA pratipAdana mahAmahopAdhyAya paM0 haraprasAda zAstrI ne acchI taraha kiyA thA (epigrAphiyA iMDikA, jilda 12, pR0 320) / isake viruddha DaoN. devadatta rAmakRSNa bhAMDArakara ne gAthAsaptazatI meM Ae hue jyotiSa ke saMketoM ke AdhAra para kucha ApattiyoM uThAI thoM (bhAMDArakara smArakamatha, pR0 187-189), kiMtu inakA nirAkaraNa ma0 ma0 paM. gaurIzaMkara horAcaMda ojhA ne bhalI bhAMti kara diyA hai (prAcIna lipimAlA, pR0 168) / (2) jaina paMDita merutugAcArya-racita paTAvalI meM likhA hai ki nabhovAhana ke pazcAt gardabhilla ne ujjayinI meM teraha varSa taka rAjya kiyaa| usake atyAcAra ke kAraNa kAlakAcArya ne zakoM ko bulAkara usakA unmUlana kiyaa| zakoM ne ujjayinI meM caudaha varSa taka rAjya kiyaa| isake bAda gardabhilla ke putra vikramAditya ne zakoM se ujjayinI kA rAjya vApasa kara liyaa| yaha ghaTanA mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 470ve varSa (527.470 -57 I0 pU0) meM huii| vikramAditya ne sATha varSa taka rAjya kiyaa| unake putra vikramacarita upanAma dharmAditya ne 40 varSa taka zAsana kiyaa| tatpazcAta bhailla, baila tathA nAhada ne kramazaH 11, 14 tathA 10 varSa rAjya kiyaa| isa samaya vIra-nirvANa ke 605 varSa pazcAta 605-527 = 78 I0 pU0) zaka saMvata kA pravartana huaa| (3) prabaMdhakoSa ke anusAra mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 470 varSa bAda (527-470 = 57 I0 pU0) vikramAditya ne saMvat kA pravartana kiyaa| (4) dhanezvara sUri viracita zatrujaya-mAhAtmya meM isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki vIra ( mahAvIra ) saMvata ke 466 varSa bIta jAne para vikramAditya kA prAdurbhAva hogaa| unake 477 varSa pazcAt zilAditya athavA bhoja zAsana kregaa| isa graMtha kI racanA 477 vikrama saMvata meM huI jaba ki valabhI ke rAjA zilAditya ne surASTra se bauddhoM ko khader3a kara kaI tIrthoM ko unase vApasa kiyA thaa| (dekhie DaoN0 bhAU dAjI, jaranala Apha bAMbe eziyATika sosAyaTI, jilda 6, pR0 29.30) / (5) somadeva bhaTTa viracita kathAsaritsAgara (laMbaka 18 taraMga 1) meM bhI vikramAditya kI kathA AtI hai| isake anusAra vikramAditya ujjayinI ke

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vikramAditya rAjA the| inake pitA kA nAma maheMdrAditya tathA mAtA kA nAma saumyadarzanA thaa| maheMdrAditya ne putra kI kAmanA se ziva kI ArAdhanA kI / isa samaya pRthvI mlecchAkrAMta thI / ataH isake trANa ke liye devatAoM ne bhI ziva se prArthanA kii| zivajI ne apane gae mAlyavAn ko bulAkara kahA ki pRthvI kA uddhAra karane ke liye tuma manuSya kA avatAra lekara ujjayinInAtha maheMdrAditya ke yahA~ putrarUpa se utpanna ho / putra utpanna hone para zivajI ke AdezAnusAra maheMdrAditya ne usakA nAma vikramAditya tathA upanAma ( zatrusaMhAraka hone ke kAraNa ) viSamazIla rkhaa| bAlaka vikramAditya par3ha-likhakara satra zAstroM meM pAraMgata huA aura prAjyavikrama hone para usakA abhiSeka kiyA gayA / vaha bar3A hI prajAvatsala rAjA huA / usake bAre meM likhA hai sa pitA pitRhInAnAmabandhUnAM sabAndhavaH / zranAthAnAM ca nAthaH saH prajAnAM kaH sa nAbhavat || 18 | 1166 ( vaha pitRhInoM kA pitA, baMdhura hitoM kA baMdhu aura anAthoM kA nAtha thA / prajA kA vaha kyA nahIM thA ? ) isake anaMtara vikramAditya kI vistRta vijayoM aura adbhuta kRtyoM kA atiraMjita varNana hai / * kathAsaritsAgara apekSAkRta arvAcIna graMtha hote hue bhI kSemeMdra- likhita bRhatkathAma jarI aura aMtatogatvA guNADhya racita bRhatkathA para avalaMbita hai / guNADhya sAtavAhana hAla kA samakAlIna thA jo vikramAditya se lagabhaga 100 varSa pIche huA thA / ataH somadeva dvArA kathita anuzruti vikramAditya ke itihAsa se sarvathA anabhijJa nahIM ho sakatI / somadeva ke saMbaMdha meM eka aura bAta dhyAna dene kI hai| ve ujjayinI ke vikramAditya ke atirikta eka dUsare vikramAditya ko bhI jAnate haiM jo pATaliputra kA rAjA thA - 'vikramAditya ityAsIdrAjA pATaliputrake' ( laMbaka 7, taraMga 4 ) / isaliye jo Adhunika aitihAsika magadhAdhipa pATaliputranAtha gupta samrAToM ko kevala ujjayinI nAtha vikramAditya se abhinna samajhate haiM ve apanI paraMparA aura anuzruti ke sAtha atyAcAra karate haiM / * kathA kI paurANika zailI meM 'gaNa' se gaNataMtra aura 'mAlyavAn' se mAlava jAti kA AbhAsa milatA hai / 13

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA . (6) dvAtriMzatputtalikA, rAjAvalI zrAdi prathoM tathA rAjapUtAne meM pracalita (TaoNDsa rAjasthAna meM saMkalita ) anuzrutiyoM meM ujjayinInAtha zakAri vikramAditya kI aneka kathAe~ milatI haiN| sAdhAraNa janatA kI jijJAsA inhI anuzrutiyoM se tRpta ho jAtI hai aura vaha para parA se paricita loka-prasiddha vikramAditya ke saMbaMdha meM adhika gaveSaNA karane kI ceSTA nahIM krtii| kiMtu Adhunika aitihAsikoM ke liye kevala anuzruti kA pramANa paryApta nhiiN| ve dekhanA cAhate haiM ki anya sAdhanoM dvArA jJAta itihAsa se paraMparA aura anuzrati kI puSTi hotI hai yA nhiiN| vikramAditya kI aitihAsikatA ke saMbaMdha meM ve nimnalikhita praznoM kA samAdhAna karanA cAhate haiM: __aitihAsika prazna-(1) vikramAditya ne jisa saMvat ko pravartana kiyA thA usakA prArabha kaba se hotA hai ? (2) kyA prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 meM koI prasiddha rAjavaza athavA mahApuruSa mAlava prAMta meM huA thA yA nahIM ? (3) kyA usa samaya koI aisI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA huI thI jisake upalakSa meM saMvata kA pravartana ho sakatA thA ? ina praznoM ko lekara aba taka prAya: jo aitihAsika anusaMdhAna hote rahe haiM unakA sArAMza saMkSepa meM isa prakAra diyA jAtA hai : (1) yadyapi jyotiSa-gaNanA ke anusAra vikrama saMvat kA prAraMbha 57 I0 pU0 meM hotA hai kiMtu vikrama kI prathama kaI zatAbdiyoM taka sAhitya tathA utkIrNa lekhoM meM isa saMvat kA kahIM prayoga nahIM pAyA jAtA / mAlava prAMta meM prathama sthAnIya saMvat 'mAlavagaNa-sthiti-kAla' thA jisakA patA maMdasora prastaralekha se lagA hai--'mAlavAnAM gaNasthityA yAte zatacatuSTaye' ( phlITa, gupta-utkIrNa lekha sN018)| yaha lekha pA~cavIM zatAbdi I0 pa0 kA hai| (2) prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 meM kisI prasiddha rAjavaMza athavA mahApuruSa kA mAlava prAMta meM patA nhiiN| (3) isa kAla meM koI aisI krAMtikArI ghaTanA mAlava prAMta meM nahIM huI jisake upalakSa meM saMvat kA pravartana ho sakatA thaa|

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vikramAditya uparyukta khojoM se yaha pariNAma nikAlA gayA hai ki prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 meM vikramAditya nAmaka koI zAsaka nahIM huaa| tatkAlIna vikramAditya kalpanAprasUta hai| saMbhavata: mAlava saMvat kA prAraMbha I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdi meM huA thaa| pIche se 'vikramAditya' upAdhidhArI kisI rAjA ne apanA viruda isake sAtha jor3a diyaa| isa prakAra saMvat ke pravartaka vikramAditya kI aitihAsikatA bahuta se vidvAnoM ke mata meM prasiddha ho jAtI hai| isa prakriyA kA phala yaha huA ki katipaya prAcyavidyAvizAradoM ne prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga itihAsa meM prasiddha rAjAoM ko vikrama saMvat kA pravartaka siddha karane kI ceSTA prAraMbha kii| . AnumAnika mata -(1) phagusana ne eka vicitra mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| unakA kathana hai ki jisako 57 I0 pU0 meM prAraMbha honevAlA vikrama savat kahate haiM vaha vAstava meM 544 I0 pa0 meM pracalita kiyA gayA thaa| ujjayinI ke rAjA vikrama,harSane 544 I0 meM mlecchoM (zakoM) ko korUra ke yuddha meM harAkara vijaya ke upalakSa meM savat kA pracAra kiyaa| isa saMvat ko prAcIna aura pAdaraNIya banAne ke liye isakA prArabhakAla 64100 (athavA 10460)=600 varSa poche pheMka diyA gyaa| isa taraha 56 30 pU0 meM pracalita vikrama saMvat se isako, abhinna mAna liyA gayA hai| kiMtu kyoM 600 vaSa hI pahale isakA prArabha Dhakela diyA gayA, isakA samAdhAna phagusana ke pAsa nahIM hai| isake atirikta 544 I0 50 ke pUrva ke mAlava saMvat 529 (maMdasora prastara-abhilakha, phlITa : gupta utkIrNa lekha saM0 18) tathA vikrama savat 430 ( kAvI abhilekha, iMDiyana aiMTikverI, 1876, pR0 152) ke prayoga mila jAna se phargusana ke mata kA bhavana hA dharAzAyI ho jAtA hai| (phargusana ke mata ke liye dekhie, iMDiyana aiMTikvarI varSa 1876, pR0 182) / (2) DaoN0 phlITa kA mata thA ki 57 I0 pU0 meM prArabha hAnevAle vikrama saMvat kA pravartana kaniSka ke rAjyArohaNa-kAla se zurU hotA hai ( jaranala Aph do raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTo, varSa 1907, pU0 169) / apane mata ke samarthana meM unakI dalIla yaha hai ki kaniSka bhAratIya itihAsa kA eka prasiddha vijayI rAjA thaa| usane aMtarASTrIya sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kii|

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100 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bauddha dharma ke itihAsa meM bhI azoka ke bAda usakA sthAna hai| aise pratApI rAjA kA savat calAnA bilkula svAbhAvika thaa| para tu yaha DaoN0 phlITa ke atirikta prAyaH anya kisI vidvAn ko mAnya nahIM hai| prathama to abhI kaniSka kA samaya hI anizcita hai| dUsare eka videzI rAjA ke dvArA deza ke eka kone meM pravartita saMvat dezavyApI nahIM ho sakatA thaa| tIsare yaha bAta prAyaH siddha hai ki kuSANoM ne kAzmIra tathA paMjAba meM jisa savat kA vyavahAra kiyA thA vaha pUrva pracalita saptarSi saMvat thA jisameM sahasra tathA zata ke aMka lupta the| yadi yaha bAta amAnya bhI samajhI jAya to bhI kuSANa savat vazagata thA aura kuSANoM ke bAda pazcimottara bhArata meM isakA pracAra nahIM miltaa| (3) zrI velaDai gopAla aiyara ne apanI pustaka 'prAcIna bhArata kA tithikrama' (kraoNnolaoNjI Aph aizeMTa iMDiyA), pRSTha 175... meM isa mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai ki vikrama saMvat kA pravartaka surASTra kA mahAkSatrapa caSTana thaa| "vikrama saMvat vAstava meM mAlava saMvat hai| maMdasora prastara-lekha meM spaSTa batalAyA gayA hai ki mAlava jAti ke saMghaTana-kAla se isakA pracalana huA (mAlavAnAM gaNasthityA yAte zatacatuSTaye-phloTa, gupta utkIrNa lekha saM0 18) / kuSANoM dvArA isa savat kA pravartana nahIM ho sakatA thaa| eka to kaniSka kA samaya vikramakAlIna nahIM, dUsare yaha bAta siddha nahIM ki usakA rAjya kabhI mathurA aura banArasa ke Age bhI phailA thaa| kSatrapoM ke atirikta kisI anya doghaMjIpI gajavaMza kA patA nahIM jisakA mAlava prAMta para Adhipatya ho aura jisako savata kA pravartaka mAnA jA ske| jaba hama ina saba bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue rudradAmana ke giranAra lekha meM par3hate haiM ki 'saba varNoM ne apanI rakSA ke liye usako apanA adhipati cunA thA' (sarvavarNara bhigamya patitve vRtena -epimAphiyA iMDikA, jilda 8, pR0 47) taba yaha bAta hama svIkAra karate haiM ki mAlavA aura gujarAta kI saba jAtiyoM ne usako apanA rAjA nirvAcita kiyA thA jisa taraha ki isake pUrva unhoMne rudradAmana ke pitA jayadAmana aura usake pitAmaha caSTana ko cunA thaa| prAcIna graMtha aitareya brAhmaNa meM likhA hai ki 'pazcima ke sabhI rAjAoM kA abhiSeka svArAjya ke liye hotA hai aura unakI upAdhi svarAT hotI hai| ina svataMtra jAtiyoM ne ekatA meM zakti kA anubhava

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vikramAditya 101 karate hue tathA AvazyakatA ke sAmane sira jhukAkara apane Upara vijayo caSTana ke Adhipatya meM apane ko ekatra kara ke saghaTita kiyaa| yahI. mahAn ghaTanA-eka bar3e zAsaka ke Adhipatya meM mAlava jAtiyoM kA saMghaTana-57 I0 pU0 meM savat ke pravartana se upalakSita huii| taba se yaha savat mAlavA meM pracalita hai| caSTana aura rudradAmA ne mAlava ke par3osI prAMtoM para bhI zAsana kiyA isaliye savat kA pracAra viMdhya parvata ke uttara ke pradezoM meM bhI ho gyaa|" aiyara mahodaya kA yaha kathana ki vikrama saMvata vAstava meM mAlava savata hai svataH siddha hai| kAnaSka ke vikrama saMvata ke pravartaka hone ke virodha meM unakA tarka bhI yuktisaMgata hai| kiMtu kaniSka se kahIM svalpa zaktizAlI prAMtIya videzI kSatrapa, jisake sAtha rASTrIya jIvana kA koI aMga saMlagna nahIM thA, savata ke pravartana meM kaise kAraNa ho sakatA thA, yaha bAta samajha meM nahIM aatii| rudradAmA ke abhilekha meM saba varNoM dvArA rAjA ke cunAva kA ullekha kevala prazastimAtra hai| pratyeka zAsaka apane adhikAra ko prajAsammata kahane kI nIti kA prayoga karatA hai| isake atirikta yadi rudradAmA lokapriya ho bhI gayA ho to bhI usakA yaha guNa do pIr3hI pahale caSTana meM, saMgharSa kI navInatA tathA tIvratA ke kAraNa, nahIM A sakatA thaa| bhI aiyara kI yaha yukti atyata upahasanIya mAlUma par3atI hai ki mAlavagaNa ne caSTana ke Adhipatya meM apanA sa'ghaTana kiyA aura isake upalakSa meM savat kA pravartana kiyaa| rAjanIti kA yaha eka sAdhAraNa niyama hai ki koI bhI videzI zAsaka vijita jAtiyoM ko turata saMghaTita hone kA avasara nahIM detaa| phira apane parAjaya-kAla se mAlavoM ne saMvat kA prArama kiyA ho, yaha bAta bhI asAdhAraNa mAlUma par3atI hai| (4) sva DaoN0 kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ne jaina anuzrati ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlA ki "jaina gAthAoM aura lokapriya kathAoM kA vikramAditya mautamIputra zAtakarNi thaa| prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 meM mAlavA meM mAlavagaNa vartamAna thA, jaisA ki usake prApta sikoM se siddha hotA hai| zAtakaNi aura mAlavagaNa kI saMyukta zakti ne zakoM ko parAjita kiyaa| isaliye zakoM ke parAjaya meM mukhya bhAga lenevAle zAtakarNi 'vikramAditya' ke viruda se vikrama saMvat kA pravartana huaa| mAlavagaNa ne bhI usake sAtha saMdhi ke vizeSa

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102 - nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ThaharAva ( sthiti, AmnAya ) ke anusAra apanA isa samaya saMghaTana kiyA aura isI samaya se mAlavagaNa-sthiti-kAla bhI prAraMbha huA (jaranala Aph bihAra eDa ur3IsA risarca sosAiTI, jilda 16, varSa 1930) / uparyukta kathana meM mAlava-sAtavAhana saMgha kA bananA to svAbhAvika jAna par3atA hai ( yadi isa samaya sAmrAjyavAdI sAtavAhanoM kA astitva hotA), kiMtu zAtakarNi vikramAditya ( ? ) ke vijaya se mAlavagaNa gauravAnvita huA aura usake sAtha saMdhi karake mAlava savat kA pravartana kiyA, yaha bAta kAlpanika hai| isake sAtha hI yaha bhI dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki gautamIputra zAtakaNi ne na kevala zakoM ko harAyA kiMtu zaka, chaharAta, avati, prAkarAdi aneka prAMtoM para apanA Adhipatya sthApita kiyA (nAsika utkIrNa lekha, epimAphiyA iMDikA, jilda 8, pR060)| ataH usake digvijaya kI ghaTanA mAlavagaNa-sthiti ke kAphI bAda kI jAna par3atI hai| sAhitya tathA utkIrNa lekha kisI se bhI isa bAta kA pramANa nahIM milatA ki kisI sAtavAhana rAjA ne kabhI vikramAditya kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI thii| sAtavAhana rAjAoM kA tithikrama abhI taka anizcita hai| apane vibhinna matoM kI siddhi ke liye vidvAnoM ne usako ghapale meM DAla rakhA hai| kiMtu bahusammata siddhAMta yaha hai ki kAyavoM ke pazcAt sAmrAjyavAdo sAtavAhanoM kA prAdurbhAva prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 ke aparAddha meM huaa| isaliye AMdhravaMza kA teIsavA~ rAjA gautamIputra zAtakarNi prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 meM nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| sAtavAhana rAjAoM ke lekhoM meM jo tithiyAM dA hui hai ve unake rAjyavarSoM kI haiM, unameM vikrama saMvat yA anya kisI kramabaddha savat kA ullekha nahIM hai| jAyasavAla ka isa mata ke saMbaMdha meM saba se adhika niNAyaka gAthAsaptazatI kA pramANa hai| AMdhravaMza ke satrahaveM rAjA hAla ke samaya meM likhita yaha vikramAditya ke astitva aura yaza se paricita hai, ataH isa vaMza kA teIsavA~ rAjA gautamIputra zAtakaNi to kisI avasthA meM vikramAditya nahIM ho sktaa| sIdhA aitihAsika prayatna-isa taraha vikramAditya ke anusaMdhAna meM prAcyavidyAvizAradA na apanA uvara kalpanA-zakti kA paricaya diyA hai| kiMtu isa prakAra ke prayatna sa vikramAditya ko aitihAsikatA kI samasyA hala

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vikramAditya nahIM hotii| yadi paraMparA ke samucita Adara ke sAtha sAdho aitihAsika khoja kI jAya to savat-pravartaka vikramAditya kA patA saralatA se laga sakatA hai| vAstavika vikramAditya ke liye nimnalikhita zatoM kA pUrA karanA Avazyaka hai - (1) mAlava pradeza aura ujjayinI rAjadhAno, (2) zakAri honA, (3) 57 I0 pU0 meM savat kA pravartaka honA aura (4) kAlidAsa kA AzrayadAtA / anuzIlana-(1) yaha bAta aba aitihAsika khojoM se siddha ho gaI hai ki prAraMbha meM mAlava pradeza meM pracalita honevAlA savat mAlavagaNa kA saMvat thaa| sikaMdara ke bhAratIya AkramaNa ke samaya mAlava jAti paMjAba meM rahatI thii| mAlava-kSudraka-gaNa sagha ne sikadara kA virodha kiyA thA, kiMtu pArasparika phUTa ke kAraNa mAlavagaNa akelA lar3akara yUnAniyoM se hAra gyaa| isake pazcAt mauryo ke kaThora niyaMtraNa se mAlava jAti niSprabha sI ho gii| maurya sAmrAjya ke aMtima kAla meM jaba pazcimottara bhArata para bAstriyoM ke AkramaNa prArabha hue taba uttarApatha kI mAlavAdi kaI gaNajAtiyA~ vahA~ se pUrvI rAjapUtAnA hote hue madhya-bhArata pahu~cI aura vahAM para unhoMne apane nae upaniveza sthApita kie| samudragupta ke prayAga-prazasti lekha se siddha hai ki cauthI zatAbdi I0 50 ke pUrvAddha meM usake sAmrAjya kI dakSiNa-pazcima sImA para kaI gaNa-rASTra vartamAna the| kiMtu isake bhI pahale prathama-dvitIya zatAbdi I0 pU0 meM mAlava jAti zrAkara-avaMti (mAlava prAMta) meM pahu~ca gaI thI, yaha bAta mudrAzAstra se pramANita hai| yahA~ para eka prakAra ke sikke mile haiM jina para brAhmI akSaroM meM 'mAlavAnAM jayaH' likhA hai ( iMDiyana myUjiyama kvAyansa, jilda 1, pR0 162; kaniMgahema : ArkelaoNjikala save riporTa jilda 6, pR0 165-74) / (2) I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdi ke madhya meM magadha-sAmrAjya kA bhagnAvazeSa kANvoM kI kSINa zakti ke rUpa meM pUrvI bhArata meM bacA huA thaa| bAstriyoM ke pazcAt pazcimottara bhArata zakoM dvArA zrAkrAMta hone lgaa| zaka jAti ne siMdha prAMta ke rAste bhAratavarSa meM praveza kiyaa| yahA~ se usakI eka zAkhA surASTra hote hue avati-Akara kI ora bar3hane lgo| isa bar3hAva meM zakoM kA

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104 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA madhyabhArata ke gaNarASTroM se saMgharSa honA bilakula svAbhAvika thaa| bAharI AkramaNa ke samaya gajAtiyoM saMgha banAkara lar3atI thiiN| isa saMgha kA netRtva mAlavagaNa ne liyA aura zakoM ko pIche Dhakelakara siMdha prAMta ke chora para kara diyaa| kAlakAcArya-kathA meM zakoM ko nimaMtraNa denA, avaMti ke Upara unakA asthAyI Adhipatya aura aMta meM vikramAditya ke dvArA unakA nirvAsanaina sabhI ghaTanAoM kA mela itihAsa kI upayukta dhArA se baiTha jAtA hai| (3) zakoM ko parAjita karane ke kAraNa mAlavagaNamukhya kA zakAri eka viruda ho gyaa| yadyapi isa ghaTanA se zakoM kA AtaMka sadA ke liye dUra nahIM huA, tathApi yaha eka krAMtikArI ghaTanA thI aura isake phala-svarUpa lagabhaga Der3ha sau varSa taka bhAratavarSa zakoM ke Adhipatya se surakSita rhaa| isaliye isa vijaya ke upalakSa meM saMvata kA pravartana huA aura mAlavagaNa ke dRr3ha hone se isakA gaNa-nAma mAlavagaNa-sthiti yA mAlava-gaNakAla pdd'aa| (4) aba yaha vicAra karanA hai ki kyA mAlavagaNa-mukhya kAlidAsa ke AzrayadAtA ho sakate haiM yA nahIM ? abhijJAnazAkutala kI katipaya prAcIna pratiyoM meM nAMdI ke aMta meM likhA milatA hai ki isa nATaka kA abhinaya :. vikramAditya kI pariSad meM huA thA, yathA-sUtradhAra-Arye iyaM hi rasabhAva vizeSadIkSAguroH vikramAdityasya abhirUpabhUyiSThA pariSat, asyAM ca kAlidAsa. prathitavastunA navena abhijJAnazAkuMtalanAmadheyena nATakena upasthAtavyam asmAbhiH, tat pratipAtram AdhIyatAM ytnH| (nAMdyate-jIvAnada vidyAsAgara saMskaraNa, kalakattA, 1914 ii0)| prAyaH abhI taka vikramAditya eka tAMtrika rAjA hI samajhe jAte rahe haiN| kitu kAzI-vizvavidyAlaya meM hiMdI vibhAga ke adhyakSa paM0 kezavaprasAda mizra ke pAsa surakSita abhijJAnazAkutala kI eka hastalikhita prati (pratilekhanakAla-agahana sudi 5 saMvat 1699 vi0) ne vikramAditya kA gaNa se sabadha vyakta kara diyA hai| isake nimnAMkita avataraNa dhyAna dene yogya haiM : a-zrArye, rasabhAvazeSadIkSAguroH vikramAdityasya sAhasAMkasyAbhirUpabhUyiSTheyaM pariSat / asyAM ca kAlidAsaprayuttonAbhijJAnazAkuntalanavena nATakenopasthAtavyamasmAbhiH / ( nAnyante)

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vikramAditya 105 zrA-bhavatu tava viDojAH prAjyavRSTiH prajAsu tvamapi vitatayajJo vajiNaM bhAvayethAH / gaNazataparivate revamanyonyakRtyai - niyatamubhayalokAnugrahazlAghanIyaiH // ( bharatavAkya ) uparyukta avataraNoM meM moTe TAipoM meM chape padoM se yaha spaSTa jAna par3atA hai ki jisa vikramAditya kA yahA~ nideza hai unakA vyaktivAcaka nAma vikramAditya aura upAdhi sAhasAMka hai| bharatavAkya kA 'gaNa' zabda rAjanaitika artha meM 'gaNa-rASTra' kA dyotaka hai| 'zata' saMkhyA gola aura atiraMjita hai aura 'gaNazata' kA artha kaI gaNoM kA gaNa-saMgha hai| 'gaNa' zabda ke isa artha kI saMgati avataraNa a0 ke moTe TAipoM meM chape pada se baiThatI hai| vikramAditya ke sAtha koI rAjatAMtrika upAdhi nahIM lagI huI hai| yadi yaha avataraNa chaMdobaddha hotA to kahA jA sakatA thA ki chaMda kI AvazyakatA-vaza upAdhiyoM kA prayoga nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu gadya meM inakA abhAva kucha vizeSa artha rakhatA hai| nizcaya hI. vikramAditya samrATa yA rAjA nahIM the, apitu gaNamukhya the| kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke anusAra gaNarASTra kaI prakAra ke the-kucha vAtozastropajIvI, kucha AyudhajIvI aura kucha raajshbdopjiivii| aisA jAna par3atA hai ki mAlavagaNa vArtAzasnopajIvI thaa| isI liye vikramAditya ke sAtha rAjA yA anya kisI rAjanaitika upAdhi kA vyavahAra nahIM huA hai| ina avataraNoM ke sahAre yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki vikramAditya mAlavagaNamukhya the| unhoMne zakoM ko unake prathama bar3hAva meM parAjita karake isa krAMtikArI ghaTanA ke upalakSa meM mAlavagaNa-sthiti nAmaka saMvat kA pravartana kiyA jo Age calakara vikrama saMvat ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| vikramAditya svayaM kAvyamarmajJa tathA kAlidAsa Adi kaviyoM aura kalAkAroM ke prAzrayadAtA the| aba prazna yaha ho sakatA hai ki mAlavagaNa-sthiti athavA mAlava savat kA vikrama saMvat nAma kaise par3A ? isakA samAdhAna yaha hai ki savat kA nAma prAraMbha meM gaNaparaka honA svAbhAvika thA, kyoMki lokatAMtrika rASTra meM gaNa kI pradhAnatA hotI hai, vyakti kI nahIM / pA~cavIM zatAbdi I0 pa0 ke pUrvArddha meM caMdragupta

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dvitIya vikramAditya ne bhAratavarSa meM aMtima bAra gaNarASTroM kA saMhAra kiyA / taba se gaNarASTra bhAratIya prajA ke mAnasika kSitija se ojhala hone lagA aura AThavI-navauM zatAbdi I0 50.taka, jaba ki sAre deza meM niraMkuza ekataMtra kI sthApanA ho cukI thI, gaNarASTra kI kalpanA bhI vilIna ho gii| ata: mAlavagaNa kA sthAna usake pramukha vyakti-vizeSa vikramAditya ne le liyA aura saMvat ke sAtha unakA nAma jur3a gyaa| sAtha hI sAtha mAlavagaNa-mukhya vikramAditya rAjA vikramAditya ho ge| rAjanaitika kalpanA kI durbalatA kA yaha ekAkI udAharaNa nahIM hai| Adhunika aitihAsika khojoM se anabhijJa bhAratIya prajA meM Aja kauna jAnatA hai ki bhagavAn zrIkRSNa aura mahAtmA buddha ke pitA gaNamukhya the| arvAcIna sAhitya taka meM ve rAjA karake hI mAne jAte haiN| yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki rAjazabdopajIvI gaNamukhyoM kI 'rAjA' upAdhi rAjanaitika bhrama ke yuga meM vikramAditya ko rAjA banAne meM sahAyaka huI ho| vikramAditya ke gupta samrATa hone ke viruddha jo kaThora ApattiyA~ haiM unakA bhI ullekha karanA Avazyaka hai (1) gupta samrAToM kA apanA vaMzagata saMvat hai| unake kisI bhI utkIrNa lekha meM mAlava athavA vikrama saMvat kA ullekha nahIM hai| jaba unhoMne ho vikrama saMvat kA prayoga nahIM kiyA to pIche se, unake gauravAsta ke bAda, janatA ne unakA saMbaMdha vikrama saMvat se jor3a diyA, yaha mata samajha meM nahIM aatii| (2) gupta samrATa pATaliputranAtha the, ki tu anuzrutiyoM ke vikramAditya unnayinInAtha the, yadyapi ujjayinI guptoM kI prAMtIya rAjadhAnI thI, kiMtu ve pradhAnata: pATaliputrAdhIzvara aura magadhAdhipa the| mugalasamrATa dillI ke atirikta AgarA, lAhAra aura zrInagara meM bhI rahate the| phira bhI ve dillIzvara hI kahalAte haiN| isake atirikta somadeva bhaTTa ne apane kathA-saritsAgara meM spaSTataH do vikramAdityoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-eka ujjayinI ke vikrama tathA dUsare pATaliputra ke| unake mana meM isa saMbaMdha meM koI bhI bhrama nahIM thaa|

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vikramAditya 107 (3) ujjayinI ke vikrama kA nAma vikramAditya thA, upAdhi nahIM / kathAsaritsAgara meM likhA hai ki unake pitA ne janmadina ko hI unakA nAma zivajI ke AdezAnusAra vikramAditya rakhA; abhiSeka ke samaya yaha nAma athavA viruda ke rUpa meM pIche nahIM rakhA gayA / isake viruddha kisI gupta samrAT kA nAma vikramAditya nahIM thA / dvitIya caMdragupta tathA skaMdagupta ke viruda kramazaH vikramAditya aura kramAditya ( kahIM kahIM vikramAditya bhI ) the / samudragupta ne to yaha upAdhi kabhI dhAraNa hI nahIM kI / kumAragupta kI upAdhi maheMdrAditya thI, nahIM / upAdhi pracalita hone ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki usa nAma kA koI leAkaprasiddha vyakti huA ho jisake anukaraNa para pIche ke mahattvAkAMkSI loga usa nAma kI upAdhi dhAraNa kreN| roma meM sIjara upAdhidhArI rAjAoM ke pahale sIjara nAmaka samrAT huA thaa| isI prakAra vikrama upAdhidhArI gupta narezoM ke pUrva vikramAditya nAmadhArI zAsaka avazya hI huA hogA / aura yaha mahAparAkramI mAlavagaNamukhya vikramAditya sAhasAMka hI thA /

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sAhasAMka vikrama aura caMdragupta vikramAditya kI ekatA [ lekhaka - zrI bhagavaddatta, bI0 e0 ] - 1 - dazama zatAbdi vikrama athavA usase pahale ke kisI kozakAra kA eka pramANa hai / vaha kozakAra amara-TokAkAra kSIrasvAmI dvArA uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / kSIra ko saMvat 1950 ke samIpa kA AcArya hemacaMdra apanI abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi meM bahudhA uddhRta karatA hai| ataH kSIra saMvat 1-150 ke pazcAt kA nahIM hai| kSIra-uddhRta kozakAra likhatA hai - vikramAdityaH sAhasAGkaH zakAntakaH | 2/8/2 // arthAt vikramAditya, sAhasAMka aura zakAMtaka eka hI the / 2- suprasiddha mahArAja bhojarAja ne apane sarasvatIka ThAbharaNa nAmaka alaMkAra -graMtha meM likhA hai kesbhUva nATyarAjasya rAjye prAkRtabhASiNaH / kAle zrIsAhasAGkasya ke na saMskRtavAdinaH || 2|15 // isa para TIkAkAra ratnezvara mizra likhatA hai - zrAvyarAjaH zAlivAhanaH sAhasAGko vikramAdityaH 3 - hAla athavA sAtavAhana praNIta gAthA saptazatI-koza kA TIkAkAra hAritA. pItAMbara - gAthA 466 ko TIkA meM gAthAMtargata vikramAdityasya pada kA artha sAhalAMkasya karatA hai| isa TIkAkAra kI dRSTi meM yaha vikramAditya sAhasAMka hI thA / vaha 4 - vikramAditya aura AcArya vararuci samakAlika the / AcArya vararuci * bhairava zarmA dvArA mudrita, kAzI, vaizAkha sudi 8, bhaume 1943 vassare / + paM0 jagadIza zAstrI, ema0 e0 kA saMskaraNa, lAhaura / isa vararuci se bahuta pahale aSTAdhyAyI kA vArtikakAra aura suprasiddha kAvyakAra muni vararuci ho cukA thaa|

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sAhasAMka vikrama aura caMdragupta vikramAditya kI ekatA (ka) apanI patrakaumudI meM likhatA hai vikramAdityaMbhUpasya kiirtisinideshtH| zrImAn vararucirdhImAMstanoti patrakaumudIm // . arthAt zrImAn vararuci ne vikramAditya bhUpa kI AjJA se patrakaumudI rcii| ( kha ) apane AryA-chaMdobaddha liMgAnuzAsana sabaMdhI eka pratha ke aMta meM likhatA hai iti zrImadakhila - vAgvilAsamaMDita * sarasvatIkaMThAbharaNa-anekavizakha-zrInarapati - sevita - vikramAdityakirITakoTinighRSTa-caraNAraviMda. prAcArya-vararuci-viracito liMgavizeSavidhiH smaaptH| arthAt mahApratApI vikramAditya ke purohita athavA guru AcArya vararuci ne liMgavizeSavidhi matha samApta kiyaa| (ga) apane eka kAvyapratha ke aMta meM likhatA hai- iti samastamahImaNDalAdhipamahArAja - vikramAditya - nidezalabdha. zrImanmahApaNDita-vararudhiviracitaM vidyAsundaraprasaGgakAvyaM samAptam / isa pratha vidyAsudara ke prAraMbha meM likhA hai- 'mahArAja sAhasAMka kI sabhA meM vidvadgoSThI ho rahI thii| mahArAja ne apane paMDitoM se kahA ki kavi caura aura viduSI vidyA kI kathA likhanI caahie| isa para vararuci ne kathA likhanI Arabha kii|'... 'vidyAsudara meM kavi kAlidAsa aura zaMkara ziva kA ullekha hai|' __adhyApaka zaileMdranAtha mitra-likhita pUrvoddhRta vivaraNa se yaha bAta sarvathA spaSTa hotI hai ki vararuci-varNita vikramAditya kA eka nAma sAhasAMka bhI thA / yaha samakAlika sAkSya bar3e mahattva kA hai| isakA bala nyUna nahIM. kiyA jA sktaa| * dvitIya akhilabhAratavarSIya prAcyasabhA kA vivaraNa / lekhaka-adhyApaka zaileMdranAtha mitra, pR0 216-218 /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vidyAsuMdara kAvya ke kucha mUla zloka bhI dekhane yogya haiMsAhasAGkasya bhUpasya sabhAyAM kAvyakovidaiH / AlApaH................... .. nmanoharSavivardhanaH // 7 // vararucinAmA sa kaviH zrutvA vAkyaM nRpendrasya / vidyAsundaracaritaM zlokasamUhaistadArebhe * // 6 // ina zlokoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vararuci ne mahArAja sAhasAMka kI AjJA se vidyAsuMdara kAvya kI racanA kii| yahI sAhasAMka vidyAsuMdara kI prazasti meM likhA gayA vikramAditya hai / 110 5 - savat 1361 meM likhI gaI prabaMdha citAmaNi ke prathama prabaMdha ke bha meM hI merutuMgAcArya ne likhA hai antyo'pyAdyaH samajani guNaireka evAvanIzaH * zauryodAryaprabhRtibhirihordhItale * vikramArkaH / tathA isI prabaMdha ke aMta meM likhA hai itthaM tena parAkramAkrAntadigbalayena SaNNavati pratinRpamaNDalAni svabhoga mAninye / vanyo hastI sphaTikaghaTite bhitibhAge svavimbaM dRSTvA dUrAt pratigaja iti zvadviSAM mandireSu / hatvA kopAd galitaraMdanastaM punarvIkSyamANo mandaM mandaM spRzati kariNIzaGkayA sAhasAGka // 3 // kAlidAsAdyairmahAkavibhiratthaM saMstUyamAnazviraM prAjyaM sAmrAjyaM bubhuje / 6 - banyo hastI se AraMbha honevAlA yahI zloka zrIdharadAsakRta duktikarNAmRta meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / usako pATha nimnalikhita haivanyo hastI sphaTikaghaTite bhittibhAge svabimbaM ruSTaH pratigaja iti tvadviSAM mandireSu / * lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa ke mahopAdhyAya zrI caraNadAsa caTTopAdhyAya kI kRpA se hameM ye zloka devanAgarI lipi meM mile haiN|

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sAhasAMka vikrama aura caMdragupta vikramAditya kI ekatA 111 dantAghAtAkulitadazanastatpunarvIkSyamANo ___ mandaM mandaM spRzati kariNIzaGkayA sAhasAGka // vetAlasya !* saduktikarNAmRta graMtha zaka 1127 athavA saMvat 1262 kA likhA huA hai| yaha pratha prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi se 99 varSa pahale likhA gayA thaa| isa pratha meM yaha zloka vetAla-racita kahA gayA hai| prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi meM yahI zloka kAlidAsa Adi ke nAma se uddhRta hai| paraparA ke anusAra vetAla kavi vikrama kA rAjakavi thaa| isa prakAra vetAla, kAlidAsa aura sAhasAMka athavA vikrama samakAlika hI the| 7-yahI zloka saMvat 1420 ke samIpa likhI gaI zAGga dharapaddhati meM pAyA jAtA hai| vahA~ isakA pATha adhika azuddha hai| dekhie viziSTa rAjaprakaraNa 73. hastI banyaH sphaTikaghaTite bhittibhAge svavimbaM dRSTvA dRSTvA pratigaja iti tvadviSAM mandireSu / dantAghAtAdgalitadazanastaM punarvIkSya sadyo mandaM mandaM spRzati kariNIzaGkayA vikramArka // 4 // __ kyorpyeto| zAGgadharapaddhati ke mudrita saMskaraNa meM isa zloka ke kartA kA nAma nahIM likhA hai| paraMtu zAGgadhara ke pATha se eka bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai| merutuga aura zrIdharadAsa ke pAThoM meM jo vyakti sAhasAMka pada se saMbodhita kiyA gayA hai, vahI vyakti zAGgadhara ke pATha meM vikramArka nAma se pukArA gayA hai| merutuga ke isa prabaMdha ke prAraMbha meM bhI use vikramA kahA hai| vastutaH sAhasAMka aura vikramAka nAma paryAya hI the| -vikramArka aura vikramAditya nAma meM bhI koI bheda nahIM thaa| arka aura Aditya pada bhI paryAyavAcI hI haiN| gvAliyara ke eka zilAlekha meM likhA hai * lAhaura saMskaraNa, pR0 219 / . . . . .

