Anekant 2012 Book 65 Ank 02 to 04

Author(s): Jaikumar Jain
Publisher: Veer Seva Mandir Trust
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/538065/1

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Year-65, Volume-2 RNINo. 10591/62 April-June 2012 ISSN 0974-8768 anekAnta (jainavidyA evaM prAkRta bhASAoM kI traimAsika zodha patrikA) ANEKANTA (A Quarterly Research Journal for Jainology & Prakrit Languages) sampAdaka DaoN. jayakumAra jaina, mujaphpharanagara (u.pra.) Editor Dr. Jaikumar Jain, Muzaffarnagar (U.P.) Mobile: 09760002389 vIra sevA mandira, naI dillI-110 002 Vir Sewa Mandir, New Delhi-110 002

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anekAnta ANEKANTA (janavidyA evaM prAkRta bhASAoM kI traimAsika zodha patrikA) (AQuarterly Research Journal for Jainology & Prakrit Languages) Founder saMsthApaka AcArya jugalakizora mukhtAra 'yugavIra' Acharya Jugalkishor Mukhtar 'Yugveer' Editor Prof. Phoolchand Jain 'Premi',Varanasi, Prof. Kamlesh Kumar Jain, Varanasi, sampAdaka maNDala pro. phUlacanda jaina 'premI', vArANasI pro. kamaleza kumAra jaina, vArANasI, pro. udayacanda jaina, udayapura DaoN. hukumacanda jaina, dillI pro. ema.ela. jaina, naI dillI Prof. Udaychand Jain, Udaipur, Dr. Hukumchand Jain, Delhi, Prof. M.L. Jain, New Delhi sadasyatA zulka/ Subsercription eka aMka-rupaye 20/- vArSika - ru. 80/ This issue - Rs. 20/- Yearly - Rs. 80/ sabhI patrAcAra patrikA evaM sampAdakIya hetu patA - vIra sevA maMdira (jaina darzana zodha saMsthAna) 21, aMsArI ror3a dariyAgaMja, naI dillI-110 002.06 All correspondance for the journal & editorial onVir Sewa Mandir (A Research Institute for Jainology) 21, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002.06 phona naM. 011-30120522, 23250522, 09311050522 e-mail-virsewa@gmail.com vidvAn lekhakoM ke vicAroM se sampAdaka maMDala kA sahamata honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| lekhoM meM diye gaye tathyoM aura sandarbho kI prAmANikatA ke saMbaMdha meM lekhaka svayaM uttaradAyI haiM sabhI prakAra ke vivAdoM kA nipaTArA dillI nyAyAlaya ke adhIna hogaa|

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virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa mAhiM virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa mAhiM, maramI hoya marama so jAne mUrakha mAnai nAhiM virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa maahi| Atama rAma, jJAna guna lakSamana, sItA sumati sameta, zubha upayoga vAnara dala maMDita vara-viveka raNa khet| virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa maahiN| dhyAna dhanuSa TaMkAra zora suni gaI viSaya disi bhAga, bhaI bhasma mithyAmata laMkA uThI dhAraNA aag| virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa maahiN| jare ajJAna bhAva rAkSasa kula, lareM nikAMkSita sUra, jUjhe rAga-dveSa senApati saMse gar3ha cakanAcUra virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa maahi| vilakhata kuMbhakaraNa bhavavibhrama pulakita mana darayAva, thakita udAra vIra mahirAvaNa, setu-baMdha sama bhaav| virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa maahiN| mUchita mandodarI durAzA, sajaga carana hnumaan| ghaTI caturgati paraNati senA chuTe chapaka guNa baan| virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa maahiN| nirakha sakati guNa cakrasudarzana, udaya vibhISaNa diin| phire 'kabaMdha' mahIrAvaNa kI prANa bhAva sira hiin| virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa maahi| iha vidhi sakala sAdhu ghaTa aMtara hoya sahaja saMgrAma, yaha vivahAra dRSTi rAmAyaNa kevala nizcaya raam| virAjai rAmAyaNa ghaTa maahiN| - paM. banArasIdAsa

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viSayAnukramaNikA viSaya lekhaka kA nAma pRSTha saMkhyA zrutArAdhanA parva saMpAdakIya 5 1. prAkRta pUjA : eka anuzIlana - DaoN. udayacanda jaina 6-10 2. hAr3autI kI jaina abhilekha paramparA - lalita zarmA 11-23 3. jainadarzana meM puruSArtha kA svarUpa evaM usakI mahattA - DaoN. zvetA jaina 24-31 4. jaina caryA meM ahiMsakAhAra - satendrakumAra jaina 32-41 5. zruta paMcamI mahotsava 2012 4 6. rASTra aura samAja ke hita meM parigraha parimANa vrata kI upayogitA - sureza jaina, AI.e.esa. (se.ni) 43-46 7. jaina saMskRta AdhyAtmika TIkAkAra : eka sarvekSaNa - DaoN. ramezacanda jaina 47-53 8. jaina-Agama ke pariprekSya meM : SaTkhaNDAgama kA vaiziSTya - paMkaja kumAra jaina 54-60 9. jainadharma meM zikSA vyavasthA __ - DaoN. ziva kumAra zarmA 61-67 10. jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna matavAda evaM unakI utpatti ke kAraNa / -DaoN. vandanA mehatA 68-75 11. vikramAditya kI aitihAsikatA jaina sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina 76-80 12. pustaka samIkSA 13. ujjayinI ke maMdiroM meM sajIle toraNa dvAroM kA aitihAsika paricaya - zrImatI aMjali mukeza vijayavargIya 82-89 14. samAdhitaMtra meM pratipAdita aMtarAtmA - DaoN. phUlacanda 'premI 90-96 81

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saMpAdakIya zrutapaMcamI- 26 maI 2012 para vizeSa zrutArAdhanA parva digambara jaina paramparA meM jyeSTha zukla paMcamI ko zrutapaMcamI yA zrutArAdhanA parva ke rUpa meM vizeSa mahattva hai| bha. mahAvIra ke parinirvANa (I.pU. 527) ke 62 varSa ke pazcAt zruta jJAna kI paraMparA kramazaH kSINa hotI gaI aura anta meM usakA baccA kucha zrutAMza mAtra hI A. dharasena ko prApta huaa| dharasenAcArya aSTAMga mahAnimitta ke pAragAmI lipizAstra ke jJAtA the| unheM ciMtA huI ki prApta zrutajJAnAMza bhI kahIM lupta na ho jAya, isIlie unhoMne tatkAlIna Andhrapradeza kI 'mahimA' nagarI meM cala rahe zramaNa-sammelana ke saMghapati mahAsenAcArya ko saMdeza bhejA aura unhoMne ujjavala cAritra dhArI, samasta vidhAoM meM pAragAmI do subuddha munirAjoM ko unake nikaTa bhejA A. dharasena ne muniyoM ke Ane ke pUrva kundapuSpa, candramA aura zaMkha ke samAna zveta varNI do hRSTa puSTa bailoM ko svapna meM dekhA / svapnaphala vicArakara prasanna hue "zrutadevI jinavANI jayavanta" ho / bhUtabali aura puSpadanta nAmaka donoM munirAjoM ko dharasenAcArya ne zruta kA upadeza denA zurU kiyA aura ASAr3ha zukla ekAdazI ko usakA samApana kara una ziSyoM ko anyatra vihAra karane kI AjJA dI aura ise lipibaddha karane ko khaa| donoM ziSya giranAra se calakara aMkalezvara (sUrata) Aye jahA~ varSAkAla vyatIta karate hue, gurumukha se sune jJAna ko lipibaddha kara SaTkhaNDAgama kIracanA 075 IsvI meM kii| jo bhAva zruta unhoMne AtmasAta kiyA thA, usakI pariNati thI yaha- dravya zruta jo khaNDa - siddhAnta athavA chakkhaMDAgama-sutta ke nAma se prasiddha jyeSTha zukla paMcamI ko pUrNa huA thA aura Aja ke dina rAjA / caturvidha saMgha evaM grAmavAsiyoM ne vizeSa utsava manAyA jo pUre bhAratavarSa meM prasiddha huA / 1090-1188 I. meM samrATa viSNuvarddhana kI paTTa mahAdevI "zAntalAdevI" ne ukta SaTkhaNDAgama kI eka lAkha zloka pramANa dhavala TIkA sahita ise tAr3apatroM para utkIrNa karAkara jinamaMdiroM ko bheMTa kiyA thaa| zrutArAdhanA parva para hameM na kevala Agama granthoM kI surakSA sAja-samhAla rakhanI hai balki ina siddhAnta granthoM kI Agama-vAcanAaiM AcAryoM aura sAdhuoM ke mAdhyama se vidvajjanoM evaM sAdhaka zrAvakajanoM meM pravartamAna rahe, aisI Thosa yojanA mUrtavanta ho / utsava premI di. jaina samAja jJAna yajJa ke isa mahattva ko sarvopari rakhakara yadi Atma-puruSArtha ke lie saMkalpita hoN| isase hamArI jaina saMskRti kA bhaviSya ujjavala banA raha skegaa| - DaoN. jayakumAra jaina saMpAdaka 'anekAnta'

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prAkRta pUjA : eka anuzIlana - DaoN. udayacanda jaina pratyeka vyakti susaMskRta saMskAroM kI saritA ke pravAha meM snAna karanA cAhatA hai| vaha jIvana ke vikAsa ke lie koI na koI hetu banAtA hai, vaha parama pAvana pavitra AtmA kA cintana karatA hai, vaha aMtaraMga kI dRSTi kI ora unmukha hokara una bhavyAtmAoM ke jIvana kI ora lakSya banAtA hai, jo isa saMsAra se pAra ho gae, jinhoMne janma-mRtyu para vijaya prApta kara lI hai yA jo unake mArga para cala rahe haiM, unheM smRti meM lAtA hai, unheM vividha rUpoM meM smaraNa karatA hai tathA mahAguNI banane yA AtmA se paramAtmA banane ke lie jo bhI kriyA karatA hai vahI guNakIrtana hai, vahI pUjA hai, stuti hai yA ArAdhanA hai| jise vaha kiMcit samaya kI sImA meM nahIM bAMdhatA, apitu sadaiva una guNoM kI prApti ke lie kisI na kisI taraha kA udyama karatA hai| vaha iSTasiddhi, ziSTAcAra, mAnasika zuddhi, vAcika prazuddhi aura kAyika zuddhi Adi ke lie jo bhI puruSArtha karatA hai usameM usakA nizcita uddezya hotA hai| pUjA eka mahAn sAdhya hai, jisakA uddezya bhI mahAn hai| vaha para se parama pada para sthita hone ke lie sarvaprathama parameSThiyoM kA smaraNa karatA hai| hamAre AgamoM, SaTkhaNDAgama Adi grantha, pravacanasAra jaise pAhuDoM Adi meM ullekha bhI AtA hai| arahaMta, siddha AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu ye pAMcoM pAvana haiM, inakA mArga hai pvitr| isalie sAdhaka inake guNoM kA zraddhApUrvaka Adara-satkAra karatA hai| yahI pravRtti hai puujaa| 'guNeSu prazasta rAgo pUjA'- guNoM meM prazasta rAga honA pUjA hai| pUjA namasyApacitiH saparyA rhaNAH smaaH| (amarakoSa 2/35) pUjA, namaskaraNa, apaciti, saparyA, arcA, arhaNA, Adi pUjA ke paryAyavAcI haiN| pUjA- pUjanaM pUjA, pUjAyAM dhAtu se 'aD.' pratyaya hone para puujaa| namasyA- namaskaraNaM namasyA, namas+ya+a+A apaciti- apa+cAya (ci)+ti-apaciti-nirdoSa guNa stvn| saparyA - sapara-pUjAyAM, sapa+ya+a+A-saparyA-guNajJa prshNsaa| arcA - arc-pUjAyAM, arc+a+aaarcaa-gunnaanuvaad| arhaNA - arha - pUjAyAM - ahUM-yu+A-arhaNA - gunnaadr| kRti, stavana,kIrtana, bhakti, zrRddhA, Adara, upAsanA, vaMdanA, stuti, stava, stotra, nuti, dhyAna, ciMtana, arcanA, praNAma, namotu Adi pUjA ke paryAya haiN| AratI, dRSTi, zraddhArcanA, vinatI, gIti upAsanA bhI isake nAma haiN|

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prAkRta pUjA : eka anuzIlana 'pUjanaM gandha mAlyAdibhiH samabhyarcanam' (jaina.la. 419) gandha, mAlAdi ke dvArA abhyarcana karanA pUjA yA pUjana hai| parikIrtana (SaTkhaNDAgama 1/1/1/21) devAdhi-devacaraNe paricaraNaM (ratnakaraNDa gAthA 119) paricaraNa bhI pUjA hai| pUjA kA vikAsa - jo pUjya hotA hai, usakI pUjA hotI hai, pUjya haiM- arahaMta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura saadhu| ataH pUjya guNoM ke kAraNa yaha kahA gayA - eso paMca-NamukkAro, svv-paavppnnaasnno| maMgalANaM ca savvesiM, paDhama hodi mNglN| maMgaloM meM prathama maMgala arahaMta Adi haiM, ve sarva pApoM kA nAza karane vAle haiN| AcArya kundakunda ne pravacanasAra meM arahaMta, siddha, gaNadhara (AcArya), adhyApakavarga aura sAdhuoM ko namana kiyaa| AcArya kuMdakuMda ne hI - tIrthakarabhakti, siddha, zruta, cAritra, yogi, AcArya, nirvANa, naMdIzvara, zAnti, samAdhi, paMcaguru bhakti evaM caityabhakti kA prAkRta meM nirUpaNa kiyaa| mUlAcAra ke racanAkAra vaTTakera ne - "mUlaguNesu visuddhe vaMdittA savvasaMjadesirasA" ke AdhAra para mUlaguNa vAle saMyatoM ko mahattva diyaa| bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke zivArya ne siddha evaM arahaMta kI vaMdanA kii| AcArya siddhasena ne siddhaM sidvaTThANaM NamaNovamasuha gayANamitti (sa.1/1) AcArya yativRSabha ne saMpUrNa tiresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kA guNAnuvAda hI kiyaa| prAkRta ke sabhI kAvyakAroM ne apane apane maMgalAcaraNa meM paMcaparameSThiyoM ke sAtha-sAtha tIrthakara RSabha, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM vardhamAna Adi ko maMgala rUpa mAnA hai| arahaMta- NamokkAro bhAvaNaM ko karedi pyddmdii| so savva-dukkhamokkhaM pAvadi acireNa kaalenn|| A. vIrasena jydhvlaa|| jo prakRSTamati vAlA arahaMta ko namaskAra karatA hai vaha sabhI duHkhoM ke kSaya ko prApta hotA hai| niyamasAra evaM mUlAcAra ke Avazyaka niyamoM meM chaha Avazyaka karmoM kA vivecana hai samadA thavo ya vaMdaNa - pADikkamaNaM taheva nnaadvvN| paccakkhANa - visaggo karaNIyAvasayA chppi|| (mU.22) samatA/sAmayika, stava, vaMdanA, pratikramaNa pratyAkhyAna aura vyutsarga meM stava aura vaMdanA zabda die gae haiN| thava-stava meM usahAdi-jiNavarANaM (mU.24) se caturviMzati stava aura vaMdanA meMarahaMta-siddha-paDimA-tava-suda-guru-guruNa-rAgAdINaM se arahaMta pratimA aura siddha pratimA ke sAtha sAtha tapa evaM zruta meM jo guru hai unakI vaMdanA ko mahattva diyA hai| jiNa- paDimANaM paNamaM kareha - jJAtAdharma - jina pratimAoM ko praNAma kare aisA jJAtAdharma Agama meM bhI kahA hai| 'tikkhutto AyAhINaM pAyAhINaM karemi vaMdAmi NamassAmi

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 sakkAremi sammANemi kallANaM maMgalaM deiyaM ceiyaM pajjuvasAmi mattheNa vaMdAmi' meM deva aura caitya donoM kI upAsanA Adi ke sAtha tIna pradakSiNA, tIna Avarta Adi pUrvaka vaMdanA, namana, satkAra, sammAna unhIM ko diyA gayA hai jo deva/Apta haiM aura Apta ke caitya haiN| jaba pratikramaNa yA sAmAyika Adi ke pATha ko par3hate haiM taba caturvizati stava ko par3hate haiN| loyassa ujjoyagare dhammatittha-yare jinne| arahate kittiyahasaM cauvIsaM pi kevlii|| usahamajidaM ca dade saMbhavamahiNaMdaNaM ca sumadiM c| ityaadi| dhavalA meM anekAneka maMtra haiMjinameM Namo jiNANaM, Namo bohiyANaM, Namo savvasAhUNaM Adi lagabhaga 80 se adhika guNoM ke stavana para prakAza DAlate haiN| zrAvaka dharma aura pUjA - AcArya puSpadaMta bhUtabali jIvaTThANa dhavalA TIkA meM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki jo zrAvaka jinabiMba ke darzana karatA hai, unakI tIna kAraNoM se samyak pUjA, upAsanA Adi karatA hai vaha jAti smaraNa pUrvaka samyaktva ko prApta hotA hai| tIhi kAraNehi paDhama-sammamuppadedi keii| jAIssarA kei sohUNa kei jiNabibaM dtthuunnN|| (dhavalA) jiNabiMbadasaNeNa nnidhtt-kicaadiss| vimicchattAdi-kammaH kalAvassa khydNsnnaado|| (dhavalA) jinabiMba ke darzana se nidhatta aura nikAcita kI prApti aura mithyAtva Adi karma kalApa kI samApti hotI hai| nitya karma - zrAvaka ke nitya Avazyaka karma - devapUjA, guru upAsanA, svAdhyAya, saMyama, tapa aura dAna ise sAmAyika pATha meM par3hate haiM aura sabhI jAnate haiN| deva-pUjA gurUpAsti svAdhyAya - sNymshtpH| dAnaM ceti gRhasthAnAM SaTkarmANi dine dine / / jayadhavalA sUtra 82 meM zrAvaka ke cAra Avazyaka dharma kahe haiM taM jAdhA dANaM pUjA sIlamuvavAso, cedi caduvviho saavydhmmo|| dAna, pUjA, zIla aura upavAsa ye cAra zrAvakadharma haiN| rayaNasAra meM dAna aura pUjA ye do pramukha zrAvaka dharma haiM unake binA zrAvaka nahIM hotaa| dANaM pUyA mukkhaM sAvayadhamme, Na sAvayA te Na vinnaa| zrAvaka ke nitya, naimittika karmoM jinabiMba darzana, abhiSeka, pUjana, prakSAlana Adi kA vizeSa mahattva hai| AcArya kuMdakuMda ne aSTadravya ke mAhAtmya ko pratipAdita karate hue yaha bhI

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prAkRta pUjA : eka anuzIlana kahA hai ki jo zrAvaka nirvANa ko prApta arahaMtAdi kI pUjA karate haiM ve mahAkalyANa ko prApta karate haiN| divveNa gaMdheNa divveNa puppheNa divveNa dhUveNa divveNa cuNNeNa divveNa vAseNa divveNa vhANeNa NiccakAlaM accaMti pUjaMti, vaMdaMti NamassaMti-pari-NivvANa-mahAkallANapujjaM accami pUjemi vaMdAmi NamassAmi dukkhakkha o kammakkhao bodhilAho sugaigamaNaM samAhimaraNaM jiNaguNa-saMpatti hou mjjhN| (nirvANa bhakti) naMdIzvara bhakti meM bhI divvehi gaMdhehi divvehi pupphehi, diyA hai (naMdIzvara bhakti) caityabhakti meM divvevaNa gaMdheNa diNveNa puppheNa-Adi ukta rUpa meM hI diyA hai| AcArya vidyAnaMda ke jinapUjA mAhAtmya aura jinamaMdira vivecana meM anekAneka pUjA ke kAraNoM para prakAza DAlate hue likhA hai - tIrthakaroM kI pUjA, dhyAna yA upAsanA Adi se zrAvaka zubhopayoga se zuddhopayoga kI ora bhI agrasara ho jAtA hai| unhoMne aSTadravya pUjA ko isa prakAra diyA hai - divveNa vhANeNa zuddha prAsuka jalAbhiSeka divveNa gaMdheNa sugaMdha caMdana divveNa akkhaeNa aMkhaMDa akSata divveNa puppheNa lavaNAdi puSpa divveNa cuNNeNa divya caru-cUrNAdi divveNa dIveNa dIpaka divveNa dhUveNa sugaMdha yukta dhUpa divveNa vAseNa mokSa phala abhidhAna rAjendra koza ke pUjA mAhAtmya meM ukta varNana hai|(6/1105) zAMtirAja zAstrI ne divvehi gaMdhehi divvehi akkhehi divvehi puSphehi divvehi dInehi divvehi dhUvehi, divvevahi cuNNehi divvehi vAsehi divvehivhANehi-ko nirvANa bhakti ke AdhAra para vivecita kiyA hai| devaccaNA vihANaM jaM kadhidaM des-virtttthaannmmi| hodi padatthaM jhANaM kadhidaM taM vrjinniNdehiN|| (bhAvasaMgraha-devasena 626-627) jahA~ deva arcanA kA vidhAna hai vahA~ karmoM kA kSaya avazya hai| prAkRta meM pUjA par3hane kI paMraparA rahI hogI, jo bAda meM bhI pracalita rahI hai| aisA isalie ki bIsavIM zatAbdI meM AryikA vizuddhamati mAtA jI ne prAkRta meM AcArya zAntisAgara pUjA, AcArya ajitasAgara

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 10 Adi kI pUjA likhI haiN| isI taraha sunIla sAgara AcArya ne sanmatisAgara pUjA aura maiMne svayaM AryikA jJAnamatI, A. zAntisAgara, vardhamAna sAgara, vIra sAgara, abhinaMdana sAgara Adi kI pUjAe~ likhI haiN| Aja 21vIM zatAbdI meM yaha krama vidyamAna hai| yahA~ eka bAta spaSTa hai ki dazalakSaNa pUjA se saMbandhita daza pUjAeM prAkRta meM haiN| prAkRta hai sukumAra usameM pUjA atisukumAra to hogI hI, parantu unheM jo par3hegA vaha zrAvaka apane karmo kA kSaya kregaa| saMdarbha : 1. jaina pUjA kAvya : eka ciMtana- lekhaka- DaoN. dayAcaMda sAhityAcArya 2. vRhat saM. zabda koSa - 2 / 662 -DaoN. udayacandra jaina piUkuMja, araviMda nagara, udayapura (rAjasthAna) viSayAsakta puruSa viSayAsakta cittAnAM guNaH ko vA na nazyati / na vaiduSyaM na mAnuSyaM nAbhijAtya na satyavAk / 10- 1 // ||ksstrcuudd'aamnni / / viSayabhoga meM Asakta, kisa guNa ko naSTa nahIM karatA (sarveguNAH nazyanti) usakA pANDitya, manuSyatA, kulInatA aura satyavacana nahIM tthhrteN| parArAdhana jAda dainyAt, paizUnyAt parivAdataH / parAbhavAtkimanyebhyo, na vibheti hi kAmukaH / 11-1 / / (kSayacUr3AmaNi) kAmuka vyakti dUsare kI khuzAmada se utpanna- dInatA, cugalI, vadanAmI aura apamAna kI paravAha nahIM krtaa| pAkaM tyAgaM vivekaM ca vaibhavaM mAnitAmapi / kArmAtAH khalu munti, kimanyaiH svaJca jIvitam // 12 // viSayoM se pIr3ita jana bhojana ko dAna ko karttavyAkarttavya vicAra ko, saMpatti ko aura pUjyatA ko bhI nizcaya se chor3a dete haiM, aura to kyA apane jIvana ko bhI tyAga dete haiN| **** "

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hAr3autI kI jaina abhilekha paramparA - lalita zarmA prAcIna khaNDaharoM aura mudrAoM kI bhAMti itihAsa, purAtatva kI puSTha jAnakArI hetu abhilekha sarvAti mahatvapUrNa aura vizvasanIya sAdhana hai| aneka sthaloM para jahA~ purAtattva mUka aura aspaSTa hotA hai, vahA~ abhilekhoM se hI jAnakAriyA~ milatI haiM aura isIliye "bolate pASANa" kahakara purAtatvavidoM ne inakI mahattA ko svIkArA hai| abhilekha adhikAMzataH khaNDahara, imAratoM, mandiroM, maThoM, mUrtiyoM kI pIThikAoM, dabI bastiyoM, mRtyusthaloM, bAvar3iyoM, stambhoM Adi para prApta hote haiN| inakI khoja aura paThana bar3I zramasAdhya hotI hai| inameM eka eka zabda, saMvat ke prati mukta soca, zuddhikaraNa tathA inake bhAvArtha sabase adhika duSkara kArya hai| aise duSkara manthana, adhyayana ke pazcAt hI inase tatkAlIna saMskRti, upalabdhi aura vaMzAnukrama va aneka kAryoM kA prAmANika evaM mAnya vivaraNa prApta hotA hai| ullekhanIya hai ki purAtatva ke alaga alaga kAla khaNDoM meM alaga alaga lipiyA~, mata Adi pracalita rahe haiM ataH ina sabhI kI zailI bhI inameM prayukta hotI hai, jisase tatkAlIna bhASA, kAryoM tathA vicAroM kA uddezya pracuratA se prApta hotA hai| yahA~ prastuta purA prasaMga meM vartamAna hAr3autI pradeza (koTA, bUndI, bAMrA, jhAlAvAr3a jiloM) ke antargata vibhinna nagaroM, kasboM, gA~voM tathA unake maMdiroM Adi kI mUrtiyoM stambhoM, se avApta jainadharma ke vibhinna abhilekhoM kA paricayAtmaka vivaraNa kiyA gayA hai, jinase isa kSetra meM jainadharma ke prabhAva tathA saMskRti kA paricaya milatA hai| kSetra ke jhAlAvAr3a jile ke khAnapura kasbe kA atibhavya cAMdakher3I kA digambara jaina maMdira isa dizA meM zilAlekha kI dRSTi se atimahattvapUrNa isaliye mAnA jA sakatA hai ki yaha maMdira prathama tIrthakara bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA hai, isameM RSabhadeva kI mUrti para saMvat 512 kA aMkana hai| yadyapi isa saMkhyAka lekha kA prAmANika AdhAra abhI bhI gaveSya avazya hai, parantu sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai ki yaha vIra jaina saMvat ho| kyoMki vIra saMvat se sambandhita lekhoM kI prAcIna jina mUrtiyAM rAjasthAna ke jodhapura jilAntargata maNDora ke dhudhelA tAlAba ke khokhara maMdira ke pIche milI thI, jina para vIra saMvat 203 aMkita hai, isa AdhAra para yadi cAMdakher3I jaina maMdira kI ukta mUrti meM khude 512 saMvat kA prAmANIkaraNa ho jAye to yaha kSetra jaina dharma ke purAtAtvika itihAsa meM nayA pRSTha khola sakatA hai| bUndI jile ke kezorAyapATana nagara meM eka TIle para jaina maMdira hai, jisameM aneka tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyAM hai| inameM sabase prAcIna mUrti 8 iMca U~cI zyAmavarNIya hai, isakI nirmANa tithi jyeSTha sudI 3 saMvat 664 (607 I.) spaSTa aMkita hai| yaha tithi pradeza ke prAcInatama jaina abhilekhoM meM mAnI jA sakatI hai| yahA~ kI anya jaina tIrthakara mUrtiyoM para vi.sa. 1321

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 (1264 I.), vi.sa. 1350 (1293 I.), vi.sa. 1419 (1362 I.), vi.sa. 1549 (1492 I.), vi. sa. 1581 (1424 I.), vi.sa. 1746 (1689 I.), vi.sa. 1826 (1769 I.), vi.sa. 2016 ( 1956 I.), vi.sa. 2032 (1975 I.) ke abhilekha utkIrNa hai, jinase jJAta hotA hai ki ukta jaina tIrthaMkara mUrtiyAM ukta saMvata meM nirmita huI thii| ina lekhoM meM tithi, vAra bhI hai, parantu mUrtiyoM ke jalAbhiSeka ke kAraNa ve aMkana dhuMdhale hone se spaSTa rUpa seM paThana meM nahIM Ate haiN| ina abhilekhoM se yaha to jJAta ho hI jAtA hai ki IsA kI 7vIM sadI se lekara ikkIsavIM sadI taka nirantara jainadharma kA prabhAva isa kSetra meM abAdha gati se hotA rahA hai| 12 mukhyAlaya bUndI nagara meM bhI jainoM ke aneka parivAra 14vIM sadI meM nivAsa karate the| unake pramANa yahAM bane jaina maMdiroM kI bhavyatA se lagA sakate hai| yahAM ke pArzvanAtha jaina maMdira kI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha mUrti para isake nirmANa kI tithi vi.sa. 1744 (1687 I.) aMkita hai| isI ke nikaTa eka anya tIrthakara kI yahAM sthApita mUrti para vi.sa. 1331 (1274 I.) nirmANa tithi aMkita hai| bUndI jilAntargata eka prAcIna nagara nainavA hai| itihAsa meM isa nagara kA nAma jainadharma ke pramukha kendra ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hai| yahA~ aneka aise jaina abhilekha hai, jinameM jaina mUla saMghoM ke gaNoM kA nAmollekha hai| yahA~ se prApta eka abhilekha vi.sa. 1084 (1024 I.) kA hai, parantu isakA vivaraNa abhI gaveSya hai| yahIM se prApta vi.sa. 1983 (1126 I.) kA abhilekha bhI isI sthiti meM hai| dvitIya eka anya lekha yahA~ ke jaina stambha kA hai, isakI bhASA saMskRta hai / parantu isameM 2 paMktiyAM hI paThana meM AtI hai| abhilekha ke UparI bhAga meM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmI kI 9 iMca kI mUrti kA aMkana hai, jabaki lekha ke akSaroM kA AkAra 0.5 guNA 0.4 varga iMca hai| lekha kI 2 paMktiyoM kA pATha isa prakAra hai : saM. 1983 kAti sudI 10 dharkaTa jAti sAhi la putra harila svarga gatA Azaya hai ki dharkaTa jAti ke sAhila nAmaka vyakti ke putra harila kA svargavAsa kArtika sudI dasamI saMvat 1183 (1126 I.) ko huA / sambhavataH lekha ke aMkana kI yahI tithi mAnI jA sakatI hai| isI sthala para sthApita eka anya stambha para jisakA AkAra mApa 48 guNA 12 iMca tathA aMkita akSaroM kA mApa 0.1 guNA 0.1 iMca hai mUlataH saMskRta niSTha hai| yaha 3 paMktiyoM mAtra kA jaina abhilekha hai, jisake urdhva bhAga para jaina tIrthaMkara mUrti kA aMkana hai| yadyapi lekha ke sampUrNa akSara kozizoM ke bAda bhI supAThya nahIM ho pAye parantu phira bhI jo kucha paThana meM AyA usakA pATha nimnatayA hai : 1, saMvat 133...... vadi / thIMda deva .... putra / praNamata" / ukta paThana se jJAta hotA hai ki ukta tithi para thIdaM deva ke kisI putra kI mRtyu huI thii| isI krama meM yahA~ ke eka anya stambha para jisakA AkAra 24 guNA 11 iMca hai| isameM khude akSara 07 guNA 01 iMca ke haiM isameM 6 paMktiyoM kA eka abhilekha hai, jisake zIrSa para

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hAr3autI kI jaina abhilekha paramparA tIrthakara mUrti kA aMkana hai| lekha kA pATha isa prakAra hai : ||AUM|| zrI sarva.......pati ga. nI.... rati pati ....... raNa jI.. .......saMvat 1333.......zrImUla saMghebalAtkAra gaNe sarasvatI gacche kunda kundAcAryanvaye bhaTTAraka zrI prabhAdeva.... siSyaH zrI padamanandi devaH tsmin| kisI jainamatIya zloka se Arambha ukta abhilekha meM varNita hai ki vi.sa.1333 (1276 I.) meM mUla saMgha ke balAtkAra gaNa aura sarasvatIgaccha kI kundakundAcArya paramparA ke bhaTTAraka prabhAdeva va unake ziSya padmanandi the| eka anya stambha para vi.sa. 1351 kA jaina abhilekha nimnAMkita prakAra kA hai, jo 4 paMktiyoM kA hai| // OM svasti zrI saMvatu 1351 varSa kAtI sudI 15 bhaTTAraka pratApa deva sA ...... siSya ...... paNa deva jaina matIya eka anya abhilekha 6 paMktiyoM kA hai, jo mUlataH mRtyu abhilekha hai| yaha saMskRta bhASA meM hai| U~ saMvatu 1351 varSe kAtI vadi 15 bhaTTAraka pratA de. vatatsi ya bha. ....... deva, sAdhu jagadeva putra padma sIMha gala vA vAlA hAlU praNAma ti sum| ukta lekha meM bhaTTAraka pratApadeva ke ziSya kI mRtyu kArtika sudI 15 saMvat 1351 (1294 I.) meM honA jJAta hotA hai| yadyapi ziSya nAma spaSTa rUpa se paThana meM nahI AyA parantu jJAta hotA hai ukta avasara para sAdhu jagadeva ke putra padamasiMha tathA galavA vAlA hAlU upasthita the| eka anya stambha para 6 paMktiyoM kA jaina abhilekha isa prakAra hai| isake zIrSa para jaina AcArya kI mUrti kA aMkana hai : saMvat 151 (5), Azvina mUla saMghe, chatrIkAra pitA .......AcArya ukta abhilekha kI tithi saMvat 1515 hai| isameM mUla saMgha ke kinhI jaina AcArya kI mUrti utkIrNa hai| sambhava hai inhI divaMgata jainamuni kI smRti meM isa chatarI kA nirmANa karAyA gayA hogaa| isa nagara ke sarovara navala sAgara ke dakSiNa bhAga meM kaMvara kI chatarI ke samIpa eka chatarI hai| isameM vi.sa. 1543 (1486 I.) kA 7 paMktiyoM kA eka jaina abhilekha hai, jo satI se sambandhita hai| OM siddhi // saMvat 1543 varSe bhAga sudI 5 zanivAre uttarASADha

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 nakSatre sA. nAtha ....... ko dayA.... sA ...... gaipA suta satI sI lA sahita deva lo ...... ke gatA ....... sumaM bhava tu // sAke 1408 // ukta lekha mUlataH satI lekha hai, jo gaipA ke putra ke sAtha satI huI, usakI patnI zilA kA hai, parantu isameM gaipA ke putra (zIlA ke pati) kA nAmollekha nahIM hai| isI nagara ke choTA tAlAba ke kinAre eka jaina abhilekha vi.sa. 1989 (1875 I.) kA hai| isameM kaI mahatvapUrNa tathyoM kA havAlA hai| saMvat 1989 vikramAdeya caitra mAse zukla pakSe SaSThayAMtiyau maMgalavAsare zrI mahArAjAdhirAje bUndI nareza IzvarIsiMha jI ka rAjyAntargate naiNavAM nagare bimba pratiSThAyAM dIkSA mahotsava samaye nIce kI paTTikA kA aMkita lekha isa prakAra hai : digambara jaina sampradAya mUla saMgha sarasvatI gacche balAtkAragaNanAntargata agravaMzodabhavAnU AgraheNa pratiSThAcArye varye kekar3I nagara nivAsI simiH paNDita dhannAlAla mahodayai // zrI jinendra pAdukA eSA sNsthaapite|" ukta lekha meM varNita vi.sa. 1989 meM bUndI ke nareza IzvarasiMha ke rAjyakAla meM ukta nagara meM jaina mUrti kI pratiSThA evaM dIkSA ke avasara para digambara jaina sampradAya ke mUla saMgha ke sarasvatI gaccha ke balAtkAra gaNAntargata agravAla vaMzIya kekar3I (ajamera) vAsI dhannAlAla paMDita ne tIrthakara mahAvIra svAmI kI caraNapAdukA sthApita kraaii| hADautI kSetra ke bAMrA jile meM bhI jainadharma ke aneka abhilekha ullekhanIya hai jo isa bAta ke spaSTa pramANa hai ki yaha kSetra bhI prAcInakAla se hI jainadharma se prabhAvita rahA hai jisakA prabhAva Aja bhI hai| kSetra ke aTarU kasbe ke bAjAra meM bhaisAzAha nAmaka eka zreSThi dvArA nirmita jaina maMdira hai, isameM pratiSThita tIrthakara mUrti para kevala tithi kA aMkana lekha isa prakAra hai :caitra sudI 5, maMgalavAra saMvat 508 (451 I.) ___isI nagara se eka purAtatva mahatva kA sahastra jinapaTTa milA thA, jo samprati koTA ke rAjakIya purAtatva saMgrahAlaya meM hai| isa paTTa para nimna lekha aMkita hai : I. ||sNvt 1165 jyeSTha sudI, paMDita zrI malloka naM...di chAtreNa zubhaMkara (subhaMkara) putraiNa sauvArNika sahadevena kabhakSaya nimitena kaaraapiNt| zrI paravarma deva raajye|" ukta lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki ukta nagara meM zreSThi sahadeva ne nandi malloka ke zubhaMkara nAmaka ziSya kI AjJA se ukta jaina paTTa kI pratiSThA saMvat 1165 meM karavAyI thii|

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15 hAr3autI kI jaina abhilekha paramparA usa samaya isa bhUbhAga para (paramAra) nRpati naravarmana deva kA rAjya thaa| aTarU kI do anya jaina tIrthakara mUrtiyoM para nimna abhilekha paThana meM Ate hai, jo vartamAna meM koTA ke ukta saMgrahAlaya me hai : zrI nara varmana deva rAjye saMvata 1188 (1) ASAr3ha vadI 1 a guvAlAnvaya sAdhujinavA la suta yama deva pu. ukta lekha meM ukta jaina tIrthakara mUrti kI pratiSThA kA varNana hai| isa mUrti kI pratiSThA rAjA naravarmana deva ke kAla meM saMvat 1188 meM agravAla sAdhu jinavAla ke putra yamadeva dvArA karavAI gaI thii| eka anya mUrti para aMkita lekha isa prakAra hai : "zrI sarbanadhAcArya" "sAdhu sarva kAnandi" / yaha lekha aTarU kI jaina tIrthakara pArzvanAtha kI mUrti para aMkita hai, jo samprati ukta saMgrahAlaya meM hai| isameM sAdhuoM ke nAmollekha hai| akSaroM ke zilpa se yaha lekha IsA kI 10vI sadI kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| ukta lekhoM ke adhyayana se pratIta hotA hai ki mAlavA ke paramAra narezoM ke yuga meM ukta nagara meM jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kA bAhulya thA tathA vahAM jaina sAdhuoM tathA unake saMghoM kA AvAgamana rahatA thaa| bAMrA jile kA rAmagar3ha nAmaka kasbA bhI jainadharma kA bar3A kendra rahA hai| isa sthAna ke nikaTa pahAr3a para eka durga meM kaI jaina maMdira hai, jinake jaina abhilekha isa prakAra hai| ukta durga ke uttara meM eka jaina tIrthakara mUrti para laghu lekha isa prakAra hai jo vikrama saMvat 1211 jyeSTha sudI 15 kA hai| jo saMskRta meM hai| "AcAra (ya) mANikya deva, lakS (mI)dhara, sUtradhAra vaalim|" durga kI eka dAlAna ke bAhara eka jaina tIrthakara mUrti sthApita hai, isa para devanAgarI meM saMskRtaniSTa bhASA kA eka bhagna abhilekha hai jo maMgalavAra, caitra sudI 14 vi.sa. 1224 (4 apraila 1167 I.) kI tithi kA prApta huaa| isa lekha meM kisI vyakti dvArA jaina stuti karane kA havAlA hai| lekha meM AcArya mANikyadeva va sAdhu kAlIcaMda ke putra sAdhu delhA medapATa vAsI tathA eka vyakti mahicandra kA nAmollekha hai| durga ke uttara meM eka anya jaina mUrti ke nikaTa ke stambha para vikrama saMvat 1232 (1175 I.) kA lekha hai| yaha saMskRta meM hai| isameM kamaladeva kI niSedhikA ke nirmANa kA ullekha hai| kamaladeva, maNadeva kA ziSya batAyA hai| isa niSedhikA kA nirmANa jala, padamasiMha va mahAghara nAma ke vyaktiyoM ne karavAyA thaa| lekha meM somadeva (paMDita) ziSya karmadeva kA nAmollekha hai| ye sabhI tapagaccha se sambandhita rahe haiN| isI durga ke ukta sthala meM eka khar3agAsana jaina tIrthakara mUrti ke nIce 13vI sadI kA saMskRtaniSTa eka abhilekha jo mUlataH stuti hai, milatA hai| isameM kucheka bhaktoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha bhI hai| AlhA putra rAya lakhama deva ThAkura hundA, delhu dAmodara, kulicanda

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16 anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 yahIM kI eka anya tIrthakara mUrti para sthAnIya bhASA meM kucheka vyaktiyoM ke nAma hai| yaha lekha 12vIM sadI kA hai| jisameM phAlguna badI, 1, vi.sa. 1237 (1180 I.) kA aMkana hai| bAMrA jile kA zeragar3ha sthala purAtatva kI dRSTi se atimahattvapUrNa hai| yahAM ke eka kue meM jaina abhilekha bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai| isakA aMkana ati sundara hai| isa lekha meM 34 paMktiyAM thI, parantu isake zilApaTTa kA madhya bhAga bhagna hone se isakI kaI paMktiyAM naSTa ho gii| isa abhilekha meM paMkti saMkhyA 6 se 28 taka naSTa hai, parantu 1 se 5 taka aura 29 se 34 taka paThanIya hai| isameM bhI saMkhyA 29 se 34 taka kI prati paMkti meM 46 va paMkti saMkhyA 6 se 28 kI prati paMkti meM 20-20 akSara hai| isa lekha meM "zrI varasena muni nA kRtama-idam" zabda kA aMkana hai| pratIta hotA hai ki lekha kI racanA muni varasena dvArA kI gaI hogI, jo padya meM hai| yaha ukta racanAkAra kI vidvatA ko bhI prAmANita karatI hai| lekha kA vartamAna paThanIya mUla aMza isa prakAra hai : tenA stuto vacasA manasAH prasAdAt zrI varasena munera mitAvAcAyata tiritillI tama ajA bhadanteH tat kSamitavyaya utarosyAyasaDhora Atmaja dozA dehAjanetuH / / dvizacadda (ta.) samka aikA mite thA vekrame samA - samUhe sItA saptamI madhu cAmA se nava ce| - tyasamadamanI mahAtvaso nemi jinasya karita putreNa va (boldevasya rAghaveNa maniSitA (nA) dAna dharma nirAtenA bhaSyena gunAsA (syA) linaa| - ullekhanIya hai ki isa abhilekha kA Arambha "o"| namo vItarAgAya namaH" se hai| jo jainadharma kA mUlamaMtra hai| isake pazcAt 16vAM zloka "basanda tilaka" chandayukta hai| isa lekha meM jaina AcAryoM tathA tIrthakaroM kA yazogAna hai| lekha kI eka paMkti meM caitya meM jaina tIrthakara "neminAtha" ke mahotsava ko caitra mAsa ke zuklapakSa meM vi.saM.1162 (1105 I.) meM manAne kA havAlA hai| yaha lekha isI mahotsava se sambandhita hai| lekha meM ise aMkita karane vAle zilpakAra kA nAma "rAghava" tathA usake pitA kA nAma "baladeva" likhA hai| yahA~ se prApta eka laghu jaina lekha vi.sa.1285 (1228 I.) kA hai| isameM eka pyAU puNyArtha banAne mAtra kA havAlA hai| ukta durga ke bAhara eka jaina maMdira meM pratiSThita tIna tIrthakaroM kI mUrtiyoM ke madhya pAdapITha para abhilekha haiM ye tIna tIrthakara mUrtiyAM zAMtinAtha, kuMthanAtha tathA arinAtha svAmI kI hai| lekha kI bhASA saMskRta va lipi devanAgarI hai, parantu isameM prAkRta kA prabhAva dikhAyI detA hai| yaha lekha vi.sa. 1191 kI vaizAkha sudI 2 maMgalavAra 21 mArca 1134 I. kA hai| parantu purAtatvavid

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hAr3autI kI jaina abhilekha paramparA DI.sI. sarakAra kI mAnyatA hai ki san 1134 I. meM 21 mArca bRhaspativAra thA ataH maMgalavAra ke sthAna para bRhaspativAra honA caahiye| lekha kA pATha isa prakAra hai| yadyapi isakA AdhA bhAga bhagna hai| (zozrita) mAhilla bharyAntimA..........(za) sya tilake sUryAzrame pa (tta) ne zrI pAlo guNApAla kazcavipu(le)khaMDI - le kulesuva (ya) candramA savivAmba (ba) ratale-prApto kramaNa-mAlave (1)zrIpAla dihAdeva pAlAtma (tanA) yo danenA cintAmaNi (ha) sA(ntehazrI) guNapAla Thaku (kku) ra sutAdaM rUpeNa kAmopamAta punimartha jana ilhuka prabhAriva (ta) yaH putrAna (saca) ye grA na ve te ha (taiha) savvairavi kozavarddhana taratnAtrayaH (yAma) karita (ma) (2) varSe rUdra sate (tai) ra gataiH su (zu) bhatA mere kA navati adhikaira vaisAkha (khe) dhavale dvitIya divase devAna pratiSThA(pitAna) vandate nata devapAla tanya mAlhu sadhAncAdayaH pu (pU) ni zAnti sutAzca nemI bharataH zrI zAMti satku (ma) thvArAna (3) damar3I sUtra dhArotapannAhaH (nnA) zilA-zrI sUtra dharina zAnti (ku) nithu (thva a) ra nAma (mA) no jayantu dhAritA jinAH (4) devapAlasuta ilhuka goSThI vizAla lallukaH (kAha) maukAha harizcandrAdiH gAgAsva (su) putra (ha) allakaH samvat 1991 vaisAkha sudi 2 (maMgala dine pratiSThA karApita (:)- / isa abhilekha meM sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki isameM jainadharma kI khaNDelavAla jAti kA varNana hai| isa jAti se sambandhita rAjasthAna kI dharatI para aba taka avApta hone vAlA yaha prathama pASANa abhilekha ke rUpa meM mAnya hai| isake alAvA isameM tIna bhaugolika

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 18 sthaloM sUryAzrama, kozavarddhana evaM mAlavA kA varNana hai| inameM sUryAzrama kA patA nahIM calatA parantu kozavarddhana vartamAna kA zeragar3ha tathA mAlavA se tAtparya vartamAna mAlavA se hai| isa lekha meM yaha bAta bhI kama Azcaryajanaka nahIM ki isameM kozavarddhana (zeragar3ha) ko mAlavA kSetrAntargata batAyA hai, jabaki isa hADautI aMcala se mAlavA ke paramAra yugIna jo anya lekha mile hai unameM kisI meM bhI kozavarddhana ko mAlavA meM nahIM batAyA gayA hai| isa lekha kA sArAMza yaha hai ki isameM mahilla nAmaka khaNDelavAla vaMzIya jaina vyakti kI patni ko sUryAzrama vAsI darzAyA hai| mahilla ke do putra zrIpAla va guNapAla ne Akara mAlavA meM vAsa kiyaa| zrIpAla ke putra kA nAma devapAla tathA guNapAla ke 9 putra-guNI, martha, ilhuka Adi the| ina sabhI ne ratnAtraya (tIrthakara zAMtinAtha, kuMthunAtha, arinAtha) kI mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa karavA kara unakI kozavarddhana meM sthApanA krvaayii| devapAla ke putroM mAlhu va sadhAnu tathA guNapAla ke putroM puni, nemi, bharata, zAnti ne milakara ina tIrthakaroM kI ArAdhanA kii| ina mUrtiyoM kA zilpI zilAzrI thaa| usake pitA kA nAma damar3I thaa| ina mUrtiyoM kI prANapratiSThA meM devapAla ke putra ilhuka, goSThina, vizAla, lalluka, maukA, harizacandra ne ananya sahayoga kiyaa| bAMrA jilAntargata kAkUnI nAmaka eka purAsthala para jaina dharmAvalambiyoM kA bar3A prabhAva rahA hai| yahAM jainadharma ke kaI purAsthala hai| yaha sthala jhAlAvAr3a jile kI sImA se bhI saTA huA hai| yahA~ se prApta eka jaina tIrthakara mUrti para nimnAMkita lekha milatA hai|" savaMtu 1227 ASAr3ha vadi 2, AcArya zrI vRSabha (bhe) senH|| dharkaDAnvaya sAdhu posada bhAryA bhANika suta zrI DAlU bhAryA bAlhI laghu bhrAtAH vIlhu bhAryA nAyaka putra sIhar3a mahi (jAlU) mAdhava mahipati prnnmtiH| ukta lekha meM varNita hai ki AcArya jaina vRSakasena ke AdezAnusAra dharkaTa jAti ke DAlU aura bilhu zreSThiyoM ne isa jaina tIrthakara mUrti kI pratiSThA ASAr3ha badI, 2 saMvata 1227 (1170 I.) ko krvaayii| vartamAna hAr3autI sambhAga kA jhAlAvAr3a jilA mUlataH prAcIna mAlavA kA abhinna aMga hai| yaha kSetra Arambha se hI jainadharma kA prabhAvI kSetra rahA hai| yahA~ 12vI sadI se hI jainadharma kI sudIrgha paramparA ke anavarata darzana hote haiN| jinakA varNana yahA~ kI abhilekhIya paramparA meM nirbAdha gati se milatA hai| jhAlAvAr3a ke nikaTa jhAlarApATana nagarI meM 11vIM sadI kA eka prAcIna aura kalAtmaka

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19 hAr3autI kI jaina abhilekha paramparA zAMtinAtha digambara jaina maMdira hai| isameM mUla nAyaka tIrthakara zAMtinAtha kI mUrti para eka saMkhyAka lekha saMvat 1145 (1088 I.) jhAlAvAr3a rAjya ke purAtatvavettA paM. gopAla lAla vyAsa ne par3hA thaa| isase sambhAvanA pratIta hotI hai ki yaha saMkhyAka lekha isa mUrti kA pratiSThAkAla ho sakatA hai| karnala jemsa TAr3a ne isI maMdira meM eka pASANa abhilekha apanI yAtrA ke daurAna par3hA thA, jisameM jyeSTha tRtIyA saMvata 1003 (1046 I.) kA aMkana hai| TAr3a ne isI lekha meM eka yAtrI ke nAma kA bhI ullekha kiyA thaa| isa maMdira meM eka pASANa stambha para saMvat 1854 (1797 I.) kA mahatvapUrNa lekha hai| isakA mahatva yaha hai ki saMvat 1854 meM bhaTTAraka narabhUSaNa mahArAja gvAliyara se yahA~ cAturmAsa ke hetu Aye the, unhone yahA~ ke jaina samAja para isa maMdira kI dhUpa dIpa kI vyavasthA hetu eka maNI anAja aura AdhA paisA 6 garmAdA kara rUpa meM dene kA nizcaya kiyA thaa| isa prAcIna jaina maMdira meM kaI tIrthakara mUrtiyAM sthApita haiM, jo madhyayugIna hai| ye mUrtiyAM jainadharma ke mUlasaMgha, sarasvatIgaccha, balAtkAra gaNa ke bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti va unake ziSyoM dvArA pratiSThita hai| ina mUrtiyoM ke nIce balAtkAra gaNa kI IDara zAkhA ke durlabha abhilekha hai, jinakA paricaya isa prakAra hai: saMvat 1490 varSe mAghavadI 12 gurau bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti hUmar3a dozI medhA zreSThI arcti| saMvat 1492 varSe vaizAkha vadI some zrI mUlasaMghe bhaTTAraka zrI padamanaMdi devAstatpaTTe, bhaTTAraka zrI sakalakIrti hUmaNa jAtIya ....... saMvat 1504 varSe phAguna sudI 11 zrI mUlasaMghe bhaTTAraka zrI sakalakIrti devAstatpaTTe, bhaTTAraka zrI bhuvanakIrti devA humar3a jAtIya zreSThi khetA bhAryA lAkha tayo putrA ...... saMvata 1535 poSavadI 13 budhe zrI zrI mUlasaMghe bhaTTAraka zrI sakalakIrti bhaTTAraka zrI bhuvanakIrti, bhaTTAraka zrI jJAnabhUSaNa gurUpadezAt humar3a zreSThi padmAbhAryA bhAU suta AsA bha. kaDU sutkAnhA bhA. kuderI bhrAtadhanA bhA. vahahanu ete catuvizaMtikA nitya prnnmNti| yahA~ pratiSThita eka tIrthakara pArzvanAtha mUrti para 1620 vaizAkhasudI 9 budha zrI mUlasaMghe balAtkAragaNe sarasvatIgacche kundakundAcAryAmnAye bha. zrI padmanandi devAstatpaTTe sakalakIrti devAstatpaTTe sumatikIrti gurUpadezAt, hubar3a jAtIya maMdira gautre saMghavI devA bhA. devAbhade tatsuta saMghavI bhAryA paravat bhAryA paramalade tatbhrAtR saM. hIrA bhA. koDamade tatbhrAtR saM. haraSa bhA. karamAde suta lahuA bhA. minnA, bhrAtR lADaNa bhA. lalitAde sutaM thApara saM. jemala bhA jetAhI bhrA. DUMgara bhA. dhAnade bhrA. jagamA saM. hIA, balAde etai, saha saMghavI vIvAdo sAgavAr3A vAsUva nityaM prnnmNti| (jJAtavya hai ki yaha tIrthakara mUrti sAgavAr3A jilA bAMsavAr3A meM pratiSThita huI thI

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 aura vivecya maMdira meM abhI pratiSThita hai) yahA~ ke eka lekha meM kisI darzanArthI ke Agamana kI tithi kA lekha "jyeSTha 3, saMvat 1103" hai| 20 jhAlarApATana meM hI jainadharma kI eka niSedhikA (mRtyusthala) hai| ise sAta salAkA kI pahAr3I kahate hai| yahAeN ke eka pASANa stambha para saMvata 1109 ke abhilekha meM zreSThI pApA kI mRtyu kA ullekha paThana meM AtA hai| cUMki ukta jaina maMdira ke nirmAtA bhI zreSThI pApA hI the, ataH sambhava hai ki yaha stambha bhI usI vyakti kA hI ho| yahAM ke eka anya stambha para saMvat 1113 ke lekha meM zreSThI sAhila kI mRtyu kA nAmollekha hai| sambhavat zreSThI pApA aura zreSThI sAhila ke madhya pArivArika sambandha ho / yahAM eka niSedhikA para saMvat 1066 kA abhilekha hai, jisameM jainAcArya zrI bhAvadeva ke ziSya zrImaMtadeva ke svargaloka padhArane kA ullekha milatA hai| isameM ukta jainAcArya kA citra bhI UkarA huA hai| isameM AcArya kA mukha adhyayana sthiti meM hai| unake samakSa eka grantha khulI avasthA meM ThUNI para rakhA hai, jo par3hane hetu Deska kA kAma detA hai| isake nikaTa hI eka cabUtare para devendra AcArya kA eka lekha hai jisameM unakA samaya saMvat 1180 diyA huA hai| eka anya stambha lekha meM kumuda candra AmnAya ke bhaTTAraka kumAra sena kA nAma diyA hai, jinakA svargavAsa 1289 meM mUla nakSatra meM guruvAra ko huA thA / yahA~ kA eka anya abhilekha saMvat 2009 kA hai| isameM jainAcArya nemidevAcArya aura baladevAcArya kA ullekha hai| isI stambha para saMvat 1242 ke abhilekha meM mUlasaMgha aura devasaMgha ke ullekha paThana meM Ate hai / 4 jhAlarApATana ke candAprabhU jaina maMdira meM 10 veM tIrthakara zItalanAtha svAmI kI eka mUrti pratiSThita hai| isa mUrti para eka abhilekha hai, jo isa prakAra hai: saMvat 1552 varSe jeTha badI 8 zanivAsare zrI kANThA saMghe bAgaDagacche (naMdI tapagacche) vidyAgacche bha. vimalasena statpaTTe bha. zrI vijayasena devAstatpaTTe AcArya zrI vizAlakIrti sahita hubar3a jAti paramezvara gautre sA. gogA bhA. vAvanadeputra paMca, sA. kAnha, sA. karamasI, bhA. gArI kanakade sAha kAlU bhA. jIrI, sAdhedhara bhA Ade. sA. gogA bhA gAMgAde, teneMda zItalanAthasya vimbaM nimApya pratiSThAkara pitA putrI 2, bAI mAhI, bAI putalI / jhAlAvAr3a aura jhAlarApATana ke madhya sthita hai gindaura gaaNv| yahA~ jainadharma kI nasiyAM hai| isameM bAyIM ora kI bedI meM halke lAlavarNa kI tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha kI mUrti pratiSThita hai| isa para isake pratiSThAkAla kA eka lekha saMvat 1226 jyeSTha sudI 10 budhavAra kA aMkita hai| isI prakAra ukta mUrti ke nikaTa kI anya tIrthakara mUrtiyoM para saMvat 1545, saMvat 1665 tathA saMvat 1669 ke abhilekha hai, jo inake pratiSThAkAla ke pramANa lekha hai| jJAtavya ki jhAlarApATana jainadharma kA madhyayuga meM bar3A kendra rahA hai| yahA~ kI nasiyAM ke bAhara kI tibArI para eka lekha kA aMkana hai / " zrI saMtanAtha jI mahArAja miti jeTha badI 3 samvata 1910 (1853 I.) kA usato devarAma beTA gaNesarAma bAMce jAse rAma rAma barthajo"

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hAr3autI kI jaina abhilekha paramparA jhAlAvAr3a mukhyAlaya se 35 kilomITara dUra khAnapura kasbe meM cAMdakher3I meM jaina digambara AdinAtha jI kA vikhyAta maMdira hai| yahA~ maMdira nirmANa kA eka jaina abhilekha mahatva kA hai, jo isa prakAra hai : saMvat 1746 varSe mapramAMgalya pradamAsottama mAgha mAse zukla pakSe .... titho somavAsare uttarA bhAdrapada nakSatre.....khIcIvAr3a deza ..... nagara cAMdakher3I bAdazAha zrI avaraMgazahi rAjya pravartamAne tatsAmanta cauhANa vaMza hAr3A mahArAjAdhirAja mahArAja zrI mAdhosiMhajI tatputra mahArAja kumAra zrI rAmasiMha jI tathA mahArAjAdhirAja zrI kizorasiMha jI rAjya pravartamAne bagheravAla sAha zrI bhopAtiHstadbhAryA bhaktAde tatputrau dvau prathama putra sAha nAnU tadbhAryA naulAde dvitIya putra zrI jinasAha..... bhakti sAdhujana dAna vitaraNa saphalIkRta nija manuSya janmA sAha zrI netasI tadbhAryA nAraMgade tatputra saMgahIjI zrI kRSNadAsa tadbhAryA dve prathama bhAryA kalAvatI de dvitIya bhAryA lAr3I prathama bhAryAyAH putraH ciraMjIva zrI ToDaramala etat sarva parivAra zrI jinendra pratiSThA catuHprakAra saMgha bhAra dhuraMdhara tathA vinaya cAturyavadAnya guNAlyokRta kalpa pAdapaH saMgahI jI shriikRssnndaas| jI kAkhyastane samahotsAha zrI jinendrabiMba pratiSThAlikhita AcArya knkmnni| ukta lekha cAMdakher3I jaina maMdira para sthApita hai| isa lekha meM saMskRta bhASA kA prabhAva parilakSita hone ke sAtha hI khar3I bolI bhI spaSTa dRSTavya hotI hai| isa lekha meM yaha varNita hai ki khIcIvAr3A kSetra meM sthita cAMdakher3I nagara meM mAgha mAsa ke zukla pakSa meM somavAra ko saMvat 1746 (1689 I.) meM jaba bhArata meM mugala bAdazAha auraMgajeba kA zAsana thA aura isa kSetra meM hAr3A rAjapUta vaMza ke rAjA kizora siMha kA Adhipatya thaa| isa samaya jaina bagheravAla jAti ke bhopatazAha kI bhAryA (patni) bhaktAde va putra zAha nAnU tathA jina ne anya bhaktoM kI sahAyatA se bhagavAna jinendra kI mUrti kI pratiSThA kii| jJAtavya ki isa lekha ke racanAkara jainAcArya kanakamaNi the| jhAlAvAr3a jilAntargata eka prAcIna nagara gaMgadhAra hai| isa nagara kI prAcInatA kA AdhAra IsA kI pA~cavI sadI se rahA hai| mAlavA kI uparAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM carcita rahe isa nagara meM madhyayuga meM jainadharma kA bar3A prabhAva rahA hai| isa nagara ke madhya kile kI bhairUpola ke dvAra ke nikaTa sthita eka jaina maMdira hai| isameM pItala dhAtu kI jaina tIrthakara mUrti para eka lekha hai : saMvat 1512 varSe phAguNa sudI 4 zano 3, vaMSe bhaMbharI gotre bhaMgajA bhAryA saMsAra de nAmI putra bIrama belAsyA deyA puNyArtha abhinandanama karitaM saMdera gacche pratiSThata zrI zAnti surabhi // zrI / / zrI // " ukta jaina abhilekha saMvat 1572 (1515 I.) kI phAguNa sudI caturthI, zanivAra kA

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 hai jisameM yaha havAlA hai ki bhaNDArI gautra ke kisI nRpati kI patni saMsAradevI (rAnI) ke putra (rAjakumAra) vIrama ne janapuNyArtha isa jaina tIrthakara mUrti kI pratiSThA kharataragaccha se sambaddha bhaTTAraka zAMti surabhI dvArA karavAyI thii| isI krama meM eka anya jaina abhilekha saMvat 1524 kA hai, jisakA pATha nimna prakAra hai : saMvat 1524 varSe phAguNa sudi dine, zrImAla jAtiye ThAkurA gautre| sAjayatA pu. sA. bhAMDaNa suzvAva kena putra jhAjhaNa disa hitaM zrI zreyasaM biNb|| kAritaM pratiSThita zrI kharatara gacche zrI zrI jina candra surabhi maMDapa durg|| ukta lekha phAguNa sudI saptamI saMvata 1524 kA hai, jisameM ukta tithi ko zrImAla jAti ThAkura gautra ke jaina zrAvaka maMDapa ke putra jayaMtA va jhAjhaNa ne tIrthakara zrI zreyAnsanAtha kI mUrti kI pratiSThA kharataragaccha ke maNDapa durga ke bhaTTAraka jina candra surabhi dvArA karavAne kA varNana hai| uparokta maMdira meM 3 Asanastha va eka sthAnaka jaina tIrthakara mUrtiyAM hai| inameM 2 mUrtiyoM para nimnAMkita abhilekha hai: (1) saMvat 1330 jyeSTha badi 5 shnau| prAgvATa jAtIya kuMbhA suta kaDuA de daa|| ukta mUrti kI pratiSThA jyeSTha mAsa kI paMcamI sudI ko saMvat 1330 (1273 I.) meM prAgvATa jAti ke kuMbhA nAmaka vyakti ke putra kar3avA dvArA karavAyI thii| saMvat 1352 varSe mAha sudI 6 gurau, pATanvaye sA Ahar3a ke putra deddaa.....| isa mUrti kI pratiSThA mAgha sudI 6 bRhaspativAra saMvat 1352 (1296 I.) ko saAhar3a ke putra dedA dvArA karavAI gaI thii| isa prakAra hAr3autI kSetra meM jainadharma ke chaThI se 20vIM sadI taka ke prabhAva va dharma kI abAdha gati va unnati kA patA calatA hai| saMdarbha grantha sUcI:1. cAMdakher3I maMdira meM pratiSThita tIrthakara RSabhadeva kI pITha para aMkita saMkhyAka lekh| 2. khAna, esa.Ara. (saMgrAhaka) -- hAr3autI ke bolate zilAlekha, pRSTha.61 3. pUrvokta, pRSTha. 62 4. varadA, zodhapatrikA, varSa 14, aMka-4, pR. 11 se 22 5. zarmA, mathurAlAla - koTA rAjya kA itihAsa, prathama bhAga, pR.79 6. svayaM lekhaka dvArA paThana kiyA gyaa| 7. svayaM lekhaka dvArA paThana kiyA gyaa| 8. jaina insakrapzansa oNpha rAjasthAna, pRSTha. 151 9. enyuala riporTa oNpha iNDiyana epIgrAphI, 1970, pRSTha. 109 va aage| 10. somAnI, rAmaballabha - jaina lekha saMgraha, bhAga 4, pRSTha. 161, lekha saMkhyAka 220 11. hastalikhita lekha paM. gopAlalAla vyAsa, (saMgrAhAdhyakSa - purAtatva saMgrahAlaya, (jhAlAvAr3a) (esa.Ara. khAna ke nijI saMgraha se) 12. TADa, karnala jemsa - enAlsa eNDa eNTIkviTIja, bhAga-3, pR. 1789

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hAr3autI kI jaina abhilekha paramparA 13. jaina, balabhadra - bhArata ke digambara jaina tIrtha, bhAga-4 (inhI lekhoM ko punaH isa lekha ke lekhaka ne bhI parakhA tathA paThana kiyA hai) 14. (1) ukta lekha ukta sthala para Aja bhI paThanIya hai| (2) enyula riporTa Ana dI varkiga oNpha rAjapUtAnA myUjiyama ajamera, 1912-13 I. pR. 7,8 15. lekhaka dvArA svapaThita lekha 16. hastalikhita lekha paM. gopAlalAla vyAsa 17. zarmA, mathurAlAla - pUrvokta, pariziSTa sa-11 18. khAna, esa.Ara.-pUrvokta pR. 269-271 - jaikI sTUDiyo 13,, maMgalapurA sTrITa, jhAlAvAr3a-326001 (rAjasthAna) gate zoko na kartavyo, bhaviSyaM naiva cintyet| vartamAnena kAlena, pravartante vickssnnaaH|| zoko nAzayate dhairya, zoko nAzayate shrutm| zoko nAzayate sarva, nAsti zoka smoripuH|| (vAlmIka-rAmAyaNa) bIte hue kA zoka nahIM karanA cAhie aura bhaviSya ke bAre meM cintana nahIM karanA caahie| jJAnI puruSa- vartamAna kAla meM pravRtti karate haiN| zoka dhairya ko naSTa karatA hai, zoka zAstra jJAna ko naSTa kara detA hai| yahA~ taka ki zoka saba kucha naSTa kara DAlatA hai| ataH zoka ke samAna koI zatru nhiiN| yathA caturmiH kanakaM parIkSyate, nighrssnncchedntaaptaadd'naiH| tathA caturmiH puruSaM parIkSyate, zrutena zIlena kulena krmnnaa|| (ajJAta) jaise svarNa kI ghisakara, cheda karake, tapAkara aura pITakara, cAra prakAra se parIkSA kI jAtI hai, usI prakAra manuSya kIparIkSA jJAna, zIla, kula aura karma se kI jAtI hai|

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jainadarzana meM puruSArtha kA svarUpa evaM usakI mahattA - DaoN. zvetA jaina puruSArtha jaina darzana kA mukhya pratipAdya hai| jainadarzana ke samagra sAhitya Agamagrantha TIkA, cUrNi, niyukti, darzana evaM vyAkhyA granthoM meM puruSArtha ke svarUpa kA vibhinna AyAmoM meM vizleSaNa samprApta hotA hai| ina sabhI granthoM meM pramukhataH mokSa ko lakSya kara purUSArtha kA pratipAdana huA hai| AgamoM meM dharma evaM mokSa puruSArtha ko hI kendra meM rakhA gayA hai| kintu uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa-catuSTya kA vivecana prApta hotA hai| artha aura kAma para jainadarzana ke anusAra dharma kA niyaMtraNa Avazyaka hai| mokSa sAdhya hai aura dharma sAdhana hai| dharma kI sAdhanA se hI mokSa kI prApti saMbhava hai isa dRSTi se jainadarzana ke anusAra jIva ke dvArA AcaraNIya puruSArthoM meM dharma purUSArtha hI pradhAna purUSArtha hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke aMtima upadezoM ke saMkalita grantha ke rUpa meM prasiddha Agama uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa aura upayoga ke sAtha vIrya arthAt parAkrama ko jIva kA lakSaNa batAyA gayA hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti meM yahA~ taka kahA hai ki utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya aura puruSakAra-parAkrama Adi dharma AtmA ke sivAya anyatra pariNamana nahIM krte| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki puruSakAra karane meM mAtra jIva hI samartha haiN| jIva apane AtmabhAva kI abhivyakti puruSakAra ke mAdhyama se hI karatA hai| abhivyakti hI nahIM jIvazabda, rUpa, gandha, rasa, sparza gati, sthiti, lAvaNya, yazaH kIrti ke sAtha utthAna, karma, bala, puruSakAra parAkrama kA anubhava bhI karatA hai| jIva ke lakSaNa ke atirikta puruSArtha ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM bhI Agama meM carcA prApta hotI hai| gaNadhara gautama dvArA puruSakAra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM prazna karane para bhagavAn mahAvIra pharamAte haiM- "uTThANe kamme bale vIrie purisakkAraparakkame taM ceva jAva aphAse pannatte"6 utthAna karma, bala, vIrya, purUSakAra parAkrama sabhI jIva ke upayoga vizeSa hai, isa kAraNa amUrta hone se varNa, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza se rahita haiN| puruSArtha kA yaha vizleSita svarUpa hai, jisameM puruSArtha ke aMtargata uThane vAle eka-eka kadama ko nAmAMkita kiyA gayA hai| yathA utthAna - Atma-pauruSa kI udyatatA evaM tatparatA karma-Atma-pauruSa ke sAtha kI jAne vAlI kriyA bala-kriyA meM Atma-zakti kA prayoga vIrya-Atmazakti kA preraka rUpa, jo sAmarthya kA anubhava karatA hai| puruSakAra/ parAkrama- prayatnapUrvaka AtmapauruSa kA pryog| rAga-dveSa ke nimitta se kI gaI utthAna Adi pravRttiyA~ 'puruSArtha' to kahI jAtI haiM, kintu

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jainadarzana meM puruSArtha kA svarUpa evaM usakI mahattA ve samyak puruSArtha athavA dharma puruSArtha meM sammilita nahIM kI jaatii| unakA samAveza kAma aura artha puruSArtha meM hotA hai| yadyapi artha aura kAma bhI jainadarzana ke anusAra utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya, puruSakAra, parAkrama svarUpa puruSArtha kI apekSA rakhate haiM, tathApi unameM kiyA gayA utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya evaM parAkrama bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeSTavya nahIM hai| isalie prasaMgataH kahIM artha aura kAma puruSArtha ke rUpa meM puruSakAra kI yat kiMcita carcA bhale hI A jAe, kintu mokSa kI prApti meM unake sahayogI na hone ke kAraNa jainadarzana meM dharma puruSArtha kA hI vizeSa mahattva hai| jainadarzana ke gahana adhyetA paM. cainasukhadAsa ne aneka granthoM ke AloDana ke pazcAt apane grantha 'jainadarzanasAra' meM spaSTa kahA hai- "AtmanaH paramahitapratipAdanaM jainadarzanasya prayojanaM, tasya paramahitaM tu mokSaH" arthAt AtmA ke paramahita kA pratipAdana jainadarzana kA prayojana hai, AtmA kA paramahita mokSa prApti meM hai| isa para 'avantikA' TIkA karate hue DaoN. narendra kumAra zarmA likhate haiM- "puruSa jise cAhatA hai use puruSArtha kahate haiN| samasta prANI utkRSTa sukha kI cAhanA karate haiN| dharma, artha tathA kAma sAkSAt sukha na hokara sukha ke sAdhana haiM aura mokSa sAkSAt sukhasvarUpa hai, ataH vahI parama puruSArtha hai| mokSa meM AtmA ke paramahita ko anubhUta kara hI bhagavAn mahAvIra ne saMyama meM parAkrama karane para bala diyaa| Aja isa anubhUti ke abhAva ke kAraNa hI mAnava mokSonmukhI nahIM ho pA rahA hai| yaha prathama zatAbdI meM racita samayasAra kI nimnAMkita gAthA se puSTa hotA hai sudaparicidANubhUyA savvassa vi kAma bhogbndhkhaa| eyattassuvalaMbho Navari Na sulaho vihttss| kAma, bhoga aura baMdha kI kathA to saMpUrNa loka ne bahuta bAra sunI hai, usakA paricaya bhI prApta kiyA hai aura unakA anubhava bhI kiyA hai, kyoMki vaha sarvasulabha hai| parantu para se bhinna aura sva se abhinna AtmA kI kathA na kabhI sunI hai, na usakA kabhI paricaya prApta kiyA hai aura na kabhI usakA anubhava hI kiyA hai, kyoMki vaha sulabha nahIM hai| ___ kAma zabda se tAtparya sparzana aura rasanendriya kA viSaya tathA 'bhoga' se ghrANa cakSu evaM zrotra indriya kA viSaya hai| isa prakAra kAma-bhoga kathA kA artha paMcendriya viSayoM kI kathA se liyA jAtA hai| baMdha kA abhiprAya prakRti, pradeza, sthiti va anubhAga-baMdha tathA usake phala meM prApta hone vAlI narakAdi rUpa caturgati bhramaNa hai| 19 isa loka meM samasta jIva viSayoM kI tRSNA rUpI dAha se pIr3ita haiM aura usa dAha kA zamana indriyoM ke rUpAdi ko paraspara viSayoM kA hI upadeza karate haiN| ve viSaya- kaSAya kI caturAI eka-dUsare ko batAte haiM, sikhAte haiN| pitA putra ko samajhAtA hai ki paise kaise kamAnA, kaise bhoganA aura putra pitA ko kahatA hai ki aba jamAnA badala gayA hai, purAnI ImAna-dharma kI bAteM aba nahIM cala sktiiN| aba to khAo-pIo aura mauja-ur3Ao- isI meM sAra hai| isa prakAra sabhI ajJAnI eka-dUsare ko bhoga bhogane kI preraNA dete haiN| ataH kAma, bhoga aura baMdha kI kathA jagat meM sarvatra sulabha hai, kintu AtmA kI kathA atyanta durlabha hai,

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 kyoMki usako anubhUta karane vAle isa jagat meM atyanta alpa jana haiN| saMyogavaza AtmA ke svarUpa ko bhalIbhAMti jAnane vAle jJAnIjana mila bhI jAeM to jIva unakA samAgama nahIM karatA, unase kucha sIkhane-samajhane kI koziza nahIM karatA, yadi Age hokara bhI ve kucha sunAyeMsamajhAyeM to unakI bAta para dhyAna hI nahIM detA, isalie anantakAla se saMsAra meM bhaTaka rahA hai 26 ananta kAla se jIva, saMsAra meM saMsaraNa mithyAtva ke kAraNa karatA hai / mithyAtva arthAt ajnyaantaa| prazna uThatA hai ajJAnatA kyA hai ? ajJAnatA para-padArtho ko iSTa yA aniSTa mAnakara rAga-dveSa karanA hai| jIva sva ko vismRta kara para meM hI lagA rahatA hai para-padArthoM meM jo anukUla lagatA hai usameM iSTa kI kalpanA kara rAga kara letA hai aura jo pratikUla lagatA hai usameM aniSTa kI kalpanA kara dveSa kara letA hai| iSTa- aniSTatva padArtha kA koI guNa-dharma nahIM hai, mAtra jIva kI kalpanA hai, usake pUrva anubhUta saMskAra haiN| yadi iSTa-aniSTatva vastu kA guNadharma hotA to koI eka vastu sabako iSTa hI laganI cAhiye aura eka sabako aniSTa hI laganI caahie| kintu aisA nahIM hotA, yahAM taka ki eka hI vastu eka vyakti ko kabhI iSTa aura kabhI aniSTa mAlUma ho sakatI hai| jaise bhUkha lagane para priya lagane vAlA susvAdu bhojana bhUkha-zamana hone para aniSTa lagatA hai ataH iSTa aniSTatva jIva kI jhUThI kalpanAe~ haiN| sarvatra sukha-duHkha kA athavA kaSAya kA kAraNa, vastu yA sthiti nahIM varan jIva kRta saMkalpa-vikalpa haiN| yadi jIva cAhe to iSTa vikalpa ko cunakara svayaM ko sukhI banA le aura aniSTa kA cayanakara duHkhI ho jaae| sukha-duHkha se pare vAstavika Ananda to nirvikalpa hone meM hai. jahA~ na kisI sthita vizeSa ka e prati rAga hai aura na dveSa / yaha sthiti abhyAsa ke dvArA prApta kI jA sakatI hai| 3 hama pala-pala ulajhe haiM yA to bhUtakAla meM ghaTI ghaTanAoM kI smRti meM yA bhaviSya kI yojanAoM, icchAoM va ciMtAoM meM yA phira anya aneka Ula-jalUla vicAroM meM ye vicAra yA vikalpa kisI bhI rUpa meM sArthaka nahIM, vartamAna meM ye azAnti dekara jAte haiM aura bhaviSya ke lie karma bandhana mokSa prApti ke lakSya meM sarvaprathama hameM ina vikalpoM kI nirarthakatA ko samajhakara nirvikalpa banane kA prayatna karanA hogaa| isa nirvikalpatA ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI puruSArtha ke lie Agama vacana kahe gae haiN| yathA "aNusAsANameva parakkame, vIrehiM sammaM pavediyaM" - sUtrakRtAMga, 1.2.1.99 jinezvara ke dvArA nirUpita anuzAsana meM parAkrama kro| "bujijhajja tiuTTejjA, baMdhaNaM parijANiyA"- sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.1.1. bandhana ko jAnakara, baMdhana ko todd'o| appA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa ya- uttarAdhyayana, 20.37 AtmA hI sukha aura duHkha kA kartA hai tathA yahI vikartA arthAt nAza karane vAlA hai|

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jainadarzana meM puruSArtha kA svarUpa evaM usakI mahattA pAsiya Ature pANe appamatto parivvae- AcArAMga 1.3.1 sUtra 081 pIr3ita prANiyoM ko dekhakara tU apramAdI hokara gamana kr| samayaM goyama! mA pamAyae- uttarAdhyayana, adhyAya 10 hai gautama ! samaya mAtra bhI pramAda mata kr| uparyukta sabhI Agama-vAkya nirvikalpa banane kA saMdeza de rahe haiN| jaba taka saMkalpavikalpa raheMge taba taka apramatta avasthA saMbhava nahIM hai / apramatta hue binA karma vinAza aura saMyama meM parAkrama nahIM ho sktaa| nirvikalpa hokara hI karmabandhana ko samajhA jA sakatA hai aura tor3A jA sakatA hai ataH mokSa kI sIr3hI kA yaha mahattvapUrNa sopAna hai| 27 mokSamArga ke rUpa meM 'samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH sUtra pratipAdita hai ataH samyak darzana, jJAna aura cAritra hetu kRtapuruSArtha kA hI jIvana meM mahatva hai| paMca mahAvratoM kA pAlana pAMca samiti aura tIna gupti svarUpa aSTa pravacana mAtA kA ArAdhana tathA jIvana paryanta tIna karaNa- tIna yoga se sAmAyika kI sAdhanA dharma-puruSArtha kA utkRSTa rUpa hai| sAdhuoM ke AcAra pakSa ko leM to vaha pUrNa rUpa se dharma-purUSArtha ko prativimbita karatA hai| jaina sAdhu-sAdhvI vAhanoM kA upayoga nahIM karate, padayAtrA karate haiN| svAdhyAya aura dhyAna hI unakI dinacaryA ke pramukha aMga haiN| AhAra Adi kI gaveSaNA ve zarIra yAtrA ke lie evaM saMyama pAlana meM sukaratA ke lie karate haiN| pratyeka kriyA meM unakA viveka jAgRta rahanA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| kisa prakAra bolanA, jisa prakAra vastuoM ko uThAnA aura rakhanA tathA zaucAdi ke lie kisa prakAra niyamoM kA pAlana karanA, sabakA sAdhvAcAra meM pratipAdana huA hai| jIvoM meM bhavyatvarUpI yogyatA bhI binA sAdhanA ke phalita nahIM hotii| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhavyatva svabhAva vAle jIvoM ko bhI puruSArtha ke binA, na samyaktva kI prApti hotI hai| aura na hI kevalajJAna Adi kI jIvoM ke puruSArtha ke vibhinna rUpa jaina sAhitya meM pratipAdita haiN| yathA saMyama meM parAkrama uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM cAra durlabha aMga catuSTaya kA varNana prApta hotA hai cattAri paramaMgANi, dulahANIha jantuNo / mANusattaM suI saddhA saMjamami ya vIriyaM // 14 1. manuSyatva 2. dharma-zravaNa 3. dharma zraddhAna 4. saMyama meM parAkrama- ye cAroM jIva ko durlabhatA se prApta hAkete haiN| isI adhyayana meM durlabha catuSTaya meM bhI saMyama meM parAkrama ko sabase duSkara pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai|" jisase saMyama meM parAkrama kA mahatva jaina dRSTi se sarvathA spaSTa ho jAtA hai| saMyama meM parAkrama kA phala anAsrava ke rUpa meM jIva ko prApta hotA hai| 15 saMyama ke sthAnAMga sUtra meM cAra prakAra haiM- mana- saMyama, vacana saMyama, kAya saMyama aura upkrnn-sNym| saMyama ke ye prakAra puruSArtha kI vyApakatA ko nirUpita kara rahe haiN| saMyama meM parAkrama ke lie bhagavAn ne aneka sthAna para parAkrama kA upadeza dete hue kahA hai purisA / paramacakkhU! viparikkama / 18

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 parigraha- tyAga ke pariprekSya meM kahA hai-he paramacakSuSamAn puruSa! tU parAkrama kr| tamhA avimaNe vIre sArae samie sahite sadA jte|9 muni sadA avimanA, prasannamanA, svArata, samita, sahita, vIra hokara saMyamana kre| jANittu dukkhaM patteya sAtaM...... AyaTuM sammaM samaNuvAsejjAsi tti bemi|20 pratyeka prANI kA sukha aura duHkha apanA-apanA hai, isalie jaba zrotrendriya, cakSurendriya, ghrANendriya, rasanendriya aura sparzanendriya kI prajJAna zakti hIna nahIM huI hai taba taka Atmahita ke lie samyak prakAra se prayatna karanA caahiye| cAritra dharma : puruSArtha kA dyotaka - sthAnAMga sUtra meM zrutadharma aura cAritradharma ke rUpa meM do prakAra ke dharma pratipAdita hue haiM"duvihe dhamme paNNatte taMjahA-suyadhamme ceva, caritta dhamme ceya"21 zrutadharma jJAna kA tathA cAritra dharma AcaraNa kA dyotaka hai| yaha cAritra dharma puruSArtha yA puruSakAra ko khyApita karatA hai| cAritra dharma kI satpreraNA dete hue uttarAdhyayana meM kahA hai kiriyaM ca royae dhIre, akIriyaM privjje| diTThIe diTThI- sampanne, dhamma cara suduccrN||22 kriyA arthAt sadAcaraNa meM ruci rakho aura akriyA kA tyAga kro| samyak dRSTi pUrvaka duzcara dharma kA AcaraNa kro| parISaha- jaya meM puruSArtha - jainadharma meM parISahoM ko sahane kA jo upadeza diyA gayA hai, usameM bhI sAdhaka ke puruSArtha kA hI pakSa prakaTa hotA hai| sAdhu ke lie 22 parISaha batAe gaye haiN| jinameM kucha anukUla parISaha haiM aura kucha prtikuul| donoM hI prakAra ke parISaha sAdhaka ko sAdhanA se DigA sakate haiN| kintu jo ina parISahoM ke upasthita hone para samabhAva pUrvaka Atma-paurUSa (puruSArtha) kA prayoga karatA hai| vaha pUrvabaddha karmoM kI tIvratA se nirjarA karatA hai| deva, manuSya aura tiryaca ke dvArA upasarga die jAne para bhI sAdhu samatva bhAvoM kA tyAga nahIM karatA hai to vaha nirantara mokSa-mArga meM parAkrama karatA hai| vIrya ke rUpa meM puruSArtha - pratyeka jIva meM purUSArtha parAkrama kA vAcaka vIrya hotA hai| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra ke prathama zrutaskandha ke AThaveM 'vIrya' adhyayana meM bAla-vIrya aura paNDita vIrya kA vivecana hai| pramAda yukta karma ko bAla vIrya tathA apramAdayukta akarma athavA saMyama-svarUpa parAkrama ko paNDitavIrya kahA hai|5 prANaghAtaka, kaSAya aura rAga-dveSa ko bar3hAne vAle, pApajanya jitane bhI parAkrama haiM, ve sabhI sakarmavIrya yA bAlavIrya haiN| akarma vIrya meM adhyAtma bala (dharmadhyAnAdi) se samasta pApa pravRttiyoM, mana aura indriyoM ko, duSTa adhyavasAyoM tathA bhASA ke doSoM ko rokane kI pravRttiyA~ samAhita haiN|

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29 jainadarzana meM puruSArtha kA svarUpa evaM usakI mahattA samyaktva parAkrama : uttarAdhyayana kA eka adhyayana - uttarAdhyayana sUtra kA 'samyaktva parAkrama dharmazraddhA, saMvega-nirveda, guru-zuzrUSA, sAmAyika, caturvizatistava, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga, pratyAkhyAna, pratilekhanA, prAyazcita, kSamApanA, svAdhyAya, vAcanA, pratipRcchanA, parAvartanA, anuprekSA, dharmakathA, zrutArAdhanA mana kI ekAgratA, saMyama, tapa, pratyAkhyAna, vaiyAvRttya, manogupti, vacanagupti, kAyagupti, indriyanigraha, krodha-vijaya, mAna-vijaya, mAyA-vijaya, lobha-vijaya Adi sAdhanAoM ke rUpa meM karaNIya hai| isa adhyayana meM sAdhanA ke ina vividha pahaluoM kA lAbha bhI batAyA gayA hai, jisase koI bhI sAdhanA meM pravRtta ho sakatA hai| tapa ke rUpa meM puruSArtha - jainadarzana meM Atma-puruSArtha kA sabase sundara nidarzana tapa sAdhanA hai| pUrvabaddha karmoM kA kSaya karane kA yaha amogha upAya hai| prAyaH bhAratIya saMskRti meM yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki karmoM kA phala bhoga kiye binA unase mukti nahIM miltii| kintu, jainadarzana meM pUrvabaddha karmoM ke yathAkAla udaya se pUrva bhI udIraNA karake kSaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| kucha karmoM kI sthiti ko kama kiyA jA sakatA hai unakI phaladAna zakti ko alpa kiyA jA sakatA hai| tapaH sAdhanA kA isa sambandha meM jainadarzana meM atyanta mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai- "bhavakoDisaMciyaM kamma, tavasA nijjarijjaI"27 arthAt karor3oM bhavoM meM saMcita karmoM ko tapa ke dvArA nirjarita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha puruSArtha jIva kI ananta zakti ko jAgRta karane meM samartha hai| puruSArtha se hI koI kevalajJAnI bana sakatA hai aura aSTa karmoM se rahita hokara siddha-buddha-mukta bana sakatA hai| parAkrama kA eka rUpa : apramattatA - AgamoM meM pade-pade jIva ko pramAda rahita hone kA hI upadeza diyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke dasaveM adhyayana meM bhagavAn ne apane pramukha ziSya gaNadhara gautama ko bAra-bAra kahA'samayaM goyama ! mA pamAyae' arthAt he gautama ! samaya mAtra kA bhI pramAda mata kro| yaha saMdeza isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki jIva ko sadaiva sajaga rahakara karma-kSaya ke lie udyata rahanA caahiye| jIvana kSaNabhaMgura hai, ataH usakA upayoga pUrvabaddha karmoM ke kSaya meM karanA hI medhAvI puruSa kA lakSaNa hai| AcArAMga sUtra meM apramatta hokara AtmasAdhanA meM saMlagna rahane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai"pamattassa atthi bhayaM, apamattassanatthi bhayaM" arthAt jo pramAda yukta hai usako bhaya hai evaM jo apramatta hai usako kisI prakAra kA bhaya nahIM hai| saMvara evaM nirjarA meM puruSArtha kI upayogitA - navIna karma kA bandha na karane meM mAnava kA vartamAna puruSArtha atyanta upayogI hai| vaha cAhe to saMyama kI sAdhanA ke sAtha Asrava ke nirodha rUpa saMvara kA ArAdhana kara sakatA hai| pUrvabaddha karma yathAkAla udaya meM Ate haiN| kintu jo unake udayakAla meM rAga-dveSa se rahita hokara samabhAva kA abhyAsa karatA hai vaha navIna karmoM ke baMdha ko nyUna kara sakatA hai| yahI

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 30 nahIM pUrvabaddha karmoM ko saMyama aura tapa kI sAdhanA ke dvArA nirjarita bhI kara sakatA hai| saMvara aura nirjarA kI sAdhanA mokSa kI prApti meM pramukha kAraNa hai| isa sAdhanA meM anya kAraNoM ke sAtha jIva kA puruSArtha pradhAna kAraNa hai| yahI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA sAra bhI hai| apane azubha bhAvoM ko zubha meM pariNata karane kA kArya Atma-puruSArtha ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai| karmasiddhAnta meM puruSArtha kA sthAna - puruSArtha se baddha karmoM meM bhI parivartana saMbhava hai| yaha parivartana karma kI nimna avasthAoM meM mAnA jAtA hai- udvartanA, apavartanA, udIraNA aura sNkrmnn| udvartanA kA artha hai- koM kI sthiti meM vRddhi aura anubhAga meM tIvratA laanaa| apavartanA meM karmo kI sthiti kama ho jAtI hai aura vipAka manda par3a jAte haiN| udIraNA ke dvArA vyakti bAda meM udaya meM Ane vAle kamoM ko khIMcakara samaya se pahale hI udaya meM lAkara khapA detA hai| ye tInoM avasthAe~ jaina darzana meM puruSArtha ko pratipAdita karatI hai| puruSArtha dvArA karmaparivartana kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai-sNkrmnn| saMkramaNa se abhiprAya hai kamoM kI uttara prakRtiyoM kA paraspara privrtn| ye cAroM avasthAeM jIva ke puruSArtha kI dyotaka haiN|28 uparyukta vivecita puruSArtha ke vibhinna rUpoM se yaha suspasTa hai ki jainadarzana meM dharma-puruSArtha kI pramukhatA hai aura vahI mokSa kA sAdhana hai| jainadarzana meM kAraNa-kArya siddhAnta meM bhI puruSArtha kI mahattva diyA gayA hai| siddhasenasUri ne kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRta (karma) evaM puruSa ke samudAya ko kArya kI utpatti meM kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai| jainadarzana meM ye pAMcoM kAraNa uttarakAla meM paMcakAraNasamavAya athavA paMcasamavAya ke nAma se prasiddha hue haiN| paMcakAraNa samavAya meM haribhadra ne purise' zabda ke sthAna para parisa kiriyAo' pada kA prayoga kiyA hai, jo puruSArtha yA parAkrama kA dyotaka hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki puruSa arthAt AtmA yA jIva kI kriyAeM yA kArya hI jainadarzana ke kAraNavAda ke saMdarbha meM abhISTa haiN| upAsakadazAMga meM niyativAda kA khaNDana karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kumbhakAra zakaDAla ke samakSa spaSTa rUpa se utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya svarUpa puruSArtha kA mahatva spaSTa kiyA hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra meM bhI inakA ullekha huA hai| ataH jainadArzanikoM ne puruSavAda kA nirasana karake puruSakAra yA puruSArtha ko mahattva diyA hai|29 / jaina sAdhanA paddhati meM purUSa-kriyA yA parAkrama kA vizeSa sthAna hai| cAritra dharma ho yA tapa kA AcaraNa sarvatra Atma-purUSArtha apekSita hai| saMvara evaM nirjarA kI samasta sAdhanA meM Atma-udyama rUpa puruSArtha apekSita hai| puruSakAra to jIva kA lakSaNa bhI hai jo mokSa kA bhI sAdhana hai| vIrya kA pratipAdana ho yA saMyama meM parAkrama kA, sAdhanA meM apramattatA kA vivecana ho yA parISaha-jaya kA, apavartana karaNa kA prasaMga ho yA saMkramaNa karaNa kA, sarvatra jainadarzana meM AtmapauruSa rUpa puruSArtha kA mahattva sthApita hai| saMdarbha sUcI: 1. jJAnArNava 3.4 uddhRta jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga tRtIya, pRSTha 70 2. NANaM ca daMsaNaM ceva caritaM ca tavo thaa|

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31 jainadarzana meM puruSArtha kA svarUpa evaM usakI mahattA vIriyaM uvaogo ya eyaM jIvassa lakkhaNaM / uttarAdhyayana 28 . 11 4. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 2.10.9 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 20.3.1 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti, 14.5 sUtra 10 se 20 7. jainadarzanasAra, prathama adhyAya 8. jainadarzanasAra (avantikA TIkA samanvita), DaoN. narendra kumAra zarmA, haMsA prakAzana, jayapura, 6. vyAkhyAprajJapti 12.5.11 pRSTha 5 9. samayasAra 1.4 10. kAmazabdena saMpazanarasanendriyadvayaM bhoga zabdena prANacakSuH zratratrayaM teSAM kAmabhogAnAM bandhaH sambandhastasya kathA (-samayasAra 1.4, jayasenAcArya kRta tAtparyavRttrAi TIkA) 11. bandhazabdena prakRti sthityanu bhAgapradezavandhAstatphalaM ca naranArakAdirUpaM bhvyte| samayasAra 1.4 jayasenAcAryakRta tAtparyavRtti TIkA / 12. draSTavya samayasAra anuzIlana, bhAga-1, DaoN. hukamacanda bhArilla kRta 1.4 kI vyAkhyA / 13. draSTavya samayasAra kalaza, vIra sevA maMdira, 21, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI -2 ke bAbU lAla jaina kI prastAvanA 14. uttarAdhyayana 3.1 15. suiM caM laddhaM suddhaM ca vIriyaM puNa dullahaM- uttarAdhyayana 3.10 16. se NaM bhaMte / saMjame kiM phale? - aNaNyaphale- sthAnAMga sUtra 3.3.418 18. AcArAMga, 15.2.155 19. AcArAMga, 1.4.4.143 17. sthAnAMga sUtra 4.2.351 20. AcArAMga, 1.2.1.68 23. sUtrakRtAMga 1.2.1.13 21. AcArAMga, 2.1.107 22. uttarAdhyayana, 18.33 24. sUtrakRtAMga 1.2.2.15 25. pamAyaM kammmAhaMsu, appamAyaM tahAvaraM / tabbhAvAdesato vA vi, bAlaM paMDitameva vA / / sUtrakRtAMga 1.8.3 26. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyayana 29 27. uttarAdhyayana sUtra ? 30.6 28. adhika vistAra ke lie draSTavya- "jainadarzana meM kAraNa-kArya vyavasthA : eka samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa DaoN. zvetA jaina, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, pR. 511 29. adhika vistAra ke lie draSTavya- "jainadarzana meM kAraNa kArya vyavasthA : eka samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa' pustaka kA SaSThama adhyAya / - atithi adhyApaka, saMskRta vibhAga, jayanArAyaNa vyAsa vizvavidyAlaya, jodhapura (rAja.)

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jaina caryA meM ahiMsakAhAra satendrakumAra jaina prAcIna kAla se RSi muniyoM ke AhAra ke viSaya meM jahA~ svayaM ko saMyamita rakhakara AhAra grahaNa karane ko bala diyA hai, vahIM samUce prANiyoM ko AhAra ke viSaya meM jJAna karA kara jIva jAti para upakAra kiyA hai| jaina muniyoM kI AhAra caryA to vizva ke samUce saMtoM kI AhAra meM zreSTha AhAra caryA kahI jAtI hai| jaina saMtoM ne bhojana kI zuddhatA ke lie zrAvakoM ko yathocita nirdeza diye haiN| zrAvaka isa prakAra ke AhAra kA upayoga kareM jisase svAsthya va dharma donoM surakSita rheN| vaise to jaina AhAra saMhitA meM bhakSyAbhakSya kA viveka to rakhA gayA hai parantu AhAra zuddhi meM vastu bhakSya hone ke bAda bhI kisa prakAra ke upayoga meM lenA cAhie, isakA bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya umAsvAmI jI ne ahiMsA vrata kI bhAvanAoM kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki aisA bhojana zuddha hai jo bhakSya sUryaprakAza meM banAyA gayA ho tathA sUrya prakAza meM yahI grahaNa kiyA gayA ho| ise Alokita pAna bhojana ke nAma se grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta aise AhAra ko grahaNa karane ke lie bhI manA kiyA hai jo adhika hiMsA karake athavA corI karake lAyA gayA ho kyoMki aisA AhAra mana ko vikRta karatA hai tathA mana meM corI Adi pApa karane ke bhAva utpanna karatA hai isalie kahA gayA hai ki jaisA khAve anna vaisA hove mana jaisA pIve pAnI vaisI hove vANI / AhAra kA svarUpa : pratyeka prANI ke jIvana meM cAra saMjJAe~ pAI jAtI haiN| jisameM se AhAra saMjJA jIvana jIne meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAtI hai| binA AhAra ke jIvana kI sabhI kriyAeM nirarthaka ho jAtI haiN| AhAra prANI ke zarIra meM sphUrti, baliSThA tathA zArIrika kSamatA ko banAye rakhatA hai| AhAra zabda kI niSpatti AG upasarga hR dhAtu se ghaJ pratyaya lagane se huI hai, jisakA artha lAnA yA bhojana karanA hai| AhAra se vicAroM meM paripakvatA AtI hai| zreSTha AhAra zreSTha vicAroM ko janma detA hai| AhAra zuddhau sattva zuddhau yaha sUtra isa bAta ko udghoSita karatA hai ki bhojana kI zuddhi se jIva kI zuddhi hotI hai| gAlI aura gIta kA sambandha bhojana se hI hai| bhojana se hI bhajana aura bhaMjana kI bhUmikA taiyAra hotI hai| isalie hameM apane bhojana ke lie sirpha peTa bharane vAlA bhojana nahIM mAnanA caahie| khAnapAna kA sIdhA sambandha zarIra se hotA hai, zarIra kA saMbandha mana aura svAsthya se hotA hai| mana kA saMbandha vicAroM aura bhAvoM se hotA hai aura bhAvoM kA saMbandha puNya-pApa, svarga-naraka, nyAya-anyAya, sukha-duHkha, zAMti - azAMti aura saMsAra-mokSa se hotA hai| isalie prANiyoM ko aisA AhAra grahaNa karanA cAhie jo mana ko Anandita kareM,

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jaina caryA meM ahiMsakAhAra zarIra kI pAcana zakti ko bar3hAeM, sAtoM dhAtuoM meM zIghratA se parivartita ho jAe tathA roga nirodhaka kSamatA meM vRddhi kraaye| AhAra ke prakAra - pratyeka prANI apane zarIra ke yogya AhAra grahaNa karatA hai| isa kAraNa AhAra ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| zAkAhAra, maaNsaahaar| (1) zAkAhAra - jaina AcAra saMhitA meM do prakAra ke saMsArI jIvoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| jinameM sthAvara jIva aura trasa jiiv| ekendriya Adi paMca prakAra ke sthAvara jIva parigaNita kiye jAte haiM jinameM vanaspatikAyika jIvoM ko zAkAhArI AhAra kI zreNI meM rakhA gayA hai| isa zAkAhArI AhAra ko bhI khAdya, leya, peya, svAdya ina cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai| tathA bhojana kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe to vanaspati ko hama nimna prakAra se bhI upayoga meM lete haiN| pattiyA~- zAkAhArI khAdya padArthoM meM vyakti vRkSa kI pattiyoM kA prayoga bhI karatA hai| jisameM pAlaka, maithI ityAdi pattiyAM pramukha haiN| vRkSa kI pattiyoM kA prayoga jahAM sAmAnya jIvana meM upayogI hai vahIM Ayurveda meM bhI inakI utanI hai mahattA hai| phala-phala mAnava jIvana meM mAnava ke zarIra meM adhika pauSTikatA tathA guNakArI proTrInoM kI pUrti karate haiN| sabjI-sabjI mAnava ke AhAra kA pramukha khAdya padArtha hai isake binA bhojana nIrasa tathA svAda rahita mahasUsa hotA hai isake khAne se mAnava ke zarIra meM proTrInoM kI pUrti hotI hai| dalahana-sabjI ke sAtha svAda bar3hAne ke lie dalahana kA bahutAyata se prayoga hotA hai| jamIkaMda- kucha parivAroM meM jamIkaMda bhI prayoga meM liye jAte haiM jinameM AlU, gAjara, mUlI, zakarakaMda ityAdi pramukha haiN| jIvotpAdaka padArtha- zAkAhArI prANiyoM ke lie jIvotpAdaka zAkAhArI dUdha, dahI, miSThAnna Adi bhI grAhya hai| rasa- mAnava zarIra ke avaziSTa padArthoM kI pUrti ke lie rasa atyAvazyaka padArtha mAnA gayA hai| (2) mA~sAhAra - jainadharma meM sthAvara jIvoM ke atirikta jIva trasa, jIva kahalAte haiN| jisameM do indriya laTa Adi, trIndriya cIMTI Adi, catuMndriya bhauMrA, makkhI, macchara Adi, paMcendriya jIva mAnava tiryaJca Adi jIvoM ke zarIra kA bhakSaNa karanA mAMsAhAra kI koTi meM AtA hai| dUsare prANiyoM ke zarIra se utpanna hone vAlA jo padArtha mAMsa kI koTi meM AtA hai vaha mAMsAhAra kahalAtA hai| mAMsAhAra evaM zAkAhAra meM antara1. jo UrjA eka kiloM mAMsa meM milatI hai vahI UrjA 100 grAma maithI ke pattoM meM milatI hai| 2. zAkAhArI dalahanoM meM mAMsa yA aNDoM kI apekSA proTIna kA pratizata adhika hai| 3. zAkAhArI bhojana meM mAMsAhArI bhojana se adhika carbI banAne kI kSamatA hai|

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 34 4. zAkAhArI bhojana mAMsAhArI bhojana kI apekSA adhika supAcya hai| 5. zarIra ke lie adhika dhAtuoM kI pUrti mAMsAhAra bhojana kI apekSA zAkAhArI bhojana karatA hai| 6. mAnava mAMsAhArI bhojana kI apekSA zAkAhArI bhojana meM adhika svastha rahatA hai| 7. zAkAhAra maMdakaSAya hai to mAMsAhAra tIvra kaSAya hai| 8. zAkAhArI meM saMgharSa karane kI kSamatA mAMsAhArI prANI se adhika hotI hai| ina kAraNoM ke atirikta aura bhI kAraNa hai, zarIra saMracanAnusAra pratyeka prANI ke bhojana kA samaya aura prakAra nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai| zAkAhArI prANiyoM kI zarIra saMracanAnusAra mAnava zarIra kI racanA hotI hai| ataH jaise zAkAhArI pazupakSI zAma ko hI apane gaMtavya sthAna para jAkara samasta kriyA kalApa banda karake vizrAma karate haiM vaise hI manuSyoM ko apane bhojanAdi kriyA kalApoM ko baMda rakhanA caahie| ahiMsakAhAra- AhAra kI prakAroM se yaha to spaSTa rUpa se jJAta hotA hai ki mAMsAhAra ahiMsakAhAra kI zreNI meM nahIM AtA parantu zAkAhArI vastuoM ko bhI jaina caryA meM pUrNa rUpa se ahiMsakAhAra kA aMga svIkAra nahIM karatI hai| jinameM jamIkaMda, calitarasa, abhakSya padArtha, trasahiMsAkAraka phala evaM vanaspatiyAM, bahu sthAvara hiMsAkAraka vastuoM ko ahiMsakAhAra meM parigaNita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| jinakA varNana Age kiyA gayA hai| ina bhedoM ke atirikta zAstrakAroM ne AhAra ke anya bheda bhI ginAye haiM jo zAkAhAra tathA mAMsAhAra donoM kI zreNI meM Ate haiM, ye tIna prakAra ke hote haiM sAtvika, tAmasika, rAjasika aahaar| ina tIna prakAra ke AhAra meM sAtvika, rAjasika AhAra to pUrNa rUpa se zAkAhArI hai parantu tAmasika AhAra meM zAkAhArI tathA mAMsAhArI donoM AhAroM ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai| 1. sAtvika AhAra - sAtvika AhAra zAkAhArI prANiyoM kA mUla AhAra hai| isake binA vaha jIvita nahIM raha sktaa| sAtvika AhAra jahA~ prANiyoM kI roga pratirodhaka kSamatA ko bar3hAtA hai, vahI usake mastiSka meM sadvicAroM kA saMcAra karatA hai tathA mAnasika vyagratA ko dUra karatA hai| jaina AhAra vizeSatayA sAtvika bhojana ke lie prerita karatA hai| jaina RSiyoM kA kathana hai ki jaisA anna vaisA mana arthAt manuSya jaisA bhojana karatA hai usake anukUla hI mana para prabhAva par3atA hai| sAtvika bhojana anna para AdhArita hai jaise gehU~, jau, canA, makkA, bAjarA, cAvala, mUMga, moTha saba taraha kI dAleM, tAjA phala, harI sabjiyA~, ghI, tela kA sevana bhI sAtvika AhAra kA hissA hai| sAtvika AhAra dIrgha Ayu dene vAlA aura viveka, zArIrika bala, Arogya, mana kI zAMti, paraspara sAmaMjasya, prema-prIti bar3hAne vAlA hotA hai| isa AhAra meM enTI oNksIjana kA guNa hotA hai, jo zarIra meM kaiMsara kI rokathAma karatA hai| vRddhAvasthA meM dimAgI nirbalatA se hone

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35 jaina caryA meM ahiMsakAhAra vAlI elajImarasa bImArI se bacane meM yaha sahayogI hotA hai| 2. rAjasika AhAra - rAjasI AhAra zarIra meM pepTika alsara, AMtoM kA kaiMsara, apacana Adi bImAriyA~ paidA karatA hai| ataH jaina muni isa AhAra ko lene se manA karate haiN| isa AhAra meM kar3ave, khaTTe, lavaNa yukta, gariSTha bhojana, tale, bhune vyaMjana, ye saba rAjasika bhojana meM Ate haiM, jo khAne meM acche lagate haiM parantu isameM pauSTika tattvoM kA abhAva rahatA hai| 3. tAmasika AhAra - tAmasika AhAra ke lie jaina graMthoM ne niSedha kiyA gayA hai| tAmasika AhAra meM caTapaTA bhojana, bAsI, jUThA, mAMsa, macchI, aNDA, madirA Adi padArtha Ate haiN| ina padArthoM ke upayoga se mAnava hiMsaka, jhagar3AlU, krodhita, paraspara jalana kI bhAvanAoM se pIr3ita rahatA hai| vaijJAnika khojoM se patA calatA hai ki jAnavara ko jaba kATA jAtA hai to usake mana ke bhAva jaise Dara, lAlaca, hiMsaka pravRtti kaTe hue mAMsa meM kemikalsa ke dvArA cale jAte haiM aura khAne vAle vyakti para yaha kemikalsa isI taraha kA prabhAva chor3ate haiN| tAmasika bhojana se gaisa ke roga, apanDIsAiTisa, gasTroenTrAiTisa Adi roga paidA hone kA Dara lahatA hai| reDa mAMsa AhAra se 100 se adhika roga zarIra ko grasita kara sakate haiN| sAtvika, rAjasika aura tAmasika AhAra meM bhI cAra bheda pAye jAte haiN| ye cAra prakAra khAdya, leya, peya, svAdya haiN| khAne yogya padArthoM ko khAdya, cATane yogya padArthoM ko leya, pIne yogya padArthoM ko peya tathA cakhane yogya padArthoM ko svAdya kahate haiN| rAtri bhojana ahiMsakAhAra nahIM - jainadharma meM rAtribhojana ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki sUryakiraNoM meM bhojana karane ke sAtha-sAtha rozanI meM banA bhojana grahaNa karanA cAhie anyathA sUrya kiraNoM ke abhAva meM banAyA gayA bhojana, proTIna Adi avayava pradAna nahIM kara pAte aura vaha bhojana bhI rAtri meM bhojana karane ke samAna mAnA gayA hai| AcAryoM ne sUryodaya ke 48 miniTa bAda aura sUryAsta ke 48 minaTa pahale ke kAla ko chor3akara zeSa kAla ko rAtri kI saMjJA dI hai tathA isameM bhojana karanA rAtribhojana karanA kahalAtA hai| rAtribhojana tyAga karake hI mAnava pratyeka naI bImAriyoM se baca sakatA hai, kyoMki vaha divA bhojana meM bAhara se A rahe jIva jantuoM se to apanA bhojana kA bacAva kara sakatA hai parantu rAta ko sUkSma jIva nahIM dikhate jinakI utpatti mAtra aMdhakAra meM hotI hai aura ve hamAre bhojana meM Akara hamAre svAsthya ko kharAba kara jAte haiN| __ vartamAna pariprekSya meM jainadharma meM rAtribhojana tyAga siddhAMta ke viSaya meM jo mantavya prApta hote haiM vahIM Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ne bhI rAtribhojana tyAga ko svAsthya ke lie lAbhadAyaka siddha kiyA hai| jainadharma meM jahA~ anya jIvoM kI hiMsA ke kAraNa rAtribhojana kA niSedha kiyA hai vahI svAsthya dhyAna rakhate hue paM. AzAdhara jI ne sAgAra dharmAmRta meM rAtribhojana se hone vAle doSoM ke viSaya meM kahate haiM ki yadi rAtribhojI ke zarIra ke andara bhojana ke sAtha jU kA praveza ho jAe to jalodara roga, makar3I aura chipakalI se kuSTharoga, makkhI se vamana ulTI, bicchU se

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 tAlugata roga, kuNTaka nAmaka kIr3e se gale kA roga, bAla se svarabhaMga tathA jaharIle sarpa ityAdi rAtribhojana ke sAtha zarIra meM praveza jo jAe mRtyu taka ho jAtI hai| prAcIna samaya meM dhArmika vAtAvaraNa ke kAraNa AcAryoM ne dhArmika kAraNoM ko upasthita karake rAtribhojana kA niSedha kiyaa| parantu ina dhArmika kAraNoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM zArIrika svAsthya aura dhArmika kriyAeM donoM kA samAveza thA kyoMki vyakti rAtribhojana ke kAraNoM se asvastha ho jAtA hai to vaha jaba taka svastha nahIM hogA taba taka usakA dhArmika AcaraNa aura kriyAeM donoM meM avarodha utpanna hotA hai| isa prakAra rAtribhojana tyAga ke viSaya meM AcArya amitagati jI ne amitagati zrAvakAcAra meM kahA hai ki jo puruSa mana, vacana, kAya se rAtribhojana kA parityAga karake sadA hI dina meM bhojana karatA hai pApa se rahita usa puruSa kA rAtri meM bhojana ke parityAga se AdhA janma upavAsa ke sAtha vyatIta hotA hai| isa prakAra rAtri meM kiye jAne vAle bhojana meM aneka prakAra ke jIva jantuoM kI hiMsA hotI hai| jo dharma, mAnavatA aura svAsthya kI dRSTi se anucita hai, aise bhojana kI prakriyA ko ahiMsakAhAra meM parigaNita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yogoM meM ahiMsakAhAra - bhAratIya darzanoM vizeSataH jainadarzana meM mana, vacana, kAya kI pravRtti ko yoga kahA hai| yoga kI jitanI sUkSmatA se jainadarzana vyAkhyA tathA pAlana karane ko kahatA hai utanA anya darzanoM meM anupalabdha hai| jainadarzana, yogoM se ahiMsakAhAra karane kA upadeza detA hai| mana se ahiMsakAhAra jainadarzana kahatA hai ki kisI prANI ko mana meM hiMsakAhAra ke prati vicAra nahIM karanA cAhie aura yadi vaha hiMsakAhAra ke prati apane mana ko lagAtA hai to vaha hiMsakAhAra karane kA bhAgIdAra hai| vaha pUrNa rUpa se ahiMsaka nahIM kahalA sktaa| jaise- jainazAstroM meM svayambhUmaraNa dvIpa meM rahane vAlA mahAmatsya ke kAna meM rahane vAlA taNDula matsya mahAmatsya ke sote rahane para vicAra karatA hai ki isa mUrkha ke sote rahane para sArI machaliyA~ mukha se bAhara jA rahI haiM maiM hotA to eka bhI machalI ko nahIM jAne detaa| isa prakAra ke mana meM vicAra karane se vaha taNDula matsya bhI mahAmatsya ke samAna sAtaveM naraka meM jAtA hai| vacana se ahiMsakAhAra - __ vacana saMbandhI AhAra meM doSa ke lie udAharaNa AtA hai ki koI vyakti mAMsAhAra yA tAmasika AhAra kara rahA hai aura ahiMsakAhAra kA pAlana karane vAlA vyakti usa hiMsakAhAra kI vacanoM se prazaMsA karatA hai to vaha bhI hiMsakAhAra meM pApa kA sahabhAgI hotA hai| isa kAraNa vacanoM se bhI hiMsakAhAra kI prazaMsA nahIM karanA caahie| kAya se ahiMsakAhAra - kAya se ahiMsakAhAra sarvavidita hai ki koI bhI vyakti apane zarIra ke mAdhyama se hiMsaka vastuoM kA sevana karatA hai to vaha pApa kA bhAgIdAra to hai hI, parantu hiMsaka vastuoM kA sevana apane zarIra ke mAdhyama se kisIdUsare vyakti ko karAtA hai to bhI vaha ahiMsaka

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jaina caryA meM ahiMsakAhAra nahIM hai| isalie ahiMsakAhAra kA pAlana karane vAle ko kRta, kArita, anumodanA tathA mana, vacana, kAya ina nau koTiyoM se ahiMsakAhAra ko apanAnA caahie| AhAra kI AvazyakatA - __pratyeka prANI ko jIvana priya tathA maraNa apriya lagatA hai| jIvana ke lie Avazyaka sAmagrI meM AhAra pramukha hai, kyoMki AhAra hI jIvoM ke vicAra ko parivartita tathA parivardhita karatA hai, tathA AhAra se jahAM zArIrika svAsthya prApta hotA hai vahIM mAnasika svAsthyatA meM bhI lAbha hotA hai| hamAre zarIra ke svastha nirmANa va vikAsa ke lie 80 pratizata kSArIya evaM 20 pratizata amlIya AhAra kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| ina tattvoM ke samAnupAta se jaina vidyuta cumbakIya jIvana zakti kA nirmANa va saMvardhana hotA hai| jo ki zuddha ahiMsaka AhAra se prApta ho sakatA hai| zarIra ke lie prAcIna kAla se hI balavardhaka AhAra grahaNa karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| jahA~ muniyoM ko AhAra dAna dene kA nirdeza hai vahIM AhAra dete samaya dAtA ko nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki vaha sAdhuoM ko guNakArI, balavardhaka tathA Arogyavardhaka AhAra dAna de| ataH balavardhaka AhAra ke lie zAstra hiMsA rahita bhojana karane ko kahate haiN| AhAra meM AyurvedAcAryoM ne kisa mahine kisa vastu kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie isake lie nirdeza diyA hai ki caite gur3a, vaizAkhe tela, jeThe rAI, ASAr3he bela, sAvana nibbU, bhAdo mahI, kvAra karelA, kArtika dhii| agahana jIrA, pUse dhanA, mAgha masUra, phAguna canA, jo nara ina bAraha ko khAya, binA nimaMtraNa svarge jaay| jo vyakti isa bhakSya padArthoM ko ina mahinoM meM sevana karatA hai to vaha asvasthya ho jAtA hai tathA inakA ukta mahinoM meM sevana nahIM karane vAle ke ghara vaidya kabhI nahIM aataa| AcAryoM ne jIvoM ko bhakSya padArthoM meM bhI kAla maryAdA karane ke bAda hamAre gharoM meM zAkAhArI abhakSya vastuoM kA AnA prAraMbha ho gayA hai| jise hama zAkAhArI vastuoM meM gina kara sevana kara lete haiM parantu vaha vastu vastutaH nahIM khAne yogya hai| AcArya umAsvAmI jI ne pake hue AhAra meM sAvadhAnI baratane kA nirdeza dete hue kahA hai ki- "sacittasaMbaMdha saMmizrAbhiSava duHpakvAhAra" arthAt jIvoM se yukta zAkAhArI padArtha, sacitta saMbandhita bhojana, sacitta jIvoM se mizrita bhojana, pramAdavardhaka bhojana tathA ThIka rIti se nahIM pake hue athavA dubArA pakAye gaye bhojana ko vratiyoM ko grahaNa nahIM karanA cAhie tathA sacitta kamala Adi ke patte Dhake gaye bhojana, sacitta patte DhakA gaye bhojana ko grahaNa karanA niSiddha mAnA hai| bhakSyAbhakSya - prakRti ke pAsa dene ke lie saba kucha hai| khAne-pIne kI sAmagrI se lekara rojamarrA kI sabhI AvazyakatAeM prakRti hameM detI hai| hama prakRti ke eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka haiN| isalie

