Paramparagat Prakrit Vyakarana ki Samiksha

Author(s): K R Chandra
Publisher: Prakrit Jain Vidya Vikas Fund Ahmedabad
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/001436/1

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paraMparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI DaoN. ke. Ara. candra prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa phaMDa ahamadAbAda 1995 Education International

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vidyA vikAsa phaDa graMthAMka - 11 paraMparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI DaoN. ke. Ara. candra bhUtapUrva adhyakSa prAkRta-pAli vibhAga bhASA sAhitya bhavana gujarAta yunivarsiTI ahamadAbAda-38009 prAkata jaina vidyA vikAsa phaMDa ahamadAbAda 1995

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prakAzaka DaoN. ke. Ara. candra mAnada maMtrI prAkRta jaina vidyA vikAsa phaMDa 375 sarasvatI nagara ahamadAbAda-380015 prata : 500 I. sa. 1995 mUlya : rU. 50-00 mudraka gAyatrI lebara prinTarsa 43/A zaMkara magara navA vADaja ahamadAbAda-380013

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prakAzakIya Ananda kA viSaya hai ki hamArI saMsthA kA gyArahavA~ graMtha prakAzita ho rahA hai / isa graMtha kA mukhya viSaya haiM paraMparAgata prAkRta bhASA ke niyamoM kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI jaisI prAcIna bhASA para ve kisa sImA taka lAgU hote haiN| Age prastAvanA meM ise spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra ke vidyAkIya kAryoM meM paM. zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA aura DaoN. zrI ha. cu. bhAyANI kA nirantara jo mArgadarzana aura sahayoga milatA rahA haiM, usake lie maiM aura hamArI saMsthA unakI atyanta AbhArI haiM / DaoN. bhAyANI ne isa pustaka ke viSaya meM jo abhiprAya likhA hai usakA bhI hama AbhAra mAnate haiM / isa saMsthA ke utsAhI pramukha zrI bI. ema. bAlara bhI dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiM jo saMsthA ke aise kAryoM meM hRdayapUrvaka sahayoga dete rahate haiM / vigata varSoM meM zreSTI kastUrabhAI lAlabhAI smAraka nidhi ne Arthika sahAyatA dekara hamArI saMsthA ko jo protsAhana diyA hai usakA bhI hama AbhAra mAnate haiM / isa saMsthA meM kArya karane vAlI ku. zobhanA Ara zAha bhI usake sahayoga ke lie hamAre dhanyavAda kI pAtra hai / isa graMtha ke mudraNa ke lie zrI pitAmbarabhAI je. mizrA, gAyatrI lebara prinTarsa aura mudraNAlaya ke kAryakartAoM kA bhI hama AbhAra mAnate haiM / ahamadAbAda ke. Ara. candra mAnada maMtrI

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prastAvanA raMparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA tAtparya hai vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI jo niyama paraMparA se prApta hue haiM unakI samIkSA kI gayI hai| upalabdha prAkRta sAhitya aura prAkRta zilAlekhoM meM bhASAkA jo svarUpa milatA hai usako dhyAna meM lete hue vyAkaraNa ke amuka niyamoM kI samIkSA kI gayI hai ki ve kahA~ taka unapara lAga hote haiN| kyA ye niyama sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM para samAna rUpa se lAga hote haiM aura ardhamAgadhI jaisI prAcIna bhASA ke lie ye niyama kahA~ taka upayukta haiM yaha bhI carcA kI gayI hai / udAharaNa ke taura para dhvaniparivartana ke niyama(1) madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa, dantya nakAra kA ... NakAra meM parivartana, mUrdhanya LakAra kA prayoga / (2) eka hI kAraka kI vibhakti ke lie eka se adhika pratyaya milate haiN| kyA ve vibhinna kAla kI sabhI prAkRtoM ke lie upayukta haiM yA nhiiN| unameM se kauna se prAcIna prAkRta bhASA ke lie aura kauna se uttaravartI prAkRta bhASA ke lie upayukta Thaharate haiM / prAcIna prAkRta aura uttaravartI prAkRta bhASAmeM kyA antara thA usakI vyAkaraNa granthoM meM vizada evaM vistAra ke sAtha carcA nahIM kI gayI hai| kSetrIya prAkRtoM ko bhI eka dUsare se alaga karake unhe sUkSma rUpa meM nahIM samajhAyA gayA hai| kAraNa spaSTa hai ki usa kAla ke vyAkaraNakAroM kA uddezya hI alaga thaa| unakA prayAsa bhASA kA aitihAsika yA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane kA mahIM thA, yaha to Adhunika kAla kI upaja hai| prAcIna vyAkaraNakAroM dvArA to upalabdha prAkRta sAhitya kI kRtiyoM kI bhASAoM

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kA kucha vizeSa rUpa samajhAne ke lie vyavahArika dRSTi se saMskRta bhASA se unakI vibhinnatA darzAne ke hetu se vyAkaraNa likhe gaye the| isa samIkSA meM yaha bhI prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke vyAkaraNa kI kyA kyA vizeSatAe~ ho sakatI haiM, usake mukhya lakSaNa kyA ho sakate haiM / adhyAya naM. 14 meM ardhamAgadhI sAhitya ke prAcIna aura uttaravartI rUpa bhI diye gaye haiM / adhyAya naM. 15 meM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke naye saMskaraNa ke AdhAra se yaha darzAyA gayA hai ki tADapatrIya eka prAcIna prati ke mila jAne se usake pAThoM meM jo AmUla parivartana A gayA vaha ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM ko bhASika dRSTi se punaH sampAdita karane ke lie eka dizAsacana bana rahA hai aura prAcIna pAThoM ke AdhAra para unakA puna: sampAdana kiyA jAnA cAhie / ke. Ara. candra

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saMdarbha graMtha saMketa Agamodaya AcA. AlsaDarpha kaoNvela gAigara Agamodaya samiti saMskaraNa AcArAMgasUtra dekho Ludwig. Alsdorf E.B. Cowell, prAkRta prakAza W Geiger : Pali Literature and Language carNi DI. sI. sarakAra nIti DolcI pizala puNyavi. bha. nA. zA. majaivi. meheMDale Select Inscriptions, Vol. I The Prakrit Grammarians Comparative Grammar of Prakrit Languages muni puNyavijayajI bharatanATyazAstra mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI, saMskaraNa Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits prAkRta prakAza zIlAMkAcAryakRtavRtti sUtrakRtAMga prAkRta vyAkaraNa Kleine Sbrieften dekho nIti DotcI vararuci satrakR. hemacandra Ludwig Alsdorf Nitti Dolci

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anukramaNikA adhyAya zIrSaka 1. bharatamuni aura prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti 2. sAmAnya prAkRta bhASA meM madhyavartI ta=da 3. prAkRta meM madhyavartI pa aura va 4. madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa 5. madhyavartI udvRtta svara ke sthAna para 'ya' zruti kI yathArthatA 6. anunAsika vyaMjana G aura JakA anusvAra meM parivartana 7 prAcIna prAkRta bhASA meM Adya nakAra yA NakAra 8. prAcIna prAkRta bhASA meM madhyavartI nakAra 9. prAcIna prAkRta bhASA meM jJanna yA NNa 10. prAcIna prAkRta bhASA meM Nya, nna nya aura rNa kA nna yA NNa 11. - riMsa aura mhi saptamI ekavacana ke prAcIna vibhakti pratyaya 12. kucha anya vibhakti - pratyaya 13. prAkRta bhASAoM meM madhyavartI vyaMjana 'La' 14. ardhamAgadhI ke do svarUpa aura uttaravartI : prAcIna pRSTha 1-8 9-15 16-21 22- 31 32-37 38-42 43-50 51-68 69-75 76-81 82-87 88-113 115-122 123-129

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15. mUla ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke yathA-sthApana meM vizeSAvazyaka-bhASya kI jesalamerIya tADapatra kI prati meM bhASika-dRSTi se upalabdha prAcIna pAThoM dvArA eka dizA-sUcana 130-146 akSaroM kI prAcIna lekhana-paddhati aura nakAra meM NakAra ke bhrama kI saMbhAvanA 147 katipaya pUrva-prakAzita isa graMtha ke adhyAyoM ke saMdarbha saMdarbha-graMtha zuddhi-patraka hamAre prakAzana F 153

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1. bharatamuni aura prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke bAre meM do mata haiM, eka ke anusAra prAkRta saMskRta se janmI aura dUsare ke anusAra saMskRta prAkRta se janmI / isI ke bAre meM yahA~ thor3I sI carcA kI jA rahI hai| vararuci apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM prAkRta bhASA kI utpatti ke bAre meM mauna haiN| caNDa apane prAkRtalakSaNam meM kahate haiM-prAkRta tIna prakAra se siddha-prasiddha hai (1) saMskRta yonivAlI arthAt tadbhava zabda, (2) saMskRtasamama arthAt tatsama zabda aura (3) dezIprasiddham arthAt dezya zabda / ina tIna prakAra ke zabdoM se yukta prAkRta bhASA batAyo gayI hai / unhoMne isakI utpatti ke bAre meM kucha nahIM kahA hai / pU0 AcArya zrI hemacandra apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM prAkRta ke viSaya meM kahate haiM--- 1) tatra bhavaM tata AgataM vA prAkRtama, (2)... saMskRtayonereva tasya lakSaNam aura (3) na dezyasya ( 8.1.1 ) arthAt ... (a) dezya ke bAre meM idhara kucha nahIM kahA jA rahA hai (3) / (ba) saMskRta yoni vAle zabdoM ke lakSaNa diye jA rahe haiM (2) / (sa) isameM jo zabda(saMskRta se ; bane ve aura isameM (saMskRta meM) se jo Aye arthAt tadbhava aura tatsama zabda bhI haiM (1) / yahA~ taka to unakI paribhASA caNDa ke samAna hI lagatI hai paraMtu jaba unhoMne yaha kahA ki prAkRta kI prakRti saMskRta hai taba kyA samajhanA ? prakRtiH saMskRtam (8.1.1) vidvAnoM kI eka paramparA isakA artha yaha karatI hai ki prakRti zabda

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ke. Ara. candra aura yoni zabda se yaha tAtparya liyA jAya ki prAkRta kI utpatti saMskRta se huI / yadi isa prakAra mAna bhI liyA jAya to vararuci ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM isa sambandha meM anya prAkRta bhASAoM ke lie jo kucha kahA gayA hai usakA samAdhAna kyA hogA ? 'prAkRtaprakAza' ke adhyAya 10, 11 aura 12 meM kahA gayA hai(1) paizAcI 10.1, prakRtiH zaurasenI 10.2 (2) mAgadhI 11.1, prakRtiH zaurasenI 11-2 (3) zaurasenI 12.1, prakRtiH saMskRtam 12.2 ina sUtroM ke anusAra 'prakRti' zabda kA artha yahI liyA jAya jo hemacandrAcArya ke sUtra ke sambandha meM liyA jAtA hai to isakA artha yaha hogA ki saMskRta meM se utpanna bhASA to zaurasenI hai paraMtu mAgadhI zaurasenI meM se utpanna huI aura paizAcI bhI zaurasenI meM se nikalI / ina sabakA punaH yaha artha huA ki zaurasenI bhASA mAgadhI aura paizAcI kI janayitrI hone ke kAraNa vaha unase pUrvavartI kAla kI bhASA hai / aisA mAnanA prAkRta bhASAoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa ke krama kI mAnyatA ke pratikUla jAtA hai / jaba zaurasenI saMskRta meM se nikalI to prAkRta (mhaaraassttrii| phira kisameM se utpanna huI ? __ isa sandarbha meM yahI mAnanA yogya aura ucita lagatA hai ki bhinna bhinna prAkRta bhASAoM ke lakSaNa samajhAne ke lie vyAkaraNakAroM dvArA kisI eka ko dUsarI bhASA kA mAtra AdhAra banAyA gayA hai jahA~ para utpatti-srota yA janma-yoni kA savAla nahIM hai| kisI eka bhASA ke lie dUsarI bhASA

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 3 meM kyA kyA pratirUpa substitutes) ho sakate haiM unakA vyAkaraNa zAstra hai na ki eka se dUsarI kI utpatti kA / yaha to mAtra samajhAne ke lie eka paddhati apanAyI gayI hai jahA~ utpatti kA savAla hI nahIM hai / isa sambandha meM bharatamuni kA mantavya bhI jAnanA anucita nahIM hogA / unhoMne prAkRta kI utpatti, prakRti yA yoni ke bAre meM to kucha nahIM kahA hai / ve likhate haiM ki nATakoM meM do hI pAThya bhASAyeM haiM, eka saMskRta aura dUsarI prAkRta (bha0 nA0 zA0 17.1) / ve Age kahate haiM ki prAkRta saMskAraguNa se varjita hotI hai / usameM samAna zabda (tatsama), vibhraSTa (tadbhava) aura dezI zabda hote haiM / yaha parivartana (viparyasta) yukta hotI hai (17.3) / isa kathana ke anusAra eka bhASA saMskAraguNa varjita hai (prAkRta) arthAt dUsarI bhASA saMskAra guNa vAlI hai (saMskRta) / isase yaha prazna uThatA hai ki jisako saMskArayukta banAyA gayA, jise saMskAra diyA gayA vaha bhASA kauna sI ? uttara hogA jo saMskAra rahita thI use saMskArayukta banAyA gayA arthAt prakRti ko yAni prAkRta ko susaMskRta banAyA gayA / taba kauna sI bhASA pahale aura kauna sI bAda meM / spaSTa hai ki jo prakRti kI bhASA, svAbhAvika lokabhASA, jana-bhASA thI use hI saMskAra dekara susaMskRta banAyA gayA / yahA~ para bhASA ke kisI nAma vizeSa se tAtparya nahIM hai sirpha samajhanA itanA hI hai ki asaMskAra vAlI bhASA meM se saMskAra vAlI bhASA bnii| saMsAra kI sabhI bhASAoM para yahI niyama lAgU hotA hai / ziSTa

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ke. Ara, candra bhASA kA udbhava kisI eka loka-bhASA se hI hotA hai aura bAda meM donoM meM paraspara AdAna-pradAna hotA rahatA hai| yadi saMskRta hI prAkRta kI yoni ho to phira jo niyama pU0 hemacandrAcArya ne banAye haiM ve ulTe sAbita nahIM hote haiM kyA ? udAharaNArtha:(1) sUtra-8.3.158 vRtti' 'akArasya sthAne ekAro vA bhavati / jaise--hasai kA hasei, suNau kA suNeu / phira Age vRtti meM kahA gayA hai ki 'kvacidAtvamapi arthAt kahIM kahIM a kA A ho jAtA hai: udAharaNArtha-suNAu (zruNAtu) isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki suNau se suNAu huA / vAstava meM to saMskRta meM jo 'A' hai usake sthAna para hI prAkRta meM a aura e pracalita thA / zruNAtu-suNAu, suNau, suNeu / yahA~ para pU0 hemacandra ne samajhAne kI jo paddhati apanAyI hai usase saMskRta ko prAkRta kI yoni mAnakara srota ke rUpa meM usakA artha le to ucita nahIM ThaharatA hai / ataH prakRti zabda se unakA tAtparya 'janmadAtrI' nahIM hai parantu samajhAne ke lie yaha to eka 'AdhAra' hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / (2) zaurasenI meM tha kA dha hone ke lie stra unhoMne diyA hai tho dhaH-8.4.267 phira bAda meM iha ke ha aura dvi0 pu0 ba0 va0 ke vartamAna kAla ke pratyaya ha kA dha honA batalAyA hai / iha hacoH hasya 8.4.268, udAharaNa-idha, hodha

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI mAra adhamAgadhI 5 yaha to saMskRta 'bhavatha' kA 'hogha' hai arthAt tha kA dha banA hai / isako saMskRta se na samajhAkara prAkRta se hI samajhAyA haiarthAt saMskRta meM se prAkRta kI utpatti kI unakI mAnyatA hotI to kyA ve aisA karate ? (3) iha meM se idha huA ho yaha bhI sahI nahIM hai mUla to idha hI thA usameM se hI saMskRta meM iha banA hai / isa sandarbha meM pU0 A0 zrI hemacandrAcArya dvArA prayukta 'prakRti' zabda kA artha yahI hotA hai ki prAkRta bhASA ko samajhAne ke lie (arthAt tadbhava aMza ke lie) saMskRta kA Azraya liyA jA rahA hai, use AdhAra mAnakara samajhAyA jA rahA hai, isase alaga aisA artha nahIM ki saMskRta prAkRta kI jananI hai yA usameM se usakI utpatti dUsarI dRSTi se prakRti aura yoni zabda kA upayoga isalie bhI kiyA hogA ki unake dvArA prAkRta ke lie koI svataMtra vyAkaraNa graMtha nahI likhA jA rahA thaa| unake siddhahemazabdAnuzAsanam grantha meM saMskRta kA vyAkaraNa sAta adhyAyoM meM samajhAye jAne ke bAda AThaveM adhyAya meM prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA viSaya liyA jA rahA thA / ataH kramapUrvaka saMskRta ke vidvAnoM ko "prAkRta bhASA" saMbaMdhI niyama diye jA rahe the isIlie saMskRta bhASA ko AdhAra banAyA gayA aura isa dRSTi se hI yoni aura prakRti zabdoM kA upayoga kiyA gyaa| - isake alAvA bharatamuni ne prAkRta ko nATakoM meM saMskRta ke samAna hI darjA diyA hai / unake dvArA yaha kahA gayA hai ki nATakoM meM do hI pAThaya bhASAe~ hotI haiM / unameM se saMskRta ke bAre meM to kaha diyA aba prAkRta ke bAre meM kahatA hU~---

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ke. Ara. candra evaM tu saMskRtaM pAThyaM mayA proktaM samAsataH / prAkRtasya tu pAThyasya saMpravakSyAmi lakSaNam // bha.nA.zA. 17.1 jise alaga-alaga avasthAoM meM apanAyI jAnI cAhie / vijJeyaM prAkRtaM pAThaya' nAnAvasthAntarAtmakaM / bha.nA.zA. 17.2 yahI prAcIna sthiti hai jaba saMskRta ke sAtha prAkRta bhASA ko bhI samAna rUpa meM yogya pada prApta thA / bharatamunine nATakoM meM prayojya bhASA ko saMskAra yukta yA saMskAra dene kI jo bAta kahI hai vaha sirpha vyAkaraNabaddha karane kI dRSTi se kahI hai aura isI hetu se usake lie niyama banAye gaye haiM / bhaviSya meM bhI hareka sAhityika bhASA ke lie aisI hI paddhati apanAnI paDegI / gayapadyamaya sAhitya jaise ki lalita sAhitya, kathA sAhitya, kAvya sAhitya aura aneka zAstrIya graMthoM evaM nATakoM meM jo prAkRta bhASA milatI hai usakI utpatti kA koI prazna hI nahIM thA aura na kabhI usake pada yA darje kA savAla thA / mUlataH yaha to tulanAtmaka dRSTi se samajhAne kI bAta thI arthAt eka bhASA ke sthAna para dUsarI bhASA ke lie kaisA dUsarA zabda yA kauna sA dUsarA rUpa arthAt pratirUpa ( substitute ) apanAyA jAya usI kI eka kathA hai, prathA hai, paddhati hai yA yoM kahie ki eka vyAkaraNa zAstra hai| Therefore in the Nalyasastra there are instructions a ad guide-lines as regards the substitutes for stagedialects that are to be assigned to various types of characters in dramas. ina do bhASAoM ke ApasI sambandha ko dRSTAntoM dvArA bhI.

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI samajhAyA jA sakatA hai / eka bhASA bahatI huI mahAnadI ke pAnI ke samAna hai jo sthala sthala para aura samaya samaya para parivartanazIla hotA rahatA hai, jisameM choTI choTI nadiyoM se vividha jagahoM kA pAnI bhI AtA rahatA hai aura usakA pAnI kabhI eka samAna nahIM rahatA hai, badalatA rahatA hai, raMga bhI badalatA hai, andara kI sAmagrI bhI badalatI hai aura usakA svarUpa badalatA rahatA hai / usI bahate pAnI meM se eka nAle (cenala) ke dvArA eka sarovara ke rUpa meM pAnI ekatrita karake use saMskAra yukta banAyA jAtA hai aura bAda meM vaha apanA rUpa nahIM badalatA hai paraMtu adhika sundara, zuddha aura manohara bhI hotA hai / samaya samaya para aura sthala sthala para aise jo sarovara banAye jAte rahate haiM ve vyAkaraNa sAhityakI bhASAe~ banatI rahatI haiM jabaki bahatA huA pAnI prAkRta ke rUpa meM calatA rahatA hai, badalatA rahatA hai, vikAsa (evolution) karatA rahatA hai / donoM bhASAoM ko samajhAne ke lie eka dasarA dRSTAnta isa prakAra diyA jA sakatA hai / eka rASTra aisA jahA~ para rAjakumArI hI rAjya karatI hai / aneka bahinoM meM se eka kA cunAva hotA hai| cunAva ke niyama hamezA eka samAna nahIM rahate, paristhiti aura sthala ke anusAra samaya samaya para badalate rahate haiM / aneka bahinoM meM se eka rAnI banatI hai aura usake rAjya ke sabhI loga yahA~ taka ki usakI bahine bhI usakI prajA (yAni her subjects) kahalAtI hai / isakA artha yaha nahIM ki sArI prajA aura usakI bahine usa rAnI kI putriyA~ haiM yA santAne haiM / jo putrI rAnI bana gayI usakA rahana-sahana, pozAka, khAna

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ke. Ara. candra pAna, sajAvaTa saba ucca koTi ke rahate haiM / jabaki anya bahino' ko ye suvidhAe~ nahIM milatI haiM / rAnI ko hama saMskAra vAlI bhASA kaha sakate haiM jabaki usakI bahino ko saMskAra varjita kaha sakate haiM / yahI saMskRta aura prAkRta kA sambandha hai / ataH kisI bhI bola-cAla kI (prAkRtika bhASA kA janma kisI bhI saMskAra dI gayI bhASA se ho hI nahIM sakatA / yadi kahanA ho to aisA kaho ki prAkRtika se saMskArayukta vastu yA bhASA banatI hai /

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2. sAmAnya prAkRta bhASA meM madhyavartI ta-da sAmAnya prAkRta bhASA ke antargata vararuci ke 'prAkRta prakAza (E.B. Cowell, meM madhyavartI ta-da kA ullekha tIna prakAra se milatA hai / [1] niyama koI anya hai parantu udAharaNa ke rUpa meM die gae zabdoM meM ta ke sthAna para da milatA hai / [2] kucha zabdoM meM ta kA da hotA hai aisA niyama diyA gayA hai / [3] vibhakti aura kRdanta pratyayoM meM ta kA da milatA hai parantu vartamAnakAla ke - ti, te, AjJArtha -tu, hetvarthaka -tuM aura sambandhaka bhUtakRdanta -tUNa ke sthAna para kahIM para bhI udAharaNoM meM yA niyama meM ta ke sthAna para da nahIM milatA hai / [1] udAharaNo meM ___ sUtra-udRtvAdiSu-1.29 arthAt R kA u hone ke udAharaNoM meM ud, viudaM, saMvudaM, NivvudaM (RtuH, vivRtam , saMvRtam , nivRtam ) / sUtra-2.2-madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM ke lopa ke udAharaNoM meM raadaM (rjtm|| sarvanAmoM meM sUtra-6.20 -50 e0 va0 kI vibhakti ke udAharaNaedAhi, edAdo, edAdu / sUtra-6.22-tadetadoH saH sAva napuMsake -ede, edaM / sUtra--6.26-yuSmad ke pra0 e0 va0 ke udAharaNo' meMtaM Agado, tumaM Agado /

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ke. Ara. caMdra sUtra-6.28-yuSmad ke pra0 ba0 va0 ke udAharaNoM meM -tujhe AgadA, tumhe AgadA / sUtra--6.35-yuSmad ke paMcamI e0 va0 ke udAharaNoM meM -- tatto Agado, tumAhi Agado / sUtra-6.36---yuSmad ke paMcamI ba0 va. ke udAharaNa meM - tumhAsuto aagdo| nipAta ke udAharaNa meM-sUtra-9.5-pekkha ira teNa hado / [2] kucha zabdoM meM ta kA da hone kA niyama sUtra-2.7, RtvAdiSu to daH udU, raadaM, Aado, NivvudI, AudI, saMvudI, suidI, AidI, hado, saMjado, viudaM, saMjAdo, saMpadi aura paDibaddI / (RtuH, rajatam , AgataH, nivRtiH, AvRtiH, saMvRti:, sukRtiH, AkRtiH, hataH, saMyataH, vivRtam , saMyAtaH, saMprati aura pratipattiH ) sUtra-6.32-yuSmad ke SaSThI ekavacana aura tRtIyA ekavacana kA 'te'='de' hotA hai / te ko, de kaaM; te dhaNaM; de dhaNaM / [3] kudanta pratyaya aura vibhakti [a] sUtra-4.22, talatvayordAttaNI [ yaha bhAvavAcaka pratyaya dA aura taNa kA sUtra hai / ] pINadA, mUDhadA (pINattaNaM, mUDhattaNa) ba] sarvanAmoM meM paMcamI e0 va0 kI vibhakti sUtra-6.9, to do GaseH -kado, jado, tado / sUtra -6.10,-tada ozcaH-tatto, tado /

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura argha mAgadhI 11 sUtra-6.20,-tto Gase:-edAdo, edAdu, edAhi / sUtra-6.35, Dasau (tatto, taitto, tumAdo, tumAdu, tumAhi) / arthAt paMcamI ekavacana kI vibhakti -to ke badale meM -do kA aura bhAvavAcaka pratyaya -tA ke badale meM -dA kA spaSTa ullekha hai / pU. AcArya zrI hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke anusAra ta kA da zauronI aura mAgadhI bhASA meM hI hotA hai / sAmAnya prAkRta ke lie vararuci ke sUtra-2.7 kA niyama unheM svIkArtha nahIM thA isIlie unhoMne usakA niSedha kiyA sUtra 8.1.209) hai / ve kahate haiM -atra kecid RtvAdiSu da ityArabdhavantaH sa tu zaurasenI mAgadhIviSaya eva dRzyate iti nocyate / prAkRte hi - Rtu:=riU; uU; rajatam = rayayaM aura jitane bhI tanda vAle udAharaNa vararuci ke vyAkaraNa meM milate haiM ve unake dvArA madhyavartI ta kA lopa karake die gaye haiM / unake sUtra naM0 8.3.8 meM sarvanAmo kI paM0 e0 va0 kI vibhakti meM -do aura -du kA bhI ullekha hai ( Gases tododuhihinto lukaH) parantu vRtti meM kaha diyA ki 'dakAra karaNaM bhASAntarArtham' arthAt dakAra vAlI vibhakti anya bhASAoM meM prayukta hotI hai / unhoMne sAmAnya prAkRta meM ta - da kA niSedha kiyA aura anya bhASA meM aise prayoga milate haiM yaha bhI spaSTa kiyaa| phira bhI unhoMne apane anya sUtroM ke antargata ta ke da vAle prayoga kyoM die ? unake bAre meM aisI hI spaSTatA kyoM nahIM kI gayI ? yaha suspaSTa nahIM hai / sUtra naM0 8.1.37 'ato Do visargasya' ke udAharaNa meM 'kutaH kudo' diyA gayA hai / jabaki ta ke da kA niSedha bahuta bAda meM Age 8.1.209. sUtra kI vRtti meM kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra dekhie sUtra naM0 8.2.160 'to do taso vA' / sAmAnya prAkRta bhASA ke lie diye gaye

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ke. Ara. caMdra isa sUtra kI vRtti meM sabado, ekado, annado, kado, jado aura ido ke udAharaNa Ate haiM jabaki sUtra na. 8.1.209 meM pahale hI niSedha kara diyA gayA thA ki ta kA da prAkRta meM nahIM hotA hai / sUtra. naM. 8.3.71 -kima: kastra - tasozca meM bhI kao aura katto ke sAtha kadA kA bhI udAharaNa hai| sUtra naM. 8.3.69 meM ediNA, edeNa ke udAharaNa diye gaye haiM aura 8.3.8 meM paMcamI eka vacana ke lie -do aura-du vibhaktiyA~ dI gayI haiM jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai / ta ke da kA niSedha karate hue isI sUtra [8.1.209] kI vRtti meM yaha bhI kaha diyA ki [8.4.447 ke anusAra kabhI-kabhI vyatyaya bhI hotA hai isakA artha yaha huA ki ta kA da niyamita nahIM 'parantu kabhI kabhI sAmAnya prAkRta meM milatA hai| sUtra naM0 8.1.177 kI vRtti meM bhI kabhI kabhI ka kA ga aura ca kA ja honA batalAyA gayA hai aura vahAM para bhI unheM 'vyatyaya' (8.4.447) kI koTi meM rakhA gayA hai / to kyA isI sUtra ke antargata ta ke kvacit da hone kI carcA nahIM kI jA sakatI thI ? bhASA-zAstra kI dRSTi se yaha pravRtti to aghoSa vyaMjanoM ke ghoSa banane kI hai jo lopa kI pravRtti se pUrvavartI mAnI jAtI hai / isa pUrvavartI pravRtti kA prabhAva hI paravartI bhASA para kvacit milatA ho yA kisI aMza meM usakA samAveza idhara kiyA gayA ho aisA pratIta hotA hai| . ka kA ga, ca kA ja aura ta kA da ye saba aghoSa ke ghoSa banane kI prakriyAvAle haiM jo mahArASTrI prAkRta ke pUrva kI kucha prAkRtoM kI lAkSaNikatAe~ haiM / jaba zaurasenI aura mAgadhI meM ta kA da banane kA eka alaga sUtra de diyA aura 8.4.447 meM 'vyatyaya' sarvavyApI banA diyA gayA to phira sAmAnya prAkRta ke lakSaNa samajhAte samaya

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 13 ta-da ke ullekha kI kyA AvazyakatA thI aura sAmAnya prAkRta meM hI paM0 e0 va0 ke vibhakti pratyaya -do aura -du dene kI kyA jarUrata thI / unakA ullekha zaurasenI meM hI ucita thA jaisA ki unhoMne usa bhASA meM saM0 bhU00 ke lie-dUNa [8.4.271, 272] aura varta. kAla. tR0 pu0 e0va0 ke pratyaya -di, -de [8.4.273, 274, 275] kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA paMcamI e0 va0 kI vibhakti -do aura -du kA bhI. ullekha [8.4.276] alaga se kiyA hA hai / ta-da vAle sUtroM aura udAharaNoM kA sAmAnya prAkRta meM samAveza karake. kyA unhoMne eka prAcIna paramparA kA hI anusaraNa nahIM kiyA hai ? jisa prakAra kaga ke prayoga arghagAgadhI meM adhika milate haiM usI prakAra tada ke prayoga bhI ardhamAgadhI meM rahe hoMge / ataH sAmAnya prAkRta meM ka-ga kI taraha ta-da kA bhI samAveza [bhale hI 'vyatyaya' ke niyama se ] kara diyA gayA hai / ardhamAgadhI meM taHda ke aghoSa ke. ghoSa banane ke aura vaise hI tha=dha ke jo prayoga baca pAe haiM unameM se kucha isa prakAra die jA sakate haiN| isibhAsiyAI grantha se : bhavidavvaM [3.1]; pakvidA [38.23 pAThAntara ] tadheva [25. pR. 53.14];tadhA[45.26]; kadhaM [25 pR0 55.6], jadhA [40. pR. 91.1.45.9; 25 pR0 55.13,15,18] savvadhA [35.12, 38.29,45.25] ardhamAgadhI jaina-Agama-sAhitya kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM aura pAThAntaroM ke rUpa meM bhI mudrita prathoM meM aise ghoSIkaraNa ke aneka prayoga milate haiM / pU0 jaMbUvijayajI ne spaSTa kahA haiM ki mUla. sUtra evaM cUrNI kI pratiyoM meM mila rahe jaghA aura tadhA ke sthAna para jahA aura tahA pATha liye gae haiM [AcArAMga, bhUmikA,. pR0 44, ma0 jai0 vi0 saMskaraNa] /

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__ ke Ara. caMdra pAli bhASA meM bhI atra tatra aise ghoSIkaraNa ke kucha prayoga milate haiMka ga-paTiMgicca (dIghanikAya, dhammapada-aTThakathA) mAgandi (majjhima nikAya, jAtakaTThakathA) pro. gAigara ne (38) ye udAharaNa nahIM die haiM / tanda-niyyAdeti (jAtakaTThakathA), paTiyAdeti (dIghanikAya), rudaM (jAtakaTThakathA, vidasthi (dhammapadaaTThakathA) tha dha--gadhita, (prathita) (dekhie gAiga ra] / zilAlekhoM meM mI aise udAharaNa milate haiM / pro0 meheNDale (pR0 273) ke anusAra I. sa. pUrva tIsarI zatI meM uttara, uttara-pazcima aura dakSiNa meM, I0 sa0 pUrva dUsarI zatI meM pUrva aura pazcima meM aura I0 sa0 pUrva prathama zatI meM uttara-pazcima aura madhyakSetra meM ta = da kabhI kabhI milatA hai / usI prakAra tha=dha prathama bAra pUrva aura dakSiNa me I0 sa0 kI dasarI zatI meM aura madhyakSetra meM I0 sa0 pUrva kI prathama zatI meM milatA hai / DaoN. AlsaDarpha ke anusAra to ghoSIkaraNa kI pravRtti pUrvI bhArata se hI anya kSetroM meM phailI hai / ' jahA~ taka vararuci kA savAla hai unake bAre meM aisA kahanA hI ucita hogA ki nATakoM meM jo prAkRta bhASA milatI hai usameM ta kA da pracura mAtrA meM milatA hai ataH unhoMne ta-da ko apanI prAkRta meM bhI sthAna diyA hogA / upasaMhAra ke rUpa meM aisA kahanA anucita nahIM hogA ki prAkRta kI prAraMbhika athavA prAcIna avasthA meM amuka amuka aghoSa vyaMjanoM ke lie ghoSa vyaMjanoM kA prayoga hotA thA / paraMtu 1. Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits, Poona, 1948 2. Kleine Schriften, p 451 (1974 AD)

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI hemacaMdrAcArya ne jaba isa pravRtti kA arthAt tada kA niSedha kara diyA taba prAcIna pratoM meM milane vAle aise tanda ke prayoga prAcIna prAkRta meM se nikala gae / zrImatI nIti DolcI kI yahI mAnyatA rahI hai / ardhamAgadhI jaisI prAcIna bhASA meM se bhI aise prayoga nikala gaye hoMge aisA mAnanA yahA~ para ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya' ke vidvAnoM ke lie anucita nahIM hogA / 15 3. I rather believe that Hemacandra is responsible for normalization of the treatment of intervocalic -t-in posterior Mss. - Vide The Prakrit Grammarians, p. 159, f. n. 4 (1972). 4. bhAcarAGga kI pratoM meM se pAThAntara ke rUpa me ta=da vAle prayoga :- agvAdi ( khaM, khe, saM, je), amkhAdi (i0 ) 16.1.177; cedemi ( zIkhaM) 1.82,204; cedesi (khe. saM, ) 18.2 201; samussiNAdi (cU0 ) 1.82205; uvavAdaM (cU0 ) 1.8.3 209; vimohAyadaNaM khaM ) 1.8.7.228, [ pazpAde (khe, khaM. saM. je. ) 1.9. 1.272; pAdaM (khe, khaM, jai, i, he 1, 2, 3) 2.6.1.588, 590 ityAdi, ityAdi pAtra ke sthAna para pAThAntara ke rUpa meM pAda kitanI hI bAra prayukta ] pANAdivAtAto (khe, khaM, jai) 2 15 779 dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki AcArya hemacandra ne ta=da kA niSetra karate hue Rtu ke lie uu zabda (8.1.209) diyA hai ( vararuci udu zabda dete haiM) paraMtu svayaM AcarAGga meM hI 'udu' zabda kA prayoga mila rahA hai- udusaMdhIsu, udupagyi TTesu aura (zaTha = tara ukusu - khe, kha; udumu cU0 ) 2 1.2.335.

