Bauddhkalin Bharat

Author(s): Janardan Bhatt
Publisher: Sahitya Ratnamala Karyalay
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/034762/1

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sAhitya-ratna-mAlA-3 e 213 holl 5 jaina graMthamALA sAhena, lApanagara. phona : 0278-2425322 3004841 - -zrImAn ThAkura kalyANasiMha jI zekhAvata jAgIradAra khAcariyAvAsa (jayapura).] -kAlIna bhArata arthAt buddha-janma ke samaya se gupta sAmrAjya ke udaya taka ke bhArata kI rAjanItika sAmAjika, Arthika Adi vyavasthAoM kA varNana che. - zrI yoA na 8.52. lekhaka janArdana bhaTTa ema0 e0 prakAzaka rAmacaMdra varmA sAhitya-ratna-mAlA kAryAlaya, kAzI 600] saM0 1982 vi0 [mUlya 3)

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sAhitya-rasa-mAtA [saMrakSaka-zrImAn ThAkura kalyANasiMha jI zekhAvata bI. e. jAgIradAra nAcariyAvAsa (jayapura).] bauddha-kAlIna bhArata arthAt buddha-janma ke samaya se gupta sAmrAjya ke udaya taka ke bhArata kI rAjanItika sAmAjika, Arthika A vyavasthAoM kA varNana zrI. yaza lekhaka janArdana bhaTTa ema0 e prakAzaka rAmacaMdra varmA sAhitya ratna-mAlA kAryAlaya, kAzI 'pahalI bAra 160.]. saM. 1682 vi0 [ mUlya 3)

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prakAzaka rAmacaMdra varmA, sAhitya-ratna-mAlA kAryAlaya, kaashii| mudraka gaNapati kRSNa gurjara, zrIlakSmInArAyaNa presa, jatanabar3a, kaashii|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata

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cir3AvA nibAsau seTha dulIcandajI DAlamiyA

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5 samarpaNa yaha sneha-bheTa paropakArI, udAra-hRdaya, hindI-hitaiSI, cir3AvA-nivAsI seTha dulIcandra jI DAlamiyA sAdara samarpita hai| janArdana bhtttt| Balira Avi

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prakAzaka kA nivedana sAhitya-rana-mAlA kA yaha tIsarA graMtha "bauda-kAlIna bhArata" pAThakoM kI sevA meM prastuta karate hue mujhe bahuta santoSa tathA mAnanda hotA hai| isa santoSa tathA bhAnanda kA kAraNa yaha hai ki maiMne graMthoM kA jo bhAdarza apane sAmane rakhakara sAhitya-rana-mAlA kA prakAzana AraMbha kiyA thA, yaha graMtha bhI, pahale donoM graMthoM kI bhA~ti, usa Adarza ke anurUpa hI hubhA hai| jaisA ki pAThakoM ko isake anuzIlana se vidita hogA, isake suyogya lekhaka mahodaya ne isake likhane meM prazaMsanIya parizrama kiyA hai, aura apane pratipAdya viSaya se sambandha rakhanevAlI bahuta adhika sAmagrI kA acchA upayoga kiyA hai| bauda-kAlIna bhArata ke saMbaMdha kI prAyaH sabhI upayogI aura jJAtavya bAtoM kA isameM samAveza huA hai. karIba karIba sabhI bAteM isameM A gaI haiN| ____ yaha graMtha Aja se prAyaH tIna sAr3he tIna varSa pahale likhA gayA thA; para duHkha ke sAtha kahanA par3atA hai ki itane dinoM meM aise acche graMtha ko prakAzita karane ke liye koI prakAzaka hI na milaa| hindI ke prakAzakoM bhaura pAThakoM ke liye yaha eka prakAra se lajA kI hI bAta hai| maiM svayaM apane anubhava se kaha sakatA hU~ ki hindI meM acche graMthoM kA utanA adhika Adara nahIM hotA, jitanA honA caahie| para sAhitya-raba-mAlA bhArthika lAbha kI dRSTi se nahIM nikAlI gaI hai / aura isI liye jaba yaha graMtha mere sAmane AyA, taba maiM turanta hI ise prakAzita karane ke liye taiyAra ho gayA / yadyapi mujhe kaI kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A aura isa graMtha kI bhASA Adi ThIka karane meM bahuta kucha parizrama bhI karanA par3A,

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tathApi Aja ise prakAzita karake maiM apane Apako saphala-manoratha samajhatA huuN| aba isakA Adara karanA yA na karanA hindI-saMsAra ke hAtha hai| eka bAta aura hai| yaha graMtha san 1922 meM likhA gayA thA; aura taba se aba taka itihAsa tathA purAtattva ke kSetroM meM aneka naI naI bAtoM kA patA lagA hai aura bahuta sI naI naI khojeM huI haiN| maiM apane alpa jJAna ke anusAra isameM thor3A bahuta parivartana aura parivarddhana karanA cAhatA thA (aura kahIM kahIM maiMne aisA kiyA bhI hai); para aneka kAraNoM se merI vaha icchA sarvAza meM pUrI nahIM ho sakI, isakA mujhe duHkha hai| udAharaNArtha pATaliputra kI kumharAr3a (paTanA) vAlI khudAI se jo aneka naI bAteM mAlama huI haiM, unakA isameM samAveza nahIM ho sakA hai| mAlava sikkoM para jo "mapojaya" "magaja" "majava" "majupa" Adi kaI nirarthaka jAna par3anevAle zabda milate haiM, unake saMbaMdha meM zrIyukta kAzIprasAdajI jAyasavAla kI usa AnumAnika vyAkhyA kA bhI isameM ullekha ho jAnA cAhie thA, jo unhoMne apane nava-prakAzita Hindu Polity nAmaka graMtha ke pahale khaMDa ke pariziSTa meM kI hai| parantu isa prakAra kI truTiyoM kA uttaradAyI maiM ho sakatA hU~, isake suyogya lekhaka mahodaya nhiiN| hA~, yadi kabhI saubhAgyavaza isa graMtha ke dUsare saMskaraNa kI naubata AIjisake liye ki maiM nirAza nahIM hU~-to ina abhAvoM kI pUrti avazya hI kara dI jaaygii| AzA hai, hindI-premiyoM meM isa pratha kA samucita Adara hogaa| nivedaka phAlguna zukla 11 saMvat 1982. ) rAmacaMdra vrmaa|

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viSaya-sUcI prAkathana ... ... pRSTha 1 se 2 bhUmikA pRSTha / se4 pahalA adhyAya bauddha-kAlIna itihAsa kI sAmagrI pAlI, prAkRta aura saMskRta ke graMtha-jAtaka-bauddha dharma ke prAcIna graMtha jaina dharma ke sUtra graMtha-kauTilIya artha zAstra-pataMjali kA mahA bhASya-purANoM kI rAja-vaMzAvalI-dIpavaMza aura mahAvaMza-mudrArAkSasa8. rAjataraMgiNI-videzI itihAsakAroM aura yAtriyoM ke graMthoM meM bhArata ke ullekha-megAsthinIja-eriyana-phAhiyAna aura hventsAMga-zilAlekha tathA sike Adi-zilAlekha-sikke prAcIna bauddha sthAnoM ke bhagnAvazeSa aura muurtiyaaN| pRSTa 1 se. dUsarA adhyAya __ buddha ke janma-samaya meM bhArata kI dazA rAjanItika dazA-aMgoM kA rAjya-magadhoM kA rAjya-kAzI kA rAjya-kozaloM kA rAjya-vRjiyoM kA rAjya-malloM kA rAjya-cediyoM kA rAjya-vatsoM kA rAjya-kuruoM kA rAjya-paMcAloM kA rAjyamatsyoM kA rAjya-zUrasenoM kA rAjya-azmakoM kA rAjya-avantiyoM kA rAjya-gaMdhAroM kA rAjya-kaMbojoM kA rAjya-sAmAjika dazAdhArmika dazA-yajJa aura balidAna-haTha yoga aura tapasyA-jJAnamArga aura dArzanika vicAra / pRSTha 8 se 25

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tIsarA adhyAya jaina dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa jaina dharma kI sthApanA-jaina dharma kI prAcInatA-jaina dharma ke caubIsa tIrthakara teIsaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha-mahAvIra svAmI kI jIvanImahAvIra svAmI kA nirvANa-jaina dharma ke siddhAMta-zvetAMbara aura digaMbara saMpradAya-IsavI san ke bAda jaina dharma kI sthiti / pRSTha 26 se 37 cauthA adhyAya gautama buddha kI jIvanI buddha kA janma-buddha kA vivAha aura vairAgyotpatti-rAhula kA janma-mahAbhiniSkramaNa (gRha-tyAga) buddha kI tapasyA-mAra kA bhAkramaNa aura buddha-pada kI prApti-buddha kA prathama upadeza-buddha kA prathama ziSya-bauddha saMgha kA saMghaTana-kAzyapa kA dharma-parivartanajanmabhUmi meM buddha kA Agamana-trayastriMza svarga se avataraNa-nAlagiri hAthI kA damana-vezyA ke yahA~ nimantraNa-nirvANa-aMtima saMskAraasthiyoM kA baMTavArA-ukta jIvanI kA aitihAsika saar| pRSTha 38 se 61 pA~cavA~ adhyAya gautama buddha ke siddhAnta aura upadeza mArya satya-catuSTaya-madhyama patha-bhavidyA-Atmanirodha aura Atmonnati-nirvANa yA tRSNA-kSaya-karma aura punarjanma-prajJA yA jJAna yajJa-anIzvara vAda-maitrI Adi bhAvanAe~-jAti-bheda-mAtA-pitA aura santAna-guru aura ziSya-pati aura patI-mitra aura sAthIsvAmI aura sevaka-gRhastha aura mithu bAmaNa / pRSTha 69 se 86

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chaThA adhyAya bauddha saMgha kA itihAsa saMgha meM praveza-saMgha kA motarI jIvana-saMgha kA prabandha / pRSTha 80 se 104 sAtavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kA rAjanItika itihAsa zaizunAga vaMza-zaizunAga vaMza kI sthApanA-bimbisAra-bhajAtazatru (kUNika)-zaizunAgavaMza kA anta-naMda vaMza-mahApabhanaMdasikaMdara kA AkramaNa-porasa ke sAtha yuddha-bhArata se sikandara kA kUca-maurya vaMza-caMdragupta maurya-caMdragupta aura selyUkasa-selyUkasa kA AkramaNa-megAsthinIz2a-candragupta kI rAjadhAnI-candragupta kA darabAra-candragupta kI jIvana-caryA-candragupta ko saphalatAe~-maurya sAmrAjya para videzI prabhAva-candragupta kA anta -bindusAra (amitra. ghAta)-azoka maurya-yuvarAja azoka-azoka kA rAjatilakaazoka kI kaliMga-vijaya-azoka kA dharma-parivartana-bauddha sthAnoM meM azoka kI yAtrA-bhikSu-sampradAya meM azoka-azoka ke samaya meM bauddha mahAsabhA-azoka ke sAmrAjya kA vistAra azoka ke smArakabauddha hone ke pahale azoka kA dhAmmika vizvAsa-dharmayAtrA-ahiMsA kA pracAra-bar3oM kA sammAna aura choToM para dayA-satya bhASaNadUsare dharmoM ke sAtha sahAnubhUti-dharma kA pracAra-dharma mahAmAtroM kI niyukti-yAtriyoM ke sukha kA prabandha-rogiyoM kI cikitsAvidezoM meM dharma kA pracAra-dhArmika utsAha-svabhAva aura caritraazoka kI rAniyA~-azoka ke uttarAdhikArI-maurya sAmrAjya kA asta / pRSTha 1.5 se 141

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pAThavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla ke prajAtantra rAjya buddha ke samaya meM prajAtantra rAjya-zAkyoM kA prajAtaMtra rAjyavajiyoM kA prajAtaMtra rAjya-sikandara ke samaya meM prajAtantra rAjyaAraTTa (bharASTraka)-mAlava aura kSudraka-kSatriya (kSatroI)-agalassoI-nIsAiana-saba-kauTilIya arthazAstra meM prajAtantra rAjya -prajAtantra rAjyoM kI vizeSatAe~-maurya kAla meM prajAtantra rAjyoM kA hAsa / pRSTha 142 se 154 navA~ adhyAya maurya sAmrAjya kI zAsana paddhati senA vibhAga-sainika maMDala-senA kI bhartI-senA ke astra zastra | durga yA kile-nagara-zAsana vibhAga-nagara-zAsaka-maMDala-prAntIya zAsana vibhAga-guptacara vibhAga-kRSi vibhAga-nahara vibhAga-vyApAra aura vANijya vibhAga-nau vibhAga-zulka vibhAga (cuMgI kA mahakamA)Akara vibhAga (khAna kA mahakamA)-sUtra vibhAga (bunAI kA mahakamA) -surA vibhAga (mAbakArI kA mahakamA)-pazu-rakSA vibhAga-manuSyagaNanA vibhAga-Aya-vyaya vibhAga-pararASTra vibhAga-nyAya vibhAga / pRSTha 155 se 189 dasavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla ke rAjanItika vicAra eka tantra rAjya-praNAlI-rAjA kI AvazyakatA-mAtsya-nyAyasAmAjika samaya yA paTTA-rAjA nara rUpa meM devatA hai-rAjA para aMkuza yA dabAva-prajA-tantra rAjya-praNAlI-vyApArika saMgharAjanItika saMgha-saMghoM yA gaNa rAjyoM kI zAsana-vyavasthA-pariSadpariSad meM prastAva kA niyama-bahumata-anupasthita sabhyoM kI rAya

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adhivezana ke liye kama se kama upasthiti yA korama-gaNa-pUraka yA hipa / pRSTha 190 se 207 gyArahavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kI sAmAjika avasthA cAra varNa-U~ca nIca kA bhAva-samAna varNa meM vivAha sambandhakSatriyoM kI pradhAnatA-kSatriya-brAhmaNa-vaizya-zUdra-megAsthinIz2a ke anusAra sAmAjika dazA-brAhmaNa graMthoM ke anusAra sAmAjika dazA / pRSTha 208 se 221 bArahavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kI sAMpattika avasthA grAmoM kI sAMpattika avasthA-nagaroM kI sAMpattika avasthA-vyApAra aura vANijya-vyApArika mArga-samudrI vyApAra-vyApAriyoM meM shyog| pRSTha 222 se 242 terahavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kA sAhitya bhASA aura akSara-prAcIna bauddha kAla kA pAlI sAhityasutta-piTaka-vinaya piTaka-abhidhamma piTaka-prAcIna bauddha kAla kA saMskRta sAhitya / pRSTha 143 se 253 caudahavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kI zilpa-kalA caturdaza zilAlekha-do kaliMga zilAlekha-laghu zilAlekha-bhAva zilAlekha-sapta staMbhalekha-laghu stambhalekha-do tarAI staMbhalekha-tIna guhAlekha / pRSTha 254 se 268

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dvitIya khaNDa pahalA adhyAya gajanItika itihAsa maurya kAla ke bAda dezI rAjavaMza-zuMga vaMza-zuMga vaMza kI sthApanA -zuMga rAjAoM kA rAjya vistAra-milinda (minainDara) kA AkramaNa - khAravela kA hamalA-puSyamitra kA azvamedha yajJa-bauddhoM para puSyamitra ke atyAcAra-puSyamitra ke vaMzaja-kANva vaMza-vasudeva aura usake uttarAdhikArI-Andhra vaMza-AndhroM kA saba se prAcIna ullakha-simuka aura kRSNa-hAla zAtavAhana-Andhra rAjya kA adhaHpatana-maurya kAla ke bAda videzI rAjavaMza-yavana (yUnAnI) rAjavaMza-sikandara aura selyUkasa ke AkramaNa-enTiokasa thIasa-TioDoTasa prathamayUthiDemasa-kAbula para enTiokasa thIasa kA hamalA-bhArata meM DemeTribhasa kA adhikAra-yUkreTAiDIz2a ke uttarAdhikArI-milinda ( minenDara )-enTielkAiDasa-hamasa-bhAratavarSa para yUnAnI sabhyatA kA prabhAva-zaka (sIthiyana)-zakoM kA Agamana-uttarI kSatrapa-pazcimI kSatrapa-bhUmaka-nahapAna-caSTana-rudradAman-kSatrapoM kA adha:patana-pArthiva (pArthiyana) rAjavaMza-pArthiva loga kauna the-mithraDeTasa prathama-momasa-ejesa prathama-goMDofarnisa-kuSaNa rAjavaMza-kuSaNoM kA pUrva itihAsa-kaiDaphAisiz2a prathama-kaiDafAisiz2a dvitIya-kaniSka-kaniSka-kAla-kaniSka kA rAjya vistAra-kaniSka kA dharma-kaniSka ke samaya kI bauddha mahAsabhA-kaniSka kI mRtyuvAsiSka-huviSka-vAsudeva aura kuSaNa sAmrAjya kA anta-IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI aMdhakAramaya / pRSTha 271 se 304

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dUsarA adhyAya prajAtantra yA gaNa rAjya yaudheya gaNa-mAlava gaNa-mArjunAyana-audumbara-kuNindavRSNi-zibi / pRSTha 309 se 317 tIsarA adhyAya dhArmika dazA bauddha dharma kI sthiti-bauddhoM para puSyamitra kA atyAcAra-pazcimottara bhArata meM bauddha mahAsabhA-mahAyAna saMpradAya kI utpatti-mahAyAna aura bhakti-mArga-mahAyAna para bhagavadgItA kA prabhAva-mahAyAna para videziyoM kA prabhAva hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM bheda-brAhmaNa dharma kI sthitizuMga vaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya brAhmaNa dharma-yavana rAjAoM ke samaya brAhmaNa dharma-kuSaNa rAjAoM ke samaya brAhmaNa dharma / pRSTha 318 se 330 cauthA adhyAya sAmAjika dazA sAmAjika uthala puthala-jAti bheda-brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva / pRSTha 331 se 333 pA~cavA adhyAya sAMpattika dazA Andhra rAjAoM ke samaya dakSiNI bhArata kA vyApAra-kuSaNa rAjAoM ke samaya uttarI bhArata kA vyaapaar| pRSTha 334 se 337

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chaThA adhyAya sAhityika dazA sAhityika bhASA-zuMga aura kANva rAjAoM ke samaya meM saMskRta sAhitya-Andhra-vaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya meM prAkRta sAhitya-kaniSka ke samaya meM saMskRta sAhitya-jyotiSa zAstra kI unnati-anya zAstroM ke graMtha / pRSTa 330 se 344 sAtavA~ adhyAya zilpa kalA kI dazA azoka ke bAda zilpa-kalA meM parivartana-gAndhAra mUrtikArIbuddha aura bodhisatva kI mUrtiyA~-buddha ke jIvana kI pradhAna ghaTanAe~svadezI kuSaNa-mUrtikArI kI vishesstaaeN| pRSTha 345 se 354 pAThavA~ adhyAya bauddha dharma kA hrAsa aura paurANika dharma kA vikAsa / pRSTha 355se360 upasaMhAra pRSTha 361 se 366 pariziSTa pariziSTa (ka)-cAra bauddha mahAsabhAe~ pRSTha 367 se 17. pariziSTa (kha) buddha kA nirvANa kAla pRSTha 370 se 30 // pariziSTa (ga) bauddha kAla ke vizvavidyAlaya takSazilA-vizvavidyAlaya-nAlanda vizvavidyAlaya / pRSTha 371 se 379 pariziSTa (ba)-bauddha -kAlIna ghaTanAoM kI samaya-tAlikA pRSTha 380 se 382 graMtha-sUcI pRSTha 1 se 8

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prAkathana paM0 janArdana bhaTTa kRta yaha graMtha hiMdI bhASA ke aitihAsika sAhitya bhAMDAra meM ucca sthAna grahaNa karegA / isa graMtha ke nirmANa meM kitanI vidvattA aura kitane parizrama se kAma liyA gayA hai, yaha pAThakoM ko isake par3hane se hI vidita hogaa| prasiddha itihAsakAra gibana kA yaha niyama thA ki vaha naI pustaka par3hane ke pahale vicAra kara letA thA ki isa viSaya kI mujhe kitanI jAnakArI hai| par3hane ke bAda vaha phira vicAra karatA thA ki amuka pustaka se maiMne kitanI naI bAteM sIkhIM / yadi prastuta graMtha ke pAThaka isa niyama kA avalambana kareMge, to una para isa graMtha kA mahattva acchI taraha prakaTa ho jaaygaa| bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM bauddha yuga atyaMta ujjvala aura gauravapUrNa hai / isa yuga meM dharma, AcAra, sAhitya, kalA, udyoga, vyApAra, rAjanItika saMghaTana AdisabhI viSayoM meM deza ne Azcaryajanaka unnati kI thii| bhAratIya itihAsa ke anya yugoM meM, tathA vartamAna yuga meM bhI, eka guNa kI kamI dikhAI detI hai| hamAre deza ne saMghaTana zakti kA yathocita vikAsa nahIM kiyA / yadi dUsaroM ke sAmane hameM kaI bAra sira jhukAnA par3A hai, to vidyA, buddhi yA dhana kI kamI ke kAraNa nahIM, kiMtu saMghaTana kI kamI ke kAraNa hI / bauddha kAla meM deza ne rAjanItika aura sAmpradAyika saMghaTana kA uttama

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[ 2 ] paricaya diyA thA / usI guNa ke sahAre hamAre deza ne saMsAra para pragAr3ha prabhAva DAlA thA / Aja bhI syAma, laMkA, tibbata, cIna, jApAna, maMgoliyA, koriyA Adi dezoM meM bauddha dharma mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi una dezoM kI mAnasika aura sAmAjika sthiti ne bauddha dharma kA svarUpa bahuta kucha badala diyA hai, tathApi Aja bhI unake mukhya dhArmika siddhAntoM aura AcAra zAstroM para bhArata kI chApa spaSTa dikhAI detI hai| udhara pazcimI eziyA meM pahuMcakara bauddha dharma ne IsAI dharma ke janma aura siddhAntoM para bahuta asara ddaalaa| IsAI itihAsa-kAra yaha bAta svIkRta nahIM karate; para pailesTAina ke tatkAlIna dhArmika panthoM se bauddha dharma kA milAna karane para yaha bAta nirvivAda rUpa se siddha ho jAtI hai ki samrATa azoka ke bheje hue dharma-pracArakoM kA zrama vyartha nahIM gayA thA / vaha aisA hI mahatvapUrNa samaya thA, jisakA citra isa graMtha meM khIMcA gayA hai| saJcA itihAsa kevala rAjAoM ke janma, maraNa, tathA yuddhoM kI tithiyoM kA varNana nahIM hai / sacce itihAsa-kAra kA kartavya yaha hai ki vaha bhUta-parva rAjanItika, sAmAjika, sAhityika, dhArmika, Arthika Adi sabhI avasthAoM kA susambaddha varNana kare, parivartanoM kA ullekha kare aura una ke kAraNoM kI khoja kre| bhaTTa jI ne isa Adarza taka pahu~cane kI ceSTA kI hai| AzA hai ki zIghra hI Apa bhAratIya itihAsa ke anya samayoM kI vivecanA bhI isI praNAlI ke anusAra kreNge| prayAga vizvavidyAlaya / / venniipuusaad| 26-12-1922."

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bhUmikA prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa samaya ke anusAra tIna bar3e bar3e bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai; yathA-(1) vaidika kAla; (2) bauddha kAla; aura (3) paurANika kAla / vaidika kAla kA prAraMbha kaba se huA, yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA / maiksamyUlara, vilsana aura griphitha sAhaba ne vaidika kAla kA prAraMbha moTe taura para I0 pU0 2000 yA 1500 varSa se, jaikobI mahAzaya ne I0 pU0 4000 varSa se aura tilaka mahArAja ne I0 pU0 5000 yA 4500 varSa se mAnA hai| vaidika kAla kA prAraMbha cAhe jaba se huA ho, para hama nizcita rUpa se itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki vaidika kAla kA aMta I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM bauddha dharma ke udaya se hotA hai / ataeva bhAratIya itihAsa kA bauddha kAla I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI se lekara IsA ke bAda cauthI zatAbdI taka mAnA jAtA hai| isake bAda gupta-vaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya se bauddha dharma kA hAsa aura paurANika dharma kA vikAsa hone lagatA hai| ataeva cauthI zatAbdI se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka, arthAt musalamAnoM kI vijaya taka, paurANika kAla kahA jAtA hai| IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se lekara IsA ke bAda cauthI zatAbdI taka, arthAt moTe taura para 1000 varSa kA samaya, bhAratavarSa ke

Page #23
jana sAdhAadhikatara [ 2 ] itihAsa meM, isaliye bauddha kAla kahalAtA hai ki isa kAla meM anya dharmoM kI apekSA bauddha dharma kI pradhAnatA thii| isa kAla meM jitane bar3e bar3e rAjA aura samrAT hue, ve prAyaH bauddha dharmAvalaMbI hI the| isa kAla ke jitane zilAlekha, maMdiroM aura stUpoM ke jitane bhagnAvazeSa aura jitanI mUrtiyA~ milI haiM, ve adhikatara bauddha dharma saMbaMdhI haiN| isa kAla ke zilAlekhoM meM jitane vyaktiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM, jitane devI-devatAoM aura donoM ke ullekha hue haiM, unameM se adhikatara bauddha dharma saMbaMdhI haiN| isa kAla ke adhikatara zilAlekha brAhmaNoM kI bhASA saMskRta meM nahIM, balki jana sAdhAraNa kI bhASA prAkRta meM haiM / para isake bAda gupta kAla se lekara adhikatara zilAlekha saMskRta meM hI milate haiM / gupta kAla ke prAraMbha se zilAlekhoM meM brAhmaNoM, hindU devI-devatAoM, hindU maMdiroM aura yajJoM kA hI adhikatara ullekha AtA hai| yahA~ taka ki pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke tIna-cauthAI zilAlekha hiMdU dharma saMbaMdhI hI haiN| para isase yaha na samajha lenA cAhie ki bauddha kAla meM hiMdU yA brAhmaNa dharma bilakula lupta ho gayA thaa| usa samaya bhI yajJa Adi hote the, para adhika nhiiN| hiMdU devI-devatAoM kI pUjA bhI pracalita thI, para pahale kI taraha nhiiN| isakA pramANa puSyamitra ke azvamedha yajJa, besanagara ke garur3a-dhvaja, kaiDajhAisija dvitIya tathA vAsudeva ke sikkoM aura vAsiSka ke mathurAvAle stUpa-staMbha se milatA hai| tAtparya yaha ki bauddha dharma kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa hI yaha kAla "bauddha kAla" ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| isa kAla kA itihAsa do pradhAna bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai| eka bhAga meM buddha ke janma-samaya se lekara maurya sAmrAjya ke meM braahmnnaa| ullekha A

Page #24
aMta taka kA itihAsa hai; aura dUsare bhAga meM maurya sAmrAjya ke aMta se lekara gupta sAmrAjya ke pahale taka kA itihAsa AtA hai| isI liye yaha graMtha bhI do khaMDoM meM bA~TA gayA hai; aura pratyeka khaMDa meM usa samaya kI rAjanIti, samAja, dharma, saMpatti, sAhitya, zilpa-kalA Adi kA varNana yathAsaMbhava vistArapUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| bauddha kAla ke do vibhAga isaliye kiye gaye haiM ki pahale vibhAga kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika dazA se dUsare vibhAga kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika dazA meM bar3A aMtara A gayA thaa| ___ isa graMtha kA uddezya kevala usa samaya ke rAjAoM aura unake kAryoM kA hI varNana karanA nahIM, balki pAThakoM ke sAmane tatkAlIna bhArata ke samAja, sabhyatA, sAhitya, zilpa-kalA Adi kA citra rakhanA bhI hai| usa samaya kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAhityika aura zilpa-kalA saMbaMdhI dazA kaisI thI, yaha pAThakagaNa isa graMtha se jAna sakate haiN| isa graMtha ke likhane meM apanI kalpanA se bahuta kama kAma liyA gayA hai aura koI nirAdhAra bAta nahIM likhI gaI hai| bauddha kAla ke saMbaMdha meM dUsare lekhakoM ne samaya samaya para jo bAteM likhI haiM, aura jo aba taka hamAre dekhane AI haiM, unhIM ko hamane isa graMtha meM ekatra karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jahA~ jahA~ jisa lekhaka yA graMtha se sahAyatA lI gaI hai, vahA~ vahA~ usakA ullekha bhI kara diyA gayA hai| isa graMtha ke likhane meM jina lekhoM aura graMthoM se sahAyatA lI gaI hai, una kI eka sUcI bhI pustaka ke prAraMbha meM de dI gaI hai| ___ aMta meM hama prayAga vizvavidyAlaya ke itihAsAcArya prophesara

Page #25
[ 4 ] veNIprasAda jI ema0 e0 ko dhanyavAda diye binA nahIM raha skte| Apane isa pustaka ke likhane meM jo sahAyatA dI hai, usake liye hama Apake cira kRtajJa rheNge| yaha kahanA atyukti nahIM hai ki binA ApakI sahAyatA ke isa pustaka kA likhA jAnA asaMbhava thaa| aneka kAryoM ke rahate hue bhI Apane yaha pustaka par3hakara isameM kaI sthaloM para saMzodhana aura parivartana kiye haiN| isake liye hama Apako jitanA dhanyavAda deM, thor3A hai / apane mitra bA0 nareMdradeva ema0 e0, vAisa priMsipala, kAzI vidyApITha, ko bhI hama dhanyavAda dete haiN| Apase bhI hameM isa pustaka ke likhane meM bar3I sahAyatA aura utsAha milA hai| lekhaka /

Page #26
bauddha-kAlIna bhArata prathama khaNDa (bauddha kAla ke udaya se maurya sAmrAjya ke asta taka )

Page #27
xestele este eller ledelse eller lillex sAhitya-ratna-mAlA meM XPORRORAGNOSTOSDEOGORAGOGANDGTO6px sacamuca kevala ratna hI prakAzita hote haiN| yadi Apa pArakhI hoMge, to avazya usake sthAyI grAhaka bneNge| KIRANSARAIs ony Sagays989-9-20999999999997 R

Page #28
bauddha-kAlIna bhArata pahalA adhyAya bauddha-kAlIna itihAsa kI sAmagrI bauddha-kAlIna bhArata ke itihAsa kI sAmagrI mukhyatayA tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TI jA sakatI hai; yathA-(1) pAlI aura saMskRta ke grantha; (2) videzI itihAsakAroM aura yAtriyoM ke granthoM meM Aye hue bhArata sambandhI ullekha; aura (3) zilAlekha tathA sike aadi| pahale hama inhIM ke sambandha meM kucha Avazyaka aura upayogI bAteM batalAte haiN| (1) pAlI, prAkRta aura saMskRta ke graMtha jAtaka-buddha ke janma samaya kI tathA buddha ke jIvana-kAla kI bhAratavarSa kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura sAMpattika dazA kA bahuta kucha vivaraNa jAtaka-kathAoM meM milatA hai| jAtaka kathAe~ Ajakala jisa rUpa meM milatI haiM, usa rUpa meM ve kadAcit itanI purAnI na hoM, para jina ghaTanAoM kA havAlA unameM hai, ve avazya hI I0 pU0 chaThI aura pA~cavIM zatAbdI kI haiN| bauddhadharma ke prAcIna graMtha-tripiTaka nAma ke pAlI graMthoM se

Page #29
bauddha-kAlona bhArata buddha bhagavAn ke samaya kI bhArata kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika dazA kA bahuta kucha jJAna ho sakatA hai| Age calakara ina graMthoM kA vistRta varNana kiyA jaaygaa| ye graMtha kadAcit buddha ke nirvANa ke kucha hI samaya bAda bane the| inase hameM gautama buddha ke bAda kI kucha zatAbdiyoM kA prAmANika itihAsa milatA hai / bauddha dharma ke adhikatara pAlI graMtha laMkA se prApta hue haiN| bauddha dharma ke adhikatara saMskRta graMtha kaniSka ke samaya ke tathA usake bAda ke haiM / ye prAyaH pAlI graMthoM ke anuvAda haiM, yA unake AdhAra para likhe gaye haiM; aura adhikatara nepAla, tibbata, cIna, jApAna aura cInI turkistAna meM pAye gaye haiN| jaina dharma ke sUtra-graMtha-jaina dharma ke sUtra-graMtha IsA pUrva tIsarI yA cauthI zatAbdI ke kahe jAte haiM, para kadAcit ye isase bhI purAne haiN| inase prAcIna bauddha kAla ke viSaya meM bahuta sI aitihAsika bAteM mAlUma huI haiM / ye graMtha prAcIna ardha-mAgadhI bhASA meM haiN| ___ kauTilIya arthazAstra-cANakya athavA kauTilya ke arthazAstra semaurya sAmrAjya ke zAsana ke sambandha meM bahuta sI bahumUlya bAtoM kA patA lagA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki cANakya caMdragupta maurya kA pradhAna maMtrI thA / megAsthinIz2a ne bhAratavarSa kA jo varNana kiyA hai, usameM aura artha zAstra meM likhI huI bAtoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| pataMjali kA mahAbhASya-pataMjali zuMga vaMzI rAjA puSyamitra ke samakAlIna the| unake mahAbhASya meM jahA~ tahA~ usa samaya kA thor3A bahuta ullekha AyA hai|

Page #30
itihAsa kI sAmagrI purANoM kI rAja-vaMzAvalI-aThAraha purANoM meM se pA~ca purANoM-vAyu, matsya, viSNu, brahmANDa aura bhAgavata--meM bauddhakAlIna rAjAoM kI kramabaddha sUcI dI gaI hai| bahuta se yuropIya lekhaka purANoM meM dI huI rAjavaMzoM kI sUcI ko prAmANika nahIM mAnate aura purANoM ko bahuta prAcIna nahIM smjhte| para purANoM meM dI huI rAja-vaMzAvaliyoM kA dhyAnapUrvaka adhyayana karane se bahuta sI aitihAsikoM bAta kA patA lagatA hai| purANa kisI na kisI rUpa meM I0 pU0 cauthI zanAbdI meM avazya vartamAna the; kyoMki kauTilIya artha zAstra meM purANa kA ullekha AyA hai / bahuta se loga purANoM ko aura bhI adhika prAcIna mAnate haiM; aura kucha logoM ne to upaniSadoM taka meM unakA ullekha DhUMr3ha nikAlA hai| ___ dIpavaMza aura mahAvaMza-laMkA ke ina do bauddha graMthoM meM vauddhakAlIna rAjavaMzoM aura vizeSataH maurya vaMza ke saMbaMdha kI kaI daMtakathAe~ likhI huI milatI haiM / ye donoM graMtha pAlI bhASA meM haiN| inameM se "dIpavaMza" kadAcit IsavI cauthI zatAbdI meM aura "mahAvaMza" kadAcit IsavI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM racA gayA thaa| ___ mudrArAkSasa-mudrArAkSasa se nanda vaMza aura caMdragupta ke bAre meM bahuta kucha patA lagatA hai| isameM nanda vaMza ke nAza, caMdragupta ke rAjyArohaNa tathA cANakya kI kuTila nIti kA bahuta acchA varNana milatA hai| zrIyukta kAzIprasAda jIjAyasavAla ke mata se yaha nATaka caMdragupta dvitIya (vikramAditya) ke samaya meM, arthAt pA~cavIM 'zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM, racA gayA thA * / isa nATaka kA racanA * inDiyana enTikkerI, aktUbara 1913, pR. 265-7.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata kAla cAhe jo ho, para isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki isake kathAnaka kI ghaTanAe~ saccI haiN| rAjataraMgiNI-kazmIra ke kalhaNa paMDita kA racA huArAjataraMgiNI nAmaka graMtha aitihAsika dRSTi se bahuta mahatva kA hai| saMskRta sAhitya meM yahI eka aisA graMtha hai, jise hama ThIka ThIka artha meM itihAsa kaha sakate haiN| isakA racanA-kAla IsavI bArahavIM zatAbdI hai| isase bauddha kAla ke saMbaMdha kI bahuta sI prAcIna bAtoM kA patA lagatA hai| (2) videzI itihAsakAroM aura yAtriyoM ke graMthoM meM bhArata ke ullekha sikaMdara ke samakAlIna yUnAnI itihAsa-lekhaka-sikaMdara ke samaya taka bhAratavarSa yuropa kI dRSTi se chipA huA thaa| pahale pahala sikaMdara ke AkramaNa se hI yuropa ke sAtha bhAratavarSa kA saMbaMdha huA / sikaMdara ke sAtha kaI itihAsa-lekhaka bhI the, jinhoMne tatkAlIna bhArata kA varNana apane itihAsa-graMthoM meM kiyA hai / kaI cInI yAtriyoM ke yAtrA-vivaraNa bhI isa saMbaMdha meM bahuta mahatva rakhate haiN| yahA~ hama unameM se kucha mukhya lekhakoM kA hI paricaya karAte haiN| ___ megAsthinIja-sikaMdara kI mRtyu ke lagabhaga bIsa varSa bAda sIriyA aura misra ke rAjAoM ne maurya sAmraT ke darabAra meM apane apane rAjadUta bheje the| ina rAjadUtoM ne bhAratavarSa kA jo varNana kiyA hai, usakA kucha bhAga bahuta se yUnAnI aura romana lekhakoM ke graMthoM meM uddhRta kiyA huA milatA hai / ina rAjadUtoM meM

Page #32
itihAsa kI sAmagrI sIriyA ke rAjAselyUkasa ke rAjadUta megAsthinIja kA nAma vizeSasayA ullekhanIya hai / megAsthinIja kaI varSoM taka caMdragupta maurya ke darabAra meM thaa| vahA~ rahakara usane apanA samaya bhArata kI tatkAlIna rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika dazA kA aitihAsika vivaraNa likhane meM lagAyA thaa| usake varNana kA kevala kucha hI aMza-aura vaha bhI dUsaroM ke graMthoM meM milatA hai| eriyana-IsvI dUsarI zatAbdI meM eriyana nAma kA eka yUnAnI-romana aphasara ho gayA hai| usane bhAratavarSa kA tathA sikaMdara ke AkramaNa kA bahuta acchA varNana kiyA hai| usane apanA itihAsa likhane meM sikaMdara ke ucca rAja-karmacAriyoM ke likhe hue varNanoM aura yUnAnI rAjadUtoM ke lekhoM se bahuta kucha sahAyatA lI hai| I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI kA itihAsa jAnane ke liye eriyana ke graMtha bahuta mahatva ke haiN| phAhiyAna aura hentsAMga-phAhiyAna I0 pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM candragupta vikramAditya ke samaya aura hvenasAMga I. sAtavIM zatAbdI meM harSa ke samaya cIna se bhAratavarSa meM yAtrA karane ke liye Aye the| unhoMne tatkAlIna bhArata kA jo kucha varNana * yUnAnI aura romana itihAsa-lekhakoM tathA yAtriyoM ne bhArata kA jo kucha varNana jahA~ jahA~ kiyA hai, use ekatra karake mi0 maik krinDila ne nimnalikhita chaH khaMDoM meM anuvAda kiyA hai-(1) Ktesias. (2) Indika of Megasthenes and Arrian. (3) Periplus of the Erythracan Sea. 74)Ptolemy's Geography(5) Alexander's loyasion. (6) Ancient India, as described byother Classical Writers.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata kiyA hai, vaha to kiyA hI hai| sAtha hI apane se pUrva kAla kI bhI bahuta sI bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinase bauddha kAla kA bahuta sA itihAsa vidita hotA hai / (3)zilAlekha tathA sikke Adi zilAlekha-bauddha kAla kA itihAsa jAnane ke liye zilAlekhoM se bhI bahuta sahAyatA milatI hai| yadi aneka rAjAoM ke zilAlekha aba taka surakSita na rahate, to bahuta se rAjAoM ke nAmoM aura vaMzoM kA patA bhI hama logoM ko na lagatA / inameM se saba se adhika mahatva ke zilAlekha maurya samrATa azoka ke haiN| azoka kA adhikatara itihAsa usake zilAlekhoM se hI jAnA jAtA hai / kula milAkara usake tIsa se adhika zilAlekha haiM, jo caTTAnoM, guphAoM kI dIvAroM aura stambhoM para khude hue milate haiN| azoka ke zilAlekha bhAratavarSa ke bhinna bhinna bhAgoM meM, himAlaya se lekara maisUra taka aura baMgAla kI khAr3I se lekara araba sAgara taka, pAye jAte haiM / azoka ke pahale kA koI zilAlekha aba taka nahIM milA hai| azoka ke bAda bauddha kAla ke asaMkhya zilAlekha bhAratavarSa meM cAroM ora pAye gaye haiM, jinakA ullekha yathA sthAna kiyA jaaygaa| sikke-bauddha kAla ke itihAsa kI khoja meM sikkoM kA mahatva anya aitihAsika sAmagrI se kucha kama nahIM hai| sikkoM kI sahAyatA se bauddha kAla ke kaI aMdhakArAcchanna bhAgoM kA kramabaddha aura vistRta itihAsa likhA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna bhAratavarSa ke yUnAnI (iMDo

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itihAsa kI sAmagrI grIka) tathA pArthiva ( iMDo-pArthiyana) rAjAoM kA itihAsa to kevala sikkoM ke hI AdhAra para prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna bauddha sthAnoM ke bhagnAvazeSa aura mUrtiyA~-prAcIna bauddha sthAnoM ke bhagnAvazeSoM se bauddha kAla kA rAjanItika itihAsa jAnane meM kucha vizeSa sahAyatA nahIM milatI; para hA~, unase usa samaya kI gRha-nirmANa-kalA kA bahuta kucha patA avazya lagatA hai| isI prakAra bauddha kAla kI mUrtiyA~ dekhane se usa samaya kI zilpa-kalA, samAja tathA dharma kA bhI kucha kucha jJAna avazya ho jAtA hai| isI sAmagrI ke AdhAra para Age ke adhyAyoM meM bauddha kAla kA rAjanItika, sAmAjika, dhArmika, sAhityika tathA zilpakalA saMbaMdhI itihAsa pAThakoM ke sAmane rakhane kA prayatna kiyA jaaygaa|

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dUsarA adhyAya buddha ke janma-samaya meM bhArata kI dazA saMsAra ke itihAsa meM I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI cira-smaraNIya hai| isI zatAbdI ke lagabhaga bhArata meM bhagavAna buddha kA, cIna meM kanaphUcI kA aura IrAna meM jaratuzta kA janma huA thaa| usa samaya saba ora logoM ke mana meM naI naI zaMkAe~ aura naye naye vicAra utpanna ho rahe the| una dinA pracalita dharma ke prati asaMtoSa aura avizvAsa phailA huA thaa| loga naye naye bhAvoM aura vicAroM se prerita hokara parivartana ke liye lAlAyita ho rahe the| ve eka aise puruSa kI pratIkSA kara rahe the, jo apane gambhIra vicAroM se unakI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna karatA, jo apane sadupadeza se unakI Atmika pipAsA zAMta karatA aura jo unake sAmane eka U~cA Adarza rakhakara unake jIvana ko unnata karatA / jaba samAja kI aisI dazA hotI hai, taba kisI mahApuruSa kA janma yA avatAra avazya hotA hai| vaha samAja ke sAmane apane jIvana kA Adarza rakhatA hai / usa samaya ke logoM kI AzAe~ aura abhilASAe~ usameM pratibiMbita hotI haiN| vaha apane samaya ke logoM kA mUrtimAna Adarza hotA hai| ataeva kisI mahApuruSa ke jIvana aura mahatva ko ThIka ThIka samajhane ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki pahale hama tatkAlIna rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika dazA se pUrI

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bhArata kI dazA taraha paricita ho jaayeN| kisI mahApuruSa ko usake samaya se alaga karake dekhiye, to usakA jIvana bahuta kucha artha-rahita mAlUma par3egA aura usake kAma nirarthaka pratIta hoNge| isaliye yadi hama bhagavAna buddha ke jIvana ko ThIka ThIka samajhanA cAhate hoM, to yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama acchI taraha se yaha jAna leM ki unake samaya meM bhArata kI kyA dazA thii| isI uddezya se yahA~ buddha ke janma-samaya kI bhArata kI rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika dazA kA kucha digdarzana karAyA jAtA hai / rAjanItika dazA usa samaya bhAratavarSa tIna bar3e bar3e bhAgoM meM ba~TA huA thaa| inameM se bIcavAlA bhAga "majjhima deza" (madhya deza) kahalAtA thA / jAtakoM meM aneka sthAnoM meM "majmima deza" kA ullekha AyA hai; para ina ullekhoM se yaha patA nahIM lagatA ki madhya deza kahA~ se kahA~ taka thA / hA~, manusmRti adhyAya 2, zlo0 21 meM nizcita rUpa se madhya deza kI sImA likhI huI hai| usameM likhA hai"himAlaya aura viMdhyAcala ke bIca tathA sarasvatI nadI ke pUrva aura prayAga ke pazcima meM jo deza hai, use madhya deza kahate haiN| isa madhya deza ke uttara kA bhAga uttarApatha tathA dakSiNa kA bhAga dakSiNApatha kahalAtA thaa| isa prakAra kula deza tIna bar3e bar3e pradezoM meM ba~TA huA thA / aba Aiye, dekheM ki usa samaya kI rAjanItika dazA kaisI thii| usa samaya deza meM solaha rAjya (SoDaza mahAjanapada) the,

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata jinake nAma nIce likhe jAte haiM(1) aMgA (aMga-rAjya) (9) kurU (kuru-rAjya) (2) magadhA (magadha-rAjya) (10) paMcAlA (paMcAla rAjya) (3) kAzI (kAzI-rAjya) (11) macchA (matsya-rAjya) (4) kosalA (kozala-rAjya) (12) sUrasenA (zUrasena-rAjya) (5) vajjI (vRjiyoM kA rAjya) (13) assakA (azmaka-rAjya) (6) mallA (malloM kA rAjya) (14) avantI (avanti-rAjya) (7) cetI (cedi-rAjya) (15) gandhArA (gAndhAra-rAjya) (8) vaMsA (vatsa-rAjya) (16) kambojA (kamboja-rAjya) / Upara jina rAjyoM kI sUcI dI gaI hai, unake saMbaMdha meM dhyAna dene lAyaka pahalI bAta yaha hai ki ve dezoM ke nAma nahIM, balki jAtiyoM ke nAma haiN| bAda ko inhIM jAtiyoM ke nAma para dezoM kA nAma bhI par3a gayA thA / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki inameM se "vajjI" aura "mallA" ye donoM jAti ke nAma nahIM, balki kula ke nAma the / tIsarI bAta yaha hai ki inake Upara, yA inase bar3hakara, koI zakti aisI na thI jo ina para apanA AtaMka jamA sakatI yA ina ko eka sAmrAjya ke andara lA sktii| inameM se pratyeka kA varNana nIce diyA jAtA hai (1) aMgoM kA rAjya-aMga-rAjya, magadha-rAjya ke bilakula bagala meM thaa| donoM rAjyoM ke bIca kevala eka nadI kA antara thaa| isa nadI kA nAma "caMpA" thA / isI nadI para caMpA nagarI basI huI thI, jo aMga-rAjya kI rAjadhAnI thii| prAcIna caMpA nagarI vartamAna bhAgalapura ke nikaTa thii| aMga pahale svataMtra rAjya thA;

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11 bhArata kI dazA para bAda ko vaha magadha kI adhInatA meM calA gayA thA / (2)magadhoM kA rAjya-magadha-rAjya vartamAna jilA bihAra ke sthAna para thaa| isakI uttarI sImA kadAcit gaMgA nadI, pUrvI sImA caMpA nadI, dakSiNI sImA viMdhya parvata aura pazcimI sImA sona nadI thI / isakI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha ( vartamAna rAjagira ) thii| rAjagRha ke do bhAga the| isakA prAcIna bhAga girivraja kahalAtA thA / girivraja eka pahAr3I para basA huA thA / bAda ko rAjA biMbisAra ne, jo buddha bhagavAn ke samakAlIna the, isa prAcIna nagara ko ujAr3akara eka naye rAjagRha kI nIMva ddaalii| navIna rAjagRha pahAr3I ke nIce basAyA gayA / buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha se haTAkara pATaliputra meM sthApita krI gaI thii| (3) kAzI kA rAjya-buddha ke janma se pahale "kAsI ra?" ( kAzI-rASTra) bilakula svataMtra thA; para buddha-janma ke bAda yaha rAjya kozala-rAjya meM milA liyA gayA thaa| kAzI-rASTra kI rAjadhAnI vArANasI (banArasa) thii| kAzI usa samaya nagara kA nAma nahIM, balki rAjya kA nAma thaa| jAtakoM meM likhA hai ki usa samaya isa rAjya kA vistAra do hajAra vargamIla thaa| (4) kozaloM kA rAjya-kozala-rAjya kI rAjadhAnI "sAvatthI" (zrAvastI) thii| prAcIna zrAvastI nagara vartamAna goMDA aura baharAica jiloM kI sImA para sahetha mahetha nAmaka grAma ke sthAna para thaa| kozala rAjya kA eka dUsarA pradhAna nagara sAketa thA / jAtakoM se patA lagatA hai ki buddha ke kucha pahale kozala kI rAjadhAnI sAketa ho gaI thii|

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baura-kAlIna bhArata (5) vRjiyoM kA rAjya-vRjI-rAjya meM prAyaH ATha svataMtra rAja-kula mile hue the| unameM se "licchavi" aura "videha" rAjakuloM kI pradhAnatA thii| vRjiyoM kI rAjadhAnI "vesAli" (vaizAlI) thI, jI vartamAna mujaphpharapura jile ke basAr3ha nAmaka sthAna para thii| (6) malloM kA rAjya-cInI yAtrI hventsAMga ke anusAra yaha pahAr3I rAjya zAkya-rAjya ke pUrva aura vRjI-rAjya ke uttara meM thaa| para kucha logoM kA mata hai ki yaha rAjya vRjI ke pUrva aura zAkyoM ke dakSiNa meM thaa| (7) cediyoM kA rAjya-jAtakoM meM "cetiya-ra?" yA "ceta-ra?" kA ullakha AyA hai| isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki "cetiya" yA "ceta" saMskRta ke "caidya" yA "cedi" kA apabhraMza hai| cedirAjya moTe taura para vartamAna bundelakhaNDa ke sthAna para thaa| (8) vatsoM kA rAjya-vatsa-rAjya kI rAjadhAnI kauzAMbI thii| prAcIna kauzAMbI nagarI prayAga se prAyaH 30 mIla dUra dakSiNa kI ora yamunA nadI ke kinAre para vartamAna kosama grAma ke pAsa thii| yaha rAjya avaMtI rAjya ke uttara meM thaa| (9) kurutroM kA rAjya-kuru-rAjya kI rAjadhAnI dillI ke pAsa "iMdapaTTa" (iMdraprastha ) nagara meM thii| isa rAjya ke pUrva meM paMcAla-rAjya aura dakSiNa meM matsya-rAjya thaa| isa rAjya ke uttara-kuru aura dakSiNa-kuru nAma ke do vibhAga the / kuru-rAjya kA phailAva 2000 varga mIla thaa| (10) paMcAloM kA rAjya-paMcAla-rAjya bhI do the-eka uttara-paMcAla aura dUsarA dakSiNa-paMcAla / paMcAla-rAjya kuru rAjya ke pUrva meM pahAr3a aura gaMgA ke bIca meM thA / utsarI paMcAla kI

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13 bhArata ko dazA rAjadhAnI "kaMpilla" ( kAMpilya) aura dakSiNI paMcAla kI rAjadhAnI kannauja thii| prAcIna kAMpilya nagara kadAcit gaMgA ke kinAre vartamAna badAU~ aura pharrukhAbAda ke bIca meM thaa| (11) matsyoM kA rAjya-mahAbhArata ke samaya meM matsya rAjya rAjA virATa ke adhikAra meM thA / vartamAna alavara, jayapura aura bharatapura ke kucha hisse prAcIna matsya-rAjya meM the| rAjA virATa kI rAjadhAnI jayapura riyAsata meM kadAcit bairATa nAmaka sthAna meM thii| (12) zUrasenoM kA rAjya-zUrasena-rAjya kI rAjadhAnI yamunA nadI ke kinAre para prAcIna "madhurA" (mathurA) nagarI thii| manusmRti (adhyA0 2, zlo0 19) meM likhA hai-"kurukSetra aura matsya deza tathA paMcAla aura zUrasena saba milakara brahmarSi deza kahalAte haiN|" (13) azmakoM kA rAjya-azmaka-rAjya godAvarI nadI ke kinAre para thA aura isakI rAjadhAnI potana yA potalI thii| (14) avantiyoM kA rAjya-avanti rAjya ke do vibhAga the / isakA uttarI bhAga kevala "avanti" kahalAtA thA aura usakI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI thI; aura isakA dakSiNI bhAga avaMtidakSiNApatha kahalAtA thA aura usakI rAjadhAnI mAhissatI (mAhiSmatI) thii| (15) gaMdhAroM kA rAjya-gaMdhAra-rAjya meM pazcimI paMjAba aura pUrvI aphagAnistAna zAmila thaa| isakI rAjadhAnI taka silA (takSazilA) thii| prAcIna takSazilA nagarI Ajakala ke rAvalapiMDI jile ke sarAya kAlA nAmaka sTezana ke pAsa thii|

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gaura-kAlIna bhArata 14 (16) kaMbojoM kA rAjya-prAcIna kaMboja-rAjya kahA~ thA, isakA nizcaya abhI taka nahIM huA hai / eka mata yaha hai ki uttarI himAlaya ke loga kaMboja the| dUsarA mata yaha hai ki tibbata ke loga kaMboja the| para buddha-janma ke samaya ve kadAcit siMdha nadI ke bilakula uttara-pazcima meM base hue the| prAcIna IrAnI zilAlekhoM meM jina "kaMbujiya" logoM kA ullekha AyA hai, ve kadAcit yahI "kaMboja" the| jisa samaya kA hAla hama likha rahe haiM, usa samaya arthAt I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM AryAvarta inhIM choTe choTe svataMtra rAjyoM meM ba~TA huA thaa| ye aksara Apasa meM lar3A bhI karate the| usa samaya koI aisA sAmrAjya yA bar3A rAjya na thA, jo ina saba ko apane adhikAra meM rakhatA / logoM meM rAjanItika svataMtratA kA bhAva prabalatA ke sAtha phailA huA thA / koI unakI svataMtratA meM bAdhA DAlanevAlA na thaa| pratyeka gA~va aura pratyeka nagara apanA prabaMdha apane Apa karatA thA / sArAMza yaha hai ki usa samaya saba grAma aura saba nagara eka taraha ke choTe moTe prajAtaMtra rAjya the / usa samaya uttarI bhArata meM kaI prajAtaMtra rAjya bhI the, jinameM se mukhya ye the--(1) zAkyoM kA prajAtaMtra rAjya; (2) bhaggoM kA prajAtaMtra rAjya; (3) buliyoM kA prajAtantra rAjya; (4) kAlAmoM kA prajAtantra rAjya; (5) koliyo kA prajAtaMtra rAjya; (6) malloM kA prajAtaMtra rAjya; (7) mauyoM kA prajAtaMtra rAjya; (8) videhoM kA prajAtaMtra rAjya; aura (9) licchaviyoM kA prajAtaMtra rAjya / ina prajAtaMtra rAjyoM meM saba se adhika prabhutva zAkyoM, videhoM aura licchaviyoM kA thaa| buddha ke jIvana para ina

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15 bhArata kI pazA prajAtaMtra rAjyoM kA bahuta adhika prabhAva par3A thaa| gautama buddha zAkyoM ke prajAtantra-rAjya meM paidA hue the| unake pitA zuddhodana isI prajAtaMtra rAjya ke eka sabhApati yA pradhAna the / gautama buddha ne svAdhIna vicAra, saMghaTana zakti aura ekatA kI zikSA yahIM prApta kI thii| buddha bhagavAna ne apane bhikSu-saMgha kA saMghaTana bhI inhIM prajAtaMtra rAjyoM ke Adarza para kiyA thA / ina prajAtaMtra rAjyoM kA savistara varNana Age calakara kiyA jAyagA / sAmAjika dazA buddha ke pahale hI AryoM meM jAti-bheda bahuta bar3ha gayA thA / hamAre yahA~ Ajakala jaise brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra hote haiM, vaise hI cAra varNa usa samaya bhI the| ina cAroM varSoM meM, rAija DeviDsa ke anusAra, kSatriya loga saba se zreSTha the aura unhIM kA mAna saba se adhika thA * / unake bAda brAhmaNoM kA darajA thA; aura brAhmaNoM ke bAda vaizyoM tathA zUdroM kaa| samAja meM kSatriyoM kI maryAdA saba se bar3hI car3hI thI / isa mata kI puSTi meM rAija DeviDsa bauddha aura jaina graMthoM kA pramANa dete haiN| ve brAhmaNoM ke likhe hue graMthoM ko prAmANika nahIM mAnate; kyoMki unake mata se brAhmaNoM ne apane svArtha aura prazaMsA ke liye apane hI guNa gAye haiM aura apane ko cAroM vargoM meM saba se zreSTha batalAyA hai| ataeva rAija DeviDsa kA mata hai ki varNa-vyavasthA ke bAre meM * rAiz2a DeviDsa kRta "buddhisTa iMDiyA" (Budhist India) pR0 53,60,61.

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16 bauddha-kAlIna bhArata jo kucha brAhmaNoM ke graMthoM meM likhA hai, vaha kadApi mAnA nahIM jA sktaa| mAlUma hotA hai ki chaThI yA sAtavIM zatAbdI meM brAhmaNoM aura kSatriyoM ke bIca bahuta dveSa utpanna ho gayA thaa| ve eka dUsare se Age bar3ha jAnA cAhate the / isI kAraNa bauddha tathA jaina graMthoM meM, jo brAhmaNoM ke viruddha aura kSatriyoM ke pakSa meM the, brAhmaNoM kA sthAna kSatriyoM ke nIce rakkhA gayA hai aura unakA ullekha apamAna tathA nIcatA-sUcaka zabdoM meM kiyA gayA hai| yaha bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki usa samaya kSatriya loga vidyA, jJAna aura tapa meM brAhmaNoM kA mukAbalA karane lage the aura unase Age nikala jAnA cAhate the| kSatriyoM kI tulanA meM brAhmaNoM kI hInatA dikhAne ke liye jaina kalpa-sUtra meM likhA hai ki arhata ityAdi nIca jAti yA brAhmaNa jAti meM kabhI janma grahaNa nahIM kara sakate / arhata , tIrthakara yA buddha kA avatAra sadA kSatriya vaMza meM huA hai aura hogaa| aisI avasthA meM bauddha tathA jaina graMthoM ko bilakula satya mAna lenA ucita nahIM mAlUma hotaa| ____ ina cAroM varNo ko chor3akara aura bahuta sI aisI jAtiyoM kA bhI patA jAtakoM se lagatA hai, jo zUdroM se bhI hIna samamI jAtI thiiN| inako "hIna-jAtiyo" kahate the| aise loga baheliye, nAI, kumhAra, julAhe, camAra ityAdi the| jAtakoM se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya achata jAtiyA~ bhI thIM; aura unake sAtha burA bartAva kiyA jAtA thaa| "citta-saMbhUta jAtaka" meM likhA hai ki jaba brAhmaNa aura vaizya vaMza kI do triyA~ eka nagara ke phATaka se nikala rahI thIM, taba unheM rAste meM do cAMDAla dikhAI

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bhArata kI dazA pdd'e| cAMDAla ke darzana ko unhoMne bar3A azakuna samajhA aura ve ghara lauTa gii| ghara jAkara unhoMne usa darzana ke pApa ko miTAne ke liye apanI A~kheM dho ddaalii| isake bAda logoM ne una donoM cAMDAloM ko khUba pITA aura unakI khUba durgati kii| "mAtaMga jAtaka" tathA "satadhamma jAtaka" se bhI patA lagatA hai ki achUta jAtiyoM ke sAtha acchA bartAva nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| buddha ke dayApUrNa hRdaya meM isa sAmAjika anyAya ke prati avazya ghRNA kA bhAva utpanna huA hogA / isI anyAya ko dUra karane ke liye unhoMne U~ca nIca ke bheda ko bilakula tyAga diyA; aura apane dharma tathA saMgha kA dvAra saba varNo tathA saba jAtiyoM ke liye samAna rUpa se khola diyaa| . jAtakoM se yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki bauddha kAla ke pUrva eka varNa dUsare varNa ke sAtha vivAha aura bhojana kara sakatA thaa| isa taraha ke vivAha se jo saMtAna utpanna hotI thI, vaha apane pitA ke varNa kI samajhI jAtI thii| jAtakoM se hI yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki dUsare varNa meM vivAha karane kI apekSA apane varNa meM vivAha karanA acchA samajhA jAtA thaa| para eka hI gotra meM vivAha karanA niSiddha mAnA jAtA thA / jAtakoM se yaha bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki bauddha kAla ke pahale saba vargoM aura jAtiyoM ke manuSya apane se itara varNa aura itara jAti kA bhI kAma karane lage the| brAhmaNa loga vyApAra bhI karate the| ve kapar3A bunate hue, pahiye Adi banAte hue aura .* dekho-"bhaisAla jAtaka," "kummAsapiNDa jAtaka" aura "uddAlaka jaatk"|

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18 baura-kAlIna bhArata khetI-bArI karate hue likhe gaye haiN| kSatriya loga bhI vyApAra karate the| eka kSatriya ke bAre meM likhA hai ki usane kumhAra, mAlI aura pAcaka ke kAma kiye the| to bhI ina logoM kI jAtiyoM meM koI aMtara nahIM huA thaa| yahI usa samaya kI sAmAjika dshaathii| aba tatkAlIna dhArmika dazA kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| dhArmika dazA yakSa aura balidAna-buddha ke janma ke samaya dharma kI bar3I burI dazA thii| usa samaya pazu-yajJa parAkASThA ko pahu~cA huA thaa| niraparAdha, dIna, asahAya pazuoM ke rudhira se yajJa-vedI lAla kI jAtI thii| yaha pazu-badha isaliye kiyA jAtA thA ki jisameM yajamAna kI manokAmanA pUrI ho| purohita loga yajamAnoM se yajJa karAne ke liye sadaiva tatpara rahate the| yahI unakI jIvikA kA mukhya dvAra thaa| binA dakSiNA ke yajJa apUrNa aura niSphala samajhA jAtA thA; ataeva brAhmaNoM ko ina yajJoM aura balidAnoM se bar3A lAbha hotA thaa| janma se lekara maraNa paryaMta pratyeka saMskAra ke sAtha yajJa honA anivArya thA / karmakAMDa kA pUrNa rUpa se aura sArvabhaumika prasAra thA / samAja bAhyADambara meM pha~sA huA thA; para usakI AtmA ghora aMdhakAra meM par3I huI prakAza ke liye pukAra rahI thii| kiMtu koI yaha pukAra sunanevAlA na thA / samAja para isa yajJa-prathA kA bahuta hI burA prabhAva - par3atA thaa| eka to yajJoM meM jo pazu-badha hotA thA, usase manuSyoM ke hRdaya kaThora aura nirdaya hote jA rahe the aura

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19 bhArata kI dazA unameM se jIvana ke mahattva kA bhAva uThatA jA rahA thA loga Atmika jIvana kA gaurava bhUlane lage the| isa yajJa-prathA kA dUsarA burA prabhAva yaha thA ki manuSyoM meM jar3a padArtha kI mahimA bahuta bar3ha gaI thii| loga bAhya bAtoM ko hI apane jIvana meM saba se zreSTha sthAna dete the| yajJa karanA aura karAnA hI saba se ucca dharma aura saba se bar3A kArya ginA jAne lagA thA / AtmA kI vAstivika unnati kI ora loga upekSA se dekhate the / logoM meM yaha vizvAsa phailA huA thA ki yajJa karane se purAne kiye hue bure karmoM kA doSa naSTa ho jAtA hai| aisI hAlata meM samAja meM pavitra AcaraNa aura Atmika unnati kA gaurava bhalA kaba raha sakatA thA ! isake atirikta yajJa karane meM bahuta dhana vyaya hotA thA / brAhmaNoM ko bar3I bar3I dakSiNAe~ dI jAtI thiiN| bahumUlya vastra, gaue~, ghor3e aura suvarNa ityAdi dakSiNA ke taura para diye jAte the| kucha yajJa to aise the, jinameM sAla sAla bhara laga jAtA thA aura jinameM sahasroM brAhmaNoM kI AvazyakatA hotI thii| ataeva yajJa karanA aura usake dvArA yaza prApta karanA hara kisI kA kAma na thaa| kevala dhanavAna hI yajJa karane kA sAhasa kara sakate the| isaliye vicAra-pravAha karma-kAMDa ke viruddha bahane lagA aura loga Atmika zAnti prApta karane ke liye naye upAya socane lge| haTha yoga aura tapasyA-Atmika zAMti prApta karane ke upAyoM meM se eka upAya haTha yoga bhI thaa| logoM kA yaha vizvAsa thA ki kaThina tapasyA karane se hameM Rddhi-siddhi prApta ho sakatI hai| Atmika unnati karane athavA prakRti para vijaya pAne ke liye

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata loga aneka prakAra kI tapasyAoM ke dvArA apanI kAyA ko kaSTa pahu~cAte the| indriyoM para vijaya pAne ke liye paMcAgni tApanA, eka TA~ga se khar3e hokara aura eka hAtha uThAkara tapasyA karanA, mahInoM taka kaThina se kaThina upavAsa karanA aura isI taraha kI dUsarI tapasyAe~ Avazyaka samajhI jAtI thiiN| saradI aura garamI kA kucha khayAla na karake ye loga apane uddezya kI siddhi meM dattacitta rahate the| ina logoM ko kaThina se kaThina zArIrika duHkha se bhI kleza na hotA thaa| inakA abhyAsa itanA bar3hA car3hA hotA thA ki inameM se kucha tapasvI apane sira tathA dAr3hI mUMcha ke bAloM ko hAtha se noca nocakara pheMka dete the| logoM meM yaha vizvAsa bahuta joroM ke sAtha phailA huA thA ki yadi isa taraha kI tapasyA pUrNa rUpa se kI jAya, to manuSya sAre vizva kA bhI sAmrAjya pA sakatA hai| buddha bhagavAn ke janma samaya meM pUrvokta tAmasI tapa kI mahimA khUba phailI huI thii| bhagavAn buddhadeva ne svayaM lagabhaga chaH varSoM taka isI haTha yoga kA kaThina vrata dhAraNa kiyA thA / para jaba unako isakI nissAratA kA vizvAsa ho gayA, taba ve ise chor3akara satya jJAna kI khoja meM cala par3e the| ___ zAna-mArga aura dArzanika vicAra-para Atmika unnati cAhanevAle puruSoM kI AtmA ko na to karma-kANDa se hI zAMti milI aura na haTha yoga yA tapasyA se hI paramAnaMda kI prApti huii| aise logoM ko samAja kA banAvaTI aura jhUThA jIvana kaSTa dene lgaa| satya ke ina anveSakoM ne apane ghara-bAra aura isa : asatya saMsAra se mu~ha mor3akara bana kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| buddha bhagavAn ke avatAra lene ke pahale, aura unake samaya meM bhI,

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bhArata kI dazA bahuta se bhikSu, sAdhu, saMnyAsI, vaikhAnasa, parivrAjaka Adi eka jagaha se dUsarI jagaha vicarA karate the| logoM meM inakA bahuta adhika mAna thA / usa samaya ke loga Atithya sevA karanA bahuta acchI taraha jAnate the| ataeva ina parivrAjakoM ke Thaharane ke liye rAje-maharAje tathA dhanI puruSa bastI ke bAhara acche acche Azrama banavA dete the| bahuta se sthAnoM meM una AzramoM kA prabaMdha paMcAyatI caMde se bhI hotA thaa| vicarate hue parivrAjaka ina AzramoM meM A Thaharate the / loga unake bhojana Adi kA prabaMdha pUrNa rUpa se kara dete the| nitya prati loga ina parivrAjakoM ke darzana karane ke liye vahA~ jAte the aura dArzanika tathA dhArmika viSayoM para inake vicAra sunate the| yadi vahA~ usI samaya aura bhI koI parivrAjaka Thahare hote the, to prAyaH zAstrArtha bhI chir3a jAtA thaa| ve pUrNa svataMtratA ke sAtha apane vicAra prakaTa karate the| strI aura puruSa donoM parivrAjikA aura parivrAjaka ho sakate the| pracalita saMsthAoM ke prati ina logoM meM koI vizeSa prema na thA / unameM se bahutoM ne to pracalita dharma se asaMtuSTa hokara hI gharabAr3a chor3akara saMnyAsAzrama grahaNa kiyA thA; isaliye ve pracalita dharma kA pratipAdana aura samarthana na karate the| pracalita dharma aura pracalita praNAlI kI truTiyoM se asaMtuSTa hone ke kAraNa hIye loga cAroM tarapha ina saMsthAoM kI burAiyA~ prakaTa karate the aura tatkAlIna samAja kI khule taura para samAlocanA karate the| ve sarva sAdhAraNa meM pracalita dharma kI ora azraddhA tathA asaMtoSa utpanna kara rahe the aura unake vizvAsoM kI jar3a dhIre dhIre kamajora karate jAte the| isa prakAra pracalita dharma kI jar3a

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 22 hilane lagI / ina parivrAjakoM ne dhIre dhIre naye vicAroM kA bIja bone ke liye kSetra taiyAra kara diyA thaa| para abhI bIja bonevAle kI kamI thI; aura loga usI kI pratIkSA kara rahe the / buddha-janma ke pahale prAcIna upaniSad bhI likhe jA cuke the| upaniSadoM ke banAnevAloM ne yaha vicArane kA prayatna kiyA thA ki saba jIvita tathA nirjIva vastue~ eka hI sarvavyApI Izvara se utpanna huI haiM aura ve saba eka hI sarvavyApI AtmA ke aMza haiM / ina upaniSadoM meM karma kI apekSA jJAna kI pradhAnatA dikhAI gaI thii| unameM jJAna ke dvArA ajJAna kA nAza aura moha se nivRtti batalAI gaI thii| unameM punarjanma kA bhI anumAna kiyA gayA thA / ajJAna, jIva ke sukha-duHkha ke kAraNa, paramAtmA kI sattA aura AtmA-paramAtmA kA saMbaMdha Adi saba viSayoM para bahuta hI buddhimattA ke sAtha gUr3ha vicAra kiyA gayA thaa| dhIre dhIre upaniSadoM kA anuzIlana karanevAloM kI saMkhyA bar3hane lgii| unameM pratipAdita vicAroM kA adhyayana aura manana hone lgaa| kisI ne upaniSadoM meM advaita vAda pAyA, to kisI ne unameM se viziSTAdvaita nikaalaa| isI taraha aneka prakAra ke mata-matAMtara ho gaye aura bhinna bhinna zAkhoM kA prAdurbhAva huaa| vartamAna SaDdarzana usa samaya ke AcAryoM kI vyAkhyAe~ haiM / jina bahuta sI vyAkhyAoM meM paraspara adhika virodha na thA, unameM se bahutoM kA nAza ho gayA / kahA jAtA hai ki pahale kama se kama 78 prakAra ke dArzanika saMpradAya the; para mukhya yahI chaH the / bhinna bhinna AcArya sRSTi ke rahasya kA pRthak pRthak rUpa ke udghATana karate the / para ina saba se prabala do taraha ke siddhAnta the| eka siddhAnta sAMkhya kA thA, jo AtmA aura

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23 bhArata kI dazA prakRti meM bheda mAnatA thA / dUsarA siddhAnta sAMkhya ke viruddha thaa| yahI dUsarA siddhAnta vikasita rUpa meM vedAnta ke nAma se pracalita huA thA / astu; buddhadeva ke samaya taka dArzanika vicAra paripaka ho cuke the| para bahutere vedAntI, bhikSu, saMnyAsI aura parivrAjaka AtmA, paramAtmA, mAyA aura prakRti saMbaMdhI zuSka vitaNDA-vAda meM hI phaMse hue the| isa taraha se buddha ke janma-samaya meM (1) yajJa aura balidAna, (2) haTha yoga aura tapasyA tathA (3) jJAna-mArga aura dArzanika vicAra, ye tIna mukhya dhArAe~ bar3I prabalatA se baha rahI thiiN| para sataha ke nIce aura bhI bahuta sI choTI choTI dhArAe~ thIM / jaise, Tone-ToTake kA logoM meM bahuta rivAja thA / sarpa, vRkSa Adi kI pUjA tathA bhUta-cuDaila Adi kA mAhAtmya bhI kAphI taura para phailA huA thaa| para usa samaya asalI prazna, jo manuSya ke sAmane anAdi kAla se calA A rahA hai, yaha thA ki jo kucha duHkha isa saMsAra meM hai, usakA kAraNa kyA hai| yAjJikoM ne isakA uttara yaha diyA thA ki saMsAra meM duHkha kA kAraNa devatAoM kA kopa hai| una logoM ne devatAoM ko prasanna karane kA sAdhana pazu-yajJa sthira kiyA thA, kyoMki loka meM dekhA jAtA hai ki jo manuSya ruSTa ho jAtA hai, vaha prArthanA karane aura bheTa dene se prasanna ho jAtA hai / haTha yoga aura tapazcaraNa karane vAloM ne isa prazna kA yaha uttara diyA ki tapasyA se manuSya apanI iMdriyoM ko apane vaza meM kara sakatA hai; aura iMdriyoM ko vaza meM karane se vaha citta kI zAMti athavA duHkha se chuTakArA pA sakatA hai| jJAna-mArga kA anusaraNa karanevAloM ne isa prazna kA uttara

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 24 yaha diyA ki jJAna ke dvArA ajJAna kA nAza karake manuSya duHkha se mukti pA sakatA hai| para ye tInoM uttara manuSyoM ke hRdayoM ko saMtoSa aura zAMti dene meM asamartha the| usa samaya samAja meM saba se bar3I AvazyakatA sahAnubhUti, prema aura dayA kI thii| samAja meM nIrasatA, nirdayatA aura zuSka jJAna mArga kA pracAra ho rahA thaa| usa samaya samAja ko eka aise vaidya kI AvazyakatA thI,jo usake isa roga kI ThIka taraha se davA krtaa| bhagavAna buddhadeva ne avatAra lekara samaya kI AvazyakatA ko ThIka taraha se samajhA; aura taba acchI taraha soca samajhakara unhoMne duniyA ko jo upadeza diyA, aura jo naI bAta logoM ko batalAI, vaha yaha thI ki jo loga saMsAra meM dharma-mArga para calanA cAhate hoM aura paropakAra tathA Atmonnati meM laganA cAhate hoM, unheM cAhie ki ve dayAlu, sadAcArI aura pavitra-hRdaya baneM / buddha ke pahale logoM kA vizvAsa thA yajJoM meM, maMtroM meM, tapasyAoM meM aura zuSka jJAna-mArga meN| para buddha ne yajJa, maMtra, karma kANDa aura dharmAbhAsa kI jagaha logoM ko apanA aMtaHkaraNa zuddha karane kI zikSA dI / unhoMne logoM ko dInoM aura daridroM kI bhalAI karane, burAI se bacane, saba se bhAI kI taraha sneha rakhane aura sadAcAra tathA sacce jJAna ke dvArA duHkhoM se chuTakArA pAne kA upadeza diyaa| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa aura zUdra, U~ca aura nIca, amIra aura garIba saba barAbara the| unake mata se saba loga pavitra jIvana ke dvArA nirvANa-pada prApta kara sakate the / ve saba ko apane isa dharma kA upadeza dete the| buddha bhagavAn kI pavitra zikSAoM kA yaha prabhAva huA ki kucha hI zatAbdiyoM meM bauddha dharma

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25 bhArata kI dazA kevala eka hI jAti yA deza kA nahIM, balki samasta eziyA kA mukhya dharma ho gyaa| ina mahAtmA kA jIvana caritra aura inake upadeza tathA siddhAMta Age ke adhyAyoM meM vistArapUrvaka likhe jaayNge| para isake pahale hama jaina dharma aura usake saMsthApaka mahAvIra svAmI kA bhI kucha paricaya de denA cAhate haiM, kyoMki jisa samaya buddha bhagavAn hue the, usI samaya mahAvIra svAmI bhI apane dharma kA pracAra kara rahe the| isake atirikta donoM ke siddhAMtoM meM bhI bahuta kucha samAnatA thii|

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tIsarA adhyAya jaina dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa jaina dharma kI sthApanA-IsA ke pUrva chaThI zatAbdI ke uttara bhAga meM bhAratavarSa meM kaI naye naye dharmoM aura saMpradAyoM kA janma huA thaa| bauddha graMthoM se patA lagatA hai ki baddha ke samaya meM prAyaH tirasaTha saMpradAya aise pracalita the, jinake siddhAMta brAhmaNa dharma ke viruddha the| jaina sAhitya se to isase bhI adhika saMpradAyoM kA patA lagatA hai / inameM se kucha saMpradAya kadAcit buddha ke bhI pahale se cale A rahe the| ina saMpradAyoM meM se vardhamAna mahAvIra kA sthApita kiyA huA jaina saMpradAya bhI eka hai| buddha kI taraha mahAvIra ne bhI vedoM,yajJoM aura brAhmaNoM kI pavitratA aura zreSThatA kA khaMDana karake apane dharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa| para yaha eka vicitra bAta hai ki buddha kI taraha mahAvIra ne bhI bhikSuoM ke niyama tathA unake jIvana kA krama brAhmaNoM ke dharma se hIgrahaNa kiyaa| smRtiyoM aura dharma-zAstroM meM hiMduoM kA jIvana brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura parivrAjaka ina cAra AzramoM meM vibhakta hai / kauTilIya arthazAstra meM parivrAjaka ke kartavyoM kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai-" iMdriyoM kA damana karanA, sAMsArika vyavahAroM ko tyAganA, apane pAsa dhana na rakhanA, logoM kA saMga na karanA, bhikSA' *kauTilIya artha zAba, 10 8.

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27 jainadharma kA itihAsa mA~gakara khAnA, bana meM rahanA, eka hI sthAna para lagAtAra na rahanA, bAhya aura Abhyantarika zuddhatA rakhanA, prANiyoM kI hiMsA na karanA, satya kA pAlana karanA, kisI se IrSyA na karanA, saba para dayA karanA aura saba ko kSamA karanA, ye saba kartavya paribrAja ke haiN|" jaina graMthoM meM bhI dUsare zabdoM meM bhikSuoM ke yahI kartavya diye gaye haiN| isase prakaTa hai ki bhikSuoM ke niyama tathA unake jIvana kA krama mahAvIra svAmI ne bhI brAhmaNa dharma se hI grahaNa kiyA thaa| jaina dharma kI prAcInatA-bahuta samaya taka logoM kA yaha vizvAsa thA ki jaina dharma bhI bauddha dharma kI hI eka zAkhA hai / lesana, vebara aura vilsana Adi yuropIya vidvAnoM kA mata thA ki jaina loga bauddha hI the, jinhoMne bauddha dharma chor3akara usa dharma kI eka alaga zAkhA banA lI thii| bauddha aura jaina graMthoM tathA siddhAMtoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai; isI se kadAcit ina vidvAnoM ne yaha nizcaya kiyA thA ki jaina dharma bauddha dharma kI hI eka zAkhA hai| para DAkTara byUlara aura DAkTara jaikobI ina do jarmana vidvAnoM ne jaina graMthoM kI khUba acchI taraha khoja karane aura bauddha dharma tathA brAhmaNa dharma ke graMthoM se unakI tulanA karane ke bAda pUrI taraha se isa mata kA khaMDana kara diyA hai| aba yaha siddha ho gayA hai ki jaina aura bauddha donoM dharma sAtha hI sAtha utpanna hue the aura kaI zatAbdiyoM taka sAtha hI sAtha pracalita rhe| ra anta meM bauddha dharma kA to bhAratavarSa meM lopa ho gayA, aura jaina dharma aba taka yahA~ ke kucha bhAgoM meM pracalita hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA to yaha bhI mata hai ki jaina dharma bauddha dharma se bhI purAnA hai|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 28 jaina dharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara-sAdhAraNataH mahAvIra hI jaina dharma ke vAstavika saMsthApaka mAne jAte haiN| para jaina loga apane dharma ko atyanta prAcIna batalAte haiM / unakA kahanA hai ki mahAvIra ke pahale teIsa tIrthakara ho cuke the, jinhoMne samaya samaya para avatAra lekara saMsAra ke nirvANa ke liye satya dharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa| inameM se prathama tIrthakara kA nAma RSabhadeva thaa| RSabhadeva kaba hue, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / jaina graMthoM meM likhA hai ki ve karor3oM varSa taka jIvita rhe| ataeva prAcIna tIrthakaroM ke bAre meM jaina graMthoM meM likhI huI bAtoM para vizvAsa karanA asaMbhava hai| jaina graMthoM ke anusAra bAda ke tIrthaMkaroM kA jIvana-kAla ghaTatA gayA; yahA~ taka ki teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kA jIvana-kAla kevala sau varSa mAnA gayA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki pArzvanAtha mahAvIra svAmI se kevala DhAI sau varSa pahale nirvANapada ko prApta hue the| mahAvIra caubIsaveM aura antima tIrthakara mAne jAte haiN| teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha-DAkTara jaikobI tathA anya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki pArzvanAtha aitihAsika vyakti haiN| ina: vidvAnoM ke mata se pArzva hI jaina dharma ke vAstavika saMsthApaka haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki ve mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke DhAI sau varSa pUrva hue the; ataeva unakA samaya I0 pU0 AThavIM zatAbdI nizcita hotA hai| hama logoM ko pArzva ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM aura upadezoM ke bAre meM bahuta kama jJAna hai / bhadrabAhu kRta jaina-kalpasUtra ke eka adhyAya meM saba tIrthakaroM yA jinoM kI jIvanI dI huI hai| usI meM pArzva kI bhI saMkSipta jIvanI hai| para aitihAsika dRSTi

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29 jainadharma kAitihAsa se isa graMtha kI likhI huI bAteM sarvathA mAnanIya nahIM haiM; kyoMki jitane tIrthakara hue haiM, una saba kI jIvanI isameM prAyaH eka hI zailI yA DhaMga para likhI gaI hai| isa grantha se patA lagatA hai ki anya tIrthaMkaroM kI taraha pArzva bhI kSatriya kula ke the| ve kAzI ke rAjA azvasena ke putra the / unakI mAtA kA nAma vAmA thA / tIsa varSoM taka gRhasthI kA saba sukha bhogakara aura aMta meM apanA rAja-pATa chor3akara ve parivrAjaka ho gaye the| caurAsI dinoM taka dhyAna karane ke bAda ve pUrNa jJAna ko prApta hue / tabhI se ve lagabhaga sattara varSoM taka paramocca arhata pada para rahate hue sammeta parvata ke zikhara para nirvANa ko prApta hue / pArzvanAtha ke dhArmika siddhAnta prAyaH vahI the, jo bAda ko mahAvIra svAmI ke hue| kahA jAtA hai ki pArzva apane anuyAyiyoM ko nimnalikhita cAra niyama pAlana karane kI zikSA dete the-(1) prANiyoM kI hiMsA na karanA; (2) satya bolanA; (3) corI na karanA; aura ( 4 ) dhana pAsa na rakhanA / mahAvIra ne eka pA~cavA~ niyama brahmacarya-pAlana ke saMbaMdha meM bhI banAyA thaa| isake sivA pArzva ne apane anuyAyiyoM ko eka adhovastra aura eka uttarIya pahanane kI anumati dI thI; para mahAvIra apane ziSyoM ko bilakula nagna rahane kI zikSA dete the / kadAcit Ajakala ke "zvetAMbara" aura "digaMbara" jaina saMpradAya prAraMbha meM krama se pArzva aura mahAvIra ke hI anuyAyI the / . mahAvIra khAmI kI jIvanI-mahAvIra ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa likhanA sahaja nahIM hai, kyoMki jaina kalpa-sUtra meM, jisakA ullekha Upara kiyA gayA hai, mahAvIra svAmI

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata kI jIvanI atizayoktiyoM aura kalpanAoM se bharI huI hai / yadi yaha graMtha vAstava meM bhadrabAhu kA racA huA ho, aura yadi bhadrabAhu I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI ke pahale ke hoM, to mahAvIra ke saMbaMdha meM isa graMtha kI kucha na kucha bAteM aitihAsika dRSTi se avazya mahatva kI haiN| isake sivA jaina dharma ke kaI anya graMthoM meM bhI kucha vAkya aise haiM, jinase mahAvIra ke jIvana kI bhinna bhinna ghaTanAoM ke saMbaMdha meM aneka bAtoM kA patA lagatA hai| bauddha graMthoM se bhI mahAvIra ke bAre meM bahuta sI bAtoM kA patA lagA hai| ina saba graMthoM ke AdhAra para mahAvIra svAmI kI saMkSipta jIvanI yahA~ dI jAtI hai| prAcIna videha rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI * samRddha nagarI thI / isa nagarI meM eka prakAra kA prajAtaMtra rAjya thA / isa prajAtaMtra rAjya ke calAnevAle licchavi loga the, jo "rAjA" kahalAte the / vaizAlI ke bAhara pAsa hI kuMDa grAma ( vartamAna basukuMDa nAma kA gA~va ) thA / vahA~ siddhArtha nAma kA eka dhanADhya aura kulIna kSatriya rahatA thaa| vaha "jJAtRka" nAma ke kSatriyoM kA mukhiyA thaa| usakI rAnI vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka kI bahana thI aura usakA nAma rAjakumArI trizalA thA / ceTaka kI putrI kA vivAha magadha ke rAjA biMbisAra se huA thA / isa taraha se siddhArtha kA magadha ke rAja-gharAne se bhI ghaniSTa saMbaMdha thaa| siddhArtha ke eka putrI aura do putra hue, jinameM se choTe kA nAma vardhamAna * prAcIna vaizAlI Ajakala ke mujaphpharapura jile meM basAda aura bakhIrA nAma ke grAma haiN|

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jaina dharma kAitihAsa thaa| Age calakara vahI mahAvIra ke nAma se prasiddha huA / jainakalpa-sUtra se patA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra jaba puSpottara nAmaka svarga se janma lene ke liye utare, taba ve RSabhadatta nAma ke brAhmaNa kI patnI devAnandA ke garbha meM Aye / ye donoM ( brAhmaNa aura brAhmaNI )bhI kuMDagrAma meM hI rahate the| para isake pahale yaha kabhI nahIM huA thA ki kisI mahApuruSa ne brAhmaNa kula meM janma liyA ho / ataeva zakra (indra) ne usa mahApuruSa ko devAnaMdA ke garbha se haTAkara trizalA ke garbha meM rakha diyaa| yahA~ yaha kaha denA ucita jAna par3atA hai ki isa kathA ko kevala zvetAMbarI jaina mAnate haiM; digaMbarI loga ise nahIM mAnate / digaMbarI aura zvetAMbarI saMpradAyoM meM mata-bheda kI jo bahuta sI bAteM haiM, unameM se eka yaha bhI hai| vardhamAna ke janma lene para rAjA siddhArtha ke yahA~ bar3A utsava manAyA gyaa| bar3e hone para unheM saba zAstroM aura kalAoM kI pUrNa zikSA dI gii| samaya Ane para yazodA nAma kI eka rAjakumArI se unakA vivAha huA / isa vivAha se vardhamAna ko eka kanyA utpanna huI, jo bAda ko jamAli se byAhI gii| jaba vardhamAna ne "jina" yA "arhata" kI padavI prApta karake apanA dharma calAyA, taba jamAli apane zvasura kA ziSya huA / usI ke kAraNa bAda ko jaina dharma meM pahalI bAra mata-bheda khar3A huA / vardhamAna ne apane mAtA-pitA kI mRtyu ke bAda apane jyeSTha bhrAtA nandivardhana kI AjJA lekara, tIsaveM varSa, ghara-bAra chor3akara, bhikSu oM kA jIvana grahaNa kiyaa| bhikSu-saMpradAya grahaNa karane ke bAda vardhamAna ne bahuta utkaTa tapasyA karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| yahA~ taka

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bauddha kAlIna bhArata 32 ki unhoMne lagAtAra teraha mahIne taka apanA vasa bhI nahIM badalA aura saba prakAra ke kIr3e makor3e unake badana para reMgane lge| isake bAda unhoMne saba vastra pheMka diye aura ve bilakula nagna phirane lge| niraMtara dhyAna karane, pavitratApUrvaka jIvana bitAne aura khAne pIne ke kaThina se kaThina niyamoM kA pAlana karake unhoMne apanI indriyoM para pUrNa vijaya prApta kara lii| ve binA kisI chAyA ke banoM meM rahate the aura eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna ko vicarA karate the| kaI bAra una para bar3e bar3e atyAcAra kiye gaye, para unhoMne dhairya aura zAMti ko kabhI hAtha se na jAne diyA; aura na apane Upara atyAcAra karanevAle se kabhI dveSa hI kiyaa| ___ eka bAra jaba ve rAjagRha ke pAsa nAlanda meM the, taba gosAla maMkhaliputra nAma ke eka bhikSu se unakA sAkSAtkAra huaa| isake bAda kucha varSoM taka usake sAtha mahAvIra kA bahuta ghaniSTa saMbaMdha rhaa| chaH varSoM taka donoM eka sAtha rahate hue bahuta kaThora tapasyA karate rhe| para isake bAda kisI sAdhAraNa bAta para magar3A ho jAne ke kAraNa mahAvIra se gosAla alaga ho gyaa| alaga hokara usane apanA eka bhinna saMpradAya sthApita kiyA aura yaha kahanA prAraMbha kiyA ki maiMne tIrthakara yA arhata kA pada prApta kara liyA hai / isa prakAra jaba mahAvIra tIrthakara hue, usake do varSa pahale hI gosAla ne tIrthakara hone kA dAvA kara diyA thaa| gosAla kA sthApita kiyA huA saMpradAya "zrAjIvika" ke nAma se prasiddha hai| gosAla ke siddhAMtoM aura vicAroM ke bAre meM kevala jaina aura bauddha graMthoM se hI patA lagatA hai| gosAla yA usake anuyAyI (AjIvika loga) apane siddhAMtoM aura vicAroM

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33 jaina dharma kA itihAsa ke saMbaMdha meM koI graMtha nahIM chor3a gaye haiN| jaina graMthoM meM gosAla ke saMbaMdha meM bahuta hI kaTu zabdoM kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai| unameM gosAla ke saMbaMdha meM dhUrta, vaMcaka, dAMbhika Adi zabda kahe gaye haiN| isase patA calatA hai ki jainoM aura ajIvikoM meM bahuta gaharA mata-bheda thA aura isI mata-bheda ke kAraNa mahAvIra ke prabhAva ko prAraMbha meM bar3A dhakkA phuNcaa| gosAla kA pradhAna sthAna zrAvastI meM eka kumhAra kI dukAna meM thA / yaha dUkAna hAlAhalA nAma kI eka strI ke adhikAra meM thii| mAlUma hotA hai ki gosAla ne zrAvastI meM bar3I prasiddhi prApta kara lI thii| bAraha varSoM taka kaThora tapa karane ke bAda terahaveM varSa mahAvIra ne vaha sarvocca jJAna yA kaivalya pada prApta kiyA, jo duHkha aura sukha ke baMdhana se pUrNa mokSa pradAna karatA hai / usI samaya se mahAvIra svAmI "jina" yA "arhata" kahalAne lge| usa samaya unakI Ayu 42 varSa kI thii| tabhI se unhoMne apane dharma kA pracAra prAraMbha kiyA aura "nigraMtha" nAma kA eka saMpradAya sthApita kiyA / Ajakala "nigraMtha" (baMdhana-rahita) ke sthAna para "jaina" (jina ke ziSya) zabda kA vyavahAra hotA hai / mahAvIra svAmI svayaM "nirgratha" bhikSu aura "jJAta" vaMza ke the; isase unake virodhI bauddha loga unheM "nigraMtha jJAtputra" kahA karate the| mahAvIra svAmI ne tIsa varSoM taka apane dharma kA pracAra karate hue aura dUsare dharmavAloM ko apane dharma meM lAte hue cAroM ora bhramaNa kiyaa| ve vizeSa karake magadha aura aMga ke rAjyoM meM, arthAt uttarI aura dakSiNI bihAra meM, ghUmate hue vahA~ ke sabhI bar3e bar3e nagaroM meM gaye / ve adhikatara caMpA, mithilA, zrAvastI, vaizAlI yA rAjagRha meM rahate the / ve

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 34 bahudhA magadha ke rAjA biMbisAra aura ajAtazatru (kUNika ) se milate the| jaina graMthoM se patA calatA hai ki unhoMne magadha ke ucca se ucca samAjoM meM se bahuta se logoM ko apane dharma kA anuyAyI banAyA thA / jaina graMthoM ke anusAra biMbisAra aura ajAtazatru mahAvIra svAmI ke anuyAyI the| para bauddha graMthoM meM ye donoM rAjA buddha bhagavAn ke ziSya kahe gaye haiN| mAlUma hotA hai ki donoM rAjA mahAvIra aura buddha donoM kA samAna Adara karate the| mahAvIra svAmI kA nirvANa-mahAvIrasvAmI ne bahattara varSa kI umra meM yaha nazvara zarIra chor3akara nirvANa pada prApta kiyaa| unakA dehAvasAna paTane jile ke pAvA nAmaka prAcIna nagara meM rAja hastipAla ke eka lekhaka ke ghara meM huA thaa| isa sthAna para aba bhI sahasroM jaina yAtrI darzana ke liye jAte haiN| jaina graMthoM ke anusAra mahAvIra kA nirvANa vikramI saMvat ke 470 varSa pahale arthAt I0 pU0 527 meM huA thA / para mahAvIra kA nirvANa-kAla I0 pU0 527 varSa mAnane meM eka bar3I ar3acana yaha par3atI hai ki mahAvIra aura buddha samakAlIna nahIM Thaharate / ataeva bauddha graMthoM kA yaha likhanA mithyA ho jAtA hai ki buddha aura mahAvIra donoM samakAlIna the| isa bAta se prAyaH sabhI sahamata haiM ki buddha bhagavAn kA nirvANa I0pU0 480 aura 487 ke bIca kisI samaya huaa| mahAvIra kA nirvANa-kAla I0 pU0527 varSa mAnane se mahAvIra aura buddha donoM ke nirvANa-kAla meM 50 varSoM kA antara par3a jAtA hai / para bauddha aura jaina donoM hI graMthoM se patA calatA hai ki mahAvIra aura buddha donoM ajAtazatru (kUNika) ke samakAlIna the / yadi mahAvIra kA nirvANa-kAla I0

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35 jaina dharma kA itihAsa pU0 527 mAnA jAya, to phira mahAvIra ajAtazatru ke samakAlIna nahIM ho skte| ataeva mahAvIra kA nirvANa-kAla I0 pU0 527 nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| DA0 jaikobI mahAzaya ne prasiddha jaina graMthakAra hemacaMdra ke AdhAra para yaha nizcaya kiyA hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa I0 pU0 467 ke lagabhaga huA / saMbhavataH jaikobI mahAzaya kA yaha mata ThIka hai; ataeva isa graMtha meM hama yahI mata svIkRta karate haiM / jaina dharma ke siddhAMta -bauddha dharma kI taraha jaina dharma bhI bhikSuoM kA eka saMpradAya hai| bauddhoM kI taraha jaina bhI jIva-hiMsA nahIM karate / kucha bAtoM meM to ve bauddhoM se bhI bar3ha gaye haiM; aura unakA mata hai ki kevala pazuoM aura vRkSoM meM hI nahIM, balki agni, jala, vAyu aura pRthvI ke paramANuoM meM bhI jIva hai| bauddhoM kI taraha jaina loga bhI veda ko pramANa nahIM mAnate / ve karma aura nirvANa ke siddhAMta ko svIkRta karate haiM aura AtmA ke punarjanma meM vizvAsa rakhate haiM / ve loga caubIsa tIrthakaroM ko mAnate haiN| jainiyoM ke pavitra graMthoM arthAt AgamoM ke sAta bhAga haiM, jinameM se aMga saba se pradhAna bhAga hai| aMga gyAraha haiM, jinameM se "AcArAMga- sUtra" meM jaina bhikSuoM ke AcaraNa-saMbaMdhI niyama aura "upAsaka dazA-sUtra" meM jaina upAsakoM ke AcaraNa saMbaMdhI niyama diye gaye haiN| * Cambridge History of India, Vol. I. Ancient India, p. 156.