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112 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zrIvikramAnupakAlAtIta saMvatsarANAmmekaSaSThyadhikAyamekAdazazatyAM mAghazuknaH ... / arthAt vikramAka yA vikramAditya ke 1161 varSa meN...| yahA~ vikramArka pada se vikramAditya ke hI saMvat kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai| vikrama saMvat hI sAhasAMka saMvat kahA jAtA thA 6-vikramAditya kA saMvat sAhasoka saMvat bhI kahA jAtA thaa| isa kathana kI puSTi meM nimnalikhita tIna pramANa dekhane yogya haiM(ka) vyomArNavArkasalyAte sAhasAGkasya vatsare / mahobA durga kA zilAlekha / saMyukta prAMta ke hamIrapura jile meM mahobA hai| yaha zilAlekha kaniMghama dvArA ArkiyAlAjikala sarve Ava iMDiyA riporTa bhAga 21, pR0 72 para chapA hai| patra-saMkhyA 22 para isakI pratilipi hai| iMDiyana eMTIkverI bhAga 16, pR0 176 para bhI isa lekha kA vivaraNa hai| isameM sAhasAMka 'saMvat 1240 ASADha vadI 6, some' bhI likhA hai| yaha saMvat nizcaya hI vikrama saMvat hai| (kha) navamiratha munIndrarvAsarANAmadhIzaiH parikalayati saGakhyAM vatsare sAhasAGka / _ mahArAja pratApa ke kAla kA rohatAsagar3ha zaila kA lekha / rohatAsagar3ha zaila vihAra-ur3IsA prAMta ke zAhAbAda jile meM hai| yaha zilAlekha epimAphiyA iMDikA bhAga 4, pR0 311 para chapA hai| isameM saMvata 1279 kA abhiprAya hai| yaha sAhasAMka saMvat bhI nizcaya hI vikrama saMvat hai| (ga) caturbhUtArizItAMzu(1652)bhirabhigaNite sAhasAGkasya varSe varSe jallAdIndrakSitimukuTamaNerapyanantAgamA(40)bhyAm / paJcamyAM zuklapakSe nabhasi gurudine rAmadAsena rAzA vijJenApUrito'ya tithitulitazikho rAmasetupradIpaH //

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sAhasAMka vikrama aura caMdragupta vikramAditya kI ekatA 113 .. yaha lekha rAmadAsakRta setubaMdhaTIkA ke aMta meM milatA hai| rAmadAsa jayapura rAjyAMtargata volI nagarAdhIza thaa| vaha jalAluddIna akabara mahArAja ke kAla meM huaa| usane vikrama saMvat ke liye hI sAhasAMka saMvat kA prayoga kiyA hai| yahI bAta pUrvoddhRta ka, kha, pramANoM se bhI spaSTa ho jAtI hai| kaniMghama kA bhI yahI mata thA ki "ka" aura "kha" meM varNita zilAlekhoM meM sAhasAMka vatsara se vikrama saMvat kA hI prahaNa hotA hai| akhaeva hAritoSara pItAMbara, ratnezvara mizra, zAGgadhara, merutuga, vararuci aura rAmadAsa ke lekhoM se tathA zilAlekhoM ke pramANoM se yaha bAta nirvivAda ThaharatI hai ki sAhasAMka, vikramAditya aura vikramArka eka hI vyakti ke nAma the / saMskRta vAramaya meM vikrama-sAhasAMka ke uttara-kAlIna anya sAhasAMka 10-saMskRta sAhitya ke pATha se patA lagatA hai ki vikrama-sAhamAMka ke uttaravartI kaI anya rAjAoM ne bhI sAhasAMka kI upAdhi dhAraNa kI thii| (ka) bhojarAja ke pitA mahArAja muja (savat 1011-1051) ke nAma the-vAkpatirAja prathama, sAhasAMka, siMdhurAja, utpalarAja ityaadi| (kha) cAlukya vikramAditya bhI sAhasAMka ,khaayaa| usakA kavi bilhaNa likhatA hai. zrIvikramAdityamathAvalokya sa cintayAmAsa napaH kdaacituu| alaGkarotyadbhutasAhasAGkaH siMhAsanaM cedayamekavIraH / / vikramAMkacarita 3226,27 ina paMktiyoM meM cAlukya vikrama ke pitA ke vicAra ullikhita haiN| vaha apane putra ko vikramAditya aura sAhasAMka nAmoM se smaraNa karatA hai| bilhaNa ne phira likhA haitvadbhiyA giriguhAzraye sthitAH sAhasAMka galitatrapA nepaaH| vikramAMkacarita 5 / 40 // * nirNayasAgara, muMbaI kA saMskaraNa, 1935 IsavI varSa, pR0 584 / +padmagupta kA sAhasAMkacarita / 15

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA yahA~ kavi ne sAhasAMka pada se cAlukya vikrama kA saMbodhana kiyA hai| muja to spaSTa hI navasAhasAMka bhI kahA gayA hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki usase pahale eka mUla sAhasAMka ho cukA thA / cAlukya vikramAditya ko usake kavi bilhaNa ne vikramAditya nAma ke kAraNa hI sAhasAMka kahA / 114 paralokagata zrI rAkhAladAsa vaMdyopAdhyAya kI bhUla 11 - epimAphiyA i MDikA bhAga 14 ke saMkhyA 10 ke lekha kI vivecanA meM zrI rAkhAladAsa se eka bhUla huI hai| ve samajhate haiM ki sena va za ke rAjA vijaya sena ne eka sAhasAMka ko parAjita kiyA . in va 7, vheyara iTa ija sTeTeDa daiTa vijayasena DiphITeDa e kiMga nemDa sAhasAMka' / -- isa sAtaveM zloka kA pATha nimnalikhita haitasmAdabhUd akhilapArthiva cakravartI nirvyAja- vikrama - tiraskRta- sAhasAGkaH / dikapAlacakra - puTabhedana- gIta kIrtiH pRthvIpativijayasena padaprakAzaH // 7 // * isakA sIdhA artha yahI hai- jisa vijayasena ne apane nirvyAja-vikrama se sAhasAMka ko bhI tiraskRta kiyA, athavA jo sAhasAMka se bhI bar3ha gayA / to khAla jI ne bhI yahI kiyA hai-hU haiDa cATazona sAhasAMka, ' paratu mAddha nikAlA hai| isakA abhiprAya itanA hI hai ki ukta zilAlekha ke likhanevAle ke mata meM vijayasena sAhasAMka se bhI bar3A rAjA thA / yaha sAhasAMka purAtana sAhasAMka hI thA / vijayasena ke kAla kA koI sAhasAMka nahIM thA / sAhasAMka nAma kA eka hI vyakti thA pUrvo jitane bhI pramANoM meM sAhasAMka zabda AyA hai, unake dekhane se yaha nizcaya ho jAtA hai ki bhAratIya itihAsa meM sAhasAMka nAma kA eka hI * epigrAphiyA iMDikA, bhAga 14, pR0 159, 160 1

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sAhasAMka vikrama aura caMdragupta vikramAditya kI ekatA 115 vyakti thA / saba pramANoM meM sAhasAMka pada ekavacana meM AyA hai / usake uttaravartI rAjA yA to nava sAhasAMka Adi hue yA unhAne apanI tulanA sAhasAMka se kii| saMvat pravartaka vikrama sAhasAMka hI vikrama bhI thA 12 - eka zilAlekha meM nimnalikhita saMvat par3hA gayA haivikramAMka - naranAtha-vatsara / isa zilAlekha kA savata bhI vikrama saMvata hI mAnA jAtA hai| I 13- saMskRta vAGamaya meM eka kAlidAsa aura eka bikrama kI samakAlikatA atyaMta prasiddha rahI hai| 15vIM zatI IsA ke pUrvAddha meM saMkalita subhASitAvali graMtha meM kisI kavi kA eka zlokAMza hai vyAkhyAtaH kila kAlidAsakavinA zrIvikramAGko nRpaH / isa paMkti se jJAta hotA hai ki vikrama kA vikramAMka nAma bahuta vikhyAta ho cukA thA / 14 - saMkhyA 13 taka ke lekha se yaha spaSTa vidita hotA hai ki vikramAditya, vikramArka, sAhasAMka aura vikramAMka nAma eka hI vyakti ke the / Azcarya hai ki mahArAja caMdragupta gupta kI aneka upalabdha mudrAoM para zrIcandragupta vikramAdityaH, zrIvikramAdityaH, vikramAdityaH aura zrIcandragupta vikramAMka likhA milatA hai| caMdragupta vikrama ke liye vikrama pada upAdhimAtra nahIM rahA thaa| vaha to usakA eka priya nAma ho cukA thaa| isI liye usakI mudrAoM para kevala vikramAditya bhI likhA milA hai| usake uttaravartI kucha eka rAjAoM ne vikrama kI upAdhi mAtra hI dhAraNa kii| n saMvat-pravata' ke sAhasAMka- vikrama gupta vaMza kA caMdragupta vikrama hI thA 15 -- rASTrakUTa goviMda caturtha ke zaka 793 ( = saMvat 128 ) ke eka tAmrapatra meM likhA hai * prosIDiMgsa oNna di e0 esa0 bI0, 1880, pR0 77, tathA I0 AI0, bhAga 20, saMkhyA 401 /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sAmathye sati ninditA pravihitA naivAgraje karatA bandhustrIgamanAdibhiH kucaritairAvarjitaM nAyazaH / zodhazaucaparAGamukhaM na ca bhiyA paizAcyabhaGgIkRtaM tyAgenAsama sAhasaizca bhuvane yaH sAhasAGko 'bhavat ||*arthaat rASTrakUTa goviMda caturtha ne sAhasAMka ke durguNa to nahIM apanAe, paraMtu tyAga aura asama sAhasa se vaha saMsAra meM sAhasAMka prasiddha ho gayA / 113 prati krUra karma / isa zloka meM yadi mUla sAhasAMka ke doSa na ginAe gae hote, to koI kaha sakatA thA ki gonida caturtha hI sAhasAMka thA, paratu daivayoga se ve doSa yahA~ sphuTa rUpa meM likhe gae haiN| ve doSa haiM- jyeSTha bhrAtA jyeSTha bhrAtA kI strI ke sAtha apanA vivAha kara lenA / bhaya se unmatta bananA athavA paizAcya aMgIkAra krnaa| ina doSoM ke sAtha tyAga aura asama sAhasa ke do guNa bhI varNana kie gae haiM 1. agale lekha se yaha spaSTa ho jAyagA ki jisa sAhasAMka ke guNa-doSa. upayuka tAmrapatra para aMkita kie gae the, vaha sAhasAMka gupta-kula kA suprasiddha mahArAja caMdragupta dvitIya ho thA / 16 -- inhIM ghaTanAoM ko puSTa karanevAlA zaka 765 ( saMvat 630 ) kA nimnalikhita lekha hai hatvA bhrAtarameva rAjyamaharad devIM ca dInastato arthAt usa rAjA ne bhAI ko mArakara lakSaM koTimalekhayan kila kalau dAtA sa guptAnvayaH / rAjya harA aura usakI devI kA koTi likhA diyA / kali meM bhI le liyA / lAkha dAna ke sthAna para usane vaha (vilakSaNa ) dAtA guptavaMzIya huA / 17 - sAhasAMka caMdragupta vikrama saMbadhI jo ghaTanAe~ purAtana lekhoM ke AdhAra para Upara likhI gaI haiM, unakA savistara varNana kavi vizAkhadeva - praNIta * epigrAphiyA iMDikA, bhAga 7, khaMbhAta ke tAmrapatra, pR0 38 / + epimAphiyA iMDikA, bhAga, 18, saMjAna tAmrapatra, pR0 248 /

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sAhasAMka vikrama aura caMdragupta vikramAditya kI ekatA 117 devI caMdragupta nATaka ke uddharaNoM meM bhI milatA hai| una uddharaNoM kI aitihAsika bAtoM kA ullekha anyatra hogaa| 18-devI caMdragupta meM varNita mukhya ghaTanAe~ aitihAsika thiiN| isa bAta kA pramANa carakasaMhitA-vyAkhyAkAra cakrapANidatta bhI detA hai| cakrapANidatta kA kAla lagabhaga vikrama kI bArahavIM zatAbdi kA pUrvArddha hai| vaha likhatA hai upetya dhIyate iti upadhizchanna ityrthH| tamanu"uttarakAlaM hi bhrAtrAdivadhena phalena jJAyate-yadayamummattazchamapracArI candragupta iti / . -vimAnasthAna 48 // cakrapANidatta kisI kAlpanika ghaTanA kA varNana nahIM kara sakatA thaa| caMdragupta kA kRtaka unmAda eka aitihAsika. ghaTanA thI aura usI kA ullekha cakra ne kiyaa| bahuta saMbhava hai ki cakra ne yaha bAta apane se pUrva kAla ke TIkAkAroM se lI ho| 16-adhyApaka alTekara ne majamala-uta-tavArIkha se eka uddharaNa diyA hai| unake anusAra yaha graMtha 11vIM zatAbdi vikrama meM racA gayA thaa| isa pratha kA AdhAra eka arabI graMtha thA, aura usa arabI pratha kA AdhAra koI bhAratIya graMtha thaa| majamala-uta-tavArIkha meM caMdragupta-vikrama ke unmatta banane aura apane bhAI ko mArane Adi kI sArI kathA kA ullekha hai| 20-- yaha kathA devIcaMdragupta nATaka, cakrapANidatta kI caraka TokA, majamala-uta-tavArIkha aura rASTrakUToM ke sajAna Adi ke tAmrapatroM meM pAI jAtI hai| vidvAn pAThakoM ko dhyAna rahe ki bharata muni ke anusAra nATaka kI kathAvastu kA AdhAra aitihAsika hotA hai| vizAkhadeva ne isa * jarnala oNva bihAra ur3IsA risarca sosaaittii| e hisTrI oNva di gusAja zrAra* ena. dAMDekara racita, pR0 72, 73 para uddhRt| yaha phArasI paMtha terahavIM zatI kA hai, gyArahavIM kA nhiiN| mUla graMtha ke hastalekha briTiza adbhutAlaya aura AksaphorDa meM hai|

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118 bhAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bAta kA avazya dhyAna rakhA hai aura cakrapANi kA pramANa yaha nizcita karAtA hai ki unmatta caMdragupta kI kathA aitihAsika thii| caMdragupta-sAhasAMka aura bhaTTAra haricaMdra 21-zaka 1033 (savat 1168 kA vaidyarAja tathA gadya-padya kavi mahezvara apane vizvaprakAza koza kI bhUmikA meM likhatA haizrIsAhasAGkanapateranavadhavaidyavidyAtaGgapadamadvayameva vinat / yazcandracArucarito haricandranAmA svavyAkhyayA carakatantramalazvakAra // 5 // AsIdasIma-vasudhAdhipa-vandanIye tasyAnvaye sakalavaidyakalAvataMsaH / zakrasya dana iva gASipurAdhipasya zrIkRSNa ityamalakIrtilatAvitAnaH // 6 // arthAt caraka taMtra para vyAkhyA likhanevAlA haricaMdra vaidya mahArAja zrI sAhasAMka kA vaidya thaa| usake asIma rAjAoM se vaMdanIya kula meM zrIkRSNa vaidya huaa| zrIkRSNa gAdhipura athavA kanoja ke rAjA kA vaidya thaa| isase Age zloka 12 meM mahezvara apane sAhasAMkacarita nAmaka eka mahAprabaMdha racane kA ullekha karatA hai| zloka 16 meM puna: likhA hai-sAhasAMka eka kozakAra bhI thaa| 22-mahezvara ne zabdaprabheda nAma kA bhI eka pratha likhA thaa| usameM bhI vaha sAhasakicarikha kA kathana karatA hai| zabda-prabheda kI eka hastalikhita prati alavara ke rAjakIya pustakAlaya meM vidyamAna hai| 23-vaidya haricaMdra yA bhaTTAra haricaMdra kI cAkaTIkA kA kucha bhAga aba bhI saprApta hai / / AyurvedIya prathoM ko TIkAoM meM vo bhaTTAra haricaMdra kI gharakavyAkhyA ke uddharaNa bhare par3e haiN| 24-vAgbhaTa-viracita aSTAMga-saMgraha kA vyAkhyAtA vAgbhaTa ziSya Idu likhatA hai ___* alavara rAjakIya hastalikhita pustakoM kA sUcIpatra, pR0 102, saMlisa shrvtrnn| .. paM0 mastarAma kA saMskaraNa, lAhaura, saMvat 1989 /

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sAhasAMka vikrama aura caMdragupta vikramAditya kI ekatA (ka) yA ca kharaNAdasaMhitA bhaTThAraharicandra kRtA zrUyate * / (kha) bhaTTAraharicandreNa kharaNAde prakIrtitA 45 / ina lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sAhasAMka kA samakAlIna bhaTTAra harizcaMdra kharaNAda-saMhitA kA kartA thA / kyA isa kharanAda zabda kA saMbaMdha gadabhilla nAma se ho sakatA hai| 25 - vR MdumAdhava nAmaka AyurvedIya graMtha kI zrIka* Thadattaviracita kusumAvalI TIkA meM haricaMdra ke pratha kA eka zloka udhRta haikecidiha saindhavAdonAM mAnabhedArthaM nAtiprasiddhaM harizcandramatamupadarzayanti harItakI harihiharatulyaSaGguNA caturguNAM caturahiSilAsapippalI / dvicitrakaM varadavaraikalaindhava' rasAyanaM kuru nRpa vahnidIpanam + // iti // isa zloka meM haricaMdra eka nRpa ko saMbodhana karake kahatA hai / yaha nRpa yA to koI garda bhilla hogA yA sAhasAMka vikrama / haricaMdra aura sAhasAMka vikrama athavA caMdragupta kA saMbaMdha anyatra bho prasiddha hai - 26 - saMvat 950 ke samIpa kA mahAkavi rAjazekhara apanI kAvyamImAMsA meM likhatA hai zra yate vojjayinyAM kAvyakAraparIkSA 119 0 iha kAlidAsameNThAvatrAmara- sUra- bhAravayaH / haricandracandraguptau parIkSitAviha vizAlAyAm // 6 arthAt kAvyakAra haricaMdra aura caMdragupta ujjayinI meM parIkSita hue / yaha haricaMdra to bhaTTAra haricaMdra ho hai aura caMdragupta nizcaya hI sAhasAMka vikramAditya hai / * kalpasthAna, AThava adhyAya / + vahI AThaveM adhyAya kA ta + SaSThaH, ajIrNa rogAdhikAraH, pR0 109 / $ dazama adhyAya /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA 27 - eka haricaMdra kisI pratApI rAjA kI kIrti gAtA haivaktre sAkSAtsarasvatyadhivasati sadA zoNa evAdharaste 120 bAhuH kAkutsthavIryasmRtikaraNapaTurda kSiNaste samudraH / vAhinyaH pArzvametAH kSaNamapi bhavatA naiva muJcanti rAjan svaccheto mAnase'sminnavatarati kathaM tAyalezAbhilASaH // 4 // haricaMdrasya * yahI zloka svalpa pAThatiroM ke sAtha prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi meM do sthAnoM para milatA hai| pahalA sthAna hai vikramArka prabaMdha aura dUsarA sthAna hai bhojbhiimprbNdh]| dUsare prabaMdha meM likhA hai ki yaha zloka zrIvikramArka kI dharmavahikA para likhA thA / yaha zloka sAhasAMka-caMdragupta kI stuti meM ho kahA gayA thA aura isakA kahanevAlA haricaMdra caMdragupta kA sAthI bhaTTAra haricaMdra hI thA / saktikarNAmRta kA lekhaka dhanyavAda kA pAtra hai ki jisane isa zloka ke kartA harizcaMdra kA nAma surakSita kara diyA / 28 - saduktikarNAmRta meM sAhasAMka ke nAma se eka sUkti uddhRta kI gaI hai| 29 -- jalhaNa kI sUktimuktAvalI // meM rAjazekhara kA nimnalikhita vacana hai zUraH zAstravidhermAtA sAhasAGkaH sa bhUpatiH / sevyaM sakalalokasya vidadhe gandhamAdanam // arthAt zUra aura zAstrajJa mahArAja sAhasAMka ne gaMdhamAdana graMtha rcaa| * saduktikarNAmRta, pravAhaH tRtIya:, 54|4| + siMdhI graMthamAlA, saMskaraNa, pR0 8 para D koza kA adhika pATha, saMkhyA 15 / + vahI, pR0 27 / 5|15|3|| lAhaura saMskaraNa, 10288 / || 4 | 57||

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sAhasAMka vikrama aura caMdragupta vikramAditya kI ekatA 121 AcArya daMDI kI avatisudarIkathA meM kisI pratha gaMdha0 kA nAmollekha hai| 30-amarakoza para likhe gae TokAsarvasva meM vikramAditya-koza kA pramANa uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| puruSottama apanI hArAvali ke aMta meM vikramA. ditya aura usake koza saMsArAvarta kA nAma smaraNa karatA hai| mahezvara se smaraNa kie gae sAhasAMka koza kA ullekha hama pahale kara Ae haiN| yaha saMsArAvata koza vikramAditya-sAhasAMka kI kRti thaa| .. ata: saMkhyA 26 meM likhI gaI rAjazekhara kI bAta ki caMdragupta (sAhasAMka ) eka vidvAn kAvyakAra thA, upayukta tInoM pramANoM se bhI siddha hotI hai| 31-setubaMdha kAvya para kisI sAhasAMka kI bhI eka TIkA thii| aitihAsika adhyayana ke liye usa TIkA kA anveSaNa atyaMta Avazyaka hai| zakAMtaka bhayavA zakAri-vikrama athavA caMdragupta bhAratIya itihAsa meM zakoM kA prathama nAzaka zrIharSavikrama athavA zUdraka thaa| usake pazcAt zaka phira prabala ho gae the| unakA nAza caMdraguptavikrama ne kiyaa| isa saMbaMdha kA vistRta ullekha hama apane bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM kara cuke haiN|| vahA~ aneka pramANoM se yaha batA cuke haiM ki zakAri nAma caMdragupta kA ho thaa| usase Age hamane kavi amaru kA nimnalikhita zlokArddha saduktikarNAmRta se uddhRta kiyA hai| zloko'ya hariSAbhidhAnakavinA devasya tasvAgato yAvadyAvadudIritaH shkvdhuuvaidhvydiikssaaguroH| * pR074 15/4 // +oriyaTala kAnphareMsa vRtta, lAhaura, bhAga prathama, pR0 664,665 / 6 dekhA zUdraka para hamArA lekha, 'zrI svAdhyAya' traimAsika patra, solana / // pR0 338-340 / usa samaya zrIharSa vikrama aura sAhasAMka vikrama kA bheda hameM jJAta nahIM thaa| zUdraka saMbaMdhI lekha meM hamane vaha bheda spaSTa kara diyA hai|

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122 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA yaha zloka mahArAja bhoja ke zrRMgAraprakAza adhyAya 20 meM bhI milatA hai| yahA~ 'zakavadhUvaidhavyadIkSAguru' zakaripu athavA zakAri kA hI vizeSaNa hai, kyoMki saduktikarNAmRta meM uddhRta amaru ke isase pUrva zloka meM zakaripu prayoga spaSTa hI milatA hai| isaliye yaha jJAta hotA hai ki zakavadhU0 prayoga caMdragupta ke liye eka ucita vizeSaNa hai| phlITa-mata mAnanevAloM se prazna itane sAhityika aura tAmrapatrAdikoM ke sAkSya ke hone para bhI jo mahAnubhAva caMdragupta-vikrama ko prasiddha vikrama saMvat se saMbaMdha rakhanevAlA samrATa nahIM mAnate, unheM nimnalikhita praznoM kA uttara khojanA cAhie (1) yadi savat-pravartaka sAhasAMka-vikrama koI anya vyakti thA aura caMdragupta-vikrama nahIM, to usako eka bhI mudrA Aja taka kyoM nahIM milI ? nizcaya ho usa vikrama ke kAla meM mudrAoM para akSarAMkita nAma milate the| utane pratApI rAjA kI mudrA avazya pracalita huI hogii| (2) purANoM ke zrIpArvatIya rAjA kauna the ? hama apane bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM likha cuke haiM ki gupta hI zrIpArvatIya the| isakA eka prabala pramANa yaha bhI hai ki guptoM kI mudrAoM para lakSmI athavA zrI kA cihna vidyamAna hai| isI kA eka aura pramANa zrIparvata ke sthalamAhAtmya meM hai-"guptarAja caMdragupta kI kanyA caMdrAvatI zrIzaila ke devatA se prema karane laga pdd'ii|...aNtt: rAjakumArI ne usase vivAha kiyA / " mahAzaya bI0 vI0 kRSNarAva Adi kA mata hai ki ikSvAkurAjA hI zrIpArvatIya the| unheM vicAra kara dekhanA cAhie ki kyA purANoM meM itane sudUra dakSiNa ke kisI aura rAjavaMza kA ullekha bhI hai yA nahIM / ___ * zrIkRSNa zAstrI kA lekha, enuala riporTa oNva di ArkiyolaoNjikala DipArTameMTa, sadana sarkila, madrAsa, 1917-18 meM uddhRta / + iMDiyana hisTrI kAMgresa, kalakattA, pR080|

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sAhasAMka vikrama aura caMdragupta vikramAditya kI ekatA 123 ( 3 ) sAhasAMka kitane the ? yadi sAhasAMka eka hI thA, to vaha caMdragupta vikrama thA / yadi do the, to dUsarA kauna thA ? do sAhasAMka mAnanevAloM kA smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki purAtana lekhoM meM sAhasAMka eka hI hai / mumuNIrAja kA zaka saMvat 671 kA eka tAmrapatra hai / usameM isa vaMza ke mUla puruSa kapardI kA varNana hai| kapardI kA putra pulazakti zaka 765 ataH kapardI zaka 750 ke samIpa huA hogA / ke amoghavarSa kA sAmaMta thA / * prastuta tAmrapatra meM kapardI kI tulanA sAhasAMka se kI gaI hai tasyAnvaye nikhilabhUpatimaulibhUta ratnadyuticchurita nirmalapAdapIThaH / . zrIsAhasAGka iva sAhasikaH kapardI sIlAravaMzatilako nRpatirbabhUva * / / isa tAmrapatra ke pATha meM aura dUsare lekhoM meM sAhasAMka pada ekavacana meM hI milatA hai| isase nizcaya hotA hai ki sAhasAMka nAma kA mUla eka hI rAjA thaa| usake kaI sau varSa pazcAta taka koI anya rAjA apanA nAma bhI vaisA nahIM rakha sakA / A ( 4 ) sAhasAMka vikrama ke sAthI AcArya vararuci kA kAla kAtaMtra vyAkaraNa se pahale kA haiM / kAtaMtra meM isa vararuci ke sUtroM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / kAtaMtra lagabhaga dUsarI zatI vikrama kA graMtha hai| ataH dUsarI zartI vikrama se pahale kA sAhasAMka to caMdragupta hI thA / vidvAnoM ko Agraha - rahita hokara ina bAtoM para vicAra karanA cAhie / * I0 zrAI0, bhAga 25, pR0 58, paMkti 4 /

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vikrama saMvat aura vikramAditya [ lekhaka - zrI vAsudevazaraNa ] vikrama saMvat ke viSaya meM kucha bAteM purAtatva ke nizcita AdhAra se jJAta hotI haiM, aura kucha ke liye kevala sAhityika anuzruti pramANa hai / zilAlekhoM se prApta honevAlI sAmagrI kA suMdara ullekha DA0 alTekara ne isI aMka meM prakAzita anyatra apane lekha meM kiyA hai| hamAre aba taka ke jJAna kI sthApanAe~ saMkSepa meM isa prakAra haiM -- 1 - vikrama saMvat kA prAraMbha 57 I0 pUrva meM huaa| 2 - navIM zatAbdi ke AsapAsa isakA nAma vikrama saMvat pdd'aa| usase pahale isakI saMjJA mAlava saMvata thI / saM0 898 ke caMDa mahAsena ke dhaulapura zilAlekha meM aba taka vikrama saMvat kA saba se pahalA ullekha prApta huA hai; ki Mtu isake 38 varSa bAda ke gyArasapura ( gvAliyara ) ke lekha meM ise 'mAlavezoM kA saMvat' kahA gayA hai| isase jJAta hotA hai ki navIM aura dasavIM zatAbdiyoM ke lagabhaga loka meM yaha vizvAsa thA ki yaha vikrama saMvat mAlevezoM kA sthApita kiyA huA thA / saM0 1131 ke cAlukya karkarAja ke navasArI tAmrapaTTa ne isa saMvat ko nizcita rUpa se vikramAditya ke dvArA AraMbha kiyA huA saMvatsara kahA hai (zrIvikramAdityotpA ditasaMvatsara ) / ataeva kama se kama eka sahasra varSa pUrva hamArI janatA kA yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa thA ki vikramAditya nAma ke ke dvArA isa saMvatsara kI sthApanA huI / . rAjA 3 - mAlava saMvat nAma par3ane se pahale vikrama saMvat kA nAma kRta saMvata thaa| maMdasora se prApta naravarmA ke saM0 461 ke lekha meM aitihAsika sthiti kA ThIka ThIka varNana kiyA gayA hai aura sUtra rUpa meM isa saMvat ke prAcIna nAma aura usake kSetra kA nirdeza kara diyA gayA hai zrImAlavagaNAmnAte prazaste kRtasaMjJite / ekaSaSTyadhike prApte samAzatacatuSTaye //

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vikrama saMvat aura vikramAditya 125 yaha rAjA naravarmA saM0 461 (404 I0 ) meM caMdragupta vikramAditya ke samakAlIna the aura saMbhavataH unakI ora se mAlava ke adhipati zAsaka the / gupta samrATa caMdragupta vikramAditya ne mAlava ko vijita kiyA thA aura vahA~ para jo cA~dI ke sikke jArI kie unapara isa prakAra apanA viruda likhA hai paramabhAgavata mahArAjAdhirAja zrIcaMdraguptavikramAdityasya / I0 san 400 ke lagabhaga uttara bhArata aura mAlavA meM caMdragupta kA rAjya thA aura 'vikramAditya', 'vikramAMka' yA 'vikrama' viruda ghara ghara meM pracalita thaa| rIvA rAjya ke supiyA nAmaka gA~va se abhI hAla meM mile eka guptalekha meM vaMzAvalI dete hue zrI samudragupta ke putra ko vikramAditya aura vikramAditya ke putra ko maheMdrAditya kahA gayA hai| caMdragupta aura kumAragupta nAma nahIM die ge| isase jJAta hotA hai ki loka kI jihvA para ina donoM kA free ho adhika prasiddha thaa| jaba vikramAditya nAma isa prakAra sarvatra prasiddha thA aura mAlave se usakA vizeSa saMbaMdha thA, taba bhI 400 I0 ke lagabhaga yahI prasiddha thA ki isa saMvat kA nAma kRta saMvata hai, aura mAlavagA meM isakI prasiddhi aura isakI sthApanA huii| mAlavA se bAhara aura saba jagaha gupta sAmrAjya meM gupta saMvat kA prayoga ho rahA thA, kRta sa Mvat yA vikrama saMvat kA nahIM / - * aba taka kRta saMvata kA pahalI bAra nAma aura prayoga udayapura riyAsata ke nAMdasA sthAna se prApta sAMvat 282 (225 I0 ) ke yUpa-lekha meM pAyA gayA hai| yaha nire saMyoga kI bAta hai ki janma ke bAda karIba paune tIna sau varSoM taka isa saMvata ke prayoga kA koI udAharaNa hamAre liye nahIM bcaa| isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki prAraMbha ke tIna sau varSoM meM isakA prayoga aura pracAra thA hI nahIM / aitihAsika paddhati se sahI anumAna yahI nikalatA hai ki una tIna sau varSoM meM bhI isa saMvat kA nAma kRta saMvat thA aura mAlavoM meM isakA pracAra thaa| unameM yahI anubhUti vikhyAta hogI ki unake gaNa kI sthApanA se kRta saMvata kA prAraMbha huA / vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdi se chaThI zatAbdi taka kRta saMvata ke jo lekha aba taka mile haiM unase eka bAta acchI taraha mAlUma hotI hai ki ina tIna sau

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126 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA varSoM taka kRta savata kA prayoga akSAMza aura dezAMza ke eka parimita kSetra meM hI huaa| nAMdasA ( udayapura, saM0 282), barnAlA ( jayapura, saM0 284), bar3avA ( koTA, saM0 295), vijayagar3ha (bharatapura, saM0428), maMdasora (mAlavA, saM0 461, 493, 529, 589) aura nagarI (cittaur3a, saM0481) isa kSetra kI sImAoM ko sUcita karate haiN| moTe taura para dakSiNI jayapura se ujjaina taka ke pradeza meM mAlavagaNa kA vistAra thA aura vahIM para kRta saMvat kA prayoga huaa| isa kSetra ke bAhara kAla-gaNanA ke dUsare prakAra pracalita the| bAhara jaba gupta saMvat jaise pratApI saMvat kA vyApaka pracAra thA usa samaya bhI mAlavakSetra meM mAlavagaNa ke apane kRta saMvat meM hI kAlagaNanA hotI thii| yaha isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki mAlavagaNa kA isa saMvat ke sAtha kitanA ghaniSTha aura aMtaraMga saMbaMdha thaa| zilAlekha bhI isakA dRr3ha sAkSya dete haiM ki mAlavagaNa kI sthApanA se saMvat kI kAla-gaNanA kA prAraMbha huA-mAlava-gaNasthiti-vazAt kAla-jJAnAya likhitessu|' (yazodharman kA maMdasora lekha, sa0589, I0 532) / mAlavagaNa-sthiti mAlavagaNa kI sthiti zabda kA ThIka abhiprAya kyA hai ? hamArI sammati meM sthiti kA sIdhA artha sthApanA hai| mAlavagaNa kI sthApanA kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki usa gaNa kI sattA pahale avidita thii| mAlava jAti kA jo itihAsa aba taka jJAta hai usake anusAra I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdi meM mAlava paMjAba meM base the| tudrakoM ke sAtha mAlavoM kA bar3A mela thA aura donoM kA saMyukta sainika saMgaThana bar3A pracaMDa thaa| pANini ke 'khaMDakAdibhyazca' sUtra ke gaNapATha meM kSudraka aura mAlavoM kI samilita senA ko kSaudrakamAlavI senA kahA gayA hai (kSudrakamAlavAtsenA sajJAyAm ) / mAlavoM ne sikaMdara se raNabhUmi meM lohA liyA thaa| sikadara. ke sAthI yUnAnI itihAsakAroM ne mAlavayuddha kA bar3A hI romAMcakArI varNana kiyA hai| vIra mAlavoM ke eka bhIma bANa ne sikaMdara ke pAva ko bhedakara use lagabhaga mRtyu ke mukha taka pahu~cA diyA thaa| mAlavoM kA yaha karAla krodha usa yUnAnI senApati ke kAla ko

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vikrama saMvat aura vikramAditya 127 nikaTa khIMca lAyA aura kucha hI mahInoM bAda svadeza pahu~cane ke pahale hI usakI mRtyu ho gaI / chaH phuTa ke dhanuSa para nau phuTa kA bANa chor3anevAle ye mAlava atyaMta parAkramI aura svAtaMtryapremI the / videzI sattA ke prati unakA pratapta krodha paMjAba meM bhalI bhA~ti prakaTa ho cukA thA / usI kI punarAvRtti lagabhaga tIna sau varSa bAda prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 meM Akara ava ti meM huI jaba ki zakasthAna ke kSaharAtava MzI zakoM ne surASTra para AkramaNa kiyA / zilAlekha se yaha nizcaya jJAta hai ki pracaMDa mAlavoM se unakI bhir3aMta huI / dUsarI zatAbdi I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga hama mAlavoM ko jayapura riyAsata meM basA huA pAte haiM / karkoTa nagara ina mAlavoM kA pradhAna keMdra thA jahA~ unake aneka sikke mile haiN| ina sikkoM para 'mAlavAnAM jaya:' viruda aMkita hai / ye mAlava paMjAba se yahA~ Akara base the| yUnAnI AkramaNa ke bAda kaI gaNarAjya paMcanada se hokara rAjapUtAne kI ora cale aae| unameM se cittaur3a ke samIpa nagarI sthAna meM zivi janapada ke loga Akara base aura jayapura riyAsata meM mAlavagaNa ne sanniveza kiyA / yaha bAta sikkoM kI sAmagrI se pramANita hotI hai / lagabhaga sau Der3ha sau barasa taka mAlava sukha-zAMti se nivAsa karate raha hoMge, jaba ki I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdi ke lagabhaga eka nayA bhaya upasthita huA / zakasthAna ke zakoM kI kSaharAta nAmaka zAkhA ne pazcimI bhArata kI ora bar3hakara / rASTra para AkramaNa kiyA aura kucha kAla ke liye vahA~ apanA dakhala jamA liyA / isa vaMza ke do rAjAoM ke sikke aura lekha mile haiN| inameM pahalA bhUmaka aura dUsarA nahapAna thA / kSaharAta zakoM ke isa AkramaNa kI eka dhArA takSazilA ke mArga se ghusatI huI mathurA taka pahu~cI lekhoM aura sikkoM se takSazilA aura mathurA ke kSaharAta gharAnoM kA bhI paricaya milatA hai / mathurA meM kSaharAta mahAkSatrapa rAjubula aura zoDAsa ne do pIr3hI taka rAjya kiyA / takSazilA meM isI samaya mahAkSatrapa lika aura patika kA rAjya thA jo mathurA ke zakoM se saba Mdhita bhA the| zakoM kA yaha trizUlo AkramaNa kucha TikAU nahIM huA, kiMtu karArA avazya thA / nahapAna ke jo lekha nAsika kI guphA meM mile haiM unase vidita hotA hai ki uttamabhadroM aura mAlavoM meM kucha 7.

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128 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA lAga-DaoNTa thii| isa ApasI vaira meM uttamabhadroM ne videzI zaharAtoM se sahAyatA kI pukAra kii| zakoM ne uttamabhadra kA pakSa lekara mAlavoM ko dbaayaa| isa ghaTanA kA ullekha kSaharAtavazIya kSatrapa nahapAna ke jAmAtA uSavadAta ke lekha meM isa prakAra AyA hai __ gatosmi varSA-stu mAlayehi......hi rudhaM utamabhAdraM mocayitu te ca mAlayA pranAdeneva apayAtA utamabhadrakAnaM ca kSatriyAnaM sarve parigrahA kRtA arthAt 'isa varSA-Rtu meM mAlavoM se cheke hue uttamabhadroM ko chur3Ane ke liye maiM gyaa| ve mAlava merI huMkAra se hI bhAga gae aura uttamabhadra kSatriyoM ko maiMne saba prakAra se surakSita kara diyaa| itanA karane ke bAda puSkara meM jAkara maiMne snAna kiyA aura brAhmaNoM ko aneka dAna die|' (e0 I0 8 / 78) anumAna hotA hai ki uttamabhadra ajamera-puSkara ke ilAke meM the| .. isa zilAlekha se yaha siddha hotA hai ki mAlavoM para ghora saMkaTa AyA / isa sa kaTa se apanI rakSA karane ke liye svatatratA ke abhimAnI mAlavagaNa ne avazya hI apanA sagaThana dRr3ha kiyA hogaa| videzI AkramaNakAriyoM se surASTra aura svadharma kI rakSA ke liye deza ke anya kSetroM meM bhI eka prabala bhAvanA jAgrata huI hogii| isa bAta kA nizcita anumAna karane kA hamAre pAsa kAraNa yaha hai ki kevala do pIr3hI rAjya karake mathuga aura surASTra ke zaharAta zakoM kA aMta ho gayA, jisase itihAsa meM Age unakA koI cihna zeSa nahIM raha gyaa| isa kazamakaza aura videziyoM ke sAtha bhir3ata meM eka mahApratApI samrATa kA nAma sAmane AtA hai| unhoMne jo atula parAkrama kiyA usakI upamA meM pUrva kAla aura uttarakAla ke bahuta hI kama vijetA rakhe jA sakate haiN| ye samrAT dakSiNApathezvara sAtavAhanava zIya rAjarAja gautamIputra zrI zAtakarNi the| hamAre saubhAgya se inakI mAtA mahAdevI gautamI bAlazrI kA eka lekha* nAsika kI guphA meM surakSita raha gayA hai, jisameM mahArAja zAtakarNi ke parAkrama aura digvijaya kA abhUtapUrva citra prApta hotA hai| 'mahArAja gautamIputra himavAn , sumeru aura maMdarAcala parvatoM ke samAna sArayukta the| parAkrama meM ve * yaha zilAlekha isI aMka meM anyatra prakAzita hai|

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vikrama saMvat aura vikramAditya rAma, kezava, arjuna aura bhImasena ke tulya the| teja meM ve bhAbhAga, nahuSa, janamejaya, sagara, yayAti, rAma aura aMbarISa ke sadRza the| unhoMne zakayavana-palahavoM kA nAza kiyA aura khakharAta (kSaharAta ) vaMza ko niHzeSa karake sAtavAhana kula ke yaza kI sthApanA kii| sarva maMDala meM unake caraNoM kI amiva damA kI gii| cAturvaNya ke saMkara ko unhoMne rokaa| ameka yuddhoM meM zatrasaMgha ko parAjita kiyA aura aparAjita vijayapatAkA phaharAI / abhaya kI jalAMjali dekara sabako nirmaya bnaayaa| bhujaMgeMdra ke samAna unakI vipula vIrSa bhujAe~ thI aura gajeMdra ke sudara vikrama ke samAma unakA vikrama thA (vrvaarnn-vikrm-paasvikrmaay)| usake zAsana ko saba rAjamaMDala ne svIkAra kiyaa| ve vedAdi zAstroM ke AdhAra (Agama milaya) the| kulapuruSoM kI paraMparA se unako 'rAjazabda prApta huA thaa| unakA pratApa aparimita, akSaya, acitya aura adbhuta thaa| unakI mAtA mahArAja pulamAvI ko pitAmahI satyavacana, dAna, kSamA aura ahiMsA meM nirata, eva tapa, dama, niyama aura upavAsa meM satpara, rAjarSivadhU zabda ko dhAraNa karanevAlI prAryakA mahAdevI gautamI bAlazrI thiiN| mahArAja zAtakaNiM ne asika, (kRSNaveNA nadI ke kinAre kA rAjya ), azmaka (pratiSThAna), mUlaka (godAvarI ke taTa para ), svarASTra, kukura, aparAMta, amUpa, vidarbha, Akara aura ati ke dezoM meM rAjya kiyA, tathA vidhya, RkSa, pAriyAtra, sama, kRSNagiri, malaya aura maheMdra parvatoM kA svAmitva prApta kiyaa| . malaba, maheMdra aura vidhya ke vistRta trikoNa meM rAjya kA vistAra karane vAle ekachazAsaka gautamIputra zrI zAtakarNi ne zaka, palhava aura yavanoM kA vivasana kiyA aura azmaka, Akara, avAti ko apane vijita meM milaayaa| isa ghaTanA kI aitihAsika saMgati pUrvApara ghaTanAoM para vicAra karate hue isa prakAra samajha meM AtI hai| usamabhadroM ne mAlavoM ke viruddha apane vaira kA niryAtana karane ke liye videzI zaharAta zakoM kA AvAhana kiyA, paraMtu mAlaboM ne zAtakarNi ko apanI sahAyatA ke liye bulaayaa| isa anumAna kI bhora saMketa karanevAlI eka aitihAsika kar3I bhI prApta hai| eka ora mAlava aura zaharAtavaMzI mahapAna ke saMbaMdha kI bAta purAtatva-pramANita hai, dUsarI

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130 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ora gautamIputra zAtakarNi aura zaka-palhava yuddha kA bhI zilAlekha meM varNana hai| yadi yaha jAnA jA sake ki jina zakoM se gautamIputra kA saMgharSa huA thA ve bho nahapAnavazI the to yaha citra pUrA ho sakatA hai| yaha jAna lene para ki mAlavoM ke jo vaige the, ve hI zAtakarNi se parAsta hue, hama mAlava aura zAtakarNi ke bIca kI rAjanItika saMdhi kI nizcita kalpanA kara sakate haiN| isa zRMkhalA kI pUrti sikkoM se hotI hai| bhAratIya mudrAzAstra meM yaha bhalI bhA~ti vidita hai ki zAtakarNi ne nahapAna kI vijaya ke upalakSya meM usake sikkoM para phira se apane nAma kI chApa lagavAI (smitha, prAcIna bhAratavarSa kA itihAsa, pR0 221) / jogalatammI sthAna se prApta 13000 nahapAna ke sikkoM meM se anekoM para zAtakarNi ne punaH apanA nAma aMkita karAyA hai (vahI, pR0 232 ) / mudrAzAstra kA yaha pramANa bahumUlya hai aura isase siddha hotA hai ki zAtakarNi ne jina zakoM ko parAsta kiyA thA vaha nahapAna kA vaza hI thaa| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki zakoM ko do dhArAe~ bhAratavarSa meM aaii| pahalI bAra ke zaka zaharAtavaMzI the jinakA varNana Upara kiyA gayA hai| dUsarI bAra ke zakoM meM mathurA ke kuSANavazI vema kadapha, kaniSka Adi the, tathA ujjayinI ke caSTana, rudradAmA Adi the| inheM bhAratIya itihAsa meM zAhAnuzAhi zaka kahA gayA hai| devaputra zAhAnuzAhi zaka aura paharAta zakoM meM avazya hI samaya kA vyavadhAna mAnanA pdd'egaa| hama ina donoM ko eka sAtha nahIM rakha skte| smitha ne mathurA ke raMjuvula-sudAsa ko prathama zatI I0 pU0 meM rakhA hai (vahI, pR0 241) aura zaharAta zakoM ko prathama zatI I0 ke AraMbha meM mAnA hai| yaha sthApanA kisI prakAra samIcIna nahIM mAnI jA sktii| bhUmaka kI mudrAoM aura palhavoM kI mudrAoM meM bahuta kucha sAmya pAyA jAtA hai| prathama zatI IsvI pUrva meM zakasthAna palhavoM ke adhikAra meM thaa| vastuta: palhava aura zaharAta zaka donoM eka hI rAjanItika cakra ke aMtargata the| isa saMyukta sainika zakti ko pazcimI bhArata se gautamIputra zAtakarNi ne nirmUla kiyaa| isI liye zilAlekha meM gautamIputra ko zaMka aura palhava donoM kA vidhvaMsa karanevAlA kahA gayA hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki bAhIka ke yUnAnI zAsaka bhI isI videzI cakra ke poSaka the, ataeva zAtakarNi ke zaktizAlI patkarSa ke bhAge ve bhI

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vikrama saMvat aura vikramAditya avaruddha hue| nAsika ke lekha meM bhavati aura Akara ko gautamIputra ke rAjya ke aMtargata likhA gayA hai| mAlavoM ke sAtha usakI rAjanItika saMdhi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue.isameM kucha Azcarya nahIM mAlUma hotaa| zakoM kI parAjaya ke bAda mAlavagaNa ne svataMtratA kA anubhava kiyaa| hamArI sammati meM svataMtratA ko yaha sthApanA hI mAlavagaNa ko sthiti' thI jisakA mAlava-kRta savat ke lekhoM meM kaI bAra ullekha hai| pahalI bAra mAlavagaNa avati-pAkara meM pratiSThita huA aura taba se vaha bhUpradeza mAlava kahA jAne lgaa| gautamIputra zAtakarNi ke lekha meM kahA gayA ki usane aneka vizAla zrAnaMdotsavoM kA Ayojana kiyA (kSaNa-protsava-samAjakArakasya ) / digvijaya ke upalakSya meM aisA karanA svAbhAvika thaa| mAlavoM ne bhI isa vijayollAsa ke Anada meM bhAga liyA hogaa| zakoM ke hukAra se mAlavagaNa bhayabhIta hokara titara bitara ho gayA thA 'te ca mAlayA pranAdenaiva apyaataa| (nAsika lekha) vahI mAlava videziyoM kA parAjaya aura svarAjya kI sthApanA ke bAda svadeza meM punaH saMghIbhUta hue evaM unakA gaNa supratiSThita huaa| yahI ghaTanA 'mAlavagaNasthiti' thii| usa sthiti ke varSa se ho kRtasazaka kAlagaNanA kA prArabha mAlavoM meM hone lgaa| kRta kA artha kRta zabda ke kaI artha sujhAe gae haiM-(1) kiyA gayA; (2) jyotiSa kA eka zabda jo cAra se vibhakta ho jAnevAle varSa ke liye prayukta hotA hai| DA. altekara ne apane lekha meM kRta nAma ke mAlavagaNa-pradhAna yA senApati kI kalpanA kI hai, kiMtu ve svayaM mAnate haiM, ki isakA. koI AdhAra nahIM hai| hamArI sammati meM kUta kA artha satayuga yA svarNayuga lenA caahie|' isa artha kA samarthana prAcIna vaidika paraMparA se hotA hai| aitareya brAhmaNa ke caraiveti gAna meM kRtAdi paribhASAoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai kaliH zayAno bhavati saMjihAnastu dvAparaH / ttiSThastretA bhavati kRtaM saMpadyate caran /

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132 mAnarI pracAriNI patrikA - somevAle kA nAma kali hai, baiMgar3AI lenevAlA dvApara hai, Thakara khar3A honevAlA tretA hai aura calamevAlA kRtayugI hotA hai| athavaveda ke pRthivIsUkta meM 'udorANA satAsInAstiSThantaH prakrAmanta:' maMtra meM inhIM cAra avasthAoM kA nirUpaNa hai jisameM kRta ke liye prakrama yA parAkrama kI avasthA kahA gayA hai| vizeSa parAkrama yA vikrama ke dvArA Adarza satayuga kI sthApanA kRta hai| mAlavoM ne satya hI zaka-vijaya ke bAda apane gaNa kI sthiti ko kRtayuga kI sthApanA samajhA aura isI kAraNa saMvat ko gaNamA kA kRta nAma rakhA gyaa| kRta saMvat kA yahI artha ghaTanAoM se lamaMjasa jAma. par3atA hai| gautamIputra zAtakarNi ke nAsikavAle zilAlekha meM kRta yuga ke anukUla AdarzoM kI puna: sthApanA kA ullekha AyA hai| 'saba ora prajAtroM ko abhaya kI jalAMjali dekara nirbhaya banAyA gyaa| cAturvarNya kI vyavasthA ko na mAnamevAle zakapalhava yavanoM ko harAkara cAturvarNya ko sakara-rahita banAyA gyaa| dharma se kara prahaNa karake prajAhita meM usakA viniyoga kiyA gyaa| dvijoM kA vivardhana aura vedAvi zrAgama-zAkhoM kI rakSA kI gii|' vAsiSThIputra ne isI lesa meM apane pitA ke prAdazI kA varNana karate hue unheM 'dharmasetu' kahA hai| hamAre sAhitya meM kRtayuga kI sthApanA ke yahI Adarza mAne jAte rahe haiN| isa taraha vikrama savata kI sthApanA ke mUla meM yaha vicAra mAlUma hotA hai ki usake prArabha se loka meM kRtayuga kI phira sthApanA huii| ___zrI jAyasavAla jI ne pUrvApara kA vicAra karane ke bAda zrI gautamIputra zAtakarNi kI hI vikramAditya mAnA thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM jo aitihAsika sa gati hai usakA Upara nideza kara diyA gayA hai| purAtatva kI upalabdha sAmagrI ke AdhAra para jo aitihAsika citra mirmita ho sakatA hai vaha yahI hai| vikramAditya ke saba'dha meM jaina anuzrusi vizeSa rUpa se upalabdha hai| usakA varNana zrI rAjabalI pAMDeya jI ne apane lekha meM kiyA hai| isa amuzrati ke AdhAra para zakoM ke pazcima bhArata meM prAkramaNa aura kisI pratApI mareza dvArA unakI parAjaya kI jo sUcanA milatI hai usakA bhI uparyukta aitihAsika saMgati se mela baiTha jAtA hai| hA~, jaina anuzruti kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM isa samrATa kI saMjJA vikramAditya kahI gaI hai|

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... vikrama saMvat aura vikramAditya ye vikramAditya mAlava gaNa meM the yA sAtavAhana-vaMza meM, isakA nirNaya karane ke pUrva purAtatva ko anya sAmagrI ke liye ruka jAnA par3atA hai| vikramAditya aura unake navaratnoM kI jo kamAe~ haiM unakA janma bhI jaina anubhuti ke bAhara anya kSetroM meM huA, ataeva navaratnoM kA saMbaMdha saMvat ke saMsthApaka vikramAditya ke sAtha jor3anA anivArya nahIM hai| hamArI sammati meM kAlidAsa jina vikramAditya ke samaya meM the ve guptavaMzI samrAT cadragupta vikramAditya hI haiN| vikrama saMvat kI taraha AraMbha kI zatAbdiyoM meM zaka savAta yA gupta savat ke sAtha bhI usake saMsthApaka ke nAma yA saMvat ke nAma kA ullekha zilAlekhoM meM nahIM pAyA gyaa| ataeva vikrama saMvat ke saMbaMdha meM hI yaha ghudi vizeSa rUpa se nahIM hai| jAna par3atA hai ki sabhI saMvatsaroM kI gAmA zurU meM isI taraha nirviroSa rUpa se hotI thii| * zaka saMvat kA saSTa nAma sarvaprathama zaka 180 (-058) kI eka ghaTanA ke saMbaMdha meM eka baina graMtha kI puSpikA meM pAyA hai (de0 mAikhora purAtatva vibhAga kI riporTa, 1908-9 pR.0 31, 1909.10, pairA 115) / [smitha, prAcIna itihAsa, 493, pAvaTippaNI]

