Jain Dharm me Aachar Shastriya Siddhant Part 01

Author(s): Kamalchand Sogani, Shakuntala Jain
Publisher: Jain Vidya Samsthan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004206/1

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jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (Ethical Doctrines in Jainism) (khaNDa-1) lekhaka va saMpAdaka DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI anuvAdaka zrImatI zakuntalA jaina jaina vidyA saMsthAna zrI mahAvIrajI jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI rAjasthAna For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (khaNDa-1) Hindi Translation of the English book 'Ethical Doctrines in Jainism' by Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani (General Editors: Dr. A. N. Upadhye and Dr. H. L. Jain) lekhaka va saMpAdaka DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI pUrva prophesara darzana zAstra, ema. ela. sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura nidezaka jainavidyA saMsthAna-apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI anuvAdaka zrImatI zakuntalA jaina sahAyaka nidezaka jainavidyA saMsthAna mAkana prakAzaka jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI rAjasthAna For Personal & Private Use Only

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prakAzaka jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI zrI mahAvIrajI - 322 220 (rAjasthAna) dUrabhASa - 7469-224323 prApti-sthAna 1. jainavidyA saMsthAna, zrI mahAvIrajI 2. sAhitya vikraya kendra digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTArakajI savAI rAmasiMha roDa, jayapura - 302 004 dUrabhASa - 0141-2385247 prathama saMskaraNa 2010 sarvAdhikAra prakAzakAdhIna mUlya 400/ISBN No. 81-88677-06-X (khaNDa-1) pRSTha saMyojana zrI zyAma agravAla e-336, mAlavIya nagara, jayapura - 302017 dUrabhASa - 0141-2524138, mo. 9887223674 mudraka jayapura priNTarsa prA. li. ema.AI. roDa, jayapura - 302 001 For Personal & Private Use Only

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samarpaNa sva. mAsTara motIlAla saMghI (saMsthApaka zrI sanmati pustakAlaya, jayapura 1920) sva. paM.cainasukhadAsa nyAyatIrtha (prAcArya, digambara jaina AcArya saMskRta mahAvidyAlaya, jayapura) sva. DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye sva. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina sva. zrImatI kamalA devI TholiyA/sogANI (dharmapatnI-DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI) For Personal & Private Use Only

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viSaya-sUcI prAkkathana XIV adhyAya viSaya pRSTha saMkhyA samarpaNa prakAzakIya XI DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina adhyakSa, jaina darzana vibhAga, zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI rASTriya saMskRta vidyApITha, naI dillI-16 sampAdakIya DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI XVIII sAmAnya sampAdakIya DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye XXIII DaoN.hIrAlAla jaina DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI XXIX khaNDa-1 jaina AcAra kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi 1-14 jainadharma kI pAramparika prAcInatA (1-2), pArzva kI aitihAsikatA (3-4), pArzva kA jIvana aura prabhAva (4), pArzva kA dharma (5), mahAvIra kA atirikta spaSTIkaraNa (57), pUrva meM vidyamAna dharma ke vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM mahAvIra (7-8), mahAvIra kA jIvana aura prabhAva (9-11), digambaroM prastAvanA For Personal & Private Use Only

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2. ke paMtha ( 11-13 ), zvetAmbaroM ke paMtha (13-14), jaina AcArazAstra kA udbhava ( 14 ) / 15-55 jaina AcAra kA tAttvika AdhAra tattvamImAMsA para AcAra kI nirbharatA (15-16), dravya kA sAmAnya svabhAva (16-17), anubhava zabda kA artha (1718), dravya kI paribhASA (18-19), dravya aura guNa (1920), dravya aura paryAya ( 20 ), guNa aura paryAya ( 2021), dravya aura sat ( 21-23), pramANa, naya aura syAdvAda (23-25), dravya kA vargIkaraNa ( 25-26), bhautikavAda aura AtmavAda do atiyA~ ( 27 ), dravyoM kA sAmAnya svabhAva (27-28), pudgala kA svabhAva aura kArya (2829), pudgala ke prakAra ( 30-33), AkAza (33-34), dharma aura adharma ( 34-35), kAla (35-37), jIva ( AtmA ) kA sAmAnya svabhAva ( 37-38 ), saMsArI jIva (AtmA) kA svabhAva ( 39 ), saMsArI jIva (AtmA) ke bheda - ekendriya saMsArI jIva (40), do indriya se paMcendriya taka ke saMsArI jIva (41-42), naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM mokSa ( 42-43), uccatama Adarza ke rUpa meM paramAtmA (43-45), naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM nizcayanaya (4546), lokottara lakSya ke rUpa meM svasamaya (Atma-pratiSThita honA) (46-47), lakSya ke rUpa meM zuddha upayoga ( caitanya kI zuddha avasthA) (47-49), Adarza ke rUpameM zuddha bhAvoM kA kartRtva ( 49-51), AtmavikAsa ke lakSya ke rUpa meM svarUpasattA kI anubhUti (51), naitika uccatama Adarza ke rUpa meM paNDita - paNDita maraNa ( 52-53), lakSya ke rUpa meM (VI) For Personal & Private Use Only

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ahiMsA (53-54), Adarza kI kramika anubhUti (54 55) / 3. samyagdarzana aura sAta tattva 56-97 saMkSipta punarAvRtti (56), uccatama anubhUti kI prApti meM bAdhA ke rUpa meM mithyAtva (56-58), naitika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana ke lie anivArya sAta tattva (5859), jIva (AtmA) tattva (59-60), ajIva tattva (6061)- Asrava aura baMdha (61-62), yoga kA svabhAva (62-63), yoga se utpanna baMdha ke prakAra (63-64), kaSAya se utpanna baMdha ke prakAra (65), kaSAyasahita aura kaSAyarahita yoga (65-67), kaSAya kI vividha abhivyaktiyA~ (67-72), sAmparAyika Asrava ke kAraNa (72-74), vizeSa sAmparAyika Asrava (74-76), kundakunda ke anusAra Asrava aura baMdha (76-78), saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa kI nizcaya (pAramArthika) dRSTi (7879)- saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa kI prakriyA (80-81), mokSa ke pramukha kAraNa ke rUpa meM samyagdarzana (81), samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra saMbhava hai samyagdarzana (AdhyAtmika jAgrati) kI prApti ke pazcAt (81-83), samyagdarzana ke vividha lakSaNa (83-84), Apta, Agama aura guru kI vizeSatAe~ (85), sAta tattvoM kI zraddhA uparyukta sabhI vizeSatAoM meM mukhya (86), lokAtIta (nizcaya, zuddha) dRSTi meM samyagdarzana (87-88), samyagdarzana ke prakAra (88), samyagdarzana ke ATha aMga vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se (88-92), samyagdarzana ke sAtha rahanevAlI vizeSatAe~ (92-93), lokAtIta (VII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(nizcaya) dRSTi se samyagdarzana ke aMga (93-94), lokAtIta (nizcaya) dRSTi se samyagdarzana ke sAtha rahanevAlI vizeSatAe~ (94-95), jainAcAra kI AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM samyagdarzana (95-97) / gRhastha kA AcAra 98-161 pUrva adhyAya kA saMkSipta vivaraNa (98), samyakcAritra AdhyAtmikarUpa se samyagdRSTi (jAgrata vyakti) kI Antarika AvazyakatA (99), vItarAga cAritra aura sarAga cAritra (99-100), naitika (zubha) aura anaitika (azubha) kriyAoM ko karane ke sambandha meM samyagdRSTi (jAgrata) aura mithyAdRSTi (mUrcchita) meM bheda (100-101), AMzika cAritra (vikala cAritra) kI AvazyakatA (101-102), manuSya kI viziSTa sthiti (102), tyAga kA dArzanika dRSTikoNa (102-103), hiMsA kA vyApaka artha (103-104), hiMsA kA lokapracalita artha (104-105), bAhya AcaraNa kI zucitA bhI Avazyaka hai (105-106), hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke kRtyoM kA nirNaya (106-107), hiMsA ke prakAra (107), ahiMsANuvrata (107-111), asatya kA svarUpa (112-114), satyANuvrata (114-115), corI (steya) kA svarUpa (115), acauryANuvrata (asteyANuvrata) (116-117), abrahma kA svarUpa (117), brahmacaryANuvrata (117-118), parigraha kA svarUpa (118-119), parigraha aura hiMsA (119), parigrahaparimANANuvrata (119-120), puNya (guNa) aura pApa (doSa) ke mizraNa ke rUpa meM gRhastha (VIII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kA jIvana (121), vratoM ke ucita pAlana ke lie kinhIM vicAroM kI punarAvRtti aura unakA cintana ( 121-122), mUlaguNoM kI dhAraNA (122-123), rAtribhojana kI samasyA ( 123 124 ), guNavrata aura zikSAvrata kI vibhinna dhAraNAe~ ( 124 - 127 ), divrata kA svarUpa ( 127 128 ), dezavrata kA svarUpa (130-133), anarthadaNDavrata kA svarUpa ( 133134), anarthadaNDa ke prakAra ( 134-137), bhogopabhogaparimANavrata kA svarUpa ( 137-138), bhogopabhogaparimANavrata meM do prakAra se tyAga (138-139), bhogopabhogaparimANavrata guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM (139), sAmAyika kA svarUpa (140-142), proSadhopavAsavrata kA svarUpa ( 142143) ; proSadhopavAsavrata kI prakriyA (143 - 144 ), proSadhopavAsavrata aura pA~ca pApa (144), atithisaMvibhAgavrata kA svarUpa ( 144 - 147), gRhastha ke naitika AcaraNa kA do prakAra se nirUpaNa vrata aura pratimA ke rUpa meM (147148 ), donoM prakAroM meM samanvaya ( 148 - 149 ), gyAraha pratimAe~ (149-150), darzana pratimA ( 150-152), vrata pratimA N (152), sAmAyika aura proSadha pratimA ( 152154), zeSa pratimAe~ ( 154 - 156 ), gRhastha ke naitika AcaraNa kI vyAkhyA kA suvyavasthita tIsarA prakAra ( 156158), sallekhanA kA svarUpa aura isakA AtmaghAta se bheda (158 - 160), sallekhanA kI prakriyA (160 - 161 ) / sandarbha-grantha-sUcI 162-165 (IX) For Personal & Private Use Only

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5. khaNDa-2 muni kA AcAra jaina AcAra kA rahasyAtmaka mahattva 7. 8. 9. 10. khaNDa-3 jaina aura jainetara bhAratIya AcAra siddhAnta jaina aura pAzcAtya AcArazAstrIya siddhAntoM ke prakAra : jaina AcAra aura vartamAna samasyAe~ sArAMza (X) For Personal & Private Use Only

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prakAzakIya jainadharma evaM darzana ke adhyetAoM ke lie DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI dvArA likhita pustaka "Ethical Doctrines in Jainism' ke hindI-anuvAda 'jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta' kA prakAzana karate hue atyanta harSa kA anubhava ho rahA hai| digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI kI prabandhakAriNI kameTI dvArA san 1982 meM jainavidyA saMsthAna' kI sthApanA kI gyii| yaha saMsthAna san 1947 meM sthApita 'sAhitya zodha saMsthAna' kA vikasita rUpa hai| usa samaya isakI sthApanA meM sva. paNDita cainasukhadAsajI nyAyatIrtha, jayapura kI preraNA va tatkAlIna maMtrI zrI rAmacandrajI khindUkA kA prayAsa rahA hai| . jainavidyA saMsthAna jainadharma-darzana evaM saMskRti kI bahuAyAmI dRSTi ko sAmAnyajana evaM vidvAnoM ke samakSa prastuta karane ke lie satata prayatnazIla hai| isa uddezya kI pUrti ke upakrama meM saMsthAna dvArA aneka mahattvapUrNa pustakoM kA prakAzana kiyA gyaa| udAharaNArtha- jaina purANakoza', 'AdipurANa' (sacitra), bhaktAmara' (sacitra), 'parama puruSArtha ahiMsA', 'pravacana prakAza', 'solahakAraNa bhAvanA-viveka', 'arhata pravacana', 'jaina bhajana saurabha', 'dyAnata bhajana saurabha', 'daulata bhajana For Personal & Private Use Only

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saurabha', 'budhajana bhajana saurabha', 'bhUdhara bhajana saurabha', 'bhAgacanda bhajana saurabha', 'jaina nyAya kI bhUmikA', 'nyAya dIpikA', 'nyAya-mandira', 'dravyasaMgraha', 'AcArya kundakunda : dravyavicAra', 'samayasAra', 'syAdvAda : eka anuzIlana' Adi kA prakAzana kiyA jA cukA hai jinameM jainadharmadarzana ke siddhAntoM, usake sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko sarala sahaja rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| usI krama meM 'jainavidyA saMsthAna' dvArA 'jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta' kA prakAzana kiyA jA rahA hai| . saMsthAna se zodha-patrikA ke rUpa meM 'jainavidyA' kA prakAzana kiyA jAtA hai| vartamAna meM saMsthAna ke mAdhyama se jainadharma-darzana evaM saMskRti kA adhyApana patrAcAra ke mAdhyama se kiyA jA rahA hai jisakA. : lAbha deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM rahanevAle loga uThA rahe haiN| 'jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta' meM dasa adhyAya haiM jinameM jaina AcAra ke vibhinna AyAmoM ko citrita kiyA gayA hai| hamArA vizvAsa hai ki yaha pustaka sAmAnyajana evaM vidvAnoM ke lie AdhArabhUta pustaka ke rUpa meM upayogI hogI aura jainadharma-darzana ke adhyayanArthiyoM ke lie vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM pAThyakrama ke rUpa meM calAyI jA skegii| DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI jo deza-videza ke khyAtilabdha vidvAna haiM aura digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI kI prabandhakAriNI kameTI ke sadasya haiM, unhoMne apane dvArA likhita aMgrejI pustaka ke hindI anuvAda kA svayaM hI sampAdana karake anuvAda ko prAmANika banA diyA hai| isake lie hama apanI gauravapUrNa prasannatA vyakta karate haiN| ___ DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina, adhyakSa, jainadarzana vibhAga, zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI rASTriya saMskRta vidyApITha, naI dillI ne jainadharma-darzana ke (XII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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vibhinna AyAmoM ko ujAgara karane vAlI isa cirapratikSita pustaka kA prAkkathana likhakara jo garimA pradAna kI hai usake lie hama unake AbhArI haiN| jainavidyA saMsthAna - apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI meM kAryarata zrImatI zakuntalA jaina ne anuvAda karake hindI jagata ke svAdhyAyiyoM aura jaina AcAra ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie anuvAdita pustaka upalabdha karavAyI, isake lie ve badhAI kI pAtra haiN| - prastuta pustaka ke dasa adhyAyoM meM se hama kevala cAra adhyAyoM ko khaNDa-1 ke rUpa meM prakAzita kara rahe haiN| pustaka - prakAzana meM saMsthAna ke sahayogI kAryakartA evaM mudraNa ke lie jayapura prinTarsa prAiveTa limiTeDa, jayapura dhanyavAdAha hai| prakAzacandra jaina maMtrI narezakumAra seThI adhyakSa 26.8.2010 prabandhakAriNI kameTI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI (XIII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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"hataM jJAnaM kriyAhInaM hatA cAjJAninAM kriyA / dhAvan kilAndhako dagdhaH pazyannapi ca paGgulaH / / "" prAkkathana kriyA (AcAra) se hIna jJAna vyartha hai aura jJAna se hIna kriyA vyartha hai / andhA vyakti daur3ate hue bhI jalate hue jaMgala se bAhara nahIM nikala pAtA aura A~khoM vAlA vyakti bhI yadi paMgu hai to vaha bhI nahIM nikala sktaa| yadi donoM vyakti mila jAeM to pArasparika sahayoga se ve donoM dAvAnala se bacakara nagara meM pahu~ca sakate haiN| isI prakAra jJAna aura kriyA- donoM alaga-alaga hoM to nirarthaka haiM aura yadi donoM mila jAeM to vaha jIva saMsAraduHkha se chUTakara mokSa meM jA sakatA hai| jainadarzana ke AcArazAstra ko samajhanA bhI koI sAdhAraNa kArya nahIM hai, jaisA ki prAyaH loga samajha lete haiM; kyoMki vaha koI sAmAnya ziSTAcAra yA lokAcAra mAtra nahIM hai, apitu eka aisA gUDha - gambhIra dvimukhI siddhAnta hai jo eka ora apanI AdhArazilA ke rUpa meM jainadarzana kI sampUrNa tattvamImAMsA ko sparza karatA hai aura dUsarI ora sAdhaka ko AtmAnubhUti meM magna kara apanI AdhyAtmikatA bhI siddha karatA hai / prAyaH jaba bhI kabhI jainAcAra ko samajhane-samajhAne kI koI koziza hotI hai, to sAdhAraNa loga hI nahIM, bar3e-bar3e vidvAn aura zodhArthI bhI usake mAtra AcAra pakSa para hI vimarza karake raha jAte haiM, 1. tattvArthavArtika, 1/1 For Personal & Private Use Only

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usakI AdhArazilA- tattvamImAMsA aura usakI antima pariNatiAdhyAtmikatA ke donoM hI pakSa usase bilakula achUte raha jAte haiM, jo ki jainAcAra ko samajhane ke lie atyadhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| mahattvapUrNa hI nahIM, balki yaha kahanA cAhie ki anivArya haiN| unake binA jainAcAra ko pUrNata: (samagrataH/sarvAGgINa rUpa se) samajhA hI nahIM jA sktaa| jisa prakAra kisI vRkSa ko pUrNata: samajhane ke lie usake mUla, phala Adi ko bhI samajhanA Avazyaka hai, mAtra samakSasthita vRkSa bhAga ko hI samajhanA paryApta nahIM hai, usI prakAra jainAcAra ko bhI pUrNata: samajhane ke lie hameM usake mUla-sthAnIya jaina tattvamImAMsA ko aura phala-sthAnIya AdhyAtmikatA ko bhI samajhanA atyanta Avazyaka hai, mAtra AcAra pakSa ko hI samajhanA paryApta nahIM hai| jisa AcAra kI AdhArazilA jaina tattvamImAMsA nahIM hai aura jisakA pratiphala bhI AtmAnubhUti, AtmalInatA yA AdhyAtmikatA nahIM hai; use vastuta: jainAcAra hI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vaha to eka taraha se be-sira-paira kI bAta huii| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra koI bhI AcAra yadi vaha tattvajJAna se rahita hai to mUla-rahita vRkSa kI bhA~ti asaMbhava, mithyA yA bAlalIlA mAtra hai aura yadi vaha anta meM sAdhaka ko AtmalIna na kara sake to phala-rahita vRkSa kI bhA~ti niSphala hai, nirarthaka hai, niruddezya hai| .. isa bAta ko dUsare zabdoM meM isa prakAra bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jainadarzana kA AcAra siddhAnta eka aisI madhyasthita kar3I hai jisake eka ora tattvamImAMsA hai aura dUsarI ora AdhyAtmikatA, tathA vaha . bhAsa huza (XV) For Personal & Private Use Only

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svayaM tattvamImAMsA aura AdhyAtmikatA- ina donoM kar3iyoM ko bar3I hI kuzalatA ke sAtha jor3akara samIcIna mokSamArga kI bhavya racanA. karatI hai aura sAdhaka ko AtmavikAsa ke uttarottara sabhI sopAna car3hAtI huI kRtakRtya siddha paramAtmA banA detI hai| DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI kI isa kRti ne mujhe isIlie atyadhika prabhAvita kiyA ki isameM jainAcAra ke ina donoM mahattvapUrNa pakSoM ko bar3e hI sundara DhaMga se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai aura unakI upekSA .. kara dene kI sAmAnya bhUla isameM nahIM ho pAI hai| yadyapi jainAcAra ke vivecana kI prAcIna paramparA aisI hI rahI M hai ki usameM AcAra ko tattvajJAna aura AtmAnubhUti ke bIca meM rakhakara hI uparyuktAnusAra samajhAyA jAtA rahA hai; jaisA ki samantabhadra, amRtacandra, AzAdhara Adi ke AcAra-granthoM se bhalIbhA~ti spaSTa hai; kintu Adhunika yuga meM yaha paramparA kucha vicchinna - sI ho gaI hai| Aja ke vidvAn aura zodhArthI AcAra ko samajhane ke lie 'AcAra' taka hI sImita raha jAte haiM, usake sAtha usakI AdhArabhUta tattvamImAMsA evaM zikharabhUta AtmAnubhUti- ina donoM kI carcA taka nahIM karate haiN| unakA AcAra ke sAtha avinAbhAvI sambandha samajhanA to dUra kI bAta hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha eka bar3I bhArI bhUla hai| DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI kI yaha kRti isa dizA meM bar3hAyA gayA paramparAnurUpa / AgamAnurUpa samIcIna kadama hone se atyanta sarAhanIya hai / kevala sarAhanIya hI nahIM hai, anukaraNIya bhI hai| jaba kabhI hameM jaina AcArazAstra para kucha likhane-bolane kA avasara mile to isI dRSTi se likhanA - bolanA caahie| vidyAlayoM aura vizvavidyAlayoM meM bhI jaina AcArazAstra kA adhyayana-adhyApana isI dRSTi se honA cAhie / (XVI) For Personal & Private Use Only

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isa prakAra jainAcArazAstra ke sabhI jijJAsuoM ko isa kRti ko avazya hI manoyogapUrvaka par3hanA caahie| mujhe pUrNa AzA hai ki isake adhyayana se pAThakoM ko tattvajJAna, AcAra aura adhyAtma kI pArasparika pragAr3ha maitrI samajha meM aaegii|' tattvajJAna ke Thosa AdhAra para sthita aura adhyAtma ke madhura phaloM se suzobhita jainAcAra kI anya bhI aneka vizeSatAe~ haiN| yathAusake kendra meM sarvatra eka ahiMsA vyApta hai; vaha AtmakalyANakArI hone ke sAtha-sAtha samAjakalyANakArI bhI hai; usameM Adhunika vizva kI bhayaMkara samasyAoM ke samAdhAna bhI nihita haiM; vaha Adhunika vijJAna dvArA siddha va samarthita bhI hai; vaha avyAvahArika nahIM, apitu atyanta vyAvahArika bhI hai; pAzcAtya AcArazAstra (Western Ethics) aura jaina AcArazAstra (Jaina Ethics) meM mahAn antara hai; ityaadi| DaoN. sogANI kI prastuta kRti ke mAdhyama se jainAcAra ke ina sabhI pahaluoM ko bhI bhalIbhA~ti samajhane meM sahAyatA prApta hogii| mujhe AzA hai ki sudhI pAThaka isa pustaka kA samAdara kreNge| .. zrImatI zakuntalA jaina ne isa pustaka kA hindI-anuvAda karake aura jainavidyA saMsthAna zrI mahAvIrajI ne isakA prakAzana karake hindI ke pAThaka varga kA mahAn upakAra kiyA hai| ve koTizaH dhanyavAdAha haiN| -vIrasAgara jaina 24 agasta 2010 (rakSAbandhana) 1. "jJAnakriyAnayaparasparatIvramaitrI' - AcArya amRtacandra, samayasAra-kalaza, 267 (XVII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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sampAdakIya rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya dvArA san 1961 meM pIeca. DI kI upAdhi ke lie svIkRta zodha prabandha Ethical Doctrines in Jainism' pustaka rUpa meM san 1967 meM DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye aura DaoN. hIrAlAla .. jaina kI dekha-rekha meM jIvarAja jaina graMthamAlA, solApura se prakAzita huaa| isakA dUsarA saMskaraNa san 2001 meM prakAzita hai| yaha pustaka videzoM meM, pUrvI va dakSiNI bhArata meM adhyayanArtha atyadhika rUpa se prayoga meM aaii| lagabhaga 43 varSa taka aMgrejI jagata ke . adhyayanArthiyoM ne isakA bharapUra upayoga kiyaa| DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye likhate haiM: "The Dharmamrta of Asadhara (1240A.D.) is perhaps a fine attempt to propound the twofold discipline in one unit. The Jaina literature abounds in treatises dealing with the life of a monk, and for a handy survey of which one can consult the History of Jaina Monachism by S. B. Deo (Deccan College, Poona 1956). A Critical and historical study of the discipline prescribed for a householder is found in that excellent monograph, the Jaina Yoga by R. Williams (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1963). In the present volume (1967) Dr. K. C. Sogani has attempted an admirable survey of the entire range of the ethical doctrines in jainism. He has given us an exhaustive study of the ethical doctrines in jainism, presenting his For Personal & Private Use Only

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details is an authentic manner." arthAt "AzAdhara kA dharmAmRta (1240 IsvI) do prakAra ke AcAra-dharma ko eka ikAI meM prastuta karane kA saMbhavataH sundara prayAsa hai| jaina sAhitya meM sAdhu ke jIvana se saMbaMdhita zodha prabandha pracura mAtrA meM haiN| saMkSipta sarvekSaNa ke lie koI bhI vyakti S. B. Deo dvArA likhita 'History of Jaina Monachism' (Deccan College, Poona 1956) kA upayoga kara sakatA hai| gRhasthoM ke lie pratipAdita AcAra-dharma kA AlocanAtmaka aura aitihAsika adhyayana Ara. viliyamsa dvArA likhita jaina yoga (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1963) nAmaka uttama nibandha meM prApta hotA hai| prastuta kRti (1967) meM DaoN. ke. sI. sogANI ne jainadharma ke AcAra-sambandhI siddhAntoM ke sampUrNa AyAmoM kA utkRSTa sarvekSaNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unhoMne jainadharma ke AcAra-sambandhI siddhAntoM. ko prAmANika rIti se pradarzita karate hue unakA sarvAGgapUrNa adhyayana hameM pradAna kiyaa|" .. 12 aprela san 1971 ko pro. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne likhAApake dvArA bhejI gayI "Ethical Doctrines in Jainism" milii| kheda hai itanI acchI pustaka maiM aba taka nahIM dekha skaa| ApakI yaha pustaka jaina AcAra viSaya ko lekara antara aura bAhya sabhI pahaluoM kI carcA se saMpanna hai| Apane muni aura gRhastha ke AcAroM kA nirUpaNa to kiyA hI hai, kintu jaina tattvajJAna ke sAtha usakA kyA saMbaMdha haiusakA bhI sundara vivecana kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM kintu bhUmikA rUpa meM vaidika paramparA ke AcAra ke prakAza meM jaina AcAra ko dekhane kA jo prayatna hai, vaha ApakI painI dRSTi kA paricAyaka hai| sAtha hI misTIsijhma aura bhaktivAda kA jaina AcAra ke sAtha kisa prakAra mela hai tathA pAzcAtya dezoM meM jo AcAra-saMbaMdhI vicAraNA huI hai usake sandarbha meM (XIX) For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhI Apane jaina AcAra ko dekhA hai vaha ApakI apanI sUjha hai aura vaha Apa tattvajJAna ke vidyArthI hone se acchI taraha kara sake haiM- isameM sandeha nahIM hai| isa pustaka ke hindI-anuvAda kI carcA kAphI samaya se cala rahI thii| jainavidyA saMsthAna-apabhraMza sAhitya akAdamI kI kAryakartA zrImatI zakuntalA jaina ne isake hindI-anuvAda karane kI icchA prakaTa kii| pichale 19 varSoM se ve saMsthAna-akAdamI meM kAryarata haiN| prAkRta aura apabhraMza kI unakI yogyatA sarAhanIya hai| unakI utkaTa icchA ko dekhakara maiMne unako isa pustaka kA hindI anuvAda karane kI anumati pradAna kara dI aura usakA sampAdana karanA maiMne svIkAra kiyaa| ___ jaba isake tIna adhyAyoM kA anuvAda aura sampAdana kArya samApta huA to ise DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina, adhyakSa, jainadarzana vibhAga, zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI rASTriya saMskRta vidyApITha, naI dillI ko parAmarza hetu bheja diyA gyaa| unhoMne atyanta mahattvapUrNa sujhAva die| ye sabhI sujhAva anuvAdaka ko batA die ge| unhoMne anuvAda ko sujhAvoM ke anusAra sudhaaraa-sNvaaraa| sampAdana ke pazcAt saMzodhita anuvAda ko punaH unheM bheja diyA gyaa| ve atyadhika harSita hue| hamAre sAgraha nivedana para unhoMne isake prAkkathana likhane kI svIkRti pradAna karane kI kRpA kii| isake lie hama unake atyanta AbhArI haiN| isa pustaka ko tIna khaNDoM meM prakAzita karane kA nirNaya liyA gyaa| prathama cAra adhyAya (1) jaina AcAra kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi (2) jaina AcAra kA tAttvika AdhAra (3) samyagdarzana aura sAta tattva (4) gRhastha kA AcAra - ye eka khaNDa meM rakhe gaye haiN| anya do (XX) For Personal & Private Use Only

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adhyAya (5) muni kA AcAra (6) jaina AcAra kA rahasyAtmaka mahattva - ye dvitIya khaNDa meM rakhe gaye haiN| (7) jaina aura jainetara bhAratIya AcAra siddhAnta (8) jaina aura pAzcAtya AcArazAstrIya siddhAntoM ke prakAra (9) jaina AcAra aura vartamAna samasyAe~ (10) sArAMza - ye tRtIya khaNDa meM rakhe gaye haiN| prathama khaNDa kI kucha mahattvapUrNa bAteM isa prakAra haiM prathama, jainadharma apane udgama ke lie RSabha kA RNI hai jo caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM prathama hai| IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM aise vyakti the jo prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI pUjA karate the| niHsandeha jainadharma mahAvIra yA pArzvanAtha ke pahale bhI pracalita thaa| jaina AcAra apane udbhava meM mAgadhIya hai| . dvitIya,sampUrNa jaina AcAra vyavahAra meM ahiMsA kI ora unmukha hai| gRhastha ke AcAra kA varNana karane ke lie vyApaka paddhati haigRhasthAcAra ko pakSa, caryA aura sAdhana meM vibhAjita krnaa| sallekhanA kI prakriyA kA AtmaghAta se bheda kiyA jAnA caahie| sallekhanA usa samaya grahaNa kI jAtI hai jaba ki zarIra vyakti kI AdhyAtmika AvazyakatAoM ko pUrNa karane meM asaphala ho jAtA hai aura jaba mRtyu kA Agamana nirvivAda rUpa se nizcita ho jAtA hai, kintu AtmaghAta * 'bhAvAtmaka azAnti ke kAraNa jIvana meM kisI bhI samaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| tRtIya, jaina tattvamImAMsA jaina AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta ke pratipAdana kA AdhAra hai| jaina dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta tAttvika dRSTi anekAntavAda yA anirapekSavAda ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| jaina darzana kI dRr3ha dhAraNA hai ki darzana meM nirapekSavAda naitika cintana kA (XXI) For Personal & Private Use Only

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vinAzaka hai, kyoMki nirapekSavAda sadaiva cintana kI prAganubhavika pravRtti para AdhArita hotA hai jo anubhava se bahuta dUra hai| ahiMsA kI dhAraNA jo jaina AcAra ke kSetra se saMbaMdhita hai, padArthoM ke tAttvika . svabhAva kA tArkika pariNAma hai| caturtha, jainadharma kevala AcAra aura tattvamImAMsA hI nahIM hai balki adhyAtmavAda bhI hai| yaha isa bAta se spaSTa hai ki jaina AcAryoM dvArA nirantara samyagdarzana ( AdhyAtmika jAgrati) kI vAstavika upalabdhi para jora diyA gayA hai| samyagdarzana kI pRSThabhUmi ke binA sampUrNa jaina AcAra cAhe gRhastha kA ho yA muni kA, pUrNatayA nirjIva hai / mujhe likhate hue harSa hai ki DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina ke preraNAprada protsAhana va mArgadarzana ne tathA zrImatI zakuntalA jaina kI kAryaniSThA ne mere sampAdana - kArya ko sugama banA diyA, phalasvarUpa isakA khaNDa-1 prakAzana ke lie taiyAra ho sakA; ataH maiM inakA atyanta AbhArI hU~ / maiM vizeSatayA DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina ke prati kRtajJatA vyakta karatA hU~ jinhoMne isa pustaka ko AdyopAnta akSarazaH par3hA, bahumUlya sujhAva die aura isakA prAkkathana likhane kI svIkRti pradAna kara anugRhIta kiyA / DaoN. kamalacanda sogANI nidezaka jainavidyA saMsthAna digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIrajI (XXII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAmAnya sampAdakIya AcAra jainadharma kA eka mahattvapUrNa pakSa hai| isake do prayojana haiM- prathama, yaha AdhyAtmika zuddhi utpanna karatA hai aura dvitIya, yaha vyakti ko yogya sAmAjika prANI banAtA hai; jisase vaha uttaradAyitvapUrNa evaM sadvyavahAravAlA par3ausI bana ske| (1) pahalA prayojana karma ke jaina siddhAnta se utpanna hotA hai; jo svacAlita rUpa se kriyAzIla niyama hai; jisase karma-vidhAna ke antargata pratyeka vyakti ko usake svayaM ke vicAroM, zabdoM aura kriyAoM 9 kA zubha yA azubha phala avazya milatA hai| karma ke isa niyama meM IzvarIya hastakSepa ko koI sthAna nahIM hai, yahA~ Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| vaha na to sAMsArika prANiyoM ko prasAda pradAna kara sakatA hai aura na hI daNDa de sakatA hai| niHsandeha yaha eka sAhasika dRSTikoNa hai jo jainadharma meM buniyAdI taura para pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai jisake kAraNa vyakti nizcaya hI apane bhAgya kA svayaM nirmAtA hotA hai| karma eka sUkSma 'pudgala' yA 'UrjA' kA eka prakAra mAnA gayA hai jo vicAroM, zabdoM aura kriyAoM ke phalasvarUpa AtmA ko prabhAvita karatA hai| vAstava meM pratyeka AtmA anAdikAla se karmoM ke prabhAva meM hai| pratyeka vyakti atIta ke karmoM ke phaloM kA anubhava karatA hai aura naye karma bA~dhatA hai| isa taraha se kriyA aura usake phala kA cakra calatA rahatA hai| kevala anuzAsanAtmaka jIvana jIne se vyakti karmoM se chuTakArA pA sakatA hai| isa taraha se jaba AtmA pUrNatayA karmoM se mukta ho jAtA hai to yahI AdhyAtmika mukti kahI jAtI hai| For Personal & Private Use Only

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(2) dUsarA prayojana sabhI prANiyoM ke prati samAnatA kA dRSTikoNa vikasita karane ke lie prerita karatA hai aura yaha eka vyakti aura usakI saMpatti ke prati bhI pavitra dRSTikoNa utpanna karatA hai| yaha AcAra jainadharma meM zreNIbaddha rUpa se varNita hai| yaha vyakti ke lie prastAvita karatA hai ki vaha AcAra kA niSkapaTa rUpa se pAlana kre| isa AcAra kA AdhAra ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hai| yaha vyakti ke svAbhAvika adhikAra kI svIkRti hai, jisako yaha kahakara sArvajanika rUpa se abhivyakta kiyA gayA hai ki pratyeka vyakti jInA cAhatA hai, koI bhI maranA nahIM caahtaa| isalie dUsare prANiyoM ko naSTa karane yA nukasAna pahu~cAne kA kisI ko bhI adhikAra nahIM hai; usa rUpa meM vicAra karane para ahiMsA susaMskRta aura vivekapUrNa jIvana kA mUlabhUta / niyama hai aura isa taraha yaha jainadharma ke samasta naitika zikSaNa kA AdhAra bana jAtA hai| "na kisI ko mAranA aura na hI kisI ko nukasAna pahu~cAnA aise Adeza kA nirdhAraNa mAnava ke AdhyAtmika itihAsa meM mahAna ghaTanA hai|" yaha bAta 'alabarTa svAiTajara' ke dvArA (Indian Thoughts and its Development London 1951, pp. 82-3) ucitarUpa se kahI gayI hai| "jahA~ taka hamako jJAta hai yaha bAta spaSTa rUpa se prathama bAra jainadharma meM abhivyakta kI gayI hai|" jaina nItizAstrI pUrNarUpa se isa bAta se paricita haiM ki ImAnadAra aura sudRr3ha ahiMsAvAdI vyakti ko vyAvahArika kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| ve samajha cuke haiM ki jainadharma ne sacetana prANiyoM ko jaivika vijJAna ke anurUpa zreNIbaddha rUpa se vyavasthita kiyA hai| isakA uddezya vyakti ko kisI bhI uccazreNIvAle jIva ko mArane aura nukasAna pahu~cAne se paraheja karane ke yogya banAnA hai aura (XXIV) For Personal & Private Use Only

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aMtima rUpa se yaha batAnA hai ki vyakti nimna zreNIvAle jIva ko bhI nukasAna pahu~cAne se paraheja kre| yaha bAta hI paryApta nahIM hai ki hama kevala vyakti ke jIvana ke prati sammAna prakaTa kareM, kintu hameM usake vyaktitva aura usakI saMpatti kI pavitratA ko bhI anivArya rUpa se Adara denA caahie| yaha dRSTikoNa jaina vratoM ke sAra ko vyakta karatA hai jo isa prakAra varNita haiM - ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aprigrh| ye aNuvrata kahalAte haiM jaba gRhasthoM ke lie batAe jAte haiM aura jaba yathArtharUpa se sAdhuoM dvArA pAlana kiye jAte haiM to mahAvrata kahalAte haiN| inakA adhyayana yaha batAtA hai ki "ve eka dUsare para Azrita aura eka dUsare ke pUraka haiN|" yaha bAta benIprasAda dvArA vicArottejaka nibandha (World Problems and Jaina Ethics, Lahore 1945, pp. 17-18) meM acchI prakAra se kahI gayI hai| "jaba kisI eka vrata kA mAnavIya saMbaMdhoM ke lie upayoga kiyA jAtA hai to tArkikarUpa se dUsare vrata bhI isameM A jAte haiN| yadi aisA nahIM hotA hai to vAstava meM dUsare vratoM ke binA koI bhI vrata apane Apa meM nirarthaka siddha hogaa| una vratoM meM se prathama arthAt ahiMsA mukhya mAnI gayI hai| yaha (ahiMsA) samasta ucca jIvana kA AdhAra hai, jaina aura bauddha naitika niyamoM meM yaha ..(ahiMsA) mAnavatAvAda se adhika vyApaka hai, kyoMki isake antargata sampUrNa sacetana sRSTi samAviSTa hai| ahiMsA kI taraha asteya aura - aparigraha dikhane meM niSedhAtmaka haiM, kintu vAstava meM prayoga meM vidheyAtmaka haiN| pA~coM aNuvrata milakara jIvana kI naitika aura AdhyAtmika dhAraNA . kA nirmANa karate haiN| ye sva-utkarSa ke mahAna siddhAnta ke prati niSThA vyakta karate haiN| inheM mUlyoM kA utkarSIkaraNa bhI kahA jA sakatA hai|" (XXV) For Personal & Private Use Only

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jainadharma meM jIvana-caryA do prakAra se prastAvita kI gaI hai| eka jIvana-caryA to sAdhu ke lie hai jisane sAMsArika baMdhanoM ko tor3a diyA hai aura dUsarI gRhastha ke lie hai jisake Upara kaI sAmAjika uttaradAyitva haiN| sAdhuoM aura gRhasthoM ke kartavyoM ke pratipAdana ke lie jainadharma meM atyadhika mAtrA meM sAhitya vikasita huA hai| AdhArabhUta nirdezana aura daNDAtmaka niyaMtraNa ne sAdhuoM aura gRhasthoM ko samyakcAritra para calane ke lie sahAyatA kI hai| AzAdhara kA dharmAmRta (1240 IsvI ke . bAda), do prakAra ke AcAra ko eka ikAI meM prastuta karane kA saMbhavata: sundara prayAsa hai| jaina sAhitya meM sAdhu ke jIvana se saMbaMdhita zodhaprabandha pracura mAtrA meM haiN| saMkSipta sarvekSaNa ke lie koI bhI vyakti S. B. Deo dvArA likhita (History of Jaina Monachism, Deccan College, Poona 1956) kA upayoga kara sakatA hai| gRhasthoM ke lie pratipAdita AcAra kA AlocanAtmaka aura aitihAsika adhyayana Ara. viliyamsa dvArA likhita jaina yoga (Oxford University Press, oxford 1963) nAmaka uttama nibandha meM prApta hotA hai| isake lie koI bhI vyakti dUsare srota jaise-vasunandi zrAvakAcAra (saMpAdaka hIrAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, banArasa 1952), upAsakAdhyayana (saMpAdaka kailAzacandra zAstrI, banArasa 1964), aura ema. mehatA dvArA likhita jaina AcAra (vArANasI 1966) kA bhI adhyayana kara sakatA hai| * prastuta kRti meM DaoN. ke. sI. sogANI ne jainadharma ke AcArasambandhI siddhAntoM ke sampUrNa AyAmoM kA utkRSTa sarvekSaNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina AcAra kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi para kucha TippaNiyA~ prastuta karane ke pazcAt (I) ve tAttvika AdhAra ko vistAra se prastuta karate haiM jisa para jaina AcAra kA bhavana vistRtarUpa se nirmita hai (II-III) (XXVI) For Personal & Private Use Only

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usake pazcAt gRhasthoM aura muniyoM kA AcAra vistArapUrvaka varNita hai (IV-V) jaina AcAra AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA mArga dikhAtA hai, isalie usakA rahasyAtmaka mahattva hai (VI) yadyapi jainadharma kI apanI svayaM kI vizeSatAe~ haiM phira bhI jaina aura ajaina ke naitika siddhAntoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se nizcaya hI lAbhakArI pariNAma utpanna hote haiM (VII) jaina AcAra siddhAntoM kA dUragAmI sAmAjika tAtparya hai aura unakA Adhunika samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM adhyayana kiyA jAnA upayukta hai| jainadharma ke tIna siddhAnta- ahiMsA, aparigraha aura anekAnta yadi ucita rUpa se samajhe jAe~ aura unako vyavahAra meM kriyAnvita kiyA jAya to ve kisI bhI vyakti ko aise sammAnanIya nAgarika banA sakate haiM, jo apanI jIvana dRSTi meM mAnavIya hote haiM aura parigraha vRtti se anAsakta hote hai aura apanI mAnasika sthiti meM uccakoTi ke buddhisampanna aura sahanazIla hote haiN| sArAMza yaha hai ki DaoN. sogANI ne hameM jainadharma ke AcAra-sambandhI siddhAntoM ko prAmANika rIti se pradarzita karate hue unakA sarvAGpUrNa adhyayana pradAna kiyA hai| . DaoN. sogANI kI prastuta kRti mUla rUpa se vahI zodhaprabandha hai jo rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya dvArA pIeca. DI kI upAdhi ke lie svIkRta kI gayI thii| yaha unakA atyadhika sneha thA ki unhoMne jIvarAja jaina graMthamAlA meM prakAzana ke lie usako hamArI vyavasthA meM sauNpaa| - sAmAnya sampAdaka hone ke nAte hama TrasTa kameTI ke sadasyoM aura prabandha samiti ko aise prakAzanoM ke vAste vitta-prabandha ke lie mana se * dhanyavAda arpita karate haiN| isa bAta kI AzA kI jAtI hai ki isa prakAra jaina . AcArazAstrIya siddhAntoM kA sarvAGpUrNa pratipAdana bhAratIya dhArmika ciMtana ke vidyArthiyoM ke lie jainadharma ko samIcIna rUpa se samajhane ke yogya banA deNge| (XXVII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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hameM yahA~ likhate hue atyadhika duHkha hai ki zrI gulAbacanda hIrAcandajI kA 22. 1. 67 ko nidhana ho gyaa| ve TrasTa kameTI ke adhyakSa the aura unhoMne graMthamAlA kI pragati meM tIvra ruci drshaayii| sAmAnya sampAdakoM ne unameM nihita upakAritA kI nidhi ko tathA uccakoTi ke udAratAvAda ko kho diyaa| unake kAraNa adhikatara hamAre prakAzanoM kI nIti kI rUparekhA taiyAra huii| yaha hamAre lie saMtoSa kI bAta hai ki unake pazcAt unake bhAI zrI lAlacaMda hIrAcaMdajI hamAre adhyakSa bne| seTha zrI lAlacaMdajI gatizIla preraNA ke lie prasiddha haiM, unakI yaha preraNA, hama AzA karate haiM ki, saMgha kI gatividhiyoM meM navIna utsAha bhara degii| hama mana se dhanyavAda karate haiM zrI vAlacanda devIcandajI aura zrI mANakacanda vIracandajI kA jo ina prakAzanoM meM sakriya ruci le rahe haiN| unake sahayoga aura sahAyatA ke binA sAmAnya saMpAdakoM ke lie vividha prakAra ke prakAzanoM ko saMpAdita karanA kaThina hotaa| kolhApura e. ena. upAdhye jabalapura eca. ela. jaina (XXVIII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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prastAvanA prastuta kRti mUlata: vahI zodhaprabandha hai jo rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya dvArA pIeca.DI kI upAdhi ke lie san 1961 meM svIkRta kI gayI thii| isa kRti meM sarvaprathama yaha dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki sampUrNa jaina AcAra vyavahAra meM ahiMsA kI ora unmukha hai| jainAcAryoM ke dvArA ahiMsA kI paripUrNa anubhUti mAnava jIvana kA uccatama Adarza samajhA gayA hai| ahiMsA jainadharma meM itanI pramukha hai ki ise jainadharma kA prAraMbha aura aMta kahA jA sakatA hai| samantabhadrAcArya kA kathana hai ki "sabhI prANiyoM kI ahiMsA paramabrahma kI anubhUti ke samAna hai|" yaha kathana ahiMsA ke uccatama svabhAva ko prakAzita karatA hai| ___ahiMsA kA Adarza kramikarUpa se anubhava kiyA jAtA hai| jo vyakti ahiMsA kA AMzikarUpa (Partially) se pAlana karane ke yogya hotA hai vaha gRhastha kahalAtA hai aura jo ahiMsA kA pUrNarUpa (Completely) se pAlana karatA hai, yadyapi paripUrNarUpa (Perfectly) se nahIM kara pAtA vaha saMnyAsI yA muni kahA gayA hai| niHsandeha muniyoM kA jIvana ahiMsA ke anubhava ke lie pUrA AdhAra pradAna karatA hai, kintu isakA paripUrNarUpa se anubhava kevala AdhyAtmika (rahasyAtmaka) anubhava kI pUrNatA meM hI saMbhava hai jo ki arhat avasthA kahI jAtI hai| - isa prakAra gRhastha aura muni do pahiye haiM jisa para jaina AcArarUpI gAr3I bilakula AsAnI se calatI hai| jaina AcAryoM ko yaha zreya prApta hai ki unhoMne ina do AcAroM ko apanI dRSTi meM sadaiva rkhaa| unhoMne kabhI bhI eka-dUsare ke kartavyoM kA ghAlamela karane yA unako gaDDa-maDDa karane (XXIX) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kA samarthana nahIM kiyaa| pariNAmasvarUpa unhoMne jainadharma meM gRhasthaAcAra ko utanI hI spaSTatA se vikasita kiyA jitanI spaSTatA se muni-AcAra vikasita kiyA gyaa| munipravRtti se abhibhUta hokara jainadharma ne gRhastha-AcAra kI upekSA nahIM kii| aNuvratoM ke siddhAnta ko vikasita karane ke kAraNa jainadharma ne aisA mArga dikhA diyA hai jisa para gRhastha apanI jIvana-yAtrA saphalatApUrvaka calA sakatA hai| aNuvratoM kA siddhAnta bhAratIya cintana ko jainadharma kA advitIya yogadAna hai| dvitIya, yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA jaina nItiparaka siddhAnta ke pratipAdana kA AdhAra hai| jaina dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta tAttvika dRSTi anekAntavAda yA anirapekSavAda ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| dravya ke svarUpa ko prakaTa karane ke lie jaina dArzanika nirapekSa dRSTikoNa kA anumodana nahIM karate haiN| jainadarzana kI dRr3ha dhAraNA hai ki darzana meM nirapekSavAda naitika cintana kA vinAzaka hai, kyoMki nirapekSavAda sadaiva cintana kI prAganubhavika pravRtti para AdhArita hotA hai jo anubhava se bahuta dUra hai| isa dRSTi se samantabhadra kA kathana mahattvapUrNa hai| unake anusAra baMdhana aura mokSa, puNya aura pApa kI jo dhAraNA hai vaha apanI prAsaMgikatA kho detI hai yadi hama dravya ke svabhAva ke nirmANa meM kevala nityatA yA anityatA ko svIkAra karate haiN| thor3e se cintana se yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA ki ahiMsA kI dhAraNA jo jaina AcAra ke kSetra se saMbaMdhita hai padArthoM ke tAttvika svabhAva kA tArkika pariNAma hai| tRtIya, yaha dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki adhyAtmavAda meM jaina AcAra kI parAkASThA hai| isa prakAra yadi AcAra kA mUla srota tattvamImAMsA hai to adhyAtmavAda isakI parisamApti hai| AcArazAstra tAttvika cintana aura AdhyAtmika anubhava ko jor3anevAlI kar3I hai| (XXX) For Personal & Private Use Only