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bauddha-kAlona bhArata zvetAMbara aura digaMbara saMpradAya-jaina graMthoM se patA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke do zatAbdI bAda magadha meM bar3A akAla par3A thaa| usa sakaya magadha meM caMdragupta maurya kA rAjya thA / akAla ke kAraNa jaina kalpasUtra ke racayitA bhadrabAhu, jo usa samaya jaina samAja ke prasiddha aguA the, apane ziSyoM aura sAthiyoM ko lekara magadha se karnATaka cale gaye / bahuta se jaina magadha hI meM raha gaye the aura unake netA sthUlabhadra the / jo jaina cale gaye the, ve akAla dUra hone para phira magadha ko lauTa Aye / para isa bIca meM jo loga karnATaka cale gaye the, unakI aura jo loga magadha meM raha gaye the, unakI cAla DhAla meM bahuta antara na par3a gayA thaa| magadha ke jaine zveta vastra pahanane lage the; para karnATakavAle jaina aba taka nagna rahane kI prAcIna rIti pakar3e hue the| isa prakAra ve donoM krama se zvetAMbara aura digaMbara kahalAne lge| kahA jAtA hai ki ye donoM saMpradAya aMtima bAra san 79 yA 82 IsavI meM alaga hue / jisa samaya digaMbara loga karnATaka meM the, usa samaya zvetAMbaroM ne apane dharma-graMthoM kA saMgraha karake unakA nirNaya kiyaa| para zvetAMbaroM ne jo dharma-graMtha ekatra kiye the, unheM digaMbaroM ne svIkRta nahIM kiyaa| kucha samaya meM zvetAMbaroM ke dharma-graMtha titara bitara ho gaye aura unake lupta ho jAne kA Dara huA / ataeva ve san 454 yA 467 IsavI meM vallabhI (gujarAta) kI sabhA meM lipi-baddha kiye gye| isa sabhA meM jaina dharmagraMthoM kA usa rUpa meM saMgraha kiyA gayA, jisa rUpa meM hama Aja unheM pAte haiN| ina ghaTanAoM aura kathAnakoM ke atirikta mathurA meM bahuta se jaina zilAlekha bhI mile haiM, jinameM se adhikatara

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jaina dharma kA itihAsa kuSaNa rAjA kaniSka ke samaya ke tathA usake bAda ke haiN| ina zilAlekhoM se patA lagatA hai ki zvetAMbara saMpradAya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI meM vidyamAna thA / IsavIsana ke bAda jaina dharma kI sthiti-IsavI sana ke bAda kA jaina dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa aMdhakAra meM par3A huA hai / usa samaya ke itihAsa para yadi koI prakAza par3atA hai, to vaha kevala mathurA ke zilA-lekhoM se| unase jaina dharma kI bhinna bhinna zAkhAoM aura saMpradAyoM kA kucha kucha patA lagatA hai; aura unase jaina dharma kI jo avasthA sUcita hotI hai, vahI abhI taka vidyamAna hai| hA~, ina bIsa zatAbdiyoM meM una saMpradAyoM ke nAma aura bAharI rUpa kadAcita bahuta kucha badala gaye haiN| ina zilAlekhoM meM .. una gRhastha upAsakoM aura upAsikAoM ke nAma bhI milate haiM, jinhoMne bhinna bhinna samayoM meM bhikSuoM aura bhikSuniyoM ko dAna dekara jainoM ke bhikSu-saMpradAya ko jIvita rakkhA thaa| isake sivA jaina loga sadA se apanI purAnI prathAoM para itane dRr3ha rahe haiM aura kisI prakAra ke parivartana se itane bhAgate rahe haiM ki jaina dharma ke moTe moTe siddhAMta zvetAMbaroM aura digaMbaroM ke alaga alaga hone ke samaya jaise the, vaise hI prAyaH aba bhI cale jA rahe haiN| kadAcit isI se aba bhI jaina dharma banA huA hai, jaba ki bauddha dharma kA apanI janma-bhUmi se bilakula lopa ho gayA hai|

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cauthA adhyAya gautama buddha kI jIvanI buddha kA janma-gautama buddha kA janma kaba huA tathA unake 'nirvANa kA samaya kyA hai, yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| DAkTara phlITa tathA anya vidvAnoM ne buddha kA nirvANa-kAla IsA ke pUrva 487 varSa mAnA hai| nirvANa ke samaya buddha assI varSa ke the; ataeva buddha kA janma-kAla IsA ke 567 varSa pUrva nizcita hotA hai / kahA jAtA hai ki aMtima bAra janma lene ke pahale buddha bhagavAn prAyaH 550 bAra pazu, pakSI tathA manuSya ke rUpa meM janma le cuke the| buddha ke ina janmoM kA hAla una kathAoM meM diyA hai, jo "jAtaka" * ke nAma se pracalita haiN| aMtima bAra janma lene ke pUrva buddha bhagavAn "tuSita" nAma ke svarga meM deva ke rUpa meM nivAsa karate the| jaba isa pRthvI para unake punarjanma kA samaya samIpa AyA, taba ve bahuta dinoM taka yaha vicAra karate rahe ki kauna manuSya aisA yogya hai / jisake yahA~ hama janma leN| aMta meM unhoMne nizcaya kiyA ki zAkya vaMza ke rAjA zuddhodana kI patnI mAyAdevI ke garbha meM janma lenA caahie| isa nizcaya ke anusAra buddha ne "tuSita" svarga se utarakara zAkyoM kI rAjadhAnI kapila vastu meM-jI nepAla kI tarAI meM hai-mAyAdevI ke * hindI meM inameM kI kucha cunI huI kathAe~ "jAtaka kathAmAlA" ke nAma se sAhityaratnamAlA kAryAlaya, kAzI dvArA prakAzita huI hai| -prakAzaka /

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39 bukha kI jIvanI garbha meM zveta hastI ke rUpa meM praveza kiyaa| jaba prasava kAla samIpa mAyA, taba mAyAdevIne rAjA se apane maike jAne kI icchA prakaTa kI / jaba ve rAjA kI AjJA lekara apane maike jA rahI thIM, taba rAste meM "luMbinI" nAmaka upavana meM unheM prasava-vedanA huI aura ve eka "zAla" ke vRkSa kI DAla pakar3akara khar3I ho gii| khar3e hote hI mAyA kI kokha se buddha bhagavAna kA janma ho gayA / janma ke pA~caveM dina rAja-purohita vizvAmitra ne isa zizu kA nAma siddhArtha rkkhaa| para buddha ke gotra kA nAma gautama thA / inakI mAtA mAyA devI inake janma ke sAtaveM hI dina svargavAsinI huI; isaliye inakI mausI tathA vimAtA prajAvatI ne inakA pAlana-poSaNa kiyaa| kahate haiM ki jisa dina buddha ne avatAra liyA, usI dina unakI bhAvI patnI "yazodharA", unake sArathi "chandaka", unake ghor3e "kaNThaka" tathA unake pradhAna ziSya "Ananda" ne bhI janma-grahaNa kiyA thaa| yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki ye saba buddha ke pUrva janmoM meM, bhinna bhinna rUpoM meM, unake sAtha raha cuke the| ___"lumbinI" upavana se buddha bar3I dhUma dhAma ke sAtha kapilavastu meM lAye gaye aura jyotiSiyoM ne jamma-patra banAkara phalAphala kahanA zurU kiyaa| koI jyotiSI kahatA ki yaha bAlaka cakravartI samrAT hogaa| koI kahatA ki yaha "samyak saMbuddha" hokara saMsAra kA uddhAra kregaa| jo cihna isa bAlaka ke zarIra para the, unase donoM hI bAteM ho sakatI thIM; kyoMki cakravartI rAjA aura buddha ke cihna prAyaH eka hI se hote haiN| itane meM yoga zakti se yaha jAnakara ki buddha ne kapilavastu meM avatAra liyA

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40 bauddha-kAlIna bhArata hai, RSi asita unake darzana ke liye Aye aura bhaviSyavANI kI ki yaha bAlaka eka dina buddha hogaa| rAjA zuddhodana ko isa bAta kA vizvAsa na huA ki yaha rAjakumAra rAja-pATa aura ghana vaibhava chor3akara eka tapasvI kA jIvana pasaMda kregaa| tathApi rAjakumAra ko saMsAra meM lipta rakhane ke liye unhoMne hara prakAra ke bhoga-vilAsa kI sAmagrI usake liye ikaTThI kI, jisase rAjakumAra kA mana vairAgya kI ora kabhI pravRtta hI na ho| jaba rAjA ne RSi asita se pUchA ki kina kAraNoM se rAjakumAra ke mana meM rAjya kI ora se vairAgya utpanna hogA, taba RSi ne kahA ki cAra bAteM isa vairAgya kA kAraNa hoMgI-(1) eka vRddha manuSya, (2) eka rogI manuSya, (3) eka mRtaka tathA (4) eka bhikssu| ataeva rAjA ne isa bAta kI bar3I caukasI rakkhI ki ye cAroM cIjeM rAjakumAra kI A~khoM ke sAmane na Ane pAveM / buddha kA vivAha aura vairAgyotpatti jaba kumAra vidyA samApta kara cuke, taba rAjA zuddhodana ne gurukula meM jAkara unakA samAvartana saMskAra karAyA aura guru vizvAmitra ko pracura dakSiNA dii| anaMtara bar3e gAje-bAje ke sAtha kumAra siddhArtha kapilavastu lAye gye| ve ekAMta-premI the aura khela-kUda, Amoda-pramoda Adi meM bahuta sammilita na hote the| ve sadA dhyAna meM magna rahA karate the aura yahI socA karate the ki manuSya trividha tApoM se kisa taraha chuTakArA pA sakatA hai / rAjA zuddhodana kumAra kI yaha dazA dekha maharSi asita ke vacanoM kA smaraNa karake bahuta ghabarAye; aura jaba anya prakAra

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41 buddha kI jIvanI se kumAra kA mana vairAgya kI ora se haTatA na dekhA, taba unhoMne unheM vivAha baMdhana meM jakar3ane kA manasUbA baaNdhaa| __solaha varSa kI umra meM rAjakumAra kA vivAha par3osa ke koliya vaMza kI rAjakumArI yazodharA se kara diyA gyaa| rAjakumAra sadA mahaloM ke aMdara rakkhe jAte the; kyoMki unake pitA ko yaha bhaviSyad-vANI yAda thI ki rAjakumAra rAjya tyAgakara vairAgya grahaNa kreNge| jaba rAjakumAra untIsa varSa ke hue, taba daivI preraNA se unhoMne apane sArathI ko saira ke liye mahaloM ke bAhara ratha le calane ko kahA / jaba ve ratha para car3hakara mahala ke bAhara jA rahe the, taba devatAoM ne unake mana ko vairAgya kI ora pravRtta karane ke liye eka bahuta hI jIrNakAya buDDhe manuSya ko unake sAmane bhejaa| rAjakumAra ne ratha hA~kanevAle se pUchA-"yaha kauna hai ?" sArathI ne uttara diyA-"yaha vRddha manuSya hai / hara eka prANI ko eka na eka dina aisA hI honA par3atA hai|" yaha bAta sunakara rAjakumAra ke mana meM saMsAra-sukha ke prati atyaMta glAni utpanna huii| vahIM se ve mahala meM lauTa Aye / isI taraha dUsare aura tIsare dina eka rogI aura eka muradA rAjakumAra ko dikhalAI diyaa| rAjakumAra ne usI taraha sArathI se prazna kiyA, jisake uttara meM usane rAjakumAra ko jo bAta una donoM ke saMbaMdha meM kahI, usase rAjakumAra ke mana meM aura bhI vairAgya bddh'aa| cauthI bAra, jaba ve upavana ko jA rahe the, rAste meM unheM eka -kASAya vastra-dhArI bhikSu dikhalAI par3A / jaba unhoMne sArathI se pUchA ki yaha kona hai, taba usane kahA ki yaha bhikSu hai, jo sAMsArika sukha aura aizvarya ko tyAgakara kevala bhikSA se apanA

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata udara-pAlana karatA huA saMsAra ke upakAra meM jIvana vyatIta kara rahA hai| usI samaya rAjakumAra ke mana meM saMsAra kA tyAga karake bhikSu banane kI prabala kAmanA jAprata huii| rAhula kA janma kumAra ke aTThAIsaveM varSa rAjakumArI yazodharA garbhavatI huI aura unake garbha se yathA samaya rAhula nAmaka putra utpanna huaa| unhIM dinoM unake mana meM saMnyAsa grahaNa karane kA vicAra prabala ho rahA thaa| RSi-RNa tathA deva-RNa se to kumAra pahale hI uRNa ho cuke the; putrotpatti kA samAcAra sunakara unhoMne apane ko pitR-RNa se bhI mukta smjhaa| aba ve tInoM RNoM se mukta hokara apane Apa ko mokSa pada kA adhikArI samajhane lge| isa vicAra ke uThate hI unake mukha para solaho kalAoM se pUrNa AnaMda-rUpI iMdu kA udaya huA; kiMtu tatkAla hI putrotpatti se utpanna rAga ne unake vairAgya se utpanna AnaMda para AkramaNa kiyA aura unakA sArA mAnasika sukha aMtardhAna ho gayA / ataeva unake mana meM AyA ki yaha putra rAhu hai, jisane mere AnaMda-caMdra ko prasa liyaa| isI se unhoMne usakA nAma "rAhula" rakkhA / mahAbhiniSkramaNa (gRha tyAga) usa rAtri ko buddha apanI strI ko eka bAra dekhane ke liye gaye / vahA~ unhoMne jagamagAte hue dIpaka ke prakAza meM bar3e sukha kA dRzya dekhA / unako yuvA patnI cAroM ora phUloM se ghirI huI

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buddha kI jIvanI par3I thI aura usakA eka hAtha bacce ke sira para thaa| unake hRdaya meM bar3I abhilASA uThI ki saba sAMsArika sukhoM ko chor3ane ke pahale aMtima bAra apane bacce ko apanI goda meM leM; paraMtu ve aisA karane se ruka gye| yaha socakara ki kadAcit bace kI mAtA jAga jAya aura usa priyatamA kI prArthanAe~ kadAcit merA hRdaya hilA deM aura mere saMkalpa meM bAdhA DAla deM, ve vahA~ se cupacApa nikala gaye / / usI eka kSaNa meM, usI rAtrI ke aMdhakAra meM unhoMne sadA ke liye apane dhana, sammAna aura adhikAra, apanI U~cI maryAdA aura apane "rAjakumAra" nAma ko, aura saba se bar3hakara apanI pyArI patnI kI prIti aura usakI goda meM soye hue sukumAra bacce ke sneha ko tilAMjali de dii| AdhI rAta ke samaya unhoMne "chaMdaka" nAmaka sevaka se "kaMThaka" nAmaka azva ma~gAkara aura usa para savAra hokara pUrva dizA kA rAstA liyaa| mArga meM ghane jaMgaloM, sunasAna maidAnoM aura aneka choTe moTe nadI-nAloM ko pAra karake ve koliya rAjya meM pahuMce aura vahA~ se anAmA nadI ke kinAre gye| vahA~ unhoMne apane zarIra para do eka sAdhAraNa vastra rakhakara zeSa vastrAbhUSaNa tathA azva chaMdraka ko dekara use haTha-pUrvaka kapilavaspu ko vApasa bheja diyaa| phira unhoMne talavAra se apanI zikhA kATa DAlI aura Age calakara apane bahumUlya vasoM ke badale meM sAdhAraNa vakha le liye / unhoMne chaMdaka ke dvArA apane pitA ko kahalA bhejA ki maiM "buddha" pada prApta karake kapilavastu meM phira Apake darzana kruuNgaa| unake viyoga meM zoka-vihvala rAja-parivAra ro pITakara isI vacana ke sahAre kisI prakAra baiTha rahA /

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 44 ___buddha kI tapasyA gautama siddhArtha vaizAlI pahu~cakara AlAra kAlAma nAmaka paMDita ke brahmacaryAzrama meM gaye, jahA~ tIna sau brahmacArI vidyAdhyana karate the| isI paMDita se gautama ne brahmacaryAzrama kI dIkSA grahaNa kI; para unakI zikSA se gautama kI AtmA ko zAMti na prApta huI / ataeva AlAra kAlAma kI AjJA lekara unhoMne rAjagRha kI ora prasthAna kiyA / rAjagRha meM mahArAja biMbisAra ne gautama ko bhikSA dI aura unake rUpa, yauvana tathA guNoM ko dekhakara apanA bhArI magadha rAjya unheM arpita karanA cAhA / para buddha ne uttara diyA ki yadi mujhe rAjya jaise kSaNabhaMgura padArtha kI lAlasA hotI, to maiM apane pitA hI kA rAjya kyoM chor3atA ! yaha sunakara rAjA lajjita huA aura buddhatva prApta karane para gautama ko apane yahA~ Ane kA nimaMtraNa dekara mahala ko calA gayA / usa samaya rAjagRha meM rudraka nAma ke eka prasiddha dArzanika rahate the, jinake Azrama meM sAta sau brahmacArI adhyayana karate the| kucha dinoM taka buddha ne rudraka ke yahA~ rahakara unase zikSA prApta kii| para unakI zikSA se bhI buddha ko usa nirvANa kA mArga na milA, jise ve prApta karanA cAhate the| ataeva rudraka kI AjJA lekara ve aura Age bddh'e| isa Azrama ke pA~ca bhikSu bhI jJAna kI khoja meM gautama ke sAtha ho liye / ye chahoM mahAtmA mikSA grahaNa karate hue kaI dinoM meM gayA phuNce| vahA~ gautama ne socA ki saba se pahale zArIrika zuddhatA ke liye tapasyA karanA Avazyaka hai; kyoMki binA isake citta zuddha nahIM ho sakatA / isa vicAra

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45 buddha ko jIvanI se ve tapazcaryA ke yogya sthAna DhaDhane lage; aura vahA~ se thor3I dUra para urubilva nAmaka grAma meM niraMjanA nadI ke kinAre eka upayukta sthAna pAkara vahIM ghora tapazcaryA meM lIna ho gaye / chaH varSoM taka ve tapasyA karate rahe / para jaba unhoMne dekhA ki mAmUlI tapasyA se kucha nahIM hotA, taba unhoMne kaThora se kaThora vrata aura upavAsa karanA prAraMbha kiyA / yahA~ taka ki ve dina meM sirpha eka dAnA cAvala kA khAkara rahane lge| isase ve sUkhakara kaoNTA ho gaye aura aise balahIna hue ki eka bAra thor3e hI parizrama se mUcchita hokara gira pdd'e| __mAra kA AkramaNa aura buddha-pada kI prApti ___ jaba buddha ne dekhA ki vrata tathA upavAsa karane se aura zarIra ko kaSTa dene se Atmika jJAna nahIM ho sakatA, taba ve pUrvavat bhojana karane lge| isase pA~ca bhikSu, jo unake sAtha rahate the, unako chor3akara sAranAtha cale gaye aura vahIM rahane lge| buddha Atmika jJAna ke liye buddha gayA gaye / jaba ve "bodhi-vRkSa" kI ora jA rahe the, taba rAste meM, unheM svastika nAma kA eka ghasiyArA milA / usane unheM kucha ghAsa bheMTa kI / buddha ne ghAsa kI vaha bheMTa svIkRta kara lii| phira ve pIpala ke eka vRkSa ke nIce ( jo bAda meM "bodhi-vRkSa' ke nAma se prasiddha huA ) vaha ghAsa bichakara usa para baiTha gaye aura dhyAna karane lge| jaba buddha usa bodhi-vRkSa ke nIce baiThe hue samAdhistha the aura buddha-pada prApta karane ko the, taba "mAra" ( kAmadeva ) bahuta DarA / bauddha dharma meM "mAra" kA vahI pada hai, jo IsAI dharma meM zaitAna kA hai| usane

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bAddha-kAlIna bhArata socA ki yadi ise buddha-pada prApta ho gayA, to kevala yahI saMsAra se mukta na ho jAyagA, kiMtu yaha anaMta prANiyoM ke liye nirvANa / kA dvAra khola degA / phira hamArA rAjya kahA~ rahegA ? yaha socakara usane buddha ko aneka prakAra ke lAlaca diye; yahA~ taka ki usane apanI lar3akiyoM ko bhI buddha ke sAmane, unheM apane vaza meM karane ke liye, bhejaa| kiMtu buddha para unakA kucha bhI asara na huA / taba mAra ne apanI senA ko buddha para AkramaNa karane kI AjJA dI, jisameM buddha apanA Asana chor3akara bhAga jaayeN| isa para buddha ne pRthvI ko chUkara zapatha kI ki yadi mere pUrva janmoM ke puNya-kAryoM se isa Asana para merA adhikAra ho, to pRthvI merI ora se isa bAta kI sAkSiNI ho| buddha kI isa mudrA ko "bhUmisparza-mudrA" kahate haiN| buddha ke aisA kahane para pRthvI ne garajakara apanI svIkRti dii| isa para mAra aura usakI senA donoM hArakara bhAga gye| isI ke dUsare dina buddha ko usa satya-jJAna kA prakAza dikhAI diyA, jisase ve "bodhisatva" se "buddha" padavI ko prApta hue / buddha kA prathama upadeza "samyak saMbuddha" pada ko prApta hone para buddha socane lage ki hama pahale kise apane dharma kA upadeza kareM / unakA dhyAna una pA~ca bhikSuoM kI ora gayA,jo una para avizvAsa karake unakA sAtha chor3akara cale gaye the| apane dhyAna-bala se yaha jAnakara ki ve isa samaya mRgadAva (sAranAtha, banArasa) meM haiM, buddha vahIM gaye aura pahalI bAra unheM apane dharma kA upadeza diyaa| yahI

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bukha kI jovanI pA~co buddha ke pahale ziSya hue| buddha ke jIvana kI yaha ghaTanA "dharmacakrapravartana" ke nAma se prasiddha hai; arthAt buddha ne pahalI bAra sAranAtha meM apane dharma kA pahiyA calAyA thA aura bauddha dharma kA pracAra vahIM se prAraMbha huA thaa| buddha ke prathama upadeza kA sArAMza nIce likhA jAtA hai| ___ "he bhikSuo, do aisI bAteM haiM, jo una manuSyoM ko na karanI cAhie~, jinhoMne saMsAra tyAga diyA hai| arthAt eka to una vastuoM kI Adata na DAlanI cAhie, jo manovikAra aura vizeSataH kAmAsakti se utpanna hotI haiM; kyoMki yaha nIca, mithyA, ayogya aura hAnikara mArga hai| yaha mArga kevala saMsArI manuSyoM ke yogya hai / aura dUsare unheM aneka dUsarI tapasyAe~ bhI nahIM karanI cAhie~; kyoMki ve duHkhadAyI, ayogya aura hAnikara haiM / he bhikSuo, ina donoM bAtoM ko chor3akara eka bIca kA mArga hai, jo netroM ko kholatA aura jJAna detA hai| usase mana kI zAMti, uccatama jJAna aura pUrNa prakAza arthAt nirvANa prApta hotA hai / " isake uparAMta buddha ne unheM duHkha, usake kAraNa, usake nAza aura usakA nAza karane ke mArga ke saMbaMdha meM aneka bAteM batalAI / jisa mArga kA varNana buddha ne kiyA, usameM ye ATha bAteM haiM yathArtha vizvAsa, yathArtha uddeza, yathArtha bhASaNa, yathArtha kArya, yathArtha jIvana, yathArtha udyoga, yathArtha manaHsthiti aura yathArtha dhyAna / aura isI ko 'aTThAMgika maggA'(aSTAMgika mArga) kahate haiN| ina pA~ca bhikSuoM ko apane dharma meM dIkSita karake mahAtmA buddha ne paiMtAlisa varSa taka sAre uttarI bhArata meM idhara udhara bhramaNa karake bauddha mata kA pracAra kiyaa| ve kevala cAturmAsya meM

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 48 prAyaH eka sthAna para rahate the aura zeSa mAsoM meM bhramaNa kiyA karate the| buda kA prathama ziSya unakA pahalA gRhastha ziSya kAzI ke dhanADhya seTha kA putra yaza huaa| sukha aura saMpatti kI goda meM pale hue isa yuvaka ke dharma-parivartana kA vRttAMta ullekhanIya hai / usake tIna mahala the-eka jAr3e ke liye, dUsarA garamI ke liye aura tIsarA barasAta ke liye / eka dina rAta ko nIMda se jAgakara usane kamare meM gAyikAoM ko sote hue pAyA aura unake vastroM, bAloM tathA gAne ke sAjoM ko chinna bhinna dekhA / isa yuvaka ne, jo sukha ke jIvana se tRpta ho cukA thA, apane sAmane jo kucha dekhA, usase use bahuta ghRNA huI aura gahare vicAra meM par3akara usane kahA-"oha ! kaisA duHkha hai ! oha ! kaisI vipatti hai !" yaha kahakara vaha prabhAta ke samaya ghara se bAhara calA gyaa| usa samaya buddha Tahalane ke liye nikale the| unhoMne isa vyAkula aura duHkhI yuvaka ko yaha kahate hue sunA-"oha ! kaisA duHkha hai ! zroha ! kaisI vipatti hai !" isa para buddha ne usa yuvaka se kahA"he yaza, yahA~ koI duHkha aura koI vipatti nahIM hai| he yaza, yahA~ Akara baiTho / maiM tumheM satya kA mArgabatalAU~gA / " taba yaza ne gautama buddha ke mukha se satya-jJAna kA upadeza sunA / yaza kI sI aura mAtA-pitA saba use na pAkara buddha ke pAsa Aye / vahA~ una logoM ne bhI pavitra satya-zAna kA upadeza sunA; aura taba ve loga bhI buddha ke gRhastha ziSya ho gaye /

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buddha kI jIvanI bauddha saMgha kA saMghaTana kAzI pAne ke pA~ca mahIne ke aMdara buddha ke sATha ziSya ho gye| unhoMne una ziSyoM ko saMgha meM saMghaTita karake bhinna bhinna dizAoM meM satya kA prakAra karane ke liye yaha kahakara bhejA"he bhikSuo, aba tuma loga jAo aura saMsAra kI bhalAI tathA upakAra ke liye bhramaNa kro| tuma meM se koI do bhI eka hI mArga se na jaayN| he bhikSuo, tuma loga usa siddhAMta kA pracAra karo, jo Adi meM uttama hai, madhya meM uttama hai aura aMta meM uttama hai / jAo, pavitra jIvana kA pracAra kro|" taba se kisI dharmapracAraka ne apane dharma kA pracAra pRthvI ke ora chora taka karane meM utanA adhika pavitra utsAha nahIM dikhalAyA, jitanA gautama buddha ke anuyAyiyoM ne apane dharma kA pracAra karane meM dikhalAyA hai / isake bAda bhagavAna buddha uruvelA (urubilva) grAma ko gae / . kAzyapa kA dharma-parivartana uruvelA grAma meM "kAzyapa" nAma ke tIna tapasvI apane ziSyoM ke sAtha rahate the| ve vaidika dharma ke anusAra agni kI pUjA karate the aura bahuta prasiddha saMnyAsI tathA darzana zAstra ke acche jJAtA the| banArasa meM buddha apane dharma kA pracAra karane ke bAda kAzyapa ke tapovana meM Aye aura kAzyapa tathA unake ziSyoM ko apane dharma meM lAne ke liye unheM apane dharma kA upadeza dene lge| kintu kAzyapa apane vicAroM para bahuta dRr3ha the; ataeva unheM apane dharma meM lAne ke liye buddha ko apanI aneka siddhiyA~

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baura-kAlIna bhArata aura Azcaryajanaka dRzya dikhAne pdd'e| vahA~ tapovana kA eka agnyAgAra thA, jisameM agni rakkhI rahatI thI / usameM eka bhayaMkara kAlA sA~pa rahatA thA / kAzyapa tathA anya brAhmaNa usa sA~pa ke Dara ke mAre usa ghara meM na jAte the| una brAhmaNoM ko apanI zakti kA paricaya dene ke liye buddha ne usa agnyAgAra meM rahane kI AjJA maaNgii| kAzyapa ne yaha samajhakara ki buddha kI jAna vyartha jAyagI, unheM usa AgAra meM rahane kI AjJA na dii| aMta meM bahuta kahane sunane para buddha ko usa gRha meM rahane kI AjJA milii| buddha usake aMdara Asana jamAkara baiTha gye| baiThate hI unake zarIra se aisI jyoti nikalI ki sA~pa Dara gayA aura buddha ke vazIbhUta hokara unake bhikSA-pAtra meM chipakara baiTha gayA / brAhmaNoM ne buddha kA yaha Azcarya-janaka prakAza dekhakara samajhA ki makAna meM Aga lagI hai| ataeva ve Aga bujhAne ke liye ghar3oM meM pAnI le lekara daudd'e| aMta meM yaha jAnakara ki yaha buddha ke zarIra se nikalI huI jyoti hai, ve buddha ke bhakta ho gaye aura kAzyapa ne apane ziSyoM ke sAtha bauddha dharma grahaNa kara liyA / isa ghaTanA se buddha kI khyAti cAroM ora phaila gii| janma-bhUmi meM buddha kA Agamana aba buddha bhagavAn apane ziSyoM ko sAtha lekara magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha kI ora cale / buddha ke Ane kA samAcAra sunakara magadha kA rAjA biMbisAra bahuta se brAhmaNoM aura vaizyoM ko sAtha lekara unase milane ke liye AyA / pazcAt buddha kA upadeza sunakara rAjA apane asaMkhya anucaroM ke sAtha bauddha mata

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buddha ko jovanI kA anuyAyI ho gyaa| isI bIca meM buddha ne "sAriputra" aura "maudgalAyana" nAmaka bhikSuoM ko bhI ziSya banAkara unheM apane saba ziSyoM meM pradhAnatA dii| ___aba gautama buddha kA yaza unakI janma-bhUmi taka pahu~ca gayA thA / apane putra kA bhArI yaza sunakara rAjA zuddhodana ne kaI dUtoM ko bhejakara unheM bulA bhejaa| ve do mahIne taka paidala calakara saMgha sameta kapilavastu pahu~ce aura usI ke nikaTa "nyagrodha" kAnana meM tthhre| dUsare dina ve svayaM nagara meM bhikSA mA~gane ke liye nikle| isa samAcAra se rAja-parivAra meM bar3A kolAhala macA aura rAjA vahIM padhArakara buddha se kahane lage--vatsa ! isa prakAra bhikSA mA~gakara mujhe kyoM lajjita karate ho! kyA maiM saMgha sameta tumhArA satkAra nahIM kara sakatA ? buddha ne uttara diyA ki mahArAja, yaha to merA kula-dharma hai; kyoMki aba maiM apane ko rAjakulotpanna na mAnakara bauddha kula meM janmA huA samajhatA huuN| anaMtara mahala meM bhagavAn kA saMgha sameta bhojana huaa| vahIM buddha ne rAja-parivAra tathA sevakoM ko upadeza bhI diyaa| isa upadeza meM pUre rAja-parivAra ke sammilita hone para bhI bhagavAn kI rAnI yazodharA na sammilita huii| usakA bhAva samajhakara tathA pitA kI AjJA lekara sAriputra aura maudgalAyana ke sAtha bhagavAn svayaM yazodharA ke pAsa gaye / vaha bhagavAn ko saMnyAsI ke veza meM dekha, parama vihvala ho, unake pairoM para gira par3I aura phUTa phUTakara rone lgii| bhagavAna ne usako AzvAsana dekara aneka upadeza die / anaMtara bhagavAn ke choTe bhAI naMda ne bhI yuvarAja honA svIkAra na karake buddha se dIkSA grahaNa kii| bhagavAn ke

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52 bauna-kAlIna bhArata putra rAhula ne bhI aisA hI kiyaa| yaha dekha rAjA zuddhodana ne bahuta vyAkula hokara bhagavAn se Agraha kiyA ki Age se binA mAtA-pitA kI AjJA ke koI bAlaka saMnyAsI na banAyA jAya / bhagavAn ne yaha bAta mAna lI aura isake anusAra ghoSaNA bhI pracArita kara dii| buddha kI sautelI mAtA mahAprajAvatI tathA anya zAkya striyoM ne brahmacarya grahaNa karake bhikSuNI banane kI icchA prakaTa kii| bhagavAn ne pahale to unheM TAla diyA; para unake atyaMta Agraha karane para unakI icchA pUrI kara dii| mahAprajAvatI pahalI strI thI, jisane bauddha dharma kI dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| chaThe varSa mahArAja biMbisAra kI pahalI mahiSI kSemA tathA rAhula kI mAtA yazodharA ne bhI dIkSA grahaNa kii| trayastriMza svarga se avataraNa likhA hai ki sAtaveM varSa buddha bhagavAn trayastriMzasvargako gye| buddha ke janma ke sAtaveM hI dina unakI mAtA mAyAdevI kA dehAnta ho gayA thaa| dUsare janma meM mAyA trayakhiMza svarga meM, eka devatA ke rUpa meM, paidA huii| apanI mAtA ko bhI bauddha dharma kI dIkSA dene ke liye buddha trayastriMza svarga ko gaye aura vahA~ tIna mahIne rahakara unhoMne mAyA ko bauddha dharma kA upadeza diyaa| tIna mahIne bAda jaba pRthvI para phira buddha ke lauTane kA samaya huA, taba iMdra ne vizvakarmA se sone kI tIna sIr3hiyA~ banAne ko khaa| una tInoM sIr3hiyoM se buddha tathA unake sAtha iMdra aura brahmA saMkAzya (Adhunika saMkIsA, jilA pharrukhAbAda) meM utare /

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53 buddha kI jIvanI vahA~ para, kucha varSa hue, saMyukta prAMta kI aitihAsika samiti (yU0 pI0 hisTArikala sosAiTI) kI ora se khudAI bhI karAI gaI thii| nAlagiri hAthI kA damana buddha kA cacerA bhAI devadatta unakA yaza aura mAna dekhakara unase bahuta DAha karatA thA aura aMdara hI aMdara dveSa kI Aga se jalA karatA thA / usane tIna bAra buddha kI hatyA karane kI ceSTA kI thI / eka bAra jaba buddha rAjagRha kI sar3aka para jA rahe the, taba usane magadha ke mahArAja ajAtazatru kI sahAyatA se nAlagiri nAmaka eka matavAlA hAthI buddha ke prANa lene ko chor3a diyaa| kiMtu jyoMhI vaha matavAlA hAthI nagara ke phATaka ke aMdara ghusA, tyoMhI buddha ne usa nAthI ke mastaka para apanA hAtha pherakara use apane vaza meM kara liyaa| usI samaya devadatta kI salAha se ajAtazatru apane bUr3he pitA mahArAja biMbisAra ko bAta bAta meM kaSTa dene lgaa| kahA jAtA hai ki biMbisAra aMtima samaya meM rAjya kI bAgaDora apane putra ajAtazatru ke hAtha meM dekara ekAMta-vAsa karane lgaa| kiMtu ajAtazatru ko itanA dhairya kahA~ ki vaha mahArAja banane ke liye biMbisAra kI mRtyu kI pratIkSA karatA ! bauddha graMthoM ke anusAra. isa rAjakumAra ne apane pitA ko bhUkhoM mAra DAlA / unhIM graMthoM se yaha bhI patA lagatA hai. ki jaba vaha gaddI para AyA, taba buddha bhagavAn jIvita the| likhA hai ki ajAtazatru ne bhagavAna ke sAmane apane pApoM ke liye bahuta hI pazcAttApa kiyA aura unase bauddha dharma kI dIkSA grahaNa

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bauddha kAlIna bhArata 54 kii| isI bIca meM devadatta eka tAlAba meM phaMsakara mara gayA / __ mahAtmA buddha ke avizrAMta parizrama kA yaha phala huA ki malla, licchavi, zAkya Adi kSatriya jAtiyoM ne bauddha dharma svIkAra kiyA / eka bAra avadha prAMta ke zAsaka virUdhaka ne kaI kAraNoM se zAkyoM para bhArI krodha karake unakA sarvanAza kara DAlA / apanA paiMtAlIsavA~ cAturmAsya zrAvastI meM vyatIta karake bhagavAn ne rAjagRha jAte hue mArga meM kapilavastu ke dhvaMsAvazeSa dekhe / mArga meM bhagavAn pATaligrAma bhI pahuMce, jahA~ usa samaya eka kilA bana rahA thA / vahA~ unhoMne bhaviSyavANI kI-"yaha pATaligrAma 'pATaliputra' (paTanA) khlaavegaa| isakI samRddhi, sabhyatA aura vANijya khUba bar3hegA aura yaha sarvazreSTha nagara hogaa| para aMta ko agni, jala aura gRha-viccheda se isakA nAza hogaa|" vezyA ke yahA~ nimantraNa usa samaya vaizAlI meM AmrapAlI nAma kI eka vezyA rahatI thI, jisane bhagavAn ko saMgha sameta bhojana ke liye nimaMtrita kiyA / bhagavAn ne yaha nimaMtraNa svIkAra kara liyaa| isa bAta se licchavi loga kucha aprasanna hue, kiMtu bhagavAn ne bhakta ko na chodd'aa| thor3e dinoM bAda bhagavAn ko bilvagrAma meM apane priya ziSya sAriputra aura maudgalAyana ke marane kA samAcAra milaa| isI varSa bhagavAn ke zarIra meM kaThina pIr3A huI, jisase unake amaMgala ke bhaya se sArA bhikSu-varga ghabarA gyaa| usa samaya apane priya ziSya AnaMda ko saMbodhita karake bhagavAna ne kahA."saba logoM ke liye merI yaha AjJA hai ki ve dharma hI kA Azraya

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bura kI jIvanI grahaNa kareM, Atma-nirbharatA para dRr3ha raheM aura nirvANa kI prApti ke liye dharma kA dIpaka pradIpta kreN| jo loga aisA kareMge, vahI "bhikSuoM meM agragaNya hone kA mAna prApta kreNge| mere pIche yadi koI bhikSu athavA sthavira tumheM kisI bAta kA upadeza de, to mere siddhAMtoM se usa upadeza kA milAna karake anukUla hone hI para mAnanA; anyathA mata mAnanA / " nirvANa idhara udhara bhramaNa karate hue jaba buddha bhagavAn gayA se kuzInagara A rahe the, taba rAste meM pAvA grAma meM cuMda nAma ke eka lohAra ne unako saMgha sameta bhojanArtha nimaMtraNa diyA / cuMda ne unake sAmane bhAta aura sUara kA mAMsa parosA / buddha ne bhojana kA tiraskAra karanA ucita na samajha mAMsa to Apa le liyA aura dUsarI cIjeM apane ziSyoM ko de dii| bhagavAn kA zarIra pahale se asvastha thA / sUara kA mAMsa khAne se unake peTa meM darda huA aura unheM A~va tathA lahU ke dasta Ane lage / kuzInagara pahu~cate pahu~cate ve bahuta kamajora ho gye| vahA~ ve apane ziSyoM ke sAtha eka upavana meM Thahare / do sAla vRkSoM ke nIce buddha kI zayyA lagAI gaI, jisakA sirA uttara kI tarafa thA / buddha usa para dAhinI karavaTa leTe / aMtima samaya Ane ke pahale ve apane pradhAna ziSya AnaMda ko bhaviSya meM bauddha dharma ke pracAra aura usake saMghaTana ke viSaya meM upadeza dete rhe| unhoMne cAra sthAna batalAye jahA~ bauddha dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ko tIrtha yAtrA ke liye jAnA cAhie / ve cAra sthAna ye haiM-(1) "luMbino" upavana

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bauddha-kAlona bhArata jahA~ buddha ne janma liyA thA; (2) "gayA" jahA~ buddha ne "buddha pada" pAyA thA; (3) "sAranAtha" jahA~ buddha ne prathama bAra bauddha dharma kA upadeza diyA thA; aura (4) "kuzInagara" jahA~ unakA nirvANa huA thaa| isa taraha apane ziSyoM ko upadeza dete dete buddha nirvANa pada ko prApta ho gaye / aMtima saMskAra buddha kA aMtima saMskAra vaise hI kiyA gayA jaise, kisI cakravartI rAjA kA kiyA jAtA hai| una kA zava pA~ca sau bAra kapar3oM kI tahoM se lapeTA gayA / taba vaha lohe ke eka saMdUka meM rakkhA gayA, jo tela se bhara diyA gayA / usake Upara lohe kI doharI caddareM car3hAI gaI / yaha saba isaliye kiyA gayA, jisameM buddha ke zarIra kA avazeSa agni meM na mila jAya; zava ke jalane ke bAda surakSita mila jAya / cAroM ora bhikSusaMghoM ko bhagavAn ke nirvANa kI sUcanA dI gii| sAtaveM dina aMtyeSTi kriyA ke liye zarIra citA para rakkhA gayA / deza deza se bauddha bhikSu ekatra ho cuke the| agni-saMskAra ke thor3e hI pahale mahAkAzyapa nAmaka RSi pA~ca sau ziSyoM ke sahita vahA~ aae| unhoMne citA kI tIna bAra prakSiNA karake bhagavAn ke zarIra kI pAda-vaMdanA kii| isake anaMtara agni-saMskAra kiyA gayA aura bAta kI bAta meM vaha amUlya zarIra jalakara bhasma ho gyaa| dUsare dina asthi-cayana kI kriyA huI aura buddha kI asthiyA~ eka ghar3e meM rakkhI gii| asthiyoM kA ba~TavArA kahA jAtA hai ki malla jAti ke loga buddha ke avazeSa ko

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bukha kI jIvanI apane hAtha meM rakhanA cAhate the / malloM ke rAjA ne citA ke sthAna para stUpa banAne kA prabaMdha kiyA thA / isI bIca meM magadha-rAja ajAtazatru ne, vaizAlI ke licchaviyoM ne, kapilavastu ke zAkyoM ne, allakappa ke buliyoM ne, rAmagrAma ke koliyoM ne aura pAvA ke malloM ne kuzInagara ke malla-rAja ke pAsa dUta ke dvArA likha bhejA-"bhagavAna kSatriya the; hama bhI kSatriya haiM / isa nAte unake zarIra para hamArA bhI svatva hai|" vethadIpa ke brAhmaNoM ne bhI isI viSaya meM malla-rAja ko likhA / yaha dekhakara mallarAja ne kahA-"bhagavAn kA zarIra hamArI sImA meM chUTA hai; ataeva hama kisI ko na deMne / " yaha sunakara saba rAje dalabala sahita kuzInagara para car3ha Aye aura ghora yuddha kI saMbhAvanA hone lgii| yaha dekha "droNa" yA "droNAcArya' nAma ke eka brAhmaNa ne saba ke bIca meM khar3e hokara kahA-"he kSatriyo ! jisa mahAtmA ne yAvajjIvana zAnti kA upadeza diyA, usI kI asthiyoM ke avaziSTAMza ke liye yadi Apa loga ghora yuddha kareM, to bar3I lajjA kI bAta hai| maiM isa pavitra asthi-samUha ke ATha bhAga kiye detA huuN| Apa loga apane apane bhAga lekara saba dizAoM meM unake Upara stUpa banAiye, jisase unakI kIrti digantavyApinI ho|" isa ucita sammati se saba loga sahamata hue| taba droNAcArya ne buddha kI pavitra asthiyoM ke ATha bhAga kiye aura ve AThoM bhAga ATha jAtiyoM meM bA~Ta diye gye| una para pratyeka jAti ne eka eka stUpa bnvaayaa| ina ATha sthAnoM meM buddha kI asthiyoM ke Upara stUpa banavAye gaye the-rAjagRha, vaizAlI, kapilavastu, allakappa, rAmagrAma, vethadIpa, pAvA aura ___

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata kushiingr| anantara pippalIya vana ke moriya kSatriyoM kA dUta bhAga lene ke liye AyA / droNAcArya ne use citA kI masma dekara vidA kiyaa| anta meM droNAcArya ne stayaM usa ghar3e para stUpa banavAyA, jisameM asthiyA~ rakhI thiiN| kAla-krama se inhIM asthiyoM meM koI bhAga yA usakA kucha aMza mahArAja kaniSka kI AjJA se pazcimottara pradeza meM jA pahu~cA aura usa para eka bar3A bhArI stUpa banAyA gayA / 1908 meM pezAvara ke nikaTa isI kaniSka stUpa se buddha kI kucha asthiyA~ prApta huI thiiN| ukta jIvanI kA aitihAsika sAra ___ Upara bauddha graMthoM ke AdhAra para buddha bhagavAn kI jo jIvanI likhI gaI hai, vaha aneka atizayoktiyoM aura kalpanAoM se pUrNa hai| isameM se aitihAsika sAra kevala yahI nikalatA hai ki buddha kA janma IsI se 567 varSa pahale zAkyoM ke prajAtaMtra rAjya kI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu meM huA thaa| unake pitA kA nAma rAjA zuddhodana aura mAtA kA nAma mAyAdevI thaa| rAjA zuddhodana kadAcit usa prajAtantra rAjya ke pradhAna yA sabhApati the| jisa sthAna para buddha bhagavAn kA janma huA thA, vaha sthAna bauddha granthoM meM lumbinI bana ke nAma se likhA gayA hai| vahA~ Ajakala rummindeI nAmaka grAma basA huA hai aura usake pAsa hI azoka kA eka stambha khar3A hai, jisa para likhA hai-"yahIM bhagavAna kA janma huA thaa"| janma ke pA~caveM dina unakA nAma siddhArtha rakkhA gayA thaa| unake gotra kA nAma gautama thA, isI liye ve gautama buddha kahalAte the| unakI mAtA mAyAdevI unake janma

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59 buddha kI jIvanI ke sAtaveM hI dina svargavAsinI huI; isaliye unakI mausI tathA vimAtA prajAvatI ne unakA pAlana poSaNa kiyA thA / rAjakumAra siddhArtha ekAnta-pramI the aura khela kUda yA Amoda pramoda meM bahuta sammilita na hote the| ve sadA dhyAna meM magna rahA karate the aura yahI socA karate the ki manuSya trividha tApoM se kisa taraha chuTakArA pA sakatA hai| jaba rAjA zuddhodana ne anya prakAra se kumAra kA mana vairAgya kI ora se haTatA na dekhA, tava unhoMne unheM vivAha bandhana meM jakar3ane kA manasUbA bA~dhA / solaha varSa kI umra meM rAjakumAra kA vivAha par3osa ke koliya vaMza kI rAjakumArI yazodharA se kara diyA gyaa| rAjakumAra ke aTThAisaveM varSa rAjakumArI yazodharA garbhavatI huI aura usake garbhase yathA samaya rAhula nAmaka putra utpanna huaa| unhIM dinoM rAjakumAra siddhArtha ke mana meM saMnyAsa grahaNa karane kA prabala vicAra ho rahA thaa| jisa dina rAhula utpanna huA, usI dina AdhI rAta ke samaya unhoMne rAja-pATa aura dhana-sammAna ko sadA ke liye tyAgakara jaMgala kA rAstA liyaa| bahuta dinoM taka unhoMne idhara udhara ghUma phirakara paNDitoM se jJAna prApta karanA caahaa| para paNDitoM kI zikSA se unako vaha jJAna na prApta huA, jisakI khoja meM ve ghara se bAhara nikale the| taba unhoMne yaha socA ki saba se pahale zArIrika zuddhatA ke liye tapasyA karanA Avazyaka hai; kyoMki binA isake citta zuddha nahIM ho sktaa| isa vicAra se ve gayA jI ke nikaTa urubilva nAmaka grAma meM, niraMjanA nadI ke kinAre, ghora tapazcaryA meM lIna ho gaye / ve chaH varSoM taka tapasyA karate rhe| jaba unhoMne dekhA ki mAmUlI tapasyA se

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baukha-kalIna bhArata 60 kucha nahIM hotA, taba unhoMne kaThora se kaThora vrata aura upavAsa karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| yahA~ taka ki ve dina meM sirpha eka dAnA cAvala kA khAkara rahane lge| isase ve sUkhakara kA~TA ho gaye / jaba unhoMne dekhA ki vrata tathA upavAsa karane se aura zarIra ko kaSTa dene se Atmika jJAna nahIM prApta ho sakatA, taba ve pUrvavat bhojana karane lge| isake bAda ve Atmika jJAna kI khoja meM buddha gayA gaye / vahA~ ve pIpala ke eka vRkSa ke nIce ( jo pIche se "bodhivRkSa" ke nAma se prasiddha huA) baiTha gaye aura dhyAna karane lge| jisa samaya ve bodhi vRkSa ke nIce samAdhi meM baiThe hue the, usa samaya unheM usa satya jJAna kA prakAza milA, jisase ve "buddha" padavI ko prApta hue / "buddha" pada prApta karane ke bAda ve banArasa gaye aura vahA~ unhoMne mRgadAva (sAranAtha ) meM pahale pahala apane dharma kA upadeza diyaa| isake bAda ve apane dharma kA pracAra karate hue cAroM ora bhramaNa karane lge| isake kucha hI dinoM bAda buddha ke sATha pradhAna ziSya ho gaye, jinako unhoMne saMghameM saMghaTita karake bhinna bhinna dizAoM meM apane dharma kA pracAra karane ke liye bhejaa| eka bAra ve apane ziSyoM sahita magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha ko gye| vahA~ magadha-rAja bimbisAra buddha kA upadeza sunakara apane anucaroM ke sAtha bauddha mata kA anuyAyI ho gyaa| vahA~ se ve apanI janmabhUmi kapilavastu gye| vahA~ zuddhodana aura unakA samasta parivAra buddha bhagavAna kA ziSya ho gyaa| isa prakAra buddha ke avizrAnta parizrama se malla, licchavi, zAkya Adi kSatriya jAtiyoM ne bauddha dharma grahaNa kara liyaa| idhara udhara bhramaNa karate hue buddha bhagavAn anta meM kuzI

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61 buddha kI jIvanI nagara pahu~ce / vahIM I0 pU0 487 ke lagabhaga unakA nirvANa huaa| antima saMskAra karane ke bAda buddha ke zarIra kA jo avazeSa prApta huA, usa ke ATha bhAga kiye gye| ve AThoM bhAga ATha jAtiyoM meM bA~Ta diye gaye auna una para pratyeka jAti ne eka eka stUpa banavAyA /

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pA~cavA~ adhyAya gautama buddha ke siddhAnta aura upadeza , saMkSepa meM gautama buddha ke "dhamma" yA dharma kA sArAMza "Arya satyacatuSTaya" athavA "cAra Arya ( uttama) satya" hai| cAroM Arya satya krama se ye haiM:-(1) saMsAra meM "dukha" hai; (2) duHkha kA "samudaya" arthAt kAraNa hai; (3) isa duHkha kA "nirodha" ho sakatA hai; aura (4) isa duHkha ke nirodha kA "mArga" athavA upAya hai| jaba gautama buddha samyak jJAna prApta karane ke bAda buddha gayA se kAzI ko gaye, taba vahA~ unhoMne apane pA~ca purAne ziSyoM ko upadeza diyaa| usa upadeza meM ye cAroM satya acchI taraha se dikhalAye gaye haiN| Arya satya-catuSTaya-bhagavAna buddha ne kahA-"he bhikSuo, janma duHkha hai, jarA (bur3hApA ) duHkha hai, vyAdhi (roga) duHkha hai, mRtyu duHkha hai / jina vastuoMse hama ghRNA karate haiM, unakA upasthita honA duHkha hai / jina vastuoM ko hama cAhate haiM, unakA na milanA duHkha hai / sArAMza yaha ki jIvana kI pA~co kAmanAoM meM arthAt pA~co tatvoM meM lipta rahanA duHkha hai| he bhikSuo, yaha prathama Arya satya hai| ___"he bhikSuo, lAlasA punarjanma kA kAraNa hai| punarjanma meM phira lAlasAe~ aura kAmanAe~ utpanna hotI haiM / lAlasA tIna

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siddhAnta aura upadeza prakAra kI hai; arthAt sukha kI lAlasA, jIvana kI lAlasA aura . zakti kI lAlasA / he bhikSuo, yaha dvitIya Arya satya hai / "he bhikSuo, lAlasAoM ke pUrNa nirodha se arthAt kAmanAoM ko dUra karane se, lAlasAoM ko chor3a dene se, kAmanA ke binA kArya calAne se aura kAmanAoM kA nAza karane se duHkha dUra ho sakatA hai| he bhikSuo, yaha tRtIya Arya satya hai| "he bhikSuo, yaha pavitra mArga ATha prakAra kA hai, jisase duHkha dUra hotA hai; arthAt (1) satya vizvAsa, (2) satya kAmanA, (3) satya vAkya, (4) satya vyavahAra, (5) satya upAya, (6) satya udyoga, (7) satya vicAra aura (8) satya dhyAna / he bhikSuo, yaha caturtha Arya satya hai / " * . isa upadeza kA sArAMza yaha hai ki jIvana duHkha hai; jIvana aura usake sukhoM kI lAlasA duHkha kA kAraNa hai; usa lAlasA ke mara jAne se duHkha kA nAza ho jAtA hai; aura pavitra jIvana se yaha lAlasA naSTa ho jAtI hai| madhyama patha-buddhadeva ne apanI dharma-sAdhanA ke liye "majjhimA paripadA" arthAt madhyama patha kA aviSkAra kiyaa| unhoMne kahA haidoantima koTiyA~ haiN| eka "kAmeSa kAmasukhallikAnuyogaH" arthAt viSayoM ke upabhoga meM lIna hokara rahanA; aura dUsarI "attakilamathAnuyogaH" arthAt kaThina sAdhanAoM ke dvArA AtmA ko zAnta karane meM lage rhnaa| ina donoM koTiyoM kA parityAga karake ina donoM ke madhya kA mArga avalambana karanA cAhie; * mahAvaga, 1.6.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 64 arthAt na bhoga-vilAsa meM hI Asakta rahanA cAhie aura na anidrA, anAhAra, tapasyA Adi kaThora kaSTa-sAdhanAoM ke dvArA AtmA ko kleza hI denA caahie| ina donoM ke bIca meM hokara calanA caahie| yahI buddha bhagavAn kA "madhyama patha" hai / anitya, duHkha aura anAtmA buddha bhagavAna ke dharma ko eka aura prasiddha tatva yaha hai ki unhoMne samasta dRzyamAna vastuoM ko anitya, duHkha aura anAtmA (AtmA-rahita) kahA hai| isa viSaya meM unakA upadeza isa prakAra hai buddha-bhikSugaNa, rUpa nitya hai yA anitya ? bhikSugaNa-bhagavan , vaha anitya hai| buddha-acchA; jo anitya hai, vaha duHkha hai yA sukha; arthAt duHkhakara hai yA sukhakara ? bhikSugaNa-duHkhakara hai / buddha-jo anitya hai, duHkhakara hai aura svabhAvataH vividha prakAra se parivartanazIla hai, usake sambandha meM kyA yaha socanA yuktisaMgata hai ki "yaha hamArA hai", "yaha hama haiM" aura "yaha hamArI mAtmA hai" ? bhikSugaNa-nahIM bhagavan , aisA socanA ucita nahIM hai| buddha bhagavan ne aura bhI kahA hai " bhikSugaNa, rUpa anAtmA hai; arthAt rUpa AtmA nahIM hai| rUpa yadi AtmA hotA, to usase pIr3A kadApi na hotii| kintu . mahAvagga, 1. 6. 17. + mahAvagga 1.1.42.

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65 siddhAnta aura upadeza he bhikSugaNa, jisa kAraNa se rUpa AtmA nahIM hai, usI kAraNa se baha pIr3A detA hai"|* __ avidyA-buddha bhagavAna ne avidyA ko saba prakAra ke duHkhoM kA nidAna athavA mUla kAraNa kahA hai / mUla avidyA se saMskAra, vijJAna, nAmarUpa Adi kAraNa-paraMparA ke dvArA samasta duHkhasamUha utpanna hote haiN| avidyA ke nirodha se hI ina duHkha-samUhoM kA nirodha hotA hai| Atma-nirodha aura Atmonati-bauddha dharma kA mukhya siddhAnta yaha hai ki yAtma-nirodha ke dvArA Atmonnati kI jAya / buddha bhagavAna ne Atma-nirodha aura Atmonnati para bar3A jora diyA hai| apanI mRtyu ke dina unhoMne bhikSuoM ko bulAkara Atmonnati kA mArga batalAyA thaa| yaha mArga unhoMne sAta bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai| ye sAtoM bauddha dharma ke sAta ratna kahalAte haiN| bhagavAn buddha ne kahA thA-he bhikSuo, ve sAta ratna haiM-(1) cAroM sacce dhyAna; (2) pApa ke viruddha cAroM prakAra ke bar3e prayatna; (3) mahAtmA hone ke cAroM mArga; (4) pA~co dhArmika zaktiyA~; (5) Atmika jJAna kI pA~co indriyA~ (6) sAto prakAra kI buddhi; aura (7) ATho prakAra kA maarg| jina "cAra sacce dhyAnoM" kA ullekha Upara kiyA gayA hai, ve deha, jJAna, vicAra aura kAraNa ke viSaya meM haiN| jina "pApa ke * mahAvagga 1.6.38. +mahA parinibbAna sutta, 3. 65.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata viruddha cAra prakAra ke bar3e prayatnoM" kA ullekha Upara kiyA gayA hai, ve ye haiM-pApa ke rokane kA prayatna; pApa kI jo avasthAe~ uThatI haiM, unako rokane kA prayatna; bhalAI karane kA prayatna; aura bhalAI ko bar3hAne kA prayatna / vAstava meM ina cAroM prayatnoM se yaha tAtparya hai ki manuSya jIvana bhara adhika bhalAI karane ke liye saccA aura nirantara udyoga kare / "mahAtmA hone ke cAroM mArga" ye haiMicchA karanA, prayatna karanA, taiyArI karanA aura khoja karanA / "pA~co dhArmika zaktiyA~" aura "Atmika jJAna kI pA~co indriyA~" ye haiM-vizvAsa, parAkrama, vicAra, dhyAna aura buddhi / "sAta prakAra kI buddhiyA~" ye haiM-zakti, vicAra, dhyAna, khoja, Ananda, ArAma aura zAnti / "ATha prakAra ke mArga" kA varNana pahale hI kiyA jA cukA hai / isa prakAra kI vistRta Atmonnati ke dvArA vicikitsA ( sandeha ), kAmAsakti, rAga-dveSa, abhimAna, avidyA Adi dasoM bandhanoM ko tor3ane se anta meM nirvANa kI prApti ho sakatI hai| dhammapada meM Atmonnati ke viSaya meM isa prakAra likhA hai___"jisane apanI yAtrA samApta kara lI hai, jisane zoka ko chor3a diyA hai, jisane apane ko saba ora se svataMtra kara liyA hai, aura jisane saba baMdhanoM ko tor3a DAlA hai, usake liye koI duHkha nahIM hai| ___ "usI kA vicAra zAnta hai, usI ke vacana aura karma zAnta haiM, jo sacce jJAna ke dvArA svataMtra aura zAnta ho gayA hai|" * . . dhammapada 90, 96.

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siddhAnta aura upadeza nirvANa yA tRSNAkSaya-buddhadeva ne kahA hai ki kAma athavA tRSNA kA saba prakAra se parityAga karane hI se duHkha kA nirodha hotA hai / isa tRSNA ke nAza hI kA nAma "nirvANa" hai; isI liye nirvANa kA eka nAma "tRSNA-kSaya" aura dUsarA "anAlaya" hai / Alaya zabda kA artha kAma athavA tRSNA hai| bahudhA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki nirvANa kA artha antima nAza athavA mRtyu hai| para yaha vizvAsa galata hai| nirvANa kA artha mRtyu yA antima nAza nahIM hai| nirvANa kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jisa mAnasika pravRtti, aura jIvana tathA usake sukhoM kI jisa tRSNA ke dvArA manuSya punarjanma ke cakkara meM par3atA hai, usakA nAza ho jAya / buddhadeva kA jisa nirvANa se tAtparya thA, vaha isI jIvana meM prApta ho sakatA hai| svayaM buddha ne vaha nirvANa apane jIvana meM hI prApta kiyA thaa| ataeva nirvANa pApa-rahita jIvana bitAne, tRSNAoM ko tyAgane aura nirantara Atmonnati karane se prApta hotA hai| saMkSepa meM nirvANa kA artha yaha hai ki mRtyu ke uparAnta phira punarjanma na ho| karma aura punarjanma-gautama buddha AtmA kA astitva nahIM mAnate the; para AryoM ke mana meM AtmA ke punarjanma kA siddhAnta itanA jamA huA thA ki vaha nikAlA nahIM jA sakatA thaa| isI kAraNa gautama buddha punarjanma kA siddhAnta grahaNa karate hue bhI AtmA kA siddhAnta nahIM mAnate the| parantu yadi AtmA. hI nahIM hai, to vaha kyA vastu hai jisakA punarjanma hotA hai ? isakA uttara bauddha dharma ke karmavAda meM milatA hai| bauddha dharma kA karmavAda yA karma sambandhI siddhAnta saMkSepa meM

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 68 nimnalikhita vAkya meM diyA hai--" kammassa komhi kammadAyAdo kammayoni kammabandhu kammaparisaraNo, yaM kammaM karissAmi kalyANaM vA pApakaM vA tassa dAyAdo bhvissaami"| yaha vAkya " aMguttara nikAya " aura " nettipakaraNa" Adi kaI sthAnoM meM milatA hai| isakA artha yaha hai--"karma hI hamArA nija kA hai, hama karma phala ke uttarAdhikArI haiM, karma hI hamArI utpatti kA kAraNa hai, karma hI hamArA bandhu hai, karma hI hamArA zaraNya hai| puNya ho yA pApa, hama jo karma kareMge, usake uttarAdhikArI hoMge; arthAt usa kA phala hamako bhoganA hogaa|" saMkSepa meM isa siddhAnta kA tAtparya yaha hai ki manuSya ke karma kA nAza nahIM ho sakatA aura usakA yathocita phala avazya milatA hai / isa siddhAnta ke anusAra manuSya ke isa jIvana kI avasthA usake pUrvajanma ke karmoM kA phala hai| bauddha granthakAroM ne eka janma se dUsare janma ke sambandha kA udAharaNa dIpazikhA se diyA hai| jisa taraha eka dIe se dUsarA dIA jalA liyA jAtA hai, usI taraha eka janma ke karma se dUsare janma kI avasthA nizcita hotI hai| para aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki yadi AtmA hI nahIM hai, to vaha kauna sI vastu hai, jise karmoM kA phala bhoganA par3atA hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jaba manuSya maratA hai, taba rUpa, vedanA, vijJAna, saMjJA aura saMskAra nAmaka jina pA~ca skandhoM yA tatvoM se usakA zarIra banA rahatA hai, ve bhI usake sAtha mara jAte haiN| para usake karmoM ke prabhAva se turanta hI navIna paMcaskandhoM kA prAdurbhAva ho jAtA hai aura kisI dUsare loka yA jagat meM eka nayA prANI yA jIva astitva meM

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siddhAnta aura upadeza zrA jAtA hai| yadyapi isa prANI yA jIva kA rUpa aura skandha ityAdi bhinna hotA hai, tathApi vAstava meM yaha vahI prANI hai, jo 'abhI gata ho gayA hai; kyoMki karma donoM kA vahI hai| ata. eva karmarUpI zrRMkhalA hI eka janma ko dUsare janma se bA~dhatI hai / prajJA yA jJAna yajJa-" dIghanikAya " meM rAjA mahAvijita ke yajJa kA varNana karate hue buddhadeva ne kahA hai-"he brAhmaNa, usa yajJa meM gobadha nahIM huA, chAgabadha nahIM huA, meSabadha nahIM huA, kukkuTabadha nahIM huA, zUkarabadha nahIM huzrA, aura anya prANiyoM kA bhI badha nahIM huaa| isI taraha yUpa ke liye vRkSa kA chedana nahIM huA aura Asana ke liye kuzocchedana bhI nahIM huaa| usa sthAna para bhRtya, sevaka ityAdi ko daNDa dvArA tAr3anA nahIM karanI pdd'ii| ve loga rote rote kAma nahIM karate the| jo unakI icchA huI, vaha kiyA; jo icchA na huI, vaha na kiyA / vaha yajJa vRta, taila, navanIta, dahI, gur3a aura madhu ke dvArA hI saMpanna huA thaa|" isa prakAra buddhadeva ne hiMsAtmaka yajJa kI apekSA ahiMsAtmaka yajJa kI zreSThatA kA varNana karake uttarottara dAna Adi ke rUpa meM utkRSTa yajJoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| anta meM buddha ne kahA hai ki zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA-yajJa hI saba se utkRSTa aura mahAn phala ke denevAle yajJa haiN| brAhmaNa kUTadanta ne yajJa karane ke liye bahuta se pazu ekatra kiye the| bhagavAna ke isa sarvotkRSTa .yajJa kI bAta sunakara vaha bahuta prasanna huA aura bolA-"bhagavan , maiMne ApakI zaraNa lI hai| maiM ye sAta sau baila, sAta sau bachar3e, sAta sau bachiyA~, sAta sau chAga aura sAta sau meSa chor3e

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata detA huuN| maiMne inako jIvadAna diyaa| ye saba harI harI ghAsa careM, ThaMDhA pAnI pIyeM aura ThaMDhI ThaMDhI havA se zItala hoN"| . buddhadeva ne trividha yajJoM kI bAta batalAkara anta meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA-yajJa ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki zIla se samAdhi aura samAdhi se zraddhA kA lAbha hotA hai| isa prakAra buddha bhagavAn ke mata se prajJA-yajJa hI sarvazreSTha yajJa hai| anIzvara vAda-bauddha dharma anIzvara-vAdI hai| usakA siddhAnta hai ki IzvaropAsanA na karake bhI mukti yA nirvANa kI prApti ho sakatI hai / Izvara ke astitva yA anastitva se kucha banatA bigar3atA nhiiN| buddhadeva ne vedoM kA prAmANya bhI nahIM mAnA hai| maitrI Adi bhAvanAe~-saba prANiyoM ko mitra ke samAna jAnanA hI "maitrI-bhAvanA" hai / bauddha dharma meM yaha bhAvanA suprasiddha aura ati ramaNIya hai| "muditA", "upekSA" aura "karuNa" Adi aura bhI kaI bhAvanAoM ke dvArA manuSya dhIre dhIre unnati karatA huA nirvANa ke mArga meM jA sakatA hai / jAti-bheda-buddha bhagavAn jAti-bheda nahIM mAnate the / bauddha dharma meM U~ca nIca kA vicAra na thaa| dhArmika aura pavitra jIvana vyatIta karane se, kyA brAhmaNa aura kyA zUdra, sabhI samAna rIti se sarvocca pratiSThA pA sakate the| jAti-bheda bhikSuoM ke saMpradAya meM to thA hI nhiiN| gRhasthoM para se bhI usakA prabhAva jAtA rahA; kyoMki koI gRhastha, cAhe vaha kitane hI nIca vaMza kA kyoM na hotA, mikSuoM kA saMpradAya grahaNa karake bar3I se bar3I pratiSThA pA. sakatA thaa| "dhamma-pada" meM likhA bhI hai-"manuSya apane vaMza . athavA janmase brAhmaNa nahIM hotA; balki jisameM satyatA aura puNya

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71 siddhAnta aura upadeza hai, vahI brAhmaNa hai"| "vAsettha sutta" meM bhI likhA hai"maiM kisI ko usake janma se athavA usake kisI vizeSa mAtApitA se utpanna hone ke kAraNa brAhmaNa nahI kahatA / maiM use brAhmaNa kahatA hU~, jisake pAsa kucha na ho aura phira bhI jo kisI vastu kI lAlasA na kare / jo kAmanA se rahita hai aura jisane indriyoM kA damana kiyA hai, usI ko maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN|" eka bAra vaziSTha aura bharadvAja nAma ke do yuvA brAhmaNa isa bAta para lar3ane lage ki "manuSya brAhmaNa kaise hotA hai"| ve donoM gautama ke pAsa unakI sammati jAnane ke liye gaye / gautama ne eka vyAkhyAna diyA, jisameM unhoMne jora dekara jAti-bheda kA khaNDana kiyA aura kahA ki manuSyoM kA Na unake kArya se hai, unake janma se nhiiN| gautama buddha ke pradhAna pradhAna siddhAnta saMkSepa meM Upara diye gaye haiN| unase pAThakoM ko bauddha dharma kA thor3A bahuta jJAna ho gayA hogaa| hama Upara kaha cuke haiM ki bauddha dharma vAstava meM Atmonnati kI praNAlI hai; arthAt vaha manuSya ko eka aisA mArga batalAtA hai, jisa para calakara vaha isa saMsAra meM pavitra jIvana vyatIta kara sakatA hai| bauddha-dharma yaha bhI kahatA hai ki jo pavitra zAnti Atmonnati karane aura pavitra jIvana vyatIta karane se milatI hai, vaha isI saMsAra meM prApta ho sakatI hai| yahI pavitra zAnti bauddhoM kA svarga hai, yahI unakA "nirvANa" hai| gautama buddha kA dharma paraloka ke liye kisI puraskAra kA lAlaca nahIM detaa| bhalAI svayaM eka bar3A puraskAra hai| puNyamaya OM dhammapada, 393.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 72 jIvana hI bauddhoM kA antima uddezya hai| isa pRthvI para puNyamaya zAnti hI bauddhoM kA nirvANa hai / buddha ne saMsAra ke itihAsa meM pahale pahala yaha prakaTa kiyA ki pratyeka manuSya svayaMapane liye isI saMsAra aura isI jIvana meM binA Izvara yA choTe bar3e devatAoM kI kucha bhI sahAyatA ke mukti prApta kara sakatA hai| yahI buddha ke dharma kI saba se pradhAna bAta hai| zrI vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya ne ba~galA bhASA meM "bauddha dharmara pratiSThA" nAmaka eka bahuta hI gaMbhIra aura vicArapUrNa lekha likhA hai| isa lekha kA anuvAda "sarasvatI" ke maI 1914 vAle aMka meM "bauddha-dharma kI pratiSThA" nAma se nikala cukA hai| isa lekha meM bhaTTAcArya mahAzaya ne yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki bauddha dharma koI svatantra dharma nahIM hai; usakI utpatti sanAtana vaidika dharma se hI hai / bauddha dharma ke jitane pradhAna pradhAna siddhAnta haiM, ve saba kisI na kisI rUpa meM buddha ke pahale bhI vidyamAna the| buddha ne kevala yahI kiyA ki una saba siddhAntoM ko sanAtana vaidika dharma se lekara aura unameM thor3A bahuta parivartana karake eka naye dharma kI sthApanA kii| zrIvidhuzekhara mahAzaya ne apane siddhAnta ke pakSa meM jo pramANa diye haiM, ve bahuta sayuktika pratIta hote haiN| pAThakoM ke manovinoda ke liye usa lekha kA sArAMza hama yahA~ para diye dete haiN| ___ "jisa samaya bhArata kI dharma-cintA rUpiNI nadI saMhitA rUpI parvata se nikalakara AraNyakopaniSad nAmaka gaMbhIra kandarA meM upasthita huI, usa samaya usakA pravAha aura bhI prabala tathA usakA vega aura bhI bhISaNa ho gyaa| vaha nadI kalakala zabda

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73 dha dharma pahale diyA / na prApta simAnta aura upadeza karatI huI Age bddh'ii| isake bAda dhArA-bhaMga huA aura eka dhArA kI tIna dhArAe~ ho gii| ve tIna dhArAe~ tIna bhinna dizAoM meM bhiiN| bhinna prakRti ke saMsarga se unakI prakRtiyA~ bhI bhinna ho gaI; isaliye unake nAma bhI bhinna bhinna hue| pradhAna dhArA kA pahalA hI nAma rahA aura vaha vaidika, hiMdU yA brAhmaNa dharma ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| anya do dhArAoM meM eka kA nAma bauddha aura dUsarI kA jaina huaa| isake sivA aura kucha nahIM / bauddha dharma haThAt Akoza se athavA samudra se utpatita nahIM huA / jo dharma pahale se calA A rahA thA, gautama buddha ne use kevala eka nayA rUpa de diyA / jisa taraha prAcIna vaidika dharma hI bhinna bhinna avasthAoM meM parivartana prApta karatA huA paurANika dharma meM pariNata huA, usI taraha bauddha dharma bhI isI prAcIna vaidika dharma kA vibhinna parivartana hai / aba Aiye dekheM ki buddha bhagavAna ne apane kauna kauna se siddhAnta prAcIna vaidika dharma se liye haiN| (1) bauddha dharma kA mUla siddhAnta "duHkhavAda" hai| yaha bhAratIya darzana-zAstroM kI sAdhAraNa bAta hai| isameM bauddha dharma kI koI vizeSatA nahIM hai| isake liye pramANa dene kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM; kyoMki ise sabhI jAnate haiN| tathApi eka pramANa kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai / sAMkhya darzana kA mUla yahI hai / duHkha kI nivRtti kisa taraha hogI, sAMkhya-darzana yahI batAne meM pravRtta huA hai| (2) buddhadeva ne janma, mRtyu, jarA aura vyAdhi ke rUpa meM duHkha kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| kiMtu hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki buddha bhagavAna hI isa ke prathama jJAtA the; kyoMki upaniSadoM meM usake aneka pramANa haiM, jinameM se kucha yahA~ diye jAte haiN|

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bauna-kAlIna bhArata "na jarA na mRtyunaM zokaH"-chAndogya, 48. 8.1. "na pazyo mRtyu pazyati na rogam"-chAndogya, 7. 26.2. "jarAM mRtyumeti"bRhadAraNyaka, 3. 5. 1. "na tasya rogo na jarA na mRtyuH"-zvetAzvatara, 2. 12. gItA meM bhI kahA hai-"janmamRtyujarAdukhaivimukto'mRtamaznute" arthAt janma, mRtyu aura bur3hApe ke duHkhoM se vimukta hokara manuSya amRta arthAt mokSa kA anubhava karatA hai / (3) "Arya satya catuSTaya" nAmaka cAra mUla sUtroM kI kalpanA bhI buddha kI nija kI upaja nahIM hai| cikitsA zAstra meM jo bAta prasiddha thI, vahI unhoMne adhyAtma vidyA meM grahaNa kI hai / cikitsA zAstra cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai-roga, roga kA kAraNa, roga kA nAza aura roga ke nAza kA upAya / yoga zAstra bhI isI paddhati kA avalaMbana karatA hai| usake cAra mUla sUtra ye haiM:-saMsAra, saMsAra kA hetu, mokSa (arthAt saMsAra se mukti) aura usa mokSa kA upAya / pAtaMjala darzana ke bhASyakartA ne ye bAteM prakAzita kI haiM:-cikitsAzAstraM caturgraha rogaH, rogahetuH, Arogya, bhaiSajyamiti / evamidamapi zAstraM caturmyahameva / tadyathAsaMsAraH, saMsAra hetuH, mokSaH, mokSopAya iti / (4) kahA jAtA hai ki buddhadeva ne "madhyama patha" kA zrAvikAra kiyaa| para yaha kahanA bhI ThIka nahIM hai| kyoMki madhyama patha kI bAta buddha ke pahale bhI pracalita thii| 'baudhAyana sUtra (7. 23-24) meM nimnalikhita zloka pAye jAte haiM karna kRta "mainuala zrApha buddhijma" pRSTha 46-47.

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75 siddhAnta aura upadeza bhAhitAmiranasvAMsa brahmacArI va te prayaH / ananta evaM sidyanti naiSAM sidiranabhataH // gRhastho brahmacArI vA yo'nabhaMstu tapazcaret / praNAni hotralopena avakIrNI bhavettu sH|| ye donoM zloka anazana tapazcaryA ke virodhI haiN| gItA (6. 16-17) meM bhI kahA hai nAtyabhatastu yogosti na caikAntamanabhataH / na cAti svamazolasya jAgrato naiva cArjuna // yuktAhAravihArasya yuktaceSTasya karmasu / yuktarasvamAvabodhasya yogo bhavati duHkhhaa| arthAt bahuta adhika khAnevAle yA bilakula na khAnevAle aura khUba sonevAle athavA jAgaraNa karanevAle ko yoga siddha nahIM hotA / jisakA AhAra vihAra niyata hai, karmo kA AcaraNa napA tulA hai aura sonA-jAganA parimita hai, usI ko yoga sukhAvaha hotA hai| yahI to hai madhyama maarg| AhArAdi adhika karane aura na karane, ina donoM ke madhya hokara calanA hI yoga hai / buddhadeva kI uktiyoM se ina uktiyoM meM kucha bhI mitratA nhiiN| ataH kahanA par3atA hai ki buddhadeva kA yaha madhyama mArga koI naI kalpanA nahIM hai| (5) anitya, duHkha aura anAtmA ye tIna tatva buddhadeva ke prakAzita kiye hue kahe jAte haiN| para yathArtha meM aisA nahIM hai| buddhadeva ke bahuta pahale hI ve darzana zAstroM meM Alocita ho cuke haiN| prAyaH sabhI darzanoM meM yaha jagatprapaMca anitya, duHkha aura anAtmA kahA gayA hai / jo avidyA se grasta haiM, vahI isako nitya,

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baura-kAlIna bhArata sukha aura AtmA samajhate haiM / isa viSaya meM pAtaMjala darzana meM jo kucha kahA gayA hai, vaha isa prakAra haianityAzuciduHkhAnAtmasu nitya zucisukhAtmakhyAtiravidyA / (2.5.) arthAt anitya ko nitya, duHkha ko sukha aura anAtmA ko AtmA samajhanevAlI buddhi hI avidyA hai| (6) buddhadeva ne saba duHkhoM kA mUla avidyA ko hI mAnA hai| yaha bhI prAyaH sabhI darzanoM aura vizeSataH vedAnta kI mUla bAta hai| (7) buddhadeva ne tRSNA ke naSTa hone ko hI nirvANa kahA hai / yaha bhI naI bAta nahIM hai| upaniSadoM meM yaha bAta kaI sthAnoM para likhI gaI hai| pramANa svarUpa do eka udAharaNa diye jAte haiM yadA sarva pramucyante kAmA ye'sya hRdisthitAH / atha mo'mRto bhavatyatra brahma samaznute // (bRhadAraNyaka, 4. 40.) arthAt jaba manuSya ke hRdaya kI saba kAmanAe~ dUra ho jAtI haiM, tabhI vaha amara hokara brahma ko prApta hotA hai| gItA meM bhI kahA hai vihAya kAmAn yaH sarvAn pumAMzcarati niHspRhaH / nirmamo nirahaMkAraH sa zAntimadhigacchati // (gItA, 2.71.) arthAt jo puruSa saba kAmanAoM ko chor3akara aura niHspRha hokara vyavahAra karatA hai aura jise mamatva tathA ahaMkAra nahIM hotA, usI ko zAMti milatI hai| (8) buddhadeva ne hiMsAtmaka vaidika yAga-yajJoM kA bhI khaNDana kiyA hai / vedoM kA prAmANya bhI unhoMne svIkRta nahIM kiyA / para

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77 siddhAnta aura upadeza isa viSaya meM bhI unakA siddhAMta nayA nahIM hai| unake bahuta pahale sAMkhya-darzanakAra maharSi kapila ne tIvra yuktiyoM se vaidika kAryasamUha kI nindA kI hai| maharSi kapila ke pahale bhI vaidika karmasamUha ke prati loga zraddhA-rahita ho cuke the| muNDakopaniSad (1.207 ) meM kahA gayA hai plavA hyete adA yajJarUpA aSTAdazoktamavayavaM yeSu karma / etacchreyo ye'bhinandanti mUDhA narAmRtyuM punarevApi yAnti // arthAt jinake nikRSTa karma kahe gaye haiM, aise aSTAdaza janayukta (Rtvik 16 + yajamAna 1 + yajamAnapatnI 1 = 18) yajJa rUpI plava ( naukAe~) kamajora haiM / jo mUrkha inako kalyANakArI samajhakara inakA abhinandana karate haiM, ve phira phira jarA aura - mRtyu ko prApta hote haiN| vaidika karma-samUha kI nindA karanevAlI aura bhI aneka zrutiyoM pAI jAtI haiM / gItA meM bhI kahA haitraiguNyaviSayA vedA nistraiguNyo bhavArjuna / (gItA 2.45. ) arthAt he arjuna, veda sata, raja aura tama ina tInoM guNoM kI bAtoM se bhare par3e haiM; isaliye tU nistrai-guNya arthAt triguNoM se atIta ho| (9) dravya-yajJa Adi kI apekSA prajJA-yajJa ko hI zreSTha mAnakara buddhadeva ne usakA pracAra kiyA thaa| para unakI isa bAta ko bhI - hama naI nahIM kaha sakate / buddhadeva ne jaise pahale dravya-yajJa kI bAta kahakara anta meM prajJA-yajJa ko hI zreSThatA dI hai, vaise hI gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai / yathA

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 78 zreyAndravyamayAdyajJAdjJAnayajJaH parantapa / sarva karmAkhilaM pArtha ! jJAne parisamApyate // (gItA, 4. 33.) arthAt dravyamaya yajJa kI apekSA jJAnamaya yajJa zreSTha hai; kyoMki saba prakAra ke karmo kA paryavasAna jJAna meM hI hotA hai| (10) bauddha dharma meM Izvara-vAda nahIM mAnA jaataa| kintu yaha bhI buddhadeva kI nijI kalpanA nahIM hai / sAMkhya aura mImAMsA darzana yaha bAta pahale hI se kahate Ate the| (11) bahuta se loga bauddha dharma kI vizeSatA dikhalAne ke liye usake karmavAda kA ullekha karate haiN| kintu prAcIna hindU dharma kI yaha eka bahuta hI prasiddha bAta hai| upaniSadoM meM isake saMbaMdha meM aneka vAkya haiM / bRhadAraNyaka meM likhA hai.---"puNyo vai puNye na karmaNA bhavati, pApaH paapen|" arthAt puNya karma se puNya hotA hai aura pApa karma se pApa hotA hai| gItA meM bhI kahA hai"loko'yaM krmbndhnH"| arthAt yaha loka karmoM se ba~dhA huA hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki logoM ko apane zubhAzubha kammoM kA phala bhoganA par3atA hai| (12) maitrI Adi bhAvanAe~ bauddha dharma ke prasiddha lakSaNa haiN| para ye bhAvanAe~ bhI buddha kI apanI kalpanA nahIM haiN| veda kI saMhitAoM ke samaya se hI ye bhAvanAe~ bhArata ke bhAvukoM ke hRdaya meM prakAzita huI haiM / RSi kahate haiMmitrasyAhaM cakSuSA sarvANi bhUtAni samIkSe / (vAjasaneyi saMhitA)

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siddhAnta aura upadeza __arthAt mitra kI dRSTi se hama saba prANiyoM ko dekhate haiM / . pAtaMjala darzana meM bhI eka sUtra isI viSaya meM hai___"maitrIkaruNAmuditopekSANAM sukhaduHkhapuNyApuNyaviSayANAM bhASAnAsazcittaprasAdanam / " arthAt maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA ina cAra bhAvanAoM se citta meM prasannatA hotI hai| __ina saba bAtoM para vicAra karake kahanA par3atA hai ki sanAtana vaidika dharma hI se bauddha dharma kI utpatti huI hai| basa yahI zrI vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya mahAzaya ke lekha kA sArAMza hai| bauddha dharma ke siddhAntoM kA ullekha karane ke uparAnta aba hama gautama buddha kI dhArmika zikSAoM kA kucha sArAMza yahA~ dete haiN| gautama buddha ne zrAvakoM (gRhastha ziSyoM) ke liye manAhI kI nimnalikhita pA~ca AjJAe~ dI haiM, jo nissandeha hindU dharma zAstra ke pA~ca mahApAtakoM se lI gaI haiM "zrAvakoM ko kisI jIva kI hatyA na karanI cAhie aura na kisI se hatyA karAnI cAhie; aura yadi dUsare loga usakI hatyA kareM, to unakI prazaMsA bhI nahIM karanI cAhie / zrAvakoM ko cAhie ki ve pratyeka prANI ke vadha kA virodha kareM, cAhe vaha prANI choTA ho yA bar3A, nirbala ho yA balavAn / "zrAvakoM ko kisI sthAna se kabhI koI aisI vastu na lenI cAhie, jise ve jAnate hoM ki dUsare kI hai aura jo unheM nahIM dI gaI hai| unheM dUsaroM ko bhI aisI vastu na lene denI cAhie; aura jo loga leM, unakI prazaMsA na karanI caahie| unheM saba prakAra kI corI kA tyAga karanA caahie|

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__ 80 bauddha-kAlIna bhArata "buddhimAna manuSyoM ko vyabhicAra kA tyAga jalate hue koyale kI taraha karanA cAhie / yadi ve indriyoM kA nigraha na kara sakeM, to unheM dUsare kI strI ke sAtha vyabhicAra bhI na karanA cAhie / "kisI manuSya ko nyAyAlaya meM yA aura kahIM dUsare se jhUTha na bolanA caahie| use dUsare se bhI jhUTha na bolavAnA cAhie; aura jo loga jhUTha boleM, unakI prazaMsA na karanI caahie| use saba asatya bAtoM kA tyAga karanA cAhie / "jo gRhastha isa dharma ko mAnatA ho, use koI nazA na pInA caahie| use dUsaroM ko bhI nazA na pilAnA cAhie; aura jo loga pIe~, unakI prazaMsA bhI na karanI cAhie / ukta pA~coM AjJAe~, jo "paMcazIla" ke nAma se prasiddha haiM, saba bauddhoM ke liye arthAt gRhastha aura bhikSu donoM ke liye haiN| ve saMkSepa meM isa prakAra kahI gaI haiM (1) kisI jIva ko na mAranA cAhie / (2) jo vastu na dI gaI ho, use na lenA cAhie; arthAt corI na karanI caahie| (3) jhUTha na bolanA caahie| (4) koI nazA na karanA caahie| (5) vyabhicAra na karanA caahie| pA~ca niyama aura bhI diye gaye haiM, jo gRhasthoM ke liye atyAvazyaka nahIM haiM; para bhikSuoM aura kaTTara dhArmika gRhasthoM ke liye parama Avazyaka haiM / ve ye haiM * pAmmika muca, muttanipAta (19-23)

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siddhAnta aura upadeza (6) rAtri ko asamaya bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie / (7) mAlA nahIM pahananI cAhie aura sugandhi nahIM lagAnI caahie| (8) bhUmi para bichaunA bichAkara sonA caahie| (9) nAca aura gAne-bajAne Adi se bacanA cAhie / (10) sonA aura cA~dI kAma meM na lAnA cAhie / ye dasoM AjJAe~, jo "dazazIla" ke nAma se prasiddha haiM, bhikSuoM ke liye parama Avazyaka rUpa se mAnane yogya haiN| gRhasthoM ke dharma kA jo vistRta varNana prasiddha "sigAlovAdasutta" meM diyA hai, vaha hama yahA~ para uddhRta karate haiM / mAtA-pitA aura santAna mAtA-pitA ko cAhie ki ve(1) lar3akoM ko pApa se bacAveM / (2) unheM puNya karane kI zikSA deN| (3) unheM zilpoM aura zAstroM kI zikSA dilAveM / (4) unake liye yogya pati yA patnI DhU~r3ha deN| (5) unheM paitRka adhikAra deM / lar3akoM ko kahanA cAhie(1) jinhoMne merA pAlana kiyA hai, unakA maiM pAlana kruuNgaa| (2) maiM gRhasthI ke una dharmoM kA pAlana karUMgA, jo mere liye Avazyaka haiN| (3) maiM unakI saMpatti kI rakSA kruuNgaa| . (4) maiM apane ko unakA uttarAdhikArI hone ke yogya bnaauuNgaa|

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82 baukha-kAlIna bhArata __ (5) maiM unakI mRtyu ke uparAnta Adara se unakA dhyAna kruuNgaa| guru aura ziSya ziSya ko apane guruoM kA satkAra isa prakAra karanA cAhie(1) unake sAmane uThakara khar3e honA caahie| (2) unakI sevA karanI caahie| (3) unakI AjJAoM kA pAlana karanA caahie| (4) unheM Avazyaka vastue~ denI cAhie~ / (5) unakI zikSAoM para dhyAna denA caahie| guru ko apane ziSyoM para isa prakAra sneha dikhAnA cAhie(1) unheM saba acchI bAtoM kI zikSA denI caahie| (2) unheM vidyA grahaNa karane kI zikSA denI caahie| (3) unheM zAstra aura vidyA sikhAnI caahie| (4) unake mitroM aura sAthiyoM meM unakI prazasA karanI caahie| (5) Apatti se unakI rakSA karanI caahie| pati aura patnI pati ko apanI patnI kA isa prakAra pAlana karanA cAhie(1) usake sAtha Adara kA vyavahAra karanA caahie| (2) usa para kRpA karanI caahie| (3) usake sAtha saccA vyavahAra karanA cAhie / (4) logoM ke sAmane usakA satkAra karanA caahie| (5) use ucita vastra aura AbhUSaNa dene cAhie~ /

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83 sikhAnta aura upadeza patnI ko gRhasthI meM isa prakAra rahanA cAhie(1) apane ghara ke logoM se ThIka taraha kA bartAva karanA caahie| (2) mitroM aura sambandhiyoM kA ucita Adara karanA cAhie / (3) pAtivrata dharma kA pAlana karanA cAhie / (4) kiphAyata ke sAtha ghara kA prabandha karanA caahie| (5) apane kAryo meM dakSatA aura parizrama dikhAnA cAhie / mitra aura sAthI Arya puruSa ko mitroM se isa prakAra vyavahAra karanA cAhie(1) unheM upahAra denA cAhie / (2) unase mRdu saMbhASaNa karanA cAhie / (3) unheM lAbha pahu~cAnA caahie| (4) unake sAtha barAbarI kA bartAva karanA cAhie / (5) unheM sAtha rakhakara apane dhana kA upabhoga karanA caahie| mitroM ko usake sAtha isa prakAra prIti dikhAnI cAhie(1) jaba vaha bekhabara ho, taba usakI nigarAnI karanI caahie| (2) yadi vaha alhar3a ho, to usakI saMpatti kI rakSA karanI caahie| (3) Apatti ke samaya use zaraNa denI caahie| (4) duHkha ke samaya usakA sAtha denA cAhie / (5) usake kuTumba ke prati dayA dikhalAnI cAhie / svAmI aura sevaka khAmI ko sevakoM ke sAtha isa prakAra bartAva karanA cAhie (1) unakI zakti ke anusAra unheM kAma denA caahie|

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cauddha-kAlIna bhArata 84 (2) unheM ucita bhojana aura vetana denA caahie| (3) roga kI avasthA meM unakI sevA zuzrUSA karanI caahie| . (4) asAdhAraNa uttama vastuoM meM se unheM bhI kucha bhAga denA caahie| (5) unheM kabhI kabhI chuTTI denI caahie| sevakoM ko svAmI ke sAtha isa prakAra bartAva karanAcAhie(1) unheM apane svAmI ke pahale uThanA cAhie / (2) unheM apane svAmI ke pIche sonA cAhie / (3) unheM jo kucha mile, usase santuSTa rahanA cAhie / (4) unheM pUrI taraha se prasanna hokara kArya karanA cAhie / (5),unheM svAmI kI prazaMsA karanI cAhie / gRhastha aura bhikSu brAhmaNa Arya gRhastha ko bhikSuoM aura brAhmaNoM kI isa prakAra sevA karanI cAhie (1) use bhikSuoM aura brAhmaNoM ke prati apane kArya se prIti dikhAnI caahie| (2) use bhikSuoM aura brAhmaNoM ke prati apane vacana se prIti dikhAnI caahie| (3) use bhikSuoM aura brAhmaNoM ke prati vicAra se prIti dikhAnI caahie| (4) use bhikSuoM aura brAhmaNoM kA hRdaya se svAgata karanA caahie| (5) use bhikSuoM aura brAhmaNoM kI sAMsArika AvazyakatAe~ dUra karanI caahieN|

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85 siddhAnta aura upadeza bhikSuoM aura brAhmaNoM ko gRhastha ke prati isa prakAra prIti dikhalAnI cAhie (1) use pApa karane se rokanA caahie| (2) use puNya karane kI zikSA denI cAhie / (3) usake Upara dayA-bhAva rakhanA cAhie / (4) use dharma kI zikSA denI caahie| (5) usake sandeha dUra karake svarga kA mArga batalAnA caahie| aba hama gautama buddha kI kartavya-viSayaka AjJAoM ko chor3a kara unakI paropakAra-viSayaka AjJAoM aura vacanoM kA varNana kareMge, jinake kAraNa bauddha dharma ne saMsAra meM itanI prasiddhi pAI hai / gautama buddha kA dharma paropakAra aura prIti kA dharma hai| nIce ke vAkyoM meM paropakAra aura prIti kI bahuta U~cI zikSA dI gaI hai| "ghRNA kabhI ghRNA se dUra nahIM hotI; ghRNA kevala prIti se dUra hotI hai-yahI isakA svabhAva hai|" "hama logoM ko prIti-pUrvaka rahanA cAhie aura una logoM se ghRNA nahIM karanI cAhie, jo hamase ghRNA karate haiN| jo loga hamase ghRNA karate haiM, unake bIca hameM ghRNA se rahita hokara rahanA caahie|" ___"krodha ko prIti se jItanA cAhie, burAI ko bhalAI se jItanA cAhie, lAlaca ko udAratA se jItanA cAhie, aura jhUTha ko satya se jItanA caahie|"* ... gautama buddha ne apane anuyAyiyoM ko puNya aura bhalAI ke * dhammapada-5. 117. 223.

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caura-kAlIna bhArata 86 kAryo kI bhI barAbara zikSA dI hai| kucha udAharaNa nIce 'diye jAte haiN| "pApa na karanA, bhalAI karanA aura apane hRdaya ko zuddha karanA, yahI buddhoM kI zikSA hai|" __"bhalAI karanevAlA jaba isa saMsAra ko chor3akara dUsare saMsAra meM jAtA hai, taba vahA~ usake bhale kArya usake sambandhiyoM aura mitroM kI taraha usakA svAgata karate haiN|" ___"vaha manuSya bar3A nahIM hai jisake sira ke bAla paka gaye haiM, aura jisakI avasthA adhika ho gaI hai|" ____ "jisameM satya, puNya, prIti, Atmanirodha aura saMyama hai aura jo apavitratA se rahita tathA buddhimAn hai, vahI bar3A kahalAtA hai|" buddha bhagavAna kI ina ucca zikSAoM kA yaha prabhAva huA ki kucha hI zatAbdiyoM meM bauddha dharma kevala eka hI jAti yA deza kA nahIM, balki samasta eziyA kA mukhya dharma ho gyaa| isa samaya bhI samasta saMsAra ke eka tihAI se adhika loga bauddha dharma mAnanevAle haiM / yaha saba buddha bhagavAn kI zikSA hI kA phala hai / * dhammapada-183. 200. 207. 261.