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 prakRti kA utanA hI bhAga hamAre lie hai jitane se hama apane jIvana yApana ke lie anivArya sAmAgrI kI pUrti kara skeN| yadi hama apanI AvazyakatAeM bar3hAte haiM yA cIjoM ko anAvazyaka saMgraha karake prakRti kA atirikta dohana karate haiM to aMtataH hama svayaM ko hI saMkaTa meM DAlate mokSamArga meM yadyapi aMtaraMga pariNAma pradhAna hai parantu unakA nimitta hone ke kAraNa bhojana meM bhakSyAbhakSya kA viveka rakhanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| madya, mAMsa, madhu va navanIta to hiMsA, mada va pramAda utpAdaka hone ke kAraNa vikArI haiM hI, parantu paMca udumbara phala kaMdamUla, patra va puSpa jAti kI vanaspatiyA~ bhI kSudra trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA ke sthAna athavA anaMtakAyika hone ke kAraNa abhakSya haiN| inake atirikta bAsI, rasa calita, svAsthya bAdhaka, amaryAdita, saMdigdha va azodhita sabhI prakAra kI khAdya vastueM abhakSya haiN| dAloM ke sAtha dUdha va dahI kA saMyoga hone para vidala saMjJAnatA abhakSya ho jAtA hai| vivekI janoM ko ina sabakA tyAga karake zuddha anna jala Adi kA hI grahaNa karanA yogya hai| abhakSya kA svarUpa - __ jo padArtha khAne yogya nahIM hote unheM akhAdya kahA jAtA hai| hiMsAjanya aura doSayukta padArtha bhI abhakSya kahalAte haiN| abhakSya pAMca prakAra ke haiN| 1. trasaghAta kAraka- jina padArthoM ke sevana meM bahuta trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai aise mAMsa, madirA, zahada, bar3a, pIpala, Umara, kaThUmara, pAkara, kamala kI DaMDI ke samAna pAle padArtha, ghunA anna, amaryAdita vastu, murabbA, purAnA acAra, aura dvidala Adi ke khAne se trasajIvoM kA ghAta hotA hai| ataH inheM trasakAraka abhakSya kahate haiN| 2. pramAda kAraka-jina padArthoM ke sevana se nazA yA mAdakatA utpanna hotI hai jaise zarAba, gAMjA, bhAMga, aphIma, carasa, kokIna, bIr3I, sigareTa, guTakA, tambAkU, Adi padArtha pramAdavardhaka kahalAte haiN| 3. bahu sthAvara hiMsAkAraka- jina padArthoM ke sevana se phala thor3A milatA hai para jIva hiMsA bahuta hotI hai aise mUlI, gAjara, AlU, makkhana, phUlagobhI, udambara phala Adi padArtha bahughAta nAmaka abhakSya kahalAte haiN| 4. aniSTakAraka-jina padArthoM ke sevana se zarIra meM vAta, pitta, kapha Adi prakupita ho evaM jisase rakta vikAra Adi doSa utpanna hoM unheM aniSTakAraka abhakSya kahate haiN| jaise- damA ke rogI ko dahI, jukAma ke rogI ko zItala peya Adi padArtha yA viSa miTTI Adi pdaarth| 5. anusevya- jo padArtha sajjana, sAtvika puruSoM ke dvArA sevana karane yogya nahIM mAne gaye, aise lAra, kapha, jUThana, gomUtra, svamUtra, zaMkhasIpa Adi padArtha anusevya nAmaka abhakSya kahalAte haiN| - isake alAvA jainadharma meM khAdya padArthoM kI bhI eka nizcita kAla maryAdA batAyI gaI hai| usa maryAdA yA samaya sImA ke bAda padArtha akhAdya ho jAtA hai| vijJAna ke anusAra khAdya padArtha eka nizcita avadhi ke bAda sUkSma jIvo ke AkramaNa se dUSita hone lagatA hai| jaina zAstra ke anusAra davAoM kI taraha khAdya padArtha eka avadhi ke pazcAt kharAba ho

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jaina caryA meM ahiMsakAhAra jAte haiM aura ina padArthoM meM zaktivardhaka guNa naSTa ho jAte haiM aura inake prayoga se aneka bImAriyoM ke utpanna hone kI saMbhAvanA bar3ha jAtI hai| 39 aisA mAnA gayA hai ki aSTamI aura caturdazI ko harI sabjiyoM kA upayoga nahIM karanA caahiye| mAnyatA hai ki candramA kI gati ke phalasvarUpa aSTamI aura caturdazI ke dina zarIra meM pAnI kI mAtrA adhika ho jAtI hai| harI sabjI meM bhI pAnI bharapUra mAtrA meM rahatA hai| ataH harI sabjiyA~ khAne se zarIra meM pAnI kI mAtrA adhika ho jAtI hai jo dila aura gurdoM para hAnikAraka prabhAva DAlatI hai| isI dRSTi se jaina vaijJAnikoM ne kama se kama saptAha meM eka dina harI sabjI khAne ke lie niSedha kiyA hai| AhAra banAne yogya sthAna prAcIna kAla se hI bhagavat bhakti ke pazcAt bhojana banAne ke sthAna ko pavitratA kA sthAna diyA gayA hai| muniyoM ke sAtha-sAtha zrAvakoM ko bhI zuddha sthAna para AhAra lene kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai, isI kAraNa zrAvaka azuddha sthAna para bhojanazAlA kA nirmANa nahIM karAtA / jisa bhUmi ke nIce haDDiyoM, mAMsa, madirA kA sthAna ho vahAM nivAsa sthAna banAne kA niSedha kiyA hai| bhojanazAlA alaga se banAnA hai to vahAM bhI isa prakAra kI azuddhi nahIM honI caahie| bhUmi zodhana ke bAda bhUmi kA vaha hissA jahAM agni kA vAsa ho usa hisse meM bhojanazAlA kA nirmANa karanA caahie| usa hisse ko jainAcAryoM ne Agneya koNa kahA hai| bhojanazAlA ke pAsa meM zaucAlaya evaM laghuzaMkA kA sthAna nahIM honA caahie| bhojanazAlA usa zuddha sthAna meM banAnA cAhie jisameM mAMsa, madya, madhu Adi kA sevana pUrvakAla meM bhI na huA ho, kasAIkhAnA na ho athavA pUrva kA baMdIgRha Adi na ho| yadi ina doSoM se yukta bhojanazAlA hotI hai, to usa bhojanazAlA meM banA bhojana viSakArI, rogavardhaka, zokavardhaka tathA kalahakArI hotA hai| jina vyaktiyoM ke gharoM meM bhojanazAlA kA sthAna pavitra hotA hai unake ghara meM zAnti hotI hai, mana sthira rahatA hai, pUjyapuruSoM kI maryAdA pUrvavat sammAnanIya hotI hai tathA pUjyapuruSoM kA Adhipatya usa ghara para sadA banA rahatA hai| parantu vartamAna meM bhojanazAlA kA sthAna hoTaloM evaM DhAvoM ne liyA hai jinake sthAna kA koI nirdhAraNa nahIM hai yahA~ taka ki jisa zamazAna bhUmi meM vyakti ko pAnI pIne kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai vahAM Aja vyakti nAztA Adi karake bhI apane Apa ko dhanya mAna rahA hai ise kalikAla kI balihArI hI kheNge| ghara meM bhojanazAlA athavA cauke kI zuddhi ke lie parivAra ke puruSoM se adhika zuddhatA mahilAoM kI hotI hai| mahilAe~ sarvaprathama zuddha vicAra yukta tathA Anandayukta ho jisase bhojana AnandadAyaka aura bala vardhaka ho| 1. mahilAoM ko zilka kI sAr3I, rezama kI sAr3I, lAkha kI cUr3iyA, camar3e kA parsa Adi pahanakara praveza nahIM karanA caahie| 2. mahilAeM zaucAdi ke vastroM se bhojana na pakAveM / 3. bhojanazAlA meM kaMdamUla Adi azuddha aura hiMsAjanaka vastuoM ke banAne kA niSedha kreN| 4. bhojana meM chane yA garma pAnI kA hI prayoga kreN|

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 5. mahilAe~ bhojana se lipta hAtha ko yahA~-vahA~ na dhoeN| isalie vratodyotana zrAvakAcAra meM kahA hai ki jo striyA~ pakavAna banAne ke lie mizrI pAka ko, yA zarkarA pAka ko yA ghI, gur3a se lipta hAtha ko ghara ke bhItara jahA~ kahIM bhI dhotI haiM jahAM para ki ghrANendriya se AkRSTa hokara makSikA Adi jIva use sparza karate haiM aura unakA maraNa ho jAtA hai| usa pApa ke lie usa strI ko naraka ke duHkha sahana karane par3ate haiN| 6. jo mahilAeM makkhana ko binA garama kiye kaccA khA letI haiN| unako baMdhana, tAraNa, mAraNa, chedana, bhedana sahana karanA par3atA hai| unheM kolhU Adi yaMtroM meM pelA jAtA hai|12 jaina graMthoM meM rajasvalA yukta mahilAoM ke saMyoga se banA bhojana azuddha kI koTi meM AtA hai| mahilAoM meM pratimAha 3 se 5 dina taka unake yonI sthAna se azuddha rakta kA pravAha pratikSaNa hotA rahatA hai jisa kAraNa ve tatkSaNa rakta raMcita kahalAtI haiN| isI kAraNa AcAryoM ne una mahilAoM ko usa samaya zubha kriyA karane kA niSedha kiyA hai| vaha usa samaya maMdira nahIM jAtI, zAstroM kA sparza nahIM karatI, vivAha ityAdi kAryoM meM sahabhAgI nahIM hotI, bhojana sambandhI kAryoM ko nahIM karatI tathA kAmasevana Adi kriyAeM bhI nahIM karatI, usa samaya unako ekAMta meM rahakara dharmArAdhana karanA caahie| prAcIna kAla se hI ye uktiyA~ caritArtha ho rahI hai ki-azuddha mahilAoM kI chAyA yadi sUkhate hue pApar3oM para par3atI hai to ve pApar3a lAla ho jAte haiM tathA unakI AvAja se pApar3oM kA svAda bigar3a jAtA hai| pakavAna Adi bhojya vastuoM kA svAda bigar3a jAtA hai| yadi azuddha avasthA meM devapUjAdi zubhakArya karatI haiM to maMdira kA camatkAra samApta ho jAtA hai, tathA usa strI ko garbhapAta kA doSa lagatA hai| rajasvalA strI ke sparza se netrarogI aMdhA ho jAtA hai, garbhavatI pakSI yadi rajasvalA mahilA ke Upara se nikala jAye to usakA garbhapAta ho jAtA hai| azuddha avasthA meM kAmasevana karane vAlI mahilA kI saMtAna nahIM hotI vaha bAMjha ho jAtI hai| isalie AcAryoM ne isa samaya brahmacarya vrata ko dhAraNa karane kA nirdeza diyA hai| jainAcAryoM evaM vaijJAnikoM ke anusAra pratyeka prANI kA AbhAmaNDala utsarjita hotA hai, jo eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karatA hai| azuddha avasthA meM mahilAoM kA AbhAmaNDala roga utpanna karane vAlA tathA amAMgalika hotA hai| yadi ve isa samaya bhojanazAlA meM praveza kara AhAra sAmagrI ko taiyAra karatI haiM to vaha bhojana bhI rogotpAdaka, zaktihIna, vicAroM meM vikRti, kAmAturatA Adi doSa utpanna karegA jo sadgRhastha ke lie hAnikAraka hai| niSkarSa - jIvana ko sukhI banAne ke lie jIvana meM AhAra aura zayana ko vyavasthita karane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisakA bhojana kA samaya aura sone kA samaya niyata hai vaha apane sabhI kAryoM ko vyavasthita rUpa se saMcAlita karatA hai| isake lie AhAra kI zuddhi kI AvazyakatA adhika hai|

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41 jaina caryA meM ahiMsakAhAra saMdarbha 1. tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya-7, sUtra-4 2. ahiMsakAhAra, DaoN. pI. sI. jaina, pRSTha-132 3. zrAvakAcAra saMgraha bhAga-2, sAgAradharmAmRta, pRSTha-33, zloka-25 4. zrAvakAcAra saMgraha bhAga-1, amitagati zrAvakAcAra, pR.308, zloka-49 5. prAkRtika cikitsA evaM yoga, pRSTha-10 6. ahiMsakAhAra, pRSTha-48 7. tattvArthasUtra, adhyAya-7, sUtra-35 8. zrAvakAcAra saMgraha, bhAga-4, prastAvanA, pRSTha-163 9. ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra, zloka-84-86 10. vatthuvidyA, pRSTha-20 11. zrAvakAcAra saMgraha, bhAga-3, pRSTha-207 12. zrAvakAcAra saMgraha, bhAga-3, pRSTha-207 13. zrAvakAcAra saMgraha, bhAga-3, pRSTha-207 - lakSmInAtha maMdira kI galI, kekar3I, jilA-ajamera (rAjasthAna)-305404 kadhaM care kadhaM cir3he, kadhamAse kadhaM sye| kadhaM bhuMjejja bhAsijja, kadhaM pAvaM Na vajjhadi / / 1014 / / (mUlAcAra) he bhagavan ! kaisA AcaraNa kareM, kaise ThahareM, kaise baiTheM, kaise soveM, kaise bhojana kareM aura kisa prakAra boleM ki jisase pApa-baMdha na ho| jadaM care jadaM ciTTe, jadamAse jadaM sye|| jadaM bhuMjejja bhAsejja, evaM pAMva Na vajjhadi / / 1015 / / uttara - yatnAcAra pUrvaka gamana kareM, khar3e hoM, baiThe, soveM, AhAra kareM tathA yatnAcAra pUrvaka boleN| isa prakAra pApa kA baMdha nahIM hogaa|

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vIra sevA mandira jainadarzana zodha saMsthAna zruta paMcamI mahotsava 2012 zruta paMcamI ke pAvana prasaMga para viSaya "jainadarzana kA vibhinna darzanoM se tulanAtmaka vivecana' para Ayojita rASTrIya vyAkhyAnamAlA meM kAryakramAnusAra ApakI gauravamaya upasthiti prArthanIya hai| adhyakSa : pro. (DaoN.) rAjArAma jaina, variSTha vidvAna, noeDA (u.pra.) mukhya atithi : DaoN. sI. devakumAra epha.ena.e.e.esa., sahAyaka mahAnidezaka (zikSA yojanA evaM vikAza) naI dillI - 12 vaktAgaNa : pro. dharmacanda jaina, jodhapura (rAjasthAna) DaoN. jayakumAra jaina, mujaphpharanagara (u.pra.) DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina, naI dillI zrI siddhArtha jaina, saMgItakAra (bInA) ma.pra. sthAna : vIra sevA mandira sabhAgAra samaya : ravivAra, dinA~ka 27 maI 2012, prAtaH 10 baje se 1 baje taka saMyojaka kAryakrama paM0 nihAlacaMda jaina (nidezaka) 9311250522 Aloka jaina (upanidezaka) 9311050522 nivedaka : vIra sevA mandira 4674/21 aMsArI roDa, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI 110002 dUrabhASa: 91+11-23250522, 30120522, 9311 050522 email: virsewa@gmail.com

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rASTra aura samAja ke hita meM parigraha parimANa vrata kI upayogitA - sureza jaina, AI.e.esa. (se.ni) pratyeka mAnava hamAre rASTra aura samAja kI AdhArabhUta ikAI hai| ataH pratyeka mAnava ke vikAsa para hI usake rASTra aura samAja kA vikAsa AdhArita hai| pratyeka mAnava ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane jIvana meM apanI saMskRti dvArA susthApita zAzvata jIvana mUlyoM kA satata rUpa se pAlana kre| jaina saMskRti suvikasita saMskRti hai| jaina saMskRti ke maharSiyoM ne suvicAra pUrvaka pratyeka mAnava ke kucha kartavya nirdhArita kie haiM jisase ki vaha apanA caturmukhI vikAsa kara sake aura sAmAjika vyavasthA ko samucita DhaMga se saMcAlita kara sakeM evaM apane rASTra ke sabhI vyaktiyoM ke kalyANa meM sahabhAgI ho skeN| 2. jaina saMskRti ne ina vyAvahArika kartavyoM kI saMhitA ko zAstrIya dRSTi se aNuvrata yA zrAvakAcAra kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai| isa saMhitA ke ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura parigraha parimANa ye pA~ca AdhArabhUta evaM pramukha niyama hai| ina pramukha niyamoM kA samyak aura saMpUrNa rUpa se pAlana karane ke lie inake upaniyama bhI banAe haiM jinheM zAstrIya bhASA meM vrata kI bhAvanAe~ kahIM hai| ina pramukha niyamoM meM se paMcama evaM aMtima niyama parigraha parimANa hamArI cala evaM acala aura cetana evaM acetana saMpatti kI sImAoM ko nirdhArita karane kA nirdeza detA hai| isa niyama kA dUsarA nAma icchA parimANa hai| icchA parimANa hamArI AMtarika icchAoM ko niyaMtrita evaM niyamita karane kA nirdeza detA hai| isa niyama kA pramukha uddezya yaha hai ki hama bAhyarUpa se apanI cala evaM acala saMpatti vivekapUrvaka nirdhArita sImAoM meM rakheM aura AMtarika rUpa se apanI icchAoM ko niyaMtrita kareM jisase ki bAhya sImAoM kA pAlana svayameva hotA rhe| 3. prathama zatAbdi ke vizvavizruta AcArya umAsvAmI ne mokSazAstra (tattvArthasUtra) ke saptama adhyAya ke nimnAMkita satrahaveM sUtra meM parigraha kI vyAkhyA kI hai:3.1 mUrchA prigrhH| mUrchA ko parigraha kahA gayA hai| cala-acala saMpatti ke Adhipatya, svAmitva evaM mamatva kI bhAvanA parigraha hai| apanI AvazyakatAoM kI sImA taka cala-acala saMpatti rakhanA evaM sImA se adhika saMpatti kA parityAga karanA hI parigraha parimANa vrata hai| 3.2 isa adhyAya ke nimnAMkita untIsaveM sUtra meM parigraha parimANa ke aticAroM kA niSedhAtmaka rUpa se ullekha kiyA gayA hai :kSetravAstuhiraNyasuvarNathanadhAnyadAsIdAsa kupyprmaannaatikrmaaH||7-29|| isa sUtra meM parigraha parimANa vrata ke aticAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isa sUtra kA

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 44 tAtparya hai ki nimnAMkita pA~ca prakAra kI cetana evaM acetana saMpattiyoM kI nirdhArita sImAoM kA ullaMghana nahIM kiyA jAnA caahie| 3.2.1 kSetravAstupramANAtikramAH arthAt kheta aura makAna ke pramANa kA ullaMghana krnaa| 3.2.2 hiraNyasuvarNapramANAtikramAH arthAt cAMdI, sonA Adi ke pramANa kA ullaMghana krnaa| 3.2.3 dhanadhAnyapramANAtikramAH arthAt pazudhana tathA anAja ke pramANa kA ullaMghana krnaa| 3.2.4 dAsIdAsapramANAtikramAH arthAt dAsa-dAsiyoM ke pramANa kA ullaMghana karanA aura 3.2.5 kupyapramANAtikramAH arthAt vastra tathA vartanoM ke pramANa kA ullaMghana krnaa| 3.3 parigraha parimANa vrata ke ina pAMca aticAroM kA pramukha uddezya yaha hai ki sadgRhastha nirdhArita sImAoM se adhika saMpatti ekatrita na kareM aura adhika saMpatti ekatrita hone para usakA turanta dAna kara deN| 4. jaina saMskRti ne bhAvanA ko sarvocca sthAna pradAna kiyA hai| karma se bhAvanA ko adhika mahatva diyA hai| pratyeka niyama aura usake upaniyamoM ke pAlana karane ke lie vizeSa bhAvanAoM kI pahacAna kara unakI vaijJAnika DhaMga se vyAkhyA kI hai| zArIrika zuddhi aura vacana zuddhi ke pUrva mAnasika yA bhAvanAtmaka zuddhi kA ullekha karate hue bhAvanA ko prAthamikatA pradAna kI gaI hai| ataH parigraha parimANa ke niyama/ upaniyama kA prabhAvI DhaMga se saMrakSaNa evaM pAlana sunizcita karane ke lie mokSazAstra meM AcArya umAsvAmI deva ne nimnAMkita sUtra meM pAMca bhAvanAeM upadiSTa kI gaI hai :"manojJAmanojJendriyaviSayarAgadveSavarjanAni pnyc|" 7-8 // sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura karNa ina pAMca indriyoM ke mAdhyama se manojJa, priya yA iSTa viSayoM meM rAga aura amanojJa, apriya yA aniSTa viSayoM meM dveSa nahIM rakhane kA prAvadhAna kiyA 5.2 hajAra varSa pUrva AcArya samantabhadra svAmI ne ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra ke tRtIya adhikAra meM parigraha parimANa aNuvrata kI nimnAMkita zabdoM meM vyAkhyA kI hai : dhana-dhAnyAdi-granthaM, parimAya tato'dhi-keSu niHspRhtaa| pri-mit-prigrhHsyaa,-dicchaa-primaann-naa-maapi||15|| arthAt (dhana-dhanyAdi-grantha) kSetra, vAstu, hiraNya, suvarNa, dhana, dhAnya, dAsa, dAsI, kupya aura bhANDa ina dasa bAhya parigrahoM ko (parimAya) parimita rakhakara (tataH) unase (adhikeSu) adhika meM (niHspRhatA) icchA nahIM rakhanA (parimita parigraha) parigraha parimANavrata (api) athavA (icchAparimANanAmA) icchAparimANanAmaka aNuvrata (ucyate) kahA jAtA hai| 5.1 AcArya samantabhadra svAmI jI ne parigraha parimANa aNuvrata ke pAMca aticAroM kA ullekha karate hue likhA ki : ativAhanatisaMgraha, vismylobhaatibhaarvhnaani| parimitaparigrahasya ca, vikSepAH panca lkssynte||

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45 rASTra aura samAja ke hita meM parigraha parimANa vrata kI upayogitA arthAt (ativAhana) adhika savArI rakhanA (atisaMgraha) anAvazyaka vastueM ikaTThI karanA (vismaya) dUsare kA vaibhava dekhakara Azcarya karanA (lobha) lobha karanA aura (ati bhAra vahanAni) bahuta bhAra lAdanA ye (panca) pA~ca (parimitaparigrahasya) parigraha parimANANuvrata ke (vikSepAH) aticAra (lakSyante) kahe gaye haiN| anya zabdoM meM adhika lAbha uThAne kI dRSTi se vAhanoM kA aura unameM jote jAne vAle pazuoM kA kSamatA se adhika upayoga karanA, adhika lAbha kI abhilASA se dhanadhAnyAdi ko adhika samaya taka roke rakhanA, viziSTa lAbha ke hote hue bhI adhika lAbha kI lAlasA karanA, lobhavaza vAhanoM para kSamatA se adhika bhAra lAdanA ye parigraha- parimANa aNuvrata ke pAMca aticAra haiN| 6. pratyeka manuSya bar3hatI huI icchAoM ke kAraNa parigraha kA saMcaya karatA hai| vaha parigraha kA pUrNa tyAga nahIM kara sakatA hai| pratyeka vyakti kI AvazyakatAeM bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI hotI haiN| ataH parigraha parimANa vrata kA pAlana karane vAle pratyeka gRhastha vyakti dvArA apane viveka evaM apanI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa apanI icchAoM ko parimita yA sImita kiyA gayA jAtA hai| pratyeka gRhastha ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apanA vyavasAya itanA adhika na phailAaiM, jisakI vaha svayaM sAja saMbhAla nahIM kara sakeM aura sadaiva usakI vyagratA bar3hatI rhe| 7. parigraha parimANa kA yaha niyama hameM apanI icchAoM ko sImita aura niyamita karane kA saMdeza dekara anya pramukha niyamoM- ahiMsA, satya, acaurya aura brahmacarya- kA pAlana karane meM sahayoga pradAna karatA hai| yadi hama parigraha parimANa ke pramukha evaM AdhArabhUta niyama kA pAlana karane meM saphala ho jAte haiM to ahiMsA, satya, acaurya aura brahmacarya saMbaMdhI niyamoM aura pratyeka niyama ke upaniyamoM kA pAlana svayameva hI sunizcita ho jAtA hai| samaMtabhadra svAmI ne yaha spaSTa ghoSaNA kI hai ki ina niyamoM kA pAlana karane se hameM sarvArtha siddhi prApta ho sakatI hai evaM hamAre cAroM puruSArtha dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa hameM saralatA se prApta ho sakate haiN| 8. cala-acala saMpatti ke niyamana, sImAkaraNa evaM nyUnIkaraNa ko bahiraMga parigraha kahA jAtA hai| bahiraMga parigraha ke sAtha-sAtha aMtaraMga parigraha kA nyUnIkaraNa atyAvazyaka hai| zramaNa saMskRti meM aMtaraMga parigraha nyUnIkaraNa kA atyadhika mahatva hai| cAra kaSAya-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha- aMtaraMga parigraha kI zreNI meM Ate haiN| 9. AMtarika parigraha ke kArAgAra kA bhavana krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ke cAra staMbhoM para khar3A rahatA hai| ye cAroM kaSAeM sadgRhastha ko anekAneka kaSTa pahuMcAtI haiN| ina kaSAyoM kA tyAga yA nyUnIkaraNa kiyA jAnA Avazyaka hai| ataH hama kSamA se krodha para vijaya prApta kreN| mRdutA aura vinaya ke sadguNoM se mAna kaSAya ko niyaMtrita kreN| saralatA se mAyA aura saMtoSa se lobha ko viniyamita kreN| 10. hamAre maharSiyoM dvArA susthApita ahiMsAdika pAMcoM aNuvratoM kA hamAre vyaktitva ke caturmukhI vikAsa meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna hai| unhoMne aNuvratoM ke niyamoM, upaniyamoM aura bhAvanAoM ke mAdhyama se hamAre ciMtana evaM vyaktitva ko pariSkRta kiyA hai| pratyeka vyakti ko sadAcAra ke patha para calane kI anupama DhaMga se sIkha dI hai| ataH rASTra aura samAja ke hita meM parigraha parimANa vrata kI atyadhika upayogitA evaM sarAhanIya bhUmikA hai|

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 11. Aja ke vaizvIkaraNa, takanIkI tathA vaijJAnika pragati ke isa bhautikatAvAdI, upabhoktAvAdI aura Arthika mahattA kI soca vAle yuga meM jaina saMskRti dvArA ghoSita parigraha parimANa ke siddhAnta kA vyAvahArika dRSTi se bahumUlya avadAna siddha ho cukA hai| isa svarNima siddhAnta kA pAlana karate hue saMpUrNa vizva vikAsa evaM zAMti ke patha para agrasara ho sakatA hai| saMpUrNa vizva ko yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki aparigraha ke jIvana darzana para AdhArita artha nIti hI saMpUrNa vizva ko vikasita kara skegii| ataH hama aparigraha kI saMjIvanI bUTI ko svIkAra kreN| parigraha ko vicArapUrvaka ghaTAte jaaeN| saMtoSa pUrvaka sAdagI kA jIvana sahajatA se apanAte jaaeN| vastuoM ke vaibhava ko chor3ate cleN| AdhyAtmika vaibhava kI ora mur3ate cleN| hama apanI Avazyaka AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kreN| asImita AkAMkSAoM kA niyamana kreN| apanI icchAoM ko sImita karate hue aparigraha ke siddhAnta ke mAdhyama se pUre vizva meM sauhArda, sadbhAva, maitrI aura zAMti kI sthApanA kreN| - 30 nizAMta kAlonI, bhopAla- 462003 bodhakathA saMta vinobA jI kI mA~, jAmaNa DAlakara dahI jamAtI thI aura sAtha meM rAma kA nAma letI thii| vinobA jaba bar3e ho gaye, unhoMne mAM se kahA ki hameM saba bAteM samajha meM AtI haiM, lekina ApakI eka bAta merI samajha meM nahIM A rhii| ye batAo- dahI jAmaNa se jamatA hai yA Izvara kA nAma lene se? yA phira donoM se? yadi kevala jAmaNa se jamatA hai, to Izvara kI kyA AvazyakatA hai, usakA nAma lenA baMda kro| aura yadi Izvara ke nAma se jamatA hai, to jAmaNa DAlanA baMda kro| mA~ ha~sakara bolI- beTe ! jAmaNa dene se hI dUdha kA dahI banatA hai| parantu Izvara kA nAma isalie letI hU~ ki jaba subaha acchA dahI jama jAegA to mujhe aMhakAra na A jAye ki maiMne jamAyA hai, isalie rAma kA nAma liyA karatI huuN| merI zraddhA- mere isa kartApane aura ahaMkAra ko, ki maiM karatA hU~, isako naSTa karatI hai| ataH Izvara ke prati zraddhA Avazyaka hai| jIvana meM Izvara kA yaha rola, yaha sahayoga bahuta jarUrI hai| yadi maiM jJAnavAna hU~ to mujhe ahaMkArI banane se vaha rokatA hai| (muni kSamAsAgara jI : karma kaise kareM? pravacana se)

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jaina saMskRta AdhyAtmika TIkAkAra eka sarvekSaNa - DaoN. ramezacanda jaina jainadharma meM Agama aura adhyAtma do kathana zailiyA~ haiM jo samasta doSoM se rahita tathA kevalajJAna Adi parama vaibhava sahita haiM, ve paramAtmA haiM inase viparIta paramAtmA nahIM haiN| usa paramAtmA ke mukha se nikale hue vacana jo pUrvApara doSa rahita aura zuddha haiM, vahI Agama hai| usa Agama meM kahe gae hI tattvArtha haiM / Agama kA kSetra jIva, pudgalakAya, dharma, adharma, kAla aura AkAza hai| inhIM kA nAma tattvArtha hai / ye guNa aura paryAyoM se saMyukta haiN| Agama meM samasta dravyoM ke nirUpaNa ke sAtha AtmA kA bhI nirUpaNa hai aura AtmA kI svAbhAvika avasthA, siddha avasthA kA bhI isameM nirUpaNa hai| isa prakAra AtmA kI samasta saMyogI paryAyoM kA nirUpaNa kara anta meM usakI siddha paryAya kA nirUpaNa hone ke kAraNa hI Agama ko siddhAMta zabda se bhI kahate haiM / | adhyAtma zabda kI paribhASA dete hue dravyasaMgraha ke TIkAkAra brahmadeva ne kahA haimithyAtvarAgAdirUpa samasta vikalpajAla rUpa parihAreNa, svazuddha AtmAne Adye yadanuSThAnaM tadadhyAtmamiti / arthAt mithyAtva rAgAdi rUpa samasta vikalpa samUha ke tyAga dvArA nija zuddha AtmA meM jo anuSThAna (pravRtti kA karanA) usako adhyAtma kahate haiN| sonA khAna meM miTTI ke sAtha par3A hai, prayAsa yahI hotA hai ki sonA nikala jaay| adhyAtma kahatA hai ki karma hai hI nahIM / Agama AtmA aura karmoM ko milAkara varNana karatA hai / adhyAtma kahatA hai ki AtmA apane meM hai, isake sAtha anya dravya kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| Agama meM chaH dravyoM kI carcA hotI hai| adhyAtma meM svadravya kI carcA hotI hai| jaina adhyAtma kA varNana karane vAle AcAryoM meM AcArya kundakunda kA nAma sarvopari hai| paravartI AcAryoM ke nirUpaNa ke lie AcArya kundakunda kI racanAyeM dIpatulya haiN| ina racanAoM meM samayasAra pramukha rUpa se adhyAtma ko dRSTi meM rakhakara likhA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki usa para saMskRta, hindI aura kannar3a meM aneka TIkAyeM prApta haiN| ina TIkAoM meM AcArya amRtacandra nAma sarvopari hai| AcArya amRtacandra ye AcArya kundakunda (vikrama saMvat 49 ) ke pramukha graMthoM samayasAra, pravacanasAra aura paJcAstikAya ke Adya TIkAkAra mAne jAte haiN| inakA samaya vikrama kI dasavIM sadI kA pUrvArddha mAnA jAtA hai| ye jAti ke ThAkura the, kyoMki paM. AzAdhara jI (terahavIM vikrama sadI) ne "ThakkurAmRta' candrasUri "" nAmaka ullekha kiyA hai| inhoMne AcArya kundakunda ke pramukha grantha 5

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 48 samayapAhuDa athavA samayasAra para AtmakhyAti nAmaka saMskRta TIkA likhI, jisameM bIca bIca meM padyoM kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| isa TIkA ko nATakIya zailI meM prastuta kara use nATaka kA rUpa de diyA hai| unhoMne gadya kI sarala aura kaThina donoM zailiyoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| bIca bIca meM udAharaNoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA hai| unake padya, kalaza saMjJA se vibhUSita kie jAte haiN| ina kalazoM meM adhyAtma rasa se sarAbora karane kI zakti hai| inhIM ke AdhAra para paM. banArasIdAsa jI ne hindI bhASA meM samayasAra kalaza kI racanA kii| ina kalazoM meM svAnubhUti bharI huI hai| unake kalazoM ke kucha udAharaNa draSTavya hai ubhayanayavirodhadhvaMsinI syAtpadAMke jinavacasi ramante ye svayaM vaantmohaaH| sapadi samayasAraM te paraM jyotiruccairanavamanaya pakSAkSuNNamIkSaMta eva / / ya eva muktvA naya pakSapAtaM svarUguptA nivasanti nitym| vikalpajAlacyuta zAntacittAsta eva sAkSAdamRtaM pibnti| majjantunirbharamamI samameva lokA Alokamucchalati zAntarase smstaaH| AplAvya vibhramatiraskariNIM bhareNa pronmagna eSa bhagavAnavabodha sindhuH|| prameyoM ko samajhAne ke lie unhoMne naya aura praznottara zailI kA bhI avalambana liyA hai| zabdoM kI bIca bIca meM vyutpattiyA~ bhI karate jAte haiN| apanI bAta ko samajhAne ke lie unhoMne nyAyazailI kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| utpAdavyaya dhrauvyAtmaka vastu ko samajhAne hetu ve pravacanasAra kI gAthA 100 kI TIkA meM kahate haiM na khalusargaH saMhAramantareNa, na saMhAro vA sargamantareNa, na sRSTisaMhAro sthitimantareNaM, na sthitiH sNhaarmntrenn| ya eva hi sargaH sa eva saMhAraH, ya eva saMhAraH sa eva sargaH yAveva sargasaMhArau saiva sthitiH, yaiva sthitistAveva srgsNhaaraaviti| tathAhi ya eva kumbhasya sargaH sa eva mRtpiNDasya saMhAraH, bhAvasya bhaavaantraabhaavsvbhaavenaavbhaasnaat| yau ca kumbhapiNDayoH sargasiMharau saiva mRttikAyAH sthitiH, vytireknnaamnvyaantikrmnnaat| yaiva ca mRttikAyAH sthitistAveva kumbhapiNDayoH sargasaMhArI, vyatirekamukhenaivAnvayasya prkaashnaat| yadi punarnedamevamiSyeta tadAnyaH sonyaH saMhAraH anyaasthitiraayaati| tathA sati hi kevalaM sarga mRgayamANasya kumbhasyotpAdanakAraNAbhAvAdabhatireva bhavet asadutpAda evvaa| tatra kumbhasyAbhavanau sarveSAmevabhAvAnAmabhavanireva bhavet, asadutpoda vA vyomaprasavAdInAmapyutpAdaH syaat| paravartI racanAkAroM ko AcArya amRtacandra ne vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA hai| inameM AcArya devasena, A. amitagati prathama A. prabhAcandra, amitagati dvitIya, AcArya jayasena, AcArya zubhacandra, AcArya vAdIbhasiMha padmaprabhamala dhArIdeva, muni rAmasena, brahmadeva Adi pramukha hai| paravartI hindI racanAoM kI adhyAtma zailI ke to ve pramukha preraNAsrota meM se eka haiN| jayasenAcArya - jayasenAcArya kA samaya 13vIM zatAbdI hai| unhoMne samayasAra para tAtparyavRtti nAmaka TIkA likhI hai| TIkA meM khaNDAnvaya dvArA zabdazaH gAthAoM kA artha spaSTa kiyA hai| artha spaSTa karane ke bAda unhoMne gAthArtha para vizeSa prakAza bhI DAlA hai| nae adhikAra ke prAraMbha meM usa

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49 jaina saMskRta AdhyAtmika TIkAkAra : eka sarvekSaNa adhikAra ke prAraMbha kA kauna sA viSaya kitanI kitanI gAthAoM meM hai, isakA sundara vivaraNa diyA hai / vRtti kI bhASA sarala hai| unhoMne svayaM kahA hai- isa graMtha meM prAyaH padoM kI saMdhi nahIM kI hai, vAkya bhI bhinna bhinna rakhe gae haiM, jisase saralatApUrvaka pAThaka jJAna kara skeN| isIlie vivekI puruSoM ko liMga, vacana, kriyA, kAraka, sandhi, samAsa, vizeSya, vAkya samApti Adi dUSaNa nahIM karanA caahie| samayasAra kI TIkA ke atirikta jayasenAcArya ne paMcAstikAya kI tAtparyavRtti TIkA tathA pravacanasAra kI tAtparyavRtti TIkA bhI likhI hai| jasasenIya TIkAyeM nayollekhapUrvaka guNasthAna paripATI se kI gaI padakhaNDAnvayI TIkAyeM haiN| padakhaNDAnvaya ke sAtha inhoMne viSaya ko spaSTa bhI kiyA hai| zabdArtha aura bhAvArtha ke sAtha inhoMne AvazyakatAnusAra nayArtha, matArtha, AgamArtha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai| viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie praznottara bhI die haiN| pAribhASika zabdoM kA spaSTIkaraNa bhI acchI taraha kiyA gayA hai / jayasena kI TIkAyeM amRtacandracArya kI pUraka haiN| nayoM kA ullekha amRtacandra bahuta kama karate haiN| yadi karate bhI haiM to nizcaya vyavahAra yA dravyArthika-paryAyArthika taka hI sImita rahate haiM, para jayasena nizcaya-vyavahAra aura dravyArthika-paryAyArthika ke bheda prabhedoM ke vistAra meM bhI jAte haiN| padmaprabhamaladhArideva inhoMne AcArya kundakunda ke niyamasAra para saMskRta TIkA likhii| ye mUlasaMgha kundakundAnvaya pustakagaccha aura dezIgaNa ke AcArya vIsandi ke ziSya the / niyamasAra para likhita saMskRta TIkA kA nAma tAtparyavRtti hai / inakI yaha tAtparyavRtti amRtacandra sUri kI TIkA samayasAra tAtparyavRtti kI zailI meM likhI gaI hai, jisameM gadya, padya donoM haiN| TIkA meM TIkAkAra ne AcArya samantabhadra, siddhasena, pUjyapAda, amRtacandra, somadeva, guNabhadra, vAdirAja, yogIndradeva, candrakIrti aura mahAsena ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| saMvat 1107 kA eka zilAlekha madrAsa prAnta ke pATazivapurama nAmaka grAma ke dakSiNa dvAra para milA hai, jisameM padamaprabhamaladhArideva eMva unake guru zrI vIranandi siddhAnta cakravartI kA ullekha hai| isase inakA samaya 12vIM zatAbdI nizcita hotA hai| isameM gadya TIkA ke sAtha 311 padya haiN| niyamasAra ke paramArtha pratikramaNa adhikAra kI Arambhika 5 gAthAoM ko TIkAkAra padmaprabhamaladhArideva paMcaratna kahate haiN| inameM nArakAdi, guNasthAnAdi, bAlakAdi, rAgAdi evaM krodhAdibhAvoM kA nizcaya se AtmakarttA, kArayitA, anumaMtA va kAraNa nahIM hai- yaha batAyA gayA hai| isake bAda eka gAthA meM yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki ukta bhAvanA se jisa madhyastha bhAva kI utpatti hotI hai, use nizcayacAritra kahate haiN| isa adhikAra ke saMpUrNa pratipAdana kA sAra yaha hai ki AtmArAdhanA hI vastutaH paramArthapratikramaNa hai| niyamasAra bhAvanA pradhAna grantha hai| isakA sAra yaha hai ki jIvAdi sAta tattvoM kA samUha para dravya hone ke upAdeya nahIM hai| AtmA hI upAdeya hai|

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 AryikA jJAnamatI AryikA jJAnamatI mAtAjI ne AcArya kundakunda ke niyamasAra para saMskRta meM sarala bhASA meM eka TIkA likhii| isa TIkA nAma unhoMne syAdvAda candrikA rkhaa| niyamasAra grantha meM sarvagAthAyeM 187 haiN| isameM unhoMne tIna mahAdhikAra mAne haiM, jinake nAma haiM- vyavahAra mokSamArga, nizcaya mokSamArga aura mokSa jIva, ajIva Adi se isameM bAraha adhikAra haiN| TIkA meM pratyeka adhikAra ke aMtargata adhikAra karane se 37 antarAdhikAra kiye haiN| TIkA likhate hue zlokavArtika, tiloyapaNNati Adi 62 graMthoM kA AdhAra lekara yathA sthAna unake uddharaNa die haiN| TIkA meM guNasthAna tathA naya vyavasthA kI zailI meM sundara varNana hai| yahA~ tAtparyArtha bhI liyA hai, usameM Aja hameM kyA karanA cAhie, yaha dhvanita kiyA hai| usakA eka udAharaNa hai - 50 athavA pramattApramattamunInnamapi mokSamArgo vyavahAranayenaiva paramparayA kaarnntvaat| nizcayanayena tu ayoginAM caramasamayavartiratnatraya pariNAmo mokSamArgaH, sAkSAt moksspraaptihetutvaat| bhavamokSApekSayA adhyAtmabhASayA vA kSINakaSAyAntya pariNAmo'pi ceti / tAtparyametat-ciccaitanyacamatkArasvarUpanijaparamAtma tattvasya rucistasyaiva jJAnaM tatraivAvasthAnAM caitadabhedaratnatrayasvarUpanizcayamokSamArgamupAdeyaM kRtvA bhedaratnatrayarUpavyavahAra mokSamArga AzrayaNIyaH / tacchaktyabhAve dezacAritramavalambanIyaM mahAvratasya ca bhAvanA kartavyA stokavratagrahaNAbhAve samyaktvaM dRDhIkurvatA satA vikalacAritrasya bhAvanA vidhAtavyA / kiM ca kramamannate kramyaiva bhAvanA bhavanAzinI bhavati / athavA chaThe sAtaveM guNasthAnavartI pramatta apramatta muniyoM ke bhI mokSamArga vyavahAranaya se hI hai kyoMki vaha paraMparA se kAraNa hai| nizcayanaya se to ayoga kevaliyoM kA antima samayavartI ratnatraya pariNAma hI mokSamArga hai / kyoMki vaha sAkSAt anantara kSaNa meM mokSa ko prApta karAne vAlA hai athavA bhAvamokSa kI apekSA se adhyAtma bhASA meM kSINa kaSAyavartI muni kA antima samayavartI pariNAma bhI mokSamArga hai| tAtparya yaha nikalA ki cita caitanya camatkAra svarUpa apanI AtmA hI paramatattva hai, usakA zraddhAna, usI kA jJAna aura usI meM sthiratArUpa cAritra yaha abhedaratnatraya kA svarUpa hai| yahI nizcaya mokSamArga hai| isako upAdeya karake bheda ratnatrayasvarUpa vyavahAra mokSamArga kA Azraya lenA cAhie aura mahAvratI kI bhAvanA karanI caahie| yadi aNuvrata bhI nahIM le sakate haiM to samyaktva ko dRr3ha karate hue dezacAritra kI bhAvanA karanI caahie| kyoMki krama kA ullaghana na karate hue hI kI gaI bhAvanA bhava kI nAza karane vAlI hotI hai| brahmadeva brahmadeva ne paramAtma prakAza tathA dravyasaMgraha para TIkA likhii| paramAtmaprakAza kavi joindu apabhraMza bhASA meM adhyAtma pradhAna racanA hai| padaccheda, utthAnikA, prakaraNa saMgata carcA tathA brahmadeva kI TIkA kI anya bAteM hameM jayasenAcArya kI paJcAstikAya kI TIkA kI yAda dilAtI haiN| brahmadeva ne jayasena kA pUrA pUrA anukaraNa kiyA hai| udAharaNa ke lie paramAtmaprakAza

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jaina saMskRta AdhyAtmika TIkAkAra : eka sarvekSaNa 2-21 aura paJcAstikAya 23, paramAtmaprakAza 2-33 aura paMcAstikAya 152 tathA paramAtmaprakAza 2-36 aura paJcAstikAya- 146 kI TIkAoM ko paraspara milAnA caahie| DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye ne brahmadeva kA samaya 13vIM zatAbdI I. ke lagabhaga rakhA hai| paramAtmaprakAza TIkA sarala aura vizada hai| graMthakAra ke hArda ko abhivyakta karane meM yaha pUrI taraha samartha hai| yaha TIkA dravyasaMgraha kI TIkA ke samAna jainasiddhAnta kI pAribhASika vyAkhyAoM se bharI nahIM hai| unakA uddezya viSaya kI vyAkhyA karanA hai| vibhinna prakAra ke nayoM ke prayoga se ve paricita haiN| unakA utsAha nizcaya yA Atmika jJAna kI ora adhika hai| maladhAri bAlacandra kI paramAtma prakAza kI kannaDa TIkA prApta hai| brahmadeva TIkA kA sahArA lete hue isakI racanA kI gaI hai| bAlacandra kA kAla 14vIM zatAbdI I. kA madhya rakhA jA sakatA hai| prabhAcandra - AcArya pUjyapAda kRta samAdhitaMtra para prabhAcandrAcArya racita saMskRta TIkA prApta hotI hai| yaha TIkA zlokoM ke zabdArtha ko hI sarala rUpa meM samajhAtI hai| inakI sarala aura sIdhI sAdI bhASA dekhakara sahaja hI yaha jJAna hotA hai ki yaha TIkA prameyakamala mArtaNDa aura nyAyakumudacandra ke kartA suprasiddha prabhAcandrAcArya se bhinna kisI anya prabhAcandrAcArya kI haiM, kyoMki prabhAcandra nAma ke aneka AcArya hue haiN| suprasiddha dArzanika prabhAcandra kI bhASA praur3ha hai| yaha TIkA usa koTi kI nahIM hai| uparyukta prabhAcandra kI ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra aura AtmAnuzAsana para bhI TIkAyeM upalabdha haiN| paM. AzAdhara jI -paNDita pravara AzAdhara jI ne AcArya pUjyapAda ke iSTopadeza para saMkSipta TIkA likhI hai| yaha saMkSipta hote hue bhI hArda ko spaSTa karatI hai| udAharaNArtha iSTopadeza meM kahA hai- na me mRtyuH kuto bhItirna me vyAdhiH kuto vythaa| nAhaM bAlo na vRddhohaM na yuvaitAni pudgle||29 arthAt merI mauta nahIM hai, isa kAraNa mujhe kisase bhaya hai? mere koI rAga nahIM hai isalie kahA~ se mujhe pIr3A-duHkha hai| maiM bAlaka nahIM hU~, maiM vRddha nahIM hU~, maiM javAna nahIM huuN| ye saba bAteM paudgalika zarIra meM hotI haiN| isakI TIkA meM AzAdhara jI ne kahA hai nizcitAtmasvarUpa kI mRtyu-prANatyAga nahIM hai| cita zakti lakSaNa bhAvaprANoM kA kabhI bhI tyAga nahIM hotA, ataH merA maraNa nahIM hai| kAle sarpa Adi maraNa ke kAraNoM se maiM kyoM DarU~ ? vAtAdi kA sambandha mUrta se hai ataH vAtAdi vyAdhi doSa bhI mere nahIM hai| jvarAdi vikAra bhI mere kaise ho sakate haiM? merI bAlAdi avasthAeM bhI nahIM hai ataH bAlAdi avasthAoM se utpanna duHkhoM se maiM kaise abhibhUta ho sakatA hU~! ye mRtyu, vyAdhi, bAlAdi avasthAyeM mUrta dehAdi meM hI saMbhava haiN| amUrta mujhameM ye asaMbhava hai| cirakAla ke abheda saMskAra vaza ye pazcAtApakArI haiN| AtmA meM ye tyakta haiM to mujhe ye duHkha dene vAlI kaise ho sakatI haiM? isI prakAra pratyeka zloka kA tAtparyArtha paNDita pravara AzAdhara jI ne acchI taraha abhivyaJjita kiyA hai|

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 52 kamalakIrti - bhaTTAraka kamalakIrti kI AcArya devasena ke tattvasAra para saMskRta TIkA upalabdha hai| jisa prakAra AcArya kundakunda ne pUrvagata aneka prAbhRtoM kA sAra khIMcakara samayaprAbhRta yA samayasAra, pravacanasAra, niyamasAra aura aneka prAmRtoM kI racanA kI hai, usI prakAra AcArya devasena ne apane samaya meM upalabdha bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA sAra khIMcakara ArAdhanAsAra kI tathA samayasAra, paramAtmaprakAza aura yogaviSayaka samAdhitaMtra, iSTopadeza Adi aneka graMthoM kA sAra lekara tattvasAra kI racanA kii| tattvasAra prAkRta gAthAmaya hai| devasena vikrama saMvat kI dazavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha meM hue| isake TIkAkAra ne anta meM jo prazasti dI hai, usase siddha hai ki kASThAsaMgha, mAthura gaccha aura puSkaragaNa ke bhaTTAraka kSemakIrti ke praziSya aura hemakIrti ke ziSya zrI kamalakIrti ne isa TIkA ko racA hai| kamalakIrti kA samaya vikrama saMvat 1410 ke AsapAsa mAnA jA sakatA hai| kamalakIrti kI ziSya paramparA kA ullekha vikrama saMvat 1525 meM utkIrNa gvAliyara ke mUrtilekha meM pAyA jAtA hai| usake anusAra kamalakIrti ke paTTa para sonAgira meM bhaTTAraka zubhacandra pratiSThita hue| isakA ullekha raidhU kavi ne apane harivaMzapurANa kI prazasti meM bhI kiyA hai| TIkAkAra kamalakIrti ne pratyeka bhASA kI utthAnikA meM tattvasAra ke racayitA devasena ko paramArAdhya, paramapUjya bhaTTAraka vizeSaNa ke sAtha kahIM bhagavAn pada ke sAtha kahIM devasenadeva kahakara aura kahIM sUtrakAra kahakara atiparamapUjya vizeSaNoM ke dvArA unake nAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| pratyeka parva ke prAraMbha meM TIkAkAra kamalakIrti ne amarasiMha ko sambodhana karane vAlA eka eka AzIrvAdAtmaka padya diyA hai tathA graMtha ke aMta meM unhIM ko saMbodhita karake kahA hai ki he saMsArabhIrU amarasiMha prasiddha aSTa guNoM se yukta siddha bhagavanta tujhe siddhi pradAtA hoN| pratyeka parva kI aMtima prazasti kA nirmANa eka hI prakAra kI padAvalI meM karake apanI TIkA ko ati nikaTa bhavyajanoM ko AnandakAraka, kAyastha mAthurAnvaya ziromaNibhUta bhavyavara puNDarIka amarasiMha ke mAnasa kamala ko vikasita karane ke lie dinakara ke samAna bhaTTAraka zrI kamalakIrti deva viracita tattvasAra kA vistArAvatAra kahA hai| pratyeka gAthA kI khaNDAnvayI TIkA kI hai| kamalakIrti ko guruparaMparA se adhyAtma zAstroM kA acchA jJAna thaa| ve tattvasAra ke rahasya ke pAraMgata vidvAn the| tattvasAra meM kahA hai paramANumittarAyaM jAma Na chaMDei joi smnnmmi| so kammeNa Na muccai paramaTThaviyANao smnno|| tattvasAra-53 jaba taka yogI apane mana meM se paramANumAtra bhI rAga ko nahIM chor3atA, taba taka paramArtha kA jJAyaka bhI vaha zramaNa karma se nahIM chUTatA hai| isakI TIkA meM kamalakIrti ne kahA hai- paramArtha yaha zabda parama aura artha ina do zabdoM ke yoga se banA hai| artha zabda se jIvAdi padArtha kahe gae haiN| 'parA' zabda utkRSTa kA vAcaka hai aura 'mA' zabda lakSmI kA vAcaka hai| aisI utkRSTa lakSmI jisake pAI jAve, use parama kahate haiN| aisA parama jo artha hai, vaha paramArtha kahalAtA hai| athavA paramArtha nAma vastusvarUpa kA hai|

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jaina saMskRta AdhyAtmika TIkAkAra : eka sarvekSaNa usa paramArtha ko jo vizeSa rUpa se jAnatA hai, use paramArtha vijJAyaka kahate haiN| aisA paramArtha vijJAyaka yogI yadi rAgI ho to vaha mokSa ko prApta nahIM hotA hai; kyoMki mokSa to rAga, dveSa, moha se rahita puruSa kA viSaya hai| aisA jAnakara vItarAga Atmatatva ke samyak zraddhAna, jJAna aura anubhUti ke bala se vaha rAga nikaTa bhavya jIvoM ko heya hai, abhavya jIvoM ke nhiiN| anya TIkAkAra - samayasAra kI saMskRta TIkAoM meM bhaTTAraka zubhacandra kI adhyAtma taraMgiNI, bhaTTAraka devendrakIrti kI samayasAra TIkA evaM nityavijaya kI kalaza TIkA kA abhI prakAzana nahIM huA hai| pravacanasAra para malliSeNa evaM prabhAcandra ne TIkAyeM likhI haiN| malleiSeNa kI saMskRta TIkA kA DaoN.e. ena. upAdhye ne ullekha kiyA hai, lekina rAjasthAna ke zAstra bhaNDAroM meM abhI taka isa TIkA kI upalabdhi nahIM huI hai| brahmadeva ne bhI samayasAra, pravacanasAra evaM paMcAstikAya ina tInoM para amRtacandra evaM jayasena ke samAna hI saMskRta TIkAyeM likhI thIM, aisA ullekha milatA hai, lekina ina TIkAoM kI abhI taka koI pANDulipi upalabdha nahIM ho sakI hai aura unakI khoja kI AvazyakatA hai| saMdarbha - 1. Nissesadosarahio kevlnnaannaaiprmbhaavjudo| so paramappA uccai tavvivarIo Na prmppaa|| niyamasAra-7 tassamuhuggadamLaM puvvAvaradosavirahiyaM suddh| AgamamidiparikahiyaM teNa du kahiyA haMvati tcctthaa| A. kundakunda : niyamasAra-8 jIvA poggalakAyA dhammAdhammA ya kAla aayaasN| taccatthA idibhaNidA NANaguNapajjaehiM sNjuttaa|| niyamasAra-9 dravyasaMgraha (brahmadevavRtti) pR. 231 5. anagAra dharmAmRta : bhavyakumudacandrikA TIkA pR. 160 tathA 588 samayasAra kalaza padya kramAMka-4 vahI kramAMka-69 8. vahI kramAMka 32 DaoN. lAlabahAdura zAstrI : A. kundakunda aura unakA samayasAra, pR. 327 10. DaoN. zuddhAtmaprabhA : A. kundakunda aura unake TIkAkAra, pR. 208-219 11. vahI pRSTha-221 12. DaoN. kastUracaMda kAsalIvAla : AcArya kundakunda : vyaktitva evaM kRtitva, pR. 122-123 13. niyamasAra (DaoN. hukamacandra bhArilla dvArA likhita prastAvanA) pRSTha-27 14. tattvasAra (paM. hIrAlAla siddhAntaM zAstrI dvArA likhita prastAvanA), pRSTha-23-26 15. mahAvIra jayantI smArikA, 1989 (jayapura) DaoN. kastUracanda kAsalIvAla kA lekha- AcArya kundakunda ke graMthoM kI aprakAzita TIkAyeM, pRSTha-2-42-43 -bI.je.pI. kAryAlaya ke pAsa, mohallA- kuMvara bAlagovinda bijanaura (u.pra.)

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jaina-Agama ke pariprekSya meM : SaTkhaNDAgama kA vaiziSTya - paMkaja kumAra jaina jainadarzana meM pUrvApara virodhAdi doSoM se rahita zuddha Apta ke vacana ko Agama mAnA gayA hai| sAtha hI jainadarzana meM Agama ko pramANa kI koTi meM bhI rakhA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM aise paramAtmA ko Apta kahA gayA hai jo kSudhA, tRSA, janma aura jarA Adi aTThAraha doSoM se rahita hote haiM evaM rAga-dveSAdi se rahita hokara parama vItarAga-avasthA ko upalabdha hote haiN| ve apanI AtmA para AvRta jJAnAvaraNa karma kA pUrNarUpeNa kSaya karake kevalajJAna yA sarvajJatA ko prApta kara lete haiN| Apta ke kevalajJAna kI yaha vizeSatA rahatI hai ki vaha jagat ke samasta cetana-acetana padArthoM ko yugapat jAnate haiM evaM aise Apta ko arihanta, sarvajJa yA jina bhI kahate haiN| sarvajJatA ko prApta Apta ke dvArA jo upadeza diyA jAtA hai, use Agama kahA jAtA hai| isa yuga ke jaina-tIrthakaroM kI paramparA meM antima aura caubIsaveM tIrthakara mahAvIra svAmI ne apanI dezanA meM jo tattvopadeza pradAna kiyA use unake gaNadhara (pramukha ziSya) gautama svAmI ne bAraha aMgoM ke rUpa meM janasamUha ke madhya upadezita kiyA aura yaha upadeza hI jaina-paramparA meM dvAdazAMga jinavANI ke rUpa meM samAdarita hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda unake dvArA upadezita dvAdazAMga Agama paramparA se maukhika rUpa meM lagabhaga 683 varSoM taka pravAhita hotA rhaa| parantu isa dIrgha kAlAntarAla meM jinAgama kA adhikAMza bhAga vismRti ke garta meM lupta ho gyaa| aMta meM avaziSTa jJAna ke sambandha meM jaina dharma ke digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM saMpradAyoM meM bhinna-bhinna mAnyatA hai| jahA~ zvetAmbara jaina paraMparA kI mAnyatA hai ki dvAdazAMga Agama meM ekAdaza Agama surakSita haiM aura kevala bArahaveM dRSTivAda aMga kA hI viccheda huA hai vahIM dUsarI ora digambara sampradAya kI mAnyatA hai ki dvAdazAMga Agama meM ekAdazAMga Agama pUrNarUpeNa lupta ho cukA hai aura kevala bArahaveM dRSTivAda aMga kA kucha hI aMza avaziSTa hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda jainAcAryoM kI paraMparA aura unake kAlakrama ke nidha pariNa meM sahAyaka eka mahattvapUrNa prAkRta paTTAvalI ke anusAra vIra nirvANa saMvat 565 taka lohAcArya kI paramparA rahI hai| isake bAda kramazaH jaina-paraMparA ke mahAn AcAryoM ke rUpa meM arhadbali, mAghanandi, dharasena puSpadaMta evaM bhUtabali kA nAmollekha hai aura inakA AcAryakAla kramazaH 28 varSa, 21 varSa, 19 varSa, 30 varSa aura 20 varSa diyA hai| ina pA~ca AcAryoM ke pAsa dvAdazAMga Agama meM se kevala ekAMga kA jJAna hI avaziSTa thaa|' uparyukta prAkRta paTTAvalI ke AdhAra para AcArya dharasena kA samaya vIra nirvANa saMvat

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jaina-Agama ke pariprekSya meM : SaTkhaNDAgama kA vaiziSTya 614 siddha hotA hai aura ve 19 varSa taka AcArya pada para rhe| isa prakAra ve vIra ni.saM. 614 se 633 (I. san 87 se I. san 106) taka AcArya pada para pratiSThita rhe| isa AdhAra para aneka vidvAnoM ne AcArya dharasena kA samaya I. san kI prathama zatI svIkAra kiyA hai| yadyapi AcArya dharasena ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM sabhI zAstrIya pramANoM meM sAmya nahIM hai kyoMki yativRSabhAcAryakRta tiloyapaNNatti, vIrasenAcAryakRta dhavalA aura jinasena ke harivaMzapurANa meM lohAcArya taka kA kAla hI vI.ni.saM. 683 mAnA gayA hai| isa AdhAra para dharasenAcArya kA samaya isake bAda hI nirdhArita ho paayegaa| AcArya dharasena girinagara nAmaka nagara kI candraguphA meM rahate the aura jaina siddhAnta ke mahAn jJAtA the| unhoMne dvAdazAMga Agama meM avaziSTa jJAna ke saMrakSaNArtha yoga ziSyoM kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI aura isa hetu unhoMne mahimAnagarI meM sammilita yati saMgha ko patra likhaa| patra prApta karake una zreSTha AcAryoM ne vilakSaNa prajJA aura utkRSTa cAritra ke dhanI puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali nAmaka do zreSTha munirAjoM ko dharasenAcArya ke pAsa bhejaa| AcArya dharasena ne AcArya puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali kI parIkSA karake unheM yogya pAkara SaTkhaNDAgama kA vidhivat jJAna denA AraMbha kiyaa| AcAryadvaya puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali ne ekAgratA aura vinayapUrvaka ASAr3ha zuklA ekAdazI ko SaTkhaNDAgama kA jJAna pUrNarUpeNa prApta kara liyaa| dharasenAcArya ne SaTkhaNDAgama kA pUrNa jJAna AcArya puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali ko pradAna karake unheM apane pAsa se dUra bheja diyaa| dharasenAcArya ne apane ziSyoM ko apane pAsa se dUra bheja diyA? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue indranandi ne zrutAvatAra meM likhA hai ki-"dharasenAcArya ne apanI mRtyu ko nikaTa jAnakara yaha vicAra kiyA hogA ki kahIM mere maraNa se mere ina ziSyoM ko kleza na ho|" yadyapi upalabdha zAstrIya pramANoM se yaha jJAta nahIM hotA ki AcArya puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali ke dIkSAguru kauna the? parantu isa tathya meM koI saMdeha nahIM ki dharasenAcArya ke pAsa upalabdha Agama-jJAna ke ve sacce uttarAdhikArI the aura isa artha meM dharasenAcArya unake zikSAguru the| AcArya puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali donoM ne hI dharmasenAcArya ke yahA~ se vihAra karake aMkulezvara meM varSAvAsa sampanna karake dakSiNa kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| donoM hI karahATaka phuNce| isake uparAnta puSpadaMta muni ne apane bhAMje jinapAlita se bheMTa kara use dIkSita kiyA aura unake sAtha vanavAsa deza ko prastAva kiyA aura bhUtabali ke dravir3a deza kI madhurA nagarI meM pravAsa kiyaa| uparyukta prasaMga meM Aye sthala karahATaka aura vanavAsa deza kI vartamAna pahacAna kate hue DaoN. nemicandra jyotiSAcArya ne likhA hai ki-"...satArA jile kA karahADa hI karahATaka ho to isameM koI Azcarya nahIM hai| vanavAsa deza uttara karNATaka kA prAcIna nAma hai|"9 ___vanavAsa deza meM AcArya puSpadanta ne sarvaprathama SaTakhaNDAgama ke 'bIsadisUtroM' kI racanA kI aura unheM bhUtabali ke pAsa bheja diyaa| AcArya puSpadaMta ne jina 'bIsadisUtroM kI racanA kI ve SaTkhaNDAgama ke prAraMbha ke bIsa mAtra nahIM hai apitu bIsadisUtroM se tAtparya satprarUpaNA ke bIsa adhikAroM se hai| isa prakAra SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA kA sUtrapAta huaa|

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 AcArya bhUtabali ne SaTkhaNDAgama ke bIsadisUtroM ko prApta karake Agama ke saMrakSaNa kI isa punIta prakriyA ko Age bar3hAte hue saMpUrNa SaTkhaDAgama ko lipibaddha karake usakA lekhanakArya jyeSTha zukla paMcamI ko pUrNa kiyaa| yaha jaina vAG maya ke itihAsa kI eka atimahattvapUrNa ghaTanA thI, jaba paraMparA se cale A rahe maukhika Agama ko lipibaddha karake cirasthAyI banA diyA gayA thaa| isa lekha kArya ke uparAMta AcArya bhUtabali ne likhita graMthoM kI dravyazruta ke rUpa meM pUjA kii| taba se jaina paraMparA meM prativarSa jyeSTha zukla paMcamI tithi ko zruta paMcamI parva ke rUpa meM manAyA jAtA hai|" isake bAda bhUtabali ne SaTkhaNDAgama kI pustakoM ko AcArya puSpadaMta ke pAsa bhejA jise dekhakara puSpadaMta atyanta AhlAdita hue aura unhoMne bhI usa zruti-nidhi kI ArAdhanA kii| SaTkhaNDAgama ke kartA : uparyukta tathyoM ke Aloka meM spaSTa hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra svAmI kI dezanA se sAkSAt sambandha hai aura vahI usake mUlakartA haiM / parantu dravyazruta kI racanA kI apekSA isake upadezaka AcArya dharasena aura isake racanAkAra AcAryadvaya puSpadaMta evaM bhUtabali siddha hote haiN| 56 SaTkhaNDAgama kA nAmakaraNa aura viSayavastu : vIrasenAcArya ne dhavalA TIkA meM isa grantharAja ko 'khaNDasiddhAnta' kahA hai aura khaNDoM kI saMkhyA chaha nirdiSTa kI hai| dhavalA meM hI vIrasenAcArya ne siddhAnta aura Agama ko ekArthavAcI kahA hai|" parantu indranandi ne ise zrutAvatAra meM 'SaTkhaNDAgama' saMjJA se abhihita kiyA hai| isa SaTkhaNDAgama nAmaka grantharAja meM jaina darzana ke 'karma siddhAnta' se sambaddha viSaya kA varNana karane vAle jIvaTThANa, khuddAbandha, baMdhasAmittavicaya, veyaNA, vaggaNA evaM mahAbaMdha nAmaka chaha khaNDa hai| isameM chaha khaNDa hone ke kAraNa hI isakA nAma SaTkhaNDAgama pdd'aa| SaTkhaNDAgama kA eka anya nAma satkarmaprAbhUta' bhI prApta hotA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA aura parimANa: SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA prAkRta bhASA meM kI gayI hai aura isake parimANa para prakAza DAlate hue indranandi ne likhA hai ki "bhUtabali ne pA~ca khaNDoM ke chaha hajAra sUtroM ko racane ke bAda mahAbandha nAmaka chaThaveM khaNDa kI tIsa hajAra zloka pramANa racanA kI / 16 isa tathya se spaSTa hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama atyanta vizAla parimANa vAlA graMtha hai| ataH ise grantharAja kI saMjJA denA ucita hI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI viSayavastu kA mUlasrota : jaisA ki pUrva meM likhA jA cukA hai ki isa graMtha kI viSayavastu kA mUlasrota dvAdazAMga Agama hai aura Agama kI dIrghakAlIna maukhika paramparA meM usakA bahubhAga naSTa ho cukA thA kevala bArahaveM dRSTivAda aMga kA kucha aMza hI avaziSTa thaa| dRSTivAda aMga ke parikarma, sUtra, prathamAnuyoga, pUrvagata aura cUlikA nAmaka pAMca bheda haiN|

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jaina-Agama ke pariprekSya meM : SaTkhaNDAgama kA vaiziSTya ina pAMca bhedoM se pUrva ke caudaha prabheda haiN| pUrva ke caudaha prabhedoM meM se dUsarA prabheda agrAyaNI pUrva hI SaTakhaNDAgama kI viSaya-sAmagrI kA mUlasrota hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI viSaya-sAmagrI para prakAza DAlate hue DaoN. nemicandra jyotiSAcArya ne likhA hai ki- "agrAyaNI pUrva ke pUrvAnta aura aparAnta Adi caudaha prakaraNa the| isameM paMcama prakaraNa kA nAma cayana-labdhi thA, jisameM bIsa pAhuDa vidyamAna the| bIsa pAhuDoM meM se caturtha pAhuDa kA nAma karmaprakRti thaa| isa karmaprakRti pAhuDa ke kRti, vedanA Adi caubIsa anuyogadvAroM kI viSayavastu ko grahaNa karake SaTkhaNDAgama ke chaha khaNDoM kI racanA huI SaTkhaNDAgama kA kucha aMza dRSTivAda ke dUsare bheda sUtra se evaM kucha aMza pAMcaveM aMga vyAkhyAprajJapti se utpanna batAyA hai| racanAkAla: DaoN. jyotiprasAda ne SaTkhaNDAgama kA saMkalana I. san 75 svIkAra kiyA hai| isa prakAra aneka vidvAnoM kI sammati hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kA racanAkAla I. san kI prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArddha hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kA maMgalAcaraNa : isa grantharAja kA eka vaiziSTaya yaha bhI hai ki isa mahAn grantha kA maMgalAcaraNa "NamokAra mantra" sakala jaina samAja meM sarvazreSTha mantra ke rUpa meM samAdarita hai aura ise jaina dharma kA mUlamantra evaM anAdinidhana mantra mAnA jAtA hai| isa mahAmaMtra kA sarvaprathama likhita ullekha isI grantharAja ke Adi meM prApta hotA hai| isa kAraNa SaTkhaNDAgama kA atizaya mAhAtmya hai| SaTkhaNDAgama ke SaT khaNDa kI viSayavastu : SaTkhaNDAgama meM jaina darzana ke AdhArabhUta aura maulika "karmasiddhAnta" kI prakriyA kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| jainadharma kI mAnyatA hai ki sabhI prANI jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha karmoM se Abaddha haiM aura isI karma baMdhana ke kAraNa ve janma aura mRtyu ke cakra meM par3e hue haiN| ina zubha-azubha karmoM kA kartA aura bhoktA jIva hI hai| jIvAtmA apane puruSArtha, tapa, dhyAna aura saMyama ke dvArA karma bandhana se mukta hokara paramAtmapada ko prApta kara sakatA hai| isake uparAMta vaha janma-maraNa ke cakra se sadaiva ke lie mukta ho jAtA hai aura punaH saMsAra meM usakA Agamana nahIM hotaa| SaTkhaNDAgama meM ina aSTakamoM aura unakI prakRtiyoM ke baMdha evaM unake phala tathA unheM naSTa karane kI saMpUrNa prakriyA nibaddha hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI saMkSipta viSayavastu nimna prakAra hai:1. jIvaTThANa - isa prathama khaNDa meM jIva ke guNa-dharma aura vibhinna avasthAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isameM sat, saMkhyA, kSetra, sparzana, kAla, antara, bhAva aura alpabahutva nAmaka ATha prarUpaNAyeM tathA prakRtisamutkIrtana, sthAna samutkIrtana, prathama mahAdaNDaka, dvitIya mahAdaNDaka, tRtIya mahAdaNDaka, jaghanyasthiti, utkRSTa sthiti, samyaktvotpatti evaM gati-Agati nAmaka nau cUlikAe~

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 2. khuddAbandha - isa khaNDa meM mArgaNAoM ke AdhAra para yaha varNana kiyA gayA hai ki kauna sA jIva koM kA bandhaka hai aura kauna abndhk| isameM svAmitva, kAla, antara, bhaMgavicaya, dravyapramANAnugama, kSetrAnugama, sparzAnugama, nAnA jIva-kAla, nAnA jIva-antara, bhAgAbhAgAnugama aura alpabahutvAnugama nAmaka gyAraha adhikAra haiN| 3. baMdhasAmittavicaya - isameM karmoM kI vibhinna prakRtiyoM kA bandha karane vAle svAmiyoM kA varNana hai arthAt kitanI karma prakRtiyA~ kisa jIva ke kisa guNasthAna taka baMdhatI haiN| sAtha hI svodaya baMdharUpa aura parodaya baMdharUpa prakRtiyoM kI vivecanA bhI kI gayI hai| 4. vedanA - isa khaMDa meM karmaprAbhRta ke caubIsa adhikAroM meM se kRti aura vedanA nAmaka do anuyogadvAroM kA varNana hai parantu vedanA anuyogadvAra kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa ise vedanAkhaNDa kahA jAtA hai| vedanAkhaNDa meM vedanA kI vivecanA nikSepa, naya, nAma, dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva, pratyaya, svAmitva, vedanA, gati, anantara, sannikarSa, parimANa, bhAgAbhAgAnugama aura alpabahutva nAmaka solaha adhikAroM ke mAdhyama se kI gayI hai| isa vedanAkhaNDa kI eka mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki isake prAraMbha meM bhI graMthakAra ne maMgalAcaraNa kiyA hai jisase graMtha ke Adi ke sAtha-sAtha madhya meM maMgalAcaraNa karane kI paraMparA bhI jJAta hotI hai| 5. vaggaNA - isa khaNDa meM bandhana ke cAra bhedoM meM se eka baMdha para prakAza DAlate hue dUsare bheda baMdhanIya ko pradhAna adhikAra banAyA gayA hai| isameM 23 prakAra kI vargaNAoM kA varNana karate hue karmabandha ke yogya vargaNAoM para vizeSa prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isa vargaNA khaMDa meM sparza, karma aura prakRti nAmaka tIna anuyogadvAroM kA vizeSa kathana hai| 6. mahAbaMdha - yaha khaNDa atyanta vistRta hai| indranandi ne zrutAvatAra meM isa khaNDa kA parimANa tIsa hajAra zloka batalAyA hai| isameM karmabaMdha ke prakRtibaMdha, pradezabaMdha, sthitibaMdha aura anubhAgabaMdha nAmaka cAroM bhedoM kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama kI TIkAyeM - SaTkhaNDAgama kA vaiziSTaya hama isa tathya se samajha sakate haiM ki isa graMtharAja para jaina-paramparA ke lagabhaga sabhI mahAn AcAryoM ne TIkAoM kI racanA kI hai| zAstrIya pramANoM meM nimna TIkAoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai 1. parikarma TIkA- isa TIkA kI racanA AcArya kundakunda (padmanandI) ne kI thii| yaha TIkA SaTkhaNDAgama ke tIna khaNDoM para bAraha hajAra zloka pramANa thii|

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59 jaina Agama ke pariprekSya meM SaTkhaNDAgama kA vaiziSTya 2. paddhati TIkA- isa TIkA ke racanAkAra zAmakuMDAcArya the| 3. cUr3AmaNi TIkA - isake racanAkAra tumbulUrAcArya the| 4. samantabhadrAcAryakRta TIkA - samantabhadrAcArya ne SaTkhaNDAgama ke pAMcakhaNDoM para atyanta sundara aura mRdula saMskRta bhASA meM 48 hajAra zloka pramANa TIkA racI thii| 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti TIkA- isakI racanA AcArya vappadeva ne kI thI / 6. dhavalA TIkA - AcArya vIrasena ne vATagrAma meM SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kI / dhavalA TIkA prAkRta aura saMskRta mizrita bhASA meM 72000 zloka pramANa hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne isake lekhana kA samAptikAla zaka saMvat 739 (I. san 816) nirdhArita kiyA hai| dhavalA SaTkhaNDAgama ke kevala pAMca khaNDoM para hI likhI gayI hai, chaThaveM khaNDa mahAbandha para dhavalAkAra ne TIkA nahIM likhii| saMbhavataH chaThe khaNDa para TIkA na likhane kA eka kAraNa isakA vizAla parimANa rahA hogaa| dhyAtavya hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI uparyukta TIkAoM meM se kevala dhavalA TIkA hI upalabdha hai aura isakI tAr3apatrIya pratiyA~ mUDabidI (karnATaka) ke "siddhAntavasati" jinAlaya meM saMrakSita haiM aura inako saMpAdita karake solaha pustakoM meM prakAzita kiyA jA cukA hai| yaha tathya sarvavidita hai ki prAkRta aura saMskRta bhASAyeM bhAratIya saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karane vAlI prAcInatama bhASAyeM haiM aura inameM upalabdha prAcInatama sAhitya meM jahAM eka ora saMskRta bhASA ke sAhitya meM veda aura mahAbhArata Adi kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai vahIM prAkR bhASA meM upalabdha vAD.maya meM SaTkhaNDAgama kA gauravapUrNa sthAna hai| jisa prakAra mahAbhArata kA parimANa eka lakSa zloka mAnA jAtA hai| usI prakAra SaTkhaNDAgama bhI Aja apanI TIkA sahita lagabhaga itane hI vizAla parimANa meM upalabdha hai parantu sAMpradAyika vaimanasyatA ke kAraNa kucha vidvAn bhAratIya vAD.maya meM SaTkhaNDAgama ke apekSita sthAna ko svIkArane meM hicakicAte haiM, yaha ciMtanIya hai| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI viSayavastu jainadarzana ke "karmasiddhAnta" para kendrita hai parantu isake mahatva kA avamUlyana nahIM hotA kyoMki isase bhAratIya darzana ke eka mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta kA saMrakSaNa to huA hI hai, vahIM dUsarI aura bhAratIya saMskRti kI prAcInatama bhASAoM prAkRta aura saMskRta saMrakSaNa aura saMvarddhana meM bhI isa grantharAja aura isakI TIkA dhavalA kA atulanIya yogadAna rahA hai| saMdarbha sUcI - 1. tarasamuhaggadavayaNaM puNyavaradosavirahiyaM suddhaM / AgamidiM parikahiyaM teNa du kahiyA havaMti tcctthaa| niyamasAra, 8, A. kundakunda / 2. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, zloka 6,7 - AcArya samantabhadra / 3. - .....savvajIve savvabhAve sammaM samaM jANadi passadiviharadi ti / SaTkhaNDAgama, 13 / 55, sU. 82 4. SaTkhaNDAgama kI zAstrIya bhUmikA, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, pRSTha 39-42 tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paraMparA, DaoN. nemicandra jyotiSAcArya, bhAga-2, pU. 47

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 6. dhavalA TIkA - viirsenaacaary| 7. zrutAvatAra - indrnndi| 8. zrutAvatAra, padya 132-133, indrnndi| tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paraMparA, DaoN. nemicandra jyotiSAcArya, bhAga-2, pR. 52 10. SaTkhaNDAgama kI zAstrIya bhUmikA, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, pR. 34 11. zrutAvatAra, padya 143-144, indrnndi| 12. dhavalA, vIrasenAcArya, pR. 71-74 13. dhavalA, vIrasenAcArya, pR. 20 / 14. zrutAvatAra, padya 137, indrnndi| 15. SaTkhaNDAgama kI zAstrIya bhUmikA, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, pR.88 16. zrutAvatAra, padya 137-139, indrnndi| 17. tIrthakara mahAvIra aura unakI AcArya paramparA, DaoN. nemicandra jyotiSAcArya, bhAga-2, pR. 13 18. The Jaina Sources of the History of Ancient India, p.114 19. zrutAvatAra, pa 139, indrnndi| -zodha adhyetA, jaina-bauddha darzana vibhAga saMskRtavidyA dharma vijJAna saMkAya kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI (u.pra.) bodhakathA bhAgya kI devI aura durbhAgya kA devatA bhAgya kI devI aura durbhAgya ke devatA meM bahasa chir3I ki unameM kauna jyAdA khUbasUrata hai? phaisalA ke lie eka strI ko cunA gyaa| vaha bhI pazopeza meM ho gii| yadi bhAgya kI devI ko sundara batAte haiM to durbhAgya kA devatA usake jIvana ko tabAha kara degA aura yadi durbhAgya ke devatA ko sundara kahatI hU~ to bhAgya kI devI use chor3akara calI jaayegii| usane eka upAya socA ki phaisalA lene ke pahale Apa donoM ghara meM eka bAra praveza kareM aura thor3I dera rahakara bAhara aayeN| donoM parezAna, yaha kauna sA tarIkA hai bulAne kA? Akhira meM strI ne apanA phaisalA sunAyA "bhAgya kI devI taba jyAdA sundara lagatI hai, jaba ghara meM praveza karatI haiM aura durbhAgya kA devatA taba jyAdA sundara lagatA hai jaba vaha ghara se jA rahA hotA hai| kathana sahI aura vyAvahArika thaa| donoM isa phaisale se saMtuSTa bhI the| kyoMki sundaratA kA vizeSaNa donoM ke sAtha jor3akara unheM dekhA gayA, antara kevala sApekSatA kA thaa| -saMkalita

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jainadharma meM zikSA vyavasthA - DaoN. ziva kumAra zarmA vartamAna kI jar3eM atIta meM vidyamAna rahatI haiN| bhArata kA atIta gauravamaya rahA hai, isase vartamAna Alokita huA hai aura bhaviSya ke prati AsthA upajI hai| bhArata kA atIta sAmAjika sAMskRtika tathA Arthika kArakoM se utanA prabhAvita nahIM rahA hai jitanA ki yahAM kI saMskRti ne use prabhAvita kiyA hai| yahAM para mAnava kA jIvana-darzana "sarvabhUta hite ratAH" rahA hai| yahAM kI saMskRti ne vizva bandhutva tathA atimAnavatA kA svapna dekhA hai, svapna ko sAkAra kiyA hai| anAdi kAla se zikSA, bhArata meM svayaM ke liye nahIM, apitu dharma ke lie prApta kI jAtI thii| yaha mukti aura Atma-bodha kA sAdhana thI aura jIvana kA mahAn lakSya mukti thaa| DaoN. altekara ke anusAra - "vaidika yuga se lekara aba taka zikSA, prakAza ke srota ke rUpa meM rahA hai- aura vaha jIvana ke vibhinna kSetroM meM hamArA mArga Alokita karatA rahA hai| prAcInatama vaidika kAvya ke janma se hI hama bhAratIya sAhitya ko pUrNarUpeNa dharma se prabhAvita dekhate haiN| DaoN. epha.Dablyu. thAmasa ne likhA hai - "bhArata meM zikSA koI naI bAta nahIM hai| saMsAra kA koI bhI deza aisA nahIM hai, jahA~ para jJAna ke prema kI paraMparA, bhArata se adhika prAcIna evaM zaktizAlI ho| zikSA jJAna hai aura vaha manuSya kA tIsarA netra hai|" jJAnam tRtIyaM manujasya netrm"| zikSA samudAya yA vyaktyioM dvArA paricAlita vaha sAmAjika prakriyA hai, jo samAja ko usake dvArA svIkRta mUlyoM evaM mAnyatAoM kI ora agrasara karatI hai| sAMskRtika virAsata aura jIvana ke jJAna kA arjana hI zikSA hai| jaina darzana meM dravya kI vistRta vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| dravyoM ke prakAra evaM guNoM kA jitanA vizad varNana jaina darzana meM milatA hai,utanA anyatra nhiiN| AtmA aura kAla dravya ke jisa svarUpa evaM guNadharma kI carcA jaina darzana meM kI gayI hai, usa para vaijJAnikoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa ho cukA hai| jaina darzana dvArA pratipAdita manuSya jIvana ke antima uddezya ke bAre meM loga eka mata ho yA na ho parantu usake dvArA nizcita AcAra saMhitA se Aja sArA saMsAra sahamata hai| isa AcaraNa kI zikSA hetu jaina darzana ne zikSA ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| zikSA saMsthAna -"zikSA ke kendroM meM Azrama evaM vidyAlayoM kA varNana pArzvanAtha-carita meM huA hai| Azrama nagara se dUra vana ke zAnta vAtAvaraNa meM hote the| kamaTha nagara-nirvAsana ke bAda jisa Azrama meM pahuMcA vaha isI taraha kA zikSaNa saMsthAna jAna par3atA hai| yaha Azrama podanapura nagara se dasa yojana dUra bhUtAcala parvata para sthita thaa| ina AzramoM meM kevala tapasvI loga hI zikSita nahIM the, varan vahA~ ke pazupakSI bhI zikSita the| / kAvyoM meM tIna prakAra kI zikSA saMsthAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| prathama ve jo tapasviyoM ke Azrama meM gurukula ke rUpa meM pravartamAna thii| isa prakAra kI zikSA saMsthAoM meM

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 62 prAyaH RSi kumAra hI adhyayana karate the| dUsare prakAra kI ve zikSA saMsthAeM thIM jo pAThazAlA ke rUpa meM calatI thI jinameM eka se adhika adhyApaka nahIM hote the / pratyeka pAThazAlA meM eka hI adhyApaka rahatA thaa| vaha sAmAnya rUpa se lipijJAna gaNita evaM bhASA Adi kA bodha karAtA thaa| tIsare prakAra kI ve zikSA saMsthAyeM thIM jinakA svarUpa Ajakala ke mahAvidyAlayoM ke samAna thaa| jinameM pratyeka viSaya ke liye pRthak-pRthak adhyApaka rahate the| zAntinAtha carita meM varNita kapila jisa satyakike vidyAlaya meM pahuMcA thA, usameM kaI adhyApaka the aura vahA~ aneka viSayoM kA adhyApana hotA thaa| pArzvanAtha carita meM rAjakumAroM kI zikSA ke saMbandha meM kucha bhI nirdeza nahIM hai ki unakI zikSA kahAM hotI thI kintu kSatra cUDAmaNi ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki rAjA mahArAjAoM ke bAlaka apane yahA~ hI guNI zikSaka ko rakhakara adhyayana karate the| hemAbhA nagarI ke dRDhamitra rAjA ke putra sumitra Adi ne jIvandhara ko dhanurvidyA ke liye zikSaka thA / dRDhamitra rAjA ne jIvandhara kumAra se rAjakumAroM ko vidyA par3havA ke liye vinayapUrvaka prArthanA kI thii| ghara para zikSaka ko rakhakara zikSA dilAnA eka caturtha zikSA saMsthA ke samAna thA / yaha kucha hI dinoM taka rahatI thii| jaina dharma meM puruSa zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha nArI zikSA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| kSatracaDAmaNi meM AyA hai ki guNamAlA ne jIvandhara ke pAsa premapatra bhejA thA tathA pratyuttara meM jIvandhara ne bhI premapatra likhA thA jise par3hakara vaha bahuta prasanna huI thI / 1 pAThyakrama - jainadarzana meM zikSA ke jo uddezya nizcita kiye gaye haiM unheM do vargoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai vyAvahArika aura AtmajJAna sambandhI uddezya vyAvahArika jIvana ke lie pAThyacaryA nirmANa ke pAMca siddhAntoM kA ullekha "vyavahAra sUtra" meM milatA hai - chAtra kI paripakvatA, chAtra kI kSamatA, chAtra kI Ayu kramAgatatA evaM upayogitA kA siddhAnta aura AdhyAtmika jIvana kI prApti ke lie jaina darzana, ratnatraya aura sajjIvana para bala detA hai| isa AdhAra para jaina darzana ne bhautika uddezyoM kI prApti ke lie bhASA vyAkaraNa, gaNita, bhautika vijJAna, sthiti-vijJAna, gati-vijJAna, zUnya vijJAna, yAMtrikI aura vibhinna kalAoM kA samAveza kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM meM 72 kalAoM kA varNana hai, inameM se chAtra apanI kSamatA ke anusAra dakSa ho sakatA hai| AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke liye tIrthaMkaroM ke upadeza evaM jaina AgamoM ke adhyayana evaM sajjIvana para bala diyA hai| sajjIvana to sabhI ke lie Avazyaka hai| ataH AcaraNa kI zikSA pAThyacaryA kA anivArya aMga rahA hai| AcaraNa kI zikSA meM ratnatraya arthAt samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra aura pAMca mahAvrata arthAt satya, ahiMsA, asteya, aparigraha aura brahmacarya kA prazikSaNa anivArya honA caahie| prApta saMketoM ke anasuAra zikSA do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thI - zAstra zikSA aura zastra zikSA / rAjakumAroM ke liye zastra zikSA bhI anivArya thii| pAThya viSayoM ke aMtargata vyAkaraNa, veda, rAjanIti, jainAgama, dharmazAstra Adi kA varNana pArzvanAtha caritra meM AyA hai| sabhI zAstroM ke adhyayana meM vyAkaraNa kA jJAna Avazyaka hai / ataeva chAtra ko sarvaprathama vyAkaraNa kI zikSA dI jAtI thii| kSatracUr3AmaNi meM vyAkaraNa veda, rAjanIti, dhanurvidyA, mantratantra vidyA, jainAgama, gAnavidyA, jyotiSa, karmakANDa Adi kI zikSA kA ullekha milatA hai|" dvija vedAdhyayana karate the| bhUtAcala para

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jainadharma meM zikSA vyavasthA sthita Azrama meM dvijoM ko vedAdhyayana meM saMlagna varNita kiyA gayA hai| yahAM taka ki vahAM para rahane vAle zukazArikA bhI vedAdhyayana ke pazcAt usakA karNa rasAyana anuvAda karate the|15 rAjanIti meM cAra prakAra kI rAja vidyAoM- sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda kA adhyayana karAyA jAtA thaa| kSatra-cUr3AmaNi meM, havana sAmagrI ko jUThA karane ke kAraNa brAhmaNoM dvArA adhamare kiye kutte kA prasaMga tathA pArzvanAtha carita meM Azrama meM homa Adi ke hone ke varNana se kahA jA sakatA hai ki karmakANDa kI bhI zikSA usa samaya dI jAtI thii| jaina zAstroM kA adhyayana bhI chAtroM ko karAyA jAtA thaa| jIvandhara ko unake guru AryanandI ne isI taraha kI lokapAla nAmaka rAjA kI kathA sunAI thii|6 gRhastha-dharma kI zikSA kA ullekha jaina sAhitya meM AyA hai| gAna vidyA kA varNana bhI AyA hai| zikSA meM sabhI prakAra ke zAstroM kA adhyayana karAyA jAtA thaa| ziSya ke guNa evaM vidyArambha - prAcIna kAla se hI, zikSA kise dI jAye? isakA varNana aneka kAvyoM evaM purANoM meM bhI huA hai| hanumAna jI ne bhI uttama ziSyA ghRtA ko nRtya kI zikSA, usake aneka guNoM ko jA~ca kara hI dI thii| vAdIbhasiMha sUri ne Adarza ziSya meM gurubhakti, saMsAra se bhaya, vinaya, dharma, kuzAgrabuddhi, zAnta pariNAmI, AlasyahIna aura ziSTatA ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| yogya ziSya ko zikSA denA hI saphala mAnA gayA hai| ataH zikSA tattvoM meM ziSyoM kI yogyatAoM kA vivecana bhI Avazyaka hai| kupAtra ko zikSA dene kA kitanA hI prayAsa kyoM na kiyA jAye, vaha saba niSphala hai| buddhi-pUrvaka agaNita prayatna karane para bhI jisa prakAra bAlukA kaNoM se tela nikalanA kaThina hai, usI prakAra ayogya ziSya ko zikSA denA vyartha hai| kSayopazamajanya pratibhA ke sAtha adhyavasAya bhI Avazyaka hai| pratibhA saMpanna chAtra bhI Alasya aura vilAsitA meM chUbA rahegA to vaha kadApi vidvAn nahIM bana sktaa| pArzvanAtha caritra meM kumAra razmivega meM vinaya, namratA, guru se anurAga, caMcalatA kA rAhitya Adi guNoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai|" vidyArambha se tAtparya varNamAlA ke jJAna aura vidyAdhyayana se tAtparya varNamAlA ke jJAna ke bAda hone vAle adhyayana se hai| lipi aura varNamAlA ke jJAna ke bAda hI vidyAdhyayana Arambha hotA hai| kumAra razmivega kA varNana karate hue pArzvanAtha carita meM kahA gayA hai ki usake samAna umra vAle bAlakoM ke sAtha vinayapUrvaka guru ke dvArA par3hAI vidyAoM ko alaga-alaga zIghra hI sIkha liyA thA kyoMki guNa bhavya-puruSa ke Age-Age svayaM calate guru ziSya sambandha - itihAsa isakA sAkSI hai ki bhArata meM guruziSya-sambandhoM kI lambI zrRMkhalA hai| RSi vizvAmitra ke ziSya rAma, sandIpana guru ke ziSya kRSNa-sudAmA, droNAcArya arjuna, varatantu kotsa Adi uttama saMbandhoM ke udAharaNa haiN| jainadarzana zikSaka aura zikSArthI donoM meM sevAbhAva kA pakSadhara hai| usakI dRSTi se dAnoM ko eka dUsare ke hitArtha sadaiva tatpara rahanA caahie| jainAcArya ziSya se yaha apekSA karate haiM ki zikSaka ke krodhita hone para ve sahana kreN| unakI sevA kareM, unake AdarzoM kA pAlana kreN| gurubhakti ko vidyArjana meM Avazyaka kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| jo ziSya apane guru kI sevA zuzruSA, vinaya, bhakti aura

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai, vaha sabhI prakAra kI vidyAoM ko prApta kara letA hai| kSatracUDAmaNi meM AyA hai ki "jisa prakAra bahumUlya ratna se bhUse kA Dhera kharIdanA sAdhAraNa sI bAta hai, usI prakAra niSkapaTa bhAva se vihita guru bhakti se bhI jaba paramparayA mukti taka prApta ho sakatI hai, to anya laukika kAryo kI pUrti honA to tuccha bAta hai| guru ke sAtha droha karanA ziSya ke lie anucita hai| saMkSepa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ziSya meM gurusevA, vinaya, brahmacarya, ekAgratA, niralasatA evaM parizrama ina guNoM kA honA paramAvazyaka hai| jisa prakAra ziSya meM guNoM kA honA Avazyaka hai, usI prakAra guru meM bhI vaiduSya, sahAnubhUti Adi guNoM kA honA Avazyaka hai| kSatracUDAmaNi meM guru kA svarUpa batAte hue kahA gayA hai ki - "jo ratnatrayadhAraka, zraddhAvAna, jJAnI, caritravAna, sajjana, pAtrapremI, paropakArI, dharmarakSaka aura jagattAraka hotA hai vahI yathArtha guru hotA hai| kintu jisameM ukta guNa nahIM hote vaha yathArtha guru kahalAne kA adhikArI nahIM hotaa| guru ko viSaya kA paNDita hone ke sAtha-sAtha caritraguNa se vibhUSita mAnA gayA hai| jisakA caritra svaccha nahIM, vaha zikSA kyA degA? jJAnI hone ke sAtha caritraniSTha honA bhI guru ke liye anivArya hai| saMskRta jaina kAvyoM ke guru nirlobhI, niHsvArthI aura karttavyaparAyaNa parilakSita hote haiN| zAntinAtha carita meM AyA hai ki samasta zAstra Agama purANa aura itihAsa Adi kI jAnakArI guru ke lie jarUrI hai| guru ke viSaya meM kahA gayA akhaNDamaNDalAkAraM vyAptaM yena craacrN| tatpadaM darzita yena, tasmai zrI gurave nmH|| prAcIna paramparA ke anusAra jaba ziSya kI zikSA saMpanna ho jAtI thI to vaha guru ko guru dakSiNA detA thaa| vidvAn kotsa ne bhI zikSA saMpanna hone para apane guru varatantu ko guru dakSiNA dene ke liye rAjA raghu se 14 karor3a svarNa mudrAyeM mA~gI thii| isI prakAra kSatracUDAmaNi ke nAyaka jIvandhara se AryanandI guru ne - he vatsa! eka varSa taka yuddha nahIM karo,yahI guru dakSiNA hai| jIvandhara ne guru dakSiNA kI zarta ke anusAra eka varSa taka kASThAMgAra se yuddha nahIM kiyaa| jainadarzana aura zikSaNa vidhi - bhautika jJAna prApta karane ke liye jaina AgamoM meM indriyAnubhava, prayoga, zruti aura svAdhyAya vidhiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| indriyoM dvArA anubhava karake, jJAna prApta karanA indriyAnubhava kahalAtA hai| ise Aja kI bhASA meM pratyakSa vidhi kahate haiN| prayoga vidhi meM svayaM karake sIkhA jAtA hai| yaha vidhi kalA kI zikSA ke liye upayukta vidhi hotI hai| zruti vidhi meM guru se sunakara jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA hai| Aja kI sthiti meM guru ke sAtha-sAtha reDiyo va TelIvijana dvArA bhI sunA aura sIkhA jAtA hai| svAdhyAya vidhi meM pAThya-sAmagrI se sambandhita granthoM kA adhyayana karake sIkhA jAtA hai| svAdhyAya jaina granthoM meM pAMca pada batAye gaye haiM, vAcanA (pAThya sAhitya kA paThana pAThana), pRcchanA (jo kucha par3hA hai aura samajhA hai usa para guru se prazna pUchakara zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna karanA), parigrahaNa (paThita kI AvRtti karanA), anuprekSA (paThita vastu para punaH cintana aura manana karanA) evam dharmakathA (isa prakAra prApta jJAna kI anyAnya adhikArI vyaktiyoM se carcA krnaa)| AdhyAtmika jJAna

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65 jainadharma meM zikSA vyavasthA prApta karane ke lie zruti, svAdhyAya aura tapasyA vidhiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| zruti aura svAdhyAya vidhiyoM se dravya (jIva, ajIva aura kAla) kA jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai parantu jIva ko karmazUnyakara usake vAstavika svarUpa ko dekhane ke lie tapasyA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| tapasyA karane vAle ko pAMca mahAvratoM kA kaThoratA se pAlana karanA hotA hai aura cAra kaSAoM ko pUrNa rUpa se tyAganA hotA hai|" jainadarzana aura anuzAsana - jaina darzana meM zikSaka aura zikSArthI donoM ke lie atyanta kaThora anuzAsana kA prAvadhAna hai| mahAvIra svAmI ne anuzAsana meM tapa aura saMyama ko bar3hA mahattva diyA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM ise ekarUpaka dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai, jo isa prakAra hai - "tapasyA ko agni banAo, AtmA ko yajJasthala, yoga kI kulachI lo, karma ko IMdhana banAo, saMyama rUpI zAnti kA pATha karo aura isa prakAra prazasta homa kro| 9 kaivalyajJAna ke icchuka ke lie to pAMca mahAvratoM ke pAlana aura cAra kaSAyoM ke tyAga kA kaThoratA se pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| isI ko jainadharma meM saccA anuzAsana kahA gayA hai| kintu isa anuzAsana ko AtmAnuzAsana kahA jAtA hai| jaina-dharma AcArya ke pada para unhIM vyaktiyoM ko niyukta karane kA Adeza detA hai jo svecchA se mahAvratI ho / AcAryoM se prabhAvita hokara upAdhyAya vaisA AcaraNa kareMge aura ina donoM mahAvratiyoM se prabhAvita ho to zrAvaka aura zramaNa bhI vaisA hI AcaraNa kreNge| jaina darzana yaha vyavasthA detA hai ki kisI zikSArthI se AcaraNa sambandhI koI bhUla ho jAe to vaha use apane AcArya ke sammukha svIkAra karegA aura AcArya use prAyazcita vyavasthA degA parantu yaha prAyazcita (daNDa) kisI bhI sthiti meM ati kaThora nahIM hogaa| dIkSA - vratoM kA dhAraNa karanA dIkSA hai| arthAt vrata grahaNa karana e ke lie unmukha hue puruSa kI pravRtti dIkSA kahI jAtI hai| kSatra cUDAmaNi meM dIkSA lene kA varNana AyA hai| lokapAla rAjA ne meghAvalokana se virakta hokara rAjya putra ko sauMpakara digambara jaina muni dIkSA dhAraNa kI thI / kSatracUDAmaNi ke ekAdaza lamba ke 17veM tathA 18veM zloka meM bhI dIkSA kA ullekha hai| isase yahI pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya Aja kI hI taraha saMsAra se vairAgya hone para jaina dharmAvalambI dIkSA grahaNa karate the| vidyA kI mahimA zAstroM meM varNita hai| jisakI mahattA kavi bhartRhari ne isa prakAra batAyI hai| "vidyA manuSya kA adhika rUpa hai, DhakA huA gupta dhana hai| vidyA bhogoM ko dene vAlI aura yaza tathA sukha ko utpanna karane vAlI hai| vidyA guruoM kI guru hai| videza jAne meM vidyA AtmIya jana hai| vidyA parama devatA hai| vidyA rAjAoM meM pUjita hai, na ki dhana / vidyA se rahita manuSya pazu hai / kavi vAdIbhasiMha ne bhI guru AryanandI ke dvArA vidyA kI mahattA varNita kI hai| guru AryanandI jIvandhara ko vidyA kA mahattva batAte hue kahate haiM ki- "vidyA- dhana kA prabhAva acintya hai| vyaya karane para isakI vRddhi hotI hai, cora tathA bandhu Adi dvArA yaha chInI bhI nahIM jA sakatI hai aura icchApUrti meM bhI yaha rAmabANa ke samAna hai| vidvattA se manuSya ko kulInatA, dhana-saMpatti, mAnyatA Adi hI nahIM prApta hote apitu jagaha-jagaha Adara bhI prApta hotA hai| vidvattA prANiyoM ke jIvana paryanta prazaMsanIya hotI hai| jisa prakAra dUdha pauSTika hone ke sAtha auSadhi svarUpa bhI hai, usI prakAra vidvattA bhI laukika prayojana sAdhaka hotI huI mokSa kA

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 kAraNa bhI hotI hai| anta meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki vidyA par3hane kA phala hai heyopAdeya (karttavya - akarttavya kI jAnakArI prApta karanA) kA parijJAna honA / kintu par3ha-likhakara bhI yadi heyopAdeya kA jJAna nahIM ho to vidyAbhyAsa karanA viphala hI samajhanA caahie| ataH spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma meM zikSA, zikSaka aura zikSArthI kA mahatva vistAra se, aneka granthoM meM varNita hai| lekhaka kA yaha jaina dharma meM zikSA vyavasthA jAnane kI jijJAsA ko zAnta karane kA eka vinamra prayAsa hai| saMdarbha : 1. Adhunika bhAratIya zikSA aura usakI samasyAyeM pRSTha -1 evaM 3 2. saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna pRSTha-555 zaikSika ciMtana evaM prayoga pRSTha - 165 3. 4. zAkhA mRgA yatra gRhItazikSA naisargikaM cApalamutsRjantaH / kRSanti mArgAya niyogadRSTyA tapobhRtAmandhakahastayaSTI // dvijairahayAdhyayanasya pazcAdanantaraM paMjara vAsitAnAm / yatrAnuvAdaH zukazArikANAmAkarNyate karNarasAyana zrIH / pArzvanAthacarita 2 / 76-77 saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna pRSTha-559 atha vidyAgRhakaJcadAsAdya skhimnndditH| paNDitAdvizvavidyAyAmadhyagISTAti paNDitaH / kSatracUDAmaNi 2/1 6. 7. zAntinAtha carita 1 / 111 8. 9. pArzvanAtha carita kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana pRSTha- 265 sutavidyArthamatyartha pArthivastamayAcata / ArAdhanaika sampAdyA, vidyA na hayanyasAdhanA // kSatracUDAmaNi- 7 / 74 *** 10. kSatracUDAmaNi : eka adhyayana pRSTha- 152 11. mumude guNamAlApi dRSTavA patreNa ptrinnaam| svasyaiva saphalo yatnaH prItaye hi vizeSataH / kSatracUDAmaNi 4/43 12. zaikSika cintana evaM prayoga pRSTha- 166 13. pArzvanAtha carita - 5/4 14. kSatracUDAmaNi 1/112 15. pArzvanAtha carita 2 / 77 16. kSatracUDAmaNi 23/6-28 17. nemi nirvANa 6 / 12 18. gurubhakto bhavAdbhIto vinIto dhArmikaH sudhIH / zAnta-svAnto tandrAluH ziSTa ziSyo vamiSyate // kSatracUDAmaNi 2/31 19. Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata pRSTha- 264 20. pArzvanAtha carita - 4 / 27 21. vahI 4 / 28 22. zaikSika cintana evaM prayoga pRSTha - 168 66

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jainadharma meM zikSA vyavasthA 23. gurubhakti : satI muktyai, zUdraM kiM vA na saadhyet| trilokI mUlyaratnena, durlabhaH kiM tussotkrH|| kSatracUDAmaNi 2/32 24. vahI 2/30 25. azeSa zAsvAgamatattvadarzinAM- zAntinAtha carita 1/129 26. nirbandhAsaMjAtakaSArtha kAryamacintayitvA gurunnaa'hyuktH| vittasya vidyAparisaMkhyayA me koTizcatasodaza caahreti|| raghuvaMza-5/21 27. kSatracUDAmaNi - 2/39 28. zaikSika cintana evaM prayoga pRSTha-166-167 29. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 30. AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata- pRSTha-167 31. kSatracUDAmaNi-2/10 32. vidyA nAma narasya rupamadhikaM pracchannaguptaM dhanaM, vidyAbhogakarI yazaH sukhakarI vidyA guruNAM guru| vidyA bandhujanA videza-gamane vidyA parama devatA, vidyA rAjasu pujitA nahi dhanaM vidyAvihIna pshuH|| nItizataka-20 33. kSatracUDAmaNi-2/25-27 -pradhAnAcArya neharU smAraka iNTara kAleja, sAkIpura, greTara noyaDA (u. pra.) lekhakoM ke lie sUcanA vidvAna lekhakoM se nivedana hai ki ve apane maulika evaM aprakAzita zodhAlekha kampyUTara TAipa meM sI.DI ke sAtha prakAzanArtha bhejeN| hastalikhita Alekha suspaSTa evaM sundara lipi meM honA caahie| phoTokApI vAle Alekha svIkAra nahIM kiye jaayeNge| Apake dvArA bhejA gayA zodhAlekha yadi kisI anya patrikA meM prakAzita ho jAye to usakI sUcanA tatkAla anekAnta' vIra sevA maMdira, 21 dariyAgaMja naI dillI ko dene kI kRpA kreN| - saMpAdaka

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jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna matavAda evaM unakI utpatti ke kAraNa - DaoN. vandanA mehatA veda se lekara upaniSadoM taka bhAratIya ciMtanadhArA apane unmukta pravAha meM baha rahI thii| aneka AzramoM, upavanoM, jaMgala athavA vihAra sthaloM meM aneka RSi-muni, parivrAjaka Adi apane-apane vicAroM, matoM ko ziSyoM aura jijJAsu ke samakSa rakha rahe the| kintu una vicAroM kI koI sunizcita vyavasthA nahIM thI arthAt zruta paramparA ke rUpa meM hI ye vicAra cala rahe the| upaniSadoM ke kAla se hI vaidika dharma virodhI dArzanika matoM kA astitva pramANita hotA hai kintu isa kAla ke bAda jo samaya AyA, vaha dArzanika matavAdoM ke prakhara abhyudaya kA yuga thaa| yaha sthiti na kevala bhAratavarSa meM thI apitu sampUrNa vizva meM dekhI jA sakatI thI, jahAM ina logoM ne dhArmika aura dArzanika zraddhA kA mUloccheda kara ddaalaa| ina virodhI matavAdoM kI adhi ka saMkhyA bhI hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa karatI hai| isa yuga ke itihAsa ke sAdhana nitAnta svalpa haiM, parantu jo kucha Aja upalabdha hai, usI se yuga meM sakriya virodha kI tIvratA kA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ bhArata kI sabhI dArzanika paraMparAoM meM bhinna-bhinna mahattvapUrNa pahaluoM ko lete hue aneka vAdoM kA pracalana huA, jinakA bhAratIya cintana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| una cintakoM ne gaharAI meM jAkara jIvana aura jagat se saMbandhita mahattvapUrNa tathya hamAre sAmane rkhe| yaha mAnavIya svabhAva hai ki vaha jo kucha samajhatA hai, use vyakta karanA cAhatA hai, use zabdoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa karane meM utsuka rahatA hai| aise meM kisI dhArmika saMgha ke netA yA pramukha hote haiM, ve apane dvArA mAnya siddhAnta ko duniyA meM phailAnA cAhate haiN| isalie ve apane dvArA mAnya matoM ko duniyA~ meM pracArita karate aura saMgha/saMgaThana kA nirmANa karate haiN| jaina AgamoM meM jaise sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI, rAjapraznIya Adi grantha, bauddha granthoM meM dIghanikAya, aMguttaranikAya, udAna Adi upaniSadoM meM zvetAzvatara, maitrAyaNI, bRhadAraNyaka Adi tathA vaidika paraMparA ke hI mahAbhArata Adi graMtha bhI etadviSayaka pracura sAmagrI upalabdha karAte haiN| vahA~ pUrakatA aura prAmANikatA ke lie upayogI sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| jisase jaina tathA bauddha dharma ke tatkAlIna svarUpa kA bhI patA calatA hai| inhoMne virodhI matoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kA pUrA prayatna kiyaa| ___'vAda' zabda ke antargata saikar3oM prakAra haiN| kisI bhI zabda ke sAtha 'vAda' zabda lagA dene se eka prakAra kA 'vAda' eka vizeSa mata, saMketita ho jAtA hai| jaise Ajakala aMgrejI meM 'ijma'; zabda jor3a dene se eka-eka darzana meM bahata-bahuta vAdoM ke bheda aMtargata ho rahe haiN| vAda

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jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna matavAda evaM unakI utpatti ke kAraNa zabda saMskRta meM bhvAdigaNa ke aMtargata nirUpita parasmaipadI vad dhAtu se ghay pratyaya lagakara banatA hai| vad dhAtu bolane ke artha meM prayukta hai| bhASAzAstra ke anusAra vAda zabda kA sAmAnya artha kisI viSaya para AkhyAna karanA hai| isake lakSaNAgamya artha ke anusAra kinhIM siddhAntoM para AdhArita eka dArzanika yA tAtvika paramparA ko vAda kahA jAtA hai| jaina darzana aura usake tAttvika cintana kA mUla, Agama meM nihita hai| jaina AgamoM meM bhAratIya paraMparA ke vibhinna mata-darzana ke aise siddhAntoM kA ullekha hai jinakA bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM apanA vaiziSTya hai| yadyapi jaina Agama zramaNa AcAra kA hI jyAdA pratipAdana karate haiM tathApi AgamoM meM tatkAlIna samAja, rAjanIti, arthanIti, sAMskRtika cintana, tathA vibhinna dharmIya paramparAoM athavA anyatIrthika matavAdoM se saMbandhita cintana bhI mukhara huA hai| ___ mahAvIra yugIna bhAratavarSa vibhinna mata, saMpradAya, vAdoM evaM mAnyatAoM se saMkula thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki usa samaya 363 matavAda astitva meM the| jo ki cAra samavazaraNa-akriyAvAdI (180), kriyAvAdI (84), ajJAnavAdI (67) aura vinayavAdI (32) meM baMTe hue the, aisA jaina Agama aura usake vyAkhyA sAhitya se jJAta hotA hai| unameM se pramukha rUpa se paMcabhUtavAda, tajjIva-taccharIravAda, ekAtmavAda, akArakavAda, AtmaSaSThavAda, kSaNikavAda (paMcaskantha tathA caturdhAtuvAda ke aMtargata) tathA niyativAda Adi pramukha matavAda the| inako lekara ve dharmanAyaka janasamUha meM bolate, upadeza karate the| isIlie ye viSaya vAda kA rUpa le cuke the, ye vAda taba ke hai, jaba tadgata siddhAnta kisI paripUrNa darzana kA rUpa prApta kiye hue nahIM the| ataH vyAkhyAkAroM-bhadrabAhu dvitIya, jinadAsagaNI mahattara, zIlAMkasUri, abhayadevasUri Adi ne vibhinna vAdoM ko cArvAka, sAMkhya, nyAya, bauddhAdi vibhinna darzanoM ke sAtha bar3I hI kuzalatA ke sAtha jor3A hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM zramaNa brAhmaNa matoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| jaise- 1. vaidehI nami, 2. rAmagupta, 3. bAhuka, 4. tArAgaNa, 5. asita devala, 6. dvaipAyana, 7. pArAzara', RSibhASita (tIsarI zatAbdI) meM paiMtAlIsa RSiyoM-1. devanArada, 2. vajjIputra (vAtsIputra), 3. asita devala, 4. aMgirasa, bhAradvAja, 5. puSpazAlaputra, 6. valkalacIrI, 7. kummAputta, 9. mahAkAzyapa, 10. tetalIputra, 11. maMkhalIputra, 12. yAjJavalkya (jaNNavakka), 13. metejja bhayAlI, 14. bAhuka, 15. madhurAyaNa, 16. zairyAyaNa (saurayAyaNa), 17. vidura, 18. vAriSeNakRSNa, 19. AriyAyaNa, 20. utkaTa (bhautikavAdI), 21. gAthApatiputra taruNa, 22. gardabhAla (dagabhAla), 23. rAmaputta, 24. harigiri, 25. ambaDa parivrAjaka, 26. mAtaMga, 27. vArattaka, 28. Ardraka, 29. varddhamAna, 30. vAyu, 31. pArzva, 32. piMga, 33. mahAzAlaputra arUNa, 34. RSigiri, 25. uddAlaka, 36. nArAyaNa (tArAyaNa),37. zrIgiri, 38. sAriputra (sAtiputra),39. saMjaya, 40.dvaipAyana (dIvAyaNa), 41. indranAga (iMdanAga), 42. soma, 43. yama, 44. varuNa evaM 45. vaizramaNa ke vacana saMkalita haiN| isameM sUtrakRtAMga ke rAmaputra kA ullekha RSibhASita ke teisaveM adhyayana meM, bAhuka kA caudahaveM adhyayana, tArAgaNa kA chattIsaveM adhyayana, Asita devala kA tIsare adhyayana tathA

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 dvaipAyana kA cAlIsaveM adhyayana meM ullekha hai tathA nami aura pArAzara kA RSibhASita meM nAmollekha prApta nahIM hotaa| evaM uttarAdhyayana meM nami vaidehi kA ullekha pratyeka buddha ke rUpa meM huA hai, jinhoMne apane sabhI saMbandhiyoM evaM mithilA nagarI ko chor3akara abhiniSkramaNa kiyaa| sUtrakRtAMga meM ullekhita RSi matoM meM kucha ullekha mahAbhArata meM bhI hai| asita devala, dvaipAyana tathA pArAzara kA parAzaryazca nAma se ullekha milatA hai| vahAM ve mahArAja yudhiSThira kI sabhA meM baiThate the tathA mahAbhArata meM hI anya prasaMga meM pArAzara va parAzarya nAma se ullekha milatA hai| jabaki nimi (nami) kA ullekha atibalazAlI, mahArathI, guNazAlI rAjA ke rUpa meM huA hai| isake atirikta bhI AgamoM meM utpatti-niSpattivAda, tryaNukavAda, sphoTavAda, dvaikriyavAda, dayamAna-adattavAda, kriyAvAda (AcAra), nirvANavAda, zUnyavAda, vAyu jIvavAda, evaMbhUtavedanAvAda, sukhaduHkhaupadarzanavAda, svabhAvavAda, duHkhavAda, ekAntabAlavAda, jIva-jIvAtmanyavAda, kevalI-yakSAviSTavAda, paMcAstikAyavAdanirAkaraNavAda, santativAda, manojIvavAda, jIva astitvavAda, karma astittvavAda, jIva punarjanmavAda, baMdha-mokSa astitvAda, deva astitvavAda, nAraka astitvAda, puNya-pApa astitvavAda, paraloka astitvavAda, nirvANa astitvavAda, ajJAnavAda, jJAnavAda, aphalavAda, IzvarakAraNika, AdhAkarmakRtavAda, karmopacaya siddhAnta, avatAravAda, vedavAdI brAhmaNa, hastitApasa, siddhavAda, pApityIya zramaNa Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| ina sabhI kA kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, ajJAnavAda tathA vinayavAda meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| sRSTi utpatti saMbandhI vibhinna matoM- aNDakRta sRSTi, deva evaM brahmAkRta sRSTi, IzvarakRta (IzvarakAraNika) sRSTi, pradhAnakRta sRSTi, prajApatikRta sRSTi kA ullekha milatA hai| inake atirikta jaina Agama tathA usake graMtha meM pAMca prakAra ke zramaNoM kA ullekha karate haiM, jaise- 1. nirgrantha, 2. tApasa, 3. zAkya, 4. geruya (parivrAjaka), 5. aajiivik| inake prakArAntara se aneka bheda milate haiM aura bhI svatIrthika darzana bhraSTa sAta nihnavoM-1. bahutara, 2. jIvaprAdezika, 3. avartika, 4. sAmucchedika, 5. dvikriyA, 6. trairAzika, 7. abaddhika kA ullekha milatA hai| mahAvIra ke samakAlIna bauddha sAhitya meM dIghanikAya ke aMtargata 62 matavAdoM kA ullekha huA hai, jaise Adi saMbandhI 18 mata- 1. zAzvatavAda, 2. nityatA-anityatAvAda, 3. sAnta-anantatAvAda, 4. amarAvikSepavAda, 5. akaarkvaad| anta sambandhI 44 mata - 1. maraNAntara hoza vAlA AtmA, 2. maraNAntara na hoza vAlA AtmA, 3. maraNAntara behoza AtmA, 4. AtmA kA uccheda, 5. isI janma meM nirvaann| vahAM ina dasa vAdoM ke vibhinna kAraNoM kA ullekha kara 62 bheda kiye gae haiN| isa prakAra 600 I.pU. ke vAdoM kI eka lambI zrRMkhalA prApta hotI hai| jinake aneka bheda prabheda bhI milate haiM, yahA~ unakA nAmollekha mAtra kiyA gayA chaThI sadI I.pU. kA yuga krAMtikArI racanAtmaka sudhAravAdI pravRttiyoM ke lie na kevala bhAratavarSa meM balki saMpUrNa vizva meM mahattvapUrNa kAla mAnA gayA hai| yaha jAgaraNa evaM jijJAsA

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jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna matavAda evaM unakI utpatti ke kAraNa kA yuga thaa| isa samaya sahasA samakAlIna aura sunizcita svatantra sabhyatAoM ke kendroM para dhArmika AMdolana zuru hue| jahAM saba dharmoM ke vicAroM meM punarjAgaraNa ho rahA thA, isa yuga meM cIna meM dArzanika, jaise- phaMga yU laoNna (Fung Yu Lan) kanphyUziyasa, lAotso ne dhArmika cetanA jAgRta kii| grIsa meM sophisTa tathA bhArata meM bhI nae-nae bauddhika vicAroM kA udbhava ho rahA thaa| mAnava jAti ke lie vaha samaya navajyoti kA thaa| jaba hama usa samaya ke itihAsa kI bhautika vyAkhyA karate haiM to vaha samaya sAmAjika prANI meM parivartana lAne kA samaya thaa| isa bAta se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jahAM para bauddhika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa ho rahA thA, vahIM para mahattvapUrNa arthazAstrIya evaM rAjanItika badalAva bhI bhArata, cIna tathA saMpUrNa vizva meM ho rahe the| jinhoMne aisI mAnava-cetanA kA jAgaraNa kara diyA, jo sAmAjika badalAva kA anubhava kara rahe the| bhAratavarSa meM isa yuga meM naye dhArmika AMdAlanoM ke utthAna aura purAne dharmoM meM sudhAravAdI parivartana evaM svataMtra vicAroM kA udbhava huaa| jaina graMthoM meM aneka nAstika dArzanika saMpradAyoM kA ullekha hai| bauddha grantha taresaTha zramaNa saMpradAya kA ullekha karate haiN| isI taraha zvetAmbara upaniSad meM kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, niyativAda Adi matavAdoM kA ullekha hai| ina saMpradAyoM kI saMkhyA ke bAre meM jo vivaraNa milate haiM, ve atiraMjita pratIta hote haiM, kyoMki usa yuga meM aisI pravRtti pracalita thI aura aisA bhI nahIM mAnanA cAhie ki ve svataMtra dhArmika paMtha aura saMpradAya the| ina matavAdoM ke siddhAnta aura vyavahAra meM bahuta sAdhAraNa antara thaa| yaha kahanA to galata hogA ki ina saba mata-matAntaroM kI utpatti eka hI samaya huii| parantu itanA to avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki inameM se kucha kI utpatti bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva ho cukI thii| mahAvIra yugIna vibhinna matavAdoM ko tapasviyoM ke prabuddha AMdolana kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| jo vastutaH sAmAnya Andolana nahIM the, na hI inakI utpatti bAhmamaNavAdI sudhAroM, na kSatriyoM ke vidroha se, na madhyama varga ke prayatnoM kA pariNAma thI, apitu vaha eka vargahIna, jAtihIna AMdolana thaa| yadyapi ye AMdolana samAja ke logoM ke bIca zurU hue tathApi inakA kisI varga vizeSa ke hita dRSTi se koI saMbandha nahIM thaa| hA~ yaha alaga bAta hai ki ina matavAdoM ke pramukhoM (pravartaka) meM kucha ke samAja sudhAravAdI svara jarUra the| ina bauddhika AndolanoM kI utpatti ke bAre meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke alaga-alaga vicAra haiM - ___maiksamulara, jI. byUlara, eca.karna, harmana jaikobI kA kahanA hai ki isa yuga ke bauddha, jaina tathA anya nAstika paMthoM kA Adarza brAhmaNavAdI sanyAsI the| unakA mAnanA hai ki vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM ye zaktizAlI ho rahe the| rIja DeviDsa ke matAnusAra ina dhArmika parivrAjaka sanyAsiyoM kA utthAna bauddhika Andolana ke pariNAmasvarUpa bauddha dharma kI utpatti ke pUrva ho cukA thaa| yaha bahuta kucha sAmAnya (bauddhika) Andolana thA, kintu purohita Andolana nahIM thaa| isameM koI saMzaya nahIM hai, jo brAhmaNa dharma ke, jIvana ke mUla guNa thA, usake hI naitika vicAroM meM virodha hone lagA, jisakA pariNAma yaha huA ki trivarga ke atirikta mokSa bhI hotA hai, usakI dhAraNA ko loga mAnane lge| cAra Azrama siddhAnta vaha usI kA pariNAma hai| pravRtti

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 kI jagaha nivRtti kA samanvaya hone lagA, dharmasUtroM meM jIvana kI cAra avasthAoM kA siddhAnta AyA hai, vaha usI kA phalasvarUpa hai| 72 jI. sI. pANDe kA mAnanA hai ki svayaM vedoM meM karmakANDa virodhI pravRtti dikhAI detI hai| vaha tapasyA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai, jo vedoM se pUrva se calI A rahI thii| kucha paMtha, jaise jainadharma aura bauddha dharma, isa pUrva vaidika vicAradhArA kI nirantaratA ko prakaTa karate haiN|" jI. esa. ghurye tathA ena. datta ke mata meM bauddha dharma tathA isake sama-sAmayika mata brAhmaNoM ke viruddha kSatriyoM dvArA sAmAjika varcasva hetu calAe gae saMgharSa kA pariNAma the| ye mata proTesTeMTa dharma ke samAna vyApAriyoM tathA rAjAoM kI ubharatI dhanADhyatA kA tapotpAdana thaa| isI prakAra bahuta se rAjAoM kA nazApana, krUratA, duzcaritratA, vizvAsaghAta, adhArmikatA Adi tathA purohitoM dvArA rAjAoM ko apanI manamAnI karane meM sahayoga dene kI tatparatA ke kAraNa jana-sAdhAraNa kI paristhitiyA~ atyanta viSama ho giiN| ina dhArmika AndolanoM ke eka nahIM, varan aneka kAraNa rhe| jAtigata vyavasthA ke atyadhika jaTila hone ke kAraNa sAmAjika asantoSa thA / paraspara virodhI matoM, saMpradAyoM ke jhagar3oM ke kAraNa vyakti meM AdhyAtmika jIvana jIne kI cAha panapane lgii| yaha hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra kA yuga tarka aura jijJAsA kA yuga thA / usa samaya aneka matavAda astittva meM the aneka dharmAcArya, dhArmika aura matavAdI apane-apane dharmo kA paripoSaNa karate hue viharaNa kara rahe the| aneka loga apane Apako tattva dRSTA batAte aura apane siddhAntoM ko logoM meM phailAne ke lie vihAra karate aura upadeza dete the| unakA pArasparika milana aura vArtAlApa mukta thaa| khulakara dharmasaMgha ke AcAryoM, pramukhoM meM carcAe~ hotI thii| kabhI-kabhI jijJAsu svayaM aise logoM kA nAma sunakara unake pAsa jAtA aura apanI zaMkAe~ rakhatA, praznakarttA ke sAmane apane mata siddhAntoM aura usake samarthana meM yuktiyoM kI dhArA bhtii| isameM svamata ko zreSTha dikhAne kA prayAsa calatA rahatA thaa| isa prakAra vAda-prativAda hone se kAlAntara meM vAda ke vibhinna niyamoM kA vikAsa ho gyaa| 600 I.pU. ke pramukha dharmanAyakoM meM bhagavAn mahAvIra bhI eka pramukha dharmanAyaka the| ataH isa sthiti se unako bhI gujaranA pdd'aa| yadyapi jainadharma AcAra pradhAna hai tathApi dezakAla kI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa unhoMne bhI apanI dharmadRSTi kA prasAra-prasAra karane ke lie cAritra bala ke alAvA vAgbala kA bhI sahArA liyaa| sampUrNa jJAna (kevalajJAna) hone ke pazcAt unhoMne dezanA (upadeza) denA zurU kiyaa| aise meM aneka vicAraka unake pAsa Ate aura unase prazna pUchate, jainAgamoM aura bauddha piTakoM meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa apane-apane mata kI puSTi karane ke lie virodhiyoM ke sAtha vAda karate hue aura yuktiyoM ke bala para prativAdiyoM ko harAte hue dekhe jAte haiN| jaina AgamoM meM zramaNa, zrAvakoM aura svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vAdoM kA varNana anekoM jagaha AyA hai| astu prazna yaha hai ki AgamoM meM vibhinna matavAdoM ke ullekha hone ke kyA kAraNa haiM? jahAM taka maiM samajha pAI, usakA eka kAraNa to yaha ho sakatA hai ki ve anya-anya matavAda,

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73 jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna matavAda evaM unakI utpatti ke kAraNa jinakA ullekha AgamoM meM huA hai, mahAvIra ke samakAlIna hone kI vajaha se sthAna pA sake aura jaisA ki pahale batAyA jA cukA hai ki ye anya matavAdI mahAvIra se carcA karane Ate to aise meM una matavAdoM kA ullekha honA svAbhAvika sA lagatA hai| jaise gautama buddha mahAvIra se umra meM kucha varSa choTe the aura unake matavAda kSaNikavAda kA ullekha sUtrakRtAMga meM huaa| isa prakAra samakAlIna hone ke kAraNa kabhI carcA-vArtAlApa yA milane ke daurAna unake siddhAntoM ko jAnA gayA hogA aura apane ziSyoM ko batAyA gayA hogA, aisA saMbhava lagatA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha thI ki bauddhoM ke sthAna-sthAna para vihAra hote, jahA~ bhikSu sthAyI rUpa se rahate aura adhyayana-adhyApana calatA thA, aisA hI vaidika saMyAsiyoM ke sAtha thA jo maThoM meM rahate the| kintu jaina sAdhu cAturmAsa ke alAvA eka sthAna para nahIM rahate the| hamezA vihAra-vicaraNa hotA rahatA thA, jaisA ki Aja bhI dekhA jAtA hai| ataeva unakI vidyA paraMparA sthAyI nahIM thii| aisI sthiti meM mArga meM jo bhI anya matAvalambI milatA unase carcA-saMvAd calatA aura jainoM kI udAra dRSTi apane granthoM meM unheM samAdara detI kintu vahIM jainetara graMthoM meM jaina mata kI carcA kadAcit hI huI hai| tIsarA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki vaha khaNDana pradhAna yuga thaa| sabhI svamata kI pratiSThA karanA cAhate the to saMbhava hai aise meM jaise ki AgamoM meM anya matoM kA khaNDana huA hai, usa AdhAra para anya matoM kA khaNDana kara svamata kI sthApanA hetu bhI anya-anya matoM kA ullekha huaa| ___ vastutaH dharma pracAra ke lie vAda eka sazakta mAdhyama thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke RddhiprApta ziSyoM kI gaNanA meM vAda-pravINa ziSyoM kI pRthak gaNanA huI hai| sthAnAMga meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vAdI ziSyoM kI saMkhyA Rddhi sau batAI gaI hai, jo deva pariSad, manuja pariSad tathA asura pariSad se aparAjeya the| 15 ___ vAda kalA meM aise kuzala sAdhuoM ke lie kaThora niyamoM ko bhI mRdu banAyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpa bhASya (6vIM I.sadI) meM to yahAM taka kahA gayA hai ki malina vastroM kA prabhAva sabhAjanoM para acchA nahIM par3atA hai| ataH vaha sApha-suthare kapar3e pahanakara sabhA meM jAtA hai| rukSabhojana karane se buddhi kI tIvratA meM kamI na ho isalie vAda karane ke prasaMga meM praNIta arthAt snigdha bhojana lekara apanI buddhi ko sattvazAlI banAne kA yatna karatA hai| ye saba sakAraNa ApavAdika pratisevanA hai|16 ina 363 jainetara matoM kA pracArita honA niHsaMdeha saMdigdha hai, kintu katipaya matoM kA pracalita honA avazya niHsaMdigdha hai| sthiti aisI banI ki Agama kI sAkSI se apane siddhAntoM kI saccAI banAye rakhanA kaThina ho gayA, kyoMki aneka matavAda haiM, aneka RSi haiN| kisako sahI mAneM, yaha logoM ke sAmane jvalaMta prazna bana gyaa| taba prAyaH sabhI pramukha matavAdoM ne apane ko pratiSThita karane ke lie yukti (tarka) kA sahArA liyaa| jo brAhmaNa dharma ke mUla zruti aura smRti kA tarkazAstra ke sahAre apamAna karatA hai, vaha nAstika hai, aise sAdhujanoM ko samAja se nikAla denA cAhie

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 yo'vamanyeta mUle, hetuzAstrazrayAd dvijH| sa sAdhubhibaMhiSkAryo nAstiko vednindkH|| (manusmRti, 2.11) aise kathana kI sArthakatA nahIM rahI aura jo tarka se vedArtha kA anusaMdhAna karatA hai, vahI dharma ko jAnatA hai, anya nahIM, aise mata pramukha bana gye| phalataH Agama pramANa (Agama kI satyatA) kA bhAgya tarka ke hAthoM A gayA aura 'vAde vAde jAyate tatvabodhaH' yaha ukti gUMjane lgii| yadyapi gurU-ziSya ke bIca hone vAlA jijJAsA samAdhAna evaM tattvacarcA Adi meM vAda kI zuddhatA meM kamI nahIM AI kintu jahA~ do virodhI matAnuyAyiyoM meM carcA hotI, vahA~ atyanta vikRta rUpa dhAraNa kara letA thaa| jitane vicAra udbhUta hue, ve sabhI sampradAya rUpa meM astitva meM nahI Aye, kyoMki unheM loka samarthana kA AdhAra nahIM milaa| jo vicAra tAtvika, dhArmika yA dArzanika vAdoM ke rUpa meM apanA astitva banAye hue the, unake sAMketika rUpa hameM prApta hote haiN| kucha vicAra, siddhAnta naSTa ho gae, kyoMki logoM kI anAsthA unheM akSuNNa nahIM banAye rakha skii| isa prakAra 600 I.pU. meM aneka sampradAya the, jo tattvajJAna ke kisI eka pakSa ko usakA anusaraNa aura prasaraNa karane meM apanI vANI kA sArthakya mAnate the| saMdarbha - 1. (ka) samavAyAMga, prakIrNaka samavAya, sUtra 90, naMdI, saMskaraNa-82 (kha) sUtratAMganiyukti, 12.4 (ga) kaSAyapAhuDa-jayadhavalA, gAthA-66 (gha) gommaTasAra-karmakANDa, 876 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 1.3.4.62-64 uttarAdhyayana, 9.4 mihilaM supurajaNavayaM, balamorohaM ca pariyaNaM svvN| ciccA abhinikkhaMtto, egantamahiTThiA bhvyN| 4. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 4.10-13, asito devalaH ...... dvaipAyanaH ..... praashryshc.....| 5. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva, 7.10. 13, parAzaraH ..... ||10, parAzaryaH......||13 6. mahAbhArata, Adiparva, 1.1.171.174 7. nizIthabhASya, gAthA, 4420 / NiggaMtha sakka tAvasa, gerUya AjIva paMcahA smnnaa| 8. sthAnAMga, 7.140, .... mahAvIrassa titthaMsi satta pavayaNaNiNhagA paNNattA taM jahA-bahuratA jIvapaesiyA, avattiyA, sAmuccheiyA, dokiriyA, terAsiyA, abddhiyaa|| dIghanikAya, brahmajAlasutta, 1.1., pR. 14-39 (bauddha bhAratI vArANasI prakAzana) 1. sassatavAdA, 2. ekacca sassatavAdA, 3. anantAnantavAdA, 4. amarAvikkhepavAdA, 5. adhiccsmuppnnvaadaa| 1. uddhamAghAtanikA sajIvAdA, 2. uddhamAghAtanikA asaJavAdA, 3. uddhamAghAtanikA nevasInAsaJjIvAdA, 4. ucchedavAdo, 5. ditttthdhmmnibbaanvaado| 10. K.C. Jain, Lord Mahavira And His Times, Motilal Banarasidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi [1st Edition, 1974].