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yaha kahanA galata na hogA ki jainadharma kevala AcAra aura tattvamImAMsA hI nahIM hai balki adhyAtmavAda bhI hai| yaha isa bAta se spaSTa hai ki jaina AcAryoM dvArA nirantara samyagdarzana (AdhyAtmika jAgrati) kI vAstavika upalabdhi para jora diyA gayA hai| samyagdarzana kI pRSThabhUmi ke binA sampUrNa jaina AcAra cAhe gRhastha kA ho yA muni kA pUrNatayA nirjIva hai| isa prakAra sampUrNa jaina AcAra meM adhyAtmavAda vyApta hai| AdhyAtmika jIvana-patha ke prati gahana niSThA ke kAraNa jainadharma ne AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke caudaha sopAna vikasita kiye haiM jinheM guNasthAna kahA jAtA hai| maiMne ina sopAnoM ko nimnalikhita zIrSakoM ke antargata sammilita kiyA hai, udAharaNArtha- (1) jAgrati se pUrva AtmA kA aMdhakArapUrNa kAla (AtmA kI aMdhakArapUrNa rAtri), (2) AtmajAgrati (AtmA kA jAgaraNa), (3) AcAra-sambandhI zuddhIkaraNa, (4) prakAza-jyoti, (5) prakAza-jyoti ke pazcAt aMdhakAra kA kAla aura (6) sAmAnya anubhava se pare lokottara jiivn| ina sopAnoM se pare eka avasthA aura hai jise siddha-avasthA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| caturtha, yaha dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki jainadharma meM bhakti kI saiddhAntika saMbhAvanA hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki jainadharma aura bhakti Apasa meM eka dUsare ke virodhI zabda haiM, kyoMki bhakti meM eka aise divya/IzvarIya hastI ke astitva kI pUrva mAnyatA hai jo bhakta kI AkAMkSAoM kA sakriyatA se uttara de sake aura jainadharma meM aisI hastI kI dhAraNA amAnya hai| yaha kahanA satya hai ki jainadharma aisI IzvarIya hastI ke vicAra kA samarthana nahIM karatA hai, lekina jainadharma meM niHsandeha arhat aura siddha, jo ki divya anubhava prApta AtmAe~ haiM, bhakti ke viSaya ho sakate haiM, kintu ve mAnavIya prArthanAoM ke viSaya hote (XXXI) For Personal & Private Use Only

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hue bhI mAnavIya sukha-duHkha se bilakula taTastha rahate haiN| lekina jainadharma ke anusAra arhat yA siddha ke prati bhakti kI preraNA isa bAta se utpanna hotI hai ki unameM se kisI kI bhI bhakti AtmA meM uccatama prakAra ke puNya kA saMcaya karatI hai, jo phalasvarUpa bhautika aura AdhyAtmika lAbha utpanna karatI hai| arhat yA siddha ke prati bhakti ke dvArA hamAre vicAra aura saMvega zuddha hote haiM jisake pariNAmasvarUpa AtmA meM puNya kA saMcaya hotA hai| isa prakAra kA puNya kevala patthara kI pUjA karane se utpanna nahIM ho sakatA hai, isalie jainadharma meM arhat aura siddha kI pUjA kA mahattva hai| isa tathya ke kAraNa samantabhadra yaha ghoSaNA karate haiM ki arhat kI ArAdhanA AtmA meM atyadhika puNya kA saMcaya karatI hai| jo usakI bhakti karatA hai vaha samRddhi ko pAtA hai aura jo usakI nindA karatA hai vaha duHkha meM giratA hai| aisA samajhane para sAdhaka ko Izvara (arhat aura siddha) ke alagAva pUrNa vyavahAra ke lie nirAzA kI zvAsa nahIM lenI caahiye| saca to yaha hai ki jo unakI bhakti karate haiM, ve svataH hI unnata ho jAte haiN| aMta meM isa tathya kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA gayA hai ki vAstava meM vaidika, jaina aura bauddha se prApta tAttvika niSkarSoM meM bheda hote hue bhI unake pratipAdakoM ne vastuoM kI asAratA se pare jAne ke lie samAna paddhatiyoM aura yuktiyoM kA sahArA liyA hai| isa prakAra ve manovaijJAnika, AcArazAstrIya aura dhArmika bhAva ke stara para asAdhAraNa rUpa se sahamata haiN| isake sAtha hI maiMne kucha mahattvapUrNa pAzcAtya AcArazAstrIya siddhAntoM kI bhI AlocanAtmaka dRSTi se parIkSA kI hai| ___isa kArya ke Ayojana meM jina srotoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai unake prati pAdaTippaNa meM RNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| zabdazaH anuvAda (XXXII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kI apekSA mUla srotoM kA anuvAda karane ke lie bhAva kA adhika dhyAna rakhA gayA hai| prArambha meM hI maiM gaharI kRtajJatA ke bhAva ko abhivyakta karatA hU~ sva. mAsTara motIlAlajI saMghI, jayapura (rAjasthAna) ke prati, jinhoMne na kevala zabdoM se kintu apane jIvana aura cintana ke tarIke se mujhe darzana kI ora modd'aa| AdhyAtmika vyaktiyoM meM maiM unheM ucca zreNI kA mAnatA huuN| vyaktiyoM ko jAti aura mata ke pakSapAta ke binA badalane ke tarIke ke kAraNa aura AdhyAtmika sAhitya ke adhyayana ke prati ruci utpanna karane ke kAraNa ve mujhe sukarAta kI yAda dilAte haiN| paM. cainasukhadAsajI nyAyatIrtha, prAcArya, jaina saMskRta kaoNleja, jayapura (rAjasthAna) mere lie sadaiva prakAza aura preraNA ke srota bane rhe| unakA agAdha pANDitya, gaMbhIra ciMtana aura saMta jaisA jIvana mere lie mArgadarzaka bnaa| unake kAraNa hI maiM mUla srotoM ke adhyayana meM lagA rahA aura unako vartamAna rUpa meM prastuta kara skaa| mere lie ve dRr3hatA, dhairya, sAhasa aura akSuNNa utsAha ke pratIka haiN| maiM unakA kitanA RNI hU~- yaha merI abhivyakti se pare hai| maiM pUrNarUpa se kRtajJatA svIkAra karatA hU~ mere suparavAijara DaoN. vI. eca. dAte ke prati, jinake nirdezana aura snehI vyavahAra se vartamAna kArya kara skaa| yahA~ mujhe yaha ullekha karate hue hicakicAhaTa nahIM hai ki unake kAraNa hI maiM merA snAtakottara adhyayana pUrA kara sakA aura darzana meM kaI nayI bAteM sIkha sakA jinako kevala lambe vyaktigata samparka ke kAraNa hI sIkhA jA sakatA hai| maiM unake vAtsalya ko kabhI nahIM bhulA sktaa| DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye jo graMthamAlA ke sAmAnya saMpAdaka hai unake prati merI kRtajJatA kI abhivyakti ke lie zabda aparyApta hai| vividha bauddhika (XXXIII) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kAryoM ke hote hue bhI unhoMne isa kArya ke prakAzana meM vyaktigata ruci lI aura unhoMne eka se adhika bAra prUphoM kA saMzodhana kiyaa| maiM mana se dhanyavAda arpita karatA hU~ jIvarAja jaina graMthamAlA ke TrasTiyoM kA jinhoMne isa kArya ke prakAzana kI vyavasthA kii| maiM atyanta RNI hU~ zrI pI. sinhA, prAcArya, Ara. Ara. kaoNleja, alavara (rAjasthAna) kA jinhoMne mujhe aise kAryoM ko karane ke lie sabhI prakAra kI Avazyaka suvidhAe~ pradAna kii| maiM mere mitra zrI bI. Ara. bhaNDArI ko dhanyavAda detA hU~ jinhoMne apanA atyadhika samaya anukramaNikA taiyAra karane meM lgaayaa| isa avasara para mujhe dhanyavAda denA nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye apanI patnI zrImatI kamalA devI sogANI ko jinhoMne apane bahuta se svArthoM ke tyAga dvArA aura mUla srotoM se sAmagrI nikAlane meM madada dvArA mujhe vyAvahArika protsAhana diyaa| udayapura ke. sI. sogANI 1. 3. 67 (XXXIV) For Personal & Private Use Only

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pahalA adhyAya jaina AcAra kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi jainadharma kI pAramparika prAcInatA paramparA ke anusAra jainadharma apane udgama ke lie RSabha kA RNI hai jo caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM prathama hai| aisA kahA gayA hai ki zeSa tIrthaMkaroM ne isa prAcIna dharma ko punarujjIvita kiyA aura samaya-samaya para prakaTa kiyaa| bhAgavatapurANa meM RSabha ke bAre meM jo kucha tathya ullikhita haiM ve adhikAMza jaina graMthoM meM batAye gae tathyoM ke samAna haiN| pro. rAnADe kA kathana hai-"RSabhadeva eka viziSTa prakAra ke rahasyavAdI saMta hai jinakI apane zarIra ke prati pUrNa asAvadhAnI unake IzvarAnubhava kI uccatama nizAnI hai|" "yaha jAnanA rucipUrNa hogA ki RSabhadeva ke saMbaMdha meM jo vistAra bhAgavata meM diyA gayA hai vaha AdhArabhUtarUpa se jaina paramparA dvArA likhita vistAra ke lagabhaga samAna hai|''2 DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan kA mata hai- "yaha dikhAne ke lie paryApta pramANa hai ki IsA pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM aise vyakti the jo prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI pUjA karate the| niHsandeha jainadharma vardhamAna yA pArzvanAtha ke pahale bhI pracalita thaa| yajurveda tIna tIrthaMkaroM ke nAmoM kA ullekha karatA haiRSabha, ajitanAtha aura arissttnemi| bhAgavatapurANa isa dRSTi kA samarthana - 1. Mysticism in Maharastra, p.9 2. paramAtmaprakAza, paricaya, pRSTha 39 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta. (1) For Personal & Private Use Only

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karatA hai ki RSabhadeva jainadharma ke saMsthApaka the|" "RSabhadeva dvArA upadiSTa ahiMsA kA siddhAnta saMbhavatayA usa samaya kI pracalita saMskRti ke pahale astitva meM rahA hai|'' paramparAnusAra RSabha kosala meM paidA hue the; unake pitA kulakara nAbhi va mAtA marudevI thii| zeSa tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM:- (2) ajita, (3) saMbhava, (4) abhinandana, (5) sumati, (6) padmaprabha, (7) supArzva, (8) candraprabha, (9) puSpadaMta, (10) zItala,. (11) zreyAMsa, (12) vAsupUjya, (13) vimala, (14) anaMta, (15) dharma, (16) zAMti, (17) kuMthu, (18) ara, (19) malli, (20) munisuvrata, (21) nami, (22) nemi, (23) pArzva aura (24) mhaaviir| "jaina paramparA sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ko vizuddha kSatriya jAti kI upaja mAnatI hai; unake saMbaMdha meM dUsarI bAta unnIsaveM tIrthaMkara malli ke bAre meM matabheda ko lekara hai| zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra ve strI the) digambara isase sahamata nahIM haiN|'' isake atirikta pA~caveM tIrthaMkara 'sumati' kA nAmollekha bhAgavatapurANa meM hai| vaha (bhAgavatapurANa) hamako batAtA hai . ki "kucha nAstikoM ke dvArA ve adhArmikarUpa se IzvarIya divyatA ke rUpa meM pUje jaayeNge|"6 anya tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi (nemi) kRSNa ke AkhyAna se saMbaMdhita haiN|' 3. 4. 5. 6. Indian Philosophy, Vol.1. p.287 History of Philosophy Eastern and Western, Vol.1.,p. 139 History of Jaina Monachism, p.59 Visnu Purana, p.164 History of Jaina Monachism, p.59 History of Jaina Monachism, p.59 7. (2) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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pArzva kI aitihAsikatA paramparA ke atirikta aitihAsika dRSTi ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue hama pAte haiM ki aMtima do tIrthaMkaroM - arthAt pArzva aura mahAvIra kI aitihAsikatA aba svIkAra kara lI gaI hai| kucha tarka jo pArzva kI aitihAsikatA ke lie prastuta kiye gaye haiM ve nimna hai - prathama, DaoN. yAkobI ne tathyAtmakarUpa se siddha kiyA hai ki jainadharma mahAvIra ke samaya se pahale bhI teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke samaya astitva meM thaa| ye bauddha saMdarbha haiM jinhoMne unako yaha dRSTikoNa apanAne ke lie bAdhya kiyaa| unameM se eka yaha hai; dIghanikAya ke sAmaJJaphalasutta kI truTi hai ki isane cAturyAmadharma jo pArzva ke dvArA upadiSTa thA usako nAtaputa (mahAvIra) para Aropita kiyA isase mahAvIra ke pUrva jainadharma kA astitva siddha hotA hai| DaoN. yAkobI ke zabdoM meM, "pAli cAtuyAma samAna hai prAkRta cAtujjAma ke, yaha eka prasiddha jaina zabda hai jo sUcita karatA hai ki pArzva ke cAra vrata haiM jo mahAvIra ke pA~ca vratoM (paMca mahavvaya) ke nAma para batAye gae haiM / yahA~, taba bauddhoM ne, maiM mAnatA hU~ eka galatI kI hai| nAtaputta mahAvIra para eka siddhAnta ko Aropita kiyA jo vAstava meM usake pUrvavartI pArzva se saMbaMdhita thaa| yaha eka mahattvapUrNa galatI hai, kyoMki bauddha isa zabda kA prayoga niggaMtha mata kA varNana karane meM nahIM kara sakate the jaba taka unhoMne use pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM se na sunA ho aura ve usakA prayoga nahIM karate, yadi mahAvIra ke dvArA kie gaye sudhAra buddha ke samaya ke niggaMthoM dvArA pahale se hI grahaNa kiye hue hote| isalie maiM bauddhoM kI isa bhArI bhUla ko jaina paramparA kI ucitatA kA sabUta mAnatA hU~ ki pArzva ke anuyAyI mahAvIra ke samaya astitva meM the|"" dvitIya, svayaM jaina AgamoM dvArA pArzva kI aitihAsikatA ke pramANa upalabdha 8. Sacred Books of the East Series, Vol. XLV.p.XXI Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (3)

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karAye gaye haiM; unameM se eka kezI aura goyama ke bIca kA vArtAlApa hai jo uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita hai| isake bAre meM yAkobI kA kathana hai, "pArzva kA anuyAyI vizeSarUpa se kezI mahAvIra ke samaya meM unake anuyAyiyoM kA agraNI thaa| yaha bAta bahudhA jainasUtroM meM aise tathyAtmaka tarIke se batAI gaI hai ki usa lekha kI prAmANikatA meM saMdeha karane ke lie koI kAraNa nahIM hai|"10 tRtIya, pArzva ke pA~ca sau anuyAyiyoM dvArA mahAvIra ke pA~ca prakAra ke dharma kI tuMgiyA para . svIkRti mahAvIra ke pUrva jainadharma ke astitva kA samarthana karatI hai|'' pArzva kA jIvana aura prabhAva pArzva kI aitihAsikatA hote hue bhI unake bAre meM bahuta kama tathya mAlUma haiN| unake pitA vArANasI ke rAjA vizvasena the, aura unakI mAtA vAmA thii| unhoMne apanA jIvana tIsa varSa taka gRhastha avasthA meM bitAyA aura isake bAda sAdhu jIvana vyatIta kiyaa|.83 dina taka kaThora tapasvI jIvana kA anusaraNa karane ke pazcAt unhoMne kevalajJAna (pUrNajJAna) prApta kiyA, aura apane jIvana ke 100 varSa pUrNa hone ke pazcAt sammeda parvata ke zikhara para mahAvIra ke nirvANa prApta karane ke 250 varSa pUrva mukti prApta kii| "mukhya zaharoM meM se jinameM unhoMne bhramaNa kiyA thA ve haiM- ahichattA, AmalakappA, hatthinApura, kaMpillapura, kosambI, rAyagiha, sAgeya aura saavtthii| isase yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki unhoMne bihAra aura uttarapradeza ke Adhunika pradezoM meM bhramaNa kiyaa|''12 9. Uttaradhyayana, XXIII 10. Sacred Books of the East Series, Vol. XLV. p. XXI 11. Bhagavai, pp. 136 ff. vide History of Jaina Monachism, pp. 63-64. 12. History of Jaina Monachism, pp. 60-61 (4) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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pArzva kA dharma pArzva kA dharma "cAujjAma'13 dharma kahA gayA hai yA cAra prakAra kA dharma jo hiMsA, jhUTha, corI aura parigrahavRtti se paraheja prastAvita karatA hai| prazna yaha hai ki pArzva aura mahAvIra ke dvArA vratoM kI saMkhyA jo kramaza: cAra aura pA~ca prastAvita kI gayI thI unakI saMkhyAoM meM bheda kyoM thA? isake uttara meM yaha kahA gayA ki prathama tIrthaMkara ke adhIna jo sAdhu the ve sarala the lekina mandabuddhi the, aura aMtima tIrthaMkara ke adhIna jo sAdhu the ve kapaTI the aura mandabuddhi bhI the, una donoM ke bIca meM (dUsare se teIsaveM tIrthaMkara taka) sAdhu sarala aura buddhimAna the isalie do prakAra ke niyama haiN| phira, jo prathama (tIrthaMkara) ke adhIna sAdhu the ve niyamoM ke AdezoM ko kaThinAI se samajhate the aura aMtima (tIrthaMkara) ke adhIna sAdhu unako kevala kaThinAI se pAlana kara sakate the| lekina unameM se jo bIcavAle sAdhu (dUsare se teIsaveM tIrthaMkara taka) the ve AsAnI se samajha jAte the aura unakA pAlana bhI karate the|15 mahAvIra kA atirikta spaSTIkaraNa . prathama, mahAvIra dvArA jo spaSTIkaraNa kiyA gayA vaha thA pArzva ke cAra vratoM meM pA~caveM vrata brahmacarya kI spaSTarUpa se vRddhi| pArzva ke dharma meM vaha avyakta thA jabaki mahAvIra ke dharma ne apane ziSyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue brahmacarya vrata ko vyakta kara diyA, kyoMki ve ziSya jaTila aura mandabuddhi the| yaha vRddhi pArzva ke ziSyoM ke virodha meM hai jo "sarala . 13. Uttaradhyayana, XXIII. 12 14. Uttaradhyayana, XXIII.26 mUlAcAra, 534, 535 15. Uttaradhyayana, XXIII. 27 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura buddhimAna the|" yAkobI kA kathana hai- "brahmacarya kA vrata pArzva ke cAra vratoM meM spaSTatayA ullikhita nahIM thA kintu avyakta rUpa se unake dvArA prastAvita samajhA gayA thaa| isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki kevala aise vyakti jo ImAnadAravRtti ke the aura jaldI samajhane vAle the cAra vratoM kA akSaraza: pAlana karane se ve pathabhraSTa nahIM hoMge, kintu dUsare vyakti kAmabhoga se alaga nahIM raheMge kyoMki kAmabhoga spaSTa rUpa se niSiddha nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| mUla pATha meM jo tarka hai vaha batAtA hai sAdhu saMgha ke naitikatA ke kSaya ko jo pArzva aura mahAvIra ke bIca ke samaya meM ghaTita huA aura yaha isa mAnyatA ke AdhAra para saMbhava hai ki aMtima do tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya meM paryApta antarAla vyatIta ho gayA thaa| aura yaha bAta sAmAnya paramparA ke pUrNatayA anurUpa hai ki mahAvIra pArzva ke DhAI sau varSa bAda hue|"16 dvitIya, Agamika paramparA kI dRSTi se mahAvIra ne nagnatA ke AcaraNa ko AraMbha kiyaa| 'kalpasUtra' hameM batAtA hai ki pUjanIya tapasvI mahAvIra ne eka sAla aura eka mahIne ke lie vastra pahane the; isake bAda vaha nagna cale aura khAlI hAtha meM bhikSA ko svIkAra kiyaa| mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI pArzva ne ziSyoM ko nIce aura Upara ke vastra pahanane kI anumati dii|18 'suttapAhuDa' meM kundakunda ne ghoSaNA kI ki tIrthaMkara bhI vastroM ke prayoga se mokSa prApta karane meM asamartha rheNge| isa bAta se yaha sUcanA prApta hotI hai ki kisI bhI tIrthaMkara ne sAdhuoM ke lie vastroM ke prayoga kI anumati nahIM dii| yaha dRSTikoNa sujhAtA hai ki na kevala mahAvIra balki anya sabhI (tIrthaMkaroM) ne nagnatA kA upadeza diyaa| tRtIya, 16. Uttaradhyayana, p. 122., Foot note No. 3 17. Kalpasutra, p. 260 18. Uttaradhyayana, XXIII. 13 19. suttapAhuDa, 23 (6) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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mahAvIra ke dvArA pratikramaNa (aticAra kI nindA) ke vyavahAra kI pAlanA anivArya kara dI gayI, isa tathya kA binA lihAja kie ki aticAra kiyA gayA hai| isakA kAraNa ho sakatA hai asthira mana kI svIkRti aura ziSyoM kA vismaraNazIla svabhAva yA yaha vizvAsa ki pApa kI cetanA se vyakti galata kAma karane se rukeNge| prathama tIrthaMkara ke samaya yahI vyavahAra calatA rahA lekina tIrthaMkaroM (dUsare se teIsaveM tIrthaMkara taka) ke ziSyoM ne kisI aticAra ke karane para hI pratikramaNa ke vyavahAra kI pAlanA kI kyoMki ve atisUkSma aura sthAyI mAne gaye haiN| caturtha, pUjyapAda 'cAritra bhakti' meM batAte haiM ki mahAvIra ne teraha prakAra ke cAritra kA upadeza diyA arthAt pA~ca samiti, tIna gupti aura pA~ca mhaavrt| dUsare tIrthaMkaroM dvArA itane vistAra se upadeza nahIM diyA gyaa| pA~cavA~, 'mUlAcAra' ke anusAra RSabha aura mahAvIra ne chedopasthApanA cAritra ke pAlane kI ghoSaNA kI jaba ki dUsaroM ne kevala eka sAmAyika vrata pAlane kI ghoSaNA kii|22 chedopasthApanA kA artha hai- teraha prakAra kA cAritra jo Upara batAyA gayA hai yA pA~ca mhaavrt| sAmAyika kA artha hai- sabhI prakAra kI pApapUrNa pravRttiyoM kA varjana jisameM saMkSepa meM sabhI prakAra ke cAritra kA samAveza kiyA jAtA hai|24 pUrva meM vidyamAna dharma ke vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM mahAvIra - uparyukta jo kucha kahA gayA hai usase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai 20. mUlAcAra, 624-630 21. cAritra bhakti, 7 22. mUlAcAra, 533 23. AcArasAra, 5/6,7 . sarvArthasiddhi, 7/1 - 24. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/1 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism etatert # Tarnea Pelle (7) For Personal & Private Use Only

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ki mahAvIra ne spaSTIkaraNa ke dvArA apane pUrvavartI ke dharmamata ko unnata kiyA aura bilakula hI nayA dharmamata sthApita nahIM kiyaa| pro. ghATage kA kathana hai- "jaisI sthiti hai usake dvArA yaha samajhA jA sakatA hai ki paramparA ne pArzva ke dharma ke kevala una biMduoM ko hI banAe rakhA jo mahAvIra ke dharma se bhinna the, jaba ki dUsare samAna biMduoM kI upekSA kara dI gyii| kucha bhinnatAe~ jo jAnI gayI haiM ve mahAvIra ko nizcitarUpa se eka vidyamAna dharma ke sudhAraka ke rUpa meM rakhatI haiM- eka vrata (brahmacarya) ko jor3anA, nagnatA kA mahattva aura dArzanika siddhAntoM kI adhika yojanAbaddha vyavasthA- inake lie mahAvIra ke sudhAravAdI utsAha ko zreya diyA jA sakatA hai)"25 "isa prakAra buddha ke viparIta mahAvIra eka naye dharma ko sthApita karane ke bajAya vidyamAna dharma ke aura saMbhavatayA saMgha ke sudhAraka the| ve (mahAvIra) saMbhavatayA pArzva ke suvyavasthita dharmamata ke anuyAyI ke rUpa meM citrita kie gae haiN| pAli tripiTaka mahAvIra ko naye dharmamata kA saMsthApaka nahIM mAnatA hai, kevala unako pUrva meM vidyamAna dhArmika samudAya kA netA mAnatA hai|''26 "naitika zikSaNa meM sudhAroM ke atirikta yaha mAlUma karanA kaThina hai ki mahAvIra ne apane pUrvavartI (pArzva) ke tAttvika aura manovaijJAnika cintana meM kyA vRddhi kI? atyadhika saMbhAvanA yaha hai ki jo kucha unhoMne kiyA vaha vizvAsoM ke avyavasthita puMja ko sAdhu aura gRhastha ke AcaraNa ke lie kaThora niyamoM ke samUha meM vargIkRta kara diyaa| (ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki) gaNanA aura vargIkaraNa kI ora nizcita jhukAva ke lie mahAvIra ko zreya diyA jA sakatA hai|''27 25. The Age of Imperial Unity p. 412 26. The Age of Imperial Unity p. 412 27. The Age of Imperial Unity p. 420 Ethical Doctrines in Jainisn For Personal & Private Use Only

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mahAvIra kA jIvana aura prabhAva saMkSepa meM mahAvIra ke jIvana para vicAra- "vardhamAna mahAvIra kuMDagrAma yA kuMDapura meM paidA hue the, unake pitA kA nAma siddhArtha thA jo jJAtR kSatriya se saMbaMdha rakhate the| unakI mAtA trizalA thI jo rAjA ceTaka kI putrI yA bahina thii| ve vaizAlI ke zAsaka the aura licchivi kSatriyoM se saMbaMdha rakhate the| isa prakAra pitA aura mAtA kI tarapha se ve zAhI kSatriya vaMza se saMbaMdhita the|"28 "paigambara (tIrthaMkara) kA vAstavika nAma 'vardhamAna' thaa| jabaki devatAoM ke dvArA adhika prasiddha nAma 'mahAvIra' unako pradAna kiyA gayA thaa| Agama meM bhI unake bahuta se mahattvapUrNa upanAma diye gae haiM, jaise- nAyaputta, nAyakula ke vaMzaja, gotra ke kAraNa kAsava, janmasthAna ke kAraNa vaizAlIya aura janmabhUmi ke kAraNa videhdinnnn| pUjanIya tapasvI mahAvIra' ke rUpa meM ve bAra-bAra ullikhita kiye gaye haiN|''29 digambara paramparA ke anusAra unhoMne apanA jIvana brahmacarya meM vyatIta kiyA jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra unhoMne yazodA se vivAha kiyA aura ve putrI se dhanya hue jisakA nAma priyadarzanA thaa| rAjasI jIvana ke hote hue unhoMne 30 varSa kI avasthA meM sAMsArika sukha-sAdhana tyAga diyA aura nirgrantha ho gye| 12 varSa taka AtmasaMyama kA kaThora mArga apanAne ke pazcAt unhoMne pUrNatA prApta kI aura ve kevalI hue| "30 varSa taka deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM kI yAtrA kii| mahAvIra va buddha ke vihAra yA dhArmika yAtrA ne magadha kSetra ko bihAra nAma diyaa|"30 "samantabhadra ne I. kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke tIrtha ko 'sarvodaya' ke nAma se pukaaraa| jo zabda sAmAnyatayA Ajakala gAMdhIjI 28. History of Jaina Monachism, p. 65 29. The Age of Imperial Unity, p. 413 30. Mahavira and his Philosophy of life, p. 3 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (9) For Personal & Private Use Only

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ke nAma se prayukta hotA hai| mahAvIra ne 72 varSa kI Ayu meM 527 I. pU. pAvA meM nirvANa prApta kiyaa|"31 kevalajJAna kI upalabdhi ke bAda unake lie kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne prathama varSAkAla asthikAgrAma meM, tIna varSAkAla campA meM, bAraha varSAkAla vaizAlI aura vaNiyagAma meM, caudaha rAyagiha aura upanagara nAlandA meM, chaha mithilA meM, do bhadiyA aura eka alabhiyA meM, eka paNiyabhUmi meM, eka sAvatthI meM, eka pAvA nagara meM vyatIta kiyaa|2"kuch kSetroM ke pahacAna se aisA jJAta hotA hai ki unake prabhAva kA kSetra lagabhaga bihAra ke Adhunika pradeza aura baMgAla va uttarapradeza kA kucha bhAga rhaa|"33 "ve hameM una dezoM kI santoSajanaka sUcanA dete haiM jinameM unhoMne dharma ko pracArita karane ke lie bhramaNa kiyA lekina hameM yaha yAda rakhanA cAhiye ki yaha sUcI na to sarvAGgapUrNa hai na hI kAlAnukramika, yadyapi 42 varSa ke apane yAtrA vRttAnta kA sthUla rUpa se vivaraNa detI hai|''34 jaina graMthoM ke anusAra kaI rAjA, rAniyA~, rAjakumAra, rAjakumAriyA~, maMtrI aura vyApAriyoM ne mahAvIra ko guru ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| aba hama jainadharma meM vizeSatayA do sampradAya digambara va zvetAmbara ke bAre meM saMkSepa meM vicAra kreNge| ina do sampradAyoM ke bIca AdhArabhUta bhinnatA sAdhuoM ke vastroM ke prayoga karane kI dRSTi se kahI gaI hai| zvetAmbara sAdhu sapheda vastra pahanate haiM jaba ki digambara sAdhu nagna rahate haiN| isake atirikta digambaroM kA kathana hai ki vAstavika Agama lupta ho cuke haiM lekina zvetAmbara svIkAra karate haiM ki mUla Agama 31. Mahavira and his Philosophy of life, p. 3 32. Kalpasatra, p. 264 33. History of Jaina Monachism, p. 69 34. The Age of Imperial Unity, p. 412 (10) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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vidyamAna haiN| yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tAttvika, AcArazAstrIya aura dhArmika siddhAnta jo digambara aura zvetAmbara graMthoM meM varNita haiM, koI viziSTa bheda nahIM darzAte haiN| digambaroM ke paMtha samaya bItane ke sAtha hI digambaroM aura zvetAmbaroM meM naye sampradAyoM (paMthoM) kA udaya ho gyaa| pahale hama digambara sampradAyoM (paMthoM) kI ora saMketa kareMge tatpazcAt zvetAmbara sampradAyoM (paMthoM) kI ora cleNge| digambaroM ke vibhinna paMtha ye haiM- (1) draviDasaMgha (2) kASThAsaMgha (3) mAthurasaMgha (4) yApanIyasaMgha (5) terApaMtha (6) bIsapaMtha (7) samaiyApaMtha aura (8) gumaanpNth| . (1) draviDasaMgha- darzanasAra ke anusAra vikrama saMvat 526 (469 I.) meM draviDa deza madrAsa ke pAsa prakaTa huA aura vajranandi ke dvArA jo pUjyapAda ke ziSya the; AraMbha kiyA gyaa| bahuta se mahAna AcArya jaise- jinasena (harivaMzapurANa ke racayitA), vAdirAja Adi ne saMgha ko saMrakSaNa diyA lekina isa saMgha meM muniyoM ke anuzAsana ke pracalita niyamoM ke bAre meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| (2) vikrama saMvat 753 (696 I.) meM kumArasena muni dvArA kASThAsaMgha sthApita kiyA gayA; unake ziSya gAyoM ke bAloM se banI huI pIchI rakhate the| (3) kASThAsaMgha kI utpatti ke 200 varSa bAda vikrama saMvat 953 (896 I.) meM rAmasena dvArA mAthurasaMgha" dakSiNa bhArata meM madurA meM AraMbha kiyA gayA; isa saMgha ke muni pIchI nahIM rakhate the| AcArya amitagati isa 35. darzanasAra, pRSTha 38, 41 36. darzanasAra, pRSTha 39, 41 37. darzanasAra, pRSTha 39, 41 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (11) For Personal & Private Use Only

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saMgha se saMbaMdhita the| nAthUrAma premI kA kathana hai ki- darzanasAra ke lekhaka devasena ne, anAvazyakarUpa se aura binA kisI yatheSTa kAraNa ke ina saMghoM ko nakalI jaina khaa| (4) hameM eka anya saMgha kA nAma milatA hai jo yApanIyasaMgha ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai; jo vikrama saMvat ke 205 varSa bAda (148 I.) zrI kalaza dvArA kalyANa meM AraMbha kiyA gayA thaa| yApanIya saMgha ke muniyoM ne digambaroM kI taraha nagnatA kA AcaraNa kiyA, zvetAmbaroM ke anurUpa striyoM ke mokSa meM vizvAsa kiyaa| isa prakAra ve do pramukha sampradAyoM meM sAmaJjasya sthApita karAnevAle kahe jA sakate haiN| Ajakala isa saMgha ke anuyAyI nahIM dekhe jAte haiN| DaoN. upAdhye ke anusAra yA to unakA unmUlana ho gayA yA unhoMne apane Apako digambara sampradAya meM milA liyaa| (5-6) samaya ke bIta jAne para muni anuzAsana ke prastAvita mArga se vicalita ho gaye; unhoMne aise AcaraNa prArambha kara diye jinakA koI zAstrIya AdhAra nahIM thaa| aise muniyoM ko bhaTTAraka kahA jAne lgaa| ye bhaTTAraka isa hada taka pathabhraSTa hue ki digambara paramparA ke dvArA prastAvita anuzAsana kI pavitratA saMkaTa meM par3a gii| isake pariNAmasvarUpa satrahavIM zatAbdI meM AgarA ke paMDita banArasIdAsa bhaTTArakoM kI vikRta pravRttiyoM ke virodha meM khar3e hue aura unhoMne eka paMtha ko pravartita kiyA jo terApaMtha khlaayaa| jo bhaTTArakoM ke anuyAyI bane rahe ve bIsapaMthI khlaaye|1 terApaMtha aura bIsapaMtha nAma kisa prakAra pracalana meM Aye- yaha eka ulajhana bharA prazna hai| terApaMthI bhaTTArakoM ko apanA 38. darzanasAra, pRSTha 45 39. darzanasAra, pRSTha 38-39 40. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 493 41. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pRSTha 493 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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guma nahIM mAnate haiN| dasa paMza pravartana ne bhAloM kI mAlita pravRttiyoM para mAraka prahAra kiyaa| terApaMthI aura bIsapaMthI donoM hI mUrtipUjaka digambara haiN| (7) solahavIM zatAbdI meM tAraNa svAmI+2 ne samaiyApaMtha kI sthApanA kii| isa paMtha ke anuyAyI amUrtipUjaka digambara haiM aura Agama ke mUlapATha ko pUjate haiN| (8) aTThArahavIM zatAbdI meM jayapura ke paMDita ToDaramala ke putra gumAnIrAma ne AcaraNa kI pavitratA ke mahattva para jora dene kI dRSTi se gumAnapaMtha kI sthApanA kii| yahA~ yaha batAyA jA sakatA hai ki uparyukta paMtha kaTutApUrNa sAmAjika bheda utpanna nahIM kara sake aura ina paMthoM ke anuyAyI sadbhAvapUrNa rUpa se rahate haiN| digambara saMgha ke itihAsa meM itane AMdolanoM ke hote hue bhI saMgha kI ekatA khatare meM nahIM DAlI jA skii| zvetAmbaroM ke paMtha aba hama zvetAmbaroM ke paMthoM ke bAre meM vicAra kreNge| mUrtipUjaka zvetAmbaroM meM yadyapi bar3I saMkhyA meM gacchoM kA udbhava huA unhoMne kevala anuzAsana ke sthUla bhedoM ko darzAyA aura koI AdhArabhUta dArzanika bheda nahIM dikhaayaa| 84 gacchoM kI pAramparika saMkhyA meM se kevala kucha hI jJAta haiM aura unameM se kucha hI Aja taka jIvita haiN| udAharaNArtha- kharataragaccha, tapAgaccha aura anyclikaagcch| vaha paMtha jisane zvetAmbara saMgha ke saMgaThana ko gaharAI se prabhAvita kiyA (vaha) sthAnakavAsI kahA jAtA hai| sthAnakavAsI mUrtipUjA aura maMdiroM kI nindA karate haiM aura tIrthayAtrA meM vizvAsa nahIM krte| isa sampradAya ke 42. History of Jaina Monachism, p. 448 43. History of Jaina Monachism, p. 448 44. History of Jaina Monachism, p. 440 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (13) For Personal & Private Use Only

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muni sadaiva muha~paTTI bAMdhate haiM, unakA zvetAmbara mUrtipUjakoM se muni jIvana ke vistAra meM jyAdA bheda nahIM hai| 18vIM zatAbdI meM eka nayA sampradAya jo terApaMtha nAma se jAnA jAtA hai vaha bhIkhanajI dvArA AraMbha kiyA gayA; jo sthAnakavAsI sampradAya ke hI eka sAdhu the|45 yaha sampradAya bhI amUrtipUjaka hai| terApaMthI muni apane Thaharane ke lie banAye gaye makAnoM meM nahIM rahate haiM jaise- sthAnakavAsI muni karate haiM, yadyapi terApaMthI hamezA sthAnakavAsiyoM kI taraha muha~paTTI bA~dhate haiN| yaha sampradAya AcArya tulasI tathA AcArya mahAprajJa ke nirdezana meM phlaa-phuulaa| jaina AcArazAstra kA udbhava DaoN. upAdhye kA kathana hai, "hama nyAyocitarUpa se kalpanA kara sakate haiM ki gaMgA aura jamunA ke upajAU kinAroM para eka uccakoTi kA samAja vidyamAna thA aura isake apane dhArmika guru the| vaidika graMthoM meM magadha deza ko sadaiva virodha se dekhA hai jahA~ jainadharma aura buddhadharma phale-phUle aura ye dharma vaidikoM ke prati koI niSThA nahIM rakhate haiN| ata: hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki jaina AcArazAstra apane udbhava meM mAgadhIya hai|''46 45. bhikSu vicAra darzana, pRSTha 3 46. vRhatkathAkoza, bhUmikA, pRSTha 12 pravacanasAra, pRSTha 12-13 (14) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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dUsarA adhyAya jaina AcAra kA tAttvika AdhAra tattvamImAMsA para AcAra kI nirbharatA jainadarzana ke anusAra AcAra-sambandhI cintana tAttvika vicAravimarza para Azrita hotA hai| hamAre AcaraNa aura vyavahAra tAttvika pUrvamAnyatA para nirbhara rahate haiN| eka nirdoSa tAttvika siddhAnta naitika cetanA ke vikAsa ke lie preraNA utpanna karatA hai| samantabhadra kA tarka hai ki yadi hama dravya ke svabhAva kI racanA meM kevala nityatA yA kSaNikatA ko svIkAra karate hai to baMdhana aura mokSa, puNya aura pApa, svarga aura naraka, sukha aura duHkha Adi apanI prAsaMgikatA kho dete haiN| yaha kathana tattvamImAMsA para AcAra kI nirbharatA ko spaSTatayA vyakta karatA hai| phira, saba vastuoM kA kSaNika vighaTana vittIya kArya sampAdana ko, smRti ko, pati-patnI, guru-ziSya Adi ke sAmAnya saMbaMdhoM ko asaMbhava kara detA hai| yaha kathana batAtA hai ki AcAra-sambandhI samasyAe~ dravya ke svarUpa ke adhIna rahatI haiN| isalie nimna pRSThoM meM sarvaprathama, dravya ke sAmAnya svabhAva para vicAra karanA prAsaMgika hai aura dvitIya, dravya ke jJAna aura usakI abhivyakti kI vidhi para vicAra karanA upayukta hogA, kyoMki yaha 1. AptamImAMsA, 40-41 yuktyanuzAsana, 8-15 syAdvAdamaJjarI, 27 2. yuktyanuzAsana, 16-17 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta . (15) For Personal & Private Use Only

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hamAre AcAra-sambandhI vicAra-vimarza se ghaniSTha saMbaMdha rakhatA hai| tRtIya, dravyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA jAyegA aura naitika Adarza kI abhivyaktiyoM ke vibhinna prakAra prastuta kie jAyeMge / dravya kA sAmAnya svabhAva 4 jainadarzana ke anusAra dravya vastugata dRSTi se apane antargata virodhoM ko sammilita karatA hai, kevala UparI rIti se| jainadarzana ina virodhoM ke lie bhASA kI aparyAptatA svIkAra karatA hai| isalie dravya sat aura. asat,' eka aura aneka, ' nitya aura anitya' Adi virodhoM ke rUpa meM vicArA gayA hai| jainadarzana kA yaha pakSa una dArzanikoM ko asta-vyasta kara detA hai jo nirapekSa paddhati se vicAra karane ke abhyasta haiM / prAganubhavika tarka (A priori logic) se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa ve dArzanika dravya ke jaina dRSTikoNa ko asaMgata citrita karate haiM aura isalie ve sarvavyApaka nityavAda yA sarvavyApaka anityavAda ke nirapekSa siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karate haiN| jainadarzana tAttvika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie anubhava (Experience) ke sAkSya ke AdhAra para calatA hai aura isa taraha jaina dArzanikoM kI anubhava para Azrita dRSTi ko lekara sabhI nirapekSavAdiyoM se unakA matabheda hai| jainadarzana dravya kA DhA~cA anubhava ke AdhAra para banAtA hai aura prAganubhavika tarka ke AkarSaNa ke dvArA prabhAvita nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| dArzanika cintana kI nirapekSa paddhati kA gaharA virodhI hone ke kAraNa jainadarzana, jo kucha anubhava meM diyA jAtA hai usakA mUlyAGkana karatA hai 3. yuktyanuzAsana, 49 4. AptamImAMsA, 15 5. AptamImAMsA, 34 6. AptamImAMsA, 56 (16) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura isake phalasvarUpa vaha anityatA aura nityatA kA tAttvika rUpa se samarthana karatA hai / donoM (anityatA aura nityatA) pRthaka ho sakate haiM, kintu kevala tArkika vicAra ke stara pr| dravya kI yaha dhAraNA hameM grIka dArzanika 'pAramenAiDIja' kA smaraNa karAtI hai jinhoMne nityatA ko dravya kA ekamAtra svabhAva mAnA aura anityatA ko asvIkRta kiyaa| usI prakAra yaha dhAraNA harokleTasa' kI yAda dilAtI hai, jisake lie nityatA eka bhrama hai aura anityatA vAstavika hai| yaha hamako bauddha darzana kI pravAhazIlatA aura vedAnta kI nitya paramasattA kA bhI smaraNa karAtI hai| lekina ye sabhI anubhava kA ekAntika mUlyAGkana hai| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai, "yadi aupaniSadika dArzanikoM ne jagata meM aparivartanIya sattA ko pAyA aura buddha ne sabhI vastuoM ko anityarUpa batAyA, mahAvIra ne sAmAnya anubhava kA anusaraNa kiyA aura unhoMne nityatA aura anityatA meM koI virodha nahIM pAyA aura isa taraha ve sampUrNa nirapekSavAda se mukta ho gye|" anubhava' zabda kA artha . jaina dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta 'anubhava' zabda ke vyApaka artha ko yahA~ batAnA asaMgata nahIM hogaa| 'anubhava' zabda ke vyApaka artha meM pA~ca prakAra ke jJAna sammilita haiM, udAharaNArtha- mati (aindrika), zruta (Agamika/zAbdika), avadhi (paudgalika vastuoM kA antarbodha yA pratyakSa dRSTi), mana:paryaya (mAnasika paryAyoM kA pratyakSa (antarbodhAtmaka) jJAna) aura kevala (pUrNajJAna yA kevljnyaan)| prathama do parokSa jJAna ke antargata Ate haiM, kyoMki unako apanI utpatti ke lie bAharI jJAnendriyoM aura mana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, aMtima tIna pratyakSa jJAna ke antargata 7. Studies in Jaina Philosophy, P. 18 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (17) For Personal & Private Use Only

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Ate haiM, kyoMki unakI utpatti jJAnendriyoM aura mana ke binA hotI hai| 'anubhava' ke antargata pratyakSa aura parokSa jJAna samAviSTa hote haiN| isa prakAra aindrika aura bauddhika jJAna utane hI anubhava ke bhAga haiM jitanA indriyAtIta jnyaan| isa prakAra aindrika aura bauddhika anubhava' bhI vAstavika haiM, yadyapi unameM (indriyAtIta) jJAna kI vizuddhatA nahIM hotI hai| pratyakSa (antarbodhAtmaka) anubhava bauddhika anubhava kA virodhI nahIM hai, kintu kevala kSetra, vistAra aura zuddhatA meM bar3hakara hotA hai| dravya kI paribhASA jaina dArzanikoM ke anusAra dravya vaha hai jo sat (astitva) hai yA ekasamaya meM utpatti (utpAda), vinAza (vyaya), sthAyitva (dhrauvya) se yukta hai yA guNa aura paryAya kA AdhAra hai| prAraMbha meM dravya kI ye paribhASAe~ eka dUsare se bhinna mAlUma ho sakatI haiM, lekina saca yaha hai ki inameM se pratyeka paribhASA zeSa paribhASAoM ko apane meM sammilita karatI hai, kyoMki anubhava ke dRSTikoNa se dravya apane meM anityatA aura nityatA ko samAviSTa karatA hai|' nityatA guNoM sahita dravya kI nirantaratA ko vyakta karatI hai aura anityatA pravAhazIla paryAyoM ko batAtI hai|" udAharaNArtha- dravya ke rUpa meM svarNa apane guNa aura paryAyoM ke sAtha astitvavAna hai| AbhUSaNa banAne ke pazcAt svarNa dravya ke rUpa meM apane guNoM sahita astitva meM rahatA hai aura jo kucha parivartana hotA hai vaha paryAya hai| isa prakAra sat dravya aura guNa se svarNa ke sAtha baMdhA huA hai 8. paJcAstikAya,10 pravacanasAra, 2/3-4 tattvArthasUtra, 2/29, 30, 38 9. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 10 10. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 10 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura paryAyeM naye rUpa meM utpanna hotI haiM, purAnI paryAya naSTa hotI hai aura svarNa usIrUpa meM eka hI samaya meM nirantara banA rahatA hai| isa taraha se dravya eka hI samaya meM krama se utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya ke trayI se sampanna rahatA dravya aura guNa dravya, sAmAnya aura vizeSa (guNoM aura paryAyoM) se bhinna nahIM hotaa| guNa aura paryAya se rahita dravya kapola-kalpanA ke atirikta kucha bhI nahIM hai| guNa apane Apa meM eka kSaNa ke lie bhI vidyamAna nahIM ho skte| ve (guNa) dravya ke samakAlika astitva ko avazyaMbhAvI mAnate haiM aura kisI bhI pRthak svarUpa ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM aura ve svayaM guNarahita hote haiN|" dravya kA vicAra ekIkRta aura suvyavasthita guNoM kA vicAra hai|"12 dravya aura guNa abhinna aura bhinna donoM haiN| unakI abhinnatA eka hI pradeza (sthAnika vistAra) meM astitvavAna hone ke kAraNa utpanna hotI hai aura bhinnatA isa tathya ke kAraNa utpanna hotI hai ki dravya guNa . nahIM hotA hai| dravya guNa nahIM hai, guNa dravya nahIM hai- yaha kathana dravya aura guNa ke bheda ke svarUpa ko mahattva dene ke lie hai| isakA matalaba yaha nahIM hai ki hama dravya kA guNoM meM pUrNatayA niSedha kara deM yA guNoM kA dravya meM pUrNatayA niSedha kara deN| isa prakAra dravya aura guNa meM saMbaMdha abheda-meM-bheda kA hai| dravya aura guNa meM bheda kevala nAma, saMkhyA, svarUpa aura prayojana'4 kI dRSTi se hai aura vaha bheda pradezoM (sthAnika vistAra) kI apekSA nahIM hai| 11. tattvArthasUtra, 5/41 12. Idea of God, P. 159 sarvArthasiddhi, pRSTha 310 13. pravacanasAra, 2/16 14. AptamImAMsA,72 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (19) For Personal & Private Use Only

