Bharatiya Chintan ki Parampara me Navin Sambhavanae Part 2

Author(s): Radheshyamdhar Dvivedi
Publisher: Sampurnanand Sanskrut Vishvavidyalaya Varanasi
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/014014/1

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parisaMvAda bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kyAnsara pAlakA sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

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parisaMvAda [3] bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna saMbhAvanAe~ [ bhAga 2 ] sampAdakamaNDala pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya pro0 mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI pro0 devasvarUpa mizra pro0 zrIrAma pANDeya pro0 vrajavallabha dvivedI sampAdaka zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI prAdhyApaka- tulanAtmakadharmadarzana acAlaya paryavekSaka DaoN0 bhAgIratha prasAda tripAThI 'vAgIza zAstrI ' nidezaka, anusaMdhAna saMsthAna prakAzanAdhikArI - saMpAdaka DaoN0 harizcandramaNi tripAThI sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 1983

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tulanAtmakadharma darzana vibhAga dvArA Ayojita parisaMvAda goSThiyoM meM prastuta 'nibandha prakAzaka nidezaka, anusandhAna saMsthAna sampUrNAnandasaMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI - 221002 prAptisthAna vikrayavibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI - 221002 prathamasaMskaraNa 500 pratiyA~ mUlya 46.00 mudraka sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlayamudraNAlaya, vArANasI - 221002

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Parisamvada [3] BHARTIYA CINTANA KI PARAMPARA ME NAV NA SAMBHAVANAYEN [Part-2] Board of Editors Prof. Jagannath Upadhyaya Prof. Mahaprabhu Lal Gosvami Prof. Sri Ram Pandeya . Prof. Devasvaroop Misra Prof. Braj Ballabha Dwivedi Editor Shri Radheshyamadhara Dwivedi Lecturer in Comparative Religion and Philosophy ESP GULATO Gu CAS Supervisor Dr. Bhagirath Prasad Tripathi Vagisa sastri' Director, Research Intestitute Publication officer-Editor Dr. Hari chandra Mani Tripathi Sampurnananda Sanskrit Vishyavidyalaya, Varanasi 1983

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Published by Director, Research Institute Sampurnananda Sar ssrit Vishvavidyalaya Varanasi. 221002 Available at Sale's Department Sampurnananda Sanskrit University Varanasi-221002 First Edition 500 Copies Price Rs. 46.00 Printed at University Press Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya Press Varanasi-221002

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do zabda 'bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna saMbhAvanAyeM' nAmaka zIrSaka kA yaha dUsarA bhAga vidvAnoM ke samakSa prastuta ho rahA hai / 'darzana saMkAya' kI goSThiyoM kA yaha vivaraNa tulanAtmakadarzanavibhAga ke prAdhyApaka zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI ne taiyAra kiyA hai| zrI dvivedI ne saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke sAmAjika sandarbhoM ke vicAradarzana ko prastuta karane hetu ina goSThiyoM kA samaya-samaya para saMyojana kiyA hai tathA Adhunika evaM paramparAvAdI cintakoM se Adhunika sandarbha ke praznoM ko uThAkara samAhita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / inako abhilASA thI ki sAmAjika sandarbhoM ke svatantra cintana para paramparAgata paNDitoM se svatantra vicAra kA eka khaNDa aura prastuta kiyA jAye, para parisaMvAda ke kalevara ke bar3hane ke bhaya se yaha vicAra abhI chor3a diyA gayA hai / aura vidvajjanoM kI pratikriyA ke bAda usako bhI prakAzita karane kI yojanA banAyI jAyegI / philahAla eka paramparAvAdI vizvavidyAlaya kA sAmAjika cintana kA svarUpa Apake samakSa prastuta ho rahA hai / Apa ise par3heM tathA apanI pratikriyAyeM abhivyakta kreN| yadi ye vicAra sAmAjika hita kI dizA meM kiJcit mAtra bhI saphala sAbita hue to isase ina saMgoSThiyoM ke AyojakoM ko bala milegA tathA Aja kI bar3hatI huI coratthA ko kucha hada taka Thoka karane meM saphalatA milegI / hama apanI paramparA se sAmAjika dizA dene kA prayAsa mAtra kara sakate haiM / mUlyAMkana karane kA dAyitva vidvajjana ko hai / iti zam / zrI gaurInAtha zAstrI kulapati sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI

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sampAdakIya 'bhAratIyacintana kI paramparA meM navIna saMbhAvanAyeM' viSayaka parisaMvAda kA yaha dUsarA bhAga prastuta ho rahA hai / isameM kucha naye vicAra prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai / tulanAtmakadharmadarzanavibhAga ne jo samaya-samaya para goSThiyAM Ayojita kI haiM, unameM se tIna isa bhAga meM prakAzita haiN| yahAM para vicAroM ko nayA AyAma dene ke lie darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa kaise kiyA jAya ? isa para bala diyA gayA hai / kucha loga naye vargIkaraNa ke pakSa meM haiM to kucha isake vipakSa meM / nayA darzana kaise ? isa saMgoSThI meM bhI paramparAgata saMskRta ke vidvAnoM kI kucha na kara pAne kI TIsa dikhalAyI par3atI hai tathA ve sadA kucha kara gujarane ke lie naye cintakoM kA parAmarza taka lene ko taiyAra haiM / kAza, yaha mUrta rUpa ho sktaa| saMskRta sAhitya meM sUktiyAM bahuta haiM aura paNDitagaNa unakA uddharaNa bahuta dete haiM para ve naitika uddharaNa kitane kriyAnvita ho sakate haiM, isake lie gAMdhI ke vahAne satya ahiMsA ke prayoga kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / isameM paramparAgata mUlyoM ko jIvana meM utArane kA vivaraNa hai / tulanAtmaka dharmadarzanavibhAga ko isa paramparAgata vizvavidyAlaya meM kucha nayA karane kA dAyitva uttarAdhikAra meM prApta hai / kyoMki naye darzanoM (pazcimI) ke adhyayana ke sAtha jaba paramparAgata darzanoM kI tulanA kI jAtI hai to usameM bahuta sI paramparAgata mAnyatAeM khokhalI lagatI haiM, phalataH una para se vizvAsa uThatA hai tathA sArabhUta bAtoM para dhyAna raha jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM naye sAmAjikajIvana tathA naye pAramparika darzana kI vidhA ko ubhArane kA prayatna karanA, isa vibhAga kA dAyitva bana jAtA hai aura isa krama meM ina saiddhAntika tathA vyAvahArika cintanoM kA yahAM svarUpa prastuta hai / pAThakagaNa kRpayA ina para dhyAna dekara jo ucita samajheM, grahaNa kareM tathA samAja ko bhI mor3ane kA prayatna kreN| saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke cintana kA samAja meM bar3A mahattva hogA, kyoMki hamArI paramparA isa bAta se vAkipha hai ki hamArA mUla AdhAra saMskRta tathA usakI smRtiyAM evaM dharmazAstrAdi haiM, yadi smRtiyoM evaM dharmazAstroM tathA darzanoM se Aja ke AcaraNIya naye mUlyoM ke vidhAna mila jAte haiM to inheM paramparAgata logoM ko apanAne meM koI aTapaTApana nahIM lagegA / yaha prayAsa prastuta parisaMvAda meM kiyA gayA hai /

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[ A ] isa parisaMvAda kI tInoM goSThiyA~ tIna bhUtapUrvakulapatiyoM kI chatrachAyA meM sampanna huI thiiN| saMbhavataH tInoM ke cintana meM una kulapatiyoM kA yogadAna rahA hai / phalataH maiM sapAdaka evaM saMyojaka kI haisiyata se paM0 karuNApati tripAThI, paM0 badarInAtha zukla tathA paM0 gaurInAthazAstrI kA cira AbhArI hU~ jo mere dvArA sujhAye gaye viSayoM para goSThI karane meM sahayoga dekara isa naye cintana ko Age bar3hAne kA prayatna kiye haiN| saMskRta-vizvavidyAlaya meM naye cintana ke lie yadi pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya ( neharUphelo ) kA protsAhana na prApta ho to calAnA muzkila sA ho jaayegaa| saMbhavataH hara nayApana meM paramparA ko vadastUra rakhate hue paramparAgatavikAsa ko calAne kI TIsa pro0 upAdhyAya meM sadA se rahI haiN| ye goSThiyAM unake netRtva meM hI sampanna huI haiN| ataH unake prati kRtajJatA jJApana karanA merA parama kartavya hai| binA unake parAmarza evaM nirdezana ke inakA saMpAdana karanA kaThina thaa| ataeva isa pavitra kArya ko sampanna karAne meM sahayoga ke lie maiM unako dhanyavAda detA huuN| tulanAtmakadharmadarzanavibhAga ke AcArya pro0 mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI vibhAga ke vikAsa ke lie hone vAle kisI bhI kArya meM sadA protsAhana dete rahate haiM, unhoMne bhUmikA livakara isa parisaMvAda ko mUlya pradAna kiyA hai| etadartha hama unake AbhArI hai tathA unheM dhanyavAda dete haiN| parisaMvAda ko darzana saMkAya ke saMpAdakamaNDaloM kA sahayoga bhI pro. zrIrAmapANDeya ke netRtva meM prApta huA hai, phalataH ve bhI dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| pro. zrIrAmazaMkara tripAThI saMkAyAdhyakSa, zramaNa vidyA ne hamAre vibhAgIya saMgoSThiyoM meM sadA sahAyatA kI hai tathA prakAzana meM sujhAva dete rahate haiM, ataeva maiM unakA dhanyavAda detA kartavya samajhatA huuN| isa kAma ko pUrNa karane meM prakAzanAdhikArI DA. harizcandramaNi tripAThI, presa adhikArI zrIghanazyAma upAdhyAya Adi kA sahayoga bhI bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA hai, ataH maiM una sabako dhanyavAda denA apanA kartavya mAnatA huuN| mere vibhAga ke prAyaH adhikatara chAtra hamArI goSThiyoM meM tathA hara kArya meM sahayogI hote haiM prUpha saMzodhana Adi meM bhI unakA sahayoga rahA hai| etadartha maiM zrIrAmavihArI dvivedI-anusaMdhAtA, zrIvaziSThamuni mizra-anusaMdhAtA, zrIvijayakara caube, zrIavadheza kumAra caube, ku0 jyoti tathA brahmacArI karmAnanda ko dhanyavAda tathA AzIrvAda detA hU~ ki ve isa paramparAgata vizvavidyAlaya meM eka aisA Adarza prastuta kareM jisase paramparAgata cintana kA mUlya bddh'e| rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI prAdhyApaka (tulanAtmaka dharmadarzana) sampUrNAnanda-saMskRta-vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI

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viSaya-sUcI 47-52 bhUmikA-pro0 mahAprabhulAlagosvAmI ka.Ta [ka] satya ahiMsA aura unake prayoga 1. gAndhIdarzana paricarcA kI pRSThabhUmi-rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI 2. gAndhodarzana-pro0 rAjArAmazAstro 7 - 11 3. gAndhIcintana ko sArthakatA-pro. mukuTavihArIlAla 4. gAndhIjI kA notidharma-pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya 5. mahAtmA gAMdhI kA prayogadarzana-pro* jagannAtha upAdhyAya 37-46 6. satya kI vyAkhyA-AcArya rAmaprasAda tripAThI 7. bhAratIya darzana meM gAMdhI kI ahiMsA-AcArya zrIvizvanAthazAstrIdAtAra 53-56 8. gAndhI : ahiMsA kA vyavahAra pakSa-zrovIrendrapratApa siMha 57-63 6. satya aura ahiMsA-pro0 mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI 64-70 10. gAndhIdarzana-siddhAnta aura vyavahAra-pro raghunAthagiri 71-77 11. bhAratIyadarzanoM kI dRSTi meM gAMdhIvicAroM kA vivecana-DaoN. revatI ramaNa pANDeya 12. gAMdhIjI ke prayoga : Adhunika sandarbha meM-zrIsubhASacandra tivArI * 13. satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : gAMdhI kI sAmAjika naitika dRSTi ke pariprekSya meM-zrIramezacandra tivArI 92-107 88. Gandian experiments in context to our present day problem-Dr. K. C. Misra 108-110 78-84

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111-124 125-136 149-151 152-157 158-162 15. Gandhi from God is truth' 'Truth is God' Shri. R. R. Diwakar 16. Ahimsa culture for Human survival Shri. R. R. Diwakar 17. 'satya ahiMsA aura unake prayoga' saMgoSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa -zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI [kha] bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa 18. 'bhAratIyadarzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa' saMgoSThI se sambandhita vicAraNIya prazna-zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI 19. bhAratIyadarzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa kI dizA -pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya 20. bhAratIyadarzanoM ke vargIkaraNa se sambandhita praznoM ke uttara -pro0 badarInAtha zukla 21. vargIkaraNa sambandhI praznoM ke uttara-AcArya paM. raghunAtha zarmA 22. bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa-DaoN. sI0 ena mizra 23. bhAratIya samanvaya digdarzana-pro0 mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI 24. bhAratIyadarzanoM kA vargIkaraNa-paM. vizvanAthazAstrIdAtAra 25. bhAratIyadarzanoM ke vargIkaraNa para eka vicAra zrIrAmavihArI dvivedI 26. 'bhAratIyadarzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa' paricarcA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI [ga] naye darzanoM kI saMbhAvanAyeM 27. bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM naye darzanoM kI saMbhAvanAyeM -zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI 28. bhAratIya cintana meM naye darzana kI udbhAvanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM -svAmI karapAtrIjI mahArAja 163-167 18-187 188-198 199-204 205-212 212-228 231-234 235-239

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240-242 243-502 251-254 255-263 264-271 272-275 276-278 26. paurvAtya tathA pAzcAtya cintanadhArAoM ke samanvaya se nayA darzana saMbhava-DaoN0 ThAkura jayadeva siMha 30. bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM naye jIvanadarzana kI apekSA -pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya 31. Adhunika pAzcAtyadarzana kI gatividhi-pro. ramAkAnta tripAThI 32. bhAratIya paramparA ke anuzIlana se nayA darzana saMbhava . -pro0 raghunAtha giri 24. saMskRti darzana : saMbhAvanAyeM evaM svarUpa-DA0 zaMbhunAtha siMha 25. bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna darzanoM kI saMbhAvanAyeM -zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI 26. adhyAtma aura Adhunika samAja--pro. devasvarUpa mizra 27. bhAratIyacintana kI paramparA meM naye darzanoM kA dizAnirdeza -pro. vrajavallabha dvivedI 28. darzana digdarzana-svAmI rAmAzrama 26. maulikadarzana kI saMbhAvya dizAyeM-DaoN. harSanArAyaNa 30. naye jIvanadarzana kI kucha samasyAyeM aura saMbhAvanAyeM -pro* kRSNanAtha / 31. dharma ? darzana ? vijJAna ? tIna prazna cinhoM kI adyatana niyatApti -DaoN0 mAyAprasAda tripAThI 32. bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM naye darzana kI saMbhAvanA - AcArya rAmaprasAda tripAThI 33. bhAratIyacintanaparamparAyAM nUtanadarzanasya saMbhAvanA -paNDitarAjarAjezvarazAstrI drAviDa: 34. paramparAyAM darzanAnAM dhyeyaM tatsvarUpaJca -zrIvizvanAthazAstro dAtAraH 276.282 283-287 288-299 300-305 306-309 310-313 314-315 316-32

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35. 'naye darzanoM kI saMbhAvanAyeM viSayaka' goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa -zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI 36. vidvAnoM ko sUcI 321-336 upayukta nibandhoM meM vyakta vicAroM evaM zodha niSkarSa nibandha lekhakoM ke apane haiM, unakA sampUrNa zreya tathA uttaradAyitva lekhakoM kA hai|

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bhUmikA sampUrNAnandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI kA paramparAvAdI cintana ke krama meM vizeSa sthAna honA svAbhAvika hai| jAti, sampradAya, deza tathA samAja kI samasyAyeM kAla kI dRSTi se paidA hotI haiM tathA unakA samAdhAna bhI kAla kI dRSTi se hI apekSita hai para prAcInatama saMskRti vAle samAja meM paramparA kA itanA adhika prabhAva rahatA hai ki vaha kAlika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bhI paramparAgata zAstroM meM hI DhUr3hatA hai| aisI sthiti meM paramparAgata zAstroM se kAlika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna nikAlanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| isI AdhAra zilA para tulanAtmakadharmadarzanavibhAga ne kucha goSThiyoM kA Ayojana sampanna kiyA, jisameM kAlika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA mArga DhUr3hane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| ina goSThiyoM ke vicAra-vimarza kA Alekha isa parisaMvAda nAmaka patrikA meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jo vidvAnoM ke vicAra ke lie sabake sammukha prastuta haiN| goSThiyoM ke samAyojana ke daramyAna yaha bAta barAbara cintana ke kendra meM rahI ki kauna sA mukhya vindu banAyA jAyA, jahAM se nayA cintana tathA isase sAmAjika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta ho ske| bhAratavarSa meM darzanoM kI eka bahuta bar3I paramparA hai jisameM prAcIna kAla se samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM cintana kiye gaye haiN| darzanoM meM bhI do prakAra kI pravRttiyAM haiM, eka sudhAravAdI tathA dUsarI atyanta privrtnvaadii| sudhAravAdI paramparA meM mUla ko sadA pakar3e rahane kI pravRtti hotI hai| tathA kAlika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA yatna bhI calatA rahatA hai| isa vindu para paramparAvAdI vidvAn pUrNatayA sahamata nahIM ho pAte haiM, para vyavahAra kI aparyAptatA bAra bAra sudhAra ke lie preraNA detI hai| pUrNa paramparA kI jakar3ana meM par3e rahane vAle vidvAn lIka se thor3A bhI haTanA nahIM cAhate tathA bar3hatI huI kAlika samasyAoM ko purAne samAdhAna ke krama meM hI ThIka karanA cAhate haiN| inakA samAja para prabhAva kama hotA hai, para pAramparika samAdhAna ke nirNaya meM inakA mUlya avazya banatA hai| pUrNa parivartanavAdI paramparA bhI vAda meM rUr3havAdI rUpa meM bhArata meM prApta hotI hai| bAra bAra ke vaicArika saMgharSa meM usane parivartana ke darzana ko itanA mUlya pradAna kiyA ki parivartana kA darzana hI paramparAvAda bana gyaa| aisI sthiti meM rUr3havAdI mUlacintaka,

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( kha ) sudhAravAdI mUlacintaka evaM parivartanavAdI- pAramparikadhArA kA naye jIvanakrama meM kaise upayoga kiyA jAya ? isakA hI vizleSaNa prastuta parisaMvAda meM upalabdha hai / cintana ke naye AyAma prastuta karane kI dRSTi se ina goSThiyoM meM paramparAvAdI tattvacintana ke AdhAra para darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa prastuta karane kA sujhAva rakhA gayA hai / isameM eka pakSa naye vargIkaraNa ke pakSa meM hai tathA dUsarA pUrNa rUpa se pUrvataH vartamAna dArzanika vargIkaraNa ko hI calAye rakhane ke pakSa meM hai / naye vargIkaraNa ko prastuta karane vAle paramparAvAdI vidvAn kAlika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie naye tattva cintana kI bhI apekSA karate haiM / pUrNa parivartanavAdI pAraMparikadhArA bhI sudhAravAdI mUlacintakoM ke pakSa meM hai / para donoM meM samudAyagata zreSThatA kA prazna kabhI kabhI Ar3e hAtha A rahA hai / isa viSama paristhiti meM kAlika samasyAoM ke AdhAra para nirNaya liyA jAnA svAbhAvika hai / ina samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bhI donoM hI dhArAyeM kara sakatI haiM aura goSThI ke saMyojakoM kI maMzA bhI inhIM vicAradhArAoM ke pakSa meM hai / darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa kI samasyA ke samAdhAna krama meM naye cintana kA prazna bhI bAra bAra khar3A hotA huA dikhAI detA hai aura isa krama meM tInoM prakAra kI vicAradhArAyeM naye cintana ke liye prayatnazIla hotI haiN| Adhunika kintu parivartanavAdI pAramparika dhArA vAle loga paramparA kI binA paravAha kiye hue samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke krama kA darzana banAne ke pakSa meM haiM aura kahate haiM ki yadi aisA nahIM kiyA gayA to samasyAyeM svataH nayA darzana prastuta karA degIM, jaisA ki pazcima ke dezoM meM isake virodha meM huA hai / para sudhAravAdI mUlacintaka samAdhAna kI khoja meM Adhunika vidvAnoM kA paramparAgata DhaMga se samAdhAna DhUr3hane meM sahayoga lenA cAhate haiM / isa sandarbha meM paramparAvAda kI sahRdayatA kA mUlya AMkA jAnA caahie| kyoMki AdhunikatA ke paryApta prabhAva ke bAvajUda hamArI sAmAjika samasyAoM kA nidAna jo * spaSTatara rUpa meM nahIM prApta ho rahA hai, sambhavataH vaha apanatvavihIna samAdhAna hone ke kAraNa haiM / aisI sthiti meM sudhAravAdI mUlacintakoM ke sAtha AdhunikatAvAdI ko sahayoga denA Avazyaka lagatA hai| aura yadi yaha pravRtti khulakara samasyAoM kA kA samAdhAna DhUMr3ha rahI hai to nizcita hI bahuta sI samasyAyeM svataH samAhita ho * jAyeMgI / arahArika cintana tathA saiddhAntika cintana kA pakSa bhI isI parisaMvAda meM dikhalAI detA hai | darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa, nayA darzana kaise ? jaise prazna siddhAnta rUpa se kAlika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA saiddhAntika cintana prastuta karane ke lie . vAdhya karate haiM / vaise hI satya, ahiMsA, samatA, samAja, vyakti Adi kA vyAvahArika

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( ga ) svarUpa kyA baneM ? isa para bhI prabhUta cintana prastuta kiyA gayA hai / yaha cintana kevala kapola kalpita nahIM pratyuta gAMdhI jI ke pariprekSya meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai jo darzana yA cintana ko saiddhAntika hI nahIM vyAvahArika svarUpa pradAna karate the / aura jinake cintana krama meM bahuta so pAramparika samasyAyeM samAhita huI haiN| dekhanA yaha hai ki kyA vyaktiniSTha satya, ahiMsAdiguNa samAjaniSTha banAye jA sakate haiM yA mAtra cintana ke viSaya hI banakara raha jAyeMge / isa sandarbha meM parisaMvAda kA satya, ahiMsA kA prayoga bhAga bhI bahuta upayogI hai jisameM mAnava jIvana meM inako utArane kA zAstrIyanidAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai / [ka] vyAvahArika jIvana ko Adarza evaM Thosa nIva para rakhane kA kAma gAMdhI ne kiyA thaa| Aja gAMdhI vizvavidyAlayoM, rAjanetAoM tathA sAmAjika saMsthAoM se bAhara ho gaye haiM lagatA hai ki ve Aja ke yuga meM aparyApta haiN| para vicAra karane para lagatA hai ki gAMdhI Ane vAle kala meM upayukta hoNge| yadi Ane vAle kala meM gAMdhIjI upayukta lagate haiM to vartamAna meM bhI gAMdhI kA mUlya hai ( nArAyaNa bhAI desAI ) / unakA AdarzavAda, racanAtmaka kAryakrama tathA satyAgraha Aja bhI mUlyavAna hai / pradUSaNa kA khAtmA, kuTIra udyoga kA calAnA, svadezIpana Adi ke gAMdhI kI sIkha kA Aja bahuta mahattva hai / gAMdhI jI pavitra sAdhanoM ke prayoga para adhika bala dete the / ataeva ahiMsaka sAdhanoM se ahiMsaka samAja kI sthApanA karanA, vaha apanA lakSya mAnate the / para apanI ahiMsA ko pUrNa nahIM mAnate the ( rAjArAma zAstrI) kyoMki yadi pUrNa hotI to nirdhArita uddezyoM kI viphalatA na hotI / phira bhI vaha gItA ke karmaNyevAdhikAraste ke najadIka the tathA sAdhana kI pavitratA ke poSaka the| vaha jo prANimAtra kA adhika hitakAraka hotA thA use satya kahate the (yadbhUtahitamatyantaM tatsatyam ) / janakalyANa satya kI parakha hai, antaHkaraNa kasauTI aura ahiMsA sAdhana (pro0 mukuTa bihArIlAla) / vaha vyakti athavA samAja ke sudhAra ke pUrva apanA sudhAra karanA cAhate the / aura saMbhavataH yahI mAnava sudhAra kA rAstA hai| gAMdhIjI strI evaM puruSa kI samatA ke samarthaka the| vaha varNAzramavAdI the, TrasTIzipa tathA vikendrita lokatantra ke samarthaka the / utkRSTa

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sArvajanika caritra, nyAya tathA sAmAjika sevA kI bhAvanA, sahakAritA ke prati niSThA, kartavyaparANayatA, anyAya, atyAcAra aura bhraSTAcAra ke pratirodha ke saMkalpa ko svastha sAmAjika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka mAnate the| prAhlada kI bhAMti satyAgrahavAdI the| naciketA kI bhAMti nyAyaniSTha the| avasaravAda ko mUlya na dete hue hara kImata para nyAya kI pratiSThA dilAte the| unake lie samAja kA pratyeka vyakti barAbara thA, vaha kahate the ki maiM saccA musalamAna hU~ kyoMki maiM saccA hindU hU~ (pro. jagannAya upaadhyaay)| vaha zAstravAda ke viparIta zraddhAnurodhI the, zraddhA vivAdoM ko samApta karate hue ekamAtra karmAcaraNa ke mAdhyama se manuSyoM ke bIca sambandhoM kA nava nirmANa karatI hai| isameM asIma namratA hotI hai kyoMki namratA meM samarpaNa hotA hai| samarpaNa meM vyakti sva ko para ke lie miTA detA hai| zraddhA meM samarpaNa ke sAtha nirdezakatA milatI hai satya evaM ahiMsA kii| isIlie gAMdhI kahate haiM-satya aura ahiMsA kI kuMjI se jaba maiM dharma kI peTI kholatA hU~ to mujhe eka dharma kI dUsare dharma se ekatA pahacAnane meM jarA bhI kaThinAI nahIM AtI (pro0 jagannAtha upaadhyaay)| phalataH vaha AdhyAtmika bana jAte haiM jisase sabameM ekatva bhAna kA sAkSAtkAra hone lagatA hai| aura sabameM satya rUpa paramezvara kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai / satya hI paramezvara hai| asatya, anyAya, adharma ke prati udAsIna rahane vAlA vyakti satya kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM kara sktii| ataH asatya, anyAya aura adharma kA pratIkAra karanA satyAgraha kA Avazyaka aMga hai| satyAgraha kA artha hai virodhI ko pIr3A dekara nahIM, apitu svayaM kaSTa uThAkara satya kI rakSA krnaa| isa sandarbha meM ahiMsA vaha prakAza hai jo satya ko nikhAratI hai| ahiMsA kI parAkASThA hI satya hai, isakA jIvana meM sAdhana ke rUpa meM AcaraNa honA caahie| IsA ne jisa prakAra dhUrtoM ko jAnate hue bhI dayA ko yAcanA kI, ThIka isI prakAra vinamratApUrvaka satya kA pAlana karanA hogA tathA vyAvahArika satya para jora denA hogaa| purANa ko eka kayA hai koI badhika mRga ko mArane ke lie pIchA karate hue RSi ke Azrama meM pahuMcA, aura usakA rAstA pUchA to RSi ne uttara diyA yA pazyati na sA brUte yA brUte sA na pazyati arthAt jo indriya dekhatI hai baha bola nahIM sakatI, aura jo bola sakatI hai vaha dekhatI nhiiN| gAMdhI jI bhI apane aMtaraGga vyaktiyoM se aise prazna upasthita hone para kahate the-Apa isa bAta ko na puuche| isa viSaya para hama kucha nahIM kaheMge (paM0 rAmaprasAda tripaatthii)| isa prakAra parAnugrahecchA se prerita ho isa kaliyuga meM gAMdhI jI satyAcaraNa kA pAlana karate the| hameM bhI aisA karanA caahie|

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(Ga) hiMsA abhaya kI caramAvasthA hai / nirbhayatA aura Atmabala ke binA ahiMsA cala nahIM sakatI / ahiMsaka pratIkAra meM hama vastutaH hiMsA kA pratikAra nahIM karate, varana hama durbalatA se jUjhate haiM / durbala vyakti ke lie pApa-puNya, dharma-adharma kA koI artha nahIM hotA / kAyaratApUrNa zAMti se vIratApUrNa yuddha acchA hai, ataH gAMdhI kA satyAgraha yuddha zaktihIna adhyAtmavAda nahIM, pratyuta sakriya AdhyAtmika zakti hai ( vIrendrapratApa siMha ) | gAMdhI ne svayaM kahA hai ahiMsA vIroM kA guNa hai aura ise hama niSkriya, durbala aura asahAyapUrNa adhInatA kI saMjJA nahIM de sakate / bhArata meM hiMsA ke do rUpa haiM bhAvahiMsA tathA dravyahiMsA / krodhAdi se preraNApUraka hiMsA dravyahiMsA hai tathA kaluSita citta rAgadveSAdi se prerita hiMsA hiMsA hai | ahiMsA kA vAstavika artha ina donoM kA na karanA hai / 1616 meM gAMdhIjI ne kahA- tuma kisI manuSya kA citta na duHkhAo aura jo manuSya tumheM apanA zatru samajhatA ho, usake viSaya meM kabhI koI burA bhAva na rkho| (mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI) / gAMdhIjI ne Antarika dRSTi se ahiMsA kI pratiSThA meM prema tathA kSamA kI sthApanA kI tathA ghRNA kI nivRtti para bala diyA hai para vyAvahArika jIvana meM ahiMsA kI sthApanA kI gati meM bheda hai, isa prakAra jahA~ ahiMsaka sthiti kI ora jhukAva yadi dikhAI detA hai to vaha bhaya prayukta hI hai / kahIM bhIM vizva ke sabala rASTroM kA niHzastrIkaraNa kI ora agrasara honA prema-prerita na hokara bhaya-prerita hai ( pro0 raghunAthagiri) / isI prakAra gAMdhI kA satya bhI adhika Adarza rUpa hai jaba ki zaMkarAcArya vyavahAra ke lie satyAnRta kA mithunIkaraNa svIkAra karate haiM / gAMdhI ina dArzanika tathyoM kI vivecanA karate hue bhI mAnavahita para adhika bala dete haiM / phalataH sarvodaya kI kAmanA, sarvadharmasamabhAva kI sthApanA tathA nyAsitA ke siddhAnta se lokahitasampAdana kA ahiMsaka mArga batalAte hai jisakA jIvana meM prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai / mAnavatA kI rakSA ke lie gAMdhI kI anivAryatA kiMgamA TiMgalUthara ne bhI svIkArA kiyA hai / gAMdhI mAnavatA kI rakSA isalie kara sake, kyoMki vaha Atmazuddhi para bala dete the / Atmazuddhi se Izvara sAkSAtkAra hotA hai / pUrNa zuddhatA kI sthiti meM sthitaprajJatA AtI hai, vaha parama kAruNika tathA karuNAvatAra bodhisattva hai / vaha jana jana meM Izvara kA sAkSAtkAra karate hai, aura kahate the, vaha mAtra sattA hai, vaha sabameM hai, sabase Upara hai, hama sabase pare hai, ( DA0 revatIramaNa pANDeya ) gAMdhI kevala AdhyAtmika hI nahIM jana kalyANa ke pravartaka haiM / vaha mAnava kalyANa ke kaI rAste batalAte haiM, unameM unakI buniyAdI zikSA atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / berojagArI kI samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie unakA hastakalAtmaka zikSaNa rAmavANa hai /

Page #19
( ca ) hai| koThArI Ayoga ne ise sabhI staroM para upayogI evaM zreyaskara mAnA hai| (subhASacaMda tivaarii)| Aja ke samAja meM dharma evaM paramparA kA naitika mUlya evaM mahattva ghaTatA jA rahA hai aura nirantara tarka saMgatatA, aupacArikatA, karmacArItantra tathA vidhividhAnoM kA dAyarA bar3ha rahA hai to samAja ko naitika dizA-nirdeza kahAM se milegA? gAMdhIjI hara paristhiti meM naitika mUlyoM kI sarvoccatA ko kAyama rakhanA cAhate the| vaha naitika mUlyoM tathA rAjanItika zAstroM ke dvandva meM naitika mUlyoM kI apratihata zreSThatA kI sthApanA karanA cAhate the| vaha rAjanItika jIvana tathA saMsthAoM kA adhyAtmIkaraNa karanA cAhate the| vaha kahate the ki yadi rAjanIti ko dharma se alaga kara diyA jAya to vaha usI taraha tyAjya hai jaise mRta zarIra (zrIramezacanda tivaarii)| para vaha dharma ko sAmpradAya vizeSa ke artha meM na lekara Antarika AdhyAtmika tattvoM ko dharma mAnate the| paramparAvAdI vizvavidyAlayoM meM dharma rUr3ha artha meM prayukta hotA hai para gA~dhIjI kI dRSTi meM sArvabhauma dharmo kA nAma hI dharma hai| manuSya kA yaha dAyitva hai ki vaha sArvabhauma dharmoM kA pAlana karate hue apane apane dAyitvoM kA nirvAha kare (paM. bdriinaathshukl)| uttaradAyitva kA bhAra yadi paramparAvAdI samAja ko lenA hotA hai to paramparAgatazAstroM kI nayI vyAkhyA karanI par3atI hai| isa sandarbha meM kucha paramparAgata. vidvAn paramparAgata zAstroM ke viSayavastuoM kI vyAkhyA naye sandarbha meM karane kI koziza karate haiM tathA kucha jyoM kI tyoM paristhiti banAye rakhane ke pakSa meM hote haiN| aisI sthiti meM unakA tarka yaha hotA hai ki zAstrIya siddhAnta hamezA eka dhArA ke tathA sandarbho ke krama meM lagate haiM jo tatkAlIna the / para Aja ke sandarbha bhinna haiM yadi hama sAmya ke AdhAra para unakI vyAkhyA badale to sampUrNa zAstrIya sandarbha badala jAyegA aura sandarbha rahita vyavasthA meM sAMkaryadoSa kI saMbhAvanA hai| isI AdhAra zilA para darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa nAmaka saMgoSThI prArambha huii| jisameM viSayagata AdhAra para darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa kI bAta ko mUlaparamparAgata, sudhAravAdI paramparAgata tathA

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pUrNaparivartanavAdI vidvAnoM ke samakSa rakhA gyaa| vidvAnoM ne bhI isameM gaharI ruci dikhlaayii| prasiddha bauddha vidvAn pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya isa pakSa meM the ki bhAratIyadarzana ko dharma se mukta honA caahie| yadi vaha dharma se mukta ho jAtA hai to usakI aikAntikatA kA Agraha chUTa jaaegaa| use vijJAna kA bhI pichalaggU nahIM honA caahie| pratyuta use dharma tathA vijJAna ke madhya meM sthAna nizcita karanA hai| isa prakAra nirapekSa cintana kI dizA meM pahalA krama hogA bhAratIya darzanoM kA viSayAnurodhI nayA vargIkaraNa prastuta krnaa| isa naye vargIkaraNa se darzanoM ke vikAsakrama kA Akalana kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu katipaya paramparAvAdI vidvAna isa viSayAnurodhI vargIkaraNa ke vibhAjana ko anucita batAte hue kahate hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM pratipAdya viSayoM kI bahulatA hai una darzanoM meM kucha aise bhI viSaya haiM jo sabhI darzanoM meM samAna haiM, yadi viSayaparaka vibhAjana kiyA jAegA to una una darzanoM meM varNita ye viSaya jo anyAnya rUpa se anUbaddha haiM kI samAnatA ke AdhAra para chUTa jAne kA bhaya upasthita hogA (paM0 vadarInAtha shukl)| ataH viSayaparaka vargIkaraNa kA bhAratIya darzanoM kA aucitya nahIM lgtaa| eka anya paramparAgata vidvAna ne kahA- paramparAgata darzana paryApta evaM pUrNa hai unameM kisI prakAra kA parivartana apekSita nahIM hai (paM0 raghunAtha shrmaa)| isa prakAra ghora paramparAvAdI evaM ghora navIna vargIkaraNavAdI do prakAra ke vidvAn isa goSThI meM upasthita he| pro. rAjArAma zAstrI jese vidvAn paramparAgata tathA viSayagata donoM hI prakAra ke vargIkaraNa ke pakSapAtI the| unhoMne kahA-darzana ke donoM prakAra ke vargIkaraNa ho sakate haiM sAmpradAyika tathA vissygt| para yadi sampradAyagata viSayavastu ko nikAla kara anya ke sAtha jor3a diyA jAya tathA usako adhyayanAdhyApana kA viSaya banAyA jAya to usase samagratA kI jagaha svarUpatA aayegii| kyoMki jaisI cunautI vidyArthI ko milatI hai usako dhyAna meM rakhakara pAThyakrama banatA hai| para pratyeka zAstra kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie alaga alaga darzana banate haiM isameM darzana kA mAtra yaha kAma hai ki vaha dekhe ki jo dArzanika pariprekSa samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie rakhA gayA hai, vaha darzana kI dRSTi se ucita hai yA nhiiN| sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA tattva yadyapi darzana zAstroM meM milatA hai phira bhI pleTo, arastU kI bhAMti bhAratIya cintana meM samAdhAna prastuta nahIM hai| ataH Aja ke darzana ko sAmAjika samasyAoM kA bhI darzana prastuta karanA cAhie (pro. rAmazaMkara mishr)| etadartha nayAvargIkaraNa honA caahie| prastAvita vargIkaraNa kI apekSA darzanoM ke pratipAdya viSayoM ke vikAsakrama ko samajhAkara yadi vibhAjana kiyA jAya to isase tattad darzanoM ke AnuSaMgika viSayoM meM

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( ja ) bhI jJAna bane raheMge aura yaha paricaya aitihAsika hogaa| vartamAna meM jo darzanoM kA aitihAsika itihAsa batAyA jAtA hai, vaha darzanoM kA saMkSepa mAtra hai na ki kramika vikAsa kA itihAsa / isalie vizeSa darzanoM ke vizeSa pratyayoM kI seTiMga ko samajha kara pratyayoM ke vikAsakrama kA itihAsa likhA jAnA caahie| isameM sAmpradAyika jJAna ke sAtha sAtha vikAsAtmaka jJAna bhI sambhava hogA aura isa prakAra ke adhyayana se darzana ke vidyArthI ko kAphI lAbha hogA (ke0 ena mizra) tathA kAlAntara meM pratyayoM ke vikAsa krama kA bodha rakhane ke kAraNa vaha naye vicAroM ke sAtha samasyAoM ke samAdhAna lie naye darzana kI saMracanA kara pAyegA / isa prakAra naye vargIkaraNa se nayA darzana bana sakatA hai / d [ga] nayI samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM nayA cintana honA cAhie yA nahIM, isa viSayapara tridivasIya saMgoSThI meM vibhinna prakAra ke vidvAnoM ke mata khulakara bahasa ke mudde bane / Adhunika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bhAratIya paramparAgata darzanoM ke anugamana se ho sakatA hai aisA katipaya dharmadhurINa AcArya mAnate haiM - 'maiM samajhatA hU~ Adhunika samasyAyeM una prAcIna zAstroM kI vivecanA se sulajha sakatI haiM isalie naye darzana kI jarUrata nahIM hai (svAmI karapAtrI jI mahArAja ) / para katipaya santacaritAvalambI AcArya prAcya pAzcAtya ke samanvaya se naye cintana kI saMbhAvanA se inakAra nahIM karate tathA kahate hai - bhAratIya darzana meM vyakti ko kendra mAnA gayA hai, samAja ko parigaNita nahIM kiyA gayA / pAzcAtyadarzana samAja ko vizeSa mahattva detA hai aura usa samAja ke poSaNa se hI vyakti kI samarthatA mAnatA hai, ataH donoM darzanoM se yaha bAta spaSTa hotI hai ki samaSTi bhI utanI hI mahattvapUrNa hai jitanI vyaSTi tathA samAja kA vikAsa aura utkarSa utanA hI Avazyaka hai jitanA vyakti kA (ThAkura jayadeva siMha) / yaha bhI vicArakrama meM prazna ke rUpa meM ubharA ki bhAratIya darzana eka ora duHkhadhvaMsa kA AzvAsana detA hai to dUsarI ora samAja meM vyApta duHkhoM se udAsIna ho jAtA hai / eka ora samatA ke Adarza ko udghoSita karatA hai to dUsarI ora saba prakAra kI viSamatA ko ghoSita karatA hai / darzana ke isa Atmagata dvandva ke AdhAra para yaha AzA karanA ki vaha dharma aura nIti kA niyantraNa kara sakegA, bahuta adhika hogA /

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( jha ) ye tArkika kaThinAiyAM apane sulajhAva ke liye eka naye jIvanadarzana kI apekSA karatI haiN| (pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ) / pAzcAtyadarzana kevala isI jIvana kI samasyAoM kA cintana karatA hai aura prAcya darzana manuSya jIvana kI samasyAoM kA Atyantika hala cAhatA hai / vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika donoM ke liye kAma, krodha, lobha Adi para vijaya prApta karanA yadyapi Adhunika darzana kI samasyA nahIM hai ? para ye sArvabhauma samasyAye haiM / ataH yadi isa darzana ko isI jIvana kI samasyAoM taka sImita rakhA jAya taba bhI Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki ina samasyAoM para vicAra kareM (DA0 ramAkAnta tripAThI) / jaisA ki pUrva goSThI meM nayecintana ke lie darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa para bala diyA gayA hai| isa bhAga meM bhI katipaya vicAraka naye vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para nayA dArzanika cintana Avazyaka mAnate haiM / isa sandarbha meM santadarzana, rAjadarzana, vijJAnadarzana Adi ko Adhunika yuga kI AvazyakatAoM ke anusAra darzana mAnane kI prastAvanA bhI kI gayI (pro0 raghunAtha giri) tathA viSayaparaka vargIkaraNa hai / Avazyaka rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA / aneka svarUpa bhI udAharaNa rUpa se prastuta kiye gaye / katipaya vidvAnoM ne yaha batalAyA ki saMskRti-zUnyatA Aja ke yuga kA pramukha saMkaTa hai / isake kAraNa mAnava jIvana meM visaMgatiyAM ubhara rahI haiM / saMskRti zUnyatA kA hI yaha pariNAma ki Aja isa deza ke logoM kA naitika patana caramasImA taka pahuMca gayA hai ataH bhAratIya pariprekSya meM eka aise navInadarzana kI AvazyakatA hai jo saMskRti kA darzana ho, kintu saMskRti kA zAstra na bane, balki saMskRti puruSoM kA nirmANa kre| yaha darzana vastutaH jIvana darzana hogA, vAkavilAsa nahIM (DA0 zaMbhunAtha siMha ) / mAnavahita ko yadi saMpanna karanA hai to manuSya ko paramparAvAda kI haThavAditA tathA alTrAmADarna kI nAstikatA evaM nirAzAvAda se piNDa chur3Akara darzana ko svatantra rakhanA hai / aura aise darzana ko vivekapUrNa mAnava hita, satya tathA jijJAsA kA cintana karate hue apanA svatantra sthAna banAnA hai tAki usameM na haThavAditA Aye aura na nAstikatA (rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI) / Aja darzanako aihalaukika sAmUhika mukti, aura samagra mAnavatA ke aihalaukika kalyANa ke lie nUtana dRSTi kA unmeSa karake hrAsavAda ke sthAna para vikAsavAda, bhAgyavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kI bhArata meM pratiSThA karake vArAhamihira kI ukti ko sAkAra karanA hai - 'vRddhA hi yavanAsteSu samyakazAstramidaM sthitam / isa prakAra svakIya parakIya kA bheda haTAkara mAnavIya vicAroM meM samanvaya sthApita kara eka akhaNDavizvasaMskRti kA nirmANa kiyA jA sakatA hai ( paM0 brajavallabha dvivedI) / isa prakAra darzana kI maulika cintanazIlatA tava vikasita hotI hai jaba paramparAgata atIta kI thAtI ko pUrNataH pacAyA jAya / atIta kA dAyitvapUrNa Akalana karake bhAvInirmANa saMbhava hai / hamArA darzanetihAsa jo maiksamUlara se lekara yadunAthasinahA taka kA hai, vaha mAnava darzanasaMgraha hai / maulikadarzana

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(ET) bindu mahAbhArata ke 'guhyaM brahma tadidaM vo bravImi na mAnuSAccheSThataraM hi kiMcit' meM yA mArksa ke To be radical means to go to the root and root is man himelf meM milatA hai / maulikatA kA artha hai mUla taka pahu~canA, aura mUla svayaM mAnava hai, vastutaH Aja mAnava mUlaka-darzana hI cala sakatA hai (DA0 harSanArAyaNa ) / isa prakAra kA nayA darzana tabhI pratISThita hogA jaba purAne darzanoM ke dabadabe kA aura unake zAstra aura zabda kA prAmANya dhvaMsa hogA / purAne darzana evaM zAstra mAtra saMdarbha ke lie hoMge / purAne zAstra dhvaMsAvazeSa kI jamIna IMTa, patthara kA kAma kareMge, lekina abhiniveza badalA huA hogA, saraMjAma, saMyojana nayA hogaa| yaha eka sRjanAtmaka dhvaMsa kA kAma hai dhvaMsa se sRjana hogaa| purAne vIja kI khola phaTane se nayA aMkura nikalegA ( pro0 kRSNanAtha ) / kucha vidvAn nUtana cintana ke itane adhika pakSadhara the ki ve punarjanma na svIkArate hue bhI karmaphala ke siddhAnta ko banAne ke hAmI rahe / aura kahate rahe - karmaphala sambandha Avazyaka hai nIti ke lie, dharma ke lie| lekina punarjanma Avazyaka nahIM hai / punarjanma svIkAra na karate hue bhI karmaphala kI vyavasthA honI cAhie / kintu isake lie punarjanma kA khaNDana na kiyA jaay| jo vizvAsAnusAra kucha loga punarjanma svIkAra karate haiM, karate raheM / lekina yaha vyavasthA darzana meM ho ki punarjanma na svIkAra karake bhI karmaphala kA siddhAnta bana jAye ( pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ) | vijJAna ke naye AviSkAroM ne manuSya ko itanA sabala banA diyA hai| ki vaha samajhane lagA hai ki jo pahale nahIM thA vaha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai / vijJAna ne Izvara meM, dharma granthoM kI anAditA meM saMdeha paidA kiyA hai, hai prAcIna vicAraka karmaphala, daivavidhAna Adi samajha kara kA kAraNa prastuta karate the, para Aja yogyavastuoM kI guz2arane kA sAhasa paidA kiyA hai ( praze0 devarAja ) / paramparAvAdI vidvAnoM meM bhI samAja meM vyApta asamAnatA tathA duHkha ko miTAne kI kasaka hai| ve ekabAra darzana ke paramparAgata svarUpa ke kAraNa karanI kathanI meM bheda dekhakara saMdeha karate haiM tathA kahate haiM- darzanoM ne jisa prakAra kA jIvana pratipAdita kiyA hai vaha hamAre vyavahAra se nahIM hai, viSamatA hamAre cintana meM nahIM dIkhatI hai paurANika AkhyAnoM meM, dharmazAstroM meM viSamatA avazya hai / yaha vicAraNIya hai ki darzana kA kAma samatva kI pratiSThA karanA hai para samAja meM viSamatA hai isake viruddha dArzanika loga kyoM nahIM bolate haiM ? kyA yaha hamAre cintana kI koI truTi to nahIM hai ( pro0 badarInAtha zukla ) / para kucha anya paramparAvAdI zAstroM meM ullikhita vyavasthA se Tasa se masa nahIM honA cAhate haiM aura kahate haiM - yadi zAstraM cakSuH upekSitaM syAt tarhi taddhIno manujo'jJaH madAndhaH kiM kiM na kuryAt sAMpratam / ato'pyetaddoSanirAsAya zAstraM cakSusthAnIyaM darzanaM bhUSaNaM mantavyam / ityevaM zAstrasya pAramArthika vyAvahArikabhedena darzanatvaM dvividham iti ataH hamArA dAyitva bar3hA logoM ko duHkhI bane rahane sulabha upalabdhi ne nayAkara

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iti sthitama ( vizvanAthazAstrI dAtAra ) / isI prakAra kI paramparAvAdI pravRtti eka anya paMDita meM bhI dikhalAI par3atI hai jo mati kI vakAlata to karate haiM para vaha nIti zAstrAtmaka nirdiSTa mati ko hI mAnate hai| isa prakAra kahate haiM-ato guruparamparAprAptavaidikadarzanAnAmullaMghanaM kadApi hitAvahaM na bhavediti (paM0 rAjarAjezvarazAstro) isa prakAra prAcIna evaM navIna tathA sudhAravAdI-paramparA ke vidvAnoM ke mata samAja duHkha ko samApta karane ke pakSa meM hai para unakI saraNI meM antara hai, lagatA hai ki yaha sArA bheda kalpita mAtra hai| saca meM to sabhI prANiyoM ke sAtha samatvabhAva eva tadanurUpa bhUmi para AcaraNa meM pravRtti lagAnA Avazyaka hai| yaha jaba taka niSpanna nahIM hotA taba taka sAre kathopakathana vyartha haiM ataH samaSTi ke sAtha samatva hI kriyA yoga hai jo katipaya mAnava mUlyoM arthAt ahiMsA evaM anuSThAna ke dvArA nijI utkarSa tathA anya ke utkarSa ke bhI sAdhaka evaM preraka haiN| prastuta parisaMvAda ke saMpAdaka tathA saMyojaka zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI hamAre vibhAga ke sakriya sadasya haiM aura inakI yaha satata icchA hai ki sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya se eka aisI cintanadhArA pravAhita ho jo sampUrNa mAnavatA kI rakSA meM sabake dhyAna ko AkRSTa kare / etadartha isa viSama yuga meM itanA bar3A saMkalpa lekara calanA kaThina lagatA hai, para sAdhaka ko apane AdarzoM para dRSTi evaM AsthA rakhakara kAma avazya karanA caahie| tulanAtmakadharmadarzanavibhAga ke chAtra bhI isa dizA meM sahAyaka hoNge| isI AzA se maiM apane vibhAgIya kRti ko lokahita sampAdana ke lie Avazyaka mAnatA hUM tathA tadartha saba AyojakoM ko dhanyavAda detA hUM ki ve lokahita meM aura adhika tatpara hoN| -mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI adhyakSa-tulanAtmaka dharmadarzana sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI

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satya, ahiMsA aura unake prayoga [ka] yaha saMgoSThI dinAGka 30 tathA 31 mArca 1980 ko sampanna huI thI

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satyaM dharmastapo yogaH satyaM brahma sanAtanam / satyaM yajJaH paraH proktaH sarvaM satye pratiSThitam // mahA0 zAnti0 162.5 ahiMsA sakalo dharmaH hiMsAdharmastathAhitaH / satyaM te'haM pravakSyAmi yo dharmaH satyavAdinAm // mahA0 zAnti0 272.20 ahiMsA satyavacanaM dAnamindriyanigrahaH / etebhyo hi mahArAja, tapo nAnazanAt param // mahA0 zAnti 61.7

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gAndhIdarzana paricarcA kI paSThAma zrI rAdhezyAmadharadvivedI akhilabhAratIya khAdI grAmodyoga Ayoga, lakhanaU, ke dvArA vizvavidyAlayIya stara para samUha paricarcA ke lie samArambha kI bAta uThane para tulanAtmakadarzana ke viSayAnurUpa mAnakara isa goSThI ko sampanna karane kA bhAra mujha ko sauMpa diyA gyaa| maiM ise saharSa svIkAra karate hue apane vizvavidyAlaya kI paramparA ke anukUla gAMdhI vicAroM se sambandhita isa paricarcA-goSThI ko Ayojita karane kI dizA meM prayatnazIla ho gyaa| jisake pariNAma svarUpa hama isa bhISaNa garmI meM upasthita hue haiN| Aja ke yuga meM zikSA, samAjasevA, dharma, rAjanIti tathA arthanIti Adi sabhI dRSTiyoM meM gAMdhI ko dhyAna meM rakhe binA koI agalA kadama uThAnA bhAratavarSa ke vidvAnoM ke lie kaThina kAma lagatA hai| kyoMki gAMdhI kI ina saba vidhAoM para anupama chApa hai| saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya usa paramparA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai jisameM gAMdhI svayaM AvirbhUta hue the, phalataH gAMdhI jI ke vicAra kisa prakAra prAcIna bhAratIya vicAroM se prabhAvita hue tathA vaha paramparAgata vicAroM se naye sandarbha meM samasta jagata ko kisa hada taka prabhAvita kara sake isakA Akalana isa paricarcA goSThI kA mukhya uddezya hai| maiM katipaya muddoM ko Apa vidvajjana ke sammukha prastuta kara apanI paramparA ke vikAsakrama meM avasthita mahAtmAgAMdhI ke vicAroM se Aja kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie Apa saba ke sahayoga kI prArthanA karatA huuN| Aja deza meM sabhI jagaha avyavasthA phaila rahI hai| rAjanIti kA prabhAva itanA adhika ho gayA hai ki binA usake dabAva ke koI kAma Age nahIM bar3ha rahA hai / dharma bhI paMgu bana gayA hai, kyoMki vaha paramparAgata jar3atA lie hue hai| aura badalAva ke lie usameM prayatla kA abhAva hai| hama Apasa meM lar3a-kaTa rahe haiM, aura rAjanItijJoM ke isAre para nAca rahe haiN| dhArmika, sAMskRtika evaM naitika sadguNoM ke rahate hue bhI hama niSkriya kyoM haiM ? tathA hamArA prabhAva janatA para kyoM nahIM par3a rahA hai, parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM isakI vidhi gAMdhI se sIkhanI hogii| bar3I bar3I krAntiyoM kI bAta sabhI karate haiM, para hamAre deza kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke kucha ahaM masale aise haiM jo cAha kara bhI samAhita nahIM ho pA rahe haiM, ina ke samAdhAna kA rAstA gAMdhI se sIkhanA hogaa| voTa ke lie dhArmika bhAvanAoM ko jagAnA, jAtivAda ko ukasAnA, sthAnIyatA. vAda ko prazraya denA, rASTra ko bImAra DAlanA hai| para hama apane svArthoM ke lie yaha saba karate jA rahe haiN| dharma ke loga dharma kI nahI, apane saMpradAya kI rakSA para bala dete haiM / phalataH sar3aka kA AdamI mAra DAlA jAtA hai aura hama mandira, masjidoM meM baiTha, pUjA karake kartavya kI itizrI mAna lete haiN| gAMdhI isameM hamArI sahAyatA kara sakate haiN| rAjanIti bhI Aja ke yuga meM sarvapramukha bhUmikA adA karatI hai gAMdhIjI ne rAjanIti meM jisa tapa, saMyama evaM ahiMsA Adi kA paripAlana karake use zuddha karane kA patha prazasta kiyA, usakA anusaraNa kiyA jAnA caahie| dharma ke loga adhyAtma kI bahuta carcA karate haiN| unako samAja sevA ke adhyAtmamArga kA udghATana karake Aja kI viSama paristhitiyoM ko kAbU meM karane kI atyanta AvazyakatA hai| para yaha kAma tabhI saMbhava hogA, jaba rAjanItika loga ImAnadArIpUrvaka dharma ke kSetra se saMnyAsa grahaNa kara leN| kahA jAtA hai ki zikSA saMsthAyeM. zikSA zAstrI evaM sAhityika kevala kakSAoM yA seminAra kakSAoM meM baiTha kara samasyAoM para vicAra kara lete haiM aura utane mAtra se vaha apane kartavya paripAlana kI pUrNatA mAna lete haiM / maiM samajhatA hU~ ki Aja ke sandarbha meM zikSA jagata ke vyaktiyoM ko kakSAoM se bAhara Akara samIpastha muhalloM ke dukhadarda kI ora bhI dhyAna denA cAhie, varanA hamArI zikSA saMsthAoM se janatA kA vilagAva suphala nahIM pradAna kregaa| gAMdhI jI ke isa sandarbha meM bhI kucha prayoga haiM unakA bhI manana karanA hogA aura anugamana karanA hogaa| yaha vizvavidyAlaya svadezIya saMskRti kA pUjaka mAnA jAtA hai, gAMdhI jI bhI svadezI ke upAsaka the| para Aja jo samAja meM sarvatra parAyApana vyApta hai. usakA samApana kaise ho? isake lie vAtAvaraNa ke nirmANa para bala diyA jAnA cAhie / apanI saMskRti kI acchAiyoM para bala dene ke sAtha-sAtha kusaMskAroM ke samApana para bhI dhyAna diyA jAnA cAhie / daheja kA unmUlana, chuA-chUta kA samApana, santati nirodha, svadezIya saMskRti meM gauravAdhAna Adi kucha aise Thosa kArya haiM, jisake sampAdana meM isa parisara kA samAja ke lie kAphI bar3A yogadAna ho sakatA hai| hama 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakaM' 'yatpiNDe tadeva brahmANDe' tathA 'sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM' kI bhAvanA kI bAta karate haiM, aura isase vyakti aura samAja kI ekatA kI sAdhanA parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIdarzana paricarcA kI pRSThabhUmi bhI hotI hai / para isa lakSya kI prApti kA hamArA patha taba taka sApha nahIM ho sakegA. jaba taka hama sampUrNa mAnava jAti ke hita kI rakSA ke lie ahiMsaka upAyoM kA avalambana na kreN| mahAtmA gAMdhI ahiMsA ke pujArI the, yaha ahiMsA hamArI virAsata hai, usakI punaH sthApanA ke lie hamako gAMdhI jI ko bhA~ti dattacitta honA hogaa| aura satya ke mArga se asatya kA pratIkAra karanA hogaa| kahA jAtA hai ki hama ahiMsaka mArga kA kama avalambana karate haiM. para bAta aisI nahIM hai, hama aba bhI apekSAkRta sarala hai, isalie hama hone vAlI ghaTanAoM kI saralatA ke sAtha zIghra pratirodha kara dete haiM, jisase lagatA hai ki hama vyAvahArika satyatA ko banAvaTI rUpa na dete hue paramArtha rUpa hI de dete haiN| isase hamAre prati logoM kI kucha anyathA dRSTi panapatI hai| hameM isa para dhyAna denA cAhie tathA satyamArga meM gA~dhI ke rAste kA anugamana karanA caahie| gAMdhI jI ne ahiMsA kI zakti kA saMgaThana kiyA aura usakA sAmAjika viniyoga kiyaa| vaha vyakti tathA samAja kA avinAbhAva sambandha mAnakara sampUrNa samAja meM vyakti ke ahiMsaka vRtti ko pratiSThA para bala dete the, jisase vaha vyakti tathA samAja meM samAna rUpa se lAgU ho sake / zAstroM meM samAja kI rAgAtmaka vRttiyoM ke samApana ke upAya bahuta sujhAye gaye haiM, para ve upAya vyaktiniSTha hote haiN| ina upAyoM kA sAmAjika viniyoga gAMdhI ne batalAyA thA phalataH vaha janajIvana se kaSTa ke apanodana ke lie ekAdaza vratoM para dhyAna dete haiM, ve haiM ahiMsA satya asteya brahmacarya asNgrh| zarIrazrama asvAda sarvatra bhayavarjana // sarvadharmasamAnatva svadezI sprshbhaavnaa| vinamra vrata-niSThA se ye ekAdaza sevya haiM / hamAre samAja meM vizeSa rUpa se saMskRtasamAja meM zarIrazrama para adhika jora na dekara tapa, tyAga, vrata-upavAsa para adhika bala diyA jAtA hai| yaha apane meM sahI hai para gAMdhI jI kI dhAraNA thI ki jisakA zarIra kAma kara sakatA hai una sabhI puruSoM ko apanA rojamarrA kA sabhI kAma, jo khuda karane lAyaka ho, khuda hI karanA cAhie / aura vinA kAraNa dUsaroM se sevA na lenI caahie| jo khuda mehanata na kare, unheM khAne haka kyA hai ? isa AdhAra para hI gAMdhI jI tapa, saMyama, ahiMsA, satya Adi kA paripAlana karate hue zarIrazrama bhI karate the| vaha nityacaryA meM kRSikArya bhI sammilita karate the tathA svayaM saphAI kArya bhI kiyA karate the| hama parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ko isakI ora dhyAna denA cAhie, kyoMki bauddhika bAtoM para hamArA dhyAna adhika rahatA hai, para sAmAnya dinacaryA meM zarIrazrama para hama kama bala dete haiM / ___gAMdhI jI vyAvahArika dArzanika the, vaha una dArzanika siddhAntoM ko svIkAra karate the jinakA vaha vyavahAra meM upayoga kara sakate the| unakA pavitra sAdhana se pavitra sAdhya kI prApti kA siddhAnta bhAratIya janamAnasa meM ghara kara gayA hai / vaha mAnate the ki ahiMsA rUpI pavitra sAdhana se zuddha satya kI prApti sambhava hai| isa prakAra vaha sAdhya sAdhana ke abheda siddhAnta ke pratipAdaka the| isa siddhAnta kI pratiSThA meM ahiMsA vRtti para bala dene ke kAraNa gAMdhI jI ke siddhAnta vyAvahArika bana gaye / unakA virodhI ke prati prema dRSTi, sakriya pratirodha, satyAgraha, ahiMsaka vyavahAra Adi aise vyAvahArika zastra the, jina ke bala para briTiza hukUmata se unhoMne mukAbalA kiyA thaa| adhyAtmamArga evaM bhAratIya saMskRti ke paripoSaka logoM ko gAMdhI jI ke dikhalAye mArga para bar3hane kA utsAha mila sakatA hai| sabhI Agata vidvajjana vartamAna paristhiti meM gAMdhI jI kI upAdeyatA para apane vicAra vyakta kara usa rAste ko spaSTa kareMge, jinapara calakara vartamAna pIr3hI ko rozanI prApta ho| parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIdarzana pro. rAjArAma zAstrI gAMdhIjI kA darzana unake sAdhya-sAdhana siddhAnta meM nihita hai| yaha siddhAnta unakI rAjanItika paddhati meM hI nahIM, unake Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura vaiyaktika sabhI vicAroM meM anusyUta hai aura isI ke kAraNa unake sabhI vicAroM meM eka vyApakatA aura sArvabhaumatA dikhAI detI hai| darzana prakRtyA sArvabhauma hotA hai, isaliye gAMdhIjI ke vicAroM kA vahI aMza unakA darzana mAnA jAyegA jisakA prayoga sArvabhauma ho, aura jo viziSTa paristhitiyoM se sImita na hokara, na kevala mAnava jIvana ke sabhI aMgoM meM pratyuta prAkRtika niyamoM meM bhI prayukta ho ske| sAdhana, sAdhya kI siddhi ke liye hotA hai| kintu sarvajJa na hone ke kAraNa koI manuSya kisI sAdhana se jisa sAdhya kI siddhi kI kalpanA karatA hai, vaha sadA siddha ho hI jAya, aisA nahIM hotA / asaphalatA kI sthiti meM sAdhaka ko yaha vicAra karanA hotA hai ki usake sAdhana meM kyA kamI raha gayI. jisase vaha apane sAdhya ko siddha na kara skaa| phala ke rUpa kA vizleSaNa karake yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai ki sAdhana meM kauna sI kamI raha gayI thii| isa prakAra kisI sAdhana se prApta hone vAle kalpita sAdhya ke sthAna para jo vAstavika phala prApta huA. vaha phala kalpita sAdhya kI tulanA meM aMzataH yA pUrNataH kitanA bhinna hai| isako dekhate huye manuSya apane sAdhanoM kA saMzodhana karatA hai / aura phira unakA prayoga karake dekhatA hai, jaba taka ki usase apanA vAMchita phala na prApta ho jAya / isa prakAra karma karate hue prApta phaloM yA sAdhyoM ke anubhava se sAdhanoM kA pariSkAra hotA hai, aura sAdhyoM ke anubhava pratyAvartita hokara naye sAdhanoM yA saMzodhita sAdhanoM ko udbhUta karatA hai / sAdhana aura sAdhya ke bIca anubhava kA yaha AdAna-pradAna barAbara calatA rahatA hai / isa dRSTi se kevala itanA kahanA sahI nahIM hai ki zuddha sAdhana se hI zuddha phaloM kI prApti ho sakatI hai athavA sahI sAdhana se hI vAMchita phaloM kI prApti ho sakatI hai| sAtha sAtha yaha bhI kahanA Avazyaka hogA ki kisI bhI kArya se vastutaH jo phala prApta hote haiM unhIM kA parisaMbAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM vaha sAdhana hai aura yadi dUsarA yA usase acchA phala cAhie to phira dUsare acche sAdhanoM kA prayoga karanA hogaa| isa taraha sAdhya bhI sAdhana' ke svarUpa ko nirdhArita karatA hai na kevala yaha ki sAdhana hI sAdhya ke svarUpa ko nirdiSTa karatA hai pratyuta donoM parasparApekSI haiN| aisI sthiti meM jaba gA~dhI jI ne yaha kahA ki yadi hiMsAmaya sAdhanoM kA prayoga kiyA jAyegA to ahiMsAtmaka samAja nahIM prApta ho sakatA, para yaha koI ilahAyI bAta nahIM thI, apanI pratibhA se unhoMne itihAsa kI gati se hI yaha nirNaya nikAlA thaa| kyoMki itihAsa meM jitane yuddha hue ve sthAI zAnti kI sthApanA nahIM kara sake / unakI hiMsAtmaka pratikriyA dera yA sabera avazya huii| isalie aitihAsika anubhava ke isI sArAMza se gAMdhIjI ne yaha natIjA nikAlA ki koI bhI yuddha yA mahAyuddha antima yuddha nahIM ho sakatA, aura na usase sthAyI zAnti kI sthApanA ho sakatI hai| yadi zAnti sthApita karanI hai to zAntimaya arthAt ahiMsAtmaka sAdhanoM se hI apane lakSya ko prApta karanA hogaa| sainika Akramaka athavA anyAyamUlaka vyavasthA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie saMgharSa to karanA hI hogA, lekina vaha saMgharSa ahiMsAtmaka rUpa meM kalpita kiyA jAya tabhI vAMchitaphala prApta ho sakatA hai| jo bAta yuddhoM ke lie sahI hai vahI bAta atyAcArI athavA zoSaka vyavasthA ke lie bhI sahI honI caahie| yadi apane virodhI meM dveSa kI pratikriyA utpanna kiye vinA nyAya prApta kiyA jA sake, tabhI vaha nyAya' sthAyI hogaa| isI niSkarSa ke adhIna gAMdhIjI ne asahayoga, satyAgraha, pratirodha, Adi aise sAdhanoM kA AviSkAra kiyA jinase bhArata ko svatantratA prApta huii| aura jinakA prayoga vizva meM sabhI atyAcAra pIr3ita loga kara rahe haiN| svAtantrya Andolana ke prasaMga meM deza kI kucha Arthika vyavasthAoM ke parivartana kI bho kalpanA kI gayI, jisase sAmAnya janatA kA sahayoga bhI prApta huaa| aura svatantratA prApta hone ke bAda jamIndArI unmUlana, rAjyoM kA vilayana, Adi Arthika evaM rAjanItika parivartana prAyaH vinA hiMsA ke sampanna kiye gye| aura sAmAjika DhAce meM yadyapi abhI taka koI maulika parivartana nahIM huA hai kintu usa parivartana kI buniyAda par3a cukI hai| aisA to nahIM pratIta hotA ki koI bhI sAdhana yadi manuSya prayukta karatA hai to vaha sAdhya kI ora vilakula hI agrasara nahIM hotA, kyoMki jo bhI sAdhana manuSya kisI kArya ke lie cunatA hai to usake pIche kucha na kucha saMcita anubhava avazya rahatA hai| prAyaH yahI dekhA jAtA hai ki sAdhanoM kI apUrNatA ke kAraNa sAdhya bhI pUre nahIM hote, eka sImita rUpa meM hI prApta hote haiN| isa dRSTi se yaha kahanA cAhie ki parisaMvAda