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gautamIputra zrI zAtakarNi kI vijaya-prazasti .. [lekhaka-zrI kRSNadatta vAjapeyI ] yaha 11 paMktiyoM kA prAkRta lekha baMbaI hAte ke nAsika nAmaka sthAna ke pAsa tirAhu (nirazmi) parvata kI tIsarI guphA meM khudA huA milA hai| sAtavAhana-vaMza ke prasiddha samrAT gautamIputra zAtakarNi kI mAtA gautamI bAlazrI ne apane pote vAsiSThIputra palumAyi ke 19ve rAjyavarSa meM isa pavata para eka leNa yA guphA ( layana) bauddha bhikSuoM ko dAna kI thii| isa lekha meM usake ullekha ke sAtha sAtha bAlazrI ne apane svargIya pratApI putra ke parAkramapUrNa guNoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai (1) siddhaM rakho vAsiThIputasa siri pu mAyisa savIre ekuna vIse 19 gimhANa pakhe bitIye 2 divase terase 13, rAjarano gautamIputasa; himavat . meru(2)madara-pavatasamasArasa; asika asaka-mulaka - suraTha- kukura - prAparataanupa-vidabha-pAkarAvati-rAjasa; vijha-chavata-pAricAta-sahya-karahagiri-maca-siri. Tana-malaya-mahida (3)seTagiri:- cakora pavatapatisa; sava rAjalokamaDalapati. gahItasAsanasa; divasakarakaravibodhitakamalavimala-sadisa-vadanasa; tisamudatoyapota-bAhanasa; paTipuNacadamaDalasasirIka (4) piyadasanasa; varavAraNavikamacAruvikamasa; mujagapatibhogapInavATavipuladIpasudaramujasa; abhayAdakahAnakilinanibhayakarasa; avipanamAtu susUsA karasa; suvibhatativaga-desakAlasa; (5) porajana nivisesasamasukhadukhasa; khatiyadapamAnamadanasa; saka-yavanapalhavanisUdanasa; dhamopajitakaraviniyogakarasa; kitAparAdhepi satujane apANahisArucisa; dijAvarakuTuvavivadhanasa; (6) khakharAtavasaniravasesakarasa; sAtavAhanakulayasapatithApanakarasa; sabamaDalAbhivAditacaraNasa; vinivatita cAtuva. Nasakarasa; anekasamarAvajitasatusaghasa; aparAjita vijayapatAkasatujanadupaghasanIyapuravarasa; (7) kulapurisaparaparAgatavipularAjasadasa; AgamAnanilayasa; sapurisAnaM asayasa; sirIya adhiThAnasa; upacArAna pabhavasa; ekakusasa; eka

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gautamIputra zrI zAtakarNi kI vijaya-prazasti 135 dhanudharasa; ekasUrasa; eka bamhaNasa; (8) rAma-kesavA juna-bhImasena-tulaparakamasa; chaMNaghanusavasamAjakArakasa, nAbhAga-nahusa-janamejaya-sakara-yayAti-rAma- . AbarIsa-samatejasA aparimitam akhayama acitam abhyuta pavana-garuDa-sidhayakha-rakhasa; vijAdhara bhUtagadhava-cAraNa (9)-cada-divAkara-nakhata-gaha viciNa samara sirasi jitaripu saghasa; nAgavarakhadhA gaganatalam abhivigADhasa;kulavipulasirikarasa; siri sAtakaNisa (1) mAtuya mahAdevIya gatimiya balasirIya; sacavacanadAnakhamAhisAniratAya; tapadamaniya( 10)mopavAsa taparAya, rAjarisi vadhusadam akhilam anuvidhIyamAnAya; kArita deyadhama; (kailAsa) sikha rasadise tirAhupavatasikhare vimAnavaranivisesa mahiDhIka leNa (1) eta ca leNa mahAdevI , mahArAjamAtA, mahArAjapapitAmahI dadAti nikAyasa bhadAvanIyAnaM bhikhusaghasa (0) (11) etasa ca leNasa citaNa nimita, mahAdevIya ayakAya sevakAmo piyakAmo ca, Nata...( dakhinA)pathesaro pitupatIyo dhamasetusa dadAti gAma tirahupavatasa aparadakhiNapase pisAji padaka (1) savajAtabhoganiraThi (1) - hiMdI anuvAda siddhi ! gajA vAsiSThIputra pulumAyi ke unnIsave (193) sarasara meM, prISma pakSa dUsare 2, dina terahaveM 13 ko rAjAoM ke rAjA gautamIputra jo himAlaya, sumeru, maMdAra parvatoM ke sadRza sAravAn the; jo asika', azmakara, mulaka', surASTra', kukura', aparAMta, anUpa , vidarbha, Akara' aura avaMtI ke rAjA the; jo viMdhya, RkSavat11, pAriyAtra'2, sahya, kRSNagiri, maca, 1-asika=RSika yA muSika (8) / 2- godAvarI ke nicale koThe kA prAMta / 3-paiThaNa yA pratiSThAna ke Asa-pAsa kA prdesh| 4-aAdhunika kaatthiyaavaadd'| 5.- vartamAna gujarAta kA pUrvI yA dakSiNI bhaag| 6- uttarI koMkaNa / 7-narmadA ke uttarI koThe kA pradeza, rAjadhAnI mAhiSmatI (maaNdhaataa)| 8-yAdhunika barAra ke pazcimI bhaag| 9-pUrvI maalvaa| 10-pazcimI maalvaa| 11-zrAdhu. nika satapurA parvata / 12-viMdhya kA pazcimI bhaag| 13-shyaadri| 14baMbaI ke thAnA jile meM sthita phaadd'ii| 15-isakI pahacAna nahIM ho sakI hai

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- mAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zrIsvanara, malayara, maheMdra', zvetagiri, cakora', parvatoM ke pati the; jinakA zAsana saMpUrNa nRpati-maMDala ke dvArA zirodhArya kiyA gayA thA; sUrya kI kiraNoM se praphumita kamala ke samAna jimakA nirmala mukhamaMDala thA; jisake vAhanoM ne tIna samudroM ke jala kA pAna kiyA thA; pUrNa caMdramaMDala ke sadRza jinakA mukha zrosa pana tathA priyadarzana thA; zreSTha hAthI ke vikrama ke tulya jinakA vikrama thA; nAgarAja ( zeSa ) ke phaNoM ke samAna jinakI bhujAe~ zaktisapanna, vizAla, vIrgha tathA darzanIya thI; jinake nirbhaya hAtha miraMtara abhayokka dAna dene ke kAraNa gIle ho gae the, jo apanI avipanna mAtA kI zubhaSA meM * rata rahate the; deza aura kAla ke anusAra hI jinhoMne dharma, artha aura kAma ko yathocita rUpa se vibhakta kiyA thA, paura janoM ke sukha-duHkha meM pUrI taraha se jo samilita rahate the jinhoMne kSatriyoM ke darpa aura abhimAna ko cUra kara diyA thA; zaka, yavana aura palhavoM kA jinhoMne saMhAra kiyA thA; dharma se upArjita karoM kA hI jo viniyoga karate the aparAdha karanevAle zatruoM ko bhI jo prANadaMDa denA acchA nahIM samajhate the; dvijoM aura zUdroM ke kuTu'boM ko jinhoMne bar3hAyA thA, jo kSaharAta vaMza kA mUloccheda karanevAle the jinhoMne sAtabAhana vaMza ke yaza kA pratiSThApana kiyA thA; sabhI maMDaloM ke dvArA jinake gharaNa pUjita hote the jinhoMne prAkSaNa kSatriya zrAdi cAroM varSoM meM varNasaMkara vRtti kA pratirodha kara diyA thA; aneka samaroM meM jinhoMne zatraoM ke samUha ko vimita kiyA thA, jinakI vijaya-patAkA aparAjita banI rahI, aura jinakI zreSTha rAjadhAnI zatruoM ke liye durdharSa banI raho; jo apane vaMza ke pUrva puruSoM kI paraMparA se prApta vipula rAja zabda se yukta the AgamoM meM jo mAMDAra the; satpuruSoM ke liye Azraya the; zrI ke adhiSThAna the, sadguNoM ke srota the; jo 1-kRSNA nadI ke Upara karnula jile kI pahAr3I / 2-pazcimI ghATa kI parvatazrRMkhalA kA dakSiNI bhaag| 3-mahAnadI aura godAvarI ke bIca kI zRkhalA / 4-5-inakI pahacAna abhI taka anizcita hai| kSaharAta vaMza kA tatkAlIna pratApI zAsaka nahapAna thA, jisako parAsta kara gautamIputra zAtakaNi ne usake pracalita sikkoM para apanI muhara lagavA dI thiiN|

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yajJazrI zAtakaNi kI nau-mudrAe~

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. gautamIputra zrI zAtakaNi kI vijaya-prazasti 137 dUsaroM ko svavaza meM karane meM pravINa the; dhanurdhAriyoM meM advitIya, aura zUroM meM advitIya the; jo eka advitIya brAhmaNa the; parAkrama meM jo rAma, kezava, arjuna aura bhImasena ke tulya the; tyohAroM, savoM aura samAjoM meM jo anavarata dAna karanevAle the; jo nAbhAga, nahuSa, janamejaya, zaMkara, yayAti, rAma aura aMbarISa ke samAna tejasvI the, yuddhoM meM jinako sphUrti aura zaurya pavana, garur3a, siddha, yakSa-rAkSasoM ke samAna aparimita, akSaya, ajJeya tathA zlAghya the; jisane vidyAdhara, bhUta, gaMdharva, cAraNa, caMdra, sUrya, nakSatra aura grahoM ke samakakSa zatruoM ke samUha ko vijita kiyA; yuddha-samaya jo apane zreSTha gaja ke kaMdhe se vyomatala meM praviSTa hote-se jAna par3ate the jisane isa prakAra apane vaMza ko vipula o se saMpanna kara diyA-aise bhI zAtakarNi kI mAtA mahAdevI gautamI bAlazrI-jo satya vacana, dAna, kSamA aura ahiMsA meM nirata hai; jo tapa, dama, niyama aura upavAsa meM tatpara hai -jo eka rAjarSivadhU ko zobhA dene yogya saMpUrNa vidhiyoM kA pAlana karatI hai; usake dvArA yaha deya dharma (dAna) kiyA jAtA hai; [ kailAza ke ] samAna zikharavAle isa trirazmi parvata ke zikhara para usake anurUpa hI sudara leNa (lyn)| yaha leNa mahAdevI, mahArAja-mAtA, mahArAja-prapitAmahI bhadAvanIya bhikSu-saMgha ko detI hai| isa leNa ke citraNa ke liye, apanI prapitAmahI mahAdevI [bAlazrI ] ke prati sevA-bhAva ko sUcita karate hue aura use saMtuSTa karane ke liye, usakA pautra [pulumAvi ], jo dakSiNApatha kA svAmI hai, dAna ke puNya ko apane [ svargIya ] dharmasetu pitA ko arpita karatA huA isa deyadharma ( leNa ) ke liye, pizAcipadraka nAmaka grAma jo tirahu ( trirazmi) parvata se dakSiNa-pazcima kI ora sthita hai, dAna meM detA hai| isakA sabhI prakAra se upabhoga kiyA jA sakatA hai|

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bogAjakuI ke kIlAkSara lekhoM meM vaidika devatA [ lekhaka-zrI motIcada, ema0 e0, pI-eca. DI. aura zrI vAsudevazaraNa ____ ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0] ___ bogAjakuI eziyA mAinara kI aMgoga vilAyata meM eka choTA sA gA~va hai, jahA~ ke prAcIna khaMDahara isa samaya saMsAra meM prasiddha haiN| isa sthAna kA prAcIna nAma khattazaza thaa| khatto usa deza kA aura vahA~ basanevAlI jAti kA nAma thA jise aMgarejI bhASA meM isa samaya hittAita ( Hittite) kahate haiN| bAibila meM ise hI hetha ( Heth ) kahA gayA hai| khattI jAti kI bhASA kA nAma unakI apanI bolI meM khattilI ( Khattili) thaa| yaha bolI asaMskRta varga kI thii| isake sAtha hI bhArata-yUropIya varga kI bhI eka bolI yahA~ pracalita thI, jisakA prAcIna nAma nAzilI thA aura jo rAjakIya bhASA thii| nAzilI bhASA kA Adhunika nAma hittAita rakha liyA gayA hai| ceka vidvAn hojanI ne isa bhASA ke lekhoM ko par3hA hai, aura unakI sammati meM prAcIna hittAita yA nAzilo bhASA Thoka bhArata-yUropIya varga kI hai| prAcIna khattizaza sthAna kA mahatva bhAratIyoM ke liye na kevala bhASAoM kI dRSTi se hai, varan khattizaza se prApta kucha kIlAkSara lipi meM likhe hue miTTI ke phalako ke kAraNa bhI hai jo 1907 meM jarmana purAtattvavettA viklara ko prApta hue the| ye abhilekha khattI rAjA zuppiluli uma tathA mitAnI rAjA mattivaja ke saMdhipatra ke rUpa meM haiM, jinameM mitAnI samrAT ne saMdhipatra kI satyatA kI sAkSI ke liye Arya devatAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| saMdhipatra meM devoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM: ilAni mi-it-ra azzila ilAni u-ru-va-na azziela ( pAThA0 a-ru-na-azzil , ilu ina-dara pAThA0 ina-da-ra) ilAni na-za-at-ti-am-na /

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ghogAjakuI ke kolAra lekhoM meM vaidika devatA 139 vaidika zabdoM meM yaha isa prakAra huA-mitra devatA, varuNa devatA, iMdra devatA aura nAsatya devtaa| 'ilAni' zabda devatAvAcI 'ila' zabda kA bahuvacana hai, jisase mleccha ( semeTika ) bhASA kA ilAha yA allAha zabda nikalA hai| mitra aura varuNa nAmoM ke bAda 'azzila' pratyaya saMbhavata: bahuvacana kA dyotaka aura nAsatya ke bAda kA anna pratyaya dvivacana kA vAcaka hai| mitra aura varuNa ke pUrva bahuvacana 'ilAni' kA prayoga kucha aspaSTa hai| ina devatAoM ke jo nAma isa lekha meM Ae haiM-jaise mitrazzila, arunazzila yA uruvanazzila, iMdaraM tathA naztiannave yaha batAte haiM ki mitAnI rAjavaMza kI yaha zAkhA avazya hI vaidika Arya zAkhA ke sAtha nikaTa saMbadha rakhatI thii| Arya jAti ke bhaumika vistAra kI upamA yadi eka dhanuSa se dI jAya to vikrama se Der3ha sahasra varSa pUrva usakA eka chora bhAratavarSa meM aura dUsarA bogAjakuI meM TikA huA milatA hai| ina mitAnI rAjAoM ke nAma bhI Arya prabhAva ke sUcaka haiN| mattivaja kA pUrvaja duzarata thaa| amaranA gA~va se mile hue patroM meM usane apane pitA kA nAma sutarna aura pitAmaha kA nAma atatama likhA hai| amaranA phalakoM meM mitAnI rAjA asuvara aura khurga ke suvaradata ke nAma bhI Ae haiN| atatama saMbhavata: vaidika Rtatama kA rUpa hai| mitAnI ata aura IrAnI aza donoM kA saMbadha vaidika Rta se hai| 'Rta' veda meM vizvavyApI niyamoM kA dyotaka thA aura 'mitAnI' artha meM bhI inhIM bhAvoM kA samAveza pAyA jAtA hai| Rta prAcIna vaidika dharma ke anusAra varuNa se vizeSa sabadhita thaa| khattizaz (bogAjakuI) se prApta prAcIna graMthabhaMDAra meM cAra aura phalaka mile haiM, jo khattI bhASA meM likhe hue zAlihotra viSaya ke eka graMtha ke bhAga haiN| isa pratha meM azvazAstra aura rathoM kI daur3a (vaidika 'Aji') Adi kA varNana thA aura mUla-pratha meM aura bhI bahuta se panne the| isake racayitA mitAnI ke AcArya kikkuli the| khattI bhASA meM hote hue bhI isameM * dekhie ansAiklopIDiyA briTenikA, bhAga 11, pR0 604-laMdana kI rAjakIya eziyA-pariSad kI patrikA, 1909, pR0 723-24, 1108-19 /

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140 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA kucha aise zabda Ae haiM, jo rathoM kI vyUharacanA ke pAribhASika zabda haiN| udAharaNa ke liye - aikavartana (eka mor3a), teravartanna (tIna mor3a), paMjavartana ( pA~ca bAra kA mor3a ), zatavarttana (sAta mor3a yA ghumAva ) / ye zabda prAcIna bhAratIya ekAvartana, tryAvartana, paMcAvata aura saptAvartana ke hI rUpAMtara haiM / usa kAla meM Adhunika sIriyA kA nAma khurrI pradeza thA aura khurrI-mitAnI meM sainikavarga ke kSatriyoM ke liye 'maryannu' zabda pracalita thA, jo ki vaidika marya (= vIra ) kA paryAya hai / isa prakAra yaha nizcita hotA hai ki vikrama se lagabhaga paMdraha zatAbdI pahale sudUra pazcimI eziyA meM AryavaMzIya jAtiyA~, Aryadharma tathA AryabhASAoM kA nizcita aura vyApaka prabhAva thaa| yaha prazna vivAdagrasta hai ki khattI aura mitAnI ke zrArya samrAToM kA mUla udgama kahA~ se thA / paraMtu kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki bhAratavarSIya saptasiMdhu ke AryoM kI hI eka zAkhA pazcima kI ora phailI huI khattI aura mitAnI kI zAsaka bana gaI thI / unhIM ke prabhAva se yaha sAMskRtika saMbaMdha usa samaya vahA~ para sthApita huA / khattI, khurI aura hittAita bhASAoM ke mUla sAhitya, dharma aura bhASAoM kA vaijJAvika adhyayana aura devanAgarI akSaroM meM unakA vidhivat prakAzana bhAratIya purAtatvazAstra kI AgAmI unnati aura vikAsa ke liye parama Avazyaka hai / hamAre deza ke purAtatvavettA vidvAn taba taka saMsAra ke purAtattvavettAoM meM sammAnita pada nahIM prApta kara sakate jaba taka ve isa prAcIna sAmagrI kA maulika adhyayana na karane lage / isake liye eka keMdrIya anusaMdhAna-maMdira kI AvazyakatA hai, jahA~ para upharAtu aura tiprA kI aMtarvedI meM sahasrAbdiyoM taka vikasita hotI huI jAtiyoM ke prAcIna sAhitya kA pUrA saMgraha ho aura vidvAnoM ko adhyayana, lekhana aura prakAzana kI suvidhA aura protsAhana mila ske| rASTra meM phira se sArvabhauma dRSTikoNa pracalita hone ke liye sAhityika ra sAMskRtika kSetra kI sArvabhaumatA eka anivArya aura Avazyaka sIr3hI hai| jisa samaya vaidika Arya apane dRSTikoNa ko suparNa kI taraha dUra taka phailAkara 'kRrAva' to vizvamAryam' ke vAkya kA uccAraNa karatA thA, usa samaya usake usa kathana meM mithyA abhimAna yA korI abhilASA na hokara apane samaya kI * jinheM hama a~garejI ke mAdhyama se yUTIja aura TAigrisa kahate haiM /

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aritas ke kIlAkSara lekhoM meM vaidika devatA 149 paristhiti kA eka saccA pratibiMba aMkita thaa| isakI vaijJAnika aura satyAtmaka parakha ke liye hameM prAcIna IrAna, tUrAna aura sumera se lekara bAberU (bebIlona) tathA zUSA ( Adhunika sUsA ) ke kAla taka ke samasta itihAsa aura prAcIna bhUgola kA sUkSma adhyayana karanA cAhie / ina dezoM meM prAcIna bhUgola ke jo nAma hoM, unakI pahacAna karake hamArA apanA itihAsa bhI bahuta kucha lAbhAnvita ho sakatA hai| eka bAta vizeSa hai| mohaMjodar3o aura harappA ( prAcIna hariyUpA) kI khudAI ne bhAratIya purAtatva ko yaha pratiSThA do hai ki vaha varuNa kI pacchimI dizA ke pA~ca hajAra varSa bUr3he purAtatva se Ayu meM barAbarI kI Takkara le sake aura kaMdhe se kaMdhA milAkara cala ske| vikrama se tIna sahasrAbdI pUrva sidhu ke taTa para phUlane-phalanevAlI yaha sabhyatA mleccha jAti, asura jAti evaM Arya jAti kI sabhyatAoM se kisa prakAra saMbadhita thI, isa rahasya kA udghATana bhAvI purAtattvavettAoM ko karanA hai| isa anusaMdhAna-kArya meM bhAratIya purAtatvavettAoM ko bhI bhAga lenA Avazyaka hai| yadi isa prazna se lohA lene ke liye bhAratIya vidvAn U~ce nahIM uThate to unakA pAMDitya sauMsAra meM baunoM kI taraha apamAnita raha jAyagA / isa prazna ko eka anya dRSTikoNa se bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai / Arya jAti kA sauMsAra kI sabhyatA para sabase adhika prabhAva par3A hai / sabhya saMsAra kI mahAn jAtiyA~ aura bhASAe~ Arya parivAra se saMbaMdhita haiN| AyoM ke sAhitya, dharma aura bhASA kA sAkSAt brahmadAyAda bhAratavarSa ko prApta huA hai aura use jJAna kI paitRka sa Mpatti ko ThIka prakAra se samajhane ke liye prayatna karanA hai / Arya jAti ke janma, abhyudaya aura prasAra kI romAMcakArI kathA ar phira se satya kI bhUmi para sthApita karane ke liye bhI sAtha sAtha pazcimI kSetra meM upalabdha sAhitya adhyayana kI atyaMta AvazyakatA hai| IrAka aura prApta kIlAkSara lekhoM ke bhaMDAra pazcimI dezoM ko 1 zrArya sAhitya ke aura sAmagrI ke tulanAtmaka turkI ke aneka sthAnoM se bhI aba taka prApta hote rahe haiM 1 usa sAmagrI aura usa sAhitya meM yahA~ ke purAvidoM ko bhI apanI ruci bar3hAnI cAhie / isa kArya ke sauMpAdana ke liye eka keMdrIya purAtatva- maMdira kI sthApanA kI zIghra se zIghra AvazyakatA hai I

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana [ lekhaka-zrI DA. motIca'dra, ema0 e0, pI-eca 0 DI0 ] bahuta prAcIna kAla se hiMduoM ne mahAbhArata ko abhilaSitArthaciMtAmaNi mAnA hai| hiMdU dharma tathA saMskRti saMbaMdhI zAyada hI aise koI viSaya hoM jina para mahAbhAratakAra ne prakAza na DAlA ho / mahAbhArata kI racanA koI rAjanaitika yA sAmAjika uddezya ko lekara nahIM huI thI, aura na usakA uddezya deza kI bhaugolika sthiti para prakAza DAlanA hI thaa| isaliye mahAbhArata ke Adiparva, sabhAparva tathA araNyaparva meM jo kucha bhI bhUgola kA varNana AyA hai vaha prasaMgavaza hI hai, aura usameM koI vizeSa tAratamya nahIM hai| prAyaH dezoM, parvatoM, nadiyoM ke kevala nAma binA kisI pate ke de die gae haiN| isase yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki mahAbhAratakAroM kA yaha vizvAsa thA ki unake samakAlIna bhAratIya apane bhUgola ko jAnakArI rakhate the| aisI avasthA meM mahAbhArata kI bhUgola kI jaTila samasyA ko sulajhAne ke liye hameM prIka, cInI tathA madhyakAlIna araba ke bhUgolavettAoM kI zaraNa meM jAnA par3atA hai| prAcIna bhArata ke bhUgola kI khoja meM mesana, bane, vuDa, seMTa mArTina, kaniMghama, holDiza tathA sTAina agragaNya rahe haiM aura unhoMne bhAratIya bhUgola saMbaMdhI bahuta se kaThina praznoM kI khoja kI hai| purAtattva tathA usake sAthI vijJAnoM ne bhI bhAratIya bhUgola kI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne meM kApho sahAyatA dI hai| paMjAba ke bahuta se gaNataMtroM kA patA hamako kevala unake sikoM se milatA hai| bhaugolika tattvAvadhAna ke sabaMdha meM hameM purANoM se bahuta sahAyatA milanI cAhie thI, paratu unakA pATha itanA bhraSTa ho cukA hai ki sivA thor3e-bahuta nAmoM ke, jo aba bhI pracalita haiM, bAkI nadiyoM, pahAr3oM tathA janapadoM kA patA nahIM cltaa| purANoM ke 'bhuvanakoSa' prAyaH rUdigata haiM aura aisA mAlama hotA hai ki sUtrakAla meM bhAratIya bhUgola kA eka khAkA khIMcA gayA aura vahI khAkA hajAroM varSa bAda bhI jyoM kA tyoM TUTatA-phUTatA hamAre sAmane calA

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 143 bauddha pAlI- sAhitya lekina isameM bihAra aayaa| usameM naI bAtoM kA samAveza bahuta kama huaa| meM bhAratIya bhUgola para kucha adhika prakAza par3atA hai| tathA pUrva yuktaprAMta ke bhUgola para hI adhika prakAza DAlA gayA hai / jaise-jaise bauddhadharma kI unnati hotI gaI tathA usakA vistAra gaMdhAra, aphagA nistAna, madhya eziyA tathA cIna meM bar3hatA gayA, vaise-vaise tatkAlIna bauddha sAhitya meM una pradezoM kI bhaugolika sthiti para bhI thor3A-bahuta prakAza par3atA gyaa| cInI tripiTaka meM bhI kucha aisA sAhitya surakSita hai jisase pazcimAuttara pradeza tathA paMjAba ke bhUgola para prakAza par3atA hai| aisI dazA meM bhAratIya bhUgola ke vidyArthI ko kAphI kaThinAI kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai / eka ora to use vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa ko hamezA dhyAna meM rakhanA par3atA hai aura dUsarI ora usake pAsa sAdhana-sAmagrI kA abhAva rahatA hai| bhASA-zAstra dhunika bhaugolika khojoM meM kAphI sahAyatA pradAna karatA hai, lekina bhaugolika khojoM meM kabhI-kabhI isa sahAyatA se bahuta kucha hAni bhI pahu~cane kI 'bhAvanA rahatI hai| bhinna bhinna uccAraNoM ke sahAre eka zabda ko dUsare se milAne ke lAlaca kA saMvaraNa bahuta kama loga kara sakate haiN| laisena, seMTa mArTina tathA kaniMghama kI pustakoM meM prAyaH yaha avaguNa kAphI tAdAda meM maujUda hai / bhASAzAstra eka patha-pradarzana kA kAma kara sakatA hai lekina usake natIjoM kA milAna dUsare pramANa graMthoM se avazya kara lenA cAhie / aMtargata 'upAyanaparva' ke bhaugolika varNana isa lekha meM maiMne sabhAparva ke ke vivecana kA prayatna kiyA hai| rAjasUya yajJa ke samaya bahuta sI jAtiyoM tathA janapada ke pratinidhi yudhiSThira ko upahAra ( upAyana ) dene aae| kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke bAda mahAbhArata kA yaha parva apanI kAphI mahattA rakhatA hai / isameM na kevala pazcimottara pradeza, pUrvI aphagAnistAna, paMjAba tathA madhya eziyA bhaugolika sthiti kA varNana hai, balki isameM una dezoM ko tatkAlIna Arthika abasthA, upaja tathA vyApArika vastuoM kA bhI acchA varNana huA hai| maiMne bhAMDArakara oriyaMTala risarca iMsTIcyUTa dvArA saMpAdita sabhAparva kI madada apane lekha meM lI hai| isa saMskaraNa kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isake pATha bahuta hI zuddha haiN| jitane bhI pAThabheda mila sakate haiM ve pAda-TippaNiyoM meM de die gae haiN| Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat bAda meM www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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* 144 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA inase bhI bhUgola kI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne meM bahuta kucha madada milatI hai| maiMne, jahA~ taka ho sakA hai, bhA0 o0 risarca iMsTIcyUTa dvArA prakAzita (Adi, sabhA, araNya, virATa) parvo se hI uddharaNa lie haiM, lekina kabhI kabhI maiMne kalakattA ke 1836 I0 ke saMskaraNavAle mahAbhArata se bhI madada lI hai| mahAbhArata ke una bhaugolika aMzoM (digvijayaparva, a0 23 se 29 aura upAyanaparva, a0 47, 48; araNyaparva ityAdi) ke adhyayana karate hue mujhe aisA patA calA ki mahAbhAratakAra paMjAba ke gaNataMtroM ko heya dRSTi se dekhate the tathA unheM mleccha, yavana, barbara, dasyu kahane meM bhI saMkoca na karate the| unakA aisA vizvAsa thA ki paMjAbiyoM ke saMsarga se Arya-saMskRti ko dhakkA lagane kI saMbhAvanA hai| eka saoNsa meM mahAbhAratakAra ne AMdhra, zaka, yavana, puliMda, auruNika, kaMboja, sUta tathA AbhIroM (ara0 parva, 186, 29-30) ko 'mithyAnuzAsinaH' ( mithyA zAsaka ), 'pApAH' (pApI.) tathA 'mRSAvAdaparAyaNAH' (mUTha meM tatpara ) ityAdi vizeSaNoM se saMbodhita kiyA hai| pazcimottara pradeza tathA paMjAba ko kharoSTra deza se saMbodhita kiyA hai| karNa parva meM paMjASiyoM ke prati karNa ne ghRNApUrNa zabdoM meM avahelanA prakaTa kI hai| zalya dvArA uttejita kie jAne para karNa ne paMjAbiyoM tathA madrakoM ko kAphI lAnata-barAmata kI hai| madrakoM ko usane dhokhebAja, ghRNA kA pAtra tathA barbarabhASA-bhASo kahA hai| ( karNaparva 40 / 20) / krodha ke Aveza meM karNa ne paMjAbI triyoM ke prati bhI kAphI kar3e vAkya kahe haiM (karNaparva 4433) / eka brAhmaNa kI A~khoM dekhI paMjAba-avasthA kA varNana usa brAhmaNa ke zabdoM meM karNa yoM karatA hai- maiM vAhikoM meM raha cukA hU~, maiM unake AcaraNoM se avagata huuN| unakI striyAM azlIla gAne gAtI huI kabhI-kabhI vastra bhI pheka detI haiN| aura unakA gAnA kyA ? aisA jJAta hotA hai ki gadhe reMka rahe hoN|' isI prakaraNa meM karNa eka paMjAbI lokagIta ko bhI detA hai, jisakA artha yaha hai-'suMdara bhUSaNa-vastroM se AcchAdita striyAM kuru-jAMgala ke mujha garIba vAhIka ke liye taiyAra kie baiThI haiN| kauna-sA aisA dina hogA jaba zatadra aura irAvatI pArakara maiM apane deza meM apanI purAnI preyasiyoM se mila skuuNgaa| are vaha kauna-sA aisA dina hogA jaba maiM bAje-gAje ke sAtha apane ghor3e-gadhe

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145 upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana lie hue sugaMdhita zamI, pIlu aura karIla ke jaMgaloM meM hotA huA apane deza meM pahu~cU~gA ?' eka dUsare lokagIta meM vaha vAhIka kahatA hai-'are vaha suavasara kaba AvegA jaba maiM zAkalA meM phira se vAhIka gAne gAU~gA, tathA vaha gomAMsa, gaur3I-surA khA-pIkara sulaMkRtA striyoM ke sAtha AnaMda kara sakU~gA ?' ( karNaparva, zlo0 2051) / eka dUsarI jagaha karNa ne vAhIkoM ko gadhiyoM aura ghor3iyoM kA dUdha pInevAlA kahA hai (2059) / paMjAbiyoM para isa taraha prahAra hote dekhakara eka prazna uThatA hai ki madhyadeza ke brAhmaNa paMjAba se itanA nArAja kyoM the ? yaha to vidita hI hai ki vaidika dharma kI nIMva paMjAba meM pdd'ii| pRthivIsUkta meM paMjAba tathA himAlaya kA varNana hai| bhISmaparva (a09) meM cakravartiyoM kI zreNI meM paMjAba ke zibi auzInara kI bhI gaNanA kI gaI hai| phira kyA kAraNa thA ki mahAbhAratakAra kI dRSTi meM paMjAbI itane nIce gira gae the? kAraNa spaSTa hai| paMjAba meM jisa saMskRti kA janma tathA saMskAra huA vahI saskRti dhIre dhIre pUrva kI ora haTatI huI madhyadeza tathA rAjapUtAne meM Akara sthita ho gii| yahIM para brAhmaNa-saskRti apane prAcIna vizvAsa tathA darzana ko lekara jama gii| kAlAMtara meM yahI deza brAhmaNa kA svarga ho gyaa| brAhmaNoM kA yaha vizvAsa dina prati dina bar3hatA hI gayA ki pajAba meM jo naI naI jAtiyoM paira jamAtI gaI unakI asaskRta dhama bhAvanAoM ke saMgharSa se brAhmaNa-dhama ko eka gaharA khatarA thaa| navIna AgaMtuko ke tathA bhArata meM rahanevAlI Adima jAtiyoM ke vizvAsa brAhmaNadharma ke anukUla na hone se brAhmaNa inako hove ke rUpa meM dekhane lge| eka udAharaNa lIjie-sarasvatI vinazana ke pAsa isaliye naSTa ho gaI ki vaha niSAdoM kA sa'sarga sahana nahIM kara sakatI thI ( araNya 130, 3-4) / isase bar3hakara behUdA bAta aura kauna ho sakatI hai ? lekina isameM hama usa vizvAsa kI jar3a baMdhate dekhate haiM jisake dvArA brAhmaNavarga dhIre dhIre apane anuyAyiyoM ko mlecchoM ke sasarga se alaga rakhane kI ceSTA karate hue dekha par3ate haiN| araNya parva meM jahA~ tIrthoM kA varNana AyA hai vahA~ bhI hama dekhate haiM ki hamArA dhyAna kurukSetra, gaMgAdvAra, mAravAr3a, kAThiyAvAr3a tathA madhyadeza ke choTe

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146 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA choTe tIthoM hI kI tarapha AkRSTa kiyA gayA hai| dUsare kI tarapha se khiMcAva kI yaha pravRtti mahAbhArata, purANoM aura smRtiyoM meM acchI taraha dekha par3atI hai / isa pravRtti ne hI usa ghRNAtmaka bhAva ko janma diyA jisake dvArA deza nAnA jAtiyoM tathA choTe choTe janapadoM meM vibhakta huA aura samAja kI saMgaThana-zakti DhIlI hokara bikharane lgii| jainoM tathA bauddhoM ke prAdurbhAva se brAhmaNoM ko yaha pravRtti ghaTI nahIM balki bddh'ii| inase bacane ke liye brAhmaNoM ne aura bhI kaThina sAmAjika niyama banAyA / para ina saba kA natIjA sivA saMghaTita samAja ko ' chinna-bhinna karane ke aura kucha na huA / mahAbhArata ke bhUgola kA vizeSa aMga bahuta se digvijaya haiN| digvijaya parva meM arjuna, bhIma, sahadeva tathA nakula ke digvijayoM ke varNana haiM / ina digvijayoM ke saMbaMdha meM kucha bAteM ullekhanIya haiN| bhaugolika dRSTikoNa se ina digvijayoM kA kAphI mahattva hai| inase na kevala nagaroM ityAdi ke varNana kA patA calatA hai balki bar3e bar3e rAjamArgoM kA bhI patA calatA hai| inase yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki tatkAlIna rAjanItika ghaTanAoM ko mahAbhArata ke pAtroM para ghaTA diyA gayA hai| ina digvijayoM se yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya rAjA loga eka hI samaya itanI laMbI laMbI car3hAiyA~ karate the / saca to yaha hai ki choTImoTI car3hAiyoM ko eka sUtra meM prathana karake ina digvijayoM kA sUtrapAta hotA hai / sabhAparva meM pazcimottara somAprAMta, pUrvI aphagAnistAna tathA paMjAba ke sthAnoM kA varNana hai| kabhI kabhI bhaugolika dizAoM kA iMgana hai lekina sarvadA nahIM / bhAgyavaza ina bhaugolika tAlikAoM meM eka taraha kA krama pAyA jAtA hai jisase una sthAnoM kI pahacAna meM bahuta madada milatI hai| bhinna bhinna dezoM kI paidAvAroM se bhI unakI pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai / mahAbhArata ke bhUgola se eka khAsa bAta yaha prakaTa hotI hai ki bhAratavarSa kI sImA usa samaya pUrvI aphagAnistAna tathA vaMca ke pAsa ke pradezoM taka thI / yadi isa bAta ko hama dhyAna meM rakheMge to bahuta sI kaThinAiyA~ hala ho sakeMgI aura mahAbhArata kI bahuta sI nadiyA~, nagara, pahAr3a ityAdi Adhunika bhAratavarSa kI sImA ke hI aMdara na khojane pdd'eNge| I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdi meM bhAratIya saMskRti bhAratavarSa se bahuta dUra aphagAnistAna tathA vaMkSu pradeza taka phaila gaI thI /

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 147 vakSa pradeza para isa saskRti kA proka tathA IrAno saMskRtiyoM se AdAna pradAna huA, jisake phalasvarUpa aisI aupanivezika saskRti kA janma huA jisameM bhAratIya, prIka tathA IrAnI saMskRtiyoM kA eka apUrva sammilana huaa| mahAbhArata ke kAla ke saMbadha meM aba bhI bahuta vivAda hai| dAhamAna ('dAsa mahAbhArata Alsa epaoNksa uMDa rekhTabukha' aura 'jenasisa Desa mahAbhArata') ke anusAra mahAbhArata kI racanA pAMcavIM yA chaThI zatAbdi meM huii| yaha siddhAMta aba mAnya nahIM hai| vidvAnoM dvArA mAnA jAne lagA hai ki mahAbhArata kI racanA eka AdamI dvArA nahIM huI hai| mahAbhArata ke bhaugolika adhyayana meM yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki hama mahAbhArata ke samaya kI vivecanA kreN| isa khaMDa meM kevala hama yahI dikhAne kI ceSTA kareMge ki sabhAparva yA digvijaya( upAyana )parva meM jo bhaugolika avataraNa Ae haiM unase bhaugolika sthiti para . kyA prakAza par3atA hai| arjuna ke digvijaya (sabhA0 a0 23-25) se sabhAparva ke samaya para kAphI prakAza par3atA hai| ajuna kA digvijaya hama jaisA pIche dekheMge, do yA tIna vibhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai| isa jagaha hama kevala usa vibhAga kI vivecanA kareMge jahA~ arjuna kAMbojoM ko madada se daradoM ko jItakara ( sabhA0 24,22) uttara kI ora bar3he, tathA dasyu janapadoM ko jItate hue loha, parama kAMboja, RSika tathA paramaRSika rAjAoM ko unhoMne gaharI hAra do (sabhA0 24, 23-25) / isa saMbaMdha meM RSakoM tathA paramaRSikoM kI bhaugolika sthiti jAnanA bahuta Avazyaka hai| inakI sthiti ko jAnane ke liye hameM arjuna ke sAtha sAtha calate hue usa rAste para AnA cAhie jahA~ se car3hAI karane ko vaha uttara kI ora bddh'aa| bAhnIkoM ko jItakara ( sabhA0 23, 21 ) usane darada aura kaMboja kI saMyukta senA ko (23,22) hraayaa| isa saMbadha meM hameM kaMboja deza kI sthiti avazya jAnanI caahie| isakA vivecana pIche kiyA gayA hai / isameM saMdeha nahIM ki kaMboja pradeza na to citrAla thA na kAbula para jaisA zrI jayacaMdra vidyAlaMkAra ne kahA hai, vaha bakhzA aura prAcIna pAmIra pradeza thaa| aba hameM yaha jAnane kI koziza karanI hai ki

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148 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA arjuna ne bAlhIka se uttara kI ora jAne ke liye kauna sA mArga liyaa| isa prazna kA dAromadAra valgu' zabda kI pahacAna meM hai| vicAra karane para patA lagatA hai ki 'valgu' pUrvI aphagAnistAna kI vagalAna nadI hai| vakSu pradezoM kI jAMca-par3atAla meM vuDa tathA laoNrDa ne usa rAste kI par3atAla kI jo kuMdUja se dakSiNa kI ora kuMdUja nadI ke sAtha sAtha kuMdUja aura bagalAna ke saMgama taka jAtA hai| vahA~ taka pahu~ca kara ve loga nadI ke Upara calate hue murgadare se hokara aMdarAba kI ghATI meM Ae aura phira pUraba kI tarapha hote hue khAvaka dareM ko pAra karate hue ve paMjazIra ghATI pahuMce aura vahA~ se kaabul| yaha rAstA kaThina na thaa| vakSu tathA kAbula ke bIca meM kevala do dareM mile jo itane U~ce na the ki unase koI kaThinAI par3a sake (holDiza-di geTsa oNva iMDiyA, pR0 435) / arjuna zAyada isI parvata se zveta parvata, jise hama sapheda koha kahate haiM, lautte| lekina uttara meM parama kAMboja tathA RSikoM se lar3ate jAte hue arjuna ne bagalAna kA rAstA chor3a diyA, nahIM to vaha sIdhA kAbula pahu~ca jaataa| vaha sIdhA uttara kI ora bar3hA aura lar3AI meM usane kAMbojoM ko daradoM ke sAtha jo usakI madada ke liye dorA dare se, jo hiMdukuza aura badakhzA~ ko jor3ane kA eka pradhAna darrA hai, Ae the, harAyA (holDiza, pR0 435) / lar3AI kA dUsarA daurA taba zurU hotA hai jaba ajuna uttara-pUraba kI tarapha bar3hA ( sabhA0, 24 / 23) / yahA~ usane bahuta se dasyu janapadoM ko hraayaa| zAyada ye dasyu una pUrvI IrAnI bolanevAloM ke purakhe hoMge jinheM Aja dina hama 'bakhAnI', 'zighanAnI', 'rozanI' tathA 'zarIkolI' kahakara pukArate haiN| isake bAda arjuna ne loha, parama kAMboja, RSika, uttara RSikoM kI saMyukta senA ko harAyA ( sabhA0, 24 / 24) / parama kAMbojA kI pahacAna jayacaMdra vidyAlaMkAra ne (bhAratabhUmi aura usake nivAsI, pR0 313-14) galcA bolanevAle yAgnUdiyoM se kI hai, jo yAbnaba nadI ke UparI hisse meM pAmora ke uttara meM rahate haiN| jayacaMdrajI ne 'yU-zI' logoM kI pahacAna RSikoM se kI hai| RSiko aura yU-zI logoM kI pahacAna kA prazna bahuta purAnA hai| isa prazna kA sabadha zakoM ko bhASA AtzIkAMta kI pahacAna se hai ( kono kA0 i0 I0, 58, no0 3) / isa saMbaMdha meM bahuta kucha bahasa huI hai, jisakA varNana yahA~

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upAyanavarSa kA eka adhyayana . . 149 nahIM ho sktaa| hartha ne ArzI se yU-zI kI vyutpatti kI hai| klaipaoNka ne yU-zI kI vyutpatti etha se ko hai| maiM ke ne isakI utpatti etha yA getha se kI hai, tathA bairala hAnsTAina ise gurzI se utpanna mAnate haiM (kAnau kI pustaka, pR0 19) / RSikoM ke bAre meM vicAra prakaTa karane se pahale yaha acchA hogA ki hama unake prasAra se paricita ho leM, tathA yadi saMbhava ho to mahAbhArata meM jo RSikoM ke viSaya meM milatA hai, usase usakA milAna kreN| itihAsa meM yU-zI logoM kA prAdurbhAva pahale-pahala uttara-pacchimo cIna ke kAMsU pradeza meM milatA hai| yU-zI tathA hyagna meM, jo bAda ke hUNoM ke pUrvapuruSa the, kazamakaza zurU huI jisake phala-svarUpa 176 yA. 174 I0 pU0 meM yU-zI logoM ko hAra mAnanI par3I aura ve kAMsU se pacchima ko ora eka laMbI maMjila para cala pdd'e| unakA eka bhAga, jise cInI lekhaka siyAva-yozo yA choTe yU-zI ke nAma se pukArate the, ghabar3Akara dakSiNa kI ora bar3ha gayA tathA tArIma-kA~The meM basA ( ja0 amerikana, ori0 so0 1917, pR. 97) / bAkI yU-zI Age bddh'e| ghagnU barAbara unakA pIchA karate ge| 160 I0 pU0 ke karIba unhoMne pacchima bar3hate hue isikula jhIla ke kinAre sAimana logoM ko hraayaa| phalataH sAimana dakSiNa kI ora bhAga khar3e hue| ThIka isI ke bAda yU-zI logoM ko phira hya gnU se hArakara bhAganA pdd'aa| 160 se 128 I0 pU0 taka yU zI ke itihAsa kA koI patA nhiiN| 141 se 128 I0 pU0 ke bIca meM unhoMne jaksArtha nadI ko pharganA ke pAsa pAra kiyA aura bAlhIka ke grIka sAmrAjya kA aMta kara diyaa| aba hameM yU-zI dvArA bAlhIka ke vijaya para dhyAna denA caahie| purAne aitihAsikoM kA mata rahA hai ki bAlhIka kA patana zakoM dvArA huaa| yaha bAta samajha meM nahIM aato| kyoMki cAMga-kiena ne sApha likhA hai ki bAlhIka ke patana ke kAraNa tA-yU-zI the| TAna ke anusAra (TAna, di grIksa ina baikTriyA eMDa iMDiyA, pR0 283) yaha bhUla strAbo ( 1915,11 ) ke eka avataraNa se huI hai, jisameM zakoM ke dvArA bakhtra jIta jAne kA ullekha hai| para sauMdarbha kI jA~ca karane se vidita hogA ki zakoM kI jisa vijaya kA isameM ullekha hai vaha hakhamAnI yuga meM I0 pU0 7vI za0 meM huI hogii|