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"kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki unameM se eka bhI dUsare ke binA nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| ina donoM kA saMbaMdha samakAlikatA kA hotA hai| inakA saMbaMdha 15 samaya meM pahale aura pIche kA nahIM hai| " " dUsare zabdoM meM, "dravya aura guNa maiM saMbaMdha samakAlika abheda, ekatA, apRthaktA aura sArabhUta saralatA kA hai| dravya aura guNa meM ekatA saMyoga kA pariNAma nahIM hai / ' 16 dravya aura paryAya 17 paryAya vizeSatayA jainadarzana kI hI parikalpanA hai / " dravya ke svabhAva * ke anusAra parivartanazIlatA (anityatA) meM nityatA rahatI hai| paryAya eka vastu kI parivartanazIlatA kI ora iMgita karatI hai jo bAhya aura aMtaraMga kAraNoM se utpanna hotI hai| dravya aura paryAya meM do bhinna vastuoM kI taraha bheda nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhie aura yaha dravya, guNoM ke jariye apane parivartanazIla svabhAva ke kAraNa paryAyI kahalAtA hai| dravya aura paryAya na to abhedAtmaka haiM aura na hI bhinna haiM, kintu una donoM meM saMbaMdha abheda-meM-bheda kA hai jo ki pUrNatayA jainadarzana ke dvArA samarthita anirapekSavAdI dRSTikoNa se sAmaMjasya rakhatA hai| isa taraha se utpatti (utpAda) aura vinAza (vyaya) paryAyoM para lAgU hotA hai aura sthAyitva (dhrauvya) dravyasahita guNoM para lAgU hotA hai| kundakunda ke anusAra koI bhI dravya paryAya ke binA nahIM hotA aura paryAya binA dravya ke nahIM hotI hai / 18 guNa aura paryAya dravya ke guNoM kA sArabhUta svabhAva parivartanazIlatA ke hote hue 15. Epitome of Jainism, P. 24 16. Indian Philosophy, Vol. I., P.314 17. pravacanasAra, prastAvanA, P. LXVI 18. paJcAstikAya, 12 (20) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhI, dravya zAzvata hai| isa prakAra guNa kA nirantara pravAhazIla svabhAva svayaM guNa ko naSTa nahIM karatA hai jisako yadi svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai to hama smaraNazIlatA ko samajhAne meM asaphala hoMge aura pariNAmasvarUpa yaha hamAre pratidina ke sAdhAraNa kAryoM ke sampAdana ke viruddha hogaa| parivartanazIlatArahita nirantaratA hamAre anubhava ke spaSTa virodha meM hogii| ataH nityatA parivartana kI asvIkRti nahIM hai, kintu isako anivArya pahalU ke rUpa meM sammilita karatI hai| isa prakAra paryAya kI anupasthiti meM guNoM para vicAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| guNa kA paryAya se bheda hai| prathama, eka akhaMDa dravya meM ananta guNa sadaiva eka samaya meM vidyamAna rahate haiM, kintu ananta paryAyeM eka samaya meM prakaTa nahIM hotI hai, kintu krama se prakaTa hotI hai| dvitIya, guNa samAnatA ke nirNaya ko saMbhava banA dete haiM jaba ki 'yaha vaha nahIM hai' isa nirNaya ko paryAyoM kI ora saMketa ke dvArA samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| tRtIya, guNoM kI aparivartanIya rUpa meM vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai, jaba ki paryAyeM parivartanazIla mAnI gaI haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, eka dravya ke guNoM ko nirantaratA ke svabhAva se gauravAnvita kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaba ki utpAdaka aura vinAzaka padanAma (Designation) paryAyoM ke lie die jAte haiN| dravya aura sat dravya ke ananta guNoM meM se atyadhika vyApaka guNa sat hai| dravya apane svabhAva meM sattAvAna hai| dravya asaMdigdha hai, svataH pramANa hai, 19. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/31 20. paJcAdhyAyI, 1/8 tattvArthasUtra, 5/29 pravacanasAra, 2/6 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta * (21) For Personal & Private Use Only

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isalie ananta kAla se vidyamAna hai| yaha Atmanirbhara. aura apane Apa meM pUrNa hai| yaha hamArI sImita avadhAraNAoM se nahIM nApA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki isameM ananta guNa haiN|22 yadi hama sat ko dravya kA sArabhUta guNa nahIM mAneM to dravya yA to avidyamAna hogA yA sat se alaga ho jaayegaa| pUrvavartI bAta (dravya ko avidyamAna mAnanA) ko svIkAra karane para dravya pUrNatayA lupta ho jAyegA aura paravartI bAta (dravya ko sat se alaga mAnanA) ko svIkAra karane para sat kA AropaNa prayojanarahita hogA, kyoMki dravya apanA sArabhUta svabhAva rakhane kI yogyatA sat ke abhAva meM prApta kara legaa| isalie sat kA vinAza anivArya pariNAma hogaa| isake atirikta vastuoM ke sattAtmaka svabhAva kI asvIkRti se hameM vastuoM kI utpatti asat se yA dUsare strotoM se jo zrRMkhalA antarahita hogI svIkAra karanI hogii|24 isalie dravya aura sat agni aura tApa kI taraha abhedya rUpa se saMbaMdhita hai| yadyapi ve nAma, saMkhyA aura svarUpAdi meM bhinna hote haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM unameM anyatva (bhinnatA) hai aura pRthaktva (viyojana) nahIM hai| dravya aura sat pradeza (sthAnika vistAra) kI apekSA bhinna nahIM haiM, jaise, do bhinna-bhinna vastue~ pradeza kI apekSA bhinna hotI haiN| unakA pradezabheda nahIM, kintu svarUpabheda hai| sat ko dravya ke AdhAra kI AvazyakatA hai, vaha dUsare guNoM se rahita hotA hai, dravya ke ananta vizeSaNoM meM se svayaM eka vizeSaNa hotA hai, dravya kI 21. paJcAdhyAyI, 1/8 pravacanasAra, 2/6 22. paJcAdhyAyI 1/8 23. pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 2/13 24. paJcAdhyAyI, 1/10, 11 25. pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 2/14 (22) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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racanA karatA hai aura utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya svabhAva kA hotA hai| isake viparIta, dravya kisI prakAra ke AdhAra se rahita hotA hai aura dUsare asIma guNoM ke sAtha hotA hai, anaginata anubaMdhoM sahita eka saMjJA hotA hai aura utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya kA viSaya hotA hai| isa prakAra yadi ina donoM kA saMbaMdha prakaTa karane ke lie koI upayukta pratyaya apekSita hai to vaha hai abheda-meM-bheda kA sNbNdh| abheda kA saMketa pradeza kI ora hai aura bheda kA saMketa svarUpa kI ora hai| dravya aura sat kA saMbaMdha advitIya, maulika aura anutpanna hai| pramANa, naya aura syAdvAda jainadarzana ke anusAra dravya pramANa aura naya se jAnA jAtA hai|27 pramANa dravya ko samagratA se jAnane kI ora saMketa karatA hai jaba ki naya pramANa ke dvArA prakAzita ananta pakSavAle dravya ke eka pakSa ko iMgita karatA hai| isa prakAra naya samagratA ke kevala eka pakSa para hI vicAra karatA hai| eka vastu apane Apa ko ananta guNoM se alaMkRta karatI hai| kisI eka para bala denA aura dUsare ko nirasta kara denA hameM pakSapAtapUrNa Akalana aura dravya kI ekAntika dRSTi kI ora le jAtA hai|30 : pramANa binA kisI eka aura dUsare guNa ke virodha ke sabhI guNoM ko eka sAtha sammilita karatA hai, udAharaNArtha- eka aura aneka, sat aura asat aadi| dravya ke athAha guNoM meM se naya eka samaya meM eka ko 26. pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 2/14 27. tattvArthasUtra, 1/6 28. sarvArthasiddhi, 1/6 ... rAjavArtika 1/6/33 29. syAdvAdamaJjarI, 22 30. syAdvAdamaJjarI, 27 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta . (23) For Personal & Private Use Only

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hI cunatA hai, lekina dUsare guNoM ko bhI dRSTi meM rakhatA hai| hama yahA~ batA sakate haiM ki yadyapi asaMkhya guNoM ke anurUpa asaMkhya naya haiM jinako yadi jor3A jAya to ve hameM pramANa ke dvArA diye hue jJAna ko pradAna karane meM asamartha rheNge| dUsare zabdoM meM, sabhI nayoM kA jor3a pramANa ke pratyaya ko samajhAne ke lie aparyApta hai| isalie yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki pramANa ke dvArA jo jJAna prApta hai vaha mAnavIya mastiSka kA svataMtra kArya hai| isalie hama kaha sakate haiM ki dravya ke svabhAva ko ucitarUpa se samajhane ke lie pramANa aura naya donoM hI Avazyaka haiN| dravya ananta guNoM kI khAna hai, vizeSa dRSTikoNa se jAnane ke lie nayAtmaka jJAna viSayagata (Objective) rUpa meM diyA gayA hai aura AtmagatarUpa (Subjective) seM nahIM diyA gayA hai| yaha bahupakSavAle sampUrNa dravya ko samApta nahIM karatA hai| cUMki dravya kA jJAna eka vizeSa naya ke prayoga dvArA samApta nahIM ho jAtA hai, isalie pratyeka kathana ke pUrva 'syAt' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAnA cAhiye jisase hama dUsare vaikalpika kathanoM kI saMbhAvanA se avagata ho skeN| yaha prayoga syAdvAda siddhAnta jAnA jAtA hai| syAdvAda niHsandeha anekAntavAda kA tArkika pariNAma hai| yaha kathana kI yA sampreSaNa kI kevala eka vidhi hai, jo dravya ke bahupakSavAle jJAna ko sampreSita karane ke lie jaina dArzanikoM dvArA socI gayI hai| isa prakAra syAvAda abhivyakti kI vidhi hai, anekAntavAda yA nayavAda jJAna kI vidhi hai| syAdvAda anekAntavAda kI bhASA meM abhivyakti hai| e. ena. upAdhye ne syAdvAda aura nayavAda ke saMbaMdha ko batAne ke lie isa prakAra kahA hai, "syAdvAda nayavAda kA pariNAma hai, nayavAda vizleSaNAtmaka aura vizeSarUpa se vaicArika hai aura syAdvAda saMzleSAtmaka (24) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura mukhyatayA zAbdika hai| naya siddhAnta ke binA syAvAda nizcitarUpa se paMgu hogaa| syAdvAda ke binA naya siddhAnta bhI vyAvahArika mUlya kA nahIM hogaa| syAdvAda kathana-prakriyA kI dizA meM vyaktigata nayoM kI nirapekSa dRSTiyoM ko niyantrita aura santulita karatA hai|''31 jaina dArzanika samagratA ke eka pakSa ko bhI pUrNatayA samajhane ke lie yA isake sAtha pUrNa nyAya karane ke lie sarvasammati se svIkAra karate haiM ki kevala sAta (na adhika na kama) prakAra ke nirNaya Avazyaka haiN| isalie yaha siddhAnta saptabhaMgIvAda ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai|2 dravya kA vargIkaraNa jainadarzana ke anusAra dravya ke do bheda haiM-jIva aura ajiiv| ajIva dravya ke pA~ca bheda haiM- pudgala (bhautika padArtha), dharma (gati kA siddhAnta), adharma (sthiti kA siddhAnta), AkAza (sthAna) aura kAla (smy)| ata: jainadarzana dvaitavAdI tathA anekatvavAdI hai, kintu yadi vastugata dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA jAya to anekatA ekatA ke sAtha bhI baMdhI huI hai| kundakunda ke anusAra vibhinna dravya advitIya guNoM se sampanna haiM to bhI sat sabhI guNoM ko samAviSTa karanevAlA mAnA gayA hai, jo * samasta bhedoM ko samApta kara detA hai| kArtikeyAnuprekSA ke anusAra sabhI dravya, dravya ke dRSTikoNa se eka haiM jaba ki ve apane guNAtmaka bhedoM se bhinna aura pRthak haiN| samantabhadra bhI yaha kahate hue samarthana karate haiM ki eka sarvavyApaka sat kI dhAraNA ke dRSTikoNa se sabhI dravya eka haiM, kintu 31. pravacanasAra, prastAvanA, LXXXV 32. saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI, pRSTha 8 33. pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA 2/5 . 34. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 236 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (25) For Personal & Private Use Only

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dravyoM ke dRSTikoNa se bheda utpanna hote haiN| padmaprabhamaladhArIdeva ghoSaNA karate haiM ki mahAsattA sabhI vastuoM meM pUrNarUpa se vyApta hai, lekina vaha sadaiva avAntarasattA ke sAtha saMbaMdhita rahatI hai jo kevala vizeSa vastuoM meM hI vyApta rahatI hai| usIprakAra amRtacandra do prakAra kI sattA kA ullekha karate haiM - svarUpasattA aura saadRshysttaa| sAdRzyasattA sAmAnyasattA ke samAna hai|" vimaladAsa ne 'saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI' meM sat kI ekatA va anekatA kI samasyA para vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai aura ve isa nirNaya para pahu~cate haiM ki sattAtmaka abheda kI abhidhAraNA aura bhedoM kA spaSTa kathana donoM hI vibhinna dravyoM ke dRSTikoNa se nyAyasaMgata haiN| isa prakAra jainadarzana sattAtmaka ekatva ko svIkAra karane meM vizvAsa karatA hai, kintu mAtra ekatva hI nahIM hai, kyoMki yaha sadaiva anekatva ke sAtha baMdhA rahatA hai| isa prakAra mahAsattA apanI avAntarasattA ke sAtha saMbaMdhita hogii| yaha mahAsattA koI svataMtra vastu nahIM hai, kintu sadaiva viparIta ke sAtha rahatI hai| kundakunda ullekha karate haiM ki sat kA svabhAva eka hai; vizva kI racanA karanevAle saba dravyoM meM vyApta hai; sampUrNa vizva ko sammilita aura saMkSipta karatA hai; ananta paryAyoMvAlA hotA hai; utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya ke trayI guNoM ko batAtA hai; aMta meM uparyukta batAye hue viparIta guNoM se saMbaMdhita hotA hai| ataH dravyoM ke vargIkaraNa meM ekatA, dvaitatA aura anekatA- ye sabhI anivArya rUpa se sammilita haiN| 35. AptamImAMsA, 34 36. niyamasAra, padmaprabhamaladhArIdeva kI TIkA, 34 37. pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA 2/3/5 38. saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI,pRSTha 78 39. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 8 40. paJcAdhyAyI, 1/15 41. paJcAstikAya, 8 (26) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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bhautikavAda aura AtmavAda do atiyA~ jIva aura pudgala ko dravyoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane se jainadarzana bhautikavAda aura AtmavAda kI do atiyoM ko nirasta kara detA hai, jo mUlata: eka dUsare ke viruddha haiN| bhautikavAda vicAra karatA hai ki vizva kI jar3a meM pudgala hai, jaba ki AtmavAda vicAra karatA hai ki mana yA AtmA AdhArabhUta aura pramukha hai| bhautikavAda pudgala kI vAstavikatA kI mAnyatA para bala detA hai aura AtmA ko eka ghaTanA yA saMlagna vastu vicAratA hai| AtmavAda nizcayapUrvaka kahatA hai ki mana yA AtmA ko vAstavika ginA jAnA cAhie, pudgala kevala eka AbhAsa hai| kintu jainadarzana ke anusAra pudgala aura AtmA samAna rUpa se satya hai aura inameM se eka ko nyAyasaMgata usI samaya mAnA jAyegA jaba anubhava ko usake mahattva se vaMcita kara diyA jaay| dravyoM kA sAmAnya svabhAva chaha dravya paraspara meM antarvyApta hote hue bhI ve kabhI bhI mUla svabhAva ko nahIM chodd'te| yaha kathana isa tathya kA saMketa karatA hai ki ye dravya apanI nizcita saMkhyA, jo chaha hai, usakA atikramaNa karane meM asamartha hai, isalie unakA ghaTanA aura bar3hanA asaMbhava hai|43 ekamAtra kAla dravya ke apavAdasahita, zeSa pA~ca dravya paMcAstikAya kahalAte haiN| usakA kAraNa hai ki unake kaI pradeza hote haiN| 'kAya' zabda kevala bahuta 42. paJcAstikAya, 7 43. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/4 44. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 22 paJcAstikAya, 102 pravacanasAra, 2/43 Niyamasara, 34 * The space occupied by one atom is called a Pradesa. Ethical Doctrines in Jainism off # 3 Taksite falan (27) For Personal & Private Use Only

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pradezoM kI ora saMketa karane ke lie samajhA jAnA caahiye| jIva, dharma aura adharma ke apane asaMkhya pradeza hote haiM; AkAza ke ananta pradeza hote haiM; kAla kA eka pradeza hotA hai; kintu pudgala ke saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta pradeza hote haiN| pudgala dravya ke sivAya sabhI dravya bhautika guNa- sparza, rasa, gaMdha aura varNa se rahita mAne gaye haiM aura kevala jIva ke hI cetanAguNa kahA gayA hai| ata: dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla - cetanAguNa aura bhautika guNa donoM se rahita haiN| unako pudgala kI zreNI ke antargata nahIM samajhA jAnA cAhiye, lekina ve acetanatA aura abhautikatA kI bhinna koTi meM Ate haiN| unameM se dharma, adharma aura AkAza pratyeka ko saMkhyA meM eka mAnA gayA hai jaba ki jIva aura pudgala ananta haiM kAla .. asaMkhyAta haiN| isake atirikta dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla svabhAva se niSkriya haiM aura zeSa do dravya kriyAzIla haiN|48 pudgala kA svabhAva aura kArya __jainadarzana pudgala ko yathArthavAdI artha meM pratipAdita karatA hai aura isalie isakA jJAna viziSTa indriya guNoM-sparza, rasa, gaMdha aura varNa para AdhArita hai, isameM eka guNa pRthak rUpa se kabhI nahIM pAyA jAtA, kintu hamezA cAra ke samUha meM pAyA jAtA hai yadyapi pragAr3hatA kI 45. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/1 46. dravyasaMgraha, 25 tattvArthasUtra, 5/8,9,10 Niyamasara, 35,36 47. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 587 tattvArthasUtra, 5/6 48. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/7 paJcAstikAya, 98 Ethical Doctrines in Jainis For Personal & Private Use Only

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parivartanazIla mAtrAe~ hotI haiN| jainadarzana ke dvArA pratipAdita pudgala kI dhAraNA itanI vyApaka hai ki vaha vaizeSikoM dvArA svIkRta nau dravyoM (pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu, AkAza, kAla, dik, AtmA aura mana) meM se pA~ca dravyoM-pRthvI, jala, vAyu, teja (agni) aura dravya-mana ko apane antargata sammilita karatA hai| pA~ca dravya AsAnI se pudgala meM samAviSTa ho jAte haiM, kyoMki ye pudgala paramANuoM ke bhinna-bhinna saMyogoM se utpanna hote haiN| paramANuoM ke cAra guNa, saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta vargoM ko svIkAra karate haiM, lekina mukhya prakAra bIsa mAne jAte haiN| ATha prakAra kA sparza- komala, kaThora, bhArI, halkA, ThaMDA, garama, snigdha aura rUkSa, pA~ca prakAra kA rasa- kar3avA, kasailA, khaTTA, mIThA aura caraparA, do prakAra kI gaMdha- sugaMdha aura durgandha pA~ca prakAra kA varNa-nIlA, pIlA, sapheda, kAlA aura laal| pudgala ke kArya haiM- pA~ca prakAra ke zarIra, vacana, mana, karma paramANu, zvAsocchvAsa (zvAsa lenA aura zvAsa chor3anA), sukha aura duHkha, jIvana aura maraNa tathA pA~ca prakAra kI indriyaaN| 49. tattvArthasUtra, 5/23 ___ sarvArthasiddhi, 5/5 50. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/3 51. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/23 -52. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/23 53. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/23 54. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/3 55. tattvArthasUtra, 2/36 ____ zarIra pA~ca prakAra ke haiM- audArika, vaikriyika, AhAraka, taijasa aura kaarmaann| 56. paJcAstikAya, 82 . sarvArthasiddhi, 5/19, 20 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (29) For Personal & Private Use Only

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pudgala ke prakAra pudgala do prakAra ke haiM- aNu (paramANu) aura skandhA' paramANuoM ke do se lekara ananta taka kA saMcaya skandha meM sammilita haiN| aNu kevala eka pradezI hotA hai; yaha pudgala ke vibhAjana kA aMta hai; yaha apane Apa meM Adi, madhya aura aMta se rahita hotA hai; yaha dhvanirahita hotA hai aura rasa, sparza, gaMdha aura varNa ke guNoM se jur3A huA hotA hai|" isake atirikta, yaha avinAzI aura zAzvata hai| yaha unakA (skandhoM kA) AdhArabhUta kAraNa bhI hotA hai aura yaha samaya kA mApa bhI hai| phira, yaha dhvanirahita hotA hai, kintu dhvani kA kAraNa hotA hai jaba paramANuoM kA jor3a dUsare jor3oM ke sAtha TakarAtA hai to dhvani paidA hotI hai| koI eka varNa, koI eka rasa, koI eka gaMdha, kintu sparza kA jor3A, jo Apasa meM virodhI nahIM hai arthAt zIta aura snigdha yA zIta aura rUkSa yA uSNa aura snigdha yA uSNa aura rUkSa kA jodd'aa| 2 zeSa sparza arthAt komala aura kaThora, halkA aura bhArI kevala skandha avasthA meM hI prakaTa hote haiM aura isa prakAra ve paramANu avasthA meM upasthita nahIM hote haiN| snigdhatA aura rUkSatA ke guNa pragAr3hatA kI mAtrA meM nyUnAdhika hote haiN| isa prakAra ve guNa nimnatama sImA se uccatama sImA 57. tattvArthasUtra, 5/25 Niyamasara, 20 58. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/26 59. paJcAstikAya,77 60. paJcAstikAya, 80 61. paJcAstikAya, 78, 79, 81 62. Niyamasara, 27 paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 81 (30) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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taka aura eka bindu se ananta taka vistAra ko prApta hote haiN| snigdhatA ke dRSTikoNa se bakarI, gAya, bhaiMsa aura U~TanI ke dUdha meM pragAr3hatA kI mAtrA kA parivartana sAdhAraNatayA dekhA jA sakatA hai aura rUkSatA ke dRSTikoNa se dhUli (pAMsu), dhUla kA jarrA (kaNikA), reta (zarkarA) meM bhI pragAr3hatA kI mAtrA kA parivartana dekhA jA sakatA hai| ata: paramANuoM ke ina do guNoM meM ananta parivartanazIlatA ke sAtha unakA astitva ho sakatA hai| paramANuoM ko Apasa meM jor3ane ke lie ye uttaradAyI haiN|65 yadyapi jainadarzana ke anusAra paramANu sakriya hai, kintu sakriyatA saMyoga kA kAraNa nahIM hai| ve paramANu jo snigdhatA aura rUkSatA kI nimnatama zreNI meM haiM, (ve) eka dUsare ke sAtha yA dUsarI pragAr3hatAoM ke sAtha saMyojita nahIM hote haiN| isake atirikta, jo paramANu snigdhatA aura rUkSatA meM tulya mAtrAvAle hote haiM ve bhI eka dUsare ke sAtha saMyoga ko prApta nahIM hote haiN| kintu ve paramANu jo snigdhatA aura rUkSatA kI mAtrA meM do aMza jyAdA hote haiM, ve Apasa meM jur3a jAte haiM arthAt paramANu jo snigdhatA aura rUkSatA kI do mAtrAvAle haiM unakA saMbaMdha cAramAtrA vAle paramANuoM se ho jaayegaa| isI prakAra dUsare saMyogoM ke lie bhI ye niyama lAgU hogaa| isake atirikta paramANu jinameM snigdhatA aura rUkSatA kI cAra mAtrA hotI hai ve do mAtrAvAle snigdhatA aura rUkSatA ke paramANuoM ko apane prakRti meM rUpAntarita 63. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/33 64. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/33 65. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 608 66. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 98 67. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/34 68. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/35 - 69. sarvArthasiddhi,5/36 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta ... (31) For Personal & Private Use Only

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karane meM samartha hote haiN| isI prakAra yaha bAta una saba paramANuoM ke lie lAgU hotI hai jinameM snigdhatA yA rUkSatA kI do mAtrA kA antara hai| yaha siddhAnta paramANuoM ke mAtra saMyoga ko nirasta karatA hai lekina unakA saMzleSAtmaka ekatva pratipAdita karatA hai| aba hama skandhoM kI dhAraNA ko samajhane kI ora agrasara hote haiN| paramANuoM kA saMyoga chaha vibhinna rUpoM meM hotA hai, arthAt- (1) sthUla-sthUla, (2) sthUla, (3) sthUla-sUkSma, (4) sUkSma-sthUla, (5) sUkSma, aura (6) suukssm-suukssm|2 (1) pudgala kA vaha varga, jo vicchinnatA ko prApta hotA hai aura apanI mUla avasthA ko binA kisI bAharI sahayoga ke prApta nahIM kara sakatA, (vaha) sthUla-sthUla kahalAtA hai, udAharaNArtha- lakar3I, patthara aadi| (2) jo vicchinna kie jAne para binA kisI tIsare ke hastakSepa ke eka ho sakate haiM ve sthUla kahalAte haiM, udAharaNArtha- jala, tela aadi| (3) jo vicchinna nahIM ho sakate aura pakar3e nahIM jA sakate haiM ve sthUla-sUkSma ke antargata Ate haiM, udAharaNArtha- chAyA, dhUpa aadi| (4) sparza, rasa, gaMdha aura zabda ke viSaya sUkSma-sthUla kahalAte haiN| (5) karma vargaNA Adi jo indriyoM se agocara haiM ve sUkSma kahalAte haiN| (6) do paramANuoM ke jor3a aura kArmANa vargaNA se choTe skandha sUkSma-sUkSma kI zreNI meM Ate haiN| jaisA hama pahale kaha cuke haiM ki dhvani kI utpatti skandhoM ke ApasI TakarAva se paidA hotI hai| aba hama gati ke svabhAva para prakAza ddaaleNge| jainadarzana gati kI vAstavikatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| vaha paryAya ke rUpa meM samajhI jA 70. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/37 71. sarvArthasiddhi,5/37 72. Niyamasara, 21-24 (32) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #68
sakatI hai| yaha aMtaraMga aura bAhya preraNAoM se utpanna hotI hai jinake kAraNa AkAza ke eka pradeza se dUsare pradeza ko pAra karanA saMbhava hotA hai| isa artha meM dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla dravya niSkriya hai aura gatirahita haiM, lekina jIva aura pudgala gatisahita kahe gaye haiM arthAt ye do dravya hI kriyAzIla hone meM samartha hote haiN| sakriyatA koI bhinna aura svataMtra koTi nahIM hai, lekina bAhya aura aMtaraMga kAraNoM se utpanna do dravyoM kI vizeSa paryAya hai| jIva kI sakriyatA karmoM ke bAhya kAraNa kI apekSA rakhatI hai| isa prakAra siddha, jo mokSa prApta kara cuke haiM (ve) karmoM kI anupasthiti ke kAraNa niSkriya haiN| pudgala kI sakriyatA kAla kI upasthiti ke kAraNa hotI hai| yaha zAzvata rahegI, kyoMki kAla kisI bhI samaya kabhI bhI anupasthita nahIM raha sktaa| isa prakAra pudgala niSkriya nahIM ho sktaa| AkAza AkAza kA vaha vistAra jo pudgaloM va jIvoM se, kAla se, gati ke siddhAnta aura sthiti ke siddhAnta se, (vaha) lokAkAza (vizvaAkAza) jAnA jAtA hai| isakA alokAkAza (khAlIAkAza) * se bheda hai jahA~ koI bhI pA~ca dravya nahIM rahate haiN| isa prakAra lokAkAza 73. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/7 .. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 98 74. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/7 75. rAjavArtika, 2/5/7, 4 76. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 98 rAjavArtika, 2/5/7, 14-16 77. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 98 78. dravyasaMgraha, 20 sarvArthasiddhi, 5/12 paJcAstikAya, 90, 91 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (33) For Personal & Private Use Only

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jIva, pudgala aura zeSa dravyoM ko sthAna pradAna karane meM samartha hotA hai| vaha AkAza apane svayaM kA AdhAra aura sahArA hai aura isako sthAna dene ke lie kisI dUsare dravya kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| yaha bAta isa tathya se spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki aisA koI dravya isase jyAdA vistAravAlA nahIM hai, jo isako sthAna de ske| yadi yaha svIkAra bhI kara liyA jAya, to yaha nirvivAda rUpa se hamako anavasthA doSa kI ora le jaayegaa|" isake atirikta yaha jAnanA atyAvazyaka hai ki yadi vastu-ke-apanesvabhAva (Thing-in-itself) ke dRSTikoNa se vicArA jAya to sabhI dravya apane Apa meM rahate haiN| yaha vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se kahA jAtA hai ki sabhI dravya AkAza meM rahate haiN| gati aura sthiti ke siddhAnta tila meM tela kI vyApti ke samAna sampUrNa lokAkAza meM vyApta hote haiN| lokAkAza meM dharma aura adharma kI sarvavyApitA hote hue bhI aura usameM jIva, pudgala aura kAla kA astitva hote hue bhI ve apane nijI vizeSa svabhAva se kabhI bhI vaMcita nahIM hote haiN|82 dharma aura adharma dharma aura adharma dravya gati aura sthiti meM kramaza: udAsIna nimitta haiN| dharmAstikAya sthAnAntaraNa nahIM kara sakatA aura dUsarI vastuoM meM gati utpanna nahIM kara sakatA, lekina jIva aura pudgala kI gati ke lie kevala usakI vidyamAnatA hI anivArya zarta hotI hai, jaise jala machalI kI svAbhAvika gati meM kevala apanI vidyamAnatA se hI sahAyaka hotA hai 79. rAjavArtika, 2/5/12, 2-4 80. rAjavArtika, 5/12/5 se 6 81. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/13 82. rAjavArtika, 2/5/16, 10 Ethical Doctrines in Jainisn For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura vaha havA kI taraha nahIM hotA jo dUsarI vastuoM meM kriyAzIlatA utpanna kara detI hai| usI prakAra adharmAstikAya gatimAna jIva aura pudgaloM ko Thaharane ke lie prerita nahIM karatA hai, kintu udAsIna nimitta ho jAtA hai, jaba ve apane Apa apanI gati ko roka dete haiM, jaise vRkSa kI chAyA eka rAhagIra ko isake nIce vizrAma karane ke lie prerita nahIM karatI hai|4 isa prakAra na to dharmAstikAya gati utpanna karatA hai, na hI adharmAstikAya usako (gati ko) rokatA hai| donoM niSkriya nimitta haiN| isake atirikta ye donoM siddhAnta lokAkAza aura alokAkAza kI sImA ke vibhAjana ke lie bhI uttaradAyI haiM, kyoMki ye jIva aura pudgala kA kevala lokAkAza meM hI astitva saMbhava banAte haiN| isake atirikta loka ke zikhara para siddhoM kA nivAsa isa bAta ko bhI siddha karatA hai ki AkAza gati aura sthiti ke lie uttaradAyI nahIM ho sakatA hai aura isalie dharma aura adharma dravyoM ke pRthak siddhAntoM kI mAnyatA ko svIkAra kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai|66 kAla . hamane jainadarzana kI isa mAnyatA kA bAra-bAra ullekha kiyA hai ki * dravya satata parivartanazIla hote hue bhI apane ekarUpa svabhAva ko banAe rakhatA hai| pratyeka dravya binA apavAda ke utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se gauravAnvita hotA hai| dharma, adharma, AkAza dravya, siddhAtmA aura pudgala ke eka paramANu meM guNa lagAtAra apane Apa meM parivartita ho rahe haiN| 83. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 85, 88 84. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 86 85. paJcAstikAya, 87. 86. paJcAstikAya, 92, 93 amRtacandra kI TIkA 87. pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 2/1 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (35) For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAMsArika jIvoM meM aura sthUla pudgala meM parivartana kA anubhava sarvavyApI hai aura isako samajhAyA jAnA Avazyaka hai aura ise kevala mAyA (bhrama) ke rUpa meM nindita nahIM kiyA jAnA caahie| isa dRSTikoNa se jaina dArzanikoM ne yathArtha rUpa se kAla ko astitvavAcaka pratiSThA pradAna kI hai aura anubhavAtmaka parivartana ko samajhAne ke lie ve isako dravya kahate haiM, jaise gati, sthiti aura avagAhana para prakAza DAlane ke lie dharma, adharma aura AkAza dravya suvicArita haiM,89 jaise AkAza apanA svayaM kA AdhAra hai usI prakAra paramArtha kAla apane parivartana meM svayaM sahayogI hotA hai| sAtha hI vizva kI racanA karanevAle dUsare dravyoM meM parivartana kA nimitta mAnA gayA hai| kAla kA paramArtha kAla aura vyavahAra kAla meM vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| paramArtha kAla dravya hai aura samaya Adi vyavahAra kAla ke bheda haiN|2 paramArtha kAla kA kArya vartanA hai arthAt yaha svataH parivartita honevAle dravyoM meM udAsIna rUpa se parivartana meM sahayogI hotA hai aura vyavahAra kAla kA kArya vastuoM meM parivartana, gati aura apane Apa ko yuvA aura vRddha samajhane kA bhAva hai| jaisA pahale batAyA jA cukA hai ki kAla dravya 'kAya' se rahita hotA hai, kyoMki isake kevala kAlANu ke rUpa meM eka hI pradeza hotA hai| ye kAlANu asaMkhya hote haiM aura lokAkAza ke pratyeka pradeza para eka dUsare se mizrita hue binA alaga-alaga sthita hote haiN| vyavahAra kAla 88. Niyamasara, 33 89. Niyamasara, 30 90. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/22 91. tattvArthasUtra, 5/39 92. Niyamasara, 31 93. sarvArthasiddhi, 5/22 94. dravyasaMgraha, 22 Niyamasara, 32 (36) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism fteref A BERRIRA RAGAT For Personal & Private Use Only

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kI ikAI 'samaya' kahI jAtI hai jo isa prakAra paribhASita kI jA sakatI hai- pudgala ke eka paramANu dvArA AkAza ke eka pradeza se nikaTastha dUsare pradeza meM dhImI gati se jAne ke lie jo avadhi Avazyaka hotI hai usako 'samaya' kahA jAtA hai| yaha jIvana meM vyAvahArika rUpa se acintya hotA hai| yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ki asaMkhya samaya eka A~kha kI palaka kholane meM bIta jAte haiN| jIva (AtmA) kA sAmAnya svabhAva darzana ke kSetra meM jIva kI samasyA atyadhika AdhArabhUta samasyA hai| dArzanika cintana ke uSAkAla se lekara Aja taka mahAna dArzanikoM ko isane vyAkula kiyA hai aura unake dvArA samarthita tAttvika dRSTikoNa ke anusAra isakI vibhinna dhAraNAoM ko unhoMne pratipAdita kiyA hai| jainadarzana ke lie yadyapi AtmA ke svabhAva para gaharAI se vicAranA koI nayA sAhasa nahIM hai, phira bhI jaina dRSTikoNa kA pramukha bindu hai- binA uccatama rahasyAtmaka U~cAiyoM (Mystical heights) ko anadekhI kiye aura binA sAmAnya anubhava ko mAtra mAyA (bhrama) ke rUpa meM nindA kiye AtmA kI dhAraNA ko sthApita krnaa| AtmA tAttvika rUpa se anutpanna tathya hai; vaha chaha dravyoM meM se eka dravya hai aura svatantra rUpa se sthita hai| jJAna, bhAva"aura kriyA kA anubhava AtmA ke astitva ko siddha karatA hai| kArtikeyAnuprekSA ke anusAra AtmA saba dravyoM meM uccatama mahattva rakhatA hai aura saba tattvoM meM uccatama mUlyavAlA hai| yaha zreSTha guNoM 95. pravacanasAra, 2/47 96. Acaranga- Sutra 1.5.5, P. 50 97. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 183 98. kArtikeyAnuprekSA,184 99. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 204 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (37) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #73
kI khAna hai|100 yaha Antarika dravya hai| isakA dUsare dravyoM se bheda kiyA jAtA hai, jo kevala bAhya hai, kyoMki ve vastuoM ko tyAgane aura grahaNa karane ke jJAna se rahita hote haiN|101 kundakunda pravacanasAra meM isako mahArtha (mahAna vAstavikatA) kahate haiN|102 na to yaha aparivartanIya tattva hai jo vedAnta, sAMkhya-yoga, nyAya-vaizeSika dvArA samarthita hai, na hI yaha manobhAvoM kI parivartanazIla zRMkhalA hai jaisA ki bauddhoM dvArA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu jainadarzana ke anusAra yaha nityatA aura parivartana kA saMzleSaNa hai| usake anusAra cetanA isakA svarUpagata aura bhedamUlaka guNa hai| isalie jainadarzana kA nyAya-vaizeSika aura pUrvamImAMsA se bheda hai, jo cetanA ko Agantuka guNa mAnate haiM aura cArvAka darzana se bhI bheda hai, jo cetanA ko bhautika tattvoM se utpanna mAnatA hai, jaise, kucha saMghaTakoM ke milane se madonmatta karanevAlI zakti utpanna ho jAtI hai| sAMkhya-yoga aura zaMkara tathA rAmAnuja kA vedAnta darzana jainadarzana se isa bAta meM samAnatA rakhatA hai ki cetanA svarUpagata rUpa se AtmA se saMbaMdhita hai| ___ jainadarzana ke graMthoM meM AtmA kI dhAraNA vibhinna prakAra se pratipAdita hai| inako hama do dRSTiyoM meM vyakta kara sakate haiN| prathama, muktAtmA (nizcaya) kA dRSTikoNa hai jo AtmA kI zuddha avasthA ko batAtA hai aura dvitIya, saMsArI AtmA (vyavahAra) kA dRSTikoNa hai jo AtmA kI azuddha avasthA kA varNana karatA hai| yahA~ hama AtmA kA saMsArI dRSTikoNa se vicAra kareMge aura muktAtmA ke dRSTikoNa se vicAra isake pazcAt kreNge| 100. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 204 101. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 205 102. pravacanasAra, 2/100 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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saMsArI jIva (AtmA) kA svabhAva prathama, saMsArI jIva (AtmA) AvAgamana ke cakra meM anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai| isa kAraNa kahA jAtA hai ki jIva utpanna hotA hai aura usakA parivartana bhI hotA hai| kintu yaha paryAyArthika dRSTikoNa se hI yuktiyukta hai aura dravyArthika dRSTikoNa se nahIM, jo AtmA kI anazvaratA aura anutpannatA ko darzAtA hai|103 dvitIya, yaha AtmA sAre zarIra meM vyApta hokara isako prakAzita karatA hai, jaise padmarAga maNiratna dUdha ke pyAle ko pUrA prakAzita kara detA hai|104 tRtIya, jainadarzana ke dvArA saMsArI jIva zubha aura azubha kriyAoM kA kartA mAnA gayA hai| caturtha, yaha bhoktA bhI hai| saMkSepa meM, saMsArI AtmA anAdikAla se karmoM se baMdhA huA hai aura svayaM ke dvArA kiye hue zubha aura azubha kriyAoM kA bhoktA hai, jJAtA-dRSTA hai aura utpAda, vyaya, dhrauvya ke trayI svabhAva se saMbaMdhita hai| isake atirikta yaha saMkoca vistAra ke guNavAlA hotA hai; yaha zarIra kI sImA taka phailatA hai; yaha jJAna; Ananda Adi viziSTa guNoM kA svAmI hotA hai|105 yahA~ yaha ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jainadarzana ananta AtmAoM kI tAttvika vAstavikatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| hama yahA~ sarasarI taura para batA sakate haiM ki saMsArI AtmA aura mukta AtmA meM saMbaMdha abheda aura bheda kA hai| .. eka hI AtmA kI do avasthAoM (saMsArI aura mukta) meM tAdAtmya hotA hai, kintu ina donoM avasthAoM meM karmopAdhiyoM ke dRSTikoNa se bheda hai jo anAdikAla se calA A rahA hai vaha bhI svIkAra karane yogya hai| saMsArI AtmA antaHzakti ke rUpa meM siddhAtmA hai| yadyapi yaha siddha avasthA vartamAna meM prakaTa nahIM hai isalie ina donoM meM bheda akhaMDanIya hai| 103. pravacanasAra, 2/20-22 paJcAstikAya, jayasena kI TIkA, 17, 18 104. paJcAstikAya,33 105. siddha-bhakti, 2 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (39) For Personal & Private Use Only

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saMsArI jIva (AtmA) ke bheda-ekendriya saMsArI jIva . saMsArI jIva kI pahicAna usake prANoM dvArA hotI hai| saMsArI jIva ke kama se kama cAra prANa hote haiM- eka indriya, eka bala, Ayu aura zvAsocchvAsa aura adhikatama dasa prANa hote haiM:-pA~ca indriyA~, tIna bala, Ayu aura shvaasocchvaas|106 karma pudgaloM se eka AtmA kitanI hI bhAra grasta ho sakatI hai, phira bhI yaha pUrNatayA cetanA kI abhivyakti ko nahIM roka sakatI, jaise- atyadhika ghane bAdala bhI sUrya ke prakAza ko . pUrNatayA nahIM roka skte| astitva kI zreNI meM ekendriya jIva nimnatama haiN| unake cAra prANa hote haiN| isako spaSTa karane ke lie yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki pA~ca indriyoM- sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura karNa meM se ekendriya jIva ke kevala sparzana indriya hotI hai aura tIna bala- mana, vacana aura kAya meM se unake kevala kAyabala hotA hai aura isake atirikta Ayu aura zvAsocchvAsa hotA hai| ye ekendriya jIva pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiM107pRthvIkAyika, jalakAyika, agnikAyika, vAyukAyika aura vanaspatikAyika jiiv| ekendriya jIva kI pahicAna bar3I kaThinAI se hotI hai, kyoMki cAra prANa spaSTatayA prakaTa nahIM hote haiM, jaise- eka AdamI ke prANa sunna avasthA meM yA pakSI ke aMDe meM jIva ke prANa yA bhrUNa avasthA meM prANa unake spaSTatayA prakaTa hone ke abhAva meM nahIM pahacAne jA sakate haiN|108 106. paJcAstikAya, 30 pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 2/54, 55 107. paJcAstikAya, 110 sarvArthasiddhi, 2/13 108. paJcAstikAya, 113 (40) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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do indriya se paMcendriya taka ke saMsArI jIva do indriya jIvoM ke chaha prANa hote haiM arthAt ekendriya jIva ke cAra prANoM ke atirikta do prANa aura adhika hote haiM- rasanA indriya aura vacana bl| tIna indriya jIvoM meM ghrANa indriya adhika hotI hai| cAra indriyavAle jIvoM meM inake atirikta cakSu indriya adhika hotI hai aura aMtima, paMcendriya jIva jo asaMjJI (manarahita) haiM unake karNa indriya atirikta hotI hai aura jinake mana hotA hai unake sabhI dasa prANa hote haiN|109 isa prakAra ekendriya se paMcendriya taka ke jIvoM ke prANoM kI saMkhyA kramazaH cAra, chaha, sAta, ATha, nau aura dasa hotI hai| do indriya jIva haiMghoMghA, sIpa, zaMkha, kecuA~10 Adi; tIna indriya jIva haiM- na~, khaTamala, cITI11 Adi; cAra indriya jIva haiM- DAMsa, macchara, makkhI, madhumakkhI, bhramara, pataMgA, titalI112Adi; paMcendriya jIva- deva, nArakI, manuSya aura kucha tiryaMca jIvoM ke dasa prANa hote haiN| 13 cAra indriyoM taka sabhI saMsArI jIva asaMjJI (manarahita) hote haiN| paMcendriya tiryaMca jIva saMjJI (manasahita) aura asaMjJI (manarahita) ho sakate haiN| deva, nArakI aura manuSya anivAryarUpa se saMjJI (manasahita) hote haiN|14 saMjJI (manasahita) jIva upadeza zravaNa kI yogyatA hone se, nirdezana prApta karane kI yogyatA hone se aura aicchika kriyAe~ karane kI yogyatA hone se pahacAne jAte haiN|115 . . 109. sarvArthasiddhi, 2/14 110. paJcAstikAya, 114 .111. paJcAstikAya, 115 112. paJcAstikAya, 116 113. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 117 114. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 117 115. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 660 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (41) For Personal & Private Use Only

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saMsArI jIvoM ke svabhAva aura bheda kA varNana karane ke pazcAt aba hama naitika Adarza para vicAra kareMge jo manuSya jIvana kA uccatama Adarza hai jisase muktAtmA ke svabhAva kA spaSTIkaraNa bhI ho jaayegaa| jisa prakAra AtmA ke astitva kI prAmANikatA kA virodha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usI prakAra uccatama Adarza kI vidyamAnatA sandeharahita hai| ekendriya se cAra indriya taka ke saMsArI jIva tathA kucha tiryaMca paMcendriya jIva usI avasthA meM apane paramArtha para cintana karane meM asamartha hote haiN| unako aisI samajha prApta nahIM hotI hai jo unako karmoM kI dAsatA se apane Apako vimukta karavAne meM sahayoga de ske| karmoM kA prabhAva itanA adhika hotA hai ki astitva kI ucca zreNiyoM meM unakA vikAsa 'samaya' se hI nizcita hotA hai| kintu saMjJI (manasahita) manuSya apane vikAsa ke lie cintana kara sakate haiM aura uccatama Adarza prApta kara sakate haiN| uccatama Adarza kA anubhava karane kI saMbhAvanA se svataMtra, pavitra aura amara manuSya jIvana kI saMbhAvanA hai jisase AvAgamanAtmaka cakra aura usase saMbaMdhita aniSTa samApta ho jAte haiN| tIrthaMkara aisI prApti ke pratyakSa udAharaNa haiN| naitika, dhArmika aura dArzanika jaina graMthoM meM uccatama Adarza vibhinna prakAra se pratipAdita haiN| saMsAra ke bahumUrtidarzI (Kaleidoscopic) parivartanoM se thakakara jaina AcAryoM ne aMtaraMga gahana AtmA meM praveza karake, uccatama Adarza ko vibhinna tarIkoM se abhivyakta kiyA hai, kintu yahA~ yaha dhyAna diyA jAnA cAhiye ki uccatama Adarza ke sabhI pratipAdana eka hI artha kA saMpreSaNa karate haiN| naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM mokSa prathama, AtmA kI mukti uccatama Adarza mAnI gayI hai| pratyeka (42) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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manuSya ko saMsAra ke duHkhoM se svayaM ko mukta karane ke lie prayatna karanA caahie| sabhI bhAratIya darzana cArvAka darzana ke atirikta mokSa ko naitika Adarza svIkAra karate haiM, yadyapi ve mokSa kI anubhUti ke svarUpa meM bhinna-bhinna hote haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra mokSa AtmA kA brahma se tAdAtmya nahIM hai, jaisA ki vedAnta darzana ke dvArA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kintu yaha siddha avasthA kI prApti hai jisameM Atma-vaiyaktikatA banI rahatI hai| sUtrakRtAMga hameM batAtA hai ki mokSa sarvottama hotA hai jaise - tAroM ke bIca candramA sarvottama hotA hai / 116 AcArAMga ghoSaNA karatA hai ki mokSa usa vyakti ke dvArA prApta kiyA jAtA hai jo Atma-saMyama meM aruci anubhava nahIM karatA hai| 17 jaise agni sUkhI lakar3iyoM ko turanta jalA detI hai, usI prakAra apane Apa meM sthita AtmA tatkAla karmoM ke maila ko naSTa kara detA hai| 18 pUrNa mokSa kI avasthA meM saMsArI jIva siddha kI sthAyI avasthA meM rUpAntarita ho jAtA hai| 19 ATha karmoM kA pUrNatayA vinAza karake aura atIndriya paramAnanda prApta karake saMsArI jIva karmoM kA baMdhana karanevAlI kAlikha se pUrNatayA rahita ho jAtA hai aura usI rUpa meM lokAkAza ke zikhara para sthAyI rUpa se banA rahatA hai| aba usake lie kucha bhI prApta karanA zeSa nahIM hai / 120 . uccatama Adarza ke rUpa meM paramAtmA dvitIya, bahirAtmA kI avasthA ko chor3ate hue, antarAtmA kI avasthA se gujarate hue, paramAtmA kI prApti ke rUpa meM Adarza varNita haiN| 121 116. Sutrakrtanga I. II, 22 117. acaranga-Sutra I, 2, 2 P. 17 118. acaranga-Sutra I, 4, 3 P.39 119. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 68 120. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 68 121. mokSapAhuDa, 7 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (43)