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chaThA adhyAya bauddha saMgha kA itihAsa gautama buddha ne deza dezAMtaroM meM apane dharma kA pracAra karane ke liye bhikSu-saMgha kI sthApanA kI thii| yaha bhikSu-saMgha saMsAra ke dhArmika itihAsa meM apane DhaMga kI anokhI saMsthA hai / saMsAra kI aisI bahuta kama dhArmika saMsthAe~ haiM, jo utanI pUrNatA taka pahu~cI hoM, jitanI pUrNatA taka bauddha saMgha kI saMsthA pahu~cI hai| svayaM bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM bhI yaha saMsthA apanI tulanA nahIM rakhatI / para bauddha dharma kI taraha bauddha saMgha kI bhI jar3a bhAratavarSa kI bhUmi meM pahale hI se vidyamAna thI / bhAratavarSa meM buddha se bahuta pahale hI bhikSu, tapasvI, saMnyAsI, yati, vaikhAnasa, parivrAjaka Adi hote cale Aye the| vaidika dharma ke brahmacarya, vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa Azrama meM bauddha saMgha kA bIja vartamAna thaa| buddha bhagavAn ne apane bhikSu-saMgha ke liye jo niyama banAye the, ve prAyaH vahI the, jo dharmazAstroM meM brahmacAriyoM aura saMnyAsiyoM ke liye likhe gaye haiN| rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura upaniSadoM se patA calatA hai ki usa samaya sthAna sthAna para RSiyoM ke tapovana aura Azramathe, jinameM brahmacArI, vAnaprastha, parivrAjaka aura saMnyAsI bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM eka sAtha rahate hue apanI Atmika unnati kiyA karate the| bauddha granthoM se bhI isa bAta ke kAphI sabUta milate haiM ki buddha bhagavAna se pahale aura buddha bhagavAn ke samaya meM bhI jhuNDa ke

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88 bauddha-kAlIna bhArata jhuNDa parivrAjaka aura saMnyAsI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna ko vicarA karate the, yA eka hI sthAna para nivAsa karate the / vinayapiTaka meM likhA hai ki gautama buddha ke samaya meM uruvela kassapa, nadI kassapa aura gayA kassapa nAma ke tIna jaTila uruvela nAmaka grAma meM rahate the| ve krama se pA~ca sau, tIna sau aura do sau jaTiloM ke netA yA guru the| jaTila loga eka prakAra ke vAnaprastha yA vaikhAnasa the| vinayapiTaka hI meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki buddha ke samaya meM saMjaya nAma ke parivrAjaka rAjagRha meM DhAI sau parivrAjakoM ke sAtha rahate the| isake sivA bauddha granthoM meM "nirgrantha" aura "AjIvika" sampradAya ke bhikSuoM kA bhI aneka bAra ullekha AyA hai| svayaM buddha bhI "parivrAjaka" raha cuke the / ina ullekhoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki buddha-avatAra ke bahuta pahale se hI bhikSu, parivrAjaka, saMnyAsI Adi kisI na kisI prakAra kI saMsthA yA saMgha banAkara eka sAtha rahA karate the / ataeva buddhadeva ne jo saMgha sthApita kiyA thA, vaha koI naI cIja nahIM thaa| isa taraha ke saMgha unake samaya meM bahuta pracalita ho cuke the| buddhadeva ne kevala usa samaya ke saMghoM ke AdhAra para' apanA nija kA eka saMgha sthApita kiyA, jo bar3hate bar3hate eka samaya meM samasta bhArata kyA, balki samasta eziyA meM phaila gayA / aba hama bauddha saMgha kA varNana karate hue Apako yaha batalAne kA prayatna kareMge ki (1) usameM kisa prakAra ke loga kaise bhartI kiye jAte the| (2) usake andara bhikSuoM kA jIvana kisa prakAra kA thaa| (3) usakI vyavasthA aura prabandha kisa prakAra hotA thA /

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89 saMgha kA itihAsa saMgha meM praveza-saba se pahale hama yaha batalAnA cAhate haiM ki saMgha meM kisa taraha ke loga bhartI kiye jAte the aura unake bhartI karane kA Dhaga kyA thaa| jo strI yA puruSa saMsAra se virakta hokara bhikSuNo yA bhikSu kA jIvana vyatIta karanA cAhate the, ve binA kisI jAti-bheda ke yA vinA U~ca nIca ke kisI vicAra ke saMgha meM bhartI kara liye jAte the / buddha ke pahale zUdra varNa ke loga vAnaprastha, parivrAjaka yA bhikSu na ho sakate the| para buddha ne U~ca nIca kA bheda uThAkara bauddha saMgha kA dvAra zUdroM ke liye bhI khola diyaa| hA~ nimnalikhita vyakti, cAhe ve kitanI hI U~cI jAti ke kyoM na hote, saMgha meM bhartI nahIM kiye jAte the| ve vyakti ye the(1) jisako kor3ha yA dUsarI chUta kI bImArI ho; (2) jo rAjasevA meM ho; (3) jo cora, DAkU yA luTerA ho; (4) jise rAjadaNDa milA ho; (5) jo RNI (karjadAra) ho; (6) jo kisI kA dAsa ho; (7) jo paMdraha varSa se kama umra kA ho; (8) jo napuMsaka ho; (9) jo lUlA la~gar3A ho yA jisake kisI aMga meM kaja ho; aura (10) jisane kisI kI hatyA kI ho / * __ jaba koI vyakti ghara chor3akara saMgha meM bhartI hone ke liye AtA thA, to kahA jAtA thA ki usane-"pabbajjA" (pravrajyA) grahaNa kI hai / pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke bAda saMgha meM bhartI hone ke samaya jo saMskAra kiyA jAtA thA, use "upasampadA" kahate the| upasampadA saMskAra hone ke bAda puruSa yA strI "bhikSu" yA "bhikSuNI" kahalAtI thI; aura saMgha ke antargata jitane adhikAra * mahAvagga( vinayapiTaka )1-36,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47, 50,61,71 /

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bauddha-kAlona bhArata the, ve saba use prApta hote the| prArambha meM buddha ke samaya jo loga saMgha meM bhartI honA cAhate the, ve buddha ke pAsa jAte the; aura buddha bhagavAn svayaM unakA pravrajyA aura upasampadA donoM saMskAra karate the| saba se pahale jina logoM ne buddha ke hAthoM pravrajyA aura upasampadA prahaNa kI, ve pA~ca bhikSu the, jo pahale buddha kA sAtha chor3akara kAzI cale gaye the| para jaba saMgha bar3hA aura loga adhika saMkhyA meM bhikSu banane lage, taba buddha bhagavAn ne apane ziSyoM ko bhI pravrajyA aura upasampadA dene kA adhikAra de diyaa| jo vyakti upasampadA grahaNa karane ke liye AtA thA, pahale usakA muNDana karAyA jAtA thaa| muNDana ke bAda use pIta yA kASAya vastra dhAraNa karane ke liye diyA jAtA thA / vastra dhAraNa karake vaha bhikSuoM ko praNAma karatA thA aura ukaDUM hokara baiTha jAtA, thaa| isake bAda vaha kahatA thA-"ahaM buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmi / ahaM dharma zaraNaM gacchAmi / ahaM saMghaM zaraNaM gacchAmi / " bAda ko "upasaMpadA" ke liye eka naI vidhi nikAlI gaI / isa naI vidhi ke anusAra jisa "upajjhAya" (upAdhyAya)se upasaMpadA grahaNa kI jAtI thI, usakA darajA bahuta mahatva kA samamA jAtA thaa| jo manuSya upasaMpadA grahaNa karane ke liye upAdhyAya yA AcArya ke pAsa AtA thA, vaha "saddhivihArika" (sAvihArika) yA "antevAsika" kahalAtA thA / upasaMpadA grahaNa karane ke bAda jisa bhikSu ke dasa varSa bIta cukate the aura jo yogya tathA vidvAn hotA thA, vahI prAcArya ho sakatA thaa| antevAsI apane upAdhyAya se jisa prakAra upasaMpadA grahaNa karatA thA, usakA krama nIce likhA jAtA hai|

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saMgha kA itihAsa antevAsI apanA vastra isa taraha pahanakara ki eka kandhA sulA rahe, upAdhyAya ke pAsa AtA thA; aura upAdhyAya ke caraNoM meM praNAma karake pAsa hI ukaDU hokara baiTha jAtA thaa| taba vaha hAtha jor3akara tIna bAra kahatA thA-"bhagavan , mujhe apanA antevAsI bnaaie|" yadi upAdhyAya "hA~" kaha detA thA, to yaha samajhA jAtA thA ki usakI prArthanA svIkRta kI gii| isake bAda bhikSuoM kI eka pariSad yA sabhA isa bAta para vicAra karane ke liye baiThatI thI ki yaha manuSya saMgha meM bhartI kiyA jAya yA nahIM / bhikSuoM kI pariSad yA sabhA usase kaI prazna karatI thI; aura jaba vaha una praznoM ke uttara dene meM pUrA utaratA thA, taba bhartI hone ke yogya samajhA jAtA thaa| taba saMgha kA koI eka bhikSu kama se kama dasa bhikSuoM kI pariSad yA sabhA ke sAmane Akara yaha sUcita karatA thA-"saMgha ke saba loga suneM ki amuka vyakti amuka upAdhyAya se upasaMpadA grahaNa karanA cAhatA hai.| yadi saMgha use lene ko taiyAra ho aura AjJA de, to vaha upasthita kiyA jAya / " AjJA milane para vaha vyakti pariSad ke sAmane AtA thA aura bhikSuoM ke caraNa chUkara ukaDUM baiTha jAtA thaa| isake bAda vaha hAtha jor3akara tIna bAra kahatA thA-"maiM saMgha se upasaMpadA ke liye prArthanA karatA huuN| kRpAkara saMgha isa pApapUrNa saMsAra se merA uddhAra kre|" taba eka yogya aura vidvAn bhikSu yaha "batti' (jJapti yA prastAva ) karatA thA-"maiM saMgha ko sUcita karatA hU~ ki amuka nAma kA yaha vyakti amuka nAma ke upAdhyAya se upasaMpadA grahaNa karanA cAhatA hai / yadi saMgha pasanda kare, to maiM isa vyakti

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dhaura-kAlIna bhArata 92 se usake bAre meM prazna kruuN|" saMgha kI AjJA milane para vaha usa vyakti se prazna karatA thA-"kyA tumako kor3ha, kSaya yA isI taraha kI koI dUsarI bImArI to nahIM hai ? tuma napuMsaka to nahIM ho ? tuma kisI ke dAsa to nahIM ho ? tuma kisI ke RNI to nahIM ho ? tuma sarakArI sevA meM to nahIM ho ? kyA tumhAre mAtA-pitA ne tumheM isake liye AjJA de dI hai ? tuma bIsa varSa se kama ke to nahIM ho ? tumhArA bhikSA-pAtra aura vastra to ThIka haiM ? tumhArA nAma kyA hai ? tumhAre upAdhyAya kA nAma kyA hai ?" ___ ina praznoM kA santoSajanaka uttara milane para eka vidvAn aura yogya bhikSu saMgha ke sAmane yaha jJapti yA prastAva upasthita karatA thA-"maiM saMgha ko yaha sUcita karatA hU~ ki amuka nAma kA yaha vyakti amuka nAma ke upAdhyAya se upasaMpadA grahaNa karanA cAhatA hai / vaha saba taraha se upasaMpadA ke yogya hai| usake vastra aura bhikSA-pAtra bhI ThIka hai| vaha upasampadA grahaNa karane ke liye saMgha kI AjJA cAhatA hai / yadi saMgha AjJA de, to vaha amuka nAma ke upAdhyAya se upasampadA grahaNa kre| yadi koI isa prastAva ke viruddha ho, to bole / " isI taraha vaha saMgha ke sAmane tIna bAra ghoSaNA karatA thA / jaba samasta saMgha yaha prastAva svIkRta kara letA thA, taba vaha saMgha meM bhartI kiyA jAtA thA aura usakA upasampadA saMskAra pUrA hotA thA / para do prakAra ke vyakti aise the, jo saMgha meM kisI prakAra bhartI nahIM kiye jAte the / unameM se eka to ve loga the, jo pahale kisI viruddha dharma meM the, para kisI kAraNa se bauddha saMgha meM AnA

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93 saMgha kA itihAsa cAhate the aura dUsare ve loga the, jinakI umra paMdraha varSa se adhika aura bIsa se kama hotI thii| jo loga koI dUsarA dharma chor3akara saMgha meM bhartI honA cAhate the, unheM saMgha kI ora se yaha AjJA milatI thI ki tuma cAra mAsa taka "parivAsa" karo; arthAt cAra mahIne taka yahA~ rahakara apane cAla calana kI parIkSA do / yadi ve cAra mahIne ke andara apane cAla calana se bhikSuoM ko prasanna na kara sakate the, to unakA upasampadA saMskAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thA / jo vyakti paMdraha varSa se adhika, para bIsa varSa se kama kA hotA thA, vaha kevala "pravrajyA" saMskAra ke yogya samajhA jAtA thA; aura "upasampadA" ke liye use bIsa varSa kI umra taka rukanA par3atA thaa| isa bIca meM use bahuta kar3e niyamoM kA pAlana karake kisI upAdhyAya ke adhIna rahanA par3atA thaa| isa avasthA meM vaha "sAmaNera", "zrAmaNera" yA "zramaNoddeza" (jisakA uddezya zramaNa honA ho) kahalAtA thA / use (1) hiMsA na karanA, (2) corI na karanA, (3) jhUTha na bolanA, (4) nazA na karanA, (5) vyabhicAra na karanA, (6) asamaya bhojana na karanA, (7) sugandhi ityAdi kA vyavahAra na karanA, (8) khATa yA gaddedAra bichaune para na sonA, (9) nAcane, gAne aura bajAne tInoM se prema na karanA, (10) sonA aura cA~dI kAma meM na lAnA, ina dasa zIloM kA niyamapUrvaka pAlana karanA par3atA thaa| yadi vaha pahale pA~ca zIla yA niyama tor3atA thA, yA buddha, dharma aura saMgha ke viruddha kucha kahatA thA, yA asatya siddhAntoM kA poSaNa karatA thA, yA bhikSuNiyoM ke sAtha vyabhicAra karatA thA, to vaha saMgha se nikAla diyA jAtA thaa| yadi vaha pUrvokta antima pA~ca

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata niyamoM meM se koI niyama tor3atA thA, to use kevala daNDa diyA jAtA thA / upAdhyAya kI AjJA se koI eka bhikSu use daNDa de sakatA thaa| bhikSuNiyoM kA bhI pravrajyA aura upasaMpadA saMskAra usI taraha hotA thA, jisa taraha bhikSuoM kA hotA thaa| __ saMgha kA bhItarI jIvana-upasampadA saMskAra ke bAda naye bhikSu ko saMgha ke saba niyama batA diye jAte the| saMgha meM use kisa taraha kA jIvana bitAnA par3egA, yaha bhI use batAyA jAtA thA / bhikSuoM ko saMgha meM rahakara kaisA pavitra jIvana bitAnA par3atA thA, yaha usake nimnalikhita niyamoM se prakaTa hogaa| (1) jisa bhikSu ko upasampadA saMskAra mila gayA ho, use hara eka prakAra ke vyabhicAra se bacanA cAhie / (2) use kisI dUsare kA eka tinakA bhI binA pUche na lenA cAhie aura na koI cIja curAnI caahie| (3) use koI jIva na mAranA cAhie; yahA~ taka ki eka cyUTI kI bhI hatyA na karanI caahie| (4) use kisI devI yA mAnuSI zakti kA dAvA na karanA caahie| __saMgha ke niyamoM ke anusAra apanA jIvana bitAne ke liye vizeSa prakAra kI zikSA bhI Avazyaka thii| isaliye yaha niyama thA ki nayA bhikSu pahale dasa varSoM taka apane upAdhyAya yA AcArya ke bilakula adhIna rahe / donoM meM kaisA sambandha rahanA Avazyaka hotA thA, yaha vinayapiTaka ke "mahAvagga" meM bahuta vistAra ke sAtha diyA hai| donoM ke pArasparika saMbaMdha ke viSaya meM gautama

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95 saMgha kA itihAsa buddha ne yaha niyama batAyA thA-"he bhikSuo, upAdhyAya ko cAhie ki vaha "saddhivihArika" yA ziSya ko apane putra kI taraha samajhe; aura saddhivihArika ko bhI cAhie ki vaha upAdhyAya ko apane pitA kI taraha maane| isa taraha donoM eka dUsare kA zrAdara, vizvAsa aura sahayoga karate hue dharma aura vinaya kI unnati kreN|" saddhivihArika apane upAdhyAya kI sevA dAsa yA bhatya ko taraha karatA thA / vaha prAtaHkAla upAdhyAya ko kullA dAtuna karane ke liye pAnI, aura taba jalapAna detA thaa| vaha upAdhyAya ke sAtha bhikSA mA~gane ke liye jAtA thA, use pIne ke liye pAnI detA thA, usake snAna ke liye pAnI lAtA thA, usake vastra sukhAtA thA aura usake rahane kA sthAna jhAr3atA buhAratA thaa| tAtparya yaha ki vaha upAdhyAya kI hara prakAra se sevA karatA thaa| isI taraha upAdhyAya bhI apane saddhivihArika kI Atmika aura zArIrika unnati kA pUrA pUrA dhyAna rakhatA thA / vaha use zikSA detA thA, bImArI meM usakI sevA Tahala karatA thA aura hara prakAra se usakI dekhabhAla rakhatA thaa| yadi ziSya koI bahuta hI anucita kArya karatA thA, to upAdhyAya use nikAla detA thA; kintu kSamA mA~gane para use kSamA bhI kara detA thaa| yadi upAdhyAya saMgha chor3akara kahIM calA jAtA thA, yA mara jAtA thA, yA gRhasthAzrama meM lauTa jAtA thA, yA kisI dUsare saMpradAya kA anuyAyI ho jAtA thA, to saddhivihArika ko apane liye dUsarA AcArya cunanA par3atA thaa| upAdhyAya ke sAtha dasa varSoM taka isI taraha rahane ke bAda

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata bhikSu bauddha saMgha kA eka pUrA aMga ho jAtA thaa| aba usakA jIvana saMgha ke jIvana meM itanA mila jAtA thA ki usake vyakti gata jIvana kA eka taraha se lopa hI ho jAtA thaa| choTI choTI bAtoM meM bhI use saMgha ke niyamoM ke anusAra hI apanA jIvana bitAnA par3atA thA / yadi vaha una niyamoM kA kucha bhI bhaMga karatA thA, to use saMgha kI ora se ucita daNDa diyA jAtA thA / use kisa taraha kA vastra pahananA cAhie, kahA~ sonA cAhie, kahA~ baiThanA cAhie, kaisA bhojana karanA cAhie, kaisA pAtra rakhanA cAhie, kaise snAna karanA cAhie ityAdi choTI choTI bAtoM ke bhI aneka niyama the, jinakA pAlana karanA bhikSuoM ke liye paramAvazyaka thA / ina niyamoM kA saMbaMdha bhikSu ke samasta jIvana se thaa| bauddha saMgha kA yaha siddhAMta thA ki bhikSu tuccha se tuccha aura Avazyaka se Avazyaka kArya bhI saMgha kI AjJA ke binA na kre| bhikSuoM ko tIna vastra pahanane kI AjJA thI, jo "tricIvara" kahalAte the / "antarvAsaka", "uttarAsaMga" aura "saMghATI" ye tInoM milakara tricIvara kahalAte the| kASAya raMga ke hone ke kAraNa bhikSuoM ke vastroM ko "kASAya" bhI kahate the| "anta saka" nIce kA vastra thA aura kamara se laTakatA rahatA thaa| "uttarAsaMga" Upara kA vastra thA aura usase eka kandhA, chAtI aura donoM jA~ghe DhakI rahatI thIM; arthAt vaha eka kandhe se lekara donoM jA~ghoM ke nIce taka laTakatA rahatA thaa| "saMghATI" bhI Upara kA vastra thA, aura vaha chAtI tathA donoM kandhoM ke cAroM ora lapeTA jAtA thaa| vaha eka taraha kA labAdA sA hotA thA

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saMgha kA itihAsa aura kandhoM se lekara jA~ghoM taka laTakatA rahatA thaa| vaha kamara meM eka DorI se bA~dha liyA jAtA thaa| upAsakoM yA gRhastha bauddhoM ke liye yaha bar3e puNya kA kArya ginA jAtA thA ki ve saMgha ke bhikSuoM ko vastra dekara unakI AvazyakatA pUrI kareM / hara varSA Rtu ke anantara pratyeka saMgha meM vastroM kA vitaraNa hotA thaa| bhikSuoM ke liye khar3AU~ pahananA bhoga-vilAsa samajhA jAtA thA / bauddha granthoM meM kaI prakAra ke jUtoM kA pahananA khAsa taura para manA kiyA gayA hai / chAtA anAvazyaka ginA jAtA thA / hA~, paMkhA aura caurI kAma meM lAnA manA nahIM thA / ina tIna vastroM ke sivA bhikSuoM kI sAmagrI eka bhikSA-pAtra, eka mekhalA ( kardhanI), eka vAsi ( ustarA ), eka sUcI ( sUI ) aura eka parisrAvaNa ( channA) thA / ustarA sira aura dAdI ke bAla banAne ke liye kAma meM lAyA jAtA thaa| Ama taura para bhikSu loga hara pandrahaveM dina eka dUsare kA muNDana kara diyA karate the / varSA Rtu meM bhikSuoM ko bhramaNa karane kI AjJA na thii| varSA kAla unheM eka hI jagaha rahakara bitAnA par3atA thaa| "varSAvAsa" yA cAturmAsya ASAr3ha kI pUrNimA se prArambha hokara kArtika kI pUrNimA ko samApta hotA thA / yaha patA nahIM lagatA ki jaba bauddha saMgha kA prArambha huA, taba bhikSu loga cAturmAsya meM tathA anya RtuoM meM kahA~ rahate the| kahA jAtA hai ki zurU zurU meM bhikSuoM ke rahane kA koI nizcita sthAna na thaa| ve yA to vanoM meM rahate the, yA per3oM ke nIce par3e rahate the, yA pahAr3a kI guphAoM meM rahate the, yA zmazAna meM rahate the, yA khulI havA meM rahate the, yA phUsa kA Dhera bichAkara rAta kATa dete the| yaha dekhakara rAja

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata gRha ke eka seTha ne bhikSuoM ke liye makAna banavAne kI icchA prakaTa kii| isa para bhagavAn buddha ne bhikSuoM se kahA"bhikSuo, maiM tunheM pA~ca prakAra ke sthAnoM meM rahane kI anumati detA hU~-yathA (1) vihAra, (2) aDDayoga (garur3a kI AkRti kA banA huA makAna ), (3) prAsAda, (4) harmya ( patthara kA chatadAra makAna) aura (5) guhA / " bhikSuoM se yaha sunakara ki bhagavAna ne apanI anumati de dI hai, usa seTha ne eka hI dina meM sATha makAna banavA diye| isa para buddha ne usa seTha ko dhanyavAda diyaa| ___ "vihAra" se kevala maTha hI kA tAtparya nahIM hai, balki usase mandira yA pUjana sthAna kA bhI tAtparya hai| maTha ke liye dUsarA zabda "saMghArAma" bhI hai| hara eka bar3e saMghArAma ke sAtha eka vihAra yA pUjA-mandira avazya rahatA thaa| guhA eka prakAra kA. koThA thA, jo pahAr3a kI caTTAna kATakara banAyA jAtA thaa| jo saba se prAcIna guhAe~ aba taka milI haiM, ve gayA ke pAsa barAbara aura nAgArjuni kI pahAr3iyoM meM haiN| ye guphAe~ azoka aura usake pote dazaratha ne AjIvikoM ke liye banavAI thiiN| bhikSuoM ke liye buddha bhagavAn kI yaha AjJA thI ki ve apanI jIvikA ke liye svayaM apane zrama se upArjita kareM; arthAt ve bhikSA mA~gakara bhojana kareM / para sAtha hI unake liye eka yaha bhI niyama thA ki ve bhikSA mA~gate samaya mu~ha se kucha bhI na kaheM; arthAt jo kucha unheM mile, use cupacApa grahaNa kara leN| bhikSu loga bImArI kI hAlata meM davA ke taura para ghI, makkhana, vela, zahada aura cInI kAma meM lA sakate the / vinaya

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saMgha kA itihAsa piTaka meM bhinna prakAra kI auSadhiyA~ banAne aura cIra phAr3a karane kI vidhi likhI hai, jisase hameM usa samaya kI vaidyaka vidyA kA bhI kucha kucha patA lagatA hai| saMgha kA prabandha-aba hama yaha batalAnA cAhate haiM ki saMgha kI vyavasthA aura prabandha kaisA thaa| jaba taka buddha bhagavAn jIvita the, taba taka unakI AjJA aura unake zabda hI saMgha ke liye kAnUna kA kAma dete the / para do kAraNoM se yaha vyavasthA sthAyI na ho sakatI thii| pahalA kAraNa to yaha thA ki deza meM saMgha kA vistAra itanA adhika ho rahA tha ki eka AdamI ke vaza kA na raha gayA thaa| dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki buddha ke bAda bhI saMgha kA ThIka ThIka paricAlana karane ke liye kisI sthAyI vyavasthA kI AvazyakatA thii| ataeva dhIre dhIre usa sthAyI vyavasthA kA vikAsa hone lagA / yadyapi yaha vyavasthA bahuta dinoM meM pUrNa vikAsa ko pahu~cI, tathApi isakA bIja buddha ke jIvana-samaya meM hI par3a gayA thA / buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda jaba saMgha apane pUrNa vikAsa ko pahu~ca cukA thA, taba bhI buddha kI AjJA aura buddha ke zabda hI saMgha ke liye kAnUna the| vAstava meM saMgha kA yaha eka mAnA huA siddhAnta thA ki buddha ko chor3akara aura koI saMgha ke liye niyama yA kAnUna nahIM banA sakatA thaa| dUsare loga buddha ke banAye hue niyamoM kI kevala vyAkhyA kara sakate the; para naye niyama nahIM banA sakate the| yaha siddhAnta buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda rAjagRha kI prathama bauddha mahAsabhA meM nizcita huA thaa| hara eka saMgha apane prabandha meM svataMtra thaa| koI aisI bar3I saMsthA na thI, jo kula saMghoM para apanA dabAva rakha sktii| yaha

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 100 eka bar3I kamI thI, jisakA anubhava buddha ke samaya meM hI hone lagA thA * / isa kamI kA pariNAma yaha huA ki saba saMgha apanI apanI DaphalI lekara apanA apanA rAga alApane lage the / kadAcit isI kAraNa pIche se saMdha kA hAsa aura adhaHpatana bhI huaa| buddha ke bAda koI aisI saMsthA yA vyakti na thA, jo saba saMghoM para apanA dabAva rakhatA / buddha ne apanA koI uttarAdhikArI bhI nahIM niyukta kiyA thA / hA~, una saba meM eka bAta kI samAnatA thI / vaha yaha ki saMgha ke bAre meM jo kucha buddha ne kahA thA yA jo nimama unhoMne banAye the, unake viruddha koI saMgha na jA sakatA thA; aura na una niyamoM meM koI parivartana kara sakatA thaa| "mahAparinibbAnasutta" meM apane nirvANa ke samaya buddha bhagavAn ne apane priya ziSya Ananda se kahA thA-"Ananda, kadAcit tumameM se kucha loga yaha soceM ki bhagavAn ke nirvANa ke uparAMta hama logoM ko zikSA denevAlA aba koI na rhegaa| para aisA socanA ThIka nahIM hai| saMgha ke liye jo satya siddhAnta aura jo nimaya hamane banA diye haiM, vahI tumhAre liye guru aura AcArya kA kAma deNge|" __ Aiye aba yaha dekheM ki pratyeka saMgha kA prabandha kisa prakAra hotA thaa| isa sambandha meM dhyAna dene yogya pahalI bAta yaha hai ki saMgha kA kula prabandha saba bhikSuoM kI rAya se yA bahumata se hotA thA / pratyeka saMgha meM eka pariSad hotI thii| usa pariSad kI baiThaka kaba honI cAhie, kaise honI cAhie, kina kina logoM ko usameM rAya denI cAhie, aura kaise rAya denI cAhie, ina saba __ * mahAvagga (10.1-5.)

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101 saMgha kA itihAsa bAtoM ke niyama "mahAvagga" meM bahuta vistAra ke sAtha diye haiN| jina bhikSuoM ko upasampadA mila cukI hotI thI, ve kula bhikSu apane saMgha kI sAdhAraNa pariSad ke sabhya ho sakate the / unameM se hara eka ko usa pariSad meM sammati dene kA adhikAra hotA thaa| hA~, kabhI kabhI daNDa ke taura para kisI kisI bhikSu se sammati dene kA adhikAra chIna liyA jAtA thA / pariSad kI koI baiThaka taba taka niyamAnukUla na samajhI jAtI thI, jaba taka sammati dene kA adhikAra pAye hue kula sabhya usameM upasthita na hote the; yA kisI kAraNa anupasthita hone para niyamAnusAra apanI sammati na prakaTa karate the / anupasthita sabhyoM kI niyamAnumodita sammati ko "chanda" kahate the / "mahAvagga" (9.4.) meM isa viSaya ke niyama diye haiM ki kama se kama kitane bhikSuoM kI upasthiti hone para pariSad kI baiThaka ho sakatI thI / bhinna bhinna kAryoM ke liye bhinna bhinna saMkhyA niyata thii| kucha kArya to aise the, jinake liye kevala cAra bhikSuoM kI upasthiti Avazyaka thI; aura kucha kArya aise the, jinake liye kama se kama bIsa bhikSuoM kA upasthita honA paramAvazyaka thaa| yadi kisI upasthita sabhya kI sammati meM pariSad kI baiThaka niyama-viruddha hotI thI, to vaha usakA virodha kara sakatA thaa| jaba pariSad meM saba bhikSu jamA ho jAte the, taba jo sabhya prastAva karanA cAhatA thA, vaha apanA prastAva pariSad ke sAmane rakhatA thaa| prastAva kI sUcanA ko "batti" yA "jJapti" kahate the| "jJapti" ke uparAnta "kammavAcI" hotI thI; arthAt upasthita ___ * mahAvagga (9.3.)

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cauddha-kAlIna bhArata 102 bhikSuoM se yaha prazna kiyA jAtA thA ki Apa logoM ko yaha prastAva svIkRta hai yA nhiiN| yaha prazna yA to eka bAra kiyA jAtA thA, yA tIna bAra / jaba saMgha ke sAmane niyama ke anusAra eka bAra yA tIna bAra prastAva rakha diyA jAtA thA, taba vaha Apa hI Apa svIkRta ho jAtA thA / yadi koI sabhya usake viruddha kahatA thA aura usa para mata-bheda hotA thA, to bahumata ke anusAra nirNaya hotA thA / upasthita sabhyoM kI rAya bAkAyadA lI jAtI thii| saMgha kI ora se eka bhikSu saba logoM kI rAya lene ke liye niyukta kiyA jAtA thA / * yadi pariSad ke sAmane koI aisAgaMbhIra aura pecIdA mAmalA rakhA jAtA thA, jise vaha pariSad na tai kara sakatI thI, to vaha mAmalA usI sthAna ke kisI aise sagha ke pAsa bheja diyA jAtA thA, jisameM usase adhika bhikSu rahate the| vinayapiTaka ke cullavagga (4. 14-17) meM isa kArya kI vidhi vistArapUrvaka dI gaI hai / jisa saMgha ke pAsa yaha mAmalA bhejA jAtA thA, vaha pahale se yaha tai kara letA thA ki hama jo phaisalA kareMge, vaha tumheM mAnanA pdd'egaa| taba vaha saMgha usa mAmale para vicAra karatA thA / yadi mAmalA pecIdA hotA thA aura usa para bahuta vAda-vivAda hotA thA, to vaha mAmalA eka vizeSa pariSad ke sAmane rakkhA jAtA thaa| isa pariSad ke liye kevala bahuta hI yogya aura prasiddha bhikSu cune jAte the| yadi vizeSa pariSad bhI usa mAmale meM koI phaisalA na kara sakatI thI, to vaha usa mAmale ko phira saMgha ke pAsa bheja detI thA; aura saMgha meM, yaha mAmalA bahumata ke anu * cullavagga (4. 6.)

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103 saMgha kA itihAsa sAra tai hotA thaa| saMgha kA sAdhAraNa kArya calAne ke liye saMgha kI ora se kucha bhikSu niyukta the / aise padAdhikAriyoM kI saMkhyA saMgha ke bhikSuoM kI saMkhyA ke anusAra bhinna bhinna hotI thI; para nimnalikhita padAdhikArI prAyaH pratyeka saMgha meM rahate the-(1) "bhaktoddezaka"-jo bhikSuoM ko bhojana baoNTatA thA; (2) "bhaNDAgArika"-jo bhaNDAra kA prabandha karatA thA; (3) "zayanAsanavArika"-jo bhikSuoM ke sone aura rahane kA prabandha karatA thA; (4) "cIvara pratigrAhaka"-jo bhikSuoM ke liye vastroM kA prabandha karatA thA; (5) cIvarabhAjaka"-jo bhikSuoM ko vastra bA~TatA thA; (6) "pAtragrAhApaka" jo bhikSuoM ko bhikSA-pAtra bA~TatA thA; (7) "ArAmika prekSaka"-jo mAliyoM kA nirIkSaNa karatA thA; aura (8) "pAnIyavArika"-jo pIne ke liye pAnI kA prabandha karatA thA * / kisI kisI saMgha meM "navakarmika" nAma kA eka aura padAdhikArI rahatA thA, jisakA kAma naI imArateM banavAnA aura purAnI imAratoM kI dekhabhAla karanA hotA thA / pratyeka saMgha meM jitane bhikSu hote the, una saba ke adhikAra barAbara hote the| hA~, vRddha aura vidvAn bhikSuoM kA unakI vidvattA aura vRddhAvasthA ke kAraNa adhika Adara hotA thA / bhikSuoM meM avasthA aura vidyA ke anusAra thera (sthavira) tathA dahara, upAdhyAya tathA sArdhavihArI, AcArya tathA antevAsI hote the| para unameM bhI Apasa meM aura kisI taraha kA bheda-bhAva na thaa| bhikSuniyoM kA saMgha bilakula alaga hI thA / bhikSuniyoM ke * ina saba padAdhikAriyoM ke nAma "cullavagga" (4-4 aura 6-21) meM diye haiN|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 104 liye bhI vahI saba niyama the, jo bhikSuoM ke liye the / Ama taura para bhikSunioM kA saMgha bhikSuoM ke saMgha ke adhIna rahatA thaa| vauddha granthoM meM bhikSunioM kA darajA bhikSuoM se nIcA rakkhA gayA hai; kyoMki buddha bhagavAna kA yaha mata thA ki striyoM kA praveza hone se bauddha saMgha kI pavitratA kadAcit jAtI rhegii| isa hAni se bacane ke liye bahuta se niyama aura upaniyama banAye gaye the| para siddhAMtoM meM bhikSu-saMgha aura bhikSunI-saMgha meM koI bheda na thaa| bhikSunI-saMgha ke viSaya meM saba bAteM "cullavagga" meM vistAra ke sAtha likhI haiN| Upara bauddha saMgha kA jo varNana diyA gayA hai, usase tIna bAteM siddha hotI haiM / eka to yaha ki bauddha kAla meM sahayoga kA pracAra bahuta adhika thaa| saMgha zabda hI sahayoga kA sUcaka hai| isI sahayoga ke bhAva kI badaulata bauddha dharma itanI unnati kara sakA thaa| dUsarI bAta yaha siddha hotI hai ki bauddha kAla meM bahumata kA bar3A Adara thaa| bahumata se jo bAta tai ho jAtI thI, vahI sarvamAnya hotI thii| tIsarI bAta jo siddha hotI hai, vaha yaha hai ki bauddha kAla meM U~ca nIca kA bheda bahuta kama thaa| brAhmaNa kI bhA~ti zUda bhI saMgha meM praveza kara sakatA thA; aura apanI yogyatA tathA caritra se ucca se ucca pratiSThA kA adhikArI ho sakatA thaa| yahI tIna bAteM aisI haiM, jinake kAraNa bauddha kAla kA itihAsa. bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM sadA amara rhegaa| -0*80

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sAtavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kA rAjanItika itihAsa zaizunAga vaMza zaizunAga vaMza kI sthApanA-zaizunAga vaMza prAcIna bauddha-kAla kA pahalA rAjavaMza hai, jisake bAre meM aitihAsika pramANa milate haiM, aura jisakA samaya yadi pUrI taraha nahIM, to moTe taura para avazya nizcita ho gayA hai| isa vaMza kA nAma "zaizunAga" isaliye par3A ki isakA pahalA rAjA tathA saMsthApaka zizunAga thA, jisane I0 pU0 600 ke lagabhaga isa vaMza kI nIMva ddaalii| usane cAlIsa varSoM taka rAjya kiyaa| vaha eka choTe se rAjya kA rAjA thaa| Ajakala paTanA aura gayA nAma ke jile isa rAjya meM zAmila the| gayA ke pAsa prAcIna rAjagRha usakI rAjadhAnI thii| bimbisAra isa vaMza kA pA~cavA~ rAjA bimbisAra thaa| yaha pahalA rAjA hai, jisake viSaya meM kucha vizeSa aitihAsika vRttAnta mAlUma huA hai| isane eka navIna rAjagRha kI nIMva ddaalii| aMga deza ko bhI jItakara isane apane rAjya meM milA liyaa| Ajakala ke bhAgalapura aura muMgera jiloM ko prAcIna aMga deza samajhanA caahie| magadha rAjya kI unnati aura Adhipatya kA sUtrapAta isI aMga deza kI jIta se huaa| ataeva bimbisAra yadi magadha sAmrAjya kA saccA saMsthApaka kahA jAya, to anucita

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cauda-kAlIna bhArata 106 nhiiN| usane kozala tathA vaizAlI ke do par3osI tathA mahAzaktizAlI rAjyoM kI eka eka rAjakumArI se vivAha karake / apanI zakti tathA pratiSThA aura bhI bddh'aaii| bimbisAra kA rAjyakAla I0 pU0 528 se I0 pU0 500 taka mAnA jAtA hai / ajAtazatru (Nika ) kahA jAtA hai ki bimbisAra aMtima samaya meM rAjya kI bAgaDora apane putra ajAtazatru + athavA kUNika ke hAtha meM dekara ekAnta-vAsa karane lgaa| kiMtu ajAtazatru ne zIghra mahArAja banane ke liye apane pitA ko bhUkhoM mAra DAlA; aura isa prakAra vaha pitR-hatyA karake I0 pU0 500 ke lagabhaga gaddI para baitthaa| bauddha graMthoM se patA lagatA hai ki jaba vaha rAjagaddI para AyA, taba buddha bhagavAn jIvita the aura isa rAjA se eka bAra mile bhI the / likhA hai, ki ajAtazatru ne buddha bhagavAna ke sAmane apane pApoM ke liye pazcAttApa kiyA aura una se bauddha dharma kI dIkSA grahaNa kii| kozala deza ke rAjA ke sAtha ajAtazatru kA yuddha huA / jAna par3atA hai ki isa yuddha meM ajAtazatru kI jIta rahI aura kozala deza para magadha kA sikkA jama gyaa| akele kozala hI ko dabAkara ajAtazatru saMtuSTa nahIM huaa| usane tirahuta para bhI AkramaNa kiyA, jisakA phala yaha huA ki vaha tirahuta ko * Ajakala ke ayodhyA aura mujaphpharapura ke jile krama se prAcIna kozala tathA vaizAlI the| zrIyukta bA0 kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ne ajAtazatru kI mUrti kApatA lagAyA hai, jo mathurA ke ajAyabaghara meM khar3I huI hai / ( jarnala mApha bihAra eMDa or3IsA risarca sosAiTI, jilda 6, bhAga 2,pR. 173-204)

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1107 rAjanItika itihAsa apane rAjya meM milAkara gaMgA aura himAlaya ke bIcavAle pradeza kA samrATa bana gyaa| usane sona aura gaMgA nadiyoM ke saMgama para pATaligrAma ke samIpa eka kilA bhI bnvaayaa| isI kile ke Asa pAsa ajAtazatru ke pote udayana ne eka nagara kI nIMva DAlI, jo itihAsa meM kusumapura, puSpapura athavA pATaliputra Adi nAmoM se prasiddha hai / bar3hate bar3hate yaha nagara kevala magadha kI hI nahIM, varan samasta bhArata kI rAjadhAnI bana gayA / phArasa kA bAdazAha dArA ajAtazatru kA samakAlIna thaa| una dinoM siMdha aura paMjAba kA kucha bhAga phArasa sAmrAjya meM thaa| isa bAta ke puSTa pramANa milate haiM ki bhagavAna buddha kA nirvANa ajAtazatru ke rAjya-kAla meM huaa| ajAtazatru ke pApamaya jIvana kA anta I0 pU0 475 ke lagabhaga huA / zaizunAga vaMza kA anta-purANoM ke anusAra ajAtazatru ke bAda usake putra darzaka ne rAjya kiyaa| darzaka ke bAda udaya athavA udayina I0 pU0 450 ke lagabhaga rAjagaddI para baiThA / kahA jAtA hai ki usI ne pATaliputra athavA kusumapura nAmaka nagara bsaayaa| udayin ke bAda naMdivarddhana* aura mahAnandin hue, jinake nAma mAtra purANoM meM milate haiM / mahAnandin zaizunAga vaMza kA aMtima rAjA thaa| usakI eka zUdrA rAnI se mahA ___ * zrIyukta kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ne udayin tathA nandivarddhana kI mUrtiyoM kA patA lagAyA hai, jo kalakatte ke ajAyabaghara meM rakhI huI haiN| ( jarnala Apha bihAra eMDa or3IsA risarca sosAiTI, jilda 5, bhAga 1, pR0 88-106.)

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 108 padmanaMda nAma kA putra huA, jo magadha rAjya ko balapUrvaka chInakara Apa vahA~ kA rAjA bana baiThA / naMda vaMza mahApana naMda-mahApadma naMda ne I0 pU0 371 ke lagabhaga / naMda vaMza kI sthApanA kii| yaha bar3A prasiddha aura pratApazAlI rAjA thA, kiMtu sAtha hI bar3A nirdaya aura lobhI bhI thaa| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki inhIM avaguNoM ke kAraNa tathA zUdra jAti kI strI se utpanna hone ke kAraNa brAhmaNa loga isake kaTTara zatru ho gaye / jaba sikaMdara ne eziyA ke anya dezoM ko jItakara bhAratavarSa para car3hAI kI, taba mahApadmanaMda ne 4 hajAra hAthI, 20 hajAra savAra aura 2 lAkha paidala senA lekara usake viruddha prayANa kiyaa| kiMtu sikaMdara paMjAba se Age na bar3hA; isa kAraNa mahApadma naMda se usakI muThabher3a na huii| mahApadmanaMda kI eka rAnI se ATha putra hue, jo pitA ko milAkara "nava naMda" ke nAma se vikhyAta haiN| kahate haiM ki murA nAma kI eka dAsI se candragupta nAmaka eka putra aura huA,jo "maurya" ke nAma se prasiddha hai| kiMtu yaha bAta kisI purANa meM nahIM milatI ki naMda vaMza ke sAtha candragupta maurya kA koI pArivArika saMbaMdha thaa| purANoM meM kevala yaha likhA milatA hai-"tatazca nava caitAnaMdAn kauTilyo brAhmaessamuddhariSyati teSAmabhAve mauryAH pRthivIM bhokSyati / kauTilya eva candraguptaM rAjye'bhiSekSyati / " arthAt "taba kauTilya nAma kA, eka brAhmaNa navoM naMdoM ko samUla nAza kregaa| unake abhAva meM maurya nAma ke rAjA pRthvI para rAjya kreNge| vahI kauTilya nAma

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109 rAjanItika itihAsa kA brAhmaNa caMdragupta ko rAjagaddI para baitthaavegaa|" kevala viSNu purANa kI TIkA meM itanA aura adhika likhA huA hai-"caMdraguptaM naMndasyaiva zUdrAyAM murAyAM jAtaM mauryANAM prathamam / " arthAt "caMdragupta kA nAma maurya isaliye par3A ki vaha rAjA nanda kI murA nAmaka zUdrA dAsI se utpanna huA thaa|" mudrArAkSasa nATaka se itanA aura patA lagatA hai ki candragupta nanda ke vaMza kA thaa| kintu usameM yaha kahIM nahIM likhA milatA ki vaha nanda kA putra thA / candragupta maurya kA itihAsa likhane ke pahale hama sikandara ke AkramaNa kA kucha vRttAnta likha denA cAhate haiM / sikaMdara kA AkramaNa sikandara kA Agamana-mahA pratApI sikandara, phArasa, sIriyA, misra, phinIziyA, philastIna, bAbilona, baikTriyA Adi eziyAI dezoM ko jItatA aura apane rAjya meM milAtA huA I0 pU0 327 meM lagabhaga 50-60 hajAra vIra yoddhAoM ke sAtha, hindUkuza ke daroM ko lA~ghakara sikandariyA (alekjanDriyA) nagara meM Akara tthhraa| usa samaya kAbula aura sindhu nadiyoM ke bIca kA pradeza, jo Ajakala kA aphagAnistAna aura pazcimottara sImA prAnta hai, kaI choTI choTI svatantra tathA yuddha-priya jAtiyoM ke adhikAra meM thaa| ye jAtiyA~ Apasa meM sadA lar3A magar3A karatI thiiN| inako jItatA tathA inakA damana karatA huA sikandara apanI bar3I senA ke sAtha sindhu nadI ke kinAre para AyA; aura I0 pU0 326 kI vasanta Rtu meM usane aTaka se solaha mIla Upara ohinda nAmaka sthAna ke pAsa nAvoM kA pula

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 110 banAkara sindhu nadI ko pAra kiyaa| phira usane takSazilA meM praveza kiyaa| takSazilA ke rAjA AMbhi athavA AMphisa ne sikandara kI zaraNa meM Akara usase pahale hI sandhi kara lI thii| vaha tana, mana, dhana se sikandara kI sahAyatA karane ko udyata ho gyaa| takSazilA ke rAjA kI isa kAyaratA kA kAraNa yaha thA ki usa samaya abhisAra nAma ke par3osI rAjya se tathA eka aura bar3e rAjya se, jisakA rAjA porasa ( paurava athavA puruvarSa) thA, usa kI parama zatrutA thii| inhIM donoM rAjyoM ke viruddha vaha sikandara kI sahAyatA cAhatA thA aura usakI madada se una donoM ko kucala DAlane kI icchA rakhatA thaa| takSazilA nagara meM Akara sikandara ne porasa ke pAsa yaha sandeza bhejavAyA ki AtmasamarpaNa karake hamArA Adhipatya svIkRta karo; nahIM to tuma para car3hAI kI jaaygii| __porasa ke sAtha yuddha-porasa jhelama aura canAba nadiyoM ke bIcavAle pradeza kA rAjA thA / porasa ne sikandara ke pAsa usake dUta ke dvArA bahuta hI uddhata tathA avajJApUrNa uttara bhejavAyA, jisase cir3hakara sikandara ne senA ko usake Upara car3hAI karane kI AjJA dii| porasa bhI apanI pUrI zakti ke sAtha sikandara kA mukAbalA karane ke liye taiyAra baiThA thaa| bhelama nadI ke kinAre donoM kA mukAbalA huA, jisameM kaI kAraNoM se sikandara kI jIta huii| porasa bahuta ghAyala huA aura kaida kara liyA gyaa| sikandara ne bhAratavarSa meM jitanI lar3AiyA~ lar3IM, unameM yaha lar3AI saba se adhika prasiddha aura gaharI thii| jaba porasa sikandara ke sAmane lAyA gayA, taba usa ke hRSTa puSTa zarIra tathA

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111 rAjanItika itihAsa ziSTAcAra aura sabhya vyavahAra se sikandara bahuta prasanna huA; aura usane porasa se pUchA ki maiM tumhAre sAtha kaisA bartAva karU~ ? isa para porasa ne kahA ki jaisA eka rAjA ko dUsare rAjA ke sAtha karanA caahie| sikandara isa uttara se bahuta prasanna huzrA aura usane use kevala usakA rAjya hI nahIM lauTA diyA, balki bAda ko use paMjAba meM jItI huI bhUmi kA pratinidhi-zAsaka bhI niyata kara diyaa| porasa ko jItane ke bAda vaha canAba tathA rAvI nadiyoM ko pAra karatA aura bIca ke dezoM ko jItatA huA I0 pU0 326 ke sitaMbara mahIne meM vyAsa nadI ke kinAre aayaa| kintu usakI senA ne vyAsa nadI ke Age bar3hanese inakAra kiyaa| isa para lAcAra tathA duHkhI hokara sikandara ne apanI senA ko pIche mur3ane kI AjJA dI / bhArata se sikandara kA kaca-vyAsa nadI ke kinAre, usa sthAna para,jahA~ taka sikandara pahuMcA thA aura jahA~ se usakI senA pIche kI ora mur3I thI, usane apanI vijaya ke upalakSya meM bAraha yUnAnI devatAoM ke nAma para bAraha bar3e bar3e caitya yA cabUtare banavAye / senA ke Age bar3hane se inkAra karane para vaha mAlava, kSudraka Adi yuddha-priya aura prajA-tantra rAjyoM ko jItatA huA phira jhelama nadI para vApasa aayaa| vahA~ usane bahuta sI nAvoM kA saMgraha kiyA tathA bahuta sI naI nAveM bnvaaii| nAvoM kA yaha ber3A jhelama nadIse I0 pU0 326 ke sitaMbara yA aktUbara mahIne meM sikandara kI nau-senA ke senApati neArkasa ( Nearchos ) kI adhyakSatA meM ravAnA huA aura usake bahuta se yoddhAoM ko lekara sindhu nadI ke muhAne para aayaa| vahA~ se calakara aura araba samudra se hokara isa ber3e ne I0 pU0 324

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yaura-kAlIna bhArata 112. meM phArasa kI khAr3I meM laMgara ddaalaa| ighara sikandara kI nau-senA sindhu nadI ke muhAne se phArasa kI ora ravAnA huI; aura udhara svayaM usane kucha phauja lekara pazcimI paMjAba tathA sindhu pradeza ko jItane ke liye kUca kiyaa| AtI bAra vaha gandhAra pradeza tathA uttarI paMjAba ko jItatA huA bhArata meM AyA thaa| jAtI bAra vaha dUsare rAste se pazcimI paMjAba tathA sindhu pradeza ko jItatA huA phArasa kI ora gayA / I0 pU0 325 meM bhAratavarSa se ravAnA hone ke pahale sikandara ne apane aphasaroM tathA bhAratIya rAjAoM kA eka darabAra karake usameM porasa ko melama aura vyAsa nadiyoM ke bIca ke jIte hue pradeza kA zAsaka niyata kiyA; tathA takSazilA ke rAjA ko jhelama aura sindhu nadiyoM ke bIcavAle pradeza kA rAjA bnaayaa| bhAratavarSa chor3ane ke eka varSa bAda I0 pU0 323 meM vizva-vijayI sikandara baibilona meM paralokavAsI huA / usakI mRtyu se bhAratavarSa meM makadUniyA ke rAjya kA bhI eka taraha se anta ho gayA / candragupta maurya ne hinduoM ko saMghaTita karake una yUnAniyoM ke viruddha balavA kiyA, jinheM sikandara pazcimottara prAnta tathA paMjAba para yUnAnI zAsana sthira rakhane ke liye chor3a gayA thaa| isa balave kA eka mAtra netA candragupta maurya thA / balavA karane ke bAda candragupta apane kuTila maMtrI cANakya kI sahAyatA se nanda vaMza ke antima rAjA ko mArakara I0 pU0322* ke lagabhaga magadha rAjyake siMhAsana para baiThA aura samasta bhAratavarSa kA eka-chatra samrATa ho gyaa| ___ * jaina granthoM ke AdhAra para zrIyukta kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla kA mata hai ki candragupta maurya kA rAjya-kAla kadAcit I. pU. 325 se prAraMbha huyA -

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113 rAjanItika itihAsa maurya vaMza candragupta maurya candragupta aura selyUkasa - sikandara kI mRtyu ke bAda candragupta maurya ne apane deza ko videzI yUnAniyoM kI parAdhInatA se chur3A liyA / jisa samaya candragupta apane sAmrAjya ke saMghaTana meM lagA huA thA, usI samaya usakA eka pratidvandvI pazcimI aura madhya eziyA meM apane sAmrAjya kI nIMva DAlane kA yatna kara rahA thA aura sikandara ke jIte hue bhAratIya pradezoM ko apane adhikAra meM lAne kI taiyArI meM thA / sikandara kI mRtyu ke bAda usake senApatiyoM meM rAjyAdhikAra ke liye yuddha huA / isa yuddha meM eziyA ke Adhipatya ke liye enTigonasa aura selyUkasa nAma ke do senApati eka dUsare kA virodha kara rahe the / pahale to enTigonasa ne selyUkasa ko harAkara bhagA diyA; para I0 pU0 312 meM selyUkasa ne baibilona ko phira se apane adhikAra meM kara liyA; aura cha: varSa ke bAda vaha pazcimI tathA madhya eziyA kA adhipati ho gyaa| usake sAmrAjya ke pazcimI prAnta bhAratavarSa kI sImA taka phaile hue the; aura isI liye vaha sikandara ke jIte hue bhAratIya pradezoM ko phira se apane adhikAra meM lAnA cAhatA thA / selyUkasa kA AkramaNa - isa uddezya se usane I0 pU0 305 meM yA usake lagabhaga sindhu nadI pAra karake sikandara ke dhAve kA anukaraNa karane kA udyoga kiyaa| jaba yuddha bhUmi meM donoM thA / ( jarnala enDa prosIDiMgsa, eziyATika sosAiTI Apha baMgAla, 1913, pR0 317-13 )

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 114 senAoM kA sAmanA huA, taba candragupta kI senA ke mukAbale meM selyUkasa kI senA na Thahara skii| selyUkasa ko lAcAra ho kara pIche haTanA par3A aura candragupta ke sAtha usI kI zatoM ke mutAbika sandhi kara lenI pdd'ii| ulaTe use lene ke dene par3a gye| bhAratavarSa ko jItanA to dUra rahA, use sindhu nadI ke pazcima eriyAnA * kA bahuta sA hissA candragupta ko de denA pdd'aa| pA~ca sau hAthiyoM ke badale meM candragupta ko selyUkasa se paropanisadai ( Paropanisadai ) eriyA ( Aria) aura aracojiyA ( Archosia ) nAma ke tIna prAMta mile, jinakI rAjadhAnI krama se Ajakala ke kAbula, hirAta aura kandhAra nAma ke tIna nagara the| isa sandhi ko dRr3ha karane ke liye selyUkasa ne apanI beTI ethInA, candragupta ko dI / yaha sandhi I0 pU0 303 ke lagabhaga huii| isa prakAra hindUkuza pahAr3a taka uttarI bhArata. candragupta ke hAtha meM A gyaa| una dinoM bhAratavarSa kI pazcimottara sImA hindUkuza pahAr3a taka thii| mugala bAdazAhoM kA rAjya bhI hindUkuza taka kabhI nahIM pahuMcA thaa| megAsthinIz2a-sandhi ho jAne ke bAda selyUkasa ne candragupta ke darabAra meM apanA eka rAjadUta bhejaa| isa rAjadUta kA. nAma megAsthinIz2a thA / megAsthinIja maurya sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra meM bahuta dinoM taka rahA; aura vahA~ rahakara usane bhAratavarSa kA vivaraNa likhaa| isa vivaraNa meM usane usa samaya ke bhUgola, paidAvAra, rIti-rivAja ityAdi kA bahuta sA hAla ___ * "eriyAnA" Arya-sthAna kA apabhraMza mAlUma hotA hai|

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115 rAjanItika itihAsa diyA hai| usane candragupta ke zAsana aura sainika prabandha kA bhI bar3A sajIva varNana kiyA hai, jisase candragupta ke samaya kA bahuta sA saccA itihAsa vidita hotA hai / candragupta kI rAjadhAnI-candragupta kI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra nagara sona aura gaMgA nadiyoM ke saMgama para basA huA thaa| Ajakala isake sthAna para paTanA aura bA~kIpura nAma ke zahara haiM / prAcIna pATaliputra bhI Ajakala kI taraha lambA hI thA / una dinoM usakI lambAI nau mIla aura caur3AI Der3ha mIla thii| usake cAroM ora kATha kI banI huI eka dIvAra thI, jisameM 64 phATaka aura 570 burja the / dIvAra ke cAroM ora eka gaharI parikhA yA khAI thI, jisameM sona nadI kA pAnI bharA rahatA thaa| rAjadhAnI meM candragupta ke mahala adhikatara kATha ke bane hue the; para tar3aka bhar3aka aura zAna zaukata meM ve phArasa ke bAdazAhoM ke mahaloM se bhI bar3hakara the| candragupta kA darabAra-candragupta kA darabAra bahumUlya vastuoM se susajjita thaa| vahA~ rakkhe hue sone cA~dI ke bartana aura khilaune, jar3AU meja aura kursiyA~ tathA bahumUlya vastra aura AbhUSaNa dekhanevAloM kI A~khoM meM cakAcauMdha paidA karate the / jaba kabhI candragupta bar3e bar3e avasaroM para rAjamahala ke bAhara nikalatA thA, taba vaha sone kI pAlakI para calatA thaa| vaha pAlakI motI kI mAlAoM se sajI rahatI thii| jaba use thor3I hI dUra jAnA hotA thA, taba vaha ghor3e para car3ha kara nikalatA thA; para laMbe saphara meM vaha sunahalI jhuloM se saje hue hAthI para rahatA thA / jisa taraha Ajakala bahuta se rAjAoM aura navAboM ke darabAra meM

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116 bauddha-kAlIna bhArata murgI, baTera, mer3he aura sA~r3a vagairaha kI lar3AiyA~ hotI haiM, usI taraha candragupta bhI jAnavaroM kI lar3AiyoM se apanA manoraMjana karatA thaa| usake darabAra meM pahalavAnoM ke daMgala bhI hote the / jisa taraha Ajakala ghor3oM kI daur3a hotI hai, usI taraha candragupta ke samaya meM bhI baila daur3Aye jAte the; aura vaha usa daur3a ko bahuta ruci se dekhatA thaa| Ajakala kI taraha usa samaya bhI loga daur3a meM bAjI lagAte the / daur3ane kI jagaha chaH hajAra gaz2a ke ghere meM rahatI thI aura eka ghor3A tathA usake idhara udhara do baila eka ratha ko lekara daur3ate the| candraguppa ko zikAra kA bhI bar3A zauka thaa| jAnavara eka ghirI huI jagaha meM chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| vahA~ eka cabUtarA banA rahatA thA, jisa para khar3A hokara candragupta zikAra ko tIra se mAratA thA / agara zikAra khulI jagaha meM hotA thA, to vaha hAthI para se zikAra karatA thaa| | zikAra ke samaya astra zastra se susajjita striyA~ usakI rakSA karatI thiiN| ye striyA~ videzoM se kharIdakara lAI jAtI thiiN| prAcIna rAjAoM ke darabAra meM isa taraha kI strI-rakSikAe~ rahA karatI thiiN| mudrArAkSasa aura kauTilIya artha zAstra meM bhI strIrakSikAoM kA varNana milatA hai| arthazAstra meM likhA hai-"zayanAdutthitasstrIgaNairdhanvibhiH parigRhyeta" / arthAt palaMga se uThane ke bAda dhanurbANa se susajjita khiyA~ rAjA kI sevA meM upasthita hoN|* jisa sar3aka se mahArAja kA jalUsa nikalatA thA, usake donoM ora rassiyA~ lagI rahatI thIM; aura una rassiyoM ke pAra jAne ___ * koTilIya arthazAstra, adhi0 1, adhyA0 21.

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117 rAjanItika itihAsa vAle ko mauta kI sajA dI jAtI thii| bAda ko candragupta ke pote azAka ne zikAra khelane kI prathA bilakula hI uThA dI thii| candragupta kI jIdhana-dharyA-candragupta prAyaH mahala ke andara hI rahatA thA; aura bAhara sirpha muqadame sunane, yajJa meM sammilita hone yA zikAra khelane ke liye nikalatA thaa| use kama se kama dina meM eka bAra prArthanApatra grahaNa karane aura mukadame te karane ke liye avazya bAhara AnA par3atA thaa| candragupta ko mAliza karavAne kA bhI bar3A zauka thaa| jisa samaya vaha darabAra meM logoM ke sAmane baiThatA thA, usa samaya cAra naukara use mAliza kiyA karate the / rAjA kI varSagA~Tha bahuta dhUmadhAma se manAI jAtI thI aura bar3e bar3e loga use bahumUlya vastue~ bheMTa karate the| para itanI adhika sAvadhAnatA aura rakSA hote hue bhI candragupta ko sadA apanI jAna kA bhaya lagA rahatA thaa| vaha Dara ke mAre dina ko yA lagAtAra do rAta taka eka hI kamare meM kabhI nahIM sotA thaa| mudrArAkSasa meM bhI likhA hai ki cANakya ne candragupta ko mAra DAlane kI kaI bandizoM kA patA lagAkara usakI jAna bacAI thii| candragupta kI saphalatAe~-jisa samaya candragupta rAgajaddI para baiThA, usa samaya usakI avasthA adhika na thI / usane kevala caubIsa varSoM taka rAjya kiyaa| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki vaha apanI mRtyu ke samaya pacAsa varSa se kama kA ho rahA hogaa| isa thor3e se samaya meM usane bar3e bar3e kAma kiye / usane sikandara kI yUnAnI senAoM ko bhAratavarSa se nikAla bAhara kiyA, selyUkasa ko gaharI hAra dI, eka samudra se lekara dUsare samudra taka kula uttarI bhArata apane adhikAra meM kiyA, bar3I bhArI senAe~ saMghaTita kI aura

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 118 bar3e bhArI sAmrAjya kA zAsana kiyaa| candragupta kI rAjyazakti itanI dRr3hatA se sthApita thI ki vaha usake putra bindusAra aura tatpazcAt usake pautra azoka ke hAtha meM be-khaTake calI gaI yUnAnI rAjyoM ke zAsaka usakI mitratA ke liye lAlAyita rahate the| selyUkasa ke bAda phira kisI yUnAnI rAjA ne bhAratavarSa para car3hAI karane kA sAhasa nahIM kiyA; aura candragupta ke bAda do pIr3hiyoM taka yUnAnI rAjAoM kA bhAratavarSa ke sAtha rAjanItika aura vyApArika sambandha banA rahA / ___ maurya sAmrAjya para videzI prabhAva-kucha lekhakoM kA vicAra hai ki maurya sAmrAjya para sikandara ke AkramaNa kA bahuta adhika prabhAva par3A; para yaha kathana ThIka nahIM hai / sikandara kevala unnIsa mahIne bhAratavarSa meM rhaa| ye unnIsa mahIne sirpha lar3AI jhagar3e aura bhayAnaka mAra kATa meM bIte the| bhAratavarSa meM apanA sAmrAjya khar3A karane kA jo kucha vicAra usake mana meM rahA ho, para vaha usakI mRtyu ke bAda hI bilakula niSphala ho gayA / candragupta ko sikandara ke udAharaNa kI AvazyakatA na thii| usakI aura usake dezavAsiyoM kI A~khoM ke sAmane do zatAbdiyoM taka phArasa ke sAmrAjya kA udAharaNa thaa| yadi candragupta ne kisI videzI udAharaNa kA anukaraNa kiyA bhI, to kevala phArasa ke sAmrAjya kA / candragupta ke darabAra aura usakI rAjya-praNAlI meM jo thor3A bahuta videzI prabhAva pAyA jAtA hai, vaha yUnAna kA nahIM, balki 'phArasa kA hai / IsA ke bAda cauthI zatAbdI ke anta taka bhAratavarSa ke prAntIya zAsaka "kSatrapa" nAma se pukAre jAte the| yahI "kSatraya" zabda phArasa deza ke prAntIya zAsakoM ke liye bhI

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119 rAjanItika itihAsa vyavahRta hotA thA / candragupta kI sainika vyavasthA meM bhI yUnAna ke prabhAva kA koI cihna nahIM miltaa| candragupta ne apanI senA kA saMghaTana bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna Adarza ke anusAra kiyA thaa| bhAratavarSa ke rAjA mahArAja hAthiyoM kI senA ko aura usase utara kara ratha aura paidala senA ko adhika mahattva dete the| ghur3asavAra senA bahuta thor3I rahatI thI; aura vaha aisI acchI bhI na hotI thii| para sikandara hAthiyoM yA rathoM se bilakula kAma na letA thA aura adhikatara apanI ghur3asavAra senA ke hI bharose rahatA thaa| isase siddha hotA hai ki apanI senA kA saMghaTana karane meM bhI candragupta ne sikandara kA anukaraNa nahIM kiyA / candragupta kA anta-jaina dharma kI kathAoM se patA lagatA hai ki candragupta jaina dharma kA anuyAyI thA; aura jaba bAraha varSa taka bar3A bhArI akAla par3A, taba vaha rAjagaddI chor3akara dakkhina meM calA gayA aura maisUra ke pAsa zravaNa velagolA nAmaka sthAna meM jaina yati kI taraha rahane lgaa| anta meM vahA~ usane upavAsa karake prANatyAga kiyaa| aba taka vahA~ usakA nAma liyA jAtA hai| yaha kathA kahA~ taka saca hai, yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMbhava hai ki usane rAjagaddI se utarakara aMta meM jaina dharma grahaNa kiyA ho aura phira yatI kI taraha jIvana vyatIva karane lagA ho| jaba I0 pU0 298 ke lagabhaga candragupta rAjagaddI se utarA ( yA dUsare mata ke anusAra usakA paralokavAsa huA), taba usakA putra viMdusAra gaddI para baitthaa| vindusAra (amitraghAta)-yUnAnI lekhakoM ne candragupta ke uttarAdhikArI, biMdusAra, ke nAma kucha aise zabdoM meM likhe haiM, jo

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 120 "amitraghAta" ke apabhraMza mAlUma par3ate haiN| candragapta aura selyUkasa ke samaya bhAratavarSa aura yUnAnI rAjyoM ke bIca jo sambandha AraMbha huA thA, vaha viMdusAra ke rAjya-kAla meM bhI banA rahA / usake darabAra meM megAsthinIz2a kA sthAna DeImekasa (Delmachos) nAmaka rAjadUta ne liyaa| isa rAjadUta ne bhI megAsthinIz2a kI taraha bhAratavarSa kA nirIkSaNa karake bahuta sA hAla likhA thA; para abhAgyavaza aba usakA likhA huA bahuta thor3A hAla milatA hai| jaba I0 pU0 280 meM selyUkasa mArA gayA, taba usakA sthAna usake putra ainTiokasa soTara ne liyA, jisane bhAratavarSa ke sambandha meM apane pitA kI nIti kA yathAvat pAlana kiyaa| ainTiokasa aura vindusAra ke bIca jo likhA par3hI huI thI, usase patA lagatA hai ki bhAratavarSa aura pazcimI eziyA ke bIca bahuta ghaniSTha sambandha thaa| vindusAra ne ainTiokasa ko eka patra bhejakara likhA thA-"kRpA kara mujhe thor3e se aMjIra aura aMgUra kI zarAba tathA eka yUnAnI adhyApaka kharIdakara bheja diijie|" ainTiokasa ne uttara meM likhA-"mujhe aMjIra aura aMgUra kI zarAba bhejate hue bar3I prasannatA huI hai; para kheda hai ki maiM ApakI sevA meM koI adhyApaka nahIM bheja sakatA; kyoMki yUnAnI loga adhyApaka kA becanA anucita samajhate haiN|" vindusAra ke rAjya yA zAsana kA kucha bhI hAla nahIM milatA / usake samaya kA koI smAraka yA lekha bhI prApta nahIM hai| saMbhava hai ki usane candragupta kI taraha bhAratavarSa kI sImA ke aMdara hI apane rAjya ko bar3hAne kI nIti jArI rakkhI ho / vindusAra ke putra azoka ke sAmrAjya kI ThIka ThIka sImA usake zilalekhoM aura staMbha.

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121 rAjanItika itihAsa lekhoM se vidita hotI hai| yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki dakSiNa meM saMrakSita rAjyoM aura arddha-svataMtra rAjyoM ko milA kara azoka kA sAmrAjya nIlaura taka phailA huA thA / narmadA ke dakSiNa kA pradeza azoka kA vijaya kiyA huA nahIM ho sakatA; kyoMki usake zilAlekhoM se patA lagatA hai ki usane baMgAla kI khAr3I ke kinAre kevala kaliMga deza ko jItakara apane rAjya meM milAyA thaa| hA~, yadi azoka ne dakSiNI pradeza apane rAjyakAla ke prAraMbha meM hI jItA ho, to dUsarI bAta hai| para isakA koI pramANa nahIM miltaa| candragupta ke rAjya-kAla ke 24 varSa aisI bar3I bar3I ghaTanAoM se bhare hue the ki kadAcit dakSiNI pradeza jItane kA samaya use na milA hogaa| isaliye nIlaura taka dakSiNI pradeza saMbhavataH bindusAra ne jItA hogA; kyoMki azoka ne isa pradeza ko apane pitA se prApta kiyA thA / basa, bindusAra ke bAre meM isase adhika aura kucha vidita nahIM hai| azoka maurya yuvarAja azoka-kahA jAtA hai ki azoka yA azokavarddhana apane pitA ke jIvana-kAla meM pazcimottara sImA prAnta tathA pazcimI bhArata kA yuvarAja yA prAntika zAsaka raha cukA thaa| vahIM rahakara usane zAsana kA kAma sIkhA thaa| vaha kaI bhAiyoM meM saba se bar3A thA; aura usakI yogyatA dekhakara usake pitA ne psI ko yuvarAja pada ke liye cunA thaa| una dinoM pazcimottara sImA prAnta kI rAjadhAnI takSazilA aura pazcimI bhArata kI rAjadhAnI ujjayinI thI / laMkA kI danta-kathAoM se patA lagatA hai ki

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baukha-kAlona bhArata 122 jisa samaya azoka ne apane pitA kI bImArI kA hAla sunA, usa samaya vaha ujjayinI meM thaa| unhIM danta-kathAoM se yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki azoka ke 100 bhAI the, jinameM se 99 ko usane mAra DAlA thaa| para yaha danta-kathA vizvAsa karane ke yogya nahIM hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki ina kathAoM ko bauddhoM ne yaha dikhalAne ke liye gar3ha liyA thA ki bauddha dharma meM Ane ke pahale usakA jIvana kaisA hiMsApUrNa thA; aura bauddha dharma meM Ane ke bAda vaha kaisA sadAcArI aura pavitra-hRdaya ho gyaa| isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki azoka ke rAjyakAla ke satrahaveM yA aThArahaveM varSa meM azoka ke bhAI aura bahaneM jIvita thiiN| usake zilAlekhoM se patA lagatA hai ki use apane kuTumba kA bar3A dhyAna rahatA thaa| zilAlekhoM se koI aisA pramANa nahIM milatA, jisase yaha siddha ho ki vaha apane kuTumbavAloM se kisI prakAra kI IrSyA yA dveSa rakhatA thA / usake pitAmaha candragupta ko avazya sadA bhayabhIta rahakara apanA jIvana bitAnA par3atA thA aura apane sAtha IrSyAdveSa karanevAloM ko dabAnA par3atA thA; kyoMki vaha eka sAmAnya manuSya se bar3hakara ekachatra samrATa huA thA aura bar3I kar3AI ke sAtha zAsana karatA thA / para candragupta kI taraha azoka sAmAnya manuSya se samrATa nahIM huA thaa| usane apane pitA se usa bar3e sAmrAjya kA adhikAra prApta kiyA thA, jise sthApita hue pacAsa varSa bIta cuke the| isaliye kisI ko azoka ke sAtha IrSyA-dveSa yA lAga DaoNTa karane kA avasara na thA; aura isI liye usake sAmane ve saba maMjhaTeM bhIna thIM, jo candragupta ke jIvana meM bharI huI thiiN| azoka ke lekhoM se yaha patA nahIM lagatA ki use apane zatruoM

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123 rAjanItika itihAsa ko ora se kabhI bhaya rahA ho| saMbhavataH usane apane pitA ke AjJAnusAra zAnti ke sAtha rAjyAdhikAra grahaNa kiyA thA / azoka kA rAja-tilaka-azoka ne pUre 40 varSoM taka rAjya kiyA; isaliye jaba bindusAra kI mRtyu ke bAda I0 pU0 273 meM yA usake lagabhaga usane usa bar3e sAmrAjya kA zAsana-bhAra apane Upara liyA, taba vaha apanI yuvAvasthA meM thA / usake prAraMbhika rAjya-kAla ke gyAraha yAbAraha varSoM kA kucha hAla nahIM miltaa| mAlUma hotA hai ki prAraMbha ke gyAraha yA bAraha sAla sAdhAraNa rIti para sAmrAjya ke zAsana meM bIte / rAjyArohaNa ke lagabhaga cAra varSa bAda I0 pU0 269 meM usakA rAja-tilaka huA / yahI eka bAta aiso hai, jisase isa vicAra kI puSTi hotI hai ki rAjyArohaNa ke samaya usake bhAiyoM ne usake sAtha jhagar3A kiyA thA / azoka kI kaliMga-vijaya-apane rAjya ke terahaveM varSa meM arthAt I0 pU0 261 meM azoka ne kaliMga deza jItakara apane rAjya meM milaayaa| apane jIvana bhara meM usane yahI yuddha kiyA / isa yuddha kA patA usake eka zilAlekha meM bhI milatA hai / prAcIna samaya meM kaliMga deza baMgAla kI khAr3I ke kinAre para mahAnadI se lekara godAvarI taka phailA huA thaa| isa yuddha ke kucha varSa bAda azoka ne do zilAlekha vahA~ khudavAye, jinase mAlUma hotA hai ki isa naye jIte hue pradeza ke zAsana saMbaMdha meM usako bar3I ciMtA rahatI thI; kyoMki kabhI kabhI usake karmacArI vahA~ acchA zAsana na karate the|| rAjakarmacAriyoM ko samrATa ___* dekhiye azoka kA trayodaza zilAlekha / +dekhiye azoka ke do kaliMga zilAlekha /

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 124 kI ora se yaha AjJA thI ki ve prajA ke sAtha pitRvat vyavahAra kareM aura kaliMga deza kI jaMgalI jAtiyoM para koI atyAcAra na hone deM / para vahA~ ke rAjyAdhikArI isa AjJA kA prAyaH ullaMghana kiyA karate the, jisase samrAT ko apane kaliMga lekha ke dvArA unheM yaha sUcita karanA par3A thA-"merI AjJA pUrI karane se tuma svarga pAoge aura mere prati apanA RNa bhI cukaaoge|" azoka kA dharma-parivartana-kaliMga yuddha meM eka lAkha AdamI mAre gaye aura Der3ha lAkha AdamI kaida kiye gaye / inake sivA isase kaI gune AdamI akAla, mahAmArI tathA una saba vipattiyoM ke zikAra hue, jo yuddha ke bAda logoM para par3atI haiN| ina saba vipattiyoM ko dekhakara aura yaha samajhakara ki mere hI sababa se ye saba vipattiyA~ huI haiM, azoka ko bar3A kheda aura pazcAttApa huaa| isake bAda usane pakkA nizcaya kiyA ki aba maiM kabhI yuddha meM pravRtta na hoU~gA aura na kabhI manuSyoM para atyAcAra karU~gA / kaliMga-vijaya ke cAra varSa bAda usane apane trayodaza zilAlekha meM likhA thA-"jitane manuSya kaliMga-yuddha meM ghAyala hue, mare yA kaida kiye gaye, unake 100veMyA 1000veM hisse kA nAza bhI aba mahArAja azoka ke liye bar3e duHkha kA kAraNa hogaa|" apane isa siddhAnta ke anusAra phira usane apane zeSa jIvana meM kabhI yuddha nahIM kiyaa| isI samaya ke lagabhaga vaha bauddha dharma kA anuyAyI huA / tabhI se usane apanI zakti tathA adhikAra ke dvArA "dhama" yA dharma kA pracAra karanA apane jIvana kA uddezya banAyA / azoka ke prathama gauNa zilAlekha aura caturdaza. zilAlekhoM se patA lagatA hai ki azoka bauddha dharma meM Ane ke

Page #152
125 rAjanItika itihAsa bAda DhAI varSa se adhika samaya taka kevala upAsaka thA; para zilAlekha khudavAne ke eka sAla yA usase kucha adhika pahale vaha saMgha meM sammilita hokara bauddha bhikSu ho gayA thA aura tana, mana, dhana, se bauddha dharma kA pracAra karane lagA thaa| bauddha sthAnoM meM azoka kI yAtrA-lagabhaga caubIsa varSoM taka samrAT rahane ke bAda usane I0 pU0 249 meM vauddhoM ke pavitra sthAnoM kI yAtrA ke liye prasthAna kiyaa| apanI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra se ravAnA hokara vaha nepAla jAnevAlI sar3aka se uttara kI ora gayA; aura Ajakala ke mujaphpharapura tathA caMpArana jiloM se hotA huA himAlaya pahAr3a kI tarAI meM phuNcaa| vahA~ se kadAcit vaha pazcima kI ora mur3A aura usa prasiddha "luMbinI" nAmaka upavana meM AyA, jahA~ buddha bhagavAn paidA hue the| vahA~ usake guru upagupta ne usase kahA-"yahIM bhagavAna kA janma huA thaa|" azoka ne apanI isa sthAna kI yAtrA ke smAraka meM eka staMbha, jisa para ye zabda khude hue haiM aura jo aba taka surakSita hai, khar3A kiyA / isake uparAnta vaha apane guru ke sAtha kapilavastu AyA, jahA~ buddha bhagavAna kI bAlyAvasthA bItI thI / vahA~ se vaha banArasa ke pAsa sAranAtha meM AyA, jahA~ buddha bhagavAn ne apane dharma kA pahale pahala upadeza kiyA thaa| vahA~ se vaha zrAvastI gayA, jahA~ bahuta varSoM taka rhaa| zrAvastI se calakara usane gayA ke bodhi vRkSa ke darzana kiye, jisake nIce baiThakara buddha bhagavAn ne jJAna kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| gayA se vaha kuzInagara AyA, jahA~ buddha bhagavAn kA nirvANa huA thaa| ina saba pavitra sthAnoM meM azoka ne bahuta sA dhana dAna kiyA aura bahuta

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 126 se smAraka khar3e kiye, jinameM se kucha smArakoM kA patA aneka zatAbdiyoM ke bAda aba lagA hai| bhitu-sampradAya meM azoka-azoka ke saMbaMdha meM eka vicitra bAta yaha hai ki vaha bauddha bhikSu bhI thA aura sAtha hI vistRta sAmrAjya kA zAsana bhI karatA thaa| azoka ke nau zatAbdI bAda IsiMga nAmaka cInI bauddha yAtrI bhArata meM AyA thaa| usane azoka kI mUrti bauddha saMnyAsI ke veSa meM sthApita dekhI thii| bauddha saMnyAsI ko jaba cAhe, taba gArhasthya jIvana meM lauTane kI svataMtratA rahatI hai / saMbhava hai, azoka kabhI kabhI thor3e samaya ke liye, rAjya kA ucita prabandha karane ke bAda, kisI vihAra yA saMghArAma meM jAkara ekAMta-vAsa karatA rahA ho| mAlUma hotA hai. ki prathama gauNa zilAlekha aura bhAva zilAlekha usa samaya khudavAye gaye the, jaba vaha bairATa ke saMghArAma meM ekAMta-vAsa kara rahA thA / isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki apane jIvana ke aMtima pacIsa varSoM meM vaha saMgha aura sAmrAjya donoM kA zAsaka tathA netA thaa| azoka ke samaya meM bauddha mahAsabhA-lagabhaga tIsa varSoM taka rAjya karane ke bAda I0 pU0 243 meM yA usake lagabhaga azoka ne sapta-staMbha-lekha khudavAye, jinameM vahI bAteM doharAI gaI haiM, jo usane pahale ke zilA-lekhoM meM likhI thiiN| inameM se aMtima sapta-staMbha lekhoM meM usane una upAyoM kA sAmAnya rIti se samAlocanAtmaka varNana kiyA hai, jinakI sahAyatA se usane "dhamma" yA dharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa| para Azcarya hai ki usane apane isa siMhAvalokana meM bauddha netAoM kI usa mahAsabhA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA, jo bauddha saMgha meM phUTa rokane ke liye usake rAjya kAla meM

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127 rAjanItika itihAsa tathA usakI rAjadhAnI meM huI thii| saMbhava hai ki yaha mahAsabhA staMbha-lekhoM ke pracalita hone ke bAda kI gaI ho| para yaha kahane meM koI Apatti nahIM ho sakatI ki bauddha netAoM kI eka mahAsabhA azoka ke samaya meM huI thI, kyoMki isa sabhA ke bAre meM bahuta sI dantakathAe~ pracalita haiN| mAlUma hotA hai ki sAranAtha kA staMbha-lekha, jisameM spaSTa zabdoM meM likhA hai-"jo bhikSunI yA bhikSuka saMgha meM phUTa DAlegA, vaha sapheda kapar3A pahanAkara usa sthAna meM rakha diyA jAyagA, jo bhikSuoM ke liye upayukta nahIM hai" iso sabhA ke nizcaya ke anusAra prakAzita kiyA gayA thaa| vinsenTa smitha sAhaba kA mata hai ki yaha mahAsabhA azoka ke rAjya-kAla ke aMtima dasa varSoM meM kisI samaya huI hogii| ___azoka ke sAmrAjya kA vistAra-azoka kA sAmrAjya kitanI dUra taka phailA huA thA, yaha prAyaH nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai / uttara-pazcima kI ora usakA sAmrAjya hindUkuza parvata taka phailA huA thA; aura usameM aphagAnistAna kA adhikatara bhAga tathA kula balocistAna aura sindha zAmila thaa| kadAcit suvAta ( yA svAta) aura bAjAra meM bhI azoka ke karmacArI rahate the| kazmIra aura nepAla to avazyameva sAmrAjya ke aMga the| azoka ne kazmIra kI ghATI meM zrInagara nAma kI eka naI rAjadhAnI basAI thii| prAcIna zrInagara vartamAna zrInagara se thor3I hI dUra para hai| nepAla kI ghATI meM bhI usane purAnI rAjadhAnI maMjupATana ke sthAna para pATana, lalitapATana yA lalitapura nAmaka eka nagara basAyA, jo vartamAna rAjadhAnI kAThamANDU se dakSiNa-pUrva DhAI mIla kI dUrI para aba taka sthita hai| usane

Page #155
baura-kAlIna bhArata 128 yaha nagara I0 pU0 250 yA 249 meM nepAla-yAtrA ke smAraka meM banavAyA thaa| usake sAtha nepAla meM usakI lar3akI cArumatI bhI gaI thI, jo apane pitA ke lauTa Ane ke bAda bauddha saMnyAsinI ho kara vahIM rahane lagI thii| azoka lalitapATana ko bar3A pavitra sthAna samajhatA thA / vahA~ usane pA~ca bar3e bar3e stUpa banavAye the, jinameM se eka to nagara ke madhya meM aura bAkI cAra nagara ke cAroM konoM para the| ye saba smAraka aba taka sthita haiM aura hAla meM bane hue stUpoM tathA mandiroM se bilakula bhinna haiN| pUrva kI ora gaMgA ke muhAne taka samasta vaMga deza usake sAmrAjya meM zAmila thA / godAvarI nadI ke uttara meM samudra-taTa kA vaha hissA, jo kaliMga ke nAma se prasiddha thA, I0 pU0 261 meM jItakara milAyA gayA thaa| dakSiNa meM godAvarI aura kRSNA nadI ke bIcavAlA prAMta arthAt Andhra deza kadAcit maurya sAmrAjya kA eka saMrakSita rAjya thA aura usakA zAsana vahIM ke rAjA karate the| dakSiNapUrva meM uttarI penAra nadI azoka ke sAmrAjya kI dakSiNI sImA samajhI jA sakatI hai| bhAratavarSa ke bilakula dakSiNa meM cola aura pAMDya nAma ke tAmila rAjya tathA malAbAra ke kinAre para keralaputra aura satyaputra nAma ke rAjya avazyameva svataMtra the| isaliye sAmrAjya kI dakSiNI sImA pUrvI kinAre para nIlaura ke pAsa uttarI penAra nadI ke muhAne se lekara pazcimI kinAre para maeNgalaura ke pAsa kalyANapurI nadI taka thii| pazcimottara sImA meM tathA viMdhya parvata ke jaMgaloM meM jo jaMgalI jAtiyA~ rahatI thIM, ve kadAcit maurya sAmrAjya ke Adhipatya meM svayaM zAsana karatI thiiN| isaliye moTe taura para hindUkuza parvata ke nIce aphagAnistAna, balo

Page #156
229 rAjanItika itihAsa cistAna, nepAla, dakSiNI himAlaya aura kula bhAratavarSa (kevala dakSiNa ke kucha bhAga ko chor3akara) azoka ke sAmrAjya meM zAmila thaa| azoka ke smAraka-azoka ne bahuta sI imArateM, stUpa aura stambha banavAye the / kahA jAtA hai ki tIna varSa ke andara usane caurAsI hajAra stUpa nirmANa kraaye| IsavI pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM jisa samaya cInI bauddha yAtrI phAhiyAna pATaliputra meM AyA, usa samaya bhI azoka kA rAjamahala khar3A huA thA; aura logoM kA vizvAsa thA ki vaha deva-dAnavoM ke hAtha se racA gayA thA / aba usakI ye saba imArateM lupta ho gaI haiM aura unake bhagnAvazeSa gaMgA aura sona nadiyoM ke purAne pATa ke nIce dabe par3e haiM* / Ajakala una para paTanA aura bA~kIpura ke zahara base hue haiN| azoka ke samaya ke kucha stUpa madhya bhArata ke sA~cI nAmaka sthAna meM aura usake Asa pAsa haiN| ye stUpa aba taka surakSita haiM aura ujjaina ke pAsa hI haiM, jahA~ azoka rAjagaddI para Ane ke pahale pazcimI prAMta kA zAsaka raha cukA thA / sA~cI ke pradhAna stUpa ke cAroM ora patthara kA jo gherA (pariveSTana) tathA patthara ke jo phATaka haiM, ve kadAcit azoka kI AjJA se banacAye gaye the / azoka ne gayA ke pAsa barAbara nAma kI pahAr3I meM "AjIvika" saMpradAya ke liye kucha guphAe~ khudavAI thIM, jinakI dIvAreM bahuta hI cikanI aura sApha sutharo haiM / azoka ke banavAye hue smArakoM meM patthara para khude hue usake lekha saba se vicitra aura mahatva ke haiN| kula milAkara usakne lekha tIsa se * inameM se kucha imArateM bA~kIpura ke pAsa kumharAr3a nAmaka sthAna meM khoda kara nikAlI bhI jA cukI hai|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 130. adhika hoMge, jo caTTAnoM, guphAoM kI dIvAroM aura sambhoM para khude hue milate haiM / inhIM lekhoM se azoka ke itihAsa kA saccA patA lagatA hai| azoka ke lekha lagabhaga kula bhAratavarSa meM, himAlaya se maisUra taka aura baMgAla kI khAr3I se araba sAgara taka, phaile hue haiN| ina lekhoM kI bhASA bauddha graMthoM kI pAlI bhASA se bahuta kucha milatI julatI hai / ye lekha aise sthAnoM meM khudavAye gaye the, jahA~ logoM kA AvAgamana adhika hotA thaa| azoka ke lekha nimnalikhita ATha bhAgoM meM bA~Te jA sakate haiM-(1) caturdaza-zilAlekha jo pahAr3a kI caTTAnoM para khude hue sAta sthAnoM meM pAye jAte haiN| (2) do kaliMga zilAlekha jo kaliMga ke do sthAnoM meM pahAr3a kI caTTAnoM para khude hue milate haiN| (3) gauNa zilAlekha jo sAta sthAnoM meM caTTAnoM para khude hue pAye . jAte haiN| (4) bhAbU zilAlekha jo jayapura riyAsata meM bairATa ke pAsa eka pahAr3I kI caTTAna para khudA huA thA aura Ajakala kalakatte ke ajAyabaghara meM rakkhA huA hai| (5) sapta staMbha-lekha jo staMbhoM para khude hue bhinna bhinna chaH sthAnoM meM pAye jAte haiN| (6) gauNa-staMbha-lekha jo sAranAtha, kauzAMbI (prayAga) aura sA~cI meM pAye jAte haiM / (7) do tarAI-staMbha-lekha jo nepAla kI sarahada para ruminadeI grAma tathA niglIva grAma meM haiM / aura (8) tIna guhAlekha jo gayA ke pAsa barAbara nAma kI pahAr3I meM haiM / bauddha hone ke pahale azoka kA dhArmika vizvAsakahA jAtA hai ki. prArambha meM azoka brAhmaNoM kA anuyAyI aura ziva kA bhakta thaa| una dinoM prANi-vadha karane meM use koI hicaka na hotI thii| sahasroM prANI tyohAroM aura utsavoM para mAMsa

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131 rAjanItika itihAsa ke liye vadha kiye jAte the| para jyoM jyoM usa para bauddha dharma kA prabhAva par3ane lagA, tyoM tyoM prANi-vadha ko vaha ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhane lagA / anta meM usane prANi-vadha bilakula uThA diyA / usa ne apane prathama "caturdaza-zilAlekha" meM likhA bhI hai"devatAoM ke priya priyadarzI rAjA azoka kI pAkazAlA meM pahale prati dina kaI sahasra prANI sUpa (zorabA ) banAne ke liye vadha kiye jAte the| para aba se, jaba ki yaha dharma-lekha likhA jA rahA hai, kevala tIna hI prANI mAre jAte haiM; arthAt do mora aura eka mRga / para mRga kA mArA jAnA nizcita nahIM hai| ye tInoM prANI bhI bhaviSya meM na mAre jaayeNge|" dharma-yAtrA-ukta zilAlekha khudavAne ke do varSa pahale arthAt I0 pU0 259 meM azoka ne zikAra khelane kI prathA uThA dI thii| usane yaha eka naI bAta kI thii| candragupta ke z2amAne meM zikAra khelane kA bar3A ravAja thaa| vaha bahuta dhUmadhAma ke sAtha zikAra khelane nikalatA thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM azoka ne aSTama zilAlekha meM likhA hai-"pahale ke jamAne meM rAjA loga vihArayAtrA ke liye nikalate the| ina yAtrAoM meM mRgayA (zikAra ) aura isI prakAra kI dUsarI Amoda pramoda kI bAteM hotI thiiN| para priyadarzI rAjA ne apane rAjyAbhiSeka ke dasa varSa bAda bauddha mata grahaNa kiyA / tabhI se usane vihAra-yAtrA ke sthAna para dharma-yAtrA kI prathA kA prArambha kiyaa| dharma-yAtrA meM zramaNoM, 'brAhmaNoM aura vRddhoM ke darzana kiye jAte haiM, unheM suvarNa ityAdi kA dAna diyA jAtA hai; grAmoM meM jAkara dharma kI zikSA dI jAtI hai aura dharma ke saMbaMdha meM paraspara milakara vicAra kiyA jAtA hai|"

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 132 ahiMsA kA pracAra--jyoM jyoM samaya bItatA gayA, tyoM tyoM azoka ke hRdaya meM ahiMsA kA bhAva jar3a pakar3atA gyaa| aMta meM , I0 pU0 243 meM usane jIva-rakSA ke saMbaMdha meM bar3e kar3e niyama banAye / yadi kisI jAti yA varNa kA koI manuSya ina niyamoM ko tor3atA thA, to use bar3A kar3A daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| kula sAmrAjya meM ina niyamoM kA pracAra thA / ina niyamoM ke anusAra kaI prakAra ke prANiyoM kA vadha bilakula hI baMda kara diyA gayA thA / jina pazuoM kA mAMsa khAne ke kAma meM AtA thA, unakA vadha yadyapi bilakula to nahIM banda kiyA gayA, tathApi unake vadha ke saMbaMdha meM bahuta kar3e niyama banA diye gaye, jisase prANiyoM kA aMdhAdhuMdha vadha honA ruka gayA / sAla meM chappana dina to pazuvadha bilakula hI manA thaa| azoka ke paMcama staMbhalekha meM ye saba niyama spaSTa rUpa se diye gaye haiN| usa ke "dhamma" (dharma) kA prathama siddhAMta ahiMsA hI thaa| bar3oM kA sammAna aura choToM para dayA-"dhamma" kA dUsarA siddhAMta, jisa para azoka ne apane zilAlekha meM bahuta jora diyA hai, yaha hai ki mAtA-pitA, guru aura bar3e-bUr3hoM kA ucita Adara karanA bahuta Avazyaka hai| usane isa bAta para bhI jora diyA hai ki bar3oM ko apane choToM, sevakoM, bhRtyoM tathA anya prANiyoM ke sAtha dayA kA vyavahAra karanA cAhie / satya bhASaNa-azoka ke "dhamma" ke anusAra manuSya kA tIsarA pradhAna kartavya yaha hai ki vaha sadA satya bhASaNa kare / isa 'para bhI usake lekhoM meM jora diyA gayA hai| ahiMsA, bar3oM kA Adara aura satya-bhASaNa ye tInoM siddhAMta, jo "dhamma" ke

Page #160
133 rAjanItika itihAsa siddhAMta haiM, dvitIya gauNa zilAlekha meM saMkSepa ke sAtha diye gaye haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM- "devatAoM ke priya isa taraha kahate haiM-mAtA aura pitA kI sevA karanI cAhie / prANiyoM ke prANoM kA dRr3hatA ke sAtha Adara karanA cAhie (arthAt jIva hiMsA na karanI cAhie ) / satya bolanA cAhie / "dhamma" ke ina guNoM kA pracAra karanA cAhie / isI prakAra vidyArthI ko AcArya kI sevA karanI cAhie aura apane jAti-bhAiyoM ke sAtha ucita vyavahAra karanA cAhie / yahI prAcIna dharma kI rIti hai / isase Ayu bar3hatI hai| aura isI ke anusAra manuSya ko AcaraNa karanA caahie|" dUsare dharmoM ke sAtha sahAnubhUti ina pradhAna kartavyoM ke atirikta azoka ne apane zilAlekhoM meM kaI kartavyoM para bhI jora diyA hai / inameM se eka kartavya yaha bhI thA ki dUsaroM ke dharma aura vizvAsa ke sAtha sahAnubhUti rakhanI cAhie tathA dUsaroM ke dharma aura anuSThAna ko kabhI dRNA kI dRSTi se na dekhanA caahie| dvAdaza-zilAlekha vizeSa karake isI viSaya meM hai / usameM likhA hai-"devatAoM ke priya priyadarzI gRhastha tathA saMnyAsI saba saMpradAyavAloM kA vividha dAna aura pUjA se satkAra karate haiN| kiMtu devatAoM ke priya dAna yA pUjA kI utanI paravAha nahIM karate, jitanI isa bAta kI ki saba saMpradAyoM ke sAra kI vRddhi ho / saMpradAyoM ke sAra kI vRddhi kaI prakAra se hotI hai; para usakI jar3a vAksaMyama hai / arthAt loga kevala apane hI saMpradAya kA Adara aura dUsare saMpradAya kI nindA na kreN|" ___ "dhamma" kA pracAra-azoka ne choTe bar3e sabhI karmacAriyoM

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cauddha-kAlIna bhArata * 134 ko yaha AjJA de rakkhI thI ki ve daurA karate hue "dhamma" kA pracAra kareM aura isa bAta kI kar3I dekhabhAla rakkheM ki loga rAjakIya AjJAoM kA yathocita pAlana karate haiM yA nhiiN| tRtIya zilAlekha isI viSaya meM hai, jo isa prakAra hai-"devatAoM ke priya priyadarzI rAjA aisA kahate haiM-mere rAjya meM saba jagaha "yukta" ( choTe karmacArI) rajjuka (kamiznara) aura prAdezika (prAMtIya aphasara) jisa prakAra pA~ca pA~ca varSa para aura kAmoM ke liye daurA karate haiM, usI prakAra dharmAnuzAsana ke liye bhI yaha kahate hue daurA kareM ki mAtA pitA kI sevA karanA tathA mitra, paricita, svajAtIya, brAhmaNa aura zramaNa ko dAna denA acchA hai; jIvahiMsA na karanA acchA hai; kama kharca karanA aura kama saMcaya karanA acchA hai|" dharma-mahAmAtroM kI niyukti-apane rAjyAbhiSeka ke teraha ... varSa bAda azoka ne "dharma-mahAmAtra" nAmaka naye karmacArI niyukta kiye the| ye karmacArI samasta rAjya meM tathA pazcimI sImA para rahanevAlo gAMdhAra Adi jAtiyoM meM dharma kA pracAra aura usakI rakSA karane ke liye niyukta the| dharma-mahAmAtroM kI padavI bahuta U~cI thI aura unakA kartavya sAdhAraNa mahAmAtroM ke kartavyoM se bhinna thaa| dharma-mahAmAtroM ke nIce "dharma-yukta" nAmaka dUsarI zreNI ke rAjakarmacArI bhI dharma kI rakSA aura usa kA pracAra karane ke ke liye niyukta the| ve dharma-mahAmAtroM ke kAma meM hara prakAra se sahAyatA dete the / triyA~ bhI dharma-mahAmAtra ke pada para niyukta kI jAtI thiiN| "strI-dharmamahAmAtra" aMtaHpura meM triyoM ke bIcaM dharma, kA pracAra aura usa kI rakSA kA kAma karatI thiiN| paMcama zilAlekha meM dharma-mahAmAtroM ke kartavya vistAra ke sAtha diye gaye haiN|

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135 rAjanItika itihAsa __ yAtriyoM ke sukha kA prabandha-azoka ne yAtriyoM ke ArAma aura sukha kA bhI bar3A acchA prabandha kara rakhA thaa| saptama staMbhalekha meM isa bAta kA bar3A acchA varNana kiyA gayA hai| hama yahA~ usakA kucha bhAga uddhRta karate haiM-"sar3akoM para bhI maiMne manuSyoM aura pazuoM ko chAyA dene ke liye baragada ke per3a lagavAye, Amra-bATikAe~ banavAI, ATha ATha kosa para kue~ khudavAye, dharma-zAlAe~ banavAI aura jahA~ tahA~ pazuoM tathA manuSyoM ke upakAra ke liye aneka pausale baiThAye / " rogiyoM kI cikitsA-azoka ne rogI manuSyoM aura 'pazuoM kI cikitsA kA bhI bar3A acchA prabandha kara rakkhA thA / kevala sAmrAjya ke andara hI nahIM, balki sAmrAjya ke bAhara dakSiNI bhArata tathA pazcimottara sImA ke svAdhIna rAjyoM meM bhI azoka kI ora se manuSyoM aura pazuoM kI cikitsA ke liye paryApta prabandha thaa| isa prabandha kA varNana azoka ke dvitIya zilAlekha meM hai, jise hama yahA~ uddhRta karate haiM-"devatAoM ke priya priyadarzI rAjA ke rAjya meM saba sthAnoM para tathA jo unake par3osI rAjya haiM, jaise cor3a, pAMDya, satyaputra, keralaputra aura tAmraparNI meM, antiyoka nAmaka yavanarAja ke rAjya meM aura usa aMtiyoka ke jo par3osI rAjA haiM, una saba ke rAjyoM meM devatAoM ke priya priyadarzI rAjA ne do prakAra kI cikitsAoM kA prabaMdha kiyA hai; eka manuSyoM kI cikitsA aura dUsarI pazuoM kI cikitsA / manuSyoM aura pazuoM ke liye jahA~ jahA~ oSadhiyA~ nahIM thIM, vahA~ vahA~ lAI aura ropI gaI haiN| isI prakAra kanda-mUla aura phala-phUla bhI jahA~ jahA~ nahIM the, vahA~ vahA~ lAye aura rope gae haiN|"

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kha-kAlIna bhArata 136 videzoM meM dharma kA pracAra-I0 pU0 257 ke lagabhaga azoka ne "caturdaza-zilAlekha" khudavAye / terahaveM zilAlekha meM una una dezoM aura rAjyoM ke nAma milate haiM, jinameM azoka ne dharma kA pracAra karane ke liye apane dUta yA upadezaka bheje the| isa zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki azoka ke rAjadUta yA dharmopadezaka nimnalikhita dezoM meM dharma kA pracAra karane ke liye gaye the-(1) maurya sAmrAjya ke aMtargata bhinna bhinna pradeza / (2) sAmrAjya ke sImAMta pradeza, aura sImA para rahanevAlI yavana, kAMboja, gAMdhAra, rASTrika, pitanika, bhoja, AMdhra, puliMda Adi jAtiyoM ke deza / (3) sAmrAjya kI jaMgalI jAtiyoM ke prAMta / (4) dakSiNI bhArata ke svAdhIna rAjya; jaise keralaputra, satyaputra, cor3a aura pAMDya / (5) sahala yA laMkA dvIpa / ( 6 ) sIriyA, mistra, sAirInI, mesiDoniyA aura epirasa nAmaka pA~ca yUnAnI rAjya, jina para krama se aMtiyoka (Antiochos II. 261-246. B.C), turamaya (Ptolomy Philadelpbos. 285-247 B. c.), maka (Magas. 285-255 B. C.), aMtikini (Antigonos Gonatas. 277-239. B. C.) aura alikasuMdara (Alexander. 272-258 B. C.), nAma ke rAjA rAjya karate the| I0 pU0 258 meM ye pA~co rAjA eka hI samaya meM jIvita the| ataeva yaha anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki moTe taura para I0 pU0 258 meM azoka ke rAjadUtaH yA dharmopadezaka dharma kA pracAra karane se liye videzoM meM bheje gaye the / tAtparya yaha ki azoka ke dharmopadezaka kevala bhAratavarSa meM hI nahIM, balki eziyA, aphrikA aura yuropa ina tInoM mahAdvIpoM meM phaile hue the / siMhala yA laMkA dvIpa meM jo dharmopadezaka bheje

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137 rAjanItika itihAsa gaye the, unakA netA samrATa azoka kA putra maheMdra thaa| maheMdra yadyapi rAjakumAra thA, tathApi dharma kI sevA karane ke liye usane bauddha saMnyAsI kA jIvana grahaNa kiyA thaa| usane AjIvana laMkA meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra kiyA aura vahA~ ke rAjA "devAnAM priyatiSya" aura usake sabhAsadoM ko bauddha dharma kA anuyAyI bnaayaa| kahA jAtA hai ki vahA~ maheMdra kI asthiyA~ eka stUpa ke nIce gar3I huI haiM / laMkA ke "mahAvaMza" nAmaka bauddha grantha meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki azoka ke dUta dharma-pracArArtha suvarNa-bhUmi (baramA ) meM bhI gaye the / para zilAlekhoM meM suvarNabhUmi kA ullekha nahIM hai / yadi azoka ne baramA meM apane dUtoM ko bhejA hotA, to zilAlekhoM meM usakA varNana avazya kiyA hotA / ___ dhArmika utsAha-azoka ne apane dhArmika prema aura utsAha kI badaulata bauddha dharma ko, jo pahale kevala eka choTe se prAMta meM sImAbaddha thA, saMsAra kA eka bahuta bar3A dharma banA diyaa| gautama buddha ke jIvana-kAla meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra kevala gayA, prayAga aura himAlaya ke bIcavAle prAMta meM thaa| jaba I0 pU0 487 meM buddha bhagavAn kA nirvANa huA, taba bauddha dharma kevala eka choTA sA saMpradAya thaa| para azoka kI badaulata yaha dharma bhAratavarSa ke bAhara dUsare dezoM meM bhI phaila gayA / yadyapi aba yaha dharma apanI janmabhUmi arthAt bhAratavarSa se bilakula lupta ho gayA hai, para laMkA, baramA, tibbata, naipAla, bhUTAna, cIna, jApAna aura koriyA meM isa dharma kA pracAra aba taka banA huA hai / yaha kevala azoka ke dhArmika utsAha kA pariNAma hai| azoka kA nAma sadA una thor3e se logoM meM ginA jAyagA, jinhoMne apanI

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138 bauddha-kAlIna bhArata zakti aura utsAha ke dvArA saMsAra ke dharma meM mahAn parivartana kiye haiN| __ svabhAva aura caritra-azoka kA svabhAva aura caritra usake lekhoM se jhalaka rahA hai| una lekhoM kI zailI se patA lagatA hai ki bhAva aura zabda donoM azoka hI ke haiN| kaliMgayuddha se honevAlI vipattiyoM ko dekhakara azoka ko jo pazcAttApa huA, use koI maMtrI apane zabdoM meM prakaTa karane kA sAhasa nahIM kara sakatA thaa| usa pazcAttApa kA varNana azoka ke sivA aura koI na kara sakatA thA / usake dharma-lekhoM se sUcita hotA hai ki usameM kevala rAjanItijJatA hI nahIM, balki sacce saMnyAsiyoM kI sI pavitratA aura dhArmikatA bhI kUTa kUTakara bharI huI thii| usane apane prathama gauNa zilAlekha meM isa bAta para jora diyA hai ki choTe aura bar3e hara manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha apane mokSa ke liye udyoga kare aura apane karma ke anusAra phala bhoge / usane apane lekhoM meM bar3oM ke Adara, dayA, satya aura sahAnubhUti para bahuta jora diyA hai aura bar3oM ke anAdara, nirdayatA, asatya aura dUsare dharmoM tathA saMpradAyoM ke sAtha ghRNAyukta vyavahAra kI bahuta niMdA kI hai| azoka nissandeha eka bar3A manuSya thA / vaha eka bar3A samrATa hote hue bhI bar3A bhArI dharmapracAraka thaa| usameM sAMsArika aura Atmika donoM prakAra kI zaktiyA~ vidyamAna thIM; aura una zaktiyoM ko vaha sadA apane eka mAtra uddazya arthAt dharma-pracAra meM lagAne kA prayatna karatA thaa| azoka kI rAniyA~-azoka kI kaI rAniyA~ thiiN| kama se kama do rAniyA~ to avazya thIM, jinake nAma ke Age "devI" kI

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139 rAjanItika itihAsa padavI lagAI jAtI thii| dUsarI rAnI arthAt "kAruvAkI" kA nAma usa gauNa staMbhalekha meM AyA hai, jo ilAhAbAda ke kile ke andara eka staMbha para khudA huA hai / usa lekha meM yaha bhI likhA hai ki kAruvAkI "tIvara" kI mAtA thii| mAlUma hotA hai ki dUsarI rAnI arthAt kAruvAkI ke sAtha azoka kA vizeSa prema thaa| kAruvAkI kadAcit jyeSTha rAjakumAra kI mAtA thI, jo yadi jIvita rahatA, to avazya rAjagaddI para baitthtaa| para zAyada vaha azoka se pahale hI isa saMsAra se kUca kara gayA thA / bauddha dantakathAoM se sUcita hotA hai ki bahuta varSoM taka azoka kI pradhAna mahiSI "asandhimitrA" nAma kI thii| yaha rAnI bar3I pativratA aura satI sAdhvI thI / isakI mRtyu ke bAda azoka ne "tiSyarakSitA" nAma kI eka dUsarI strI se vivAha kiyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki tiSyarakSitA acche caritra kI na thI aura rAjA ko bahuta duHkha detI thii| rAjA usa samaya vRddha ho calA thA, para rAnI abhI pUrNa yuvAvasthA meM thii| yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki azoka kI eka dUsarI rAnI se kuNAla nAmaka eka putra thaa| usa para tiSyarakSitA Asakta ho gaI / jaba usane kuNAla para apanA prema prakaTa kiyA, taba use apanI sautelI mA~ ke isa ghRNita prastAva para bar3A hI kheda huA aura usane vaha prastAva bilakula asvIkRta kara diyaa| isa para rAnI ne mAre krodha ke dhokhA dekara usakI A~kheM nikalavA liiN| azoka ke uttarAdhikArI yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki Upara kI dantakathA kahA~ taka ThIka hai| yaha bhI nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki azoka kA kuNAla nAmaka koI rAja

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 140 kumAra thA yA nhiiN| astu; purANoM meM azoka ke bAda usake pautra dazaratha kA nAma AtA hai| nAgArjuni pahAr3I meM dazaratha kA jo guhAlekha hai, usase bhI patA lagatA hai ki dazaratha nAma kA eka vAstavika rAjA thaa| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki azoka ke bAda usakA pautra dazaratha sAmrAjya kA uttarAdhikArI huaa| dazaratha ke guhA-lekhoM kI bhASA aura lipi se yaha siddha hotA hai ki vaha azoka ke bahuta bAda kA nahIM hai| usakI lekha-zailI se to patA lagatA hai ki kadAcit azoka ke bAda vahI sAmrAjya kA yA kama se kama usake pUrvIya prAMtoM kA uttarAdhikArI huA / yadi hama yaha bAta mAna leM, to dazaratha kA rAjyArohaNa kAla I0 pU0 232 rakkhA jA sakatA hai / mAlUma hotA hai ki usakA rAjya-kAla bahuta dinoM taka nahIM thA; kyoMki purANoM meM vaha kevala ATha varSa kahA gayA hai| yadyapi kisI zilA-lekha meM azoka ke saMprati nAmaka eka dUsare pautra kA havAlA nahIM milatA, tathApi usakA jikra bahuta sI danta-kathAoM meM AtA hai| jaina danta-kathAoM meM bhI saMprati ko azoka kA putra kahA hai| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki saMprati kalpita nahIM, balki eka vAstavika vyakti thA / kadAcit azoka kI mRtyu ke bAda hI maurya sAmrAjya dazaratha aura saMprati donoM meM ba~Ta gayA, jinameM se dazaratha pUrvI prAntoM kA mAlika huA aura saMprati pazcimI prAMtoM kA / para isa mata ke poSaNa meM koI puSTa pramANa nahIM hai| maurya sAmrAjya kA asta-purANoM ke anusAra maurya vaMza ne bhAratavarSa meM 137 varSoM taka rAjya kiyaa| yadi hama yaha bAta mAna leM aura candragupta kA rAjya-kAla I0 pU0 322 se prAraMbha

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141 gajanItika itihAsa kareM, to hameM mAnanA par3egA ki maurya vaMza kA aMta I0 pU0 185 ke lagabhaga huaa| para nizcita rUpa se yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki candragupta ne jisa bar3e sAmrAjya kI nIMva DAlI thI aura jisakI unnati bindusAra tathA azoka ke jamAne meM hotI rahI, vaha azoka ke bAda bahuta dinoM taka kAyama na raha sakA / maurya sAmrAjya ke patana kA eka bahuta bar3A kAraNa yaha thA ki azoka ke bAda brAhmaNoM ne isa sAmrAjya ke viruddha logoM ko bhar3akAnA zurU kiyaa| azoka ke z2amAne meM brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva bahuta kucha ghaTa gayA thA; kyoMki vaha bauddha dharma kA anuyAyI hone ke kAraNa brAhmaNoM kI apekSA bauddhoM kA adhika pakSapAta karatA thaa| azoka ne yajJoM meM pazu-vadha bhI banda karavA diyA thA; aura usake dharmamahAmAtra kadAcit logoM ko bahuta taMga karate the, jisase logoM meM bar3A asantoSa phaila gayA thA / isaliye jyoMhI azoka kI A~kha mUMdI, tyoMhI brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva bar3hane aura maurya sAmrAjya ke viruddha Andolana hone lgaa| azoka ke jina uttarAdhikAriyoM ke nAma purANoM meM milate haiM, unake adhikAra meM kevala magadha aura AsapAsa ke prAMta baca gaye the| azoka kI mRtyu ke bAda hI AMdhra aura kaliMga prAMta maurya sAmrAjya se nikalakara svAdhIna ho gye| maurya sAmrAjya kA aMtima rAjA bRhadratha bahuta hI kamajora thaa| usake senApati puSyamitra ne I0 pU0 184 meM use mArakara sAmrAjya para adhikAra kara liyaa| usane eka naye rAjavaMza kI nIMva DAlI, jo itihAsa meM zuMga vaMza ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isa prakAra bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM maurya sAmrAjya kA sadA ke liye asta ho gyaa|

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AThavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla ke prajAtantra rAjya buddha ke samaya meM prajAtantra rAjya-bauddha graMthoM se patA lagatA hai ki buddha ke samaya meM uttarI bhArata meM kaI choTe choTe prajAtantra rAjya the / adhyApaka rAija DeviDsa ne apane "buddhisTa iMDiyA"* nAmaka graMtha meM nimnalikhita 11 prajAtaMtra rAjyoM ke nAma likhe haiM (1) zAkyoM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu thii| (2) bhaggoM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI suMsu. mAra' pahAr3I thii| (3) buliyoM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI allakappa thii| (4) kAlAmoM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI kesaputta thii| (5) koliyoM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI rAmagrAma thii| (6) malloM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI kuzinArA thii| (7) malloM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI pAvA thii| * Buddhist India, p. 22.