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jaina AgamoM meM vibhinna matavAda evaM unakI utpatti ke kAraNa 11. T.W. Rhys Davids, Buddhist India, [London, 1903], Delhi] 9th Edition, 12. Studies in the Origines of Buddhism, Pg. 317. 13. ke. TI. esa. sarAo, prAcIna bhAratIya bauddha dharma : udbhava, svarUpa evaM patana, da kaoNraporeTa baoNDI Apha di buddha ejyukezanala phAunDezana tAipei, tAivAna, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 2005, pR.61 14. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, jaina adhyayana kI pragati, jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala kI laghu pustikAeM khaNDa-1, jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maMDala, vArANasI, 1958, pR. 6 se aage| 15. sthAnAMga, 4.648, samaNassa NaM bhagavao mahAvIrassa cattAri sayA vAdINaM sadevamaNuyA surAe parisAe aparAjiyANaM ukkositA vAdisaMpayA hutthaa| 16. bRhakalpabhASya, 6035, pAyA vA daMtAsiyA u dhoyA, vA buddhihetuM va pnniiybhttN| taM vAtigaM vA mai sattehauM sabhAjayaTThA sicayaM ba sukkN| ***** -jaina vizva bhAratI lADanUM (rAjasthAna) AcArya vAdirAja deva (dhyAna ke dvArA bha. jinendradeva ko hRdaya meM virAjamAna karanA) ghaTanA vi.sa. 11vIM zatAbdI kI hai| caulukya nareza jayasiMha (prathama) kI sabhA meM ApakA bar3A sammAna thaa| Apa eka nispRhI AcArya aura udbhaTa vidvAna the| asAtA karma vipAka se Apako kuSTa roga ho gayA thaa| dveSI janoM ne rAjA ke kAna bharate hue kahA -"Apa usa kor3hI muni kI itanI prazaMsA kyoM karate ho? usa samaya eka zrAvaka rAjasabhA meM upasthita thA, muni-niMdA sahana nahIM kara skaa| vaha Atma-vizvAsa ke sAtha kahane lagA - yaha jhUTha hai| mere guru-munirAja ko koI kuSTa roga nahIM hai| yaha dveSI janoM kA mAtra pralApa hai| rAjA ne satyatA jAnane kI icchA se kahA- "maiM AcArya zrI ke darzana karane jaauuNgaa| zrAvaka- dharma-saMkaTa meM par3a gyaa| tatkAla A. vAdirAja ke samIpa Akara prArthanA karane lagAbhagavan! maiM rAjA se aisA bolakara AyA huuN| jainadharma kI prabhAvanA ke lie kucha kareM tAki merA kahA jhUTha na ho| dharmarakSA ke nimitta A. vAdirAja ne dhyAnastha hokara "ekIbhAva stotra" kI racanA karate hue nimnAMkita pada kI racanA karate samaya 'kuSTa' vilIna ho gayA aura suvarNa jaisI kAyA ho gayI prAgeveha tridiva- bhavanA deSyatA bhvy-punnyaat| pRthvI cakra kanakamayatAM, deva ninye tvyem| dhyAna dvAraM mama rucikaraM, svAntagehaM praviSTaH tatkiM citraM jinavapuridaM, yatsuvarNI krossi|| rAjA ne unakI AbhAmaya deha ko dekhakara, cugalakhoroM ko daNDita karane kI rAjAjJA dI, lekina kSamAdhArI munirAja ne rAjA kA bhrama dUra kara sabako kSamA karA diyaa|

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vikramAditya kI aitihAsikatA jaina sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM - DaoN. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya itihAsa meM avantikAdhipati vikramAditya kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, unake nAma para pracalita vikrama saMvat kA pracalana bhI lagabhaga saMpUrNa deza meM hai| lokAnubhUtiyoM meM bhI unakA itivRta bahu carcita hai| paravartI kAla ke zatAdhika granthoM meM unakA itivRtta ullekhita hai| phira bhI unakI aitihAsikatA ko lekara itihAsajJa Aja bhI kisI nirNayAtmaka sthiti meM nahIM pahuMca pA rahe haiN| isake kucha kAraNa haiM- prathama to yaha ki vikramAditya viruda ke dhAraka aneka rAjA hue haiM ataH unameM se kauna vikrama saMvat kA pravartaka hai, yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai, kyoMki ve sabhI IsA kI cauthI zatAbdi ke yA usake bhI paravartI haiN| dUsare vikramAditya mAtra unakA eka viruda hai, vAstavika nAma nahIM hai| dUsare vikrama saMvat ke pravartaka vikramAditya kA koI bhI abhilekhIya sAdhya 9vIM zatI se pUrva kA nahIM hai| vikrama saMvat ke spaSTa ullekha pUrvaka jo abhilekhIya sAdhya hai vaha I. san 941 (vikrama saMvat 898) kA hai| usake pUrva ke abhilekhoM meM yaha kRta saMvat yA mAlava saMvat ke nAma se hI ullekhita hai| tIsare vikramAditya ke jo navaratna mAne jAte haiM, ve bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se vibhinna kAloM ke vyakti haiN| ____ vikramAditya ke nAma kA ullekha karane vAlI hAla kI gAthA saptazatI kI eka gAthA ko chor3akara koI bhI sAhityika sAkSya navIM-dazavIM zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai| vikramAditya ke jIvanavRtta kA ullekha karane vAle zatAdhika grantha haiM, jinameM pacAsa se adhika kRtiyoM to jainAcAryoM dvArA racita haiN| unameM kucha graMthoM ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI bArahavIM-terahavIM zatI ke yA usase bhI paravartI kAla ke haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki itihAsajJa unake astitva ke sambandha meM saMdigdha haiN| kintu jaina srotoM se isa sambandha meM vikramAditya kI jo sUcanAeM upalabdha haiM, unakI vizvanIyatA ko pUrI taraha nakArA bhI nahIM jA sakatA hai| yaha satya hai ki jainAgamoM meM vikramAditya sambandhI koI bhI ullekha upalabdha nahIM hai| jaina sAhitya meM vikrama saMvat pravartaka vikramAditya kA sambandha do kathAnakoM se jor3A jAtA hai| prathama to kAlakAcArya kI kathA se aura dUsarA siddhasena divAkara ke kathAnaka se| isake atirikta kucha paTTAvaliyoM meM bhI vikramAditya kA ullekha hai| unameM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 470 varSa pazcAt vikrama saMvat kA pravartana huA aura yaha mAnyatA Aja bahujana sammata bhI hai| yadyapi kahIM 466 varSa aura 45 dina pazcAt vikrama saMvat kA pravartana mAnA gayA hai| tiloyapaNNatti ko jo prAcInatama (lagabhaga-pAMcavIM-chaThI zatI) ullekha hai, usameM vIra nirvANa ke 461 varSa pazcAt zaka rAjA huA- aisA jo ullekha hai usake AdhAra

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vikramAditya kI aitihAsikatA jaina sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM para yaha tithi adhika ucita lagatI hai- kyoMki kAlaka kathA ke anusAra bhI vIra nirvANa ke 461 varSa pazcAt kAlakasUri ne gardabhilla ko sattA se cyutakara ujjainI meM zaka-zAhI ko gaddI para biThAyA aura cAra varSa pazcAt gardabhilla ke putra vikramAditya ne unheM parAjita kara punaH ujjaina para apanA zAsana sthApita kiyaa| dUsarI bAra punaH vIra nirvANa ke 605 varSa aura pAMca mAha pazcAt zakoM ne mathurA para apanA adhikAra zaka zAsana kI nIva DAlI aura zaka saMvat kA pravartana kiyaa| isa bAra zakoM kA zAsana adhika sthAyI rhaa| isakA unmUlana candragupta dvitIya ne kiyA aura vikramAditya virUda dhAraNa kiyaa| merI dRSTi se ujjainI ke zaka-zAhI ko parAjita karane vAle kA nAma vikramAditya thA, jabaki candragupta dvitIya kI yaha eka upAdhi thii| prathama ne zakoM se zAsana chInakara apane o 'zakAri' virUda se maNDita kiyA thA kyoMki zakoM ne usake pitA kA rAjya chInA thaa| ataH usake zaka ari yA zatru the, ataH usakA apane ko 'zakAri' kahanA adhika saMgata thaa| dUsare vikramAditya ne apane zaurya se zakoM ko parAjita kiyA thA ataH vikrama-paurUSa kA sUrya thaa| yadyapi nizIthacUrNi meM kAlakAcArya kI kathA vistAra se upalabdha hai kintu usameM gardabhilla dvArA kAlaka kI bahina sAdhvI sarasvatI ke apaharaNa, kAlakAcArya dvArA sindhu deza (parisakUla) se zakoM ko lAne gardabhilla kI gardabhI vidyA ke viphala kara garda bhilla ko parAjita kara aura sarasvatI ko mukta karAkara punaH dIkSita karane Adi ke hI ullekha hai| usameM vikramAditya sambandhI koI ullekha nahIM hai- jaina sAhitya meM vikramAditya saMbandhI jo racanAeM upalabdha haiM- unameM bahattkalpacUrNi (7vIM zatI), prabhAvaka caritra (1277 I.), prabandhakoza, prabandha ciMtAmaNi (1305 I.), purAtana prabandha saMgraha, kahAvalI (bhadrezvara), zatrujjaya mahAtmya, laghu zatruJjayakalpa, vividhatIrthakalpa (1332 I.), vidhi kaumudI, aSTAnhikA vyAkhyAna, duSmAkAla zramaNa, saMghastuti, paTTAvalI sAroddhAra, khataragacchasUriparamparA prazasti, viSAyahArastotraM bhASya, kalyANamaMdirastotra bhASya, saptatikAvRtti, vicArasAra prakaraNa vikramacaritra Adi aneka graMtha haiM, jinameM vikramAditya kA itivRtta kiMJcita bhinnatAoM ke sAtha upalabdha hai| kheda mAtra yahI hai ye sabhI grantha prAyaH sAtavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki itihAsajJa inakI prAmANikatA para saMzaya karate haiN| kintu AcArya hastImala jI ne dasa aise tarka prastuta kiye haiM, jisase inakI prAmANikatA para vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| unake kathana ko maiMne apanI zabdAvalI meM Age prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA hai (dekheM-jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa, khaNDa-2 pRsstth-545-548)| (1) vikramasaMvat Aja do sahastrAbdiyoM se kucha adhika kAla se pravartita hai| Akhira isakA pravartaka koI bhI hogA- binA pravartaka ke isakA pravartana to saMbhava nahIM hai aura yadi anuzruti use 'vikramAditya' (prathama) se jor3atI hai to use pUrI taraha asvIkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| merI dRSTi meM anuzrutiyAM kevala kAlpanika nahIM hotI haiN| (2) vikramAditya se sambandhita aneka kathAeM Aja bhI janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita haiM, unakA AdhAra koI to bhI zAyada rahA hogaa| kevala una AdhAroM ko khoja na pAne kI apanI akSamatA ke AdhAra para unheM mithyA to nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| jisa itihAsa kA itanA bar3A

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 janAdhAra hai use sarvathA mithyA kahanA bhI eka dussAhasa hI hogaa| (3) prAcIna prAkRta grantha gAthA saptazatI, jise vikrama kI prathama-dvitIya zatI meM sAtavAhana vaMzI rAjA hAla ne saMkalita kiyA thA-usameM vikramAditya kI dAnazIlatA kA spaSTa ullekha hai| yaha ullekha candragupta (dvitIya) vikramAditya ke sambandha meM yA usase paravartI anya vikramAditya upAdhidhArI kisI rAjA ke sambandha meM nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki ve isa saMkalana se paravartI kAla meM hue haiN| ataH vikrama saMvat kI prathama zatI se pUrva koI avantI kA vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA huA hai yaha mAnanA hogaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki vikramAditya hAla ke kisI pUrvaja sAtavAhana vaMzI rAjA se yuddha kSetra meM Ahata hokara mRtyu ko prApta hue the| vaha gAthA nimna hai - saMvAhaNasuhassa tosieNa, denteNa tuhakare lkkhN| calaNeNa vikkamAicca criamnnsikkhiaNtissaa|| - gAthA saptazatI-464 (4) sAtavAhana vaMzI rAjA hAla ke samakAlIna guNADhya ne paizAcI prAkRta meM bRhat kathA kI racanA kI thii| usI AdhAra para somadeva bhaTTa ne saMskRta meM kathA saritsAgara kI racanA kIusameM bhI vikramAditya ke viziSTa guNoM kA ullekha hai (dekheM-lambka 6 taraMga 1 tathA lambaka 18 taraMga 1) / (5) bhaviSya purANa aura skandapurANa meM bhI vikrama kA jo ullekha hai, vaha nitAMta kAlpanika hai- aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| bhaviSyapurANa khaNDa 2 adhyAya 23 meM jo vikramAditya kA itivRtta diyA gayA hai- vaha lokaparamparA ke anusAra vikramAditya ko bhatRhari kA bhAI batAtI hai tathA unakA janma zakoM ke vinAzArtha huA aisA ullekha karatA hai| ataH isa sAkSya ko pUrNataH nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| (6) guNADhya (I. san 78) dvArA racita bRhatkathA ke AdhAra para kSemendra dvArA racita bRhatkathA maMjarI meM bhI vikramAditya kA ullekha hai| usameM bhI mleccha, yavana, zakAdi ko parAjita karane vAle eka zAsaka ke rUpa meM vikramAditya kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai| (7) zrI madbhAgavata skandha 12 adhyAya 1 meM jo rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI dI gaI hai, usameM dazagardabhinoH nRpAH ke AdhAra para gardabhilla vaMza ke dasa rAjAoM kA ullekha hai| jaina paraMparA meM vikrama gardabhilla ke putra ke rUpa meM ullekhita kiyA gayA hai| (8) vikrama saMvat ke pravartana ke pUrva jo rAjA hue usameM kisI ne vikramAditya aisI padavI dhAraNa nahIM kii| jo bhI rAjA vikramAditya ke pazcAt hue haiM- unhoMne hI vikramAditya kA virUda dhAraNa kiyA hai- jaise sAtakarNI gautamI putra (lagabhaga I. san prathama-dvitIya zatI) candragupta-vikramAditya (I. san caturtha zatI) aadi| inhoMne vikramAditya kI yazogAthA ko sunakara apane ko usake samAna batAne hetu hI yaha 'virUda' dhAraNa kiyA hai| ataH gardabhilla putra vikramAditya inase pUrvavartI haiN| (9) bANabhaTTa ke pUrvavatI kavi subandhu ne vAsavadattA ke prastAvika zloka 10 meM

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79 vikramAditya kI aitihAsikatA jaina sAhitya ke saMdarbha meM vikramAditya kI kIrti kA ullekha kiyA hai| (10) I. pUrva kI mAlavamudrAoM meM mAlavagaNa kA ullekha hai, vastutaH vikramAditya ne apane pitRrAjya para punaH adhikAra mAlavagaNa ke sahayoga se hI prApta kiyA thA, ataH yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unhoMne mAlava saMvat ke nAma se hI apane saMvat kA pravartana kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki vikrama saMvat ke prAraMbhika ullekha mAlava saMvat yA kRta saMvat ke nAma se hI milate haiN| (11) vikramAditya kI sabhA ke jo navaratna the, unameM kSapaNaka' ke rUpa meM jainamuni kA bhI ullekha hai, kathAnakoM meM inakA sambandha siddhasena divAkara se jor3A gayA hai| kintu siddhasena divAkara ke kAla ko lekara svayaM jaina vidvAnoM meM bhI matabheda hai| adhikAMza jaina vidvAna bhI unheM cauthI-pAMcavIM zatI kA mAnate haiM, kintu jahAM taka jaina paTTAvaliyoM kA sambandha hai, unameM siddhasena kA kAla vIra nirvANa saMvat 500 batAyA gayA hai, isa AdhAra para vikramAditya aura siddhasena kI samakAlikatA mAnI jA sakatI hai| (12) muni hastimala jI ne inake atirikta eka pramANa prAcIna arabI grantha searUla okUla (pR. 315) kA diyA thA jisameM vikaramatuna' ke ullekha pUrvaka vikrama kI yazogAthA varNita hai| isa grantha kA kAla vikrama saMvat kI cauthI-pAMcavI zatI hai| yaha hijarI san se 165 varSa pUrva kI ghaTanA hai| isa prakAra vikramAditya (prathama) ko kAlpanika vyakti nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| merI dRSTi meM gardabhilla ke putra evaM zakazAhI se ujjainI ke zAsana para punaH adhikAra karane vAle vikramAditya eka aitihAsika vyaktitva hai, ise nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| unhoMne mAlava gaNa ke sahayoga se ujjainI para adhikAra kiyA thA, yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha prAnta Aja bhI mAlava deza kahA jAtA hai| (13) jaina paramparA meM vikramAditya ke caritra ko lekara jo vipula sAhitya racA gayA hai, vaha bhI isa tathya kI puSTi karatA hai ki kisI na kisI rUpa meM vikramAditya (prathama) kA astitva avazya rahA hai| vikramAditya ke kathAnaka ko lekara jaina paramparA meM nimna grantha upalabdha hote haiM 1. vikramacaritra - yaha grantha kAza hRdagaccha ke devacandra ke ziSya devamUrti dvArA likhA gayA hai| isakI eka pratilipi meM pratilipi lekhaka saMvat 1492 ullekhita hai, isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki yaha racanA usake pUrva kI hai| isa graMtha kA eka anya nAma 'siMhAsana dvAtriMzikA' bhI hai| isakA graMtha parimANa 5300 hai| kRti saMskRta meM hai| 2. vikramacaritra nAmaka eka anya kRti bhI upalabdha hai| isake kartA paM.somadeva sUri haiN| graMtha parimANa 6000 hai| 3. vikramacaritra nAmaka tIsarI kRti sAdhuratna ke ziSya rAjamerU dvArA saMskRta gadya meM likhI gaI hai| isakA racanAkAla vi.saM. 1579 hai| 4. vikramAditya ke caritra se sambandhita cauthI kRti 'paJcadaNDAtapatrachatra prabandha'

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 nAmaka hai| yaha kRti sArdha pUrNimA gaccha ke abhayadeva ke ziSya rAmacandra dvArA vi.saM. 490 meM likhI gaI thii| yaha ekaladhukRti hai| isakI aneka pratiyAM vibhinna bhaNDAroM meM upalabdha haiN| vebara ne ise 1877 meM varlina se ise prakAzita bhI kiyA hai| 5. paJcadaNDAtmaka vikramacaritra nAmaka ajJAta lekhaka kI eka anya kRti bhI milatI hai| isakA racanA kAla 1290 yA 1294 hai| 6. paJcadaNDa chatra prabandha nAmaka graMtha eka anya vikramacaritra bhI upalabdha hotA hai, jisake karttA pUrNacandra batAye gaye haiN| 7. zrI jinaratnakoza kI sUcanAnusAra - siddhasena divAkara kA eka vikramacaritra bhI milatA hai| yadi aisA hai to nizcaya hI vikramAditya ke astitva ko siddha karane vAlI yaha prAcInatama racanA hogii| keTalaoNga keTA gorama bhAga prathama ke pRSTha saM. 717 para isakA nirdeza upalabdha hai| 8. vikrama nRpakathA, kRti ke kAntivijaya bhaNDAra bar3audA meM evaM 'vikrama prabandha' aura vikrama prabandha kathA nAmaka do anya graMthoM kI aura sUcanA prApta hotI hai| isameM vikrama prabandha kathA ke lekhaka zrutasAgara batAye gaye haiN| yaha graMtha jayapura ke kisI jaina bhaNDAra meM upalabdha hai| 9.vikramasenacarita nAmaka eka anya prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha graMtha kI bhI sUcanA upalaba hotI hai| yaha graMtha padmacandra kisI jainamuni ke ziSya dvArA likhita hai| pATana keTalAga bhAga 1 ke pRSTha 173 para isakA ullekha hai| 10. pUrNacandrasUri ke dvArA racita vikramAditya paJcadaNDa chatra prabandha nAmaka eka anya kRti kA ullekha bhI jina ratna koza' meM huA hai| 11. 'vikramAditya dharmalAbhAdi prabandha' ke kartA megerUtuMgasUri batAye gaye haiN| ise bhI kAnti vijaya bhaNDAra baDaudA meM hone kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| 12. jinaratnakoza meM vidyApati ke vikramAditya prabandha' kI sUcanA bhI prApta hai| 13. 'vikramArkavijaya' nAmaka eka kRti bhI prApta hotI hai| isake lekhaka ke rUpa meM 'guNArNAva' kA ullekha huA hai| isa prakAra jaina bhaNDAroM se vikramAditya se saMbandhita pandraha se adhika kRtiyoM ke hone kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| isake atirikta marUgurjara aura purAnI hindI meM bhI vikramAditya para kRtiyoM kI racanA huI hai| isameM tapAgaccha ke harSavimala ne vi.saM. 1610 ke Asa-pAsa vikrama rAsa kI racanA kI thii| isI prakAra udaya bhAnu meM vi. saM. 1565 meM vikrama sena rAsa kI racanA kii| prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura meM bhI vikramAditya kI caupAI kI apUrNa prati upalabdha hai| isa prakAra jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta saMskRta, marUgurjara aura purAnI hindI meM vikramAditya para aneka kRtiyoM kI racanA kI hai| - prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura (madhyapradeza)

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pustaka samIkSA 1. mahAvIra kathA (kRti) lekhaka-AcArya azoka sahajAnaMda, prakAzaka-arihaMta iMTaranezanala, 239, darIbAkaMlA, cAMdanI cauka, dillI-6, prathama saMskaraNa-2011, mUlya 200/- pRSTha-160 prastuta samIkSya kRti meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana kI eka prAmANika prastuti hai| lekhaka ne mahAvIra kAlIna sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, sAMskRtika Adi dazAoM kA citraNa ke sAtha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pUrvabhavoM kA varNana kiyaa| isameM yathAyogya zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM kA ullekha bhI samAhita kiyA gayA hai| nirvANa se pUrva bhagavAn dvArA diyA gayA aMtima divya upadeza rocaka DhaMga se prastuta hai jo uttarAdhyayana sUtra (jaina Agama) se liyA gayA hai| 36 adhyayanoM ke mAdhyama se adhyAtmonmukhI, karma-phala kathA sUtra Adi kA varNana prAkRta gAthAoM ke AdhAra para diyA jinake saMdarbha bhI likhe jAnA cAhie thaa| mUlya apekSAkRta adhika hai| 2. sahaja Ananda (traimAsikI zodha kA "prathama cakravartI bharata" vizeSAMka) pradhAna saMpAdaka-AcArya azoka sahajAnaMda, prakAzaka-megha prakAzana, cAMdanI cauka, dillI-6, vizeSAMka-saMgrahaNIya hai| jo sArthaka jIvana kA saphala saMvAda prastuta karatA hai| aMka-74 sitambara 2010, mUlya 40/-ru. pRSTha-162 prastuta aMka meM samrATa bharata viSayaka vidvAna lekhakoM ke 27 zodhAlekha saMkalita haiN| vizeSAMka meM upAdhyAya amaramuni, vidyAvAcaspati DaoN. raMjanasUrideva, DaoN. pracaNDiyA Adi ke Alekha paThanIya hai| 3. jaina vAD.maya ratnakoza - (prathama khaNDa) pravaktA-adhyAtma yogI zrImad sahajAnaMda varNI, saMkalana/saMpAdana-AcArya azoka sahajAnaMda, prakAzaka- jaina graMthAgAra-dillI-6, pRSTha-480, prathama saMskaraNa-2011 eka khaNDa kA mUlya 750/-ru. saMpUrNa seTa-4 khaNDa kA mUlya ru. 3000/ bheda vijJAnI adhyAtma vidyAvizArada, mokSalakSmI ko jinhoMne upAdeya nizcita kiyA aise sahajAnaMda jI varNI mahArAja kI pAvana smRtiyoM meM samIkSya graMtha prakAzita kara unheM sAdara samarpita hai| zrImad kundakundAcArya ke samayasAra, graMtha para usameM varNita 10 adhikAroM para pUjya varNI dvArA diye gaye sAragarbhita pravacanoM kA saMkalana samIkSya kRti meM hai| AcArya kundakunda svAmI ne isa adhyAtma ke mahAgraMtha meM zuddha Atma svarUpa kA nizcaya naya kI dRSTi se pratipAdana kiyA hai| prastuta khaNDa prathama meM samayasAra kI prAraMbha kI 38 gAthAoM kI mArmika pravacana zailI meM vyAkhyA hai| paM. nihAlacaMda jaina

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ujjayinI ke maMdiroM meM sajIle toraNa dvAroM kA aitihAsika paricaya - zrImatI aMjali mukeza vijayavargIya mahAkAlezvara aura jagat Iza zrIkRSNa kI adhyayana sthalI ujjayinI apane Apa meM gauravamayI tathA prAcIna nagarI hai| ise madhyapradeza kA hI nahIM apitu saMpUrNa bhArata kA hRdaya kahA jAtA hai| mAlavA ke paThAra para sthita yaha nagara puNya salila kSiprA nadI ke taTa para basA huA hai| purANoM ke anusAra ise saptapuri meM se eka mAnA jAtA hai tathA kaI prAcIna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA thA jinameM ujjayinI, avaMtikA, pratikalpA, padmAvatI tathA vizAlA pramukha hai| isa pavitra tIrtha meM sabhI dharmoM ke anuyAyI tathA sabhI dharmoM ke dhArmika sthAna hai| itihAsa ke anusAra mahAtmA buddha ke samaya isa sthAna ke pradyota nAmaka rAjA zAsaka the| IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI ke pUrva isa nagara para maurya samrAToM kA zAsana thA usake bAda azoka, zuMga vaMza va zakoM kA zAsana aayaa| usake pazcAt vikramAditya ne isa nagarI ko kaI mahAna sthApatya kalA ke namUne die jisameM se kucha Aja bhI isa zahara kI zobhA bar3hA rahe haiN| mugaloM ke zAsanakAla meM ise hAni bhI huii| jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa bhI ujjaina se jur3A huaahai| kaI purAne jaina sAhityika graMthoM jaise caturvizaMtiprabaMdha, kathAkoSa, casaharacaritra, karakaraDU, Adi meM jainadharma ke ujjayinI meM pracAra-prasAra ke pramANa milate haiN| jainadharma matAnusAra prathama tIrthakara vRSabhadeva ne iMdra ko AjJA dekara isa avaMti deza kI racanA karAI thii| jaina dharma kA mUlAdhAra ahiMsA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI tapasyA ke bAda jaina dharma ko aura adhika vikasita hone kA avasara prApta huaa| digambara va zvetAmbara donoM hI dharmAvalaMbiyoM ke maMdira pracura mAtrA meM ujjaina meM milate haiN| maMdira zabda kA artha hai vaassthaan| aMgrejI meM ise Tempala kahate haiN| jisakA mUla artha AyatAkAra devAlaya se hai| bhAratIya dhAraNA ke anusAra maMdira vastutaH devasthAna nahIM svayaM devatA hai| isI dhAraNA ke anusAra ise pAda, jaMghA, kaTi, urdhva, skandha va zIrSa Adi bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai tathA guptakAla meM isI ke AdhAra para maMdiroM meM alaMkaraNa huA thaa| pratyeka zailI kI alaga chApa usa kAla kI vAstukalA meM hameM dikhAyI detI hai tathA kaI jagahoM para do zailiyoM kA saMgama bhI dikhAI detA hai| prasiddha graMtha "sagarAMgaNa sUtradhAra" ke anusAra jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa bhI zaiva va vaiSNava maMdiroM ke samAna hI huA hai tathA unameM kaI samAnatAe~ pAI gaI haiN| maMdira ko 3 bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai- 1. pITha yA adhiSThAna 2. maMDovara 3. shikhr| adhiSThAna ke jADyakumbha, karNaka, aMtarpa va grAsapaTTikA Adi kaI bhAga hote haiM jinako alaMkaraNa ke AdhAra para pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| maMDovara ke 3 pramukha bhAga haiMvedIbandha, jaDyA, vrnnddikaa| garbhagraha meM pramukha mUrti kA nivAsa hotA hai| zikhara bhI alaMkaraNa

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ujjayinI ke maMdiroM meM sajIle toraNa dvAroM kA aitihAsika paricaya yukta hotA hai| pramukha praveza dvAra para staMbhoM kA alaMkaraNa kaI prakAra se hotA hai jinameM pazu pattiyoM, vanaspati, vallariyoM, kamala va ghaMTikaoM dvArA alaMkaraNa hotA hai aura jisa para toraNa kA nirmANa hotA hai| toraNa kA artha 'meharAba' yA parikara se hai| toraNa kA artha mukhya praveza dvAra ke alaMkaraNa se mAnA jAtA hai| maMdiroM meM isakA nirmANa daivIya zakti ko bala dene va AsurI zaktiyoM ke praveza niSedha ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| toraNa kI utpatti makara mukha mAnI jAtI hai| ataH isakA nirmANa makara mukha se nikalate hue hI kiyA jAtA hai| alaMkaraNa mukhyataH tIna prakAra kA hotA hai-1. rekhAkRti pradhAna 2. patravallarI pradhAna 3. kalpanA prasUla pazu pakSiyoM kI AkRti yA iihaamRg| isakA nirmANa mukhyataH do kAraNoM se hotA hai- 1. maMgala ke lie 2. vizeSa arthoM kI abhivyakti ke lie (mAMgalika cinha jaise pUrNa ghaTa, kamala Adi) usa sthAna kI AsurI zaktiyoM se rakSA karate haiM aisA mAnakara unakA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai| guptakAla meM patra latA va patra puSpoM ko alaMkaraNa hetu mukhyarUpa se prayukta kiyA jAtA thA jabaki kuSANakAla meM IhAmRga kA utkIrNana adhika huA hai| alaMkaraNa ke AdhAra para toraNa ko 4 prakAroM meM bAMTA gayA hai| 1. patra toraNa - pramukha alaMkaraNa pattiyoM dvaaraa| 2. puSpa toraNa - pramukha alaMkaraNa puSpoM dvaaraa| 3. ratna toraNa - pramukha alaMkaraNa ratnoM dvaaraa| 4. citra toraNa- pramukha alaMkaraNa vibhinna prakAra ke citroM dvaaraa| ina sabhI ke alAvA bhI eka aura mukhya vibhAjana mAnA jAtA hai jo nimnAnusAra hai| mukhyataH tIna prakAra ke toraNa haiM- 1. ilikA (reMgatI huI imalI ke samAna) toraNa- isake bhI kaI prakAra haiN| 2. rAthikA toraNa 2. ilikAkAra toraNa 3. trirathikA dvirathikA toraNa yA valitodarA tornn| trirathikA toraNa se tAtparya hai ki maMdira kA nirmANa triratha yojanA ke anusAra huA hai| jo nimna bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| 1. SISTha/ nIce kA bhAga 2. Upara vAlA 3. zikhara yA gaNDI 4. Amalaka (mastiSka) pAbhAga/padabhAga, isake bAda jaMghA, vrnndd| isI prakAra inhIM bhAgoM ko upabhAgoM meM bAMTakara paMcaratha va saptaratha yojanAnusAra maMdira nirmANa hotA hai| isI ke AdhAra para toraNa ke bhI nAma rakhe gae haiN| 1. paMcarAthikA - catuilikA toraNa/ zrI puMja, 2. saptarAthikA- paTdalikA toraNa/naMdIvardhana, 3. gavAkSayukta toraNa, 4. hiNDolaka toraNa- arthAt hiNDole ke samAna toraNa kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA hai| vastusAre prakaraNa ke anusAra - cau thaMbha cauduvAraM, cau toraNa cau disehiM chjjuddN|

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 84 paMca kaNavIra sihare du ti bAregAsiMharaM vA / / 64 / / arthAt maMdira ke cAroM konoM para cAra stambha, cAroM dizAoM meM cAra dvAra aura cAra toraNa, cAroM ora chajjA aura kanera ke jaisA zikhara karanA caahie| maMdira dvAra yA do dvAra yA tIna dvAra vAlA aura eka zikhara vAlA banA sakate haiN| toraNa meM makara mukha se nikalatI huI aneka patra latAe~ kalAtmaka rUpa meM aMkita kI gaI haiN| kaI jagaha ina maNiyoM va latAoM kA apaharaNa karane ke lie yakSa va makara kA saMgharSa bhI citrita kiyA gayA hai| makara jo ki pUrva samudra kI saMpatti ke rataka the bAda meM devanadI gaMgA ke vAhana bana gaye the| inheM pavitratA ke pratIka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| ujjaina meM jaina mandira ujjaina meM bahuta adhika saMkhyA meM jaina maMdira sthita hai, parantu aise maMdira jo ki vAstukalA ke AdhAra para banAye gaye haiM unakI saMkhyA nimnAnusAra hai - 1. zrI zItalanAtha jI zvetAmbara jaina maMdira, phrIgaMja, 2. zrI ajitanAtha jI zvetAmbara jaina maMdira, sarAphA, 3. zrI candraprabhu jaina maMdira namakamaNDI, 4. zrI AdIzvara jJAna maMdira, khArAkuA, 5. zrI ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAtha jaina maMdira, khArAkuA, 6. zrI avaMtipArzvanAtha jaina maMdira, dAnIgeTa, 7. zrI mahAvIra jaina maMdira, dAnIgeTa evaM 8. zrI Adizvara jaina zvetAmbara tIrtha, nadIpAra / 1. zrI zItalanAtha jI zvetAmbara jaina maMdira, phrIgaMja isa maMdira kI sthApanA 10.2.1988 meM huI thii| isa maMdira meM sapheda saMgamaramara kA banA huA sajIlA toraNa dvAra hai jisameM makaramukha se nikalate hue toraNa ko dikhAyA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI alaMkRta khambe banAye gaye haiM jisameM vAdya bajAtI huI nArI AkRtiyA~ utkIrNa gaI haiN| vezabhUSA meM ye AkRtiyA~ yakSoM jaisI dikhAI detIM haiN| eka nArI AkRti ke hAtha meM mRdaMga va eka ke hAtha meM veNu liye hue tathA use bajAte hue batAyA gayA hai| ye svarga kI apsarAeM yA gaMdharva jAna par3atI haiN| yaha toraNa ilikAkAra toraNa hai arthAt jisa prakAra illI reMgatI hai usI prakAra yaha toraNa laharAtA huA banAyA gayA hai| toraNa meM madhya meM alaMkaraNa karane ke liye kamala dala ko cakrAkAra rUpa meM vyavasthita karake choTe-choTe cakroM ko eka ke bAda eka vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai| bar3e hI AkarSaka rUpa meM isa toraNa ko banAyA gayA hai isa toraNa meM vakrAkAroM ke madhya choTe choTe cakroM ko vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai| do vakroM ko jor3ane vAle va sthAna para ghaMTikA rUpa se eka vakra AkAra aMkita hai jo kisI laTakatI huI ghaMTikA kA AbhAsa detA hai, jisake UparI bhAga meM alaga taraha kI cAra pattiyoM vAle puSpoM ko banAyA gayA hai jo ki do vakra ilikAoM ke madhya ke vakra alaMkaraNa ko jor3ate haiN| toraNa ke udagama sthAna makaramukha ko bhI bahuta alaMkRta va AkarSaka banAyA gayA hai| makara ke toraNa ke donoM tarapha ke stambhoM para jo alaMkaraNa hai usa para gupta kAla kA prabhAva sApha spaSTa dikhAI detA hai| nIce se madhyabhAga sapATa hai jabaki toraNa ke nIce yA UparI bhAga meM alaMkaraNa hai| toraNa ke nicale bhAga va madhyabhAga ke Upara yaha stambha gola ho gayA hai, jisa para nIce ke bhAga meM catuSkoNoM ko eka-eka khAMcoM meM banAkara alaMkaraNa diyA hai, jabaki usake Upara kA

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ujjayinI ke maMdiroM meM sajIle toraNa dvAroM kA aitihAsika paricaya alaMkaraNa kama caur3A va caukora khAMcoM ko banAkara kiyA gayA hai| toraNa ke nicale krama meM alaMkaraNa 8 koNoM vAlA hai| 2 koNoM ke madhya meM Upara se nIce kI ora adhakhilA huA kamala kA puSpa banAyA gayA hai| usake Upara yA toraNa ke udgama sthAna para cAroM tarapha ghaMTikAoM kI AkRtiyA~ banAI gaI haiN| Age kI ora isa ghaMTikA ko AdhAra mAnakara eka alaMkRta dharAtala banAkara eka eka nArI pratimA banAI gaI hai| dAhinI ora kI nArI pratimA hAtha meM veNu liye hue use bajAte hue banAyI gaI hai, jabaki bAI ora kI nArI AkRti hAtha meM mRdaMga liye hue use bajAtI huI aMkita kI gaI hai| toraNa UparI bhAga ke stambha para caur3AI bar3ha gaI hai tathA adhakhilI kamala pattiyoM se eka vakra kA alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| 2. zrI ajitanAtha jaina maMdira, sarAphA - isa maMdira kA toraNa varSa 2003 meM sthApita huA hai| dUra-dUra se Ae kArIgaroM ne isa prAcIna maMdira meM sundara va sajIlA toraNa sthApita kiyA hai| yaha maMdira 80-90 sAla purAnA hai| hAla hI meM sthApita isa toraNa ke Upara dUsarI maMjila para kaI havAdAra jharokhe banAye gaye haiM jinameM sthita alaMkaraNa bar3A hI lubhAvanA hai| lAla patthara se bane isa toraNa dvAra para bArIka alaMkaraNa huA hai sAtha hI chata para bhI sundara kamala ke phUloM kI AkRtiyA~ ukerI gaI haiN| ___ maMdira ke dvAra meM alaMkRta tIna toraNa haiM jinameM madhya kA toraNa dvAra bar3A va mukhya hai jabaki donoM AsapAsa ke toraNa choTe haiN| yaha toraNa trirathikA, dviilikAkAra hai| ise valitodarA toraNa bhI kahate haiN| toraNa ke donoM stambha alaMkRta hai| stambha aSTakoNIya hai| stambha kA nIce kA bhAga SaTkoNIya hai, jisa para thor3A-thor3A alaMkaraNa banA huA hai| stambha ke jaMgha vAle bhAga meM 3 golAkAra alaMkaraNa hai| nIce vAle vRtta ke alaMkaraNa meM aSTakoNIya bhAgoM meM pratyeka bhAga meM eka-eka phUla utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| Upara vAle alaMkaraNa meM kamala ko (adhakhile kamala) utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| tIsare vAle vRtta meM nIce kI ora jhAlara ke rUpa meM alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka vRtta ke bIca meM adhakhilA huA kamala utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| jisake bIca laTakI huI ghaMTiyAM utkIrNa kI gaI haiN| stambha ke madhya bhAga meM SaTkoNIya kamala banAyA gayA hai| jisake UparI bhAga meM choTe-choTe bhAga meM 1-1 phUla alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| isake Upara caukI kA bhAga sAdhAraNa hai| jisameM cAroM dizAoM meM 4 ghaMTiyAM alaMkRta haiM jisameM ye toraNa nikalatA huA darzAyA gayA hai| caukI ke urdhvabhAga meM choTe choTe bhAgoM meM stambha ko kATakara use koNIya banAyA gayA hai| toraNa - isa toraNa meM alaMkaraNa bahuta hI sundara va bArIka hai| alaMkaraNa 3 stara meM hai| nicale stara meM eka-eka kamala kI pattI ko ukerA gayA hai| madhya bhAga meM choTe cakra banAye gaye haiM, jinameM AdhIkhilI huI kamala kI kalI ko banAyA gayA hai| UparI stara va nicalA stara eka samAna hai| prathama valaya (ghumAva) meM 2-2 ghaMTikAeM haiM jinake bIca meM 1-1 valaya hai ghaMTi ke Upara bhAgoM meM caukI caukora hai caukI ke Upara alaMkaraNa stambha ke alaMkaraNa jaisA hI hai, jinako choTe-choTe bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karake usake aMdara 1-1 phUla utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| jisameM cAra pattiyoM vAlA phUla banAyA gayA hai|

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 isa toraNa kA vaha bhAga jisa para toraNa chata para jur3atA hai vahAM para 3 vRttoM meM padma (kamala) utkIrNa haiM, aise 3 kamala chata para utkIrNa kiye haiN| prAcIna guptakAlIna maMdiroM meM dvArazAkhA meM tIna sAdI zAkhAeM hotI thIM ye toraNa dvAra bhI 3 zAkhAoM vAle haiN| ina maMdiroM ke stambha koNIya hai ataH dravir3a zailI kA prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| guptakAlIna alaMkRta toraNa ina toraNoM se samAnatA pradarzita karate haiN| isaliye isa toraNa para guptakAlIna prabhAva bhI dikhAI detA hai| 3. zrI candraprabhu jaina maMdira, namakamaNDI yaha maMdira 200 varSa purAnA hai| yaha toraNa mugalakAla ke prabhAva se prabhAvita hai| mugalakAla bane hue jharokhoM ke Upara jisa prakAra ke alaMkaraNa huA karate the usI prakAra ke alaMkaraNa hameM isa toraNa meM dikhAI dete hai| yaha mukhyataH toraNa nahI hai balki kevala vRttAkAra AkAra meM alaMkaraNa banA diye gaye haiN| sAtha hI alaMkRta stambha banA diye gaye haiN| isa dIvAra para alaMkaraNa meM phUla-pattiyoM va phUloM kI bela banAkara alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| stambha para alaMkaraNa bhI mugalakAla jaisA hai| stambha ke nicale bhAga meM phUloM kA tathA pattiyoM ke alaMkaraNa 3 vRttoM meM pradarzita hai jabaki madhyabhAga meM stambha nIce se Upara kI ora golAI meM patalA hotA gayA hai| isa madhyabhAga meM kaI patalI-patalI dhAriyA~ banI huI maMdira kI sthApanA 1988 meM huI thii| isameM saMgamaramara kA banA sajIlA toraNadvAra hai jo ki makaramukha se nikalatA hai tathA alaMkRta khambhoM para banA huA hai khambhoM para alaMkaraNa hetu nArI AkRtiyoM kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai, vezabhUSA se ye yakSoM jaisI jAna par3atI hai inameM se 1 ke hAtha meM mRdaMga va dUsarI ko veNu batAte hue batAyA gayA hai| ilikAkAra toraNa meM alaMkaraNa hetu kamala dala ghaMTikAoM va cakroM se ghirA huA hai| toraNa ke madhya meM vakra alaMkaraNa donoM ko jor3atA hai, tathA usakI suMdaratA ko bar3hAtA hai toraNa ke stambha guptakAla ke anusAra nirmita hai tathA alaMkaraNa bhI usI prakAra kA hai| 4. AdIzvara jJAna jaina maMdira khArAkuMA - 86 - isa maMdira meM siddhacakra banA huA hai tathA pArzvanAthajI kA citra bhI banA huA hai| isa maMdira meM bhI navanirmita toraNa sthita hai| dvAra meM hI 3 zAkhAe~ va 3 toraNa bane hue haiN| toraNa ilikAkAra tathA sapheda saMgamaramara ke patthara se bane hue haiM stambha sAde haiM nIce se caukora stambha hai jisameM ki thor3A sA alaMkaraNa hai, jise caukI ke samAna banAyA gayA hai| Age kI tarapha eka digpAla (yakSa) kI mUrti ukerI gaI hai| mUrti bahuta hI sundara hai, vastrAbhUSaNa se sajjita isa mUrti ke hAtha meM eka daNDa samAna astra diyA huA hai| donoM tarapha ke stambhoM meM 1-1 mUrti nirmita kI gaI hai| mUrti ke UparI bhAga arthAt stambha ke madhya bhAga meM sAdhAraNa tarIke se nirmita kiyA gayA hai| caukI ke nIce vAle bhAga meM stambha ko aSTakoNIya banAyA gayA hai tathA pratyeka 2 koNoM ke madhya bhAga 4 paMkhur3iyoM vAlA eka eka puSpa ukera kara banAyA gayA hai| puSpa ke nIce jhAlara laTakatI huI dikhAI gaI hai| caukI ko aSTakoNIya banAyA gayA hai jisameM cAroM dizAoM meM cAra baMda kamala banAye gaye haiM jo ki ghaMTikAoM kA AbhAsa dete haiN| caukI ke sthAna se alaMkRta makara mukha banAyA gayA hai| makara mukha ke pIche ke bhAga uThatI huI vegavAna jala dhArAoM ko vakrAkAra AkRtiyoM meM darzAyA gayA hai|

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87 ujjayinI ke maMdiroM meM sajIle toraNa dvAroM kA aitihAsika paricaya toraNa - toraNa kA alaMkaraNa tIna staroM meM kiyA gayA hai| nIce ke stara meM kamala kI kaliyoM ko eka ke Upara eka vyavasthita karake unheM layAtmaka DhaMga se banAyA gayA hai| madhyabhAga meM choTe-choTe cakra banAye gaye haiN| jinameM tIna pattiyoM vAlI kalI ko darzAyA gayA hai| UparI stara meM kaliyoM ko eka ke Upara eka vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai| toraNa ke vakroM ke jur3ane ke sthAna para ghaMTikAeM banAI gaI haiN| ghaMTikAoM ke Upara kA choTA caukora sthAna bhI phUloM kI paMkti se alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| toraNa kA vaha bhAga jahAM para toraNa maMdira kI chata se jur3atA hai, vahAM para eka vRtta vAnalA kamala kA khilA huA puSpa banAyA gayA hai| alaMkRta caukI ke UparI bhAga meM stambha ke pahale gola phira alaMkaraNa ke AdhAra para aSTakoNIya ho jAtA hai jisameM pratyeka koNIya bhAga ke madhya meM cAra paMkhur3iyoM vAlA puSpa ukera kara banAyA gayA hai tathA jisameM se ki ghaMTikAe~ laTaka rahI haiN| isa toraNa ke stambha hameM sAdhAraNa dikhate haiM tathA toraNa kA alaMkaraNa guptakAla kI zailI se prabhAvita dikhatA hai| 5. zrI ciMtAmaNi pArzvanAtha jaina maMdira, khArAku~A - yaha maMdira 200 varSa purAnA hai| jabaki isa maMdira ke pujArI yahAM ke bhagavAna zrI pArzvanAtha jI kI mUrti ko 2000 sAla purAnI batAte haiN| isa maMdira ke jIrNoddhAra ke tahata 40 varSa pUrva hI yahAM toraNa kA nirmANa huA hai| praveza dvAra kA stambha do bhAgoM meM ba~TA huA hai| UparI bhAga va nicalA bhaag| nicale bhAga meM caukI banAI gaI hai, jisa para thor3A sA alaMkaraNa hai| jisameM puSpa banA diye gaye haiN| usake Upara eka bar3A kamala banAyA gayA hai jisa para ki eka dvArapAla hAtha meM daMDa liye hue khar3A hai| yaha mUrti aMgrejoM ke zAsana kAla se prabhAvita hai tathA isakA alaMkaraNa rAjA mahArAjAoM ke dvArapAla samAna kiyA gayA hai| ataH dekhane se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha yakSa kI mUrti na hokara dvArapAla kI mUrti hai| UparI bhAraga meM bhI caukI ke Upara 1 bar3A kamala nirmita kiyA gayA hai jisa para 1-1 nArI AkRti banAI gaI hai, jo dAsiyoM (sevikAeM) dikhAI detI haiN| inake hAtha meM 1-1 alaMkRta thAla hai jisameM puSpa bhare hue haiN| ina AkRtiyoM para raMgarogana kara diyA gayA hai| caukI ke eka tarapha se toraNa banAyA gayA hai jo ki makara mukha se nikalatA huA dikhAyA gayA hai| makara mukha ke pIche utplAvita samudra taraMge bhI banAI gaI haiN| toraNa sAdhAraNa hai, jisameM madhyabhAga meM 1 stara para hI alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| jisameM padmadala ko 1 Upara vyavasthita kara usameM layAtmakatA lAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| isa toraNa meM vakroM ke valaya sthAna para 1-1 choTI sapheda mUrti pradarzita kI gaI hai, jo ki apane eka-eka hAtha meM pUrNa ghaTa liye hue hai| ina mUrtiyoM kI caukI ke nIce ghaMTikAeM nirmita kI gaI haiN| jabaki madhya bhAga meM padmAsana para baiThI eka nArI AkRti utkIrNa kI gaI hai| 6. zrI avaMti pArzvanAtha jaina maMdira, dAnIgeTa -

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88 anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 maMdira meM sthita mUrti bahuta hI camatkArI mAnI jAtI hai| yaha toraNa bhI navanirmita toraNa dvAra hI hai| yaha toraNa dIvAra meM hI sapheda saMgamaramara ke patthara ko dIvAra meM hI jor3akara isa tAreNa kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| yaha toraNa mukhyataH alaMkaraNa ke hetu hI banAyA gayA hai tathA yaha toraNa sAdhAraNa ilikAkAra toraNa hai| toraNa kA stambha mugalakAla prabhAvita jAna par3atA hai| isa stambha ke nIce bhAga meM ulTA padmadala utkIrNa hai, jisake Upara caur3A padmadala utkIrNa hai| jisake Upara mugalakAlIna samaya jaise phUla utkIrNa kiye gaye haiN| toraNa meM alaMkaraNa ke tIna stara haiN| nicale stara meM padmadala ko eka ke bAda eka vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai| madhyabhAga meM choTe-choTe cakroM meM tIna pattiyoM kI padmakalI ko utkIrNa kiyA gayA hai| UparI bhAga meM patalI sI rekhA meM do kamala kI paMkhur3iyAM banAI gaI haiM jisa sthAna para do valaya milate haiM usa sthAna para eka caukora caukI hai| jisake nIce ghaMTikA banAI gaI haiN| toraNa dvAra Adhe-Adhe banAye gaye haiM jo ki dvAra caukhaTa se mila jAte haiM tathA vahIM para khatma ho jAte haiN| dvAra caukhaTa ke stambha bahuta hI alaMkRta haiM jisa para mora, puSpa, pattiyoM se alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai tathA guptakAlIna yakSoM kI mUrtiyAM bhI nirmita kI gaI haiN| praveza dvAra ke Upara sapheda saMgamaramara se padmAsana para virAjita eka gajalakSmI kI mUrti rakhI gaI hai| 7. mahAvIra jaina maMdira, dAnIgeTa - isa maMdira kA toraNa bhI navanirmita hai| praveza dvAra kI caukhaTa ke Upara hI ATha prakAra ke pratIka cinha ATha khAMcoM meM banAye gaye haiM jo ki dvAra caukhaTa ke Upara eka Ar3I paTTI ke rUpa meM dikhAI dete haiN| ina cinhoM meM kramazaH svastika, pUrNa khilA kamala, pUrNadhaTa, jala mIna, siMhAsana va darpaNa haiM ye sabhI jaina pratIka cinha haiN| ___ isa paTTI ke Upara donoM tarapha 1-1 makara mukha banAyA gayA hai jisameM se sAdhAraNa toraNa ko nikalate hue batAyA gayA hai| toraNa dvAra se alaMkaraNa 5 staroM para huA hai| nicale stara para padmadala ko nIce kI ora layAtmaka DhaMga se vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai jabaki dUsare stara meM padmadala ko Upara kI ora vyavasthita kiyA hai| madhya stara meM alaMkaraNa sAmAnya hai| eka catuSkoNa tathA eka gola vRtta jisakA kendrabindu madhya meM ho eka ke bAda eka vyavasthita kiye gaye haiN| cauthA va pAMcavAM stara prathama va dvitIya stara ke samAna hI hai| jahAM do vakroM ko milana sthAna hai vahAM para eka caukora choTI caukI banAI gaI hai, jisa para tIna staroM meM alaMkaraNa hai| praveza dvAra ke stambhoM kA alaMkaraNa sAta bhAgoM meM saptazAkhAoM meM kiyA gayA hai| nIce ke bhAga meM guptazailI meM eka yakSiNI kI mUrti nirmita kI gaI hai| mUrti kA alaMkaraNa guptakAlIna mUrtiyoM jaisA hai| 8. AdIzvara jaina zvetAmbara tIrtha, nadI pAra - yaha toraNa rathikA ke AkAra kA hai| isa toraNa kA nirmANa saMgamaramara se kiyA gayA hai| stambha nIce se SaTkoNIya hai tathA UparI bhAga meM aSTakoNIya hai| caukI ko aSTakoNIya banAyA gayA hai jisameM ki cAra paMkhur3iyoM vAle phUloM se alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| cAra tarapha

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89 ujjayinI ke maMdiroM meM sajIle toraNa dvAroM kA aitihAsika paricaya cAra ghaMTiyAM banAI gaI haiN| caukI ke Upara halkA sA alaMkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| caukI se lagA huA baMda kamala ke AkAra kA makaramukha banAyA gayA hai| jisameM se gola cakra kI AkRtiyoM meM choTA sA kamala kA phUla banAyA hai| gole eka ke bAda eka vyavasthita hokara toraNa kA nirmANa karate haiN| jisa sthAna para toraNa chata se milatA hai usa sthAna para do cakroM meM padmadala sthita hai, banAyA hai| isa taraha ke tIna kamala chata para aMkita kiye gaye haiN| isa toraNa para mugalakAlIna prabhAva dikhAI detA hai| upasaMhAra - kalA mAnava saMskRti kI upaja hai| kalA kA udgama sauMdarya kI mUlabhUta preraNA se huA hai| sauMdarya kI sarvopari cetanA prakRti ke anukaraNa meM nihita hai| pratyeka prakAra kI kalAtmaka prakriyA kA dhyeya hai- sauMdarya tathA AnaMda kI abhivyakti kisI bhI kalAkAra kI kalAkRti meM usakI manorama kalpanA aura AMtarika bhAvoM kI pariNati hameM dikhAI detI hai| cAhe vaha kalAkRticitrakalA ho, mUrtikalA, vAstukalA yA saMgIta, nRtyakalA Adi / pratyeka kalA manuSya kI Atmagata bhAvoM ko prakaTa karatI hai| yaha kahA gayA hai ki "Art is th impression of imagination." hamezA se hI kalA dharma se jur3I rahI hai, cAhe vaha kisI bhI deza yA samaya kI ho| aise kaI zAstra va purANa haiM jinameM ujjaina se saMbandhita dhArmika bhAvanAoM kA prAkaTya hotA hai tathA yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ujjayinI meM kevala bhagavAna ziva hI nahIM balki jaina, bauddha va vaiSNava maMdira bhI sthita hai| jo ki pUrva kAla se lekara Aja taka kI dhArmika bhAvanAoM ko abhivyakta karatI hai| ujjaina zahara kA nAma jaina dharma zrutiyoM ke anusAra jaina matAvalambiyoM kI adhika saMkhyA hone ke kAraNa hI rakhA gayA thaa| jaina kalA hamezA se hI ujjainavAsiyoM ko prabhAvita karatI rahI hai| jaina vAstukalA ke utkRSTha udAharaNa hameM ujjaina ke jaina maMdiroM meM dekhane ko milate haiN| ye maMdira na sirpha AsthA ke kendra bindu hai balki kaI taraha kI kalAoM se bhare hue haiN| ina jaina maMdiroM meM vAstukalA ke AkarSaka namUne dekhane ko milate haiM jina para tatkAlIna jIvana kA prabhAva hameM dekhane ko milatA hai| isake atirikta prAcIna maMdira zailiyoM kA prabhAva bhI hameM dekhane ko milatA hai| jo Aja bhI hamArI vAstukalA kA mUla AdhAra banakara jIvita hai| isa prakAra toraNa na sirpha maMgala dvAra kI taraha balki AsurI zaktiyoM se rakSA ke liye bhI banAye jAte haiN| jinakA mUla uddezya Izvara kI prApti va mana kI zAMti prApta karanA aise maMgala cinhoM ko nirmita karanA joki jIvana meM Izvara ke prati AsthA jagAte hoN| jahA~ maMdira meM praveza karate hI Izvara ke mAMgalika cihnoM ke darzana hamAre bhItara kI burAIyoM ko miTAkara Izvara ke sAnnidhya kI anubhUti karAte haiN| 54/103, mAnasarovara, jayapura- 302020 (rAjasthAna)

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samAdhitantra meM pratipAdita antarAtmA -pro. phUlacanda jaina premI, vArANasI IsA kI chaThI zatI ke mahAn jainAcArya devanandi pUjyapAda zramaNa saMskRti ke suvikhyAta AcArya haiN| ina dvArA racita samAdhitantra, iSTopadeza, sarvArthasiddhi (tattvArthavRtti), siddhipriyastotra, dazabhakti tathA jainendra vyAkaraNa jaise mahanIya grantharatnoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki A. pUjyapAda meM mahAn kavi, dArzanika evaM vaiyAkaraNa - ye tInoM vizeSa guNoM kA ratnatraya kI taraha ekatra samavAya pAyA jAtA hai| tabhI to jJAnArNava grantha ke kartA AcArya zubhacandra ne ApakI vandanA karate hue kahA hai - apAkurvanti yadvAcaH kaayvaanycittsmbhvm| kalaMkamaD.iganAM so'yaM devanandi nmsyte|| 1/15 arthAt jinakI zAstrapaddhati prANiyoM ke zarIra, vacana aura citta (mana) ke sabhI prakAra ke mala (burAIyoM) ko dUra karane meM samartha hai, una devanandi AcArya ko namana karatA huuN| inake dvArA sRjita kRtiyoM meM samAdhitantra evaM iSTopadeza- ye do AdhyAtma kI pratipAdaka mahAn kRtiyA~ haiN| samAdhitantra jisakA dUsarA nAma 'samAdhizataka' bhI hai, meM 105 padya haiN| isake kartA AcArya pUjyapAda vyAkaraNa aura kAvya - ina donoM vidhAoM ke apane samaya ke deza ke khyAti prApta vidvAn AcArya the| samAdhitantra adhyAtma vidyA kA anupama grantha hai| isameM Apane AtmA ke tIna bheda arthAt bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA kA bar3I sUkSmatA se svarUpa vivecana kiyA hai| adhyAtma viSayaka jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki A. pUjyapAda ke isa samAdhitaMtra para AcArya kundakuMda kI cintanadhArA, vizeSakara mokSapAhur3a, niyamasAra, samayasAra ina graMthoM kA vizeSa prabhAva hai| isI prakAra AcArya zubhacandra ke jJAnArNava ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hai ki ye A. pUjyapAda ke samAdhitaMtra se kAphI prabhAvita haiN| vizeSakara jJAnArNava ke 29veM "zuddhopayogavicAra" nAmaka prakaraNa ke adhyayana se to aisA lagatA hai ki unhoMne samAdhitaMtra ke abhiprAya ko yathAvat AtmasAt kara liyA hai| samAdhitantra-anuzIlana AcArya devanandi pUjyapAda viracita samAdhitaMtra jaise adhyAtma pradhAna grantha para "samAdhi taMtra anuzIlana" nAmaka vistRta vivecanAtmaka vyAkhyA karane vAle santa AcArya vizuddhasAgara jI mahArAja ne apane AdhyAtmika cintana aura carcA ke mAdhyama se apanA vizeSa sthAna banA liyA hai| isa taraha ke Apake aneka graMthoM para vizeSa pravacanoM evaM lekhana ke mAdhyama se

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samAdhitantra meM pratipAdita antarAtmA tAttvika vyAkhyA paraka graMtha prakAzita ho cuke haiN| prastuta samAdhitaMtra anuzIlana kI vivecanA meM tatviSayaka aneka prAcIna AcArya praNIta graMthoM ke cintana ko bhI uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| isa graMtha kI yaha bhI eka vizeSatA dRSTigata huI ki jaina nyAya ke pramukha sUtragraMtha parIkSAmukhasUtra ke aneka nyAyaviSayaka sUtroM kI AdhyAtmika vivecanA pahalI bAra yahA~ dekhane va par3hane ko milI hai| jainadharmadarzana meM AtmA ke tIna bheda haiM - bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura prmaatmaa| yahI bAta samAdhitantra meM pratipAdita hai bahirantaH parazceti tridhAtmA srvdehissu| upeyAttatra paramaM madhyopAyad bhistyjet|| 4 / / arthAt sarva prANiyoM meM bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA, isa taraha tIna prakAra kA AtmA hai| AtmA ke ina tIna bhedoM meM se antarAtmA ke upAya dvArA paramAtmA ko aMgIkAra kareM aura bahirAtmA ko chodd'eN| yahA~ antarAtmA kA viSaya vizeSa kendrita hai| yadyapi pUrvokta zloka kI kAphI vistAra se isa graMtha meM A. zrI vizuddhasAgara jI dvArA vivecanA prastuta kI gaI hai| isameM antarAtmA ke tIna bheda batalAye haiM, jinheM Age prastuta kiyA jaayegaa| Age ke padya meM trividha AtmA kA svarUpa hai bahirAtmA zarIrAdau jaataatmbhraantiraantrH| cittadoSAtmavibhrAntiH prmaatmaa'tinirmlH||5|| arthAt zarIrAdika meM Atma bhrAnti ko dharane vAlA unheM bhrama se AtmA samajhane vAlA bahirAtmA hai| tathA citta ke rAgadveSAdika doSoM ke aura AtmA ke viSaya meM abhrAnta rakhane vAlA, unakA ThIka viveka rakhane vAlA arthAt citta ko citta rUpa se, doSoM ko doSa rUpa se aura AtmA ko Atma rUpa se anubhava karane vAlA antarAtmA kahalAtA hai| tathA sarvakarmamala se rahita jo atyaMta nirmala hai, vaha paramAtmA hai| trividha AtmA kA svarUpa pratipAdita karane vAle isa paMcama padya ke anuzIlana meM vistAra se sarvaprathama bahirAtmA kA svarUpa pratipAdita kiyaa| isa sambandha meM unhoMne likhA ki "anAdi se ajJa jIva ne mithyAtva kA kaTupAna kiyA hai| itanA abhyAsa ho gayA viparItatA kA, ki use mithyAtva kA tiktapanA hI nahIM lagatA, usI meM AnaMda manA rahA hai| satya vastu svarUpa ko jAnane kA vicAra bhI nahIM krtaa| heya-upAdeya dRSTi se vihIna ho gyaa| tIvra kaSAyI, dIrghasaMsArI, ArauidradhyAnI, devAnAM priyoM (mUkhoM) ko bhUtArtha satyArtha mArga dikhatA hI nahIM hai| anuzIlanakAra ne antarAtmA kI vivecanA karate hue likhA hai- "antarAtmA jIva zarIrAdi bAhya dravyoM se AtmA ko pUrNa bhinna hI svIkAra karatA hai| citta meM rAgadveSAdika doSoM ke aura AtmA ke viSaya meM bhrAnta rahane vAlA bahirAtmA meM jo jo doSa the, antarAtmA ke ve sabhI doSa pralaya ko prApta hote haiN| mithyA viSaya kaSAya ko jo kAlakUTa viSa ke tulya samajhatA hai| cAritra mohavaza yadi kadAcit saMyama dhAraNa nahIM bhI kara pAtA, phira bhI vaha cAritra ke prati

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 92 tIvra AsthAvAn hotA hai| jaise agni meM machalI kA jIvana asaMbhava hai, usI prakAra mumukSu bhavyavara bhogAgni ko apane jIvana ke nAzaka srota svIkAratA hai| pratikSaNa apane Apako bhava bhramaNa se mukta karane ko puruSArtharata rahatA hai| ataH antarAtmA upAdeyabhUta hai| isake bAda dravyakarma, bhAvakarma, nokarma kalaMka se rahita ati nirmala paramAtmA kA svarUpa kahA hai| antarAtmA kauna jIva hotA hai ? isake tIna bheda kisa prakAra haiM ? ina sabake anuzIlana meM isa prakAra kahA hai jaba saMsArI jIva mithyAtva kA tyAga kara detA hai, taba zarIrAdi paradravyoM se Atmabuddhi samApta ho jAtI hai, taba taka samyagdarzana prApta kara letA hai| vahI samyagdRSTi antarAtmA kahalAtA hai| isa antarAtmA ke uttama, madhyama, jaghanya ke bheda se tIna bheda haiN| 1. uttama antarAtmA- antaraMga evaM bahiraMga kA tyAga karane vAle, viSaya kaSAyoM ko jItane vAle aura zuddha upayoga meM lIna hone vAle tattvajJAnI yogIzvara saptama apramatta saMyata guNasthAna se lekara dvAdaza guNasthAna kSINakaSAya vItarAga chadmastha (12veM guNasthAna) paryanta ke jIva uttama antarAtmA kahalAte haiN| 2. madhyama antarAtmA- dezavrata ke pAlaka zrAvaka tathA chaThe pramattasaMyata guNasthAna meM sthita munirAja madhyama antarAtmA kahalAte haiN| 3. jaghanya antarAtmA- avirata samyagdRSTi (caturtha guNasthAna) gRhastha zrAvaka jaghanya antarAtmA hai| isa prakAra antarAtmA ke ye tIna bheda guNasthAnAnusAra haiN| jisa prakAra svarNa pASANa meM sonA, dugdha ke madhya ghRta, tila meM tela hai, usI prakAra se zarIra ke andara paramAtma-zakti sampanna savarUpa rUpI AtmA hai tathA jaise kASTha meM agni zaktirUpa se virAjamAna hai, usI prakAra yaha bhagavAn AtmA zarIra meM virAjamAna hai| use jo jAnatA hai, vahI paMDita hai| kintu sva zaktimAna paramAtmA ko jo nahIM jAnatA tathA nahIM mAnatA, vaha bahirAtmA hai, aura jo jAnatA bhI hai tathA mAnatA bhI hai, vahI antarAtmA/jJAnI/vivekI/paMDita hai| bAkI mAtra zAstra pravacana karane vAle bhinna hI haiN| ve antarAtmA ho bhI sakate haiM, nahIM bhii| isalie mokSamArga meM jise paMDita kahA use hI samajhanA caahie| bhUtArtha paMDita to bhedAbheda ratnatraya se maMDita AtmA hI hai, jo ki sva ke andara ke bhagavAna ko jAna rahe haiN| vastutaH zramaNa saMskRti pratyeka AtmA ko Izvara aMza na svIkAra kara pratyeka AtmA ko Izvara zakti se yukta svIkAratI hai| jo vartamAna AtmA hai, vahI AtmA dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa puruSArtha ko karane vAlI hai| AtmajJAna jisake ghara meM praveza kara jAtA hai, usake paramAnaMda kI lahareM utpanna hone lagatI haiN| sampUrNa sukhoM kI khAna nirvikalpa AtmadhyAna hai| bAra-bAra svAnubhAva ke dIpa se prakAza kara sva bhavana meM khojane se eka uttara AyA hai, duHkha/pIr3A- ye saba rAga kI paryAeM hI haiN| rAga hai to sarvataH kaSTa/pIr3A hai| rAga kA abhAva jahA~ hotA hai, vahA~ tana meM agni lagane para bhI sAmyAmRta kA pAna karate haiM, zukladhyAna zreNI ArohaNa kara kaivalya jyoti ko prApta hote

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samAdhitantra meM pratipAdita antarAtmA paramAtmA pada kI siddhi cAhate haiM to kaSAya ko kaSAya samajho tathA usakA buddhipUrvaka visarjana kro|sundr zarIra, uttama sukha kI AkAMkSA, viSayoM kI lipsA meM bahirAtmA azarIrI bhagavAn AtmA ko chor3a detA hai| tapa ko tapakara bhI adhogati ke mArga para ArUr3ha hotA hai, jabaki antarAtmA isase viparIta tapa ke prabhAva se svAtmA ko paramAtma pada dilAtA hai, paradravyoM se svAtmA ko pRthak rUpa saMvedana karatA hai tathA pratikSaNa hita kI bhAvanA bhAtA hai| jaise hI bheda vijJAna prakaTa hotA hai to antarAtmA dazA ke udita hote hI yoga evaM upayoga sabhI nirmala hone lagate haiN| kyoMki paMcendriya viSayoM meM rata purUSa kyA kabhI syandibhUta samarasI bhAva zuddhAtmA ke dhyAna ko prApta kara sakatA hai? nhiiN| kyoMki sampUrNa viSayoM se bhinna, maiM jJAnAnaMdI bhagavatI AtmA huuN| maiM akhaNDa caitanya piMDa hU~, para se koI sambandha nahIM hai| vyavahAra se bhinna parantu nizcaya se abhinna merA dharma hai| vyavahAra paragrAhI hai, nizcaya svagrAhI hai| AcArya amRtacandra svAmI ne kahA bhI hai- AtmAzrito nizcayanayaH parAzrito vyvhaarnyH| (samayasAra-AtmakhyAti 352) nizcayanaya AtmA ke Azrita hai aura vyavahAranaya para ke Azrita hai, yaha samajhanA caahie| AtmA kA AnaMda to AtmA meM hI hai, parantu usakA svAda kaise prApta ho, isa viSaya para svayaM prazna kro| eka sAtha do prakAra kI anubhUtiyA~ saMbhava nahIM haiN| Azcarya hai, bhole jIva kaise asaMyamI ke nizcayAnubhUti svIkArate haiM, jabaki sarvatra adhyAtma Agama ke graMthoM meM saMyamAcaraNa ke hone para hI yaha svIkAra kI gaI hai| paMcendriya va mana para jaya honA anivArya hai, jisake antaHkaraNa meM mRganayanI strI kA nivAsa hai, usake andara paramabrahma svarUpa kahA~? vyartha kA pralApa mAtra hai| tattvacarcA karanA sarala hai, parantu tattvAnubhUti ke lie tadpa caryA kI AvazyakatA hai| sva meM jhAMkakara dekhanA cAhie ki mere antaHkaraNa kA pariNamana kaisA cala rahA hai| kabhI kisI indriya viSaya para to, kabhI kisI para jAkara rUkatA hai| pA~coM indriyoM ke manojJa/amanojJa viSayoM se parama udAsInavRtti ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| jagat meM jIva ke sarvAdhika kaSTakArI indriya viSaya ke upabhoga se kabhI saMtuSTi nahIM hotI, apitu unakA darpa adhika-adhika vRddhi ko hI prApta hotA hai| hamAre prAcIna AcAyoM ne sarvajJa vANI ke pracAra prasAra meM apane jIvana ke amUlya kSaNoM ko nikAlA hai| sampUrNa vidyAoM para lekhanI calAI hai| AcArya pUjyapAda svAmI ko parama varadAna thA, jinhoMne apanI lekhanI ke mAdhyama se zramaNa saMskRti ke vAGmaya ko navIna cetanA pradAna kI hai| AcArya- deva kI kAvyazailI kI jitanI bhI prazaMsA kI jAe vaha saba kama hI hai| isa zloka meM AcArya bhagavan ne bahirAtmA evaM antarAtmA ke manobhAvoM kA bahuta hI prAjaMla zailI se kathana kiyA hai| bahirAtmA zarIra kI avasthAoM ko AtmarUpa mAnatA hai| jabaki purUSa svataMtra rUpa se cidsvarUpa hai| usameM bheda nahIM, kaSAya nahIM, vAsanA nahIM, kAmanA nahIM, nizcayanaya akhaNDa dhrauvya caitanya jJAna dhanasvarUpa, zabda kA viSaya nahIM, netrAdika kA viSaya nhiiN| vaha svAtmAnubhava kA viSaya hai,- aisA samyak dRSTi antarAtmA vicAra karatA hai, jar3a-deha ke dharmoM se apane caitanya prabhu kI rakSA karatA hai|

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 94 prazna - ziSya pRcchanA karatA hai, prabhu! bhrAMti ko prApta huA antarAtmA usa bhrAMti ko phira kaise chor3e? AcArya deva samAdhAna karate haiM acetanamidaM dRzyamadRzyaM cetanaM ttH| kvaruSyAmi kva tuSyAmi madhyastho'haM bhvaamytH|| 46 / / arthAt antarAtmA taba apanI vicAra pariNati ko isa rUpa kare ki yaha jo dRSTigocara hone vAlA padArtha samUha hai, vaha sabakA saba cetanArahita/jar3a hai aura jo caitanya rUpa AtmasamUha hai, vaha indriyoM ke dvArA dikhAI nahIM par3atA, isalie maiM kisa para krodha karU~ aura kisa para saMtoSa vyakta karUM? aisI hAlata meM maiM rAgadveSa ke parityAga rUpa madhyastha bhAva ko dhAraNa karatA huuN| loka meM tattvajJAnI ke lie na koI vastu tuSTIkAra hai, na atuSTIkAraka hai| vaha vicAratA hai jagat meM jo dravya dikhAI dete haiM ve saba jar3a haiM, acetana haiM, unheM koI jJAna nhiiN| una para kyA roza karU~, kyA toza karU~, jar3a-dravyoM para rAgadveSa kyA krnaa| jo caitanya dravya hai, vaha kisI ko dikhAI nahIM detaa| phira kisa para roza kareM, kisa para saMtoSa kreN| isalie madhyasthatA ko dhAraNa karanA hI kASAyika bhAvoM meM rakSA karanA hai| parama jJAyaka svabhAvI TaMkotkIrNa bhagavatI AtmA kI zaraNa ko prApta ho jAtA hai| jahA~ phira rAgadveSa kA AtmA se atyaMtAbhAva ho jAtA hai| aba AtmA antarAtmA kI dazA ko bhI pAra karake paramAtma dazA ko prApta ho jAtA hai| yahA~ ziSya pRcchanA karatA hai, prabhu! bahirAtmA aura antarAtmA ke tyAga evaM grahaNa ke viSaya ko kisaprakAra pratipAdita kiyA jAtA hai? AcAryadeva isakA samAdhAna isa pratipAdana dvArA karate haiM - tyAgAdAne bahirmUDhaH krotydhyaatmmaatmvit| nAntarbahirUpAdAnaM na tyAgo nisstthitaatmnH||47|| mUrkha bahirAtmA bAhya padArthoM kA tyAga aura grahaNa karatA hai tathA AtmA ke svarUpa kA jJAtA antarAtmA aMtaraMga rAgadveSa kA tyAga karatA hai aura apane samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritra rUpa nija bhAvoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, parantu zuddha svarUpa meM sthita jo kRta-kRtya paramAtmA hai usake aMtaraMga aura bahiraMga kisI bhI padArtha kA na to tyAga hotA hai aura na grahaNa hotA hai| AcAryadeva bahirAtmA tathA antarAtmA ke tyAga para lakSyapAta karate samajhA rahe haiN| bahirAtmA mohodaya se jina bAhya padArthoM meM iSTa-aniSTa kI kalpanA karatA hai, unhIM meM grahaNa tyAga kI kriyA karatA hai| jina dravyoM se rAga hotA hai unheM grahaNa karatA hai aura jisameM dveSa buddhi hotI hai, unheM tyAga karatA hai| isa prakAra rAgadveSa buddhi grahaNa tyAga meM bhI karatA hai, jabaki AtmA ke svarUpa ko samajhane vAlA antarAtmA rAgadveSa kA tyAga karatA hai aura apane samyagdarzana, samyakjJAna aura samyagcAritra rUpa nija bhAvoM ko grahaNa karatA hai| parantu jo nija zuddhAtmasvarUpa meM tiSThA hai, vaha kRtakRtya paramAtmA hai| aneka aMtaraMga bahiraMga kisI bhI padArtha

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samAdhitantra meM pratipAdita antarAtmA kA na to tyAga hotA hai, na grahaNa hotA hai| isa prakAra trividha AtmA ke grahaNa, tyAga kI dRSTi ko samajhakara mumukSa jIvoM ko bahirAtmA ko heya jAnanA caahie| antarAtmA evaM paramAtmA ko parama upAdeya samajhanA caahiye| Age ziSya punaH pRcchanA karatA hai ki, bhagavan! antarAtmA-aMtaraMga kA tyAga aura grahaNa kisa prakAra kare? isakA AcAryadeva samAdhAna karate hue kahate haiM - yuMjIta manasA''tmAnaM vAkkAyAbhyAM viyojyet| manasAvyavahAraM tu tyjedvaakkaayyojitm|| 49 / / arthAt AtmA ko mana ke sAtha saMyojita kareM-citta aura AtmA kA abheda rUpa se adhyavasAya kreN| vacana aura kAya se alaga kareM, unheM AtmA na samajheM aura vacana-kAya se kie hue vyavahAra ko mana se chor3a deveM, usameM citta ko na lgaaeN| ziSya punaH pUchatA hai, bhagavan ! jaba antarAtmA ke saba viSayoM se arUci ho jAtI hai phira antarAtmA kI bhojanAdi ke grahaNa meM pravRtti kaise ho sakatI hai? yahA~ AcArya bhagavan isakA spaSTa karate haiM ki AtmajJAnAtparaM kArya na buddhau dhaaryeccirm| kuryaadrthvshaatkiciddhaakkaayaabhyaamttprH|| 50 / / antarAtmA ko cAhie ki vaha AtmajJAna se bhinna dUsare kArya ko adhika samaya taka apanI buddhi meM dhAraNa nahIM kre| yadi svapara ke upakArAdirUpa se prayojana ke vaza vacana aura kAya se kucha karanA hI par3e to use anAsakta hokara kre| adhyAtma jIvana zailI jinakI haiM, unheM apanA samaya satat mauna sAdhanA ke sAtha paramAgama meM vyatIta karate rahanA caahie| eka mAtra svadravya ko hI apanI buddhi meM sthApita karanA caahie| anya dravyoM ko Atma A~gana meM avasthAna nahIM denA caahie| upayoga kI dhArA AtmadhyAna se jor3e, saMyogI bhAvoM se buddhipUrvaka svayaM ko chor3e, jagat ke kAryoM meM ruci na le jAkara svakArya meM ruci lgaaveN| zreya-mArga para ruci rakhanA mokSamArgI kA kArya hai| antarAtmA ko cAhie ki vaha AtmajJAna se bhinna dUsare kArya ko adhika samaya taka apanI buddhi meM dhAraNa nahIM kre| yadi svapara upakArAdi rUpa prayojana ke vaza, vacana aura kAya se kucha karanA hI par3e to use anAsakta hokara kre| yahA~ ziSya jijJAsA prakaTa karatA hai, bhagavan! anAsakta huA antarAtmA AtmajJAna ko hI buddhi meM dhAraNa kare, zarIrAdika ko nahIM, yaha kaise ho sakatA hai? AcAryadeva samAdhAna karate haiM yatpazyAmIndriyaistanme nAsti ynniytendriyH| ataH pazyAmi sAnandaM tadastu jyotiruttmm|| 51 / / arthAt antarAtmA ko vicAranA cAhie ki jo kucha zarIrAdi bAhya padArtha indriyoM ke dvArA maiM dekhatA huuN| vaha merA svarUpa nahIM hai, kintu indriyoM ko bAhya viSayoM se rokakara svAdhIna karatA huA jisa utkRSTa atIndriya Anandamaya jJAna prakAza ko aMtaraMga meM dekhatA hU~

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anekAnta 65/2, apraila-jUna 2012 anubhava karatA hU~-vahI merA vAstavika svarUpa honA caahie| yahA~ prazna hai ki antarAtmA aura kyA vicAratA hai? AcAryadeva samajhAte haiM - yad bodhayitumicchAmi tannAhaM yadahaM punH| grAhyaM tadapi nAnyasya tatkimanyasya bodhte||59|| jisa vikalpAdhirur3ha AtmasvarUpa ko athavA dehAdika ko samajhAne-bujhAne kI maiM icchA karatA hU~ - ceSTA karatA hU~, vaha maiM nahIM hU~, AtmA kA vAstavika svarUpa nahIM huuN| aura jo jJAnAnandamaya svayaM anubhava karane yogya AtmA svarUpa maiM hU~, vaha bhI dUsare jIvoM ke upadeza dvArA grahaNa karane yogya nahIM hai- vaha to svasaMvedana ke dvArA anubhava kiyA jAtA hai| isalie dUsare jIvoM ko maiM kyA samajhAU~ ? / ataH bahirAtmA-dRSTi ko chor3akara, antarAtmA banakara zarIra ke svabhAva kA vicAra karanA caahie| ye zarIra jar3a hai, inameM sukha-duHkha kA vedana khaaN| yaha vedanabhAva to AtmA kA dharma hai| use samajhA nahIM aura zarIra meM sukha-duHkha kI mAnyatA le baiThA hai mUr3ha jiiv| parantu antarAtmA vicAratA hai ki ye zarIra jar3a hone se sukhoM tathA duHkhoM ko nahIM jAnate haiM, tathApi jIva ina zarIroM meM hI upavAsAdi dvArA daNDarUpa nigraha kI aura alaMkArAdi dvArA alaMkRta karane rUpa anugraha kI buddhi- dhAraNa karate haiM, ve jIva mUr3habuddhi haiM, bahirAtmA haiN| yahA~ ziSya punaH vinayapUrvaka pRcchanA karatA hai ki - bhagavan! zarIra aura AtmA kA jise bheda-vijJAna ho gayA hai, aise antarAtmA ko yaha jagat yogAbhyAsa kI prAraMbhAvasthA meM kaisA dikhAI detA hai ? AcArya bhagavan samAdhAna karate haiM - pUrva dRSTAtmatattvasya vibhaatyunmttvjjgt| svabhyastAtmadhiyaH pazcAt kaasstthpaassaannruupvt||8|| jise Atmadarzana ho gayA hai aise yogI jIva ko yogAbhyAsa kI prAthamika avasthA meM yaha saba prANisamUha unmatta sarIkhA mAlUma hotA hai kiMtu bAda ko jaba yoga kI niSpannAvasthA ho jAtI hai taba AtmasvarUpa ke abhyAsa meM paripakva buddhi hue antarAtmA ko yaha jagat kATha aura patthara ke samAna ceSTArahita mAlUma hone lagatA hai| isa prakAra zarIra meM Atmabuddhi rakhane vAle bahirAtmA aneka navInanavIna zarIra ko dhAraNa kara saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate rahate haiM jabaki antarAtmA ekatva vibhakta nijajJAyaka bhAva se yukta svAtmA ko zarIra sambandha se pRthak karatA hai, nija samyak sAdhanA ke prabhAva se| jaise ki vivekI jJAnI zilpakAra svarNa pASANa se svarNa pRthak kara letA hai agni ke teja se, usI prakAra jJAnI sAdhana-nijAtma-dhyAna-sAdhanA ke mAdhyama se karma, nokarma kiTTimA ko AtmasvarNa se pRthak kara letA hai| ekamAtra svabhAva Atmadravya ko nijajJeya, dhyeya banAkara bheda-vijJAnI jIva apanA kArya karatA hai| anya se pUrNa virAma le letA hai, paramazUnya svabhAva kI sAdhanA hI ekamAtra lakSya rakhatA hai| - anekAnta vidyA bhavana, bI-23/45, zAradAnagara kaoNlonI, khojavAM, vArANasI-221010

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Year-65, Volume-3 RNI No. 10591/62 July-September 2012 ISSN 0974-8768 anekAnta (janavidyA evaM prAkRta bhASAoM kI traimAsika zodha patrikA) ANEKANTA (A Quarterly Research Journal for Jainology & Prakrit Languages) sampAdaka DaoN. jayakumAra jaina, mujaphpharanagara (u.pra.) Editor Dr. Jaikumar Jain, Muzaffarnagar (U.P.) Mobile: 09760002389 vIra sevA mandira, naI dillI-110 002 Vir Sewa Mandir, New Delhi-110 002

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anekAnta ANEKANTA (jainavidyA evaM prAkata bhASAoM kI traimAsika zodha patrikA) (AQuarterly Research Journal for Jainology & Prakrit Languages) Founder saMsthApaka AcArya jugalakizora mukhtAra 'yugavIra' Acharya Jugalkishor Mukhtar 'Yugveer' Editor Prof. Phoolchand Jain 'Premi',Varanasi, Prof. Kamlesh Kumar Jain, Varanasi, sampAdaka maNDala pro. phUlacanda jaina 'premI', vArANasI pro. kamaleza kumAra jaina, vArANasI, pro. udayacanda jaina, udayapura DaoN. hukumacanda jaina, dillI pro. ema.ela. jaina, naI dillI Prof. Udaychand Jain, Udaipur, Dr. Hukumchand Jain, Delhi, Prof. M.L. Jain, New Delhi sadasyatA zulka/ Subsercription eka aMka-rupaye 20/- vArSika - ru. 80/ This issue - Rs. 20/- Yearly - Rs. 80/ sabhI patrAcAra patrikA evaM sampAdakIya hetu patA - vIra sevA maMdira (jaina darzana zodha saMsthAna) 21, aMsArI ror3a dariyAgaMja, naI dillI-110 002.06 All correspondance for the journal & editorial onVir Sewa Mandir (A Research Institute for Jainology) 21, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002.06 phona naM. 011-30120522, 23250522, 09311050522 e-mail-virsewa@gmail.com vidvAn lekhakoM ke vicAroM se sampAdaka maMDala kA sahamata honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| lekhoM meM diye gaye tathyoM aura sandarbho kI prAmANikatA ke saMbaMdha meM lekhaka svayaM uttaradAyI haiM sabhI prakAra ke vivAdoM kA nipaTArA dillI nyAyAlaya ke adhIna hogaa|

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te gurU mere mana baso te gurU mere mana baso, jo bhava jaladhi jihAja, Apa tirahi, para tArahI, aise zrI Rssiraaj| jeTha laye, ravi Akaro, sUkhe saravara nIra, zaila zikhara muni tapa tapai, dAjhaiM magna shriir| te guruu..| pAvasa raina DarAvanI, barasai jala dhara-dhAra, tarU tala nivasaiM taba yatI, bAjai jhaMjhA vyaar| te guruu..| zIta paDai kapi mada jalai, dAhai saba banarAya, lAla taraMga taTaiM, ThADe dhyAna lgaay| te guruu...| ihiM vidhA dudara tapa tapaiM lInoM kAla majhAra, lAge sahaja svarUpa meM tana soM mamata nivaar| te guruu..| pUrava bho na cilacai, Agama bAIM nAhi, cahuMgati ke dukha soM Darai, surati lagI ziva maahii| te guruu..| __ raMga mahala meM pauDhate, komala seja vichAya, te pacchima nizi bhUmi meM soveM saMvari kaay| te guruu...| gaja car3hi calate garabaso, senA saji caturaMga, nirakhi-nirakhi patra ve dharai, pAle karUNA aNg| te guruu..| ve gurU caraNa jahAM dharai jaga meM tIratha jeha, so raja mama mastaka car3ho, "bhUdhara" mAgai eh| te guruu..| -kavivara bhUdharadAsa

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viSayAnukramaNikA viSaya lekhaka kA nAma pRSTha saMkhyA 1 jaina kathA sAhitya : eka samIkSAtmaka sarvekSaNa -pro. sAgaramala jaina 5-13 2 bhAratIya kalA meM jaina darzana va kalA kA saMgama -DaoN. mukti pArAzara 14-18 3 vaicArika samanvaya ke rUpa meM anekAntavAda - rAmanareza jaina 19-24 4 AcArya zrI zAMtisAgara jI evaM zramaNa paraMparA : kala Aja aura kala - prAcArya paM. nihAlacaMda jaina 25-33 5 nyAyAcArya mahendrakumAra jaina aura unake dvArAsampAdita siddhivinizcaya TIkA - DaoN. ramezacanda jaina 34-39 6 samaNa suttaM meM uddhRta karma sUtroM kI upAdeyatA - samaNI AgamaprajJA 40-45 7 AcArya hemacandra ke matAnusAra jaina pramANamImAMsA - vikAsa siMha 46-50 8 Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism - Dr. M. B. Modi 51-70 9 AcArya vaTTakera viracita mUlAcAra aura prAyazcitta vyavasthA ___- DaoN. kamalezakumAra jaina 71-77 10 NavakAra-maMtra mAhAtmya - DaoN. udayacandra jaina 78-81 11 zruta paMcamI parva para rASTrIya vyAkhyAnamAlA 82-83 12 bheda ratnatraya - abheda ratnatraya tatvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra ke pariprekSya me - DaoN. AnaMda kumAra jaina 84-86 13 zruta-paMcamI-parva: zruta-sAdhanA kA preraka-srota- DaoN. rAjArAma jaina 87-94 14 zraddhAMjali - lAlA zIlacanda jaina jauharI 15 grantha samIkSA

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jaina kathA sAhitya : eka samIkSAtmaka sarvekSaNa - pro. sAgaramala jaina kathA sAhitya kA udbhava utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanA isa pRthvI para mAnava kA astitv| cAhe sAhityika dRSTi se kathAoM kI racanA kucha paravartI ho, kintu kathA-kathana kI paramparA to bahuta purAnI hai| kathA sAhitya ke lie aMgrejI meM chaMtataMjapaama sapajamataMjanatama zabda pracalita hai, ataH AkhyAna yA rUpaka ke rUpa meM jo bhI kahA jAtA hai yA likhA jAtA hai, vaha sabhI kathA aMtargata AtA hai| sAmAnya artha meM kathA vaha hai jo kahI jAtI hai| kintu jaba hama kathA sAhitya kI bAta karate haiM, to usakA tAtparya hai, kisI vyakti yA vastu ke sambandha meM kathita yA likhita rUpa meM jo bhI hamAre pAsa hai, cAhe vaha kisI bhI bhASA meM ho, kathA ke aMtargata AtA hai| yaha satya hai ki pUrva meM kathAoM ko kahane kI paraMparA maukhika rUpa meM rahI hai, bAda meM unheM likhita rUpa diyA gyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM pUrva meM kathAe~ zruta paraMparA se calatI rahI haiM, bAda meM hI unheM likhita rUpa diyA gayA hai, yaha bAta jaina kathA sAhitya ke sandarbha meM bhI satya hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI kathAeM pahale anuzruti ke rUpa meM hI calatI rahI hai aura yaha kAraNa hai ki laukika paramparAoM ke AdhAra para unameM samaya-samaya para saMkSepaNa, vistAraNa, parizodhana, parivartana evaM sammizraNa hotA rahA hai, unakA svarUpa to usa samaya sthira huA hogA, jaba unheM likhita svarUpa pradAna kara pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA hogA / maukhika paramparA ke rUpa meM ina kathAoM ne samagra bhUmaNDala kI yAtrAe~ kI hai aura unameM vibhinna dharmo evaM sAmAjika saMskRtiyoM ke mAdhyama se AMzika parivartana aura parivardhana bhI huA hai| vibhinna dezoM meM pracalita kathAoM meM bhI AMzika sAmya aura AMzika vaiSamya dekhA jAtA hai, hitopadeza aura Isapa kI kathAe~ isakA pramANa hai| jaina kathAoM meM bhI ina loka kathAoM ke aneka AkhyAna sammilita ho gaye haiM, jaise- zekha cillI kI kathA / yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki ina kathAoM ke pAtra deva, manuSya aura pazu pakSI sabhI rahe haiN| jahA~ taka jaina kathAoM kA prazna hai unake bhI mukhya pAtra deva, manuSya, pazu-pakSI Adi sabhI dekhe jAte haiN| jaina kathAoM meM jaina lekhakoM ke dvArA to devoM evaM manuSyoM ke sAtha-sAtha pazu-pakSI hI nahIM, vRkSoM aura phUloM ko bhI rUpaka banAkara kathAoM ko prastuta kiyA jAtA rahA hai| AcArAMga evaM jJAtAdharmakathA meM kachue kI rUpaka kathA ke sAtha-sAtha sUtrakRtAMga meM kamala ko bhI rUpaka banAkara bhI kathA varNita hai| loka paramparA meM premAkhyAna ke rUpa meM hindI meM totA-mainA kI kahAniyA~ Aja bhI pracalita haiM, kintu aisI premAkhyAna jaina paraMparA meM nahIM hai, usameM pazu-pakSI, per3a-paudhe, phala-phUla Adi ke rUpaka bhI tapa saMyama kI preraNA ke hetu nahIM hai|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara jaina kathA sAhitya kA sAmAnya svarUpa - yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaba bhI hama jaina kathA-sAhitya kI bAta karate haiM vaha bahu-AyAmI aura vyApaka hai| rUpaka, AkhyAnaka, saMvAda, laghukathAeM, ekAMkI, nATaka, khaNDa kAvya, caritakAvya aura mahAkAvya se lekara vartamAna kAlIna upanyAsa zailI taka kI sabhI kathA-sAhitya kI vidhAe~ usake aMtargata A jAtI hai| Aja jaba hama jaina kathA-sAhitya kI bAta karate haiM, to jaina paramparA meM likhita ina sabhI vidhAoM kA sAhitya isake aMtargata AtA hai| ataH jaina kathA sAhitya bahuvidha aura bahu-AyAmI hai| punaH yaha kathA sAhitya bhI gadya, padya aura gadya-padya mizrita arthAt campU ina tInoM rUpoM meM milatA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM vaha bhI vividha bhASAoM aura vividha kAloM meM likhA jAtA rahA hai| jaina sAhitya meM kathAoM ke vividha prakAra - jaina AcAryoM ne vividha prakAra kI kathAe~ to likhIM, phira bhI unakI dRSTi vikathA se bacane kI hI rahI hai| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM kathAoM ke tIna varga banAye gaye haiM - akathA, kathA aura vikthaa| uddezyavihIna, kAlpanika aura zubhAzubha kI preraNA dene se bhinna uddezya vAlI kathA ko akathA kahA gayA hai, jabaki kathA naitika uddezya se yukta kathA hai aura vikathA vaha hai, jo viSaya-vAsanA ko uttejita kre| vikathA ke aMtargata jaina AcAryoM ne rAjakathA, bhAtakathA, strIkathA ora dezakathA ko liyA hai| kahIM-kahIM rAjakathA ke sthAna para arthakathA aura strIkathA ke sthAna para kAmakathA kA ullekha milatA hai| dazavakAlika meM arthakathA, kAmakathA, dharmakathA aura mizrakathA- aisA bhI eka caturvidha vargIkaraNa milatA hai aura vahA~ ina kathAoM ke lakSaNa bhI batAye gaye haiN| yaha vargIkaraNa kathA ke varNya viSaya para AdhArita hai| punaH darzavakAlika meM ina cAroM prakAra kI kathAoM meM se dharmakathA ke cAra bheda kiye gaye haiN| dharmakathA ke ve cAra bheda haiM - AkSepanI, vikSepaNI, saMvegiNI aura nivednii| TIkA ke anusAra pApamArga ke doSoM kA udbhAvana karake dharmamArga yA naitika AcaraNa kI preraNA denA AkSepaNI kathA hai| adharma ke doSoM ko dikhAkara unakA khaNDana karanA vikSepaNI kathA hai| vairAgyavardhaka kathA saMveginI kathA hai| eka anya apekSA se dUsaroM ke duHkhoM ke prati karUNAbhAva utpanna karane vAlI kathA saMveginI kathA hai, jabaki jisa kathA se samAdhibhAva aura AtmazAMti kI upalabdhi ho yA jo vAsanA aura icchA janya vikalpoM ko dUra kara nirvikalpadazA meM le jAye vaha nirvedanI kathA hai| ye vyAkhyAeM maiMne merI apanI dRSTi ke AdhAra para kI hai| punaH dharmakathA ke ina cAroM vibhAgoM ke bhI cAra-cAra upabheda kiye gaye haiM kintu vistAra bhaya se yahA~ usa carcA meM jAnA ucita nahIM hogaa| yahA~ mAtra nAma nirdeza kara denA hI paryApta hogaa| (a) AkSepanI kathA ke cAra bheda haiM - 1. AcAra 2. vyavahAra 3. prajJapti aura 4. dRssttivaad| (ba) vikSepanI kathA ke cAra bheda haiM - 1. svamata kI sthApanA kara, phira usake anurUpa paramata kA kathana karanA 2. pahale paramata kA nirUpaNa kara, phira usake AdhAra

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jaina kathA sAhitya : eka samIkSAtmaka sarvekSaNa para svamata kA poSaNa karanA 3. mithyAtva ke svarUpa kI samIkSA kara phira samyaktva kA svarUpa batAnA aura 4. samyaktva kA svarUpa batAkara phira mithyAtva kA svarUpa btaanaa| (sa) saMveginI kathA ke cAra bheda haiM - 1. zarIra kI azucitA, 2. saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA 3. saMyogo kA viyoga avazyamabhAvI hai - aisA citraNa kara 4. vairAgya kI ora unmukha krnaa| (da) nivedanI kathA kA svarUpa hai - AtmA ke ananta catuSTaya kA varNanakara vyakti meM jJAtA dRSTAbhAva yA sAkSIbhAva utpanna krnaa| vibhinna bhASAoM meM racita jaina kathA sAhitya - ___bhASAoM kI dRSTi se vicAra kare to jaina kathA sAhitya prAkRta, saMskRta, kannaDa, tamila, apabhraMza, marUgurjara hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI aura kvacita rUpa meM baMgalA meM bhI likhA gayA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM bhI una bhASAoM ke apane vividha rUpoM meM vaha milatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prAkRta ke bhI aneka rUpoM yathA ardhamAgadhI, jaina zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi meM jaina kathA sAhitya likhA gayA hai aura bahuta kucha rUpa meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| guNADhaya ne apanI bRhatkathA paizAcI prAkRta meM likhI thI, yadyapi durbhAgya se Aja vaha upalabdha nahIM hai| Aja jo jaina kathA sAhitya vibhinna prAkRta-bhASAoM meM upalabdha hai unameM sabase kama zaurasenI meM milatA hai, usakI apekSA ardhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI prabhAvita ardhamAgadhI meM adhika hai, kyoMki upalabdha Agama aura prAcIna Agamika vyAkhyAe~ isI bhASA meM likhita haiN| mahArASTrI prAkRta meM jaina kathA sAhitya una doSoM bhASAoM kI apekSA bhI vipula mAtrA meM prApta hotA hai aura isake lekhana meM zvetAmbara jainAcAryoM evaM muniyoM kA yogadAna adhika hai| digambara AcAryoM kI rUci adhyAtma aura karma sAhitya meM adhika rahI phalataH bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM saMllekhanA ke sAdhaka kucha vyaktyioM ke nAma nirdeza ko chor3akara usameM adhika kucha nahIM milatA hai| yadyapi kucha jaina nATakoM meM zaurasenI kA prayoga avazya dekhA jAtA hai, isa paramparA meM hariSeNa kA bRhatkathAkoza hI eka mahatvapUrNa graMtha mAnA jA sakatA hai, isake atirikta ArAdhanA kathAkoza bhI hai| ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ke mizrita rUpa vAle AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM jaina kathAoM kI vipulatA hai, kintu unakI ye kathAeM mUlataH caritra-citraNa rUpa tathA upadezAtmaka hI hai, sAtha hI ve naitika evaM AdhyAtmika vikAra karane kI dRSTi se likhI gaI hai| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM niyukti sAhitya meM mAtra kathA kA nAma-nirdeza yA kathA-nAyaka ke nAma kA nirdeza hI milatA hai| isa dRSTi se niyuktiyoM kI sthiti bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke samAna hI hai, jinameM hameM kathA nirdeza to milate haiM kintu kathAe~ nahIM hai| kathAoM kA vistRta rUpa bhASyoM kI apekSA bhI cUrNi yA TIkA sAhitya meM hI adhika milatA hai| cUrNiyA~ jaina kathAoM kA bhaNDAra kahI jA sakatI hai| cUrNi sAhitya kI kathAe~ upadezAtmaka to hai hI, kintu ve AcAra niyamoM ke utsarga aura apavAda kI sthitiyoM ko spaSTa karane kI dRSTi se sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa hai, kina paristhitiyoM meM kauna AcaraNIya niyama anAcaraNIya bana jAtA hai isakA spaSTIkaraNa cUrNI kI kathAoM meM hI milatA hai| isa prakAra vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM kisa aparAdha kA kyA prAyazcita hogA, isakI bhI samyak samajha

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8 anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara cUrNiyoM ke kathAnakoM se hI milatI hai| isa prakAra cUrNIgata kathAe~ jaina AcAra zAstra kI samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa meM dizA-nirdezaka hai| jahA~ mahArASTra prAkRta ke kathA sAhitya kA prazna hai, yaha mukhyataH padyAtmaka hai aura isakI pradhAna vidhA khaNDakAvya, caritakAvya aura mahAkAvya hai yadyapi isameM dhUrtAkhyAna jaise kathAparaka evaM gadyAtmaka grantha bhI upalabdha hote haiN| isa bhASA meM sarvAdhika kathA sAhitya likhA gayA hai aura adhikAMzataH yaha Aja upalabdha bhI hai| prAkRtoM ke pazcAt jaina kathA-sAhitya ke aneka mahatvapUrNa grantha saMskRta bhASA meM bhI upalabdha hote haiN| digambara paramparA ke aneka purANa, zvetAmbara paramparA meM hemacandra kA triSaSTIzalAkApurUSacaritra Adi aneka caritra kAvya saMskRta bhASA meM likhe gaye haiN| isake atirikta jaina nATaka aura dUtakAvya bhI saMskRta bhASA meM racita hai| digambara paramparA meM varAMgacaritra Adi kucha caritrakAvya bhI saMskRta meM racita hai| jJAtavya hai ki AgamoM para vRttiyA~ aura TIkAe~ bhI saMskRta bhASA meM likhI gaI hai| yadyapi inameM adhikAMza kathAe~ vahI hotI hai jo prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM saMgrahita hai, phira bhI ye kathAe~ cAhe apane varNya viSaya kI apekSA se samAna ho, kintu inake prastutikaraNa kI zailI to viziSTa hI hai| usa para usa yuga ke saMskRta lekhakoM kI zailI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| isake atirikta aneka prabandha grantha bhI saMskRta meM likhita hai| saMskRta ke pazcAt jaina AcAryoM kA kathA-sAhitya mukhyataH apabhraMza aura usake vibhinna rUpoM meM milatA hai, kintu yaha jJAtavya hai ki apabhraMza meM bhI mukhyataH caritakAvya hI vizeSa rUpa se likhe gaye haiN| svayambhU Adi aneka lekhakoM ne carita kAvya bhI apabhraMza meM likhe haiM - jaise paumacariu aadi| __ bhASAoM kI apekSA se apabhraMza ke pazcAt jainAcAryoM ne mukhyataH marUgurjara apnaayaa| kathAsAhitya kI dRSTi se isameM pUrva kathAeM evaM caritanAyakoM ke guNoM ko varNita karane vAlI choTI-bar3I aneka racanAeM milatI haiN| vizeSa rUpa se caritakAvya aura tIrthamAlAeM marUgurjara meM hI likhI gaI haiN| tIrthamAlAeM tIrtho sambandhI kathAoM para hI vizeSa bala detI hai| carita, caupAI, DhAla Adi viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke caritra para AdhArita hotI hai aura ve geya rUpa meM hotI hai| isake atirikta isameM 'rAso' sAhitya bhI likhA gayA hai jo ardha aitihAsika kathAoM kA pramukha AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI aura baMgalA meM bhI jaina kathA sAhitya likhA gayA hai| mahendramuni (prathama), upAdhyAya amaramunijI evaM upAdhyAya puSkaramuni jI ne hindI bhASA meM aneka kathAeM likhI haiM, isameM mahendramuni jI ne lagabhaga 25 bhAgoM meM, amaramuni jI ne 5 bhAgoM meM aura upAdhyAya puSkaramuni jI ne 140 bhAgoM meM jaina kathAeM likhI haiN| ye sabhI kathAeM kathAvastu aura nAyakoM kI apekSA se to purAne kathAnakoM para AdhArita hai, mAtra prastutIkaraNa kI zailI aura bhASA meM aMtara hai| isake atirikta upAdhyAya kevala muni jI aura kucha anya lekhakoM ne upanyAsa zailI meM aneka jaina upanyAsa bhI likhe haiN| jahAM taka merI