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DaoN. kerDa ke anusAra tIna prakAra ke rukhoM (Attitudes) se eka hI AtmA kI ina tIna avasthAoM se tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| manuSya aMtaraMga ko dekhane se pahale bAhara dekhatA hai, Upara kI ora dekhane se pahale aMtaraMga kI ora dekhatA hai|122 bahirAtmA bAhara kI ora dekhatA hai, jaba vaha antarAtmA ho jAtA hai to aMtaraMga kI ora dekhatA hai aura jaba vaha paramAtmA ho jAtA hai to Upara kI ora dekhanevAlA ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra paramAtmA kA anubhava uccatama Adarza ke anubhava ke samAna ho jAtA hai| kundakunda, yogIndu aura pUjyapAda jaise mahAna jaina vicAraka isa bAta para sahamata haiN| ve paramAtmA ke anubhava kA uccatama Adarza ke rUpa meM ullekha karate haiN| yahA~ 'satarkatA' ke eka zabda kI AvazyakatA hai| jainadarzana ke graMthoM meM 'paramAtmA' aura 'brahma' zabda paryAyavAcI rUpa meM prayukta hue haiM, kintu upaniSadoM ke 'brahma' ko jo vizva kA AdhAra hai usake sAtha unako nahIM ulajhAnA caahiye| jainadarzana ananta 'brahma' ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai arthAt ananta 'paramAtmA' jo svaastitvavAle vyaktiyoM ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI utkRSTa avasthAe~ haiN| jainadarzana ke anusAra AtmA aura paramAtmA abhinna hI hai, kyoMki ve eka hI sattA kI do avasthAe~ haiN| isa prakAra pratyeka AtmA aMta:zakti se divya hai aura divyatA kA prakaTIkaraNa paramAtma-avasthA hai| yadi paramAtmA kA yaha artha jaina dRSTikoNa se svIkAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai to AtmA ke tAttvika bahutvavAda ko chor3anA par3egA jisako jainadarzana pratipAdita karatA hai| yadyapi upaniSada ke 'brahma' aura jainadarzana ke brahma' meM kaI samAnatAe~ dikhatI haiM, to bhI unameM bahuta bheda haiN| ucca Adarza ke rUpa meM paramAtmA kI dhAraNA para jora dene se hama isa dRSTikoNa se pratibaddha 122. Evolution of Religion, II. 2. P. 247, vide, Constructive Survey of Upanisadic Philosophy (44) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism star 3418R ita FAGNAT For Personal & Private Use Only

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haiM ki dhArmika aura naitika Adarza eka hI haiN| AdhyAtmika mUlya aura naitika mUlyoM meM tAdAtmya mAnA jA sakatA hai| naitika Adarza ke rUpa meM nizcayanaya tRtIya, hameM naitika Adarza kI anya prakAra se abhivyakti jaina graMthoM meM milatI hai| jaina dArzanika isako samajhAne ke lie nayoM kI bhASA kA prayoga karate haiN| prathama zatAbdI ke utkRSTa naitika-dhArmika dArzanika kundakunda nizcayanaya aura vyavahAranaya kA prayoga karane ke lie viziSTa haiM jisase adhyAtmavAda kI bhASA ke rUpa meM naitika Adarza ko samajhA jA ske| nizcayanaya AtmA ko usakI zuddha avasthA meM grahaNa karatA hai usake virodha meM vyavahAranaya AtmA ko baMdhana-yukta, azuddha Adi ke rUpa meM varNana karatA hai| isa taraha se nizcayanaya naitika Adarza ko vyakta karane kI ora unmukha hai| niHsandeha hama anAdikAla se azuddha avasthA meM cale A rahe haiM, kintu nizcayanaya hameM hamAre AdhyAtmika vaibhava evaM gaurava kI yAda dilAtA hai aura malina AtmA ko usake apanI AdhyAtmika sampatti kA avalokana karane ke lie prerita karatA hai| .. samayasAra ke prArambha meM kundakunda ne uparyukta do nayoM ke arthoM kA saMkSiptIkaraNa kiyA hai, yaha kahakara ki pratyeka AtmA ne sAMsArika sukha aura unase utpanna karma baMdhana ke bAre meM sunA hai, nirIkSaNa kiyA hai, anubhava kiyA hai, kintu usake dvArA uccatama AtmA kA svabhAva bilakula nahIM samajhA gayA hai|123 ata: pUrvavartI vivaraNa vyavahAranaya kahalAtA hai, jaba ki paravartI kathana nizcayanaya kahalAtA hai, jo saMsArI AtmA kI aMta:zakti kI ora saMketa karatA hai jisase vaha saMsArI AtmA zuddha ho jAya aura zuddha avasthA kA anubhava kara ske| isalie yaha kahA jAtA hai ki jaba 123. samayasAra, 4 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (45) For Personal & Private Use Only

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AtmA ne svayaM ko AdhyAtmika anubhava ke kSetra meM unnata kara liyA hai to vyavahAranaya ayathArtha ho jAtA hai aura nizcayanaya yathArtha ho jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, taba hamako vyavahAranaya ko chor3ane kA adhikAra prApta ho jAtA hai jaba hamane rahasyAtmaka anubhava kI uccatama U~cAI ko prApta kara liyA hai| naitika Adarza kI prakRti ko naya kI bhASA meM samajhAte hue kundakunda eka kadama ora adhika Age bar3hate haiM aura kahate haiM ki zuddhAtmA kA anubhava sabhI bauddhika dRSTikoNoM ko cAhe ve nizcaya ho yA vyavahAra ho (unakA) atikramaNa kara detA hai|124 pUrvavartI (nizcayanaya) AtmA ko karmoM ke dvArA abaddha aura asparzita batAtA hai, jaba ki paravartI (vyavahAranaya) unake dvArA baMdhanayukta aura sparzita batAtA hai, kintu vaha vyakti, jo ina zAbdika-bauddhika dRSTikoNoM se pare ho jAtA hai, samayasAra kahalAtA hai|25 jo uccatama Adarza hai jisako prApta karane para AtmA zuddha cetanA, paramAnanda aura zuddhajJAna svarUpa ho jAtA hai| lokottara lakSya ke rUpa meM svasamaya (Atma-pratiSThita honA) caturtha, uccatama Adarza kI anya abhivyakti jaina graMthoM meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| 'svasamaya' eka divya Adarza hai jise prApta kiyA jAnA caahie| jo sAMsArika paryAyoM meM lIna hai, jo cAra prakAra ke AvAgamanAtmaka cakra meM pha~sA hai, jo vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai ki dravya svataH pramANa hai, svataH astitvavAna hai, vaha AtmA 'parasamaya' (para-pratiSThita) hotA hai aura jo sva meM pratiSThita hai vaha 'svasamaya' kahalAtA hai|126 AtmA kA 124. samayasAra, 144 125. samayasAra, 141,142 126. pravacanasAra, 2/2/6 (46) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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darzana, jJAna aura cAritra meM satata ThaharanA 'svasamaya' ke artha ko batAtA hai; isako 'parasamaya' se pRthak kiyA jA sakatA hai jisameM AtmA zarIra ke sAtha, rAga aura dveSa Adi manobhAvoM ke sAtha tAdAtmya kara letA hai|127 lakSya ke rUpa meM zuddhopayoga (caitanya kI zuddha avasthA) ___ pA~cavA~, zuddhopayoga kI prApti mAnava prayatna kA lakSya hai| usameM AtmA kevalajJAna aura Ananda kA eka hI samaya meM anubhava karatA hai jo isakI (AtmA kI) kramazaH jJAnAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka antaHzakti hai| hama pahale batA cuke haiM ki cetanA AtmA kA viziSTa guNa hai| yaha apane Apako upayoga meM vyakta karatA hai jo cetanA se usI prakAra phalita hotA hai, jaise tarka ke AdhAra vAkyoM se niSkarSa phalita hotA hai| upayoga (caitanya kI pravRtti) tIna prakAra kA hotA hai, arthAt zubha, azubha aura shuddh| AtmA usa samaya zubhopayoga kI ora pravRtta hotA hai jaba vaha naitika aura AdhyAtmika puNyakarmoM ke pAlana karane meM lIna hotA hai| phalasvarUpa AtmA devayoni ko prApta karatA hai jo sAMsArika jIvana kA hI bhAga hai| isake atirikta, jaba AtmA hiMsAtmaka pApakarmoM, aindrika sukhoM Adi ke doSoM meM pha~satA hai to azubha upayoga hotA hai, taba AtmA tiryaMca aura naraka gati meM utpanna hotI hai| zubhopayoga aura azubhopayoga karmoM ke kAraNa utpanna hote haiM aura ye donoM upayoga lagAtAra AtmA ko antahIna duHkhoM ke cakra meM ghumAte haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa, ye donoM upayoga mAnava jIvana ke uccatama Adarza ke rUpa meM kabhI bhI kAryakArI nahIM ho skte| isalie jainadarzana spaSTa ghoSaNA karatA hai ki jaba taka AtmA ina do prakAra ke upayogoM se ghaniSTha rUpa se saMbaMdhita hai, taba taka vaha apanI UrjA ko vyartha 127. samayasAra, 2 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (47) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kI mRgatRSNA meM niSphala rUpa se apavyaya karatA hai| isalie uccatama Adarza rahasya meM DhakA rahatA hai| lekina jyoMhi AtmA zubhopayoga aura azubhopayoga ko tyAga detI hai, to isakA zuddhopayoga se saMsarga ho jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, zuddhopayoga kA anubhava svataH hI azuddhopayoga (zubha aura azubha) kI samApti meM preraNA detA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa, AtmA kA AvAgamanAtmaka cakra pUrNatayA samApta ho jAtA hai| ___ AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa se socane para hama kaha sakate haiM ki sadguNa aura avaguNa donoM azuddhopayoga haiM jo AtmA ko uccatama rahasyAtmaka U~cAiyoM ko prApta karane se rokate haiN| ataH AtmA ke vikAsa ke lie. unako samAna rUpa se ahitakara mAnakara nindita kiyA jAnA cAhie, kintu yadi saMsArI AtmA pAtI hai ki rahasyAtmaka U~cAI para ArohaNa kaThina hai, to zubha kriyAe~ kI jAnI cAhie jisase kama se kama saMsArI AtmA svargIya sukha prApta kara sake, kintu isa spaSTa jJAna se ki ye kriyAe~ kitanI hI manoyogapUrvaka aura nirantara kI jAe to bhI kisI prakAra zuddhopayoga kA svAda dene meM asamartha rheNgii| azubha kriyAe~ nizcita rUpa se nindita kI jAnI cAhie, kyoMki ve hajAroM prakAra ke hRdaya-vidAraka duHkhoM ko utpanna karatI haiN| zuddha cetanA aise Ananda kA anubhava karatI hai, jo lokottara, AtmA se utpanna, atIndriya, advitIya, ananta aura avinAzI hai|128 yaha AtmA Adarza ke rUpa meM svayaMbhU'129 kahI jA sakatI hai| yaha AtmanirbharatA kI avasthA hai jise apane Apa ko saMbhAle rakhane ke 128. pravacanasAra, 1/19,13 siddhabhakti, 7 129. pravacanasAra, 1/16 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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lie kisI dUsare kA bAhya sahayoga apekSita nahIM hai| yaha AtmA apane Apa meM viSayI, viSaya, apane Apako prApta karane kA sAdhana, apane lie prAptakartA, bAhya avayavoM kA nAzaka aura ananta aMta:zaktiyoM kA AdhAra hai| ata: AtmA apane mUla svabhAva ko chaha kArakoM meM parivartita hokara prakaTa karatI hai| yaha kartA kAraka, karma kAraka, karaNa kAraka, sampradAna kAraka, apAdAna kAraka aura adhikaraNa kAraka kramaza: hai|130 saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki uccatama Adarza jJAnAtmaka, bhAvAtmaka aura kriyAtmaka AtmA meM nihita aMta:zaktiyoM kA pUrA prakaTIkaraNa hai| hamane pahale do para vicAra kara liyA hai, Age hama aMtima kA saMkSepa meM vicAra kreNge| Adarza ke rUpa meM zuddha bhAvoM kA kartRtva chaThA, Adarza kriyA ke rUpa meM bhI abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| kundakunda jaina adhyAtmavAda ke pramukha vyAkhyAtA haiN| unhoMne kartA aura kRtya kA darzana hameM vasIyata meM diyA hai| unhoMne ghoSaNA kI hai ki jo kucha bhI kRtya AtmA saMsAra meM karatI hai ve kRtya AtmA ke zuddha, niSkalaMka aura lokAtIta svabhAva kA koI pratinidhitva nahIM karate haiN| AtmA apane yathArtha svabhAva meM pudgala karmoM kA kartA nahIM hai; vaha to apanI zuddha avasthA kA hI kartA hai| saMsArI AtmA bhI pudgala karmoM kA kartA nahIM hai;vaha to kevala azuddha manobhAvoM kA kartA hai, jinake dvArA pudgala paramANu vibhinna karmoM meM apane Apako rUpAntarita karate haiN| koI bhI dravya apane svabhAva ke viruddha kisI bhI kArya kA kartA nahIM hai, kyoMki azuddha manobhAvoM kA AtmA ke mUlasvabhAva se koI saMbaMdha nahIM hai aura ve karmoM se saMbaMdhita hone ke pariNAma hai| isalie zuddhAtmA azuddha . 130. pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 1/16 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (49) For Personal & Private Use Only

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manobhAvoM ke kartRtva ko bhI asvIkAra karatI hai| pudgala karma ke kartRtva ko asvIkAra karanA arthAt zubha aura azubha manobhAvoM ke kartRtva ko asvIkAra karanA AtmA kI niSkalaMka lokottara avasthA ko batAtA isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki saMsArI AtmA anAdikAla se azuddha manobhAvoM meM ramatA hai| isalie vaha ina azuddha manobhAvoM kA kartA hai| jaba jaina dArzanika kahatA hai ki saMsArI AtmA azuddha bhAvoM kA kartA nahIM hai to ve saMsArI AtmA ko karmoM ke AvaraNa ke pIche dekhane ke lie prerita karate haiN| ata: yahA~ mukhya rUpa se AtmA ke zuddha svabhAva kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana koI virodha nahIM dekhatA hai yaha kahane meM ki jJAnI AtmA, jo AtmA ke zuddha svabhAva se paricita ho gayI hai, vaha zuddha paryAya ko prakaTa karatI hai aura isa prakAra vaha sArabhUta kartA una paryAyoM kI ho jAtI hai| yaha kahane meM ki ajJAnI AtmA azuddha svabhAva se tAdAtmya karane ke kAraNa azuddha bhAvoM ko utpanna karatA hai aura usake phalasvarUpa yaha unakA kartA kahalAtA hai|31 jaise sone se kevala sone kI vastue~ utpanna hotI haiM aura lohe se kevala lohe kI vastue~ utpanna hotI haiM, usI prakAra jJAnI AtmA zuddha paryAyoM ko utpanna karatA hai aura ajJAnI AtmA azuddha paryAyoM ko utpanna karatA hai| 32 jaba ajJAnI AtmA jJAnI ho jAtA hai to vaha zuddha paryAyoM ko binA kisI asaMgati ke utpanna karanA prArambha kara detA hai| isa prakAra AtmA kevala apanI avasthAoM kA kartA hotA hai aura anya kisI kA bhI kartA nahIM hotA hai| saMsArI AtmA azuddha 131. samayasAra, 128, 129 132. samayasAra, 130, 131 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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manobhAvoM kA kartA karmoM ke saMbaMdha ke kAraNa hotA hai| kintu yadi hama eka kadama aura Age bar3hate haiM aura hama lokottara rUpa se socate haiM to hama aparihArya niSkarSa para pahu~cate haiM ki zuddha AtmA azuddha manobhAvoM kA bhI kartA nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki ve usake svabhAva ke viparIta haiN| isa prakAra zuddha AtmA zuddha bhAvoM kA kartA aura bhoktA hotA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kriyAtmaka anta:zakti kA prakaTIkaraNa AtmA ke vAstavika svabhAva kI abhivyakti hai jo Adarza kI anubhUti ke samAna hai| AtmavikAsa ke lakSya ke rUpa meM svarUpasattA kI anubhUti sAtavA~, naitika Adarza ko tAttvika zabdoM meM bhI abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA ke svarUpasattA kI anubhUti yA AtmA ke Abhyantara guNoM aura paryAyoM kA prakaTIkaraNa yA AtmA ke maulika utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya kI abhivyakti naitika Adarza hai| niHsandeha AtmA astitvavAna hai, kintu isakA astitva saMsArI hai aura anAdikAla se azuddha hai| AtmA ko astitva prApta nahIM karanA hai, kintu jo prApta karanA hai vaha kevala astitva kI zuddhatA hai| dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla kA zuddha astitva hai| pudgala aNurUpa meM zuddha hai, aura skandha rUpa meM azuddha hai, kintu AtmA kA astitva anAdikAla se malina avasthA meM hai| yaha saMsArI avasthA meM apanI azuddha paryAyoM aura guNoM kI vizeSatA lie hue hotA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa, yaha azuddha utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya ko prakaTa karatI hai| apanI kaThora sAdhanA se zuddha paryAya va guNa aura zuddha utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya ko prakaTa kiyA jAnA hai| kevala isa avasthA meM AtmA zuddha dravya hone kA anubhava karatI hai| yaha vahI rUpa hotA hai jaisA siddha avasthA meM, paramAtma avasthA meM, AG (51) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism $ # 347arat For Personal & Private Use Only

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videhamukti meM, svasamaya Adi meM hotA hai| ata: tAttvika Adarza, naitika Adarza aura dhArmika Adarza pUrNatayA abhinna haiN| naitika uccatama Adarza ke rUpa meM paNDita-paNDita maraNa ___ AThavA~, naitika uccatama Adarza ko prakaTa karane ke lie jainadarzana mRtyu ke rUpa meM bhI Adarza kI ghoSaNA karatA hai| usake anusAra mumukSu kA lakSya paNDitamaraNa, bAla-paNDitamaraNa, bAlamaraNa aura bAlabAlamaraNa ko chor3akara, ekAgra prayAsa se paNDita-paNDita maraNa (divyamRtyu) ko prApta karanA honA caahie| ye pA~ca prakAra ke maraNa33 AdhyAtmika pragati kI vibhinna zreNiyoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue134 ginAye gaye haiN| nimnatama aura atyadhika ghRNAspada (bAla-bAlamaraNa) maraNa usa vyakti kA hotA hai jo mithyAtva (mUrchA) kA jIvana jItA hai|135 uccatama prakAra kA maraNa (paNDita-paNDitamaraNa) sadeha kevalajJAniyoM kA hotA hai, jaba ve zarIra ko tyAgate haiN|136 ve AtmAe~, jinhoMne AdhyAtmika rUpAntaraNa (samyagdarzana) ko prApta kara liyA hai, kintu ve apane jIvanakAla meM aNuvratoM kA pAlana karane meM asamartha hote haiM, (ve) bAlamaraNa ke vazIbhUta hote haiN| isa prakAra bAlapaNDita maraNa38 se isakA bheda kiyA jAnA caahie| yaha una logoM kI niyati hai jo AdhyAtmika rUpAntaraNa ke pazcAt aNuvratoM kA pAlana karate haiN| muni jo mahAvratoM kA pAlana 133. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 26 134. We shall deal with the stages of spiritual advancement in the sixth chapter. 135. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 30 136. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 27 137. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 30 138. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 2078 (52) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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karate haiM unake paNDitamaraNa hotA hai| 139 paNDita - paNDita maraNa ke atirikta sabhI prakAra ke maraNa punarjanma kI saMbhAvanA se yukta hote haiN| ata: unako saMsArI maraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| ataH unakA bheda unase kiyA jAnA cAhiye (lokottara prakAra ke maraNa se yA paNDita - paNDita maraNa se ) jinakA saMsArI jIvana samApta ho cukA hai| isa prakAra yaha paravartI maraNa ( paNDita - paNDita maraNa) atyadhika AnandadAyaka hotA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa, isameM hamArI sarvopari niSThA apekSita hai| zArIrika kArAvAsa se AtmA kI mukti kA yaha prakAra mRtyu ke lie cunautI ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane AtA hai| yahA~ mRtyu kI anivAryatA kA ucita prakAra se sAmanA kiyA gayA hai| lakSya ke rUpa meM ahiMsA navA~, naitika uccatama Adarza kI abhivyakti sampUrNa ahiMsA kI anubhUti meM hotI hai| ahiMsA jainadarzana meM itanI pramukha hai ki ise jainadharma kA Adi aura aMta kahA jA sakatA hai| samantabhadra kA yaha kathana ki sabhI prANiyoM meM ahiMsA parama bahma kI anubhUti ke samAna hai, ahiMsA kI sarvopari vizeSatA para prakAza DAlatI hai| 140 sampUrNa jainAcAra ahiMsA se utpanna hai| sabhI pApa hiMsA ke udAharaNa haiM / sUtrakRtAMga hameM upadeza detA hai ki ahiMsA prajJA kA sAratattva hai, 141 kyoMki nirvANa ahiMsA se anya nahIM hai| ataH sabhI prANiyoM ko hAni pahu~cAnA samApta karanA cAhie | 142 AcArAMga ghoSaNA karatA hai ki kisI bhI prANI ko jIvana se vaMcita nahIM karanA cAhie, na unake Upara zAsana karanA cAhie, na hI unako satAnA 139. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 29 140. svayaMbhUstotra, 117 141. Sutrakrtanga, 1.1.4.10, 1.11.10 142. Suutrakrtanga, 1.11.11 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (53)

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cAhie aura na hI unako uttejita karanA caahie|143 isa prakAra kahane kA artha hai ki ahiMsA zuddha aura zAzvata dharma hai| 44 ekendriya se paMcendriya taka ke sabhI prANI mUlarUpa se hamAre svayaM ke samAna hote haiN| 145. ata: unako hAni pahu~cAnA, unake Upara zAsana karanA, unako satAnA nyAyasaMgata nahIM hai|146 yaha saba vyavahAra dRSTikoNa se kahA gayA hai| nizcaya dRSTikoNa kahatA hai ki AtmA jo apramatta hai vaha ahiMsA hai aura AtmA jo pramatta hai vaha hiMsA hai|147 amRtacandra svIkAra karate haiM ki kisI prakAra kI kaSAya AtmA meM prakaTa honA hiMsA hai aura AtmA apanI zuddha avasthA meM ahiMsA hai|148 pUrNa aura parama ahiMsA kevala rahasyAtmaka anubhava meM saMbhava hai, jisako sabhI naitika prayAsoM kA lakSya mAnA jAtA hai| Adarza kI kramika anubhUti isa adhyAya ko hama yaha kahate hue pUrA karate haiM ki Adarza kramika rUpa se anubhava kiyA jAtA hai| prathama sopAna- AtmA aura zarIra kI bhinnatA meM dRr3ha zraddhA kA vikaas| dUsare zabdoM meM, dRr3ha zraddhA sAdhaka meM vizvAsa utpanna karatI hai ki vaha Avazyaka rUpa se zuddha AtmA hai jisakA pUrNa bheda zArIrika yA aindrika AvaraNa se aura donoM prakAra ke manobhAvoM se hai| dvitIya sopAna- saccI zraddhA (samyagdarzana) aura samyagjJAna ke utpanna hone ke pazcAt sAdhaka una doSoM ko naSTa karane ke lie agrasara hotA hai jo 143. Acaranga-Sutra, 1,4,1 P. 36 144. Acaranga-Sutra 1,4,1 P. 36 145. dazavaikAlika sUtra, 10/5 146. Acaranga-Sutra 1.5.5. P. 50 147. Haribhadra, Astaka. 7 , vide. Ahimsa Tattva Darsana by Muni Nathamal P.4 148. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 44 (54) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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zuddhAtmA ke anubhava meM bAdhA DAlate haiN| tRtIya sopAna- dvitIya sopAna kA tArkika pariNAma tRtIya sopAna hai arthAt usameM zuddhAtmA kA anubhava kiyA jAtA hai, kevala anAtmA se bheda hI nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kI prApti AtmA kI anubhUti ke samAna hai jisako saMkSepa meM naitika uccatama Adarza kahA jAtA hai| agale adhyAya meM hama prathama sopAna kI vyAkhyA kareMge aura zeSa sopAnoM kA kramaza: cauthe, pA~caveM aura chaThe adhyAya meM vivecana kiyA jaayegaa| 149. dravyasaMgraha, 40 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta - (55) For Personal & Private Use Only

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tIsarA adhyAya samyagdarzana aura sAta tattva saMkSipta punarAvRtti prathama, pUrva adhyAya meM hamane sAmAnyarUpa se dravya kI jaina dRSTikoNa se vyAkhyA kI hai aura yaha samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra dravyoM kA tAttvika svabhAva anubhava (Experience ) ke anurUpa hai? dvitIya, hamane yaha dikhAyA hai ki pramANa, naya aura anekAntavAda dravya ke Azrita haiM aura syAdavAda padArthoM ke tAttvika svabhAva kI abhivyakti aura saMpreSaNa kA mAdhyama hai| tRtIya, hamane AtmA ke svabhAva kA vizeSa vivecana karane ke sAtha hI chaha prakAra ke dravyoM ke svabhAva kA varNana kiyA hai| aMta meM hamane naitika Adarza kI vibhinna abhivyaktiyoM ko batAyA hai aura yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki ve artha kI dRSTi se ekarUpatA kA pratipAdana karatI haiN| uccatama anubhUti kI prApti meM bAdhA ke rUpa meM mithyAtva hamane dekhA hai ki sAdhaka kA parama lakSya uccatama naitika Adarza ko prApta karanA hai| Adarza aisA nahIM hai jo kisI dUravartI pradeza meM sthita ho, kintu yaha apanI AtmA ke zuddha svabhAva kI anubhUti hai / yahA~ hama eka sAdhAraNa prazna prastuta kara sakate haiM ki AtmA apane svabhAva se kaise dUra ho sakatI hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki AtmA anAdikAla se kaluSita avasthA meM calI A rahI hai| ataH zuddhAtmA kI anubhUti kA prayAsa itanA AkarSaka nahIM hai, jitanI AzA kI jA sakatI hai| isake viparIta (56) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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zarIra kA jIvana AtmA ke jIvana se jyAdA sarala ho rahA hai| yahA~ 'kucha' hai jo kisI bhI vyakti ko kaluSita avasthA se cipake rahane ke lie bAdhya karatA hai aura zuddhAtmA kI anubhUti ke lie atyadhika bAdhA DAlatA hai| yaha 'kucha' avidyA, mithyAtva aura ajJAna ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra mithyAtva (mUrchA) AtmA ke samyak jIvana ke lie bAdhaka hai| yaha sabhI burAiyoM ke mUla meM hai aura saMsArarUpI vRkSa kA bIja hai| yaha hamArI sArI kriyAoM ko viSAkta kara detA hai, jisase jIvana ke uccatama Adarza kI anubhUti avaruddha ho jAtI hai| isake atirikta mithyAtva hamAre jJAna aura cAritra kI vikRti ke lie bhI uttaradAyI hai| mithyAtva kI prakriyA se dRSTi, jJAna aura cAritra dUSita ho jAte haiN| jaba taka mithyAdarzana (mUrchA) kriyAzIla hai taba taka hamAre prayAsa AtmArUpI sUrya kI garimA ko dekhane ke lie asaphala hote haiN| ata: samyagdarzana (AdhyAtmika jAgrati) prApta kiyA jAnA cAhie jo jJAna aura cAritra ko samyak banA degA aura mokSa- prApti ke lie preraka hogaa| samyaktva kI prApti ke pazcAt hI AtmA duHkhoM ke cakra se mukta hone ke lie prAraMbhika yogyatA prApta karatI hai| yadi mithyAtva saMsAra ke mUla meM hai to samyaktva mokSa ke mUla meM hai| lekina samyaktva kA udaya hone ke pazcAt bhI arthAt jJAna ke samyak hone ke pazcAt bhI AtmA kI dUsarI pravRttiyoM ke kriyAzIla hone ke kAraNa samyakcAritra grahaNa nahIM ho pAtA hai| phalasvarUpa pUrNacAritra (mahAvrata) ke Adarza ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue AtmA prAraMbha meM AMzikacAritra (aNuvrata) grahaNa karatA hai| isa adhyAya meM hama samyagdarzana (AdhyAtmika jAgrati) ke svarUpa para vicAra kareMge kyoMki yaha AdhyAtmika yAtrA ke prAraMbha ke lie mUlabhUta AdhAra hai| agale do adhyAyoM meM hama AMzikacAritra (aNuvrata) aura pUrNacAritra Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (57) For Personal & Private Use Only

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(mahAvrata ) para vicAra kareMge arthAt gRhastha ke AcAra aura muni ke AcAra pr| naitika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana ke lie anivArya sAta tattva samyagdarzana kA adhyayana prAraMbha karane se pahale hamAre lie sAta tattvoM ke svarUpa, mahattva aura tAtparya ko samajhanA ucita hogA, kyoMki ina tattvoM kI samajha hameM samyagdarzana ke artha ko hRdayaMgama karane ke lie samartha banA skegii| ina tattvoM ke svabhAva meM antardRSTi naitika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana ke lie anivArya hai / AtmA kI mukti ke lie tattvoM kA bodha aparihArya hai| AdhyAtmika lakSya kI ora pragati kI pUrvamAnyatA hai tattvoM meM zraddhA / vicAra kI do dhArAe~ haiM, ve tattva aura dravya se saMbaMdhita haiM unako eka dUsare se nahIM milAnA cAhie, kintu pratyeka kA artha buddhi meM dhAraNa karanA caahie| jaina dArzanikoM ke do uddezya haiM- vizva kI vyAkhyA aura AtmA kI mukti| chaha dravya, jinakA hama pUrva adhyAya meM varNana kara cuke haiM, vizva sambandhI jijJAsA kI abhivyaktiyA~ haiM, jaba ki sAta tattva naitika aura dhArmika jijJAsA ke pariNAma haiN| tattva ke AdhAra se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai- AdhyAtmika roga, usake kAraNa, usake ilAja ke sAdhana aura rogamukta avasthA kA arthAt ve tattva saMsAra aura usake kAraNa kA aura usake sAtha hI mokSa aura usake kAraNa kA vicAra karate haiN| isa taraha sAdhaka ko baMdha aura isake kAraNa ko jAnanA cAhie tathA mokSa aura usake kAraNa saMvara aura nirjarA ko jAnanA caahie| ina pA~ca tattvoM ke atirikta usa AtmA (jIva) ke jJAna kI bhI AvazyakatA hai jo baMdhana meM hai lekina jisako svataMtra kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| AtmA (jIva) ke baMdhana avasthA kI pUrva mAnyatA hai eka ajIva tattva (58) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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ko mAnanA, jisake dvArA AtmA anAdikAla se baMdhana meM hai / isa taraha ina sAta tattvoM - (1) jIva, (2) ajIva, (3) Asrava, (4) baMdha, (5) saMvara, (6) nirjarA, aura ( 7 ) mokSa ke adhyayana kA usa vyakti ke lie pramukha mahattva hai jisako mokSa kI utkaMThA hai| sAta tattvoM ke sthAna para kundakunda' nau padArthoM kA ullekha karate haiM arthAt ve sAta tattvoM meM puNya aura pApa ko aura jor3a dete haiM / kintu ve (puNya aura pApa) Asrava aura baMdha meM sammilita kiye jA sakate haiN| isalie unakI pRthak gaNanA dUsare AcAryoM, jaise umAsvAmI aura pUjyapAda dvArA ucita nahIM mAnI gii| yadi kundakunda ne aisA kiyA hai to yaha kevala spaSTIkaraNa kI abhiruci ke kAraNa hai na ki tattvoM kI saMkhyA aura artha vikRta karane ke dRSTikoNa se / aba hama tattvoM para vicAra kareMge, kyoMki ye sAdhaka ke AdhyAtmika jIvana - vikAsa ke AdhAra haiN| jIva (AtmA) tattva prathama, hama jIva tattva se prAraMbha karate haiM, kyoMki zeSa chaha tattvoMajIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa kA nirUpaNa sArA mahattva kho detA hai, yadi jIva tattva ko sarvaprathama na batAyA jAe / tattvoM ke svabhAva ko samajhane se pahale jIva tattva ke svabhAva ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki jIva hI baMdhanayukta hotA hai ora jIva hI baMdhana se svataMtra hone ke lie prayAsa karatA hai| baMdhana aura mokSa kA ciMtana aura unake bAre meM samajhanA jIva (AtmA) ke abhAva meM asaMbhava hai| jIva (AtmA) kA svabhAva hai- cintana karanA aura prazna karanA / isalie yaha spaSTa hai ki AtmA kA yathArtha svabhAva jAnanA dUsare tattvoM ko samajhane se pahale Avazyaka hai| zeSa chaha tattvoM kI vyAkhyA karanA AtmA kI jIvana-gAthA 1. samayasAra, 13 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (59)

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ke lie lAbhadAyaka hai| pUrva meM jIva dravya ke svabhAva ko samajhAte samaya hama saMsArI jIva (AtmA) ke svabhAva para vicAra kara cuke haiM aura naitika Adarza ke svabhAva ke bAre meM vicAra-vimarza karate samaya hama jIva (AtmA) ke zuddha svabhAva ke bAre meM ullekha kara cuke haiM, isalie unako yahA~ doharAnA anAvazyaka hogaa| ajIva tattva - aba hama ajIva tattva ke bAre meM vicAra kareMge jisakA ajIva dravya se bheda kiyA jAnA caahie| jainadarzana meM ajIva dravya jIva ke atirikta pA~ca dravyoM ke astitva ko batAtA hai| ina pA~ca dravyoM meM se cAra dravya- dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla AtmA ke svabhAva para ahitakara prabhAva nahIM DAlate haiN| pA~cavA~, pudgala sAMsArika AtmA para anAdikAla se dUSita prabhAva DAla rahA hai aura isake phalasvarUpa yaha AtmA ke svAbhAvika guNoM ko avaruddha kara rahA hai| isa prakAra (ajIva dravya ke virodha meM) ajIva tattva kA artha honA cAhie kevala pudgala, kyoMki tattvoM kA AdhyAtmika mahattva hai aura mokSa prApta karane ke lie tattva pUrNa sahayogI hai| ____ ajIva tattva kA artha hai- pudgala kI bNdhn-shkti| yadi AtmA ko svatantratA prApta karanI hai to isa pudgala kI baMdhana-zakti ko haTAnA caahie| bhautika zarIra meM jIva kI dAsatA sUkSma aura adRzya pudgala se utpanna hotI hai jo karma kahalAtI hai aura baMdhana se svatantratA kI prApti kA artha hai AtmA se karmoM kA pRthkkrnn| zeSa pA~ca tattva jo AtmA aura pudgala ke sAtha ApasI antakriyA se prApta hue haiM, ve haiM- (1) AtmA meM pudgala karmoM kA AnA (Asrava) aura, (2) unako AtmasAta karanA (baMdha), (3) karmoM ke Asrava kA rukanA (saMvara), (4) pudgala karmoM kI (60) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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ekatrita malinatA kA niSkAsana (nirjarA) aura aMta meM, (5) unase chuTakArA (mokss)| Asrava aura baMdha sAta tattvoM meM jIva aura ajIva tattva ke svabhAva kA vicAravimarza karake aba hama Asrava aura baMdha ke bAre meM vicAra kreNge| Asrava (AtmA meM karmoM kA AnA) vaha hai jo baMdha (AtmA meM karmoM ko AtmasAta karanA) ke lie AdhAra taiyAra karatA hai| baMdha apanA artha aura mahattva Asrava se prApta karatA hai| baMdha svabhAva se parajIvI hotA hai| yaha jIvana aura astitva ke lie Asrava para nirbhara hotA hai| yadi Asrava asvIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, to baMdha bhI svata: hI asvIkAra kara diyA jaayegaa| aba hama karma ke Asrava ke kAraNoM para vicAra kreNge| Asrava kA AdhArabhUta kAraNa hai AtmA kI parispandana yukta kriyA jo mana-vacanakAya se utpanna hotI hai jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM 'yoga' kahA jAtA hai| 'yoga' Asrava kA atyadhika vyApaka kAraNa hai, kyoMki yaha sAMsArika jIvoM aura jIvanamuktoM yA arahaMtoM donoM ko apane meM sammilita kara letA hai| hama yahA~ kaha sakate haiM ki yoga bhI baMdha ke kAraNoM meM se eka kAraNa hai| yahA~ yaha kahanA paryApta hai ki yoga akelA sAMsArika baMdhana utpanna nahIM karatA hai| ..sAMsArika AtmA anAdikAla se kaSAyoM ke vikRta prabhAva meM rahatI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa yoga kaSAyoM ke kAraNa bhautika paramANuoM ko AkarSita karatA hai jo svata: hI karmoM meM parivartita ho jAte haiM aura AtmA kA sAMsArika baMdhana utpanna karate haiN| ye AtmA ke cipaka jAte haiM, jaise garma lohe kA piMDa pAnI meM rakhane se saba tarapha se isako sokha letA hai, yA tela yukta yA 2. tattvArthasUtra, 6/1, 2 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (61) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #97
gIlA kapar3A cAroM tarapha se dhUla ke kaNa cipakA letA haiN| saMkSepa meM, Asrava yoga ke kAraNa hotA hai jaba ki baMdha yoga aura kaSAya ke kAraNa hotA hai| pUrvavartI kA udAharaNa hai sadeha lokottara arihaMta kI AtmA, jaba ki paravartI kA udAharaNa saMsArI AtmA hai, lekina donoM AtmAoM meM Asrava aura baMdha kA spaSTatayA bheda kiyA jAnA caahie| hama isa bheda ko Age samajhAne kA prayatna kreNge| vartamAna meM hama yoga aura kaSAya ke svabhAva ko batAne kI ora agrasara hoNge| yoga kA svabhAva - Asrava kA yathArtha kAraNa yoga hai, jaisA ki Upara batAyA jA cukA hai| aba hamako yaha samajhanA hai ki donoM arthAt yoga aura Asrava eka hI hai, kyoMki mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyA ke kAraNa jo parispandana AtmA ke pradezoM meM hotA hai, vaha karmoM ke Ane ke sAtha eka hI samaya meM hotA hai| isake atirikta vaha prayatna, jo mana, vacana aura kAya ko kriyA meM lagAtA hai, usase jo Atma-pradezoM meM parispandana hotA hai (vaha prayatna bhI), yoga kahalAtA hai| arahaMta aura saMsArI AtmAoM meM isa prakAra kA prayatna hotA hai, lekina siddha sabhI prayatnoM se rahita haiM isalie yogarahita haiM, kyoMki unake mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyA nahIM hotI hai| prayatna ke rUpa meM yoga, AtmA ke parispandana rUpa meM yoga (mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyA) se kAraNa rUpa se saMbaMdhita hai| isalie kabhI-kabhI prayatna yoga kahalAtA hai, aura kabhI-kabhI prispndn| ata: donoM hI yoga kI paribhASA ke dRSTikoNa se ucita haiN| 3. rAjavArtika, 6/2/4, 5 4. SaTkhaNDAgama, bhAga-1, pRSTha 279 5. SaTkhaNDAgama, bhAga-1, pRSTha 140 gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 215 (62) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism Aer A BERAT PAGI For Personal & Private Use Only

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yoga kI adhikatama saMkhyA tIna hai arthAt ekendriya se paMcendriya taka jIvoM ke vikAsa ke sAtha yaha parivartanazIla hotA hai| yoga kA sAmAnya svabhAva aisA hai ki vaha karma pudgaloM ko AtmA kI tarapha AkarSita karatA hai| isa prakAra yoga anya kAraNoM kI upasthiti meM sAMsArika baMdhana ke lie AdhAra banAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, karmoM ko AtmA kI tarapha AkarSita karane kA uttaradAyitva yoga para hotA hai yadyapi unakA AtmasAtkaraNa kaSAyoM kI upasthiti meM hotA hai jisase vaha divya guNoM ke AcchAdana kA kAraNa banatA hai| aba hama yoga aura kaSAya ke dvArA baMdha kA vivecana kreNge| yoga se utpanna baMdha ke prakAra hama batA cuke haiM ki baMdha Asrava para nirbhara hotA hai, jo prAthamikarUpa se yoga dvArA utpanna hotA hai| karmoM dvArA AtmA kA baMdha cAra prakAra kA hai(1) prakRtibandha, (2) pradezabandha, (3) sthitibandha, aura (4) anubhaagbndh| (1) jaba AtmA parispandana kriyA ke kAraNa pudgala kA karmoM meM parivartana karatA hai usase jo bandha hotA hai usa baMdha ko prakRtibandha kahate haiN| yaha prakRtibandha bhojana kA vibhinna zArIrika tattvoM meM parivartana ke anurUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha pAramparika rUpa se saMkhyA meM ATha mAnA gayA hai| unakA nAmakaraNa AtmA ke mUlabhUta divya guNa ke AcchAdana 6. tattvArthasUtra, 8/3 gommaTasAra karmakANDa, 89 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (63) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #99
gaaNdh| .. aura usakI vikRti ke AdhAra se hotA hai|' ve karma ATha prakAra* ke haiM- (i) jJAnAvaraNIya (jJAna kA AcchAdana karanevAle), (ii) darzanAvaraNIya (darzana kA AcchAdana karanevAle), (iii) vedanIya (sukha-duHkha kA utpAdaka), (iv) mohanIya (mUrchA kA utpAdaka), (v) Ayu (jIvanakAla kA nirdhAraka), (vi) nAma (zarIra-nirmAtA), (vii) gotra (jIvana-stara kA nirdhAraka) aura (viii) antarAya (baadhaa-utpaadk)| (2) AtmA ke . pradezoM meM yoga ke mAdhyama se jo karma-pudgaloM kA mAtrAsahita ApasI .. saMbaMdha hotA hai vaha pradezabandha kahalAtA hai| yaha bandha batAtA hai ki AtmA kA koI bhI pradeza karma ke binA nahIM rahatA hai, jo bahuta sUkSma hai| isa prakAra yoga ke do kArya hai, prakRtibaMdha aura pradezabaMdha / ' 7. sarvArthasiddhi, 8/4 rAjavArtika, 8/4/3 8. gommaTasAra karmakANDa, 8 tattvArthasUtra, 8/4 9. sarvArthasiddhi, 8/3 pRSTha 379 *(i) jaise paradA kamare ke bhItara kI vastu kA jJAna nahIM hone detA vaise hI jJAnAvaraNa karma jJAna ko rokane yA alpAdhika karane meM nimitta haiN| isake udaya kI hInAdhikatA ke kAraNa koI viziSTajJAnI aura koI alpajJAnI hotA hai| (ii) jaise dvArapAla darzanArthiyoM ko rAjadarzana Adi se rokatA hai, vaise hI darzana kA AvaraNa karanevAlA darzanAvaraNa karma haiN| (ii) jaise talavAra kI dhAra para lagA madhu cATane se madhura svAda avazya AtA hai, phira bhI jIbha ke kaTa jAne kA asahya duHkha bhI hotA hai, vaise hI vedanIya karma sukhaduHkha kA nimitta hai| (iv) jaise madyapAna se manuSya madahoza ho jAtA hai aura sudha-budha kho baiThatA hai, vaise hI mohanIya karma ke udaya se vivaza jIva apane svarUpa ko bhUla jAtA hai| (v) jaise hali (kATha) meM pA~va phaMsA dene para manuSya rukA raha jAtA hai, vaise hI Ayu karma ke udaya se jIva zarIra meM nizcita samaya taka rukA rahatA hai| (vi) jaise citrakAra nAnA prakAra ke citra banAtA hai, vaise hI nAma karma ke udaya se jIvoM ke nAnAvidha dehoM kI racanA hotI hai| (vii) jaise kumbhakAra choTe-bar3e bartana banAtA hai, vaise hI gotra karma ke udaya se jIva ko uccakula yA nIcakula milatA hai| (viii) jaise bhaNDArI (khajAMcI) dAtA ko dene se aura yAcaka ko lene se rokatA hai, vaise hI antarAya karma ke udaya se dAna-lAbha Adi meM bAdhA par3atI hai| isa taraha ye AThoM karmoM ke svabhAva haiN| -samaNasuttaM, pRSTha 22-23, sarva sevA saMgha, vArANasI Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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kaSAya se utpanna baMdha ke prakAra AtmA ke sAtha karmoM kI anavarata sthiti nizcita avadhi taka bane rahanA sthitibaMdha kahalAtA hai, aura karmoM meM jo prabhAva utpanna karane kI zakti bharI rahatI hai, vaha phalana-zakti-baMdha anubhAgabaMdha kahalAtA hai| anubhAgabaMdha vyakti kI AtmA ke anubhavAtmaka pakSa ko batAtA hai, aura jagata meM dRzyamAna bhedoM kA kAraNa hai| ye do prakAra ke baMdha kaSAyoM se utpanna hote haiM jo vAstava meM dUSita avasthA ke lie uttaradAyI haiM jinake kAraNa gamana aura punarjanma hotA hai| isase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki kaSAyoM ke abhAva meM yoga se baMdha binA kisI sAMsArika pariNAma ke hotA hai| yaha usI samaya saMbhava hai jaba anAsakta kriyA vyakti ke jIvana meM rUpAntarita ho jAtI hai| kaSAyarahita kriyA svayaM ke dvArA prApta kI jAtI hai aura isake lie duSkara tapasyA, kaThora Atma-saMyama aura dhyAna ke satata jIvana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| hamArI mukhya ruci AcAra-sambandhI adhyayana meM hai, isalie hama cAra prakAra ke baMdhoM ke vistAra meM nahIM jAnA cAhate, jaisA ki jainAgama meM varNita hai| kaSAyasahita aura kaSAyarahita yoga __ aba hama yaha batAne kA prayAsa kareMge ki yoga vyakti ke jIvana meM kaSAyasahita yA kaSAyarahita ho sakatA hai| do prakAra ke yoga ke anurUpa do prakAra ke Asrava hote haiN| IryApatha Asrava kaSAyarahita yoga ko batAtA hai aura sAmparAyika Asrava kaSAyasahita yoga se utpanna hotA hai|'' mahAna AcArya amRtacandra ne kundakunda dvArA racita pravacanasAra kI TIkA karate samaya do prakAra kI kriyAoM ko uparyukta prakAra se batAyA hai, kintu 10. sarvArthasiddhi, 8/3 pRSTha 379 11. tattvArthasUtra, 6/4 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (65) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #101
unake nAma bhinna haiM arthAt (1)jJapti kriyA aura (2) jJeyArtha pariNamana kriyaa|12 (1) prathama, jJapti kriyA meM parA indriya jJAna hotA hai, jo binA kisI vikRti aura pakSapAta ke vastuoM ko jaisI hai, jaisI thI aura jaisI hogI vaisI yugapat jAnatA hai| yaha kriyA pUrva meM varNita anAsakta kriyA se mela rakhatI hai aura arahaMta yA jIvanamukta kA divya jIvana usakA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai, ve zArIrika kriyAoM yathA- khar3A honA, baiThanA aura gamana karanA Adi tathA samyak dharma ke upadeza dene kI kriyAoM ko AnandapUrvaka karate haiN| ina kriyAoM ko karma phalana ke svAbhAvika pariNAma mAnA gayA hai, yadyapi ve rAga, dveSa aura moha se rahita hotI haiN| ata: ve karma kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kSAyika kriyAe~ kahalAtI haiM ve karmoM ke sampUrNa naSTa hone se utpanna hotI haiM, jisase ve sAMsArika jIvana utpanna karanevAle navIna karmoM ko na to apane meM AtmasAt karatI haiM aura na hI unakA saMgraha karatI haiN| ye kriyAe~ IryApatha prakAra kA Asrava utpanna karatI haiM, jo nAmamAtra kA hotA hai aura jo saMsAra ko anizcita kAla ke lie bar3hAne kI zakti nahIM rakhatA hai| isake atirikta kevala yoga ke hI kAraNa lokottara AtmA asthAyI rUpa se zarIra meM ThaharatI hai| (2) dUsare prakAra kI kriyA arthAt jJeyArtha-pariNamana kriyA rAga, dveSa aura moha se grasita hotI hai aura prANasahita aura prANarahita jagata kI vastuoM ke svAbhAvika artha ko badala detI hai| yaha vastuoM ke mUla 12. pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 1/52 13. pravacanasAra, 1/44 14. pravacanasAra, 1/45 15. pravacanasAra, 1/45 (66) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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pAhA aura tAtvika mahattva se hamako dUra le jAtI hai| ata: isase sAmparAyika Asrava utpanna hotA hai jo hamArI AtmA ke aMtaraMga jIvana ko madonmatta (behoza) kara detA hai, jisase jIvana aura mRtyu kA satata cakra utpanna hotA hai| saMsArI AtmA jo anAtmA ke daladala meM pha~sI huI hai, isa prakAra kI kriyA kA udAharaNa hai| nimna pRSThoM meM, prathama, hama kaSAyoM kI vibhinna prakAra kI kriyAoM para vicAra kareMge aura dvitIya, hama sAmparAyika Asrava para vicAra kareMge jo kaSAyasahita yoga se utpanna hotA hai| do prakAra ke sAmparAyika yoga jo zubha aura azubha manobhAvoM se utpanna hote haiM unase zubha aura azubha Asrava ghaTita hote haiN| yahA~ sarasarI taura para ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki yaha zubha aura azubha manobhAva apanA nAma kaSAyoM ke mApakrama (Scale) ke anusAra prApta kara lete haiN| kaSAyoM ke mApakrama ke anusAra mApakrama ke eka chora se madhya taka hama zubha manobhAvoM ko rakha sakate haiM aura dUsare chora se mApakrama ke madhya taka azubha manobhAvoM ko rakha sakate haiN| inameM prakAra kA bheda hai svabhAva kA bheda nahIM hai| ata: AdhyAtmika anubhava kI U~cAI para pahu~cane ke lie ina donoM ko haTAye jAne kI AvazyakatA hai| kaSAya kI vividha abhivyaktiyA~ . (ka) kaSAyeM mithyAtvasahita zubha aura azubha manobhAvoM ko samAviSTa karanevAlI mAnI jAtI haiM- 'kaSAya' zabda AtmA kI pUrNa vikRti ko samajhane ke lie atisaMkSipta aura atisarala abhivyakti hai| kaSAyeM AtmA ko mohita karane aura pathabhraSTa karane meM bahuta vyApaka aura gaharI hotI haiN| ye itanI sazakta hotI haiM ki ye hamAre hRdaya ko saMsAra ke asArabhUta sukhoM meM lagA detI haiM, ye pUrNarUpa se hamArI UrjAoM (zaktiyoM) ko isa taraha 16. sarvArthasiddhi, 6/3 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (67) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kAma meM letI haiM ki jIvana ke tejasvI pakSa ko dekhane ke lie koI bhI sthAna nahIM bacatA hai| adhyAtmavAda aMdhakAramaya ho jAtA hai| zuSka naitikatA (adhyAtmarahita naitikatA) yA ghRNita viSayAsakti pracalita ho jAtI hai| mithyAtva adhyAtmavAda meM bAdhA DAlatA hai| mithyAtva kI upasthiti meM zubha bhAva zuSka naitikatA ke samAna haiM aura azubha bhAva ghRNita viSayAsakti ke samAna haiN| yahA~ hamane kaSAya kI vyAkhyA AtmA ke mithyAtvasahita zubha aura azubha manobhAvoM ke artha meM kI hai, kyoMki yaha AtmA ke samyak jIvana ko avaruddha karatI hai| (kha) mohanIya karma ke samAnArthaka rUpa meM kaSAya- 'kaSAya' zabda mohanIya karma ke samAnArthaka mAnA gayA hai, jo ATha prakAra ke karmoM meM se eka hai| mohanIya karma ke do upabheda mAne gaye haiM arthAt darzanamohanIya aura caaritrmohniiy| isa prakAra yaha kaSAya eka ora AdhyAtmika jAgrati (samyagdarzana) meM bAdhA DAlatI hai, dUsarI ora samyakcAritra meN| adhika spaSTa rUpa meM kaheM to kaSAya kA kArya AdhyAtmika jAgrati (samyagdarzana), aNuvratoM, mahAvratoM aura pUrNacAritra se AtmA ko roka denA hai|' yadyapi kaSAyeM saMkhyA meM cAra haiM arthAt krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha, to bhI unake kAryoM ke kAraNa ve solaha mAnI jAtI haiN| pratyeka kaSAya nimnalikhita cAra prakAra kI hotI hai- (1) anantAnubaMdhI kaSAya- yaha AdhyAtmika jAgrati (samyagdarzana) ko avaruddha kara detI hai jisake phalasvarUpa antarahita saMsArI jIvana ke lie AdhAra taiyAra ho jAtA hai, (2) apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya- yaha aNuvratoM kI ora jhukAva ko tirohita kara detI hai, (3) pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya- yaha mahAvratoM kI ora jhukAva ko roka detI hai, aura aMtima (4) saMjvalana kaSAya- yaha pUrNacAritra ko avaruddha kara detI hai, isa prakAra arhata 17. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 282 (68) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism hent # 347Karita fecha For Personal & Private Use Only