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143 prajAtantra rAjya (8) malloM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI kAzI thii| (9) moryoM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI pippalivana thii| (10) videhoM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI mithilA thii| (11) licchaviyoM kA prajAtantra rAjya, jisakI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI thii| ye gyArahoM prajAtantra rAjya Ajakala ke gorakhapura, bastI aura mujaphpharapura jiloM ke uttara meM arthAt moTe taura para bihAra prAMta meM phaile hue the| inameM se ATha rAjyoM kA koI vizeSa hAla nahIM mAlUma / malloM kI tIna zAkhAe~ thIM / eka kuzInArA meM, dUsarI pAvA meM aura tIsarI kAzI meM rAjya karatI thii| ina gyArahoM meM saba se adhika mahatva zAkyoM, videhoM aura licchaviyoM kA thA / videha aura licchavi Apasa meM mila gaye the aura donoM milakara "dhanI" kahalAte the / ina prajAtantra rAjyoM meM aksara lar3AiyA~ bhI ho jAyA karatI thiiN| "kuNAla jAtaka' meM likhA hai ki eka bAra zAkyoM aura koliyoM meM bar3A yuddha huaa| isa yuddha kA kAraNa yaha thA ki donoM hI apane apane kheta sIMcane ke liye rohiNI nadI ko ekamAtra apane adhikAra meM rakhanA cAhate the / prAyaH rAjatantra rAjyoM ke rAjakumAra yA rAje ina prajAtantra rAjyoM ke netAoM kI lar3akiyoM ke sAtha vivAha-sambandha bhI karate the|"bhhsaal jAtaka" meM likhA hai ki kozala ke rAjA "pasendi" (prasenajit ) ne zAkyoM se yaha prastAva kiyA thA ki tuma loga apane yahA~ kI eka

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 144 lar3akI kA vivAha mere sAtha kara do| usI se yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki kozala-rAja ke pradhAna senApati se licchaviyoM kA yuddha huA thA; kyoMki usa senApati ne licchaviyoM ke pavitra tAlAba meM snAna karake use apavitra kara diyA thaa| "ekapaNNa jAtaka" meM licchaviyoM kI rAjadhAnI kA bar3A acchA varNana milatA hai| usameM likhA hai ki usa nagara ke cAroM ora tIna cahAra-dIvAriyA~ thiiN| pratyeka dIvAra eka dUsarI se tIna mIla kI dUrI para thI aura hara dIvAra meM kaI phATaka aura mInAreM thiiN| zAkyoM kA prajAtaMtra rAjya-saMsAra ke prAcIna itihAsa meM koI prajAtantra rAjya aisA nahIM huA, jisakA prabhAva saMsAra kI sabhyatA para itanA adhika par3A ho, jitanA zAkyoM ke prajAtantra kA par3A hai; kyoMki yahIM usa mahApuruSa ne janma liyA thA, jisakA anuyAyI isa samaya saMsAra kI AbAdI kA eka tihAI hissA ho rahA hai| gautama buddha isI prajAtantra rAjya ke eka nAgarika the| unhoMne yahIM svAdhInatA aura svataMtra vicAra kI zikSA prApta kI thii| unake pitA zuddhodana isI prajAtantra rAjya ke eka sabhApati yA pradhAna the * / zAkyoM kI jana-saMkhyA dasa lAkha thii| unakA deza nepAla kI tarAI meM pUraba se pacchima lagabhaga pacAsa mIla aura uttara se dakkhina tIsa yA cAlIsa mIla taka phailA huA thaa| unakI rAjadhAnI kapilavastu thii| unakA zAsana eka sabhA ke dvArA hotA thA / yaha sabhA eka bar3e bhArI samA-bhavana meM hotI thI, jise "saMthAgAra" kahate the / bUr3he aura javAna saba apane rAjya ke zAsana meM sammilita hote the / saba * Buddhist India, pp. 19, 22, 41.

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145 prajAtaMtra gajya milakara sabhApati kA cunAva karate the jo "rAjA" kahalAtA thA / panjiyoM kA prajAtaMtra rAjya-"vajiyoM" kA prajAtaMtra rAjya prAcIna bhAratavarSa kA eka saMyukta rAjya thA / isa prajAtantra rAjya meM ATha bhinna bhinna jAtiyA~ sammilita thiiN| ye ATho jAtiyA~ eka hone ke pahale bilakula alaga alaga thiiN| isa saMyukta-prajAtantra rAjya kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI thii| isakI do pradhAna jAtiyA~ "videha" aura "licchavi' nAma kI thiiN| videha 'pahale eka-tantra rAjya thaa| rAmAyaNa aura upaniSad ke prasiddha rAjA janaka isI videha rAjya ke adhipati the| prAraMbha meM videhoM kA rAjya teIsa sau mIla taka phailA huA thA / pahale kisI samaya licchavi loga tIna manuSyoM ko cunakara unheM zAsana kA kArya sauMpa dete the| ve tInoM unake agraNI yA mukhiyA hote the| licchaviyoM kI eka mahAsabhA thI, jisameM bUr3he aura javAna saba zAmila hote the aura rAja-kArya meM yoga dete the| "ekapaNNa jAtaka" tathA "culla-kaliMga jAtaka" meM isa mahAsabhA ke sabhAsadoM kI saMkhyA 7707 dI gaI hai / kadAcit isa saMkhyA meM usa jAti ke saba loga zAmila the| isa mahAsabhA ke sabhAsada "rAjA" kahalAte the| ve mahAsabhA meM baiThakara sirpha kAnUna banAne meM hI rAya nahIM dete the, balki senA aura Aya vyaya sambandhI saba bAtoM kI bhI dekhabhAla karate the| isa sabhA meM rAjya-saMbaMdhI saba bAtoM para vicAra aura vAda-vivAda hotA thA / zAsana ke subhIte ke liye yaha mahAsabhA apane sabhAsadoM meM se nau sabhAsadoM kI eka saMsthA cuna letI thii| ye nau sabhAsada "gaNa-rAjAnaH" kahalAte the aura samasta jana-samudAya ke pratinidhi hote the| "madasAla jAtaka" se patA

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gaura-kAlIna bhArata 146 lagatA hai ki mahAsabhA ke sabhAsadoM kA niyama ke anusAra jalAbhiSeka hotA thA aura ve "rAja" padavI se vibhUSita kiye jAte the| sikandara ke samaya meM prajAtantra rAjya-bauddha graMthoM ke bAda yUnAnI itihAsakAroM aura lekhakoM se prajAtantra rAjyoM ke bAre meM bahuta kucha patA lagatA hai| yUnAnI itihAsakAroM ke graMthoM se sUcita hotA hai ki I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI ke aMta meM, jaba ki maurya sAmrAjya kI nIMva par3a rahI thI, uttarI bhArata meM kaI prajAtaMtra yA gaNa-rAjya vidyamAna the| megAsthinIja ne likhA hai ki jisa samaya maiM bhArata meM thA, usa samaya adhikatara nagara prajAtaMtra, praNAlI ke anusAra zAsita hote the * / usane yaha bhI likhA hai ki usa samaya kaI jAtiyA~ aisI thIM, jo kisI ke zAsana meM nahIM thIM; ve apanA zAsana svayaM karatI thIM / sikandara ko paMjAba aura sindha meM paga paga para aise prajAtaMtra rAjyoM kI senAoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A thaa| uttarI bhArata ke jina rAjyoM se sikaMdara kI muThabher3a huI thI, unameM se adhikatara prajAtaMtra the| isase sUcita hotA hai ki I0pU0 cauthI zatAbdI meM paMjAba meM eka-taMtra yA rAja-tantra rAjya kI apekSA prajAtaMtra rAjyoM kA adhika pracAra thaa| sikaMdara ke samaya nimnalikhita prajAtaMtra yA gaNa rAjya mukhya the___(1) prAraTTa (rASTraka)-sikandara ke samaya uttarI bhArata meM bahuta sI jAtiyA~ prajAtaMtra zAsana yA svarAjya kA sukha bhoga * Ancient India as described by Megasthenes. Translated by Mc. Crindle, p. 40. + Mc. Crindle's "Ancient India as described by Megasthenes", pp. 143-44.

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147 prajAtantra rAjya rahI thiiN| unameM se eka jAti "pAraTToM" ( arASTrakoM) kI thii| yUnAnI itihAsa-lekhakoM ne inheM luTerA aura DAkU kahA hai / mahAbhArata meM bhI ye luTere aura DAkU kahe gaye haiM / ye kisI rAjA ke zAsana meM na the| kadAcit ye lUTa pATa karake apanA gujArA. karate the| candragupta maurya ne bahuta kucha inhIM kI sahAyatA se una yUnAniyoM ko uttarI paMjAba se mAra bhagAyA thA, jinheM sikaMdara pazcimottara prAMta tathA paMjAba para yUnAnI zAsana sthira rakhane ke liye chor3a gayA thaa| kadAcit inhIM kI sahAyatA se candragupta apane deza ko videzI yUnAniyoM kI parAdhInatA se svatantra karake bhAratavarSa kA ekachatra samrAT bana skaa| zrIyukta kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ne yaha anumAna kiyA hai, aura unakA anumAna ThIka mAlUma hotA hai, ki paMjAba meM Ajakala jo "aror3e" haiM, ke inhIM "aAraTToM" yA "arASTrakoM" meM vaMzadhara haiM / / (2) mAlava aura kSudraka-"mAlava" aura "kSudraka' donoM ke nAma mahAbhArata meM bhI Ate haiN| ye donoM jAtiyA~ kauravoM kI ora se lar3I thiiN| sikaMdara ko ina donoM jAtiyoM se bar3A bhayaMkara yuddha karanA par3A thaa| yUnAniyoM ne inake nAma krama se malloI (Mailois) aura oksIDrakAI (Oxydrakal) likhe haiM / yUnAnI itihAsa-lekhaka eriana (Arrian) ne ina donoM jAtiyoM * Me. Crindle's "Invasion of India by Alexander" p 38. 406. + Modern Revlew, May, 1913, p. 538. Mc. Crindie's "Invasion of India by Alexander",. p. 140.

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cauddha-kAlIna bhArata 148 ke logoM ke bAre meM likhA hai ki ye bar3e vIra aura svAdhInatA-premI the aura prajAtantra rAjya-praNAlI se zAsita hote the| ye eka dUsare ke parama zatru the aura sadA eka dUsare ko nIcA dikhAne ko taiyAra rahate the| para sikaMdara ke AkramaNa ke samaya ina donoM jAtiyoM ne purAnI zatrutA bhulAkara bAharI zatru ke AkramaNa se bacane ke liye Apasa meM ekA kara liyA thaa| ekatA kA yaha bandhana dRr3ha karane ke liye donoM ne eka dUsare se vivAha-sambandha bhI karanA prAraMbha kiyA thaa| yahA~ taka ki bAta kI bAta meM dasa sahasra strI-puruSoM kA vivAha eka dUsare ke yahA~ ho gyaa| saba milAkara donoM kI senAoM meM nabbe haz2Ara paidala, dasa hajAra savAra aura karIba nau sau ratha the| mAlava loga rAvo aura canAba ke bIca meM tathA kSudraka loga rAvI aura vyAsa ke bIca meM rahate the| (3) kSatriya (kSatroI)-"kSatriya" jAti bhI kisI rAjA ke adhIna na thii| yUnAnI itihAsa-lekhaka eriana ne likhA hai ki "kSatriya" loga bilakula svAdhIna the| ye apane netA cunakara zAsana kA kAma unhIM ko sauMpa dete the * / "kSatriya" loga jahAja aura nAva banAne meM bar3e kuzala the| jaba sikaMdara ne ina logoM ko harAyA, taba inhoMne usake liye bahuta se jahAja banAkara bheMTa kiye / ye kadAcit usa sthAna para rahate the, jahA~ paMjAba kI pA~co nadiyA~ sindhu nadI meM milatI thiiN| zrIyuta jAyasavAla jI * Me. Crindle's "Invasion of India by Alexander" .p. 155, 156, 167, 169.

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149 prajAtantra rAjya kA anumAna hai ki paMjAba aura sindha ke Ajakala ke "khatrI" kadAcit inhIM "kSatriyoM" ke vaMzadhara haiM / - (4) agalassoI-yaha jAti bhI kisI rAjA ke adhIna na thii| isane bhI sikaMdara kA mukAbalA bar3I bahAdurI se kiyA thaa| isa jAti ke loga bar3e vIra, dezabhakta aura mAnamayadA ke pAlaka the| ye apratiSThA aura jAtIya apamAna sahane kI apekSA mRtyu ko adhika zreSTha samajhate the| ina logoM ne cAlIsa hajAra paidala aura tIsa hajAra savAra senA ke sAtha sikaMdara kA sAmanA kiyA; para aMta meM ye hAra gye| inameM se bahutere mAra DAle gaye aura bahutere pakar3akara gulAmoM kI taraha beca DAle gaye / sikaMdara ne inake deza meM tIsa mIla taka bar3hakara inake pradhAna nagara para kabjA kara liyaa| isake bAda jaba vaha dUsare nagara kI ora bar3hA, taba bar3I dRr3hatA ke sAtha rokA gayA / isa lar3AI meM sikaMdara ke bahuta se AdamI kAma Aye / kahA jAtA hai ki usa nagara meM 20,000 manuSya the| jaba una logoM ne dekhA ki aba nagara kI rakSA nahIM ho sakatI, taba nagara meM Aga lagAkara ve saba usameM jala mre| unameM se kevala tIna hajAra manuSya baca gaye / musalamAnI jamAne meM rAjapUtoM meM satI kI prathA kadAcit isI prAcIna samaya kI prathA kA avazeSa thii| yaha jAti saMbha. vataH jhelama aura canAba nadiyoM ke bIca meM radatI thii| isa jAti kA asalI nAma kyA thA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / para yUnAnI loga ise agalassoI (Agalassois) kahate the / * Modern Review, May 1913, p. 538. +v. Smith's "Early History of India" p. 93.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 150 (5) nIsAina-yUnAnI itihAsa-lekhaka eriana(Arrian) ne likhA hai ki nIsAiana (Nysalans) loga svatantra the| ye kisI rAjA ke adhIna na the * / inake deza kA zAsana-kArya thor3e se amIra umarA ke hAtha meM rahatA thA, jinake Upara eka sabhApati yA aguA hotA thaa| amIra umarA ke pratinidhi tIna sau cune hue buddhimAn manuSya hote the / jaba sikandara ne inake nagara nIsA (Nysa) para hamalA kiyA, taba ina logoM ne bar3I vIratA se apane nagara kI rakSA kii| sikaMdara use jIta na sakA; isaliye usane usake cAroM ora gherA DAlakara use jItanA caahaa| isa para nIsAiana logoM ne hAra mAna lI aura sikaMdara se sandhi ko prArthanA kii| sikaMdara ne unakI prArthanA svIkRta kara lI aura unakA deza unhIM ko lauTA diyaa| nIsAianoM ne apanI tIna sau savAra senA sikaMdara ko sahAyatArtha dii| nIsA kA ThIka ThIka sthAna abhI nizcita nahIM huA hai / vaha kadAcit pazcimottara sImA meM usa sthAna para thA, jahA~ Ajakala kAphira loga rahate haiM / Ajakala ke kAfira loga zAyada inhIM nIsAianoM ke vaMzadhara haiN| nIsAianoM kA asalI nAma kyA thA, yaha bhI nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (6) sabaka-isa jAti kA asalI nAma kyA thA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / para yUnAnI loga ise sabaka (Sabarcae) * Mc. Crindle's "Invasion of India by Alexender" pp. 79, 80;Arrtan, II, V. ___ + v. Smith's "Position of the Autonomous Tribes of the Punjab" in J. R. A. S. 1913. pp. 685-702.

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251 prajAtantra rAjya kahate the / ye kisI rAjA ke adhIna na the / rAjya kA kAma calAne ke liye ye tIna mukhiyA cunate the, jo "senApati" kahalAte the / inakI senA meM sATha hajAra paidala, chaH hajAra savAra aura pA~ca sau ratha the| ina logoM ne sikaMdara kA adhipatya svIkRta kara liyA thaa| ye kadAcit usa sthAna ke pAsa kahIM rahate the, jahA~ paMjAba kI pA~co nadiyA~ eka hokara siMdhu nadI meM milatI thIM / inake sivA yUnAnI itihAsa-lekhakoM ne " saMbastaI" (Sambastai), "geDroz2iAI" (Gedrosii), "eDrestaI" (Adralstai), "siboI" (zaiva ?) Adi kaI prajAtantra jAtiyoM ke nAma likhe haiM, jo sikaMdara ke samaya paMjAba meM vidyamAna thiiN| __ kauTilIya arthazAstra meM prajAtantra-rAjya-bauddha graMthoM aura yUnAnI itihAsakAroM ke kathana kI puSTi kauTilIya arthazAstra se bhI hotI hai, jisameM eka adhyAya saMghoM yA gaNa-rAjyoM ke bAre meM hai| usameM saMgha yA gaNarAjya do bhAgoM meM bA~Te gaye haiM; yathA "kAmbhoja-surASTra-kSatriya zreNyAiyo vaartaashstropjiivinH|" "licchivika-mallaka-madraka-kukura-kuru-pAMcAlAdayo rAjazabdopajIvinaH // " arthAt-kAMbhoja, surASTra Adi ke kSatriya gaNa vyApAra tathA khetI karate the aura senAoM meM bhartI hokara yuddha bhI karate the| ye eka prakAra ke gaNa rAjya hue| dUsare prakAra kA gaNarAjya licchaviyoM, vRjiyoM, malloM, madroM, kukuroM, kuruoM, pAMcAloM - * Mc, Crindle's "Invasion of India by Alexander" p. 252. kauTilIya arthazAstra, adhi0 11, adhyAya 1.

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 152 aura isI taraha ke dUsare gaNoM kA thaa| ye loga apane nAma ke pahale "rAjA" zabda lagAte the| Upara bauddha graMthoM ke AdhAra para likhA jA cukA hai ki buddha ke samaya meM "licchavi" aura "malla" Adi gyAraha prajAtantra yA gaNa-rAjya the| yaha bhI likhA jA cukA hai ki licchaviyoM kI mahAsabhA ke sabhAsadoM kI saMkhyA 7707 thI aura ve saba "rAjA" kahalAte the| kauTilIya arthazAsra ( adhi0 11, adhyA0 1) se patA lagatA hai ki ye saba gaNa-rAjya eka prakAra ke prajAtantra rAjya the| inake zAsana kA kArya inake mukhiyoM ke hAtha meM rahatA thA, jo saba logoM kI ora se cunakara niyukta kiye jAte the| arthazAstra meM prajA-tantra rAjyoM kI jo sUcI dI hai, usase patA lagatA hai ki maurya kAla ke prAraMbha meM prAyaH samasta uttarI bhArata ina prajAtantra rAjyoM ke adhikAra meM thaa| "licchavi', "vRji" aura "malla" pUraba kI ora, "kuru" aura "pAMcAla" madhya meM, "madra" uttara-pazcima kI ora aura "kukura" dakSiNapazcima kI ora the| ye gaNa-rAjya bar3e zakti-zAlI the, isa bAta kA patA kauTilIya arthazAstra se lagatA hai; kyoMki usameM likhA hai-"saMghalAbho daMDamitralAbhAnAmuttamaH" arthAt senA-bala aura mitra-bala kI apekSA saMgha-bala athavA gaNa-rAjya kI sahAyatA kA lAbha adhika zreyaskara hai * / prajAtantra rAjyoM kI vizeSatAe~-bauddha graMthoM, yUnAnI * bhauTilIya arthazAstra (11 adhi0 1 adhyA0 )

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153 prajAtantra rAjya itihAsa lekhakoM ke itihAsoM aura kauTilIya arthazAstra se prajAtantra kI nimnalikhita vizeSatAe~ sUcita hotI haiN| (1) sAdhAraNa taura para prajAtantra rAjya ke kula vyakti zAsana kArya meM yoga dete the aura saba "rAjA" kahalAte the| (2) una rAjyoM meM eka yA eka se adhika pradhAna, mukhiyA yA aguzrA hote the, jo zAsana kArya karate the| kisI kisI rAjya meM kucha kula bhI aise hote the jinake hAtha meM zAsana kA kAma rhtaathaa| (3) una rAjyoM meM saba ke adhikAra barAbara samajhe jAte the| (4) rAjya-saMbaMdhI mAmaloM para saba loga milakara sabhAbhavana yA "saMthAgAra" meM vicAra karate the| (5) ve apane niyamoM kA pAlana yathocita rUpa se karate the| (6) apanI zakti bar3hAne ke liye kabhI kabhI kaI prajAtaMtra rAjya eka sAtha milakara eka saMyukta rAjya bana jAte the| (7) una rAjyoM ko apanI pratiSThA kA bar3A khayAla rahatA thaa| vahA~ ke loga vIratA ke liye bhI prasiddha the| hArane kI apekSA lar3ate hue mara jAnA ve adhika uttama samajhate the| (8) kabhI kabhI unameM phUTa aura dveSa bhI ho jAtA thaa| maurya kAla meM prajAtantra rAjyoM kA hAsa-maurya kAla meM dhIre dhIre prajAtantra rAjyoM kA hrAsa hone lgaa| candragupta ke mantrI cANakya kI kuTila nIti ke Age prajAtantra rAjya na Thahara ske| cANakya kI nIti yaha thI ki saba choTe choTe rAjyoM ko tor3akara eka bar3A sAmrAjya khar3A kiyA jAya aura candragupta maurya usakA adhipati banAyA jAya / isaliye usane ina rAjyoM ko dhIre dhIre tor3a phor3akara sAmrAjya meM milAnA zurU kiyaa| usane dekhA ki

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 154 prajAtantra rAjyoM kI zakti unakI ekatA meM hai; jyoMhI unameM phUTa kA bIja par3A, ki ve phira sthira nahIM raha skte| isaliye usane una rAjyoM meM dhIre dhIre phUTa kA bIja bonA zurU kiyaa| isI uddezya se usane una rAjyoM meM bahuta se guptacara bheje the| ve guptacara jAkara bhinna bhinna veSoM meM una logoM meM rahate the aura unameM phUTa paidA karane kI koziza karate the| vezyAe~ bhI isa kAma meM lagAI jAtI thiiN| jaba isa taraha se una logoM meM phUTa paidA ho jAtI thI, taba cANakya ko apanI kuTila nIti kAma meM lAne kA maukA milatA thaa| kauTilya ne apanA yaha uddezya pUrA karane ke liye isI taraha ke bahuta se upAya kiye jisameM "saMghezvevamekarAjo varteta" arthAt "candragupta maurya samasta saMghoM yA prajAtantra rAjyoM kA ekachatra samrAT ho jAya / " usa kA yaha uddezya bahuta kucha saphala bhI ho gayA; kyoMki maurya kAla meM ina prabala aura svAdhIna prajAtantra rAjyoM ke astitva kA koI dRr3ha pramANa nahIM milatA / saMbhavataH ye saba rAjya maurya samrATa ke mahAn sAmrAjya meM milA liye gaye aura unakA svAdhIna astitva jAtA rahA / prajAtantra rAjyoM ko tor3ane ke liye jojo upAya kiye jAte the, ve saba kauTilIya arthazAstra (adhi0 11, adhyAya 1) meM vistAra-pUrvaka diye hue haiN| -*:0:*

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navA~ adhyAya maurya sAmrAjya kI zAsana paddhati megAsthinIja ke bhArata-varNana, kauTilIya arthazAstra tathA azoka ke zilAlekhoM se maurya sAmrAjya kI zAsana paddhati kA acchA patA lagatA hai / arthazAstra ke anusAra rAjya-zAsana kA kAma lagabhaga tIsa vibhAgoM meM ba~TA huA thaa| inameM se mukhya senA vibhAga, nagara-zAsana vibhAga, prAMtIya zAsana vibhAga, guptacara vibhAga, kRSi vibhAga, nahara vibhAga, vyApAra aura vANijya vibhAga, nau vibhAga, zulka vibhAga (cuMgI kA mahakamA ), Akara vibhAga (khAna kA mahakamA ), sUtra vibhAga (bunAI kA mahakamA), surA vibhAga (AbakArI kA mahakamA), pazu-rakSA vibhAga, manuSya-gaNanA vibhAga, Aya-vyaya vibhAga, pararASTra vibhAga, nyAya vibhAga Adi the| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM ina vibhAgoM ke adhyakSoM yA suparinTenDenToM ke karttavya bahuta vistAra ke sAtha diye gaye haiN| senA vibhAga candragupta maurya kI senA prAcIna prathA ke anusAra caturaMgiNI thI, kintu usameM jala senA kI vizeSatA thI / candragupta kI senA meM 9000 hAthI, 8000 ratha, 30,000 ghor3e aura 6,00,000 paidala sipAhI the| hara eka ratha para sArathI ke sivA do dhanurdhara aura hara hAthI para mahAvata ko chor3akara tIna dhanurdhara baiThata the| isa taraha se sainikoM kI saMkhyA 6,00,000 paidala, 30,000

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 156 ghur3asavAra, 36,000 gajArohI aura 24,000 rathI arthAt kula 6,90,000 thI, jinako niyamita rUpa se vetana milatA thA / sainika maMDala-senA kA zAsana eka maMDala ke adhIna thaa| isa maMDala meM tIsa sabhAsada the, jo chaH vibhAgoM meM vibhakta the| pratyeka vibhAga meM pA~ca sabhAsada hote the| prathama vibhAga jalasenApati ke sahayoga se jala-sainya kA zAsana karatA thA / dvitIya vibhAga ke adhikAra meM sainya-sAmagrI aura rasada Adi kA prabandha rahatA thA / raNa vAdya bajAnevAloM, sAIsoM, ghasiyAroM Adi kA prabandha bhI isI vibhAga se hotA thaa| tRtIya vibhAga paidala senA kI vyavasthA karatA thA / caturtha vibhAga ke adhikAra meM savAra senA kA prabandha thaa| paMcama vibhAga ratha-senA kI dekha bhAla karatA thA; aura SaSTha vibhAga hasti-sainya kA prabandha karatA thaa| caturaMgiNI senA to bahuta dinoM se calI A rahI thI; para jala-senA vibhAga aura sainya-sAmagrI vibhAga candragupta ne naye sthApita kiye the / senA kI bhartI-cANakya ke anusAra paidala senA ke sipAhI chaH prakAra se bhartI kiye jAte the / yathA-"maula" jo bApa-dAdoM ke samaya se rAja-senA meM bhartI hote cale Ate the; "bhRta" jo kirAye para lar3ane ke liye bhartI kiye jAte the; "zreNI" jo sahayoga ke siddhAMtoM para eka sAtha rahanevAlI kucha yoddhA jAtiyoM meM se bhartI kiye jAte the; "mitra" jo mitra dezoM meM se bhartI kiye * Pliny; VI, 19; Plutarch's "Life of Alexander" Ch, 62; Arian, Indica; Ch. 16; Strabo, XV, 52. + Ptiny, VI, 19

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157 maurya zAsana parati jAte the; "amitra" jo zatru dezoM meM se bhartI kiye jAte the aura "aTavI" jo jaMgalI jAtiyoM meM se bhartI kiye jAte the / senA ke astra zastra-kauTilIya arthazAstra meM "sthirayantra" ( jo eka hI jagaha se calAyA jAya ), "calayantra" ( jo eka jagaha se dUsarI jagaha haTAyA jA sake ), "halamukha" (jisakA sirA hala kI taraha ho), "dhanuSa", "bANa", "khaNDa", "kSurakalpa" (jo chUre ke samAna ho) Adi aneka astra-zastroM ke nAma milate haiM / inake bhI bahuta se bheda tathA upabheda the / durga yA kile-cANakya ke anusAra una dinoM durga kaI prakAra ke hote the aura cAroM dizAoM meM banAye jAte the| nimnalikhita prakAra ke durgoM kA patA calatA hai / "audaka" jo dvIpa kI taraha cAro ora pAnI se ghirA rahatA thA; "pArvata" jo parvatoM kI caTTAnoM para banAyA jAtA thA; "dhAnvana" jo registAna yA Usara bhUmi meM banAyA jAtA thA; aura "vanadurga" jo jaMgala meM banAyA jAtA thaa| inake sivA bahuta se choTe choTe kile gA~voM ke bIca bIca meM bhI banAye jAte the| jo kilA 800 gA~voM ke kendra meM banAyA jAtA thA, use "sthAnIya"; jo kilA 400 gA~voM ke bIca meM banAyA jAtA thA, use "droNamukha";. jo kilA 200 gA~voM ke madhya meM banAyA jAtA thA, use "khArvaTika"; aura jo kilA dasa gA~voM ke kendra meM rahatA thA, use "saMgrahaNa" kahate the| * kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 6, adhyAya 2. * kauTilIya arthazastra; adhi0 2, adhyAya 18. kauTilIya arthazAstra, adhi0 2, adhyA0 1 aura 3.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 158 nagara-zAsana vibhAga nagara-zAsaka maNDala-jisa prakAra senA kA zAsana eka sainika maNDala ke adhIna thA, usI prakAra nagara kA zAsana bhI eka dUsare maNDala ke hAtha meM thaa| yaha maNDala eka prakAra se Aja kala kI myunisipailiTI kA kAma karatA thA aura sainika maNDala kI taraha chaH vibhAgoM meM ba~TA huA thaa| isa maNDala ke bhI tIsa sabhAsadathe aura pratyeka vibhAga pA~ca sabhAsadoM ke adhIna thaa| megAsthinIz2a ne ina vibhAgoM kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai * - prathama vibhAga kA karttavya zilpa-kalAoM, udyoga-dhandhoM aura kArIgaroM kI dekhabhAla karanA thaa| yaha vibhAga kArIgaroM kI majadUrI kI dara bhI nizcita karatA thA / kArakhAnevAloM ke kacce mAla kI dekhabhAla bhI isI vibhAga ke sapurda thii| isa bAta para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA ki kArakhAnevAle kahIM ghaTiyA yA kharAba kisma kA kaccA mAla to kAma meM nahIM laate| kArIgara rAjya ke vizeSa sevaka samajhe jAte the| isaliye jo koI unakA aMgabhaMga karake unheM nikammA aura apAhija banAtA thA, use prANadaNDa diyA jAtA thaa| dvitIya vibhAga kA kartavya videziyoM kI dekharekha karanA thaa| maurya sAmrAjya kA videzI rAjyoM ke sAtha bar3A ghaniSTa sambandha thaa| aneka paradezI vyApAra athavA bhramaNa ke liye isa deza meM Ate the| isa vibhAga kI ora se unakA ucita nirIkSaNa kiyA * Mc. Crindie's Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian.

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159 maurya zAsana paddhati jAtA thA aura unakI sAmAjika sthiti ke anusAra unheM Thaharane ke liye sthAna tathA naukara cAkara diye jAte the| AvazyakatA par3ane para vaidya loga unakI cikitsA karane ke liye bhI niyukta the| mRta videziyoM kA antima saMskAra ucita rUpa se kiyA jAtA thaa| marane ke bAda unakI saMpatti Adi kA prabandha isI vibhAga kI ora se hotA thA aura usakI Aya unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke pAsa bheja dI jAtI thii| yaha vibhAga isa bAta kA bar3A acchA pramANa hai ki IsavI tIsarI aura cauthI zatAbdI meM bhI bhAratavarSa kA videzI rASTroM se pUrA sambandha thA aura bahuta se videzI vyApAra Adi ke liye yahA~ Ate the / tRtIya vibhAga kA karttavya janma aura mRtyu kI saMkhyAoM kA ThIka ThIka hisAba rakhanA thaa| ye saMkhyAe~ isaliye rakkhI jAtI thIM ki jisameM rAjya ko isa bAta kA patA lagatA rahe ki nagara kI AbAdI kitanI bar3hI yA kitanI ghaTI / yaha lekhA rakhane se prajA se kara vasUla karane meM bhI sahUliyata hotI thii| yaha kara eka prakAra kA pola Taiksa (Poll-tax) thA, jo hara manuSya para lagAyA jAtA thaa| videziyoM ko yaha dekhakara Azcarya hotA hai ki usa prAcIna kAla meM bhI eka bhAratIya zAsaka ne apane sAmrAjya kI janasaMkhyA jAnane kA aisA acchA prabandha kara rakkhA thA / caturtha vibhAga ke adhIna vyApAra-vANijya kA zAsana thA / bikrI kI cIjoM kA bhAva niyata karanA aura saudAgaroM se baTakharoM tathA nApa-jokhoM kA yathocita upayoga karAnA isa vibhAga *Indian Antiquary; 1905, p. 200.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 160 kA karttavya thaa| isa vibhAga ke adhikArI bar3I sAvadhAnI se isa bAta kA nirIkSaNa karate the ki baniye tathA vyApArI rAjamudrAMkita baTakharoM aura mApoM kA prayoga karate haiM yA nhiiN| pratyeka vyApArI ko vyApAra karane ke liye rAjya se paravAnA yA lAisensa lenA par3atA thA aura isake liye use eka prakAra kA kara bhI denA par3atA thaa| eka se adhika prakAra ke vyApAra karane ke liye vyApArI ko dUnA kara denA par3atA thA / paMcama vibhAga kArakhAnoM aura unameM banI huI vastuoM kI dekhabhAla karatA thaa| purAnI aura naI vastue~ alaga alaga rakhane kI AjJA thii| rAjAjJA ke binA purAnI vastue~ becanA niyama ke viruddha aura daNDanIya samajhA jAtA thA / SaSTha vibhAga vikI huI vastuoM ke mUlya para dazamAMza kara vasUla karatA thaa| jo koI kara na dekara isa niyama kA bhaMga karatA thA, use prANadaNDa diyA jAtA thA / apane apane vibhAga ke kartavyoM ke atirikta sabhAsadoM ko eka sAtha milakara bhI nagara ke zAsana ke saMbaMdha meM sabhI zrAvazyaka kArya karane par3ate the / hATa, bATa, ghATa aura mandira Adi lokopakArI sthAnoM kA prabandha bhI inhIM logoM ke hAtha meM thA / ___ mAlUma hotA hai ki sAmrAjya ke takSazilA, ujjayinI Adi sabhI bar3e bar3e nagaroM kA zAsana isI vidhi se hotA thaa| * kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 4, adhyA0 2 aura 7. + Mc. Criadle's Ancient India; p. 54.

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maurya zAsana parati prAntIya zAsana vibhAga dUra sthita prAntoM kA zAsana rAja-pratinidhiyoM ke dvArA hotA thA / ye rAja-pratinidhi prAyaH rAjagharAne ke loga huA karate the| unake adhIna aneka karmacArI hote the| "arthazAstra" ke anusAra pratyeka rAjya cAra mukhya prAntoM meM vibhakta honA cAhie aura pratyeka prAnta eka eka rAjakumAra yA "sthAnika" nAmaka zAsaka ke adhIna honA caahie| isa bAta kA patA nizcita rUpa se nahIM lagatA ki candragupta maurya kA vistRta sAmrAjya kitane prAntoM meM ba~TA thaa| para azoka ke lekhoM se patA lagatA hai ki usakA sAmrAjya cAra bhinna bhinna prAntoM meM vibhakta thaa| azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM takSazilA, ujjayinI, tosalI aura suvarNagiri nAmaka cAra prAntIya rAjadhAniyoM ke nAma milate haiM * / takSazilA pazci..mottara prAnta kI, ujjayinI madhya bhArata kI, tosalI kaliMga prAnta kI aura suvarNagiri dakSiNa prAnta kI rAjadhAnI thii| kahA jAtA hai ki azoka apane pitA ke jIvana-kAla meM takSazilA aura ujjaina donoM jagahoM kA prAntika zAsaka raha cukA thA / rAja-pratinidhi yA rAjakumAra ke bAda "rajjukoM" kA ohadA thA, jo kadAcit Ajakala ke kamiznaroM ke samAna the| unake nIce "prAdezika", "yukta", "upayukta" Adi aneka karmacArI hote the, jo rAjya kA kAma niyamapUrvaka calAte the / "prAdezika" kadAcit * takSazilA. ujjayinI aura tosalI kA ullekha "do kaliMga zilAlekha" meM tathA suvarNagiri kA ullekha brahmagiri ke "prathama laghu zilAlekha" meM AyA hai| + dekhiye azoka kA "tRtIya zilAlekha" aura "caturtha staMbhalekha" tathA arthazAstra (adhi0 2, adhyAya 1 ) aura manusmRti (adhyAya 8, mo0 34) /

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kha-kAlIna bhArata 162 eka jile ke aphasara yA kalekTara hote the aura zrohade meM rajjukoM se nIce the| arthazAstra meM "pradeSTa" zabda kaI bAra AyA hai, jisakA artha vahI hai,jo "prAdezika" kA hai| isase patA lagatA hai ki "pradeSTra" eka prakAra ke aise rAjakarmacArI the, jinakA kAma rAjakara vasUla karanA aura prajA kI rakSA karanA thaa| "yukta" aura "upayukta" kadAcit eka prakAra ke choTe aphasara the, jinakA kAma hisAba kitAba rakhanA aura rAja-kara vasUla karanA thaa| ye Ajakala ke klarkoM aura choTe choTe pulisa aphasaroM kA bhI kAma karate the| ina aphasaroM ko likhane par3hane ke kAma meM sahAyatA dene ke liye bahuta se "lekhaka" bhI rahate the| arthazAstra aura azoka ke lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki maurya sAmrAjya kI zAsanapraNAlI bahuta hI suvyavasthita aura U~ce DhaMga kI thii| sImA-prAntoM kI jaMgalI jAtiyA~ apane apane saradAroM dvArA zAsita hotI thIM, parantu una para samrATa kA nirIkSaNa rahatA thA * / sAmrAjya ke bahuta se bhAgoM meM svataMtra rAje mahArAje bhI zAsana karate the, jo apane Apako nAma mAtra ke liye maurya sAmrAjya ke adhIna mAnate the / azoka ke jamAne meM rAjA tuSAspha isI prakAra kA rAjA thaa| dUrasthita rAjakarmacAriyoM kI kArravAI kI sUcanA dene aura rattI rattI samAcAra samrAT ko bhejane ke liye "prativedaka" * sImA prAnta kI jaMgalI jAtiyoM kA ullekha azoka ke "do kaliMga zilAlekha" meM AyA hai / dekhiye rudradAman kA giranAravAlA zilAlekha (Epigraphia Indica, VIII. 36.)

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163 maurya zAsana paddhati (samvAdadAtA) niyukta the / ye loga prati dina hara nagara yA prAma kA pUrA samAcAra rAjadhAnI ko bhejA karate the| guptacara vibhAga-senA ke bAda rAjya kI rakSA guptacaroM para nirbhara thI / artha zAstra meM guptacaroM aura unake vibhAga kA bahuta acchA varNana milatA hai| guptacara loga bhinna bhinna nAmoM aura rUpoM se ghUma phirakara rAjA ke pAsa hara prakAra kA samAcAra bhejA karate the| ve kevala sAmrAjya ke aMdara hI nahIM, balki sAmrAjya ke bAhara bhI udAsIna tathA zatru rAjyoM meM jAkara gupta bAtoM kA patA lagAyA karate the| Adhunika sabhya rASTroM kI bhA~ti candragupta ne bhI guptacara saMsthA sthApita kI thI aura isI saMsthA ke dvArA vaha saba bAtoM kA patA lagAyA karatA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM nimnalikhita guptacaroM ke nAma, rUpa aura kArya diye hai (1) kApaTika, (2) udAsthita, (3) gRhapatika, (4) vaidehaka, (5) tApasa, (6) satrI, (7) tIkSNa, (8) rasada aura (9)bhikSukI / jo catura guptacara dUsaroM ke mana kI bAta sahaja meM jAna lete the, ve " kApaTika chAtra" kahalAte the| vidyAlayoM ke vidyArthiyoM tathA adhyApakoM ke kAryoM para dhyAna rakhanA isI varga ke guptacaroM kA kAma thaa| jaba koI aparAdhI bhAgakara vidyArthI ke rUpa meM kisI pAThazAlA meM jA chipatA thA, taba isI varga ke guptacara use apanI cAlAkI se pakar3a lete the / jo guptacara tapasvI, saccaritra aura dUradarzI hote the, ve "udAsthita" kahalAte the| isa varga ke guptacaroM ko yatheSTa dhanaH * arthazAstra; adhi. 1, adhyAya 11-12.

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caura-kAlIna bhArata 164 diyA jAtA thA, jisase ve apanI ziSya maNDalI ke sAtha prakaTa rUpa se khetI, gopAlana, vANijya Adi kiyA karate the, para gupta rUpa se rAjA ko samAcAra bhI diyA karate the| isa zreNI ke guptacara AcArya kI yogyatA rakhate the; arthAt ve kisI zAstra ke vidvAn , kisI vidyAlaya ke AcArya, rAjya se vRtti pAnevAle aura sUkSma-darzI hote the| vRtti yA vyApAra se hIna, kintu saccaritra aura dUradarzI kRSaka "gRhapatika" nAma ke guptacaroM meM bhartI kiye jAte the / inheM rAjya kI ora se bhUmi de dI jAtI thI, jise jota bokara ye apanA nirvAha karate the aura rAjA ko grAma ke gupta samAcAra diyA karate the| isa zreNI ke guptacara prakaTa rUpa se to Ajakala ke paTavAriyoM kA kAma karate the, para gupta rUpa se rAjA ko apane adhInastha grAmoM ke samAcAra diyA karate the| yadi koI nayA AdamI kisI gA~va meM Akara basatA thA, to ye guptacara usake kula-zIla Adi kA bhI patA lagAte the| __vRtti yA vyApAra se hIna, kintu saccaritra aura dUradarzI caNika "vaidehaka" nAma ke guptacaroM meM bhartI kiye jAte the| seTha, -sAhUkAra Adi girI hAlata meM A jAne para isa varga meM bhartI ho jAte the| ve dUsare seThoM, sAhUkAroM aura vyApAriyoM para najara rakhate the aura sandeha hone para rAjA ko samAcAra dete the / jo guptacara sAdhuoM ke veza meM, sira mur3Aye hue yA jaTA rakhe hue ghUmate the, ve "tApasa" kahalAte the| ye gupta rIti se logoM ke caritra dekhate the, aparAdhiyoM kA patA lagAte the aura jana-samAja ke vicAroM tathA pravRttiyoM kA nirIkSaNa karate the|

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maurya zAsana pati inake sAthI inake ziSya bane rahate the| inake kucha sAthI sAdhAraNa manuSyoM kI taraha janatA meM ghUma phirakara apane nAyaka sAdhu ko prazaMsA karate aura unakA guNa-gAna karate the / isa DhaMga se ye logoM para apanA prabhAva DAlakara unakI thAha lete the aura unake gupta manovikAroM, vicAroM aura rahasyoM kA patA lagAte the| jo anAtha hote the, jinakA pAlana-poSaNa rAjya kI ora se hotA thA aura jo vidyArthI banakara jyotiSa Adi vidyAoM kA adhyayana karate the, ve "satrI" nAma ke guptacaroM meM bhartI kiye jAte the| ye logoM ke sAtha milakara unakI gupta bAteM jAnA karate the| jo loga bar3e sAhasI, zUra aura apane jIvana kI paravAha na karanevAle hote the, ve "tIkSNa" nAma ke guptacaroM meM bhartI kiye jAte the| ye jAna taka khatare meM DAlakara bar3e se bar3e kAma kara lAte the / jinameM kisI prakAra kA sneha yA mamatA na hotI thI aura jo bar3e kaThora-hRdaya hote the, ve "rasada" kahalAte the| ye apane khAmI yA rAjA ke saMketa para kisI ko aisA rasa yA viSa pilA dete the ki vaha isa saMsAra se hI kUca kara jAtA thA / jo striyA~ guptacaroM meM bhartI hotI thIM, ve "bhikSukI" kaha-)) lAtI thiiN| ye prAyaH vidhavA brAhmaNI hotI thiiN| rAjAntaHpura meM inakA bar3A sammAna hotA thA, isase rAja-maMtriyoM tathA anya bar3e bar3e gharAnoM meM bhI inakA praveza rahatA thaa| isa kAraNa ye bar3I AsAnI se striyoM ke dvArA gupta bAtoM kA patA lagA letI thiiN| / inake sivA sUda ( rasoiye ) ArAlika (halavAI), snApaka ( snAna karAnevAle kahAra, Adi ), saMvAhaka (paira dabAnevAle), Astaraka ( bichaunA bichAnevAle ), kalpaka ( hajjAma ), prasAdhaka

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baukha-kAlona bhArata ( vastra-AbhUSaNa Adi pahanAnevAle ), udaka-paricAraka (pAnI pilAnevAle), nartaka, gAyaka, vAdaka, vAgjIvI ( cAraNa Adi) -kuzIlava (naTa Adi) se bhI guptacara kA kAma liyA jAtA thA / guptacara loga chala se prAyaH gUMge, bahare aura aMdhe banakara bhI rahate the| ina vezoM meM ye logoM ke raMga DhaMga dekhA karate the| vezyAoM se bhI guptacara kA kAma liyA jAtA thaa| guptacara loga gUr3ha yA sAMketika lekha ( Cipher Writing ) dvArA gupta saMvAda bhejA karate the| arthazAstra meM isa taraha ke gUr3ha yA sAMketika lekha kA nAma "saMjJAlipi" yA "gUDhalekhya" diyA hai| kRSi vibhAga rAjya kI ora se "sItAdhyakSa" nAmaka eka adhikArI "niyukta rahatA thA, jo kRSi vibhAga kA zAsana karatA thA * / usakA pada prAyaH vahI thA, jo Ajakala ke "DAirekTara Apha egrikalcara" kA hai| vaha kRSi vidyA kA pUrNa paNDita hotA thA / isa vidyA ke zAstrIya aura vyAvahArika donoM jJAna use rahate the| khetI kI bhUmi rAjA kI saMpatti mAnI jAtI thI aura rAjA kisAnoM se paidAvAra kA cauthAI yA chaThA bhAga kara ke taura para letA thaa| yaha patA nahIM lagatA ki lagAna kA bandobasta hara sAla hotA thA yA kaI sAloM ke bAda / kisAna loga sainika sevA se alaga rakkhe jAte the| megAsthinIja yaha dekhakara bahuta cakita huA thA ki jisa samaya zatru-senAe~ ghora saMgrAma macAye rahatI thIM, usa * kauTilIya arthazAstra, adhi 2, adhyA0 24.

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167 maurya zAsana pati samaya bhI khetihara loga zAntipUrvaka khetI ke kAma meM lage rahate the| nahara vibhAga-bhAratavarSa sadA se kRSi-pradhAna deza rahA hai / ataeva isa deza ke liye siMcAI kA prazna sadA se bahuta mahattva kA ginA jAtA hai| candragupta ke zAsana ke liye yaha bar3e gaurava kI vAta hai ki usane siMcAI kA eka alaga vibhAga hI banA diyA thaa| isa vibhAga para vaha vizeSa dhyAna detA thaa| megA'sthinIja ne bhI likhA hai-"bhUmi ke adhikatara bhAga meM siMcAI hotI hai aura isIse sAla meM do phasaleM paidA hotI haiM / / " "rAjya ke kucha karmacArI nadiyoM kA nirIkSaNa aura bhUmi kI nApa jokha usI taraha karate haiM, jisa taraha misra meM kI jAtI hai| ve una nAliyoM ko bhI dekhabhAla karate haiM, jinake dvArA pAnI pradhAna naharoM se zAkhA naharoM meM jAtA hai, jisameM saba kisAnoM kA samAna rUpa se nahara kA pAnI mila sake / " megAsthinIz2a ke isa kathana kI arthazAstra se pUrI taraha puSTa ho jAtI hai / siMcAI ke bAre meM kucha bAteM aisI bhI likhI haiM, jo megAsthinIz2a ke varNana meM nahIM pAI jaatiiN| arthazAstra ke anusAra siMcAI cAra prakAra se hotI thI / yathA-(1) hastaprAvartima arthAt hAtha ke dvArA; (2) skandhaprAvartima arthAt kandhe para pAnI le jAkara; (3) srotoyantraprAvartima arthAt yantra ke dvArA; aura (4) nadIsarastaTAkakUpodghATam arthAt nadiyoM, tAlAboM aura kUpoM ke dvaaraa| siMcAI ke pAnI kA mahasUla Upara likhe hue krama se paidAvAra kA paMcamAMza, caturthAza, * Strabo; XV. 40. + Megasthenes; Book I, Fragment I. Megasthenes; Book III, Fragment XXXIV.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 168 tRtIyAMza aura dvitIyAMza hotA thaa| arthazAstra meM kulyA kA bhI nAma AtA hai, jisakA artha "kRtrimA sarit" athavA nahara hai| isase vidita hotA hai ki una dinoM bhAratavarSa meM nahareM banAI jAtI thIM aura unake dvArA kheta sIMce jAte the / pAnI jamA karane ke liye setu yA bA~dha bhI bA~dhe jAte the aura tAlAba, kUe~ Adi kI marammata sadA huA karatI thii| isa bAta kI bharapUra dekha rekha rahatI thI ki yathAsamaya hara eka manuSya ko siMcAI ke liye AvazyakatAnusAra jala milatA hai yA nhiiN| jahA~ nadI, sarovara, tAlAba ityAdi nahIM hote the, vahA~ rAjya kI ora se khudavAye jAte the * / giranAra meM, jo kAThiyAvAr3a meM hai, eka caTTAna para kSatrapa rudradAman kA eka lekha khudA huA hai| usase vidita hotA hai ki dUrasthita prAntoM kI siMcAI para maurya samrAT kitanA dhyAna dete the| yaha lekha san 150 I0 ke lagabhaga likhA gayA thA / - isameM likhA hai ki puSyagupta vaizya ne, jo candragupta kI ora se pazcimI prAntoM kA zAsaka thA, giranAra kI pahAr3I para eka choTI naMdI ke eka ora bA~dha banavAyA, jisase eka jhIla sI bana gii| isa jhIla kA nAma sudarzana rakkhA gayA aura isase khetoM kI siMcAI hone lgii| bAda ko azoka ne isameM se nahareM bhI niklvaaii| ye nahareM azoka ke pratinidhi rAjA tuSAspha kI dekha bhAla meM banavAI gaI thiiN| rAjA tuSAspha pArasIka (parziyana) jAti kA thA / maurya samrAT kI banavAI huI mIla tathA bA~dha donoM cAra sau varSoM taka kAyama rahe / usake bAda san 150 I0 meM * arthazAstra adhi0 2, adhyA0 24. ___

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169 maurya zAsana pani bar3A bhArI tUphAna Ane ke kAraNa ve donoM naSTa ho gye| taba zaka kSatrapa rudradAmana ne phira se bA~dha banavAyA; aura usa bA~dha tathA mola kA saMkSipta itihAsa eka zilAlekha meM likha diyA, jo giranAra kI caTTAna para khudA huA hai* / rudradAmana kA banavAyA huzrA bA~dha bhI samaya ke pravAha meM par3akara TUTa gayA; aura eka bAra phira san 458 I0 meM skandagupta ke sthAnIya adhikArI kI dekha rekha meM banavAyA gyaa| isake bAda jhIla aura bA~dha kaba naSTa hue, isakA patA itihAsa se nahIM lgtaa| para rudradAmana ke ukta zilAlekha se itanA avazya siddha hotA hai ki maurya samrATa siMcAI ke liye naharoM Adi kA prabandha karanA apanA parama karttavya samamate the aura sAmrAjya ke dUrasthita prAntoM kI siMcAI para bhI pUrA dhyAna rakhate the| cANakya ke lekha se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki kRSi vibhAga ke sAtha sAtha "antarikSa-vidyA vibhAga" (Meteorological Department) bhI thaa| yaha vibhAga eka prakAra ke yantra (varSamAna kuNDa ) ke dvArA isa bAta kA nizcaya karatA thA ki kitanA pAnI barasa cukA hai| bAdaloM kI raMgata se bhI isa bAta kA patA lagAyA jAtA thA ki pAnI barasegA yA nahIM, aura barasegA to kitnaa| sUrya, zukra aura bRhaspati kI sthiti aura cAla se bhI yaha nizcaya kiyA jAtA thA ki kitanA pAnI barasegA / vyApAra aura vANijya vibhAga-maurya sAmrAjya meM vyApAra * Epigraphia Indica; Vol. VIII. p. 36. + kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 5 tathA 24.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 170 aura vANijya kI dekha bhAla aura unnati karane ke liye eka alaga vibhAga thaa| isa vibhAga kA aphasara "paNyAdhyakSa" kahalAtA thaa| usakA pradhAna kartavya deza ke bhItarI aura bAharI vyApAra kI unnati aura vRddhi karanA thA / vaha isa bAta kA patA lagAtA rahatA thA ki bAjAra meM ksi cIja kI mA~ga jyAdA hai aura kisa cIja kI kama / vaha yaha bhI dekhatA thA ki kisa cIja kA dAma bar3hA aura kisa kA dAma ghaTA; aura kauna sI cIz2a kisa samaya kharIdane yA becane meM vizeSa lAbha ho sakatA hai| jo vyApArI videzoM se mAla ma~gAte the, unake sAtha vANijya vibhAga kI ora se khAsa riAyata kI jAtI thii| unase cuMgI Adi nahIM lI jAtI thii| deza meM jina vastuoM kI AvazyakatA aura khapata nahIM hotI thI, ve bAhara bheja dI jAtI thIM / vANijya vibhAga una vastuoM ke bAhara bhejane meM sahUliyata karatA thA / isa vibhAga kA adhyakSa yaha bhI jAnane kA yatna karatA thA ki bhinna bhinna dezoM meM bhinna bhinna vastuoM kA kyA bhAva hai| eka jagaha se dUsarI jagaha mAla le jAne meM kitanA kharca par3egA, rAste meM kauna kauna se bhaya ke sthAna haiM, bhinna bhinna nagaroM kA kyA rItirivAja hai, ina saba bAtoM kA byorA vaha vyApAriyoM ko batalA sakatA thA / kabhI kabhI kaI saudAgara eka sAtha milakara cIjoM kA dAma bahuta bar3hA dete the| aisI dazA meM paNyAdhyakSa cIjoM kI dara bA~dha detA thaa| cANakya ke anusAra kisI cIz2a kI dara bA~dhane ke samaya isa bAta kA khayAla rakkhA jAtA thA ki usa * kauTilIya arthazAstra; api0 2, adhyA0 16.

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171 maurya zAsana pati cIz2a para kitano pU~jo lagAI gaI hai, kitanA rAste kA kharca par3A hai, kitanI cuMgI lagI hai, kitanI majadUrI baiThI hai aadi| isa vibhAga kA adhyakSa bar3I sAvadhAnI se isa bAta kA nirIkSaNa karatA thA ki baniye tathA vyApArI rAjamudrAMkita baTakharoM aura nApoM kA prayoga karate haiM yA nhiiN| jo manuSya jAlI baTakharoM aura nApoM kA prayoga karatA thA, vaha daNDa kA bhAgI hotA thaa| pratyeka vyApArI ko vyApAra karane ke liye rAjya se paravAnA yA lAisensa lenA par3atA thA aura isake liye use eka prakAra kA kara bhI denA par3atA thA / kisI prakAra ke mAla meM aura svAsa karake khAne pIne kI cIjoM meM koI milAvaTa na hone pAve, isakI bar3I tAkIda rahatI thii| usa samaya sone, cA~dI aura tA~be tInoM dhAtuoM ke sika pracalita the; para sone ke sikkoM kA calana usa samaya kadAcit bahuta kama thA / cA~dI kA sikkA "karSa" aura "paNa" tathA tA~be kA sikkA "kArSApaNa" kahalAtA thaa| rAjya kI ora se vaNikpatha bhI banAye aura surakSita rakkhe jAte the| ina vaNikapathoM para Adha Adha kosa para patha-pradarzaka patthara (mAila-sTona) gar3e rahate the| cANakya ne cAra pradhAna vaNik patha likhe haiN| eka patha uttara meM himAlaya kI ora, dUsarA dakSiNa meM vindhya parvata kI ora, tIsarA pazcima kI ora aura cauthA pUrva kI ora jAtA thaa| una dinoM uttara aura dakSiNa kI ora jo sar3akeM nAtI thIM, ve adhika mahattva kI mAnI jAtI thIM; kyoMki uttara aura dakSiNa ke dezoM meM vyApAra adhika hotA thaa| uttara se hAthI, ghor3e, sugandhita padArtha, hAthI-dA~ta, Una, camar3A, sonA aura cA~dI tathA dakSiNa se zaMkha, hIrA, motI Adi pAtA thaa|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 172 sthala-mArga ke sivA bahuta se jala-mArga bhI the, jinake dvArA deza ke eka hisse se dUsara hisse ko mAla bhejA jAtA thaa| nau vibhAga-nau vibhAga kA adhyakSa "nAvAdhyakSa" kahalAtA thA * / vaha samudra, nadI aura jhIla meM calanevAle jahAjoM aura nAvoM kI rakSA kA prabandha karatA thA aura unake liye niyama banAtA thaa| usakA karttavya jala-mArga meM DAkAz2anI rokanA aura vyApArika jahAjoM ke liye jala-mArga surakSita rakhanA thaa| kisa prakAra ke jahAja yA nAva se tathA kisa prakAra ke logoM se kitanA kara lenA cAhie, isake niyama bhI vahI banAtA thA / bandaragAhoM para saudAgaroM ko eka prakAra kA kara denA par3atA thaa| jo yAtrI rAjya kI naukAoM para jAte the, unheM nizcita utarAI denI par3atI thii| jo gA~va samudra yA nadI ke kinAre para hote the, unheM bhI eka nizcita kara denA par3atA thA / vyApArika nagaroM meM jo niyama pracalita rahate the, unheM nAvAdhyakSa pUrI taraha se mAnatA thaa| vaha pattana ( bandaragAha ) ke adhyakSa kI AjJAoM kA bhI pUrI taraha se pAlana karatA thaa| jaba kabhI tUphAna se TUTA phUTA jahAja bandaragAha meM AtA thA, taba vaha usake mA~jhiyoM kI vaisI hI rakSA karatA thA, jaisI ki pitA apane putra kI karatA hai| jo saudAgarI jahAja tUphAna se TUTa phUTa jAte the, unakA kara yA to mApha kara diyA jAtA thA aura yA AdhA kara diyA jAtA thaa| "hiMsraka" ( DAkA DAlanevAle) jahAja yA zatru ke jahAz2a naSTa kara diye jAte the| jo manuSya binA mahasUla diye nadI pAra kauTilIya arthazAstra: adhi0 2, adhyA0 28,

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173 maurya zAsana paddhati karatA thA, vaha daNDa kA bhAgI hotA thaa| brAhmaNa, parivrAjaka, bAlaka, vRddha, rogI, rAjadUta aura garbhiNI strI se koI mahasUla nahIM liyA jAtA thaa| choTe pazu kI utarAI eka mASa ( eka prAcIna sikkA ), gAya, baila yA ghor3e kI utarAI do mApa, U~Ta yA bhaiMsa kI utarAI cAra mASa, choTe chakar3e kI utarAI pA~ca mASa aura bar3e kI chaH yA sAta mASa lagatI thii| jo manuSya binA mudrA (pAsa) ke yAtrA karatA thA, usakA mAla jabta ho jAtA thA / zulka vibhAga (cuMgI kA mahakamA)-zulka vibhAga kA adhyakSa "zulkAdhyakSa" kahalAtA thA* / vaha nagara ke hara phATaka para cuMgIghara banavAtA thA aura cuMgI vasUla karanevAle karmacAriyoM ke kAmoM kA nirIkSaNa karatA thaa| cuMgI-ghara ke Upara eka jhaMDA gar3A rahatA thA, jo dUra se hI usake astitva kI sUcanA detA thaa| jaba vyApArI loga apanA mAla lekara phATaka para Ate the, taba cAra yA pA~ca karmacArI apane rajisTara meM yaha darja karate the ki vyApArI kA nAma kyA hai, vaha kahA~ se AyA hai, apane sAtha kauna sA aura kitanA mAla lAyA hai aura pahalI bAra kahA~ usa para cuMgIghara kI mohara lagAI gaI thii| jina vyApAriyoM ke mAla para mohara nahIM lagI hotI thI, unase dUnI cuMgI lI jAtI thI / yadi kisI vyApArI ke mAla para jAlI mohara lagI rahatI thI, to usase aThagunI cuMgI vasUla kI jAtI thI / jo vyApArI binA cuMgI diye hue caMgI-ghara ke Age nikala jAte the, unase bhI daNDa svarUpa aThagunI cuMgI lI jAtI thii| vivAha, yajJa, sUtikAgRha, devI * kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi. 2, adhyA0 21-22.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 174 devatAoM kI pUjA, yajJopavIta Adi saMskAroM tathA anya dhArmika kRtyoM ke liye jo cIjeM lAI jAtI thIM, una para cuMgI na lagatI thii| bAhara se Ane ke samaya to mAla para cuMgI lagatI hI thI, bAhara jAne ke samaya bhI usa para cuMgI lagAI jAtI thii| jo cIjeM bAhara se AtI thIM,una para unake mUlya kA pA~cavA~ hissA cuMgI ke taura para vasUla kiyA jAtA thaa| phala, phUla, sAga-bhAjI, mAMsa, machalI Adi para unake mUlya kA chaThA hissA cuMgI ke taura para liyA jAtA thaa| hIre, motI Adi para unake mUlya ke anusAra cuMgI lagAI jAtI thii| UnI, sUtI aura rezamI kapar3e, raMga, masAle, lohe, candana, zarAba, hAthIdA~ta, camar3e, rUI aura lakar3I Adi para unake mUlya kA dasavA~ yA pandrahavA~ bhAga liyA jAtA thaa| caupAye, pakSI, anAja, tela, zakara aura namaka Adi para unake mUlya kA bIsavA~ yA pacIsavA~ bhAga liyA jAtA thA / Akara vibhAga ( khAna kA mahakamA )-megasthinIz2a ne likhA hai-"bhAratavarSa meM hara eka dhAtu kI bahuta sI khAneM haiN| ina khAnoM se sonA, cA~dI, lohA, tA~bA, TIna Adi bahutAyata se nikalate haiM / " isase patA calatA hai ki maurya kAla meM khAnoM kI khudAI kA kAma khUba z2oroM ke sAtha hotA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra se patA lagatA hai ki maurya sAmrAjya meM khAnoM kI khudAI ke liye eka alaga mahakamA thA / isa mahakame ke aphasara ko "zrAkarAdhyakSa" kahate the| usa samaya do prakAra kI khAneM thIM-eka jamIna ke andaravAlI aura dUsarI samudra ke andara ko / donoM prakAra * Megasthenes; Book I. Fragment I. 1 kauTilIya arthazAstra adhika 2, adhyA0 12.

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175 maurya zAsana paddhati - kI khAnoM kA nirIkSaNa karane ke liye alaga alaga adhyakSa niyukta the / samudrI khAnoM ke adhyakSa ko "khanyadhyakSa" kahate the / usakA kartavya hIre, motI, zaMkha, mUMge, kSAra, namaka Adi kA saMgraha karanA aura unakI bikrI Adi ke sambandha meM niyama banAnA thaa| jamIna ke andaravAlI khAnoM ke adhyakSa ko "AkarAdhyakSa" kahate the| jo manuSya sone, cA~dI, lohe, tA~be Adi dhAtuoM ke bAre meM acchA jJAna rakhatA thA aura hIre, pane Adi bahumUlya vastuoM ko parakha sakatA thA, vahI "AkarAdhyakSa' ke pada para niyukta hotA thaa| vaha naI naI khAnoM kI talAza meM rahatA thA / rAkha, koyale Adi cihnoM se vaha yaha mAlUma karatA thA ki koI khAna khodI gaI hai yA nahIM aura usameM adhika mAla hai yA kama / karAdhyakSa ke nIce aura bahuta se karmacArI kAma karate the, jo dhAtu, maNi aura khAna sambandhI hara eka bAta meM pUrNa paMDita hote the| khAna khodanevAle majadUra "yAkarika" kahalAte the| jaba "AkarAdhyakSa" ko kisI naI khAna kA patA lagatA thA, taba vaha rAjya ko usakI sUcanA detA thaa| usa samaya rAjya isa bAta kA vicAra karatA kA ki hama svayaM khAna khudavAveM yA kisI ko paTTe para de deM / jina khAnoM kI khudAI karAne meM adhika vyaya hone kI saMbhAvanA hotI thI, vahI khAne paTTe para dI jAtI thiiN| khAnoM se jo dhAtue~ nikalatI thIM, unakI saphAI bhI AkarAdhyakSa kI dekha bhAla meM hotI thii| sApha ho jAne ke bAda dhAtue~ bhinna bhinna vibhAgoM ke adhyakSoM ke pAsa bheja dI jAtI thiiN| udAharaNa ke taura para sonA "suvarNAdhyakSa" ke pAsa, lohA "lohAdhyakSa" ke pAsa, cA~dI aura tA~bA "lakSaNAdhyakSa" (TakasAla ke aphasara)

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata ke pAsa tathA namaka "lavaNAdhyakSa" ke pAsa bheja diyA jAtA thA / yadi koI gaira-sarakArI AdamI kisI khAna kA patA lagAtA, to use usa khAna ke lAbha kA chaThA hissA, aura yadi koI sarakArI AdamI patA lagAtA thA, to use bArahavA~ hissA inAma meM milatA thaa| sUtra vibhAga (bunAI kA mahakamA)-isa mahakame ke aphasara ko "sUtrAdhyakSa" kahathe the * / vaha yogya vyaktiyoM ko vastra Adi bunane ke liye niyukta karatA thaa| vidhavAe~, la~gar3I lUlI striyA~, saMnyAsiniyA~ aura devadAsiyA~ sUta aura Una kAtane ke kAma meM lagAI jAtI thiiN| mahIna yA moTe sUta ke anusAra alaga alaga majadUrI dI jAtI thii| sUta jitanA hI mahIna hotA thA, utanI hI adhika majadUrI bhI hotI thii| garIba paradAnazIna auratoM ko ghara baiThe sUta kAtane kA kAma diyA jAtA thaa| sUtra vibhAga kI ora se kaI aisI striyA~ naukara rahatI thIM, jo pardevAlI khiyoM ke gharoM meM jAkara . unheM kAma detI thiiN| jo striyA~ sUtrazAlA (bunAI ke daptara) meM svayaM Akara apanA kAtA huA sUta detI thIM, unakI innata kA bar3A khayAla rakkhA jAtA thaa| usa sthAna para kevala itanA hI prakAza rakkhA jAtA thA ki sUtrAdhyakSa kate hue sUta kI jA~ca kara sake / yadi vaha sUtra-zAlA meM AnevAlI triyoM kI ora dekhatA yA unase kisI aura viSaya kI bAtacIta karatA thA, yA una khiyoM ko majadUrI dene meM vilamba karatA thA, to use kar3A daNDa milatA thA / vetana pAkara bhI jo strI kAma na karatI thI, vaha bhI daNDa kI bhAginI hotI thii| ' kauTilIya arthazAstra: api0 2. adhyA0 23.

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maurya zAsana paddhati purA vibhAga (bhAvakArI kA mahakamA)-AbakArI ke mahakame kA aphasara "surAdhyakSa" kahalAtA thA / vaha nagaroM, gA~voM aura skandhAvAroM (senAoM ke nivAsa sthAnoM) meM zarAba kI bikrI kA prabaMdha karatA thaa| hara eka AdamI zarAba kharIdakara dUkAna ke bAhara na le jA sakatA thaa| kevala vahI loga dUkAna ke bAhara zarAba le jA sakate the, jo acche cAlacalana ke hote the| hA~, bAkI loga vahIM baiThakara zarAba pI sakate the| zarAba bahuta thor3I mikadAra meM becI jAtI thii| pAnAgAra (holI) meM kaI kamare rahate the| unameM se hara eka meM khATa aura Asana alaga alaga biche rahate the| isake atirikta unameM Rtu ke anusAra sugaMdhita padArtha, phUla, mAlA, jala Adi bhI rakkhA rahatA thaa| hauliyA~ eka dUsarI ke bahuta pAsa pAsa nahIM hotI thIM / vizeSa vizeSa avasaroM 'para, jaise vivAha, utsava, tyohAra Adi meM, loga khuda apane ghara zarAba banA sakate the| anya avasaroM para yadi koI kisI niyama kA bhaMga karatA thA, to vaha daNDa pAtA thaa| haulI ke -mAlika kA kartavya hotA thA ki vaha apane grAhakoM kI rakSA kare / agara zarAba ke naze meM kisI kI koI cIja guma ho jAtI thI, to haulI kA mAlika usakA nukasAna bhara detA thaa| pazu-rakSA vibhAga-maurya sAmrAjya meM pazuoM kI rakSA aura unnati kI ora khAsa taura para dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / kama se kama pA~ca aphasara isa kAma ke liye niyukta the| una aphasaroM ke nAma ye haiM-(1) go'dhyakSa (gAya-baila ke mahakame kA aphasara), * kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 25.

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 178 (2) vivItAdhyakSa, ( carAgAhoM kA aphasara ), (3) sUnAdhyakSa (zikAra kA aphasara ), (4)hastyadhyakSa (hAthiyoM kA aphasara) aura (5) azvAdhyakSa (ghor3oM kA aphsr)| go'dhyakSa ko kevala gAya baila kI hI rakSA nahIM karanI par3atI thI, balki bhaiMsa, bher3a, bakare, gadhe, U~Ta, khaccara aura kutte Adi kI bhI dekha bhAla karanI par3atI thI * / usakA eka pradhAna karttavya dohaka ( duhanevAloM), manthaka (makkhana nikAlanevAloM) aura lubdhaka (zikAriyoM) ko niyukta karanA hotA thA / inameM se hara eka ke jimme sau caupAyoM kA jhuNDa rakkhA jAtA thaa| gAya, bhaiMsa Adi ke duhane ke bAre meM khAsa taura para niyama bane the| barasAta aura jAr3e meM dina meM do bAra, para garmI meM sirpha eka hI bAra duhane kA niyama thaa| jo koI isa niyama kA bhaMga karatA thA, vaha daMDa pAtA thA / bImAra jAnavaroM ke davA-dArU ke liye khAsa taura para prabandha thaa| jAnavaroM ke sAtha koI burA vyavahAra na ho, isake liye bhI kaI kar3e niyama the / jo manuSya pazuoM ke sAtha nirdayatA karatA thA, vaha daMDa kA bhAgI hotA thA / gAya, baila aura bachar3e kA mAranA bilakula manA thaa| vivItAdhyakSa gAya, baila aura anya pazuoM ke carane kA prabandha karatA thaa| use kaI vizeSa niyamoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA thaa| eka hI carAgAha meM sAla bhara taka carAI nahIM ho sakatI thii| hara eka Rtu ke liye alaga alaga carAgAha the| isa taraha * kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 26. + kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 34.

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179 maurya zAsana parati se jAnavaroM ko sAla bhara taka cArA milA karatA thA / vivItAdhyakSa kA eka pradhAna kartavya yaha thA ki vaha carAgAha meM caranevAle pazuoM kI rakSA kA ucita prabandha kre| isa kAma ke liye kaI karmacArI niyukta the, jinake sAtha bahuta se zikArI kutte rahate the / una kuttoM kI sahAyatA se ve cora, siMha, bher3iye aura sarpa Adi se pazuoM kI rakSA karate the| jaba carAgAha meM akasmAt koI bhaya kI bAta uTha khar3I hotI thI, taba carAgAha ke rakSaka zaMkha aura nagAr3e bajAkara, kabUtaroM ke dvArA samAcAra bhejakara, U~ce sthAnoM para lagAtAra bahuta sI Aga jalAkara yA U~ce vRkSoM aura pahAr3oM para car3hakara rAja-karmacAriyoM ko bhaya kI sUcanA dete the| carAgAha meM caranevAle pazuoM ke gale meM ghaMTiyA~ bA~dha dI jAtI thIM, jisameM yadi koI pazu idhara udhara bhaTaka jAya, to usakA patA ghaMTI kI AvAja se laga ske| ___choTe choTe jAnavaroM kI rakSA ke liye eka sUnAdhyakSa niyukta thA * / rAjya kI ora se aneka aise rakSita vana the, jinameM kaI prakAra ke choTe choTe pazu svataMtratA ke sAtha vicara sakate the / aise vanoM ko "abhaya vana" kahate the / ina vanoM meM rahanevAle pazu na to pakar3e jAte the aura na mAre jAte the| ina vanoM meM koI praveza bhI na kara sakatA thaa| jo koI isa niyama kA bhaMga karatA thA, vaha daMDa kA bhAgI hotA thaa| zikAra khelane ke liye alaga vana the| una vanoM meM kevala rAjA hI nahIM, balki sarva sAdhAraNa bhI zikAra khela sakate the / azoka ke AThaveM "caturdaza zilA-lekha" se patA * kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 26.

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180 baura-kAlIna bhArata lagatA hai ki azoka ne apane rAjya-kAla ke gyArahaveM varSa zikAra khelane kI prathA uThA dI thii| megAsthinIz2a ne bhI likhA hai ki rAjA bar3e samAroha ke sAtha zikAra khelane ke liye nikalatA thA * / kucha vana aise the, jinameM kevala rAjA zikAra khela sakatA thaa| aise vanoM meM choTe aura bar3e saba prakAra ke jaMgalI jAnavara rahate the / arthazAstra meM azvAdhyakSa ke kaI kartavya likhe haiM + / vaha nasla, umra, raMga, kada, cihna Adi ke anusAra ghor3oM ko bhinna bhinna vibhAgoM meM bA~Takara rajisTara meM darja karatA thA; unheM astabala meM rakhane kA prabandha karatA thA; unake liye cAre Adi kA bandobasta karatA thA; unheM sikhAne kA intiz2Ama karatA thA; unake davA-dArU kA prabandha karatA thA; aura hara taraha se unakA dhyAna rakhatA thaa| una dinoM nIce likhe hue sthAnoM ke ghor3e saba se uttama samajhe jAte the| (1) kAMbhoja (aphagAnistAna), (2) siMdhu (sindha), (3) prAraTTa (paMjAba), (4) vanAyu (araba deza), (5) vAhnIka (balana ) aura (6) sauvIra (Ajakala kA gujarAta prAnta ) / azvAdhyakSa rAjA ko isa bAta kI bhI sUcanA detA thA 'ki kitane ghor3e rogI aura bekAma haiN| rogI ghor3oM kI dekha bhAla aura davA-dArU ke liye alaga cikitsaka niyukta the / kisa Rtu meM kaisA cArA denA cAhie, isakI bhI salAha cikitsaka loga dete the / jo ghor3e bImArI yA vur3hApe se athavA yuddha meM bekAma ho jAte the, unase phira koI kAma nahIM liyA jAtA thA / * Megasthenes; Book II; FragmestxxVII. + kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 30.

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181 maurya zAsana pati bahuta prAcIna samaya se hinduoM kI caturaMgiNI senA meM hAthI kI senA bhI sammilita thii| ataeva maurya sAmrAjya meM hAthiyoM kI rakSA aura unakI nasla meM sudhAra karane ke liye eka alaga vibhAga banA huA thaa| isa vibhAga meM kaI aphasara the, jina saba ke Upara eka hastyadhyakSa hotA thA * / usakA pradhAna kartavya nAgavana (hAthiyoM ke vana) kI rakSA karanA, phIlakhAnoM kA intajAma karanA aura yogya mahAvatoM ke dvArA hAthiyoM ko zikSA dilAnA thaa| usake nIce kaI choTe karmacArI hote the, jo nAga-vanoM kI rakSA karate the| jaMgalI hAthI pakar3ane kA kAma bhI inhIM nAgavana-rakSakoM se liyA jAtA thaa| ve pA~ca yA sAta hathaniyoM ko sAtha lekara jaMgaloM meM hAthI pakar3ane ke liye ghUmA karate the / hAthiyoM ke pada-cihnoM kA anusaraNa karate hue ve usa sthAna taka pahu~ca jAte the, jahA~ jaMgalI hAthI chipe rahate the| gauoM, bailoM aura ghor3oM kI taraha hAthiyoM kI cikitsA ke liye bhI alaga cikitsaka niyukta the| hAthiyoM ke dA~ta kATane ke liye bhI kaI khAsa niyama the| unake dA~ta ar3hAI yA pA~ca varSoM meM eka hI bAra kATe jAte the| ___ manuSya gaNanA vibhAga-megAsthinIz2a ne likhA hai-"tRtIya vibhAga ke adhyakSa kA kartavya sAmrAjya ke andara janma aura mRtyu kI saMkhyA kA hisAba rakhanA thaa| janma aura mRtyu kI saMkhyA kA hisAba isaliye rakkhA jAtA thA ki jisameM rAjya ko isa bAta kA Thoka ThIka patA rahe ki sAmrAjya kI AbAdI kitanI bar3hI yA kitanI ghaTI / janma aura mRtyu kA lekhA .kauTilIya arthazAstra: adhi0 2, adhyAya 31.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 182 rakhane se prajA se kara vasUla karane meM bhI sahUliyata hotI thii|" kauTilIya arthazAstra se megAsthinIz2a ke kathana kI pUrNatayA puSTi hotI hai / maurya sAmrAjya meM manuSya-gaNanA kI kArya-praNAlI meM yaha vizeSatA thI ki vaha kisI niyata samaya para nahIM hotI thii| manuSya gaNanA ke liye rAjya kA eka sthAyI vibhAga thA, jisameM bahuta se karmacArI niyukta the / unakA saba se bar3A aphasara "samAhartA" kahalAtA thA / usako aura bhI bahuta se kAma karane par3ate the| usake adhIna jo prAnta hotA thA, vaha cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta rahatA thA / pratyeka bhAga kA aphasara "sthAnika" kahalAtA thA / sthAnika ke nIce bahuta se "gopa" kAma karate the| pratyeka gopa pA~ca yA dasa gA~voM kA prabandha karatA thaa| isake atirikta "pradeSTA" nAma ke karmacArI bhI hote the, jinakA kartavya "sthAnika" aura "gopa" nAmaka karmacAriyoM ke kAmoM kA nirIkSaNa karanA thaa| para yaha nirIkSaNa paryApta nahIM hotA thA; isa kAraNa samAhartA eka aura prakAra ke nirIkSaka niyukta karatA thA, jinakA kartavya gupta rUpa se sthAnika, gopa aura pradeSTA Adi karmacAriyoM ke kAma kI jA~ca karanA thaa| jo vRttAnta unheM jJAta hotA thA, use ve sIdhe samAhartA ke pAsa bheja dete the| ____ "gopa" nAmaka karmacAriyoM ke kartavya ye the-(1) pratyeka gA~va ke cAro vargoM ke manuSyoM kI gaNanA karanA; (2) kRSakoM, gopAloM, vyApAriyoM, zilpakAroM tathA dAsoM kI gaNanA karanA; (3) pratyeka ghara ke yuvA aura vRddha strI-puruSoM kI gaNanA karanA aura * Megastbenes; Book III, Fragment XXXII. kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 35.

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183 maurya zAsana pati unake caritra, karma, AjIvikA tathA vyaya jAnanA; (4) pratyeka ghara ke pAlatU pazuoM aura pakSiyoM kI gaNanA karanA; aura (5) kara denevAloM aura na denevAloM kI saMkhyA jAnanA aura yaha mAlUma karanA ki kauna dhana ke rUpa meM kara detA hai aura kauna parizrama ke rUpa meN| gupta nirIkSakoM ke kartavya ye the-(1) pratyeka gA~va ke kula manuSyoM kI gaNanA karanA; (2) pratyeka gA~va ke gharoM tathA kuTumboM kI gaNanA karanA; (3) hara eka kuTumba kI jAti tathA kArya kA patA lagAnA; (4) kara-mukta gRhoM kI jA~ca karanA; (5) pratyeka gRha ke svAmI kA nizcaya karanA; (6) pratyeka kuTumba kA Aya-vyaya jAnanA; aura (7) pratyeka ghara ke pAlatU jAnavaroM kI gaNanA karanA / inake ye kAma to prAyaH gopoM ke kAmoM se milate haiN| para inake atirikta inake mukhya kAma ye the-(1) gA~va meM naye manuSyoM ke Ane tathA gA~va chor3akara jAne kA kAraNa jAnanA; aura (2) gA~va meM naye AnevAle tathA gA~va chor3akara jAnevAle AdamiyoM kA lekhA rakhanA tathA saMdigdha manuSyoM para dRSTi rakhanA / ve yaha kAma gRhasthoM tathA saMnyAsiyoM ke rUpa meM rahakara kiyA karate the / kabhI kabhI ve coroM ke bhesa meM bhI parvatoM, tIrthoM, ghAToM aura nirjana sthAnoM meM jAkara coroM, zatruoM tathA duSToM kA patA lagAyA karate the| rAjadhAnI tathA nagaroM ke manuSyoM kI gaNanA karanevAlA karmacArI "nAgaraka" * kahalAtA thA / pratyeka nagara meM eka eka * kauTilIya arthazAstra: adhi0 2, adhyA0 36.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 184 nAgaraka rahatA thaa| prAnta kI taraha pratyeka nagara kaI bhAgoM meM vibhakta rahatA thaa| pratyeka bhAga eka "sthAnika" ke adhIna rahatA thA, jisake nIce kaI "gopa" hote the / pratyeka "gopa" dasa, bIsa yA cAlIsa gharoM kA hisAba rakhatA thaa| gopa kevala pratyeka ghara ke strI-puruSoM kI jAti, gotra, nAma, kAma Adi kA hI lekhA nahIM rakhate the, balki unake Aya-vyaya kA bhI patA lagAte the| dharmazAlAoM ke adhikAriyoM ko aura pratyeka gRhastha ko bhI apane yahA~ Ane jAnevAle atithiyoM kI sUcanA "sthAnika" ko denI par3atI thii| jo isa niyama kA pAlana nahIM karatA thA, vaha daNDa kA bhAgI hotA thaa| vana, upavana, devAlaya, tIrthasthAna, dharmazAlA, rAjapatha, zmazAna, carAgAha Adi kA lekhA bhI isI vibhAga ko rakhanA par3atA thaa| Aya-vyaya vibhAga-rAjya ke sabhI kAma rAjakoSa para nirbhara rahate haiM; isaliye kara lagAnA rAjA ke liye parama Avazyaka hotA hai| arthazAstra meM maurya sAmrAjya kI Aya ke nimnalikhita dvAra diye gaye haiM-(1) rAjadhAnI, (2) prAnta aura grAma, (3) khAne, (4) sarakArI bAga, (5) jaMgala, (6) jAnavara aura carAgAha tathA (7) vaNikpatha * / (1) rAjadhAnI se nimnalikhita madoMse Aya hotI thI-sUtI kapar3e, tela, namaka, zarAba Adi para kara; vezyAoM, vyApAriyoM aura maMdiroM para kara; nagara ke phATaka para vasUla kiye hue kara; aura jUe para kara ityAdi / * ka TilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 6.

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185 maurya zAsana parati (2) grAmoM aura prAntoM se ninnilikhita mAya hotI thIkhAsa rAjA ke khetoM kI paidAvAra; kisAnoM ke khetoM kI upaja kA eka bhAga; dhana ke rUpa meM bhUmi-kara; ghAToM para utarAI kA mahasUla; sar3akoM para calane kA mahasUla Adi / (3) khAnoM se bhI rAjya ko bar3I AmadanI hotI thii| sarakArI khAnoM se jo paidAvAra hotI thI, vaha to sarakArI khajAne meM jAtI thI hI; para jo khAne sarakArI nahIM hotI thIM, unakI paidAvAra kA bhI eka hissA rAjya ko milatA thA / (4) sarakArI bAgoM meM jo phala, phUla, sAga Adi hote the, unase bhI sarakAra ko acchI AmadanI hotI thii| (5) zikAra khelane, zahatIra kATane aura jaMgalI hAthI Adi pakar3ane ke liye rAjya kI ora se hAthI kirAye para diye jAte the| (6) gAya, baila, bhaiMsa, bakare, bher3a Adi jAnavaroM ke carane ke liye carAgAha kirAye para diye jAte the| (7) vaNik-pathoM arthAt jala aura sthala ke mAgoM meM vyApAriyoM se kara vasUla kiyA jAtA thA / isake sivA siMcAI ke liye pAnI kA mahasUla liyA jAtA thaa| AcakArI kI cIjoM para kara lagAye jAte the| videzI zarAba aura naze kI cIjoM para khAsa kara lagAyA jAtA thaa| bAhara se AnevAlI cIjoM para sAva prakAra ke bhinna bhinna kara lagAye jAte the| ina karoM ko chor3akara khajAne ko bharA pUrA rakhane ke liye zrAvazyakatA par3ane para kucha aura upAyoM se bhI dhana-saMgraha kiyA jAtA thaa| arthazAstra meM prajA se dhana lene ke bhinna bhinna upAya likhe haiN| prajA ko samaya samaya para rAjA kI sevA meM dhana Adi bheMTa

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 186 karanA par3atA thaa| jaba rAjA kisI ko koI padavI detA thA, taba vaha rAjA ko bahuta sA dhana bheMTa karatA thA / ___ sarakArI khajAne kA rupayA nIce likhe hue kAmoM meM vyaya hotA thA--yajJa, pitR-pUjana, dAna Adi; rAjAntaHpura kA prabaMdha; sarakArI karmacAriyoM kA vetana; senA; sarakArI imArateM aura lokopakArI kArya; jaMgaloM kI rakSA Adi * / kisa kAma meM kitanA kharca honA cAhie, yaha usake mahattva para nirbhara rahatA thaa| ___ Aya-vyaya vibhAga do bar3e adhyakSoM ke adhikAra meM thaa| Aya vibhAga kA adhyakSa "samAhartA" + aura vyaya vibhAga kA adhyakSa "sannidhAtA" + kahalAtA thaa| pararASTra vibhAga-maurya samrAToM kA kevala bhAratavarSa ke dUsare bhAgoM ke rAjAoM ke sAtha hI nahIM, balki videzI rASTroM ke sAtha bhI ghaniSTa rAjanItika sambandha thA / maurya sAmrAjya meM eka vibhAga kA kartavya videziyoM kI dekha rekha karanA thaa| aneka videzI vyApAra athavA bhramaNa ke liye isa deza meM Ate the / isa vibhAga kI ora se unakA ucita nirIkSaNa kiyA jAtA thA aura unakI sAmAjika sthiti ke anusAra unheM Thaharane ke liye sthAna tathA naukara cAkara Adi diye jAte the| svayaM candragupta ke darabAra meM sIriyA ke rAjA selyUkasa kA rAjadUta, megAsthinIja, rahatA thaa| caMdragupta ke putra, bindusAra, ke darabAra meM sIriyA ke rAjA enTiokasa soTara aura misra ke rAjA TAlemI philADelphasa ke * kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 6. + kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 2, adhyA0 6. kauTilIya arthazAkha madhi0 2, adhyA0 5.

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187 maurya zAsana paddhati rAjadUta rahate the| unake nAma krama se DeImekasa (Deimachos) aura DAyonIsiyasa (Dionysios) likhe gaye haiN| azoka ke terahaveM "caturdaza zilAlekha" se patA lagatA hai ki azoka kA laMkA ke sAtha tathA sIriyA, misra, sAirInI, mesiDoniyA (yUnAna) aura epirasa nAmaka pA~ca yUnAnI rAjyoM ke sAtha sambandha thaa| ina pA~coyUnAnI rAjyoM meM krama se antiyoka (Antiochos. II.) turamaya (Ptolomy Philadelphos), maka ( Magas), antikini (Antigonos Gonatas) aura alikasuMdara (Alexander. II.) nAma ke rAjA the| tAtparya yaha ki maurya kAla meM bhAratavarSa kA pazcimI dezoM ke sAtha ghaniSTa sambandha thA / kauTilIya arthazAstra ke anusAra videzI rASTra cAra bhAgoM meM bA~Te gaye haiN| yathA-"ari","mitra","madhyama" aura "udAsIna" / jina videzI rASTroM kI sImA kisI rASTra kI sImA se bilakula milI huI hotI thI, ve eka dUsare ke ari kahe jAte the| jina do rASTroM ke bIca meM kevala ari-rASTra kA antara hotA the, ve eka dUsare ke "mitra" kahe jAte the| jo rASTra ari aura mitra donoM rASTroM ke sannikaTa hote the aura jo donoM kI sahAyatA yA donoM kA virodha karane meM samartha hote the, ve "madhyama" rASTra kahe jAte the| jo rASTra ari, mitra aura madhyama tInoM rASTroM se pare hote the, tInoM se prabala hote the, aura tInoM kI sahAyatA yA virodha karane meM samartha hote the, ve "udAsIna" rASTra kahe jAte the / videzI rASTroM ke sAtha sAma, dAna, daNDa aura bheda ye cAroM nItiyA~ kAma meM * koTilIya arthazAstra; adhi06, adhyA0 2.

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bauda-kAlIna bhArata 188 bar3e paNDita hogamA sunane ke liye adAlatoM meM tIna lAI jAtI thiiN| eka rASTra dUsare rASTra ke yahA~ apanA rAjadUta rakhatA thaa| rAjadUta apane apane daravAra ko videzI rASTroM kA hAla cAla aura unake gupta samAcAra bhejA karate the| __ nyAya vimAga-maurya sAmrAjya meM do prakAra kI adAlateM thIM-eka "dharmasthIya" * ( dIvAnI) aura dUsarI "kaNTakazodhana" + (phaujadArI) / "dharmasthIya" adAlatoM meM tIna "dharmastha" (jaja) yA tIna "amAtya" mukadamA sunane ke liye baiThate the, jo dharmazAstra ke bar3e paNDita hote the| "kaNTaka-zodhana" adAlatoM meM tIna "pradeSTA" yA tIna "amAtya" mukadamA sunate the| "dharmasthIya" adAlateM Ama taura para una mukadamoM kA phaisalA karatI thIM, jo eka vyakti dUsare vyakti ke viruddha yA kucha loga dUsare logoM ke viruddha calAte the / aisI adAlateM sirpha juramAnA kara sakatI thIM; aura vaha juramAnA bhI bahuta bhArI na hotA thaa| "kaNTaka-zodhana" adAlatoM ke sAmane phaujadArI ke mukadame Ate the| ye adAlateM bhArI se bhArI juramAnA kara sakatI aura phA~sI taka kI sajA de sakatI thiiN| saba se choTI adAlata usa sadara mukAma meM baiThatI thI, jo dasa gA~voM ke bIca meM hotA thaa| usake Upara vaha adAlata hotI thI, jo 400 gA~voM ke bIcavAle sadara mukAma meM baiThatI thii| usake Upara vaha adAlata hotI thI, jo 800 gA~voM ke bocavAle sadara mukAma meM baiThatI thii| isake sivA eka adAlata do prAntoM ke bIcavAle sImA sthAna meM aura dUsarI adAlata rAjadhAnI meM hocI thii| ina saba adAlatoM ke Upara khayaM - kauTilIya arthazAstra: adhi03. adhyA0 1. + kauTilIya arthazAstra; adhi0 4, adhyA0 1.