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jaina kathA sAhitya : eka samIkSAtmaka sarvekSaNa jAnakArI hai vartamAna meM pAMca sau se adhika jaina kathAgraMtha hindI meM upalabdha hai aura inameM bhI kathAoM kI saMkhyA to sahasrAdhika hogii| 9 hindI ke atirikta jaina kathA sAhitya gujarAtI bhASA meM bhI upalabdha hai, vizeSa rUpa se Adhunika kAla ke kucha zvetAmbara AcAryo aura anya lekhakoM ne gujarAtI bhASA meM aneka jaina kathAeM evaM navalakathAeM likhI hai yadyapi isa sambandha meM mujhe vizeSa jAnakArI to nahIM hai| phira bhI jo chuTa-puTa jAnakArI DaoN. jItendra bI. zAha se milI hai, usake AdhAra para itanA to kahA jA sakatA hai ki gujarAtI bhASA meM jaina kathAoM para lagabhaga tIna sau se adhika grantha upalabdha hai| gujarAtI kathA lekhakoM meM ratilAla desAI cunnIlAla zAha, becaradAsa dozI, mohanalAla dhAmI, vimalakumAra dhAmI, kumArapAla desAI, dhIrajalAla zAha AcArya bhadraguptasUri, bhuvanabhAnasUri, zIlacandrasUri pradyumnasUri, ratnasuMdarasUri candrazekharasUri Adi pramukha hai| isake sAtha hI digambara paraMparA meM bhI kathA graMtha hindI evaM marAThI meM likhe gaye haiN| isake atirikta gaNezajI lAlavAnI ne baMgalA meM bhI kucha jaina kathAeM likhI hai| jahAM taka dakSiNa bhAratIya bhASAoM kA prazna hai tamila, kannaDa meM aneka jaina kathA graMtha upalabdha hai, inameM tamila graMthoM meM jIvakaciMtAmaNi, zrI purANam Adi pramukha hai| isake sAtha kannaDa meM bhI kucha jaina kathA graMtha hai, inameM 'ArAdhanAkathai' nAmaka eka grantha hai, jo ArAdhanAkathAkoza para AdhArita hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina kathA sAhitya bahuAyAmI hone ke sAtha-sAtha vividha bhASAoM meM bhI racita hai| tamila evaM kannaDa ke sAtha-sAtha paravartIkAla meM telagU, marAThI Adi meM bhI jaina graMtha likhe gaye haiN| vibhinna kAla khaNDoM kA jaina kathA sAhitya - kAlikadRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki jaina kathA sAhitya I. pU. chaThI zatAbdI se lekara Adhunika kAla taka racA jAtA rahA hai| isa prakAra jaina kathA sAhitya kI racanA avadhi lagabhaga sattAIsa sau varSa hai itanI sudIrgha kAlAdhi meM vipula mAtrA meM jaina AcAryoM ne kathA sAhitya kI racanA kI hai| bhASA kI pramukhatA ke AdhAra para kAla krama ke vibhAjana kI dRSTi se ise nimna pAMca kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai - 9. Agamayuga IsvI pUrva chaThI zatI se IsA kI pAMcavI zatI tk| 2. prAkRta AgamikavyAkhyAyuga - IsA kI dUsarI zatI se IsA kI AThavIM zatI taka 3. saMskRta TIkA yuga yA pUrvamadhyayuga IsA kI AThavIM zatI se 14vIM zatI tk| 4. uttara madhyayuga yA apabhraMza evaM marUgurjara yuga IsA kI 14vIM zatI se 18vIM zatI tk| - 5. Adhunika bhAratIya bhASA yuga - IsA kI 19vIM zatI se vartamAna tk| bhAratIya itihAsa kI apekSA se ina pAMca kAlakhaNDoM kA nAmakaraNa isa prakAra bhI karasakate haiM - 1. pUrvaprAcIna kAla 2. uttaraprAcIna kAla 3. pUrvamadhya kAla 4. uttaramadhya kAla aura 5. Adhunika kAla / inakI samayAvadhi to pUrvavat hI mAnanA hogii| yadyapi kahIM-kahIM kalAvadhi meM ovhara lepiMga (atikramaNa) hai, phira bhI ina kAlakhaNDoM kI bhASAoM evaM

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 10 vidhAoM kI apekSA se apanI-apanI vizeSatAeM bhI hai| Age hama ina khaNDoM ke kathA sAhitya kI vizeSatAoM ko lekara hI kucha carcA kareMgeM prathama kAla khaNDa meM mukhyataH ardhamAgadhI prAcIna AgamoM kI kathAeM AtI haiM- ye kathAeM mukhyataH AdhyAtmika upadezoM se sambandhita hai aura ardhamAgadhIprAkRta meM likhI gaI haiN| dUsare ye kathAeM saMkSipta aura rUpaka ke rUpa meM likhI gaI hai| jaise- AcArAMga meM zaivAla chidra aura kachuve dvArA cAMdanI darzana ke rUpaka dvArA saddharma aura mAnavajIvana kI durlabhatA kA saMketa hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM zvetakamala ke rUpaka se anAsakta vyakti dvArA mokSa kI upalabdhi kA saMketa hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM vRkSoM, phaloM Adi ke vividha rUpakoM dvArA mAnava-vyaktitva ke vibhinna prakAroM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| samavAyAga ke pariziSTa meM caubIsa tIrthakaroM ke kathAsUtroM kA nAma-nirdeza hai| isI prakAra bhagavatI meM aneka kathA rUpa saMvAdoM ke mAdhyama se dArzanika samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa hai| isake atirikta AcArAMga ke donoM zrutaskandhoM ke aMtima bhAgoM meM sUtrakRtAMga ke SaSTama adhyayana meM aura bhagavatI meM mahAvIra ke jIvanavRtta ke kucha aMzoM ko ullekhita kiyA gayA hai| inake kalpasUtra aura usakI TIkAoM ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke jIvana ke kathAnakoM meM atizayoM kA praveza kaise-kaise huA hai| jaina kathA sAhitya kI apekSA se jJAtAdharmakathA kI kathAeM ati mahattvapUrNa hai, isameM saMkSepa rUpa se aneka kathAeM varNita hai| prathama medhakumAra nAmaka adhyayana meM vartamAna muni jIvana ke kaSTa alpa hai aura upalabdhiyAM adhika hai, yaha bAta samajhAyI gayI hai| dUsare adhyayana meM dhannA seTha dvArA vijayacora ko diye gaye sahayoga ke mAdhyama se apavAda meM akaraNIya karaNIya ho jAtA hai yaha samajhAyA gayA hai| kachuve ke kathAnaka ke mAdhyama se saMyamI jIvana kI surakSA ke lie viSayoM ke prati unmukha indriyoM ke saMyama kI mahattA ko batAyA gayA hai| upAsakadazA meM zrAvakoM ke kathAnakoM ke mAdhyama se na kevala zrAvakAcAra ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, apitu sAdhanA ke kSetra meM upasargoM meM avicalita rahane kA saMketa bhI diyA gayA hai| aMtakRtadazA, aupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA meM vividha prakAra kI tapa sAdhanAoM ke svarUpa ko aura unake supariNAmoM ko samajhAyA gayA hai| upAMga sAhitya meM rAyapasenIyasutta meM aneka rUpakoM ke mAdhyama se AtmA ke astittva ko siddha kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi meM bhI upadezaprada kucha kathAnaka varNita hai| nandIsutra meM aupapAtikI buddhi ke aMtargata rohaka kI 14 aura anya kI 26 aisI kula 40 kathAoM, vainiyakI buddhi kI 15, karmajAbuddhi kI 12 aura pAriNAmikI buddhi kI 21 kathAoM, isa prakAra kula 88 kathAoM kA nAma saMketa hai usakI TIkA meM ina kathAoM ke nAma saMketa se yaha to jJAta ho jAtA hai ki nandIsUtra ke kartA ko una saMpUrNa kathAoM kI jAnakArI thii| isa kAla kI jaina kathAeM vizeSa rUpa se caritra citraNa saMbandhI kathAeM aitihAsika kama aura paurANika adhika pratIta hotI hai| yadyapi unako sarvathA kAlpanika bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki unameM varNita kucha vyakti aitihAsika bhI hai| Agamayuga kI kathAoM meM kucha carita nAyako ke hI pUrva janmoM kI carcA hai unameM adhikAMza kI yA to mukti dikhAI gaI

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jaina kathA sAhitya : eka samIkSAtmaka sarvekSaNa hai yA phira bhAvI janma dikhAkara unakI mukti kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| kahIM-kahIM jAti smaraNa jJAna dvArA pUrvabhavoM kI cetanA kA nirdeza bhI kiyA gayA hai| AgamoM meM jo jIvana gAthAeM varNita hai, unameM sAdhanAtmaka pakSa ko chor3akara kathA vistAra adhika nahIM hai| Agamayuga ke pazcAt dUsarA yuga prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA yuga hai| ise uttara prAcIna kAla bhI kaha sakate haiN| isakI kAlAvadhi IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se lekara sAtavIM zatI taka mAnI jA sakatI hai| isa kAlAvadhi meM jo mahattvapUrNa jaina kathAgraMtha ardhamAgadhI prabhAvita mahArASTrI prAkRta meM likhe gaye unameM vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM, saMghadAsamaNi kI vasadevavahiNDI aura anupalabdha taraMgavaI kahA pramukha hai| isa kAla kI aMtima zatI meM yApanIya paraMparA meM saMskRta meM likhA gayA vArAMgacaritra bhI AtA hai| yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki vimalasUri ne paumacariyaM (rAmakathA) ke samAna hI harivaMza cariyaM ke rUpa meM prAkRta meM kRSNa kathA bhI likhI thI, kintu yaha kRti upalabdha nahI hai| ina kAla ke ina donoM kathA graMthoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM AvAntara kathAeM adhika hai| isa prakAra ina kathA graMthoM meM kathApraroha zilpa kA vikAsa dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa kAla ke kathA graMthoM meM pUrva bhavAntaroM kI carcA bhI mila jAtI hai| svataMtra kathAgraMthoM ke atirikta isa kAla meM jo prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke rUpa meM niyukti, bhASya aura cUrNI sAhitya likhA gayA hai unameM aneka kathAoM ke nirdeza hai| yadyapi yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki niyuktiyoM meM jahAM mAtra kathA saMketa hai vahAM bhASya aura cUrNi meM unheM kramazaH vistAra diyA gayA hai| dhUrtAkhyAna kI kathAoM kA nizIthabhASya meM jahAM mAtra tIna gAthAoM meM nirdeza hai, vahI nizIthacUrNi meM ye kathAeM tIna pRSThoM meM varNita hai| isI ko haribhadra ne adhika vistAra dekara eka svataMtra graMtha kI racanA kara dI hai| ___ isa kAla ke kathA sAhitya kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM anya paraMparAoM se kathA vastu ko lekara usakA yukti-yukta karaNa kiyA gayA hai, jaise paumacariyaM meM rAmacaritra meM sugrIva hanumAna ko vAnara na dikhAkara vAnaravaMza ke mAnavo ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra rAvaNa ko rAkSasa na dikhAkara vidyAdhara vaMza kA mAnava hI mAnA gayA hai| sAtha hI kaikeyI, rAvaNa Adi ke caritra ko adhika udAtta banAyA gayA hai| sAtha hI dhUrtAkhyAna kI kathA ke mAdhyama se hindU paurANika evaM avaijJAnika kathAoM kI samIkSA bhI vyaMgAtmaka zailI meM kI gaI hai| rAma aura kRSNa ko svIkAra karake bhI unako Izvara ke sthAna para zreSTha mAnava ke rUpa meM hI citrita kiyA gayA hai| dUsare Agamika vyAkhyAoM vizeSa rUpa se bhASyoM aura cUrNiyoM meM jo kathAeM hai, ve jainAcAra ke niyamoM aura unakI ApavAdika paristhitiyoM ke spaSTIkaraNa ke nimitta hai| jaina kathA sAhitya ke kAlakhaNDoM meM tIsarA kAla AgamoM kI saMskRta TIkAoM tathA jaina purANoM kA racanA kAla hai| jaina kathA sAhitya kI racanA kI apekSA se yaha kAla sabase samRddha kAla hai isa kAlAvadhi meM zvetAmbara, digambara aura yApanIya tInoM kI paraMparAoM ke AcAryo aura muniyoM ne vipulamAtrA meM jaina kathA sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai| yaha kathA sAhitya mukhyataH caritra-citraNa pradhAna hai, yadyapi kucha kathA-graMtha sAdhanA aura upadeza pradhAna bhI hai| jo

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12 anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara graMtha caritra-citraNa pradhAna hai ve kisI rUpa meM preraNA pradhAna to mAne hI jA sakate haiN| digambara paraMparA ke jinasena (prathama) kA AdipurANa, guNabhadra kA uttarapurANa, raviSeNa kA padmacaritra, jinasena dvitIya kA harivaMza purANa Adi isI kAlakhaNDa kI racanAeM hai| zvetAmbara paraMparA meM haribhadra kI samarAiccakahA, kautUhala kavi kI lIlAvaIkahA, udyotanasUri kI kuvalayamAlA, siddharSi upamitIbhavaprapaMcakathA,zIlAMka kA caupannamahApurisacariyaM, dhanezvarasUri kA surasundarIcariyaM vijayasiMhasUri kI bhuvanasandarIkathA, somadeva kA yazastilakacampU, dhanapAla kI tilakamaMjarI, hemacandra kA triSaSTizalAkApurUSacaritra, jinacandra kI saMvegaraMgazAlA, guNacandra kA mahAvIracariyaM evaM pAsanAhacariyaM devabhadra kA pANDavapurANa Adi aneka racanAeM haiN| isa kAlakhaNDa meM aneka tIrthakaroM ke caritra-kathAnakoM ko lekara bhI prAkRta aura saMskRta meM aneka graMtha likhe gaye haiN| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki isa kAla kI racanAoM meM pUrvabhavoM kI carcA pramukha rahI hai isase graMthoM ke AkAra meM bhI vRddhi huI hai, sAtha hI eka kathA meM aneka aMtara kathAeM bhI samAhita kI gaI hai| isake atirikta isa kAla ke aneka svataMtra graMthoM aura unakI TIkAoM meM bhI aneka kathAeM saMkalita kI gaI hai- udAharaNa ke rUpa meM haribhadra kI dazavaikAlika TIkA meM 30 aura upadezapada meM 70 kathAeM gumphita hai| saMvegaraMgazAlA meM 100 se adhika kathAeM hai| piNDaniyukti aura usakI malayagiri kI TIkA meM bhI lagabhaga 100 kathAeM dI gaI hai| isa prakAra isa kAla khaNDa meM na kevala mUla graMthoM aura unakI TIkAoM meM avAntara kathAeM saMkalita hai, apitu vibhinna kathAoM kA saMkalana karake aneka kathAkozoM kI racanA bhI jainadharma kI tInoM zAkhAoM ke AcAryoM aura muniyoM dvArA kI gaI hai - jaise- hariSeNa kA "bRhatkathAkoza", zrIcandra kA "kathA-koza", bhadrezvara kI "kahAvalI", jinezvarasUri kA "kathA-koSa prakaraNa", devendra gaNi kA "kathAmaNikoza", vinayacandra kA "kathAnaka koza", devabhadrasUri aparanAma guNabhadrasUri kA "kathAratnakoSa", nemIcandrasUri kA "AkhyAnaka maNikoza", aadi| isake atirikta prabhAvakacaritra, prabandhakoza, prabandhaciMtAmaNi Adi bhI ardha aihitAsika kathAoM ke saMgraha rUpa graMtha bhI isI kAla ke haiN| isI kAla ke aMtima caraNa meM prAyaH tIrthoM kI utpatti kathAeM aura parvakathAeM bhI likhI jAnI lagI thii| parva kathAoM meM mahezvarasUri kI 'NASapaMcamIkahA' (vi.saM.1109) tathA tIrtha kathAoM meM jinaprabha kA vividhatIrthakalpa bhI isI kAlakhaNDa ke graMtha hai| yadyapi isake pUrva bhI lagabhaga dazavIM zatI meM "sArAvalI prakIrNaka" meM zatrujaya tIrtha kI utpatti kathA varNita hai| yadyapi adhikAMza parva kathAeM aura tIrthotpatti kI kathAeM uttaramadhyakAla meM hI likhI gaI haiN| isI kAlakhaNDa meM hArTale kI sUcanAnusAra brAhmaNaparamparA ke durgasiMha ke paMcataMtra kI zailI kA anusaraNa karate hue vAdIbhasiMhasUri nAmaka jaina AcArya ne bhI paMcataMtra kI racanA kI thii| isake pazcAt Adhunika kAla AtA hai, jisakA AraMbha 19vIM zatI se mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa kAla meM mukhyataH hindI bhASA meM jaina kathAeM aura upanyAsa likhe gye| isake atirikta kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne gujarAtI bhASA ko bhI apane kathA-lekhana kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| kvacita rUpa meM marAThI aura baMgalA meM bhI jaina kathAeM likhI gii| baMgalA meM jaina kathAoM ke

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jaina kathA sAhitya : eka samIkSAtmaka sarvekSaNa lekhana kA zreya bhI gaNeza lalavAnI ko jAtA hai| isa yuga meM jaina kathAoM aura upanyAsa ke lekhana meM hindI kathA zilpa ko hI AdhAra banAyA gayA hai| sAmAnyatayA jaina kathAzilpa kI pramukha vizeSatA naitika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI sthApanA hI rahI hai, ataH usameM kAmuka kathAoM aura premAkhyAnakoM kA prAyaH abhAva hI dekhA jAtA hai, yadyapi vajjAlaggaM tathA mahAkAvyoM ke kucha prasaMgoM ko chor3a de to pradhAnatA naitika aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI sthApanA kI hI rahI hai| yadyapi kathAoM ko rasamaya banAne ke hetu kahI-kahI premAkhyAnakoM kA prayoga to huA hai phira bhI jaina lekhakoM ko mukhya prayojana to zAntarasa yA nirveda kI prastuti hI rahA hai| jaina kathAoM kA mukhya prayojana - 1. jana-sAmAnya kA manoraMjana kara unheM jainadharma ke prati AkarSita krnaa| 2. manoraMjana ke sAtha-sAtha nAyaka Adi ke sadguNoM kA paricaya denaa| 3. zubhAzubha karmoM ke pariNAmoM ko dikhAkara pAThakoM ko satkarmoM yA naitika AcaraNa ke lie prerita krnaa| 4. zarIra kI azucitA evaM sAMsArika sukhoM kI nazvaratA ko dikhAkara vairAgya kI dizA meM prerita krnaa| 5. kinhIM ApavAdika paristhitiyoM meM apavAda mArga ke sevana ke aucitya aura anaucitya ko spaSTa krnaa| 6. pUrvabhavoM yA paravartIbhavoM ke sukha-duHkhoM kI carcA ke mAdhyama se karma siddhAnta kI puSTi krnaa| 7. dArzanika samasyAoM kA upayukta dRSTAnta evaM saMvAdoM ke mAdhyama se sahaja rUpa meM samAdhAna prastuta karanA jaise - AtmA ke astittva kI siddhi ke rAyapasenIya ke kathAnaka meM rAjA ke tarka aura kezI dvArA unakA uttr| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina kathA sAhitya bahuuddezIya bahu AyAmI aura bahubhASI hokara bhI mukhyataH upadezAtmaka aura AdhyAtmika rahA hai| usakA uddezya nivRtti mArga kA poSaNa hI hai| vaha soddezya aura AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kA saMsthApaka rahA hai aura lagabhaga tIna sahasrAbdiyoM se nirantara rUpa se pravAhamAna hai| - prAcyavidyApITha, dupAr3A roDa, zAjApura-465001 (ma.pra.)

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bhAratIya kalA meM jaina darzana va kalA kA saMgama -DaoN. mukti pArAzara sRjana meM samAhita hai saundry| saundarya kalAkara ke saundarya bodha se udbhAsita hokara kalA ke dvArA sajIva ho uThatA hai| bhAratIya darzana va cintana meM saundarya sadaiva satya kA anugAmI eMva ziva ke bhAva ko dhAraNa kie rahA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya kalA dharmAva mAnavIya mUlyoM kI saMvAhaka rahI hai| bhAratIya jIvana-darzana ko ThIka se samajhane ke prayAsa kara kalA meM AdhyAtmika USmA ko vizeSa sthApita kiyA hai| kalA kA sAhitya se bhI pragAr3ha sambandha rahA hai| vAtsAyana ne citra sUtraM meM kahA hai ki : kalAnAM pravaraM citraM, dharmakAmArtha mokssdm| mAgaMlyaM prathamaM caitada grahe tatra prtisstthtN|| mAnava jIvana ke cAra purUSArtha (dharma, artha, kAma va mokSa) jainettara meM bhI samAna rupa se mahattvapUrNa hai aura citrakalA zreSThatam tathA maMgala rupa meM prathama hai| bhAratIya kalA itihAsa meM rAjA "nagnajita" tathA vizvakarmA ko prathama kalAcAryo ke rupa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya citrakalA ke zilpa kA vikAsa aitihAsika dRSTi se do prakAra kA mAnA hai| (1) vaijJAnika dRSTikoNa (2) paurANika dRssttikonn| jaina darzana ke anusAra Adi kAla kA mAnava bhoga bhUmi meM rahatA thaa| usakI sabhI AvazyakatAyeM kalpa vRkSoM dvArA pUrNa ho jAtI thii| ataH vaha anya cIjoM se anabhijJa thaa| ataH jaba kRtya yuga yA karma bhUmi kA prArambha huA to prathama tIrthakara RSabha deva ne mAnava ko sabhyatA kA pATha par3hAyA aura jIvana nirvahana ke lie zastravidyA (asi), lekhana (masi), khetIbAr3I, adhyayana va adhyApana aura zilpa (vastu, mUrti, citra, svarNakAra Adi) kI zikSA dii| jaina darzana ke prathama adhyetA bhagavAna RSabha deva nagna ho tapazcaraNa kara jJAna prApta kara arihanta hue hai ataH unheM bhI Agama meM nannajIta, bhayajIta nAma diyA gayA hai| unhone apane putra ko bhI citrakalA sikhAI thii| aitihAsika dRSTi se dekhe jo jaina dharma va kalA ke pramANa kI upalabdhatA siMdhu ghATI kI kalAtmaka moharo para batAI jAtI hai| use jaina kalA ke rUpa meM kAphI hada taka mAnyatA dI jA sakatI hai| haDappA kI lipi va muharoM para mile citroM ko bhI jaina dharma se sambandhita mAnA hai| isa sandarbha meM saMbhavataH sabase pahalA zodhapatra pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI ke tatvAvadhAna me sAranAtha meM Ayojita goSThI meM janavarI 1988 meM prastuta kiyA gayA thaa| (prAkRtavidyA, 2000, pRSTha sa. 54) kucha moharoM ke udAharaNa nimna hai :

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bhAratIya kalA meM jaina darzana va kalA kA saMgama yogAbhyAsa (har3appana roTa ina laiguMija, DaoN. rameza jaina, purAbhilekha patrikA) sIMga dhAraNa kiye eka vyakti takhta jaise Asana para virAjamAna hai / yaha vyakti yogasAdhanA meM rata hai| isI taraha eka mohara para choTe sIMga vAle eka sAMr3a ko RSabha ke pratIkarupa meM mAnA hai| aise kaI udAharaNa hai jo jaina dharma ke pratIkoM ke najadIka hai| eka nagna dhyAnAvasthA yogI kI mUrti jisakI dRSTi nAka ke agramAna para hai| prApta moharoM ke Upara dhyAnastha purUSa tathA pazu, hAthI, siMha, hiraNa, mahiSa sAtha-sAtha dikhAyeM hai| eka anya gola mohara para dhyAnamagna nagna purUSa hai tathA cAroM tarapha latA maNDapa hai| saMbhavataH ise bhagavAna bAhubalI kA citra kahA jA sakatA hai| "jaina paramparA aura pramANa" meM muni vidyAnandajI ne inheM jaina kalA kI mAnyatA dI hai| mukhyataH sindhu ghATI meM kucha pratIka mile hai| jaise - purUdeva - (RSabhadeva) nagna khaNDagAsana, kAyotsarga mudrA avasthita, bAhubalI, zIrSovari abhimaNDita trizula (triratna kA pratIka) sAthiyA~, mRdulatA parNa Adi jaina paramparA ke pramANa hai| jaina darzana ne prAgaitihAsika kAla se Adhunika yuga taka kalA meM cAhe mUrti ho, vAstu ho yA citrakalA apanA prabhAva va upasthiti ko darzAtA hai| prAgaitihAsika guphAoM meM bhI prApta Ar3I-tirachI rekhAoM meM bhI nagna mAnava kRtiyA~ kAphI kucha pratIka rupa meM jaina paramparA kA bodha karAtI hai| isI taraha bhiti citroM kI vidhivat paramparA meM 3 zatAbdI I. pU. meM jogImArA ke citroM ko DaoN. blAkha tathA asita kumAra hAldara tathA kSemeMndra nAtha kalA manISiyoM ne apane gahana adhyayana ke bAda inheM prAcInatam tathA jaina kalA ke citra kahA hai| yahA~ nagna mAnava kRtiyA~ spaSTataH jaina muniyoM kA sakeMta detI hai| yahAM mA~ trizalA kA citra bar3A hI bhAvapUrNa hai| aise kaI nagna dRzya yahA~ hai, kAlAntara meM isameM zivaliMga kI sthApanA ho gayI hai eMva bhiti citra kSatigrasta ho gye| jogImArA ke bAda bauddha kalA ke avazeSa ajantA va bAgha meM utkRSTa hai kintu sAtha meM jaina kalA keM bhiti citra bhI anavarata rupa meM banate rhe| 7 vIM zatI meM bAdAmI kI guphAoM ke miti citra bIjApura meM Aihola ke nikaTa vAtsapipuram parvato ke madhya citra hai| inameM bAdAmI kI guphA saM. 4 meM jainadharma se sambandhita utkIrNa kalA spaSTa hai| bAdAmI meM jaina kalA kA utkRSTa rupa dikhAI detA hai| jisameM mahAvIra svAmI kI dhyAnastha paramparA sAtha hI pArzvanAtha aura bAhubalI kI kAyotsarga mUrtiyA~ banI hai| dakSiNa bhArata me tamilanADu meM sittalavAsala kI guphA jaina mandira 600 se 625 I. ke madhya bane hai| inhe pallava vaMza ke zAsaka mahendra varmana ne banavAyA thaa| yahA~ bhitti va utkIrNa dono prakAra ke citra hai| citroM kA viSaya jaina tIrthakaroM ke paurANika kathAnaka para AdhArita hai| sittalavAsala meM prAcIna jaina mandira haiN| yahA~ jaina tIrthakAroM ke citra hai| isameM dUsarI sahata vAle citroM meM apabhraMza zailI kA citraNa hai| rekhAoM ke mAdhyama se AkAroM kA sauSThava nikhArA gayA hai| inameM harA , pIlA tathA bhUrA raMgoM kA saMyojana kiyA gayA hai eMva digambara jaina sampradAya se sambaMdhita citra hai| citra kalAtmaka va bhAvAtmaka rupa meM utkRSTa hai| kuzANa kAla meM bhI mathurA bhI jaina dharma kI mUrtizilpa ke vikAsa kA mahattvapUrNa kendra rahA hai| gupta kAlIna jina mUrtiyoM ko bhI vibhinna mudrAoM yathA nagna mudrA, ajAnabAhu, dhyAnamudrA Adi me prastuta kiyA

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 16 gayA hai| ina mUrtiyoM meM hathelI evaM talavoM para dharmacakra kA cinha, bhohoM ke madhya urNA (rogaguccha) Adi paramparAeM vidyamAna hai| jina mUrtiyoM meM uSNISa kucha adhika sundara tathA ghugharAlepana lie huai hai, prabhA maNDala meM bhI vizeSa sajAvaTa dekhI jA sakatI hai| dharma cakra kA utkIrNana pUrNa vRtta rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| isa samaya tIrthakaroM ke mUrti zilpa meM USTa grahoM, mAlAdhArI gaMdharvo va nemInAtha ke sAtha kRSNa, baladeva kI mUrtiyoM ko bhI banAyA gayA hai| isa samaya kI jaina mUrtiyAM ke videzoM ke saMgrahAlaya meM devagar3ha, rAjagraha, besanagara, bUMdI caMderI Adi jagaha guptakAlIna jaina zilpa va abhilekha ke darzana ho sakate hai| ailorA (6-9 vIM I.) me bhI pA~ca guphAoM (30-34) meM bhI jaina dharma kI dArzanikatA dikhAI detI hai| yahA~ indra sabhA kA aMlakaraNa evaM mUrtana bejor3a hai| isameM indra, indrANI eMva mahAvIra bhagavAna kA mUrtana bhavya bana par3A hai| isa ke alAvA deza meM kaI jagaha aura rAjasthAna meM bhI jaina zilpa advitIya hai| ausiyA (jaudhapura) dilavAr3A mandira, raNakapura (pAlI), giranAra ke jaina mandira, belUra, tirakkola, zravaNabelagolA, candragirI, maduraI, cintura Adi ke kalAtmaka spaSTa rupa se dekhI jA sakatI hai| jaina dharma para AdhArita utkRSTa bhiti citroM ki zilpoM ke alAvA isa dharma kA eka rupa paTa citroM, tAr3apatroM, bhojapatroM para va kAgaja para banI laghu citrazailI ke rUpa meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| granthoM va vasalI para jaina zailI jise apabhraMza bhI kahA jAtA hai, meM jo citra bane haiM vaha kaI anya dharmoM va viSayoM para bhI hai, kintu citroM kI kucha kalAtmaka vizeSatAe~ aisI hai, jise jaina zailI ke citra kahA jAtA hai| jaina kalA kA mukhya dhyeya jJAna raMjana va loka raMjana donoM hI rahA hai aura mukhya uddezya darzana va dharma ke gUDha viSayoM ko kalA va citroM ke mAdhyama se Amajana taka pahu~cAnA thA tAki ve apane jIvana kI mahattvatA va kalAtmakatA ke sAtha AsAnI se jaina darzana ko bhI samajheM / bhAratIya citrakalA meM vAcaspati gerolA ne jaina granthoM kA Arambha 500 I0 pUrva mAnA hai| yaha tAr3apatroM, kAgaja Adi para lipibaddha hue haiN| jaina zailI ke sacitra grantha laghu citra yA pothI citra (dRSTAntacitra) 7vI0 I0 ke bAda se hI Arambha se hI Arambha mAnA gayA hai| bauddha granthoM kI bhAMti jaina granthoM ko bhI sacitra kiyA gayA va inheM laghu citrazailI kI zreNI meM rakhA jAtA hai| vAcaspati gerolA ne (pR0 saM0 136) meM jaina kalA ko bhAratIya citrakalA ke itihAsa meM kAgaja para kI gaI samRddhi meM sarvAdhika ullekhanIya yogadAna jaina kalAkAroM kA hai| jaina kalA ke adhikatara pramANa kalAkAroM ko nipUrNatA ke sAtha tAr3apatrIya pothiyoM va pANDulipiyoM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| tAr3apatroM para bane prAcInatam citra zvetAmbara jaina sampradAya kI nizItha cUrNI (1100 I0) nAmaka pustaka meM hai / dazavaikAlika laghuvRtti, triSThizalAkApurUSa caritra, neminAtha caritra, kalpasUtra, kAlakAcArya kalA meM citrita sabase prAcIna udAharaNa milate hai| mUDa bidire meM hoyasAla kAlIna tAr3apatrIya jaina grantha "vIrasena kI dhavala" jayadhavala tathA mahAdhavala TIkAe~ surakSita hai| ina citroM meM prAyaH cokora sthAna meM eka AkRti banI hotI hai| devI-devatAoM ke citroM ko kevala AyudhoM va vAhanoM se hI pahacAnA jA sakatA hai|

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bhAratIya kalA meM jaina darzana va kalA kA saMgama ____ kapar3e para sarvaprathama citra pATana ke bhaNDAra kA paMcatIrthI paTa ullekhanIya hai| ahamadAbAda meM vasanta-vilAsa (16 vIM zatI) kA paTa citra hai| kAgaja para bane citra prAyaH pustakoM meM hai| isakI sabase purAnI prati jaunapura ke kalpa sUtra kI hai| yaha grantha sunaharI akSaroM meM likhA hai| tADapatroM para bane prAyaH bAI aura eka tihAI (1/3) bhAga para dRSTAnta ke rupa meM abhilekhita hai| tathA do tihAI (2/3) para sundara hasta lipi meM granthakAra ne likhA huA hai| kaI meM bIcoM bIca agala-bagala meM likhakara bIca meM citra bane hai| jainazailI kI citrakalA para muni zrI kAntisAgara jI ne vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai| dRSTAnta citroM ko koI niyamoM meM nahIM bnaayaa| 10-12 vI zatI ke citra sarvAdhika surakSita hai| inameM nizItha cUrNikA, kathA sarita sAgAra, aMgasUtra, laghuvRti, neminAtha caritra, triSaSThizAlA kA puruSa caritra, saMgrahaNIya sUtra, dazavaikAlika, zrAvaNa pratikramaNa cUrNI, Adi sacitra pothiyoM meM isa zailI kA kalAtmaka rupa dikhAI detA hai| kucha citrita grantha mila gae kintu kucha grantha bhaNDAroM va vyaktigata saMgraha meM hai jo prakAza meM nahIM A paae| __isa zailI ke citroM meM pratikAtmakatA pUrNa banI AkRtiyA~ hI mukhya vizeSatAeM haiN| caitya, caityAlaya, dvimUrtikA, trimUtri kA, sarvatobhaMjikA, caityavRkSa, triranta, aSTamaMgala, aSTapratihArya, solaha svapna, navanidhi, navagraha, zrIvatsa, makaramukha, zArdula kI caka, gaMgA, yamunA Adi tathA kucha tIrthakaroM ko bhI vibhinna varNa, vRkSa ke pratIka rupa meM bhI darzAyA gayA hai| jaise mahAvIra tIrthakara - pIlAvarNa, kesarI siMha - dIkSAtarU pArzvanAtha tIrthakara - nIlavarNa, sarpa - azoka vRkSa neminAtha tIrthakara - kAlAvarNa, zaMkha bedhasavRkSa RSabhanAtha tIrthakara - svarNimavarNa, vRSa - kadalI vRkSa jaina zailI ke citroM meM kucha aisI vizeSatAe~ thI, jo prAyaH sabhI citroM meM pAI jAtI hai| jaiseisa zailI ke citroM kA phalaka tathA patra para aMkita honaa| yadyapi jaina zailI 7 vIM sadI meM vikasita huI kintu 1000 I0 ke bAda tejI se vikAsa huaa| netroM ke citraNa kI unakI apanI vizeSatAe~ haiM, aura ve uThe hue tathA bAhara ko ubhare hue hai| kAnoM taka unakI lambAI hai| eka cazma cehare meM dUsarI A~kha ko alaga se banAyA jAnA, prakRti ko kama citrita karanA, rekhAeM mahIna nIba se banAI dikhane vAlI, AkRtiyoM kA vakSasthala ubharAva, kaTi kSINa Adi vizeSatAeM ina citroM meM dikhAI detI hai| jaina dharma se kalA kA prasAra to huA hai, kintu isa zailI meM kalA tatvoM kA ucita upayoga nahIM ho paayaa| isakA kAraNa jyAdA mAtrA meM citra banAnA yA akuzala kalAkAroM dvArA citra banAnA rahA hogaa| ___ 12 vIM zatI meM jaina kalA meM zithilatA A gaI thii| uttara madhyakAla (1000-1600 I.) vAcaspati gairolA ke anusAra isa yuga meM adhikatara pustakoM ke dRSTAnta citra nirmita hue| aisI sacitra pothiyoM kA nirmANa prAyaH baMgAla, bihAra aura nepAla meM huaa| isa yuga kI citrazailI ke sambandha meM rAyakRSNa dAsajI kA kathana hai ki - inameM lAla (siMdUra, higgula, mahAvara) pIlA

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18 anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara (haratAla, pyoDI) nIlA (lAjavantI tathA nIla) sapheda evaM kAlA ke sammizraNa se utpanna hare, gulAbI, baiMganI phAkhtaI Adi raMgo kA prayoga milatA hai| paTaroM ke citroM yA unakI rakSA ke lie lAkha caDhI hotI thii| bhiti citroM ke nirmANa se pahale bauddhakalA aura jainakalA kA samRdva rUpa mUrtiyoM tathA mandiroM ke zilpa meM surakSita thaa| jaina zailI mAravADa, ahamadAbAda, mAlavA, jaunapura, avadha, paMjAba , baMgAla aura ur3IsA ke sAtha-sAtha nepAla ,barmA tathA syAma meM bhI yaha zailI phuNcii| jaina citrakalA apabhraMza apane samRddha svarUpa meM bhAratIya citrakalA meM racI basI hokara bhI apanA alaga astitva rakhatI hai| jainAgama meM spaSTa likhA hai - sarva evahi jainAnAM pramANaM laukika vidhiH| yatra samyaktva hArnina yatra na vrata duussnnm||(aadipuraann) kalA kalyANa kI jananI hai| purANoM meM aitihAsika 63 mahApurUSoM kA jIvana vRtAnta hai jisameM 24 tIrthakara, bAraha cakavartI , nau balabhadra , nau nArAyaNa aura nau pratinArAyaNa ke kathAnaka haiN| jaina sAhitya va kalA (vAstu, mUrti, citra) inhIM ke Adarzo ko abhivyakta karate hai| isa zailI meM zodha huA hai kintu abhI bhI na jAne kitanI kalAtmaka upalabdhiyA~ haiM jina para aura zodha kI AvazyakatA hai| sama sAmAyika samAja va saMskRti kA citraNa satya rUpa meM purANoM meM hI upalabdha hotA hai| purANa sAhitya svayaM bhagavAna ke zrImukha se, tIrthakaroM se niHsRta hai| saMdarbha graMtha : 1. bhAratIya citrakalA kA itihAsa -avinAza bahAdura varmA 2. Adi purANa parva 3. bhAratIya citrakalA - DaoN. esa. ena. saksenA 4. phAina ArTa ina iMDiyA eMDa selona - vinsenTa smitha, pra. 77 5. bhAratIya citrakalA - vAcaspati gairolA 6. purANa sAhitya meM jIvana mUlya - DaoN pI. sI. jaina / 7. har3appA kI moharo para jaina purANa aura AcaraNa ke saMdarbha - DaoN rameza candra jaina (prAkRta vidyA 2000 pra.sa. 54) - vibhAgAdhyakSa citrakalA akalaMka garlsa pI. jI. kaoNleja koTA (rAjasthAna)

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vaicArika samanvaya ke rUpa meM anekAntavAda (20vIM zatAbdI ke jainAcAryoM ke ciMtana meM) - rAmanareza jaina anekAnta jainadarzana kA hRdaya hai| sakala jaina sAhitya anekAnta ke rUpa meM kathita hai| anekAnta syAdvAda ko samajhe binA jainadarzana ko samajha pAnA to duSkara hai hI, usameM praveza pAnA bhI kaThina hai| anekAnta dRSTi eka aisI dRSTi hai, jo vastuttattva ko usake samagra svarUpa ke sAtha prastuta karatI hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra vastu bahuAyAmI hai vastu meM paraspara virodhI aneka guNadharma vyApta hai| ekAnta dRSTi se vastu kA samagra bodha nahIM kara sakate haiM / vastutattva samagra bodha ke lie samagra dRSTi apanAne kI jarUrata hai aura vaha anekAnta dRSTi apanAne para hI saMbhava hai| bIsavIM zatAbdI ke jainAcAryoM ne bhI anekAnta syAdvAda ke mAdhyama se samagratApUrNa ciMtana prastuta kiyA hai| AcArya jJAnasAgara kahate haiM anekazaktyAtmaka vastu tattvaM tadekavA savadato%nyasatvam / samarthayatsyAtpadamanna bhAti syAdvAdanAmaivamihokti jAti // arthAt vastu tattva aneka zakalyAtmaka hai, aneka zaktiyoM kA puMja hai| jaba koI manuSya eka zakti kI apekSA se usakA varNana karatA hai taba vaha anya zaktiyoM ke satva kA anya apekSAoM se samarthana karatA hI hai| isa anya zaktiyoM kI apekSA ko jaina siddhAnta syAt pada se prakaTa karatA hai| vastutattva ke kathana meM isa syAt arthAt kathaMcit pada ke prayoga kA nAma hI syAdvAda hai| ise hI kathaMcitvAda yA anekAntavAda bhI kahate haiN| 1 AcArya tulasI kahate haiM ki eka vastu meM aneka virodhI kA svIkAra hI anekAnta hai| saMsAra kI koI bhI vastu aisI nahIM hotI jisakA eka hI rUpa ho| aneka virodhI rUpoM kA bodha anekAnta dRSTi dvArA hI saMbhava hai| AcArya mahAprajJa kahate haiM anekAnta zabda kI racanA dRSTi se niSedhAtmaka hai kintu paryAya kI dRSTi se vaha niSedhAtma nahIM hai / anekAnta dravya aura paryAya kI sApekSatA kA vAcaka hai| aneka kA artha eka se adhika hai para usakA artha anizcita yA ananta nahIM hai| AcArya devendra muni kahate hai anekAntavAda jaina paraMparA kI eka vilakSaNa sUjha hai, jo vAstavika satya kA sAkSAtkAra karane meM sahAyaka hai| isI prakAra anekAntavAda kI mahimA batAte hue AcArya vidyAnaMda kahate hai bhAratIya sAhitya meM syAdvAda, anekAntavAda aura sApekSavAda ke binA zurUAta hI nahIM ho sakatI aura na hI hama vaktA loga binA sApekSavAda ke kisI ko kucha batA sakate haiN| syAdvAda yaha syAt+vAda ina do zabdoM se milakara banA hai| syAd yaha zabda nipAta avyaya hai| vAda- kathana karanA, mAnyatA Adi dharmoM ke rUpa meM jJAta hotA hai / syAt zabda tiDanta

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara pratirUpaka avyaya hai| isake prazaMsA, astitva, vivAda, vicAraNA, anekAnta, saMzaya prazna Adi aneka artha hote haiN| jaina darzana meM isakA prayoga anekAnta ke artha meM bhI hotA hai| syAdvAda arthAt anekAntAtmaka vaaky| syAdvAda anekAnta dRSTi ko vANI dvArA vyakta karane kI paddhati hai| AcArya tulasI kahate hai - ananta dharmAtmaka dravya kA kisI eka dharma ke mAdhyama se pratipAdana karanA syAdvAda hai, samagra dravya ke pratipAdana kA nAma syAdvAda hai| AcArya devendramuni kahate haiM syAdvAda pada kA artha huA sApekSa siddhAnta, apekSAvAda, kathaMcitvAda yA vaha siddhAnta, jo vividha dRSTi binduoM se vastutattva kA nirIkSaNa parIkSaNa karatA hai| AcArya vidyAnaMda kahate haiM - anekAnta kI abhivyakti ko syAdvAda kahate haiN| isako sApekSavAda bhI kahate haiM, jaise-kamaNDalu hai use ghar3A kahanA satya hai aura asatya bhI hai| satya isalie ki vaha jala-pAtra hai, asatya isalie ki vaha ghar3A nahIM balki kamaNDalu hai| anekAnta se vastu-tattva kI siddhi ananta dharmAtmaka vastutattva kI siddhi ekAntadRSTi se saMpanna nahIM hotI apitu anekAnta se hI hotI hai| pratyeka tattva kI anantadharmatA pramANa se bhalIbhAMti siddha hokara vilasita ho rahI hai| isalie ekAnta ko mAnanA to mUrkhatA kA sthAna hai| vidvajjana ko aisI ekAntavAditA svIkAra karane ke yogya nahIM hai kintu anekAntavAditA ko hI svIkAra karanA cAhie, kyoMki anekAntavAda kI siddhi pramANa se prasiddha hai| AcArya devendramuni kahate haiM - anekAntavAda kA Aloka hameM nirAzA ke aMdhakAra se bacAtA hai| vaha hameM aisI vicAradhArA kI ora le jAtA hai, jahA~ sabhI prakAra ke virodhoM kA upazamana ho jAtA hai| AcArya tulasI kahate haiM.2 - aneka dharmoM meM se jo bhI dharma mukhya hokara sAmane AtA hai, vaha usake AdhArabhUta dravya ko jAnane kA mAdhyama bana jAtA hai| isa jJAna paddhati meM dravya aura dharma kI abhinnatA kA bodha banA rahatA hai| dravya aura dharma (paryAya) sarvathA abhinna nahIM hai, unakI abhinnatA eka apekSA yA eka dRSTikoNa se siddha hai| anekAntavAda dRSTikoNa ke anusAra pratyeka vastu nityAnitya hai| dravya aura paryAya kA sammilita rUpa vastu hai yA yoM kaheM ki dravya aura paryAya milakara hI vastu kahalAte haiN| paryAyoM ke abhAva meM dravya kA aura dravya ke abhAva meM paryAya kA koI astitva nahIM hai| vastu meM astitva aura nAstitva dharma - vastutattva sApekSa hai aura syAdvAda paddhati se hI usakA ThIka taraha se pratipAdana hai to vastu ke astitva aura nAstitva ke viSaya meM bhI hameM anekAnta ko lAgU karake dekhanA hogaa|3 kaI loga astitva aura nAstitva ko virodhI dharma samajhakara eka hI vastu meM donoM kA samanvaya asaMbhava mAnate haiN| magara ve bhUla jAte haiM ki eka hI apekSA se yadi astitva aura nAstitva kA vidhAna kiyA jAye tabhI unameM virodha hotA hai, vibhinna apekSAoM se vidhAna karane meM koI virodha nahIM hotaa| jaise kisI vyakti ke sambandha meM yaha kahanA ki vaha manuSya hai manuSyetara nahIM, bhAratIya hai pAzcAtya nahIM, vartamAna meM hai sadA se yA sadA rahane vAlA nahIM, vidvAn hai mUrkha nahIM hai to kyA hama usa

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vaicArika samanvaya ke rUpa meM anekAntavAda vyakti ke viSaya meM paraspara viruddha vidhAna karate haiM ? nhiiN| isI prakAra AcArya jJAnasAgara kahate haiM5 - dhUkApacAnthyaMdadeva bhAsvAn kokApazoka vitaran mudhaavaan| bhuvastale kinna punardhiyApi Astitvamekala ca nAsti taapi| arthAt bhUtala para prANiyoM ko prakAza dene vAlA sUrya ullU ko andhApanA detA hai aura sabako zAnti dene vAlA candramA koka pakSI ko priyA viyoga kA zoka pradAna karatA hai| phira buddhimAna loga yaha satya kyoM na mAneM ki eka hI vastu meM kisI apekSA astitva dharma bhI rahatA hai aura kisI apekSA nAstitva dharma bhI rahatA hai| AcArya tulasI kahate haiN|6 - astitva aura nAstitva bhI sApekSa hai, ve-eka dUsare ke virodhI nahIM hai| isI bAta ko AcArya vidyAnaMda kahate haiM17 - isa vizAla vizva ke aMdara anantAnaMta padArtha haiM, bhinna bhinna svabhAva vAle padArtha haiN| unako hama anekAnta ke mAdhyama se hI samajha sakate haiN| anekAnta eka aisA siddhAnta hai, jo sArI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karane meM sakSama hai| AcArya kahate haiM ki jaba hama koI bhI bAta kahate haiM to usake samakSa eka pratipakSa khar3A ho jAtA hai| jaise dina meM kaho to rAta bhI hai, puruSa kaho to strI bhI hai, amRta hai to jahara hai, satya hai to asatya hai, dharma hai to adharma hai, hiMsA hai to ahiMsA hai, puNya hai to pApa hai| isa prakAra do paraspara virodhI tattva anAdi se haiM aura anantakAla taka rheNge| AcArya vidyAsAgara udAharaNa se samajhAte haiM ki - ho eka hI puruSa bhAnaja tAta bhAI, detA vahI suta kisI naya se dikhaaii| pai bhrAta tAta suta o sabakA na hotA, hai vastu dharma isa bhAMti azAnti khotaa| arthAt jisa prakAra eka hI puruSa kisI apekSA putra, kisI apekSA pitA, kisI apekSA pati, kisI apekSA mAmA, kisI apekSA bhAI hai, usI prakAra vastutattva ko samajhanA caahie| Age kahate haiM - jyoM vastu kA pakar3a meM eka dharma AtA, to anya dharma usakA svayameva bhaataa| ve kyoMki vastugata dharma ataH lagAo, syAt saptabhaMga sabameM jhagar3A mittaao||19 arthAt vividha apekSA vastu tattva vyavasthApita kiyA gayA hai, kisI eka apekSA ko dhAraNa na karake saMpUrNa vastutattva ko grahaNa karanA cAhie evaM syAtpada ko dhAraNa karake samasta vikalpa jAloM ko tyAganA caahie| vaicArika samanvayavAda ke rUpa meM - vartamAna paridRzya meM dekhA jAye to paraspara kalaha, vidroha, IrSyA, vaimanasya, choTe-bar3e kI bhAvanA, AtaMkavAda Adi kA tANDava dekhane ko milatA hai| ina samasta bAtoM kA samAdhAna anekAnta syAdvAda ko nahIM samajhane se hai| AcArya jJAnasAgara kahate haiM -

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara saMvirodhiSu janaH parasparaM vyAvahArika vacassu sNcrn| tatsanuddharatu yadyathocitaM ko nu nAzrapati vA svato hitm|| arthAt vyAvahArika nIti niyamoM meM kitane hI vacana aise hote haiM, jo prAyaH eka-dUsare ke viruddha par3ate haiN| manuSya ko cAhie ki unameM se jisa vacana ko lekara jIvana nirvAha ho, usa samaya usI ko svIkAra kare arthAt jIvana meM upayogI vacana ko hI svIkAra kreN| paraspara meM samanvaya ko sthApita karate hue kahate haiM - tukarulkatAbhyeti kurAnamArAdIzapitA vaabilmekdhaaraa| tayostu vede pamupaiti vipraH syAdvAdadRSTAnata iyaansudiiprH|| arthAt musalamAna aura IsAI apane-apane dharmagrantha ko hI pramANa mAnate haiN| isa apekSA eka grantha eka ke lie pramANa hai to dUsare ke lie apramANa hai kintu brAhmaNa donoM ko hI apramANa mAnate haiM aura veda ko pramANa mAnate haiN| isa dRSTAMta meM musalamAna aura IsAI paraspara virodhI hote hue bhI veda ko pramANa nahIM mAnane meM donoM avirodhI haiM arthAt eka hai| isa prakAra eka kI apekSA jo graMtha pramANa hai, vahI dUsare kI apekSA apramANa hai| tIsare kI apekSA donoM hI apramANa haiN| isa sthiti ko ekamAtra syAdvAda siddhAnta yathArthataH kahane meM samartha hai, ekAntavAdI siddhAMta nhiiN| AcArya mahAprajJa kahate haiM-2 - jagata kI jitanI samasyAeM haiM, unako yadi anekAntadRSTi se vicAra kareM to samAdhAna ho sakatA hai| ve kahate haiM- samasyA cAhe vyavahAra kI ho yA adhyAtma kI, samAja kI, rAjanIti kI sArI samasyAeM anekAnta ke AdhAra para ulakSatI nahIM sulajhatI haiN| Age kahate haiM ki vaicArika samanvaya ke lie taTasthatA Avazyaka hai| eka vicAraka eka dRSTikoNa ko pakar3a kara usakA pakSa karatA hai, samarthana karatA hai, usake prati rAga karatA hai| dUsarA vicAraka dUsare kA pakSa karatA hai, samarthana karatA hai| pahalA vicAra dUsare kA khaNDana karatA hai aura dUsarA vicAra pahale kA khaNDana karatA hai| donoM eka-dUsare ko pratipakSI mAnate haiN| dveSa kI dRSTi se dekhate haiN| apane vicAra ke prati rAga aura dUsare ke vicAra ke prati dvess| rAga-dveSa kI ye donoM A~kheM apanA kAma karatI haiN| jaba taka taTasthatA kI dRSTi nahIM jAgatI taba taka tIsarA netra nahIM khultaa| jaise hI tIsarA netra khulatA hai, apanA vicAra chUTa jAtA hai| parAyA vicAra bhI chUTa jAtA hai| zeSa saccAI raha jAtI hai| vyakti pUrNa taTasthatA ko prApta ho jAtA hai|23 AcArya vidyAnaMda kahate haiM ki hama anekAntavAda ahiMsA ke patha para calane vAle haiM, hamArI bhASA syAdvAda hai| pahale tolo, phira bolo| bolane ke bAda tologe to jhagar3A ho jaayegaa| hamArA siddhAnta hai ahiMsA aura anekaantvaad| anekAntavAda kA matalaba hai ki samanvaya kro| udAharaNa dekara samajhAte haiM ki eka bAga meM nAnA taraha ke raMga-biraMge phUla hote haiN| jaba mAlI una phUloM ko ikaTThA karake guladastA banAtA hai to guladastA bahuta sundara lagatA hai| isa duniyA ke andara kitanI jAtiyoM ke kitane dharmoM tathA saMpradAyoM ke loga mila-julakara ikaTThA rahate haiM to saba sundara lagate haiN| yadi bikhara jAyeMge to koI sundaratA nahIM raha jaayegii| dUsarA udAharaNa dete haiM ki hamAre zarIra meM bAla kAle haiM, haDDI sapheda hai, pitta pIlA, nazeM

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vaicArika samanvaya ke rUpa meM anekAntavAda nIlI, khUna lAla, isa taraha se pAMca raMga haiN| isalie hama sundara lagate hai| yadisaba eka hI raMga ke hoM, jaise khUna kAlA, camar3I bhI kAlI to kaisA vicitra zarIra dikhAI degA, isalie vividhatApUrNa duniyA ke aMdara jIne ke lie anekAnta kI jarUrata hai| saha-astitva ke lie - sahiSNutA aura sahanazIlatA kI koI sImA nhiiN| isa sahiSNutA evaM sahanazIlatA ko samajhAne ke lie AcAryoM ne anekAnta aura syAdvAda ko btaayaa| samajhAne ke lie vANI kI eka zailI hai, isako saptabhaMga bhI kahate haiN| isa prakAra sahiSNutA kA pratIka hai anekAnta aura syaadvaad| ise hI sApekSavAda bhI kahate haiN| isI bAta ko spaSTa karate hue AcArya mahAprajJa kahate haiM- anekAnta kA matalaba jitane padArtha, jitane vastu ke dharma tuma samajhanA cAho, karanA cAho, eka ko mukhya banA do, dUsare ko gauNa banA do, phira jisako mukhya banAyA, use gauNa banA do aura jise gauNa banAyA, use mukhya banA do to tuma satya ko pakar3a paaoge| agara sabako mukhya banA diyA yA sabako gauNa banA diyA to satya ko nahIM pakar3a pAoge, Agraha hAtha aayegaa| navanIta nahIM milegA, saccAI nahIM milegii| isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para saha-astitva kA vikAsa huaa| saha-astitva Aja ke yuga kA ciMtana hai| yaha lokataMtra Aja kA yuga ciMtana hai| saMyukta rASTrasaMgha isalie banA ki saha-astitva kA siddhAnta mAnya ho gyaa| yAnI eka maMca para sAmyavAdI aura pUMjIvAdI rASTra baiThate haiM aura vizva kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karate haiN| yaha syAdvAda ke siddhAnta kA saha-astitva ke siddhAnta kA kriyAnvayana hai| isa prakAra jainAcAryoM kA ciMtana rahA hai ki samasta jIva nirvikalpa hokara tatva ArAdhanA dharma ArAdhanA kara sake, samasta dharmoM kA Adara kara sake, jIvana ko sukhapUrvaka vyatIta kara sakeM, kalaha vaimanasyatA, lar3AI-jhagar3A kA abhAva digdarzita ho| ise hetu 20vIM zatAbdI ke jainAcAryoM ne samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa samAdhAna hetu anekAnta ko navIna rUpa meM prastuta kiyaa| anekAnta syAdvAda ke mAdhyama se sahiSNutA sahanazIlatA, vaicArika samanvaya zAMti, abhivyakti kA avasara prApta hotA hai jo ki vartamAna meM manuSya evaM anya padArthoM ke astittva ke lie parama Avazyaka hai| saMdarbha: 1. AcArya jJAnasAgara - vIrodayamahAkAvya, 19/8 2. AcArya tulasI-AtmA ke Asa-pAsa, pR. 3 3. AcArya mahAprajJa- jainadarzana : manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 264 4. AcArya devendra muni- jaina darzana : svarUpa aura vizleSaNa, pR. 231 5. AcArya vidyAnaMda - zrutapaMcamI eka mahAparva, jaina bodhaka patrikA, jUna, 2004 6. AcArya mahAprajJa- jaina darzana : manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 67 7. AcArya tulasI- rAjapatha kI khoja, pR. 67 8. AcArya devendra muni-jainadarzana : svarUpa aura vizleSaNa, pR. 231

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 9. AcArya vidyAnaMda-dharma darzana aura adhyAtma, jaina bodhaka patrikA, sitambara,2008 10. evamantadharmatA vilasati sarvato pi tttvsy| mUrAstAM khltaayaastrmaadbhimitirekaantsy| prasiddhAnatu vivudhasya siddhirnekaantsy| sudarzanodaya mahAkAvya- AcArya jJAnasAgara, 6/4, pR.91 11. AcArya devendra muni- jainadarzana : svarUpa aura vizleSaNa, pR. 233 12. AcArya tulasI- rAjapatha kI khoja, pR.67 13. AcArya devendra muni-jainadarzana : svarUpa aura vizleSaNa, pR. 241 14. AcArya devendra muni-jainadarzana : svarUpa aura vizleSaNa, pR. 242 15. vIrodaya mahAkAvya- jJAnasAgara AcArya, 19/13, pR. 187 16. AcArya tulasI- rAjapatha kI khoja, pR. 70 17. AcArya vidyAnaMda-dharma darzana aura adhyAtma, jaina bodhaka patrikA, sitambara,2008 18. AcArya vidyAsAgara- samagra, jaina gItA, zloka-670 19. AcArya vidyAsAgara-samagra, jaina gItA, zloka-721 20. AcArya jJAnasAgara- jayodaya mahAkAvya, 2/81 21. AcArya jJAnasAgara-vIrodaya mahAkAvya, 19/20 22. AcArya mahAprajJa- anekAnta hai tIsarA netra, pR. 68 23. AcArya mahAprajJa-anekAnta hai tIsarA netra, pR.71 24. AcArya vidyAnaMda- jaina dharma meM rASTradharma banane kI kSamatA hai, jaina bodhaka, akTUbara-2007 25. AcArya vidyAnaMda-saMtamahimA, jaina bodhaka, sitambara, 2004 26. AcArya mahAprajJa-jaina darzana kI mUlabhUta AvazyakatAe~, pR. 159 - variSTha zodha adhyetA, jaina vizva bhAratIya vizvavidyAlaya, lADanUM (rAjasthAna)

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18 agasta- samAdhi divasa para vizeSa lekha AcArya zrI zAMtisAgara jI evaM zramaNa paraMparA : kala Aja aura kala - prAcArya paM. nihAlacaMda jaina zAMtisAgara yogIndraM, narendrAmara vnditm| AcAryavarya saDghezaM, jainadharma prbhaavkm|| 20vIM zatAbdI meM nirgrantha digambara zramaNa paraMparA ko punajIvita karane vAle AcArya zrI zAMtisAgara jI mahArAja aise lokottara vyaktitva hue, jinhoMne apanI nara deha se aisI akalpanIya tapa sAdhanA kI, jisase logoM ko yaha vizvAsa karane ke lie vivaza honA par3A ki isa sasIma deha se saMkalpa kI asIma lokottara sAdhanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai| apane samyakcAritra ke ratha para ArUr3ha hokara, viveka kI valgA hAthoM meM thAmakara, zruta-azvoM ko jIvana kI antaryAtrA para gatizIla banAkara sAdhanA ke rAjapatha para cala par3e the| jIvanta samayasAra, ratnatraya triveNI ke prayAgarAja, AtmavidyA ke dhanI yugapravartaka, jaina saMskRti evaM zramaNa dharma ke saMrakSaka Apa prathama digambarAcArya the| bhUmipati aura pATIla nAma se vikhyAta ApakI pUrva nau pIr3hiyoM meM vItarAga zAsana ke prabhAvaka nararatna hue jinhoMne jaina samAja ko gauravAnvita kiyaa| rAjavaMza sadRza kSatriya vaMza kI caturtha jAti meM zrI zAMtisAgara kA janma huaa| belagA~va (dakSiNa bhArata) jilAntargata bhojagrAma ke sadgRhastha bhImagaur3A evaM mA~ satyavatI kI kukSi se san 1872 ASAr3ha kRSNA 6 tithi ko apane mAmA ke ghara yelagula grAma meM eka puNyazAlI bAlakA kA janma huA, nAma saMskaraNa- sAtagauDA kiyA gyaa| yahI bAlaka svanAmadhanya cAritra cakravartI AcArya zAMtisAgara ke nAma se vizruta huaa| Apa jaba garbha meM the, mA~ satyavatI ko 108 sahasradalavAle kamaloM se jinendradeva kI pUjana karane kA zubhadohalA huA thaa| kolhApura ke samIpa rAjya surakSita sarovara se bar3e prayatna karake aisA kamala maMgAkara bhaktibhAva se pUjana kara, unhoMne saMtuSTi pAyI thii| bAlyAvasthA - __ muni zrI vardhamAnasAgara jI (AcArya zrI ke gRhasthAvasthA ke bar3e bhAI) ne kahA thA - "maiMne bAlaka sAtagaur3A ko bacapana meM rote nahIM dekhaa| khAnapAna meM anya bAlakoM kI bhAMti svacchaMdavRtti nahIM thii|shriir bala meM kolhApura jile meM unakI jor3a koI dUsarA nahIM thaa| cAvala kA pUrA borA kandhe para rakha lete the| hRSTapuSTa bailoM dvArA khIMcI jAne vAlI pAnI kI moTa (rahaTa)

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 26 Apa akele hI khIMca lete the / eka asakta vRddhA zikharajI parvata para vaMdanArtha gyii| zraddhA se bharapUra, vaMdanA karane meM asamartha azrupAta kara rahI thii| ApakI karuNA aura zakti, saMvedI ho use apanI pITha para biThAkara pUrI parvata kI vaMdanA karavA dii| yaha ApakI zArIrika zakti kA upagraha thA / yadyapi ApakA nau varSa kI umra meM sAta varSIya kanyA ke sAtha bAla vivAha kara diyA gayA thA lekina chaha mahIne bAda usa kanyA kA dehAvasAna ho gyaa| Apake mAtA pitA ne punaH vivAha karane kA bahuta Agraha kiyA, parantu Apane spaSTa rUpa se kaha diyA thA ki mujha gRhajAla meM nahIM pha~sanA hai / Apane muni siddhisAgara jI ke samakSa Ajanma brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa kara liyaa| virAga pariNati - saMta honA, kevala eka janma kI sAdhanA nahIM hotii| na jAne kitane janmoM kI sAdhanA kA suphala hotA hai| sAtagaur3A ke pUrva janma ke vairAgyamaya saMskAra 18 varSa kI alpAyu meM hI dIkSA lene kI preraNA dene lge| kintu mAtA-pitA kI samAdhi ke lie ve gRha meM hI sanyAsabhAva se udAsIna bane rhe| Apake pitA zrI bhImagaur3A jI ne yama- sallekhanA lekara zarIra kA tyAga kiyA thaa| mAM satyavatI, pati kI samAdhi ke pazcAt kSu. pArzvamatI ke pAsa, parivAra kA moha chor3akara rahane lagI aura 1912 meM mAgha mAha meM Apane samAdhimaraNa kiyaa| gRhasthAvasthA meM 32 varSa kI umra meM tIrtharAja sammedazikhara jI yAtrA (tIsarI vaMdanA ) ke bAda pArzvanAtha kI suvarNabhadra nAmaka kUTa para jIvana paryanta ghI aura tela kA tyAga kara diyaa| ghara Ane para dina meM eka bAra bhojana karane kI pratijJA le lI / 37 varSa kI umra meM pitAjI kI samAdhi ke pazcAt eka upavAsa aura eka dina bhojana kA niyama ghara meM rahate hue liyaa| ataH Apa to santa-svabhAva lekara hI paidA hue| eka dina karnATaka ke uttara grAma meM devendrakIrti (devappA svAmI) munirAja Aye to Apane nirgrantha dIkSA ke lie prArthanA kii| unhoMne isa mArga ko kaThina batAyA, parantu sAtagaur3A ke hRdaya kI dRr3hatA jAnakara saharSa kSullaka vrata diye| utkRSTa vairAgya se alaMkRta antaHkaraNa vAle kSu0 zAMtisAgara gRhavAsa- piMjare se unmukta hokara AdhyAtma siMha rUpa se vihAra karane lge| gRhasthAvasthA se hI Apake dayArdra pariNAma the| khetI kRSikarma ApakA mukhya kArya thaa| Apa kabhI bhI apane khetoM se pakSiyoM ko nahIM bhagAte the aura khetoM ke pAsa unheM pIne ke lie pAnI rakha dete the| isake bAvajUda Apake kheto meM, samIpavartI khetoM se jyAdA dhAnyAdi hotA thA / munibhakta - ApakI munirAjoM ke prati naisargika zraddhA thii| bhojagrAma meM Ane vAle pratyeka muni, AryikA evaM vratiyoM kI sevA vaiyAvRtti, tana mana aura dhana se karate the| usa samaya AdisAgara nAma ke cAra munirAja the aura ApakA sabhI se ghaniSTa saMbandha thaa| 1. zrI AdisAgara munirAja boragAMva, 2. zrI AdisAgara munirAja aMkalIzvara, 3. zrI AdisAgara bhauMsekara aura 4. zrI AdisAgara bhoja jo ratnappA svAmI ke nAma se jAne jAte the|

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AcArya zrI zAMtisAgara jI evaM zramaNa paraMparA : kala Aja aura kala AcArya zrI boragAMva vAle AdisAgara jI ke tapazcaraNa se bahuta prabhAvita rahate the jo sAta dina upavAsa rakhakara AThaveM dina AhAra liyA karate the| surIlA galA hone ke kAraNa ekatArA' vAdyayaMtra para stuti va stotra gAte the, jise loga maMtramugdha hokara sunate the| ailaka dIkSA jaba Apane devappA svAmI (muni devendra kIrti) se dIkSA ke lie prArthanA kI to Apane yahI kahA thA ki kramapUrvaka saMyama meM ArohaNa kro| gurU AjJA zirodhArya kara kSullaka-vrata lene ke pazcAt Apane giranAra parvata para vastrakhaNDa kA tyAgakara ailaka pada aMgIkAra kiyaa| muni dIkSA - bAda meM yaranAla ke paMcakalyANaka mahotsava meM ApakA milana punaH muni devendrakIrti se huA aura Apane nirgrantha di. muni dIkSA ke lie prArthanA kii| muni devendrakIrti ne kahA - yadi yaha pada lekara nirdoSa rUpeNa pAlana na kiyA to jIva durgati ko prApta hotA hai| astu soca vicAra kara dRr3ha nizcaya kareM, zIghratA meM kArya karake pIche pachatAnA ThIka nhiiN| ailaka zAMtisAgara ne kahA- svAmina ! ApakA upedaza akSarazaH pAlana kruuNgaa| vratoM meM dUSaNa, svapna meM bhI nahIM lagane duuNgaa| ataH muni devendra kIrti ne san 1920 vi. saM. 1976 ke dIkSA kalyANaka ke dina phAlguna zu. 14 ko kezaloMca pUrvaka ailaka jI ko jainezvarI dIkSA ke saMskAroM se saMskArita kara muni zAMtisAgara nAma kI ghoSaNA kii| zrI devendrakIrti ke bAre meM sva. AryikA ajitamatI ne batAyA thA ki AcArya zrI ke dIkSA guru zrI devendrakIrti jI, aMkalIkara muni AdisAgara jI mahArAja kI bhAMti AhAra ke lie jAte samaya vastrakhaNDa zarIra para lete the| cauke meM jAne para use utAra dete the| Ate vakta phira le lete the aura nivAsa sthAna para Ane para pRthaka kara dete the| ataH zrI AcArya zAMtisAgara jI kI muni dIkSA ke bAda devendrakIrti jI ne, zrI zAMtisAgara jI ke pAsa nagnatva meM lagane vAlA doSa chor3ane ke lie chedopasthApanA kI aura prAyazcita lekara punaH dIkSA lii| isa prakAra muni zAMtisAgara jI ma0 jJAna-vairAgya ke saMskAra pUrva bhava se lekara Aye the, astu unhoMne naisargika vairAgya hone ke kAraNa viSama paristhitiyoM meM bhI Agama ke pratikUla caryA nahIM kii| zramaNa paramparA - kala (gata) zramaNa paraMparA kI jo dhArA kucha samaya se chinna-bhinna jaise ho rahI thI, use Apane punarujjIvita kara saMgha kA nirmANa prathama bAra kiyaa| ataH samaDolI nagara meM Apane munirAja vIra sAgara jI evaM zrI nemisAgara jI ko digambara jainezvarI dIkSA dii| isa zubhAvasara para catuHsaMgha ne 1924 ASADha zukla 11 budhavAra ko AcArya parameSThI ke pada para pratiSThita kiyaa| Apake yuga meM mithyAtva kI ArAdhanA rUr3higata hotI thI aura loga apane gharoM meM kudeva virAjamAna kara unakI pUjA karate the| Apane pratijJA lI ki jisake yahAM ye donoM bAteM hotI hoMgI, usake yahAM AhAra nahIM leNge| isa pratijJA se AcAryazrI ko yadyapi bahuta kaSTa uThAne par3e parantu unhoMne mithyAtva kA roga zIghra dUra kara diyaa|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 28 jaba kSullaka avasthA meM mahArAja kudevoM ko mUrtiyoM ko gAr3I meM bharabhara kara nadI - tAlAba meM giravA rahe the| vahAM ke rAjA ne kahA- "Apa aisA karake kyA ina devatAoM kI AsAdanA nahIM kara rahe haiM ? kSullaka mahArAja ne kahA- rAjana ! bhAdrapada meM gaNapati kI sthApanA para bhakti pUjA karate ho / usake bAda unako pAnI meM kyoM sirA dete ho ? rAjA ne kahA - "parva paryanta hI unakI pUjA kA kAla thA pazcAt hama rAma, hanumAna Adi mUrtiyoM kI pUjA karate haiN| kSullaka jI ne dRr3hatA va madhura vacanoM se kahA 'hamane Ajataka ina devatAoM kI ArAdhanA kI, Aja unakA parvakAla pUrA ho gyaa| ataH vinayapUrvaka pAnI meM sirA denA hI ucita hai| inake sthAna para arhanta bhagavAn kI mUrti kI ArAdhanA kreNge| eka prasaMga aura hai eka vyakti ne AcArya zrI se prazna pUchA kyA samyagdRSTi roga nivAraNa ke lie mithyA maMtroM kA prayoga kara sakatA hai? bIca meM eka vidvAna bola uThe samyakadRSTi zrAvaka jaise auSadhi le sakatA hai, usI prakAra auSadhi rUpa mithyA maMtroM se bhI lAbha le sakatA hai| AcArya zrI ne kahA -" auSadhi lene meM bAdhA nahIM kyoMki auSadhi na samyaktva hai na mithyAtva kintu mithyA devoM kI ArAdhanA yukta maMtroM se svArthasiddhi karane para usakI zraddhA meM malinatA aayegii|" ukta prasaMgoM se 19vIM evaM 20vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvAdha meM pracalita mAnyatAoM evaM zramaNa svarUpa kA AbhAsa milatA hai| cAritra cakravartI pada - san 1937 meM AcArya zrI ne gajapaMthA meM cAturmAsa kiyaa| yahA~ zrI paMcakalyANaka mahotsava ke daurAna ApakI kaThora tapa sAdhanA evaM cAritra kI prAjJjala zreSThatA ko anubhava kara caturvidha saMgha evaM jaina samAja ne Apako cAritra cakravartI pada se alaMkRta kiyA aura svayaM ko dhanya maanaa| usa samaya aneka ziSyoM ne digambarI dIkSA lii| jisameM A. kuMthasAgara, A. kalpa candrasAgara, muni samantabhadra, muni zrI vardhamAna sAgara, A. namisAgara Adi ke nAma pramukha hai| cAritra cakravartI A. zAMtisAgara jI ne saMgha kI paraMparA ko zAstrAnukUla evaM yugAnurUpa abhinava dizA dene kA mahanIya kArya kiyaa| kaThora tapasvI evaM saMyama ke himAlaya isa nazvara deha se aisI avinazvara vItarAgI sAdhanA kA kalazArohaNa bhI saMbhava hai jo aba kalpanAtIta lagatI hai| cinmayatA ke prAMgaNa meM, indriyoM kA itanA vivekapUrNa niyaMtraNa aura svAtmAnuzAsana kA zikhara kIrtimAna hAsila kiyA ki himAlaya kI uttuMgatA bhI zaramA jaaye| cAritra kI virATatA ko apanI dehapuMja meM samAlIna kara 35 varSoM kI munidIkSA avadhi meM 27 varSa 3 mAha aura 23 dina (9938 dina) ke upavAsa dhAraNa kara atyanta kaThina siMhaniSkrIDita vrata ko dhAraNa kiyA jo isake pUrva kevala purANoM meM likhA aura par3hA jAtA rhaa| isa vrata meM 90 dina ke upavAsa rakhakara kevala 18 bAra AhAra grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| Apane tIna bAra ise dhAraNa kara 270 upavAsa karake isa mRNmaya kAyA meM amaratA kI saMjIvanI bo gye| ina paMktiyoM ke lekhaka ne cAritra cakravartI AcArya zrI ke 48 saMsmaraNoM kA eka saMkalana naye yuga bodha/ saMdarbhoM ke sAtha "lokottara sAdhaka" kRti ke nAma se likhii| yahA~ kucha

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29 AcArya zrI zAMtisAgara jI evaM zramaNa paraMparA kala Aja aura kala saMsmaraNa rekhAMkita karanA, jo unake pAradarzI AdhyAtmikaUrjA se pariveSThita vyaktitva kI eka jhalaka hai, upAdeya evaM sandarbhita hai| saMsmaraNoM ke sAloka meM cAritra cakravartI 1. nidrA vijaya tapa kA pAlana karate hue AcArya zrI eka jaMgala meM sthita maMdira ke bhItara ekAnta sthAna meM dhyAnastha the| dIpaka kA tela bikhara jAne se AsapAsa asaMkhya cIMTiyoM kA samudAya ekatrita ho gayA aura ve dhIre dhIre AcArya zrI ke zarIra para reMgakara adhobhAga (guptAMga) ko kaTAnA zurU kara diyaa| rAtabhara cIMTiyoM ke kATane kI asahaya vedanA meM bhI ve niSkampa dhyAnArUr3ha rahe khUna bahane lagA thA parantu vaha nirgrantha AcArya aise dhyAna meM nirata rahe jaise sAMkhya darzana kA puSkara palAzavat nirlipta puruSa, prakRti kI lIlA dekha rahA ho / prAtaH kAla ke ujAle meM, jana samUha vahAM ekatrita hokara jaba yaha dRzya dekhatA hai, to jana jana kI saMvedanAeM ro uThatIM haiN| cIMTiyoM dvArA upasarga - vastutaH pratikUlatA meM samatA, sahiSNutA kA satat nirjhara thA / eka kasauTI thI yaha parakhane kI, ki indriyA~ va mana, Atma svabhAva kI kitanI AjJAnuvartI haiN| 2. kSamA va dhairya ke akSata puMja - - eka bAra 'viSa aura amRta' kA milana dekhA gayA / vastutaH pratizodha- viSa hai aura kSamA-amRta hai| tAmra lAla raMga kA sAta ATha hAtha lambA viSadhara phana uThAye AcArya zrI ke sAmane khar3A ho gyaa| usakI lapalapAtI jIbha aura viSa ke aMgAre ugala rahIM A~kheM, anukampAmayI ahiMsaka A~khoM se TakarA rahIM thii| AcArya zrI zAnta, karuNA kI mUrti usa sarparAja ko nirnimeSa dRSTi se nihAra rahe the| zAnti ke sAgara, usa yamarAja ko eka Agantuka darzanArthI kI bhAMti dharmavRddhi kA AzIrvAda de rahe the adbhuta dRzya thaa| eka ne pUchA una kSaNoM meM Apa kyA soca rahe the AcAryazrI ve kahane lage "yadi maiMne isa jIva kA pUrva meM kabhI koI bigAr3a kiyA hogA, to vaha bhI hameM bAdhA pahuMcAyegA, anyathA cupacApa calA jaayegaa|" 3. karUNA ke mAnasarovara ke ha~sa - - - gRhasthAvasthA meM kheta para gye| dekhA naukara jvAra kA gaTThA bAMdhakara corI se le jA rahA hai| ye pITha karake cupacApa baiTha gaye vicArane lage 'bubhukSataM kiM na karoti pApaM garIba peTa ke lie hI to anAja le jA rahA hai| naukara isa ghaTanA se itanA prabhAvita huA ki kSamA mA~gane bhAgatA huA ghara aayaa| 4. kSamA jIvanta ho uThI koganolI gAMva ke bAhara - nirjana guphA meM rAtri meM AcArya zrI AtmalIna haiN| eka pAgala Akara mahArAja zrI se roTI mAMgane lgaa| bhUkha se pIr3ita cillAne lgaa| mahArAja zrI mauna / pAgala uttejita ho utthaa| hAtha meM DaNDA, jisake eka sire para lohe kI noMka, usI se mArane lgaa| ghAva ho gae, khUna bahane lgaa| aisI vikaTa paristhiti meM kauna rokane vAlA thA ? oha! kSamA kI apUrva asIma zakti! pAgala kI buddhi meM na jAne kyA AyA ki guphA se kucha samaya bAda bAhara ho gayA / prAtaH hote hI bijalI kI bhA~ti yaha ghaTanA gAMva meM phaila gyii| lekina AcArya zrI zAnta bhAva se mauna rahe / upacAra va vaiyAvRtti se svAsthya lAbha huaa|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 5. siMha kA samarpaNa - nRsiMha ko ghaTanA hai siddhakSetra droNagiri kii| di0 muni siMhavRtti vAlA nirbhayI aura akelA akampa rahane vAlA hotA hai| dainyatA use svIkAra nhiiN| siMha kI hiMsaka paryAya usakI niyata hai| peTa bharA ho to vaha phira hiMsaka nahIM hotA kyoMki vaha krUra nahIM hotA / AcArya zrI parvatamAlA ke eka maMdira meM dhyAnastha haiN| saMdhyA se hI eka siMha pAsa meM A gyaa| rAta bhara baiThA rhaa| prAtaH 8 baje jaba AcArya zrI nIce utarakara nahIM Aye to zaMkAoM ne logoM kA dhairya tor3a diyaa| ve pahAr3a para gaye to AcArya zrI ko maMdira se nIce utarate dekhaa| bilamba kA kAraNa Akhira mauna tor3akara unheM batAnA pdd'aa| Aja vanapati - yatipati ke darzanArtha AyA thaa| nRsiMha kA, sAmIpya-saujanya siMha ke lie sAloka pUrNa bana gayA thaa| ahiMsaka ke caraNoM meM hiMsaka kA samarpaNa thaa| 6. samyaktva kI sampadA - anAsakti - hama zarIra ke tala para jIte haiN| cAhe AtmA rugNa banI rahe isakI koI cintA nhiiN| AcArya zrI yama sallekhanA ke 2 mAha pUrva kuMthalagiri meM virAjamAna the| pITha para 'dAda' phaila rahI thii| eka zrAvaka ne dAda kI davAI lagAne ko khaa| cAritra cakravartI kI dRSTi to yama-sallekhanA lene kI thii| bole - bhaiyA ! bahuta davAI lgaaii| merA (zarIra kA) roga piNDa nahIM chor3a rahA hai| basa eka davAI karanA bhara zeSa hai| yaha sAre roga naSTa ho jaayeNge| mahArAja ! davAI kA nAma batAveM lAne kA prayAsa kruuNgaa| maMda muskAna se bole - "abhI tUM vaha davA nahIM jaantaa| 7. samatva kI sAdhanA rAjAkher3A (28 pharavarI 1930) kI ghaTanA SaDayaMtra kI adRzya bhAva taraMge - AcArya zrI ko uddhelita kara rahI thiiN| unhoMne anyatra vihArakarane kI socI lekina bAhara se aneka vidvajjana padhArane se ve ruka gye| yaha unakA vidvAnoM ke prati vAtsalya bhAva thaa| pA~caveM dina kalpanAtIta ghaTanA ghttii| cAra pAMca sau upadravakArI saMgaThita hokara AkramaNa karane kI khoTI bhAvanA se maMdira kI ora bar3ha rahe the| lekina usa dina AcArya zrI ne sAmayika bAhara dhUpa meM na karake maMdira jI ke bhItara karane kA Adeza diyA thaa| cabUtare para AkramaNakAriyoM ko koI sAdhujana baiThe nahIM dikhe| chiddI bAhyaNa mukhiyA thaa| vidveSIjana AkramaNa karane kI niyata se maMdira ke bhItara bar3hane lge| lekina zrAvakoM ne prANoM kI paravAha kiye binA unakA sAmanA kiyaa| upadrava kI khabara bijalI kI bhAMti nagara meM phaila gyii| pulisa adhikArI AcArya zrI ke pAsa aaye| unhoMne chiddI ko hirAsata meM liyaa| lekina karuNAvanta AcArya zrI ne pratijJA kara lI, jaba taka hirAsata se nahI chor3eMge, AhAra jala kA tyaag| aisA mahAna saMta, adhikAriyoM ne prathama bAra dekhA ki prANoM ke ghAtaka ke lie itanI apUrva kSamA aura samatA bhaav| antaraMga evaM bAhya tapoM ke ArAdhaka manasvI mahAvratI Atma-bala ApakA aparAjeya thaa| prAyazcita, vinaya, vaiyAvRtta, svAdhyAya, vyutsarga aura dhyAna rUpa chaha Abhyantara tapoM ke sAdhaka bAhya tapoM kA niraticAra pAlana karanA ApakI AhAra caryA kA abhinna aMga thaa| (1) anazana-35 varSa kI nirgrantha muni dazA meM 9938 upavAsoM kI aaraadhnaa|

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AcArya zrI zAMtisAgara jI evaM zramaNa paraMparA : kala Aja aura kala (2) avamaudarya tapa - 1948 meM agasta ke dvisaptAha se "jina maMdiroM meM harijana praveza" mumbaI hAIkorTa ke nirNaya ke virUddha anna grahaNa nahIM kiyaa| agasta 1951 rakSAbandhana ke dina jaba ukta nirNaya khArija huA tabhI anna liyaa| (3) vrataparisaMkhyAna tapa - kaThina kaThina pratijJAeM lekara AhAra caryA ko niklnaa| 1. ekabAra tatkAla prasUta bachar3e ke sAtha gAya dikhegI tabhI AhAra legeN| puNyodaya se yaha yoga milaa| 2. 1930 gvAliyara zIlakAla meM gIle vastra pahanakara jo zrAvaka par3agAhana karegA to AhAra leNge| (4) rasa parityAga - 32 varSa kIavasthA meM tela ghI kA tyAga aura lalitapura cAturmAsa meM phalAdi rasoM ke sAtha sabhI rasoM kA tyaag| (5) vivikta zayanAsana - 1923 meM kaunnUra caaturmaas| aparicita guphA meM jhAr3I se sarpa guphA meM praveza aura mahArAja ke zarIra para car3ha gyaa| dhyAna meM aDiga rhe| (6) kAyakleza tapa -8-8 ghaNTe eka hI Asana se dhyAna meM baiThakara akAma nirjarA kara - 'kArmANa-kAya' ko bhI kSINa krnaa| zramaNa paramparA - Aja aura parivartana kA zaMkhanAda - vartamAna meM AcArya saMgha aura unakI paramparAyeM kaI dhArAoM meM pravahamAna hai| mUladhArA cA. cakravartI AcArya zrI zAMtisAgara jI kI vidyamAna hai| unake variSTha ziSya zrI vIra sAgara jI prathama paTTAcArya hue usake bAda kramazaH A. zivasAgara jI, A. ajitasAgara jI, A. dharmasAgara jI ora abhI A. zrI vardhamAna sAgara jI paTTAcArya haiN| A. vimalasAgara jI, A. (gaNAcArya) virAgasAgara jI, A. vizuddhasAgara jI Adi haiN| A. zivasAgara ke pazcAt paMtha bheda ke kAraNa A. abhinaMdana sAgara evaM AcArya jJAnasAgara jI kI paraMparA meM unake suyogya mahAna vizruta saMta ziromaNi A. vidyAsAgara jI haiN| A. vidyAsAgara jI kA sabase bar3A saMgha aura unake prabhAvazAlI ziSya muni saMpUrNa bhArata meM vicaraNa kara rahe haiN| A. vimalasAgara ne svataMtra AcArya pada dekara yuvA muniyoM ke AdhyAtmika evaM Atmika vikAsa ko abhinava dizA dii| AcArya puSpadaMta jI kI soca ne apane yuvA muni ziSyoM ko lokasaMta aura rASTrasaMta kI naI lahara dii| (1) sAdhu, samAja kI A~kha hote haiN| Aja sAdhu- jisameM AcArya va upAdhyAya pada bhI samAhita haiM, kI bar3I prabhAvanA dekhI jA rahI hai| samAja ne bhI nayI pIr3hI ke sAMskRtika sukha- svapna, unake jimme kara diye haiN| A. kundakunda ne aSTa pAhur3a meM muni kA jo svarUpa gar3hA hai jo maulikatAeM rekhAMkita kI haiM, kyA 21vIM sadI kA di0 sAdhu una maulikatAoM ke sAtha apanI muni-caryA saMpanna kara rahA hai, vicAraNIya bana gayA hai| (2) Aja eka saMgha ke AcArya va munigaNa evaM dUsare saMgha ke AcArya va munigaNoM ke bIca vAtsalya va sauhArda kA bhAva apekSAkRta kama najara A rahA hai|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara zramaNa paramparA kala (anAgata) kI - yadi Ane vAle samaya meM, jainAcAryoM evaM zramaNa sAdhuoM kI bhUmikA, jIvana kI arthaktA ko talAzane kI evaM mAnava mUlyoM ke utkarSa ke lie rahI, to nizcita hI yaha vidhAyaka aura zubha saMketa hogaa| saMta muni / sAdhu Atmakendrita hokara sva-kalyANa kI ora mUla lakSya rakhakara, sAmAjika-mUlyoM evaM sAMskRtika utthAna ke lie apane dAyitva kA nirvahana kara sake to yaha jainadharma ke vaizvIkaraNa meM mIla kA patthara sAbita hogA / - 32 mAnava sevA aura zikSA, do aise jIvana mUlya haiM jinakI mahattA kala bhI thI, Aja bhI hai aura kala bhI rhegii| pUjya gaNeza prasAda varNI jI Aja atyanta samAdara aura pUjanIyatA ke pRSThoM para aMkita haiM kyoM? isalie ki unhoMne apane yuga meM vyApta azikSA aura aMdhavizvAsoM unmUlana ke lie sAdhu kI taraha saMyama lekara bhI kSullakAvasthA meM rhe| unhoMne yuga kI r3akana ko pahacAna kara usase rUbarU hue| roga deha kA ho yA mAnasika, usase mukta hue binA svastha AtmA kI bAta nahIM socI jA sakatI hai| jarUrI hai ki manuSya vyasanamukta aura roga mukta ho| vyasana hI roga / bImArI ko AmaMtrita karate haiN| niHsvArtha sevA kA vrata aura ahiMsA kA pAlana hamAre AcaraNa kA paryAyavAcI bane zikSA rojagAronmukhI hokara bhI saMskAra aura naitika zikSA se yukta ho / - zramaNa aura jainAcArya - pASANa pratimA ko sUrimaMtra dekara paramAtmA banAtA hai| maMdiroM kI vediyAM paramAtmA kI pratimAoM se bharI huI haiM aura prativarSa hajAroM pratimAeM nirmita hokara bhagavAna bana rahI haiN| parantu unake bhaktoM ke dila pASANa banate jA rahe haiN| bhagavattA - bhaktoM ke dila meM utArane ke lie saMta kI pahala ho / jaina samAja kA eka varga vyavahAra ke nAma para nAka-bhauM sikor3atA rahatA hai| vaha nizcaya se paramAtmA banA baiThA hai| aise meM sevA kA dAyarA ghaTatA jA rahA hai| kitanA dAna jaina samAja kara rahI hai ? parantu acchI zikSA aura svAsthya ke lie kitane meDikala kAleja/ aspatAla/ yA meDikala vizvavidyAlaya jainasamAja ke khAte meM hai yaha socane ke lie pAThaka vRndoM para chor3a rahA hU~ / jaina sAdhu isa dizA meM samAja ko nayI dizA evaM nava vihAna de| hAITeka kA jamAnA A rahA hai| roboTa - dainika caryA kA aMga bnegaa| baiMka svacAlita hoNge| vizva kAgaja vihIna ho jaayegaa| dUriyAM samApta hoNgii| jaina sAdhu kA svarUpa bhI prabhAvita hue binA nahIM rhegaa| Azcarya nahIM honA cAhie ki zAstroM ke bhaNDAra kucha cipsoM meM samAhita ho jaayeNge| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne 'yuga kI mAMga ke anurUpa 'nArI dAsatva' kA unmUlana kiyA thaa| anekAnta kI dhArA se pracalita aneka dharma va paMtha kI mAnyatAoM meM sauhArda va samanvaya kI saMjIvanI boI thii| bha. pArasanAtha ke samaya jainadharma kA jo svarUpa thA, use mahAvIra ne yugIna aura tAtkAlika saMdarbhoM se jor3akara abhinava svarUpa diyA thaa| yahI kAma Aja zramaNa santoM ko yuga kI mAMga ke anurUpa kadamatAla karate hue 'AdhyAtmika nayA saverA' ugAnA hai| sAdhu anekAntAtmaka, bahumukhI aura bahuAyAmI hai| jaina sAdhu-sirpha eka vidyA ke lie apanI tamAma zaktiyA~ arpita karatA hai vaha hai AtmavidyA sAdhu kI paridhi meM taMtra-maMtra, uccATana, vazIkaraNa, jyotiSa,

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AcArya zrI zAMtisAgara jI evaM zramaNa paraMparA : kala Aja aura kala vaidyaka Adi nahIM aate| jo sAdhu yaha saba karate haiM, 'rayaNasAra' meM unheM saMsakta aura pArzvastha kI zreNI meM khar3A kiyA gayA hai| sva. DaoN. nemIcaMda saMpAdaka 'tIrthakara' ke zabdoM meM - "hameM dekhanA hogA ki Aja jo AcArya/ sAdhu bane yA bana rahe haiM, ve bhAva AcArya haiM yA dravya aacaary| hameM Ane vAle kala aura Aja ke lie bhAva AcArya va bhAva sAdhu kI jarUrata hai, tAki hama una cAritrika vipadAoM kA mukAbalA kara sakeM, jo hamArA dvAra pUre bala se khaTakhaTA rahI hai|" - nidezaka, vIra sevA maMdira, 21, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI-2 cAritra cakravartI AcArya zrI zAntisAgara jI kA eka saMsmaraNa - samyaktva kI sampadA - anAsakti nirmala mana, samyaktva kI ora hai| eka bAra AcArya zrI ne eka pratIkAtmaka prazna pUchA- "kyA cUlhe meM Aga jalane se tumhe kaSTa hotA hai? "nahIM mahArAja! isameM kaSTa kI kyA bAta, cUlhA hamase pRthaka hai|" AcAryazrI ne kahA- isI bhAMti- zarIra se AtmA ko cUlhe kI bhAMti pRthaka maaneN| mohI-gIlA nAriyala hai| anAsakta-sUkhA nAriyala hai| zarIra meM roga utpanna ho jAe to zamana kA upAya kareM, lekina zamana ke lie AtmA kA damana na kreN| AcArya zrI kI pITha para 'dAda' roga phailate dekha eka zrAvaka ne vinamra bhAva se kahA- "mahArAja zrI" Apa isa dAda kI davAI kyoM nahIM karate?" mahArAja zrI - maMda muskAna se bole- 'bahuta davAI lagAI parantu roga, merA (zarIra kA) piNDa nahIM chor3a rahA hai| basa eka davAI karanA bhara zeSa hai, use lagAveMge to yaha roga naSTa ho jAvegA tathA zarIra bhI roga mukta ho jaavegaa|" zrAvaka ne kahA- davA kA nAma batAyeM, maiM lAne kA prayAsa kruuNgaa| "abhI tUM vaha davA nahIM jaantaa| maiM use lagAkara do mAha meM zarIra nIroga banA dU~gA"- gaMbhIra hokara AcAryazrI bole! jIvana meM gulAmI svIkAra nahIM kii| davA karate karate thaka gye| aba to samAdhimaraNa dhAraNa karake nayA zarIra grahaNa kreNge| AcArya zrI kI zarIra ke prati yaha adbhuta anAsakti dekha vaha zrAvaka cupa ho gyaa| kRti- "lokottara sAdhaka" se sAbhAra- kRtikAra- prAcArya nihAlacaMda jaina

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nyAyAcArya mahendrakumAra jaina aura unake dvArA sampAdita siddhivinizcaya TIkA - DaoN. ramezacanda jaina jaina nyAya kI vizAla paramparA ke kSetra meM zvetAmbara AcArya yazovijaya ke udaya ke zatAbdiyoM bAda nyAyAcArya mahendrakumAra jaina kA udaya bIsavIM zatI IsvI meM huA, jo sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ke talasparzI vidvAn aura jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke agraNI sArasvata manISI the / digambara jaina samAja meM Aja una jaisA na koI dArzanika hai aura na smpaadk| unhoMne aneka prAcIna durUha dArzanika granthoM kA bar3I yogyatA se sampAdana kiyA thaa| unhoMne akalaMka granthatraya se prArambha karake akalaMkadeva ke mUla granthoM kA TIkA ke sAtha jo saMpAdana kiyA hai, vaha unheM amara banAne vAlA hai| itane vidvAn hote hue bhI unheM kabhI apanI vidvattA kA garva nahIM haa| ve atyanta sarala aura nizchala the| satya bAta ko kahane meM kabhI cUkate nahIM the| eka bAra suprasiddha vidvAn rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne jaina dArzanikoM dvArA svIkRta pramANa kA khaNDana kara diyA, taba nyAyAcArya jI ne yukti aura pramANoM dvArA usakA jo uttara diyA, dArzanika jagat meM usakI bar3I sarAhanA huI thI aura rAhula jI ne prajJAcakSu paM. sukhalAla jI saMghavI se kahA thA ki agara yaha yuvA vidvAn yUropa meM huA hotA to ise nobila puraskAra prApta huA hotaa| isakI yuktiyoM meM praur3hatA hai, isake tarkoM meM painApana hai aura isakI viSaya pratipAdana kI zailI prabhAvaka hai| sarvaprathama inhoMne syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, vArANasI meM nyAyAdhyApana kiyaa| zrImAn sAhu zAntiprasAda jI tathA unakI patnI zrImatI ramArAnI ne aprakAzita jaina vAD.maya ke saMrakSaNa, saMzodhana, saMpAdana aura prakAzana ke lie san 1944 I. meM kAzI meM bhAratIya jJAnapITha kI sthApanA kI thii| usa samaya jJAnapITha ke saphala saMcAlana ke lie eka yogya saMcAlaka kI AvazyakatA thI taba paNDita jI kI yogyatA aura vidvattA se prabhAvita hokara sAhu jI ne paNDita jI ko jJAnapITha ke saMcAlaka pada para niyukta kiyA thaa| isake sAtha hI mUrtidevI granthamAlA kA saMpAdaka tathA niyAmaka bhI banAyA thaa| jJAnapITha meM rahakara unhoMne jJAnodaya patrikA kA yogyatApUrvaka saMpAdana kiyaa| apanI pratibhA ke bala para unhoMne jainadarzana aura jaina nyAya ke aneka durUha granthoM kA Adhunika zodhapUrNa zailI meM vidvattApUrNa saMpAdana kiyA hai| saMpAdita granthoM meM unakI uccakoTi kI pratibhA spaSTa jhalakatI hai| pratyeka grantha para unhoMne vaiduSyapUrNa prastAvanAyeM bhI likhIM jo vizeSa rUpa se paThanIya ciMtanIya aura mananIya haiN| unake dvArA saMpAdita granthoM meM adhikAMza grantha jaina nyAya ke pratiSThApaka AcArya akalaMkadeva praNIta haiN| prAyaH ye sabhI grantha bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzita hue haiN| unakI eka maulika kRti hai - jaindrshn| isa kRti meM jainadarzana ke aneka

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35 nyAyAcArya mahendrakumAra jaina aura unake dvArA sampAdita siddhivinizcaya TIkA maulika tattvoM kA prAmANika vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta unako anya saMpAdita kRtiyA~ haiM - 1. nyAyakumudacandra 2. prameyakamala mArtaNDa 3. akalaMkagranthatraya 4. nyAyavinizcaya vivaraNa 5 tattvArthavArtika 6. siddhivinizcaya 7. tattvArthavRtti 8. jayadhavalA (prathama pustaka) 9. pramANamImAMsA 10. jaina tarka bhASA 11. SaDdarzanasamuccaya 12. satya zAsana parIkSA 13. vizvatattva prakAza 14. pramANa prameya kalikA 15. yuktyanuzAsana 16. AtmAnuzAsana 17. vividha tIrthakalpa 18. prabhAvaka caritra / paM. mahendra kumAra jaina jJAnapITha saMbhAlane ke bAda kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM bauddhadarzana ke adhyApaka ho ge| unakA sabase prathama saMpAdita grantha nyAyakumudacandra thA, jo jaina nyAya kA apUrva grantha hai| isa grantha kA prakAzana mANikacanda jaina granthamAlA bambaI kI ora se huaa| usake bAda nyAyAcArya jI ne prameyakamalamArttaNDa kA saMpAdana kiyA aura paM. sukhalAla jI ke sAtha bhI gaI granthoM kA saMpAdana kiyaa| siMghI jaina granthamAlA se unake dvArA saMpAdita akalaMka granthatraya kA prakAzana huA / usakI prastAvanA se unakI vidvattA camaka uThI / kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM rahate hue unhoMne siddhivinizcaya kA saMpAdana kiyaa| usI para se unheM pI. eca. DI. upAdhi prApta huii| ve jaina vidvAnoM meM sarvaprathama pI. eca. DI. hue| unakI niyukti kAzI ke saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya meM prAkRta tathA jainadarzana vibhAga ke adhyakSa pada para hone vAlI thI, ki unheM pakSAghAta ho gyaa| pakSAghAta ke dUsare AkramaNa ke phalasvarUpa 48 varSa meM unakI mRtyu ho gii| unakI mRtyu para siddhAntAcArya paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI ne likhA thA " jaina nyAya kA unake jaisA adhikArI vidvAn koI dRSTigocara nahIM hotA, jo unakA bhAra saMbhAlane kI yogyatA rakhatA ho| darzana ke prAyaH sabhI granthoM kA unhoMne pArAyaNa kara DAlA thaa| nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, mImAMsA, bauddha sabhI darzanoM ke grantha unake dRSTipatha se nikala cuke the| saMpAdana kalA ke to vaha AcArya ho gae the / vidyAnanda svAmI kI aSTasahasrI aura tattvArthazlokavArtika jaise mahAn dArzanika grantha siddhivinizcaya ke prakAzana kI pratIkSA meM haiN| hama socA karate the ki mahendrakumAra jI ke dvArA eka eka karake ina sabakA uddhAra ho jAyegA, kintu hamArA socanA bhI unake sAtha hI calA gyaa| unake jaisA adhyavasAyI, karmaTha aura dhuna kA pakkA vyakti honA kaThina hai| unake jIvana kA ekamAtra lakSya thA - "svakAryaM sAdhayet dhImAn", buddhimAna kA kartavya hai ki apane kArya kI siddhi kre| eka bAra vArANasI meM sarva veda zAkhA sammelana kA Ayojana huA thA aura usameM vedavirodhI vidvAnoM ko bhI bolane ke lie AmaMtrita kiyA thaa| paM. mahendrakumAra jI ne veda ke apauruSeyatva ke virodha meM saMskRta meM bolaa| saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya meM unake pahu~ca jAne se jaina saMskRti ko avazya hI bala milatA, isameM saMdeha nahIM hai| kintu duHkha yahI hai ki asamaya meM hI aura vaha bhI acAnaka hI unakA hamase sadA ke lie viyoga ho gyaa|" paM. mahendrakumAra jaina dvArA saMpAdita sisiddhavinizcaya TIkA - paM. mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya ne akalaMkadeva ke lupta grantha siddhi vinizcaya aura usakI svavRtti kA uddhAra tathA AcArya anantavIrya kI TIkA ke sAtha usakA samAlocanAtmaka saMpAdana karake na kevala jainadarzana kI mahatI sevA kI hai, varan madhyakAlIna samagra bhAratIya

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara darzana kAupakAra kiyA hai| akalaMkadeva kA mUla siddhivinizcaya evaM usakI svavRtti aprApya hai, kevala usakI TIkA kI eka pANDulipi ke AdhAra para DaoN. jaina ne isa amUlya grantha kA punarnirmANa kiyA hai, yatra tatra anya sAdhanoM kA upayoga kiyA hai| isa kArya ke saMpAdana meM jo mahAn prayatna evaM parizrama nihita hai, usakA kevala anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| unakI yaha dIrghakAlIna sAdhanA saphala huI, jisake phalasvarUpa eka atyuttama grantha kA bar3A zodhapUrNa saMskaraNa prApta huA hai| isa granthameM siddhivinizcaya mUla, usakI svavRtti tathA anantavIrya TIkA ke atirikta 164 pRSTha kI hindI kI aura 116 pRSTha kI aMgrejI kI eka suvistRta TIkA likhI gaI hai aura sAtha sAtha tulanAtmaka saMskRta 'Aloka TippaNa bhI die gae haiN| zrImadbhaTTAkalaMkadeva jaina nyAya ke pratiSThApaka pada para pratiSThita haiN| inhoMne AcArya samantabhadra aura siddhasena se prApta bhUmikA para prAcIna Agamika zabdoM aura paribhASAoM ko dArzanika rUpa dekara akalaMka nyAya kA prasthApana kiyA hai| pramANa kI vyavasthita paribhASAyeM aura bheda-prabheda kI racanA karane kA bahuta bar3A zreya bhaTTAkalaMkadeva ko hai| bauddhadarzana meM dharmakIrti, mImAMsAdarzana meM bhaTTakumArila, prabhAkara darzana meM prabhAkara mizra, nyAyavaizeSika meM udyotakara aura vyomaziva tathA vedAnta meM zaMkarAcArya kA jo sthAna hai, vahI jaina nyAya meM bhaTTa akalaMka kA hai| IsA kI 7vIM 8vIM aura navamI zatAbdiyA~ madhyakAlIna dArzanika itihAsa kI krAMtipUrNa zatAbdiyA~ thiiN| inameM pratyekadarzana ne jahA~ svadarzana kI kilebandI kI, vahA~ paradarzana para vijaya pAne kA abhiyAna bhI kiyaa| ina zatAbdiyoM meM bar3e bar3e zAstrArtha hue| udbhaTa vAdiyoM ne apane pANDitya kA DiMDima nAda kiyA tathA darzana prabhAvanA aura tattvAdhyavasAya saMrakSaNa ke lie rAjyAzraya prApta karane hetu vAda rope ge| isa yuga ke granthoM meM svasiddhAnta ke pratipAdana kI apekSA parapakSa ke khaNDana kA bhAga hI pramukha rUpa se rahA hai| isI yuga meM mahAvAdI bhaTTAkalaMka ne jaina nyAya ke abhedya durga kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| unakI yazogAthA zilAlekhoM aura granthakAroM ke ullekhoM meM bikharI par3I hai| paM. mahendrakumAra jaina ne ina saba ullekhoM ko uddhRta kara inakI samIkSA kI hai| apanI vidvatApUrNa prastAvanA meM unhoMne aneka AcAryoM se tulanA kI hai| jaiseAcArya puSpadaMta bhUtabali aura akalaMka, kundakunda aura akalaMka, samantabhadra aura akalaMka, siddhasena aura akalaMka, yativRSabha aura akalaMka, zrIdatta aura akalaMka, tathA pUjyapAda, mallavAdI, jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa, pAtrakesarI, bhartRhari, kumArila, dharmakIrti, jayarAzi, prajJAkara gupta, arcaTa, zAntabhadra, dharmottara, karNakagomi, abhayadevasUri, somadevasUri, anantakIrti, mANikyanandi,zAntisUri, vAdirAja, prabhAcandra, anantavIrya, vAdidevasUri, hemacandra malayagiri, candrasena, ratnaprabha, AzAdhara, abhayacandra, devendrasUri, dharmabhUSaNa, vimaladAsa tathA yazovijaya AcArya kI akalaGkadeva se tulanA kI hai| paNDita mahendrakumAra jaina ne gahana UhApoha kara akalaMkadeva kA samaya I.720 se 780 siddha kiyA hai| ho sakatA hai, ve kucha aura bhI jIvita rahe hoN| bhaTTAlaGka usa zatAbdI ke vyakti haiM, jaba dharmakIrti aura usake TIkAkAra zAstrArthoM kI dhUma macAe hue the| ataH akalaGkadeva ke dArzanika prakaraNoM meM usa yuga kI pratikriyA kI pratidhvani barAbara sunAI detI hai| ve jaba bhI avasara pAte haiM, bauddhoM ke tIkSNa khaNDana meM nahIM

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37 nyAyAcArya mahendrakumAra jaina aura unake dvArA sampAdita siddhivinizcaya TIkA cuukte| jaba dharmakIrti parivAra ne jaina siddhAnta ko azlIla, Akula pralApa Adi kahanA AraMbha kiyA to inakA ahiMsaka mAnasa Dola uThA aura unhoMne ina para prahAroM se jaina zAsana kI rakSA karane hetu sarvaprathama apane siddhAntoM kI vyavasthA kI ora dhyAna diyaa| akalaMGka kI jaina nyAya ko bahuta bar3I dena hai| akalaGkadeva ne pramANa lakSaNa meM 'avisaMvAdI' pada dekara aise jJAna ko pramANa kahA jo avisaMvAdI ho isa lakSaNa meM unhoMne sva pada para jora nahIM diyA, kyoMki svasaMvedana jJAnasAmAnya kA dharma hai, pramANa jJAna kA hI nhiiN| ve kahIM pramANa ke phalabhUta siddhi ko 'svArtha vinizcaya' zabda se vyakta karate haiM to kahIM tattvArthanirNaya zabda se| yadyapi aSTazatI ke lakSaNa meM 'anadhigatArthAdhigama' zabda kA prayoga kiyA, kintu isa para unakA bhAra nahIM rhaa| akalaGkadeva ne bauddhasammata avisaMvAdi jJAna kI pramANatA kA khaNDana isalie kiyA hai ki unake dvArA pramANarUpa se svIkRta nirvikalpajJAna meM avisaMvAda nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| sannikarSa kI pramANatAkA nirAkaraNa isalie kiyA hai ki usameM acetana rUpatA hone ke kAraNa prabhA ke prati sAdhakatamatva nahIM A sakatA hai| akalaGkadeva ne avagraha, IhA, avAya aura dhAraNA ina cAra matijJAnoM meM pUrva pUrva kA pramANya tathA uttara meM phalarUpatA svIkRta kI hai| unhoMne IhA aura dhAraNA kI jJAnarUpatA kA samarthana kiyA hai| akalaGkadeva ne jJAna ke prati sAkSAt kAraNatA indriya aura mana kI hI mAnI hai, artha aura Aloka kI nahIM kyoMki inakA jJAna ke sAtha anvaya vyatireka nahIM hai| AcArya siddhasena ne pratyakSa kA lakSaNa karate samaya nyAyAvatAra meM 'aparokSa' pada dekara pratyakSa kA lakSaNa parokSasApekSa kiyA thaa| akalaMGkadeva vizadajJAna ko pratyakSa kahate haiM / isa lakSaNa ko sabhI ne apanAyA hai| anumAna Adi se adhika vizeSa pratibhAsa vaizadya hai| cUMki indriya jJAna ekadeza se vizada hai, ataH vaizadyAMza kA sadbhAva hone se yaha bhI sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa hai| mati, smRti, saMjJA, ciMtA aura Abhinibodhika zabdayojanA ke pahale matijJAna haiM aura zabdayojanA ke bAda zrutajJAna haiN| prAyaH sabhI vAdI smaraNa ko gRhIta grAhI mAnakara apramANa kahate Ae haiM, kintu akalaGkadeva ne svaviSaya meM avisaMvAdI hone ke kAraNa ise pramANatA kA darjA diyA hai, jo anya pramANoM ko prApta thaa| pratyabhijJAna ko mImAMsaka ne indiya pratyakSa meM aura naiyAyika ne mAnasa pratyakSa meM antarbhUta kiyA thA tathA bauddha ne apramANa kahA thA, parantu akalaMGkadeva ne ise svataMtra pramANa mAnakara isI ke bheda svarUpa sAdRzya pratyabhijJAna meM naiyAyikAdi ke upamAna kA antarbhAva dikhAyA hai aura kahA hai ki yadi sAdRzyaviSayaka upamAna ko pRthak pramANa mAnate ho to vaidharmya viSayaka aura ApekSika Adi pratyabhijJAnoM ko bhI svataMtra mAnanA pdd'egaa| vyAptigrAhI tarka ko na to vAdI pramANa kahanA cAhate the, aura na apramANa / pramANoM kA anugrAhaka mAnane meM unheM koI Apatti nahIM thii| kintu akalaGkadeva ne kahA ki yadi tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnate ho to usake dvArA gRhIta vyApti meM kaise vizvAsa kiyA jA skegaa| ataH tarka bhI svaviSaya meM avisaMvAdI hone se pramANa hai| akalaGkadeva ne kArya, svabhAva aura anupalabdhi ke sivAya kAraNa hetu, pUrvacara hetu, uttaracara hetu aura sahacara hetu ko pRthak mAnane kA samarthana kiyA hai|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 38 yadyapi akalaMGkadeva avinAbhAva rUpa eka lakSaNa ke abhAva meM vastutaH eka hI asiddha hetvAbhAsa mAnate haiM, kintu avinAbhAva kA abhAva kaI prakAra se hotA hai, ataH viruddha, asiddha, sandigdha aura akiJcitkara ye cAra hetvAbhAsa bhI mAnate haiN| naiyAyika tattvanirNaya aura tattvAdhyavasAya saMrakSaNa ko judA mAnakara tattvAdhyavasAya saMrakSaNa ke lie chala Adi asat upAyoM kA Alambana karanA bhI ucita hI nahIM, na karane para nigrahasthAna mAnate haiM, para akalaMGkadeva ne kisI bhI dazA meM chalAdi kA prayoga ucita nahIM maanaa| ataH unakI dRSTi se chalAdi prayoga vAlI jalpakathA aura vitaNDA kathA kA astittva hI nahIM hai| ve kevala eka vAdakathA mAnate haiN| isIlie ve vAda ko hI jalpa kahate haiN| akalaMGka ne mithyA uttara ko jAttyuttara kahA hai| sAdhAdisamA Adi jAtiyoM ke prayoga ko ye anucita mAnate hai| unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki mithyA uttara ananta prakAra ke haiM, unakI ginatI karanA kaThina hai| naiyAyikoM ne jaya-parAjaya vyavasthA ke lie nigraha sthAnoM kA jaTila jAla banAyA hai| akalaGkadeva ne kahA hai ki jo apanA pakSa siddha kara le, usakA jaya aura jisakA pakSa nirAkRta ho jAya, usakA parAjaya honA caahie| apane pakSa ko siddha karake koI nAcatA bhI hai to koI doSa nahIM hai| siddhivinizcaya TIkA ke kartA anantavIrya - AcArya anantavIrya apane yuga ke zraddhAlu tArkika aura pratibhAsaMpanna AcArya the| bhaTTAkalaGkadeva ne gUr3hatama prakaraNa granthoM ke hArda ko udghATita karane kA apratima prayatna kiyA hai| yadyapi inake sAmane akalaMGka-sUtra ke vRttikAra vRddha anantavIrya kI siddhivinizcaya vRtti rahI hai, para inake dvArA likhe gae isa zloka se vidita hotA hai ki ye vRddha anantavIrya kI vyAkhyA se bahuta saMtuSTa nahIM the| ve Azcarya prakaTa karate hue likhate haiM - devasyAnantavIryo'pi padaM vyaktaM srvthaa| na jAnIte akalaMGkasya citrametad paraM bhuvi|| AcArya anantavIrya bahuzruta vidvAn the| unhoMne jisa prakAra viSaya ko spaSTa karane ke lie pUrvapakSIya granthoM se saikar3oM avataraNa 'taduktam' Adi ke sAtha uddhRta kie haiM, usI taraha svapakSa ke samarthana ke lie bhI pUrvAcArya ke vacanoM ke pacAsoM pramANa upasthita kie haiN| inakA darzanazAstrIya adhyayana bahuvyApaka aura sarvatomukhI thaa| pUrvapakSa ke prastutIkaraNa meM unhoMne vaidika sAhitya, mahAbhArata, nyAyasUtra tathA nyAyabhASya, sAMkhya kArikA, yogasUtra aura vyAsa ke yogabhASya, jaimini sUtra, zAbara bhASya, mImAMsA zlokavArtika, tripiTika, abhidharmakoza, nAgArjuna kI mAdhyamika vRtti, diD.nAga kA pramANasamuccaya aura usakI svavRtti, dharmakIrti ke pramANavArtika, pramANavinizcaya, nyAya vindu, vAdanyAya, hetubindu, sambandha parIkSA Adi aura prajJAkara kA pramANavArtikAlaMkAra uddhRta kie haiN| anya bauddhagranthoM meM dharmakIrti kA apoha vArtika, arcaTa kI hetu bindu TIkA, kallaka (karNakagomi) tathA zAntabhadra ke avataraNoM se anantavIrya kI siddhivinizciya TIkA paripuSTa huI hai| uttarapakSa ko puSTa karane ke lie umAsvAmI ke

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nyAyAcArya mahendrakumAra jaina aura unake dvArA sampAdita siddhivinizcaya TIkA tattvArthasUtra, samantabhadra ke devAgama stotra aura bRhatsvayambhU stotra, akalaMGkadeva kI nyAyavinizcaya vRtti, haribhadra ke yogabindu, vidyAnaMda kI aSTasahasrI tathA yazastilaka campU jaise jaina granthoM ke uddharaNa lie gae haiN| ina sabakA prAmANika vivaraNa paM. mahendrakumAra jaina siddhivinizcaya TIkA kI prastAvanA meM diyA hai| uparyukta anantavIrya ravibhadrapAdopajIvI the| aneka prakAra se UhApoha karate hue paNDita jI ne inakA samaya 950-990 I. nirdhArita kiyA hai| prameyaratnamAlA ke kartA anantavIrya 11vIM zatAbdI I. meM hue|annt vIrya AcArya ne siddhivinizcaya TIkA ke sAtha pramANa saMgrahabhASya yA pramANa saMgrahAlaMD.kAra nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI thii| syAdvAda ratnAkAra aura sarvadarzana saMgraha meM anantavIrya ke nAma se jo vAkya aura zloka uddhRta milate haiM, ve saMbharavataH pramANa saMgraha bhASya ke hI hoN| siddhivinizcaya meM 12 prastAva haiN| inameM pramANa, naya aura nikSepa kA vivecana hai| bAraha prastAva ye haiM - 1. pratyakSa siddhi 2. savikalpa siddhi 3. pramANAntara siddhi 4. jIva siddhi 5. jalpasiddhi 6. hetulakSaNa siddhi 7. zAstrasiddhi 8. sarvajJasiddhi 9. zabdasiddhi 10. arthanaya siddhi 11. zabdanayasiddhi tathA 12. nikSepa siddhi| AcArya anantavIrya ne TIkA meM mUla abhiprAya ko vizada aura pallavita karane hetu apanI sArI zakti lagAkara viziSTa sthAna banAyA hai| AcArya prabhAcandra akalaGkadeva kI saraNi ko prApta karane ke lie inhIM kI yuktiyoM aura uktiyoM kA abhyAsa karate haiM tathA unakA vivecana karane kI bAta bar3I zraddhA se likhate haiM - trailokyodkhrtivstuvissyjnyaanprbhaavodyH| duSprApopyakalaGkadevasaraNiH prApto %tra punnyodyaat| svabhyAstazca vivecitazca satataM sonantavIryokti, bhUyAnme nayanItidattamanasaH tdbodhsiddhiprdH|| arthAt akalaMGkadeva kI samasta prameyoM se samaddha saraNi bar3e puNyodaya se prApta huI, usakA maiMne anantavIrya kI uktiyoM se saikar3oM bAra abhyAsa kiyA aura vivecana kiyaa| 18000 zloka pramANa TIkA racakara bhI usa siddhivinizcaya grantha kA pAra pAne kA anantavIrya dAvA nahIM krte| paNDita mahendrakumAra jaina ne isa grantha kA saMpAdana kara samAja kA bar3A upakAra kiyA hai| * * * * * saMdarbha :1. mahAmahopAdhyAya DaoN. gopInAtha kavirAja, vArANasI dvArA likhita siddhivinizcaya kA praakkthn| 2. siddhivinizcaya TIkA kI paM. mahendrakumAra jaina likhita prastAvanA, pR. 7 - muhallA-ku~vara bAlagovinda, bijanaura (u.pra.)