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150 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA apoloDorasa ke kathanAnusAra bakhna-vijaya meM cAra phira dara jAtiyoM kA hAtha thaa| ve thIM asiyAno, pasiyAnI, tukhArI tathA sakaraulI (khAbo 11 / 5,11 ) / bogasa mUla (41) ke anusAra asiyAnI, rasaraucI logoM ne bAlhIka jiitaa| cA~ga-kiyAna ke yU-zI ko khoja hama trogasa ke asiyAnI yA sarokI meM kara sakate haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki saraukI se isakA saMbaMdha nahIM ho sakatA, isaliye asiyAnI hI yU-zI kA pratIka hai (TAna, vahI, pR0 284) / asiyAnI assiyAI kA vizeSaNAtmaka rUpa hai, isaliye assiyAI hI yU-zI haiN| isa pahacAna ko lekara vidvAnoM meM bahuta bahasa huii| 1918-19 meM yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA ki madhya eziyA se milI zaka-pustakoM kA nAma arzI thaa| paraMtu bahuta se loga isake astitva meM sadeha karate haiM / TArna ke anusAra isameM sadeha nahIM ki prIka ArcI jAti ke logoM ko acchI taraha jAnate the aura plinI (6,1648) meM isakA varNana hai| plinI ne bArzI logoM ko una jAtiyoM meM ghuser3a diyA hai jinakA use patA na thaa|| aba hameM arjunadigvijaya ke parama RSikoM (sabhA0 24 / 25) kI khoja karanI hai| bastriyA kI lar3AI meM apoloDorasa eka zaka kabIle kA varNana karatA hai jisakA nAma pasiyAnI thaa| jisa prakAra asiyAnI asiyAI kA vizeSaNAtmaka rUpa hai, usI prakAra pasiyAnI pasiyAI yA pasI kA rUpa honA caahie| isameM zaka nahIM ki isa nAma kI tulanA hama grIka itihAsavettAoM ke parsiAI se kara sakate haiN| TAna ke anusAra (pR0 293) parsi prAI pArasI jAti thI, lekina isa pakSa meM usane koI yuktisaMgata pramANa nahIM diyaa| yU-zI prazna ke bAre meM aba hameM mahAbhArata se jo kucha milatA hai usakA vivecana karanA caahie| zrAdipava' (61 / 30) meM RSika rAjAoM kI utpatti caMdra tathA diti se mAno gaI hai| isa saMbadha meM yaha jAnane yogya bAta hai ki pro0 zAtiyara ( 2. DI0 ema0 jo0, 1917,77 ) ke anusAra yU-zI zabda caMdra jAti kA dyotaka hai| yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki RSikoM tathA cadra devatA meM kaunasA sabadha thaa| udyogaparva (4 / 15) meM phira RSikoM se bheTa hotI hai jahA~ inakA varNana zaka, pahnava, darada, kaMboja tathA pazcima anUpakoM ke sAtha

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 151 kiyA gayA hai| yaha mAke ko bAta hai ki yahA~ bhI ve kabojoM ke sAtha hI haiN| pAThabhedoM meM RSika kA vizeSaNAtmaka rUpa ArSika bhI pAtA hai| sabhA parva' (24 / 23-24 ) meM RSikoM kI sthiti kAMboja ke uttarapUrva kI gaI hai| bhAMDArakara prAcya pariSad ke sabhAparva ke saMskaraNa ke pAThabhedoM meM RSika ke prAkRta rUpa izi aura izI bhI die haiN| ina rUpoM ke jAnane ko bahuta AvazyakatA hai| inase prakaTa hogA ki grIka itihAsakAra saMskRta aura prAkRta ke donoM rUpoM se abhijJa the| itanI vivecanA ke bAda hameM patA cala jAnA cAhie ki mahAbhArata meM RSika kA vizeSaNAtmaka rUpa ArSika thA, usakA prAkRta rUpa iSika thA tathA parama RSika kA vizeSaNAtmaka rUpa paramArSika thaa| isase patA calatA hai ki grIka isiyAI saMskRta RSika se aura proka asiyAI saMskRta vArSika se banA hai| grIka pasiyAnI kI tulanA hama parama RSikoM se kara sakate haiN| mAlUma par3atA hai ki RSika aura parama RSika donoM hI RSika jAti ke kabIle the aura ina sabake sahayoga se bAlhIka para AkramaNa huA hogaa| arjuna ke digvijaya ko oraM eka bAra phira nigAha daur3Ane se yaha pratIta hogA ki loha, kAMboja tathA dasyugaNoM kI sthiti usa pradeza meM rahI hogI, jise hama Aja tAjika gaNataMtra ( soviyaTa ripablika ) ke nAma se jAnate haiM aura jo kucha hI dina pahale bakhAna, zignAna, rozana darvAja Adi choTe choTe rAjyoM meM vibhakta thaa| hameM isa bAta kA patA hai ki 160 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga yU-zI izikula jhola ke pAsa the aura unheM hyagnU se hArakara bhAganA pdd'aa| mAlUma par3atA hai ki mahAbhAratakAra ne hyagnuoM kI parAkrama-zakti arjuna para DAla dii| yU-zI tathA. pUrvI IrAnI bolanevAlI jAtiyoM kA sammelana. oNksasa nadI para anahonI ghaTanA nahIM hai| donoM eka hI IrAnI nasla ke the| isa saMbaMdha meM eka aura mAke kI bAta hai| sabhA0 (24 / 24 ) meM RSikoM ke sAtha parama, uttara vizeSaNa kA prayoga huA hai, jisake mAne bar3A hotA hai aura jo tA yU-zo kA ThIka ThIka anuvAda sA lagatA hai| upAyana parva (47 / 19) meM nimnalikhita jAtiyoM kA krama se varNana hai-cIna, hUNa, zaka tathA shrodd| eka dUsarI jagaha (4126 ) tukhAra aura kaMka sAtha die haiN|

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152 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sosarI jagaha ( 48 / 15) zauDika, tathA kukura pAe haiN| zakoM ke viSaya meM kucha kahane se pahale yaha mAvazyaka nahIM ki hama una prAcIna grIka avataraNoM kI bhI jA~ca-par3atAla kareM jinameM zakoM kA varNana hai| cIna ke itihAsa meM inakA ullekha saI nAma se kiyA gayA hai, aura sabase prAcIna vRttAMtoM meM 'sAI vAMga' kahA gayA hai| 160 I0 pU0 meM ye apane deza meM yU-cI dvArA nikAla die ge| sAI vAMga ke artha, kono ke anusAra, zaka-muruDa yA zaka-svAmI hotA hai (kA0 iM0 iM0, bhAga 2, pR020)| cIno aitihAsikoM ke anusAra yU-ziyoM dvArA harAe jAne ke bAda sAI-vAMga kipiniyA (kapizA) ko ora bddh'e| isa saMbaMdha meM abhI aitihAsikoM kA ekamata nahIM ho sakA ki zakoM ne dakSiNa bar3hane kA kauna sA rAstA pkdd'aa| kucha logoM kA kahanA hai ki yAsIna ghATo hote hue ve kazmIra, udyAna yA svAta gae tathA kapizA unake adhIna huii| paraMtu Adhunika matoM ke anusAra ve hirAta hote hue sIstAna ge| isa viSaya meM TArna (pR0 278 ) kA bhI eka mata hai| unake anusAra dakSiNa kI ora bhAgate hue zakoM ne jaksArtha ke pAsa pharganA ko pAra kiyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki yahA~ unakA kabIlA bhaMga ho gyaa| ho sakatA hai ki usameM se kucha jasthe una kAna-nyU logoM meM, jinakA adhikAra tAzakaMda pradeza para thA, mila ge| jo zaka kapizA pahu~ca gae unhoMne zakaraucI, jinako adhikAra khojaMda tathA usake pAsa ke ghAsa ke maidAnoM para thA, logoM kA sAtha pakar3a liyaa| bAkI zaka phaganA ke grIka ilAke meM basa gae aura yahIM para 128 I0 pU0 meM unakI cAMga-kiyAMga se mulAkAta huii| tukhAroM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI vidvAnoM meM kAphI carcA rahI hai| ristuphina, harjaphelDa Adi vidvAnoM kA mata rahA hai ki tukhArI yU-zI kI zAkhA the| inake Adima-nivAsa ke prazna para bhI kAphI bahasa rahI hai| TAna ke anusAra tukhAra yU-zI kabIle kI eka zAkhA the (TAna, pR0 286) / tukhAroM kA bhASA ke saMbaMdha meM kAphI bahasa rahI hai| eka mata yaha thA ki ve apanI bhASA yUropa se lAe, lekina isa saMbaMdha meM abhI taka ThIka nirNaya nahIM ho skaa| .. kaMkoM kI pahacAna cInI aitihAsikoM ke kAMkU se kI jA sakatI hai, jo sogdiyAnA ke rahanevAle the| cAMga-ke ke anusAra kAMkU dakSiNa kI ora

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 153 a 1 yU-zI ke rAjanItika adhikAra meM the tathA pUrva kI ora hyUgannU ke / zakoM kA, yadi hama unheM tA-yuvAna yA pharmanA ke ilAke meM sthita mAneM, tathA kaMkoM kA saMbaMdha sthApita ho jAtA hai, kyoMki donoM kA deza saTA huA hai / tukhAra jo yU-zI ke aMga the, zAyada kucha aura dakkhina meM rahate the / yadi aisI bAta hai, to spaSTa hai ki mahAbhArata meM zaka, tukhAra aura kaMkoM kA krama, jaisA ki dUsarI za0 I0 pU0 meM thA, ThIka ThIka diyA huA hai / yaha mArke kI bAta hai ki isa tAlikA meM RSika nahIM Ae haiN| isase yahI natIjA nikala sakatA hai ki 160 I0 pU0 meM apanI hAra ke bAda ve aura pazcima kI ora khasaka gae the yU-zI ke pazcima ko khasakane ke bAda pratIta hotA hai ki tukhAra haraula meM Age bheje gae / isaliye mahAbhArata ke una zlokoM meM jisa sthiti kA varNana hai vaha sthiti 160 aura 128 I0 pU0 ke bIca meM rahI hogii| mahAbhArata meM eka dUsarA prakaraNa bhI hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki zAyada usakA racanA-kAla dvi0 za0 I0 pU0 ho / sahadeva ke digvijaya ( sabhA0 28|49 ) meM diyA huA hai ki dakSiNa- vijaya ke anaMtara usane aMtAkhI ( aMtiyokha ), roma ( romA ) tathA alekjaMDariyA meM apane dUta bheje 1 aMtiyokha kI sthApanA silyUkasa prathama dvArA lagabhaga 300 I0 pU0 meM huI ( je0 e0 o0 esa0 58, 365 ) isaliye yadi mahAbhArata kA aMtAkhI pATha zuddha mAnA jAya to usakA kAla 300 I0 pU0 ke pahale par3anA cAhie / mauryayuga meM sIriyA ke silyUkasa bAdazAhoM se tathA bhAratIya maurya rAjAoM se kAphI sadbhAva thA, aura unameM akasara dUtoM kA AdAna-pradAna hotA thA / aba prazna yaha hai ki sahadeva dvArA aMtiyoMka ko dUta bhejanA kisa aitihAsika ghaTanA kI ora lakSya karatA hai ? kAphI vicAra karane ke bAda, jinakA ullekha isa choTe se lekha meM nahIM ho sakatA, jJAta hotA hai ki aMtiyoka tRtIya (221187 I0 pU0 ) ke samaya zAyada kisI bhAratIya rAjA ke bheje hue praNidhivarga kA iMgana isa ghaTanA se milatA ho / roma ( yA ThIka laiTina rUpa romA ) dUsarI za0 I0 meM kaise bhAratIya sAhitya meM AyA, yaha kahanA kaThina nahIM hai, isaliye ki isa bAta kA patA hai ki koI bhAratIya dUta agasTasa ke pahale, prathama za0 I0 pU0 ke pahale nahIM 20 ,

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154 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA pahu~cA (vArmiMgTana, di kAmarsa biTavIna romana eMpAyara eMDa iMDiyA pR0 35-38) / isa bAta kI saMbhAvanA hai ki ve bhAratIya jinakA saMbaMdha siriyA ke silyUkasava' zI bAdazAha se thA, roma ke nAma se abhijJa the / roma kA prabhAva una dinoM sIriyA para chA rahA thA, isI liye lekhaka roma kA nAma dene ke lAlaca kA 'saMvaraNa na kara skaa| yaha kevala eka anumAna hai| eka dUsarI jagaha dUsarA avataraNa vATadhAna brAhmaNoM ke saMbaMdha meM sabhAparva' meM AyA hai ( sabhA, 29/7 ) / isa zloka meM AyA hai ki nakula ne madhyamikA meM vATadhAna brAhmaNoM ko jiitaa| Upara se vAkya bilakula sodhA ja~catA hai, para isakA matalaba gaMbhIra hai| yavanoM dvArA madhyamikA kA gherA dUsarI za0 I0 pU0 kI puSyamitra zuMga ke samaya kI khAsa ghaTanA thI, jisakA ullekha pataMjali ne mahAbhASya meM bhI kiyA hai / 'L isa saMbaMdha meM hameM zuMgoM ke viSaya meM kucha bAteM jAna lenI cAhie~ / zuMga artha hai vaTavRkSa / zAyada unakA udbhava aisI jAti se rahA ho jisakA ToTakA vaTa kA vRkSa thA / puSyamitra ke rAjyakAla kI aura ghaTanAoM se hamArA saMbaMdha nhiiN| hama unake rAjyakAla kI mukhya ghaTanA ko lete haiM, jo apoloDoTasa tathA meneMdra kI sa Mmilita car3hAI thI / madhyamikA kI car3hAI kA ullekha pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM hai ( kI lahaoNna, iM0 aiM0 bhAga 7, pR0 266 ) / yavana madhyamikA ko ghere hue the| TArna ke anusAra madhyamikA kA yaha gherA apoloDoTasa dvArA DAlA gayA thA (TArna, vahI, pR0 150 ) / aba hameM nakula kI madhyamikA kI car3hAI kI jA~ca-par3atAla karanI caahie| sabase pahalI bAta jo hameM milatI hai vaha hai ki madhyamikA ke rAjA ko vATadhAna kahate the aura nakula ne use jIta liyA / lagatA hai ki yavanoM kI madhyamikA para car3hAI tathA nakula kI madhyamikAvijaya donoM ghaTanAe~ milA dI gaI haiN| isameM bahuta kama zaka hai ki zuMga aura bATadhAna brAhmaNoM kI jar3a eka hI thI, kyoMki donoM kA ToTakA bar3a kA per3a hI thA / bhApa ( 47/19) meM eka dUsarI tAlikA dI gaI hai jisameM cIna, DU, zaka tathA oDroM kA krama se ullekha hai / hUNoM ke ullekha se akasara loga yaha samajhane lagate haiM ki mahAbhArata kA yaha aMza pA~cavIM zatAbdi kA hogA jaba hUNoM ne gupta sAmrAjya kA aMta kara diyaa| para mahAbhArata ke hUe na to saMbhavata: guptakAlIna hue the aura na inakI khoja hameM bhAratavarSa kI Adhunika sImA

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayanaM 155 } meM hI karanI cAhie / saMbhavataH ye hue cIna kI uttarI-pazcimI sImA para base a gnU the, jinake kAraNa yU-zI logoM ko apanA deza tyAganA par3A aura jinase bacane ke liye hAka rAjAoM ne cIna kI dIvAla bnaaii| upAyanaparva meM jisa krama se cIna, hUNa ityAdi kI tAlikA dI hai vaha ThIka hai| pahale cInavAsI Ate haiM phira maMgoliyA kI tarapha rahanevAle hue| isake bAda zakoM ke kabIle jo isikakula jhIla ke irda-girda I0 pU0 dvitIya zatAbdi meM basa gae the aura usake bAda oDra jo svAta ke vAsI the aura jinake bAre meM hama phira kucha kheNge| zakoM ke ThIka pIche or3oM ke ullekha se hameM saMbhavataH usa rAste kA saMketa milatA hai jise zakoM ne yU-ziyoM se harAe jAne para grahaNa kiyA thA / Upara kI vivecanAoM se sabhAparva ke samaya para kucha prakAza par3A hai| RSika, zaka, tukhAra, kaMka, hUNa, cIna ityAdi jAtiyoM kI bhaugolika sthiti para prakAza DAlA jA cukA hai| aMtAkhI aura romA ke ullekha se tathA madhyamikA ke ghere ke saMbaMdha meM hama bahuta kucha kaha cuke haiN| ina saba pramANoM ko tolate hue hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki jina ghaTanAoM kA ullekha hama pAte haiN| ve sa Mbhavata: 184 se 148 I0 pU0 ke bIca ghaTI hoMgI jo puSyamitra zuMga kA rAjyakAla thA / 8 3 digvijayoparAMta pAMDavoM ne / rAjasUya yajJa kI taiyArI kI aura usameM duryodhana ko bhI nyotA bhejA gayA usameM bahuta jora-zora kI taiyArI kI gii| bar3e bar3e julUsa nikAle ge| bar3e sabhA sthala kI yojanA kI gaI jisameM bhAratavarSa ke kone kone se Akara rAjAoM tathA gaNataMtra ke pratinidhiyoM ne bheMTa dii| bahuta sI barbara jAtiyA~ bho himAlaya tathA hiMdUkuza se AI; pUrva bhArata ke saMthAla, zabara aura kirAta bhI usa mahAn yajJa meM sammilita hue / eka ora to ye barbara the aura dUsarI ora the paMjAba tathA bhArata ke aura prAMtoM ke purAne rAjavaMza jo apane sAtha ghor3e, hAthI, zAla ityAdi yudhiSTira ko bheMTa karane ke liye lAe the / duryodhana ko IrSyA huI aura vApasa lauTane para usane dhRtarASTra se isakA ThIka ThIka varNana kiyaa| isa varNana se bhAratIya bhUgola para

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156 nAMgarAMpracAriNI patrikA payopta prakAza par3atA hai| aba yahAM para hama una pradezoM tathA upahAroM kA varNana kreNge| vATadhAna-(sabhA0 45 / 24) vATa kA zabdArtha hotA hai-baragada kI lakar3I se banI huI vastu yA baragada kA per3a yA usakI lkdd'ii| Adipava (61, 58 ) meM vATadhAna bhaugolika artha meM aura vaMzasthApaka vyakti-vizeSa ke liye prayukta huA hai| udyogaparva (5 / 24 ) meM ve kauravoM ke sahAyaka kahe gae haiN| sabhAparva (297 ) meM madhyamikA (Adhu0 cittaur3a ke pAsa nagarI' gA~va ) unakA deza kahA gayA hai| eka dUsarI jagaha (45 / 24) bATadhAna brAhmaNa pazupAlaka kahe gae haiN| ina vATadhAnoM ke saikar3oM choTe samUha (zatasaghazaH ) yudhiSThira ke darabAra meM upAyana lekara phuNce| yaha kahanA anucita na hogA sikadara kI bhAratavarSa kI car3hAI meM (eriyana 67 ) rAvI para eka prAhmaNoM kI nagarI milI jisakI pahacAna kaniMghama ne multAna ke pAsa aTArI se kI hai (kanighama kA bhUgola ) / apoloDorasa (1753) ke kathanAnusAra brAhmaNoM kI dUsarI nagarI jo siMdha meM thI, usakA nAma harmateliyA thaa| kaniMghama ke anusAra isa nagara kA madhyakAlIna nAma brAhmaNAbAda thA, jo haidarAbAda se 45 mola uttarapUrva para sthita thaa| pArjiTara ke anusAra (mAke0 pu0 57.38) vATadhAna satalaja ke pUrva phIrojapura ke dakSiNa meM base hue the| saMbhavataH vATadhAna brAhmaNoM ke kaI gaNatatra the jinakI sthiti paMjAba, nicale sidha tathA dakSiNa rAjapUtAne meM thii| .. kaMboja-(sabhA0 24 / 22, 45 / 19-20, 47 / 3-4) / kaMboja kA ullekha hiMdU, bauddha tathA jaina sAhityoM meM bahuta pAyA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM kAMboja, aupamanyava, madragAra kA eka ziSya thA (vaidika iMDeksa 1, pR084-85)| yaha siddha hotA hai ki madroM yA uttara madroM ke sAtha kAMbojoM kA kucha sabaMdha thA aura zAyada kAMboja aura madra donoM meM IrAnI tathA bhAratIya saMskRti kA sammizraNa thaa| yAska (2,1 / 3-4) kA kahanA hai ki zavati dhAtu kA jAne ke artha meM, vyavahAra kevala kaMbojoM meM hotA hai| zavati IrAnI bhASA kA eka zabda hai aura usakA prayoga saMskRta meM nahIM hotaa| isa zabda kI buniyAda para priyasana kA kahanA hai ki uttara-pazcima bhArata kI sImA para

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upAyanaMparva kA eka adhyayana 157 rahanevAlI eka barbara jAti thI, jisakI bhASA IrAnI- mizrita saMskRta thI (ja0 o0 ra0 sa0 1911, 802 ) / kaMboja zabda kI vyutpatti lagatA hai yAska ( 2, 1, 4 ) ke samaya meM bhI ThIka ThIka nahIM hotI thI, kyoMki yAska ne yaha anumAna lagAyA hai ki zAyada kaMboja ve bhAja the jo acche kaMbala pahanA karate the| isI bAta se yaha patA cala jAtA hai ki kaMboja zabda ko ThIka vyutpatti se hamAre paMDita aparicita the| bauddha sAhitya kI eka gAthA ( phaoNsabAla 6, 210 ) se jise sabase pahale DA0 kuha ne uddhRta kiyA thA ( ja0 o0 ra0 sa0 1912, pR0 255-57 ) isa bAta kA anumAna aura dRr3ha ho jAtA hai ki kaMboja IrAnI nasla ke the I isa gAthA meM kahA gayA hai ki ve manuSya pavitra haiM jo meMDhaka, kIr3e, sA~pa ityAdi mArate haiM / ye pArasiyoM ke dhArmika sAhitya meM ahamanI jIva. mAne gae haiN| tavatthu kI paramArthadarzinI TIkA (pI0 TI0) meM dvArakA kA nAma kaMboja ke sAtha AtA hai / yaha saMdarbha kaMboja kI ThIka pahacAna ke liye bahuta Avazyaka hai jisakA jikra hama Age calakara kareMge / sabhAparva (11 / 24 ) meM kaMboja barbaroM ke sAtha Ae haiM; udyogaparva ( 186, 80 ) meM inakA saMbaMdha zaka- puliMda tathA yavanoM ke sAtha AyA hai / hariva Mza ( 13-063-64; 14, 775-83 ) meM AyA hai ki kaMboja pahale kSatriya sagara kI AjJA se patita kie gae aura unakA sira yavanoM kI bhA~ti mU~r3a diyA gyaa| pANini ke gaNapATha yavanamuMDa aura 4 * kITA pataGgA uragA ca bhekA hantvA kimi sujjhati makkhikA ca / eto hi dhammA anariyarUpA kambojakAna vitathA bahunnam // + " zakAnAM zirasau muNDayitvA visarjayat / yavanAnAM ziraH sarvaM kaMbojAnAM tathaiva ca // pAradA muktakezAzca pallavAH zmazra dhAraNaiH / niHsvAdhyAyavaSaTkArAH kRtAstena mahAtmanA //

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158 naar'iir'iii ggindhaa kaMbojamuDa (211172 ) Ae haiM jinase patA lagatA hai ki zaka tathA yavanoM meM mUMda mur3Ane kI prathA thii| kaboja deza ke ghor3e bhI sAhitya meM prasiddha haiN| kaMboja ke loga yudhiSThira ko rAjasUya para ghor3e dene Ae (474) / inakI sakhyA 300 thI aura ve kalmASa tathA tittira nasla ke the| inakA bhojana pIluSa tathA iMguda ke phala the| jAtakoM meM bhI kaboja ke ghor3e ( kabAjakA assatara, jAtaka 4, 464; gAthA 242 ) kA varNana hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra (jainasUtra, sai0 bu0 I0 bhA0 2, 4. ) meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki kaboja ke acchI taraha sIkhe ghor3e saba ghor3oM se bar3hakara hote haiM aura kisI prakAra ke zoragala se ve Darate nhiiN| arthazAstra (zAmazAstro anu0 pR0 148) meM bhI ullekha hai| ghor3iyoM ke alAvA kaMbojavAloM ne yudhiSThira ko gAe~, ratha (474) tathA 300 U~Ta (45 / 20) bhI die| unhoMne sAtha sAtha bher3a ke Una* tathA samUra jina para sone ke kAma bane the tathA citra-vicitra camar3e yudhiSThira kI sevA meM bheje|| Upara ke varNana se isa bAta kA patA cala gayA hogA ki kaMbojavAsI koI sAdhAraNa zreNI ke na the| para yaha vicitra bAta hai ki unako bhaugolika sthiti ke bAre meM vidvAnoM kA eka mata nahIM hai / laisena ke mata se kaboja kI sthiti kAzagara dakkhina meM aura kAphirasthAna ke pUrva meM thii| rAija DeviDsa ke anusAra kaboja pradeza uttara-pacchimI hiMdustAna meM prasiddha thA aura dvArakA usakI rAjadhAnI thii| vinseMTa smitha ( iti0 pR0 184) ise tibbata aura hiMdukuza ke pahAr3oM meM rakhate haiN| pro0 silavA levI kaMboja aura kAphirastAna ko eka hI mAnate haiM (jarnala ezi0 1923) / pro0 rAyacaudhurI (poliTikala hisTrI iM0 hi0 sa0 pR0 94-95) karNaparva (84,5) ke eka avataraNa ko lekara kaMboja kI sthiti kazmIra ke dakkhina yA dakkhina pUrva meM mAnate haiN| * aiDAMzcailAnvArSadaMzAn jAtarUpapariSkRtAn / ( 47 / 3) 1 kadalImRgamokAni /

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159 upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana ina bhinnatAoM ke dekhate hue kaMboja bilakula mRgamarIcikA sA mAlUma hotA hai, jisake pAsa taka hama jyoM jyoM pahu~cate haiM vaha Age khasakatA jAtA hai| jayacaMdrajI ne isa prazna kI jA~ca-par3atAla ( 'bhAratabhUmi', pR0 297-305) meM nae DhaMga se ko hai aura unhoMne sapramANa siddha kiyA hai ki badakhazaoN aura pAmIra ke pAsa kA ho pradeza prAcIna kaMboja thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM yaha kahanA anucita na hogA ki sivA pro. rAyacaudhurI ke prAyaH sabai vidvAnoM ne kaMboja kI sthiti bhArata ke uttarapazcima meM mAnI hai| IsA ke bAda sAtavIM zatAbdi taka jaisA ki muktApIr3a lalitAditya kI car3hAI se prakaTa hotA hai ( rAjataraM04), kaboja kI sthiti bhauTTa aura daradoM ke bAda hai| bhATTa bAlTistAna ke nivAsI the aura darada ballUcistAna ke| isase prakaTa hai ki ka bojoM kA sthAna balakha badakhzoM aura pAmIra meM hogaa| petavatthu kI TIkA paramArthadIpanI meM kaMboja ke sAtha dvArakA kA nAma AyA hai| yaha kAThiyAvAr3a kI dvArakA nhiiN| yaha badakhzoM meM sthita daravAja deza kA rUpAMtara mAtra hai| pro0 silavA~ levI ke anusAra TAlamI (6, 11,6 ) kA tAMbijAI jisakI sthiti vaMca ke dakkhina meM thI, kevala kaMboja zabda kA rUpAMtara hai (ja0 e0 1923, pR054)| ala IdrasI ke ekAsadarbha se kaMboja kI sthiti para kAphI prakAza par3atA hai| badakhzoM kI sudaratAeM bakhAnane ke bAda vaha kahatA hai ki badakhzoM kI sthiti kannauja ke bagala meM hai (jiprographI da ala idrasI, anu0 jAbarTa, bhAga 1, pR0 478-79) / isameM saMdeha nahIM ki ala idrasI kA kannauja hamArA kaMboja hai| lagatA hai ki idraso ke samaya meM kaMbAjoM ke deza kI sImA bahuta ghaTa gaI thI, kyoMki usake bhUgola meM badakhzA eka alaga rAjya hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki isI ke kaMboja kI sthiti kahA~ thiiN| saMbhavata: vaha kAphirastAna kA hI eka dUsarA nAma hai| kaboja prAcIna kAla meM Adhunika galcA bolanevAloM, jinameM vakhI, zinI, sarIkolI, jebkI, saMglIcI, muMjAnI, yudgA tathA yAgnAbI the, kA pradeza thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM yaha bhI jAnane yogya hai ki pAmIra ke AsapAsa tathA vakSu ke srota ke pAsa hI galcA bolanevAlI jAtiyoM rahatI haiN| prAcIna kAla meM zAyada badakhzoM meM bhI pUrvI IrAnI bolI jAtI thI (priyarsana bhASA-par3atAla, bhAga 10, pR0 456) /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA raghuvaMza (4, 17 ) ke kathanAnusAra kAMboja meM ratnoM kI khAne thiiN| vuDa ne apanI vakSu kI yAtrA meM batAyA hai ki izikAzma se 20 mIla kI dUrI para dharAna pradeza meM vakSu ke dakSiNI kinAre para mANikya kI khAne haiM, kokcA kI ghATI meM rAjavarta (lAjavarda ) kI khAne haiM (vuDa, vahI pR0 171) / badakhzA~ kI cA~dI kI khAne bhI prAcIna kAla meM mazahUra thiiN| araba kAla meM darA tathA khAna meM cA~dI kI khAne thIM (bArtholDa, turkistAna DAuna Tu di maMgola invejana, pR0 65-67 ) / / isa saMbaMdha meM yaha bhI jAnane yogya hai ki paMjAba meM kaMbokha nAma kI eka kRSi pradhAna jAti hai, paraMtu yaha kahanA muzkila hai ki prAcIna kaMbojoM se inakA kyA riztA thaa| inameM bahuta sI anuzrutiyA~ haiM kucha kaMboM kA AdisthAna kAzmIra batalAtI hai aura kucha gar3ha gajanI / kucha kA kahanA hai ki mahAbhArata yuddha meM kabo jAti ke pUrva puruSoM ne kuruoM kA sAtha diyA thA / mahAbhArata ke yuddha ke bAda bace-khuce kabo nAbhA meM basa gae ( roja - e glaoNsarI oNva di kAsTasa eMDa TrAibsa ina paMjAba eMDa nArtha vesTa 160 kAla ke inameM se inameM se phAMTiyara, bhAga 2, pR0 43 - 44 ) / yaha mArke kI bAta zrutiyA~ kaba/joM kI sthiti sidhu pAra batalAtI haiN| purAne 'bojoM ke Adhunika pratinidhi hoM / kArpAsika - ( sabhA0 47/7) / yaha zabda sAhitya meM bahuta hI kama AyA hai, aura mahAbhArata meM to isakA eka hI bAra ullekha huA hai / zabda kI aitihAsikatA sA~cI ke eka lekha se siddha hotI hai / 143 saM0 ke abhilekha meM kArpAsI grAma ke araha nAmaka eka manuSya ke bheTa kA ullekha hai ( mAnUmeMTsa oNva sA~cI, bhAga 1, pR0 314 ) / mahAbhArata kArpAsika kI sthiti para cupa hai, isaliye hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki dUsare sAhitya se usakI bhaugolika sthiti para prakAza par3atA hai yA nahIM / phAna-yUtsAmiMga nAmaka saMskRta cInI pratha li-ena ( 713-795 I0 ) ke dvArA likhA gayA hai| usameM kipina aura kapizA ke liye saMskRta zabda karpizaya hai ki ye saba anuho sakatA hai ki ye Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat * prabodhacaMdra bAgcI - di leksIka saMskRta zinvA, bhAga 2, pR0 345 | www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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pAnaparva kA eka adhyayana 161 diyA huA hai| bAgcI ke matAnusAra zuddha pATha kapizaya honA cAhie* / hamArI samajha meM yaha bAta ThIka nahIM / karpizaya tathA kapiza eka hI zabda ke do rUpAMtara mAlUma hote haiN| isa saMbaMdha meM kapizA yA kipana ke bAre meM kucha aura jAnane kI AvazyakatA hai / pahale cInI zAstravidoM kA yaha vizvAsa thA ki hAna tathA vAi kAla meM kipina se kAzmIra kA bodha hotA thA, lekina tAMga yuga meM yaha zabda kapiza ke liye vyavahAra meM lAyA jAne lagA (konau, e0 iMDikA, jilda 14, pR0 90-11) / sTena kono ne isa saMbaMdha meM silvA~ letrI ke mata kI AlocanA kI hai| pro0 levI ke mata kA sArAMza yaha hai (ja0 e0 ji0 1, bhAga 6, pR0 371 aura Age) - unhoMne fafer zabda ko saMskRta kapira se nikalA mAnA hai tathA isakI tulanA TAlmI (7, 1, 42 ) ke kappeiriyA yA kasperayi oNi se kI hai, jo unakI samajha meM kAzmIra hai| silvA~ levI ne pro0 kono kI yaha bAta ThIka nahIM samajhI ki kipana do bhinna bhinna sthAnoM kA paricAyaka thaa| unakI samajha meM kipana aura kAphirastAna eka hI haiN| yadi levI kI bAta ThIka hai to saMbhava hai ki kipana zabda kA saMbaMdha kArpAsika se rahA ho| hamAre sAhitya meM kAzmIra eka svataMtra deza hai, ataH kapira yA kArpAsika zAyada kA phiristAna kA purAnA nAma ho / dUsarI mArke kI bAta jo levI ne ( ja0 e0 2,1923 ) batAI hai vaha hai kAzmIra aura kapina kI samAnatA / bhASA - zAstra ke siddhAMtoM ko lekara, jinakA varNana isa lekha meM nahIM ho sakatA, unhoMne kapiza aura kaMboja eka hI nAma ke rUpAMtara mAne haiN| plinI ke pratilipikAra sAlinasa ne kapiza kI hijje kaphusa likhI hai ( kaniMghama pR0 22 ) jisako DelphIna sauMpAdakoM ne kapissa kahakara zuddha kara diyA hai| levI ke mata ke anusAra kasara kapisa eka hI zabda ke rUpAMtara haiN| agara kaphusa kapizA ke liye vyavahRta hai to isakI utpatti karpAsa se kahI jA sakatI hai| levI ke isa siddhAMta ke sauMbarauMdha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki yadi kapiza aura kakusa eka hI > * prabodhacaMdra bAgvI - di leksoka saMskRta zinvA, bhAga 2, pR0 347 / 21

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.162 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zabda se haiM to kAphiristAna ke prAthamika 'kApha' tathA kAmA nadI ke nAma meM kAma ityAdi bhI ina donoM ke nikaTa saMbadha kI sthApanA ke paricAyaka haiN| yaha bhI jAnane yogya bAta hai ki kAma deza kA nAma pazto meM kamoja hai (rASaTsana, di kAphirsa oNva hiMdUkuza, pR021)| levo ke matAnusAra yaha siddha hai ki kapiza-kaMboja eka hI zabda ke rUpa haiN| inake alAvA 'kAsika' zabda bhI zAyada inhIM dezoM kA paricAyaka thA aura kArpAsika rUpa zAyada aise prAcIna rUpa kA paricAyaka ho jisakA patA hameM aba nhiiN| mahAbhArata se dUsarI bAta kA patA calatA hai ki cAhe kAphiristAna kaMbojagaNaM kA eka hissA rahA ho lekina kAphiristAna ke liye phAsika zabda lAyA gayA hai, jo usakI spaSTa bhaugolika sthiti kA dyotaka hai| bAda meM kaMboja aura kapiza meM bhI koI pharka nahIM raha gyaa| kAphira deza se yudhiSThara ko jo bheMTeM AI ve usa deza ke anukUla thI ( sabhA0 47,7) / kAphiroM ko yahAM zUdra kahA gayA hai jo apane sAtha kAphiristAna kI 3000 sudara dAsiyoM ko, jinakA raMga tA~be kI taraha damakatA humA tathA jinake ghane keza lahalahAte the, laae| dAsiyoM ke sAtha hI ke bakaroM ke camar3e tathA mRgadharma bhI laae| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki kAphira apane sAtha dAsiyAM laae| hAla hI taka unameM yaha rIti pracalita thI ki unake deza kI triyA~ pazuoM kI taraha bAjAroM meM becI jAtI thii| kApizAyinI surA (pA04, 2, 99) kapiza deza ke pratIka-svarUpa thii| abhI hAla taka kAphiristAna meM aMgUrI zarAba banAI jAtI thii| ise . mazakoM meM bhara dete the aura kucha dinoM ke bAda usakI sApha aura nazIlI zarAba bana jAtI thI (raoNbarTasana, vahI, pR0 558-59) / citraka-(sabhA0, 46-21) aTusAlinI (pR0 350) tathA vizuddhimagga (pR0 299) meM cirAla nAmaka eka parvata hai| isakI pahacAna Adhunika citarAla se ko jA sakatI hai| kukara-(sabhA, 46 / 21, 48 / 14-15) / sabhAparva (48 / 14) meM kukura aMbaSTha tAya, vastra-pA tathA pallavoM ke sAtha milate haiN| kukuroM kA gaNa

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sapAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana bahuta prAcIna hai| ve vRSNiyoM ke eka aMga the| megasthanIja ( paMzyaMTa iMDiyA, pR079) ne kukuroM kA eka vicitra varNana diyA hai| isa varNana meM kukuroM ko parvatavAsI kahA hai, aura yaha bhI ki unake sira kuttoM ke hote the, tathA ve jaMgalI samUra pahanate the; kuttoM kI taraha bhUkate the tathA zikAra para apanA jIvananirvAha karate the| yaha to sApha hI hai ki kukura zabda kA artha kuttA hotA hai| usake artha ko lekara kukuroM ko kutte kA rUpa diyA gayA hai| vAsiSThIputra paLumAyi ke abhilekha meM bhI (nAsika-guphAlekha sa0 2, A0 sa0 30 I0, bhA0 4, pR0 108-9) unakA. ullekha hai, jahAM unakI sthiti aparAMtoM ke bagala meM hai| yaha to ThIka ThIka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki prAcIna kukuroM ke mAdhunika vazaja kauna haiM, phira bhI yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki Adhunika paMjAba kI khokhara yA khokhura jAti se unakA ghaniSTha saMbadha rahA ho| khokhara jhelama tathA cinAva kI ghATiyoM meM aura bhaMga tathA zAhapura jile meM pAe jAte haiN| thor3I saMkhyA meM khokhara nicale sidha tathA satalaja aura jhelama-satalaja ke pahAr3I hisse meM bhI pAe jAte haiN| gujarAta tathA syAlakoTa ke khokharoM meM yaha anuzruti hai ki ve pahale ghar3akharonA meM base the aura taimUra ke AkramaNa ke bAda vahA~ se htte| akabara ke samaya ve hoziyArapura kI dasUya tahasIla meM base the| 50 gAMvoM ke samUha ko ve khokharaina kahata haiN| 3 ko chor3akara ye saba gA~va kapUrathalA riyAsata meM haiM (roja, vahI, jilda 2, pR0 539) / khokharoM kI utpatti ke bAre meM ThIka ThIka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jhelama jile meM ve rAjapUtoM ko apanA purakhA mAnate haiN| bharata aura jasaratha nAma ke do rAjapatoM se apanA udgama mAnate haiM (vahI, pR0 539, 540) / kucha khokhara apanA saMbadha IrAnI bAdazAhoM se batalAte haiM (vahI, pR0 541-43) / dUsarI za0 I0. pUla meM unakA sthAna kona thA yaha ThIka ThIka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, lekina agara unakA aura vRSNiyoM kA paraMparAgata saMbaMdha ThIka mAnA jAya to vaha zAyada hoziyArapura jile meM hai| yaha vRSNiyoM ke eka dvibhASI sikke para Azrita hai jo hoziyArapura jile meM pAyA gayA thaa| kAraskara-(sabhA0 46, 21) inakA varNana baudhAyana dharmasUtra (1, 2, 14) meM bhI bhAtA hai| baudhAyana ne raTTa, kAraskara, puMcha, sauvIra,

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164 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vaMga, kaliMga tathA prAnUna jAne para prAyazcitta kA vidhAna kiyA hai| pANini ko bhI kAraskaroM se jAnakArI thI (6, 1, 156)-'kAraskaro vRkSaH' se usa vRkSa kA matalaba hai jo usa deza meM paidA ho| inakA ThIka ThIka patA nahIM, para anumAna ho sakatA hai ki vaha citarAliyoM kI zAkhA rahI hogI jo kAzagara nadI kI ghATI meM rahate haiN| lohajaMgha-(sabhA0 46 / 21) inake sthAna kA bhI patA abhI ThIka ThIka nahIM cltaa| inakI sthiti loha, parama kAMboja tathA RSikoM ( 2424) se bhinna thii| ye dasa maMDaloM sahita lohitoM se bhI bhinna haiM jinheM arjuna ne jiitaa| kazmIra-(samA0 24 / 16) inakA saMbaMdha zAyada aphagAnistAna meM kAbula nadI kI ghATI meM rahanevAloM se ho| roha zabda kA prayoga kucha aphagAnI kabIloM ke liye huA hai, jisase Aja bhI barelI kA jilA ruhelakhaMDa kahalAtA hai| bharukaccha-(samA0478) bhaDoca ke nivAsI gaMdhAra ke ghor3e laae| zAyada ve inakA vyApAra karate rahe hoN| ___ parisiMdhumAnava-( sabhA0 47 / 9-10) ina zlokoM meM siMdhu ke pAsa lAsabelA, kalAta tathA dakSiNI balUcistAna kI bhaugolika sthiti spaSTa hai| zlokoM kA bhAvArtha yaha hai ki vairAma, pArada, paMga aura kitava, jinakI jIvikA yadA-kadA barasAta para tathA nadiyoM para nirbhara thI aura jo samudra-sthita hare-bhare sthAnoM meM rahate the, yudhiSThira ko upahAra le ge| sTAina ne kucha dina pahale makarAna kA jo varNana kiyA hai usase mahAbhArata kA milAna karane para patA calatA hai ki mahAbhArata ke varNana meM kitanI samatA hai (sTAina-aina AAlaoNjikala TUra ina gaDageziyA, A0 sa0 mimAyara, 48 ) / makarAna aura kalAta kA adhika bhAga rUkhe-sUkhe pahAr3I pradeza se bharA huA hai| pahAr3iyAM pUrva se pazcima ko jAtI haiN| usakA pazcimI aMza araba samudra ke pAsa pAsa hai| isake kinAre machue machalI mArakara kisI taraha apanA kAlayApana karate haiN| bahuta-sI sUkhI ghATiyoM meM, jinameM pAnI zAyada kabhI AtA ho, kucha gAMva haiM (vahI, pR08)| malAvAna tahasIla kA

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pApa kA eka adhyayana 165 hai| lAsabelA meM bhI vahI dazA hai / hai / aisI bhaugolika sthiti meM ve mausama bahuta hI rUkhA hai tathA ku~ zroM (kareja ) se siMcAI kA kAma liyA jAtA porAlo nadI meM thor3A-bahuta pAnI rahatA jAtiyA~, jinakA mahAbhAratakAra ne varNana kiyA hai, rahatI thiiN| vairAmaka - ( sabhA, 47|10 ) inakA ullekha mahAmAyUrI ( 48/1; ja0 e0 bhAga 2, 1915, pR0 94 ) meM AtA hai| isa ullekha se sivA isake ki ve siMdha ke pAra rahate the aura kucha bhI patA nahIM lagatA / vairAmakoM ke saMbaMdha meM mI bhaugolikoM se hameM sahAyatA milatI hai / isake liye hameM yaha jAnane kI AvazyakatA hai ki sikaMdara ke vApasI rAste kI chAnabIna kareM / kArmAniyA jAte hue sikaMdara dakSiNI balUcistAna se gujarA aura usane orobhAitAra logoM ke deza para kabjA kara liyA (eriyana, ainA0 6 21-22 ) / arabiyo nadI ko pAra kara sikaMdara prolotAI logoM kI rAjadhAnI meM pahu~cA jisakA pradhAna nagara dupa thA raMkA thA / yahA~ usane barbara jAtiyoM ko parAjita kiyA / yaha vicAraNIya bAta hai ki vidvAnoM ne do barSa ra jAtiyoM-arabbI tathA orAitAi logoM ko siMdha nadI ke pazcima meM rakhA hai| eriyana (iMDikA 22 ) ke anusAra arabiyoM kA pradeza bhAratavarSa kI pazcimI sImA ke aMta meM thA / sTrAbo ( 15/21 ) ise bhAratavarSa kA eka bhAga mAnatA hai, lekina sivA kartiyasa ke ( 9 / 10,33) jo orAitAi ko bhAratavarSa meM rakhatA hai, ye donoM usakA nAma bhI nahIM lete| zrarAitAI jinakI rAjadhAnI kA nAma bakiyA thA, holDiza ke anusAra Adhunika makarAna ke hota the, jinakA ( balUcistAna gajeTiyara bhA0 7, pR0 94 ) / araboM kA nivAsa-sthAna arabI nadI para thA jisakA Adhunika nAma porAlI hai ( kaniMghama, vahI pR0 349-50) / rAitA kI vyutpatti aghora nadI se karate haiM (vahI, 353-54 ) / nadI para ke hiMdU tIrtha rAmabAga se purAnI raMbakiyA kI tulanA karate haiM / orAitA kI pazcimI sImmA, nidharkasa ke anusAra (vahI, 354-55 ) malana ke pAsa thIM, jisakI pahacAna kaniMghama ne malana kI khAr3I se kI hai| holDiza ke anusAra ra' bakiyA (vahI, pR0 150, 151) khairakoTa kA purAnA nAma thA jisakI sthiti liyArI se uttara pazcima hAlA darre ke pAsa hai / ina saba matoM se ghama