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gAMdhI darzana sAdhana apane svarUpa se sAdhya ko sImita karate haiN| yaha eka dArzanika siddhAnta bana jAtA hai| rAjanItika aura sAmAjika kSetra meM to gAMdhI jI ke netRtva meM yaha siddhAnta siddha huA hii| aba dekhanA yaha hai ki kyA anya kSetroM meM bhI yaha yathAvata caritArtha hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie jJAna kA kSetra lIjie--'yUkliDa ne jyAmiti kA eka siddhAnta banAyA thA ki tribhuja ke tIna koNoM kA jor3a 180 DigrI hotA hai' aura yaha siddhAnta unhoMne anaginata tribhujoM ko dekhakara banAyA hogaa| kintu Age cala kara yaha siddhAnta aikAntika rUpa meM asiddha ho gyaa| aura dUsare manISiyoM ne dekhA ki yukliDa kA siddhAnta kevala sIdhe dharAtala para lAgU hotA hai yadi gola vastu para tribhuja banAyA jAya to usake koNoM kA yoga 180 DigrI se adhika ho jaayegaa| to aisA to nahIM huA ki yukliDa kA siddhAnta nitAnta mithyA siddha ho gayA, kevala usakI sImA nirdhArita ho gyii| aura vaha sIdhe dharAtala taka sImita ho gyaa| vijJAna ke vikAsa meM hama yahI dekhate haiM ki kisI manISI ne apanI pratibhA aura atadRSTi se yadi kisI satya kA antardarzana kiyA to pragati ke pravAha meM Age Ane vAle manISI bhI .use sarvathA asatya nahIM siddha nahIM kara sake, kevala sImita satya kI koTi meM use pahu~cA diyA / aura jJAna kA pravAha uttarottara isI prakAra sampannatara aura zuddhatara hotA gyaa| yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki yUkliDa ke satya kI sImA usake sAdhanoM ke kAraNa nirdiSTa huI kyoMki usane gola dharAtala para tribhuja banAkara nahIM dekhA thaa| isIlie yaha kahanA par3atA hai ki yadi manuSya alpajJa na hotA aura aitihAsika anubhava kAlasImita na hotA to hara sAdhana apane sAdhya ko pUrNataH siddha kara letaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki sAdhya kI sImA kA anubhava hone para palaTa kara apane sAdhanoM kI jAMca karanI par3atI hai| aura sAdhya ke dvArA hI iMgita hone vAlI sImA ko dekhate hue sAdhana kI truTi ko pUrNa karate hue pUrNatara sAdhyoM kI ora agrasara honA hotA hai| mAnava jIvana meM kucha Adarza aura mUlya hote haiN| isIlie usameM zuddha aura azuddha, ucita ora anucita Adi mUlyAtmaka pratyayoM kA prayoga hotA hai / jJAna ke kSetra meM mUlya nirapekSatA hI mUlya mAnI jAtI hai, kevala satya aura asatya, vastuniSTha aura buddhayapekSya Adi pratyayoM kA prayoga hotA hai aura vastuniSTha satya' para pahuMcanA hI Adarza mAnA jAtA hai / jisa sAdhana se jitanI mAtrA meM vastuniSTha satya kI upalabdhi hotI hai vahI sAdhana utanI hI mAtrA meM zuddha mAnA jAtA hai| gAMdhI jI svayaM apanI ahiMsA ko pUrNa nahIM mAnate the, bIca bIca meM apane tAtkAlika uddezyoM kI viphalatA ke avasara para kahate the ki yadi merI ahiMsA pUrNa hotI to aisA na hotaa| isa prakAra prApta sAdhyoM kI mAtrA ko dekhate hue sAdhanoM kI mAtrA nirdhArita hotI hai aura unakI parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM mAtrA ko bar3hAkara aura zuddhatara banAkara hI sAdhyoM kI prApti meM pragati hotI hai| jJAna ke kSetra meM aisA hI hotA AyA hai| prasiddha bhAratIya vaijJAnika jagadIzacandra basu ne jaba isa bAta kA AviSkAra kiyA ki vanaspatiyoM meM bhI prANiyoM kI bhAMti cetanA hotI hai to anya vaijJAnikoM ne unakI isa ghoSaNA ko isI rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne yaha mAMga kI ki jagadIzacandra vasu kina sAdhanoM se isa natIje para pahuce haiM aura zrIvasu ne vaijJAnikoM ke sampukha una yAntrika upakaraNoM kA pradarzana kiyA, jinake dvArA vaha vanaspatiyoM meM prANaspandana aura prANiyoM kI bhA~ti cetanA kA pravAha dekhate the| vaijJAnikoM ne yaha TIkA kI ki vanaspatiyoM kA spandana vilkula sarvathA prANiyoM kI jJAnavAhinI nAr3iyoM se pravAhita hone vAlI cetanA ke samakakSa nahIM hai| use spandana bhale hI kahA jAya, para cetanA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sArAMza yaha ki vaijJAnikoM ne zrIvasu ke pramANa ko dekhakara unake prameya ke svarUpa aura usakI sImA ko nirdhArita kiyaa| jJAna ke kSetra meM jitanA bhI zodha yA AviSkAra hotA hai, una saba meM yahI prakriyA calatI hai| aba dekhanA yaha haiM ki jaba sAdhyoM ke sandarbha ko chor3a kara sAdhanoM kA koI artha nahIM hotA to phira sAdhanoM ko gAMdhIdarzana meM itanA mahattva kyoM diyA gayA ? unheM sAdhyoM se bhI upara mAna liyA gyaa| bAta yaha hai ki eka bAra jaba hama apane sAdhyoM ko nirdiSTa kara lete to phira manuSya ko apanI sArI ceSTAoM ko anukUla sAdhanoM ke vikAsa meM hI karanA hotA hai| yahAM para zrImadbhagavadgItA kA yaha kathana prAsaMgika hai| "karmaNyevAdhikAraste mA phaleSu kadAcana" phala to sAdhya hai jo hamAre lie vAMchita hai, kintu ve apane hAtha meM nahI haiM / yaha to sAdhanoM kA vikAsa aura prayoga hone ke bAda patA calegA ki unase kaisA aura kitanA phala prApta hotA hai ? isalie hamArA mukhya kArya anukUla sAdhanoM kA AviSkAra aura vikAsa karanA hI ho jAtA hai / isIlie gAMdhIjI kahate haiM ki hameM zuddha sAdhanoM ke prayoga para hI adhika dhyAna denA cAhie, phala to tadanukUla hI hoNge| isalie Arambha meM eka bAra unake nirdhArita ho jAne ke bAda phira unakI cintA karane kI AvazyakatA nahI hai / karmakSetra meM yaha bAta yahA~ taka calI jAtI hai ki sAdhana aura sAdhya meM koI bheda hI nahIM raha jaataa| agara sAdhana ahiMsA hai to usase jo phala prApta hogA, vaha bhI ahiMsA hI hogA arthAt ahiMsAtmaka evaM zAnti sAdhanoM se jo samAja prApta hogA vaha bhI, aura vahI, ahiMsAtmaka evaM zAntimaya samAja hogaa| yadi aisA nahIM hotA yA pUrNarUpa se nahIM hotA to yaha mAnanA par3egA ki hamAre sAdhanoM meM kamI hai aura hameM unako pUrNatara banAnA pdd'egaa| zAyada isI prakAra hama adhikAdhika parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIdarzana zAnti kI ora agrasara hote jAyeMge, cAhe hamArI isa pragati kA koI carama bindu na ho| itanA to avazya ho nizcita ho jAtA hai ki mUla rUpa meM hamArA sAdhana zuddha hai aura sahI hai aura vaha bAMchita phala kI ora ho hameM le jA rahA hai viparIta dizA meM nahIM, yahI sAdhana kA svAbhAvika mahattva hai| parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIcintana kI sArthakatA pro0 mukuTabihArIlAla gAMdhI jI dharmaniSTha the| dharma para unakI agAdha zraddhA thii| dharma kA anugamana vaha apanA punIta kartavya samajhate the| unakA sArA jIvana dharma kI bhAvanA se anuprANita thaa| dharma kI vyApakatA aura sArvabhaumikatA para unakA dRr3ha vizvAsa thaa| vaha jar3atA aura saMkIrNatA ko dharma kI pragati ke lie ghAtaka tathA unakA parityAga jIvanotkarSa ke liye Avazyaka samajhate the| saba dharmoM ke prati Adara bhAva, udAra aura vyApaka dRSTikoNa se vibhinna dharmoM aura sampradAyoM ke siddhAntoM kA adhyayana evaM unake sarvamAnya vyApaka tattvoM ke AdhAra para sarvadharma samanvaya ke liye prayatna bhI, vaha dharma kI pragati aura pratiSThA ke liye Avazyaka samajhate the| vaha cAhate the ki sAmpradAyika Agraha ko chor3akara hama saba apane apane dharma para AsthA rakhate hue anya dharmoM ke sadguNoM ko niH saMkoca grahaNa kareM, jovana ke navIna anubhavoM tathA AvazyakatAoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM dharma kA vikAsa kareM arthAt navIna dhArmika siddhAntoM ko pratipAdita aura pratiSThita kreN| gatizIla saMsAra meM udAra dhArmika bhAvanA tathA gatizIla dharma hI jIvanotkarSa meM sahAyaka ho sakatA hai| dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ke lie gAMdhIjI ke ina sabhI vicAroM kI niH sandeha bar3I upAdeyatA hai / gAMdhIjI yoga, dhyAna aura samAdhi ke bajAya bhakti se samanvita karmayoga ko Atmasiddhi kA sarvottama sAdhana samajhate the| unakI dhAraNA thI ki tapasyA ke lie saMsAra kA parityAga Avazyaka nahIM hai| mAnava kalyANa meM jIvana kA samarpaNa tathA samAjahita kI puSTi aura abhivRddhi ke nimitta yajJIya bhAvanA se samAjopayogI vyavasAya meM saMlagnatA bhI tapasyA hI hai| inake dvArA hI abhyudaya aura niH zreyas donoM kI siddhi sambhava hai| gAMdhIjI svayaM pUrNa niSThA se prArthanA aura smaraNa dvArA bhagavAn kI upAsanA karane ke sAtha sAtha saMsAra kI niSkAma sevA dvArA Izvara ArAdhanA karate the| vaha maharSi kapila ke isa vicAra se sahamata the ki Izvara ko saba prANiyoM meM sthita tathA saba prANiyoM kA AtmA jAnakara saba prANiyoM meM dAna, mAna, mitratA parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIcintana kI sArthakatA aura samadRSTi dvArA Izvara kI ArAdhanA manuSya kA kartavya hai| saba prANiyoM ke prati sadbhAvanA, mAnava vyaktitva kA Adara, sabakI niSkAma sevA, sabake sAtha samatA kA vyavahAra vaha pratyeka manuSya kA dhArmika kartavya samajhate the| vaha prahalAda ke isa vicAra se pUrNatayA sahamata the ki samatA Izvara kI ArAdhanA hai ( samatvamArAdhanamacyutasya ) aura variSThatA ke ahaMkAra ko vaha Izvara aura mAnava ke prati aparAdha samajhate the| gAMdhIjI kahate the ki satya Izvara hai, Izvara satya hai| isa taraha vaha satya ko saMsAra kI pAramArthika sattA, dharma kA zAzvata siddhAnta, jagat ke naitika vidhAna kA mUla tattva svIkAra karate the| unake vicAra meM satya hI sarvottama jJAna hai, satya kA anusAraNa hI sarvottama zIla hai tathA satya kA anuSThAna hI pavitra vrata hai| vaha cAhate the ki satya hI hamAre jIvana kA AdhAra ho, satya meM hI hamAre saba kriyAkalApa kendrita hoM, hara paristhiti meM hama satya kA dRr3hatA se pAlana kreN| saMsAra meM satya ko pratiSThA hI hamAre jIvana kA lakSya ho| satya kI balavatI zakti para unakA dRr3ha vizvAsa thaa| unakI dhAraNA thI ki antatogatvA satya kI vijaya nizcita hai, satya ke AdhAra para hI mAnava kA naitika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa, samAja kA utkarSa tathA saMsAra kA sthAyI zAnti tathA vAstavika pragati sambhava hai| gAMdhI jI nAradamuni ke isa vicAra ko svIkAra karate the ki yadbhUtahitamatyantaM tatsatyaM arthAt jisase prANimAtra kA adhika hita ho vahI satya hai| unakI dRSTi meM vizvahita satya kA mUla mantra hai, janakalyANa kI kSamatA hI satya kI parIkSA hai, jIvanamAtra ke prati sadbhAvanA satyaniSTha kA kartavya hai| gAMdhI jI ke vicAra meM yadi janakalyANa satya ko parakha hai to antaH karaNa hI usakI sarvazreSTha kasauTI hai aura ahiMsA hI sarvottama sAdhana hai| vahI kArya aura vicAra satya hai jo antaH karaNa ko janahitakArI pratIta ho| vaha usa zabda pramANa ko svIkAra karane ko taiyAra nahIM the sarvamAnya siddhAntoM athavA janakalyANa ke pratikUla ho| yadyapi satya sanAtana hai, para parivartanazIla saMsAra meM usakI naI naI abhivyakti hotI rahatI hai| naI paristhitiyoM aura anubhavoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM sadaviveka aura antaH karaNa dvArA naye vicAroM kA sarjana tathA purAne siddhAntoM kI nayI vyAkhyA unnati ke lie anivArya hai| isa taraha satya vikAsazIla hai| vikAsa meM hI jIvanotkarSa aura kalyANa hai| ahiMsA dvArA hI satya kI pratiSThA sambhava hai| hiMsA to satya ke bajAya dambha, dveSa, baira Adi asad vRttiyoM kI hI vRddhi karatA hai| sAdhana aura sAdhya kA gaharA sambandha hai / sat sAdhanoM dvArA hI zubha sAdhya kI siddhi sambhava hai| apavitra sAdhanoM parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM se sAdhya bhI apavitra ho jAtA hai / sakriya ahiMsA hI sarvottama sat sAdhana hai / satya kI pratiSThA ke sAtha sAtha ahiMsA kA anusaraNa bhI mAnava kA parama dharma arthAt kartavya hai | ahiMsA mahAn vrata ke sAtha sAtha amogha zakti bhI hai / usakA niSThApUrvaka sakriya prayoga AtmotkarSa aura samAjotthAna donoM ke lie vaskara hai| gAMdhI jI cAhate the ki satyaniSTha hiMsA aura niSkriya ahiMsA tyAga kara sakriya ahiMsA dvArA duSToM kA zodhana kareM, tyAga aura satya pratiSThita kareM tathA damana atyAcAra, zoSaNa, Adhipatya aura hiMsA para vijaya prApta kareM / 14 gAMdhI jI sAMskRtika puruSa the / bhAratIya saMskRti ke prati unakI dRr3ha niSThA thI / usakA adhyayana aura usake sajIva tattvoM kA jIvana meM saMcAra vaha pratyeka bhAratIya kA punIta kartavya samajhate the / unheM pAzcAtya saMskRti kI bhautikavAdI pravRtti pasanda nahIM thI / pAzcAtya kI andhAdhundha nakala ko to vaha bahuta hI galata samajhate the / para unake vicAra meM bhAratIya saMskRti kI purAnI prathAoM kA punarujjIvana tathA unake AdhAra para saMskRti kA vizuddhIkaraNa asambhava aura hAnikara hai / unakI dhAraNA thI ki hamAre pUrvajoM ne saMskRti kI vibhinna dhArAoM kA samanvaya karate hue saMskRti ko vikasita aura puSTa kiyA hai aura hameM bhI sammizraNa aura samanvaya dvArA saMskRti kA vikAsa karanA hI caahie| vaha cAhate the ki hama pAzcAtya saMskRti ke sAtha sAtha saMsAra kI dUsarI saMskRtiyoM kA bhI adhyayana kareM aura unake sajIva janopakArI tattvoM ko grahaNa kara unheM apanI saMskRti kA aMga banA leM, tathA bhArata meM pracalita vibhinna sAMskRtika dhArAoM ke samanvaya kI aura dhyAna deM / bhAratIya saMskRti kI ekatA kI puSTi tathA usake vikAsa ke lie ina vicAroM kI kAphI sArthakatA hai / gAMdhIjI naitikatA ko dharma aura satya donoM kA mahatvapUrNa aMga tathA jIvanotkarSa kA sarvazreSTha upakaraNa svIkAra karate the| sabhI dharma naitikatA se vibhUSita haiM aura naitika jIvana hI dhArmika jIvana ho sakatA hai / satyaniSTha ke liye naitika niyamoM kA pAlana tathA naitikotkarSa ke liye prayatna nitAnta Avazyaka hai / naitikotkarSa ke liye AtmaniyantraNa aura mAnavakalyANa meM saMlagnatA donoM hI parama Avazyaka haiM / saMyama naitika jIvana kA sadguNa tathA ucchRMkhalatA usakA ghAtaka hai| mAnava kalyANa sarvazreSTha naitika niyama hai| mAnava kalyANa kI abhivRddhi hI naitikatA kA lakSya hai / sAmAjika kartavyoM kA pAlana tathA niSkAma lokasevA jIvana ke naitika tathA AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke liye Avazyaka hai / ina vicAroM kI sArthakatA dhruvasatya hai / / parisaMvAda - 3

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gAMdhIcintana kI sArthakatA gAMdhIjI vyakti aura samAja ke sambandha para tathA unakI maryAdAoM ke sAmaMjasya para jora dete the| unakI dhAraNA thI ki 'manuSya svatantra aura anyonyAzrita' donoM hai| mAnava-vyaktitva kA Adara aura usakI svatantratA kI rakSA samAz2a kA kartavya hai| jIvana kI svatantra abhivyakti mAnava kA adhikAra hai / svatantra mAnava hI samAja kI saccI Thosa sevA tathA apane jIvana kA utkarSa kara sakatA hai| para samAja meM maryAdita svatantratA hI sambhava hai| adhikAra para kartavya kA bandhana hai| dUsaroM kI svatantratA ko rakSA tathA samAja kI maryAdAoM kA pAlana pratyeka vyakti kA kartavya hai usakI svatantratA para yaha anivArya pratibandha hai| sAmAjika maryAdAoM kA ullaMghana, unako sarvathA upekSA vyaktitva ke vikAsa ke liye bhI ghAtaka hai| mAnava 'sAmAjika prANI haiM', apanI sAmAjika pravRttiyoM ke vikAsa ke liye use sAmAjika sahayoga kI jarUrata hotI hai| 'sAmAjika unnati kI AvazyakatAoM se vyaktitva ko samanvita karake hI mAnava apane maujUdA pada aura pratiSThA ko prApta kara sakA hai|' sampUrNa samAja ke kalyANa ke nimitta sAmAjika niyantraNa kA svaicchika anuvartana mAnava aura samAja donoM ko samRddha karatA hai| mAnava kalyANa ko samarpita sAmAjika sevA dvArA vyakti apanI sAmAjika preraNAoM ko paripuSTa tathA naitika aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI samRddhi kara sakatA hai, mAnavamAtra se apanA ekatva pratiSThita tathA samatva kI siddhi kara sakatA hai| gAMdhIjI kA vicAra thA ki saMsAra aura jIvana donoM gatizIla haiM, parivartana unakA lakSaNa hai. vikAsa unakA lakSya hai| mAnava nirantara pragati kara rahA hai| mAnava svabhAva tathA jIvana ke sabhI kSetroM meM vikAsa sambhava hai| "nIca aura patita vyaktiyoM meM bhI usa U~ce se U~ce sthAna ko prApta karane kI kSamatA hai jo kabhI koI mAnava prApta kara pAyA hai| unnati ke liye prayatna karanA hamArA kartavya hai|" yadi hama unnati karanA cAhate haiM to isake liye hameM itihAsa kI punarAvRtti karanA nahIM hai, balki naye itihAsa ko banAnA hai| Atmonnati aura rASTronnati donoM ke liye sAtha sAtha prayatna karanA Avazyaka hai / vyaktiyoM ko unnati ke binA rASTra kI unnati tathA rASTra kI unnati ke binA vyakti kI unnati sambhava nahIM hai| jo vyakti samAja kA sudhAra karanA cAhate haiM, unheM pahale apanA sudhAra karanA caahie| tabhI samAja para unakA prabhAva par3egA aura ve samAja kI Thosa sevA kara skeNge| naitika utthAna meM hI mAnava jAti kA vikAsa nihita hai| vahI mAnava-vikAsa kA mApadaNDa hai| hameM naitika aura bauddhika vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kalyANa aura Ananda kI vRddhi ke liye bhI prayatna karanA hai| sarvodaya arthAt sabakA, nikRSTa se nikRSTa kA bhI udaya aura kalyANa hamAre prayAsoM kA lakSya honA caahie| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM gAMdhIjI svatantratA ke sAtha sAtha samatA aura bandhutA ko sAmAjika saMgaThana kA mUla mantra svIkAra karate the / bandhutva sAmAjika jIvana kA prANa hai / bandhutva vihIna samAja jIvana rahita hai, nirjIva asthipaMjara hai / bandhutva aura samatA kA gaharA sambandha hai / samatA se anuprANita bandhutva hI saccA bandhutva hai| ina saba bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate huye gAMdhIjI samatA, svatantratA aura bandhutva kI kasauTI para sAmAjika vyavasthA ko parakha kara usameM samucita parizodha kara unake AdhAra para samAja kA punargaThana karanA cAhate the| unake vicAra meM U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA para Azrita jAti vyavasthA aura janmajAta aspRzyatA kA vicAra ina siddhAntoM ke viruddha tathA samAja kI pragati meM bAdhaka tathA jIvana ke vikAsa meM bar3I rukAvaTa haiN| unakI dhAraNA thI ki janmajAta aspRzyatA 'jAtipAMti kI sabase nindanIya pariNAma hai / ' aspRzyatA buddhi, dayA, karuNA tathA prema kI pravRtti ke pratikUla hai vaha mAnava jAti ke prati bar3A hI bhayaMkara aparAdha hai, isane hindU samAja ko patita aura viSAkta banA DAlA hai| gAMdhIjI kI dhAraNA thI ki samAja kI sevA ke kAraNa koI vyakti patita aura duHkha kA bhAgI nahIM banAyA jA sakatA / ataH bhaMgI, Adi zramikoM ko unakI sevAoM ke kAraNa patita samajhanA anucita hai / 16 to cAhate the ki samAja meM sabhI samAjopayogI vyavasAyoM ko samAna Adara prApta ho / hindU dharma kI pavitratA tathA hindU samAja ke vikAsa ke lie aspRzyatA nivAraNa tathA jAti vyavasthA kA anta nitAnta Avazyaka hai / para gAMdhIjI varNadharma ke samarthaka the / unakA vicAra thA ki varNa janma se hI niyata hotA hai aura vaha vaMza - saMskAra ke niyama para avalambita hai / pratyeka vyakti ko apanI jIvikA ke lie apanA paitRka vyavasAya hI aMgIkAra karanA cAhie / hAM, avakAza ke samaya pratyeka vyakti dUsare tarIkoM se apanI kSamatA ke anusAra samAja kI sevA kara sakatA hai / varNadharma ke punaruddhAra ko kaThina samajhate hue bhI gAMdhI jI usakA punaruddhAra kara eka aisI varNavyavasthA ko pratiSThita karane ke pakSa meM the jo variSThatA ke ahaMkAra se nirmukta ho, jisameM saba varNoM aura vyavasAyoM ko samAna pada para aura gaurava prApta hoM, jisameM pratyeka vyakti ko apane jIvanotkarSa tathA apanI naitika, sAMskRtika evaM AdhyAtmika unnati kI samAna suvidhAeM prApta hoM / saba nAgarikoM ko sAmAjika aura rAjanItika jIvana meM bhAga lene ke samAna adhikAra hoM aura vibhinna varNoM se sambandhita vyaktiyoM ke sAmAjika saMsarga samatA para Azrita hoM / parisaMvAda - 3

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gAMdhI cintana kI sArthakatA gAMdhIjI kI varNavyavasthA kI vyAkhyA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM kAphI matabheda hai / varNavyavasthA para AsthA rakhane vAle vidvAn gAMdhIjI kI vyAkhyA ko bhAratIya paramparA ke pratikUla batAte hue usakI bar3I samIkSA karate haiM / dUsarI ora jAti vihIna samasamAja ke samarthakoM kI rAya hai ki jAtiprathA kI saiddhAntika jar3e varNavyavasthA meM hai, eka kA anta kara dUsare ko pratiSThita karanA yA banAye rakhanA asambhava hai / jAti-vihIna samAja ke lie varNavihIna honA bhI Avazyaka hai / para zrImazarUvAlA Adi sarvodayI vidvAn gAMdhI jI ke varNadharma ke siddhAnta ko gAMdhIjI ke cintana aura unakI samAjavyavasthA kA mahattvapUrNa aMga mAnate haiN| udhara bahuta se vidvAnoM kI dhAraNA hai ki yaha vivAda nirarthaka hai, kyoMki jAtivyavasthA se pRthak varNadharma kA punaruddhAra kaThina hI nahIM asambhava hai / samasamAja ke poSaka gAMdhIjI strI aura puruSa kI samatA ke bhI samarthaka the / unheM duHkha thA ki puruSoM ne ahaMkAra meM parAbhUta ho striyoM ko unake gaurava se vaMcita kara unake sAtha-sAtha sAre samAja kA adhaHpatana kiyA hai| gAMdhIjI kI dhAraNA thI ki striyoM ko abalA kahanA unake sAtha anyAya hai / zArIrika zakti meM puruSoM kI tulanA meM ve bhale hI kamajora hoM, para naitika zakti meM to ve puruSoM se kahIM adhika zreSTha haiN| striyoM ke gaurava ko svIkAra karake hI 'AMzika pakSAghAta' ke roga se samAja kI rakSA kI jA sakatI hai| isake lie jarUrI hai ki hama bhAratIya sAhitya aura zAstroM ke una vAkyoM ko bhUla jAyeM, jinameM atiraMjita DhaMga se striyoM kI nindA kI gayI hai, una sAmAjika rItiyoM aura prathAoM meM sudhAra kareM, unake utkarSa kI samucita suvidhA kI vyavasthA kareM tathA sArvajanika kAmoM meM unake sakriya sahayoga kA svAgata kareM / gAMdhIjI cAhate the ki striyoM ko aisI zikSA dI jAya ki ve apane kauTumbika aura sArvajanika kartavyoM kA ThIka taura para pAlana kara sakeM / kuTumba hI striyoM kA viziSTa kAryakSetra hai / strI-zikSA kI vyavasthA meM kuTumba sambandhI zikSA kI samucita vyavasthA nitAnta Avazyaka hai / gAMdhIjI parivAra niyojana Avazyaka samajhate the / para unake meM 'AtmasaMyama dvArA hI parivAraniyojana' zreyaskara ho sakatA hai| isI meM samAja kA svAsthya, gaurava tathA naitika aura AdhyAtmika utkarSa hai / prAcIna sAmAjika vyavasthA ke samarthaka striyoM ke utkarSa sambandhI gAMdhIjI ke bahuta se vicAroM ko zAstra viparIta batAkara unakA tiraskAra kara sakate haiM, para unakA anusaraNa karake hI bhAratIya samAja Adhunika yuga meM unnati kara sakatA hai, apane khoye hue gaurava ko punaH prApta kara sakatA hai / 1 parisaMvAda - 3 3 17

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM gAMdhIjI mAnava prema se anuprANita tathA dezabandhutva para Azrita rASTrIyatA ke samarthaka the / vaha deza trutva tathA mAnavamAtra ke prati sadbhAvanA ko advaita kI siddhi kA Avazyaka sAdhana mAnate the / jo vyakti sampradAya, bhASA yA vaMza ke bheda ke kAraNa apane dezavAsiyoM ke sAtha AtmIyatA anubhava nahIM kara sakatA, vaha bhalA sAre vizva se advaita kI siddhi kisa taraha kara sakatA hai| isa taraha gAMdhIjI ke vicAra meM dezabandhutva para Azrita rASTrIyatA, arntarASTrIyatA tathA vizvabhAvanA kA sopAna hai / gAMdhIjI jAnate the ki saMkIrNa sAmpradAyika tathA AkramaNazIla rASTrIyatA arntarASTrIya sahayoga, vizvazAnti evaM mAnavaprema meM bAdhA upasthita karatI hai / ataH vaha inake viruddha the / rASTra prema ke sAtha sAtha vizvaprema unakA lakSya thaa| vaha cAhate the ki deza svatantra aura samRddha ho, isalie nahIM ki sarvazaktisampanna bhArata AkramaNazIla upAyoM dvArA sAre vizvapara apanA Adhipatya athavA prabhutva pratiSThita kare, balki isalie ki samatA aura svatantratA ke AdhAra para sAre vizva ke sAtha sahayoga ko pratiSThita karate hue vaha mAnavamAtra kI abhivRddhi meM apanI icchA se adhika se adhika yogadAna kara ske| gAMdhIjI ke ye vicAra sArthaka haiM / inakA anukaraNa zAnti, abhyudaya aura advaita kI siddhi ke lie nitAnta Avazyaka hai / 18 gAMdhIjI vaijJAnikoM ke manoyoga ke prazaMsaka tathA vijJAna dvArA mAnava kalyANa kI abhivRddhi ke samarthaka the / para vaha vijJAna ke hiMsAtmaka prayogoM tathA dhvaMsAtmaka AviSkAroM ke virodhI the / dhanalipsA kI tuSTi ke liye vaijJAnika tathyoM aura AviSkAroM kA prayoga vaha sarvathA anucita samajhate the / vaha mAnavatAvihIna vijJAna ko aniSTakara tathA mAnavatA se samanvita vijJAna ko zreyaskara samajhate the / prAvidhika kSetra meM vaha vijJAna kI sahAyatA se choTe aura majhole udyogoM kI zilpavidhi meM isa prakAra ke sudhAroM aura AviSkAroM ke pakSa meM the jinase zilpakAra adhika AsAnI se apanA jIvanopArjana kara skeN| para vijJAna dvArA una yantroM yA bar3I bar3I mazInoM ke AviSkAra ke virodhI the| jinake dvArA Arthikazakti ke kendrIkaraNa meM tathA zramikoM ke zoSaNa evaM unakI bekArI meM vRddhi ho / bar3I-bar3I mazInoM dvArA audyogIkaraNa kI sanaka ko vaha mAnavajAti kA abhizApa samajhate the / vaha Adhunika udyogavAda ke virodhI the, phira bhI gAMdhI jI una udyogoM aura kAryo meM bar3I bar3I mazInoM kA prayoga ucita samajhate the jinakA niSpAdana unake dvArA hI AsAnI se ThIka taura para ho sakatA hai yA jinase choTe aura majhaule udyogoM ko ThIka taura para saralatA se calAne ke liye choTe aura majhaule yantra yA anya prAvidhika suvidhAeM prApta parisaMvAda - 3

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gAMdhI cintana kI sArthakatA ho sakatI haiN| misAla ke taura para vaha bijalI dvArA saMcAlita majhaulI zilpavidhiyoM ke pakSa meM the aura bijalI ke utpAdana ke lie bar3I mazInoM ke prayoga ko ucita samajhate the / isa taraha janatA ke hita kI poSaka mazInoM kA prayoga hI vaha ThIka samajhate the / ahiMsA ke upAsaka gAMdhIjI ahiMsA ke AdhAra para Arthika vyavasthA kA nirmANa karanA cAhate the / vaha jAnate the ki pratyeka vyavasAya meM thor3I bahuta hiMsA hotI hI hai / para unake vicAra meM vaha vyavasAya ahiMsAtmaka hai jo 'buniyAdI taura para hiMsA se mukta ho, aura dUsaroM ke zoSaNa aura IrSyA se lipta na ho / ' unakI dhAraNA thI ki jahAM kArIgaroM dvArA svacalita dastakAriyAM zoSaNa aura dAsatA se mukta hotI hai, vahAM pUMjIpatiyoM dvArA saMcAlita bar3e bar3e udyogoM dvArA kisI na kisI mAtrA meM zramikoM kA zoSaNa hotA hI hai / unake vicAra meM Atma-nirbhara gAMvoM ke AdhAra para hI ahiMsAtmaka Arthika vyavasthA kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai / 16 ina saba bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue gAMdhIjI vyaktigata hor3a aura lAbha ke sthAna para ahiMsA, sAmAjika nyAya, janakalyANa tathA grAmINa AtmanirbharatA ke AdhAra para eka aisI vikendrita Arthika vyavasthA pratiSThita karanA cAhate the jo zoSaNa aura Arthika Adhipatya ke doSoM se mukta ho, aura jisameM saba logoM ko bharapUra mAnavocita rojagAra tathA nirvAha yogya rojI prApta ho sake / aura saba sukha se samatA aura svatantratA kA jIvana bitAte hue apanI sAMskRtika aura naitika arthAt AdhyAtmika unnati kara sakeM / yaha vyavasthA svatantra sahakAritA para avalambita grAmINa arthatantra para AdhArita hogI, aura isameM bar3e-bar3e udyogoM kA sImita tathA gauNa sthAna hogA / bar3e-bar3e udyogoM meM lagI sampatti rASTra kI sampati hai / isa para pUjIpatiyoM kA ekAdhikAra anaitika hai / usakA rASTrIyakaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / para gAMdhIjI pUMjIpatiyoM kI icchA ke viruddha usakA rASTrIyakaraNa karane ke bajAya unakI mAnasika bhAvanAoM meM Avazyaka parivartana karake unakI rajAmandI se unakI milkiyata ke dAve ko TrasTIzipa arthAt nyAsitA meM badala denA cAhate haiM / vaha cAhate haiM ki pUMjIpati loga eka TrasTI arthAt nyAsI kI haisiyata se zramikoM tathA samAja ke hita meM apane bar3e-bar3e udyogoM kA saMcAlana aura prabandha kareM, apane parivAra ke bharaNa poSaNa ke lie ucita kamIsana lekara bAkI AmadanI samAja aura zramikoM parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ke hita meM surakSita rkheN| unakI nyAsitA rAjya niyantrita hogii| gAMdhIjI ke bhakta zrIpyArelAla jI ke eka noTa ke anusAra niyantrita nyAsitA meM rAjya ko sampatti kI milkiyata ke sambandha meM kAnUna pAsa karane kA adhikAra hogA, utpAdana kA svarUpa samAja ke hita meM nizcita hogA, zramikoM ke lie jIvana nirvAha yogya majadUrI kI vyavasthA hogI, uccatama Aya kI sImA nirdhArita kI jAyegI tathA uccatama aura nimnatama AmadanI kA antara dhIre-dhIre kama karate hue samatA kI ora lAyA jAyegA / 20 gAMdhIjI vitaraNa ke sambandha meM samatA ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karate the / vaha cAhate the ki Apa kA isa taraha samAna vitaraNa ho ki apanI 'svAbhAvika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie sabako sanucita sAdhana upalabdha hoM, para kisI ko vyartha kI kRtrima AvazyakatAoM para vana kA apavyaya karane kA adhikAra na ho / vaha kahate the ki 'jaba taka zramikoM ko jIvana nirvAha yogya vetana nahIM milatA taba taka naitikatA aura kSamatA kI puSTi bhI nahIM ho sakatI / vaha yaha bhI kahate the ki samAja ke sAdhanoM kA dhyAna rakhe bagaira jina logoM ne apanI AvazyakatAoM ko bar3hA liyA hai vaha apanI kRtrima jIvana - vidhi kI santuSTi kI samAja se mAMga karane ke hakadAra nahIM haiM / ' gAMdhIjI yaha svIkAra karate the ki samAja meM bahuta se loga ho sakate haiM ki jo jIvana nirvAha se adhika AmadanI karane kI kSamatA rakhate haiM / vaha zakti bhara kAma kareM, jIvana nirvAha yogya sAdhana apane pAsa rakheM, bAkI samAja hita meM samarpaNa kara deM / unakA siddhAnta thA sampadaM lokayAtrArthaM lokaH sarvaH samarjayeta / adhikaM yadi sAmarthyaM tallokArthaM samarpayet // yaha siddhAnta zrImadbhAgavat ke isa zloka meM pratipAdita siddhAnta ke anukUla hai / 'yAvazriyeta jaTharaM tAvat svattvaM hi dehinAm / adhikaM yo'bhimanyeta saH steno daNDamarhati / Arthika vyavasthA ke sambandha meM gAMdhIjI dvArA pratipAdita bahuta se vicAra sabhI pragatizIla vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM sArthaka haiM / sabhI isa bAta ko svIkAra karate haiM ki svatantra pratispardhA aura nijI lAbha para Azrita bRhada Arthika vyavasthA se deza kA kAma nahIM cala sktaa| isa prakAra kI Arthika vyavasthA meM antatogatvA bar3e bar3e parisaMvAda - 3

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gAMdhIcintana kI sArthakatA 21 udyogoM para muTThIbhara pUjIpatiyoM kA ekAdhipatya kAyama ho jAtA hai, zramikoM kA zoSaNa tathA unakI samatA aura svatantratA kA apaharaNa hotA hai| sabhI svIkAra karate haiM ki janakalyANa se prerita zramikoM ke hita tathA samatA kI bhAvanA se sampanna Arthika vyavasthA hI deza ke lie upayukta ho sakatI hai| sabhI svIkAra karate haiM ki jIvananirvAha yogya majadUrI tathA bharapUra kAma kI vyavasthA karake hI zramikoM ke naitika stara ko, aura unakI kSamatA ko UMcA uThAyA jA sakatA hai| sabhI pragatizIla vidvAn Arthika asamAnatAoM ko dUra karane ke nimitta nimnatama aura uccatama Aya ke antara ko ghaTAne ke pakSa meM haiN| sabhI svIkAra karate haiM ki audyogika vyavasthA kI saphalatA ke liye zramikoM aura prabandhakoM ke bIca meM sadbhAvanA tathA donoM meM sAmAjika uttaradAyitva kI bhAvanA nitAnta Avazyaka hai| sabhI svIkAra karate haiM ki khetI ke kAma meM tathA choTe aura majhole udyogoM ke saMcAlana meM sahakAritA ko protsAhita karanA lAbhaprada hai| para do tIna bAtoM meM gAMdhIjI dvArA pratipAdita Arthika vyavasthA ke samarthakoM aura dUsare pragatizIla vidvAnoM meM gaharA matabheda hai| jahAM gAMdhIvAdI vidvAn TrasTIzipa arthAt nyAsitA ke siddhAnta ko hindustAna kI eka bahuta bar3I dena mAnate haiM, vahAM dUsare vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki sampUrNa pUMjIvarga ke svabhAva meM itanA bar3A parivartana nahIM ho sakatA ki vaha svecchA se apane ko apanI milkiyata kA mAlika samajhane ke bajAya nyAsI ( TrasTI ) samajhane lge| manovRtti ke isa parivartana ke binA to niyantrita nyAsitA kI dazA niyantrita pUMjIvAda jaisI hI rhegii| ina vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki jisa taraha gAMdhIjo ne TrasTozipa ke prati jamIMdAroM kI upekSA dekhakara san 1942 meM hI jamIMdArI ko khatma kara dene kA samarthana kara diyA thaa| isI taraha pUMjIpati varga kI upekSA ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue rASTrIyakaraNa dvArA pUjIvAda ko khatma karane kA bhI samarthana honA cAhie / gAMvoM kI ArthikadazA ko sudhArane kI AvazyakatA sabhI vidvAn svIkAra karate haiN| deza kI adhikAMza janatA gAMvoM meM rahatI hai| gAMvoM kI dazA ko sudhAra kara janatA kI dazA sudhArI jA sakatI hai| para nagaroM kI audyogika vyavasthA tathA bar3I mazonoM se saMcAlita udyogoM kI samucita vyavasthA kI itanI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI, jitanI gAMdhIjI kI Arthika vyavasthA meM kI gayI hai| bar3I bar3I mazInoM dvArA bRhad udyogoM kA samucita prabandha kiye vagaira janatA aura samAja kI navayugona Avazya'katAoM kI pUrti nahI ho sktii| gAMdhIjI ke grAmINa arthatantra meM jaisA jIvana stara parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kA paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe sambhava hai, usase isa yuga kI janatA ko santoSa nahIM ho sktaa| yuga kI pukAra ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| pUMjIvAvI vyavasthA ko hiMsA se grasita vyavasthA samajhA jA sakatA hai| para janahita meM saMcAlita zoSaNavihIna rASTrIkRta udyogoM ko bhI hiMsA para Azrita samajhanA ucita nahIM hogaa| audyogika lokatantra kI vyavasthA dvArA rASTrIkRta udyogoM ke prabandha meM zramikoM ko hissedAra banAyA jA sakatA hai| vAstava meM gAMdhIjo vaiyaktika praNAlI ko hiMsAtmaka samajhate the aura kahate the ki 'yadi pUMjI zakti hai to zrama bhI zakti hai. zrama pUMjI se zreSTha hai ataH pUMjI ko zrama kA naukara honA cAhie, na ki usakA mAlika / ' ve yaha bhI kahate the ki samAja ke bahuta se logoM ke sahayoga se jamA kiye dhana ko mukhyata: vyaktigata lAbha ke lie istemAla karane kA kisI ko koI adhikAra nahIM hai| ina kAraNoM meM 'mila mAlika apanI icchA se majadUra ko 'udyogoM kA vAstavika mAlika samajheM / ' san 1947 meM to unhoMne ghoSita kiyA ki 'maiM una sabhI udyogoM kA rASTrIyakaraNa cAhU~gA, jinameM bahuta sAre loga kAma karate haiN| unakI kuzala aura akuzala mehanata se jo kucha utpanna hogA, usa para rAjya dvArA unhIM majadUroM kA svAmitva hogaa|' phira bhI TrasTIzipa kI dhAraNA hI Arthika vyavasthA meM gAMdhIjI kI sabase bar3I dena thii| unakI dRr3ha dhAraNA thI ki koI, Arthika vyavasthA usa samaya taka ThIka taura para nahIM cala sakatI aura pUrI taura para samAjopayogI nahIM ho sakatI, jaba taka usase sambandhita sabhI loga TrasTIzipa kI bhAvanA se kAma karane ko taiyAra na hoN| ve to kahate the ki hameM apane zarIra ko 'mAnava kI sevA ke nimitta apane ko sauMpI huI dharohara samajhanA cAhie' aura pUchate the ki yadi samAja kA pratyeka vyakti apanI zaktiyoM kA prayoga vaiyaktika svArtha ke lie nahIM balki saba ke kalyANa ke lie kare to kyA usase samAja kI sukha samRddhi meM bRddhi nahIM hogI ?' gAMdhIjI sahayogika praNAlI ko ahiMsAtmaka banAne ke pakSa meM the, aura cAhate the ki 'jahAM taka sambhava ho gAMva samAja ke saba kAma sahayoga ke AdhAra para kiye jAyeM, tathA sahakArI khetI protsAhita kI jAya, svAmiyoM dvArA jamIneM sahakAritA meM dhAraNa kI jAyeM aura sahakAritA meM hI jotI, boyI jAyeM ..mAlika sahayoga meM zrama kareM, aura sahayoga meM pUMjI, upakaraNa, mavezI, bIja Adi ke mAlika hoN|' ve pUchate the ki 'gAMva kI khetI sau Tukar3oM meM baMTa jAya, usakI bajAya kyA yaha acchA nahIM hogA ki parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhI cintana kI sArthakatA 23 sau kuTumba sAre gAMva kI khetI meM sahayoga se kareM, aura usakI AmadanI Apasa meM bAMTa liyA kareM / 'gAMdhIjI yaha bhI cAhate the ki sahayoga kI paddhati dvArA gauoM kA pAlana ho tathA dUdha ke utpAdana ke lie sahakArI DerI' ( dugdhazAlAeM ) sthApita kI jAyeM / vAstava meM Atmaniyantrita svatantra sahakAritA kI bhAvanA hI unake grAmasvarAja kI kalpanA kA AdhAra hai / gAMdhIjI samAja aura rAjya meM bheda karate the / samAja ko prema aura rAjya ko hiMsA para Azrita batAte the / ataH vaha rAjya ko vilIna kara samAja ko banAye rakhanA cAhate the / isa taraha ve rAjyavihIna samAja ke samarthaka arAjakatAvAdI the / unakI arAjakatA ahaM ke bajAya prema para Azrita hai| prema Adi mAnavIya zaktiyoM kI svacchanda abhivyakti hI usakA lakSya hai / gAMdhIjI jAnate the ki ahaM, IrSyA, dveSa Adi nikRSTa arthAt tAmasika pravRttiyoM para AtmaniyantraNa ke bAda hI prema Adi udAtta bhAvanAoM kI svacchanda abhivyakti sambhava hai / vaha yaha bhI samajhate the ki anyAya se samanvita samAja ke lie hiMsA kA sarvathA parityAga asambhava hai / samatA tathA sAmAjika nyAya para Azrita samAja hI ahiMsAtmaka ho sakatA hai / aise samAja meM hI mAnava apanI sahaja sAmAjika pravRttiyoM dvArA svacchanda svatantra sAmAjika jIvana bitA sakatA hai / isIliye vaha kahate the ki jaba 'rASTrIya jIvana itanA parizuddha ho ki vaha Atma niyantrita ho jAya' tabhI rAjya vihIna samAja sambhava hai / unakI yaha bhI dhAraNA thI ki grAmINa samAja hI ahiMsAtmaka ho sakatA hai / sarala grAmINa jIvana ke lie hI hiMsA kA parityAga sambhava hai / vaha jAnate the ki kendrita vyavasthA kI tulanA meM vikendrita rAjya vyavasthA kA ahiMsAtmaka vilInIkaraNa adhika sambha hai tathA adhinAyakatantra, nRpatantra Adi rAjanItika vyavasthAoM kI tulanA meM vikendrita lokatantra ke lie kama hiMsAtmaka honA adhika sambhava hai / isIlie bhArata ko rAjanItika svarAjya mila jAne ke bAda unhoMne rAjya ke vilayana kI bAta na karake parAmarza diyA ki ( 1 ) zuddha lokatAntrika siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para bhAratIya rAjya kA gaThana kiyA jAya tathA zAntimaya lokatAntrika upAyoM dvArA bekArI, viSamatA, daridratA, bhraSTAcAra Adi durguNoM kA nirAkaraNa kara bhAratIya jIvana aura samAja ko sukhamaya aura samutkRSTa banAyA jAya, ( 2 ) svaicchika saMsthAoM dvArA Arthika aura sAmAjika svarAjya ke lie prayatna kiyA jAya, (3) gAMva svarAjya kI racanA kI jAya, ( 4 ) rAjanItika aura sAmAjika kAryakartA apane parisaMvAda- 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM vyaktigata aura sArvajanika jIvana ko Atmaniyantrita kara apane vyavahAra se janatA ko AtmaniyantraNa kI preraNA deM, (5 / sAta varSa kI buniyAdI zikSA dvArA baccoM ko caritra gaThana tathA zrama ke gaurava kI zikSA dI jAya, unake zarIra, buddhi aura bhAvanAoM kA samanvita vikAsa kiyA jAya evaM unameM kisI samAjopayogI udyoga dvArA sAdA saccaritra jIvana vitAne kI kSamatA paidA kI jAya / arAjakatA arthAt rAjavihInasamAja kI kalpanA bahuta purAnI hai| cirakAla se isakI carcA hotI AyI hai| para aba taka kisI deza meM yaha kalpanA vyAvahArika rUpa dhAraNa nahIM kara pAyI hai| bahuta se vidvAnoM kA yaha vicAra hai ki vyakti aura rASTra kA jIvana itanA parizuddha aura itanA Atmaniyantrita ho ki phira sAmAjika aura sArvajanika jIvana ko rAjya ke niyantraNa kI koI AvazyakatA hI na rahe yaha eka aisA vicAra hai ki jisakI vyAvahArikatA saMdigdha hai| vyakti aura rASTra ke jIvana meM kucha na kucha apUrNatAeM banI hI raheMgI aura unake dvArA sAmAjika jIvana meM azAnti paidA na ho isake lie rAjya ke niyantraNa kI thor3I bahuta AvazyakatA bhI rhegii| vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki sArvajanika sevA bhI rAjya kA eka lakSaNa hai aura vaha Adhunika jagat meM dhIre-dhIre sArvabhaumika samAja kA 'samAja sevA saMsthAna' banatA jA rahA hai| dezavyApI sArvajanika kAryo ke lie rAjya jaisI dezavyApI saMsthA kI AvazyakatA sadA banI hI rhegii| ataH rAjya ke vilayana kI bAta na karake jIvana aura rASTra kI parizuddhi ke lie prayatna karanA cAhie, tAki rAjya samAja niyantraNa ke sthAna para samAja sevA ke kArya meM adhika saMlagna ho ske| gAMva svarAjya kA vicAra bahuta uttama hai| usakI nIMva para hI bhAratIya lokatantra kA sabala nirmANa ho sakatA hai| para deza ko vikendrIkaraNa ke sAtha sAtha eka aise kendra kI bhI AvazyakatA hai jisakA deza kI sAro janatA se sIdhA sambandha ho, jo sAre rASTra ko apane kAryoM ke lie uttaradAyI ho, aura jisameM itanI zakti aura kSamatA ho ki vaha sAre rASTra ko eka sUtra meM bAMdhe rakha sake, bAhya AkramaNa se deza kI ra8 kara sake tathA rASTra kI dezavyApI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kara ske| buniyAdI zikSA kI vyavasthA bhI katipaya mahattvapUrNa siddhAntoM para AdhArita hai| mana, buddhi aura zarIra ke samanvita vikAsa dvArA hI mAnava kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa sambhava hai| caritra kA gaThana jIvana aura samAja kI parizuddhi ke lie nitAnta Avazyaka hai| bAlyakAla meM hI AtmaniyantraNa aura sAmAjika caritra kI zikSA-dIkSA denA jarUrI hai| rASTrIya lokatAntrika caritra kA nirmANa zikSA kA mahattvapUrNa uttaradAyitva hai| samAjopayogI udyoga zikSA kA uttama mAdhyama ho sakatA hai| bahuta se zikSAzAstriyoM ne parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIcintana kI sArthakatA ra5 kriyA dvArA zikSA dene kA samarthana kiyA hai| unako dhAraNA hai ki niSkriya adhyayana dvArA vidyArthI saMcita jJAna kA upArjana kara sakatA hai, para usake dvArA usake mastiSka kI kriyAtmaka zakti kA ThIka taura para vikAsa nahIM ho sktaa| aura vaha apane jJAna ko ThIka taura para kAryAnvita nahIM kara sktaa| para zikSA ko gAMva samAja kI sAmAjika aura Arthika AvazyakatAoM kI samucita pUrti taka sImita rakhanA anucita hai| rASTra kI sabhI AvazyakatAoM kI samucita pUrti kI kSamatA ko bar3hAnA zikSA kA mahAn uttaradAyitva hai| prAthamika zikSA ke sAtha sAtha mAdhyamika aura uccazikSA kA prabandha bhI rASTra kA kartavya hai| rAjya ko hI rASTra ke isa uttaradAyitva ko grahaNa karanA hogaa| isa taraha gAMdhIjI kI rAjavihIna samAja kI kalpanA ko akSarazaH svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| para gAMdhIjI ne rAjanItika kAryakartAoM aura grAmasevakoM ko jo zikSA-dIkSA dI hai, vaha akSarazaH sArthaka hai| use grahaNa kara usa para calakara hI hama bhArata meM lokatAntrika samAja aura sArvajanika jIvana ko svastha banA sakate haiM, samatA, svatantratA, sahakAritA, sAmAjika nyAya aura dezabandhutva ke AdhAra para sukhI sampanna samAja kA nirmANa kara sakate haiM tathA apane jIvana ko samAjopayogI tathA samutkRSTa banA sakate haiN| utkRSTa sArvajanika caritra, nyAya tathA sAmAjika sevA kI bhAvanA, sahakAritA ke prati niSThA kartavya parAyaNatA tathA anyAya, atyAcAra aura bhraSTAcAra ke pratirodha ke saMkalpa ko gAMdhIjI svastha sArvajanika jIvana ke lie Avazyaka samajhate the| vaha cAhate the ki sArvajanika kAryakartA ina guNoM se sampanna ho, vyApAra buddhi se nahIM, balki niHsvArtha sevA bhAvanA se apane sArvajanika uttaradAyitva kA pAlana kreN| gAMdhIjI sArvajanika samIkSA ko sArvajanika jIvana ke svAsthya ke lie Avazyaka samajhate the, aura cAhate the ki sArvajanika kAryakartA svastha samIkSA kA svAgata kareM tathA usa para dhyAna dete hue apane vyavahAra meM ucita sudhAra kreN| vaha kahate the ki bahuzruta, vicArazIla, saujanyapUrNa tathA racanAtmaka samIkSA hI samAjahitakArI ho sakatI hai aura vyaktigata vitaNDA kA parityAga karate hue isa prakAra kI samIkSA hI kAryakartA kA kartavya hai| gAMdhIjI svastha sArvajanika jIvana ke lie titIkSA kI bhAvanA ko bhI Avazyaka samajhate the aura asahiSNutA, vyaktigata IrSyA, vidveSa ko vinAzakArI hiMsA batAte the| vaha sahakAritA ko sArvajanika jIvana kA prANa mAnate the tathA vitaNDA, svArtha evaM vidveSa se usakI rakSA Avazyaka samajhate the. aura kahate the ki jo vyakti apane viveka aura antaH karaNa kA parityAga kara janamata aura janaprazaMsA ke pIche bhAgatA hai, vaha samAja kA sahI netRtva nahI kara sakatA / para vaha antaHkaraNa aura svArthapreraNA meM bheda karate the, aura sabako parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM saceta karate the ki antaHkaraNa ke nAma para svArtha siddhi kA prayatna anucita hai| vaha kahate the ki jo vyakti hara bAta meM antaHkaraNa ke prazna ko uThAtA, vaha vAstava meM antaHkaraNa ko jAnatA hI nahIM hai| unakA kahanA thA ki antaHkaraNa se sampanna vyakti vinamra' hotA hai, apanI bhUla ko svIkAra karane ko sadA taiyAra rahatA hai tathA dUsaroM ke vicAroM para ucita dhyAna detA hai| gAMdhIjIM cAhate the ki sabhI kAryakartA samajheM ki saMyamavihIna Andolana nirarthaka hI nahIM vinAzakArI hai tathA deza kI uttejanA ke bajAya 'Thosa kArya' tathA 'Atma-niyantraNa' kI sthiratA tathA lakSya ke prati dRr3hatA kI AvazyakatA hai| sArvajanika adhikAra sAmAjika uttaradAyitva hai, sava sArvajanika saMsthAeM TrasTa hai, janakalyANa kI abhivRddhi ke lie satprayatna dvArA hI manuSya U~cA uTha sakatA hai aura jo vyakti jitanA hI U~cA hai, utanA hI adhika usakA sAmAjika uttaradAyitva hai| gAMdhIjI cAhate the ki kAryakartA anubhava kareM ki rAjanItika zakti svayaM lakSya nahIM, balki samAjasevA kA eka sAdhana hai| saba kArya rAjya tathA rAjanIti dvArA nahIM ho sakate, rAjanIti se alaga raha kara bhI racanAtmaka kAryoM dvArA samAja kI Thosa sevA ho sakatI hai| racanAtmaka kArya ke lie janatA kA svaicchika sahayoga, vibhinna saMsthAoM kI pArasparika sadbhAvanA tathA sarvodaya kI bhAvanA se anaprANita sAmAjika kAryakartAoM kI nisvArthasevA Avazyaka hai| vahI kAryakartA samAja kI Thosa sevA kara sakatA tathA racanAtmaka kAryoM meM janatA kA svaicchika sahayoga prApta kara sakatA hai jo svayaM sadAcArI ho, sAmAjika saMyama ke niyamoM kA pAlana karatA ho, jisako satya, ahiMsA tathA mAnava svabhAva ke sadguNoM para pUrNa vizvAsa ho aura jisane apane jIvana ko janajIvana se AtmasAta kara liyA hai tathA jo saba dharmoM ke prati Adara tathA sadbhAvanA rakhatA hai evaM dalita kI sevA apanA vizeSa kartavya samajhatA hai aura apane saba kAmoM meM satyAgraha ke niyamoM kA pAlana karatA hai| satyAgraha gAMdhIjI kI sabase bar3I dena hai| yadyapi ati prAcInakAla se ahiMsAtmaka satprayatnoM dvArA racanAtmaka kArya hotA rahA hai, aura samaya samaya para katipaya viziSTa vyaktiyoM ne ahiMsAtmaka prayogoM dvArA rAjya ke anyAya aura atyAcAra kA pratirodha kiyA hai, para sambhavataH gAMdhIjI ne hI sabase pahale satyAgraha ke rUpa meM sAmrAjyazAhI Adhipatya aura anyAya ke viruddha dezavyApI ahiMsAtmaka janasaMgharSa aura janavidroha kA saMcAlana kiyA hai| racanA aura saMgharSa donoM hI satyAgraha ke mahattvapUrNa aMga haiM aura samAja ke navanirmANa ke lie donoM kA samanvita prayoga Avazyaka hai / saMgharSa vihIna racanA purAne sAmAjika DhAMce meM kucha sudhAra kara sakatI hai. parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIcintana kI sArthakatA 27 para usameM AmUla parivartana ke lie to sthira svArtho se saMgharSa kI jarUrata par3atI hai| racanAvihIna saMgharSa naye samAja kA nirmANa kaise kara sakatA hai, usake lie mArga bhale hI prazasta kara deN| racanA aura saMgharSa ke samanvaya dvArA hI atyAcAra aura anyAya kA vinAza tathA nyAya para Azrita samAja kA nirmANa ho sakatA hai| ahiMsAtmaka saMgharSa meM atyAcAra aura atyAcArI meM bheda kiyA jAtA hai| atyAcAra kA atyadhika virodha tathA atyAcArI ke prati atyadhika sadbhAvanA satyAgraha kA mUlamantra hai| satyAgrahI atyAcArI kA vinAza nahIM cAhatA, balki apane tyAga aura balidAna dvArA atyAcArI kA hRdaya parivartana karanA cAhatA hai, aura use atyAcAra kI bhAvanA aura suvidhA se nirmukta kara usakA naitika uddhAra karanA cAhatA hai| satyAgrahI kI dRSTi meM vahI saMgharSa sarvazreSTha hai jo nyAya se prerita satya aura mAnavatA se samanvita, dambha aura dveSa se vihIna tathA ahiMsA se saMcAlita ho tathA racanA aura utkarSa hI jisakA lakSya ho| dInoM aura pIr3itoM kI abhivRddhi saMgharSa aura racanA donoM hI parIkSA hai| jina kArya ke dvArA kisI viziSTa Uce varga yA samudAya kA lAbha ho, para dInoM aura pIr3itoM ke hitoM kI upekSA ho, use gAMdhIjI ke vicAra meM sahI saMgharSa yA acchA racanAtmaka kArya nahIM kahA jA sktaa| grAmINa navanirmANa, vibhinna sampradAyoM meM sadbhAvanA kI vRddhi tathA pichar3e vargo kA naitika, sAmAjika tathA Arthika utthAna gAMdhIjI ke racanAtmaka kAryakrama ke viziSTa lakSaNa haiN| svatantratA ke bAda jahAM kucha sattAdhArI rAjanItijJoM kI dhAraNA vana gayI hai ki svarAjya meM satyAgraha arthAt saMgharSa ko koI sthAna nahIM, vahAM kucha rAjanItijJa saMgharSa ko hI satyAgraha samajhate haiN| katipaya racanAtmaka kAryakartA ke vicAra meM racanA hI satyAgraha kA kAma hai| para yaha saba dhAraNAeM apUrNa haiN| yadi prahalAda apane pitA ke asatya ke viruddha satyAgraha kara sakatA hai, to phira eka svatantra nAgarika apanI sarakAra ke anyAya ke viruddha satyAgraha kyoM nahIM kara sakatA ? lokatantra meM bhI saMgharSa hote hI rahate haiN| bhArata meM to isa samaya saMgharSa kI bharamAra hai| ahiMsAtmaka saMgharSa kA mArga avaruddha karake saMgharSa kA anta nahIM hotaa| balki hiMsAtmaka saMgharSa ke lie rAstA sApha ho jAtA hai| isalie ahiMsAtmaka saMgharSa ko banda karake samAja meM zAnti pratiSThita nahIM ho sktii| jarUrata isa bAta kI hai ki janatA ko samajhAyA jAya ki hiMsA ke vAtAvaraNa meM lokatAntrika bhAvanA aura lokatAntrika vyavasthA kA panapanA sambhava nahIM hai, racanAtmaka upAyoM dvArA AkAMkSAoM aura AvazyakatAoM ko pUrti sarvottama hai, dUsare zAntimaya lokatAntrika upAyoM se dUSita paristhiti kA parizodha parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM na hone para hI gAMdhIjI dvArA nirdiSTa vidhi se satyAgraha ke rUpa meM ahiMsAtmaka saMgharSa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa sambandha meM janatA kA sahI netRtva hI satyAgraha para niSThAvAn kAryakartAoM aura netAoM kA kartavya ho jAtA hai| gAMdhIjI kI apanI rAya meM lokatantra meM 'satyAgraha, savinaya avajJA kA sImita prayoga hI vAMchanIya hai, dharanA durAgraha jaMgalIpana hai, pratirodha ko aparAdhita avajJA aura arAjakatA kA rUpa denA hAnikara hai, zAntipUrNa pratirodha hI lAbhadAyaka ho sakatA hai| unakA kahanA thA ki lokatantravAdI ko apanI yA apane dala kI dRSTi se nahIM, balki eka mAtra lokatantra ko dRSTi se saba kucha socanA caahie| tabhI vaha savinaya avajJA kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| gAMdhIjI ke vicAra meM svastha asantoSa unnati kA maMgalAcaraNa hai| sArvajanika kAryakartAoM kI samIkSA janatA kI satarkatA kA suvida cihna hai| durAcAra aura anyAya ke viruddha niyantrita Andolana rASTra vikAsa kI zarta hai| para aniyantrita Andolana rASTrahita ke lie hAnikara hai| janatA kI durbhAvanAoM ko ubhAra kara lokatantra ko bhIr3atantra meM badalane kA prayAsa janatA aura kAryakartA donoM ko bhraSTa karanA hai, bhIr3atantra aura hullaDabAjI meM se lokatantra vikasita karanA prajAtantra nahIM hai / bhIr3a to manamAnI rASTrIya bImArI kA lakSaNa hai, unheM satyAgraha batAnA sarvathA anucita hai| gAMdhIjI sainyavAda, sAmrAjyavAda tathA hara prakAra ke adhinAyakatantra ko abhizApa tathA saba rAjyavyavasthAoM meM lokatAntrika vyavasthA ko sarvottama samajhate the| ve cAhate the ki deza meM svastha lokatAntrika vyavasthA pratiSThita kI jAya / unakA kahanA thA ki saba ke sAmAnya hita kI sevA meM janatA ke saba vargoM ke sampUrNa bhautika, Arthika aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanoM kA saMgrahaNa hI sAra meM lokatantra kI kalA aura usakA vijJAna hai. / jisa kAma ko lAkhoM karor3oM loga milakara kara sakate haiM, usa kAma meM adbhuta zakti A jAtI hai| eka zaktizAlI vyakti ke prayAsa dvArA bhI lakSya kI pUrti sambhava ho sakatI hai, para eka vyakti kI saphalatA eka karor3a vAle dvArA lAkhoM, karor3oM ko muphta khAnA bAMTanA jaisI hogii| isalie lokatAntrika yuga meM lakSyoM kI pUrti janatA ke sAmUhika prayAsa dvArA hI honA caahie| gAMdhIjI kahate the ki lokatantra saba logoM kA rAjya, nyAya kA rAjya hai, 'aisA rAjya hai jisameM garIba se garIba loga bhI yaha mahasUsa kareM ki bhArata unakA deza hai aura usake nirmANa meM unakI AvAja kA mahattva hai| ve cAhate the ki lokatantra parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhI cintana kI sArthakatA kA nAgarika yaha samajhe hi vaha ' svayaM apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA hai, apane pratinidhi dvArA svayaM apanA vidhAyaka hai" / pratyeka nAgarika yaha bhI samajhe ki usake lokatAntrika adhikAra sAmAjika kartavya se pravAhita hote haiM aura use apane ko bhArata kA sevaka samajha 'sevA kI bhAvanA' se bhArata ke hita meM 'svatantratA' AtmAnuzAsana ke sAtha apane kartavyoM aura adhikAroM kA prayoga sAmUhika svatantratA kI pahalI zarta hai, isalie lokatantravAdI ko Atma anuzAsI honA hI caahie| ve kahate the ki lokatantra ko aise matadAtAoM kI jarUrata hai jo saba jAtiyoM dharmoM aura sampradAyoM meM se acche aura sacce, tathA ImAnadAra kSamatA sampanna aura AtmatyAgI vyaktiyoM ko apanA pratinidhi cune / gAMdhIjI cAhate the ki vidhAnasabhA aura saMsada ko praznoM ke sulajhAne kA yantra samajhA jAya tathA vyaktigata kaTAkSa aura dhvaMsAtmaka AlocanA se bacA jAya / 'avasaravAditA' kA anusaraNa na kiyA jAya / ve cAhate the ki mantrI vyaktigata aura sArvajanika AcAra-vicAra ke sambandha meM caukasa raheM / sAmAjika aura naitika unnati ko hI rAjanItika kArya kA dhyeya samajhe / ve kahate the ki mantrI apane dala ke uddezya ko avazya bar3hAeM, para sAre rASTra kI kImata para aisA kabhI na kareM, hara kImata para vahI kareM, jo nyAyasaMgata ho / 26 gAMdhIjI svIkAra karate the ki lokatantra meM jIvana kA koI bhI aMga rAjanIti se achUtA nahIM rahatA, para kahate the --jIvana ke pratyeka kSetra meM janatA ko apanI dazA sudhArane ke yogya banAne ke upakaraNoM meM rAjanItika zakti kevala eka hai, tathA jo rASTra apanA kAma rAjya ke hastakSepa ke binA hI zAntipUrvaka aura prabhAvapUrNa DhaMga se kara dikhAtA hai use hI sacce artho meM lokatAntrika kahA jA sakatA hai| isa taraha gAMdhIjI cAhate the ki vibhinna sArvajanika sevAoM ke lie svaicchika racanAtmaka saMsthAeM sthApita kI jAe~, rASTrIya vikAsa meM saMlagna abhinna saMsthAoM meM Apasa meM 'pUrNa sahayoga' ho, tathA rAjanItika kArya aura svaicchika sArvajanika saMsthAoM dvArA saMcAlita racanAtmaka kAryakrama ko virodhAtmaka na samajhA jAya / gAMdhIjI ke ye sabhI vicAra bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa haiM / ina saba kA anusaraNa nitAnta Avazyaka hai / inakA pAlana karane para hamArA lokatantra jo saMsAra kA sabase bar3A lokatantra hai, saMsAra kA sarvottama lokatantra bana jAyegA / parisaMvAda - 3