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samaNa suttaM meM uddhRta karma sUtroM kI upAdeyatA samaNI AgamaprajJA jaina darzana ke mUla rUpa se cAra stambha hai- AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda / karmavAda jaina darzana kA mUla siddhAnta hai| karma zabda ke aneka artha kie jAte haiM jaise kArya, kriyA, kAraka aura karma rUpa pariNata hone vAle karma prAyogya pudgala prastuta saMdarbha meM karma ke caturtha artha ko grahaNa kiyA jaaegaa| karma ko paribhASita karate hue uttarAdhyayanavRtti meM kahA gayA - mithyAtvAviratikaSAyayogAnugatenAtmanA nirvartyata iti karma . arthAt midhyAtva, avirati kaSAya aura yoga-ina AzravoM se anugata AtmA dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai vaha karma hai| ina ananta pudgaloM se paripUrNa loka meM jo karmarUpa pariNata hone yogya niyata pudgala, Atma-pariNAma ke anusAra bandha ko prApta hokara jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa rUpa pariNAma dete hai unheM karma kahA jAtA hai| "samaNa sutaM" meM karma siddhAnta se sambandhita gyAraha gAthAoM kA samAveza hai- jo vibhinna granthoM jaise- uttarAdhyayana, bRhatkalpa bhASya, gommaTasAra Adi se uddhRta haiN| ina gyAraha gAthAoM meM jaina karma siddhAnta se sambandhita vibhinna tathya- jisameM saMkSepa meM ATha karma, bhAvoM ke anusAra zubha azubha karmoM kA baMdhana, karma baMdha kA kAraNa-rAga-dveSa, svayaM dvArA kie karmoM kA svayaM dvArA bhugatAna, karmoM ke svabhAva Adi kA ullekha hai| isa zodha Alekha ke antargata ina gAthAoM meM die gae karma siddhAntoM ke vyAvahArika evaM dArzanika mahattva ko prakAzita kiyA jaaegaa| karma ATha haiN| ina AThoM karmoM kI jAnakArI dene hetu "samaNasuttaM" meM uttarAdhyayana se do zloka uddhRta kiye gaye haiMnANassavaraNijjaM, daMsaNAvaraNaM thaa| - beyaNijjaM tahA mohaM, AukampaM tahebayA / / nAmakammaM ca goyaM ca, aMtarAyaM taheva ya / evameyAI kammAI, aTTheva u samAsao / / arthAt jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra aura antarAya-ye ATha karma haiN| ina do gAthAoM meM karmoM kA nAmollekha kiyA gayA hai| karmoM ke nAma se hI unake kArya bhI jJAta ho jAte haiN| ina ATha karmoM meM jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya ye ghAti karma kahalAte haiM kyoMki ye karma hamArI AtmA ke mUla guNoM jaise - jJAna, darzana Adi kA ghAta karate haiM vedanIya, nAma, gotra aura AyuSya ye karma mUla guNoM kA ghAta na karane se aghAti kahalAte haiN| jJAnavaraNIya aura darzanAvaraNIya karma hamAre jJAna aura darzana ko AvRtti karate haiN| mohanIya karma hamArI dRSTi evaM caritra meM vikAra utpanna karatA hai / antarAya

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samaNa suttaM meM uddhRta karma sUtroM kI upAdeyatA karma zakti kA pratighAta karatA hai evaM vedanIya Adi cAra karma zubhAzubha ke hetu banate haiN| vyakti dina meM aneka prakAra kI pravRtti karatA hai| use yaha bhAna nahIM hotA ki kisa pravRtti ko karane se kauna-se karma baMdhege, usake sAtha hone vAlI ghaTanAeM kyoM ghaTita ho rahI hai, kisa karma kA kyA phala milatA hai, Adi kI pUrNa jAnakArI na ho to vaha karma baMdhana kI zrRMkhalA meM jakar3atA raha jAegA aura kabhI isase mukta nahIM ho paayegaa| yaha gAthAeM isalie mahattvapUrNa hai ki ina ATha karmoM ko jAnane se vyakti asat pravRtti se dUra rahakara karmoM ke baMdhana ko kama karane kA prayatna kara sakatA hai| samaNa-suttaM ke karmasUtra meM uddhRta yaha gAthAeM jaM jaM samayaM jIvo Avisai jeNa jeNa bhaavenn| so taMmi taMmi samae, suhAsuhaM baMdhae kmm| kAyasA vayasA matte, vitte giddhe ya itthisu| duhao malaM saMciNai, sisuNAgu vva mttttiyN| arthAt jisa samaya jIva jaise bhAva rakhatA hai, vaha usa samaya vaise hI zubha-azubha karmoM kA baMdha bhI karatA hai| pramatta manuSya zarIra aura vANI se matta hotA hai tathA dhana aura striyoM meM gRddha hotA hai| vaha rAga-dveSa-donoM se usI prakAra karma-mala kA saMcaya karatA hai, jaise zizunAga mukha aura zarIra donoM se miTTI kA saMcaya karatA hai| ina donoM hI gAthAoM meM karma baMdhana karane meM vyakti ke bhAvoM para prakAza DAlA gayA haiN| karma baMdhana meM do Asrava mukhya hai-kaSAya aura yog| kaSAya arthAt krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobh| yoga arthAt prvRtti| mana, vacana yA zarIra ina tInoM se jaba bhI jIva kisI prakAra kA yoga karatA hai taba karma pudgaloM ko AkarSita karatA hai| ve karma pudgala Akara AtmA se cipakakara ekameka ho jAte haiM usI ko baMdhana kahA jAtA hai| yoga ke sAtha jitanA-jitanA rAga aura dveSa hogA yA jitanA-jitanA krodha Adi kA bhAva hogA utanI-utanI baMdhana kI sthiti aura anubhAga kI tIvratA bhI rhegii| acche bhAvoM se arthAt moha rahita, krodha Adi se rahita pravRtti hone para vyakti acche karmoM arthAt nirjarA ke sAtha-sAtha puNya karma kA upArjana bhI karatA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA bhI haiM sucinnA kammA sucinnA phalA bhavaMti ducinnA kammA ducinnA phalA bhvNti| acche karmoM kA acchA phala hotA hai aura bure karma kA buraa| rAga aura dveSa ye karma baMdhana ke mUla kAraNa haiN| rAga-dveSAtmaka bhAvoM se yukta vyakti bure karmoM kA saMcaya karatA hai aura rAga-dveSa se rahita vyakti acche karmoM kA baMdhana karatA hai| ye gAthAeM isI mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta ko pratipAdita karatI hai ki jaisA bhAva hotA hai vaisA hI baMdhana bhI hotA hai| isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha zloka naitikatA kI pRSThabhUmi hai| isase vyakti asat pravRtti se dUra aura sat pravRtti meM saMlagna rahane kA prayatna kregaa| bahuta bAra yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki hama naitika kyoM bane? hameM acche kArya karane kI preraNA kyoM dI jAtI hai? isakA samAdhAna inhIM gAthAoM meM nihita hai| vyakti rAga-dveSa se prerita hokara kArya karatA hai to usake vaise kamoM kA baMdhana bhI hotA hai| anaitika kArya jaise -

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara beImAnI, corI, dhokhAdhar3I, nakArAtmaka soca, nakArAtmaka bhAva Adi vyakti ko nimnagati kI ora le jAte hai| bure bhAva yA bure kArya bure karmoM ke baMdhana meM nimitta banate haiN| "ThANaM" meM isakA vistRta vivaraNa diyA gayA hai ki kina-kina pravRttiyoM ko karane se vyakti kisa-kisa gati ko prApta karatA hai| jaise - mahAraMbha (hiMsA), mahAparigraha, paMcendriya vadha aura mAMsAhAra karane vAlA naraka gati ko prApta karatA hai| mAyA, pravaMcanA, alIka vacana, kUTataula-kUTamApa karane vAlA tiryaca gati ko prApta karatA hai| bhadra, vinIta, anukaMpA rakhane vAlA aura amatsarI manuSya gati ko prApta karatA hai| sarAga saMyama, saMyamAsaMyama, bAlatapa aura akAma nirjarA karane se vyakti deva gati ko prApta karatA hai| isa prakAra yadi vyakti ko yaha jJAta rahe ki burI pravRtti yA anaitika kArya use patana kI ora le jAegA to vaha una kAryoM se dUrI banAe rkhegaa| zloka meM diyA gayA dRSTAnta bhI isI ora saMketa kara rahA hai ki vyakti jaisA karma karegA vaisA hI baMdhana bhI kregaa| zizunAga (alasiyA) miTTI khAtA hai| usakA zarIra gIlA hotA hai miTTI khAne ke lie vaha niraMtara miTTI ke DheroM meM ghUmatA rahatA hai| zarIra gIlA hone kI vajaha se usake zarIra para bhI miTTI cipaka jAtI hai| vaha gIlI miTTI teja sUrya meM sUkha jAne se vaha zizunAga usa garma miTTI meM jhulasa-jhulasa kara mara jAtA hai| isa prakAra donoM ora se gRhita miTTI usake vinAza kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai| vaise hI yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki anaitika kArya yA bure karma bhI vyakti ko baMdhana kI ora yA vinAza kI ora le jAne vAlI hote haiN| ataH ye gAthAeM vyakti ko rAga-dveSa se mukta hokara acche bhAvoM meM rahane evaM acche kAryoM ko karane ke lie prerita karatI haiN| samaNa-suttaM ke karmasUtra meM uddhRta yaha gAthA na tassa dukkhaM vibhayaMti nAiyo, na mittavaggA na suyA na bNdhvaa| ekko sayaM na paccaNuhoi dukkhaM kattArameva aNujAi kmm|| arthAt jJAti, mitra-varga, putra aura bAndhava usakA duHkha nahIM baMTA skte| vaha svayaM akelA duHkha kA anubhava karatA hai kyoMki karma kartA kA anugamana karatA hai| yaha gAthA jaina darzana meM karmavAda ke siddhAnta - 'jo karegA vo hI bharegA' isa tathya ko prakaTa karatI hai| jo vyakti jaisA kArya karegA arthAt acchA karegA to usako acchA phala milegaa| koI dUsarA usa phala kA saMvedana yA anubhava nahIM kara sktaa| usI prakAra burA karma karegA to usI vyakti ko usakA saMvedana karanA hogaa| yaha sUtradarzana kI eka bahuta bar3I samasyA kA samAhAraka hai| darzana jagat meM eka bahuta bar3A prazna rahA hai-kyA hama sabhI eka Izvara yA brahma ke aMza hai yA phira hama saba kI AtmA svataMtra hai? vaidika darzana meM jahAM sabhI ko eka Izvara kA aMza mAnA gayA hai, unake sAmane yaha samasyA AtI hai ki yadi sabhI eka hI Izvara ke aMza hai to phira aisA kyoM hotA hai ki koI sukhI hai to koI duHkhI hai, koI amIra hai to koI garIba hai, koI jJAnavAna hai to koI dhanavAna hai aadi| isake sAtha-sAtha yadi hama sabhI eka hI Izvara ke aMza hai to eka ke sukhI hone para saba ko sukhI honA cAhie aura eka ke duHkhI hone para sabako duHkhI honA cAhie aadi-aadi| kintu aisA vyavahArika jagat meM dikhAI nahIM pdd'taa|

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samaNa suttaM meM uddhRta karma sUtroM kI upAdeyatA isalie yaha gAthA darzana jagat meM ubharatI huI isa samasyA ke samAdhAna rUpa hone se bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| jagata kI vicitratA kA yahI eka kAraNa hai - karma kartA kA anugamana karatA hai| koI dUsarA usakA saMvedana nahIM kara sktaa| duHkha yA pIr3A kA anubhava hone para jJAti, mitra, putra Adi hameM sAMtavanA (sympathy) de sakate haiM kintu hamAre duHkha ko bAMTa nahIM skte| vyakti ko akele hI duHkha kA anubhava karanA paDatA hai| yahI siddhAnta jaba ratnAkara ko munigaNa samajhAte haiM to vaha apane parivAra ko jAkara pUchatA hai ki kyA vaha corI yA DakaitI karake jo dhana kamA rahA hai, usase lagane vAle pApa ko bhogane meM ve loga bhI usakA sAtha deMgeM? isa prazna para jaba parivAra ke sabhI sadasya mauna rahate haiM to ratnAkara samajha jAtA hai ki vyakti ko apane kie hue karmoM kA bhoga svayaM hI karanA paDatA hai| yahI vaha siddhAnta thA jo ratnAkara ke jIvana meM nayA mor3a laayaa| vahI ratnAkara Age jAkara vAlmIki bana gyaa| hama pratyakSataH dekhate bhI haiM ki koI bhI vyakti apanI vyAdhi yA kaSToM ko kisI dUsare ko de nahIM sakatA aura na hI vaha le sakatA hai| dUsare sirpha use sAMtvanA yA sAhasa baMdhavA sakate haiN| aMtataH vaha duHkha usakA hI hai| use hI bhoganA par3atA hai| karmasUtra kI agalI gAthAeM kammaM ciNaMti savasA, tassudayammi u paravvasA hoti| rUkkhaM rUhai savaso, vigalai sa paravvaso tutto|| kammavasA khalu jIvA, jIvavasUraI kahiMci kmmaaii| katthai dhaNio balavaM, dhAraNio katthaI blvN|| arthAt "jIva karmoM kA bandha karane meM svataMtra hai, parantu usa karma kA udaya hone para bhogane meM usake adhIna ho jAtA hai| jaise koI puruSa svecchA se vRkSa para to car3ha jAtA hai, kintu pramAdavaza nIce girate samaya paravaza ho jAtA hai| kahIM jIva karma ke adhIna hote haiM to kahIM karma jIva ke adhIna hote haiN| jaise kahIM (RNa dete samaya to) dhanI balavAn hotA hai to kahIM (RNa lauTAte samaya) karjadAra balavAn hotA hai|" prathama gAthA kA sAra yaha hai ki vyakti karma karane meM svataMtra hai kintu bhogane meM prtNtr| jaisA kiyA vaisA bhoganA hI pdd'egaa| isa gAthA ko par3hane se vyakti karmavAda ko niyativAda samajha sakatA hai| lekina karmavAda niyativAda nahIM hai| niyativAda kI avadhAraNA ke anusAra vyakti jo kucha karatA hai vaha pahale se niyata hai aura vyakti usakA kisI taraha se atikramaNa nahIM kara sktaa| dUsarI tarapha karmavAda kA sAmAnya siddhAnta bhI yahI hai - jIva karmoM kA baMdhana karane meM svataMtra hai aura bhogane meM prtNtr| isa taraha karmavAda ko niyativAda mAna liyA jAtA hai kintu aisA mAnanA mithyA avadhAraNA hogii| yaha tathya dUsarI gAthA se spaSTa hotA hai| "karma karane meM svataMtra aura bhogane meM parataMtra honA" - yaha karma kA sAmAnya siddhAnta hai| jaina darzana anekAntavAdI darzana hai| yahA~ karma ke sAtha-sAtha puruSArtha ko bhI utanA hI mahattva diyA gayA hai| vyakti apane puruSArtha ke mAdhyama se pUrva saMcita karmoM meM yatkiMcit parivartana bhI kara sakatA hai| yahA~ parataMtratA jo batAI gaI hai vaha kamoM ke udaya ke pazcAt kI bAta hai| kArmodaya

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 44 se pUrva vyakti puruSArtha ke mAdhyama se unameM parivartana bhI kara sakatA hai| jaina granthoM meM karma kI dasa avasthAoM - baMdha, sattA, udaya, udIraNA, apavartana, udvartana, saMkramaNa Adi kA varNana prApta hotA hai| yadi vyakti parataMtra hI hotA to apavartana, udvartana, saMkramaNa Adi kA koI artha ha nahIM rhtaa| isake atirikta jaina AgamoM meM aise aneka prasaMga upalabdha haiM jahA~ tapa Adi puruSArtha ke mAdhyama se vyakti ne mukti ko prApta kiyA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI AjIvaka sampradAya ke saddAlaputra ko puruSArtha kI preraNA dI thii| bhagavAna mahAvIra vihAra karate-karate saddAlaputra ke kuMbhakArApaNoM meM pahuMcate hai| vahA~ usase pUchA - "tumane ina miTTI ke bartanoM ko banAne meM puruSArtha aura parAkrama kiyA hai yA ye aise hI nirmita ho gae?" saddAlaputra ne kahA"inako banAne meM kisI bhI prakAra kA puruSArtha yA parAkrama nahIM karanA pdd'aa| ye saba apane Apa niyati ke prabhAva se bane haiN|" bhagavAna mahAvIra pratiprazna karate hue kahate haiM- "yadi tumhAre ina miTTI ke bartanoM ko koI curA le yA phor3a de to tuma kyA karoge?" saddAlaputra tatkAla bolA "maiM usako pIdUMgA, mArUMgA, aadi-aadi|" bhagavAna ne use samajhAte hue kahA yadi tuma aisA karate ho to isakA artha huA ki tuma puruSakAra aura parAkrama ko svIkAra karate ho / ataH ina pramANoM se yahI pratidhvanita hotA hai ki vyakti puruSArtha ke mAdhyama se pUrva saMcita karmoM meM kucha parivartana bhI kara sakatA hai| zarta itanI hI hai ki puruSArtha kA prayoga karmodaya se pUrva kiyA jAe varanA jaisA karma kiyA vaise hI bhoganA pdd'egaa| isake atirikta bhAratIya darzana ke antargata kucha darzana Izvara ke astitva ko svIkAra karate hai| Izvara ko hI saMsAra kA karttA, dhartA aura hartA ke rUpa meM mAnate haiN| vyakti sirpha nimitta hai aura jo kucha karavAtA hai, vaha Izvara hI hai| isake viparIta jaina darzana AtmA ko svataMtra karttA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA haiN| jo kucha karane vAlI hai, vaha AtmA hai / yaha gAthAeM vyakti ke Atma svAtaMtrya ko prakaTa karatI hai AtmA kartA hai| karma usakI kRti hai| ataH acche karma karane vAloM ko acchA phala evaM bure karma karane vAloM ko burA phala milatA hai aura yadi Izvara ko karttA svIkAra kiyA jAe to acche aura bure karmoM kA phala bhI Izvara ko hI milanA cAhie kyoMki Izvara hI mUla kartA hai| jabaki hama vyavahAra jagata meM bhI yahI dekhate haiM ki vyakti ko acche aura bure karmoM kA phala milatA hai / kartRtva vyahi ke bhItara usake saMkalpa meM haiN| mUlya kartA kA hotA hai| yadi karma saba kucha ho jAe to kartA gauNa bana jaaegaa| kintu jaina darzana ke anusAra karttA kA mahattva hai| AtmA na IzvarAdhIna hai na karmAdhIna hI hai| vaha apane puruSArtha se hI apane karmoM ko karatA hai| karmasUtra meM uddhRta agalI gAthA kammattaNeNa ekkaM, davvaM bhAvo tti hodi duvihaM tu / poggalapiMDo dhavvaM, tassattI bhAvakammaM tu // arthAt sAmAnya kI apekSA karma eka hai aura dravya tathA bhAva kI apekSA do (prakAra kA) hai| karma-pudgaloM kA piNDa dravyakarma hai aura usameM rahanevAlI zakti yA unake nimitta se meM hone vAle rAga-dveSarUpa vikAra bhAvakarma hai| yaha gAthA jaina darzana ke eka mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta anekAnta kI ora hamArA dhyAna kendrita karavAtI hai| hamArI duniyA sApekSatA ke AdhAra para calatI hai| isalie vastu tattva ko sahI rUpa

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samaNa suttaM meM uddhRta karma sUtroM kI upAdeyatA se jAnane ke lie naya, anekAnta (sApekSatA) kI jarUrata rahatI hai| jaina darzana meM do prakAra ke karma batalAe gae haiM - dravya karma aura bhAva krm| dravya karma - AtmA kI pravRtti se AkaSTa karma pudgala evaM bhAva karma - mUla AtmA kI pravRtti hai| mUla rUpa se karmoM ko AkarSita karane vAlA karma hai - bhAva krm| bhAva karma ke anusAra hI dravya karmoM kA baMdha hotA hai aura dravya karma jaba udaya avasthA meM AtA hai to phira bhAva karma vaise hI banate haiN| hAMlAki vyakti apane puruSArtha se inameM parivartana bhI kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki "samaNa suttaM" meM uddhRta karma siddhAnta se sambandhita ye gAthAeM bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai| isase vyakti karma siddhAnta kI acchI jAnakArI prApta kara sakatA hai| darzana jagata tathA vyAvahArika jagata se saMbaMdhita aneka samasyAoM ko samAhita bhI kara sakatA hai| saMdarbha: 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32.7 2. ThANaM, 4.628, 3. ThANaM, 4.629, 4. ThANaM, 4.630, 5. ThANaM, 4.631 6. ravindranAtha mizra, jaina karma siddhAnta- udbhava evaM vikAsa, pArzvanAtha vidyApITha, vArANasI, 1993, pR. 173 7. jaina karma siddhAnta - udbhava evaM vikAsa, pR. 176 8. upAsakadazA, 7.26 9. AcArya mahAprajJa, jaina darzana aura anekAnta, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, dillI, pR. 117 jaina vidyA evaM tulanAtmaka dharma tathA darzana, jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya, lADanUM (rAjasthAna)

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AcArya hemacandra ke matAnusAra jaina pramANamImAMsA - vikAsa siMha 11vIM zatAbdI ke jaina dArzanika kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandra ne saMskRta bhASA meM jaina darzana kI pramANa paramparA ko suvyavasthita tathA sahaja tarIke se prastuta karane hetu pramANamImAMsA' nAmaka prakaraNa graMtha kI racanA kii| atha pramANamImAMsA (1.1.1) sUtra se graMtha kA prAraMbha karake hemacandra ne dUsare sUtra meM samyagarthanirNaya ko hI pramANa kahA hai| hemacandra ne pUrva jainAcAryoM dvArA pramANa ke lakSaNa meM svIkRta sva pada ko haTA diyA kyoMki unakA mAnanA hai ki jJAna to svaprakAzamAna hai, ataH use pRthak zabda se kahane se kyA pryojn| anadhigata yA apUrva padoM ko bhI hemacandra ne apane lakSaNa meM koI sthAna nahIM diyA taba prazna utpanna ho sakatA hai ki dhArAvAhika va smRti Adi jJAna jo adhigatArthaka yA pUrvArthaka hone se apramANa samajhe jAte haiN| taba samyagarthanirNayarUpa lakSaNa meM ativyApti ho jaayegii| isakA nirAkaraNa hemacandra ne dhArAvAhika tathA smRti jJAna meM samatva dikhAkara prAmANya ko svIkAra karake kiyA hai| pramANya kA nizcaya svataH evaM parataH hotA hai| jaina mata meM abhyAsadazA meM svataH tathA anabhyAsadazA meM parataH mAnA jAtA hai| Agama svataH pramANa haiN| AcArya hemacandra ne pramANa ke do bheda pratyakSa tathA parokSa svIkAra kiye haiN| pUrva jainAcAryo dvArA svIkRta anya pramANoM ko inhIM do ke bheda-prabheda meM svIkAra kara hemacandra ne unake prati apanI kRtajJatA arpita kI hai| pratyakSa pramANa pratyakSa zabda prati tathA akSa ina do zabdoM ke saMyoga se banA hai| jainadarzana meM akSa zabda kA artha saMpUrNa astikAya tathA anastikAya dravya, deza tathA kAla ityAdi meM vyApta arthAt AtmA kiyA gayA hai| akSa zabda kA azrute (viSaya) artha meM indriya bhI apara Azaya pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| ataH indriyanirapekSa tathA AtmAzrita jJAna hI pratyakSa hai, indriyAzrita jJAna parokSa hai| sUtra saMkhyA 1.1.13 meM pratyakSa ko paribhASita karate hue hemacandra ne vizadaH pratyakSam kahakara vaizadya ko hI pratyakSa svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha vaizadya kyA hai? isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna karate hue unhoMne batalAyA hai ki anya pramANa kI apekSA na rakhane vAlA samyagarthanirNaya saMpanna sarvajJa kA jJAna hI vaizadya hai| hemacandra ne apane graMtha AptanizcayAlaMkAra meM sarvajJa ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki jo saba kucha jAnatA ho, rAga, dveSa ityAdi doSoM ko jo jIta cukA ho, tInoM lokoM meM pUjya ho, jaisI jo vastu hai use vaisA hI batAne vAlA yathAsthitArthavAdI ho, vahI paramezvara arhat deva hai| isa arhata ko hI sarvajJa kahA jAtA hai|12

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AcArya hemacandra ke matAnusAra jaina pramANamImAMsA pratyakSa ke do bheda mukhya pratyakSa tathA sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa haiN| mukhya pratyakSa ke tIna bhedakevala, avadhi tathA manaHparyAya haiM jabaki sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa ke chaH prakAra yathA indriya, mana, avagraha, IhA, AvAya, dhAraNA hai| mukhya pratyakSa se Azaya jJAna ke samasta bAdhaka tattvoM kA AtmA se pUrNatayA naSTa ho jAnA hai, jisase cetanA ke svarUpa kA udaya hotA hai tathA anaMta jJAna prApta hotA hai| ise hI kevala jJAna bhI kahate haiN| bAdhakAbhAcca (1.1.17) sUtra ke mAdhyama se kevala jJAna ke abAdha ka hone ko batalAyA hai| avadhiparyAya jJAna vaha hai jisameM manuSya apane karma ko aMzataH naSTa karake aisI zakti prApta karatA hai jisake dvArA vaha atyanta dUrastha tathA aspaSTa dravyoM ko bhI jAna sakatA hai| isake dvArA sImita vastu kA jJAna hotA hai| manaHparyAya jJAna meM mAnava roga dveSa Adi mAnasika bAdhAoM ko vijita kara anya vyaktiyoM ke vartamAna, bhUta, bhaviSya tathA vicAroM ko jAna sakatA hai| isake dvArA dUsare ke mana meM praveza kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa se Azaya usa jJAna se hai jisake indriya tathA mana nimitta kAraNa haiM, avagraha, AvAya tathA dhAraNA ke mAdhyama se AtmA jise grahaNa karatI hai| SaDvida sAMvyavahArika pratyakSa meM indriya pratyakSa prathama hai| indra pada kA artha jaina darzana meM jIva yA AtmA mAnA jAtA hai| ataH jainAcArya hemacandra kA mAnanA hai ki sparzana, rasana, ghrANa, cakSu tathA zrautra ye indriyAdhiSThAna haiM, indriyA~ nhiiN| indriyA~ to una AkAroM meM sthita atIndriya vasturUpa haiN| indriyA~ dravya tathA bhAva bheda se do prakAra kI haiN|6 paudgalika adhiSThAnoM dravyendriyA~ kahA jAtA hai tathA bhAvendriyA~ ve haiM jo bhautika yA jar3a dravya na hokara cetanazaktivizeSarUpa tathA atIndriya haiN|" saMpUrNa prakAra ke artha (viSayoM) kI prApti meM bAhya cakSu Adi indriyA~ asamartha haiM, ataH aise sarva viSayoM ko grahaNa karane vAlA mana hotA hai| dravyamaya tathA bhAvamaya bheda se mana do prakAra kA hai| dravyamana mana paudgalika hai jo eka vizeSa prakAra ke sUkSmatama manovarNanAtmaka jar3a dravyoM se utpanna hotA hai aura pratikSaNa zarIra kI taraha parivartana bhI prApta karatA hai| bhAvamaya mana AtmA hai jo jJAnazakti tathA jJAnarUpa hone se cetanadravyajanya hai| jaina kI pratyakSa prakriyA meM pahale indriya saMvedana hotA hai| isake pazcAt artha kA grahaNa hI avagraha hai| yaha mAnasika vikalpa nahIM hai| avagraha meM kevala viSaya kA grahaNa hotA hai jabaki IhA meM vizeSa AkAMkSA kA jJAna hotA hai|20 IhA ke bAda nizcayAtmaka jJAna kI sthiti AvAya hai| smRti kA kAraNa saMskAra hI dhAraNA hai|2 parokSa pramANa - __ AcArya hemacandra ne parokSa kA lakSaNa pratyakSa ke viparIta kiyA hai| avizadaH parokSam (1. 2.1) sUtra ke mAdhyama se sarvajJa dvArA akathita tathA AtmA se itara indriyoM se hone vAle jJAna ko hI parokSa mAnA hai| jaina matAnusAra kevala tathA manaHparyAya jJAna doSarahita hai| anya parokSa tathA avadhi jJAna meM doSa hI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 48 parokSa jJAna ke pA~ca bheda smRti, pratyabhijJA, Uha, anumAna tathA Agama hemacandra ne svIkAra kiye haiN| prAcIna jainAcAryo ne mati evaM zruta bheda se do prakAra kA parokSa svIkAra kiyA thaa| indriya tathA mana ke dvArA prApta jJAna mati tathA sarvajJa tIrthakaroM kA upadeza sarvazreSTha zruta jJAna kahalAtA hai| hemacandra ne Agama ko zruta tathA zeSa ko mati jJAna meM hI antarniSTha mAnA hai| smRti anubhava para AdhArita vaha jJAna hai jo saMskAra rUpa meM vidyamAna vastu ke AkAra kA bodha karAtI hai| pratyabhijJA indriya janya tathA smaraNa ke anantara utpanna hone vAlA eka saMkalanAtmaka vijAtIya mAnasa jJAna hai| yaha saMkalana sAdRzya bhAva, usase vilakSaNatA tathA pratiyogI kA hotA hai| yathA- 'yaha vahI ghaTa hai' kA jJAna pratyabhijJA hai| sarvaprathama koI vyakti ghaTa ko dekhatA hai| taba pUrva meM dekhe gaye ghaTa kA smaraNa Ane ke bAda sAdRzya jJAna hotA hai| tadanantara pUrva meM dekhe gaye ghaTa se pArthakya vilakSaNatA ke AdhAra para dikhAI detA hai| anta meM usakA abhAva tathA prakRta ghaTa kA jJAna hI pratyabhijJA kahalAtA hai| pratyakSa yA anumAna pramANoM se prApta va aprApta vyAptijJAna hI Uha hai| vyApaka tathA vyApya ke bIca kA dharma vyApti hai| vyApaka (agni) ke dharma (parvata) meM arthAt parvatau vanhimAna kahane para, jaba dharma meM vyApya (dhUma) bhI hotA hai| ataH vyApakavanhivyApyadhUmavAnayaM dharmIparvataH hI vyApti kahalAtI hai| Uha tathA IhA meM sUkSma aMtara hai| jahA~ IhA meM vastu kyA hai? kI vizeSa AkAMkSA hotI hai vahIM Uha meM vyApti saMbandha kA jJAna hotA hai| sAdhana se sAdhya kA viziSTa jJAna anumAna hai| yaha do prakAra kA hai- svArthAnumAna tathA praarthaanumaan| jaba mAnava nijI jJAna ke liye anumAna karatA hai, vaha svArthAnumAna kahalatA hai| isa prakriyA meM sAdhya jo svayaM ke dvArA nizcita kiyA gayA hai, avinAbhAva saMbandha se hI jAnA jA sakatA hai| kramabhAva va kramabhAvaniyama meM tathA sahabhAva va sahabhAvaniyama meM sAdha ya-sAdhana kA saMbandha avinAbhAva hai| yathA- ziMzapAtva-vRkSatva (sahabhAva va sahabhAvaniyama) tathA dhUma-dhUmadhvaja (kramabhAva va kramabhAvaniyama) Uha se avinAbhAva kA nizcaya hotA hai|32 svayaM nizcita kiye gaye avinAbhAva ke jJAna ko dUsare ke liye kahanA hI parArthAnusAra kahalAtA hai| ise vacana bhI kahate haiN| isake do prakAra upapatti tathA anupapatti haiN| sAdhya meM sAdhana ke hone para prathama (agnimAnayaM parvataH tathaiva dhUmavatvopapatteH) tathA sAdhyAbhAva hone para dvitIya (agnimAnayaM parvataH tathaiva dhUmavatvAnupapattervA) parArthAnumAna hotA hai| donoM ke tAtparya meM bheda nahIM hone se, donoM kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| kisI ko anumAna kA jJAna karavAne ke lie parArthAnumAna meM paJcAvayava vAkyoM ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| jo haiM- pratijJA, hetu, udAharaNa, upanaya tathA nigmn|35 sAdhya kA nirdeza pratijJA hai| hetu se Azaya sAdhanatva kI abhivyaMjaka vibhakti anta vAle sAdhanavacana se hai| dRSTAnta vacana ko udAharaNa kahate haiN| dharmI meM sAdhana ke upasaMhAra ko upanaya kahate haiN| sAdhya kA niSkarSa hI nigamana hai| jaise 'parvato vanhimAn' pratijJA vAkya meM 'dhUmavattvAt' hetu ke kAraNa yo yo dhUmavAn sa sa vanhimAn' udAharaNa se tathA cAyam' kA upanaya hote hue aMta meM 'tasmAttathA' kA nigamana ho parArthAnumAna siddha hotA hai|

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AcArya hemacandra ke matAnusAra jaina pramANamImAMsA anumAna pramANa meM sarvAdhika doSa hetu ke kAraNa hote haiN| ataH jo vAstava meM hetu na ho kintu hetu jaisA pratIta ho, vaha hetvAbhAsa kahalAtA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne asiddha, viruddha tathA anaikAntika tIna prakAra kA hetvAbhAsa mAnA hai| 37 hetu kA prayoga sAdhya ko siddha karane ke liye hotA hai| jisa hetu kA sattva arthAt sAdhya nizcita na ho, jo hetu avidyamAna athavA anyathA anupapanna ho tathA sAdhya se asiddha yA saMdeha hone para asiddha hetvAbhAsa hotA hai|8 yathA anitya zabdAzcAkSuSatvAt ghaTavat' / isa udAharaNa meM zabda anitya hai (pratijJA) kyoMki vaha cakSu se grahaNa karane yogya hai (hetu), ghaTa ke samAna (udAharaNa) cakSurindriya se grahaNa kiyA jAnA hetu hai kintu vaha zabda meM nahIM hai kyoMki zabda zrotrendriya se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| ataH yahA~ hetu sAdhya meM nizcita na hone tathA sAdhya ke asiddha hone para asiddha hettvAbhAsa hai| 49 jaba hetu sAdhya ko siddha na karake usake virodhI ko hI siddha kara de, to viruddha hetvAbhAsa hotA hai / " "nityaH zabdaH kAryatvAt AtmAvat' isa udAharaNa meM zabda nitya hai (pratijJA), kyoMki vaha kArya hai (hetu), AtmA ke samAna (udAharaNa) jainadarzana meM kArya anitya hai, nitya nhiiN| ataH zabda bhI anitya hai / isa prakAra sAdhya ko siddha na karake hetu usake virodhI ko hI siddha karane ke kAraNa ruddha hetvAbhAsa hai| avinAbhAva ke asiddha yA saMdeha hone para anyathA upapadyamAna anaikAntika hai| sarala zabdoM meM avinAbhAva saMbandha meM kabhI hetu kA saMbandha sAdhya se rahatA hai kabhI sAdhyetara vastu se| yathA sandehe yathA asarvajJaH kazcid rAgAdimAn vA vktRttvaat'| saMdeha mAtra se rAgayukta tathA vaktA hone ke kAraNa mahAvIra ko asarvajJa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| parokSa kA pAMcavA bheda Agama hai| hemacandra kI pramANamImAMsA pANDulipi meM Agama kA varNana aprApta hai| ise jaina darzana meM zabda pramANa ke rUpa meM darzAyA gayA hai| Agama ko zruta jJAna ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| Apta vacanoM ko sune tathA prAmANika Agama graMthoM ko dekhe binA zruta jJAna nahIM ho sakatA / zabda zrotrendriya kA viSaya hai| zruta akSarAtmaka tathA anakSarAtmaka bheda se do prakAra kA hai| mAnava mAtra ke likhita tathA uccarita bhASA ko akSarAtmaka tathA dvIndriya, mUka tathA bAla kI bhASA anakSarAtmaka hotI hai| niSkarSa rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaba bhArata meM bauddha nyAya tathA naiyAyika nyAya apanA sthAna banA cuke the, aise samaya meM AcArya hemacandra ne jaina pramANamImAMsA ko suvyavasthita DhaMga se vyAkhyAyita kara isa pratisthApita kiyaa| unake pUrvavartI jainAcArya yathA akalaMka, kundakunda, haribhada, siddhasena, samantabhadra ityAdi ke pramANaviSayaka ciMtana ko bhI unhoMne apane graMtha tathA pramANa vyAkhyA meM yathAsthAna mahattva diyA hai| jaina pramANa paramparA meM AtmaviSayaka jJAna kA mahattva adhika hai jo ise anya bhAratIya darzanoM se pRthak karatA hai| isakI zabdAvalI bhI thor3I alaga hai jaise yakSa kA Azaya AtmA se lenA ityAdi / isa prakAra AcArya hemacandra kA pramANaviSayaka ciMtana sArayukta tathA spaSTa hai| saMdarbha : 1. mAtA cAhiNI tathA pitA cacca kI saMtAna caMgadeva 21 varSa kI avasthA meM sUri kA pada ko prApta karake, ve hemacandra sUri khlaaye| inhoMne dvavAzraya kAvya, siddhahema kI prazasti,

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50 anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara trizaSTizralAMpuruSacarita, zabdAnuzAsana, anekArthasaMgraha, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi, dezInAmamAlA, chaMdonuzAsAnA, vItarAgastotra aura apramANamImAMsA ityAdi graMtha likhe| 3. zAstraikadezasya prakriyA prkrnnm| rAjazekhara, kAvyamImAMsA, prakAza-hindI vyAkhyAkAra, DaoN. gaMgAsAgara rAya, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, caturtha saMskaraNa, 2000, pR.10 4. hemacandra, pramANamImAMsA, paM. sukhalAla kRta bhASATippaNI sahita, sarasvatI pustaka bhaMDAra, ahamadAbAda, 1997, pRSTha 1 5. pramANamImAMsA, 1.1.2 6. pramANaM svaparAbhAsi jJAnaM baadhvivrjitm|(nyaayaasvtaar-siddhsen), pramANamavisaMvAdi jJAnamanadhi gitaarthaadhigmlksstvaat| (aSTazatIakalaMkadeva), svApUrvArthavyavasAyAtmakaM jJAnaM pramANam (parIkSAmukha-mANikyanaMdI), pramANaM svArtha nirNItisvabhAvaM jnyaanm| (sanmati TIkA abhayadeva) 7. pra. mI., 1.1.3 8. pra. mI., 1.1.4 9. pra. mI., 1.1.8 10. pra. mI., 1.1.9-10 11. hemacandra, pramANamImAMsA, paM.sukhalAla kRta sarasvatI pustaka bhaMDAra, ahamadAbAda, 1997, pRSTha 1 12. pra. mI., 1.1.14 13. sarvajJo jitraagaadidossprailokypuujitH| yathAsthitArthavAdI ca devorhnprmeshvrH|| mAdhavAcArya, sarvadarzanasaMgraha, DaoN. umA zaMkara zarmA RSi (hi. anu.) caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI, 2006, pR. 103 14. pra. mI., 1.1.15 15. pra. mI., 1.1.20 16. pra. mI., 1.1.21 17. bhAvendriyaM lbdhyupyogau| pra. mI., 1.1.22-23 18. pra. mI., 1.1.24 19. pra. mI., 1.1.26 20. pra. mI., 1.1.27 21. pra. mI., 1.1.28 22. pra. mI., 1.1.29 23. akSebhyaH parato vartata iti pareNendriyAdinA cokSyata iti parokSaM vkssymaannlkssmev| ___ yadvizadasamyagarthanirNayAtmakaM na bhavati na tat pratyakSam, yathA parokSamiti vytirekii| 24. pra. mI., 1.2.2 25. pra. mI., 1.2.3 26. pra. mI., 1.2.4 27. pra. mI., 1.2.5 28. pra. mI., 1.2.6 29. pra. mI., 1.2.730. pra. mI., 1.2.9 31. pra. mI., 1.2.10 32. pra. mI., 1.2.11 33. pra. mI., 2.1-4 34. pra. mI.,2.1.56 35. pra. mI., 2.1.10 36. pra. mI., 2.1.11-15 37. pra. mI., 2.1.16 38. pra. mI., 2.1.17 39. pra. mI., 2.1.20 40. pra. mI., 2.1.21 - zodhArthI viziSTa saMskRta adhyayana kendra, je. ena. yU., naI dillI-110067

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Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism -Dr. M. B. Modi 1. Introduction I am a senior retired DRDO scientist presently engaged in research on Jain Agams. Our research is unique and different from others. We are searching science in Jain Agams. We believe Mahavir's spirituality is not about religion, God or rituals but it is about Truth and oneness of the universe. He preferred education to devotion and knowledge to faith. Jainism is more relevant to the modern times because Jainism is not a religion or philosophy in the conventional sense. The goal in life of a Jain monk is not to search heavenly abode or proximity to God but to achieve Godliness through knowledge or Kewal Gyan. Jain Shramans followed radically different path, the path of education and knowledge. They believed that correct understanding of the universe, self and body is very essential for liberation. Samyag Drasti, Samyag Gyan and Samyag Achar1or 'Right Vision, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct' can only lead to eternal peace and bliss. A person with right vision and right knowledge can differentiate between Absolute Truth (Sat), Relative Truth or Reality (Asat), and falsehood or Mithyatwa, emphasized Mahavira. Absolute truth is eternal while the relative truth varies with frame of reference and therefore truth may have different meaning for different people. Kewal Gyan or knowledge of absolute and relative truth is the state of Nirvana or liberation. Unlike Buddha Bhagwan Mahavir made scientific statement that Truth is 'Absolute' as well as Relative. Absolute Truth is known only to the universal observer. The human beings know truthonly relative to Space, Time, Mass and Phase. Hence according to the frame of reference, Truth may have different meaning for different people. About 2500 years later, Einstein came out with similar statement which made him the greatest scientist of the world but Mahavir remained in oblivion. Like modern scientists Mahavir also believed that the Atom is the ultimate particle of matter and beyond matter is pure consciousness or pure energy. Max Plank repeated Mahavir's sentiments- "I regard consciousness as

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Ball 65/3, Tas-federe fundamental and matter as derivative from consciousness. Everything that we see and talk about as existing postulates existence of consciousness." Several cosmologists now believe that Consciousness in the form of'Awareness' is also fundamental to the universe. We have been able to establish conclusively that the Jains had deep understanding of the universe, the conservation laws, quantum and continuous nature of matter and anthropomorphic consciousness. Our research findings reveal that important modern discoveries like Space-Time Continuum, Theory of Relativity, Dual Nature of Matter, Uncertainty Principle, Bohr's Quantum Atom, Unified Field Theory, Atomic Quantum Jumps, Radiation Emission and Selection Rules etc. find their origin in Mahavir's Teachings. Mahavir also developed the first "Theory of Everything that describes every particle and force which constitute this universe and provided answer to the question, why I am here?He proposed existence of atomic size space element Akash Pradesh which is equivalent to what the scientists today call as Plank's Length over which all the forces weak or strong are unified to produce the God Particle or Higgs Boson. According to Jain belief the atom is a particle yet it is equivalent to one Akash Pradesh. Thus atom exhibits dual nature-particle as well as space like features. The importance of dual nature of matter can be appreciated from the fact that De Broglie, a French scientist was awarded Nobel Prize for rediscovery of this principle in 1935. Spiritually it means Akas Pradesh is the basic space element that constitutes the universe. Jains believe in Dwaitvad as well as Adwiatvad. Eternal existence of two element- Atom and Consciousness constitutes Jain Dwiatwad whereas the Astikaya nature of the universe or the Pradesh form of atoms and consciousness constitute Jain Adwiatwad. The universe is a body of Asankhyat Pradesh and the cosmic space is body of Anant pradesh. Regarding consciousness, Mahavir says consciousness has been present from the very beginning of the universe but its emergence needed the eventual development to an appropriate minimum level found in Ekendriya Jeeva. The purpose of the life is to evolve from this first raw level to enlightened state. This is a very slow process lasting over millions of years. As a result of evolution most simple Ekendriya Nigodh(single sense micro organism) is likely to be converted to most complex Panchendriya Jeeva(organism with five senses). The evolution is carried over long 'Birth-Death' cyclic path rather than a straight path. There are fourteen levels of development and at the last level the jeeva becomes Godlike. Most great thinkers and masters who have divine matrices reach levels of 9 to 10. Evolution is also considered as one of the greatest discoveries of modern time for which

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Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism credit is given to Darwin and proponent of Evolutionary Spiritualism. But mostly people are not aware of Jain contributions. 53 Mahavir and other Jain Tirthankars never claimed that they were founders of a religion. They were seekers of truth and eternal peace and bliss. They developed scientific principles to explain 'Creation' of the universe and did not usephilosophical arguments and mythical God as used by other religious preachers. Mahavir discovered basic natural laws that govern the creation. He was Kewalgyani and a Tirthankar for the Jains but for others he is like a multidisciplinary scientist who laid the foundation of Space Science, Atomic physics, Chemical Science, Life Science and other related subjects. Details of our research work arebeing published in the book- "Jain Agam Me Vigyan' which is in press. However a brief account of the same is being presented in this article. Emphasis is being placed on Akasha as space-time quantum field and achievement of godliness through evolving spiritualism. 2. Mahavir's Concept of 'Knowledge Based Religion Religion is an empirical science which is not concerned with knowing the Truth of the Universe or the Nature but only focuses on finding solutions to human problems and sufferings through faith, devotion and rituals. Religious leaders all over the world were enlightened people but they never forced enlightenment on their followers. They developed simple concepts and rituals like meditation, complete surrender to unknown forces, devotion, prayers, animal sacrifices etc. which were easily understood and accepted without asking any questions by their followers. Bhagwan Mahavira did not preach blind faith as religion. At the time when contemporary religions were advocating mitigation of human sufferings through rituals, faith and unconditional surrender to God, to prophet, messiah or anybody whosoever claimed to be the representative of God, He was researching and discovering the science of the universe and purpose of human birth. He believed that we encounter sufferings by false apprehension of reality and happiness. True knowledge about the universe and selfhelps to reduce sufferings and improves conditions of living. If one has coherent understanding of the universe, natural laws and processes governing physical reality then one need not look for reward or punishment at the hands of external authority like God. Any living being can make its own fate without worrying about pre-destiny. Centuries ago, Bhagwan Mahavir made the first scientific statement about Truth which is of utmost importance. He said the universe is neither created by God nor it is an illusion. The simple fact thatforself-awareness, there ought to be an external object to be aware of, God cannot be called the 'designer and creator'. The universe is eternal reality and therefore it

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Ball 65/3, Tas-federe must contain eternal components. First of alllike the present day scientist, Mahavir classified all the materials, objects and substances found in the universe in two groups namely Living and Nonliving. All living things are conscious of their existence while all nonliving things lack the consciousness. Therefore consciousness ought to be fundamental to the universe. He referred nonliving objects as Pudgalaandsaid they can be divided into smallest particles' He called the last indivisible Pudgalparticle as Parmanu having the same properties as atom. Thus Mahavir said the universe is not the creation of God but it is a creation of atoms and consciousness or atman. Two or more atoms unite to form Skandh (Molecule) and Skandhs unite to form all types of Physical forms. The living objects are created by mutual co-operation of atoms and consciousness. Thus Bhagwan Mahavir discoversd the science of creation based on the union of atoms and consciousness. These two eternal components of the universe combine to form all types of living and nonliving objects according to the conservation law-Upneiva, Vigneiva, Dhruveiva", which the scientists call as the law of conservation of mass and energy. In the process of creation and destruction, neither the atom nor the soul is created or destroyed. Eternal existence of Atoms and Consciousness is the universal truth or Absolute Truth (Sat) known only to the universal observer free of motion. Human beings know the truth only with respect to Draya (matter), Kshetra (Space), Kal (Time) and Bhav (mode or state). This is Relative Truth (Asat) what Buddha called as Reality. Einstein, the greatest scientist of the world simply repeated what Mahavir said. He formulated a set of equations to prove mathematically Mahavir'sconcepts of Space, Time and Truth. What did Mahavir preach- Religion, Philosophy or Science? It is really a very difficult question to answer because Mahavir gavediscourse on religion, philosophy, logics and basics of space science, atomic science, life science etc. People with religious bent of mind may call Jainism as Spiritual science but our in depth study of Jain Agams clearly establishes that Jainismis in fact Science of Creation and Science of Spiritual Evolution'. Mahavir was not discovering a new religion but merely stating that the purpose of the human birth is to evolve and cultivate the soul to the level of fourteenth Gunsthana', Evolution is a very slow process and cannot be completed in one or two births but over a cycle of deaths and births. Death means the release of the immortal soul from the confines of the mortal body and rejuvenation by acquiring new body. But it is not liberation. The cycle of birth, death and rebirth is an unending process until the soul evolves to fourteenth Gunsthana.

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Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism 3. Jain Agams as Ancient Science Books Jain Agams are religious books but their contents look very differently from the conventional philosophy and mythology books. Any reader having some knowledge about science will immediately notice that majority of the subjects dealt in the Agams are related to the universe, life science, physical and chemical science, psychology, genomics etc. Some learned peopledescribe Jain science as Meta Physics which according to us is a complete misnomer. Because of old and difficult script, misunderstanding of Agams' science is not surprising. But Mahavir, by any definition cannot be called a Meta physicist because Metaphysics is a science of mysticism and Jainism is science of Creation and Spiritual Evolution' which are akin to modern concepts. Jain Agams narrate vividly Mahavir's scientific contributions. Mahavir was Kewal Gyani and could have not spoken Mithayatwa. Whatever he spoke was from spiritual point of view and therefore any deviations from modern science simply illustratehis indifferent attitude towards the physical world. Mahavir who rejected the idea of Creation and Creator God', had to develop various scientific principles to explain all types of creations and natural phenomena including life on the earth. For Kewalgyani Mahavir, the physical forms of objects were Asat and only the eternal flow of consciousness and atoms constituted the universe which is sat. Servagya Mahavirsaid that atoms and consciousness and not God created the universe observing the conservation law-Upneiva, Vigneiva, Dhruveiva'. It is said thatafter learning this conservation law and knowing the Relative and Absolute Truth, Ganadhara, the disciples of Mahavir wrote Fourteen Purvas containing Mahavir's teaching which are now extinct. But Mahavirs preaching is partly preserved in the form of Agams. Jain Agams describe in details how two or more atoms combine to produce a molecule and how molecules unite to form infinite varieties of living and nonliving objects which constitute the universe. Rules governing formation of Visrasa Parinat Skand(Inorganic compounds) by atoms and formation of Prayog ParinatSkandh (Organic Molecules) by atoms and catalytic action of Atman are clearly mentioned in the Agams. It may also be noted that according to Jain concept only those molecules which form the body and body organs are organic compounds. All other are Visrasa Parinat Pudgal or inorganic compounds. Nails, hair, teeth etc. are placed in a special category called Misra Parint Skandhabecause they aredetachable from the body. Desire, Greed and Ego are the basic causes of unhappiness. Jains call them as Karma which has quantum or atomic nature and abilitytoform subtle body or Karman Sharira. Consciousness should get rid of this subtle

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56 Ball 65/3, Tas-federe body in order to get freedom from birth and death. Jain Agams describe how this subtle body is acquired and how it acts as a blue print of birth and body structure. Jain Agams also narrates in great details natural way of conception through sexual union of male and female, artificial methods of conceptions, formation of zygote, weakly development of embryo and finally different ways of deliveries. Does any religion book describe the human birth in minute details like this? How male sperms mix with female eggs resulting in fertilization? how does this grow into a baby? How do the fetes take Ahar (food) in mother's womb? Who tells the embryo to grow into a human baby or in a plant or in an animal? Who decides the number of arms, legs, eyes and other body organs and how? Where are the seeds of personality? All these questions are meticulously answered in the Agams as functions of subtle Karman and Tejas Sharira. 'The Karman Sharira is in fact a diary of previous birth and a guide for subsequent births.' say the Agams. Modern scientists call this as Genomes which throw light on the history of the evolution of a single cell into complex organism. Mahavir through the process of meditation and 'Thought Experiment developed various scientific principles to govern the creation of life and pudgal dravya on earth. He also said that during Maha Pralaya or on Dooms Day, the seeds of the universe will continue to exist as consciousness and parmanu. The eternity of the universe is further ensured by the nonzero velocity of Atom. Today scientists repeat his statement by saying that atomic motion cannot be made zero and therefore the universe cannot be annihilated completely. Agams contains several scientific statements confirming thereby that Mahavir was sarvgya or omniscient. Jain Agams in particular Bhagavati Sutra, Uttradhyayan Sutra, Tatwart Sutra and Dravyanuyog have scientific contents. 4. Jain Concepts of Truth & Reality verses Einstein's Relativity Centuries ago, Bhagwan Mahavir declared that the universe is not an illusion but an eternal reality created by mutual co-operation of atoms and consciousness according to the conservation law-Upneiva, Vigneiva, Dhruveiva'.Because of the ever continuing process of creation and destruction, the universe appears as an illusion. The eternal existence of the universe is Absolute Truth while its changing face is Relative Truth. The body is formed by the atoms and the consciousness endows it with life. Since both atoms and consciousness are conserved, it is said that neither the birth is the beginning nor is death the end of life. Birth and death are just biological events. The soul has no form and physical dimensions and therefore the soul is beyond the confines of time.

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57 Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism Religion and philosophers hardly differentiate between Truth and Reality. But scientists draw a fine line of separation between Truth and Reality, so did Mahavir historically known as founder of Jain religion. Mahavir coined three terms-Sat, Asat and Mithaytwa respectively corresponding to three scientific terms-Absolute Truth, Relative Truth and Falsehood. Sat (Absolute Truth) is eternal but Asat (Reality) is neither opposite of Sat nor is Mithyatwa. Reality is Asat which is not eternal but varies according to system of reference, vision, individual opinion, sensing organs, place and time of observations etc. If it is day time in India it is night in USA at the same time. A woman may appear beautiful to our eyes but for those with eyes sensitive to X rays, the beautiful woman looks a fearful skeleton of bones. The sky is not blue though it appears blue.Reality is an illusion of this type. If Reality is represented by a single letter R then according to Bhagwan Mahavir, R is a function of Dravya (Mass), Ksetra (Space), Kaal (Time) and Bhav (Phase). Scientists reduce the four variables to two variables - Space and Time, the other two variables being derivatives of space and time, and express the Realityby R(x, y, z, t) where (x, y, z) represent the three co-ordinates of space and (t) isthe time co-ordinate. The variables x, y, z, and t are constants in case of consciousness and therefore the soul is Sat or Absolute Truth. The body is an illusion which on death may disintegrate in to atoms. Therefore the body is a function R(x, y, z, t) and a reality or Asat. Identifying self with body or name is Mithyatwa. Science agrees with Jain concepts of Truth and Reality. But Buddha disagreed and said there is nothing absolute in the universe. 'Nothing can exist without cause. Everything in the universe is relative and nothing is eternal' said Buddha Einstein.in 1905 proposed the "Theory of Relativity' which is simple formulation of Mahavir's concept of absolute and relative truth in terms of four dimensional space or a mathematical function R(x, y, z,t), the geometricalshape of which is an open ended plane. "Absolute truth is known only to the universal observer (sarvgya). We know only relative truth. All laws of physics are relative to inertial frame of reference" said Einstein confirming what Mahavir said centuries ago. Einstein also presented The General Theory of Relativity' considering the cosmic space as infinite gravitational field which gets curved due to presence of other dravya. The curvature of the space opens the possibility of traveling into the past. It is obvious that Einstein was merely repeating Jain concept of Astikaya Akash which represents an eternal Space-Time Quantum Field. In this field a Kewalgyanican see drayvaand its past, present and future Paryays (All states of existence). Einstein called this as 'walk in the past and future'. According to Jain Agams liberated souls reside in Siddhasheela, a place outside the inertial frame of reference which is free of motion and

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 58 time. The liberated souls therefore know the Absolute Truth. Human habitats are not stationary and are also constrained by time. Therefore humans cannot sense absolute truth and so did Buddha who declared that everything in the universe is impermanent and necessarily relative. 5. Jain Concepts of Being, Non-being Permanence and Impermanence The notion of 'being' is opposite of the notion 'non-being. This is the concept of Buddha and others about reality. They think that Being and nonbeing cannot have existence at the same time. The belief that the 'self is there before I was born and will continue after I die' is a belief in permanence, which is not acceptable to Buddha. 'Everything is impermanent and necessarily relative, conditional, finite, dependent and subject to birth, death and decay' says Lord Buddha. Every phenomenon hangs between reality and nothingness. A butter fly is borne out of the egg. The egg turns into caterpillar, the caterpillar grows in size, sheds its last skin and grows a tough, flexible shell and from this shell emerges a fully grown butterfly. In few days the butterfly may also die. Buddha says all the forms of egg, caterpillar and butterfly are impermanent and each one dies giving birth to its successor. There is no element of permanency involved at any stage. On the contrary Mahavir and the modern science say death of butterfly is not the end of the story. On death, the butterfly decays into atoms and realign again as molecules of manure used by plants as food. A young butterfly feeds on the plants, takes the nectar from the flowers, turns it into protein and lays the eggs and the life cycle of the butterfly continues. The different physical forms of egg, caterpillar, and butterfly are impermanent but there ought to be something permanent which is acquiring these forms. Mahavir calls this permanent element Atman and science calls it energy quanta which can also take solid forms.Jains believe that at the time of death, the old body being incapable of sustaining the life process any longer perishes along with senses and intellect leaving soul and Karman Sharira intact to space. Karman Sharira stores all karmas and memoire of previous birth like a computer hard disc. This soul-karman Sharira combination then enters a new embryonic body, the matrix of which is determined by the Karman Sharira. Bhagwan Mahavir says "being" and "nonbeing" both exist simultaneously and appear as facts or reality. Being and nonbeing are two sides of the same coin. They are not opposite word but they are relative words". Thus Sat is not opposite of Asat, Lok is notopposite of Alok, Jeev is not opposite of Ajeev, Dharm is not opposite of Adharm, They all have independent existence. They all are dravyas with Guna and Paryay. Depending on the level of our knowledge, perception and vision, a thing which is illusionary and non-being appear existing and 'being'.

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59 Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism Reality is not self-explanatory and has to be analyzed by theories. Mahavir says the analyst should first of all develop Anekant Vision or have an open mind. Next the reality should be analyzed with reference to dravya, khetra, kaal and Bhav. If more than one solution is possible, then use Saptabhangi which is a science of Permutation and Combination to arrive at absolute and relative truth. Scientists approve this Jain method of analysis of truth. Vow! This is certainly a big tribute to Mahavir from the science community. Jains should feel proud that Mahavir was giving sermons on present day science at the time when most of the humans were still living in caves. 6. Jain Concepts of Sat, Akas (Cosmic Space) and Universe In Jainism anything that has existence is called dravya (matter) or sat". Very much like the present day scientist, Jains identify a dravya by its characteristic Guna or properties. 'A dravya cannot exist without Guna and Guna cannot exist without dravya". This type of statement can only be attributed to a scientist and none else. The scientist Mahavir declared - "Upneiva, Vigneiva, Dhruveiva'isthe principle property of all dravya. *Another most important property of the dravyais their Astikaya nature said Mahavir. Kaal (Time) is also a dravya but it is not Astikaya. There are six eternal dravya namely Akash (Cosmic Space), Dharm (State of Motion), Adharm (State Of Rest), Jeev (Consciuosness), Pudgala (Mass and Energy) and Kaal (Time) which together constitute the universe. Out of these six dravya only Pudgala has shape and physical form. All other dravya are colourless and formless. Each of these dravya has common properties and characteristic properties by which they can be identified. Akas (Cosmic Space)is a dravya which is sat and eternal. Giving Avagahan? (shelter} to other dravya is special property of Akas. It is boundless, infinite and Astikaya. It means it is infinite single body or field. A miniscule area of Akas is visible and contains above five eternal drava. This visible Akas is called VisibleLoks or 'Lokkadse Loyye'. It is also called Panchastikaya i.e. a single body (field) formed by five eternal Astikay dravyas namely Akas, Dharm, Adharm, Jeev and Pudgal. Time is not universal. Liberated souls and Parmanu live in Mokha Sthala where time has no existence. Despite presence of five dravya, infinite Akas is empty and contains no other dravya. This empty Akas is called Aloko. The concept of Alok is unique and fundamental concept of Jainism. No other religion or philosophy could ever conceive the existence of empty space except modern science. "Existence of Alok.is essential for the existence of Lok', saidBhagwan Mahavir, It is interesting to note that Lok and Alok are neither opposite nor

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 60 two different parts of Akasbut represent respectively visible and invisible Akas. Co-existence of lok and Alok is absolute truth which outwardly appears to violet laws of physics according to which empty space or vacuum cannot coexist with matter because matter gets sucked in by the vacuum. Mahavir solved this puzzle by saying Alok is not empty or vacuum but contains Akas Dravya. Modern Cosmologists boast that existence of empty space is one of the most exciting discoveries of modern times. Jain Agams10 also describe that Lok cannot become Alok and Alok cannot become lok. From the scientific point of view this is one of the most significant statements. This means lok with finite dimensions cannot become infinite Alok i.e. universe cannot expand to touch the boundaries of Akas or cosmic space. In modern science this is called Theorem of Expanding Universe according to which the universe is expanding continuously ever since it was born. But it cannot fill the cosmic space. The post Agamic Jain Acharyas11.12 however interprets the above Agamstatement in a different way. They believe that Akas is divided into lok and alok by Dharm dravya. There is noDharm dravya in Alok and therefore lok cannot enter Alok. This view does not appear to be logical because Akas is infinite and it is not possible to divide an infinite arupi dravya by another arupi dravya like Dharm dravya. It is also not possible to know the exact position of Lok in the infinite Akas. Since there is no boundary between Lok and Alok, it is meaningless to talk of lok being forbidden from entering into Alok. In our view the Agamic statement that 'Lokcannot become Aloka' and vice versa expresses infinite and finite dimensions of the two and also reflects upon the modern concept of Expanding Universe. Dharm and Adharmare othertwo important dravyawhich find no mention in any religious and philosophical work. Mahavir knew that 'creation' would have not been possible without the existence of these two vital dravya. Jain Agams13describes Dharm as dynamic property and Adharm as static property of matter. These two dravyabring atoms and Atman close so that creation can take place But in post Agam-period, perception about Dharm and Adharmdravya changed respectively to medium of propagation and medium of rest14. 15. Accordingly Dharmdravyahelps in motion of living and nonliving drvyaand Adharmdravyahelps in bringing the moving objects to rest. Science also does not support this perception. It supports Agams views which states that Dharm dravya.is natural state of motion and Adharm dravya.is natural state of rest and not medium of motion or medium of rest as perceived by some Jain Acharyas. The Jain concept of kaal or time is similar to modern scientific concept. Time 16, 17 is indicative of change and it is not Astikaya like all other dravya.

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61 Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism This simply means time does not exist as independent dravya everywhere in the universe. Kaal has independent existence only in Adhaii Dweep18 i.e.in human habitats which indicates that time is creation of human mind. Time is not absolute and only indicates change, what the Agams call as Vartana. It is obvious that according to Mahavir time is created by human mind and consciousness is in the timeless realm. According to modern science time is a concept dependent upon the physical world. The Astikay nature of dravya isalso an important concept of quantum physics in which a particle is considered as a quanta arising from field continuum. Scientifically speaking the Astikaya nature of the drayvas represents Quantum Fields or Potential Fields. The five quantum fields produce five perceptible quanta. The quantum particle of Akashastikaya is Akas Predesha, (Gravity quanta), that of Dharmastikaya is dharm dravya (motion or kinetic energy quanta). Adharmastikaya gives rise to adharm dravya (potential energy quanta), Jeevastikaya give rise to Jeev (electromagnetic energy quanta which has information acquisition and transmission capability similar to Upayog Guna) and Pudgalastikaya generates parmanu or atom which is a mass quanta. Modern cosmology owns its existence to Einstein who proposed the theory of cosmic space in 1905 which has many similarities with Mahavir's Akas dravya. Like Mahavir, Einstein also said cosmic space is infinite gravitation field which contains small amount of matter and energy. What Jains call as Lok, Einstein called it visible space or universe. What Mahavir called as Alok, Einstein called infinite empty space. Since physics does not allow existence of empty space, Einstein suggested that the so called empty space contained dark matter and dark Energy. Mahavir on the other hand suggested that Alok is not empty but contains Akas Dravya which is closure to reality than dark energy and dark matter. Now physicists say Alok is the most dynamic seat of nature and is the source of creation of the universe where vibrating quantum fields produce fundamental particles, yet it remains unchanged on an average. Scientists are not yet clear about dark matter and dark energy and therefore they echo the words of Mahavir calling Cosmic Space as infinite gravitation field having quantum nature as well. Lord Mahavir is perhaps world's first scientist who said Alokakas, the empty cosmic space is not empty or vacuum but contains gravitational field or a subtle material substance out of which perceivable matter is formed. Akas is made of infinite numbers of Pradesh", field element of the size of an atom. However the pradeshas cannot be separated from the parent body. In the Astikaya state Kaal (time) and Ksetra (Space) do not have useful meaning rather space and time merge to form Space-Time as observed by Einstein.Jain Agams say that every Akas Pradesha is associated with a kaalanu.

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Bit 65/3, Tals-framare Mahavir's discovery of Akashastikaya is unknown to the world but Einstein's discovery of Space-Time captured all attention making him the world's greatest scientist ever borne. Einstein throughout his life time never agreed on quantum nature of the space. He had heated arguments with other Nobel Laureates like Neil Bohr whom he said "God does not play dice" meaning probability theorem cannot be applied to cosmic space. Unlike Einstein, Mahavir said Akas is Astikaya as well as an ensemble of Pradesha.Thus Mahavir announced that space has dual naturecontinuum and quantum. Einstein did not accept quantum nature of space. Twenty First century proved him wrong. Now physicists know that the empty space is not empty it is a quantum energy field fluctuating at all points in space in an unpredictable way, yet on an average they have remained the same everywhere, at all time. The vacuum fluctuations give rise to virtual particles that continuously arise out of nowhere only to disappear into nowhere again. Bhagvan Mahavir says the primary elements of reality are atoms and consciousness but their underlying Astikaya (Field) nature isthe universal permanence, He said Lok is Astikaya and so is Alok. Universe is a closed system in which the totalnumbers of atoms and soul are conserved. The universe is continuously evolving and in the process takes different forms-galaxies, stars, planets, animals, plants and humans. All form arises from the universe and dissolve into it. Thus quantum physics is completely in agreement with Jain Concepts ofbeing and nonbeing by accepting existence of vacuum quantum fields. The Jain quantum concept is also established by the fact that all the six dravyas are integral multiple of a Pradesh'or an atom. The smallest unit of all Astikaya is Pradesh. Fraction of Pradesh does not exist. If a draya is divisible then its smallest unit is parmanu. Fraction of parmanu does not exist. The unit of Time is samaya which cannot be fractioned. This clearly indicates that Jain science is digital. Pradesh, parmanu and samay are all integers and cannot take fractional value. All the forms of Jeev and Ajeev are integral multiple of these three basic units. This is in fact beginning if computer science. 7. Jainism and 'Theory of Everything Mahavira discovered millennia ago that Atman (pure consciousness) and Parmanu (atom), the two components of nature, have to be understood in terms of Cosmic Field Elements what he called atomic size Pradesha similar to what the scientist call as Plank Length.He said Parmanu is equivalent to one Akas Pradesh, Jeev is equivalent to Sankhyat Pradesh and Akas which contains 'Something'as well as 'Nothing' is equivalent to Asankhyat Pradesh.Both 'Something'and 'Nothing'have characteristic

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Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism properties and together constitute the nature and form natural laws for selfgoverness. 'Nothing'according to Jain Agams is Alokakash which is really not empty but contains a Dravya (matter) having the property of Gravitation and Astikaya (oneness). Alokakash is an infinite gravitational field having no beginning and no end, yet it has Space-Time characteristics. Something' is limited in dimensions and is visible to naked eyes. He called it as lok or universe in which the total quantity of its contents remains constant. The universe is constantly evolving and in the process new forms are produced and absorbed in the universe. All these forms are temporary in nature. Only the material atom and formless consciousness are eternal. How can 'nothing' create 'something? If you start peeling an onion to reach its core, you end up with 'nothing'. How is 'nothing' sustaining the onion? The onion peels and the empty space together make the onion because the empty space has the binding force. Exactly the same way Akas is vacuum still it sustains all dravyastikaya. This is the science of universe which Mahavir narrated to his disciples hundreds of years ago. Physicist such as Sheldon, Glashow, Weinsburg and Abdus Salam won Nobel Prize in 1960 for theoretical formulation of how universe emerged from nothing about 13.7 billions years ago. Physicists are now echoing the Jain concept of Panchastikaya which is union of Akashastikaya, Dharmastikaya, Adharmstikaya, Jeevastikaya and Pdgalastikaya by saying that the empty space is never really empty but filled with fluctuating quantum fields. According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, the quantum fields are always active and creating virtual particles in an unpredictable manner. Therefore in the quantum field theory, the primary elements of reality are not individual particles but the underlying quantum fields. The Nobel Prize in Physics in the year 2004 was awarded to Frank Wilczek for 'Theory of Everything' according to which everything physical in the universe comes from a single source - The Cosmic Space. Mahavir said nature's fundamental unit is Predesha and Wilczek said Nature's fundamental unit is Plank's Length. Over this length, the weakest gravity force equals the other strong forces like Nuclear and Electromagnetic Forces. Thus at the scale of Plank Length, all quantum fields with their separate identities permeate every point in space. What Wilczeck is telling in the twenty first century, Mahavir told the same to GuatamGanadhar in 560 B.C. Jain Agams refers universe as panchastikay. But in post agamic period, the word lok containing six eternal dravya also came in use. Einstein saw the universe as a smooth curved Space-Time surface in four dimensions. Quantum physicists see the space as quantum field. Both

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Ball 65/3, Tas-federe 64 these theories are proven success. But together they are out of joint. Wilczek and others found that both the quantum and continuum nature of space is in unison over Plank Lenth. They are simply confirming Mahavir's concepts of astikay and Pradesha. It is very difficult to say if the scientists got any inspiration from the Jain Agams or not, but the factremains that Mahavir announced existence of Pradesh hundreds of years before the scientists could postulate existence of Plank Length.Mahavir said Lok cannot be there without Alok. Scientists are now repeating his word by saying the empty space is source of everything. 8. Origin And Evolution of Life - Jain & Scientific Perceptions How and when life appeared in the universe? According to Agams life is present in the universe as Siddh (Soul without body) and Sansari Atman (Soul with body). Siddha does not incarnate and Sansarijeev pass through cycles of birth and death. It is not known when the soul acquired the body. Seeds of Jeev are present from the very beginning. The lowest form of Jeev is Ekendriya Jeey having one sense organ. Pachendriya Jeev is developed specimen with five sense organs. As human being we havean evolved mind and an evolved intellect. We also have five senses, and an ability to know ourselves and the world around us. All humans are born the same but we have different levels of evolution. Mahavira called these levels as Gunsthana. A form of algaecalled Nigodh having first level of Gunsthana could evolve to higher forms up to human being by self-efforts. The human being can evolve to fourteenth Gunsthana by right conduct and become Sidhatman or Parmatmanafter attaining Kewalgyan, a condition in which the soul does not see the physical forms but perceive only flow of consciousness and atoms. The main purpose of the human birth is to evolve and cultivate the soul to the level of fourteenth Gunsthana. According to Jain spiritualism, the consciousness is eternal part of the universe and it has to evolve through millions of different life forms before attaining the level of permatman21 Among thousands of different types of species in the world to gain a human birth is extremely rare. According to Jain concept Ekendriya Jeev known as Abhavya Jeeva cannot evolve to higher levels. But accidently some Nigodh, a kind of algae evolved to higher levels of consciousness. This Jain concept is akin to 'Theory of Accident in life science. Evolution from microorganism to complex human being is considered as one of the greatest discoveries of modern times and the credit of the discovery goes to a British scientist named Darwin. Some Western philosophers like Andrews Cohen have come out with a theory called Evolutionary Spiritualism according to which universe is continuously evolving. The cosmic energy has evolved to human being and the process of evolution

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Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism is still continuing. These philosophers feel that human beings can evolve to superhuman or God through this natural process of evolution. Bhagwan Mahavir says "No! It requires additional efforts from the conscious soul". Only human beings can do this, not even devataor celestial spirits. Perhaps the proponents of this modern philosophy are not aware that the foundation of Jainism is laid on the principal of evolution of consciousness to the stage of Nirwana and independent evolution of body from single cell microorganism to complex organism. Evolution of body and evolution of consciousness are two different phenomena and cannot be clubbed into one as Cohen and others have done. According to Jain Concept soul also evolves to higher levels along with evolution of body from microorganism to complex system. But it is limited by the human body and unless consciousness sheds the Karman Sharira, the highest level of fourteenth Gunsthanathat is Nirwana is just not possible. According to modern theory of spiritual evolution, subatomic particles or Higgs Bosons were formed by vacuum quantum fields. The subatomic particles so created united to form atoms. Atoms unite to form molecules and the molecules unite to form cells. Cells form living organism. Inwords of Drian Swimme24, the story of evolution of the universe is very simple - 13.7 million years ago the universe burst as hot gas of elementary particles which took three hundred thousand years to cool enough to form hydrogen atoms. When the universe was a billion year old, galaxies started to form. Thus hydrogen transformed into helium and helium transformed into carbon, so on and so forth. Eventually around three and half billions years ago, life began to form. Thus according to these philosophers if you take hydrogen Gas and leave it alone, it turns into roses, bushes, giraffes and humans Jainview is similar to the modern thinking that the cosmic energy is the source behind the creative process. But Maahavir puts a rider and says "Hydrogen a dead material, colouless, odourless stuff can turn into a body cellbut cannot turn into living cell', According to Agams the universe is constantly evolving and greater complexities may emerge from simple one in the form of Paryay.But consciousness cannot emerge from dead matter because consciousness is fundamentally a different kind of material. Therefore consciousness does not emerge from cosmic space but it is a constituent of cosmic space. Mahavir said our body is made of the same dead atoms as the stars, planets, the sun and moon. All these objects do not have consciousness and in the absence of consciousness these celestial bodies are as good as dead. Atoms can bind with consciousness to produce Karman Sharira or subtle body which is living and grows into complex organisms like a living cell. Jain

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Ball 65/3, Tas-federe Agams describe how a single cell algae develop into full human over a period of millions of years. All types of motionsare called as Karma in Jainism. The karmic energy can bind with the consciousness and form Karman Sharira. According to Jain concept motion or karma is basically atomic in nature what the scientists call as quantum nature. Mahavir says Consciousness' does not have natural motion. It moves only with the help of an atom or Karman Sharira which is like the DNA molecule. The basic life element DNA is in fact a dead chemical but when encased into permeable cell body it becomes alive. Obviously Life did not emerge in the DNA molecule by conversion of food molecules permeated through the cell body. The cell body only provided environment conducive for the built in consciousness to emerge into perceptible form. Thus evolution of of dead DNA molecule into living cell is similar to evolution of Karman Sharira into full living body. The modern proponents of evolutionary spiritualism need to understand the science of consciousness in a mode different from the atomic mode which they are propounding. Centuries ago Kewal Gyani Mahavir presented the science of emergence and evolution of soul and body as two independent evolutions. Mahavir postulated existence of soul and atom as two independent but perceptible forms of cosmic energy. Today the quantum physicists agree that consciousness is built in the cosmic energy in the form of awareness which can develops into perceptible quanta like gravity develops into perceptible material quanta what we call as atom. Andrews Cohen, one of the proponents of modern philosophy of Evolutionary Spiritualism questions why Moksha? He says we are evolving into something greater and far better than what we are today, so why to talk of Moksha? Mahavir says our body may evolve into a better one but that does not ensure that our soul will also evolve to perfection. The final level of perfection is Nirwana which is not possible unless you accept existence of soul and cultivate it by right conduct. Hydrogen atom may evolve into human body but cannot evolve into Permatman or God. Only consciousness can evolve into Kewal Gyani or God or Permatman. 9. Jain Parmanu, Quantum Atom not Dalton's Classical Atom Ancient philosophers from India, Greece, China etc. describe atom as the smallest material particle beyond which matter does not exist. But for Mahavir the Atom is not only the smallest indivisible material particle but is also the Creator of the universe. The atom has special properties which are essential for creation and Jain Agams describe these atomic properties which are similar to those of Quantum Atom or Vector Atom discovered by

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67 Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism Nobel laureate Niels Bohr in 1913 and subsequently upgraded by several Nobel Prize winning scientists between 1913 and 1930. Dalton's Atomic Theory' is considered as the pioneer work in science that led to scientific understanding of formation of chemical compounds. Dalton said atoms have chemical affinity and two or more atoms unite chemically to produce varieties of chemical compounds. In a chemical or physical process atoms are neither created nor destroyed nor subdivided. Atoms are conserved. Jain Agams25 describes in details the process by which two or more atoms combine to form di-atomic, triatomic, and multi atomic molecules. Agams also mentions that atoms execute different types of motions which results in emission of light, heat, darkness, brightness, sound etc. Bohr and other scientists confirmed this fact and received Nobel Prize for prediction of atomic motion and energy emission by quantum jumps. Jain Agams cites the following properties of atoms which were rediscovered by scientists which opened new branches of Quantum Spectroscopy, Atomic physics, Molecular Physics etc. 1. Parmanu (Atom) is dimensionless, formless and indivisible particle of Pudgal dravya. It has no length, no height and no thickness28 2. Parmanu is unit of Pudgala. Matter and energy cannot exist in quantityless than a parmanuanu. Since parmanuanu is also a measure of Pudgala which is rupi and murth, Parmanu is expected to have one unit of colour(monochromatic), two units of sparsha (Two types of charges), one unit of smell (olfactory) and one unit of taste. taste. This does not mean at all that Jain Parmanu has colour, odour and taste. It simply means all thase properties of matter and energyare measured in units of Parmanu. In other words Jain Parmanu is not simply an atom but a Qunta of modern science. 3. Permanu is always in motion. It executes translatory, vibratory, rotatory and several other types of motion". 4. Parmanu has cold or hot Sparsha30 (Ground and Excited Energy States), and Ruksha or Snigdha Sparsha" (Positive or Negative Charge). 5. Parmanu is a particle having no dimensions yet it occupies an area equal to one Akash Pradesha". This statement is equivalent to saying that Parmanu has particle as well as field nature. 6. Two ormore Parmanu unite to form diatomic, triatomic, etc. molecules. The Ruksha or Snigdha Sparsha binds the atoms into molecules32. The sparsha can take only integral values like 1, 2, 3 etc. Agams describe in details the selection rules for chemical combination of atoms33

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Bal 65/3, Tas-federe 7. Based on the permutation and combination of 5 colours, 5 tastes, 2 smell and 4 touches, Jain Agams describe 5 x 5 x 2 x 4 = 200 types of Parmanu34. Modern science claims to have discovered 104 varieties. All heavy atoms unstable and radioactive. 8. Sound, light, heat etc. are upkar of parmanu. Jain Agams35 describe four types of Parmanui. DravyaParmanu (Atom) ii. KshetraParmanu (Pradesh) iii. KaalParmanu (Samaya) and iv. Bhav Parmanu (Karman Parmanu) The last type represents what scientists call as phonons or mechanical energy quanta .In agamic language it is called karma which can bind with Atman. The binding force depends on the intensity of anger, emotions, psychological reactions etc Therefore. Mahavir, emphasizes on nonattachment and renunciation. One should live in a family and in the society with a feeling of oneness. 10. Conclusion Even a casual look at Jain Agams reveals that Jainism is not a religion or philosophy in the conventional sense, but it is science of Creation and Evolution'. Bhagwan Mahavir established a new order of spiritualism in whichGod has no place and the evolution of living beings including humans up to the level of Nirvana is possible through the path of knowledge and right conduct. Bhagwan Mahavirsaid Universe is not created by God. Universe has no beginning and no end. It is material part of theeternal gravitation field called Akas or Cosmic space. The perceptible manifestation of Akas appears as atoms and consciousness. All living and nonliving objects found in the universe are created by atoms and consciousness. The fundamental governing principle of creation is - Upneiva, Vigneiva, Dhruveiva' which is known as law of conservation of mass and energy in modern science. In the creation infinite varieties of substances are formed but in this process Atoms and soul are conserved. No new atom is created and no new soul is borne. One type of Dravya cannot be produced from another dravya. In other words Jeev is produced by Jeev and Ajeev is produced by ajeev. This is the second principle of creation. Biologists call the second principle as Biogenesis of life in which life is produced only by existing life. The most significant statement of Mahavir is about the dual nature of matter what the Agams call as Bheda-bhed (Dual Nature) characteristics of all dravya whether Rupior Arupi. Thus by Bhed dristi the dravya is either made of parmanu (atoms) or pradesha (Field Elements). By Abhed dristi except Kaal (Time), all other dravyaare Astikaya, i.e. they are

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Jainism, Quantum Physics and Evolving Spiritualism Quantum Fields. Accoding to Jain Agams 'Parmanu'or an atom is equal to one Pradesha and all other dravya are made of finite or infinite number of Pradesha. In other words the smallest unit of matter including energy is one Parmanu' or one Pradesha'. All substances are integral multiple of this unit. This quantum nature of matter which was so obvious to Bhagvan Mahavir, proved to be a very big challenge to Noble Laureates like Einstein, Heisenberg,and Schrodinger and many others. They were at loss to explain how particles behave wavelike simultaneously. According to science atoms do not remain located at some particular place in space. Rather at any given time itsmere existence is like a probability of where it could be. But science must observe it, in order to prove its existence. This means a very large numbers of observations have to be made to see the atom at a place because most of the time it is not there. Therefore scientists describe wave function or minimum space volume within which the atom is likely to be present. Lord Mahavir designates this volume as one Akas Pradesh. Jain Agams contain several revolutionary scientific concepts, principles and postulates which are briefly listed in this article. The readers can find their details in the book Jain Agams me Vigyan co-authored with Jain SadhaviDrSaritaji. References 1. Uttaradhyayan Sutra, 11/28 2. Tatwartha Sutra, 30/5 3. Uttaradhyayan Sutra, 3/36 4. Jain Darshan Aur Vighyan, Muni Mahendra Kumar&Jethalal S. Zavery, 1992. 5. Tatwartha Sutra, 29/5 6. Uttaradhyayan Sutra, 6/28 7. Tatwartha Sutra, 12/5 8. Uttaradhyayan Sutra7/28 9. Uttaradhyayan Sutra2/36 10. Sthanang Sutra10/6,8,10 11. AcharyDevendra Muni, Jain DarshanSwarup Aur Vislation, 1975, page 134 12. Achary Mahapracgya, jainDarshan- Manan and Mimansa, fifth edition 13. Uttaradhyayan Sutra, 9/28 14. Tatwartha Sutra 1775 15. Jain Darshan , Manan&Mimansa, Acharya Mahapragya 16. Uttaradhyayan Sutra, 10/28 17. Tatwartha Sutra, 22/5 18. Bhagwati Sutra, 25/4/374 19. Tatwartha Sutra, 9/28 20. Sthanang Sutra, 4/3/334 21. Uttaradhyayan Sutra, 3/7

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 22. Uttaradhyayan Sutra, 1,2/3 23. Uttaradhyayan Sutra, 49/36 24. Milky Ways 200,000.000.000 Galaxies, Brian Swimme 25. Tatwartha Sutra, 32-37/5 26. Bhagvati Sutra, 16/8 27. Uttaradhyayan Sutra, 12/28 28. Samaysar, gatha 29 29. Bhagvati Sutra,3/3/153 30. Rajvartik, 5/25/13,14 31. Tatwartha Sutra,33/5 32. Tatwartha Sutra, 11/5 33. Pragyapana Sutra, 21-22/13 34. Dravyanuyog, 564 35. Bhagvati Sutra 25/4 70 - DRDO scientist (Retd.) B5/24, 1st Floor, Sector-15, Rohini, Delhi - 110 085

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AcArya vaTTakera viracita 'mUlAcAra' aura prAyazcitta vyavasthA - DaoN. kamalezakumAra jaina jAne-anajAne meM huI bhUla kA parimArjana karane evaM bhaviSya meM usa bhUla kI punarAvRtti na ho, isake lie jo aparAdha zodhana kriyA kI jAtI hai, use prAyazcitta kahate haiN| manuSya, cAhe vaha gRhastha ho yA sanyAsI, ke dvArA paga-paga para bhUla, doSa yA aparAdha hotA hai athavA bhUla, doSa yA aparAdha hone kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| ataH ina saba aparAdhoM ke zodhana ke lie prAyazcittoM kA vidhAna bhI zAstroM meM pAyA jAtA hai| ina prAyazcittoM kI carcA nyUnAdhika rUpa se bhAratIya sabhI dhArmika paramparAoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| vaidika paramparA meM prAyazcitta vidhAna karane vAlA vipula sAhitya likhA gayA hai| yahA~ para prAyazcitta ko dharmazAstra ke aMtargata rakhA gayA hai| vizeSakara smRtiyoM meM isakI vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai| yAjJavalkya-smRti ke tIna vibhAga haiM - AcAra, vyavahAra aura praayshcitt| prAyazcitta nAmaka tRtIya adhyAya meM, 334 zlokoM meM mAtra prAyazcittoM kA vidhAna pAyA jAtA hai| jaina dharma meM prAyazcitta eka tapa mAnA gayA hai| isakI gaNanA Abhyantara tapoM meM kI gaI hai| prAyazcittAdi chaha tapoM kI kriyAeM antaH meM calane vAlI prakriyAeM haiM, ataH inakA pravRttyaMza yA phala bAhara se dikhAI nahIM detA hai| ina tapoM ke dvArA mana ko ekAgra, zuddha aura nirmala banAyA jAtA hai| prastuta nibaMdha meM AcArya vaTTakera racita mUlAcAra meM pratipAdita prAyazcitta vidhAna viSayaka vivaraNa ke Aloka meM prAyazcitta vyavasthA kA saMkSipta adhyayana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| mUlAcAra ke paMcAcAra adhikAra meM tapoM kA vivecana karate samaya prAyazcitta ke viSaya meM mAtra tIna gAthAe~ AyIM haiN| pahalI gAthA meM prAyazcitta kA svarUpa, dUsarI gAthA meM prAyazcitta ke bheda evaM tIsarI gAthA meM anya nAma batAe gae haiN| bAhya tapa kA prayojana batAte hue yahA~ kahA gayA hai ki bAhya tapoM se mana azubha ko prApta nahIM hotA, tapoM se zraddhA-zubha anurAga-paidA hotA hai aura yoga arthAt mUla guNoM kI hAni bhI nahIM hotii| yahA~ para bAhya tapoM ke jo chaha prakAra batAe haiM, unake nAma va krama isa prakAra haiM - anazana, avamaudarya, rasaparityAga, vRttiparisaMkhyA, kAyaparitApa aura viviktshynaashn| tattvArthasUtra aura usakI TIkAoM Adi meM kAyaparitApa' nAmaka tapa ke sthAna para kAyakleza' zabda kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| tattvArthasUtra se isake svarUpa evaM krama meM bhI aMtara pAyA jAtA hai| prastuta nibaMdha meM mUlAcAra meM pratipAdita prAyazcitta tapa ke vivaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha jaina paramparA meM svIkRta prAyazcitta kA svarUpa evaM vidhAna saMketita kiyA gayA hai|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara prAyazcita (pAyacchitta) eka aMtaraMga tapa antaraMga tapa ke chaha bheda haiM - prAyazcitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRttya, svAdhyAya, vyutsarga, aura dhyaan| inheM AbhyaMtara tapa kahane kA kAraNa batAte hue akalaMkadeva ne kahA ki ye prAyazcittAdi tapa bAhya dravyoM kI apekSA nahIM rakhate, antaHkaraNa ke vyApAra se hote haiM tathA anya matAnuyAyiyoM dvArA anabhyasta aura aprApta hote haiM, isalie Abhyantara kahe jAte haiN| prAyazcita ko Abhyantara tapoM meM kyoM sthAna diyA gayA hai? isa prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue pUjyapAda devanandi ne likhA hai ki mana kA niyamana karane vAlA hone se ise Abhyantara tapa kahate hai - kthmsyaabhyntrtvm| mnoniymnaarthtvaat| tapoM ke ina bhedoM meM uttarottara sUkSmatA hotI jAtI hai| prAyazcita tapa evaM prayojana :- karmakSaya ke lie jo tapA jAya vaha tapa hai - karmakSayArtha tapyata iti tpH| tapa ke dvArA karmakSaya karane ke lie zarIra aura indriyoM ko tapAyA jAtA hai| tapaH karmakSayArtha tapyante zarIrendriyANi tpH|" loka meM santAna prApti ke lie, yaza-pratiSThA prApti hetu evaM dhana-saMpadA Adi kI prApti ke lie tapoM kA AcaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| parantu jaina dharma meM tapa kA prayojana AtmA kA zuddhikaraNa hai| punarjanma evaM vRddhAvasthA ko tyAgane ke lie hai - apatyavittottaralokatRSNayA tapasvinaH kecana karma kurvte| bhavAnpunarjanmajarAjihAsayA trayIM pravRttiM smghiirvaarunnt|| (svayaMbhUstotra, zloka 49) arthAt kucha tapasvI apatya (putra), dhana yA uttaraloka (paraloka yA ihaloka) ke sukhoM kI AkAMkSA se karma (tapAdi saMyama) dhAraNa karate haiN| parantu Apane janma jarA aura mRtyu nAza karane ke lie mana, vacana, kAya ko rokA hai| tapAcaraNa se dehAdhyAsa naSTa hotA hai| deha ke prati Asakti AtmasAdhanA meM pramukha vighna hai| zarIra kI Asakti se vilAsitA aura pramAda utpanna hotA hai| tapa ke dvArA karmo/ pudgaloM ko AtmA se alaga-thalaka karake AtmA kA vizuddha rUpa prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| isalie tapa ko Atma parizodhana kI prakriyA mAnA gayA hai| isase Abaddha karmoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| jaise ki tapA karake svarNa ko vizuddha kiyA jAtA hai| prAyazcitta zabda kA artha - prAyazcitta zabda do zabda ke mela se banA hai- praayH+citt| prAyaH zabda kA artha hai - sAdhuloka yA saadhusmaaj| sAdhuoM kA jisa karma meM citta ho, vaha prAyazcitta kahalAtA hai| athavA, prAyaH' zabda kA artha hai - apraadh| aura 'citta' zabda kA artha hai - shuddhi| isa taraha prAyaH + citta zabda kA sammilita artha hai- aparAdha se shuddhi| "prAyaH sAdhulokaH prAyasya yasminkarmaNi cittaM ttpraayshcittm|" athavA, aparAdho vA prAyaH cittaM zuddhiH, prAyasya cittaM prAyazcitam, apraadhvishuddhirityrthH|

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AcArya vaTTakera viracita 'mUlAcAra' aura prAyazcitta vyavasthA vaidika granthoM meM (hindU-dharma-koza ke anusAra) 'prAyazcitti' aura 'prAyazcita', ina donoM zabdoM kA prayoga eka hI artha meM pAyA jAtA hai| inase pApamukti ke lie dhArmika kriyAeM athavA tapa karane kA bodha hotA hai| paravartI sAhitya meM prAyazcitta zabda kA hI adhika prayoga pAyA jAtA hai / isa zabda kI aneka vyutpattiyA~ kI gaI haiN| zAstrakAroM ne prAyazcitta kA artha prAyaH (tapa), citta (dRDhasaMkalpa) arthAt tapa karane kA dRr3ha saMkalpa kiyA hai|" yAjJavalkyasmRti kI vAlabhaTTI TIkA meM uddhRta zlokArtha ke anusAra isa zabda kA vyutpatti prAyaH pApa, vitta, zuddhi, arthAt pApa se zuddhi kI gaI hai - prAyaH pApaM vinirdiSTaM citta tasya vizodhanam / pArAzaramAdhavIya ne kisI smRti ke AdhAra para eka anya taraha se bhI prAyazcita kI vyAkhyA kI hai2 - "prAyazcitta vaha kriyA hai jisake dvArA anutApa karane vAle pApI kA citta mAnasika asaMtulana se (prAyazaH) mukta kiyA jAtA hai| prAyazcita naimitikIya kRtya hai kintu isameM pApa mocana kI kAmanA karttA meM hotI hai, jisase vaha kAmya bhI kahA jA sakatA hai|" 73 prAyazcitta ke paryAyavAcI nAma mUlAcAra meM prAyazcitta zabda ke ATha paryAyavAcI nAma ginAe gaye haiM- 1. pUrvakarmakSapaNa, kSepaNa, nirjaraNa, zodhana, ghAvana, pujchana, utkSepaNa aura chedn| mUla gAthA isa prakAra hai - porANakammakhavaNaM khivaNaM NijjaraNaM sodhaNaM dhuvaNaM / puMchaNamucchivaNaM chidaNaM ti pAyacchittassa NAmAI // uparyukta nAmoM kI apanI sArthakatA hai| prAyazcitta kA prayojana - prAyazcitta kyoM kiyA jaataa| isa prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue akalaMkadeva kahate haiMpramAdadoSavyudAsa (duHkha), bhAva prasAda (prasannatA) niHzalyatva, anavasthA nivAraNa, maryAdA kA pAlana, saMyama kI dRr3hatA evaM ArAdhanA Adi kI siddhi ke lie prAyazcitta kiyA jAtA haikimarthamidamucyate ? pramAdadoSavyudAsabhAvaprasAdanaiH zalyAnavasthAvyAvRttimaryAdA tyAgasaMyamadArdvArAdhanAdisiddhayarthaM praayshcittm|4 prAyazcitta paribhASA - mUlAcAra ke anusAra, jisa kriyA ke dvArA pahale kiye gaye pApoM kA zodhana hotA hai aura AtmA vizuddha hotA hai vaha prAyazcitta tapa kahalAtA hai prAyazcitaM ti tavo jeNa visujjhadi hupuvvakayapAvaM yadyapi tapAcaraNa gRhastha aura muni, donoM apanI-apanI yogyatA ke anusAra karate haiM, parantu yahAM para muni avasthA kA hI prasaMga hai aura isa avasthA meM prAyazcittAdi tapa vrata jaisA rUpa dhAraNa kara lete haiN| yadyapi doSa yA bhUla zodhana ke jitane bhI prakAra ho sakate haiM, ve sabhI prAyazcita ke aMtargata A jAte haiM tathApi muni dharma kI apekSA se dhAraNa kiye hue vrata meM pramAda se utpanna doSoM kA zodhana karanA prAyazcitta tapa kahalAtA hai| - hindU dharmazAstra ke anusAra, pApa do prakAra ke hote haiM aicchika aura anaicchika / isalie dharmazAstra meM isa bAta para vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki donoM prakAra ke pApoM meM prAyazcitta karanA Avazyaka hai yA nhiiN| eka mata hai ki kevala anaicchika pApa prAyazcitta se dUra hote haiM aura unhIM ko dUra karane ke lie prAyazcitta karanA cAhie, aicchika pApoM kA phala to bhoganA

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 74 hI par3atA hai, unakA mocana prAyazcitta se nahIM hotaa|" dUsare mata ke anusAra, donoM prakAra ke pApoM ke lie prAyazcitta karanA cAhie, bhale hI pAralaukika phalabhoga (narakAdi) manuSya ko apane duSkarma ke kAraNa bhoganA pdd'e| prAyazcitta ke dvArA vaha sAmAjika saMparka ke yogya ho jAtA hai|7 bahuta se aise aparAdha haiM ki jinake lie rAjadaNDa aura prAyazcitta donoM kA vidhAna dharmazAstroM meM pAyA jAtA hai| jaise- hatyA, corI, sapiNDa se yoni saMbandha, dhokhA Adi / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki rAjadaNDa se manuSya ke zArIrika kAryoM para niyaMtraNa hotA hai, kintu usakI mAnasika zuddhi nahIM hotI aura vaha sAmAjika saMparka ke yogya nahIM bntaa| ataH dharmazAstra meM prAyazcitta bhI Avazyaka batalAyA hai| prAyazcitta kA vidhAna karate samaya isa bAta para vicAra kiyA gayA hai ki pApa athavA aparAdha kAmataH (icchA se) kiyA gayA hai athavA anicchA se (akAmataH), prathama aparAdha hai yA punraavRtt| sAtha hI paristhiti, samaya, sthAna, varNa vaya, zakti, vidyA, dhana Adi para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai|" prAyazcitta ke bheda - mUlAcAra ke anusAra, prAyazcitta ke dasa bheda haiM18 - 1. AlocanA, 2 . pratikramaNa, 3. tadubhaya, 4. viveka, 5. vyutsarga, 6. tapa, 7. cheda, 8. mUla, 9. parihAra aura 10. zraddhAna / jaisA ki kahA gayA hai AloyaNa paDikamaNaM ubhayavivego tahA viussaggo / taba chedo mUlaM viSa parihAro caiva saddahaNA / / sthAnAMgasUtra, bhagavatIsUtra, jItakalpasUtra evaM vyavahArasUtra Adi meM bhI prAyazcittAdi tapoM kI carcA pAyI jAtI hai| pratyeka prAyazcita kina-kina aura kaise-kaise doSoM para lAgU hotA hai| isakA vizeSa vivaraNa bhI ina granthoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra, bhagavatIsUtra evaM vilA TIkA meM navama prAyazcitta kA nAma anavasthApya (tapasyApUrvaka punardIkSA) batAyA gayA hai aura dazama kA nAma pArAMcika yA pAraMcika (bhartsanA aura avahelanA pUrvaka punrdiikssaa)| bAkI ATha nAma mUlAcAra kI hI taraha haiM / 22 tattvArthasUtra evaM isake TIkA granthoM meM prAyazcita ke nau hI bheda batAye gaye haiM 1. AlocanA, 2. pratikramaNa, 3. tadubhaya, 4. viveka, 5. vyutsarga, 6. tapa, 7. cheda, 8. parihAra, aura 9. upasthApana / inameM 'mUla' va 'zruddhAna' kI gaNanA nahIM kI gaI hai aura navama prAyazcitta kA nAma upasthApanA batAyA gayA hai| isa kA svarUpa mUlAcAragata 'mUla' nAmaka prAyazcitta kI taraha hai 1. AlocanA (AloyaNa) mUlAdhAra vRttikAra ke anusAra, apane gurU ke samakSa sarala bhAva se AtmaniMdApUrvaka doSoM kA prakaTa karanA AlocanA hai|" akalaMkadeva ne kahA hai ki ekAMta meM virAjamAna prasannacitta guru ke samakSa dezakAlajJa ziSya dvArA kI jAtI hai, jisameM ziSya saralabuddhi bAlaka kI taraha savinaya Atma doSoM kA nivedana karatA hai| vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki yaha Alocana daza doSoM se rahita honI caahie| ye dasa doSa isa prakAra haiM27 -

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AcArya vaTTakera viracita 'mUlAcAra' aura prAyazcitta vyavasthA 1. Akampita, 2. anumAnita, 3. yadRSTa, 4. bAdara, 5. sUkSma, 6. channa, 7. zabdAkulita, 8. bahujana, 9. avyakta, 10. ttsevii| ina 10 doSoM ke nAma, svarUpa evaM krama ke viSaya meM zAstrakAroM meM aMtara bhI dekhane meM AtA hai| AlocanA ke binA bar3e se bar3e tapa bhI saMvara ke sAtha hone vAlI nirjarA ko nahIM kara pAte haiN| jaise ki saMcita mala kA virecana kiye binA auSadhi peTa ke lie guNakArI nahIM hotI hai| pratikramaNa (paDikamaNa)- yaha prAyazcitta tapa kA dUsarA bheda hai| karmavaza athavA pramAdajanya doSoM kA 'mithyA meM duSkRtam' (micchAmi (micchA me) dukkaDa) arthAt merA duSkRta (doSa) mithyA ho, aisA mAnasika pazcAtApa karanA pratikramaNa hai|' 3. tadubhaya - kucha doSa AlocanA se zuddha hote haiM, kucha pratikramaNa se evaM kucha doSa AlocanA aura pratikramaNa, donoM se zuddha hote haiM yaha tadubhaya tapa kahalAtA hai| sabhI pratikramaNa niyama se AlocanA pUrvaka hote haiN| jo ki guru kI AjJA se kiye jAte hai| jahAM kevala pratikramaNa se doSa zuddhi hotI hai vahAM vaha svayaM guru ke dvArA hI kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki guru svayaM kisI dUsare se AlocanA nahIM krtaa| 4. viveka (vivego)- jisa vastu ke tyAga se doSa kI vizuddhi ho arthAt prApta anna, pAna evaM upakaraNa Adi kA tyAga viveka prAyazcitta hai| 5. vyutsarga (viussaggo) - kAla kA niyama karake kAyotsarga Adi karanA arthAt zarIra ke vyApAra rokakara ekAgra hokara dhyeya vastu meM upayoga lagAnA vyutsarga prAyazcitta hai| tapa - anazana, avamaudarya Adi kA AcaraNa tapa prAyazcitta hai| 7. cheda - cira pravrajita sAdhu kI amuka dina, pakSa aura mAha Adi ke lie dIkSA kA cheda karanA cheda prAyazcitta hai| isa cheda kA nirNaya doSa kI laghutA evaM gurutA ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| mUla - viparIta AcaraNa se utpanna doSoM kI zuddhi ke lie cAritra paryAya ko sarvathA chedakara naI dIkSA denA mUla prAyazcitta kahalAtA hai| parihAra - doSI sAdhaka ko usake doSAnusAra, pakSa, mahInA, varSa Adi ke lie saMgha se dUra rakhanA tathA usase kisI prakAra saMsarga nahIM rakhanA parihAra prAyazcitta hai| 10. zraddhAna (saddahaNA) - tattvoM meM ruci rakhanA zraddhAna hai| mAnasika doSa ke hone para usake parimArjana ke lie merA doSa mithyA ho-aisA kathana karanA zraddhAna prAyazcitta kahA gayA hai| uparyukta AlocanA Adi prAyazcitta tapa ke bheda haiN| akalaMkadeva kA kathana hai ki sAdhaka ko deza, kAla, zakti aura saMyama Adi ke avirodha rUpa se aparAdha ke anusAra doSoM ke nivAraNa hetu prAyazcitta grahaNa karanA caahie| yadyapi jIva ke pariNAma (bhAva) asaMkhya loka ke barAbara hote haiM aura jitane pariNAma hote haiM utane aparAdha (doSa) bhI hote haiM, parantu prAyazcitta to utane ho nahIM skte| ataH vyavahAranaya kI apekSA se prAyazcittoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA 9. pApa niSkarSataH prAyazcitta doSoM ko dUra karane kA eka uttama upAya hai| isa tapa meM apane dvArA kiye gaye karmoM kA pazcAtApa tathA bhaviSya meM unakI punarAvRtti na ho, isa bhAvanA kA vikAsa

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 76 hotA hai| isa tapa kA AcaraNa karane ke lie sAdhaka ko vinamra, sarala, niSkapaTa evaM sadbhAvoM se yukta honA caahiye| jisa prakAra kisI rogI ko upacAra (cikitsA) kA uddezya rogI ko kaSTa yA dukha denA nahIM hotA hai, apitu usakA kaSTa yA duHkha dUra karanA hotA hai, usI prakAra prAyazcitta tapa kA uddezya sAdhaka kI sAdhanA ko nirdoSa karanA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paraMparA meM vAsanAoM ko kamajora karane evaM samucita AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sAdhanA ke lie zarIra, indriya aura mana ko tapAyA jAnA tapa kahA gayA hai| inameM bAhya tapa to zArIrika kriyA kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa aura bAhya dravyoM ke Alambana kI apekSA rakhate haiM aura dUsaroM ko dikhAI bhI dete haiM, parantu prAyazcittAdi Abhyantara tapoM meM mAnasika kriyA kI hI pradhAnatA hotI hai, inameM bAhya dravyoM kI apekSA nahI hotI, isalie dUsaroM ke dvArA dikhAI bhI nahIM dete| isa prakAra bAhya tapoM kA sthUla svarUpa tathA anya logoM ke dvArA jAnane yogya hone para bhI ina tapoM kA Abhyantara tapa kI puSTi meM upayogI evaM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| vaidika granthoM meM bhI prAyazcitta kA bahutAyata se vidhAna pAyA jAtA hai| yahA~ para prAyazcitta pada ke aneka artha pAye jAte haiN| inameM tapa karane kA dRr3ha saMkalpa, pApazuddhi, pApa mojana ke lie dhArmika kriyA Adi artha pramukha haiN| vaidikaparaMparA ke dharmazAstra meM prAyazcitta ko Avazyaka batAyA gayA hai| isaliye smRti sAhitya meM pramukhatA se inakA vidhAna milatA hai| prAyazcitta viSayaka vivaraNa ko dekhane se yaha bhI spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina paraMparA meM prAyazcitta viSayaka vivecana do rUpoM meM prApta hotA hai- prAkRta graMthoM ke AdhAra para evaM tattvArthasUtrAdi saMskRta graMthoM ke AdhAra pr| saMkhyA, nAma evaM krama meM bheda hone para bhI mUlataH inake svarUpAdi meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| saMdarbha: 1. yAjJavalkyasmRti mitAkSarA TIkopetA, saMpAdaka DaoN. gaMgA sAgara rAya, caukhambA, saMskRta pratiSThAna, dillI, punarmudrita saMskaraNa 1999 2. vahI, adhyAya 3 3. mUlAcAra, gAthA 360, jJAnapIThamUrtidevI graMthamAlA, prAkRta graMthAMka 19, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1992 4. tattvArthavArtika 9.20, mUrti devI jaina graMthamAlA, saMskRta graMtha saMkhyA 20, pR. saMskaraNa, 2001 5. sarvArthasiddhi 9.20, bhAratavarSIya anekAnta vidvat pariSad, 1995 6. tattvArthavArtika 9.16.17 7. mUlAcAra vRtti 11.5 8. svayaMbhUstotra zloka 49, samantabhadragraMthAvalI, vIra sevA maMdira TrasTa prakAzana, 1989 9. tattvArthavArtika 9.22.1 10. hindU dharmakoSa-rAjabalI pANDeya, hindI samiti prabhAga graMthamAlA-248, u.pra. hindI saMsthAna, lakhanaU, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1988 pR.430 11. vahI, pRSTha 430 12. pArAzaramAdhavIya 2.1.3 draSTavya-hindU dharmakoSa, pRSTha-430

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NavakAra-maMtra mAhAtmya 13. mUlAcAra paMcAcArAdhikAra, gAthA 363 14. tattvArthavArtika 9.22.1 15. mUlAcAra paMcAcArAdhikAra, gAthA 361 16. yAjJavalkya smRti 3.226, 17. gautama smRti 19.7.1 18. hindUdharma koza, pRSTha-430 19. pAyacchitaM pattoti teNa vuttaM dasavihaM tu| mUlAcAra, paMcAcArAdhikAra, gAthA 361 20. vahI, gAthA 362 21. tattvArthasUtra, sukhalAla saMghavI kRta vivecanA, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka maNDala, vArANasI 1952, ttippnnii| 22. sthAnAMga (ThANaM) 10.73, bhagavatIsUtra 25.7.9, dhavalA TIkA 13.5.4, 26.63.1, draSTavya-mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama graMthamAlA 40, prathama saMskaraNa, 1987, pRSTha 188 23. tattvArthasUtra 9.22 24. tulanIya, mUlAcAra gAthA 362 evaM tattvArthasUtra 9.22 25. mUlAcAra vRtti gAthA 362 26. tattvArthavArtika 9.22.2 27. AkaMpiya aNumANiya jaM dihra bAdaraM ca suhumaM c| chaNNaM saddAuliyaM bahujaNamavvatta tssevii|| mUlAcAra vRtti gAthA 362, sarvArthasiddhi 9.22 para uddhRt| 28. mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 189-190 29. dazadharma pRSTha-136 30. mUlAcAra vRtti gAthA 362 31. vahI gAthA 360 32. tattvArthavArtika 9.22.10 - jayapura (rAjasthAna)

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NavakAra-maMtra mAhAtmya - DaoN. udayacandra jaina Namo arihaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM Namo aairiyaannN| Namo uvajjhAyANaM, Namo loe savva saahuunnN| saba arihaMtoM, saba siddhoM, sabhI AcAryoM, upAdhyAyoM aura sabhI sAdhuoM ke lie namana hai| yaha maMgalasUtra hai dezAmarzaka hone se maMgala, nimitta hetu, parimANa, nAma aura kartA kA bhI bodhaka hai| arihaMta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu ye pAMcoM maMgalamaya hai| arihaMta - a siddha - azarIra - a AcAya - A upAdhyAya - u sAdhu-muni-ma-ma (-) ye a,a,A,u aura m (-) maMgalAkSara haiN| inakA apanA apanA mahattva hai| arihaMta kevalajJAna yukta vizuddhAtmaka rUpa dhAtiyA~ karma ko kSaya karake prApta hote haiN| arihaMta - arihaMtA, arahaMta - arahaMtA - prathamA bahuvacana kA rUpa hai| dhavalA meM 'arihaMtA' bahuvacanAMta rUpa meM diyA hai| devadA NamokkAra sUtra meM yaha bhI kathana kiyA hai ki karma nAza karane vAle arihaMta hai| jo zukladhyAna se arihaMta pada prApta karate haiN| mUlAcAra meM siddhigamana kI yogyatA vAle arhanta hai| ve sAtizayaM pUjA ke yogya hone se arhanta hai| siddhigamaNaM ca arihA arahaMtA teNa uccNte| arha zabda pUjA, mahAna evaM uttama Adi artha meM hotA hai| zabda koza meM arha, kA artha yogya, pUjya, sammAnanIya, upayukta, ucita, zreSTha, pUjA yogya, adhikAra yogya, zakya evaM samartha vizeSaNa rUpa meM die haiN| isI meM pulliMga zabda ke AdhAra para bhagavaMta, surottama, indra, ghAtikarma rahita, vaMdana, namana, pUjana, uttama guru evaM terahaveM guNasthAnavartI sayogI nAma bhI diyA hai| ___NavakAra maMtra-mAhAtmya kI prathama gAthA meM likhA hai- ghaNa-ghAi-kamma-mukkA arahaMtA - saMpUrNa ghAtikarma mukta arahaMta (arhanta) hote haiN| arahaMta (arhanta) meM arhanti - arhanta hai| prAkRta meM arha meM 'a' Agama hone se araha zabda bana jAtA hai| arha meM zatR pratyaya hone para arhanta aura prAkRta arahaMta bana jAtA hai| arahaMtA prathamA vibhakti ke bahuvacana kA rUpa hai| ve arhanta namana yogya tabhI hote haiM jaba unameM anaMtajJAna, anaMtadarzana, anaMtasukha, anantavIrya, anaMtavirati, kSAyika, samyaktva, kSAyika dAna, lAbha, bhoga aura upabhoga guNa prApta hote haiN| ve sphaTika maNi kI taraha dedIpyamAna, nirAmaya, niraMjana evaM doSoM se rahita hote haiN|

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NavakAra-maMtra mAhAtmya arahaMta mAhAtmya ke sAtha siddha kA kathana bhI kiyA hai| ve bhI pUrNa karmoM se rahita, dhAti karmoM se mukta hote haiN| jo pUrNataH apane svarUpa meM sthita evaM kRtakRtya haiM ve siddha haiM arthAt jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura anantarAya ina cAra ghAti karma mukta, AyuSya, nAma, gotra evaM veda kI samApti para siddha hote haiN| sarvavivartAttIrNa yadA sa caitnymclmaapnoti| bhavati tadA kRtakRtyaH samyak purussaarthsiddhimaapnnH|| siddha samyak puruSArtha se mukta sabhI karmoM se tIrNa caitanya evaM acala svarUpa ko prApta karate haiN| ve kRtakRtya hote haiN| AcArya - paJcavidha AcAra kA pAlana karate haiM, ve caturdazavidyAsthAna meM pAraMgata, ekAdazAMgadhara, sva-samaya-parasamaya ke pAraka, meru kI taraha nizcala sahiSNu Adi hote haiN| AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu jaise bhavya to logoM ko bhavya banAte haiN| arahaMta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa aura vIrya ina pAMca guNoM ke dhAraka saMsAra meM saMsaraNa nahIM karate haiN| bhaviyANa hoi saraNaM bhavyoM ke lie pAMcoM ke guNa zaraNa bhUta haiN| ye pAMcoM hI saMsaraNa ko samApta karate haiN| isa bhuvana meM sukhoM kA kAraNa jina navakAra hai, jo inheM niraMtara sUtra meM sthita hokara par3hate haiM ve hI duHkha dUra kara pAte haiM aura ve sukha janya kAraNa ko prApta hote haiN| yaha navakAra saMjIvanI hai ghana karma rAzi samUha nAza karane vAlA hai| jo bhakta inako smaraNa karatA hai vaha inakI zaraNa ko prApta ho jAtA hai| pAva-visaM NAsae - __yaha navakAra maMtra hai, yaha maMtra gAruNika ke maMtra se bhI adhika prabhAvazAlI hai| ciMtAmaNi ratna hai evaM kalpadruma bhI hai| jo mahAmaMtra navakAra zuddhipUrvaka smaraNa karatA hai, usase bhavya jIva zIghra mukti prApta karatA hai| yaha sabhI kAloM meM prabhAvazAlI rahA hai| atIta meM jina jIvoM ne mukti pAI hai vartamAna meM pA rahe haiM, pAMca bharata evaM pAMca airAvata kSetra se bhaviSyat kAla meM bhI mukti paayeNge| yaha zAzvat sukha dene vAlA hai| jassa maNe NavayAro2 - jisake mana meM yaha navakAra hai usakA saMsAra kyA kara sakatA hai ? arthAt kucha bhI nahIM kara sakatA hai| yaha jinazAsana kA sAra hai| ise caudaha pUrvadhAriyoM ne bhI smaraNa kiyA, jisake pariNAma svarUpa ve bhI AtmA ke vizuddha jJAna kI ora agrasara hue| bhavya jIva sadaiva isakA smaraNa karate haiM, isase icchita kArya kI siddhi bhI pAte haiN| saMgrAma, samudra, siMha bhujaMga, duHsAdha yaroga, agni, zatru, bandha, cora grahabAdhA, DAkinI-zAkinI Adi sabhI prakAra ke bhaya dUra ho jAte haiN| yaha mahAsamudra ko pAra karAne meM samartha hai| guTake rUpa meM prApta yaha NavakAra - mAhAtmya-tava-saMjama-Niyama-raho-tapa, saMyama evaM niyama kA ratha hai| pAMcoM pada sArathI hai| isako le jAne vAlA jJAna rUpI turaMga vAstava meM paramanirvANa ke mArga