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3. prAkRta me madhyavatI pa aura va prAkRta vyAkaraNakAroM ne madhyavartI pakAra aura vakAra ke sambandha meM dhvani parivartana ke jo niyama diye haiM ve zilAlekhoM aura sAhitya kI bhASA meM kahA~ taka aucitya rakhate haiM usI kA yahA~ adhyayana kiyA jA rahA hai / isa vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa hogA ki sAhitya aura vyAkaraNa meM kitanA antara hai / madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM (Tavarga ke sivAya) ke prAyaH lopa ke viSaya meM hemacandrAcArya kA sUtra isa prakAra hai :kagacajatadapayavAM prAyo luka (8.1.177) isa sUtra se spaSTa hai ki anya alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kI taraha pakAra kA bhI prAyaH lopa hotA hai / isa sUtra ke pazcAt anya sthala para pakAra ke viSaya meM jA sUtra diyA gayA hai vaha isa prakAra hai peo vaH (8.1.231) isa sUtra kI vRtti meM kahA gayA hai ki pakAra kA prAyaH vakAra hotA hai / sUtra kI vRtti isa prakAra hai svarAtparasyAsaMyuktasyAna de : pasya prAya vA bhavati / ye donoM sUtra kyA eka dUsare ke virodhI nahIM haiM ? ina donoM kA samAdhAna vRtti meM isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai etena pakArasya prAptayorlopavakArayeAryasminkRte zrutisukhamutpadyate sa tatra kAryaH / arthAt zrutisukhAnusAra lApa yA va kiyA jA sakatA hai / isakA artha to yaha huA ki donoM sUtroM meM jisa prAyaH zabda kA

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI upayoga kiyA gayA hai vaha nirarthaka bana jAtA hai| vyAkaraNakAra kyA eka tarapha paraMparA kA anusaraNa kara rahe haiM aura dUsarI tarapha usI meM saMzodhana kara rahe haiM kyA ? ina vidhAnoM meM spaSTatA kA abhAva dRSTigocara hue binA nahIM rahatA / ___ vararuci ke vyAkaraNa meM bhI yahI doSa najara AtA hai / unake prAkRtaprakAza meM pahale prAyaH lopa aura punaH prAyaH va hone kA Adeza hai / vRtti meM phira kahA gayA hai-jahAM para lopa nahIM ho vahAM para va bana jAtA hai kagacajatadapayavAM prAyo lopaH (2.2) po vaH (2.15) vRttiH-prAyograhaNAdyatra lopo na bhavati tatrAyaM vidhiH / trivikrama apane prAkRtazabdAnuzAsanam meM hemacandra kA hI zabdazaH anusaraNa karate haiM / (dekhie-sUtra 1.3.8,1.3.9 aura 1.3.55 evaM antima sUtra kI vRtti) / mArkaNDeya bhI apane prAkRtasarvasva me (sUtra naM0 2.2 aura 2.14) aisA hI vidhAna karate haiM / unhoMne hemacaMdra aura vararuci kI taraha kAI samAdhAna nahIM kiyA hai / isa dRSTi se bharatanATayazAstra kA vidhAna kucha alaga sA lagatA hai / unhoMne anya madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke sAtha meM pakAra kA lopa nahIM rakhA hai parantu lopa ke badale meM pakAra ke vakAra meM badalane kI bAta alaga se udAharaNa dekara kahI hai / lepa ke sUtra meM pa kA ullekha hI nahIM hai vaccanti kagatadayavA lopamatthaM ca se vahanti sarA (17.7) phira pakAra ke lie alaga se sUcita kiyA hai ki

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18 Ara. candra ApANamAvANaM bhavati pakAreNa vatvayuktena 17.14) vyAkaraNakAroM ke ina paraspara virodhI vidhAnoM evaM bharatamuni ke Adeza ko dhyAna meM lete hue kyA aisA nahIM ho sakatA thA ki prAyaH lopa kA jo sUtra hai usameM pakAra kA samAveza nahIM karake usake lie aisA vidhAna banAte ki pakAra kA lopa yA usakA vakAra vaikalpika hai / zilAlekhIya evaM sAhityika pramANoM ke AdhAra para aisA niyama banAnA bhI ucita nahIM ThaharatA hai / meheNDale dvArA kiye gaye adhyayana kA sAra yaha hai ki zilAlekhoM meM madhyavartI pakAra kA adhikatara vakAra pAyA jAtA hai (dekhie pR0 273 se 275) / pizala mahodaya (186) ke anusAra bhI madhyavartI prakAra kA lopa kabhI kabhI hI hotA hai / sAhityika udAharaNa bhI yaha tathya spaSTa karate haiM / vividha graMthoM kI bhASA kA vizleSaNa yahA~ para udAharaNa ke lie prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai (a) sAhitya meM madhyavartI pa kA lopa yA vakAra ( grantha kA nAma ) yathAvat va lApa (i) setubandham, AzvAsa 2 1 25 34 3 (ii) gAthAsaptazatI zataka 3 1 se 50 gAthA (iii) svapnavAsavadattam aMka 1, 2, 3 (iv) isimAsiyAI' adhyAya 29, varddhamAna adhyAya 31, pArzva 1 26 o 23 11 * vakAra % 80 92 74 100 91

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WW . paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 19 (5) uttarAdhyayana. a. 13 [zArpeNTiyara evaM puNyavijayajI ke saMskaraNAnusAra] (AlsaDarpha ke anusAra nau prAcIna padyoM kA vizleSaNa) 1 13 . 93 (vi) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (101 se 200 gAthAeM) (vii) pajjosavaNA (kalpasUtra 232 se 261 saMpA. puNyavi. 12 (viii) bRhat kalpasUtra, a. 1 (ghAsIlAlajI) (ix) sUtrakR0 itthIparinnA (ka) AlsaDarpha saMskaraNa 1 32 0 (kha) ma0 ja0 vidyAlaya 2 29 0 94 (x) paNNavaNAsUtra (sUtra naM. 1 - 74, 139 - 147) (xi) SaTkhaNDAgama sU. 1.1-81 3 19 3 76 (ba) va ke lopa kA sthiti madhyavartI vakAra kA prAyaH lopa hotA hai aisA niyama diyA gayA hai vaha bhI ucita nahIM lagatA hai / pizala mahodaya (186) ke anusAra kabhI kabhI hI lopa hotA hai / meheNDale ke anusAra (pR0 274-275) zilAlekhoM meM madhyavartI vakAra kA lopa kvacit hI hotA hai / sAhitya meM va kA lopa lopa yathAvat pratizata yathAvat (i) svapnavAsavadattam (aMka1,2,3) 0 46 (ii) gAthAsaptazatI (3.1-50) 10 12 / -(iii) setubandham (sarga 2.1 se 46) 15 37 .. GG 0 61

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ke. Ara. caMdra svapnavAsavadattam jaisI prAcIna kRti meM va kA lopa nahIM milatA hai / parantu paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta kRtiyoM gAthAsaptazatI aura setubandha meM va kA lopa mila rahA hai / kyA isI kAraNa vararuci kova ke lopa kA sUtra meM ullekha karanA par3A aura paravartI sampAdakoM para vararuci kA prabhAva par3A nIce diye jA rahe ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke prAcIna granthoM kI bhASA kA vizleSaNa bhI yahI sAbita karatA hai ki unameM vakAra lopa nahIM mila rahA hai / kA prAyaH lopa yathAvat pratizata yathAvat (iv) isimAsiyAI (ka) a0 29 vardhamAna (kha) a0 31 pArzva (v) sUtrakR0 itthIparinnA (ka) AlsaDarpha (kha) jaMbUvijayajI (vi) uttarAdhyayana, a. 13 0 0 0 (vii) paNNatraNA sUtra (1 se 74,139 se 147) (viii) SaT khaNDAgama a0 1.1 81 (ix) bRhat kalpasUtra a. 1 (ghAsIlA.) 2 (x) vizeSAva. bhASya 101-200 8 (xi) pajjosavaNAsUtra 232-261 14 50 27 29 60 100 100. 100 100 100 53 75 20 91 75 91 68 91 sAhitya meM upalabdha prayogoM se spaSTa ho rahA hai ki madhyavartI pakAra kA prAyaH lopa nahIM milatA hai / usakA mukhyata: vakAra hI hotA hai / jaina aura jainetara donoM hI sAhitya meM kama se kama 72 100. 94

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 21 pratizata aura adhika se adhika 91 se 100 pratizata pa kA va milatA hai / taba phira vyAkaraNakAroM ne madhyavartI pakAra ke viSaya meM prAyaH lopa kA niyama kaise banAyA hogA / madhyavartI vakAra ke prAyaH lopa kA niyama to bilakula ucita nahIM ThaharatA hai / kahanA paDegA ki pakAra aura vakAra ke viSaya meM prAkRta vyAkaraNakAroM ke niyama zilAlekhIya evaM sAhityika pramANoM ke viparIta jAte haiM / kama se kama prAcInatama sAhitya kI prAkRta bhASA para yaha niyama lAgU nahIM hotA hai ataH ardhamAgadhI . bhASA para bhI ye niyama lAga nahIM hote haiM /

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4. madhyavatI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa vararuci aura hemacandra donoM hI vyAkaraNakAra madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM ke bAre meM ekamata haiM / unake sUtroM ke anusAra ka,ga, ca,ja, ta,da,pa,ya aura va kA prAyaH lopa hotA hai / vararuci kA sUtra hai-- kagacajatadapayavAM prAyo lopaH (2.2) / hemacandra kA sUtra hai kagacajatadapayavAM prAyo luka (4.1.177) / isake sAtha-sAtha pa kA prAyaH va bhI hotA hai aisA sUtra bhI donoM ne diyA hai po vaH (2.15); vakArAdezo bhavati-bhAmaha / po vaH (8.1.231); pasya prAyo vA bhavati-(hemacandra kI vRtti) zaurasenI aura mAgadhI meM ta aura tha ke lie ghoSIkaraNa kA niyama diyA gayA hai takArasya dakAro bhavati, thasya dho vA bhavati / (hema. sUtra-8.4.260, 267) / tathayaurdadhau (vararuci-12.3) vararuci ne to sAmAnya prAkRta meM bhI ta kA da hotA hai aisA niyama aura udAharaNa bhI diye haiM jabaki hemacandra ise sAmAnya prAkRta meM mAnya nahIM rakhate haiM / RtvAdiSu to daH / (vararuci-2.7) / hemacandra kA mata hai ki

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI kecid RtvAdiSu da ityArabdhavantaH sa tu zaurasenImAgadhIviSaya eva dRzyate iti nocyate vRtti (8.1.209) / A. hemacandra ne lopa ke niyama ke antargata kahIM kahIM para ca kA ja aura ka kA ga honA bhI arthAt aghoSa vyaMjanoM kA ghoSa honA bhI sAmAnya prAkRta meM hI batalAyA hai / 23 prAkRta bhASA ke prArambhika kAla meM madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM ke prAyaH lopa kI pravRtti niyamita nahIM ho sakatI jaisA ki donoM vyAkaraNakAra samajhAte haiM / 'bharata nATya - zAstra' ke anusAra bhI ka,ga, ta, da, ya aura va kA hI lopa batalAyA gayA hai baccanti kagatadayavA lopam (17.7) / inameM ca ja aura pa kA samAveza nahIM hotA hai parantu pa kA va meM badalane kA alaga se udAharaNa diyA gayA haiApANamAvANaM bhavati pakAreNa vatvayuktena / (17.14) / bAda meM ca ke badale meM ya (ya zruti) hone ke bhI udAharaNa diye gaye haiM pracalAcirAcalAdiSu bhavati cakAropi tu yakAra : ( ( 7.14 ) madhyavartI ja ke lopa kA ullekha hI nahIM hai / vararuci aura hemacandra dvArA AdiSTa sabhI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA lopa prAyaH hotA ho aisA 'bharata nATaya-zAstra' se phalita nahIM hotA hai / isI sandarbha meM caNDa ke 'prAkRta lakSaNam' kA mata jAnanA bhI upayogI hogA / unake sUtra isa prakAra haiM prathamadvitIyayo dvitIyacaturthI ( 3.11) / prathamasya tRtIyaH (3.12) /

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ke. Ara. caMdra . . arthAt alpaprANa kA mahAprANa aura aghoSa kA ghoSa hotA hai / ina sUtroM ke pazcAt phira kahA gayA hai katRtIyayoH svare (3.36) / arthAt madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA lopa hotA hai / caNDa ne pahale mahAprANa aura ghoSa banane kI bAta kahI aura tatpazcAt lopa ke bAre meM kahA / hemacandra aura vararucine pahale lopa kI bAta kahI phira ghoSa banane kI bAta kahI / vyAkaraNakAroM ke ina alaga alaga prakAra ke niyamoM aura unake krama meM ekarUpatA na hone se phalita hotA hai ki sabhI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA lopa eka sAtha nahIM kintu dhIre-dhIre kramazaH pracalana meM AyA hogaa| sarvaprathama to ghoSIkaraNa kI sAmAnya pravRtti thI / nIti DolcI bhI isI mata kI puSTi karatI hai / / __ mAgadhI aura zaurasenI prAkRta bhASAe~ mahArASTrI prAkRta se pUrvavartI avasthA kI bhASAe~ haiM ata: unameM (ta, tha = da, dha ke sivAya) alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopaM honA kahAM taka ucita mAnA jAnA caahie| paizAcI prAkRta bhI mahArASTI se pUrvakAla kI bhASA hai / usameM alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA lopa nahIM hai / usI prakAra mAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM prAyaH lopa vAlA niyama prAkRta bhASAoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa kI dRSTi se ucita nahIM ThaharatA / vararuci ke anusAra to madhyavartI ta kA da prAkRta meM hI hotA thA parantu hemacandra ne isakA niSedha karake ta ke lopa ko bhI sAmAnya banA diyA jaisA ki Upara ullekha ho cukA hai / zilAlekhoM meM ghoSa aura lopa kI sthiti meheNDale dvArA kiye gaye zilAlekhIya bhASA ke vizleSaNa ke

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 25 anusAra aMghoSa vyaMjanoM kA ghoSa I0 sa0 ke pahale se hI (azoka ke samaya se hI) prArambha ho jAtA hai jabaki unakA lopa I0 sa0 ke pazcAt gati pakar3atA hai / sabhI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA lopa eka sAtha prArambha nahIM hotA hai parantu samaya kI gati ke sAtha baDhatA hai / vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pUrvAparatA ko dhyAna meM rakhA jAya to sabase pahale madhyavartI ya,va aura da kA lopa hotA hai / usake pazcAt ja, pa,ka,ca aura ta kA, usake bAda ga kI bArI AtI hai / ina saba meM pahale ya zruti ko sthAna milatA hai jabaki uvRtta svara kA yathAvat rahanA arthAt zuddha lepa kI pravRtti paravartI ho aisA pramANita hotA hai (dekhie, meheNDale, pR 271-274) / zilAlekhIya bhASA meM dhvani-parivartana (madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke ghoSa, aghoSa aura lopa) kA citra isa prakAra hai / ghoSIkaraNa (i) ka kA ga : I.sa. pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM pUrvI kSetra se phailA ca kA ja : I.sa. pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM pUrvI kSetra se phailA pa kA va : I.sa. pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM pUrva aura dakSiNa se phailA / ta kA da' : I.sa. pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM uttara-pazcima aura uttara se phailA / (ii) tha kA dha : I.sa. pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI meM pUrvI kSetra se phailA kha kA gha : I.sa. pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM madhyakSetra se phailA

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ke. Ara. candra ghoSIkaraNa kI pravRtti spaSTa taura se I0sa0 ke pUrva hI prArambha ho jAtI hai aura vaha bhI pUrvI kSetra se hI anya kSetroM meM phailatI hai. arthAt mAgadhI bhASA kA jo pradeza mAnA jAtA hai vahIM se prArambha hotI hai aura anya kSetroM meM phailatI hai / / zilAlekhoM meM ya zruti isa prakAra milatI hai / ka kI : tIsarI zatI I0sa0 pUrva pUrvI kSetra meM pahalI zatI I0sa0 pUrva pazcima meM dUsarI zatI I0sa0 pUrva dakSiNa meM ga kI : (i) tIsarI zatI I0sa0 pUrva pUrva,pazcima, uttara-pazcima (ii) prathama zatAbdI I0sa0 se yaha pravRtti bnd| . ca kI : pahalI zatI I0sa0 pUrva uttara-pazcima meM pahalI zatI I0sa0 madhya kSetra va dakSiNa meM ja kI : tIsarI zatI I0sa0 pUrva uttara-pazcima meM dUsarI zatI I0 sa0 pUrva pazcima meM ta kI : dUsarI zatI I0sa0 pUrva madhya kSetra meM pahalI zatI I0sa0 pUrva pazcima meM da kI : dUsarI zatI I0sa0 pUrva pazcima meM pahalI zatI I0 sa0 pUrva madhya kSetra meM pahalI zatI I0sa0 pUrva dakSiNa meM arthAt ya zruti isa prakAra milatI hai :(i) ka,ga,ja kI tIsarI zatI I0sa0 pUrva se / (ii) ta,da kI dUsarI zatI I0 sa0 pUrva se / (iii) ca kI pahalI zatI I0sa0 pUrva se / madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti (udvRtta svara ko yathAvat

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 27. rakhanA) I0sa0 ke pazcAt hI bala pakar3atI hai aura vaha bhI pUrvIkSetra meM nahIM, parantu anya kSetroM (uttara-pazcima, pazcima aura dakSiNa) meM : pAyI jAtI hai jisakA vivaraNa isa prakAra diyA jA sakatA haimadhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti kA prasAra (i) ya kA I0sa0 pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM uttara-pazcima se anya jagaha / (ii) va I0sa0 pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM pazcima se anya jagaha (iii) da kA I0sa0 pUrva 250 meM pazcima se anya jagaha (iv) ja kA I0 sa0 pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI meM pazcima se anya jagaha (v) pa kA I0sa0 pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM uttara-pazcima se anya jagaha / (vi) ka kA I0sa0 prathama zatAbdI meM pazcima, uttara-pazcima aura dakSiNa se anya jagaha / (vii) ca kA I0 sa0 prathama zatAbdI meM uttara-pazcima, dakSiNa __ aura madhya kSetra se anya jagaha / (viii) ta kA I0sa0 prathama zatAbdI meM pazcima se anya jagaha (ix) ga kA I0sa0 dUsarI zatAbdI me uttara-pazcima se anya jagaha / meheNDale ne apane upasaMhAroM meM madhyavartI dha aura bha ke sthAna para ha banane ke bAre meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA hai (pR0 271-274) / mAtra dhAtu /bhU kA 'ho' bananA aura tRtIya puruSa ba0 va0 kI gibhakti . bhi kA sarvatra -hi milanA-i-hI pravRttiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA haiM / arthAt anya sthiti meM madhyavartI dha aura bha kA ha meM parivartana hone : kA ullekha karane yogya sAmagrI nahA' hai /

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..28 ke. Ara. candra zilAlekhIya bhASA ke isa vizleSaNa se yahI pramANita ho rahA hai ki madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA ghoSIkaraNa prAcIna hai jabaki lopa usake * bAda kI pravRtti hai / leApa kI pravRtti kA pracalana uttara-pazcima aura pazcima (arthAt vindhya kA dakSiNI bhAga bhI) meM sabase pahale huA aura paMjatara, kalavAna tathA takSazilA ke prathama zatAbdI ke zilAlekhoM meM to madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA lopa 30 se 34 pratizata milatA hai / . zAriputra-prakaraNam kI tulanA meM svapnavAsavadattam , vikramorvazIyam aura mRcchakaTikam-ina vibhinna kAla ke tIna nATakoM meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke ghoSa banane kI aura phira lopa hone kI pravRtti kramaza: baDhatI hI jAtI hai / AcArAMga (ma.jai.vi. saMskaraNa) ke prathama adhyayana kI bhASA ke dhvanyAtmaka parivartana saMbaMdhI vizleSaNa se patA calatA hai ki usameM madhyavartI ga yathAvat milatA hai, ka kA lopa mAtra 35% hai aura ghoSIkaraNa 65% hai, da kA lopa mAtra 20% hai, ta kA lopa bhI .30% hai aura pa kA prAyaH va milatA hai| paumacariyaM meM madhyavartI pa kA lepa 7% aura pa kA va 75% milatA hai / vasudevahiMDI meM pa kA va 71% aura lopa 0% milatA hai / AlsaDarpha dvArA sampAdita sUtrakRtAMga ke itthIparinnA' nAmaka adhyAya meM ke kA lopa mAtra 22% hI hai aura ka kA ga 65% milatA hai / isameM madhyavartI ga kA lopa 130/0 milatA hai / pa ko va meM parivartana 95% milatA hai aura va kA lopa mAtra 24 milatA hai / aisI avasthA meM vyAkaraNakAroM kA prAyaH lopa kA niyama kisa : prakAra lAga hogA ? kama se kama prAcIna granthoM kI bhASA para yaha

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paramparAgata prAkata vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 29 niyama lAga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / ataH vyAkaraNakAroM dvArA AdiSTa (madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke lopa evaM ghoSIkaraNa ke) niyamoM meM ekarUpatA ke abhAva se tathA zilAlekhIya pramANoM se (ki prArambha meM ghoSIkaraNa aura tatpazcAt lopa kI pravRtti kA vikAsa huA) aura prAcIna sAhitya evaM nATakoM kI bhASA ina sabhI prakAra ke AdhAroM se I0sa0 pUrva kI tIsarI zatAbdI se prathama zatAbdI I0sa0 pUrva taka kI prAkRta bhASA kA kyA svarUpa rahA hogA yaha jAnA jA sakatA hai| aisI avasthA meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke una aMzoM kA jo prAcIna mAne gaye haiM, yAkobI mahodaya ne tIsarI zatAbdI I0sa0 pUrva se pazcAt kAlIna nahIM mAtA hai-una una aMzoM meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa kahA~ taka ucita mAnA jAegA ? ataH aise aMzoM kA. sampAdana upalabdha sAmagrI ke AdhAra para prAkRta bhASA ke prAcIna bhASAkIya tattvoM kA tAratamya dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA jAnA anivArya bana jAtA hai / isa tathya (arthAt madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa prAcIna prAkRta sAhitya meM ucita nahIM ThaharatA) kI puSTi uttarAdhyana ke 13veM adhyAya kI una gAthAoM se bhI hotI hai jinheM AlsaDarpha ne prAcInatama' batAyA hai / ye gAthAeM isa prakAra haiM6, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 26, 27 aura 30 / ina nau. gAthAoM kA bhASAkIya vizleSaNa isa prakAra hai --(inameM madhyavartI ta. aura da ke parivartana ko chor3a diyA gayA hai)| zANTiyara saMskaraNa puNyavijayajI saMskaraNa yathAvat ghoSa lopa yathAvat ghoSa lopa 0

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30 30 ke. Ara. candra 5 0 0 1 13 1 0 13 . . F 0 0 | Gc - 0 0 25 17 7 .26 17 5 kula lopa 14% kula lopa 1050/0 (i) ka kA ghoSa adhika ka kA ghoSa adhika (ii) ga kA lopa alpa ga kA lopa bilakula nahIM * (iii) pa kA lopa nahIM pa kA lopa nahIM paraMtu va paraMtu va meM parivartana meM parivartana (iv) va kA lopa nahIM va kA lopa nahIM isI vizleSaNa ko anya prakAra se yahA~ para prastuta kiyA jAtA hai (pratizata ke rUpa meM) ghoSa yathAvat ka 28 57 ga 11 - pa0 ya" 0 va dhvani-parivartana kI isa sthiti ko dekhate hue prAkRta sAhitya ke prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle aMzoM kI bhASA para vararuci aura . 0 0 600 0 0 |

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paramparAgata prAkata vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 31 hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNoM ke prAyaH lopa ke niyama lAga nahIM hote haiM / isa dRSTi se ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM kA punaH sampAdana anivArya sA bana jAtA hai / 1. The Prakrit Grammarians, L. Nitti, Dolci, p. 210, Motilal Banarasidas, 1972 2. Ibid, p. 159 3. AlsaDarpha ke anusAra (meheNDale ke niSkarSa kA nirAkaraNa karate hue) aghoSa kA ghoSa bananA jisameM ta-da kA bhI samAveza hotA hai yaha pUrvI kSetra kI hI vizeSatA rahI hai-Kleine Schriften, p. 451, Wiesbaden (1974, A.D.). 4. dekhie Age-"vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke pAThAntaroM, utkIrNa prAcIna abhi. lekhoM aura isibhAsiyAI kI bhASA ke pariprekSya meM prAcIna Agama granthoM kA sampAdana" 5. dekhie merA lekha-''Study of Prakrits in Classsical Dramas : Their Stages in Some Early Dramas", Vidya, Guj. Univ., Aug. 1980, pp. 45-60 6. Ludwig Alsdot : Kleine seriften, 1974 A.D., pp. 197-200 7. Ibid. pp. 186--192

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5. madhyavartI udvRtta svara ke sthAna para ___ 'ya' zruti kI yathArthatA AcArya zrI hemacandra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM aisA niyama diyA hai ki madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA lopa hone para 'a' aura 'A' zeSa rahane para yadi ve 'a' aura 'A' ke bAda meM Aye ho to aura kabhI kabhI anya svaroM ke bAda Aye ho to bhI una 'a' aura 'A' kI laghu prayatna ke kAraNa 'ya' zruti ho jAtI hai / unakA sUtra aura vRtti isa prakAra haiavarNo ya zrutiH 8.1.180 kagacajetyAdinA luki sati zeSaH avarNaH avarNAtparo laghuprayatnatarayazrutirbhavati / / nayara, rasAyalo, payAvaI, pAyAlaM / kvacid bhavati (arthAt zeSa 'a', 'A' ke pahale 'a' yA 'A' nahIM hone para bhI) piyai (pibati) aura sariyA (saritA 8.1.15) / vyAkaraNakAra caNDa ke 'prAkRta lakSaNa' meM bhI 'ya' zruti kA sUtra diyA gayA hai parantu hemacandra kI taraha itanA spaSTa nahIM hai-- ... yatvamavaNe 3.37 ___ kakAravargatRtIyayoravaNe pare yatvaM bhavati / kAkA:-kAyA, nAgA:= nAyA / vararuci isa pravRtti ke bAre meM mauna hai / to kyA aisA mAnA jAya ki isa 'ya' zrati kI pravRtti vararuci ke bAda meM prArambha huI yA vararuci ne jisa prAkRta bhASA kA vyAkaraNa likhA hai usameM yA unake samaya meM 'ya' zruti kA pracalana hI nahIM thA aura yaha pravRtti bAda meM pracalita huI /

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 31 Azcarya kI bAta to yaha hai ki isa mantavya ke viruddha bharatanATyazAstra meM 'ma' ati kA AMzika rUpa se pratyakSa rUpa meM anumodana milatA hai / usameM nimna prakAra kA nideza haipracalAcirAcalAdiSu bhavati cakAropi mu yakAra: 17. 16 arthAt madhyavartI 'ca' kA 'ya' bhI hotA hai / aba loka-pravRtti ko bhI dekha leM ki usameM 'ya' ati kA pracalana thA yA nahIM aura 'ya' bhuti ke niyama kA mAtra jaina lekhama paramparA meM hI jo pAlana kiyA gayA hai yaha kahA~ taka ucita hai ? pAli sAhitya meM lo madhyavartI alAprANa vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti hai hI nahIM phira bhI usameM bhI kahIM kahIM para 'ya' zruti milatI hai jo loka-pravRtti ke prabhAva ke namUne mila rahe ho aisA mAlUma hotA hai / gAigara mahodaya' (36) ne kucha udAharaNa isa prakAra diye haiM jo prAcInatama pAli sAhitya meM bhI milate haiM niya(nija)-suttanipAta, AveNiya (AveNika) - vinayapiTaka, aparagoyAna (aparagodAna)-bodhivaMza, khAyita (khAdita)-jAtaka / isa 'ya' zruti kA pracalana prAcIna kAla se hI thA yaha zilAlekhoM se bhI siddha hotA hai / DaoN. ema. e. meheMDale kA isake bAre meM nimna prakAra kA niSkarSa hai samrATa azokake pUrvI kSetra ke zilAlekhoM meM madhyavatI 'ka' aura 'ga' kA kabhI kabhI lopa hone para zeSa rahe usa 'a' kA jo 'a' aura 'i' ke pazcAt AtA hai kabhI kabhI "ya' meM badalane ke kucha udAharaNa prApta ho rahe haiN|

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ke. Ara. candra ____ yaha niSkarSa hemacandra ke niyama ke sAtha pUrNataH sAmya rakhatA hai / ve Age kahate haiM ki isI prakAra uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM 'A' aura 'o' ke pazcAt Ane vAle 'ja' kA lopa hone para zeSa rahe 'a' ke 'ya' meM badalane ke kucha udAharaNa milate haiM / azoka se paravatI I. sa. kI cauthI zatAbdI taka ke bhArata ke sabhI kSetroM meM prApta ho rahe zilAlekhoM meM madhyavartI alpaprANa ke lopa ke bAda udvRtta svara kI 'ya' zruti hone ke kitane hI udAharaNa milate haiM aura yathAvat udvRtta svara bhI milate haiM / . zilAlekhoM meM prApta ho rahe 'ya' zruti ke udAharaNa isa prakAra diye jA sakate haiM - (a) azoka ke zilAlekha anAvutiya (anAyuktika)- dhaulI pRthak, jaugaDa pRthak / --upaya (-upaga)-dhaulI, kAlasI, zAha., mAna., gira. / adhAtiya (ardhatrika)--laghu zilAlekha / kamboya (kamboja), raya (rAjan), samaya (samAja)-zAhabAjagaDhaM / (ba) kharoSThI zilAlekha (i) sahayara (sahacara) K14', maharaya (maharAja) K13'-prathama zatI I. sa. pUrva (ii) saMvatsaraya (saMvatsaraka) K3'-prathamazatAbdI I. sa. (iii) avyaya 'ca' kA bhI 'ya' K863-dvitIya zatI I.sa.(K86, - kAbula ke pAsa vardaka ke kalazalekha (Vase Inscp.) se / (iv) maharaya (mahArAja) K13', pUya (pUjA) KP, K804, K88 (prathama zatAbdI I. sa. pUrva se tRtIya zatAbdI I. sa. taka)

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa ko samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI jJAtavya ho ki pro. meheMDale dvArA diye gaye udAharaNoM meM (1.298299) 'ya' zruti ke udAharaNoM ke sAtha sAtha udAharaNoM kI mAtrA adhika hai / udvRtta svaroM ke vyAkaraNakAra vararuci ne prAkRta bhASA ke jo lakSaNa diye haiM unake AdhAra se ve dakSiNa pradeza (mahArASTra, vindhyagiri ke dakSiNa kA pradeza) ke nivAsI the aisI saMbhAvanA ho sakatI hai - yaha eka anumAna mAtra hai / ve dakSiNa pradeza ke ho aura dakSiNa meM 'ya' zruti kI yaha pravRtti vidyamAna na ho aisI zaMkA kI jA sakatI hai / parantu dakSiNa ke zilAlekhoM meM prathama zatAbdI I. sa. pUrva se hI isa pravRtti ke udAharaNa milate haiM (* dekhie Age pR. 45 aura adhyAya 8 kA antimapairA ) / (i) aya - sopAraya ( zUrpAraka ) L 1119 nAnAghATa II Aya- nAya (nAga) L 1078, bhAjA iya-sAmiya (svAmika) L10163, nAsika IV uya - puyatha (pUjArtha) L 10003, kaNherI oya - mahAbhoya ( mahAbhoja) L1073, kuDA (ii) AyA - rAyA (rAjA) L 1113, nAnAghATa I uyA veNyA (triSNukA ) L 1060, kuDA 35 (iii) ayi-pavayitikA ( pravrajitikA) L 1041, kuDA pavayita ( pratrajita ) L 1125, nAsika IV evaM kaNherI Ayi - mAyilA (bhrAjilA ) L 1050, kArle I iyi - vANiyiya ( vANijiya- vANijya) L 1055, kuDA eyi - veyikA (vedikA) L 1089, I

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ke. Ara. candra (iv) AyU-pAyUna (pAdona) L 1133. nAsika H yahI nahIM parantu caturtha zatAbdI ke maisUra rAjya ke belArI jille ke zivaskaMdavarmA ke hIrahaDagalli ke tAmrapatra meM bhI 'ya' zrati kA prayoga milatA hai / bhAraddAyo (bhAradvAjaH), bhAradAya (bhAradvAja), akUra-yollaka(akUra-- collk)| arthAt aisA anumAna nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA ki dakSiNa meM yaha pravRtti nahIM thI / isa pariprekSya meM vararuci dvArA 'ya' zrati kA ullekha nahIM kiyA jAnA unake vyAkaraNa kA eka Azcarya hI hai / zilAlekhoM meM jo udAharaNa milate haiM unameM sabhI svaroM ke pazcAt Ane vAle prAyaH sabhI udvRtta svaroM ke sthAna para 'ya' zrati milatI hai / pizala mahodaya kA bhI mata hai ki jainoM dvArA likhI gayI hastapratoM meM bhI yahI sthiti hai parantu jainetara racanAoM kI hastapratoM meM yaha 'ya' zruti nahIM apanAyI mayI hai / unakA kahanA hai kI lekhana kA sahI tarIkA yaha hai ki sabhI skaroM ke bAda udvRtta svara a aura A ke sthAna para 'ya' zruti kA upayoga honA cAhie (pizala 187) / Adhunika bhASAoM meM bhI yaha 'ya' zruti kitane hI zabdoM meM pAyI jAtI hai| hindI : gayA, kiyA, diyA, piyA, aMdhiyArA, bahiniyA, siyAra (zRgAla), sIyArAma (sItArAma), jIyadAna, amiya, piyara / gujarAtI : piyara, sIyAla (zRgAla), mAyaru, diyara, gayo, zIyAlo, hoya / baMgAlI : zayara (zakara), moyA (modk)| marAThI : pAya (paad)| anya zabda : dhanapatarAya, rAyabahAdura, kAyara / vAstava meM uccAraNa kI saralatA aura laghu-prayatna kA siddhAMta hI

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 37 isa 'ya' zruti meM lAgU hotA hai jo eka svAbhAvika niyama hai jisake lie vyAkaraNakAroM kA anumodana ho yA na ho, parantu sabhI jainetara prAkRta saMskaraNoM meM 'ya' zrati kA nahIM milanA vAstavikatA ke anurUpa nahIM hai / 1. Pali Literature and Language, Geiger, Eng. Trans. by B. K. Ghosh, Delhi-1968, pp. 81-82 2. Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits : M. A. Mehen. ___dale, Poona, 1948, pp. 271-276 3. Prof. Satya Ranjan Banerjee is also of the same opinion. He says that something like 'Ya Sruti' is noticed by Panini in one of his sutras. He further surmises---The above survey shows that "Ya' sruti is a natural and logical consequence in language and in Prakrit this is reflected after the elision of some intervocalic consonants--'vide his article : 'Ya-sruti in Prakrit' published in the Jain Journal Calcutta, Vol. XXVI, No. 3, Jan. 1992, pp. 166 and 168.