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30 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM : advaita, Izvara tathA dharma para aTala vizvAsa, satya, ahiMsA, AtmaniyantraNa, AtmotkarSa, AtmAbhivyakti kI svatantratA, mAnavamAtra kI ekatA aura samatA, dezabandhutva para Azrita udAra rASTrIyatA, mAnava vyakti tathA mAnava zrama kA Adara, saba samAjopayogI vyavasAyoM kA samAna pada aura gaurava, satyAgraha dvArA anyAya kA pratirodha tathA nyAya kI sthApanA, bharapUra kAma tathA jIvana nirvAha yogya jIvikA kA adhikAra eva samAjopayogI zrama kA kartavya, sarvodaya se prerita svatantra sahakAra para Azrita Arthika vyavasthA, munAphe ke bajAya janakalyANa aura upayoga ke lie utpAdana, kartavyaparAyaNatA, lokasevA, sarvodaya, sabase saujanya-sauhArdapUrNa lokatAntrika vyavahAra, grAmasvarAjya se samanvita vikendrita lokatantra, Atmaniyantrita svatantra sahakAritA para AdhRta rAjyavihIna samAja, nyAsitA bhAvanA se paripUrNa vyaktigata aura sAmAjika jIvana gAMdhIjI ke jIvana darzana ke katipaya mukhya siddhAnta the| parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIjI kA nIti-dharma pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya mahAtmAgAMdhI zAstrIya artha meM dhArmika nahIM the| paramparA se dharma kA artha hai eka vizeSa prakAra kA saMskAra evaM karmakANDa / gAMdhIjI sirpha naitika the| unhoMne nIti se bhinna dharma kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| isalie unakI dRSTi meM saMskAroM evaM karmakANDoM ke AdhAra para dharma kA vibhAjana nahIM ho sktaa| isIlie unakA sampUrNa jora sabhI dharmoM meM naitikatattvoM kI ekatA ke anveSaNa kI ora thaa| unakI dRSTi meM dharma koI pUrva siddha tattva nahIM hai, pratyuta vaha upArjanIya evaM anveSaNIya mAnavIya guNa hai| unheM dharma evaM sampradAyoM kI paraspara tulanA yA khaNDana maNDana kI AvazyakatA nahIM thI, isalie unakA prayAsa hai 'saba ke satyoM kA saMgaThana kara mAnava dharma prastuta karanA' / gAMdhIjI svadharma kI zreyaskaratA aura paradharma kI bhayAvahatA ke pakSa meM nahIM the| unakI dRSTi meM para-dharma kA rakSA bhI svadharma ke lie Avazyaka hai| paradharma kI bhayAvahatA meM paranAza ko sambhAvanA nihita hai, jo gAMdhIjI ke anusAra dharmoM meM praviSTa hiMsA-vRtti hai| isa sthiti meM dharma ke vikAsa ke uddezya se para dharma kA bhI rakSaNa anivArya ho jAtA hai / gAMdhIjI eka akhaNDa sArvabhauma dharma kI avatAraNA ke lie sImita dharmo ke uccheda yA avamUlyana karane ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra nahIM krte| ve paramadharma yA akhaNDa dharma ke lie svadharma evaM svajIvana-niSThA ko atyanta Avazyaka mAnate haiM, kyoMki unakI dRSTi meM vividhatA kA nAza na to apekSita hai aura na ho sakatA hai| isa AdhAra para gAMdhI jI apane svadharma aura dUsare ke svadharma ko abhinna banAnA cAhate haiN| isIlie ve kahate haiM ki maiM saccA musalamAna hUM, kyoMki saccA hindU huuN| isake pIche nIti dharmoM kI ekatA kA siddhAnta hai, karmakANDa, dIkSA yA viziSTa saMskAroM kA nhiiN| zraddhA kI zreSThatA dharma ke nirNaya ke lie zAstravAda evaM buddhivAda ko gAMdhIjI nitAnta aparyApta mAnate haiN| isake lie unhoMne zraddhA ko nirNAyaka tattva mAnA hai| vaha satyAnveSaNa ke lie zraddhA ko anivArya evaM paryApta mAnate hai| gAMdhIvAda meM jIvana ke prati niSThA hI zraddhA hai, kyoMki jIvana svayaM meM eka dhruva sattA hai| jIvana hI manuSya kA antima sAdhya aura vahI Arambhika sAdhana bhI hai| ukta prakAra kI zraddhA kI apekSA zAstra aura buddhi manuSya ke lie bahiraMga sAdhana haiN| yadyapi zAstravAda evaM buddhivAda kA vikAsa bhI jIvana ke lie hI hai, phira bhI usake kAraNa bAda-vivAda evaM Agraha pradhAna bana jAtA hai aura jIvana aura usakI samasyAyeM gauNa / yahAM taka ki zAstravAdI evaM buddhivAdiyoM ko apane Agraha vizeSa ke sarakSaNa meM hI jIvana kA vAstavika AbhAsa milane lagatA hai| yaha itanA tIbra bhI ho jAtA hai ki ve AtmahIna zarIra kI taraha avAstava dharma kI pUjA karane lagate haiN| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM gAMdhIjI kahate haiM ki aise hara vacana ko jise dharmazAstra kA vacana hone kA nirNaya kiyA gayA ho, satya kI nihAI para dayArUpI hathaur3e se pITakara dekha lenA caahie| agara vaha pakkA mAlUma ho aura TUTa na jAya to ThIka samajhanA cAhie, nahIM to hajAroM zAstravAdiyoM ke rahate hue bhI neti neti kahate rahanA caahie| zAstravAda ke viparIta zraddhA AcArAnurodhI hotI hai| vaha vivAdoM ko samApta karate hue eka mAtra karmAcaraNa ke mAdhyama se manuSyoM ke bIca sambandhoM kA nava-nirmANa karatI hai aura jIvana kA uttarottara vikAsa evaM vistAra karatI hai| zraddhA meM asIma namratA hotI haiM kyoMki namratA kA artha hai--samarpaNa / samarpaNa hI vaha mArga hai jisa para cala kara vyakti sva ko para ke lie miTAtA hai| samarpaNa sabhI prakAra ke bhedaka tattvoM ko lAMgha kara anekatA meM ekatA kA bhAna karAtA hai| gAMdhIjI ke anusAra zraddhA se hI yaha bhI sambhava hai ki eka ora usase vyakti svAtantrya kI rakSA ho, aura dUsarI ora samaSTi kI vizAlatA kA anubhava ho / gAMdhIjI kahate haiM ki prAcIna hindU samAja meM zraddhA kA yaha tattva suvidita thA, yahI mUla kAraNa hai ki yahAM vicAra-svAtantrya apanI uccatA para pahuMca cukA thaa| bhAratIya sampradAyoM aura darzanoM kI vividhatAoM ke andara chipe hue isa zraddhAtattva ko gAMdhIjI ne pahacAna kara usake vyApaka-zakti kI ora sabakA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| isa prakAra gAMdhIjI kI dRSTi meM zraddhA, nIti evaM dharma ke anveSaNa ke lie eka viziSTa jIvanavidhi hai, jo AcAra ke mAdhyama se agrasara hotI hai| gAMdhIjI apanI isa zraddhA ko bhakti kA rUpa dete haiM jo unake bhakti pravaNa svabhAva ke sAtha samarasa huaa| zraddhA ke dizA nirdezaka tattva haiM--satya aura ahiNsaa| gAMdhIjI kahate haiM ki satya aura ahiMsA kI kuMjI se jaba maiM dharma kI peTI kholatA hUM to mujhe eka dharma kA dUsare dharma se ekatA pahacAnane meM jarA sI kaThinAI nahIM aatii| gAMdhIjI kahate haiM jaba zraddhA, satya aura ahiMsA ko pahacAnane lagatI hai to uttarottara usameM utkarSa Ane lagatA hai| antatogatvA isa prakAra se utkaTa zraddhA dharma bana jAtI hai / satya evaM Izvara anya adhyAtmavAdI vicArakoM kI taraha gAMdhIjI bhI jIvana kA eka mAtra dhyeya paramezvara kA sAkSAtkAra mAnate haiN| satya aura paramezvara ko ve abhinna mAnate haiM, kintu paramezvara hI satya hai itanA mAtra kahanA ve paryApta nahIM mAnate, pratyuta usake sAtha satya hI paramezvara hai, yaha kahanA bhI anivArya samajhate haiN| isa vyAkhyA ko ve nirguNa paramezvara kI vyAkhyA mAnate haiN| usakA saguNa rUpa usa satya ko mAnate haiM parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIjI kA nItidharma jo vyakti ko dharmya, nyAyya, yogya pratIta hotA hai aura jise svIkAra karate hue use lajjA nahIM AtI, pratyuta jise na karane para hI sammAnapUrvaka jI nahIM sakatA, vaha usake lie satya hai / yaha satya yA paramezvara saguNa rUpa hai / gAMdhI jI kahate haiM ki satya ananta hai, isakI khoja kA kabhI anta nahIM hogA / isa sthiti meM satya ke anveSI ko vividhatA kI ulajhana meM na par3akara use apane jIvana meM jo bar3I yA choTI pUrNa yA tuccha sI pravRttiyAM karanI par3e, unhIM meM satya kA anveSaNa kreN| isa prakAra satya kA Agraha hI paramezvara yA satya kA saguNa rUpa hai, jo manuSya ke apane hAtha meM hai yaha rahasya nahIM yathArtha hai / vaha sAdhana hai aura vahI prakarSa ke sAtha sAdhya kA rUpa grahaNa kara letA hai / isa rUpa se gAMdhI-darzana meM satya do prakAra kA hai parasatya yA nirguNa satya = paramezvara, aura aparasatya yA saguNa satya = satyAgraha | satyAgraha satyAgraha kA AyAma bahuta vyApaka hai, jisameM saMgaThana aura dharma, saMgharSa aura pratirodha ke lie paryApta avasara hai| nirvANa ke sAtha sAtha satyAgraha virodha kA bhI mArga hai / gAMdhI jI ke vicAra meM apane AsapAsa phaile hue asatya, anyAya yA adharma ke prati udAsIna bhAvanA rakhane vAlA vyakti satya kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM kara sakatA / ataH asatya, anyAya aura adharma kA pratikAra bhI satyAgraha kA Avazyaka aMga hai / burAI ke prati udAsInatA yA apratirodha satyAnveSI ke lie nitAnta varjita hai / satyAgraha satya kI avizrAnta khoja hai / jitanA hI satya jAna par3e usakA AcaraNa hI satyAgraha hai / gAMdhI jI ke anusAra yahI paramezvara ke sAkSAtkAra kA mArga hai / satyAgrahI ko isakA pUrA bhAna rahatA hai ki eka ko jo satya jAna par3atA hai, vahI dUsare ko asatya jAna par3a sakatA hai| aisI sthiti meM satya ke anveSI ko apane virodhI ke prati hiMsA karane kI guMjAyaza nahIM raha jaatii| apane virodhI kI galatI ko use apane dharma aura sahAnubhUti dvArA hI dUra karanA hotA hai| isa prakAra satyAgraha kA niSkarSa hai virodhI ko pIr3A dekara nahIM, apitu svayaM kaSTa uThAkara satya kI rakSA karanA / isa prakAra ahiMsA vaha prakAza hai, jo satya ko nikhAratA hai / gAMdhI jI kI ahiMsA aura satya eka hI haiN| ahiMsA kI parAkASThA hI satya hai / ahiMsA satya ke sAkSAtkAra kA sAdhana hai jisase sarvavyApI satya kA Akalana kiyA jA sakatA hai| gAMdhI jI satya aura ahiMsA ke bIca yadyapi sAdhya-sAdhana kA sambandha mAnate haiM, kintu unameM bheda nahIM mAnate / samajhane ke lie yadi bheda kahate haiM to bIja aura vRkSa ke samAna / 5 33 parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ahiMsA : vyakti aura samUha kevala vyakti jIvana meM ahiMsA pratiSThita ho sakatI hai, isase gAMdhI jI sahamata nahIM the| ve kahate haiM ki yaha mAnanA itihAsa kI gaharI bhUla hai ki ahiMsA kevala vyaktiyoM ke lie acchI hai, janasamUha ke lie nhiiN| isa siddhAnta se gAMdhI jI vyaSTi aura samaSTi tathA vyavahAra aura adhyAtma ke bIca ke antara ko bahuta kucha dUra karate haiN| isa sthiti meM gAMdhI jI kahate haiM ki jo dharma vyakti ke sAtha khatma ho jAtA hai vaha mere kAma kA nahIM hai| mujhe yaha vizvAsa nahIM hai ki usake par3osI jaba duHkha meM DUbe hue haiM, taba kisI vyakti kI AdhyAtmika unnati hotI hai| isalie gAMdhI jI mAnate haiM ki yadi eka manaSya kI AdhyAtmika unnati hotI hai, to usake sAtha sArI duniyAM kI unnati hotI hai / isI prakAra eka AdamI kA patana hotA hai to usa aMza meM saMsAra kA patana hotA hai| gAMdhIjI kahate haiM dharma vyakti kI ikAI se prArambha hotA hai, isalie prArambha se hI vaha vyavahArya ho jAtA hai| dharma kI sAdhanA hai apane ko parahita yAnI samAjahita meM ghulA denaa| isa taraha dharma paramArtha satya ke lie apanI Ahuti karane, apane ko samarpita evaM vilIna karane kA abhyAsa sujhA kara mAnoM usa kITANu ko niSprANa karatA hai, jahAM artha-lipsA aura zoSaNa-vRtti kA mUla hai| gAMdhI jI kI dhArmika dRSTi kA spaSTIkaraNa unake ahiMsA ke naye prayogoM ke dvArA hotA hai| gAMdhI jI ke sAmane do bAteM spaSTa thIM-- eka yaha ki ahiMsA eka vikasana-zIla prakriyA hai aura satya ke lie ahiMsA anivArya hai, isalie satya, ahiMsA aura dharma gatizIla evaM sarjanazIla tattva haiN| dUsarA yaha ki ahiMsA kA prayoga vyaktigata hI nahIM sAmUhika bhI ho sakatA hai| jIvana : vyakti aura akhaNDatA ukta do mAnyatAoM se sambandhita do aura bAteM bhI haiM, jo unake ahiMsAtmaka prayoga darzana kA AdhAra haiM:-1. vyakti kA mahatva aura 2. mAnavajIvana kI akhaNDatA kA siddhAnta / vyakti kI dRSTi se gAMdhI jI saMsthA kI jagaha usake guNa ke mahattva ko svIkAra karate haiN| unake anusAra hara eka bar3e dhyeya ke lie jUjhane vAloM kI saMkhyA kA mahattva nahIM hotA, balki jina guNoM se ve bane hote haiM, ve guNa hI nirNAyaka hote haiN| gAMdhI jI jaba vyakti para itanA jora dete haiM, aura sAtha hI ahiMsA parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhIjI kA nItidharma ko sAmudAyika guNa bhI kahate haiM, to eka virodhAbhAsa sA lagane lagatA hai| ise dUra karane ke lie ve jIvana kI akhaNDatA ke siddhAnta ko prastuta karate haiM, jisa para unakA gaharA vizvAsa hai| tattva kI dRSTi se gAMdhIjI apane ko advaitavAdI kahate haiN| unakA advaitavAda jIvana kI akhaNDatA ke vizvAsa se baMdhA huA hai| unakA advaita jagat ke mithyAtva ke AdhAra para nahIM, pratyuta satya jagat kI akhaNDatA ke AdhAra para nirbhara hai| akhaNDatA ke isa anubandha meM gAMdhI jI vyakti para ahiMsAtmaka samAja racanA kA bahuta bar3A uttaradAyitva sauMpate haiN| unake anusAra vyakti jina dharmoM se ghirA hai, usake uccheda ke binA usakA mokSa asambhava hai| vyakti apane kandhe para samasta saMsAra kA bojha lekara ghUmatA hai, usake puNya yA pApa kA bhAgIdAra eka nahIM, apitu samasta haiN| gAMdhI jI kahate haiM, usake binA piNDa-brahmANDa kI samAnatA kA siddhAnta arthahIna ho jAtA hai| karma-jJAna-samuccayavAda gAMdhIjI dharma yA satya kI khoja ke lie ahiMsA ko mahattvapUrNa mAdhyama svIkAra karate haiN| isake lie gAMdhIjI ahiMsA se tIna tathya spaSTa karanA cAhate haiN| (1) jIvana meM eka pravahamAna vyApaka satya hai, jo akhaNDa hai, usakA sAkSAtkAra ahiMsA se hotA hai| vyavahAra meM ahiMsA ke AcaraNa se hI prANiyoM kI mUlabhUta ekatA ko jAnA jA sakatA hai| isa sthiti meM ahiMsA aura satya eka dUsare se ota-prota rahate haiN| yahA~ vyavahAra aura paramArtha ko eka dUsare se alaga karanA sambhava nahIM hai| (2) ahiMsA kA svabhAva usakI sakriyatA evaM gatizIlatA hai| gAMdhIjI kahate haiM--dharma apUrNa hai isalie vaha sadA vikasita hotA rahegA, bAra-bAra usakI nayI vyAkhyAyeM kI jaayeNgii| isa prakAra kI vikasanazIlatA ke kAraNa hI satya yA Izvara kI ora pragati karanA sambhava hai| gAMdhIjI satya zodha ke prasaMga meM bhUloM kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra karate haiN| usa mUla se ubarane ke lie ahiMsA kI sakriyatA ko bahuta hI kAragara mAnate haiN| manuSya apane jJAna evaM anubhava ke anusAra satya kA pAlana kare, usa satyapAlana meM yadi bhUla hotI hai, to ahiMsA ke kAraNa parisaMvAda-3 ..

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36 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM usakI bhUla apane Apa ThIka ho jAyegI, kyoMki ahiMsA-vRtti kA pratiphalana nirAgrahavRtti hai| (3) ahiMsA kI zarta viveka hai| ahiMsAdhArita viveka zAstravAdI aura buddhivAdI viveka se adhika vyApaka evaM spaSTa hai| ahiMsA karmAcaraNa hai| prayoga se jo viveka phalita hotA hai, vaha rUr3hi yA Agraha ko paidA nahIM krtaa| buddhi ke sambandha meM gAMdhI jI kahate haiM ki kucha aise viSaya hote haiM, jinameM buddhi hameM bahuta dUra taka nahIM le jA sktii| gAMdhI jI ahiMsAtmaka karmAcaraNa se prasata viveka ko Izvara kI mAnyatA dete haiN| ve zAstroM dvArA vyAkhyAta Izvara kI mAnyatA se santuSTa nahIM hai, kyoMki isa sambandha meM unakA vicAra hai ki saMsAra meM aneka asatyoM kA pratipAdana karane vAle sAdhanoM meM eka pramukha sAdhana yaha zAstra hai, jo Izvara ke svarUpa kA vivecana karatA hai| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki unake darzana kI rIr3a ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA eka tIvra kriyAzakti hai, jisakI sakriyatA evaM gatizIlatA vyApaka tathyoM kI khoja ke lie usakA vyApaka AyAma aura usakI viveka pravaNatA se svatantra nirNaya ko satya ke Akalana kA nirvAdha mArga milatA hai| prAcIna zabdAvalI meM kahanA cAheM to unakI dArzanika vicAradhArA ko 'karma-jJAnasamuccayavAda' kahA jA sakatA hai| karma aura jJAna kA ekatra avinAbhAva ahiMsA meM ekatra saMgrahIta hai| parisaMvAda-3

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mahAtmA gAndhI kA prayogadarzana pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya bhAratavarSa meM tattva kA anveSaNa prAyaH svarUpa sAkSAtkAra ke uddezya se hI hotA hai| tuma kauna ho? maiM kauna haiM ? kahA~ se AyA hU~ ?--ityAdi praznoM ke samAdhAna evaM vivecana ke prasaMga meM sRSTi kA bhItarI rahasya ubuddha hotA hai| antarjagat ke dvArA bAhya jagat kA niyamana tathA inameM paraspara kAryakAraNabhAva nihita hai| aisA jAnakara evaM 'inhIM meM merA AtmAbaddha hai'--aisA anubhava kara sAdhaka inase mukti ke lie uttarottara adhyAtmatattva kI ora unmukha hotA hai| bhAratIya samAja bhI apane meM pUrNatA lAne ke lie evaM apane ko vistRta evaM vizAla banAne ke lie hamezA deza, kAla Adi kI saMkucita sImAoM kA ulaMghana karatA hai, dambha, pAkhaNDa evaM ajJAna ke bandhanoM ko kATatA hai tathA nUtana nirmANa ke lie nae-nae satyoM evaM naI-naI zraddhAoM kA AzrayaNa karatA hai| . vyakti aura samAja donoM ke jIvana meM pUrNatA evaM sajIvatA utpanna karane ke lie samAjanIti adhyAtma kA anugamana karatI hai| samAja apane svarUpa ke paricaya ke lie dharma kI apekSA karatA hai| isalie jo dharma samAja ko apanA svarUpa paricita karAne meM asamartha hotA hai, vaha dharma kI koTi se cyuta ho jAtA hai| kAma ( icchAeM aura unakI pUrti kA prayAsa ) bhI manuSya jAti ke astitva ko siddha karane kA pramukha sAdhana hai| yaha sArI samRddhi 'kAma' dvArA ho nirmita hai, jisake lie pUrA jagat-cakra anivArya kI taraha pratIta hotA hai| yaha sRSTi samaSTi karmoM kA phala hai| vyakti kI dRSTi se yahI paristhiti kahalAtI hai| ina paristhitiyoM se vyakti aura samAja donoM kA jIvana samAnarUpa se ghirA huA hai| ina sabakA AdhAra adhyAtma hai| isI adhyAtma ke AdhAra para vyakti aura samAja donoM ke jIvana meM samatA aura samanvaya sAdhanA 'nItizAstra' kahalAtA hai| isIlie vyaktiyoM ko tathA vyaktiyoM ke mAdhyama se samAja ko vibhinna paristhitiyoM se Upara uThA kara apane vAstavika parisaMvAda-3

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38 bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM svarUpa kI ora unmukha karanA dharmazAstra kA uddezya hai| isa taraha svarUpa kA bodha karAne ke lie hI dharmazAstra samAja meM dharma kA vAstavika svarUpa pratiSThita karatA hai / apane vAstavika svarUpa se anabhijJa samAja naSTa ho jAtA hai| isa nAza se bacAne ke lie Avazyaka hai ki AtmadarzI, sthitaprajJa mahAtmA samaya-samaya para vivekapUrNa samAjanIti kA nirdhAraNa karate rheN| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki apane svarUpa ke bodha ke lie adhyAtmadarzana aura samAjadarzana (dharmazAstra) donoM kI anivArya AvazyakatA hai| isI kAraNa bhAratIya manISiyoM ne bhUmikAbheda se ina donoM kA bheda aMgIkAra kiyA hai aura isIlie unhoMne kevala adhyAtma ke AdhAra para hI ekapakSIya samAja kI vyavasthA nahIM kI, apitu adhyAtma para AdhArita dharma kI vyavasthA kii| vaijJAnika anusandhAna jaise vyakti karatA hai, kintu usakA phala samAja ke maMgala ke lie hotA hai, usI taraha 'jagat ke mUla kA jJAna aura usa ora pragati'--yaha vyakti kA svatantra uddezya hai aura yaha samAja ke maMgala ke lie bhI hai| isIlie AdhyAtmika prayoga prAyaH vyaSTi jIvana meM hue haiN| samAja kI yaha kAmanadI donoM ora bahatI hai--kalyANa kI ora bhI bahatI hai aura pApa kI ora bhii| dharma ke prabhAva se usakA gamana kalyANa kI ora hotA hai, kyoMki dharma ke sAtha adhyAtma kA yoga hotA hai| adhyAtma kI prApti ke lie jo yaha dharma kA mArga hai, vaha aneka prakAra ke karmarUpI kaNTakoM se AkIrNa hai, jisameM samAjarUpI gAr3I na kevala prAyaH phaMsa hI jAtI hai, apitu apanA gantavya bhI bhUla jAtI hai / phalataH apane svarUpa se vismRta hokara yaha samAja jar3IbhUta ho jAtA hai| aisI sthiti meM koI mahAprANa mahAtmA isa prakAra ke karmakANDoM, dharma evaM samAja kI bhartsanA karatA hai aura samAja ko apane vAstavika svarUpa kA bodha karAne ke upAyoM ke anusandhAna meM pravRtta hotA hai| pravRttimArga aura nivRttimArga ye do hI mArga samasta saMsArI prANiyoM ke lie haiN| unameM sAdhAraNa logoM ke pravRttimArga tathA asAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM ke lie nivRttimArga hai| kintu mamukSu loga mAyA ke Dara se samAja se bahibhUta nivRttimArga ko hI abhaya kA sthAna samajha kara usakA AzrayaNa karate haiM, jabaki bAkI ke sabhI loga AtmatuSTi evaM icchApUrti ke liye pravRttimArga meM hI nimagna rahate haiN| pravRtti aura nivRtti kA yaha virodha yadyapi upaniSada, gItA evaM manu tathA yAjJavalkya meM dikhalAI nahIM par3atA, kintu uttarakAla meM yaha bar3ha gayA hai| Aja ke manuSya-jIvana meM to yaha virodha apane vikAsa kI antima sImA ko chUne lagA hai tathA janajIvana ke lie Avazyaka adhyAtmavAda kI bhI avahelanA karate hue bAhya jar3asabhyatA ko hI zreSTha samajhane lagA hai| Aja parisaMvAda-3

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mahAtmAgAMdhI kA prayogadarzana kala samAja aura dharma ko adhyAtma ke anukUla banAne kA to koI prayAsa nahIM karatA, ulaTe samAja vyavasthA se dharma ko hI bAhara karanA zreyaskara samajhatA hai| pahale AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI prayoga bhUmi vyakti thA kintu Aja dharma ko bhI vyaktigata mAnA jAne lagA hai| dharma kI yaha sthiti adhyAtma se parAGmukha hone ke kAraNa hI huI hai| jaba dharma adhyAtma se cyuta hokara deza, sampradAya, varga, jAti vyakti Adi kI saMkucita sImAoM meM Abaddha ho jAtA hai tathA sabhI meM vyApaka akhaNDa tattva ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake dambha aura pAkhaNDa ke poSaNa meM saMlagna ho jAtA hai, taba nItizAstra kisakA Alambana karake khar3A rahe ? kaise manuSya apane jIvana kA pavitra lakSya nirdhArita kareM? lokahita kA nirdhAraNa kaise kareM ? tathA usake lie apane svArtha kA tyAga kaise kareM ? ityAdi prazna samasyA bana kara upasthita ho jAte haiN| aisI avasthA meM karuNAzIla mahAtmAoM evaM satpuruSoM dvArA apanI amRtavANI aura sadAcaraNoM dvArA yadyapi samAja bAra bAra udbodhita kiyA jAtA hai, kintu samAja unase thor3A sA sacetana hokara punaH jar3atA kI sthiti meM pahu~ca jAtA hai / Aja taka aisI samAjavyavasthA nahIM bana sakI hai, jisameM satya, ahiMsA, dayA, Arjava Adi guNoM ke dvArA hI mAnava sukhI hoM-aisA mAna kara samAja meM nyAya, savidhA Adi kI prApti ke lie hiMsA, krodha, IrSyA Adi kA saMgraha aura prayoga nItizAstrakAroM ne vidhi sammata na mAnA ho / mAnavatA ke hrAsa kA vastutaH yahI nidAna hai| lagAtAra hrAsa ko prApta ho rahI samAjavyavasthA ke isa rahasya ko jAnakara mahAtmAgAMdhI ne satya, ahiMsA Adi zAzvata sAdhanoM ke dvArA hI hIna mAnava samAja ke uddhAra ke lie eka nUtana prayoga-paddhati kA AviSkAra kiyA, jo ( paddhati ) adhyAtma aura adhibhUta tathA svArtha evaM parArtha ke bIca bheda paidA karane vAle virodhI tattva ko nAza karane meM tathA sAtha hI adhyAtma ke sAtha yoga karake vizuddha naitika AdhAra para samAja kA nava nirmANa karane meM samartha hai| prAcIna yuga meM IzAmasIha, mahAtmA buddha aura mahAvIra Adi ne jIvanasaMgharSa kI upekSA karake mAnava ke lie utkRSTa Adarza kI sthApanA kii| kRSNa, mohammada Adi ne ghanaghora jIvanasaMgharSa karate hue bhI citta meM samatA evaM hiMsA, krUratA Adi se mana ko nirlipta rakhane kI kuzalatA pradarzita kii| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne saMsAra se hiMsA Adi doSoM ko haTAne ke lie na kevala kauzala arjita viyA, apitu usakA upadeza bhI kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne hiMsA kA samAja se samUla unmUlana ke lie mana aura kriyA meM tAdAtmya karake satyAgraha nAmaka abhUtapUrva AdhyAtmika camatkAra ko prastuta kiyaa| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM mahAtmA gAndhI kisI siddhAnta vizeSa ke yA darzana vizeSa ke pravartaka AcArya nahIM the / unhoMne to kevala hiMsA, ghRNA, dveSa Adi ke dvArA lokamaMgala kA dhvaMsa karanevAle jo krUra saMghaTana bana gaye the, unakA vighaTana karane ke lie sanAtana kAla se vidyamAna satya, ahiMsA Adi tattvoM ko vizvavijayI zakti se sampanna amogha zastra ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA / isaliye ve saphala prayogazAstrI the aura isIlie gAMdhIvAda eka prayogAtmaka darzana hai / 40 Aja kA mAnava jIvana cAroM ora se rAjanIti se ghirA huA hai / rAjanIti ke bAre meM Ama dhAraNA hai ki vaha vezyA ke samAna bahurUpiNI evaM anyAya, jhUTha, dhokhA Adi kI prasaviNI hai / ' pradhAna zatru ko hI sabase pahale samApta karanA cAhiye'- - isa nIti ke anusAra ( pradhAna mallanibarhaNanyAyena ) unhoMne rAjanIti ke doSoM ko haTAne ke lie sarvaprathama apanA kAryakSetra use hI banAyA / rAjanIti meM bhI yama, niyamoM ke pAlana ko Avazyaka batalAkara unhoMne tyAgI, tapasviyoM ke lie bhI samAjasevA kA AdhyAtmika patha udghATita kiyA / adhyAtma kI sAdhanA kA yaha aMza athavA adhyAtmamUlaka nIti kA yaha prayoga sarvathA navIna thA, isaliye sanAtana satya kI tadanukUla gAMdhIvAdI vyAkhyA satya kI pracalita prAcIna vyAkhyAoM se bahuta kucha bhinna ho jAtI hai / isalie satya Adi zabdoM kA apane purAne saMskAroM ke kAraNa jo artha bhAsita hotA hai, use chor3akara bhinna vyAkhyA karanA cAhie / usake nirdeza kA yahA~ prayAsa kiyA rahA hai / jo saba deza aura saba kAla meM sat hai, vaha satya hai / asat kA kisI bhI taraha astitva nahIM hotA / isalie sat hI vizva kA AdhAra evaM upAdAna hai / isa prakAra ke satya kA zuddha cetanarUpa honA aura jJAnarUpa honA bhI anivArya hai / aise satya kA deza aura kAla se paricchinna deha ke sAtha sambandha hotA asambhava hai / isalie satya yA Izvara kA vANI aura mana se agocara, anAdi, ananta, sat, cit Ananda evaM nirguNa svarUpa nizcita hotA hai / isa satya kA sAkSAtkAra hI manuSyoM kA parama puruSArtha hai vahI jIvana kA lakSya hai / yahI parama satya bhI kahalAtA hai / kyoMki satya hI vizva kA adhiSThAna hai isalie asatya kI dRzyamAna sattA bhI satya ko Alambana karake hI khar3I hotI hai / isI kAraNa asatya ke antastala meM bhI satya hI virAjamAna rahatA hai| sAdhaka ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki vaha apane dainika jIvana meM satya ke anveSaNa ke lie lagAtAra dhairya pUrvaka abhyAsa karatA rhe| satya kA yahI vyAvahArika parisaMvAda - 3

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mahAtmAgAMdhI kA prayogadarzana rUpa ' apara satya' kahalAtA hai / dharmya, nyAyya evaM ucita karmoM kA bodha, vacana, AcaraNa aura anuSThAna isa 'apara satya' kA sAkAra rUpa hai / yahI 'sAdhana satya' bhI kahalAtA hai / satya ke anusandhAna kA abhyAsa tathA tadviparIta asatya se udAsInatA parama Avazyaka hai| isa sAdhanamArga meM saMlagna sAdhaka sArI vipattiyoM ko apane Upara jhelakara satya kA anusandhAna karatA hai / isa prakAra sAdhaka ajJAnavaza asatya mArga kA Alambana karake usase bhI nivRtta hokara punaH satya meM pratiSThita ho jAtA hai / kyoMki satya kA anveSaNa hI usake jIvana kA lakSya hai / isalie anRta se nivRtta hokara satya kA grahaNa karanA usake lie avazyambhAvI ho jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha satyAnveSaNa meM pravRtta hai / mahAtmAgAMdhI satya ko hI Izvara mAnate haiM aura use hI jagat kA mUla svIkAra karate haiM / jagat ke sAre cintaka satya ke anveSaka haiM, ata: isa aMza meM unameM koI virodha nahIM hai / virodha to taba khar3A hotA hai, jaba ko koI bhautika athavA koI AdhyAtmika svIkAra karatA hai / taraha kI saiddhAntika avasthA tattvAnveSaNa kahIM anta meM AtI hai ! athavA isa prakAra ke siddhAnta meM kahA~ hai ? virodha tabhI sambhava hai, jaba satya kI pUrNatA meM jitane bhI siddhAntavAdI hue haiM, unhoMne satya ke vibhinna hI nirNaya kiyA hai / sampUrNa satya kA darzana Avazyaka hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja taka kA etadviSaka sArA prayAsa niSphala rahA hai / vyApAra kI virodha kI sandeha ho / aMzoM kA 41 samApti para sambhAvanA hI Aja taka 6 aisA lagatA hai ki satya kI prApti ke sAdhanoM meM hI kucha truTi raha gaI hai / usa truTi ko dUra karane ke lie tathA sampUrNa satya kI prApti ke lie sampUrNa ahiMsA ko hI sAdhana ke rUpa meM mahAtmAgAMdhI ne prastuta kiyaa| gAndhI jI ke vicAroM meM ahiMsA kI pUrNatA vyakti ke jIvana meM usake pratiSThita ho jAne mAtra se sampanna nahIM hotI, kyoMki vyakti kI sattA samAja kI sattA se atirikta nahIM hai / isa ahiMsA ke mUla meM yaha nihita hai ki sAdhaka svayaM apane doSoM kA nirIkSaNa kre| apane doSoM kA darzana aura usake lie svayaM hI prAyazcitta karanA jisa ahiMsA meM nihita hai, usa ahiMsA kI upAsanA paddhati meM sAdhanAvasthA meM bhI kisI ke sAtha virodha sambhava nahIM hai / isalie yaha eka avirodhI mArga hai / isa prakAra ke satya kintu satya ko isa satya kI sAkAra upAsanA vyavahAra meM hotI hai / vyAvahArika satya bhI vyakti kI mithyA dhAraNAoM se Acchanna rahatA hai / isalie satya aura mithyA meM parisaMvAda -3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM viveka hI duSkara ho jAtA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAtmA gAMdhI ne satya kI prApti ke lie sAdhana kI satyatA para vizeSa bala diyaa| yaha prAyaH anubhava meM AtA hai ki satya ko uddezya banA kara bhI yadi usako prApta karane ke lie asatya sAdhana upayoga meM lAye jAte haiM to vyakti lakSya se bhraSTa ho jAtA hai| sAdhana meM nihita , vikAroM se prApta satya bhI kaluSita ho jAtA hai| satya sAdhana grahaNa karane se prApta satya uttarottara sphuTa evaM prakAzavAn hotA hai| isa prakAra apara satya ( vyavahAra satya) para Agraha rakhane se anta meM vaha satya' kA rUpa grahaNa kara letA hai| isalie 'sAdhya sAdhana kA abheda' tathA pavitra sAdhya ke lie pavitra sAdhana kA hI grahaNa' ye siddhAnta pratiSThita hue| yadyapi 'sAdhya sAdhana kA abheda' yaha siddhAnta anya dArzanika matoM meM sarvathA svIkRta nahIM hai, phira bhI sabhI adhyAtma-vidyAoM meM pAmara manuSyoM taka meM svAbhAvika rUpa se mAnA jAtA hai| dIkSA aura kRpA dvArA jaba yaha siddhAnta ubuddha kiyA jAtA hai to sAdhaka kramazaH uttarottara bhUmikAoM meM ArohaNa karatA hai| naitika AcAroM se sampanna mahAtmAgAMdhI ne to manuSyoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se vidyamAna hiMsAvRtti kA damana karake ahiMsAvRtti ko hI buddhi aura indriya vyApAroM ke anukUla karate hue tathA parA ahiMsA kA Alambana karate hue parama satya kA AzrayaNa kiyA thaa| 'jo piNDa meM hai, vahI brahmANDa meM haiM tathA samasta prANiyoM meM ekAtmabuddhi rakhanA'-ye siddhAnta vyakti aura samAja meM ekatA sAdhate haiN| 'eka hI akhaNDa satya samasta prANiyoM meM vyApta hai' isa siddhAnta se sabhI jIvoM meM ekatva siddha hotA hai| isalie satya ke zodhana ke lie jitanI Atmazuddhi apekSita hotI hai, utanA hI usake virodhI adharma kA uccheda bhI Avazyaka hotA hai| satya kyoMki adharmo se Acchanna rahatA hai, ataH unake uccheda ke binA 'satya' prApta ho gayA' aisA mAna lenA sAdhaka ke lie AtmaviDambanA mAtra hI hai| isalie 'apara satya' ke athavA 'satyAgraha' ke do Avazyaka kartavya haiM--(1) apane jIvana meM satya ko utAranA (AcAra) tathA (2) bAhya asatyoM kA pratIkAra krnaa| satya' ko lakSya banAkara bhI jaba sAdhaka asatya ke pratIkAra ke lie dhvaMsa yA hiMsA ke mArga ko apanAtA hai to pahale se paricita evaM ghRNita asatya ko hI sAmane dekhakara vaha bAhya se antarmukha ho jAtA hai| hiMsA se parAvRtta hokara vaha apane bhItara hI kramazaH samasta bAhya upadravoM kA samAdhAna prApta kara letA hai| antaHkaraNa kI yahI udAtta vRtti ahiMsA kahalAtI hai, jisake dvArA manuSya zuddha satya meM pratiSThita parisaMvAda-3

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mahAtmAgAMdhI kA prayogadarzana hotA hai / isalie atyanta krUra atyAcArI ke hRdaya meM bhI satya kI parama pavitra mUrti sthita hotI hI hai / dUsaroM ke pApoM ke prabhAva se merA bhI vyaktitva AveSTita hai -- aisA Akalana karake dUsare ke saMkaTa samUhoM ko vaha svayaM sahana karatA hai tathA vyApaka asatya ke pratIkAra ke lie udyata ho jAtA hai / vastutaH yahI ahiMsA kA mArga hai / ahiMsA kA pariNAma ahetuka prema, asIma namratA aura ahaMkAra kA Atyantika vinAza hai | ahiMsA apane meM pUrNa, nitya evaM svAbhAvika sthiti hai / kyoMki ahiMsA svAbhAvika sthiti hai, isIlie mahAtmAgAMdhI ne kahA. "sabhI prANI ahiMsA meM hI abhiniviSTa haiM, kintu ajJAnAvasthA meM rahate hue jIvana aura mRtyu meM satata yuddha cala rahA hai, kintu isakI pariNati jIvana meM hai mRtyu meM nahIM" / isalie satya kA zodha ahiMsA ko chor3akara sambhava nahIM hai / satya aura ahiMsA Apasa meM itanI ota-prota haiM ki eka ko chor3akara dUsare kI sthiti kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / parama satya aura parama ahiMsA meM kucha bhI bheda nahIM hai, phira bhI mahAtmAgAMdhI sAdhana ke rUpa meM ahiMsA ko tathA sAdhya ke rUpa meM satya ko svIkAra karate haiN| kyoMki sAdhana manuSya ke kabje meM hotA hai, ataH vahI parama karttavya evaM parama dharma hotA hai / satya to sAkSAt paramezvara hI hai / 43 'prApta apara satya kA pariSkAra tathA aprApta parama satya kA anveSaNa' yahI satya kA zodha hai / isalie satya kA zodha karanevAle ke lie ahiMsA ke prati zraddhA jarUrI hai| zraddhA kA abhiprAya hai -- AtmavizvAta / AtmavizvAsa kA tAtparya hai -- Izvara meM vizvAsa / isalie mahAtmA gAMdhI ne kahA ki ahiMsA kevala buddhi kA viSaya nahIM hai apitu vaha zraddhA aura bhakti kA viSaya hai / yadi sAdhaka kA vizvAsa apane meM nahIM hai to ahiMsA usakA abhISTa siddha nahIM kara sakegI / ahiMsA kI zakti ko saMghaTita karanA mahAtmA gAMdhI ke prayoga-darzana kA kA parama utkarSa hai / unhoMne ahiMsA kI zakti ko saMghaTita kiyA aura sAmAjika dharma ke rUpa meM usakA apUrva prayoga kiyA / mahAtmA gAMdhI ne kahA- "manuSya kevala vyakti hI nahIM hai, vaha piNDa hote hue brahmANDa bhI hai / vaha apane brahmANDa kA bhAra apane kandhoM para rakhakara ghUma rahA hai| jo dharma kevala vyakti ke hI lie hai, vaha mere kAma kA nahIM hai / merA to yaha mAnanA hai ki sampUrNa samAja ahiMsA kA AcaraNa kara sakatA hai aura svabhAvataH karatA bhI hai| ahiMsA eka sAmAjika dharma hai aura sAmAjika dharma ke rUpa meM hI usakA vikAsa hogA" / kyoMki mahAtmAgAMdhI manuSya ke vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika donoM svarUpoM ko avinAbhUta parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM mAnate haiM, isalie ve donoM kI unnati ke lie samAnarUpa se bala dete haiN| kyoMki ahiMsA vyakti aura samAja donoM kSetroM meM samAnarUpa se vyApta hai, ataH anta meM pUrNa satya kA darzana karA kara vaha sAmAjika dharma ho jAtI hai| __manuSya hamezA apane ko sukhI karane kI ceSTA karatA hai| dUsaroM ko pIr3A denA usakI sahaja vRtti nahIM hai, itanA hI dUsaroM ke lie apanA utsarga kara denA usakI svAbhAvika pravRtti hai| isalie gAMdhI ne tyAga aura tapas kI aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kI smRti ko sajova banAne kA prayatna kiyaa| pratihiMsA jIvadhArI kA svabhAva nahIM hai, isalie vaha jIvana kI vidhi nahIM ho sktii| isIlie zAsana karanevAle aura Adeza dene vAle samasta zAstroM meM pratihiMsA anivArya nahIM mAnI gaI, api tu hiMsA kSamya mAnI gii| hiMsA kisI paristhiti meM sahaja vRtti mAna bhI lI jAe, phira bhI vaha bAhya paristhiti se janya evaM pratighAta se utpanna hotI hai, isalie vikAramAtra hai, vaha kathamapi saMskAra nahI hai| ____ ahiMsA nivRtti karma athavA akriyA nahIM hai, apitu vaha balavAna pravRtti aura prakriyA hai| hiMsA kA mUla ahaMkAra hai| ahaMkAramUlaka karma sImita hotA hai| isalie ahiMsA kI zakti aparimita hotI hai aura vaha satata bar3hatI hI rahatI hai| pratighAta meM utanI zakti nahIM hai, jisase duSkarmoM kA vinAza aura sajjanoM kI rakSA paryAptarUpa se kI jA ske| pratighAta sajAtIya dUsare pratighAta ko paidA karatA huA krodha, IrSyA, dveSa Adi ko tIvratA se uttarottara zaktizAlI hotA jAtA hai| zaktizAlI pratighAta svayaM prayoga karane vAle aura jisake Upara prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, donoM ko nIti aura dharma se cyuta kara detA hai| nAza se abhinna yaha pratighAta nAza se nAza ko paidA karatA huA anta meM nAza meM hI paryavasita hotA hai / pratighAta kA yahI bar3A bhArI doSa hai, jisake kAraNa usane mahApuruSoM ke dvArA dharma ke rakSaNa tathA loka ke kalyANa ke lie bAra-bAra kie gae prayAsoM ko viphala kara diyaa| yadyapi una prayAsoM ne kucha kAlake lie sajjanoM ko rAhata pradAna kI, kintu cirakAlika zAnti aura sukha ke liye ve dharma kA vidhAna nahIM kara ske| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne pratikAra kI ahiMsaka paddhati kA AviSkAra karake jo naitika krAnti paidA kI, vaha krAnti sampUrNa mAnava samAja kI hiMsAmUlaka jIvana-vyavasthA kA tathA usake AdhAra para pravartita nItizAstroM kA samUla nAza karake zAzvata zAnti denevAlI navIna vyavasthA ko janma dene meM samartha hogii| hiMsA se rahita yaha pratIkAra nirmANa hai, jo vipakSI ke hRdaya kA parivartana karatA hai| jisa dina se yaha ahiMsaka pratIkAra prArambha hotA hai, usI dina se yaha parisaMvAda-3