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 80 kAkaraNa hai| yaha anAdi nidhana maMtrarAja jinazAsana kA sAra hai| yaha jagat ke jIvoM ko pavitra karane meM samartha hai| isakA eka sau ATha bAra ciMtana karane se eka upavAsa kA phala prApta hotA hai| saggapavaggANa dAyaro13 - ciMtAmaNi ratna evaM kalpataru to eka janma ke sukha ke kAraNa haiM, parantu navakAra svarga aura apavarga donoM dene vAlA hai| isase paramatattva rUci aura paramapada bhI prApta hotA hai| kyoMki parama yogiyoM dvArA ise dhyAyA gayA, usase unheM tIrthakara nAma gotra kA kAraNa bhI prApta huA hogA isameM kisI taraha kA saMdeha nahIM / - navakAra mantra mAhAtmya kA artha (NavakAra maMtra mAhAtmya kI prAkRta bhASA kI 25 gAthAe~ anekAnta- aMka 65/1 janavarI-mArca 2012 meM prakAzita hai| mUla gAthAeM ukta aMka se dekha leM, jinakA anuvAda hindI bhASA meM prastuta Alekha meM diyA jA rahA hai- saMpAdaka) 1. sabhI ghAti karma mukta arahaMta tathA sabhI siddha haiN| AcArya, upAdhyAya bhI utkRSTa haiM evaM sabhI sAdhuoM kA mArga zreSTha hai| 2. ina pAMcoM, pAMca lakSaNadhArI bhavyoM ke saMsAra meM saMsaraNa karate hue zaraNa bhUta hai| 3. Urdhva, adho evaM tiryak loka meM jina navakAra pradhAnatA se isa bhuvana meM nara, sura, ziva sukhoM ke kAraNa haiN| 4. usase yaha cintA nitya hI sUtra sthita janoM ke dvArA niraMtara par3hA jAtA hai| yaha bhavya loka ke lie duHkha dalana vAlA hai aura sukha janaka hI hotA hai| 5. jinake dvArA jisa samaya par3hA jAtA hai, vaha usa samaya phalavRddhi vAlA hotA hai| avasAna (ekAnta) meM jinake dvArA par3hA jAtA hai, use sugati utpanna hotI hai| 6. yadi ise vipattiyoM meM par3hA gayA to saikar3oM vipattiyA~ dUra ho jAtI haiN| yadi ise vidhipUrvaka pahA jAtA hai to isake kAraNa vistAra prApta hotA hai| 7. isase nara evaM sura hote haiN| sura varidoM ke vidyAdhara Adi aneka rUpa prApta hote haiN| yaha navakAra hAra hI taraha kaMTha meM sthita kareM arthAt ise sadaiva smaraNa kreN| 8. jaise sarpa se DaMsa yukta vyakti gAruDamaMta viSa nAza karatA hai| vaise hI navakAra maMtra saMpUrNa pApa viSa nAza kara detA hai| 9. yaha mahAratna ciMtAmaNi kI taraha evaM kalpadruma kI taraha nahIM hai kyA? navakAra to isase bhI adhika duHkha dUra nahIM karatA kyA ? arthAt avazya karatA hai| 10. ciMtAmaNi ratna Adi tathA kalpataru to eka janma ke sukha ke kAraNa haiM / parantu navakAra svarga-apavarga (mokSa) dene vAlA hai| 11. jo kucha bhI paramatattva evaM parama pada kAraNa hai vaha isameM hai| kyoMki parama yogiyoM dvArA yaha navakAra dhyAyA jAtA hai| 12. jo pUjA vidhi se jina namaskAra eka lAkha bAra ginatA hai vaha tIrthakara nAma gotra ko bAMdhatA hai| isameM saMdeha nhiiN| 13. chaha sau vijaya pramukhoM ke zAzvata kAla nahIM hai vahA~ bhI parama puruSoM dvArA jina navakAra par3hA jAtA hai| 14. pAMca airAvata evaM pAMca bharata kSetroM meM yaha par3hA jAtA hai| kyoMki yaha jina navakAra zAzvata ziva sukha dene vAlA hai|

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81 NavakAra maMtra mAhAtmya 15. yaha navakAra jaina pura ke kRtArtha se arthAt jainakula meM janma lene se prApta huA hai| vaha devaloka jAne ke lie samartha hotA hai use bhI paramapada prApta hotA hai| 16. yaha anAdi kAla, anAdi jIva evaM anAdi jinadharma hai jaba se hai taba se yaha jina namaskAra par3hA jAtA hai| jo par3hate ve hI parama pada prApta karate haiN| 17. jo koI bhI mokSa gae, mokSa jAte haiM ve sabhI jina navakAra ke bhAva se saMpUrNa karmoM ke kSaya se mukta hue haiN| 18. isa prakAra yaha navakAra sura, siddha, evaM khecara vidyAdhara Adi se bhakti yukta par3hA gayA, jo par3hatA hai vahI to zAzvata sthAna pAtA hai| 19. aTavi, girirAja ke madhya meM bhaya naSTa karatA hai| citta zAMta karatA hai| jaise mAtA putra evaM zizu kI rakSA karatI hai vaise hI yaha aneka bhavyoM kI rakSA karatA hai| 20. ciMtana mAtra se jina namaskAra jala evaM jvalana ko haTAtA hai| ari, cora, mAri, rAvala, evaM ghora upasarga ko nAza karatA hai| 21. DAkinI, betAla, rAkSasa, mAri Adi bhaya jo kucha bhI hai yA nahIM hai ve navakAra ke prabhAva se samagra pApa nAza kara dete haiN| 22. sakala bhaya, vyAdhi, taskara, hari, kari, saMgrAma, viSadhara Adi ke bhaya jina navakAra tatkSaNa prabhAva se nAza kara dete haiN| 23. jisake hRdaya guphA meM navakAra kezarI nitya sthita hotA ve aSTa karma rUpa graMthI gata ghaMTikAoM kI dhvaniyoM ko naSTa kara dete haiN| 24. tapa, saMyama, niyama rUpI ratha hai, paMca namaskAra sArathI kahA gyaa| yaha jJAna turaMga yukta hai| jisase parama nirvANa zIghra prApta hotA hai| 25. jo jinazAsana kA sAra evaM caudaha pUrva samuddhAra hai| jisake mana meM yaha navakAra hai usakA saMsAra kyA kara sakatA hai ? saMdarbha : 1. (ka) chakkhaMDAgama- 1/1 2. (ka) mUlAcAra- 1123 3. dhavalA 1/1 / pR.44 4. mUlAcAra 1358 5. saMskRta- prAkRta-hindI evaM aMgrejI zabdakoza 1/pR. 1945 6. vahI pRSTha- 195 7. NavakAra maMtra mAhAtmya gAthA - 1 8. (ka) bhagavatI ArAdhanA 9. puruSArtha siddhiyupAya -1 10. sarvopayogi zloka saMgraha - pR. 14-15 11. navakAra maMtra mAhAtmya gAthA 13-14 12 . vahI gAthA - 25 9-12 13. vahI - - (kha) dhavalA 1/1 / 16.8 (kha) kalpasUtra 855 - (kha) dhavalA - 1/1 pRSTha 46 -861. araviMdanagara, udayapura (rAjasthAna)

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'vIra sevA maMdira' - meM Ayojita :zruta paMcamI parva para rASTrIya vyAkhyAnamAlA vIra sevA mandira jainadarzana zodha saMsthAna, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI-2 apane samRddha pustakAlaya aura anekAnta zodha traimAsikI ke mAdhyama se bhArata varSa kA eka viziSTa zodha saMsthAna hai jisakI nIMva AcArya jugalakizora mukhtAra sA0 ne san 1954-28 julAI ko vidhivat rajisTarDa karA kara rkhii| jisakA uddezya jaina sAhitya, itihAsa aura tatva viSayaka khoja tathA loka sevA hai ukta zodha saMsthAna ke tattvAvadhAna meM zrutapaMcamI ke pAvana prasaMga para "jainadarzana kA vibhinna darzanoM se tulanAtmaka vivecana' viSaya para rASTrIya vyAkhyAnamAlA 27 maI, 2012 ko Ayojita kI gaI, jisameM deza ke kaI khyAtiprApta vidvAnoM ne ekamata se svIkAra kiyA ki sabhI dharmoM meM aneka samAnatAe~ samAhita haiN| hameM sAmaMjasya sthApita karate hue sarvadharma samabhAva ko ujAgara karanA cAhiye jisase samAja aura deza kA vikAsa hogaa| ___ isa avasara para pro. dharmacandra jaina, jodhapura ne kahA ki jainadharma ke 24veM tIrthakara aura buddha donoM ne hI dUSita karmakANDa kA virodha kiyaa| donoM ne duHkha, dukha ke kAraNa, duHkha samudAya aura duHkha kA nivAraNa Adi kA upadeza dete hue mukti kA mArga btlaayaa| jainadharma vyAvahArika aura pAramArthika hai, jabaki bauddhadharma meM AdhyAtmikatA adhika hai| jainoM meM pAMca mahAvrata hote haiM aura bauddhoM meM pAMca zIla haiM, jainoM ke cAra zaraNa haiM to bauddhoM meM buddhaM zaraNaM gacchAmi batAyA hai| DaoN. ramezacandra jaina, bijanaura ne batAyA ki nauvIM zatAbdI meM aneka jaina muni muslima dezoM meM gye| vahAM kalandara saMpradAya utpanna huA jo ahiMsA kA kaTTaratA se pAlana karatA thaa| kurAna meM sabhI jIvoM ko jiMdA rahane kA haka diyA gayA hai| DaoN. jayakumAra jaina, mujaphpharanagara ne kahA ki jaina evaM vaidika saMskRti ne paraspara vicAroM meM AdAna-pradAna kiyA hai| donoM meM ahiMsA kI mUla bhAvanAeM samAhita haiN| vyasanoM ke tyAga kI bAta donoM meM kahI gaI hai| donoM ko eka-dUsare kI acchAIyoM ko svIkAra karanA caahiye| DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina, dillI ne kahA ki IsA masIha bacapana se hI sadbhAvanA se yukta, dayA, karuNA, prema evaM komala hRdaya the| unameM aura jainoM meM ADambara kA virodha, punarjanma kI mAnyatA, maitrI-kSamA guNa pracuratA se milate haiN| IsA ke 33 varSa ke jIvanakAla meM 6 mAha kA ajJAtavAsa likhA hai jise vidvAnoM ne bhArata pravAsa siddha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki ina chaha mahInoM meM ve bhArata meM jaina muniyoM ke saMparka meM rhe| ataH una para jainoM ke AcAra-vicAra kA paryApta prabhAva pdd'aa| unhoMne AtmajJAna para bhI sarvAdhika jora diyaa| ___ mukhya atithi DaoN. sI. deva kumAra jaina, vaijJAnika sahAyaka mahAnidezaka (zikSA yojanA evaM vikAsa) ne dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma ke prabhAva para prakAza ddaalaa| vyAkhyAnamAlA kI adhyakSatA kara rahe pro. DaoN. rAjArAma jaina ne kahA ki jainadharma aura sAhitya bahuAyAmI hai, yaha

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zruta paMcamI parva para rASTrIya vyAkhyAnamAlA kevala jainoM ke liye nahIM hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kA adhyayana karane Aye videzI kaI pANDulipiyA~ apane sAtha le gye| isa taraha videzoM meM lAkhoM pANDulipiyA~ haiM, jinakA adhyayana honA hI caahie| kAryakrama kA saMcAlana paM. nihAlacaMda jaina, nidezaka-vIra sevA maMdira ne kiyaa| maMgalAcaraNa evaM bhajanoM kI prastuti yuvA saMgItakAra zrI siddhArtha jaina ne kii| paM. Aloka kumAra jaina upanidezaka- vIra sevA maMdira ne tIrthakaroM aura jinavANI ko arghya samarpaNa kraayaa| citra anAvaraNa, dIpaprajvalana aura dhvajArohaNa maMcastha vibhUtiyoM aura kAryakAriNI ke sadasyoM ne kiyaa| saMsthA ke adhyakSa zrI subhASa jaina ne saMsthA kI sthApanA aura uddezyoM para prakAza DAlA aura mahAmaMtrI zrI vinoda kumAra jaina ne svAgata bhASaNa prastuta kiyaa| kAryakrama ke anta meM maMtrI zrI yogeza jaina ne upasthita sabhI mahAnubhAvoM kA AbhAra vyakta kiyA aura saMsthA ke variSTha sadasya zrI rUpacaMda kaTAriyA dvArA jinavANI stuti ke sAtha kAryakrama saMpanna huaa| ukta mahotsava kAryakrama meM deza ke gaNyamAnya vidvAna, vIra sevA maMdira ke padAdhikArIgaNa evaM prabuddha samAja zreSThI padhAre jinameM pramukha haiM sarva zrI bhArata bhUSaNa jaina eDavokeTa (zAkAhAra) evaM variSTha upAdhyakSa vIra sevA maMdira, pro0 ema0 ela0 jaina-sadasya sampAdaka maNDala anekAnta zodha traimAsikI eMva variSTha salAhakAra, vIrendra kumAra jaina koSAdhyakSa vIra sevA maMdira, dineza jaina saMyukta maMtrI vIra se maMdira, pro0 DA0 sudIpa jaina, DA0 phUlacaMda premI-nidezaka bI. ela.insTITyUzana oNpha iNDolaoNjI dillI, AcArya gopI lAla amara, DA0 surendra bhAratI burahAnapura- mahAmaMtrI a0bhA0 di0 jaina vivdatpariSada, DA0 kamaleza kumAra jaina jayapura, pro0 vI0 pI0 jaina, pro0 DA0 jaya kumAra upAdhye-rA0 saMskRta vidyApITha dillI, DA0 narendra kumAra jaina gajiyAbAda, DA0 sureza kumAra jaina, jaina samAja dillI ke adhyakSa cakeza kumAra jaina, pUrva mahAsaciva lokasabhA-cakeza jaina, dhanapAla siMha jaina adhyakSa naitika zikSA samiti dillI, DA0 savitA jaina dillI, DA0 rajanIza zukla, DA0 kuladIpa kumAra, dharmabhUSaNa jaina sI0 e0, vimala prasAda jaina, madana lAla jaina, anila jaina(kAThamANDU) dIpacaMda jaina svarAja jaina, pro0 ema0 modI dillI vizva vidyAlaya evaM rameza jaina (navabhArata TAimsa) Adi upasthita rhe| - yogeza jaina - vinoda kumAra jaina maMtrI mahAmaMtrI noTa :- zrutapaMcamI mahotsava kI citramaya jhalakiyA~ kavara pRSTha 2 evaM 3 para dekheN|

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bheda ratnatraya - abheda ratnatraya tatvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra ke pariprekSya meM - DaoN. AnaMda kumAra jaina prANI mAtra ke lie sAkSAt mokSa kA kAraNa ratnatraya hai| bheda tathA abheda isake do prakAra haiN| sacce deva-zAstra-guru dvArA kahe gaye jIvAdi dravyoM, tattvoM evaM padArthAdi ko jAnakara zraddhAna karanA evaM tadanukUla AcaraNa karanA bheda ratnatraya hai, jise vyavahAra ratnatraya bhI kahate haiM tathA usase bhinna para-padArthoM ke cintana ko tyAgakara mAtra Atma-svarUpa kA zraddhAnakara, jJAnakara AtmAvalokana, ratnatraya AtmAnupAlana karanA abheda ratnatraya hai, jise nizcaya ratnatraya kahate haiN| AcArya kundakunda mahArAja ne sarvaprathama paMcAstikAya evaM samayasAra, pravacanasAra meM ratnatraya ke bhedAbheda rUpa vibhAjana kA kathana kiyA hai jisapara paravartI aneka AcAryoM ne vistRta spaSTIkaraNa diyA hai| isI kar3I meM tattvArthasUtra ke paramparAgata bhASyakAra AcArya vidyAnanda svAmI ne tattvArthasUtra ke prathama adhyAya ke pahale hI sUtra meM ratnatraya kA varNana kiyA hai| __prathama zatAbdI se lekara AcArya vidyAnanda ke kAla ke madhya meM lagabhaga sAta, ATha zatAbdI kA antara hai| prazna hai kyA isa kAla meM koI darzana kI dRSTi se vikAsa dRSTigata hotA hai? aura prAyaH yaha prazna bhI ubharatA hai ki bhAratIya darzana kA vikAsa vigata tIna sau varSoM se avarUddha ho gayA hai ataH isameM vistAra kI AvazyakatA hai| kintu pAzcAtya manuSyoM kA yaha cintana isa apekSA se to ucita hai ki vartamAna pariprekSya meM jainadarzana ko Adhunika uddharaNoM evaM bhASAoM ke mAdhyama se vizva meM prastuta kiyA jAnA cAhie kintu yaha kahanA sarvathA anucita hai ki cintana dhArA avarUddha ho cukI hai kyoMki vikAsa kI sambhAvanA vikAsazIla meM sambhava hotI hai, vikasita meM nhiiN| jainadarzana svayaM meM pUrNa vikasita darzana hai jisane tattva meM nihita samasta rahasyoM se pardA uThA diyA hai| ukta tathya ko AdhAra karake yahI kahanA prAsaMgika hogA ki AcArya kundakunda kA kathana jinendra deva, sarvajJa bhagavAn dvArA kathita vacana hai jo svayaM meM pUrNa hai ataH paravartI sAhityakAroM dvArA usa para kucha bhI kahanA mAtra viSaya kA piSTapeSaNa hai| AcArya kundakunda ne jisa ratnatraya ke viSaya ko sUtra rUpa meM, saMkSepa meM prastuta kiyA hai use bAda ke racanAkAroM ne bhASA parivartana dvArA, vistAra se anya udAharaNoM se samajhAyA hai| nizcaya ratnatraya kA aparanAma nizcaya mokSamArga hai jise zuddhAtmasvarUpa, paramAtmasvarUpa, paramanijasvarUpa, siddha, niraJjanarUpa, nirmalasvarUpa, svasaMvedanajJAna, paramatattvajJAna Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai|

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bheda ratnatraya - abheda ratnatraya tatvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra ke pariprekSya meM jahA~ taka bheda tathA abheda ke madhya sambandha kA prazna hai to bheda ratnatraya, abheda ratnatraya kA kAraNa hai aura abheda ratnatraya, mokSa kA kAraNa hai arthAta bheda ratnatraya, abheda ratnatraya kA sAdhana hai tathA abheda ratnatraya, mokSa kA sAdhana hai aura mokSa svayaM meM sAdhya hai| jainadarzana ne mokSa kA hetu ratnatraya mAnA hai vahIM anya darzanoM kA ullekha karate hue AcArya vidyAnanda svAmI kahate haiM ki anya darzanakAroM ne pRthak-pRthak rUpa arthAt mAtra zraddhAna ko, mAtra jJAna ko yA mAtra cAritra ko mukti kA kAraNa mAnA hai aisI sthitI meM tad-tad vicAroM kA manthanapUrvaka AcArya vidyAnanda ne nirAkaraNa kiyA hai tathA isa tathya kA pUrNatayA samarthana kiyA hai ki ratnatraya samagra rUpa meM hI mukti kA kAraNa hai| kapila ne mAtra saMprajJAta yogAvasthA ko mukti kA hetu mAnane para bala diyA hai| kintu unhIM ke mata meM Ayu nAmaka saMskAra kI upasthiti meM mukti ko asambhava mAnya kiyA hai| unhIM kI mAnyatA ko AdhAra banAkara doSa dete hue A. vidyAnanda svAmI kahate haiM jisa saMprajJAta yoga kA kSaya prakRti ke jJAna athavA ajJAna rUpa samAdhi pariNAma se kSaya honA svIkAra hai usake uttarottara nAza karane para anavasthA doSa utpanna hogA etat ApakI mAnyatA yA dhAraNA galata hai| isI praznottara ke krama meM AcArya vidyAnanda mokSa ke apara tathA para rUpa do bheda karate hue kahate haiM ki jahA~ Ayu ke saMskAra kA kSaya nahIM hone ke kAraNa kucha kAla taka sarvajJa-avasthA meM jIva saMsAra meM rahatA haiM use apara mokSa kahate haiM aura jahA~ anta meM asaMprajJAta arthAt ayogAvasthA meM yoga arthAt paramasamAdhi meM jIva saMskAroM kA kSaya karatA hai vaha para-mokSa anta meM AcArya vidyAnanda svAmI kahate haiM ki svayaM hI vAkajAla meM phaMsakara sAMkhya darzana Arhat mata kA hI anumodana kara rahA hai| ataH hameM isameM koI Apatti nahIM hai| ratnatraya ko AdhAra karake AcArya vidyAnanda svAmI ne aura naiyAyika kI avadhAraNA kA bhI nirAkaraNa kiyA hai jo AtmA ke sAtha jJAna kA samavAya sambandha mAnate haiN| naiyAyikoM kI dRSTi se dravya ke pratyeka pradeza meM guNa kA astitva honA, samavAya sambandha hai| kintu yadi sAmAnya se jJAna ke sAtha AtmA kA sambandha hai to AkAzAdi se bhI isakA sambandha banatA hai aura vizeSa tattva kI kalpanA sAMkhya ko vikAra hai| ataH donoM hI avasthA meM AtmA aura jJAna kA tAdAtmya sambandha saMsthApita nahIM hotA hai| isa kAraNa kapila svayaM ajJAnI siddha hote haiM evaM naiyAyika kI jJAna sahita Izvara kI avadhAraNA bhI dhUmila hotI hai| vastutaH isa prakAra kI sAMkhya kI mAnyatA dravya ke dravyasva ko prabhAvita karatA hai kyoMki jo jJAna prakRti arthAt acetana kA guNa hai arthAt purUSa bhinna dravya kA viziSTa guNa hai vaha bhinna dravya arthAta jIva kA lakSaNa kaise bana sakatA hai aise meM jJAna guNa ativyApti doSa yukta ho jAtA hai| ataH isa prakAra sAMkhya kI mUlabhUta dhAraNA hI dhvasta ho jAtI hai jo ki sarvathA anucita hai| isa grantha ke adhyayana se AcArya vidyAnanda svAmI kI eka vizeSatA kA jJAna hotA hai aura AcArya jJAnasAgara jI mahArAja kI dUradarzitA kA bhI jJAna ho jAtA hai| AcArya zrI ne

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86 anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara brahmacArI vidyAdhara ko jainadharma kA gahana adhyayana karane ke uparAnta anya darzana ke granthoM kA adhyayana karane kA Adeza diyA thA aura brahmacArI vidyAdhara kI zaMkA ko bhA~pate hue kahate haiM ki anya darzana ke adhyayana se tadjanya avyavasthAoM kA jJAna hotA hai aura isI ke phalasvarUpa vartamAna meM jaba bhI jJAna kI mahimA kA maNDana kiyA jAtA hai AcArya vidyAsAgara jI mahArAja kA adhyavasAya nizcita rUpa se jaina granthoM ke adhyayana se hI banA hogA kyoMki AcArya vidyAnanda svAmI ne bhI kapilamata kA khaNDana karane ke lie naiyAyikoM kA tarka diyA hai jo ki anya darzana ke adhyavasAya se hI sambhava hai| yaha paramparA tattvArtharAjavartika, tattvArthazlokavArtikAlaMkAra se hote hue vartamAna meM bhI atyanta upayogI hai| uparyukta varNana ke atirikta sAMkhya, vaizeSika, yoga, bauddha, mImAMsaka, cArvAka, naiyAyika Adi ke mantavyoM kA tatparatApUrvaka manana evaM cintana kara AcArya vidyAnanda svAmI ne pratyuttara diyA hai tathA Arhat mata kA maNDana kiyA hai, ratnatraya kA varNana prathama adhyAya ke prathamasUtra ke antargata zatAdhika pRSThoM meM hai kintu sAmAnya ratnatraya usake bheda tathA abheda rUpa do vibhAjana, samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna tathA samyakcAritra, samyak pada kI upayogitA Adi sAmAnya carcAoM ko anullekhita kiyA hai| 1. paMcAstikAya, 160 gA. dhammAdIsaddahaNaM sammattaM nnaannmNgpuvvgdN|| ceTThA tavaM hi cAriyA vavahAroM mokkhamaggo tti / / 160 / / samayasAra, gA. 155 pravacanasAra, 240 gA. na sthirajJAnAtmakaH saMprajJAtoM yogaH saMskArakSayakAraNabhiSyate yatastasya pradhAna dharmatvAttatkSayAnmuktiH syaat| so pi ca tatkSAyoM jJAnAdajJAnAdvA samAdharati paryanuyogasya smaantvaadnvsthaanmaashkyte| pR. 89 mithyArthAbhiniveze mithyAjJAnena vrjitm|| yatpuMrUpamudAsInaM tacceddhyAnaM mataM tava / / 62 / / dRtaM ratnatrayaM kiM na tataH prmihessyte|| yato na tannimittatvaM mukterAsthIyate tvayA / / 63 / / samavAyoM hisarvatra na vishesskRdekkH|| kathaM khAdIni saMtyajya puMsijJAnaM niyojayet - pRSTha-95 7. pradhAnAkSayi vijJAnaM na puMso jJatvasAdhanam / / yadi bhinnaM kathaM puMsastattatheSTaM jaDAtmabhiH / / 68 / / pRSTha-94 - rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna 56-57, iMsTTIyUzanala eriyA, janakapurI, DI-blAka naI dillI -110058

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zruta-paMcamI-parva : zruta-sAdhanA kA preraka-srota - DaoN. rAjArAma jaina pichalI lagabhaga do sahasrAbdiyoM se pratyeka varSa kI jyeSTha-zuklA-paMcamI kA puNya-divasa jaina-paramparA meM zruta-paMcamI-parva ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yadi kahanA cAheM, to Agama-saMrakSaka-divasa athavA jainAgama-sAhitya ke itihAsa-lekhana kA maMgalAcaraNa-parva bhI kaha sakate haiN| kyoMki Aja se kucha adhika lagabhaga 2000 varSa pUrva do mahAmahima kaThora tapasvI AcAryoM - AcArya bhUtabalI evaM puSpadaMta ne Aja hI ke dina chakkhaMDAgama-sutta nAma ke Agama-grantha ke lekhaka-kArya ko samApta kiyA thA aura usakI ArAdhanA-pUjA kara sarvaprANihitAya-sarvaprANisukhAya use lokArpita kiyA thaa| isa Adarza-kArya kI sukhada-smRti ko sthAyI banAye rakhane ke lie hI AcAryoM ne usa mahAn aitihAsika divasa ko zrutapaMcamI-parva ke nAma se ghoSita kiyA thA aura usI samaya se samagra jaina-jagat mAnava-mUlyoM ke saMdeza-vAhaka usa mahAn parva ko vividha samArohoM pUrvaka manAtA calA A rahA hai| __kalpanA kIjiye usa samaya kI jaba lekhanopakaraNa-sAmagrI tapajapadaha DaMjamatapaMsaddha kA vikAsa nahIM huA thaa| Aja to hama AvazyakatA par3ate hI daur3akara bAjAra se kAgaja, kaoNpI, pena, peMsila, kArbana-pepara Adi kharIdakara le Ate haiM aura tIvragati se apanA lekhana-kArya saMpanna karate rahate haiN| kintu una vanavAsI-AcAryoM ke samaya meM to ina sukara-saMsAdhanoM kI kalpanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakI hogii| ataH unake sammukha sacamuca hI lekhana-sAmagrI saMbandhI aneka kaThinAiyA~ upasthita rahI hoNgii| __nanda-mauryakAla meM lekhanopakaraNa-sAmagrI ke rUpa meM kevala patthara evaM chainI-hathaur3I the| usa samaya pattharoM para chainI-hathaur3I se samakAlIna lokapriya jana-bhASA-prAkRta meM brAhmI evaM kharoSThI-lipi meM rAjyAdezoM yA naitika-saMdezoM ko TaMkita karAkara pracArita kiyA jAtA thaa| yahI sthiti kaliMgAdhipati samrATa khAravelakAlIna (IsA-pUrva dUsarI-sadI) bhI thii| kintu ina karkaza-saMsAdhanoM kA upayoga to samrATa jaise sAdhana-saMpanna loga hI kara sakate the| aparigrahI, mahAvratI evaM vanavAsI kevala picchI-kamaNDalu dhArI jainAcAryoM ke liye to vaha bilkula saMbhava hI nahIM thaa| ataH use sarala banAne ke liye vAnaspatika lekhanopakaraNa-sAmagriyoM kA sahArA liyA gayA, jisameM bhojapatra, mRdula-kASTha-kuMcikA evaM vanaspatiyoM ke raMga Adi pramukha the| yahI sAmagrI kucha bhakta-zrAvakoM dvArA ukta donoM AcAryoM ko upalabdha karAI gaI hogI aura unhoMne bhI usI kA upayoga kara apane guru vayovRddha AcArya dharasena dvArA kaNTha-paraMparA se prApta usa zrutAMza ko sUtra-zailI meM lipibaddha kiyA hogaa|

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88 anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara ___aba yahA~ yaha prazna uThanA bhI svAbhAvika hai ki ukta zrutAMza-rAzi ko sUtra-zailI meM hI kyoM lipibaddha kiyA gayA, bhASya-zailI meM kyoM nahIM? merI dRSTi se usake pramukha kAraNa nimna prakAra rahe the - 1. samakAlIna lekhanopakaraNa-sAmagrI sImita, kaSTasAdhya evaM durlabha thI aura jo nirdoSa spaSTa lekhana-kArya, samayasAdhya, dhairyasAdhya, zramasAdhya, jaTila tathA ekAgratA-sApekSa thI, tathA 2. ukta donoM bhUtabali evaM puSpadanta-lekhakAcAryoM kI vRddhAvasthA sannikaTa thI jabaki unhoMne apane AyuSyakAla meM hI ukta zrutAMza ke prAmANika nirdoSa lekhana-kArya kI samApti ko anivArya samajhA hogA, anyathA usake lupta-vilupta ho jAne kI unheM bhI AzaMkA rahI hogii| saMbhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hogA ki unhoMne usa zrutAMza ko gaNita ke phArmUloM kI paddhati se arthAt arthagarbhita sUtra-zailI meM use lipibaddha kiyaa| AcArya bhUtabali evaM puSpadanta-kAla meM jijJAsu bhaktagaNa pratibhA-saMpanna the| ataH Agama-sUtroM meM antargarbhita saiddhAntika rahasyoM ko ve saralatApUrvaka samajha lete the| kintu AgAmI viSama paristhitiyoM evaM navIna pIr3hiyoM kI kaThinAIyoM kA dhyAna kara dUradRSTi-saMpanna paravartI pAMca AcAryoM ne una sUtroM para vistRta TIkAe~ likhiiN| aise kRpAlu AcAryoM meM :1. AcArya padmanandi ne SaTkhaNDAgama ke Adi ke tIna khaNDoM para 12000 gAthA-pramANa "parikarma" nAma kI TIkA likhii| tatpazcAt - 2. AcArya zAmakuNDa ne SaTakhaM. tathA kasAya.(donoM) para 12000 gAthA-pramANa saM. prA. evaM kannaDa mizrita "paddhati" nAma kI TIkA likhii| 3. AcArya tumbulura ne bhI SaTkhaM evaM kasAya.(donoM) para 84000 gAthA-pramANa kannaDa meM "cUDAmaNi" nAma kI TIkA tathA mahAbandha para 7000 gAthA-pramANa "paMjikA" TIkA likhii| 4. vRddha-tArkika-sUrya-virudadhArI AcArya samantabhadra ne-SaTkhaM. ke prathama pAMca khaNDoM para 48000 zloka pramANa mRdula saMskRta-bhASA meM likhI (saMbhavataH "jIvasiddhi nAmakI TIkA) aura jaba unhoMne kasAya. para TIkA likhane kI taiyArI kI taba dravyAdi-zuddhi ke abhAva ke kAraNa unake eka sahadharmI ne unheM roka diyA (de. zrutAvatAra.-170) (dravyAdizuddhikaraNa prayatna-virahAtpratiniSiddham) tatpazcAt5. AcArya vappadeva ne mahAbandha para 8005 gAthA-pramANa TIkA tathA kasAya. para 60000 gAthA-pramANa TIkA likhii| isa prakAra zrutArAdhaka ukta padmanandI Adi paMcAcAryoM ne lagabhaga chaThavIM-sAtavIM sadI taka kramazaH kula milAkara 231005 padya-pramANa samakAlIna lokapriya bhASAoM evaM zailiyoM meM vistRta TIkAeM likhakara na kevala jaina-vidyA, apitu, prAcya bhAratIya-vidyA ko bhI gauravAnvita kara use susamRddha banAne kA athaka prayatna kiyA thaa| kintu durbhAgya se kinhIM adRzya kAraNoM se vaha samagra TIkA-sAhitya lupta ho gayA aura isa kAraNa usameM samAhita jJAna-vijJAna evaM manovijJAna kA apAra bhaNDAra vismRta athavA lupta-vilupta ho gyaa|

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zruta-paMcamI-parva : zruta-sAdhanA kA preraka-srota abhI kucha samaya pUrva mujhe videzoM meM surakSita pANDulipiyoM ke viSaya meM kucha jAnakArI prApta huI thI, jisake anusAra vibhinna dezoM ke prAcya zAstra-bhaNDAroM meM 127000 ke lagabhaga bhAratIya pANDulipiyA~ surakSita haiM, merI dRSTi se unameM aneka jaina pANDulipiyA~ avazya hoNgii| yahA~ maiM cIna evaM rUsa ke madhya meM sthita maMgoliyA kI pANDulipiyoM ke viSaya meM saMkSipta carcA karanA Avazyaka samajhatA huuN| isakI rAjadhAnI ulAnvAtAra ke rAjakIya granthAgAra meM sahasroM bhAratIya pANDulipiyA~ surakSita haiM, jinameM se abhI taka kI khoja meM paMcataMtra, zamanagIta (zramaNa-gIta), subhASitaratna-nidhi, amarakoSa, meghadUta, cANakya-arthazAstra evaM kathAsAgara ke maMgola-anuvAda mile haiM kintu inameM se adhika mahattvapUrNa haiM, vahA~ ke kaMjUra-taMjUra nAma ke dhrmgrnth| "kaMjUra" zabda maMgoliyAi-bhASA kA hai, jisakA artha hai-"bhagavAn ke mukha se nikale hue pravacana" tathA 'taMjUra' kA artha hai- "una pravacanoM para likhita ttiikaaeN"| merI dRSTi se kahIM aisA to nahIM hai ki padmanandi Adi paMcAcAryoM dvArA likhita jisa TIkA-sAhitya ko lupta-vilupta samajha liyA gayA, vaha samagra yA AMzika rUpa meM kahIM maMgoliyA ke graMthAgAroM meM to surakSita nahIM hai? kyoMki yaha to sarvavidita hI hai ki cInI-paryaTaka phAhiyAna, yUnatsAMga, itsiMga Adi bhAratIya saMskRti kA adhyayana karane bhArata Aye the aura bhArata-bhramaNa ke bAda jAte samaya yahAM se aneka pANDulipiyA~ bhI apane sAtha lete gaye the| isa prasaMga meM yahA~ yaha vicAraNIya hai ki ukta paryaTakoM ke Ane-jAne kA samaya prAyaH vahI hai, jo ukta TIkA-sAhitya ke lekhana-kAla kaa| ve paryaTaka pAMcavI-sadI ke prAraMbha se AThavIM sadI taka bhArata-bhramaNa karate rhe| unhoMne prAyaH samasta bhArata kA bhramaNa kiyA thaa| isakA to spaSTa ullekha hI milatA hai ki yUnatsAMga svayaM akele hI 650 pANDulipiyA~ apane sAtha lekara cIna lauTA thaa| (de. mehatA-prAcIna bhArata pR.251)| lokapriya hone ke kAraNa ina pANDulipiyoM kI saMbhavataH pratilipiyoM kA vitaraNa bhI hotA rahA hogA, jo maMgoliyA tathA anya AsapAsa ke dezoM meM bhI pahu~cI hoNgii| kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI dekhA gayA hai ki bhramavaza jaina-pANDulipiyoM ko bauddha-pANDulipiyA~ bhI mAna liyA gyaa| kucha samIkSakoM ke anasAra hyUtsAMga ne pATaliputra meM eka jaina-rathayAtrA ko dekhakara bhramavaza use bauddha-rathayAtrA kaha diyA thA kyoMki usakA jJAna ekAMgI thaa| __sthiti kucha bhI ho, AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki jaina-vidyA ke vizeSajJoM ko maMgoliyA Adi dezoM meM jAkara svayaM vastu sthiti kA nirIkSaNa-parIkSaNa karanA caahiye| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki lupta-vilupta ghoSita hamArI kucha pANDulipiyA~ vahA~ tathA anyatra videzoM meM surakSita haiM aura khojane se mila bhI sakatI haiN| __ navamI-sadI ke prathama caraNa meM mahAmati AcArya vIrasena-svAmI ko jaba ukta TIkA-sAhitya ke lupta ho jAne kI jAnakArI huI to ve atyanta ciMtita ho uThe aura socane lage ki chakkhaMDAgama-sutta Adi para likhita vistRta TIkAeM naSTa ho jAne ke kAraNa svAdhyAzIla sAmAnya jijJAsuoM ke lie ukta Agama-sUtroM meM antargarbhita saiddhAntika rahasyoM ko samajha

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90 anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara pAnA kaThina ho gayA hai| taba unhoMne citrakUTa (vartamAna citaur3a-rAjasthAna) meM virAjamAna guru ailAcArya ke pAsa jAkara unase bhASA evaM siddhAnta-zAstra kA gahana adhyayana kiyA aura chakkhaMDAgama tathA kasAyapAhuDa-sutta para dhavalA, mahAdhavalA evaM jayadhavalA nAmakI vistRta TIkAeM apane ziSya jinasenAcArya ke sahayoga se likhakara usakI kSatipUrti karane kA saphala prayatna kiyaa| vidvAnoM ne gadya-padya mizrita ina TIkAoM ko 132000 padya-pramANa batalAkara use maNi-pravAla nyAya-zailI meM likhita kahakara usakI apUrvatA kI bhUri-bhira prazaMsA kI hai| ___ AcArya vIrasena-svAmI ke jIvana paricaya kI khoja ke lie vidvAnoM ne athaka prayatna kiye kintu unheM nirAzA hI hAtha lagI hai| merI dRSTi se unakA asalI paricaya to ukta TIkAtrayI meM vidyamAn unakI agAdha vidvattA hI hai aura vahI hai usakA sarvazreSTha udaahrnn| unakI dhavalA Adi TIkAeM, apane varNya-viSaya, bhASA, samakAlIna saMskRti evaM itihAsa tathA lokajIvana saMbandhI kA apUrva bhaNDAra mAnI gaI hai| phira bhI una TIkAoM ke lekhaka ke jIvana-vRtta se sAhitya-jagat ko aparicita hI rahanA par3a rahA hai| yaha dukhada Azcarya hai| phira bhI, unake parama-ziSya Adya-purANakAra AcArya jinasena ne unakI agAdha-vidvattA ke prati apane bhAva-bharita udgAra vyakta kiye haiM, jinase unake mahanIya vyaktitva para prakAza par3atA hai| jinasena ne unake viSaya meM spaSTa likhA hai yasya naisargikI prajJAM dRSTavA srvaarthgaaminiim| jAtA sarvajJa sadbhAve nirArekA mnsvinH|| arthAt (guru-) vIrasena-svAmI kI svAbhAvika sarvArthagAminI prajJA ko dekhakara vidvajjana sarvajJa ke sadbhAva ke viSaya meM saMdeharahita ho jAte haiN| ___AcArya jinasena ke liye bhI itanA likha dene mAtra se saMtoSa na huaa| ataH punaH likhA"AcArya vIrasena-svAmI nirAzA ke garta meM DUbe Asanna-bhavyoM kA utsAhavardhana karane meM usI prakAra samartha hue, jisa prakAra pUrNamAsI kA candramA kumuda-samUha ko prasanna kara dene meM samartha hotA hai| ve sAkSAt kevali-bhagavAn ke samAna indriya-agocara evaM vizva ke pAradRSTA RSipuMgava the|" ___ "unakI samasta viSayoM ko AkrAnta karane vAlI bhAratI, sarasvatI ke sadRza SaTkhaNDAgama kI artha-prarUpaNA meM kahIM bhI skhalita nahIM huI, isIlie vidvajjana unheM jJAna kI razmiyoM kA prasAra karane vAlA sUrya, zrutakevalI aura zreSTha prajJAzramaNa kahate Aye haiN|" "prasiddhi aura siddha-siddhAnta rUpI samudra-jala se dhulakara unakI pratibhA aisI phenojjvala ho gaI hai ki ve buddhi-saMpanna pratyekabuddhoM ke sAtha bhI spardhA karate haiN|" _"unhoMne cirakAlIna pothiyoM athavA AgamagranthoM ko apanI TIkA dvArA gauravazAlI banAkara pUrvakAlIna samasta pothI-ziSyoM athavA Agama-pAThiyoM se adhika atizaya prApta kiyaa|" "apane jJAnopadeza dvArA bhavyoM ko saMbodhita karate hue ve 'paMcastUpAnvaya' meM aise daidIpyamAna haiM, jaise apanI prakAza-kiraNoM dvArA kamaloM ko praphullita karatA huA AkAza meM suury| isa AryanandI ke ziSya tathA candrasena ke praziSya AcArya vIrasena ne apane guNoM dvArA apane kula

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91 zruta-paMcamI-parva : zruta-sAdhanA kA preraka-srota evaM paraMparA ko nizcaya hI ujjavala banA diyA hai| isa prakAra daivI-pratibhA sampanna vIrasena-svAmI ke prati mahAprajJAvAn ziSya-AcArya jinasena kI vicArottejaka abhivyakti unake viSaya meM pUrNa jAnakArI prApta karane saMbandhI hamArI jijJAsA ko bhI vyAkula banA detI hai, kintu vivaza haiM hama, kalpanA-sAgara meM gotA lagAne ke liye ki unakA (vIrasena svAmI kA) bacapana kaisA rahA hogA? mAtA-pitA kaise rahe hoMge aura unake dIkSita hote samaya unakI mAtA ne putra-vichoha ke kAraNa kitanA karuNa-krandana kiyA hogA aura A~sUoM ke kitane panAre bahAe hoMge? dhavalA-TIkA kI aMtima prazasti itihAsa kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai kyoMki usameM vIrasena svAmI ne svayaM apanI guru-paraMparA, apane samakAlIna narezoM tathA dhavalA-TIkA-samApti ke kAla kA sAMketika paricaya prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne sarvaprathama apane guru elAcArya kA vinamra smaraNa karate hue kahA ki- "elAcArya guru ke mahAprasAda se prastuta siddhAnta-grantha (dhavalA-TIkA) kI racanA kI gaI hai"| tatpazcAt unhoMne apane paMcastUpAnvaya evaM apane guru AcArya AryanandI tathA dAdAguru-AcArya candrasena kA smaraNa karate hue batAyA hai ke prastuta dhavalA-TIkA siddhAnta, chanda, jyotiSa, vyAkaraNa aura pramANa-zAstra meM nipuNa vIrasena-bhaTTAraka ne likhI hai| tatpazcAt unhoMne dhavalA-TIkA kI samApti ke samaya kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| kintu durbhAgya se samaya-sUcaka usa aMza ke aneka akSaroM kA kSaraNa ho jAne ke kAraNa, usakA savaMt tathA varSa-nirdeza aura nakSatroM Adi ke ullekhoM kA adhyayana kara pAnA kaThina ho gayA thaa| phira bhI, chakkhaMDAgama sutta-dhavalA-TIkA ke pradhAna saMpAdaka pro. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne eka vizvastha jyotiSI kI sahAyatA se jyotiSa-gaNanA ke AdhAra para usa pATha kA saMzodhana karAne kA prayatna kiyA thaa| tadanusAra vaha kAla-nirdeza zaMka saM.738 kArtika zukla trayodazI siddha hotA hai (arthAt 8 akTUbara san 816 ii.)| __vaha jayattuMgadeva-nareza kA zAsana-kAla thA, jo itihAsakAroM kI gaveSaNA ke anusAra rASTrakUTa-nareza govinda-tRtIya kA aparanAma thA aura jisakA kAla tAmrapaTa-lekhoM ke anusAra 796 se 816 ke madhya siddha hotA hai| ataH yahI kAla dhavalA-TIkA kA racanAkAla bhI siddha hotA hai| ___ mUla varNya-viSaya kI dRSTi se to dhavalA-TIkA kA apanA aitihAsika mahatva hai, loka-citraNa kI dRSTi se bhI usakA vizeSa mahatva hai| mAnava-jIvana meM vAstu-vidyA kA vizeSa mahatva hai| usake sukha-duHkha, pArivArika sauhArda, sAmAjika saumanasya, asaphalatA evaM rugNatA-nirogatA Adi kA sIdhA saMbandha vAstu-vidyA se batalAyA jAtA hai| bhavana-nirmANa ke samaya vAstu-vidyA ke niyamoM kA dhyAna rakhanA prasannatA, pragati evaM svastha dIrghAyuSya kI dRSTi se use Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| AcArya vIrasena ne vAstu-vidyA kI paribhASA meM batalAyA hai ki- "vAstu-vidyA usa sthala kA (jisa para bhavana-nirmANa karanA hai-) tathA vAstu-nirmANa-vidhi Adi se saMbandhita vidhiyoM ke zubhAzubha ke kAraNoM kA varNana karatI hai|shubhaashubh kA tathA bhUmi-zodhana kA vicAra kiye binA hI bhavana kA nirmANa jIvana meM anarthakArI siddha ho sakatA hai|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara __AcArya vIrasena ke anusAra vAstu-vidyA kI dRSTi se jinagRhAdi bhavana kI surakSA hetu usake liye cahAra-dIvArI banavAnA tathA mukhya dvAra para toraNa evaM vandanavAra kI sajjA ko zubhakAraka mAnA jAtA hai| dhavalA-TIkA meM likhA hai- "jiNagihAdINaM rakkhaNaTThappAsesu ThavidaM olittIo pAgAra NAma" arthAt jinamaMdira Adi bhavanoM kI rakSA ke lie usake cAroM ora jo parikramA banAI jAtI hai, use prAkAra athavA parakoTA kahate haiN| tathA"baMdaNamAlavaMdaNaTuM purado du Thavidarukkhaviseso toraNAM NAma" arthAt bandanavAra bAMdhane ke liye mukhya dvAra ke donoM ora jo vRkSa-vizeSa lagAye jAte haiM, unheM toraNa kahate haiN| - isI prakAra vAstu-vidyA kA paryAvaraNa se saMbandha, mAnava-jIvana para usake zubhAzubha kA prabhAva Adi kI bhI prAsaMgika carcAe~ kI gaI haiN| vartamAna kAla meM vividha kAraNoM se viSama paristhitiyA~ utpanna ho rahI hai| unake mUla kAraNa svAsthya-viruddha khAna-pAna, lobha-lAlaca kI bar3hatI pravRtti evaM samanvaya-vRtti kA abhAva Adi batalAe jA rahe haiN| dUradRSTi-saMpanna AcArya vIrasena ne kramazaH badalate sAmAjika pariveza ke AdhAra para duHkhada-bhaviSya kI kalpanA kara saccA nAgarika banane ke liye nimna chaha sUtra nirdhArita kiye the jadaM care jadaM ciTThe jadamAse jadaM se| jadaM bhuMjejja bhAsejja evaM pAvaM Na bjjhii| dhavalA-TIkA 1/99 arthAt mAnava ko cAhie ki vaha yatnapUrvaka (sAvadhAna hokara) gamana kare, sAvadhAnI pUrvaka kisI sthala para baiThe, sAvadhAnI pUrvaka Thahare, kisI ke yahAM sajaga hokara sove, sAvadhAnI pUrvaka bhojana kare aura sAvadhAnI pUrvaka vArtAlApa kre| isase vividha pApoM arthAt karmoM athavA vaMcanAoM se bacA jA sakatA hai| dhavalA-TIkA kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM lupta athavA vismRta pUrva-sAhitya tathA dvAdazAMga-vANI kA saMkSipta paricaya bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jisake AdhAra para si. ca. AcArya nemicandra ne gommaTasAra meM vistRta varNana kiyA hai| dhavalA-TIkA ke vedanA-pratyaya-vidhAna ke 90veM sUtra meM karma-pratyayoM meM "mAya" zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| usakA artha TIkAkAra (vIrasena) ne 'meya' arthAt prastha Adi mAna-vAcaka kiyA hai| yaha 'meya' kA 'mAya' kaise ho gayA? usake uttara TIkAkAra ne "e e chacca samANA............." Adi gAthA uddhRta karate hue kahA hai ki- "anena sUtreNa prAkRte ekArasya akaar-vidhaanaat|" isa saMdarbha para vicAra karane se pratIta hotA hai ki TIkAkAra ko prAkRta-bhASA saMbandhI koI gAthAbaddha vyAkaraNa-grantha bhI upalabdha thA jo vartamAna meM anupalabdha hai| jahA~ taka mujhe jAnakArI hai, dhavalA-TIkA kA saiddhAntika evaM dArzanika dRSTi se to paryApta adhyayana kiyA jA cukA hai kintu bhASAtmaka, sAhityika, sAMskRtika evaM loka-citraNa kI dRSTi se usakA adhyayana nahIM ho sakA hai| ataH sarvAgINatA kI dRSTi se tathA TIkA ko sArvajanIna banAne kI dRSTi se bhI ukta tathyoM kA adhyayana evaM zodha-nitAnta Avazyaka hai|

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zruta-paMcamI-parva : zruta-sAdhanA kA preraka-srota yuga badale, paristhitayA~ bdlii| hindI kA yuga A gyaa| ukta TIkAoM kI tAr3apatrIya pANDulipiyoM ko bar3I kaThinAiyoM se upalabdha kiyA gyaa| unake nAgarIkaraNa saMbandhI kAryoM meM svanAmadhanya paM. gajapati upAdhye, viduSI paM. lakSmIbAI, paM. sItArAma zAstrI evaM paM. lokanAtha zAstrI ko lagAtAra lagabhaga 15-20 varSoM taka ekAntavAsa meM kina-kina kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A hogA, unakA anubhava koI bhuktabhogI hI kara sakatA hai| ina zrutArAdhakoM kA yaha parizrama bhI kisI TIkAkAra ke parizrama se kama sarAhanIya nahIM kyoMki inhoMne jIrNa-zIrNa prAcya pANDulipiyoM meM upalabdha usa durUha TIkA-sAhitya ke hindI-anuvAda ke liye mUla AdhAra taiyAra kiyA thaa| isa gaMbhIra-kArya ke liye san 1934 ke AsapAsa jainadharma-darzana, karma-siddhAnta evaM bhASA-vizeSajJa vidvAnoM kA eka saMvedanazIla-samUha sammukha AyA, jisameM pro. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina (amarAvatI), pro. DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye (kolhApura), paM. devakInandana zAstrI (kAraMjA), vArANasI ke paM. phUlacanda jI si. zA., paM. kailAzacandra jI si. zA., paM. lAlabahAdura jI zAstrI evaM vyAvara-(rAjasthAna) ke paM. hIrAlAla jI zAstrI tathA sivanI ke paM. sumerucandra jI divAkara, ne sAdhanAbhAvoM ke bIca bhI samarpita-bhAva se jIvana paryanta dhavalA, mahAdhavalA evaM jayadhavalA kA prAmANika hindI-anuvAda kara tathA Avazyaka samIkSAe~ evaM TippaNiyAM likhakara use sArvajanIna bnaayaa| isa bhImakAya sArasvata-kArya ke prakAzana kA bhAravahana kiyA, vidizA ke dAnavIra zrImanta seTha sitAbarAya lakSmIcanda jI parivAra evaM amarAvatI ke siMghaI pannAlAla jI parivAra ne| atha se lekara iti taka yaha samagra sArasvata-kArya san 1914-15 se lekara lagabhaga san 1975-76 taka lagabhaga 60 varSoM taka calA aura kula 38 khaNDoM arthAt lagabhaga 20,000 pRSThoM meM prakAzita huaa| ina samasta zruta-saMrakSakoM, uddhArakoM evaM jinavANI-sevakoM ne samarpita-bhAva se apane yauvana kI samasta UrjAzakti isa mahAn kArya meM samarpita kara dii| hama loga unake RNa se uRNa to kabhI ho hI nahIM skte| kintu zrutapaMcamI ke isa pAvana-parva para unheM savinaya praNAma kara yaha pratijJA avazya kara sakate haiM ki pratidina ina Agama-graMthoM kA svAdha yAya kara tathA unheM kharIdakara agalI pIr3hI ko susaMskRta banAne hetu apane bhavana meM eka choTA sA graMthAgAra avazya bnaaveNge| idhara kucha saMsthAoM kI yaha bhI bhAvanA huI hai ki ukta TIkA-sAhitya kA kannar3a evaM aMgrejI anuvAda karA kara ikkIsavIM sadI ko bhI sArthaka banAyA jAya, jisase ahindI bhASA-bhASI deza-videza ke jijJAsu vidvAnoM ko bhI unake adhyayana kA suavasara mila ske| isa dRSTi se di. jaina maTha zravaNavelagolA, siddhAntAcArya paM. phUlacandra zAstrI phAunDezana rur3akI tathA zrI gaNezavarNI di. jaina saMsthAna vArANasI ke prayatna sarAhanIya haiM, jinake saMkalpa sAkAra bhI hone lage haiN| anya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhI yadi unake anuvAda karAye jA sakeM to yA prasannatA kA viSaya hogaa|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara 94 zrutasevA saMbandhI ukta romAMcakArI evaM pramodakArI tathyoM kA smaraNa kara unameM varNita naitika AdarzoM ko apane jIvana meM utAranA tathA samAjahita meM unakA sarvatra pracAra karanA pratyeka vyakti kA kartavya hai| isa mahAn parva ke upalakSa meM yadi pratyeka grAma, nagara evaM zahara vAsI pratyeka varSa meM eka-eka jIrNa-zIrNa pANDulipi kA uddhAra evaM prakAzana kara jinavANI kI surakSA kI pratijJA kare, to vaha eka preraka aitihAsika kArya hogA aura usI se zrutapaMcamI parva ke manAye jAne kI sArthakatA bhI siddha hogI / kimadhikam / ***** saMsmaraNa - - - bI-5/40sI, sekTara- 34 dhavalagiri, noeDA 201307 (u.pra.) Atma kalyANa aura zraddhA - mujhe yAda AtA hai ki jaba sabase pahale san 1985 meM tIna logoM ko AcArya zrI (vidyAsAgara jI mahArAja) ne kahA thA ki jAo dharma kI prabhAvanA karane ke lie mere se dUra jAnA pdd'egaa| hama bahuta roye the, bahuta muzkila meM par3e the| maiMne to kabhI socA hI nahIM thA ki maiMne jahAM apanA mAthA TekA thA, usa jagaha se aba hameM apanA mAthA uThAne kI AvazyakatA pdd'egii| lekina Aja AjJA sunA dI gaI dharma prabhAvanA ke lie| maiMne inkAra kiyA apane jIvana meM pahalI bAra / jahA~ zraddhA hotI hai, vahAM inkAra karane kA adhikAra nahIM hotA, vahAM svIkAra bhara kiyA jAtA hai| inkAra karanA par3A lekina inkAra bhI aisA nahIM kiyaa| maiMne kahA ki maiMne to socA bhI nahIM ki Apase dUra jAnA par3egA aura Apa hI mujhe apane se dUra kara rahe haiN| usa samaya AcArya zrI ne eka bAta kahI thii| unhoMne kahA thA ki maiM kahA~ tumheM apane se dUra bheja rahA huuN| jo ziSya merI AjJA mAnatA hai, vaha mere se dUra rahakara bhI mere bahuta nikaTa hai aura jo merI AjJA nahIM mAnatA hai, vaha mere nikaTa rahakara bhI bahuta dUra hai| yaha to zraddhA ke sambandhoM kI bAta hai| (munizrI kSamAsAgara mahArAja kA pravacana)

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zraddhAMjali lA. zIlacanda jaina jauharI naI dillii| lAlA zIlacanda jaina, jvailarsa kI dinAMka 23.4.2012 somavAra ko 92 varSa kI Ayu meM svargavAsa ho gyaa| hamAre liye yaha samAcAra bar3A hI duHkhada hai| ApakA dehAvasAna samAdhimaraNa kA uccAraNa karate hue ho gyaa| ve dharmika aura sAmAjika kAryoM meM sadaiva agrasara rahate the| Apa viSNu eksaceMja caimbara ke caiyaramaina the| Apane zravaNavelagolA ke vikAsa ke lie tana, mana aura dhana se bharapUra sahayoga diyaa| ve AcArya vidyAnanda mahArAja ke vizeSa bhakta rhe| ve vigata kaI dazakoM se "Ala iNDiyA sarrAphA esosiezana" ke adhyakSa pada para bhI AsIna rhe| ve zrI digambara jaina paMcAyata ke paMca bhI rhe| unakI vyApAra meM atyadhika pratiSThA aura mAna-sammAna rahA hai| unhoMne eka dazaka pUrva salAvA grAma (meraTha) meM, vahA~ ke zrI digambara jaina maMdira meM 'samAroha haoNla' kA nirmANa karAne meM paryApta sahAyatA kI thI aura vahAM para pU. kSullaka lAlamana dAsa kA sTaicyu lagavAyA hai| grAmavAsiyoM ke lAbhArtha pichale kaI dazakoM pahale homyopaithI DispaiMsarI bnvaaii| lAlA zIlacanda jaina, gata kaI dazakoM se 'vIra sevA mandira' ke mAnanIya sadasya rahe haiN| apane ghara ke pAsa bhI eka homyopaithI DispaiMsarI calA rahe the| vaha 'kundakunda bhAratI' evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI janma sthalI vAsokuNDa (vaizAlI) ke sammAnita TrasTI rahe haiM evaM digambara jaina mahAsamiti ke sammAnanIya adhyakSa rahe haiN| Apa mRdubhASI, namra svabhAva ke vyakti rahe haiN| aise vyaktitva kA saMsAra se cale jAnA, samAja aura dharma ke prati bahuta bar3I hAni hai| aise mahApuruSa ke prati vIra sevA maMdira parivAra apanI hArdika zraddhAMjali preSita karate hue bhAvanA bhAtA hai ki divaMgata AtmA ko sadgati prApta ho|

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anekAnta 65/3, julAI-sitambara grantha-samIkSA 1. vArasa aNuvekkhA - (bhAga-1 evaM bhAga-2) - zrImad bhagavat-kundakundAcAryaviracita kI sarvodayA TIkA- TIkAkAra- zrImadgaNAcArya virAgasAgara mahArAja, saMpAdana evaM saMskRta se hindI bhASA anuvAda- pro. damodara zAstrI, prakAzakabhAratIya jJAnapITha-18, insTTIyUzanala eriyA, lodhI roDa, naI dillI-3, prathama saMskaraNa-2012, mUlya pratyeka bhAga ru. 450/- kula pRSTha-984+76 =1060 bArasa aNuvekkhA para abhI taka saMskRta yA anya bhASA meM koI TIkA upalabdha nahIM thii| isa kamI ko anubhava karake gaNAcArya zrI virAgasAgara jI mahArAja ne eka vistRta saMskRta TIkA 'sarvodayA' likhI hai, jo gAgara meM sAgara kI ukti ko caritArtha karatI hai| isameM jaina paramparA ke 38 mahanIya granthoM kA sAra samAyA huA hai| prakAzaka ke preraka hai- upAdhyAya zrI prajJasAgara jI muniraaj| yaha grantha tattvajJAniyoM, mumukSuoM aura adhyetAoM ke lie atyanta mananIya va paThanIya hai| yaha grantharAja- saMsAra-zarIra aura bhogoM ke yathArtha svarUpa kA citraNa karatA huA nija svarUpa se prIti karAkara vairAgya bhAvanA ko dRr3ha va puSTa karatA hai| ***** 2. 'samayasAra' - AcArya kunda kunda kRta, hindI anuvAda- DaoN. jayakumAra 'jalaja', saMpAdana- AcArya kalyANabodhi, prakAzaka-hindI graMtha kAryAlaya mumbaI, pRSTha saM. 104, dvitIya saMskaraNa-2012, mUlya ru.80/ DaoN. jayakumAra 'jalaja' dvArA kiyA gayA samayasAra kA yaha anuvAda hameM samayasAra kI gAthAoM taka pahuMcAne kA eka sIdhA sarala rAstA upalabdha karAtA hai aura binA AtaMkita kie sirpha vahIM taka hamAre sAtha calatA hai, jahA~ taka jarUrI hai| isakA pahalA saMskaraNa chapate hI bika gyaa| anuvAdakartA 'jalaja' kI 'prAstAvika' jo sAta pRSThoM meM hai, maulika evaM paThanIya hai| DaoN. jalaja likhate haiM ki AcArya kundakunda bhagavAna mahAvIra ke siddhAntoM kA jisa gahana bhAvAtmaka jur3Ava ke sAtha pratipAdana karate haiM unakI kavitA aura maulikatA usI meM hai| ve manuSya kI cAhe zrAvaka ho yA zramaNa, hara kamajorI ko jAnate haiM aura chala, ajJAna, ahaMkAra, mithyAtva Adi se sAvadhAna rahane kI alakha jagAte haiN| samIkSAkAra- prAcArya paM. nihAlacaMda jaina

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Year-65, Volume-4 RNINo. 10591/62 Oct.- Dec.2012 ISSN 0974-8768 anekAnta (jainavidyA evaM prAkRta bhASAoM kI traimAsika zodha patrikA) ANEKANT (A Quarterly Research Journal for Jainology & Prakrit Languages) dharma-darzana tulanAtmaka vizeSAMka sampAdaka DaoN. jayakumAra jaina, mujaphpharanagara (u.pra.) Editor Dr. Jaikumar Jain, Muzaffarnagar (U.P.) Mobile: 09760002389 vIra sevA mandira, naI dillI-110 002 Vir Sewa Mandir, New Delhi-110 002

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anekAnta ANEKANT (jainavidyA evaM prAkRta bhASAoM kI traimAsika zodha patrikA) B (A Quarterly Research Journal for Jainology & Prakrit Languages) saMsthApaka Founder AcArya jugalakizora mukhtAra 'yugavIra' sampAdaka maNDala pro. phUlacanda jaina 'premI', vArANasI pro. kamaleza kumAra jaina, vArANasI, pro. udayacanda jaina, udayapura DaoN. hukumacanda jaina, dillI pro. ema. ela. jaina, naI dillI Acharya Jugalkishor Mukhtar 'Yugveer' Editor Prof. Phoolchand Jain 'Premi', Varanasi, Prof. Kamlesh Kumar Jain, Varanasi, Prof. Udaychand Jain, Udaipur, Dr. Hukumchand Jain, Delhi, Prof. M.L. Jain, New Delhi sadasyatA zulka / Subsercription eka aMka- rupaye 20/- vArSika ru.80/ This issue - Rs. 20/- Yearly Rs. 80/ sabhI patrAcAra patrikA evaM sampAdakIya hetu patA vIra sevA maMdira (jaina darzana zodha saMsthAna ) 21, aMsArI ror3a dariyAgaMja, naI dillI- 110 002.06 All correspondance for the journal & editorial onVir Sewa Mandir (A Research Institute for Jainology) 21, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002.06 phona naM. 011-30120522, 23250522, 09311050522 e-mail-virsewa@gmail.com vidvAna lekhakoM ke vicAroM se sampAdaka maMDala kA sahamata honA Avazyaka nahIM hai| lekhoM meM diye gaye tathyoM aura sandarbhoM kI prAmANikatA ke saMbaMdha meM lekhaka svayaM uttaradAyI haiM sabhI prakAra ke vivAdoM kA nipaTArA dillI nyAyAlaya ke adhIna hogaa|

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aisA sumarana kara mere bhAI aiso sumarana kara mere bhAI, pavana thaMbhai mana kitahU~ na jaaii|| paramesura soM sAMca rahIjai lokaraMjanA bhaya taja diijai|| aiso.. japa arU nema dou vidhi dharai, Asana prANAyAma sNbhaarai| pratyAhAra dharanA kIjai, dhyAna samAdhi mahArasa piijai| aiso.. so tapa tapo bahuri nahiM tapanA, so japa japo bahuri nahiM jpnaa| so vrata dharo bahari nahiM dharanA aise maro bahuri nahiM mrnaa| aiso... paMca parAvartana lakhi kIjai, pAMcoM indriyana ko na ptiijai| "dyAnata" pAMcoM lacchi lahIja, paMca parama gurU zarana ghiijai|| aiso... - dyAnatarAya

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viSayAnukramaNikA lekhaka kA nAma viSaya pRSTha saMkhyA 1. vaidika saMskRti evaM jaina saMskRti DaoN. jayakumAra jaina 2. jainadharma aura islAma DaoN. ramezacandra jaina 3. IsAI va jaina dharma kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana pro. vIra sAgara jaina 4. IsAI va islAma dharma kA udgama evaM zikSAeM DaoN. triloka caMda koThArI 5. jaina dharma evaM bauddha dharma darzana DaoN. dharma candra jaina eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi 6. jaina darzana evaM pAtaJjalayoga DaoN. azoka kumAra jaina darzana eka tulanAtmaka anuzodhAna 7. mImAMsA darzana aura jaina dharma DaoN. kuladIpa kumAra eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 8. jaina dharma evaM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa prAcArya paM. nihAlacaMda jaina 9. jaina dharma evaM islAma DaoN. anekAnta kumAra jaina 63 English Version Prof. M.L. Jain 10. Anekant an Mutual Tolerance Dr. Samani Shashi Projna Edited. Pt. Nihal chand jain 90 11. Comparative study of Jain Philo. 12. Jainism and other Religious Tabular Summarised. 13. Short list of Reference and Reading on comparative study Compiled by Prof. M.L. Jain 95

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sampAdakIya prAcIna kAla meM bhArata ke sabhI dhArmika sampradAya do bhAgoM meM vibhakta the - vaidika aura shrmnn| zramaNa sampradAya bhI kAlAntara meM do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gayAjaina aura bauddh| vaidika evaM bauddha sAhitya meM jaina saMskRti kI aneka bAteM kiMcit parivartita rUpa meM dRSTigata hotI hai| phalataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina sAhitya jainetara vaidika evaM bauddha sAhitya se asambaddha nahIM hai| suprasiddha pAzcAtya vidvAn DaoN. ema. vinTaranitja ne likhA hai - "In the sacred texts of the Jainas, a great part of the asectic litrature of ancient India is embodies, which has also left, its traces in Buddhist literature as well in the Epics and Puranas. Jaina literature is therefore closely conected with the other branches of Post-Vedic religions literature. (Jainas in the literature page 6-7) jaina sAhitya meM aise aneka sthala haiM, jinakI tulanA vaidika evaM bauddha sAhitya se kI jA sakatI hai| aneka sthaloM para zabdasAmya evaM arthasAmya dRSTigocara hotA hai| aneka vargoM ke loga jaba eka sAtha rahate haiM to yaha svAbhAvika hI hai ki ve pArasparika AdAna-pradAna se prabhAvita hue hoN| kintu yaha bAta asaMdigdha rUpa se nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai ki kisane kisase grahaNa kiyA hai yA kisane kisako pradAna kiyA hai ? kyoMki koI sAhitya pahale lipibaddha ho jAne mAtra se vaicArika rUpa se prAcIna ho, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| eka samaya thA jaba pratyeka vicAraka apane vicAra kI saMsthApanA ke lie parAnumata vicAra kA khaNDana karatA thaa| kintu aba yaha paddhati samAptaprAya hai| adyAvadhi sahiSNutA samAja kA eka Avazyaka aMga bana gaI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti anAdikAla se aneka vicAroM ke avadAna se satata prabhAvita hotI rahI hai| ataH yaha Avazyaka hai ki isake vAstavika mUlyAMkana ke lie jaina evaM jainetara vicArakoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jaaye| vIra sevA mandira ke padAdhikAriyoM kI bhAvanA ke anurUpa zrutapaMcamI mahotsava ke avasara para vividha vicAroM kI tulanA ko AdhAra banAkara eka

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vyAkhyAnamAlA Ayojita kI gii| isameM DaoN. dharmacandra jaina jodhapura ne jaina evaM bauddha, DaoN. jayakumAra jaina mujaphpharanagara ne jaina evaM vaidika, DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina dillI ne jaina evaM IsAI tathA DaoN. ramezacandra jaina bijanaura ne jaina evaM islAma para apane vyAkhyAna prastuta kiye| isake alAvA prastuta vizeSAMka meM DaoN. trilokacanda koThArI kA IsAI va islAma dharma kA udbhava evaM zikSAeM, jainadarzana evaM pAtaJjalayoga darzana kA tulanAtmaka anuzIlana (DaoN. azoka kumAra jaina, bIecayU) mImAMsA darzana aura jainadharma kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (kuladIpa kumAra jaina), DaoN. anekAnta jaina kA jainadharma aura IslAma Adi ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana viSayaka mahattvapUrNa Alekha bhI samAhita kiye gaye haiN| prastuta vizeSAMka kI kucha sAmagrI juTAne meM pro. ema. ela. jaina (saMpAdaka maNDala sadasya) kA vizeSa sahayoga rahA hai jinhoMne svayaM eka Alekha evaM usase saMbandhita saMdarbhita pAThya sAmagrI kI sUcI pradatta kI hai / vIra sevA mandira ke nidezaka prAcArya nihAlacaMda jaina ne bhI isa aMka ko saMvArane meM apane mahattvapUrNa sujhAva evaM sahayoga diyA / ina vidvAnoM ke prati maiM AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~ / yadyapi vicAra vaibhinya ke kAraNa kinhIM bhI do vicAra dhArAoM meM sarvathA aikya saMbhava nahIM hai kintu unameM pratipAdita katipaya jIvanamUlyoM meM sAmya avazya hai / mujhe vizvAsa hai ki isa sAmya ke vivecana se vividha sAmAjika vargoM meM jo sahiSNutA kI bhAvanA vRddhiMgata hogI, usase nizcita hI deza meM sauhArda kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita hogA / anekAnta (zodha traimAsikI) ke lie samasta vidvAna lekhakoM kA isI prakAra sahayoga bhaviSya meM banA rahegA, isI AzA ke sAtha - DaoN. jayakumAra jaina

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vaidika saMskRti aura jaina saMskRti - DaoN. jayakumAra jaina saMskRti zabda sam upasarga pUrvaka kR dhAtu se ktin pratyaya karane para niSpanna hotA hai| ataH saMskRti zabda kA vyutpattilabhya artha hai- samyak prakAra se kiyA gayA kaary| saMskRti zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga yajurveda meM dRSTigata hotA hai ___ 'Acchinnasya te deva soma suvIryasya rAyaspoSasya daditAraH syaam| sA prathamA sNskRtirvishvvaaraa| arthAt soma ke savana, pAna aura pradAna kI prakriyA se vizva kA svarUpa sthira hotA hai| yaha prathama saMskRti hai| tatpazcAt brAhmaNa granthoM meM saMskRti kA prayoga huA hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM yajJa ke viziSTa AcAra ko saMskRti kahA gayA hai to aitareya brAhmaNa meM AtmasaMskRtivi zilpAni'3 kahakara zilpa sabhyatA yA vyavahAra ko saMskRti kahA hai| uparyukta se phalita hotA hai ki mAnava ke AcAra, vicAra aura vyavahAra kA nAma saMskRti hai| prasiddha itihAsajJa vidvAn pro. satya prakAza zarmA kA kahanA hai- 'mAnava apane laukika yA pAralaukika sarvavidha kalyANa ke lie jina AcAroM evaM vicAroM kA Azraya letA hai, ve hI saMskRti haiN| jana jIvana para jisakA sabase adhika gaharA prabhAva par3atA hai, vaha tattva dharma hai| dharma ke dvArA vyaSTi tathA samaSTi ke AcAra, vicAra aura vyavahAra kI nirmiti hotI hai| jIvana ke samUce cakra ko dharma prabhAvita karatA hai| ataH vaidika dharma se prabhAvita AcAra, vicAra evaM vyavahAra ko vaidika saMskRti tathA jaina dharma se prabhAvita AcAra, vicAra evaM vyavahAra ko jaina saMskRti nAma diyA gayA hai| dharma meM jahA~ kaTTaratA kI saMbhAvanA vidyamAna rahatI hai, vahA~ saMskRti meM lacIlApana pAyA jAtA hai| kisI bhI dharma kA kaTTara anuyAyI eka aisA aphImacI ho jAtA hai, jise apanI dhArmika rUr3hiyoM kA gaharA nazA hotA hai tathA vaha satya ko nahIM samajha pAtA hai| isakI jhalaka pANinikRta aSTAdhyAyI ke 'yeSAM ca virodhaH zAzvatikaH5 sUtra ke udAharaNoM meM kAkolUkam, zvazrRgAlam ke sAtha zramaNabrAhmaNam meM dekhI jA sakatI hai| saMskRti aise avasara para anya dharmAvalambI ke prati sahiSNutA evaM AcAraNa kI udAratA kI rAha batAtI hai| jaba-jaba yaha sahiSNutA evaM udAratA samApta ho jAtI hai taba-taba do samudAyoM meM TakarAhaTa hone lagatI hai| vicArakoM/saMskRtijJAtAoM kA kartavya hai ki ve DUbane vAle jahAja ke chedoM ko banda karane kI rAha batAyeM, una chedoM ko saMskRti mAnakara bar3A na hone deN| bhagavAn mahAvIra, mahAtmA buddha, nAnaka, kabIra, dAdU yA anya mAnavatAvAdI mahApuruSoM evaM santoM ne saccI rAha dikhAI hai, Aja bhI usI kI AvazyakatA hai| vaidika aura jaina donoM saMskRtiyA~ atyanta prAcIna haiM, unheM kAla kI iyattA meM bAMdhanA saMbhava nahI hai| pANinIkRta aSTAdhyAyI ke 'yeSAM ca virodhaH zAzvatikaH' sUtra meM

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 'brAhmaNazramaNam' udAharaNa isa tathya kA akATya nidarzana hai| donoM hI saMskRtiyoM meM AcAra, vicAra evaM vyavahAragata katipaya samAnatAyeM tathA katipaya bhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI haiN| 1922 I. meM suprasiddha purAtattvajJa DaoN. Ara. DI. banarjI ne mohanajodar3oM meM tathA rAyabahAdura dayArAma sAhanI ne har3appA meM jo avazeSa prApta kiye the, isa AdhAra para jaina saMskRti bhI prAgaitihAsika siddha hotI hai| kyoMki vahAM prApta mudrAoM para 'jina issara' (jinezvara) par3hA gayA hai tathA una para aMkita AkRti nagna yogI kI svIkAra kI gaI hai| vedoM meM ullikhita ziznadeva, dasyu, dAsa, paNi kadAcit sindhughATI ke mUla nivAsI the tathA inakI AcAra, vicAra evaM vyavahAra kI paddhati kathaMcit vaidika saMskRti se bhinna the| pro.satyadeva mizra ne likhA hai ki donoM (vaidika aura jaina) bhArata ke sanAtana aura jIvanta dharma haiM aura donoM meM dezakAla kI iyattA ke atikramaNa kA sAmarthya hai| ve anyatra likhate haiM- 'satyAnveSaNa bhAratIya darzana kA pramukha vaiziSTya hai|. samanvayavAdI jaina ciMtakoM ne satya ko utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvyayukta mAnakara dravya tathA paryAya donoM kI paramArtha satyatA kA udghoSa kiyA hai tathA svasiddhAnta ko anekAntavAda ke nAma se pratiSThita kiyA hai| ___ sarvaprathama donoM saMskRtiyoM ke AcAra evaM vyavahAragata sAmya para vicAra karanA abhISTa pratIta hotA hai, tAki yaha samajhA jA sake ki eka sthAna para phalane-phUlane vAlI do saMskRtiyA~ kabhI bhI sahiSNutA ke binA nahIM raha sakatI haiN| AcAra kA artha : AcAra zabda A upasarga pUrvaka car dhAtu se dhaJ pratyaya kA niSpanna rUpa hai| koza ke anusAra AcaraNa, vyavahAra, cAlacalana, kartavya Adi AcAra zabda ke artha haiN| Acaryate yaH sa AcAraH' vyutpatti ke anusAra pratyeka kI jAne vAlI kriyA ko AcAr kahA jA sakatA hai kintu zAstrIya paribhASA ke anusAra mAnava ke vyavahAra kI utkRSTatA kA nAma AcAra hai| prANI mAtra meM AhAra, nidrA, bhaya evaM maithuna kI samAnatA hone para bhI jo tattva mAnava ko anya prANiyoM se utkRSTa siddha karatA hai, usakA nAma AcAra hai| ___ AcAra zabda meM prayukta car dhAtu vyAkaraNa meM do arthoM meM prayukta hotI hai- gati aura bhkssnn| ina donoM arthoM meM jo gati artha hai usake gamana, jJAna aura prApti ye tIna artha hote haiN| phalataH AcAra kA tAttvika artha huA jo khAne ke lie gati karatA hai vaha pazu hai tathA jo jJAna (mukti prApti) ke nimitta bhakSaNa karatA hai, vaha manuSya hai| veda meM car dhAtu kA AcAra ke sambandha meM prayoga karate hue kahA gayA hai ki karaNIya karma kA vidhAna aura akaraNIya karma kA niSedha AcAra kA viSaya hai| yathA 'nakirdevA mimInasi nakirA yopyaamsi| manyazrutyaM craamsi|| arthAt na to hama hiMsA karate haiM na phUTa DAlate haiM; hama to maMtra ke anusAra AcaraNa karate haiN| 'svasti panthAnamanucarema suuryaacndrmsaaviv| punardadatAdhnatA jAnatA saM gmemhi| hama sUrya evaM candramA ke samAna kalyANa ke patha kA anusaraNa kareM, bAra-bAra dAnI, ahiMsaka aura jJAnI ke sAtha saMgati kreN|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 manusmRti meM AcAra zabda ko sadAcAra kA dyotaka mAnate hue kahA gayA hai ki jisa deza meM jo AcAra paramparAgata hai, unakA vaha AcAra sadAcAra kahalAtA haitasmin deze ya AcAraH paarmprykrmaagtH| varNAnAM sAntarAlAnAM sa sadAcAra uccate // jaina paramparA meM bhI AcAra ko sadAcAra ke artha meM hI prayukta kiyA gayA hai tathA AcAra evaM vicAra ko anyonyAzrita mAnakara AcAra ke mUla meM ahiMsA aura vicAra ke mUla meM anekAnta ko rakhA gayA hai| anya bhAratIya paraMparAoM kI taraha jaina paraMparA meM bhI vicAra ko darzana kahA gayA hai aura donoM ko paraspara pUraka mAnakara darzana (vicAra) rahita dharma (AcaraNa) ko andhA tathA AcAra rahita vicAra kI paMgu kahA gayA hai|" paM. AzAdhara jI ne sAgAra dharmAmRta meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki apanI zakti ke anusAra nirmala kiye gaye samyagdarzana Adi meM jo prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, use AcAra kahate haiM / 12 AcAra kA mahattva : vaidika paraMparA meM AcAra ke mahattva kA pratipAdana karate hue spaSTa ghoSaNA kI gaI hai ki AcArahIna vyakti ko veda bhI pavitra nahIM kara sakate haiM - 9 'AcArahInaM na punanti vedAH / 13 jo AcAra nahIM samajhatA hai, vaidika RcA usakA kyA kalyANa kara sakatI hai- ' yastanna veda kimRcA kariSyati / 14 AcAra hI parama dharma hai - 'AcAraH paramo dharmaH / 15 AcAra ke pramukha tattva : AcAravAn vyakti ke lie vaidika paraMparA meM sadgRhastha aura jaina paramparA meM zrAvaka yA upAsaka zabda kA prAyaH prayoga kiyA gayA hai| AcAra ke pramukha tattvoM meM donoM hI paramparAoM meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha (sarvasukhakAmanA) jaise vratoM ko pratiSThA milI hai, bhale hI donoM paramparAoM meM vyAvahArika rUpa se paryApta bheda dRSTigocara hotA ho evaM zAstrIya vivecanA meM bhI antara ho / vyasanoM ke tyAga evaM dAna ko bhI eka sadgRhastha ke lie donoM paramparAyeM Avazyaka mAnatI haiN| (ka) paJcavrata pAlana pravRtti evaM nivRttirUpa vrata pA~ca haiM- ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya evaM aparigraha / - 1. ahiMsA - kisI prANI ko mana, vacana, karma se pIr3A na denA ahiMsA hai| vedoM meM ahiMsA yA hiMsAvirati aneka ullekha milate haiN| jo vyakti ahiMsA yA hiMsAvirati ko AcaraNa meM lAtA hai, vaha ahiMsaka kahalAtA hai / katipaya ullekha draSTavya hai - 'yUnnUnamazyAM gatiM mitrasya pApAM pathA / asya priyasya zarmaNyahiMsAnasya sazcire / 16 ahiMsaka priya mitra kI zaraNa meM rahakara zreSTha jIvana pAte haiN| maiM bhI ahiMsaka mitra ke mArga para cluuN| jIvana meM kabhI bhI hiMsaka vyakti ke mArga para na cluuN| 'yo naH kazcid ririkSati rakSastvena mrtyH| svai sva evai ririssiissttyurjnH| 17

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 jo rAkSasI Adata ke kAraNa hiMsA karanA cAhatA hai, vaha apane karmoM se svayaM hI mArA jAtA hai| 'mA hiMsIstanvAH prjaaH| mA hiMsIH purussm| idaM mA hiMsIH dvipAdaM pshum| azvaM mA hiNsiiH| aviM mA hiNsiiH| dhRtaM duhAnAmaditiM janAya mA hiNsiiH|18 apane zarIra se prajA ko mata maaro| manuSya kI hiMsA mata kro| dupAye manuSya aura pazu ko mata maaro| bher3a Una detI hai, use mata maaro| ghor3e ko mata maaro| logoM ke lie gAya dUdha detI hai, use mata maaro| hiMsA ke do kAraNa haiM- svArtha aura vidvess| atharvaveda meM bhI sthAna-sthAna para pramAda evaM vidveSa na karane kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| yathA 'mA jIvebhyaH prmdH|19 (jIvoM se pramAda mata kro|) _ 'sahRdayaM sAMmanasyamavidveSaM kRNomi vH| anyo anyamAbhidaryata vatsaM jaatmivaaghnyaa||20 (maiM tumhAre samAna hRdaya, samAna pratiyukta mana tathA avidveSa bhAva ko sthApita karatA hU~, tuma eka dUsare se aise pyAra karo jaise gAya navajAta bachar3e ko pyAra karatI hai|) uparyukta saMdarbho se spaSTa hai ki vedoM kI mUla bhAvanA ahiMsAmaya sukhazAMti kI hI hai| vahA~ rAkSasoM kI jo hiMsA kA bhI kathana kiyA gayA hai, vaha sukha-zAMti kI sthApanA ke lie virodhI hiMsA samajhanA caahie| jaina saMskRti kI to AdhArazilA hI ahiMsA hai| vahA~ ahiMsA kA kSetra atyanta vistRta hai| jainAcAra meM pramAda ke yoga se svapara ke prANoM ke pIDana ko hiMsA mAnA gayA hai| AcArya umAsvAmI kA kathana hai pramattayogAtprANavyaparopaNaM hiNsaa|21 AcArya samantabhadra svAmIne eka sadgRhastha kI ahiMsA kA varNana karate hue likhA hai saMkalpAt kRtakAritamananAd yogatrayasya crsttvaan| na hinasti yattadAhuH sthUlavadhAd viramaNaM nipunnH||22 mana, vacana, kAya ke saMkalpa se aura kRta kArita anumodana se trasa jIvoM ko jo nahIM mAratA hai, vaha sthUla hiMsA se virakta hotA hai| yahI ahiMsANuvrata yA eka sadgRhastha kI ahiMsA hai| sAgAradharmAmRta meM kahA gayA hai 'AraMbhe'pi sadA hiMsA sudhIH sAMkalpikI tyjet| dhnato'pi karSakAduccaiH pApo'dhnannapi dhiivrH||23 arthAt buddhimAn manuSya AraMbha (gRhasthI ke kAryo) meM bhI saMkalpI hiMsA ko sadA tyAga de| kyoMki binA saMkalpa ke jIvoM kA ghAta karane vAle kisAna se saMkalpa karake jIvoM kA ghAta na hone para bhI dhIvara adhika pApI hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAtavya hai ki hiMsA cAra prakAra kI kahI gaI hai-saMkalpI, udyogI, AraMbhI aura virodhii| eka jaina gRhastha caturvidha hiMsA meM se saMkalpI hiMsA kA niyama se tyAgI hotI hai| zeSa hiMsAoM ko vaha hiMsA rUpa to samajhatA hai, kintu unase baca nahIM pAtA hai|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 AcArya zubhacandra ne hiMsaka puruSa ke niSpRhatA, mahattA, nirAzatA, duSkara tapa, kAyakleza evaM dAna Adi sabhI dharmakAryo ko vyartha mAnA hai / 24 manusmRti meM 'yajJArthaM pazavaH sRSTAH svayameva svyNbhuvaa|'25 kahakara jahAM yAjJika hiMsA ko pApa nahIM mAnA hai, vahAM jainAcAra kisI bhI prakAra kI hiMsA ko vihita nahIM mAnatA hai| 11 2. satya - satya ko sabhI bhAratIya saMskRtiyoM meM mAnava jIvana kA prazasyatama guNa mAnA gayA hai| satya zabda sat se niSpanna hone ke kAraNa mUlataH sattA yA vAstavika artha kA vAcaka hai| Rgveda ke aneka sthaloM para satya kA isI rUpa meM prayoga huA hai / yathA sa kilAsi styH|26 (vaha tU vAstavika hai / ) marutAM mahimA satyo asti / 27 tyorytstym|28 tvaM satya indr|29 (marut devoM kI mahimA vAstavika hai / ) (una donoM meM jo saccA hai | ) (he indra ! tuma satya ho / ) zatAdhika sthAnoM para vedoM meM satya zabda kA prayoga huA hai, jo satya kI mahattA kA kathana karane meM samartha hai| vedoM meM satya ke lie Rta zabda kA prayoga tathA asatya ke lie anRta zabda prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ye prayoga jaina AcAraviSayaka granthoM meM bhI upalabdha hai| vaidika paraMparA meM AcArya zAkaTAyana ke vicAra meM satya vaha hai, jo vartamAna padArtha kA tAttvika bodha karAye / 30 arthAt yAska ke anusAra 'satsu tAyate satprabhavaM bhavatIti vA 31 arthAt jo sajjanoM meM vistAra ko prApta hotA hai athavA jo sajjanoM meM prakaTa hotA hai, vaha satya hai / jainAcArya pUjyapAda kahate haiM ki-' satsu prazasteSu janeSu sAdhuvacanaM styaamityucyte| 2 arthAt acche puruSoM ke sAtha sAdhuvacana bolanA satya hai / vidura maharSi ke anusAra chala rahita vacana satya hai| kullUkabhaTTa kahate haiM ki jaisA dekhA, jaisA sunA ho vaisA yathArtha kahanA satya hai- ' yathAdRSTaM zrutaM tattvaM bruuyaat|34 vedoM meM satya kI bahuzaH prazaMsA kI gaI hai| atharvaveda meM satya para bala dete hue kahA gayA hai prANa satyavAdI ko uttama loka meM sthApita karate haiM / 35 asatyavAdI ko varuNa ke pAza meM bAMdha lete haiM / 36 jainAcAra meM eka zrAvaka yA sadgRhastha ke satya kA vivecana karate hue AcArya samantabhadra svAmI kahate haiM sthUlamalIkaM na vadati na parAnvAdayati satyamapi vipade / yattad vadanti santaH sthuulmRssaavaadvairmnnm||37 zrAvaka sthUla jhUTha na to svayaM bole, na dUsaroM se bulavAve tathA jisa vacana se vipatti AtI ho aisA vacana yathArtha bhI na kahe / satpuruSa ise gRhastha kA satya kahate haiM / isameM 'satyaM brUyAt priyaM brUyAnna bruuyaatstympriym| priyaM ca nAnRtaM brUyAd eSa dharmo sanAtanaH / / ' kI bhAvanA yathAvat prakaTIkRta hai| AcArya zubhacandra ne satya kA mAhAtmya batAte hue kahA hai ki satya vrata zruta evaM niyamoM kA sthAna hai, vidyA aura vinaya kA bhUSaNa hai tathA samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kI utpatti kA kAraNa hai|8 Rgveda meM 'sA mA satyoktiH paripAtu vizvataH 39 kahakara satya ko vizva kA rakSaka pratipAdita karate hue usakI mahattA kA gAna kiyA gayA hai|

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12 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 3. asteya yA acaurya - Rgveda meM corI ke prati ghRNA kA bhAva vyakta karate hue cora ko daNDita karane kI anekatra ullekha hai| katipaya sthala draSTavya hai uta staina vastramathiM na tAyumanu kozanti kSitayo bhressu| (vastra haraNa karane vAle ke zarIra ko dekhakara loga cItkAra karane lagate haiN|) stenaM bddhmivaadite| 1 (vaha cora ko bAMdhakara daNDa pradAna karatA hai|) yajurveda meM to spaSTa rUpa se cora ko hiMsaka ghoSita karate hue agnideva se unheM naSTa karane kI prArthanA kI gaI hai| vividha smRtiyoM meM coroM ko kI gaI daNDa vyavasthA se sahaja hI vaidikAcAra meM corI ko pApa evaM asteya yA acaurya ko vrata mAnane kI paraMparA kA saMketa milatA jainAcAra meM adatta vastu ko grahaNa karanA corI kahA gayA hai- 'adattAdAnaM steym|43 isameM pramAda kA yoga rahatA hai| corI karane ke upAya batalAnA, corI kA mAla kharIdanA, rAjya ke niyamoM ke viruddha kara Adi bacAnA, mApa-taula ko kamatI-bar3hatI rakhanA aura adhika mUlya kI vastu meM kama mUlya kI vastu milAnA ye pAMca acaurya ke doSa kahe gaye haiN| inameM bhAratIya daNDa saMhitA kI corI kI sabhI dhArAoM kA prAyaH samAveza ho gayA hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM to yahAM taka kaha diyA gayA hai ki suara kA ghAta karane vAlA, mRga Adi ko pakar3ane vAlA aura parastrI gamana karane vAlA, inase bhI cora adhika pApI hai|5 acaurya vrata kA saMyama kI vRddhi meM kAraNa kahA gayA hai| 4. brahmacarya - eka gRhastha kI pUrNatA vaivAhika jIvana se hotI hai| Rgveda ke sUrya sUkta meM vara kanyA kA pANigrahaNa karate hue kahatA hai ki maiM saubhAgya ke lie terA hAtha grahaNa karatA huuN| tU mere sAtha vRddha avasthA ko prApta kre| tU gArhapatya karma arthAt dharmasAdhanA ke lie pradAna kI gaI hai| vivAha saMpanna ho jAne para upasthita jana vara-vadhU ko AzIrvAda dete hue kahate haiM ihaiva sta mA viyauSTaM vishvmaayurvyshnutm| krIDantau putrairnaptRbhirmodamAnau sve gRhe||47 tuma donoM yahA~ raho, kabhI viyukta na ho, putroM evaM pautroM ke sAtha krIDA karate hue apane ghara meM prasanna rahate hue pUrNa Ayu ko prApta kro| atharvaveda meM patnI kI yaha hArdika icchA prakaTa kI gaI hai ki tuma kevala mere ho| tuma anya striyoM kI carcA bhI mata kro|8 isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki svapatisantoSa yA svapatnIsantoSa ko gRhastha kA ekadeza brahmacarya vrata mAnA gayA hai| jainAcAra meM bhI brahmacaryANuvrata meM yahI bhAvanA vizadatA se abhivyakta hotI hai| jainAcAra meM adhyAtma mArga meM brahmacarya ko sabase pradhAna mAnA gayA hai| nizcaya se to brahma yA AmA meM ramaNatA hI brahmacarya hai, kintu vyavahAra meM parastriyoM ke prati rAga rUpa pariNAmoM kA tyAga karanA brahmacarya hai| gRhastha ke brahmacaryANuvrata kA kathana karate hue AcArya samantabhadra svAmI kA kathana hai ki jo pApa ke bhaya se na to svayaM parastrI ke prati gamana kare na dUsaroM ko gamana karAve vaha brahmacarya aNuvrata hai| syAdvAdamaMjarI meM vaidika paraMparA kA eka zloka uddhRta karate hue kahA gayA hai

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 13 'ekarAtrauSitasyApi yA gtirbrhmcaarinnH| na sA kratusahasreNu prAptuM zakyA yudhisstthirH||51 arthAt eka rAta ke brahmacarya se rahane vAle puruSa ko jo uttama gati milatI hai, vaha gati hajAroM yajJa karane vAloM ko bhI nahIM milatI hai| yaha kathana donoM paramparAoM meM brahmacarya kI mahattA ko siddha karane meM paryApta hai| 5. aparigraha (parigraha parimANa) banAma sarvasukhakAmanA - jainAcAra ke aparigrahavAda meM jahAM sAdhu kI mamatvarahitatA ke kAraNa nirvANaprApti kA bhAva nihita hai, vahA~ zrAvaka ke parigrahaparimANa meM sarvasukha kI bhAvanA chipI huI hai| Rgveda ke zivasaMkalpasUtra meM 'saMgacchadhvaM saMvadadhvaM saMvo manAMsi jAnatAm' (tumhArI saMgati samAna ho, tumhArI vANI meM samAnatA ho, tumhAre mana meM vicAra samAna hoM) meM bhI sarva sukha kI bhAvanA dRSTigocara hotI hai| vedoM meM saMpUrNa logoM kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti karane ke lie jarUrata se adhika vastuoM ke saMgraha na karane ke vidhAna ke saMketa milate haiN| jainAcAra meM parigraha ke parimANa kA vidhAna karate hue kahA gayA hai ki lobha kaSAya ko kama karake, saMtoSa rUpI rasAyana se saMtuSTa hotA huA, sabako vinazvara jAnakara dRSTa tRSNA kA ghAta karatA hai aura apanI AvazyakatA ko jAnakara dhana-dhAnya, suvarNa, kSetra Adi kA parimANa karatA hai, vaha parigraha parimANa aNuvrata hai|52 / (kha) saptavyasanatyAga - jo puruSa ko samIcIna mArga chor3akara kutsita mArga meM pravRtti karAte haiM, unheM vyasana kahA jAtA hai| vyasana zabda yahAM burI Adata kA pratIka hai| zrI padmanandI AcArya ne likhA hai - 'dyuutmaaNssuraaveshyaakhettcaurypraaNgnaa| mahApApAni sapteti vyasanAni tyajed budhH||53 arthAt juA khelanA, mAMsa khAnA, madirA pInA, vezyAgamana karanA, zikAra karanA, corI karanA tathA parastrI sevana karanA ye sAta vyasana haiN| buddhimAn vyakti ko inakA tyAga kara denA caahie| 1. dyUta - Rgveda meM juArI ke parivAra kA citraNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki juArI ke mAtA-pitA evaM bhAI bhI usake viSaya meM kahate haiM ki ise bA~dhakara le jaao|54 akSa sUkta meM juArI kI vividha durdazAoM kA varNana karate hue anta meM kahA gayA hai ki juA mata khelo, khetI kro|55 jaina paramparA meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa kriyA meM pA~se Adi DAlakara dhana kI hAra-jIta hotI hai, vaha saba juA kahalAtA hai| vividha zrAvakAcAraviSayaka granthoM meM juA kI paryApta nindA kI gaI hai| AcArya amRtacandra ke anusAra juA saba anarthoM kA kAraNahai - 'sarvAnarthaprathamaM mathanaM zaucasya sama maayaayaaH| dUrAtpariharaNIyaM cauryAsatyAspadaM dyuutm||57 __ arthAt sabhI vyasanoM meM pramukha, pavitratA yA saMtoSa kA nAzaka, chala-kapaTa kA ghara tathA corI evaM asatya kA sthAna aise juA ko dUra se hI tyAga denA caahie| paNDita pravara AzAdhara jI ne to juA ko sabhI anarthoM kI jar3a kahA hai- 'kva svaM na kSipati naanrthe|588

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14 anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 2. mAMsa - yajurveda meM vidhyAtmaka ahiMsA ke sAtha niSedhAtmaka hiMsA ke vivecana se mAMsabhakSaNa ko durvyasana ke rUpa meM mAnane kA suspaSTa saMketa milatA hai azvaM mA hiMsIH / 9 aviM mA hiMsIH / 61 ghRtaM duhAnAmaditiM mA hiMsIH / 63 ina kathanoM meM azva, eka khura vAle pazu, bakarI, bher3a evaM gAya ko mArane ke niSedha ke kathana spaSTa karate haiM ki vedoM meM mAMsa bhakSaNa ko burA evaM tyAjya mAnA gayA hai| jaina zrAvakAcAra ke pramukha grantha puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM kahA gayA hai ki prANiyoM ke ghAta ke binA mAMsa kI utpatti nahIM ho sakatI hai, isalie mAMsabhakSI ko anivArya hiMsA hotI hai| svayaM mare hue bhaiMsa, baila Adi jIvoM ke bhakSaNa meM bhI hiMsA hai, kyoMki unake Azrita rahane vAle ananta nigodiyA (kSudra) jIvoM kI hiMsA vahAM pAI jAtI hai| kaccI, agni meM pakI yA paka rahIM sabhI prakAra kI mAMsapeziyoM meM usI jAti ke ananta nigodiyA jIva prati samaya utpanna hote rahate haiM, isalie unako khAne vAlA una karor3oM jIvoM kA ghAta karatA hai / 14 3. surApAna - Rgveda meM surA pIne vAloM kI niMdA karate hue kahA gayA hai - "hRtsu pItAso yudhyante durmadAso na surAyAm / Udharna nagnA jarante / 65 arthAt surA kA pAna karane vAle madamasta hokara lar3ate haiM aura naMge hokara bakate haiM / puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM kahA gayA hai ki madirA mana ko mohita karatI hai / mohitacitta vyakti dharma ko bhUla jAtA hai tathA vismRtadharmI vyakti hiMsA kA AcaraNa karatA hai / madirA ekendriya Adi jIvoM kI yonibhUta hai| madyapAyI hiMsA avazya karatA hai| hiMsA ke sabhI prakAra madya ke nikaTavartI hI haiM / 66 mA hiMsIrekazaphaM pazum / 1deg idamurNAyuM mA hiMsIH / 12 4. vezyAgamana - vedoM meM vezyAgamana evaM parastrIsevana ko pRthak-pRthak na ginakara eka vyabhicAra meM hI samAveza kiyA gayA hai tathA isa praMsaga meM sevikA kA svAmI se jAra karma kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai ki vyabhicAriNI sevikA jArakarma to karatI hai kintu usase vaMzavRddhi nahIM cAhatI hai / 7 vasunandikRta zrAvakAcAra meM vezyAgamana karane vAle kI niMdA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo manuSya eka rAta bhI vezyAgamana karatA hai, vaha sabakI jUThana khAtA hai, kyoMki vaha sabake sAtha samAgama karatI hai / vezyA puruSa kA sarvasva hara letI hai aura use asthicarmazeSa karake chor3a detI hai| vaha sAmane to prema pradarzita karatI hai, khuzAmadI karatI hai kintu antataH usakA dhanApaharaNa kA bhAva rahatA hai / vezyAgAmI kAmAndha hokara vezyAkRta apamAnoM ko sahana karatA hai| vezyAsevana se utpanna pApa se jIva bhayAnaka duHkhoM ko prApta karatA hai| isalie mana, vacana, kAya se vezyA kA sarvathA tyAga kara denA cAhie / 68 5. zikAra - sabhI sabhya samAjoM meM AcAra kI prazaMsA evaM anAcAra kI nindA kI jAtI hai| yadyapi vedoM meM zikAra kI prazaMsA yA nindA ke prasaMga nahIM hai kintu paravartI sAhitya meM zikAra kI prazaMsA bhI kI gaI hai aura nindA bhI / abhijJAnazAkuntalam meM kAlidAsa eka ora senApati ke mukha se zikAra khelane ke guNa ginAte haiM to dUsarI ora narmasaciva vidUSaka ke mukha se zikArA kI niMdA bhI karate haiM / " zikAra ke guNa ginAnA yadi pUrva pakSa hai to zikAra kI niMdA uttrpkss|

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15 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 jainAcAra meM zikAra kI bahuzaH nindA kI gaI hai| ise niSprayojana pApa kahA gayA hai| lATIsaMhitAkAra kA kahanA hai ki zikAra khelane meM aneka prANiyoM kI hiMsA karane ke pariNAma hote haiM, bhale zikAra meM saphalatA mile yA na mile| ataH zikAra kA sarvathA tyAga kara denA caahie| 6. corI - vedoM meM corI kI paryApta nindA kI gaI hai|72 Rgveda kI taittirIya saMhitA meM tIna prakAra ke cAroM kA varNana hai - stena - gupta rUpa se corI karane vaale| taskara - prakaTa rUpa se corI karane vaale| manimlu - atyanta prakaTa rUpa se DAkA DAlane vaale| yajurveda meM bhI inakA varNana huA hai| corI ko bure AcAra meM ginakara isakI nindA kI gaI hai| jainAcAra meM to corI ko durvyasana ke sAtha pA~ca pApoM meM bhI eka mAnA gayA hai tathA corI kI jamakara nindA kI gaI hai| 7. parastrIsevana - veda meM parastrI sevana evaM vyabhicAriNI striyoM kI paryApta nindA kI gaI hai| isakA spaSTIkaraNa vezyAgamana vyasana ke saMdarbha meM kiyA jA cukA hai| kuralakAvya meM parastrIsevana kA niSedha karate hue kahA gayA hai ki - 'varamanyatkRtaM pApamaparAdho'pi vA vrm| raM na sAdhvI tvatpakSe kAMkSitA prtiveshinii||74 arthAt tuma bhale hI koI bhI pApa yA koI bhI aparAdha karalo, vaha acchA ho sakatA hai, parantu tumhAre pakSa meM par3ausI pativratA strI kI cAha acchI nahIM hai| uparyukta sAta vyasanoM kA varNana jainAcAra meM zrAvaka ke lie anivArya mAnA hI gayA hai, prakArAntara se vaidika sAhitya meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| Rgveda meM kahA gayA hai ki RSiyoM ne jina sAta maryAdAoM kA varNana kiyA hai, unameM eka ko bhI prApta hone vAlA mAnava pApI hotA hai|5 AcArya yAska ne inakA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA hai 'steyaM tallapArohaNaM brahmahatyA bhrUNahatyA suraapaanm| duSkRtasya karmaNaH punaH punaH sevA paatke'nRtodymiti||76 corI, vyabhicAra, brahmahatyA, bhrUNahatyA, surApAna, duSTa karma kA punaH punaH sevana tathA pApa karmoM meM jhUTha bolanA ye sAta burI AdateM (maryAdAyeM) haiN| (ga) dAna - bhAratIya saMskRti meM dAna denA mAnava kA Avazyaka kRtya mAnA gayA hai| vedoM meM dAna kI khUba prazaMsA kI gaI hai| katipaya saMdarbha draSTavya hai - 'sa id bhojo yo gRhave dadAtyannakAmAya carate kRshaay|77 (jo anna cAhane vAle kamajora vyakti ko anna detA hai, vaha dAnI hai|) udAra dAtA kabhI bhI mRtyu ko prApta nahIM hotA hai, dIna-hIna dazA ko prApta nahIM hotA tathA hAni evaM pIDA ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| tena tyaktena bhuMjIthA mA gRdhH|79 (tyAga pUrvaka upabhoga karo, lAlaca mata kro|) zatahastaM samAhara, sahasrahastaM sNkir| (tuma sau hAthoM vAle hokara dhana prApta karo tathA hajAra hAthoM vAle hokara dAna do|)

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 vedoM meM kahA gayA hai ki dAna se aizvarya kI prApti hotI hai, diyA gayA dAna kabhI vyartha nahIM jAtA hai| adAnI ko zoka prApta hotA hai / " 16 jainAcAra meM zrAvaka ke SaT AvazyakoM meM dAna kA sarvAtizAyI mahattva hai| ise zrAvaka kA dainika kRtya mAnA gayA hai| apane tathA dUsaroM ke upakAra ke lie apanI vastu kA denA dAna hai / vidhi, dravya, dAtA aura pAtra kI vizeSatA se dAna meM vizeSatA AtI hai| dAna ke mukhya rUpa se cAra prakAra haiM- auSadhadAna, jJAnadAna, abhayadAna aura AhAradAna 3 (gha) jalagAlana - manusmRti meM 'vastrapUtaM jalaM pibet 84 kahakara chAnakara jala pIne kA kathana kiyA gayA hai| liMgapurANa meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki - - 'saMvatsareNa yatpApaM kurute matsyavedhakaH / ekAhena tadApnoti apUtajalasaMgrahI / / 85 arthAt machalImAra eka varSa meM jitanA pApa karatA hai, utanA pApa binA chane jala kA saMgraha (upayoga) karane vAlA eka dina meM kara letA hai| jaina saMskRti meM jainAcAra ke lie Avazyaka ahiMsA vrata ke paripAlana evaM jIvadayA kI bhAvanA se jala chAnane kI kriyA ko zrAvaka kA anivArya cihna mAnA gayA hai| chane hue jala kI maryAdA eka muhUrta, garma jala kI maryAdA chaH ghaNTA tathA ubale hue jala kI maryAdA dina-rAta taka mAnI gaI hai| 6 (Da.) rAtribhojanatyAga - vedoM meM rAtri bhojana viSayaka koI sIdhA ullekha nahIM milatA hai kintu pazcAdvartI sAhitya ke katipaya ullekhoM se patA calatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM vaidika paraMparA meM bhI rAtri bhojanatyAga kI vyavathA thI / anekatra mahAbhArata ke nAma se prApta eka ullekha meM naraka ke jina cAra dvAroM kA kathana kiyA gayA hai, unameM eka rAtri bhojana bhI mAnA gayA hai| yathA - 'narakadvArANi catvAri prathamaM raatribhojnm| parastrIgamanaM caiva sndhaanaanntkaapikm||87 eka anya zloka meM maharSi mArkaNDeya ke anusAra rAtri meM jala pIne ko rudhirapAna ke samAna tathA annabhakSaNa ko mAMsabhakSaNa ke samAna kahA gayA hai 'astaMgate divAnAthe ApaH rudhiramucyate / annaM mAMsasamaM proktaM mArkaNDeyamaharSiNA / / 88 katipaya vaiSamya 1. madhutyAga - madhu (zahada) yadyapi phUloM se saMcita unakA rasa hai kintu usameM madhumakkhiyoM kA mRta zarIra, unake aNDe evaM bhrUNoM kA mizraNa pAyA jAtA hai| madhumakkhiyoM kA mala-mUtra evaM lAra kA bhI mizraNa rahatA hai| ataeva jainAcAra meM mudha ko mAMsa evaM madirA ke samAna hI tyAjya mAnA gayA hai| isakI tyAjyatA kA sabhI zrAvakAcAroM meM kathana pAyA jAtA hai| yogasAra meM kahA hai'bahujIvapradhAtotthaM bhujiivodbhaavaaspdm| - asaMyamavibhItena tredhA madhvapi vrjyet||89 arthAt saMyama kI rakSA karane vAloM ko bahujIvaghAta se utpanna tathA bahu jIvoM kI utpatti sthAna zahada kA mana, vacana evaM kAya tInoM se tyAga kara denA caahie| isake tyAga ko sabhI zrAvakAcAroM meM zrAvaka ke aSTa mUlaguNoM meM eka mUla guNa mAnA gayA hai|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 17 vaidika paramparA meM madhu (zahada) ko tyAjya na mAnakara prAyaH sevya mAnA gayA hai| 2. paMca udumbara phala - jo phala vRkSa ke kASTha ko bhedakara phalate haiM, unheM udumbara phala kahA gayA hai| ye pA~ca haiM - bar3a, pIpala, Umara (gUlara), kaThUmara (aMjIra) aura plakSa (paakr)| inakA kSIraphala ke nAma se vaidika paramparA meM ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| kahIM-kahIM pAkara (plakSa) ke sthAna para mahuA (madhUka) kA bhI kathana hai| vaidika paramparA meM ina phaloM kI tyAjyatA kA kathana nahIM hai, kintu jaina paramparA meM ina phaloM ko tyAjya mAnA gayA hai| aneka AcArya evaM vidvAn zrAvakAcAra lekhakoM ne paJcANuvrata ke sthAnapara aSTa mUlaguNoM meM paMca udumbara phaloM ke tyAga ko samAviSTa kiyA hai| AcArya amRtacandra ne likhA hai - 'yonirudumbarayugmaM plakSanyagrodha pipplphlaani| trasajIvAnAM tasmAtteSAM tadbhakSaNe hiNsaa||93 arthAt udumbarayugma - Umara, kaThUmara, pAkara, bar3a evaM pIpala ke phala trasa jIvoM kI yoni yA utpatti sthAna hai| isa kAraNa inake bhakSaNa meM trasa jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai| niSkarSa (AcAragata) - __uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki vaidika AcAra aura jaina AcAra meM gRhastha ke lie kahe gaye katipaya sAmAnya niyamoM meM sthUla rUpa se samAnatA hai| hA~, kucha viSayoM meM asamAnatA bhI hai| yadi donoM saMskRtiyoM ke AcAragata samAnatA ke pakSa ko ujAgara kiyA jAye to saumanasya banegA tathA isase apane- apane dharma ke pAlana meM anukUlatA kA anubhava bhI hogaa| saMdarbha : 1. yajurveda, mAdhyandina saMhitA, 7/14 2. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 2/12/7 3. aitareya brAhmaNa, 6/27 4. prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatA, pR. 279 5. aSTAdhyAyI, 2/4/ 9 6 .anekAnta' traimAsikI zodha patrikA akTUbara-disambara 2002 aMka 55/4 meM prakAzita pro. satyadeva mizra dvArA likhita 'syAdvAda' Alekha, pR.16 7. 'car gatyarthaH bhakSaNe c|' - pANinIya dhAtupATha, bhvaadignn| 8. Rgveda 10/134/7 9. vahI, 5/21/15 10. manusmRti, 2/18 11. jaina dharma aura darzana, pR. 249 12. sAgAradharmAmRta, 7/35, 13. viduranIti, 3/42 kI TIkA 14. Rgveda, 1/164/39 15. manusmRti, 4/108 16. Rgveda, 5/64/3 17. vahI, 8/18/13 18. yajurveda, 12/13 19. atharvaveda, 1/8/7 20. vahI, 3/10/1 21. tattvArthasUtra, 7/13 22. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, 53 23. sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/82 24. jJAnArNava, 8/20 25. manusmRti, 5/19 26. Rgveda, 2/12/15 27. vahI, 1/167/7 28. vahI, 4/104/12 29. vahI, 1/63/3 30. 'satyamarthamAyayati pratyAyati gamayati stym|' 1/4/13 para brahmamunikRta ttiikaa| 31. nirukta, 3/13 32. sarvArthasiddhi, 9/16

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18 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 33. viduranIti, 3/58 34. manusmRti, 4/38 kI TIkA 35. atharvaveda, 11/4/11 36. vahI, 4/16/6 37. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, 5/5 38. jJAnArNava, 9/27 39. Rgveda, 10/37/2 40. Rgveda, 4/38/5 41. vahI, 8/678/14 42. yajurveda, 11/79 43. tattvArthasUtra, 7/15 44. vahI, 7/27 45. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 984 46. Rgveda, 10/85/36 47. Rgveda,,10/85/42 48. atharvaveda, 7/38/4 49. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, 80 50. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, 59 51. syAdvAdamaMjarI, pR. 277 para uddhRta 52. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 339-340 53. padmanandipaMcaviMzatikA, 1/16 54. 'pitA mAtA bhrAtara enamAhurna jAnIo nayatA bddhmenm|'-Rgved,10/34/4 55. 'akSarmA dIvyaH kRSimit kRsssv|' - vahI, 10/34/13 56. lATI saMhitA. 2/114 57. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 146 ?58. sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/17 59. yajurveda, 16/3 60. vahI, 16/3 61. vahI, 13/43 62. vahI, 13/50 63. vahI, 13/49 64. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 65-68 65. Rgveda,, 8/2/12 66. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 62-64 67. draSTavya- yujarveda, 30/1, 23/30 Adi 68. vasunandizrAvakAcAra, 88-93 69. abhijJAnazAkuntalam, prathama aMka 70. lATIsaMhitA, 2/139 71. vahI, 2/144-145 72. 'stenA guptacaurAH, taskarAH prakaTacaurAH, atiprakaTA nirbhayA grAmeSu vaditkarA mmimlukaaH|' Rgveda, taittirIya saMhitA 4/1/10 kI sAyaNAcAryakRta vyAkhyA 73. yajurveda, 11/77-78 74. kuralakAvya, 15/10 75. 'sapta maryAdAH kavayastatakSustAsAmekAmidamabhyaMhuro gaat|' Rgveda,, 10/5/6 76. yAskakRta nirukta, 6/27 77. Rgveda, 10/117/3 78. vahI, 10/107/18 79. yajurveda, 40/1 80. atharvaveda, 3/24/5 81. draSTavya - Rgveda, meM AcAra sAmagrI, pRSTha-96-114 82. tattvArthasUtra, 7/38-39 83. ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra, 117 84. manusmRti, 6/46 85. liMgapurANa, 202 86. vratavidhAnasaMgraha, pRSTha 31 87. sAgAradharmAmRta, 2/76 meM mahAbhArata se uddhRta ke rUpa meM kthit| 88. bhojana dina meM kyoM? (upAdhyAya nirbhayasAgara) se uddhRta 89. yogasAra, 8/82 90. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 15 91. saMskRta hindI koza - ApTe 92. puruSArthasiddhyupAya, 61 93. vahI, 72 - upAcArya evaM adhyakSa, saMskRta vibhAga esa. DI. (pI.jI.) kAleja, mujaphpharanagara (uttarapradeza)

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sAmAjika saMracanA - muslima dharma ko mAnane vAle musalamAna kahalAte haiN| musalamAna kA artha hai vaha vyakti jo yaha mAnatA hai ki khudA yA Izvara eka hI hai / kisI muslima parivAra meM utpanna hone vAlA hI musalamAna nahIM banatA, apitu jo koI bhI muslima yA IsAI dharma ko svIkAra kara le aura muslima kalamA (" lA ilAhI ila allAha muhammadura rasUla ullAhA ") par3ha le vaha musalamAla kahA jA sakatA hai| muslima dharma araba meM utpanna huA tathA hajarata mohammada ne isako vartamAna sudharA huA rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| musalamAnoM kA dhArmika grantha kurAna zarIpha hai jisameM musalamAnoM ko acchA AcaraNa karane tathA samAja kI pragati karane kI sIkha dI gaI hai| kurAna zarIpha kI AdatoM meM musalamAnoM ke pArivArika saMgaThana, vivAha, nyAya, sahakAritA, sahayoga, dharmapracAra, rasma rivAjoM ke pAlana, anAthoM va apAhijoM kI dekhabhAla Adi ke saMbandha meM spaSTatayA niyama yA Adeza die gae haiN| pratyeka musalamAna ke lie kurAna zarIpha kI hadIsoM (hidAyatoM yA nirdezoM) ko mAnanA Avazyaka hotA hai| jinendra bhagavAn ko mAnane vAle jaina kahalAte haiN| jaina zabda jina se banA hai, jisakA artha vijetA hotA hai| jo indriyoM para vijaya prApta kare, vahI saccA vijetA hai| jainoM ke anusAra Izvara eka nahIM aneka haiN| Izvara pUrNakAma haiM, ve kRtakRtya haiN| jaina mAtra vahI nahIM hai, jisakA jaina parivAra meM janma huA ho, apitu jo jainadharma ke niyamoM kA pAlana kare, vaha jaina hai| AcArya somadeva kA kahanA hai ki 'nAmnA sthApanAto vA sarva jainAyatetarAm' arthAt nAma kI apekSA tathA sthApana nikSepa kI apekSA sabhI jaina haiM / jainadharma anAdi ananta hai| samaya samaya para tIrthaMkara janma lekara isakA upadeza karate haiM / jainoM kA koI eka dharmagrantha na hokara tIrthaMkaroM kI dvAdazAMga vANI meM nihita hai| isa dvAdazAMga vANI ke AdhAra para aneka grantha likhe gae / dvAdazAMga vANI ke antargata vartamAna kA samasta jJAna vijJAna nihita hai / pratyeka jaina ko jinavacanoM meM zraddhA rakhanA Avazyaka hai| - jaina dharma aura islAma - - - DaoN. ramezacanda jaina muslima dharma ke pravartaka hajarata mohammada ke kucha upadeza isa prakAra haiM mAtAoM ke pairoM ke nIce svarga (jannata) hotA hai| vaha saccA Izvara kA upAsaka nahIM hai, jo apane bhAI ke lie usa vastu kI kAmanA nahIM karatA hai, jisakI vaha svayaM apane lie karatA hai| kucale hue kI - cAhe vaha muslima ho yA amuslima, sahAyatA kro| rAta ko eka ghaNTe par3hAnA sArI rAta pUjA karane se adhika acchA hai| kyA tuma apane khudA ko jisane tumheM paidA kiyA hai, cAhate ho ? pahale apane sAthiyoM ko caaho| -