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6. anunAsika vyaMjana GU aura J kA anusvAra meM parivatarna AcArya zrI hemacandra apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke prArambha meM hI prathama pAda ke prathama sUtra kI vRtti meM aisA kahate haiM ki anunAsika vyaMjana G aura j apane varga ke vyaMjanoM ke sAtha saMyukta rUpa meM prayukta hote hI haiM vRttiGa svavargyasaMyuktau bhavata eva (8.1.1) parantu punaH sUtra naM 25 meM aisA Adeza hai ki G, J, NU aura vyaMjana Ane para unakA anusvAra ho jAtA hai / yathA n ke pazcAt sUtra - DANano vyaJjane (8.1.25 ) vRtti - GANana ityeteSAM sthAne vyaJjane pare anusvAro bhavati / udAharaNa- paGktiH = paMtI, parAGmukhaH paraM muho, kaJcukaH-kaMcuo, lAJchanam = laMchaNaM, SaNmukhaH = chaMmuho, utkaNThA = ukkaMThA, sandhyA saMjhA, vindhyaH = vijho / inameM do prakAra ke udAharaNa haiM - eka svavarga ke aura dUsare paravarga ke / kaMcuo, laMchaNaM, saMjhA, vijho aura ukkaMThA svavarga ke haiM / jabaki paraMmuho aura chaMmuho paravarga ke haiM parantu sAthavAlA paravarga kA vyaMjana bhI anunAsika hI hai / isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki anunAsika vyaMjana yadi kisI bhI vyaMjana ke sAtha saMyukta rUpa meM AtA hai to usakA anusvAra ho jAtA hai arthAt svavarga ke sAtha Ane para bhI anusvArameM badala jAtA hai / isakA artha yaha huA ki pahale jo kahA gayA ki apane apane varga

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 39 ke sAtha vyaMjana rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai-usI ke viparIta yaha kahA jA rahA hai / ... hemacandra punaH aisA kahate haiM ki anusvAra ke pazcAt vargIya - vyaMjana Ane para usakA vikalpa se anunAsika hotA hai / udAharaNArtha.... paGko--paMko, kaJcuo-kaMcuo, kaNTao-kaMTao, antaraM-aMtaraM, kampai kaMpai / parantu anusvAra ke pazcAt sa yA ha Ane para anusvAra hI rahatA hai, jaise--saMsao, saMharai / yathA-- sUtra-vargentyo vA (8.1.30) vRtti-anusvArasya varge pare pratyAsattestasyaiva vargasyAtyo vA bhavati / varga iti kim / saMsao, saMharai / ve punaH kahate haiM-- nityamicchantyanye / / arthAt eka paramparA aisI thI jo anunAsika vyaJjana kA svarga ke vyaJjana ke sAtha saMyukta rUpa meM prayoga nitya mAnatI thI / jaba hemacandra ke ina tIna prakArAntara ke vidhAnoM kA manthana karate haiM to yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki pahale pahala unhoMne saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM G aura a (anya anunAsikoM kI taraha) kA prayoga mAnya rakhA / tatpazcAt anusvAra kA vidhAna kiyA aura anta meM anusvAra yA anunAsika donoM kA prayoga vaikalpika batAyA / / isa viSaya meM vaiyAkAraNa vararuci kA eka hI vidhAna rahA hai jo zrI hemacandra ke aMtima vidhAna ke sAtha mela rakhatA hai / yathA sUtra-yayi vargAntaH (4.17) vRtti-yayi parato bindustadvargAnto vA bhavati / udAharaNa- saGkA, saGkho, saMkA, saMkho

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ke. Ara. candra vararuci ina donoM prakAra ke prayogoM ko vaikalpika mAnate haiM jabaki AcArya hemacandra pahale anunAsika ke prayoga ko mAnya skhate haiM aura bAda meM use vaikalpika banA dete haiM aura sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhA kahate haiM ki anya vyAkaraNakAra. anunAsika vyaMjana ke prayoga ko nitya mAnate haiN| - isaH sabakA sAra yahI nikalatA hai ki prAcInatA kI dRSTi se anunAsika (G aura J kA bhI) kA hI svarNa ke vyaMjana ke sAtha saMyugAta rUpa meM prayoga hotA thA parantu bAda meM vaikalpika rUpa meM anusvAra kA prayoga hone lagA / prAcIna. prAkRtoM ke bAda arvAcIna prAkRtoM meM se hokara Adhunika bhASAoM meM anusvAra ke prayoga kI hI pradhAnatA rahI hai aura usI kA prabhAva prAkRta kI hastapratoM para bhI par3A aura dhIre dhIre Ga aura Ja ke badale meM sirpha anusvAra kA hI pracalana baDhatA gayA hai / parantu svayaM AcArya zrI hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM G aura na ke sajAtIya vyaMjana ke sAtha saMyukta rUpa vAle prayoga hI prAyaH milate haiM / dhAtvAdeza, zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura apabhraMza ke udAharaNoM meM bhI yahI sthiti hai / saMyukta vyaMjana ke rUpa meM prayukta G ke sthAna para lagabhaga 6% aura b ke sthAna para lagabhaga 13% hI anusvAra ke prayoga haiM / donoM kA sammilita prayoga lagabhaga nau pratizata hI hotA hai / paM. zrI becaradAsajI ne apane hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa-- grantha meM (gujarAtI) aneka sthaloM para anunAsika ke badalemeM anusvAra ke prayoga kI chUTa rakhI hai| parantu pizala mahodaya ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM prAkRta sAhitya se diye gaye udAharaNoM meM, zubiMga mahodaya dvArA

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI - sampAdita jaina AgamagranthoM meM, yAkobI mahodaya ke paumacariyaM meM aura vAlsaDarpha mahodaya dvArA sampAdita itthIpariramA nAma ke adhyAya meM saMyuktarUpa meM prayukta kavarga aura carcA ke anunAsikoM kA hI prAyaH prayoga milatA hai, jo prAcIna paddhati kA anukaraNa hai / pAli bhASA meM to sajAtIya vyaMjana ke sAtha G aura J ke hI prayoga milate haiM / pAli kI taraha ardhamAgadhI bhASA bhI prAcIna bhASA rahI hai parantu Agama-granthoM ke kaI Adhunika bhAratIya saMskaraNoM meM anusvAra kA pracalana kara diyA gayA hai, jo spaSTataH kisI na kisI taraha pAiya-sada mahaNNavo kI paddhati, Adhunika bhASAoM aura paravartI * hastapratoM kI lekhana-paddhati se prabhAvita hai / spaSTa hai ki badalatI huI isa paddhati kA prabhAva prAcIna prAkRta sAhitya kI arvAcIna hastapratoM para bhI par3e binA nahIM raha sakA / AcArya zrI hemacandra dvArA diye gaye kucha udAharaNa, jinameM anusvAra ke sthAna para anunAsika kA prayoga hai, isa prakAra diye jA sakate haiMkaJcuiA (4.263), haje (4.281) kaJcuiyA (4.302), haje (4.302) zaurasenI mAgadhI apabhraMza vaku (4.330), aDgu (4.332) muJjanti (4.335) ucchaGgi (4.336) hemacandra ke nimna sUtroM evaM udAharaNoM meM anusvAra ke badale 41 anunAsika kA prayoga hai zulke jovA (8.2.11) suna, sukkaM (paM. zrI becarabhAI ke anusAra suMga pR. 107) zAGgAtpUrvAt (8.2.100) sAraGga / pizala dvArA jainetara sAhitya se diye gaye udAharaNoM meM anunAsika vyaMjana ke prayoga -:

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42 ke. Ara. candra aGgAra (hAla), bhuJjasu (hAla), pauJja (kapUramaJjarI) / . gAthAsaptazatI evaM setubandha kI taraha hI bhAsa ke nATakoM meM bhI ina donoM anunAsikoM ke prayoga milate haiM jaba ve sajAtIya varNa ke sAtha prayukta hue haiM / . anta meM aisA kahanA anucita nahIM hogA ki i. aura J ke badale meM anusvAra kA prayoga paravartI kAla kA hai / ataH prAcIna sAhitya meM prAcIna prayoga hI yathAvat rakhane ho to ardhamAgadhI ke granthoM ke sampAdana meM aura bU ke prayogoM ko anusvAra meM nahIM badalanA cAhie aura yAkobI, zubiga tathA AlsaDarpha mahodaya kI paddhati kA anukaraNa kiyA jAnA cAhie / - AcArAGga ke Agamodayasamiti ke saMskaraNa meM kavarga aura cavarga ke anunAsika vyaMjanoM kA sajAtIya vyaMjanoM ke sAtha prayoga isa prakAra milate haiM-- saMvAya 9.1.13, bhuJjitthA 9.1.18,19, bhuje 9.4 7 palAlapujesu 9.2.2, saMluJcamANA 9.3.6 ityAdi / ina udAharaNoM se spaSTa hai ki yahI purAnI paddhati hai / samaya ke prabhAva se hastapratoM meM se anunAsika vyaMjana G aura ja ke prayoga nikala gaye / pratiyAM bhI to dasavIM-gyAravIM zatAbdI ke bAda kI hI milatI haiM ata: unameM aise prayoga nahIM milanA svAbhAvika hai| paraMtu prAcIna bhASA kI prAcIna kRtiyoM ke sampAdama meM prAcIna paddhati apanAyI jAnI cAhie / 1. siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, laghuvRtti, khaNDa-3, OMdhyAya-8 (prAkRta vyAkaraNa), yuni..... grantha-nirmANa borDa, ahamadAbAda, 1978

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7 prAcIna prAkRta bhASA meM Adya nakAra yA NakAra namo arahatAnaM namo savasidhAnaM -(hAthIguphA zilAlekha) jaina dharma me paMca parameSThi ko sarvotkRSTa sthAna diyA gayA hai aura unase sambandhita hI namaskAra mantra pracalita hai aura hara jaina prAtaHkAla meM isI mantra kA pATha karatA hai / pracalita mantra ke prathama do pada isa prakAra ke haiM --- namo arihaMtANa namo siddhANaM ___ athavA evaM athavA Namo arihaMtANaM Namo siddhANaM yahA~ para hamArA prastuta viSaya yaha hai ki zabdoM ke prArambha meM dantya 'na' kAra ke badale meM mUrdhanya 'Na' kAra kA prayoga prAcInatama prAkRta bhASI (ardhamAgadhI) granthoM meM pracalita thA yA nahIM aura usa sAhitya ke Adhunika saMskaraNoM meM use jisa prakAra pracalita kiyA gayA hai vaha kahA~ taka ucita hai ? sarvaprathama Upara jo do pada diye gaye haiM ve kaliMgAdhipati mahArAjA khAravela ke hAthIguphA zilAlekha se uddhRta haiM / khAravela kA samaya prathama aura/yA dvitIya zatAbdI I.pU. mAnA jAtA hai / rAjA khAravela nigraMtha bhakta the / ve hI magadha deza ke rAjA vRhaspatimitra ko apane caraNoM meM namAkara 350 varSa pUrva nandarAjA dvArA har3apa kI gayI jina pratimA ko vApisa apane yahA~ lAye the / spaSTa hai ki ve nimra tha dharma ke dRDha bhakta the| unhIM ke zilAlekha meM namaskAra

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ke. Ara. candra mantra ke ye do pada aMkita haiM aura yaha mAnane meM koI Apatti nahIM hogI ki yaha mantra apane mUla rUpa meM 'namo' se hI prAraMbha hotA : thA na ki Namo' se aura madhyavartI 'na' kAra bhI aparivartita thA / yaha to bhArata ke pUrva deza kI bAta huI jahA~ para jaina dharma bhagavAn * mahAvIra ke samaya meM bahuta phUlA phalA / usI prakAra mathurA (yAni zUrasena pradeza, jisase zaurasenI prAkRta ' kA nAmakaraNa huA) ke prathama zatI I. san ke rAjA zoDAsa ke lekha meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ko namaskAra karake lekha aMkita kiyA gayA hai * jisakA pATha isa prakAra hai nama arahatA vadhamAnasa (namaH arhate vardhamAnAya) hemacandrAcArya ne bhI zaurasenI prAkRta ke lakSaNa samajhAte samaya ArSa bhASA ke avyaya NaM kA udAharaNa dete samaya 'nama:' ke liye 'namo' kA ullekha kiyA hai| udAharaNa- namotthu NaM (8.4.283) / jaina dharma pUrva se pacchima kI ora phailatA hai aura zarasena pradeza meM Ane para bhI 'nama' kA 'nama' hI rahA, usameM 'na' kA 'Na' nahIM huA / AvazyakasUtra' meM prathama bAra milanevAlA namaskAra mantra bhI 'na' se zurU hotA hai :- namo arahaMtANaM / samrATa azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM lagabhaga 125 zabda (jinakA kitanI hI bAra prayoga huA hai) 'na' kAra se hI prArambha hote haiM / mAtra eka bAra hI eka zabda 'na' ke badale meM 'Na' se prArambha hotA hai / vaha zabda hai _ 'Ni jha [pe] ta [vi] ye' jo jaugar3ha ke prathama pRthak zilAlekha

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura madhamAgadhI meM milatA hai / vidvAnoM ke anusAra yaha pATha bhI zaMkA se mukta nahIM hai / isI zabda ke anya prayoga azoka ke anya zilAlekhoM meM gyAraha bAra aura milate haiM, jinameM zabda ke prArambha meM 'ni' kA prayoga hI huA hai / pUrvI bhArata ke khAravela ke zilAlekha meM bhI eka bAra bhI prArambhika . 'na' kA 'Na' nahI milatA hai / zabdoM meM prayukta prArambhika 'na' ke , kucha zilAlekhIya aura bhI udAharaNa caturtha zatAbdI taka ke diye jA sakate haiM, yathA nisilaM (bI, bar3alI) ajamera, I. sa. pU. dvitIya zatAbdI / namo (vijaya sAtakarNI, nAgArjunIkoNDa) I. sa. tRtIya zatI / / 'na' kAra ko 'Na' meM badalane kI pravRtti dakSiNa bhArata se prArambha huI ho aisA mAnA jAtA hai / phira bhI dakSiNa meM bhI caturtha zatAbdI ke kitane hI prayoga aise milate haiM jinameM 'na' kAra bhI milatA hai| zilAlekhoM meM jo pravRtti milatI hai usakA sAra pro0 meheMDale (pR. 256) ke anusAra isa prakAra hai __ prArambhika 'na' kA 'Na' azoka ke samaya meM sirpha dakSiNa meM kopabAla ke lekha meM kabhI kabhI milatA hai / tatpazcAt madhya bhArata meM dUsarI zatAbdI IsvI san pUrva se aura (dakSiNa bhArata ke) pazcimI kSetra meM (pUnA ityAdi) prathama zatAbdI meM pAyA jAtA hai| nizcayAtmaka udAharaNa prathama zatAbdI. se. uttara-pazcima meM pAye jAte haiN| punaH madhya bhArata meM caturtha zatAbdI se pAye jAte haiM / zilAlekhoM meM zabda ke prArambha meM nakAra ke sthAna para NakAra ke . prayoga prAraMbha ho jAne para bhI kucha prayoga prAraMbhika nakAravAle bhI milate haiN|

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ke. Ara. candra (i) vesanagara aura bhilasA ke lekhoM meM (dvi. zatI I. sa. pUrva)-neti (ii) I. sa. caturtha zatI (a) vIrapuruSadatta-staMbha-lekha, nAgArjunI-koNDa, nAgavasu, nAgasiri, (ba) guNapadeya tAmrapatra, guNTura- nivattaNA, nArAyaNa aura (sa) zivaskaMdavarmana kA tAmrapatra, hIrahaDagalli, belArI-neyike, naMdijasa, nAganaMdi , nigaha, narAdhama, nivataNaM, no (naH) / nakAra ko 'Na' meM badalane kI mUla pravRtti dakSiNa kI hI rahI hai jo bAda meM anya kSetroM meM phailI hai / prAkRta vyAkaraNakAroM kA niyama : vararuci ke prAkRta-prakAza ke anusAra prArambha aura madhya meM sarvatra nakAra kA NakAra hotA hai. no NaH sarvatra-2.52 sUtra aura vRtti / bharatanATyazAstrAnusAra bhI sarvatra NakAra hotA hai / yathA-- sarvatra ca prayoge bhavati nakAro'pi ca NakAraH // 17.13 / / parantu hemacandra isa niyama se sahamata nahIM haiN| , Adi nakAra ke lie unakA sUtra hai-- vAdau (8.1.229) ____ vRtti............nasya No vA bhavati / arthAt ve Adya nakAra kA Na meM parivartana vaikalpika mAnate haiM aura unake dvArA Naro, naro; gaI, naI; Nei, nei-donoM prakAra ke udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| NakAra sambandhita sUtroM ke antargata vararuci ne jo udAharaNa diye haiM aura pUre vyAkaraNa meM anya niyamoM ke antargata jo udAharaNa

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI milate haiM una saba meM prArambhika nakAra ke badale NakAra hI milatA hai / parantu hemacandra dvArA diye gaye udAharaNoM kI kathA kucha aura hI hai| unhoMne zabda ke prArambha meM na ke lie vaikalpika NakAra kA paraMparAgata niyama to apanAyA parantu cauthe pAda meM diye gaye dhAtvAdezoM ko chor3akara jitane bhI udAharaNa apane vyAkaraNa meM prAkRta bhASA ke antargata diye haiM unameM prArambhika nakAra ke lie prayukta nakAra aura NakAra kA anupAta 8:1 hai arthAt nau prayogoM meM se eka zabda meM hI NakAra hai / dhAtvAdezoM meM bhI zabdoM ke prAraMbha meM nakAra ke lie nakAra 34 bAra aura NakAra 55 bAra" milatA hai aura unakA anupAta 2:3 kA hai / hemacandra ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa 8.4.332-412) meM bhI zabda ke prArambha meM nakAra ke lie prAya: 'na' hI milatA hai| DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya aura paM. becarabhAI dozI4 ke hemacandra ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ke saMskaraNa meM yahI sthiti hai / DA. bhAyANI ne Arambha meM kucha padoM meM NakAra apanAyA hai parantu bAda ke sabhI padoM meM nakAra hI rakhA hai / prAkRta bhASA kI prAcIna racanAoM ke amuka saMskaraNoM meM bhI yahI sthiti hai / muni puNyavijayajI dvArA sampAdita (ma. ja. vi. saMskaraNa) uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika aura AvazyakasUtra meM prAyaH nakAra kA hI prayoga milegaa| vasudevahiMDI kA jo saMskaraNa chapA hai usameM bhI prArambhika nakAra kA prAyaH nakAra hI milatA hai, jo hemacandra se karIba 600 se 800 varSa purAnI kRti hai / DaoN. yAkobI dvArA sampAdita ghaumacAriyaM-vimalari meM bhI yahI sthiti hai / zrI ema.vI. paTavardhana . dvArA sampAdita vajjAlagaM meM bhI prAraMbhika na kA prAyaH na hI milatA.. hai / AcArya jinavijaya muni dvArA sampAdita nammayAsundarIkahA meM prAraMbhika na kI prAyaH yahI sthiti hai| nammayAsundarIkahA 12 vIM zatI

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48 ke. Ara. candra kI racanA hai, jo hemacandrAcArya ke samaya ke bahuta najadIka kI hai. arthAt prAraMbhika na kA Na prAyaH nahIM milatA hai / zilAlekhoM aura. mudrita saMskaraNoM ke isa pariprekSya meM pro. nIti DolbI kA nimna abhiprAya kitamA vAstavika lagatA hai : unakA kahanA hai ki vararuci kA nakAra kA sarvatra NakAra banAne kA niyama pizala ko mAnya ho parantu julza blokha ko yaha niyama mAnya nahIM hai / prAkRta ke anya vyAkaraNoM aura unakI kArikAoM ke AdhAra para se unakA aisA mata hai ki vararuci ke anusAra prArambhika na kA Na kucha zabdoM taka hI sImita thA parantu bAda meM "nAdau" kA sUtra "vAdI" bana gayA aura Age calakara "vAdo" bhI nikala gayA aura sarvatra 'na' kA 'Na' ho gayA jo kisI na kisI prakAra kI bhUla se aisA huA hai / dhyAna dene kI bAta yaha hai ki svayaM hemacandrAcArya dvArA diye gaye zaurasenI aura mAgadhI ke udAharaNoM meM kitane hI zabdoM meM prAraMbha meM nakAra milatA hai (8.4.260-302) (i) zaurasenI-niccindo, nADayaM, nedi, niyavidhiNo (H) mAgadhI-nale, namila, misphalaM, nalindANaM avyayoM ke udAharaNa- na (299), nu (302). unake anusAra zaurasenI meM avyaya nanu kA NaM hotA hai (8.4.283) / pro. nIti DolcI ko bhI zaMkA hai ki sarvatra nakAra kA NakAra (vararuci ke anusAra) hotA hogaa| unake anusAra prAraMbhika avasthA meM mAtra nUnaM jaise avyaya ke lie pUrNa kA prayoga hotA hogA /

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura arghamAgadhI 19 isa pUrI samIkSA se aisA niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki prAcIna prAkRta bhASA meM prAraMbhika 'na' kA 'Na' nahIM hotA thA aura yaha to bAda kI pravRtti hai / isa dRSTi se prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM ke sampAdana meM prArambhika 'na' kA 'na' hI rakhA jAnA cAhie aura sampAdakoM ne jo alaga alaga paddhati apanAyI haiM use sudhArane kI AvazyakatA pratIta hotI hai / __ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha AcarAMga hai aura usake saMskaraNoM ko dekhe to spaSTa hogA ki zubiMga mahodaya ke saMskaraNa meM prAraMbhika nakAra prAyaH nakAra hI rakhA gayA hai jabaki Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa meM pacAsa pratizata NakAra milatA hai / jaina vizva bhAratI ke saMskaraNa meM prAyaH NakAra apanAyA gayA hai aura mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa meM to pacahattara pratizata NakAra apanAyA gayA hai / isa sAre vivecana kA sAra yahIM hai ki vararuci kA sarvatra nakAra kA NakAra banAne kA vidhAna prAcIna zilAlekhoM aura prAcIna sAhitya meM upalabdha prayogoM ke anurUpa nahIM hai / yaha niyama mAtra kisI eka prAkRta (mahArASTrI) taka hI sImita hai / isa sambandha meM hemacandrAcArya kA vidhAna yogya lagatA hai / ataH prAcInatama prAkRta sAhitya ke naye saMskaraNoM meM zabda ke prAraMbha ke nakAra ke lie nakAra hI rakhA jAnA cAhie aura jinhoMne nakAra ke badale meM NakAra apanAyA hai una para paravartI pravRtti kA prabhAva hai aura kucha aMza meM pAiya-sadda

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ke. Ara. candra mahaNNavo meM koSa sambandhI suvidhA ke liye apanAyI gayI paddhati kA prabhAva mAlUma hotA hai, aisA kahanA anucita nahIM hogaa| ... 1. Avazyaka cUrNI (zrI RSabhadeva kesarImala, ratalAma 1928) pR. 1 mahAnizItha kI prAcInatama prati meM bhI yahI pATha milatA hai / 2. udAharaNArtha - nei, naheNa, nisiA, niddae, nisAvannu, niya, nehaDA, ninch| nivaDiAi~ narU nicu, nijji u, nArAyaNu / adhyayana bhI aneka bAra milatA hai- na (335,340, 391), navi (339), anyaya na bhI (392) / 3 prAkRta grAmara oNpha hemacandra ---pI. ela. vaidya, pUnA, 1928 4. siddha hemazabdAnuzAsana, laghuvRtti, khaNDa -3 adhyAya-8 (gujarAtI) pa. becaradAsa dozI, yuni. grantha nirmAga borDa, ahamadAbAda--1978 5 apabhraza vyAkaraNa (gujarAto), ha. cU0 bhAyANI, phArbasa gujarAtI sabhA, muMbaI 1971 6 vasudeva heNDI, prapama khaDa, zrI jaina AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1930 7. Prakrit Gramnnarials, Motilal Banarasidas, 1972, pp. 19-20.

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8. prAcIna prAkRta bhASA meM madhyavartI nakAra (ka) vyAkaraNa aura sAhitya prAkRtabhASA ke prAcInatama sujJAta vyAkaraNakAra vararuci kA madhyavartI nakAra ke viSaya meM Adeza hai : no NaH sarvatra ( prAkRta prakAza 2.42 ) AcArya zrI bharata ke nATyazAstra meM bhI aisA hI niyama milatA haisarvatra ca prayoge bhavati nakAro'pi ca NakAraH - ( bha.nA.zA. 17.13 ) parantu hemacandrAcArya kA vidhAna ina donoM se kucha alaga hai | madhyavartI nakAra ke viSaya meM unakA sUtra aura usa para kI vRtti isa prakAra hai - sUtra - nANaH ( 8.1.228 ) vRtti - AyeM AranAlaM, anilo, analo ityAdyapa / arthAt vararuci aura bharatamuni nakAra ke lie sarvatra NakAra ke prayoga kA Adeza dete haiM parantu hemacandrAcArya ke anusAra Apa prAkRta arthAt ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM kabhI-kabhI madhyavartI nakAra ke prayoga bhI milate haiM / AcArya zrI hemacandra ne apanI vRtti meM bhale hI kabhI - kabhI dantya nakAra ke prayoga ardhamAgadhI taka hI sImita rakhe ho parantu unake hI vyAkaraNa grantha meM mAgadhI aura zaurasenI prAkRta meM bhI madhyavartI nakAra ke prayoga milate haiM / mAgadhI meM - dhanuskhaMDa ( 8.4.289 ) aura saMyukta vyaMjana ke rUpa meM eka prayoga hai : - vistu ( 8.4.289 ) --

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ke Ara. candra yaha to ulaTA Na-na kA prayoga (viSNum ) hai / mAgadhI aura zaurasenI bhASA meM - tado pUridapadina mArudinA mantido ( 8.4260 ) jaise prayoga haiM / paM. becarabhAI dozI ne hemacandrAcArya ke isa grantha ke gujarAtI saMskaraNa meM mArudinA ke sthAna para mArudiNA pATha diyA hai / 2 (dekhie pR. 369 ) 1 52 madhyavartI nakAra ke lie kabhI-kabhI nakAra kA apavAda ke rUpa meM prayoga kyA prAcIna jaina sAhitya taka hI maryAdita thA ? nahIM, aisA nahIM thA | itara sAhitya me yahA~ taka ki mahArASTrI prAkRta kAvya meM bhI aise prayoga kabhI kabhI mila jAte haiM / yathA1. zAriputraprakaraNam ke prAkRta aMzoM meM nakAra kA NakAra milatA hI nahIM hai / 2. svapnavAsavadattam meM apavAda ke rUpa me madhyavartI nakAra kA prayoga milatA hai - vinA, 3. gAthAsaptazatI meM ye do prayoga haiM- hiaavvaNa - phoDanaM ( 381 ) nAtha ! tumaM ( 384 ), 4 yaha prArambhika nakAra kA udAharaNa hai / vebara mahAdaya ke saMskaraNa meM ina sthaloM para 'hiaavaNa phoDaNaM' aura 'NAha' pATha apanAye gaye haiM / ' kyAM yaha vararuci ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA una para ati prabhAva to nahIM hai ? 4. prAcIna ardhamAgadhI granthoM meM bhI aneka bAra madhyavartI nakAra kI upalabdhi ho rahI hai / yathA(1) AsaDarpha mahodaya ne ardhamAgadhI adhyayana saMpAdita kiye haiM unameM bAra yathAvat milatA hai 16 yathA Agama sAhitya se jo jo madhyavartI dantya nakAra aneka

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI (II) (a) strakRtAMga(1.4) ke itthI-parinnA adhyayana meM-suhumenaM 1.2, aMjanasalAgaM 2.10 , (ba) uttarAdhyayana ke adhyayana .5 memonaM (15.1), suminaM (15.7), sinANaM (15.8), bhojana (15 11), javodanaM (15.13) evaM (sa) dazavaikAlikasUtra me-na khane (10.2), sunisiyaM (10.2) / (III) zubriga mahodaya dvArA sampAdita 'isibhAsiyAI" nAmaka eka prAcIna ardhamAgadhI grantha me to madhyavartI nakAra kI yathAvat sthiti anya Agama granthoM se adhika mAtrA meM pAyI jAtI hai, jaise a. 1 2 meM parinivvuDe, 9. paM. 2 meM uvanicijjai, paM. 8 me bhattapANa-nirAhaNAi evaM 91 me anivvANaM, 9.5 meM aniyattI, 9.12 meM baddhapuTTha-nidhattANaM, 9.28 meM aniyaTTI, 10.8 me kAlakkamanIti-visArade, 17.3 meM vinicchitaM (pAThAntara), 24. paM 9 meM anavadagaM, .4.24 meM analo, 24.39 meM niccAnicca, 24. 40 meM thAnaM, 38.24 meM mokkhanivvattipAoggaM, 40 paM. 2 me anigahanto, 418 meM abhinandatI, 419 meM tavanissAe / Upara / / itthIparinnA kA - suhumena kA udAharaNa tRtIyA e.va. kI vibhakti kA hai| isibhAsiyAI meM 24.13 me Sa. ba. va. ke 'na' vibhakti pratyaya kI saMbhAvanA hai- savvatthAnA'bhiluppati / hemacandra ke mAgadhI-zaura senI ke prakaraNa se nakAra vAlI tRtIyA vibhakti ke do udAharaNa Upara A cuke haiM jo vizeSa (padiona mArudinA) dhyAna dene yogya haiM / ... isa saMdarbha meM hamAre dvArA vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkarSita karane kA vizeSa kAraNa yaha hai ki isa grantha me' mahAkAsava nAmaka adhyayana (9)meM madhyavartI nakAra 6 bAra yathAvat milatA hai aura anya