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avasthA kI prApti viphala ho jAtI hai| isake atirikta nau kaSAya haiM, jo kama bAdhA DAlanevAlI hone ke kAraNa ISat kaSAya kahalAtI haiN| ve haiM- (1) hAsya (ha~sI), (2) rati (prIti), (3) arati (aprIti), (4) zoka (viSAda), (5) bhaya (Dara), (6) jugupsA (ghRNA), (7) strIveda (strI kI puruSa ke prati Asakti), (8) puruSaveda (puruSa kI strI ke prati Asakti) aura (9) napuMsakaveda (strI-puruSa ke prati aaskti)|' jayasena ne krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha aura nau ISat kaSAya ko rAga aura dveSa ke antargata sammilita kara liyaa| pUrvavartI (rAga) meM mAyA, lobha, hAsya, rati, strIveda, puruSaveda aura napuMsakaveda sammilita haiM jabaki paravartI (dveSa) meM krodha, mAna, arati, zoka, bhaya aura jugupsA ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai| (ga) kriyAzIla kaSAya ke rUpa meM lezyA- jo kArya kaSAyoM dvArA kiye jAte haiM, ve pragAr3hatA kI vibhinna zreNiyoM meM hote haiM aura jo kriyAoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiM, ve isa bAta kA pramANa haiM ki sAMsArika jIvana meM yoga kaSAyoM ke sAtha guMthA huA hai| inameM se koI bhI dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| eka kA dUsare meM AtmasAtkaraNa lezyA kahA jAtA hai| kaSAyoM se raMjita kriyA (yoga) lezyA hotI hai| yahA~ yoga para jora diyA gayA hai, kaSAya para nahIM, jisase arahaMtoM ko sammilita kiyA jA sake jo zukla lezyA rakhate haiN| isa dRSTikoNa ko spaSTa rUpa se kaheM to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jo AtmA ko karmoM se saMbaMdhita karatI hai, vaha lezyA kahalAtI hai| 18. sarvArthasiddhi, 8/9 19. sarvArthasiddhi, 8/9 20. samayasAra, jayasena kI TIkA, 282 21. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 489 22. SaTkhaNDAgama, bhAga-1, pRSTha 386 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (69) : For Personal & Private Use Only

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kaSAya kI chaha prakAra kI pragAr3hatA ke anurUpa lezyA chaha prakAra kI hotI haiM- tIvratama, tIvratara, tIvra, manda, mandatara aura mandatama jo kramaza: isa prakAra kahI gayI haiM-(1) kRSNa, (2) nIla, (3) kApota, (4) pIta, (5) padma aura (6) zuklA prathama tIna azubha haiM aura aMtima tIna zubha haiN| isalie ve kramazaH pApa aura puNya utpanna karatI haiN|24 chaha prakAra kI lezyAoM kA udAharaNa kramazaH nimna prakAra se aise vyaktiyoM ke dRSTikoNa se batAyA jA sakatA hai jo khAne ke lie phala cAhate haiM- (1) vRkSa ko jar3a se ukhAr3ane ke dvArA, (2) vRkSa ke tane ko kATane ke dvArA, (3) bar3I zAkhAoM ko kATane ke dvArA, (4) choTI zAkhAoM ko kATane ke dvArA, (5) kevala phala ko tor3ane ke dvArA aura (6) dharatI para gire hue phaloM ko rakhane ke dvaaraa| (gha) saMjJAtmaka (mUlapravRttyAtmaka) kriyAoM ke rUpa meM kaSAya- ye kaSAyeM na kevala apane Apako mithyAtva, zubha aura azubha bhAvoM ke prakAroM meM aura lezyAoM meM abhivyakta karatI haiM, balki bAharI vastuoM se saMbaMdhita hone ke kAraNa bhinna-bhinna nAmoM ko prApta karatI haiN| jaba lobha kaSAya bAharI vastuoM ko dekhane se utpanna hotI hai, to parigraha saMjJA kahalAtI hai| usI taraha AhAra, bhaya aura maithuna saMjJA kramaza: bhojana se, bhayayukta vastuoM aura kAmottejaka vastuoM se uttejita kI jAtI hai| ye saMjJAe~ kaSAyeM hI haiN| (Ga) kaSAya kI anya abhivyaktiyA~- aindriya vastuoM ko bhogane ke lie kaSAyeM indriyoM ko uttejita karatI hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki 23. SaTkhaNDAgama, bhAga-1, pRSTha 388 24. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 488 25. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 506, 507 26. SaTkhaNDAgama, bhAga-2, pRSTha 413 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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indriyoM se jo jJAna hotA hai vaha kaSAyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai| ve isa hada taka kAma kara sakatI hai ki jaba priya vastue~ alaga hotI hai, aura apriya vastue~ apane samIpa AtI hai, to usase tIvra cintA utpanna ho jAtI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa mana kI zAMti naSTa ho jAtI hai| phira, eka prakAra kA sukha jo nirdayatA meM, corI meM, jhUTha meM aura indriya sukhoM ko banAe rakhane ke lie upAya DhU~r3hane meM anubhava kiyA jAtA hai, vaha kaSAyoM kA hI eka mAyAvI pradarzana hai| bAta yahA~ hI samApta nahIM hotI hai, balki AgamoM kA svAdhyAya, guru ke prati bhakti aura isI prakAra anya bhI kaSAyoM kI hI abhivyaktiyA~ hai| isa prakAra kaSAya bhinna-bhinna kAryoM ke kAraNa bhinna-bhinna nAma grahaNa kara letI hai| kaSAyoM kA abhinetA apane Apa ko vibhinna rUpoM meM dikhA sakatA hai aura saMsArI raMgamaMca para vibhinna nAmoM aura kriyAoM ke sAtha abhinaya kara sakatA hai| lekina samajhanA yaha hai ki kisI ko isa abhinaya se mohita nahIM honA cAhie aura mAtra nAma aura rUpoM se dhokhA nahIM khAnA caahie| isake viparIta mUla meM jo kaSAya nAma aura rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai, vyakti ko unameM paiThate hue kaSAyoM ko dekhanA cAhie, koI bAta nahIM cAhe ve dayAlutA, lokopakAritA, Izvara, guru aura Agama kI bhakti, mAyAcArI aura ahaMkAra ke rUpa meM hoN| dUsare zabdoM meM, ve sadguNa aura avaguNa ke rUpa meM vidyamAna ho| aise dRSTikoNa ke rahate hue koI bhI vyakti AtmAnubhava se kama saMtuSTa nahIM hogaa| . yaha batAnA anupayukta nahIM hogA ki 'kaSAya' zabda kA prayoga jaina AgamoM meM sabhI jagaha itane vistAra se nahIM kiyA gayA hai jaisA Upara prastuta kiyA gayA hai, lekina kabhI-kabhI vizeSa sandarbha meM sImita artha hI upayukta hotA hai| udAharaNArtha samayasAra ke baMdha adhyAya meM kundakunda Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (71) For Personal & Private Use Only

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rAga, dveSa, moha aura kaSAya kA ullekha karate haiN| prathama tIna anaMtAnubaMdhI kaSAya ke rUpa meM varNita haiM aura aMtima batAtI hai- apratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya, pratyAkhyAnAvaraNa kaSAya aura saMjvalana kssaay|" tattvArthasUtra jaba kaSAya' zabda kA prayoga sAtaveM adhyAya meM karatA hai, to vaha saMjvalana kaSAya ke artha ko batAtA hai|28 sAmparAyika Asrava ke kAraNa kaSAyeM vibhinna rUpoM meM sAmparAyika Asrava kA kAraNa hotI haiN| kundakunda, saMkSepa meM zubha sAmparAyika Asrava kI paristhitiyoM kA varNana karate haiM- (1) prazasta rAga, (2) anukampAsahita pariNAma, aura (3) pAparahita citt| dUsare zabdoM meM (1) deva, zAstra aura guru kI bhakti, (2) unakI sahAyatA karanA jo du:khI haiM, pyAse aura bhUkhe haiM, aura (3) zAnta citta-ye saba kramazaH uparyukta varNita zubha sAmparAyika Asrava ke vistAra haiN| azubha sAmparAyika Asrava utpanna hotA hai- (1) atyadhika Alasya sahita kriyA se, (2) tIvra kaSAyoM se grasita mAnasika avasthAoM se, (3) indriya-viSayoM ke prati Asakti se, (4) anya jIvoM kA anAdara karane se, (5) anya jIvoM ko paritApa (duHkha) dene se| isake atirikta (1) cAra saMjJAe~:- AhAra, bhaya, maithuna aura parigraha (mUlapravRttiyA~) (2) tIna azubha lezyAe~- kRSNa, nIla aura kApota (3) indriyoM ke prati Asakti (4) ArtadhyAna (5) raudradhyAna (6) vyartha kI bAtoM meM jJAna 27. samayasAra, 280 28. tattvArthasUtra, 7/1 29. paJcAstikAya, 135 30. paJcAstikAya, 136-138 31. paJcAstikAya, 139 (72) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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ko lagAnA (7) moha (mUrchA) - ye sabhI azubha sAmparAyika Asrava ke srota haiN| tattvArthasUtra meM sAmparAyika Asrava ke unatAlisa (39) kAraNa ginAye gaye haiM- kaSAyasahita pA~ca indriyA~ (sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura karNa) pA~ca prakAra ke avrata (hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, abrahma (kuzIla) aura parigraha), cAra kaSAya (krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha) aura paccIsa kriyaaeN| ___ paccIsa kriyAe~ isa prakAra haiM-34 (1) samyaktva (AdhyAtmika jAgaraNa) ko bar3hAnevAlI kriyAe~ udAharaNArtha- deva, zAstra aura guru kI bhakti, (2) mithyAtvayukta (mUrchAyukta) kriyAe~, (3) eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para zarIra kA gamana, (4) vrata lene ke pazcAt unakI avahelanA kI pravRtti, (5) virakti kI ora pravRtta kriyAe~, (6) krodha ke vazIbhUta kriyAe~ karanA, (7) duSTa bhAva se kArya karanA, (8) hiMsA ke upakaraNoM ko grahaNa karanA, (9) dUsaroM ko duHkha denevAlI kriyAe~, (10) AtmaghAtI aura mAnavaghAtI kriyAe~, (11-12) indriya sukha ke kAraNa ramaNIya aura mohaka vastuoM ko dekhanA aura chUnA, (13) indriya sukha ke naye prakAroM ko prakAza meM lAnA, (14) aise sthAna para mala-mUtra kA tyAga karanA jahA~ puruSa, strI aura pazuoM kA AvAgamana ho, (15) aparIkSita (binA dekhe), apramArjita (binA jhAr3e) bhUmi para vastuoM ko rakhanA, (16) dUsaroM ke dvArA kI jAnevAlI kriyAoM ko svayaM karanA, (17) anucita vastuoM ke lie salAha denA, (18) dUsare vyaktiyoM kI pApapUrNa kriyAoM kI ghoSaNA karanA, (19) Agama meM kahe gaye Adeza ke anupAlana meM 32. paJcAstikAya, 140 33. tattvArthasUtra, 6/5 34. sarvArthasiddhi, 6/5 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta / (73) For Personal & Private Use Only

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samartha na hone ke kAraNa unakA mithyA nirUpaNa karanA, (20) pAkhaNDa aura Alasya ke kAraNa Agama meM varNita vidhi kI tarapha anAdara kA bhAva rakhanA, (21) hiMsAtmaka kriyAoM ko karanA aura dUsare manuSyoM ke anucita kAryoM kI prazaMsA karanA, (22) svayaM ke sAMsArika parigraha ke saMrakSaNa kI kriyAe~ karanA, (23) jJAna, darzana Adi ke viSaya meM chalapUrNa kriyAe~ karanA, (24) mithyAdarzana (mUrchA) meM lage hue vyakti kI kriyAoM ko protsAhita karanA aura (25) saMnyAsa ke prati aruci| ye sabhI sAmAnyarUpa se sAmparAyika Asrava ke kAraNa haiN| vizeSa sAmparAyika Asrava tattvArthasUtra meM vibhinna prakAra ke vizeSa karmoM ke AsravoM ke kAraNoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| jJAnAvaraNIya aura darzanAvaraNIya karma ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM-35 vimukta karanevAlA jJAna jaba batAyA jA rahA ho usa samaya durbhAvapUrNa mauna rakhanA, apane jJAna ko chipAnA, jAnate hue bhI jalana ke kAraNa dUsare ko jJAna na denA, jJAnaprApti meM bAdhA DAlanA, dUsaroM ke dvArA batAye gaye satya ko asvIkAra karanA aura aMta meM AdhyAtmika satya kA khaNDana krnaa|asaataavedniiy karma ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM-36 pIr3ArUpa mAnasika avasthA, sahAnubhUti prakaTa karanevAle vyakti se saMbaMdha viccheda hone para usase utpanna zoka aura vyAkulatA, badanAmI hone ke kAraNa udvignatA, AMtarika asaMtoSa aura azAnti ke kAraNa ronA, kisI ke bhI indriya, bala aura zvAsocchvAsa ko naSTa karanA aura dUsaroM kI sahAnubhUti prApta karane ke lie karuNAjanaka vilApa krnaa| sAtAvedanIya 35. tattvArthasUtra, 6/10 sarvArthasiddhi, 6/10 36. sarvArthasiddhi, 6/11 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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karma ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- dAnazIlatA, vizvajanIna anukampA, jo vratoM kA pAlana karate haiM unakA vizeSa khyAla rakhanA, rAga ke sAtha AtmasaMyama, mana, vacana aura kAya kI zubha kAryoM meM ekAgratA aura krodha tathA lobha kA nisskaasn|" darzanamohanIya karma ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- kevaliyoM, AgamoM aura sAdhuoM para mithyAdoSAropaNa krnaa| cAritramohanIya karma ke Asrava kA kAraNa haiM- tIvra mAnasika manobhAva jo kaSAyoM aura ISat kaSAyoM ke utpanna hone ke kAraNa hotA hai| narakAyu ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- hiMsA ke kAryoM meM satata jhukAva, dUsare manuSyoM ke dhana kI corI, svayaM ke parigraha para atirAga, indriya viSayoM meM Asakti, maraNa ke samaya kRSNa lezyA va raudradhyAna kA prakaTa honaa|40 tiryaMcAyu ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- mana, vANI aura zarIra meM asaMgati, mithyA siddhAntoM kA upadeza, asaMyamita jIvana, nIla tathA kApota lezyA kA prakaTa honA aura zarIra se AtmA ke prayANa ke samaya aartdhyaan| manuSyAyu ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- vinamratA kI pravRtti, sarala svabhAva aura sarala vyavahAra, manda kaSAya aura maraNa ke samaya mana meM azAnti na honaa|42 devAyu ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- aNuvrata va sarAgasaMyama kA pAlana, vivazatA meM zAMtipUrvaka bhUkha aura pyAsa ko sahanA aura binA AdhyAtmika prabhAva ke tapa krnaa| azubhanAmakarma 37. sarvArthasiddhi, 6/12 38. sarvArthasiddhi, 6/13 39. sarvArthasiddhi, 6/14 40. tattvArthasUtra, 6/15 __sarvArthasiddhi, 6/15 41. tattvArthasUtra, 6/16 42. tattvArthasUtra, 6/17, 18 - 43. tattvArthasUtra, 6/20 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (75) For Personal & Private Use Only

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ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- mana-vacana-kAya meM asaMgati, asthiracitta (mana kI caMcalatA), cugalakhorI, mApa-tola meM beImAnI, AtmaprazaMsA aura prnindaa| zubhanAmakarma ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- mana-vacanakAya meM saMgati aura ekAgra citt| nIcagotra karma ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- apanI prazaMsA aura dUsare kI nindA, dUsaroM ke acche guNoM para paradA DAlanA aura unake anucita kAryoM kI ghoSaNA krnaa| uccagotra karma ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- uccakoTi ke vyaktiyoM ke sAmane vinamratA, aura jJAna meM atyuttama hote hue bhI namratA, apanI nindA aura dUsare kI prshNsaa| antarAyakarma ke Asrava ke kAraNa haiM- dUsare ke dAna, lAbha, vastuoM ke bhoga (eka bAra upayoga), vastuoM ke upabhoga (bAra-bAra upayoga) aura vIrya (puruSArtha ke prayoga) meM vighna ddaalnaa|46 kundakunda ke anusAra Asrava aura baMdha aba hama kundakunda ke anusAra Asrava aura baMdha ke bAre meM vicAra kreNge| yahA~ yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki unakI racanAoM kA pramukha bindu AdhyAtmika jAgrati hai| saMkSepa meM, ve una sabhI vicAroM ko vyartha mAnate haiM, jo cetanA meM antarnihita divyatA ke jAgaraNa kI tarapha mana ko nirdiSTa nahIM karate haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa ve kisI anya pakSa para itanA jora nahIM dete haiM, jitanA AdhyAtmika jAgrati pr| aisA lagatA hai ki ve adhyAtmavAda ke prasAra ke lie atyanta jAgarUka haiM, ata: unakI pratyeka abhivyakti isa eka hI bAta ko ujAgara karatI hai| 44. tattvArthasUtra, 6/22 45. tattvArthasUtra, 6/23 46. tattvArthasUtra, 6/27 sarvArthasiddhi, 6/27 (76) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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tadanusAra ve rAga, dveSa aura moha" ko Asrava ke kAraNa hI nahIM balki Asrava hI mAnate haiM, jo AdhyAtmika jAgrati meM bAdhaka haiN| ve isa bAta ko jAnate haiM ki kevala AdhyAtmika jAgrati ke hone se hI turanta mokSa prApta nahIM hotA hai, kyoMki pUrNacAritra kI kamI rahatI hai| isa bAta kI ghoSaNA se ki vyakti samyagdarzana ( AdhyAtmika jAgrati) kI prApti ke pazcAt karmoM ke Asrava se rahita hotA hai (unakA ) AtmA ke jIvana kI tarapha zaktizAlI dRSTikoNa vyakta hotA hai| AdhyAtmika jAgrati ke pazcAt pUrNacAritra aparihArya hai, isa janma meM nahIM to kisI dUsare janma meM | rAga, dveSa aura moha jo Asrava kI pUrvavartI zarta hai vahI baMdha kI bhI pUrvavartI zarta hai| ina azuddha manobhAvoM kI upasthiti meM AtmA apane meM parAye karmoM ko AkarSita aura AtmasAta karatI hai| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bAhya jagata kI vastue~ baMdha kA kAraNa nahIM haiN| yaha bAta atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai, kyoMki yadi unako baMdha kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai to mukti mRgamarIcikA aura chala ho jAyegI, kyoMki astitvavAna hone se bAharI vastuoM ko hama naSTa nahIM kara skte| taba prazna yaha hai ki bAhya vastuoM kA rakhanA aura unase saMbaMdhita honA kyoM manA kiyA gayA hai ? isake uttara meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMsArI AtmA arthAt vaha AtmA jisane pavitra avasthA prApta nahIM kI hai, vaha unakI upasthiti meM azuddha manobhAvoM ke kAraNa unake adhIna ho jAtA hai| isalie nizcaya hI baMdha kA vAstavika kAraNa to azuddha manobhAvoM kI upasthiti hai, parisara meM sthita vastue~ nahIM haiN| lekina nimna avasthA meM 47. samayasAra, 177 samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 164, 165 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (77)

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vastue~ anajAne meM hI saMsArI AtmA ko azuddhatA se bhara detI haiN|48 pariNAmasvarUpa hama sarasarI taura para kaha sakate haiM ki yadi vyakti ko AdhyAtmika utthAna ke lie prayatna karanA hai, to prAraMbhika avasthA meM apane parisara ke prati saceta honA caahie| baMdha ke kAraNoM ko anya prakAra se samajhAne ke lie kundakunda adhyavasAna kA Azraya lete haiM, jisakA artha hai, AtmA aura anAtmA meM bhraaNti| isakA abhiprAya hai samyagdarzana (AdhyAtmika jAgrati) kA abhaav| mArane kA vicAra, jilAne kA vicAra, duHkhI karane kA vicAra aura sukhI karane kA vicAra aura saMkSepa meM, AtmA kA azubha pravRttiyoM (hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, abrahmacarya aura parigraha) se tAdAtmyakaraNa kA vicAra aura zubha pravRttiyoM (ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha) se tAdAtmyakaraNa kA vicAra adhyavasAna kA udAharaNa hai|' yadyapi AtmA dUsare sabhI astitvavAna dravyoM se pRthak hai, to bhI vaha adhyavasAna ke kAraNa unake sAtha tAdAtmya kara letI hai, ata: AvAgamana ke duHkhada phala ko sahatI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, jaba taka AtmA zubhAzubha vastuoM se tAdAtmyakaraNa kI pravRtti ko nahIM chor3atI hai, taba taka duHkha se chuTakArA nahIM ho sakatA hai| saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa kI nizcaya (pAramArthika) dRSTi jo kucha kahA gayA hai usase spaSTa hai ki saMsArI AtmA kA kaSAya aura yoga se saMbaMdha hone ke kAraNa sAMsArika jIvana phalita hotA hai| 48. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 265 49. samayasAra, 262 50. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 271 51. samayasAra, 260, 261, 263, 264 (78) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAMsArika sukha aura duHkha se rahita hone kA abhiprAya sAmparAyika Asrava kI samApti hai| isakA abhiprAya hai- antara meM sthita karmazatruoM kA vinaash| dUsare zabdoM meM, jaba mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyAe~ zubha aura azubha manobhAvoM ke prabhAva se rahita ho jAtI haiM to sAmparAyika Asrava kI samApti phalita hotI hai| 52 phira, hama kaha sakate haiM ki karmAsravoM kA avarodha phalita hotA hai, yadi kaSAyeM pUrNatayA naSTa kara dI jAtI haiM aura samatAbhAva jIvana meM rUpAntarita hotA hai| 3 53 nizcaya (pAramArthika) zraddhA, jJAna aura cAritra jisake phalasvarUpa AtmA kI samyak anubhUti ghaTita hotI hai, vaha mokSaprApti se ekarUpa hai| yaha kahanA isa bAta ke samAna hai ki jisane AtmAnubhava kI uccatama U~cAI para ur3Ana bharI hai, vaha karmoM ke Asrava ko na kevala rokatA hai balki AtmA meM sthita apavitratA ko hI miTA detA hai / pUrvavartI kriyA saMvara kahI jAtI hai aura paravartI kriyA nirjarA aura mokSa kahI jAtI hai| AdhyAtmika lInatA kI uccatama avasthA meM saMvara aura nirjarA ke mAdhyama se mokSa prApta hogaa| kevala siddha avasthA meM (AtmA kI antahIna videha avasthA meM) sAmparAyika aura IryApatha Asrava samApta ho jAte haiN| do prakAra ke AsravoM meM se hama yahA~ pUrvavartI Asrava se adhika saMbaMdhita haiM, kyoMki vaha hI aisA Asrava hai, ( IryApatha Asrava ke virodha meM ) jo AtmA ke saMsAra meM AvAgamana ke lie uttaradAyI hai| IryApatha Asrava nAmamAtra kA hotA hai, jo yathAsamaya kSINa ho jAtA hai| 52. paJcAstikAya, 143 53. paJcAstikAya, 142 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (79)

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saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa kI prakriyA uparyukta varNita saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ko nizcaya dRSTikoNa se kAryAnvita karanA kAphI sarala pratIta hotA hai, kintu AtmA anAdikAla se zubha aura azubha manobhAvoM meM dolAyamAna rahatI hai, jisake phalasvarUpa sadguNa aura avaguNa ke sApekSa jIvana ko haTAnA lagabhaga asaMbhava-sA pratIta hotA hai, aura kabhI-kabhI aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha mAtra kalpanA hai yA eka svapna jo kAryAnvita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| lekina sAdhuoM ne isakI vyAvahArikatA ko darzAyA hai| niHsandeha aise jIvana meM binA kisI AdhyAtmika guru ke mArgadarzana ke chalAMga lagAnA nirAzA aura udAsI meM utAra degaa| kintu yadi guru kI zikSAe~ ImAnadArI aura niSThA se pAlana kI jAtI haiM, to dikhAvaTI kaThinAiyA~ samApta ho jaayegii| jaina AcArya jo svayaM bar3e sAdhaka haiM, unhoMne spaSTatayA batAyA hai ki dharmayAtrA ke prAraMbha meM samyagdarzana prApta kiyA jAnA cAhiye, kyoMki akele samyagdarzana meM hamAre cAritra ko satyaniSTha (samyak) banAne kI antaHzakti hai| tatpazcAt azubha manobhAvoM kA parityAga kiyA jAnA cAhie aura zubha manobhAvoM ko grahaNa kiyA jAnA caahie| lekina gRhastha zubha manobhAvoM meM pUrNarUpa se nahIM raha sakatA hai, ata: vaha aNuvratoM kA pAlana karatA hai, mahAvratoM kA nhiiN| mahAvrata kevala muni dvArA pAlana kiye jAte haiN| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki saMvara kramika hotA hai| kevala vyavahAra dRSTikoNa se hI saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa meM bheda kiyA jAnA caahie| ye tInoM Apasa meM isa taraha jur3e hue haiM ki eka dUsare kI tarapha le jAtA hai| Asrava aura baMdha ke virodha meM ye tIna tattva manuSya jIvana ko adhyAtma meM le jAte haiN| vAstava meM saMvara mokSa prakriyA kA udghATana hai| (80) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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sampUrNa kriyA kA prathama kadama prAraMbha hotA hai samyagdarzana ke uSAkAla se, dvitIya kadama saMvara aura nirjarA kA sUcaka hai jaba dUsarA kadama uccatama avasthA taka kriyAzIla hotA hai taba tRtIya kadama mokSa ko nirdiSTa karatA hai| yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki hama yahA~ saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ke kAraNoM para vicAra kareM, kyoMki gRhastha kA AcAra aura muni kA AcAra ina tIna tattvoM kI prApti ke udAharaNa haiN| mokSa ke pramukha kAraNa ke rUpa meM samyagdarzana _ aba hama samyagdarzana ke svarUpa ke bAre meM vicAra kreNge| yaha AdhyAtmika yAtrA kA prAraMbha hai, aura yaha mokSarUpI vizAla bhavana kA AdhAra hai| 'yazastilaka' batAtA hai ki yaha mokSa kA pramukha AdhAra hai jaise- nIMva mahala kA mukhya AdhAra hotA hai, uttama bhAgya saundarya kA AdhAra hotA hai, zArIrika sukha jIvana kA AdhAra hotA hai, saMskRti kulInavarga kA AdhAra hotI hai aura jaise nIti sarakAra kA AdhAra hotI hai| samyagdarzana ke jariye samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra prApta kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra yaha dharma kA merudaNDa hai| dharma kA artha hai- AtmA ke svabhAva meM anavarata dhyaan| 'uttarAdhyayana' batAtA hai ki samyagjJAna samyagdarzana ke * abhAva meM alabhya rahatA hai aura samyakcAritra samyagjJAna ke abhAva meM asaMbhava hotA hai| . samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra saMbhava hai samyagdarzana (AdhyAtmika jAgrati) kI prApti ke pazcAt .. eka prazna pUchA jA sakatA hai ki samyagdarzana ke dvArA samyagjJAna kaise prApta kiyA jAtA hai? isake uttara meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadyapi 54. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, P. 248 55. Uttaradhyayana, 28/30 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (81) For Personal & Private Use Only

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bolacAla meM jJAna zraddhA se pahale ghaTita hotA hai, phira bhI (vAstava meM kahA jAya to) samyagdarzana ke pradIpta hone ke pazcAt hI jJAna AdhyAtmika abhivyakti kA kAraNa hotA hai| yahA~ 'samyak' zabda prAraMbha meM lagAnA jJAnamImAMsAtmaka mahattva nahIM rakhatA hai, kintu yaha AdhyAtmika mUlya kA dyotaka hai| yadyapi samyagdarzana kA dhAraka rassI ko sA~pa ke rUpa meM jAnatA hai, jo jJAnAtmaka rUpa se apramANika hai, phira bhI usakA jJAna samyak samajhA jaayegaa| isake viparIta samyagdarzanarahita vyakti yadyapi vaha saMzaya, viparyaya aura anadhyavasAya ko dUra karake vastu ko jaisI hai vaisI jAnatA hai, to bhI vaha AdhyAtmika dRSTikoNa se samyakjJAtA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ataH jJAnamImAMsAtmaka nizcitatA jJAna ke samyak hone se koI saMbaMdha nahIM rakhatI hai| vaha (samyak honA) to AdhyAtmika jAgrati (samyagdarzana) se utpanna hotA hai| ____ pAramArthika anubhava ke saMdarbha meM samyagjJAna se pUrva samyagdarzana hotA hai| yadyapi unakA kArya-kAraNa saMbaMdha hotA hai, phira bhI ve ekasAtha utpanna hote haiM jaise prakAza jalate dIpaka ke sAtha utpanna hotA hai| ekasAtha utpanna hone se unakA bheda (prakAza aura dIpaka) naSTa nahIM ho sakatA hai| usI taraha samyakcAritra ke pUrva samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna hote haiN| unake abhAva meM cAritra bhI naitikatA ke pare nahIM jA sakatA hai| darzanapAhuDa batAtA hai ki samyagdarzana se samyagjJAna utpanna hotA hai, jisase sadguNAtmaka aura avaguNAtmaka mArga jAne jAte haiM, aura samyagdarzana kA dhAraka avaguNoM ko naSTa kara detA hai, aura zIla (sadguNa) grahaNa karatA hai, jisase vaha mukti kA anubhava karatA hai| 56. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 34 57. darzanapAhuDa, 15, 16 mUlAcAra, 903, 904 (82) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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jaina AgamoM meM yaha dedIpyamAna ratna jo jJAna aura cAritra ko prakAzita karatA hai vibhinna prakAra se samajhAyA gayA hai| isake vibhinna prakAroM ko nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke dRSTikoNa se samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| ye AdhyAtmika naya itane vistRta haiM ki ve samyagdarzana ke vibhinna pratIta honevAle lakSaNoM meM sAmaJjasya kara sakate haiM, jo vibhinna AcAryoM dvArA jaina itihAsa ke vibhinna kAloM meM batAye gaye haiN| aba hama samyagdarzana ke vividha lakSaNoM para vicAra kreNge| samyagdarzana ke vividha lakSaNa kundakunda darzanapAhuDa meM samyagdarzana ke svarUpa kI vizeSatA batAte haiM- chaha dravyoM, nau padArthoM, pA~ca astikAyoM aura sAta tattvoM meM dRr3ha zraddhA rkhnaa| nemicandrAcArya vyakta karate haiM- chaha dravyoM, pA~ca astikAyoM aura nau padArthoM meM zraddhA samyagdarzana ko batAnevAlI hai| mokSapAhuDa batAtA hai- ahiMsA dharma meM zraddhA, doSoM se rahita deva aura kevalajJAnI kA upadeza samyagdarzana ke sUcaka haiN|60 niyamasAra batAtA hai- pUrNa AtmA meM, Agama meM aura chaha dravyoM meM zraddhA samyagdarzana ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita karatI hai| isake atirikta 'mUlAcAra' aura 'uttarAdhyayana' ke anusAra nau padArthoM meM zraddhA samyagdarzana ke svarUpa ko vyakta karatI hai| 62 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra ke anusAra- Apta, Agama aura sAta tattvoM meM avicala . 58. darzanapAhuDa, 19 59. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 560 60. mokSapAhuDa, 90 61. Niyamsara, 5 62. mUlAcAra, 203 Uttaradhyayana, 28/14, 15 ___Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (83) For Personal & Private Use Only

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zraddhA samyagdarzana hai| kucha mahAna AcArya jaise-umAsvAmI,64 amRtacandra aura 'dravyasaMgraha' ke racanAkAra sarvasammati se samyagdarzana ko sAta tattvoM kI zraddhA ke rUpa meM citrita karate haiN| svAmIkArtikeya ke anusArajo samyagdarzana dhAraNa karanA cAhatA hai vaha nau padArthoM meM zraddhA rakhe tathA usako anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda meM bhI zraddhA rakhanI caahie| AcArya samantabhadra ke zabdoM meM jo vyakti Apta, Agama aura guru meM tIna prakAra kI mUr3hatAoM ko chor3akara, ATha prakAra ke mada se rahita hokara aura samyagdarzana ke ATha aMgoM ko grahaNa karake zraddhA rakhatA hai, vaha samyagdarzana kA dhAraka hai| hama pahale hI chaha dravyoM, pA~ca astikAyoM, sAta tattvoM, nau padArthoM, anekAntavAda aura syAdvAda ko samajhA cuke haiM jo samyagdarzana ke vibhinna dRSTikoNoM meM ullikhita haiN| hama samyagdarzana ke ATha aMgoM ko yahA~ smjhaayeNge| prathama, hama Apta, Agama aura guru kI vizeSatAoM para vicAra kreNge| 63. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra, 6 64. tattvArthasUtra, 1/2 65. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 22 66. Dravya-Samgraha, 41 67. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 311, 312 68. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 4 *tIna mUr3hatAe~- (1) deva mUr3hatA, (2) guru mUr3hatA aura (3) Agama muuddh'taa| ATha mada- (1) jJAna, (2) pratiSThA, (3) kula, (4) jAti, (5) bala, (6) Rddhi yA vidyA, (7) tapa aura (8) shriir| (84) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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Apta, Agama aura guru kI vizeSatAe~ 70 (1) Apta kI vizeSatAe~ - kevalajJAna sahita honA, vaMdanIya honA, mAnavIya durbalatAoM se adUSita va asparzita rahanA, vItarAgI honA, pUrNatayA vimala honA, kisI bhI prakAra kI icchA se rahita honA, Adi, anta aura madhya se rahita honA, advitIyarUpa se kalyANakArI honA / 69 inake atirikta binA kisI svArtha ke saMsArI aura duHkhI jIvoM ke hita ke lie upadeza denaa|7deg (2) Agama kI vizeSatAe~ - vahI satya Agama hai jo Apta se sahaja rUpa se pravAhita hotA hai, akhaNDanIya hotA hai, sabhI prANiyoM ke lie hitakara hotA hai, mithyA mArga ko naSTa karanevAlA aura vastuoM ke vAstavika svabhAva ko prakaTa karanevAlA hotA hai| 72 (3) guru kI vizeSatAe~ - jo indriya Asakti kI parAdhInatA se apane ko dUra rakhatA hai, aura sAMsArika vyastatAoM aura parigraha ko tyAgatA hai, AdhyAtmika anubhava se atyadhika rUpa se sampanna hotA hai, tapa aura dhyAna meM saMlagna rahatA hai vaha sadguru kahalAtA hai| 72 isa prakAra hamane prasiddha jainAcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita samyagdarzana ke svarUpa kA sarvekSaNa kiyA hai| prAraMbha meM ve vibhinna pratIta hote haiM, kintu hama yahA~ yaha batAnA cAhate haiM ki samyagdarzana kI uparyukta sabhI vizeSatAe~ vyavahAra dRSTikoNa se nyAyocita haiN| 69. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 7 70. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 8 71. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 9 Niyamsara, 8 72. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 10 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (85)

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sAta tattvoM kI zraddhA uparyukta sabhI vizeSatAoM meM mukhya . vyavahAra dRSTikoNa se samyagdarzana kI sabhI vizeSatAoM kI vaidhatA hote hue bhI ina sabameM pramukha vizeSatA sAta tattvoM meM zraddhA hai| isakA kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki ina sAta tattvoM meM dRr3ha zraddhA spaSTarUpa se mokSaprApti kI sampUrNa prakriyA ko vyakta karatI hai, jo sAmAnya buddhivAle ke dvArA bhI samajhI jA sakatI hai| jaina AcAryoM kA mata hai ki Apta, Agama aura guru meM zraddhA vaidha hai, yadi yaha tattvoM meM zraddhA utpanna karatI hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki kabhI-kabhI Apta Adi meM zraddhA, tattvoM meM zraddhA utpanna nahIM karatI hai, ata: adhika mahattva sAta tattvoM meM zraddhA ko diyA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna diyA jA sakatA hai ki zraddhA ko mAtra bauddhika jJAna se nahIM milAnA caahie| yadyapi bauddhika jJAna saMbhavatayA, AvazyakarUpa se nahIM, samyagdarzana kI utpatti kI tarapha le jA sakatA hai| yaha (samyagdarzana) eka prakAra kI aMtaraMga dRSTi hai, jo AdhyAtmika satya meM eka avicala niSThA utpanna karatI hai| yaha matAgraha nahIM hai, kintu bauddhika niSThA hai| paramparAvAda abauddhikavAda ke artha meM nindA kiyA jAnA cAhie, kintu bauddhika niSThA grahaNa aura svIkAra kI jAnI caahie| yahA~ yaha mAnA va vicArA jA sakatA hai ki kevala ve vyakti jo mAnasikarUpa se susajjita (Well-equipped) haiM, samyagdarzana prApta karane ke yogya hote haiN| kintu hama yahA~ yaha batAnA cAhate haiM ki samyagdarzana kI prApti mAnasika susajjA se saMbaMdha nahIM rakhatI hai aura na jainakula meM janma lene se hI isakA saMbaMdha hai| adhyAtmavAda para ekAdhipatya nahIM ho sakatA hai| jahA~ kahIM bhI yaha (adhyAtmavAda) dRSTigata hotA hai, vahA~ niHsandeha una tattvoM ke nAmoM se paricita hue binA bhI sAta tattvoM kI zraddhA ko (86) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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apane kSetra meM samAviSTa karatA hai| unakA sAra mahattvapUrNa hai, unake nAma to bhinna bhI ho sakate haiN| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jo vyakti samyagdarzana ko dhAraNa karatA hai, usako svayaM ko AtmA mAnanA cAhie; duHkha ke kAraNoM ko jAnanA cAhie; unako miTAne ke sAdhanoM ko samajhanA cAhie, usako kevala kaSAyoM ko hI apanA zatru samajhanA cAhie, yadyapi vaha unake nAma na jAne phira bhI usako yaha bodha honA cAhiye ki asIma Ananda unake naSTa hone se utpanna hotA hai| lokAtIta ( nizcaya, zuddha) dRSTi meM samyagdarzana yadi hama gaMbhIrarUpa se ciMtana kareM to sAta tattvoM yA nau padArthoM meM zraddhA bhI samyagdarzana ke svabhAva ko yathArtha nahIM mAnatI hai| samyagdarzana kA vAstavika svabhAva lokAtIta (zuddha) AtmA meM dRr3ha zraddhA rakhanA hai| sAta tattva meM svayaMprakAzamAna tattva AtmA hai aura pariNAmasvarUpa AtmA kI svAbhAvika zuddhatA meM dRr3ha zraddhA rakhanA samyagdarzana kahA jAtA hai| kundakunda darzanapAhuDa meM batAte haiM ki zuddhAtmA ke prati zraddhA nizcaya samyagdarzana hai aura isake viparIta, sAta tattvoM ke prati zraddhA vyavahAra samyagdarzana hai|74 amRtacandrAcArya samayasAra kI TIkA meM nizcaya yA zuddhanaya ko hI samyagdarzana ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN|" yaha isalie kahA gayA hai ki zuddhanaya AtmA ko karmoM se asambaddha aura asparzita svIkAra karatA hai aura rAga-dveSa Adi manobhAvoM ko AtmA se tAdAtmya rahita mAnatA hai|" yaha AtmA ko avinAzI, jJAnAdi guNoM ke hote hue bhI avibhakta aura cAra gatiyoM se utpanna azuddha paryAyoM se rahita mAnatA hai|" isa 73. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 13 74. darzanapAhuDa, 20 75. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 12 76. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 14 77. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 14 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (87)