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anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 apanA khAnA khAne ke lie baiThane se pahale yaha patA lagA lo ki tumhAre pAsa par3ausa meM koI bhUkhA to nahIM raha gayA hai| usake mAMgane se pahale garIba ko de do / tIna taraha ke logoM ke lie jannata ke daravAje banda hote haiM- zoSaka, zoSakoM ke sahAyaka yA samarthaka aura jo zoSaNa ko sahana kara lete haiN| 20 - jo koI bhI vidvAn tumheM mile, usake sevaka bana jaao| - tumhArI kamajoriyA~ chipI hoMgI, jaba taka ki kismata tumhAre sAtha hai| yaha khyAla mata rakho ki kauna kaha rahA hai, balki yaha soco ki vaha kyA kara rahA hai| jainadharma meM pAMca samiti ora tIna guptiyA~ aSTapravacana mAtRkAyeM kahalAtI haiM, jo mAtA ke samAna pUjanIya hai / jinavANI ko bhI mAtA kahA jAtA hai| inase svargAdi sukhoM kI prApti to hotI hI hai, ye mokSa kI bhI kAraNa hai| 'kSemaM sarvaprajAnAM' kahakara jaina dharma meM sabhI ke kalyANa kI kAmanA kI gaI hai| "kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpAparatvaM" kahakara jainadharma meM dIna duHkhI jIvoM para karuNA bhAva rakhane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| merI bhAvanA meM hama par3hate haiM- "dIna duHkhI jIvoM para mere ura se karuNA srota bhe|" - jaina dharma kisI sRSTikarttA Izvara meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai| jaina dharma meM kRta, kArita, anumodanA pUrvaka sabhI pApoM kA nibaMdha kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai- samaraMbhasamAraMbha AraMbha mana, vaca, tana kIne prArambha / kRta kArita modana karake krodhAdi catuSTaya dharike / zata ATha ju bheda bhae ima tinake vaza pApa kie hama / (AlocanA pATha) jainadharma meM atithi saMvibhAga vrata kI mahattA batalAkara pAtroM ke anusAra usakA phala batalAyA gayA hai| yaha zaktistyAga bhAvanA ke aMtargata samAdiSTa hotA hai| muslima dharma kI sAmAjika saMracanA ke pramukha tattva isa prakAra haiM - 1. "visamillAha ela rahamAna ala rahIma" (dayAlu aura vizAla hRdaya Izvara ke nAma meM) se kAI bhI kArya AraMbha kiyA jAtA hai| Izvara se hI hama Ate haiM aura Izvara ke pAsa hI hama lauTa jAte haiN|" isa vicAra se musalamAnoM kI sabhI kriyAyeM pathapradarzita hotI haiM / 2. "lA ilAhI ila allAha" (Izvara ke alAvA aura koI devI devatA nahIM hai) musalamAnoM kA sarvocca dhAmika siddhAnta hai| 3. muslima dharma ke pAMca mUla siddhAnta haiN| (ka) eka Izvara meM vizvAsa karanA / (kha) pratidina pAMca bAra namAja (prArthanA) krnaa| (ga) ramajAna ke mahine meM rojA (upavAsa) karanA / (gha) jakAta (garIboM ke lAbhArtha) kara denaa| (Da.) jIvana meM eka bAra araba meM sthita musalamAnoM ke pavitra tIrthasthAna makkA kI dhArmika yAtrA avazya karanA / 4. musalamAnoM ke pavitra tyohAroM meM pramukha haiM- ramajAna aura Ida ula ajahA / 5. saMyukta parivAroM ko uttama mAnA jAtA hai| 6. muslima parivAroM meM bar3e bUr3ho, mAtA-pitA kA Adara karane va unakA Adeza mAnane para vizeSa bala diyA jAtA hai|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 7. eka musalamAna eka se adhika striyA~ (adhika se adhika cAra striyA~) rakha sakatA hai lekina una sabhI ko eka hI ghara meM rakhanA Avazyaka hai aura unake sAtha acchA vyavahAra karanA Avazyaka hai| 8. striyoM ke cAla calana ko uttama banAe rakhane ke lie unheM pardA yA burake ko or3hakara bAhara nikalanA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| 9. musalamAnoM ko madyapAna karanA tathA sUara kA mAMsa khAnA varjita hai| jainoM meM kisI mAMgalika kArya ko karane se pahale nimnalikhita maMgalAcaraNa bolA jAtA hai - maMgalaM bhagavAn vIro maMgalaM gautamo gnnii| maMgalaM kundakundAdyau jaina dharmo'stu mNglm|| (digambara paraMparA) jaina dharma jIvAtmA ko Izvara kA aMza nahIM mAnatA hai, apitu pratyeka jIvAtmA kI svataMtra sattA mAnatA hai, usakA paralokagamana usake karma para nirbhara haiM Izvara na kisI ko kahIM bhejatA hai, ve eka nahIM aneka haiN| isa prakAra ke paramAtmAoM se bhinna devI-devatAoM kA svataMtra astitva hai| jainadharma paMca mahAvratoM ko svIkAra karatA hai| gRhastha inakA ekadeza pAlana karate haiN| sAdhuoM ke vrata, niyama vagairaha zrAvakoM se bhinna haiN| zrAvaka tathA muni sabhI ke lie trikAla sAmAyika (dhyAna, samatA bhAvanA) kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| jaina zrAvaka yA sAdhu rAtri bhojana nahIM karate haiN| upavAsa ke dinoM meM dina aura rAtri ko caturvidhAhAra grahaNa karane kA parityAga hai| ____ 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm' sUtra ke anusAra jIvoM kA kArya paraspara upakAra karanA hai| bhogopabhoga parimANa yA parigraha parimANa rakhane aura AhAradAna, auSadhi dAna, abhayadAna tathA jJAnadAna dene se garIba, amIra sabhI prakAra ke jIvoM kA upakAra hotA hai| pratyeka jainI jIvana meM kama se kama eka bAra nirvANakSetra (giranAra, sammedazikhara, campApura aura pAvApura tathA anya tIrthakSetroM kI vandanA karane kA bhAva avazya rakhatA hai)| jainoM ke pavitra parva aSTAhnikA, dazalakSaNa, dIpAvalI, mahAvIra jayaMtI, akSaya tRtIyA, rakSAbandhana, zrutapaJcamI Adi haiM, inameM kisI bhI prakAra se bali Adi karma na kara jIvoM kI rakSA karane kA upadeza diyA jAtA hai| sAmAnya jIvana meM jIva rakSA pratyeka jaina kA karttavya hai| jainoM meM saMyukta parivAra bhI hote haiM aura parivAroM meM vibhAjana bhI hotA rahatA hai| yaha saba ApasI tAlamela para nirbhara hai| pratyeka gRhastha tathA sAdhu ko vinayabhAvanA rakhane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| hindU koDa bila jainoM para lAgU hone se jaina gRhastha eka hI patnI rakhate haiM, kintu jaina sAhitya meM jainoM ke bahuvivAha ke ullekha bhI bahuta haiN| yaha apanI apanI sAmarthya para nirbhara hai, tathApi dharmazAstra eka patnIvrata tathA pativrata rakhane kA upadeza dete haiN| striyoM meM pardAprathA jainoM kI prAcIna kAla meM nahIM thI, kintu musalamAnI kAla meM uttarabhArata meM yaha cAlU ho gaI thii| aba isakA tejI se vilopa ho rahA hai|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 jaina paramparA meM madya, mAMsa aura madhu kA, tyAga pratyeka jainI ke lie anivArya hai| inakA sevana karane vAlA zrAvaka kahalAne kA adhikArI nahIM hai| ___ kuraAna kA kahanA hai- "apanI pasanda kI aurata se vivAha kara do, tIna athavA cAra, parantu yadi tumheM bhaya ho ki tuma unake madhya samAna nyAya nahIM kara sakate to tuma kevala eka (aurata) se vivAha kro|" kuraAna 4:3 / Amataura para loga yaha samajhate haiM ki parde kA sambandha kevala striyoM se hai| hAlAMki kuraAna meM allAha ne auratoM se pahale mardo ke parde kA varNana kiyA hai ___ "ImAna vAloM se kaha do ki ve apanI najareM nIcI rakheM aura apanI pAkadAminI kI surakSA kreN| yaha unako adhika pavitra, banAegA aura allAha khUba paricita haiM, hara usa kArya se jo ve karate haiN|" (kuraAna 24.30) jainadharma meM brahmacarya vrata ke dhAraNa karane vAloM ko tanmanoharAMga nirIkSaNa tyAga kA upedaza diyA gayA hai| kuraAna kI sUrA nisA meM kahA gayA hai- "aura allAha para ImAna rakhane vAlI auratoM se kaha do ki ve apanI nigAha nIcI rakheM aura pAkadAminI kI surakSA kareM aura ve apane banAva-zrRMgAra aura AbhUSaNoM ko na dikhAyeM, isameM koI Apatti nahIM, jo sAmAnya rUpa se naz2ara AtA hai aura unheM cAhie ki ve apane sInoM para apanI or3haniyA~ or3ha leM aura apane patiyoM, bApoM, apane beToM.... ke atirikta kisI ke sAmane apane banAva-zrRMgAra prakaTa na kreN|" (kuraAna 24.31) jainadharma meM uparyukta uddezya kI pUrti hetu hI brahmacArI ko (aura brahmacAriNI ko bhI) svazarIra saMskAra tyAga kA upadeza tattvArthasUtra meM diyA gayA hai| kuraAna meM kahA gayA hai - "dharma meM koI jora - jabardastI na kare, satya, asatya se sApha bhinna dikhAI detA hai|" (kuraAna 2.256) "logoM ko allAha ke mArga kI tarapha bulAo, parantu buddhimattA aura sadupadeza ke sAtha aura unase vAda-vivAda karo, usa tarIke se jo sabase acchA aura nirmala ho / " (kuraAna 16: 125) jainadharma meM bhI kahA gayA hai - pakSapAto na me vIro na dveSaH kpilaadissu| yuktimadvacanaM yasya tasya kArya priisshH|| arthAt mujhe vIra se koI pakSapAta nahIM hai, kapila Adi ke prati koI dveSa nahIM hai, jo vacana yuktiyukta haiM, unakA pAlana karanA caahie| AptamImAMsA meM AcArya samantabhadra ne kahA hai sa tvamevAsi nirdoSo yukti zAstrAvirodhi vaak| avirodho yadiSTaM te prasiddhena na baadhyte|| arthAt Apa hI nirdoSa haiM, kyoMki Apake vacana, yukti aura zAstra ke virodhI nahIM hai| avirodhI isalie haiM; kyoMki jo Apako iSTa hai, vaha prasiddha se bAdhita nahIM hotA hai|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 23 hajarata muhammada ne zarAba ko harAma kahA hai- "zarAba tamAma burAIyoM kI jar3a hai aura vaha bezarmI kI cIjoM meM se sabase bar3hakara hai|" (hadIsa : sunana ibne mAjA) - "haracIja jisakI bar3I mAtrA nazA paidA karane vAlI ho, usakI alpamAtrA bhI harAma hai'|" (hadIza ibne mAjA) hajarata anasa kahate haiM ki khudA ke paigambara muhammada ne pharamAyA - "zarAba ke sAtha jur3e hue dasa logoM para allAha kI ora se lAnata aura dhikkAra kI jAtI hai| jo usako nicor3atA yA taiyAra karatA hai, jisake lie taiyAra kI jAtI hai, usakI pIne vAlA, usako pahuMcAne yA bhejane vAlA, jisake pAsa use bhejA jAya yA pahuMcAyA jAya, jise zarAba peza kI jAya, use becane vAlA, usakI AmadanI se phAyadA uThAne vAlA, use apane lie kharIdane vAlA aura dUsare ke lie use kharIdane vAlA / " (hadIsa ibne mAjA) jainadharma meM bhI madyapAna ko sAta vyasanoM ke antargana ginAyA hai| paNDita pravara AzAdhara jI ne sAgAra dharmAmRta meM kahA hai yadekavindoH pracaranti jIvAzcetat trilokImapi pUrayanti / yadviklavAzcedamamuM ca lokaM nazyanti tatkazyamavazyamasyet // arthAt yadi zarAba kI eka bindu ke jIva vicaraNa karane lageM to tInoM lokoM ko bhI bhara deN| jisase duHkhI hokara isa loka aura paraloka vinAza ko prApta ho jAe, usa madya ko avazya chor3a denA caahie| islAma aura jainadharma donoM meM juA khelane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| kuraAna kA Adeza hai - nApa aura taula ko ThIka ThIka pUrA kro| (kuraAna 6/52) tattvArthasUtra meM asteya vrata ke atIcAroM meM viruddha rAjyAtikrama ko ginAyA hai| kuraAna (22: 30) meM kahA gayA hai ki jhUTha bolane se baco " / jainadharma meM satya mahAvrata kI mahimA varNita hai| aprazasta vacana ko bhI jhUTha kI saMjJA dI gaI hai - asadAbhidhAnaM anRtam (tattvArthasUtra - adhyAya 7) kuraAna (17:32) meM kahA gayA hai - parastrI gamana ke nikaTa bhI na jAo; kyoMki vaha nirlajjatA aura burA rAstA hai / jainadharma meM itvarikAparigrahItAparigrahItA gamana kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| kuraAna (17 :37) meM kahA hai- "pRthvI para akar3atA huA mata cala, isa prakAra tU na pRthvI ko phAr3a DAlegA aura na bar3hakara parvatoM taka hI pahuMca jaayegaa|" "dayAlu khudA ke bhakta dharatI para calate haiM to namratA ke sAtha / " (kuraAna 25 :63) jainadharma meM dazalakSaNa dharma meM dUsarA dharma mArdava dharma batalAyA gayA hai, jo mAna kA tyAga karane kA upadeza detA hai- "uttama mArdava vinaya prakAze nAnA bheda jJAna saba bhAse / " mAna mahAviSarUpa karahiM nIcagati jagata meM / "komala sudhA anUpa sukha cAheM prANI sdaa|" (dazalakSaNa pUjA) islAma para jaina prabhAva 9vIM zatAbdI meM bahuta se jaina muni dakSiNa rUsa ke dezoM meM gaye / ujabekistAna, orAsAna, ajarabAijAna se lekara ve sIriyA taka ge| 1978 meM jaba zrI vizvambhara nAtha pANDeya sIriyA gae to unheM jJAta huA ki jaina muni vahAM Ae the aura prasiddha muslima sUphI

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anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 santa abulaAlA alamuArI ne unase dIkSA lI thii| dIkSA lene ke bAda unhoMne mAMsa khAnA bilkula varjita kara diyA thaa| yahAM taka ki ve aNDe bhI nahIM khAte the / ve ahiMsA kA pracAra karate the| unhoMne apanI sundara arabI kavitAoM meM ahiMsA kI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai| araba dezoM meM eka nayA saMpradAya "kalandara" paidA huaa| kalandara muni ahiMsA ke parama vizvAsI the tathA sadaiva satya bolate the| yUnAna ke do kalandara muni eka sulatAna ke yahA~ ge| sulatAna kI begama ne unakA satkAra kiyaa| unheM barAmade meM takhta para baitthaayaa| thor3I dera ke lie vaha apane janAnakhAne calI gaI aura apane hIroM kA hAra vahIM takhta para chor3a diyA / vahA~ bAga meM eka zuturamurga cara rahA thA / hIroM kI jagamagAhaTa ne usako AkarSita kiyA / vaha AyA aura hIroM ke hAra ko nigala gyaa| jaba begama vApisa AyI to unhoMne dekhA ki hIroM kA hAra vahAM nahIM hai| kalandaroM se pUchA gayA ki Apa yahA~ barAbara baiThe the? ve kahane lage ki hama niraMtara baiThe the| begama ne pUchA ki maiM yahA~ hAra chor3akara calI gaI thI, vaha hAra kahA~ calA gayA? kalanda mauna rhe| unheM ArakSiyoM ko sauMpa diyA gyaa| ve bahuta pITe ge| khAnAtalAsI lI gaI, kintu hAra nahIM milaa| kintu sandeha unhIM para thA ki inhoMne kisI taraha se hAra ko gAyaba kara diyaa| unheM behada mArA-pITA gayA para ve bole nhiiN| bAda jaba usa zuturamurga ne koI cIja uglii| use cIrA gayA to usake peTa se vaha bezakImatI hIroM kA hAra prApta huaa| taba una kalandaroM kI jAMca par3atAla zurU huii| unase pUchA gayA ki tumane batAyA kyoM nahIM ki zuturamurga nigala gayA? itanI mAra khAne ke bAda bhI tuma khAmoza kyoM rahe? unhoMne uttara diyA ki hama satya bAta kahate ho zuturamurga ke prANa cale jaate| vaha pApa hama apane Upara nahIM lenA cAhate the / ahiMsA para unakA parama vizvAsa thA / 24 arabI itihAsa meM varNana AtA hai ki zAhasujA adarabAIjAna ke bahuta bar3e sulatAna the| jaina muni kA unake Upara prabhAva pdd'aa| unhoMne aparigraha kI dIkSA le lI tathA apane rAjasiMhAsana kA parityAga kara diyaa| bAda meM ve eka kuTI banAkara bagadAda meM rahane lge| unakI rAnI kI mRtyu ho cukI thI / unakI eka bar3I sundara kanyA thI / bahuta se loga usase vivAha karanA cAhate the| jaba eka navAba ke yahAM rizte kI bAta AI to unhoMne tIna dina kA samaya maaNgaa| tIna dina bAda unhoMne khoja zurU kii| zAhujA ne dekhA ki eka yuvaka masjida meM dhyAnamagna hokara Izvara kA parama bhakta hai| isake sAtha hI maiM apanI kanyA kA vivAha kruuNgaa| jaba yuvaka kA dhyAna samApta huA aura usane AMkheM kholIM to dekhA ki zAhasujA khar3e hue haiN| usane apane ko dhanya maanaa| zAhasujA ne usase pUchA - yuvaka tuma vivAhita ho ? yuvaka ne uttara diyA ki maiM bahuta garIba huuN| mere pAsa dhana nAmakI cIja nahIM hai| maiM aparigraha vrata pAlana karatA huuN| kauna mujhe apanI kanyA degA ? zAhasujA ne kahA ki tuma merI kanyA se vivAha kro| yuvaka ne kahA ki ApakI kanyA kA pAlana poSaNa to rAjamahaloM meM huA hai, vaha acchI taraha kaise rhegii| zAhasujA ne kahA ki maiM apanI kanyA kA vivAha tumhAre sAtha karU~gA / kanyA kA vivAha unhoMne aparigrahI garIba ke sAtha kara diyA / kanyA jaba apane pati ke yahAM AI to dekhA ki choTI se parNakuTI meM eka tarapha caTAI par3I huI haiM, miTTI ke pAtra meM AdhI roTI rakhI huI hai| kanyA ne dekhA aura pUchA ki yaha AdhI roTI kaisI hai? yuvaka ne uttara

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25 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 diyA ki mere pAsa zrama karane ke bAda kucha paise A gae the, usase maiMne eka roTI kharIdI thii| AdhI roTa maiMne kala khAyI thI aura AdhI roTI Aja ke lie rakhI hai| rAjakanyA kI A~khoM se A~sU girane lge| use rote dekhakara yuvaka ne kahA ki maiM pahale hI samajhatA thA ki Apa rAjakanyA haiM, merI garIbI ke sAtha nahIM cala skeNgii| Akhira merI garIbI ko dekhakara ApakI AMkhoM se AMsU nikalane hI lge| usane javAba diyA ki tumhArI garIbI ko dekhakara merI AMkhoM se AMsU nahIM nikale, kintu isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki mere pitA ne kahA thA ki tuma nitAnta aparigrahI ho, lekina jo vyakti eka roTI, jo use kala milI thI, vaha Aja ke lie bacAkara rakhe, vaha aparigrahI kaisA? hamAre pitA ne kahA thA, kintu tuma nitAnta aparigrahI nahIM ho| yaha Adarza aise samAja meM thA, jo samAja parigrahI samajhA jAtA hai| usa samAja meM jAkara jaina muniyoM ne apane pracAra dvArA bhAvanAyeM paidA kI, vicAra paidA kie, jinhoMne usa saMskRti ko nayA rUpa diyaa| isI taraha sabase bar3A prabhAva vahAM ke eka musalamAna zrImanta ke Upara pdd'aa| unakI 14 bar3I koThiyAM vibhinna dezoM meM thii| bhArata meM eka koThI thii| unakI koThiyAM spena taka phailI huI thiiN| unakA karor3oM rUpayoM kA vyavasAya thA, kintu jaise hI ve jainadharma meM dIkSita hue, unhoMne apanA sArA dhana, mahala, koThI Adi dAna kara diyaa| eka la~goTI raha gaI, socA usakA AkarSaNa kyoM ? usakA bhI dAna kara diyA aura digambara muni bana ge| ve dharma aura prema, ahiMsA satya tathA aparigraha kI carcA karate hue bhArata aae| bhArata Akara ve dillI phuNce| dillI meM auraMgajeba se bheMTa huii| unakA pracAra aura prasAra dekhakara bhArata kI janatA unake prati bahuta AkarSita huii| hajAroM unake bhakta ho ge| auraMgajeba ne jaba unase pUchA ki tuma naMge kyoM rahate ho? to usa saramada ne kahA - 'tana kI urayAnI se behatara koI livAsa nahIM (nagnapana se behatara nahIM hai koI livAsa) yaha vaha jAmA hai, jisakA koI nahIM ulTA siidhaa|' unase pUchA ki allAha aura usake paigambara rasUla ko chor3akara pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kI tarapha tumhArI AsthA kyoM jAgI? to usane uttara diyA- pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra meM mujhako vaha bhakti, vaha prema, vaha aparigraha kI bhAvanA dikhAI dI, jisase AkarSita hokara maiMne pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kI zaraNa lii| auraMgajeba ne kahA - tuma khudA ko nahIM mAnate ho? to saramada ne jabAva diyA - yadi koI khudA hai to khuda merI khabara legaa| mujhe usakI khabara lene se kyA matalaba? cUMki islAma dharma ko usane tilAMjali dI thI, phira vaha mUrtipUjA kI ora AyA thA, isIlie usako auraMgajeba kI ora se phA~sI kI sajA milii| dillI kI jAmA masjida ke bAhara eka choTA sA makabarA banA huA hai, jahAM vaha zreSTha jaina saramada ananta nidrA meM vizrAma kara rahA hai| jaina usa rAste se nikalate hoMge, kintu kisI ko bhI yaha bhAna nahIM hotA ki yaha TUTI phUTI kabra eka mahAn karor3apati vyavasAyI kI hai, jo jainadharma meM dIkSita huA aura jisane dIkSA ke kAraNa apane prANa tyAga diye|3 saMdarbha : 1. DaoN. satyapAla ruhelA : bhAratIya samAja saMracanA aura parivartana, pRSTha-53 uttarapradeza hindI graMtha __ akAdamI, lakhanaU, 1973 I. R. The Illustrated weekly of India- Dec. 14,19, 69.

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 3. DaoN. satyapAla ruhelA : bhAratIya samAja saMracanA aura parivartana, pRSTha 54-55 4. DaoN. jAkira nAika : galataphahamiyoM kA nivAraNa, pR.10, prakAzaka-madhura saMdeza saMgama pR. 20, ___ abula phajla iMkaleva, jAmiyA nagara, naI dillii| 5. vahI, pRSTha-17 6. vahI, pRSTha- 17 7. galataphahamiyoM kA nivAraNa, pR.25 8. vahI pRSTha-50 9. galataphahamiyoM kA nivAraNa, pR. 51 10. aba muhammada imAmuddIna rAmanagarI : islAma eka paricaya, pR. 58 11. vahI, pRSTha-59 12. islAma : eka paricaya pRSTha-59, prakAzaka- madhura saMdeza saMgama E.20 abula phajla kleva, jAmiyA nagara, naI dillii| 13. pArzvajyoti 9 pharavarI 1987 (ahicchatra mahotsava para Ananda vATikA rAmapura meM mahAmahima zrI vizvambharanAtha pANDe, rAjyapAla ur3IsA dvArA diyA gayA bhASaNa di. 5.10.1986) - muhallA- ku~vara bAlagovinda, bijanaura (uttarapradeza)

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IsAI dharma va jaina dharma kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - pro. vIrasAgara jaina sarvaprathama to IsA masIha ke jIvana aura vacanoM se hameM yaha bhalIbhA~ti samajha meM AtA hai ki ve bahuta hI komala, sarala evaM dayAlu prakRti ke mahApuruSa the aura kapaTa, kaTutA evaM kaThoratA se kosoM dUra rahate the| ve saMsAra se virakta aura sadaiva dharmacarcA hetu utsuka rahate the| ve usa jamAne meM bhI dharmalAbha hetu bhArata varSa taka Aye the aura mahInoM taka aneka jaina-bauddha sAdhuoM kI saMgati meM rahe the| eka bAra to unhoMne pAlItAnA meM (jise vahA~ 'pelesTAina' kahA gayA hai aura jo Aja gujarAta rAjya meM AtA hai) 40 dina kA upavAsa karake jaina sAdhuoM kI saMgati kI thI aura unase AdhyAtmika zikSA bhI prApta kI thI / prasiddha jainAcArya zrI vidyAnanda muni ne unake viSaya meM likhA hai ki "mahAtmA IsA bAlya-avasthA se hI dayAlu tathA saMsAra se virakta the| jaba ve teraha varSa ke hue taba unake parivAra vAloM ne unakA vivAha karanA cAhA kintu IsA ne vivAha nahIM kiyA aura ghara se nikala pdd'e| tadanantara ve IrAnI vyApAriyoM ke sAtha sindha ke mArga se bhArata meM cale aaye|" ..... hajarata IsA ne pelesTAina meM Atmazuddhi ke lie jisa sthAna para 40 dina kA upavAsa kiyA thA, vaha pailesTAina prakhyAta vidvAn jAjaksa ke matAnusAra bhArata kA pAlItAnA jaina kSetra hai| pAlItAnA meM hI IsA ne jaina sAdhuoM se dhArmika zikSA grahaNa kI thii| hajarata IsA ne apane pracAra meM tIna bAteM likhIM - 1. Atma zraddhA yA AtmavizvAsa (Self Reliance) yAnI know Thyself tuma apane AtmA ko smjho| 2. vizva prema Universal Love tathA 3. jIva dayA / ina tInoM mAnyatAoM para jainadharma kI chApa hai| samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra kAhI rUpAntara yA prakArAntara mahAtmA yIzu kA siddhAnta hai| isa taraha hajarata IsA para jainadharma aura jaina sAdhuoM kA prabhAva rahA / " (vizvadharma kI rUparekhA, pR. 78-80 ) isake atirikta unhoMne itihAsavettA zrIyuta paM. sundaralAla jI kI kRti 'hajarata IsA aura IsAI dharma' ke pRSTha 132 kA saMdarbha dete hue yaha bhI batalAyA hai ki- "bhArata meM Akara hajarata IsA bahuta samaya taka jaina sAdhuoM ke sAtha rhe| jaina sAdhuoM se unhoMne AdhyAtmika zikSA tathA AcAra-vicAra kI mUla bhAvanA prApta kI / "

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28 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 prAcyavidyAmahArNava zrI nagendranAtha vasu ne bhI 'hindI vizva koza' bhAga 3, pRSTha 128 para rUsI-paryaTaka vidvAn DaoN. noTovica kI kRti 'Unknown life of Christ' kA saMdarbha dete hue siddha kiyA hai ki IsA masIha apane 6 mAha ke ajJAtavAsa kAla meM bhArata aura bhoTa deza meM Akara jaina evaM bauddha sAdhuoM ke sAtha rahe the| dinAMka 20 navambara 2011 ko hindI dainika patra 'amara ujAlA' ke dillI saMskaraNa meM bhI isI Azaya kA eka samAcAra 'haoNlivuDa meM banegA karor3oM kI lAgata se philma, aba dekhie IsA masIha kI bhArata yAtrA' zIrSaka se prakAzita huA thA - __ "lNdn| haoNlIvuDa meM jalda hI IsA masIha ke bhArata Agamana para philma banAI jaaegii| yAnI aba Apa IsA masIha kI bhArata yAtrA ko dekha sakate haiN| yaha philma IsA masIha ke jIvana ke una varSoM para AdhArita hogI, jinakA bAibila meM jikra nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isake tahata yaha dikhAyA jAegA ki 13 se 30 sAloM ke samaya meM jIsasa bhArata Ae the| yahI nahIM, ve yahA~ bauddha maThoM meM Thahare the| batAyA jA rahA hai ki isa philma ke nirmAtAoM ne philma banAne se pahale kAphI zodha kiyA hai| philma meM jIsasa kI pUrva kI ora yAtrA ke bAre meM batAyA jaaegaa| isameM ve kaI dharmoM ke bAre meM jAnate hue eka dharma kI sthApanA karate dikheNge| ... IsA masIha ne apanA kAphI samaya araba ke rAste Akara bhArata meM bitAyA thaa|" isa prakAra ukta sabhI uddharaNoM se yaha atyanta spaSTa hotA hai ki IsA masIha ne jaina-bauddha Adi aneka dharmoM ko niSpakSatA, udAratA evaM sUkSmatApUrvaka samajhane kA prayatna kiyA thA aura logoM ko bhI isI prakAra dharma kA asalI sAra tattva samajhane ke lie prerita kiyA thaa| unhoMne bAhya ADambaroM se dUra Atmazuddhi yA manazuddhi ko hI dharma ke rUpa meM samajhAne kA bharasaka prayatna kiyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki IsA masIha ke vicAra aneka sthAnoM para jainadharma se bahuta adhika milate-julate haiN| jaise ki jainadharma eka uccakoTi kA AdhyAtmika dharma hone se AtmajJAna para bahuta adhika jora detA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki jisane AtmA ko jAnA usane saba kucha jAnA, saba kucha kiyA aura jisane AtmA ko nahIM jAnA usane kucha nahIM jAnA, kucha nahIM kiyaa| AtmA hI vizva meM sabase sundara aura upAdeya hai, ityAdi; jisakA varNana samayasArAdi graMthoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| IsA masIha ne bhI bArambAra AtmajJAna para bahuta adhika bala pradAna kiyA hai| unake tIna pramukha siddhAntoM meM prArambha ke do vizuddha AtmA se sambandhita hai - 1. AtmavizvAsa (Self Reliance) aura AtmajJAna (Know Thyself) inake dvArA unhoMne AtmA ko jAnane aura samajhane kI hI vizeSa bAta rekhAMkita kI hai| AtmajJAna para jora dete hue eka sthAna para to ve yahA~ taka kahate haiM ki ___ "yadi AdamI apanI AtmA ko kho baiThe aura sArI duniyA use mila jAe to bhI use kyA phAyadA? AtmA ke mola kI dUsarI cIja ise kyA mila sakatI hai?" isI prakAra eka anya sthala para kahA hai ki- "usakI cintA mata karo jo tumhAre zarIra ko mAratA hai kintu AtmA kA nAza karane meM samartha nahIM hai| balki usase Daro jo narka meM zarIra aura AtmA donoM ko naSTa kara sakatA hai|"

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 29 __ aura bhI kahA hai ki "jinakA AtmA meM vizvAsa hai ve naSTa nahIM hote, kintu avinAzI jIvana yApana karate haiN|" jaina adhyAtma pApa evaM puNya donoM ko heya batAkara unase Upara zuddhopayoga meM jAne kI preraNA detA hai| bAibila meM isI prakAra se kahI gaI hai ki- "naitikatA jaba taka satasat aura zubha-azubha se Upara nahIM uThatI, taba taka manuSya ko mokSa prApta nahIM ho sktaa|" __ jainadarzana evaM adhyAtma kA mAnanA hai ki pratyeka AtmA kA antima lakSya mokSa kI prApti hai, jahA~ pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA ke samAna pUrNa zuddha-buddha bana jAtA hai| bAibila meM isI bhI svIkAra karate hue ki- "Izvara ke rAjya kI prApti parama zubha hai| .... usI prakAra pUrNa bano jisa prakAra svarga meM tumhArA pitA pUrNa hai|" adhyAtma kI ukta bAtoM kI taraha jainadharma ke AcAra-vicAra kI bhI bahuta-sI bAteM 'bAibila' meM upalabdha hotI haiN| udAharaNArtha- bahuta se dharmAtmA loga bAhya zuddhi para hI jora dete haiM, apanA aMtaraMga zuddha nahIM krte| unake lie kahA gayA hai ki "he kapaTa zAstriyoM ! tuma kaTore aura thAlI ko Upara-Upara se to mA~jate ho, parantu ve bhItara andhera asaMyama se bhare hue ___ahiMsA aura aparigraha bhI jaina AcAra ke pramukha siddhAnta haiN| bAibila meM ina donoM kA purajora samarthana milatA hai| ahiMsA para jora dete hue kahA gayA hai ki "hameM adhikAra nahIM ki kisI kA prANa leM aura aparigraha para jora dete hue kahA gayA hai ki- parigraha ikaTThA mata kro| "Don't store up your profits" tathA yahA~ taka kahA hai ki "eka U~Ta kA suI ke cheda meM se nikalanA sambhava hai kintu eka dhanI kA svarga meM praveza asambhava hai|" isase siddha hotA hai ki mahAtmA IsA aparigraha kI avadhAraNA meM bahuta vizvAsa karate the| pApoM ke saMdarbha meM eka vizeSa bAta yaha hai ki jainadharma kevala bAharI pApa kriyA ko hI pApa nahIM kahatA balki mana meM rAgAdi vikAroM kI utpatti ko mUlabhUta pApa mAnatA hai aura use dUra karane kI sazakta preraNA detA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vahA~ sabhI pApa do prakAra ke batAe gae haiM- dravyahiMsA aura bhAvahiMsA, dravya jhUTha aura bhAvajhUTha, dravyacorI aura bhAvacoroM, dravyakuzIla aura bhAvakuzIla, dravyaparigraha aura bhaavprigrh| bAibila meM bhI bhAvarUpa pApoM ko tyAgane kI bAta para jora diyA gayA hai yathA- "tumane yaha sunA hai ki avaidha saMbhoga mata karo kintu maiM tumheM kahatA hU~ ki jo koI bhI vyakti kisI bhI strI ko vAsanAyukta dRSTi se dekhatA hai usane mana meM avaidha saMbhoga kA karma kara liyaa| jainAcAra meM dikhAve kI bajAe bhAvoM kI vizuddhatA para bala pradAna kiyA gayA hai| bAibila kA bhI yahI kahanA hai- "sAvadhAna raho, tuma manuSyoM ko dikhAne ke lie dharma ke kAma na karo, nahIM to svargIya pitA se kucha bhI phala na paaoge|" aura bhI dekhie kitanA acchA kahA hai- "jaba tU dAna kare to apane Age turahI na bajavA, jaisA ki kapaTI loga sabhAoM aura galiyoM meM karate haiN| yadi tuma aisA karoge to maiM tumase saca kahatA hU~ ki tuma apanA phala pA cuke|" athavA "jaba tU dAna kare to yadi dAhinA hAtha karatA hai to terA bA~yA hAtha hI na jAnane paae|"

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 jainAcAra dUsare ke doSoM ko na dekhakara apane doSoM ko hI dekhakara sudhArane para jora detA hai| vahI bAibila bhI kahatI hai- "tU apane bhAI kI AMkha ke tinake ko kyoM dekhatA hai aura apanI hI AMkha kA laTThA tujhe nahIM sUjhatA / athavA "pahale apanI A~kha kA laTThA nikAla, tabhI tU tere bhAI kI AMkha kA tinakA bhalIbhAMti nikAla skegaa| 30 jainAcArazAstra meM pratikramaNa kI bAta bhI AtI hai, jisakI jhalaka hameM bAibila meM bhI milatI hai| jainadharma aura IsAI dharma ke pratikramaNa kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karate hue DaoN. svayaMprabhA pATIla ne likhA hai ki- " IsAI dharma meM pApa-prakAzana yA pApa-svIkRti (kanphezana) ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna milA hai| IsAI dharma meM sabhI upAsakoM ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane Acarita pApoM kA prakAzana apane dharmagurU ke samakSa kare aura dharmagurU (popa, pAdarI) ke dvArA unake prAyazcitta svarUpa jo nirdeza die jAeM, unakA pAlana kre| IsAI dharma kI yaha paraMparA jainadharma kI pratikramaNa kI avadhAraNA se paryApta sAmya rakhatI hai|" (jainadharma meM pratikramaNa, pRSTha-256) IsA masIha kSamA para bar3A jora dete the| jainadharma kA mUlabhUta siddhAnta hI hai - kSama dazadharmoM kA prAraMbha aura samApana donoM kSamA se hI hote haiM / jaina adhyAtma aura jainAcAra ke atirikta jainadharma ke karma siddhAnta kI bhI kucha jhalaka bAibila meM milatI haiM, yadyapi isakI spaSTa mAnyatA vahAM kaisI hai - yaha jJAta nahIM hotA / parantu nimnalikhita kathanoM se pratIta hotA hai ki mahAtmA IsA punarjanma aura karma siddhAnta meM vizvAsa karate the "jo koI vyakti apane bhAI para krodha karatA hai vaha doSI ThaharAyA jaaegaa|" "tumheM usa samaya taka kadApi mukti prApta nahIM ho sakatI jaba taka ki tuma pAI-pAI na cukA do / " koI bhI zubha vRkSa azubha phala nahIM detA aura koI bhI azubha vRkSa zubha phala utpanna nahIM karatA / " isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki IsAI dharma aura jainadharma meM aneka samAnatAe~ dRSTigocara hotI haiN| yadyapi asamAnatAe~ bhI anekAneka upalabdha hotI haiM, aura unase hI darzana mUla vibheda hotA hai, parantu unakI carcA phira kabhI kreNge| ***** saMdarbha : 1. pavitra bAibila - bAibila sosAyaTI oNpha iMDiyana, 206, mahAtmAgAMdhI roDa, baMgalaura 2. vizvadharma kI rUparekhA - AcArya vidyAnaMda muni, jaina sAhitya sadana, cAMdanI cauka, dillI 3. gItA aura bAibila kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - DaoN. girijA vyAsa, haMsA prakAzana, kizanapola bAjAra, jayapura 4. jainadharma meM pratikramaNa : svarUpa evaM samIkSA neminAtha nagara, vizrAma bAga, sAMgalI, mahArASTra / - . svayaMprabhA pATIla, kundakunda bhAratI prakAzana, 5. jaina Agama aura bAibila kI dharmanIti kA adhyayana- amareza muni 'nirAlA' - zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI rASTriya saMskRta vidyApITha, kutuba iMsTTIyUzanala eriyA, naI dillI- 110016

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IsAI dharma va islAma dharma kA udbhava evaM inakI zikSAe~ - DaoN. triloka canda koThArI (DI. liTa.) 1. IsAI dharma - prathama zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM philIstIna deza meM IsAmasIha aura unake anuyAyiyoM dvArA pracArita aura vizvadharmoM meM sarvAdhika prasArita IsAI dharma Aja vizva kI lagabhaga tIsa pratizata janasaMkhyA evaM zatAdhika dezoM meM vistRta phailA huA hai| IsAI dharma kA stambha pitA-rUpa Izvara, putra-rUpa IsAmasIha evaM pavitrAtmAoM kI trayI para khar3A huA hai| purAnI tathA naI bAibila isake samanvita pavitragraMtha haiN| kAlAntara meM isake anuyAyiyoM meM vaicArika matabhedoM ke phalasvarUpa svataMtra tIna paMtha utpanna ho gae jinameM tIna romana ketholika, proTesTenTa tathA pUrvIya-paramparAvAdI prasiddhi prApta haiN| bAibila meM IsAmasIha ko abrAhama se prAraMbha hokara DeviDa taka kI vaMzaparamparA meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai| jaba ve lagabhaga 26-27 varSa ke the, taba hI unake cacere bhAI ne IsAmasIha ke IzvarIya putra ke rUpa meM Ane kI ghoSaNA kara dI thii| IsA jaba apane 12 pramukha ziSyoM tathA anya anuyAyiyoM ke sAtha joruzalama vApisa lauTe, to logoM ne unakA masIhA kI bhA~ti satkAra kiyA, kintu sattAdhIsa hibrU ke adhikAriyoM ne una para IzanindA kA Aropa lagAte hue unheM 'krUsa' para laTakA diyaa| unake 12 ziSyoM ne bhI sAtha chor3a diyA aura ka anuyAyI 'juDAsa' ne to chala karake tIsa sikkoM kI evaja meM unheM zatruoM ko hI sauMpa diyaa| sUlI para laTakAe jAne ke tIsare dina (ravivAra ko ) IsA punarjIvita ho uThe aura logoM taka apanA sandeza pahu~cAne ke bAda svargArohaNa kara ge| paigambara IsA ke sandeza sarala, hRdayagrAhI, eka paramapitA paramezvara meM paramAsthA prakaTa karane vAle aura jIvana meM nizcchala mAnavIya vyavahAra ke sandezavAhaka haiN| (i) AdhAra grantha : IsAI dharmagraMtha bAibila (nyU TesTAmenTa) 27 vivaraNAtmaka upadezoM athavA pramukha sandezoM kA saMgraha hai, jo prAyaH prAcIna yahUdI dharmagraMtha (olDa TesTAmeMTa) kA saMvardhita aura vistArita grantha hai| vastutaH IsAI dharmagraMtha kI saMpUrNatA donoM bAibila ke sammilita rUpa meM jAkara huI hai ataH 'olDa TesTAmenTa' ko pUraka graMtha rUpa meM nahIM dekhA jA sktaa| phira bhI cUMki 'nyU TesTAmenTa' uddhRta IzvarIya sandeza IsAmasIha ke nirvANakAla ke pazcAt ke haiM, ataH unake upadezoM ke rUpa isakI grAhyatA adhika hai| tathyoM ke anusAra svayaM IsA ne apanI zikSAoM ko likhita rUpa meM nahIM diyA, apitu unake upadezoM ko maukhika rUpa se grahaNa karane ke uparAnta unake ziSyoM ne inheM lipibaddha kiyA / isa zrRMkhalA meM sarvaprathama 68I. meM saMgrahIta mArka ke sandeza the, jinameM IsAiyoM ko saMgaThita hokara saMgharSa karane kI preraNA dI gii| tadanantara

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 lyUka dvArA 85-95 I., methyU dvArA 100 I. tathA antima rUpa se 'jaoNna' dvArA susamAcAroM ko 125 I. taka likhA gyaa| samagra rUpa meM bAIbila (nyU TesTAmenTa) kI racanAvadhi lagabhaga 75 varSoM kI rhii| (ii) mUlabhUta tatva: IsAI dharma meM sarvathA ekezvaravAdI hai, jisameM Izvara ke kisI nizcita svarUpa kI kalpanA na karate hue usake astitva ko usI ke dvArA nirmita sRSTi meM khojane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| IsAI dharma ke mukhya bindu isa prakAra haiM - (1) Izvara - paramAtmA eka hai, usane hI yaha sRSTi nirmita kI aura vahI nirantara isakA saMcAlana karatA hai| IsAI dharma meM yaha vizvAsa yadyapi pUrvavatI 'olDa TesTAmenTa' se AyA hai, phira bhI Izvara meM pitA kA svarUpa dekhanA isakA pariSkRta dRSTikoNa hai| IzvarIya zaktiyA~ asImita haiN| vaha adRzya, sImAtIta, dayAlu, svAmI aura prema kA pratIka hai| (2) IsAmasIha - IsAmasIha Izvara ke ekamAtra putra, hamAre svAmI aura uddhAraka haiM, jinheM paramapitA ne apanA pratinidhi banAkara bhejA hai aura ve usake pRthak nahIM dekhe jA skte| manuSya rUpa meM to unakA avataraNa kevala mAnavatA ke kalyANa hetu huA thA; yahA~ ve sAmAnya manuSya kI bhAMti jIye aura mre| IsA ke sambandha meM yaha ciMtana vaidika dharma meM avatAravAda kI avadhAraNA se sAdRzya sthApita rakhatA hai| (3) trayI - IsAI dharma pitA rUpa meM Izvara, ekamAtra putra rUpa meM IsA tathA pavitrAtmA kI trayI ko Izvara kA sarvocca rUpa mAnatA hai jisameM pitA ajanmA, putra-pitA se janmA aura pavitrAtmA donoM se nisRta batAe gae haiN| kucha IsAI dharmAvalambI isa 'tritva' siddhAnta meM vizvAsa nahIM rkhte| (4) pApa aura prAyazcita - IsAIdharma meM pApa aura prAyazcita kA siddhAnta mahattvapUrNa hai| isake anusAra manuSya apane Adi puruSa 'Adama aura iva' ke kAla se hI pApa kA bojha lekara janmA hai, kyoMki unhoMne Izvara kI AjJA ke viruddha svargIya vRkSa se sambaddha pratibandha kA ullaMghana kiyA thaa| manuSya ko aise pApoM se bacAne hetu Izvara ne IsA ko apanA rUpa dekara bhejA hai| usake samakSa jAkara vyakti apane pApa svIkArokti kara prAyazcita kara sakatA hai| Aja girajAgharoM meM isakI pAlanA hetu pRthak 'svIkArokti' kakSa bane hue hote haiN| (5) upavAsa - IsAIdharma meM upavAsa ko bhI bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai kintu vibhinna matAvalambiyoM dvArA isakI avadhi pRthak-pRthak nirdhArita kI gaI hai| yUnAnI paramparAvAdI varSa meM 266 divasa kA, pUrvI paramparAvAdI cAlIsA (krisamasa aura isTara se pahale) tathA Adhunika carca kevala eka saptAha ke lie hI upavAsa nirdhArita karate haiN| (6) ahiMsA - bAibila meM vyaktigata hiMsA ke viruddha nirdeza die gae haiN| dUsaroM ko na kevala mArane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, varan anAvazyaka krodha se bacane kA bhI sandeza hai| kahA gayA hai- "yadi koI tumhAre dAhine gAla para cA~TA mAre, to bAyAM bhI usake sAmane kara do"| bAibila meM yaha sambhavataH ahiMsAtmaka vyavahAra kA sarvazreSTha vaktavya hai| (7) kSamA - bAibila meM kSamA kI bhAvanA ko bhI bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki jo apane aparAdhI ko kSamA karegA, use svargastha pitA bhI kSamA karegA,

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32 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 kintu jo kSamA nahIM karegA, use pitA bhI kSamA nahIM kregaa| burAI ko bhalAI se jIto, sadaiva kSamA karate clo| (8) dAna - dAna ko jIvana kA Avazyaka kArya batAyA gayA hai, kintu dAna meM ahaMkAra kI bhAvanA nahIM honI cAhie "dAna kara to isa prakAra ki bAyAM hAtha bhI nahIM jAna ske|" uparyukta saMkSipta binduoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki IsAI dharma sArarUpa meM Izvara kI sattA, usake nyAya, zuddha evaM pavitra jIvana, naitikatA aura sadAcAra meM vizvAsa vyakta karatA hai aura ahiMsAtmaka jIvana paddhati kA samarthaka hai| 2. islAma dharma (571 I.): 'islAma' paigambara muhammada dvArA saMsthApita dharma hai| yaha arabI zabda 'ala islAma' athavA 'islAma' kA hI rUpa hai, jisakA artha hai samarpaNa athavA shaanti| isake anuyAyI muslima kahalAte haiM, jisakA tAtparya hai smprnnkrtaa| paigambara muhammada kA janma makkA meM 23 apraila, 571 I. ko huaa| janma se pUrva hI pitA (abdullAha) kI mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa inakA prAraMbhika jIvana mAtA (AmInA), dAdA (abdula muttAliba) aura cAcA (abutAliba) kI dekharekha meM gujraa| 25 varSa kI Ayu meM begama khadIjA se vivAha ke pazcAt agale 15 varSoM taka ve sAmAnya rUpa se sarala aura pavitra jIvana yApana karate rhe| 40 varSa kI Ayu meM hara varSa kI taraha pavitra ramajAna ke mahIne meM jaba ve 'hirAparvata' kI guphA meM sAdhanA hetu gae, jIvana-mRtyu evaM duniyA~ kI utpatti viSayaka cintana karate hue unheM eka rAtri allAha kA sandeza sunAI diyA- "ikarA par3ha" isa apratyAzita ghaTanA se cintita paigambara muhammada ne jaba ghara lauTakara begama khadIjA ko jAnakArI dI to unhoMne pUrNa vizvAsa kiyA aura unheM kureza sampradAya ke 90 varSIya dharmAdhikArI abU baka (barakA) ke pAsa puSTi hetu le gaI, jinhoMne paigambara muhammada meM AsthA evaM vizvAsa vyakta karate hue batAyA ki allAha ne unheM 'mUsA' kI taraha apanA saMdezavAhaka cunA hai aura yaha sandeza anya koI nahIM varan vahI devadUta namusa (jibrAIla) lAyA thaa| __AdhAra grantha - islAma kA ekamAtra dharmagrantha paigambara muhammada ko allAha dvArA AdiSTa alakuraAna athavA kurAna hai| mUlabhUta tattva : (1) allAha - islAmadharma meM allAha' Izvara, paramAtmA, gaoNDa kA samAnAntara zabda hai| pavitra kuraAna meM allAha ke 99 anya nAma bhI ullikhita haiN| (2) allAha kI kitAba - pavitra kuraAna allAha kI vANI hai, jo antima rUpa se paigambara muhammada ke mAdhyama se Adezita huii| kuraAna kA samagra sAra usake prathama adhyAya sUrA 'phAtihA' meM mAnA jAtA hai| (3) kalamA - pratyeka muslima anuyAyI ke lie kalamA par3hanA Avazyaka hai| 'lA ilAha-illallAha' (allAha ke sivAya koI pUjya nahIM hai) tathA muhammadura, rasUlillAha (muhammada allAha ke rasUla haiM) yaha par3hanA caahie|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 (4) Akhirata - pavitra kuraAna ke anusAra kayAmata ke dina sabakA nyAya hogaa| duniyA kI hara cIja nestanAbUda ho jaaegii| saba allAhatAlA ke sAmane hAjira hoNge| neka loga jannata jAeMge aura bada jahannuma bheje jaaeNge| Akhirata kA siddhAnta IsAI dharma ke nyAya kA dina' se pUrNa samAnatA rakhatA hai tathA AMzika rUpa se bhAratIya dharmo (vaidika, jaina, bauddha Adi) ke karmaphala siddhAnta se sAmya rakhatA hai| (5) ibAdata - salAta (pA~ca samaya kI namAja) saoNma (rojA), khairAta (anivAryadAna) aura jiyArata (jIvana meM kama se kama eka bAra haja yAtrA) allAha kI daragAha meM cAra ibAdate haiM, jinheM karanA hara muslima kA pharja hai| (6) dharma kA svarUpa - kuraAna meM mAnavIya dharma kA atyanta sarala aura sahaja rUpa vyAkhyApita huA hai| "nekI yaha nahI hai ki tuma pUraba yA pazcima ko (kiblA samajhakara una) kI tarapha mu~ha kara lo, balki nekI yaha hai ki loga khudA para, phariztoM para, khudA kI kitAba para aura paigambaroM para ImAna lAe~ aura mAla bAvajUda ajIja rakhane ke riztedAroM aura yatImoM aura muhatAjoM aura musAphiroM aura mAMgane vAle ko deM aura gulAmoM ko chur3Ane meM kharca kareM aura namAja par3heM aura jAkAta deM aura jaba ahada karaleM to usako pUrA kareM" (7) ahiMsA - 'islAma' meM hiMsA ko bar3hAvA dene kA AkSepa bhI tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM taka sImita samajhA jAnA caahie| anyathA pavitra kuraAna ke sandeza ahiMsAtmaka vyavahAra ke lie hI prerita karate haiN| eka prANI kI rakSA ko pUrI mAnavajAti kI rakSA kA darjA diyA gayA hai- "kisI kA katla kara DAlane yA mulka meM phasAda phailAne ke jurma ke alAvA, kisI zakhsa ko koI mAra DAle to mAno usane tamAma iMsAnoM ko mAra DAlA aura jisane eka marate ko bacA liyA to mAno use tamAma iMsAnoM ko bacA liyaa|" (8) naitika AcaraNa - islAma meM kisI prakAra ke naze, zarAba, juA athavA vyabhicAra kA pUrNa niSedha kiyA gayA hai| isake lie kuraAna meM AcAra saMhitA nirdezita kI gaI hai| "dharatI para akar3a ke mata clo| na to tuma dharatI ko phAr3a sakate ho aura na hI tanakara parvatoM kI U~cAI taka pahu~ca sakate ho|" DaoN. triloka canda koThArI (DI. liTa.) bhArata ke digambara samAja ke agraNIya udyogapati haiN| ApakA jIvana isa bAta kA AdvitIya udAharaNa hai ki eka sAmAnya kisAna rAjasthAna meM kisa prakAra bhArata ko eka zaktizAlI udyogapati bana gyaa| Apake jIvana para vinobA jI kA prabhAva rahA aura Apa vinobA jI ke sAtha unake aMtima chaha mAsa sAtha rhe| - (ApakI prakAzanArtha pustaka - ahiMsA gAMdhIjI aura sArvabhauma dharma se sAbhAra)

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jaina aura bauddha dharma-darzana : eka tulanAtmaka dRSTi - DaoN. dharmacanda jaina jaina evaM bauddha donoM dharma-darzana zramaNa saMskRti ke paricAyaka haiN| ina donoM meM zrama kA mahattva aMgIkRta hai| 'zramaNa' zabda kA prAkRta evaM pAlibhASA meM mUlarUpa 'samaNa' zabda hai, jisake saMskRta evaM hindI bhASA meM tIna rUpa banate haiM - 1. samana- yaha vikAroM ke zamana evaM zAnti kA sUcaka hai| 2. samana- yaha samatAbhAva kA sUcaka hai| 3. zramaNa- yaha tapa, zrama evaM puruSArtha kA sUcaka hai| zramaNa darzanoM meM ye tInoM vizeSAtAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| donoM dharmadarzanoM meM sAmya - zramaNa saMskRti ke paricAyaka ye donoM dharma-darzana vaidika karmakANDa meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhate, sRSTikartA Izvara ko nahIM maante| vaidika devI-devatAoM ko svIkAra nahIM krte| ina donoM kA vizvAsa manuzya ke puruSArtha para hai| donoM kI mAnyatA hai ki manuSya svayaM apane kAraNoM se duHkhI yA sukhI hotA hai| manuSya meM hI yaha kSamatA hai ki vaha apane puruSArtha ke dvArA duHkha-mukti ko prApta kara sakatA hai athavA naraka ke ghora duHkhoM ko bhoga sakatA hai| ye darzana vyakti kI dRSTi ko samyak banAne para bala pradAna karate haiN| inameM laukika abhyudaya kI apekSA nirvANa ko adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| hA~, laukika abhyudaya yadi nirvANa meM sahAyaka hotA hai to vaha svIkArya hai| udAharaNa ke lie manuSyabhava, dharmazravaNa, zubhavicAra Adi laukika abhyudaya nirvANaprApti meM sAdhaka bana sakate haiN| ataH inakA honA abhISTa hai| kintu AdhyAtmika unnayana se rahita laukika abhyudaya kI abhilASA ina dharmoM meM pratiSThita nahIM hai| laukika abhyudaya meM yazaHkIrti kI AkAMkSA ko doSapUrNa mAnA gayA hai| vaidikadharma jahA~ abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa donoM ko lakSya meM rakhate haiM tathA dharma use hI kahate haiM jisase abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa donoM kI siddhi ho, jabaki jaina aura bauddha dharma dharmArAdhana kA lakSya niHzreyasa, mokSa athavA nirvANa ko svIkAra karate haiN| varNa, jAti Adi ke AdhAra para mAnavasamudAya kA vibhAjana evaM ina AdhAroM para unako ucca yA nimna samajhanA jaina aura bauddha donoM darzanoM ko svIkArya nahIM haiN| donoM dharma-darzanoM ke sAhitya meM jAtivyavasthA kA jamakara khaNDana huA hai tathA dharma kA dvAra sabake lie samAnarUpa se kholA gayA hai| bauddhagrantha suttanipAta meM kahA gayA hai na jaccA vasalo hoti na jaccA hoti braahmnno| kammunA vasalo hoti, kammunA hoti braahmnno|' jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhI kahA gayA hai

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36 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 kamNA baMbho hoi, kammuNA havai khattiyo / vaisso kammuNA hoi, suddo havai kammuNA / / 3 arthAt apane karma yA AcaraNa se hI koI brAhmaNa hotA hai, karma se hI koI kSatriya, vaizya yA zUdra hotA hai| AdipurANa meM samasta manuSyoM kI eka hI jAti mAnI gaI hai-mnussyjaatirekaiv|' isIlie ina donoM dharmoM meM kSatriya, brAhmaNa, vaizya aura zUdra sabhI varNoM ke vyakti dIkSita yA pravrajita hue haiN| ina donoM dharmoM kI eka samAnatA yaha hai ki donoM dharma ke pravartakoM ne apanA upadeza lokabhASA meM diyA hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne apanA upadeza ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM diyA hai to buddha ne pAlibhASA meM pAlibhASA prAkRta kA hI aMga rahI hai / isa dRSTi se ye donoM dharma Ama logoM ko jor3ane meM sakSama rahe haiN| bauddhaparamparA meM jisa prakAra bhagavAna buddha praznoM ke uttara vibhajyavAda zailI meM dete haiM, usI prakAra tIrthaMkara mahAvIra bhI AgamoM meM vibhajyavAda kI zailI kA prayoga karate haiM / vibhajyavAda zailI meM praznoM kA uttara vibhakta karake diyA jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra se jayantI zrAvikA dvArA prazna kiyA gayA ki manuSya kA sonA acchA hai yA jAganA ? prabhu ne isakA uttara dete hue kahA- jayantI ! jo adhArmika, adharmiSTha, adharma kA kathana karane vAle, adharma se AjIvikA calAne vAle loga haiM, unakA supta rahanA acchA hai tathA jo dhArmika haiM, dharmAnusArI yAvat dharmapUrvaka AjIvikA calAne vAle haiM, una jIvoM kA jAganA acchA hai|' gautama buddha bhI isI prakAra vibhajyavAda zailI kA prayoga karate haiN| majjhimanikAya meM zubha mANavaka ne prazna kiyA ki maiMne suna rakhA hai ki gRhastha hI ArAdhaka hotA hai, pravrajita ArAdhaka nahIM hotaa| isameM ApakA kyA mantavya hai? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue gautama buddha ne kahA ki gRhastha bhI yadi mithyAtvI hai, to vaha nirvANa mArga kA ArAdhaka nahIM hotA aura tyAgI bhI yadi mithyAtvI hai to vaha bhI ArAdhaka nahIM hotA / kintu yadi ve donoM samyak pratipatti sampanna haiM to ArAdhaka hote haiN| gautama buddha ne isa AdhAra para apane ko vibhajyavAdI batAyA hai, ekAMzAvAdI nhiiN| bauddhadarzana meM maitrI, karuNA, muditA aura upekSA nAma se cAra brahmavihAra kA nirUpaNa huA hai| jainadarzana meM nirUpita maitrI, pramoda, kAruNya aura mAdhyasthya bhAvanAe~ bauddha dharma ke brahmavihAra ke sAtha samanvaya sthApita karatI haiM / prANimAtra ke prati maitrIbhAva guNijanoM ke prati pramodabhAva, duHkhI jIvoM ke prati karuNAbhAva evaM viparIta vRtti vAle jIvoM ke prati mAdhyasthya bhAva kA pratipAdana jainadarzana meM huA hai / vIrasevA maMdira ke saMsthApaka paMDita jugalakizora mukhtAra ne ina cAra bhAvanAoM ko merI bhAvanA meM isa prakAra nibaddha kiyA hai maitrIbhAva jagata meM merA saba jIvoM se nitya rahe dInaduHkhI jIvoM para mere urase karuNAsrota bhe| durjana krUra kumArgaratoM para kSobha nahIM mujhako Ave sAmyabhAva rakhU~ maiM una para aisI pariNati ho jAve / / guNIjanoM ko dekha hRdaya meM mere prema umar3a Ave bane jahA~ taka unakI sevA karake yaha mana sukha pAve /

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 37 bauddhadarzana meM do prakAra ke satyoM kA pratipAdana huA hai - 1. vyavahAra aura 2. prmaarth| bauddha dArzanika nAgArjuna ina donoM kI mahattA aMgIkAra karate haiN| unakA kathana haivyavahAramanAzritya paramArthoM na dezyate / paramArthamanAgamya nirvANaM naadhigmyte|| arthAt vyavahAra kA Azraya lie binA paramArtha ko nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA aura paramArtha ko jAne binA nirvANa ko prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isalie vyavahAra aura paramArtha donoM dRSTiyoM kA apanA-apanA mahattva hai / samayasAra grantha meM AcArya kundakunda bhI isI prakAra kA maMtavya rakhate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki jisa prakAra anArya vyakti ko anArya bhASA kA prayoga kie binA nahIM samajhAyA jA sakatA usI prakAra vyavahAra naya ke binA paramArtha kA upadeza asambhava hai jaha Navi sakkamaNajjo aNajjabhAsaM viNA u gAhe / taha vavahAreNa viNA paramatthuvaesaNamasakkaM // bauddha dArzanika nAgArjuna kahate haiM ki vyavahAra satya upAyabhUta hotA hai tathA paramArtha satya upeyabhUta hotA hai- upAyabhUtaM vyavahArasatyamupeyabhUtaM prmaarthstym| aisA hI mantavya AcArya kundakunda kA bhI hai jo uparyukta gAthA se puSTa hotA hai| sAmya bhI bheda bhI bauddhadarzana meM trizaraNa kA mahattva aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai / vahA~ buddha, dharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa kA pratipAdana hai - buddhaM saraNaM gacchAmi, dhammaM saraNaM gacchAmi, saMghaM saraNaM gacchAmi / jainadharma meM cAra zaraNa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / arihanta kI zaraNa, siddha kI zaraNa, sAdhu kI zaraNa aura kevaliprajJapta dharma kI zaraNa / mUla pATha meM kahA gayA hai- arihaMte saraNaM pavajjAmi, siddhe saraNaM pavajjAmi, sAhusaraNaM pavajjAmi, kevalipaNNattaM dhammaM saraNaM pavajjAmi / ina cAra zaraNoM meM arihanta evaM siddha kI zaraNa ke sthAna para bauddha dharma meM buddha kI zaraNa svIkAra kI gaI hai| sAdhu evaM saMgha kI zaraNa meM koI vizeSa bheda nahIM hai tathA dharma kI zaraNa donoM meM samAna rUpa meM svIkRta hai / mAtra krama kA bheda hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha nikalatA hai ki ye donoM dharma kisI anya devI-devatA kI zaraNa grahaNa karane kA kathana yA anumodana nahIM karate T jainadharma meM sAdhu-sAdhvI ke lie paMca mahAvratoM kI tathA gRhastha zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ke lie pA~ca aNuvratoM kI avadhAraNA hai| bauddhadharma meM bhI paMcazIla kA pratipAdana huA hai, jinameM jaina paramparA se kucha bhinnatA hai| jainaparamparA meM jina pA~ca mahAvratoM kA pratipAdana huA hai ve haiM1. pANAivAyAo veramaNaM prANAtipAta se viramaNa ahiMsA mahAvrata mRSAvAda se viramaNa adattAdAna se viramaNa maithunasevana se viramaNa satya mahAvrata acaurya mahAvrata brahmacarya mahAvrata parigraha se viramaNa aparigraha mahAvrata prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda Adi ina pA~coM kA kRta, kArita evaM anumodana ke stara para mana, vacana, kAyA se sarvathA viramaNa honA mahAvrata hai tathA aMzataH viramaNa honA aNuvrata hai / 2 2. musAvAyAo veramaNaM 3. adinnAdANAo veramaNaM 4. mehuNAo veramaNaM . pariggahAo veramaNaM 5.

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38 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 bauddhadharma meM paMcazIla ke antargata parigrahaviramaNa ke sthAna para surAmeraya-madyAdi ke tyAga ko sthAna diyA gayA hai| unhoMne ina pA~coM kA krama bhI kucha bhinna rakhA hai, yathA-1. prANAtipAtaviramaNa 2. adattAdAnaviramaNa 3.kAma-mithyAcAra (vyabhicAra) viramaNa-yaha maithunaviramaNa kA paryAyavAcI hai| 4. mRSAvAdaviramaNa 5.suraamery-mdyprmaadsthaanvirmnn| zrAmaNeravinaya nAmaka khuddakapATha meM ina paMcazIloM ko zikSApada ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane kA ullekha huA hai| yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki jainadharma meM mAMsa-madirA ke tyAga ko zrAvaka evaM sAdhu banane kI prAthamika AvazyakatA mAnA gayA hai| jaina AgamoM evaM uttaravartI sAhitya meM mAMsa evaM madirA ke tyAga kA aneka sthAnoM para ullekha huA hai| sapta kuvyasanoM ke antargata bhI jainasAhitya meM mAMsa evaM madirA ke tyAga para bala diyA gayA hai| yahI nahIM, inake vyApAra ko bhI karmAdAna kA hetu hone se bauddha dharma kI bhAMti tyAjya batAyA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM parigraha-viramaNa ko mahAvratoM evaM aNuvratoM meM sthAna dekara AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika krAnti kA zaMkhanAda kiyA gayA hai| para padArthoM ke prati AsaktirUpa parigraha jaba taka nahIM chUTatA taba taka duHkha mukti saMbhava nahIM hai| yahI nahIM jaba taka para padArtha evaM vyaktiyoM ke prati Asakti bhAva hai taba taka hiMsAdi pApoM se bhI chuTakArA nahIM miltaa| isalie parigraha se virati AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai tathA sAmAjika samarasatA bhI tabhI sambhava hai jaba bAhya parigraha kI lAlasA niyaMtrita ho| parigraha kI lAlasA para niyaMtraNa hone para bAhya padArthoM kI upalabdhatA sabake lie AsAna ho sakatI hai| isIlie jainadharma meM gRhastha ke lie bhI parigraha kA parimANa nirdiSTa hai| __ yahA~ para yaha jJAtavya hai ki bauddha bhikSu evaM bhikSuNiyoM kI saMyama-sAdhanA utane kaThora niyamoM meM Abaddha nahIM hai, jitanI jaina muniyoM evaM sAdhviyoM kI hai| bauddha bhikSu yAtrA meM vAhana Adi kA upayoga kara lete haiM, ve pAsa meM paisA bhI rakha sakate haiM, bhikSA ke binA bhI suvidhA se AmaMtraNa para bhojana kara lete haiN| brahmacarya ke pAlana meM bhI kaThora niyama na hone se bhikSuNiyoM kI saMyama-sAdhanA para khatarA utpanna huA aura unakI saMkhyA vilupta ho gaI hai| bauddha bhikSu bhikSA meM prApta mAMsa kA sevana bhI na chor3a ske| vahIM jaina sAdhu-sAdhvI saMyama kI pAlanA meM kahIM Age haiN| katipaya apavAda ko chor3akara ve Aja bhI padayAtrA karake eka grAma se dUsare grAma pahu~cate haiM, vAhana Adi kA upayoga nahIM krte| pAsa meM phUTI kauDI bhI nahIM rakhate tathA eSaNA samiti ke niyamoM kA pAlana karate hue zuddha gaveSANApUrvaka AhAra grahaNa karate haiN| mAMsa-madirA ke sevana se jaina sAdhu-sAdhvI kosoM dUra haiN| sAdhu-sAdhvI ke pArasparika vyavahAra ke niyama itane kaThora haiM ki ve akele meM kabhI mila baiThakara bAta nahIM kara skte| dina ke nizcita samaya meM hI gRhastha straha-puruSa kI upasthiti meM ve mila sakate haiM tathA ratnatraya kI sAdhanA kI abhivRddhi sambandhI carcA kara sakate haiM, vikAravardhaka carcA nahIM kara skte| digambara muni bAhya parigraha ke sarvathA tyAgI hote haiM tathA zvetAmbara sAdhu lajjA evaM saMyama kI rakSA ke lie sImita vastra rakhate haiN| una vastrAdi para bhI mUrchAbhAva kA honA usI prakAra tyAjya hai, jisa prakAra zarIra evaM apane vaicArika Agraha ke prati mUrchAbhAva tyAjya hai| ___ bauddhadarzana meM duHkhamukti ke lie ASTAMgika mArga kA jo pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai usakA samAveza jainadarzana ke triratna meM ho jAtA hai| ASTAMgika mArga hai-1.samyakdRSTi

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 2. samyaksaMkalpa 3. samyakvAcA 4. samyakkarmAnta 5. samyak AjIva 6. samyakvyAyAma 7. samyaksmRti aura 8. samyaksamAdhi / inameM prathama do ko prajJA, madhya ke tIna ko zIla evaM antima tIna ko samAdhi ke antargata vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra vicAra kareM to samyakdRSTi ko samyakdarzana ke antargata evaM samyak saMkalpa ko samyakjJAna ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai| zeSa samyakvAcA, samyakkarmAnta, samyak AjIva, samyakvyAyAma, samyaksmRti evaM samyaksamAdhi ko samyakcAritra ke antargata sanniviSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka prakAra se ASTAMgika mArga nirvANa ke mArga ko vistAra se prastuta karatA hai tathA triratna usa mArga kA saMkSepa meM pratipAdana karatA hai| 39 bauddhadarzana meM pramANa do prakAra kA mAnya hai- 1. pratyakSa 2. anumAna / pratyakSa pramANa nirvikalpa jJAnAtmaka hotA hai tathA anumAna pramANa savikalpa jJAnAtmaka / pratyakSa pramANa viSaya svalakSaNa artha hotA hai tathA anumAna pramANa kA viSaya sAmAnya lakSaNa prameya hotA hai| isa prakAra bauddhadarzana meM pramANoM ke pRthak-pRthak prameya svIkAra kie gae haiN| jabaki jainadarzana meM prameya kA svarUpa eka hI prakAra kA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura vaha sAmAnya-vizeSAtmaka kahA gayA hai| use hI dravyaparyAyAtmaka, ekAnekAtmaka, bhedAbhedAtmaka athavA nityAnityAtmaka kahA jAtA hai| pramANa do prakAra ke mAnya haiM - 1. pratyakSa 2. parokSa / iname parokSa pramANa ke bhaTTa akalaGka evaM uttaravartI AcAryoM ne pA~ca bheda svIkAra kie haiM - 1. smRti 2. pratyabhijJAna 3. tarka 4. anumAna evaM 5. Agama pramANa / bauddha dArzanika smRti, pratyabhijJAna evaM tarka ko pramANa nahIM mAnate haiM tathA Agama pramANa kA bhI ve anumAna pramANa meM hI samAveza kara lete haiM / 14 bauddhadharma kA vaiziSTya - bauddhadharma kA udbhava yadyapi jainadharma kI bhA~ti bhAratIya bhUbhAga para huA, tathApi bauddha bhikSuoM kI pracArAtmaka dRSTi ke kAraNa yaha dharma Aja eziyA ke cIna, tibbata, koriyA, jApAna, zrIlaMkA, bhUTAna, barmA Adi vibhinna dezoM meM vyApta hai tathA araboM kI saMkhyA meM isake anuyAyI haiN| yUropa evaM amerikI dezoM meM bhI yaha dharma nirantara prasAra pA rahA hai| prasAra kA AdhAra hiMsAtmaka sAdhana nahIM, apitu karuNA, , maitrI evaM mAnavatA ke ahiMsAtmaka siddhAnta haiN| IsAI evaM islAma dharma ke pazcAt vizva meM sarvAdhika anuyAyI bauddhadharma ke mAne jAte haiN| jaina dharma bhAratIya dharA para surakSita rahA, yahA~ pUrva se uttara, pazcima evaM dakSiNa taka pahu~cA, kintu videzoM meM apane anuyAyI na banA skaa| isake aneka kAraNa saMbhava haiM- (1) jaina zramaNa-zramaNiyoM kI AcArasaMhitA atyanta kaThora hai jo unheM vAhanoM dvArA videzI yAtrA ke lie anumati pradAna nahIM krtii| (2) jainadharma apanI udAra evaM anekAntavAdI dRSTi ke kAraNa bhAratIya vaidika paramparAoM ke sAtha samanvaya biThAne meM sakSama rahA, ataH usake samakSa aisI koI vivazatA nahIM rahI ki use yahA~ se palAyana karanA pdd'e| bauddha bhikSuoM ko bhArata se palAyana karanA par3A thaa| jaina dharmAvalambI Aja aneka dezoM meM raha rahe haiM, kintu ve mUlataH bhAratIya haiN| jo koI vidvAn athavA samaNI videza meM dharmopadeza karate haiM ve bhI vahA~ raha rahe bhAratIya mUla ke jainoM ko hI apanA lakSya banAte haiM / bauddhadharma bhArata meM punaH prasAra pA rahA hai| bIsavIM sadI meM DaoN.

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anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 bhImarAva ambeDakara svayaM bauddha bane tathA bhAratIya dalitavarga ko vizAla stara para bauddhadharma se jodd'aa| ikkIsavIM sadI meM aneka vizvavidyAlayoM meM vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga kI yojanA ke antargata bauddha adhyayana kendroM kI sthApanA ho rahI hai| 40 buddha kI vANI jitanI mUlarUpa meM surakSita rahI hai, utanI mahAvIra kI vANI surakSita nahIM raha sakI / buddha kI vANI ke saMrakSaNa hetu cAra mAha meM hI prathama saMgIti ho gaI thI, jabaki mahAvIra kI vANI ke saMrakSaNa hetu unake nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt prathama vAcanA huii| abhI vipazyanA vizodhana vinyAsa, igatapurI se tripiTakasAhitya ke 140 bhAga prakAzita hue haiM, jinameM aTThakathA Adi vyAkhyAsAhitya bhI sammilita hai / sampUrNa tripiTakasAhitya pAlibhASA meM likhA gayA hai| mahAyAna paramparA kA bauddha sAhitya saMskRta meM likhA gayA hai| saMskRta meM likhita bauddha sAhitya kA bahubhAga cInI, tibbatI Adi bhASAoM meM anUdita huA / usakA bahuta aMza saMskRta meM Aja bhI aprApya banA huA hai| bauddhadarzana meM karuNA kA vizeSa pratipAdana huA hai| mahAyAna bauddha meM mahAkaruNA ke rUpa meM karuNA ko vyApakatA pradAna karatA hai / vahA~ mAnA gayA hai ki bodhisattva meM itanA karuNAbhAva hotA hai ki vaha saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM ko duHkhamukta karake bAda meM svayaM mukta honA cAhatA hai| I yadi manovijJAna kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAye to bauddhadarzana meM usakA jainadarzana kI apekSA adhika sUkSma vivecana huA hai| bauddha manovijJAna meM citta kI vibhinna dazAoM kA vistRta varNana huA hai| lobha, moha aura dveSa se yukta citta kisa prakAra aneka doSoM ko utpanna karatA hai tathA usakI vibhinna avasthAeM kisa prakAra parivartita hotI rahatI haiM, isakA vivecana bauddhagranthoM meM vistAra se prApta hotA hai / citta aura caitasika kA vivecana bauddharzana kA vaiziSTya hai| isameM rAgAdi caitasikoM ke aneka bheda pratipAdita haiN| jainadharma kA vaiziSTya - jaina dharma-darzana meM prabhu mahAvIra ke dvArA una praznoM kA bhI samIcIna samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai, jinheM buddha ne avyAkRta kahakara TAla diyA thA / udAharaNa ke lie-loka zAzvata hai athavA azAzvata ? loka antavAna hai yA ananta ? jIva aura zarIra eka hai yA bhinna ? tathAgata deha tyAga ke bAda bhI vidyamAna rahate haiM yA nahIM ? ityAdi prazna buddha ke dvArA anura haiN| ve ina praznoM kA uttara denA Avazyaka nahIM samajhate the tathA unheM zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke AkSepa kI sambhAvanA rahatI thI, kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra ne ina praznoM kA bhI samyak samAdhAna kiyA hai| unake samakSa jaba yaha prazna AyA ki loka zAzvata hai yA azAzvata to prabhu ne isakA uttara dete hue pharamAyA ki loka syAt zAzvata hai, evaM syAt ashaashvt| trikAla meM eka bhI samaya aisA nahIM mila sakatA, jaba loka na ho, ataH loka zAzvata hai| parantu loka sadA eka sA nahIM rahatA / kAlakrama se usameM unnati, avanati hotI rahatI hai, ataH vaha anitya aura parivartanazIla hone ke kAraNa azAzvata hai / 5 isI prakAra loka kI sAntatA aura anantatA ke saMbaMdha meM bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhagavatIsUtra meM dravya, kSetra, kAla evaM bhAva ke AdhAra para uttara dete hue kahA hai ki dravya kI apekSA se loka eka hai, ataH sAnta hai| kSetra kI apekSA bhI loka sAnta hai, kintu kAla evaM

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 41 bhAva kI apekSA se loka ananta hai| kAla kA koI anta nahIM hai| ataH kAla kI apekSA loka ananta hai| bhAva kI apekSA se bhI loka ananta hai, kyoMki dharmAstikAyAdi SaDdravyAtmaka loka kI paryAyoM kA kabhI anta Ane vAlA nahIM hai| ina dravyoM kA kabhI bhI pUrNataH nAza nahIM hotaa| isalie loka jainadarzana meM anAdi-ananta hai| jIva aura zarIra eka hai yA bhinna, isa prazna kA samAdhAna bhI jainadarzana meM upalabdha hotA hai| jIva jJAnaguNa evaM darzanaguNa se sampanna hotA hai, jabaki zarIra audArika Adi pudgaloM se nirmita hotA hai| zarIra meM cetanA kI pratIti jIva ke kAraNa hotI hai| jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha jIva kA saMyoga rahatA hai taba taka zarIra meM cetanA banI rahatI hai| kintu zarIra se jIva ke pRthak hote hI zarIra jar3a ho jAtA hai| isalie jIva aura zarIra paramArthataH pRthak haiM, kintu jIvana jIte samaya unakA saMyoga banA rahatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM AtmA evaM zarIra ke bhedAbheda kI carcA uThAyI gaI hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai ki jaba zarIra ko AtmA se pRthak mAnA jAtA hai, taba vaha rUpI va acetana hai tathA jaba zarIra ko AtmA se abhinna mAnA jAtA hai taba zarIra rUpI evaM sacetana hai| paMDita dalasukha mAlavaNiyA isa sambandha meM spaSTIkaraNa dete hue kahate haiM -jIva aura zarIra kA bheda isalie mAnanA cAhie ki zarIra kA nAza ho jAne para bhI AtmA dUsare janma meM maujUda rahatI hai, yA siddhAvasthA meM azarIrI AtmA bhI hotI hai| abheda isalie mAnanA cAhie ki saMsArAvasthA meM zarIra aura AtmA kA kSIra-nIravat yA agni-lohapiMDavat tAdAtmya hotA hai isalie kAyA se kisI vastu kA sparzI hone para AtmA meM saMvedana hotA hai aura kAyika karma kA vipAka AtmA meM hotA hai|8 deha-tyAga ke pazcAt tathAgata rahate haiM yA nahIM, isa prazna ko jIva kI nityatA yA anityatA ke rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM isa prakAra kA prazna uThAyA gayA hai ki jIva zAzvata hai yA azAzvata? isakA uttara dete hue bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM ki dravya kI apekSA se jIva zAzvata hai tathA paryAya kI apekSA se jIva azAzvata hai| isakA tAtparya hai ki mukta jIva bhI dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se zAzvata hote haiM tathA paryAyArthika naya kI dRSTi se Azvata hote haiN| karmasiddhAnta kA jitanA vistRta evaM vyavasthita pratipAdana jainadarzana meM prApta hotA hai utanA bauddhadarzana meM nahIM miltaa| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki anya sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI apekSA jainadarzana meM karmasiddhAnta kA gUr3ha evaM vistRta vivecana upalabdha hai| jainadarzana meM jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, AyuSya, nAma, gotra evaM antarAya - ina ATha karmoM evaM inakI uttara prakRtiyoM kA vivecana huA hai| SaTakhaNDAgama, prajJApanAsUtra, bhagavatIsUtra, kasAyapAhuDa, gommaTasAra karmakANDa evaM vibhinna karmagranthoM meM bandha, udaya, udIraNA, satttA Adi kA vistRta vivecana prApta hotA hai| baMdhanakaraNa, udIraNAkaraNa, apakarSaNa, utkIrNa, upazamanA, saMkramaNa, nidhattta, nikAcanA Adi karaNoM kA vivecana jaina granthoM meM mahattvapUrNa rIti se prApta hotA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta ke anusAra vyakti apane pUrvabaddha karmoM kI sthiti aura anubhAga meM bhI parivartana kara sakatA hai| manuSya apane bhAgya kA svayaM vidhAtA hai| guNazreNI meM car3hatA huA sAdhaka antarmuhUrta meM apane karmoM kA kSaya kara sakatA hai| guNasthAnasiddhAnta, lezyAsiddhAnta Adi jainadarzana ke viziSTa siddhAnta haiM jo use bauddhadarzana se pRthak pratipAdita

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 karate haiN| bauddha darzana meM karmasiddhAnta kI carcA prApta hotI hai| vahA~ AlayavijJAna meM vAsanAe~ svIkAra kI gaI haiM jo samaya Ane para phala pradAna karatI haiN| jaina darzana kI bhA~ti bauddhadarzana meM karma ko paudagalika yA acetana nahIM mAnA gayA hai| bandhana aura mukti kI prakriyA meM Asrava, saMvara Adi pAribhASika zabda jisa prakAra jainadarzana meM prayukta hue haiM usI prakAra bauddhadarzana meM bhI unakA prayoga dikhAI detA hai| ye zabda donoM darzanoM meM lagabhaga samAna artha rakhate haiN| jainadarzana meM pUrvabaddha karmoM kI nirjarA ke lie tapa kA vidhAna hai| bauddhadharma meM tapa ko kAyakleSa mAnakara chor3a diyA gayA, kintu jainadarzana AtmAnuzAsana ke lie tathA pUrvabaddha karmoM ko zithila evaM nirjarita karane ke lie bAhya evaM Abhyantara tapa kA pratipAdana karatA hai| anazana, UnodarI, bhikSAcaryA, rasaparityAga, kAyakleza evaM pratisaMlInatA ye chaha bAhya tapa haiM tathA prAyazcitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRttya, svAdhyAya, dhyAna evaM kAyotsarga ye chaha Abhyantara tapa haiN| ye donoM prakAra ke tapa manuSya ko AtyasaMyama ke sAtha saMvara evaM nirjarA kA patha prazasta karate haiN| tapa ke dvArA pUrvabaddha karmoM ke phalabhogakAla evaM phalAnubhava meM kamI AtI hai tathA karmoM kI udIraNA hokara unakI zIghra nirjarA ho jAtI hai| svAbhAvika rUpa se udaya meM Ane vAle karmoM ko samaya se pUrva udaya meM lAne kI prakriyA udIraNA kahalAtI hai| tapa ke dvArA yaha udIraNA sambhava hotI hai| gahanatA se vicAra kiyA jAe to samabhAva kI sAdhanA evaM Atmajaya kA mArga tapa ke dvArA prazasta hotA hai| isake dvArA rAgadveSAdi vikAra kSINa hote haiN| jisa tapa se vikAroM para vijaya prApta na ho tathA ahaMkAra, krodha Adi kaSAyoM kI vRddhi ho, usa tapa ko jainadarzana meM ajJAna tapa yA bAla tapa kahakara heya mAnA gayA hai| samyak darzana evaM samyak jJAnapUrvaka kiyA gayA tapa hI jainadarzana meM nirjarA kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai| ajJAnapUrvaka kiyA gayA dIrghakAlIna tapa koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| bauddhadarzana meM jisa tapa ko kAyakleza svIkAra kara heya mAnA gayA hai vaha sambhavataH dIrghakAlIna anazana tapa hai| tapa ke anya bheda duHkhamukti kI sAdhanA meM kisI bhI prakAra se heya nahIM mAne jA skte| vAsanA ke saMskAra ko tor3ane meM tapa kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA hotI hai, isase bauddha darzana bhI asahamata nahIM ho sktaa| bhikSAcaryA, rasa-parityAga, pratisaMlInatA, prAyacitta, vinaya, vaiyAvRttya, svAdhyAya, dhyAna Adi bheda kisI na kisI rUpa meM unheM bhI mAnya hI haiM, bhale hI unhoMne inakA sIdhA pratipAdana na kiyA ho| tIrthakara mahAvIra kI vANI kA kucha aMza jainAgamoM ke rUpa meM surakSita hai| ina AgamoM para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI, TIkA, TabbA Adi vyAkhyAsAhitya bhI likhA gayA hai jo jaina sAhitya kI vizAlatA ko iMgita karatA hai| digambaraparamparA meM SaTkhaNDAgama, kasAyapAhuDa Adi grantha surakSita haiM jo pUrvavartI karmavAda ke aMzarUpa meM svIkArya haiN| kundakundAcArya ke samayasAra, pravacanasAra, niyamasAra, paMcAstikAya, aSTapAhuDa Adi kRtiyA~ Agamavat mAnya kI gaI haiN| tiloyapaNNatti, bhagavatI ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra Adi grantha bhI digambaraparamparA kI thAtI haiN| yadi digambara aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke vidvAn donoM paramparA ke granthoM kA adhyayana kareM to jainaparamparA kI prastuti adhika sazakta rUpa meM ho sakatI hai| isa dizA meM vidvAnoM ne kadama bhI Age bar3hAye haiM jo stutya haiN|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 43 ___ahiMsA kA pratipAdana yadyapi jaina evaM bauddha donoM dharmoM meM prApta hotA hai, tathApi jainadharma meM usakI vizeSa sUkSmatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| jainadarzana meM pRthvIkAyika, apakAyika, tejaskAyika, vAyukAyika, jIvoM kI jo parikalpanA hai, vaha bauddha darzana meM dikhAI nahIM detI hai| bauddhanyAya ke granthoM meM to vanaspati ko bhI cetanArahita svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jabaki vijJAna ne bhI vanaspati meM prayoga dvArA cetanA siddha kara dI hai| jainadarzana loka ko vAstavika pratipAdita karatA hai tathA usakI samucita vyAkhyA karatA hai| jainadarzana ke anusAra yaha loka paMcAstikAyAtmaka athavA Sar3adravyAtmaka hai| dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, jIvAstikAya evaM pudgalAstikAya - ye pA~ca astikAya jisameM ho vaha loka hai| inameM kAladravya ko milAkara loka ko SaDadravyAtmaka bhI kahA gayA hai| bauddhadarzana meM astikAya kI koI avadhAraNA nahIM hai, na hI vahA~ dharma, adharma dravyoM kI parikalpanA hai| AkAza evaM kAla ko bauddhadarzana bhI svIkAra karatA hai| jIva ko bauddhadarzana meM citta, vijJAna yA pudgala kahA gayA hai| jainadarzana kA pudgala vahA~ rUpa zabda se abhihita hai| pudgala paramANu kA jo sUkSma vivecana jaina darzana meM prApta hotA hai vaha bauddhadarzana meM upalabdha nahIM hai| jainadarzana meM jJAna evaM darzana ko jIva kA lakSaNa svIkAra karate hue ina donoM ko pRthak pratyayoM ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA gayA hai jabaki bauddhadarzana meM aise do pRthak pratyaya nahIM haiN| bauddha dArzanika jJAna ko hI nirvikalpaka evaM savikalpaka bhedoM meM vibhakta karate haiM jabaki jainadarzana meM darzana ko nirvikalpaka evaM jJAna ko savikalpaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina dArzanika darzana evaM jJAna kA krama svIkAra karate haiN| darzana ke pazcAt jJAna evaM jJAna ke anantara darzana kA krama calatA rahatA hai| jainadarzana meM jJAna ke pA~ca prakAra pratipAdita haiM1.matijJAna (Abhinibodhika jJAna) 2. zrutajJAna 3. avadhijJAna 4. manaHparyAya jJAna evaM 5. kevljnyaan| bauddhadarzana meM jJAna ke isa prakAra ke bheda parilakSita nahIM hote haiN| anekAntavAda jainadarzana kA pramukha siddhAnta hai| AcArya siddhasena ne anekAntavAda kI vyAvahArika jIvana meM upayogitA aMgIkAra karate hue kahA hai ki anekAntavAda ke binA loka kA vyavahAra nahIM cala sakatA jeNa viNA logassa vavahAro vi savvahA na nivvddi| tassa bhuvaNekkaguruNo, nnmo'nnegNtvaayss|| anekAntavAda meM vyavahAra aura nizcaya kA samanvaya sthApita kiyA jAtA hai| kundakunda ke TIkAkAra amRtacandra ne nizcaya naya aura vyavahAra naya donoM kI AvazyakatA svIkAra karate hue kahA hai - ekanAkarSantI zlathayantI vstutttvmitrenn| antena jayati jainI nItirmanthAnanetramava gopii||21 buddha jahA~ zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda se bacane ke lie madhyama mArga ko svIkAra karate haiM evaM AtmA ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM usakI nityatA yA anityatA ke pratipAdana se bacate haiM vahA~ jaina darzana meM AtmA ko nityAnityAtmaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 ___ bauddha darzana kSaNikavAdI hai usameM sat yA vastu use kahA gayA hai jo arthakriyAkArI ho tathA kSaNika vastu hI arthakriyA meM samartha hotI hai| unhoMne nitya padArtha meM arthakriyAkAritva ko asaMbhava batAkara kSaNika padArtha meM use svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina dArzanika vastu ko dravyArthika naya kI dRSTi se nitya tathA payAryArthika naya kI dRSTi se anitya svIkAra karate haiN| upasaMhAra __aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jAe to jainadharma (nirgranthadharma) bauddha dharma kI apekSA prAcIna hai, kyoMki tIrthakara mahAvIra ke pUrva bhI jaina paramparA meM 23 tIrthakara ho gae haiM, jinameM RSabhadeva, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha Adi tIrthakaroM ke puSTa pramANa bhI prApta hote haiN| bauddha dharma sautrAntika, vaibhASika, mAdhyamika (zUnyavAda) evaM yogAcAra (vijJAnavAda) sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hokara vikasita huA hai| jainadharma digambara evaM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hokara vikasita huA hai, kintu bauddha darzana kI vibhinna sampradAyoM meM tattvamImAMsIya mAnyatAoM meM paryApta matabheda dRggocara hotA hai, aisA koI tattvamImAMsIya bheda jaina darzana kI sampradAyoM meM dikhAI nahIM detA hai| jaina darzana ke donoM sampradAya vastu ko dravyaparyAyAtmaka svIkAra karate haiM tathA usakA bAhya astitva mAnate haiN| jabaki bauddha darzana meM vijJAnavAda ke mata meM vastu kA bAhya astitva hI mAnya nahIM hai, vaha vijJAna ko hI sat svIkAra karatA hai| sautrAntika evaM vaibhASika mata meM bAhya vastu kA astitva to svIkRta hai, kintu ve use kSaNika mAnate haiN| mAdhyamika mata meM vastu pratItyasamutpanna hone se niHsvabhAva hai tathA sat, asat, sadasat evaM na sat na asat- ina cAra koTiyoM se vinirmukta hai| jaina darzana meM vastu ko sadasadAtmaka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jainadarzana meM mAnya vastu kA lakSaNa utpAdavyayaghrauvyayuktaM sathna sabhI dravyoM yA padArthoM para samAna rUpa se lAgU hotA hai| jaina darzana meM Sar3adravyAtmaka loka kI jaisI mAnyatA hai vesI koI mAnyatA bauddha darzana meM dikhAI nahIM detii| bauddha darzana meM zAzvatavAda evaM ucchedavAda kA parihAra kiyA gayA hai| isIlie buddha AtmA kI zAzvatatA evaM AzAzvatatA Adi praznoM ke sambandha meM mauna haiN| AtmA ko svIkAra karane para zAzvatavAda kA tathA use na mAnane para ucchedavAda kA AkSepa AtA hai, jise TAlane ke lie buddha ne isa prakAra ke praznoM para mauna dhAraNa karanA ucita smjhaa| isake viparIta bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zAzvatatA evaM AzAzvatatA kA naya dRSTi se samanvaya sthApita kiyA hai jo jaina dharma kI vyApaka anekAnta dRSTi kA sUcaka hai| jJAnamImAMsA kI dRSTi se jaina darzana pA~ca jJAnoM kA pratipAdana karate hue jJAna ko savikalpaka nirUpita karatA hai tathA darzana ko nirvikalpaka rUpa meM sthApita karate hue use jJAna se pRthak pratyaya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita karatA hai, jabaki bauddha darzana jJAna ke hI nirvikalpaka evaM savikalpaka bheda aMgIkAra karatA hai| AcAramImAMsA kI dRSTi se dekheM to donoM darzana samyagdarzanapUrvaka AcAra ko mahattva dete haiM kintu bauddha darzana AcAra ke paripAlana meM adhika kaThoratA evaM zithilatA ke madhya kA mArga apanAtA hai, vahA~ jaina darzana meM jJAnapUrvaka AcaraNa kI kaThoratA para bala pradAna kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina sAdhu-sAdhvI Aja bhI AcAra pAlana kI dRSTi se anya dharmoM ke sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI apekSA agraNI haiN|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 donoM darzanoM kA adhyayana karane para vidita hotA hai ki inakA pAraspika adhyayana ina darzanoM ke hArda ko samajhane meM sahAyaka hai| donoM darzanoM kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi atyanta samRddha hai tathA mAnavIya caritra ko unnata banAne meM sahAyaka hai| donoM dharmoM meM krodhAdi, rAgAdi vikAroM para vijaya ko mahattva diyA gayA hai / saMdarbha : 1. yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasasiddhi sa dharmaH / - vaizeSika sUtra 1.1.2 2. suttanipAta, vAseTThasutta 3. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, adhyayana 25 gA. 33 4. AdipurANa, 38.45 5. vyAkhyA prajJapti sUtra (bhagavatIsUtra), Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara, zataka 12, uddezaka 2, pRSTha-134 6. dIghanikAya-33 saMgitipariyAya sutta meM cAra praznavyAkaraNa?, draSTavya, Agama-yuga kA jainadarzana, prAkRta bhAratI akAdamI, jayupara 1990, pR.53-54 7. yogasUtra meM bhI inakA ullekha huA hai - maitrIkaruNAmuditopekSANAM sukhadukhapuNyApuNyAviSayANAM bhavanAtizcattaprasAdanam / - yogasUtra 1.33 8. nAgArjuna, madhyamUla 24.10 9. samayasAra, prathama adhikAra, gAthA 8 10. suttapaTika, khuddakanikAya, khuddakapATha, ratanasutta 45 11. Avazyaka sUtra, Agama prakAzana samiti, byAvara 1982, zaraNa sUtra, pR.10 12. dezasarvato'NumahatI / - tattvArthasUtra 7.2 13. yadi sarveSAM jJAnAnAM pramANatvamiSyate pramANAnavasthA prasajyate / - pramANasamuccaya, vRtti, maisUra, 1930, pRSTha- 11 14. na pramANAntaraM zabdamanumAnAt, tathA hi saH / - diD nAga, uddhRta, tattvasaMgrahapaMjikA, bauddha bhAratI prakAzana, vArANasI, pRSTha-539 15. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 9, uddezaka 6 16. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 2, uddezaka 1 17. vyAcayAprajJaptisUtra, zataka 13, uddezaka 7 18. Agamayuga kA jainadarzana, pRSTha-65 19. nyAyabindu, 3.59 20. sanmatitarka, 69 21. puruSArthasiddhayupAya, zloka 225 22. ina donoM ke atirikta yApanIya sampradAya bhI astitva meM rahA hai| - 3K24-25 kur3I bhagatAsanI, jodhapura - 342005

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jainadarzana evaM pAtaJjalayoga darzana : eka tulanAtmaka anuzIlana - DaoN. azoka kumAra jaina AtmavikAsa hetu pracalita AdhyAtmika sAdhana paddhatiyoM meM yoga mahattvapUrNa hai jise sabhI darzanoM ne kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| yoga se mAnava jIvana pUrNa vikasita hotA hai| yoga zabda 'yuj' dhAtu se 'ghaj' pratyaya lagAkara banA hai| yuj dhAtu ke do artha haiM jinameM se eka kA artha hai- saMyojita karanA, jor3anA aura dUsarA artha hai mana kI sthiratA, smaadhi| maharSi pajaJjali ne cittavRtti ke nirodha ko yoga kahA hai| jaina paramparA meM yoga ko aneka rUpoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya kundakunda ne likhA hai - saMvarajogehiM judo tavehiM jo ciTThade bhuvihehiN| kammANaM NijjaraNaM bahugANaM kuNadi so nniydN|| ___-paJcAstikAya 144 / / saMvara aura yoga se yukta jIva bahuvidha tapoM sahita vartatA hai vaha niyama se aneka karmoM kI nirjarA karatA hai| uparyukta gAthA kI TIkA meM AcArya amRcanda ne likhA hai - 'nirvikalpalakSaNAdhyAnazabdavAcya zuddhopayogo yogaH' arthAt nirvikalpa lakSaNamaya dhyAna zabda se kahane yogya jo zuddhopayoga hai so yoga hai| AcArya haribhadra ke anusAra - eesiM NiyaNiyabhUmiyAe uciyaM jmetth'nnutttthaannN| ANAmayasaMyuttaM taM savvaM ceva yogo ti|| yogazataka-21 ina apunarbandhaka Adi jIvoM ke apanI-apanI bhUmikA ke lie ucita tathA AjJArUpa amRta se saMyukta jo jo anuSThAna haiM ve saba yoga haiN| tallakkhaNayogAo u cintavittINirohao cev| taha kusatrapavittIe mokkheNa u joyaNAo tti|| -yogazataka-22 yoga ke aneka lakSaNa haiM jaise cittavRtti kA nirodha yoga hai, kuzala pravRtti yoga hai, mokSa ke sAtha yojita karane vAlI pravRtti yoga hai| ye saba bhinna-bhinna bhUmikA ke sAdhakoM meM ghaTita hote haiN| upAdhyAya yazovijaya ke anusAra - mokSeNa yojanAd yogaH, sarvopyAcAra issyte| viziSya sthaanvrnnaarthaalmbnaikaagrygocrH|| jJAnasAracayanikA-84

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 __mokSa ke sAtha yojita karane ke kAraNa samasta AcAra 'yoga' kahalAtA hai| usa yoga ke pAMca prakAra haiM - sthAna (Asana), varNa, arthajJAna, Alambana tathA ekaagrtaa| jaina paramparA meM yoga ko mokSaprApti kA upAya batAyA gyaa| pAtaJjala yogadarzana sAMkhyadarzana kI sAdhanA paddhati kA pratinidhi grantha hai| isameM yoga kA suvyavasthita rUpa se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| yaha grantha saMkSipta hai, viSaya kI pUrNa spaSTatA aura anubhava ke prAdhanya ko samAhita kiye hue hai| jaina paramparA meM yoga kA AdhAra hai- gupti jisako paribhASita karate hue AcArya umAsvAmI ne likhA hai "samyagyoganigraho gupti' arthAt yogoM kA nigraha karanA gupti hai| jaina sAdhanA kA sUtra hogA 'mnovaakkaamguptiryogH'| koI kahatA hai ki dhyAna to mAnasika pariNAma hai| (dhyAna mAnasika hI hotA hai) yaha yathArtha nahIM hai kyoMki mana, vacana aura zarIra - tInoM yogoM se dhyAna hotA hai| aisA arhat dvArA nirUpita hai| AcArya haribhadra ke yoga viSayaka grantha jainadarzana kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| AcArya haribhadra kI dRSTi bahuta udAra evaM samanvayAtmaka rahI hai| unhoMne ubhayaparamparAoM (jaina evaM sAMkhyayoga donoM meM) sAmaJjasya kIeka vizeSa cintanadRSTi pradAna kI hai jo yogabhilASiyoM ke lie pathapradarzaka bana sakatI hai| __ AcArya haribhadra dvArA nirUpita yoga-svarUpa tathA pAtaJjala yoga meM nirdiSTa yoga svarUpa meM bhinnatA va ekarUpatA donoM hI nihita hai| jaba hama cittavRtti nirodha tathA mokSaprApaka dharmavyApAra ina donoM arthoM kA sthUla rUpa se cintana karate haiM to donoM arthoM meM bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai kintu sUkSmadRSTi se adhyayana karane para ekarUpatA bhI prApta hotI hai| cittavRtti kA nirodha karanA eka kriyA hai, sAdhanA hai| isakA tAtparya hai citta kI vRttiyoM ko rokanA kintu yaha ekAntataH niSedhaparaka bhAva ko hI abhivyakta nahIM karatI, balki vidheyAtmaka artha ko bhI abhivyakta karatA hai| rokane ke sAtha karane kA bhI sambandha hai| isalie pataJjali dvArA yogasvarUpa kA vAstavika artha yahI hai ki sAdhaka apanI saMsArAbhimukha cittavRttiyoM ko rokakara apanI sAdhanA ko mokSa arthAt sAdhyasiddhi ke anukUla bnaayeN| svamanovRttiyoM ko sAMsArika prapaJca tathA viSama vAsanAoM se vimukha kara mokSAbhimukhI banAye dUsarI ora AcArya haribhadra dvArA nirdiSTa 'yoga' arthAt mokSaprApaka dharmavyApAra kA bhI yahI artha dhvanita hotA hai| isake anusAra mokSa ke sAtha sambandha karane vAlI sAdhanA yA kriyA hI yoga jainadarzana meM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke pariprekSya meM 'saMvara' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| saMvara Asrava ke nirodha ko kahA hai| isa taraha saMvara aura yoga donoM ke artha meM 'nirodha' zabda kA prayoga huA hai kintu donoM sthAna para vizeSaNa alaga haiM - eka meM cittavRtti hai to dUsare meM aasrv| AgamoM meM Asrava mithyAtva, avirati, pramAda, kaSAya aura yoga ko kahA hai| yahAM Asrava meM prayukta 'yoga' yogadarzana meM prayukta 'cittavRtti' ke sthAna para hai| isa prakAra pataJjali ne jise cittavRtti kahA hai, jainadarzana meM use Asrava rUpa yoga kahA hai| __ Asrava yoga ke do bheda haiM - sakaSAya aura akssaay| aise hI do bheda cittavRtti ke bhI haiM - kliSTa aura aklisstt| jainadarzana kaSAya ke cAra bheda mAnatA hai - krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha tathA pataJjali bhI kliSTa cittavRtti ke cAra bheda - avidyA, rAga, dveSa aura abhiniveza batAte

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48 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 haiN| jainadarzana meM prathama sakaSAya yoga aura bAda meM akaSAya yoga ke nirodha kI svIkRti hai / pataJjali bhI pahale kliSTa cittavRtti kA nirodha tathA bAda meM akliSTa cittavRtti ke nirodha kI bAta karate haiN| isa prakAra jainadarzana evaM pAtaJjala yogadarzana meM nirUpita yoga kA svarUpa sthUla dRSTi se bhinna hai, kintu sUkSma rUpa se adhyayana karane para artha tathA viSaya meM ekarUpatA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne nizcaya aura vyavahAra do dRSTi se yoga nirUpati kiyA hai - ve likhate haiM : nicchayao iha jogo saNNANAINa tiNha sNbNdho| mokkheNa joyaNAo NiddiTTho joginAhehiM / / yogazataka - 2 yogIzvaroM (arhatoM) ne samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyagcAritra ina tInoM ke eka sAtha avasthAna ko nizcayadRSTi se yoga kahA hai, kyoMki yaha yoga AtmA ko mokSa ke sAtha niyojita karatA hai| vavahArao u eso vinneo eyakAraNANaM pi / jo saMbaMdho soviya kAraNa kajjovayArAo / / yogazataka-4 kAraNa meM kArya kA upacAra kara samyagjJAna Adi kAraNoM kA AtmA ke sAtha jo sambandha hai, usako bhI vyavahAradRSTi se yoga kahA gayA hai| guru kI vinaya karanA, ' dharmazAstroM kA vidhipUrvaka zravaNa, grahaNa Adi karanA tathA zAstrokta vidhi niSedhoM kA yathAzakti pAlana vyavahArayoga hai / isa vyavahArayoga ke pAlana se kAlakrama se samyagjJAna Adi tInoM kI uttarottara vizuddha avasthA avicchinna rUpa se avazya prApta hotI hai| maharSi pataJjali ne yoga ke aSTAMga yama, niyama, Asana, prANAyAma, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi prarUpita kiye haiN| jaina dArzanika AcArya haribhadra ne bhI yogadRSTisamuccaya meM ATha dRSTiyoM kA vidhAna kiyA hai jo isa prakAra hai :- 1. mitrA, 2 . tArA, 3 . balA, 4 . dIprA, 5. sthirA 6. kAntA, 7. prabhA aura 8. parA / ina ATha dRSTiyoM meM cAra dRSTiyA~ pratipAtI aura cAra dRSTiyAM apratipAtI haiN| prathama cAra dRSTiyoM se patana kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI hai / isalie unheM pratipAtI kahA gayA hai jabaki antima cAra dRSTiyoM meM patana kI saMbhAvanA nahIM hotii| ataH vaha apratipAtI kahI jAtI hai| yahA~ tulanAtmaka dRSTi se viSaya isa prakAra hai - 1. mitrAdRSTi aura yama - mitrAdRSTi yoga ke prathama aMga yama ke sadRza hai / isa avasthA meM ahiMsA Adi pAMca mahAvratoM athavA pAMca yamoM kA pAlana hotA hai / isa dRSTi meM sthita vyakti zubhakAryoM ke sampAdana meM ruci rakhatA hai aura azubha kArya karane vAloM ke prati adveSavRtti rakhatA hai| isa avasthA meM Atmabodha tRNa kI agni ke samAna sthAyI nahIM hotA hai| 2. tArAdRSTi aura niyama - tArAdRSTi yoga ke dvitIya aMga niyama ke samAna hai| isameM zauca, santoSa, tapa, svAdhyAya Adi niyamoM kA pAlana hotA hai / jisa prakAra mitrA dRSTi meM zubha kAryoM ke prati adve

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 guNa hotA hai usI prakAra tArA dRSTi meM jijJAsA guNa hotA hai| vyakti meM tattvajJAna ke prati jijJAsA balavatI hotI hai| 3. balAdRSTi evaM Asana - isa dRSTi meM sthita vyakti kI tRSNA zAnta ho jAtI hai aura svabhAva yA manovRtti meM sthiratA hotI hai| isa avasthA kI tulanA Asana nAmaka tRtIya yogAMga se kI jAtI hai kyoMki isameM zArIrika, vAcanika aura mAnasika sthiratA para jora diyA jAtA hai| isakA pramukha guNa zuzrUSA arthAt zravaNecchA mAnA gayA hai| isameM prAraMbha kiye gaye zubha kArya nirvighna pUrNa hote haiN| isa avasthA meM prApta hone vAlA tattvabodha kASTha kI agni ke samAna kucha sthAyI hotA hai| 4. dIprAdRSTi aura prANAyAma - dIprAdRSTi yoga ke caturtha aMga prANAyAma ke samAna hai| jisa prakAra prANAyAma meM recaka, pUraka evaM kumbhaka ye tInoM avasthAyeM hotI haiM usI prakAra bAhya bhAva niyaMtraNa rUpa recaka, Antarika bhAva niyaMtraNa rUpa pUraka evaM manobhAvoM kI sthiratA rUpa kumbhaka kI avasthA hotI hai| yaha eka prakAra kA AdhyAtmika prANAyAma hai| isa dRSTi meM sthita vyakti sadAcaraNa yA cAritra ko atyadhika mahattva detA hai| vaha AcaraNa kA mUlya zarIra kI apekSA bhI adhika mAnatA hai| isa avasthA meM hone vAlA Atmabodhaka dIpaka kI jyoti ke samAna hotA hai| yahAM naitika vikAsa hote hue bhI AdhyAtmika dRSTi kA vikAsa nahIM ho paataa| ataH isa avasthA meM patana kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI hai| 5. sthirAdRSTi evaM pratyAhAra - ____ pUrvokta cAra dRSTiyoM meM abhiniveza yA Asakti vidyamAna rahatI hai ataH vyakti ko satya kA yathArtha bodha nahIM hotaa| uparyukta avasthAoM taka satya kA mAnyatA ke rUpa meM grahaNa hotA hai| satya kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM hotA lekina isa avasthA meM Asakti yA rAga meM anupasthita hone se satya kA yathArtha rUpa meM bodha ho jAtA hai| tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yaha avasthA pratyAhAra ke samAna hai| jisa prakAra pratyAhAra meM viSama-vikAra kA parityAga hokara AtmA viSayonmukha na hote hue bhI svasvarUpa kI ora unmukha hotI hai usI prakAra isa avasthA meM bhI viSama vikAroM kA tyAga hokara AtmA svabhAvonmukha hotI hai| isa avasthA meM vyakti kA AcaraNa sAmAnyatayA nirdoSa hotA hai| isa avasthA meM hone vAle tattvabodha kI tulanA ratna kI prabhA se kI jAtI hai jo nirdoSa tathA sthAyI hotA hai| 6. kAntAdRSTi evaM dhAraNA - kAntAdRSTi yoga ke dhAraNA aMga ke samAna hai jisa prakAra dhAraNA meM citta kI sthiratA hotI hai usI prakAra isa avasthA meM citta kI sthiratA hotI hai| isa avasthA meM sadasat kA viveka pUrNatayA spaSTa hotA hai| usameM kiMkarttavya ke viSaya meM koI anizcayAtmaka sthiti nahIM hotI hai| AcaraNa pUrNatayA zuddha hotA hai| isa avasthA meM tattvabodha tAre kI prabhA ke samAna eka sA spaSTa aura sthira hotA hai| 7. prabhAdRSTi evaM dhyAna - __ prabhAdRSTi kI tulanA dhyAna nAmaka sAtaveM yogAMga se kI jA sakatI hai| dhAraNA meM cittavRtti kI sthiratA prabhArUpa evaM dIrghakAlika hotI hai| isa avasthA meM citta pUrNatayA zAnta

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50 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 hotA hai| pAtaJjala yogadarzana kI paribhASA meM yaha prazAntavAhitA kI avasthA hai| isameM rAgadveSAtmaka vRttiyoM kA pUrNatayA abhAva hotA hai| isa avasthA meM hone vAlA tattvabodha sUrya kI prabhA ke samAna dIrghakAlika aura spaSTa hotA hai tathA karmamala kSINa prAyaH ho jAte haiN| 8. parAdRSTi evaM samAdhi - parAdRSTi kI tulanA yoga ke AThaveM aMga samAdhi se kI gii| isa avasthA meM cittavRttiyAM pUrNatayA Atmakendrita hotI haiN| vikalpa, vicAra Adi kA pUrNatayA abhAva hotA hai| isameM AtmA svasvarUpa meM hI ramaNa karatI haiM aura anta meM nirvANa yA mokSa prApta kara letI haiN| isa prakAra yaha naitika sAdhya kI upalabdhi kI avasthA hai| AtmA meM pUrNa samatva kI avasthA hai jo ki samagra AcAradarzana kA sAra hai| parAdRSTi meM hone vAle tattvabodha kI tulanA candraprabhA se kI jAtI hai| jisa prakAra candraprabhA zAnta aura AhlAdajanaka hotI hai| usI prakAra isa avasthA meM hone vAlA tattvabodha bhI zAMta evaM Anandamaya hotA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne kahA hai ki ye ATha dRSTiyAM aisI haiM jinameM sAdhaka meM dharmasaMlagnatA kisI na kisI mAtrA meM avazya rahatI hai, kintu isameM praveza prApta karane se pUrva bhI jJAna athavA cetanA kI eka avasthA hotI hai ise mithyAdRSTi yA odhadRSTi kahate haiN| yaha odhadRSTi saMsAra ke pravAha meM patita avidyA meM nimagna vyakti kI cetanA kI avasthA hai, pataJjali ke anusAra yaha sabhI klezoM kA mUla hai aura svayaM bhI mahAkleza hai| pataJjali ne prathama pAMca ko yoga ke bahiraMga sAdhana batAye haiM, aMtima tIna ko antaraMga sAdhana kahA hai| aSTAMgayoga vivekakhyAti kA sAdhana hai| AcArya haribhadra ne bhI prathama cAra dRSTiyoM ko pratipAta bhraMzayukta kahA hai arthAt jo sAdhaka unheM prApta kara letA hai unase bhraSTa bhI ho sakatA hai para bhraSTa hotA hI ho, aisA nahIM hai| bhraSTa yA patana kI saMbhAvanA ke kAraNa ye cAra dRSTiyAM sApAya - ApAya aura bAdhAyukta kahI jAtI hai| antima cAra pratipAta rahita arthAt bAdhArahita haiN| apratipAtI dRSTi prApta hone para yogI kA apane mokSa lakSya kI ora prayANa anavarata cAlU ho jAtA hai| jaise yAtrA para bar3he hue pathika ko mArga meM kucha sthAnoM para rukanA par3atA hai jo kisI apekSA se usakI yAtrA kA aMzataH vidhAna hai, usI taraha mokSAbhimukha yogI ko avaziSTa karmayoga pUrA kara lene hetu bIca meM devajanya Adi meM se gujaranA hotA hai jo ApekSika rUpa meM caraNa-cAritrya lakSya kI ora gatizIlatA yA rUkAvaTa hai kintu yaha nizcita hai, usake isa prayANa kA samApana - lakSya prApti meM hotA hai| samprajJAta, asamprajJAta samAdhi se guNasthAna kI tulanA - pratyeka darzana meM Atmika vikAsa ke upAyoM kI vistAra se carcA milatI hai| anAdikAla se yaha jIva ajJAna se bhramita hone ke kAraNa vastu ke yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnane aura samajhane meM asamartha rahatA hai| jaise-jaise vyakti kI rUci tattva sAkSAtkAra kI ora pravRtta hone lagatI hai vaise-vaise vaha apanI zakti kA niyojana sAdhanA meM lagAtA hai aura nirantara sAdhanA ke bala para uttarottara vikAsa kara apane lakSya taka pahu~catA hai| pAtaJjala yogadarzana ke yogotkarSa ko samprajJAta samAdhi ke rUpa meM abhihita kiyA hai| isakI zAbdika vyutpatti ke anusAra 'sam' kA artha samyak 'pra' kA artha prakRSTa aura jJAta

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 kA artha jJAna yukta hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki yogI kI vaha sthiti, jahAM citta meM itanI sthiratA A jAtI hai ki apane dvArA gRhIta grAhya dhyeya samyak aura utkRSTatA se jJAta rahe, citta kI mAtra usI meM sthiratA rahe, asthira na ho, use samprajJAta samAdhi kahate haiN| isa saMdarbha meM pataJjali ne kahA hai- jisakI rAjasika, tAmasika vRttiyAM kSINa ho jAtI haiM aisA usakA citta uttama koTi kI maNi arthAt nirmala maNi ke sadRza grahItA (asmitA) grahaNa (indriyAM) grAhya (sthUla tatha sUkSma viSayoM) meM sthita hokara unake svarUpa ko prApta ho jAnA samprajJAta samAdhi hai| aisI hI sthiti paramparA meM zreNI ArohaNa karane vAle sAdhaka kI hotI hai| cUMki guNasthAnoM kI paramparA meM AThavAM nivRttivAda guNasthAna hai yahAM abhUtapUrva Atmavizuddhi niSpanna hotI hai, isalie ise apUrvakaraNa guNasthAna bhI kahA jAtA hai| isa guNasthAna se vikAsa kI do zreNiyAM niHsRta hotI haiN| upazama zreNI, kSapaka zreNI yA kSAyika shrennii| upazama zreNI dvArA Age bar3hane vAlA sAdhaka navama guNasthAna meM krodha, mAna, mAyA ko tathA dazama guNasthAna meM lobha ko upazAnta karatA huA dazama ke bAda sIdhA bArahavA~ kSINamoha guNasthAna meM pahucaMtA hai| samprajJAta samAdhi meM eka dhyeya yA Alambana rahatA hai, ise bIja kahate haiN| ataH yaha bIja samAdhi kahalAtI hai kintu asamprajJAta samAdhi meM Alambana nahIM rhtaa| yahAM saba kucha niruddha ho jAtA hai ataH yaha sarvavRtti nirodhAtmaka tathA sarvathA svarUpAdhiSThAnAtmaka nirbIja samAdhi hai| jaina paramparA meM sAdhaka jaba zukladhyAna kI antima sthiti meM hotA hai taba vaha saMpUrNa kriyAoM se uparata ho jAtA hai| isa guNasthAna ko ayoga kevalI ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi isakA kAla bahuta alpa yA paJca hasva akSara uccAraNa pramANa hI hai| vaha parvata kI taraha niSprakampa avasthA prApta kara lete haiN| isa prakAra pAtaJjala yogazAstra meM pratipAdita samprajJAta aura asamprajJAta samAdhi kI sthiti jaina paramparA meM guNasthAna vikAsa krama kI avasthA meM haiM jo yoga se ayoga kI dizA kI ora yA bheda se abheda kI ora le jAne vAlA prasthAna hai| AcArya haribhadra ne guNasthAna rUpI AdhyAtmika vikAsa krama ko pAMca avasthAoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai - adhyAtma, bhAvanA, dhyAna, samatA aura vRttisNkssy| inhoMne svayaM hI inakI tulanA yogadarzana kI samprajJAta tathA asamprajJAta bhUmikAoM se kI hai| prathama cAra samprajJAta aura antima cAra asmprjnyaat| inameM samatA, cittavRtti kI samatva kI avasthA ora vRttisaMkSaya AtmaramaNa kI vyavasthA hai| samatva hamArI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa hai aura vRtti saMkSaya AdhyAtmika sAdhya kI uplbdhi| paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ne kahA hai ki haribhadra ne sAMkhyayoga ke anusAra uparyukta mAnyatA kI tulanA to kI hai, kintu jaina aura sAMkhya kA jo mUlagata bheda hai tathA usI ko lekara vRttisaMkSaya kA jo artha jaina paraMparA ke sAtha saMgata ho jAtA hai vaha yoga bindu meM batalAyA hai| AcArya haribhadra tathA pAtaJjali donoM ne hI yoga sAdhanA meM kAyika AcAra kI apekSA mAnasika bhAvanA kI utkRSTatA ko mahatva pradAna kiyA hai| pataJjali ne kriyAyoga kI

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2 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 AvazyakatA batAte hue kahA hai- samAdhi kI bhAvanA ke lie klezoM ko tanu karane hetu kriyAyoga hai arthAt tapa se zarIra, prANa, indriya ora mana kI azuddhidUra hone para ve svaccha hokara klezoM ko dUra karane aura samAdhi prApti meM sahAyatA dete haiN| svAdhyAya se aMtaHkaraNa zuddha hotA hai aura citta vikSepoM ke AvaraNa se zuddha hokara samAhita hone kI yogyatA prApta kara letA hai| IzvaraprANidhAna se samAdhi siddha hotI hai aura klezoM kI nivRtti hotI hai| isa prakAra kAyika kI apekSA mAnasika bhAvanA ko zreSTha batAte hue TIkAkAra vAcaspati mizra ne eka udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai ki sadbodhananiSThA tathA bhAvapUrvaka jo satkriyA kI jAtI hai vaha doSoM ko sarvathA naSTa kara detI hai, jisase ve punaH nahIM ubhara pAte haiM, jaise bhasma ke rUpa meM badalA huA meDhaka phira kabhI jIvita nahIM hotaa| bAhya kriyA arthAt zArIrika kriyA dvArA doSoM kA sarvathA kSaya nahIM hotA, upazama mAtra hotA hai, jisase ve anukUla sthiti pAkara phira ubhara Ate haiM jaise Tukar3e-Tukar3e banA, miTTI meM milA meMDhaka zarIra varSA hone para jIvita ho jAtA hai| ___ AcArya haribhadra ne bhI aisA hI kahA hai- zArIrika kriyA arthAt dehAzrita bAhya tapa dvArA naSTa kiye gaye doSa meMDhaka ke cUrNa ke samAna hai| yahI doSa yadi bhAvanA arthAt manobhAva antarvRtti kI pavitratA dvArA kSINa kiye gaye hoM to meMDhaka kI rAkha ke samAna samajhanA caahie| ____ AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM sAdhaka aneka prakAra kI alaukika sAmarthya bhI prApta karatA hai| jaina yoga meM inheM labdhi, pAtaJjala yoga meM ise vibhUti tathA bauddha paramparA meM ye abhijJAeM kahalAtI haiN| jainadharma meM bhI saMyama ke pariNAmasvarUpa prApta hone vAlI aneka labdhiyA~ haiM jaise Amosahi, vipposahi, kheloSadhi, jlossdhi| ye kramazaH sparza se malamUtra ke prayoga se, zlosmA ke sparza se va zarIra ke zeSa maloM ke sparza se rogoM ko dUra karane kI zaktiyA~ haiN| ___yogadarzana meM dhAraNA, dhyAna, samAdhi- ina tInoM kA kisI eka dhyeya meM ekatra honA saMyama kahA gayA hai| saMyama dvArA yogI vikAsa kI aneka koTiyAM prApta karatA hai| pataJjali ke anusAra sthUla, svarUpa, sUkSma, anvaya tathA arthavattva bhUtoM kI ina pAMca avasthAoM meM saMyama dvArA yogI bhUtajaya prApta karatA hai| isa prakAra jaina evaM yoga paramparA donoM meM hI yoga kI mahattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| sAdhanA ke pratipAdana karane meM prayukta zabdoM meM kahIM asamAnatA ho sakatI hai lekina bhAvagata samAnatAyeM donoM hI darzanoM meM prApta hotI haiN| hameM sAdhanA dvArA svasvarUpa kI prApti hetu tatpara rahanA caahie| - vibhAgAdhyakSa, jaina-bauddha darzana vibhAga saMskRta vidyA dharmavijJAna saMkAya kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI-221005 (u.pra.)