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54 . ke. Ara. candra adhyayanoM meM se kitane hI aise prayoga yahA~ para prastuta haiM hI / isa grantha para to madhyavartI nakAra kA prAyaH NakAra hone kA niyama ghaTita hI nahIM hotA hai, sarvatra kI to bAta hI kahA~ rahI / madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA prAyaH lopa hone kA niyama bhI isa grantha para lAgU nahIM hotA hai / isakA artha yahI hai ki isa grantha kI hastapratoM meM kAlakrama se zabdoM ke madhyavartI vyaMjanoM me itanA dhvani-parivartana nahIM huA jitanA anya ardhamAgadhI Agama-granthoM kI hastapratoM meM huA hai / isI kAraNa 'isibhAsiyAI' kI bhASA me zabdoM ke madhyavartI mUla vyaMjana adhika pramANa meM bace hue haiM / (IV) AcArAMga se udAharaNa a zubriga saMskaraNa ( sUtra naM. ma. jai. vi. ke saMskaraNa se / ) aniccayaM 1.1.5.45, vinassai 1.2.3.79, 1.2.4.82, abhinivvattejjA 1.3.4.130, anihe 1.4.3.141, aniyANA 1.4.3.142, anavayamANe 1.5.2.152, anihe 1.5.3.158, viniviTThacitte 1.2.1.63, 1.6.1.178, abhinivvaTTA 1.6.1.181, abhinikkhantA 1.6.1.181, anihe 1.6.5.197, anisaTuM. 1.8.2.204, AnakkhessAmi 1.8.5.219, abhinivvuDacce 1.8.6.224, abhinivvuDe 1.9.4.322 ityAdi / (ba) Agamodayasamiti saMskaraNa parinivvANaM 1.1.6.50, aparinivvANaM 1.1.6.50, aparinivvANaM 1.4.2.133, aniyaTTagAmINaM 1.4.4.137, bahunaDe 1.5.1. 145, anugacchanti 1.5.5.161, abhinivvuDA 1.6.1.179, abhinikatA 1.6.1.179, parinivvuDe 1.6.5.195, abhinivuDacce

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 55 1.8:6.221, abhinivvuDacce 1.8.7.226, abhinivvuDe 1.9.4, (gAthA. 16), piMDanigaresu 2.1.2.12, avanamiya (2) 21.6 32, uvanikkhite 21.737, uvanimaMtijjA 2.1 10.58, uvanikkhittapubve 21 11.62, animaMtemANassa 2.2.3.90, abhinivAriyaM 2.3.2.125, uvanimaMtijjA 2.7 1.156, uvanimaMtijjA 2.7.1.157, -anIhaDaM 2.165, uvanimaMtaMti, uvanimaMtittA 2.176, parinivvAissaMti 2.178, abhinakkhamaNaM 2.179 (gAthA 1) . (V) a. sUtrakRtAMga (ma. jai. vi.) suniruddha desaNa 12.3.153, parinivvuDe 1.3.3 224, 1.246, sanimitta 2.1.644, abhinivvaTTittANaM 2.1.650, (8 bAra) abhinivvade'ttANaM 21.650, navanItaM 21.650, anirae 21.651, parinivvuDa 2.1.682, 711, anivvANamagge 22.710, parinicAyati 2.2.714, abhinivvaTTamANA 2.3. 732, 733. ba. sUtrakRtAMga (Agamodaya) aniyayaM 11.2 4 viniyacchai 112 17 abhinivvuDA 1.2.1.12 anesI 12 2.1 suniruddha daMsage 12.3.12 anAriyA 13 1 14 parinivvuDe 1.3 3 21 abhinivvuDe 1.8.25 abhinivvuDe 110.4 abhinivvaTTittA 2 19 (9 bAra) aniraei 219 sanimittaM 2.1 7 parinivvuDe 2 1.15 anivyANamamme 2.2 32 parinimbuDe 22.33 uvanihiyA 22.38

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56 ke. Ara candra parinibbANaM 2 2 40 abhinivaTTamANA 2.3.56, 57. parinibbuDe 2 4.67 navanIya 2.1.9. (VI) uttarAdhyayana (ma. jai. vi.) . anucce 1.30, suniTThira 136 pariniSThie 2.32 / prAcIna prAkRta bhASAoM me hI nahIM paraMtu apabhraMza bhASA meM bhI madhyavartI nakAra vAle prayoga milate haiM jo hemacandrAcArya ke vyAkaraNa (adhyAya 8.4) se prastuta kiye jA sakate haiN| yathA-virahAnala, anu (anyathA) 415, vaDanavAnala 365, vinaDijjai 370, vinaDau 385 sAsAnala. 395, rayaNanihi 422 ityAdi / saMyuktAkSara meM bhI nakAra prApta hai / yathA-binni, vinnAsiyA 418, aghinnaI(adhInAni) 427 / isa prakAra prAkRta sAhitya meM aura vaha bhI savizeSa prAcIna prAkRta sAhitya meM madhyavartI nakAra ke prayoga kI bilakula nAsti nahIM rahI hai / kabhI kama mAtrA me to kabhI adhika mAtrA meM apavAda ke rUpa meM bhI usakA prayoga hotA rahA hai, aura vibhakti pratyaya meM bhI cAra cha udAharaNa dantya nakAra vAle prApta hue haiM (s. kR. ke Age ke cUrNI-pATha bhI dekhie ) / (kha) hastapratoM meM madhyavartI nakAra . hastapratoM kA avalokana karane para yahI sthiti upalabdha hotI hai / yahA~ para eka vastu dhyAna meM lene yogya yaha hai ki prAcIna graMthoM ke sampAdakoM ne zAyada yaha niyama svIkAra kara liyA ki sampAdita graMtha meM madhyavartI nakAra vAle pAThAntaroM kA nirdeza karanA vyartha hai kyoMki prAkRta bhASA ke vyAkaraNoM ke anusAra madhyavartI nakAra kA

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI kAra hI hotA hai / ataH sampAdita graMthoM meM aise nakAravAle zabdoM ke pAThAntara prAyaH nahIM diye gaye haiM, jabaki hastapratoM meM kitane hI madhyavartI nakAra vAle pATha milate haiM / isase spaSTa hai ki paramparA aisI nahIM thI ki sarvatra nakAra kA NakAra kara diyA jAya / hastapratoM meM upalabdha ho rahe madhyavartI nakAra vAle pAThoM kA kucha digdarzana yahA~ kiyA jA sakatA hai / svIkRta pATha 4 [ AcarAMga ( ma. jai. vi . ) ] kaTTaNissatA 1.1.4.37 apariNivvANaM 1.1.649 chajjIvaNikAya satthaM 1.1.7.62 asi vA aMtie 1.1.1.2 2 [ sUtrakRtAMga, 1.4 ( itthIparinnA ) ] ( ma. jai. vi . ) sumeNa 1.2 channapadeNa 1.2 garfor 1.4, 16 isase yaha niSkarSa nakAra kA prayoga na apanAkara prayoga hI ucita mAnA haiM / hastaprata meM pAThAntara [ pUnA kI prata ( zubriMga ) ] kaTThanissiyA aparinevvANaM chajjIvanikAya satyaM annesiM vA atie, cUrNI pR. 13.1 57 channapadena " suhumena~ ( AlsaDarpha ) sumena ( cUrNI pATha ) 8 pAThAntara etAni " d' "" nikalatA hai ki sampAdakoM ne madhyavartI usake sthAna para sarvatra NakAra kA

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58 ke. Ara. candra (ga) zilAlekha . hasta pratoM meM kAlAntara se cAlU bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa, bhASika parivartana ho jAnA eka sAmAnya bAta hai paraMtu zilAlekhAM kI: bhASA utkIrNa hone ke kAraNa usame koI parivartana nahIM hotA hai / ataH unakI bhASA meM madhyavartI nakAra ke jo aneka prayoga milate haiM ve prAkRta bhASA ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA prastuta karate haiM / nimna udAharaNoM se spaSTa hogA ki madhyavartI na kA Na meM parivartana hote hue bhI kitane hI prayoga aise calate the jiname mUla nakAra yathAvat hI rahatA thA : (1) I. sa. pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI ke bhilasA, (vesanagara) ke zilAlekha meM bhAgavatena, yonadUtena, Agatena, rAjena, padAni, vadhamAnasa, yona, Adi / ajamera (bI) ke zilAlekha meM-mAliniye / (II) I. sa. pUrva prathama zatAbdI ke nAnAghATa ke guphAlekha meM vAsudevAna, caMdasUrAnaM, vadhanasa evaM khAravela ke zilAlekha meM meghavAhanena, senAya, yavanarAja / (III) I. sa. prathama zatAbdI ke bhartRta staMma lekha me- dhanabhUtina(nA) tathA sAranAtha ke bauddhamUrti lekha meM-vanasparena, kharapallAnena / (IV) I. sa. dvitIya zatAbdI ke mathurA jaina-mUrtilekha (huviSka) me zisagana (ziSyakena) tathA nAsika ke guphAlekha (nahapAna) me:vasavuthAna / I. sa. tRtIya zatAbdI ke nAgArjunI-koNDa ke vIrapuruSadatta ke lekha meM-manusa, mAna, pasamana, cIna,thesyinaM, bhaginIya aura zAntamUla ke lekha meM ikhAkunaM, anuthitaM /

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 59 : (VI) I. sa. caturtha zatAbdI ke nAgArjunI-koNDa ke staMbha lekha meM - aneka, anaMta, ikhAkUnaM tathA maisUra ke mayUrazarmaNa ke lekha , meM-vinimmizra, sakasthana / guNTUra ke tAmrapatra (skaMdavarmana) meM / -jananI, vaddhanIyaM evaM bailArI tAmrapatra (zivaskaMda varman) hiirhdd-|' galli meM-senApati, sAsanassa, aneka, manusa, vanika, padAyino, / ' madena, ityAdi ke lie dekhie pizala-224. zilAlekhoM meM madhyavartI nakAra ke sthAna para NakAra ke pryom| . ke viSaya meM DAkTara meheNDale kA kyA abhiprAya hai use bhI dhyAna meM : lenA lAbhadAyI hogA / unake kahane kA sAra yaha hai ki azoka ke samaya meM sabhI jagaha kucha hI prayoga ese milate haiM jinameM nakAra kA NakAra huA hai / ye prayoga bhI mukhyata: pazcima, * dakSiNa* * aura uttara : pazcima me milate haiM / azoka ke pazcAt bhI pazcima aura uttara-.. pazcima meM nakAra kA NakAra milatA hai paraMtu alpa pramANa meM hii| dakSiNa meM prathama zatAbdI se nakAra kA NakAra adhika pramANa meM to milatA hai parantu sarvatra ke rUpa meM nahIM / nakAra ke sthAna para NakAra ke prayoga kI bahulatA cauthI zatAbdI se madhyakSetra meM pAyI jAtI hai / unakA kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki I. sa. pUrva yA I. sa. kI prAraMbhika zatAbdiyoM meM bhArata ke kisI bhI pradeza meM nakAra ke sthAna para NakAra kA prayoga prAyaH ke rUpa meM yA sarvatra ke rUpa meM hotA ho aisA zilAlekhoM se pramANita nahIM ho rahA hai / . gha madhyavartI kAra kA nakAra-eka nayA muddA (a) vyAkaraNakAroM ke anusAra paizAcI aura cUlikA paizAcI bhASA meM kAra ke sthAna para nakAra kA prayoga hotA hai / " anya * pazcima arthAt vindhya parvatamAlA kA dakSiNI bhAga / ** dakSiNa meM kopacAla ke zilAlekhoM meM na = Na 50% milatA hai / -

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ke Ara. candra kisI bhI prAkRta bhASA ke viSaya meM aise prayoga kA ullekha nahIM hai / Na = na kI yaha pravRtti azoka ke pUrvI pradeza ke zilAlezoM meM pAyI jAtI hai / apavAda ke rUpa meM aise prayoga zAhabAjagaDha aura mAnaserA meM alpa pramANa meM aura yerAguDI (maisUra) meM kucha adhika pramANa meM pAye jAte haiM / azoka ke pazcAt aise prayoga anya kSetroM meM bhI phailate haiM paraMtu unakA pramANa bahuta kama hai (meheNDale pR. 273) uttara pazcima ke prathama se cauthI zatAbdI taka ke kharoSThI ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI kucha aise prayoga milate haiM (meheNDale pR 304) / bhArata ke pUrvI pradeza kI bhASA mAgadhI bhI / azoka ke zilAlekhoM ke anusAra dhaulI aura jaugaDa meM NakAra kA prAyaH nakAra milatA hai paraMtu kisI bhI vyAkaraNa meM mAgadhI bhASA ke lie Na-na kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai / isakA kyA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai / ___azoka ke pazcAt anya zilAlekhoM meM prApta Na-na ke kucha udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM : (') I. sa. pU. dUsarI zatAbdI (vesanagara, bhilasA)-(vaSena-varSe Na) (2) I. sa. prathama zatAbdI (mathurA, buddha-pratimA lekha) prahAna ___ (prahANa), (bharhata staMbha lekha) putena (putreNa) (3) tIsarI zatAbdI (nAgArjunIkoNDa, vIrapuruSadatta) parinAmetunaM - (pariNamayya) / (4) I. sa. tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI (nAgArjunIkoNDa) acariyena - (AcAryeNa) therena (sthavireNa) isa sAre adhyayana aura vizleSaNa kA sAra yahI hai ki madhyavartI

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 6. nakAra ko sarvatra NakAra meM badalane kA niyama zAstrIya ho sakatA hai paraMtu vAstavikatA se mala nahIM khAtA hai / prAcInatama prAkRtoM (mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, ityAdi) meM nakAra kA sarvatra NakAra ho gayA ho yaha vizvasanIya nahIM hotA hai / ataH ardhamAmadhI ke prAcIna graMthoM ke sampAdana meM sarvatra nakAra kA prakAra banAnA ucita nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / kama se kama itanI maryAdA to avazya rakhI jA sakatI hai ki yadi kisI eka hastaprata meM hI nakAra milatA ho to aisI avasthA meM nakAra hI svIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhie jisase ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI prAcInatA aura usakA apanI pUrvI pradeza ko lAkSaNikatA akSuNNA banI rahe / (Ga) paNa, Nya aura Na kA bhI nna meM parivartana isake sAtha yaha bhI dhyAna meM lene yogya hai ki eNa, Nya aura rNa kA jo sAmAnyataH na hotA hai usake sthAna para hastapratoM meM kabhI kabhI nna bhI milatA hai / pizala ne (225) isa saMbaMdha meM jaina sAhitya kI hastapratoM se udAharaNa bhI diye haiM (nisanna), paripunna (pratipUrNa), vanna (varNa) / aise udAharaNa aura bhI joDe jA sakate haiM jaise ki muni zrI puNyavijayajI dvArA saMpAdita uttarAdhyayana (ma jai vi. saMskaraNa) meM Nya-nna ke kucha prayoga, narmadAsundarI kathA meM Nya =nna ke kucha prayoga aura hemacandrAcArya ke apabhraMza vyAkaraNa ke kucha udAharaNoM meM, rannu (araNya 4.341 ), cunnI (cI 4.430) kannaDai (karNe 4.432 ) jaise prayoga / meheNDale ke anusAra Nya=nna kI pravRtti pUrvIkSotra meM pAyI jAtI hai (pR. 281) / dekhie Age adhyAya = (10)

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ke. Ara. candra (ca) Adhunika bhASAoM meM na kA Na aura Na kA na kA dhvanigata sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM meM sarvatra nakAra kA NakAra kara denA kahA~ taka ucita mAnA jAyagA / isa vidhAna kI hama anya dRSTi se bhI kasauTI kara sakate haiM / Adhunika yuga kI bhAratIya Aryakula kI vividha bhASAoM jaise ki hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI, paMjAbI, oriyA, baMgAlI, ityAdi meM kucha na kucha aise bhinna bhinna zabda milate haiM jinameM se kisI meM naNa aura kisI meM Na = naM parivartana huA hai / amuka amuka aise zabdoM kI kucha na kucha pUrvakAlIna sthAnIya-kSetrIya paraMparA rahI hogI ataH aisA kahanA anucita nahIM hogA ki ina prAdezika bhASAoM ke apane apane pUrva kAla kI vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM meM alaga alaga zabdoM meM kisI meM na-Na aura kisI meM Na=na kA uccAraNa aura prayoga calatA rahA hogA / aise prayoga vAstava meM sImita hoMge / aisA nahIM ki sabhI zabdoM meM nakAra ke sthAna para NakAra kA prayoga hotA hogA / vAstavika rUpa meM dekhA jAya to saMskRta bhASA ke saMdarbha meM kaunasI aisI Adhunika bhASA hai jisameM nakAra kA NakAra sarvatra yA prAyaH hotA ho / isa dRSTi se prAcIna prAkRta bhASAoM (ardhamAgadhI, ityAdi aura prAcIna nATakoM kI prAkRta bhASA ) meM sarvatra nakAra kA NakAra kiyA jAnA zilAlekhoM kI bhASA arthAt loka-paraMparA se vimukha, anupayukta aura anucita jAna paDatA hai / bhAratIya Aryakula kI Adhunika bhASAoM meM prayukta kucha zabdoM kI tAlikA Age dI gaI hai, jisameM amuka bhASAoM ke kucha zabdoM meM t nakAra kA NakAra aura kucha zabdoM meM NakAra kA nakAra milatA hai / prastuta zabdAvalI zrI Tarnara mahodaya ke 13 koza' 3 se dI gayI hai jo

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI svayaM sarvAGgINa to nahIM kahI jA sakatI kyoMki aneka aise zabda Adhunika sAhityika bhASAo aura bolacAla kI bhASAoM meM abhI bhI pAye jAte haiM jinakA samAveza isa koza meM nahIM ho sakA hai / phira bhI nakAra aura NakAra ke prayoga ke viSaya meM spaSTIkaraNa ho sake isa uddezya se kucha zabda usa koza meM se hI prastuta kiye gaye haiM / isa tAlikA se pratIta hotA hai ki nakAra ke badale meM NakAra vAle yA NakAra ke badale meM nakAra vAle zabda adhikatara kisI eka kSetra vizeSa meM prApta hote haiM to amuka zabda kabhI kabhI eka se 'adhika kSetroM meM pAye jAte haiM / phira bhI itanA to spaSTa hai ki abhI bhI bhArata ke pazcimI bhAga meM jaise ki gujarAtI, siMdhI, marAThI Adi meM madhyavartI nakAra kA NakAra adhika pramANa meM milatA hai aura bhArata ke pUrvI bhAga jaise ki hindI, maithilI, bihArI, avadhI, baMgAlI, nepAlI Adi meM NakAra kA nakAra milatA hai / azoka aura usake bAda ke prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM bhI isI prakAra kI pravRtti ke - darzana do alaga-alaga kSetroM kI viziSTatAoM ke rUpa meM hote haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla se Aja taka nakAra kA NakAra meM parivartana pazcimI aura dakSiNI bhArata kI vizeSatA rahI hai / pracalita bhASAoM meM zabdoM kA AdAna-pradAna hotA rahatA hai, ataH eka pradeza kI vizeSatA kA prabhAva dUsare pradeza meM bhI pAyA jA sakatA hai jaise ki tAlikA ke udAharaNoM se spaSTa ho rahA hai ki madhyavartI nakAra yA NakAra vAle zabda dono kSetroM meM pAye jAte haiM / :

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saMskRta AvayU indhana jana jAnAti tAna dhanin panasa bhAjana vacana sthAna oriyA ANibA jaNa, jaNe paNasa ThANA kumaunI ANNI tANo thANo koMkaNI jaNa jAnA paNasu bhANa ThAna tAlikA ( a ) madhyavatI na=Na gujarAtI ANai (prA.) i dhana, i dhaNu inhaNa jaNa jANavu tANI dhaNI phaNasa paMjAbI bhANu veNa, vayaNa jaNA jANanA tANa beNa, vai ThANU, thANuthANa, thANAThANo marAThI ANNe i ghaNa jaNa jANNe tANa ghaNI paNasa, paNasu bhANe ThANa, ThANe mAravArI ANaSu jaNo jANNo ghaNI laheMDA ANaN jaNA bANaNU tANA bhANa, bhASA vaiNa pa pahArI ANNo jANu tANI ghaNI pRSTha 64 siMdhI ANaNu jaNo jANaNu tANo ghaNI mANu veNu thANu, thANo

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tAlikA (ba) madhyavatI ma pajAbI baMgAlI | bihArI | bhojapurI | maithilI | siMhalI / hindI saMskRta / avadhI AsAmI | kazmIrI gujarAtI | nepAlI | marAThI | karani karaNIya karanI | karanI garbhiNI gAmini gAbhin / gAbhina | gAbhin | gAbhini | gAbhinI | gAbhin gAbhan canA canA cikanA | cikana ciskana cikanA cikanA | cikana | ciMkana dviguNa | dUna | dunA | dUnA | dunA,duna dUna, dUMnA bAna bANa bAna pusana | posana

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ke. Ara. candra isa dRSTi se vararuci ke prAkRta- prakAza kA yaha niyama ki nakAra kA sarvatra NakAra hotA hai kisI pradeza kI hI pravRtti ho sakatI hai, na ki sAre bhArata kI sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM kI / zrImatI nIti dolcI ne to vararuci ke isa niyama (sUtra naM. 242 ) kI prAmANikatA para hI zaMkA kI hai, jo bilakula ucita hai / unake anusAra isa sUtra meM sarvatra zabda bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| pahale usameM' 'nAda' thA aura bAda meM usame' 'vAdI' A gayA / anta meM usake sthAna para 'sarvatra ' zabda jor3a diyA gayA hai / 14 66 hamArI dRSTi se to aisA bhI ho sakatA hai ki mUla sUtra meM 'no = Na:' hI thA / yaha niyama prAraMbhika nakAra ke lie nahIM thA, parantu kevala madhyavartI nakAra taka hI sImita thA / vararuci svayaM dakSiNapradezI (arthAta Adhunika mahArASTra ke pazcimI bhAga ke dakSiNa pradeza ke) rahe hoMge, tabhI unake isa na=Na ke niyama kI sArthakatA siddha ho sakatI hai anyathA kSetra evaM kAla kI dRSTi se isa niyama kI visaMvAditA siddha hotI haiM / aba dhyAna meM lene yogya muddA yaha hai ki mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI jaisI bhASAe~ to pUrvI bhArata kI bhASAe~ thIM aura unake lie nakAra kA NakAra meM niyamita parivartana kabhI bhI nahIM hotA thA / ataH isa sAre adhyayana aura vizleSaNa kA niSkarSa yahI nikalatA hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke prAcIna granthoM kA sampAdana karate samaya madhyavartI nakAra kA sarvatra NakAra banAnA anucita aura anupayukta hI mAnA jAnA cAhie aura madhyavartI avasthA meM dantya nakAra ke prayoga alpa pramANa meM hI sahI yadi grantha kI kisI bhI prata meM, usake uddharaNoM meM yA usakI niyukti, cUNIM yA vRtti meM milate ho to mUla nakAra hI svIkArya honA cAhie

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI TippaNa 1. pizala mahodaya (224) ko lalita-vigraharAja nATikA kI mAgadhI aura zAra senI bhASA meM upalabdha nakAra (prArambhika) kramazaH nimmala (nisara), nirantara, nia (561.2) tathA nomAlira (navamAlike) (560.9,17), mudraNa ke doSa lagate haiM / vAstava meM aisA nahIM honA cAhie, parantu inheM prAcIna pATha mAnA jAnA cAhie, jo kisI na kisI taraha apane mUla rUpa meM baca gaye haiN| prAcIna kRtiyoM meM isI prakAra madhyavartI nakAra ke prayoga bhI amuka pramANa meM cAlU rahe hoMge parantu kisI na kisI prabhAva ke kAraNa lehiyoM ke hAtha aura kucha aMza meM sampAdakoM ke hAtha ve dhIre dhIre adRzya hote gae aisA mAnanA anupayukta nahIM hogaa| 2. siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, laghuvRtti khaMDa-3, adhyAya-8, yunivarsiTI grantha-nirmANa boDa', gujarAta rAjya, ahamadAbAda-6, 1978 3. aka 1, iloka 15 ke pazcAt , devaghara saMskaraNa, pUnA, pR. 11, I. sa. 1937. 4. ga. jogalekara, puNe, 1956, pAThAntara yA zuddhipatraka meM koI anyathA ullekha nahIM hai| 5. lIpaviga, I sa. 1881 6. dekhira AlsaDarpha' kA lekha saMgraha : - Kleine Schriften, Wiesbaden, 1974 7. pizala (224) mahodaya ne pU. hemacandrAcArya dvArA kiye gaye isa ullekha (apavAda rUpa-prayoga yAni ardhamAgadhI meM kucha zabdoM meM madhyavartI nakAra pAyA jAtA hai) kI TIkA kI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki kisI galata pATha ke kAraNa pU hemacandra ne aise apavAda kA Adeza diyA hai (8. 1. 228) / parantu isa nibandha meM prastuta tathyoM ke AdhAra para pizala mahodaya kA yaha vidhAna aba upayukta nahIM lagatA / 8. pU0 muni zrI puSpavijayajI dvArA saMpAdita sUtrakRtAMga meM diyA huA cUrNI kA pATha, prA. Te. sosAyaTI, 1975 pR. 103 9. Historical Grammar of Inscriptional Prakrits, M.A. Mehen dale, Poona, 1948, p. 276

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68 ke Ara, candra 10. pUrvI kSetra meM to ulaTA NakAra kA nAma milatA hai / 11. NonaH [prAkRta prakAza, 10:5, hemacandra- 8:4.306] 12. pizala mahodaya ne (225) eka mAtra siMhadevarANi ko aisA kahate batAyA hai ki mAgadhI meM bhI Na kA na (vAgbhaTAla kAraTIkA, 2.2 udAharaNa, taluna =taruNa) honA cAhie / paraMtu pizala mahodaya ise unakA mAgadhI meM paizAcI kA bhrama honA batalAte haiM / hamAre khyAla se siMhadevamaNi ke isa vidhAna meM avazya kucha tathya honA cAhie, kyoMki azoka ke pUrvI pradeza ke zilAlekhoM se isakA anumodana. ho rahA hai| 13. A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, R.L. Turner, London, 1966 14. Prakrit Grammarians, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi, 1972.

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9. prAcIna prAkRta bhASA meM jJa-na yA paNa pAli bhASA meM zabda ke prArambha meM jJaJa aura madhya meM jJa Ja kA prayoga milatA hai / jaise-jAti (jJAti), paMjA (prajJA) / lekina nAmasiddhijAtaka meM jaba prajJapti ke lie paNatti zabda mile to kyA samajhanA cAhie ? yahI ki prAcIna pAli bhASA meM jJaJa thA aura uttaravartI pAli meM =UNa kA prayoga bhI cala pdd'aa| isI taraha ke aura prayoga jAtakaaTThakathA meM milate haiM, jaise-ANApati, Atti, ANatti / yaha prAkRta kA prabhAva hai aisA siddha hotA hai aura yaha bhI ki pahale jJa kA A banA aura bAda meM jJa-Na cala par3A / mAgadhI meM jJa viSayaka Adeza : (1) zrI vararuci ke vyAkaraNa prAkRta-prakAza meM mAgadhI bhASA ke antargata jJa ke parivartana ke bAre meM kucha bhI nahIM kahA gayA hai| usameM zaurasenI bhASA ko mAgadhI kI prakRti mAnI hai ataH zaurasenI meM jJa kA A (sUtra 12.7) aura Na (arthAt Na, sUtra 12.8) honA jo batalAyA gayA vahI mAgadhI ke lie bhI lAgU hotA hai / pratiyoM ke pAThAntaroM meM jJa=uja ke sthAna para jja aura 'a (arthAt jJa) bhI milatA hai (dekhie-E.B.Cowell 3.5; 12.7 kA kalakattA kA saMskaraNa, 1962) / . (II) pizala (276) kA yaha mata hai ki jJa kA bja galata hai / paizAcI ke sambandha meM bhI ve use galata mAnate haiM aura usameM jja ke sthAna para A ko hI sahI mAnate haiM / / (III) A. zrI hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa ke anusAra mAgadhI meM

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ke Ara. candra jJa kA Ja (8.4,293) hotA hai-pA, zavvajJa, avA (prajJA, sarvajJa, avajJA) / ataH mAgadhI meM jJa ke lie na hI mAnya thA aura vararuci ke anusAra jo Na, NNa phalita hotA hai vaha bhI yogya nahIM lagatA / yaha to uttaravartI pravRtti kA anukaraNa unake vyAkaraNa meM (uttaravartI kAla meM) kara diyA gayA ho aisA spaSTa pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki bArahavAM. adhyayana hI prakSipta mAnA gayA hai, jisameM mAgadhI kA vivaraNa. milatA hai / paizAcI bhASA meM jJa kA ja : - zrI vararuci (10.9 ke anusAra paizAcI meM jJa kA ja hotAH hai / pAThAntara meM jja milatA hai / pizala ke anusAra ye donoM galataH / haiM / unakI rAya meM hemacandra kA sUtra (4.303) hI sahI hai jo jJa kA Adeza detA hai, pA, savvayo, vijJAnaM (prajJA, sarvajJaH, vijJAnam) / zaura senI me jJa=Na aura jja : zrI vararuci ke anusAra (12.7) jJa:5ja aura Na (Na) aura A. hemacandra ke anusAra (8.4.286) zeSaM prAkRtavat arthAt prAkRta kI taraha jJa kA praNa aura kabhI kabhI jja hotA hai (sUtra 8.2.42 aura 8.2.83), paNNA, NANa (prajJA, jJAnam ), maNojjaM, pajjA (manojJam, prajJA) / parantu A. hemacandra dvArA zaurasenI bhASA ke antargata pahale hI sUtra (8.4.260) kI vRtti meM diye gaye udAharaNa 'padiona' meM jJa ke lie jJa kA prayoga hai / arthAt zaurasenI meM jA kI. pravRtti cAlU thI parantu uttaravartI kAla meM bNa A gayA ho aisA phalita hotA hai /

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 76 sAmAnya prAkRta aura jJAna ..... sAmAnya prAkRta meM vararuci (3.5.3.4 4) aura hemacandra ke anusAra (8.2.42,83,3.55) jJa kA vNa aura jja hotA hai / prAkRta ke ina vyAkaraNakAroM ne kisI bhI prAkRta bhASA ke lie jJa-nna kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai / sirpha bharata ke nATyazAstra (17.22), meM hI yajJa ke lie 'janna' zabda kA prayoga prAkRta bhASA ke lie batalAyA gayA hai / isa udAharaNa meM jJanna spaSTa ho rahA hai / pizala dvArA diye gaye udAharaNa : pizala mahodaya (276)ko mAgadhI bhASA ke lie jJa-jja ke udAharaNa sAhitya meM kahIM para bhI nahIM mile, mAtra praNa ke hI udAharaNa mile haiN| ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI sAhitya meM se bhI jJa-uja ke udAharaNa unheM nahIM mile / zaurasenI se maNojja diyA hai| parantu pAiyasaddamahaNNavo ke anusAra prajJApanA sUtra meM (ardhamAgadhI) aura upadezapada (jaina mahArASTrI) meM maNojja zabda milatA hai / nATako se udArahaNa : svapnavAsavadattam meM Adi (jJAti), vijJANa (vijJAna) ajJAda (ajJAta) aura usI nATaka meM paDiNNA (pratijJA) aura ANavedi (AjJApayati) arthAt Ja aura NNa vAle donoM prakAra ke prayoga milate. haiM / bhAsa ke anya nATakoM meM bhI a kA prayoga milatA hai / parantu vikramorvazIyam aura mRcchakaTikam meM jJa kA praNa milatA hai / zAkuntalam meM bhI Na (ANavedi) milatA hai / pizala ko (276) ardhamAgadhI sAhitya ke sivAya anya prAkRta bhASA ke sAhitya se koI bhI aisA udAharaNa nahIM milA jisameM jJa kA nna ho| pizala mahodaya ne (276)

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Ara. candra AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlikasUtra aura aupapAtikasUtra se aneka aise udAharaNa diye haiM jinameM jJa=NNa ke sAtha nna bhI milatA hai, janna (yajJa), maNunna (manojJa), najjai (jJAyate), nANa (jJAna) ityAdi / bharatanATyazAstra meM to janna (yajJa) kA udAharaNa milatA hI hai / unhoMne jJaNNa kA koI udAharaNa nahIM diyA haiM / jJanna kI paramparA : zrI vararuci aura A. hemacandra ne alaga se jJanna kA koI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai parantu ardhamAgadhI sAhitya meM jhanna miLatA hai / pizala mahodaya ke anusAra ardhamAgadhI meM jhannna kI bahulatA pAyI jAtI hai / aba prazna yaha hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI sAhitya meM za=na aura nna kahA~ se Aye ? pro. meheNDale dvArA ( pR 280 ) kiye gaye zilAlekhoM kI bhASA ke vizleSaNa ke anusAra jJa ke parivartanoM kI prakriyA isa prakAra hai * (I) azoka ke samaya meM pUrvIkSetra, madhya aura uttara meM jJa-na aura na ( nna) (II) azoka ke samaya meM pazcima, uttara-pazcima (dakSiNa meM bhI) jJa=ja aura ja (Ja) * zilAlekhoM se udAharaNa zAti = nAti (ghaulI, jogaDha, kAlasI aura staMbhalekha) zAMti-jAti (giranAra aura dakSiNa ke ho kha) zAjinA (ghaDI, naugaDa, rumminIdeI) rAjJA = rAtrA ( giranAra, zAhabAjamar3I) vijJApa - vinaya (sAranAtha), vijJapti, vinati (ilAhAbAda - rAnIlekha)