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prakAra samyagdarzana jo AdhyAtmika jAgrati hai, zuddhanaya meM zraddhA ke samAna mAnA jAnA caahie| ataH ye donoM samAnArthaka haiN| samyagdarzana kA yaha citraNa sAta tattvoM meM zraddhA kA niSedha nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie, lekina vaha pAramArthika dRSTikoNa se uccatama AtmA meM zraddhA kA sUcaka hai| saMkSepa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki AtmA ke samyak svabhAva meM zraddhA honI cAhie jo yaha batAtI hai ki samyagdarzana aura zuddhAtmA ekarUpa hai| isa prakAra vyavahAra samyagdarzana vaidha aura saphala hai yadi vaha nizcaya samyagdarzana ko utpanna karatA hai| 78 samyagdarzana ke prakAra 79 jaina sAhitya meM samyagdarzana ke vibhinna prakAra vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se ginAye gaye haiN| kucha sarAgI AtmAe~ aura kucha vItarAgI AtmAe~ samyagdarzana se yukta hotI haiM, ataH hama kaha sakate haiM samyagdarzana kramazaH sarAga aura vItarAga hotA hai| phira, samyagdarzana anya do prakAra kA bhI hotA hai| jaba vaha svayaM utpanna hotA hai arthAt jo binA kisI upadeza ke prakaTa ho vaha nisargaja hotA hai aura jaba vaha guru ke upadeza ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai vaha adhigamaja kahA jAtA hai| 80 samyagdarzana ke ATha aMga vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se aba hama samyagdarzana ke ATha avayavoM para vicAra kreNge| ve samyagdarzana ke ATha aMga bhI kahe jA sakate haiN| jaise vibhinna aMga zarIra kI racanA karate haiM, usI prakAra ye ATha aMga samyagdarzana ke anivArya ghaTaka haiN| unameM se eka kI bhI chUTa usa AdamI ke paMkhoM ko kATa degI jo adhyAtmavAda 78. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 22 79. sarvArthasiddhi, pRSTha10 80. sarvArthasiddhi, 1/3 (88) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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kI U~cAI para ur3anA cAhatA hai jisase amiTa Ananda prApta kiyA jA ske| samantabhadra ghoSaNA karate haiM ki sarpaviSa se utpanna darda adhUre mantra se samApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| usI prakAra ve kahate haiM ki samyagdarzana khaNDita aMgoM se usa azAnti ko jo saMsAra meM vyApta hai, naSTa karane meM asamartha rhegaa|1 samyagdarzana ke ATha aMga haiM- (1) niHzaMkita, (2) ni:kAMkSita, (3) nirvicikitsA, (4) amUDhadRSTi, (5) upagUhana, (6) sthitIkaraNa, (7) vAtsalya aura (8) prbhaavnaa| (1) niHzaMkita- jo niHzaMkita aMga kA dhAraka hai vaha kevalI ke dvArA batAye gaye dravya ke svabhAva meM zaMkA nahIM krtaa| isake atirikta vaha isa siddhAnta meM dRr3ha rahatA hai ki sAre prANiyoM ke prati dayA dharma hai aura unako kSati pahu~cAnA adharma hai| 4 isa aMga kA svabhAva manuSya kI jijJAsA vRtti ko naSTa karanA nahIM hai| zaMkA niMdanIya nahIM hai yadi isakA uddezya vastuoM ke svabhAva kA nirNaya karanA ho| prAraMbhika sandehavAda aMtima nizcitatA kI ora le jA sakatA hai| jahA~ hamArI azakta buddhi vastuoM meM nahIM paiTha sakatI vahA~ unameM zraddhA sarvottama hotI hai, kyoMki tIrthaMkara pakSapAta se upadeza nahIM dete| jahA~ tarkazAstra apane paMkhoM ko phailA sakatA hai vahA~ bauddhika cintana se vizvAsa kiyA jAnA cAhiye jisase matAndhatA praveza na kara ske| - ucita mArga meM dRr3ha vizvAsa hone ke kAraNa isa aMga kA dhAraka 81. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 21 82. cAritrapAhuDa, 7 Uttaradhyayana, 28/31 83. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 23 84. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 414 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAta prakAra ke bhayoM ko haTA detA hai jo mithyAdRSTi AtmAoM meM sAmAnyatayA upasthita hote haiN| vaha bhayabhIta nahIM hotA hai- jaba ve vastue~ jo usako zArIrika aura mAnasika sukha detI hai, usase alaga hotI haiM, jaba dukha aura ghora vyathA usase saMyukta hotI haiN| vaha punarjanma se sambandhita bhayayukta vicAra se vyAkula nahIM hotA hai| isake atirikta, usane mRtyu ke bhaya ko, roga se utpanna hone vAlI azAnti ko, saMsAra kI Akasmika ghaTanAoM ke bhaya ko aura apanI surakSA ke bhaya ko aura apanI saMpatti yA AtmasaMyama ke khone ke bhaya ko haTA diyA hai| (2) niHkAMkSita-niHkAMkSita aMga kA artha hai ki niSThAvAna vyakti sAMsArika saMpatti aura svargIya sukhoM ke pIche nahIM bhAgatA hai, kyoMki usako yaha vizvAsa ho cukA hai ki ye . sAMsArika sukha asthAyI haiM, duHkhoM se bhare hue haiM, pApa aura aniSTa ke utpAdaka haiM aura karmamala se utpanna hote haiN| vaha ekAntika dRSTiyoM ko nahIM pakar3atA hai| (3) nirvicikitsA- nirvicikitsA aMga kA dhAraka vividha prakAra kI zArIrika avasthAyeM jo vyAdhi, bhUkha, pyAsa, sardI aura garmI Adi se utpanna hotI haiM unase ghRNA nahIM karatA hai| zarIra tIna ratna- samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra se sammAnanIya bana jAtA hai| isalie nirvicikitsA aMga aise sammAnanIya zarIra kI tarapha ghRNita dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai aura isa aMga kA dhAraka lokAtIta guNoM ke prati bhakti rakhatA hai| 8 (4) amUDhadRSTi- mithyAtva ke kAraNoM se bacakara rahanA aura apane Apako kumArga para calanevAle vyaktiyoM se 85. mUlAcAra, 53 bhAvanA-viveka, 41, 43-51 86. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 12 87. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 24 88. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 13 (90) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism fer # 3/Trulia hala For Personal & Private Use Only

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asaMbaMdhita karanA amUDhadRSTi aMga kahalAtA hai| kArtikeyAnuprekSA ke anusAra bhaya, hInatA aura lAlaca ke vazIbhUta hokara jo vyakti hiMsA ko dharma nahIM mAnatA vaha mUr3hatA se rahita hotA hai| amUDhadRSTi vyakti kuguru, kudeva, kuzAstra, kucAritra aura jhUThI sAmAnya dhAraNAoM ko tyAgane para jora detA hai|" (5) upabRMhaNa- jo vyakti pavitra vicAroM meM Thaharakara apane ApameM AdhyAtmika guNa vikasita karatA hai aura jo apane guNoM ko nahIM ughAr3atA hai vaha upabRMhaNa kA pAlana karanevAlA hotA hai|(6) sthitIkaraNa- krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha yA dUsare kAraNoM tathA tIvra kaSAyoM se prabhAvita hokara satyamArga se bhaTakane ke lie koI bhI vyakti bAdhya kiyA jA sakatA hai| aise samaya meM usako apanI mahAnatA kI yAda dilAkara sumArga meM punaHsthApita karanA sthitIkaraNa aMga kahalAtA haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, una vyaktiyoM ko uThAnA jo dharma se gira gaye hoM aura apane Apako doSoM se bacAnA- ye donoM sthitIkaraNa aMga ko batAte haiN| (7) vAtsalya-94 jo AdhyAtmikatA ke prati anurAga aura ahiMsA ke prati prema rakhate haiM aura jo AdhyAtmika baMdhu hai unake prati sneha rakhate haiM aise vyakti vAtsalya aMga kA pAlana karate haiN| vaha jo guNavAnoM ke prati bhakti rakhatA hai unakA atyanta Adara se anusaraNa karatA hai aura unake sAtha bhalI prakAra se vyavahAra karatA hai vaha bhI 89. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 14 90. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 417 91. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 26 92. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 27 93. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 16 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 28 94. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 419 95. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 29 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 17 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (91) For Personal & Private Use Only

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vAtsalya aMga kA dhAraka hai|% (8) prabhAvanA- jo apane Apako dasa dharmoM aura tIna ratnoM se susajjita karatA hai, adhyAtmadharma kA pracAra karatA hai, dAna, tapa, bhakti, jJAna aura dUsare samayocita sAdhanoM se unakA prasAra karatA hai vaha prabhAvanA aMga ko pAlanevAlA hotA hai|" samyagdarzana ke sAtha rahanevAlI vizeSatAe~ ATha aMga jo samyagdarzana ke ghaTaka haiM unake atirikta dUsarI bhI vizeSatAe~ haiM jo samyagdarzana ke sAtha rahatI haiN| prathama, cAra vizeSatAe~(1) manda kaSAyoM (zubha bhAvoM) kA honA, (2) una kAraNoM se haTanA jo saMsAra ko bar3hAte haiM, (3) dravyoM ke prati asaMdehavAdI dRSTi kA honA aura (4)vizvajanIna karuNA kI abhivykti| inheM kramaza: kahA gayA hai-(i) prazama,(i)saMvega, (iii)Astikya aura (iv) anukmpaa| somadeva kahate . haiM ki samyagdarzana yadyapi AtmA kI avasthA hone ke kAraNa bahuta sUkSma hai, parantu usakA anumAna prazama, saMvega, Astikya aura anukampA ke AdhAra se kiyA jA sakatA hai| dvitIya, tIna dUsarI vizeSatAe~ haiM jo samyagdRSTi ke dvArA dhAraNa kI jAtI hai- (1) apane mana meM apane pApoM kI nindA karanA, (2) apane caritra kI durbalatA guru ke sAmane prakaTa karanA aura (3) arahantoM kI bhkti| inako kramazaH nindA, gardA aura bhakti kahA jAtA hai| tRtIya, samyagdRSTi atyadhika sAvadhAna hotA hai isalie mada rUpI maila ko andara nahIM Ane detA hai| isa prakAra vaha ATha 96. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 420 97. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 30 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 18 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 421, 422 98. rAjavArtika, bhAga-1, 2/30 99. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, P. 255 (92) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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prakAra ke mada ko mana aura vyavahAra se miTA detA hai| ATha mada haiM- (1) jJAnamada, (2) pratiSThA yA pUjAmada, (3) kulamada, (4) jAtimada, (5) balamada, (6) Rddhimada yA dhanamada, (7) tapamada aura (8) shriirmd|100 lokAtIta (nizcaya) dRSTi se samyagdarzana ke aMga __samyagdarzana ke svarUpa, isake anivArya ghaTaka aura isake sAtha rahanevAlI vizeSatAoM ko vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa se samajhAne ke pazcAt aba hama unake svabhAva ko lokAtIta (nizcaya) dRSTi se smjhaayeNge| prathama, ni:zaMkita aMga kA dhAraka svayaM zuddhAtmA ke svabhAva ke viSaya meM saMdeha rahita rahatA hai aura apanI AtmA se sAta prakAra ke bhaya kA niSkAsana kara detA hai| vaha AtmA meM zraddhA ko dRr3ha karatA hai| prajJAvAna (Atma-zraddhAvAna) manuSya apanI AtmA ko vAstavika jagata mAnatA hai| ata: vaha vicAratA hai ki isa jIvanasambandhI bhaya aura bhaviSyasambandhI bhaya bacakAne aura jhUThe haiN| isake atirikta zuddhAtmA ke dRSTikoNa se vartamAna jIvana aura bhaviSya ke jIvana meM bheda aura usase sambandhita bhaya bhI nirAdhAra aura aprAkRtika hai|102 jo AtmA ko sAMsArika sukha aura duHkha se pare samajhatA hai, usako zAzvatarUpa se astitvavAna mAnatA hai, darzana aura jJAna kI saMpatti ko dhAraNa karatA hai aura jJAnarUpI prANoM se jIvita rahatA hai, dUsare vibhAva guNoM ko sthAna nahIM detA hai vaha vyakti vedanA kA bhaya, surakSA kA bhaya, parigraha khone kA bhaya, maraNa kA bhaya aura Akasmika ghaTanA ke bhaya ko miTA detA hai|103 dvitIya, jo karmaphala 100. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 25 101. samayasAra, 228 102. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 228 103. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 228 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (93) For Personal & Private Use Only

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kI icchA nahIM karatA hai vaha ni:kAMkSita aMga kA dhAraka hotA hai|104 tRtIya, nirvicikitsA aMga kA dhAraka vastu ke svAbhAvika guNoM ke prati ghRNA nahIM karatA hai| 05 caturtha, amUDhadRSTi aMga ko pAlanevAlA vyakti aisI antardRSTi vikasita karatA hai ki vaha zubha aura azubha manobhAvoM ke tAdAtmyakaraNa se apane ko roka pAtA hai|106 pA~cavA~, upabRMhaNa aMga AdhyAtmika zakti ke vikAsa ko batAtA hai| 107 chaThA, AtmA ko jJAna aura cAritra meM puna:sthApita karanA sthitIkaraNa aMga kahalAtA hai|108 sAtavA~, samyagdarzana Adi tIna ratnoM ke lie yA apanI AtmA ke lie gaharA anurAga vAtsalya kahalAtA hai|10% AThavA~, prabhAvanA aMga ajJAnarUpI aMdhakAra ko miTAne ke uddezya se zAzvata prakAza prakaTa karane ke lie AtmA kA poSaNa karatA hai| 10 lokAtIta (nizcaya)dRSTi se samyagdarzana ke sAtha rahanevAlI vizeSatAe~ lokAtIta dRSTikoNa se samyagdarzana ke sAtha rahanevAlI vizeSatAoM ke sambandha meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki prajJA ke bIja ke kAraNa prajJAvAna vyakti zuddhAtmA meM dRr3ha zraddhA karatA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa vaha sabhI zubha aura azubha kriyAoM ke sAtha asambandhita ho jAtA hai| vaha apane Apako unakA kartA nahIM mAnatA, isa prakAra sampUrNa ajJAna kA AdhAra naSTa kara detA hai| isake atirikta aba vaha apane Apako unakA bhoktA 104. samayasAra, 230 105. samayasAra, 231 106. samayasAra,232 107. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 233 108. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 234 109. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 235 110. samayasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 236 (94) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism sterf A STERizie fogla ta For Personal & Private Use Only

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nahIM mAnatA hai| jo kucha bhI vaha kartA hai aura bhoktA hai vaha karmoM kI zakti aura apanI durbalatA ke kAraNa hotA hai| kintu aMtaraMga rUpa se usameM ruci nahIM hotI, kyoMki usane eka uccakoTi kA rasa prApta kara liyA hai| jainAcAra kI AdhyAtmika pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM samyagdarzana hamane samyagdarzana ke svabhAva ko tattvoM meM dRr3ha zraddhA ke rUpa meM samajhAne kA bAra-bAra prayAsa kiyA hai, jo antatogatvA hameM zuddhAtmA meM dRr3ha zraddhA apanAne ke lie prerita karatA hai| samyagdarzana ke binA cAritra naitikatA se pare hone meM asamartha rhegaa| eka muni jo apanI tapasyA mAtra naitika dhAraNAoM para AdhArita karatA hai vaha usa gRhastha se zreSTha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai jisakA aMtaraMga samyagdarzana ke prakAza se prakAzita ho cukA hai kyoMki muni to Ananda kI avasthA se pare svargIya sukhoM ko prApta karane ke lie mArga prazasta kara rahA hai, jabaki gRhastha sahI dizA kI ora pravRtta hai jisake kAraNa jo kucha usake mUlabhUta svabhAva ke yogya hai vaha phala usako yathAsamaya prApta hogaa| zubha bhAva AdhyAtmikarUpa se jAgrata vyakti ke lie Thaharane ke asthAyI sthAna haiM jaba ve AtmAnubhava ke zikhara para Thaharane meM asamartha hote haiN| isa prakAra aise sAdhaka zubha kAryoM ko sampanna karane meM avacetana ahaMkAra se bhI apane Apa ko mukta kara lete haiN| isake viparIta jo kevala naitikarUpa se rUpAntarita hue haiM ve zubha bhAvoM kI prApti aura zubha kriyAoM ko sampanna karane ko hI antima uddezya mAnate haiN| ataH ve antahIna sAMsArika jIvana ke baMdhana meM par3a jAte haiM, jisake kAraNa ve AdhyAtmika jAgrati se pUrva AdhyAtmika Ananda se sadaiva vaMcita rheNge| isake atirikta unakA gUr3ha jJAna aura 111. paJcAstikAya, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 135,136 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (95) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #131
unake dvArA eka hajAra varSa yA usase adhika bhI sampanna kI gayI kaThora tapasyA- ye donoM hI samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM AdhyAtmikarUpa se niSphala hoNge| 112 kundakunda nirbhaya hokara ghoSaNA karate haiM ki prajJAvAna (jAgrata) manuSya cetana aura acetana vastuoM ko bhogate samaya karmoM kI nirjarA karate haiM isa taraha se ve naye bandhana ko TAlate haiN| prAraMbha meM yaha virodhAbhAsI pratIta hotA hai, kintu yaha nyAyasaMgata haiM, kyoMki ve anAsakta dRSTi apanAte haiM aura karmoM kI zakti ko prabhAvahIna karane meM asamartha hone ke kAraNa unheM kucha kriyAe~ karanI par3atI haiN| yaha bAta ajJAnI manuSya ke lie ghaTita nahIM hotI hai, jo vastuoM kI Asakti ke kAraNa karma-maila se yukta hotA hai aura vaha Asakti ke kAraNa naye karma bA~dhatA hai| yaha bAta jo kahI gayI hai vaha samyagdarzana ke mahattva ko samajhAne ke lie hai| isakA uddezya durvAsanAoM ke prati Asakti ko jIvana meM bar3hAvA denA nahIM hai / isa taraha hama kaha sakate haiM ki sampUrNa jainAcAra cAhe vaha gRhastha kA ho yA muni kA, pUrNatayA niSphala hai yadi usakI pRSThabhUmi meM samyagdarzana nahIM hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, samyagdarzana jo ki zuddhAtmA kI saccI zraddhA hai, usako AtmasAt kie binA sampUrNa jainAcAra kA pAlana pUrNatayA parizrama ko vyartha karanA hai| isa prakAra jainAcAra adhyAtmavAda para AdhArita hai| yahA~ hama yaha ullekha karane se bhI nahIM ruka sakate ki jainadharma kevala AcArazAstra aura tattvamImAMsA hI nahIM hai kintu adhyAtmavAda bhI hai jo isa bAta se spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne samyagdarzana kI vAstavika 112. darzanapAhuDa, 4, 5 (96) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #132
prApti ko mokSaprApti ke lie binA kisI apavAda ke Avazyaka mAnA hai| isa taraha se adhyAtmavAda sampUrNa jainAcAra meM vyApta hai| ataH prathama, yaha Aropa ki jainAcAra naitikatA se pare jAne meM asamartha hai aura dvitIya, yaha Aropa ki yaha hameM adhyAtma ke athAha samudra meM nahIM utAratA hai (ye donoM Aropa) samApta ho jAte haiN| Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (97) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #133
cauthA adhyAya gRhastha kA AcAra pUrva adhyAya kA saMkSipta vivaraNa pUrva adhyAya meM hamane samyagdarzana ke svabhAvasahita sAta tattvoM para vicAra kiyA hai| prathama, jIva aura ajIva tattva ke svabhAva kA varNana karane ke pazcAt hamane 'yoga' ke svabhAva (AtmA kI kampanAtmaka kriyA) tathA saMsArI aura sadeha arhanta AtmAoM para isake (yoga ke) prabhAva kI vyAkhyA kI hai| dvitIya, kaSAyoM ke svabhAva ke sAtha hI unake bahuvidha astitva aura unakI prakriyAoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| tRtIya, hamane zubha aura azubha sAmparAyika Asrava ke kucha kAraNoM kA varNana kiyA hai| Asrava aura baMdha ke sambandha meM kundakunda kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| caturtha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ke svabhAva ko saMkSepa meM darzAyA gayA hai, kyoMki ve AtmA ke naitika-AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke udAharaNa haiN| pA~cavA~, hamane vyavahAra aura nizcaya dRSTikoNa se samyagdarzana ke svarUpa para vicAra kiyA hai tathA jJAna aura cAritra kI prAmANikatA ke lie isake (samyagdarzana) mahattva para bala diyA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, hama kaha sakate haiM ki koI bhI AcaraNa jo uccatama AdhyAtmika anubhava kI prApti meM sahAyaka hotA hai vaha AdhyAtmika jAgrati kI apekSA rakhatA hai aura yaha jaina AcAra ko AdhyAtmika mAnane meM apane Apa eka sabUta hai| isa prakAra samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM sabhI bauddhika jJAna aura naitika AcaraNa sAdhaka ko usa uccakoTi kI prApti se vaMcita kara degA jisakI usameM antarnihita yogyatA hai| (98) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #134
samyak cAritra AdhyAtmikarUpa se samyagdRSTi (jAgrata vyakti) kI Antarika AvazyakatA aba hama samyakcAritra ke svarUpa kA varNana kareMge jo AtmA kI saMbhAvya utkRSTatAoM ko yathArthatA meM badala detA hai| samyakcAritra kA pAlana una bAtoM kA unmUlana kara detA hai jo anavarata Ananda aura anantajJAna ko rokate haiN| samyagjJAna kA prakAza sAdhaka ko apane avaguNoM ko dekhane ke yogya banAtA hai| samyagjJAna mokSamArga ko prakAzita karatA hai aura samyakcAritra mokSaprApti ke lakSya kI ora le jAtA hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna ke atirikta samyakcAritra bhI mokSa ke lie Avazyaka hai| vAstava meM samyakcAritra samyagdRSTi kI Antarika AvazyakatA se utpanna hotA hai| usake dvArA vaha vartamAna aura bhaviSya kI avasthAoM ke madhya aura saMbhAvya zraddhA aura vAstavika jIvana ke madhya sthita asAmaJjasya ko miTA detA hai / isa prakAra samyagdRSTi AcaraNa kA pAlana karatA huA AtmA kI svAbhAvika paryAya ke lie utkaTa rUpa se icchuka hotA hai| vItarAga cAritra aura sarAga cAritra AtmA ke svarUpa ke anubhava ke lie samyakcAritra kA pAlana itanA mahattvapUrNa hai ki kundakunda use dharma kahate haiN|' aisA cAritra jo vyApaka artha meM sabhI prakAra kI kaSAyoM kI samApti kA kAraNa hotA hai vaha . vItarAga cAritra kahalAtA hai| isakA sarAga cAritra se bheda kiyA jAnA cAhiye, jo zubha kriyAoM meM zubha manobhAvoM ke kAraNa phalita hotA hai aura yaha cAritra svAbhAvikatA ( AtmAnubhava) ke zikhara se nIce utaranA 1. pravacanasAra, 1/7 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (99)

Page #135
hai|2 vItarAga cAritra kA pariNAma mokSa hotA hai phalasvarUpa usI kA pAlana kiyA jAnA cAhiye aura sarAga cAritra zubha karmoM kA baMdhana utpanna karA hai, ataH AdhyAtmika zikhara para pahu~cane kI rucivAloM ko use bhI chor3a denA caahiye| isa karma baMdhana ke hote hue bhI zubha kriyAe~ kucha sImA taka cAritra kA hissA samajhI jA sakatI haiM, lekina azubha kriyAe~ jo azubha manobhAvoM se utpanna hotI haiM ve kisI bhI prakAra cAritra kA hissA nahIM ho sakatI haiM, ataH ve pUrNatayA chor3a dI jAnI cAhiye / isa prakAra azubha manobhAvoM ko AtmA se miTAne ke uddezya se sAdhaka ko hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, abrahmacarya aura parigraha se apane Apako mukta rakhanA caahiye| aise pApamaya kAryoM meM AtmA kI tallInatA atyadhika tIvra kaSAyoM kI abhivyakti kA sUcaka hai| unako pApamaya kAryoM ke na karane se samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| AtmA kI zuddhi kI isa niSedhAtmaka prakriyA ke lie vidheyAtmaka prakriyA kA pAlana anivAryarUpa se apekSita hai| ata: ina azubha kriyAoM ko samApta karane ke lie ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ko pAlanA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra donoM prakAra kI prakriyAe~ sAtha-sAtha calatI haiN| naitika (zubha) aura anaitika (azubha) kriyAoM ko karane ke sambandha meM samyagdRSTi (jAgrata) aura mithyAdRSTi ( mUrcchita) meM bheda hama sarasarI taura para yaha ullekha karanA Avazyaka mAnate haiM ki samyagdRSTi (jAgrata) bhI uparyukta azubha kriyAoM ko karane meM vyasta ho sakatA hai| aisA samajhanA prathama dRSTi meM jJAnI aura ajJAnI yA samyagdRSTi (jAgrata) aura mithyAdRSTi (mUrcchita) meM bheda miTA degaa| lekina yaha mAnyatA kisI mithyAbodha (galataphahamI ) para Azrita hai| unameM bAharI samAnatA hote 2. pravacanasAra, amRtacandra kI TIkA, 2/6 (100) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #136
hae bhI ve Antarika bhinnatA darzAte haiM arthAt jJAnI (samyagdRSTi) kisI aprakaTa dabAva meM anicchApUrvaka aisI azubha kriyAoM ko karate haiM, jaba ki ajJAnI (mithyAdRSTi) prasannatApUrvaka unako karatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki samyagdRSTi kA azubha kriyAe~ karanA asaMgata nahIM hai| yaha saca hai ki donoM jJAnI aura ajJAnI azubha manobhAvoM ko unmUlana karane meM samartha hote haiN| lekina bhinnatA yaha hai ki samyagdRSTi meM AdhyAtmika naitikatA hotI hai, mithyAdRSTi meM kevala zuSka naitikatA hotI hai jo AdhyAtmikatA ke binA saMbhava hai| zuSka naitikatA sAmAjika dRSTi se upayogI hai, kintu AdhyAtmika dRSTi se niSphala hai jaba ki AdhyAtmika naitikatA sAmAjika dRSTi aura AdhyAtmika dRSTi donoM se hitakara hai| sUkSma aura dUragAmI hone ke kAraNa ina donoM prakAra kI naitikatA meM aMtaraMga bheda hamAre sImita jJAna ke bAhara raha jAtA hai| ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki samyagdRSTi (jAgrata) ke lie naitikatA sAdhana hai jaba ki mithyAdRSTi (mUrcchita) ke lie apane Apa meM lakSya hai| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki kisI bhI prakAra kI naitikatA vyartha nahIM ho sakatI hai ata: jahA~ kahIM bhI yaha dekhI jAtI hai hamAre sammAna ke yogya hotI hai| AMzika cAritra (vikala cAritra) kI AvazyakatA yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki uparyukta azubha kriyAe~ kisI bhI prakAra cAritra kA hissA na hote hue bhI manuSya ke mana meM gaharAI se sthita hone ke kAraNa ye prAraMbha se hI pUrNatayA nahIM chor3I jA sakatI hai| ata: isase sImita naitikatA kI dhAraNA utpanna hotI hai use vikala cAritra kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta pUrNa naitikatA sakala cAritra kahA jAtA hai| jisameM azubha kriyAe~ pUrNatayA chor3I jAtI hai| jo vikala cAritra kA pAlana karatA hai vaha azubha kriyAoM ko pUrNatayA chor3ane meM asamartha hotA 3. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 50 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (101) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #137
hai ata: use gRhastha kahA jAtA hai| jo sakala cAritra kA pAlana karatA hai vaha zubha kriyAoM ko pUrNatayA pAlana karane meM samartha hotA hai ataH use muni kahA jAtA hai| isa adhyAya meM hama vikala cAritra kA varNana kareMge aura sakala cAritra ko agale (khaNDa-2) meM smjhaayeNge| manuSya kI viziSTa sthiti jaina tattvajJAna ananta AtmAoM aura pudgala ke ananta paramANuoM kA anya dravyoM sahita ullekha karatA hai| ekendriya se paMcendriya taka anantaM cetana dravyoM meM se manuSya akelA vikAsa kI aMtima sImA jAnA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, kevala manuSya apane saMbhAvya guNoM ko pUrNatayA prakaTa karane meM samartha hai| yadyapi pratyeka AtmA antaHzakti kI apekSA divya hai phira bhI Atma-svatantratA kI prApti usI samaya saMbhava hotI hai jaba AtmA manuSya ke rUpa meM janma letI hai, ata: yaha manuSya janma kA mahattva hai| tyAga kA dArzanika dRSTikoNa sajIva aura nirjIva vastue~ apane Apa meM zubha aura azubha nahIM hotI haiN| unheM zubha aura azubha kahA jAtA hai jaba ve saMsArI AtmAoM ke sambandha meM vicArI jAtI haiN| ve prAya: saMsArI AtmAoM para isa hada taka prabhAva DAlatI haiM ki manda kaSAya yA tIvra kaSAya AtmA meM utpanna hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, manda kaSAya yA tIvra kaSAya kisI vizeSa vastu ke liye lAlAyita hone meM apane Apa ko santuSTa karatI hai| tIvra kaSAya azubha (avaguNa) aura manda kaSAya zubha (sadguNa) hotI hai| udAharaNArtha-bhakti manda kaSAya hai, kintu kAmuka vicAra aura vilAsitA tIvra kaSAya hai| bAhya vastu aura antaraMga manobhAvoM meM samAnAntaratA ke kAraNa bAhya vastuoM ko chor3anA usake anurUpa tIvra kaSAya ko naSTa karane meM sahayoga karatA hai| 4. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 90 (102) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #138
yadi bAhya vastuoM kA tyAga aMtaraMga tIvra kaSAya ke nAza meM aura bhakti, svAdhyAya aura dhyAna ke vikAsa meM phalita nahIM hotA hai to aisA anuzAsana pUrNatayA vyartha hogaa| ataH tIvra kaSAya ko chor3anA bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai yadyapi bolacAla meM vairAgya kA matalaba hotA hai bAhya saMbaMdhoM aura vastuoM ke jagata se apane Apako dUra haTAnA, phira bhI jo aMtaraMga artha hai vaha to tIvra kaSAyarUpI maila ko dUra haTAnA hai jo avazya hI AtmA ko saMbaMdhoM aura vastuoM se dUra le jaayegaa| tIvra kaSAyeM hiMsA, asatya, steya, abrahmacarya aura parigraha pApa rUpa meM citrita kI gayI haiN| ina pApoM (avaguNoM) ke niSkAsana ke lie sadguNa ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha Avazyaka haiN| inameM se ahiMsA AdhArabhUta sadguNa hai / ahiMsA ko ucita prakAra se saMpoSita karane ke lie zeSa sabhI sadguNa sAdhana ke rUpa meM mAne gae haiM, jisa prakAra anAja ke kheta kI rakSA ke lie paryApta gherAbandI Avazyaka hotI hai|' gRhastha AMzika rUpa se ina sadguNoM kA pAlana karate haiM, jo ahiMsANuvrata, satyANuvrata, acauryANuvrata, brahmacaryANuvrata aura parigrahaparimANANuvrata kahalAte haiN| aba hama eka-eka karake pApoM kA varNana kareMge aura unase gRhastha ke AMzika vratoM ke viSaya kSetra ko jAnane kA prayAsa kreNge| - hiMsA kA vyApaka artha * lokAtIta (nizcaya) dRSTikoNa se hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki pUrNa AtmAnubhava se thor3A-sA bhI patana hiMsA samajhI jAnI caahie| dUsare zabdoM meM, AtmA meM manda kaSAya yA tIvra kaSAya kI utpatti se hiMsA prAraMbha 5. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/1 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (103)

Page #139
hotI hai| isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama kaha sakate haiM ki hiMsA kI dhAraNA meM sadguNa aura avaguNa donoM sammilita hote haiM, lekina hama yahA~ kevala tIvra kaSAya (avaguNa) ke rUpa meM hiMsA ke artha kA vivecana kreNge| isalie isa dRSTi se asatya, steya, abrahmacarya aura parigraha hiMsA ke udAharaNa haiN| isa prakAra hiMsA sabhI pApoM kA saMkSiptIkaraNa hai| loka pracalita artha meM (jisa para abhI vicAra kiyA jAyegA) hiMsA kA asatya, steya, abrahmacarya aura parigraha se bheda hai| hiMsA meM dravyaprANa aura bhAvaprANa pratyakSa rUpa se pIr3ita kiye jAte haiM, jaba ki zeSa- asatya, steya, abrahmacarya . aura parigraha meM ve prANa apratyakSa rUpa se pIr3ita kiye jAte haiN| hiMsA kA lokapracalita artha tIvra-kaSAya-grasita yoga' (mana, vacana aura kAya kI prakriyA) se dravyaprANoM aura bhAvaprANoM ko pIr3ita karane ke rUpa meM hiMsA paribhASita kI jA sakatI hai| AtmahatyA, mAnavahatyA aura anya prANiyoM kA vadha hiMsA ke svabhAva ko upayukta DhaMga se prastuta karatA hai, kyoMki ye pApakArya usI samaya saMbhava hote haiM jaba apane svayaM ke aura dUsare ke dravyaprANa aura bhAvaprANa pIr3ita kie jAte haiN| dravyaprANa kama se kama cAra aura adhika se adhika dasa hote haiM aura bhAvaprANa jIva ke guNa hI hai| pIr3A kI mAtrA prANoM ko kisI bhI samaya aura avasara para pIr3ita karane ke anupAta meM hogii| sAvadhAnIpUrvaka kI gaI zArIrika kriyAoM se yadi koI bhI prANI pIr3ita ho jAtA hai to yaha hiMsA nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai, kyoMki tIvra kaSAya kA abhAva hai| isake viparIta, yadi asAvadhAnIpUrvaka kI 6. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 44 7. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 43 tattvArthasUtra,7/13 8. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 45 (104) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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gaI zArIrika kriyAoM se koI bhI prANI pIr3ita nahIM hotA hai to bhI kriyAe~ hiMsA se mukta nahIM hai| yahA~ yadyapi AtmA ne dUsaroM ko pIr3A nahIM pahu~cAI hai, phira bhI isane apane svAbhAvika svabhAva ko malina karake svayaM ko pIr3ita kiyA hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki hiMsA meM pravRtti aura hiMsA ke tyAga kA na honA donoM hiMsA kahI jAtI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, vaha vyakti jisane hiMsA kA tyAga nahIM kiyA hai yadyapi vaha vAstava meM hiMsA meM pravRtta nahIM ho rahA hai, phira bhI avacetana mana meM isako karane kA bhAva hone se hiMsA karatA hai| vaha vyakti, jo mana-vacana-kAya ko dUsaroM ko pIr3A pahu~cAne meM lagAtA hai, vAstava meM vaha to hiMsA karatA hI hai| isa prakAra jahA~ kahIM bhI mana-vacana-kAya kI asAvadhAnI hogI vahA~ hiMsA anivArya hai| bAhya AcaraNa kI zucitA bhI Avazyaka hai yadi koI vyakti tarka karatA hai ki kinhIM bAhya kriyAoM ko chor3anA upayogI nahIM hai kevala Antarika mana adUSita honA cAhie, lekina nimnastara para, jahA~ AtmAnubhava nahIM hotA hai vahA~ aMtaraMgarUpa se jhuke binA bAhya kriyAe~ saMbhava nahIM hotI haiN| ata: bAhya aura aMtaraMga eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura atyadhika udAharaNoM meM aMtaraMga bAhya se pahale hotA hai| isa prakAra aMtaraMga vikRti kI upasthiti ke binA bAhya hiMsA saMbhava nahIM hai| jo kevala aMtaraMga para jora detA hai bAhya kI kImata . para, vaha bAhya AcaraNa ke mahattva ko bhUla jAtA hai| vaha isa bAta ko 9. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 46, 47 10. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 48 11. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 48 - 12. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 50 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (105) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #141
bhUla jAtA hai ki bAhya kriyAoM kI apavitratA AvazyakarUpa se aMtaraMga mana ko vikRta kara detI hai| isa taraha se aMtaraMga aura bAhya donoM pakSa bigar3a jAte haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa, donoM nizcaya aura vyavahAranaya arthAt aMtaraMga aura bAhya donoM pakSoM ko ucita sthAna diyA jAnA caahie| hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke kRtyoM kA nirNaya hama yahA~ batAnA cAhate haiM ki jaina dArzanika bAhya vyavahAra aura aMtaraMga mana:sthiti ke bIca viSamatA kI saMbhAvanA ko anadekhI nahIM karate aura pariNAmasvarUpa ve hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke kRtyoM ke nirNaya meM vyAkula nahIM hote haiM arthAt kauna-sA kRtya hiMsA ke phala ko utpanna karegA aura kauna-sA kRtya ahiMsA ke rUpa meM nirNIta hogA? khyAtiprApta jaina dArzanika amRtacandra apanI prakhyAta pustaka puruSArthasiddhayupAya meM uparyukta tathyoM para spaSTatA se vicAra karate haiN| prathama, ve pratipAdana karate haiM ki vaha jo spaSTarUpa se bAhya hiMsA nahIM karatA to bhI hiMsA karane meM mAnasika jhukAva hone ke kAraNa hiMsA ke phala ko prApta karatA hai aura vaha jo hiMsA ke kAryoM meM spaSTa rUpa se apane ko niyojita karatA hai, vaha hiMsA ke phala ke lie (mAnasika jhukAva na hone ke kAraNa) uttaradAyI na mAnA jaae| dvitIya, koI vyakti tIvra kaSAya ke kAraNa tuccha hiMsA karane para bhI gaMbhIra pariNAmoM ko prApta karatA hai jaba ki dUsarA vyakti hiMsA ke bhArI kArya karate hue bhI manda kaSAya ke kAraNa gaMbhIra pariNAmoM se chuTakArA pA jAtA hai| tRtIya, yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki do vyakti ekasI hiMsA ke kAryoM meM lage hue hone ke bAvajUda bhI mAnasika sthiti aura kaSAyoM kI prabalatA meM bheda hone ke kAraNa phala bhogate samaya unameM antara 13. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 51 14. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 52 (106) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #142
dekhA jA sakatA hai| caturtha, yadyapi hiMsA eka ke dvArA kI jA sakatI hai, to bhI pariNAma aneka ke dvArA bhoge jA sakate haiM; usI prakAra hiMsA aneka ke dvArA kI jA sakatI hai, kintu phala eka ke dvArA bhogA jA sakatA hai| ina sabase hama yaha niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki hiMsA aura ahiMsA ke kRtyoM kA nirNaya karane meM aMtaraMga mAnasika sthiti ko mahattvapUrNa batAyA gayA hai| hiMsA ke prakAra hiMsA do prakAra kI hotI hai- saMkalpAtmaka aura asNklpaatmk|" saMkalpAtmaka hiMsA karanevAlA vyakti mana, vacana aura kriyA se hiMsA karane meM svayaM ko lagAtA hai; dUsaroM ko hiMsA karane meM ukasAtA hai aura dUsaroM kI aisI kriyAoM kA anumodana karatA hai| asaMkalpAtmaka hiMsA karanevAlA vyakti udyamI, AraMbhI aura virodhI hiMsA karatA hai| jo hiMsA anivAryarUpa se kI jAtI hai arthAt apane vyavasAya ke kAraNa, gharelU kriyAoM ke karane ke kAraNa aura svayaM kI, par3ausI kI, deza kI, apanI vastuoM kI zatruoM se rakSA karane ke kAraNa, vaha kramaza: asaMkalpAtmaka udyamI, AraMbhI aura virodhI hiMsA kahI jAtI hai| ahiMsANuvrata gRhastha azakta hone ke kAraNa apane Apako hiMsA se pUrNatayA haTAne meM asamartha hotA hai| ata: usako do indriya se paMcendriya taka ke - 15. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 53 16. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 55 17. jainadarzanasAra, pRSTha 63 18. jainadarzanasAra, pRSTha 63 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (107) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #143
jIvoM kI saMkalpAtmaka hiMsA se apane Apako dUra rakhanA caahie|" kisI vyavasAya meM vyasta hone ke kAraNa, gharelU kAryoM ke karane meM aura AtmarakSA kI yojanAoM meM hiMsA karanA usake dvArA vyartha nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha ekendriya jIvoM kI arthAt vanaspatikAyika, vAyukAyika aura agnikAyika Adi kI saMkalpAtmaka hiMsA karatA hai aura AraMbha meM (gharelU kriyA meM), udyoga meM (vyavasAya meM) aura virodha meM (surakSA ke lie) asaMkalpAtmaka hiMsA karatA hai| isalie vaha ahiMsA kA sthUlarUpa se pAlana karatA hai jo ahiMsANuvrata kahA jAtA hai| yadyapi vaha ekendriya jIvoM ke kSetra meM aura asaMkalpAtmaka hiMsA ke kSetroM meM apanI. kriyAoM ko isa taraha vyavasthita karatA hai jisase bahuta sImita saMkhyA meM jIvoM ke astitva para prabhAva pdd'e| ina do kSetroM meM (ekendriya jIva kA kSetra aura asaMkalpAtmaka hiMsA kA kSetra) hiMsA kI mAtrA ko kama karane kA uddezya hotA hai, pUrNatayA chor3ane kA nahIM, jo manuSya ke jIvana ko jokhima meM DAle binA saMbhava nahIM hai| phira bhI, hiMsA ekendriya jIva ke kSetra meM aura asaMkalpAtmaka hiMsA ke kSetra meM nyAyasaMgata nahIM hai| agara hama thor3A vicAra kareM to hamako jJAta hogA ki manuSya apane janma se hI hiMsA ke adhIna rahatA hai| phira bhI hiMsA ke svAbhAvika bhAra ko eka dUsare para 19. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 75 cAritrapAhuDa, 24 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra,53 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 332 sAgAradharmAmRta, 4/7 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/4 20. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 77 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 209 yogazAstra, 2/21 (108) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #144
hiMsA karake bar3hAne kI bajAya aura pazu-jagata aura vanaspati-jagata ke sAtha nirdayatApUrvaka bartAva karane ke bajAya hamako AdhyAtmika guruoM ke pavitra Adeza ke anusAra calakara jahA~ taka hama kara sake isa abhizApa ko kama karane kA prayatna karanA caahie| ____ ahiMsANuvrata kA pAlana karane ke lie gRhastha ko madya, mAMsa, madhu aura *Umara, kaThUmara, pAkara, bar3a aura pIpala- ina pA~ca prakAra ke udumbara phaloM ke prayoga se dUra rahanA caahie|1 (1) madyapAna- prathama, ahaMkAra, krodha, kAma-vAsanA Adi tIvra kaSAyoM ko utpanna karatA hai|2 dvitIya, vaha buddhi ko saMvedanazUnya kara detA hai jisase sadguNa naSTa hote haiM aura naitikarUpa se bhraSTa hiMsA ke kRtya kie jAte haiN| tRtIya, pracura jIvoM kI khAna hone ke kAraNa madyapAna AvazyakarUpa se unake lie pIr3AdAyaka 21. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 61,72 sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/2 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 5/1 22. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 64 23. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 62 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 70,77 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 5/2 *Umara (gUlara) - isake phala pakane para nAraMgI raMga ke jaise hote haiN| isameM sadA phala lage rahate haiN| kaThUmara - isameM aMjIra kI taraha bahuta bIja hote haiN| . pAkara - isake phala choTe-choTe pIpala ke phala ke samAna lagate haiN| bar3a- isake phala choTe-choTe jharabera ke samAna hote haiN| pIpala - yaha latA jAti kI vanauSadhi kA phala hai| isakI bela anya latAoM kI bhA~ti vistAra meM nahIM bar3hatI kintu thor3I hI dUrI meM phailatI hai| Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (109) For Personal & Private Use Only

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hotA hai|24 (2) mAMsabhakSaNa- prathama, mAMsa kI prApti prANiyoM kA vadha kie binA nahIM ho sakatI aura prANiyoM kI svAbhAvika mRtyu se ise prApta kara bhI liyA jAya to bhI usameM jIvoM kI svAbhAvika utpatti aura unake vinAza ke kAraNa hiMsA anivArya hai| dvitIya, mAMsa ke Tukar3e jo kacce haiM yA pake hue haiM yA pakAye jAne kI prakriyA meM haiM unameM anavarata jIvoM kI utpatti pAyI jAtI hai, pariNAmasvarUpa, jo mAMsabhakSaNa kI ora pravRtta hai vaha jIvoM kI hiMsA se baca nahIM sakatA hai|6 (3) madhu- isakA prayoga isa AdhAra para Apattijanaka hai ki madhumakkhiyoM ke jIvana kA aura madhumakkhiyoM ke garbha meM aMDoM ko ghAta karake yaha prApta kiyA jAtA hai aura yadi madhu svAbhAvikarUpa se Tapakane para ikaTThA kiyA jAya, to bhI unameM jIvoM kI svata: utpatti hone se unakI hiMsA hotI hai|" (4) pA~ca prakAra ke udumbara phala- ye vibhinna prakAra ke jIvoM kI utpatti ke AdhAra haiM aura unakA prayoga bhojana ke lie aura dUsare uddezyoM ke lie jIvahiMsA hone ke kAraNa tyAjya kahA gayA hai| unake sUkha jAne para bhI unake prayoga karane se hamArI atyadhika Asakti ke kAraNa hiMsA hotI hai| 24. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 63 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 5/6 sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/4,5 Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, p.262 25. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 65, 66 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 5/14 sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/78 26. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 67, 68 27. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 69, 70 28. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 72 29. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 73 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

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ahiMsANuvrata kA pAlana karane ke lie nimnalikhita bAtoM kA dhyAna rakhanA caahie| prathama, devatAoM se AzIrvAda prApta karane kI dhAraNA se prabhAvita hokara kisI bhI vyakti ko pazuoM kI bali nahIM denI caahie|30 dvitIya, mehamAnoM ke svAgata ke lie pazuoM ko mAranA Avazyaka nahIM honA caahie|" tRtIya, mana meM yaha dhAraNA rakhanA ki eka jIva ko mArane kI tulanA meM zAkAhArI bhojana asaMkhya jIvoM ke mArane kI apekSA rakhatA hai prAraMbha meM cittAkarSaka laga sakatA hai, kintu yaha isa dRSTi se mUr3hatApUrNa hai ki eka pazu ke zarIra meM asaMkhya sUkSma jIva hote haiM jo anivArya rUpa se mAre jAeMge aura sAtha hI paMcendriya jIva ke ghAta se adhika azubha Asrava utpanna hogA arthAt vanaspati-jagata ke ekendriya jIvoM ke prANoM kI apekSA paMcendriya jIva ke dravya aura bhAva prANoM ke adhika ghAta ke kAraNa pApa adhika hogaa| caturtha, sA~pa, bicchu, zera Adi ko isa AdhAra para nahIM mAranA cAhie ki aisA karane se bar3I saMkhyA meM anya jIva baca jAyeMge aura ve (sA~pa, bicchu Adi) bhI anavarata hiMsA ke pApa se baca jaaeNge| paMcama, aisI galata dhAraNA ke prabhAva se ki ve loga jo duHkhI aura vipattigrasta haiM mAra diye jAne para zAMti prApta kara leMge, jIvita prANI nahIM mAre jAne caahie| aMtima, dUsare prANiyoM kI bhUkha se prabhAvita hokara kisI bhI vyakti ko usakI bhUkha zAMta karane ke lie apane zarIra kA mAMsa nahIM denA caahie| 30. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 79, 80 31. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 81 32. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 82, 83 33. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 84 34. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 85 35. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 89 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (111) For Personal & Private Use Only

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asatya kA svarUpa aba hama asatya aura satyANuvrata ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA kreNge| asatya, vANI ke mAdhyama se tIvra kaSAya kI abhivyakti hai jo apane Apako bhASA aura saMketoM meM abhivyakta karatI hai| vItarAga vANI rahasyAtmaka anubhava se udbhUta hotI hai jo satya kI carama sImA hai jisako manuSya prApta kara sakatA hai| tIvra - kaSAya- prasita vacana pUrNatayA asatya hotA hai| manda- kaSAya-grasita vacana ardha- satya hotA hai arthAt yaha vaha satya hai jo sAMsArika aura alaMkRta rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai udAharaNArthaudAtta, hitakArI aura paropakArI vacana bolanA / yaha nizcitarUpa se rahasyAtmaka satya kI parAkASThA se nIce kI ora khisakanA hai| pUrNatA prApta tIrthaMkara jo manuSyoM aura dUsare prANiyoM ke utthAna ke lie upadeza dete haiM unako karuNA aura upakAra kI manda kaSAya se prerita nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki ve saba prANiyoM ke lie svArtharahita hokara binA manda kaSAya ke dabAva ke bolate haiN| isase yaha pariNAma nikalatA hai ki asatya vacana tIvra kaSAya kI abhivyakti hone ke kAraNa satya kI U~cAiyoM se duganA nIce AnA hai| yaha hamArI aMtaraMga AtmA aura bAhya vyavahAra tathA sAmAjika jIvana aura AdhyAtmika utthAna donoM ko bigAr3a detA hai| ataH vikAsa ke dRSTikoNa se isako pUrNatayA tyAga diyA jAnA caahie| aba hama asatya ko paribhASita karate haiN| isakA artha hai usa vyakti ke dvArA mithyA kathana kiyA jAnA jo tIvra kaSAyoM jaise-krodha. lobha, ahaMkAra aura chala-kapaTa Adi se grasita hai / 36 hama yahA~ batA sakate haiM ki isakA artha kevala sat ko asat kahanA hI nahIM hai aura na hI asat ko sat kahanA hai kintu isake antargata satya ke svarUpa kI 36. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 91 (112) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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galata vyAkhyA karanA bhI hai aura vANI kA aisA prayoga bhI hai jo dUsaroM meM tIvra kaSAyoM ko utpanna karatI hai aura dUsaroM ko kaSTa pahu~cAtI hai| isake anusAra satya kA artha kevala aise zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM hai jo sat ko sat kahatA hai kintu usakA artha aise zabdoM kA prayoga hai jo zAntidAyaka, komala aura udAtta ho / yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki hamAre sAvadhAnIpUrvaka aura komala bolane se bhI kisI taraha dUsare para dukhadAyI prabhAva ho jAe to bhI hama satyavrata kI avahelanA karanevAle nahIM mAne jaayeNge| yadi tAttvika rUpa se kahA jAya to koI bhI zabda apane Apa meM na sukhada hotA hai aura na dukhada hotA hai| isake pIche bhAvanA kA hI mahattva hai| eka zabda jo pudgala kI paryAya hotA hai usameM ananta guNa hote haiN| isalie vaha dUsare ko ananta tarIqoM se prabhAvita karane kI zakti rakhatA hai aura ina sabako sAmAnya manuSyoM ke dvArA jAnanA saMbhava nahIM hai / eka zabda ko sukhada yA dukhada kahane meM paristhitiyA~, sthAna, samaya, vyakti kA cAritra, mAnasika aura zArIrika prabhAva apane para aura dUsaroM para haiM- ina sabako jAnanA caahie| amRtacandra ke anusAra prathama prakAra kA asatyasat ko asat kahanA hai; 7 dUsare prakAra kA asatya-asat ko sat 38 kahanA hai; tIsare prakAra kA asatya - vastuoM kA svabhAva jaisA hai usase bhinna kahanA hai; 39 caturtha prakAra kA asatya - aisI vANI ko batAtA hai jo ( 1 ) nindanIya ho, (2) pApapUrNa ho aura ( 3 ) apriya ho | caturtha prakAra ke asatya ko yadi aura adhika samajhA jAya to (1) pITha pIche nindA karanA, upahAsAtmaka vANI, kaThora bhASA aura 37. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 92 38. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 93 39. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 94 40. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 95 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (113)