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189 maurya zAsana paddhati samrAT kI adAlata hotI thI / vaha kaI vicArakoM kI sahAyatA se 'svayaM abhiyoga sunatA aura unakA nirNaya karatA thaa| ina adAlatoM ke sivA gA~voM meM paMcAyateM bhI hotI thI, jo grAmavAsiyoM ke jhagar3oM kA nipaTArA karatI thIM / gA~voM kI paMcAyatoM meM "grAmika" (gA~va ke mukhiyA) aura gA~va ke vRddha (grAma-vRddhAH) paMca ke taura para baiThate the| AvazyakatA par3ane para ye loga corI aura jyabhicAra ke aparAdhI ko gA~va se bAhara bhI nikAla sakate the| __ maurya sAmrAjya kI daNDa-nIti bahuta kaThora thii| prANadaNDa to bahuta hI sahaja bAta thii| kintu aparAdha hote hI bahuta kama the / kaThora daNDa dene kA avasara hI na AtA thaa| corI bahuta hI kama huA karatI thii| megAsthinIja ne likhA hai ki maiM jitane dinoM taka caMdragupta kI rAjadhAnI meM rahA, utane dina kisI roz2a bhI 200) se jyAdA kI corI nahIM huii| yaha bhI dhyAna rahe ki una dinoM pATaliputra kI AbAdI cAra lAkha thii| corI ke liye aisA kaThora daNDa thA ki yadi koI rAjakarmacArI 8 yA 10 paNa ( usa samaya kA eka sikA) curA letA thA, to use prANadaNDa milatA thA; aura yadi koI sAdhAraNa AdamI 40 yA 50 paNa curAtA thA, to use prANadaNDa diyA jAtA thaa| aparAdhiyoM ke liye aThAraha prakAra ke daNDoM kI vyavasthA thI, jisameM sAta prakAra se beMta lagAne kA bhI vidhAna thA /

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dasavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla ke rAjanItika vicAra eka-tantra rAjya-praNAlI-prAcIna bauddha kAla meM mukhyatayA do bhinna rAjanItika vicAra ke loga the| eka to ve the, jo sAmrAjya yA ekatantra praNAlI pasanda karate the aura dUsare ve jo prajAtantra praNAlI, gaNarAjya athavA saMgha ke pakSa meM the| prAcIna bauddha kAla meM donoM vicAra joroM ke sAtha phaila rahe the / para sAmrAjya yA ekatantra praNAlI kA pakSa dina para dina prabala ho rahA thaa| sAmrAjya yA ekatantra-rAjya, jaisA ki nAma se sUcita hai, eka manuSya kA rAjya thA; aura gaNa rAjya athavA saMgha rAjya kisI samUha yA samudAya kA rAjya thaa| buddha ke samaya meM magadha, kozala, avantI, vatsa Adi dezoM ke rAjya eka-taMtra yA rAjataMtra the| licchavi aura malla Adi jAtiyoM ke rAjya prajAtantra the| bauddha graMthoM meM prajAtantra rAjya "gaNa" yA "saMgha" kahe gaye haiN| pahale hama ekatantra yA rAjatantra rAjya ke bAre meM kucha kahanA cAhate haiN| rAjA ko AvazyakatA isa saMbaMdha meM pahalA prazna yaha uThatA hai ki prAraMbha meM rAjA kI AvazyakatA hI kyoM huI ? arthAt rAjya kI bAgaDora kisI eka manuSya ke hAtha meM de denA kyoM Avazyaka samajhA gayA ? isa prazna kA uttara mahAbhArata, zAnti parva ke 67 veM adhyAya meM isa prakAra diyA hai "arAjaka rAjya meM dharma kA pAlana nahIM ho sktaa| aise

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191 rAjanItika vicAra rAjya meM loga eka dUsare kA nAza karane meM hI tatpara rahate haiN| ataeva arAjaka (rAjA-rahita) rAjya ko dhikAra hai|" (3) "ataH apane nija kalyANa ke liye logoM ko cAhie ki ve kisI manuSya ko rAjA banA leM; kyoMki jo loga arAjaka rAjya meM rahate haiM, ve na to dhana bhoga sakate haiM, na strI / " (12) "arAjaka rAjya meM jo dAsa nahIM hotA, vaha dAsa banA liyA jAtA hai; aura striyA~ balapUrvaka hara lI jAtI haiN| isaliye devatAoM ne prajA kI rakSA ke liye rAjA utpanna kiyA hai|" (15) __ "yadi pRthvI para duSToM ko daNDa dene ke liye rAjA na hoM, to balavAn manuSya nirbaloM ko usI prakAra khA DAleM, jisa prakAra bar3I machaliyA~ choTI machaliyoM ko khA jAtI haiM / " (16) ____ "mAtsya-nyAya"-rAjA kyoM anivArya hai, yahI Upara ke zlokoM meM batalAyA gayA hai / isakA nicor3a yaha hai ki yadi rAjA na ho, to balavAn nirbaloM ko usI taraha khA DAleM, jisa taraha bar3I machalI choTI machaliyoM ko khA letI hai / prAcIna arthazAstra aura dharmazAstra meM ise "mAtsya-nyAya" kahA gayA hai| manusmRti meM isa "mAtsya-nyAya" ke bAre meM likhA hai "yadi na praNayedrAjA daNDaM daNDyeSvatandritaH / ___jale matsyAnivAhiMsyandurbalAnbalavattarAH / " arthAt-yadi rAjA Alasya-rahita hokara aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa na de, to balavAna manuSya nirbaloM ko usI taraha mAra DAleM, jisa taraha bar3I machalI choTI machaliyoM ko nigala jAtI hai| kauTilya ne apane arthazAstra meM isI "mAtsyanyAya" kA udAharaNa ina zabdoM meM diyA hai-"apraNIto hi mAtsyanyAya

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dhauddha-kAlIna bhArata 192 mudbhAvayati; baloyAnabalaM hi prasate dnndddhraabhaave*|" arthAt yadi aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa na diyA jAya, to mAtsya-nyAya kA AcaraNa hone lagatA hai; balavAna durbaloM ko satAne lagate haiN| vAlmIkIya rAmAyaNa meM bhI "mAtsya-nyAya" kA ullekha hai| _ "nArAjake janapade svakaM bhavati kasyacit / / matsyA iva janA nityaM bhakSayanti parasparam // " (ayoyAkANDa; adhyAya 67, neka 31) arthAt-jahA~ rAjA nahIM hotA, vahA~ koI manuSya apanI saMpatti surakSita nahIM rakha sktaa| machalI ke samAna. loga eka dUsare ko khA jAte haiN| __mAtsya-nyAya ke bhaya se prerita hokara hI logoM ne prAraMbha meM apanI rakSA ke liye rAjA yA ekatantra rAjya kI sRSTi kI thii| ___ rAjA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM pahalI bAta yaha hai ki prAraMbha meM rAjA aura prajA ke madhya eka sAmAjika "samaya" yA paTTA huaa| vaha paTTA yaha thA ki rAjA apanI prajA kI rakSA kare; aura prajA usake badale meM use kara de| isI ko a~garejI meM "sozala kAnTraikTa thiyarI" (Social Contract Theory ) kahate haiM / sAmAjika samaya yA paTTA-kauTilIya arthazAstra meM isa sAmAjika samaya yA paTTe ke bAre meM isa prakAra likhA hai"mAtsya-nyAya ke kAraNa arAjakatA se duHkhI hokara logoM ne pahale vaivasvata manu ko apanA rAjA cunaa| una logoM ne apane dhAnya kA chaThA bhAga tathA apane paNya ( mAla ) kA dasavA~ bhAga usakA aMza niyata kiyA / isa vetana se bhUta (pAlita poSita) . arthazAstra, pR0 6..

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193 rAjanItika vicAra hokara rAjA apanI prajA ke yoga aura kSema kI rakSA karatA hai aura unake pApoM ko dUra karatA hai / vana meM rahanevAle tapasvI bhI yaha samajhakara ki yaha hamArI rakSA karatA hai, ataeva isake badale meM ise kucha denA cAhie, rAjA ko usa dhAnya kA chaThA bhAga kara ke taura para dete haiM, jise ve eka eka dAnA karake binate haiN|" __ mahAbhArata ke zAnti parva, adhyAya 67 meM isa sAmAjika yA rAjA-prajA ke paTTa ke bAre meM isa prakAra likhA hai "pUrva samaya meM arAjakatA hone se loga eka dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cA rahe the| balavAnoM se nirbaloM kI rakSA kA koI upAya na thaa| taba saba loga ikaTThe hue aura kucha niyama banAkara brahmA ke pAsa gaye aura bole-'he bhagavan , hama logoM meM koI rAjA nahIM hai, isase hama saba naSTa ho rahe haiN| hama logoM ke liye kRpAkara eka rAjA niyukta kIjie, jo hamArI rakSA kare aura jisakI hama saba loga pUjA kreN|' yaha sunakara brahmA ne manu ko unake rAjA hone kI AjJA dii| para manu ne brahmA kA prastAva svIkRta nahIM kiyA aura kahA-'pApa-pUrita karma kA AcaraNa karate hue mujhe bahuta bhaya hotA hai| vizeSataH mithyAtva-yukta manuSyoM para rAjya karanA atyanta kaThina hai / ' prajA ne manu ke aise vacana sunakara kahA-'Apa mata Darie / jo loga pApa kareMge, vahI usake phala ke bhAgI hoNge| hama loga Apake koSa kI vRddhi ke liye apane pazu aura suvarNa kA pacAsavA~ bhAga aura apane dhAnya kA dasavA~ 'bhAga Apako deNge|' isake bAda manu ne prajA kA yaha 'samaya' * arthazAsa; pR0 22-23.

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194 gaira-kAlIna bhArata yA zarta mAna lI aura pRthvI ke cAroM ora cakkara lagAkara duSToM ko daNDa diyA aura saba ko apane apane dharma meM lagAyA / " bauddha sAhitya meM bhI rAjA kI utpatti ke bAre meM isI taraha kA vicAra pAyA jAtA hai| "dIgha-nikAya" ke "aggaja-suttanta" meM manuSya aura samAja kI utpatti aura vikAsa ke bAre meM vistAra ke sAtha likhA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki prAraMbha meM manuSya-samAja pavitra aura dhArmika thA; para dhIre dhIre usameM pApa praveza karane lagA aura loga cora, DAkU, jhUThe, vyabhicArI Adi hone lge| isa para saba logoM ne ikaTTha hokara Apasa meM salAha kI aura apane meM se eka saba se sundara, saba se dayAvAna aura saba se zaktimAna manuSya cunakara usase kahA-"he mahAbhAga, jo loga aparAdhI aura daNDa ke yogya hoM, unheM daNDa do| hama tumheM apane bhakta (cAvala) meM se eka bhAga deNge|" usane yaha bAta mAna lii| isa para usake tIna bhinna bhinna nAma rakhe gaye / saba logoM ne use cunA thA, isaliye vaha "mahAjana-saMmata" yA "mahA saMmata" khlaayaa| vaha saba khetoM kA pati yA rakSaka thA, isaliye vaha "kSetrANAM pati" yA "kSatriya" khlaayaa| vaha dUsaroM ko apane dharma se prasanna karatA thA, isase vaha "rAjA" kahalAyA / aisI hI eka kathA mahAyAna saMpradAya ke "mahAvastu" grantha meM bhI hai| Upara jo kucha likhA gayA hai, usase prakaTa hai ki rAjA yA ekatantra rAjya kA prAraMbha rAjA-prajA ke bIca samajhaute ke rUpa meM huaa| isa samajhaute ke pahale manuSyoM meM arAjakatA phailI huI thii| jise jo cIja milatI thI, vaha usI para kabjA kara letA thA; aura jo jisa prakAra cAhatA thA, vaha usI prakAra AcaraNa

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195 gajanomika vicAra karatA thaa| yaha eka taraha kI yuddha kI dazA thI / isa dazA kA anta tabhI huzrA, jaba manuSyoM ne apanI svataMtratA eka manuSya ke hAtha meM dI; arthAt jaba rAjA yA ekatantra rAjya kI sthApanA huii| rAjA nara rUpa meM devatA hai-prAvIna samaya meM rAjA kI utpatti ke bAre meM dUsarA vicAra yaha phailA huA thA ki vaha vara rUpa meM viSNu kA avatAra hai| isa vicAra ke sambandha meM vistArapUrvaka mahAbhArata (zAntiparva, adhyAya 59) meM likhA hai / bhISma se yudhiSThira pUchate haiM-"bhagavan , isa pRthvI para 'rAjA' kI utpatti kisa prakAra huI ? hAtha, paira, mu~ha, nAka, kAna Adi aMga aura janma, mRtyu, sukha, duHkha Adi guNa anya manuSyoM ke samAna hone para bhI kyA kAraNa hai ki rAjA dUsare manuSyoM para rAjya karatA hai ? aura kyA kAraNa hai ki saba manuSya eka hI puruSa kI AjJA meM calate haiM ?" isa prazna ke uttara meM bhISma pitAmaha kahate haiM"pahale kRtayuga meM rAjA yA rAjya, daNDa-kartA yA daNDa kucha bhI na thA / prajA hI dharma kI anugAminI hokara Apasa meM eka dUsare kI rakSA karatI thii| para dhIre dhIre logoM kI nIyata bigar3ane lagI aura ve moha tathA ajJAna meM par3a gaye / isa prakAra jJAna lupta hone ke kAraNa unake dharma-kArya naSTa hone lge| unameM doSa-adoSa kA kucha bhI vicAra na rahA / veda tathA yajJAdi dharma-karma lupta ho gye| taba devatA loga bhayabhIta hokara jagatpitAmaha brahmA kI zaraNa meM upasthita hue aura stuti karake bole-"he bhagavan , manuSyoM meM lobha, moha Adi bhAvoM ke udita hone se yajJa Adi dharma karma naSTa ho gaye haiN| isase hama loga bhI naSTa-prAya ho rahe haiN| he. pitAmaha, ApakI kRpA se hama logoM ko jo kucha aizvarya prApta

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dhAna-kAlIna bhArata 196 huA thA, vaha saba naSTa ho rahA hai| ataH vaha kAma kIjie, 'jisameM hama logoM kA kalyANa ho|" isa para brahmA ne eka lAkha adhyAyoM kA eka zAstra banAyA jisameM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kA varNana thaa| usa zAstra ko lekara devatA loga viSNu bhagavAn ke pAsa gaye aura bole- "he bhagavan , jo sampUrNa prAliyoM para prabhutA kara sake, aise kisI puruSa ko zrApa niyukta kiijie|" taba viSNu bhagavAn ne apane teja se "virajas" nAmaka mAnasa'putra utpanna kiyA / isa virajas kI chaThI pIr3hI meM jo putra utpanna huA, vaha rAjyAbhiSikta kiyA gayA / brahmA ne jo daNDa-nIti banAI thI, usake anusAra vaha rAjya karane lgaa| usakA nAma "pRthu" rakkhA gyaa| usakA rAjyAbhiSeka svayaM brahmA aura viSNu ne kiyA thA / svayaM viSNu ne apane tapa ke prabhAva se usa bhUpati ke zarIra meM praveza kiyA thaa| isI kAraNa akhila saMsAra usa kI AjJA ke anusAra calane lgaa| "deva" aura "naradeva" (rAjA) meM koI bheda na rahA / tabhI se rAjA loga viSNu ke aMza mAne aura "naradeva" (nara ke rUpa meM devatA ) kahe jAte haiN| para acche aura bure sabhI rAjA "naradeva" nahIM kahalAte the| jo rAjA dharma ke anusAra prajA kA pAlana karate the, vahI "naradeva" kI padavI pAte the| jo rAjA apanI prajA ko kaSTa dete the, ve "nara-pizAca" kahalAte the| zukranIti (1-70) meM likhA hai"jo rAjA dhArmika hai, vaha devatAoM kA aMza-rUpa hai; aura jo isake viparIta hai, vaha nara ke rUpa meM pizAca hai|" prAcIna bhArata ke arthazAstrakAroM ne kahIM rAjA ke atyAcAra aura vyabhicAra kI upekSA yA samarthana nahIM kiyA hai| balki unhoMne sadA yahI

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197 rAjanItika vicAra zikSA dI hai ki rAjA ko kAma, krodha, lobha aura moha se rahita hokara prajA kA pAlana karanA caahie| aise kaI rAjAoM ke udAharaNa milate haiM, jo prajA para atyAcAra karane ke kAraNa kula-parivAra sahita usa kI kopAni meM par3akara naSTa ho gaye / rAjA para aMkuza yA dabAva-para hindU arthazAstra yA rAjanIti zAstra ke anusAra rAjA apane kAma meM pUrNa niraMkuza na thA / hamArI prAcIna rAjanIti ke anusAra rAjA apanI prajA kA sevaka samajhA jAtA thaa| dhAnya kA jo chaThA bhAga yA paNya (krayavikraya kI vastuoM) kA jo dasavA~ bhAga use diyA jAtA thA, use vaha prajA kI sevA karane ke badale meM bhRti (vetana) ke rUpa meM pAtA thA / yaha mata kevala kauTilya aura mahAbhArata (zAntiparva) kA hI nahIM hai, balki dharmazAstroM kA bhI hai| baudhAyana, jo IsavI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM hue haiM, kahate haiM--"SaGbhAga-bhRto rAjA rakSet prajAm" * arthAt "vetana ke taura para dhAnya kA chaThA bhAga pAkara rAjA apanI prajA kI rakSA kre"| mahAbhArata (zAnti parva, adhyAya 71, zloka 10) meM likhA hai ki rAjA ko kara ke rUpa meM jo kucha, milatA hai, vaha usakA vetana hai, jisake badale meM vaha prajA kI rakSA karatA hai / usameM (adhyAya 75, zloka 10) yahA~ taka kahA gayA hai ki rAjA yadi apanI prajA kA dhana, jo coroM ne curA liyA ho, na dilA sake, to use cAhie ki vaha apane khajAne se vaha nukasAna bhara de| aisA hI niyama kauTilya ne bhI rAjAoM ke liye banAyA hai-"yadi rAjA coroM se curAyA huA dhana usake mAlika ko na dilA sake, to use cAhie ki vaha usake badale meM * baudhAyana dharmasUtra; 1-10-1.

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198 caura-kAlIna bhArata utanA hI dhana apane pAsa se usa manuSya ko de"* / isase patA lagatA hai ki kara ke taura para rAjA ko jo kucha milatA thA, vaha usakA vetana samajhA jAtA thA, jisake badale meM vaha prajA kI rakSA karatA thA; aura usakI zakti kabhI niraMkuza nahIM thii| prAcIna kAla ke rAjyoM meM kaI rAjanItika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika saMsthAe~ aisI rahatI thIM jo rAjA para pUrI taraha se aMkuza yA dabAba rakhatI thiiN| isa taraha kI saMsthAe~ grAma-pariSad (gA~va kI paMcAyateM), nagara-pariSad (nagara kI paMcAyateM), bhinna bhinna prakAra ke vyApAriyoM ko "zreNI" yA paMcAyateM, bauddha saMgha ityAdi the| ye saba saMsthAe~ apane apane kArya aura kSetra meM pUrNa svataMtra thiiN| koI rAjA inake kAmoM meM dakhala nahIM de sakatA thaa| balki ina saMsthAoM ke kAraNa rAjA kI zakti aura adhikAra maryAdita tathA sImAbaddha rahate the| rAjA ina saMsthAoM ko upekSA kI dRSTi se nahIM dekha sakatA thaa| dharma-zAstroM tathA artha-zAstroM meM rAjAoM ko barAbara yahI zikSA dI gaI hai ki ve paura, jAnapada, zreNI Adi ke niyamoM kA Adara kareM aura unakI sammati grahaNa kreN| rAjAoM ke adhikAra kitane maryAdita aura sImA-baddha the, yaha "telapatta jAtaka" se jAnA jAtA hai / usameM likhA hai ki eka bAra takSazilA kA eka rAjA eka parama suMdarI yakSiNI ke prema meM phaMsa gayA / usa yakSiNI ne yaha samajhakara ki aba rAjA pUrI taraha se mere vaza meM ho gayA hai, usase kula rAjya kA adhikAra maaNgaa| rAjA ne uttara diyA-"priyatame, apanI prajA para merA . arthazAstraH 160.

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199 rAjanItika vicAra koI adhikAra nahIM hai; maiM usakA svAmo aura prabhu nahIM huuN| merA adhikAra sirpha una logoM para hai, jo vidroha yA anucita kAya karate haiN| ataeva maiM tumheM apane rAjya kA adhikAra nahIM de sktaa| hA~, apane mahala para merA adhikAra hai| vaha maiM tumheM detA huuN|" isase prakaTa hai ki prAcIna kAla meM, aura kama se kama vauddha kAla meM, rAjA kI zakti niraMkuza na rahatI thI; arthAt vaha apanI svataMtra icchA ke anusAra koI kAma nahIM kara sakatA thA / usakA adhikAra kevala prajA kI rakSA karanA, arAjakatA yA vidroha ko dabAnA aura aparAdhiyoM ko daNDa denA thaa| isase adhika vaha kucha na kara sakatA thaa| prajAtantra rAjya praNAlo-hama Upara likha Aye haiM ki prAcIna bauddha kAla meM uttarI bhArata meM eka-taMtra rAjyoM ke sAtha sAtha bahuta se prajAtaMtra rAjya bhI phaile hue the| prAcIna bhArata ke prajAtaMtra rAjya saMgha athavA gaNa-rAjya kahalAte the| manuSyoM kA vaha samudAya yA samUha, jisakA koI nizcita uddezya yA artha ho "saMgha" yA "gaNa" kahalAtA hai / I0 pU0 sAtavIM zatAbdI meM pANini ne "saMgha" aura "gaNa" donoM zabdoM kA vyavahAra kiyA hai| pANini kA eka sUtra "saMghauddhau gaNaprazaMsayoH" hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki saM pUrvaka han dhAtu se "saMgha" tabhI banatA hai, jaba usakA artha gaNa yA vizeSa prakAra kA samUha ho / anyathA sAdhAraNa samUha ke artha meM saM pUrvaka han dhAtu se "saMghAta" zabda . banatA hai / ataeva siddha hotA hai ki pANini ke samaya meM aura usake bAda bauddha kAla meM bhI "saMgha" yA "gaNa" zabda sAdhAraNa samUha ke artha meM nahIM, balki eka vizeSa prakAra ke tathA nizcita

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata uddazyavAle samUha ke artha meM vyavahRta hotA thaa| isase prakaTa hai ki bhinna bhinna uddezyoM ke anusAra bhinna bhinna prakAra ke dhArmika, sAmAjika yA rAjanItika saMgha athavA gaNa hote the| prAcIna dhArmika saMgha yA gaNa kA saba se acchA udAharaNa bauddhoM kA bhikSu-saMgha hai| yaha samajhanA ThIka nahIM hai ki pahale pahala buddha hI ne apane bhikSu-saMpradAya ke liye "saMgha" zabda kA upayoga kiyA / prAcIna bauddha graMthoM se hI patA lagatA hai ki buddha ke samakAlIna pUraNa-kassapa, makkhali-gosAla Adi kama se kama sAta bar3e bar3e dhArmika AcArya ho gaye haiM, jo "saMghino" ( saMgha ke aguA) "garimano" (gaNa ke aguA ) aura "gaNAcariyA" (gaNAcArya yA maNoM ke AcArya) kahalAte the / isase yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki kevala buddha kA hI dhArmika saMpradAya "saMgha" nahIM kahalAtA thA, balki unake samaya meM hI kama se kama sAta aise dhArmika samUha the, jo "saMgha" yA "gaNa" kahalAte the| ye saba "saMdhinaH" aura "gaNinaH" (arthAt saMgha aura gaNa ke aguA) "samaNa-brAhmaNa" (zramaNa brAhmaNAH) kahe gaye haiM, jisakA artha yaha hai ki kucha saMgha zramaNa athavA bauddha dharmAvalaMbI the aura kucha braahmnn-dhrmaavlNbii| isase spaSTa hai ki brAhmaNoM ke saMpradAya bhI "saMgha"yA "gaNa" kahalAte the| Upara chaThe adhyAya meM bauddha saMgha kA vistAra-pUrvaka varNana kiyA jA cukA hai| vyApArika saMgha-bauddha kAla meM bahuta se saMgha aise bhI the, jo vyApAra aura vyavasAya ke uddezya se banAye jAte the| isa baraha * mahAparinibbAna suca; 58.

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201 rAjanItika vicAra ke saMgha "zreNI" kahalAte the| I0 pU0 500 se I0 50 600 taka bhAratavarSa meM isa taraha ke aneka vyApArika saMgha yA zreNiyA~ thiiN| jitane prakAra ke vyavasAya aura vyApAra the, prAyaH utane hI prakAra kI zreNiyA~ bhI thiiN| hara eka vyApAra yA pezevAle apanA alaga samAja yA zreNI banAye hue the| ina saba kA savistara varNana bArahaveM adhyAya meM kiyA jAyagA / rAjanItika saMgha-aba hama una saMghoM ke bAre meM likhate haiM, jo rAjanItika uddezya se banAye gaye the| ina rAjanItika saMghoM ko hama prajAtaMtra yA gaNa-rAjya kaha sakate haiM / rAjanItika saMghoM ke bAre meM yAda rakhane kI bAta yaha hai ki ve kisI eka manuSya ke adhIna nahIM, balki eka vizeSa samudAya ke adhIna the| yahA~ yaha prazna uTha sakatA hai ki kisa pramANa para yaha kahA jAtA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM rAjanItika saMgha yA prajAtantra rAjya the ? isake uttara meM hama yahA~ para jaina dharma ke prasiddha grantha "AyAraMga-sutta" ( AcArAMga sUtra ) kA havAlA dete haiM / usa grantha meM jaina bhikSuoM aura bhikSuniyoM ke bAre meM niyama diye haiN| una niyamoM meM kucha niyama isa sambandha meM haiM ki bhikSuoM tathA bhikSuniyoM ko kahA~ na jAnA cAhie / bhikSuoM ke liye jina jina sthAnoM meM jAne kI manAhI thI, ve nimnalikhita haiM-(1) arAjaka rAjya ( jahA~ koI rAjA na ho); yuvarAjaka rAjya ( jahA~ kA rAjA bilakula lar3akA ho); dvirAjya (jahA~ do rAjAoM kA rAjya ho) aura gaNarAjya ( jahA~ gaNa yA samUha kA rAjya ho)| isase prakaTa hai ki . pAlI TeksTa sosAiTI se prakAzita; 2. 3.1-10.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 202 I garaNa-rAjya eka prakAra ke rAjanItika saMgha yA prajAtantra rAjya the / prAcIna bauddha kAla meM prajAtaMtra yA garaNa rAjya kA honA avadAna zataka nAmaka eka dUsare bauddha grantha se bhI siddha hai / yaha grantha 0 pU0 100 ke lagabhaga kA hai / isake 88 veM avadAna meM likhA hai ki kucha saudAgara madhya deza se dakSiNa kI ora vyApAra karane ke liye gaye the| jaba vahA~ unase pUchA gayA ki tumhAre deza meM kisa prakAra kA rAjya hai, taba unhoMne uttara diyA - " keciddazA gaNAdhInAH kecidrAjAdhInA iti" arthAt "kucha deza gaNoM ke adhIna haiM aura kucha rAjAoM ke adhIna " / yahA~ rAjAdhIna deza se ekatantra rAjya kA aura gaNAdhIna deza se gaNa-rAjya yA prajAtantra rAjya kA tApaya hai / pANini kA eka sUtra " janapada zabdAt kSatriyAdan " hai / isakA artha yaha hai ki " apatya artha meM ac pratyaya usI zabda ke sAtha lagatA hai, jo deza aura kSatriya donoM kA bAcaka ho / " isa sUtra para kAtyAyana kA yaha vArtika hai"kSatriyAdekarAjAt saMghapratiSedhArtham" arthAt " aJ pratyaya apatya artha meM usI zabda meM laganA cAhie, jo deza aura kSatriya donoM arthoM kA bodhaka ho; para zarta yaha hai ki usa deza meM eka rAjA kA Adhipatya ho / jisa deza meM saMgha yA samUha kA rAjya ho, usa deza ke vAcI zabda meM apatya artha meM aJ pratyaya nahIM laga sakatA / " isase spaSTa hai ki saMgha yA garaNa-rAjya eka prakAra ke prajAtantra rAjya the; arthAt unameM eka manuSya kA rAjya nahIM, balki samUha kA rAjya thA / prAcIna bauddha kAla ke saMghoM yA gaNa rAjyoM kI sUcI aura varNana Upara AThaveM adhyAya meM diyA gayA hai / - saMgho yA gaNa rAjyoM kI zAsana vyavasthA-saMghoM yA gaNa

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203 rAjanItika vicAra rAjyoM kI zAsana-vyavasthA kaisI thI, arthAt unakA zAsana kisa prakAra hotA thA, isake sambandha meM pratyakSa rIti para kisI grantha meM kucha nahIM likhA hai / kauTilya ne bhI apane arthazAstra meM saMghoM yA gaNa-rAjyoM kI zAsana praNAlI ke bAre meM kucha nahIM likhA hai / ataeva saMghoM yA gaNa-rAjyoM kI zAsana-vyavasthA ke bAre meM kucha likhane ke liye hameM kevala apratyakSa pramANoM kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| isa sambandha meM mukhya pramANa bauddhoM kA bhikSu-saMgha hai; kyoMki buddha bhagavAna ne apane bhikSu-saMgha kI vyavasthA inhIM rAjanItika saMghoM yA gaNa rAjyoM kI zAsana-vyavasthA ke Adarza 'para kI thii| buddha bhagavAn zAkyoM aura licchaviyoM ke prajAtantra yA gaNa-rAjya meM pAle pose gaye the, unakI hara eka bAta se pUrI -taraha paricita the aura unakI zAsana-vyavasthA acchI taraha jAnate the| bhikSu-saMgha sthApita karate samaya unakI dRSTi ke sAmane zAkyoM aura licchaviyoM ke saMgha yA gaNa rAjya kA Adarza rahA hogA aura unhoMne apane bhikSu-saMgha kI zAsana-vyavasthA rAjanItika saMgha yA gaNa-rAjya kI zAsana-vyavasthA ke DhaMga para kI hogii| ataeva bhikSu-saMgha kI zAsana-vyavasthA se hama rAjanItika saMgha yA gaNa-rAjya kI zAsana-vyavasthA kA anumAna kara sakate haiN| vinaya-piTaka meM bhikSu-saMgha kI vyavasthA kA varNana bahuta vistAra ke sAtha diyA gayA hai| yahA~ usI ke AdhAra para mukhya mukhya bAteM dI jAtI haiM pariSad-pratyeka saMgha meM eka pariSad hotI thii| isa pariSad kI baiThaka kaba honI cAhie, kaise honI cAhie, kina kina logoM ko usameM rAya denI cAhie aura kaise rAya denI cAhie

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 204 Adi bAtoM ke vizeSa niyama bane hue the| saMgha ke kula bhikSu isa pariSad ke sabhya ho sakate the / unameM se hara eka ko usameM rAya dene kA adhikAra thaa| pariSad meM hara eka sabhya ke liye avasthA aura gaurava ke anusAra Asana niyata rahatA thaa| isake liye eka vizeSa karmacArI rahatA thA, jise "Asana-prajJApaka" kahate the / ___ pariSad meM prastAva kA niyama-jaba pariSad meM saba sabhya jamA ho jAte the, taba jo sabhya prastAva karanA cAhatA thA, vaha apanA prastAva pariSad ke sAmane rakhatA thaa| prastAva kI sUcanA ko "jJapti" kahate the| "jJapti" ke uparAnta "karmavAcA" hotI thI; arthAt upasthita sabhyoM se prazna kiyA jAtA thA ki Apa logoM ko yaha prastAva svIkRta hai yA nhiiN| yaha prazna yA lo . eka bAra kiyA jAtA thA yA tIna bAra / jaba prazna eka bAra kiyA jAtA thA, taba usa karma ko "jJapti-dvitIya" kahate the aura jaba prazna tIna bAra kiyA jAtA thA, taba use "jJapti-caturtha" kahate the| ye saba kAraravAiyA~ isa prakAra kI jAtI thIM jaba koI nayA vyakti bauddha saMgha meM bhartI hone ke liye AtA thA, taba pariSad ke saba sabhya jamA hokara isa bAta para vicAra karate the ki vaha saMgha meM bhartI kiyA jAya yA nhiiN| unameM se eka sabhya yaha "jJapti" yA prastAva saMgha ke sAmane rakhatA thA-"maiM saMgha ko yaha sUcita karatA hU~ ki amuka nAma kA yaha vyakti amuka nAma ke upAdhyAya se upasaMpadA (dIkSA) grahaNa karake saMgha meM bhartI honA cAhatA hai| vaha upasaMpadA grahaNa karane ke liye saMgha kI AjJA cAhatA hai / yadi saMgha AjJA de, to vaha bhartI kiyA jAya / yadi koI isa prastAva ke viruddha ho to bole / " isa jJapti ke bAda

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205 rAjanItika vicAra vaha tIna bAra "karmavAcA" karatA thA; arthAt tIna bAra vaha prastAva upasthita karatA thA / pariSad kA koI kArya taba taka niyamAnusAra na samajhA jAtA thA, jaba taka usake saMbaMdha meM pariSad ke sAmane eka bAra "jJapti" aura eka yA tIna bAra "karmavAcA" na ho| jaba prastAva niyamAnusAra eka yA tIna bAra saMgha ke sAmane rakha diyA jAtA thA, taba vaha Apa hI Apa svIkRta ho jAtA thaa| bahumata-yadi koI sabhya prastAva ke viruddha kucha kahatA thA aura usa para mata-bheda hotA thA, to upasthita sabhyoM kI rAya lI jAtI thI; aura bahumata ke anusAra hI phaisalA kiyA jAtA thA / rAya (voTa) lene ke pahale sabhya-gaNa vyAkhyAna ke dvArA apane apane vicAra prakaTa karate the aura apanI apanI rAya para jora dete the / sabhyoM kI rAya bhinna bhinna raMga kI zalAkAoM ke dvArA lI jAtI thii| eka mata ke liye eka raMga kI zalAkA hotI thI aura dUsare mata ke liye dUsare raMga kii| yaha zalAkA Aja kala ke voTiMga TikaTa yA parce kA kAma detI thii| logoM kI rAya lene ke liye aura unheM yaha batalAne ke liye ki kisa raMga kI zalAkA se kyA tAtparya hai, saMgha kI ora se eka bhikSu niyata rahatA thA, jise "zalAkA grAhaka" kahate the| jo manuSya niSpakSa, nirbhIka aura IrSyA se rahita hotA thA, vahI "zalAkA-grAhaka" niyukta hotA thA / sabhyoM kI rAya yA to prakaTa rUpa se lI jAtI thI, yA gupta rUpa se| anupasthita sabhyoM kI rAya-jaba koI sabhya, bImArI yA aura kisI kAraNa se, upasthita na ho sakatA thA, taba vaha apanI rAya bheja detA thaa| anupasthita sabhyoM kI niyamAnusAra sammati ko "chanda" kahate the / pariSad kI koI baiThaka taba taka niyamAnu

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 206 kUla na samajhI jAtI thI, jaba taka sammati dene kA adhikAra pAye hue kula sabhya usameM upasthita na hoM; yA kisI kAraNa anupasthita hone para unhoMne niyamAnusAra apanI sammati na prakaTa kI ho| adhivezana ke liye kama se kama upasthiti yA koramakama se kama kitane sabhyoM kI upasthiti hone para pariSad kI baiThaka ho sakatI thI, isake niyama kA bar3A khayAla rakhA jAtA thaa| bhinna bhinna kAryoM ke liye bhinna bhinna saMkhyA niyata thii| kucha kArya to aise the, jinake liye kevala cAra sabhyoM kI upasthiti Avazyaka thI; aura kucha aise the, jinake liye kama se kama bIsa bhikSuoM kI upasthiti paramAvazyaka thii| yadi binA "korama" yA nirdiSTa saMkhyA ke pariSad kI baiThaka hotI, to vaha niyama-viruddha samajhI jAtI thii| yadi kisI upasthita sabhya kI rAya meM pariSad kI baiThaka niyama-viruddha hotI, to vaha usakA virodha kara sakatA thA / gaNa-pUraka yA hvipa (Whip)- yadi yaha samajhA jAtA thA ki pariSad kI kisI baiThaka meM "korama" yA nirdiSTa saMkhyA na pUrI hogI, to "korama" pUrA karane kA prayatna kiyA jAtA thaa| isa kAma ke liye eka sabhya niyata kiyA jAtA thA, jo "gaNa-pUraka" kahalAtA thaa| ise a~garez2I meM "dvipa" kaha sakate haiN| pariSad kI baiThaka ke saMbaMdha meM isI taraha ke aneka choTe bar3e niyama the, jinakA yahA~ ullekha karanA asaMbhava hai| yahA~ kevala moTI moTI bAtoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| para jo kucha Upara likhA gayA hai, usase pAThakoM ne samajha liyA hogA ki Aja kala ke sabhya dezoM meM pArlimeMTa yA kAunsila Adi kI baiThakoM ke jo niyama haiM,prAyaH ve saba bauddha kAla ke saMghoM aura gaNa-rAjyoM

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207 rAjanItika vicAra meM bhI barate jAte the| "prastAva", "bahumata", "voTa", "voTiMga TikaTa" yA parcA, "korama", "hipa" ityAdi vartamAna samaya kI pArlimeMToM, kAunsiloM aura mITiMgoM kI vizeSatAe~samajhI jAtI haiN| para vAstava meM ye saba bAteM dUsare nAma se bauddha kAla ke saMghoM aura gaNa-rAjyoM meM bhI pracalita thiiN| kadAcit isa bAta para kucha loga vizvAsa na kareM aura kaheM ki prAcIna graMthoM ke zabdoM ko tor3a maror3akara ye saba artha nikAle gaye haiN| para jisa graMtha (vinaya piTaka) ke AdhAra para yaha varNana diyA gayA hai, vaha saba ke sAmane taiyAra hai / usa graMtha kA anuvAda aMgarejI meM bhI ho gayA hai aura "sekreDa buksa Apha di IsTa sIrIja' meM chapA hai| ___yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki saMgha ke "jJapti", "karmavAcA", "zalAkA-prAhaka","gaNapUraka" Adi pAribhASika yA sAMketika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA buddha ne kahIM nahIM kI hai / yadi saMgha ke bhinna bhinna niyamoM yA pAribhASika zabdoM ke janmadAtA buddha hI hote, to ve una niyamoM aura pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA vistAra ke sAtha aura avazya krte| ataeva siddha hai ki buddha ne ina saba niyamoM aura pAribhASika zabdoM ko una prajAtantroM yA gaNa rAjyoM se grahaNa kiyA thA, jo unake samaya meM pracalita the| buddha ke samaya meM ye saba pAribhASika zabda sarva sAdhAraNa meM itane adhika pracalita the ki buddha bhagavAn unakI vyAkhyA karane kI koI AvazyakatA hI na samajhate the /

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gyArahavA adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kI sAmAjika avasthA cAra varNa-buddha ke samaya meM tathA unake bAda bhI prAcIna bhArata kI sAmAjika dazA kaisI thI, isakI kucha kucha malaka jAtaka kathAoM aura prAcIna bauddha granthoM meM jahA~ tahA~ dikhalAI par3atI hai / ina granthoM se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya kA samAja cAra varSoM meM vibhakta thaa| cAro varNo kA bhikSu-saMpradAya ke sAtha jo sambandha thA, usake bAre meM buddha bhagavAna ne eka sthAna para apane ziSyoM se kahAthA-"bhikSuo, jisa prakAra gaMgA, yamunA Adi bar3I bar3I nadiyA~ samudra meM milane para apanA nAma aura rUpa kho detI haiM aura samudra ke rUpa meM badala jAtI haiM, usI prakAra khattiya ( kSatriya), bAmhaNa (brAhmaNa) vessa (vaizya ) aura suddha (zUdra) jaba ghara chor3akara bhikSu-sampradAya meM Ate haiM, taba apanA nAma aura varNa kho dete haiM aura samaNa (zramaNa ) kahalAne lagate haiM / " eka dUsare sthAna para buddha bhagavAna kahate haiM-"he rAjan, kSatriya, brAhmaNa, vaizya aura zUdra ye cAra varNa haiN| ina cAroM vargoM meM kSatriya aura brAhmaNa zreSTha haiM / / U~ca nIca kA bhAva-kucha logoM kA vizvAsa hai ki buddha bhagavAna ne varNa-vibhAga bilakula uThA diyA thA; para vAstava meM yaha * vinayapiTaka (cullavagga )-6.1-4, + majjhima-nikAya ( karaNakathAla mutta)

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209 sAmAjika avasthA bAta nahIM hai| bauddha dharma kA pracAra hone ke bAda bhI varNa-bheda banA rahA / jaisA ki Upara likhA gayA hai, bauddha granthoM meM aneka sthaloM para varNa-vibhAga kA ullekha AyA hai| bauddha bhikSuoM ke saMpradAya meM bhI varNa vibhAga kA bhAva dUra nahIM huA thA / "tittira jAtaka' meM likhA hai ki eka bAra buddha bhagavAn ne bhikSuoM kI sabhA meM pUchA ki saba se adhika aura saba se pahale kisakA Adara honA cAhie ? isake uttara meM kucha bhikSuoM ne kahA"jo manuSya kSatriya kula se bhikSu-saMpradAya meM AyA ho, vahI adhika pUjanIya hai *" dUsare bhikSuoM ne kahA-"jo manuSya brAhmaNa yA vaizya kula se bhikSu-saMpradAya meM AyA ho, vahI adhika pUjanIya hai / " isa ullekha se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya samAja meM U~ca aura nIca kA bhAva phailA huA thA; yahA~ taka ki saMsAra se virakta bhikSu loga bhI isa bhAva se rahita na the / samAna varNa meM vivAha sambandha-jAtaka kathAoM se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya vivAha-sambandha Ama taura para samAna varNa meM hotA thaa| loga isa bAta kA bar3A dhyAna rakhate the ki samAna jAti yA peze ke logoM meM vivAha-sambandha kiyA jAya, jisameM rudhira kI pavitratA banI rahe / jaba mAtA-pitA apane putra kA vivAha karanA cAhate the, taba ve apane hI varNa kI kanyA DhU~Dhate the; yA apane putra ko yaha salAha dete the-"samAna jAti kI kanyA kA pANigrahaNa karo" (ekaM samajAtikakulA kumArika garAha ) / eka jAtaka-kathA meM brAhmaNa mAtA-pitA apane putra se * "khattiya kulA pabbajito" / + "brAhmaNakulA gahapatikulA pbbjito"|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata kaha rahe haiM-"beTA, brAhmaNa kula kI lar3akI lAnA" (brAhmaraNakula kumArikaM Anetha ) / jAtaka-kathAoM meM aise aneka sthala haiM, jinameM samAna jAti meM vivAha karane para jora diyA gayA hai| unhIM kathAoM se yaha bhI jAnA jAtA hai ki vivAha karane ke samaya lar3ake yA lar3akI kI ruci yA icchA kA khayAla nahIM kiyA jAtA thA / bar3e bUr3he Apasa meM bAtacIta karake vivAha-sambandha tai kara lete the aura apane lar3ake yA lar3akI se isa bAre meM rAya nahIM lete the| Ama taura para vara aura kanyA donoM yuvAvasthA ke hote the| sAdhAraNa niyama to yahI thA ki vivAha-sambandha samAna jAti yA varNa meM hotA thaa| para isa niyama ke viruddha bahudhA asamAna jAti yA varNa meM bhI vivAha-sambandha ke udAharaNa jAtaka kathAoM meM pAye jAte haiN| "bhahasAla jAtaka" se patA lagatA hai ki kozala ke rAjA ne eka zUdA strI se vivAha kiyA thA; aura usase jo santAna huI thI, vaha kSatriya samajhI jAtI thii| isI taraha "kaTThahAri jAtaka" se patA lagatA hai ki eka rAjA ne zUdra lakaDihAre kI lar3akI ko apanI pradhAna rAnI banAyA thA; aura usase jo lar3akA huA thA, use yuvarAja pada milA thaa| kSatriyoM kI pradhAnatA-jAtakoM tathA anya bauddha graMthoM meM kSatriya loga saba vargoM se zreSTha kahe gaye haiN| brAhmaNa tathA vaizya unase nIce samajhe gaye haiN| bauddha graMthoM ke anusAra samAja meM kSatriyoM kI maryAdA saba se bar3hI car3hI thii| una meM brAhmaNoM kA ullekha apamAna aura nIcatAsUcaka zabdoM meM kiyA gayA hai; tathA brAhmaNoM ke liye "tuccha brAhmaNa" "nIca brAhmaNa" Adi zabda Aye haiN|

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211 sAmAjika avasthA isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki usa samaya kSatriya loga vidyA, jJAna aura tapasyA meM brAhmaNoM kA mukAbalA karate the| para bauddha graMthoM kI yaha bAta ki kSatriya brAhmaNoM se bhI zreSTha the, ThIka nahIM jaMcatI; kyoMki bauddha graMtha adhikatara kSatriyoM ke likhe hue haiN| bhikSuoM kA adhikAMza bhikSu-saMpradAya meM Ane ke pahale kSatriya varNa kA hI thaa| una logoM kA bhikSu hone ke bAda bhI apane pUrva varNa kI prazaMsA karanA koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai| isake sivA bauddha bhikSu brAhmaNoM ke kaTTara virodhI the| ataH isa viSaya meM bauddha graMthoM ko prAmANika mAnanA ucita nahIM jAna par3atA / kSatriya-jAtaka graMthoM se patA lagatA hai ki "kSatriya" koI alaga jAti na thI / zAsaka yA rAjA, aura jinase unakA pArivArika sambandha thA, saba kSatriya kahalAte the / kSatriyoM ke alaga alaga kula the, jo alaga alaga sthAnoM meM rAjya karate the| bAda ko yahI kSatriya kula eka jAti meM pariNata ho gye| rAjya ke jitane bar3e bar3e ohade the, ve saba inhIM kSatriyoM ke hAtha meM the| kSatriya loga apane rakta kI zuddhatA para bar3A jora dete the| jo kSatriya dUsare varNa yA jAti meM vivAha-sambandha karatA thA, vaha hIna samamA jAtA thaa| kSatriya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke vivAha-sambandha se jo santAna hotI thI, vaha brAhmaNa samajhI jAtI thI, kSatriya nhiiN| isI taraha se brAhmaNa puruSa aura kSatriya strI ke vivAha-sambandha se jo santAna hotI thI, vaha bhI brAhmaNa hI samajhI jAtI thI, kSatriya nahIM / isase sUcita hotA hai ki kSatriya loga rakta kI zuddhatA kA bahuta dhyAna rakhate the| usa samaya kSatriya loga vidyA, buddhi aura Atmika jJAna meM brAhmaNoM se kama nahIM hote the| buddha bhagavAna aura

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 212 mahAvIra svAmI kSatriya hI the| brAhmaNa bAlakoM kI taraha kSatriya bAlaka bhI apane jIvana kA kucha aMza veda Adi par3hane meM bitAte the| "gAmaNicaNDa jAtaka" meM kahA hai ki eka rAjA apane rAjakumAra ko sAta varSoM taka tInoM vedoM aura saba laukika kartavyoM kI zikSA detA thaa| rAjakumAra loga vidyAdhyayana ke liye prAyaH kisI brAhmaNa ke pAsa athavA takSazilA zrAdi vidyApIThoM meM jAte the / una dinoM takSazilA bar3A prasiddha vizva-vidyAlaya thA / banArasa taka ke vidyArthI itanI dUra paidala calakara vahA~ pahu~cate the| adhyayana ke viSaya tIno veda aura aThAraho vidyAe~ likhI gaI haiN| brAhmaNa-usa samaya brAhmaNoM kI eka jAti bana gaI thii| brAhmaNa janma se hotA thA, na ki karma se * / brAhmaNa apanI jIvikA ke liye nIca se nIca kAma karane para bhI "brAhmaNa" hI bane rahate the| ve loga apane ko saba vargoM se ucca samajhate the; kyoMki vahI yajJa karA sakate the aura kSatriyoM ke purohita vana sakate the / brAhmaNa graMthoM meM brAhmaNoM ke jIvana kA jo citra milatA hai, vaha unake Adarza jIvana kA hai| para jAtakoM meM brAhmaNoM kA jo citra milatA hai, vaha unake sAdhAraNa aura gharelU jIvana kA hai| unameM hama brAhmaNoM ko adhyApaka, vidyArthI, kisAna, purohita aura vyApArI Adi ke rUpa meM pAte haiN| brAhmaNa do bhAgoM meM bA~Te gaye haiM-eka sacce AdarzabrAhmaNa aura dUsare sAMsArika brAhmaNa / saccA aura Adarza brAhmaNa kevala brAhmaNa kula meM janma lene, yajJa karane yA veda par3hane se nahIM hotA thA, balki acche karma karane ___ * *brAhmaNo nAma jAtiyA braahmnno|" vinayapiTaka; nissaggiya, 10.2-1.

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213 sAmAjika avasthA se hotA thaa| usa samaya saba loga aise brAhmaNoM kI pratiSThA karate the| "samaNa" (zramaNa) aura "brAhmaNa" zabda jAtakoM tathA anya bauddha graMthoM meM sAtha sAtha Aye haiN| isase patA lagatA hai ki sacce brAhmaNoM kI pratiSThA zramaNoM ke barAbara hotI thii| brAhmaNoM kA jIvana cAra AzramoM meM vibhakta thA / brahmacarya Azrama meM vaha guru ke yahA~ rahakara vidyA par3hatA thA; aura isake bAda gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karatA thaa| bAda ko gRhasthAzrama kA tyAga karake vAnaprasthAzrama grahaNa karatA thA; yA tapasvI kI taraha jIvana bitAtA thA; yA vidyArthiyoM ko zikSA detA thaa| cauthA Azrama saMnyAsI yA bhikSu kA thA / isa Azrama meM vaha bhikSA mA~gakara udara-pAlana karatA thA / kabhI kabhI koI brAhmaNa brahmacaryAzrama ke bAda hI saMnyAsAzrama meM praviSTa ho jAtA thaa| jaba brAhmaNa bAlaka solaha varSa kA hotA thA, taba guru ke yahA~ bhejA jAtA thaa| isa bIca meM kadAcit vaha ghara hI meM par3hAyA jAtA thaa| prAyaH vidyArthI par3hane ke liye takSazilA meM bheje jAte the| ve tInoM vedoM kA adhyayana karate the / kisI brAhmaNa kI prazaMsA meM kahA jAtAthA ki vaha tInoM vedoM kA pUrNa paNDita hai (tieNaM vedAnaM paarNgto)| "tilamuTThi jAtaka" se patA lagatA hai ki vidyArthI (antevAsika) do prakAra ke hote theeka "dharmAntevAsika" jo guru kI sevA-zuzrUSA karate aura usake badale meM vidyA par3hate the; aura dUsare "AcArya bhAgadAyaka" jo guru ko guru-dakSiNA dekara vidyAdhyayana karate the| guru ke yahA~ vidyArthI putravat rahate the| Upara jo varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha Adarza brAhmaNoM kA hai| para usa samaya bahuta se brAhmaNa aise bhI the, jinheM hama "sAMsArika" yA "duniyAvI" brAhmaNa kaha sakate haiN| aise

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baura kAlIna bhArata 214 brAhmaNa "brahmabaMdhu" (nIca brAhmaNa) kahe gaye haiM / ve yajJa karAte the, purohitI karate the, rAjA ko zakuna Adi batAte the, aura mantra ke dvArA bhUtoM tathA pizAcoM ko vaza meM karate the| jAtakoM meM brAhmaNa khetI karate, hala calAte aura pazu-pAlana karate hue dikhAye gaye haiM / aise brAhmaNa "kassaka-brAhmaNa" (karSaka-brAhmaNa) kahe gaye haiM / brAhmaNa vyApAra karate hue bhI likhe gaye haiN| "mahAsutasoma jAtaka" meM likhA hai ki eka brAhmaNa vyApArI 500 chakar3oM para mAla lAdakara vyApAra karane ke liye pUraba se pacchima ko jAtA thA / "gagga jAtaka" se patA lagatA hai ki brAhmaNa vyApArI idhara udhara ghUma phirakara mAla bectethe| "phananda jAtaka" meM eka brAhmaNa var3haI (brAhmaNa vaDaki) kA nAma AyA hai, jo zahara ke bAhara bar3haiyoM ke grAma (vaDakI gAma) meM rahatA aura chakar3e banAtA thA / ___ vaizya-jAtakoM se patA lagatA hai ki una dinoM vaizyoM kI koI alaga jAti na thii| jo loga khetI aura vyApAra karate the, vahI vaizya kahe jAte the| jAtakoM meM unake liye adhikatara "gRhapati" (gRhapati) aura "kuTumbika" zabda Aye haiN| unheM apane kula kA bar3A abhimAna rahatA thA; isI liye ve apane ko "kula-putta" kahate the| ve prAyaH apane barAbara ke kula meM hI vivAha sambandha karate the / rAjAoM ke darabAra meM gRhapatiyoM kA unake dhana aura pada ke kAraNa bar3A sammAna hotA thaa| gRhapatiyoM kA pratinidhi "seTThi" (zreSThin ) kahalAtA thA / brAhmaNa aura kSatriya bAlakoM kI taraha vaizya bAlaka bhI vidyAdhyayana ke liye guru ke yahA~ jAte the| unheM bhI tInoM vedoM kI zikSA dI jAtI thii| "nigrodha jAtaka" se patA lagatA hai ki rAjagRha ke eka seTTi (seTha) ne apane do

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215 sAmAjika SasthA putroM ko vidyA par3hane ke liye takSazilA bhejA thA / "aTTAna jAtaka" meM likhA hai ki eka seTha kA lar3akA aura eka kSatriya kumAra eka hI sAtha guru ke yahA~ par3hate the / prAyaH hara eka vyApAra yA udyama karanevAle gRhapati kI alaga zraNI yA samUha thA / zUdra-bauddha graMthoM meM "suddha" (zUdra) zabda bhI AtA hai; para isase yaha nahIM siddha hotA ki zUdroM kI koI alaga jAti thii| asabhya anAryoM ko hI sabhya Arya "zUdra" kahate the| jAtakoM meM unake liye prAyaH "hIna jAti" zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ina hIna jAtiyoM meM kucha to bahuta hI asabhya aura jaMgalI thiiN| aisI eka hIna jAti "cANDAloM" kI thii| cANDAla loga nagara ke bAhara eka gA~va meM rahate the| vaha gA~va unake nAma se "caNDAla gAma" kahalAtA thA / usa gA~va meM aura koI jAti na rahatI thii| "cittasaMbhUta jAtaka" tathA "mAtaMga jAtaka" se patA lagatA hai ki unako chUnA to dUra rahA, unheM dekhanA bhI pApa samajhA jAtA thaa| unakI chUI huI cIja azuddha mAnI jAtI thii| unakI bolI bhI bhinna hotI thii| ve apanI bolI se jhaTa pahacAna liye jAte the| "cittasaMbhUta jAtaka" se patA lagatA hai ki do cANDAla brAhmaNa ke veza meM vidyAdhyayana ke liye takSazilA gaye the| para eka dina ve akasmAt apanI bolI (cANDAla-bhASA) se pahacAna liye gaye / cANDAloM ke sAtha sAtha "pukkusoM" kA bhI nAma AtA hai| manu-smRti meM pukusa kI jagaha "pukkasa" likhA milatA hai / pukkusa bhI anArya jAti ke the / samAja meM unakA darjA bahuta hI nIcA thA / "solavImaMsa jAtaka" se patA lagatA hai ki ve phUla tor3akara nirvAha karate the| manusmRti meM unakA kAma guphA meM rahanevAle

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 216 jAnavaroM ko pakar3anA aura mAranA likhA hai| isase patA lagatA hai ki ve zikAra vagairaha karake apanA peTa pAlate the / jAtakoM meM "nesAda" nAma kI eka aura hIna jAti kA ullekha hai / manusmRti meM jisa "niSAda" jAti kA ullekha hai, vaha yahI "nesAda" jAti hai / manusmRti ke anusAra unakA kAma machaliyA~ mAranA thA / jAtakoM meM unakA kAma zikAra karanA likhA hai| ataH siddha hai ki ve machalI mArakara aura zikAra karake nirvAha karate the / cANDAloM kI taraha unase bhI ghRNA kA vyavahAra kiyA jAtA thA aura ve bhI nagara ke bAhara alaga gA~va meM rahate the| vaha gA~va unake nAma se "nesAdagAma" kahalAtA thaa| isake sivA "veNa" (bA~sa kI cIz2a banAnevAle) "rathakAra" (ratha banAnevAle), "cammakAra" (camAra), "nahApita" (nAI), "kuMbhakAra" (kumhAra), "tantavAya" (julAhe) Adi bhI hIna jAti ke gine jAte the| megAsthinIz2a ke anusAra sAmAjika dazA-jAtakoM aura bauddha graMthoM meM jaisI sAmAjika dazA kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai, prAyaH vaisI hI sAmAjika dazA megAsthinIz2a ke bhArata-varNana meM bhI milatI hai| megAsthinIz2a ne bhAratavAsiyoM ko sAta jAtiyoM meM bA~TA hai--prathama jAti brAhmaNoM kI, dUsarI zramaNoM kI, tIsarI yoddhAoM kI, cauthI kisAnoM kI, pA~cavIM caravAhoM aura zikAriyoM kI, chaThI zilpakAroM kI aura sAtavIM dUtoM kI thii| yaha bilkula spaSTa hai ki ye sAtoM jAtiyA~ Upara likhe hue brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra cAro varNoM meM A jAtI haiN| brAhmaNoM ke bAre meM megAsthinIz2a likhatA hai-"brAhmaNoM ke bAlaka eka manuSya ke uparAnta dUsare manuSya kI rakSA meM rakkhe

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217 sAmAjika avasthA jAte haiM; aura jyoM jyoM ve bar3e hote jAte haiM, tyoM tyoM pahalevAle guru se adhika yogya guru unheM milate haiN| unakA nivAsa nagara ke pAsa kisI vana yA upavana meM hotA hai| ve bar3I sIdhI sAdI cAla se rahate haiM aura phUsa kI caTAI athavA mRgachAlA para sote haiM / ve mAMsa-bhojana tathA zArIrika sukhoM se bacate haiM aura apanA samaya dhArmika viSayoM ke adhyayana meM bitAte haiN| saiMtIsa varSa taka isa prakAra raha kara ve apane apane ghara lauTa jAte haiM aura vahA~ zAntipUrvaka zeSa Ayu bitAte haiN| taba ve uttama vastra aura AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate aura mAMsa khAte haiM; para vaha mAMsa kisI pAlatU yA lAbhadAyaka pazu kA nahIM hotaa| ve garama aura adhika masAledAra bhojana se paraheja karate haiN| ve jitanI cAheM, utanI striyoM se vivAha kara sakate haiM, jisameM bahuta sI santati utpanna ho|" zramaNoM ke bAre meM megAsthinIz2a kahatA hai-"ve banoM meM rahate haiM; vahA~ per3oM kI pattiyA~ tathA jaMgalI phala-phUla khAte haiM; aura per3oM kI chAla ke bane hue kapar3e pahanate haiN| unameM se kucha loga vaidya kA kAma karate haiN| unakI sarvottama auSadhe marahama aura lepa haiN| sarva sAdhAraNa ke kAryoM se rahita hone ke kAraNa ve na to kisI ke mAlika haiM aura na kisI ke naukara / " yoddhA yA kSatriya jAti ke bAre meM megAsthinIja ne bahuta saMkSepa meM likhA hai-"yoddhAloga yuddha ke liye taiyAra kiye jAte the; para zAMti ke samaya ve Alasya aura tamAze Adi meM jIvana bitAte the / kula senA kA kharca sarakArI khajAne se diyA jAtA thaa|" kisAna, caravAhe aura zilpakAra ye tInoM vaizya aura zUdra vaNoM ke andara A sakate haiN| megAsthinIz2a ne inakA bahuta 15

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bora-kAlona bhArata 218 manoraMjaka vRttAnta likhA hai| yuddha Adi se bace rahane ke kAraNa kisAna apanA pUrA samaya khetI karane meM lagAte the / yadi khetIkA kAma karate hue kisI kisAna ke pAsa koI zatru A jAtA thA, to vaha use koI hAni na pahu~cAtA thaa| kisAna loga rAjA ko kara dete the; kyoMki kula deza rAjA kI saMpatti samajhA jAtA thaa| rAjA ke sivA aura koI bhUmi kA mAlika nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| caravAhe aura zikArI nagara athavA gA~va meM nahIM, balki khemoM meM rahate the| ve hiMsaka aura jaMgalI jAnavaroM kA zikAra karake aura unheM phaMsAkara deza ko unake upadrava se bacAte the| zilpakAroM meM kucha loga zastra banAte the; aura kucha loga aise yantra nirmANa karate the, jo khetI Adi ke liye upayogI hote the| ye loga kevala kara se hI mukta nahIM the, balki inheM rAjya se bhI sahAyatA milatI thii| megAsthinIja ne sAtavIM jAti dUtoM kI likhI hai / para isameM megAsthinIja ko bhrama huA hai / dUtoM kI koI alaga jAti na thii| saba jAti ke loga dUta ho sakate the / ve rAjA ke yahA~ naukara hote the / unakA kartavya rAjya kI saba bAtoM kA patA lagAkara rAjA ko sUcita karanA hotA thaa| brAhmaNa graMthoM ke anusAra sAmAjika dazA-Upara bauddha graMthoM aura megAsthinIz2a ke anusAra sAjika dazA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| aba hama tatkAlIna brAhmaNa graMthoM ke anusAra prAcIna bauddha kAla kI sAmAjika dazA kA kucha digdarzana karAnA cAhate haiN| isake mukhya sAdhana brAhmaNa graMtha dharma-sUtra aura gRkSa-sUtra haiM / inhIM sUtra graMthoM ke AdhAra para yahA~ kucha bAteM dI jAtI haiN|

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219 sAmAjika avasthA usa samaya brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina cAra vaNoM ke sivA bahuta sI naI jAtiyA~ utpanna ho gaI thiiN| ina jAtiyoM meM mukhya yethIM-cANDAla, vaiNa, pukkasa, sUta, ambaSTha, ugra, niSAda, pArasava, mAgadha aura Ayogava Adi / sUtrakAroM ne ina jAtiyoM ko cAra varSoM meM se nikAlane kA yatna kiyA hai / udAharaNArtha unhoMne cANDAla kI utpatti zUda puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI se mAnI hai| cANDAla, vaiNa, pukasa aura niSAda kA ullekha bauddha jAtakoM meM bhI AyA hai| jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai, ye jAtiyA~ vAstava meM una anAryoM kI thIM, jinheM AryoM ne harAyA thA aura jo usa samaya taka asabhya the| dharma-sUtroM meM veda par3hanA, yajJa karanA aura dAna denA Adi 'dvijoM arthAt brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaizya tInoM ke liye kahA gayA hai / brAhmaNoM kA vizeSa kArya yaha thA ki ve dUsaroM ke liye yajJa karate the, dAna lete the aura veda par3hAte the / AvazyakatA par3ane para ve khetI aura vyApAra bhI kara sakate the| mAlUma hotA hai ki parizrama ke kAmoM se bacane aura dUsaroM ko Aya para gujara karane ke kAraNa brAhmaNa loga AlasI ho gaye the aura vidyAdhyayana se bhI mu~ha mor3ane lage the| vaziSTha ne isa burAI aura anyAya ko asahya samajhakara likhA hai--"rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha usa gA~va ko daNDa de, jisameM brAhmaNa loga apane pavitra dharma kA pAlana nahIM karate, veda nahIM jAnate aura bhikSA mA~gakara rahate haiM, kyoMki aisA gA~va luTeroM kA poSaNa karatA hai|" kSatriyoM kA yaha viziSTa kartavya thA ki ve lar3eM, vijaya kareM aura rAjya kA kAma claaveN| vaizyoM kA vizeSa kartavya vyApAra aura khetI karanA thaa| zUdra tInoM

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 220 jAtiyoM kI sevA karate the; para dhana kamAne ke liye parizrama bhI kara sakate the / unake liye veda par3hanA manA thaa| dharma-sUtroM meM ATha prakAra ke vivAha likhe haiN| eka gotra meM vivAha karanA manA thA / una dinoM choTI umra kI kanyAoM kA vivAha nahIM hotA thA / vaziSTha kahate haiM-"jo kumArI yuvAvasthA ko prApta ho gaI ho, use tIna varSa taka ThaharanA caahie| isa ke uparAnta vaha apanI samAna jAti ke kisI puruSa se vivAha kara sakatI hai|" vivAha eka naye jIvana arthAt gRhastha Azrama meM praveza karane kA dvAra samajhA jAtA thaa| vivAha ke pahale navayuvaka kevala vidyArthI hotA thaa| brAhmaNa bAlaka ATha varSa se solaha varSa ke aMdara, kSatriya bAlaka gyAraha varSa se bAisa varSa ke aMdara aura vaizya bAlaka bAraha varSa se caubIsa varSa ke aMdara vidyAraMbha karatA thaa| vidyArthI dazA meM vaha apane guru ke ghara bAraha, caubIsa, chattIsa yA ar3atAlIsa varSoM taka apane icchAnusAra eka, do, tIna yA cAro veda par3hane ke liye rahatA thaa| usa samaya vaha saba prakAra kI vilAsasAmagrI se dUra rahatA thA / vaha daNDa aura mRgacarma dhAraNa karatA thA; bhikSA mA~gakara peTa pAlatA thA; jaMgaloM se havana ke liye lakar3I lAtA thA; aura guru ke ghara kA saba kAma kAja karatA thaa| usa samaya graMtha nahIM likhe jAte the, isase zikSA jabAnI hI dI jAtI thii| vidyArthI jo kucha par3hate the, saba kaNTha kara lete the| jaba guru se par3hakara ve apane ghara lauTate the, taba yathAzakti unheM dakSiNA dete the| isake bAda ve vivAha karake gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karate the| sUtrakAroM ne gRhasthoM ke liye apane atithiyoM

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221 sAmAjikamavasthA kA Adara-satkAra karanA sarvocca dharma likhA hai / gRhasthAzrama cAro AzramoM meM saba se zreSTha samajhA gayA hai| gRhasthoM ke liye garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, jAtakarma Adi saMskAra, aSTakA, pArvaNa, pitR-zrAddha Adi gRhya karma aura agnihotra, agniSToma Adi zrauta karma likhe gaye haiN| ___brahmacarya aura gRhasthAzrama ke sivA do prakAra ke Azrama aura the-vAnaprastha aura saMnyAsa / vAnaprastha yA vaikhAnasa vanoM meM rahate the, kaMda-mUla aura phala-phUla khAte the, pavitratApUrvaka jIvana bitAte the, havana karate the aura savere saMdhyA sUrya ko arghya dete the| isake viruddha saMnyAsI yA bhikSuka sira muMr3Aye rahate the; unakI koI saMpatti yA ghara nahIM hotA thA; ve tapasyA karate the; bhikSA mA~gakara khAte the; eka vastra yA mRgacarma pahanate the; bhUmi para sote the; aura sadA bhramaNa kiyA karate the / -:0:

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bArahavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kI sAMpattika avasthA prAcIna bauddha kAla kI sAMpattika avasthA kA nimna likhita varNana jAtaka, suttapiTaka, vinayapiTaka, kauTilIya arthazAstra aura yUnAniyoM ke bhArata vRttAnta ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| hama pahale pAThakoM ko grAmoM kI sAMpattika sthiti kA digdarzana karAte haiN| grAmoM kI sAMpattika avasthA-jAtakoM se prakaTa hai ki prAcIna bauddha kAla meM z2amIMdArI kI prathA nahIM thii| kisAna hI apanI bhUmi ke mAlika hote the / rAjA sAla meM kevala eka bAra kisAnoM se upaja kA dazamAMza kara ke taura para vasUla karatA thaa| basa bhami para rAjya kA isase adhika koI adhikAra na thaa| jo bhUmi svAmi-rahita ho jAtI thI yA jisakA koI mAlika na hotA thA, vaha rAjA ke adhikAra meM calI jAtI thii| isI taraha se vanabhUmi bhI rAjA kI saMpatti mAnI jAtI thI; aura vaha usakA jaisA cAhatA thA, vaisA prabaMdha karatA thaa| kabhI kabhI vizeSa avasaroM para, jaise ki rAjakumAra ke janmotsava para, kisAna loga rAja ko dhana bheMTa karate the| rAjA prAyaH grAma ke Asa pAsa zikAra khelane jAte the; isaliye kisAnoM ko, grAma ke eka bhAga meM, mRgoM ke liye carAgAha chor3a denA par3atA thA, jisameM unheM rAjA ke liye zikAra na DhU~DhanA par3e / upaja kA jo dazamAMza rAjA ko kara rUpa meM diyA jAtA thA, usake mAna kA nizcaya grAma kI paMcAyata,

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223 sAMparika avasthA grAma kA mukhiyA (grAma-bhojaka) yA rAjA ke mahAmAtya karate the| kabhI kabhI rAjA kisI grAma kA kara chor3a bhI detA thA, yA use kisI vyakti athavA saMgha ke nAma likha detA thaa| ___yaha una grAmoM kA hAla hai, jo rAjAoM ke adhIna hote the| para kisI jAtaka yA bauddha graMtha se yaha nahIM sUcita hotA ki prAcIna bauddha kAla ke prajAtantroM yA gaNa rAjyoM meM bhI grAmavAsiyoM se isI prakAra dazamAMza kara vasUla kiyA jAtA thaa| hA~, azoka ke rumindeIvAle staMbhalekha se yaha avazya sUcita hotA hai ki kadAcit zAkyoM ke gaNa-rAjya meM isa taraha kA kara vasUla kiyA jAtA thA / svayaM azoka ne lumbinI grAma kA kara mApha kara diyA thaa| kadAcit yaha kara usa prAcIna samaya se calA A rahA thA, jisa samaya lumbinI grAma zAkyoM ke gaNa-rAjya meM thaa| isI lumbinI grAma meM yA isake pAsa bhagavAn buddha kA janma huA thA / para isake sivA aura koI aisA pramANa nahIM hai, jisase kahA jA sake ki zAkyoM, malloM, licchaviyoM, koliyoM Adi ke gaNa-rAjyoM meM kisAnoM para kisI prakAra kA kara lagAyA jAtA thaa| parantu phira bhI rAja-vyaya ke liye kisI na kisI prakAra kA kara avazya rahA hogaa| gA~voM meM loga eka sAtha rahate the| gA~voM ke saba ghara eka dUsare se mile rahate the| bIca bIca meM taMga galiyA~ rahatI thiiN| jAtakoM se patA lagatA hai ki pratyeka gA~va meM tIsa se sautaka kuTumba rahate the| jAtakoM meM kaI prakAra ke grAma likhe gaye haiM; yathA-jAnapada grAma, jo nagaroM ke Asa pAsa hote the; aura paJcanta (prAtyanta) grAma, jo sImAoM ke pAsa hote the| grAmoM ke cAro orakheta, jaMgala aura carAgAha hote the| una carAgAhoM aura jaMgaloM para saba kA

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 224 samAna adhikAra hotA thaa| carAgAhoM meM saba loga apane gAyabaila carA sakate the; aura jaMgaloM se jalAne kI lakar3I kATa sakate the| gA~va meM hara eka gRhastha ke gAya-baila alaga alaga hote the; para saba ke carane kA sthAna eka hI rahatA thA / jaba kheta kaTa jAte the, taba caupAye unameM carane ke liye chor3a diye jAte the| para jaba phasala khar3I rahatI thI, taba saba caupAye eka sAtha "gopAlaka" kI rakSA meM carAgAha meM carane ke liye bheje jAte the| kula kheta eka hI samaya meM jote boye jAte the| siMcAI ke liye grAma paMcAyata kI ora se nAliyA~ yA kUe~ khudavAye jAte the| gA~va ke mukhiyA kI dekha rekha meM niyama ke anusAra khetoM meM pAnI bA~TA jAtA thA / kisAna apane apane kheta ke cAro ora alaga alaga meMr3a yA gherA na banA sakate the| sirpha eka gherA hotA thA, jisake andara gA~va ke kula kheta A jAte the| kheta prAyaH utane hI hissoM meM ba~Te rahate the, jitane ki grAma meM kuTumba hote the / hara eka kuTumba, phasala kaTane para, apane hisse kI paidAvAra le letA thA / kula khetoM para paMcAyata kA adhikAra rahatA thA / koI kisAna apane hisse kA kheta kisI bAharI ke hAtha na to beca sakatA thA, na rehana rakha sakatA thaa| kama se kama binA grAma paMcAyata kI AjJA ke vaha aisA kadApi na kara sakatA thaa| koI manuSya binA grAma paMcAyata kI AjJA liye hue apanA kheta kisI ke nAma vasIyata na kara sakatA thA; yahA~ taka ki vaha apane kheta kA ba~TavArA apane kuTumbavAloM meM bhI na kara sakatA thaa| isa sambandha ke mAmale grAma paMcAyata setai hote the| kisAna kI mRtyu ke bAda usakA bar3A lar3akA kuTumba kI dekha rekha karatA thA / yadi kuTumba kI

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225 mAMpattika avasthA saMpatti kA ba~TavArA hotA thA, to saba putroM meM kheta barAbara barAbara 'baoNTa diye jAte the| striyoM ke AbhUSaNa aura vastra unakI apanI sampatti mAne jAte the| lar3akiyA~ mAtA kI saMpatti kI adhikAriNI hotI thIM; para ve khetoM meM hissA na pA sakatI thiiN| koI vyakti gA~va ke carAgAha yA jaMgala ke kisI hisse ko mola lekara apane kabje meM na kara sakatA thaa| una saba kA samAna adhikAra mAnA jAtA thaa| adhikAra kI isa samAnatA para bar3A jora diyA jAtA thaa| gA~va kA saba kAma paMcAyata aura mukhiyA ke dvArA hotA thA / gA~vavAloM se koI begAra na lI jAtI thii| jaba koI aisA kAma A jAtA thA, jisameM saba gA~vavAloM kI svIkRti kI AvazyakatA hotI thI, taba ve saba paMcAyata yA sabhA meM Akara ekatra hote the| paMcAyata ke liye eka alaga sthAna niyata rahatA thaa| paMcAyata hI sabhA gRha, atithiti-zAlA, sar3aka, ArAma, upavana, kUpa ityAdi banavAtI thii| striyA~ bhI sarva sAdhAraNa ke lAbha ke kAryoM meM sammilita hotI thiiN| gA~va kA jIvana bahuta sIdhA sAdA thaa| gA~vavAle na to bahuta dhanI hote the, aura na bhUkhe hI marate the| logoM ko khAne pIne kI kamI na thii| unakI saba AvazyakatAe~ acchI taraha se pUrI ho jAtI thiiN| saba se bar3I bAta yaha thI ki koI unakI svataMtratA meM bAdhA DAlanevAlA na thA / sArAMza yaha ki usa samaya gA~va eka taraha ke choTe moTe prajAtaMtra rAjya the| logoM kA pradhAna udyama khetI bArI thA aura usI kI upaja se ve caina se rahate the| gA~voM meM jamIMdAra na hote the / vahA~ aparAdha bhI bahuta kama hote the| jo aparAdha hote the, ve gA~va ke bAhara hote the / megAsthinIz2a ne likhA

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 226 hai ki siMcAI kA prabandha acchA hone ke kAraNa akAla nAma ko bhI na par3atA thaa| para jAtakoM meM akAla par3ane ke kaI ullekha Aye haiN| nagaroM kI sAMpattika avasthA-prAcIna bauddha kAla meM nagaroM kI saMkhyA bahuta thor3I thii| bauddha graMthoM se patA calatA hai ki una dinoM bar3e bar3e nagaroM kI saMkhyA bIsa se adhika na thii| unameM nimnalikhita nagaroM kA ullekha AyA hai (1) zrayojjhA ( ayodhyA )-yaha nagara prAcIna kozala rAjya meM sarayU nadI ke taTa para thA / (2) vArANasI ( banArasa )-yaha nagara gaMgA ke uttarI kinAre para varuNA aura gaMgA ke saMgama para thaa| pradhAna nagara varuNA aura asI ke bIca meM thaa| para jisa samaya yahA~ eka svataMtra rAjya kI rAjadhAnI thI, usa samaya, kahA jAtA hai ki isakA gherA bayAsI mIla taka phailA huA thaa| sAranAtha usa samaya vArANasI meM hI sammilita thaa| (3) campA-yaha nagara campA nadI ke kinAre para thA / prAcIna aMga deza kI rAjadhAnI yahIM thii| Ajakala ke bhAgalapura se pacIsa mIla pUraba kI ora jo gA~va haiM, unhIM ke sthAna para prAcIna campA nagara basA huA thA / (4) kampilla (kAmpilya)- yaha nagara gaMgA ke kinAre para prayAga ke uttara-pazcima kI ora thA / para isakA ThIka ThIka sthAna abhI nizcita nahIM huA / uttarI paMcAla kI rAjadhAnI yahIM thii| (5) kosAmbI ( kauzAMbI)-yaha vatsa rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI thI aura yamunA nadI ke kinAre banArasa se 230 mIla para bapsI huI thii| prAcIna bauddha kAla meM yaha bar3e mahatva kI nagarI

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227 sAMpattika avasthA tho / pazcima bhAra dakSiNa kI ora se kozala aura magadha ko jo sar3akeM jAtI thIM, ve yahIM se hokara jAtI thIM; ataeva yahA~ vyApArI aura yAtrI bahuta Ate the / buddha ke samaya meM kauzAMbI ke Asa pAsa cAra saMghArAma the / buddha bhagavAna svayaM yahA~ rahe the| (6) madhurA (mathurA)-yaha jamunA ke taTa para basI huI thI aura prAcIna zUrasena rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI thI / buddha ke samaya meM madhurA kA rAjA "avanti-putro" nAma kA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki buddha bhagavAna svayaM isa nagarI meM padhAre the| (7) mithilA--yaha videha kI rAjadhAnI thii| Ajakala ke tirahuta jile meM prAcIna mithilA nagarI thI / jAtakoM meM likhA hai ki isakA gherA lagabhaga pacAsa mIla kA thA / (8) rAjagRha ( vartamAna rAjagira)-buddha ke samaya meM prAcIna magadha kI rAjadhAnI yahIM thii| isa nagara ke do bhAga the| isakA prAcIna bhAga girivbaja (girivraja) kahalAtA thaa| girivraja bahuta prAcIna nagara thA aura eka pahAr3I para basA huA thaa| bAda ko rAjA biMbisAra ne, jo buddha bhagavAn ke samakAlIna the, isa prAcIna nagara ko ujAr3akara eka naye rAjagRha kI nIMva DAlI / navIna rAjagRha pahAr3I ke nIce basAyA gayA / buddha ke samaya meM yaha nagara bahuta unnata thaa| taba taka pATaliputra kI nIMva nahIM par3I thii| (9) roruka-yahA~ prAcIna sauvIra yA surASTra prAMta kI rAja-- dhAnI thI, jisase "sUrata" nAma nikalA hai| prAcIna bauddha kAla meM yaha nagara samudrI vyApAra kA bahuta bar3A kendra thA / magadha tathA bhArata ke anya prAMtoM se yahA~ muMDa ke muMDa vyApArI Ate the|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 228 isakA ThIka ThIka sthAna abhI taka nizcita nahIM huA hai; para yaha prAyaH nizcita sA hai ki yaha kaccha kI khAr3I ke kinAre para kahIM thA / jaba isakA vaibhava ghaTA, taba isakA sthAna bharukaccha ( vartamAna bhaDauca ) aura suppAraka ( zUrpAraka ) ne le liyA / (10) sAgala-prAcIna samaya meM yahA~ madra rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI thii| nakula aura sahadeva kI mAtA mAdrI yahIM kI thiiN| bauddha yUnAnI rAjA miliMda kI rAjadhAnI bhI yahIM thii| isakA ThIka ThIka sthAna to abhI nizcita nahIM huA, para yaha bhArata ke uttara pazcima meM kahIM thaa| (11) sAketa--yaha kozala deza kA pradhAna nagara thA / kisI samaya yahA~ kozala kI rAjadhAnI bhI thii| prAyaH loga sAketa aura ayodhyA ko eka hI samajhate haiN| para buddha ke samaya meM ye donoM nagara alaga alaga vidyamAna the| zAyada ye donoM pAsa hI pAsa the| prAcIna sAketa ke pAsa hI vaha aMjana vana thA, jisameM buddha bhagavAn ne apane bahuta se siddhAMta sUtra rUpa se kahe the| yaha unnAva jile meM saI nadI ke kinAre vartamAna sujAnakoTa ke pAsa thaa| (12) sAvatthI (zrAvastI)--yaha uttarI kozala kI rAjadhAnI thI aura buddha ke samaya meM chaH bar3e bar3e nagaroM meM ginI jAtI thii| rAptI nadI ke kinAre kA vartamAna saheta maheta grAma hI prAcIna zrAvastI mAnA jAtA hai|| (13) ujenI ( ujjayinI)-yahA~ avantI deza kI rAjadhAnI thii| yahIM buddha ke eka pradhAna ziSya kaJcAna aura azoka ke putra mahendra ne janma grahaNa kiyA thaa| isI ke pAsa prAcIna vidizA ( vartamAna bhilamA ) aura mAhiSmatI nagarI thii|

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229 sAMpatika avasthA (14) sAlI ( vaizAlI)-yahA~ prAcIna licchavi rAjavaMza kI rAjadhAnI thii| buddha ke samaya meM yahA~ vRjI loga rahate tha, jinase ajAtazatru kA yuddha huA thaa| prAcIna bauddha kAla meM isakA bahuta adhika mahatva thaa| purAtattva vibhAga kI khojoM se nizcita huA hai ki vaizAlI vartamAna mujaphpharapura jile kA vasAr3ha nAmaka gA~va hai| (15) takSazilA-yaha bahuta prAcIna nagara bauddha kAla meM bhI vartamAna thaa| yahA~ eka bahuta bar3A vizvavidyAlaya thA / isa prAcIna nagara ke khaMDahara aba taka maujUda haiN| rAvalapiMDI se bIsa mIla para jo sarAyakAlA sTezana hai, usase thor3I hI dUra para 3-4 mIla ke ghere meM ve saba phaile hue haiN| prAcIna kAla meM yaha nagara dhana aura vidyA donoM ke liye prasiddha thA / (16) pATaliputra (paTanA)-buddha ke samaya meM isa nagara kI nIMva bhI na par3I thI / isakI nIMva ajAtazatru ke pote udayana ne rakhI thii| bar3hate bar3hate yaha nagara kevala magadha kI hI nahIM balki samasta bhArata kI rAjadhAnI bana gayA thaa| maurya sAmrAjya kI rAjadhAnI yahIM thii| yaha sona aura gaMgA nadiyoM ke saMgama para basA huA thaa| isakA dUsarA nAma kusumapura yA puSpapura bhI thA / jAtakoM tathA kauTilIya arthazAstra se patA lagatA hai ki prAcIna bauddha kAla ke nagara cAro ora cahAradIvArI se ghire hote the| nagara ke cAroM ora cAra phATaka rahate the / una phATakoM se cAro ora ko cAra bar3e bar3e rAjamArga jAte the| nagara vIthiyoM (galiyoM) aura mahalloM meM ba~TA rahatA thaa| eka eka mahalle meM eka eka peze ke loga rahate the; aura vahIM apanI dUkAna yA kAra

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 230 khAnA bhI rakhate the| julAhoM, sunAroM aura raMgarejoM ke mahalle alaga alaga hote the / isI taraha aura saba pezevAle bhI alaga alaga mahalle meM rahate the / jAtakoM se patA lagatA hai ki bAjAroM meM kapar3e, tela, sAga-bhAjI, phala-phUla, sone-cA~dI ke gahane Adi sabhI prakAra ke padArtha bikate the| kauTilIya arthazAstra (adhi0 2, praka0 24 ) meM likhA hai ki pratyeka nagara meM eka paNyagRha ( bAjAra ) rahatA thaa| yaha caukora hotA thA aura isake cAroM ora dUkAneM rahatI thIM / yaha pakkA banA hotA thA / arthazAstra ke anusAra nagara meM eka saMsthAdhyakSa ( vyApAravANijya kA adhyakSa ) rahatA thA, jo vyApAroM aura vyApAriyoM kI dekha bhAla rakhatA thaa| yadi koI vyApArI purAnA mAla becane ke liye nagara meM lAtA thA, to vaha tabhI becane pAtA thA, jaba saMsthAdhyakSa ke sAmane yaha siddha kara detA thA ki mAla corI Adi kA nahIM hai / saMsthAdhyakSa isa bAta kI bhI dekha bhAla rakhatA thA ki vyApArI nApa aura taula ke baTakhare Adi ThIka ThIka rakhate haiM yA nahIM (adhi0 4, praka0 77) / jo vyApArI nApa aura taula meM grAhakoM ko ThagatA thA, use daMDa diyA jAtA thaa| mAla meM milAvaTa bhI na ho sakatI thI / milAvaTa karane para juramAnA denA par3atA thA / saMsthAdhyakSa yaha bhI niyama banAtA thA ki vyApArI kitanA phI sadI munAphA le sakate haiN| yadi koI vyApArI isa niyama kA bhaMga karatA thA, to vaha daMDa pAtA thaa| nagara ke phATaka ke bAhara eka zulkazAlA (cuMgI-ghara ) rahatI thI (adhi0 2, praka0 39) / jaba vyApArI bAhara se mAla lekara nagara ke phATaka para Ate the, taba zulkAdhyakSa (cuMgI ke nirIkSaka ) apane karma

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231 sAMpattika avasthA 'cAriyoM kI sahAyatA se una saba kA nAma dhAma, vastu kA nAma, bhAne kA sthAna prAdi likha letA thA / taba mAla para muhara lagAI jAtI thI; aura isake bAda ve nagara meM ghusane pAte the| alaga alaga cIjoM ke liye cuMgI kI alaga alaga dara niyata thii| vinayapiTaka, jAtaka aura kauTilIya arthazAstra se patA lagatA hai ki nAnA prakAra ke sundara, sukhada aura suhAvane udyAna, vApI aura tar3Aga nagaroM kI zobhA bar3hAte the / jAtakoM meM "satta-bhUmaka-pAsAda" (saptabhUmika prAsAda) kA kaI bAra ullekha AyA hai, jisase patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya sAta sAta maMjila ke makAna bhI hote the| vinayapiTaka se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya snAnAgAra (hammAma) bhI banAye jAte the, jahA~ jAkara nAga'rika loga mAliza karAte the aura garama tathA ThaMDhe jala se snAna karate the / saMbhava hai ki turkoM ne hammAma meM nahAne kI prathA yahIM se lI ho| snAna ke liye jagaha jagaha bar3e bar3e tAlAba bhI rahate the| nagara meM jUekhAne yA dyUtagRha bhI rahate the / jUA kadA'cit pAse se khelA jAtA thaa| vezyAoM ke rahane ke liye eka alaga sthAna niyata thA / vezyAoM kI dekha rekha karanevAlA aphasara "gaNikAdhyakSa" kahalAtA thA (adhi0 2, praka0 44) / nagara meM 'zUnA yA bUcar3akhAne bhI hote the| bUcar3akhAnoM kA aphasara "zUnAdhyakSa" kahalAtA thA (adhi0 2, praka0 43) / nagara meM holiyA~ (pAnAgAra) bhI hotI thIM, jinameM jAkara nAgarika zarAba pIte the| hauliyA~ kitanI kitanI dUra para honI cAhie~, unameM kaisA prabaMdha honA cAhie aura ve kitanI dera se kitanI dera taka khulI rahanI cAhie, ina saba bAtoM ke bhI niyama the / isa mahakame

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 232. kA aphasara "surAdhyakSa" kahalAtA thA (adhi0 2, praka0 42) / nagara kA majisTreTa yA adhyakSa "nAgaraka" kahalAtA thA / usake nIce "gopa" aura "sthAnika" nAma ke aphasara hote the / ve nagara kI dekha bhAla aura prabaMdha karate the / nAgarakoM Adi kA kAma apane apane nagara kI jana-saMkhyA kI jA~ca karanA, pratyeka ghara kA Aya-vyaya tathA pAlatU pazuoM kI saMkhyA jAnanA, nagara kI saphAI rakhanA Adi thaa| nagara kI saphAI kA bar3A khayAla rakkhA jAtA thaa| yadi koI manuSya sar3aka para kUr3A karkaTa pheMkatA thA, tIrthasthAna, maMdira, tAlAba Adi ke pAsa malamUtra kA tyAga karatA thA yA zmazAna ke atirikta kisI dUsare sthAna para muradA jalAtA thA, to use daNDa diyA jAtA thA (adhi0 2, praka0 56) / vyApAra aura vANijya-prAcIna bauddha kAla meM zilpa-kalA aura vyApAra bahuta unnata avasthA meM the| usa samaya ke logoM ne zilpa aura citrakArI meM vizeSa unnati kI thii| jAtakoM se kama se kama aThAraha taraha ke vyavasAyoM kA patA lagatA hai / pratyeka vyavasAya ke loga apanA apanA samAja yA zreNI banAkara rahate the| ina samAjoM ke mukhyiA zreNI-pramukha kahalAte the| usa samaya dUra dUra ke dezoM se vyApAra hotA thA / yahA~ ke saudAgara cIna, phArasa, laMkA tathA baibiloniyA taka jAte the; aura vahA~ ke saudAgara vyApAra karane ke liye yahA~ Ate the| deza meM vyApAra bhI khUba hotA thA / rojagAra karane ke liye saudAgaroM kA kAphilA nikalAtA thaa| kAphile kA saradAra "satyavAha" ( sArthavAha) kahalAtA thaa| sArthavAha jaisA kahatA thA, vyApAriyoM kA samUha vaisA hI karatA thA / vyApArI loga baila-gAr3iyoM para apanA mAla

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233 sAMpattika avasthA lAdakara calate the, jinameM do baila jute rahate the| nAvoM ke dvArA bhI mAla eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna taka pahu~cAyA jAtA thA / bIca bIca meM jahA~ vyApAriyoM kA samUha kisI naye rAjya yA pradeza kI sImA meM ghusatA thA, vahA~ use eka prakAra kI cuMgI yA kara denA par3atA thaa| DAkuoM se unakI rakSA karane ke liye svecchA-sevaka pulisa bhI rahatI thii| pulisa kA kharca vyApAriyoM ko denA par3atA thaa| ina saba bAtoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki eka jagaha se dUsarI jagaha mAla le jAne meM vyApAriyoM ko bar3A kharca par3atA thA / rezamI aura mahIna sUtI kapar3e (jaise malamala Adi) kammala, lohe ke kavaca, hathiyAra aura churI vagairaha, sone cA~dI ke tAroM ke kAma ke kapar3e, sugandhita padArtha, auSadhe, hAthI-dA~ta aura usase banI huI cIjeM, javAhirAta aura sone ke gahane Adi bahutAyata se bikate the| ye saba cIjeM videzoM meM bhI bhejI jAtI thiiN| padArthoM ke vinimaya kI prathA dhIre dhIre uThatI jA rahI thI aura sikoM kA pracAra acchI taraha se ho gayA thA / sava se sAdhAraNa sikkA tA~be kA "kahApaNa" (kArSANa) thA / dUsare prakAra ke sikke "nika" (niSka) aura "suvaraNa" (suvarNa) the| ye donoM sikke sone ke the| "kaMsa", "pAda", "mASa" aura "kAkaNikA" nAma ke sikkoM kA bhI calana thaa| ye sikke kadAcit tA~be yA kA~se ke hote the| "sippikAni" (kaur3iyoM) kA bhI pracAra thaa| vinaya piTaka se patA calatA hai ki pA~ca "mASa" eka "pAda" ke barAbara hotA thA aura eka "niSka" meM pA~ca "suvarNa" hote the| bauddha kAla ke bahuta se prAcIna sike mile haiM, jo aMka-cihnita (Punch marked) kahalAte haiN| aise sike DhAle nahIM jAte the| una para

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caukha-kAlIna bhArata 234 barame yA "paMca" se kucha cihna kara diye jAte the| ye sikke bahuta acche haiM aura bhAratavarSa ke sabase prAcIna sike samajhe jAte haiM / ina sikoM kA pracAra maurya kAla meM arthAt IsA ke pUrva kI tIna cAra zatAbdiyoM meM bahuta adhika thaa| usa samaya huMDiyoM kA bhI calana thaa| saudAgara eka dUsare para huMDiyA~ kATate the| iMDiyoM kA ullekha jAtakoM meM bahuta AtA hai| jAtakoM se patA lagatA hai ki cojoM kI dara niyata na rahatI thii| saudAgaroM aura kharIdAroM meM khUba mola bhAva hone ke bAda saudA paTatA thaa| sUda khAnA burA na samajhA jAtA thaa| jAtakoM aura bauddha graMthoM meM sUda kI dara kA kahIM ullekha nahIM hai| sUda ke liye "baDi" (vRddhi) zabda AyA hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra (adhi03, praka0 63) meM mAsika sUda kI dara savA rupae saikar3e likhI hai| manusmRti meM bhI yahI dara likhI hai aura kahA gayA hai ki isase adhika lenevAlA pApa kA bhAgI hai| loga apanI rakama yA to ghara meM rakhate theyA jamIna meM gAr3a dete the yA kisI mitra ke yahA~ jamA kara dete the| jo dhana jamIna meM gAr3A jAtA thA, usakA byorA suvarNapatra yA tAmrapatra para likhakara yAdagAra ke liye rakha chor3ate the / ____ vyApArika mArga-jAtakoM aura anya bauddha granthoM se usa samaya ke vyApArika mArgoM kA bhI patA lagatA hai| nimnalikhita mArgoM se vyApArI eka jagaha se dUsarI jagaha Ate jAte the| (1) uttara se dakSiNa-pazcima ko-yaha mArgazrAvastI se pratiSThAna (paiThAna) ko jAtA thaa| isa para sAketa, kauzAmbI, vidizA, gonarda, 'ujjayinI aura mAhiSmatI ye chaH bar3e nagara par3ate the| (2) utara se dakSiNa-pUrSa ko yaha mArga zrAvastI se rAja

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235 sAMpattika avasthA gRha ko jAtA thaa| yaha mArga sIdhA na thA, balki pahAr3a kI tarAI se hokara jAtA thaa| isa para kapilavastu, kusinArA, pAvA, hatthi-gAma, bhaNDagAma, vaizAlI, pATaliputra aura nAlanda par3ate the| yaha mArga kadAcit gayA taka calA jAtA thA; aura vahA~ jAkara eka dUsarI sar3aka se milatA thA, jo kadAcit samudra ke kinAre para base hue tAmralipta (tAmalUka) nagara se banArasa ko jAtI thii| (3) pUrva se pazcima ko-pUrva se pazcima kA rAstA prAyaH nadiyoM ke dvArA thaa| gaMgA meM sahajAti taka aura yamunA meM kauzAmbI taka vyApAriyoM kI nAve calatI thiiN| vahA~ se ve khuzkI ke rAste sindha aura sauvIra (sUrata) taka jAte the| (4) pUrva se uttara-pazcima ko-eka mArga zrAvastI yA videha se takSazilA hotA huA sodhA gandhAra ko jAtA thaa| yaha Age jAkara usa sar3aka se mila jAtA thA, jo gandhAra se madhya tathA pazcimI eziyA ko jAtI thii| isa mArga kI eka zAkhA banArasa bhI jAtI thii| yaha mArga lagabhaga eka hajAra mIla lambA thaa| prAcIna bauddha kAla meM yaha mArga bahuta surakSita rahatA thaa| isa para corI yA DAke kA koI Dara na thaa| jAtakoM se patA lagatA hai ki brAhmaNoM aura kSatriyoM ke bAlaka isa para bar3I bar3I yAtrAe~ binA kisI bhaya ke akele karate the; aura vidyA par3hane ke uddazya se bahuta dUra dUra se takSazilA meM Ate the| inake sivA vyApAriyoM kA magadha se sauvIra (sUrata ) ko, marukaccha (bhar3auca), banArasa aura campA se baramA ko aura dakSiNa se bAveru (bebilona ) ko jAnA bhI likhA hai| cIna ke sAtha vyApAra kA ullekha pahale pahala "milinda panho" meM milatA hai|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 236 registAnoM meM loga rAta ko saphara karate the aura nakSatroM ke sahAre rAstA ThIka rakhate the| laMkA kA nAma nahIM AyA hai| tAmraparNI dvIpa kA ullekha AyA hai, jisase laMkA kA tAtparya samajha par3atA hai / nadiyoM para pula na hote the| loga nAvoM para nadI pAra karate the| kauTilIya arthazAstra (adhi07, praka0 117) meM bhI vAripatha (jala mArga) aura sthalapatha (sthala mArga) kA ullekha AyA hai| kauTilya ne jala mArga kI apekSA sthala mArga ko acchA kahA hai| isI taraha unake mata se uttara kI ora jAnevAle mArga kI apekSA dakSiNa kI ora jAnevAlA mArga adhika acchA hai / isase mAlUma hotA hai ki una dinoM dakSiNa meM adhika vyApAra hotA thaa| kauTilya ne vyApArika mArga (Trade route) ko "vaNikapatha" kahA hai| ____ samudrI vyApAra-jAtakoM meM jahAjoM, samudra-yAtrA aura bhAratavAsiyoM ke anya dezoM se saMsarga ke bAre meM bahuta kucha ullekha hai| "bAveru jAtaka' meM likhA hai ki usa prAcIna samaya meM bhI bhAratavarSa aura bAveru (baibilona) ke bIca vyApAra hotA thaa| hiMdU saudAgara bhArata se bAveru deza ko mora becane jAyA karate the| jAtakoM se yaha bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki IsA ke chaH sau varSa pUrva gujarAta ke saudAgara jahAjoM ke dvArA vyApAra ke liye IrAna kI khAr3I taka jAte the| jAtakoM meM isI prakAra kI aura bahuta sI bAteM milatI haiM, para "suppAraka jAtaka" meM isa viSaya kI eka bAta bahuta mahatva kI hai| usameM eka itane bar3e jahAja kA jikra hai, jisameM sAta sau saudAgara, apane naukaroM sahita, baiThe the / usa jahAja kA adhyakSa eka aMdhA mallAha thA / vaha bharukaccha (bhar3auca) se ravAnA huA thaa| use bar3e bar3e tUphAnoM kA sAmanA karanA