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI KI1) dUsarI zatAbdI I.sa. 'dhU meM ina, ma pazcima meM phailA aura bha, na pUrva aura madhyakSetra meM AyA / .. * (IV) prathama aura dvitIya zatAbdI meM dakSiNa meM jJa=na (nna) aura a (Ja) eka sAtha prayukta hue, tIsarI zatAbdI se dakSiNa meM (jasa) adRzya ho gayA / * (v) azoka ke samaya meM uttara-pazcima aura dakSiNa meM kabhI kabhI hI jJaNa bhI milatA thA / vaha prathama-dvitIya zAlAbdI meM pazcima meM phailA, dvitIya-tRtIya zatAbdI meM usa vNa kA pracalana dakSiNa meM bar3hA aura cauthI zatAbdI meM madhyakSetra meM usakA pracalana huA / isa vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai ki pUrvI kSetra meM prArambha se hI jJa-1 (nna) kA pracalana thA aura Na (Na) kA pracalana uttara-pazcima meM thA / cAra sau varSoM ke bAda praNa kA pracalana pazcima meM hotA haiM | usake bAda dakSiNa meM bar3hatA hai aura usake pazcAt madhyakSetra meM pracalita hotA haiM / ardhamAgadhI sAhitya ke prAcIna aMza kA sRjana pUrvI kSetra meM huA hai ataH vahA~ se hI apanI eka vizeSatA jJAna (nna) ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM bhI AdhI / jaina dharma kA kendra jaba pazcima bhArata banA taba ardhamAgadhI sAhitya meM jJaHNa (Na) bhI praviSTa huA hogA aisA spaSTa pratIta hotA hai / A. hemacandrAcArya ne jJAna kA ullekha ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke lie bhI nahIM kiyA yaha eka Azcarya kI bAta hai / aisI sambhAvanA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI ki ardhamAgadhI meM pahale jhaNNa thA aura bAda meM nna ho gayA / jJanna kI vizeSatA ardhamAgadhI bhASA apane hI

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ke. Ara. candra utpatti sthala se prAcIna kAla se hI apane sAtha lekara calI hai isameM saMdeha nahIM ho sakatA / ataH aise granthoM ke sampAdana meM jJa ke. sthAna para zabda ke prArambha meM na aura madhya meM nna ko hI prAthamikatA dI jAnI cAhie kyoMki jisa prakAra uttaravartI pAli meM jJa ke. lie Na kA pracalana ho gayA usI prakAra ardhamAgadhI sAhitya kI uttaravartI hastalikhita pratiyoM meM jJa=nna ke sthAna para eNa A gayA jo AgamoM ke aneka saMskaraNoM meM pratibimbita ho rahA hai / isa sambandhaH meM AcArAMga ke prathama zruta-skaMdha ke vividha saMskaraNoM ke prathama adhyayana ke vizleSaNa se aisA spaSTa ho rahA hai ki--- (I) zukiMga mahodaya ke saMskaraNa meM prArammika jJa = na 9 bAra madhyavartI jJa = Na 2 sirpha AjJA = ANA] bAra madhyavartI jJa = na 48 bAra Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa meM prArambhika jJa = Na 9 bAra madhyavartI jJa = Na 50 bAra (III) jaina vizvabhAratI ke saMskaraNa meM prArambhika jJa = na 1 bAra prArambhika jJa = Na 10 bAra madhyavatI jJa = praNa 50 bAra (IV) mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa meM prArambhika jJa = Na 9 bAra madhyavatI' jJa = praNa 51 bAra

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI zubiga mahodaya kI paddhati jJa ke viSaya meM kitanI ucita hai yaha Upara kiye gaye adhyayana ke nimna upasaMhAra se spaSTa ho jAyagA / arddhamAgadhI AgamanathoM ke amuka adhyayanoM ke sampAdana meM pro. AlsaDarpha ne bhI yahI paddhati apanAyI hai / upasaMhAra : prAcIna kAla meM (azoka ke samaya meM) pUrvIkSetra meM jJa - nna, pazcima meM = Ja aura uttara-pazcima aura dakSiNa meM = bNa kA pracalana thA / uttaravartI kAla meM NNa' kA pracalana vyApaka hone lagA aura yaha pravRtti pahale pazcima (prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI) meM, tatpazcAt dakSiNa (dvitIya-tRtIya zatAbdI) meM aura usake bAda madhyakSetra (cauthI zatAbdI meM phailI jo uttaravartI kAla meM na kA Na banAne kI pravRtti se prabhAvita huI hai aura isase spaSTa hai ki prAcIna ardhamAgadhI granthoM meM jJa = nna (prArambha meM na) kA prayoga hI aitihAsika dRSTi se sarvathA yogya aura sahI hai jise zubiMga mahodaya aura AlsaDarpha mahodaya ne apanAyA hai / ..... AcArya zrI hemacandra ne ArSa ke udAharaNa dete samaya jo uddharaNa prastuta kiye haiM unameM se eka uddharaNa 8.2.104 meM-'hayaM nANaM kiyA-hINaM' milatA hai / kyA jJa ke lie na kA yaha prayoga sampAdakoM ke lie eka vizvasanIya pramANa nahIM hai ?

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10. prAcIna prAkRta bhASA meM Nya, nna, nya, aura Ne kA nna yA paNa sAmAnya prAkRta bhASA meM vararuci yA A. zrI hemacandra kisI ne Nya, nna, nya aura Na meM hone vAle dhvanyAtmaka parivartana ke bAre meM kucha vizeSa nahIM kahA hai / mAgadhI aura paizAcI * prAkRta meM nya aura Nya kA aa meM badalane kA niyama A. hemacandrane ne (84.293, 305) diyA hai / vararuci ke anusAra unakA (127) ja ho jAtA hai, jo vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM zaMkAyukta hI rahA hai aura ise lipi-doSa mAnA gayA hai - sUtra-brahmaNyavijJayajJakanyakAnAM eyajJanyAnAM jo vA 12.7 (ka) Nya = paNa yA nna : A. zrI hemacaMdra ne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM jitane bhI udAharaNa diye haiM unameM jahA~ para bhI Nya kA prasaMga hai vahA~ para Nya = Na hI * prAyaH milatA hai / apavAda ke rUpa meM apabhraMza meM araNya ke lie rannu bhI milatA (1.341) hai / prAcIna pratoM aura mudrita prAkRta * sAhitya meM apavAda ke rUpa meM kahIM-kahIM para Nya = nna milatA hai / . nammayAsundarI (siMdhI jaina sIrija) meM Nya = nna ke prayoga milate haiM / DA. meheNDale (pR. 281) ke anusAra azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM * pUrvI kSetra aura uttara meM Nya kA na (nna), pazcima meM na (nna) aura ja (A), uttara-pazcima meM A(ca) milatA hai / yaha Nya = na(nna) pUrva se mabhya kSetra meM aura phira pazcima kI ora bar3hatA hai, jabaki * Nya = Na (Na) uttara-pazcima meM aura dakSiNa meM I. sa. pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM milatA hai / yahI Na (eNa) I. sa. pUrva dvitIya zatAbdI

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura arghamAgadhI 77 . meM pazcima meM AtA haiM aura tatpazcAt Na (eNa) milatA hai / dakSiNa meM to Na (gaNa) anya zatAbdiyoM meM bhI vaisA kA vaisA rahatA hai / kahane kA sAra yaha hai ki Nya = nna pUrva se anya kSetroM meM jabaki Nya = bNa uttara-pazcima aura dakSiNa se anya kSetroM meM phailA / isa prakAra kI pravRtti ke anusAra ardhamAgadhI ke prAraMbhika kAla meM Nya kA nna bhI ho sakatA hai / pazcima meM bhI Nya = a (Ja) ke sthAna para Nya = nna kA prasAra bar3hatA hai aura bAda meM Na kA / (kha) nna = nna yA NNa do dantya anunAsikoM ke saMyukta prayoga arthAt nna ke lie. vararuci ke prAkRta prakAza meM jo udAharaNa milate haiM unameM nna kA NNa milatA hai / parantu A. zrI hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM nna = nna ke prayoga milate haiM / yathA-ucchannA (8.1.114), kilinna (8.1.145), kilinnaM (8.2.106), paDivannaM (8.1.206), dhAtvAdeza meM unnAmai (8.4 36), pannAr3ai (8 4.126) / na = nna yA eNa ke vaikalpika prayoga ke kAraNa DaoN. vaidya ke A. zrI hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke saMskaraNa meM mUla meM ucchannA aura paDivannaM ke sthAna para grantha ke aMta meM dI gaI zabdAbalI meM ucchapaNo aura paDivaNNaM chapA hai| paM. zrI becarabhAI dozI ke gujarAtI saMskaraNa meM ina donoM zabdoM meM nna hI milatA hai / A. zrI hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ma' lagabhaga 75 pratizata saMyukta dantya nna = nna hI milatA hai unake dvArA diye gaye mAgadhI aura zaurasenI prAkRta ke udAharaNoM meM nna = nna bhI milatA hai / mAgadhI :- avannavazcale (8 4.295).

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ke. Ara. candra saMpannA maNoradhA (8.4.285 aura 302 ke anusAra) zaurasenI :- saMpannA maNoradhA (8.4.285) A. zrI hemacandra dvArA diye gaye apabhraMza ke udAharaNoM meM bhI nna = na ke prayoga bhI milate haiM - kilinnao (8.4.322), ninneha (2.4,367) / anya saMyukta nna ke prayoga vAle udAharaNa isa prakAra milate haiM : vinAsiA (8.4.418) binni (8.4.418) adhinnaI (8.4.2.) / vajjAlaggaM (ema. vI. paTavardhana saMskaraNa) meM nna apanAyA gayA hai / nammayAsudarI (siMghI jaina sIrija) meM nna = nna apanAyA gayA hai / DA. meheNDale ne zilAlekhoM kI bhASA ke viSaya meM apane upasaMhAra meM *nna = nna yA NNa ke bAre meM kucha nahIM kahA hai / (ga) nya = nna yA praNa : A. hesacandra ne 'vAdau" sUtra (8 1.229) dvArA Adi nakAra kA vaikalpika na honA batalAyA hai| usI sUtra kI vRtti meM aisA batalAyA hai ki "nyAya" zabda kA "nAo" hotA hai / isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki Adi nya kA na hotA hai parantu madhyavartI nya ke lie koI Adeza nahIM diyA haiM / unake dvArA uddhRta udAharaNoM se sthiti jAnI jA sakatI hai / vararuci ke udAharaNoM meM to nya = paNa hI milatA hai jabaki A. hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa meM aneka udAharaNa nya = nna vAle milate haiM :- senna = (senya), ahimannU (abhimanyuH), annonnaM (anyonyam ), manne (manye), annAriso (anyAdRzaH) aura apabhraMza-annAiso /

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 79 isa prakAra lagabhaga 85 pratizata zabda nya = nna ke milate haiM / sArvanAmika zabda anyat ke jo jo vibhakti rUpa diye gaye haiM ve -saba nya = nna vAle hI milate haiM / unakI zaurasenI meM bhI anyat ke lie annaM zabda (8.4.277) hI milatA hai / . apabhraza meM bhI nya = nna ke lagabhama 19 prayoga milate haiM aura "nya = bNa kA mAtra eka hI prayoga milatA hai - annu (6.4.337), sAmannu (8.4.418), nIsAvannu (8.4.341) anna (8.4.359, 370, 372, 383, 401) ityAdi / vajjAlagaM (ema. vI paTavardhana saMskaraNa) meM nya = nna apanAyA gayA hai / nammayAsudarI (siMvI jaina sIrija) meM nya = nna apanAyA gayA hai| DaoN. meheNDale ke anusAra (pR. 196) zilAlekhoM meM nya ke parivartana kI sthiti isa prakAra rahI hai : !. = Ja, ma, azoka ke samaya meM pazcima aura uttarapazcima meM / 2. = na, nna ni azoka ke samaya meM pUrva, madhya aura uttarI kSetra meM aura dakSiNa meM bhI / 3. - Ja, A uttaravartI zilAlekhoM meM pazcima meM / 4. = na, nna dUsarI zatAbdI meM pazcima meM / 2. = na, nna uttaravartI zilAlekhoM meM pUrvI aura madhya kSetra meM / 6. = a aura na (a, nna) tIsarI zatAbdI taka dakSiNa meN| kahane kA sAra yaha hai ki nya = na kA pUrva aura uttara se madhyakSetra aura pazcima meM prasAra hotA hai / "pUrvI kSetra meM usakA tAlavyIkaraNa nahIM (ajA, ) huA aura na hI mUrdhanyIkaraja ( = Na, NNa) huA / nya kA 'niya' (svarabhakti se)

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ke. Ara. candra avazya huA / DaoN. meheNDale ne nya= NNa kA koI ullekha nahI kiyA hai / 80 isa vivaraNa se yahIM phalita hotA hai ki azoka ke kAla se cauthI zatAbdI taka ke zilAlekhoM meM nya = SNa ke prayoga apavAda ke rUpa meM hI mila rahe hoMge jaise mAnaserA meM 'anya' zabda ke lie (aNNa) aura 'manya' ke lie = maNa (maNNa) milate haiM / aNa = (gha) rNa = NNa yA nna : = A. zrI hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa meM rNa ke sthAna para prAya: Na milatA hai / apavAda ke rUpa meM apabhraMza meM kucha prayoga rNa nna vAle milate haiM :- cummI hosaI ( cUrNI bhaviSyati 8.4.430), kannaDai (karNe 8.4.432) 1 rNa ke lie Na yA nna kI upalabdhi alaga alaga " saMskaraNo meM kramaza: isa prakAra hai / DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya 5 : pa. becarabhAI 10: 1 DaoN. bhAyANI 9 : 2 ke anupAta me / AcArAMga kI cUrNi meM (vanneUNa pR. 29. paMkti 2 ) bhI rNa = nna ke prayoga milate haiM / nammayAsuMdarI meM rNa = nna ke kitane hI prayoga milate haiM / DaoN. meheNDale ke anusAra (pR. 281 ) zilAlekhoM meM rNa kI sthiti isa prakAra rahI hai : 1. 2. madhyakSetra meM = = (Na), azoka ke kAla meM dakSiNa meM / na (nna), azoka ke kAla meM pUrva, uttara aura 3. = NNa, bhI tIsarI zatAbdI I. sa. pUrva madhyakSetra meM / 4. = nna, dvitIya aura prathama zatAbdI I. sa. pUrva madhyakSetra meM

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 5. = nna aura eNa, dvitIya zatAbdI I. sa. pUrva meM pUrvI kSetra meM / 6 = nna, I. sa. pUrva prathama zatAbdI meM pazcima meM / 7 = NNa, parantu tatpazcAt pazcima meM NNa / 8. = nna, prathama aura dvitIya zatAbdI meM madhyakSetra meM / 9. = paNa, dvitIya zatAbdI se dakSiNa meM / arthAt Na = bNa dakSiNa kI pravRtti rahI hai aura madhyakSetra kI bhI / vahA~ se pazcima meM phailatI hai / mUlataH rNa = nna pUrvI kSetra kI pravRtti aura bAda meM vahA~ para bhI eNa kA prasAra hotA hai / A. zrI hemacandra ke vyAkaraNa meM jo uddharaNa haiM unameM nna aura nya gucchoM ke lie prAyaH nna milatA hai aura Nya tathA rNa gucchoM ke lie prAyaH paNa milatA hai, mAtra apavAda ke rUpa me isake lie nna milatA hai / zilAlekhoM ke anusAra pUrvI kSetra me prAraMbha se hI ina sabhI gucchoM (nna, nya, Nya, Na) ke lie prAyaH nna hI milatA hai / dakSiNa aura uttara-pazcima meM inake lie NNa kI bhI paramparA thI jo uttaravartI kAla meM anya kSetroM meM phaila gaI / ataH prAcIna prAkRta sAhitya, jisakI racanA pUrvI kSetra me huI hai arthAt ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM to nna kI hI paramparA rahI hogI parantu uttaravartI kAla meM pazcima ke prabhAva meM Akara nna kA parivartana praNa meM ho gayA hai aisA spaSTa sAbita hotA hai / ataH jina jina ardhamAgadhI Agama ke saMskaraNoM meM NNa kI bahulatA dikhatI hai vaha mUla ardhamAgadhI ke pratikUla lagatI hai, aisA kahanA anucita nahIM hogA /

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11 -ssiM aura -mhi saptamI ekavacana ke prAcIna vibhakti-pratyaya pizala (428) mahodaya ne uttarAdhyayana-15.2 (454) aura prajJApanA sUtra (637) se kim kA (saptamI ekavacana kA) 'kamhi' rUpa uddhRta kiyA hai jo kisI na kisI prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama meM baca gayA hai / yahI vibhakti-pratyaya vyavahArasUtra meM bhI milatA hai --imamhi (7.22, 23) / kundakundAcArya ke pravacanasAra meM bhI yahI vibhakti-pratyaya nAmika zabdoM meM milatA hai -cariyamhi 1.79, daviyamhi 2.62, jiNamadamhi 3.11, vikadhamhi, uvadhimhi 3.15, ceTTamhi 3.19 / strIliMga-zabdoM meM bhI yaha milatA hai / ubaesamAlA (dharmadAsagaNi) meM kamhi, (gAthA naM. 76) milatA hai / SaTakhaMDAgama (pustaka, 13, pR 297) meM bhI aise prayoga haiMekkamhi, kamhi, egajIvamhi / . yahI -mhi vibhakti pAli bhASA meM nAma aura sarvanAma donoM taraha ke zabdoM meM prayukta huI hai; parantu prAkRta sAhitya meM usakA itanA pracalana nahIM milatA hai jitanA pAli sAhitya meM / prAkRta vyAkaraNakAra vararuci aura hemacandra donoM ne saptamI ekavacana ke lie --'mhi' pratyaya kA ullekha nahIM kiyA, phira bhI prAkRta bhASA meM kahIM na kahIM para --'mhi' vAle rUpa mila rahe haiM, jo 1. pizala (366 a) mahodaya kI dRSTi meM pravacanasAra ke ye rUpa galata haiM kintu DaoN A0 ne* upAdhye ne inheM apanAyA hai /

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 81 "kisI na kisI prakAra lokabhASA meM pracalana ke kAraNa baca pAye haiM / AcArAMga meM to tRtIyA bahuvacana kI vibhakti -bhi (thIbhi 1.2.4. 84 ma. jai. vi. saMskaraNa) bhI baca gayI hai / / . zilAlekhoM meM yahI -mhi vibhakti isa prakAra mila rahI hai, jaise- azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM : . nAma zabda -athamhi (gi0 4.10), sarvanAma -tamhi, imamhi, aJamhi, ekataramhi (gi0 4.10, 9.2, 9.8,. 13.5) / ye sabhI zabda giranAra ke lekhoM meM milate haiM / yahI vibhakti pratyaya dvitIya : zatAbdI I0 san pU0 meM kAle ke lekha meM 'jaMbudIpamhi', prathama zatAbdI I0 san pU0 meM bundelakhaNDa ke bharahuta ke lekha meM 'tIramhi', revArAjya kI sIlaharA ke prathama zatAbdI ke guphA lekha meM 'karayaMtamhi', dvitIya zatAbdI meM dakSiNa ke nAgArjunI-koNDa ke lekha meM 'mahAcetiyamhi' aura tIsarI zatAbdI meM elarA ke tAmrapatra meM 'padesamhi' me milatA hai / arthAt azoka-kAlIna pazcimI kSetra kA yaha vibhakti pratyaya . madhya bhArata aura dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI pracalita huA / AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra nAma zabdoM me saptamI eka * vacana ke lie sAmAnyataH -e aura -mmi vibhakti pratyaya (8.3.11) .. aura sarvanAmoM ke lie -ssi, mmi aura ttha (8.3.59) vibhakti * pratyaya haiM kintu unake prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM -asi vibhakti pratyaya kA ullekha nahIM hai jo nAma aura sarvanAma donoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / vararuci ke vyAkaraNa meM bhI aisA ullekha nahIM hai / . 2. giranAra lekha 4.10 meM imamhi aura athamhi ke sAtha 4.9 meM dhamamhi kA prayoga milatA hai / giranAra meM (2.1) vijitamhi aura (6.4) vinItamhi prayoga bhI haiM / yaha vinItamhi dhaulI aura bogara (6.2) meM 'vinItasi' aura zAhavAjagaDhI aura mAnaseharA meM 'vinitaspi' ho gayA hai|

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ke. Ara. candra ardhamAgadhI meM asi vibhakti pratyaya ke udAharaNa haiM -logaMsi, AcA. 1.1.1.9 (ma. jai. vi.), kesi (pizala 428) kintu pAli vyAkaraNa meM nAma aura sarvanAma zabdoM meM saptamI eka vacana ke lie -smi vibhakti pratyaya kA ullekha hai aura sAhitya me usakA prayoga bhI milatA hai jabaki azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM pazcima ke sivAya anya kSetroM meM saptamI eka vacana ke lie -si (ssi), vibhakti pratyaya milatA hai (meheNDale pR0 583) / ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA -asi vibhakti pratyaya isa taraha na to vyAkaraNoM meM, na pAli meM aura na ho azoka ke zilAlekhoM me milatA hai / parantu IsvI san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM dakSiNa pradeza ke kriSNA jile meM tenAlI tAluke ke koMDamuDi gAMva se mile rAjA jayavarmana ke tAmra-patra me-'asi' vibhakti pratyaya etasi' zabda meM pAyA jAtA hai| isa taraha vararuci aura hemacandrAcArya ne -mhi aura -asi vibhakti pratyayoM kA saptamI eka vacana ke lie ullekha nahIM kiyA haiM parantu zilAlekhoM se unake pracalana kA anumodana hotA hai / Upara ke vivaraNa ke anusAra saptamI ekavacana ke vividha vibhakti pratyayoM kA vikAsa nimna prakAra se huA ho aisA sAhityika sAmagrI, zilAlekhoM aura vyAkaraNoM se pramANita hotA haisArvanAmika vibhakti pratyaya - (i) smin smi smi si (aMsi) ___ (ii) smi smi mhi mmi 3. prAkRta bhASA meM aham ke lie amhi, ammi, mmi ke prayoga (hemacandra 83 105) milate haiM aura ye 'asmi' kriyApada meM se hI nikale haiN| aisA hI vikAsa -mmi vibhakti pratyaya kA -smi meM se huA hai /

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI (ii) smi smi mbhi (iv) smi ssiM si si .. [ pratyayoM ke isa bhASika vikAsa-krama meM kahIM kahIM para lipidoSa kA bhrama s aura bhU ke bIca spaSTa ho rahA hai / ) - pAli sAhitya meM -smiM aura -mhi (gAigara 78,82,95) pratyaya kA pracalana rahA / vyAkaraNakAra moggalAna ke anusAra pAli meM -msi pratyaya bhI thA (gAigara 79) / azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM -si (ssi) aura -mhi pratyaya milate haiM aura tIsarI zatAbdI meM dakSiNa meM -msi (asi) pratyaya milatA hai| ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM -asi pratyaya milatA hai lekina vyAkaraNakAra hemacandra (8.3.59) -ssiM pratyaya kA mAtra sarvanAma ke lie hI ullekha karate haiM / vividha prAkRta bhASAoM meM -nisa (asi),-ssi,-hi aura (-aMmi) --mmi pratyaya milate haiM (pizala 366 a aura 425) / pizala mahodaya ne jaina zaurasenI meM milane vAle 'tamhi' rUpa ko (425) galata batAyA hai / hamArI dRSTi se yaha galata nahIM hogA kyoMki 'imamhi' rUpa vyavahArasUtra meM aura -mhi vAle prayoga kundakunda ke sAhitya meM milate haiM / -hi vibhakti-pratyaya mAtra pAli bhASA kA hI ho aisA ekAMta dRSTi se nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kucha pratyaya amuka kAla taka pAli aura ardhamAgadhI donoM bhASAoM meM samAna rUpa se pracalita rahe hoMge aisA kahanA anupayukta nahIM hogaa| athavA aisA bhI asaMbhava nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki uttaravartI lehiyoM ne prAcIna pratyayoM ke sthAna para usa samaya meM pracalita naye pratyayoM ko rakha diyA ho / Upara diye gaye aneka vibhakti pratyayoM meM se -mmi pratyaya

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ke. Ara. candra sabase bAda kA mAlUma hotA hai, jisakI utpatti dhvani-parivartana ke siddhAnta se spaSTataH -mhi meM se huI hai aura lekhana kI asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa , sa aura ma ke bIca (lipi-doSa se 'sa' meM 'ma' kA) bhrama* ho jAne se -'msi' kA -mmi' yA -'si' kA -'mi' meM parivartana honA bhI azakya nahI kahA jA sakatA / ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna aMzoM meM -si ke sthAna para -mi' 'mmi' A. jAne kA yaha bhI eka sabala kAraNa hai / . isa sAre vivecana se yaha phalita hotA hai ki yadi prAcIna ardhamAgadhI sAhitya kI pratiyoM meM sa. e. va. ke lie -ssiM, *ssi, -smi yA -mhi pratyaya milate ho to unheM galata mAnakara unake sthAna para -AMsi aura -mmi kA prayoga nahIM karanA cAhie / isa saMdarbha meM prAkRta bhASA kI prAcInatama kRti se eka udAharaNa denA anupayukta nahIM hogA jisameM saptamI ekavacana kA -ssiM pratyaya eka pAThAntara ke rUpa meM -asi ke sthAna para AcArAMga meM milatA hailogassiM (saM. kha. jai pratiyoM ke anusAra, 1.8.3.209, pR0 75, ma. jai. vi. saMskaraNa) / . AcArya hemacandra ke dvArA -ssiM vibhakti pratyaya sarvanAma ke lie diyA gayA hai aura yaha udAharaNa nAmika vibhakti pratyaya kA hai / ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke prAcIna lakSaNoM ke bAre meM alpa jAnakArI ke kAraNa hamAre lehiyoM athavA saMpAdakoM ke hAtha kitane hI prAcIna 4. samvAusA-isibhA. 26. pa. 1 (paatthaantr-mbaause|), sisiraMsi-AcA, 1.94.3.9 (pAThA. sisimi, saM, khe, ne) / AcA. (maje vi.) sUtra 1 ke 'suya me Ausa' ke 'suya' zabda meM jesalamera kI eka visaM. 1485 kI tArapatra kI prati meM 'muyaH' kA bhrama hotA hai / ma

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura adhamAgadhI 87 vibhakti pratyaya aura kriyA pratyaya sAhitya meM se lupta ho jAne kI zaMkA hotI hai / jaise A0 zrI hemacandra ne paMcamI ekavacana ke lie (smAt ) -mhA vibhakti pratyaya ke sAtha kamhA, jamhA, tamhA ityAdi rUpa to (8.3.66). diye haiM parantu (-smin ) -mhi vibhakti pratyaya kA koI ullekha taka nahIM kiyA hai jo sAhitya meM yatra tatra milatA hai / ho sakatA hai ise pAli kA vibhakti pratyaya samajhakara mAnya nahIM rakhA ho / jaba vyAkaraNa-graMtha meM use mAnyatA nahIM milI ho taba to aise vibhakti pratyaya kA prayoga prAcIna pratoM meM kahIM kahIM para milA bhI hogA to usakA sAmAnyata: tyAga hI kara diyA gayA hogA aisA kahanA anupayukta nahIM hogA /

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12 kucha anya vibhakti pratyaya __ prAkRta bhASA ke katipaya vibhakti-pratyaya jo prAraMbha meM anusvAra-rahita the unameM uttaravartI kAla meM anusvAra kA Agama huA aura jo anusvAra-yukta thA usame se anusvAra kA lopa huA / kAlakrama se donoM prakAra ke pratyaya bhASA ke abhinna aMga bana gaye aisA spaSTa pratIta hotA hai / unake isa prakAra ke vikAsa ke bAre meM nimna vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai / 1. napuM. prathamA-dvitIyA bahuvacana napusakaliMga prathamA aura dvitIyA ba. va. ke lie vararuci ke prAkRta-prakAza ke dvArA -i pratyaya diyA gayA hai / ijjazzasodIrghazca -5.26 udAharaNa - vaNAi, dahIi, mahai / sUtra naM. 6.23 kI vRtti me diye gaye 'amUI, vaNAI' ke anusAra aura kaoNvela dvArA diye gaye 'vaNAI' udAharaNa ke anusAra (pR 51, pA. Ti. 11 ) -I pratyaya bhI banatA hai / zaurasenI ke lie diye gaye sUtra me -Ni pratyaya bhI milatA hai / mirjazzsorvA klIve svaradIrghazca 12.11 udAharaNa - vaNANi arthAt zaurasenI meM -Ni aura mahArASTrI prAkRta meM -i aura -iM / isakA artha yaha huA ki mahArASTrI se zaurasenI purAnI bhASA

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 89 hai, ataH -Ni pratyaya purAnA hai aura -i, -I uttaravartI haiN| hemacandrAcArya ne tIna -Ni, -I aura -i~ pratyaya diye haiM / jas-zasa i-I-NayaH samAgdIrghAH -8.3.26, udAharaNa-vayamAI, 'paGkayAi', dahII, mai, paGkayANi, dahINi, maNi __ sUtra naM. 8.1 34 ke udAharaNa isa prakAra haiMguNAI, guNAI aura devANi arthAt unake anusAra prAkRta meM tInoM pratyaya - Ni, iM aura i calate haiM / 2. puMliMga-napusakaliMga akArAnta tR. e. va. puM. tR. e. va. kA vibhakti-pratyaya prAkRta-prakAza ke anusAra .-eNa mAtra hai, udAharaNa -vaccheNa TAmorNa: 5.4 paratu kaoNvela mahodaya ke sUtra 4.16 . para ke TippaNa ke anusAra -eNa kA -eNaM bhI hotA hai / ____ AcArya zrI hemacandra ne -eNa aura -eNaM donoM pratyayoM kA ullekha kiyA haiN| TA-AmorNaH 8 3 6 aura ktvA-syAderNaH svorvA 8 1 27 ... udAharaNa-vaccheNaM, vaccheNa vararuci sirpha -eNa pratyaya de rahe haiM jabaki hemacandra -eNa aura -eNaM donoM pratyayoM kA ullekha karate haiM / 3. vatIyA bahuvacana prAkRta-prakAza meM tR. ba. va. ke lie mAtra -hiM pratyaya kA ullekha hai|

Page #99
ke. Ara. candra ___ bhiso hiM -5.5; udAharaNa-vacchehiM .. vyAkaraNa kI vRtti meM sarvanAma ke prakaraNa meM -hi pratyaya bhI milatA hai - tIhi-6 55, punaH 6.61 meM aggIhi, vAUhi, ityAdi udAharaNa bhI milate haiM jabaki unake hI pAThAntara me -hiM milatA hai| / hemacandrAcArya ke anusAra -hi, -hiM aura -hi tIna pratyaya haiM / bhiso hi hi hi 8.3.7 udAharaNa-vacchehi, vacchehi , vacchehi 4. SaSThI bahuvacana .. vararuci ke prAkRtaprakAza ke anusAra SaSThI bahuvacana kA vibhaktiH pratyaya -Na hai / TAmorNaH 54 udAharaNa-vacchANa pAThAntara meM -NaM milatA hai (kaoNvela, pR. 39) / sUtra naM. 5.11 meM bhI -vacchANa rUpa hai / hemacandrAcArya ke anusAra bhI -Na pratyaya hai / . TA-AmorNaH-8 3.6, udAharaNa -vacchANa __ Na ke badale -NaM kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai| 5. saptamI bahuvacana prAkRtaprakAza meM sa. ba. va. ke lie mAtra -su pratyaya diyA gayA hai / supaH su:-5 10, udAharaNa- vacchesu anya udAharaNoM me -tujhesu, tumhesu 6 30, amhesu 6.53, dosu 6.54 aura vacchesu 6.63 milate haiM / pAThAntara meM dosu 0.54 bhI milatA hai /

Page #100
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI hemacandrAcArya ke anusAra -su 83.15 aura su 8.1.27 donoM hI pratyaya milate haiM / udAharaNa - vacchesu aura vacchesu vyAkaraNakAroM ne jo vibhakti pratyaya diye haiM unake pariprekSya meM prAcIna rUpaka sAhitya, prAkRta zilAlekhoM tathA prAcIna prAkRta sAhitya meM ye pratyaya kisa prakAra milate haiM unakA vivaraNa nimna prakAra se diyA jA sakatA hai / prAcIna rUpaka sAhitya 11: kucha prAcIna rUpakoM * meM ye vibhakti - pratyaya jisa prakAra milate haiM unameM se nimna tAlikA ke anusAra - ANi, hi, -NaM, -su prAcIna pratyaya haiM jabaki - Ai, hiM, Na, su unake uttarakAlIna rUpa haiM aura * See my article: 'Study of Pakrrits in Classical Dramas Their Stages in Some Early Dramas', Vidya, C-Languages, Vol. XXIII, No. 2., Guj Univ.... Aug 1980 The table is reproduced.