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mahAtmAgAMdhI kA prayogadarzana prayoga karane vAle ke samakSa vipakSiyoM ke hiMsaka hathiyAroM ko uttarottara kuNThita karane lagatA hai| ahiMsA sarvaprathama sajAtIya abhaya ko utpanna karatA hai aura vijAtIya krodha Adi kA zamana karatA hai| abhaya ke pratiSThita ho jAne para jaisejaise ahita kI AzaMkA kSINa hone lagatI hai vaise-vaise avirodha kA bhAva bar3hane lagatA hai| virodhI bhAvanA ke naSTa ho jAne para ahiMsaka rIti se kiyA jAne vAlI saMgharSa ziva aura satya kA nirmANa karane lagatA hai| hiMsA kA Adi, madhya aura avasAna sabhI bhaya meM paryavasita hote haiM, isalie hiMsaka pratIkAra kisI bhI pakSa ke bhaya kA nAza nahIM krtaa| pratighAta apane sajAtIya pratighAta ko utpanna karatA huA sabase pahale prayoga karane vAle vyakti ke bhItara hI bhaya evaM trAsa Adi se utpanna dainya evaM kAtaratA ko paidA karatA hai jisakI vajaha se prema, tyAga Adi sadguNa uttarottara kSINa hoge lagate haiN| isake viparIta sAdhaka jaba ahiMsA ko jIvanavidhi ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai, taba akuzaloM aura pApoM se saMgharSa hI usakA jIvana bana jAtA hai| usI samaya dharmayuddha kA vAstavika svarUpa prakaTa hotA hai| jaise hiMsaka pratIkAra se pUrva vipakSI ke prati krodha, ghRNA, IrSyA Adi kA honA anivArya hotA hai aura hiMsA karane ke lie astra-zastra Adi kA prayatnapUrvaka saMgraha aura prayoga karanA apekSita hotA hai, ThIka usI prakAra ahiMsaka pratIkAra se pUrva satya ke prati jijJAsA, satyAgraha, mAnavoM ke prati samatAbhAva evaM bhUtadayA Adi kA honA apekSita hotA hai| sAtha hI sahiSNutA aura mAnavamAtra ke prati prema tathA unake lie prANotsarga evaM mRtyu ke AliMgana kI kalA kA prazikSaNa bhI Avazyaka hotA hai| ahiMsA kA prAcIna prayoga pratirodha na karane taka hI sImita thA, isalie usakA vikAsa vyaSTijIvana meM hI sambhava ho sakA aura samAja meM AhAra Adi taka hI usakA prayoga maryAdita rhaa| kintu ahiMsA samAja kA kalyANa sAdha sakatI hai aura andhe; laMgar3e vyakti taka kA vaha amogha astra ho sakatI hai tathA samAja-sevA ke mAdhyama se svarUpalAbha bhI karA sakatI hai-isa prakAra kI ahiMsA meM nihita vizvavijayinI zakti prAyaH ucchinna ho gyii| mahAtmA gAMdhI kI paddhati adhyAtma kA apUrva prayoga hai, kyoMki unakI paddhati, Arthika aura bhautika sahAyatA kI binA apekSA kie sabhI prANiyoM meM pratiSThita satya aura ahiMsA kI zaktiyoM ko saMghaTita karate hue samAjakalyANa virodhI tattvoM ko aura apanI burAiyoM ko parAbhUta karane meM samartha hai| parisaMvAda-3

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46 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM kyoMki gAMdhIvAda prayogadarzana hai, ataH vaha sAdhana ko hI paryApta mAnatA hai| isalie isa siddhAnta meM satyazodha ko chor3akara kevala viveka ke AdhAra para satya ko prApta kara lenA aparyApta samajhA jAtA hai yaha jJAtavya hai ki samasta IzvaravAdiyoM kI bhA~ti mahAtmA gAMdhI bhI mokSa ko parama puruSArtha mAnate haiN| unake anusAra mokSa kA artha hai-satyasvarUpa ho jAnA / zarIra kI sthiti ahaMkAramUlaka hai| ahaMkArarahita sAdhaka kI aparokSa sthiti hI usakI satyasvarUpatA hai| yahI sAdhaka kI trikAladarzitA hai| isa taraha satyamUrti ho jAnA hI jIvanmukti hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI sAdhaka kI isa antima avasthA ko zUnyavat sthiti kahate haiN| zUnyavat sthiti kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki koI sAdhya vastu hI nahIM hai, jaisA kI anAtmavAdI loga mAnate haiM; apitu sAdhaka kI Atyantika nirahaMkAra sthiti usakA artha hai| nirahaMkAratA kI sthiti meM samaSTi aura vyaSTi meM ekatva darzana hI Atmadarzana hai / ekatvadarzanamUlaka AcaraNa aura tadviziSTa satyazodha hI satya kA lAbha hai| isa taraha tattvadarzana ke lie AcaraNa zUnya kisI sthiti ko gAMdhI jI svIkAra nahIM krte| isaliye unake mata meM AcAradharma jIvamAtra ke lie Avazyaka hai| yaha acAra-dharma Atmazuddhi ke sAtha jagat kA bhI navanirmANa karatA hai| prAcIna yogazAstra bhI sAdhana ke rUpa meM yama, niyama Adi kA upadeza karatA hai kintu una yoga mAgiyoM ne samAja sevA ke mahattva ko nahIM smjhaa| isalie AtmalAbha ke lie samAja sevA ke prati niSThA gAndhI jI kI apUrva dena hai| ___gAndhIvAda karma, bhakti aura jJAna kA apUrva samanvaya hai| ina tIna meM se kisI eka kI pradhAnatA ko ve svIkAra nahIM karate / sabhI kA sampUrNa udaya unakA tattvajJAna hai, racanAtmaka kAryakrama unakA karmayoga hai tathA nAma smaraNa ke dvArA paramezvara kI sahAyatA prApta karate hue ahiMsA Adi ekAdaza vratoM kA AcaraNa bhaktiyoga hai| gAMdhIvAda ke ye tIna samyag-darzana haiM, jinake dvArA samaSTi-AtmA parizuddha hotA hai| isa nikhila samaSTi kA kendra unake mata meM svajIvana arthAt vyaSTijIvana hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ke mata meM buddhi karma kA anusaraNa karatI hai tathA karma kA Adi srota ve zraddhA ko mAnate haiN| unake anusAra zraddhA vizuddha jJAnamayI hai aura vaha mana ko zuddha karatI huI hRdaya ko puSTa karatI hai| hRdaya kI puSTi ke dvArA Atmavodha hotA hai| phalataH hRdaya meM rahanevAlI buddhi apane Apa anAyAma parizuddha ho jAtI hai| isalie unakI dRSTi meM kevala buddhivAda korA bhrama hai, kyoMki vaha Atmazakti ko avaruddha karatA hai| isalie ve kahate haiM-"jo buddhi se pare hai, vaha zraddhA parisaMvAda-3

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mahAtmAgAMdhI kA prayogadarzana 47 kA kSetra hai jo buddhi kA viSaya hai,vaha kabhI bhI zraddhA kA kSetra nahIM hai, isalie andha zraddhA kabhI bhI zraddhA nahIM hai, andhatva buddhi kA dharma hai' / 'buddhi aura anta:zuddhi meM paraspara kAryakAraNabhAva kataI nahIM hai|' zraddhA se AtmajJAna bar3hatA hai, zraddhA hI jagat ko dhAraNa karatI hai" / ataH utkaTa zraddhA hI dharma hai| kyoMki gAMdhIvAda meM satya aura ahiMsA hI svataHpramANa haiM, ataH unake anusAra ve hI parama dharma haiN| satya aura ahiMsA ke anukUla vacana hI dharmazAstra hai| Izvara kevala zraddhA dvArA vedya hai| jaba pApoM kA nAza kiyA jAtA hai, taba pApa samUhoM ke sAtha jo saMgharSa hotA hai. usa samaya Izvara kA AbhAsa milatA hai| isa saMgharSa ke samaya atyAcArI ke prati krodha kA leza bhI utpanna na ho, yahI saccI IzvaraniSThA hai| satya, ahiMsA Adi ke niyama hI satya yA Izvara kA sAkAra vigraha hai, kyoMki niyama aura niyantA meM abheda hai| niyama ke sAtha abheda sthApita kara lenA hI 'japa' hai| gAndhIvAda kA uparyukta vivecana kevala dinirdezamAtra hai| yahA~ maiMne adhikatara pratijJAeM hI kI haiM, isalie nibandha kI paryApta AlocanA apekSita hai, jisase yaha dharma, darzana, samAjazAstra Adi kI dRSTi se bhalIbhA~ti Alocita ho jaae| parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhI jI kI dRSTi meM gAMdhIjI ne una naitika niyamoM kA vivecana kiyA hai jinakA pAlana manuSya ko vrata kI bhA~ti karanA cAhiye / ina naitika niyamoM kA pAlana AtmAnubhUti kA saccA mArga hai / vrata kA artha hai - jo kArya karanA ucita hai, vighnoM ko sahana karate hue use karanA, vrata zakti ke srota haiM / ve naitika niyamoM para calane ke lie avicala nizcaya ke dyotaka haiM / " satya kI vyAkhyA " AcArya paM0 rAmaprasAda tripAThI vrata lene kI icchA na honA durbalatA kI sUcanA hai| unakI dRSTi meM vratoM meM satya kA prathama sthAna hai / vaha gAMdhIjI ke jIvana aura darzana kA dhruvatArA hai / gAMdhIjI do prakAra kA satya batAte the ( 1 ) sAdhanarUpa satya - jaisA ki vyakti paristhiti vizeSa meM use jAna pAtA hai / ( 2 ) sAdhyarUpa satya - nirapekSa, sArvabhauma, pUrNasatya - jo deza tathA kAla se pare hai, Izvara svarUpa hai / jisakA vAstava meM astitva hai jisameM samasta jJAna sammilita hai; jo zAzvata Ananda kA srota hai / isIliye satya ko saccidAnanda rUpa meM kahA jAtA hai / gAMdhIjI Izvara ke satyarUpa ke hI pujArI the, usake atirikta anya kisI ke nahIM, unakA vizvAsa thA ki satya kI vijaya hotI hai asatya kI nahIM kyoMki asatya kA astitva hI nahIM hotA to vijaya kI kyA AzA ? satya kI anubhUti ke liye manuSya ko satyAgrahI bananA cAhiye / " jaba zuddha AcaraNa ajJAna ko dUra kara detA hai, to satya spaSTa prakAzita hotA hai / AtmIyoM para pakSapAta karanA, dhokhA denA, vAstavikatA se ghaTA bar3hAkara batAnA, yA dabAnA, TAlamaTola karanA, Adi ke liye satya meM koI sthAna nahIM hai / ( 1 ) Atma zuddhi pR0 62.63 / (2) Atmazuddhi pR0 2 AtmakathA bhAga 1 pR0 7 / parisaMvAda - 3

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satya kI vyAkhyA manuSya apanI bhUla mAnane se na Dare / yaha bhI satya hai, ki manuSya jisa satya ko dekha sakatA hai, vaha AMzika evaM ApekSika hai| gAMdhI jI kA kahanA thA ki kaThora satya ziSTatA aura namratA se kahe jAMya lekina par3hane meM to zabda kaThora hI hoMge, satyavAdI hone ke liye Apako jhUThe ko jhUThA kahanA hI hogaa| zAyada zabda kaThora hai, lekina unakA prayoga anivArya hai| isa bAta ko gAMdhI jI IsA ke udAharaNa se spaSTa karate the "IsA to dhUrtoM ko jAnate the, unake varNana meM unhoMne jhUThI vinamratA nahIM varatI, kintu unake liye dayA kI yAcanA kii| gAMdhI jI ne svayaM 1933 I0 meM kahA thA satyAgraha kA vijJAna mujhe vaijJAnika anusaMdhAna dvArA prApta huaa| gAMdhI jI satya ko Izvara rUpa meM samajhate the| bAta sahI hai, vicAra kiyA jAya to vedoM, smRtiyoM, purANoM meM sarvatra sattva kA mahattva sarvAtizAyirUpa meM kahA gayA hai-jaisA ki veda ne AjJA dI hai-satyaM vada, dharmacara-arthAt mAnava ! tuma satya bolo, dharma kA AcaraNa karo / yadyapi "dharma kA AcaraNa karo" aisA kahane se hI satya bolo, yaha aMza gatArtha ho jAtA hai, kyoMki satya bolanA' dharmAcaraNa hI hai| phira bhI brAhmaNa-vaziSTha-nyAya se usakI vizeSatA batAyI gayI hai| isIliye anta meM satyameva jayate-nAnRtam' aisA bhI veda kA vacana milatA hai| jisase asatya pakSa kI apekSA satya kI vijaya batAI jAtI hai| rAjarSi manu se nirmita manusmRti meM 'satyaM brUyAtpriyaM brUyAnna brUyAtsatyamapriyam / priyaM ca nAnRtaM brUyAdeSa dharmaH sanAtanaH' kahate huye priya satya bolane kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| jisakA Azaya hai ki kaThora satya se hiMsA hotI hai, ata: ahiMsotpAdaka priya satya kA prayoga ucita hai / anya smRti meM milatA hai ki--'satyaM na satyaM khalu yatra hiMsA dayAnvitaM cAnRta. meva satyam' dayA se mizrita anRta ( asatya ) bhI satya hai| isI aMza kA poSaka vacana hai ki strISu narmavivAhe ca vRttyarthe prANasaMkaTe / go brAhmaNArthe hiMsAyAM nAnRtaM syAjjugupsatam // (1) ha0 5 / 2 / 25 / pR0 414 / (2) ha0 16 / 12 / 36 / pR0 362 / (3) kanavarsesansa pR0 41 / parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAya na eM __ arthAt striyoM ke sambandha meM, ha~sI meM, vivAha meM, jIvikA ke viSaya meM, gAya aura brAhmaNa ke hita meM, kisI kI hiMsA ke nirAkaraNa meM yadi asatya bhI bolanA par3e to nindita nahIM hai| tAtparya yaha ki asatya kA doSa to hogA, para ina kAryoM se puNya bhI hogA, jisakI mAtrA atyadhika hogii| ata: usa puNya rAzi se pApa kI atyalpa mAtrA zAnta ho jaaegii| jaise jAr3e se ThiThurA huA pA~va Aga para rakha diyA jAtA hai, Aga kI kaNikA pA~va meM lagatI hai, para usase kiJcita bhI kaSTa nahIM hotaa| eka purANa meM aisI kathA milatI hai ki eka badhika ne kisI mRga ko vANa se mArA; bANa lagane se mRga daur3atA huA eka RSi ke Azrama meM chipa gayA, badhika AyA RSi ko praNAma pUrvaka pUchA ki mahArAja! idhara Apake Azrama meM eka mRga AyA hai Apa kRpayA batA deM ki vaha kahA~ hai ? RSi ne uttara diyA ki-ai badhika ! / ___ yA pazyati na sA brUte, yA brUte sA na pazyati / arthAt jo vyakti dekhatA hai vaha to bolane meM samartha nahIM hai, tathA jo jihvA bolatI hai, vaha dekha nahIM sktii| isa prakAra hiMsA kA bacAva karate huye unhoMne satya' kA pAlana kiyaa| kabhI-kabhI gAMdhI jI bhI apane antaraGga vyaktiyoM se kaha dete the ki Apa isa bAta ko na pUche, isa viSaya meM hama kucha nahIM kheNge| yaha bhI satya kA pAlana hI hai| __satyanArAyaNa kI kathA skandapurANa ke revAkhaNDa meM kahI jAtI hai, usameM nArAyaNa arthAt Izvara ko satyarUpa meM yAda kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ kaliyuga ke liye satyarUpI janArdana hI sarvasva batAye gaye haiM, jo gAMdhI jI kI avicala vizvAsa bhUmikA hai| isa kathA meM devarSi nArada zrotA haiM, vaikuNThAdhipati bhagavAna vaktA haiN| "kenopAyena caiteSAM duHkhanAzobhaved dhruvam" isI uddezya se nArada jI kA prazna hai| gAMdhI jI bhI mAnavoM ke duHkha se saMtapta citta hokara hI satya rUpI Izvara kI zaraNa lete haiM, satyAgraha karate haiN| sarvatra vyApta satya rUpI Izvara ne unakI arthAt unake satya pakSa kI vijaya ghoSaNA kara dii| idhara devarSi nArada bhI prANiyoM ke santApa-nivAraNa ke liye satyanArAyaNa kI kathA kA pracAra tathA satya vrata lene kI ghoSaNA karate haiN| kAzIpurI kA eka brAhmaNa usa vrata meM dIkSita hotA hai, phira lakar3I becane vAlA kASTha vikretA, phira sapatnIka rAjA tathA vaizya Adi sajjana vRnda isa vrata meM dIkSA lete haiN| Aja kala isakA bhArata bhara meM avicchinna pracAra hai| itanA hI nahIM videzoM meM bhI isa kathA kA zraddhApUrvaka pracAra hai| yahA~ parisaMvAda-3

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satya kI vyAkhyA para yaha smaraNIya hai ki nAraM dadAtIti nAradaH arthAt mAnavatA kA dAna karane vAlA yA nRNAM narANAM vA bhAvo nAram "prANabhRjjAtivayo vacanAd gAtrAdibhyo'J isa pANini sUtra se nR athavA nara zabda se prANabhRjjAti vAcaka hone se bhAva artha meM aJ pratyaya hokara nAra zabda niSpanna hotA hai, jisakA artha hai "mAnavatA, usakA dene vAlA, arthAt mAnavatA kI zikSA dene vaalaa| svayaM bhI nAraM dayate, rakSati isa vyutpatti se mAnavatA kI rakSA karane vAlA, yaha bhI artha hai / paropakAra vratI hI hI mAnavatA kA rakSaka hotA hai| dekhiye 'aSTAdazapurANeSu vyAsasya vacanadvayama, paropakAraH puNyAya pApAya parapIDanam .' arthAt aThArahoM purANoM kA niSkarSa yaha hai ki-puNya kI icchA ho to paropakAra kIjiye, pApa kI icchA ho to parapIDAdIjiye / go vAmI tulasIdAsa ne bhI yahI kahA hai - parahita sarisa dharma nahiM bhaaii| parapIDA sama nahiM adhmaaii|' nArada zabda kA yaha bhI artha hai ki--nAraM mAnavatAM dyati khaNDayati arthAt mAnavatA kA khaNDana karane vaalaa| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki mAnava jaba apane pUrNa lakSya ko prApta kara letA hai taba vaha (naro-nArAyaNo bhavet) arthAt nArAyaNa ho jAtA hai, usa siddhAnta kA pracAra karane se nArada jI meM yaha bhI artha caritArtha hotA hai| mAnavatA se dAnavatA kI ora le jAnA yadyapi mAnavatA kA khaNDana hai, tathApi yaha artha yahA~ isa liye nahIM mAnA hai ki vaha anya arthoM se viruddha hai| prakRta meM tAtparya yaha hai ki parAnugrahecchA se prerita isa kaliyuga meM gAMdhI jI ke satyAcaraNa para dhyAna diyA jAya to avazya yaha samajha meM A jAyegA ki ve devarSi nArada ke mArga kA anuzIlana karate huye Izvara tattva ko satya rUpa meM dekhanA cAhate the| samasta vizva ko satyAcaraNa meM pravRtta karate the, sAtha hI usakA upAya sarvocca rUpa meM pravRtta ahiMsA ko batAte the| unhoMne mAnavatA kI rakSA karate huye sabhI ko mAnavatA kI zikSA dI hai| __ Aja kA mAnava satya ke lakSya se vicalita hotA huA dekhA jA rahA hai| vaha eka rupaye kI vastu ko 10) dasa rupaye meM becane kA prayatna karatA hai, kisI bhI viziSTa pada ko prApta karake adhikAdhika utkoca (ghUsa ) dravya lekara apanA tarpaNa karanA cAhatA hai| sarvatra mAtsyanyAya kI vyApti dekhI jA rahI hai| sabhI kA uddezya eka mAtra vaiSayika sukha kI prApti bana gayo hai yahI to pAzavika pravRtti athavA cArvAka pravRtti hai| yAvajjIvetsukhaM jIvet RNaM kRtvA ghRtaM pivet / bhasmIbhUtasya dehasya punarAgamanaM kutaH // parisaMvAda -3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM isa siddhAnta kI ghoSaNA ho rahI hai| isase bacane kA eka mAtra upAya hai satyAcaraNa / isa AcaraNa ko jIvana meM utArane para zuddha ghI meM DAlaDA nahIM milAyA jaaegaa| eka rupaye kI vastu dasa rupaye meM nahI becI jaaegii| utkoca nahIM liyA jaaegaa| kisI ko kisI prakAra kI pIr3A nahIM dI jaaygii| kyoMki sabhI kA lakSya satya prApti ho jAegA, asatyAcaraNa se sabhI ko bhaya hogA, karmaphala evaM punarjanma para sabhI ko vizvAsa hogaa| jaisA ki gAMdhI jI ko thaa| aise mahAn puruSoM ke dvArA parizIlita satyAnuSThAna kI paddhati mAnavatA kA sarvAtizaya rUpa meM poSaNa karatI hai, usakA anuSThAna vizva ke liye paramopayogI hai| sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu niraamyaaH| sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcid duHkhabhAga bhavet // zAntiH zAntiH zAntiH

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bhAratIya darzana meM gAndhI kI ahiMsA AcArya paM0 vizvanAtha zAstrI dAtAra bande bodhamayaM nityaM guruM zaGkararupiNam / yamAzrito hi vakro'pi candraH sarvatra vandyate // gAndhIjI kI ahiMsA Adi paddhatiyoM ke prati dArzanika siddhAntoM kA mataikya kisa aMza meM hai tathA kisa aMza meM nahIM, ina do praznoM para vicAra vyakta kiyA jA vartamAna samAja gAndhI jI ke ahiMsAdisiddhAnta se paricita hai| usI siddhAnta ke nirUpaNa meM mere kathana ko vidheyatA na hogii| isaliye bhAratIya dArzanika siddhAnta kI rUpa rekhA ko vyakta kiyA jA rahA hai| bhAratIya darzana kI dRSTi do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta haiN| eka svasiddhAnta kA nirUpaNa krnaa| dUsarA sAmAjika sthiti ko dekhate hue varNAzramiyoM kI mUla sthiti ko dRr3ha banAne ke liye sanmArga kA pradarzana kraanaa| unameM katipaya darzana aise haiM jo ahiMsAdi mahAvrata ko apanAne ke liye upadeza dete haiN| ukta upadeza ko pratyeka vyakti iSTa samajhatA hai to yaha tabhI sambhava hogA. jaba ki pratyeka vyakti nirAkAMkSa ho bodha meM hI ramatA rahe tathA kAma tattva se vaha sarvathA asaMspRSTa ho| yadi samAja kA pratyeka vyakti vaisA na ho to katipaya vyakti hI ahiMsAdimahAvrata ke saMkalpa ko apanAkara dArzanika siddhAnta kA Adarza upasthApita karate haiN| dArzanikoM ne ahiMsAdidharma ko mahAvrata isaliye kahA hai ki dezakAla kI sImA se ye Avaddha nahIM haiN| yaha vrata dArzanikoM ke mata meM saphala mAnA jAtA hai jaba sabhI pazu-pakSi Adi prANI vratI ke sAnnidhya meM baira tyAgate hoN| parisaMvAda

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM isa siddhAnta meM ahiMsAlu vyakti vaise nahIM haiM jo ki apane ko pIr3ita karane hoM, kyoMki svayaM ko anazana Adi nimita se pIr3A pahu~cAnA bhI dArzanikoM ke mata meM hiMsA hI samajhI jAtI hai / 14 jaba samAja meM vyakti ahiMsAdi vrata ke upayukta nahIM rahate, taba dArzaniko ne hiMsA aura ahiMsA ko vidhi se maryAdita kiyA hai| isa maryAdA meM sAmAjika paraMparA nirApada hai tathA pArasparika vizvAsa Abaddha hai / isa nibandhana kA phala dUsarA yaha bhI huA ki kaNTaka zodhana kA mArga prazasta hai| samAja meM avidyA kA AvaraNa jaba durapaneya ho prasRta hai taba vaha tRSNA kA gulAma ho pAraMparika zrRMkhalA se viskhalita hotA rahatA hai / usa avasthA meM samAja kI sthiti bhI zocanIya dRSTigocara hotI hai / aisI bigar3atI dazA meM darzana ke sAmane do dRSTiyA~ haiM / (1) samAja ko svakartavya kA yathAvatparipAlana karane meM preraNA karanA / (2) para ke AkramaNa se sva evaM deza kI surakSA karanA / etadartha zaurya evaM yuddhAbhyAsa kI apekSA hotI hai / pUrva dArza nakoM kA kathana itanA hI hai ki asatya evaM hiMsA ko adharma ke nAma para yadi sarvathA rokA jAe to samAja apanA rakSaNa nahIM kara pAyegA / kyoMki apane varga para AkramaNa karane ke liye para sannaddha hai / isIliye zAstrakAroM ne prabala kaNTaka bhUta para kA damana karane ke liye kUTa yuddha vihita kara rakkhA hai / AkrAmaka hai to zaurya vijaya bhI abhyarhita hai / ataH daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI pUrNatayA apanAyI jAnI cAhiye / vadha Adi daNDa kA prayoga zAstrokta siddhAnta kA yogya anugamana karatA hai to dArzanikoM kI rAya meM vaha adharma nahIM hai / I daNDa kI yuktatA rahane se hI daurAtmya samAja meM nahIM rahatA, tabhI darzana samAja ko svakartavya meM prerita kara sakate haiM / buddhimAnoM kI buddhimattA isI meM hai ki daNDabhaya se apane jIvana ke pauviparya ko samajhe / kAzIrAja divodAsa ko puruSArtha siddha hone para kAzIrAjya se ahiMsA kA kA upadeza dekara dArzanikoM ne unako rAjya se virata kiyA thA / vaiSNava Adi ahiMsAvratiyoM ne ahiMsA para hI pUrNa bala diyA hai inakI paraMparA bhI veda se anumodita hai / phira bhI samAja kI uparyukta sthiti ko dekhate huye vyavasthApaka ke svarUpa daNDadhara kA anumodana karate haiM, unakA yaza bhI gAte haiM ! ajJajIvoM ko ahiMsA kA upadeza de kara diGmUDha karAnA iSTa nahIM mAnate / apane parisaMvAda - 3

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55 bhAratIya darzana meM gAndhI kI ahiMsA meM zaurya rakhanA hI vaiSNavatA kA cihna hai| rAga dveSa para jaba taka niyantraNa nahIM hotA taba taka ahiMsA kA ghoSa daurbalya kA sAdhaka hai| prabala pakSa ke virodha meM usako daNDita karane ke liye asahayoga karanA, yaha bhI hiMsA kA eka prakAra hai jo ki kUTa yuddha vikalpa meM ginA jA sakatA hai| durbaloM ko apanA kArya prabala kaNTakoM ke dvArA sAdhane ke lie durgalambhopAya ( satyAgraha ) hai| isa para aMza rakhane ke hetu se dharma se Abaddha kara rakhA hai| nahIM to samAja meM isI rAstA kA upayoga anAryoM ke dvArA prastuta ho kara prajA meM vyasana samRddhi ke rUpa meM pariNata hogaa| prazna hai ki maryAdita hiMsA bhI svarUpataH hiMsA hI hai, to vaha bhI gaya hI hai / usake samAdhAna meM dArzanikoM kA mata yahI hai ki samAja ke mUrdhanya Arya jisa kRti kI prazaMsA karate haiM, vaha dharma ke antargata hai| loka kaNTaka vyAghra kI mRtyu ko suna kara mArane vAle ko nindita nahIM karate, ataH kaNTaka hanana dharma hai / yamAryAH kriyamANaM hi zaMsantyAgamavedinaH / sadhoM yaM vigarhanti tamadharma pracakSate // . trayI ke dvArA maryAdita vyavasthA ke liye samAja meM sthita zRGkhalA ko duSTa, hanana karane meM saceSTa hote haiM to sAma Adi cAra upAyoM ke antargata daNDa kA vidhAna hai, usameM ukta asahayoga hai| vaha yadi ziSToM para prayukta hotA hai to pratiloma kahA jAtA hai| pratiloma ke liye dArzanikoM ke yahA~ mAnyatA nahIM hai| isI dRSTi se dharmasthIya, kaNTaka dhana Adi prakaraNa sucintita haiN| __ uparyukta kathana kA sArAMza yahI hai ki yadi samAja kA sarvAGgINa varga mitrabhAva meM haiM to ahiMsA kahI jA sakatI hai, dArzanikamata meM vaisA honA adharmavAtAvaraNa meM sambhava nhiiN| kiM bahunA ahiMsA ke Alambana meM zaurya samApta ho kara balahInatA hI dRSTigocara hogii| paryanta meM Andolana saphala hogA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kAmanA ke rahate punaH virodha kA honA paraspara meM aparihArya hai| para pakSa hiMsA para utArU hai to jaise vyAghra badhya hai vaise hI para pakSa bhI badhya hai| yadi parapakSa guNavAn hai to vaha AdaraNIya yA ucita rIti se pAlanIya hai / ataH kahanA hogA ki mana kI asaMyatatA meM ahiMsAvAda zaurya yA nAzaka ho sakatA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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56 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM asantuSTA dvijA naSTAH santuSTAzca mahIbhRtaH / ahiMsA kI Ar3a meM asahayoga Andolana jaise zastra kA prayoga vAstavika duSTa ke damana meM na hokara rAgamAnamadAndhatA meM ho rahA hai| arthAt aduSTa bhI isase daNDita hote hoM to nIti kI, asaphalatA hI samajhI jaayegii| isaliye dArzanikoM ne ahiMsA kA Azraya uccatara brahma niSNAta aura uccatara bhaktisaMpannoM meM hone ke liye kahA hai| auroM ke liye hiMsA evaM ahiMsA ko maryAdita kara sAmAjika vyavasthA ko unnata banAte hue saMghaTanA kI nIva ko dRDhamUla kiyA hai| isa rIti se gAndhIjI kA ahiMsAvAda bhI samanvita kiyA jAye to vaha bhI dArzanikoM ke mata meM grAhya hai anyathA nahIM hai| parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhI : ahiMsA kA vyavahAra pakSa zrI vIrendrapratApa siMha mahAtmAgAMdhI ne jisa ahiMsA kA vyApaka pracAra kiyA, vaha anya sampradAyoM evaM vyaktiyoM kI ahiMsA se adhika vyApaka aura vyAvahArika hai| yadyapi ahiMsA kA siddhAnta gAMdhI jI kA koI nayA siddhAnta nahIM hai| bhArata tathA vizva ke aneka dezoM ke logoM ne ahiMsA ke pAlana para jora diyA hai| ahiMsA ke mahAna zikSakoM aura Adarza udAharaNoM-pAva, mahAvIra, buddha, jIsasakrAisTa, pAla Apha TArasasa, paTa ra vAlDo, viliyama pena, thoro, TaoNlsTAya Adi meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA kUTa-kUTa kara bharI huI hai| santoM aura paigambaroM ke nAmoM meM mahAtmA gAMdhI kA nAma bar3e hI sAhasa aura dhairya ke sAtha sammilita karate haiN| unhoMne hiMsA ko ahiMsA ke mAdhyama se samApta karane kI vINA bajAI thii| unakA kahanA thA ki ahiMsA kI zakti se hI hiMsaka pravRttiyoM ko sammArga para lAyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yadi hiMsA se aisA sambhava' hotA to samAja kI burAiyoM ko dUra karane kI dizA meM hamArI unnati eka hamezA U~ce uThate hue hiMsA ke paimAne ke sAtha-sAtha hotI aura kama hiMsA kA ilAja karane ke liye adhika hiMsA kI AvazyakatA hotii| ____ mahAtmAgAMdhI kI ahiMsA ke vikAsa kI kalpanA kA AdhAra Adarza aura yathArtha donoM hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI svayaM ko vyAvahArika AdarzavAdI' kahate the| isIliye anya logoM kI apekSA unakI ahiMsA kI kalpanA kucha adhika namanIya hai| ve jainiyoM Adi kI taraha ahiMsA ke kaThoratAvAda se anAvazyaka rUpa se grasita nahIM haiM / jaina dArzanikoM ne ahiMsA kI kaThora vyAkhyA kI hai jo ki sabhI manuSyoM ke lie, sabhI paristhitiyoM meM grAhya nahIM hai| unake anusAra sabhI paristhitiyoM meM prANiyoM ke liye manasA, vAcA, karmaNA hiMsA kA varjana hai| isIliye jaina bhikSuoM ke kiye gaye phala-mUla jaise nirAmiSa bhojya padArthoM kA AhAra hI nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai| itanI kaThina ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA karane ke bAda bhI parigraha, jo ki gAMdhI ke vicAra meM hiMsA hai, ko Aja bhI apane antaHkaraNa meM apanAye hue haiM / usako 1. yaMga iNDiyA, 11-8-1920 parisaMvAda-3

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58 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM chor3anA zAyada unake baza ke bAhara hai| yadi ve apane ko ahiMsA kA bahuta bar3A pujArI mAnate haiM to dUsare loga jo Aja bhUkhoM mara rahe haiM. jinake pAsa apane tana ko Dhakane ke liye vastra nahIM hai, unakI sevA aura unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ko jainI bhAI kyoM nahIM karate? yaha ve nahIM kara pAegeM kyoMki unakI dRSTi meM yaha hiMsA nahIM hai jabaki yaha gAMdhI jI kI dRSTi meM hiMsA hai / isake atirikta bhI upaniSada, manusmRti Adi ke anusAra ahiMsA kA artha sAdhAraNataH kisI prANI ko kaSTa nahIM pahu~cAnA yA kisI prANI kA prANa na lenA hI hai| yadyapi manusmRti meM yajJa-vidhAnoM meM hiMsA kI khulI chUTa pradAna kI gayI hai| prAyaH yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki manusmRti meM prANI vizeSa ke badha kI ijAjata hai| gAMdhI jI kahate haiM ki badha kI AjJA nahIM hai / usake bAda vicAra meM unnati huI aura yaha taya huA ki kalikAla meM apavAda na rhe| isaliye vartamAna rivAja hiMsA-vizeSa ko kSatavya mAnatA hai aura manusmRti kI kitanI hI hiMsA kA pratibandha karatA hai, zAstra ne itanI chUTa rakhI hai| usase Age bar3hane ko dalIla spaSTataH galata hai, dharma saMyama meM hai, svacchandatA meM nhiiN| jo manuSya zAstra kI dI huI chUTa se lAbha nahIM uThAtA, vaha dhanyavAda kA pAtra hai| saMyama kI koI sImA nhiiN| saMyama kA svAgata duniyA ke tamAma zAstra karate haiN| xx ahiMsA dharma kA pAlana karane vAlA niraMtara jAgarUka rahakara apane hRdaya bala ko bar3hAve aura prApta chUToM ke kSetra ko saMkucita karatA jAya / bhoga haragija dharma nahIM hai| saMsAra kA jJAnamaya tyAga hI mokSa-prApti hai| saMsAra kA sarvathA tyAga himAlaya ke zikhara para bhI nahIM hai| hRdaya kI guphA saccI guphA hai| manuSya ko cAhie ki vaha DasameM chipakara surakSita rahakara saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI usase alipta rahakara anivArya kAmoM meM pravRtta hote hue vitaraNa kreN|' jagata ke manISiyoM aura tattvajJoM ne sAdhana ko pakar3a kara sAdhya ko prApta kiyA hai, kintu gAMdhI jI kI vicitra bAta yaha hai ki satya unake jIvana meM sahaja rUpa meM AyA aura ahiMsA bAda meM bar3e prayatna se aayii| yadyapi ki bAhya dRSTi se unakI yaha khoja vicitra sI lagatI hai, parantu Antarika dRSTa se sAdhya yA sAdhana kA abheda hone se donoM hI sthitiyA~ eka hI haiN| isIliye gAMdhI jI ke darzana meM satya aura ahiMsA prAyaH sAtha-sAtha hI pAye jAte haiN| yadyapi merA uddezya anya dharmoM kI ahiMsA kA itihAsa batAnA nahIM hai| merA uddezya gAMdhI jI kI ahiMsA kA mAtra vyAvahArika rUpa dikhAne kA prayAsa hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI kI ahiMsA koI avyAvahArika vastu nahIM hai, parantu yaha eka mAnavIya svabhAva aura mAnavIya hRdaya meM jIvita jAgrata kriyAzIla sadguNa hai| 1. hindI navajIvana 30 agasta 1925 parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhI : ahiMsA kA vyavahAra pakSa 59 yaha manuSyoM ko tuccha aura vyaktigata svArthoM ke bandhanoM se mukta karake una sahAnabhUtiyoM ke prati caitanyazIla banAtI hai jo manuSya ko U~cA uThAtI haiN| jIvana kA artha taba sArthaka hotA hai, jaba usakI gati sAmAnya pravRttiyoM meM taragita dikhAI detI hai aura sarva sAmAnya ke hRdayoM ko udvelita karatI hai| unakI ahiMsA kevala mahAtmAoM aura virAgiyoM kI ahiMsA nahIM hai aura na unakI ahiMsA kevala vizuddha dharmopadeza hI hai jisakA upadeza karake santa aura mahAtmA tRpta ho jAyA karate haiN| unakI ahiMsA vizuddha alabhya Adarza ke rUpa meM jagat ke sammukha upasthita nahIM huI hai| unakI ahiMsA kI kalpanA meM kevala prANI-mAtra ke prati dayA athavA jIvahiMsA mAtra na karanA hI samAviSTa nahIM hai| unakI ahiMsA ina sabase kahIM adhika vyApaka, kahIM adhika sajIva aura kahIM adhika sakriya hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne vyakti aura samUha ke liye, samAja ke saMghaTana aura sAmAjika tathA vyakti aura samUha ke liye, samAja ke saMghaTana aura sAmAjika tathA vyaktigata jIvana vyApAra ke liye jisa bhitti kA pratipAdana kiyA, vaha unakI ahiMsA meM samAviSTa hai| gAMdhI jI ahiMsA kI kalpanA meM kevala sIdhI-sAdI jIva dayA ho nahIM, varan ahaMtva ke parityAga kI kalpanA bhI mizrita hai| unakI dRSTi meM vaha saba hiMsA hai jisakA janma ahaM ke bhAva se hotA hai| svArtha, prabhutA kI bhAvanA, asaMtulita aura asaMyamita bhoga-vRtti, vizuddha bhautikatA kI pUjA, zastra aura zakti ke dvArA apanI kAmanAoM kI pUrti apane adhikAra ko banAye rakhane ke liye bala kA sahArA tathA dUsaroM ke adhikAroM kA apaharaNa Adi samasta bAteM hiMsA hI haiN| unake anusAra hiMsA eka manaHsthiti hai jo vizeSa prakAra kI pravRtti meM utpanna hotI hai| unakI ahiMsA ina sabase viparIta manaHsthita pravRtti, patha aura kArya kI dhotikA hai, vaha svArtha ahaMkAra, bhautika bhogoM kI lolupatA se U~ce uThakara, apane vyaktitva kA visarjana virATa ke hita meM kara dene meM apanA vikAsa, apanI pragati aura apanA niHzreyasa dekhe / isa prakAra kI ahiMsA ko ve vyaktigata tathA sAmAjika jIvana kA mUla AdhAra banAnA cAhate the| unakA vizvAsa thA ki ahiMsaka ke samIpa hiMsA Tika hI nahIM sktii| apanI praur3hAvasthA meM vaha maharSi paJjali dvArA pratipAdita ki "ahiMsA kI pratiSThA ho jAne para sAdhaka ke samIpa sabakA bairabhAva naSTa ho jAtA hai|"1 meM vizvAsa karate the| 1. ahiMsA pratiSThAyAM tatsannidhau bairatyAgaH-sAdhanapAda, 35 1-ka hindI navajIvana, 1 mArca 1928 parisavAda-3

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! bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM mahAtmA gAMdhI ne svayaM kahA hai ki merI ahiMsA koI kitAbI siddhAnta nahIM hai jo anukUla avasara dekhakara batalAyI jaay| yaha vaisA siddhAnta hai jise maiM sabhI kArya kSetroM meM lAne ke prayatna apane jIvana ke pratyeka kSaNa meM kara rahA hU~ / Age mahAtmA gAMdhI ne likhA hai ki ahiMsA kSatriya kA dharma hai| mahAvIra kSatriya the, buddha kSatriya the / ve saba thor3e yA bahuta ahiMsA ke upAsaka the| hama unake nAma para bhI ahiMsA kA pravartana cAhate haiM / lekina isa samaya to ahiMsA kA ThekA bhIru vaizya varga ne le liyA hai, isaliye vaha dharma nisteja ho gayA hai| ahiMsA kA dUsarA nAma hai kSamA kI parisImA / lekina kSamA to vIra puruSa kA bhUSaNa hai / abhaya ke binA ahiMsA nahIM ho sakatI / x x x jIva lenA hamezA hiMsA nahIM hai / yA yoM kaha lIjiye ki aneka avasaroM para jIva na lene meM adhika hiMsA hai / " isIliye sanAtana hindU hone ke bAvajUda bhI gAMdhI jI ne mRtyu ke mukha meM par3e gAya ke bachar3e ko DAkTara se kahakara jahara kI suI dilavAkara maravA diyA / x x x kintu jo bhI ho, unakI AtmA meM karuNA to isase prakaTa hotI hI hai| isa taraha mAnavIya karuNA aura mAnavIya tarka se ota-prota gAMdhI jI kI ahiMsA adhika vyAvahArika dIkha par3atI hai / isa prakAra yaha bAta pramANita hotI hai ki gAMdhI jI kI ahiMsA vyAvahArika jIvana se kAphI aMzoM meM jur3I huI sI lagatI hai / 60 gAMdhIjI ahiMsA meM vyApaka prema aura karuNA kI bhAvanA sannihita hai / romA rolA ne isI ko ananta dhairya aura asIma prema kahA hai / unake asahayoga Andolana meM jinake prati asahayoga kiyA jAtA thA, unake liye ghRNA nahIM varan prema hI thA / " yaha ahiMsA kI bhAvAtmaka vyAkhyA hai jisameM bhagavAna buddha kA maitrI aura karuNA, mahAvIra kI maitrI, karuNA, pramoda evaM mAdhyastha aura hindU dharma kI jIva dayA yA bhUta-dayA kI bhAvanAe~ haiM / isI ko IsA masIha bhI apanI bhASA meM kahate haiMduzmanoM se pyAra karo / " vizva ko gAMdhI jI kI ahiMsA kI sabase bar3I vyAvahArika dena hai yaha sthApanA ki saMgaThita hiMsA kI bhA~ti hI hiMsA ke nivAraNa ke liye ahiMsA ko bhI saMgaThita kiyA jA sakatA hai / yuddha se yuddha kA nivAraNa nahIM ho sakatA hai / 1. hindI navajIvana, 28 akTUbara 1926 2. gAMdhI darzana mImAMsA, DA. rAmajI siMha, bihAra grantha akAdamI, pR0 79 3. yaMga iNDiyA 6 / 8 / 1625 4. gAMdhI darzana mImAMsA DA0 rAmajI siMha, pR0 81 5. saeNTa maithyu 5044 parisaMvAda - 3

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gAMdhI: ahiMsA kA vyavahAra pakSa isase pratihiMsAoM kA krama cala par3atA hai| dakSiNa aphrIkA kher3A, campArana ityAdi meM ahiMsaka pratikAra ke liye janamata ko saMgaThita karake unhoMne prayoga kiye / satata parIkSaNa aura prayoga se vaha isa nizcaya para pahu~ce ki anyAya ki sthiti bhaya ke kAraNa hI sambhava hotI hai| unhoMne dekhA ki ahiMsA meM mAnava jAti ke prati eka aisI prabala zakti par3I huI hai jisakA koI pAra nhiiN| manuSya kI buddhi ne saMsAra ke jo pracaNDa se pracaNDa asstra-zastra banAye haiM unase bhI pracaNDa yaha ahiMsA kI zakti hai / ata: yaha viphala to kabhI hotI hI nahIM hai| ___ahiMsA ke viSaya meM sAmAnya logoM meM yaha bhrama paidA ho gayA hai ki ahiMsA durbaloM kA astra hai| kintu gAMdhI jI hamezA kahA karate the ki jahA~ bhaya hai vahA~ ahiMsA ho hI nahIM sakatI hai| ahiMsA abhaya kI caramAvasthA hai| nirbhayatA aura Atmabala ke binA ahiMsA cala nahIM sktii|' unakI ahiMsA meM pratihiMsA kI bhAvanA nahIM, apitu kSamA kI bhAvanA rahatI hai| pratihiMsA bhI eka prakAra kI durbalatA kA hI dyotaka hai kintu kSamA vIroM kA bhUSaNa hai| unhoMne spaSTa kahA hai ki ahiMsaka pratikAra meM hama vastutaH hiMsA kA pratikAra nahIM karate, varan hama durbalatA se jUjhate haiN| durbala vyakti ke liye pApa-puNya, dharma-adharma kA koI artha nahIM hai / 2 kAyaratApUrNa zAMtivAda se vIratApUrNa yuddha kahIM acchA hai / isIliye gAMdhI jI kA satyAgraha kisI prakAra kA zaktihIna adhyAtmavAda yA niSkriya pratikAra nahIM, varan atyanta sakriya AdhyAtmika zakti ke rUpa meM prakaTa huii| yaMga iNDiyA . meM unhoMne kahA hai ki ahiMsA vIroM kA guNa hai aura ise hama niSkriya, durbala aura aura asahAyapUrNa adhInatA kI saMjJA nahIM de skte| isaliye unhoMne logoM se spaSTa kahA ki yadi ahiMsaka antima balidAna ko taiyAra na ho, vahA~ Atma-rakSA hI dharma hai| ataH yaha kahanA ki gAMdhI jI kI ahiMsA kAyaroM evaM durbaloM ke liye hai, nitAnta galata aura bhramapUrNa hai| ___ mahAtmA gAMdhI ko apane jIvana ke anubhavoM meM satyAgraha aura ahiMsA kA prayoga eka gulAma deza ke sambandha meM hI karanA par3A, parantu apane anubhavoM ke kSetra ko phailAne aura prabhu-sattA sampanna svazAsita dezoM meM ahiMsA kI zakti ko ajamAne kI sambhAvanA unake vicAra meM nahIM thIM; sambhavataH aisI bAta nahIM hai| unhoMne kaI 1. yaMga iNDiyA, 4.11-1626 2. romA rolA: mahAtmA gAMdhI : pR0 127 3. yaMga iNDiyA : 4-8-1920 parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM avasaroM para yaha ghoSaNA kI hai ki eka deza jo briTiza sAmrAjya jaisI zaktizAlI saMsthA ke viruddha apanI svatantratA prApta kara sakatA hai vaha ThIka unhI tarIkoM dvArA jinake prayoga se svatantratA prApta kI thI, use kAyama bhI rakha sakatA hai| gAMdhI jI kA yahI sIdhA-sAdA dhyeya hai ki hiMsA aura khUna kharAbI ko apanA dharma samajha vAlI yuddha-senAoM ke sthAna para zAnti senAoM kI sthApanA kI jAnI cAhie / deza meM jaba sampradAyikatA kI Aga bhar3akI, taba bhI unhoMne apanI ahiMsA se hI use dabAyA / unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki, "khUna kA badalA khUna se yA harajAne se nahIM liyA jA sakatA / khUna kA badalA lene kA kevala eka hI rAstA hai ki hama badale kI bhAvanA na rakhate hue svayaM ko balidAna kareM / " " gAMdhI jI ne svArAjya se lekara yuddha ke saMdarbhoM taka meM ahiMsA kA pratipAdana kiyA / isa prakAra ahiMsA jIvana kI eka vikasita kalA hai| ahiMsA jIvana kA eka zaktizAlI mArga hai jise racanAtmaka kAryoM ke mAdhyama se abhiyukta honA cAhie / 2 62 ahiMsA kA prAcIna siddhAnta gAMdhI jI ko pAkara maulika ho gayA / unakI ahiMsA paramparAgata ahiMsA kI mitra ho gayI, kyoMki usameM vyavahArikatA samAhita hai| gAMdhI jI ne usako vyavahAropayogI banAkara ahiMsA ke purAtana arthoM kI sImAoM kA vistAra kiyA / unhoMne ahiMsA ke vaiyaktika tattva meM sAmAjikatA kA praveza karAyA tathA usake niSkriya evaM saiddhAntika pakSa ko atyanta sakriya banA diyA / unakI dRSTi meM ahiMsaka kArya bhI hiMsaka ho sakatA hai aura hiMsaka kArya bhI ahiMsA kI sImA meM A sakatA hai / kyoMki mahattva usa manaHsthiti kA hai jise grahaNa karake mAnava kAryaM vizeSa karatA haiM / unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki nAjiyo ke viruddha zastra uThAkara poloM dvArA jo yuddha huA, vaha ahiMsaka thA / ahamadAbAda meM pAgala kuttoM ko unakA maravAnA bhI ahiMsaka manaHsthiti kA dyotaka hai / isa prakAra kI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA vizva ke kisI bhI dharma yA sampradAya meM nahIM pAyI jAtI hai / gAMdhI jI ne isa prakAra ahiMsA ko vyavahAra ke dharAtala para lAkara khar3A kara diyA, jise anya mahApuruSoM ne nahIM kara pAyA thA / aba prazna Aja ke saMdarbha meM gAMdhI jI kI ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke pAlana kA hai ? maiM sirpha itanA hI kahanA cAhatA hU~ ki Aja vyakti samAja, rASTa tathA antArASTrIya stara para ise prayoga meM lAne kA prayAsa kara rahA hai| yaha jarUra kahA jA sakatA 1. harijana sevaka 18 agasta 1946 2. grega, ricarDa vI0 e0 Disiplina phAra nAna-vAhaleMsa, 5.3 parisaMvAda - 3

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gAMdhI : ahiMsA kA vyavahAra pakSa hai ki isake liye koI bhI sarakArI ejensI nahIM hai| phira bhI vyakti apane antaHkaraNa se ise vyavahAra meM lAne ke liye prayatnazIla hai| muslima dezoM meM hAtha ke badale hAtha kATane kA daNDa diyA jAtA hai parantu hamAre deza meM isa taraha kI daNDa vyavasthA nahIM hai| ise yadi gAMdhI jI kA prabhAva nahIM kahA jAyegA to hama aura kyA kaha sakate haiM ? abhI kucha varSoM pahale mAnanIya jayaprakAza bAbU ke sAmane bIhar3a DAkuoM ne Atma samarpaNa kiyaa| isake liye sarakAra unake sudhAra kA prayAsa kara rahI hai| ise Apa kyA kaheMge? isa prakAra hama itanA jarUra kaha sakate haiM ki pUrNa rUpa meM abhI bhale hI ahiMsA vyavahAra meM na AyI ho, para AMzika rUpa meM jIvana ke hara kSetra meM isakA vyavahAra hone lagA hai| agara itanA bhI na ho to mAnasika rUpa se vyakti ahiMsA ke pAlana ke liye avazya hI taiyAra ho rahA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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satya aura ahiMsA : gAMdhI kI dRSTi meM AcArya DaoN0 mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI adhyAtmika bhUmi para bahirmukhI cintA evaM laukika karmakalApoM kA anuSThAna puruSottama kI bhUmikA hai| svAdhyAya kI sabalabhitti para vyavahAra aura pravacana bhAratIya saMskRti hai| Agama, svAdhyAya, pravacana aura vyavahAra ye jIvana ke cAra caraNa haiN| agamakAla jIvana kA uSAkAla hai| jahA~ prabhAkara kI dRSTi se adhyApanavidhi prayukta gurUpaniSad se jJAna evaM AcAra kI zikSA milatI hai| jIvana ke cAra kAla meM yaha agraja hai, agraja kA avamAna anuja kI krodha sRSTi kA sAdhana hotA hai / Agama ke binA svAdhyAya Adi kI sthiti kA prazna hI nahIM rahatA hai / AtmazUnya Adhibhautika sthUla tattva ke anusAra cintA dhArA evaM kartavya nirdhAraNa vyavahAra aura pravacana ko chinna-bhinna kara detA hai| RSi sevita bhArata vasundharA kI vimala prabhA ne didiganta ko prodbhAsita evaM kartavya ke mArga kA nirdeza kiyA thaa| jIvana ke uSAkAla meM vihaGgakAkalI ke sAtha gurukula ke bAlakoM ke komala kaNTha se niHsRta gIta navIna jIvana saMcAra ke sAtha kartavya kI zikSA detI thii| kintu, Aja nidAgha santaptA srotasvatI ke samAna bhAratI kA ajasra jJAna astonmukha sUrya kI mlAna rekhA ke sAtha amAkI nizA ke Agamana kI sUcanA de rahI hai| Aja jIvana kA antima caraNa vicchedonmukha zarIra se sambandha rakhatA huA usakI sthiratA kA nATaka kara rahA hai / jJAna aura vijJAna ke bAhya sampad, bhoga, vilAsa, sadAcAra, mana ko caMcala evaM pathabhraSTa kara rahe haiN| haM ho ? pAzcAtya zikSA ke sAtha usakA Adarza bhI gRhIta hotI to bAhya anuSThAna kI cakAcauMdha or3hanI se Achanna ubhayapatha paribhraSTa jIvana vyatIta karane kI anivAryatA na rhtii| Aja ke upadeSTA bhUtAnugraha ke AdhAra para AtmAnugraha meM Asakta na hote| kisI bhI upadeza kA mUlAdhAra AcAra honA caahie| AcArasampanna vyakti ho apanI prajJA se kartavya kI dIkSA de sakatA hai| jJAna aura AcAra sarvathA anyo parisaMbAda-3

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satya aura ahiMsA : gAMdhI kI dRSTi meM nyAzrita rahate haiM / jJAna jJAna ke lie nahIM, vyavahAra aura pravacana ke lie hai / bhArata meM nivRtti mArga ke anuyAyI evaM anAsakta maharSiyoM kA abhAva nahIM rahA hai / ina logoM ne janma grahaNa kA bhAratIya janamana ko virakti ke lie prabuddha kiyA / prajA varga aihika unnati aura sampatti sAdhana meM Agraha se zUnya thA / isa virakti ne usa dina apanI maryAdA kA atikramaNa kiyA, jaba bhArata ke prabala pratApI rAjAgaNa vairAgya sAdhana meM tatpara upadeSTAoM ke Asana ko rAjasiMhAsana kI apekSA adhika Adara ke sAtha dekhane ke lie bAdhya hue| vairAgya sampanna rAjAoM kA prabhutva chinna-bhinna ho gayA aura AdhyAtmika zakti bhI usake sAtha hI kSINatara ho gayI / adhyAtmika samRddhi ke Aveza meM rAjadharma itanA upekSita huA ki svayaM hI apane rakSaka ke binA vinaSTa ho gayA / ekAnta vairAgya pradhAna nivRttimArga parAyaNa dharma ne anadhikArI logoM ko vairAgyasAdhanoM meM vRtta kiyaa| AdhyAtmika zakti kSAtrazakti donoM kA samanvaya aihika aura AdhyAtmika abhyudaya kA kAraNa hotI hai / nAbrahma kSatramRdhnoti nAkSatraM varddhate tapaH / paraspara samanvaya se dUra parama puruSArtha kI AkAMkSA durAkAMkSA se abhibhUta hone para aihika aura pAralaukika donoM hI sampattiyA~ astavyasta ho jAtI haiM / aihika dhUlisAta ho jAtA hai aura mukti kA mArga kaNTakAkIrNa ho jAtA hai / bhAratIya dRSTi sArvabhauma vikAsa kI dRSTi se darzana evaM tanmUlaka AcAra kA vizleSaNa prastuta karatI hai vizeSa jAti yA samudAya vizeSa kI aura kalyANa kI dRSTi bheda ko sambala detI hai / samudAya kA hita hI vyakti kA hita hai, yaha nItizAstra kA sAmAnya pratipAdana hai / mila, venthama aura iMglaiNDa ke hitavAdI nItijJa vyaktiyoM ne bahuta AdamiyoM kI bhalAI ko hI vyaktigata bhalAI kA kAraNa siddhAntarUpa se mAnA hai / nItizAstrakAra evaM dharmazAstrakAroM ne isI tattva kA punaH pratipAdana kiyA hai / I 65 bhAratavAsI prAcIna kAla se ahiMsA dharma ke gaurava aura kalyANakAritA kA pracAra karate rahe haiM / veda, upaniSad se lekara purANa, itihAsa, kAvya sAhitya sabhI meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya Adi dharmoM kI mahimA gAI haiM evaM kone-kone meM isakA pracAra prasAra kiyA hai / samprati mahAtmA gAMdhI ne ahiMsA aura satya kI nIva para bhAratavarSa kI svatantratA kA nirmANa kiyA / kintu ahiMsA aura satya kA svarUpa sahajabuddhi se parisaMvAda - 3 9

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM nirUpaNa karanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| sAdhAraNa janatA ke sAmane U~ce AdhyAtmika tattvoM ke pracAra karane meM aneka vipattiyA~ haiN| ucca AdhyAtmika tattvoM kI avagati ke lie ucita adhikArI aparihArya hai| yadi ina tattvoM ko vivRtarUpa meM bodha kara liyA jAya to ve hI tattva mahAn artha ke sAdhana hoNge| mahAtmAgAMdhI ne jisa rASTra ke svarUpa kI kalpanA kI thI vaha zuddha bhAratIya thA, usameM sainya, rakSaka, puruSa aura bAhubala ke prayoga kA avakAza na thaa| mahAbhArata ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para prAcInatama satyayuga ise kahA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ zAsana kI vyavasthA na thii| saba dharmaparAyaNa krodha, lobha, moha, mAtsarga zUnya yadRcchAlabdha anna vastra se santuSTa, anAsakta the| yaha satyayuga anAsakta satya para pratiSThita thA, aura adharma ke prAdurbhAva ke sAtha aMvasanna huaa| mAtsya-nyAya ke anusAra rAjanirvAcana aura rAjadharma ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA huii| yaha mAnavamAtra kI anubhUti hai ki vaha samaya aba nahIM A sktaa| sabhI gAMdhI, zaMkara yA buddha nahIM ho sakate haiN| aba yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki yaha samaya punaH nahIM aaegaa| mAnava citta kAma, krodha, lobha Adi nikRSTa vRttiyoM se prabhAvita rahegA evaM apane sva kI sArvabhauma pratiSThA ke binA svArthasiddhi meM tatpara dUsaroM ko Thagate rheNge| jaba taka hiMsA, chala, kapaTa, mithyA kA AzyaNa karane meM kuNThita na hoMge taba taka durbala manuSyoM ke hitasAdhana ke lie evaM durAcAroM ko avaruddha karane ke lie daNDa kI anivAryatA banI rahegI / ahiMsA ke yathArtha svarUpa ke sambandha meM pUrNa jJAna kA abhAva hI ina vipattiyoM kA sAdhana hai| AdhyAtmika yA daivI zakti ke prabhAva se AtatAyI ke mana meM yadi sattvaguNoM ke udreka paidA ho jAya to prema aura ahiMsA kI satya mUlaka krAnti pratiSThita ho sakatI hai| caitanya deva ne AtatAyI ko prema se ahiMsA ke AdhAra para vazIbhUta avazya kiyA, kintu yaha bhI eka vyakti sApekSa thaa| zrIkRSNa, buddha, mahAvIra, Izu Adi ne AdhyAtmikatA kI mUla bhitti para jIvana ko pratiSThita karane ke lie yoga prabhAva se pAzavika zakti kA pratirodha kiyaa| ve citta ko prema rasa se pariplupta hI kara sakeM, isameM itihAsa sAkSa vahana kara rahA hai| mahAtmAgAMdhI ne rAjanItikSetra meM bAhya aura Abhyantara sarvatomukhI ahiMsA kI sthApanA karane kA bharaNaparyanta prayatna kiyA, kintu saphalatA kA anubhava sabhI vyakti kara rahe haiN| parisaMvAda.-3

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satya aura ahiMsA : gAMdhI jI kI dRSTi meM hiMsA ke bAhya aura Abhyantara do stara haiM / rAgadveSa, lobha, moha mAtsarya Adi antaHzatru se prerita hokara jIvahiMsA karanA saccI hiMsA hai | zarIraccheda Adi usakA bAhya prakAza hai / mahAvIra ke dvArA pratiSThita ahiMsA meM jainadArzanikoM kA prabala pakSapAta unake zAstroM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para siddha hotA hai / kintu unhoMne bhI dravyahiMsA aura bhAvahiMsA ke rUpa meM hiMsA ke do bheda varNita kiye haiM / krodhAdi se preraNAzUnya hiMsA dravya hiMsA hai - yaha vAstavika hisA nahIM hai / isa dizA meM devAgatakITAdi kI hiMsA aparihArya hai / saMyatAtmA sAdhu bhI isase nivRtta jIvana vyatIta karane meM asamartha haiM / ataH isa hiMsA kI pratiSedhAtmikA ahiMsA kI pratiSThA kisI ne bhI nahIM kI hai / kaluSita citta rAgadveSAdi se prerita hiMsA hI hiMsA hai jo adharma janaka evaM pratiSiddha bhI hai / yaha mAnavahiMsA hai| mImAMsakoM ne bhI vaidika hiMsA ko rAgadveSAdi kI bhitti para pratiSThita hiMsA na hone se usako nahIM mAnA hai / vaha eka taraha balidAna, Atmavisarjana, sahiSNutA hai / balidAna bhI hiMsA hI hai kintu vaha parihArya nahIM, doSAvaha nahIM / tideva kI kathA meM jahA~ gomedha kI carcA hai vaha sabhI ko jJAta hai / mahAbhArata ke usa adhyAya ko dekhane se yaha siddha hai ki gauoM ne svayaM anAsakta rUpa meM lokasamRddhi ke lie apane ko balidAna kiyA thaa| ve anAsaktarUpa meM apanA balidAna karatI thI / isake upasaMhAra se yaha spaSTa hai, eka gau jaba apane bacce ke zabda se Asakta mamatA ke bhAva ko abhIpsita rUpa meM abhivyakta karatI hai, usI samaya yaha yajJa samApta ho jAtA hai / balidAna meM anAsakti hai, abheda hai, lokahita kAmanA evaM sarve bhavantu sukhina: kI bhAvanA hai| yajJa meM bali hotA hai hiMsA nahIM / yajJAdi meM pazu hiMsA rAgadveSAdi se prerita hokara nahIM hotI hai, ataH bhAvahiMsA ke antargata nahIM hai / dharmayuddha meM hiMsA ko jainiyoM ne bhI dravyahiMsA ke rUpa meM mAnA hai / satya eva bhAva kI vizuddhi rahane para dravyahiMsA hogI, aura vaha heya nahIM hai / kAlidAsa ne bhI spaSTa zabdoM meM ahiMsA kA vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai ArtatrANAya vaH zastraM na prahatu manAgasi / nirAparAdhaprANiyoM ke satAne ke zastra grahaNa niSiddha hai trANa ke lie nahIM, 'sukha-duHkhAdi bhogane kI uccAkAMkSA se prerita yuddha hI dharmayuddha hai / vaiyaktika 67 bhAratIya paramparA, jJAna kI bhUmi para jAti kA mahattva nahIM detI hai bheda kA jJAna zilA para vizvasta hone ke udAharaNa upalabdha haiM / vaizya aura zUdra inameM parisaMvAda - 3