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nAgarIpracAriNA patrikA yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki orAitAi balUcistAna kI elAsabelA riyAsata meM purAlI tathA hiMgola nadiyoM ke bIca meM rahate the| raMbakiyA kI sthiti eka vyApArika mArga para thaa| kaMdhAra se dakSiNa kI ora hotA huA eka rAstA raMSakiyA se hokara gujaratA thA aura purAlI nadI ke kinAre hote hue vaha nIce nIce pahAr3iyoM se hokara hiMdustAna meM jAtA thA ( vArmigTana, vahI, pR0 24) / __ Upara ke avataraNoM kI jA~ca se patA lagatA hai ki raMbakIya zabda saMskRta vairAmaka kA prIka rUpAMtara hai| vairAmaka kA mUla rUpa zAyada virAmaka thaa| pIka hijje meM kevala saMskRta 'vi' bIca meM A gii| saMskRta-sAhitya meM orAitAi kevala apanI rAjadhAnI ke nAma se pANini ke 'tadrAja' niyama ke anusAra jAne ge| pArada-(sabhA0 479, 48|12)-upaaynprv meM pAradoM kA do bAra varNana AyA hai| pahalI bAra unakI sthiti sidhu nadI ke pazcima meM mAnI gaI hai ( sabhA0, 479), aura dUsarI bAra unakA sabadha bAlIkoM se sthApita kiyA gayA hai (48 / 12) / mahAmAyUrI ( 95, 2; ja0 e0 2, 1915, pR0 103-4 ) tathA varAhamihira (bRha0 14 / 21) pAradoM ko vokANa tathA ramaThoM ke bIca meM rakhate haiN| TaoNlmI ke pAradena (6 / 21,4) se gidaroziyA yA balUcistAna ke bhItarI bhAga kA bodha hotA hai aura pArada tathA pAradena eka hI haiN| aba balUcistAna se pAradoM kA saba cihna miTa cukA hai| kevala eka cihna bAkI hai, jisase unakA makarAna meM honA sAbita hai| paMjagUra ke nakhalistAna meM sTAina ko paradAnadama nAma kA purAnA sthAna milA (Ake TUra ina gadaroziyA, pR0 45) jisase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki pArada kabhI vahA~ rahe hoNge| . jahAM pArada zabda bAlhIkoM ke saMga AyA hai ( sabhA0 48, 12) vahA~ zAyada vaha pArtha logoM kA bodhaka hai| pArada yA phira dara pArthiyana.pahale kaispiyana samudra ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM rahate the; bAda meM unhoMne khurAsAna phataha kiyA ( hajaphIlDa, Arka0 hisTrI oNSa IrAna, pR0 53) / agara hama mAna la ki pArada aura pArthiyana eka hI haiM to pAradoM kI balUcistAna meM sthiti isa bAta se

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pAnaparva kA eka adhyayana 167 pramANita ho jAtI hai ki yaha pradeza bahuta samaya taka dvArA (522-486 I0 pU0 ) tathA kSaraS (486-465 I0 pU0 ) ke IrAnI sAmrAjya meM sammilita rahA / varaMga - ( 47|10 ) vaMga ke pAThAMtara turaMga aura AbhIra bhI die haiM / dekhate hI yaha vidita hotA hai ki 'va'ga' pATha galata hai, aura zuddha pATha AbhIra honA cAhie / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki AbhIra pahAr3I ilAkoM meM rahate aura machaliyoM para jIvana nirvAha karate the ( sabhA0 29 / 9 ) / lekina vicAra karane para vAMga zuddha jAti pratIta hotI hai / 7vIM zatAbdI meM hratsaMga ( vATarsa, 2, pR0 257-58 ) ne makarAna meM laMkIlo deza kI carcA kI hai jo jUliyana ke anusAra saMskRta laMgala kA rUpAMtara mAtra hai / hRtsaMga ke anusAra inakA deza ratnoM ke liye prasiddha thA / mahAbhArata ke anusAra ( 47|10) yahA~ ke loga yudhiSThira ko ratna le gae the Adhunika balocistAna meM ratna kI khAnoM kA patA abhI taka nahIM claa| makarAna ke mer3oM meM eka upajAti, jisakI nasla kA patA nahIM, lAMga kahalAtI hai ( ballU0 gaje0, ji0 7, 106 ) / lAMga aura vaMga meM akSara kA badalanA murauMDA- khmera bhASAoM ke anusAra zuddha hai / jisa prakAra pUrvI bhArata meM aMga aura vAMga ke AdyakSara badalate haiM usI prakAra bhAratavarSa ke sudUra pazcima meM bhI vahI kriyA jArI thii| isase isa bAta kA aMdAjA kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kisI samaya balUcistAna meM bhI Agneya bhASA bolI jAtI thI / / kitava - ( sabhA0, 47/10 ) kitava balUcistAna ke eka khAsa logoM the aura agara inakI phejoM se pahacAna ThIka hai to unakI mahattA isa bAta se prakaTa hotI hai ki madhyakAla meM pUrA makarAna unake nAma se keja makarAna sabodhita huA / mokalara ( ja0 e0 so0 baM0, 1895, pR0 30-36.) ne bahuta se pramANa araba aura phArasI lekhakoM se lekara yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki eka jAti jo kuphsa yA kuphIsa kahalAtI hai vaha kiramAna ke dakSiNa pahAr3oM meM rahatI thii| isa jAti kI pahacAna unhoMne eka barbara kabIle se kI hai, jisakA nAma kuphIsa hai| isa bAta kA abhI nizcaya karanA bAkI hai ki kAphiza, kophica, kUsa, kAca, kUI, keca, koca, kIsa, kIja, keza, kakSa aura kukSa, jinakA nAma biladhUrI, tabArI aura ibUhaula meM AyA hai ve eka hI haiM

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168 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA yA bhinna bhinna / isa sUcI meM hama mahAbhArata ke kitava ko bhI jor3a sakate haiN| kitava yA kaitavya prAyaH ulUkoM ke sAtha mahAbhArata ( Adi0, 177,20; udyoga, 56,23 ) meM rakhe gae haiN| ulUka aura kulUta eka hI the aura inhIM ke nAma se kulU kI ghATI prasiddha hai / ulUka tathA kulUta meM bhI akSara badalane kI prathA kA AbhAsa milatA hai| agara kulUta kI pahacAna ThIka hai to kitava Adhunika suketa ke rahanevAle hoNge| makarAna ke kitavoM se inakA saMbaMdha kahanA kaThina hai / zAyada ve donoM eka hI nasla ke rahe hoM / jo upahAra ve yudhiSThira ko lAe ( 41, 10-11 ) ve unake deza ke anurUpa hI the / ina vastuoM meM bakare, bher3a, gAya tathA suara, U Ta tathA gadhe, phaloM kI zarAba tathA bahuta se ratnoM kA ullekha hai / acchI nasla ke U~Ta, khaccara, bher3a tathA bakariyA~ Aja dina bhI unake pradeza meM pAI jAtI haiN| acchI nasla ke U~ToM ko paidA karanA balUcoM ko bahuta priya hai / dazta ke U~Ta teja raphtAra ke liye acche haiM ( ballU0 gaje0 7, 181-82 ) / balUcistAna ke sabase bahumUlya U~Ta khArAna meM milate haiM (vahI, jilda 7, pR0 116 ) / yudhiSThira ke darbAra meM jo zarAba AI vaha phaloM se banAI gaI thI, zAyada khajUra se | Aja dina bhI paMjagUra ke aMgUra mazahUra haiM ( vahIM, 7, pR0 165 ) / upAyana ke zAla tathA kaMbala zAyada Adhunika namde the jinake liye Aja dina bhI khArAna mazahUra hai ( vahIM, ji0 7, pR0 116 ) / prAgjyotiSa - ( sabhA0 47 / 12-14 ) / mahAbhArata ke kucha avataraNoM meM prAgjyotiSa mleccha rAjya kahA gayA hai ( 47, 12 ) / isake rAjA bhagadatta kA nAma Adara ke sAtha liyA jAtA hai aura isake rAjya kI sthiti ( mahA0 23 / 18-19 ) pUrva- uttara meM kI gaI hai, para mArkaDeya purANa ( 57,44 ) ke anusAra yaha rAjya pUrva meM bhI kahA jAtA hai / bhI rahe hoMge, kyoMki khoparva' (23,644 ) meM ise kI senA meM (23,19) kirAta, cIna tathA samudra ke ke loga the| prAcIna kAla meM prAgjyotiSa kA rAjya AsAma tathA uttarI baMgAla ke kucha bhAga meM rahA hogA / isa rAjya meM bahuta se pahAr3a Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat zailAlaya kahA hai / bhagadatta kinAre rahanevAlI jAtiyoM www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 169 bhagadatta ne yudhiSThira ko teja ghor3e (47,13 ) tathA azmasAra ke bane hue pAtra (47,14) upahAra meM bheje| azmasAra zAyada Adhunika jamuniyA rhaa| jamuniyA adhikatara bhArata meM laMkA se AtI hai para kabhI kabhI nadiyoM ke kakar3oM meM bhI yaha pAI jAtI hai| eka dusarA pakSa bhI isa saMbaMdha meM ho sakatA hai| zAyada azmasAra 'saMge-yazapa' kA bhI dyotaka ho| yazapa ko saskRta tathA pAlI-prAkRta meM masAragarbha, masAragalla, musAragarbha tathA musAragalla nAmoM se pukArate the| AsAma kI bagala meM barmA ke yazapa mazahUra haiN| bhagadatta ne hAthIdAMta kI mUThoMvAlI talavAreM bhI bhejI (zuddhadantatsarUnasIna, 47,14) / yakSa-(4715) tathA aura bhI bahuta sI jAtiyAM jinakA varNana yahA~ milatA hai, unake ThIka sthAna kA patA kaThina hai| sabhAparva ke anusAra ve nAnA dizAoM se aaii| dhyakSa-(4715) vyakSoM ke bAre meM kucha patA nhiiN| mArkaMDeya purANa (bhA0 o0 ri0 i0 patrikA jilda 17, bhAga 4, pR0 337 ) meM trinetroM ko sthiti kacchapa ke uttara-pUraba paira meM kI gaI hai| zAyada yaha uttarI citarAla (turIkho) meM rahate rahe hoM (viDulpha, TrAibsa oNva hiMdUkuza, pR0 63) / lalAtAkSa-(4715) isake bAre meM kucha ThIka patA nhiiN| kyA inakI pahacAna ladAkha se ho sakatI hai ? yaha eka izArA mAtra hai| ladAkha kA tibbatI nAma maryula hai, isI se yaha bhAsita hotA hai ki zAyada ladAkha lalAtAkSa kA apabhraMza ho| auSNoza-(4115) inake sAtha 'ananivAsa' arthAt beghara vizeSaNa kA prayoga huA hai| isake atirikta inake viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| romk-(47|15) saMpAdaka ne yahA~ 'bAhukAn' pATha liyA hai, para merI samajha meM romaka pAThAMtara yahA~ ThIka baiThatA hai| hemacaMdrAcArya (abhidhAna0 pR0 941) ne namaka ko pahAr3I kA nAma 'rUmA' diyA hai aura saMbhavataH paMjAba kI namaka kI pahAr3I se usakI pahacAna ho sakatI hai| sAlTareMja kA nAma plinI (2936 ) ne oromenasa diyA hai| vilsana ke anusAra romA sA~bhara jhIla kA nAma thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM yaha bhI mAke kI bAta hai ki bAlTistAna ke zina apane ko roma kahate haiM (viDulpha, vahI, pR0 47 )

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170 . nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA ekapAda-(sabhA0, 47116) inake saMbaMdha meM bhI bahuta kama jAnakArI hai| digvijayaparva (28,47 ) meM dakSiNa ko car3hAI meM ekapAdoM kA varNana tAmraka dvIpa aura rAmaka parvata ke bAda AyA hai| tAmradvIpa 'paMcadaDachatraprabaMdha' nAmaka prabaMdha (ja0 e0 1923,51) ke anusAra khaMbhAta meM eka jagaha thI; jina nagaroM ko sahadeva ne ekapAdoM ke bAda jItA, unakA nAma zUraka (supArA) tathA saMjayaMtI (Adhu0 saMjAna ) thaa| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki ekapAdoM kA nivAsasthAna gujarAta, kacha aura kAThiyAvAr3a thaa| unheM mahAbhArata (28, 47) meM vanavAsI kahA gayA hai| isase patA lagatA hai ki ve zAyada Adhunika bhIloM ke vaMzaja the| megAsthanIja (phregarmaTa 29; sTraibo 15, 5) ne unake viSaya meM eka kathA uddhRta kI hai| bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne use batAyA thA ki okupeda loga ghor3e se bhI teja calate the| saMskRta ekapAda aura grIka okupeda ke mAne eka hI haiM-eka pairvaale| isase yaha na samajhanA cAhie ki ekapAda kAlpanika the| isase kevala yahI mAne nikalate haiM ki ve teja cala sakate the| Upara likhita jAtiyoM ne yudhiSThira ko sonA-cA~dI bheMTa kI (4716) / ekapAdoM ne aneka varNavAle, vana se pakar3e hue, teja ghor3oM ko bheMTa kiyA (4718) / yadi ekapAdoM kA nivAsasthAna kacha thA, to vahA~ Aja kI taraha hI teja ghor3e paidA hote the| / cIna, hUNa, zaka tathA oDroM kA nAma (4719) eka krama se mahAbhArata meM AyA hai| unake saMbadha meM jo kucha hameM jJAta hai usakA vivaraNa nIce diyA jAtA hai| ciin-(47|19) bhAratIya sAhitya meM cIna eka nasla kA bodhaka thaa| khAsa cIna ke liye usakA vyavahAra sabhAparva meM huA hai| cIna ke loga AsAma ke bhagadatta kI phauja meM bhI the ( 23 / 19) / yahA~ zAyada cIna se matalaba uparale barmA ke cina logoM se ho| hUNa-(4719) ina hUNoM kA guptakAla ke hUNoM se koI saMbadha nahIM; inakI pahacAna hyagnU se kI jA sakatI hai, jo maMgoliyA meM rahate the aura jinhoMne yU-zI ko mAn-syAna kI talabhUmi se nikAla bAhara kiyA thaa| .

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 171 zaka-(47119), araNyaparva ( 186, 29-30 ) meM zakoM kA ullekha AMdhra, pulida, yavana, kaMboja, aurNika tathA zUdroM ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| isI parva meM dUsarI jagaha (48 / 20) inakA ullekha palhava, darada, yavana tathA kirAtoM ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| udyogaparva (4|15) meM inakA sAtha palhava, darada, RSika tathA pazcima anUpoM ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| zakoM ke viSaya meM pahale kahA jA cukA hai| odd-(47|19) inakA deza prAcIna svAta (sTAina-aina pArka0 TUra ina svAta, pR0 47 ) meM mAnA gayA hai| sTAina ne eka prAcIna kile kA patA uttarI svAta meM lagAyA jo UDe grAma ke ThIka Upara thaa| sTAina ke matAnusAra UDe prAma hI sikaMdara ke aitihAsikoM kA orA thA ( eriyana, 4, 27) / isa saMbadha meM apane mata kI puSTi ke liye sTAina ne bahuta se pramANa die haiM (sTAina, vahI, pR0 40) / mahAbhArata ke oDra tathA prIkoM ke orA kA sAmya ThIka ThIka baiTha jAtA hai| paMjAba meM aba bhI or3a jAti ke loga haiM; ve zAyada prAcIna kAla meM svAta se Ae hoN| ve phira dara jAti ke haiM aura miTTI ko khudAI ke kAma meM pravINa hote haiN| eka vicitra bAta yaha hai ki ve eka UnI kapar3A avazya pahanate haiM (ibeDsana, kAsTsa eMDa TrAibsa ina iMDiyA, pR0 108) / yaha UnI kapar3A zAyada eka ThaMDhe mulka kI rahana-sahana kA sUcaka hai| vRSNi-(47116) prAcIna anubhUtiyoM ke anusAra vRSNiyoM kA sthAna kAThiyAvAr3a ke pAsa honA caahie| para upAyanaparva meM inakA ullekha hArahUra aura haimavatoM ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| yaha jAnane yogya hai ki rAja. vRSNi kA eka hI sikkA kaniMghama dvArA (kAisa-ezyaMTa i0 phalaka 4, 15) prakAzita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha sikkA apane Dhaga kA eka hI hai| usameM brAhmI meM tathA Upara kharoSTrI meM lekha hai, jo barnI ke anusAra ( ja0 raoN0 e0 sA0 1900, 416 ) isa pAThavAlA hai brAhmI-vRSNa [-rA] jajJa yAgaNasya tratarasya; tathA kharoSTrI meM vRSNi rajAgaNa [ga] [-] ... / elana kA pATha (ezyaMTa I0 kA0, pR0 11415) hai-vRSNirAjanyo gaNasya vratarasya ( vRSNi rAjanyagaNa ke traataa)| isakA samaya elana ke anusAra pahalI za0 I0 pU0 kA hai| yaha sikA zAyada

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172 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA uttare paMjAba meM milA thaa| eka hI sikke ke bala para yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki vRSNi rAjya kI sthiti kahA~ thii| yaha to vidita hai ki kukura aMdhaka-vRSNisaMgha ke aMga the| yadi khokharaina hI prAcIna kAla ke kukura the, to vRSNi bhI zAyada unhIM ke AsapAsa rahe hoNge| isa saMbaMdha meM yaha mAke kI bAta hai ki vaizyoM meM eka jAti bArahasenI nAma kI hai| laukika vyutpatti ke anusAra yaha zabda bArahasena yA bAraha senAoM se nikalA hai| yaha zabda yukta prAMta ke pazcimI jiloM meM pAyA jAtA hai| ka kA kahanA hai ki inakA prAcIna sthAna agarohA hai (di TrAibsa eMDa kAsTa sa, ji0 1, pR0 177) / pajAba meM bhI the pAe gae haiN| eka ajIba sI bAta hai ki roja ne ( vahI, jilda 2, pR0 16) inheM camAroM se nikalA huA mAnA hai| isake pramANa meM unhoMne kahA hai ki bArahaseniyoM ke vivAha meM jo mukuTa pahanA jAtA hai, usameM eka camar3e kA Tukar3A bhI lagA rahatA hai| bArahaseniyoM meM apane ko vArSNeya kahane kI prathA aSa cala gaI hai| yaha kaba se calI, yaha ThIka se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Ajakala ke bArahasenI lena-dena kA kAma karate haiM, para isase unakI prAcInatA meM koI saMdeha nahIM honA caahie| jAyasavAla kA kahanA hai ki jaba bhAratIya gaNataMtra rAjyoM kA astitva naSTa hone lagA, taba una gaNoM ne vyApAra ko apanAyA aura usameM ve khUba bar3he (hiMdU pAliTI bhAga 1, pR059)| - haarhuunn--(47|19, araNya0, 48, 21; zAMti065, 2430) / hArahUNoM kI sthiti pazcima meM batAI gaI hai| hArahUNoM ko pAThAMtara hArahUra bhI diyA hai, jo ThIka hai| arthazAstra (pR0 133) meM hArahUraka aMgUra kI zarAba acchI kahI gaI hai| hemacaMdra (abhidhAna0, pR0 1155) ne aMgUra ke nAmoM meM hArahUrA bhI kahA hai| digvijaya parva' ( sabhA0 29 / 11 ) meM hArahUra pazcima meM rahanevAle kahe gae haiN| ramaTho se unakA saMbaMdha kahA gayA hai| varAhamihira bRha0, 14, 33) hArahUroM ko sidhu-sauvIra tathA madroM ke agala-bagala rakhate haiN| ramaTha saMskRta meM hIMga ko bhI kahate haiM, ataH vahA~ kI paidAvAra se isa deza kA nAma ho gyaa| hIMga dakSiNa aphagAnistAna, balUcistAna aura bukhArA meM hotI hai, ata: ramaTha bhI yahIM rahA hogaa| levI ke anusAra ramaTha deza gajanI aura bakhAna ke bIca rahA hogA (ja0 e0 1618, 126) / hvansAMga ke

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 173 kathanAnusAra hIMga helamaMDa kI ghATI kI eka khAsa paidAvAra thI ( vATarsa', bhAga 2, pR0 264 ) / helama'Da nadI sapUta yA prAcIna arAkheoziyA ke bIca se bahatI hai, para yaha pradeza ramaTha nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki arAkhoziyA kA prAcIna nAma jAguDa thA, jisakA varNana ramaTha ke sAtha mahAbhArata (araNya0, 48 21 ) meM bhI AyA hai / isaliye ramaTha pradeza kI pahacAna hama kalAta riyAsata ke kharAna jile se kara sakate haiM / yahA~ hIMga kAphI tAdAda meM paidA hotI hai aura isa jile kA lagAva prAcIna ariyA (-hirAta ) tathA arAkhoziyA (kaMdhAra) se thA / agara yaha pahacAna sahI hai to hArahUra kI pahacAna hirAta se ho sakatI hai, jahA~ ke aMgUra Aja dina bhI prasiddha haiM / haimavata - ( sabhA0, 47/19) bauddha sAhitya meM haimavata pradeza kA kAphI nAma hai / majhima ne 'himava'ta padesa' meM bauddha dharma phailAyA ( mahAva Mza, a0 14 ) / himava Mta pradeza ko koI tibbata meM mAnate haiN| phargyusana ise nepAla meM rakhate haiM / zAsanava eza meM ( pR0 13 ) ise cIna - raTTha meM kahA gayA hai / sA~cI tathA sonArI ke stUpoM se dvi0 za0 I0 pU0 kI cihna peTikAe~ milI haiM; unake abhilekha kAsapagota kA varNana karate haiM, jo saba haimavata pradeza kA guru kahA gayA hai (sA~cI, jilda 1, pR0 292 ) / kI eka coTI kA nAma imAvusa kahA gayA hai ( maikakriDi0 eM0 I0 pR0 131-32) / imAvasI saMskRta himavat kA rUpa jAna par3atA hai| isa nAma kA prayoga prokoM ne pahale hidUkuza aura himAlaya ke liye kiyA, para bAda meM isakA prayoga bAlora parvata zRMkhalA ke liye huA / yaha parvata zrRMkhalA cIna aura turkistAna se bhAratavarSa ko alaga karatI hai / grIka sAhitya meM emUdosa uparyukta jAtiyoM ke pratinidhi apane deza kI kalA-kauzala kI sAmagrI yudhiSThira ko bheMTa karane ko lAe / usameM 10 hajAra kAlI gardanavAle khaccara the (kRSNagrIvAnmahAkAyAn), jo eka dina meM 100 kosa jA sakate the| prAcIna kAla meM khaccara heya dRSTi se nahIM dekhe jAte the / bharata kI bidAI ke samaya unake mAmA ne khaccara bheTa kie the ( rAmA0 ayodhyA0, babaI sahaka0, 70, 23) / bheToM kI sUcI meM dUsarI vastu vAhlIka tathA cIna ke vastra haiM ( sabhA0 47, 22 ) / ye vastra ThIka nApa ke, acche raMgoM vAle aura mulAyama the ( pramANarAgasparzADhya ) /

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174 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA inameM Una ke bane vastra, raku bakaroM ke roe~ se bane vastra ( zraNa) tathA pATAMbara the / yahA~ kava zabda kI kucha vyAkhyA kara denA Avazyaka hai| kozoM meM raku 1 pahacAna pAmIra ke raku nAma ke (vuDa, e jarnI Tu di sorsa oN raku ke pazma se kImatI namde bhI taiyAra kie jAte the ko eka mRga - vizeSa kahA hai| lekina isakI bakare se hai / isakA pazma bahuta mulAyama hai oNksasa, pR0 57) / ( araNya0 225, 9 ) isa yuga meM bhAratIya cInI silka se cale the| isa prAcIna kAla meM cIna se silka Ane meM hameM koI Azcarya na honA caahie| prAcIna silka ke rAste para cIna ke pAsa eka vAzaTAvara kI / bhI abhijJa ho khudAi usa samaya sTAina ne kI hai| usameM cInI silka kA eka Tukar3A bhI milA hai| usameM brAhmo meM milA huA eka vyApArika kA lekha bhI prApta huA hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki bhAratavarSa ke vyApArI pahalI za0 meM bhI silka kharIdane cIna jAte the (sTAina, eziyA mejara, 1923, pR0 367-72 ) / bheTa kI sUcI meM tIsarI zreNI meM namde ( kuTTIkRtaM - sabhA0 27/23 ), hajAroM kamala ke ra MgavAle UnI vastra tathA bahuta se mulAyama silka aura Una ke bane hue vastra aura memanoM kI khAleM haiM, jinake liye aphagAnistAna Aja bhI mazahUra hai| kamalAbha se zAyada uparale svAta ke bane hue kaMbala abhipreta haiN| mahAvaNija jAtaka ( jilda 4, pR0 352, paM0 15 ) meM uDDIyAna ke kaMbala kI tArIpha kI gaI hai| Aja dina bhI toravA meM kAphI suMdara kaMbala banate haiM (sTAina, oNna alekseMDarsa TraikTa Tu iMDasa, 89 ) / sUcI ke cauthe varga meM apati ke bane hue nAnA astroM kA bhI ullekha hai ( 47,24) / yahA~ aparAMta se matalaba koMkaNa se nahIM hai, balki sImAMta - pradeza se hai, jahA~ ke astra-zastra Aja dina bhI prasiddha haiN| ina zastroM meM laMbI talavAre, choTe bhAle tathA parazu the| sUcI ke pA~cave varga meM ( 47/25 ) bahuta se kImatI ratnoM, zarAboM tathA sugaMdhita dravyoM kA varNana hai / ina vastuoM ke bAre meM vivaraNa na hone se kucha vizeSa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| gaMdha se zAyada kastUrI kA matalaba ho / sabhAparva (47/26) meM zaka, tukhAra, kakoM tathA lomaza aura zRMgI manuSyoM kA krama se varNana hai / inameM se zakoM aura tukhAroM kA varNana kara cuke haiM; zeSa kA nIce diyA jAtA hai|

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upAyanapava kA eka adhyayana __ kNk-(47|26) inakI pahacAna cInI itihAsa ke ka-gu logoM se kI jA sakatI hai| ghagna logoM kI kaida se chuTakArA- pAkara cAMga-kiyana tA-yuvAna pradeza meM phuNcaa| vahA~ se vaha kAMku logoM ke pAsa pahu~cA (ja0 a0 o0 sA0 1927, 94) / kaMku kaMkuyAnA yA sugdha ( bukhArA) ko pharganA ke uttara-pazcima meM cAMga-kiyana ne rakhA hai| usake anusAra isa deza ke nivAsI phiraMga jAti ke the jinake rIti-rivAja ka ka logoM se milate haiN| lomazAH RgiNo narA:-(47126) isa avataraNa meM kinhIM kAlpanika logoM kI ora izArA nahIM hai| yaha bhAsita hotA hai ki ye loga kisI zaka kabIle ke hoMge jo samUra pahanate rahe hoMge aura jinake zirovastra meM sIMga lagA rahatA thaa| zaka, tukhAra aura ka'ko ne yudhiSThira ko teja ghor3e die| sAhitya meM saikar3oM aise avataraNa haiM, jinameM vakSu ke uttara acche ghor3oM ke hone kA nirdeza hai| cIna ke bAdazAha vUto ne pharganA se ghor3e lAne ke liye pahale pharganA ke logoM ko samajhAne-bujhAne kI ceSTA kI aura bAda ko una ghor3o ko jabardastI lAne ko eka phauja bhI bhejI (je0 Ara0 o0 esa0 1917, 111-13) / baneM ne bhI apanI bukhArA kI yAtrA meM turkamAna logoM kI tArIpha kI hai aura isa anubhUti kA ullekha kiyA hai ki tuka mAna pradeza ke ghor3oM kI utpatti rustama ke ghor3e rakhza se huI hai ( vana, Trevalsa iMdU bukhArA, jilda 2, pR0 271-77) / . pUrva bhArata ke rAjAoM dvArA lAI duI bheMTa-(28-47, 28-30) / pahale varga meM bahumUlya prAsana, yAna aura zayyA haiM jinameM maNikAMcana aura hAthIdAMta ke kAma kie hue haiN| dUsare varga meM pUrva ke bane nArAca aura ardhanArAca bANa, bahuta se aura zastra tathA hAthiyoM ke jhUla aura bahuta se ratnoM kA varNana hai (4730) / ina bheToM se patA lagatA hai ki pUrvI yuktaprAMta, bihAra aura ur3IsA meM hAthIdAMta kI kArIgarI bahuta bar3hI-car3hI thI ( sabhA0, a048)| 1 upAyanaparva (48) ke dUsare, tIsare zlokoM meM una jAtiyoM kA varNana hai jo zailodA nadI para rahatI thiiN| zailodA nadI meru aura maMdara ke bIca meM

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176 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bahatI thii| zaileodA kI pahacAna se ina jAtiyoM kI bhaugolika sthiti para bahuta kucha prakAza par3a sakatA hai| matsyapurANa (120, 1918 ) ke anusAra zaileAdA kailAza ke pazcima aruNa parvata se nikalakara pazcimI samudra meM giratI hai| mArkaDeya pu0 (55, 3) meM zItodA jo zAyada zailodA kA apapATha hai, meru parvata se nikalI dikhAI gaI hai| meru tathA maMdara kI pahacAna abhI Thoka ThIka nahIM ho skii| pArjiTara ne pazcimI tibbata meM (mArka pu0, 351) zailodA nadI ko rakhA hai| ina saba avataraNoM ko dekhate hue yaha patA calatA hai ki zaileAdA uttara meM zAyada karrAkurama aura mustAka ke pAsa kahIM rahI ho| karrAkurama meM jahAM se sahAyaka zyoka nadI dakSiNa kI tarapha nikalatI hai, usI ke ThIka sAmane uttara kI ora yAraka da nadI usI parvata ke nIce kI ora bahatI hai| yArakaMda ko 'jaraphA' aura cInI meM zIto nadI kahate haiN| yaha nadI karrAkura ma ke dakSiNI pada se saTI huI bahatI hai aura isa parvata-zrRMkhalA ko ulluda se alaga karatI hai| saMbhavata: sIto nadI hI mahAbhArata kI zailIdA hai| yadi yaha pahacAna ThIka hai to karrAkura ma parvata meru ho sakatA hai aura kunaluna parvatazrRkhalA maMdara / khaza-(sabhA0, 4813) saMskRta-sAhitya meM khazoM ke bahuta ullekha haiN| nepAla meM gorakhe khaza kahAte haiM, aura inakI bhASA khaza yA parvatiyA kahalAtI hai| kazmIra ke dakSiNa-pazcima ke pahAr3I ilAke meM bhI khaza rahate the| rAjataraMgiNI ke bahuta se uddharaNoM se patA lagatA hai ki kaSTavAra ke pazcima meM vitastA kI ghATI taka khaza rahate the (sTAina, rAjata0, jilda 2, pR0 430) / silvA levI ke anusAra ( bo0 I0 epha0 I0 o0, jilda 4, pR0 564) khaza -kisI jAti-vizeSa kA nAma nahIM thA, balki isa zabda se una ardhasaskRta jAtiyoM kA bodha hotA thA jo himAlaya meM rahatI thIM, aura jinhoMne hiMdU dharma grahaNa kara liyA thaa| para madhya eziyA meM khaza zabda eka vizeSa mAne rakhatA hai| yahA~ kAzagara ke liye isa zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai (vahI, pR0 557) / upAyanaparva meM khaza kA vizeSaNa ekAzana (pAThabheda ekAsana ) AtA hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki yaha khaza eka jagaha phiraMdara nahIM balki gA~va meM rahanevAle the|

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana jyau-(48||3) inake bAre meM vizeSa patA nahIM, para ye khazoM ke pAsa rahate the| yaha jAnane yogya hai ki alamor3A meM johAra nAmaka tahasIla hai (alamor3A gaje0, pR0 259) / johara nAma kI vyutpatti ke viSaya meM patA nhiiN| zAyada yahA~ prAcIna jyau loga Akara rahe haiM, para yaha anumAna mAtra hai| diirghvennu-(48||3) lagatA hai ki ye phiraMdara jAti ke loga the; inake saMbaMdha meM aura kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| pazupa-(4813) ye bhI phiradara jAti ke the, aura zAyada kiragija logoM ke pUrvapuruSa rahe hoN| kunniNd-(48|3) mahAbhArata aura dUsare graMthoM se patA calatA hai ki kuNiMda bahuta dUra dUra taka phaile hue the| haradvAra ke pAsa tarAI pradeza meM bhI (bharaNya0 141, 25) inakA ullekha hai| isa pradeza kA rAjA subAhu kahA gayA hai| isake rAjya meM hAthI-ghor3oM tathA babara jAtiyoM kI bharamAra thI, kyoMki yahA~ kuNiMdoM ke sAtha kirAtoM aura taMgaNoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai| - bhAMDArakAra I0 dvArA saMpAdita parvo meM saMpAdakoM ne kuNiMda pATha ko ThIka mAnA hai, para kuliMda pATha bhI pAThabhedoM meM diyA hai (sabhA0 23, 13, 48, 3; araNya0 141, 25) / digvijayaparva meM eka jagaha ( 23, 14) kuliMda aura puliMda kA hera-phera bhI diyA hai| levI ke anusAra kuliMda-puliMda eka hI zabda haiM ( je0 e0 1921, pR0 30) / / - kuNiMdoM ke sikke bhI mile haiM (elana, vahI pR0 101) / ina sikkoM para kuNiMda zabda AtA hai| ye sikke hamIrapura, ludhiyAnA, jvAlAmukhI tathA sahAranapura jiloM meM pAe gae haiN| inase patA calatA hai ki kuNiMda zivAlika parvata para jamunA aura satalaja tathA vyAsa aura satalaja ke uparale hissoM para sthita the| tNgnn-(48|3) taMgaNoM kA ullekha kirAtoM ke sAtha subAhu ke rAjya meM AyA hai (araNya0 21, 24, 25) / eka dUsarI jagaha inakI gaNanA pazcima ke logoM meM kI gaI hai, tathA inakA saMbaMdha jAgur3a, ramaTha, strorAjya aura muMDoM ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| TAlmI (7, 11, 13) gaMgoha rAjya kA varNana karatA hai| isakI sthiti gaMgA ke pUrva se hotI huI uttara taka thI, aura usa . rAjya se sarvosa nadI bahatI thii| seMTa mArTina ne gaMgaNoi kA zuddha pATha taMganoI

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA mAnA hai (vahI, pR0 327, 28) / ina taMgaNoM kA rAjya rAmagaMgA nadI se lekara uparalI sarayU taka phailA huA thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM eka bAta aura jAnane kI hai ki taMgaNa kevala yahI nahIM basate the, balki kAzmIra ke pAsa bhii| madhya eziyA ke tuMgaNa zAyada inhIM ke vaMzaja hoN| parataMgaNa-(483) aisA jAna par3atA hai ki nasla ke hisAba se taMgaNoM kA saMbaMdha parataMgaNoM se rahA ho| eriyana ke anAbIsisa (4, 22) meM inakA kucha varNana milatA hai| isameM parai-takanAi (maikakriDala; invaijana, pR0.57) nAmaka deza kA varNana hai jisakI sthiti vaMkSu tathA jakasArtha ke uparale hisse meM thii| yaha bahuta saMbhava hai ki yahI mahAbhArata ke parataMgaNa rahe hoN| . pipIlika svrnn-(48|4) khaza, jyo, dIrghaveNu, taMgaNa aura parataMgaNa logoM ne yudhiSThira ko ghar3oM meM bharakara pipIlika svarNa diyaa| grIka vidvAnoM ne isa pipIlika svarNa ke bAre meM vicitra kathAeM kahI haiN| heroDoTasa ( 3,102,105) tathA megAsthanIja ityAdi vidvAnoM ke kathana ke anusAra ciu~TiyoM dvArA yaha sonA jamIna se khodA jAtA thaa| bahuta khoja ke bAda vidvAnoM ne sthira kiyA ki yaha sonA tibbata ko sone kI khAnoM se nikAlA jAtA thA (I0 e0, jilda 4, 225-232 ) / vAstava meM ye cITiyoM nahIM thIM, varan samUra pahane hue khAnoM meM kAma karanevAle tibbatI majadUra the| isa bAta ko ora bhI izArA kiyA gayA hai ki pipIlika svarNa kA nAma eka maMgola jAti (zi rai ghola) tathA cIMTo ke liye (ziragola ) hai (DAuphara, di sAga phADana golDa prAbeMDena pA mAisena, tuga pAva, navIM jilda, 1608, pR0 451) / TArna ke anusAra (pR0 107) pipIlika svarNa kevala loka-kathAoM kI bAta hai aura isakI kalpanA kevala sone ke udgamasthAna se pAne ke liye kI gaI thii| vAstava meM yaha sonA sAiberiyA se AtA thaa| yaha kahanA bahuta kaThina hai ki yaha sonA tibbata se yA sAiberiyA se AtA thA, kyoMki donoM pakSoM ne apane matoM kI puSTi ke liye kAphI pramANa die haiN| mahAbhArata se bhI isa prazna para kucha prakAza-par3atA hai| yudhiSThira ko jo sonA diyA gayA vaha karadoM ke rUpa meM thA, jisase patA lagatA hai ki vaha nadiyoM se bAlU dhokara

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pAnaparva kA eka adhyayana 179 nikAlA gayA ho / jo ho, saMbhavataH khaza aura dUsarI jAtiyoM ke hAthoM se gujarakara sAnA bhArata meM AtA thA / khaza ityAdi ke atirikta jaMgalI jAtiyA~ anya vastue~ camarI (48, 7) ityAdi lAI / Aja bhI tibbata se hiMdustAna ke bAjAroM meM camarI Akara bikatI hai| sAtha hI sAtha ve ( 48,5 ) himAlaya ke puSpoM se janita madhu tathA puSpoM se prathita uttarakuru deza ( 48,6 ) kI mAlAe~ aura uttara kailAza kI vanaspatiyA~ bhI lAe / mahAbhArata-kAla meM uttarakuru vaidika sAhitya meM aisI bAta nahIM / pAra unakI sthiti mAnI gaI hai| ke uttara meM rahA hogA ( vaidika iM0, kalpanA kSetra kI eka vastu raha gayA hai para aitareya brAhmaNa (8,14 ) meM himAlaya ke jimmara ke anusAra uttarakuru kAzmora jilda 1, pR0 84) / kirAta - ( sabhA0 / 488 ) kirAta kI vyutpatti kirAti aura kiroti zabda se hai, jisake mAne ki ta deza ke rahanevAle haiN| kirata deza nepAla meM dUda kosI aura karkI nadiyoM ke bIca kA pradeza hai| zAyada inhIM kirAtoM ko bhIma ne apane pUrva digvijaya meM harAyA thA / upAyanaparva (48, 8) meM kirAtoM ke deza kA acchA varNana hai| isake anusAra kirAta himAlaya ke pUrvI DhAla para tathA samudra ke kinAre vAriza deza ke pAsa rahate the| isase yaha patA calatA hai ki ve nepAla meM tathA baMgAla aura AsAma meM rahate the / kI pahacAna Adhunika bArisAla saba-DivIjana se ho sakatI hai / kirAta lohita tathA brahmaputra ke kinAroM para bhI rahate the / tibbata barmI jAti ke logoM kA isase sudara bhaugolika vivaraNa aura nahIM mila sakatA / vAriza kirAta camar3e pahanate the, tathA jaMgala ke phala-mUla para gujArA karate the ( sabhA0 48, 8 ) / ve apane sAtha svadeza kI upaja yudhiSThira kI bheMTa ka lAe, jisameM camar3e, ratna, suvarNa, caMdana, agaru, kAlIra ityAdi sugaMdhita vastue~ thIM (489) / sugaMdhita dravyoM ke liye AsAma bahuta dinoM se prasiddha thaa| ina vastuoM kA varNana kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM diyA hai (dekho motIcaMda -- kAsmeTiksa ina eMziyeTa iMDiyA, jarnala apha o0 ArTa, 1940, pR0 83-88 ) / sonA aura ratna nicale barmA se AyA hogA / isa

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. 180 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA pradeza ko suvarNabhUmi kahate the| ina vastuoM ke alAvA ve apanI jAti kI dAsiyAM tathA dUra deza ke pazu-pakSI bhI lAe (48, 10) / - kaayvy-(48|12) isakA pAThabheda kAvakhya bhI diyA hai| hamArI samajha meM kAvakhya pATha ThIka jAna par3atA hai| yaha zAyada vahI jAti thI jisake nAma se khAvaka kA darrA hai| yaha jAti saMbhavata: paMjazIra aura goviMca kI ghATiyoM ke bIca meM rahatI thii| drd-(48|12) prAcIna darada se Adhunika dardistAna kA bodha hotA hai| prAcIna saMskRta-sAhitya meM darada zabda kA vyavahAra kisI khAsa pradeza ke liye huA hai kyoMki citarAlI, kAphira tathA humjA logoM ke liye saMskRtasAhitya meM alaga nAma pAyA hai| darada zabda kA vyavahAra. zAyada gilagiTa, gureja, svAta tathA kAhistAna vAloM ke liye huA hai (priyarsana, liM0 sa0 oNk iMDiyA, jilda 8, bhAga 2, pR03)| mahAbhArata meM droNaparva (121, 4835-37, 4846-47) meM inheM parvatavAsI batAyA hai aura kAzmIra (vahI, 70,2466) tathA kAMboja ke bagala meM rakhA hai (sabhA0 24,22) / inakA zastra patthara thA tathA guleloM se ise phekane meM ye bar3e dakSa the (droNa0 121, 4845-47) / daradoM ke kaMboja ke sAnnidhya se donoM dezoM ke bahuta se rIti-rivAja eka se haiN| daab-(48|12) dAba deza kI pahacAna zrI jayacaMdra ne cinAba tathA rAvI ke bIca meM jammU aura ballAvara ke jiloM se kI hai (bhAratabhUmi0, pR0 106) / shuur-(48|12) inakI pahacAna madhyakAlIna zUra kabIle se ho sakatI hai| inameM sabase prasiddha vyakti zerazAha zUra huaa| saMbhavata: pahale zUra ghoroM ke deza meM rahate the| vahA~ se nikAle jAne para ve aimAka pradeza meM phiraMdara kI taraha ghUmate rhe| - vaiymk-(48|12)-inkii pahacAna madhya aphagAnistAna ke aimAka logoM se kI jA sakatI hai| aimAka uparizyena (hiMdUkuza) ke prAcIna vijetAoM kI saMtAne haiM, unakI bhASA IrAnI hai| ye acche lar3Ake hote haiM tathA inakA vyavasAya U~Ta pAlanA hai (ye U~Tere haiN)| inake deza meM cA~dI-sone, mANikya tathA

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 181 panne kI khAne haiM (pheriyara- kairavAna jarnIja eMDa vAMDari Mgsa ina parziyA, aphagAnistAna eTasa0, pR0 51-53) / aimAkoM meM nimnalikhita cAra kabIle haiM-- jamazedI, hajArA, phoroja kohI aura taimanI / inakA deza paThAra hai jise saikar3oM varSo se nadiyoM ne bahuta kucha kATa diyA hai ( holDiza, vahI, 214-15 ) / uduMbara - (48/12 ) auduMbaroM ke sikke AdhAra para dubaroM kA deza kA~gar3A jile kA pUrvI ghATI meM thA ( elana, vahI 70,7 ) / pAe gae haiN| inake hissA yAnI satalaja kI pANini ( 4, 2, 53 ) ke gaNapATha meM auduMbara jAlaMdharAyaNoM ke bagala meM rakhe gae haiN| mUlasarvAstivAdoM ke jIvaka kI takSazilA se bhadra kara, udu bara rohitaka tathA mathurA kI yAtrA kA ullekha hai ( prijulaskI, ja0 e0 1927, pR0 3 ) / isase yaha patA calatA hai ki auduMbara kI sthiti usa rAjamArga para thI jo zAkala, amodaka, rohataka se hote hue takSazilA jAtA thA ( vahI, 17,18) / inakI bhautika samRddhi ke sUcaka inake sikke haiM jo bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM pAe gae haiM / inake deza meM kuTaMbara kapar3e banAe jAte the ( miliMda pancha, cakanara kA saMskaraNa, pR0 2 ) / mahAbhArata meM inake liye 'durvibhAgAH' vizeSaNa AyA hai ( 48, 12 ) / isa vizeSaNa kA arthaM vibhakta hotA hai aura yaha zAlvoM ke saMgha kA dyotaka mAlUma par3atA hai / vAhnIka - ( 48 / 12 ) inheM uttara meM rahanevAlA kahA gayA hai| Adiparva (161/6 ) meM vAhlIka deza Adhunika uttarI aphagAnistAna ke balkha kota hai| kazmIra - (48 / 13 ) / kuMdamAna - (48/13 ) isa deza kI pahacAna kuTTAparAMta yA kuMdAparAMta se kI jA sakatI hai| kuMdamAna deza kA Adhunika nAma kUTahAra pargenA hai jo kAzmIra meM islAmAbAda ke pUrva meM hai (sTAina, rAjataraMgiNI, jilda 2, pR0 466 ) / 9 pauraka - ( 48/13) paurakoM kA saMbaMdha haMsakAyanoM se hai / isa deza kI pahacAna citarAla ejeMsI ke yAsIna pradeza se kI jA sakatI hai| yAsIna

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182 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA tathA citarAla ke loge ke pUrvI par3osI unheM pore aura isa pradeza kA nAma poriyAkI kahate haiM (biDulpha, vahI pR056)| hNskaayn-(48|13 ) inakA saMbadha yAsIna ke paurakoM se hai| sabhavataH haMsakAyanoM kA pradeza dujA aura nagara thaa| shissi-(48|13) zibipura kA ullekha 483 I0 ke zorakoTa ke eka lekha meM huA hai ( epi0 I0 16, 1) / zorakoTa kA TIlA zAyada prAcIna zibiyoM kI rAjadhAnI kA dyotaka hai| zivi logoM ke sikke bhI cittaura ke pAsa nagarI se pAe gae haiM (A0 sa0 ri0 1915-16, bhAga 1, pR0 15) / zibi deza ke UnI kapar3e kA nAma ziveSyaka dussa thA; usakA ullekha mahAvagga (8, 1, 29) meM milatA hai| trigrt-(48|13) prAcIna trigata rAvI tathA satalaja ke bIca meM jalaMdhara ke AsapAsa thA / Adhunika kA~gar3A jilA prAcIna trigarta kA sUcaka hai| yaudhey-(48|13) yaudheyoM ke deza kI sImA unake sikoM se nizcita kI jA sakatI hai| inase patA calatA hai ki yaudheyoM kA deza lagabhaga pUrA paMjAba thA ( elana, vahI, 151) / rAjanya-(48.13 ) g2ajanyoM ke bhI dUsarI tathA' pahalI zatAbdI I0 pU0 ke sikke mile haiM ( elana 703) / inake adhikatara sikke hoziyArapura jile se mile haiM aura rAjanyagaNa kI sthiti saMbhavataH vahIM honI caahie| mdr-(48|13) vaidika kAla meM madroM kA bahuta U~cA sthAna thA ( vaidika iMDeksa, jilda 2, pR0 103) / madroM kI rAjadhAnI zAkala thI (jAtaka, phaoNsabAla 4, pR0 230 Adi) jo Adhunika syAlakoTa hai| caMdravRtti ke anusAra (2,4,103) madra yA madraka zAlva saMgha ke eka aMga the| prijalaskI ne inheM IrAnI nasla kA mAnA hai (jU0 e0 1939,113 ) / isakI kucha puSTi mahAbhArata se bhI hotI hai| udyogaparva (8,3,4) meM madravIroM ko vicitra kavaca, vicitra dhvaja-kAmuka tathA vicitra AbharaNa, evaM vicitra rathayAna para calate hue batAyA hai| unakA vastrAbhUSaNa bhI unake svadeza ke anusAra thaa| lagatA hai ki unake vastrAbhUSaNoM meM kucha aisI vicitratA thI jisakI aura mahAbhAratakAra kA dhyAna gyaa|