Page #149
hiMsaka zabda nindanIya vANI ke antargata sammilita haiN| isake atirikta vyartha kI gapazapa karanA, aisI bhASA kA prayoga jo nirAdhAra vizvAsoM aura aMdhavizvAsoM ko bar3hAnevAlI ho isake antargata samAviSTa hai|42 (2) AtmarakSA ke lie, gRhasthI calAne ke lie aura vyAvasAyika uddezyoM ke lie bhASA kA prayoga karanA pApapUrNa bhASA ke antargata sammilita hai|43 (3) apriya zabda ve haiM jo azAnti utpanna karate haiM, bhaya utpanna karate haiM, ghRNA prajvalita karate haiM, jo zoka ko uttejita karate haiM. aura kalaha ko bhar3akAte haiN| satyANuvrata asatya ke ina prakAroM meM se gRhastha una zabdoM ke prayoga ko pUrNatayA nahIM haTA sakatA jo usake kAryoM se saMbaMdhita hai jo usake vyavasAya aura surakSA se saMbaMdhita hai| isa taraha pApapUrNa bhASA ko haTAnA apane aura apane AzritoM ke jIvana ko jokhima meM DAle binA saMbhava nahIM hai, jaise ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA ko tyAganA gRhastha ke lie saMbhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra gRhastha ko dUsare prakAra ke asatyoM ko tyAga denA cAhie sivAya sAvadha (pApapUrNa) bhASA ke| yaha satyANuvrata yAM satya ke vrata kA sthUla rUpa hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAna denA cAhie ki satyANuvrata meM AcArya samantabhadra ne satya na bolane kI anumati dI hai yadi kisI kA jIvana satya bolane se saMkaTa meM par3atA ho| satyavAdI vyakti ko 41. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 96 42. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 96 43. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 97 44. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 98 45. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 101 46. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 55 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 210 (114) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #150
atizayokti, chidrAnveSaNa aura azobhanIya bhASA ke prayoga ko tyAga denA cAhie aura aise zabda bolane cAhie jo uccakoTi ke hoM, hitakArI hoM aura saMtulita hoN|'' usako gaMbhIra, dhIra, ucca cAritravAlA, lokopakAraka, dayAvAna aura mRdubhASI honA caahie| use Atma-prazaMsA aura dUsare kI niMdA nahIM karanI caahie|48 na hI usako dUsare ke vidyamAna guNoM ko chipAnA cAhie aura na apane avidyamAna guNoM kA varNana karanA caahie| use jAlasAjI se bacanA cAhie, giravI rakhI vastuoM kI vAstavika saMkhyA vyakti dvArA bhUla jAne para bhI vastue~ use pUrI lauTA dI jAnI caahie| corI (steya) kA svarUpa aba hama acaurya aura acauryANuvrata ke svarUpa kA varNana kreNge| corI kA artha hai-svAmI ke binA diye kisI vastu ko lenA corI hai| yaha anivArya rUpa se apane mana meM tIvra kaSAya kI aMtaraMga upasthiti ko batAtA hai|" isa saMsAra meM asthAyI vastue~ eka vyakti ke bAharI prANoM kI racanA karatI hai aura vaha vyakti jo unako lUTatA hai yA curAtA hai vaha corI karanevAlA kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki yaha kisI vyakti ko prANoM se rahita karane ke samAna hotA hai| yaha hiMsA se anya nahIM hai|53 47. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 334 Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, p.266 * 48. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, p.266 49. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, p.266 50. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 102 51. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 102 52. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 103 53. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 104 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (115) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #151
acauryANuvrata (asteyANuvrata) dUsaroM kI anumati ke binA kisI kI vastu ko na lenA sarvottama . anuzAsana hai, lekina yaha gRhastha kI zakti ke bAhara hai, isalie vaha binA die aisI vastuoM ko svatantratApUrvaka kAma meM le sakatA hai jo sAmAnya prayoga kI hotI hai jaise- kUe~ kA pAnI va miTTI aadi| yaha acauryANuvrata hai yA sthUla rUpa se acaurya kA vrata hai| samantabhadra ke anusAra jo gRhastha acauryANuvrata kA pAlana karatA hai vaha na to binA dI huI vastuoM ko, .. rakhI huI vastuoM ko, par3I huI vastuoM ko aura dUsaroM ke dvArA bhUlI huI vastuoM ko na to svayaM letA hai aura na dUsaroM ko detA hai| kArtikeya kImatI vastuoM ko kama kImata meM kharIdanA corI meM sammilita karate haiM jisakA kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki koI bhI vyakti galata tarIke se prApta vastu ko kama kImata meM beca sakatA hai| somadeva ke anusAra bhUmigata : sampatti rAjA yA rAjya kI hotI hai isI prakAra ajJAta mAlika kI sampatti bhii|" apane kisI sambandhI kI mRtyu ke pazcAt sampatti ko lenA nyAyasaMgata hai kintu jaba vaha jIvita ho to usakI anumati Avazyaka hai jisase gRhasthAvasthA meM acaurya ke vrata kA pAlana ho ske| jo gRhastha isa vrata ko pAlate haiM ve milAvaTa se, corI ke lie ukasAne se, corI kI 54. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 106 55. yogazAstra, 2/66 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 57 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 211 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/59 56. kArtikeyAnuprekSA,335 57. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture p.265 sAgAradharmAmRta, 4/48 58. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture p.265 (116) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #152
sampatti prApta karane se, (svataMtra) rAjya ke niyamoM kI avahelanA karane se aura mApa-taula ke jhUThe bA~Ta rakhane se dUra rahate haiN| 19 59 abrahma kA svarUpa aba hama abrahma aura brahmacaryANuvrata ke svarUpa kA varNana kreNge| kAma kaSAya se sahavAsa kA ghaTita honA abrahma hai| isameM jIvoM kI hiMsA ke sAtha mAnasika jIvana prabhAvita hotA hai aura isI ke sAtha dravyaprANa bhI prabhAvita hote haiM, kyoMki sahavAsa ke pazcAt akarmaNyatA va tandrAlutA utpanna ho jAtI hai|deg brahmacaryANuvrata gRhastha kAmuka saMbaMdha ko pUrNatayA nahIM chor3a sakatA hai isalie usako apanI (svataMtratApUrvaka) vivAhitA strI ke sivAya anya striyoM se kAmuka saMbaMdha tyAga denA cAhie / " yaha brahmacaryANuvrata hai yA brahmacarya kA sthUla rUpa hai| somadeva ke anusAra isa vrata kA sthUla rUpa se pAlana karanevAlA apanI patnI ke atirikta anya striyoM ko mAtA, bahina yA 59. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 185 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 58 tattvArthasUtra, 7/27 sAgAradharmAmRta, 4/50 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 7/5 Uvasagadasao I/ 47 cAritrasAra, pRSTha 10,11 60. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 109 61. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 110 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (117)

Page #153
putrI ke samAna mAnatA hai| 2 kAma kaSAya ke sahagAmI madya, mAMsa, jUA, kAmuka nAca-gAna, vyaktigata zRMgAra, nazA, vyabhicAriyoM kA sAtha, nirarthaka phiranA inako tyAga denA caahie| isake atirikta kisI vyakti ko apane Apa meM kAmuka kriyAoM ko uttejita nahIM karanA cAhie, kAmottejaka bhojana aura kAmoddIpaka sAhitya se dUra rahanA caahie|64 parigraha kA svarUpa __ aba hama parigraha aura parigrahaparimANANuvrata ke svarUpa para vicAra .. kreNge| parigraha kA atyadhika vyApaka lakSaNa mUrchA (Asakti, rAga) hai| prathama, yaha kahA jAtA hai ki ve loga jinameM thor3A-sA bhI mUrchA kA bhAva vidyamAna hai ve bAhya saMsArI parigraha kA tyAga karate hue bhI aparigraha se bahuta dUra hai| dvitIya, parigraha batAtA hai ki bAharI vastuoM kA rakhanA aMtaraMga mUrchA ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra aMtaraMga mUrchA aura bAhya vastuoM kA rakhanA- ye donoM parigraha ke antargata Ate haiN| hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki yadi koI aMtaraMga mUrchA ko dUra haTAtA hai to use usI ke anurUpa bAhya vastuoM ko bhI haTAnA caahie| bAhya vastuoM kI upasthiti meM yadi amUrchA (anAsakti) kA dAvA kiyA jAtA hai to yaha Atma pravaMcanA hogI kyoMki binA mAnasika jhukAva ke bAhya vastue~ jabaradastI 62. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture p.267 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 338 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/64, 65 63. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture p.267 64. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture p.267 65. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 111 66. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 112 67. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 113 (118) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #154
hamAre pAsa nahIM raha sakatI hai| bAhya vastuoM ke prakAra ke anurUpa aMtaraMga mUrchA meM bheda hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, mUrchA meM jo Antarika bheda hotA hai vaha bAhya vastuoM ke prakAra se bheda ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNArthaeka hiraNa meM jo harI ghAsa para jItA hai usa billI kI tulanA meM mUrchA manda hogI jo bhojana ke lie cUhoM ko mAratI hai| isa prakAra bAhya parigraha aura aMtaraMga mUrchA eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiN| parigraha aura hiMsA parigraha kabhI bhI hiMsA se mukta nahIM ho sakatA aura jo ahiMsA kA pAlana karanA cAhate haiM unako aMtaraMga mUrchA aura bAhya vastuoM ko haTAnA caahie| isalie ahiMsA aMtaraMga aura bAhya parigraha ko haTAne kI mAtrA ke anupAta meM hogii| pUrNa anAsakti ke pariNAmasvarUpa pUrNa ahiMsA kevala arhanta ke jIvana meM hI saMbhava ho sakatI hai aura isase nIce kevala aparigraha kI mAtrA hI saMbhava hai| parigrahaparimANANuvrata - gRhastha sabhI parigraha ko tyAgane meM asamartha hotA hai, ata: use mUrchA se yathAsaMbhava dUra rahanA cAhie aura usI ke anusAra dhana-dhAnya, dAsI-dAsa aura ghara Adi ke parigraha ko sImita karanA caahie| yaha 68. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 121 69. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 124-128 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 61 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 213 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/73 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 340 sAgAradharmAmRta, 4/61 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (119) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #155
parigrahaparimANANuvrata yA aparigraha kA sthUla rUpa hai| hama sarasarI taura para kaha sakate haiM ki gRhastha kA aparigraha vrata Arthika viSamatA jo samAja meM pracalita hai usako naSTa kara sakatA hai aura isake dvArA pratyeka vyakti kama se kama pratidina kI Avazyaka vastuoM ko prApta kara skegaa| Aja manuSya aura rASTra dUsaroM kI kImata para apanI rAjyasImA aura dhana ko bar3hAne kA prayAsa kara rahe haiM jisake pariNAmasvarUpa vyakti aura rASTra ke tanAva bar3ha rahe haiN| parigraha hAnikAraka hai jaba vaha asAmAnya Asakti ko utpanna karatA hai| eka lokopakArI dRSTikoNa parigrahaparimANANuvrata ko pAlane ke lie Avazyaka hai| isa vrata kI zuddhatA ko banAe rakhane ke lie ghara aura bhUmi, sonA aura cA~dI, pazudhana aura dhAnya, dAsI aura dAsa tathA vastra aura baratana Adi meM sImA kA ullaMghana nahIM karanA caahie| isake atirikta AvazyakatA se adhika saMkhyA meM vAhana rakhanA, AvazyakatA se adhika padArthoM kA saMgraha karanA, dUsaroM kI jAyadAda ke prati IrSyA karanA, atyadhika lobha aura jAnavaroM para adhika bhAra lAdanA inako bhI TAlanA caahie| 70. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 187 tattvArthasUtra, 7/29 Uvasagadasao 1/49 sAgAradharmAmRta, 4/64 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 7/7 71. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 62 (120) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #156
puNya (guNa) aura pApa (doSa) ke mizraNa ke rUpa meM gRhastha kA jIvana aba taka hama pA~ca pApoM aura pA~ca aNuvratoM ke svarUpa ke bAre meM varNana kara cuke haiN| hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, abrahma aura aparigraha pA~ca prakAra ke pApa haiN| yaha yAda rakhanA cAhie ki tIna prakAra kI asaMkalpAtmaka hiMsA, ekendriya jIvoM kI saMkalpAtmaka hiMsA, sAvadya yA pApapUrNa bhASA kA prayoga, apanI patnI ke sAtha kAmuka saMbaMdha, binA AjJA ke sAmAnya vastuoM kA prayoga aura sImita parigraha rakhanA- ye sabhI gRhastha ke pApa haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM, sAmAjika dRSTi se dekhane para ve pAparUpa nahIM haiM, kintu AdhyAtmika dRSTi se ve pAparUpa mAne jAte haiN| sAmAjika dRSTikoNa se ve nyAyasaMgata kahe jA sakate haiM kintu inako AdhyAtmika rUpa se nyAyasaMgata nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isa prakAra gRhastha ke jIvana meM pUrNa manda kaSAya asaMbhava hai| usakA jIvana sadaiva guNa aura doSoM ke mizraNa se yukta hotA hai| gRhastha jo aNuvratoM kA kaThoratA se pAlana nahIM karatA usakI hAlata zocanIya hotI hai| usake jIvana meM guNa kevala Akasmika ghaTanA hai aura kabhI-kabhI sAmAjika vivazatA hai| yaha eka prakAra se mithyA guNa hogaa| vAstavika guNa to aMtaraMga pApa kI cetanA se utpanna hotA hai| pApa kI cetanA ke kAraNa hI vrata naitika, sAmAjika aura AdhyAtmika utthAna ke lie hitakAraka aura preraka hote haiN| vratoM ke ucita pAlana ke lie kinhIM vicAroM kI punarAvRtti aura unakA cintana vrata mana meM dRr3ha ho jAe~ aura utsAha se pAlana kiye jAe~- isake lie tattvArthasUtra ke racanAkAra ne nimnalikhita vicAroM para cintana aura unako mana meM doharAne kA parAmarza diyA hai| prathama, vyakti ko ina pA~ca Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (121) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #157
prakAra ke pApoM meM Asakti rakhane se jo duHkha paidA hote haiM una para vicAra karanA caahie| udAharaNArtha- yaha socA jAnA cAhie ki asatyavAdI manuSya para kisI ke dvArA kabhI vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jaataa| kArAvAsa, anAdara aura dUsare prakAra ke mAnasika va zArIrika duHkha usako isa jIvana meM daNDa ke rUpa meM bhogane hote haiN| isI prakAra dUsare pApoM ke bAre meM bhI socA jA sakatA hai| dvitIya, vyakti ko prANiyoM ke sAtha maitrI, guNavAnoM kI prazaMsA, duHkhI prANiyoM ke lie kriyAzIla karuNA aura akkhar3a tathA viparIta svabhAva vAloM ke lie udAsInatA kA abhyAsa karanA caahie| aisA karane se vratoM kA pAlana suvidhAjanaka ho jAtA hai| tRtIya, vyakti ko sAMsArika vastuoM aura indriya-bhogoM kI kSaNikatA aura zarIra ke asthAyitva ke bAre meM cintana karanA caahie|74 mUlaguNoM kI dhAraNA ___ AcArya samantabhadra ne mUlaguNoM kI dhAraNA ko vikasita kiyA aura pA~ca aNuvratoM kA pAlana tathA madya, mAMsa aura madhu ke tyAga ko mUlaguNa (prAthamika naitika guNa) svIkAra kiyaa| mUlaguNoM kI dhAraNA gatizIla hai jisakA yaha sabUta hai ki paravartI AcAryoM ne samaya, sthAna aura anuyAyiyoM ke svabhAva ke anusAra mUlaguNoM meM parivartana kiyaa| isa parivartanazIla saMsAra meM sadaiva nayI sthitiyA~ utpanna hotI haiM aura usake pariNAmasvarUpa nayI auSadhiyA~ Avazyaka ho jAtI haiN| vibhinna yugoM vAle vyaktiyoM ke lie koI bhI sarvocca auSadhi nahIM ho sktii| mUlaguNa jo ucca vikAsa ke lie sopAna haiM, unheM vyaktiyoM ke anusAra badalA jAnA 72. tattvArthasUtra, 7/9 73. tattvArthasUtra, 7/11 74. tattvArthasUtra, 7/12 75. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 66 (122) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism Erf # 34TaKu fale For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #158
caahie| isa prakAra mUlaguNa badala sakate haiM kintu ahiMsA kA mApadaNDa nahIM badala sktaa| somadeva ne pA~ca aNuvratoM ke sthAna para pA~ca udambara phala batAye aura tIna- madya, mAMsa aura madhu kA tyAga usI prakAra rkhaa| amitagati ne rAtribhojana ke tyAga ko mUlaguNoM meM jor3a diyA aura bAkI tIna - madya, mAMsa aura madhu tathA paMca udambara phaloM ke tyAga ko usI prakAra rkhaa|" amRtacandra ke anusAra ATha prakAra kI vastuoM kA tyAga arthAt madya, mAMsa aura madhu tathA paMca udambara phaloM kA tyAga- ye ATha mUlaguNa kahe jA sakate haiN| AzAdhara ne madya, mAMsa aura madhu kA tyAga, paMca udambara phala kA tyAga, rAtribhojana kA tyAga, paMca parameSThI (arhanta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu) kI bhakti, pAnI chAnakara pInA aura prANiyoM ke prati karuNA kA bhAva rakhanA ye mUlaguNa btaaye| rAtribhojana kI samasyA sabhI AcArya isa bAta se ekamata haiM ki kisI prakAra kA bhojana rAtri meM karanA sUrya ke prakAza meM kiye gaye bhojana kI apekSA adhika hiMsA paidA karatA hai| vivAda isa bAta kA hai ki gRhastha ko kisa stara para rAtribhojana kA tyAga karanA caahie| kundakunda,80 kArtikeya aura samantabhadra kA mata hai ki gyAraha pratimAoM meM se chaThI pratimA meM rAtribhojana 76. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture p.262 77: amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 5/1 78. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 74 79. sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/18 80. cAritrapAhuDa, 22 81. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 382 82. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 142 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (123) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #159
kA tyAga honA caahie| somadeva aura AzAdhara 4 ise ahiMsANuvrata meM sammilita karate haiM aura AzAdhara pAkSika stara para isakA AMzika tyAga batAte haiN| amitagati isako mUlaguNoM meM sammilita karate haiN| vasunandI prathama pratimA ke pUrva hI isakA pUrNa tyAga batAte haiN| hemacandra isakA tyAga bhogopabhogaparimANavrata meM batAte haiN| tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda ne sarvArthasiddhi meM rAtribhojana tyAga ko chaThA aNuvrata mAnA hai| amRtacandra ne pA~ca aNuvratoM ke pazcAt isakA varNana kiyA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki ve bhI isako chaThA aNuvrata mAnane ke pakSa meM the| guNavrata aura zikSAvrata kI vibhinna dhAraNAe~ ____ pA~ca pApoM, pA~ca aNuvratoM, mUlaguNoM kI vibhinna dhAraNAoM aura rAtribhojana tyAga kA varNana karane ke pazcAt hama guNavratoM aura zikSAvratoM ke svarUpa para vicAra kareMge jo ki sAta zIlavrata ke rUpa meM jAne jAte haiN| ye zIlavrata aNuvratoM kI rakSA kA kAma karate haiM aura adhika spaSTa 83. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture p.264 84. sAgAradharmAmRta, 4/24 85. sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/76 86. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 5/1 87. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 314 88. yogazAstra, 3/48 89. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/1 90. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 129 91. dharmabindu, 155 puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 136 cAritrasAra, pRSTha 13 92. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 136 (124) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #160
rUpa se kaheM to ye aNuvratoM ke pAlana meM sakArAtmaka sudhAra utpanna karate haiN| zrAvakaprajJapti ke anusAra guNavrata aura zikSAvrata meM yaha bheda hai ki guNavrata pUre jIvana ke lie pAlana kie jAte haiM, lekina zikSAvrata sImita samaya ke lie pAlana kie jAte haiN| AzAdhara ke anusAra guNavratoM ke pAlana se aNuvrata adhika acche tarIke se pAle jAte haiM aura zikSAvratoM kA pAlana karane se vyakti tyAgamaya jIvana ke lie preraNA aura prazikSaNa prApta karate haiN| ye do bhinna pratIta honevAle dRSTikoNa eka dUsare se bhinna nahIM haiM kintu ve eka dUsare meM samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| pUrvavartI dRSTikoNa samaya para jora detA hai, jaba ki paravartI dRSTikoNa guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ke dvArA kiye jAnevAle kArya para jora detA hai| zIlavratoM kI saMkhyA ke bAre meM jainAcArya pUrNarUpa se ekamata haiN| ve sabhI isa bAta se sahamata haiM ki guNavrata tIna aura zikSAvrata cAra hote haiN| tIna guNavratoM meM se divrata aura anarthadaNDavrata sabhI AcAryoM ke dvArA guNavrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye gaye haiM aura cAra zikSAvratoM meM se atithisaMvibhAgavata ko sabhI AcArya zikSAvrata mAnate haiN| sabhI AcArya sivAya vasunandI ke sAmAyikavrata aura proSadhopavAsavrata ko zikSAvrata ke antargata rakhate haiN| vasunandI ne inako vrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| dezavrata, bhogopabhogaparimANavrata aura sallekhanA ke vivAdAtmaka svabhAva ke kAraNa vratoM meM vibhinna mata utpanna ho gaye haiM / kundakunda bhogopabhogaparimANavrata ko guNavrata ke rUpa meM aura sallekhanA ko zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM mAnate haiM aura zIlavratoM kI rUparekhA meM dezavrata kA ullekha nahIM karate 93. zrAvakaprajJapti, 328 94. sAgAradharmAmRta, 6/24 95. cAritrapAhuDa, 25, 26 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta - (125) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #161
haiN| kArtikeya dezavrata ko zikSAvrata meM ginate haiM aura bhogopabhogaparimANavrata ko guNavrata ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| umAsvAmI" dezavrata ko guNavrata mAnate haiM aura bhogopabhogaparimANavrata ko zikSAvrata svIkAra karate haiN| samantabhadra aura kArtikeya vratoM ke nAma ke bAre meM ekamata haiM lekina pUrvavartI (samantabhadra) dezavrata ko zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM prathama rakhakara krama badala dete haiN| kArtikeya, umAsvAti aura samantabhadra zIlavratoM ke pazcAt sallekhanA ke svarUpa para vicAra karate haiN| vasunandI dezavrata ko guNavrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM aura bhogopabhogaparimANavrata ko bhogavirati aura paribhoganivRtti meM vibhAjita karate haiM aura unako sallekhanA ke sAtha zikSAvratoM meM sammilita kara lete haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma ke digambara sampradAya meM zIlavratoM ke sambandha meM pA~ca paramparAe~ dekhI jAtI haiM- kundakunda, kArtikeya, umAsvAmI, samantabhadra aura vasunandI kI prmpraa| jainadharma ke zvetAmbara sampradAya meM do prakAra kI paramparAe~ dekhI jAtI hai- prathama, umAsvAti kI paramparA aura dvitIya upAsakadazA aura zrAvakaprajJapti kI paramparA jo haribhadra, hemacandra aura yazovijaya Adi ke dvArA anusaraNa kI gaI hai| dvitIya paramparA samantabhadra aura kArtikeya se vratoM ke krama meM kucha parivartana ke sAtha ekamata hai / vibhinna paramparAe~ vyAkhyA ke bheda ke kAraNa haiN| yaha bheda jainadharma ke AdhArabhUta siddhAntoM meM asaMgati ke kAraNa nahIM hai kintu yaha bheda samaya, sthAna aura vicAra ke jhukAva ke kAraNa utpanna hotA hai| 96. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 367 97. tattvArthasUtra, 7/21 98. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 67, 91 99. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 217, 218, 271, 272 (126) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #162
aba hama pratyeka zIlavrata ke svarUpa para vicAra kreNge| kundakunda ne cAritrapAhuDa'00 meM kevala unake nAma ginAye haiN| kevala nAmoM se unake vicAroM ko samajhanA kaThina hai| yadyapi umAsvAmI ne guNavrata aura zikSAvratoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai lekina mahAna vyAkhyAtA pUjyapAda101 aura vidyAnandi102 pahale tIna ko guNavrata mAnate haiM aura aMtima cAra ko shikssaavrt| digvrata kA svarUpa aba hama digvrata ke svarUpa ke bAre meM vicAra kreNge| sabhI paramparAe~ ise guNavrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI haiN| isake anusAra dasoM dizAoM meM apanI gatividhi kI sImA nirdhArita karanA apekSita hai|103 sImA ke lie hamAre dvArA prasiddha saMketoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai; jaise- samudra, nadI, vana, parvata, deza, yojana kA patthara aadi|104 samantabhadra05 aura 100. cAritrapAhuDa, 25,26 101. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 102. tattvArthazlokavArtika, pRSTha 467 103. zrAvakaprajJapti, 280 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 342 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 68 tattvArthasUtra bhASya, 7/21 yogazAstra, 3/1 104. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 69 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 137 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 214 sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/2 rAjavArtika, 2/7/21 105. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 68 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (127) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #163
107 akalaMka'' ne samaya kI sImA ke dRSTikoNa se spaSTa rUpa se jIvanaparyanta isako pAlana karane ko prastAvita kiyA hai jaba ki anya AcAryoM ne aspaSTa rUpa se aisA kahA hai| zrAvakaprajJapti 7 hamako batAtI hai ki cU~ki gRhastha garma lohe ke piMDa ke samAna hotA hai usakI gatividhi jahA~ kahIM bhI hotI hai hiMsA utpanna karatI hai| yadi usakI gatividhi kA kSetra sImita hogA to vaha apane Apako usa kSetra ke bAhara hiMsA karane se bacA skegaa| isa prakAra nirdhArita sImA ke bAhara sUkSma pApoM ko haTAne ke kAraNa aNuvratI (gRhastha ) mahAvratI ( muni) kI taraha ho jAtA hai / 108 isake atirikta kArtikeyAnuprekSA 109 hamako batAtI hai ki dasoM dizAoM meM sImA kA nirdhAraNa karane se lobha kaSAya niyaMtrita kI jAtI hai| yaha isa.. taraha samajhAyA jA sakatA hai ki yadyapi divratI ke dvArA AsAnI se sImA ke bAhara ke kSetra se dhana prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai to bhI vaha dhana kI prApti ko tyAga detA hai| 10 yahA~ yaha batAnA nirarthaka nahIM hogA ki bAhya saMsAra meM gatividhi kI sImA aMtaraMga kaSAyoM ko kama kara sakatI hai jisake phalasvarUpa digvrata kA uddezya pUrA ho jAtA hai| 106.rAjavArtika, 2/7/21, 20 107. zrAvakaprajJapti, 281 yogazAstra, 3 / 2 108. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 70 puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 138 sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/77 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/3 rAjavArtika, 2/7/21, 19 109.kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 341 110.sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 rAjavArtika, 2/7/21, 18 yogazAstra, 3/3 (128) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #164
digambara paramparA guNavrata 2 zikSAvrata 2 proSadhopavAsa 1. kundakunda digvrata anarthadaNDavrata sAmAyika- atithisaMvibhAga- sallekhanA .vrata vrata vrata bhogopabhogaparimANANuvrata anarthadaNDavrata digvata dezavrata sAmAyika- / proSadhopavAsavrata vrata bhogopabhogaparimANANuvrata atithisaMvibhAgavrata 2. umAsvAmI cAmuNDarAya amRtacandra somadeva amitagati 3. samantabhadra AzAdhara 4. kArtikeya Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta divrata anarthadaNDavrata dezavrata sAmAyikavrata proSadhopavAsa divrata anarthadaNDavrata For Personal & Private Use Only bhogopabhogaparimANANuvrata bhogopabhogaparimANANuvrata anarthadaNDavrata sAmAyika- vrata bhogavirati proSadhopavAsa- vaiyAvRtya vrata atithisaMvibhAga- dezavrata vrata atithisaMvibhAga- sallekhanA vrata vrata 5. vasunandI divrata dezavrata paribhoganivRtti zvetAmbara paramparA guNavrata zikSAvrata 2 3 1. umAsvAti digvata dezavrata anarthadaNDa proSadhopavAsa vrata vrata sAmAyika- vrata sAmAyikavrata bhogopabhoga- atithisaMvibhAgaparimANANuvrata vrata proSadhopavAsa- atithisaMvibhAga vrata divrata anarthadaNDavrata dezavrata bhogopabhogaparimANANuvrata vrata 2. zrAvaka prajJapti upAsakadazA haribhadra hemacandra yazovijaya (129)

Page #165
dezavrata kA svarUpa aba hama dezavrata ke svarUpa para una AcAryoM ke anusAra varNana kareMge jinhoMne ise zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / kundakunda dezavrata ko svIkAra nahIM karate, kintu usake sthAna para sallekhanA kA ullekha karate haiN| kArtikeya aura samantabhadra dezavrata ko zikSAvrata ke antargata sammilita karate haiM, lekina samantabhadra dezavrata ko prathama aura kArtikeya cauthA zikSAvrata svIkAra karate haiN| zrAvakaprajJapti,111 haribhadra112 aura hemacandra Adi ke dvArA dezavrata dUsare zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ yaha batAyA jA sakatA hai ki kArtikeya, samantabhadra aura hemacandra ne sallekhanA ko anAvazyaka nahIM mAnA hai kintu ve zIlavratoM ke pazcAt usakA varNana karate haiN| anya vicAraka!14 bhI isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana karate haiM ki sallekhanA kA varNana zIlavratoM ke varNana ke pazcAt kiyA jAnA caahie| digvrata meM vyApaka rUpa se nirdhArita kiye gaye kSetra meM se jaba ghara, udyAna, gA~va, nadI aura vana Adi ko AdhAra banAkara kSetra ko pratidina kama karate jAte haiM to yaha dezavrata kahA jAtA hai| 15 samantabhadra kahate haiM ki eka varSa, AdhA varSa, cAra mahIne, do mahIne, eka mahInA 111. zrAvakaprajJapti, 318 112. dharmabindu, 151 113. yogazAstra, 3/84 114. tattvArthasUtra, 7/22 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/98 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 175-179 115. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 92, 93 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/25, 26 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 368 zrAvakaprajJapti, 318 (130) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #166
aura pandraha dina samaya kI sImA mAnI jA sakatI hai / 116 lekina hemacandra ke anusAra eka dina yA eka rAta kI samaya- sImA bhI ho sakatI hai / 117 yaha yAda rakhanA cAhie ki sthAna kI nizcita sImA se pare nizcita samaya ke lie sthUla aura sUkSma pApa isa hada taka pUrNatayA tyAga diye jAte haiM ki dezavrata kA pAlana karanevAlA dezavrata ke sImita samaya ke lie mahAvratI kahA jA sakatA hai| 18 dezavrata ke uparyukta vicAra ke atirikta kArtikeya samajhAte haiM ki divrata ke dvArA jo vyApaka kSetra prastAvita kiyA gayA hai usameM indriya-viSayoM ko bhI sImita kiyA jAnA caahie| 119 saMbhavatayA yaha bAta bhogopabhogaparimANavrata jise unake dvArA guNavrata mAnA gayA hai usako aura bhI sImita karane kI ora agrasara honA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, dezavrata kArtikeya ke anusAra divrata aura bhogopabhogaparimANavrata ke kSetra ko sImita karatA hai jabaki samantabhadra aura zrAvakaprajJapti kevala digvrata kI sImA ko sImita karane kA samarthana karate haiN| yaha dezavrata kI vyAkhyA una logoM ke anurUpa kI gayI hai jo usako zikSAvrata svIkAra karate haiN| aba hama dezavrata ke svarUpa kA una AcAryoM ke anusAra varNana kareMge jo dezavrata ko guNavrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| umAsvAmI 20 aura vasunandI ke anusAra dezavrata eka guNavrata hai / tattvArthasUtrabhASya 21 116. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 34 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 368 117. yogazAstra, 3/84 118. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 95 119. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 367 120. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 121. tattvArthasUtra bhASya, 7 / 21 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (131)

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aura sarvArthasiddhi 22 dezavrata ke svarUpa ko samajhAte hue kahate haiM ki dezavratI apanI gatividhi ko gA~va kI sImA taka nirdhArita karate haiM, zeSa sthAnoM ko chor3a dete haiN| amitagati isa vyAkhyA kA samarthana karate haiN| 123 yadi dezavrata kI yaha vyAkhyA jo isako jIvanaparyanta pAlane kA samarthana karatI hai to digvata se isakA bheda nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| saMbhavataH isa dRSTikoNa ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue akalaMka aura cAmuNDarAya ne vizeSatayA ullekha kiyA hai ki digvata jIvanaparyanta pAlana kiyA jAtA hai lekina. dezavrata sImita samaya ke lie pAlA jAtA hai| amRtacandra ke anusAra bhI dezavrata sImita samaya ke lie pAlana kiyA jAtA hai| yadi akalaMka aura amRtacandra ke dRSTikoNa ko dhyAna meM rakhate haiM to guNavrata ke rUpa meM dezavrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM dezavrata ke bIca bheda nahIM ho skegaa| isa prakAra eka vyAkhyA ke anusAra dezavrata digvata meM samAviSTa ho jAtA hai jaba ki anya vyAkhyAoM ke anusAra ise zikSAvrata mAnA jAnA cAhie, kyoMki isakA pAlana sImita samaya ke lie prastAvita hai| yaha satya hai ki akalaMka aura amRtacandra guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ke vivAda ko TAlate haiM kyoMki ve sAta vratoM ko guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vibhakta nahIM karate haiM jaise pUjyapAda ne kiyaa| lekina phira bhI zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM dezavrata kI paramparA akalaMka aura amRtacandra kI vyAkhyA kI upekSA nahIM kara sktii| yaha saMbhAvita hai ki dezavrata ke isa vivAdAtmaka svarUpa ke kAraNa vasunandI ne ise yaha kahakara samajhAyA ki isakA artha hai una sthAnoM yA dezoM ke nivAsa ko chor3anA jahA~ vratoM kA pAlana kaThinAI se ho yA jokhima bharA ho|124 dezavrata kI isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra isako guNavrata 122. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 123. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/78 124. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 215 (132) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #168
mAnanA nyAyasaMgata hai| tattvArthasUtra ke vyAkhyAtA zrutasAgara sarvArthasiddhi meM dI gayI divrata kI vyAkhyA ko svIkAra karane ke atirikta vasunandI ke dRSTikoNa kA samarthana yaha kahate hue karate haiM ki dezavrata una sthAnoM ko TAla detA hai jo vratoM ko pAlane meM bAdhA DAlate haiM aura apane mana meM azAMti utpanna karate haiN|125 anarthadaNDavrata kA svarUpa __ aba hama anarthadaNDavrata ke svarUpa kA vicAra kreNge| sabhI AcArya isako guNavrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| kArtikeya ke anusAra anarthadaNDavrata aise tuccha kAryoM ke karane kA tyAga karanA hai jo kisI lAbhadAyaka uddezya ke lie upayogI nahIM hai|126 ve mana kI asvasthatA ko utpanna karate haiM jisakA pariNAma naitika patana hotA hai| samantabhadra ke anusAra anarthadaNDavrata meM nirarthaka kriyAoM se dUra rahanA jo azubha zArIrika, mAnasika aura vAcika prakriyAoM se utpanna hotI haiN|127 akalaMka tattvArthasUtra kI TIkA meM spaSTatayA kahate haiM ki anarthadaNDavrata ko divrata, dezavrata aura upabhogaparibhogaparimANavrata ke bIca rakhane kA uddezya divrata, dezavrata aura upabhogaparibhogaparimANavrata dvArA nirdhArita sImAoM meM na to uddezyarahita gatividhi karanA cAhie, aura na hI aise aindrika sukhoM ko bhoganA cAhie jo tuccha hoN|128 zrAvakaprajJapti dRr3hatApUrvaka kahatI hai ki jo kriyAe~ binA kisI uddezya ke kI jAtI haiM aura jo kriyAe~ kisI uddezya se kI jAtI hai unameM pUrvavartI atyadhika karmoM kA baMdhana utpanna 125. tattvArthavRtti, 7/21/10-14 126. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 343 127. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 74 128. rAjavArtika, 2/7/21, 22 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (133) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #169
karatI hai, kyoMki pUrvavartI kriyAe~ kisI bhI samaya binA kisI AvazyakatA ke kI jA sakatI hai jaba ki paravartI kriyAe~ AvazyakatA par3ane para kisI vizeSa uddezya se sampanna kI jAtI hai|129 isa prakAra anarthadaNDavrata ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM jaina dArzanikoM ke vicAroM meM spaSTa saMgati hai| anarthadaNDa ke prakAra aba hama anarthadaNDa ke prakAroM para vicAra kreNge| anarthadaNDa meM aneka prakAra kI nirarthaka aura niSphala kriyAe~ svIkAra kI gaI haiM, lekina samajhane ke dRSTikoNa se ye cAra yA pA~ca prakAra kI mAnI gayI haiN| upAsakadazA130 aura zrAvakaprajJapti131 anarthadaNDa ke cAra prakAra mAnatI haiM jaba ki kArtikeya, samantabhadra, tattvArthasUtra ke vyAkhyAtA pUjyapAda aura akalaMka anarthadaNDa ke pA~ca prakAra mAnate haiN| cAra prakAra haiM- (1) apadhyAna, (2) pApopadeza, (3) pramAdacarita aura (4) hiNsaadaan| yadi duHzruti ko sUcI meM jor3a diyA jAtA hai to anarthadaNDa ke pA~ca prakAra prApta hote haiN| yadyapi kArtikeya aura amRtacandra ne anarthadaNDa ke pA~ca prakAroM ke nAmoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, to bhI una donoM AcAryoM dvArA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai vaha uparyukta pA~ca prakAroM meM sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi gRhastha kA jIvana guNa-doSoM kA mizraNa hotA hai kyoMki vaha aNuvratoM kA pAlana karatA hai, to bhI ye anarthadaNDakartA ko isa taraha se anAvazyaka rUpa se phaMsAte haiM ki ye azubha karmoM ke Asrava ke utpAdaka 129. zrAvakaprajJapti, 290 130. Uvasagadasao, 43 131. zrAvakaprajJapti, 289 (134) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism steref # 3 Termesite for free For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #170
ho jAte haiM, jo ki akalpanIya duHkhoM ko isa jIvana meM aura AgAmI jIvana meM utpanna karate haiN| aba hama anarthadaNDa ke pA~ca prakAroM para vicAra kreNge| prathama, apadhyAna- azubha cintana- dUsare manuSyoM ke doSoM aura avaguNoM meM jhA~kanA, dUsaroM ke dhana kA lAlaca karanA,132 vyaktiyoM kI kalaha meM rasa lenA aura zikAra, hAra-jIta, corI va laeNA Adi meM dilacaspI rkhnaa|133 hemacandra'34 aura AzAdhara!35 ArtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna ko apadhyAna meM sammilita karate haiN| dvitIya, pApopadeza- una logoM ko bure nirdeza denA jo naukarI se, vyApAra se, dastAveja likhane se aura kalA ke kSetra meM kAma karane se AjIvikA upArjana karate haiN|136 samantabhadra, pUjyapAda, akalaMka aura cAmuNDarAya pApopadeza meM nimnalikhita bAtoM ko sammilita karate haiMlAbha ke lie dAsoM aura pazuoM ke becane kI carcA karanA, zikAriyoM ko nirdeza denaa| 37 pApopadeza kA saMkSipta artha hai- isa taraha se pApa pravRttiyoM ko ukasAnA jinake kAraNa vyakti duSTa, kaSAyayukta aura jIvahiMsaka tarIkoM meM Asakta ho jAtA hai| tIsarA, pramAdacarita- niruddezya kriyAe~ karanA jaise-jamIna khodanA, per3a ukhAr3anA, pAnI phailAnA, phala-phUloM 132. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 344 133. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 141, 146 134. yogazAstra, 3/75 135. sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/9 136. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 142 137. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 4/76 sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 rAjavArtika, 2/7/20 cAritrasAra, pRSTha 16, 17 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (135) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #171
pattiyoM ko tor3anA aura nirarthaka phirnaa|138 cauthA hiMsAdAna- hiMsA ke upakaraNoM ko dAna denA jaise- talavAra, dhanuSa, jahara aadi| 39 kArtikeya ke anusAra hiMsaka pazuoM kA pAlanA jaise- billI Adi aura hathiyAroM kA vyApAra karanA hiMsAdAna meM sammilita haiN| 140 pA~cavA~, duHzruti- aisI kahAniyoM ko par3hanA aura sunanA jo kaSAyottejaka hotI haiN|41 isake atirikta aise sAhitya kA adhyayana karanA jo Asakti ko bar3hAe~, kAmottejaka vastuoM kA varNana kare aura tIvra kaSAya utpanna karanevAlI. vastuoM se saMbaMdha rakheM- ye saba duHzruti meM sammilita haiN|142 vasunandI pA~ca 138. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 346 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 80 sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 143 sAgAradharmAmRta, 6/11 cAritrasAra, pRSTha 17 139. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 77 zrAvakaprajJapti, 289 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 144 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/8 sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 cAritrasAra, pRSTha 17 140. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 347 141. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 145 cAritrasAra, pRSTha17 142. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 79 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 348 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/9 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #172
prakAra ke anarthadaNDa kA varNana nahIM karate haiM kintu ve yaha ghoSaNA karate haiM ki jo anarthadaNDavrata kA pAlana kara rahA ho use lohe tathA jAla Adi kA vyApAra nahIM karanA cAhie aura kutte tathA billI Adi bhI nahIM pAlane caahie|143 bhogopabhogaparimANavrata kA svarUpa ____ aba hama bhogopabhogaparimANavrata ke svarUpa para vicAra kreNge|144 'bhoga' zabda una vastuoM se sambandhita hai jo kevala eka bAra hI prayoga meM lAyI jAtI haiM udAharaNArtha- pAna-pattI, mAlA Adi aura 'upabhoga' zabda kA sambandha una vastuoM se hai jo bAra-bAra prayoga meM lAyI jA sakatI haiM udAharaNArtha- kapar3e, AbhUSaNa, palaMga45 aadi| isa prakAra bhogopabhogaparimANavrata kA artha huA bhoga aura upabhoga kI vastuoM ke prayoga ko sImita karanA aura una vastuoM se Asakti kama krnaa|146 143. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 216 144. upAsakadazA, tattvArthasUtra tathA zrAvaka prajJapti Adi graMthoM meM isa vrata kA upabhoga-paribhoga-parimANavata nAma diyA gayA hai| yahA~ upabhoga bhoga ke samAna hai tathA paribhoga upabhoga ke samAna hai| 145. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 83 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/93 yogazAstra, 3/5 .. ... sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/14 Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, p.283 146. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 350 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 82 sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/13 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (137) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #173
bhoga aura upabhoga ke uparyukta svarUpa ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kevala vasunandI isako bhogavirati aura paribhoganivRtti meM vibhAjita karate haiN|147 yaha vrata bhoga aura upabhoga kI sImA kI svIkArAtmaka prakriyA ko hI sammilita nahIM karatA, kintu unake tyAga kI niSedhAtmaka prakriyA ko bhI sammilita karatA hai| kArtikeya kahate haiM ki ve vastue~ jo hamArI pahu~ca ke antargata haiM una vastuoM kA tyAga unase adhika prazaMsanIya hai jo na to hamAre pAsa hai aura na bhaviSya meM hoNgii| samantabhadra kahate haiM ki una vastuoM ko chor3anA jo hamAre lie anupayogI haiM aura jo ucca vyaktiyoM ke dvArA prayoga ke ayogya haiM ve vrata ke antargata sammilita nahIM mAnI jA sakatI haiN| isake antargata vicArapUrvaka anukUla vastuoM ko tyAganA hai, kyoMki uparyukta donoM prakAra kI vastue~ sAdhAraNa AdamiyoM ke dvArA prayoga meM kabhI nahIM lI jAtI haiN|148 amRtacandra kahate haiM ki gRhastha ko apanI zakti ke anusAra una vastuoM kA tyAga karanA cAhie jinakA prayoga,asvIkRta nahIM hai|149 bhogopabhogaparimANavrata meM do prakAra se tyAga bhogopabhogaparimANavrata meM tyAga do prakAra se hotA hai- yamarUpa aura niymruup| yamarUpa tyAga jIvanaparyanta hotA hai jaba ki niyamarUpa tyAga sImita samaya ke lie hotA hai| 50 nimna prakAra kI vastue~- (1) ve vastue~ jo ekendriya jIvoM se adhika prANavAloM kI hiMsA se prApta hotI haiM jaise- mAMsa aura mdhu| (2) ve vastue~ jo AdhyAtmika akarmaNyatA 147. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 217, 218 148. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 86 149. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 164 150. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 87 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/14 (138) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism teref # 341efcuite AGRA For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #174
utpanna karatI haiM jaise- madya, aphIma, dhatUre ke bIja, gAMjA Adi ko jIvanaparyanta tyAga denI caahie| isake atirikta AbhUSaNa, vAhana Adi kA prayoga jo Avazyaka nahIM hai, 151 aisI vastuoM kA prayoga jo ki mahApuruSoM ke dvArA asvIkRta kI gayI haiM vaha bhI jIvana bhara ke lie yA sImita samaya ke lie chor3a denI caahie| 152 sImita samaya ke lie bhojana, vastra, vAhana, pAna - pattI, AbhUSaNa Adi kA tyAga karanA cAhie, kyoMki gRhastha inako hamezA ke lie nahIM chor3a sakatA hai| 153 aisA anuzAsana pAlana karane se ahiMsA kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai kyoMki bhoga aura upabhoga kI vastue~ chor3ane se ina saMbaMdhI hiMsA chUTa jAtI hai| 154 bhogopabhogaparimANavrata guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vasunandI aura tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda isako zikSAvrata meM ginate haiM jabaki samantabhadra aura kArtikeya isako guNavrata mAnate haiN| yaha antara vrata ke dvayAtmaka svarUpa ke kAraNa hai| isameM yama jo lakSaNa hai aura niyama jo zikSAvrata kA lakSaNa hai- ye donoM sammilita haiN| divrata, anarthadaNDavrata, dezavrata aura bhogopabhogaparimANavrata ke svarUpa kA varNana karane ke pazcAt hama zeSa tIna vratoM sAmAyika, proSadhopavAsa aura atithisaMvibhAga kA jo ekamata se zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM sunizcita haiM, varNana kreNge| 151. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 152. rAjavArtika, 2/7/21, 27 cAritrasAra, pRSTha 25 153. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 88, 89 154. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 166 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (139) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #175
sAmAyika kA svarUpa __ sAmAyika mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyAoM kA AtmA meM tallIna honA hai|155 amRtacandra kahate haiM ki sAmAyika kA uddezya jagata : kI vastuoM se rAga-dveSa tyAganA aura mana kI sAmyAvasthA apanAne ke pazcAt AtmA ko prApta karanA hai| samantabhadra sAmAyika kI prakriyA ke lie pA~ca prakAra ke pApoM ko chor3anA prastAvita karate haiN|57 zrAvakaprajJapti ke anusAra sAmAyika niSedhAtmaka rUpa se pApa kriyAoM ko tyAganA hai aura svIkArAtmaka rUpa se niSpApa kriyAoM ko karanA hai|158 mana kI samatArUpa sthiti gRhastha ke jIvana meM zubha cintana ke samAna hotI hai, jo zubhopayoga kahI jAtI hai jisakA zuddhopayoga se bheda kiyA jAnA caahie| jisa prakAra samyagdarzana mokSa ke mUla meM hai usI prakAra sAmAyika bhI mokSa ke lie AcaraNa ke mUla meM hai| azubha, asthAyI aura duHkhapUrNa jagata ke svabhAva para cintana aura zubha, sthAyI aura AnandadAyaka mokSa ke svabhAva para cintana- ye donoM pakSa zubha cintana kI sAmagrI kI racanA karate haiN|159 sAmAyika ko saphalatApUrvaka karane ke lie sAta AvazyakatAoM para vicAra apekSita hai arthAt- sthAna, samaya, Asana, dhyAna aura tIna prakAra kI zuddhatAe~- mAnasika, zArIrika aura vaacik|160 (1) jo 155. rAjavArtika, 2/7/21, 7 cAritrasAra, pRSTha19 156. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 148 157. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 97 158. zrAvakaprajJapti, 292 159. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 104 160. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 352 (140) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism sterf A Brakusite RAGIRI For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #176
161 sthAna zAntibhaMga karanevAle kolAhala se, vyaktiyoM kI bhIr3a se, makkhI, macchara Adi kIr3oM se mukta ho vaha sAmAyika ke lie ucita sthAna hai / " dUsare zabdoM meM, zabdarahita aura ekAnta sthAna cAhe vaha jaMgala, ghara, maMdira ho yA aura koI dUsarA aisA hI sthAna sAmAyika karane ke lie cunanA caahie| 162 (2) sAmAyika dina meM tIna bAra kI jAnI cAhie arthAt- subaha, dopahara aura zAma | 13 AcArya amRtacandra kahate haiM ki gRhastha ko sAmAyika kI kriyA ko Avazyaka samajhanA cAhie aura kama se kama eka dina meM do bAra ise karanI cAhie arthAt - subaha aura shaam| 164 ve Age kahate haiM ki sAmAyika kA karanA dUsare samaya meM bhI yadi hotA hai to vaha AdhyAtmika aura naitika guNoM ko bar3hAne meM sahAyaka hogA, isalie yaha anucita nahIM hai balki hitakArI hai / " samantabhadra kahate haiM ki vyakti ko utane samaya taka sAmAyika karanI cAhie jo samaya usane apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra nizcita kiyA hai| 166 apane Apako sabhI prakAra kI sAMsArika kriyAoM se alaga karake aura sabhI mAnasika vyAkulatAoM ko jItakara sAmAyika kI avadhi ko upavAsa aura ekAsana ke dinoM meM bar3hAnA caahie| 167 isako pratidina zanaiH-zanaiH bar3hAnA cAhie, kyoMki sAmAyika pA~ca vratoM ko pUrA karane meM mahattvapUrNa sAdhana ke rUpa meM kAma kI hai| 168 (3) sAmAnyatayA 165 161. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 353 162. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 99 163. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 354 puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 149 164. 165. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 149 166. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 98 167. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 100 168. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 101 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (141)