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kAraka 1. napuM. pra. ba. va. 2. tR. ba. ba. 3. Sa. ba. va. 4. sa. ba. va. zAriputra prakaraNam - nAM 1 ** = zAkuntalam ke prayogoM ke anusAra svapna vAsavadattam - ANi - hi (bahudhA) - hi (kabhI-kabhI ) - NaM -su vikramorvazIyam - ANi AI -hi : - hiM (bahudhA) -NaM p su mRcchakaTikam -AI -hi -oi, -s s s 92 ke. Ara. candra

Page #102
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI svapnavAsavadattam tathA mRcchakaTikam meM tR. e. va. ke lie sirpha. -eNa pratyaya hI milatA hai / prAcIna zilAlekha prAcIma zilAlekhIya prayogoM se yaha phalita hotA hai ki pratyayoM meM anusvAra kA Agama yA lopa uttaravartI pravRtti hai / pro.. meheNDale' ke adhyayana kA sAra yaha hai ki prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM napu'.. prathamA-dvitIyA ba. va. ke lie sarvatra sAmAnyataH-Ani pratyaya kA. prayoga huA hai (pazcima me prathama zatAbdI se aura dakSiNa me tRtIya zatAbdIse -ANi kA prayoga) / -AI pratyaya kA kahIM para bhI. ullekha nahIM hai / puliMga -napu. akArAMta zabda ke tRtIyA e. va.. kA pratyaya -ena* sarvatra milatA hai (pazcima aura madhya kSetrameM dUsarI zatAbdI I. sa. pUrva se, uttara-pazcima meM prathama zatAbdI I. sa.. pUrva se aura dakSiNa meM dUsarI zatAbdI se -eNa pratyaya milatA hai)| tRtIyA ba. va. kA vibhakti pratyaya -hi sarvatra milatA (pR 24 1) hai / saptamI ba. va. kA pratyaya sarvatra -su milatA haiM (pR. 241, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250) / Sa. ba. va. kA pratyaya sAmAnyataH -naM hai aura kabhI kabhI sarvatra -na bhI milatA hai (-nakAra kA -NakAra pazcima meM dUsarI zatAbdI I. sa. pUrva se milane lagatA hai, pR. 241 ityaadi)| 1. Historical Grammar of Iascriptional Prakrits by ___M. A. Mehendale, Poona, 1948, p. 284 ff. 2. vahI, I. sa. pUrva dUsarI yA prathama zatAbdI ke madhya bhArata ke eka zilAlekha meM -eNaM pratyaya (hAritIputeNa) milatA hai (pR. 173) / 3. vahI, caturtha zatAbdI ke bAsima ke zilAlekhoM meM -hiM pratyaya milatA hai (likhitehiM, AmehiM -pR. 173, 180) www.jainelibrary.com

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ke Ara. candra prAcIna prAkRta kAvya sAhitya gAthA saptazatI (1) gAthA saptazatI meM napusakaliMga prathamA-dvitIyA ba. va. ke lie . -ANi pratyaya nahIM milatA hai / pracalita pratyaya -AI aura (chanda ke niyamana ke lie) --AI milate haiM / gAthA naM 722 me --Ai pratyaya bhI milatA hai / * (ii) tRtIyA eka kcana ke lie pracalita pratyaya -eNa hai jo pAda ke anta meM bhI milatA hai (jahA~ para dIrgha mAtrA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai ) / mAtrAoM ke niyamana ke lie -kaeNaM(524), [pAdaeNaM (766), aNujjueNaM (783), NAmeNaM (787), daMtoTeNaM (795), valAhireNaM (805), loaNeNaM eva' mANaseeNaM (822)] aura eka jagaha daMsaNeNa (610) bhI milA hai / 700 ke bAda kI prakSipta .. gAthAoM meM -eNa pratyaya adhika mAtrA meM milatA hai / (iii) tR. ba. va kA pracalita pratyaya -hiM hai jabaki -hiM -hi kama mAtrA meM milate haiM / (iv) Sa. ba. va. kA pracalita pratyaya -Na hai, usake bAda -NaM kI bArI AtI hai / -Na pratyaya kabhI kabhI hI, jaise- aNNANa (89, 470) milatA hai / isa -Na pratyaya kI saMkhyA 700 ke bAda kI gAthAoM meM bar3ha jAtI hai (746, 764(3), 767, 80345), 860, 861, 936, 941) / (v) sa. ba. va. kA cAlU pratyaya -su hai, sirpha eka bAra -su (vaNesuM-77) mila sakA hai / ___ * saMpA. sa. A. jogaLekara, prasAda prakAzana, puNe, 1956

Page #104
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI setubandham * (i) napuM. pra. dvi. ba. va. ke lie - ANi pratyayavAlA eka bhI prayoga nahIM milA hai / pracalita pratyaya - AI aura Ai~ haiM / do cAra prayoga - Ai ke bhI milate haiM ( raaNAi 2.14, rakkhasAi, turaAi, pavaAi 15.17 ) | (ii) tRtIyA e. va. kA bahu pracalita vibhakti pratyaya - eNa hI hai / kabhI kabhI mAtrAoM ke niyamana ke lie ATha-dasa prayogoM meM anusvAra yukta - eNa milatA haiM (NimmANaeNaM 3.45, loaNeNaM 347, aseNaM 3.55, aisaeNa 4.35, ityAdi) / (iii) tRtIyA bahuvacana kA pracalita vibhakti pratyaya - hi hai ( vANarehi 15.4 ) / kabhI kabhI hi aura hiM bhI milate haiM (amhehi 3.32, naIhiM 2.16) / (iv) SaSThI ba. va. kA pracalita pratyaya NaM hai, kabhI kabhI mAtrAoM ke niyamana ke lie -Na bhI milatA hai ( vANarANa 2.45, vahantANa 3.26, rAmacaraNANa 8. 28, naINa 8.65, suravaDUNa 15.78 ) aura bahuta kama prayoga - Na ke bhI milate haiM / ( kalahaMsANa 1.23, disANa 1.24, vANarANa N N 1.55 ) / prAkRta - prakAza ke sUtra naM. 4.16 para TippaNa karate hue kaoNvela mahodaya kA yaha mata hai ki vRtta ke bhaMga ko bacAne ke lie napuM. pra. dvi. ba. va., tR. e. va., aura tR. ba. va. ke pratyayoM meM anusvAra kA Agama yA lopa hotA hai / isakA artha yaha hotA hai ki -ANi, eNa, prAcIna pratyaya the aura uttaravartI kAla meM padyAtmaka racanAoM meM chanda ke niyamana ke lie unameM anusvAra kA lopa hone lagA / hi NaM aura su Agama yA saMrA. paM. zivadatta, nirbhaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1935 95

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ke. Ara. candra pizala mahodaya ke kathanAnusAra bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki -eNa prAcIna pratyaya hai aura -eNaM uttarakAlIna hai / unakA kahanA hai ki (363) mAgadhI, zaurasenI, paizAcI, cUlikA paizAcI aura jaina zaurasenI me sirpha -eNa (tR. e. va.) pratyaya milatA hai jabaki mahArASTI, jaina mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI * meM -eNa aura -eNa' donoM pratyaya milate haiM / vasudevahiMDI aura paumacariyaM mahArASTrI prAkRta kI prAcIna jaina racAnAe~ haiM ataH unameM prayukta ina vibhakti pratyayoM kI kyA sthiti hai yaha jAnanA upayogI hogA / vasudevahiMDI .. yaha eka gadyAtmaka racanA hai jisameM mAtrAoM ke niyamana ke. lie anusvAra ke Agama yA lopa kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI / isa racanA ke prathama khaNDa ke prathama aMza ke 1-16 pRSThoM (400 zloka-pramANa) kA vizleSaNa isa prakAra hai / 1. napu. pra. dvi. ba. va. kA bahu pracalita vibhakti pratyaya -ANi hai| sirpha cAra-pA~ca pratizata -AI milatA hai, udAharaNaphalANi 2.22 , tANi 3 25 , diTThANi / 1.8 , vaMjaNANi 14 22, judrANi 16 2., evaM eyAI 3 25, sadhaNAI 119 2. tRtIyA e. va. (pu. napu. akArAnta) kA cAlU pratyaya -eNa hai, kabhI kabhI lagabhaga 10 se 12 pratizata -eNaM pAyA * isameM prAcIna aura uttarakAlIna donoM prakAra kI ardhamAgadhI kA samAveza ho| jAtA hai sivAya ki padyAtmaka aMzoM meM aise prayoga jahA~ para vRtta-bhaga se bacane ke lie anusvAra-sahita yA anusvAra-rahita pratyaya kI AvazyakatA ho /

Page #106
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI . U . . gayA hai, udAharaNa . teNa 2.23, kAleNa 6.1, ghaNeNa 13.11, eeNa 16.13. aura eeNaM 4.19, ..jaMbunAmeNaM, 6.19, rahasseNaM 11.15, sayapoNaM 16.6 3. tR. ba. va. kA. pracalita pratyaya -hiM pAyA gayA hai / -hi ke prayoga 10 pratizata hI mile haiM, udAharaNa -amhehiM 58 corehi 13.19, tehi 13.8, evaM tehi 4.30, lacchIhi 7.6, dohi 9.26 4. SaSThI ba. va. kAccAlU. pratyaya -mAM hai, lagabhaga 15 pratizata ..-Na. bhI milatA hai| udAharaNa jaNANaM 12.7, sahathavAhANaM 6-27, evaM gaNigrANa .11.8 aura vorANa 16.21 5. saptamI ba. va. kA sirpha -su pratyaya hI pAyA gayA haiM, udAharaNa -sAsesu 3.47 anItesu: 6.20, jagaresu 155 aura amaresu 17.8 paumacariyaM yaha eka padyAtmaka racanA hai ataH chanda meM mAtrAoM ke niyamana ke lie anusvAra kA Agama aura lopa Avazyaka thA / isa dRSTi se isake uddeza 2, 3, 71 aura 106 (398 gAthAoM) kA vizleSaNa isa prakAra hai| 1. pu. napu pra. dvi. ba. va. kA pracalita pratyaya -AI hai, pAda ke anta meM bhI yaha.pratyaya milatA hai / isa graMtha meM -AI ... 31 bAra, -AI hai. bAraaura -ANi 6 bAra milA hai| udAharaNa -aNubvayANi 2.86 divamANi 3,677 annANi

Page #107
98 ke. Ara. candra 106.19, niyayAi~ 2.97, AsaNAI 3.71, kamalAI 299, sahassAi 3 23, dukkhAI 106 42, paMdAnta meM ThANAi 2.97, pallAI 3.36, vahantAI 71.23, duTThavayaNAi 106.17 2. pu. napu'. tR. e va. kA pracalita vibhakti pratyaya -eNa hai jo 97 vAra milA hai / -eNaM 55 bAra milA hai jisameM se pAdAnta meM 46 bAra milatA hai / pAdAnta meM -eNa bhI cAra bAra prayukta huA hai / udAharaNa -vIreNa 2.104, rAmeNa 3.10, teNa 3.106. 'kameNa 71.1 kaNayaraheNa 106.2, keNa 106.18 aura jiNavaradhammeNaM 2 106, teNaM 3 08, siriseleNaM 71.44; pAdAnta meM bhAveNa 2.81, samaNarUveNa 3.142; bhAveNa' 2.98; teeNaM 3.4, . jeNaM 3.54, nIleNaM 71.35, payattaNaM 106.24 3. tR. ba. va. kA pracalita vibhakti-pratyaya -hi hai jo 34 bAra milA hai, -hiM 25 bAra jisameM se pAdAnta meM 15 bAra milA hai / udAharaNa ____ dukkhehi 2.75, eehi 3.38, sarehi 71.68, amhehi 106.11, tihiM 106.14 ___pAdAnta meM guNehiM 2.117, hatthehiM 3.96, mehehiM 71.33 4. Sa. ba. va. kA pracalita pratyaya -NaM hai jo 59 bAra milA hai jabaki -Na 42 bAra milA hai / pAdAnta meM -NaM 30 bAra milA hai| udAharaNa, gandhavANaM 3.31, tANaM 106.7; tANa 2 63, rakkhasANa 3.31, AuhANa 71.2, akusANa 106.13, pAdAnta meM suravarArNa 2.57, paNavANaM 3.87, vahantANaM 71.71. pattANaM 106.28

Page #108
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 99 5, sa. ba. va. kA pratyaya -su hai jo 83 bAra milA hai, sirpha 1 bAra -su milA hai, ThANesu 3.24; pAdAnta meM bhI -su hI prayukta huA hai| udAharaNa-bahuesu 2 112, aGgesu 71.21 -kAmabhogesu 106.38 . isa vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai ki mahArASTrI prAkRta kI padyAtmaka racanAoM meM -ANi kA -AI ho gayA aura mAtrAoM ke niyamana ke lie anya pratyayoM meM anusvAra kA Agama yA lopa hone lagA / vasudevahiNDI para (gadyAtmaka racanA) isa uttaravartI parivartana kA prabhAva dikhatA hai / usameM -hiM kI bahulatA hai aura kabhI kabhI -AI -eNaM aura -Na pratyaya bhI milate haiM / ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM ina prAcIna aura uttaravartI vibhakti-pratyayoM kA prayoga vaikalpika ho gayA ho aisA pratIta hotA hai / isa bAta kI puSTi nIce diye gaye udAharaNoM se ho rahI hai / __Agama graMthoM ke jina saMskaraNoM se udAharaNa yahA~ para diye jA rahe haiM unameM svIkRta pATha amuka amuka pratiyoM se liye gaye haiM / asvIkRta pATha pAThAntara ke rUpa meM diye gaye haiM jinake sAmane pratiyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai ataH svIkRta pAThoM ke sAmane anya pratiyA~ samajha lI jAnI caahie| nIce pratiyoM kA paricaya* - pratiyoM kA paricaya (ka) AcArAMga (ma. ja. vi.), ke sampAdana meM upayoga meM lI gayI pratiyA~ tAupatra se. saMghavI pADA jJAnabhAMDAra, pATana, vi. saM. 13 vIM zatI kA uttarAdha zAM. zrI zAMtinAtha tADapatrIya jaina jJAna bhaDAra, khaMbhAta, vi. saM. 1303 kha. . vi. saM. 1327

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ke. Ara. candra diyA gayA hai / pAThAntaraM rahita prayogoM ke kucha namUne aura pAThAntara vAle bhI kucha udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiN| isase spaSTa hogA ki prAcIna aura uttaravatI donoM hI prakAra ke pratyaye svIkRta pAThoM yA pAThAntaroM meM milate haiM / isa taraha se donoM prakAra ke pratyayoM kA milanA yahI darzAtA hai ki uttasvI' pratyaya kAlAntara meM vaikalpika pratyaya bana gaye / prAcIna pratyayoM ke kucha udAharaNa : AcAsaMga (i) patidehatarANi 1.92, kUrANi kammANi 1.148, duccaragANiM 1.298, maMsUNi 1.30'3, garthimANi 2 689, vivihANi 2.689, ityAdi / (ii) paritAveNa 163, alomeNa 171, tividheNa 1 79. teNa 1.83 jeNa 183, kaDeNa 1.93; chaNapadeNaM 1:103. avareNa 1 124, paheNa 1.129t3), ityAdi / khe. zrI khetaravasI pADA kA bhaMDAra, pATana je zrI jinamadrasUri jaina jJAna bhaDAra, jesalamera, vi. saM. 1485 kAgaja kI pratiyA~ jai. jaina sAhitya vikAsa mahala he. 1, 2, 3 zrI hemacandrAcAya jaina zAna bhaDAra, pATana i. jaina zvetAMbara saMgha kA AtmakamalalabdhisUrIzvara zAstra saMgraha, isara lA. lA 1 zrI lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda (kha) sUtrakRtAMga (ma. jai. vi.) ke saMpAdana meM upayoga meM lI gaI pratiyA~ tADapatra kI pratiyAM khaM 1. zrI zAMtinAtha tADapatrIya jaina jJAna bhaDAra, khaMbhAta, vi. saM. 1327 , ,, vi. saM 1349 pA. zrI ghivIpADA jaina jJAna bhaMDAra, pATaNa, vi. saM 1468 kAgaja kI pratiyA kha 2.. " "

Page #110
'paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI (iii) vIrehi 1.33. (iv) aNagArANaM 1.14, -5, 26,5:36. 44, 52,59; mANavANaM 1.64 67. 77, dhUtANa', dAsINa, kammakarINaM 1,87, saMsArapaDi-. vaNNANaM 1 134, aNiyahAAmINa 1.143, vIkSaNa' 1.143, Ato varatANa' 1.146, ArUsiyANa'- 1 256, ityAdi / (v) rUvesu 1.41, disAsu.. 1.49; 103, 1.37, etesuH 189, tesu 1.92, sadda-rUvesu 1.108, payAsu. 1.119, uvaratadaMDesu 1.132, sovadhiesu 1.132, ityAdi / sUtrakRtAMga (i) uccAvayANi 11.1.27, sayaNANi 1.3.2.17. bIyANi 1.3.4.3, saddANi 1 4.1 6, kesANi 1.4.2.3, bhUtANi 7.8: savediyANi 8:17, savvANi 9.36; mahabbhayANi 10.21 pAva kammANi 15.6: aMtANi 15.15. (ii) paritANeNa 11.2.6, suhumeNa 1.4 1 2, IsareNa 1 1.3.6, moheNa 1.3.1.11, kAsaveNa 1 3.2.14;15.21; micchatteNa 1.3,3.18, udaeNa 1.3.2.4.1, usIreNa 1.4.2.8, nANeNa 1.6.17, 18, viyaDeNa 1.7.21, keNa 8.1, dukkheNa 10.4, aNNeNa 10.6, sacceNa 15:3 pu. 1. muni zrI puNyavijayajI kA saMgraha, vi. sa. 1714. pu. 2. . ,, vi. saM. aMdAjana 16vIM zatI lA. lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, ahamadAbAda. saM. jaina jJAna bhaMDAra, saMvegI upAzraya, hAjA paTela pola, ahamadAbAda (ga) RSibhASitAni (zubriga), lA. da. bhA. saM. vi. mandira, ahamadAbAda, I. sa. 1974 pra. pratyAntare = P, H aura D.

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ke. Ara. candra (iii) DhaMkehi 1.1.3.3, kasAyavayaNehi 1.31.15, NAyaehi 1.8.12, suhIhi 1.8.12. hatthe hi pAehi 10.2 102 (iv) aNNANa 1.1.3.5, bhikkhUNaM 1.3.2.1, paMthANaM 1.33.5 kusIlANaM 1.4 1.12, jiNANaM 1.6.7, pANiNaM 1.8.4, buddhANaM 1.9.32, dukkhANaM 15.17, savvasAhUNaM 15.24 (V) sejjAsu 1.1.4.11, itthIsu 1.3.2.22, itthIposesu 1.4.1.20, rukkhesu 1.6.18, etesu 1.7.210.5, haritesu 1.9.19, AraMbhesu 1.9.35, aNiyANabhUtesu 10.1, pAvasu 10.5, amaNussesu 15.16 payAsu 10.4, RSibhASitAni (i) piTTaNANi tajjaNANi 9 paM. 5, NANadaMsaNacaritANi 24 paM. 11 kammANi 2.5, duvasvANi 27, aNNamaNNANi, gahaNANi 45 pAvakammANi 9.15, dukkhANi 15.1, indiyANi 16.3 (ii) devanAradeNa 1 paM. 3, vajjiyaputteNa 2 paM.1, mahAkAsaveNa 9 paM. 2, amacceNa 10 paM. 10, taruNeNa 21 paM. 2, keNa vA aTTeNa 31 paM. 3, 4, mAhapariNavvAyageNa 37 paM. 2 aNNANa 2.8; 21.4, 7, 8, 9, saMkappeNa 4. 11, jhANeNa 9.25. paDiyAreNa 15.8, NANajogeNa 21.10, jeNa 24.18, jaggieNa 35 17, sukheNa 38.1, sattheNa 45.18, bhAtreNa 45.25 (gha) uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke ( ma. jai vi.) saMpAdana meM upayoga meM lI gaI pratiyA~ zrI saMghavIpADA jaina jJAna bhaMDAra, pATaNa, vi. saM 1989 ( tADapatra ) saM 1. saM 2. pu. zrI saMghavI pADA jaina jJAna bhaMDAra, pATaNa, vi. saM 1232 (tADapatra) zrI lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, ahamadAbAda, ( kAgaja kI prati) 16vIM zatI

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI (iii) kammehi 2.3, galehi 212, sAmabheyakkiyAhi 24.12, bhAsApaNaiehi 41.12, pupphAdihi 45.53 (iv) savvadukkhANaM 21 paM. 9, jIvANa 3! paM. 8, puggalANa 31 paM. 10, sarIrANa' 9.14, savvadukkhANa 15.28, saMjogANaM 21.9 pamattANa 35.20, NarANa 41.1, mANavANa' 45.1, pupphANaM 45.53 (v) maNuNNesu saddesu 16 paM. 4,5,7, ruvesu gaMdhesu , rasesu phAsesu 16 paM. 9, 38 paM. 2, savvatthesu 1.2, sikkhAgatIsu 9.16, gAmesu 22.7, kUDesu 26 ), saddasu 38.5, Naraesu, kAmesu 45.1 uttarAdhyayana (i) nirasthANi 1.8, paMtANi 8.12, aTTAlagANi 9.18, vaddhamANagihANi 9.24, paMcidiyANi 9.36, khettANi 12.13, kammANi 13.26, mahAlayANi 13.26, eyANi 5.21, jAlANi 14.36, suyANi 19.11, paMcamahavvayANi 19.11 maraNANi 19.16,47, sArabhaMDANi 19.23, soDhANi 19.47, bhImANi 19.47, jammANi 19.47, sIsagANi 19.69, sollagANi 19.70, madhUNi 19.71, ruhirANi 19.71 vallarANi 19.81, sarANi 19.81, AbharaNANi 22.20, savANi 22.20, taNANi 23.17, iMdiyANi 23.38 lA 1. zrI lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmaMdira, ahamadAbAda (kAgaja kI prati) vi. saM 1525 lA 2. . zrI lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAma dira, ahamadAbAda (kAgaja kI prati) 16 vIM zatI .. ha.. . muni zrI haMsavijayajI ke saMgraha kI prati /

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...ke. Ara. candra (ii) kAleNa 1.1.0,31(2).32,14.52, saMjameNa 1.16, taveNa 1.16. aMtareNa 1.25, sIeNa 1 27, pharaseNa 1.27, praDisveNa 1.32, pattieNa 1.41, jeNa 81; teNa 8 16, kusaggeNa 9.44, saMkappeNa 9.49, dhaNeNa 1417, . sayaNeNa -14 17, keNa 14.22, mAhaNeNa 14.38, acireNa 14.52, saMjameNa 19.78, taveNa 1978, nANeNa 19 25, 22.26, caraNeNa 19.95, daMsaNeNa 1995, taveNa 19.95, aMkuseNa 22:46, (iii) parehi 116 , paosehi 8.2, sabalehi 19 55, paTTisehi ___19.56, musalehi 39.62, pasatthehi (gadya) 29. 1109 (iv) agAresu 1.26, savvesu 8.4, kAmajAesu 84, rakkhasesu 8 18 , nArIsu 8.19, pAsAdesu 9.7. bhogesu 9.02, jaMtusu 14.42, kAmesu 14.45, tasesu 19 90 (gadyAMza) tiricchiesa 29.1104. . kAmabhogesu 29 1104, pavayaNamAyAsu 29.1113, rasesu 29.1166-68, phAsesu 28 1166.68 zA. zrI jAla "zAnTIyara kA sAMskaraNa, I. sa. 1921-22 ' pA. .. zrISTha devacandra lAlabhAI, surata dvArA prakAzita. AcArya zrI zAntisUrikRta. pAiyaTIkA. I. sa. 1916-17 ne. zeTha puSpacandra khemacandra vaNAda, gujarAta dvArA prakAzita AcArya ..." zrI nemicandrasari kRta 'uttarAdhyana sUtra kI TIkA I. sa 1947 () dazavakAlikapatra (ma...vi.) ke saMpAdana meM upayoga meM lI gaI pratiyA~ khaM 1 zrI zAMtinAtha gena tADapatrIya jJAna bhaDAra, khabhAta, 13 vIM zatI kA pUrvAdha' - kha 2 zrI zAMtinAtha jaina tArapatrIya jJAna bhaMDAra, khaMbhAta, 14 vI zatI kA uttarArdha

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI dazavaikAlika sUtra (i) afugem 3.2, uvaTTaNANi 3.5, AussaraNANi 3.6, pagANi 6.63, pavayANi, vaNANi 7.26, titthANi 7.37, eyANi 8.16, mittANi 8.37, AsaNANi 9.2.17, duruddharANi 9.3.7, mahabbhayANi 93.7, savvANi 10.19. 11 (ii) teNa 15, aMkuseNa hatthe, pAraNa 4.18. 5.2 49;6.20,25, 105 2.10, saMjameNa 3.15, * taveNa 3.15, namokkAreNa 5.1.124, nAyapuratena sIpaNa usiNeNa 6.62, eeNa 7.13, anneNa 7.13 nAmaghejjeNa 7.17, anileNa 10.3 (iii) sahi 6.22, buddhehi 7.2 paNa 6.37, tiviheNa 6.26,43;8.4, : (iv) mahesiNaM 3.1, jIvanikAyANaM 4.10, bhAsANaM 7.1 (v) putha 12, ahAgaDesu 1.4, bhogesu 2.11, gimhesu 3.12, hemaMte 3.12, devalogesu 314, kaMsesu, kaMsapAesu, kuMDamosu 6.50 bhilugAsu 661, gahaNesu 811, rasesu 10,17 khaM 4 alaga alaga hastapratoM meM usI zabda-rUpa ke lie anusvAra sahita yA anusvAra-rahita vibhakti pratyayoM ke prayoga khaM 3 : zrI zAMtinAtha jaina tADapatrIya jJAna bhaMDAre, kha bhAta, 14 vIM zatI kA uttarArdha zrI zAMtinAtha jena tADapatrIya jJAnabhaMDAra, kha bhAta, 14vIM zatI kA uttarAdha je. zrI jinabhadrasUri pe jJAnabhaMDAra, jesalamera, vi saM. 1289 (tADapatra) zu. zutriMga aura DaoN. hAyamena kA saMskaraNa napA. saMketa aspaSTa

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ke. bhAra. candra AcArAMga (i) kUrAI kammAi' 1.82, (kUrANi kammANi- saM, zAM, ba, khe jai), oNsaNagAi 1.29+ (AsaNayANi khe. jai, duccaragANi 1.298 (duccarAi-he 2, 3, i, lA, duccarANi-khaM, saM. he 1) maMsUNi chiNNa-puvAI 1 303 (maMsUNi chinnapuvANi- ca.) (i) samAraMbheNaM 1.14,50,52 (samAraMbheNa --Agamodaya) saJcasamAgala paNNapaNeNaM 1.52, (-paNANeNa-saM, khe, jai), paritAveNa 1.63, (pariyAveNaM he 2, 3, i, lA.), tividheNa 1.79 (tiviheNaM he 1, 2, 3, i, lA) (iii) vIrehiM 1.33 (vIrehi, zA, he 2, 3, lA.), parihAyamANehi 1.64 (parihAyamANehi- cU.), thIbhi 1.84 (thIhiM- zI. pU. 62ba) (iv) mihukahAsu 1.263 (midhokahAsu he 1) sUtrakRtAMga AraMbhAi na 1.1.2.11 ( AraMbhANi kha1) pAvakammANi 115.6 (pAvakamAi khe2, pu1, 2, lA.), NAyaehi 1.8.12 (nAyaehi pu2) RSibhASitAni amacceNaM 10. paM. 12 (amacceNe pra.), NAgeNa 23. paM. 7 (NANeNa pra.), pAvehi kammehi 4.paM 3 (pAvehi kammehi pra.) sAdhUhi 33.8 (sAdhRhi pra.), kUDesu 26.9 (kUDesuM pra.) acU. zrI agastyasiMhagaNi viracita dazakAlika ko cUrNi acUpA. bho. agastyasiMhagaNi viracita dazavakAlika sUtra kI cUrNikA pATha bheda 7. dazavakAlika saMtra kA vRddhavivaraNam A. zrI RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI (ratalAma) dvArA prakAzita vRddha vivaraNa

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107. paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI ucarAdhyayana (ii) atthajuttAI 1.3 (aTThajuttANi saM 2, pu, lA 1, 2), pAvAI kammAi' 12.40 (pAvANi kammANi ha.), bhImANi 19.47. (bhImAi saM 1 ), kammANi mahAlayANi 13.26 kamAI mahAlayAI saM 2, pu, lA 1, zA.) (ii) kusaggeNa 9.44 (kusaggeNaM pu. lA 1, 2, ha, pA, ne) koheNaM 9.54 (koheNa saM 1), vaddhamANeNaM 23-12,23 (vaddhamANeNa saM 1) (iii) aNegANaM 23-35 (aNegANa saM 2, ha, zA, pA, ne) (iv) agAresu 1.26 (agAresu pu. lA 1, 2, pA.) tasesu 1990 (tasesuM lA 1, 2) mAtrA-niyamana ke lie anusvAra kA Agama yA lopa (anuSTup chandra meM) Avazyaka sUtrakRtAMga jehi nArINa saMjogA 1 3 4.17 RSibhASitAni bhoyaNaM bhijjaehi vA 45.52 tato kammANa saMtatI 2.5 visapupphANa chaDDaNaM 9.17. AtAkaDAma kammANaM 15.17;45.10, davahINANa lAghavo 22.5, mohI mohINa majjhammi 24.35, eyaM buddhANa sAsaNaM 38.4, loe jIvANa dijjatI 4517 uttarAdhyayana nANeNa daMsaNeNaM ca, caritteNa taveNa ya 22.26, tattha ciMtA samuppannA, guNavaMtANa tAiNaM 23 10, sArIramANase dukkhe, (ca) TIkA graMthoM ke lie saMketa cu carNi sI. zIlAMkAcArya kI vRtti (cha) Agamo. Agamodaya saMskaraNa

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108 ke. Ara. candra bajjhamANANa pANiNaM 23.80, joisaMgaviU je ya dhammANa pAragA 25.7 veyANaM ca muhaM bUhi, bUhi jannANa je muhaM 25.14 jaM ca dhammANa vA muhaM 25.11, tumbhe dhammANa pAragA 25.36 dazavakAlika sUtra vippamukkANa tAINaM 3.1 savvajIvANa jANaI 4.37, vittI sAhUNa desiyA 51.123, paMciMdiyANa pANANaM 7.21, toraNANa gihANa ya 7.27 hastapratoM meM upalabdha isa prakAra donoM prakAra ke pATha aura prAcIna vibhakti-pratyayoM ke prayogoM kI dRSTi se pratyayoM meM anusvAra kA Agama AnAvazyaka AcArAMga (gadyAMza) (i) teNaM 1, paravAgaraNeNaM 2, puDhavIkamma-samAraMbheNaM 12, 14. pamAdeNaM 33, appANeNaM 62, ityAdi / (ii) saMjatehiM, jatehiM, appamattehiM 33, satthehiM 44, 59, aNNehi 47, - 54, 61, 62, virUvarUvehi 52, 59, ityAdi / sUtrakRtAMga (anuSTup chaMda) . , (i) NANAvihAI dukkhAI 1.1 1.26, saMkiyAI asaMkiNo 1.1.2.6 (ii) puDhe gimhAbhitAveNaM 1.3 1.5, saMtattA kesaloeNaM 13.1.13, NaNNattha aMtarAeNaM 1.9.29 . '(iii) jehiM vA saMvase Nare 1.1.1.4, etehiM tihiM TANehi 1.1.4 12, savvAhi aNujuttIhi 1.3.3.17, etehi dohi ThANehi 18.2 bhUtehi na virujjhejjhA 1.15.4 (-hiM ke aneka prayoga isa prakAra ke milate haiN)|

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 109 RSibhASitAni (i) kumbho viva saaMgAI 16.2, sallAI gAravA tiNNA 35.19 vahaNAI baMdhaNAI 9 paM. 5 ityAdi, sadhAmAI piNaddhanti 26.3 (ii) tiviheNaM / paM. 4, 5, 6, apahIgeMge 15 paM. 10, puremaeNaM 23 paM. 5, saMjameNaM 23 paM. 6, veramaNeMga' 31 paM. 16, koheNa mANeNaM lobheNaM 35, paM. 4, sayaMkaDeNaM 2.3, jujjara kammuNA jeNaM 24.25, te vatthu savvabhAveNaM 35.10, doseNaM Na viluppati 35.11 (iii) pAvehi kammehiM 4 paM. 2, davehiM 16 paM. 2, kAmehiM 21 paM. 6, cauhi ThANehi 35 paM. 2, migA baJjhanti pAsehi 21.2, appakatehi sallehi 28.13, sAhUhi saMgamaM kujjA 337, je Na lubbhati kAmehi 34.6, vijjamantopadesehi 41 11, baddho vA rajjupAsehi' 24.37, vattatehiM jagaM kicca 45.47 (iv) sacadukkhANa muccati 1 paM. 2, jIvANa ya puggalANa 31 paM. 10 uttarAdhyayana (i) gadyAMza teNaM, samaNeNa, mahAvIreNa' 29.1101, nivveeNaM 29.1104, paDikkamaNeNa 29.1113, paccakkhANeNaM 29.1115 (ii) padyAMza (anuSTup chaMda) tavanArAyaNajutteNa 9.22, desio vaddhamANeNa 23.12,23 (pAThA -desio vaddhamANeNa' saM. 1), mahAudagavegeNaM 23 65, AlaMbaNeNa kAleNa 24.4, jarAmaraNa vegeNa 23.68 ne muNI 2 . raNavAseNaM. 25.29 ajhappajhANajogehi 19.9+

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ke. Ara. candra dazavakAlika sUtra (padyAMza) taM ca hojjA akAmeNaM 51.11 (pAThA. akAmeNa, ac.) imeNaM uttareNa ya 5 2.3, tamhA so puTho pAvaNaM 7.5 duggao vA paoeNa' 9.2.19 (patodeNa, acU.) nAvAhi tArimAo tti 7.38 bahu suNei kaNNehi 4.20 kaNNasokkhehi saddehi 8.26 gadyAMza therehi' bhagavaMtehi 9.4.1,2,3 hastapratoM meM upalabdha ye donoM prakAra ke pATha aura prAcIna vibhakti-prayogoM kI dRSTi se anusvAra kA lopa anAvazyaka uttarAdhyayana (anuSTup chaMda) ullaMghaNa palaMghaNa, iMdiyANa ya juMjaNe 24.24 ubhao sIsasaMghANa', saMjayANa tavassiNaM 23 10 nakkhattANa muhaM bUhi, bUhi dhammANa vA muhaM 2:14 dazavakAlika matra (anuSTup chaMda) nigaMdhANa mahesiNa 3.10 ciThittANa va saMjae 5.2.8 saMjAyANa akappiyaM 5.2.15.17 amuyANa jayo hou 7.50 pAThAntaroM meM upayukta prAcIna prayoga (anuSTup chanda ke padya :) sUtrakRvAMga __ asaMkiyAI saMkaMti 1.12.6 (pAThA. asaMkiyAgi, khaM 1)

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura adhamAgadhI 111 dhUNA''dANAI logaMsi 1.9.11 (pAThA. dhuttAdANANi sUtrakR. cU.) uttarAdhyayana saMjayANa tavassiNaM 23.10 (pAThA. saMjayANa, lA 1, 2, ha, zA, pA, ne.) iMdiyANa ya jhuMjaNe 24.24 (pAThA. iMdiyANa, saM 1) desio badramANeNa 23.12,23 (pAThA. baddhamANeNa--saM 1) dazarvakAlikasUtra tahA phalAi' pakkAI 7.32 (pAThA. phalANi pakkANi -acU.) pAyakhajjAi no vae 7.32 (pAThA. pAyakhajjANi-acU.) taM ca hojja akAmeNa 5.1.111 (pAThA. akAmeNa -ac.) duggao vA paoeNaM 9.2.19 (pAThA. patodeNa -acU.) anAvazyaka anusvAra ke Agama se chandobhaMga sUtrakRtAMga (anuSTup chaMda) ___NANAvihAi dukkhAi' 1.1.1.26, satthAdANAi logaMsi 1.9.10 ... sattA kAmehi mANavA 1.1.1.6, etehi tihi ThANehi 1.1.412 etehi' dohi ThANehi 1.8.2, tato verehi rajjatI 1.8.7, kammI kammehi kaccati 19.4, metti bhUtehi kaMppate 1.15.3 RSibhASitAni kammamUlAi dukkhAi 9.1, savidiehi guttehi 26.6, mohAdiehi hisati, 41.8, dUtIsaMpesaNehi vA 41.11

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112 . ke. Ara. candra . .. uttarAdhyayana appasatthehi dArehi', savvao pihiyAsavo 19.94 dazavakAlika sUtra bahuM acchIhi pecchai 8.20 ... kaNNasokkhehi saddehi 8 26 prAcIna rUpaka sAhitya evaM zilAlekhoM meM jo prAcIna vibhaktipratyaya prayukta hue haiM ve hI pAlisAhitya meM bhI milate haiN| ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke bhI amuka grantha prAcIna haiM ataH unameM bhI prAcIna pratyaya hI hone cAhie parantu sarvatra aisA nahIM hai cAhe vaha racanA padyAtmaka ho yA gadyAtmaka / chanda ke lie mAtrAoM ke niyamanArtha jahA~ jahA~ para anusvAra kA Agama yA lopa kiyA gayA ho vaha to upayukta lagatA hai parantu jahA~ para dIrgha yA hasva (guru yA laghu) kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM ho vahA~ para bhI aise prayoga A gaye haiN| padya meM hI nahIM parantu gadya meM bhI aise prayoga ghusa gaye haiN| hastapratoM meM to vaikalpika rUpa se donoM prakAra ke prayoga milate haiM isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki mUlataH prAcIna pratyaya hI the parantu kAlAntara se uttarakAlIna pratyayoM kA (anusvAra sahita yA rahita) pracalana sAmAnya ho gayA / jaba padya' meM -ANi, -eNa, - hi, -NaM aura -su ke sthAna para mAtrAoM ke niyamana ke lie -AI, -eNa, -hi. -Na aura -su kA prayoga hone lagA taba uttaravartI kAla meM ye vaikalpika pratyaya bhI pracalita ho gye| dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki logoM . 1. dekhie :- Pali Language and Literature by Geiger, para No. 70, 81, 82, 85, etc.