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183 upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana keky-(48|13),kekyoN kA saMbaMdha madra se thaa| inakA deza Adhunika paMjAba ke zAhapura aura jhelama jiloM meM thaa| kanighama ne inako rAjadhAnI giribraja kI pahacAna jalAlapura se kI hai (zrA0 sa0 ri0, ji0 2, 14) / kekaya deza ke kutte bahuta majabUta hote the (rAmA0, ayodhyA0, 70 / 20) / aNbsstth-(48|14) inakA ullekha aitareya brAhmaNa ( 8 / 21 ) meM bhI ho gayA hai| eriyana ( 615) unheM aMbastanoI ke nAma se saMbodhita karatA hai| prIka AdhAroM se patA calatA hai ki cinAba ke nicale hisse para ye base hue the ( maikakiMDila, vahI, pR0 155, no02)| taary-(48.14)| Rgveda meM ( 1, 89, 6, 10, 178 ) graha eka daivI ghor3e kA nAma hai| isa saMbadha meM kApho bahasa hai ki yaha asala ghor3A thA yA kAlpanika / mahAbhArata meM tArkSya ( 1, 59, 59) garur3a kA dyotaka hai| . agastIyA ratna-parIkSA (5,81 phino le lApi deyara ena diena, perisa, pR0 188) meM tArkSya panne kA eka nAma hai| abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi (1064) meM hemacaMdra ne panne ko gArutmaka bhI kahA hai| garur3a tathA panne kA yaha sabadha usa anuzruti se hai jisake anusAra garur3a ne asura-bala ko mArakara pRthivoM para phekA aura usake pitta se panne kI utpatti huI (phino, vahI, pR0 43) / Upara ke varNanoM se patA laga jAtA hai ki tArkSya azva, pakSI, ratna tathA manuSya kA bodhaka thA, para tArkSya loga rahate kahA~ the aura ve vAstavika the yA kAlpanika, isakA ThIka patA nahIM cltaa| hvensAMga (vATarsa, bhAga 1) ke anusAra balkha aura marva alarUda ke bIca meM tAlAkAna nAma kA pradeza thA / seTa mArTina ke anusAra tAlAkAna kI pahacAna Adhunika dardistAna se, jo hirAta ke rAste para hai, kI jA sakatI hai| yahA~ para panne bhI milate the (pheriyara, vahI, pR0 51-53) / yahA~ ke ghor3e bhI mazahUra the ( vahI, pR0 53 ) / tArkSya zabda kA saMbaMdha panne aura ghor3e se kahA jA cukA hai| ho sakatA hai ki tAlAkAna hI kA prAcIna nAma tArkSya ho| . vastrapA-( 48 / 14) inakA varNana pahnavoM ke sAtha AyA hai| inake sthAna ke saMbaMdha meM adhika patA nhiiN| mahAbhArata (araNya0, 80 / 108 ) meM

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vastrApada kA varNana hai| yahA~ pAMDava maladA, paMcanada deza se hote hue pahu~ce the (vahI 80, 105) / yaha vastrApada prabhAsakhaMDa meM kAThiyAvAr3a meM giranAra parvata ke Asa-pAsa kahA gayA hai (iM0 e0, jilda 4,238-44) / phnv-(48|14) inakA saMbaMdha vastrapoM se sthApita kiyA hai, aura yadi vastrapa giranAra ke pAsa rahate the to hameM kAThiyAvAr3a meM jUnAgar3ha riyAsata meM eka prAcIna IrAnI upaniveza kI khoja karanI hogii| yaha Azcarya ko bAta nahIM hai ki azoka ke samaya meM rAjA tuSAspha, jo eka IrAnI thA, kAThiyAvAr3a kA zAsaka thA ( e0 I0, jilda 8,46-47) / mahAkSatrapa rudradAmana ke samaya suvizAkha nAma kA IrAnI Anata tathA surASTra kA zAsaka thaa| pro0 jAla zAtiyara ne yaha bAta batalAI hai ( ja0 rA0 e0 so0, 1928 ) / skaMdagupta ke giranAra ke abhilekha meM jUnAgar3ha ke zAsaka parNadatta aura cakrapAlita IrAnI the| vasAti-(48.14 ) inakA saMbaMdha mauleyoM se thA, jinakA sthAna zAyada kalAta riyAsata ke mAlAvana jile kI mUlAghATo meM thaa| vasAtI logoM kI pahacAna eriyana ko (6, 15) oslAdioi se kI jA sakatI hai, jo sikaMdara kI zaraNa meM usa samaya Ae jaba vaha cinAba aura jhelama ke saMgama para khemA DAle par3A thaa| vasAtiyoM kI bhaugolika sthiti para kAphI bahasa huI hai| jaisA vasAtiyoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai, agara yaha pahacAna ThIka hai to vasAtiyoM kA deza mUrA dareM ke uttara zibi pradeza meM rahA hogaa| yaha pradeza gajanI ke sAmrAjya meM bahuta dinoM taka thA tathA isakA saMbaMdha mulatAna se kAphI thaa| mulatAna ke vasAti sikaMdara ko zaraNa meM aae| mulatAna ke AsapAsa kSudraka-mAlavoM kA rAjya thA aura yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kSudraka-mAlavoM ke parAjita hone para vasAtiyoM ne bhI apanI hAra mAna lii| mauleya (48|14)-mauleyoN kA Adima sthAna balUcistAna ke mUla dare ke Asa-pAsa tathA mUla nadI kI ghATI meM rahA hogaa| mUla darrA prAcIna kAla meM eka bar3A calatA huA rAstA thA (holDiza, geTsa oNva iNddiyaa)| kSudraka-mAlava-(48.14) inakA saMbaMdha vasAtiyoM tathA mauleyoM se hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM kSudraka-mAlava dvaMdva rUpa meM Ae haiN| mahAbhASya

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pAnaparva kA eka adhyayana 185 (4,2,45 ) meM isI avataraNa meM pataMjali ne upazAli dvArA dI gaI kSudrakamAlavI senA kA varNana kiyA hai / sikaMdara ke itihAsakAroM ne kSudraka- mAlavoM ko nAma se saMbodhita kiyA hai| ye bar3e vIra hote the / anusAra siknI aura hirAvatI ke bIca ke doAba isakA bar3hAva siknI tathA siMdhu ke saMgama taka thaa| ke samIpa thI / zrakSudrakAi tathA malloI malloM kA deza eriyana ke zauDika - (48/15 ) saMskRta koSakAroM ke anusAra zauDika zarAba becanevAle the (abhidhAnaci 0 ) / unake sthAna kA koI patA nhiiN| zAyada unakA saMbaMdha paMjAba ke soMdhI khatriyoM se raddA ho / meM thA ( iMDikA, 4 ) / inakI rAjadhAnI multAna aMga-varaMga - ( 48-15) aMga deza bihAra meM bhAgalapura jilA hai / vAMga pUrvI baMgAla kA nAma thA / puMDra - (48/15 ) inakA saMbaMdha tAmraliptoM se hai ( sabhA0 48, 17 ) / paurANika anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra paur3a deza kI pahacAna choTA nAgapura se hai mArka 0 0 pu0 3,29 ) / zAstrI ke anusAra (kaniMghama, jyographI pR0 723-25) pauMDra deza mAladA, pUrNiyA, dInAjapura, rAjazAhI ke kucha jiloM se banA thA / ( zANavasya - ( 48, 15 ) inakA saMbaMdha gayA logoM se hai / inaka pahacAna Adhunika saMthAla logoM se hai / gayA (48/15 ) - suprasiddha hai / kaliMga (48/17 ) - mahAbhArata (araNya0 114, 41 ) meM kaliMga deza vaitaraNI nadI ke pAsa sthita kahA gayA hai / yaha nadI usakI uttarI sImA thI / isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki prAcIna kaliMga vaitaraNI nadI ke dakSiNa kA hissA tathA vijigApaTTama ke pAsa taka samudra-taTa para thA / 7 tAmralipti - (48/17) bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI tAmralipti baMgAla kI khAr3I para thA / yahIM se azoka ne bhikSuoM ko sIlona bhejA thA ( mahAvaMza 11, 38 ) / isakI pahacAna Adhunika tAmaluka, jo rUpanArAyaNa nadI para basA hai, se hotI hai| 24

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186 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA . vaMga, kaliMga, tAmralipti tathA puDoM dvArA bheMTa (48, 17.20) - dukUla-(48.17) eka prakAra kA bahuta mahIna kapar3A jo dukUla vRkSa ke rezoM se banAyA jAtA thaa| zAyada isakI pahacAna romana lekhakoM ke baoNisaoNsa se kI jAtI hai ( vArmigTana, vahI, pR0 210) / kaushik-(48|17 ) isa bAta kA patA lagatA hai ki isa kAla meM baMgAla meM silka kA vyApAra thaa| kiSkiMdhAkAMDa meM kozakAroM ke deza kA varNana AyA hai (levI, je0. e0 1918, janavarI-pharavarI 73-74) / patroNa-(48.17) saMskRta meM eka vRkSa-vizeSa kA nAma hai| koSoM meM bune hue silka ke vastroM ke liye isa zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai| praavr-(48|17) prAvAra eka bAhya vastra yA cAdara thaa| aisA patA lagatA hai ki kucha vyApArI kevala cAdara becate the| sA~cI ke eka abhilekha meM prAvArika zabda AyA hai ( sAMcI, jilda 1, pR0 313) / somezvara ke mAnasollAsa (jilda 2, pR059, zlo0 33) meM kaI taraha kI cAdaroM kA varNana AyA hai, jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki ye kevala cAdara ke vyApAra meM pravINa the| haathii-(48|19-20) isa saMbaMdha meM kaI bAte ullekhanIya haiN| pahalI yaha ki hAthI kAmyaka sara se aae| kucha loga kAmyaka sara kI pahacAna kAmarUpa se kara sakate haiM, para mahAbhAratakAra ne prAgjyotiSa zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA thA, kAmarUpa kA nhiiN| mahAbhArata (3, 84, 16) meM kAmyaka vana kA varNana hai, jahAM yudhiSThira yAtrA meM gae the| pahale yudhiSThira nAgapura (3, 90, 23 ) gae aura kAmyaka vana meM tIna dina rahe (90, 14) / isake bAda pAMDavoM kI yAtrA ke bAre meM aura koI varNana nhiiN| unakI dUsarI yAtrA phira naimiSAraNya se zurU hotI hai (90, 23) / isa yAtrA meM nAgapura kI pahacAna choTA nAgapura se ho sakatI hai, aura kAmyaka vana isI ke AsapAsa koI jaMgala rahA hogaa| choTA nAgapura meM kAmyaka aisI koI bar3I jhIla nahIM, para choTA nAgapura kA pradeza ur3IsA taka bar3hA hogA, aura isaliye hama kAmyakasara kA pahacAna cilakA se kara sakate haiN| yahA~ hAthI kAphI tAdAda meM milate the|

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 187 gaMdharva-(48.23 ) sureMdra zAstrA ne gaMdharvo kA deza (kaniMghama, vahIM, pR073) rAmAyaNa ke eka avataraNa ke AdhAra para (uttarakAMDa 113, 1011) sidhu ke donoM kUloM para mAnA hai| zukara-(4824) yaha nAma saMskRta sAhitya meM bahuta kama AtA hai| cInI bhASA ke caMdragarbha sUtra meM svAtI nakSatra ke prabhAva meM jo rAjya die gae haiM, unameM eka kA nAma zu-kiyA-lA hai jisakA saMskRta rUpa zUkara hai (silvoM levI, bI0, I0 epha0 I0 o0 5, pR0 270) / saMskRta meM . zUkara zabda ke artha hai-aisA prANI jo ghuragharAtA hai| isI liye suara ko zUkara kahate haiN| inakI pahacAna zabaroM se kI jAtI hai jo ur3IsA, choTA nAgapura, pazcimI baMgAla tathA madrAsa aura madhyapradeza meM aba bhI haiM (risleTrAibsa oNva baMgAla jilda 5, pR0 241) / pAMzu raassttr-(48|26) mahAbhArata meM kahA hai ki (61, 30) anAyusa kA eka putra pAzurASTra kA rAjA huaa| pAMzu pAMDavoM ke sAtha mahA. bhArata meM lar3e ( udyoga 4, 17) aura unakA saMbaMdha auDroM se hai ( vahI 4, 18) / auDU ur3IsA ke rahanevAle the, isaliye hameM pAMzu logoM kI khoja ur3IsA yA choTA nAgapura meM karanI caahie| ur3IsA meM pAna jAti ke loga prAcIna pAMzu logoM ke uttarAdhikArI haiM (risle-vahI, jilda 2, pR0 156) / sihala - prasiddha hai| samudrasAra-koSoM meM ise motI kahA hai, lekina isa sUcI meM motI kA nAma alaga diyA hai isaliye samudrasAra zAyada samudra phena kA dyotaka ho / vaiDUrya-(48.30) prAraMbha meM vaiDUrya sphaTika kA dyotaka thaa| lekina gAbe (Di iMDizena milirailiyana, pR0 85, noTa 2) tathA rAya saurIMdramohana ThAkura (maNimAlA) ke anusaMdhAnoM se siddha ho cukA hai ki vaiDUrya aura lahasuniyA eka ho ratna the| motI-bhArata meM motI manAra kI khAr3I se Ate the| zaMkha--(48130) 6ThI zatAbdi taka zaMkha sIlona se iTalI taka bheje jAte the| manAra kI khAr3I ke zakha aba bhI bar3e pavitra mAne jAte haiN| kutha--(48.30) hAthI ko raMgIna jhUloM ko kutha kahate the| aisA mAlUma par3atA hai ki sihala meM hAthiyoM kI bhUle acchI nahIM thiiN|

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188 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA pariziSTa sabhAparva ke aMtargata upAyanaparva kA mUla pATha (pUnAstha bhaMDArakara prAcyapariSad dvArA saMzodhita ) ___ a0 45 brAhmaNA vATadhAnAzca gomanta: zatasaMghazaH / traikharve balimAdAya dvAri tiSThanti vAritAH // 24 // a046 zrAvajitA ivAbhAnti ninAzcaitraki kaukurAH / kAraskarA lohajaMghA yudhiSThiranivezane // 21 // zra0 45 kadalImRgamokAni kRSNazyAmAruNAni ca / kAmbojaH prAhiNottasmai parArdhyAnapi kambalAn // 19 // rathayoSidgavAzvasya zatazo'tha sahasrazaH / trizataM coSTravAmInAM zatAni vicarantyuta // 20 // zra0 47 yanmayA pANDavAnAM tu dRSTaM tacchaNu bhArata / bAhRtaM bhUmipAlaihi vasumukhya tatastataH // 1 // na vinde dRDhamAtmAnaM dRSTvAhaM tadarerdhanam / phalato bhUmito vApi pratipadyasva bhArata // 2 // aiDAzcailAnvArSadaMzAjAtarUpapariSkRtAn / prAvArAjinamukhyAMzca kAmboja: pradadau vasu // 3 // azvAstittirakalmASAMstrizataM zukanAsikAn / / uSTravAmIstrizataM ca puSTAH pIluzamImudaiH // 4 // govAsanA brAhmaNAzca dAsamIyAzca sarvazaH / prItyartha te sahAbhAga dharmarAjJo mahAtmanaH // trikharva balimAdAya dvAri tiSThanti vaaritaaH||5|| 1 pAThAMtara, eDAn ; elAn / bailAn /

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apAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana 189 kamaNDalUnupAdAya jAtarUpamayAJzubhAn / evaM bali pradAyAtha pravezaM lebhire tataH // 6 // zataM dAsIsahasrANAM kAsikanivAsinAm // zyAmAstanvyo dIrghakezyo hemaabhrnnbhuussitaaH| zUdrA viprottamArhANi rAGkavAnyajinAni ca // 7 // baliM ca kRtsnamAdAya bharukacchanivAsinaH / upaninyurmahArAja hayAngAndhAradezajAn // 8 // indrakRSTavartayanti dhAnyairnadImukhaizca ye| samudraniSkuTe jAtA: parisindhu ca mAnavAH // 6 // te vairAmAH pAradAzca vaGgAzca kitavaiH saha / vividhaM balimAdAya ratnAni vividhAni ca // 10 // ajAvika gohiraNya kharoSTra phala madhu / kambalAnvividhAMzcaiva dvAri tiSThanti vAritAH // 11 // . prAgjyotiSAdhipaH zUro mlecchAnAmadhipo blii| .. yavanaiH sahito rAjA bhagadatto mahArathaH // 12 // aajaaneyaanhyaanshiighraanaadaayaanilrNhsH| bali ca kRtsnamAdAya dvAri tiSThati vAritaH // 13 // . azmasAramaya bhANDaM zuddhadantatsarUnasIn / prAgjyotiSo'tha taddatvA bhagadatto'vrajattadA // 14 // dvayakSAMstryakSAllalATAkSAnAnAdigbhyaH samAgatAn / auSNISAnanivAsAMzca baahukaan| puruSAdakAn // 15 // ekapAdAMzca tatrAmapazya dvAri vAritAn / balyartha dadatustasmai hiraNya rajataM bahu // 16 // indugopakavarNAbhAzukavarNAnmanojavAn / tathaivendrAyudhanibhAnsandhyAbhrasadRzAnapi / / 17 / / * pAThAMtara AbhIrAH; tugAzca / f, romakAn /

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190 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA - anekavarNAnAraNyAnagRhItvAzvAnmanojavAn / jAtarUpamanarthya ca dadustasyaikapAdakAH // 18 // cInAnhUNAzakAnoDrAnpArvatAntaravAsinaH / vASNe yAnhArahUNAMzca kRSNAnhaimavatAMstathA // 19 // na pArayAmyabhigatAnvividhAndvAri vAritAn / kalyathai dadatastasya nAnArUpAnanekazaH // 20 // kRSNagrIvAnmahAkAyAnrAsabhAzatapAtinaH / zrAhAH dazasAhasrAnvinItAndinu vizra tAn // 21 // pramANarAgasparzAdayaH bAlocInasamudbhavam / aurNa ca rAGkavaM caiva kITajaM paTTajaM tathA // 22 // kuTTIkRtaM* tathaivAnyatkamalAbhaM shsrshH| zlakSNaM vastramakArpAsamAvika mRdu cAjinam // 23 // . nizitAMzcaiva dIrghAsInRSTizaktiparazvadhAna / aparAntasamudbhUtAMstathaiva parazUJzitAn // 24 // rasAnagandhAMzca vividhAna ratnAni ca sahasrazaH / baliM ca kRtsnamAdAya dvAri tiSThanti vAritAH // 25 // zakAstukhArAH kaGkAzcI romazAH zRGgiNo narAH / / mahAgamAndUragamAngaNitAnabuda hayAn / / 16 // koTizazcaiva bahuzaH suvarNe padmasaMmitam / balimAdAya vividha dvAri tiSThanti vAritAH // 27 // zrAsanAni mahArhANi yAnAni zayanAni ca / maNikAJcanacitrANi gajadantamayAni ca // 28 // rathAMzca vividhAkArAjAtarUpapariSkRtAn / yavinItaiH saMpannAnvaiyAghraparivAraNAn // 29 // * kuTIkRtaM / 1 tuSArAH; tukhATAH; tukaaraaH| + kauravya; kaGkAzca ke liye kaumArAH pATha bhI hai| ..

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upAyanaparva kA eka adhyayana vicitrAMzca paristomAnratnAni ca sahasrazaH / nArAcAnadhanArAcA zastrANi vividhAni ca // 30 // etaddattvA mahaddravyaM pUrvadezAdhipo nRpaH / praviSTo yajJasadanaM pANDavasya mahAtmanaH // 31 // zradhyAya 488 dAyaM tu tasmai vividhaM zRNu me gadato'nagha / yajJArthaM rAjabhirdattaM mahAntaM dhanasaJcayam // 1 // merumandarayormadhye zailodAmabhito nadIm / ye te kIcakaveNUnAM chAyAM ramyAmupAsate // 2 // khazA* ekAzanA jyohAH pradarA dIrghaveNavaH / - pazupAzca kuNindAzca taGgaNA parataGgaNAH // 3 // te vai pipIlika nAma varadattaM pipIlikaiH / jAtarUpaM droNameyamahArSuH puJjazo nRpAH // 4 // kRSNAlla~lAmAMzcamarAJzuklAMzcAnyAJzaziprabhAn / himavatpuSpajaM caiva svAdu kSaudraM tathA bahu || || 5 | uttarebhyaH kurubhyazcApyapoDhaM mAlyambubhiH / uttarAdapi kailAsAdoSadhIH sumahAbalAH // 6 // pArvatIyA baliM cAnyamAhRtya praNatAH sthitAH / zrajAtazatranRpaterdvAri tiSThanti vAritAH // 7 // ye parArdhe himavataH sUryodayagirau nRpAH / vAriSeNa samudrAnteSu lohityamabhitazca ye / phalamUlAzanA ye ca kirAtAzcarmavAsasaH // 8 // * khasAH; khazAH / + hyarhAH; hyUvohAH; tryeohAH / + pazupA ke sthAna para pArA bhI pATha hai / 8 udghRtaM yat / // madhu / kArUSe / Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 191 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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192 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA candanAgurukASThAnAM bhArAnkAlIyakasya ca / * carmaratnasuvarNAnAM gandhAnAM caiva rAzayaH // 9 // kairAtikAnAmayutaM dAsInAM ca vizAmpate / hRtya ramaNIyArthAndUrajAnmRgapakSiNaH / / 10 / / nicitaM parvatebhyazca hiraNyaM bhuurivrcsm| baliM ca kRtsnamAdAya dvAri tiSThanti vAritAH // 11 // kAvyA daradA dArvAH zUrAH vaiyamakAstathA / audumbarA / durvibhAgAH pAradA vAhlikaiH saha // 12 // kAzmIrAH kundamAnAzca paurakA haMsakAyanAH / zivitrigartayaudheyA rAjanyA madrakekayAH // 13 // zraSThAH kaukurAstA vastrapAH pahnavaiH saha / vasAtayaH samauleyAH saha kSudrakamAlavaiH / / 14 / / zauNDikAH || kukkurAzcaiva zakAzcaiva vizAMpate / aGgA vaGgAzca puNDrAzca zAnavatyA gayAstathA / / 15 / / sujAtayaH zra eNimantaH zreyAMsaH zastrapANayaH / hA : kSatriyA vittaM zatazo'jAtazatrave // 16 // vaGgAH kaliGgapatayastAmraliptAH sapuNDrakAH / dukUlaM kauzika caiva patrorNe prAvarAnapi // 17 // tatra sma dvArapAlaiste procyante rAjazAsanAt / kRtakArAH suvalayastato dvAramavApsyatha || 18 || IzAdantAnhemakAnpadmavarNAnkuthAvRtAn / zailAbhAnnityamattAMzca zrabhitaH kAmyakaM saraH // 19 // * kAMbojA, kravyAdA, kairAtAH, kAvakhyAH / auauDu barA; kuTucarA / + ca kumArAzca / 8 paurakA kA pAThAMtara ghorakA bhI hai| || soMDikAH; pauMDrikA: /

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25 C Peter parva kA eka adhyayana datyaiA dazazatAnkuJjarAnkavacAvRtAn / kSamAvata: kulInAMzca dvAreNa prAvizaMstataH // 20 // ete cAnye ca bahavo gaNA digbhyaH samAgatAH / zranyaizcopAhRtAnyatra ratnAnIha mahAtmabhiH // 21 // rAjA citraratho nAma gandharvo vAsavAnugaH / zatAni catvAryadadadvayAnAM vAtaraMhasAm // 22 // tu pramudito gandharvo vAjinAM zatam / zrAmrapatra savarNAnAmadadaddhemamAlinAm || 23 || kRtI ca rAjA kauravya zUkarANAM vizAMpate / adadad gajaratnAnAM zatAni subahUnyapi // 24 // pAMzurASTrAdvasudAno rAjA SaDviMzatiM gajAn | azvAnAM ca sahasre dva e rAjankAJcanamAlinAm // 26 // javasattvopapannAnAM vayaHsthAnAM narAdhipa / baliM ca kRtsnamAdAya pANDavebhyo nyavedayat // 27 // yajJasenena dAsInAM sahasrANi caturdaza / 'dAsAnAmayutaM caiva sadArANAM vizAMpate // 28 // gajayuktA mahArAja rathAH SaDviMzatistathA / rAjya' ca kRtsnaM pArthebhyo yajJArtha vai niveditam // 29 // samudrasAraM vaiDrya' muktAH zaGkhAstathaiva ca / zatazazca kathAMstatra siMhalAH samupAharan // 30 // saMvRtA maNicAraistu zyAmAstAmrAntalocanAH / tAngRhItvA narAstatra dvAri tiSThanti vAritAH // 31 // Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 193 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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karmabhUmi aura pANivAda vyAsa ke dhAraNAtmaka dharma kI paribhASA meM yaha loka karmabhUmi kahA gayA hai| yahA~ se Age jo paraloka hai vaha phalabhUmi hogAkarmabhUmiriya brahman , phalabhUmirasau mtaa| (vanaparva, 261 / 35) ( 2 ) kama manuSya ko vizeSatA haiprakAzalakSaNA devA manuSyAH karmalakSaNAH / (azvamedha0, 43 / 20) kama hI manuSya kI saccI paribhASA hai| kama karane se jIvana meM jo prakAza utpanna hotA hai usI se manuSya deva bana jAtA hai| mAnavI puruSArtha kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana karate hue vyAsa ne svayaM devarAja iMdra ke mukha se karmavAda yA pANivAda kA vyAkhyAna karAyA hai . jinake pAsa hAtha haiM ve kyA nahIM kara sakate ? jinake pAsa hAtha haiM ve hI siddhArtha haiN| jinake pAsa hAtha haiM unako maiM sabase adhika sarAhanA karatA huuN| jaise tuma sadA dhana cAhA karate ho, vaise maiM to hAthavAle manuSyoM kI prApti cAhatA rahatA huuN| pANi-lAbha se bar3hakara anya koI lAbha nahIM hai| jinake pAsa devoM ke die hue dasa a~guliyovAle hAtha haiM, ve jAr3e. garmI-barasAta se apanI rakSA karate hue vastra, anna aura sukha ke sAdhana prApta karate haiN|

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karmabhUmi aura pANivAda '195 pRthivI ke adhipati hokara aneka prakAra ke bhoga bhogate haiM tathA nAnA upAyoM se auroM ko apane vaza meM kara lete haiN| 'pANimanta' puruSa hI balavAn aura dhanavAn banate haiM / isameM sadeha nahIM ki ve hI aneka prakAra se AnaMda karate aura haMsate khelate haiM / * * aho siddhArthatA teSAM yeSAM santIha pANayaH / zratIva spRhaye teSAM yeSAM santIha pANayaH // 11 // pANimadRbhyaH spRhA'smAkaM yathA tava dhanasya vai / na pANilAbhAdadhiko lAbhaH kazcana vidyate // 12 // zratha yeSAM punaH pANI devadattau dazAMgulI // 14 // adhiSThAya ca gAM loke bhuMjate vAhayanti ca / upAya cai vazyAnAtmani pANimanto balavanto dhanavanto na kurvate // 15 // saMzayaH // 34 // te khalvapi ramante ca modante ca hasanti ca // 35 // Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat ( zAMtiparva, 180 zra0 ) www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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hamArA sAke kA dina Aja [ lekhaka-zrI maithilIzaraNa gupta ] hamArA sAke kA dina Aja nahIM hameM kevala apanI hI, auroM kI bhI lAja / nae nae nirlajja hUNa zaka sajjita haiM abhinava atroM se; phalita na hoMge dalita yatna aba unhIM galita kuMThita zastroM se / sajane hoMge naI vijaya ke hameM nae hI sAja, - hamArA sAke kA dina Aja / hama abAdhya bhI rahe anudata na ho nRzaMsa virodha hamArA, pratipakSI ke tana se kyA hai, mana se ho pratizodha hamArA / saMskRta hokara rahe aMta meM prAkRta puruSa-samAja / hamArA sAke kA dina Aja / korI nIti kApuruSatA hai, korI zakti hiMsra pazu ceSTA, nija vikrama kA sabhA-ratna hI apanA anupama upadeSTA / apane prAdarzoM kA draSTA kAlidAsa kavirAja, hamArA sAke kA dina Aja / * kArya kevalA nItiH zaurya zvApadaceSTitam / -kAlidAsa /

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paurava-parAkrama-padaka isa citra kA AdhAra cAMdI kA eka padaka hai jo isa samaya briTiza myUjiyama meM surakSita hai| . eka bhImAkRti lauTe hue hAthI para do yoddhA baiThe haiN| unake pIche eka azvArohI hai| hAthI para baiThe hue pichale yoddhA ne 4 . ghUmakara apanI bharapUra zakti se bache kA hAtha dhur3asavAra para calAyA hai| yUnAnI mudrAzAstra ke vizeSajJa zrI heDa mahodaya ke mata meM, jise ke nija hisTrI ke lekhaka ne bhI pramANa mAnA hai (pR0 389), yaha padaka svayaM sikaMdara ke samaya kA hai| zrI heDa ke kathanAnusAra isameM paurava-sikaMdara-yuddha kI eka

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198 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA romAMcakAriNI ghaTanA kA citraNa hai jisakA ullekha yUnAnI itihAsa-lekhaka arriyana ne kiyA hai| ___ yavana senA se yuddha ke samaya anya saba loga to vicalita ho gae, paraMtu parAkramI paurava apane sthAna para aDiga jame rhe| usa IrAnI samrATa kI taraha jisane aise samaya raNabhUmi se bhAgakara prANa bacAe the, mahArAja paurava apane sthAna se tila bhara bhI na hile aura vIroM ko bhA~ti unhoMne apane hAthI ko nirbhayatApUrvaka cAroM ora se barasate hue bhayaMkara bANoM ke bIca meM rokaa| eka bANa unake dAhine kaMdhe meM lgaa| usa samaya hAthI usa sthAna se lauttaa| mahArAja paurava abhI kucha hI dUra gae the ki unheM pIche AtA huzrA eka azvArohI dikhAI pdd'aa| usane cillAkara kahA-'he paurava, apanA hAthI roko, maiM yavanarAja se tumhAre liye saMdeza lAyA huuN|' vIra paurava ne turaMta use pahacAnA / yahI vaha takSazilA kA rAjA Abhi hai jo dezadroha karake sikaMdara kI ora jA milA thaa| unake mana meM ghRNA bhara gaI aura apane sthAna para baiThe hue hI ghUmakara apane ghAyala hAtha kI bacI huI zakti ko sameTakara unhoMne eka baLa phaMkakara maaraa| yadi abhi ne kUdakara apanI rakSA na kI hotI to vaha avazya hI usakA nizAnA bana gayA hotaa| zrI heDa kA kathana ki isa padaka para paurava ke parAkrama kI yahI ghaTanA aMkita hai (bI0vI0 heDa, hisToriyA mimyUrama, 50 833; ke hi0, pR0 367, 389) bilakula yathArtha jAna par3atA hai, kyoMki isase dRzya kA artha pUrI taraha samajha meM A jAtA hai| padaka kI dUsarI ora eka khar3e hue vajadhArI puruSa kI mUrti hai jise viyasa devatA ke rUpa meM sikaMdara kalpita kiyA gayA hai| smitha ne yUnAnI bhASA ke porasa kA saMskRta rUpa paurava mAnane meM kucha saMdeha kiyA hai (arlI hisTrI 4 saM0, pR0 64, paad-ttippnnii)| kiMtu kaibrija hisTrI ke vidvAn lekhaka ne porasa kA zuddha rUpa paurava hI svIkAra kiyA hai| hamArI sammati meM paurava nAma hI zuddha thaa| pANini ke sUtra (4,3,100)* * janapadinAm janapadavatsarvam janapadena samAnazabdAnA bahuvacane /

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O eka bhAratIya sainika yoddhA Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat kee www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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paurava-parAkrama-padaka 199 para kAzikA TippaNI meM janapada aura usake zAsaka ke bhinna nAmoM kA udAharaNa dete hue likhA hai _anuSaNDo janapadaH, pauravo rAjA, sA bhaktirasya pauravIyaH / arthAt anuSaMDa eka janapada kA nAma thA jisakA ullekha pANini ke kacchAdi gaNa (4 / 2 / 133) meM bhI pAyA hai| usa janapada ke adhipati kSatriya zAsaka kA nAma paurava thaa| rAjA paurava ke prati bhakti se anurakta jo janapadanivAsI the ve pauravoya kahalAte the| vIra paurava ke liye dRr3ha bhakti janatA meM svAbhAvika thI, aura usake liye 'poravIya' zabda bhASA meM pracalita thA, yaha bAta vyAkaraNa sAhitya ke eka kone meM surakSita isa udAharaNa se jJAta hotI hai| yaha anuSaMDa janapada jisake rAjA paurava the, prAcIna kekaya deza ke hI aMtargata rahA hogaa| vastutaH jhelama-zAhapura-gujarAta ke pahAr3I ilAkoM kA pradeza yA prAcIna kekaya. deza hI rAjA paurava kA rAjya thA, jaisA ki yUnAnI aitihAsika ke kathana se jJAta hotA hai| katiprasa ke anusAra jhelama aura cinAba ke bIca meM porasa kA rAjya thA aura unake rAjya meM tIna sau nagara the| isa padaka ke mahArAja paurava, jinhoMne sa'grAmabhUmi meM yavana-senA se lohA liyA prAcIna kSAtra-dharma kI pratimUrti the| yUnAnI itihAsalekhaka unake voratva-guNa ko prazaMsA karate hue nahIM aghaate| jisa samaya ghira jAne para paurava apane hAthI se utare aura yUnAnI dUta AdarapUrvaka unheM yavana senApati ke pAsa livA le gayA, svaya sikaMdara enake svAgata ko ghor3e para car3hakara paayaa| unake mukha ke teja aura zAlavRkSa kI taraha U~ce dRr3ha zarIra ko dekhakara sikaMdara kA mana sammAna aura Azcarya se bhara gyaa| sikaMdara ne paurava se pUchA-"Apa apane sAtha kaisA vyavahAra cAhate haiM ?" "rAjA ke yathAyogya," paurava ne uttara diyaa| sikadara ne phira kahalAyA-"kucha aura nizcita bAta khie|" paurava ne darpa ke sAtha uttara diyA- 'rAjA ke liye yathAyogya', mere isa kathana meM hI saba kucha A gayA hai|" isa uttara se prasanna hokara sikaMdara ne unako apane maitro-baMdhana meM bAMdha liyA aura mahArAja paurava phira apane pUrva pada para adhiSThita hue|

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200 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA isa agni-parIkSA meM par3akara bhI paurava apane akSuNNa gaurava ke sAtha uttIrNa hue| vIra bhAva unameM kUTa kUTakara bharA thaa| kekaya deza kI vIrapara parAoM ko unhoMne apane deva-kalpa sAr3he chaH phuTa U~ce zarIra meM dhAraNa kara rakhA thA, jaisA ki sImAMta-pradeza ke adhipati meM honA caahie| bar3hatI huI yUnAnI senA ke AkramaNa ne rAjA paurava ko tubdha kiyaa| "merA nAma pahalI havi hai" (havirasmi nAma)-yaha kahakara unhoMne pacAsa sahasra bhAratIya senA kI abhedha prAcIra khar3I karake yavana-senApati kI gati ko jeMka diyaa| isa bhAratIya senA meM tIsa sahasra bhAratIya padAti the, jo chaH phuTa laMbe dhanuSa ko khIMcakara nau phuTa laMbe bANa chor3ate the| usa bhayaMkara yuddha meM pauravarAja ne asIma sAhasa aura bala kA paricaya diyaa| unake prANoM se bhI pyAre do putra yuddha kI bali hue, aneka senAdhyakSoM ne bhI apanI Ahuti dI aura svadeza kI patAkA ko U~cA rkhaa| kSatriyoM kA karma kSAtra dharma kA paricaya denA hai| yuddha kA balAbala pariNAma devAdhIna hotA hai| harSa kI bAta hai ki rAjA paurava ne jisa jujhAU yajJa kA prArabha kiyA thA, kSudraka-mAlava jaise lar3AkU gaNa-rAjyoM ne use Age jArI rakhA aura aMtatogatvA yavana-senA bhArata-vijaya kI AzA chor3akara hRdaya aura zarIra donoM se thako-mA~dI apanI janmabhUmi ke liye vApasa phirii| rAjA paurava ke parAkrama kA sUcaka yaha padaka apane gauravazAlI saketoM ke sAtha sAtha kucha viSAda ko bhI rekhAoM ko prakaTa karatA hai| ye rekhAe~ takSazilA ke rAjA Abhi kA caritra hai| apane par3osI deza abhisAra ke rAjA aura kekaya ke rAjA zrAbhi kI kucha anabana thii| kheda hai ki usI vaira kI bhAga ko ThaMDhI karane ke liye zrAmi ne takSazilA ke dvAra yavana AkramaNakArI ke liye khola die aura nagara kI saba senA tathA sapatti bhI usake arpita kara dii| AMbhi ke isa kSudra karma se vIra paurava kitane uttapta hue, yaha isa bAta se jAnA jA sakatA hai ki saprAmabhUmi meM ghAva se lathapatha apane dakSiNa bAhu ke aMtima prahAra kA lakSya unhoMne Ami ko hI bnaayaa| pauravaparAkrama-sUcaka yaha padaka bhAratIya itihAsa ke vIra-bhAva kA sUcaka to hai hI, usake karaNa pakSa kA bhI eka pratIka hai|

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha [ lekhaka-zrI caMdragupta vedAlaMkAra ] 1-sAMskRtika saMbaMdha saMsAra ke itihAsa kA anuzIlana karatA huA bhAratIya vidyArthI anya dezoM ke vijayI itihAsa par3hakara socatA hai ki kyA hamAre deza kA bhAgya bhI kabhI jagA hai ? kyA isa puNyabhUmi ke upAsakoM ne bhI kabhI apanA vistAra kiyA hai ? kyA hamAre bhI kabhI sAMskRtika, rAjanItika aura Arthika sAmAjya phaile haiM ? vaha anaMta se punaH prazna karatA hai, kyA yaha saca hai ki raghu ne digvijaya kI thI, rAma ne laMkA jItI thI aura arjuna pAtAla deza taka gayA thA ? vaha bhArata ke purAtana khaMDaharoM ko dekhatA hai aura kucha nizcayAtmaka svara meM pUchatA hai, nAlaMdA aura takSazilA ke vizvavidyAlaya kyA yahIM the, jinameM dUra dUra ke dezoM se vidyArthijana zikSA prApta karane Ate the aura praviSTa na ho sakane para nirAza ho apane dezoM ko lauTa jAte the ? hantsA aura phAhiyAna ne kyA inhIM vizvavidyAlayoM meM zikSA pAI thI ? kyA sacamuca mere hI deza ko puNyabhUmi samajhakara cInI loga tIrthayAtrA ko Ate rahe haiM ? vaha atIta kA smaraNa karatA hai aura . smRtipaTa para bikharI huI sthApanAoM ko doharAtA hai| jaba devAnAMpriya tiSya ko AdhyAtmika pyAsa bujhAne ke liye koI srota DhU~r3hane kI cAha huI to usane azoka se prArthanA kI aura kumAra maheMdra tathA kumArI saMghamitrA bhagavAna buddha kA satya saMdeza dene siMhaladvIpa phuNce| jaba cIna ko nae prakAza kI cAha huI to usane buddha kI zaraNa lii| jaba tibbata ko Atmika unnati kI tar3apa kA anubhava huA to zAMtarakSita, padmasaMbhava aura atizA ko nimaMtrita kiyA gyaa| jaba araba meM kalA, sAhitya aura vijJAna kI khoja kI gaI to bhAratIya paMDitoM kA smaraNa kiyA gyaa| jAvA, kaMboDiyA aura anAma to bhAratIyoM dvArA basAe hue upaniveza hI haiN| sudurapUrva ke nivAsI to ziva, viSNu aura buddha ke 26

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202 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA upAsaka the| beyana kA zivamaMdira, akora kA viSNumaMdira, tathA borobudUra kA buddhamaMdira Aja bhI bRhattara bhArata kI suMdara jhA~kI dikhA rahe haiN| sudUrapUrva ke prastara-khaMDoM para khudI huI rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura gItA kI kathAe~ sahasroM varSa prAcIna hamAre sAhasI pracArakoM aura dharma-sAmAjya-nirmAtAoM kA smaraNa karA rahI haiN| mAnava-dharmazAstra kA "etaddazaprasUtasya sakAzAdagrajanmanaH / svaM svaM caritraM zikSeran pRthivyAM sarvamAnavAH // yaha zloka use preraNA dene lagatA hai aura use pratIta hotA hai ki bhArata bhI kabhI apanA vistAra kara cukA hai| jApAna se misra taka, bAlI se grIsa taka bRhattara bhArata kA vizAla bhavana khar3A thaa| Aie usakI rUparekhA yahA~ khIMceM Aja se DhAI sahasra varSa pUrva bhAratavarSa meM eka mahAn dhArmika krAMti huI thii| usa samaya kevala bhArata meM hI nahIM, apitu samasta saMsAra ke dhArmika kSetra meM bar3I uthala-puthala maca rahI thii| lagabhaga usI kAla meM cIna meM lAutsI aura kanphyUzasa, grIsa meM sukarAta tathA usake samakAlIna anya dArzanika aura baibilona meM IsA, dharma ke prAcIna vicAroM ko parizodhita kara rahe the| bhArata meM isa krAMti ke pravartaka mahAtmA buddha the| sAranAtha meM apane pA~ca ziSyoM ko saMbodhana kara buddha ne upadeza diyA-"bhikSuo, aba tuma loga jAo aura bahutoM ke kuzala ke liye, saMsAra para dayA ke nimitta, devatAoM aura manuSyoM kI bhalAI, kalyANa aura hita ke liye bhUmaNa kro| tuma usa siddhAMta kA 'pracAra karo jo Adi meM uttama hai, madhya meM uttama hai aura aMta meM uttama hai| saMpanna, pUrNa tathA pavitra jIvana kA pracAra kro|" buddha kA apane ziSyoM ko yahI prathama upadeza thaa| bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa meM isakA vizeSa mahattva hai; kyoMki yahIM se dharmacakra kA pravartana AraMbha hotA hai| isI upadeza meM bhArata ke sAMskRtika vistAra kA tattva nihita hai| saMskRti kA yaha prasAra buddha ke jIvanakAla meM bhArata meM hI phailatA rahA, para azoka ke samaya se yaha sAMskRtika vistAra bhArata se bAhara phailanA AraMbha huaa| buddha kI mRtyu se 236 varSa pazcAt modgaliputra tiSya ne tRtIya saMgIti (sabhA) ko AmaMtrita kiyaa| isa sabhA meM nizcaya kiyA gayA ki vividha dezoM meM bauddhadharma ke pracArArtha nau pracAraka-maMDala bheje jaayeN| kAzmIra aura gAMdhAra meM majjhatika ko, mahiSa

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 203 maMDala (maisUra ) meM mahAdeva ko, yona (yUnAnI jagat ) meM mahArakkhita ko, himavaMta (himAlaya ) pradeza meM majjhima ko, suvanabhUmi (pegU , maulamIna ) meM . soNa aura uttara ko, laMkA meM mahAmahiMda ( maheMdra ) ko, vanavAsI (uttarIya kanArA) meM rakkhita ko, aparAMta (baMbaI) meM yonadhammarakkhita ko aura mahAraTTha ( mahArASTra) meM mahAdhammarakkhita ko bhejA gyaa| ina pracAraka-maMDaloM ko apane kArya meM AzAtIta saphalatA prApta huii| tAmraparNI ( laMkA) jisa samaya pATaliputra meM tRtIya bauddha-sabhA ke adhivezana ho rahe the aura modgaliputra tiSya videzoM meM pracAraka-maMDala bhejane kI yojanA banA rahe the, usI samaya laMkAdhipati devAnAMpriya tiSya ne azoka ke pAsa eka dUtamaMDala bhejane kA vicAra kiyaa| isa dUtamaMDala kA netA mahAariSTa thaa| dUtamaMDala ke pATaliputra pahu~cane para azoka ne tiSya ko mahAariSTa dvArA saMdeza bhejA"maiM to buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa meM A gayA huuN| tuma bhI apane ko triratna kI zaraNa meM lAne ke liye taiyAra kro|' idhara mahAariSTa, tiSya ko azoka kA saMdeza sunAne jA rahA thA aura udhara kumAra maheMdra ne iSTiya, zaMbalA, uktiya aura bhadrazAla ke sAtha laMkA kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| laMkA meM mizraka parvata para tiSya se maheMdra kI bheTa huii| tiSya ne aneka prazna kie jinakA maheMdra ne bar3I buddhimattA ke sAtha uttara diyA / uttaroM se prabhAvita hokara tiSya ne apane anuyAyiyoM sahita bauddhadharma kI dIkSA lii| tiSya kI putrI anulA ne bhI dIkSA lenI caahii| isake liye eka dUsarA dUta-maMDala kumArI saMghamitrA ko AmaMtrita karane tathA bodhidruma kI zAkhA lAne ke liye bhArata bhejA gyaa| saMghamitrA ke Ane para anulA ne apanI saheliyoM sahita saMgha meM praveza kiyA aura bodhidrama kI zAkhA ko anurAdhapura ke mahAvihAra meM sthApita kiyA gayA, jahA~ vaha Aja bhI vidyamAna hai aura saMsAra ke prAcInatama aitihAsika vRkSa ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| 234 vi0pU0 meM tAmila rAjA sena aura guttika kI saMmilita senAoM ne laMkA para AkramaNa kara zAsana karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| yadyapi ye loga bauddha na the tathApi inakI nIti dhArmika sahiSNutA kI thii| ina tAmila