Page #177
khar3agAsana aura padmAsana sAmAyika karane ke lie upayukta Asana batAye gaye haiN|169 (4-7) sAdhaka apane mana ko jinendra ke upadezoM para ekAgra karake aindrika sukhoM se apane ko mukta kare aura vinamra aura samarpita bhAva grahaNa kareM yA bhakti kare yA apane Apako AtmadhyAna meM lIna kre|170 usako binA mauna bhaMga kie aura binA zArIrika, mAnasika aura vAcika kriyAoM kI zuddhatAoM meM bAdhA DAle parISahoM ko sahanA caahie|171 sAmAyika karane meM jo uparyukta AvazyakatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhatA hai vaha svAbhAvika rUpa se sAre sUkSma pApoM ko bhI chor3a detA hai|172 sAmAyika kI kriyA ke lie nirdhArita samaya meM vyakti saMnyAsa ko dhAraNa karane kI ora agrasara hotA hai|173 proSadhopavAsavrata kA svarUpa samantabhadra'74 aura dUsare 75 AcArya pratipAdita karate haiM ki 169. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 355 170. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 355, 356 171. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 103 cAritrasAra, pRSTha 19 172. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 102 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 357 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 150 173. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 102 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 357 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 150 174. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 106 175. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 151 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/34 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/88 tattvArthavRtti, 7/21 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 359 Yasastilaka and Indian Culture p.282 (142) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #178
proSadhopavAsavrata meM aSTamI aura caturdazI ke dina cAra prakAra ke bhojana kA tyAga kiyA jAnA caahie| saMbhavatayA vyaktiyoM kI azaktatA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue kArtikeya 176 proSadhopavAsavrata meM dina meM eka bAra sAdA bhojana karane ko bhI sammilita karate haiN| amitagati" aura AzAdhara 178 bhI isa vrata meM kevala pAnI lenA sammilita karate haiN| isa vrata ke pAlana meM dhyAna karanA, AdhyAtmika sAhitya ko par3hanA, sAdA aura kaSAyamukta jIvana jInA aura gRhasthI ke kAryoM meM vyastatA na honA apekSita hai| 179 zrAvakaprajJapti nirUpita karatI hai ki proSadhopavAsavrata meM bhojana aura gRhasthI ke kArya AMzika yA pUrNarUpa se tyAge jAne cAhie, sAdA aura kaSAyamukta jIvana aMgIkAra kiyA jAnA caahie| isa vrata ke pAlana ke lie maMdira, sAdhuoM kA nivAsa, proSadhazAlA yA koI pavitra sthAna apane Thaharane ke lie cunanA cAhie | 180 proSadhopavAsavrata kI prakriyA vizeSarUpa se amRtacandra 181 proSadhopavAsavrata ko pAlane kI prakriyA ko nirdhArita karate haiN| gRhasthI ke sabhI kAryoM va saMsAra ke prati 176. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 359 177. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/90 178. sAgAra dharmAmRta, 5/35 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 358 179. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 107, 108 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/89 Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, p. 282 180. zrAvakaprajJapti, 322 sarvArthasiddhi, 7/21 cAritrasAra, pRSTha 22 181. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 152-157 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (143)

Page #179
Asakti ko chor3ane ke pazcAt proSadha dina ke pahale dina madhyAhna meM vrata dhAraNa karanA caahie| isake pazcAt ekAnta sthAna meM jAnA cAhie, pApapUrNa sabhI kriyAoM ko chor3anA cAhie, sabhI aindrika sukhoM ko tyAganA cAhie, zArIrika, vAcika aura mAnasika kriyAoM ko ucita rUpa se niyaMtrita karanA caahie| zubha cintana meM zeSa dina bitAne ke pazcAt zAma ko sAmAyika kI kriyA karanI caahie| AdhyAtmika sAhitya ke adhyayana meM tallIna hone ke dvArA nidrA jItakara zuddha caTAI . para rAtri ko bitAnA caahie| agalI subaha sAmAyika kI kriyA karane ke pazcAt prAsuka dravyoM ke sAtha jinendra-pUjana karanI caahie| usI taraha dina, dUsarI rAta aura tIsare dina ke madhyAhna taka satarkatA se bitAnA caahie| isa prakAra proSadhopavAsavrata kA samaya 16 yama (48 ghaMTe) niyata proSadhopavAsavrata aura pA~ca pApa sabhI prakAra kI pApapUrNa kriyAoM se mukta hone ke kAraNa proSadhopavAsavrata ko pAlana karanevAlA pUrNa rUpa se sAdhuoM ke mahAvrata pAlane ke sadRza ho jAtA hai| bhoga aura upabhoga kI vastuoM ke tyAga ke kAraNa vaha sabhI prakAra kI jIvoM kI hiMsA se dUra rahatA hai| vaha asatya, corI, abrahmacarya, aparigraha aura Asakti kA tyAga kara detA hai|182 atithisaMvibhAgavata kA svarUpa aba hama atithisaMvibhAgavata ke svarUpa kA varNana kreNge| kArtikeya ke anusAra vaha vyakti jo supAtra ko cAra prakAra kA dAna detA hai vaha atithisaMvibhAgavata kA ucita prakAra se pAlana karanevAlA hotA hai|183 182. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 158, 159 183. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 360, 361 (144) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #180
yaha dAna denA, binA kisI apekSA ke honA caahie| 184 yaha kahanA anupayukta nahIM hogA ki saMbhavatayA isa vrata ke kSetra ko bar3hAne ke lie samantabhadra ise vaiyAvRttya nAma dete haiN| isake antargata sammilita haiM- una logoM ke rogoM ko dUra karanA jo tyAga kA mArga apanA rahe haiM aura anya bhI kaI prakAra se unakI sevA karanA / 185 samantabhadra isa vrata kA pAlana karanevAloM ke lie arhantoM kI bhakti ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM / 186 atithisaMvibhAgavrata kA pAlana karane ke lie supAtroM va anya pAtroM tathA dAna dene yogya vastuoM kA jJAna atiAvazyaka hai| samyagdarzana ( AtmajAgrati) yukta AcaraNa se guNa-zreNI vikasita hotI hai| ataH tIna prakAra ke supAtra mAne gae haiN| (ka) vaha sAdhu jisane mokSa kI prApti ke lie apanA jIvana samarpita kiyA hai vaha guNoM kI zreNI para sabase U~cA hotA hai|187 (kha) gRhastha jo bAraha vratoM kA pAlana karatA hai yA gyAraha pratimAoM dvArA prastAvita AcaraNa kA pAlana karatA hai vaha guNoM kI zreNI ke madhya meM hotA hai / 188 (ga) vaha vyakti jisane samyagdarzana prApta kara 184. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 167 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 111 185. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 112 186. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 118 187. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 221 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 171 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 10/4 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/44 188. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 222 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 171 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 10/ 27-30 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/44 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (145)

Page #181
liyA hai kintu naitika AcaraNa kA pAlana nahIM kara pAtA hai vaha guNoM kI zreNI ke anta meM hotA hai|189 ina supAtroM ko bhaktipUrvaka dAna diyA jAtA hai inase bheda karane ke lie hama (I) kupAtra, (II) apAtra aura (II) karuNA pAtra ke svarUpa kA varNana kreNge| (I) samyagdarzana ke abhAva meM vaha jo vratoM kA pAlana karatA hai tathA tapasyA karatA hai usako kupAtra!90 mAnA jAtA hai arthAt usako bhaktipUrvaka dAna nahIM diyA jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, AdhyAtmikatA ke abhAva meM kevala naitika zuddhatA bhaktipUrvaka dAna kA . viSaya nahIM ho sktii| sarasarI taura para hama kaha sakate haiM ki dAna kA yaha pakSa jaina AcArazAstra kI AdhyAtmikatA para prakAza DAlatA hai| (II) vaha jo na to naitika AcaraNa yukta hai, na hI samyagdRSTi hai use apAtra'91 mAnA jAnA cAhie arthAt vaha dAna ke yogya hI nahIM hotA hai| apAtra samAja ke lie abhizApa hai| (III) bacce aura dUsare loga jo vRddha, gUMge, bahare, aMdhe, videzI aura rogI haiM unako karuNAvaza ucita vastue~ dI jAnI caahie|192 yaha ullekhanIya hai ki bhakti dAna kA sAmAjika dAna aura karuNA dAna se bheda kiyA jAnA caahie| tIna supAtra bhakti se dAna prApta karate haiM, kintu kupAtra aura karuNApAtroM ko bhI naitika yA sAmAjika dRSTikoNa se dAna denA caahie| isakA zreya jaina cintakoM ko jAtA hai ki 189. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 222 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 10/32 puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 171 sAgAradharmAmRta, 5/44 190. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 10/ 34, 35 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 223 191. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 10/36, 37, 38 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 223 192. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 235 (146) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #182
unhoMne bhaktidAna yA pAtradAna para jora dene ke kAraNa dAna ke sAmAjika pakSa kI upekSA nahIM kii| dAna dene yogya vastue~ cAra prakAra kI mAnI gayI haiM- arthAt AhAra, auSadhi, zAstra aura abhy|193 ye sabhI vastue~ pAtroM ke yogya honI caahie| kevala aisI vastue~ dI jAnI cAhie jo svAdhyAya ke lie, uccakoTi ke tapa ke lie lAbhadAyaka hoM aura jo rAga, dveSa, asaMyama Adi ko utpanna nahIM karatI hoN| gRhastha ke naitika AcaraNa kA do prakAra se nirUpaNa- vrata aura pratimA ke rUpa meM hama aNuvratoM, guNavratoM aura zikSAvratoM ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA kara cuke haiN| guNavrata aura zikSAvrata jo zIlavrata kahe gaye haiM ve vyakti ko tyAgamaya jIvana ke vikAsa ke lie zikSA dene meM samartha haiN| ve usameM pApa kI cetanA ko gaharA karate haiN| pariNAma svarUpa sUkSma hiMsA jo zubha dhyAna (dharmadhyAna aura zukladhyAna) karane ke lie bAdhA hai usake kAraNoM ko pUrNatayA haTAne ke lie zIlavrata utsAhita karate haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki gRhastha jo aNuvratoM kA pAlana karatA hai usake jIvana meM jo hiMsA zeSa rahatI hai vaha bhoga aura upabhoga kI vastuoM ke prayoga ke pariNAmasvarUpa utpanna hotI hai| aba jisakA hRdaya prakAzita ho cukA hai jisane tyAgamaya jIvana ke kartavyoM ko pAlane kI zakti prApta kara lI hai, vaha zanai:-zanaiH bhoga aura upabhoga kI vastuoM ko tyAgane kI ora calatA hai, jaba taka vaha sAdhu jIvana taka nahIM pahu~ca jaataa| dUsare zabdoM meM, jIvana kA unnata dRSTikoNa niSedhAtmakarUpa se bhoga aura upabhoga kI vastuoM ko antima 193. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 362 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 9/83, 106, 107 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 223 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (147) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #183
sImA taka kama karate jAnA hai aura svIkArAtmaka rUpa se apane jIvana ke dhyAnAtmaka pakSa ko gaharA karanA hai| niSedhAtmaka pakSa usI samaya . prazaMsita honA cAhie jaba vaha dhyAnAtmaka vikAsa yA zubha pravRttiyoM ke . svIkArAtmaka pakSa ke sAtha ho| jaina AcAra sambandhI racanAoM ke adhyayana se hama gRhastha ke .. AcAra kI vyAkhyA aNuvrata, guNavrata aura zikSAvrata ke AdhAra se pAte haiM jo vyAkhyA kA eka prakAra hai| yaha paddhati bhoga aura upabhoga kI. . vastuoM ko kramika rUpa se tyAga ke dvArA gRhastha ke cAritra ke naitika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie samartha hai| isa vyAkhyA ke prabhAvazAlI samarthaka haiM- samantabhadra, somadeva, amitagati, amRtacandra aura hemcndr| una dhArmika-naitika AcAryoM meM se umAsvAti, amRtacandra aura hemacandra ne pUrNatayA isa dRSTikoNa kA samarthana kiyA hai jaba ki zeSa ne ullikhita paddhati se gRhastha ke AcaraNa kI vyAkhyA karate hue bhI isakI dUsare prakAra se bhI vyAkhyA kI hai| dUsare prakAra ke prabhAvazAlI samarthaka arthAt jo gRhastha ke AcAra ko gyAraha prakAra kI pratimAoM ke AdhAra se vyAkhyA karate haiM ve haiM- kundakunda,19 kArtikeya,195 cAmuNDarAya% aura vsunndii|" donoM prakAroM meM samanvaya ye donoM prakAra prathama dRSTi meM jaina naitika AcaraNa ke do bhinna dRSTikoNa prastuta karate hue pratIta hote haiM, kintu ye donoM itane ghaniSTha rUpa se sambandhita haiM ki yadi vrata kI vyAkhyA ko hama AdhyAtmika vikAsa 194. cAritrapAhuDa, 22 195. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 305, 306 196. cAritrasAra, pRSTha 3 197. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 4 (148) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #184
ke lie Age bar3hAe~ to hama vikAsa ke vyavasthita sopAna prApta kara skeNge|ydi spaSTa kareM to sAmAyika, proSadhopavAsa aura bhogopabhogaparimANavrata hamako muni jIvana kI tarapha vikAsa ke nau sopAna de sakate haiN| isa prakAra do prakAroM ke bIca na pATanevAlI khAI nahIM hai| unameM nirantaratA hai aura unake bIca koI virodha nahIM hai| isake atirikta gyAraha pratimAoM ke AdhAra se vyAkhyA adhika purAnI aura pAramparika hai, kyoMki inake bAre meM purAne Agama-graMthoM meM saMdarbha prApta hote haiN|198 yadyapi pratimAoM ke AdhAra se varNana kAlAnukrama kI dRSTi se pUrva hai phira bhI tArkika prAthamikatA kA zreya vratoM ke prakAra ko diyA jA sakatA hai| gyAraha pratimAe~ __gyAraha pratimAe~ jo kundakunda,199 samantabhadra,200 cAmuNDarAya aura vasunandI201 dvArA ullikhita haiM isa prakAra haiM- (1) darzana, (2) vrata, (3) sAmAyika, (4) proSadha, (5) sacittatyAga, (6) rAtribhuktityAga, (7) brahmacarya, (8) AraMbhatyAga, (9) parigrahatyAga, (10) anumatityAga aura (11) uddisstttyaag| kArtikeya bAraha pratimAoM ke nAma ginAte haiM,202 kintu ise paramparA kI saMkhyA jo gyAraha hai usakA ullaMghana nahIM samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki prathama pratimA jo kArtikeya ne ginAyI hai vaha samyagdarzana (AdhyAtmika jAgrati) ko nirdezita karatI hai arthAt jo dUsare AcAryoM dvArA alaga nahIM ginAI gaI hai, kintu isako unhoMne prathama pratimA meM hI 198. SaTakhaNDAgama, bhAga-1, pRSTha102 . kaSAyapAhuDa, bhAga-1, pRSTha130 199. cAritrapAhuDa, 22 200. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 137-147 201. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 4 202. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 305, 306 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (149) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #185
sammilita kara liyA hai aura zeSa gyAraha pratimAoM ke nAma vahI haiN| ataH yahA~ koI pAramparika gaNanA se bhinnatA nahIM hai| prAyaH sabhI AcAryoM ne gyAraha pratimAe~ svIkAra kI haiM aura hama yaha batAne kA prayAsa kareMge ki ullikhita tIna vrata ( sAmAyika, proSadhopavAsa aura bhogopabhogaparimANa) nau pratimAoM ke AcAra sambandhI vikAsa ko samajhAne meM samartha haiN| darzana pratimA (1) prathama pratimA darzana pratimA hai| samyagdarzana kI prApti ke pazcAt sAdhaka dRr3hatApUrvaka ghRNita vastuoM ke prayoga jaise- madya, mAMsa Adi 203 ko tyAga detA hai aura sAMsArika aura svargIya sukhoM se udAsa ho jAtA hai aura anAsakti kI bhAvanA kA poSaNa karatA hai| 204 vasunandI ke dRSTikoNa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisane samyagdarzana prApta kara liyA hai aura paMca udambara phaloM ke prayoga ko tyAga diyA hai aura jUA, madya, mAMsa, madhu, zikAra aura corI Adi ko chor3a diyA hai vaha dArzanika zrAvaka kahA jAnA caahie| 205 uparyukta AsaktiyoM ko tyAgane ke atirikta vasunandI spaSTa rUpa se rAtribhojana karane kI nindA karate haiM aura tarka dete haiM ki jo rAtri meM bhojana karatA hai vaha prathama pratimA ke pAlana karane kA dAvA nahIM kara sakatA hai| 206 yadi hama prathama pratimA ke AcaraNa kA pAlana karane para thor3A-sA bhI cintana kareM to hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki 203. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 328, 329 204. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 137 cAritrasAra, pRSTha 3 205. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 57-59 206. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 314 (150) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #186
yaha pratimA samyagdarzana ke sAtha mUlaguNoM ko sammilita karatI hai| ataH mUlaguNoM kI vibhinna dhAraNAyeM prathama pratimA ke vibhinna rUpa citrita karatI haiN| yaha saMbhava hai ki isa tathya ko jAnane ke kAraNa somadeva prathama pratimA ko 'mUlavrata' kahate haiN|207 yaha kahanA anupayukta nahIM hogA ki prathama pratimA kA citraNa itanA vyApaka hai ki yaha pratimA vasunandI ke anusAra pratipAdita saba mUlaguNoM ko apane antargata sammilita kara letI hai| yaha samantabhadra aura jinasena kI dhAraNAoM ke anusAra kaThora nahIM hai jisameM pA~ca aNuvrata sammilita kiye gaye haiM aura somadeva ke dRSTikoNa se atyadhika sarala bhI nahIM hai| sAta prakAra ke vyasanoM (jUA, mAMsa, madya, zikAra, vezyAvRtti, parastrIgamana, corI) meM cAra prakAra ke vrata A jAte haiM arthAt hiMsA, jhUTha, corI aura abrhmcry| ata: isameM kucha hada taka samantabhadra aura jinasena kA dRSTikoNa sammilita ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra mUlaguNa aura samyagdarzana prathama pratimA kA citraNa kara sakate haiN| jaise mUlaguNoM kI dhAraNA gatizIla hai usI prakAra prathama pratimA kA nirUpaNa bhI gatizIla hogaa| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha pratimA una nayI vikasita kupravRttiyoM ke tyAga ko sammilita karane meM samartha hai jo vyakti ke naitika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko avaruddha kara sakatI haiN| yadi hama isa pratimA meM se samyagdarzana kI prApti ko ghaTA deM to hameM naitika vikAsa kI gyAraha pratimAe~ prApta hoNgii| jaba ki samyagdarzana ke kAraNa ye pratimAe~ AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI gyAraha pratimAe~ kahI jaayeNgii| yaha jAnanA atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai ki prathama pratimA naitika AcaraNa ke prAraMbhika 207. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 59 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, bhUmikA, pRSTha 50 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (151) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #187
prazikSaNa ke samAna hai| hama mUlaguNoM ke pRthak rUpa se ullekha ko samyagdarzana ke sAtha kI apekSA adhika ucita mAnate haiM kyoMki ve mUlaguNa adhisaMkhyaka sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM ke dvArA pAlana kiye jA sakate haiM, jisake kAraNa sAmAjika DhA~cA naitika rUpa se surakSita raha sakatA hai| vrata pratimA (2) dvitIya pratimA vrata pratimA kahI gayI hai| yaha gRhastha ke vikAsa kI dvitIya zreNI hai jisameM atisAvadhAnIpUrvaka aNuvratoM, guNavratoM aura zikSAvratoM kA pAlana sammilita hai| ina vratoM kA varNana pUrva meM kiyA jA cukA hai| 208 sAmAyika aura proSadha pratimA ( 3 ) tIsarI sAmAyika aura (4) cauthI proSadha pratimA kahI jAtI hai| eka prazna pUchA jA sakatA hai jaba sAmAyika aura proSadhopavAsa zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM mAne gaye haiM to ve yahA~ tIsarI aura cauthI pratimA ke rUpa meM kyoM mAne jA rahe haiM ? vAstava meM yaha prazna aura adhika mahattvapUrNa bana jAtA hai ki jaba hama dekhate haiM ki samantabhadra aura kArtikeya sAmAyika aura proSadha donoM ko vratoM aura pratimAoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| aura unhoMne donoM ke lie eka-sA hI AcaraNa prastAvita kiyA hai| sAmAyika pratimA meM kArtikeya apane jIvana meM jokhima upasthita hone ke bAvajUda bhI mana, vacana aura kAya se dRr3ha saMkalpa dhAraNa karanA prastAvita karate haiM 209 jaba ki samantabhadra isa bAta ko sAmAyika vrata meM batAte haiN| 210 samantabhadra sAmAyika pratimA meM yaha kahakara bheda karate haiM ki 208. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 318 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 207 209. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 371, 372 210. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 103 (152) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #188
dina meM tIna bAra sAmAyika kA pAlana karanA cAhie 211 jaba ki kArtikeya ne isa bAta ko vratoM meM batA diyA hai| 212 isa taraha proSadha pratimA aura proSadha vrata meM kArtikeya aura samantabhadra dvArA viziSTa bheda nahIM kiyA gayA hai| hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jo yaha bheda batAye gaye haiM ve itane upekSaNIya haiM ki una vratoM ko svatantra pratimA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane ke lie hamAre pAsa koI yatheSTa pramANa nahIM hai| AzAdhara 213 kA tarka hai ki ye zIla jo aNuvrata kI rakSA kA kArya karate haiM ve pratimAoM meM svatantra vrata bana jAte haiM akATya nahIM hai, kyoMki ye zIlavrata jo rakSA kA kAma karate the ve vrata kyoM nahIM kahe jA sakate haiM? 'zIla' zabda jo vratoM ke pahale lagatA hai vaha kevala viziSTatA darzAtA hai aura unake vrata hone kA vilopana nahIM karatA hai| saMbhavatayA punarAvRtti ke kAraNa vasunandI ne zIlavratoM meM se ina vratoM ko haTA diyA aura unakA do pratimAoM ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyaa| yadi kundakunda aura kArtikeya isa prakAra ke varNana kA samarthana karate haiM arthAt sAmAyika aura proSadha ko vrata aura pratimA donoM rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM to saMbhavatayA yaha batAne kA prayAsa hai ki gahana AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora bar3hane ke lie inakA parama mahattva hai| vAstava meM ye gRhastha ke pUrNa AdhyAtmika jIvana kA sAra prastuta karate haiN| isake atirikta sAmAyika aura proSadhopavAsa aMtaraMga rUpa se saMbaMdhita hote haiM, isalie eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiN| proSadhopavAsa sAmAyika ke ucita pAlana meM sahAyaka hai aura kabhI-kabhI sAmAyika proSadhopavAsa ke 211. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 139 212. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 354 213. sAgAradharmAmRta, 7/6 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (153)

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pAlana ko protsAhita karatI hai| isa prakAra yadi vasunandI saiddhAntika rUpa se nyAyasaMgata haiM to kundakunda aura kArtikeya vyavahArika rUpa se hai| AdhyAtmikatA ke vijJAna meM siddhAnta vyavahAra kI barAbarI nahIM kara sakatA hai| isalie yadi ye vrata pratimA kI zreNI meM unnata kiye jAte haiM to yaha AdhyAtmika cetanA kI gaharAI kA samarthana karanA hai, isalie yaha tarkasaMgata hai| zeSa pratimAe~ sAmAyika aura proSadhopavAsa kI vratoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti hote hae bhI pratimA ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra ko nyAyasaMgata mAnane ke pazcAt aba hama zeSa pratimAoM ke svarUpa ke bAre meM vicAra kreNge| zeSa sabhI pratimAe~ bhoga aura upabhoga ke tyAga para nirbhara karatI haiN| (5) pA~cavIM pratimA sacittatyAga pratimA kahalAtI hai| isameM una vastuoM ke prayoga kA / tyAga karanA hai jinameM jIvana hotA hai arthAt jar3a, phala, pattI, chAla, bIja aadi|214 isa pratimA ke dvArA samarthita AcaraNa kA pAlana karanevAlA vyakti una vastuoM ko jo usake dvArA tyAgI gaI hai svayaM nahIM khAtA aura dUsaroM ko bhI nahIM khilAtA hai|15 yaha pratimA bhoga kI vastuoM ke tyAga kI ora saMketa karatI hai mukhyatayA sacitta bhojn| (6) chaThI pratimA rAtribhukti kahI jAtI hai| kundakunda,216 kArtikeya217 214. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 380 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 141 sAgAra dharmAmRta, 6/8 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 295 215. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 380 216. cAritrapAhuDa, 22 217. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 382 Ethical Doctrines in Jainis For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura samantabhadra ne isakA samarthana kiyA hai| kArtikeya ke anusAra jo isa pratimA para bar3ha gayA hai vaha svayaM rAtri ko bhojana nahIM khAtA aura na hI dUsaroM ko khilAtA hai| (7) sAtavIM pratimA brahmacarya pratimA kahalAtI hai jo pUrNa brahmacarya ko prastAvita karatI hai|19 (8) AThavIM220 pratimA AraMbhatyAga pratimA kahI jAtI hai jisameM sAdhaka naukarI, vyApAra aura jIvikopArjana ke sAdhanoM ko chor3a detA hai| isake atirikta vaha dUsaroM ko vyApAra Adi kA sujhAva nahIM detA hai aura jo koI bhI vyApAra Adi karate haiM unakI prazaMsA nahIM krtaa|21 (9) navI pratimA parigrahatyAga pratimA kahalAtI hai jo saba prakAra ke parigraha ke tyAga ko prastAvita karatI hai sivAya vastroM ke aura una vastroM meM bhI sAdhaka Asakta nahIM hotA hai|22 samantabhadra aura kArtikeya ke anusAra isa pratimA ko pAlanevAle ko sivAya vastroM ke sabhI prakAra ke parigraha ko tyAga denA caahie|23(10) dasavIM pratimA anumatityAga pratimA kahalAtI hai jisameM 218. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 142 219. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 384 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 297 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 143 sAgAradharmAmRta, 7/16 220. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 144 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 298 221. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 385 222. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 299 223. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 386 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 145 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (155) For Personal & Private Use Only

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sAdhaka ghara-saMbaMdhI mAmaloM meM salAha nahIM detA hai|224 vaha apane lie banAye gaye bhojana va vastroM ke tyAga ke atirikta aura sabhI tyAga detA hai| (11) gyArahavIM pratimA uddiSTatyAga pratimA kahI jAtI hai| yaha usa samaya prApta hotI hai jaba sAdhaka ghara chor3a detA hai aura jaMgala meM calA jAtA hai jahA~ muni rahate haiM aura guru kI upasthiti meM vaha vrata dhAraNa karatA hai| vaha tapa karatA hai, bhikSA se bhojana prApta karatA hai aura eka laMgoTI pahanatA hai| isa taraha se vaha uttama zrAvaka kahalAtA hai|25 ... gRhastha ke naitika AcaraNa kI vyAkhyA kA suvyavasthita tIsarA prakAra gRhastha ke naitika AcaraNa kI tIsare prakAra se bhI vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| yaha prakAra vyAkhyA kI vyApaka pravRtti ke phalasvarUpa utpanna huA hai| sallekhanA jo kundakunda ne vratoM meM sammilita kI hai vaha dUsare AcAryoM dvArA vratoM meM se bAhara nikAla dI gayI aura usako alaga sthAna diyA gyaa| isake atirikta, mUlaguNa, vrata aura pratimA eka dUsare se bhinna pratIta hote haiN| yadyapi pratimA kI dhAraNA mUlaguNoM aura vratoM ko sammilita karane meM samartha hai phira bhI ye mUlaguNoM kA samyagdarzana ke sAtha mizraNa kara detI hai| isa prakAra yaha mUlaguNoM ko unake maulika prayojana se dUra kara detI hai arthAt sAdhAraNa AdamI ko naitikatA ke alpatamarUpa se dUra kara detI hai| yadyapi mUlaguNa aura samyagdarzanasahita vrata pratimA ko utpanna karate haiM phira bhI sallekhanA alaga raha jAtI hai| isa prakAra pratimAoM kI dhAraNA do doSoM se grasita hai| prathama, mUlaguNoM ke vyApaka kSetra ko aMgIkAra na karanA 224. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 388 ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 146 vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, 300 225. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 147 (156) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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aura dvitIya sallekhanA ko inameM sammilita nahIM karanA hai| mUlaguNoM aura samyagdarzanasahita vratoM kI dhAraNA kA eka doSa hai aura vaha yaha hai ki yaha sallekhanA ko apane antargata sammilita nahIM karatA hai| saMbhavatayA ina doSoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue jinasena226 ne gRhastha ke AcAra kA varNana karane ke lie vyApaka paddhati nikaalii| unhoMne sampUrNa AcAra ko pakSa, caryA aura sAdhana meM vibhakta kara diyaa| inake AcaraNa ke pAlanevAle ko (1) pAkSika, (2) naiSThika aura (3) sAdhaka zrAvaka kahA jAtA hai| AzAdhara ne sAgAradharmAmRta meM isa paddhati ko AdhAra rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| (1) vaha vyakti jo trasa (do indriya se paMcendriya taka) jIvoM kI saMkalpAtmaka hiMsA kA tyAga karatA hai aura mUlaguNoM27 kA pAlana karatA hai vaha pAkSika zrAvaka kahalAtA hai| pAkSika zrAvaka apane Apako madya, mAMsa, madhu, pA~ca prakAra ke udumbara phala aura sAta prakAra ke vyasanoM aura rAtribhojana se alaga rakhatA hai|28 isake atirikta vaha arahantoM kI pUjA karatA hai, guruoM ke prati zraddhA rakhatA hai aura pAtroM ko dAna detA hai|229 vaha sabake prati maitrI kA abhyAsa kare, guNavAnoM kI prazaMsA kare, dukhiyoM ke prati karuNAvAna ho aura jo virodhI haiM unake prati udAsIna rhe|30 (2) vaha vyakti jo apane Apa ko vrata aura pratimAoM ke pAlana meM lagAtA hai vaha naiSThika zrAvaka kahalAtA hai aura (3) aMta . 226. AdipurANa, 145 227. sAgAradharmAmRta, 1/19, 2/2 228. sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/17, 76 229. sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/23, 86 230. sAgAradharmAmRta, 1/19 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (157) For Personal & Private Use Only

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meM jo sallekhanA kA AcaraNa karatA hai vaha sAdhaka zrAvaka kahalAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki gRhastha dharma ke AcaraNa kA varNana karane meM isa paddhati meM pUrva sabhI paddhatiyA~ ucita prakAra se samanvita kara lI gaI. sallekhanA kA svarUpa aura isakA AtmaghAta se bheda gRhastha ke naitika AcaraNa kI tInoM prakAra kI paddhatiyoM meM sAmaJjasya sthApita karane ke pazcAt aba hama jainadharma meM mAnya sallekhanA kI dhAraNA ko smjhaayeNge| isakA artha hai bAhya zarIra aura Antarika kaSAyoM ko (unake poSaNa ke kAraNoM ko zanaiH-zanaiH haTAne ke dvArA) ucita prakAra se durbala karanA, jisase vyakti vartamAnaM zarIra ko tyAga ske|31 yadi aura adhika spaSTIkaraNa kiyA jAya to kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMkaTa, akAla, bur3hApA aura roga ke aparihAryarUpa se sammukha hone para AdhyAtmika kriyAoM ke pAlane meM kaThinAI hone ke kAraNa vartamAna zArIrika DhA~ce ke tyAga kI prakriyA ko sallekhanA kahA jAtA hai|232 yaha samajhanA cAhie ki sallekhanA kI prakriyA yA to usa samaya svIkAra kI jAnI cAhie jaba dhArmika kriyAe~ zArIrika azaktatAoM ke kAraNa khatare meM par3a gaI hoM yA usa samaya jaba svAbhAvika mRtyu kA samaya pUrNa saMbhAvanA se jAna liyA gayA hai|233 niHsandeha zarIra jo AtmA ke utthAna kA mAdhyama hai use ucita prakAra se poSita kiyA jAnA cAhie, usakI samhAla kI jAnI cAhie aura bImAriyoM kA binA pIche haTe 231. sarvArthasiddhi, 7/22 232. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 122 233. sAgAradharmAmRta, 8/20 amitagati zrAvakAcAra, 6/98 yogazAstra, 3/148 (158) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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gaMbhIratApUrvaka mukAbalA kiyA jAnA caahie| kintu yadi zarIra hamAre gaMbhIra prayatnoM ko saphala na hone de to hameM apanI mAnasika zAMti ko bacAne ke uddezya se ise durjana kI taraha chor3ane meM nahIM hicakicAnA cAhie | 234 isa prakAra yadi vyakti vartamAna jIvana ke samApta hone ke kAraNoM ke sammukha hotA hai to usako sallekhanA kI prakriyA kA sahArA lenA caahie| yaha prakriyA mRtyu kA AdhyAtmika svAgata hai / yaha mRtyu ke sAmane jhukanA nahIM hai balki nirbhayatApUrvaka aura yatheSTa prakAra se mRtyu kI cunautI ko svIkAra karanA hai / mRtyu kA yaha AnandadAyaka AliMgana hamArI AdhyAtmika pravRttiyoM ko punarjanma meM le jAyegA, 235 lekina isa prakriyA ko apanAnA bilakula hI AsAna nahIM hai| ve vyakti jinhoMne jIvanabhara pApakArya kiye haiM sallekhanA kI prakriyA ko dhAraNa karane kI soca bhI nahIM sakate haiM isake lie to prAraMbha se hI gaMbhIra prayAsa kI AvazyakatA hai| samantabhadra 236 kahate haiM ki tapasyAe~ yadi ImAnadArI aura gaharAI se saphalatApUrvaka pAlana kI jAtI haiM to udAtta mRtyu kA phala utpanna hotA hai| AtmasaMyama, svAdhyAya, tapa, pUjA aura dAna- ye sabhI vyartha ho jAte haiM yadi mana jIvana ke AkhirI samaya meM zuddha nahIM hai| jisa prakAra rAjA kA prazikSaNa, jisane hathiyAroM kA prayoga bAraha varSoM taka sIkhA vyartha ho jAtA hai yadi vaha yuddha ke maidAna meM mUrcchita ho jAya | 237 isalie kevala zarIra kI zaktiyoM ko ghaTAnA lAbhadAyaka nahIM hai, yadi isakA pariNAma kaSAyoM ko jItanA na ho| zarIra ko kRza karane kI 234. sAgAradharmAmRta, 8 / 5, 6, 7 235. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 175 236. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 123 237. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, p. 287 Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only (159)

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pariNati kaSAyoM kA tyAga karane meM hai|238 zarIra kA mRtyu ke prati samarpaNa itanA kaThina nahIM mAnA gayA hai jitanA AtmasaMyama kA pAlana aura apane mana ko AtmA meM lagAnA hai usa samaya jaba ki prANa zarIra se alaga ho rahe haiN|239 yahA~ kaSAyoM ke nirAkaraNa para jora hai, pariNAmasvarUpa yaha udAtta mRtyu ahiMsA kI paripAlanA kA kAma karatI hai|240 cU~ki yahA~ kaSAyoM ke tyAga para jora hai, ata: sallekhanA kI prakriyA kA AtmaghAta se anivAryataH bheda kiyA jAnA caahie| saca to yaha hai ki AtmaghAta kaSAyoM ke kAraNa pAnI, Aga, jahara aura zvAsa rokanA Adi kusAdhanoM se kiyA jAtA hai|241 ucita prakAra se kI gaI sallekhanA kI tulanA meM AtmaghAta sarala hai| sallekhanA usa samaya grahaNa kI jAtI hai jaba ki zarIra vyakti kI AdhyAtmika AvazyakatAoM ko pUrNa karane meM asaphala ho jAtA hai aura jaba mRtyu kA Agamana nirvivAda rUpa se nizcita ho jAtA hai, kintu AtmaghAta bhAvAtmaka azAnti ke kAraNa jIvana meM kisI bhI samaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| sallekhanA kI prakriyA yadi sallekhanA242 kI prakriyA kA varNana kareM to kahA jA sakatA hai ki sAdhaka ko rAga, dveSa aura moha ko tyAgakara mana kI pavitratA ko prApta karanA caahie| isake pazcAt vinamra aura madhura zabdoM se apane parivAra ke sadasyoM se aura dUsaroM se bhI prArthanA karanI cAhie ki ve usako kSamA kare deM, una bure kAryoM ke lie jo unake prati kiye gaye haiM jAnabUjhakara 238. sAgAradharmAmRta, 8/22 239. sAgAradharmAmRta, 8/24 240. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 179 241. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, 178 242. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 124-128 (160) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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yA anajAne meM coTa pahu~cAne ke lie| usako svayaM ko bhI unako hRdaya se kSamA kara denA cAhie una bAtoM ke lie jo kinhIM avasaroM para unake dvArA usako kaSTa pahu~cAyA gayA hai| use pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie aura apane Apako binA udAsI, garva aura ghRNA ke utsAhapUrvaka svAdhyAya meM lagAnA caahie| poSaNa (bhojana) zanaiH-zanaiH chor3anA cAhie, jisase mAnasika azAnti TAlI jA ske| mAnasika samatA kA lagAtAra rahanA mukhya AvazyakatA hai| bhojana kA tyAga zarIra ko durbala karane ke lie Avazyaka rUpa se AtmA kI zakti ko bar3hAne meM saMtulana ke lie honA caahie| dUsare zabdoM meM, AdhyAtmika UrjA kA kramika vikAsa bhautika poSaNa ke kAraNoM ke tyAga meM phalita honA caahie| prathama, bhojana ko tyAgakara kevala dUdha aura chenA lenA cAhie aura usako bhI tyAgakara garama pAnI lenA caahie| tatpazcAt upavAsa karanA cAhie aura phira arahaMta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu ke pavitra nAmoM para dhyAna karanA caahie| dhyAna karane ke pazcAt sAdhaka ko apane zarIra ko aMtima vidAI de denI caahie| Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (161) For Personal & Private Use Only

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sandarbha-grantha-sUcI 1. amitagati zrAvakAcAra, anantakIrti digambara jaina granthamAlA, bambaI 2. ahiMsA tattva darzana, muni nathamala, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, cUru (rAja.) 3. AcArasAra, vIranandi, zAntisAgara digambara jaina granthamAlA 4. AdipurANa, jinasena, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 5. AptamImAMsA, samantabhadra, muni anantakIrti granthamAlA, bambaI 6. kaSAyapAhuDa, guNadharAcArya, digambara jaina saMgha, caurAsI mathurA kArtikeyAnuprekSA, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 7. 8. gommaTasAra karmakANDa, nemicandra, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 9. gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, nemicandra, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 10. cAritrapAhuDa, kundakunda pATanI digambara jaina granthamAlA, aSTapAhuDa ke antargata 11. cAritrabhakti, pUjyapAda, akhila vizva jaina mizana, dazabhaktisaMgraha ke antargata 12. cAritrasAra, cAmuNDarAya, mANikacandra digambara jaina granthamAlA 13. jainadarzanasAra, cainasukhadAsa, sadbodha granthamAlA, jayapura 14. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, nAthUrAma premI, jaina grantharatnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI 15. tattvArthazlokavArtika, vidyAnandi, gAMdhI nAthAraMgajI jaina granthamAlA, bambaI 16. tattvArthasUtra, umAsvAmI, sarvArthasiddhi ke antargata, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 17. tattvArthAdhigamasUtra bhASya, umAsvAmI, sarvArthasiddhi ke antargata, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 18. tattvArthavRtti, zrutasAgarasUri, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 19. darzanapAhuDa, kundakunda, pATanI digambara jaina granthamAlA aSTapAhuDa ke antargata 20. darzanasAra, devasena, jaina granthAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI (162) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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21. dazavaikAlika sUtra, jaina zAstramAlA kAryAlaya, lAhaura 22. dravyasaMgraha, sarala jaina grantha bhaNDAra, jabalapura 23. dharmabindu, haribhadra, candubhAI lakhubhAI pArIkha, ahamadAbAda 24. niyamasAra, padmaprabhamaladhArIdeva kI TIkA sahita, jaina granthAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI 25. paJcAdhyAyI, rAjamalla, malika granthaprakAza kAryAlaya, indaura 26. paJcAstikAya, kundakunda, amRtacandra aura jayasena kI TIkA sahita, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 27. paramAtmaprakAza, yogindu, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 28. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, amRtacandra, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 29. pravacanasAra, kundakunda, amRtacandra aura jayasena kI TIkA sahita, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 30. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodaya aura mUlAdhAradarpaNa TIkA sahita, sakhArAma nemacanda digambara jaina granthamAlA, zolApura 31. bhAvanAviveka, cainasukhadAsa, sadbodha granthamAlA, jayapura 32. bhikSu vicAra darzana, muni nathamala, jaina zvetAmbara terApaMtha mahasabhA, kalakattA 33. mUlAcAra, vaTTakera, anantakIrti digambara jaina granthamAlA, bambaI 34. mokSapAhuDa, kundakunda, pATanI digambara jaina granthamAlA, mAroTha, aSTapAhuDa ke ... antargata 35. yuktyanuzAsana, samantabhadra, vIra sevA mandira, dariyAgaMja, dillI 36. yogazAstra, hemacandra , RSabhacandra toharI, dillI .37. yogasAra, yogIndu, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 38. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, samantabhadra, vIra sevA mandira, dariyAgaMja, dillI .. 39. rAjavArtika, akalaMka, bhAga-1, 2, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 40. vasunandI zrAvakAcAra, vasunandI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 41. vRhatkathAkoza, DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye kI bhUmikA * 42. zrAvakaprajJapti, umAsvAti, jaina jJAna prakAzaka, maNDala,sarrApha bAjAra, bambaI Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (163) For Personal & Private Use Only

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43. SaTkhaNDAgama, bhAga - 1, 2, 13, vIrasena, puSpadanta aura bhUtabali kI dhavalA TIkA sahita, jaina sAhitya uddhAraka phaNDa kAryAlaya, amarAvatI 44. saptabhaMgitaraMgiNI, vimaladAsa, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 45. samayasAra, kundakunda, amRtacandra aura jayasena kI TIkA sahita, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 46. samAdhizataka, pUjyapAda, vIrasevA mandira, dariyAgaMja, dillI 47. sarvArthasiddhi, pUjyapAda, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI 48. sAgAradharmAmRta, AzAdhara, mUlacanda kizanadAsa kApaDiyA, sUrata 49. siddhabhakti pUjyapAda, akhila vizva jaina mizana, dazabhaktisaMgraha ke antargata 50. subhASitaratnasaMdoha, amitagati, hindI granthamAlA kAryAlaya, bambaI , mAroTha 'aSTapAhuDa' ke. 51. sUtrapAhuDa, kundakunda, pATanI digambara jaina granthamAlA, antargata 52. syAdvAdamaJjarI, malliseNa, rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA, bambaI 53. svayaMbhUstotra, samantabhadra, vIra sevA mandira, dariyAgaMja, dehalI 54. Age of Imperial Unity, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay 55. acaranga-Suutra, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII 56. Bhagavai, referred by S. B. Deo, History of Jaina Monachism, Deccan College, Poona 57. Dravya-Samgraha, Sacred Books of the Jains, Vol.I 58. Epitome of Jainism, Nahar and Ghosh, Calcutta 59. Evolution of Religion, referred by R. D. Ranade, Constructive Survey of Upanisadic Philosophy 60. History of Philosophy Eastern and Western Vol.I, George Allen and Unwin, Londan 61. History of Jaina Monachism, S. B. Deo, Deccan College, Poona 62. Idea of God, Pringle Pattison, Oxford University Press, London 63. Indian Philosophy by Radhakrishnan Vol. I & II, George Allen and Unwin, London (164) Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta For Personal & Private Use Only

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64. Kalpa Sutra, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII 65. Mahavira and his Philosophy of life, Dr. A. N. Upadhye, The Indian Institute of Culture, Bangalore-4 66. Mysticism in Maharashtra, R.D.Ranade, University of Bombay, Bombay 67. Niyamsara, Kundakunda, Sacred Books of the Jains, Vol.IX 68. Sacred Books of the East Series, Vol.XLV, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi 69. Studies in Jain Philosophy, Nathmal Tatia, Jaina Cultural Research Society, Banaras 70. Sutrakstanga, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLV 71. Uttaradhyayana, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLV 72. Uvasagadasao, Oriental book Agency, Poona 73. Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, Handiqui, Jivaraja Granthamala, Sholapur Ethical Doctrines in Jainism jainadharma meM AcArazAstrIya siddhAnta (165) For Personal & Private Use Only

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