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237 sAMpatika avasthA par3A thaa| bhAratIya jahAja kaccha kI khAr3I kI ora se araba, phinIziyA aura misra bhI jAyA karate the / kAzI se bhI gaMgA ke dvArA baMgAla kI khAr3I meM jahAz2a pahu~cate the aura vahA~ se laMkA tathA baramA jAte the| rAiz2a DeviDsa kA kathana hai ki IsA ke pA~ca sau varSa pahale yUnAna meM cAvala, candana aura mora hiMdustAnI nAmoM se vikhyAta the| maurya vaMza ke rAjAoM ke samaya aura vizeSa kara samrATa caMdragupta maurya ke samaya meM yahA~ jahAjoM kA kAma bahuta adhika hotA thA / jaba yUnAnI logoM ne bhArata para car3hAI kI thI, taba unhoMne hamAre jahAjoM aura nAvoM se ho kAma liyA thaa| yahIM ke jahAjoM tathA bar3I bar3I nAvoM dvArA sikandara ne sindhu aura anya nadiyA~ pAra ko thIM aura vahA~ se vaha phArasa kI khAr3I hotA huA baibilona pahu~cA thaa| yUnAnI itihAsakAroM ne likhA hai ki sikaMdara ke isa bhAratIya ber3e meM 2000 jahAz2a the, jina para 8000 sipAhI the| yaha ber3A sindhu nadI ke saMgama para bhAratIya kArIgaroM ne bhArata kI hI lakar3I tathA kIla-kA~ToM se banAyA thaa| eriyana ne likhA hai ki maiMne svayaM bhAratavarSa meM jahAja banAne ke bar3e bar3e kArakhAne dekhe haiN| ___ candragupta kI rAjya-vyavasthA meM eka nAvika vibhAga (Board of Admiralty) bhI thA, jisameM lar3AkU jahAjoM kA mahakamA (Naval Departinent) bhI sammilita thaa| isa vibhAga ke dvArA jahAjoM kA prabaMdha hotA thaa| kauTilIya arthazAstra (adhi02, praka0 45) meM jahAjoM ke prabaMdha kA, una para lage hue kara kA aura usake vasUla karane kA pUrA pUrA hAla diyA hai| usI meM

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 238 jahAjoM ke karmacAriyoM ke nAma aura kAma bhI likhe haiM / nAvika vibhAga kA aphasara "nAvadhyakSa" kahalAtA thaa| vaha samudroM tathA nadiyoM meM calanevAle saba prakAra ke jahAjoM aura nAvoM kI dekha bhAla karatA thaa| kina kina logoM se jahAjoM aura nAvoM dvArA yAtrA karane meM kara na liyA jAya, isakA vicAra bhI vahI karatA thaa| ina sAta prakAra ke AdamiyoM se kara na liyA jAtA thA-brAhmaNa, sAdhu, bAlaka, vRddha, rogI, sarakArI dUta aura garbhavatI strii| kara vasUla karanA, tUphAna vagairaha ke samaya jahAjoM kI rakSA karanA aura yAtriyoM ke subhIte ke liye niyama banAnA bhI nAvadhyakSa kA hI kAma thaa| tUphAna se TUTe phUTe jahAjoM kI dekha bhAla tatkAla hI hotI thii| jisa jahAz2a ko tUfAna se tanika bhI hAni pahu~catI thI, usase mAla kA kara na liyA jAtA thA yA usakA AdhA kara mApha kara diyA jAtA thaa| jahAz2a ke kaptAna ko "zAsaka" aura jahAz2a khenevAle mAjhI ko "niyAmaka" kahate the| DAkU bhI jahAjoM ke dvArA DAkA DAlate the / aise jahAjoM ko "hiMtrikA" kahate the| aise jahAjoM ko naSTa karanA bhI "nAvadhyakSa" kA hI kAma thA / azoka ke samaya meM bhI jahAjoM kI bar3I unnati thI / isI kAraNa azoka ke bheje hue dharma pracAraka dUra dUra ke sIriyA, misra, sAirInI, mesiDoniyA aura epirasa nAmaka pAzcAtya dezoM meM tathA laMkA meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra karane aura bhArata kI kIrtipatAkA phaharAne meM samartha hue the| vyAyAriyoM meM sahayoga prAcIna bauddha kAla meM hara vyApAra aura hara peze ke loga Apasa meM sahayoga karake samAja yA zreNI

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239 sAMpattika avasthA banAte the| una dinoM binA Apasa meM sahayoga kiye vyApAriyoM kA kAma bhI na cala sakatA thaa| cora DAkuoM se ve akele apanI rakSA na kara sakate the| cora aura DAkU dala bA~dhakara corI karane aura DAkA DAlane ke liye nikalate the| unake atyAcAroM se bacane ke liye vyApAriyoM ko bhI samUha banAkara yAtrA karanI par3atI thii| DAkuoM ke daloM kA hAla jAtakoM meM prAyaH milatA hai| "sattigumba jAtaka" meM eka aise gA~va kA ullekha hai, jisameM pA~ca sau DAkU eka mukhiyA ke nIce dala bA~dhaphara rahate the| isa taraha ke dalabanda DAkuoM kA mukAbalA vyApArI aura pezevAle tabhI kara sakate the, jaba ve bhI samAja yA zreNI banA kara eka dUsare kI sahAyatA krte| aise samAjoM yA zreNiyoM kA ullekha jAtakoM meM kaI jagaha AyA hai| hara eka pezevAle ke alaga samudAya ko "zreNI" kahate the| zreNI kA ullekha kevala bauddha granthoM meM hI nahIM, balki sUtroM, smRtiyoM aura prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM bhI AyA hai / prAyaH jitane prakAra ke vyavasAyI aura vyApArI the, saba zreNI-baddha the| "mUgapakkha jAtaka" meM aThAraha zreNiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM / isase mAlUma hotA hai ki prAcIna bauddha kAla meM sAdhAraNa taura para aThAraha prakAra ke vyavasAya aura vyApAra hote the| ye aThAraha prakAra ke vyavasAya kauna the, isakA nizcaya karanA saMbhava nahIM hai| para saba graMthoM meM jitane prakAra ke vyavasAyoM kA ullekha AyA hai, una saba kA saMgraha karanese aThAraha se adhika vyavasAyoM kA patA lagatA hai| isa taraha se saMgraha kiye hue vyavasAyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM-(1) vaDDaki (vardhakI) arthAt bar3haI, jinameM

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bauddha-kAlona bhArata 240 hara prakAra kI gAr3iyA~, pahie, jahAja, nAveM Adi banAnevAle tathA hara prakAra kA kATha kA kAma karanevAle kArIgara zAmila the; (2) kammAra (karmakAra), jinameM lohe, cA~dI, sone, tA~be Adi hara prakAra kI dhAtu kA kAma karanevAle kArIgara zAmila the; (3) carmakAra (camar3e kA kAma karanevAle); (4) raMgareja; (5)hAthIdA~ta kA kAma karanevAle; (6) jauharI; (7) machue; (8) kasAI; (9) saMvAhaka (mAliza karanevAle) yA nAI; (10) mAlI; (11) mallAha; (12) Tokare banAnevAle; (13) citrakAra; (14) julAhe; (15) kumhAra; (16) telI; (17) anna becanevAle (18)kisAna; (19) saMgatarAza (patthara para nakAzI karanevAle); (20) DAkU aura luTere; (21) hAthIsavAra; (22) ghur3a-savAra; (23) rathI (24) dhanurdhArI; (25) pAcaka; (26) dhobI; aura (27) bA~sa kI cIjeM banAnevAle / inameM se pratyeka kA samAja yA zreNI alaga alaga thii| Upara jo peze diye gaye haiM, unameM se kucha to puztainI the aura kucha hara eka jAti ke loga kara sakate the| jo peze puztainI the, unake samAja yA zreNiyA~ auroM kI apekSA adhika susaMghaTita thiiN| hara eka zreNI kA aguA "jeTThaka" ( jyeSThaka ) kahalAtA thA / prAyaH eka zreNI ke loga eka hI jagaha para rahate the; aura vaha sthAna, grAma yA mahallA unhIM ke nAma se pukArA jAtA thA / yathA-"dantakAra vIthI" ( hAthIdA~ta kA kAma karanevAloM kI galI); "baDiki gAmo" (bar3haiyoM kA gA~va ); "kammAra gAmo" (sunAroM kA gA~va ) Adi / kabhI kabhI ye gA~va bahuta bar3e hote the aura unameM eka hI peze ke kaI hajAra loga basate the| jAtakoM

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241 sAMpatika avasthA - se sUcita hotA hai ki usa samaya ina zreNiyoM kA mahatva bahuta bar3hA huA thaa| ina zreNiyoM ke mukhiyoM ko prAyaH rAjya meM U~cA pada milatA thA aura rAjA tathA dhanI loga unakI bar3I pratiSThA karate the| zreNI kA apane sadasyoM para kitanA adhikAra thA, yaha isI bAta se sUcita hotA hai ki vaha una vyaktiyoM ke gharelU yA pati-patnI ke jhagar3oM kA bhI nibaTArA karatI thii| koI manuSya apanI zreNI yA paMcAyata ke viruddha na jA sakatA thaa| ___kauTilIya arthazAstra se zreNiyoM ke bAre meM bahuta sI bAteM vidita hotI haiM / arthazAstra ( adhi0 2, praka0 25) meM likhA hai ki gaNanAdhyakSa (Aya vyaya kA lekhA rakhanevAle) ko cAhie ki vaha "saMghAta" yA zreNI ke rIti rivAja,vyavahAra aura unake saMbaMdha kI hara eka bAta apanI bahI meM darja kre| zreNI ke Apasa ke mukadamoM meM rAjya kI ora se khAsa riyata kI jAtI thI (adhi0 3, praka0 57) / una vyAriyoM ke sAtha bhI khAsa riyAyata kI jAtI thI, jo kisI zreNI ke sabhAsada hote the| jaba koI nayA nagara basAyA jAtA thA, taba usameM zreNiyoM ke liye eka alaga sthAna diyA jAtA thaa| isase patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya zreNiyoM kA kitanA mahattva thA (adhi02, praka0 22) / rAjya kI ora se yaha niyama thA ki kisI gA~va meM usa grAma kI zreNI ke sivA aura koI bAharI zreNI Akara vyApAra na kara sakatI thI ( adhi0 2, praka0 19) / kauTilIya arthazAstra (adhi0 9, praka0 138) meM zreNI-bala kA bhI ullekha hai| jo senA zreNiyoM meM se bhartI kI jAtI thI, vaha "zreNI-bala" kahalAtI thI / kAmbhoja aura surASTra ke kucha kSatriyoM kI zreNiyA~

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 242 aisI thIM, jo vyApAra aura zastra donoM se apanI jIvikA calAtI thIM; arthAt ve kSatriya aura vaizya donoM kA kArya karatI thIM (adhi011, praka0 160) / kauTilIya arthazAstra ke ina ullekhoM se patA calatA hai ki prAcIna samaya meM sahayoga kA pracAra kitanA adhika thA; aura rAjA tathA prajA donoM meM zreNI athavA saMgha kI pratiSThA kitanI adhika thii| yaha bhI sUcita hotA hai ki una dinoM bhAratavAsI milakara kAma karanA acchI taraha jAnate the / jAtakoM se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya vyApArI loga sAjhe meM bhI kAma karate the| "cullaseTi jAtaka" meM likhA hai ki banArasa ke sau saudAgaroM ne Apasa meM sAjhA karake eka jahAz2a kA mAla kharIdA thA / "kUTavanija jAtaka" meM likhA hai ki do saudAgara Apasa meM sAjhA karake 500 gAr3iyoM para mAla lAdakara banArasa se becane ke liye ravAnA hue the| "suhanu jAtaka" meM likhA hai. ki uttara ke ghor3a becanevAle saudAgara eka sAtha milakara rojagAra karate the| "bAveru jAtaka" meM likhA hai ki yahA~ ke saudAgara loga eka sAtha jAkara bAveru meM vyApAra karate the aura bhAratavarSa ke vicitra pakSI bar3e dAma para becate the / "mahAvaNika jAtaka' meM bhI likhA hai ki kaI saudAgara eka sAtha milakara sAjhe. meM saudA becate the| kauTilIya arthazAstra (adhi03, praka0 66) meM bhI sAjhe meM kAma karane kI prathA kA varNana hai| isa taraha ke. kAma karane ko "saMbhUya-samutthAna" kahate the|

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terahavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kA sAhitya bhASA aura akSara-gautama buddha ne kisa bhASA meM apane dharma kA pracAra kiyA hogA, isakA anumAna hama azoka ke zilAlekhoM se kara sakate haiN| una zilAlekhoM se hama yaha bhI anumAna kara sakate haiM ki buddha se azoka ke samaya taka arthAt I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI se I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI taka bhAratavarSa kI bolacAla kI bhASA kauna thii| azoka ke lekha nissaMdeha usI bhASA meM haiM, jise usake samaya meM loga bolate aura samajhate the / azoka ke lekhoM se sUcita hotA hai ki prAcIna bauddha kAla kI rASTrIya bhASA saMskRta kadApi na thii| saMskRta to kevala thor3a se par3he likhe loga aura brAhmaNa hI samajhate the| azoka ke zilAlekhoM se vidita hotA hai ki prAcIna bauddha kAla meM himAlaya se vindhya parvata taka aura sindhu se gaMgA taka uttarI bhArata kI bhASA prAyaH eka hI thii| para ina lekhoM meM prAMta-bheda ke anusAra kucha bheda bhI the| ina bhedoM se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya prAyaH tIna prakAra kI bhASAe~ bolI jAtI thiiN| inheM hama paMjAbI yA pazcimI bhASA, ujjainI yA madhya deza kI bhASA aura mAgadhI yA pUrvI bhASA kaha sakate haiN| pazcimI yA paMjAbI bhASA anya bhASAoM kI apekSA saMskRta se bahuta milatI julatI thii| usameM "priyadarzI", "zramana" Adi

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 244 zaldoM meM "ra" hotA thA; usameM "za, Sa, sa' bhI rahate the aura usake zabdoM ke rUpa saMskRta zabdoM ke rUpoM se adhika milate julate hote the / ujjainI yA madhya deza kI bhASA meM "ra" aura "ba" donoM hote the| para mAgadhI yA pUrvI bhASA meM "ra" ke sthAna para sadA "la" bolA jAtA thA; jaise,-rAjA ke sthAna para lAjA / ina prAntika bhedoM se sUcita hotA hai ki azoka ke samaya meM prAntIya bhASAoM ke sAtha sAtha eka aisI bhASA bhI pracalita thI, jise saba prAMta ke zikSita samajha sakate the| yahI bhASA usa samaya kI rASTrIya bhASA thii| azoka ke sAmrAjya kA zAsana kArya isI bhASA meM hotA thA / gautama buddha ke samaya meM bhI kucha isI taraha kI bhASA pracalita thI, kyoMki I0 pU0487 se (jaba ki gautama buddha kA nirvANa huA) I0 pU0 232 taka (jaba ki azoka kI mRtyu huI) bolane kI bhASA meM bahuta adhika antara nahIM ho sakatA thA / ataH una dinoM isI bhASA ke bhinna bhinna rUpa bole jAte the| aba hama prAcIna bauddha kAla ke akSaroM ke bAre meM kucha likhanA cAhate haiN| bhAratavarSa ke saba se prAcIna akSara jo aba taka mile haiM, azoka ke zilAlekhoM ke akSara haiM, jo IsA ke pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM likhe gaye the| ye zilA-lekha do judA judA akSaroM meM haiN| eka to Ajakala kI arabI lipi kI taraha dAhinI ora se bAI ora ko aura dUsare Adhunika devanAgarI lipi kI taraha bAI ora se dAhinI ora ko likhe jAte the / pahale prakAra ke akSara "kharoSThI" aura dUsare prakAra ke "brAhmI" kahalAte the| "kharoSThI" akSara prAcIna erameika (Aramic) lipi se nikale the / IsA pUrva chaThI aura pA~cavIM zatAbdiyoM meM

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245 prAcIna bauddha sAhitya paMjAba aura pazcimottara sImA para phArasa kA adhikAra thA; isaliye kharoSThI lipi kA pracAra kadAcit pahale pahala vahIM huA hogA / pazcimottara sImA prAnta ke mAnaseharA aura zahabAjagar3hI nAmaka do sthAnoM para azoka ke caturdaza zilAlekha isI lipi meM haiN| usake bAkI aura lekha prAcIna brAhmI lipi meM milate haiM / yahI vaha lipi hai, jisase devanAgarI tathA uttarI aura pazcimI bhArata kI vartamAna lipiyA~ nikalI haiN| ___ brAhmI lipi kI utpatti ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM ke alaga alaga vicAra haiM / kisI kA mata hai ki yaha lipi phinIzayana lipi se, kisI kA mata hai ki semeTika lipi se aura kisI kA mata hai ki aramanI yA mistrI lipi se nikalI hai / kevala kaniMghama sAheba ne ise bhArata kI prAcIna citra-lipi (Hieroglyphics) kA vikRta rUpa kahA hai / kucha varSa hue, paM0 zyAmazAstrI ne "iMDiyana eMTikkerI" (bhAga 35) meM yaha nizcita kiyA thA ki bhAratavarSa kI prAcIna brAhmI lipi meM akSaroM kI AkRtiyA~ taMtroM se lI gaI haiM / brAhmI akSaroM kI utpatti cAhe jahA~ se ho, para isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki prAcIna bauddha kAla meM likhane kA ravAja kAphI thA / bauddha graMthoM se yaha bAta pUrI taraha se siddha hotI hai / * brAhmI lipi kI utpatti ke bAre meM nimnalikhita graMtha dekhane yogya hai- ' (1) rAija DeviDsa-"buddhisTa iMDiyA' / (2) paM. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA-"prAcIna lipi-maalaa"| (3) paM0 zyAmazAstrI kA lekha-"iMDiyana enTikkerI", 35 vA~ bhAga / (4) byUlara-"orijina Apha di brAhmI lipi / (5) byUlara-"iMDiyana peliyogrAphI' /

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bauddha kAlIna bhArata 246 prAcIna vauddha kAla kA pAlo sAhitya-buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda bauddha saMgha meM matabheda ho jAne ke kAraNa magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha meM pA~ca sau bhikSuoM kI eka sabhA huii| yaha sabhA lagAtAra sAta mahInoM taka hotI rahI / isameM buddha bhagavAn ke vinaya aura dharma sambandhI upadeza saMgRhIta kiye gye| isake sau varSa bAda, arthAt I0 pU0 387 meM, eka dUsarI sabhA vaizAlI meM huI, jisakA mukhya uddezya una dasa praznoM kA nirNaya karanA thA, jinake bAre meM matabheda ho gayA thaa| isa sabhA meM buddha bhagavAn ke siddhAntoM kI punarAvRtti kI gii| isake 135 varSa bAda samrATa azoka ne bauddha dharma ke granthoM arthAt "tripiTaka" kA rUpa antima bAra nizcita karane ke liye I0 pU0 242 ke lagabhaga paTane meM eka tIsarI sabhA kI; aura bhikSuoM ko videzoM meM bhejakara bauddha dharma kA pracAra kraayaa| kahA jAtA hai ki azoka ne laMkA meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra karane ke liye apane putra mahendra ko vahA~ ke rAjA tiSya ke pAsa bhejaa| mahendra apane sAtha bahuta se aise bhikSu bhI letA gayA thA, jinheM tripiTaka kaNThAgra the| isa prakAra laMkA meM ve tripiTaka pahu~ce, jo paTane kI sabhA meM nizcita hue the| isake lagabhaga Der3ha sau varSa bAda, arthAt I0 pU0 80 ke lagabhaga, ye piTaka laMkA meM lipibaddha kiye gye| ina bAtoM se prakaTa hai ki tInoM piTaka I0 pU0242 se bahuta pahale ke haiN| vAstava meM vinayapiTaka meM isa bAta ke bhItarI pramANa milate haiM ki isa piTaka ke mukhya mukhya bhAga vaizAlI kI sabhA ke pahale ke arthAt I0 pU0 387 se bhI pahale ke haiM; kyoMki vinayapiTaka ke mukhya mukhya bhAgoM meM uparyukta dasa praznoM ke

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247 prAcIna pora sAhitya vAda vivAda kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| isa prakAra ina piTakoM se hameM gautama buddha ke bAda kI kucha zatAbdiyoM kI bAtoM kA prAmANika itihAsa milatA hai; kyoMki tInoM piTaka buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda sau yA do sau varSa ke andara nizcita aupa krama-baddha hue the / ye tInoM piTaka "sutta-piTaka", "vinaya-piTaka" aura "abhidhamma-piTaka" ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / "sutta-piTaka' meM jo bAteM haiM, ve svayaM gautama buddha kI kahI huI mAnI jAtI haiN| isa piTaka ke saba se prAcIna bhAgoM meM unake siddhAnta unhIM ke zabdoM meM kahe gaye haiN| isameM kahIM kahIM unake kisI cele kI bhI zikSA dI hai; aura usameM yaha prakaTa karanevAle bhI kucha vAkya milate haiM ki kahA~ buddha ke vAkya haiM aura kahA~ unake ziSya ke haiN| para samasta suttapiTaka meM buddha ke siddhAnta aura unakI prAjJAe~ svayaM unhIM ke zabdoM meM kahI huI mAnI jAtI haiN| "vinaya-piTaka" meM bhikSuoM aura bhikSuniyoM ke AcaraNa sambandhI niyama bahuta vistAra ke sAtha diye gaye haiN| jaba bhikSuoM aura bhikSuniyoM kI saMkhyA bar3hane lagI, taba "vihAra" arthAt maTha meM unake ucita AcaraNa ke liye prAyaH sUkSma se sUkSma viSayoM para bhI bar3e kar3e niyama banAne kI AvazyakatA huii| apanA mata prakaTa karane ke uparAnta buddha pacAsa varSa taka jIvita rahe; ataH isameM sandeha nahIM ki inameM se bahuta se niyama unhIM ke nizcita kiye hue haiM / bahuta se niyama unake nirvANa ke bAda ke bhI haiM, para vinaya-piTaka meM ve saba unhIM ke banAye hue kahe gaye haiN| "abhidhamma-piTaka" meM bhinna bhinna viSayoM para zAstrArtha haiM; arthAt bhinna bhinna lokoM meM jIvana kI avasthAoM,zArIrika guNoM,

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bAddha-kAlIna bhArata 248 tattvoM aura astittva ke kAraNoM Adi para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| aba hama krama se (1) sutta-piTaka, (2) vinaya-piTaka aura (3) abhidhamma-piTaka ke granthoM kI sUcI dete haiN| (1) sutta-piTaka suttapiTaka ke nimnalikhita pA~ca "nikAya" yA vibhAga haiM(1) dIgha nikAya, arthAt bar3e grantha, jinameM 34 sUtra haiN| (2) majjhima nikAya, arthAt madhyama grantha, jinameM madhyama vistAra ke 152 sUtra haiN| (3) saMyukta nikAya, arthAt saMbaddha grantha, jinameM eka dUsare se sambaddha puruSoM yA viSayoM ke 156 sUtroM kA saMgraha hai| ___(4) aMguttara nikAya, arthAt aise grantha jinameM kaI bhAga haiM aura pratyeka bhAga kA barAbara vistAra hotA gayA hai| (5) khudda nikAya arthAt choTe grantha, jinameM ye 15 grantha haiM (1) "khuddakapATha" arthAt choTe choTe vacana / (2) "dhammapada" jisameM dhArmika AjJAoM kA saMgraha hai| (3) "udAna" jisameM 82 choTe choTe padya haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki inheM gautama buddha ne bhinna bhinna samayoM meM bar3e bhAva meM bharakara kahA thA / (4) "itivRttaka" arthAt buddha kI kahI huI 110 baateN| (5) "sutta-nipAta" jisameM 70 upadeza-prada padya haiN| (6) "vimAnavatthu" jisameM svargIya vimAnoM kI kathAe~ haiM / (7) "petavatthu" jisameM pretoM kA viSaya hai / (8) "theragAthA" jisameM bhikSuoM ke padya haiM / (9) "therI gAthA" jisameM bhikSuniyoM ke padya haiM / (10) "jAtaka" jisameM buddha ke pUrva-janmoM kI lagabhabha 550 kathAe~ haiM / (11) "nihesa" jisameM

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249 prAcIna baura sAhitya suttanipAta para sAriputta kA bhASya hai| (12) "parisaMmidA" jisameM antarjJAna kA viSaya hai| (13) "apadAna" jisameM arhatoM kI kathAe~ haiM / (14) "buddhavaMza" jisameM gautama buddha tathA unake pahale ke caubisa buddhoM ke jIvana-caritra haiN| aura (15) "cariyA piTaka" jisameM gautama ke pUrva janmoM ke sukarmoM kA varNana haiN| (2) vinaya piTaka vinaya piTaka nimna likhita tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai (1) vibhaMga-DAkTara aolDenabarga aura rAija DeviDsa sAhaba kA mata hai ki yaha "pAtimokkha' kA kevala vistRta pATha hai; arthAt "bhASya sahita pAtimokkha" hai / "pAtimokkha" meM pApoM aura usake daNDoM kA sUtra rUpa meM saMgraha hai, jisakA pATha pratyeka amAvAsyA aura pUrNimA ko kiyA jAtA thA / loga mAnate haiM ki kiyA huA pApa svIkAra karane para bhikSu usase mukta ho jAtA hai / (2) khandaka-isameM "mahAvagga" aura "cullavagga" haiM / "mahAvagga" meM buddha kI kathA, unakA prathama upadeza aura rAhula kI dIkSA Adi kA varNana hai / "cullavagga" meM anAthapiMDika tathA devadatta kI kathAe~ aura bhikSunI saMgha kI sthApanA Adi kA varNana hai| (3) parivAra pATha-yaha vinaya-piTaka ke pUrva bhAgoM kA bAdavAlA saMskaraNa aura pariziSTa hai / yaha azoka ke samaya meM bnaathaa| dIpavaMza meM likhA hai ki azoka kA putra maheMdra ise laMkA le gayA thaa| (3) abhidhamma piTaka abhidhamma piTaka meM nimnalikhita graMtha sammilita haiM (1) dhammasaMganI-isameM bhinna bhinna logoM ke jIvana kA varNana hai| Pue Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat Shree Sin www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 250 (2) vibhaMga-isameM zAstrArtha kI 18 pustakeM haiN| (3) kathAvatthu isameM vivAda ke 1000 viSaya haiM / (4) puggala pannatti-isameM zArIrika guNoM kA varNana hai / (5) dhAtukathA-isame tattvoM kA varNana hai / (6) yamaka-isameM eka dUsare se bhinna yA milatI huI bAtoM kA varNana hai| (7) paTTAna-yaha astitva ke kAraNoM ke viSaya meM hai / Upara saMkSepa meM tInoM piTakoM ke viSayoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| ye tInoM piTaka buddha kA jIvanacaritra, unake kArya tathA bauddha kAlIna bhAratavarSa kA itihAsa jAnane ke liye bahuta upayogI haiM / yadyapi jisa samaya ye tInoM piTaka nizcita aura saMgRhIta kiye gaye, usa samaya loga likhanA jAnate the, tathApi usake bAda saikar3oM varSoM taka ve kevala kaNThAgra rakhakara rakSita kiye gye| dIpavaMza (20. 20-21) meM likhA hai-"tInoM piTakoM aura unake bhASyoM ko bhI prAcIna samaya ke buddhimAn bhikSuoM ne kevala mukha dvArA ziSyoM ko sikhalAyA / " ataH I0 pU0 80 ke lagabhaga tInoM piTaka pahalI bAra lipibaddha kiye gaye the| prAcIna bauddha kAla kA saMskRta sAhitya-saMskRta sAhitya kA sUtra kAla aura prAcIna bauddha kAla prAyaH eka hI hai / prAcIna bauddha kAla I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI se I0 pU0 200 taka mAnA jAtA hai| isI taraha sUtra kAla bhI I0 pU0 600 yA 700 se I0 pU0 200 taka mAnA gayA hai / isa kAla ke pahale hiMduoM ke apauruSeya graMtha arthAt veda, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka aura upaniSad race jA cuke the / brAhmaNoM meM aba taka lekhana-kalA kA

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251 prAcIna bauddha sAhitya pracAra nahIM huA thA, jisase ye saba graMtha kaI zatAbdiyoM taka kevala smaraNa zakti ke dvArA hI surakSita rakkhe gye| para jyoM jyoM graMthoM kI saMkhyA tathA AkAra bar3hate gaye, tyoM tyoM unheM surakSita rakhane kI kaThinatA bhI bar3hane lgii| isaliye zAstroM aura saba granthoM ko saMkSipta se saMkSipta rUpa meM lAne kI AvazyakatA huii| inhIM parama saMkSipta lekhoM ko sUtra kahate haiM / isa kAla meM sUtra-grantha adhikatA se bane; isaliye yaha kAla "sUtra kAla" kahalAtA hai / sUtra tIna prakAra ke haiM-auta sUtra, dharma sUtra, aura gRhya sUtra / inake sAtha hI sAtha yA inake pahale vyAkaraNa Adi ke sUtra bane, jinheM sphuTa sUtra kahate haiN| kaI vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki pANini isI sUtra kAla meM hue; para kucha logoM kA kahanA hai ki ve buddha ke pahale ke haiN| zrota sUtroM meM pradhAna pradhAna yajJoM kI vidhiyoM kA varNana hai| dharma sUtroM meM sAmAjika aura nyAya sambandhI niyamoM kA varNana hai / gRhya sU troM meM gRhasthoM ke dhArmika kartavyoM aura gharelU jIvana kA varNana hai| ina tInoM prakAra ke sUtroM ke mukhya AdhAra veda hI haiN| dharmasUtroM ke bAda smRtiyoM kA nirmANa huA / vartamAna manusmRti prAcIna mAnava dharmasUtra ke AdhAra para banI hai| sUtra kAla ke pahale taka saMskRta bhASA kA hI pUrNa mahattva thaa| mAlUma hotA hai ki usa samaya saMskRta ke saMsarga se dhIre dhIre prAkRta bhASA bhI unnati kara rahI thI, para usa samaya taka usane itanI unnati nahIM kI thI ki usameM graMtha likhe jaate| yadi usa kAla meM kucha prAkRta graMtha bane bhI hoM, to ve kadAcit aise nIrasa aura zuSka the ki rakSita nahIM raha sake / sUtra kAla hI meM hama prAkRta bhASA ko sAhitya kSetra meM pahale pahala avatIrNa hote hue

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 252 pAte haiN| brAhmaNa loga sUtra kAla taka ucca viSayoM meM lage rahe; isaliye ve rAjAoM ke yaza aura yuddhoM Adi kA varNana karanA tathA unakI stuti ke gIta gAnA apanI pratiSThA ke pratikUla samajhate the / yahI kAraNa hai ki rAjanItika itihAsa rakSita rakhane kA bhAra sUta logoM para pdd'aa| kahA jAtA hai ki jaba maharSi veda vyAsa ne apane ziSyoM meM veda bA~Te, taba purANoM kA viSaya lomaharSaNa sUta ko sauNpaa| isase jAna par3atA hai ki jaba isa viSaya ko kSudra samajhakara brAhmaNoM ne isakA tiraskAra kiyA, taba sUtoM ne ise apnaayaa| ye sUta loga saMskRta meM adhika pravINa nahIM hote the; isaliye ve prAkRta bhASA meM hI apanI racanA karate the| ataeva kisI na kisI rUpa meM purANoM kI racanA sUtra kAla meM pahale pahala prAkRta bhASA hI meM huii| rAjA loga bhI apanI tathA apane pUrva puruSoM kI vaMzAvalI aura itivRtta inhIM sUtoM se banavAte the| ye vaMzAvaliyA~ aura itivRtta bhI prAkRta bhASA meM hI race jAte the| bAda ko purANoM aura rAja-vaMzAvaliyoM kA eka sAtha saMskRta bhASA meM ulthA ho gyaa| isI se purANoM meM prAcIna rAja-vaMzAvaliyA~ bhI pAI jAtI haiN| pArajiTara sAheba ne apane "DAinesTIz2a Apha di kali eja" (kaliyuga ke rAjavaMza) nAmaka graMtha meM siddha kiyA hai ki saMkRta ke prAcIna purANa prAkRta purANoM ke AdhAra para bane haiN| bahuta sthAnoM para to prAkRta ke zlokoM ko jyoM kA tyoM uThAkara saMskRta meM unakA anuvAda kara diyA hai| yahA~ taka ki bhaviSya purANa meM kahIM kahIM prAkRta zabda ke sthAna para vaisA hI saMskRta zabda lAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, jisase chandobhaMga tathA vyAkaraNa kI azuddhiyA~ bhI raha gaI haiN| yadi una sthAnoM para

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253 prAcIna bora sAhitya prAkRta zabda rakha diye jAya, to ye azuddhiyA~ dUra ho sakatI haiN| bauddha nikAya granthoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki prAcIna bauddha kAla meM purANa sunane kI prathA usa samaya thI, jaba ki saMskRta ke purANa graMtha nahIM bane the| isase siddha hotA hai ki purANa graMtha bahuta prAcIna haiM aura kisI na kisI rUpa meM ve sUtra kAla meM vidyamAna the| purANoM ke sivA rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM isI prAcIna bauddha kAla yA sUtra kAla meM race gaye the; kyoMki sUtra graMthoM kI saMskRta aura mahAbhArata tathA rAmAyaNa kI saMskRta Apasa meM bahuta kucha milatI julatI hai| I0 pU0 dvitIya zatAbdI ke pAtaMjala mahAbhASya meM mahAbhArata kA ullekha AyA hai, jisase sUcita hotA hai ki mahAbhArata I0 pU0 dvitIya zatAbdI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa| AzvalAyana gRhya sUtra meM bhI mahAbhArata kA ullekha AyA hai, jisase sUcita hotA hai ki mahAbhArata apane prAcIna rUpa meM sUtra kAla ke bAda kA nahIM hai| isI kAla meM kauTilIya arthazAstra, vAtsyAyana kA kAmasUtra, bhAsa ke nATaka aura pAtaMjala mahAbhASya Adi bhI likhe gaye / bahuta sI vidyAoM aura kalAoM kA ullekha "brahmajAla sutta" aura "dIgha nikAya" nAmaka bauddha graMthoM meM hai, jisase patA lagatA hai ki isa kAla meM bhinna bhinna vidyAoM aura kalAoM ke saMbaMdha meM graMtha avazya race gaye the|

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caudahavA~ adhyAya prAcIna bauddha kAla kI zilpa-kalA prAcIna bauddha kAla kI imAratoM aura mUrtiyoM Adi ke jo namUne aba taka mile haiM, unameM bhAratIya zilpa kalA ke hajAra varSa se Upara kA itihAsa bharA hai| ye namUne mAno do hajAra varSa ke itihAsa ke pRSTha haiM, jinase hama bhAratIya zilpa kalA kI unnati aura avanati kA patA lagA sakate haiN| isa bIca meM bhAratavarSa meM taraha taraha ke vicAroM aura darzana zAstroM kA pracAra huaa| kaI jAtiyoM ke logoM ne uttara kI ora se bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa kiye / ina bAharI AkramoM kA phala yaha huA ki deza meM kaI prakAra ke vicAroM kA prAdurbhAva huaa| yahA~ asaMkhya rAjagharAne rAjya karake sadA ke liye nirmUla ho gye| ina bhinna bhinna jAtiyoM ke logoM ke vicAra, bhAva, uddezya, Adarza aura vizvAsa zilpa kalA ke prAcIna udAharaNoM meM aMkita haiM / ataeva moTe taura para dekhane se prAcIna bhAratIya zilpa kalA meM kadAcit anaikya aura bhinnatA mAlUma hogI; para vAstava meM usa zilpa kalA meM kisI prakAra kA anakya yA bhinnatA nahIM hai| jisa taraha hinduoM ke bhinna bhinna darzana zAstroM aura dhArmika bhAvoM kA eka mAtra Adarza veda aura upaniSad ke siddhAnta haiM, usI taraha bhinna bhinna prakAra kI aura bhinna bhinna samaya kI zilpa kalA meM bhI eka Adarza bhAva hai| yahI Adarza bhAva bhAratIya

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255 prAcIna zilpa-kalA 'zilpa kalA meM bhI dikhAI detA hai; aura yahI usa zilpa kalA kI ekatA sUcita karatA hai| bhAratIya zilpa kalA ke isa "Adarza bhAva" ko a~garejI meM "AiDiyalima" kahate haiN| hindU zilpakAroM ne sadA zrAdarza mUrti yA citra banAne kA hI prayatna kiyA hai| zilpa kalA'hI kyoM, sabhI bAtoM meM prAcIna bhAratIyoM kI pravRtti AdarzatA kI hI ora rahI hai / laukika jIvana aura laukika bAtoM kI ora se ve prAyaH udAsIna hI rahe haiN| isI liye bhAratavarSa kI prAcIna zilpa kalA kA dharma se bhI sadA ghaniSTa sambandha rahA hai| prAcIna bhArata ke citrakAra tathA mUrtikAra apanI vidyA tathA kalA kauzala kA upayoga saMsAra kI sAdhAraNa vastuoM ke sambandha meM nahIM karate the| unakA mukhya uddezya devatAoM ke citra tathA mUrtiyA~ banAnA thaa| hamAre yahA~ mAnava jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ke citra tathA mAnava mUrtiyA~ nirmANa karanA citrakAra tathA mUrtikAra kA dharma nahIM mAnA gayA hai| zukrAcArya ne "zukranIti" meM kahA hai api zreyaskaraM nRNAM devabimbamalakSaNam / salakSaNaM martya bimba nahi zreyaskaraM sadA // / arthAt-"citrakAra tathA mUrtikAra ke liye yahI zreyaskara hai ki vaha sadaiva deva-mUrtiyA~ banAve / manuSyoM kI AkRtiyA~ athavA citra banAnA kevala burA hI nahIM, apavitra bhI hai| devamUrti cAhe kitanI hI bhaddI kyoM na ho, vaha sundara se sundara mAnava mUrti se acchI hai|" yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna bhAratavarSa kI jitanI mUrtiyA~ abhI taka milI haiM, ve prAyaH saba kI saba yA to kisI devatA yA mahApuruSa kI haiM yA dharma-saMbaMdhI anya ghaTanAoM ke AdhAra para banAI gaI haiN|

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caura-kAlIna bhArata 256 para kheda hai ki thor3e se sikkoM aura bhagnAvazeSoM ko chor3a kara abhI taka koI aisI mUrti yA kArIgarI kA namUnA nahIM milA hai, jo nizcita rUpa se azoka ke pahale kA kahA jA ske| ataeva bhAratavarSa kI prAcIna zilpa kalA kA prAraMbha azoka ke samaya se hI samajhanA caahie| hA~, hAla meM zrIyuta kAzIprasAda jI jAyasavAla ne eka naI khoja kI hai, jisase bhAratIya purAtattva sambandhI vicAroM meM bar3A ulaTa phera hone kI saMbhAvanA hai *| zrIyuta jAyasavAla ne apanI khoja kA vivaraNa "bihAra aiMDa or3IsA risarca sosAiTI" ke mukhapatra ke mArca 1919 tathA disambara 1919 vAle aMkoM meM chapavAyA hai / isa khoja kA saMbaMdha una do bar3I mUrtiyoM se hai, jo kalakatte ke "inDiyana myUjiyama" (ajAyabaghara) meM rakkhI haiM, aura usa eka bar3I mUrti se hai, jo mathurA ke ajAyabaghara meM hai| ina tInoM mUrtiyoM para prAcIna brAhmI akSaroM meM lekha khude hue haiM / ye tInoM mUrtiyA~ aba taka yakSa kI mUrtiyA~ samajhI jAtI thIM; para jAyasavAla jI ne ina mUrtiyoM ke lekhoM ko par3hakara bar3I vidvattA ke sAtha yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki kalakatte ke ajAyabagharavAlI mUrtiyA~ zaizunAga vaMza ke udayina aura nandivarddhana ina do mahArAjAoM kI haiM, jinakA itihAsa meM nAma mAtra milatA hai| tIsarI mUrti ke bAre meM, jo mathurA ke ajAyabaghara meM hai, jAyasavAla jI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki yaha mUrti zaizunAga vaMza ke pratApazAlI samrAT bimbisAra ke putra mahArAja ajAtazatru kI hai| vauddha graMthoM se sUcita hotA hai ki * sarasvatI, jUlAI 1620 meM merA "bhAratIya purAtatva meM naI khoja" nAmaka lekha dekhiye|

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257 prAcIna zilpa-kalA jaba ajAtazatru gaddI para AyA, taba buddha bhagavAn jIvita the| para sAtha hI yahA~ yaha bhI kaha denA ucita jAna par3atA hai ki jAyasavAla jI kI isa khoja ke bAre meM anya vidvAnoM meM bahuta mata-bheda hai| astu; mUrti yA zilpa kalA ke jo namUna aba taka mile haiM, ve nizcita rUpa se azoka ke pahale ke nahIM kaha jA skte| isakA kAraNa yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki azoka ke pahale ghara tathA mUrtiyA~ kATha kI banAI jAtI thiiN| pahale pahala azoka ke samaya meM hI patthara kI mUrtiyA~ aura bhavana banane lge| ataeva bhAratIya mUrtikArI yA zilpa kalA kA AraMbha azoka ke samaya se hotA hai| azoka ke pitA bindusAra aura pitAmaha candragupta ne mahala aura mandira Adi avazya banavAye hoMge; kintu aba unakA koI cihna bAkI nahIM hai / kAraNa yahI mAlUma hotA hai ki azoka ke pUrva imArateM aura mUrtiyA~ kATha kI banAI jAtI thIM, jo aba bilakula naSTa ho gaI haiN| maurya kAla kI zilpa kalA pUrNa rUpa se svadezI nahIM hai / usa para prAcIna IrAna kI sabhyatA kA bhI thor3A bahuta prabhAva par3A hai| azoka aura prAcIna IrAna ke bAdazAha dArA ke zilAstaMbhoM, zilAlekhoM aura imAratoM ke khambhoM ko dhyAnapUrvaka dekhane se yahI jJAta hotA hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM kA DhaMga bhI vaisA hI hai, jaisA IsA ke pA~ca sau varSa pahale "parsipolisa" aura "nakhsaerustam" meM bAdazAha dArA ke khudavAye hue zilAlekhoM kA hai / prAcIna IrAna ke zilAstaMbhoM ke zikhara, jo aba taka vahA~ kI prAcIna rAjadhAnI "parsipolisa" aura "sUsA" meM vidyamAna haiM, ghaNTAkAra hote the aura una para eka dUsare kI ora pITha.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 258 karake baiThe hue hAthI-ghor3oM, yA siMhoM kI mUrtiyA~ rahatI thiiN| ye donoM bAteM azoka ke zilAstaMbhoM aura bharahUta, sA~cI, mathurA tathA buddha gayA ke stUpoM ke pariveSTanoM meM milatI haiM / mAlUma hotA hai ki jaba azoka ke samaya meM pahale pahala kATha yA lakar3I ke sthAna para patthara kI imArateM aura mUrtiyA~ banAI jAne lagI, taba una para prAcIna IrAna kI mUrtikArI tathA sthApatya vidyA kA bahuta kucha prabhAva par3A hogA / azoka ke sAmane IrAna ke zilAlekhoM, zilAstaMbhoM, imAratoM aura mUrtiyoM ke udAharaNa the| unhIM ko dekhakara usane apane zilAlekha, zilAstaMbha aura mahala Adi banavAye hoNge| prasiddha kalA-kuzala hAvela sAheba kA mata hai ki azoka ke staMbha IrAna ke stambhoM kI nakala nahIM, balki una stambhoM kI nakala haiM, jo prAcIna vaidika kAla meM yajJa-sthAnoM ke cAro ora khar3e kiye jAte the / ye yajJa-stambha rASTra ke zilpakAra banAte the| vaidika kAla se hI zilpakAra loga rASTra yA rAjya ke sevaka gine jAte the aura unakI pratiSThA brAhmaNoM tathA kSatriyoM se kama na thii| maurya kAla meM zilpa kalA kI jo zailI pracalita thI, vaha avazya prAcIna vaidika kAla se calI A rahI thI / jo loga yaha kahate haiM ki maurya kAla kI zilpa kalA IrAna kI zilpa kalA kI nakala hai, ve bhrama meM haiN| maurya kAla kI kArIgarI aura prAcIna IrAna kI kArIgarI meM jo samAnatA dikhalAI par3atI hai, usakA kAraNa yahI hai ki ati prAcIna samaya meM alaga alaga hone ke pahale Arya aura IrAnI bahuta dinoM taka eka sAtha raha cuke the; aura jaba donoM alaga hue, taba zilpa kalA kI jo zailI prAcIna samaya se calI A rahI thI, vahI donoM meM bahuta dinoM taka praca

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259 prAcIna zilpa-kalA 'lita rhii| hAvela sAheba ke mata se azoka ke stambhoM ke zikhara "ghaNTAkAra" nahIM balki "adhomukhI kamala" ke AkAra ke haiM; aura kamala ke phUla bhAratavarSa meM bahuta dinoM se zubha samajhe jAte haiM / azoka ne bahuta sI imArateM, stUpa, caitya, vihAra aura staMbha Adi banavAye the| kahA jAtA hai ki tIna varSoM meM usane caurAsI sahasra stUpa nirmANa karAye the| IsavI pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke prAraMbha meM jisa samaya cInI bauddha yAtrI phAhiyAna pATaliputra meM AyA thA, usa samaya bhI azoka kA rAjamahala khar3A huA thA; aura logoM kA vizvAsa thA ki vaha deva-dAnavoM ke hAtha kA banA huA thaa| aba usakI ye saba imArateM lupta ho gaI haiM aura unake bhagnAvazeSa gaMgA tathA sona nadiyoM ke purAne pATa ke nIce dabe par3e haiN| azoka ke samaya ke kucha stUpa madhya bhArata meM sA~cI meM aura usake Asa pAsa haiN| azoka ne gayA ke pAsa barAbara nAma kI pahAr3I meM "AjIvika" saMpradAya ke tapasviyoM ke liye guphAe~ banavAI thIM, jinako dIvAreM bahuta hI cikanI aura sApha sutharI haiN| ____ azoka ke banavAye hue smArakoM meM patthara para khude hue usake lekha saba se vicitra aura mahatva ke haiN| kula milAkara ye lekha tIsa se adhika haiM, jo caTTAnoM, guphAoM kI dIvAroM aura stambhoM para khude hue milate haiN| inhIM lekhoM se azoka ke itihAsa kA saccA patA lagatA hai| ye lekha lagabhaga kula bhAratavarSa meM, himAlaya se maisUra taka aura baMgAla kI khAr3I se araba sAgara taka, phaile hue haiN| ye lekha aise sthAnoM meM khudavAye gaye the, jahA~ logoM kA AvAgamana adhika hotA thaa| ye nimnalikhita ATha bhAgoM meM bA~Te jA sakate haiM

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 260 (1) caturdaza zilAlekha-ya ninnalikhita sAta sthAnoM meM pahAr3oM kI caTTAnoM para khude hue pAye jAte haiM-(1) zahabAz2agar3hI, jo pezAvara se cAlIsa mIla dUra uttara-pUrva meM hai; (2) mAnaserA, jo paMjAba ke haz2ArA jile meM hai; (3) kAlasI, jo masUrI se pandraha mIla pazcima kI ora hai; (4) sopArA, jo bambaI ke pAsa thAnA jile meM hai; (5) giranAra pahAr3I, jo kAThiyAvAr3a meM jUnAgar3ha ke pAsa hai; (6) dhaulI jo ur3IsA ke kaTaka jile meM hai; aura (7) jaugar3ha jo madarAsa ke gaMjama jile meM hai| (2) do kaliMga zilAlekha-ye dhaulI aura jaugar3ha ke caturdaza zilAlekhoM ke pariziSTa rUpa haiM aura bAda ko unameM jor3e gaye the| (3) laghu zilAlekha-ye uttarI maisUra ke (1) siddhapura, (2) jatiMga rAmezvara aura (3) brahmagiri meM; zAhAbAda jile ke (4) sahasarAma meM; jabalapura jile ke (5) rUpanAtha meM; jayapura riyAsata ke (6) bairATa meM; aura nijAma kI riyAsata ke (7) mAskI nAmaka sthAna meM pAye jAte haiN| (4) bhAvU zilAlekha-ye jayapura riyAsata meM bairATa ke pAsa eka pahAr3I kI caTTAna para khudA huA thA aura Ajakala kalakatte meM rakkhA hai| (5) sapta staMbhalekha-ye nimnalikhita chaH stambhoM para khude hue haiM-dillI ke do stambha, jinameM se eka aMbAle ke pAsa (1) ToparA sthAna se aura dUsarA (2) meraTha se dillI meM lAyA gayA thA; (3) ilAhAbAda kA eka stambha, jo vahA~ ke kile meM hai; (4) laur3iyA ararAja; (5) laur3iyA nandanagar3ha; aura (6), rAmapura ke tIna stambha jo tirahuta ke caMpArana jile meM haiN|

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261 prAcIna zilpa-kalA (6) laghu stambhalekha-ye sAranAtha, kauzAMbI aura sA~cI meM pAye jAte hai| kauzAMbIvAlA laghu stambhalekha bhI usI staMbha para khudA hai jo ilAhAbAda ke kile meM hai aura jo kadAcit pahale kauzAMbI meM thaa| (7) do tarAI staMbhalekha-ye nepAla kI sarahada para rumindeI tathA niglIva nAmaka grAmoM meM haiN| (8) tIna guhAlekha-ye gayA ke pAsa barAbara nAma kI pahAr3I meM haiN| azoka ke zilAlekhoM, zilAstambhoM aura una para gar3hI huI mUrtiyoM se usake samaya kI bhAratIya zilpa kalA kA kucha kucha anumAna ho sakatA hai| azoka ke samaya kI zilpa kalA kA eka bar3A acchA udAharaNa usakA eka zilAstaMbha hai| vaha caMpArana jile ke laur3iyA nandanagar3ha nAmaka grAma meM khar3A hai / vaha staMbha 32 phuTa U~cA hai / usakA patthara bahuta ho cikanA hai| Upara kI ora vaha kama moTA hotA gayA hai| usakI golAI nIce AdhAra ke pAsa 35 // iMca aura zikhara ke pAsa 22 / / iMca hai / usakA zikhara adhomukhI kamala ke AkAra kA hai aura usa para eka siMha kI mUrti hai| isI taraha kA eka zilAstaMbha sAranAtha ( banArasa ) meM bhI hai| vaha itanA cikanA hai ki mAlUma hotA hai, abhI banakara taiyAra huA hai / usakA bhI zikhara aghomukhI kamala ke AkAra kA hai| zikhara para cAra siMha-mUrtiyA~ pITha jor3e hue haiM / siMha aura zikhara ke bIca ke bhAga meM baila, ghor3e, hAthI tathA siMha kI eka eka mUrti hai| ina mUrtiyoM ke bIca ke bhAga meM eka eka dharmacakra ( pahiyA ) bhI hai,

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 262 jo sUcita karatA hai ki bhagavAna buddha ne sAranAtha hI meM pahale pahala apane dharma kA cakra calAyA thA aura bauddha dharma kA pracAra vahIM se Arambha huA thaa| siMhoM para bhI eka "dharmacakra" thA, jo naSTa ho gayA hai| usake kucha Tukar3e sAranAtha meM, staMbha ke pAsa hI, mile the / bhAratIya purAtatva tathA zilpa kalA ke vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki kisI dUsare deza meM pazuoM kI aisI acchI, suMdara, svAbhAvika aura sajIva prAcIna mUrti milanA kaThina hai, jaisI sAranAtha ke azoka-staMbha para hai| ina mUrtiyoM meM prAcIna IrAna kI mUrtikArI kI kucha jhalaka avazya hai; kintu bhAratIya mUrtikAroM ne isa viSaya meM videziyoM se cAhe jo bAteM grahaNa kI hoM, para unheM unhoMne apane bhAvoM meM aisA DhAla liyA thA ki aba usameM logoM ko videzI prabhAva kA patA milanA kaThina hai| maurya kAla ke anya cAra smAraka cihna ina cAra sthAnoM meM milate haiM-(1) bharahUta, (2) sA~cI aura (3) amarAvatI ke stUpa tathA (4) buddha gayA ke prAcIna dhvaMsAvazeSa / ina cAroM kA samaya I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI se pahalI zatAbdI taka mAnA gayA hai / sA~cI aura bharahUta ke stUpoM ke cAro ora patthara kA gherA yA pariveSTana hai| banAvaTa se mAlUma hotA hai ki una para saMgatarAza kA kAma nahIM, kintu bar3haI kA kAma hai / una para jo nakkAzI hai, vaha lakar3I para kI nakAzI se milatI julatI hai| jAna par3atA hai. ki jaba patthara kI imArateM tathA mUrtiyA~ banane lagI, taba jo kAma pahale lakar3I para hotA thA, vahI patthara para hone lgaa| yaha bAta bharahUta, sA~cI aura gayA ke pariveSTanoM tathA toraNoM para kI mUrtiyoM aura bela bUToM se acchI taraha siddha hotI hai /

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prAcIna zilpa-kalA __ bharahUta ilAhAbAda se koI 120 mIla hai| vaha nAgauda rAjya meM hai| usakA purAnA nAma varadAvatI hai| san 1873 IsavI meM janarala kaniMghama nAgauda rAjya se hokara nikale / vahA~ unheM prAcIna bharahUta ke khaMDaharoM kA patA milaa| ve vahA~ gaye / parIkSA karane para unheM vidita huA ki vahA~ eka bahuta purAnA aura bar3A bhArI stUpa thA aura kaI eka vihAra bhI the| do tIna bAra meM unhoMne stUpa ke Asa pAsa kI jamIna khudvaaii| khodane se kitanI hI mUrtiyA~, staMbha aura TUTe phUTe toraNa Adi mile| brAhmI akSaroM meM khude hue saikar3oM zilAlekha bhI prApta hue / sAtha hI gautama buddha ke carita sabandhI aneka dRzya bhI khude hue pAye gaye / yahA~ ke stUpa kA vyAsa 68 phuTa aura pradakSiNA kA mArga 213 phuTa thA / usameM cAra praveza-dvAra the aura saba milAkara assI khaMbhe the| bauddha jAtakoM meM jo kathAe~ haiM, ve saba citra yA mUrti rUpa meM ina khaMbhoM aura toraNoM para khudI huI thIM / khodane se kitane hI yakSoM, yakSiNiyoM, devatAoM aura nAgarAjoM Adi kI bar3I hI sundara akSata mUrtiyA~ miliiN| kaniMghama sAhaba ne ye saba vastue~ kalakatte bheja dii| vahA~ ve ajAyabaghara meM rakkhI haiN| prAcIna zilAlekhoM aura sikkoM se janarala kaniMghama ne yaha siddha kiyA ki bharahUta kA stUpa kama se kama I0 pU0 240 kA hai| bhUpAla rAjya meM bhilasA gA~va ke nikaTa kaI stUpa-samUha haiN| kaniMghama sAhaba ne pahale pahala inakA vRttAnta san 1854 I0 meM prakAzita kiyA thaa| ina stUpoM meM saba se pradhAna sA~cI kA eka bar3A stUpa hai| yaha stUpa 54 phuTa U~cA hai aura AdhAra ke ThIka Upara isakA vyAsa 106 phuTa hai| isake cAro ora jo

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264 baukha-kAlIna bhArata pariveSTana hai, usakA gherA pUraba se pacchima ko 144 phuTa aura uttara se dakkhina ko 151 phuTa hai| yaha pariveSTana golAkAra hai| isake 8 phuTa U~ce aThapahala khambhe eka dUsare se do do phuTa kI dUrI para haiM / ve sire para tathA bIca meM bhI moTe moTe pattharoM se jur3e hue haiN| ina khaMbhoM aura pattharoM para bela bUToM kA itanA jyAdA kAma hai ki una bela bUToM se ve bilakula Dhaka se gaye haiN| sA~cI kA yaha stUpa saMbhavataH azoka ke samaya meM banA thaa| usake pariveSTana ke pratyeka bhAga para jo lekha khude haiM, unase vidita hotA hai ki ve bhinna bhinna manuSyoM ke banavAye hue haiN| stUpa kA pariveSTana tathA usake cAroM phATaka yA toraNa azoka ke bAda ke haiN| unakA samaya I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / cAro toraNoM para saMgatarAzI kA bahuta uttama kAma hai| una para buddha ke jIvana kI pradhAna pradhAna ghaTanAe~ khudI haiN| isake sivA una para jAtakoM ke dRzya bhI khude haiN| kahIM bhaktoM kA jalUsa nikala rahA hai, kahIM stUpa kI pUjA ho rahI hai, kahIM yuddha ho rahA hai aura kahIM striyA~ tathA puruSa khAte pIte aura Ananda karate haiN| kRSNa nadI ke muhAne ke nikaTa usake dakSiNI kinAre para amarAvatI hai| yahA~ bahuta dinoM taka dakSiNI bhArata ke Andhra rAjAoM kI rAjadhAnI thii| yahA~ kA stUpa aba nahIM hai| para hven-tsAMga jaba yahA~ AyA thA, taba yaha vidyamAna thaa| isa stUpa ke cAro ora bhI eka pariveSTana yA gherA thaa| usa pariveSTana para bhI bahuta uttama kArIgarI kA kAma hai / usa para bhI buddha ke jIvana kI ghaTanAe~ aura jAtaka kathAoM ke dRzya khude haiM /

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265 bhavIna zilpa-kalA amarAvatIvAle stUpa ke pariveSTana kA nirmANa kAla IsavI dUsarI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| para stUpa usase bahuta purAnA hai| buddhagayA meM bhI patthara kA eka prAcIna pariveSTana yA gherA hai| yaha maurya kAla kA saba se prAcIna pariveSTana mAnA jAtA hai| pahale yaha usa bodhi vRkSa ke cAro ora thA, jisake nIce buddha bhagavAn ne buddhatva prApta kiyA thA / DAkTara phargyusana ne isa pariveSTana kA samaya 250 I0 pU0 mAnA hai / isa para bhI bahuta uttama kArIgarI samaya 250 IyAvA / DAkTara kA __ prAcIna rAjagRha (rAjagira) meM jo purAnI dIvAreM aura bhanAvazeSa haiM, ve maurya kAla ke pUrva ke arthAt I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI ke mAne jAte haiM / kahA jAtA hai ki zaizunAga vaMza ke rAjA bimbisAra ne prAcIna rAjagRha ujAr3akara eka navIna rAjagRha basAyA thaa| maurya kAla kI citrakArI kA eka namUnA saragujA riyAsata meM rAmagar3ha pahAr3I kI jogImArA nAmaka guphA meM hai| yahA~ ke citra prAyaH dhuMdhule par3a gaye haiN| para aba bhI unakA astitva hai / DAkTara blAka ne unakA samaya I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI nizcita kiyA hai| prAcIna samaya meM jahA~ bar3e bar3e stUpa hote the, vahA~ bhikSuoM ke rahane ke liye vihAra aura pUjA ke liye caitya athavA mandira bhI hote the| vihAra kI banAvaTa vaisI hI hotI thI, jaisI prAyaH hinduoM ke makAnoM kI hotI hai, arthAt bIca meM eka A~gana rahatA thA aura usake cAro ora bhikSuoM ke rahane ke liye kamare bane rahate the / bauddha vihAroM meM saba se pahalA nAlanda kA prasiddha vihAra hai, jise hventsAMga ne sAtavIM zatAbdI meM dekhA thaa| bauddha caityoM yA mandiroM ke bAre meM vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki ve

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266 baura-kAlIna bhArata U~cI U~cI caTTAnoM meM kATakara banAye jAte the| bihAra meM caitya kI eka guphA hai / kahA jAtA hai ki yahI rAjagRha kI vaha satapani / guphA hai, jisameM buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda bauddhoM kI pahalI mahAsabhA huI thii| gayA se 16 mIla uttara aneka guphAoM kA eka samUha hai / unameM saba se manoraMjaka guphA "lomaza RSi kI guphA" ke nAma se prasiddha hai| usakI chatta nukIlI vRttAkAra hai aura usake mu~ha para sAde patthara kA kAma hai| ye saba caitya I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI ke khude hue kahe jAte haiM / pazcimI ghATa meM cAra pA~ca caitya kI guphAe~ haiN| unameM se bhAjA, kondAne, pItalakhorA, bedasA aura nAsika kI caitya guphAe~ mukhya haiM / pahale cAra sthAnoM kIgufAe~ I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI kI aura antima sthAna kI caitya guphA I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI kI mAnI jAtI hai / prAcIna bauddha kAla kI zilpa kalA ke namUnoM ko dekhane se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya bhAratavarSa sukha aura samRddhi se pUrNa thaa| loga svataMtra, sukhI aura cintA-rahita the| maurya kAla kI mUrtikArI meM usa samaya kA citra malaka rahA hai / bauddha kAla meM aura vizeSa karake azoka ke samaya meM bauddha dharma ke prabhAva se samAja ke bhinna bhinna aMga dhIre dhIre eka ho rahe the| isa avasthA kA citra bharahUta aura sA~cI ke stUpoM ke cAro ora ke pariveSTanoM auratoraNoM meM sApha dikhAI detA hai / usa samaya mUrtikAra ko mUrtikArI ke una kaThina niyamoM meM jakar3abanda nahIM honA par3atA thA, jo Age calakara gupta kAla meM pracalita ho gaye the| usa samaya kI mUrtiyoM meM eka prakAra kI sajIvatA, sAdApana aura prAkRtikatA hai, jo bAda kI mUrtiyoM meM nahIM miltii|

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267 prAcIna zipa-sA prAcIna bauddha kAla kI mUrtikArI meM eka vizeSa bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai / usa kAla kI banI huI buddha bhagavAna kI mUrti kahIM nahIM miltii| isakA eka mAtra kAraNa yahI hai ki pUrvakAlIna bauddhoM ne buddha ke "nirvANa" ko yathArtha rUpa meM mAnA thA / jisakA nirvANa ho cukA thA, usakI pratimA bhalA ve kyoM banAte ? zanaiH zanaiH jaba mahAyAna saMpradAya kA prAdurbhAva huA, taba gautama buddha devatA rUpa meM pUje jAne lage aura unakI mUrtiyA~ banane lgii| prAcIna bauddha kAla meM buddha bhagavAn kA astitva kucha cihnoM se sUcita kiyA jAtA thA; jaise "bodhi vRkSa"(pIpala kA per3a), "dharmacakra" athavA "stUpa" Adi / inameM se pratyeka cihna buddha ke jIvana kI kisI na kisI pradhAna ghaTanA kA sUcaka hai| pIpala kA vRkSa yaha sUcita karatA hai ki buddha ne isI per3a ke nIce baiThakara buddha pada prApta kiyA thaa| isI taraha cakra yA pahiyA buddha ke dharmapracAra ke prArambha kA sUcaka hai aura stUpa unake nirvANa (mRtyu) kA cihna hai| ina cihnoM se ve sthAna sUcita kiye jAte haiM, jahA~ ye pradhAna ghaTanAe~ huI thiiN| __maurya kAla kI mUrtiyoM meM puruSoM kI vastra-sAmagrI eka dhotI mAtra thI / zarIra kA UparI bhAga bilakula nagna rahatA thA / isa kAla kI mUrtiyoM meM a~garakhA yA kuratA kahIM nahIM milatA / sira para eka mu~DAsA yA pagar3I rahatI thii| puruSoM aura vizeSa karake triyoM kI mUrtiyA~ gahanoM se ladI huI milatI haiN| isa kAla kI mUrtiyoM ke sira lambe, cehare gola aura bhare hue, A~kheM bar3A bar3I, oMTha moTe aura kAna prAyaH lambe haiN| puruSoM kI pagar3I yA mu~DAsA itanA adhika ubhar3A huA hai ki usake kAraNa zarIra ke

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 268 aMdAja se sira bar3A mAlUma hotA hai| striyoM kI mUrtiyoM meM bhI kevala nIce kA bhAga vastra se DhakA huA milatA hai| Upara kA bhAga, puruSoM kI taraha, bilakula nagna rahatA hai| puruSoM aura striyoM kI mUrtiyoM meM jo saba se bar3A antara hai, vaha kevala yahI hai ki triyoM ke gahane aura sira ke vastra adhika bahumUlya tathA sundara mAlUma hote haiN|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata dvitIya khaNDa (maurya sAmrAjya ke asta se gupta sAmrAjya ke udaya taka)

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pahalA adhyAya rAjanItika itihAsa maurya kAla ke bAda dezI rAjavaMza zuMga vaMza zuMga vaMza kI sthApanA-pahale khaMDa ke sAtaveM adhyAya ke anta meM likhA jA cukA hai ki senApati puSyamitra ne I0 pU0 184 ke lagabhaga apane svAmI bRhadratha maurya ko mArakara maurya sAmrAjya apane adhikAra meM kara liyA thA / usane eka navIna rAjavaMza kI nIMva DAlI, jo itihAsa meM zuMga kahalAtA hai / zuMga rAjAoM kA rAjya vistAra zuMga rAjAoM ke rAjya meM maurya sAmrAjya ke bIcavAle kula prAMta zAmila the| mAlUma hotA hai ki Ajakala ke bihAra, tirahuta aura saMyukta prAMta meM zuMga vaMza kA rAjya phailA huA thaa| paMjAba saMbhavataH unake rAjya ke bAhara thaa| maurya rAjAoM kI taraha unakI rAjadhAnI bhI pATali. putra hI thii| milinda (minenDara) kA AkramaNa kAbula aura paMjAba donoM una dinoM minenDara nAmaka eka yUnAnI rAjA ke adhIna the| usane I0 pU0 155 ke lagabhaga puSyamitra ke rAjya para hamalA karake sindhu nadI ke muhAnevAlA deza, surASTra ( kAThiyAvAr3a), pazcimI kinAre kA kucha prAnta tathA mathurA apane rAjya meM milA

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pauddha-kAlIna bhArata 272 liyaa| usane rAjapUtAne meM cittaura ke pAsa madhyamikA ( Ajakala ke "nAgarI" nAmaka sthAna ) para tathA avadha ke dakkhina meM sAketa nAmaka sthAna para bhI hamalA kiyaa| vaha pATaliputra rAjadhAnI para bhI hamalA karane ko taiyAra thaa| bar3e bhayaMkara yuddha ke bAda vaha parAsta kiyA gayA aura lAcAra hokara use jIte hue pradezoM ko chor3akara pIche haTa jAnA pdd'aa| tabhI se san 1502 I0 taka bhAratavarSa para kisI yuropIya kA hamalA nahIM huaa| 1502 I0 meM vAsko Di gAmA ne kAlIkaTa meM praveza kiyA thaa| __ khAravela kA hamalA-I0 pU0 155 ke lagabhaga yA usase kucha pahale kaliMga ke rAjA khAravela ne bhI magadha para AkramaNa kiyA / "khAravela ke zilAlekha" * se patA lagatA hai ki usane puSyamitra ko yuddha meM parAsta kiyA; aura kadAcit magadha rAjya kI pUrvI sImA ko apane rAjya meM milA liyaa| para yaha vijaya kadAcit sthAyI na thii| puSyamitra kA azvamegha yajJa-puSyamitra ke putra amimitra ne bhI isI samaya ke lagabhaga vidarbha (barAra) ke rAjA para vijaya prApta kI / kAlidAsa ke "mAlavikAgnimitra" nATaka meM isI agnimitra kA varNana hai / astu; ina saba vijayoM ke kAraNa puSyamitra apane ko uttarI bhArata kA cakravartI samrAT samajhane lagA / ataeva ina vijayoM ke smaraNArtha usane azvamedha yajJa kiyaa| azvamedha yajJa ke liye jo ghor3A chor3A gayA thA, usakI rakSA kA bhAra puSyamitra * khAravela kA zilAlekha kaTaka se 16 mIla dUra udayagiri pahAr3I kI hAnIgumphA nAmaka guphA meM eka caTTAna para khudA hubhA hai|

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"273 rAjanItika itihAsa ke pote vasumitra ko diyA gyaa| bundelakhaNDa aura rAjapUtAne ke bIca jo siMdhu nadI hai, usake kinAre para azva kI rakSA karate hue vasumitra kI muThabher3a yavanoM kI eka senA se huii| ye yavana loga kadAcit mineMDara kI usa senA meM ke bace hue the, jisane rAjapUtAne meM madhyamikA (nAgarI) ko gherA thaa| isa prakAra samasta zatruoM ko parAsta karane ke uparAnta puSyamitra ne azvamedha yajJa prAraMbha kiyaa| isa yajJa meM kadAcit mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali RSi bhI upasthita the / apane mahAbhASya meM unhoMne isa yajJa kA isa taraha para ullekha kiyA hai, mAnoM yaha yajJa unake samaya meM hI huA ho * / isa azvamedha yajJa se yaha sUcita hotA hai ki azoka ke samaya meM jo brAhmaNa-dharma tathA brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva hIna avasthA ko prApta ho cukA thA, usane phira palaTA khAyA aura sira uThAnA zurU kiyaa| bauddhoM paraM puSyamitra ke atyAcAra-bauddha graMthoM se sUcita hotA hai ki puSyamitra brAhmaNa dharma kA punaruddhAra kevala zAntipUrNa upAyoM se karane meM hI saMtuSTa na thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki usane bauddhoM para bar3e bhayAnaka atyAcAra kiye| usane magadha se paMjAba meM jAlaMdhara taka aneka saMghArAma jalavA diye aura aneka bhikSuoM ko maravA DAlA / jo bhikSu usakI talavAra se baca gaye, ve dUsare rAjyoM meM bhAga gye| kadAcit bauddha graMthakAroM kA yaha varNana atizayokti-pUrNa ho, para isameM kucha sAra avazya hai| * pataMjali ne isa yajJa kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA hai-"iha puSyamitraM yAjayAmaH" (arthAt "yahA~ hama puSyamitra kA yajJa karAte haiN")| Indian Antiquary; 1872, p. 300. .

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 274 puSyamitra ke vaMzaja-bahuta dinoM taka rAjya karane ke bAda I0 pU0 148 ke lagabhaga puSyamitra kA dehAnta huA / usake bAda usakA putra agnimitra gaddI para baitthaa| apane pitA ke samaya meM vaha zuMga rAjya ke dakSiNI prAntoM para zAsana karatA thaa| usane thor3e hI dinoM taka rAjya kiyaa| isake bAda usakA bhAI sujyeSTha rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI huaa| sujyeSTha ke bAda agnimitra kA putra vasumitra rAja-siMhAsana para baiThA / vasumitra ke bAda zuMga vaMza kA koI rAjA aisA nahIM huA, jisakA ullekha yahA~ kiyA jAya / mAlUma hotA hai ki zuMga vaMza ke antima rAjAoM ke samaya deza meM azAnti phailI huI thii| isa vaMza kA antima rAjA devabhUti yA devabhUmi thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki vaha bar3A duzcaritra aura vyabhicArI thA / usakA maMtrI kANva vaMza kA vasudeva nAmaka eka brAhmaNa thaa| usane apane svAmI ko mArakara rAjya kA adhikAra le liyaa| anumAna hotA hai ki zuMga vaMza ke antima rAjA 'nAma mAtra ke rAjA the| ve apane brAhmaNa maMtriyoM ke hAtha kI kaThaputalI the / vAstava meM rAjyAdhikAra brAhmaNa maMtriyoM ke hAtha meM hI thaa| kANva vaMza vasudeva aura usake uttarAdhikArI-zuMga vaMza ke aMtima rAjA devabhUti yA devabhUmi ko mArakara mantrI vasudeva ne I0 pU0 72 meM kANva rAja vaMza kI sthApanA kii| vasudeva ke bAda isa rAjavaMza meM tIna rAjA aura hue| kula milAkara isa rAjavaMza ne kevala 49 varSoM taka rAjya kiyaa| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki kANva rAjAoM kA rAjya-kAla bahuta azAnti-maya thA / ina rAjAoM ke bAre meM kucha vizeSa bAta jJAta nahIM hai| kevala aMtima

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275 rAjanItika itihAsa rAjA suzarman kANva ke bAre meM yaha kahA jAtA hai ki vaha mAMdhra yA zAtavAhana vaMza ke kisI rAjA ke hAtha se I0 pU0 27 meM mArA gyaa| usa samaya AndhroM kA rAjya dakSiNa meM pUrvI samudra se pazcimI samudra taka phailA huA thaa| purANoM ke anusAra Andhra vaMza kI sthApanA kANva vaMza ke bAda huI; ataeva purANoM ke mata se antima kANva-rAjA kA mAranevAlA Andhra vaMza kA prathama rAjA simuka thaa| para vAstava meM svatantra Andhra vaMza kI sthApanA azoka ke bAda hI I0 pU0 220 ke lagabhaga huI hogii| ataeva suzarman kANva kA mAranevAlA simuka nahIM, balki koI aura Andhra rAjA rahA hogaa| vaha Andhra rAjA kauna thA, yaha nizcita rUpa se kahanA asaMbhava hai| moTe taura para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki suzarman kA mAranevAlA kuntala zAtakarNi, zAta zAtakarNi aura pulumAyi prathama ina tInoM Andhra rAjAoM meM se koI eka rahA hogA; kyoMki I0 pU0 27 inhIM tInoM Andhra rAjAoM meM se kisI eka rAjA ke rAjya kAla meM par3atA hai| Andhra vaMza AndhroM kA sabase prAcIna ullekha-candragupta maurya ke samaya meM Andhra loga godAvarI aura kRSNA nadiyoM ke bIcavAle prAMta meM pUrva kI ora rahate the| unakI sainika zakti bahuta bar3hI car3hI thI / vaha kevala candragupta maurya kI sainika zakti se utara kara thii| usa samaya Andhra deza meM tIsa bar3e bar3e nagara aura aneka grAma the| nagaroM ke cAroM ora cahAra-dIvAriyA~ rahatI thiiN| unakI senA meM eka lAkha paidala, do hajAra savAra aura eka hajAra

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 276 hAthI the * / unakI rAjadhAnI kRNAM nadI ke kinAre para zrIkAkulama thii| usa samaya yaha jAti svatantra thii| isa bAta kA ThIka patA nahIM hai ki kisa samaya Andhra loga maurya sAmrAjya kI adhInatA svIkRta karane ke liye vivaza kiye gye| azoka ke rAjya-kAla meM AndhU rAjya maurya sAmrAjya ke aMtargata karada rAjyoM meM ginA jAtA thA + / azoka kI mRtyu ke bAda avasara pAkara sAmrAjya ke dUravartI prAnta svataMtra ho gye| AndhoM ne bhI usI avasara eka bar3A bhArI svatantra rAjya sthApita kiyaa| simuka aura kRSNa-isa khatantra rAjya kI sthApanA simuka nAmaka AndhU rAjA ne I0 pU0 220 ke lagabhaga kI / isa navIna rAjya kI zakti dina para dina bar3hane lagI; yahA~ taka ki vaMza ke dUsare rAjA kRSNa ke rAjya kAla meM hI isakA vistAra pUrvI ghATa se pazcimI ghATa meM nAsika taka ho gyaa| isake bAda AndhU rAjAoM kA nAma nahIM sunAI pdd'taa| unameM se kevala eka rAjA ne suzarman kANva ko mArakara I0 pU0 27 ke lagabhaga magadha ko apane rAjya meM milA liyA / hAla zAtavAhana-isa rAjavaMza kA hAla zAtavAhana nAmaka rAjA apanI vidyA aura sAhitya sevA ke liye prasiddha hai| usake samaya meM prAkRta bhASA bahuta unnata avasthA meM thii| usane prAkRta bhASA aura prAkRta kavitA kI bar3I unnati kI / usane svayaM prAcIna mahArASTrI bhASA meM 700 padya likhe the, jo "sapta zataka" ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki paizAcI bhASA meM "bRhatkathA" * Pliny; Book VI; 21, 22, 23, + azoka kA prayodaza zilAlekha / .

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rAjanItika itihAsa aura "kAtantra" nAmaka saMskRta vyAkaraNa ye donoM grantha bhI usI ke samaya meM likhe gaye the| Andhra rAjya kA adhaHpatana-viSNu purANa ke anusAra isa vaMza meM tIsa rAjA hue aura una saba ne kula milAkara 456 varSa taka rAjya kiyaa| isa vaMza kA aMtima rAjA pulumAyi tRtIya thaa| isa rAjavaMza kA adhaHpatana kina kAraNoM se huA, isakA koI patA nahIM hai| kevala itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki IsavI san kI tRtIya zatAbdI meM isa rAjavaMza kA adhaHpatana huaa| para isa zatAbdI kA itihAsa aise andhakAra meM par3A hai ki usameM honevAlI ghaTanAoM ke bAre meM kucha likhanA asaMbhava hai| maurya kAla ke bAda videzI rAjavaMza azoka kI mRtyu ke bAda maurya sAmrAjya chinna bhinna ho gyaa| usake dUravartI prAnta svatantra hokara alaga alaga rAjya bana gaye / pazcimottara sImA videziyoM ke AkramaNa se surakSita na raha skii| eka ke bAda dUsarI videzI jAtiyA~ ina sImAoM ko pAra kara bhAratavarSa meM Ane lgiiN| ina videzI jAtiyoM ke nAma krama se yavana ( yUnAnI), zaka ( sIthiyana), pArthiva (pArthiyana) aura kuSaNa haiN| ina jAtiyoM ne bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa karake yahA~ apane apane rAjavaMza sthApita kiye, jinakA saMkSipta itihAsa krama se nIce diyA jAtA hai| yavana ( yUnAnI) rAjavaMza sikandara aura selyUkasa ke mAkramaNa-sikandara pahalA yUnAnI thA, jisane bhAratabhUmi para AkramaNa kiyA / jaba I0 pU0

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caura kAlIna bhArata 278 326 meM vaha bhAratavarSa se vApasa gayA, taba usake adhIna bhAratavarSa ke tIna prAnta the-sindhu nadI ke pazcima kA deza paropanisadai, paMjAba aura sindha / para dasa hI varSa ke andara ye tInoM prAnta yUnAnI sattA se nikalakara phira se svAdhIna ho gye| sikandara ke anantara sIriyA deza ke selyUkasa nAmaka yUnAnI rAjA ne I0 pU0 305 meM phira se bhArata ke una bhAgoM para AkramaNa karanA cAhA; para balI candragupta maurya ke sAmane usakA basa na cala sakA / anta meM kAbula, kandhAra aura hirAta ye tIna prAnta thatA apanI beTI ethInA candragupta ko dekara use sandhi kara lenI pdd'ii| ye prAnta candragupta, bindusAra aura azoka ina tIna maurya rAjAoM ke adhIna rahe / yUnAnI itihAsa-lekhakoM ke itihAsoM se patA calatA hai ki selyUkasa kA rAjya bhUmadhya sAgara se hindUkuza taka thA / usakA dehAnta I0 pU0 262 yA 261 meM huaa| ___enTiokasa thIprasa-selyUkasa ke bAda usakA potA enTiokasa thIasa usakA uttarAdhikArI huaa| vaha bahuta hI durAcArI aura kamajora bAdazAha thaa| usake sanaya meM selyUkasa ke sthApita kiye hue sAmrAjya se baikTriyA aura pArthiyA ye do bar3e bar3e prAnta svatantra ho gaye / baikTriyA kA prAnta aphagAnistAna ke uttara meM oksara (amU ) nadI aura hindUkuza parvata ke bIca meM thaa| ise Ajakala balana kahate haiM / pArthiyA kA prAnta phArasa ke registAna ke usa ora kaispiyana sAgara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM thaa| usa samaya balana kA prAnta bahuta sabhya thA aura usameM lagabhaga eka sahasra bar3e bar3e nagara the| DiproDoTasa prathama-baiTrikyA meM silyUkasa ke sAmrAjya ke

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279 rAjanItika itihAsa viruddha svatantratA ke liye jo balavA huA, usakA aguA vahA~ kA yUnAnI gavarnara DibhoDoTasa thaa| baikTriyA ko svataMtra karane ke bAda vaha svayaM vahA~ kA rAjA bana baitthaa| usane thor3e hI dinoM taka rAjya kiyaa| usake bAda usakA beTA DiproDoTasa dvitIya I0 pU0 245 ke lagabhaga rAjagaddI para baitthaa| yUthiDemasa-isake viruddha eka dUsare vaMza ke yUthiDemasa nAmaka yUnAnI ne balavA karake I0 pU0 230 ke lagabhaga rAjya kA adhikAra apane hAtha meM kara liyaa| yUthiDemasa aura enTiokasa thIasa ke bIca bahuta dinoM taka yuddha huaa| anta meM I0 pU0 308 ke lagabhaga donoM meM sandhi ho gaI aura enTiokasa thIasa ne baikTriyA kI svataMtratA svIkRta kara lii| usane yUthiDemasa ko apanI lar3akI bhI byAha dii| kAbula para enTiokasa thIasa kA hamalA-isake bAda enTiokasa thIasa ne hindUkuza pAra karake I0 pU0 206 meM kAbula ke rAjA subhAgasena para hamalA kiyaa| para yaha eka AkramaNa mAtra thaa| isakA koI sthAyI pariNAma nahIM huaa| bhArata meM DemeTriprasa kA adhikAra-yUthiDemasa ke bAda usakA beTA DemeTriasa baikTriyA kA bAdazAha huaa| usane I0pU0 190 ke lagabhaga hamalA karake kAbula,paMjAba aura siMdha ko apane rAjya meM milA liyaa| para baikTriyA se lagAtAra dUra rahane ke kAraNa balakha para se usakA kabjA DhIlA par3a gyaa| isa liye yUkreTAiDIja nAmaka eka yUnAnI ne I0 pU0 175 ke lagabhaga balavA karake baikTriyA para adhikAra kara liyA / usane bhAratavarSa meM DemeTriyasase bhI yuddha kiyA aura kAbula, siMdhatathA uttarI paMjAba para adhikAra kara liyaa|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 280 yUkreTAiDIz2a ke uttarAdhikArI-yUkreTAiDIz2a ke bAda usake tathA yUthiDemasa ke vaMza ke bahuta se choTe choTe yUnAnI rAjA hue, jinhoMne baikTriyA, kAbula, paMjAba aura siMdha ko Apasa meM bA~Ta liyA / sikkoM se isa taraha ke kama se kama 40 yUnAnI rAjAoM ke nAma milate haiN| unameM se ullekha yogya kevala tIna hI haiM-eka miliMda (minaiMDara), dUsarA eMTielkAiDasa aura tIsarA hameasa / milinda (minenDara)-Upara likhA jA cukA hai ki milinda ne, I0pU0 155 ke lagabhaga, puSyamitra ke rAjya para hamalA karake surASTra (kAThiyAvAr3a), mathurA tathA siMdhu nadI ke muhAnevAlA prAnta apane rAjya meM milA liyA thaa| usane I0 pU0 160 se 140 taka kAbula aura paMjAba para rAjya kiyA / vaha bauddha dharmAvalaMbI thaa| yahI eka aisA yUnAnI rAjA hai, jisakA nAma bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna sAhitya meM milatA hai / "milindapanho" pAlI sAhitya kA eka bahuta hI uttama ratna hai| usameM milinda bauddha bhikSu nAgasena se zaMkAe~ tathA prazna karatA hai aura nAgasena una zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna karatA hai| paMjAba meM isa rAjA kI rAjadhAnI zAkala yA sAgala thii| Ajakala kA syAlakoTa hI kadAcit prAcIna zAkala hai| enTielkAiDasa-isa rAjA kA nAma gvAliyara riyAsata meM bhelasA ke pAsa besanagara ke eka zilAlekha meM milA hai| yaha zilAlekha eka staMbha para khudA hai| isa se patA lagatA hai ki yaha staMbha zrIkRSNa (vAsudeva) bhagavAn ke prItyartha sthApita kiyA gayA thA / yaha staMbha takSazilA-nivAsI, DIona ke putra, helioDorasa kI AjJA se banAyA gayA thaa| isa helioDorasa ko

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281 rAjanItika itihAsa enTielkAiDasa ne apanI rAjadhAnI takSazilA se vidizA ke rAjA kAzIputra bhAgabhadra ke pAsa isI kAma ke liye bhejA thaa| yaha zilAlekha bar3e mahatva kA hai| isase eka bAta to yaha sUcita hotI hai ki usa samaya vidizA (bhelasA) ke rAjA aura takSazilA ke yavana-rAja ke bIca rAjanItika sambandha thaa| dUsare yaha ki usa prAcIna samaya meM kucha yavanoM ne hiMdU dharma grahaNa kara liyA thA / isa zilAlekha meM eMTielkAiDasa "bhAgavata" (viSNu kA bhakta) kahA gayA hai / isa zilAlekha kA samaya I. pU. 140 aura 130 ke bIca mAnA jAtA hai| harmaprasa-yaha antima yUnAnI rAjA thA, jisane paMjAba aura sImA prAnta para rAjya kiyaa| isI ke samaya meM kAbula aura kaMdhAra para kuSaNoM kA AkramaNa huA aura bhAratavarSa se yUnAnI rAjAoM kA rAjya sadA ke liye uTha gyaa| isake rAjya kA anta kadAcit I0 pU0 25 meM huA thaa| ___ bhAratavarSa para yUnAnI sabhyatA kA prabhAva-pazcimottara sImA tathA paMjAba para yUnAnI rAjAoM kA zAsana DemeTriprasa se harmeasa taka arthAt lagAtAra lagamaga 250 varSoM taka rahA / sAdhAraNa taura para yuropIya vidvAnoM kA yaha mata hai ki isa bIca meM bhAratavarSa para yUnAnI sabhyatA kA bahuta adhika prabhAva pdd'aa| kucha yuropiyana vidvAn yaha bhI kahate haiM ki apratyakSa rIti para maurya sAmrAjya sikaMdara ke AkramaNa kA hI pariNAma hai| eka vidvAn ne to yahA~ taka kaha DAlA hai ki caMdragupta ne selyUkasa * baranala Apha di rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, 1906-10.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 282 kI adhInatA svIkRta kara lI thii| para prasiddha itihAsajJa paralokavAsI vinsenTa smitha ne pUrI taraha se isa mata kA khaNDana kara diyA hai| unakA mata hai ki bhAratavarSa para yUnAnI sabhyatA kA jo prabhAva par3A, vaha na par3ane ke samAna thaa| isa saMbaMdha meM unhoMne jo kucha likhA hai, usa kA sArAMza yahA~ diyA jAtA hai / "kucha lekhakoM kA vicAra hai ki maurya sAmrAjya para sikaMdara ke AkramaNa kA bahuta adhika prabhAva par3A; para yaha ThIka nahIM hai / bhAratavarSa meM sikaMdara kevala unnIsa mahIne rhaa| ye unnIsa mahIne bhI sirpha lar3AI jhagar3e aura bhayAnaka mArakATa meM biite| bhAratavarSa meM apanA sAmrAjya khar3A karane kA jo kucha usakA vicAra rahA ho, para vaha usakI mRtyu ke bAda bilakula niSphala ho gyaa| usakI mRtyu ke do varSa ke andara hI ve saba yUnAnI nikAla bAhara kiye gaye, jinheM sikandara pazcimottara prAnta tathA paMjAba para yUnAnI zAsana sthira rakhane ke liye chor3a gayA thaa| sikaMdara ke AkramaNa kA aura usake prabhAva kA yadi koI cihna bAkI hai, to vaha kevala thor3e se sikkoM meM hai, jinheM pazcimottara prAMta ke saubhUti nAmaka bhAratIya rAjA ne gar3havAyA thaa| ye sike yUnAnI sikoM kI nakala haiM / " sikandara kI mRtyu ke bIsa varSa bAda selyUkasa ne sikaMdara ke dhAve kA anukaraNa kiyA / para selyUkasa kI senA candragupta kI senA ke mukAbale meM na Thahara sakI / selyUkasa ko lAcAra hokara pIche haTanA pdd'aa| candragupta ke sAtha usI kI zartoM ke mutA ___ *v. Smith's Early History of India; pp. 225-29.

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283 rAjamotika itihAsa 'bika use sandhi kara lenI pdd'ii| ulaTe use lene ke dene par3a gaye / bhAratavarSa para vijaya pAnA to dUra rahA, use sindhu nadI ke pazcima meM eriAnA (AryAnA ) kA bahuta sA hissA candragupta ko de denA pdd'aa| candragupta ko usase kAbula, kandhAra aura 'hirAta ye tIna prAnta mile / selyUkasa ne apanI beTI ethInA bhI candragupta ko bheMTa kii| bindusAra aura azoka ke samaya meM bhI bhAratavarSa para yUnAnI sabhyatA kA koI prabhAva nahIM pdd'aa| yUnAnI bAdazAhoM ke sAtha ina maurya samrAToM kA barAbarI kA baratAva thA / yUnAnI sabhyatA kI koI bAta sIkhane ke badale azoka ina yUnAnI bAdazAhoM ke rAjyoM meM apane dharma kA pracAra karane ke liye sadA utsuka rahatA thaa| usane sIriyA, misra , sAirInI, mesiDoniyA aura epirasa nAmaka pA~ca yUnAnI rAjyoM meM dharma kA pracAra karane ke liye 'upadezaka bheje the| isake bAda DemeTriasa, yUkreTAiDIja aura minenDara ke jA hamale bhAratavarSa para hue, unakA bhI koI prabhAva bhAratIya sabhyatA 'para nahIM par3A / unase kucha sIkhane kI jagaha bhAratIya granthakAroM ne apane granthoM meM unake bAre meM mleccha Adi apamAnasUcaka zabda likhe haiM / minenDara ne to apanA dharma chor3akara bhAratIya bauddha dharma bhI grahaNa kara liyA thaa| isI prakAra inTielkAiDasa ne vaiSNava dharma grahaNa kiyA thaa| paMjAba meM yUnAnI bAdazAhoM ke kevala sike hI raha gaye haiN| bhAratIya sabhyatA para unakA prabhAva par3ane ke badale unhIM para bhAratIya sabhyatA kA aisA prabhAva par3A ki unameM se kucha bauddha

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bauddha-kAlona bhArata 284 tathA hindU dharmAvalambI ho gaye aura yahA~ kI bhASA, rIti-rivAja tathA dharma grahaNa karake bhAratIyoM ke sAmane parAjita hue / eka taraha se bhAratavAsiyoM ne hI unheM apanA banA liyA / bhavana-nirmANa vidyA, zilpa kalA, nIti, nATya kalA Adi meM bhI bhAratavAsiyoM ne yUnAniyoM se kucha nahIM sIkhA / paMjAba meM 250 varSoM taka yUnAnI zAsana rahA; para yUnAnI bhASA kA eka bhI zilAlekha paMjAba yA pazcimottara prAMta meM Aja taka na milA / yUnAnI sAhitya kA bhI koI prabhAva bhAratIya sAhitya meM nahIM milatA / yadi bhAratIya zilpa kalA para yUnAniyoM kA kucha prabhAva par3A bhI ho, to bhAratIyoM ne use apane raMga meM itanA ra~ga liyA ki usakA patA aba kaThinatA se lagatA hai|" zaka (sIthiyana) zakoM kA Agamana-prAcIna samaya meM zaka ( sIthiyana) loga sara dariyA ke kinAre uttara kI ora eka jagaha se dUsarI jagaha bhojana aura jIvikA kI khoja meM ghUmA karate the| madhya eziyA kI yUcI nAma kI eka khAnA-badoza jAti ne zakoM ko I0 pU0 160 ke lagabhaga vahA~ se nikAla bAhara kiyaa| vahA~ se haTakara zakoM ne baikTriyA (balakha) deza apane adhikAra meM kara liyaa| kintu yUcI logoM ne vahA~ bhI unakA piNDa na chodd'aa| yUciyoM se hArakara ve pUrva aura dakSiNa kI ora bhAga nikale / unake eka dala ne aphagAnistAna ke dakSiNa meM Akara apanA rAjya sthApita kiyaa| unake nAma para usa prAnta kA nAma zakasthAna (sIstAna) par3a gyaa| dUsare dala ne kAbula aura khaibara se ho

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285 rAjanItika itihAsa kara takSazilA meM apanA rAjya kAyama kiyaa| tIsarA dala paMjAba se hotA huA yamunA taka A pahu~cA aura sau varSoM taka mathurA meM rAjya karatA rhaa| aura cauthA dala hAlA parvata se hotA huA sindha aura surASTra ( kAThiyAvAr3a) meM pahu~cakara bahuta dinoM taka rAjya karatA rhaa| uttarI kSatrapa-takSazilA ( uttara-pazcimI paMjASa ) aura mathurA ke zaka rAjAoM ko itihAsajJa loga uttarI kSatrapa kahate haiM / yadyapi "kSatrapa" zabda saMskRta kA sA pratIta hotA hai, tathApi vAstava meM yaha purAne IrAnI "kSathUpAvana" zabda kA saMskRta rUpa hai| isakA artha "pRthvI kA rakSaka" hai| isa zabda ke "khatapa" (khattapa) "chatrapa" aura "chatrava" Adi prAkRta rUpa bhI milate haiM / uttarI kSatrapa loga pArthiva (pArthiyana ) rAjAoM ko apanA samrAT yA adhIzvara mAnate the aura isI liye ve "kSatrapa" (arthAt samrAT ke sUbedAra ) kahalAte the| uttarI kSatrapoM kA pArthiva rAjAoM se bahuta ghaniSTa sambandha thaa| bhAratavarSa ke pArthiva rAjA aura uttarI kSatrapa prAyaH eka hI haiN| unheM alaga karanA asaMbhava hai| uttarI kSatrapoM meM zaka aura pArthiva donoM jAtiyoM ke rAjA pAye jAte haiM / ataeva pArthiva rAjavaMza kA varNana karate samaya hI unake bAre meM bhI likhA jaaygaa| pazcimI kSatrapa-jo zaka rAjA pazcimI bhArata meM rAjya karate the, ve pazcimI kSatrapa kahalAte the| mAlUma hotA hai ki IsavI prathama zatAbdI ke uttarArdha meM ye loga sindha aura gujarAta se hote hue pazcimI bhArata meM Aye the| sambhavataH usa samaya ye uttara-pazcimI bhArata ke kuNaSa rAjAoM ke sUbedAra the / para

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 286. anta meM inakA prabhAva yahA~ taka bar3hA ki mAlavA, gujarAta, kAThiyA-. vAr3a, kaccha, sindha, uttarI koMkaNa aura rAjapUtAne taka inakA adhikAra ho gayA / pazcimI kSatrapoM ke nAmoM ke bAda prAyaH "varmana" aura "datta" lagA huA milatA hai| isa se patA lagatA hai ki ve hindU ho gaye the aura paurANika dharma mAnane lage the / brAhmaNa dharma aura saMskRta bhASA ke uddhAra meM ina logoM ne bahuta sahAyatA dI thI / ina meM se mukhya mukhya kSatrapoM kA hAla nIce diyA jAtA hai| bhUmaka-pazcimI bhArata kA pahalA kSatrapa bhUmaka thaa| yaha kSaharAta vaMza kA thA / isake kevala sike milate haiM, jinase patA calatA hai ki yaha IsavI prathama zatAbdI ke anta yA dUsarI zatAbdI ke prArambha meM huA thaa| yadyapi aba taka isake samaya kA koI lekha nahIM milA, tathApi isake uttarAdhikArI nahapAna ke samaya ke lekha se anumAna hotA hai ki bhUmaka kA rAjya san 119 I0 ke pUrva thaa| nahapAna-yaha bhUmaka kA uttarAdhikArI thaa| isakA rAjya gujarAta, kAThiyAvAr3a, kaccha, mAlavA aura nAsika taka ke. dakSiNI pradezoM meM thaa| isake samaya ke lekha san 119 I0 se 124 I. taka ke hI mile haiM / isase yaha nizcaya karanA kaThina hai ki isane kitane varSoM taka rAjya kiyA / para anumAna hotA hai ki san 124 I0 ke bAda isakA rAjya thor3e samaya taka hI rahA hogA; kyoMki isI samaya ke lagabhaga AndhU vaMzI rAjA zAta * epigrAphiyA iMDikA; khaMDa 8; pR0 36.

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287 rAjanItika itihAsa kaNi ne usako harAkara usake rAjya para adhikAra jamA liyA thA aura usake sikoM para apanI chApa lagavA dI thii| caSTana-nahapAna ke samaya meM kSatrapoM kI jo zakti naSTa ho gaI thI, vaha caSTana ne phira se sthApita kI / yUnAnI bhUgolajJa TAlemI ne apanI pustaka meM caSTana kA ullekha kiyA hai| yaha pustaka usane san 130 I0 ke lagabhaga likhI thii| isameM likhA hai ki usa samaya paiThana meM AndhU vaMzI rAjA vAsiSThIputra zrIpulumAyi kI rAjadhAnI the| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki caSTana aura ukta pulumAyi samakAlIna the / caSTana ne apanA nayA rAjavaMza sthApita kiyA thaa| isakI rAjadhAnI ujjaina thii| isake vaMza meM lagAtAra bahuta se kSatrapa hue, jo gupta rAjAoM ke samaya taka kisI na kisI taraha rAjya karate rhe| rudradAman--yaha caSTana kA pautra thA / caSTana ke vaMza meM yaha mahApratApI rAjA huaa| isake samaya kA eka zilAlekha * jUnAgar3ha meM milA hai jisakA samaya zaka saMvat 72 (I0 sa0 150) hai| yaha zilAlekha giranAra parvata kI usI caTTAna ke pIche khudA huA hai, jisa para azoka ne apanA lekha khudavAyA thaa| rudradAmana kA zilAlekha zuddha saMskRta meM hai| isake pahale ke jitane zilAlekha mile haiM, ve saba prAkRta yA prAkRta-mizrita saMskRta meM haiM / isa zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki rudradAmana ne apane parAkama se hI mahAkSatrapa kI upAdhi prApta karake, Akara (pUrvI mAlavA), avanti (pazcimI mAlavA), anUpa, Anata (uttarI kAThiyAvAr3a), surASTra * epigrAphiyA iMDikA; khaM0 8; pR. 36.