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204 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA rAjAoM meM sabase pramukha elAra thA / isakI nyAyapriyatA aura nirapekSatA kI aneka kathAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM / duSTaprAmaNI ne elAra ko katla kara svayaM rAjagaddI prApta kI / aba punaH sihalI rAjAoM kA zAsana AraMbha huA / isa kAla meM bauddha dharma ne unnati kI / isa yuga kA prasiddha rAjA mahAsena thaa| yaha samudragupta kA samakAlIna thaa| mahAsena ke bAda zrI meghavarNa zrayA / ise mahAvaMza meM dvitIya mAMdhAtA kahA gayA hai / aneka vihAroM aura maMdiroM kA isa samaya nirmANa huA / isI ke samaya kaliMga kA eka rAjakumAra aura rAjakumArI buddha kA dA~ta lekara rAjasabhA meM upasthita hue / ise svarNapAtra meM rakhakara Upara se maMdira cinA gyaa| kAMDi ke mAligA~va maMdira meM jo dA~ta vidyamAna hai, usake viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki vaha yahI hai / isake bAda mahAnAma rAjA huA / isI ke samaya buddhaghoSa nAmaka bhAratIya paMDita laMkA gayA / isane aTThakathAoM kA pAlI meM anuvAda kiyA / 1065 I0 pIche bauddha bulAe ge| AkramaNa kiyaa| isa samaya pUrNa rUpa se nikAle nahIM jA Daca loga laMkA pahu~ce / isake bAda kA itihAsa pArasparika jhagar3oM kA itihAsa hai / isa vyavasthA meM nirbala pakSa ne apanI sahAyatA ke liye tAmila rAjAoM ko AmaMtrita kiyaa| ina rAjAoM ke samaya hiMdU dharma kA bahuta prasAra huA / meM vijayabAhu ne samasta deza ko jItakara punaH vyavasthA sthApita kii| saMgha jo vikRti zrA gaI thI use dUra karane ke liye barmA se bhikSu kucha kAla bAda phira tAmila logoM ne laMkA para ke bAda se phira kabhI tAmila loga laMkA se sake / 1505 meM porcugIja aura 1602 meM taba se IsAI mata kA bhI isa dvIpa meM prasAra huA / 1795 meM a~garejoM ne Daca logoM se laMkA ko chIna liyA aura 1815 meM kAMDi kA svataMtra rAjya bhI briTiza sAmrAjya meM milA liyA gayA / isa samaya saMpUrNa laMkA briTena ke adhIna hai / vahA~ hiMdU, bauddha aura IsAI mata- - tInoM dharmoM kA pracAra hai| lagabhaga cauthAI janatA tAmilabhASI hiMdU hai / uttarIya jiloM meM hiMdU maMdiroM kI bharamAra hai / bahuta se bauddha maMdiroM meM bhI hiMdU devatAoM kI mUrtiyA~ vidyamAna haiM / zradhikAMza janatA bauddha dharmAnuyAyI hai / zrAja laMkA-nivAsiyoM ko bhAratIya bhikSu se dIkSA lie hue do sahasra varSa se adhika samaya bIta cukA hai tisapara bhI

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 205 donoM dezoM kA vaha sAMskRtika saMbaMdha Aja bhI sthita hai aura pichale kucha varSo meM vaha dRr3hatara huA hai| ___ kustana (khotana) tibbatI aura cInI vivaraNoM meM khotana aura bhArata ke sAMskRtika saMbaMdha kI aneka manoraMjaka kathAe~ saMgRhIta haiN| yadyapi ye kathAnaka paraspara mela nahIM khAte tathApi isa bAta meM samatA hai ki isa deza kA nAma kustana ( kubhUmi hai stana jisakA) kisI aise rAjakumAra ke nAma para par3A jise gRha-nirvAsana ke kAraNa bhUmi ke sahAre palanA pdd'aa| vaha rAjakumAra kauna thA, isa viSaya meM kathAnaka ekamata nahIM haiN| ina vivaraNoM ke anusAra 58 I0 pU0 meM vijayasaMbhava khotana kA rAjA huaa| yaha kaNva rAjA bhUmimitra kA samakAlIna thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka ke pAMcaveM varSa kAzmIra se arhat vairocana nAmaka bhikSu khotana phuNcaa| isake upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara rAjA ne bauddhadharma kI dIkSA lii| isa prakAra vairocana hI vaha prathama pracAraka thA jisane khotana meM mahAyAna dharma ko pracalita kiyA thaa| vijayasaMbhava ke bAda sAta rAjAoM taka bauddhadharma kI koI vizeSa unnati nahIM huii| pAThavA~ rAjA vijayavIrya thaa| isake samaya vihAroM aura caityoM kA nirmANa huaa| isake bAda vijayajaya aura vijayadharma ke samaya bauddhadharma kI vizeSa unnati huii| donoM dezoM ke bIca paMDitoM kA AvAgamana huaa| rAjA vijayakIrti ke samaya zveta hUNoM ke AkramaNa hue jisake pariNAma svarUpa bauddhadharma ko bahuta kSati uThAnI pdd'ii| bahuta se vihAra jalA die gae aura nae banane se roka die ge| 1000 IsavI meM turka AkrAMtA yUsupha kAdarakhA~ ne khotana para AkramaNa kiyA aura use jIta liyaa| isa samaya janatA para bhayaMkara atyAcAra kie ge| bhikSu loga deza chor3akara tibbata bhAga ge| bauddhadharma kI avanati hone lgii| 1000 se 1525 I0 taka turko kA zAsana rhaa| ye loga musalamAna the ataH aba islAma kA utkarSa prAraMbha huaa| 1125 se 1218 taka kA itihAsa ajJAta hai| 1218 meM khotana, caMgejakhA~ ke maMgola sAmrAjya kA hissA bana gyaa| isake uparAMta kaI sau varSoM taka yaha islAmI kriyAzIlatA kA pradhAna keMdra

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sthAna banA rhaa| 1878 meM yaha cInI sAmrAjya ke sin-kyA prAMta meM milA liyA gyaa| Aja se zrAdhI zatAbdi pUrva kisI ko isa bAta kA svapna bhI na thA ki khotana kI vaha marubhUmi jisameM saba ora reta hI reta dikhAI detA hai, ekAeka kisI prAcIna sabhyatA ke keMdra rUpa meM prakaTa hogii| pichale kucha varSoM se videzI anusaMdhAnakartAoM dvArA vizeSata: sara Arala sTAIna dvArA jo gaveSaNAeM kI gaI haiM unase yahI pariNAma nikalatA hai ki kucha zatAbdi pUrva isa deza meM bauddha saMskRti unnati ke zikhara para ArUr3ha thii| vahA~ saikar3oM vihAra the jinameM hajAroM bhikSu rahate the| ina bhikSuoM meM kaI eka dhuraMdhara vidvAna the| buddhasena aise hI paMDitoM meM se eka thaa| vyApArika dRSTi se bhI isa deza kA bar3A mahattva thaa| kAzagara se cIna aura cIna se bhArata AnevAle sArthavAha ( kAphile ), vyApArI aura yAtrI khotana hokara hI AyA-jAyA karate the| phAhiyAna, suGyuna, hvan-tsAG aura mArkopolo ne isI mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA thA, paraMtu kisI daivI vipatti ke kAraNa zikSA aura sabhyatA kA yaha keMdra nirjana ho gyaa| AkAza ko cUmanevAle vihAra, tAroM se bAteM karanevAle stUpa, pratimAoM se vibhUSita maMdira tathA sahasroM hastalikhita graMthoM se yukta pustakAlaya-saba eka sAtha retIle TIloM ke garbha meM samA ge| isa sarvatomukha vinAza ke pariNAma svarUpa Aja se 50 varSa pUrva khotana kI atyunnata sabhyatA kI koI kalpanA bhI na kara sakatA thaa| ina anusaMdhAnoM dvArA yadyapi hamAre bahuta se lupta smRti-cihna prakAza meM A cuke haiM, phira bhI khotana ke sUkhe hRdaya meM aba bhI na jAne kitanA sAMskRtika rasa bharA par3A hai| cIna yadyapi bhArata aura cIna ke pArasparika saMbaMdha para vidvAnoM ne bhinna bhinna prakAra se prakAza DAlA hai, tathApi hama yahA~ cInI vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para hI likheNge| ina vivaraNoM ke anusAra haoNna-vaMzIya rAjA miltI ne 65 I0 meM 18 vyaktiyoM kA eka dUtamaMDala bhArata bhejA jo lauTate hue apane sAtha bahuta se bauddha graMtha tathA kazyapa mAtaMga aura dharmarakSa nAmaka do bhikSuoM ko cIna le

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 207 gayA thaa| mAtaMga dvArA rAjA ne bauddhadharma kI dIkSA lii| donoM bhikSuoM ne cInI bhASA sIkhakara bahuta se graMthoM kA cInI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyaa| cIna meM bauddhadharma kA aMkura jamate hI bhAratIya paMDitoM kA cIna kI ora pravAha sA bahane lgaa| dUsarI zatAbdi kA aMta hone se pUrva hI prAryakAla, suvinaya, cilukAkSa aura mahAbala cIna ge| tIsarI zatAbdi meM dharmapAla, dharmakAla, vighna, tuhayAMna, kalyANa aura gorakSa cIna phuNce| ina paMDitoM ne tIna sau se adhika graMthoM kA cInI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyaa| isa samaya taka hajAroM loga triratna kI zaraNa meM A cuke the| pA~cavIM zatAbdi ke prAraMbha meM kumArajIva cIna gyaa| isane 12 varSa meM 100 pustakoM kA cInI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyaa| yaha pratibhAsaMpanna vyakti thaa| prathoM kA anuvAda karate hue isane purAnA DharrA tyAgakara navIna vidhi kA anusaraNa kiyaa| isI liye isake dvArA anUdita graMtha maulika racanA-se jAna par3ate haiN| kumArajIva kI bhASA han-tsAG se bhI acchI samajhI jAtI hai| jApAnI vidyArthiyoM se prAyaH yaha prazna pUchA jAtA hai ki kumArajIva aura han-tsAG meM se kisakI bhASA zreSTha hai aura isakA uttara yahI samajhA jAtA hai ki kumArajIva kI bhASA adhika acchI hai| kumArajIva kI ziSya-maMDalI bhI bahuta bar3I thii| phAhiyAna inhIM ziSyoM meM se eka thaa| . pA~cavIM sadI meM cInI sAmrAjya kaI khaMDoM meM ba~Ta gyaa| uttara meM tAtAra aura dakSiNa meM suGa vaMza zAsana karane lge| ye donoM vaMza bauddhadharma ke kaTTara zatru the| isa samaya bauddhamatAvalaMbiyoM para bhayaMkara atyAcAra kie ge| saGvan-ti ne isa pratikriyA ko zAMta kara phira se bauddhadharma kI pratiSThA kii| cInI samrATa ke isa dharmaprema kI kathA sunakara bhArata aura madhya eziyA ke sabhI rAjAoM ne badhAI dene ke liye apane dUta samrATa ke pAsa bheje / isa samaya samasta deza meM navajIvana kA saMcAra ho rahA thaa| bauddha dharma ke prati isa bar3hate hue utsAha ko dekhakara bhAratIya paMDitoM kA pravAha phira se cIna kI ora baha niklaa| 431 I0 meM guNavarmA cIna phuNcaa| cIna jAne se pUrva isane jAvA ke rAjA ko bauddhadharma meM dIkSita kiyaa| isake bAda guNabhadra cIna gyaa| yaha mahAyAna paMtha kA itanA dhuraMdhara paMDita thA ki logoM ne isakA

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___ nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA nAma hI mahAyAna rakha diyaa| isa prakAra bhAratIya paMDitoM kA eka ke bAda dUsarA dala cIna pahu~catA rhaa| isa samaya cIna meM bhAratIyoM kI saMkhyA niraMtara bar3ha rahI thii| tatkAlIna cInI vivaraNoM se jJAta hotA hai ki chaThI zatAbdi ke prAraMbha meM tIna hajAra se bhI adhika bhAratIya cIna meM nivAsa kara rahe the| inake nivAsArtha cInI rAjAoM ne kitane hI suMdara vihAroM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| isI samaya striyoM ko bhI saMgha meM praviSTa kiyA gyaa| chaThI zatAbdi meM jo pracAraka cIna gae the unameM se bodhidharma, paramArtha, jinagupta, yazogupta aura jJAnabhadra pramukha the| 629 I0 meM prasiddha cInI yAtrI hana-tsAGa bhArata aayaa| isane 5 varSa taka nAlaMdA vizvavidyAlaya meM rahakara saMskRta aura bauddha sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyaa| 641 I0 meM samATa harSavardhana ne eka dUtamaMDala cIna bhejaa| isake pratyuttara meM 657 I0 meM eka cInI dUtamaMDala bhArata AyA, paraMtu isake bhArata pahu~cane taka harSavardhana kI mRtyu ho cukI thii| sAtavIM zatAbdi, cInI itihAsa meM sAhityika dRSTi se suvarNakAla samajhI jAtI hai, paraMtu isa zatAbdi meM bahuta kama paMDita cIna gae; kyoMki isa samaya bhAratIya paMDitoM kA pravAha tibbata kI ora baha rahA thaa| AThavIM zatAbdi meM cInI paMDitoM ne bhAratIya paMDitoM se jyotiSa graMtha par3hakara hiMdU paMcAMga ke AdhAra para apanA tithikrama nizcita kiyaa| isa sadI ke AraMbha meM amoghavana cIna gyaa| apane samaya kA yaha sabase bar3A anuvAdaka thaa| kumArajIva, jinagupta aura bodhiruci kI taraha isane bhI anuvAdoM dvArA bhAratIya saMskRti ko phailAne kA yatna kiyaa| isane taMtrazAstra kA bhI pracAra kiyaa| amoghavana ne lagabhaga 41 tAMtrika graMthoM kA cInI bhASA meM anuvAda kiyaa| amoghavana ke sAtha bar3e bar3e paMDitoM kA cIna jAnA samApta ho gyaa| isake bAda Der3ha sau varSoM taka bahuta kama paMDita cIna ge| 951 I0 meM maMjuzrI aura 973 meM dharmadeva cIna phuNce| dharmadeva ne anuvAdakoM kA eka saMgha sthApita kiyaa| saMskRta ke vidvAn aneka cInI paMDita bhI isake sadasya the| isa saMgha dvArA bahuta se saMskRta graMthoM kA cInI bhASA meM ulthA kiyA gyaa| aMtima bhAratIya paMDita jo cIna gayA usakA nAma jJAnazrI thaa| yaha 1053 I0 meM cIna pahu~cA thaa| isa prakAra eka hajAra varSa se bhI adhika samaya taka

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 209 bhAratIya paMDita cIna jAte rhe| ye loga apane sAtha jahA~ bauddhadharma ko le gae vahA~ saMskRta sAhitya, bhAratIya kalA aura saMskRti ko bhI sAtha le ge| bhAratIya paMDitoM kA yaha kArya saMsAra ke itihAsa meM apUrva sthAna rakhatA hai| jisa utsAha, tyAga aura sthiratA ke sAtha bhAratIya paMDitoM ne kArya kiyA usakA dUsarA udAharaNa milanA kaThina hai| bhArata para musalamAnoM ke AkramaNoM ne isa pragati meM bAdhA ddaalii| jaba maMgola samAT kubaleIkhA~ ne anuvAdoM kI cAha se bhArata kI ora dRSTi DAlI to use nirAza honA pdd'aa| kAraNa yaha thA ki islAmI senAoM ne nAlaMdA, vikramazilA zrAdi zikSA aura saMskRti ke keMdroM ko svAhA kara diyA thaa| jina zikSaNAlayoM meM zikSA prApta karake kumArajIva, bodhiruci, paramArtha aura jinagupta sadRza mahApaMDitoM ne cIna meM sAMskRtika prasAra kiyA thA ve aba bhasma ho cuke the| han-sAG aura ItsiMga ke vidyAmaMdiroM kA astitva aba niHzeSa ho cukA thaa| 1280 se 1367 taka cIna para maMgoloM kA Adhipatya rhaa| inakI ruci baudvadharma kI ora adhika thii| isase inake zAsanakAla meM baudvadharma kI vizeSa unnati huii| 1368 se 1644 taka miG vaMza ne zAsana kiyaa| ye loga bhI bauddhadharma ke sahAyaka rhe| isake bAda maMcU loga aae| ye bhI buddha ke agAdha bhakta the| 1912 meM cIna meM krAMti hokara prajAtaMtra kI sthApanA huii| yadyapi vidhAna meM parivartana ho jAne se pahale DA0 sanayAtasena rASTrapati cune gae aura Aja mArzala cAGa kAI zeka cIna ke rASTrapati haiM aura ye IsAI haiM, tathApi prajA ke dharma meM koI parivartana nahIM pAyA hai| yaha ThIka hai ki cInI bauddhadharma para sthAnIya raMga bahuta car3ha gayA hai, phira bhI vaha mUlataH una zikSAoM aura kriyAoM para Azrita hai jinakA pracAra bhAratIya paMDitoM ne kiyA thaa| bhArata kI bhA~ti cIna meM bhI itanI uthala-puthala hone para bhI Aja taka kalA kI sahasroM uccatama kRtiyA~ vidyamAna haiM jina para bhAratIya saMskRti kI amiTa chApa sApha dikhAI detI hai| pichalI kucha sadiyoM se parAdhIna hone ke kAraNa bhArata kA cIna se saMbaMdha TUTa-sA gayA thA, kiMtu arvAcIna kAla meM donoM dezoM para AI huI vipatti ke kAraNa vaha purAtana sabaMdha puna: dRr3ha ho gayA hai| Aja bhAratIya paricAraka-maMDala cIna jAtA hai aura cInI maMDala bhArata kA paryaTana karate haiN|

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vidyArthI bhArata rahe haiM aura bhAratIya vidvAn cIna bulAe jA rahe haiM / yaha purAtana itihAsa kI punarAvRtti mAtra hai / 210 jApAna 'IsavI san ke AraMbha se hI cIna meM bauddha zikSAe~ pracalita hone laga gaI thIM / caturtha zatAbdi taka vahA~ bauddhadharma paryApta zaktizAlI bana gayA thA / isa samaya bhikSu loga cIna kI sImAe~ pAra kara par3osI rAjyoM meM bhI isa navIna dharma kA pracAra karane lage / 372 I0 meM suna-do nAmaka bhikSu mUrtiyoM aura sUtragraMthoM ke sAtha sI-nAna-phU se ko- gur-yU pahu~cA / cIna kA par3osI deza koriyA isa samaya tIna rAjyoM meM ba~TA huA thA - ko- gurU - yU, pAkUci aura silloM / inameM sabase prathama ko gur-yU bauddhadharma ke saurabha se surabhita huA / 384 I0 meM masanada nAmaka bhikSu pUrvIya cIna se pAkci pahu~cA / zIghra hI yahA~ kA rAjA bhI bauddha bana gayA / yahIM ke rAjA simAI ne 552 I0 meM jApAnI samrAT kimyAI kI sevA meM dharmapracAraka bheje the| isa prakAra koriyA, jApAna meM, bauddhadharma ke pracAra ke liye mAdhyama banA / 424 I0 meM kucha pracAraka ko - gUr-yU se sillA phuNce| inake prayatna se yahA~ kA rAjadharma bhI bauddhadharma ho gayA / anya dezoM kI apekSA koriyA meM bauddhadharma ko rASTradharma banane meM kama samaya lagA / cIna zAkyamuni kA anugAmI bana cukA thaa| cIna kA par3osI koriyA bhI buddha kI zaraNa meM A cukA thaa| aba prazAMta mahAsAgara meM kevala eka hI dvIpasamUha zeSa thA jahA~ bauddha zikSAoM kI sugaMdhi abhI taka na pahu~cI thI / isa dvIpasamUha kA nAma jApAna thA, kiMtu yaha bhI samaya ke prabhAva se na baca sakA / 202 I0 meM jApAnI senAoM ne koriyA jIta liyA / 522 I0 meM zibAtAtsu nAmaka eka bhikSu pUrvIya cIna se koriyA hotA huA jApAna phuNcaa| isane jApAna ke dakSiNI taTa para phUsa kI eka jhopar3I meM buddha mUrti sthApita kara bauddhadharma phailAne kA yatna kiyA, paraMtu loga isakA abhiprAya na samajha sake aura eka bhI vyakti dharma meM dIkSita na huA / isa ghaTanA ke 30 varSa bAda 552 I0 meM pAkakci ke rAjA simAI ne svarNapratimA, dhArmika graMtha, pavitra jhaMDe aura eka patra ke sAtha kucha bhikSuoM ko jApAnI samrAT kimbAI kI

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 211 sevA meM bhejaa| bhikSuoM dvArA upahAra pAkara aura upadeza sunakara rAjA bahuta prasanna huaa| usane yaha viSaya apane sAmaMtoM ke sammukha rakhA ki ina upahAroM ko svIkAra karanA cAhie athavA lauTA denA cAhie ? vahA~ do pakSa ho ge| sogA parivAra svIkAra karane ke pakSa meM thA aura dUsare loga asvIkAra karane para bala de rahe the| pariNAmataH upahAra sogA parivAra ko sauMpa die gae aura use avasara diyA gayA ki vaha nae devatA kI pUjA karake dekhe| zIghra hI deza meM bhayaMkara mahAmArI phailI aura loga marane lge| isa avasthA meM virodhI logoM ne isakA doSa buddha ko dete hue maMdira jalA DAlA aura mUrti nahara meM pheMka dI tathA rAjA ne simAI ko saMdeza bhejA ki kRpA karake aisI mUrtiyA~ Age se na bhejeN| rAjA kI isa zrAjJA ke bAda bhI bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyA~ mUrti, dharmapratha aura pavitra dhAtu lekara jApAna pahu~cate rhe| isa nae dharma kI ora striyA~ bhI zrAkRSTa huii| yahI kAraNa hai ki 577 I0 meM pAkci ke rAjA ne eka bhikSuNI jApAna bhejii| 584 I0 meM bahuta sI striyA~ saMgha meM praviSTa huii| 588 meM kucha jApAnI striyA~ zikSA prApta karane koriyA gii| isa prakAra chaThI zatAbdi kA aMta hone se pUrva jApAna meM bauddha dharma kA paryApta pracAra ho cukA thaa| isa samaya jApAna kI zAsikA suIko thI aura zo-to-ku-tAizI isakA uparAja thaa| ye donoM bauddhadharma ke pakSapAtI the| inake samaya bauddhadharma kI bahuta abhivRddhi huii| bauddhadharma ke praveza ke sAtha jApAna meM kalA, sAhitya aura sabhyatA kI unnati prAraMbha huii| yahI kAraNa hai ki zo-tu-ku-tAizI jApAnI itihAsa meM sabhyatA kA saMsthApaka mAnA jAtA hai aura Aja dina bhI jApAnI loga bauddhadharma ko sAmAjika saMgaThana kA staMbha mAnakara pUjate haiN| jApAna kA yahI prathama samAT thA jisane Ama ghoSaNA karake bauddhadharma ko rASTradharma ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thaa| 607 I0 meM zo-to-ku ne eka dUtamaMDala cInI darabAra meM bhejaa| isa dUtamaMDala ke sAtha bahuta se vidyArthI aura bhikSu bhI cIna ge| svadeza lauTakara inhoMne pracAra-kArya meM bahuta hAtha bNttaayaa| zo-to-ku apane AcAra meM samAT azoka se bahuta milatA thaa| zikSA dvArA, durbhikSa meM anna vitaraNa kara aura binA mUlya auSadha bA~Ta kara isane nAnA prakAra se dharma-pracAra kiyaa|

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212 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA 710 se 794 taka kA kAla "nArAkAla" kahA jAtA hai| isa kAla meM jApAna kI rAjadhAnI nArA rhii| yahI jApAna kI sarvaprathama sthAyI rAjadhAnI thii| isa yuga meM jApAna ne bahuta unnati kii| isa unnati kA zreya bauddhadharma ko hai| bauddhadharma apane sAtha kevala bhAratIya darzana ko hI nahIM apitu, cInI aura bhAratIya vAstukalA ko bhI jApAna le gyaa| isa samaya jApAna meM bar3e bar3e maMdira aura mUrtiyA~ gar3hI gii| 749 I0 meM saMsAra kI mahattama pittalapratimA 'nArA-dAe-butsu' kA nirmANa huaa| 13 phITa U~cA prasiddha 'to. dAijI' ghaMTA bhI isI kAla meM bnaa| isa kAla kI mUrtiyoM para bhAratIya kalA kI jhalaka spaSTatayA dRSTigocara hotI hai| isI kAla meM cIna aura bhArata meM bhI bauddhakalA unnati ke zikhara para ArUr3ha thii| isI samaya cIna meM pahAr3a kATakara 'sahasra buddhoMvAle guhAmaMdiroM kA nirmANa ho rahA thA aura lagabhaga isI samaya bhArata meM ajaMtA kI dIvAroM para patthara tarAzakara jAtaka kathAe~ citrita kI jA rahI thiiN| isa yuga meM bauddhadharma kA bahuta prasAra huaa| eka lekhaka ne ThIka hI likhA hai-"bauddhadharma ne jApAna meM kalA, vaidyaka, kavitA, saMskRti aura sabhyatA ko praviSTa kiyaa| sAmAjika, rAjanaitika tathA bauddhika pratyeka kSetra meM bauddhadharma ne apanA prabhAva dikhaayaa| eka prakAra se bauddhadharma jApAna kA zikSaka thA jisakI nigarAnI meM jApAnI rASTra unnati kara rahA thaa|" 794 se 889 taka "hI-ana yuga" kahAtA hai, kyoMki isa kAla meM jApAna kI rAjadhAnI hI-ana nagara rhii| ina dinoM jApAna meM do mahApuruSa utpanna hue| inakA uddezya cInI bauddhadharma ke AdhAra para jApAnI bauddhadharma kI unnati karanA thaa| AgAmI zatAbdiyoM meM jApAna ke sAmAjika aura dhArmika jIvana para ina AcAryoM kI zikSAoM kA bahuta prabhAva pdd'aa| inake nAma sAico aura kokaI the| 889 se 1992 taka jApAna kI zAsana-zakti phyUjivArA vaMza ke hAtha meM rhii| jisa citrakalA ke liye jApAna jagadvikhyAta hai, usa kalA kA vikAsa isI samaya huaa| isa unnati meM bhikSuoM ne bahuta hAtha bNttaayaa| 1192 se 1338 taka kA samaya 'kAmAkurA kAla' kahAtA hai| isa samaya jApAna kI rAjadhAnI kAmAkurA thii| yaha kAla sAmaMta-kalaha ke liye

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213 bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha prasiddha hai| isa kalaha meM minAmoto vaMza saphala huA / isa vaMza ke logoM zaguna (suprima miliTarI cIpha) kI upAdhi dhAraNa kara zAsana kiyA / zogunoM kI jApAna meM vahI sthiti thI jo bhAratIya itihAsa meM pezavAoM kI thI / yoritomo ne apanI vijaya kA kAraNa bauddhadharma samajhakara kAmAkurA meM ami tAbha (buddha) kI eka saMsAra - prasiddha vizAla mUrti sthApita kI / idhara jaba rAjanItika uthala-puthala macI huI thI taba jApAna meM bar3e bar3e mahAtmAoM kA AvirbhAva ho rahA thA / inhoMne apane U~ce vyaktitva dvArA janatA kA dhyAna apanI ora AkRSTa kiyA / ina mahAtmAoM ke nAma the honen, zinna, nicirena aura do jen / inake nAma se jApAna meM bauddha saMpradAya bhI pravartita hue / 1338 se 1573 taka kA kAla rAjanItika saMgharSoM tathA dhArmika unmAda kA kAla hai / isa arAjakatA kA aMta tIna rAjanItijJoM - nobunAgA, hidayozi aura iyasu ne kiyA ( 1573 se 1868 taka ) / isa kAla meM bhikSuoM ne pArasparika jhagar3e tyAgakara zikSA kI ora dhyAna diyA / bauddha vihAra sainika DraftyA~ na rahakara zikSAkeMdra bana ge| unameM lar3AkU pracArakoM ke sthAna para bauddha vidvAn paidA hone lage / sarvatra dhArmika zAMti ke sAtha kalA kA bhI abhyudaya huA / 1868 se 1940 taka kA samaya " meijI - yuga" kahAtA hai / 1869 meM rAjA meijI ne eka ghoSaNA kii| isameM kauMsila-nirmANa, sAmaMta-prathA kA nAza aura videzoM se jJAna prApta karane kA ullekha kiyA gayA thA / ise nae jApAna kA maignAcArTA kahA jAtA hai / isa samaya tokyo ko rAjadhAnI banAyA gayA / vijJAna kA tIvratA se prasAra huA aura loga pAzcAtya jagat kI unnati kA kAraNa IsAiyata ko mAnakara usakI ora AkRSTa hone lage / pariNAmataH samUce rASTra meM isakI pratikriyA pAzcAtya vicAradhArA chor3a do, rASTrIya vicAroM ko apanAo, jApAna jApAniyoM kA hai ye vicAra isa yuga ke pathapradarzaka bane / isa AMdolana ke * karNadhAra bauddha loga the jina para pAzcAtya saMskRti kA raMga na car3hA thA / isa dolana ne jApAniyoM ke pazcima kI ora jhukate hue manoM ko svadeza kI ora khIMca lAne meM bar3I sahAyatA kii| sAtha hI logoM meM yaha bhI vizvAsa utpanna huA ki bauddhadharma bhUtakAla kA bhagnAvazeSa hI nahIM apitu, rASTra

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214 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kalyANa ke liye sadA navIna, vaha suMdara saMdeza hai jo na to yorupa ke pAsa hai aura vahA~ kI IsAiyata ke hI pAsa | isa prakAra bauddhadharma kA punarutthAna huA / 1870 meM bauddhadharma rASTradharma ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA gyaa| isa samaya anya dezoM meM bhI bauddhadharma phailAne kA yatna kiyA gyaa| havAI dvIpa meM isI kAla meM bauddhadharma phailaa| ati prAcIna kAla se jApAniyoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki sUryya kA sarvaprathama udaya unake deza meM hI hotA hai / isaliye ye apane deza ko 'sUryodaya kA deza' kahate haiM, paraMtu jApAnI loga apanI samasta unnati kA zreya eka dUsare hI AdhyAtmika sUryodaya ko dete haiM / vaha hai bauddhadharma, 'namaH zramitabuddhAya' kA jo saMjIvanI nAda lagabhaga Der3ha sahasra varSa pUrva bhArata kI hRdaya guhA se uThA thA vaha himAlaya ke himamaMDita zikharoM ko prakaMpita kara, prazAMta mahAsAgara kI UrmimAlAoM ko udvelita karatA huA Aja jApAna ke vAyumaMDala meM gUMja rahA hai 'nAmu amitA butsu / ' tibbata tibbatI kathAnakoM ke anusAra cauthI zatAbdi meM lA-sema-sA ( bhAratIya paMDita kA tibbatI nAma) kucha bauddha graMtha lekara tibbata pahu~ce / paraMtu rAjA ke apar3ha hone se paMDita aura anuvAda graMtha dekara vApisa lauTa aae| toto- ra ke zAsanakAla meM ye graMtha phira se rAjA ke saMmukha upasthita kie gae, kiMtu isa samaya bhI tibbata meM likhanA par3hanA pracalita na huA thA / zrataH ina graMthoM kA abhiprAya na jAnA jA sakA / 629 I0 meM sroGa sen gaMpo rAjA bnaa| isane 632 I0 meM tAnnisa botA ko anya solaha vyaktiyoM ke sAtha bauddha graMtha lAne tathA bhArata kI bhASA sIkhane ke liye yahA~ bhejA / 18 varSa taka bhArata meM rahane ke uparAMta yaha dUtamaMDala tibbata lauttaa| vahA~ jAkara isane naI bhASA kA pracAra kiyA jo harahA ke maukharI zilAlekha tathA kAzmIra kI tatkAlika lipi se bahuta mela khAtI thii| isa naI bhASA kA vyAkaraNa caMdragomina aura pANinIya ke AdhAra para taiyAra kiyA gayA thA / 641 I0 meM sroDasengaMpoM ne cInI rAjakumArI se vivAha kiyA / isake saMsarga se yaha bauddha bana gayA aura bauddha dharma ke pracArArtha yatna karane lagA / 8vIM zatAbdi meM

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 215 AcArya zAMtirakSita aura padmasaMbhava tibbata ge| 749 I0 meM padmasaMbhava ne udaMtapurI vizvavidyAlaya ke anukaraNa para sam-ye nAmaka vihAra bnvaayaa| yaha Aja bhI vidyamAna hai| Aryyadeva, buddhakIti, kumArazrI, karNapati, karNazrI, sUryadhvaja, sumatisena Adi paMDita bhI tibbata ge| ye saba saMskRta graMthoM kA tibbatI bhASA meM anuvAda karane meM saMlagna the| zAMtirakSita kI mRtyu ho jAne para prAcArya kamalazIla ko tibbata meM AmaMtrita kiyA gyaa| inhoMne zAstrArtha meM cInI paMDitoM ko parAsta kiyaa| isase inakA prabhAva bahuta bar3ha gyaa| isa prabhAva ko cInI paMDita na saha ske| pariNAmata: cInI paMDitoM ne kasAI bhejakara kamalazIla kA vadha karavA ddaalaa| tibbatiyoM ne unakA zarIra masAle lagAkara Aja taka surakSita kara rakhA hai| ralapAcan kA samaya tibbatI itihAsa meM svarNayuga ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| isa kAla meM bauddhadharma kI bahuta unnati huii| tibbatI bhASA kA koza taiyAra kiyA gayA thA, jisameM saMskRta ke pAribhASika zabdoM ko vistArapUrvaka samajhAyA gayA thaa| bhAratIya Adarza para tibbatI bhAra, nApa tathA mudrAe~ nizcita kI gii| saMskRta graMthoM ko anUdita karane ke liye bhArata se jinamitra, zIleMdrabodhi, dAnazIla, prajJAvarman, sureMdrabodhi zrAdi paMDita bulAe ge| aneka tibbatI yuvaka bhAratIya dharma aura bhASA kA adhyayana karane bhArata aae| ina yuvakoM ne svadeza lauTakara sapUrNa tripiTaka tibbatI bhASA meM anUdita kara diyaa| ralpAcana kI mRtyu ke pazcAt tibbata kA vAtAvaraNa bauddhadharma ke prati viSapUrNa ho gyaa| isa samaya bhikSuoM para bhayaMkara atyAcAra kie ge| unheM prAcAra-viruddha kArya karane ko bAdhita kiyA gyaa| maMdiroM ke dvAra dIvAreM khar3I karake baMda kara die ge| lagabhaga sau varSa taka tibbata kI yahI dazA rhii| bhAratIya paMDita deza se nikAla die ge| anuvAdaka anya dezoM meM bhAga ge| tAtparya yaha hai ki isa samaya bauddhadharma tibbata meM aMtima sAMsa le rahA thaa| lagabhaga eka sadI bAda avyavasthA aura asahiSNutA kI yaha dazA zanaiH zanaiH parivartita hone lgii| sabhI ora bauddhadharma kA punarutthAna karane kI halkI sI carcA uTha khar3I huii| paristhitiyA~ parivartita ho jAne se bhArata aura tibbata meM AvAgamana puna: prAraMbha ho gyaa| tibbatI bhikSu dhArmika zikSA ke liye bhArata

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216 . nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA Ane lage aura bhAratIya paMDita pracArArtha tibbata pahu~cane lge| isa kAla meM jo paMDita tibbata gae unameM pramukha smRti thaa| 1013 meM prAcArya dharmapAla, siddhapAla, guNapAla aura prajJApAla ke sAtha tibbata ge| isI samaya subhUti zrI zAMti bhI tibbata phuNce| inake atirikta anya paMDita bhI tibbata gae, paraMtu inameM sarvapramukha dIpaMkara zrI jJAna atizA the| inakA tibbata-nivAsiyoM para bahuta prabhAva pdd'aa| inhoMne lagabhaga do sau pratha likhe va anUdita kie| anuvAda karane aura pratha likhane ke atirikta inhoMne sArvajanika bhASaNa bhI die aura aMta meM ekAMtavAsa kara ziSyoM ko jIvana-sudhAra ke liye Avazyaka nirdeza bhI die| 11vIM zatAbdi meM baudvadharma tibbata meM apane madhyAhnakAla meM thaa| sthAna sthAna para vihAroM aura maMdiroM kA nirmANa ho rahA thaa| bauddhadharma ke aneka saMpradAya phaila rahe the| graMthoM kA anuvAda ho rahA thA; pracAraka pracAra kara rahe the| isa kAla kA mukhya vyakti mar-pA thaa| yaha karmakAMDa kA advitIya paMDita thaa| isane tIna bAra bhArata kI yAtrA kI thii| svadeza lauTakara isane kAgyo saMpradAya claayaa| isakA Aja bhI tibbata tathA bhUTAna meM bahuta pracAra hai| 1071 I0 meM naipAlI sImAMta para sAkyA vihAra kI sthApanA huii| isa vihAra ne tibbata meM bhikSuoM kA prabhAva bar3hAne meM bahuta sahAyatA kii| isI samaya caMgejakhA~ aura usake sAthiyoM ne eziyA ke itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa bhAga lenA prAraMbha kiyaa| 1258 I0 meM kubaleIkhoM ne eka mahAn dhArmika sammelana bulaayaa| isameM tIna sau bauddha bhikSu, do sau kanphyUzasadharmI aura do sau tAidharmI upasthita hue / sAkyA ke mahApaMDita kI vaktRtvakalA ke kAraNa bauddha loga vijayI hue| kubaleIkhA~ mahApaMDita se itanA prasanna huA ki usane ise madhya tibbata kA zAsaka niyukta kara diyaa| isake bAda tAzi-lhuna-po vihAra ke mahaMta sAnamgyAso ko maMgoliyA nimaMtrita kiyA gyaa| isane apane upadezoM se kubaleIkhA~ ko moha liyaa| kubaleIkhA~ ne baudradharma svIkAra kiyA aura sAnamgyAso ko tAle-lAmA kI upAdhi pradAna kii| ise paraparA rUpa se sabhI uttarAdhikArI dhAraNa karate ge| isa samaya 14vA tAne-lAmA zAsana kara rahA hai| yaha tAle-lAmA ho tibbata kA rAjA aura dharmAcArya donoM pada dhAraNa karatA hai|

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 217 isa prakAra bhAratIya pracAraka, AvAgamana ke mArgoM se sarvathA zUnya, samaya se bahuta pichar3e hue una tibbatiyoM ke deza meM bhI eka dina barphIlI coTiyoM ko pAra kara saba prakAra kI vipattiyoM ko jhelakara praviSTa hue| unhoMne kailAza ke zveta zikharoM aura rAjahaMsoM kI janmabhUmi mAnasarovara ke taTa para khar3e hokara 'buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmi' ke pavitra nAda se sAre tibbata ko gu~jA diyA / bhAratIya vizvavidyAlayoM kI zailI para vidyAlaya khole| bhAratIya vaNemAlA, byAkaraNa, sAhitya, dazena, jyotiSa aura taMtrazAstra kA pracAra kiyaa| bhAratIya bhAra, nApa aura mudrA ko pracalita kiyaa| sahasroM saMskRta prathoM ko tibbatI bhASA meM anUdita kara buddha kA saMdeza sarvasAdhAraNa taka phuNcaayaa| yaha garvapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki vizuddha bhAratIya nIva para tibbatI dharma kA mahAprAsAda khar3A kiyA gyaa| usakI eka eka ITa bhAratIya sAMce meM gar3hI gii| Aja se 1300 varSe pUrva bhAratIya pracArakoM ne jisa raMga ko usa para car3hAyA thA vaha Aja bhI phokA nahIM par3A hai| rahana-sahana, AcAra-vyavahAra, kalA-kauzala sabameM bhArata kI amiTa chApa spaSTatayA dRSTigocara hotI hai| isa prakaraNa ko hama silavA~ levI ke ina zabdoM se samApta karate haiM "bhArata ne usa samaya AdhyAtmika aura sAMskRtika sAmrAjya sthApita kie the jaba sArA saMsAra barSaratApUrNa kRtyoM meM saMlagna thA aura jaba use isakI tanika bhI ciMtA na thii| yadyapi Aja ke sAmrAjya sanase kahIM adhika vistRta haiM, para uccatA kI dRSTi se ve inase kahIM bar3hakara the, kyoMki ve vartamAna sAmrAjyoM kI bhA~ti topa, tamaMce, vAyuyAna aura viSailI gaise dvArA sthApita na hokara satya aura zraddhA ke AdhAra para khar3e hue the|" bharava pIche hamane bauddha saMskRti ke prasAra kA varNana kiyA hai, para tu yaha kevala bauddhadharma hI na thA jo himAlaya aura samudra ke pAra pahuMcA thaa| bauddha pracArakoM kI bhAMti hiMdU pracAraka bhI apanI mAtR-saMskRti kA pracAra videzoM meM kara rahe the| jisa samaya bauddha-pracAraka himAlaya kI barphIlI aura vikaTa zikharAvalI para car3hate-utarate hue triviSTapa meM praviSTa ho rahe the ThIka usI samaya

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218 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hiMdU pracAraka ati uttaga UrmimAlAoM se kroDAe~ karate hue arabasAgara ke vizAla vakSaHsthala ko cIrakara hajarata muhammada ke anuyAyiyoM meM bhAratIya saMskRti ke prati bhavya bhAvanAe~ utpanna kara rahe the| araboM meM bhAratIya saMskRti. praveza ke do kAraNa haiN| araba vyApArI aura parAmakA vaza ke mNtrii| araba aura bhArata do aise deza haiM jo eka samudra dvArA paraspara mile hue haiN| araba ke tIna ora samudra hai| apanI bhaugolika sthiti ke kAraNa ho hama ise atyaMta prAcIna kAla se vyApAra meM saMlagna dekhate haiN| hajarata yUsupha ke samaya se vAskoDigAmA taka araba loga bhAratIya sAmAna ko videzoM meM becate rhe| vyApArI hone ke kAraNa araboM ko bhArata ke viSaya meM acchA paricaya thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaba khalIphAoM ko vaidyoM aura paMDitoM ko AvazyakatA huI to ina vyApAriyoM dvArA unakA paricaya milA aura ve araba le jAe ge| barAmakA vaza kA maMtripada para ArUr3ha honA bhAratIya saMskRti-prapAra meM bahuta sahAyaka huaa| ye loga pahale bauddha the| yahI kAraNa hai ki musalamAna ho jAne para bhI inakA sAMskRtika prema nahIM chuuttaa| abbAsI khalIphAoM ke samaya ina maMtriyoM kI preraNA para bhArata ke bahuta se paMDita bagadAda phuNce| inhoMne saMskRta prathoM kA arabI meM anuvAda kiyaa| ina paMDitoM ke nAma arabI meM jAkara itane bigar3a cuke haiM ki unake vAstavika rUpa ko DhU~da nikAlanA kaThina hai| mahAbhArata, cANakyanIti, pacataMtra Adi pratha anUdita kie ge| bojAsapha (bodhisattva ) nAmaka pustaka islAma ke eka saMpradAya kA dharmagraMtha hai| isa pustaka meM buddha ke janma, zikSA Adi kA varNana hai| 1 se 9 taka ke aMka likhane kI vidhi araboM ne bhArata se siikhii| isI liye ve ina aMkoM ko 'hidasA' kahate haiN| Age calakara araboM ne yorupa bhara meM ina aMkoM kA pracAra kiyaa| isI se yorupa meM inheM 'arabI aMka' kahA jAtA hai| 771 I0 meM 'bRhaspati siddhAMta' nAmaka jyotiSa pratha 'assida hiMda' nAma se anUdita kiyA gyaa| isake bAda AryabhaTTa, arajabada nAma se aura khaMDanakhAdhaka, araka da nAma se anudita kie ge| AryabhaTTa aura brahmagupta ke pratha bhI bhASAMtarita kie gae the| araboM ne isa jyotiSa vidyA ko

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 219 bagadAda se spena taka phailAyA aura spena dvArA yaha saMpUrNa yorupa meM phaila gaI / bhAratIya jyotiSa kA araboM para itanA prabhAva par3A ki jahA~ pahale khalIphAoM ke darabAra meM IrAnI jyotiSI rahA karate the vahA~ maMsUra ke samaya hiMdU jyotiSI rakhe ge| bhAratIya cikitsA paddhati kA bhI araboM meM prasAra huA / khalIphA hAle~ razIda ko acchA karane ke liye bhArata se mANikya nAmaka vaidya ko bulAyA gayA thaa| navIM zatAbdi meM araba se kucha vyakti jar3I-bUTiyoM kA jJAna prApta karane ke liye bhArata bheje gae aura kucha bhAratIya paMDita cikitsA saMbaMdhI prathoM ke anuvAda kArya meM lagAe ge| caraka, suzruta, pazu-cikitsA, strIroga, sarpavidyA Adi viSayoM kI pustakeM arabI meM anUdita kI gaI / bhAratIya saMgIta se araboM ko bahuta prema thA / isa viSaya ke saMskRta graMthoM kA bhI arabI meM ulthA huaa| bhAratIya dharma ke prati bhI araboM ko bahuta dilacaspI thii| yahiyA baramakI ne eka vyakti ko isaliye bhArata bhejA thA ki vaha yahA~ kI auSadhiyoM aura dharmoM kA vRttAMta likhakara le jaae| cInI yAtriyoM kI taraha bahuta araba loga bhI vidyAdhyayana ke liye bhArata aae| inameM se eka bairUnI thI / yaha cAlIsa varSa taka bhArata meM rahA / yahA~ rahakara isane sAMskRta sIkhI, vividha dharmoM kA anuzIlana kiyA aura svadeza lauTakara bhArata ko tAtkAlika dazA kA citraNa karate hue kaI pra'tha likhe| bhAratIya darzana, sAhitya, gaNita, jyotiSa, cikitsAzAstra Adi dvArA araboM ke hRdayoM meM bhAratIyoM ke prati aTUTa zraddhA paidA ho gaI thI aura bahudhA ve apane ina bhAvoM ko lekhoM meM prakaTa bhI karate the / arabI sAhitya aise udgAroM se bharA par3A hai| isa prakAra "mujhe sauMsAra ke sAmrAjya kI icchA nahIM; svarga-sukha tathA mokSa ko bhI maiM nahIM cAhatA, maiM to paritApa pIr3ita prANiyoM kI duHkha nivRtti cAhatA hU~" isa bhAvanA se bhare hue, sevA ke parama vrata se dIkSita, prANimAtra kI kalyANa - kAmanA se jalate hue ina bhAratIya pracArakoM ne strI-putra, gharabAra, dhanadhAnya, tana-mana, priya se priya padArtha tathA bar3e se bar3e svAtha kA balidAna kara bhAratIya saMskRti ko himAlaya aura samudra ke pAra pahu~cAne kA athaka prayatna kiyaa| jo mahApuruSa isa yajJa meM saphala ho gae aura jinake prAtaH smaraNIya nAma Aja bhI itihAsa ke pRSThoM meM aMkita haiM unase atirikta bhI na mAlUma