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 113 ke mukha se zabda kA aMtima akSara nAka se uccarita hone lagA ataH unameM anusvAra2 jur3a gayA aura kabhI kabhI zithila uccAraNa se mUla anusvAra kA lopa ho gyaa| ina do kAraNoM se anusvArasahita aura anusvAra-rahita donoM hI prakAra ke pratyaya pracalana meM Agaye aura taba phira vyAkaraNakAroM ke lie ve donoM hI pratyaya bhASA ke anivArya aMga bana gye| eka bAra anusvAra-rahita pratyaya ne anusvAra-yukta hokara pramukha sthAna pA liyA aura phira mAtrAoM ke niyamana kA prazna uThA taba unheM anunAsika (candra bindu-yukta) kara diyA gayA, arthAt -ANi= AiM,AI, eNa-eNaM, eNa, hi =hiM-- hi,-f= Na Na aura -su-su- su / yahI ina pratyayoM kA aitihAsika vikAsa hai / isa sAre adhyayana kA sAra yahI hai ki ardhamAgadhI kI prAcIna kRtiyoM meM jahA~ para mAtrAoM ke niyamana kA prazna upasthita nahIM hotA hai vahA~ para prAcIna vibhakti-pratyaya hI rahe yahI ucita mAnA jAegA / 2. vasudevahiMDI. pra. kha. prathama aMza meM upalabdha anusvArayukta prayoga :---- AjJArtha dvi. pu. e. va ke prayoga -- payahi, g 3.27, nityArehi, pR. 16.5 sUtrakRtAMga kA prayoga --- pehAhiM (pehAhi prekSasva-zI.) 1.4 2.43; .... paharAhi 1.4 2.9 (pAThA. - karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kadAcana Let right deeds be thy motive, not the fruit which comes from them,

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- - - All the different Religions are so many Paths that lead Mankind to the one Universal God. Swamy Ramdas - A ge __ anu pUraka evaM pariziSTa deu Na deule Navi silae Navi lippai gavi citti / akhau NiraMjaNu NANamau siu saMThiu samacitti // paramAtmaprakAza 1.125 Atmatattva na devAlatha meM, na zilA meM, na lepya meM aura na citra meM hai| vaha akSaya, niraMjana, jJAnamaya, ziva, samacitta meM saMsthita hai /

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13 prAkRta bhASAoM meM madhyavartI vyaMjana 'La' vedoM kI bhASA meM madhyavartI LakAra ke prayoga milate haiM / pAli bhASA meM bhI yaha paramparA cAlU rahI / azoka ke pUrvI bhArata (aura uttara) ke zilAlekhoM meM LakAra kA prayoga milatA hai' (eLaka, duvALasa aura paMnaLasa = eDaka, dvAdaza, paJcadaza) / DaoN. meheNDale (pR0 272,460 ) ke anusAra LakAra kA prayoga azoka ke kAla meM pUrvI bhArata (aura uttara bhArata) meM, I0 sa0 prathama zatAbdI meM pazcima meM aura I0 sa0 dUsarI zatAbdI meM dakSiNa meM milatA hai| unake anusAra LakAra kA prayoga pUrva se (aura uttara se) anya pradezoM meM phailA hai / hemacandrAcArya ne (8.4.308) paizAcI bhASA ke lie lakAra ke badale meM LakAra kA niyama diyA hai| parantu anya prAkRta bhASAoM ke lie (cUlikA paizAcI ke sivAya) LakAra ke prayoga kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| pAli bhASA aura azoka ke pUrvI bhArata ke zilAlekhoM meM LakAra kA prayoga milate hue bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke Adhunika saMskaraNoM meM LakAra kA abhAva hai / hemacandrAcArya ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM uddhata (8.1.7.) eka prAkRta padya meM 'kaLama' kalabha zabda meM 'La' milatA hai, isase anumAna 1. dekho : Asoka text & Glossary, Part II, Glossary, A.C. Woolner, Oxford University, Calcutta, 1924

Page #125
ke. Ara. candra kI rUpaka aura kathA lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki prAkRta bhASAoM meM bhI LakAra kA pracalana thA lekina uttaravartI kAla meM usakA sthAna 'la' aura 'Da' ne le liyA' / pizala mahodaya (240) ke anusAra to sabhI prAkRtoM meM LakAra kA prayoga (hastapratoM meM) milatA hai aura uttarabhArata hastapratoM meM usake sthAna para la ( aura Da bhI ) milatA hai / unhoMne apane prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM sabhI prAkRtoM ( kAvya, sAhitya) meM se madhyavartI LakAra - yukta zabdoM ke itanA hI nahIM parantu ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se) meM se bhI aneka LakAra vAle zabda uddhRta spaSTa hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM LakAra kA se hI thA ( kyoMki vaha pUrvI bhArata kI bhASA thI) parantu uttaravartI kAla meM isa vyaMjana ke badale meM lakAra kA prayoga (kucha zabdoM meM udAharaNa diye haiM / (hastapratoM ke AdhAra kiye haiM / isase prayoga prAcIna kAla 116 2. hemacandrAcArya ne paizAcI prAkRta meM lakAra ke badale LakAra kA prayoga samajhAyA hai paraMtu vAstavika rUpa meM dekhA jAya to yaha 'la' kA 'La' meM parivartana nahIM hai paraMtu saMskRta bhASA kI tulanA meM samajhAyA jAne ke kAraNa aisA kahanA par3A | anya prakAra se kahA jAya to paizAcI ke LakAra ke badale meM saMskRta meM lakAra milatA hai kyoMki LakAra to vaidika paraMparA se calA AyA hai lekina ziSTa saMskRta ne use nahIM apanAyA | hamArI rASTrabhASA hindI hai aura hindIbhASI vidvAn marAThI aura gujarAtI bhASA ko samajhAte samaya svabhAvataH aisA kaheMge ki lakAra kA marAThI meM LakAra ho gayA aura gujarAtI meM kAra ho gayA / vAstavikatA aisI nahI hai / yaha to mAtra vibhinna bhASAoM ko samajhAne ke lie kisI eka bhASA ko AdhAra banAkara amuka niyama banAyA jAtA hai / isa dRSTi se ziSTa saMskRta meM se prAkRta bhASA kA udbhava huA aisA kahanA bhI upayukta nahIM lagatA kyoMki vedoM kI bhASA meM LakAra kA prayoga thA aura vahI prayoga paizAcI ( aura anya prAkRtoM) meM paraMparA se calA AyA /

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI DakAra ) hone lagA / lipi kI dRSTi se LakAra aura lakAra ke lekhana meM bahuta kama antara hai, isa kAraNa se bhI LakAra kA lakAra meM parivartana ho gayA ho aisA kahanA bhI anupayukta nahIM hogA / nIce ardhamAgadhI aura anya prAkRta racanAoM meM prayukta LakAra vAle prayoga diye jA rahe haiM jo pizala mahodaya ne apane prAkRta - vyAkaraNa meM uddhRta kiye haiM / (i) ardhamAgadhI Agama graMtha [pizala ke prAkRta [ma. jai. vi. ke saMskaraNoM [ sUtra naM.] vyAkaraNa ke anusAra ] ke anusAra ] (a) ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke cAra prAcIna grantha : 1. AcArAMga AvILae AviLiyANa upaLavejja kiLLA kheLLAvaNa garuLa guLa taLAga dALima nippILae pavIkara lekuNA leLu si AvIlae AvIliyANa uppIlA vejjA kiDDA khellAvaNa garula gula talAga dADima NippIlae pavIlae leluNA leu si 143 373 474 64 741 117 757,758 350 505 373,379 143 143 302,342 577

Page #127
118 ke. Ara. candra 2. sUtrakRtAMga garula chalAyataNa paripIlejja 372 539 chaLAyayaNa paripILejja 234 uttarAdhyayana eLaya kILae elaya kIlae kalati taLAga 185 607,770 566 1181 637 378,384 824,1260,1273 624,625,658 1261,1274,1287 1260,3273,1286 pIlA kILanti talAga tALaNa tAlaNA tALayaMti tAlayati pILA pILiya pIliya pILei pIlei saMpILA saMpIlA 4. dazavakAlikasUtra pILei pIlei (ba) anya ardhamAgadhI grantha 5. sthAnAMga 7. vyAkhyA-prajJapti garuLa garuLa chaLaMsa chaLasIi samavAyAMga taLAva kILiya tALeti chaLasIi 423 pILaNa soLasaNhaM dALima

Page #128
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 8. jJAtAdharmakathA kiLLA tALiya tALei tAha saviLiya 9. upAsakadazA AmeLaya tALejjA pILaNa 10. praznavyAkaraNa garuLa taLAga tALaNa tALijjamANa pILaNa pILA 13. rAjapraznIyasUtra AmeLaga kILanti kILAvaNa 14. jIvAbhigamasUtra garuLa 11. vipAkasUtra ovILamANa tALemANa 12. opapAtikasUtra gaveLga taLAya eLaya tALaNa kILaNa kILAvaNa dALima nigaLa pILiyaga nigaLa garuLa soLasa garuLa garuLa 15. prajJApanAsUtra i6. nirayAvaliyAo 17. anuyogadvArasUtra eLaya AmeLiya veLanaya taLAga dALima (ii) anya prAkRta bhASAe~ 1. mAgadhI (rUpaka sAhitya) : kILidu, kILiza, guLodaNa, tALia, NiaLa

Page #129
120 2. zaurasenI (rUpaka sAhitya) : kILNaa, kILamANa, koLasi, kILamha, koLida, kILissaM, kILissasi, kILemha, kheLaNa, kheLadi, kheLidu, NigaLvadI 3. AvantI ( rUpaka sAhitya) : kILai, kILaMtI, kILidu 4. mahArASTrI (kAvya sAhitya) : AmeLiya, kILei, NiaLa, NiaLAvia, NiaLia, vaLaANala, vaLaAmuha, vaLavAmuha ke. Ara. candra 5. jaina mahArASTrI ( kathA sAhitya) : kILai, kILaMta, kILaMti, kILiUNa, kheLaLAveUNa, niyaLiya, vaLayAmuha, soLasa (iii) katipaya ardhamAgadhI zabdoM kI saMskRta aura pAli ke zabdoM ke sAtha tulanA (pizala ke anusAra ) ( jainAgamoM ke anusAra) (saMskRta) AvILiyANa AvIliyANa (pIDay) uppILavejja uppIlA vejjA elaya kIlae kIlati khellAvaNa eLaya kILae kILanti kheLaLAvaNa maruLa guLa garula gula 59 eDaka ( krIDa ) 99 khelanaka garuDa guDa (pAli) (pILa) " eLaka (kILa) 39 X garuLa guLa

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura artha mAgadhI chaLAyayaNa taLAga tALaNa tALayaMti nigaLa nippILa pavILae pILaNa pILA pIThiya pILe i soLasa (iv) hemacandrAcArya ke chalAyataNa talAga tAlaNA tAlayaMti nigaDa nippIla pavIlae pIlaNa pIlA pIliya (pizala ke anusAra, pariccheda 240 ) kILai garuLa guLa taLAya dALima (dADima) naLa (naDa) nALI (nADI) pILiya vaLayA muha SaDAyatana taDAga tADay " nigaDa niSpIDa prapIDakaH pIDana pIDA pIDita pIDayati SoDasa pIlei solasa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke zabda (pI. ela. vaidya ke saMskaraNa ke anusAra, 1928 A.D. ) kIlaha garuLa guDa, gula talAya dAlima (dADima) Nala (gaDa) NAlI (gADI) pIDia valayAmuha taLAka (tALa) r nigaLa nippILa (pILa) pILaNa pILA pILita pILeti soLasa (sUtra naM.) 8.1.202 " " " 121 "" " " " 91

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122 ke. Ara. candra isa vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai ki LakAra kA prayoga ardhamAgadhI. aura sabhI prAkRtoM meM paraMparA se calatA AyA / kAlAntara meM lekhana paddhati ke kAraNa prAkRtoM meM se usakA lopa ho gayA ho parantu abhI bhI marAThI, gujarAtI, Adi bhASAoM meM usakA prayoga vidyamAna hai / ardhamAgadhI jaisI bhASA meM se usakA lopa kara diyA jAne se usakI prAcInatA kA eka lakSaNa lupta ho gayA aisA kahanA anupayukta nahIM hogaa| - / apamAdo amataM padaM, pamAdo maccuno padaM / apamattA na mIyanti, ye pamattA yathA matA // Vigilence is the Path to Immortality (Nibbana), Negligence is the Path to Death. Vigilent People do not die, Those who are negligent are like unto the Dead. - - -

Page #132
14. ardhamAgadhI ke do svarUpa : prAcIna aura uttaravatI yahA~ para ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke prAcIna aura uttaravartI do svarUpoM ke kucha udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiN| donoM hI rUpa eka sAtha calate haiM, kabhI eka hI padya, vAkya, pariccheda yA adhyAya meM to kabhI alaga alaga adhyAyoM yA granthoM meN| isa prakAra ke parivartanoM (vibhinna hastapratoM ke pAThAntaroM ke anusAra) meM pramAdavaza pAThakoM aura lehiyoM kA jAne-anajAne pIDhI dara pIDhI se hAtha rahA hai| isa pariprekSya meM prAcIna granthoM ke lie yaha upayukta jAna paDatA hai ki uttaravartI (zabdoM aura pratyayoM) pAThoM ke sthAna para prAcIna pAThoM ko agrimatA dI jAya jisase mUla prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kA saMrakSaNa ho skeN| eka hI padya, vAkya, sUtra yA pariccheda meM vibhinna pATha (prAcIna evaM uttaravartI) AcArAMga bhagiNI, bhaiNI 2.360, uddavetavvA, paritAveyavvA 1 137, bhagavato, bhagavao 2.744, sadA, satA 1.33 , egadA, egayA 1.64, 67; 2 462, vadaMti, vayaMti 2.520, pAdaM, pAya 2.594, pAdANi, pAyANi 2.592, 593, jadhA, jahA 2.555, no, No 2.583, nAmadhejjA, NAmadhejjA 2 744, nigaMthe, NigaMthe 2.784, maMsUNi, chiNNapuvvAiM 1.303 aNNatarANi, tahappaggArAI 2.558 sUtrakRtAMga __Aigare, AdiyarA 2.2.718, navanItaM, NavaNIyaM 2.1.650, maDaMbadhAtaMsi, AsamaghAtasi, gAmaghAyasi, NagaraghAyaMsi 2.2 699, gabbhAto gabbha, mArAo mAraM 2.2.713, diyA vA rAto vA, diyA vA rAo vA 2.4.749, anne vi aadiyaa|ti, sayamAiyaMti 2.1.653,

Page #133
124 ke. Ara. candra dhammA vi purisAdIyA dhammA vi purisAIyA 2.1.660, musaM vadAveti, sayameva musaM vayati 2 2.700, madeNa, maeNa, jAtimadeNa, rUvamaeNa 2.2 703, keNai AdANeNaM, keNai AyANeNaM 2.2.710, nigathe, NiggaMthe 1.16.637 navanItaM, NavaNIyaM 2 1.650, jahAnAmae, jahANAmae 2.1.050 RSibhASitAni jaM sukheNa duhaM, jaM suheNa suha' 38.1, cayati saMtati, bhavasaMtaI 9.19, pAvaghAte hataM dukkha, pupphaghAe jahAphalaM 15.6, jIvitAo vavaroveti, jIviyAo vavarovejjA, 34 paM. 26,29,30 jadhA viriyaM, jahA thAma, jahA bala 40 pa. 10, tetaliputteNa amacceNaM 10 paM. 12 uttarAdhyayana khettANi, khettAI 12.13, nicca bhIeNa tattheNaM duhieNaM vahieNa ya 19.72, pAseNa ya mahAmuNI, desio vaddhamANeNaM 23.12, AlaMbaNeNa, kAleNaM 24.4, nANeNa ya muNI hoi, tavega hoi tAvaso 25.30, kAleNaM, maggeNa 24.4, kusacIreNa, raNavAseNaM 25.29, ubhao sIsasaMghANaM saMjayANa tavassiNa 23.10, annamanna, aNNamaNNa 13.5, sAmannaM, sAmaNNaM 19.35 dazavakAlikasUtra vimaNeNa akAmeNaM 51 111, uttareNa imeNaM 5.2.3, teNa uvAeNaM 9.2.20, kAraNa, mANase 11.18, AhAramAiNi, abhojjAI, 646, paumagANi 663, ThANAI 6.7, purekaDAiM navAI pAvAI 6 67, vimANAI 6 68, na 7.11.14, Na 7.13, nattuNie 7.15, NattuNiya 7.18, pANANaM paMcidiyANa. 7.21, khaMbhANaM toraNANa 7.27

Page #134
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 125 eka hI adhyayana meM alaga alaga pATha (prAcIna aura uttaravartI) AcArAMga bhagiNI ti vA 2.5.1.561 bhaiNI ti vA 2 5.1.559 paritAvetavvA uddavetavA 1.4.2.136 Na paritAveyavA Na uddaveyavvA 1.4.1 132 ahApariNAtaM vasAmo 2.7.1.621 ahApariNNAyaM vasAmo 2.7.1.608 idANimeva dalayAhi 2.5.1.561 iyANimeva dalayAhi 2.5.1.562 cammachedaNae 2.7.2.622 cammacheyaNagaM 2.7 1 607 medhAvI 1.1.54 mehAvI 1.1.17,30,33,47 tividheNa 1.2.79 tiviheNa 12.82 kampati AdhAkammie 2.1.9.590 kappati AhAkammiyaM 2.1.9 392 je tattha samAdhiThAe 2.7.2.62! je tattha samAhiThAe 2.7.1.608 nigghosa 2.5.1.563-565 NigghosaM 25.1.5-6 No taM niyame 2.13,697,699, No taM Niyame 2.13.690-96, 703, 706-710, 713-723, 698.70.705,711,712, 728 724,726 tinni nAmadhejjA 2 15.713 tiNi NAmadhejjA 2.15.744 sUtrakRtAMga ahAvakAseNaM 2.3.732 tiuti 1.1.1.5 AhitA 1.1.1.15 NissitA 1.1.2.57 ahAvagAseNaM 2.3 723 tiuddaI 1.1.1.1 AhiyA 1.1.1.7 nissiyA !.1.1.14

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126 ke. Ara. candra purisajAte 2.1.641 purisajAe 2.1.642 je mAtaraM ca 1.7.403 je mAyaraM ca 1.7.385 Atagutte 1.11.572 Ayagutte 1.11.520 mahatA AdANAto mahayA AdANAto 2.1.685 2.1.683,684,686 vimuccatI 1.1.19. muccai 1.1.1.2 etehiM 2.5.756-762 eehiM 2.5.758, 760. sadA 1.2.2.116 sayA 1.2.2113 maggavidU 2.1.643 maggaviU 2.1.641 nathi 2.5.772-774 (sAta bAra), Nasthi (dasa bAra) 778-781 ___2.5.765-771,775-777 nissiyA 1.1.1.14 NissitA 1.1.2.57 unnikkhetavvaM 12.1.643,640 uNikkhetavvaM 2.1.641,642 unnikheyavvaM / unnikkhessAmi ) 42.1.6 19.640 unnikkhissAmi khetanna, akhettanna, kheyanna 2.1.640, 641,680 uNNikkheyavaM" uNNikhessAmi ] uNNikkhissAmi 12.1.641,642, khetaNNa, akhettaNNa, kheyaNNa 2.1.640,642,634 RSibhASitAni AdANarakkhI 4.7 se kadhameta 25 sAdhUhi 33.8 paM. 31,37 AyANarakkhI 4 paM. 1 taM kahamiti 25.34 | sAhUhiM 33.7

Page #136
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI uttarAdhyayana udagaM 12.39 samitIo 24.3,26 nikkasijja 1.7 jannavArDa 12-13 khettANi 12.13 kammANi 13.26 baddhamANeNa pAseNa 23.29 AcArAMga paMsu vA pakkhi vA sarIsavaM vA jalacaraM vA 2.3.3.510 savve sattA paritAvetavvA uddavetavvA 1.4.2.136 esa AtAvAdI 1.5.5.171 di... sadA appamattehi eka hI graMtha ke alaga alaga uddezakoM yA adhyayanoM meM alaga alaga pATha (prAcIna aura uttaravartI) 1.1.4.33 sadA jate kAlakaMkhI parivvae 1.3.2 116 (dekhie sUtra naM. 164,165,173,187,195) udaraNa 12.38 samio 24.19 Nikkasijja 1.4 jaNNANa 12.17 khetAI 12.15 kamAI 13.32 vaddhamANeNa pAseNa 23.12 127 pasuM vA pakkhi vA sarIsavaM vA jalayaraM vA 2.4.2.539 savve sattA Na paritAveyavvA Na udaveyanvA 1.4.1.132 se AyAvAdI 1.1.1.3 muNiNo yA jAgaraMti 1.3.1 106 appamatte sayA parakkamejjAsi 1.4.1.133 ( dekhie sUtra naM. 158,182, 286,293

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128 ke. Ara. candra sUtrakRtAMga je mAtaraM ca pitaraM ca je mAtaraM ca piyaraM ca 1.7.403 1.4.1.247 AtaguttA jiiMdiyA 1.8.431 ! virate Ayagutte 1.7.400 je ya paDuppannA 2.2.707 je ya paDuppaNNA 2.1.680 RSibhASitAni paMcavaNImakasuddha...bhikkhaM 12.2 paMcavaNImagasuddhaM bhikkha 41.15 gaMbhIraM savvatobhadaM 45.30 gaMbhIraM savvaobhaI 933 pupphaghAte hataM phalaM 25.1 puSphaghAe jahAphalaM 15-6 kammamUlamanivvANaM 9.1 mohamUlamaNivvANaM 2.7 phalaghAtI na siMcati 15.7 phalaghAtI Na siMcatI 2.6 gAvo carantI iha 41.16 gAo carantI iha 12.1 siddhe bhavati NIrae(ye) 1.3;29.19 siddho bhavati NIrao 9.21 mohamUlANi dukkhANi 2.7 kammamUlAI dukkhAI 9.1 pAvamUlANi dukkhANi 15.1 prAcIna mAne jAnevAle vibhinna granthoM meM eka samAna zabdarUpoM meM pATha-bheda (prAcIna aura uttaravartI) (i) uttaravartI granthoM meM prAcIna pATha aura prAcIna granthoM meM uttaravartI pATha prAcIna pATha | utaravartI pATha esa dhamme dhuve Nitie sAsate esa dhamme suddhe Nitie sAsae samecca loga khetannehiM pavedite samecca loyaM khetaNNehiM pavedite -sUtrakR. 2.1.680 --AcA. 1.4.4.132

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ke vA io cute peccA bhavissAmi-AcA. 1.1.1.1 va sayaM pANAtivAta karejjA jAvajjIvAe tivihaM tiviheNaM AcA. 2.15.777 save sattA Na haMtavvA Na save sattA Na haMtavvA Na ajjAvetavvA - AcA. 1.4.1.132 | ajjAveyavvA - sUtrakR. 2.1.679 paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 129 ghammeNaM ito cute peTacA deve siyA - sUtrakR. 2.1.682 pANAtipAtaM tivihaM tiviheNaM netra kujjA - isibhA 1. paM, 4 (ii) mUla grantha ke pAThoM aura usakI cUrNi ke pAThoM meM antara mUla grantha meM uttaravartI aura usakI cUrNi meM prAcIna pATha videhadiNNA, AcA. 2.15.744 | videhadinnA - AcA. pR. 264 para cUrNipATha samAhIya, sUtrakR. 1.10.478 2.694-696 sUtrakra. - heu (aneka bAra) Ata heu jahAnAmae aNNa samAdhIya, sUtrakR. pR. 85 para cUrNipATha sUtrakR, pR. - hetuM AyahetuM jaghAnAmae annaM 152 para cUrNipATha

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15. mUla ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke yathA sthApana meM vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI jesalamerIya tADapatra kI prati bhASika dRSTi se upalabdha prAcIna pAThoM dvArA eka dizA- sUcana [ kAlAntara se graMtha kI prAcIna bhASA kA mUla svarUpa badala jAne kA eka jvalaMta udAharaNa ] grantha haiM jinakI meM uttaravartI 1 antima vAcanA pA~cavIM - chaThIM vAcanA kA samaya I0 .. jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM meM kucha aise racanA prAcIna mAnI jAtI hai, parantu una granthoM bhASA ke bhI darzana hote haiM / AgamoM kI zatAbdI meM kI gayI jabaki unakI prathama sa0 pUrva cauthI zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / mahAvIra aura buddha samakAlIna mAne jAte haiM parantu pAli bhASA ke prAcInatama tripiTaka -granthoM aura arddhamAgadhI ke prAcInatama Agama granthoM kI bhASA meM bahuta antara pAyA jAtA hai, yahA~ taka ki samrAT azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM bhASA kA jo svarUpa prApta hotA hai usase bhI kAphI vikasita rUpa ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM kI bhASA meM upalabdha ho rahA hai / honA aisA cAhie thA ki kama se kama prAcInatama jaina Agama granthoM meM samrATa azoka ke pahale kA tathA prathama jaina Agama - vAcanA ke kAla kA yAni cauthI zatAbdI I0 sa0 pUrva kA bhASA - svarUpa mile parantu aisA nahIM hai / bhASA kI isa avasthA kA kAraNa kyA ho sakatA hai ! AgamoddhAraka muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne kalpasUtra kI prastAvanA meM spaSTa kahA hai ki samaya kI gati ke sAtha-sAtha cAlU bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa pUrva AcAryoM, upAdhyAyoM aura lehiyoM ke hAtha una granthoM meM 1

Page #140
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI jAne-anajAne bhASA-sambandhI parivartana A gaye haiM jo unake ziSya adhyetAoM ko anukUla evaM sarala rahe hoNge| AgamagranthoM ke zabdoM meM varNavikAra kI jo bahulatA Aja vibhinna hastapratoM meM dekhane ko milatI hai vaha isI pravRtti kA natIjA hai / ina viSamatAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM ke vibhinna saMskaraNoM meM eka hI zabda ke aneka rUpa apanAye gaye haiM / zrI zubiMga mahodaya ne to isa gutthI aura ulajhana se chuTakArA pAne ke lie aura bhASA ko ekarUpatA dene ke lie vivaza hokara madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA sarvathA lopa hI kara diyA hai cAhe cUrNi athavA grantha kI hastapratoM meM isa prakAra ke pATha mile yA na bhI mile / varNa-vikAra kI dRSTi se hI nahIM parantu rUpa-vinyAsa kI dRSTi se bhI kaI aise sthala milate haiM jahA~ para prAcIna ke badale meM uttaravartI rUpa apanAye gaye haiN| zubiMga mahodaya ke sivAya anya vidvAn sampAdakoM ke saMskaraNoM meM bhI samAnatA evaM ekarUpatA nahIM hai / kisI meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA lopa adhika hai to kisI meM kama / zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI dvArA prakAzita saMskaraNa meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA lopa kama mAtrA meM milatA hai parantu usa saMskaraNa meM bhI aise aneka sthala haiM jahA~ para mUla hastapratoM, cUrNi eva TIkA ke AdhAra se uttaravartI pAThoM kI jagaha para prAcIna pATha (zabda-rUpa) svIkAra kiye jA sakate haiN| sampAdana kI paddhati-viSayaka niyamoM meM bhI parivartana kI AvazyakatA pratIta hotI hai, yathA--aneka pratiyoM meM jo pATha upalabdha ho use liyA jAya yA prAcInatama prata meM pATha upalabdha ho use liyA jAya vA cUrNi kA pATha liyA jAya yA TIkAkAra kA pATha liyA jAya athavA bhASika dRSTi se jo zabda-rUpa prAcIna ho use apanAyA jAya !