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mImAMsAdarzana aura jainadarzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - DaoN. kuladIpa kumAra saMskRta-vyAkaraNa ke anusAra 'darzana' zabda 'dRza' dhAtu + lyuT pratyaya lagAkara banA hai| isakA artha hai jisake dvArA dekhA jAe athavA jo dekhatA hai athavA dRSTi mAtra hI darzana hai| darzana zabda kI vyutpatti zAstroM meM vibhinna prakAra se prApta hotI hai 1. "dRzyate'neneti darzanam / " jisake dvArA vastu svarUpa ko dekhA jAtA hai vaha 'darzana' hai| 2. "dRzyate'nena paraM tattvamiti drshnm|" jisake dvArA parama tattva ke darzana kie jAe~ vaha darzana hai| 3. "pazyati "dRzyate'nena dRSTimAtra vA darzanam / " jo dekhatA hai, jisake dvArA dekhA jAtA hai yA dekhanA mAtra darzana hai| 4. "dRzyate nirNIyate vastutattvamaneneti drshnm|" 'darzana' usa tarka-vitarka, maMthana yA parIkSAsvarUpa vicAradhArA kA nAma hai jo tattvoM ke nirNaya meM prayojanabhUta huA karatI hai| darzana kI paribhASA evaM darzanazAstra kA kArya - manuSya eka vicArazIla yA cintanazIla prANI hai| vaha pratyeka kArya karate samaya apanI vicArazakti kA prayoga karatA hai / isI vicArazakti ko viveka kahate haiM / ataH manuSya meM jo svAbhAvika vicAra zakti hai usI kA nAma darzana hai| "dRzyate'neneti darzanam" / isa vyutpatti ke anusAra jisake dvArA vastu kA svarUpa dekhA jAtA hai vaha darzana hai| arthAt yaha saMsAra nitya hai yA anitya, isakI puSTi karane vAlA koI hai yA nahIM, AtmA kA svarUpa kyA hai, isakA punarjanma hotA hai yA nahIM, Izvara kI sattA hai yA nahIM, ityAdi praznoM kA samuci uttara denA darzanazAstra kA kAma hai| bhAratIya darzanazAstra kI eka maulika vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha vastutaH AdhyAtmika hai, kyoMki isakA mUlamaMtra hai- 'AtmAnaM viddhi' arthAt AtmA ko jAno / samasta bhAratIya darzana AtmA kI mahattA para pratiSThita haiM / samasta bhAratIya darzanoM kA prayojana mokSaprApti hai| saMsAra ke sabhI prANI AdhyAtmika, Adhibhautika aura Adhivaidika - ina tIna prakAra ke duHkhoM se pIr3ita haiM; ataH ina duHkhoM se nivRtti kA upAya batalAnA darzanazAstra kA pradhAna lakSya hai| isalie darzanazAstra duHkha, duHkha ke kAraNa, mokSa aura mokSa ke kAraNoM kA pratipAdana karatA hai| jisa prakAra cikitsAzAstra meM roga, roganidAna, Arogya aura auSadhi - ina cAra tattvoM kA pratipAdana Avazyaka hotA hai, usI prakAra darzanazAstra meM bhI duHkha, duHkha ke kAraNa, mokSa aura mokSa ke kAraNoM kA kathana karanA Avazyaka hai| darzana ke bheda -

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 sarvaprathama darzanoM ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai- bhAratIya darzana aura abhAratIya darzana (pAzcAtya drshn)| jina darzanoM kA prAdurbhAva bhAratavarSa meM huA hai ve bhAratIya darzana haiM aura jina darzanoM kA prAdurbhAva bhAratavarSa ke bAhara arthAt pAzcAtya dezoM (yUnAna Adi) meM huA hai, unheM abhAratIya darzana kahA jAtA hai| bhAratIya darzana bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho jAte haiM - 1. vaidika darzana- sAMkhya, yoga vedAnta, mImAMsA, nyAya tathA vaizeSika drshn| 2. avaidika darzana- jaina, bauddha tathA cArvAka drshn| jainadarzana - jisa prakAra vibhinna darzanoM ke pravartaka vibhinna RSi-maharSi hue haiM, usa prakAra jainadarzana kA pravartaka koI vyakti vizeSa nahIM hai| jaina zabda 'jina' zabda se banA hai| 'jina' zabda kA artha hai jo vyakti jJAnAvaraNAdi dravyakarmoM aura rAgadveSAdi bhAvakoM ko jItatA hai vaha 'jina' kahalAtA hai| kahA bhI jAtA hai ki- "jayati karmArAtIniti jinaH" aise 'jina' ke dvArA upadiSTa dharma tathA darzana ko jainadharma aura jainadarzana kahate haiN| pratyeka yuga meM caubIsa tIrthakara hote haiM tathA ve anAdikAla se cale A rahe dharma aura darzana kA pratipAdana karate haiN| vartamAna yuga meM RSabhanAtha se lekara mahAvIra paryanta caubIsa tIrthakaroM ne jainadharma tathA darzana ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| AcArya umAsvAmI dvArA racita 'tattvArthasUtra' jainadarzana kA Adya sUtragraMtha hai| jainadarzana meM jIva, ajIva, Asrava, bandha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa- ye sAta tattva batalAe gae haiN| sAta tattvoM meM puNya aura pApa ko milAkara nau padArtha batalAe gae haiN| jIva pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla- ye chaH dravya mAne gaye haiN| jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra aura antarAya- ye ATha karma haiN| jIva ke audayika, aupazamika, kSAyopazamika, kSAyika aura pAriNAmika- ye pAMca bhAva hote haiN| arihanta, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya aura sAdhu- ye pAMca parameSThI hote haiN| ahiMsA, satya acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha- ye pAMca vrata haiN| jainadarzana meM pratyakSa aura parokSa ko hI pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| jainadarzana meM pratyeka AtmA karmoM kA nAza karake paramAtmA arthAt Izvara bana sakatA hai| kahA bhI hai- "appA so paramappA" arthAt AtmA hI paramAtmA hai| jainadarzana meM Izvara ko isa sRSTi kA kartA nahIM mAnA jAtA tathA vaha na to kabhI avatAra letA hai aura na kabhI lauTakara AtA hai| jo AtmA jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, mohanIya aura antarAya- ina cAra ghAtiyA karmo kA nAza kara detA hai vaha kevalI athavA arihanta kahalAtA hai| arihanta avasthA meM anantajJAna, anantadarzana, anantasukha aura anantavIryaina cAra ananta catuSTiyoM kI prApti ho jAtI hai| kucha kAla bAda vahI AtmA zeSa cAra aghAtiyA karmoM kA nAza karake siddha ho jAtA hai| siddhAvasthA hI mokSa kI avasthA hai| jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha karmoM kA sarvathA kSaya ho jAne para mokSa prApta hotA hai| __jisa prakAra dUdha meM se ghI nikAlane para dubArA nahIM milAyA jA sakatA, gehU~ ke dAne ko bhUnakara boyA nahIM jA sakatA, tila meM se tela nikAlane ke bAda dubArA nahIM milAyA jA sakatA, svarNa pASANa meM se eka bAra sonA nikAlane ke bAda dubArA nahIM milAyA jA sakatA; usI prakAra jo jIva eka bAra mukta ho jAtA hai vaha punaH zarIra dhAraNa nahIM krtaa|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 55 samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyakcAritra - ye tInoM milakara mokSa ke mArga haiN| AcArya umAsvAmI ne 'tattvArthasUtra' grantha meM sarvaprathama mokSamArga kA hI ullekha kiyA hai"samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH " 1 1. jainadarzana meM mati, zruti, avidha, manaH paryAya aura kevala - ye pAMca jJAna mAne gae haiN| "matizrutAvadhimanaHparyayakevalAni jnyaanm|" 2 jainadarzana ke pramukha siddhAnta bhAratIya itihAsa meM jainadarzana kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhinna-bhinna dArzanikoM ne apanI-apanI svAbhAvika ruci paristhiti yA bhAvanA se vastutattva ko jaisA dekhA usI ko unhoMne darzana ke nAma se kahA / kintu kisI bhI tattva ke viSaya meM koI bhI tAttvika dRSTi aikAntika nahIM ho sakatI hai| sarvathA bhedabhAva yA abhedavAda, nityaikAnta yA kSaNikaikAnta ekAntadRSTi hai| jainadarzanAnusAra pratyeka vastu aneka dharmAtmaka hai aura koI bhI dRSTi una aneka dharmoM kA eka sAtha pratipAdana nahIM kara sakatI hai| isa siddhAnta ko jainadarzana ne anekAnta aura syAdvAda ke nAma se kahA hai / jainadarzana kA mukhya uddezya syAdvAda siddhAnta ke AdhAra para vibhinna matoM kA samanvaya karanA hai| vicAra jagata kA anekAnta hI naitika jagat meM ahiMsA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai / ataH bhAratIya evaM abhAratIya pAzcAtya darzanoM ke itihAsa ko samajhane ke lie jainadarzana kA vizeSa mahattva hai| pUrvamImAMsA darzana - 'mImAMsA' zabda kA artha hai - pUjita vicAra / arthAt kisI vastu ke svarUpa kA yathArtha vrnnn|"miimaaNsyte vicAryate avagRhIto'rtho vizeSarUpeNa anayA iti mImAMsA" jisake dvArA grahaNa kiyA artha vizeSa rUpa se mImAMsita kiyA jAtA hai arthAt vicArA jAtA hai vaha mImAMsA hai| veda ke do bhAga haiM- karmakANDa tathA jJAnakANDa / yajJayAgAdi kI vidhi tathA anuSThAna kA varNana karmakANDa kA viSaya hai aura jIva, jagat tathA Izvara ke rUpa aura paraspara sambandha kA nirUpaNa jJAnakANDa kA viSaya hai| ina donoM meM dikhAI par3ane vAle virodhoM ko dUra karane ke lie mImAMsA kI pravRtti hotI hai| mImAMsA ke do bheda haiM- karmamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA / karmaviSayaka virodhoM kA samAdhAna karatI hai karmamImAMsA tathA jJAna viSayaka virodhoM kA samAdhAna karatI hai jJAnamImAMsA / karmamImAMsA yA pUrvamImAMsA ke nAma se abhihita darzana 'mImAMsA' kahalAtA hai| jJAnamImAMsA yA uttaramImAMsA ke nAma se abhihita darzana 'vedAnta' kahalAtA hai| mImAMsA kA mukhya tAtparya 'samIkSA' hai| pUrvamImAMsA darzana ke mUla pravartaka vedavyAsa ke ziSya 'jaiminI RSi' the, jinhoMne IsA pUrva '200' meM 'jaiminisUtra' kI racanA kI / pUrvamImAMsA meM tIna mata pracalita haiM- (ka) kumArila bhaTTa kA 'bhATTamata', (kha) prabhAkara mizra kA 'prAbhAkaramata' yA 'gurumata', (ga) murArI mizra kA 'mishrmt'| kumArilabhaTTa yA 'bhATTamata' kI apekSA - padArtha do haiM - bhAva va abhAva / bhAva cAra haiMhaiM- dravya, guNa, karma va sAmAnya / abhAva cAra haiM- prAk, pradhvaMsa, anyonya va prtykss| dravya

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56 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 'gyAraha' haiM- pRthvI, jala, vAyu, agni, AkAza, kAla, AtmA, mana, dik, tama va zabda | 'guNa'guNa dravya se bhinna va abhinna haiM unakI saMkhyA 'teraha' hai - rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza, pariNAma, pRthakatva, saMyoga, vibhAga, paratva, aparatva, gurutva, dravyatva tathA sneha / prabhAkaramizra yA gurumata kI apekSA padArtha ATha haiM- dravya, guNa, karma, sAmAnya, samavAya, saMkhyA, zakti evaM sAdRzya / dravya nau haiM- pRthivI, jala, vAyu, agni, AkAza, kAla, AtmA, mana va dik| guNa ikkIsa haiM- rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza, parimANa, saMyoga, paratva, aparatva, buddhi, sukha, duHkha, icchA, prayatna, gurutva, dravyatva, sneha, saMskAra, zabda, dharma, adharma tathA vega / murAri mizra yA 'mizramata' kI apekSA paramArthataH brahma hI eka padArtha hai / vyavahAra se padArtha cAra haiM- dharmI, dharma, AdhAra va pradeza vizeSa / mImAMsA aura jaina kI tulanA mImAMsA veda ko apauruSeya va svataH pramANa vedavihita hiMsA yajJAdika ko dharma, janma se hI varNavyavasthA tathA brAhmaNa ko sarvapUjya mAnate haiN| jaina ukta sarva bAtoM kA khaNDana karate haiN| unakI dRSTi maM prathamAnuyoga Adi cAra anuyoga hI cAra veda haiN| ahiMsAtmaka havana va agnihotrAdirUpa pUjA-vidhAna hI sacce yajJa haiN| varNa-vyavasthA janma se nahIM, guNa va karma se hotI hai, uttama zrAvaka hI yathArtha brAhmaNa hai / isa prakAra yaha donoM darzanoM meM bheda hai| jainadarzana meM dravya kA lakSaNa 'sat' kahA gayA hai aura utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya- ina tInoM se yukta arthAt ina tInoM rUpa hai, vaha sata hai "sat dravyalakSaNam"3, "utpAdavyayadhauvyayuktaM sat" 4 yadyapi dravya kA lakSaNa sat hai, lekina guNa aura paryAyoM ke samUha ko bhI dravya kahate haiN| jaise jIva eka dravya hai, usameM sukha jJAna Adi guNa pAye jAte haiM aura nara-nArI Adi paryAyeM pAI jAtI haiM, kintu dravya se guNa aura paryAya kI sattA alaga nahIM hai ki guNa bhinna hai, paryAya bhinna haiM aura unake mela se dravya banA hai / anAdikAla se 'guNaparyAyAtmaka' hI dravya hai / guNa nitya hote haiM aura paryAya anitya hotI haiN| ataH dravya ko nitya - anitya kahA jAtA hai / jainadarzana meM sat kA lakSaNa utpAda vyaya aura dhrauvya mAnA gayA hai| mImAMsAdarzana ke pAragAmI mahAmati kumArila bhaTTa bhI padArtho ko utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka, avayava - avayavI meM bhedAbheda, vastu ko sva kI apekSA sat aura para kI apekSA asat tathA sAmAnya- vizeSa ko 'sApekSa' mAnate haiN| dvitIya zatAbdI ke prabhAvazAlI jaina AcArya samantabhadra ne dravya kI trayAtmakatA ke viSaya meM do dRSTAnta diye haiN| unhIM dRSTAntoM kA samarthana AcArya kumArila ne bhI kiyA hai| AcArya samantabhadra likhate haiM "ghaTamaulisuvarNArthI naashotpaadsthitissvym| zokapramodamAdhyasthyaM jano yAti sahetukam // eka kisAna ke eka putra hai aura eka putrI / kisAna ke pAsa eka sone kA ghar3A hai| putrI usa ghar3e ko cAhatI hai| putra usa ghar3e ko tor3akara mukuTa banavAnA cAhatA hai / kisAna putra kI haTha pUrI karane ke lie ghar3e ko tur3avAkara usakA mukuTa banavA detA hai / ghar3e ke nAza se putrI duHkhI hotI hai, mukuTa ke utpAda se putra prasanna hotA hai aura kisAna jo ki sone kA

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 57 icchuka hai, vaha na zoka karatA hai na harSa, kyoMki mukuTa bana jAne ke bAda bhI sonA usameM kAyama hai; ataH vastu trayAtmaka hai| "payovrato na dadhyati na payo'tti dadhivrataH / agorasavrato nobhe tasmAttattvaM tryaatmkm|| jisane kevala dUdha kI khAne kA vrata liyA hai, vaha dahI nahIM khAtA / jisane kevala dahI khAne kA vrata liyA hai vaha dUdha nahIM khAtA aura jisane gorasa mAtra na khAne kA vrata liyA hai vaha na dUdha khAtA hai aura na dahI, kyoMki dUdha aura dahI donoM gorasa kI do paryAya haiM, ataH gorasatva donoM meM hai| isase siddha hai ki vastu trayAtmaka - utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka hai| mImAMsAdarzana ke AcArya kumArila bhaTTa mImAMsAzlokavArtika meM likhate haiM "vardhamArakabhaMge ca rucakaH kriyate ydaa| tadA pUrvArthinaH zokaH priitishcaapyuttraarthinH||"7 "hemArthinastu mAdhyasthaM tasmAdvastu tryaatmkm| notpAdasthitibhaMgAnAmabhAve syAnmatitrayam // 8 "na nAzena vinA zoko notpAdena vinA sukham / sthityA binA na mAdhyasthyaM tena saamaanynitytaa||"9 arthAt- jaba sone ke pyAle ko tor3akara usakI mAlA banAI jAtI hai taba jisako pyAle kI jarUrata hai, usako zoka hotAM hai, jise mAlA kI AvazyakatA hai use harSa hotA hai aura jise sone kI AvazyakatA hai use na harSa hotA hai aura na zoka / ataH vastu trayAtmaka hai| yadi, utpAda, sthiti aura vyaya na hote to tIna vyaktiyoM ke tIna prakAra ke bhAva na hote, kyoMki pyAle ke nAza ke binA pyAle kI AvazyakatA vAle ko zoka nahIM ho sakatA aura sone kI sthiratA ke binA sone ke icchuka ko pyAle ke vinAza aura mAlA ke utpAda meM mAdh yasthya nahIM raha sakatA / ataH vastu sAmAnya se nitya hai aura vizeSa arthAt paryAya rUpa se anitya hai| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki kisI aMza meM mImAMsA darzana anekAntavAdI hai| isa apekSA se jainadarzana va mImAMsAdarzana tulya hai| aura bhI anya kaI viSayoM meM jainadarzana va mImAMsAdarzana meM bheda va tulyatA hai| jaise donoM hI jarAyuja, aNDaja va svedaja (saMmUrcchana) zarIroM ko pAMca bhautika svIkAra karate haiN| donoM kI indriya viSayoM ke tyAga Adi ko mokSa kA sAdhana mAnate haiN| donoM hI zarIrAdi kI Atyantika nivRtti ko mokSa mAnate haiM / isa prakAra donoM darzanoM meM tulyatA hai| parantu jaina dArzanikoM kI bhAMti mImAMsaka sarvajJatva kA astiva nahIM mAnate, AtmA ko svasaMvedanagamya nahIM maante| saMdarbha : 1. tattvArthasUtra, 1/1, 2. vahI, 1/9, 3. vahI, 5/29, 4. vahI, 5/30, 5. AptamImAMsA, zloka-59, 6. vahI, - 60, 7. mImAMsAzlokavArtika, zloka - 21, 8. vahI, - 22, 9. vahI, - 23 - variSTha vyAkhyAtA, jainadarzana vibhAga, zrI lA. ba. zA. rA. saMskRta vidyApITha, naI dillI- 16

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jainadharma evaM paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa - prAcArya (paM.) nihAlacaMda jaina Aja vizva meM - eka cetAvanI, cintana aura cetanA kA daura sA cala rahA hai| cetAvanI kA viSaya hai- paryAvaraNa, cintana kA viSaya hai- paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa aura cetanA kA viSaya hai- 'paryAvaraNa kA sNrkssnn'| manuSya apane svArtha evaM Amoda-pramoda ke lie atula prAkRtika sampadA ko naSTa karane para utAru banA huA hai| manuSya cAhe vaha dhanADhya-samudAya kA ho yA sozalisTa samudAya kA, donoM vargoM ne prakRti kA dohana kara isake sAtha cher3achAr3a kara, isakA bharapUra Exploitation kiyA hai, kara rahA hai aura yaha dhAraNA bana gayI hai ki sukhI rahane kI kuMjI, bhautika samRddhi aura padArtha-vijJAna kA vikAsa hai| Aja kI TeknAlaoNjI, jo bhogavAdI saMskRti kI praNetA hai, ne jIvana ke naitika va sAMskRtika mUlyoM evaM AdhunikIkaraNa ke dRSTikoNa ko prabhAvita kiyA hai, jisane paryAvaraNa evaM pAristhitikI ko asaMtulita kara diyA hai| Aja paryAvaraNa- pradUSaNa tathA pAristhitikI-asantulana kI samasyA, mAnava ke astitva ke lie cunautI banI huI hai| manuSya- manuSya ke bIca aura manuSya-prakRti ke bIca ke saMbaMdhoM ne paryAvaraNa ko kAphI hada taka prabhAvita kiyA hai, jise mukhyataH cAra vargoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM(i) bhautika-parivartana - isake aMtargata- bhUmikSaraNa, vanoM kA vinAza, mahAnagaroM meM bahumaMjilI imAratoM kA nirmANa, khanana aadi| (ii) rAsAyanika parivartana- isake aMtargata-jala, vAyu, dhvani, reDiyo dharmitA Adi kA pradUSaNa (iii) jaivika parivartana- jaivika upajAtiyoM kA vilupta honaa| (iv) sAmAjika paitholaoNjI - isake aMtargata hiMsA kI bar3hatI pravRtti, mAMsAhAra, mAnasika tanAva, lAlasA, anAvazyaka dhana saMgraha, AtaMkavAda aadi| ukta cAra vargoM ko mukhyataH do ghaTakoM ke aMtargata samAyojita kiyA jA sakatA hai(i) bAhya pryaavrnn| (ii) Antarika pryaavrnn| manuSya paryAvaraNa kA eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka hai| yadi usake zarIra meM vikAra utpanna hote haiM, to saMpUrNa paryAvaraNa kaluSita ho uThatA hai| svaccha paryAvaraNa ke lie manuSya kA svastha honA Avazyaka hai| hama vahI hote haiM, jo peTa meM DAlate haiN| "We are, what we eat" arthAt paryAvaraNa kA sambandha hamAre AcAra-vicAra, khAna-pAna, AhAra-vihAra Adi se ghaniSTha rUpa se jur3A huA hai| jahAM bAhya paryAvaraNa ke ghaTaka- vastue~ yA padArtha haiM, vahIM Antarika paryAvaraNa jIvana aura antarjagata se saMbandhita hai jisameM mana-mastiSka aura AtmA (caitanya) kI aham bhUmikA hotI hai|

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59 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 ___ hamAre deza ke 41veM saMvidhAna saMzodhana dvArA, pratyeka nAgarika kA mUla karttavya hai ki vaha prAkRtika paryAvaraNa (vana, jhIla, vanya-prANI, bhUmi) kI rakSA kareM, usakA saMvarddhana kare, prANI mAtra ke prati dayAbhAva rakhe tathA avaidha zikAra se bce| saMvidhAna kI ukta dhArA meM paryAvaraNa ke donoM ghaTakoM kA saMrakSaNa A jAtA hai| 1- lAkhoM garIba vyakti yA vanAzrita AdivAsI jana, apane jAnavaroM ke pAlana-poSaNa evaM svayaM kI aneka jarUratoM ke lie vanoM para Azrita rahate haiN| jaMgala- na kevala vana-sampadA, auSadhi, jar3I bUTI va imAratI lakar3I kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti karatA hai, apitu yaha bhUmikSaraNa ko rokatA hai| jalavAyu niyaMtrita hokara varSA hone meM vanoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahatI hai| lekina hamane vigata 300 varSoM meM hajAroM varSoM kI saMcita khanija va vana saMpadA kA upabhoga kara samApta kara diyaa| vigata eka sarvekSaNa ke anusAra prativarSa 170 lAkha hekTeyara jaMgala, jo jApAna deza ke kSetraphala ke barAbara hotA hai, naSTa kara dete haiN| vRkSoM kA mahattva, isI bAta se AMkA jA sakatA hai ki eka vyakti ko pratidina ausata 16kigrA. oNksIjana caahie| isake lie 50 varSa kI Ayu aura 50 Tana vAle 5-6 vRkSa caahie| yAnI 5-6 vRkSoM ko kATanA, eka AdamI ko prANavAyu se vaMcita kara denA hai| ____ jalAbhAva (Water Stress) - zuddha peyajala kI samasyA gaMbhIra hotI jA rahI hai| bhU-jala-stara niraMtara giratA jA rahA hai| 1950 se 2012 taka peyajala kI mAMga tIna gunI bar3ha gayI hai| Human Development Report ke anusAra 20 dezoM ke 132 miliyana vyakti jalAbhAva kI samasyA se jUjha rahe haiN| yadi yahI hAlata rahI to 2050 taka 25 aura deza isa sUcI meM jur3a jaayeNge| isake sAtha hI nagarIkaraNa audyaugIkaraNa, jaivika va rasAyanika kacarA, mAMsAhAra Adi paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ke lie uttaradAyI haiN| 2. rAsAyanika parivartana - audyaugIkaraNa ke kAraNa do khatare utpanna ho gaye haiN| (i) Global Warming kA (ii) ojaoNna gaisa (O, gas) kI sataha kA kSINa honaa| vAyumaNDala kI Ultravoilet aura Cosmicrays pRthvI taka Ane meM ojaoNna gaisa kI parata, eka parAvartaka ke rUpa meM kArya karatI hai aura unheM pRthvI ke vAyumaNDala meM praveza nahIM karane detii| ojona gaisa kI parata patalI hone kA kAraNa Co, hai, jisase ukta Ultravoiletrays pRthvI para Ane se Cancer jaisI bImArI kA kAraNa banatI hai| 3. Bio Diversity Loss - yAnI vanaspatika aura jIvadhAriyoM kI prajAtiyoM kA vilupta honA- 1972 se isa pRthvI para vanaspatika va anya jIvadhAriyoM kI lagabhaga 10 hajAra prajAtiyA~ vilupta ho gayI haiN| aisA anumAna hai ki 2020 taka inakI saMkhyA eka karor3a taka pahuMcane kI sambhAvanA hai| eka bAra jo prajAti samApta ho jAtI hai, usakA punaH abhyudaya kabhI nahIM ho pAtA jaiseDAyanAsora aadi| yaha eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai ki paryAvaraNa meM jitanI adhika prajAtiyA~ raheMgI, utanA adhika manuSya ke jIvana kA astitva surakSita rhegaa| pratyeka prajAti, mAnava-vikAsa ke lie adbhuta varadAna siddha hotI hai| 4. sAmAjika paitholaoNjI - bhagavAn mahAvIra - paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa ke mahAna purodhA the| unhoMne kahA ki sAmAjika punarnirmANa meM- ahiMsA, aparigraha aura anekAnta kA bar3A mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hai|

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bu anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 jainadharma kA AdhyAtmika saMvidhAna- pAristhitikI evaM paryAvaraNa se bahuta jur3A hai| ahiMsA- jainadharma kA mUla siddhAnta hai| sUkSma jIvoM se lekara vizAla kAya prANiyoM taka meMdayA, prema evaM unakI rakSA kA bhAva jainadharma kI pramukha bAta hai| AcArya umAsvAmI deva nemanuSya- manuSya evaM manuSya va anya prANI/ pAdapoM ke bIca antarsabandhoM para eka mahattvapUrNa sUtra diyA- "parasparopagraho jIvAnAm" "All Life is bound together by mutual support of interdependence". yaha pAristhitikI vijJAna kA yathArtha satya hai| jainadharma kI ahiMsA per3a-paudhoM taka ko kATane ke lie sApha manA karatA hai| kyoMki sara jagadIza candra vasu-vaijJAnika ne pAdapa jagata meM aneka prayoga karake siddha kiyA ki unameM bhI prANa hote haiM, unameM sukha-duHkha kI saMvedanAeM hotI haiN| yadi ve bhaya se kAMpate haiM to saMgIta se prasannatA kA anubhava karate haiN| unhoMne Cresograph ke dvArA dikhAyA ki per3a-paudhe vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM alaga-2 Response dete haiN| zAkAhAra- paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa kA AdhAra hai - zAkAhAra- ahiMsA kI pratiSThA kA vyAvahArika rUpa hai jo sAtvika evaM svAsthyavarddhaka AhAra hai| yaha galata dhAraNA hai ki mA~sAhAra-zAkAhAra kI tulanA meM adhika zaktivarddhaka hai| eka zAkAhArI 0.72 ekar3a bhUmi se jIvana yApana kara sakatA hai, jabaki eka mAMsAhArI ke lie kama se kama 1.63 ekar3a jamIna kI jarUrata hotI hai| kevala amerikA meM eka ki.grA. gehU~ utpAdana ke lie 50 gailana jala kI AvazkatA hotI hai, jaba ki eka ki. mAMsa ke lie 10,000 gailana pAnI caahie| rogoM ko rokane meM phAibara kA bar3A mahattva hai, jo zAkAhArI khAdyAnna meM hI mila sakatA hai| mA~sAhAra meM phAibara bilkula nahIM hotaa| anAja, dAla, phaloM va dUdha meM yaha sulabhatA se pAyA jAtA hai| bAIbila meM likhA hai- "yadi tuma zAkAhAra karoge to tumheM jIvana-UrjA prApta hogii| kintu mAMsAhAra karate ho, to vaha mRta AhAra tumheM mRta banA degaa| katlakhAne-paryAvaraNa ke duzmana - ahiMsA ke abhAva meM krUratA kI zakti bar3hane lagI aura vyakti mAMsAhArI ho gyaa| mAMsAhAra ne katlakhAnoM kA zubhAraMbha kiyA jo paryAvaraNa ke lie sabase bar3A abhizApa hai| ikkIsavIM sadI ke prAraMbha meM deza meM vaidha katlakhAnoM kI saMkhyA 36000 se adhika hai| alakabIra katlakhAne dvArA islAmI dezoM meM, mAMsa-niryAta ke lie, videzI mudrA kamAne ke lie, katla kA rAstA, hamArI bhAratIya-saMskRti aura prakRti donoM ke khilApha hai| prAyaH eka zaMkA uThAyI jAtI hai ki yadi mAMsAhAra baMda ho jAe to anna, dhAnya, phala sabjI ke bhAva AsamAna para car3ha jaayeNge| pazu-pakSI itane bar3ha jAyeMge ki rahane kI jagaha aura khAne ko unheM khAdyAnna nahIM milegaa| Akhira isakA samAdhAna kyA hai? arthazAstrI mAlathasa ke anusAra khAne-pIne kIvastuoM aura janasaMkhyA ke bIca kA saMtulana, prakRti svayaM banAye rakhatI hai| yadi manuSya, AbAdI ko berokaToka bar3hane detA hai to prakRti mahAmAriyoM/ vipadAoM dvArA use saMtulita kara letI hai| ataH mAMsAhAra-zAkAhAra ko jIvita rakhe hai, yaha kahanA eka dhUrta saMyojana va vivekahIna kathana hai| mA~ bacce ko janma detI hai to isake pUrva usake stanoM meM dUdha nahIM hotaa| janma pAte hI mA~ ke stanoM meM prakRtitaH dUdha kI vyavasthA ho jAtI hai| prakRti

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 yaha jAnatI hai ki bacce ke dA~ta nahIM, usakA peTa kaise bharegA? jIvana- saMrakSaNa, prakRti ke sAtha calatA hai| Antarika paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa - jala, vAyu, dhvani evaM pRthvI para bar3ha rahe anya pradUSaNoM se bhI jyAdA khataranAka vyakti kA mAnasika yA Antarika pradUSaNa hai| vyakti, Aja mAnasika tanAva, hiMsA kI bar3hatI pravRttiyoM ne jaghanya aparAdhoM ko hI nahIM bar3hAyA, varan Atma-hatyA kI ghaTanAe~ evaM AtaMkavAda ko bhI bar3hAyA hai| manuSya kI saMgraha pravRtti va jamAkhorI kI lAlasA - manuSya kI saMgraha pravRtti ne varga-zoSaNa ko janma diyA hai| manuSya kI lAlasAAkAza ke kSaitija bindu ko pAne ke lie betahAzA daur3a lagA rahA hai para kyA kSaitija bindu kabhI pAyA jA sakatA hai? isase sAmAjika samarasatA-saMtulana va saujanya tInoM bigar3a rahe haiN| jainadharma ise 'parigraha' kI saMjJA detA hai| yAnI vastuoM ke prati atilgaav| AdamI jitanA jor3atA hai vaha utanA hI saMvedana zUnya jar3a hotA jAtA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isakA samAdhAna diyA- 'aparigraha' yA 'parigraha parimANa' yAnI apanI AvazyakatAoM va icchAoM ko sImita karanA/ kama krnaa| anAvazyaka saMgraha prakRti ke dohana va manuSya ke zoSaNa ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai| yahI sAmAjika-pradUSaNa hai|| vyakti apane kASAyika bhAvoM ke kAraNa bhI mAnasika tanAva, IrSyA, dveSa, azAnta-mana, udvega evaM utpIr3ana meM banA rahatA hai| cAra prakAra ke kaSAya bhAva jainadharma meM kahe haiM- krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobh| inhIM cAroM ke kAraNa vaha apanI AtmA ko kaluSita karatA rahatA hai| isa AMtarika-pradUSaNa ko kama kiyA jA sakatA- krodha ke udvega ko kSamA bhAva se, mAna yA ahaMkAra bhAva ko vinamratA se, mAyA ko sarala va niSkapaTa bhAvoM se tathA lobha-mala ko saMtoSa jala se dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai| paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa meM zAkAhAra saMbandhI antarrASTrIya mAnyatAoM ke saMdarbha nobela puraskAra vijetA (sammAnita) DaoN. arturI vartunena (jIva-rasAyanika zodha saMsthAna, phinalaiNDa ke nidezaka) ne zAkAhAra ko paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa kA maulika kAraka (ghaTaka) mAnA hai| inhoMne vizvAsa prakaTa kiyA ki zAkAhAriyoM ko jIvana UrjA ke Avazyaka poSaka tattva, naisargika rUpa se prApta ho jAte haiN| Aja zAkAhAra ke bar3hate nirApada prabhAva se vizva ke 73 se adhika deza, vizva zAkAhAra kA~gresa (World Vegetarian Congress) ke sadasya bana cuke haiN| isa saMgaThana ne zAkAhAra kI vaijJAnikatA ko svIkAra kara isase kainsara va hRdaya-roga jaise asAdhya rogoM se nidAna meM sahamati vyakti kI hai| iMglaiNDa kI vejITiriyana sosAiTI (1847) ne vejITeriyana zabda kA vyApaka artha diyA- "saMpUrNa nirdoSa, svastha, tAjA aura jIvana banAye rakhane vaalaa"| isI prakAra "All India Animal Welfare Association" ne jIva-jaMtuoM ke maulika adhikAroM ke pariprekSya meM zAkAhAra ko eka nayA AyAma diye jAne kI bAta duharAI hai aura deza ke paryAvaraNa kI rakSA ke lie jAgarUkatA kA nirmANa karane kA saMkalpa liyA hai| AvazyakatA hai ki paryAvaraNa saMrakSaka

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AL anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 ke lie "eka vicAra krAnti" kI jo mAMsAhAra kI vIbhatsatA ko ujAgara kare aura isake nirasana ke lie Thosa prayAsa hoN| jainadharma- "paryAvaraNa-saMrakSaNa" kI mUla bhAvanA se ghaniSThataH jur3A huA hai| vaha kevala rASTra evaM rAjA ko dhArmika va naitika bane rahane kI bAta hI nahIM karatA, varan samaya para varSA hone, durbhikSa na hone, saMkrAmaka rogoM ke na phailane Adi bhAvanAoM ke dvArA bhAva-zuddhi va samAja-sukha kI bAta duharAtA hai kSemaM sarvaprajAnAM prabhavatu balavAna dhArmiko bhUmi pAlaH, kAle kAle ca samyak vikiratu maghavA vyAdhayoyAntu naashm| durbhikSaM cauramArI kSaNamapi jagatAM mAsmabhUjjIvaloke, jainendraM dharmacakra prabhavatu satatAM sarva saukhya prdaayii|| zramaNAcAra evaM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa jaina sAdhu (zramaNa) kI AcAra-saMhitA meM, mahAvratoM kA pAlana evaM SaDAvazyakoM kA niyamana-paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa meM sahayogI hai| unakA jalapAtra-zuddhi ke lie hotA hai jisakI saMracanA isa taraha hotI hai ki jala grahaNa karane kA mu~ha bar3A va jala nikAsa kA mu~ha bahuta choTA rahane se, jala kA nikAsa bahuta niyaMtrita rahatA hai| jIvanopayogI vastuoM kA dekhabhAla kara kevala sImita vastuoM kA hI upayoga karate haiN| svAdhyAya hetu zAstra, sUkSma jIvoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie picchI evaM zuddhi ke lie jalapAtra (kamaNDalu) ke alAvA unakA koI parigraha nahIM hotA hai| digambara sAdhu va jaina sAdhvI AhAra caryA 24 ghaNTe meM kevala eka bAra karate haiM tAki zarIra meM zakti, banI rahe aura unakI sAdhanA nirAvAdha saMpanna ho ske| prakRti jisa prakAra nirAvaraNa hai, usI prakAra prakRti se tAdAtmya sthApita kara digambara zramaNa binA AvaraNa ke rahatA hai| bhU-zayana karatA hai| pada-gAmI hotA hai| unakA AMtarika paryAvaraNa bhI rAga-dveSa se rahita svaccha evaM nirmala rahatA hai| unakI sAdhanA kA eka AyAma, sAmAjika-zuddhi evaM sauhArda kA vAtAvaraNa nirmita karane meM sahAyaka hotA hai| isa prakAra jainadharma kI ahiMsA, aparigraha aura anekAnta-dRSTi, bAhya evaM AMtarika paryAvaraNa ke saMrakSaNa ke lie manuSya-manuSya ke bIca samatA, dayA aura zoSaNa rahita sAmAjika DhA~cA taiyAra karatA hai| anekAnta dRSTi-sarvadharma samabhAva kI udAratA para AdhArita dhArmika sahiSNutA kA bIjAropaNa karatA hai| ahiMsA-lokamAtA hai, jo paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa kA mUla maMtra hai aura sAmAjika paitholaoNjI ko dRr3ha saMbala pradAna karatA hai| ikkIsavIM sadI meM paryAvaraNa-pradUSaNa' eka jvalanta samasyA hai, jisakA samAdhAna khojatI- zramaNa saMskRti, rASTra ke vikAsa meM atyanta sahayogI hai| *** ** - nidezaka, vIra sevA mandira, 21, aMsArI roDa, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI-2

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ahiMsA, jainadharma aura islAma - DaoN. anekAnta kumAra jaina 'islAma' arabI bhASA kA zabda hai| muhammada alI kI pustaka 'Religion of Islam' meM isa zabda kI vyAkhyA batAI gaI hai| islAma zabda kA artha hai- 'zAnti meM praveza krnaa'| ataH muslima vyakti vaha hai, jo 'paramAtmA para vizvAsa aura manuSyamAtra ke sAtha pUrNa zAMti kA saMbandha' rakhatA ho| islAma zabda kA lAkSaNika artha hogA- vaha dharma, jisake dvArA manuSya bhagavAna kI zaraNa letA hai aura manuSyoM ke prati ahiMsA evaM prema kA vyavahAra karatA hai| rASTrakavi rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' ne apanI suprasiddha pustaka 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya' meM islAmadharma kI vizeSatAoM para vyApaka prakAza DAlA hai| ___ islAma ke pravartaka hajarata muhammada sAhaba mAne jAte haiM, jinakA janma araba deza ke makkA zahara meM san 570 I. meM huA thA aura mRtyu san 632 I. meM huii| islAmadharma ke mUla kurAna, sunnata aura hadIsa nAmaka grantha haiN| kurAna vaha grantha hai, jisameM muhammada sAhaba ke pAsa khudA ke dvArA bheje gaye saMdeza saMkalita haiN| sunnata vaha hai, jisameM muhammada sAhaba ke kAryoM kA ullekha hai aura hadIsa vaha kitAba hai, jisameM unake upadeza saMkalita haiN| ___ kurAna meM prema aura ahiMsA se sambandhita aneka sandeza haiN| ikabAla kI pustaka 'Secret of the Self2 kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai- "nabI ne kahA hai, 'takhallik-bi-ikhalAkillAha' arthAt apane bhItara paramezvara ke guNoM kA vikAsa kr| khudA bandoM ko pyAra karatA hai aura ve use pyAra karate haiM, isalie usakA eka nAma vadUda (premI) bhI hai|" - yaha kurAna kA hI vacana hai| hadIsa kA vacana hai ki "ImAna kI 70 zAkhAe~ haiN| sabase U~cI yaha ki allAha ko chor3akara kisI kI ibAdata mata karo aura sabase nIcI yaha ki jina bAtoM se kisI kA nukasAna hotA ho, unheM chor3a do|' kurAna kA phAtihA nAmaka adhyAya bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| eka taraha se yaha karmaphala ke vivecana kA adhyAya hai, isameM pratyeka musalamAna kA dhyAna hara roja pAMca bAra dilAyA jAtA hai| usakA sabase bar3A kAraNa yaha hai ki karmaphala para vizvAsa dRr3ha hone para AdamI duSkarmoM ko chor3a detA hai| kurAna kahatA hai-"acche aura bure karmoM ke pariNAma avazya mileNge| jisane bhI, kaNa mAtra bhI sukarma kiyA hai, vaha use apanI AMkhoM se dekhegA; jisane kaNa mAtra bhI duSkarma kiyA hai, vaha bhI use apanI A~khoM se dekhegaa|" islAma darzana meM gyArahavIM zatI meM eka prakhyAta ciMtaka hue 'abula arA' (san 1057) / abula arA AvAgamana ke siddhAnta ke vizvAsI the| zAkAhArI to the hI, dUdha, madhu

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64 anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 aura camar3e kA vyavahAra bhI nahIM karate the| pazu-pakSiyoM ke lie bhI unake mana meM dayA thii| ve brahmacarya aura yativRtti kA bhI pAlana karate the| islAma kI mAnyatA hai ki jagata meM jitane bhI prANI haiM, ve sabhI khudA ke hI bande aura putra haiN| kurAna zarIpha ke prAraMbha meM allAtAlA kA vizeSaNa 'vismillAhirrahamAnirrahImi' hai, jisakA artha hai 'khudA dayAmaya hai arthAt khudA ke mana ke kone-kone meM dayA kA nivAsa hai| muhammadasAhaba ke uttarAdhikArI hajarata alI ne mAnavoM ko saMbodhita karate hue kahA - "he mAnava! tU pazu-pakSiyoM kI kabra apane peTa meM mata bnaa|" arthAt tU mA~sa kA bhakSaNa mata kr| isI prakAra 'dIna-e-elAhI vicAradhArA ke pravartaka samrATa akabara ne kahA - "maiM apane peTa ko dUsare jIvoM kA kabristAna nahIM banAnA caahtaa|" yadi kisI kI jAna bacAI to mAnoM usane sAre insAnoM kI jindagI bakhzI hai| kurAna zarIpha kA vAkya hai - 'va man ahyA hA phakaannam annAsa jamI anH'| kuraAna meM ahiMsA sambandhI AyateM - mujhe kuraAna dekhane evaM par3hane kA avasara prApta huaa| maktabA ala-hasanAta, rAmapura (u.pra.) se san 1968 meM hindI anuvAda ke sAtha prakAzita kuraAna majIda, jinake mUla saMdarbho kA prayoga maiMne kiyA hai, ko hI maiMne par3hA hai| isI grantha se maiMne kucha AyateM cayanita kI haiM jo ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko vyakta karatI haiN| prastuta haiM ve cayanita AyateM - 1. allAha ne kAbA ko zAnti kA sthAna banAyA hai| (28:57) 2. nAhaka khUna na bahAo aura logoM ko ghara se beghara mata kro| (2:84) 3. dUsare ke upAsyoM ko burA na kho| (6:108) / 4. nirdhanatA ke bhaya se aulAda kA katla na kro| (17:31) 5. nAhaka kisI ko katla na kro| mAnava ke prANa lenA harAma hai| (17:33) 6. yatIma para krodha na kro| (93:9) 7. gussA pI jAyA karo aura logoM ko kSamA kara diyA kro| (2:134), (24:22) 8. burAI kA tor3a bhalAI se kro| (13:22), (28:54,55), (41:35) 9. kRtajJatA dikhalAte rho| (14:7) 10. sabra karanA aura aparAdha ko kSamA karanA bar3e sAhasa ke kAma haiN| (42:43) 11. do lar3a par3eM to unameM sulaha-saphAI karA do| (49:9,10) 12. duzmana samajhautA karanA cAhe to tuma bhI samajhaute ke lie taiyAra ho jAo (8:61) 13. jo tumase na lar3e aura hAni na pahu~cAye usase, usake sAtha bhalAI se vyavahAra kro| (60:8) ahiMsA ke prAyogika rUpa - muslima samAja meM mAMsAhAra Ama bAta hai| kintu aise aneka udAharaNa bhI dekhane meM Aye haiM jahA~ islAma ke dvArA hI isakA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| isakA sarvotkRSTa Adarzayukta udAharaNa haja kI yAtrA hai| maiMne apane kaI muslima mitroM se isakA varNana sAkSAt sunA hai tathA kaI sthAnoM para par3hA hai ki jaba koI vyakti haja karane jAtA hai to iharAma (sira para bA~dhane kA sapheda kapar3A) bA~dha kara jAtA hai| iharAma kI sthiti meM vaha na to pazu-pakSI ko mAra sakatA hai na kisI jIvadhArI para DhelA pheMka sakatA hai aura na ghAsa noMca sakatA hai| yahA~ taka ki vaha

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 kisI hare-bhare vRkSa kI TahanI pattI taka bhI nahIM tor3a sktaa| isa prakAra haja karate samaya ahiMsA ke pUrNa pAlana kA spaSTavidhAna hai| 'iharAma kI hAlata meM zikAra karanA manA hai'| itanA hI nahIM, islAma ke pavitra tIrtha makkA sthita kasbe ke cAroM ora kaI mIloM ke ghere meM kisI bhI pazupakSI kI hatyA karane kA niSedha hai| haja-kAla meM haja karane vAloM ko madya-mAMsa kA bhI sarvathA tyAga jarUrI hai| islAma meM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA meM mAMsAhAra pUrI taraha varjita hai, jise takeM haivAnAta (jAnavara se prApta vastu kA tyAga) kahate haiN| DaoN. kAmatA prasAda likhate haiM 'ma. jaradasta ne IrAna meM pazubali kA virodha kara ahiMsA kI prANapratiSThA kI thii| IrAna ke zAhadArA ke pASANoM para ahiMsA kA Adeza aMkita karAyA thaa| ta tejamazeda nAmaka sthAna para eka aisA lekha Aja bhI maujUda hai| Aja bhArata meM bhI aise aneka udAharaNa haiN| karnATaka rAjya meM gulabargA meM allanda jAne ke mArga meM caudahavIM zatAbdI meM mazahUra daraveza hajarata vAjA bandAnavAja gausUdarAja ke samakAlIna daraveza hajarata zArukruddIna kI majAra ke Age likhA hai - __ "yadi tumane mAMsa khAyA hai to meharabAnI kara andara mata Ao" isake alAvA kaI muslimasamrAToM ne jainoM ke dazalakSaNa-paryuSaNa parva para katlakhAnoM tathA mAMsa kI dukAnoM ko banda rakhane ke Adeza bhI diye haiN| jisake pramANa maujUda haiN| ___ sArAMza ke rUpa meM kaha sakate haiM ki islAma meM sadguNa (Virtue) aura durguNa (Vice) kA spaSTa vivecana huA hai| isa dharma ne Izvara meM vizvAsa karane, dharmapathapradarzakoM ke vicAroM para AsthA rakhane, nirdhanoM aura durbaloM ke prati dayAbhAva rakhane kI sIkha dI hai| isase spaSTa hai ki islAma paramparA meM una tattvoM kI avahelanA kI gaI hai, jinase hiMsAbhAva kI utpatti yA vRddhi hotI hai aura una tattvoM ko apanAyA gayA hai, jinase ahiMsAbhAva kI puSTi hotI hai evaM ahiMsA kA vikAsa hotA hai| yadi hama vAstava meM vizva zAMti aura bhAI-cArA sthApita karanA cAhate haiM to hamArA yaha karttavya honA cAhie ki majahaboM ke una binduoM ko ujAgara kareM jinameM ahiMsA, prema, bandhutva Adi kI carcA hai tathA prAyogika udAharaNa haiM, na ki sirpha unheM jinake kAraNa hamAre kaTu anubhava jur3e haiN| sUphI darzana aura ahiMsA - islAmadharma ke antargata hI sUphI saMpradAya bhI vikasita huA hai| sUphiyoM kA mAnanA hai ki muhammadasAhaba ko do prakAra ke IzvarIya jJAna prApta hue the- eka jJAna ko unhoMne kurAna ke dvArA vyakta kiyA aura dUsarA jJAna, unhoMne apane hRdaya meM dhAraNa kiyaa| kurAna kA jJAna, vizva ke sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie prasArita kiyA gayA, jisase ve sadjJAna ke dvArA apane jIvana ko pAvana bnaayeN| dUsarA jJAna, unhoMne apane kucha pramukha ziSyoM ko hI pradAna kiyaa| vaha jJAna atyanta rahasyamaya thA, vahI sUphIdarzana khlaayaa| kurAna kA kitAbI jJAna to 'ilma-e-zAphIna' aura hArdika jJAna 'ilma-e-sina' kahalAtA hai| sUphIdarzana kA rahasya hai- paramAtmA-sambandhI satya kA parijJAna krnaa| paramAtma-tattva kI upalabdhi ke lie sAMsArika vastuoM kA parityAga krnaa| jaba paramAtma-tattva kI anveSaNA hI sUphiyoM kA lakSya rahA hai to hiMsA-ahiMsA kA prazna hI upasthita nahIM hotaa| hiMsA-ahiMsA

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66 anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 kA prazna vahIM utpanna hotA hai, jahA~ kisI ke prati rAgabhAva kA prAdhAtya ho aura kisI ke prati dveSa kI dAvAgni sulaga rahI ho; vahIM hiMsA kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai| sUphI sampradAya meM prema ke Adhikya para bala diyA gayA hai| ve paramAtmA ko priyatama mAnakara sAMsArika prema ke mAdhyama se priyatama ke sannikaTa pahuMcanA cAhate haiN| unake anusAra mAnavIya prema hI AdhyAtmika prema kA sAdhana hai| prema paramAtmA kA sAra hai| prema hI Izvara kI arcanA karane kA sarvazreSTha aura sarvotkRSTa rUpa hai| isa prakAra sUphI saMpradAya meM, prema ke rUpa meM ahiMsA kI udAtta bhAvanA panapI hai| prema ke virATa rUpa kA jo citraNa sUphI saMpradAya meM huA, vaha adbhuta hai| yadi hama sUkSmadRSTi se dekheM to pAe~ge ki islAmika vizvAsa, vacana aura karmakANDa (Practice), isake bAharI rUpa haiM, jabaki isakA AMtarika rUpa sUphImata hai; ataH janasAdhAraNa kA nItigata vicAra bhI sAmAjika aura vyAvahArika niyamoM ke aMtargata pAyA jAtA hai, para isakA AMtarika rUpa sUphI vicAroM meM hI dekhA jAtA hai| jahA~ taka sUphI mata kA prazna hai, usameM Atma-vikAsa (Development of the Soul) kA pATha sikhAyA gayA hai| isameM bahuta U~ce AMtarika AcAra kI bAteM batAI gayI haiN| islAma ke anusAra saccA jehAda to apanI zArIrika tRSNAoM athavA vAsanAoM ke viruddha karanA cAhie / adhyAtma kI dRSTi se sUphI ahiMsA ke adhika karIba dikhAyI dete haiN| islAma aura jainadharma - bhArata sadAkAla se ahiMsA, zAkAhAra, samanvaya aura sadAcAra kA himAyatI rahA hai, usakI kozita rahI hai ki sabhI jIva sukha se raheM, 'jio aura jIne do' - jainadharma kA mUlamaMtra hai| jainadharma ne apane isa udAravAdI siddhAntoM se mulka ke tathA videzI mulkoM ke hara majahaba aura tabake ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| ilAhAbAda se prakAzita hone vAlI patrikA 'vizva vANI' ke yazasvI saMpAdaka pUrva rAjyapAla tathA itihAsa vizeSajJa DaoN. vizambaranAtha pANDeya ne apane eka nibandha 'ahiMsaka paramparA' meM isa bAta kA jikra kiyA hai / ve likhate haiM ki - 'isa samaya jo aitihAsika ullekha upalabdha hai, unase yaha spaSTa hai ki IsvI kI pahalI zatAbdI meM aura usake bAda ke 1000 varSoM taka jainadharma madhya-pUrva ke dezoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM yahUdI, IsAI tathA islAma ko prabhAvita karatA rahA hai| prasiddha jarmana itihAsa lekhaka vAna kremara ke anusAra 'madhya-pUrva' meM pracalita 'samAniyA' saMpradAya 'zramaNa' zabda kA apabhraMza hai| itihAsa lekhaka jI. epha. mUra ke anusAra 'hajarata' IsA kI janma zatAbdI se pUrva irAka, zAsa aura philistIna meM jaina muni aura bauddha bhikSu saikar3oM kI saMkhyA meM cAroM tarapha phaile hue the| pazcimI eziyA, misra, yUnAna aura ithiyopiyA ke pahAr3oM aura jaMgaloM meM una dinoM agaNita bhAratIya sAdhu rahate the jo apane tyAga aura apanI vidyA ke lie mazahUra the, ye sAdhu vastroM taka kA tyAga kiye huye the' arthAt ve digambara the| 'siyAhata nAmae nAsira' kA lekhaka likhatA hai ki islAma dharma ke kalandarI tabake para jaina dharma kA kAphI prabhAva pdd'aa| kalandaroM kI jamAta parivrajakoM kI jamAta thii| koI kalandara do rAta se adhika eka ghara meM nahIM rahatA thA / kalandara cAra niyamoM kA pAlana karate the - sAdhutA, zuddhatA, satyatA aura daridratA / ve ahiMsA para akhaNDa vizvAsa rakhate the|

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 67 ___ DaoN. kAmatA prasAda jaina apane eka nibandha 'videzI saMskRtiyoM meM ahiMsA' meM likhate haiM ki 'madhyakAla meM jaina dArzanikoM kA eka saMgha bagadAda meM jama gayA thA; jisake sadasyoM ne vahA~ karuNA aura dayA, tyAga aura vairAgya kI gaMgA bahA dI thii| 'sihAyata nAmae nAsira' ke lekhaka kI mAnyatA thI ki islAma dharma ke kalandara tabake para jainadharma kA kAphI prabhAva par3A thaa| ve loga apane prANoM kI bAjI lagAkara bhI ahiMsA kA pAlana karate the, aise aneka udAharaNa bhI milate haiN| zrI vizambaranAtha pANDeya likhate haiM ki 'eka bAra do kalandara muni bagadAda meM Akara tthhre| unake sAmane eka zutumurga kisI kA hIroM kA hAra nigala gyaa| sivAya kalandaroM ke kisI ne yaha bAta nahIM dekhii| hAra kI khoja huii| kotavAloM ko kalandara muniyoM para saMdeha huaa| muniyoM ne mUka pakSI ke sAtha vizvAsaghAta karanA ucita nahIM smjhaa| unhoMne svayaM kotavAloM kI pratAr3anA sahana kara lI lekina zuturamurga ke prANoM kI rakSA kii| DaoN. kAmatA prasAda likhate haiM ki 'alavidyA phirke ke loga hajarata alI kI aulAda se the- ve bhI mAMsa nahIM khAte the aura jIva dayA ke pAlate the| I. 9vIM-10vIM zatI meM abbAsI khalIphAoM ke darabAra meM bhAratIya paNDitoM aura sAdhuoM ko bar3e Adara se nimaMtrita kiyA jAtA thaa| inameM jaina bauddha sAdhu bhI hote the| isa sAMskRtika saMparka kA suphala yaha huA ki IrAna meM adhyAtmavAda jagA aura jIva dayA kI dhArA bhii|' ve likhate haiM ki prAcInakAla meM aphagAnistAna to bhArata kA hI eka aMga thA aura vahA~ jaina evaM bauddha dharmoM kA pracAra hone se ahiMsA kA acchA pracAra thaa| I. 6vIM, 7vIM zatAbdI meM cIna yAtrI huenasAMga ko vahA~ aneka digambara jaina muni mile the| araba kA ullekha jaina AgamoM meM milatA hai| bhArata se araba kA vyApAra calatA thaa| jAdisa araba kA eka bar3A vyApArI thA- bhArata se usakA vyApAra khUba hotA thaa| bhAratIya vyApArI bhI araba jAte the| jAdisa kA mitra eka bhAratIya vaNika thaa| vaha dhyAnI yogI kI mUrti apane sAtha araba lAyA aura usakI pUjA krtaa| jAdisa bhI prabhAvita ho pUjA karane lgaa| mauryasamrATa samprati ne jaina zramaNoM, bhikSuoM ke vihAra kI vyavasthA araba aura IrAna meM kI, jinhoMne vahAM ahiMsA kA pracAra kiyaa| bahuta se araba jainI ho gaye, kintu pArasa nareza kA AkramaNa hone para jaina bhikSu aura zrAvaka bhArata cale aaye| ye loga dakSiNa bhArata meM basa gaye aura 'solaka' arabI jaina khlaaye|' __ ve Age likhate haiM ki- 'san 998 I. ke lagabhaga bhArata se karIba bIsa sAdhu sanyAsiyoM kA dala pazcima eziyA ke dezoM meM pracAra karane gyaa| unake sAtha jaina tyAgI bhI gae, jo cikitsaka bhI the| inhoMne ahiMsA kA khAsA pracAra una dezoM meM kiyaa| san 1024 ke lagabhaga yaha dala punaH zAnti kA saMdeza lekara videza gayA aura dUra-dUra kI janatA ko ahiMsaka bnaayaa| jaba yaha dala svadeza lauTa rahA tho, to ise araba ke tattvajJAnI kavi abula alA ala maArI se bheMTa huii| jarmana vidvAn phrAna kregara ne abula-alA ko 'sarvazreSTha sadAcArI zAstrI aura santa kahA hai|' abula-alA gurU kI khoja meM ghUmate-ghAmate jaba bagadAda pahuMce, to bagadAda ke jaina dArzanikoM ke sAtha unakA samAgama huA thA aura unhoMne jainazikSA grahaNa thii| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki abula alA pUre ahiMsAvAdI yogI ho gye| ve kevala annAhAra karate the| dUdha

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68 anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 nahIM lete the, kyoMki bachar3e ke dUdha ko lenA ve pApa samajhate the / bahudhA ve nirAhAra rahakara upavAsa karate the| kAmatA prasAda likhate haiM ki ve zahada aura aNDA bhI nahIM khAte the / pagarakhI lakar3I kI pahanate the| camar3e kA prayoga nahIM karate the| naMge rahane kI sarAhanA karate the, sacamuca dayA kI mUrti the| isa prakAra jaina dharma-darzana ne jalAluddIna rUmI evaM anya aneka IrAnI sUphiyoM ke vicAroM ko prabhAvita kiyA / jIva dayA kA yaha ciMtana kuraAna majIda se bhI prakaTa huA hai| pAra -12 sattAisaveM nUra 'ana-nasla' meM 23 AyateM haiM jo makkA meM utarIM thiiN| unameM eka prasaMga bar3A mahattvapUrNa hai- "sulemAna ke lie usakI senAyeM ekatra kI gayIM jinameM jinna bhI the aura mAnava bhI, aura pakSI bhI, aura unheM niyaMtrita rakhA jAtA thA; yahA~ taka ki jaba ye saba cyU~TiyoM kI ghATI meM pahu~ce, to eka cyU~TI ne kahA : he cyU~TiyoM ! apane gharoM meM ghusa jAo aisA na ho ki sulaimAna aura unakI senAyeM tumheM kucala DAleM aura unheM khabara bhI na ho / " -- kuraAna majIda, pR. 424 isI pRSTha para nIce likhA hai ki cyU~TiyoM kI bAta koI suna nahIM pAtA; parantu allAha ne hasarata sulaimAna a. ko cyU~TiyoM kI AvAja sunane kI zakti pradAna kI thI / 'kuraAna majIda kA yaha prasaMga isalie saMvedanazIla hai ki saMsAra ke choTe se prANI cIMTI kI bhI hRdaya vedanA kI AvAja ko sazakta abhivyakti dekara isa graMtha meM ukerA gayA hai / yaha ahiMsaka bhAvanA kI sazakta abhivyakti hai / bAda meM sUphI kaviyoM ne bhI apanI racanAoM meM unhIM AdhyAtmika cetanA ko AvAja dI jo jaina paramparA kI amUlya maulika dharohara rahI hai| eka udAharaNa prastuta hai - 'tA na garadada naphsa tAbe saharA, kaida vA yAvI dile majarUharA / murge jA~ az2a hatse yAvada rihA, gara bateg lakuzI IM z2ahadA ' sArAMza ke rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki saMsAra kI pratyeka dharma, saMskRti, sabhyatAeM aura darzana sadA se eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karate rahe haiM / jaina saMskRti ke ahiMsAvAdI AcAra-vicAra se islAma dharma bhI kAphI prabhAvita huA / kuraAna kI AyatoM meM to ahiMsA, jIvadayA, karuNA kA pratipAdana to thA hI, sAtha hI udAravAdI tathA vyApaka soca rakhane vAle islAmika sUphiyoM aura dArzanikoM ko jaba anya paramparAoM meM ina acchAiyoM kA utkRSTa svarUpa dikhAI diyA to unhoMne una sadguNoM ko grahaNa kiyaa| saMdarbha : 1. kurAna majIda, 2:1,15 2. kurAna majIda, 27:91 3. dizA bodha, kalakattA, agasta 2004, pR. 7 - zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI rASTriya saMskRta vidyApITha, kutuba iMsTTIyUzanala eriyA, naI dillI-110016

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Anekant and Mutual Tolerance - By Prof. M. L. jain Every living being, every religion tries to answer and faces three Central questions in every country all the time in search of happiness, bliss and truth (i) What should I believe in ? What is the correct faith? (ii) What should I learn? What should I know? (iii) What should I do? What actions should I take to achieve eternal happiness and bliss. There are two ways in which the above questions have been answered. One is by EKANTWAAD- one sided absolutism. One insists on one's own truth of his own faith and absolutely denies the validity of the opposite view. Such a view many a time has promoted hate. I Quote Martin Luther King Hate in reply of hate multiplies hate, and the darkness of a starless night becomes more dark. Darkness can not remove darkness Hate multiplies hate:It is only light that can remove it. Voilence muttiplies voilence And Muscle power multiplies muscle power. Ultimately that cyclone descends downward And there is destruction all around. - Martin Luther King Jains go out in search of the point of view of ANEKANTWAAD. The apparently conflicting religions can be reconciled by Jaina principle of many sidedness or non absolutism. This principle promotes mutual tolerance because there may be apparant differences in different religions in rituals and matters of ceremony, but there is strong under current of similar principles and values in all religions. There is a fundamental unity at the root of all religions. I quote - Fritjof Capra Fritjof Capra says: When the mind is disturbed Multiplicity of objects take shape But when the mind is silent

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70 The 65/4, 37ror-faqtor 2012 The multiplicity of objects evaporates and unity is achieved' At the root of all religions The fundamental unity of existence seems to be recognized. As long as that unity in not forgotteen No conflict would ever arise among the religions. The Key of Knowledge, by Barrister C. R. Jain echos the same views "Apart from matters of ceremony there are hardly any differences in the cardinal principles of the different creeds which are flourishing in midst in the world. The differences with respect to doctrinal matters and dogmatic belief disappear with the true interpretation of the sacred books and we have also seen how a true and lasting reconciliation is possible amongst the followers of the apparently hostile sects. Even the differences in respect of ceremonies exist on the surface and totally disappear when we look into the principles underlying their observance. The ignorant alone emphasize the difference between the places and forms of worship: in reality, the object of worship is always the same, whether it be understood by the devotee or not. (CR Jain-Key of Knowledge.)" To the true worshipper in spirit all places are alike, their forms and designations being matter of secondary import. The Sufis maintain : "The true mosque in a pure and holy heart is builded : there let all men worship God; for there He dwells, not in a mosque of stone". The Fact is that the earnest seeker after truth has eyes and ears only for the living Divinity enshrined within his won heart and not for the style and structure of the places made by the human hand. So far as the attainment of happiness is concerned, there are no material differences in the principal religions of the world. They all prescribe : (i) discriminaiton between the Self and the non-self, (ii) renunciation, (iii) concentration and (iv) devotion for the attainment of the great ideal of happiness. The Hindus classify these means as the different kinds of Yoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Raja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and like the Muhammadans describe them as belief, purification, resignation and dovotion; in other systems they are known by other names. The great codifier Manu difining dharma said, Dhrithi ksama damoasteyam saucamindriyanigrahah, Dhiravidya satyamkrodho dasakam dharmalaksanam. - Manusmrti, 6.10 Dharma or good conduct has ten characteristics: (1) dhrti (firmness), (2) ksama (forgiveness), (3) dama (self-restraint), (4) astey (not stealing), (5) souca (cleanliness), (6) indriya-nigraha (restraint of senses), (7) dhi (wisdom,

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37710017 65/4, 3TR0-f440 2012 71 (8) vidya (knowledge), (9) satya (truth), and (10) akrodha (non-anger/nonviolence). They are beneficial not only for Hindus but for the entire world. An individual or society can move towards the upliftment by observing them in life. So are Ten superior human qualities mentioned in Jaina though can make life of the individual and the society pure, peaceful and happy. They are ksama (forgiveness), mardava (softness), arjava (pure), satya (truth), soucha (cleanliness), samyama (restraint), tapa (austerity) tyaga (renunciation), akincana (poor/destitute), and aparigraha (possessionless). They too take us towards good conduct and humanity. Patanjali (200 BC) in Samadhi Shatak (Sutra33) says: maitrI karuNAmuditopekSANAM sukhaduHkhapuNyaviSayANAM bhAvanAtazcita prasAdanam The mind becomes clarified by cultivating attitudes of friendliness, compassion, gladness and indifference respective by towards happiness misrey, virture and vice. A Jain Saint Acharya Amitgati in 12th century in the equanimity Sutra of the Jains said: satveSu maitrI guNiSu pramodaM kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpA prtvm| mAdhyastha bhAvaM viparItavRtau, sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu dev|| Oh Lord (life) make myself such that I may always have love for all living beings (friendship with all) please in the company of learned, sympathy & compassion for those in pain, and tolerance for those who are pervesely unclined towords me. Conclusion: The objective of every religion should be not to increase the personal and social prejudices but to bridge the gulf between the numerous faiths by promoting better understanding & promoting mutual tolerance. All the articles in the present issue of Anekant emphasize that there are more similarities among different religions then differences which are very superficial & insignificant,. Almost all religions emphasize and accept that love compassion and non violence, self restraint and austerity is supreme (Dharma) spritual values. It is by virtue of spiritual values that supreme spintual benificence results. To him whose mind is absorbed in spirtual values even godeds pay homage. "Remember that everywhere you will find some sort of faith and righteousness. See that you foster this and do not destroy". KING ASOKA.

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Comparative Study of Jaina Philosophy of Karma With the Schools of Indian Philosophy And its Socio-Spiritual Analysis - Dr. Samani Shashi Prajna As per Jain perspective, our Karmas determine what we deserve and what we can deserve. The entire ancient Indian philosophical thought, right form the vedas to the modern Vedant of Sankar, has the law of Karma as its basic foundation. If this presupposition is negated or is shown to have no logical or scientific basis for its acceptance, all Indian philosophical systems except Carvaaka philosophy become redundant. The law of Karma is not only the foundation of India's philosophy but also guides all social actions of the people of this country. The Indian moral ideas have evolved from the vedic and sramanic traditions and the Law of Karma is one of the central principles on which the entire Jain philosophy rests. The present article is a honest endeavior to discuss the role of karma in Indian Philosophy. The article is divided into three sections; A, B and C. In Part-A, I have discussed the jaina theory of karma and Part-B explains about the Comparative Study of Jaina Philosophy of Karma With the Indian philosophy and the third and the last Part-C is dedicated to the socio-spiritual analysis of jaina theory of karma. Part-A As per Jain perspective, our Karmas determine what we deserve and what we can deserve. We are responsible for what we are. Moreover, what we wish to be, we have the power to make ourselves. If our present life is the result of our past deeds, it certainly follows that our future can be produced by our present actions. For illustration: X produces Y and Y produces Z and so on. So we can assert that Z is produced by X. So the law of causation upon which the entire structure of physical and biological sciences are based, strengthens our belief in the law of karma. The law of karma in turn ultimately based on the doctrine of rebirth. It is said that when a man is born in this world, his birth may be the result of anyone of his numerous acts, or a set of acts, which may have to be fructified through several bodies. The consequenceof a person's acts not

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3T 65/4, 3tra-f ore 2012 73 being fully worked out in this life, need a future life for their consumption. The doctrine of immortality of the soul which justifies the belief in a future existence of the individual, equally justifies the pre-existence of the Law of Karma. Karma, according to Jains, is of material nature, is a matter in a subtle form, having a substantial force. It has the property of developing the effects of merit and demerit. The soul, by its dealing with the outer, becomes associated with the particles of subtle matter scattered throughout the universe. These become Karma and build up a special body called Karmanasarira, which does not leave the soul till its final emancipation. As per Jain view, each Karma works in such a way that every change which takes place leaves a mark on our character. It produces effects on character, disposition, instincts and tendencies of the doer. The word saskaara is meant for the physcial, moral and mental traits with which a person is born. They form part of his personality and are borne by him in this life time and carried into a future existence. This leads us to conclude that all that exists and happens in the phenomenal world is if,. Thus, it may be said that all our miseries as well as happiness are due to our own Karmas. (the outcome our own deeds of. So, if our deeds are good, the results are also good and they are bad they lead to bad results. The general maxim, 'As you sow, so shall you reap', which formulates the essence of the law of Karma, has no evidence in the empirical world. If we try to look into the lives of individuals, the law is operative in its negative form. You do wrong, and still you lead a happy life. You are virtuous still your life is full of miseries. Such cases have, no doubt, been attempted to be reconciled with the law of Karma on the other grounds, specially the present one. But what is the scientific basis for the acceptance of the past life cases? Cases have been reported wherein some persons are believed to be narrating the incidents of past life. But we have not as yet found an instance which has received universal acceptance as the scientific laws. Observation and experiment are the two important steps of scientific procedure. It is on the basis of verification that scientific laws are established. Can the law of karma be verified? The analysts would surely brush aside such laws for the simple reason that they are meaningless, because this theory cannot be verified empirically. So we have no scientific evidence for the law of karma. The law of causation itself is a presumption which has not been proved conclusively. Still moral arguments adduced in support of the law of karma can at best put in the category of a postulate of morality. Not only morality but also the entire structure of Indian philosophy rests

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74 The 65/4, 37ror-faqtor 2012 on this law of karma presumption. Rajendra Prasad quotes - The three belief systems i.e. the belief in law of karma ,the belief in rebirth, and the belief in moksha form a good logical family in the sense that no one of them can be completely disassociated from the each other." Part-B Belief in the law of karma is considerded to be one of the most fundamental features of classical Indian philosophy with the lone exception of the so called Carvakas (materialists) and western thinkers don't agree and believe in this law of karma. Those semantic religions like Christianity, Islamism, and Judaism don't believe in the concept of rebirth. So it is the belief system of a person which regulates the entire actions of the human beings. The history of India also repeated the very same things during the period of British rule, colonise the belief system of Indians and colonise the Indians. This tool was adopted by the Britishers and they succeded in their goal. In the same way, what we see in the western world situations today is an effect of their belief system which can be seen in the name of over materialistic life style, highly technological progress and comfort zone attitude leading towards the problem of deficiency of natural resources, deforestation, global warming, climate change, species extinction, reactive voilence and all such dis-compassionate human behaviour. They were all together bearing the fruition or consequences of their own belief system backed up by their non-belief in law of karma. Concept of Karma in Classical Indian Philosophy: A Comparitive Study But for the Carvakas all the orthodox systems base their views upon the Law of Karma: For them, perception is the only valid source of knowledge. Nothing is real, which is not perceptible. As soul has no existence in the philosophy of Carvakas , they do not believe in the future life and the Law of Karma. The ideal which Carvakas present before us is that of hedonism. It lays emphasis on the individual happiness. The denial of soul is as absurd as to say that "my mother is barren". If there is no soul as a separate entity then body is the soul, which is contradiction in saying. By rejecting the existence of soul, Carvakas reject the doctrine of rebirth and Karma which reduces their philosophy to escapicism. They do not care even for moral values. As they reject every other source of knowledge other than perception and all moral values of life, 'Agnosticism' and 'Escapicism' are the necessary outcome of the philosophy of Carvakas.

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310-17 65/4, 3toal-fattor 2012 The Buddhists hold that every one in the universe is subject to the influence of cause and effect. "What is that which sets the phenomenal world into motion in order to come into existence from the unknown and again, to disappear into the unknown to reappear again, as before, without ever stopping the continuity coming and disappearing? The only answer to this is, that it is due to the saskaras, the result of our own day-to-day actions, that the continuity of the samsara is maintained. As Buddhists agree that soul is transitory in nature, the law of conservation cannot occur. The law of conservation means that there is no loss of effect of work done and that there is no happening of events to a person except as the result of his own work, merits and demerits of action.2 According to the Nyaya-Vaiseika school, our body has its source in the acts done by the person, and is the basis of pleasure and pain. The body is formed under the influence of the unseen force of destiny and is the result of the persistence of the effect of the previous acts. The birth of a being is not a mere psychological process. Uddyotakara says: The karma of the parents who have to enjoy the experiences resulting from the birth of the child, as well as the karma of the personality which has to undergo experiences in the world, both these conjointly bring about the birth of the body in the mother's womb. The connection of the soul with the body is called its birth and its separation it death. We come into the world not in entire forgetfulness, but with certain memories and habits acquired in the previous step of existence. There must be a future where we can experience the fruits of our deeds and a past to account for the differences in our lots in the present. When we exhaust all our deeds, the soul is freed from rebirth and attains emancipation. According to Vatsyayan, "the fruition of all one's acts comes about in the last birth preceding release". In the philosophy of Sakhya-yoga school, the law of Karma is assumed as a valid principle of life. They hold that our life, its character and everything are determined by it. They argue that though we do not remember our past lives, we can particulars about them from the tendencies of the present. These tendencies, according to them, will cease to exist on the disappearance of their cause (hetu), motive (phala), substratum (asraya), and object (alambana). The root cause is avidya, though we may have other proximate causes .Sakhya's theory of satkaryavad also points out the admissibility of the Law of Karma. According to it, the effect subsists in latent in the cause. They argue for the same reason that the non-existent cannot be made existent.

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76 3110 65/4, 37rcar-feyrar 2012 In the same way, our present is an outcome of our past lives and on the same logic, the future will be the result of our present lives. Mimasakas attempt to prove the Law of Karma with the help of its doctrine of apurva. They say that our acts are enjoyed with a view to their fruits. There is a necessary connection between the act and its result. Jaimini termssuch unseen force, as apurva, i.e., something new, not known before. So, apurva is the metaphysical link between work and its result. According to them, man enjoy the fruits of his actions performed in the past life, here in the present by means of. In the same way, he will have to enjoy the fruits of actions performed in the present life, with the help of same apurva. For Sankara individuality is due to Karma, which is a product of avidya. The world, we live in, is just the return of the works of doer. The individual is working machinery intended to produce its effects in the form of suffering and happiness. Moral life is always active and is never exhausted. It takes endless forms, owing to the variety of the demands of the conditions of human life. This process goes on for ever, unless perfect knowledge is gained. Perfect knowledge consumes the seed of Karma and makes rebirth impossible. Freedom from the subjection of the Law of Karma is the end of human life. To get rid of avidya is to be freed from the Law of Karma. Points of Agreements and Disagreements 1. As per Vedantins ,Diversity is the product of avidya. In the same way, jains do believe in Diversity is the product of karma. 2. Moreover avidya can be overcome only by right knowledge. In the same way, jains do believe in change of karmas through ones self-effort. Not only this, but right knowledge,right intuition, right conduct together pave the path of liberation.3 3. Actions are classified into three categories (prarabdha, sancita ,sancyamana) in accordance with the degree of maturation attained to em. The question of maturation arises because there may exist a time-lag between an action done and the effectuation of the relevant experiences of joy or sorrow for the doer. Even jains do believe in time-lag between karmic bondage and fruition of karma. 4. The consequences of sancita ,sancyamana actions can be avoided by theattainment of right knowledge, but those of prarabdha actions canot by any means. Only the fruits of unriped karma can be destroyed by true knowledge. The fruits of riped karma have to be experienced in any case, even if true knowledge is attained.4in the same way jains also believe that only dalik karmas can be changed the nikacita karmas cannot be changed even by tirthankaras.

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3T 65/4, 3tra-f ore 2012 77 5. The systematic and scientific mechanism of eight categories of karmas as discussed in Jainism is not found elsewhere. 6. Jainism provides a clear picture of process of bondage and spiritual ways to get rid of this karmic bondage and end the cycle of birth and death. 7. The concept of transference of merit is not permitted in Jainism but the concept of self-responsibility of ones actions is accepted. 8. Mahavira propounded the concept of atmakarttvavada (theory of creation by the self). In matters of pleasure and pain, neither God nor anybody else is responsible for them the worldly soul is solely responsible for them, Jains don't impose on anybody to have belief in this notion of karma. As Jain philosophy is basically anekantic philosophy, it do asserts and supports the contradictory notion in the light of the other infinite number of perspectives. We can manage to experience the difference in the responsible actions operated by the person having belief in this natural law of karma. The law of karma, therefore is a law, which dominates all other natural laws, but it is not a blind law. It is living and spiritual-cum-social law. We can proceed into the world of practical life where this philosophy of karma has its own sociospiritual relevance in all spheres of human life. But in spite of the great importance accorded to the law of karma by the indologists and Indian as well as non-Indian-it has not been given a conceptual analysis which is very important from the philosophical point of view to understand the intelligibility of the doctrine of karma. Dayakrishna and Rajendra Prasad have attempted to give a conceptual analysis of the doctrine of karma. But in the process they have raised a number of conceptual issues which deserve a close attention on the part of researchers. It is hoped that the study undertaken here is the extension of such a spirit. Unless we analyse the concepts of karma and karma phala and their relation to karta, we cannot understand the doctrine of karma in a fruitful manner. The notion of karma is conceptually connected with the notion of sasara, transmigration, freedom and responsibility. In order to understand the notion of karma, a socio-spiritual analysis of the notion of sasara, transmigration, freedom and responsibility is also required at which the present article aims. The objective of this article is not to ascertain the truth or falsity, validity or invalidity of the doctrine of karma nor even to make a historical study of the different interpretations of the doctrine of karma.

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78 anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 Part-C Socio-Spiritual Analysis of Karma Theory Karma and rebirth are the two most important presuppositions of all schools of Indian Philosophy with the solitary exception of the system of carvaka. The Indian religions are intensely theistic and believe that God is omnipresent, omnipotent and omniscient and hence possessing absolute authority. The carvakas were a school of total materialism and didn't believe in any metaphysical reality be it soul or God. Both Buddhism and Jainism didn't believe in God as the creator, sustainer and destroyer of this universe. They believe that the universe is anadi, without beginning and ananta, without an end. Among the systematic schools, only the Nyaya Vaiseika admits God as the necessary condition for the fruition of the karman, which remains as an unseen potency (ada) consisting in merit and demerit in the soul. The yoga philosophy admits God only as an object of worship or meditation, and not as an agent in the fruition of the karman. Sacara accords a provisional place to personal God in his monistic vedanta. Even Christian religion also asserts God but does not believe in the concept of rebirth. The entire ethics of Jain Philosophy is based on the strong foundation of the theory of karma. Now let us proceed to the relevance of this theory. Change of Karma VS Doctrine of Self-effort (puruarthavada) In Jainism, the moral responsibility of each and every karma is not endorsed to the God, but it falls under the orbit of the individual self. This novel concept of moral responsibility of the individual self, which is based on the philosophy of karma can restrain the human race from blaming others for ones good or bad actions. Although it is sure and certain that bound karmas must be experienced by the self someway or the other, after the completion of the duration of karmas. As per Jain philosophy, there are two types of karmic bondage,5 dalika karma and nikacita karma. When the intensity of a bondage is extremely strong, it has to be suffered as it is,it cannot be mitigated. Such karmas are of nikacita nature, they can't be changed in any case.6 The other part of dalika karmas, which occupies the maximum space in the karmic range, is changeable. The unchangeable part of nikacita karma is very small. On the basis of that small part of unchangeable karma, we can't declare that we can't change our destiny or bound-karmas. In Bhagavati Sutra, we get the reference of two types of vedana (sensation) namely, evabhuta and anevabhuta vedana. Evabhuta means to experience the karmas as it is bound. Anevabhuta means to experience the

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 karmas with a difference. Gautam asked-Lord! Soul experiences evabhuta or anevambhuta vedana? 79 Mahavira replied-Gautam! Soul experiences both the kinds of vedana. This reference is authentic proof of concept of change in karma. So the karmic atom of dalika type can be changed and in experiencing its fruition man is independent. One is free in experiencing the dalika karma as it is or can be made other-wise. Whereas in nikacita type of karma, all the possibilities of change, ceases in itself. Thus tirtha kara Mahavira possessed anekantic perspective. He didn't give absolute importance either to karma or to self-effort. He established the relativity of soul and karma.9 If we assert that once the karmas are bound, can't be altered in any state. Then, there will be no scope of transformation through meditational practices, auto suggestions and practice of different kinds of austerities. One should not give up ones hard work or efforts by giving importance to the small range of unchangeable karmas. The philosophy of tirtha kara Mahavira is the philosophy of efforts (puruarthavada). The two most important revolutionary concepts of tirtha kara Mahavira in the context of karma theory are Udirana (pre-maturation of karmas) and sakramaa (change of karmas). On the basis of which we can call the doctrine of karma as the doctrine of puruarthavada in the words of Mahavira. 10 This concept of puruarthvada as propounded by Mahavira must be understood clearly. The doctrine of karma truly speaking is a doctrine of self-effort. It is believed that puruartha or human effort is essential pre-requisite for the maturing of past karmas. The Mahabharata 136.7-8 compares past karmas to seeds which remain fruitless if they are not sown, the tilling of the soil for sowing is human effort which is essential for sown seeds to mature. This proposition is however not universally true. Birth, length of life, death and human sufferings generally has no relationship to human effort. Every soul has a right to do atma sadhana and thereby transforming human-personality through freedom of action. The Bhagvad Gita also emphasizes on "atmaiva hyatmano bandhuratmaiva ripuratmana", ones own self is ones friend and ones own self is ones enemy. Hence one should lift ones self up by ones own effort. As Jain Agama Uttaradhyayana Sutra avers: "appa katta vikatta ya duhaa ya suhaa ya"11: self or atma is the maker of sorrow or happiness. As compared to animals, man is endowed with the capacity to counter his pravrttis (actions) born of saskaras through the process of udavartana, 12 apavartana, 13 sakramana, 14 udiraa,

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80 3110 65/4, 37rcar-feyrar 2012 i.e. increased realization, decreased realization and transformation, prematuration. The energy whereby the soul increases the length of duration and the intensity of fruition of a karman this process is called increased realization. And the energy whereby the soul decreases them is called 'decreased realization'. Sakramaa means transformation of the length of duration and intensity of fruition of a an. There are few exceptional cases, where the concept of sakramaa does not apply. They are as follows: a. Sakramaa (transference) always occurs in parallel prakti (subtypes) only but not in opposite sub-types of karmas. b. Sakramaa never occurs in main types but always occurs in subtypes. c. The four sub-types of life-span karma mutually doesn't change. d. Likewise deluded view and deluded conduct mutually doesn't change. 15 Pre-mature realization is the process by which a karman is made capable of premature fruition. Thus there is an open room for changing the dalika karmas through the process of nirjara i.e. penances and tolerance of hardships etc. If there is no scope for change, then there will be no difference between the God and karma, both are once determined are unchangeable. Then there will be no scope for personal efforts of sadhana, giving charity, observing vows, humanly behaviour, meditation, service to others etc. But through determined will power and self-effort we can change our future. In the area of nikacita karma bhoga, experiencing the results of past actions, a man is not free, but in the area of yoga as a discipline for transformation of human personality he is free. "Restrain" or "Sayam" is a supreme virtue which can be observed in various ways i.e. restrain over emotions or passions, restrain over thoughts, restrain of sensual organs, restrain over ones legs, hands, words etc. are possible only in the human realm. 16 The believer of karma philosophy will always remain optimistic in his approach and accepts the existence of rebirth, heaven, hell and fruition of karmas according to ones deeds, i.e. asserts the concept of reward and punishment. Man is independent in binding new karmas as well as in shedding of the karmas. This belief acts as a remote control over ones behaviour, over ones attachment towards possessions, over ones consumable and non-consumable goods, over ones violent acts and over ones laxity and control over ones attachment and 15 Viseavasyaka Bhaya of Jinabhadra Ga'i.Ed. Dalsukha Malavaniya and Bechardasji, Lal

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3T7 65/4, 3tra-faHoR 2012 Bhai Dalpatabhai.Ahmedabad : Bhartiya Samsk(ti Vidyamandir. Vol.I, 1968, verse 1939. 16 Dasvaikalika Sutra, op. cit., 10. 14 aversion. Uttaradhyayana Sutra explains attachment and aversion is the main cause of bondage. Kundakunda explains : "Sauvarikampi nigalam badhanati kalayasam ca yatha puruam badhanatyevam jivam subhamasubham va ktam karma" 17 i.e. a shackle made of gold is as good as one made of Iron for the purpose of chaining a man. Similarly the karmas, whether good or bad equally bind a person. 18 It is quoted in Muaka Upaniad, akama, a desireless person, transcends the human seed, that is overcomes rebirth and transmigration. According to Jainism, the inflow of karmic matter, that is asrava, is stopped by savara coupled with the destruction of, or exhaustion of past karmas through nirjara. Thus it is clear that each and every soul can get rid from bondage through positive efforts and can attain the ultimate goal of liberation. Thus karma is a doctrine of self-effort. It is not a doctrine of eternal damnation of a sinner in hell for one-time sin committed by him, which is so eloquently and powerfully expressed by John Banyan : "one leak will sink a ship and one sin will destroy the sinner". The karma doctrine offers prospects of redemption, change of attitude, change of ones habits, change of ones nature through disciplined conduct and atonement. Impartial e in the heart of society can be established automatically through the law of karma. Acarya Mahapraj-a says, there is a great mystery of science hidden behind the theory of karma. The person who wants to establish good destiny, must concentrate on the main sourc purushartha i.e. mind, body and speech activities, which work only after the destruction of antaraya karma. Tirthakara Mahavira showed the great path of establishing ones bright destiny through the practices of mental, vocal and physical inhibitions. Moreover Acarya Mahapraj-a says that kusala mana, kusala vai and kusala karma is a cause of establishing good fortune. 19 It is a tenet in Jainism that man alone is responsible for his own condition of weal or woe. He is the architect of his own destiny. It is the result of the reciprocal interaction between himself and the rest of the world. Doctrine of Karma and Non-transference of Merit Jainism is the only religion which didn't countenance the ncept of puyadana. Puya is not treated as datavya, the thing given. The Jain thinkers believe the concept of karma as being material in character.20 There is influx of karmas into the soul on account of performance of karmas and the same could be purged (nirjara) by appropriate but there could be no question of transfer of karma as

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82 371 65/4, 37ok-futa 2012 accepted in smtis, puras and vedas. The sharing, inheritance or transfer of evil karmas is contrary to the doctrine of karmas, which postulates an exclusively personal responsibility for good and evil karma. But we find traces of the belief in sharing, inheritance, and transfer of evil karma in early literature like gveda, Atharvaveda. The problem of mass or collective suffering such as due to natural cala3mities like draught, floods, earthquakes etc. was also explained as the consequence of the misdeeds of the ruler. The Buddha says that when kings are evil minded, his ministers become likewise; in consequence the rhythm of the seasons is disturbed, rain winds occur out of time and crops are poor, people suffer from sickness.21 The Mahabharata22 attributes the natural calamities to the sins of the ruler. This was supported by the Manu23 that a king who fails to do his duty of protection towards the subject shares, one-sixth of the sins of his subjects, where as the doctrine of karma which strongly emphasizes the element of personal responsibility for actions that each person enjoys and suffers the consequences of his own acts and there is no transference of merit. Nobody can share ones suffering and pleasure according to the theory of karma. Neither his kinsmen, nor his friends, nor his sons, nor his relations will share his suffering, he alone has to bear it; for the karman follows the doer.24 Nearest or dearest whosoever it is, nobody can share or transfer ones deeds to others as per Jainism. Lord Mahavira, in Uttaradhyana Sutra rightly discussed that appakatta vikattaya, duhaa ya suhaaya.Soul experiences joy and sarrow according to ones own karma. If there is no law of karma, it means a complete abrogation of the law of karma by permitting an evil-doer to escape the consequences of his misdeeds by transferring the same to someone else and thereby make an innocent person suffer for the same. So Milindapa-ha 295-296 says emphatically, "An evil deed, O king, cannot be shared with one who has not done it, has not consented to do it. Well, O King, so is it that a good deed can be shared but not an evil one."It is not the case. The idea of sharing and inheritance of evil as embodied in the g-veda and Atharva veda and Mahabharata represents ideas of a stage prior to the formulation and universal acceptance of the classical doctrine of karma which strongly emphasizes the element of personal responsibility for actions. Law of Personal Responsibility The main difference between the acceptance of God and theory of karma is that in case of God, moral responsibility of an individual is transformed to the almighty God and on the other hand,

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377 65/4, 3Terca-fashion 2012 83 theory of karma places a strong foundation and endorses moral responsibility of each and every action to oneself. The doctrine of karma is a revolutionary development which endowed man with free will, made him responsible for his own acts and the architect of his destiny. The doctrine of karma is a doctrine of personal responsibility for a man's entire actions. So each man is responsible for his own actions and he alone has to bear their consequences. It made him self-centred but not selfish. It is also an essential feature of the doctrine that a person must do good and avoid evil. He must not cause injury to various forms of life as, such acts produce demerit; likewise, he must do good to all beings to earn merit (puya) which will ensure rebirth in higher forms of existence and bring happiness. Thus, the doctrine of karma provided strong motivation not to act exclusively for personal benefit and disregard to the interests of his fellow beings. The graph of morality will be increased to the highest extent and an individual will not always stick to the materialistic objects leading a luxurious life and there will be a balance between spirituality and materiality. The belief in the theory of karma can establish a society bereft of corruption, adulteration, terrorism, mal-practices, incidents of rapes, cruel behaviour with the animals and the employers etc. The members of society who believe in karma can never exploit the rights of others and can help in building an eco-friendly life on the earth. The cruel behaviour resulting through selfish urge in case of dowry, medical experiments causing environmental pollution, easurement and mixing harmful materials in the milk products used for the babies etc. can also be avoided. Jainism asserts that one who tortures and kills other beings, who strives in an extraordinary manner after possessions and who is governed by life long passions, obtains naraka ayuya (infernal life). The deceitful, the fraudulent man, who is in possession of the thorns, binds tiryunca ayusya (non-human life), the humble, sincere one, whose passion is slight, manuya ayusya (human life).25 The belief in the above statements of canons can restrain the entire act of an individual. The Acara ga Sutra cites, karmic bondage occurs when the actions are done in the wake of non-vigilence. Thus the karma incurred due to non-vigilence is uprooted by means of vigilence (selfawareness).26 Theory of Atmakarttvavada A man has, at his disposal, three means to perform any activity, mind, speech and body. Activities may be good or evil. If mind, body and speech are themselves good, the activity will also

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84 3110 65/4, 37rcar-feyrar 2012 be good, and if they are vitiated, the activity will also be evil. Thus it is clear that result of the three fold activity is the cause of new bondage. So according to Jainism, your soul is responsible for both good and evil karmic bondage. It creates both pain and pleasures for itself. Neither God nor anybody else nor any object is responsible for them. Thus Mahavira propounded the concept of atmakarttvavada (theory of creation by the self).27 In matters of pleasure and pain, the worldly soul is solely responsible for them, as self does all its actions consciously and automatically encouragement to moral values in life occurs. This is the greatest relevance of karma theory that crimes and punishments can be kept under control in the society. Jainism believes that puruartha is the key factor, through which a man can transform himself.28 It means, purua (soul) is neither a toy in the hands of niyati (universal law) or bhagya (fate), nor even everything is controlled by karma. It is the puruartha that builds the system of karma. One should be very clear about the limitations of the power of karma or niyati. Some people say, "Whatever is destined in bhagya (fate) is bound to happen." Jainism, however does not conform to such absolutistic statements. If we enthrone karma or bhagya i.e. fate of destiny on the seat of God, then what is sense in denying the theist conviction that man is not a mere puppet in the hands of God or almighty? As cited in the Uttrajjayaai, my ownself is the doer and undoer of misery and happiness; my ownself, friend and foe, according as I act well or badly.29 Therefore, it would be absolutely wrong to believe that karma is everything or whole and sole. Karma is not the universal sovereign. Man can change ones destiny through efforts. Equanimity in Bearing Karmas Leading to Liberation Self, in its dynamic march through worldly lives is constantly earning and shedding karmas. It earns further karmic bondages even while suffering the fruits of the past karmas, if it does not suffer the said fruits with equanimity and objectivity. A person who passes through some calamity-mental or physical grumbles against his fate, looses temper and commits acts of indiscretion and violence with a view to avoid the uncomfortable circumstances in which he is placed. Another man who is passing through a period of prosperity or is sted with some power over his fellow men, he while enjoying this prosperity and power, he commits of acts of indiscretion and violence. Both these persons are reaping the fruits of their past or present karmas but while doing so, they are creating fresh bondages by their acts of indiscretion and violence. Even acceptance of fruits of good and bad karmas with over joy or sorrow disturbs the mental

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3T 65/4, 3tra-f ore 2012 85 equilibrium and results in fresh bondage of karmas. Therefore, the ideal way to face the fruits of ones karmas is to face them calmly, ctively and peacefully with full equanimity of mind. If you are oppressed with pains, treat the occasion with equanimity and understanding, thinking within yourself that it is a good opportunity to shed your karmas, which have been of your own creation out of some ignorance. If you are passing through a period of pleasure, thank the scheme of universe which has not failed to reward your good actions of the past, and be prepared to do further good without any strings of desires attached to it. One should constantly remember that pleasure and pain are the inseparable constituents of life and the true art of living consists in learning to bear with equanimity and understanding. If this is done, no fresh karmic bondages are evolved while reaping the fruits of our past karmas.30 Thus it can be concluded that in the context of Jain ethics, doctrine of karma is as important as the theory of cause and effect in the field of science. Thus the doctrine of karma is based on certain fundamental postulates : (i) It is a law of personal responsibility; the doer himself must bear the consequences of his actions. This liability cannot be shifted. If a person escapes human retribution, he must face divine' retribution. The unexhausted karmas have to be experienced by the doer in his subsequent life or rebirth. The very belief in this karma theory restrains each and every action of the human conduct. Moral conduct of an individual is the cause of moral conduct of the society. So it can be said that peaceful co-existence, law and order in the society can be maintained through the faith in the law of karma in this L.P.G. era. (ii) There is inequality and sufferings in life, the doctrine of karma is evolved as a parallel to and on the pattern of the general law of causation, cause and effect, which we notice in the physical universe. The doctrine of karma seeks to explain these phenomena in a "rational" manner, that they are not the result of blind functioning of the universe, an arbitrary fate. Hence, the doctrine is based on the maxim, 'As you sow, so shall you reap'. The inequality and suffering, which a man has to face or undergo, is nothing but the consequences of his own earlier acts. It is a law of retributive justice. Thus it is the doctrine of karma, which makes the world of sentient creation morally intelligible. There is no escape from the consequences of karmasin case of nikacita karmas. 31 (iii) The doctrine of karma extended the causal law to the moral realm. It held that good and evil deeds have a necessary causal

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anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 connection with the experience of happiness and unhappiness. Since this is intended in a more than psychological sense there was obviously need for a mediating agency which would connect karma with its result which might be separated from it widely in time and space. Brahmanical system tended to postulate God as the agency, which rewards or punishes good and evil deeds. Jainism, like Buddhism, however attributed an unseen power to karman itself, which brought about its result at the appropriate time. One implication of this doctrine is that the distinction of good and evil must be held to be objective and independent of subjective relativity.32 (iv) Another implication is that action must be held to create an unconscious and persistent force which remaining connected with the psyche of the agent and has the capacity of directing it into situations appropriate to its own fruition and controlling the affective reactions of the experiences arising form such situations. (v) The doctrine of karma is useful in keeping mental equanimity in good and bad times and in receiving urge from with in for performing good acts. He never become arrogant in the days of his happiness and good fortune, nor does he become downcast and depressed in the days of his miseries and misfortune. 33 But he remains calm and composed and maintains balance of mind at all times favourable and adverse, because he knows that all the circumstances and situations that arise in man's life are but plays of karma. He is convinced of the fact that by force of good works, man can overcome difficulties and remove miseries as also that he can make his life more and more happy by advancing on the path of righteousness. By doing so, man makes himself permanently happy and at the same time attains higher and higher stages of spiritual evolution and consequently attains liberation lying beyond the duality of good and evil (vi) The importance of human effort is emphasized by Mahavira, which rules supreme in Jainism. According to him, a man should lift his soul by his own efforts. He says, "The soul is the begetter of both happiness and sorrow, it is its own friend when it treads the path of righteousness and is its own enemy when it treads the forbidden path.34 The prerequisite to the path of righteousness is to conquer the four passions, viz., anger, pride, deceit and greed and the five sense organs. He says conquer anger by forgiveness, pride by humility deceit by straight forwardness and greed by contentment.35 According to Mahavira, conquering ones own self is the most difficult thing in the world. He says, Victory over ones self is greater than conquering thousands and thousands of enemies on the battlefield. A true conqueror is one who conquers his own self.36 86

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anekAnta 65/4, akTUbara-disambara 2012 Conclusion In short, doctrine of moral causation inspires optimism and makes man the master of his own destiny. It teaches man to remain always engaged in good works and to perform ones duties well. The doctrine of karma has the message for man that he can attain fortunes by good works. It is in his own hands to shape his own good or bad destiny and consequently to experience their good or bad fruits. Practice of righteousness, influence his karma, in accordance with their intensity, he can alter his karma, transform the bad karmas into the good and almost destroy it. No karma lasts forever. On the expiry of its time limit, it is destroyed and with its end, ends its fruition. This is the reason why the wise remains continuously engaged in the activity of creating good destiny in order to perpetuate forever their good state. By doing so man makes himself permanently happy and at the same time attains higher and higher stages of spiritual development. Thus Mahapraj-a states that karmavada is a powerful tool to root out the wide spread immorality. It is neither an escapist theory nor it calls for modify resignation, its actual, deep and practical meaning is to employ our efforts to our present and future for the better.37 87 Bibliography: Original Texts A guttara Nikaya.Ed. Bhikkhu J. Kashyap.Pali Publication Board.Bihar Motilal Banarasidass.1960. Acara ga Sutra.Ed. Yuvacarya Mishrimalji 'Madhukar'. With original Text, Hindi version, Notes, Annotation and Appendices. Beawar Shri Agam Prakashan Samiti. 1998. Dasvaikalika Sutra.Ed. Mishrimalji Maharaj.Beawar Agam Prakashan Samiti. 1991. Gommatsara (Karmakaa) of Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravarti.Ed. Manoharlalji Shastri.With Sanskrit Renderings and Hindi Translation.Agas: Shrimad Rajchandra Ashram. 1986. Maukyopaniad..Gorakhpur : Geeta Press, v.s. 2026. Samayasara of Kundakundacarya.Ed. Acarya Vidyasagar.Ajmer: Digambar Jain Samiti.3rd edn. 1994. Tattvartha Sutra of Umaswami. Ed. J.L. Jaini.Delhi: Barrister Champat Rai Jain Trust. 1956. Bhagavai Viahapaatti.Ed. Mahapraj-a, with Prakrit Text, Sanskrit renderings, Hindi translation and Critical annotations.Ladnun: Jain Vishva Bharati

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88 Institute. Vol. I, II, III. 1994. Uttaradhyayana Sutra.Ed. Muni Mishrimalji Maharaj. Trans. Muni Rajendra. Beawar : Agam Prakashan Samiti. 1991. Bhagvad Gita. Geeta Press, Delhi, 1992. Viseavasyaka Bhaya of Jinabhadra Ga'i.Ed. Dalsukha Malavaniya and Bechardasji, Lal Bhai Dalpatabhai.Ahmedabad Bhartiya Samsk(ti Vidyamandir.Vol.-I, 1968. Mahabharata of Vedavyas.Ed. Sukthankar V.S. and S.K. Belvalkar.Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 1954. Karma Prakti of Nemicandra.Ed. Hiralal Shastri, Bharatiya J-anpitha.1964. Karma Prakti with curi and the commentaries of Malayagiri and Upadhyaya Yasovijaya (1937) Manusmti, Ed., Hargovinda Shastri, Varanasi: Coukhambha Samskrit Samsthan, V.S.2062. Thaa.Ed. Muni Nathmal. With Prakrit text, Sanskrit Rendering and Hindi version with notes.Ladnun: Jain Vishva Bharati. 1976. Reference: Rajendra Prasad, Karma, Causation and Retributive Morality, Delhi: ICPR & Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1989.p.20 Chatterjee & Dutta,An Introduction toIndian Philosophy, University of Calcutta:Calcutta, 1939. p.18 1. 2. 3. 4. Tattvartha Sutra of Umasvati, 1.1 S,N.Dasgupta,A History of Indian Philosophy,vol-ii, Cambbridge University Press: Cambbridge, 1992. p.403 Mahaprajna.Jain Darsana Ka Samyak Darsana, op. cit., p.48 6. Gommatsara: Karmakanda, verse 440. Mahaprajna.Jain Darsana Ka Samyak Darsana, op. cit., p.49 Bhagavati, op.cit.5.118. Mahaprajna.Jain Darsana: Manan aur Mimamsa, op. cit., p.298,299 10. Mahaprajna.Jain Darsana Ka Samyak Darsana, op. cit., p.46 11. Bhagvad Gita, verse 6.5 12. 5678 s 5. anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 7. 8. 9. Karma Prakrti with curni and the commentaries of Malayagiri and Upadhyaya Yasovijaya (1937), p.19(2) 13. Ibid, p. 19(2) 14. Ibid, p. 19(2) 15. Visesavasyaka Bhasya of Jinabhadra Gani.Ed. 16. Dasvaikalika Sutra, op.cit. 10. 17. Samayasara, verse 146. 18. Mundaka Upanisad, op.cit.II.1. 19. Mahaprajna.Jain Darsana Ka Samyak Darsana, op. cit., p.46-47 20. Yuvaraj Krishan. The Doctrine of Karma. Page.39 21. Anguttar Nikaya.II.IV.70.

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370 65/4, 3Torch-fattor 2012 89 22. Mahabharata of Vedavyas. Vol.9.1954, 12.91.34-35 23. Manusmrti. VIII.304 24. Uttaradhyayana Sutra, op.cit. 13.23 25. Thanam.Ed. Muni Nathmal. 4.628,629,630,631. 26. Acaranga Sutra, op.cit.,5.4.74. 27. Mahaprajna, Phgilosophical Foundations of Jainism, op.cit.,p.98 28. Mahaprajna, Phgilosophical Foundations of Jainism,op.cit.,p.34 29. Uttarajjayanani.20.37 30. The Path of Arhat, p. 109 31. Uttarajjayanani. 13.8 32. G.C. Pande, Lectures on Jainism.Delhi : Delhi University Press. 1977., p.10 33. Jain Philosophy and Religion, Eng. Trans. Of Jain 'darsana' by Muni Nyayvijayaji, p.241. 34. Uttarajjayanani.20.37 35. Dasvaikalika Sutra, 8.39 36. Uttarajjayanani.9.34 37. Mahaviraraj Galera..Jain Studies and Science, p.154 - Asstt. Prof. in Deptt. of Jainology Comparative Philosophy & Religion Jain Vishva Bharati University

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God Jainism Each living being has a Soul. God is a fully enlightened Soul. Each soul is capable of becoming God Hinduism Multitudes of gods but one Supreme reality Christianity God is loving creator of heavens and Earth. Holy Spirit and Trinity which guides; to love and show compassion. Jesus is son of God Islam Allah - Powerful but unknowable (Jesus was a Prophet) Buddhism Theravadas are atheist; Mahayana are polytheistic; Buddha said nothing is permanent. God (Allah) God Changing Who created the Universe Matter changes, no one created it. Soul is uncreated and eternal God is the creator of heavens and earth Jain Way of Life Jainism and other Religions Purpose of self- human life to help each other; to realize one's own full potential; Faith in Christ; Prayer, Bible study Attain better rebirth. To submit to the will of God to gain a paradise after death. Follow five pillars: faith, Avoid suffering and gain enlightenment

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prayer, alms, pilgrimage, fasting. Not defined. Body and its relation to the Soul / god Body is matter Soul is nonmatter-energy Soul resides in body Two different entities Two different entities 31-12-17 65/4, 3Tara-faktor 2012 God Self Who controls your actions. We are responsible for our own actions God and individual's sins. Loving Christ Meaning of happiness Compassion, managing your passions Yes Yes Is there a cause! effect No direct link in this life. God judges at the end. No direct link in this life. God judges at the end. Yes, All thought, speech, and action make an imprint on your Soul (Karma) and their effects are felt throughout your current and future lives

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Human suffering is due to All have sinned and seperated from God. Maya-desire for physical material Unable to understand our true nature. Attachment to matter/physical realm. Maya-desire for worldly materials; Humans are in bondage to ignorance and illusion. How to reach Nirvna/salvation Follow Quran Give up Maya Living a life of Non-Violence, Non-Absolutism, and NonPossessiveness Follow Christ's message of love and to believe in Him. Yes Is there reincarnation/ rebirth Yes until Nirvana/Moksh is attained No, but after No death there is eternal heaven or hell (or temporary purgatory) Yes, until enlightenment No surviving Soul Key propagator Jesus Christ Muhammad Rishabhnath Mahavir (2500 BC) Gautama Buddha 3Tcht 65/4, 3770-FER 2012 Force which Violence started/propagated towards animals the religion and humans Conditions at the time; Oppression Observed suffering in dayto day life

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10 million 900 million 360 million Number of worldwide followers 2 billion; 1 out of every 3 individual 1.3 billion (Sunni: 940 million) Not modified Not modified Scriptures word of God, prophet, belief Written several hundred years after Mahavir; modified over time Started 40 years after Christ's death; modified over time Vedas. Modified over time 31-12-17 65/4, 3Tara-faktor 2012 Pray to Allah Self-realization Purpose of prayers To reach salvation One with supreme To celebrate the qualities of an enlightened being/Soul Quran, Hadith - Key scriptures/ writings Samaysar Tattvarth-Sutra The holy Bible and New Testaments Tripitaka (Pali Canon): Mahayanal sutras like the Lotus Sutras. Diet No alcohol or pork Vegetarian Vegetarian when convenient Vegetarian During lent, or (nomeat, fish, eggs); before taking some are vegan; communion no alcohol. some food restrictions or fasting

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94 Four noble eightfold path truths; I Imams Priests, ministers. pastors, bishops. To give up all Possessions. Non-Violence, Key monk -UON SMOA Possessiveness, truth, non-stealing, managing sensual desires Editor-Yogendra Jain By Courtsey - Jainway of life (JAINA- U.S.A) (Summarised and Edited by Nihal Chand Jain) anekAnta 65/4 akTUbara-disambara 2012 AcArya jugalakizora 'mukhtAra' smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA snehila - AmaMtraNa - (samaya - 23 disambara 2012 ravivAra prAtaH 10.30 se dopahara 2.00) samAroha adhyakSa - nyAyAdhIza mAnanIya abhaya gohila jI pramukha vaktAgaNa 1. DaoN. ema.bI. modI vaijJAnika D.R.D.O. naI dillI 2. pro. DaoN. anupama jaina indaura (ma. pra. ) 3. AcArya rAjakumAra jaina, iTArasI (ma. pra. ) samAroha nidezaka - DaoN. jayakumAra jaina, mujaphpharanagara samAroha saMyojaka - prAcArya paM. nihAla caMda jaina, nidezaka vIra sevA maMdira - sthAnaH vIra sevA maMdira kA vAtAnukUlita sabhAgAra 21 dariyAgaMja naI dillI 2, durabhASa na. 23250522. vIra sevA maMdira ke padAdhikArIgaNa kAryakAriNI sadasya, AjIvana sadasya, vidvajjana evaM samasta prabuddha zrotAgaNa - sAdara AmaMtrita hai| nivedaka : subhASa jaina (zakuna prakAzana) adhyakSa - vIra sevA maMdira 21 dariyAgaMja naI dillI 2

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A Short list of References and Readings on Comparative Study of Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, & Christianity - Complied by Prof. M. L. Jain 1. C. R. Jain The Key of Knowledge (Sanganer Jaipur Publicaiton) Chapter IX on Hinduism, Chapter-V, VI, XII an Christanity Chapter XIV-on Islam. Chapter-XV on Reconciliation, (Republication of 1915 Editon). 2. CR Jain Confluence of oppsites- (Sanganer-Jaipur Publicaton). 3. CR Jain 374EHA 114-(HOT 99-02) Hindi Translation of Confluence of opposites by Kamta Prasad Jain Sarvodaya Vidyapeeth- Kishangarh, Ajmer Rajasthan. 4. CR Jain Gems of Islam - Part-1 pages (1-188) Part - ll (pages - 1-244) Jain Library London, Republished by Today & Tomorrow New Delhi 5. Agam & Tripatak & Muni Nagraj. Voll & Vol II, both in Hindi & English (Excellent reading on Buddhism & Jainism) 6. Prof. P. S. Jaini (a) Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies & Jaina Studies (Motilal Banarsidas) (b) Christianity & Jainism-An Interfaith Dialogue (Publication of Hindi Granth Karyalaya Bombay. 7. Paul Daundas The JAINS - particularly Chapter VIII (1992) (pages - 195 to 209) on Jain relativism & relations with Hinduism & Buddhism. 8. Dr. Sadhvi Sadhna The Universe of Acharya Sushil Muni- The Philosophy of World Religions. 2005. 9 Bhagchand Bhasker Jainism in Buddhist Literature - Nagpur, Alok Pbulication-1972 10 Dr. Trilok Chand Kothari ahiMsA gAMdhIjI va sarvabhauma dharma (Hindi Book)

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3T cho 65/4, 37PQ-FYER 2012 11 BRAHM CHARI SHITAL PRASAD Buddhism & Jainism 12 OSHO-RAJNEESH (a) Mahavir Vani vol. I & vol 2, (b) JINA SUTRA- vol. i & vol 2. 13 Dr. Nand Kishor Prasad Mythology of Buddhism & Tirthankaras - vol.2- Vaishali Research Institute (1974) Bihar. 14 Dr. Ramesh Chand Sinha Salient Features of Hindu & Christian Ethics- vol.IV-Vaishali Institute of Research (Bihar) 1983. 15 P. S. Jaini The Jaina Path of Purification 16 HV Glassnapp Jainism-An Indian Religion of Salvation- particularly Section VIII-PP 492-511. 17 Muni Shiv Kumar The Doctrine of Liberation in Indian Religion- with special reference to Jainism (2000) Munshi Ram Manohar Lal (Publicaiton). 18 A Chakravarti Introduction to Samyasra (Bhartiya Gyanpeeth Publication)- about 150 Pages. (Essential Reading on the subject) 19 A N Upadye Introduction to PACHASTIKAYASARA, (Bhartiya Gyanpeeth Publication) (about 60 page). 20 QURRSTROM -oile Jainism & Early Buddhism Essays in Asian Humanities Press- 2003 21 BRUHNKLAVS & ALBRECHT WEZLS Studies ZUM JAINISM & Buddhims (1981) - Germany) 22 Devendra Muni The Source Book of Jain Philosophy. Yogendra Jain The Jaina way of Life. (Page-162-168) Jainism & other religions (Similarities & Differences in Tabular Form) 24 Encyclopaedia of World Religions See the pages on world religions. 25 Edword Thomas Jainism or The Early Faith of Ashoka (Ancient Religions of the East) Publication of Asian Educaiton Services, New Delhi-1995 (This is a very good reading) (Editors Note) - Reserch Scholars & Students of Camparative study on religions are advised to look up references in footnotes of the above mentioned books & articles.