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220 arrierfeit patrikA kitanI AtmAe~ ubharatI javAnI meM hI sAMsArika mahatvAkAMkSAoM ko ThukarA, mAtRbhUmi ke kAsara prema kI paravA na kara, apane udyoga ke madhya meM hI dharmapracAra kI uddAma vAlA kA hRdaya meM lie lie parvatoM kI hima meM gala gaI / kisane jarAjIrNa zarIra, taruNeotsAha, zizuhRdaya, dharma-pradIpa ke pataMge vizva ke vizva bhrAtRtva kA saMdeza sunAne kI atRpta abhilASA ke sAtha akAla meM ho unmata mahAsAgara kI tuMga taraMgAvalI meM sadA ke liye seo ge| kitanI kusuma- sukumAra Ajanma kumAriyA~, apane hRdaya ke aMtastala meM bhagavAn buddha kI dharmapreraNA anubhava kara, komalatA, sukhAbhilASa aura vilAsa - jIvana ko tilAMjali de, talavAra kI dhAra para calatI huI sevA kI vedI para apane ko nyauchAvara kara gaI / unake nAma, unakI smRtiyA~ aura unake avazeSa Aja kahA~ haiM? unheM Aja kauna jAnatA hai ? mAlUma kitane avijJAta kumArajIva, aprasiddha maheMdra aura avidita padmasaMbhava apUrNa saMkalpoM kI pracaMDa agni apanI hRdayaguhA meM dabAe hue prazAMta AlAmukhiyoM kI taraha vismRti ke aMcala meM mu~ha chipAe par3e haiN| maMdira kI nIMva meM lage hue adRzya prastara, jina para hamArI pUjA ke puSpa kabhI nahIM car3hate, adhika saMmAna ke pAtra haiM / na 2 - rAjanItika va Arthika vistAra Upara bhArata ke sAMskRtika vistAra kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu videzoM meM bhArata kA vistAra kevala sAMskRtika rUpa meM hI nahIM huA, zrapitu rAjanItika aura Arthika dRSTi se bhI bhArata bahuta dUra taka phailA huA thA / atyaMta prAcIna kAla se bhArata kA pazcima se vyApArika saMbaMdha thA / cAla, pAMDya aura kerala rAjyoM ke vyApArI prIsa, roma aura cIna ke bAjAroM meM vyApAra kiyA karate the| vyApAra ke kAraNa ina pradezoM kA paraspara ghaniSTha saMbaMdha sthApita ho gayA thA / dakSiNa bhArata se roma ko dUta bheje gae the / sIriyana loga lar3AiyoM meM bhAratIya hAthiyoM kA upayoga karate the / misra meM prApta mamiyoM para lipaTA huA kapar3A bhAratIya hai, isa viSaya meM prAyaH sabhI aitihAsika ekamata haiM / tAmila bhASA kI aneka zarAba, battana aura laiMpoM kI mahimA se kavitAe~ Aja bhI zrIka tathA jAvA - sumAtrA jAnevAle

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 221 vyApAriyoM ke sAhasika kRtyoM se bharapUra haiN| vyApAra ke kAraNa yahA~ ke loga naukA-nayana meM bahuta nipuNa ho gae the| 'sAmudrikAH vyApAriNaH mahAsamudraM pravahaNaistaranti' cANakya ke arthazAstra kA yaha vAkya caMdraguptakAlIna jalasenA kA varNana kara rahA hai| AMdhroM aura pallavoM ke sikkoM para do mastUlavAlI naukAoM ke citra tathA sA~cI, arjatA, aganAtha aura borAbudUra ke maMdiroM para naukAoM aura samudrIya jahAjoM kI pratimAe~ jalasenA kI mahattA kA spaSTa varNana kara rahI haiN| nau-saMcAlana meM pravINa bhAratIyoM ne vyApAra tathA sAmrAjyavistAra kI dRSTi se navIna pradezoM ko DhUMDhanA prAraMbha kiyaa| jina logoM ne isa dizA meM paga bar3hAyA unhoMne samudra aura sthala-dona mArgoM kA Azraya liyaa| una dinoM vyApArI loga banArasa aura paTanA se, jala aura sthala donoM mArgoM se, baMgAla jAte aura vahA~ se tAmralipti (vartamAna tAmalUkaH) ke badaragAha se sudUrapUrva kI ora prasthAna karate the| machalIpattana ke samIpa tIna badaragAha the| vahA~ se bhI vyApArI loga pUrvIya dvIpasamUha kI ora ravAnA hote the| jAvA, sumAtrA, bAli, borniyo Adi dvIpoM meM bhArata kA vistAra jala-mArga se hI huA thA aura barmA, syAma, caMpA aura kaMbuna meM upaniveza basAnevAle bhAratIyoM ne adhikatara sthala-mArga aura sAdhAraNatayA

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222 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jala mArga kA avalaMbana kiyA thaa| ina dezoM meM basakara bhAratIyoM ne mAtRbhASA, mAtRsaMskRti aura mAtRkalA ko vikasita kiyaa| bhAratIya nagaroM ke nAma para ayodhyA, kauzAMbI, zrIkSetra, dvAravatI, takSazilA, mathurA, caMpA, kaliMga Adi nagara basAe / jAvA, anAma aura kaMboDiyA meM Aja bhI kalA ke saikar3oM utkRSTa namUne ina pravAsI bhAratIyoM kI amara smRti ke rUpa meM vidyamAna haiN| bhArata kA yaha vistAra mukhyataH Arthika aura aMzataH rAjanaitika dRSTi se huA thA / je loga ina dezoM meM base unhoMne sudUra dezoM meM rahate hue bhI bhArata se sAMskRtika aura vyApArika saMbaMdha jArI rkhaa| yadyapi Aja bAli kA chor3akara anyatra kahIM bhI na to hiMduoM kA zAsana hI hai aura na janatA hI hiMdU hai tathApi borobudUra, pradhAnam, aMkAra, bemana Adi saikar3oM maMdira Aja bhI ina dezoM kI atItakAlIna hiMdU-saMskRti kA smaraNa karA rahe haiN| kaMboDiyA ke rAjamahala meM aba taka iMdra kI talavAra surakSita hai / nAca-gAna, Amoda-pramoda aura kathA-kalApa meM jAvA Adi dvIpoM ke choTe choTe bAlaka-bAlikAgaNa rAma aura kRSNa kI kathAoM dvArA apanA saMbaMdha hiMduoM ke kisI prAcIna vaMza se prakaTa kara rahe haiM / prAyaH ina sabhI dvIpoM meM prApta agastya RSi kI pratimAe~ bhArata meM prasiddha unake samudrapAna tathA dakSiNa dizA meM jAkara basane kI samasyA kA sudara samAdhAna kara rahI haiN| kaMboDiyA ko sirAyu nadI aura sumeriyA zikhara Aja bhI mAtRdeza ke sarayU aura sumeru kA smaraNa karA rahe haiN| sthAna sthAna para caTTAnoM aura maMdiroM para utkIrNa saMskRta lekhoM, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura buddhacarita ke kathAnakoM se atIta kA vaha bhavya citra A~khoM ke sAmane nAcane lagatA hai jaba ki ina dezoM meM saMskRta kA pracAra thA; gItA, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura buddha-carita kA pATha hotA thA / yaha bRhattara bhArata kaise banA aura kina kAraNoM se isakA duHkhada aMta huA, usakA saMkSipta ullekha yahA~ kiyA jAtA hai / kaMbuja (kaMboDiyA) IsA kI prathama zatAbdi meM samUce kocIna cIna, kaMboDiyA, dakSiNa lo, syAma aura malAyA prAyadvIpa meM eka hiMdU rAjya kI sattA dikhAI

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 223 detI hai| isa rAjya kA vAstavika nAma to jJAta nahIM hotA, hA~, cInI loga ise phUnAna kahate the| phUnAna kI sthApanA dakSiNa bhArata ke kauDinya nAmaka brAhmaNa ne kI thii| isane vahA~ ke nAgapUjakoM ko parAsta kara, somA nAmaka kanyA se vivAha kara somA ke nAma se somavaMza claayaa| phUnAna ke ina ardha bhAratIya rAjAoM ne bhArata se saMbaMdha sthApita karane kA bhI yatna kiyaa| 240 I0 meM cadravarmA ne bhArata se saMbaMdha jor3ane ke liye eka dUtamaMDala yahA~ bhejA thaa| isake pratyuttara meM eka dUtamaDala bhArata se phUnAna bhejA gyaa| cInI vivaraNoM ke anusAra cauthI zatAbdi meM eka dUsare kauMDinya kA nAma sunAI detA hai| isane phUnAna ke zAsana kI bAgaDora apane hAtha meM lekara rahana-sahana, sAmAjika saMgaThana tathA rAjya-prabadha -sabhI kSetroM meM bhAratIya prathAoM kA anusaraNa kiyaa| pA~cavIM zatAbdi meM kauDinya jayavarmA rAjya karatA dikhAI detA hai| isane 484 I0 meM bhAratIya bhikSu zAkya nAgasena ko eka dUtama Dala ke sAtha cIna bhejaa| isa samaya ke vivaraNoM se patA calatA hai ki phUnAna meM hiMda aura bauddha donoM dharmoM kA pracAra thA, kiMtu zaiva dharma kA prAbalya thaa| phUnAna kA yaha hiMdU rAjya chaThI zatAbdi taka banA rhaa| chaThI zatAbdi ke aMta meM kabuja AkramaNakArI citrasena ne ise chinna-bhinna kara diyaa| jisa samaya phUnAna zaktizAlI rAjya thA, usa samaya kaMbuja usakA eka adhInastha rAjya thaa| zilAlekhoM se patA calatA hai ki kabusvayaMbhava kabuja kA manu thaa| yahI isa rAjya kA zrAdi sasthApaka thaa| isake nAma se hI rAjya kA nAma kabuja pdd'aa| zratavarmA isa rAjya kA prathama rAjA thaa| Age AnevAle rAjA 'zrutavarmamUlA' kahe ge| phUnAna ko jItanevAlA citrasena kabuja ke rAjA bhavavarmA kA bhAI thaa| isa kAla ke lekhoM ko dekhane se pratIta hotA hai ki isa samaya hiMdU saMskRti unnati-patha para ArUr3ha thii| 889 I0 meM yazovarmA rAjA huaa| isane maheMdra parvata para naI rAjadhAnI bnvaaii| yaha nagara yazodharapura, mahAnagara athavA kabupura nAma se prasiddha thaa| vartamAna samaya meM aMkorathoma meM isake dhvaMsAvazeSa upalabdha hue haiN| nagara ke madhya meM beyana kA vizAla zivamaMdira vidyamAna hai| 944 I0 meM rAjeMdravarmA sihAsanArUr3ha huaa| isake samaya kaMbuja meM bauddhadharma kA praveza huaa| 968 I0 meM

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224 naaliisr'iii ambiaa jayavarmA pacama rAjA bnaa| isa samaya hiMdUdharma ne punaH pradhAnatA prApta kii| 1112 I0 meM sUryavarmA dvitIya rAjA bnaa| aMkoravatu kA sasAraprasiddha vaiSNava maMdira isI ke rAjyakAla meM banAyA gyaa| isa maMdira kI citrazAlAoM ke citra jagavikhyAta haiN| adhikAMza citra vaiSNava haiM, kiMtu kucha zaiva bhI haiN| U~cAI meM yaha maMdira jAvA ke borobudura maMdira se bhI 80 phITa adhika U~cA hai| terahavIM zatAbdi se kabuja kI zakti zanaiH zanaiH kSINa hone lgii| isa dubalatA kA kAraNa syAma aura capA ke satata AkramaNa the| 17voM zatAbdi meM yorupiyana logoM ne bhI apanA Adhipatya jamAnA zurU kiyaa| isI bIca kabuja para prabhutva sthApanA ke liye syAma aura anAma meM saMgharSa huA aura 1846 I0 meM kaMbuja para syAma kA Adhipatya sthApita ho gyaa| taba se bauddhadharma kA prasAra huaa| 1887 I0 meM syAma aura phrAMsa kI sadhi ke anusAra kabuja para phrAMsa kA adhikAra svIkRta kara liyA gyaa| isa samaya yahA~ kA rAjA aura janatA donoM bauddha haiM, kiMtu vartamAna ka'boDiyA prAcIna kaMbuja se bahuta choTA hai, kyoMki isake kucha pradeza 1887 meM syAma ne le lie the| kabuja para bhAratIya saMskRti kA prabhAva itanA adhika par3A ki rAjA aura kulIna logoM ke nAma saMskRtamaya rakhe ge| rAjA loga mahAhoma, lakSahoma, koTihoma Adi yajJa karate the| rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura purANoM kA prakhaMDa pATha hotA thaa| saMskRta meM utkIrNa lekha isa bAta ko pradarzita karate haiM ki vahA~ saMskRta kA bahuta pracAra thaa| zAsana-vyavasthA rAjataMtra thii| pradhAna maMtrI ko rAjamahAmAtya kahate the| mukhya senApati ko mahAsenApati kahA jAtA thaa| rAjaguru bhI hote the| kabuja kA pradhAna dharma zaiva thaa| rAjAoM ke lekhoM meM zivastuti vizeSa rUpa se ullikhita hai| ziva-pUjA, zivaliMga aura zivamUrti donoM rUpoM meM kI jAtI thI, paraMtu liMgapUjA kA pracAra adhika thaa| ziva aura viSNu ( harihara ) kI ikaTThI pUjA kA bhI pracAra thaa| zaivoM aura vaiSNavoM meM paraspara vivAda na hokara mela thaa| ziva ke sAtha ziva-patnI kI pUjA bhI hotI thii| ziva ke bAda dUsarA sthAna viSNu ko prApta thA, paraMtu vaiSNavoM kI saMkhyA bahuta kama thii| bhArata kI taraha kabuja meM bhI brahmA kI pUjA

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha . 225 bahuta kama hotI thii| inake atirikta iMdra, umA, sarasvatI, vAgIzvarI, gaMgA, zrI, caMDI, gaNeza, lakSmI, sUrya Adi kI upAsanA bhI pracalita thii| zaiva aura vaiSNava saMpradAyoM ke sAtha sAtha hInayAna bauddhadharma kA bhI pracAra thaa| rAjA loga dhArmika dRSTi se sahiSNu the| ve saba dharmoM ko dAna dete the| eka zilAlekha meM ziva, buddha aura brahmA tInoM kA eka sAtha ullekha hai| eka anya lekha meM bodhidruma, ziva, viSNu aura brahmA kA eka sAtha varNana hai| yaha adbhuta mizraNa donoM dharmoM ke samanvaya kI ora nirdeza karatA hai| hida cIna ke pradezoM meM hiMduoM ke saba se adhika dhvaMsAvazeSa kaMbuja meM pAe jAte haiN| samasta deza maMdiroM, mUrtiyoM aura mahaloM se bharA par3A hai| maMdiroM kI kalA dakSiNa bhArata kI hai| pirAmiDa AkAra ke bhI kucha maMdira upalabdha hue haiN| kaI maMdiroM ke cAroM ora sAMcI, barahuta Adi kI taraha prAkAraveSTanI bhI hai| varNavyavasthA aura Azrama-vyavasthA bhI vahA~ pracalita thii| sUryavarmA ke lekha meM isa bAta kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai ki usane phira se varNavibhAga kiyA aura zaivAcArya ko brAhmaNa varNa kA mukhiyA bnaayaa| prAcIna lekhoM meM bhAratIya sAhitya kA ullekha bahuta pAyA jAtA hai| lovaka meM prApta lekha meM atharvaveda aura sAmaveda kA varNana hai| eka anya lekha meM "vedAntajJAnasAraiH, smRtipathanirataiH aSTAGgayogaprakaTitakaraNaiH, caturvedavijJAtaiH" kA ullekha hai| kaI lekhoM meM manu ke vacana jyoM ke tyoM pAe jAte haiN| kaMbuja para bhAratIya saMskRti kA asara itanA prabala thA ki 903 meM eka araba yAtrI likhatA hai "kabuja bhArata kA hI hissA hai| vahA~ ke nivAsI bhArata se sabadha rakhate haiN|' 943 meM masuhI likhatA hai-"bhArata bahuta vistRta deza hai| bhArata kI hI eka jAti bahuta dUra kabuja meM basatI hai|" caMpA. jisa samaya phUnAna kA hiMdU rAjya vikAsonmukha thA, lagabhaga usI samaya caMpA meM bhI eka hiMdU rAjya aMkurita ho rahA thaa| yadyapi isa rAjya kI sthApanA ke viSaya meM to itihAsa mauna hai tathApi, yaha nizcita hai ki dUsarI zatAbdi taka bhAratIya loga capA meM basa cuke the| isa rAjya kA 29

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226 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saMsthApaka zrImAra thaa| 380 I0 meM bhadravarmA sihAsanArUr3ha huaa| capA ke prAcIna rAjAoM meM yaha sabase adhika zaktizAlI thaa| isake lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki yaha cAroM vedoM kA paMDita thaa| isakA uttarAdhikArI gaMgArAja aMtima dina gaMgA ke kinAre vyatIta karane ke liye bhArata calA AyA thaa| 12vIM sadI meM capA aura kabuja ke rAjAoM meM paraspara adhikAralipsA ke liye lar3AiyA~ hotI rhiiN| ina yuddhoM meM kabuja kA hI hAtha U~cA rhaa| yadyapi anAmiyoM ke AkramaNa Arabha se hI ho rahe the, paratu 19vIM sadI ke prAraMbha meM anAmiyoM ne capA ko sarvathA samApta kara diyaa| deza kA prAcIna nAma capA haTAkara anAma kara diyaa| anAmI loga bauddha the| ataH aba se bauddhadharma kA pracAra hone lgaa| vartamAna samaya meM bhI anAma kA dharma yahI hai| . capA-nivAsiyoM para bhI bhAratIya saMskRti kI gaharI chApa lagI thii| prAcIna lekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki caMpA meM gajA kI jo sthiti thI vaha manusmRti meM varNita rAjA kI dazA se milatI hai| rAjyakara manusmRti ke anusAra utpatti kA chaThA athavA dasavA~ hissA liyA jAtA thaa| yaha eka sarvavidita bAta hai ki bhAratIya upanivezoM para jitanA prabhAva bhAratIya dharma aura saMskRti kA par3A, utanA aura kisI cIja kA nhiiN| Aja jaba ki ina pradezoM para bhArata kA rAjanItika prabhAva eka atIta svapna bana cukA hai, bhAratIya saMskRti apane avikasita rUpa meM aba bhI vidyamAna hai| caMpA kA pradhAna dharma zaivadharma thaa| prAcIna lekhoM meM ziva kI bahuta stuti kI gaI hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM jo kathAnaka ziva ke viSaya meM varNita haiM, una sabakA ullekha caMpA ke lekhoM meM jahA~-tahA~ pAyA jAtA hai| ziva kI pUjA, zivaliMga aura zivamUrti donoM rUpoM meM hotI thii| mukhaliMga bhI upalabdha hue haiN| liMgapUjA kA pracAra adhika thaa| rAjA loga liMgasthApanA karate hue usake sAtha apanA nAma bhI jor3a dete the; yathA bhadrezvara, iMdrabhadrezvara, vikrAMtarudra shraadi| ardhanArIzvara kA vicAra bhI vahA~ pracalita thaa| caMpA ke loga viSNu kI upAsanA puruSottama, nArAyaNa, hari, goviMda, mAdhava Adi nAmoM se karate the| rAjA loga apane ko viSNu kA avatAra samajhate the| brahmA kI

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha . 227 atirikta iMdra, inake siddha, vidyAdhara, Adi ke pUjA caturAnana aura svayaMbhU rUpa meM pracalita thI / yama, sUrya, caMdra, gaMgA Adi kI upAsanA bhI pracalita thii| padma, kinnara, gaMdharva aura apsarAoM kA varNana bhI caMpA ke lekhoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / eka taraha se sArA kA sArA hiMdUdharma apane pUrNa rUpa meM vahA~ jAkara vikasita huA thA / isase caMpA meM eka dUsarA bhArata basa gayA thA / yugoM kA vicAra, paMcabhUtoM kA vicAra, avatAravAda, jIvana kI kSaNabhaMguratA vicAra bhI vahA~ pracalita the| kahane meM to caMpA meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra cAroM varNa the, para kriyAtmaka dRSTi se brAhmaNa aura kSatriya do hI bheda the / yajJopavIta pahanane kI prathA bhI vidyamAna thI / caMpA kI vaivAhika paddhati hiMdU vaivAhika paddhati ke sadRza thii| ve jAti aura gotra Adi kA vicAra karake vivAha karate the / satIprathA bhI pracalita thii| jo striyA~ pati ke sAtha satI na hotI thIM ve hiMdU vidhavAoM kI taraha tapasyA kA jIvana vyatIta karatI thIM / siMdUra na lagAtI thiiN| acche vastra na pahanatI thIM / vidhavA-vivAha ke bhI kucha udAharaNa milate haiN| kaI hiMdU tyauhAroM kA varNana bhI prAcIna lekhoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| mRtaka saMskAra hiMdU vidhi se hI hotA thA / prathA bhI pracalita thI / saMskRta-sAhitya kA pracAra bahuta thA cAroM vedoM kA jJAtA thA / iMdravarmA tRtIya SaDdarzana, jainadarzana aura vyAkaraNa kA paMDita thA / jayadravarmadeva vyAkaraNa, jyotiS, mahAyAna aura dharmazAstra tathA zukrasaMhitA kA jJAtA thA / eka sthAna para yogadarzana kA ullekha hai / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata se ve acchI taraha paricita the| purANoM kA bhI unheM patA thA / manu, nArada aura bhRgu smRti kA ullekha bhI lekhoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / isa prakaraNa ko hama zrI ramezacaMdra majUmadAra ke ina zabdoM se samApta karate haiM "bhArata ke ve supUta jinhoMne sudUra pradezoM meM jAkara apanI patAkAe~ gAr3I thIM aura 1800 varSa taka apanI mAtRbhUmi ke gaurava ko ujjvala rakhate hue use girane nahIM diyA thA, atataH vismRti kI a~dherI goda meM lupta ho ge| paraMtu sabhyatA kI ve mazAleM jinheM unhoMne pakar3A huA thA aura jo sudIrgha kAla taka aMdhakAra se lar3AI kA prakAza phailAtI rahIM, aba bhI aspaSTa rUpa meM mandajyoti se jala rahI haiM aura bhAratIya itihAsa para eka ujjvala prakAza DAla rahI haiN|" asthipravAha kI / rAjA bhadravarmA

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288 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA syAma jisa samaya bhAratIya AvAsaka caMpA ko AvAsita kara rahe the lagabhaga usI samaya usake uttara-pazcima meM syAma rAjya kA udbhava ho rahA thaa| AThavIM sadI ke eka lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki tAmila, deza ke kucha loga, jo vaiSNava matAvalaMbI the, samudra-mArga se syAma phuNce| inhoMne vahA~ apanI bastiyA~ basAI aura vyApAra ke sAtha-sAtha saMskRti-pracAra bhI kiyaa| ye loga 'maNigrAma' vyApArika saMgha ke sadasya the, paraMtu bhArata aura syAma kA pArasparika saMbaMdha isase saikar3oM varSa pUrva hI sthApita ho cukA thaa| lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdi se hI bhAratIya AvAsakoM ne syAma jAnA prAraMbha kara diyA thA aura bhAratIya nagaroM ke nAma para bastiyA~ basAnI zurU kara dI thiiN| 13vIM zatAbdi taka syAma, kaMbuja ke hI adhIna rhaa| syAma ke ina eka hajAra varSoM kA itihAsa kaMbuja ke itihAsa se pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| agalA itihAsa tIna bhAgoM meM ba~TA huA hai| ye tIna bhAga sukhodaya, ayodhyA aura baiMkaoNka ina tIna nagaroM ke samaya samaya para rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM parivartita hone ke kAraNa haiN| 17vIM sadI ke prAraMbha meM porcugIja, Daca, phreMca aura agareja bhI syAma phuNce| ina gore vyApAriyoM ke pIche pIche gore pAdarI bhI praviSTa hue, parantu syAma meM inakA saMbaMdha zAMtipUrNa rhaa| isa kAla meM syAma aura laMkA ke bIca paraspara bhikSu-maMDaloM kA AvAgamana bhI hotA rhaa| 20vIM zatAbdi ke zrAraMbha meM syAma kA kucha pradeza a~garejoM ne aura kucha phreMca logoM ne chIna liyaa| ataH vartamAna syAma prAcIna syAma se choTA hai| yaha eka prasiddha kahAvata hai ki syAmI saMskRti bhAratIya saMskRti kI virAsata hai| syAma ke dharma, bhASA aura prathAoM para aba taka bhArata kA atula prabhAva vidyamAna hai| vahA~ ke saMskAra bhAratIya saMskAroM kA smaraNa karAte haiN| vahA~ kA rAjA apane nAma ke pIche 'rAma' zabda kA prayoga karatA hai| sarvasAdhAraNa ke nAma bhI bhAratIya nAmoM kI hI taraha haiN| syAmI logoM kA vartamAna dharma bauddhadharma hai| bauddhadharma kA sarvaprathama praveza 422 I0 meM hushraa| bauddhadharma kI yaha dhArA kaMbuja aura barmA donoM hI ora se bhii| bauddhadharma kA vizeSa prasAra 13vIM zatAbdi ke bAda huaa| isase pUrva vahA~ hiMdUdharma kA

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika sabaMdha 229 pracAra thA / yadyapi janatA bauddhadharmAnuyAyI hai tathApi hiMdUdharma kA halkA-sA prabhAva aba bhI vidyamAna hai / Aja bhI syAmI kalAkAra yamarAja, mAra aura sit kI mUrttiyA~ banAte haiN| zivapUjA ke dyotaka liMga Aja bhI maMdiroM meM pAe jAte haiN| nAmakaraNa, muMDana, karNavedha yAdi saMskAra SoDaza saMskAroM ke hI avazeSa haiM / isa samaya bhI syAma meM kucha brAhmaNa rahate haiM jo yathApUrva apane dharma kA pAlana karate haiM / ye loga apane ko una brAhmaNoM ke vaMzaja batAte haiM jo 5vIM va chaThI zatAbdi meM bhArata se Akara syAma meM base the| zrAddha, saMkrAMti, varSAvAsa, caMdragrahaNa Adi utsava syAma meM aba bhI manAe jAte haiM / bhAratIya sAhitya bhI syAma meM bahuta pracalita huA / isameM adhikAMza bhAga bauddha sAhitya kA hai| bRhattara bhArata ke anya dezoM kI taraha syAma bhI prAcIna smArakoM se bharA par3A hai| hiMdU smArakoM kI apekSA bauddha smAraka adhika haiM 1 yahA~ ke hiMdU devAlayoM meM buddhapratimA viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai / prAcIna nagaroM sukhodaya, ayodhyA aura devanagara meM bauddhavihAroM, stUpoM aura maMdiroM kI bharamAra hai / yadyapi Aja bRhattara bhArata ke anya pradeza apane dIkSAguru bhArata ko bhUla cuke haiM, paraMtu syAma apane guru kA Aja bhI smaraNa karatA hai / svAmI rAjA apane nAma ke pIche rAma zabda kA prayoga karatA hai aura cUr3Akarma saMskAra ke samaya apane hAtha se rAjaputra ke prathama bAloM ko kATatA huA, brAhmaNoM dvArA rAjakumAra ke sira para pavitra jala chir3akAtA huA, bhArata ke atIta sAMskRtika saMbaMdha ko Aja bhI jIvita rakha rahA hai| vahA~ kI bhASA, vahA~ kA sAhitya, vahA~ kA dharma aura vahA~ ke smAraka bhUtakAla ke usa bhavya yuga that dikhA rahe haiM jaba donoM deza paraspara sneha ke svargIya sUtra meM ba~dhe hue the / syAmI nagaroM aura janatA ke nAma isa amara kathA ko Aja bhI sunAte haiM ki hamane jagadguru bhArata se dIkSA grahaNa kI hai / malAyeziyA jisa samaya bhAratIya AvAsaka kaMbuja meM bhAratIya saMskRti kI AdhArazilA rakha rahe the usI kAla meM kucha sAhasI pravAsI malAyeziyA meM bhI bhAratIya sabhyatA kA bhavana khar3A kara rahe the / malAyeziyA meM saba milAkara chaH sahasra

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230 - nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dvIpa haiN| inameM se mukhya malAyA prAyadvIpa, sumAtrA, jAvA, bAli, borniyo aura saeNlibasa haiN| prAcIna samaya meM barmA se lekara malAyA prAyadvIpa taka ke samasta pradeza ko suvarNabhUmi aura jAvA, sumAtrA Adi dvIpoM ko suvarNadvIpa kahate the| suvarNadvIpa meM bhAratIyoM ke praveza kI sarvaprathama tithi kA patA lagAnA atyaMta duSkara hai, paraMtu itanA nizcita hai ki ve bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI suvarNadvIpa se paricita the| kathAsaritsAgara, kathAkoSa aura jAtakaprathoM meM suvarNadvIpa jAnevAle aneka yAtriyoM kI kathAe~ saMgRhIta haiN| malAyA prAyadvIpa-hiMdacIna ke dakSiNa meM pUrvasamudra tathA cInI samudra ko vibhakta karanevAlI pRthvI kI patalI sI paTTI ko malAyA prAyadvIpa kahA jAtA hai| cInI vivaraNoM tathA prAcIna lekhoM ko par3hane se jJAta hotA hai ki IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdi taka bhAratIya loga nizcita rUpa se malAyA prAyadvIpa meM basa cuke the| unake aneka rAjya sthApita ho cuke the aura unhoMne cInI samrATa ke sAtha rAjanItika saMbaMdha bhI sthApita kara liyA thaa| sumAtrA-bhArata se pUrvIya dvIpasamUha kI ora jAne para sabase pahale jo dvIpa par3atA hai, vaha sumAtrA hai| yaha suvarNadvIpa nAma se kahe jAnevAle dvIpoM meM sabase bar3A hai| sumAtrA kA prAcIna nAma zrIvijaya hai| cInI vivaraNoM ke anusAra 4thI zatAbdi taka bhAratIya loga nizcita rUpa se sumAtrA meM zrAvAsita ho cuke the| 7vIM zatAbdi taka yaha paryApta zaktizAlI bana gayA thaa| usa samaya vahA~ bauddhadharma kA prAbalya thA / aneka yAtrI bauddhadharma kA jJAna prApta karane sumAtrA jAne lage the| sumAtrA aura bhArata meM AvAgamana bhI paryApta hone lagA thaa| jAvA-sumAtrA se aura adhika pUrva meM jAne para eka dvIpa AtA hai jise jAbA kahate haiN| yaha suMda nAma se kahe jAnevAle dvIpoM meM sabase bar3A hai| isakA prAcIna nAma yavadvIpa hai| jAvA zabda yava kA hI apabhUza hai| atyaMta prAcIna kAla se hI bhAratIya sAhitya meM yavadvIpa kA prayoga hotA rahA hai| rAmAyaNa meM 'yavadvIpaM saptarAjyopazobhitaM' karake ise smaraNa kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna anuzratiyoM ke anusAra 74 I0 meM saurASTra ke rAjA prabhujayabhaya ke pradhAna maMtrI ajizaka ne pahale pahala jAvA meM padArpaNa kiyaa| isake eka hI varSa uparAMta 75 I0 meM kucha sAhasI loga kaliMga se ravAnA hue| yadyapi pahale pahala

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__ bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika sabaMdha 231 vahA~ saurASTra ke loga gae, para sarvaprathama upaniveza kaliMgavAloM ne hI basAe / 603 I0 meM prabhujayabhaya ke chaThe uttarAdhikArI ne pA~ca sahasra anuyAyiyoM ke sAtha chaH bar3e jahAjoM aura sau choTe jahAjoM meM jAvA kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| zIghra hI do sahasra strI-puruSa tathA bacce aura jAvA phuNce| ina anuzrutiyoM ke anusAra chaThI zatAbdi taka jAvA meM nizcita rUpa se hiMdU rAjya sthApita ho cukA thaa| isakI sUcanA jAvA meM prApta zilAlekhoM se bhI milatI hai| jAvA kA ww UUUN prAcIna dharma hiMdUdharma thaa| phAhiyAna kA vivaraNa isakI puSTi karatA hai, kiMtu phAhiyAna ke kucha hI samaya pazcAt bauddhadharma kA itanA utkarSa huA ki hiMdUdharmAnuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA atyalpa raha gii| jAvA meM bauddhadharma kA sarva prathama upadeSTA guNavarmA thaa| bAli-jAvA se Der3ha mIla pUrva kI ora eka choTA sA dvIpa hai, jise bAli kahate haiN| saMsAra bhara meM bhArata ko chor3akara eka mAtra yahI dvIpa hai jahA~ ke nivAsI apanI mAtRbhUmi se sahasroM mIla dUra rahate hue apanI prAcIna saMskRti ko.Aja bhI sthira rakhe hue haiN| yahI eka sthAna hai jahA~ ke maMdira aura pratimAe~ akhaMDita rUpa meM vidyamAna haiN| bAli se koI prAcIna lekha abhI taka upalabdha nahIM huaa| cInI vivaraNoM ke anusAra 7vIM zatAbdi taka bAli meM hiMdU rAjya kI sthApanA nizcita rUpa se ho cukI thii|

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232 . nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA borniyo-jAvA ke ThIka Upara eka bar3A sA dvIpa hai jise borniyo kahA jAtA hai| isa dvIpa se prApta lekhoM ke anusAra cauthI sadI taka borniyo meM avazya hI hiMdUrAjya kI sthApanA ho cukI thii| yajJAdi hone lage the, jinakI smRti meM lekha utkIrNa karAe gae the| ziva, gaNeza, naMdI, agastya, brahmA, skaMda, mahAkAla kI pUjA honI zrAraMbha ho gaI thii| zaiva mUrtiyoM kI adhikatA zaivadharma ke prAbalya kI dyotaka hai| mUrtiyoM para vizuddha bhAratIya prabhAva hai| saMbhava hai ki ye bhArata se hI le jAI gaI hoN|| salibasa-lagabhaga 15 varSa hue ki saeNlibasa ke pazcima taTa para buddha kI eka vizAla kiMtu bhagna pittala-pratimA upalabdha huii| hiMdacIna tathA pUrvIya dvIpasamUha meM prApta pittala-pratimAoM meM yaha sabase vizAla hai| isakI kalA laMkA kI buddhapratimAoM ke sadRza hai| aitihAsikoM kI sammati hai ki yaha mUrti amarAvatI se hI vahA~ le jAI gaI thii| Aja se paMdraha varSa pUrva taka sa libasa meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA koI bhI cihna upalabdha na huA thaa| isake prakAza meM zrA jAne se bRhattara bhArata ke itihAsa meM eka navIna adhyAya kA prAraMbha ho gayA hai| IsA kI prathama tathA dUsarI zatAbdi meM hiMdU pravAsiyoM ne malAyeziyA meM jisa sabhyatA kI prathama kiraNa ko pahu~cAyA thA usakA uSa:kAla sAtavIM zatAbdi kahI jA sakatI hai| isake pazcAt zaileMdra samrAToM ke samaya usakA madhyAhna prAraMbha huaa| ina pradezoM meM prApta zilAlekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratIya dharma, bhASA, sAhitya tathA saMskRti vahA~ ke sthAnIya aMza ko naSTa kara pUrNa vijaya prApta kara cukI thii| mUlavarmA ke lekha meM yajJa, dAna, brAhmaNa-pratiSThA, tIrthayAtrA tathA sagara Adi rAjAoM kA ullekha hai| bhAratIya tithikrama, dUrI nApane kI bhAratIya vidhi, caMdrabhAgA aura gomatI Adi nadiyoM ke nAma aura padacihnapUjA vahA~ pracalita ho cukI thii| ziva, viSNu, brahmA, gaNeza, naMdI, skaMda aura mahAkAla kI pUjA meM maMdiroM kA nirmANa ho cukA thaa| gaMgA kI pavitratA kA vicAra pracalita thaa| lekhoM kI saMskRta bhASA aura rAjAoM ke varmA-yukta nAma bhAratIya prabhAva ke sUcaka haiN| pA~cavIM zatAbdi taka vahA~ hiMdUdharma kA utkarSa rhaa| isake bAda bauddhadharma kA prasAra huaa| nAlaMdA kA upAdhyAya dharmapAla tathA dakSiNa bhArata kA bhikSu vanabodhi cIna jAte hue sumAtrA Thahare the| usa samaya yaha vidyA ke atirikta vyApAra kA bhI bar3A keMdra thaa|

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bhArata aura anya dezoM kA pArasparika saMbaMdha 233 Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki saptama zatAbdi taka malAyeziyA ke sapUrNa bhAga hi MdU AvAsakoM dvArA AvAsita kie jA cuke the| una pradezoM meM saikar3oM . rAjA svataMtratApUrvaka zAsana kara rahe the / koI aisA zaktizAlI rAjA na thA jisakI adhInatA sabhI svIkAra karate hoM / aba zaileMdra nAmaka naI zakti utpanna huii| ye zaileMdra loga bhArata se Ae the / 7vIM sadI meM inhoMne kaliMga barmA kI ora prasthAna kiyA aura TavIM zatAbdi meM barmA jItakara malAyeziyA para AkramaNa AraMbha kie| 8vIM zatAbdi meM malAyA prAyadvIpa, sumAtrA tathA jAvA bhI inake adhIna ho gae / inhoMne isa saMpUrNa pradeza kA nAma apane deza kI smRti meM kaliMga rkhaa| inakA dharma mahAyAna bauddha thA / borobudUra tathA kalarasana ke bauddha maMdira inhIM kI kalA ke sAkAra rUpa haiN| zilAlekhoM se patA calatA hai ki caMpA aura kaMbuja para bhI inakA adhikAra thA / 11vIM zatAbdi meM inake aneka pratispardhI utpanna ho gae / eka ora to jAvA rAjA aura dUsarI ora cola loga inase Takkara lene lge| isa saMgharSa meM jAvA ko pUrNatayA parAsta kara diyA gayA / aba cola loga raha ge| pUre sau varSa taka coloM ke sAtha niraMtara saMgharSa hone ke kAraNa zaileMdroM kI zakti bahuta kSINa ho gaI / yadyapi isake tIna sau varSa bAda taka zaileMdroM kA sitArA jagamagAtA rahA, paraMtu aba usakA pichalA prabhAva naSTa ho cukA thA / 14vIM sadI jAvA ke rAjA ne vaha saba pradeza, jo zaileMdroM ke adhIna thA, apane adhikAra meM kara liyA, para ve ise sthira rUpa se adhIna nahIM rakha sake / 15vIM sadI meM malAyA prAyadvIpa meM jo vividha rAjya udbhUta hue unameM malakA sabase mukhya thA / 1486 I0 ke eka lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki isa samaya taka malakkA meM islAma kA pAyA jama cukA thA / gujarAta aura IrAna ke musalamAna vyApArI malakkA meM basane lage the / inhoMne islAma ke vyApAra meM bahuta hAtha ba~TAyA / yadyapi janatA kA dharma badala gayA phira bhI bhAratIya saMskRti kA samUla nAza nahIM huA / Aja bhI jaba koI yAtrI malakA ke taTa para utarakara sarakArI bhavana kI ora paga bar3hAtA hai to use pahAr3I para banI pratimAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiM jo yaha siddha karatI haiM ki kabhI yahA~ ke zAsaka hiMdU the /

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bahujana hitAya bahujanasukhAya caratha bhikkhave cArika bahujanahitAya bahujanasukhAya lokAnukampAya zratthAya hitAya sukhAya devamanurasAnaM / desetha bhikkhave dhammaM zrAdikalyANaM majmekalyANaM pariyosAna kalyANaM sAttha savyaJjanaM kevala paripuraNaM parisuddhaM brahmacariya pakAsetha | bhikSu ! janatA ke hita ke liye, janatA ke sukha ke liye, loka para anukaMpA karane ke liye, devatAoM aura manuSyoM kA hita-sukha karane ke liye vicaro / AraMbha meM kalyANakara, madhya meM kalyANakara, aMta meM kalyANakara dharma kA zabdoM aura bhAvoM sahita upadeza karake, sarvAMza meM paripUrNa, parizuddha brahmacarya kA prakAza karo / 6

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mahAjanaka aura devI maNimekhalA kA saMvAda ['mahAjanaka jAtaka' se saMkalita ] nimnalikhita avataraNa mahAjanapadayuga (1000 vikrama pUrva se 500 vi0 pU0 taka ) kI janatA ke dRr3ha zrAzAvAda aura udyamazIla karmaNyatA ko prakaTa karatA hai| mahAjanaka jAtaka kI kahAnI meM, jaba TUTe jahAja kA kUpaka (mastUla ) thAme hue, apane sAthiyoM ke lahU se lAla hue samudra meM sAta dina taka tairane ke bAda bhI mahAjanaka himmata nahIM hAratA, taba devI maNimekhalA usake sAmane alaMkRta rUpa meM AkAza meM prakaTa hokara usakI parIkSA karane ke liye isa prakAra kahatI hai aura donoM meM yaha saMvAda hotA hai 'yaha kauna hai jo samudra ke bIca, jahA~ tIra kA kucha patA nahIM hai, hAtha mAra rahA hai ? kyA artha jAnakara-kisakA bharosA karake-tU isa prakAra vAyAma (= vyAyAma, udyama ) kara rahA hai ?? 'devi, maiM jAnatA hU~ ki loka meM jaba taka bane mujhe vAyAma karanA caahie| isI se samudra ke bIca tIra ko na dekhatA huA bhI udyama kara rahA huuN|' - 'isa gaMbhIra athAha meM jisakA tIra nahIM dikhAI detA, terA purisavAyAma (puruSArtha ) nirarthaka hai; tU taTa ko pahuMce binA hI mara jaaygaa|' - 'kyoM tU aisA kahatI hai ? vAyAma karatA huA marU~gA bhI to gardA se to bnuuNgaa| jo puruSa kI taraha udyama (purisakicca, puruSakRtya) karatA hai

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236 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vaha apane jJAtiyoM (kuTuMbiyoM), devoM aura pitaroM ke RNa se mukta ho nahIM hotA ( ki maiMne apane prayatna meM koI pachatAvA jAtA hai, aura use kasara chor3I ) / ' 'kiMtu jisa kAma ke pariNAma nahIM dikhAI detA, nizcita hI hai ?' 5 pAra nahIM lagA jA sakatA, jisakA koI phala yA vahA~ vAyAma se kyA lAbha - jahA~ mRtyu kA AnA 6 'jo yaha jAnakara ki maiM pAra na pAU~gA udyama nahIM karatA, yadi usakI hAni ho, to devi, usameM usI ke durbala prANoM kA doSa hai / manuSya apane abhiprAya ke anusAra, devi, isa loka meM apane kAryoM kI yojanA banAte aura yatna karate haiM; saphalatA ho yA na ho ( so dekhanA unakA kAma nahIM hai ) / kama kA phala nizcita hai devi, kyA tU yahIM yaha nahIM dekha rahI ? mere sAthI saba DUba gae, aura maiM taira rahA hU~, aura tujhe apane pAsa dekha rahA hU~! so maiM vyAyAma karU~gA hI, jaba taka mujhameM zakti hai, jaba taka mujhameM bala hai, samudra ke pAra jAne ko puruSakAra karatA rahU~gA / '* * zrI jayaca Mdra jI vidyAlaMkAra - kRta rUparekhA bhAga 1, pR0 346 meM diyA huA anuvAda / mUla pAlI gAthAoM ke liye dekhie, phaoNsabaoNla kRta pAlI jAtaka, bhAga 6, mahAjanaka jAtaka ( 536 ), pR0 35-36 /

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IrAna kucha vartamAna bhaugolika nAmoM ke prAcIna rUpa [saMkalanakartA-zrI bAsudevazaraNa ] vartamAna rUpa mUla prAcIna rUpa vivaraNa aiAyaNa aphagAna azvakAyana paThAna pakthana pArasa pazu, pArasIka sUsA zUSA IrAnI samrAT dArA kI purAnI rAjadhAnI bebilana baverU harappA hariyUnA apharIdo (aprodI) AprIta, AprItAH mohamaMda madhumaMtaH tarakhAna tAAyaNa paMjagAra aura citarAla ke bIca sImAprAMta ___kA eka kabIlA maujAyana vakSu nadI ke udgama ke pAsa galcA bhASA bhASI eka jAti vakhAna bakana, varkaNa aphagAnistAna kA uttara-pUrvI choTA pradeza kurrama gomala gomatI bolana bhalana kAbula kubhA, kuhakAH svAta suvAstu harirUta ha! ( IrAnI) sarayU (saMskRta) muMjAnI

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vivaraNa vAhIka roha 238 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dhartamAna rUpa mUla prAcIna rUpa agadAba ava itI-harahatI -sarasvatI balkha begrAma kapizA kAbula se 60 mIla uttara-pUrva hiMdUkuza uparizyena-paro panisasa (IrAnI) darvAja dvArakA kaboja aura badakhzA ke pazcima khotana kustana kadhAra gAMdhAra sahita aphagAnistAna kA madhyakAlIna nAma; vahA~ se AnevAle loga khivar3A kekaya namaka kI pahAr3I athavA zAhapura-jhelama gujarAta kA prAMta vAnA vanAyu sImAprAMta ko ghATI, dakSiNI vajIristAna pAmIra badakhzA - kaMboja madhyakAlIna kaboha bannU gorI paMcakorA nadI ke udgama ke pAsa hajArA abhisAra Duggara kAzmIra ko jammU prAMta dardistAna darada huMjA haMsakAyanAH kAzmIra ke uttara-pazcima kone kA eka pradeza mUlA . mauleyAH, mUlA mUlA ( nadI), mauleya (usake kA~The meM rahanevAle loga) bhAgabhitti sidha-balUcistAna kI uttarI sImA para . basanevAlI eka jAti ror3I vaNu ghorakAH dAva bugatI rauruka

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kucha vartamAna bhaugolika nAmoM ke prAcIna rUpa 239 vartamAna rUpa mUla prAcIna rUpa vivaraNa sakkhara zAkara vajIristAna kokanada cInI bhASA meM kI kyAMga (hvansAMga kA yaatraa-vivrnn)| 'kokina' (arabI bhaugolika); kikiyAna paMjakorA gaurI bArA varA eka nadI jisake kinAre pezAvara basA hai| cArasaddA puSkalAvatI sIstAna zakasthAna pavide pavidAyana __ sImAprAMta kI eka jAti zrAmU dariyA Aksasa (yUnAnI) vaMkSu (saMskRta) nAmAMtara -cakSu, yakSu yAraka da nadI sItA sapheda koha parvata zveta patha sA~cI, bhAga 1, pleTa sa089 daragAI dArgalAH citarAla citraka . isakA dUsarA nAma zAmAka bhI hai| lagamAna laMpAka aphagAnistAna ke jalAlAbAda prAMta meM eka jilaa| tAjika araboM kA madhyakAlIna nAma malAkada mAlAvat baMgAla kI khAr3I mahAdadhi arabasAgara ratnAkara pelabAMga zrIvijaya sumAtrA kA pUrvI bhAga siMgApura siMhapura nIkobAra nikkavaram aMDamana iMdradhumna sIlona siMhala, tAmraparNI laMkA araba

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240 vartamAna rUpa moma nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA mUla prAcIna rUpa vivaraNa barmA kA eka nagara suvarNabhUmi svarNa dvIpa yavadvIpa barmA sumAtrA jAvA kaMboDiyA anAma caMpA kaDAra malayadvIpa ke pazcima meM eka pradeza kAMDa (43,53-54) meM bhI yahI nAma hai|