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 288 (dakSiNI kAThiyAvAr3a), zvabhra (uttarI gujarAta), maru (mAravAr3a), kaccha, sindhu (siMdha), sauvIra (mulatAna), kukura (pUrvI rAjapUtAnA), aparAnta (uttarI koMkaNa) aura niSAda (bhIloM kA deza) Adi dezoM para adhikAra kara liyA thaa| isane eka bAra yaudheya logoM ko aura do bAra AndhroM ke rAjA pulumAyi dvitIya ko harAyA thaa| pulumAyi dvitIya kA vivAha rudradAmana kI kanyA se huA thaa| isakI rAjadhAnI bhI ujjaina hI thii| isane apane rAjya ke bhinna bhinna prAntoM meM sUbedAra niyata kara rakkhe the| rudradAmana ne apane Anarta aura surASTra ke sUbedAra suvizAkha dvArA sudarzana jhIla kA jIrNoddhAra karAyA thaa| isI ghaTanA kI yAdagAra meM rudradAmana ne jUnAgar3havAlA zilAlekha khudavAyA thaa| jhIla jUnAgar3ha meM giranAra parvata ke nikaTa thii| pahale pahala ise mauryavaMzI rAjA candragupta ke sUbedAra vaizya puSyagupta ne banavAyA thaa| ukta candragupta ke pautra samrATa azoka ke samaya IrAnI tuSAspha ne isameM se nahareM nikAlI thIM / parantu mahAkSatrapa rudradAmana ke samaya isakA bA~dha TUTa gyaa| usa samaya suvizAkha ne isakA jIrNoddhAra kraayaa| isI ghaTanA kI yAdagAra meM ukta lekha giranAra parvata kI caTTAna ke pIche khudavAyA gayA thA / anta meM isakA bA~dha phira TUTa gayA / taba gupta vaMzI rAjA skandagupta ne I0 sa0 458 meM isakI marammata karAI / kSatrapoM kA adhaHpatana-IsavI tIsarI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se hI gupta rAjAoM kA prabhAva bar3ha rahA thA aura AsapAsa ke rAjA unakI adhInatA svIkRta karate jAte the| ilAhAbAda ke samudraguptavAle lekha se patA lagatA hai ki zaka logoM ne bhI samudragupta kA adhipatya svIkRta kara liyA thaa| I0 san 380 meM samudra

Page #316
289 rAjanItika itihAsa gupta kA putra candragupta vikramAditya gaddI para baiThA / usane I0 san 388 ke lagabhaga rahe sahe zakoM ke rAjya bhI chInakara apane rAjya meM milA liye aura isa prakAra bhAratavarSa meM zaka rAjya sadA ke liye samApta ho gyaa| pArthiva (pArthiyana) rAjavaMza pArthiva loga kauna the-pArthiva loga prAcIna pArthiyA ke rahanevAle the| pArthivoM kA prAnta phArasa ke registAna ke usa ora kaispiyana sAgara ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM thA / pArthivoM ko "para" bhI kahate haiM / pahnava zabda kadAcit "pArthiva" kA bigar3A huA rUpa hai / kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki dakSiNI bhArata kA "pallava" rAjavaMza inhIM pArthivoM yA pahnavoM kI eka zAkhA hai * / selyUkasa ke samaya meM pArthiyA prAnta usake sAmrAjya meM zAmila thaa| para selyUkasa ke bAda usake pote enTiokasa thIasa ke samaya meM arthAt I0 pU0 248 ke lagabhaga yaha prAnta yUnAnI zAsana se vilakula svataMtra ho gayA / isa Andolana kA aguA arsakesa thA, jisane phArasa ke arsakAiDana rAjavaMza kI sthApanA kI thii| dhIre dhIre pArthivoM kA prabhutva phArasa meM bhI phaila gyaa| kintu bhAratavarSa para pArthivoM kA prabhAva kadAcit isake eka sau varSa bAda huA / bhAratavarSa ke mukhya mukhya pArthiva (pArthiyana ) rAjAoM kA hAla nIce diyA jAtA hai| mithraDeTasa prathama-yaha pahalA pArthiva rAjA hai, jisane apanA rAjya sindhu nadI taka yA kadAcit usake isa pAra bhI phailAyA / * Fleet-Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts. 2nd Edition. p. 316. (Bombay Gazetteer, Vol I. Part II.)

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 290 yaha baikTriyA ke rAjA yUkreTAiDIz2a kA samakAlIna thaa| zAyada isane sindhu aura jhelama ke bIcavAle prAnta bhI apane rAjya meM milA liye the; kyoMki takSazilA aura mathurA ke rAjA yadi pArthiyana rAjAoM ko apanA samrAT na mAnate hote, to apane nAma ke Age phArasI bhASA kI kSatrapa upAdhi kabhI na lagAte / mithraDeTasa prathama ke bAda bahuta se pArthiva rAjA hue, jinameM se kucha to kAbula, kandhAra, hirAta aura sIstAna meM aura kucha pazimI paMjAba athavA takSazilA meM zAsana karate the| mithraDeTasa prathama kA rAjya kAla I0 pU0 171 se 136 taka mAnA jAtA hai / mosa-takSazilA yA pazcimI paMjAba kA pahalA pArthiva rAjA moasa thaa| moasa kA samaya nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA; para isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki moasa aura moga eka hI vyakti ke nAma haiM / moga rAjA kA nAma takSazilA ke usa tAmralekha meM AyA hai, jise kSatrapa pATika ne khudavAyA thA / isa tAmralekhaH meM eka anizcita saMvat kA ullekha hai / isameM likhA hai ki isa saMvat ke 72 meM varSa yaha lekha prakAzita kiyA gayA thA / bhAratavarSa meM Aja taka jitane saMvat pracalita hue, unameM se kisI ke sAtha yaha anizcita saMvat nahIM miltaa| saMbhava hai ki yaha saMvat zaka loga apane sAtha sIstAna se lete Aye hoM / ukta tAmralekha meM pArthiva mahIne kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai, jisase sUcita hotA hai ki kadAcit yaha anizcita saMvat bhI pArthivoM kA hI calAyA huA ho / anumAna hai ki yaha saMvat mithUDeTasa prathama ne sIstAnaH meM apanA nayA rAjya sthApita karane ke upalakSya meM calAyA thaa| mithaDeTasa prathama ne sIstAna meM apanA rAjya saMbhavataH I0 pU0

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291 rAjanItika itihAsa 150 meM sthApita kiyA thaa| ataeva isa tAmralekha kA samaya I0 pU0 72 siddha hotA hai / yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki monasa I0 pU0 72 meM avazya rAjya karatA thaa| isa prakAra moTe taura para moasa kA rAjya kAla I0 pU0 75 se I0 pU0 58 taka nizcita hotA hai| moasa ke bAda ejesa prathama takSazilA kA rAjA huA / moasa kI taraha vaha bhI pArthiyA ke mithUDeTasa. dvitIya ko apanA adhipati yA samrATa mAnatA thaa| ejesa prathamaisane eka saMvat calAyA thA, jo bAda ko vikrama saMvat ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| yaha bAta takSazilA ke ekaHkharoSThI lekha se siddha hotI hai, jo bhagavAna buddha ke asthizeSa ke sAtha prApta huA thaa| usa lekha kA anuvAda isa prakAra hai "ejesa ke 136 veM varSa meM, ASAr3ha mAsa ke pandrahaveM dina bhagavAna buddha kI dhAtu (asthizeSa) ko, noaca nagara ke rahanevAle, vAhnIka deza-nivAsI lotafitha ke putra Darasaka ne, tanuva nAmaka prAnta ke takSazilA nagara meM dharmarAjika stUpa ke eka bodhisattva ke mandira meM pratiSThApita ko| yaha pratiSThApanA mahArAja rAjAtirAja devaputra kuSaNa kI Arogya-vRddhi ke liye, saba buddha kI pUjA ke liye tathA apane Arogya-lAbha ke liye kI gaI hai| yaha dAna do.........|" isase jJAta hotA hai ki ejesa prathama ne isa samaya ke 136 varSa pUrva eka saMvat pracalita kiyA thA; aura vaha itanA pracalita ho gayA thA ki lekhaka loga ejesa kI rAjakIya upAdhiyA~ likhanA anAvazyaka samajhane lage the| sikkoM tathA anya pramANoM se siddha hotA hai ki ejesa prathama I0 pU0 prathama

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cauddha-kAlIna bhArata 292 zatAbdI ke tIsare pAda meM vartamAna thA / yahI bAta goMDopharnisa ke lekha se bhI pramANita hotI hai * / jo kisI ajJAta saMvat ke 103re varSa meM likhA gayA thaa| yaha ajJAta saMvat bhI yahI ejesa kA saMvat hogaa| isake lekha ke anusAra isI ejesa ke 103 re sAla meM goMDofarnisa ko rAjya karate hue 26 varSa ho cuke the| goMDokranisa kA kAla anya pramANoM se 19-45 IsavI taka siddha huA hai| yadi goMDofarnisa kA rAjyarohaNa kAla san 19I. mAnA jAya, to usakA 26vA~ varSa san 45 I0 hotA hai| aba san 45 I0 yadi ejosa kA 103rA varSa mAnA jAya, to ejosa saMvat kA prArambha 103-45 =58 I0 pU0 hotA hai| bAda meM yahIsaMvat mAlava saMvat tathA vikrama saMvat ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| _____ejosa prathama ke bAda usakA beTA ejilisesa aura usake * bAda usakA potA ejesa dvitIya rAjagaddI para baiThA / ejesa dvitIya kA rAjya kAla san 19 I. meM samApta huaa| ___ goMDofarnisa-ejesa dvitIya ke bAda san 19 I0 meM rAjya goMDofarnisa ke hAtha meM aayaa| isane kAbula, kandhAra aura siMdha para pUrA pUrA adhikAra jamA liyA aura zrApa pArthivoM ke sAmrAjya se pUrNa svAdhIna ho gayA / jaisA ki Upara likhA gayA hai, isane kama se kama 45 I0 taka avazya rAjya kiyA / isakI mRtyu ke bAda zIghra hI bhAratavarSa meM pArthivoM ke zAsana kA anta ho gyaa| goMDopharnisa ke bAda hI bhAratavarSa para kuSaNoM kA AkramaNa huA / * goMDofarnisa kA takhta bahAI vAlA zilAlekha / yaha pezAvara ke pAsa takhta bahAI meM prApta huA thA / (jaranala rAyala ezi. so. 1903. pR. 40.)

Page #320
293 rAjanItika itihAsa kuSaNa rAjavaMza * kupaNoM kA pUrva itihAsa-cInI itihAsa-lekhakoM ke lekhoM se patA lagatA hai ki yUcI nAma kI eka khAnA-badoza jAti zurU zurU meM uttara-pazcimI cIna ke Asa pAsa rahatI thii| I0 pU0 165 ke lagabhaga dveganU nAma kI eka dUsarI khAnA-badoza jAti se isa jAti kA ghora yuddha huA / isa yuddha meM yUcI loga parAsta hue aura pazcima kI ora naI bhUmi kI khoja meM bhAge / mArga meM vUsUM nAma kI dUsarI khAnA-badoza jAti se unakA mukAbalA huaa| vUsUM loga yUciyoM se hAra gye| isake pazcAt yUciyoM ne aura thor3A pazcima meM bar3hakara zaka logoM para AkramaNa kiyA aura unheM dakSiNa kI ora bhagA diyA / bhAge hue zaka loga aphagAnistAna aura paMjAba meM ghuse / para bhagAnevAle yUcI loga bhI apanI jItI huI bhUmi para jamane na pAye / vUsUM logoM ne apanI pahalI hAra kA badalA lene ke liye yUciyoM para AkramaNa kiyA aura bar3I vIratA se unheM vahA~ se mAra bhgaayaa| yUcI loga Age bar3hakara aoksa (amU) nadI kI tarAI tathA baikTriyA (balakha ) meM jA ghuse / vahA~ una logoM ne khAnA-badozI chor3a dI aura pA~ca zAkhAoM meM vibhakta hokara vahIM basa gaye / unakI eka zAkhA yA garoha kA nAma kuSaNa thA, jisakA saradAra kujUla kaiDaphAisiz2a thA / vaha kaiDaphAisija prathama ke nAma se bhI vikhyAta hai| usane apane prabhAva se yUciyoM kI pA~co zAkhAoM ko eka kara diyA / tabhI se kula yUcI jAti kuSaNa kahalAne lgii| kaiDaphAisiz2a prathama-kula yUcI jAti ko eka meM saMghaTita karane ke bAda kaiDaphAisija prathama ne pArthiyA, kAbula aura kaMdhAra

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cauddha-kAlIna bhArata 294 jItakara apane rAjya meM milA liyaa| isa prakAra usakA rAjya 'phArasa kI sImA se aphagAnistAna taka phaila gyaa| cInI itihAsa-lekhakoM ke lekhoM se patA lagatA hai ki kaiDafAisiz2a prathama kA rAjya kevala kAbula kI ghATI taka thA / kaiDaphAisiz2a prathama ke jo sikke mile haiM, ve adhikatara kAbula kI ghATI meM hI mile haiM / unakI banAvaTa Adi se hI mAlUma hotA hai ki ve kAbula kI ghATI meM banAye gaye the| usake sikke antima yUnAnI rAjA hameMasa ke sikkoM kI bhaddI nakala haiN| usake kucha sikkoM meM harmesa aura kaiDafAisiz2a prathama donoM ke nAma milate haiN| unameM eka ora yUnAnI akSaroM meM harmeasa kA nAma tathA dUsarI ora kharoSThI akSaroM meM "kujulakasasa' likhA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki vaha harmesa ke bAda arthAt lagabhaga I0 pU0 25 ke bAda huA / vaha assI varSoM taka jIvita rahA; ataeva vaha goMDornisa kA samakAlIna rahA hogaa| goMDonisa kA rAjya kAla 19 I0 se 45 I. taka thaa| kaiDafAisiz2a prathama ne kAbula aura kandhAra kA adhikAra isI goMDofarnisa ke hAtha se chInA hogaa| ataeva moTe taura para kaiDajhAisiz2a kA rAjya kAla lagabhaga 25 I0 pU0 se lagabhaga 50 I0 pU0 taka mAnA jAtA hai / usake bAda usakA putra vIma kaiDaphAisiz2a usakA uttarAdhikArI huA, jise kaiDaphAisina dvitIya bhI kahate haiN| kaiDafAisiz2a dvitIya-yaha bar3A hI parAkramI thA / isane cIna kI zAhajAdI se vivAha karane kA paigAma bhejaa| cIniyoM ne isake dUtoM ko apamAnita karake nikAla diyaa| isa para isane 70,000 sainikoM ko lekara cIna para car3hAI kii| para anta

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295 gajanItika itivAra meM hArakara ise cIna kI adhInatA svIkRta karanI pdd'ii| isane eka eka karake paMjAba ke kaI yUnAnI aura zaka rAjAoM ko jIta liyA; yahA~ taka ki banArasa taka kA saMpUrNa uttarI bhArata bhI isake adhIna ho gyaa| saMbhava hai, isakA rAjya dakSiNa kI ora narbadA nadI taka rahA ho| mAlUma hotA hai ki mAlavA aura pazcimI bhArata ke zaka kSatrapa ise apanA adhIzvara mAnate the / isake sikke pUrva kI ora banArasa taka aura dakSiNa kI ora narbadA taka prAyaH kula uttarI bhArata meM pAye gaye haiM / yaha pahalA rAjA thA, jisane sone ke sikke pracalita kiye / isake pahale ke jitane sikke mile haiM, ve saba prAyaH cA~dI yA tA~be ke haiN| para kaiDafAisija dvitIya ke samaya se bAda ke sone ke sikke bahuta adhika saMkhyA meM pAye gaye haiM / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki usa samaya hindustAna kA bahuta sA rezama, masAlA, javAhirAta Adi saudAgarI kA mAla roma jAtA thA; aura usake badale meM vahA~ se bahuta sA sonA AtA thaa| kaiDaphAisija dvitIya ke sikkoM para hAtha meM trizUla 'liye hue ziva kI mUrti hai, jisase patA lagatA hai ki yaha ziva kA parama bhakta thA / isakA pitA kaiDajhAisiz2a prathama 80 varSa kI avasthA meM marA thaa|isse kaiDafAisiz2a dvitIya avazya hI adhika umra meM gaddI para baiThA hogaa| isI liye saMbhavataH usane 30 varSa se adhika rAjya bhI na kiyA hogA / isane kAbula kI ghATI se Age bar3hakara paMjAba avazya 64 I0 ke pahale hI jIta liyA hogA; kyoMki pezAvara jile meM paMjatAra nAmaka sthAna ke pAsa jo zilAlekha* milA hai, vaha isI ke samaya kA hai| yaha zilAlekha kisI * Fleet-J. R. A. S., 1914. P. 372.

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 296. ajJAta saMvat ke 122veM vaSa kA hai / yaha ajJAta saMvat bhI vahI hai, jo goMDofarnisa ke takhta-bahAIvAle zilAlekha meM hai| ukta paMjatAravAlA zilAlekha "mahArAja guSana" ( kuSaNa ) ke rAjya kAla meM khudavAyA gayA thA / isa "mahArAja guSana" kA koI nAma nahIM diyA gayA hai| para saMbhavataH yaha kaiDafAisiz2a dvitIya rahA hogA / ataeva isa zilAlekha ke AdhAra para yaha nizcita hotA hai ki kaiDaphAisiz2a dvitIya ne 122-58 = 64 I0 ke pahale hI paMjAba jIta liyA thaa| takSazilA kI khudAI ke samaya sara jAna mArzala ko miTTI ke eka ghar3e meM cA~dI ke 21 sikke mile the * / inameM goMDofarnisa tathA vIma kaiDakrAisiz2a donoM ke sikke the| Upara kaha Aye haiM ki gonDofarnisa 45 I0 meM rAjagaddI para thA aura kaiDaphAisija prathama usakA samakAlIna thA / ataeva kaiDaphAisiz2a dvitIya kA rAjya kAla 45 I0 ke bAda nizcita hotA hai / takSazilA se bhagavAna buddha ke asthizeSa ke sAtha jo kharoSThI lekha prApta huA thA aura jisakA ullekha Upara kiyA gayA hai, usase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai| yaha lekha ejesa prathama ke 136 veM varSa meM likhA gayA thaa| ejesa kA saMvat vahI hai, jo vikrama saMvat ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura jo I0 pU058 se prAraMbha hotA hai| yaha lekha "mahArAja rAjAtirAja devaputra kuSANa" ke rAjya kAla kA hai aura isameM usakA ullekha bhI hai| 136 meM se 58 nikAla dene para 78 I0 nikalatA hai aura yahI vIma kaiDaphAisiz2a ke rAjya kAla kA antima varSa mAnA gayA hai| yaha mata una logoM kA hai, jo yaha - * Cambridge History of India, Vol I. P. 580.

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297 rAjanItika itihAsa kahate ki haiM usake uttarAdhikArI kaniSka ne 78 I0 meM rAjya - karanA prAraMbha kiyA; aura usI ne apanA rAjya sthApita karane kI yAdagAra meM san 78 I0 se zaka saMvat pracalita kiyaa| ataeva moTe taura para kaiDaphAisija dvitIya kA rAjya kAla 45 I0 se 78 I0 taka mAnA jAtA hai / mathurA ke ajAyaba ghara meM kisI kuSaNa vaMzI rAjA kI eka kahe-Adama mUrti rakkhI hai / yaha mUrti siMhAsana para paira laTakAye baiThI hai| pairoM ke bIca pAdapITha meM eka zilAlekha hai jisake AdhAra para zrIyuta kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ne bahuta hI vidvattApUrNa yuktiyoM se yaha siddha kiyA hai ki yaha mUrti vIma kaiDajhAisiz2a kI hai * / usI ajAyaba ghara meM kaniSka kI bhI eka kadde Adama khar3I huI mUrti hai, jisa para usakA nAma khudA hai| kaniSka kaiDafAisiz2a dvitIya ke bAda kaniSka kA nAma AtA hai| yaha kaiDajhAisija dvitIya kA nahIM, balki vAmeSka nAmaka kisI dUsare kuSaNa rAjA kA putra thaa| mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha usa vaMza kA nahIM thA, jisa vaMza ke kaiDaphAisiz2a nAma ke rAjA the| anumAna hotA hai ki usakA sambandha kisI dUsare kuSaNa vaMza se hogaa| isa bAta kA koI patA nahIM lagatA ki rAjya kA adhikAra kaiDaphAisina ke hAtha se kaniSka ke hAtha meM kisa taraha gayA / zaka saMvat, jisakA prAraMbha 78 I0 se hotA hai, isI kaniSka kA calAyA huA mAnA jAtA hai| kaniSka kAla-kuSaNa rAjAoM ke zilAlekha 3 se 99 varSa taka ke pAye jAte haiN| inameM se kaniSka ke lekha 3 se 41 varSa Journal of the Behar and Orissa Research Society, March 1920, pp. 12-22.

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 298 taka ke, vAsiSka ke lekha 24 se 28 varSa taka ke, huviSka ke lekha 33 se 60 varSa taka ke aura vAsudeva ke lekha 74 se 98 varSa taka ke haiN| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki yA to kaniSka ne apanA nayA saMvat calAyA, yA pahale se cale Aye hue saMvat ke saiMkar3e chor3a diye; kyoMki kaniSka ke pUrva kisI saMvat calAnevAle rAjA kA tIna hI sAla ke liye rAjya honA asaMbhava hai / isI liye kaniSka ke kAla-nirNaya ke viSaya meM nimnalikhita pA~ca mata pracalita haiN| (1) pahalA mata yaha hai ki kaniSka ne vikrama saMvat claayaa| isa mata ke poSaka mukhyataH DAkTara phlITa aura keneDI haiN| inake mata se kaniSka I0 pU0 57 meM gaddI para baiThA aura usI ne vikrama saMvat claayaa| bAda meM mAlavA ke logoM ne ise apanAyA aura unameM yaha vikrama ke nAma se pracalita huA / DAkTara phlITa ke mata kA mukhya AdhAra eka bauddha dantakathA hai / isa danta-kathA ke anusAra buddha ke nirvANa ke 400 varSa bAda kaniSka rAjA huA; arthAt vaha IsA ke pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM vartamAna thA / jaba kaniSka IsA ke pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM mAnA gayA aura sAtha hI yaha bhI mAnA gayA ki usane eka saMvat bhI calAyA, taba jo saMvat IsA ke pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM pracalita huA, usase sahaja hI usakA sambandha jor3a diyA gyaa| isI liye DAkTara phlITa aura unake anuyAyI kaniSka ko hI vikrama saMvat kA pravartaka mAnane lge| isI kI puSTi meM keneDI sAhaba kahate haiM ki cIna se jo rezama yuropa meM jAtA thA, vaha vahA~ se kazmIra, kazmIra se kAbula, kAbula se phArasa, aura phira phArasa kI khAr3Ise hokara yuropa meM pahu~catA thaa| yaha vyApAra

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299 rAjanItika itihAsa I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI meM bArambha huA aura isI vyApAra ke liye kaniSka ne sone ke sike claaye| ina sikoM para kevala yUnAnI akSara haiN| isI se keneDI sAhaba kA anumAna hai ki ye sikke kevala vyApAra ke liye DhalavAye gaye the; kyoMki pUrvokta saba pradezoM ke vyApArI yUnAnI bhASA jAnate the| isI liye kahA jAtA hai ki kaniSka I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI meM vartamAna thA aura usI ne vikrama saMvat pracalita kiyA / para DAkTara phlITa kA AdhAra kevala danta-kathA hai| yaha danta-kathA una cInI aitihAsika lekhoM ke viruddha hai, jinakA ullekha kaiDaphAisija prathama tathA kaiDafAisiz2a dvitIya ke varNana meM kiyA jA cukA hai| (2) dUsarA mata kaniMghama sAhaba kA hai / isa mata ke anusAra selyUkasa ke saMvat se 400 varSa chor3akara kaniSka tathA anya kuSaNa rAjAoM ke samaya meM kAla-gaNanA kI jAtI thii| selyUkasa I0 pU0 312 meM siMhAsana para baiThA / ataH 403 meM se 312 ghaTAkara 91 I0 kaniSka kA rAjyArohaNa kAla mAnanA cAhie / . (3) tIsarA mata vinsenTa smitha sAhaba kA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki laukika kAla athavA saptarSi kAla ke 3000 varSa chor3akara kuSaNa rAjAoM ke lekhoM meM kAla-gaNanA kI gaI hai| laukika kAla kA AraMbha I0 pU0 2875 se hotA hai / arthAt kaniSka kA rAjya kAla 3003-2875 = 128 I0 AtA hai / vinsenTa smitha ne sikoM ke AdhAra para yaha bhI likhA hai ki kaniSka roma ke samrATa heDriana aura mArkasa oreliasa kA samakAlIna thA; ataeva vaha san 120 yA 125 I0 meM rAjagaddI para baiThA thaa| mArzala sAhaba ne bhI takSazilA kI khudAI meM mile

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata hue sikkoM aura lekha ke AdhAra para nizcaya kiyA hai ki kaniSka IsavI dUsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM huaa| takSazilA meM bhagavAn buddha ke asthizeSa ke sAtha jo lekha milA hai, usameM jisa "mahArAja rAjAtirAja devaputra kuSANa" kA ullekha hai, mArzala sAhaba ke mata se vaha kaiDaphAisiz2a prathama hI hai| kyoMki pahale hI rAjA kA nAma na likhA jAnA saMbhava hai| dUsare yA bAda ke rAjAoM ke liye apane apane nAma likhanA Avazyaka hI hai, jisase ve prathama rAjA se bhinna samajhe jA skeN| aba yadi ejesa ke 136veM varSa meM arthAt 79 I0 meM kaiDaphAisiz2a prathama rAjA thA aura usake putra vIma kaiDajhAisiz2a ka bAda yadi kaniSka AyA, to kaniSka kA kAla avazya hI IsavI dUsarI zatAbdI kA pUrvArddha ThaharatA hai| (4) cauthA mata zrIyuta devadatta rAmakRSNa bhAMDArakara kA hai| isa mata se zaka saMvat meM se 200 nikAlakara kuSaNa rAjAoM ke lekhoM kI kAla-gaNanA kI jAnI caahie| isa mata ke anusAra kaniSka 278 I0 meM rAjA huaa| bhANDArakara ke mata kA mukhya AdhAra mathurA kA eka zilAlekha hai, jo 299 veM sAla meM kisI mahArAja rAjAtirAja ke kAla meM likhA gayA thA / mahArAja aura rAjAtirAja ye donoM upAdhiyA~ ejesa prathama se vAsudeva kuSaNa taka ke rAjAoM kI thiiN| para inameM se koI rAjA mathurA kA svAmI na thaa| jinakA rAjya mathurA meM thA aura jo "mahArAja, rAjAtirAja" kahalAte the, aise cAra hI rAjA jJAta haiM-kaniSka, dhAsiSka, huviSka aura vAsudeva / alabarUnI ke lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki kaniSka Adi rAjA zAhI nAmaka

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301 rAjanItika itihAsa kula ke the / ina kuSaNa rAjAoM ke nAma bhI zilAlekhoM meM "zAhI zAhAnuzAhI" zabdoM sahita pAye jAte haiM / "deva putrasya, rAjAtirAjasya, zAhe:" Adi inhIM rAjAoM ke nAmoM ke sAtha lage hue haiN| "devaputra zAhi zAhAnuzAhi" rAjA ke sAtha samudragupta kI sandhi hone kA ullekha ilAhAbAda ke staMbha para bhI hai| isase yaha siddha ho sakatA hai ki samudragupta ke samaya meM bhI kuSaNa vaMza ke rAjA vartamAna the| samudragupta ke pazcAt ina rAjAoM kA nAma kahIM nahIM pAyA jAtA / samudragupta ke samaya meM kuSaNa vaMza kA aMtima rAjA vAsudeva rAjya karatA rahA hogaa| mathurA ke pUrvokta lekha ke akSara bhI vAsudeva ke anyatra pAye hue lekhoM ke akSaroM se milate haiM / zaka saM0 300 ke lagabhaga samudragupta kI mRtyu huii| isase bhANDArakara mahAzaya kA yaha anumAna hai ki mathurA kA lekha bhI zaka saM0 299 meM hI likhA gayA hogA; aura usa samaya vAsudeva kA rAjya rahA hogaa| yadi yaha saca ho, to vAsudeva ke anya lekha, jo 74 se 98 varSa taka ke pAye jAte haiM, avazya hI zaka saM0 274 se 298 taka likhe gaye hoNge| arthAt kaniSka zaka saM0 200 (278 I0) meM gaddI para baiThA hogaa| (5) pA~cavA~ mata yaha hai ki kaniSka ne zaka saMvat pracalita kiyaa| isa mata ke anusAra kaniSka 78 I0 meM siMhAsana para baiThA; aura tabhI se zaka saMvat pracalita huA / zaka kSatrapoM meM isakA pracAra adhika thA; isase kaniSka kA saMvat "zaka saMvat" ke nAma se vikhyAta huA / isa mata ke pradhAna poSaka zrIyukta olDenabarga, TAmasa aura rAkhAladAsa bainarjI haiN| kaiDafAisina dvitIya ke varNana meM isa mata kA pUrI taraha se ullekha kiyA gayA hai

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caukha-kAlona bhArata 302 aura yahI mata anya saba matoM se adhika sayuktika jaMcatA hai| kaniSka ke lekha 41 veM varSa taka ke milate haiN| isase patA lagatA hai ki usane kama se kama 41 varSa taka avazya rAjya kiyaa| ataeva kaniSka kA rAjya kAla san 79 se 120 I0 taka nizcita hotA hai| ___ kaniSka kA rAjya-vistAra-kaniSka ke samaya ke lekhoM aura sikkoM se tathA usake sambandha kI kathAoM se sUcita hotA hai ki usakA rAjya uttara-pazcimI bhArata meM vindhya parvata taka thaa| usake sikke pUraba meM banArasa aura gAjIpura taka pAye gaye haiN| kaniSka ne apane rAjya ke prArambha meM kazmIra aura sindha ko jItakara apane rAjya meM milA liyaa| kazmIra meM usane bahuta se bauddha mandira aura maTha banavAye / usane kadAcit pATaliputra para bhI AkramaNa kiyA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki vaha vahA~ se prasiddha vauddha vidvAn , kavi aura dArzanika azvaghoSa ko apane sAtha le. gayA / usakI rAjadhAnI puruSapura yA pezAvara thii| vahA~ usane bahuta se bauddha stUpa aura vihAra nirmANa kraaye| inameM se bahuta se stUpa aura vihAra purAtatva vibhAga kI ora se khudavAye gaye haiM aura unameM se bahuta sI alabhya aitihAsika vastue~ prApta huI haiM / kaniSka ne cInI turkistAna ke kAzzara, yArakanda aura khutana nAmaka prAntoM ko bhI jItakara apane rAjya meM milA liyaa| vahA~ se vaha kucha cInI rAjakumAroM ko bhI ola meM le AyA thaa| isa prakAra usakA rAjya cInI turkistAna se dakSiNa meM narmadA nadI taka thaa| kAbula, kazmIra, uttarI hiMdustAna zrAdi prAyaH sabhI usake rAjya ke antargata the| kahA jAtA hai ki usane pArthiyA para bhI AkramaNa kiyA thaa|

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303 rAjanItika itihAsa kaniSka kA dharma-kaniSka ne apane jIvana ke uttara bhAga meM bauddha dharma grahaNa kiyA / bauddha granthoM meM usakI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai aura vaha "dvitIya azoka" kahA gayA hai / usane bauddha dharma kA bahuta pracAra kiyaa| para kaniSka ke sikkoM se patA calatA hai ki vaha bauddha, hindU, yUnAnI aura pArasI sabhI dharmoM kA Adara karatA thA / usake sikkoM para hIlibhosa (sUrya), salInI (candra), aura herAklIz2a nAmaka yUnAnI devatAoM, mAo (candra ), agni, athro, mIrodhAdi pArasI devatAoM tathA ziva aura buddha kI mUrtiyA~ pAI jAtI haiN| saMbhava hai, kaniSka vauddha dharma meM Ane ke bAda bhI anya dharmoM ke devatAoM ko mAnatA rahA ho / kaniSka ne bauddha dharma kaba grahaNa kiyA, yaha nizcaya karanA asaMbhava hai; para yaha ghaTanA avazya usa samaya huI hogI, jaba vaha rAjagaddI para kucha varSoM taka raha cukA hogaa| kaniSka aura usake uttarAdhikArI huviSka ke sikkoM se patA calatA hai ki una dinoM bauddha dharma meM bar3A parivartana ho gayA thA aura usa para anya dharmoM tathA saMpradAyoM kA bahuta prabhAva par3ane lagA thaa| yaha prabhAva bauddha dharma ke mahAyAna pantha meM pUrI taraha se dikhalAI par3atA hai| kaniSka ke samaya logoM meM isI mahAyAna pantha kA pracAra thaa| kaniSka ke samaya kI bIya mahAsabhA-bauddha dharma ke itihAsa meM kaniSka kA rAjya kAla vizeSataH isaliye prasiddha hai ki usake saMrakSaNa meM bauddha dharma kI cauthI mahAsabhA huI thii| isake pahale tIna mahAsabhAe~ bhinna bhinna samayoM meM ho cukI thIM, jinakA hAla Age ( pariziSTa (ka) meM ) diyA jaaygaa| isa mahAsabhA kA hAla tibbatI, cInI aura maMgola anthakAroM ke lekhoM se vidita

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 304 hotA hai / laMkA ke bauddha granthoM meM isakA havAlA taka nahIM hai / kahA jAtA hai ki kaniSka apane rAja-kArya se samaya milane para eka bhikSu se bauddha grantha par3hA karatA thaa| una granthoM meM usane bhinna bhinna bauddha saMpradAyoM ke paraspara virodhI siddhAnta dekhakara apane guru, pArzva se prastAva kiyA ki bauddha dharma ke TakasAlI siddhAntoM kA saMgraha karake yadi una para prAmANika bhASya likhA jAya, to bahuta acchA ho / pArzva ne yaha bAta mAna lI aura bauddha dharma ke vidvAnoM kI eka bar3I sabhA karane kA prabandha kiyA gayA / para pratIta hotA hai ki vAstava meM kevala hInayAna pantha ke sarvAstivAdin sampradAya ke vidvAna isameM the| yaha mahAsabhA kazmIra kI rAjadhAnI meM kI gii| isake sabhApati vasumitra aura upasabhApati azvaghoSa cune gye| isameM 500 vidvAna upasthita the| ina vidvAnoM ne prAcIna samaya ke samasta bauddha granthoM ko acchI taraha dekha bhAlakara bar3e parizrama se tripiTaka para prAmANika mahA. bhASya race / jaba mahAsabhA kA kArya samApta huA, taba jo mahAbhASya usameM race gaye the, ve tAmrapatra para nakala karake eka aise stUpa meM rakkhe gaye, jo kaniSka kI AjJA se kevala isI liye banAyA gayA thaa| saMbhava hai, ye bahumUlya grantha aba bhI zrInagara ke pAsa kisI stUpa ke nIce par3e hoM aura bhAgyavaza kabhI mila jAya / kaniSka kI mRtyu-kahA jAtA hai ki jaba kaniSka antimabAra uttara kI ora apanI senA ke sAtha dhAvA kara rahA thA, taba usake senApatiyoM ne Apasa meM SaDyantra racakara use mAra DAlA; kyoMki ve yuddhoM meM usake sAtha bAhara rahate rahate Uba gaye the| jisa samaya hindustAna ke bAhara dUra dUra ke deza jItane meM lagA thA, usa

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305 rAjanItika itihAsa samaya bhAratavarSa ke rAjya-zAsana kA sUtra pahale usake prathama putra vAsiSka aura tatpazcAt usake dvitIya putra huviSka ke hAtha meM thaa| yaha vAta kaniSka, vAsiSka aura huviSka ke zilAlekhoM se siddha hotI hai| kaniSka ke lekha 3 se 41 varSa taka ke, vAsika ke lekha 24 se 29 varSa taka ke aura huviSka ke lekha 33 se 60 varSa taka ke milate haiM / jisa samaya ve apane pitA kI anupasthiti meM pratinidhi ke taura para zAsana karate the, usa samaya bhI ve "mahArAja rAjAtirAja devaputra zAhi" Adi rAjakIya upAdhiyA~ lagA sakate the| mAlUma hotA hai ki vAsiSka kI mRtyu kaniSka ke pahale hI huI; kyoMki usake zilAlekha kevala 24 se 29 varSa taka ke milate haiN| ataeva siddha hotA hai ki kaniSka ke bAda huviSka hI gaddI para baiThA; kyoMki usake lekha 33 se 60 varSa taka ke milate haiN| isake sivA vAsiSka kA koI sikA aba taka nahIM milA; para huviSka ke nAma se bahuta sikke mile haiM, jo usane kaniSka ke bAda hI rAjyAdhikAra grahaNa karane para calAye hoNge| vAsiSka-isakA eka mahatvapUrNa lekha mathurA ke ajAyaba ghara meM hai / yaha lekha patthara ke eka yUpa ( yajJa-staMbha) para hai, no mathurA ke pAsa IsApura meM milA thaa| patthara kA yaha staMbha koI 20 phuTa U~cA hai / isa staMbha para vizuddha saMskRta meM eka lekha hai, jisa se patA lagatA hai ki yaha yUpa "mahArAja rAjAtirAja devaputra zAhi vAsiSka" ke 24 veM rAjya-varSa meM sthApita kiyA gayA thA / isa se sUcita hotA hai ki vAsiSka kA rAjya-kAla kaniSka ke rAjya-kAla ke antargata thaa| isa ke rAjya-kAla kA eka khaNDita zilAlekha sA~cI meM tathA eka aura lekha mathurA meM milA hai|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 306. huviSka-kaniSka ke pazcAt usakA putra huviSka yA huSka kuSaNa sAmrAjya kA adhipati huaa| usake zAsana kI ghaTanAoM ke bAre meM kucha adhika jJAta nahIM hai / mAlUma hotA hai ki kaniSka ke bAda usane sAmrAjya ko surakSita rkkhaa| usane kazmIra meM apane nAma se "huSkapura" nAmaka nagara bhI basAyA, jisake sthAna para Ajakala uSkUra nAmaka choTA grAma basA huA hai| yahA~ para eka prAcIna stUpa ke bhagnAvazeSa aba taka pAye jAte haiN| jaba hventsAMga kazmIra gayA thA, taba isI huSkapura ke vihAra meM ThaharA thaa| mathurA meM eka bauddha vihAra bhI usI ke nAma se thA / usake sikke kaniSka ke sikkoM se bhI adhika saMkhyA meM aura adhika prakAra ke pAye gaye haiN| usake sikkoM para yUnAnI, IrAnI aura bhAratIya tInoM devatAoM ke citra milate haiN| para usakA eka bhI sikkA aisA nahIM milA, jisa para buddha kI mUrti yA una kA nAma ho| usake ATha zilAlekha 33 se 60 varSa taka ke pAye gaye haiN| ataeva isane kadAcit 120 se 140 I0 taka rAjya kiyaa| ___vAsudeva aura kuSaNa sAmrAjya kA anta-huviSka ke bAda vAsudeva rAjagaddI para baitthaa| isake samaya meM kuSaNoM kA sAmrAjya chinna bhinna hone lagA thaa| bhAratavarSa meM kuSaNa sAmrAjya kA aMta kisa taraha huA, yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| para isameM sandeha nahIM ki huviSka antima samrAT thA, jisane kuSaNoM ke sAmrAjya ko pUrI taraha se surakSita rakkhA / kuSaNa sAmrAjya ke adhaHpatana kA patA vizeSa kara sikkoM se calatA hai| vAsudeva ke pazcAt usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke sikke dhIre dhIre IrAnI DhaMga ke hone lage, jisase patA lagatA hai ki vAsudeva ke bAda usake utta---

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307 rAjanItika itihAsa rAdhikAriyoM ke samaya meM IrAna ke sassAniyana bAdazAhoM ne hindustAna para hamalA karake kadAcit apanA rAjya yahA~ sthApita kiyaa| kucha sassAniyana sike bhI pAye gaye haiM, jo vAsudeva ke sikkoM se bilakula milate julate haiN| isake pazcAt choTe choTe kuSaNa rAjA kAbula aura usake Asa pAsa ke prAntoM meM bahuta dinoM taka rAjya karate rahe; para pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM hUNoM ne hamalA karake unheM bilakula nesta-nAbUda kara diyaa| vAsudeva ke nAma se sUcita hotA hai ki kuSaNa rAjA bAda ko pUre hindU ho gaye the; yahA~ taka ki ve apanA nAma bhI hindU DhaMga kA rakhane lage the| yadyapi vAsudeva ke nAma se sUcita hotA hai ki vaha kadAcit vaiSNava thA, para usake sikkoM para nandI sahita ziva kI mUrti hai / usake zilAlekha 74 se 58 varSa taka ke pAye gae haiM; ataeva huviSka ke bAda moTe taura para usane 40 varSoM taka rAjya kiyA / isa hisAba se usakA rAjya-kAla 140-180 I0 hotA hai| IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI aMdhakAramaya-isa bAta kA eka bhI cihna nahIM hai ki vAsudeva kI mRtyu ke bAda koI samrAT yA bar3A rAjA rahA ho| mAlUma hotA hai ki kuSaNa sAmrAjya kA adhaHpatana hote hI uttarI bhArata choTe choTe svatantra rAjyoM meM ba~Ta gyaa| isI samaya AndhU rAjAoM kA bhI adhaHpatana huaa| viSNu purANa meM abhIra, gardabhila, zaka, yavana, vAhnIka Adi videzI rAjavaMzoM ke nAma milate haiM, jo AndhoM ke bAda rAjyAdhikArI hue the / ye rAjavaMza adhikatara eka dUsare ke samakAlIna the| inameM se koI rAjavaMza aisA na thA jo anya vaMzoM para prabhutva yA dabAva rakha sakatA / astu; IsavI tRtIya zatAbdI meM jitane rAja

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bauddha kAlIna bhArata 308 caMza hue, unake bAre meM kisI bAta kA ThIka patA nahIM hai| isI liye kuSaNa sAmrAjya ke anta aura gupta sAmrAjya ke udaya ke bIca kA / samaya arthAt moTe taura para IsavI tIsarI zatAbdI bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa kA andhakAra yuga kahalAtA hai| cauthI zatAbdI ke prArambha meM phira prakAza hotA hai aura gupta sAmrAjya ke udaya se bhAratavarSa kI ghaTanAoM kA silasilevAra itihAsa milane lagatA hai|

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dUsarA adhyAya prajAtantra yA gaNa rAjya hama pahale khaNDa ke AThaveM adhyAya meM kaha Aye haiM ki prAcIna bauddha kAla ke prajAtantra rAjya, cANakya kI kuTila nIti se, dhIre dhIre maurya sAmrAjya meM milA liye gaye aura unakA svAdhIna astitva sadA ke liye naSTa ho gyaa| para jisa sahayoga ke bhAva kI badaulata ina saba prajAtantra rAjyoM kA prAdurbhAva huA thA, vaha uttarI bhArata kI svAdhInatA-premI jAtiyoM meM itanA baddha-mUla thA ki kisI samrAT yA mantrI kI kuTila nIti se lupta na ho sakatA thaa| ataeva maurya sAmrAjya kA patana hote hI naye naye prajAtantra rAjya sira uThAne lge| sikkoM se patA lagatA hai ki maurya sAmrAjya ke patana ke bAda eka hI zatAbdI ke andara yaudheya, mAlava, vRSNi, ArjunAyana, audumbara, kuNinda, zibi Adi kaI prajAtantra rAjyoM kA prAdurbhAva ho gyaa| sikkoM aura zilAlekhoM ke AdhAra para ina prajAtaMtra rAjyoM kA vivaraNa yahA~ diyA jAtA hai / para yaha kaha denA ucita jAna par3atA hai ki prAcIna prajAtantra rAjyoM ke liye kauTilIya arthazAstra tathA bauddha granthoM meM "saMgha" zabda AyA hai| para jaba buddha bhagavAn ne apane bhikSuoM ke samudAya kA nAma "saMgha" rakkhA, taba isa zabda kA rAjanItika artha jAtA rahA / bAda ko prajAtantra rAjyoM ke liye saMgha ke badale gaNa zabda kA vyavahAra hone lagA; aura isI liye sikkoM meM

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 310 "mAlava-gaNa" "yaudheya-gaNa' Adi prayoga milate haiN| maurya kAla ke bAda ke mukhya gaNa rAjyoM kA vivaraNa yahA~ diyA jAtA hai / yaudheya gaNa-pANini ke 5-3-114 aura 5-3-117 sUtroM se patA lagatA hai ki pANini ke samaya meM yaudheya logoM kA " AyudhajIvi saMgha" thA; arthAt ve zastra ke bala se jIvikA nirvAha karate the| unakA vizeSa vRttAnta kevala sikkoM aura zilAlekhoM se milatA hai| unakA prAcIna se prAcIna sikA lagabhaga I0 pU0 100 kA hai * / unake saba se prAcIna sikkoM para kevala "yaudheyana" (arthAt "yaudheyoM kA") likhA milatA hai| bAda ko unake sikkoM para "yaudheyagaNasya jaya" likhA jAne lagA / yaudheyoM kI zakti kA patA rudradAman ke giranAravAle zilAlekha se lagatA hai / usameM yaudheyoM ke bAre meM likhA hai"sarvakSatrAviSkRtavIrazabdajAtotsekAvidheyAnAM yaudheyAnAm' arthAt "yaudheya saba kSatriyoM meM vIratA prakaTa karake ucita abhimAna ke bhAgI hue haiN"| rudradAman yaudheyoM kA zatra thA; ataeva zatra ke mukha se prazaMsita honA vAstavika zakti kA sUcaka hai| ukta zilAlekha meM likhA hai ki rudradAmana ne yaudheyoM ko samUla naSTa kara diyA thaa| para sikkoM aura zilAlekhoM se patA lagatA hai ki ve isa dhakke se kisI taraha sa~bhala gaye aura IsavI cauthI zatAbdI taka bane rhe| yaudheyoM kA nAma samudragupta ke ilAhAbAdavAle zilAlekha meM bhI AyA hai| usase sUcita hotA hai ki ve samudragupta ko kara dete the aura use apanA samrATa mAnate the| : Rapson's Indian Colns. p. 15. + Epigraphia Indica VIII.. pp. 44-47.

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311 prajAtaMtrayA gaNa rAjya yaudheyoM kA rAjya kahA~ taka phailA huA thA, isakA patA una ke zAsanoM aura zilAlekhoM se lagatA hai| unakA eka zilAlekha bharatapura riyAsata ke vijayagar3ha nAmaka sthAna meM aura unake nAma kI miTTI kI muhareM ludhiyAnA jile ke sonaita nAmaka sthAna meM pAI gaI haiN| unake sike prAyaH pUrvI paMjAba tathA satalaja aura jamunA ke bIcavAle pradeza meM pAye jAte haiN| ataeva unakA rAjya moTe taura para satalaja ke donoM kinAroM se pUraba kI ora yamunA nadI taka aura dakSiNa kI ora rAjapUtAne taka thA / yaudheya loga apane mukhiyA yA pradhAna ko"mahArAja" aura "mahAsenApati" kahate the| "mahArAja" yA "mahAsenApati" logoM ke dvArA cunA jAtA thaa| mAlava gaNa-pANini ke samaya meM mAlava logoM kA bhI "Ayudha-jIvi saMgha" thA; arthAt ve paMjAba meM sipahagirI karate the* / pANini ke samaya ke mAlavagaNa kadAcit una mAlavoM ke pUrva puruSa the, jinheM sikandara ne jItA thaa| jayapura riyAsata ke "nAgara" nAmaka nagara ke pAsa eka prAcIna sthAna para mAlavoM ke karIba chaH hajAra sikke mile haiN| una sikkoM para "mAlavAhNa jaya", "mAlavAnAM jaya" aura "mAlava gaNasya jaya" likhA hai / kucha sikkoM para "mapaya", "majupa," "magajasa" Adi zabda bhI likhe haiM, jo kadAcit mAlava gaNa ke saradAroM yA mukhiyoM ke nAma haiN| yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki jina mAlavoM ne ye sikke calAye the, ve vahI mAlava haiM yA nahIM, jinakA ullekha pANini ne aSTAdhyAyI meM kiyA hai / ina sikkoM kI prAcInatA ke bAre meM purAtatva-paNDitoM meM mata* Inatan Antiquary 1913, p. 200.

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 312 bheda hai / kAralAila aura kaniMghama sAheba kA mata hai ki ye sika lagabhaga I0 pU0 250 ke haiM; para smitha kaura raipsana kA mata hai ki ye I0 pU0 150 ke pahale ke nahIM haiN| aMtima mata ThIka mAlUma hotA hai; kyoMki unameM se kisI sikke para azoka ke samaya kA lekha nahIM hai| IsavI prathama zatAbdI meM mAlava logoM kI muThabher3a kSatrapa nahavAna ke senApati aura dAmAda uSavadAta se huI, jisameM kadAcit mAlava loga hAra gaye / uSavadAta ne apane nAsikavAle zilAlekha meM isa vijaya kA ullekha bar3e abhimAna ke sAtha kiyA hai| ____ bAda ke zilAlekhoM meM mAlava gaNa ke sambandha meM kucha aise vAkya Aye haiM, jo vikrama saMvat kI tithiyA~ sUcita karate haiM / ve vAkya isa prakAra haiM (1) mAlavAnAM gaNasthityA i0 (2) mAlavagaNasthitivazAt i0 (3) zrImAlavagaNAnAte prazaste kRtasaMjJite i0 / DAkTara TAmasa aura DAkTara bhaMDArakara ke mata se ukta vAkyoM ke "gaNa" zabda kA artha samUha hai; aura unakA kahanA hai ki vikrama samvat inhIM mAlavoM kA calAyA huA hai / mAlavoM ne jaba apanA svatantra gaNa-rAjya sthApita kiyA, taba usakI yAdagAra ___ * Cunningham's Archaeological Survey Report. VI. p. 182 and Smith's Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum. p 162. + Luder's List of Brabmi Descriptions in Epigraphia Indica Vol. X. Appendix, No, 1131.

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313 prajAtaMtrayA gaNarAjya meM unhoMne yaha vikrama samvat bhI calAyA * / para DAkTara palITa aura zrIyuta bhAMDArakara kA mata hai ki ukta vAkyoM se kevala yaha sUcita hotA hai ki yaha saMvat mAlavoM meM pracalita thA / ina vAkyoM se yaha kisI taraha nahIM sUcita hotA ki unhoMne yaha saMvat apanA svatantra gaNa rAjya sthApita karane ke samaya calAyA thA / para yaha saMvat unameM pracalita thA, isaliye isakA nAma mAlava saMvat par3a gyaa| mAlava loga caMbala aura betavA nadiyoM ke bIcavAle pradeza meM rahate the| mAlavoM kA rAjanItika mahatva aura svAdhIna rAjya IsavI cauthI zatAbdI taka banA rahA / anta meM ve samudragupta se parAjita hue aura gupta sAmrAjya meM unhoMne bhI vahI sthAna grahaNa kiyA, jo yaudheyoM ne kiyA thA / . prArjunAyana-ArjunAyanoM ke thor3e se sikke pAye gaye haiM / una para "ArjunAyanAna" likhA hai / ina sikkoM kA samaya I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai+| ArjunAyanoM kA ullekha samudragupta ke ilAhAbAdavAle zilAlekha meM bhI AyA hai| ve loga bhI samudragupta se parAsta hue the aura unhoMne bhI yaudheyoM tathA mAlavoM kI taraha gupta sAmrAjya kI adhInatA svIkRta kI thii| ArjunAyanoM ke sikke kahA~ mile the, isakA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai| -Indian Antiquary, 1913 p. 199. +J. R. A. S. 1914 pp. 413, 745, 1010, Ibld 1915, pp. I38, 502. * Indian Antiquary. 1913: p. 162. + Rapson's Indian Colos. p. 11. 21

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314 bauddha-kAlIna bhArata para samudragupta ke zilAlekha meM ArjunAyanoM kA nAma mAlavoM aura yaudheyoM ke bIca meM AyA hai * / isase patA lagatA hai ki unakA rAjya bharatapura aura nAgara ke bIca meM rahA hogaa| audumbara-audumbaroM kA ullekha pANinIya vyAkaraNa meM bhI AyA hai| unake bahuta se sikke pAye gaye haiM, jo nimnalikhita tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Te jA sakate haiM (ka) ve sikke, jina para kevala "audumbara" zabda likhA hai| (kha) ve sike, jina para rAjA ke nAma ke sAtha "audumbara" likhA hai| (ga) ve sike, jina para kevala rAjA kA nAma likhA hai| zrIyuta rAkhAladAsa bainarjI tathA raipsana sAheba ne lekha ke AdhAra para ina sikkoM kA samaya I0 pU0 prathama zatAbdI mAnA hai|| ye sikke uttarI paMjAba meM paThAnakoTa, kA~gar3A aura hoziyArapura jiloM meM tathA jvAlAmukhI ke pAsa pAye gaye the| ataeva audumbaroM kA rAjya uttara aura pazcima kI ora rAvI taka tathA dakSiNa aura pUrva kI ora kA~gar3e tathA kullU taka phailA huA thaa| kuNinda-kuNindoM kA ullekha mahAbhArata aura viSNu purANa meM hai / para unake bAre meM jo kucha patA lagatA hai, vaha kevala sikkoM se lagatA hai| unake kucha sikkoM para kevala "kuNinda" likhA hai; para kucha sikoM meM "kuNinda" ke sAtha sAtha rAjA kA nAma bhI milatA hai / jina sikkoM para kevala "kuNinda" likhA hai, * "mAlavArjunAyanayaudheyamadraka" 10 (samudragupta kA zilAlekha) J.A.S. B. 1914, p.249%; Rapson's Indian Colns; p. 11.

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315 prajAtaMtrayAgarAjya be dUsare sikkoM kI apekSA prAcIna mAne jAte haiN| unake dUsare sikoM kA samaya kaniMghama ke mata se I0 pU0 150 * tathA raipsana ke mata se I0 pU0 100+ hai| ataeva unake prAcIna se prAcIna sikoM kA samaya I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / unakA rAjya moTe taura para gaMgA aura yamunA ke uttarI doAba meM himAlaya parvata kI ghATI meM phailA huA thA; arthAt unake rAjya kI pUrvI sImA gaMgA, dakSiNI aura pazcimI sImA hastinApura, sahAranapura aura ambAlA, uttarI aura pUrvI sImA himAlaya kI tarAI tathA uttarI aura pazcimI sImA ambAle se himAlaya kI tarAI taka thii| viSNu purANa meM "kulindopatyakA" zabda AyA hai, jisase sUcita hotA hai ki "kuNinda" yA "kulinda" loga himAlaya kI tarAI meM rahate the / vRSNi-sirpha eka sikka meM vRSNi gaNa kA nAma AyA hai| usa sikka para jo lekha hai, use kaniMghama sAhaba ne isa prakAra par3hA hai-"vRSNirAjajJA gaNasya bhubarasya" / para barmA aura raipsana ne vaha lekha isa prakAra par3hA hai-"vRSNirAjajJA gaNasya tratarasya" + / raisana ke mata se "rAjajJa" zabda kA vahI artha hai, jo "kSatriya" zabda kA hai / ataeva yaha sikkA "vRSNi" nAma ke kSatriya gaNa kA hai / vRSNi gaNa kA ullekha bANa-kRta "harSacarita" * Archaeological Survey Report, XIV. p. 134. + Rapson's Indian Colns. p. 12. * Cunningham's Colns of Ancient Indian. p. 710. +J. R. A. S. 1900, pp. 416, 420.

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caura-kAlIna bhArata 316 meM bhI AyA hai| kauTilIya arthazAstra meM bhI "vRSNi saMgha"* kA ullekha hai; para vahA~ kauTilya kA tAtparya una prAcIna vRSNiyoM se hai, jinake vaMza meM zrIkRSNa bhagavAna hue the| vRSNiyoM kA rAjya kAla I0 pU0 prathama yA dvitIya zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| zibi-cittaura se 11 mIla uttara "tambAvati nAgari" nAmaka eka prAcIna nagara kA dhvaMsAvazeSa hai| isa nagara ke pAsa kucha bahuta hI prAcIna sike pAye gaye haiN| unameM se kucha sike "zibi" logoM ke haiN| una sikkoM para yaha lekha khudA huA hai-"majhamikAya sibijanapadasa" arthAt "madhyamikA ke sivi jAnapadoM kaa"| jAnapada kA artha gaNa yA janasamUha bhI hai / sikkoM se patA calatA hai ki zibi loga "madhyamikA" ke the| pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM madhyamikA nagarI kA ullekha hai| "tambAvati nAgari" hI kadAcit prAcIna "madhyamikA" hai / "zibi" logoM ke saba se. prAcIna sikke I0 pU0 prathama yA dvitIya zatAbdI ke haiM / Upara jina gaNa rAjyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, ve apane samaya meM bar3e zakti-sampanna the| usa samaya ke rAjanItika samAja meM unakI bar3I dhAka thii| deza kA bahuta sA bhAga unake zAsana meM thA / yaudheya logoM ne apanI prabala rAjanItika zakti ke kAraNa bahuta prasiddhi prApta kara lI thii| ve paMjAba ke eka bahuta bar3e hisse para rAjya karate the| isI taraha mAlava gaNa kA bhI bar3A mahattva * arthazAstra; pR0 12. + Rapson's Indian Coins. p. 12; Archaeological Survey Report, VI. pp. 200-207.

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317 prajAtaMtrayA gaNarAjya thaa| yaha unake mahattva kA hI pariNAma hai ki ve jisa prAnta meM jAkara base, vaha prAnta hI unake nAma se "mAlavA" kahalAne lgaa| donoM gaNa rAjyoM ne videzI zaka kSatrapoM se yuddha kiyA thaa|maalvoN ne nahapAna kI senA kA aura yaudheyoM ne rudradAmana kI senA kA pUrA pUrA mukAbalA kiyA thaa| para donoM hI parAjita ho gaye / kadAcit anya gaNa rAjyoM ko bhI videziyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A thA; aura unakI bhI vahI hAlata huI, jo yaudhayoM tathA mAlavoM kI huI thii| ina gaNa rAjyoM ke adhaHpatana aura nAza kA eka kAraNa gupta sAmrAjya kA udaya bhI thaa| maurya sAmrAjya ke pahale se hI hara eka samrAT , rAjanItijJa aura sAmrAjyavAdI kA yahI uddezya thA ki ye prajAtantra yA gaNa rAjya sadA ke liye nirmula ho jAya~ / candragupta maurya apane kuTila mantrI cANakya kI sahAyatA se ina prajAtantra rAjyoM ko chinna bhinna karane meM bahuta kucha saphala huA thaa| gupta vaMza ke samrATa bhI isI siddhAnta para calate the / samudragupta ke ilAhAbAdavAle zilAlekha se patA lagatA hai ki usa pratApI samrATa ne "yaudheya", "mAlava" aura "ArjunAyana" ina tIna gaNoM ko jItakara apane sAmrAjya meM milA liyA thaa| isa prakAra bAhara se videziyoM ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa tathA andara se sAmrAjya ke udaya aura vRddhi ke kAraNa prAcIna bhArata ke ina prajAtantroM yA gaNa rAjyoM kA sadA ke liye lopa ho gyaa|

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tIsarA adhyAya dhArmika dazA bauddha dharma kI sthiti-azoka kI mRtyu se kaniSka ke samaya taka arthAt moTe taura para tIna zatAbdiyoM taka bauddha dharma uttara kI ora barAbara bar3hatA gayA / kahA jAtA hai ki azoka ke bAda zuMga rAjAoM ne bauddhoM para bar3e bar3e atyAcAra kiye; para phira bhI bauddha dharma barAbara unnati hI karatA rahA / vaha kevala hindustAna ke andara hI na rahA, balki usa kI sImA pAra karake balakha aura cIna taka bhI phaila gyaa| bauddhoM para puSyamitra kA atyAcAra-yaha kahanA asaMbhava hai ki zuMga vaMza ke rAjA puSyamitra ne bauddhoM para kitanA atyAcAra kiyA / tArAnAtha ne tibbatI bhASA meM bauddha dharma kA jo itihAsa grantha likhA hai, usase patA lagatA hai ki puSyamitra nAmaka zuMga vaMzI rAjA ne madhya deza se jAlandhara taka aneka maTha jalavA diye aura na jAne kitane bauddha vidvAnoM tathA bhikSuoM ko maravA DAlA / "divyAvadAna" meM likhA hai ki puSyamitra ne bauddha dharma ko nimala karane kI icchA se pATaliputra kA "kukkuTArAma" nAmaka. vihAra bilakula barabAda kara diyA aura zAkala (kadAcit syAlakoTa) ke Asa pAsavAle prAMta meM jo bhikSu rahate the, unheM maravA DAlA / saMbhava hai, bauddha graMthakAroM kA yaha varNana atyuktiyukta ho; para isameM kucha sAra bhI avazya hai|

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319 maanik by'aa pazcimottara bhArata meM baukha dharma-I0pU0 prathama aura dvitIya zatAbdI meM madhya deza meM bauddha dharma kI cAhe jo dazA rahI ho, para pazcimottara bhArata ke yavana yA yUnAnI rAjAoM ke rAjyoM meM usakA khUba pracAra ho rahA thaa| prasiddha yUnAnI rAjA mineMDara (milinda ) bauddha dharma kA anuyAyI thA / sthavira nAgasena ne use apane upadezoM se bauddha dharma meM dIkSita kiyA thaa| yahI eka aisA yUnAnI rAjA hai, jisakA nAma bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna sAhitya meM milatA hai / "milinda panho" nAmaka pAlI grantha meM milinda apane guru sthavira nAgasena se zaMkAe~ tathA prazna karatA hai; aura nAgasena una zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna karatA hai| bauddha dharma ke aThAraha saMpradAya-buddha ke jIvana kAla se hI bauddha dharma meM barAbara mata-bheda uThate aura bhinna bhinna saMpradAya nikalate rahe haiN| una saMpradAyoM ke matabheda dUra karane ke liye samaya samaya para bauddha bhikSuoM kI mahAsabhAe~ hotI rahI haiM / azoka ke samaya meM bhI isI taraha kI eka mahAsabhA huI thii| usa ke bAda bauddha dharma phira dhIre dhIre aneka saMpradAyoM meM ba~Tane lagA / yahA~ taka ki kaniSka ke pahale bauddha dharma meM nizcita rUpa se aThAraha saMpradAya ho gaye the / kadAcit ina aThAraho saMpradAyoM ko eka karane aura unake matabheda dUra karane ke liye hI kaniSka ke samaya meM bauddha dharma kI cauthI mahAsabhA huI thii| ___kaniSka ke samaya kI baura mahAsabhA-bauddha dharma ke itihAsa meM kaniSka ke rAjya-kAla se eka nayA hI yuga prAraMbha hotA hai| usakA rAjya kAzgara, yArakanda, khutana, kAbula, kandhAra, siMdha, pazcimottara bhArata, kazmIra aura madhya deza meM phailA huA.

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caura-kAlIna bhArata 320 thaa| cIna aura tibbata ke bauddha graMthoM meM usakI bahuta prazaMsA hai aura usakI tulanA azoka se kI gaI hai| usane bauddha dharma ke pracAra meM bahuta sahAyatA dI thii| usake samaya meM bauddha dharma kI. cauthI mahAsabhA huI / isa sabhA ke sambandha meM bauddha graMthoM meM paraspara virodhI bAteM pAI jAtI haiN| tArAnAtha kRta bauddha dharma ke itihAsa se patA lagatA hai ki aThAraho sampradAyoM ke bIca jo jhagar3A ho rahA thA, vaha isa mahAsabhA meM tai huA / bauddha dharma ke aThAraho sampradAya mAnya hue; vinayapiTaka lipi-baddha kiyA gayA; aura sUtrapiTaka tathA abhidharma-piTaka ke jo bhAga taba taka lipi-baddha nahIM hue the, ve bhI lipi-baddha kiye gaye / eka dUsare tibbato grantha se patA lagatA hai ki kaniSka ne bhinna bhinna sampradAyoM ke pArasparika virodha kA anta karane ke liye apane guru pArzva se eka bauddha mahAsabhA karane kA prastAva kiyaa| pArzva ne yaha prastAva svIkRta kara liyA; aura isake anusAra bauddha dharma ke vidvAnoM kI eka bar3I sabhA karane kA prabandha kiyA / kaniSka ne isake liye kazmIra kI rAjadhAnI zrInagara meM eka bar3A vihAra bnvaayaa| isa mahAsabhA meM pA~ca sau vidvAna upasthita the| isake sabhApati vasumitra cune gye| ina vidvAnoM ne samasta bauddha granthoM ko bar3e parizrama se acchI taraha dekha bhAlakara saba sampradAyoM ke mata ke anusAra sUtra-piTaka, vinaya-piTaka aura abhidharma-piTaka para saMskRta bhASA ke eka eka lAkha zlokoM meM mahAbhASya race / ye mahAbhASya krama se "upadeza", "vinaya-vibhASA-zAstra" aura "amidharma-vibhASA-zAstra" kahalAte haiN| mAlUma hotA hai ki isa mahAsabhA meM kucha aise siddhAnta nizcita hue the, jo saba sampradAyoM

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dhAmika zA ko mAnya the| isa mahAsabhA meM saba se mArke kI bAta yaha huI 'ki aThAraho sampradAyoM ke bIca kA purAnA magar3A sadA ke liye tai ho gyaa| para isake sAtha hI kucha naye naye sampradAya bhI sira uThAge lage / isa taraha kA eka sampradAya "mahAyAna" thaa| yaha pahale hI se apanI prAraMbhika avasthA meM vidyamAna thaa| para usa samaya isakA pracAra zIghratA se hone lagA thaa| __ mahAyAna saMpradAya kI utpatti-prArambha meM buddha kA dharma eka prakAra kA saMnyAsa-mArga thA / "suttanipAta" ke "khaggavisANasutta" meM likhA hai ki jisa bhikSu ne pUrNa arhatAvasthA prApta kara lI ho, vaha koI kAma na kare; kevala geMr3e ke samAna vana meM nivAsa kare / "mahAvagga" (5-1-27) meM likhA hai-"jo bhikSu 'nirvANa pada taka pahu~ca cukA ho, usake liye na to koI kAma hI avaziSTa raha jAtA hai aura na use kiyA huA karma hI bhoganA 'par3atA hai|" yaha saMnyAsa mArga nahIM to aura kyA hai ? upaniSad ke saMnyAsa-mArga se isakA pUrA mela milatA hai| para azoka ke samaya meM bauddha dharma kI yaha hAlata badala gaI thii| bauddha bhikSuoM ne apanA saMnyAsa mArga aura ekAnta vAsa chor3a diyA thA aura ve dharma-pracAra tathA paropakAra ke liye pUrva meM cIna taka aura pazcima meM yUnAna taka phaila gaye the| jaba unhoMne zuSka saMnyAsa-mArga kA AcaraNa chor3akara paropakAra ke kAmoM meM sammilita honA prArambha kiyA, taba naye aura purAne mata meM jhagar3A paidA ho gyaa| purAne mata ke loga apane mata ko "theravAda" ( vRddha paMtha ) kahane lage; aura navIna mata-vAdI apane paMtha kA "mahAyAna" nAma rakhakara purAne paMtha ko "hInayAna" (hIna paMtha) kahane lge|

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 3222 mahAyAna aura bhakti-mArga-buddha ke mUla upadezoM meM AtmA. yA brahma kA astitva nahIM mAnA gayA thA / ataeva svayaM buddha kI upasthiti meM bhakti ke dvArA paramAtmA kI prApti karane kA upadezaH nahIM kiyA jA sakatA thA / jaba taka buddha bhagavAn kI bhavya mUrti aura unakA pAvana caritra logoM ke sAmane pratyakSa rIti se upasthita thA, taba taka bhakti mArga ke upadeza kI koI AvazyakatA hI na thii| para buddha ke bAda jaba bhikSu loga sAmAnya janoM meM isakA pracAra karane lage, taba unhoMne dekhA ki saba loga gRhasthI chor3akara bhikSu nahIM bana sakate; aura na unakI samajha meM zuSkaH tathA nirIzvara saMnyAsa-mArga hI A sakatA hai / isaliye eka aise sarala aura pratyakSa mArga kI AvazyakatA huI, jo saba ke hRdayoM ko AkarSita kara ske| yaha mArga sivA bhakti-mArga ke aura kyA ho sakatA thA ! isa mArga ke anusAra svayaM buddha bhagavAn hI paramAtmA samajhe jAne lge| buddha ke sAtha hI sAtha bahuta se bodhisatvoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gii| bodhisatva ve haiM, jo bhaviSya janma meM buddha pada ke adhikArI ho sakate haiN| arthAt buddha hone se pahale aneka bAra bodhisatva rUpa meM janma lenA par3atA hai / naye: mahAyAna saMpradAya meM buddha aura bodhisatvoM kI pUjA hone lgii| bauddha paNDitoM ne buddha hI ko svayaMbhU tathA anAdi ananta paramezvara kA rUpa de diyaa| ve kahane lage ki buddha kA nirvANa to unhIM kI lIlA hai; vAstava meM buddha kA kabhI nAza nahIM hotA; ve. sadaiva amara rahate haiN| isI prakAra bauddha granthoM meM yaha pratipAdana kiyA jAne lagA ki "buddha bhagavAn samasta saMsAra ke pitA aura nara-nArI unakI santAna haiM; ve saba ko samAna raSTi se dekhate haiM,

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323 dhArmika dazA dharma kI vyavasthA bigar3ane para ve kevala dharma kI rakSA ke liye samaya samaya para buddha ke rUpa meM prakaTa huA karate haiM; aura devAdideva buddha kI bhakti karane se, unake stUpa kI pUjA karane se, athavA unheM bhakti-pUrvaka do cAra puSpa samarpaNa kara dene se manuSya ko sadgati prApta ho sakatI hai" * / milinda panho (3-7-2) meM yaha bhI likhA hai-"kisI manuSya kI sArI umra durAcaraNoM meM kyoM na bItI ho, parantu mRtyu ke samaya yadi vaha buddha kI zaraNa meM jAya, to use avazya svarga kI prApti hogii|" usI grantha (6-2-4 ) meM nAgasena ne milinda se kahA hai-"gRhasthAzrama meM rahate hue bhakti ke dvArA nirvANa pada pA lenA asaMbhava nahIM hai|" basa yahI bhakti-mArga mahAyAna kI mukhya vizeSatA hai / mahAyAna para bhagavadgItA kA prabhAva-buddha bhagavAn kA prAcIna mata zuddha saMnyAsa-mArga thaa| isa saMnyAsa-mArga meM bhakti mArga: kI utpatti Apa hI Apa, binA kisI bAharI prabhAva ke ho gaI. ho, yaha samajha meM nahIM A sakatA / ataeva siddha hotA hai ki isa para avazya koI bAharI prabhAva par3A / bauddha granthoM se bhI yahI sUcita hotA hai| tibbatI bhASA ke tArAnAtha vAle bauddha dharma ke itihAsa se patA lagatA hai ki prAcIna bauddha dharma meM mahAyAna ke nAma se jo nayA sudhAra huA, usake Adi kAraNa kRSNa aura gaNeza the| tArAnAtha ke grantha meM likhA hai-"mahAyAna pantha ke mukhya saMsthApaka nAgArjuna kA guru rAhulabhadra nAmaka bauddha pahale * dekhiye saddharmapuMDarIka (2, 77-68; 5, 22; 15, 5-22.) tathA milinda panho ( 3-7-7.)

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 324 brAhmaNa thA / usa brAhmaNa ko mahAyAna kI kalpanA zrIkRSNa tathA gaNeza jI kI kRpA se prApta huI thii|" isakA yahI artha hai ki yadyapi prAcIna bauddha dharma kevala saMnyAsa-pradhAna thA, para usameM se bhakti-pradhAna tathA karma pradhAna mahAyAna pantha kI utpatti bhagavAn zrIkRSNa kI bhagavadgItA ke prabhAva se huI; arthAt mahAyAna bauddha dharma para bhagavadgItA ko bahuta prabhAva par3A; aura usakA bhakti-mArga isI bhagavadgItA kA pariNAma hai / mahAyAna saMpradAya para videziyoM kA prabhAva jaba taka bauddha dharma bhAratavarSa kI sImA ke andara rahA, taba taka vaha apane zuddha rUpa meM banA rhaa| para azoka ke samaya meM jaba se vaha bhAratavarSa kI sImA. pAra karake dUsare dezoM meM gayA, tabhI se usake prAcIna rUpa meM parivartana hone lgaa| azoka ke samaya meM usake dharma-pracArakoM ne sIriyA, misra, sAirInI, yUnAna, epirasa, gAndhAra, kAmboja aura laMkA meM jAkara apane dharma kA pracAra kiyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki gautama buddha ke jo upadeza yA siddhAnta bhAratavarSa ke andara rahanevAle logoM ke hRdayoM para prabhAva DAla sakate the, ve usI rUpa meM hindustAna ke bAhara rahanevAlI yUnAnI Adi jAtiyoM ke hRdayoM para pUrI taraha se prabhAva na DAla sakate the| isaliye pratyeka deza kI paristhiti ke anusAra bauddha dharma meM parivartana karane kI AvazyakatA huii| azoka ke bAda maurya sAmrAjya kA adhaHpatana hote hI bhAratavarSa para yUnAniyoM, zakoM, pArthivoM aura * dekhiye Dr. Kern's Manual of Indian Budhism; P. 122; aura tilaka va gItA rahasya; pRSTha 468-69.

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pariNata huA letA hai| khacitrita nahIM 325 dhAmbhika dazA kuSaNoM ke AkramaNa hue| inameM se bahuta se videziyoM ne bauddha dharma grahaNa kiyaa| ye videzI apane sAtha bhinna bhinna prAcAravicAra, rIti-ravAja aura pUjA kI vidhi bhAratavarSa meM lAye the / ina videziyoM ke dharma, vizvAsa aura rIti-ravAja kA bauddha dharma para bar3A prabhAva pdd'aa| usa kI prAcIna zuddhatA aura saralatA jAtI rhii| jisa samaya bauddha dharma digvijaya ke liye bAhara nikalA aura videziyoM ke sAtha usakA samparka huA, usI samaya usameM parivartana kA bIja boyA gayA / parivartana kA yahI bIja dhIre dhIre mahAyAna saMpradAya ke rUpa meM pariNata huaa| isa parivartana kA eka pramANa bauddha kAla kI zilpa kalA meM milatA hai| svayaM buddha bhagavAna kI prAcIna bauddha kAla athavA maurya kAla kI mUrti kahIM citrita nahIM miltii| isakA ekamAtra kAraNa yahI hai ki pUrvakAlIna bauddhoM ne buddha ke "nirvANa" ko yathArtha rUpa meM mAnA thaa| taba nirvANa-prApta deha kI pratimA bhalA ve kyoM banAte ! prAcIna bauddha kAla meM buddha bhagavAna kA astitva kucha cihnoM se sUcita kiyA jAtA thA; jaise "bodhivRkSa", "dharmacakra" athavA "stUpa" |.pr jaba dhIre dhIre mahAyAna saMpradAya kA jora bar3hA, taba gautama buddha devatA rUpa meM pUje jAne lage aura unakI mUrtiyA~ banane lgiiN| hInayAna aura mahAyAna meM bheda-hInayAna aura mahAyAna sampradAyoM meM nimnalikhita mukhya bheda haiM (1) hInayAna saMpradAya ke grantha pAlI bhASA meM aura mahAyAna saMpradAya ke grantha saMskRta bhASA meM haiN| (2) hInayAna saMpradAya meM buddha bhagavAn ke siddhAnta aura

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 326 upadeza adhikatara zuddha rUpa meM haiM; para mahAyAna saMpradAya meM ve parivartita rUpa meM haiM; arthAt unameM bhakti mArga kI prabalatA dikhAI detI hai| (3) hInayAna saMpradAya kA adhika pracAra dakSiNa meM aura vizeSataH laMkA tathA baramA meM thA; para mahAyAna saMpradAya kA pracAra prAyaH uttara ke dezoM meM aura nepAla tathA cIna meM thaa| (4) hInayAna saMpradAya meM gautama buddha devatA ke rUpa meM nahIM pUje jAte the; isaliye ati prAcIna bauddha kAla meM unakI mUrtiyA~ nahIM banAI jAtI thiiN| para mahAyAna saMpradAya meM buddha devatA ke rUpa meM pUje jAne lage; isaliye kuSaNoM ke rAjya-kAla meM unakI mUrtiyA~ banane lgiiN| (5) hInayAna saMpradAya eka taraha kA saMnyAsa yA jJAnamArga thA; para mahAyAna saMpradAya eka taraha kA bhakti-mArga thA; arthAt hInayAna saMpradAya ne saMnyAsa yA jJAna para aura mahAyAna saMpradAna ne bhakti yA karma para adhika jora diyA thaa| (6) hInayAna ke anusAra kevala usI ko nirvANa mila sakatA hai, jisane saMsAra se saba taraha kA nAtA tor3akara bhikSu kA jIvana grahaNa kiyA ho;.para mahAyAna ke anusAra una saba ko . nirvANa prApta ho sakatA hai, jinhoMne zraddhA aura bhakti ke mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA ho aura jo saMsAra se bhI nAtA jor3e hue hoN| brAhmaNa dharma kI sthiti brAhmaNa dharma naSTa nahIM humA-azoka ke samaya se kaniSka ke samaya taka arthAt I0 pU0 200 se I0pa0 200 taka uttarI bhArata meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra bahuta z2oroM ke sAtha thaa| ina cAra

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327 dhArmika dazA sau varSoM meM banI huI imAratoM, stUpoM aura mandiroM ke jo bhamAvazeSa, zilAlekha tathA mUrtiyA~ milatI haiM, unase bauddha mata kA pracAra pUrI taraha se prakaTa hotA hai| isa samaya kI prAyaH sabhI cIjeM bauddha dharma-sambandhI hai| para isase yaha na samajha lenA cAhie ki usa samaya hindU yA brAhmaNa dharma bilakula lupta ho gayA thaa| yajJa Adi usa samaya bhI hote the| hA~, kadAcit utane adhika na hote the, jitane pahale huA karate the| hindU devI-devatAoM kI pUjA bhI lupta nahIM huI thii| isakA sabUta kaiDaphAisija dvitIya ke sikkoM se hI milatA hai| vaha ziva kA itanA bhakta thA ki usane apane sikoM para ziva kI mUrti aMkita karA dI thii| mahAyAna saMpradAya kI bAtoM se bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki bauddha dharma dhIre dhIre hindU dharma kI ora muka rahA thA; kyoMki vaha saMpradAya vAstava meM bauddha dharma kI apekSA hindU dharma se adhika milatA hai| usake grantha pAlI meM nahIM, balki saMskRta meM haiN| isake sivA isa samaya ke do zilAlekha (eka giranAra meM rudradAmana kA aura dUsarA mathurA meM vAsiSka kA) zuddha saMskRta meM haiN| isase bhI siddha hai ki dhIre dhIre brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva bar3ha rahA thaa| zuMga vaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya brAhmaNa dharma-azoka ne apane sAmrAjya meM pazu-bali banda kara dI thii| usa samaya ke brAhmaNa balipradAna karanA bahuta puNya kA kAma samajhate the| azoka ne pazubali ke sambandha meM jo niSedha-sUcaka AjJA nikAlI thI, vaha kadAcit brAhmaNoM ke hI viruddha thii| eka zUdra rAjA kI AjJA se brAhmaNoM kI cirapracalita prathA banda ho gaI thI; isase ve loga avazya hI asantuSTa the| para ve kucha

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 328 kara na sakate the| azoka kI mRtyu ke bAda brAhmaNoM ne dalabaddha hokara usake vaMzadharoM kA virodha karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| parantu ve svayaM lar3a nahIM sakate / anta meM unheM isa kAma ke yogya eka vyakti mila gyaa| vaha maurya vaMza kA senApati puSyamitra thaa| vaha brAhmaNa dharma kA pakSapAtI thA aura bauddha dharma se ghRNA karatA thaa| usane brAhmaNoM kI sahAyatA se maurya vaMza ke antima rAjA bRhadratha ko mArakara maurya sAmrAjya para adhikAra jamo liyaa| azoka ne apane sAmrAjya meM pazu-bali prAyaH bilkula banda kara dI thii| isa ke virodha ke rUpa meM puSyamitra ne azoka hI kI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra meM azvamedha yajJa kiyaa| puSyamitra ke rAjA hone para thor3e hI dinoM meM brAhmaNoM kA mAhAtmya bar3ha gyaa| unhoMne samasta vidyAoM ko lipi-baddha kiyA aura brAhmaNa-dharma ko aise sA~ce meM DhAla diyA ki vaha Aja taka banA huA hai| puSyamitra ke yajJa meM pataMjali RSi ne purohita kA kAma kiyA thA; aura usI ke Azrama meM rahakara pataMjali ne mahAbhASya kI racanA kI thii| mAlUma hotA hai ki azoka ne brAhmaNoM ke jo adhikAra chIna liye the, ve adhikAra brAhmaNoM ne zuMga rAjAoM ke samaya meM phira se prApta karake samAja meM apanI zreSThatA sthApita karA lI thii| ___ yavana rAjAoM ke samaya brAhmaNa-dharma-pazcimottara sImA tathA paMjAba para yUnAnI rAjAoM kA zAsana lagabhaga 250 varSoM taka thaa| isa bIca meM bhI brAhmaNa-dharma acchI taraha pracalita thA / kadAcit bahuta se yUnAnI bhI hindU dharma ko mAnane lage the / yaha bAta besanagara nAmaka gA~va meM mile hue eka staMbha aura usake Upara khude hue lekha se prakaTa hotI hai| yaha gA~va gvAliyara rAjya kI dakSiNI

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329 dhArmika yA sImA para bhelasA ke samIpa hai| prAcIna vidizA nagarI yahIM thii| isake ba~Dahara aba taka pAye jAte haiN| isI jagaha betavA nadI ke eka bar3e TIle para "garuDadhvaja' nAmaka staMma khar3A hai| usa staMbha para eka ati prAcIna lekha hai, jisakA bhAvArtha hai "yaha vAsudeva kA garur3adhvaja viSNu-bhakta helioDorasa kI AjJA se banAyA gyaa| vaha yavana (yUnAnI) thA / usake pitA kA nAma DIaona thA / vaha takSazilA kA rahanevAlA thaa| isI kAma ke liye vaha rAjA enTielkAiDasa kA dUta yA pratinidhi hokara vidizA ke rAjA bhAgabhadra ke pAsa AyA thA / " isa zilAlekha meM enTielkAiDasa "bhAgavata" (viSNu kA bhakta) kahA gayA hai / isakA samaya I0 pU0 140 aura 130 ke bIca mAnA jAtA hai| isa zilAlekha se yaha sUcita hotA hai ki usa samaya hindU dharma jIvita thA; aura vAsudeva zrIkRSNa kI upAsanA pratiSThita yavanoM ne bhI svIkRta kara lI thii| isa zilAlekha se yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki vaiSNava sampradAya koI naI cIja nahIM, balki vaha do hajAra varSoM se bhI adhika prAcIna hai| kuSaNa rAjAoM ke samaya brAhmaNa dharma-kuSaNoM ke samaya meM hindU dharma ke pracalita rahane kA pramANa to unake sikoM se hI milatA hai| kaiDaphAisija dvitIya aura vAsudeva ke sikkoM para kevala ziva kI mUrti pAI jAtI hai| isase mAlUma hotA hai ki ve ziva ke parama bhakta the| vAsiSka ke samaya kA eka yUpa ( yajJastaMbha) bhI milA hai, jisase patA calatA hai ki usa samaya bauddha dharma kA pracAra hone para bhI yajJoM kA honA banda nahIM huA thaa| yaha yajJa-stambha patthara kA hai aura mathurA ke pAsa yamunA ke kinAre .. 22

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 330 IsApura meM milA thaa| isa para eka lekha khudA hai, jisase patA lagatA hai ki mahArAja vAsiSka ke caubIsaveM rAjya varSa meM droNala nAmaka brAhmaNa ne dvAdaza rAtri paryanta yajJa karake isa yUpa kI sthApanA kI thii| yUpa yA yajJa-stambha pazu bA~dhane ke liye, yajJazAlA meM, gAr3A jAtA thA / ataeva siddha hotA hai ki usa samaya yajJa kA pracAra acchI taraha thaa| yaha zilAlekha saMskRta bhASA meM hai, jisase patA lagatA hai ki brAhmaNoM kI bhASA saMskRta bhI lupta nahIM huI thii| saMskRta meM yaha pahalA zilAlekha hai| isake pahale ke jitane zilAlekha aba taka mile haiM, ve saba prAkRta yA saMskRta-mizrita prAkRta meM haiN|

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cauthA adhyAya sAmAjika dazA maurya sAmrAjya ke anta se gupta sAmrAjya ke udaya taka kA itihAsa bahuta hI anizcita avasthA meM hai| isa samaya kA itihAsa jAnane ke liye kevala tIna sAdhana haiM-(1) sike, jo uttarI bhArata meM adhikatA se pAye gaye haiM, (2) zilAlekha aura (3) videziyoM ke itihAsa-graMthoM meM bhArata kA ullekha / para ina tInoM sAdhanoM se bhI tatkAlIna bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika dazA kA kucha vizeSa patA nahIM lgtaa| jo kucha patA lagatA bhI hai, vaha nahIM ke barAbara hai| phira bhI ina tInoM sAdhanoM ke AdhAra para usa samaya kI sAmAjika dazA kA saMkSipta varNana nIce kiyA jAtA hai| sAmAjika uthala puthala-dhyAna dene yogya pahalI bAta yaha hai ki usa samaya videziyoM ke lagAtAra AkramaNoM se samAja meM bar3I uthala puthala maca rahI thii| yavana (yUnAnI), zaka, pArthiva aura kuSaNa Adi videzI loga dhIre dhIre hindU aura bauddha dharma grahaNa kara rahe the aura pUrNa rUpa se bhAratIya hote jA rahe the / mineMDara, enTielkAiDasa, rudradAmana , kaiDafAisiz2a dvitIya, kaniSka, huviSka, aura vAsudeva Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| videzI loga Aye to the bhArata ko jItane, para bhAratIya sabhyatA se svayaM hI jIta liye gye| vijetAoM ne apanA dharma, karma aura sabhyatA chor3akara vijita bhAratavAsiyoM kA dharma, karma aura sabhyatA grahaNa kara lii|

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bAddha-kAlIna bhArata 332 yahA~ taka ki dhIre dhIre unake nAma bhI hindU DhaMga ke hone lge| vAsudeva aura rudradAmana isake udAharaNa haiM / pazcimI bhArata meM jo zaka vaMzI rAjA the, unake nAmoM ke bAda prAyaH "varman" yA "datta" lagA huA milatA hai / isase patA lagatA hai ki ve pUrNa rUpa se hindU ho gaye the aura paurANika dharma ko mAnane lage the| isI taraha kaiDafAisiz2a dvitIya aura vAsudeva kuSaNa ke sikkoM para ziva kI mUrti milatI hai, jisase patA lagatA hai ki ve ziva ke parama bhakta the / isase yaha bhI sUcita hotA hai ki zaiva saMpradAya koI nayA nahIM, balki bahuta purAnA hai / una dinoM ziva kI pUjA itanI adhika pracalita thI ki videzI rAjAoM ko bhI apane sikkoM para ziva kI mUrti rakhanI par3atI thii| inTielkAiDasa ke besanagaravAle stambha-lekha se sUcita hotA hai ki usa samaya vahA~ vaiSNava dharma prabala thA aura use yavana bhI mAnane lage the| jAti-bheda-aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki ye saba videzI gaye kahA~ ? kyA ve deza ke bAhara nikAla diye gaye ? nahIM / unake nAmoM, sikkoM aura zilAlekhoM hI se patA calatA hai ki ve hindU jAti rUpI mahAna samudra meM samA gye| usa samaya hindU jAti meM dUsarI jAtiyoM ko hajama kara lene kI tAkata thI, jisakA musalamAnoM ke samaya meM abhAva ho gayA thaa| usI zakti kI badaulata usa samaya cAroM varNoM aura unake avAntara bhedoM meM kula videzI milA liye gye| isI taraha se Ajakala kI aneka jAtiyoM aura varNasaMkaroM kA janma huA hai| isase patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya jAti-bheda khUba puSTa ho gayA thA, aura videziyoM ke mela se naI naI jAtiyA~ banatI jA rahI thiiN|

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333 sAmAjika dazA brAhmaNoM kA prabhASa-azoka ke samaya meM brAhmaNoM kA jo prabhAva ghaTa gayA thA, vaha isa samaya dhIre dhIre phira bar3hane lagA thA / vizeSataH zuMga aura kANva vaMza ke rAjAoM ne brAhmaNoM kA naSTaprAya mahatva phira se sthApita karane meM bahuta sahAyatA dii| puSyamitra ne svayaM azvamedha yajJa karake brAhmaNoM kA sammAna kiyA; aura kANva rAjA svayaM brAhmaNa kula ke the| inhIM donoM rAja. vaMzoM ke samaya meM kadAcit usa paurANika dharma kI nIMva par3I, jo Age calakara guptavaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya meM pUrNa unnati ko prApta huaa| basa; usa samaya kI sAmAjika dazA ke bAre meM isase adhika aura koI bAta jJAta nahIM hai|

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pA~cavA~ adhyAya sAMpattika dazA isa kAla kI sAMpattika dazA ke bAre meM bhI aba taka bahuta thor3I bAteM mAlUma huI haiN| isa sambandha meM jo kucha patA lagA hai, vaha kevala sikkoM aura videziyoM ke itihAsa-granthoM se| inase do bAtoM kA kAphI taura para patA lagatA hai| eka to yaha ki isa kAla meM videzoM ke sAtha khUba vyApAra hotA thA; aura dUsare yaha ki yahA~ jahAz2a khUba banAye jAte the aura unake dvArA yahA~ kA mAla videzoM meM jAtA thaa| vizeSataH AMdhra vaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya dakSiNI bhArata meM aura kuSaNa vaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya uttarI bhArata meM videzoM ke sAtha khUba vyApAra hotA thaa| Andhra rAjAoM ke samaya dakSiNI bhArata kA vyApAraisa rAjavaMza ke vaibhava kA samaya IsavI dUsarI zatAbdI ke prAraMbha se tIsarI zatAbdI ke anta taka mAnA jAtA hai| inake kucha sikoM para jahAja ke citra bane hue haiN| isase pratIta hotA hai ki Andhra rAjAoM kA prabhutva kevala sthala para hI na thA, balki unakI vijaya-patAkA kadAcit dvIpoM para bhI phaharAtI thI * / ina jahAjabAle sikkoM se yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki kAromaNDala kinAre ke loga IsavI prathama zatAbdI meM jahAjoM dvArA samudrI vyApAra karate the| inhIM sikkoM ko dekhakara hAvela *v. Smith's Early History of India. P. 203. Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat www.umaragyanb

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335 sAMparika dazA sAhaba ne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki hindU loga pUrva kAla meM jahAjoM dvArA IrAna, araba, baramA, syAma, cIna, roma, yUnAna tathA mitrAAdi dezoM se vyApAra karate the| ina sikoM ke sivA kAromaNDala kinAre meM kusaMbara aura pallava logoM ke bhI sike mile haiM / kusaMbara loga sAtavIM zatAbdI ke pahale kaI sau varSoM taka yahA~ rahe the| inake sikoM ke bAre meM purAtatvavettA IliyaTa sAhaba likhate haiM-"sikkoM para do mastUlavAle jahAja citrita haiN| kusaMbara loga apane hI jahAjoM dvArA anya dezoM se samudrI vyApAra karate the|" Andhra rAjAoM ke samaya meM bhAratavarSa ke rAjadUta pazcimI eziyA, yUnAna, roma, misra, cIna Adi dezoM ko jahAjoM para jAte the / bhArata se roma ko masAle Adi bheje jAte the aura vahA~ se sone ke sike yahA~ Ate the / san 68 IsavI meM romavAloM ke atyAcaroM se bacane ke liye kucha yahUdI loga roma se dakSiNI bhArata ke pUrvI bhAga ( mAlAbAra ) meM A base the / ye saba bAteM bhAratIya jahAjoM kI hI badaulata huI thiiN| DAkTara bhANDArakara kA mata hai ki Andhra kAla meM samudrI vyApAra bahuta hI unnata dazA meM rahA hogaa| smitha sAhaba bhI likhate haiM ki dakSiNa kI tAmila riyAsatoM ke pAsa bar3I hI zakti-zAlinI samudrI senAe~ aura jahAjI bar3e the| tAmila deza meM loga dUra dUra ke dezoM se jahAjoM dvArA bhAratavarSa kI apUrva vastue~, masAle aura motI Adi lene Ate the / ina vastuoM kI kImata ve sonecA~dI ke rUpa meM cukAte the / dakSiNa ke pANDyavaMzI rAjA pANDiyona ne I0 pU0 20 meM roma ke samrAT AgasTasa sIjara ke darabAra meM apanA rAjadUta bhejA thA / dakSiNa ke pUrvI samudra taTa ke loga

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 336 bAraho mahIne apane jahAjoM para videza AyA-jAyA karate the| kuSaNa rAjAoM ke samaya uttarI bhArata kA vyApArajisa samaya dakSiNa meM AndhravaMzI rAjAoM kA rAjya thA, usI samaya uttarI bhArata meM kuSaNa-vaMzI rAjAoM kA prabhutva thA / roma ke samrAToM kI patAkA bhI usa samaya bhUmaNDala ke kitane hI dezoM para phaharA rahI thii| kevala cIna aura bhAratavarSa hI svatantra the| jisa samaya roma meM samrATa heDriyana rAjya karatA thA,. usa samaya uttarI bhArata meM kaniSka ke zAsana kA DaMkA bajatA thA / una dinoM jahAjI vyApAra kI badaulata roma se ananta sonA isa deza meM AtA thaa| isa bAta ke sabUta meM heDriyana ke sone ke sikke hamAre deza meM maujUda haiN| isa deza se prAyaH masAle, itra, javAhirAta, rezama, malamala aura rUI Adi vastue~ hamAre jahAjoM para videzoM ko jAtI thIM aura unake badale meM kharA sonA AtA thaa| roma ke samrAT auliyana ke samaya meM bhAratIya rezama vahA~ ke bAjAroM meM sone ke mola bikatA thaa| isa prakAra roma kA dhana bhArata ko jAtA dekha, vahA~ ke samrATa TAiberiyasa sIjara ne yaha ghoSaNA kara dI thI ki patale rezama se aMga bhalI bhA~ti nahIM DhakatA; ataeva usakA pahananA manA hai| IsavI prathama zatAbdI meM roma ke itihAsakAra plInI ne apane deza-bAndhavoM ko dhikkArA thA ki tuma videzI mAla lekara prati varSa karor3oM rupaye hindustAna ko bheja dete ho / vinsenTa smitha * Tacitus, Annals, III, 53. (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea by, W. H. Schoff p. 219) + Pllny, VI, 26 (The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, by W. H. Schoff. p. 219.)

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337 sAMparika dazA kA kathana hai ki kadAcit kuSaNa vaMza ke rAjA kaiDajhAisija dvitIya ne apane kucha dUta roma samrATa ke pAsa apanI pazcimocara bhArata kI vijaya kI khabara dene ke liye bheje the * / kaiDaphAisija dvitIya pahalA rAjA hai, jisane sone ke sikke banavAye the / usake pahale ke jitane sikke mile haiM, ve saba prAyaH cA~dI yA tA~be ke haiM / para kaiDaphAisija dvitIya ke samaya se bAda ke sone ke sike bahutAyata se milate haiN| isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki usa samaya hindustAna kA rezama Adi bahuta sA saudAgarI mAla roma ko jAtA thA aura usake badale meM vahA~ se bahuta sA sonA AtA thaa| ina saba bAtoM se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya deza dhana se bharA pUrA thaa| loga daridratA se rakSita the aura lakSmI devI kI kRpA se unheM kisI prakAra kA kaSTa na thaa| usa samaya kI sAMpattika dazA ke bAre meM isase adhika aura koI bAta ullekhya nahIM hai| *V. Smith's Early of lydla. p. 239.