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68 bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM jo bhI rAjA ho, unake lie niyama se bheda nahIM hai / manu kI vyAkhyA karate hue kullUka bhaTTa ne kahA hai - tacca tatkAryakAriNAM tripravaizyazUdrANAmaviziSTameva / Aja jo yaha socanA ki bhArata meM zUdroM kI bar3I durgati thI, unako manu, yAjJavalkya, mahAbhArata evaM rAmAyaNa kA adhyayana nirapekSa dRSTi se karanA cAhie / vidura ke caritra kI ora dRSTipAta se yaha sahaja avagati hotI hai ki vidura kA sthAna dhRtarASTra aura pANDu se kama nahIM thA / pANDu ne apanI yAtrA ke prasaMga meM vidura ko hI dhRtarASTra se atizaya mahattvapUrNa sthAna para pratiSThita kiyA thA / ata: jJAna aura AcAra ke AdhAra para hI vyakti kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / ahiMsA kA artha hai apane zatru se bhI prema karanA ! jisake sAtha prema karatA hai, manuSya usako na to dhokhA detA hai aura na usase bhayabhIta hotA hai / jIvana dAna sabase bar3A dAna hai aura ahiMsA ke lie nirbhayatA aura sAhasa ekAnta rUpa se apekSita hai / ambarISa kA udAharaNa dete hue siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vaha apane sthAna para khar3A rahA, aura durvAsA ne jo kucha burA se burA karanA cAhA, vaha saba kucha kara DAlA para usane aMgulI nahIM uThAyI / ambarISa kA sAhasa premajanya thA / usake aneka bhASaNoM se jo ahiMsA kA tAtparya vyakta hotA hai, vaha dravya hiMsA yA maitrI hai'karuNAmuditopekSANAM sukhaduHkhapuNyApuNyAviSayANAM bhAvanAtazcitaprasAdanam' yoga0 (1 / 33), ataH para pIr3A kA niSedha hI ahiMsA kA tAtparya hai / isa vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai ki yaha hiMsA nikRSTa cittavRtti kA nirodha hai / jo sAdhana catuSTaya kI sampatti ke bAda abheda kI bhUmi para pratiSThita hone para yA tanmayatA sampanna va vyakti yA zaraNAgati ke bAda sva para bheda zUnya anAzakta jIvana vyatIta karane vAloM ke lie sahaja AcaraNIya hai / bhAratIya darzana - paramparA aneka ko eka meM upasaMhRta karatI huI usa satya kI bhUmi para pratiSThita hai / advaita bhUmi meM na dveSa hai, na rAga hai, na AzA hai, na AkAMkSA hai, na bhaya hai, na jarA hai, na mRtyu hai / ataH gAMdhI kA siddhAnta gItA ke dvitIya adhyAya ke artha ke anusAra jJAna evaM nityAnityavastuvivekasampanna vyakti kI niSThA para pratiSThita hai / adhikArI ke binA isake dvArA anartha sAdhana kI adhika sambhAvanA hai / satyayuga ko usa satya kA pratIka mAnakara, usa Azraya para pratiSThita sAMsArika ktiyoM ke lie hI yaha parapIr3A zUnya krAnti cala sakatI hai| ataH mAnava cittavRtti ko darzana ke dvArA saMyata karane para hI gAMdhI jI ne bala diyA hai, jisase abheda kA parisaMvAda - 3

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satya aura ahiMsA : gAMdhI jI kI dRSTi meM prAdhAnya hai / viruddha pracAra ke phala svarUpa hI yaha dhAraNA sthAna prApta karatI hai| zudrAgarbhajAta mahAmati vidura kA kahIM bhI apakarSa mahAbhArata meM pradarzita nahIM hai / mahAbhArata ke vaiziSTya meM jina tIna vyaktiyoM kI carcA hai unameM vidura kA bhI sthAna hai vistaraM kuruvaMzasya gAndharyyA dharmazIlatAm / kSatuH prajJAM dhRtiM kuntyAH sabhyag dvaipAyano'bravIt // vidurastaM tathetyuktvA bhISmeNa saha bhaart| pANDu saMskArayAmAsa deze paramapUjite // isase yaha suspaSTa hai ki rAjaparivAra meM vidura kA prAdhAnya thA / isa prasaMga meM yaha mI draSTavya hai ki vidura kA agnisaMskAra nahIM kiyA gayA, kyoMki unhoMne yati dharma svIkAra kiyA thA / nIlakaNTha ne isa prasaMga kA mArmika vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA hai zUdrayaunau jAtAnAmapi yatidharmo'stIti darzitam, I jJAnI ko zUdrayoni meM utpatti rahane para mo yatidharma vihita hai / 69 isa vizleSaNa se yaha siddha hai ki balidAna aura hiMsA, ye sarvathA bhinna haiM / balidAna prazasta hai aura hiMsA niSiddha hai / balidAna anAsakti ke binA sambhava nahIM aura anAsakti sAdhana catuSTaya sampatti ke binA nahIM ho sakatI hai / mahAtmAgAMdhI ne hiMsA kA artha parapIr3A kiyA hai| unhoMne 1916 meM pradatta vyAkhyAna ke prasaMga meM kahA thA ki ahiMsA kA mere lie bar3A artha hai | ahiMsA kA vAstavika artha hai ki tuma kisI manuSya kA citta mata dukhAo aura jo manuSya tumheM apanA zatru samajhatA ho, usake viSaya meM bhI 'apane hRdaya meM kabhI koI burA bhAva na rakho / lAlA lAjapatarAya ke AropoM kA uttara dete hue unhoMne kahA thA- maiM janma se vaiSNava hU~ bAlyAvasthA se hI mujhako ahiMsA kI zikSA dI gaI hai / ahiMsA kA artha hai apane zarIra athavA mana se kisI prANI ko kisI prakAra kA kaSTa na denA / gAMdhI darzana ke anusAra jJAna aura AcAra kA samanvaya hai / prema karanA nahIM varaM usa vRtti ke kAraNa sahaja rUpa meM prema prApta karanA hai| bhAva aura AcAra kI ekatA parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanA rahane para 'sarvabhUtasthamAtmAnaM sarvabhUtAni cAtmani' kI sthiti prApta ho jAtI hai| satya evaM rAgadveSa zUnyavRtti ke mUla para snigdhabhAvoM ko jagAkara karuNA kA saMcAra hone se zubha mArga se vAsanA kA pravAha hotA hai| aura yaha bhAvanA sthAna prApta karatI hai sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu niraamyaa| sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcida duHkhabhAgbhavet // mahAtmAgAMdhI ke satya kA sAkSAtkAra kA artha anekAnta yA bheda meM abheda ke rUpa meM haiN| AtmabhAva kI ekatA se sarvatra abhaya kI bhAvanA rahatI hai aura abhaya ke rUpa meM prANimAtra kA grahaNa hI IrSyA-dveSa kA abhAva hai| sva se sva kA dveSa nahIM hotA hai| satya kI bhUlabhitti para IyA-dveSa-rAgAtmikA hiMsA to svAbhAvika hai, kintu isa uccatama Adarza ke ucita adhikArI ke abhAva meM ahiMsA pUrNataH saphala nahIM ho skii| zaMkara, vaiSNava sabhI ne para pIr3A ko heya samajhakara prema aura karuNA para vizvabandhutva kI sthApanA kI hai| caitanya ne bhI yaha Andolana kiyA, kintu vaha vyakti sApekSa rhaa| ___ gAMdhIjI ne sArvabhauma pracAra evaM anurUpa AcAra ke dvArA isa ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko mAnava mana meM sthira kara anukUla AcAra kI ucita dIkSA dii| deza, bhASA, AcAra aura jJAna ko mAnava kA aparihArya cAra aMga mAnakara manuSya ko eka aMgI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA, jahA~ kisI eka ke abhAva se usako aMgavikala honA par3atA hai| gAMdhI jI ke upadeza ke upakrama meM deza kI ekatA evaM usake artha kI abhinnatA aura AtmA kA sArvabhauma svarUpa sampUrNa vizva ko eka sUtra meM bAMdhane kI zikSA detA hai| sarvabhUtasthamAtmAnaM sarvabhUtAni caatmni| isa jJAna ke AdhAra para sabhI prANiyoM ke sAtha sadbhAvanA evaM premapUrNa vyavahAra kI dIkSA hI gAMdhI kI zikSA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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'gAMdhI darzana-siddhAnta aura vyavahAra' pro. DaoN0 raghunAtha giri bhAratIya ciMtana dhArA meM gAMdhIdarzana ko eka yuga pravartaka kahA darzana kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki gAMdhIdarzana meM Adarza aura yathArtha, siddhAnta aura vyavahAra, vyakti aura samAja, jJAna aura AcaraNa ke samanvaya kI jisa bhUmikA kI sthApanA huI hai vaha bahuta kAla se bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM upekSita sA ho gayA thaa| bhAratIya dArzanika AdhyAtmika cintana aura parama lakSya kI prApti ke sAdhanoM kI khoja meM itane lIna ho gae the ki unheM apane cAro ora kA pariveza aura samAja eka prakAra se vismRta sA ho gayA thaa| gAMdho darzana ne unakI isa samAdhi ko tor3A hai aura unheM pariveza aura samAja kI ora vicAra karane ke lie bAdhya kiyA hai| gAMdhIdarzana meM ruci rakhane vAloM ko isa darzana kI vyApakatA, gambhIratA aura bahuAyAmitA kA paricaya sahaja meM ho jAtA hai| isa choTe nibandha meM gAMdhI darzana ke samagra pakSoM ke saiddhAntika aura vyavahArika pahaluoM para prakAza DAlanA kathamapi saMbhava nahIM hai yaha jAnate hue bhI yaha prayAsa eka digdarzana mAtra ke lie hI kiyA jA rahA hai| - gAMdhI darzana ke pramukha siddhAntoM meM 'satya', 'ahiMsA', 'sarvodaya', svarAjya yA rAmarAjya' 'nyAsa', ( TrasTIzipa), 'sarvadharmasamabhAva', 'sAdhana-sAdhya' tathA besika zikSA Adi kA vicAra kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva hai| ataH prastuta nibandha meM inameM se katipaya ke sambandha meM kucha carcA kI gayI hai| satya :-gAMdhIdarzana meM 'satya' ko sarvAdhika mahattva diyA gayA hai| isake svarUpa ke viSaya meM jo kucha varNana milatA hai jaise 'satya Izvara hai' 'satya' sabake Upara hai 'satya samasta niyamoM kA AdhAra hai' 'satya svarUpataH svayaM siddha hai' yaha ajJAna ke AvaraNoM se AvRtta hai' yaha eka vyApaka cetanA hai' isa satya kI upAsanA hI hamAre astitva kA aucitya hai, pUrNa satya kI jAnakArI asambhava hai' Adi se yaha spaSTa hai ki gAMdhIdarzana meM satya tatva, jJAna aura mUlya' kI samaSTi hai arthAt tattvazAstra parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe kI dRSTi se yaha parama advaita tattva hai| jJAna mImAMsA kI dRSTi se yaha vyApaka cetanA aura samasta jJAna kA AdhAra hai tathA mUlya zAstra kI dRSTi se yaha samasta niyamoM kA AdhAra hai tathA mAnava jIvana kA sarvocca lakSya hai / isa prakAra isakI tulanA upaniSad ke brahma satyaM jJAnamanantam' se kI jA sakatI hai / 72 manusmRti', zrImadbhagavatagItA', purANoM aura yogazAstra' Adi meM jahA~ satya kA nirupaNa kiyA gayA hai vahA~ satya ko vANI kA dharma yA guNa mAnA gayA hai aura usakI do kasauTiyA~ yathArthatA aura bhUtahitatva meM bhUtahitatva para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / satya ke ye nirUpaNa veda vAkya 'satyaM vada' ke upavRMhaNa se lagate haiM parantu gAMdhIdarzana kA satya kevala vANI kI vizeSatA mAtra hI nahIM hai / yaha upaniSadoM ke parama tattva ke samAna haiM tathA IzvaravAdI dharmoM ke samasta AsthA aura vizvAsa ke AdhArabhUta Izvara bhI hai / isa satya kI sthApanA meM gAMdhIdarzana meM nirvivAditA, nirvirodhitA aura sarvamAnyatA ko AdhAra ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM, ki satya' gAMdhI darzana meM AsthA evaM vizvAsa, jJAna evaM cintana, icchA, kriyA evaM vyavahAra ( vANI aura AcaraNa ) sabhI kA eka mAtra viSaya bana jAtA hai / satya kI prApti ke upAyoM meM 'satyAgraha' prema, ahiMsA, brahmacarya Adi aneka sAdhanoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai jo sAmAnyatayA spaSTa evaM sarala pratIta hote haiM kiMtu vicAra karane para inako duruhatA evaM duSkaratA dRSTigocara hotI hai / hai vyavahAra kI dRSTi se utanA satya ke sambandha meM Upara jo kucha saMketa kiyA gayA hai usake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki gAMdhIdarzana meM satya eka dArzanika siddhAnta ke rUpa meM jitanA saMgata, rocaka, sarvAMgINa evaM yuktiyukta lagatA hI duSkara kaThora, ajJeya aura anAvazyaka ho jAtA hai kI AkAMkSA isa prakAra ke parama satya kI prApti kI nahIM hotI, vaha to avasara ke anusAra tAtkAlika lakSyoM ( lAbha aura sukha ) ko prApta karanA cAhatA hai / yahA~ avasara ke anusAra jJAna, vANI aura AcaraNa tInoM meM vaha 'satya aura asatya donoM / kyoMki sAmAnya jana ke jIvana 1. satyaM brUyAt priyaM brUyAt mA brUyAt satyamapriyam |''''manu 4 / 138 2. anudvegakaraM vAkyaM satyaM priyahitaM ca yat / gItA 17315 3. yabhUtahitamatyantaM tat satyaM viddhi netarat - agnipurANa 371 / 7 4. yogasUtra vyAsabhASya / 2-30 parisaMvAda - 3

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gAMdhI darzana-siddhAnta aura vyavahAra ko milAe rahatA hai, isalie AcArya zaMkara kA kayana ki satyAnate mithunIkRtyapravartate'yaM lokavyavahAraH' hI adhika saMgata lagatA hai, aura gAMdhIdarzana kA satya Adarza mAtra bana kara raha jAtA hai / ahiMsA :--gA~dhIdarzana kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA AdhyAtmika sAdhana ke rUpa meM yogadarzana, jainadarzana, bauddhadarzana evaM smRtiyoM aura purANoM meM vyApaka rUpa se svIkRta hai| sAmAnyatayA ahiMsA kA artha hotA hai kisI prANI ko kaSTa na pahu~cAnA yA badha na krnaa| kiMtu sUkSma rUA meM isakA artha hai kisI bhI prANI ko kaSTa pahu~cAne kI icchA na rakhanA, athavA mana, vANI aura karma kisI prakAra se kisI ko kaSTa na phuNcaanaa| yogadarzana meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki vyaktigata jIvana meM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA ho jAne para usa vyakti ke samakSa prANiyoM kA svAbhAvika vaira bhI samApta ho jAtA hai| gAMdhIdarzana meM ahiMsA ke isa Adarza rUpa ko svIkAra karate hue vyaktigata jIvana se sAmAjika jIvana meM ise pratiSThita karane para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| isake pIche gA~dhI darzana kI yaha pUrva mAnyatA hai ki mAnava svAbhAvika rUpa se ahiMsaka hai arthAt ahiMsA kI vRtti mAnava meM svataH siddha hai, hiMsA kI vRtti anya parivezoM se utpanna hotI hai| ataH mAnavIya sAmAjika samasyAoM kA sthAyI samAdhAna ahiMsA dvArA hI saMbhava hai| gA~dhI-darzana ahiMsA ko zastra aura DhAla donoM rUpoM meM prayoga karane kI rAya detA hai aura ise dRr3hatA se svIkAra karatA hai ki mAnavIya samasta samasyAoM ke samAdhAnahetu hone vAle yuddha, saMgrAma, lar3AI, jhagar3e Adi ahiMsA ke zastra aura DhAla se lar3e jA sakate haiN| mahAtmAgAMdhI ne bhAratIya svatantratA ke saMgrAma meM isa zastra ke saphala prayoga kA samucita udAharaNa bhI upasthita kiyA hai| mahAtmA gA~dhI ne isa bAta kA bAra-bAra virodha kiyA hai ki ahiMsA kAparatA yA durbalatA kA pratIka hai / ve isa bAta para sadA jora dete haiM ki ahiMsA durbala kA nahIM, sabala kA zastra hai| siddhAnta ke rUpa meM ahiMsA mAnava jIvana kI surakSA, sukha aura zAMti ke lie Avazyaka hI nahIM aparihArya hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhI una samasta zAMtimaya upAyoM ko ahiMsA ke antargata rakhA jA sakatA hai jinakA prayoga mAnavIya samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie kiyA jAtA hai aura isake AdhAra para yaha kahA bhI jA sakatA hai ki choTe moTe jhagar3e se lekara vizva yuddha taka ke nipaTAre ke 1. ahiMsApratiSThAyAM tatsannidhau bairatyAgaH / parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM zAMtimaya upAyoM ke prayoga meM uttarotara pragati ho rahI hai, vizva meM zastra saMgraha karane vAle zaktizAlI rASTra bhI niHzastrIkaraNa sammelanoM meM bhAga le rahe haiM aura kama se kama siddhAnta rUpa meM yaha svIkAra kara rahe haiM ki zAMtimaya ( hiMsA rahita ) upAyoM se hI ApasI vivAdoM kA nipaTArA kiyA jA sakatA hai / ahiMsA ke vyAvahArika upayoga ko inhIM udAharaNoM se puSTa kiyA jAtA hai aura yaha dAvA kiyA jAtA hai gAMdhI darzana ke ahiMsA kA siddhAnta pUrNa rUpa se vyavahArika hai / kiMtu gA~dhIdarzana ke ahiMsA ke vyavahAra pakSa kI sthApanA ina udAharaNoM ke pradarzana mAtra se sambhava nahIM / isake lie ahiMsA ke Antarika pakSa para vicAra karanA bhI Avazyaka lagatA hai / ahiMsA ke Antarika pakSa se hamArA tAtparya una manobhAvoM ke pratiSThApana aura nirAkaraNa se hai jo sAkSAt yA paramparayA ahiMsA kI vRtti meM sahAyaka aura bAdhaka hote haiM jaise prema, dayA, karuNA, kSamA tathA ghRNA, vidveSa, bhaya aura krodha / gA~dhI darzana meM ahiMsA kI pratiSThA meM prema ora kSamA kI sthApanA tathA ghRNA evaM bhaya kI nivRtti para adhika bala diyA gayA hai / isa Antarika pahalU ke AdhAra para ahiMsA ke vyavahAra pakSa para vicAra karane para lagatA hai ki ahiMsA kI sthApanA vyavahArika jIvana meM yA to nahIM ho rahIM hai yA ho bhI rahI hai to atyadhika maMda gati se / bar3hate hue aparAdhoM aura rASTrIya surakSA ke nAma para kie jAne vAle chala chadmoM ko dekhane se lagatA hai ki hiMsA kI vRtti hI bar3hatI jA rahI haiM / vizva ke sabala rASTroM kA niHzastrIkaraNa kI ora agrasara honA, prema prerita na hokara bhaya prerita hI hai. kyoMki atyadhika saMhAraka zastroM ke saMgraha se sabako apane vinAza kI AzaMkA ho rahI hai / isake AdhAra para yaha kahanA saMgata lagatA hai ki vyaktigata pArivArika, sAmAjika, rASTrIya aura vizva ke jIvana meM prema ke badale bhaya ke vAtAvaraNa kA hI vistAra aura prasAra ho rahA hai / 1 74 gA~dhI darzana meM ahiMsA para vicAra karate samaya isa bAta para adhika bala diyA gayA hai ki ahiMsA durbala lie nahIM hai, yaha sabala ke lie hai / durbala bhayabhIta rahatA hai isalie usake mana meM ahiMsA vRtti pratiSThita hI nahIM ho sakatI / ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke rUpa meM isa mAnyatA ke mahatva ko svIkAra karate hue vyavahAra pakSa kI dRSTi se yaha atyadhika saMdehAspada lagatA hai kyoMki zArIrika aura zastra kI dRSTi se sabala vyakti kabhI ahiMsaka nahIM banatA hai / ahiMsA ko zastra yA DhAla ke rUpa meM prayoga karane vAle sadA zArIrika aura zastra kI dRSTi se durbala rahate haiM jaise parivAra meM bAlaka apanI mA~ga kI pUrti ke lie jamIna para apanA mastaka paTakatA hai, rotA hai, khAnA nahIM khAtA hai aura usI parisaMvAda - 3

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gAMdhI darzana-siddhAnta aura vyavahAra prakAra parivAra kA bUr3hA apane navajavAna putra ke udaNDa vyavahAra ke virodha meM upavAsa karane lagatA hai aadi| bhAratIya svataMtratA saMgrAma meM gA~dhIvAdI ahiMsA isI kAraNa bana sakA ki bhAratIya janatA zastra ke sAtha briTiza sAmrAjya se lohA lene meM apane ko alama pA rahI thiiN| jo vyakti yA rASTra zarIra aura zastra kI dRSTi se sabala hotA hai vaha nirbhaya rahatA hai. sahiSNu aura zamAgIla bhii| kiMtu jaba yaha bhAna hone lagatA hai ki usakI sahiSNutA aura adhika sarvanAza kI ora le jA rahI hai aura durbala usa para vijaya prApta kara ahaMkArI banatA jA rahA hai to use lagatA hai ki usakI sahiSNutA aura kSamAzIlatA ke galata artha lagAye jA rahe haiM aura taba usameM AtmasammAna kI bhAvanA jaga uThatI hai| phalataH, vaha zastra ke prayoga ke lie apane artamana ke dvArA bAdhya kara diyA jAtA hai| isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA sakatA hai ki ahiMsA kA mAnasika dRSTi se sabala kiMtu zArIrika aura zastra kI dRSTi se durbala vyakti hI apane jIvana meM DhAla yA zastra ke rUpa meM prayoga karatA hai| DhAla ke rUpa meM prayoga karate samaya use yaha jJAna rahatA hai ki palAyana se bhI usakI rakSA nahIM ho sakatIM, kyoMki zastra ke grahaNa sAmarthya se vaha apane ko bacA nahIM sktaa| ataH vaha ahiMsA kA DhAla banA letA hai| zastra rUpa meM ahiMsA kA prayoga karane vAlA bhI apanI akSamatA ko bhalI bhA~ti samajhatA hai ki vaha apane zatru ke sAtha zastra dvArA barAbarI karane meM asamartha haiN| ahiMsA ke vyavahAra pakSa para vicAra karate samaya ahiMsA aura daNDa para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka lagatA hai| kyA koI zAsana vyavasthA ahiMsA kA prayoga daNDa ke rUpa meM kara sakatI hai ? isa prazna kA uttara nakArAtmaka rUpa meM hI diyA jA sakatA hai| kisI bhI vyavasthA ke lie daNDa aparihArya lagatA hai| kiso naitika AdhAra ke binA kevala apane svArtha ke lie vyavasthA kA virodha karane vAloM ko yadi daNDa na diyA jAya to vyavasthA cala hI nahIM sakatI! mAnava mana meM lobha aura svArtha kI bhAvanA kA jisa gati se vikAsa hotA hai prema aura parArtha kI bhAvanA kA usase bahuta hI manda gati se / daNDa kA bhaya lobhI aura svArthI ko eka sImA se Age bar3hane se rokatA hai| ahiMsA aisI sthiti meM prabhAvakArI mAdhyama nahIM bana paatii| ataH siddhAnta rUpa meM ahiMsA ke dvArA daNDa ke binA vyavasthA kI bAta svIkAra kara lene para bhI vyavahArika dRSTi se usakI asaMgati ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyavasthA ke lie daNDa aparihArya lagatA hai| sarvodaya-samAja ke samagra vikAsa kI dRSTi se gAMdhIdarzana kA sarvodaya atyanta mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai| yaha siddhAnta jAtivihIna, vargahIna, raMgabhedarahita parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM Arthika viSamatA se rahita, zoSaNa rahita samAja ke nirmANa kA siddhAnta hai| samAja ke Adarza siddhAntoM meM isako sarvocca sthAna diyA jA sakatA hai| yaha siddhAnta prAcIna bhAratIya manISiyoM ko zubha kAmanA 'sarve bhavantu sukhinaH, sarve santu nirAmayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu, mA kazcit duHkhabhAgbhavet' Adi para AdhArita hote hue naye pariveza ke lie atyanta AkarSaka, rocaka aura nirdoSa siddhAnta hai| kintu isakI vyavahArikatA meM sandeha hai| isa prakAra ke samAja nirmANa meM ahiMsA aura satyAgraha jaise sAdhanoM kA prayoga atyanta durbala aura aprabhAvI hotA hai| vargabheda vAlA pU~jIvAda mAnavIya pravRti ke anukUla hone ke kAraNa saralatA se vyavahAra meM A jAtA hai| samAjavAda, saMgharSa aura zastra krAnti meM vizvAsa rakhane ke kAraNa zIghra prabhAvazAlI bana jAtA hai| kiMtu sarvodaya kA siddhAnta na to mAnavIya sahaja pravRti ke anukala hai aura na isake sAdhana meM UparI dabAva hai, ataH isakI vyAvahArikatA meM sandeha hai| - isI prakAra anya siddhAnta rAmarAjya, svarAjya, nyAsa, sarvadharma-samabhAva, besika zikSA Adi ko AdarzarUpatA ko svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai kiMtu inake vyAvahArika pakSa ko svIkAra karane meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ dIkha par3atI haiM jinakA vivecana isa choTe nibandha meM sambhava nahIM hai| gAMdhIdarzana kA eka aura mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta haiM sAdhya-sAdhanaviveka / gAMdhIdarzana meM sAdhya kI zuddhatA, pavitratA aura zreSThatA ke sAtha sAdhana kI zuddhatA, pavitratA aura zreSThatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai kiMtu jisa samAja meM pada aura artha ko sAmAjika pratiSThA kA AdhAra mAnA jAtA ho| pada prApti ke lie pratiyogitA parIkSAoM ko uttIrNaM karanA par3atA ho; zikSita hone kA mApadaNDa vizvavidyAlayIya parIkSAoM meM uttIrNa honA mAtra ho. kisI bhI sAdhana se dhana kA adhikAdhika saMgraha hI samAja meM ucca stara prApta karane kA upAya ho| vahA~ sAdhana kI pavitratA kI sambhAvanA bahuta hI kama ho jAtI hai| apane ko gAMdhIvAdI kahane vAlI rAjanaitika pArTiyoM tathA rAjanetAoM ke vyavahAra vizvavidyAlayoM ke chAtroM evaM adhyApakoM ke sambandha aura vyavahAra tathA bar3hatI huI anuzAsanahInatA aura Arthika viSamatA evaM aparAdhavRtti Adi ko dekhate hue yaha kahanA par3atA hai bhAratIya samAja ke vyavahAra meM sAdhana kI pavitratA kI ora se dhyAna haTatA jA rahA hai| gAMdhIdarzana ke siddhAnta aura vyavahAra ke ukta vivecana se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki gAMvI darzana kI vyavahArikatA kA eka viziSTa artha hai| arthAt gA~dhI darzana ko parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhI darzana-siddhAnta aura vyavahAra 77 vyAvahArika kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki usake siddhAnta bhAratIya anya darzanoM ke brahma vicAra, Atma vicAra, Izvara vicAra, tattva vicAra jaise vizuddha dArzanika viSayoM para AdhArita na hokara mAnava jIvana aura mAnava samAja ke pariveza ke viSayoM jaise-sAmAjika vyavasthA, sAmAjika sthiti, Arthika, dhArmika, rAjanaitika, zaikSaNika samasyA Adi para AdhArita hai| jinakA vyAvahArika jIvana meM bahuta adhika mahattva hai yA jo saba sammilita rUpa se vyAvahArika jIvana kI saMjJA se abhihita hote haiN| kiMtu isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki gAMdhIdarzana ke sabhI siddhAta vAstavika jIvana meM caritArtha hone yogya hai| kyoMki inakI caritArthatA meM aneka bAdhAyeM haiM jinheM dUra karane kA upAya gAMdhI darzana meM parilakSita nahIM hotaa| prathama bAdhA manovaijJAnika sthiti hai arthAt sabhI meM pUrNa tyAga, niHsvArtha bhAva, vyApaka prema-bhAva, krodha tyAga Adi ko pratiSThita karane kI AkAMkSA eka ucca Adarza ho sakatA hai; kintu mAnava ke svabhAva ke viparIta hone ke kAraNa vyavahAra yA yathArtha nahIM ho sktaa| dUsarI vAdhA sAdhana yA prakriyA sambandhI hai| gAMdhI darzana meM jina sAmAjika AdarzoM kI sthApanA huI hai| unakI pratiSThA ke lie usa darzana ke pAsa samucita sAdhana nahIM hai| ahiMsA kA sAdhana, hRdaya parivartana, prema bhAva kA vistAra, vicAra kA AdAna pradAna Adi sAdhanoM ke prayoga kI nirarthakatA prAyaH sabhI ora parilakSita ho rahI hai| tIsarI bAdhA Adarza pratimAna ( AiDiyala moDela ) kA abhAva hai| arthAt gAMdhIdarzana ke anuyAyiyoM' ne gAMdhI darzana ke AdarzoM ke AdhAra para sImita rUpoM meM bhI kahIM aise samAja kA nirmANa nahIM kiyA hai jise dekhakara anya logoM ko usa prakAra ke samAja nirmANa kI preraNA mila sake / isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki gAMdhI darzana vyAvahArika viSayoM kA eka saiddhAntika darzana hai parisaMvAda

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bhAratIya darzanoM kI dRSTi se gAMdhI- vicAroM kA vivecana DaoN revatI ramaNa pANDeya eka prabuddha vicAraka ke anusAra mahAtmA gAMdhI gata 1200 varSoM kI sarvAdhika mahAn vibhUti haiM / ' gautamabuddha ke bAda mAnava itihAsa meM karuNA kA gAMdhI sA dUsarA pratIka dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| apanI AtmakathA meM krAisTa evaM buddha kI tulanA karate samaya gAMdhI ne spaSTa likhA hai ki gautama meM samasta prANimAtra ke prati jo karuNA hai, krAisTa ke jIvana meM dekhane ko nahIM milatI / 2 kRSNa sA lokottara nAyaka mAtra hindU vAGmaya meM hI hai / unase kucha milatA-julatA vizva itihAsa meM yadi koI dUsarA mahApuruSa hai to vaha mohanadAsa karmacandagAMdhI haiM / yadi kRSNa mahAbhArata ke sUtradhAra haiM to gAMdhI bhAratIya svAtantrya ke / yadi kRSNa gItA ke upadeSTA haiM to gAMdhI usake sAdhaka / yadi kRSNa bhagavAn haiM to gAMdhI bhakta / gAMdhI kI hatyA ke bAda 'landana TAimsa' ne apane sampAdakIya meM sacamuca ThIka hI likhA : - 'bhArata ko chor3akara na koI anya deza aura hindU dharma ko chor3akara na koI anya dharma gAMdhI ko paidA kara sakatA thaa|' isI prakAra rAdhAkRSNan gAMdhI meM utkRSTa bhAratIyatA kI jhAMkI pAte haiM / Aja gAMdhI kI sArthakatA para vivAda cala rahA hai / 1959 meM DA0 mArTina lUthara kiMga jUniyara se presa sammelana meM eka prazna kiyA gayA - 'aba gAMdhI kahA~ haiM ?' DA0 kiMga ne uttara diyA- 'gAMdhI anivArya haiM, yadi mAnavatA ko vikasita honA hai to gAMdhI Avazyaka haiM / yadi mAnava evaM usake sArthakatA hai to gAMdhI kI bhI sArthakatA hai / yadi rAma, kRSNa, buddha, sukarAta evaM krAisTa kI sArthakatA hai to gAMdhI kI bhI sArthakatA hai / utkRSTa mUlyoM kI 1. luisa phiza : di esensiyala gAMdhI : prAkkathana jArja elena eNDa anevina, landana 1966 2. gAMdhI aina ATovAyogrAphI, sekeNDa eDIzana 1940, pR0 119 3. rAdhAkRSNan : mahAtmAgAMdhI eseja eNDa riphalekzansa prAkkathana, je. ke. pablicima hAusa, bambaI / parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kI dRSTi se gAMdhI-vicAroM kA vivecana pAribhASika artha meM gAMdhI ko dArzanika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ve jIvanajagat, AtmA-paramAtmA kI sI maulika samasyAoM kI tArkika gaveSaNA evaM vizleSaNa meM nahIM par3anA cAhate the| unhoMne apanI AtmakathA ke prArambha meM isa bAta para spaSTa zabdoM meM prakAza DAlA hai| yadi zAstrIya vivecana hI merA uddezya hotA to mujhe apanI AtmakathA nahIM likhanI cAhie, kintu merA uddezya jIvana meM Antarika mUlyoM ke dainaMdina jIvana ke vyAvahArika prayoga ke vivecana se hai| isIlie maine AtmakathA kA zIrSaka 'di sTorI Apha mAI eksaperImenTsa vitha TU tha-satya para mere prayogoM kI kathA' rakhA hai|' gadhI eka sAdhaka, yogI evaM bhakta haiN| unake samakSa maryAdA puruSottama rAma kA Adarza hai jo nirIha abalA kintu mUrtimatI mAnavatA sItA ko duSTa rAvaNa ke saMtrAsa se mukta karAne ke liye kaTibaddha haiN| unake samakSa mahAyogezvara kRSNa kA Adarza hai jo dharma kI saMsthApanA evaM lokakalyANa hetu kRtasaMkalpa haiN| unake samakSa bodhisattva kI mahAkaruNA kA Adarza hai-'kalikaluSakRtAni yAni loke tAni mayi patantu vimucyatAM hi lokH'| unake samakSa bhAratIya vAGmaya kA cirantana sarvodaya-'sarve sukhinaH santu, santu sarve niAramayAH / sarve bhadrANi pazyantu, mA kazcid duHkhabhAgbhavet' kA hai| paramazubha satya ke anveSaNa meM ahiMsA, brahmacaryAdi udAtta mUlyoM kA prayoga gAMdhI ne kiyaa| yahI unakI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA yo| unhoMne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kI zakti se vizva ko camatkRta kiyaa| gAMdhI meM isa zakti kA AbhAsa gopAla kRSNa gokhale ko zurU meM hI ho gayA thaa| unhoMne kabhI kahA thA-'gAMdhA meM miTTI se nAyaka gar3ha dene kI kSamatA hai|' gAMdhI kI isa AdhyAtmika zakti kA abhAsa svayaM paM. neharU ko bhI thaa| isI artha meM gAMdhI sAdhaka haiN| gAMdhI ne Atmazuddhi para bala diyA hai| unhoMne apanI AtmakathA ke anta meM isa para acchA prakAza DAlA hai| ve likhate haiM-'advaitI sthiti' kI prApti Atmazaddhi ke binA sambhava nahIM hai| binA Atmazuddhi ke ahiMsA kA abhyAsa eka svapna hai| jo hRdaya se zuddha nahIM hotA, use Izvara kA sAkSAtkAra nahIM ho sakatA / pUrNa zuddhatA kA Adarza gItA kI sthita-prajJatA hai| gAMdhI ne atyanta vinayapUrNa zabdoM meM 1. gAMdhI : aina ATovAyograoNphI / parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM svIkArA hai ki unheM brAhmI sthiti kA pUrNa sAkSAtkAra nahIM ho pAyA thA / ahiMsA vinaya kI antima sImA hai / isI pariprekSya meM gAMdhI yogI haiM / 80 gAMdhI kI Izvara meM aTUTa AsthA hai / 'nirbala ke balarAma' meM unakA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai / unhoMne apanI AtmakathA ke prathama adhyAya kA anta, sUra ke bhajana - 'mo sama kauna kuTila khala kAmI' se kiyA hai| isI dRSTi se vaha bhakta haiM / isa prakAra gAMdhI meM vibhinna bhAratIya dArzanika vidhAoM meM carcita kliSTa sAdhanAoM evaM bhagavAn ke prati aTUTa AsthA kA adbhuta maNikAJcana yoga dekhane ko milatA hai / gAMdhI ke sarvodaya kA mUlyAMkana binA isa pRSThabhUmi ko samajhe nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / rAjanIti jisakA aba taka ke mAnava itihAsa meM kUTanIti se tAdAtmya thA use dharmanIti kA eka nayA AyAma gAMdhI ne diyA / sarvodaya ke prati gAMdhI kI kI apanI eka dRSTi hai / ataH unheM samAja draSTA kaha sakate haiM / gAMdhI kA sarvodaya kA samAjadarzana kucha unakI apanI hindU AsthAoM dhArmika evaM naitika bhAvanAoM para AdhArita hai / ye AsthAe~ mUla rUpa se do prakAra kI haiM / prathama, sAdhya rUpa se IzvarAsthA, Izvara jagat kA sraSTA, pAlaka evaM saMhAraka hai / eka mAtra vahI satya hai, usI kA sAkSAtkAra jIvana kA paramazubha hai / gAMdhI apane ko sanAtanI hindU vaiSNava kahate haiM / dvitIya, sAdhana rUpa se ekAdaza Azramavrata / Izvara kA svarUpa gAMdhI apanI AtmakathA ke prArambha meM hI apane prAptavya ke bAre meM isa prakAra likhate haiM :- "merA prAptavya Atma-sAkSAtkAra hai, Izvara kA Amane-sAmane se darzanamokSa hai / " " gAMdhI ke anusAra Izvara ke ananta lakSaNa haiM kyoMki usake rUpa ananta haiM / 've mujhe kSaNabhara ke liye Azcaryacakita kara dete haiM kintu maiM Izvara kI satya ke rUpa meM upAsanA karatA hU~ / yadyapi vaha mujhe milA nahIM hai, maiM khoja rahA hUM, khoja ke liye maiM jIvana kI sarvAdhika priya vastu kI bhI bali dene ke lie taiyAra hUM, cAhe mujhe apane jIvana kI hI bali kyoM na denI pdd'e| jaba taka mujhe isa parama satya kA sAkSAtkAra 1. gAMdhI : aina ATovAyogrephI pR0 5 para parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kI dRSTi se gAMdhI vicAroM kA vivecana nahIM ho jAtA, taba taka mujhe apane yaha sApekSa satya hI merA prakAza hai, evaM saMkIrNa hai, kaTAra kI dhAra kI bhA~ti zIghra prAptavya hai / apane vizvAsa meM sApekSa satya kI dhAraNA para AdhArita rahanA hai / vahI kavaca evaM DhAla hai / yadyapi yaha mArga lambA teja hai kintu yaha mere lie sarvAdhika sarala evaM mujhe Izvara kA parama satya kA dhUmila AbhAsa huA hai evaM dina pratidina yaha merA vizvAsa dRr3ha hotA jA rahA hai ki eka mAtra vahI satya hai, anya sabhI asatya / ' punaH ve likhate haiM : 1 mere vicAra se isa saMsAra meM sunizcita khojanA bhUla hai kyoMki yahA~ mAtra Izvara hI satya hai, anya saba kucha asatya evaM anizcita / jo kucha bhI cAroM ora ho rahA hai anizcita evaM kSaNika hai, kintu ina sabameM satya chipA hai / vaha bhAgyazAlI hai jise isa satya kA AbhAsa mila jAtA hai / isI satya kA anveSaNa paramazubha hai / " ve punaH likhate haiM : mAnavIya bhASA Izvara ko vyakta karane meM asamartha hai / 3 aise sthaloM para gAMdhI para aupaniSada - 'yato vAco nivartante'prApya manasA saha' kA prabhAva spaSTa hai / Izvara ke ananta rUpa haiM, mere lie vaha satya evaM prema haiM, Izvara nItizAstra evaM naitikatA hai, Izvara abhayatva hai, Izvara jovana evaM prakAza kA srota hai / ..... Izvara antaHkaraNa hai tathApi ina sabase pare haiM / vaha unake lie saguNa hai jo usakI saguNAtmaka upasthiti cAhate haiM / vaha zarorI hai jo usakA sparza cAhate haiM / vaha advitIya sattA hai / vaha mAtra sattA hai, jisakA usameM vizvAsa hai / vaha saba meM hai, sabase Upara hai, hama sabase pare haiM / 4 81 gAMdhI yadyapi Izvara kI sattA siddhi karane ke lie pAramparika tarkoM meM vizvAsa nahIM karate / unhoMne bAra-bAra ise spaSTa kara diyA hai ki mAnavIya jJAna Izvara ko jAnane meM sarvathA asamartha hai / kintu kabhI-kabhI unhoMne Izvara ko tarka dvArA bhI pratiSThita karane kI koziza kI hai / uddezyamUlaka tarka kA kitanA sundara udAharaNa haiM / ve likhate haiM ki kucha sImA taka Izvara kI sattA tarka se bhI sthApita kI jA 1. gAMdhI aina ATovAyogrephI, pR0 7 2 . vahI, pR0 308 3. vahI, pR. 34 4. yaMga iNDiyA, mArca 3, 1625 11 parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM sakatI hai / saMsAra meM eka vyavasthA hai, eka aparivartanIya niyama hai, jo sabhI vastuoM ko, prANiyoM ko, jo bhI haiM yA anuprANita haiM, niyantrita karatI hai| yaha anya niyama nahIM hai kyoMki koI bhI anya mAnava vyavahAra ko niyantrita nahI kara sakatA .. .. to yaha niyama jo prANiyoM kA niyamana karatA hai; Izvara hai| sRSTimUlaka tarka kA sundara udAharaNa nimna likhita hai : 'yadi hama haiM, yadi hamAre mAtA-pitA evaM unake bhI mAtA-pitA rahe haiM to yaha mAnanA ucita hai ki isa sRSTi kA bhI koI pitA hai|2 nityatA ke AdhAra para ve isa prakAra tarka dete haiM "maiM dhUmila rUpa se yaha dekhatA hU~ ki hamAre cAroM ora kI pratyeka vastu badala rahI hai, naSTa ho rahI hai| kintu ina sabhI parivartanoM ke pIche eka jIvanI-zakti hai jo nitya hai, sabako eka meM bA~dhe haiN| yahI isakA sarjana, visarjana evaM punarsarjana karatI haiN| yahA~ para aupaniSada 'tajjalAna' kA siddhAnta atyanta spaSTa hai| Izvara hI jagat kA sraSTA, pAlaka evaM saMhAraka hai; vaha nitya, sarvavyApta, sarvajJa evaM sarvazaktimAn hai| aupaniSada 'mRtyoH mAmamRtaM gamaya, asato mA sadgamaya, tamaso mA jyotirgamaya ke AdhAra para gAMdhI isa prakAra tarka dete haiM 'mRtyu ke bIca jIvana rahatA hai asat ke madhya satya evaM andhakAra ke madhya prakAza / ataH Izvara satya evaM prema hai| gAMdhI AsthA pradhAna vyakti haiM / ve tarka ko gauNa sthAna dete haiN| gAMdhI ke Izvara kA svarUpa kyA hai ? gAMdhI kA Izvara nirguNa hai yA saguNa ? kyoMki kucha ke anusAra gAMdhI niguNavAdI-abhedavAdI haiM to kucha ke anusAra sgunnvaadii-bhedvaadii| eka vidvAn ne gAMdhI ko advaitavAdI siddha kiyA hai| mahAtmAgAMdhI ke advaitavAdI hone meM sandeha nahIM hai| gAMdhI ke lie mAtra Izvara satya hai| kevala usakI sattA hai| usase anya sabhI mAyA hai| hama sabhI usa satya ke sphuliMga haiN| sphuliMgoM kA yoga anirvacanIya hai|4 gAMdhI ne Izvara ko 'satyasya satyama' rUpa meM dekhaa| yahIM para eka bAta ullekhanIya hai| yaha dhAraNA nitAnta bhramapUrNa hai jo Izvara ko niguNa evaM saguNa 1. vahI, akTUbara 14, 1928 pR. 34 2. yaMga iNDiyA, akTUbara 14, 1928 3. phizara Ana gA~dhI, pR0 108 4. pI. TI. rAjU, AiDiyalisTika thATa Apha iNDiyA, pR. saM. 1925 pR. 267 parisavAda

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bhAratIya darzanoM kI dRSTi se gAMdhI-vicAroM kA vivecana do prakAra kA batAtI hai evaM ina do prakAroM meM bheda dekhatI hai| aisI mithyA dhAraNA prAyaH AcArya zaMkara para thopI jAtI hai / AcArya zaMkara ke anusAra nirguNa evaM saguNa brahma ke do prakAra nahIM haiM eka hI parama sat ke do rUpa haiN| ataH yaha prazna uThAnA adhika susaMgata hogA ki gAMdhI nirguNa pradhAna haiM athavA saguNa pradhAna haiM ? isa prazna para vicAra karane ke pahale hama dekhanA cAheMge ki gAMdhI kA Izvara ko satya kahane kA kyA Azaya hai ? gAMdhI ne Izvara ko satya kI saMjJA dI hai| maiM Izvara kI satya ke rUpa meM upAsanA karatA huuN| maiM apane eka rUpa anubhava se vizvasta hU~ ki satya ke atirikta koI dUsarA nahIM hai|'godhii ke anusAra satya evaM Izvara paryAya haiM kintu jahA~ pahale gAMdhI 'Izvara satya hai' kahA karate the, ise badalakara 'satya Izvara hai' unhoMne yaha rUpa bhI diyaa| kyoM? 'Izvara satya hai' meM 'hai' zabda nissandeha na to 'barAbara artha detA hai aura na satyapUrNa kaa| satya' Izvara kA mAtra vizeSaNa nahIM hai, vaha satya hI hai| vaha kucha bhI nahIM, yadi satya nahIM hai| satya saMskRta meM 'sat'-asti' se niSpanna hotA hai| ataH hama jitanA satyapUrNa hoMge, utanA adhika Izvara ke nikaTa hoMge / hama usI sImA taka haiM jisa sImA taka satyapUrNa haiM / 3 isa prakAra satya Izvara kA mAtra vizeSaNa nahIM hai, balki usakA svarUpa hai| isa bAta para bala dene ke lie hI gAndhI ne satya ko Izvara se pahale kara diyaa| satya Izvara hai| ve likhate haiM 'yadi Izvara kA pUrNa varNana karanA mAnava vANI ke lie sabhbhava hai to hama Izvara ko satya kaha sakate haiM kintu maiMne eka kadama Age jA kara kahA-satya Izvara hai| 'satya Izvara haiM' mujhe sarvAdhika santoSapUrNa lgaa|' yaha TippaNI sundara hai, yadi satya Izvara hai to satyaparAyaNa nAstika kI nAstikatA meM bhI devatva hai| yahA~ gAndhI kA vivecana sarvathA zAstrIya ho gayA hai| yaha spaSTa advaitavAda hai kintu unake advaitavAda meM saguNa pakSa kI pradhAnatA hai| unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM apane ko vaiSNava kahA hai| ve jJAnI kI apekSA bhakta haiN| gAndhI bAra-bAra apanI AtmakathA meM likhate haiM ki Izvara karuNAnidhAna hai bhaktavatsala hai. nirbala kA bala hai, dInabandhu hai| 1. gAMdhI : aina ATovAyograiphI pR. 7 2. vahI, pR. 615 3. uddhRta mArDana iNDiyana thATa, pR. 180 4. vahI, pR. 181 5. vahI parisaMvAda-3

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84 bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM usane mujhako hamezA bacAyA hai Izvara ne mujhe apanI anantakRpA se rakSA kI hai| kauna usakI ahita karane kI himmata kara sakatA hai jisakI rakSA Izvara karatA haiM ?2 gAndhI eka Adarza bhakta haiN| gAMdhI kA Izvara mIrA kA giridhara gopAla hai, abalA draupadI ke zIla kA rakSaka hai, DUbate gajarAja ko ubArane vAlA hai, nirbala kA bala hai| gAMdhA sAhitya meM bhakti kI ajasra mandAkinI baho hai| ataH gAMdhI kA Izvara tulasI kA rAma hai, sUra kA kRSNa hai, gAndhI vaiSNava haiN|' 1. gAMdhI : aina ATovAyonephI, pR. 37 2. vahI, pR. 76 3. Do. ema. dattA , di philAsaphI Apha ma. gAndhI pR. 27 parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhI jI ke prayoga : Adhunika sandarbha meM zrI subhASacandra tivArI gAMdhI jI kA mahAna jIvana svayaM hI eka prayoga thA aura isIliye unhoMne apanI AtmakathA kA zIrSaka 'mere satya ke prayoga ke rUpa aMkita kiyA thaa| jisa prakAra unake jIvana kI pariNati huI, aura unhoMne apane satya aura ahiMsA ke Adarza ke liye mRtyu kA varaNa kiyA usane unake prayogoM kI sArthatA ko mAnava itihAsa meM amara kara diyaa| prastuta viSaya ke pratipAdana meM do vindu mukhya haiM / prathama jo unake prayogoM se sambandha rakhate haiM aura dUsarA vaha jo una prayogoM ko Adhunika sandarbhoM meM samajhane kA prayAsa hai / sarvaprathama gAMdhI jI ke prayogoM kA siMhAvalokana karanA Avazyaka hai / samayAbhAva ke kAraNa gAMdhI jI ke anekAneka prayogoM kI samIkSA yahA~ para karanA sambhava nahIM hai kintu una prayogoM meM kucha atyanta mahattvapUrNa prayoga aise haiM, jinakA ullekha karanA Avazyaka hai / sAmAnyarUpa se gAMdhI jI ke eka rAjanaitika puruSa mAne jAte haiM aura hama loga unheM deza kI svataMtratA saMgrAma kA pramukha senAnI samajhate haiM / yaha dRSTikoNa gAMdhI jI ke jIvana kI vizAlatA aura vyApakatA ke prati nyAya nahIM karatA, kyoMki gAMdhIjI kA vyaktitva ekadezIya, eka jAtIya, yA eka vizeSa kAlAvadhi se baMdhA huA nahIM thA / deza kI svataMtratA kI lar3AI usa mahAmAnava kI mAnavIya mUlyoM kI sthApanA kI kaThina sAdhanA kA kevala eka AMkicana pakSa thaa| gAMdhI jI ne eka bAra kahA thA "ki yadi satya aura ahiMsA ke siddhAntoM kA hanana kara deza kI svatantratA mile bhI to vaha mujhe svIkArya nahIM hai / " arthAt gAMdhIjI ke jIvana meM samasta mAnavatA ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA sarvocca thI / ve na kevala apane deza meM pratyuta samasta vizva meM satya aura ahiMsA para AdhArita samAja kI racanA kA svapna dekhate the unake isa udAra vyaktitva, samagradRSTi ko kama loga samajha pAte haiM jIvana bhara musalamAnoM ne una para vizvAsa nahIM kiyA, kintu jaba ve hiMsA kI jvAlA se samasta vAtAvaraNa meM novArakhAlI kI pada yAtrA para nikale I aura dillI meM eka parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM hindU ke hAthoM hI golI ke zikAra hue to unhoMne jaise apane rakta ke argha se sAmAjika ekatA kI upAsanA kii| ___ gAMdhI jI kA sabase bar3A prayoga satya aura ahiMsA kA prayoga hai| aisA nahIM hai ki gAMdhI jI isa prayoga kI kaThinAiyoM ko nahIM samajhe, kintu phira bhI unakA vizvAsa thA ki kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa jIvana ke kisI uccatama Adarza ko nahIM chor3A jA sakatA / satya aura ahiMsA ke prayoga vyaktigata stara para nirantara hote rahe haiN| kintu gAMdhI jI kA prayoga eka artha meM advitIya' thA aura itihAsa meM isa prakAra kA koI dUsarA udAharaNa nahIM miltaa| unhoMne pahalI bAra satya aura ahiMsA ke vyaktigata siddhAnta ko loka siddhAnta ke rUpa meM prayukta kiyaa| unhoMne 1919 meM asahayoga Andolana claayaa| 30-31 meM savinaya avajJA Andolana kA netRtva kiyA aura 1939 meM vyaktigata satyAgraha ke rUpa meM bhArata chor3o Andolana kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra kii| deza ke karor3oM nara nAriyoM ko aura sampUrNa jana mAnasa ko unhoMne Andolita kara diyA aura yaha saba Andolana satya aura ahiMsA ke AdhAra para calAye gye| gAMdhI jI yaha jAnate the ki isameM hiMsA kI sambhAvanAyeM haiM aura hiMsA huI bhI / kintu itane bar3e Andolana ke sandarbha meM aura manuSya kI durbalatAoM ko dekhate hue ye hiMsAyeM nagaNya thii| eka paratantra aura mRta rASTra ko cetanA se spaMdita karane kA zreya yadi kisI eka vyakti ko diyA jA sakatA hai to vaha gAMdhI jI hI the gAMdhI jI ne satya aura ahiMsA kA prayoga vartamAna zatAbdI ke tIsare aura cauthe dazaka meM kiyA thA jabaki do vizva yuddhoM kI vibhISikA se samasta vizva utpIr3ita thaa| prazna yaha hai ki kyA vaha prayoga Aja 20 vI zatAbdI ke antima caraNoM meM upayogI hai athavA nahIM / Aja tRtIya vizva yuddha ke jo pichale 2 vizva yuddhoM se bhI adhika bhayaMkara hogA, ke bAdala AkAza meM chAye hue haiN| tathA kathita sabhya dezoM ne itane vidhvaMsakArI bama ekatra kara liye haiM ki unase eka bAra nahIM 10 bAra isa dharatI ko prANahIna kiyA jA sakatA hai| isIliye pAzcAtya dezoM ke samajhadAra loga aise mArgoM kI talAza meM haiM jina para calakara ve mAnavatA ko mahAnAtha se bacA sakeM / saMyukta rASTra saMgha bhI aise upAyoM kI khoja meM hai| kintu vaha kucha bar3e rASTroM ke svArthoM se Avaddha evaM prabhAvita rahane ke kAraNa samasyA kA koI samAdhAna nahIM nikAla paataa| Aja vinAza ke kagAra se alaga hone kA rAstA vahI hai jo gAMdhIjI ne pratipAdita kiyA thA arthAta satya aura ahiMsA ke AdhAra para hI mAnava parisaMghAda-3

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gAMdhIjI ke prayoga : Adhunika sandarbha meM samAja kI racanA kA jo lakSya hai, vahI vizvazAnti kA mArga prazasta kara sakatA hai| gAMdhIjI kA samAja zoSaNa vihIna samAja hogA, vargavihIna samAja hogA, aura jisakI AdhArazilA sarvodaya hogI / kArlamArksa ne bhI eka aise hI samAja kA svapna dekhA thA, lekina usake samAja kI racanA varga saMgharSa para AdhArita thI / gAMdhIjI samAja meM varga saMgharSa nahIM, apitu hRdaya parivartana aura sAdhanoM kI pavitratA para bala diyA gyaa| isa dRSTi se maMtrIjI kA cintana vizva ke anya mahAn vicArakoM 'bahuta Age nikala gayA aura uhoMne eka aisI vicAradhArA dI jo kevala Adhunika sandarbha meM nahIM pratyuta yugoM taka manuSya kA mArga darzana karatI rahegI / gAMdhIjI eka mahAna zAMtikArI vyakti the kintu ve itihAsa ke anya mahAna krAMtikAriyoM se bhinna the, kyoMki gAMdhIjI kI krAMti kA AdhAra ahiMsA thI, unakA vicAra thA ki hiMsA para AdhArita jo bhI krAMtiyA~ athavA parivartana hote haiM, ve sthAI nahIM ho skte| kyoMki eka hiMsA sadaiva dUsaro hiMsA ko janma detI hai aura yaha krama nirantara calatA rahatA hai| Adhunika sandarbha meM vizva ke zIrSastha krAMti vicArakoM ne gAMdhIjI kA yaha siddhAnta svIkAra kara liyA hai ki bar3I-bar3I krAMtiyA~ jo raktapAta, hiMsA aura zastroM kI sahAyatA se kI jAtI haiM saphala nahIM hotI / yaha koI sAdhAraNa bAta nahIM hai ki pAzcAtya jagata meM gAMdhIjI ke ahiMsaka krAMti ke vicAra mAna liye jAya aura apane deza meM hama nirAdara kreN| 87 gAMdhIjI ke jIvana kA dUsarA mukha prayoga unakI buniyAdI zikSA hai / gAMdhIjI ne eka bAra yaha kahA thA ki buniyAdI zikSA deza ke liye merI sarvottama dena haiM / jo vyakti ahiMsaka krAMti meM vizvAsa rakhatA hai usake liye zikSA se bar3hakara aura koI vastu nahIM hai, kyoMki ahiMsaka krAMti kA mUla AdhAra loka mAnasa meM parivartana karanA hai jo binA zikSA ke sambhava nahIM hai / mAotse tuGga ne krAMti meM mAnasika parivartana ke mahattva ko bahuta vilamba se pahacAnA aura usane kahA ki krAnti ke pahale sAMskRti krAMti honI cAhiye anyathA vaha pratIka krAMti meM badala jAtI hai jo isa pRSTabhUmi ko nahIM samajhatA, vaha gAMdhIjI kI buniyAdI zikSA ke prayoga ko bhI nahIM samajha sktaa| isIliye hamAre deza ke tathAkathita buddhijIviyoM ne gAMdhIjI ke prayoga kA virodha kiyA aura use asaphala banAne ke prayAsa meM koI kamI nahIM kI / buniyAdI zikSA ke kucha pramukha siddhAnta the / eka to yaha ki zikSA kA vyAvahArika kriyA se gaharA sambandha ho, aura vaha kriyA arthahIna kriyA na hokara samAjopayogI utpAdaka kriyA ho / isa kriyA meM hAtha parisaMvAda - 3

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88 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ke zrama yA zarIra ke zrama kA Adhikya ho, aura vaha jIvana kI buniyAdI AvazyakatAoM se Avaddha ho| yaha koI aisI bAta nahIM thI jo manovijJAna, samAjazAstra, naitikatA aura hamArI saMskRti ke anukUla na hoN| pAzcAtya jagata ke mahAna vicArakoM ne jinameM jAna DIvI kA nAma ullekhanIya hai, ne isI siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA aura karmayoga kA sandeza dekara amerikA ko eka sarvAdhika zaktizAlI aura sarvAgraNI rASTra ke rUpa meM khar3A kara diyaa| gAMdhI jI kI buniyAdI zikSA kA dUsarA pramukha siddhAnta hara prakAra kI AtmanirbharatA aura svAvalambana thaa| unakA kahanA thA ki jo vyakti yA rASTra apano buniyAdI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke liye dUsaroM kA mu~ha dekhatA hai use svataMtra kI saMjJA nahIM dI jA sakatI hai| svatantra vahI vyakti hai aura mukti kA sukha use hI prApta ho sakatA hai jo apanI buniyAdI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti svayaM kara skeN| rAjanaitika parataMtratA se adhika ghAtaka gAMdhIjI ke liye cAritrika parataMtratA thii| unhoMne bAra-bAra isa bAta ko duharAyA thA ki ve kevala zAsakoM meM parivartana nahI cAhate, pratyuta eka aisA nayA samAja banAnA cAhate haiM jo svAvalambana ke maMtra se anuprANita ho| gAMdhIjI AjAdI kI lar3AI lar3a rahe the aura buniyAdI zikSA ke mAdhyama se ve aisI sthiti utpanna karanA cAhate the, jisase aMgreja bhArata chor3akara svayaM cale jAe~ / Arthika zoSaNa ke liye hI sAmrAjyavAda jItA hai| jaba deza Atmanirbhara ho jAyegA to Arthika zoSaNa ke liye koI guMjAiza nahIM rahegI, yaha thA gAMdhI jI kA dRSTikoNa / yadi hamane utpAdaka kSamatA bar3hAI hotI aura svAvalambana kA pATha sIkhA hotA to Aja yaha riporTa bAra-bAra na hotI ki deza kA Arthika vikAsa to huA kintu amIra aura garIba ke bIca kI khAI aura gaharI aura caur3I hotI gyii| koThArI Ayoga ne prathama adhyAya meM rASTrIya zaikSika uddezyoM kI carcA karate hue deza kI utpAdaka kSamatA bar3hAne para bar3A bala diyA hai| prazna yaha hai ki Adhunika sandarbha meM kyA gAMdhIjI ke zikSA para kiye gaye prayoga kI koI upayogitA hai ? Aja zikSAvyavasthA kI Upara jo pramukha Aropa lagAye jAte haiM unameM eka yaha hai ki skUla, kAleja aura vizvavidyAlaya berojagArI ke kArakhAne haiN| aura dUsarA yaha ki navayuvakoM kA cAritrika adhaHpatana hotA jA rahA hai| bahudhA loga kahate haiM ki zikSA kA rojagAra se koI sambandha nahIM hai, kintu aisA bhI loga kahate haiM, jo ucca zreNI ke buddhijIvi haiM, ve apane baccoM ko acche rojagAroM meM lagAne kI byavasthA kara lete haiN| mere vicAra meM zikSA kA rojagAra se atyanta gaharA sambandha hai, sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI aura vyaktigata dRSTi se bhii| kyoMki samAja kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke liye ucita zikSA hI DAkTara, iMjIniyara evaM takanIkajJa de sakatI hai| agara zikSA yaha jimmevArI pUrI nahIM karatI to zikSA kI dukAneM nizcaya hI banda ho parisaMvAda-3