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ke. Ara. candra pro0 zrI ela0 AlsaDarpha mahodaya yadi chanda kI dRSTi se kisI zabda kI mAtrA ko ghaTA yA bar3hA sakate haiM, hasva yA dIrgha ra sakate haiM aura usameM varNa baDhA yA ghaTA sakate haiM to isI nyAya se bhASA kI prAcInatA ko surakSita rakhane ke liye kyoM na prAcIna zabda-rUpa hI svIkAra kiye jAne cAhie / yadi kisI grantha kI prAcInatA anya pramANoM se suspaSTa ho to phira usakI bhASA kI prAcInatA ko yathAsthApanA ke lie upalabdha sAmagrI ke sahAre prAcIna zabda-rUpa hI svIkAra kiye jAne cAhie / yaha to bilakula spaSTa hai ki. Agama granthoM kI bhASA meM dhvanyAtmaka dRSTi se bahuta bar3A parivartana huA hai / isakA prabala sAkSya cAhie to hama vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI hastapratoM kA adhyayana kareM jisase ekadama spaSTa ho jAegA ki kisI ko isa viSaya meM tanika bhI zaMkA karane kA avasara hI nahIM rahegA / 132 paM0 zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA dvArA sampAdita evaM lA0 da0. bhA0 saM0 vi0 mandira, ahamadAbAda dvArA prakAzita vi0 A0 bhA0 ke navIna saMskaraNa kI kucha vizeSatAe~ haiM / isake sampAdana meM jina hastapratoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai unameM se sabase prAcIna jesalamera kI tADapatrIya hastaprata (je. ) haiM jisakA samaya lagabhaga I0 san ke dasave zataka kA pUrvArdha mAnA gayA hai / ( isake atirikta 'ta' saMjJaka prata bhI tADapatrIya hai / 'he' aura 'ko' saMjJaka do chape hue saMskaraNa haiM - eka maladhArI hemacandra kA aura dUsarA koTyAcArya kI TIkA sahita haiM ) / ina sabase bhI adhika mahattvapUrNa jo hastaprata milI vaha hai 'saM' saMjJaka jo svopajJavRtti sahita hai aura usakA samaya I0 san 1434 hai / svopajJavRtti

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133 ' paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI meM vi0 A0bhA0 kI hareka gAthA kA prathama zabda mUla rUpa meM prAkRta bhASA meM diyA gayA hai| isase itanA lAbha to avazya hai ki mUla racanAkAra ne prAkRta zabdoM ko kisa svarUpa meM prastuta kiyA thA use hama spaSTa rUpa se jAna sakate haiM / mUla grantha ke kartA AcArya jinabhadra kA samaya I0 san kI chaThI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai (svargavAsa I0 san 593) aura jesalamera kI tADapatrIya hastaprata jisa Adarza prata para se likhI gayI thI usakA samaya I0 san 609 hai aisA zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA mantavya hai / ataH vi0 A0 bhA0 kI jo prAcInatama prata milI hai vaha racanAkAra se lagabhaga 300 se 350 varSa bAda kI hI hai, isalie racanAkAra kI jo mUla bhASA thI usameM dUragAmI parivartana kI sambhAvanA kama hI rahatI hai / svopajJavRtti meM prApta zabdoM ke sAtha tulanA karane para yaha spaSTa ho jAegA / grantha ke 'he' evaM 'ko' saMjJaka prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke zabdoM meM jo dhvanigata parivartana milatA hai vaha mUla ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke yathAsthApana ke lie 'eka Adarza evaM ati mahattvapUrNa dizA-saMketa karatA hai / vi.A0bhA0 kA dhvanigata vizleSaNa (gAthA naM. 1 se 100 jinameM sabhI pratoM ke pAThAntara diye gaye haiM ___ (ka) grantha kI svopajJa-vRtti meM diye gaye hareka gAthA ke prArambhika zabdoM kA bhASika (dhvanigata) vizleSaNa : yathAvat kula lopa madhyavartI alpaprANa 9 13% madhyavartI mahAprANa 0 0% saMyoga 9 10% ghoSa-aghoSa 9 13% 6 35% 15 18% 49 74% 11 65% 60 72%

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134 ke. Ara. candra (kha) 'je' prata meM pratyeka gAthA kA vahI prAraMbhika zabda ___ lopa ghoSa-aghoSa yathAvat ma0 alpaprANa 7 10% 12 18% 48 72% ma0 mahAprANa 0 00 9 53% 8 47% saMyoga 7 83% 21 25% 56 663% isa vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai ki svopajJavRtti kI tulanA meM 'je' prata kI gAthAoM ke prArambhika prathama zabdoM meM dhvanigata parivartana bahuta hI kama mAtrA meM Age baDhA hai aura yaha antara lagabhaga 53 hai / parantu 'je' prata kI 1 se 100 gAthAoM ke sabhI zabdoM kA vizleSaNa karane para unameM yaha lopa 113% hai aura yathAvat sthiti. 70% hai (Age dekhie) jo svopajJavRtti ke sAtha bahuta kama antara rakhatA hai|

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(T) a ga ja AN va yoga 1 se 100 gAthAoM ke sabhI zabdoM kA vizleSaNa 34 35 0 J m IT 0 0 w m O 17 20 ut lopa 84 113 the m w 0 3 3 13 15 185 185 6 29 5 a 0 5 w 45 36 22 21 0 0 0 62 61 33 1 1 50 ghoSa - aghoSa OU 0 0 0 O 0 50 Ac 0 0 6 0 0 49 W O 0 O je O 4 28 0 yathAvat 0 1 1 o 0 184 182 13 8 0 39 41 9 ta 8 28 0 ne O 2 28 O 0 9 3 198 78 59 79 76 58 56 96 0 147 147 147 147 156 680 m w 16 Hong 38 40 6 36 337| 336 337 106 80 71 71 490 487 273272 | 4 82 0 0 13 17/ yoga 50 28 paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 135

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C to 5 65 1 0 4 4 sparza-lopa 0 ta 1 no 0 m 3 0 he ko O m hw gha pha bha yoga 5 7 39 40 1 1 0 0 30 5 20 4 0 0 *C 0 4 0 o 0 0 ghoSa - aghoSa 0 ta 28 27 0 0 0 0 0 ho 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 27 0 ko 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 alpaprANa aura mahAprANa donoM kA yoga 89, 120, 375, 377 144, 107, 71, 71 65 0 O yathAvat ta 0 Co he ko 0 O 0 0 36 35 34 33 1 1 1 1 36 36 32 32 74 73 68 67 yoga Vav 30 38 1 36 107 554, 560, 341, 339 / 787 N no ke Ara. candra

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(ca) vizleSaNa :---vibhinna pratoM aura saMskaraNoM ke anusAra / je / 84, 123% _5, 5% 113, 163% 3 (i) lopa a0 prA0 ma0 prA0 yoga (ii) yathAvat a0 prA0 ma0 prA0 | 120, 15% / paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa ko samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI 490, 72% 74, 70% 564, 70% | 336, 50% 39, 36% 375, 48% he / 273, 40% 58, 53% 341, 43% he 71, 103% 337, 50% 40, 36% 377, 48% ko 272, 40% 57, 53% 339, 43 % ko 71, 10% 0, 0% 71, 9% yoga 487, 70 | 73, 70% | 560, 71% . | ta 80, 12% 27, 25% | 107, 14% (iii) ghoSa-aghoSa a0 prA0 ma0 prA0 - yoga / 106, 16% 28, 26% 134, 183% 71, 9%

Page #147
138 ke Ara. candra uparokta vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai ki vi0 A0 bhA0 meM lagabhaga 11% hA lopa prApta hotA hai aura yathAvat sthiti 70% hai / chaThI zatAbdI kI kRti meM yaha kaise ho sakatA hai ? isa avasthA ke lie aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki usa kAla me baDhate hue saMskRta ke prabhAva ke kAraNa prAkRta racanAoM meM tatsama zabdoM kA prayoga adhika mAtrA meM hone lagA thA / jo kucha bhI ho eka bAta spaSTa hai ki nAmika vibhaktiyoM aura kriyA-rUpoM meM 'ta' kA prayoga adhika pramANa meM milatA hai-ka0 bhU. kR. 'ta', pa0 e0 va0 'to', va0 kA0, tR0 pu0, e0 va0 'ti', aura madhyavartI 'ta' ke kula 198 prasaMgoM meM se mAtra eka sthala para 'ta' kA 'da' ( dIsadi-53) aura lopa mAtra 13 sthaloM para milatA hai jabaki 'ta' kI yathAvat sthiti 184 sthaloM para upalabdha hai| isa avasthA kA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki racayitA ko bhASA kA yahI svarUpa usa samaya mAnya thA / eka anya 'ta' prata jo upalabdha hai usameM lopa 155 milatA hai aura yathAvat sthiti to 70% hI hai / inake sAtha jaba 'he' evaM 'ko' saMskaraNoM kI tulanA karate haiM to unameM lopa 48% aura yathAvat sthiti 43% rahatI hai / ghoSIkaraNa kA pramANa kramazaH ghaTatA jAtA hai, -'je' meM 18, 'ta' meM 14 to 'he' aura 'ko' meM mAtra 9 pratizata hI raha jAtA hai| isase spaSTa sAbita hotA hai ki grantha ke mUla prAkRta zabdoM meM kAla kI gati ke sAtha cAlU bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa lehiyoM aura pAThakoM ke hAtha pramAdavaza dhvanyAtmaka parivartana baDhatA hI gayA hai / isa dRSTi se vi0 A0bhA0 kA yaha vizleSaNa bahuta hI upayogI hai / isake AdhAra se hama vizvAsa ke sAtha kaha sakate haiM ki yadi ki0A0 bhA0 kI bhASA meM kucha zatAbdiyoM ke pazcAt itanA parivartana A sakatA hai to phira AgamagranthoM kI mUla arghamAgadhI meM eka hajAra aura pandraha sau varSoM ke bAda

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura adhamAgadhI kitanA parivartana AyA hogA isakA andAja saralatA se lagAyA jA sakatA hai / bhASA sambandhI isa parivartana ke do kAraNa rahe haiM -eka to samakAlIna bhASA kA parivartita rUpa aura dvitIya vyAkaraNakAroM dvArA prastuta kiye gaye bhASA sambandhI niyama / prAkRta bhASA ke vaiyAkAraNoM ne yadi aitihAsika vikAsa kI dRSTi se hareka bhASA kA svarUpa nirUpita kiyA hotA to zAyada yaha paristhiti upasthita nahIM hotI / prAkRta ke vyAkaraNoM meM ArSa ardhamAgadhI ke kucha udAharaNa to avazya diye gaye haiM parantu madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA lopa (kucha vyaMjanoM ke ghoSIkaraNa ke sivAya) sarvavyApI sabhI prAkRta bhASAoM para lAgU ho jAtA ho aisA phalita hotA hai, jabaki prAcIna prAkRta bhASAoM -- mAgadhI, ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI Adi meM isa prakAra kA lopa honA aitihAsika dRSTi se upayukta nahIM lagatA hai / bar3e paimAne para madhyavartI vyaJjanoM kA lopa mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI huA hai aura isa bhASA kA kAla I0 san kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM kA mAnA jAtA hai / aneka prAcIna zilAlekhoM meM utkIrNa bhASA ke svarUpa para vicAra kareM taba bhI yahI phalita. hotA hai / udAharaNa ke taura para bha. mahAvIra ke 84 varSa bAda meM baDalI ( ajamera, rAja0 ) meM upalabdha zilAlekha meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA lopa nahIM milatA, nAmika vibhakti-'te' aura 'ye' ke, sthAna para 'e' nahIM hai / azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM dhvani-vikAra kA prArambha ho jAtA hai / ghoSIkaraNa, aghoSIkaraNa evaM lopa kA kula pramANa 5 se 6 pratizata hI hai / mauryakAlIna anya zilAlekhoM meM bhI yahI sthiti hai / khAravela ke zilAlekha meM ghoSIkaraNa baDha gayA hai / ATha meM se chaH bAra 'tha' kA 'dha' milatA hai hAlA~ki varNa-vikAra to 5 se 6 pratizata hI milatA hai / vibhinna prAcIna utkIrNa lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke loe kI pravRtti kA pracalana uttara-pazcima aura pazcima

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-140 ke. Ara candra bhArata meM sabase pahale huA thA / itanA hI nahIM parantu madhyavartI 'na' kA 'Na' meM parivartana honA bhI dakSiNa bhArata kI anya kSetroM ko dena hai / uttara - pazcima bhArata meM prApta I0 san prathama zatAbdI ke tIna lekhoM ( paMjatara, kalavAna aura takSazilA, DI.sI. sarakAra saMskaraNa, naM032, 33.34) kI bhASA ke vizleSaNa se yaha sAbita hotA hai ki una lekhoM kI bhASA meM lopa 30 pratizata, yathAvat sthiti 53 pratizata aura ghoSa - aghoSa 17 pratizata milatA (kula lopa 27, yathAvat 47, ghoSa 13 aura aghoSa 2=89 prasaMga ) hai / inameM prArambhika 'na' kA 'Na' meM parivartana 100 pratizata hai aura madhyavartI 'na' kA 'Na' 75 pratizata milatA hai / pazcima bhArata meM nAsika, kaNherI aura junara ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI lopa evaM ghoSIkaraNa kI pravRtti adhika milatI hai / 'na' kA 'Na' meM parivartana bhI adhika mAtrA meM * upalabdha ho rahA hai / isa dhvanyAtmaka parivartana kI dRSTi se 'isimAsiyAI' kI bhASA kA vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana bhI mahattvapUrNa hai / yaha bhI eka prAcIna ardhamAgadhIM Agama - kRti mAnI jAtI hai / zukriMga mahodaya dvArA saMpAdita saMskaraNa meM adhyAya naM. 1,2,3,5, 11, 29 aura 31 meM madhyavartI vyaJjanoM kA * lopa 11 pratizata se 30 pratizata ke bIca haiM, yathAvat sthiti 45 se 81 - pratizata hai / ina sAtoM adhyayanoM kA ausata hai - lopa 273 pratizata, yathAvat 603 pratizata tathA ghoSa - aghoSa 12 pratizata | isakA saMpAdana mAtra do pratoM ke AdhAra se kiyA gayA hai / pAThAntaroM kI bahulatA nahIM haiM jo hameM ardhamAgadhI Agama granthoM ke vibhinna saMskaraNoM aura unakI pratiyoM meM milatI hai / 'isibhAsiyAI' ke alpa pracalana ke kAraNa isa grantha kI bhASA kA pIr3hI dara pIDhI vibhinna hAthoM se kAyAkalpa na ho sakA / yadi isakI bhI aneka pratiyA~ vibhinna kAloM meM banatI gayI hotI to isakI bhI vahI dazA hotI jo anya prAcIna Agama granthoM kI huI haiM / eka aura vizeSatA dhyAna dene yogya yaha hai ki isa saMskaraNa meM

Page #150
paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura aE mAgadhI 141 zuviMga mahodaya dvArA madhyavartI 'ta' kA AcArAMga kI taraha sarvathA lopa nahIM kiyA gayA hai parantu alaga-alaga adhyayanoM meM alaga-alaga pramANa meM milatA hai| lopa aura yathAvat sthiti kramaza: isa prakAra upalabdha ho rahI hai - adhyAya 1-32 / 68, 2-0 / 100, 315/85, 5-28 / 72, 11-27/73, 29-48 / 52 evaM 31 - 21 / 79 / isa sthiti ke AdhAra se zrI zubiMga mahodaya dvArA sampAdita AcArAMga meM upalabdha madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA 58 pratizata lopa kisa taraha svIkArA jA sakatA hai / unake dvArA prayukta tADapatrIya prata ( saMvat 1348 ) meM hI va0kA0, tR0pu0, e0 0 ke pratyaya 'ti' kA prayoga 50 pratizata aura usI prakAra 'i' kA prayoga 50 pratizata ( prathama adhyayana ke vizleSaNa ke anusAra ) hai / unhoMne pAThAntaroM meM 'ti' nahIM diyA hai aura, sarvatra 'i' ko hI apanAyA haiM / zrI mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya dvArA prakAzita AcArAMga meM madhyavartI vyaMjanoM kA lopa 24 pratizata hai parantu pAThAntaroM ke AdhAra se hI aise pATha svIkAra kiye jAne yogya haiM jinameM madhyavartI varNalopa nahIM hai / isa sUkSma adhyayana se aise niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki (ardhamAgadhI jaisI prAcIna bhASA ke prAcIna granthoM kI bhASA bhI prAcIna hI honI cAhie | kAlAntara meM hastapratoM meM jo vikAra jAne-anajAne pramAdavaza Agaye haiM ve saba tyAjya mAne jAne cAhie / mUla grantha kI hastapratoM, cUrNi - grantha yA TIkA jo bhI ho jisa kisI meM bhI yadi bhASika dRSTi se prAcIna zabda milate ho aura artha kI saMvAditA surakSita rahatI ho. to unhIM pAThoM ko svIkAra kiyA jAnA cAhiye / ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna Agama-granthoM ke sampAdakoM ke lie isa vizleSaNa se yaha spaSTa ho rahA hai ki kisI bhI prAcIna grantha kI vibhinna kAloM meM jitanI adhika pratilipiyA~ utaratI gayIM utane hi pramANa meM usa grantha kI bhASA ke mUla svarUpa meM parivartana bhI AtA gayA /

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vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI gAthA naM0 1 se 100 ke katipaya prAraMbhika zabda - ajJAta samaya kI prati grantha--prakAzana (1966 AD; 1966 AD. 1936 AD. 1914 AD. lagabhaga dasavIM kA varSa nayA saMskaraNa) zatI ke pUrvAdha kI prati gAthA naM0 saMskRta mUlapATha svopajJa TIkA ko0 he. je0 41. atItam atIta ___ atIta atIyaM atIta atIta 23. athavA adhavA adhavA ahavA ahavA aghavA - 50. athavA adhavA adhavA ahavA ahavA adhavA ta0 atIta adhavA ke. Ara candra aghavA athavA adhavA adhavA ahavA ahavA aghavA adhavA athavA aghavA aghavA ahavA ahavA adhavA adhavA adhavA ahavA ahavA adhavA adhavA 78. athavA adhavA 65. anumatam __aNumataM 52. abhidhAnam abhighANaM 57. abhidhAnam abhidhANaM 82. avadhIyate avadhIyate 29. AgamataH Agamato aNumataM abhidhANaM abhivANaM avadhIyate aNumayaM __ abhihANaM abhihANaM avahIyae Agamao aNumayaM abhihANaM abhihANaM avahIyae Agamao aNumataM abhidhANaM abhidhANaM avadhIyate Agamato aNumataM abhidhANaM abhidhANaM avadhIyate Agamato AgamatI

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-Adi 73. . -Adi 75. -Adi- 21. iha Adi -Ai- idha -AI -Ai- -Ai Ai- iha -Adi- idha -Adi --Atiidha -Ai idha 80 55. iha 77. RjusUtrI ujjusutA ujjusutA 5. kRta. kata kata 24. gAlayati gAlayati gAlayati 33. cUtaH cato cUto 36. catAdibhyaH cUtAIehito catA0 paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI jJAna NANa NANa ujjusuyA ujusuyA ujjusutA ujjusutA kaya kaya kata kata gAlayai gAlayai gAlayati gAlayati cUo cao cUto cato / ___ cUyAIe0 cayAIe0 cayAtIedeg catAIedeg nANanANapANa NANanANaM nANaM NANa NANa jANaya jANaya jANaga jANaga tao tao 'tato tato tihA tihA tidhA davae davae davate davate duyae duyae dUyati duyae namokkAro namokkAro NamokkAro NamokAro 30. jJAnam jJAyaka 81. tataH 19. tridhA 28. dravati 28. vyate ...... namaskAraH jANaga NANaM NANaM jANaga tato tidhaa| davate . davate dUyati dUyati NamokAro NamokAro tato tidhA tighA

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gAthA0 saMskRta naye saMskaraNa svo0TI0 naM0 23. nipAtAt 97. ( abhi) nibudhyate 58 (pari) nivRta 47. bhUta 22. maGagyate 86. mati 57. yathA 20. yadi yadi 30. 100. yadi 72. 49. 98. 100. 40. vivadanti zrata A zrata 4 zrata sUtrasya 43, hetu: ko0 he0 kA pATha NivAtaNAto NivAtaNAto nivAyaNAo nivAyaNAo bhUta maMgijjate mati NivAtaNAto NivAtaNAto abhiNibujjhati abhiNibujjhati abhinibujjhai abhiNibujjhai abhiNibujjhati abhiNibujjhati pariNivvuta pariNivvuta parinivvaya pariNibvata parinibbuya parinibbuya 7 jagha jati jati jati vivadaMti suta suta suta sutassa hatU bhUta maMgijjate mati jadha jati jati jati vivadati suta suta suta sutassa hatU bhUya maMgijjae mai jaha jai jai jai vivayaMti suya suya suya suassa heU bhUya maMgijjae mai jaha jai jai jai vivayati suya suya suya suassa je0 heU bhUta maMgijjate mati jagha jati jati jati vivadaMti ta0 suta suta suta sutassa hetU bhUta maM gijjate mati jagha jati jati jati vivadaMti suta suta suta sutassa hetU 148 ke. Ara. candra

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paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI tha, da, dha. milate haiM / grantha ke 'ko' evaM 'he' saMskaraNoM meM madhyavartI ta, evaM ka ke badale meM kramazaH ya, ha, ya, ha evaM ya varNa spaSTa hai ki madhyavartI vyaJjanoM kA lopa adhika mAtrA meM pAyA jAtA hai jaisA ki Upara pahale hI batalA diyA gayA hai / jaba taka anya prAcIna tADapatrIya pratiyA~ nahIM milI thIM taba taka ina saMskaraNoM ko hI pramANita mAnA jAtA thA aura madhyavartI vyaJjana - lopa vAle zabda hI lekhaka kI bhASA ho aisA samajhA jAtA rahA parantu 'je' prata milane se sArA tathya hI badala gayA / yaha prata sabase prAcIna hai aura use adhika prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai jisameM lekhaka ke hI zabdoM kI apanI varNa- vyavasthA surakSita hai| isameM madhyavartI 'ta' kI yathAvat sthiti hone ke kAraNa kisI vidvAna ko yaha zaMkA ho ki isameM bhI 'ta' zruti A gayI hai to usakA nirAkaraNa isa bAta se hotA hai ki granthakAra ne jo svopajJa vRtti likhI hai usameM bhI madhyavartI 'ta' kI vahI sthiti haiM / ataH bAda meM 'ta' A gayA ho aisA kahanA ucita nahIM lagatA / 'je' prata ke zabdoM aura svopajJavRtti ke zabdoM kI varNa vyavasthA meM paryApta samAmatA hai yaha Upara batalAyA jA cukA hai / koI yadi aisA kahe ki svopajJa - vRtti kI prata I0 sa0 1434 kI haiM ataH usameM bhI 'ta' zruti A gayI hogI / isake uttara meM yaha bhI to prazna hotA hai ki taba phira 'ka' ke lie 'ga', 'tha' ke ke lie 'gha' aura 'da' ke lie 'da' kA prayoga donoM pratoM meM milatA hai usakA kyA uttara hogA / ataH 'ta' zruti kI zaMkA karanA nirAdhAra bana jAtA hai / lekhaka ko jo mAnya thI vaisI hI varNa-vyavasthA unhoMne madhyavartI zabda-rUpoM meM apanAyI hai / 'ko' evaM 'he' saMskaraNoM meM varNa-sambandhI jo parivartana pAyA jAtA hai vaha lehiyoM aura pAThakoM dvArA 145

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146 ke. Ara candra . : bAda meM kiyA gayA parivartana hai-lopa hai-uttarakAlIna vyAkaraNakAroM kA prabhAva hai, cAla bhASA kA prabhAva hai aisA asaMdigdha rUpa se pramANita ho rahA hai / mUla bhASA badalI gayI hai yaha tathya daparNa kI taraha spaSTa ho rahA hai / yaha to pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI meM race gaye eka grantha kI kahAnI hai taba phira prAcIna Agama-granthoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke sAtha 1500 varSoM meM kitanA kyA kucha nahIM huA hogA yaha upalabdha ho rahe vibhinna pAThAntaroM ke dvArA saralatA se jAnA jA sakatA hai / unake sAtha bhI aisA hI huA hai aura abhI taka ke saMskaraNoM meM madhyavartI vyaJjanoM ke lopa ko jo mahatva diyA hai vaha 'upayukta nahIM hai aura bhASA kI ekarUpatA ke nAma se (dhvaniparivartana kI dRSTi se madhyavartI alpaprANa vyaJjanoM kA lopa aura mahAprANa vyajanoM kA 'ha' meM parivartana) eka kRtrima siddhAMta khaDA kiyA gayA hai isalie vaha anupayukta bana jAtA hai / ataH abhI taka ardhamAgadhI prAcIna granthoM ke sampAdana meM jo paddhati apanAyI gayI hai vaha ucita hai yA use badalane-sudhArane kI AvazyakatA hai isa viSaya para prAkRta aura ardhamAgadhI ke anubhavI vidvAna aura saMpAdaka puna: vicAra kare yahI nivedana hai /

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kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI akSaroM kI prAcIna lekhana paddhati aura nakAra meM NakAra ke bhrama kI saMbhAvanA (adhyAya naM. 7 aura 8 se sambandhita nayI sAmagrI ) dIrgha kAla ke anubhavI aura vidvAna lipikAra zrI lakSmaNabhAI bhojaka ( lAlabhAI dalapatabhAI bhAratIya saMskRti vidyA mandira, ahamadAbAda) ne aisA batalAyA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM dantya nakAra romana lipi ke ulaTe TI ke AkAra meM likhA jAtA thA aura NakAra meM isa ulaTe TI ke Upara sIdhe TI kI taraha rekhA khIMcI jAtI thI | parantu cautho zatAbdI yAni guptakAla se sabhI akSaroM para zirorekhA khIMcI jAne lagI / isa nayI paddhati ke kAraNa nakAra meM NakAra kA bhrama honA prArambha ho gayA hogA aisI saMbhAvanA anucita nahIM hai / bolacAla kI bhASA meM bhI amuka pramANa meM nakAra ke badale meM NakAra bolA jAne lagA aura yaha pravRtti uttarottara baDhatI gayI jisake pramANa zilAlekhoM meM milate haiM / yaha mahArASTrI prAkRta kA kAla thA ataH ina donoM kAraNoM se mahArASTrI prAkRta ke lie niyama - bana gayA ki nakAra kA NakAra meM parivartana ho jAtA hai / paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa I mahArASTrI prAkRta kA yaha niyama pUrvI bhArata kI ardhamAgadhI jaisI prAcIna bhASA ke lie kaise upayukta ho sakatA hai| pAli bhASA meM nakAra kA NakAra nahIM hotA hai / azoka aura khAravela ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI yaha pravRtti nahIM hai aisI hAlata meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM to nakAra yathAvat hI rahanA cAhie / ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM nakAra ke badale meM NakAra AyA hai vaha akSaroM kI lekhana paddhati aura mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyama kA prabhAva hai kyoMki ardhamAgadhI kA apanA svataMtra vyAkaraNa hI nahIM thA / 147

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148 ke. Ara. candra pUrva prakAzita isa grantha ke adhyAyoM ke saMdarbha isa grantha ke jo adhyAya saMzodhana lekhoM ke rUpa meM pahale hI prakAzita ho cuke haiM ve isa prakAra haiM / kisI kiMsI lekha ke zIrSaka kI apekSA isa grantha ke adhyAya ke zIrSaka meM alpAdhika pramANa meM parivartana bhI kiyA gayA hai / isa granthakA adhyAya prakAzita zramaNa, pA. vi. zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI janavarI-mArca 1991 tulasI prajJA, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU. akTUbara-disambara, 1992 tulasI prajJA, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU sitambara, 1920 tulasI prajJA. jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU mArca, 1991 saMbodhi, lA. da. bhA. sa. vidyA mandira, ahamadAbAda, 1992 prAkRta vidyA, prAkRta vidyA adhyayana prasAra kendra, udayapura, julAI-disambara, 1990 prAkRta vidyA, prAkRta vidyA adhyayana prasAra kendra, udayapura, julAI-sitambara, 1989 prAkRta vidyA, prAkRta vidyA adhyayana prasAra kendra, udayapura, aprela-jUna, 199) prAkRta vidyA, prAkRta vidyA adhyayana prasAra kendra, udayapura, janavarI-mArca, 1991

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10 11 15 paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura a mAgadhI uttarAdhyayana sUtra : saMdarbha grantha AcArAGgacUrNi : RSabhadAsa kesarImalajI, ratalAma 1941 mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI AcArAGga sUtra : isibhAsiyAI ( RSibhASitAni ) : zuciMga, lA da. bhA. saMskRti vidyA uvaesamAlA : kalpasUtra gAthAsaptazatI : prAkRta vidyA, prAkRta vidyA adhyayana prasAra kendra, udayapura, aprela - sitambara, 1992 tulasI prajJA, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanUM, julAI-sitambara, 1991 jaina vidyAke AyAma, grathAMka 1, lAlA harajasarAya smRti graMtha, pA.vi. zodha saMsthAna - banArasa, 1987 ahamadAbAda, 1952 sa. A. jogaLekara, prasAda prakAzana, puNe, 1956 paumacarithaM : vimalasUri : prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda paNNavaNAsUtra (prajJApanAsUtra ) : mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI saMpA. e. ena. upAdhye prabacanasAra : prAkRta prakAzaH vararuci: E B. Cowell, Calcutta, 1962 hemacandrAcArya, P. L. Vaidya 1928 prAkRta vyAkaraNa : bRhatkalpasUtra : A. zrI. ghAsIlAlajI saMskaraNa 149 * mandira, ahamadAbAda, 1974 (1) mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI ( 11 ) je. zArpeNTiyara, ajaya buka sarvisa, nyu dehalI, 1980 dharmadAsagaNi muni puNyavijayajI, sArAbhAI maNilAla navAba,

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150 ke. Ara candra vizeSAvazyaka bhASya : paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA, lA, da. bhA. saM. vidyAmandira, ahamadAbAda, 1966 vavahArasUtra (vyavahArastra) : vasudevahiMDI, prathama khaMDa, 1930 aura 1931 SaTkhaMDAgama sUtrakRtAGga : mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya, bambaI setubandham : paM. zivadatta, nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI, 1935 svapnavAsavadattam : bhAsanATakacakram , sI. Ara. devadhara saMskaraNa Asoka Text and Glossary, A C. Woolner, Oxford University, Calcutia, 1924 Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, R. Pischel, Motila! Ranarasidas, Varanasi, 1965 Historical Grammar of Insriptional Prakrits, M. A. Mehendale, Poona, 1948 Kleine Schriften, Ludwig Alsdorf Wiesbaden. 1974 Pali Literature and Language, W. Geiger, (B. Ghosh) 1968 The Prakrit Grammarians, L. Nitti Dolci. Motilal Banarasidas, Banaras. 1972 Select Inscriptions, Vol I, D. C. Sircar

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paramparAgata pRSTha 11 ?? 13 15 31 prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA Ara adhamAgadhI paMkti 18 7 21 11 10 14 20 35 36 42 43 61 72 77 78 2 86 18 97 19 4 22 23 112 19 119 10 zuddhi-patraka azuddha svIkArtha ese ho AcarAGga [ TippaNa naM. 4 meM jor3iye ] jisakA zIrSaka badala gayA hai / Age pR. 45 aura kI sampAdama parameSThi mala dhalI avannavazvale (8 4.285) aura yaha pu. napuM. eNa opapAtikasUtra zuddha svIkArya aise hI AcArAGga adhyAya naM. 15 nikAla dIjie ki sampAdana parameSThI mela - ghaulI 1.51* Avannavazvale (8.4 285) aura uparokta yaha napuM. eNaM aupapAtikasUtra

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ke. Ara. candra 5 prA. ja. vi. vi. phaMDa ke prakAzana 1 bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa aura sAhitya kI samRddhi meM zramaNoM kA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna, ke. Ara. candra, 1979 ru 10-00 2 prAkRta-hindI koza, ke. Ara. candra, 1987 ru. 120-00 (pAiyasaddamahaNNavo kI kiMcit parivartita AvRtti) 3_English Translation of Kouhala's Lilavai-Kaha, Prof. S.T. Nimkar, 1988 Rs. 30-00 nammayAsuMdarI kahA (zrI mahendrasUrIkRta). hindI anuvAda sahita, ke. Ara. candra, 1989 ru. 40-00 ArAmazobhA rAsamAlA (gujarAtI), pro. jayaMta koThArI 1989 ru. 90-00 jainAgama svAdhyAya, paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA (gujarAtI) 1991 ru. 100-00 7 jainadharma ciMtana, paM. dalasukhamAI mAlavaNiyA (gujarAtI) 1991 ___ ru. 40-00 .8 jaina Agama sAhitya (Seminar on Jaina Agama) sampAdaka, ke. Ara. candra, 1992 ru. 100-00 9 prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kI khoja meM. ke. Ara. candra 1991-92 ru. 32-00 10 Restoration of the Original Language ot Ardhamagadhi Texts : K. R. Chandra, 1994 Rs. 60-00 11 paramparAgata prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI samIkSA aura ardhamAgadhI ke. Ara. candra (a ) 12 bhASika dRSTi se AcArAGga ke prathama adhyayana kA namUne ke rUpa meM sampAdana cAlU : ke. Ara. candra

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Directions of Rehabilitating Ardhamagadhi Dr. Chandra has advanced in the book enough evidence to show that the original language of the Svetambara Agamas has suffered numerous alterations under the impact of later influential literary Sauraseni especially literary Maharastri Prakrit. Some glimpses of a number of original features of Ardhamagadhi, we can get from a few earlier Canonical texts and from some preserved archaic variant readings. Chandra ends with a plea to accept those readings as genuine original features and revise the relevent text-portions of edited Agamic works on that basis. One of the weighty implication of Chandra's findings is quite evidently the fact that they explode the contentions of those cri. tics of the Ardhamagadhi Canon according to whom the whole of the latter is unauthentic and secondary, Chandra's present investigations supplement and corroborate what other scholars and himself have found from the linguistic, formal, stylistic, and content-based features that are shared by the Asokan and Pali on the one hand and Canonical Ardhamagadhi on the other. Dr. Chandra's work necessitates revising prevalent view about the original Ardhamagadhi and invites fresh efforts to determine its real linguistic character. Dr. H. C. Bhayani