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chaThA adhyAya sAhityika dazA sAhityika bhASA-jaisA ki pahale likhA jA cukA hai, prAcIna se prAcIna zilAlekha, jo aba taka mile haiM, azoka ke samaya ke haiN| ye zilAlekha apane samaya kI Ama bola cAla kI bhASA meM the| para jyoM jyoM brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA, tyoM tyoM zilAlekhoM kI bhASA meM saMskRta kI milAvaTa hone lgii| yahA~ taka ki kuSaNa-vaMzI rAjAoM ke zAsana kAla ke zilAlekha prAkRta milI huI saMskRta bhASA meM aura gupta kAla ke lekha zuddha saMskRta bhASA meM milate haiN| arthAt dhIre dhIre zilAlekhoM meM prAkRta kA sthAna saMskRta le rahI thii| kuSaNa-vaMzI rAjAoM ke zAsana kAla meM saMskRta kA pracAra khUba ho gayA thA; aura usa kAla meM bauddha dharma ke jitane grantha race gaye, ve saba saMskRta bhASA meM haiN| aba taka zuddha saMskRta kA jo saba se pahalA zilAlekha milA hai, vaha kuSaNa rAjA vAsiSka ke samaya kA hai| isake bAda zuddha saMskRta kA dUsarA zilAlekha san 150 I0 ke lagabhaga kA hai| vaha kSatrapa rudradAmana ke samaya kA hai aura giranAra kI eka parvata-zilA para khudA huA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki usa samaya arthAt IsavI san ke kucha samaya Age-pIche saMskRta kA acchA pracAra thaa| usa samaya ke prAkRta yA prAkRta-mizrita saMskRta ke jo zilA-lekha mile hai, isakA kAraNa yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki

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339 sAhityika dazA prAyaH ve saba ke saba bauddhoM aura jainoM ke haiN| ye loga usa jamAne meM prAkRta yA Ama bola cAla kI bhASA ke pakSapAtI aura saMskRta ke pracAra ke virodhI the| isI se inake zilAlekhoM meM saMskRta kI avahelanA huI hai / brAhmaNa loga Aja se do hajAra varSa pahale bhI saMskRta hI kA vizeSa Adara karate the aura usI meM zilAlekha khudavAte tathA grantha likhate the| vAsiSka ke samaya ke jisa zilAlekha kA Upara ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vaha droNala nAmaka brAhmaNa kA khudavAyA huA hai| isI se vaha zuddha saMskRta meM hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki usa kAla meM Ama bola cAla kI bhASA prAkRta aura brAhmaNoM tathA bauddhoM ke sAhitya kI bhASA saMskRta thii| zuMga aura kANva rAjAoM ke samaya meM saMskRta sAhityazuMga aura kANva vaMzoM ke rAjAoM ke samaya meM saMskRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA acchA pracAra thA / zuMga-vaMzI rAjA puSyamitra ke Azraya meM rahakara hI pataMjali ne mahAbhASya kI racanA kI thii| kANva-vaMzI rAjAoM ne manu-saMhitA kA saMkalana karAyA aura rAmAyaNa tathA mahAbhArata ko Adhunika rUpa meM pariNata kiyA thaa| Andhra-vaMzI rAjAo ke samaya meM prAkRta sAhityaAndhra-vaMzI rAjAoM ke samaya meM prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya bar3I unnata avasthA meM the| vizeSa karake isa vaMza ke rAjA hAla zAtavAhana kA rAjya kAla prAkRta sAhitya ke liye bar3I unnati kA thaa| isa rAjA ne svayaM prAkRta (prAcIna mahArASTrI) bhASA meM 700 padya likhe the, jo "saptazataka" ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki paizAcI bhASA meM "bRhatkathA" aura "kAtantra" nAmaka saMskRta vyAkaraNa kI racanA bhI isI samaya huI thii|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 340 kaniSka ke samaya meM saMskRta sAhitya-kaniSka ke samaya meM saMskRta kA bahuta pracAra thaa| usa samaya bauddha dharma kI bhASA pAlI kI jagaha saMskRta ho gaI thii| bauddha dharma ke jitane grantha usa samaya race gaye, ve saba saMskRta meM haiN| kaniSka ke samaya meM bauddha dharma kI jo mahAsabhA huI thI, usake nizcaya ke anusAra sUtra-piTaka, vinaya-piTaka aura abhidharma-piTaka para saMskRta ke eka eka lAkha zlokoM meM tIna mahAbhASya race gaye the| kahA jAtA hai ki azvaghoSa, nAgArjuna aura vasumitra nAma ke bauddha granthakAra aura prAcArya isI samaya meM hue haiN| inameM se azvaghoSa saMskRta ke parama vidvAna, dArzanika aura udbhaTa kavi ho gaye haiM / azvaghoSa kA janma brAhmaNa vaMza meM huA thaa| unake pitA kA nAma saMghaguhya thA / ve sAketa yA ayodhyA ke nivAsI the / unakI mA~ eka vaNik kI kanyA thii| unhoMne gaur3a, tirahuta aura kAmarUpa (AsAma ) Adi dezoM meM jAkara vidyAdhyayana kiyA thaa| cIna aura tibbata meM mile hue kaI granthoM se vidita hotA hai ki pATaliputra aura nAlanda meM bhI unhoMne kucha dinoM taka nivAsa kiyA thaa| ve bahuta bar3e paNDita the| unhoMne aneka bauddhoM ko zAstrArtha meM parAsta kiyA thA; para anta meM pArzva nAmaka paNDita ke dvArA ve svayaM hI parAsta hokara bauddha ho gaye the| taba se ve gAndhAra deza meM rAjA kaniSka ke Azraya meM rahane lge| cInI aura jApAnI sAhitya meM unake samaya-nirUpaNa ke sambandha meM bhinna bhinna kalpanAe~ kI gaI haiN| kisI ne unheM buddha-nirvANa ke 500 varSa, kisI ne 600 varSa aura kisI ne 700 varSa bAda mAnA hai / para isameM sandeha nahIM ki ve IsA kI pahalI zatAbdI ke bAda ke nahIM

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341 sAhityika pazA haiN| unakA saba se prasiddha grantha "buddha-carita" nAmaka mahAkAvya hai / isa kI kavitA kAlidAsa kI kavitA ke jor3a kI hai| yadi azvaghoSa kA kAla IsavI prathama zatAbdI aura kAlidAsa kA paMcama zatAbdI mAnA jAya, to yahI siddha hotA hai ki kAlidAsa ne azvaghoSa kA anukaraNa kiyA hogaa| azvaghoSa kA eka aura mahAkAvya "saundarananda" hai / yadyapi yaha kAlidAsa ke kAvyoM kI Takkara kA nahIM hai, tathApi isameM manoraMjana kI bahuta kucha sAmagrI hai| isake aneka aMza bhAva-vaicitrya aura camatkAra se pUrNa haiM / isa meM kavi ne sundarI aura nanda nAmaka do vyaktiyoM ke carita varNana karake usI ke bahAne mokSa kI zikSA dI hai| ataH isa kAvya meM zAnta rasa kA hI Adhikya hai| isa kAvya kA nAyaka nanda aitihAsika vyakti hai| vaha buddhadeva kI mausI kA lar3akA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki azvaghoSa ne alaMkAra zAstra para bhI eka grantha likhA thaa| unake likhe hue "mahAyAna-zraddhotpada-zAstra," "sUtrAlaMkAra" "upAdhyAya-sevAvidhi" Adi aura bhI sAta ATha granthoM kA patA lagA hai| unameM se kucha graMthoM ke anuvAda bhI cInI tathA jApAnI bhASAoM meM milate haiN| nAgArjuna ke bAre meM kahA jAtA hai ki ve azvaghoSa ke bAda hue / azvaghoSa kI taraha ve bhI brAhmaNa vaMza ke hI the / zAyada ve mahAyAna pantha ke janmadAtA yA pravartaka the; aura nahIM to, kama se kama usakI zAkhA "mAdhyamika sampradAya" ke, janmadAtA to avazya the| isa sampradAya kA mukhya grantha "mAdhyamika sUtra" unhIM kA racA huA hai| vasumitra usa bauddha mahAsabhA ke sabhApati cune gaye the, jo kaniSka ke samaya meM huI thii| isase patA lagatA hai ki ve apane samaya ke sarvazreSTha vidvAn

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 342. the / unakA likhA huA "mahAvibhASA zAstra" mahAyAna pantha ke sarvAstivAdI sampradAya kA eka prasiddha grantha hai / jyotiSa zAstra kI unnati isa kAla meM saba se adhika unnati jyotiSa zAstra kI huI / jyotiSa ke saba se prAcIna grantha, jinake viSaya meM hama logoM ko kucha mAlUma hai yA jo hama logoM ko Ajakala prApta haiM, isI kAla ke haiN| prAcIna hinduoM ne aThAraha prAcIna siddhAnta arthAt jyotiSa ke grantha likhe the; para unameM se adhikAMza aba lupta ho gaye haiN| ve aThAraha prAcIna siddhAnta ye haiM--(1) parAzara siddhAnta, (2) garga siddhAnta, (3) brahma siddhAnta, (4) sUrya siddhAnta, (5) vyAsa siddhAnta, (6) vaziSTha siddhAnta, (7) atri siddhAnta, (8) kazyapa siddhAnta, (9) nArada siddhAnta, (10) marIci siddhAnta, (11) manu siddhAnta, (12) AMgirasa siddhAnta, (13) romaka siddhAnta, (14)puliza siddhAnta, (15) cyavana siddhAnta, (16) yavana siddhAnta, (17) bhUgu siddhAnta aura (18) saunaka yA soma siddhAnta / isa kAla meM bhAratavAsiyoM ne jyotiSa zAstra kA adhikatara jJAna yUnAniyoM se prApta kiyA thaa| ukta aThAraha siddhAntoM meM parAzara siddhAnta aura usake uparAnta garga siddhAnta saba se prAcIna hai| kahA jAtA hai ki parAzara kA mUla grantha "parAzara tantra" thA jo aba lupta ho gayA hai / varAhamihira ne apanI "bRhat saMhitA" meM usake aneka vAkya aura kahIM kahIM adhyAya taka uddhRta kiye haiN| parAzara meM pazcimI bhAratavarSa meM yavanoM yA yUnAniyoM ke hone kA ullekha hai, jisase sUcita hotA hai ki yaha grantha I0 pU0 200 ke bAda kA hai|

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343 sAhityika dazA garga ke viSaya meM isase kucha adhika vRttAnta vidita hai| garga una granthakAroM meM haiM, jinase hama I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI ke bhAratavarSa para yUnAniyoM ke AkramaNa kA vRttAnta jAna sakate haiN| yadyapi yUnAnI mleccha the, to bhI garga unakA sammAna karate the / unakA nimnalikhita vAkya prasiddha hai aura bahudhA uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai-"yavana (yUnAnI) loga mleccha haiM, tathApi ve jyotiSa zAstra acchI taraha se jAnate haiM; ataH una kA brAhmaNa jyotiSiyoM se bar3hakara aura RSiyoM kI taraha sammAna kiyA jAtA hai / " DAkTara karna ne garga kA samaya pahalI zatAbdI mAnA hai| __ukta siddhAntoM meM se brahma, sUrya, vaziSTha, romaka aura puliza nAmaka pA~ca siddhAnta "paMca siddhAnta" ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| inhIM pA~co siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para chaThI zatAbdI meM varAhamihira ne apanI "paMca siddhAntikA" likhI thii| mAlUma hotA hai ki prAcIna "brahma siddhAnta" kA sthAna brahmagupta ke prasiddha grantha "sphuTa brahmasiddhAnta" ne le liyA hai / elaberUnI ne gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM isa "sphuTa brahmasiddhAnta" kI eka prati pAI thii| usane isakA ullekha apanI bhArata yAtrA meM kiyA hai| "sUrya siddhAnta" prasiddha grantha hai; para usameM itanI bAra parivartana aura parivardhana hue haiM aura vaha itanI bAra saMkalita kiyA gayA hai ki aba vaha apane mUla rUpa meM nahIM hai| hama isa mUla grantha ke samaya ke sambandha meM isase adhika aura kucha nahIM kaha sakate ki yaha isI bauddha kAla meM banA hogA; aura sambhavata antima bAra paurANika kAla meM isa ne yaha rUpa prApta kiyA hogaa| elaberUnI "vaziSTha siddhAnta" ko viSNucandra kA banAyA

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 344 - huA batalAtA hai| para brahmagupta kA mata hai ki viSNucandra ne isa prAcIna grantha kA kevala saMzodhana kiyA thA; aura yahI bAta ThIka jAna par3atI hai| Aja kala vaziSTha siddhAnta ke nAma se jo grantha milatA hai, vaha nissandeha Adhunika hai| romaka siddhAnta ko brahmagupta aura elabarUnI donoM hI zrIsena kA banAyA huA kahate haiN| Aja kala eka romaka siddhAnta milatA hai, jisameM IsA masIha kI janmapatrI, bAbara ke rAjya kA varNana tathA akabara kI sindhavijaya dI hai| "puliza siddhAnta" se elaberUnI paricita thA / usane isakI eka prati lI bhI thI; aura vaha ise pAlisa nAmaka eka yUnAnI kA banAyA huA batalAtA hai| yahI pA~co siddhAnta haiM, jinheM varAhamihira ne IsavI chaThI zatAbdI meM saMkalita kiyA thA / DAkTara karna ne paMca-siddhAntikA kA samaya garga aura varAhamihira ke bIca meM arthAt san 85 I0 ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| anya zAstroM ke grantha-isa kAla meM anya zAstroM ke bhI aneka grantha vartamAna the, jo aba aprApya haiN| nagnajit ne gRhanirmANa, patthara kI mUrtiyA~ banAne, citrakArI tathA anya aisI hI kalAoM ke grantha banAye the| isa kAla meM, jaba ki deza meM cAro ora cikitsAlaya sthApita the, vaidyaka zAstra ne bhI bahuta unnati kI thii| kahA jAtA hai ki prasiddha carakasaMhitA ke racayitA caraka kaniSka ke darabAra ke rAjavaidya the|* * V. Smith's Oxford History of India; p. 135.

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sAtavA~ adhyAya zilpa-kalA kI dazA azoka ke bAda zilpa-kalA meM parivarsana-azoka ke bAda maurya sAmrAjya kA vahI hAla huA, jo auraMgajeba ke bAda mug2ala sAmrAjya kA huA thA / maurya sAmrAjya bilakula chinna bhinna ho gayA; aura usake dUravartI prAnta svataMtra hokara alaga alaga rAjya bana gye| isa mauke para baikTriyA aura pArthiyA ke yUnAnI rAjAoM ne uttarI paMjAba para AkramaNa karake usa para adhikAra jamA liyaa| prAyaH DhAI sau varSoM taka paMjAba aura pazcimottara sImA prAnta ina yUnAnI rAjAoM ke Adhipatya meM rhaa| hameMsa antima yUnAnI rAjA thA, jisane paMjAba aura pazcimottara sImA prAnta para rAjya kiyaa| usI ke samaya meM bhAratavarSa para kuSaNoM kA prA. kramaNa huA / yUnAniyoM ke bAda bhAratavarSa para kuSaNa rAjAoM kA zAsana prAyaH do sau varSoM taka arthAt IsavI prathama do zatAbdiyoM meM rhaa| yUnAnI aura kuSaNa ina donoM videzI rAjavaMzoM ke zAsana kAla meM bhAratavarSa kI prAcIna zilpa-kalA meM bar3A parivartana huaa| isa kAla kI mUrtikArI meM yUnAnI prabhAva spaSTa dikhAI detA hai, jo pahale kI mUrtikArI meM bilakula nahIM thaa| isa kAla meM yahA~ kI prAcIna mUrtikArI meM eka dUsarA bar3A parivartana yaha huA ki buddha bhagavAna kI mUrtiyoM pahale pahala banAI jAne lgiiN| isake pahale buddha kA astitva kucha cihnoM se sUcita kiyA jAtA

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bauddha kAlIna bhArata 346 thaa| isa kAla kI zilpa-kalA yA mUrtikArI kI saba se bar3I vizeSatA yaho hai| isa kAla kI mUrtikArI yA zilpa-kalA ko sAdhAraNataH "kuSaNa mUrtikArI" kahate haiM, kyoMki kuSaNa rAjAoM ke samaya meM isakI vizeSa unnati huI thii| isa kAla kI mUrtiyoM ke do bheda haiN| eka vaha jo kevala bhAratavarSa ke pazcimottara sImA prAnta tathA uttara paMjAba meM pAyA jAtA hai aura jisa para yUnAna kI mUrtikArI kA vizeSa prabhAva hai| yaha gAndhAra mUrtikArI ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| dUsarA bheda vaha hai, jisakI utpatti bhAratavarSa ke madhya bhAga-mathurA, sAranAtha tathA amarAvatI-meM huI aura jisa para yUnAnI zilpa-kalA kA itanA prabhAva nahIM par3A, jitanA gAndhAra mUrtikArI para par3A thaa| isakI zailI gAndhAra zailI se bhinna hai| isakA nAma hama "svadezI kuSaNa mUrtikArI" rakhate haiM; kyoMki isameM bhAratIya bhAvoM kI pradhAnatA hai / ____ gAndhAra mUrtikArI-pazcimottara sImA prAnta kI mUrtikArI kA nAma "gAndhAra" isaliye par3A ki isa zailI kI mUrtiyA~ kevala usa pradeza meM pAI jAtI haiM, jo prAcIna samaya meM "gAndhAra" kaha. lAtA thaa| mahAbhArata ke pAThakoM ko mAlUma hogA ki kauravoM kI mAtA gAndhArI isI gandhAra deza ke rAjA kI kanyA thiiN| Ajakala kA pezAvara jilA, kAbula kI tarAI, svAta, bunera, sindhu aura melama nadiyoM ke bIca kA pradeza tathA takSazilA ye saba milakara prAcIna samaya meM "gandhAra" kahalAte the| moTe taura para Ajakala ke pazcimottara sImA prAnta tathA usake Asa pAsa ke pradeza ko prAcIna samaya kA "gandhAra" samajhanA caahie| ina sthAnoM meM jo prAcIna mUrtiyA~ milatI haiM, ve saba bauddha dharma se

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347 zilpa-kalA ko zA sambandha rakhatI haiN| yahA~ jaina hindU dharma kI eka bhI mUrti abhI taka nahIM milii| "gAndhAra mUrtikArI" kA nAma "grIkobuddhisTa mUrtikArI" bhI hai; kyoMki isameM yUnAniyoM kI mUrtinirmANa kalA kA upayoga bauddha dharma sambandhI viSayoM meM kiyA gayA hai| buddha kI mUrtiyA~ prAcIna yUnAna ke sUrya devatA "apolo" kI zakala kI haiM aura unakA pahanAvA bhI prAcIna yUnAniyoM kA sA hai| gAndhAra mUrtikArI ke saba se acche namUne kaniSka aura huviSka ke samaya ke haiN| yaha mUrtikArI aitihAsika dRSTi se bahuta mahattva kI hai| isase uttarI bhArata kA IsA ke bAda kI do tIna zatAbdiyoM kA itihAsa A~khoM ke sAmane A jAtA hai / gAndhAra mUrtiyoM meM uttarI bhArata ke tatkAlIna samAja, sabhyatA, dharma tathA kalA kauzala kA citra khiMcA huA milatA hai| ina mUrtiyoM meM rAjA se raMka taka, samAja ke pratyeka varga ke logoM kA citra hai| gAndhAra mUrtiyA~ adhikatara lAhaura, kalakatte aura pezAvara ke ajAyabagharoM meM haiN| aisI kucha mUrtiyA~ yuropa ke landana, barlina, vienA Adi bar3e bar3e zaharoM ke ajAyabagharoM meM bhI pahu~ca gaI haiN| ___buddha aura bodhisatva kI mUrtiyA~-jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, prAcIna bauddha kAla athavA maurya kAla kI svayaM buddha bhagavAn kI mUrti kahIM aMkita nahIM miltii| isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki pUrvakAlIna bauddhoM ne buddha kA "nirvANa" yathArtha rUpa meM mAnA thaa| para jaba mahAyAna saMpradAya kA prAdurbhAva huA, taba gautama buddha aura anya bodhisatva devatA ke rUpa meM pUje jAne lage aura unakI mUrtiyA~ banane lgiiN| azoka ke bAda maurya sAmrAjya kA adhaHpatana hote hI bhAratavarSa para yUnAniyoM kA AkramaNa

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 348 huA / inameM se bahuta se yUnAniyoM ne bauddha dharma grahaNa kiyaa| prAcIna kAla kA zuddha bauddha mata, jo eka prakAra se nirAkAra upAsanA kA krama thA, una videziyoM kI samajha meM na A sakatA thA / ataeva una logoM ne buddha bhagavAn kI sAkAra upAsanA karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| isake liye unhoMne apane yUnAnI kArIgaroM se buddha bhagavAn kI mUrtiyA~ banavAI / usa samaya taka buddha kI koI mUrti nahIM banI thI; isase una yUnAniyoM ke sAmane buddha kI mUrti kA koI Adarza na thA / svabhAvataH una logoM ne yUnAna kI mUrti-kalA ke Adarza para hI buddha kI mUrtiyA~ gar3hane kA prayatna kiyaa| isa kAma ke liye unhoMne yUnAna ke sUrya devatA "apolo" kI mUrti ko apanA Adarza mAnA / isI liye gAMdhAra mUrtikArI meM buddha kI mUrtiyA~ apolo devatA kI mUrtiyoM se bahuta kucha milatI julatI haiN| ina saba mUrtiyoM meM buddha bhagavAna kI yuvAvasthA dikhalAI gaI hai| unake sira para uSpIza (pagar3I) ke AkAra kI eka jaTA rahatI hai, jo "buddha" kA eka pradhAna lakSaNa hai| jaTA ke bAla ghugharAle aura dAhinI ora ko mur3e hue hote haiN| donoM bhauMhoM ke bIca meM bAloM kI eka gola bindI rahatI hai, jise "UrNA" kahate haiM / buddha ke mastaka para yaha UrNA unake janma se thI aura mahApuruSa kA eka pradhAna lakSaNa samajhI jAtI thI / buddha bhagavAn ke donoM kandhoM se pairoM taka eka cAdara laTakatI rahatI hai, jisakI sikur3ana aura utAra-car3hAva bahuta saphAI ke sAtha dikhalAye hote haiM / yahA~ taka ki usase zarIra kI banAvaTa aura gaThana bahuta hI khUbI ke sAtha prakaTa hotI hai| gAndhAra mUrtikArI meM buddha kabhI baiThe hue aura

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349 zilpa kalA kI dazA kabhI khar3e hue milate haiM / buddha kI baiThI huI mUrtiyA~ tIna mudrAoM meM pAI jAtI haiM; yathA-"dhyAna mudrA", "bhUmi-sparza mudrA" aura "dharmacakra mudrA" | dhyAna mudrA meM buddha samAdhi meM sthita aura goda meM eka hAtha para dUsarA hAtha rakkhe hue haiN| bhUmi sparza mudrA meM ve dAhine hAtha se bhUmi ko sparza karake sAkSI dete haiM / dharmacakra mudrA meM ve donoM hAthoM ko chAtI taka isa prakAra uThAye rahate haiM, mAnoM ve upadeza kara rahe haiN| buddha kI khar3I mUrti prAyaH "abhaya mudrA" meM dikhalAI par3atI hai| isa mudrA meM ve eka hAtha chAtI taka uThAye hue isa prakAra dikhalAye gaye haiM, mAnoM ve saMsAra ko abhaya-dAna de rahe hoN| kabhI kabhI buddha bhagavAn ke donoM athavA eka ora bodhisatva kI mUrtiyA~ bhI milatI haiN| bodhisatva kI mUrtiyA~ buddha se alaga bhI milatI haiN| buddha aura bodhisatva kI mUrtiyoM meM pradhAna bheda yaha hai ki buddha saMnyAsI ke veSa meM dikhalAI dete haiM; aura bodhisatva sundara vastra tathA mukuTa Adi alaMkAroM se bhUSita rAjA mahArAjoM ke sadRza / buddha bhagavAn kI mUrtiyoM meM donoM kandhe cAdara se Dhake rahate haiM; para bodhisattva kI mUrtiyoM meM eka kandhA khulA rahatA hai| ina mUrtiyoM meM dAhinA hAtha "varada mudrA" meM rahatA hai aura bAe~ hAtha meM kamalAmAdi meM se koI cihna rahatA hai / bodhisattva eka do nahIM varan aneka haiN| pradhAna bodhisattva ye haiM-avalokitezvara, maMjuzrI, mArIci, vanapANi aura maitreya / avalokitezvara kI mUrtiyoM meM dAhinA hAtha "varada mudrA" meM arthAt vara detA huA aura bAyA~ hAtha kamala grahaNa kiye hue dikhalAyA gayA hai| maMjuzrI dAhine hAtha se talacAra uThAkara mAno ajJAnAndhakAra kATa rahe haiN| mArIci sAta

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 350 varAha para savAra dikhalAye gaye haiN| vajrapANi eka hAtha meM vajU liye hue haiM; aura maitreya eka hAtha se abhaya-dAna de rahe haiM aura dUsare hAtha meM ghaMTI ke AkAra kI koI vastu liye hue haiN| ye saba bodhisattva dUsare nAmoM meM kevala prAcIna vaidika devatA haiN| mAlUma hotA hai ki jaba bauddha dharma kA pracAra huA aura loga apanA purAnA dharma chor3akara isa naye dharma meM Aye, taba apane sAtha bahuta se prAcIna devI devatAbhI, jinakI pUjA bahuta pahale huA karatI thI, lete Aye / hInayAna sampradAya meM zakra, viSNu, brahmA, nArAyaNa Adi inhIM nAmoM se grahaNa kiye gaye haiM; para mahAyAna saMpradAya meM ye nAma badala diye gaye haiN| zaka kA nAma vajrapANi aura unake svarga kA nAma trayastriMza loka rakkhA gayA / brahmA kA nAma maMjuzrI, viSNu kA avalokitezvara, sUrya kA mArIci aura kuvera kA jaMbhala kara diyA gyaa| kahate haiM ki maitreya bhaviSya meM avatAra leMge aura buddha pada prahaNa karake saMsAra kA uddhAra kreNge| ___ buddha ke jIvana ko pradhAna ghaTanAe~-gandhAra deza meM aisI bahuta mUrtiyA~ milI haiM, jina para buddha bhagavAna ke jIvana kI pradhAna ghaTanAe~ citrita haiM / kisI mUrti meM buddha kI mAtA mAyAdevI so rahI haiM aura buddha chaH dA~toMvAle zveta hastI ke rUpa meM svarga se utarakara unake garbha meM praveza kara rahe haiN| kisI meM rAnI mAyA zAla vRkSa kI zAkhA pakar3akara khar3I haiM aura unake garbha se buddha kA janma ho rahA hai| kisI meM bAlaka buddha apane guru * disambara 1917 kI sarasvatI meM merA likhA huA "buddha ke jIvana kI pradhAna ghaTanAe~" nAmaka lekha dekhiye|

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351 zilpa kalA ko dazA se par3ha rahe haiN| kisI meM ve apanI kaumAra avasthA meM palaMga para takiye ke sahAre leTe hue khiyoM kA gAnA-bajAnA suna rahe haiM / kisI meM ve gRha tyAgakara jaMgala ko jA rahe haiM / kisI meM ve tapasyA kara rahe haiM; yahA~ taka ki tapasyA karate karate ve sUkhakara kaoNTA ho gaye haiN| kisI meM ve bodhi vRkSa ke nIce baiThe hue Atma-jJAna prApta kara rahe haiN| kisI meM mAra tathA usakI senA una para AkramaNa kara rahI hai| kisI meM ve apane pA~co ziSyoM ko apane dharma kA prathama upadeza de rahe haiN| kisI meM una ke darzanArtha indra A rahe haiN| kisI meM buddha kA nirvANa ho rahA hai, aura kisI meM unakA zava dikhalAyA gayA hai, aadi| ___svadezI kuSaNa mUrtikArI-isake mUla meM svadezI bhAvoM kI pradhAnatA hai / isa para yUnAnI mUrtikArI kA prabhAva kucha na kucha avazya par3A hai; kintu vaha itanA thor3A hai aura svadezI bhAvoM meM itanA DUba sA gayA hai ki sahasA jJAta nahIM hotA / isakI utpatti tathA IsavI prathama tIna zatAbdiyoM meM adhikatara pracAra mathurA, sAranAtha aura amarAvatI meM thA / mathurA-IsavI prathama tIna zatAbdiyoM meM mathurA bahuta bar3hI car3hI nagarI thii| kuSaNa vaMza ke rAjAoM ke aneka zilAlekha yahA~ mile haiM, jinase patA lagatA hai ki unake samaya meM mathurA bahuta mahatva kA sthAna thaa| yahIM para kuSaNa vaMza ke mahArAja kaniSka kI kahe Adama mUrti, kucha varSa hue, pAI gaI thI; aura yahIM para zuddha saMskRta bhASA kA pahalA zilAlekha milA thA, jo kuSaNa vaMza ke mahArAja vAsiSka ke samaya kA hai / kuSaNa kAla meM mathurA nagarI bauddha,jaina tathA hindU ina tInoM dharmoM kA kendra aura

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jaura-kAlona bhArata 352 tIrtha thii| isake samIpa lAla patthara kI kaI khAneM haiM, jisa kAraNa prAcIna kAla meM yaha nagarI mUrti-nirmANa kalA kA eka kendra bana gaI thii| yahA~ ke mUrtikAra samasta uttarI bhArata meM prasiddha the| jisa taraha Ajakala uttarI bhArata meM jayapura kI mUrtiyoM kA pracAra hai, usI taraha prAcIna samaya meM mathurA kI banI huI mUrtiyoM kA pracAra thA / yahA~ kI mUrtikArI itanI prasiddha thI ki uttarI bhArata ke dhanI manuSya apane iSTa-devatAoM kI bar3I bar3ImUrtiyA~ yahA~ se banavAkara saikar3oM mIla dUra apane apane sthAna para le jAte the| udAharaNa ke liye mathurA kI banI huI bahuta bar3I bar3I kaI mUrtiyA~ cAra sau mIla dUra sAranAtha meM milatI haiN| kevala kuSaNa kAla meM hI nahIM, balki bAdAko gupta kAla meM bhI mathurA kI mUrti-nirmANa kalA vaisI hI unnata avasthA meM thii| kuSaNa vaMzI rAjAoM kA rAjya gaMdhAra meM bhI thA aura mathurA meM bhii| yahI kAraNa hai ki mathurA kI mUrtikArI para gAndhAra mUrtikArI kA kucha prabhAva mAlUma hotA hai / saMbhava hai, usa samaya gandhAra prAnta ke kucha mUrti-kAra mathurA meM Aye hoM ora apanA prabhAva vahA~ kI mUrti-nirmANa zailI para chor3a gaye hoN| mathurA meM kucha mUrtiyA~ aisI bhI milI haiM, jinake vastra, bhAva tathA prAkRti bilakula yUnAniyoM kI sI hai| sAranAtha-mathurA ke samAna sAranAtha bhI kuSaNa kAla meM bauddha aura jaina dharma kA kendra thaa| sAranAtha meM ina donoM dharmoM ke aneka mandira aura maTha the, jinheM bArahavIM zatAbdI ke anta meM kaTTara musalmAnoM ne tor3akara miTTI meM milA diyaa| hindU dharma ke kendra banArasa ke prAcIna mandiroM aura mUrtiyoM kA bhI yahI hAla huaa| sAranAtha ke mUrtikAra sAdhAraNa taura para cunAra ke

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353 zilpa-kalA kI dazA pIle patthara kI mUrtiyA~ banAte the| azoka kA sAranAthavAlA zilA-staMbha bhI isI patthara kA banA huA hai| parantu, jaisA ki Upara kahA gayA hai, dhanI manuSya prAyaH mathurA kI banI huI mUrtiyA~ hI adhika pasanda karate the aura vahIM se ma~gavAkara sAranAtha meM sthApita karate the| sAranAtha kI banI huI kuSaNa kAla kI mUrtiyoM para bhI kucha kucha yUnAnI prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| amarAvatI-madarAsa prAnta ke gunTUra jile meM kRSNA nadI ke kinAre amarAvatI nagarI bhI kuSaNa kAla meM mUrti nirmANa-kajA kA eka kendra thii| yahA~ eka stUpa ke dhvaMsAvazeSa meM saMgamaramara kI bahuta sI mUrtiyA~ haiN| ve itanI uttama haiM ki marmajJoM kI rAya meM ve bhAratIya mUrtikArI kI parAkASThA haiN| unakI zailI gandhAra aura mathurA kI zailiyoM se milatI hai| svadezI bhAvoM kI pradhAnatA hote hue bhI yUnAnI mUrtikArI kA una para jo prabhAva par3A hai, usakA patA sahaja meM laga sakatA hai| __svadezI kuSaNa-mUrtikArI kI vizeSatAe~-gAndhAra mUrtikArI kI taraha mathurA, sAranAtha tathA amarAvatI kI mUrtikArI meM bhI eka vizeSa bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai| isI kAla meM hameM pahale pahala buddha kI mUrtiyA~ dikhalAI par3atI haiN| ina sthAnoM meM bhI kuSaNa kAla ke pahale kI buddha kI koI mUrti nahIM milatI / gandhAra deza meM kevala bauddha dharma sambandhI mUrtiyA~ milatI haiM; kintu mathurA tathA sAranAtha meM kuSaNa kAla kI bauddha, jaina aura hindU tInoM dharmoM se sambandha rakhanevAlI mUrtiyA~ milatI haiN| gAndhAra mUrtiyoM kI taraha mathurA Adi meM bhI kuSaNa-kAla kI bauddha mUrtiyoM ke siroM para eka uSNIza (jaTA) hai; kintu bAla ghUgharavAle nhiiN|

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 354 donoM bhauMhoM ke bIca meM bAloM kI eka golAkAra bindI arthAt UrNA bhI rahatI hai| gAndhAra mUrtiyoM kI taraha buddha ke donoM kandhoM se eka cAdara paira taka laTakatI rahatI hai| kintu kapar3e kI bArIkI vaisI khUbI ke sAtha nahIM dikhalAI gaI, jaisI gupta kAla kI mUrtiyoM meM hai| mUrti ke sira ke cAroM ora eka bilakula sAdA tathA alaMkAra-rahita prabhAmaNDala bhI rahatA hai| bAda ko gupta kAla meM yahI prabhAmaNDala sAdA nahIM, kintu bela-bUToM se khUba sajA huA milatA hai| isake sivA kuSaNa kAla kI mUrtiyoM meM vaha gaMbhIratA, zAnti tathA cittAkarSaka bhAva nahIM hai, jo gupta kAla kI mUrtiyoM meM hai| kuSaNa kAla kI mUrtiyoM meM jo kucha videzI bhAva the, ve gupta kAla ko mUrtiyoM se bilakula lupta ho gye| gupta kAla kA itihAsa hamAre viSaya ke bAhara hai; isase usa kAla kI zilpa kalA ke sambandha meM hama vizeSa nahIM likhanA caahte|

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bhAThavA~ adhyAya bauddha dharma kA hAsa aura paurANika dharma kA vikAsa buddha ke samaya meM bauddha dharma kevala eka choTe se prAnta meM sImAbaddha thaa| jaba I0 pU0 487 ke lagabhaga buddha bhagavAn kA nirvANa huA, taba bauddha dharma kevala eka choTA sA saMpradAya thaa| usa samaya usakA pracAra kevala gayA, prayAga aura himAlaya ke bIcavAle prAnta meM thaa| para azoka ke dhArmika utsAha kI badaulata vaha dharma kevala kula bhAratavarSa meM hI nahIM, balki usake bAhara bhI dUsare dezoM meM phaila gyaa| azoka ke samaya se kaniSka ke samaya taka arthAt moTe taura para I0 pU0 200 se I0pa0 200 taka bauddha dharma kA pracAra uttarI bhArata meM bar3I prabalatA ke sAtha ho rahA thaa| ina cAra sau varSoM kI banI huI mUrtiyoM, stUpoM aura mandiroM ke jo bhagnAvazeSa tathA zilAlekha. mile haiM, ve saba prAyaH bauddha dharma sambandhI haiM / para isase yaha na samajha lenA cAhie ki hindU yA brAhmaNa dharma usa samaya bilakula lupta ho gayA thA / yajJa Adi usa samaya bhI hote the, para adhika. nhiiN| hindU devI-devatAoM kI pUjA bhI lupta nahIM huI thii| isakA sabUta puSyamitra ke azvamedha yajJa, enTielkAiDasa ke besa-- nagaravAle zilAlekha, kaiDaphAisija dvitIya tathA vAsudeva ke sikkoM aura vAsiSka ke mathurAvAle yUpa-staMbha se milatA hai| aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki jo bauddha dharma kisI samaya sAre

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 356 bhAratavarSa kA pradhAna dharma thA, vaha bhAratavarSa se eka dama kisa taraha lupta ho gyaa| isakA uttara yaha hai ki vaha gAyaba nahIM huA, balki dUsare rUpa meM badala gyaa| hara eka saMsthA meM samaya kI AvazyakatAoM ke anusAra parivartana huA karate haiN| jisa samaya buddha bhagavAna ne apanA dharma calAyA, usa samaya yajJa aura balidAna khUba hote the / logoM meM dayA kA bhAva kama ho rahA thaa| ve yajJa, homa, japa, mantra aura tapasyA ko hI saba se bar3A dharma mAna rahe the aura vAstavika dharma kI ora se parAGmukha ho rahe the| ve ravAja kI gulAmI meM cAro ora se jakar3e hue the aura sarala tathA svAbhAvika jIvana kI mahimA bhUla gayethe / aise samaya meM buddha ne eka naye dharma kI sthApanA karake ahiMsA tathA dayA kA pracAra kiyA aura acche karma karane kI mahimA logoM ko batalAI / buddha ne logoM se kahA ki tuma havi, ghRta Adi agni meM mata jalAo, balki apane bure vicAroM aura kAryoM ko, apanI burI pravRttiyoM aura icchAoM ko, apane krodha aura IrSyA ke bhAvoM ko jJAna rUpI agni meM dahana kro| para buddha kA pracalita kiyA huA dharma eka prakAra kA saMnyAsa mArga thA / buddha ke mUla upadeza meM AtmA, brahma yA Izvara kA astittva nahIM mAnA gayA thaa| sarvasAdhAraNa isa zuSka nirIzvara saMnyAsa-mArga ko na samajha sakate the| buddha ke siddhAntoM ke anusAra nirvANa prApta karane ke liye -saMsAra se vairAgya lekara bhikSuoM kI taraha jIvana bitAnA nitAnta Avazyaka thA; para saba loga gRhasthI chor3akara bhikSu yA saMnyAsI nahIM bana sakate the| ataeva unake liye eka aise sarala aura pratyakSa mArga kI AvazyakatA huI, jo saba ke hRdayoM ko AkarSita

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357 bauddha dharma kA hAsa kara ske| isI uddezya se mahAyAna saMpradAya kI utpatti huI, jo eka prakAra kA bhakti mArga thaa| isa sampradAya ke anusAra buddha bhagavAn paramAtmA samajhe jAne lge| buddha ke sAtha hI sAtha bahuta se bodhisatvoM kI bhI kalpanA kI gii| mahAyAna saMpradAya meM buddha aura bodhisatva kI pUjA devI-devatAoM kI taraha hone lgii| isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha upadeza kiyA jAne lagA ki devAdideva buddha kI bhakti karane se, unake stUpa kI pUjA karane se athavA unakI mUrti para bhaktipUrvaka do cAra puSpa car3hA dene se hI manuSya ko sadgati prApta ho sakatI hai / mahAyAna ke siddhAntoM ke anusAra gRhasthAzrama meM rahate hue bhakti ke dvArA nirvANa pada pAnA asaMbhava nahIM / yaha mahAyAna saMpradAya prAcIna bauddha dharma kI apekSA hindU dharma se adhika milatA hai| jyoM jyoM mahAyAna saMpradAya kA pracAra bar3hane lagA, tyoM tyoM usake rUpa meM adhika parivartana hotA gayA aura vaha paurANika dharma se adhika milane lgaa| sAtha hI paurANika dharma aura brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva bhI barAbara bar3hane lgaa| yahA~ taka ki gupta rAjAoM ke kAla meM paurANika dharma aura brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva pUrNa rUpa se jama gayA / gupta rAjA hindU dharma ke anuyAyI the aura brAhmaNoM kI rAya se kAma karate the| ve saMskRta ke bhI paNDita the aura saMskRta vidvAnoM tathA kaviyoM kA Adara karate the / gupta vaMza ke dvitIya tathA caturtha rAjA samudragupta aura kumAragupta ne azvamedha yajJa karake hindU dharma ko phira se jAgrata kara diyA / isa rAja-sammAna se hindU dharma ko bar3A bhArI bala prApta huA aura sAtha hI isase bauddha dharma ko bar3A dhakkA bhI pahu~cA / to bhI gupta kAla meM bauddha dharma kA adhika hAsa nahIM

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kha-kAlIna bhArata 358 huA thaa| phAhiyAna ko sindhu nadI se mathurA taka 500 mIla kI yAtrA meM saikar3oM bauddha mandira aura saMghArAma mile, jinameM sahasroM bhikSu nivAsa karate hue dikhalAI pdd'e| para bhAratavarSa ke anya sthAnoM meM bauddha dharma bilakula hIna avasthA meM thA / isake bAda IsavI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM harSa tathA hventsAMga ke samaya bauddha dharma bahuta hInatA ko prApta ho gayA thaa| jo gandhAra pradeza phAhiyAna ke samaya bauddha dharma kA pradhAna kendra ho rahA thA, usI meM hventsAMga ne bauddha dharma ko bar3I girI huI dazA meM pAyA / usane apane yAtrA-vRttAnta meM bauddha dharma kI isa hIna avasthA para bar3A duHkha prakaTa kiyA hai / anta meM sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bAda musalamAnoM ke lagAtAra AkramaNa se bauddha dharma kA bacA khucA prabhAva bhI sadA ke liye jAtA rahA / musalamAnoM ne aneka bauddha-vihAra jalA diye aura unameM rahanevAle bhikSu talavAra ke bala se ucchinna kara diye gaye / isa prakAra dhIre dhIre bauddha dharma apanI janmamUmi se sadA ke liye lupta ho gyaa| bauddha dharma kisa taraha dhIre dhIre hindU dharma meM parivartita ho rahA thA, yaha pAlI aura saMskRta ke itihAsa se mAlUma hotA hai| buddha bhagavAna ne apane dharma kA pracAra usa samaya kI bolacAla kI bhASA meM kiyA thaa| azoka ne apane dharmalekha usa samaya kI sarvasAdhAraNa kI bhASA meM likhavAye the| para dhIre dhIre bauddha dharma para brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva itanA bar3ha gayA thA ki kaniSka ke samaya meM mahAyAna saMpradAya ke grantha saMskRta meM hI likhe jAne lge| dhIre dhIre zilAlekhoM meM bhI saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga hone lgaa| vAsiSka ke rAjya kAla kA zuddha saMskRta kA eka zilAlekha mathurA

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359 baura dharma kA hAsa meM aura dUsarA zilAlekha rudradAman kA giranAra meM hai| isake bAda gupta kAla ke prAyaH samasta zilA lekha saMskRta meM hI milate haiN| gupta rAjAoM ke sikkoM para bhI saMskRta bhASA ke lekha aMkita haiN| ina saba bAtoM se sUcita hotA hai ki bauddha dharma dhIre dhIre hindU dharma meM parivartita ho rahA thaa| bauddha dharma kisa taraha dhIre dhIre hindU dharma meM rUpAMtarita ho rahA thA, yaha zilAlekhoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| azoka ke samaya se kaniSka ke samaya taka ke zilAlekhoM meM jitane vyaktiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM yA jitane dAnoM ke ullekha hue haiM, unameM se tInacauthAI bauddha dharma sambandhI haiM / bAkI eka-cauthAI meM se adhikatara jaina dharma sambandhI haiN| kaniSka ke samaya se zilAlekhoM meM brAhmaNoM, hindU devI-devatAoM, hindU mandiroM aura yajJoM kA adhikatara ullekha AtA hai| yahA~ taka ki pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM gupta rAjAoM ke kAla ke tIna-cauthAI zilAlekha hindU dharma saMbaMdhI haiM; aura bAkI eka-cauthAI meM se adhikatara jaina dharma sambandhI / isase sApha jAhira hai ki bauddha dharma dhIre dhIre hindU dharma ko apanA sthAna de rahA thaa| jo bauddha dharma kaniSka ke samaya taka bhAratavarSa kA eka pradhAna dharma thA, vahI gupta kAla meM yA usake bAda kevala thor3e se logoM kA dharma raha gayA thA / isa kAraNa jisa bhArata ko hama kaniSka ke samaya taka "bauddha-kAlIna bhArata" kaha sakate haiM, vahI kaniSka ke bAda "paurANika yA hindU-kAlIna bhArata" meM badala jAtA hai| parivartana kA yaha krama dhIre dhIre lagAtAra zatAbdiyoM taka jArI rahA; yahA~ taka ki bauddha dharma kI janmabhUmi bhAratavarSa meM aba nAma ke liye bhI bauddha na raha gyaa|

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata brAhmaNoM ke race hue granthoM ke AdhAra para kucha logoM kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki bauddha dharma bhAratavarSa meM brAhmaNoM aura hindU rAjAoM ke atyAcAra se miTa gayA / saMbhava hai, brAhmaNoM ke kahane se hindU rAjAoM ne samaya samaya para bauddhoM para bhayAnaka atyAcAra kiye hoM; para yaha samajhanA bhArI bhUla hai ki kevala hindU rAjAoM yA brAhmaNoM ke atyAcAra se hI bauddha dharma, jo kisI samaya samasta bhArata kA pradhAna dharma thA, yahA~ se sadA ke liye lupta ho gyaa| balki yoM kahanA cAhie ki bhArata meM bauddha dharma dhIre dhIre hindU dharma meM parivartita hotA huA anta meM usI meM mila gayA /

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upasaMhAra buddha bhagavAn kevala bhAratavarSa ke hI nahIM varan samasta saMsAra ke mahApuruSoM meM gine jAte haiN| unhoMne bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa meM eka navIna yuga kI sthApanA kii| unake Ane ke pahale vaidika dharma apanI saralatA aura svAbhAvikatA kho cukA thA / loga yajJa, homa, balidAna, japa aura mantra ko hI saba se bar3A dharma mAnane lage the| yajJa-prathA kA prabhAva samAja para bahuta hI burA par3atA thaa| yajJoM meM jo pazu-vadha hotA thA, usase manuSyoM ke hRdaya kaThora aura nirdaya hote jA rahe the aura unameM se jIvana ke mahatva kA bhAva uThatA jA rahA thaa| loga Atmika jIvana kA gaurava bhUlane lage the| ve bAhyADambara ko hI apane jIvana meM saba se zreSTha sthAna dete the| loga brAhmaNoM ke hAtha meM apanA dharma, karma, japa, homa Adi chor3a dete the aura svayaM kucha nahIM karate the / loga yaha samajhate the ki brAhmaNoM ke dvArA dharma-karma karAne se hamAre liye mukti kA dvAra khula jaaygaa| ve AtmA kI vAstavika unnati ke prati upekSA kara rahe the| Atmika unnati prApta karane athavA prakRti para vijaya pAne ke liye aneka prakAra kI tapasyAoM ke dvArA apanI kAyA ko kaSTa pahu~cA rahe the / samAja ke bahuta se loga AtmA, paramAtmA, mAyA, prakRti sambandhI zuSka vitaNDAvAda meM phaMse hue the| ina logoM ke dvArA samAja meM eka prakAra kI nIrasatA aura zuSka jJAna-mArga kA pracAra ho rahA

Page #389
bora-kAlIna bhArata thA / manuSyoM meM U~ca nIca kA bhAva khUba jora pakar3a rahA thaa| U~cI jAtiyoM ke loga zUdroM aura hIna jAti ke logoM ko bahuta choTI nigAha se dekhate the| logoM meM pracalita dharma ke prati asantoSa aura avizvAsa phailA huA thaa| loga naye naye bhAvoM se prerita hokara parivartana ke liye lAlAyita ho rahe the| ve eka aise puruSa kI pratIkSA kara rahe the, jo apane gaMbhIra vicAroM aura sadupadezoM se unakI Atmika pipAsA zAnta kare, aura unake sAmane eka U~cA Adarza rakhakara unakA jIvana unnata banAve / aise samaya buddha bhagavAna ne avatAra lekara samaya kI AvazyakatA ko ThIka taraha se samajhA aura bhAratavarSa kyA, saMsAra ke itihAsa meM eka nayA yuga sthApita kiyaa| saba se bar3I bAta jo buddha bhagavAn ne kI, vaha yaha thI ki unhoMne U~ca nIca kA bhAva bilakula miTA diyaa| unhoMne apane dharma kA dvAra choTe-bar3e, brAhmaNa aura zUda saba ke liye samAna rUpa se khola diyaa| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa aura antyaja, U~ca aura nIca saba barAbara the| unake mata se saba loga pavitra jIvana ke dvArA nirvANa prApta kara sakate the| koI gRhastha, cAhe vaha kitane hI nIca vaMza kA kyoM na ho, bhikSuoM ke sampradAya meM Akara apane sadAcAra se bar3I se bar3I pratiSThA pA sakatA thaa| dUsarI bAta buddha bhagavAn ne yaha kI ki ahiMsA aura dayA kA pracAra karake logoM ko adhika sAtvika aura sadAcArI banAne kA prayatna kiyA / gautama buddha kI saba se pradhAna zikSA gRhastha aura bhikSu donoM ke liye yahI thI ki manuSya ko na to svayaM koI jIva mAranA cAhie aura na kisI ko mArane ke liye prerita

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363 upasaMhAra karanA cAhie / unake siddhAMtoM ke anusAra gRhasthoM aura bhikSuoM ke liye Avazyaka hotA thA ki ve pratyeka prANI ke vadha kA virodha kareM, cAhe vaha prANI choTA ho yA bdd'aa| tIsarI bAta buddha bhagavAna ne yaha kI ki apane ziSyoM ko sahayoga kI zikSA dI aura apane dezavAsiyoM ke sAmane saMghaTana zakti kA zrAdarza rakkhA / unakA sthApita kiyA huA bhikSu saMgha sahayoga aura saMghaTana zakti kA bar3A ujjvala udAharaNa hai / isI sahayoga zakti kI badaulata bauddha dharma kA pracAra kevala bhArata ke kone kone meM hI nahIM, balki bAhara bhI dUra dUra taka ho gyaa| cauthI bAta buddha bhagavAn ne yaha kI ki acchA karma karane kI mahimA logoM ko btlaaii| buddha ke siddhAMtoM ke anusAra janma eka duHkha kI bAta hai / isa janma ke duHkha se chuTakArA pAnA hI saba se bar3A uddezya mAnA gayA hai; aura acchA kama karane se hI manuSya janma ke duHkha se chUTa sakatA hai / buddha bhagavAn ne manuSyoM ko yaha upadeza diyA ki jo loga dharma-mArga para calanA cAhate hoM, unheM cAhie ki ve dayAlu, sadAcArI aura pavitra-hRdaya bneN| buddha ke pahale logoM kA vizvAsa thA yajJoM meM, mantroM meM, tapasyAoM meM aura zuSka jJAna mArga meM / para buddha ne logoM ko yajJa, mantra, karma-kANDa aura dharmAbhAsa kI jagaha antaHkaraNa zuddha karane kI zikSA dI / unhoMne dInoM aura daridroM kI bhalAI karane, burAI dUra karane, saba se bhAI kI taraha sneha karane aura sadAcAra tathA sacce jJAna ke dvArA duHkhoM se chuTakArA pAne kA upadeza diyA / buddha kI pA~ca pradhAna zikSAe~, jo "paMcazIla" kahalAtI haiM, yahI sUcita karatI haiM ki buddha bhagavAn sadAcAra aura satkarma para bahuta jora

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata dete the| ve pA~ca zikSAe~ ye haiM:-(1) kisI jIva ko na mAranA, (2) corI na karanA, (3) jhUTha na bolanA, (4) naze kI Adata na DAlanA aura (5) vyabhicAra na krnaa| yahI pA~ca bAteM haiM, jinakI zikSA buddha bhagavAna ne logoM ko dI aura jinakA pracAra sarva sAdhAraNa meM vizeSa rUpa se kiyA / para bauddha dharma kI badaulata bhAratavarSa ko tIna bhArI hAniyA~ bhI sahanI pdd'ii| pahalI hAni yaha huI ki bauddha dharma ne khiyoM ko bahuta nIcA sthAna diyA, jisase striyoM ke adhikAroM ko bar3A dhakkA pahu~cA / prAraMbha meM triyoM ko bhikSu-saMgha meM bhartI hone kA adhikAra nahIM prApta thA; para aMta meM apane pradhAna ziSya Ananda ke bahuta kahane se buddha bhagavAna ne striyoM ko bhI saMgha meM bhartI karane kI anumati de dii| para unhoMne apane upadeza meM striyoM ke svabhAva kI bahuta nindA kI hai| dUsarI hAni bauddha dharma kI badaulata yaha huI ki adhika dayA kA pracAra hone ke kAraNa logoM meM kSatriyatva athavA vIratA kA abhAva ho gyaa| ahiMsA ke adhika pracAra ke kAraNa logoM meM yuddha saMbaMdhI kAryoM ke prati ghRNA kA bhAva paidA ho gayA / ataeva jaba bhAratavarSa para musalamAnoM kA AkramaNa huA, taba yahA~ ke logoM meM pahale kA sA kSatriyatva aura vIratA na raha gaI thii| isI se musalamAnoM ko bhAratavarSa vijaya karane meM itanI AsAnI huii| tIsarI hAni bauddha dharma ke kAraNa yaha huI ki logoM ke hRdayoM meM nIrasatA tathA vairAgya kA bhAva prabalAho gayA; kyoMki buddha bhagavAn kA prAcIna mata zuddha saMnyAsa mArga thA aura usase logoM ko saMsAra se virakta hone kI zikSA milatI thii| yahI

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365 upasaMhAra doSa dUra karane ke liye mahAyAna saMpradAya kA prAdurbhAva huA / para usase mUrti pUjA kI jar3a jamI, jisase bhAratavarSa ko eka dUsarI vipatti kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| sAre deza meM maTha, mandira aura mUrtiyA~ vyApta ho gii| na jAne una para kitanA dravya pAnI kI taraha bahAyA jAne lgaa| vizeSataH ina mandiroM aura maThoM kI saMpatti kI carcA sunakara hI musalamAnoM ne pahale pahala bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa kiyA thaa| yadyapi vartamAna samaya meM bauddha dharma ke cihna bhAratavarSa meM spaSTa rUpa se nahIM dikhalAI par3ate, tathApi usakA jo prabhAva hamArI zikSA, dIkSA aura sAmAjika unnati para par3A, vaha bahuta adhika hai| zilpa-kalA meM hamArA nAma karanevAlA bauddha kAla hI hai| azoka ke samAna dhArmika samrAT buddha mahArAja ke upadeza kA hI pariNAma hai / bhArata ke guhA mandira aura mUrtiyA~ bauddha dharma kI hI karAmAta haiM / yuropa ke khairAtI kAmoM aura paropakArI bhAvoM kI prazaMsA karanevAloM ko yaha sunakara Azcarya hogA ki unake yahA~ to pahale pahale IsavI caudahavIM zatAbdI meM, phrAnsa meM, kevala manuSyoM ke liye aspatAla khule the; kintu hamAre deza meM manuSyoM ke liye to cikitsAlaya bahuta pahale se the hI, kintu bauddha dharma ke prabhAva se jIva-jantuoM aura kIr3e makor3oM ke liye bhI IsA se tIna sau varSa pahale cikitsAlaya khula cuke the| jAnavaroM ke liye aspatAla gujarAta meM cInI yAtrI phAhiyAna ko pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM aura hventsAMga ko sAtavIM zatAbdI meM bhI khUba unnata dazA meM mile the| sar3akoM ke donoM tarapha per3a lagavAnA, kUe~ khudavAnA, lambI lambI nahareM nikAlanA, rAstoM meM dharma-zAlAe~ banAnA, ye saba bAteM

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bauddha kAlIna bhArata 366 bauddha dharma hI kI zikSA kA phala thiiN| usI ke prabhAva se hamAre deza meM prajAtantra rAjya aura niyama-baddha sAmrAjya kI praNAlI bhI bahuta unnata dazA ko pahuMcI thii| jisa rAjanIti kA DaMkA Ajakala yuropa aura amerikA meM baja rahA hai, usakI bhI unnati hamAre yahA~ bauddha kAla meM pUrNa rUpa se ho cukI thii| sArAMza yaha ki bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa kA bauddha kAla bahuta adhika unnati aura aizvarya kA kAla thA aura usakA bahuta kucha prabhAva hamArI sabhyatA tathA AcaraNa para par3A hai / isI bauddha kAla ke samAja, sabhyatA, sAhitya tathA zilpakalA kA itihAsa isa grantha meM diyA gayA hai| AzA hai, pAThakoM ko isase lAbha pahu~cA hogaa|

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pariziSTa (ka) cAra bauda mahAsabhAe~ prathama mahAsabhA kahA jAtA hai ki buddha ke nirvANa ke kucha hI dina bAda subhadda (subhadra) nAmaka bhikSuka ne anya bhikSuoM se kahA-"macchA humA, buddha mara gye| hama loga unake caMgula se chUTa gaye / aba hama loga svataMtratA ke sAtha jo cAheMge, kara skeNge|" usane buddha bhagavAn ke viruddha Andolana karanA prAraMbha kiyaa| mAlUma hotA hai ki usa samaya bauddha dharma meM prabala matabheda ho gayA thA; aura bhikSu saMpradAya kadAcit do pakSoM meM ba~Ta gayA thA, jinameM se eka pakSa kA netA subhadra thaa| subhadra ke mata kA khaNDana tathA buddha bhagavAn ke upadezoM aura siddhAntoM kA saMgraha karane ke liye mahAkAzyapa, Ananda aura upAli Adi pA~ca sau bhikSuoM ne rAjagRha meM eka mahAsabhA kii| isa mahAsabhA ke sabhApati vRddha vidvAn mahAkAzyapa the| yaha mahAsabhA rAjagRha ke pAsa vebhAra (vaihAra) pahAr3I kI saptaparNI guphA meM huii| magadha ke rAjA ajAtazatru ne yaha guphA isI uddezya se banavAI thii| yaha sabhA lagAtAra sAta mahInoM taka hotI rhii| isameM buddha ke vinaya aura dharma sambandhI siddhAnta saMgRhIta kiye gye| dvitIya mahAsabhA bauddha granthoM se patA lagatA hai ki dvitIya bauddha mahAsabhA prathama mahAsabhA ke lagabhaga sau varSa bAda vaizAlI ke samIpa velukArAma meM kI

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 368 gaI / mAlUma hotA hai ki usa samaya phira bhikSu-saMpradAya meM eka aisA dala paidA ho gayA thA, jisane bauddha dharma ke siddhAntoM meM kucha parivartana karane kA udyoga kiyaa| isa udyoga ke viruddha kAkanada ke putra sthavira yaza tathA revata Adi 700 bhikSuoM ne vaizAlI meM eka mahAsabhA kii| yaha mahAsabhA lagAtAra ATha mahInoM taka hotI rhii| isameM buddha bhagavAn ke upadezoM aura siddhAntoM kI punarAvRtti kI gii| para mAlUma hotA hai ki isa mahAsabhA ke nizcaya ko saba logoM ne nahIM mAnA; kyoMki isake viruddha pakSavAloM ne apanI sabhA alaga kI, jisameM adhika bhikSu sammilita hue the / kheda hai ki isa viruddha sabhA kA koI vizeSa vRttAnta jJAta nahIM / bauddha danta-kathAoM meM se patA calatA hai ki yaha sabhA kAlAzoka ke rAjya kAla meM huI thii| para isa kAlAzoka kA bhI kucha patA nahIM hai| tRtIya mahAsabhA "dIpavaMza" aura "mahAvaMza" se patA lagatA hai ki dvitIya mahAsabhA ke 135 varSa bAda samrATa azoka ne bauddha dharma ke granthoM arthAt "tripiTaka" ko antima bAra nizcita karane ke liye I0 pU0 242 ke lagabhaga paTane meM eka tIsarI sabhA kii| isa sabhA ke aguA tissa moggaliputta the| usa samaya paTane ke azokArAma meM 13 haz2Ara dhUrta bhikSu rahate the| ve buddha bhagavAn ke siddhAntoM ke viruddha AcaraNa karate the aura bauddha dharma ko badanAma kara rahe the| unheM vahA~ se nikalavAkara moggaliputta Adi eka haz2Ara bhikSu azokArAma vihAra meM ekatra hue| lagAtAra nau mAsa taka sabhA karake una logoM ne tripiTaka kI punarAvRtti kii| mAlUma hotA hai ki isI sabhA ke nizcaya ke anusAra bauddha dharma kA pracAra karane ke liye bhikSu-gaNa videzoM meM bheje gaye the| isa sabhA ke bAda hI azoka ne apane putra mahendra ko dharma-pracArArtha laMkA bhejaa| mahendra apane sAtha bahuta se aise bhikSuoM ko bhI letA gayA thA, jinheM "tripiTaka" kaNThAna the| isa prakAra laMkA meM ve tripiTaka pahu~ce, jo paTane kI sabhA meM nizrita

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369 pariziSTa (ka) hue the / anumAna hai ki sAranAtha kA staMbha-lekha, jisameM spaSTa zabdoM meM likhA hai-"jo bhikSukI yA bhikSuka saMgha meM phUTa DAlegA, vaha sapheda kapar3A pahanAkara usa sthAna meM rakha diyA jAyagA, jo mikSuoM ke liye ucita nahIM hai" isI sabhA ke nizcaya ke anusAra banA thaa| caturtha mahAsabhA __ bauddha dharma kI cauthI mahAsabhA kaniSka ke samaya meM huii| azoka ke bAda phira dhIre dhIre bauddha dharma aneka saMpradAyoM meM ba~Tane lagA / yahA~ taka 'ki kaniSka ke pahale bauddha dharma meM nizcita rUpa se 18 saMpradAya ho gaye the / kadAcit ina saMpradAyoM ko eka karane ke liye hI yaha sabhA huI thii| isa sabhA ke sambandha meM bauddha granthoM meM paraspara virodhI bAteM pAI jAtI haiN| tArAnAtha kRta bauddha dharma ke itihAsa se patA lagatA hai ki aThAraha saMpradAyoM meM jo jhagar3A ho rahA thA, vaha isa mahAsabhA meM tai huaa| eka dUsare tibbatI grantha se patA lagatA hai ki kaniSka ne bhinna bhinna saMpradAyoM ke pArasparika virodha kA anta karane ke liye apane guru pArzva se eka bauddha mahAsabhA karane kA prastAva kiyaa| pArzva ne yaha prastAva svIkRta kara liyA aura isake anusAra bauddha dharma ke vidvAnoM kI eka bar3I sabhA karane kA prabandha kiyaa| kaniSka ne isake liye kazmIra kI rAjadhAnI meM eka bar3A vihAra nirmANa kraayaa| isa mahAsabhA meM 500 vidvAn upasthita the aura isake sabhApati vasumitra cune gaye the| ina vidvAnoM ne samasta bauddha granthoM ko acchI taraha se dekha bhAlakara saba saMpradAyoM ke mata ke anusAra bar3e parizrama ke sAtha saMskRta bhASA ke eka eka lAkha zlokoM meM sUtra-piTaka, vinaya-piTaka aura abhidharma-piTaka para tIna mahAbhASya race / ye mahAbhASya krama se "upadeza", "vinaya-vibhASA-zAstra" aura "abhidharma-vibhASA-zAstra" kahalAte haiN| jaba mahAsabhA kA kArya samApta huA, taba jo mahAbhASya usameM race gaye the, ve tAmrapatra para nakala karake eka aise stUpa meM rakkhe gaye, no kaniSka kI AjJA se kevala

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 370 isI liye banavAyA gayA thaa| mAlUma hotA hai ki isa mahAsabhA meM kucha aise siddhAnta bhI nizcita hue the, jo saba saMpradAyoM ko mAnya the| pariziSTa (kha) buddha kA nirvANa kAla buddha ke nirvANa kA ThIka samaya kyA hai, isakA abhI nizcaya nahIM huaa| isa para bhinna bhinna vidvAnoM ke bhinna bhinna mata haiN| maiksa myUlara aura kAnTiyara sAhaba ne buddha ke nirvANa kA samaya I0 pU0 477 siddha kiyA hai| laMkA kI danta-kathAoM se nirvANa kA samaya I0 pU0 544 yA 543 siddha hotA hai / phlITa aura gIgara sAhaba ne isakA samaya I0 pU0 483 nizcita kiyA hai| vinsenTa smitha sAhaba ne nirvANa-kAla I0 pU0 487 mAnA hai / para isa bAta se prAyaH sabhI vidvAn sahamata hai ki yaha ghaTanA I. pU. 490 aura 480 ke bIca kisI samaya huI / astu; tIna svatantra pramANoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki buddha kA nirvANa I0 pU0 487 ke lagabhaga huaa| ye tInoM pramANa isa prakAra haiM (1) vasubandhu kI jIvanI ke lekhaka paramArtha nAmaka prAcIna bauddha granthakAra ne likhA hai ki vRSagaNa aura vindhyavAsa nAma ke bauddha AcArya nirvANa ke bAda dasavIM zatAbdI meM hue| ina donoM AcAryoM kA samaya IsavI pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai| ataeva buddha kA honA I0 pU0 pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM siddha hotA hai| (2) cIna meM varSa-gaNanA ke liye prAcIna samaya meM prati varSa eka lakIra yA zUnya banA diyA jAtA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki buddha kA * inDiyana enTikkerI, 1614, pR0 126-133 / / + vinsenTa smithakRta arlI hisTarI zrApha inDiyA; pR0 46-47 /

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371 pariziSTa (ga) nirvANa kaba huA, yahI sUcita karane ke liye ye zUnya banAye jAte the| san 189 I. taka ina zUnyoM kI saMkhyA 975 thii| ataeva 975 meM se 489 nikAla dene se 406 bacatA hai; aura yahI samaya buddha ke nirvANa kA thA / (3) khutana (cInI turkistAna) meM pAye gaye bauddha granthoM meM kI eka danta-kathA se patA lagatA hai ki buddha-nirvANa ke 250 varSa bAda azoka hue| isa danta-kathA se yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki azoka cIna ke bAdazAha zetAMgaTI kA samakAlIna thaa| zedAMgaTI ne I0 pU0 246 se I0 pU0 210 taka rAjya kiyA thaa| ataeva 246 meM 250 jor3a dene se buddha kA nirvANa-kAla I0 pU0 pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM 487 ke lagabhaga siddha hotA hai|| pariziSTa (ga) bauddha kAla ke vizvavidyAlaya takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya bauddha-kAlIna bhArata kA sabase prAcIna aura saba se prasiddha vidyAlaya takSazilA meM thaa| isa prAcIna nagara ke khaMDahara aba taka milate haiN| rAvalapiNDI se bIsa mIla para jo sarAyakAlA sTezana hai, usase thor3I hI dUra para, uttara pUrva kI ora, 3-4 mIla ke ghere meM ve phaile hue haiN| takSazilA jisa sthAna para basA huA thA, vaha pahAr3a kI eka bahuta hI ramaNIka tarAI hai| isake sivA yaha nagara usa sar3aka para basA huA * jarnala Apha rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI greTa briTena, 1905. pR0 51 / + jarnala zrApha. eziyATika sosAiTI baMgAla, 1886, pR0 163-203 /

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bauddha-kAlIna bhArata 372 'thA, jo hindustAna se sIdhI madhya tathA pazcimIya eziyA ko jAtI thii| isI sar3aka ke dvArA madhya tathA pazcimIya eziyA aura bhArata ke bIca, prAcIna samaya meM, vyApAra hotA thaa| inhIM saba bAtoM ke kAraNa koI Azcarya nahIM jo yaha nagara prAcIna samaya meM itane mahattva kA samajhA jAtA rahA ho| eriyana nAmaka yUnAnI itihAsa-lekhaka IsavI dUsarI zatAbdI meM ho gayA hai| usane bhAratavarSa tathA sikandara ke bhArata-AkramaNa kA varNana kiyA hai| usa varNana meM I0 pU0 tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI ke bhAratavarSa ke itihAsa kI yatheSTa sAmagrI hai| takSazilA ke bAre meM vaha likhatA hai-"sikandara ke samaya meM vaha bahuta bar3A tathA aizvaryazAlI nagara thaa| isameM sandeha nahIM ki sindhu aura jhelama nadiyoM ke bIca jitane nagara the, unameM vaha saba se bar3A aura saba se adhika mahattva kA samajhA jAtA thaa|" yahA~ prAcIna gandhAra rAjya kI rAjadhAnI thii| azoka ke rAjya-kAla meM usakA pratinidhi yahA~ rahatA thaa| IsavI sAtavIM zatAbdI meM hvensAMga nAma kA cInI bauddha yAtrI bhAratavarSa meM AyA thaa| vaha bhI takSazilA kI upajAU bhUmi tathA hariyAlI kI prazaMsA kara gayA hai| yaha vizva-vidyAlaya buddha ke pahale hI sthApita ho cukA thaa| jAtakoM se patA lagatA hai ki isameM veda, vedAMga, upAMga Adi ke atirikta Ayurveda, dhanurveda, mUrtikArI, citrakArI, gRhanirmANa vidyA Adi bhI sikhalAI jAtI thii| sAhitya, vijJAna aura kalA-kauzala ke saba milAkara aThAraha viSayoM kI par3hAI isameM hotI thI / inameM se pratyeka viSaya ke alaga alaga vidyAlaya the aura bhinna bhinna viSaya alaga alaga adhyApaka par3hAte the| bauddha granthoM se patA lagatA hai ki aneka rAjAoM ne yahA~ Akara dhanurvidyA sIkhI thii| kitane hI logoM ne yahA~ saMgIta-vidyA meM pravINatA prApta kI thI, jisase ve apane madhura saMgIta ke dvArA sarpa Adi jIvoM taka ko vaza meM kara lete the| kahA jAtA hai ki prasiddha saMskRta vaiyAkaraNa pANini aura candragupta maurya ke pradhAna mantrI tathA rAjanIti zAstra-vizArada cANakya ne

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373 pariziSTa (ga) yahIM zikSA pAI thii| kisI samaya maharSi Atreya yahA~ vaidyaka zAstra ke adhyApaka the| magadha-nareza bimbisAra ke rAjavaidya jIvaka ne yahIM ke adhyApakoM se cikitsA zAstra sIkhA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki jIvaka ne bhagavAn buddha kI bhI cikitsA kI thii| ____ isa vizva-vidyAlaya meM Ayurveda kI zikSA kA vizeSa prabandha thaa| Ayurveda ke bar3e bar3e jJAtA zikSA dene ke liye yahA~ rahate the| ve kevala zikSA hI nahIM dete the, balki svayaM asAdhya rogoM kI cikitsA bhI karate the / yahA~ aneka prakAra kI jar3I-bUTiyA~ adhikatA se hotI thIM / isI liye isa viSaya kI zikSA aura anubhava prApta karane ke liye yaha sthAna sarvathA upayukta thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki eka bAra cIna ke eka rAjakumAra ko bhayAnaka netra-pIr3A huI / jaba apane yahA~ ke cikitsakoM kI cikitsA se use Arogya lAbha na huA, taba vaha cikitsA karAne ke liye takSazilA meM AyA / yaha kathA azvaghoSa ke sUtrAlaMkAra nAmaka grantha meM hai| "mahAvagga" meM likhA hai ki jaba jIvaka takSazilA meM Ayurveda kI zikSA grahaNa kara rahA thA, taba eka dina usake adhyApaka ne use takSazilA ke cAroM ora eka yojana ke ghere meM ghUma ghUmakara aise paudha aura latAe~ DhU~Dha lAne kI AjJA dI, jo auSadha ke kAma meM na Ate hoM / para bahuta khoja karane para bhI use koI aisA paudhA na milA / hara eka per3a yA latA meM koI na koI roga-nivAraka guNa nikala hI AtA thA / kaI varSa hue, yArakanda meM kucha hasta-likhita saMskRta vaidyaka grantha pRthvI meM gar3e hue pAye gaye the / unheM DAkTara hAnalI ne par3hA aura baMgAla kI eziyATika sosAiTI ne prakAzika kiyA thaa| unase bhI yahI pramANita hotA hai ki takSazilA meM bhAyurveda kI zikSA kA vizeSa prabandha thaa| ___isa vizvavidyAlaya meM 16 varSa kI umra ke vidyArthI bhartI hote the| magadha, kAzI Adi dUra dUra ke sthAnoM ke vidyArthI yahA~ vidyAdhyayana ke liye Ate the / ina vidyArthiyoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra cAroM

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baukha-kAlIna bhArata 374 vargoM ke loga hote the| rAjA se raMka taka ke bAlaka yahA~ bhI ho sakate the| "mahAsutsona jAtaka" se patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya takSazilA meM 101 rAjakumAra vidyAdhyayana kara rahe the / vahA~ do prakAra ke vidyArthI par3hate the-eka "dharmAntevAsika", jo guru kI sevA-zuzrUSA karake usake badale meM vidyA par3hate the, aura dUsare "AcArya bhAgadAyaka", jo guru ko guru-dakSiNA dekara par3hate the| guru-dakSiNA 1000 mudrA thI / vidyArthI guru ke yahA~ putravat rahate the / kisa viSaya kI zikSA kitane dinoM meM samApta hogI, isakA koI nizcita niyama na thA / yaha bAta usa viSaya kI kaThinatA aura vidyArthI kI dhAraNA zakti para hI nirbhara rahatI thI / jIvaka ne, jisakA ullekha Upara A cukA hai. sAta varSoM meM Ayurveda kI saMpUrNa zikSA prApta kI thii| ___ "tilamuThi jAtaka" kA kucha aMza hama yahA~ uddhata karate haiM, jisase patA lagegA ki takSazilA ke vizvavidyAlaya meM vidyArthiyoM ke bhartI hone kA kyA krama thA __ "kAzI ke rAjA brahmadatta ne apane Sor3aza varSIya kumAra ko apane samIpa bulAkara eka jor3I khar3AU~, pattoM kA banA humA eka chAtA aura eka sahasra mudrAe~ dekara kahA-'putra, aba tuma takSazilA jAo aura vahIM zikSA grahaNa kro|' rAjakumAra apane pitA kI AjJA mAnakara usI samaya cala par3A aura yathA samaya takSazilA pahu~cA / usa samaya adhyApaka apane vidyArthiyoM ko par3hAkara ghara ke dvAra para Tahala rahe the| unheM dekhate hI rAjakumAra ne apanI khar3AU~ utAra dI, chAtA banda kara liyA aura hAtha jor3e hue cupacApa unake sAmane khar3A ho gayA / adhyApaka ne bar3e prema se usa naye Aye hue vidyArthI kA svAgata kiyA aura use thakA huA jAnakara ArAma karane ko khaa| isake bAda adhyApaka ne use bhojana kraayaa| khA pIkara kucha dera ArAma karane ke bAda vaha phira guru ke pAsa AyA aura hAtha jor3akara khar3A ho gyaa| guru ne pUchA

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375 pariziSTa (ga) 'tuma kahA~ se bhA rahe ho?' 'kAzI se|' 'tuma kisake putra ho ? 'maiM kAzI-nareza kA putra huuN|' 'tuma yahA~ kisa liye Aye ho ?' 'vidyAdhyayana karane ke liye|' 'kyA tuma guru dakSiNA lete Aye ho ? athavA guru kI sevA-zuzraSA karake vidyAdhyayana karanA cAhate ho ?' 'dakSiNA letA AyA huuN|' itanA kahakara usane guru ke caraNoM meM ve sahasra mudrAe~ rakha dI, jo usake pitA ne calate samaya use dI thiiN|" ___abhI taka isa bAta kA nizcaya nahIM huA ki takSazilA kA vizvavidyAlaya kaba sthApita huA thA aura kisa samaya usakA lopa huaa| parantu yaha nizcita hai ki I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI se pahalI zatAbdI taka yaha vizva vidyAlaya bhAratavarSa meM vidyA kA saba se bar3A kendra mAnA jAtA thaa| nAlanda vizvavidyAlaya takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya ke bAda bauddha kAla kA dUsarA vizvavidyAlaya nAlanda meM thaa| yaha sthAna magadha kI prAcIna rAjadhAnI rAjagRha se sAta mIla uttara aura paTane se cauMtIsa mIla dakSiNa hai / Ajakala isa jagaha bar3agA~va nAmaka grAma basA huA hai, jo gayA jile meM hai| yahA~ abhI taka nAlanda kI prAcIna imAratoM ke khaMDahara pAye jAte haiN| isa vizvavidyAlaya * sarasvatI, janavarI 16.06 aura mAdhurI pauSa 1676 meM takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya ke bAre meM lekha nikala cuke haiM / unhIM donoM lekhoM ke AdhAra para takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya kA yaha varNana likhA gayA hai| + kaniMghama kRta enzienTa jiogrAphI; pR0 468.

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baucha-kAlIna bhArata 376. kI nIMva kaba par3I, yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA / para cInI yAtrI hventsAMga ne apane yAtrA-varNana meM likhA hai ki buddha ke nirvANa ke kucha samaya bAda hI zakrAditya nAma ke eka rAjA ne ise banavAyA thA / kahA jAtA hai ki azoka ke samaya meM hI saMsAra se virakta kucha bhikSu aura saMnyAsI nAlanda meM kuTI banAkara rahane lage the| kramazaH unakI kIrti phailane lagI aura nAlanda vidyA-pITha meM pariNata ho gyaa| gupta lAla meM nAlanda vidyA kA saba se bar3A kendra thA / isI samaya yaha vidyApITha mahA-vidyAlaya meM pariNata huA aura bhAratavarSa ke sabhI prAntoM ke vidyArthI yahA~ Akara vidyAdhyana karane lage / sAtavIM zatAbdI meM henatsAMga ne nAlanda ke aizvarya kA bahuta manohara vRttAnta likhA hai| cIna hI meM usane nAlanda kA hAla sunA thA; tabhI se use dekhane ke liye vaha bahuta lAlAyita ho rahA thA / bhAratavarSa meM Akara vaha ghUmatA phiratA nAlanda bhI gayA / vahA~ pahu~cate hI usake dila para aisA asara par3A ki vaha turanta vidyarthiyoM meM zAmila ho gyaa| usa samaya nAlanda vizvavidyA. laya meM 10,000 vidyArthI nivAsa karate the| AThavIM zatAbdI meM bauddha dharma kA hAsa hone ke sAtha hI sAtha nAlanda kA bhI hAsa ho gayA / anta meM musalamAnoM ke AkramaNa se isa vizvavidyAlaya kA sadA ke liye anta ho gayA; aura vahA~ ke bhikSu aura saMnyAsI Adi yA to mAra DAle gaye yA anya dezoM meM bhAga gye| hvenasAMga * ne nAlanda ke bAre meM likhA hai ki vahA~ cAroM ora U~ce U~ce vihAra aura maTha khar3e the| bIca bIca meM sabhAgRha aura vidyAlaya bane hue the / ve saba samAdhiyoM, stUpoM aura mandiroM se ghire the / unake cAroM ora bauddha zikSakoM aura pracArakoM ke rahane ke liye caumaMz2ilI imArateM thiiN| inake sivA U~cI U~cI mInAroM aura vizAla bhavanoM kI ___ * Walter's Ywan.chwang, Vol. II.

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377 pariziSTa (ga) zobhA dekhane hI yogya thii| ina bhavanoM meM nAnA prakAra ke bahumUlya rakha jar3e hue the / raMgabiraMge daravAz2oM, kar3iyoM, chatoM aura saMmoM kI sajAvaTa dekhakara loga mohita ho jAte the / isa vizvavidyAlaya kA pustakAlaya naumaMz2ilA thA, jisakI U~cAI karIba tIna sau phuTa thI / isameM bauddha dharma sambandhI sabhI grantha the| pracIna kAla meM itanA bar3A pustakAlaya kadAcit hI kahIM rahA ho| __ vahA~ chaH bar3e bar3e vidyAlaya the| una vidyAlayoM meM vidyArthiyoM se phIsa na lI jAtI thI, balki ulaTe unheM pratyeka Avazyaka vastu muphta dI jAtI thI; arthAt bhojana, vastra, auSadha, nivAsa sthAna Adi saba kucha unheM muphta milatA thaa| ucca zreNI ke vidyArthiyoM ko acchI koThariyA~ aura nIcI zreNI ke vidyArthiyoM ko sAdhAraNa koThariyA~ milatI thiiN| purAtatva vibhAga kI ora se vahA~ jo khudAI huI hai, usase patA lagatA hai ki eka koTharI meM eka hI vidyArthI rahatA thA, kyoMki bar3I se bar3I koThariyoM kI laMbAI 12 phuTa se adhika aura caur3AI 8 phuTa se adhika nahIM hai| vizvavidyAlaya kA kula kharca dAna ke dravya se calatA thA / yaha bhI patA lagA hai ki isake adhIna 200 se Upara grAma the, jo bar3e bar3e rAjAoM kI ora se ise dAna ke rUpa meM mile the| nAlanda meM bhinna bhinna viSayoM kI zikSA dene ke liye eka sau AcArya the| vizvavidyAlaya meM gaNita, jyotiSa Adi sAMsArika viSayoM ke sAtha hI sAtha AtmavidyA aura dharma kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thii| hvenasAMga ne likhA hai ki vahA~ bauddha dharma ke anyoM ke sivA veda, sAMkhya, darzana aura anya viSayoM se sambandha rakhanevAle sabhI grantha par3hAye jAte the| hetu vidyA, zabda vidyA, vaidyaka Adi aneka vividha viSaya vizvavidyAlaya ke pAThya krama meM sammilita the| nAlanda AkAza ke graha, nakSatrAdi dekhane kA bhI bar3A bhArI sthAna thA aura vahA~ kI jala-ghar3I saMpUrNa magadha-vAsiyoM ko ThIka ThIka samaya kA jJAna karAtI thii| isa meM zilpakalA vibhAga bhI thaa| 65

Page #405
baukha-kAlIna bhArata 378 mAlUma hotA hai ki vahA~ eka kaThina parIkSA hotI thI, jisameM bar3e kar3e prazna kiye jAte the; aura jo usameM uttIrNa hote the, vahI vidyAlaya meM bharatI kiye jAte the| par3hAI kA krama kama se kama do yA tIna varSa kA thaa| isa vizvavidyAlaya ke padaka, muhareM aura prazaMsApatra (sArTiphikeTa Adi ) pAne ke liye loga lAlAyita rahate the| isakI bahuta sI muhareM prApta huI haiM, jina para ye zabda khude hue haiM-"zrInAlanda-mahAvihArIyaArya-bhikSuka-saMghasya" / ina muharoM ke donoM kinAroM para zAnta bhAva se baiThe hue do mRgoM ke cihna bane haiM / vizvavidyAlaya kA prabandha bahuta santoSajanaka thaa| vahA~ ke niyama bahuta kar3e the aura una kA pAlana bar3I kar3AI ke sAtha kiyA jAtA thaa| prati dina bar3e tar3ake eka bar3A ghaMTA bajAkara snAna kA samaya sUcita kiyA jAtA thaa| vidyArthIgaNa sau sau yA haz2Ara haz2Ara ke jhuDoM meM a~gocchA hAtha meM liye hue cAroM ora se tAlAba kI ora jAte hue dikhAI par3ate the / snAna karane ke liye aise dasa tAlAba the| prati dina saMdhyA samaya dharmAcArya mantra uccAraNa karate hue eka koTharI se dUsarI koTharI meM jAte the| nAlanda ke vizvavidyAlaya kA lopa kaba hubhA, yaha ThIka ThIka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isameM sandeha nahIM ki dasavIM zatAbdI taka isakA astitva thA, kyoMki itihAsa se patA lagatA hai ki baMgAla ke rAjA devapAla ne vIradeva nAmaka kisI puruSa ko yahA~ ke vihAra kA mahanta banAyA yA / phira baMgAla ke rAjA mahipAla ke rAjya kAla ke naveM varSa meM vihAra ke jala jAne para tailadhaka grAma ke bAlAditya ne isakA punaruddhAra * tAkAkusu- isiga" pR0 177. +ArkiyolAjikala riporTa (IsTarna sarkila), 1616-17, pR0 43.

Page #406
379 pariziSTa (ga) karAyA / kAla kI kuTila gati se nAlanda ke prAcIna gaurava kI gavAhI aba vahA~ kevala miTTI ke thor3e se dhussa de rahe haiM / takSazilA aura nAlanda ke atirikta zrIdhanyakaTaka (dakSiNa bhArata meM kRSNA nadI ke taTa para vartamAna amarAvatI ke nikaTa ), odantapurI aura vikramazilA ina tInoM sthAnoM meM bar3e bar3e vizvavidyAlaya the| modantapurI aura vikramazilA donoM bihAra prAnta meM the| para ye tInoM vizvavidyAlaya gupta kAla ke yA usake bAda ke the| isase ve isa anya ke viSaya ke bAhara haiN| * hindustAna rivyU, sitaMbara, 1918 meM nAlanda vizvavidyAlaya ke sambandha meM eka uttama lekha nikalA thaa| usakA anuvAda sarasvatI, agasta 1619, meM prakAzita huA thaa| usI lekha ke mAdhAra para nAlanda kA ukta varNana kiyA gayA hai|

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pariziSTa (gha) bauddha-kAlIna ghaTanAoM kI samaya tAlikA IsA pUrva 600 zaizunAga vaMza kI sthApanA 528-500 bimbisAra kA rAjya-kAla 500-475 ajAtazatru kA rAjya-kAla 599-527 jaina granthoM ke anusAra vardhamAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-kAla 539-467 aitihAsika anusandhAnoM ke anusAra vardhamAna mahAvIra kA jIvana-kAla 527 jaina granthoM ke anusAra vardhamAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa-kAla 460 aitihAsika anusandhAnoM ke anusAra vardhamAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa-kAla 567-487 gautama buddha kA jIvana-kAla 447 gautama buddha kA nirvANa-kAla 475-450 darzaka kA rAjya-kAla 371 nanda vaMza kI sthApanA 327 sikandara kA bhArata para AkramaNa 326 sikandara kA bhArata se kUca 323 sikandara kI mRtyu 322-298 candragupta maurya kA rAjya-kAla 305 selyUkasa kA bhAkramaNa 294-273 bindusAra (amitraghAta) kA rAjya kAla

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381 pariziSa (ba) 273-232 azoka kA rAjya-kAla 269 azoka kA rAjyAbhiSeka 261 azoka kI kaliMga-vijaya 249 bauddha tIrthoM kI yAtrA ke liye bhazoka kA prasthAna 243 azoka ke samaya meM bauddha mahAsabhA 232 azoka kI mRtyu 232 dazaratha kA rAjyArohaNa 220 bhAndhra rAjavaMza kA prAraMbha 206 kAbula para enTiokasa thIasa kA bhAkramaNa 190 kAbula, paMjAba aura sindha kA DemeTriyasa ke adhikAra meM bhAnA 184 maurya vaMza ke antima rAjA bRhadratha kA apane senApati puSya mitra ke hAtha se mArA jAnA 184 puSyamitra ke dvArA zuMga vaMza kI sthApanA 184-198 puSyamitra kA rAjya-kAla 175 balakha kA yUkreTAiDIz2a ke adhikAra meM AnA 171-136 mithraDeTasa prathama kA rAjya-kAla 150-25 paMjAba aura pazcimottara sImA para yUnAniyoM kA zAsana 160 yUciyoM ke dvArA zakoM kA madhya eziyA se nikAlA jAnA 155 milinda (minainDara) kA AkramaNa 155 khAravela kA AkramaNa 144-72 puSyamitra ke uttarAdhikAriyoM kA rAjya-kAla 2-27 kANva vaMza kA rAjya-kAla 75-58 moasa kA rAjya-kAla 58 ejesa prathama kA rAjyArohaNa 58 vikrama saMvat kA prAraMbha 25 bhArata meM yUnAnI zAsana kA anta

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baura-kAlIna bhArata 38225 kaiDafAisisa prathama kA rAjyArohaNa IsA pazcAt 19-45 goMDofarnisa kA rAjya-kAla 45-78 kaiDaphAisisa dvitIya kA rAjya-kAla 78-120 kaniSka kA rAjya-kAla 119-12 nahapAna kSatrapa kA rAjya-kAla 120-140 huviSka kA rAjya-kAla 140-180 vAsudeva kA rAjya-kAla 150 rudradAmana kA giranAravAlA zilAlekha 320 gupta sAmrAjya kI sthApanA aura bauddha kAla kA anta tathA paurANika kAla kA prAraMbha /

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grantha-sUcI bauddha-kAlIna bhArata ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karane ke liye nimnalikhita grantha aura lekha atyanta upayogI hai| isa grantha ke likhane meM yayA-saMbhava inase sahAyatA kI gaI haiN| a~garejI ( 1 ) Anand Coomarswamy-Buddha and the Gospel o Buddhism. ( 2 ) Anguttara Nikaya - Edited by Richard Marris and Edmund Hardy (Pall Text Society) ( 3 ) Banerji, R. D.-The Scythian Period of Indian History, Indian Antiquary, 1908. ( 4 ) Barnett, L. D.-Antiquities of India. ( 5 ) Burodia-History and Literature of Jainism, ( 6 ) Beal, S.-Buddhist Records of the Western World. (7) Bhagwan Lal Indraji-The Northern Khatrapas. J. R. A. S., 1894. ( 8 ) Benoy Kumar Sarkar-The Positive Back-ground of Hindu Sociology. - The Political Institutions and Theories of the Hindus. ( 9 ) Bhandarkar, D. R.-Lectures on the Ancient His tory of India, (10), -Excavations at Besnagar. Arcbaeological Survey of India, 1913-14 and 1914-15. 411 ) Bbandarkar, R. G.-On the date of Patanjall. Indian Antiquary, 1872.

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(12),,-Early History of the Deccan. (13) Bubler, G. and Fleet, J. F.-"Indian Palaeogra phy" in Indian Antiquary, 1904. (Appendix) (14) Carpentier, J.-Date of Mahavira, Indian Anti quary. 1914; pp. 118, 125 and 167. ( 15 ) Cunningham, A.-Bhilsa Topes. ( 16 ) - The Stup of Bharbut. (17) - Mababodbi or the Great Buddhist Temple at Buddha Gaya. (18) - The Ancient Geography of Indiai (19) -- Coins of Ancient Inila. (20) - Coins of the Indo-Scytblans. (21) Dey, N.L.-The Gograpbical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaevial India. Revised edition in Indian Antiquary, 1919 etc. (22) Dhammapada, Edited by Suriyagoda Sumanga!. Thera (Palt Text Society) (23) - Translated by F, Max Muller. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. X. ( 24 ) Digha Nakaya- Edited by T. W. Rays Davids and J, E. Carpenter (Pall Text Society.) ( 25 ) Dipvansa-Edited and translated by H. Oldenburg. ( 26 ) Divyavadana-Edited by Cowell and Nell. (27) Dutt, R.C. - History of Clollisation du Ancient India. (28) Eliot, Sir Charles-Binduism and Buddhism in 3 Volumes. (29) Fergusson, J.-Tree and Serpent Worship. - History of Indian and Eastern Arcbitecture. (30) Fick, R.-The Social Organisation in Norib-Lest India in Buddha's Time, translated from Ger man by S. K. Maltra.

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(31) Fleet, J. F.-Epigraphy, Imperial Gazetter. II. (32) - Moga, Manes, and Vonones. J. R. A. S. 1907. -( 33 ) Foucher, A. -The Beginnings of Buddhist Art. Translated from French by F. W. Thomas. ( 34 ) Gieger, W.-Dipvamsa and Mahavamsa. Indian Antiquary, 1906. p. 153. (35) Grapwedel, A.-Buddhist Art in India. (36) Hardy, R.S-Eastern Monarchism. ( 37 ) - Manual of Buddhism. ( 38 ) Hargreaves, H.-The Buddhist Story in Stone. (39) Havell, E. B.-The History of Aryan Rule in India. (40) - Indian Sculpture and Painting. (41) Hoerle. A. F. R. - History and Doctrines of Gosala in Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. I. p. 258. ( 42 ) -- Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1898. p. 39. ( 43 ) Hultesch, E.-Jatakas at Bharaut. J. R. A. S. 1912. p. 399. ( 44 ) Jacobi, H.-On Mahavira and his Predecessors, Indian Antiquary, IX. p. 158. (45) - Introduction to Sacred Books of the East, Vols. XXII and XLV. ( 46 ) Jagmander Lal Jaini.-Outlines of Jalnism. (47) Jataka-Edited by V. Fausboll. ( 48 ) - Translated by various hands under the editor. ship of E. B. Cowell, ( 49 ) Jayaswal, K. P.-An Introductisn to Hindu Polity. Modern Review, 1913. 50 ) Kennedy, J.-The Secret of Kanishka. J.R. A. S. 1912.

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(51) - The Early Commerce of Babylon with India. J. R. A. S. 1898, p. 241-88. ( 52 ) Kern, H.-Manual of Indian Buddhism, (53) Krishnaswami Alyangar.-Anclent Indla. ( 54 ) Lalltvistar-Edited by Rajendra Lal Mitra, ( 55 ) Macdonell, A. A.-Sanskrit Literature, ( 56 ) Malsay, F. C.-Sanchi and its Remains. ( 57 ) Max Muller, F. A. -A History of Ancient Sanskri: Literature. ( 58 ) Mabapansa-Edited and translated by W. Geiger. (59) Majjhima Nikaya-Edited by V. Trenckner and R. Chalmers (Pall Text Society) (60) Mc. Crindle,-Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian. Invasion of India by Alexander the Great. Ancient India as described 10 Classica? Literature. - Periplus of the Erythaean Sea. Ptolemy's Geograpby. - Ancient India as described by Ktesias. (61) Marshall, J. H.-Archaeological Exploration is India. J. R. A. S. 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911. (62) - A Guide to Taxila. (63) - A Guide to Sancbi. (64) -- Besnagar Inscription, J. R.A: S. 1909, p. 1053. ( 65 ) - Excavations at Taxila, Archaological Survey of India, 1912-13. (66) Millodpanba, Edited by V. Trenckner. (67) - Translated by T. W. Rays Davids, Sacred Books of the East XXXV, XXXVI.

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(68) Narendra Nath Law.- Aspects of Ancient Indias Pollty. (69) - Studies in Ancient Hindu Polity. Vol. I. (70) Oldenburg, H.-Buddha. English translation bs. Hoey. (71) - Ancient India. (72) Pargiter, F. E.-The Purana tex of the Dynasties of the Kali Age. (73) Pramathnath Banerjea.- Public Administration in Ancient India. ( 74 ) Radhakumud Mukerji.-A History of Indian Shipping. (75) - Local Government in Ancient India. (76) Rajtarangini-Translated by A. M. Stein. (77) Rangaswami Alyangar, K. V.-Considerations or some aspects of Ancient Indian Polity. (78) Rapson, E. J.-Cambridge History of India, Vol. 1, Ancient India. (79) - Coins of the Andhra and Khatrapa Dynastles. (80) - Ancient Indla. (81) - Indian Coins. (82) Rawlinson, H. G.-Intercourse between India and the Western World. ( 83 ) Rhys Daylds. T. W.-Buddhism, (84) - Buddhist India. (85) - Buddhism: Its History and Literature, (86)- Early Buddhism. ( 87 ) Rhys Davids, Mrs. C. A. F.---Buddhism, (Home University Library Series) (88) - Notes on Early Economic Conditions in Nor: thern India. J. R. A. S. October, 1901.

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(89) Rockbill, W. W.-Life of the Buddha. (90) Ramesh Chanbra Majumdar.-Corporate Life in Ancient India, (91) Smith, V. A. -The Early History of India. 3rd edition. (92) - The Oxford History of India. (93) - Asoka. 3rd edition. (94) - Autonomous Tribes of the Punjab Conquered by Alexander. J. R. A. S , 1903. (95) - The Kushana or Indo-Scythian Period of Indian History. J. R. A. S., 1903. (56) - Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Vol. I. (97) Sabni, Dayaram.- Catalogue of the Sarnath Museum. (98) Samyutta Nikaya, Edited by Leon Feer aud Mrs. Rhys Davids (Palt Text Society). ( 99 ) Sewell, R.-Roman Colns found in India, J. R. A. S. 1904. (100) Shama Sastri, R:--Chanakya's Land Revenue Policy, Indlan Antiquary, 1905. (101) Spooner, D. B.-The Zoroastrian Perlod of Indian History. J. R. A. S. 1915, pp. 63-89; 405-55. (102) - Hand Book to the Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum. (103) Stem, M. A.-Zoroastrian Deities on Indo-Scythian Colos, Indian Antiquary, 1988. pp. 89-98. (104) - Ancient Khotan. (105) Sutta Nipata-Edited by Anderson and Smith (Pall Text Society)

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(106) Takakusu, Dr. J.-Itsing. (107) Thomas, F. W.-The Date of Kanishka. J. R. A, . 1913. (108)- Sakasthana, J. R. A. S. 1906. (109) Vinaya-Edited by H. Oldenberg. (110)- Translated by Rhys David and H. Oldenburg. Sacred Books of the East, XIII, XVII, XX. (111) Vogel, J, Ph.- Catalogue of the Mathura Museum. (112) Waddell, L. A.-Discovery of the Exact Site of Asoka's Classic capital of Pataliputra. (113)- Excavations at Pataliputra. (114) Warren, H. C.-Buddhism in Translation. (115) Watters.-On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India. (116) Whitehead, R. B.-Indo-Greek Coins, Lahore Museum Catalogue. Vol. I, (117) Wilson, H. H.-Ariana Antiqua. saMskRta tathA hindI (.) kauTilIya arthazAstra (zAma zAstrI-saMpAdita) (2) prAcIna lipi mAlA (gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA racita) (3) mudrArAkSasa nATaka (vizAkhadatta-kRta) (4) mAlavikAgnimitra (kAlidAsa racita) (5) azoka ke dharma-lekha (janArdana bhaTTa kRta) (6) bhAratavarSa kA itihAsa ("mizrabandhu" racita) (.) buddha ke jIvana kI pradhAna ghaTanAe~ (janArdana maha likhita) sarasvatI, disaMbara 1917. (8) takSazilA kA itihAsa (janArdana bhaTTa likhita) sarasvatI, navambara 1918. Mr .

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(9) IsApura ke yUpa-staMbha (paM0 mahAbIra prasAda dvivedI-likhita) sarasvatI, sitambara 1915. (10) maurya sAmrAjya kA lopa (paM. mahAbIraprasAda dvivedI likhita) __ sarasvatI, disambara 1915. (11) azoka-lipi (bA. jaganmohana varmA-likhita) sarasvatI, apraila 1913 aura Age. (12) kaniSka-kAla-nirNaya (paM0 hari rAmacandra divekara likhita) sarasvatI, janavarI 1915. (13) kSatrapa vaMza kA itihAsa (paM0 vizvezvaranAtha reU likhita) sarasvatI, mArca se julAI taka, 1919. (14) bharatIya purAtatva meM naI khoja (janArdana bhaTTa likhita) sarasvatI, julAI 1620. (15) bhagavAna buddhadeva (paM0 veMkaTeza nArAyaNa tivArI likhita) sarasvatI, janavarI, pharavarI aura maI 1910. (16) mahArAja azoka bhI dhArmika svataMtratA (paM0 govinda vallabha pANDeya likhita) sarasvatI, jUna 1915, (17) bauddha dharma kI pratiSThA (lekhaka-vaiSNava) sarasvatI, maI 1914. (10) takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya (sarasvatI, janavarI 1909 tathA mAdhurI pauSa 1979) (19) nAlanda vizvavidyAlaya (sarasvatI, agasta 1999) (20) bhArata kI prAcIna mUrtikArI (le0 janArdana maha) sarasvatI meM prakAzita. - - -

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yazovi, bhAvanagara) che na llente