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gAMdhI jI ke prayoga : Adhunika sandarbha meM jAnI cAhiye vyaktigata sandarbha meM bhI zikSA ke dvArA hI hara bacce ko svAvalambana aura AtmanirbharatA kA pATha par3hAyA jA sakatA hai, jisase vaha kevala naukarI kI talAza meM na ghUmeM balki svayaM udyoga aura kAma dhandhoM kA nirmANa kreN| zikSA aisI honI cAhiye jisase baccoM meM yaha bhAvanA ho ki naukarI kitanI bhI acchI kyoM na ho, vaha svAvalambI jIvana se zreyaskara nahIM hai / yahA~ yaha ullekha karanA aprAsaMgika na hogA ki berojagArI kI samasyA - Adhunika yAMtrika saMskRti kI samasyA hai aura sampanna se sampanna rASTra itane rojagAra nahIM utpanna kara sakate jitane deza meM navayuvaka aura navayuvatiyA~ haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja jApAna, pazcimI jarmanI aura amerikA jaise samRddha rASTroM meM berojagArI eka bhISaNa rUpa dhAraNa kiye hue haiM / gAMdhIjI ne jisa zikSA kA varadAna deza ko ko lagabhaga 50 varSa pUrva diyA thA vaha Aja bhI upayogI hai, isameM sandeha nahIM / aura vizva ke sabhI mahAna zaikSika vicArakoM ne gAMdhIjI kI zikSA praNAlI kA kA samarthana kiyA hai| koThArI Ayoga ne bhI apanI riporTa meM yaha kahA hai ki gAMdhIjI buniyAdI zikSA ke siddhAnta zikSA ke sabhI staroM ke liye upayogI aura zreyaskara hai kintu yaha eka dukhada viDambanA hI hai ki bahuta se tathAkathita zikSAvid aura vizeSajJa use anupayogI evaM asAmayika mAnate haiM / gAMdhIMjI ke jIvana kA tIsarA mahattvapUrNa prayoga vikendrita rAjanItika aura Arthika vyavasthA kA thaa| gAMdhIjI ne kahA thA ki vAstavika svataMtratA vahI hogI, jaba bhAratIya samAja grAma svarAja ke Upara AdhArita hogA / arthAt deza kA zAsana Upara se nIce kI ora nahIM ( dillI se gAMva kI ora nahIM ) pratyuta nIce kI ora Upara kI ora calegA / aura tabhI zAsanatantra sudRr3ha ho sakatA hai / isI prakAra gA~dhIjI ne vikendrita arthaM vyavavasthA kI bAta bhI kahI thI, jisameM deza kA Arthika jIvana bar3e-bar3e kala kArakhAnoM para na nirbhara hokara choTe-choTeudyoga dhandhoM para nirbhara karegA ! unhoMne kahA thA ki maiM mazIna ke viruddha nahIM hU~ kintu mazIna yadi manuSya kI svAminI bana jAya aura manuSya usakA dAsa ho jAya : to yaha sthiti mujhe pasanda nahIM hai / isIliye unhoMne deza bhara meM khAdI ke kArya ko calAyA aura gAMdhI AzramoM kI sthApanA kii| jinake mAdhyama se Aja : bhI lAkhoM loga apanI rojI kamA rahe haiM / prazna yaha hai ki kyA vikendrita rAjanItika aura Arthika vyavasthA ke vicAra aura prayoga Aja bhI upayogI hai athavA nahIM / Aja kendrIkaraNa ke siddhAnta kA pUrA pracAra hai / jIvana kI choTI se choTI M parisaMvAda - 3. 12 89

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM buniyAdI AvazyakatA kA niyaMtraNa dillI se hotA hai| gA~voM meM svarAjya yA svazAsana nAma kI koI cIja nahIM hai| deza ke nAgarika niSkriya, akarmaNya aura zAsanamukhApekSI ho gaye haiN| zikSA svAsthya anna ke sambandha meM ve sarakAra para pUrNatayA nirbhara karate haiN| jisa deza meM loka jIvana isa prakAra parAvalambI ho jAtA hai vaha apanI svatantratA kI rakSA bhI samaya Ane para nahI kara sktaa| naukarazAhI aura bar3e-bar3e rAjanetAoM ke saMketoM meM samAja kA jIvana calAnA bar3I khataranAka bAta hai| yaha lokatantra kI anyeSTi kriyA aura adhinAyaka tantra kI puSTa bhUmi kI sthApanA kA upakrama hai| isI sandarbha meM kucha logoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki vikendrIkaraNa samaya ke cakra ko pIche ghumAnA hai| kintu aise loga yaha nahIM samajhate kI Aja bar3e-bar3e kala kArakhAnoM aura mazIna kI saMskRti se manuSya Uba cukA hai| pAzcAtya dezoM meM bhI jahA~ mazIna kI saMskRti carama sImA para hai, eka ugra pratikriyA mazIna kI saMskRti ke viruddha ho rahI hai| bar3e-bar3e kala kArakhAnoM ne vAtAvaraNa pradUSita kara diyA hai, nadiyoM ke jala ko viSAkta banA diyA hai, yahA~ taka kI manuSya ko zuddha vAyu aura zuddha pIne kA pAnI bhI upalabdha honA kaThina hai| mazIna kI saMskRti ne eka kAma aura kiyaa| usane mahAnagaroM ko janma diyA hai, jinakA jIvana nArakIya jIvana hai| ina mahAnagaroM kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke liye jaMgala ke jaMgala kATa diye jAte haiM aura harItimA ke abhAva meM manuSya kA jIvana hI khatare meM par3a gayA hai| klaba Apha roma ( Club of Rome) kI eka yojanA ke antargata vizva ke ucca koTi ke vaijJAnikoM ne gambhIra adhyayana ke bAda yaha ghoSaNA kI hai ki AgAmI zatAbdI ke madhya vindu taka manuSya pRthvI ke sabhI prAkRtika sAdhanoM ko samApta kara degaa| miTTI kA tela, koyalA aura pAnI jo UrjA ke pramukha srota haiM, samApta ho jaayegeN| unhone isa gambhIra sthiti ko punaH duharAyA hai aura vizva ko yaha cetAvanI dI hai ki ve apane kAryoM meM apavyaya ko rokeM aura apanI AvazyakatAoM ko kama kareM, jisase manuSya prAkRtika sAdhanoM kA prayoga adhika samaya taka kara ske| isa sandarbha ko prastuta karane kA uddezya yaha hai ki gAMdhIjI ne bar3e-bar3e kala kArakhAnoM ke sambandha meM jo kucha kahA, vaha Aja ke samajhadAra vaijJAnikoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| aura gAMdhIjI ke prayoga samaya ke cakra ko pIche ghumAne ke prayoga nahIM hai, pratyuta ve na kevala Aja kI sthiti meM balki AgAmI zatAbdI meM aura usake Age bhI vinAza ke andhakAra meM dIpaka kI zikhA bhI krAMti mArga darzana karate rhegeN| manuSya parisaMvAda -3

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gAMdhI jI ke prayoga : Adhunika sandarbha meM ko yadi usa dharatI para jIvita rahanA hai to gAMdhIjI ke prayoga ke atirikta aura koI dUsarA vikalpa nahIM hai| gAMdhIjI ne apane jIvana ke aMtima caraNa meM sarvodaya kA prayoga deza ko diyaa| jisakA artha hai sabakA udaya arthAt hara vyakti kA pUrNa vikAsa / kintu deza ne eka videzI vicAradhArA ko svIkAra kiyA, jise hama samAjavAda kahate haiN| use saMvidhAna meM bhI sthAna diyA gayA hai| hiTalara bhI samAjavAdI thA aura sTAlina tathA mAotsetuGga bhI samAjavAdI the| samAjavAda vyakti kI upekSA aura usake adhikAro ke hanana ke rUpa meM hamAre sAmane A rahA hai| gAMdhIjI ne sarvodaya aura antyodaya kA jo vicAra diyaa| usakA samarthana Aja vizva kA prasiddha krAntivicAraka 'pAlopheyare'kara rahA hai aura usakA kahanA hai ki krAMti vahI hai jisameM samAja kA antima upekSita vyakti kendra meM sthAna pA sake / antyodaya kI bhI yahI saMkalpanA hai| jaisA prArambha meM kahA gayA gAMdhIjI kA pUrA jIvana satya para kiye maye prayogoM kI eka zRkhalA hai| tyAga, tapasyA, sAdhanA, aparigraha ke itihAsa meM isa prakAra kA dUsarA udAharaNa milanA sambhava nahIM hai jisa vyakti ke saMketa para karor3apati dhana upalabdha karAte the, usakA Aja apanA kucha bhI nahIM hai, eka choTI sI phUsa kI jhopar3I sevAgrAma meM khar3I hai| jaba aMgrejoM ne deza kI svatantratA aura usakA sampUrNa zAsana gAMdhI jI ko sauMpA to gAMdhIjI dillI chor3akara hindUmusalamAnoM meM sadbhAva bar3hAne ke liye 'noAkhAlI' cale gye| rAjasattA ke prati yaha nirveda aura vairAgya itihAsa meM advitIya hai| unhoMne apanA sampUrNa jIvana eka do choTe kapar3oM meM bitA diyA aura usI veSabhUSA meM bar3e se bar3e sammelanoM meM bhAga lete rhe| ve deza kI saMskRti aura gA~va kI saMskRti ke prANa aura pratIka the| unhoMne jIvana ke aneka AyAmoM meM aneka prayoga kiye, jinake niSkarSa Aja bhI upayogI evaM zreyaskara haiM aura yugoM taka manuSya ke liye kalyANakArI siddha hoNge| parisaMvAda-3

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satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : gAMdhI kI sAmAjika-naitika dRSTi ke pariprekSya meM zrI ramezacandra tivArI gAMdhI vicAroM ke adhyetA jAnate haiM ki satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAoM para unakI aTUTa niSThA thii| unake lie yaha donoM avadhAraNAyeM kevala bauddhika mahattva nahIM rakhatI thI, balki vaha mAnate the ki saccA mAnava astitva aura eka sahI samAja vyavasthA kevala satya aura ahiMsA para hI AdhRta ho sakatI hai / ataH gAMdhI kI dRSTi meM satya aura ahiMsA manaSya ke vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana ke sarvocca dizA nirdezaka haiM, unake Upara koI nahIM hai| yadi unakI dRSTi meM satya aura ahiMsA kA itanA gaharA mahattva hai to gAMdhI ke vicAroM ko samajhane ke lie sabase adhika Avazyaka hai ki unakI ina donoM avadhAraNoM ke arthoM, nihitArthoM aura aura unakI artasambaddhatA ko samajhA jAya / prastuta nibandha meM ukta do avadhAraNAoM ko gAMdhI kI samagra sAmAjika-naitika dRSTi ke saMdarbha meM dekhane kA prayAsa kiyA gyaa| nibaMdha ke prathama khaNDa meM unakI dRSTi meM nihita pradhAna vizeSatAoM kI carcA kI gayI hai tathA dvitIya evaM tRtIya khaNDoM meM kramaH satya aura ahiMsA kI :- avadhAraNAoM kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| gAMdhI jI kisI darzana praNAlI ke pravartaka nahIM the| kintu unakI cintana prakriyA ke pIche kucha dAnika mAnyatAyeM avazya chIpI thii| ina mAnyatAoM ke tIna pradhAna srota the| pahalA srota thA prAcIna bhAratIya dhArmika sAMskRtika virAsata; dUsarA srota thA pazcima kI udAra mAnavatAvAdI paramparA aura tIsarA aura sabase mahattvapUrNa srota thA unakA apanA vaiyaktika anubhava / unakI dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM ina tInoM srotoM ko pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi gAMdhIjI kA uddezya kisI darzana kA nirmANa karanA nahIM thA kintu unhoMne mAnavIya mUlyoM ke 'parisaMvAda-3

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satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : ... .... nirdhAraNa ke lie eka susambaddha avadhAraNAtmaka DhA~ce kA sarjana avazya kiyaa| unheM mUlyoM aura avadhAraNAoM kI aisI saMracanA kI talAza thI jo mAnava jIvana ko Alokita kareM aura jo kevala vaicArika stara para kAyama na raha kara dainandina jIvana meM aura mAnava vyavahAra meM pratiSThita ho ske| ___ mUlyoM aura AdarzoM kI avadhAraNAoM kI jo saMracanA gAMdhIjI ne nirmita kI usakI darzanazAstra ke logoM dvArA usI prakAra vyAkhyA karanA sambhava hai jisa prakAra ve kisI bar3e cintaka kI dArzanika avadhAraNAoM kI vyAkhyA karate haiN| dArzanika dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane para gAMdhI ke vicAroM ke bAre meM yaha vizeSatA dekhane meM AtI hai ki unake cintana meM sattAmImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA aura vicAra paddhati tInoM hI asAdhAraNa rUpa se ekIkRta haiN| unake isa ekIkRta cintana kA hI yaha pariNAma thA ki unakI avadhAraNAyeM kevala vaicArika stara para tarkasaMgata nirmitiyA~ mAtra nahIM thii| unakI avadhAraNAoM kI yaha vizeSatA thI ki ve sAmAjika mUlyoM kI zakla bhI grahaNa kara letI thii| unakI vicAra prakriyA avadhAraNAoM ko mUlyoM meM rUpAntarita kara detI thii| gAMdhIjI kabhI isa bahasa meM na par3e ki cittatattva pradhAna hai yA pdaarthtttv| unhoMne jIvana aura usake anubhavoM ko AdhAra bnaayaa| isIlie unake lie dArzanika avadhAraNAye pradhAna nahIM thI vaha manuSya kA patha nirdeza karane vAle mUlyoM aura AdarzoM ko pradhAnatA dete the| ataH satya, ahiMsA, satyAgraha, svadezI tathA svarAjya jaisI unakI sabhI avadhAraNAoM kA antima mahattva isI meM nihita hai ki ve vyakti aura samAja donoM ke mUlyoM ko AdhAra pradAna karate haiN| AdhArabhUta mUlyoM ke mAdhyama se vaha eka samyak mAnava samAja ko vikasita hotA dekhanA cAhate the| unakI dRSTi meM eka samyak mAnava samAja ko AdhArabhUta mUlyoM kI bhitti para hI sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| gAMdhIjI kI dRSTi meM mAnava samAja ko usake vibhinna aMgoM kI anyonyAzrayatA para AdhArita eka samagratA ke rUpa meM dekhA jAnA caahie| ve samAja ke vibhinna aMgoM ko vikhaNDita aura ekAMtika dRSTi se nahIM dekhate the| unake liye dharma, rAjanIti, arthavyavasthA, parivAravyavasthA, saMstaraNAtmaka-vyavasthA Adi eka dUsare se alaga nahIM the, balki eka hI sUtra se ba~dhe hue the, anyonyAzrita the| ata: unakI samyak mAnava samAja kI kalpanA ke pIche eka vicAra sUtra kAma karatA hai aura vaha jIvana ko buniyAdI mUlyoM para pratiSThita karanA hai| mUlyoM aura AdarzoM ko kendra meM rakhakara vyakti aura samUha ke jIvana ko saMgaThita tathA vikasita karane para asAdhAraNa bala dene ke kAraNa gAMdhI parisaMvAda-3

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94 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM unakA kA netRtva isa yuga kA sabase asAdhAraNa prakAra kA netRtva thA / netRtva kevala rAjItika netRtva nahIM thA / bIsavIM sadI meM aura bhI aneka krAntikArI aura rAjanItika netA huye the / bar3e-bar3e pratibhAvAna aura prabhAvavAna asAdhAraNa rAjanetA ho cuke haiM, eziyA meM, yUropa meM tathA anyatra | kintu gAMdhI sabase alaga haiM kyoMki unakA netRtva mUlataH naitika netRtva thaa| samAja ko naitika netRtva dene kA kAma rAjanItika netA Amataura para nahIM karate / naitika kSetra meM dizA dene kA kAma sAdhAraNatayA dhArmika yA AdhyAtmika kSetra ke mahApuruSoM kA hotA hai lekina gAMdhIjI kA vizvAsa thA ki rAjanIti ko naitika AdhAra denA atyanta Avazyaka haiM / unake anusAra naitikatAvihIna rAjanIti bahuta aniSTakAraka hotI hai / * yaha prazna Aja ke samAjoM ke lie vicAraNIya hai ki jaba dharma aura paramparA kA naitika mUlya evaM mahattva ghaTatA jA rahA hai aura nirantara tarkasaMgatatA aupacArikatA, karmacArItaMtra tathA vidhi-vidhAnoM kA dAyarA bar3hatA jA rahA hai to samAja ko naitika dizA-nirdeza kahA~ se milegA ? samAja meM mUlyoM kA padakrama kahA~ se nirdhArita hogA ? antima yA sarvocca mUlya kauna mAne jAyegeM ? prasiddha jarmana samAjazAstrI maksavebara ne vartamAna zatAbdI ke prArambha ke dazakoM meM isa rujhAna kA ullekha kiyA thA ki Adhunika samAja ke vikAsa ke sAtha sarvocca antima evaM udAtta mAnavIya mUlyoM kA dAyarA sArvajanika jIvana meM simaTatA jAtA hai, aura zanaiH zanaiH aise mUlya yA to AdhyAtmika rahasya ke gahvaroM meM chipane lagate haiM yA vyaktiyoM ke ekadama nijI jIvana meM sikur3a jAte haiM / ise AdhunikIkaraNa ke sAMskRtika pariNAma ke rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / isake viparIta paramparAgata samAjoM meM dhArmika preraNAoM kA itanA vistAra hotA thA ki ve samAja ke sAre jIvana ko dizA pradAna karate the / samAja ke mUlyoM aura AdarzoM kA sRjana bhI dhArmika kSetra meM hI hotA thA / lekina prAyaH rAjanIti arthavyavasthA, dharma parivAra Adi kSetroM ko vizeSIkRta mAnA jAne lagA hai / ataeva dharma kI vaha vyApakatA nahIM raha gaI hai jo pahale thI / dharma a sAre samAja ke lie buniyAdI Adarza prastuta nahIM kara pAtA / laukikIkaraNa kI prakriyA tIvratara hotI jA rahI hai aura laukikIkaraNa ko AdhunikIkaraNa kI eka anivArya sahAyaka kriyA ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai / itanA hI nahIM arthanIti aura vizeSakara rAjanIti jIvana ke hara kSetra meM isa prakAra praviSTa hotI jA rahI haiM ki vaha prabhAvakAritA tathA varcasva kI dRSTi se vahI sthAna le cukI hai jo sthAna kabhI dharma kA thA / parisaMvAda - 3

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satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ..... 65 Adhunika yuga meM rAjanIti ke isa kendrIya mahattva ko gAMdhIjI pahacAnate the / isI kAraNa unhoMne rAjanIti ko tyAjya nahIM smjhaa| lekina unhoMne rAjanIti kA pariSkAra karanA apanA param dharma smjhaa| ve yaha bhI mAnate the ki rAjanIti sattA kA khela hai sattA kI dhurI para vaha nAcatI hai| sattA para Azrita, sattA se prerita aura mAtra sattA kI ora unmukha rAjanIti ko ve maryAdAhIna mAnate the| vaha rAjanIti ko maryAdita karanA cAhate the| unake anusAra kevala mUlyoM aura AdarzoM se hI rAjanIti ko maryAdita aura pariSkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI kAraNa unakA kahanA thA ki mAtra rAjanItika sattA ko hathiyAne kA lakSya bahuta ghaTiyA lakSya hai| aisI rAjanIti ko vaha bhraSTa rAjanIti mAnate the| unakI dRSTi meM saccI zakti janatA ke prema meM nihita hai| prema aura sadbhAva se janatA kA hRdaya jitanA vAstavika zakti hai| ataH gAMdhIjI kahate the ki hamArA antaHkaraNa jItanA pavitra aura zuddha hogA utanA hI adhika hama janatA kA hRdaya jItane meM saphala hoMge aura gAMdhIjI ke anusAra antaHkaraNa kI zucitA kA AdhAra satya aura ahiMsA jaise sarvocca mUlyoM para aDiga AsthA tathA satya AcaraNa se hI A sakatI hai| isa prakAra gAMdhI ne satya aura naitika mUlyoM ke pArasparika sambandha kA nirdhAraNa karake yaha batAyA ki naitika mUlyoM ke mAdhyama se hI sattA kI vaidhatA, samAjikatA aura mAnavIya upAdeyatA sthApita ho sakatI hai| naitika mUlyoM kI sarvoccatA ko vaha hara paristhiti meM kAyama rakhanA cAhate the| isIlie unhoMne rAjanIti ke sattA kendrita hone kI pracalita dhAraNA ke sthAna para zakti kI paribhASA ko vyApaka rUpa se sAmAjika banAyA, vaiyaktika aura nijI natikatA tathA sArvajanika naitikatA ke dvaita ko samApta karane para bala diyA, naitika mUlyoM tathA rAjanItika svArthoM ke dvandva meM naitika mUlyoM kI apratihata zreSThatA kI sthApanA kI tathA rAjanIti meM dohare mAnadaNDoM ko kAyama rakhane ko anaitika karAra kara diyaa| rAjanIti ko yaha stara pradAna karanA vAstava meM rAjanIti ko eka prakAra se dhArmika dharAtala meM pratiSThita karane ke samAna thaa| gAMdhIjI ne apane rAjanaitika jIvana ke Arambha meM hI rAjanIti ko naitika dRSTi se dekhanA zurU kara diyA thaa| san 1915 meM hI unhoMne kaha diyA thA ki unakA uddezya' rAjanItika jIvana evaM rAjanIti saMsthAoM kA 'adhyAtmIkaraNa' karanA hai| ve kahate the ki yadi rAjanIti ko dharma se alaga kara diyA jAtA hai to vaha usI taraha tyAjya hai jaise ki mRta zarIra / mRta zarIra kI antyeSTi sampanna kI jAtI hai, isake alAvA eka zava kA kyA kiyA jA sakatA hai ? lekina yaha smaraNIya hai ki dharma kI unakI avadhAraNA bhI vaha nahIM jisake anusAra zAstrAnukUla karmakANDoM parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kA anusaraNa karanA tathA kisI sampradAya vizeSa ke aupacArika svarUpa se apane ko jor3anA dharma hai| vaha pracalita dhArmika sampradAyoM ke prathAgata bAhya svarUpa ko dharma nahIM kahate the| ve sampradAyoM se Upara uThakara mAnava samAja tathA manaSya ke Antarika AdhyAtmika-naitika tattvoM ko dharma kahate the| unakA dharma deza tathA kAla kI sImAoM se Abaddha dharma nahIM thaa| ataH jaba ve dharma ko rAjanIti se jor3ate the to unakA tAtparya hindU, islAma, IsAI Adi sampradAyagata dharmoM se nahIM thaa| ve rAjanIti ko mAtra sattA kendrita na banAkara sarvocca, mUlyoM evaM AdarzoM se niyamita evaM nirdezita karanA cAhate the| jahA~ eka ora vaha sattA kendrita rAjanIti ko bhauMr3I aura dUSita mAnate the, vahI dUsarI ora vaha rAjanIti ko sattAlolupa logoM ke hAtha meM dekara samAja kI durgati bhI nahIM hone denA cAhate the| isIlie unhoMne rAjanIti ko pUrNatayA tyAjya samajhane kI bAta nahIM kii| unhoMne dUSita rAjanIti ko chor3akara zuddha aura naitika rAjanIti ko pratiSThita karane kI bAta kii| isIlie gAMdhI jI kabhI nijI aura sArvajanika athavA rAjanItika yA vyaktigata naitikatA ko eka dUsare se alaga nahIM karate the| unakI naitikatA vibhinnIkRta yA vikhaMDita nahIM thii| unakI pUrNa yA samyak naitikatA unakI una AdhArabhUta avadhAraNAoM para AdhArita thI jinameM satya aura ahiMsA sabase pramukha the| uparokta pRSThabhUmi ko dhyAna meM rakhakara gAMdhIjI kI bicAra prakriyA tathA usase prasUta avadhAraNAoM kA vizleSaNa karane para spaSTa hotA hai| ki satya, ahiMsA, svarAjya yA satyAgraha Adi avadhAraNAyeM sAmAjika dRSTi se aneka vizeSatAoM se yukta haiN| unakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve pradhAnatayA AdarzAtmaka haiN| AdarzAtmakatA ko pradhAnatA dene ke kAraNa dArzanikatA tArkikatA kI dRSTi se gAMdhIjI kI avadhAraNAoM meM sambhavataH vaha nizcitatA tathA kasAva tathA asaMdigdha spaSTatA nahIM milatI jo adhikAMza dArzanikoM dvArA prayukta avadhAraNAoM meM milatI haiN| AdarzatmakatA ke prAdhAnya ke atirikta gAMdhI kI avadhAraNAoM meM gatyAtmakatA, sApekSikatA tathA dvandAtmaka vikAsazIlatA kI vizeSatAyeM dRSTigata hotI hai| unakI koI bhI avadhAvaNA jar3a nahI thii| vaha navIna anubhavoM aura jIvana ke staroM ke anurUpa vikasita aura parivaddhita hotI thii| gAMdhI ne jIvana bhara apanI avadhAraNAoM kA badalatI paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM parIkSaNa kiyA, TaTolA aura aura naye saMdarbho meM unakA vistAra kiyA, parimArjana kiyaa| hara sthiti meM una avadhAraNAoM kI parakha karake unake sArvakAlika sAmAjika mahattva ko siddha kiyaa| parisaMvAda-3

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satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : 67 ataeva gAMdhI kI vizeSa naitika aura sAmAjika dRSTi ke sandarbha meM hI satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAoM ke artha ko samajhanA ThIka hogaa| gAMdhIjI kI dRSTi meM mAnava jIvana ke hara pahalU meM vicAra aura vyavahAra kI Antarika kasauTI satya hai / jIvana kA vyaktigata yA sAmUhika koI aisA kSetra nahIM hai jise satya, naitika AdhAra pradAna na kreN| unake anusAra nItizAstra kA AdhAra hI satya haiN| isake sAtha hI sattAmImAMsA tathA jJAnamImAMsA donoM dRSTiyoM se bhI gAMdhI kI satya kI avadhAraNA gAMdhI vicAra prakriyA meM sabase kendrIya avadhAraNA hai| kyoMki unake lie satya svayaM sarvocca sattA hai aura vahI jJAnatattva bhI haiM / satya ke rUpa meM aneka haiN| vaha jJAnagamya bhI hai jJAnAtIta bhI, usakA jAgrata Anubhavika astitva bhI hai aura anubhavAtIta astitva bhii| cU~ki manuSya kA anubhavakSetra aura jJAnakSetra sarvadA sImita hotA hai / isIlie satya kA jJAnagamya yA anubhavagamya svarUpa bhI sImita hotA hai| kintu satya kevala mAnava anubhava sImAoM meM hI nahIM baMdhatA isalie vaha anabhavAtIta bhI hai| gAMdhIjI kahate the ki satya kA artha hamArI jJAna kI paridhi ke andara vastuoM ke astitva se bhI hai aura usa paridhi ke bAhara kI ajJAta sthitiyoM se bhI hai| vaha satya' ko usake vividhAtmaka rUpoM meM dekhate the| satya ke bahu-AyAmI svarUpa kI vyAkhyA ke lie unheM jaina-darzana meM anekAntavAda yA saptabhaMgI kA pratyaya bahuta upayukta pratIta huaa| anekAntavAdI dRSTi se satya ke aneka AyAma hote haiM,aura hameM sarvadA ina vividha AyAmoM kI sahavartitA ko dhyAna meM rakhanA caahie| gAMdhI bhI mAnate the ki satya kabhI ekAMgI nahIM hotA / satya ke aneka pahalU hote haiN| isa prakAra gAMdhI ke satya kI avadhAraNA bahuta vyApaka hai| yadi usakA eka chora vyaktigata aura sAmAjika jIvana se jur3A hai to usakA dUsarA chora dezakAla kI paridhiyoM se bAhara lokAtIta, anubhavAtIta kSetra se sambaddha hai| gAMdhIjI ke cintana meM satya kA sthAna sarvopari hai| satya antima kasauTI. hai| vaha kahate the ki satya ke atirikta kisI bhI vastu kA vAstavika astitva nahIM hai / satya ke astitva ke alAvA anya saba astitva "avAstavika" hai| avAstavika isa artha meM ki jagata meM koI vastu nitya yA aparivartanazIla nahIM hai, sabhI ghaTanAyeM aura racanAe~ anitya hai, parivartanazIla hai| gAMdhI ke anusAra pUrNatA kevala satya meM hai aura satya zAzvat hai| unakI dRSTi meM satya ko usakI pUrNatA meM koI nahIM jAna sktaa| usake anekAneka rUpa haiN| isIlie unhoMne batAyA ki satya parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ko aneka paryAyoM se jAnA jAtA hai. dharma, Rt, zAzvat. yathArtha, antima tattva, pUrNatva, vizuddha, anAdi, ananta aadi| gAMdhIjI prAyaH satya ko Izvara kahate the| unakA kahanA thA ki cUMki satya pUrNa antima tathA zAzvata siddhAnta kA nAma hai isIlie vaha Izvara hai| vaha kahate the ki maiM Izvara kI ArAdhanA kevala satya ke rUpa meM karatA hU~, anya kisI rUpa meM nhiiN| unake anusAra satya kI anavarata khoja mAnava jIvana kA param lakSya hai| usase bar3A koI dUsarA lakSya nahIM ho sktaa| prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM manuSya ke lie cAra puruSArthoM kI jo vyAkhyA kI gayI hai usameM caturtha puruSArtha arthAt mokSa ko sarvocca mAnA gayA hai| dharma, artha, tathA kAma kA mahattva antima rUpa meM mokSa ke saMdarbha meM hI hai| kintu gAMdhIjI ne satya ko mokSa se bhI Upara rakhA hai| unakA kahanA thA ki, "maiM mokSa kA icchuka hU~, kintu yadi mokSa kA satya aura ahiMsA se virodha hogA to mujhe mokSa nahIM caahie|" ___ satya kI uparyukta avadhAraNA use AdhyAtmika dharAtala para le jAtI haiM kyoMki satya kI tamAma vazeSatAe~ use anirvacanIyatA pradAna karatI haiN| pUrNa, zAzvat evaM antima tattva ke rUpa meM satya kI kauna vyAkhyA kara sakatA hai ? kauna use jAna sakatA hai ? isIlie gAMdhIjI ke Alocaka kahate haiM ki unakA satya rahasyAtmaka thaa| prAcIna bhAratIya dArzanikoM evaM dhArmika tattvacintakoM kI taraha vAyavIya thaa| lekina aisA kahanA gAMdhI kI satya kI avadhAraNA ke kevala eka pahalU ko pakar3anA hai| unakA satya jahA~ AdhyAtmika dharAtala para avyakta tathA pUrNa hai vahIM vaha mAnavIya jagata meM nAnA rUpoM meM vyakta hai aura usakA astitva sApekSika hai| gAMdhIjI ne vyAvahArika dRSTi se satya ke sApekSika svArthoM ko mahattva diyA thaa| ve jAnate the ki satya ko usake pUrNa rUpa meM na to dekhA jA sakatA hai aura na usase mAnavIya jagata kA vyavahAra sampanna ho sakatA hai| manuSya kA sAmAjika jagata parisImita hai, paripUrNa nhiiN| isa bhA~ti gAMdhI satya ke pUrNa aura sApekSika do pradhAna rUpoM meM bheda karate the| unakA kahanA thA ki pUrNa satya kA jJAtA koI nahIM hai| hama saba AMzika satya ko jAnate haiN| manuSya satya ko jisa prakAra aura jisa rUpa meM dekhatA hai usI kA vaha anusaraNa kara sakatA hai| pUrNa satya ko vaha Izvara kA paryAya mAnate the, ataH satya rUpI Izvara ko prApta karanA sAdhAraNa bAta nahI hai| use prApta karane kA prayAsa mAtra ho sakatA hai| vaha prayAsa kitanA saphala hogA, koI nahIM jaantaa| lekina pratyeka vyakti yaha avazya kara sakatA hai ki vaha parisaMvAda-3

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satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : satya ko jisa taraha dekhe usake anusAra AcaraNa kre| gAMdhIjI kahate the ki apane satya yA AMzika satya ke anusAra AcaraNa karanA bhI koI AsAna kAma nahIM hai| usake lie adamya sAhasa aura dhairya kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| unakA kahanA thA ki yadyapi satya kA mArga kRpANa ko dhAra ke samAna hai kintu phira bhI mere liye sabase AsAna aura sabase nikaTa kA rAstA hai| yadi manuSya satya ke patha para aDiga hokara ImAnadArI ke sAtha cale to bar3I se bar3I bhUle aura bar3e se bar3e avarodha bhI nirarthaka siddha ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra gAMdhIjI ke lie samAja meM vyavahAra kI dRSTi se AMzika satya hI arthapUrNa hai| gAMdhIjI kA satya manuSya meM prayogamitA para AdhArita naitika sAhasa kA sRjana karatA hai| AMzika yA sApekSika satya ko mahattva dekara unhoMne manuSya ko nirantara apane ko sudhArane tathA sahI mArga para nirantara calate rahane ke lie preraNA kA AdhAra pradAna kiyaa| satya kA anusaraNa karane vAlA eka prakAra se nirantara prayoga karatA hai / apane vicAroM aura vyavahAroM ko parakhatA hai, apanI truTiyoM kA vizleSaNa karatA hai, punaH saMzodhana karake vyavahAra karatA hai aura yaha krama nirantara calatA rahatA hai| apanI galatiyoM ko pahacAnane aura unameM sudhAra karane kA pUrA avasara milatA hai| gAMdhIjI kA sApekSika satya kI avadhAraNA mAnava vyavahAra kA uttarottara parimArjana karatI hai| gAMdhI kI dRSTi meM nirantara sahI rAste para calate rahane ke prayatna meM hI manuSya ke jIvana ko sArthakatA nihita hai / jIvana patha para calane vAle pathika ke lie satya dhruva tAre ke samAna patha pradarzaka hai| satya kA anusaraNa karanA tathA satya para dRr3ha rahanA gAMdhI ke lie manuSya kA sarvocca puruSArtha hai| satya para dRr3ha rahane vAlA vyakti eka behatara insAna banatA hai / satya kA anusaraNa karane vAle vyakti meM sAmAjika zIla aura vinaya kA udbhava hotA hai| vaha samAja ko apane vicAra aura vyavahAra se suvAsita karatA hai| apane samAja kA vaha eka Adarza sadasya hotA hai kyoMki krodha, kSudra svArtha, ghRNA, IrSyA, dveSa tathA durbhAvanAyeM satya kA anugamana karane meM svataH kSINa hokara samApta hone lagatI hai| aisA vyakti apane samAja ke anya sadasyoM ke sAtha mAnavIya tAdAtmya sthApita karatA hai| vaha dUsare ke duHkha se duHkhI hotA hai| vaha apane svArtha kA tyAga karatA hai| vaha kisI kA zoSaNa nahIM kara sakatA, vaha anyAya nahIM kara sakatA, aura na anyAya ko sahana kara sakatA hai| vaha tyAga kara sakatA hai, kaSTa saha sakatA hai| vaha bhogI aura krUra nahIM ho sktaa| satyAnveSI meM ahaMkAra bhI nahI hotaa| satyAnveSI vyakti vinamra hotA hai| gAMdhIjI ne kahA hai ki satya parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kA khojI dhUla ke kaNoM se bhI adhika vinamra hotA hai| duniyA dhUla ko pA~vo se rauMdatI hai, kintu satyAnveSI vyakti itanA vinamra hotA hai ki dhUla bhI use kucala sakatI hai| apane ahaM kA vilaya karane vAlA manuSya hI satya kA jhalaka pA sakatA hai| ahaM kI bhAvanA kA zamana kiye vinA vinamratA kA AvibhAva nahIM ho sakatA hai aura na sacce sAmAjika zIla kA vikAsa ho sakatA hai| gAMdhI sAmAjika jIvana ko zIla. sahiSNutA tathA sadbhAvanA se suvAsita karake use zreSTha aura mAnavocita banAnA cAhate the| unakI dRSTi meM yaha tabhI sambhava ho sakatA hai jabaki manuSya satya kA pAlana kreN| unakA kahanA thA ki satya kA khojI na kevala vinamra aura zIlavAna hogA, balki vaha jIvana ke dvaitoM se bhI mukti pA sakatA hai| Asakti aura virakti, AkarSaNa aura vikarSaNa aura sakha aura duHkha ke dvaita se Upara uThakara vyakti pUrNa mukti kA anubhava kara sakatA hai| ata: gAMdhI ke lie satya kI avadhAraNA vyakti aura samAja donoM ke naitika unnayana kA AdhAra hai| ve samAja ke unnayana ko mAnavIya guNoM kI zreSThatA ke uttarotara vikAsa meM dekhate the| aura vaha isa vikAsa kA ekamAtra AdhAra satya kI avadhAraNA ko mAnate the| .. samAja zAstrIya dRSTi se gAMdhIjI kI satya kI avadhAraNA ke mUlya ko samajhane kA prayAsa bahuta kama kiye gaye haiN| prAyaH yaha dhAraNA vidyamAna hai ki gAMdhIjI aise manuSyoM ke aise samAja kA nirmANa karanA cAhate the jo sAtvika pravRtti ke hoN| sAdhu svabhAva ke anAsakta loga hoN| samAja vaijJAnika kahate haiM ki manuSya kI eSaNAoM, svArthoM tathA jIvana kI vikaTa samasyAoM ke saMdarbha meM sAtvika vRtti ke sAdhu svabhAva vAle vyaktiyoM kI saMkhyA itanI kama hotI hai ki vaha samAja ke ausata sadasya nahIM hote| samAja zAstriyoM aura manovaijJAnikoM kI dRSTi meM manuSya kA dainandina jIvana saMgharSoM, tanAvoM, vigrahoM, svAthoM tathA asantoSoM ke bIca gujaratA hai aura krodha, IrSyA, ghRNA, hiMsA tathA dveSa jaisI manovRttiyoM kI manuSyoM ke jIvana meM bahuta bar3I bhUmikA hotI hai| samAja vaijJAnikoM kA yaha vizleSaNa apanI jagaha para sahI hai| mAnava samAja se na to saMgharSoM, tanAvoM aura vigrahoM Adi sAmAjika samasyAoM kA unmUlana ho pAyA hai aura na manuSya ke mana se krodha, IrSyA, dveSa, moha Adi bhAvanAoM kA uccheda huA hai| kintu yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki mAnava samAja ne sarvadA ina samasyAoM tathA bhAvanAoM para vijaya prApta karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi aisA na hotA to manuSya kA samAja sambhavataH pazu samAja se adhika bhinna na hotaa| ataH gAMdhI ke vicAroM ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA atarkasaMgata hogA ki ve santa sAdhu pravRtti ke anAsakta manuSyoM ke kAlpanika samAja parisaMvAda-3

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satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : 101 kA nirmANa karAnA cAhate / gAMdhI ko jJAta thA ki aisA samAja banAnA bahuta hI kaThina hai. zAyada asambhava hai| sAmAnyataH manuSyoM meM moha, dveSa, krodha, ISyA Adi kI pAzavika bhAvanAe~ bahuta prabala hotI hai aura unako niyaMtrita karane vAlI vRttiyA~ kamajora hotI haiN| lekina mAnava kI zreSThatA aura viziSTatA isI buniyAdI tathya para Azrita hai ki vaha svArtha kendrita pAzavika bhAvanAoM para niyantraNa karane kA satata prayAsa karatA hai| gAMdhI isI daSTi se manuSya aura usake samAja kI saMracanA meM naitika mUlyoM evaM AdarzoM ko mahattva dete the| unhoMne satya para isIlie bala diyA ki manuSyoM meM pAzavika bhAvanAoM kA yadi unnamUlana na bhI ho sake to kama se kama unakA vega aura prAbalya kama ho| aura prema, sahAnubhUti, sahayoga tyAga, paraduHkhakAtaratA Adi udAtta mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kI zakti bddh'e| yaha AsAna nahI hai, lekina usake lie nirantara prayatnazIla honA aura hara paristhiti meM use na chor3anA sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| sArI viSama sthitiyoM ke bIca isa kAma meM satata saMlagna rahane ko gAMdhI jI manuSya kA sabase bar3A dharma mAnate the| gA~dhIjI samAja ke saMsthAgata punanirmANa se pahale sahI dRSTikoNa nirmita karanA cAhate the| yadi vyakti kI dRSTi ThIka hogI to usakA AcaraNa bhI ThIka hogaa| samyaka dRSTi vAle vyakti hI samAja kI rAjanIti tathA Arthika saMracanA meM krAntikArI parivartana lA sakate haiM tathA anyAya, zoSaNa, svArtha tathA lolupatA se mukta samAja kA nirmANa kara sakate haiN| isake lie gAMdhIjI satya ko jIvana meM sarvocca mahattva denA anivArya samajhate the| ata: gAMdhI kI buniyAdI avadhAraNAoM para vicAra karate samaya unakI sAmAjika dRSTi aura manuSya kI pravRttiyoM ke bAre meM unakI sAmAjika dRSTi ko dhyAna rakhe binA una avadhAraNAoM kA samAja zAstrIya vizleSaNa nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| gAMdhIjI mAnate the ki satya kA anubhava manuSyoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM ke bIca hI hotA hai| ve kahate the, "satya manuSya ko manuSya se jor3atA haiN| satya ke binA koI samAja saMgaThita nahIM ho sktaa|" isase spaSTa hai ki ve satya' ko sAmAjika stara para samAja ke saMgaThana kA AdhAra mAnate the| unakI dRSTi meM asatya aura dhokhe para samAja khar3A nahIM hotaa| yadi samAja meM asatya tathA dhokhe kA astitva hai to usase yaha siddha nahIM hotA ki unake Upara samAja kA saMgaThana nirmita hogaa| samAja meM asatya hamezA vidyamAna rahatA hai kintu vaha samAja ke gaThana kA AdhAra nahIM bana sktaa| kama se kama gAMdhI kI dRSTi meM samAja kA svarUpa aisA hI hai / samAnyatayA janamAnasa meM mahAtmA gAMdhI kA nAma ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke sAtha jitane ghaniSTha rUpa se jur3A huA hai, utanA satya kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha nhiiN| x x x x parisaMvAda-3

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102 bhAratIya 'cantana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kintu vAstavikato yaha hai ki yadyapi ve ahiMsA ko jIvana ke kSetra meM vyavahRta karate the, kintu ve mAnate the ki ahiMsA kA lakSya satya kA anusaraNa karanA hai| unake anusAra satya sAdhya hai tathA ahiMsA sAdhana hai| 'harijana' meM Ane eka lekha meM unhoMne likhA thA, "ahiMsA sAdhya nahIM hai. sAdhya to satya hai / " lekina ve mAnate the ki satya ko prApta karane kA ahiMsA hI eka mAtra sAdhana hai| unhoMne kahA thA"mAnava sambandhoM meM satya kI prApti kA ahiMsA ko chor3akara koI anya sAdhana nahIM hai| ahiMsA para aDiga rahanA satya se anivArya rUpa meM jur3A hai, hiMsA satya se kisI rUpa meM nahIM jur3I hai| isalie ahiMsA para merI niSThA hai|' isase spaSTa hai ki ahiMsA kA mahattva isa tathya meM nihita hai ki usake mAdhyama se jIvana ke sarvocca lakSya arthAt satya kI siddhi hotI haiN| binA ahiMsA ke satya kA pAlana, satya kA anveSaNa nahIM ho sktaa| isa taraha donoM ke bIca sAdhana aura sAdhya kI ekAkAratA hai| yadi satya sAdhya hai to use prApta karane kA prayAsa kie binA usakA koI mahattva nahIM hai aura usakI prApti kevala ahiMsA ke dvArA hotI hai| ahiMsA hI satya ko jIvana ke lie sArthaka banAtI hai| isa prakAra satya aura ahiMsA sAvyasAdhana sambandha meM ba~dhe hone kI sthiti meM eka dUsare se bhinna bhI haiM abhinna bhii| ahiMsA kA zAbdika artha hiMsA kI anupasthiti hai aura hiMsA kA sAmAnya tAtparya hai kisI ko hAni na phuNcaanaa| yoM Amataura para hiMsA kA artha kisI ko coTa pahu~cAnA yA mAranA mAnA jAtA hai| ataH ahiMsA kA sAmAnya artha coTa na pahu~cAnA yA mArane se virata rahanA mAnA jAtA hai| kintu vyApaka artha meM ahiMsA kA artha kisI ko kisI bhI prakAra kI hAni na pahu~cAnA hai| gAMdhIjI ne ahiMsA ko vyApaka artha meM hI apnaayaa| gAMdhIjI ne ahiMsA ke do rUpa batAye haiMsakArAtmaka ahiMsA tathA nakArAtmaka ahiMsA / nakArAtmaka ahiMsA se unakA tAtparya hai sI bhI prANo ko zArIrika yA mAnasika hAni na pahu~cAnA hai / unakA kahanA thA ki kisI bhI anucita karma meM pravRtta yA hAni pahu~cAne vAle vyakti ko badale meM hAni pahu~cAnA to kyA usake prati durbhAvanA rakhanA bhI hiMsA hai| ataH sabhI prakAra se dUsare ke prati durbhAvanA na rakhanA yA usake ahita kI kAmanA na karanA nakArAtmaka ahiMsA hai| isase bhinna sakArAtmaka ahiMtA kA tAtparya sarvocca prema tathA tyAga se hai| ahiMsA kA yaha svarUpa zatru tathA mitra evaM apane tathA parAye kA bheda nahIM krtaa| yaha abheda dRSTi hai| sAmAjika stara para advaya dRSTi hai| isa prakAra gAMdhI ne ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA ko bahuta vistAra pradAna kiyaa| parisaMvAda-3

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satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : 103 ahiMsA ke mAmale meM gAMdhI zramaNaparamparA ke adhika nikaTa the| bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNa parasparA jisameM jaina aura bauddha donAM paramparAyeM samAhita haiM kI eka vizeSatA hai ahiMsA kA tattvajJAna aura usakA vyApaka pryog| gAMdhI para isa paramparA kA sabase bar3A prabhAva unakI ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA meM prakaTa hotA hai| gAMdhIjI karma aura vicAra donoM kSetroM meM ahiMsA kA vistAra karate the| unhoMne ahiMsA ko itanA vistRta kiyA ki prAyaH sabhI pradhAna naitika guNa usameM samAhita ho jAte haiN| unhoMne ahiMsA ko kSamA, prema, svArthahInatA. vinamratA sajjanatA, Asteya, nirbhIkatA, nizchalatA, tathA karuNA jaise vizeSaNoM se sambodhita kiyA hai| unakI dRSTi meM jhUTha, makkArI, dhokhAdhar3I chala-kapaTa, SaDayantra aura tucchatA Adi sabhI avaguNa tathA galata tarIke ahiMsA ke viloma hai, arthAt hiMsA ke rUpa hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA ko hiMsA ke abhAva ke rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| ahiMsA kA mahattva hiMsA ke sandarbha meM jJAta hotA hai| hiMsA ke rahate hue hiMsA kI AvazyakatA hai| gAMdhIjI ke anusAra ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko taba AghAta pahu~catA hai jaba mana meM kisI ke prati duvicAra yA durbhAvanA utpanna hotI hai, jaba jhUTha bolA jAtA hai jaba kisI ke prati ISyA tathA dveSa upajatA hai / jaba kisI kI ahita kAmanA kI jAtI hai aura jaba kisI na kisI rUpa meM aniSTa tathA baira kA bhAva prakaTa hotA hai| isa taraha ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA vistAra bahuta dUra taka ho jAtA hai| lekina gAMdhIjI yahIM para nahIM rukte| unakI najaroM meM yadi koI vyakti aisI vastu para ekAdhikAra jamAtA hai jisakI samUha yA samAja ko AvazyakatA hai to vaha bhI hiMsA hai| saMcayavRtti sampatti yA pU~jI para nijI adhikAra tathA apane sukha evaM bhoga ke lie vastuoM ke upabhoga evaM prayoga se dUsare ko vaMcita karanA bhI hiMsA hai| ataeva gAMdhI kI ahiMsA vyakti kI saMcaya vRtti aura bhogavRtti ke samUla nirAkaraNa kI apekSA karatI hai| isa artha meM ahiMsA ko asIma tyAga aura dhairya kA paryAya kahA jA sakatA hai| jaba saMcayavRtti kA avasAna hogA to tyAgavRtti kA udaya hogA, jaba bhogavRtta kA zamana hogA to sAde aura sahaja jIvana kA prAdurbhAva hogaa| yaha manuSya ko anAvazyaka AsaktiyoM se mukta karatA hai| manaSya AsaktiyoM se jaise-jaise mukta hotA jAtA hai vaise-vaise usameM avaira bhAvanA vikasita hotI hai| isalie gAMdhI jI kA kahanA thA ki ahiMsA ke anusaraNa dvArA zatru yA vairI ke prati kevala nirapekSa sahAnubhUti hI utpanna nahIM hotI varan eka sacce ahiMsaka vyakti ke lie zatru yA zatratA kA astitva hI nahIM rahatA / ahiMsaka vyakti ajAtazatru hotA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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104 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM bauddhoM evaM jainoM kI bhA~ti gAMdhIjI bhI yaha mAnate the ki hiMsA saba pApoM kA mUla hai| unakI dRSTi meM sabhI prakAra ke pApa-karma hiMsA ke pratyakSa yA apratyakSA pariNAma hai| ataH hiMsA ke unmUlana kA artha hai sabhI pApoM kA uccheda / manuSya ke vividha svArthoM, saMkIrNatAoM tathA duSkarmoM se tabhI chuTakArA mila sakatA hai jaba hiMsA se chuTakArA mile| hiMsA vRtti kA mUla hai apane ko dUsare se alaga samajhane kI bhAvanA jise jainadarzana meM attAvAda kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| ahaMtA se svArtha utpanna hotA hai aura svArtha ke kAraNa manuSya kevala svahita kA dhyAna rakhatA hai, parahita tathA sarvahita kA tiraskAra karatA hai| svahita meM nirantara pravRtta rahanA hiMsA hai| isIlie ahiMsA ke anusaraNa karane kA tAtparya svArtha bhAvanA ke mUla arthAt ahaMtA ke nirAkaraNa ke lie prayatnazIla honaa| ise dUsare zabdoM meM AtmaniSedha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai| yadi pUrNa Atma niSedha karanA sambhava na bhI ho, to kama se kama dUsaroM ko apanI hI taraha yA apanI hI sthiti meM dekhA jA sakatA hai-Atmavat sarvabhUteSu / lekina ahaMtA nivRtti yA Atma niSedha kI bhAvanA ke sAtha ahiMsA ko jor3ane kA artha yaha nahIM lagAyA jAnA cAhie kI gAMdhIjI kI dRSTi meM ahiMsA eka nitAnta vaiyaktika guNa hai jisako mahattva kevala vyakti ke lie hai, samAja ke lie nhiiN| gAMdhI ke lie anya sAmAjika mUlyoM kI taraha ahiMsA bhI eka sAmAjika mUlya hai jo sAmUhika stara para eka sAmAjika guNa kI taraha vikasita hone kI pUrI sambhAvanAyeM rakhatA hai| unakA to kahanA thA ki samAja ko bA~dhane yA use ekIkRta karane kA vAstavika AdhAra hiMsA hai| jisa prakAra pRthvI gurutvAkarSaNa ke siddhAnta ke kAraNa apanI jagaha para sthita hai, usI prakAra mAnava samAja bhI ahiMsA ke kAraNa sambhava hai| isa prakAra gAMdhIjI ahiMsA ko sAmAjika stara para pratiSThita karate the| unakA vicAra thA ki yadi ahiMsA kevala vyaktigata stara taka sImita rahatI hai to usakA samAja ke lie koI pratyakSa mahattva nahIM raha jAtA / unake anusAra ahiMsA sAmAjika jIvana ke hara stara meM vyavahAra yogya hai| do ghaniSTa mitroM ke pArisparika sambandhoM se lekara ke antarASTrIya sambandhoM taka ahiMsA kA satat prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| samAja meM vyAvahArika stara para gAMdhI ne ahiMsA ke prayoga ke cAra staroM kI carcA kI hai| pahalA stara hai kisI sthApita vyavasthA ke viruddha ahiMsA kA prayoga, udAharaNa ke lie videzI zakti ke viruddha ahiMsaka sNghrss| dUsarA stara hai samAja ke andara vibhinna samudAyoM ke pArasparika jhagar3oM meM ahiMsA kA prayoga, yathA sAmpradAyika daMgoM meM ahiMsA kA vyavahAra / tIsarA stara hai kisI videzI AkramaNa se bacAva karane meM ahiMsA kA pryog| cauthA yA antima stara hai manuSyoM ke nijI parisaMvAda-3

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satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : 10 // athavA ApasI sambandhoM meM ahiMsA kA prayoga, udAharaNArtha parivAra yA par3osa ke ke sambandhoM meM ahiMsaka AcaraNa / ina staroM kI carcA karane ke silasile meM gAMdhIjI ne yaha avazya mAnA thA ki ahiMsA ke prayoga kA sabase acchA kSetra parivAra yA Amane-sAmane ke samUha haiN| isIlie vaha kahate the ki ahiMsA kA anusaraNa. choTe samudAyoM meM adhika AsAnI se ho sakatA hai| unakI dRSTi meM eka sacce aura sthAyI ahiMsaka samAja kA AdhAra svaicchika sahayoga para Azrita grAmINa yA laghu samudAya ho sakate haiM lekina isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki unakI dRSTi meM Adhunika vRhadAkAra rASTra-rAjyoM yA antarrASTrIya samudAyoM meM ahiMsA avyavahArya hai| isake viparIta gAMdhI ne kAphI vistAra se batAyA hai ki rASTra ke andara tathA rASTra ke bIca kisa prakAra ahiMsA kA anugamana karake zAnti, nyAya aura samatA kI sthApanA kI jA sakatI hai| isI saMdarbha meM unakA yaha bhI kahanA thA ki ahiMsA kabhI zakti yA sattA para kabjA' nahIM kara sakatI, kintu usase adhika bar3A kAma kara sakatI hai / vaha hai zakti athavA sattA ko prabhAvakArI DhaMga se niyantrita tathA nirdezita krnaa| gAMdhIjI dRSTi meM ahiMsA kA jitanA mahattva eka saiddhAntika dharma ke rUpa meM hai utanA hI vyavahArika nIti-dharma ke rUpa meM bhI hai| saiddhAntika dharma ke rUpa meM unake lie ahiMsA jIvana-dharma thaa| ve kahate the, "ahiMsA mere jIvana kI sAMsa hai|" vaha kisI bhI laukika yA lokottara vastU se adhika ahiMsA para zraddhA rakhate the / ve aksara kahA karate the ki yadi ahiMsA ke alAvA kisI dUsarI cIja se merA lagAva hai to vaha satya hai| sAtha hI vaha yaha bhI kahate the ki mere lie satya aura ahiMsA abhinna hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA unakI mUlabhata niSThA kA AdhAra thiiN| unake anusAra jo vastu niSThA aura zraddhA ke yogya hotA hai vaha sarvavyApI aura sArvakAlika hotI hai| isa kAraNa vaha ahiMsA ko manuSya ke jIvana ko isa pahalU meM dekhate the aura pratiSThita karate the| unake lie ahiMsA vaha vizvAsa thA jisa para sArA jIvana TikatA hai / ahiMsA unakA Adarza bhI thA aura vizvAsa bhii| Adarza evaM vizvAsa rUpI ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko ve jaba vyavahAra jagata meM utArate the to vaha nItidharma bana jAtA thA, nIti kA nirdhAraka paimAnA bana jAtA thaa| unhoMne sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika jIvana meM ahiMsA kA AjIvana yathAsambhava prayoga kiyaa| rAjanIti meM unakA eka mAtra upakaraNa ahiMsA hI thaa| unakI dhAraNA thI ki hiMsA kI apekSA ahiMsA kI zakti kahIM adhika hai| ve mAnate the ki ahiMsaka saMgharSa meM parAjaya kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| rAjanIti ke kSetra meM hisA ko pUrNatayA svIkAra karake unhoMne ahiMsA ko pratiSThita kiyaa| ve na to kauTilya, parisaMvAda-3

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i 106 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM bhISma yA manu jaise prAcIna bhAratIya vicArakoM se sahamata the ki rAjanIti meM hiMsA kisI na kisI rUpa meM aparihArya hai aura na ve maikiyAvelI, notse, mArksa, sorela, paroTo, jaise pazcimI vicArakoM kI taraha mAnate the ki rAjanIti se hiMsA ko alaga thalaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / gAMdhI hiMsAvihIna rAjanIti kI bAta karate the / unakA yaha kahanA thA ahiMsA kI rAjanIti korA siddhAnta nahI hai vaha pratyakSa vyavahAra bhI hai / kintu vaha jAnate the ki ahiMsA kA vyavahAra kaThina hai jabaki hiMsA kA vyavahAra AsAna hai| vaha rAjanIti sahita sAmAjika jIvana ke hara kSetra meM ahiMsA ko pratiSThita karanA cAhate the / X x X uparyukta vizleSaNa se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki gAMdhIjI ne satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika mUlyoM tathA AdarzoM kI eka aisI saMracanA nirmita kI, jo unakI dRSTi meM manuSya ke vaiyaktika tathA sAmUhika jIvana ko adhikAdhika dvandvamukta yA saMgharSamukta banAkara nyAyapUrNa, zoSaNavihIna, zAntimaya tathA sacce arthoM meM mAnavIya banAtI hai / vaha sarala, mukta aura Rju jIvana ke dRSTA the| aisA jIvana satya aura ahiMsA ke mUlyoM para hI nirmita ho sakatA hai / ina siddhAntoM para unakI aTUTa AsthA eka sAmAjika-naitika AsthA thI / gAMdhIjI pUre sAmAjika tathA rAjanItika jIvana ko mUlataH naitika mUlyoM se anuprANita karanA cAhate the / jaisA ki pahale bhI kahA jA cukA hai ki unakA netRtva pradhAnataH naitika netRtva thA / meksabebara ne samAja meM do prakAra kI naitika dRSTiyoM ke astitva kI carcA kI hai| unameM se eka hai antima uddezyoM kI naitikatA aura dUsarI hai uttaradAyitva kI naitikatA / vebara kA kahanA thA ki naitikatA ke ina donoM prakAroM kA eka dUsare se alagAva samAja tathA rAjanIti ke lie ghAtaka hotA hai| vebara yaha dekha rahe the ki Adhunika samAjoM meM aura vizeSakara rAjanIti meM naitikatA ke ina donoM rUpoM kA tejI se hrAsa aura alagAva hotA jA rahA hai, jo azubha hai / gAMdhIjI ne baMbara ko to nahIM par3hA thA lekina ve vaibara se kahIM jyAdA aura kahIM U~ce uThakara usa alagAva ko dekha rahe the aura usake samAdhAna kA unhoMne mahAna prayAsa kiyaa| unhoMne apane cintana tathA karma se ukta donoM prakAra kI naitikatA ko abhinna banAne kI koziza kii| ve isa yuga ke ekamAtra cintaka tathA netA the jinhoMne jIvana ke antima mUlyoM aura vyAvahArika sAmAjika jIvana X

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satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA : 107 ke AdarzoM ko ekIkRta kiyaa| isIlie kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne rAjanIti ke AdhyAtmIkaraNa kA prayAsa kiyA thaa| satya aura ahiMsA kI unakI avadhAraNAoM kA isI sandarbha meM mahattva hai| gAMdhI kI dRSTi meM yadi satya samAja vyavasthA kA mUla AdhAra hai to ahiMsA satya para AdhArita samAja nirmANa kA ekameva sAdhana hai| parisaMvAda-3

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Gandhian Experiments in Context to our Present day problems Dr. K. C. Misra Gandhi ji has been a great reformer, through his saintly behaviour he brought forth remarkable changes in the religion and social thinking of masses. Some of his ideas and experiments are outlined below: 1. Education. Revolutionized the British pattern of education by suggesting the system of 'Basic Education' to our youth. He thought that education should be profession oriented. His ideas regarding education at Primary and High School level are correct and provide solution for the present day meaningless experiments in our educational policies. Science and Biology curriculum of High School is very much lopsided. 2. Rural uplift. Education in primary and secondary stages should be character and religion oriented. Twentieth century is the age of urbanization and industrialization. The rural life is completely changed. Human Environment is very much changed in Urban & Industrial Complexes. Problems of congestion has changed the quality of man. Gandhi's idea of rural uplift will certainly solve many of the environmental problems arising out of our modern urbanization. In order to divert the rush from rural to urban parisavA - 3

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GANDHIAN EXPERIMENTS IN CONTEXT areas the Govt. and private efforts should be directed to encourage people to live in and develop the villages. Incentive by way of providing finances and materials to educated persons be given for settling in villages. Urban aminities be also provided by having good schools, roads, drinking water and recreation grounds in and around the villages. Mushroom growth of buildings and small scale industries in the CABAL towns be stopped and villages around (say 30 km. radius) be developed by the Town authorities by providing finances and facilities etc. out of their own resources. Similarly Industrial Complexes should also be advised to develop the villages around them ( 5-10 km. radius) and construct residential quarters at least 1-2 km. away from the factory site. 109 3. Self service and character building. By his own example of simplicity in living he has shown us the path. People should not feel shy doing their own work (even cleaning of latrins and sweeping the house and its frontage). In rural oriented civilization the way of living will lessen the stress on human mind and will certainly improve the quality of life. Chances of diseases caused by environmental stresses will be reduced. 4. Social and cultural uplift. Gandhiji brought radical social reforms by mixing with common folk and removing untouchability. He also believed in opening the doors of temples for all. He believed in our cultural heritage and encouraged cultural uplift. 5. Religion. He enouraged each and every religion and lived a religious life. He believed in prayer and service which parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM are foundation stones of character building Through 'Bhajan' and 'Satsang' he preached social, moral and religious reforms, Present day Indian irrespective of cast and creed is still godfearing and we can even now educate them and eradicate superstition and many ills from the society, through Satsangs'. Such meets organized by the private or govt. efforts should be encouraged and made usual feature in rural areas. Part of Adult Education Fund be diverted for this purpose. 6. Small scale industries. Need-less capital, energy and space but provide employment to larger number of persons. Chances of environmental pollution and population overcrowding are reduced. Individual talents are revealed. See "Small is Beautiful" by Shoemaker 7. Agriculture. Gandhiji believed in 'green revolution along with 'White-revolution'. He had the idea of collective farming and utilizing organic manure, Farming to him was cattle and labour oriented which is ecologically sound, as mechanized farming and chemical fertilizers have serious ecological consequences. 8. International thinking. He preached universal brotherhood, non-voilance and settlement of conflicts, through negotiations and mutual trust. Through his efforts he made India free without any bloodshed. In the present situation if the people and Government follow Gandhian principles, India will once more see RamRajya and set an example for others to ease the International situation prevailing now. parisaMvAda-3

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Gandhi : From 'God is Truth' "Truth is God" Sri R. R.DIWAKAR In the very beginning, I would like to remove a misunderstanding which is likely to arise on account of the title I have chosen. It was not so much a transition or change from 'God is Truth' to 'Truth is God' but a generous accommodation for those who do not in their approach to reality, believe in 'God' with all the connotations which that word 'God' has acquired through the ages. Mohan Das born of a mother who was a great dovotee of God, and of a father who used to enjoy talks about different religions with devotees of the respective religions, His belief in God as a benign supreme power at an early age was but natural. His belief in truthfulness from his boyhood is well-known and often illustrated by stories which relate to incidents in his school days and later. It was in 1902 when he was in South Africa that he said that, come what may, he must stick to truth at any cost. His faith in returning 'good for evil' started with a flash when he read a verse by a Gujarati poet Shamalbhat, which said, There is no virtue in returning good for good, real virtue lies in 'doing good for evil'. This was the seed, if one can say so, which sprouted and grew into a mighty banana tree of Ahimsa-Non-Violence-Love. Thus belief in God, belief in Truth, belief in the best way of attaining Truth grew with him from strength to strength, and Truth parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM and Non-violence, Satya and Ahimsa became the twin inseparable stars, the sheet anchor of his eventful life. During the course of his lifelong quest of Truth, the law of life and human living and action, he found that there were honest and sincere seekers of Truth who could not subscribe to belief in God as understood by religious people; he came to the conclusion that there would be and there were persons who could honestly deny God, but there could not be any person who could deny Truth to which one in his own person, is witness with the tools and faculties vouchsafed to him by nature. He, therefore, declared that Truth is God, the highest value in life, and thus was able to universalise his intuitive perception of oneness of being-of Existence. His belief in God continued to the end of his life and at the same time he could raise the value of Truth itself to the highest degree. Here is an humble attempt to understand this position of Gandhi in connection with God and Truth, the interpretation of the relation between these two concepts and the implications of it for ones own personal life as well as for human affairs. Gandhi by believing in both equality, not as a blind believer, but as one who always tested even the highest authorities even in religion, by the tools provided by nature, namely, reason, natural morality which seeks the good of all, and experience, has provided a common ground and meeting point for the whole of humanity to think and feel and act for the universal good of mankind. It was natural for Gandhi, who had always the destiny of man on earth as his greatest concern, to try to include and embrace the whole of humanity in his concepts and thinking. parisaMvAda - 3 12

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GANDHI: FROM "GOD IS TRUTH' 113 Now with this background, let me see in brief Gandhi's idea of God, As was always usual with Gandhi, though he had to use current words when he could not think of coining new ones, he had special meanings for the same. The current meaning of the word God in many of the religions of the world is well-known; he is the creater of the universe and everything in it, with equal power of maintenance and destruction. He is the law.giver, he is the dispenser of justice and equally the Lord of Mercy. He is omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent. His will prevails everywhere; always and in all matters and all the time. He is beyond time and space and no laws apply to him. He is of the nature of spirit and beyond description by words, though words have to be used for communication. There is a versified work called Vishnu Sahasra-nama' in Sanskrit which describes God in one thousand words. They may be said to cover exhaustively the attributes of God current in different religions. There is no end to symbolisms, either in words or in graphic figures, to indicate God or the Supreme Power. The sound OM for instance, in Sanatana Dharma indicates the Supreme Power in the abstract, beyond all attributes, dualities, and all descriptions of any kind whatsoever. Gandhi has described his conception of God in many ways, on various occasions. But one thing common to all descriptions in that, not a blade of grass moves except at His commond and by His will. This does not however mean mechanistic determinism nor capricious ad-hocism. According to Gandhi, the first and most important basic thing is, God exists. In his broadcast talk to U. S. A., he begins with the two significant monosyllables, 'God is'. To Gandhi, God is Life, God is Love, God is Law, God is Light and God is Liberation or Mukti. The question often asked is whether Gandhi believed in a personal God. parisaMvAda-3

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114 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM He said that God is not a person. At the same time he said, God is available as a person if one invokes Him as a person. This means, God is neither personal nor impersonal. He is beyond these man-made dualities, But man, when invokes God as a person, he makes his presence falt as a person. When Gandhi was asked as to the meaning of prayer, and when the prayer is for a specific purpose under some particular circumstances, Gandhi is said to have replied, prayer is a communion by a devotee with the highest and mightiest power that be, and it is as if there is a dialogue. In the three talks I gave long age on the topic, "Gandhi the spiritual Seeker, I have pointed out some signficant facts in this connection, Gandhi never tried of saying that 'seeing God face to face was his goal in life. When asked if he had seen God, he said 'not yet, but he added, that he did not remember to have done anything except 'in the presence of God'. Self-realization and God-realisation are used as synonyms in the dictionary of spirituality. On the significant occasion of his undertaking a fast in Yerawada Jail in 1932, Gandhi has described in his own word his experience. He says that his mind and heart were ful of excitement and agony about the Communal Award which the British Prime Minister had announced conceding separate electorates to Harijans, that is the untouchables. At night at about eleven O'clock on that day, he said, he heard 'a voice as distinct as any voice could be, first as a distant voice, then far nearer and that voice decided his determination to fast unto death on that issue. Then he says a kind of infinite calm and peace descended on him and he slept soundly the rest of the night. People are likely to call this a kind of hallucination, a fantasy and so on. But to Gandhi it was an unforgettable experience with the totality of his being, in which, it could be parisaMvAda-3

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GANDHI FROM GOD IS TRUTH' said, every single cell of his body was involved. In common parlance of Yoga and mysticism such an experiecc is a fact of life and is available to what are called 'audio-mystics', as distinct from 'video-mystics'. Of the several Gita and Upanishadic texts Gandhi read, he pointed out that "Ishavasyam Idam Sarvam" embodies in a concentrated form the very essance of Sanatana Hindu Dharma. He went to the extent of saying that even if all other Hindu scriptures are destroyed, Hinduism lives till this one Mantra is alive-'All this (the universe) is the very abode of the Lord'. This too clearly indicates Gandhi's idea about God. While the above mentioned ideas give us a good view of Gandhi's conception of God, he was quite liberal as regards the conceptions of others. His attitude reflected the Vedic approach which says, 'Ekam Sat Viprah Bahudha Vadanti, Reality is one, people call it by different names. He himself, for instance, was fond of 'Ram-nam', the name of Ram, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu. He seldom visited temples though he was particular that Hindu temples ought to be thrown open to every Hindu, be he a Harijian or an unnamable', God appears to Persons in the form in which they invoke him-this is a psychological and psychic truth. 115 I have given a bare outline of Gandhi's concept of God and the belief he had. The concept of God by its very nature is bound to be dynamic as it evolves with the person or the group of persons who hold by the concept. It can be partially compared to the ideal of perfection The nearer we approach the idea of our perfection the further it recedes and we are allured to follow it to eternity. Similarly in the case of the concept of God, the more we think and feel that we have a full grasp of the concept of God, new vistas open parisaMvAda - 3

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116 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM up, because God is Infinity itself and there cannot be an end or a final concept. That is why the purer and deeper the consciousness of the seeker of God, the mightier and nobler does concept of God become. Infact, the concept of God in its very nature has to be a personal one and its evolution has to depend on the spiritual evolution of the person concerned. There cannot be any greater violence to the concept of God than institutionalising it, and providing it with a straight-jacket without complete freedom for individuals constituting the fraternity. I remember Gandhi having said that the concept of God and the relationship between man and his Maker be left best to each person for full and natural growth in the light of his or her reason and inner and intimate experiences, which are holy and sacred by any measure. Being baffled and amused as well as intrigued at the multiplicity of Hindu Gods, the great British playwright and thinker of eminence is said to have remarked that the most relieving feature of the wilderness of gods and goddesses in India is that they are all referred to 'One God Almighty' and the consciousness of unity and integrality is never lost. Some writers and thinker persuade themselves that Gandhi's life, thinking and action are oriented in belief in God, is relegious in essence, and charismatic in its influence over people who belive him. Therefore there is lake of rationality and also of universality. Much of what he thought and did, they say, cannot be relevant in the modern world in which such beliefs are not accepted by the bulk of the people and by the intelligentia. Even some of the sympathetic writers think that the acceptance of Satyagrah as a way of life and as method of resistance of evil and injustice when necessary, requires a kind of religious belief parisaMvAda - 3

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GANDHI : FROM "GOD IS TRUTH 117 in God. They seem to forget that Gandhi went about in Truth and in 'Experiments with Truth' and that he offered Satyagrah not only to 'the believers' in God but to the whole of humanity as 'a panacea for all ills' man is subject to. He did not exclude Buddhists, who do not believe even in a permanent 'Soul of man. Nor did he want to deprive the atheists, or radical rationalists, agnostics, sceptics from the use of Satyagrah, which in its utter simplicity means "adherence to and or insistence on Truth" even at the cost of life. What he required in the followers of Truth was Ahimsa, Non-violence, love, even for the opponent. We have seen that Gandhi believed in the importance and sacredness of Truth since his boyhood. As he grew, he began to believe in God and understand the importance of the concept of God, in relation to himself as a person and in relation to the world around him. But blind faith in anything was never one of his weaknesses. One who loves truth and seeks truth cannot believe in anything, much less in God, as he becomes constitutionaly habituated to questioning about the truth of things. It is only after such persistent questioning, after applying his mind assiduously to the problem of existence and the roots of being as becoming, and after some experience of the presence of some supreme power behind and beyond the universe of our sense-experience, that he began to assert that God is Truth. It means that this wonderous, beautiful magnificient world is not merely a fantasia or an imaginative peotic creation, but it has an orderliness and some law which regulates everything, from the speck of dust under our feet to the stary heavens and galaxies in the heavens and cosmos. God meets us everywhere, in every thing and all the time parisaMvAda-3

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118 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM as intelligent, blissful Energy, of the nature of consciousness, Spiritually and philosophically speaking, Sacchit Anand is the usual designation by which the ultimate Reality is known. Sat means that which exists, Self-existent Being. Chit is supreme self-consciousness. Anand is suprenal delight, joy abounding. These are not three separate existences but one integral existence-Supreme self-existent, Self-conscious infinite potential and eternal delight. Creation is selfexpression of the potential, perfect manifestation out of joy and for joy and in joy. Participation in this joyous, sportful Self-expression of God without any sense of ego, reducing ones self to zero, and with a sense of complete non-attachment (anasakta ) is the Dharma of each person. This is 'seeing God face to face'. This is self realization and this is the righteous ambition of each human being who is in quest of the truth being, truth of living and the law of life. When Gandhi averted and declared that God is Truth, he did not do so out of respect for tradition, or because it is fashionable to declare ones belief in God. The full significance of his declaration lies in the fact that he had not only known and thought of God but had experienced God's omnipresence by his total being, every cell of his body, by his thinking and reasoning faculty, by his emotional and aesthetic self, by his moral sense, and by his whole spiritual consciousness. His belief was the result of his rational conviction as well as his experience, not only in moments of prayer and meditation but even as he spun on his Charkha and led vast masses of men and women in the struggle for India's independence, Even God's existence had to satisfy the criteria of Truth, the satisfaction of all the tools of knowledge with which man is endowed. It is only then that parisaMvAda-3

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GANDHI : FROM "GOD IS TRUTH' 119 the knotty problem of existence is cleared, all doubts are resolved and all the impediments in the way of knowing and realising the reality are removed, making way for the illumination, enlightenment, or Sambodhi as Buddha Bhagwan put it. This shows how meticulous Gandhi was about the value of truth; God himself had to pass through the test of Truth. Gandhi won his God through the criteria of Truth, by the evidence of all the tools of knowledge. But how can one expect all people to be so patient, so rational and painstaking. It is so easier to believe in God as matter of routine or straight away deny the existence of God. Candhi came across many person denying God. He was not necessary for them, nor inevitable. One can do without Him. Some went to the extent of preaching that belief in God was harmful, it came in the way of human effort to change for the better. Many turned fatalists in the name of God. Many others cursed God; if at all He was there. why this imperfect and miserable world ? Some people declared that God was dead by the twentieth century, if at all he was there before. Some high intellectuals said science can explain everything and can solve all problems, why owe allegence to an unknown and unseen God who seems to be absent-minded anyway, in many matters. Nikita Kruschev, the Russian dictator who visited India in 1955, told me when he came to Bihar, that he had sent a lady astronant in the heveans to find out if God was there'. There was Gora, the archatheist of Vijayawada who believed in Truth and Nonviolence but not in God. The problem which faced Gandhi was, how to include every honest human being, even a denyer of God, in a solid phalanx of men and women to parisaMvAda-3

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120 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM march towards the great destiny of mankind, a destiny of peace, harmony and happiness as is the trend of the urge of the evolution of man on earth. Gandhi found the solution in the simple formula; Many deny God, none can deny Truth to which one is himself witness. So, he said, 'Truth is God'. As long as Gandhi spoke about God, it was familiar ground, even though the word 'God' meant different things for different people. One aspect was common and that was, God was the supreme power and the highest reality. But by declaring that 'Truth is God' he lifts us from our ancient moorings of theism, theology and all they mean, and ranks us afresh with every seeker of Truth, with radical thinkers, with rationalists and so on. Truth, arrived at after observation of facts, after controlled experiments is the 'god of modern science. Laboratory is the temple of scientists, and the test-tube is the sanctum sanctorum. Gandhi too had a scientific approach in arriving at 'God. His laboratory, his experiments were with Truth itself, several saints & spiritual seekers were witness to the finding of 'God', the supreme reality. But when he found people denying 'God., he was same and said, well, let us begin afresh; we are sure to come to the same conclusion, that Truth itself is the highest value in life and pursuit of it is worth ones whole life; and if found necessary, one should hold ones life cheap in that pursuit. To seek Truth, to find and see Truth, to declare Truth to try to live Truth and establish Truth in life and daily living was after all Gandhi's passion throughout. He pursued the path of Truth as earnestly and persistently as he pursued his search for God. The terms, Truth and God were synonyms of each other for Gandhi. When Gandhi parisaMvAda-3

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GANDHI : FROM "GOD IS TRUTH' S. 822 said, 'Truth is God' some must have exclaimed, Gandhi is bringing back 'God' through the back-door. Nothing of the kind was intended nor planned. Truth of ones own total experience, by employing all the tools of knowledge, cannot be denied. To deny it would be to deny oneself, to deny something to which one was witness with total awarness. Gandhi has named such Truth, arrived at in this way a? God; that is 'God' immanent, 'God' operating as Law, the process of nature, of cosmos or of cosmic law, the Kitam of the Vadic Rishis, the moral order of the universe; one may not call such Truth as 'God' but one cannot object to Gandhi's calling it God. One may simply say such Truth is scientific truth, but it is Truth alright, and is the highest value, as every thing exists, lives, moves and has its being in the cosmos as per that Truth, that law, that regulatory orderliness which is its own, it is inherent, it is built-in and not imposed from outside. For Gandhi to say that "Truth is God' was easy, and he gained immensely by putting himself right with those who denied God, and with the scientists who are after experimental truth. But that has made a world of difference to all others if one examines the implications. When one is in search of God, one naturally turns to all the sources of knowledge of God, the religious scriptures, the Saints, the philosophers, the god-men and so on. But when Gandhi raises the status of Truth-both transcendental and immanent-and instals Truth on the pedestal of God, every individual seeker of Truth is called upon to fall back on his own resources and be an ardent scientific seeker of the truth of things. As regards *Truth Transcendental' there need not be much controversy as all will have to agree that it is, in the very nature of things' parisaMvAda-3

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122 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM undescribable and beyond normal experience of the presentday human being. But about mundane truth, truth of daily life, there would be and are differences, not only between different persons and groups of persons, but even in one individual's mind, there are differences from day to day and from time to time about many a thing that affect our lives. Just as in the case of 'freedom' every one is free, no doubt. But freedom has always to be limited and regulated by equal freedom to the 'other'. Similarly everyone is free to arrive at his own 'truth' by the tools he is invested with by nature and enviromment, but equal freedom has to be given to the 'other'. It is in this respect that Gandhi has made the greatest contribution by declaring that Ahimsa-Non-violence, Love should be our sole, singular, and unexceptionable guide in asserting ones own 'truth', and in ones attempt to live and establish ones own 'truth' as the norm for others. One should be willing and ready to suffer oneself for ones own'truth' lest the truth is on the 'other' side. To impose by force or fraud or coercion or any other means ones own 'truth' on the 'other' is anathema to Gandhian conception of truth', and its votaries. The propagation and establishment of truth' has to be through love and what love dictates. The observance of this law of love lifts man from the category of the brute and takes him to the domain of mankind. To Gandhi, observance of the law of Non-violence in the propagation of 'truth of ones own finding was as important as the finding of 'truth' itself. But that is a subject by itself and consideration of it takes us to a vast field of thought on Ahimsa Culture and to the real evolution of man from his present status to what could be called supermanhood or the next higher stage towards divinity. parisaMvAda-3

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. GANDHI : FROM "GOD IS TRUTH 3232 To revert to the theme of Truth is God', I should say that today, as we look around us, we find that spirituality, religious sanctions, moral considerations, altruistic approaches and attitudes are at a discount. An aggressive type of materialistic hedonism in the name of science and technology has taken hold of the industrially developed as well as developing countries. It is not science and technology which are at fault. They are immoral and neutral, morally speaking. It is the human psyche which is off its balance and has lost its heart to sense-urges, to narraw selfishness and inordinate love-lust of power over property, possessions and persons. The sociologist of the century, Pitrim Sarokin in his 'Reconstruction of Humanity' which he has dedicated to the 'Immortal Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi' has exclaimed in anguish that humanity has a future only if man becomes more altruistic, and cares more for the 'other' than for oneself, what we call in India, Parartha as different and opposite to Swartha. Even science today is pointing in that direction as the great physicist Fritjof Capra has declared in his great book "Tao of Physics'. He says that the 'truth of the oneness and organic integrality of the universe as realised by the spiritualists and mystics of the East is attested to by the latest findings of Quantum Physics. He calls upon the scientists to apply to our lives, this realisation of the 'oneness of the universe which includes not only our natural environment but also our fellow human beings'. He regrets while saying, Thus most of today's physicists do not seem to realize the philosophical, cultural and spiritual implications of their theories'. He further remarks, that 'a radically different social and economic structure will be needed', if a dynamic balance is to be parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM achieved, and the harmonious inter-relatedness observable in nature is reflected in our lives and systems of organisation. In a futuristic mood, he says, "The survival of our whole civilization may depend, upon what we can do to be in tune with the Truth of Spirituality and the Truth of Science. 124 About two thousand years ago there was in Isreal a man called Jesus. He preached the Truth of his findings, with love in his heart and in his whole being and demeanour. He was betrayed by his own men as a seditionist in religion and handed over to the Roman rulers. Pilate, the Roman authority asked him what was it that he was preaching. Jesus replied 'The Truth'. What is Truth?' Queried jesting Pilate and stopped not for an answer. He crucified Jesus, the Christ. Pilate as well as humanity had to wait all those centuries till another man of the same type gave the answer, to the question what is Truth, saying "Truth is God'. He too sealed his answer by another bleeding martyrdom. It is now for humanity to watch its steps.' parisaMvAda - 3

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Ahimsa Culture for Human Survival Sri R. R. Diwakar Ishavasayam Idam-Sarvam (Isha Upanishat). In spite of death life persists, inspite of hatred love persists, and inspite of darkness light persists: Anon. Let me in the very beginning explain the connotation and full significance of the words I have used in the title of this talk. Ahimsa is an ancient Sanskrit word and originally meant only: 'non-killing'. It must have come into existence as a reaction to 'killing', and as a response to a feeling of aversion, distaste, repugnance to the act of 'killing' fellow human beings. Perhaps this was a first step in 'Ahimsa Culture'. As in the case of many other Sanskrit word, such as 'Yajna', 'Yoga'. in course of time, Ahimsa gathered a lot of connotation and came to mean 'non-injury' to others, by thought, word or deed. In Jainism, it means non-injury not only to human beings but to all living creatures, and Ahimsa is the highest and primal duty for a jain. Apart from the connotations the word gathered in the course of its use through about twenty-five centuries or more, when Gandhi began to use it as the twin of Satya or Truth, and as the best means of knowing, realising and establishing Truth in life and daily human living, the word gathered still more deeper the word 'Non-violence'. Both these two words though parisaMvAda - 3

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126 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM negative in form, have developed positive meanings and are identified with sympathy, love, identification with the 'other', service, suffering, sacrifice for the 'other' or for the Truth, for the object and or cause towards which we adopt an attitude of Ahimsa. Once when I proposed to Gandhiji to adopt the word 'love' for Ahimsa, he said that though Ahimsa is the purest kind of love, the word 'love, has other meanings, So, he said, he was satisfied with the word Ahimsa, since he had grow with it, but he had no objection if others preferred the word 'love, in the christian sense. Thus in the present context Ahimsa means an attitude of constructive love towards all, with a view to the good and all-sided development, Sarvodaya of the whole of humanity, I am using the word 'culture here in its widest possible comprehensive sense to include spirituality, religion, philosophy, socio-economic and political systems, literature and arts, customs and manners, in fact every activity of human beings in which they have exceeded and added and or improved upon more animal existence. Ahimsa-Culture would therefore mean an orientation to human activity and human affairs which is dominantly charged with love and altruistic attitudes towards all. By human survival I do not mean mere survival for the sake of survival, here survival is not of much value if it does not lend itself to the progressive expansion and elevation of the human consciousness, culminating in blissful illumination of the highest order. I have used the words "human survival', as the background today is one of a universal apprehension of human extinction, in the wake of a nuclear holocaust, which is the logical result of the suicidal policy, man is following. parisaMvAda-3

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AHIMSA CULTURE FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL PRO I have tried to approach the subject from two different but non-contradictory and complementary angles, namely, intuitionistic and rational or Logical and pragmatic angle. 'Ishavasyam Idam Sarvam', 'all this existence that is, that moves, that lives and has its being in the vastness of infinity is the inseparable abode of the one supreme power self-existent, self-luminous, Infinite Energy with protein potentialities'. Thisk quotation from the Isha Upanishat, in fact, this first Mantra-potent word of the Upanishat stands for the intuitionistic approach. The second quotation begin. ning with 'Inspite of death...' represents the rational approach. Death, hatred, and darkness have been very much there, they are still there to eradicate life, love, and light.' And yet life, love, and light continue to live and prosper. That is proof positive that they have an edge over their negative opposites. Negatives have no positive existance. Human survival and along with it, life, love, and light survival as a step in human evolution for further progress and greater enlightment. I would also like to explain here what I mean by the term 'evolution'. It is a biological term and has to be explained in terins of life and all that it means. Life started as a unicallular being; but life went on developing into multicallular organisms and today man is the apex. The characteristic of this development, which is called 'evolution' is that while different types of energies and functions have gone on increasing, bringing in its work more complexity and greater organisation, there is no entropy, no loss of orderliness. The organism as a whole, say, that of man, is one single entity. howsoever complex and multicallular it might be, whatever the number variety of cells and however complicated the parisaMvAda-3

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128 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM inter-actions going on among the cells. There is a marvellous integrality and orderliness in the functioning of the organism. This evolution is even now on, and it can never stop; and since man has developed not only a higher type of consciousness but also self-consciousness, and what we call conscience as well, we are in a position to study the elementary urges behind the phenomenon of this evolution, It may not be possible for man to arrive at total knowedge and full understanding of the urges of evolution. But even a partial understanding and right perception of the urge gives man a chance to participate in his own evolution, which has been hitherto going on, on its own, driven by natural cosmic forces, If the evolution of the Homo-Sapiens fron his predecessors has been by a kind of mutation, it is on the cards that a superior hunan being may also come into existence by another mutation. The endeavour of men at the present stages of evolution is however, to explore if he can consciously participate, even in a very small degree, in his evolution to a higher level of conscious existence. In addition to the biological urges of survival and security, man hankers after peace as an opportunity, and precondition for his normal, proper development of body, vital energies and mental faculties. Here peace does not mean the termasic lethargy, nor does it means the peace of sleep or the grave; it does not mean the peace which is vainly sought after through tranquilises and drugs and drinks. It is creative peace which stimulates man to higher effort and which makes it possible to develop culture of every type. In fact, all culture is the development and expression of the multifaced potentialities in human beings. Next to peace parisaMvAda-3

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AHIMSA CULTURE FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL !PS of the above type, man hungers after love, harmony, and friendliness in society as the gateway to joy and happiness and which fulfil the urge for happiness. If we cast even a casual and cursory glance and survey the prehistory, protohistory and history of mankind for the past several millenia, we shall find that it is through long periods of peace, through loving friendliness and cooperation, that man has been able to build the present great civilization, attain the high levels of culture in various parts of the world, and develop extraordinary skills in works and highly efficient organisation. This achievement is observable both in individual advance and development as well as corporate existence and civic living. A few thousand years ago, might be ten or fifteen or fifty thousand according to different speculative historians, were cave dwellers, cannibals, headhunters, petty tribals, scattered over in various localities and always in desperate search of food and shelter. And today we are billions settled in huts and hamlets and heavenly mansions all over the many continents, a few of us flying like birds with supersonic speads, communicating with each other as if we are next door neighbours though we are speaking a thousand languages not known to each other. We are sharing however inequitably our goods and commodities skills and crafts, our sciences and technologies. But an achievement higher than all these is the serious attempt to foige links and build bridges among peoples of different religions and races in order to integrate the whole of humanity into a single Family of man 'Vishwa Kutumba', the dream and insight of the ancient Vadic kishis of India. At the top of all these achievements is the sincere and heartfelt attempt to share the cares and anxieties, the fears parisaMvAda-3

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30 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM and hopes, the apprehensions and optimisms of peoples across oceans and continents through global organisations like the UNO, the UNESCO, the WHO, the FAO, the ILO in which people deliberate collectively and try to find out common remedies for ills common to humanity as a whole. This does not mean, that as against peace there have been no wars, against attempts to build there have been no disasterous destructions, as against love and friendliness, there has been no hatred and utter enimity, as against co-operation there has been no obstructive activity, and as againts attempts to establish harmony and happiness there have been no jeelous and murderous activities to spread poison and misery. But the point is inspite of the negative and anti-forces, the positive forces evolution have been able to make headway and kindle in the doubting mind of man a flame hope for the future. After listening to what I have said above and having noted the edge that life has against death, love has against hate and light has against darkness, one would ask relevantly a question as to why one should now be anxious and diffident about the ultimate triumph of life, love and light over death hatred and darkness. The answer is, it is neither a question of diffidence nor despair, but it is the question of the responsibility every human being has to bear, bearing in mind the present precarious human condition which is, on all counts, and in the estimation of the most intelligent objective observers, on the brink of the greatest disaster that can befall man his civilization and culture, as well as all life on this small planet. The responsibility to avoid, avert and once for all annihilate the possibility of parisaMvAda-3

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AHIMSA CULTURE FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL any such suicidal disaster rests squarely on the shoulders of man as it is he who has allowed things to drift to the extent that he is now facing extinction. He is now self-aware. He has come of age. He knows that man is born for joy and happiness, and sees, nay, experiences that he is everywhere in misery of his own making. He must now consciously, deliberately and with an adamantive will summon the total forces of love and cooperation, of knowedge and understanding to defeat all anti-life and anti-love forces. It is no longer enough to allow the forces of love and life and light to operate by themselves, as dumb and silent natural forces. The urges of evolution are already there but now it is time that man participates in the evolution towards higher and nobler levels of conscious existence, of creative peace, ascending symphonic harmony and universal joy and happiness of all, which was the dream as well as the ideal of Gandhi. Ahimsa-Culture in this context would mean not the passive, dorment, and occasional expression of the great and noble and self-denying emotion of love, but that cultivated and well-nourished culture in which every activity of the physical, vital, intellectual, aesthetic; moral and spiritual energy of human being is informed and instinct with love and overflows to reach through identification every being on earth. 131 I know that 'Ahimsa-Culture' is a rare expression, if not a new one. But in view of the critical and dangerous phase of evolution through which man is passing, it needs to be made not only current but also popular. Today, violence overt or covert, open or secret, on all levels, individuals, social group, national, and international is obviously playing havoc and embittering all human relations. Self in a narrow and parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM parochial sense, self-interest in terms of possessions and or power is dominent as against all other interests, Exploitative injustice and constructive violence as that of the haves and have --nots is the rule rather than an exception. Hegemonial ambitions, arms race; piling up of atomic weaponry notwithstanding the awareness that atomic weapons are not defensive and atomic wars are unwinnable the total annual military budgets bulging to 500 billions, are all portents of a global magnitude. If man at this critical juncture fails to mobilise his spiritual resources, his commitment to truth and love for all, and neglects to utilise his rational faculties, there would not be any other opportunity, since humanity would itself have disappeared, Gandhi, with his unerring instinct and intuition in this matter pledged himeself to Truth and non-violence. Satya and Ahimsa, or rather, to Truth through non-violence alone, Satya through Ahimsa alone. His appearance on the human stage at the time that the most suicidal and devastating atomic bomb was in the making is historically also very significant. Gandhi might well be considered as the high priest of Ahimsa-Culture and all that it connotes. Man today is in transition. He is at that cross roads. He has travelled far enough from the beast that he was and has been, towards manhood on his way to godhood, if that word can signify a very high level of superior truth-conscious existence. His has not being an easy career. He has tried hard to probe into the mysterious powers of matter and harnessed atomic energy. The tragedy is that today he is a slave of his ambitions for power, and is utilising science and technology, in addition to their other uses for human comfort and convenience, for the purpose of domination over his parisaMvAda-3

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AHIMSA CULTURE FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL 133 brethren. It is this aspects of his activities which is jeopardising human survival. No amount of sophistication, talk of ones own defence, balance of power and terror, treaties Salt I and II can hide or camouflage the naked fact of the danger in which humanity finds itself today. Gandhi is not alone in calling halt to this madness and advising human beings to take to the path of love and friendliness. It was not he who wrote the Constitution of the United Nations Organizations. World without war' was a call given by the war-lords and the significant sculpture in front of the building of the UNO. of the sword to be beaten into a ploughshare, is a representation of the great saying in the Bible of the christians. It is true that Gandhi gave Ahimsa-culture its shape and form by not merely preaching but by scruplously practising it throughout his eventful life and finally sealing its authenticity by his own martyrdom. But he often said that the principles he stood for and the culture he embodied were both as old as the hills. Even so, he added something to the principles and that was the method, the manner, and the detailed technique of making the principles operative. That something was Satyagrah, adherence to truth at the cost of ones life but with love in ones heart for even the wrong-doer and the aggressor. Now let us see what are the sources culture of almost 'aggressive love', if such be appropriate, its strength and sanction, finally its roots in the science of today. To the Vadic Rishis, the sun was the symbol of all power and the source of not only all life but also of all consciousness parisaMvAda - 3 and origin of this an expression can its rationale, and

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134 bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM and intelligence. They invoked in their congregational prayer the sun-god, Savita, to inspire and guide them. They declared that there is only one Truth, one Being, one God, Ekam Sat, and people call it by different names. To them the whole universe was one family, Vasudhaiva kutumbakam. They therefore sang, let us march together, let our minds work together, let our aspirations be the same. These are all expressions of oneness and loves, the binding force of all life and the source of all light and wisdom. Long before Jainism which holds Ahimsa as the highest religion and duty - Ahimsa Paramo Dharmah - there was what was called the Sramana culture which gave high value to non-killing. The Buddha through the army of missionaries, the Bhikkus, whom he created, preached not merely negative 'non-killing' but the positive aspects - Karuna (compassion ) and Maitri (friendliness). He taught the conquest of anger by non-anger, hatred by love and his teaching spread over a great part of the world behind the borders of the India. Jesus, the christ was the prince of peace. Love, faith and charity are the fundamentals of christianity. Istam means Peace and the very common greetings mean peace-Sallam. To go back to the Vedas and Upanishats-Ishavasyam Idam Sarvam, by one supreme spiritual insight declares the omnipresence of one pervading conscionsness and through it hearkens to all to live a life of unitive communion in which the endeavour to achieve the good of all includes the good of the individuals of the living fraternity. Faith, however, would be blind faith if it is not tasted by reason and experience. Man finds himself in the midst of constructive and destructive energies cum forces nature or parisaMvAda-3

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AHIMSA CULTURE FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL the cosmos. Life and death, health and disease, love and hatred, peace and war, calmness and anger face us every moment in life. The question before a rational human being is, with which force should he ally himself. The plain, simple, direct reply this question is that man ought to strengthen the forces of construction as he wants and wills to live a healthy harmonious, integrated, happy life, both as an individual and as a community. The destructive forces are anti-life and to help them is obviously suicidal and against the interest of man. The evolutionary urge in man two dictates to him to shine to live and promote the potentialities inherent in man. This is the raison dectre of AhimsaCulture. 135 No other name is greater than that of Einstein in the modern world of science. He was a man of peace and admired Gandhi to the extent of saying that, secracely would people believe that a man called Gandhi in flesh and blood walked on this earth. He regretted that his own discoveries in science were utilised for foging atomic weapons of mass destruction. It is said he wept when he learnt that such weapons were being manufactured. But he is gone, leaving his message of peace and good-will to the distracted world. Dr. Robert Oppenheimer who was responsible for making the first fuisionable atomic bomb in USA wrote relentingly in his diary about the bomb, that it was 'born' for the annihilation of the world. Being an admirer of the Gita he quoted it in is diary saying, 'Kalosmi Lokakshayakrit Pravriddhah'. He tried to delay out of remorse the coming of the Hydrogen Bomb by two years, after the explosion of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs. And he suffered for it. He too is gone along with the qualms of parisaMvAda - 3

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136 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe conscience which ought to move the hearts of scientists and technologists to desist from participating in the murderous game which politicians play with impurity and that too in the name of the people and their nations. Let us now listen to a living top physicist Fritjof Capra, the auther of The Tao of physics'. The most tragic thing that has happened to modern science and technology as well as to political science is that they are innocent of all moral considerations, which really are the very bedrock of human society and individual behavior and mutually beneficial relationship. Quantum physics and the quest of the last particle has led scientists to his conclusion that the world of matter as well as of life and consciousness is one integral organic whole in which every other particle in the universe, be it of so called inert matter, of breathing life or knowing-thinking-feeling consciousness. He calls for a radically different social and economic order which will actively reflect the dynamic interrelation and interaction of the seemingly separate constituents of the universe, so that real harmony and happiness can result for humanity as a whole. Capra avers that the survival of the whole of human civilization may depend on whether we can bring about such a change, so that we can experience the wholeness of nature and learn the art of living with it in haimony and happiness. What other magic spell but love, and Ahimsa-Culture founded on it, can achieve this miracle and who can be our surer guide but Gandhi ? after

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'satya, ahiMsA aura unake prayoga' saMgoSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa * akhila-bhAratIya khAdI grAmodyoga, lakhanaU ke tatvAdhAna meM Ayojita vizvavidyAlayIya stara ke samUha paricacI kA saMyojana 30 tathA 31 mArca 1980 ko saMskRtavizvavidyAlaya ke tulanAtmakadarzana vibhAga dvArA sampanna huaa| isameM mukhya rUpa se tIna viSayoM para upasthita vidvAnoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA gyaa| ve the. 1) bhAratIya darzanoM kI dRSTi se gAMdhI vicAroM kA vivecana ( 2 ) gAMdhIjI ke prayoga Adhunika sandarbha meM ( 3 ) satya aura ahiMsA gAMdhI jI ke darzana kI dRSTi meN| isameM kAzI ke gAMdhI vicAroM ke suprasiddha tattva cintakoM ke sAtha-sAtha tInoM vizvavidyAlayoM ke darzana, samAja zAstra, dharmazAstra vibhAgoM ke vidvAna tathA prasiddha sAmAjika kAryakartAoM ne bhI bhAga liyaa| samUha paricarcA ke svAgata bhASaNa meM saMyojaka zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI ne saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya kI paramparA kI dRSTi se gAMdhI vicAroM kA Akalana karate hue gAMdhI jI ke zikSA, samAja sevIdharsa, rAjanIti evaM arthanIti paraka praznoM kA mukhya tIna muddoM ke sandarbha meM vivecana karane para jora diyA tathA kahA ki Aja kI paristhiti meM gAMdhI jI pahale kI apekSA adhika upayogI haiM aura svadezIpana kI unakI bhAvanA kI dRSTi se yaha vizvavidyAlaya' unake vicAroM ke adhika anukUla hai| ataH yahA~ para gAMdhIjI ke vicAroM ko paramparA ke sandarbha meM samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA jAnA cAhie tathA vidvAnoM ke vicAroM se sahAyatA le kara gAMdhI-adhyayana ke lie yahA~ eka phorama bananA caahie| hamArI paramparA kA adhyAtma ke sAtha ghaniSTa sambandha hai aura gAMdhI jI eka adhyAtmavAdI rAjanetA tathA santa the| unakA vizleSaNa evaM unake batAye mArgoM para calanA paramparAvAdI logoM ke lie adhika anukUla hogaa| yadi paramparAgata adhyAtma tathA gAMdhIjI kA vyAvahArika pakSa sAtha meM milA diyA jAya to punaH isa samaya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara nayI sajagatA lAI jA sakatI hai| aura gAMdhIjI ko vizvavidyAlayoM meM bhI pratiSThita kiyA jA sakatA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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138 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ___ goSThI kA udghATana karate hue akhila bhAratIya zAnti senA ke adhyakSa zrInArAyaNa bhAI desAI ne kahA gAMdhIjI ke vicAra adhyAtma meM pratiSThita the tathA unakA pratyeka vivecana vaijJAnika thaa| unake adhyAtma ko unakI sAmAjika vaijJAnika dRSTi ke sAtha saMjo kara dekhane kI AvazyakatA hai usase usako haTAne para riktatA hI hAtha lgegii| vizvavidyAlayoM meM aura vizeSakara paramparAvAdI vizvavidyAlayoM meM gAMdhI vicAroM para cintana, manana tathA kArya sampanna honA cAhie, para bhAratIya vizvavidyAlayoM meM gAMdhI jI para bahuta kama kAma ho rahA hai| vaise vizvavidyAlayoM kI cahAra divAlI meM gAMdhIjI banda nahIM kiye jA skte| gAMdhIjI ke sAtha apane jIvana kA sambandha batAte hue unhoMne gAMdhIjI ke khAdI kAryakrama tathA rASTrIya bhASAgatanIti kI carcA kI tathA kahA-gAMdhIjI ne jo kahA aura jisa rUpa meM vaha the, vaha hI gAMdhI vicAra darzana hai| unakI vicAradhArA kA sAra mukhya rUpa se tIna hI hai (1) unakA AdarzavAda (2) racanAtmaka kArya ( 3 ) styaagrh| ye tInoM paraspara sambaddha haiN| gAMdhIjI vyaktigata guNoM ko sAmAjika pratiSThA dilAte the arthAt sabameM una mUlyoM kI pratiSThA karate the| isI krama se vaha saMskRti ke jariye krAnti kA saMcAra karate the| yaha saMcAra unakI sAdhanA ke jarie hotA thaa| vaha sAdhanA patha satyAgraha kA thaa| isa prakAra racanAtmaka lakSya ke lie satya para ArUr3ha ho saMgharSa kA mArga apanAte the| gAMdhI yuga se Aja ke yuga meM eka paramparA ( jenaresana ) kA gaipa hai| para yadi Ane vAle kala meM gAMdhI upayukta lagate ho to bartamAna sandarbha meM bhI gAMdhI kA mUlya hai| viSamatA samApta ho aura dAsatA bhI na rahe, yahI gAMdhIjI kA mantavya thaa| unakI racanAtmaka prakriyA se yaha prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| Aja ke vizva meM gAMdhI ke mantavyoM se parAyApana evaM pradUSaNa kI samasyA ko bhI dUra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAnavIya saMkaToM kI jar3a meM yaha parAyApana kI bhAvanA hai| isa parAyepana se dUsare vyakti ke prati mamatva ghaTatA hai| dila meM dUsare ke lie mamatva na rakhanA hI parAyApana hai| vijJAna ne dUriyA~ samApta kI haiM para saMkaToM ko samApta nahIM kiyA hai| vaha eka jagaha ke pradUSaNa ko dUsare jagaha para vaijJAnika sAdhanoM se hI saMkramaNa kara detA hai| ataH vijJAna ne sahuliyata ke sAtha khatarA bhI diyA hai| parAyepana se pU~jIvAda vikasita hotA hai| parAyA pana se mamatva kA abhAva bhI bar3hatA hai| gA~va meM hara eka, hara eka ko najadIka se samajhatA hai usameM sAMskRtika ekatA hotI hai| yaha sAMskRtika ekatA par3osIpana meM hai, gAMdhI isake himAyatI the| gaMgAjala kI pavitratA se kAlarA ke kITANu samApta ho jAte the para aba vaijJAnika kArakhAnoM parisaMvAda-3

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'satya, ahiMsA aura unake prayoga' saMgoSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 139 ke pradUSaNa se gaMgA kA pAnI itanA prabhAvita ho gayA hai ki aba vaha bAta nahIM raha gyii| Aja zahara ko havA bhI pradUSita hai phaikTariyoM ke dhurve ke kaarnn| gAMdhI ko na samajhane vAle audyogIkaraNa ke himAyatI logoM ke dvArA yaha samasyA khar3I kI jAtI hai| kyoMki kuTIra udyoga kA saMracAtmaka kAryakrama unako rAsa nahI aataa| vaha katAI, khetI tathA svayaM kI saphAI se pradUSaNa nahIM rokanA cAhate / vaha phaikTarInumA vizvavidyAlaya kI zikSA ko buniyAdI tAlIma ke sAtha jor3ate the, unakI zikSA Adarza ke sAtha vyavahAraparaka bhI thI, ataeva vaha kahate the jisa zikSA se prIti, mukti, abhivyakti kA saMcAra nahIM hotA, vaha zikSA zikSA nahIM hai| vaha samAja sevA, jana jana zikSaNa tathA svadezIpana para jora dete the / eka bAta aura kahaMgA, adhyAtma kii| gAMdhI jI jaba pratirodha karate the to ahiMsA ko apane lakSya kA sAdhana mAnate the, vaha vyaktigata jIvana meM isakA pAlana karate the aura sAmAjika jIvana meM usakI priikssaa| gAMdhI-ahiMsA ko niSkriya evaM sakriya rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai para vaha usakI pratiSThA jIvana meM karake usako sAmAjika svarUpa pradAna karate the, bAra bAra usake parIkSaNa ke bAda vaha apane vyakti gata ahiMsaka sAdhana ko zuddha kara pAte the| yaha parIkSaNa hamAre prAcIna saMskRti ke purAne pavitra naitika mUlyoM kA thaa| inakA unhoMne prayoga kiyA aura ve prayoga saphala rhe| samAja kA koI vyakti yaha prayoga karake dekha sakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM usake jIvana meM pariSkAra saMbhava hogA aura vaha aspRzyatA, saMkIrNatA Adi se Upara utthegaa| vaha hamArI paramparA kI AdhyAtmikatA ko prApta kregaa| jise gAMdhIjI ne prApta kiyA thaa| ina katipaya vicAroM ke sAtha maiM isa paricaryA goSThI kA udghATana karatA huuN| pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI bhU0pU0 kulapati, kAzI vidyApITha ne sabhA kI adhyakSatA karate hue kahA-saca meM to gAMdhI darzana ko zAstrIya rUpa denA Avazyaka hai aura yaha kAma bAkI hai| gAMdhIjI kA darzana unake sAdhya-sAdhana-siddhAnta meM nihita hai| aura yaha siddhAnta unakI Arthika, rAjanItika, dhArmika aura vaiyaktika jIvana paddhati meM bhI anusyUta hai| sAdhya-sAdhana kA siddhAnta sArvabhauma siddhAnta hai| ye donoM parasparApekSI haiN| duniyA~ ke aitihAsika vizleSaNa se gAMdhIjI ne yaha pratiphala nikAlA ki koI bhI yuddha antima yuddha nahIM hai aura usase sthAyI zAnti kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hai / ataeva yadi sthAyI zAnti abhIpsita hai to ahiMsAtmaka sAdhana hI isako upalabdha karA sakate haiN| jisa sAdhana se jitanI vastuniSTha satya kI upalabdhi hotI parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM hai vaha sAdhana utanI hI mAtrA meM zuddha mAnA jAtA hai| para yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki hara sthiti meM sAdhana evaM sAdhya kI pUrNatA prApta ho sake aura gAMdhIjI svayaM apanI ahiMsA ko pUrNa nahIM mAnate the| kyoMki bIca-bIca meM apanI tAtkAlika uddezyoM kI viphalatA meM gAMdhIjI kaha uThate the, yadi merI ahiMsA pUrNa hotI to aisA na hotaa| vaha prApta sAdhyoM kI mAtrA dekha kara sAdhanoM kI mAtrA nirdhArita karate the| para prazna yaha hai ki yadi sAdhyoM ke sandarbha ko chor3a kara sAdhanoM kA koI mahattva nahIM to gAMdhI darzana meM sAdhanoM para adhika mahattva kyoM diyA jAtA hai| sambhavataH gAMdhI jI ne paramparA se prApta gItA ke vicAra para ki phala to sAdhya hai jo hamAre hAtha meM nahIM hai, kartavya mAtra para bala diyaa| aura isa sandarbha meM sAdhanoM ke vikAsa para bala diyA ki kAryAnukUla sAdhanoM kA AviSkAra kiyA jAya / para yahA~ yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki gAMdhIjI zuddha sAdhanoM ke prayoga para hI adhika bala dete haiN| isIlie bAda meM karma kSetra meM sAdhya aura sAdhana eka banane lage aura tabhI gAMdhI-darzana meM kahA jAtA hai ki agara sAdhana ahiMsA hai to usakA phala bhI ahiMsA hI hogaa| ataeva ahiMsaka evaM zAntimaya sAdhanoM se prApta sAmAjika rUpa bhI ahiMsAtmaka evaM zAntimaya hogaa| vayovRddha tathA vidyAvyAsaMga ke lie sadA sannaddha rahane vAle gAMdhIvAdI vicAraka pro0 mukuTa bihArIlAla ne kahA--gAMdhIjI dharmaniSTha the, vaha AsthApUrvaka dharmoM ke sadguNoM ko grahaNa karane para bala dete the| naitikatA ko dharma kA aMga mAnate the| mAnava kalyANa ke lie samarpita jIvana vAlA vyakti hI sAmAjika preraNAoM ko paripuSTa karake naitika tathA AdhyAtmika vikAsa kara sakatA hai| vaha mAnava mAtra meM ekatva sthApita kara samatva kI pratiSThA bhI kara sakatA hai| gAMdhIjI aisA karate the vaha strI-puruSa kI samatA ke samarthaka the, tathA naitikatA kI dRSTi se strI ko puruSa se sabala pAte the| saMkSepa meM yadi kaheM to gAMdhIjI kA vicAra advaitavAdI thaa| Izvara tathA dharma para aTala vizvAsa, satya, ahiMsA, AtmaniyantraNa, AtmotkarSa, AtmAbhivyakti kI svatantratA, mAnavamAtra kI ekatA aura samatA, deza bandhutva para Azrita udAra rASTrIyatA mAnavavyakti tathA mAnava zramakA Adara, saba samAjopayogI vyavasAyoM kA samAna pada aura gaurava, satyAgraha dvArA anyAya kA pratirodha tathA nyAya kI sthApanA, bharapUra kAma tathA jIvana nirvAha yogya jIvikA kA adhikAra evaM samAjopayogI zrama kA kartavya, sarvodaya se prerita svatantra sahakAra para Azrita Arthika vyavasthA, munAphe ke bajAya jana-kalyANa aura upayoga ke lie utpAdana, kartavya parAyaNatA, lokasevA, sarvodaya, sabase saujanya evaM sauhArdapUrNa lokatAntrika vyavahAra, grAma svarAjya se samanvita vikendrita lokatantra, Atmaniyantrita svatantra parisaMvAda-3

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141 'satya, ahiMsA aura unake prayoga' saMgoSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa sahakAritA para AdhRta rAjya vihInasamAja, nyAsitA kI bhAvanA se paripUrNa vyaktigata aura sAmAjika jIvana gAMdhIjI ke jIvana darzana ke mukhya tattva haiM / zramavidyAsaMkAya ke adhyakSa pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne gAMdhIjI ko zAstrIya artha meM dhArmika nahIM mAnate hue kahA -- gAMdhIjI sirpha naitika the / unhoMne nIti se bhinna dharma ko nahIM maanaa| isalie vaha dharmoM kI naitika ekatA ke anveSaka the / vaha paradharma kI rakSA ko svadharma pAlana meM Avazyaka mAnate the / zAstravAdI dharma ke viparIta vaha zraddhAnurodhI the / zraddhA meM namratA hotI haiM / namratA kA artha hai samarpaNa | samarpaNa buddhi se anekatA meM ekatA kA bhAna hotA hai, yaha bhakti kA paricAyaka hai / isa zraddhA ke Avazyaka evaM nirdezaka tattva satya evaM ahiMsA haiN| vaha kahate haiM ki satya aura ahiMsA se hI utkRSTa dharma kA bodha hotA hai / vaha, IzvaravAdI the / satyAgraha unakA mUlamantra thA / satyAgraha hI paramezvara ke sAkSAtkAra kA mArga hai ! satya ke lie ahiMsA anivArya hai / ahiMsA kA prayoga vyaktigata hI nahIM samUha gata hai / nirAgraha vRtti ke dvArA ahiMsaka vyakti satya kA Akalana kara karma para pravRtta hotA hai| gAMdhIjI isa artha meM samasta saMsAra ko advaitamukhI mAna kara jJAnakarmasamuccayavAda kI sthApanA karate haiM / eka paramparAvAdI vidvAn AcArya zrI rAmaprasAda tripAThI - ( vedavedAMga saMkAya ke adhyakSa ) ne kahA--gAMdhIjI ke upadeza bhAratIya paramparA meM Agata vratoM kI bhAMti haiM / satya kA naitika vivecana gAMdhI ne kiyA hai| unhoMne satya ke sAdhana evaM sAdhya svarUpa kA Akalana karate hue kahA- satya ke kathana meM kaThoratA hotI hai para jaise IsA ne dhUrtoM ko jAnate hue dayA yAcanA kI, usI prakAra satya kA prayoga ziSTatApUrvaka honA caahie| hamArI paramparA bhI yahI batalAtI hai / parAnugrahecchA se gAMdhIjI ne satyAcaraNa ko batalAte hue Izvara tattva ke rUpa meM satya ko mAnA hai / satya tabhI satya bana sakatA hai jaba ki usake prayoga meM hiMsA kA yogadAna na ho / kahA bhI hai--'" satyaM na satyaM khalu yatra hiMsA, dayAnvitaM cAnRtameva satyam" / isI prakAra eka anya paramparAvAdI vidvAna AcArya paM0 vizvanAtha zAstrI dAtAra ( prAcInabhAratIyarAjazAstra aura arthazAstra vibhAga ) ne kahA- dArzanikoM ahiMsAdi ko mahAvrata kahA hai para samAja yadi ahiMsAtmaka pahalU se na calane yogya ho, to bhAratIya rAjanIti hiMsA ko bhI vaidha mAnatI hai / daNDa vidhAna se daurAtmya samAja meM Tika nahIM pAtA / kAzIrAja divodAsa ko puruSArthaM siddhi ke parisaMvAda - 3

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142 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM AdhAra para ahiMsA se virata hone kA upadeza diyA gayA thaa| gAMdhIjI kI ahiMsAvRtti unakI vaiSNavaparatA meM hai| vaiSNava ahiMsA para hA pUrNa bala dete haiM / isa prakAra bhAratIya rAjanIti samAja meM sarvAGgINa rUpa se mitrabhAva sthiti hone para ahiMsA ko upayukta mAnatI hai| ahiMsaka sthiti meM mana ko saMyatatA para bala diyA jAtA hai| __ kAzIvidyApITha ke zodha chAtra zrI vIrendrakumAra siMha ne kahA--gAMdhIjI ahaMbhAva ke tyAga para bala dete the, ahatva kI kalpanA meM bhI hiMsA hai| vaha svArtha, ahaMkAra tathA bhautika bhogoM kI lolupatA ko chor3akara apane vyaktitva kA visarjana virATa ke hita meM kara dene meM apanA vikAsa evaM niHzreyasa mAnate the| unhoMne Age kahA-gAMdhI jI kI dRSTi se ahiMsA durbaloM kA astra nahIM hai pratyuta nirbhayatA yA Atmabala se ahiMsA kI pratiSThA hotI hai| buddha, mahAvIra, IsA kI ahiMsAyeM mahAtmA gAMdhI meM maulika bana gyiiN| paramparAgata saiddhAntika ahiMsA gAMdhI meM vyAvahArikatA prApta kara lii| tulanAtmakadharmadarzana ke AcArya pro. mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI ne kahAhiMsA ke do pakSa hai bAhya tathA Abhyantara / jaina logoM ne ise dravya hiMsA evaM bhAva hiMsA ke rUpa meM bhI Akalita kiyA hai| krodhAdi kI preraNA se rahita hiMsA bAhya yA dravya hiMsA hai aura kaluSita citta se utpanna hiMsA Abhyantara yA bhAva hiMsA hai| gAMdhIjI donoM se bacate the| gAMdhIjI ne uparyukta paramparA ke AdhAra para apane zatru se vaise hI prema kiyA jaise ambarISa ne durvAsA ke vacanoM kA kaluSita bhAvajanya hiMsA hone para bhI pAlana kiyaa| lAlAlAjapatarAya ke praznoM kA uttara dete hue gAMdhI jI ne kahA thA--maiM janma se vaiSNava hUM, ataH bAlyAvasthA se hI mujhako ahiMsA kI zikSA milI hai| ahiMsA kA artha zarIra athavA mana se kisI prANI ko kaSTa na denA hai| kAzI vidyApITha meM darzana vibhAga ke prophesara DA0 raghanAtha giri ne gAMdhIjI ke siddhAnta evaM vyavahAra kI mImAMsA karate hue kahA--gAMdhIdarzana meM satya para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| satya ko Izvara tathA svarUpataH siddha mAnA gayA hai / darzana kI dRSTi se yaha advaita tattva, tathA samasta jJAna kA AdhAra hai| gAMdhIjI ne isa satya ko AsthA evaM vizvAsa kriyA evaM vyavahAra kA AdhAra bnaayaa| gAMdhIjI jJAna, vANI, evaM AcaraNa meM isakA pAlana karate the| parisaMvAda-3

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'satya, ahiMsA aura unake prayoga' saMgoSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 143 ahiMsA ko aparihArya mAnate hue yogadarzana ke vyaktigata ahiMsA kI pratiSThA ko gAMdhI jI ne sAmAjika pratiSThA dii| vaha mAnavIya samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie ahiMsA ke zastra ko DhAla ke rUpa meM akhtiyAra karate haiN| ___ gAMdhI-darzana kA eka tIsarA pahalU sarvodaya kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa karanA hai| isameM vaha jAtivihIna, vargahIna, Arthika viSamatA rahita samAja ke nirmANa kI bAta karate haiN| gAMdhIjI kA yaha sarvodaya paramparAgata rUpa meM 'sarve bhavantu sukhinaH' ke krama meM avazya hai para isakI vyAvahArikatA saMdeha se rahita nahIM hai|| unakA sAdhya-sAdhana kA dArzanika mata bhI Adarza pratimAnoM evaM prakriyAoM ke vyAvahArika Ayojana ke binA adhUre pratIta hote haiN| hindUvizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga ke rIDara DA. revatIramaNa pANDeya ne gAMdhIjI ke vicAroM kA vivekana prastuta karate hue kahA--gAMdhI ne jIvana ke Antarika mUlyoM kA dainandina jIvana meM kaise prayoga ho ? isakI vyAkhyA kI hai| gAMdhIjI meM unake pUrva ke sabhI ahiMsaka adhyAtmavAdI santoM kA samAveza hai| vaha advaita sthita ke lie Atmazuddhi para bala dete haiN| gItA kI sthita prajJatA ko unhoMne pUrNa zuddhatA ke rUpa meM liyA hai| isa sthiti taka pahu~cane ke liye ekAdaza Azrama vratoM ko Avazyaka mAnate haiN| gAMdhIjI ne Atma zuddhi ke mArga se IzvarAsthA meM praveza kiyaa| jise vaha 'satyasya satyaM' kahate haiN| unhoMne Izvara satya hai isakA pratiloma karake satya Izvara hai, yaha svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai| isa vivecana meM gAMdhIjI zAstrIyatA kA pratibhAna karAte haiM para vaha jJAnI kI apekSA bhakta adhika haiN| isIlie vaha sarvajana ke kalyANa yA sarvodaya ke lie karma mArga meM cala par3ate haiN| _ saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke zodha chAtra zrI subhASacandra tivArI ne kahAgAMdhIjI ke vicAroM kA Akalana do mukhya vinduoM se kiyA jAnA cAhie, ve haiM (1) gAMdhI ke prayoga tathA (2) una prayogoM kA Adhunika sandarbha / gA~dhIjI kA sabase bar3A prayoga satya aura ahiMsA kA hai unhoMne ina vyaktigata siddhAntoM ko lokasiddhAnta kA rUpa diyA tathA loka ko isa para calane ke lie bAdhya kiyA / gAMdhIjI kI buniyAdI zikSA bhI eka navIna prAyogika zikSA thii| buniyAdI zikSA meM pratyeka vyakti kI AtmanirbhatA evaM svAvalambana para jora thaa| svAvalambana para adhika jora dene ke kAraNa ho vaha cAritrika vikAsa para bala dete the aura vinA isake svatantratA kA koI mUlya nahIM mAnate the| Aja ke sandarbha meM koThArI Ayoga parisaMvAda-3

Page #169
bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ne buniyAdI zikSA ko jaise ucita mAnA hai vaise hI navayuvakoM ke cAritrika patana ko rokane meM gAMdhI ke siddhAnta kAphI kAmagara ho sakate haiN| vikendrIkaraNa ke himAyatI gAMdhIjI kI bAtoM para vartamAna sarakAra kA dhyAna na hone se vaha kendrIkaraNa kI ora bar3ha rahI hai| yaha pravRtti khataranAka dIkhatI hai tathA lokatantra kI ghAtaka bana sakatI hai| kAzI vidyApITha ke samAjazAstra vibhAga ke prAdhyApaka zrI ramezacandra tivArI ne sAmAjika naitika dRSTi se gAMdhI ke satya aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA kA vivecana karate hue kahA-gAMdhIjI darzana praNAlI ke pravartaka nahIM haiN| para unhoMne bhAratIya saMskRti kA dhArmika sAMskRtika virAsata ke rUpa meM vaiyaktika anubhavoM ke AdhAra para vizleSaNa kiyA tathA pazcima kI udAramAnavatAvAdI paramparA kA upayoga kara bhArata meM naye prakAra kA ahiMsaka Andolana prasthApita karate hue satya sAdhya ko prApta kiyaa| gAMdhIjI ne kahA-rAjanIti ko naitika AdhAra denA atyanta Avazyaka hai| naitikatAvihIna rAjanIti bahuta hI aniSTakAraka hai| kyoMki samAja meM dharma evaM paramparA ke naitika mUlyoM kA mahattva ghaTatA jA rahA hai| unakA mukhya kAma rAjanItika saMsthAoM kA AdhyAtmikIkaraNa hai| rAjanIti ko dharma ke sAtha rahanA caahie| manuSya ke Antarika AdhyAtmika naitika tattva hI dharma hai| ataH dharma sampradAya se pRthak hai| naitikatA kA AdhAra satya hai / satya kA tAtparya anekAntavAdI dRSTi samprayukta vicAroM se hai| ataeva satya yadi vyaktigata evaM sAmAjika jIvana se jur3A hai to vaha dezakAla ko paridhiyoM se pRthak lokAtIta evaM anubhavAtIta bhI hai| gAMdhIjI satya ke pujArI the tathA ahiMsA ko usake lie Avazyaka mAnate the| ve kahate haiM ki maiM mokSa kA icchuka hU~ para yadi mokSa kA satya aura ahiMsA se virodha hai to mujhe mokSa nahIM caahie| ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA karate hue zrI rameza candra tivArI ne kahA--ahiMsA kA zAbdika artha hai hiMsA kI anupasthiti yA kisI ko kisI prakAra kI hAni na pahuMcAnA / para bhAratIya itihAsa meM gAMdhIjI kI ahiMsA zramaNa paramparA ke najadIka hai| zramaNoM meM sabhI pApoM kA mUla hiMsA mAnI jAtI hai ataH ahiMsA ke unmUlana kA artha hai sabhI pApoM kA uccheda / jaba manuSya sabhI ko Atmavat samajha kara hiMsA kA unmUlana karatA hai tabhI vaha ahiMsaka bana sakatA hai| ahiMsA samAja ke lie Avazyaka hai| gAMdhIjI ne isakA cAra stara para prayoga kiyA thA sAmudAyika jhagar3oM ko dUra karane meM, sthApita vyavasthA ke virodha meM, videzI AkramaNa se bacAne parisaMvAda-3

Page #170
'satya ahiMsA aura unake prayoga' saMgoSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 145 meM tathA manuSyoM ke ApasI sambandhoM meN| ahiMsA choTe samudAya se prArambha hokara antarrASTrIya samudAya taka calatI hai| ahiMsA dharma evaM naitika sadguNa hai| ahiMsA kA mUlya gAMdhI kI dRSTi meM hiMsA kI zakti se lAkha gunA adhika hai| gAMdhIjI samAja ko naitika mUlyoM se anuprANita karanA cAhate the| vaha uddezya' ko naitikatA paraka mAna kara uttaradAyitva kI naitikatA ko bhI svIkAra karate the| isIlie unhoMne rAjanIti ko AdhyAtmIkRta karane kA prayatna kiyaa| satya yadi samAja vyavasthA kA mUla AdhAra hai to ahiMsA satya para AdhArita samAja nirmANa kA sAdhana / / kAzI hindUvizvavidyAlaya ke prophesara DA. ke. sI. mizra ne batAyA ki gAMdhojI Aja ke yuga ke bahuta bar3e sudhAravAdI netA the| unhoMne apane vyavahAra se dharma evaM sAmAjika logoM ke cintana meM adbhuta parivartana laayaa| yaha unake nizchala mAnavIya samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI vidhi se hI bana paayaa| vaha buniyAdI zikSA, grAmINa udyoga, naitikotthAna, sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika utthAna, dharma evaM kuTIra udyoga tathA antarrASTrIya hita ke cintana ke dvArA mAnava jAti kA bhalA kara sake / anta meM goSThI kA samApana karate hue pro. badarInAtha zukla (kulapati, sampUrNa nandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI) ne kahA-gAMdhIjI isa yuga ke mahAna vicAraka, santa tathA mahAtmA the| hamAre yahAM zAstroM meM likhA hai ki vyakti ko apane dharma kA pAlana karanA cAhie-svadharme nidhanaM shreyH| isakA mUlataH tAtparya hai apane kartavyoM kA nirvaah| jo jisa vyakti kA samAja meM kartavya nirdhArita ho; usakA pAlana Avazyaka hai| yaha hI dAyitva kI bhAvanA hai| zAstroM meM dharma kA kartavya artha meM udbodhana hai--ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha ko sArvabhauma dharma kahA gayA hai| ina dharmoM ke bAda bhI kucha vizeSa kartavya samAja meM nirdhArita hote haiN| manuSya kA yaha dAyitva hai ki vaha sArvabhauma dharmoM kA pAlana karate hue apane apane dAyitvoM kA nirvAha kre| isI artha meM hamArI varNavyavasthA tathA AzramavyavasthA kA vidhAna thaa| gAMdhIjI ukta pA~ca sArvabhauma dharmoM meM se satya aura ahiMsA para vizeSa bala dete the| 'satyaM vada' yaha dharma meM aksara kahA jAtA hai| isakA tAtparya hai manuSya jo kucha kahe, satya kahe, tathA jo kahe, usako kare / satya kI prApti tabhI sambhava hai jaba ki yathArtha kA bodha ho| yaha bodha sArvabhauma dharmoM ke anupAlana se hotA hai| ahiMsA kA artha hai hiMsA na krnaa| dharma kA arthazAstroM meM vidhiparaka bhI hotA hai niSedhaparaka bho| yahA~ ahiMsA kA artha hiMsA kI parisaMvAda-3

Page #171
146 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM virodhI kriyA se hai| hiMsA se jIva niSprANa hotA hai / jisa kriyA se dUsare ko bAdhA ho, vaha hiMsA hai isalie kisI anya ke kAma meM binA bAdhA DAlate hue apanA kAma ahiMsaka dRSTi se karate jAnA hI ahiMsA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM meM yaha ahiMsaka vyavahAra sambhava bana sakatA hai aura isase samAja parivartana bhI sambhava hai| kyoMki yahA~ ke dharmoM meM binA dUsare kA samUloccheda karate hue apane pavitra kArya se dUsare ke Upara vijaya prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vijaya prApti ke mArga satya aura ahiMsA ke rUpa meM prAcIna kAla meM the tathA unhIM ko gAMdhIjI ne vyAvahArika rUpa de kara inake punaruddhAra ke svarUpa kA saMsmaraNa dilaayaa| isalie gAMdhI vicAroM kA adhyayana honA caahie| yadi unakA paramparA ke sandarbha meM adhyayana kiyA jAya to ve aura adhika prabhAvI ho sakate haiN| sampUrNAnandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlaya isa sandarbha meM gAMdhI vicAroM ke adhyayana kA adhika upayukta sthAna hai| isa goSThI ke vivaraNa ko chApate vakta anta meM do nibandha zrI Ara. Ara. divAkara jI ke diye gaye haiN| ye nibandha gAMdhI vidyAsaMsthAna, rAjaghATa, vArANasI meM gAMdhI mImoriyala lekcarsa meM diye gaye the| pro0 rAjArAmazAstrI una dinoM vahA~ ke nidezaka the tathA unake sujhAva para ye nibandha isameM diye gaye haiN| isakI svIkRti ke lie saMsthAna ke nirdezaka DA0 ke0 ke0 siMha dhanyabAda ke pAtra haiN| prAcIna paramparA se nikalane vAle Adhunikatama mUlyoM ke viSayavastu kA saMkalana karanA maiM apanA kartavya mAnatA hU~ aura etadartha parizramapUrvaka isa kArya ko sampanna karane meM eka AnandAnubhUti samajhatA haiN| isIlie isa vicAra paricarcA ko saphala karanA hama apanA kartavya mAnakara karate haiN| pro0 zAstrIjI ke sujhAva evaM nirdeza isa sandarbha meM bahumUlya haiN| rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI ... saMyojaka gAMdhI-darzana paricarcA saM0 saM0 vi. vi. vArANasI

Page #172
bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa [kha] - yaha saMgoSThI 25, 26 apraila 1981 meM sampanna huI thii|

Page #173
vargIkaraNamArgeNa zAstrANi nikhilAnyapi / vijJAnavidhinA samyak prasphuTanti prayogataH // zAstrajJAnamazeSeNa vijJAnanikaSAyitam / viziSTa pratibhonnItaM camatkArAya kalpate // zAstrIyAbhinavA grAhyA vargIkaraNakAmanA / anyathAzAstrasampattiH phaladA naiva hAnidA // tulanAtmakadRSTizca darzane rucidAyakA / zAstrAsApanodAya vaijJAnikakathAsudhA //

Page #174
'bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa' saMgoSThI ke kucha vicAraNIya prazna rAdhezyAmadharadvivedI 'dharmadarzana-saMskRti' samiti ne sabhI vibhAgoM se tattadvibhAgAnukUla viSayoM para paricarcA, vAdakathA evaM vimarza se sambandhita viSayoM kI rUparekhA prastuta karane ke lie kahA thaa| usI sandarbha meM tulanAtmakadharmadarzana vibhAga ne 'bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa' viSaya para eka saMgoSThI karAne kA prArUpa prastuta kiyaa| tadanusAra isa saMgoSThI ke saMyojaka zrIrAdhezyAmadharadvivedI ne vargIkaraNa se sambandhita katipaya praznoM ko nimnalikhita rUpa meM upasthita karate hue kahA 1- bhAratIya darzana se kyA samajhA jAya ? darzana meM bhAratIyatA kyA hai ? jisase bhAratIya darzanoM kI asAdhAraNa pahacAna samajhI jAya / - 2-darzanoM kA kyA Astika nAstika vibhAjana ucita hai arthAt kyA Astika evaM nAstika dRSTi se nirapekSa bhAratIya darzanoM kA koI apanA svatantra svarUpa nahIM hai, yadi hai to usake lakSaNa kyA haiM ? 3-bhAratIya darzanoM meM viSayaparaka bhI cintana hue haiM, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dvaitavAda, advaitavAda ko hI leN| dekhA jAtA hai ki avAntara bhedoM ke sAtha zAGkaravedAnta, zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda tathA aneka tAntrika darzana advaitavAdI hI haiN| isI prakAra jIva jagata ke saMdarbha meM yA AtmA, paramAtmA ke saMbaMdha meM dvaitavAda ke bhI vibhinna rUpa haiM, usake aMtargata sAMkhyayoga, nyAyavaizeSika, jaina, vaibhASika, sautrAntika, vibhinna vaiSNava-vedAnta tathA aneka tAntrika darzana A jAte haiN| isI prakAra saMpUrNa bhAratIya darzanoM kA viSayaparaka vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| spaSTa hai ki jJAna kA viSayaparaka vikAsa darzanoM ke paraspara AdAna-pradAna evaM khaNDana-maNDana ke mAdhyama se huA hai, isa sthiti meM sAMpradAyika vargIkaraNa ko chor3a kara viSayaparaka vargIkaraNa ko svIkAra karane meM kyA bAdhA hogI? parisaMvAda-3

Page #175
150 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM 4-kahA jAtA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA kArya apanI apanI dhArmika mAnyatAoM evaM vizvAsoM kI puSTi karanA hai| isalie yahA~ ke darzana eka prakAra ke dhArmika cintana hI haiN| isa dhArA meM na to svatantra dArzanika cintana sambhava hai aura na unakA vizuddha dArzanika dRSTikoNa se vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa mata kA kahA~ taka aucitya hai| kyA dharmanirapekSa dArzanika cintana kA koI varga bana sakatA hai? 5-bhAratIya darzanoM meM prAyaH yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki apane mata ke pakSa meM AgamoM kI sahamati tathA vipakSa ke khaNDana meM usakI vimati ke lie Agama vacana uddhRta kiye jAte haiN| isakA eka abhiprAya yaha ho sakatA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA yuktivAda durbala hai| isa durbalatA ko haTAne kI dizA meM dArzanika cintana kI prakriyA kyA ho ? 6-bhAratIya darzana meM dekhA jAtA hai ki koI navIna dArzanika prasthAna khar3A karane ke lie bhI prAcIna sUtra yA zAstroM kI apane anurUpa navIna vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| isase yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM maulika cintana atiprAcInakAla meM huA, bAda meM usakI dhArA avaruddha ho gyii| kevala pUrva kA yA to piSTapeSaNa kiyA gayA yA yatkiMcit mUlAdhArita navInatA lAyI gyii| kahA jAtA hai ki isa prakAra darzana kA navIna cintana sambhava nahIM huaa| isa sthiti meM bhAratIya ciMtana kI dizA kyA ho ? .. ___7-dekhA jAtA ki saMpUrNa bhAratIya darzana kA pramukha prayojana prAyaH nirvANa kA lAbha karanA hai isI artha meM ise AdhyAtmika kahA jAtA hai| vidita hai ki nirvANa aihika jIvana kA Adarza nahIM hai, isa sthiti meM yaha AkSepa hotA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya darzana vartamAna jIvana kI samasyAoM se vimukha haiN| aura samAja kI dRSTi se palAyanavAdI haiN| yaha AkSepa jisa aMza taka saMgata hai usake nirAkaraNa ke lie kyA darzana ko aihika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke abhimukha karanA Avazyaka hai| isa dRSTi se bhAratIya darzanoM kA kyA koI vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| 8-yaha kahA~ taka ucita hogA ki aba bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAya / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kyA nimnalikhita prakAra ke vargIkaraNa meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA hai ? parisaMvAda-3

Page #176
'bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa' saMgoSThI ke kucha vicAraNIya prazna 151 (ka) bhAratIya advaitavAda ( zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda, brahmAdvaitavAda, zivAdvaitavAda, viziSTAdvaitavAda Adi ) (kha) bhAratIya nyAyadarzana ( nyAya-vaizeSika-bauddha-jaina-mImAMsA Adi ) (ga) bhAratIya yogadarzana (pAtaMjala-bauddha-jaina evaM tAntrika Adi ) (gha) bhAratIya vastuvAdIvarzana (sAMkhya-vaizeSika-mImAMsA-vaibhASika-sautrAntikajaina Adi) yadi viSayaparaka vargIkaraNa apekSita hai to usake pAThyakramoM kA nirdhAraNa kisa prakAra kiyA jAya ? parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa kI dizA pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya zatAbdiyoM pUrva se navIna bhAratIya cintana avaruddha ho cukA hai| ise prAyaH sabhI manISiyoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| isake kAraNoM kI pUrI khojabIna honI caahiye| kisI niSkarSa para pahuMcane se pUrva bhAratIyacintana ke svabhAva para bhI dhyAna denA Avazyaka hogaa| bhAratIya darzanoM kA paramparAgata vargIkaraNa svAbhAvika thA, kyoMki anya sabhI dezoM kI taraha yahA~ bhI darzanoM kA udgama evaM vikAsa dharma ke garbha se huaa| bhAratavarSa sadA se hI dharmoM evaM saMskRtiyoM kI vividhatA se paripUrNa rahA hai| isalie yahA~ pramukha dharmoM kA anekAneka upadharmoM evaM sampradAyoM meM vikAsa huaa| ina sabakA saMskRtigata Adarza aura AcAragata jIvanacaryA meM bheda evaM kucha hada taka virodha bhI thaa| isa prakAra kI vividhatA ke bIca jina vicAroM kA udgama huA, unhIM ke AdhAra para Age calakara bhAratIya darzanoM kA nirmANa sambhava huaa| isa prakAra ke vividha darzanoM ke vikAsa ke pIche vibhinna saMskRtiyoM evaM dhArmika sampradAyoM kI vividhatA evaM vizeSatA pramukha kAraNa bane rhe| yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki dArzanika vikAsa ne eka ora apane vizeSa dharmoM evaM saMskRtiyoM ko mahattva pradAna kiyA to dUsarI ora unake bIca virodhoM kA yathAsambhava zamana kara unameM eka prakAra kA sAdRzya evaM ekatA bhI pradAna kii| vizeSataH isa prakAra ke mahattvapUrNa kArya ko sampanna kiyA hai-sAdhanA ke kSetra meM yogazAstra ne, darzana ke kSetra meM tarkazAstra ne aura jIvana ke samAna uddezya ke nirdhAraNa kI dRSTi se mokSa ciMtana ne| isa deza ke sampUrNa cintana ko inhIM pramukha pravRttiyoM ne bhAratIyatA pradAna kI hai| isI kI pRSThabhUmi meM yahA~ ke sampUrNa cintana ko 'bhAratIya-darzana' ke nAma se saMketita kiyA jA sakatA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki itihAsa kAla meM jina dharmoM evaM sampradAyoM ne bhAratIya darzanoM ke vikAsa ke lie avasara pradAna kiyA, Age cala kara ve hI usake navIna parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa kI dizA 153 vikAsa ke avarodhaka bhI siddha hue| yahI kAraNa hai ki binA pUrva mAnyatA ke yA kisI vyaktivizeSa aura granthavizeSa ke prAmANya ko svIkAra kiye kevala tarka aura Adhunika pramANoM ke sahAre bhAratIya cintana nahIM bar3ha skaa| darzana kA eka pramukha kAma hai buddhi ko kuNThAoM se nikaalnaa| yaha kArya darzana taba taka nahIM kara pAegA, jaba taka cintaka kI buddhi kucha nizcita paramparAoM se ghirI rhegii| purAne vicAroM zabdoM, paribhASAoM, vibhinna prakAra ke saMskAroM evaM saMsmaraNoM se manuSya kA mana samRddha rahatA hai| sAmAnyataH unhIM ke sahAre vaha apane cintana ko Age bar3hA pAtA hai| kintu ve hI eka mAtrA ke bAda usake gatirodha ke kAraNa bhI banane lagate haiN| isa sthiti meM darzana kI samasyA yaha hai ki vaha cintaka ko usake itihAsa ke anAvazyaka bojha se mukta kaise rakhe ? ukta mUla samasyA kI ora bhAratIya dArzanikoM kA dhyAna bahuta pahale hI gayA thaa| unakA yaha niSkarSa thA ki vAstavika cintana ke mArga meM vikalpa bAdhaka haiN| isake liye unhoMne cintana ko nirvikalpa rakhane kI ceSTA kI thii| unheM yaha mAlUma thA ki zabda cintana ko bar3hAte haiM aura use kuNThita bhI karate haiN| isake lie mana ke vividha saMskAroM aura zabdoM se Upara uThanA hI una dArzanikoM kI preraNA thii| avazya hI Aja yaha vicAraNIya hai ki unakA yaha uddezya kahA~ taka pUrNa huaa| yaha ThIka hai ki zAstra hameM cintana ke lie mArga dete haiM, kintu yaha bhI ThIka hai ki zAstravAda nae maulika cintana kA virodhI bana jAtA hai| yaha tathya hai ki maharSi vyAsa ke brahmasUtra ke AdhAra para paraspara virodhI anekAneka vedAntoM kA vikAsa huaa| mUla tripiTaka ko AdhAra banAkara bauddhadarzana ke paraspara bhinna anekAneka dArzanika prasthAnoM kA vikAsa huaa| kisI bhI sthiti meM vyAsa yA unake brahmasUtra ko bhagavAna buddha yA tripiTaka ko chor3A nahIM gyaa| isake bAvajUda dArzanika cintana kI yaha mahimA hai ki zAstra ke ghere meM rahakara bhI yathAsambhava paraspara virodhI cintanoM kA vikAsa ho jAtA hai| isameM zAstra-nirapekSa cintana ke bIja milate haiN| isase yaha sambhAvanA nikalatI hai ki samaya se pahale zAstramukta cintana yadi huA hotA, to bhAratIya darzanoM kA navIna vikAsa na ho sktaa| prazna hai ki kyA zAstra nirapekSa jJAnamImAMsA ho sakatI hai ? isase Age bar3hakara eka yaha bhI prazna hai ki kyA jJAnamImAMsA tattvamImAMsA se nirapekSa sambhava hai ? ina praznoM ke uttara kA bhAratIya darzanoM ke paramparAgata vargIkaraNa se ghaniSTha parisaMvAda-3

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154 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM sambandha hai | spaSTa hai ki dhArmika evaM sAmpradAyika vargIkaraNa dvArA nirapekSa adhyayana ko apekSita avasara nahIM mila sktaa| Upara dekhA gayA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA dharma se kitanA ghaniSTha sambandha thA / itihAsa meM isakI eka sImA taka upayogitA thI, kintu aba yaha Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki darzana ko dharma se yathAsambhava mukta kiyA jAya, anyathA dharmazAstrI kI taraha darzanazAstrI bhI apane jJAta tathyoM ko aikAntika rUpa se pratiSThita karane lagegA / isa sthiti meM Age bhI nirapekSacintana kI AzA karanA, vyartha ho jAyagA / hameM isakA vicAra karanA hogA ki dArzanika cintana kI prakriyA meM Atyantika satya ke Akalana kA Agraha kahA~ taka samucita hai / vAstava meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM aikAntikatA kA Agraha, usa para dhArmika prabhAva hai / vAstava meM aikAntikatA kA Agraha mUlataH adArzanika avadhAraNA hai / isa prasaMga 'hameM isakA dhyAna rahanA cAhie ki darzana na to vijJAna hai aura na to dharma / isa sthiti meM darzana vijJAna kI taraha nitAnta anaikAntika nahIM hai aura na to dharma kI taraha nitAnta aikAntika / usake cintana kA mArga donoM ke madhya hai / isa prakAra nirapekSa cintana kI dizA meM pahalA krama hogA, bhAratIya darzanoM kA viSayAnurodhI nayAvargIkaraNa prastuta karanA / isa naye vargIkaraNa meM darzanoM ke vikAsakrama kA Akalana kiyA jA sakatA hai / jJAnoM kA vikAsa vibhinna siddhAntoM ke pArasparika AdAna-pradAna se sambhava hotA hai / pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika darzanoM ke bIca kucha jJAna antaryamana karate rahate haiM aura usa prakriyA meM jJAna kA uttarottara vikAsa hotA rahatA hai / isa prakAra ke vikAsa krama meM adhyayana karane para eka ora darzanoM kA vAstavika mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai aura dUsarI ora naye cintana ke lie sambhAvanA khar3I hotI haiN| aba taka zAstroM kI mAnyatAoM ko vizvasanIya banAne meM buddhi evaM tarka kA prayoga kiyA gayA, aba svayaM nirapekSa buddhi ko hI adhikAdhika spaSTa evaM vizvasanIya banAne kI AvazyakatA / jaba hama buddhi ko adhikAdhika vizvasanIya banAne kI bAta karate haiM, to hameM usake jo jJAna srota haiM to unakI sImAoM kI ora bhI dhyAna denA caahie| yaha ThIka hai ki jo buddhi-bAhya hai, vaha vAstavika darzana nahIM hai, kintu prAcIna kAla meM usake bahuta hI sImita the / isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki sAmAnya anubhava ke bAhara koI taya nahIM hai kintu use paurANika vRttAnta nahIM honA cAhie / aura use siddha karane kA bhI tatva paryApta nahIM hai / kahanA par3egA ki jJAna kI utpatti kI sImAyeM haiM / hamAre anubhava iMdriyAdhIna haiM / indriyoM kI zakti aura saMkhyA donoM hI bahuta parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa kI dizA 155 alpa haiM isalie unase upalabdha jJAna bahuta nirbala hote haiM / yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki ajJAna kA kSetra jJAna ke kSetra se bahuta bar3A hai, indriyoM kI saMkhyA aura zakti kama hone se hama ajJAna kA apekSita nirAkaraNa nahIM kara pAte haiM / isake lie hameM jJAna ke srota ht bar3hAnA hogA / Adhunika vijJAna ne jIvana ke kaI kSetroM meM hameM jJAna ke anekAneka naye srota diye haiM, hama vijJAna kI dena kI ora se A~kha nahIM mor3a sakate / apanI jJAnavRddhi ke lie hameM usakA sahayoga lenA hogaa| vaijJAnika paridRSTi ke virodha meM paramparAvAdI vidvAna hamezA yaha AzA rakhate haiM ki kahIM na kahIM aisA kSetra avazya milegA, jisameM vaijJAnika paddhati kA prayoga karanA sambhava na hogA / isa sambhAvanA meM ve loga apane darzana kI surakSA samajhate haiM / vAstava meM aisI pravRtti dArzanikatA ke virodha meM jAnI jAtI hai / vizva ke itihAsa ne yaha siddha kiyA hai ki dhArmika vicArakoM ke rahate vaijJAnika paddhati ko saphalatA na milI hotI / yadi unase vyAvahArika lAbha na hotA / bhautikI evaM gaNita ke camatkAra hI nahIM, pratyuta manovijJAna, nRvaMzavidyA, bhASAvijJAna Adi mAnavavijJAnoM ne bhI jo hamAre sAmane naI vaijJAnika upaprastuta kI haiM usase darzana zAstra ko vaMcita rakhanA dArzanikoM kA eka bahuta bar3A aparAdha mAnA jAyegA / jJAta hai ki tAttvika nirNaya ke lie vyApti ke niyamoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / vyApti ko vizvasanIya padArthavidyA ke AdhAra para bhAratIya dArzanika vyApti ko nirUpAdhika sopAdhika hone kA nirNaya lete haiM, kintu vijJAna ne prAcIna padArthavidyA kA adhikAMza meM khaNDana kara diyA, isa sthiti meM paramparAgata darzanoM meM vyApti kA niyama vizvasanIya nahIM raha gayA hai / vyApti ke vizvasanIya na hone ke kAraNa khagola, bhUgola tathA padArthavidyA sambandhI koI bhI nirNaya lenA hamAre lie sandeha se pare nahIM hai / isa sthiti meM isa prakAra apane vyApti niyama ko vizvasanIya banAne kI dizA meM vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM se mahattvapUrNa sahAyatA lI jA sakatI hai / bhAratIya darzanoM kI pragati meM vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM ke sabhbandha meM hamArI upekSA vRtti kisI taraha ThIka nahIM hai / hameM adhyayana ke kSetra meM vijJAnoM kI naI upalabdhiyA~ svIkAra karanI hogii| vijJAna ke dvArA jo jJAnavRddhi ho usake anupAta se adhika manuSya meM viveka buddhi kA vikAsa ho, yaha atyanta apekSita hai / viveka buddhi hai - jIvana ke Adarza uddezyoM kI nizcita avadhAraNA / viveka buddhi vijJAna / parisaMvAda - 3

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156 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kI sImA ke bAhara hai| usameM paramparAgata darzanazAstra bahuta kucha sahAyaka hoNge| phira vijJAna aura darzana meM kauna sA zreSTha hai ? yaha abhI vicAraNIya nahIM hai| jIvana ke kSetra meM darzana kI zreSThatA nirvivAda hai| kahA jAtA hai ki eka dina vijJAna buddhi ( mastiSka ) AtmA aura padArtha ke bIca kA bheda samApta kara degaa| usa samaya sambhava hai ki darzana aura vijJAna kA bheda samApta hone lage aura usa sthiti meM ina donoM ke bIca varIyatA kA prazna samApta ho jaayegaa| isa sambhAvanA ke lie bhAratIya dArzanikoM ko cintana kI dRSTi se samartha rahanA caahie| astu yahA~ vaktavya itanA mAtra hai ki apane dArzanika jJAna kI vRddhi meM vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM kA sahArA lenA caahie| yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya dArzanika cintana ke paramparAgata vargIkaraNa ke bIca kaise sambhava hogA? isake lie yaha apekSita hogA ki bhAratIya darzana apane dhArmika evaM sAmpradAyika kecula ko utAra kara dArzanika samasyAoM ke AdhAra para yathAsambhava eka jagaha mile| bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayAvargIkaraNa aura usake AdhAra para navIna tattva cintana tabhI saphala hogA jaba hama darzana meM prakriyA ke mahattva ko svIkAra kreN| darzana eka cintana kI prakriyA hai jo jJAna ko vizuddha se vizuddhatara aura vizuddhatama banAtA hai| isa prakriyA ke bIca tAkika vaijJAnikatA hai isake AdhAra para jo naye tathya bhAyeMge, ve parIkSA ke dvArA yA to khaNDita hoMge yA gRhIta hoNge| yaha prakriyA vAstava meM cintana ke vikAsa kI prakriyA hai, yaha tathyoM kA gambhIra prekSaNa hai| kisI bhI siddhAnta ke vikAsa kI eka avasthA meM jo tathya tarkasammata evaM sArthaka hoMge usakI iyatA jJAta rhegii| vikAsa kI dUsarI avasthA meM naye tathya ubhara sakate haiM jo pUrva se bhinna hoNge| dArzanika kA kArya usake vikAsakrama meM usakA mUlyAMkana karanA hai| isa prakAra isa prakriyA ke dvArA satya kA Akalana hotA hai aura asatya kA nirAkaraNa hotA hai| yaha sammava hogA ki dharma use pUrNa na khe| vAstava meM pUrNatA, dhArmika avadhAraNA hai dArzanika nhiiN| darzana apanI prakriyA se pUrNatA kI khoja karatA hai kintu usakI pUrNatA gatizIla hai kabhI rUr3ha nahIM hai| samajhane kI dRSTi se vijJAna ke samIpa ise le jAkara pUrNavAda kI jagaha prayogavAda kahA jA sakatA hai| jaba hama paramparAgata bhAratIya darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa kA prastAva karate haiM to hamArA dhyAna bhAratIya darzanoM ke durUha evaM ativistRta sAhitya kI rakSA karane kI ora bhI rahanA caahie| aba taka usakI rakSA dharmoM aura sampradAyoM ke saMkIrNa vIthi parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa kI dizA . 157 meM hotI rahI hai use eka khule rAjamArga para yadi khar3A kara diyA jAyegA to vidvAnoM ko yaha AzaMkA ho sakatI hai ki adhyayanAdhyApana ke dvArA unakI yathAvata rakSA nahIM ho paayegii| vAstava meM bhAratIya cintana kI rakSA karanA mahattvapUrNa bAta hai jo atyanta Avazyaka hai usase bhI adhika Avazyaka yaha hai ki naye cintana ke lie dArzanikoM ko yathAsambhava dhArmika evaM sAmpradAyika kuNThAoM se mukta kiyA jAya / ina donoM prakAra ke aucityoM ke bIca meM cintana kA eka nayA AyAma nikalanA kaThina nahIM hai| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa se sambandhita praznoM ke uttara AcArya paM0 badarInAtha zukla 1-bhAratIya darzana una darzanoM ko samajhA jAnA cAhie jinakA prAdurbhAva idaM prathamatayA bhAratIya manISIyoM ke mastiSka se huA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya cintakopajJatA hI darzana meM bhAratIyatA hai, vaha bhAratIya darzana kI asAdhAraNatA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM ko unake uddezya kI dRSTi se yadi paribhASita kiyA jAya to usake anusAra niHzreyasaphalakatva hI bhAratIya darzanoM kA lakSaNa kahA jA sakatA hai| niHzreyasa kI paribhASA bhArata ke tattad darzanoM ke anusAra kucha vibhinna rUpa meM ho sakatI hai| kintu niHzreyasa ko sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM ko uddezya kahane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai| 2--bhAratIya darzanoM kA Astika-nAstika rUpa meM vibhAjana kisa AdhAra para hai ? prastuta prazna kA uttara usa AdhAra ke aucitya para nirbhara hai| bhAratIya darzana ko mukhya rUpa se tIna AdhAroM para Astika-nAstika ke rUpa meM nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai| (ka) vedAvirodhitva aura vedavirodhitva--jo darzana veda ke aviruddha haiMunheM Astika, aura jo veda ke viruddha haiM unheM nAstika kahA jAtA hai| yataH veda eka cira parIkSita prAmANika vAGmaya hai| isakA pratipAdana tarkoM kI kasauTI para kharA utaratA hai ataH isake AdhAra para darzanoM ke vibhAjana ke aucitya kI eka sImA mAnI jAtI hai| (kha) dUsarA AdhAra hai AtmA kI aikAntika nityatA aura usake abhAva kaa| jina darzanoM meM AtmA kI ekAnta nityatA mAnI gayI, ve Astika haiM / jo nahIM mAnate, ve nAstika haiN| AtmA kI ekAnta nityatA kA abhyupagama manuSya ko nirbhaya parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa se sambandhita praznoM ke uttara 159 banAne kA sarvotkRSTa AdhAra hai| isa nirbhayatA kA samarthaka hone se darzanoM ko Astika ke sammAna janaka zabda kA vyavahAra karanA ucita jAna par3atA hai| aura jinheM AtmA ko ekAnta nityatA nahIM svIkAra hai, unake anusAra AtmA meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM anityatA kA gandha AtA hai| jo manuSya ko pUrNa nirbhaya banAne meM bAdhaka hai| ataH isa dRSTi se Astika-nAstika kahA jAtA hai| (ga) tIsarA AdhAra hai manuSya ke sabhI zubhAzubha karmoM ke sAkSI rUpa meM Izvara ke astitva kA svIkAra yA asvIkAra / jina darzanoM meM manuSya ke zubhAzubha karmoM kA sAkSI mAnA jAtA hai| ve darzana manuSya ko azubha karmo se dUra karane meM sahAyaka haiM jisase mAnavIya caritra kI rakSA svAbhAvika hai| ata: aise darzanoM ko Astika' kahanA isa dRSTi se nitAnta ucita hai kintu jina darzanoM meM aise sAmI ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA, unameM manuSya ko azubha karmoM se bacane meM pUrI sahAyatA nahIM milatI hai kyoMki manuSya azubha karmoM kA sAkSI na hone kI sthiti meM azubha kamoM meM kadAcita pravRtta bhI ho pAtA hai| 3-bhAratIya darzanoM ke viSayaparaka vibhAjana kI saMbhAvanA ke sandarbha meM isa prakAra vicAra prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai ki vibhinna bhAratIya darzanoM meM pratipAdya viSayoM kI bahulatA hai, una viSayoM meM kucha aise bhI viSaya haiM jo sabhI darzanoM meM samAna rUpa se parigRhIta haiN| yadi viSayaparaka vibhAjana kiyA jAyegA to aise sAmAnya viSayoM ke AdhAra para hI kiyA jAyegA, kintu ye viSaya una una darzanoM meM varNita anyAnya viSayoM se anubaddha haiM, ata: yadi kevala samAna viSayoM ke AdhAra para darzanoM kA vibhAjana hogA to anuvaddha viSaya ke chUTa jAne se vibhAjana ke AdhArabhUta samAna viSayoM kA bhI samagra rUpa se bodha na ho skegaa| ataH viSaya paraka vibhAjana kI ucita upayogitA nahIM pratIta hotI hai| udAharaNa ke lie darzanoM kA advaitavAdI dvaitavAdI darzanoM ke rUpa meM vibhAjana karanA isalie ucita nahIM ho sakatA kyoMki zAMkaravedAnta, zUnyavAda aura vijJAnavAda meM svIkRta advaita ke AdhArabhUta viSaya bhinna-bhinna haiN| ataH jina darzanoM ko advaitavAdI kahA jAyegA unake advaita kA adhyayana una AdhAroM ke sAtha hI karanA hogaa| phalataH pratyeka advaitavAdI darzana kA adhyayana alaga-alaga ho jaayegaa| isa dRSTi se isa vibhAga kA koI aucitya nahIM hogaa| hAM Astika nAstika darzanoM ke rUpa meM vibhAga karane para jina advaita pratipAdaka darzanoM ke mAnAvamAna kI dhAraNA banatI haiM unakA parihAra karane kI dRSTi se isa vibhAga ko yadi svIkRta kiyA jAya to isameM koI anaucitya nahIM hai, yahI sthiti dvaitavAdI darzanoM ke sambandha meM bhI hai| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM 4 - yaha kahanA ki bhAratIya darzana meM kevala dhArmika mAnyatAoM aura vizvAsoM kI puSTi kI gayI hai ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM jJAna kohI mAnava jIvana kA carama lakSya niHzreyasa kA pramukha sAdhana batAyA gayA hai| aura vaha jJAna dharma aura AcAroM kA nahIM, kintu mukhya rUpa se AtmAnAtmA sabhI padArthoM ke viSaya meM apekSita hai / dharma aura vizvAsa kI carcA usa samaya AtI hai jaba dArzanika jJAna ko jIvana meM utArane kA prasaGga upasthita hotA hai, aura yaha nitAnta Avazyaka hai kyoMki korA jJAna manuSya ko naitika banAne meM kabhI saphala nahIM huA hai / ataH bhAratIya darzanoM ke sambandha meM satya yaha hai ki bhAratIya darzana kA samasta cintana jJeyaviSayoM para AdhArita hai dharma athavA sampradAya para nahIM / 160 5 - yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya darzana ke antaravartI cintaka apane cintana meM pUrvavartI vidvAnoM ke saMvAda kA ullekha karate haiM kintu usase yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA yuktibAda durbala haiM, ThIka nahIM kahA jA sakatA, apitu isa paddhati se yaha pramANita hotA hai ki bhAratIya darzana kI cintana paramparA kAla kI dRSTi se bar3I lambI paramparAvAlI hai aura isa paramparA ke vidvAnoM ne jo cintana kiye haiM unameM lambe kAla ke byavadhAna hone para aneka viSayoM meM Aja bhI samatA hai / uttaravartI vidvAnoM ke cintana kA ullekha isa bAta ko pramANita karane meM uddhRta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki uttaravartI vidvAnoM meM svatantra cintana kI kSamatA nahIM hai aura unhone pUrvavartI cintakoM kI bAta nayI zailI aura zabdAvalI meM prastuta kI hai| kyoMki saMvAda kA pradarzana samagra cintana meM na hokara kisI viSaya vizeSa ke cintana hI pradarzita kiyA huA hotA hai / 6 - yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya darzano ke lekhaka uttaravartI vidvAnoM ne pUrvavartI sUtragranthoM kA athavA vaidika aura aupaniSadika vacanoM kA avalambana kara unakI vistRta vyAkhyA prastuta kI hai| kintu aisA niSkarSa nikAlanA ucita nahIM pratita hotA ki yaha kArya uttaravartI vidvAnoM meM svatantra kSamatA na hone ke kAraNa huA, kyoMki yaha spaSTa dekhA jAtA hai ki eka choTe se sUtra ke upara eka atyanta vistRta bhASya grantha kI racanA hotI hai, jisameM aise asaMkhya vicAra bhare rahate haiM jo pUrNa maulika hote haiM aura prAyaH aisA dekhA jAtA hai ki yathAzruta sUtra se jo artha upalabdha hotA hai vaha vyAkhyA granthoM meM pUrNatayA parivartita ho jAtA hai / nizcaya hI yaha sthiti vidvAnoM ke svatanta cintana kI kSamatA kA pariNAma hai| pUrva sUtroM kA AdhAra kevala cintana ke itihAsa kI avicchina paramparA ko banAye rakhane ke liye kiyA jAtA hai / parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa se sambandhita praznoM ke uttara 161 yadi yahI bAteM jo bhASya granthoM meM kahIM gayI haiM ve sUtra aura sUtrakAra kA ullekha kiye binA kahIM jAya to vahI kathana bhArata kA svatantra cintana kahA jAtA / isa lie isa AkSepa meM koI aucitya nahIM pratIta hotA hai| 7-yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM mAnava jIvana kA antima lakSya ni:zreyasa, nirvANa, mokSa Adi mAnA gayA hai aura vartamAna meM darzana ke nAma para jina granthoM kA adhyayana hotA hai ve spaSTa rUpa se manuSya kI aihika samasyAoM kA samAdhana nahIM prastuta krte| isalie aisA lagatA hai ki manuSya ke jIvana kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna prastuta karane meM akSama hone ke kAraNa palAyanavAdI ho gaye haiN| kintu vicAra karane para yaha AkSepa ucita nahIM pratIta hotA, kyoMki niHzreyasa aura nirvANa Adi kA lakSya mAnava jIvana ke jAgatika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA eka anyatama prakAra hai| kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki manuSya ke sAmane yadi sAMskRtika utkarSa hI lakSya rUpa meM prastuta hotA hai to usakI prApti ke lie vaha aviveka pUrNa rUpa se itanA Azakta hotA hai ki usase use dUsare ke sukha-suvidhA kI koI cintA nahIM rhtii| jisake phala svarUpa manuSyoM meM saMgharSa kI bhAvanA bar3hatI hai| aura yaha sundara saMsAra samAja ke lie atyanta sukhamaya ho jAtA hai niHzreyasa ko lakSaNa mAnane para manuSya kI dRSTi saMsArika utkarSa aura niHzreyasa donoM meM vibhakta ho jAtI hai| isalie sAMsArika utkarSa ke cintana meM usakA santulana banA rahatA hai| aura usake samAja ke lie abhizApa nahIM bana pAtA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki sabhI bhAratIya darzana manuSya ko duHkha se mukta karanA apanA uddezya mAnate haiN| duHkhoM meM manuSya ke vartamAna duHkha kA anta hai jinase tatkAla mukti ke lie laukika sAdhanoM kI apekSA hotI hai| una laukika sAdhanoM ke lie manuSya ko prayatnazIla hone kI preraNA kA saMketa darzanoM se prApta hotA hai| kyoMki vartamAna duHkha se chuTakArA pAne kA sAdhana Ayatta kiye binA sabhI duHkhoM se mukta karane kA dArzanika lakSya sambhava nahIM ho sktaa| tIsarI bAta yaha hai ki hamAre deza kA dharmazAstra jo rAjazAstra, samAjazAstra aura arthazAstra bhI hai aura ye hamAre darzanoM ke aMga haiN| ataH unake adhyayana ke sAtha hI darzana kA adhyayana pUrA hotA hai| idhara saikar3oM varSoM se darzanoM kA adhyayana dharmazAstra ke adhyayana ke binA pUrA mAnA jAne lagA hai| isIlie bhAratIya darzanoM ke sambandha meM palAyanavAditA ke artha kA avasara prApta huA hai| pUrvakAla ke parisavAda-3

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162 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM dArzanika uccakoTi ke dharmazAstrI hote the| isalie vartamAna jIvana ke unnAyaka adhyayana ko bhI dArzanika adhyayana mAnA jAtA rahA hai jaisA ki yAjJavalkya ne apanI smRti meM kahA hai -"ayaM hi paramo dharmo yadyogenAtmadarzanam"aura upaniSadoM meM "ve vidye veditavye" kaha kara vidyA vedana arthAt dArzanika adhyayana ko Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| aura parAparA bheda batAkara aparA meM samagra aihika phalaka vidyAoM kA parA meM niHzreyasaphalaka AtmavidyA kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| ataH pUre sambaddha zAstroM ko darzana ke kSetra meM parigaNita karane para ukta AkSepa kA aucitya svataH samApta ho jAtA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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vargIkaraNa sambandhI praznoM ke uttara AcArya paM. raghunAtha zarmA bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa saMgoSThI ke vicAraNIya praznoM kA uttara yathAmati nimnalikhita hai 1-nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga, pUrvamImAMsA, uttaramImAMsA, sautrAntika, vaibhASikadarzana, kSaNabhaGgavAda, vijJAnavAda, jainadarzana, cArvAkadarzana Adi darzanoM ko bhAratIya isalie kahate haiM kyoMki inakI mUla kalpanA bhAratIyoM kI hai| ... 2-pUrvokta Adya darzanoM ko Astika darzana isalie kahate haiM ki ye darzana prArabdhavAdI haiN| prArabdha karmoM ko mAnate haiN| 'asti nAsti diSTaM matiH' isa pANini ke sUtra se Astika-nAstika zabda bane haiN| 'devaM viSTaM bhAgadheyam' yaha amara kA kahanA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM kA apanA rUpa prathama prazna ke uttara meM batAyA gayA hai| kintu vargIkaraNa ke lie Astika-nAstika darzana zabdoM kA prayoga samucita hai| 3-darzanoM kA yadi viSayoM ke anusAra vargIkaraNa kiyA jAya to darzanoM kA adhyayana asambhava athavA dussAdhya ho jaayegaa| ataH sampradAyAnusAra vargIkaraNa kiyA gyaa| advaita aura dvaita koI viSaya nahIM hai| AtmAdvaita, zivAdvaita, zaktyadvaita yaha viSaya ho sakatA hai| eka darzana ke aneka viSaya haiN| kisa viSaya ko lekara Apa vargIkaraNa kreNge| ataH sampradAyAnusAra ciMtana nahIM hogA to kisI viSaya kA gambhIra ciMtana nahIM ho paayegaa| Aja kala bhI vijJAna siddhAnta tathA viSaya kA cintana sampradAyAnusAra hI ho rahA hai| .. 4-- bhAratIya darzana ke viSayoM kA ciMtana RSiyoM ne svatantra rUpa se kiyaa| buddha, jina, vRhaspati Adi zAstra pravartakoM kA ciMtana svatantra huaa| una sabhI darzanoM ke maulika ciMtana svatantra hue| bAda meM sUtroM kA avalambana karake vyAkhyAna rUpa se ciMtana huA aura ho rahA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM bhAratIya darzana zraddhA tathA vizvAsa mUlaka dhArmika ciMtana mAtra nahIM hai| bhAratIya darzana meM Izvara tathA dharma aura vedoM ko bhI tarka kI kasauTI para kasA gayA hai| pUrvamImAMsA dharmadarzana aura usameM tarka hai| uttara mImAMsA meM Izvara ko tarka se siddha kiyA gayA hai| pUrvamImAMsA meM vedoM para bhI AkSepa tathA tarkamUlaka samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM sabhI ciMtana dharmanirapekSa haiN| bhAratIyadarzanoM kA vizuddha dArzanika dRSTikoNa se vargIkaraNa nahIM ho sktaa| 5--bhAratIya darzanoM meM svayUthya ke matakhaMDana meM Agama pramANa dete haiN| vipakSa khaNDana to tarka se hI karate haiN| 6-praznAvalI 6 meM kahA gayA hai ki koI navIna dArzanika prasthAna khar3A karane ke lie prAcInasUtra yA zAstroM kI apane anurUpa navIna vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| isase vaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM maulika ciMtana adhika prAcIna kAla meM huA, bAda meM usakI dhArA avaruddha ho gyii| isakA uttara yaha hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA mUla utpatti sthAna upaniSadeM haiN| jaise nyAya, vaizeSika, darzanoM ke paramANu siddhAnta kA udgama upaniSadoM se huaa| yaha upaniSad siddhAnta paMcIkaraNa prakriyA ke varNana se spaSTa hotA hai| paramANu siddhAnta ko hI sAMkhya tathA yoga vAloM ne tanmAtra kahakara apanAyA aura isa sAMkhya yoga ke siddhAnta ko vyavahAra meM advaitavAdiyoM ne bhI maanaa| aura paramANu siddhAnta ko vaiSNava darzanoM ne apnaayaa| pUrvamImAMsAdarzana meM adRSTavAda kA siddhAnta bhI upaniSadoM tathA brAhmaNa granthoM se AyA hai, kyoMki upaniSadoM meM upAsanAoM se aura brAhmaNa grantho meM yoga, homa, dAnAdi karmoM se phala kI siddhi kahI gayI hai| ve karma nazvara hote haiN| ataH una karmoM kA phalAvyavahita pUrvakAla bhAvitva bAdhita hai / ataH phala siddhi ke lie koI karmajanya adRSTa rUpa avAntara vyApAra mAnA jAtA hai / yahI adRSTavAda hai| isI prakAra mukhyataH ina bhAratIya darzanoM kA tIna vargIkaraNa huaa| nyAya vaizeSika-prathama varga, sAMkhya yoga-dvitIya varga, aura pUrvottara mImAMsA-tRtIya vrg| nyAya-vaizeSika meM bahuta thor3A bheda hai| dvitve ca pAkajotpattau vibhAge ca vibhaagje| yasya naskhalitA buddhistaM vaizeSikaM viduH // iti parisaMvAda-3

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vargIkaraNa sambandhI praznoM ke uttara isI prakAra sAMkhya yoga meM bhI thor3A hI bheda hai / sAMkhyayoga pRthakvAlAH pravadanti na paNDitAH / ekamapyAsthitaH samyagubhayorvidante phalam // iti isa gItA vAkya se sAMkhya yoga kA siddhAnta eka hI huA / bheda kevala itanA hai ki yoga Izvara ko mAnatA hai / sAMkhya Izvara ko nahIM mAnatA / 165 pUrvottara - mImAMsA meM bhI mUlataH aikya hai / yaha brahmasUtra ko dekhane se pratIta hotA hai kyoMki jagaha jagaha brahmasUtrakAravyAsa ne ' iti jaiminiH' aisA likhA hai / isase pratIta hotA hai ki jaiminiH kA mata vyAsa ko mAnya hai / bhASyakAroM meM zaMkarAcArya ne bhI 'vyavahAre bhaTTanaya:' isa siddhAnta ko apanAyA hai / kumArila bhaTTa pUrvamImAMsA ke pramukha vidvAna hai / yadyapi vaiSNava bhASyakAra zaGkarAcArya ke virodhI haiM kintu ve sabhI bhASyakAra nyAyavaizeSika kA padAnusaraNa karate haiM / ataH unakA yaha darzana nyAya-vaizeSika darzanoM meM gatArtha hotA hai / zaGkara- advaitavAda upakramopasaMhAra se upaniSadoM kA parama siddhAnta hotA hai / isa prakAra Astika darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa pahale hI se huA hai / Apa nayA vargIkaraNa karane kA jalatAr3ana prayAsa kara rahe haiM / aura yaha vargIkaraNa prayAsa piSTapreSaNa tathA anarthaka hai / aba calie Apa advaitavAda meM zUnyavAda ko DhakelanA cAhate haiM yaha ucita nahI hai kyoMki advaitavAda jagata ko mithyA ( anirvacanIya ) kahatA hai / zAMkarabhASya ke bhAmatI meM 'mithyA zabdo'yamanirvacanIcatAvacanaH' yaha kahA hai / zUnyavAda meM jagata ko zUnya kahA gayA hai / zUnya koI tattva nahIM hai khapuSpa evaM bandhyAputra ko zUnya kahA jA sakatA hai jo alIka hai / yadi koI zUnya tattva mAnA jAya to vaha anirvacanIya bhI hogA / ataH zUnyavAda tathA advaitavAda kA aikya nahIM ho sktaa| zivAdvaita, zakyadvaita ye bhI mUlataH advaita siddhAnta nahIM haiN| kyoMki ina donoM siddhAntoM ko mAnane se ziva-zakti kA dvaita hI siddha hotA hai vijJAnavAda meM kSaNika vijJAna saMtAna ko hI AtmA aura viSaya rUpa mAnate haiN| kSaNika vijJAna kA ananta aisI sthiti meM brahmAdvaitavAda se vijJAnavAda atyanta dUra par3a jAtA hai / viziSTAdvaitavAda bhI maulika advaita nahIM hai| kyoMki usameM jIva jagata bheda chipA huA hai / ataH jo pUrvokta vargIkaraNa Aja taka huA hai| vaha samucita hai aura navIna vargIkaraNa kA prayAsa vyartha hai / / vaha parisaMvAda - 3

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166 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM 7-bhAratIya darzana kA vargIkaraNa Apako apane samucita dArzanika mArga se cyuta karane ke lie eka mahAna vighna ke rUpa meM upasthita ho rahA hai| Apa vargIkaraNa ke duHsvapna ko chor3akara kisI eka bhAratIya darzana ko lekara usakA ciMtana tathA prAyogika parIkSaNa meM satat saMlagna ho jaaeN| isI meM zreya hai| kisI bhI bhAratIya darzana meM, jahA~ laka ciMtana ho cukA hai, usakA sAvadhAnI se parIkSaNa prayoga dvArA tathA tarka dvArA kreN| usakI heyatA tathA 'upAdeyatA siddha ho jaaegii| isake bAda vaha dArzanika siddhAnta, yadi Apako heya pratIta hotA ho to usako chor3a deM aura dUsare dArzanika siddhAntoM kA parIkSaNa kiijie| yaha prakAra acchA hogaa| vargIkaraNa ke vyartha prayAsa meM mata pdd'ie| 8--bhAratIya darzanoM meM tIna taraha kI kathA ( vAda) likhita hai-vAda, jalpa aura vitnnddaa| vAda aura jalpa meM Agama aura tarka donoM calatA hai| vitaNDA meM kevala tarka calatA hai| dArzanika ciMtana ke lie ina tInoM ke sivAya atirikta koI mArga nahIM hai| bhAratIya ciMtana ati prAcIna aura apane meM paryApta tathA samApta hai| usameM siddhAntataH koI parivartana nahIM ho sakatA hai aura koI nayA ciMtana nahIM ho sktaa| bhAratIya darzana Adhunika jIvana samasyAoM se vimukha nahIM hai| Adhunika jIvana samasyAoM ke--rAjazAstra, dharmazAstra, kRSi, gorakSA, vANijya, arthazAstra, Ayurveda Adi paryApta zAstra bane haiN| . ka) zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda, brahmAdvaitavAda, zivAdvaitavAda viziSTAdvaitavAda ye sabhI siddhAnta vilakSaNa hai / ataH eka sAtha vargIkaraNa nahIM ho sktaa| (kha) nyAya', paMcAvayava vAkya ke prayoga ko kahate haiN| athavA mImAMsA darzana meM nyAya adhikaraNa nirNIta siddhAnta ko kahate haiN| ataH nyAya-vaizeSika ityAdi apane vizeSoM kI pradhAnatA se pRthak pRthak zAstra haiN| (ga) yoga darzana bhI apanI vizeSatAoM se pRthaka zAstra hI hai| bauddha, jaina, tAMtrika --Adi apane-apane viSayoM kI pradhAnatA se pRthak zAstra hI haiN| (gha) isameM kahA gayA vargIkaraNa bhI adhyayana-adhyApana kI dRSTi se acchA nahIM hai| . parisaMvAda-3

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vargIkaraNa sambandhI praznoM ke uttara 167 niSkarSa-merI samajha meM bhAratIya cintana paryApta aura pUrNa hai| isakA prayoga Avazyaka hai| adhyayana aura adhyApana donoM meM prayoga Avazyaka hai| padArtha kA paricaya lakSaNoM se hotA hai| ataH adhyApaka ke lie anivArya hai ki lakSaNoM ke dvArA padArtha kA paricaya kraaye| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa DA0 sI0 ena0 mizra 1. bhAratIya darzana se kyA samajhA jAya ? darzana meM bhAratIyatA kyA hai ? jisase bhAratIya darzanoM kA asAdhAraNa pahacAna samajho jAya ? hamAre vicAra se bhAratIya darzana use samajhanA cAhie jisakA udbhava aura vikAsa bhArata meM huA ho| yoM to kucha pAzcAtya lekhakoM ke mata se bhArata meM sAdhAraNatayA vAstavika darzana nahIM rahe haiN| jo kucha haiM ve paurANika kathAnaka evaM AcArika matoM ke rUpa meM kAvya aura AsthA se sampRkta haiN| Even the theories of Oriental peoples the Hindus, Egyption, chinese, Consist, in the main, of mythological and ethical doctrines, and are rarely Complete going systems of thought : they are Pervaded with poetry and faith,' [ A History of Philosophy, Intro p.7 by Frank Thilly.] kucha vartamAna samaya ke pAzcAtya vicAra meM pale hue 'jJAnalavadurvidagdha' bhAratIyoM se bhI ukta vicAra kI pratidhvani sunane ko milatI hai| isa viSaya para vicAra karane kA yaha ucita avasara nahIM hai, ataH isa prasaMga meM abhI kevala yahI kaha denA paryApta hogA ki 'mukhamastIti vaktavyaM dazahastA hriitkii|' 'daza' dhAtu jJAna sAmAnya' ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai ataH 'darzana' zabda kA artha hogA vaha zAstra jisake dvArA vAstavikatA kA jJAna arthAt sAkSAtkAra ho| (dRzyate, jJAyate, sAkSAtkriyate anena zAstraMNa iti darzanam ) / pAzcAtya darzana kA sambandha tattva ke parokSajJAna se rahA hai isalie vaha mukhyataH saiddhAntika hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vahA~ ke darzana ke lie vyAvahArikatA koI anivArya pakSa nahIM hai| kintu bhAratIya darzana kA sambandha sAkSAtkAra se hai| isI Azaya ko pragaTa karate hue paJcadazIkAra kahate haiM parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa 169 asti brahmeti cedveda parokSajJAnameva tat / asmi brahmeti cedveda sAkSAtkAraH sa ucyate // isa bheda kA anubhava kucha pAzcAtya manISiyoM ne bhI kiyA hai| isalie ve bhAratIya zabda 'darzana' ke lie 'Philosophy' kA nahIM apitu Philousia kA prayoga adhika upayukta samajhate haiN| Eastern wisdom, Dr. Haos ( The Destiny of the Mind, East and West ) maintains, is best described not as "Philosophy" which is concerned with the objects of Conciousness, and marked by Conceptual thinking, but as "Philousia-the love of reality or essence" (Hibbert ournal, Jan. 1957, p. 203) bhAratIya darzana kI sabase bar3I se bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki yaha jIvana kI anivArya samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie pravRtta hotA hai kintu pAzcAtyadarzana kI pravRtti vaisI nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| yaha pAzrAtyoM kI darzanaviSayaka dhAraNA se hI suspaSTa ho jAtA hai| grIka dArzanika pleTo ke anusAra darzana kI utpatti Azcarya kI vRtti meM hotI hai| (Philosophy is the child of wonder.) yaha sahI hai ki hama vizva ko kabhIkabhI Azcarya se dekhate haiM ( Azcaryavatpazyatikanidenam ) parantu yaha bhI to sambhava hai ki hama isa prakAra kA Azcarya na kareM yA kevala Azcarya taka hI apane ko sImita rkkheN| sabhI loga AkAza meM itanI tArAoM ko dekhakara kabhI-kabhI Azcarya karate haiN| kucha loga unake sambandha meM thor3A-bahuta jAnate bhI haiM kintu bahutere jo kucha bhI nahIM jAnate haiM ve kevala kSaNika Azcarya prakaTa kara raha jAte haiN| vaha Azcarya karanA unake vyAvahArika jIvana kA sparza nahIM karatA hai| dakAteM ke anusAra darzana kI utpatti sandeha kI vRtti se hotI hai (Doubt originates Philosophy) / kintu kyA yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki hama sandeha na kareM aura hamArI jijJAsA vRtti (instinct of exploration). hai jise kucha pAzcAtya dArzanika darzana kA janaka mAnate haiM, usakI tuSTi na hone pAve, aura phira bhI hama sukha se jIveM ? nyUTana ke pahale kisI ne seva ke girane para na to sandeha kiyA thA aura na usake parisaMvAda-3 22

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM prati jijJAsA se prerita ho kara usa ghaTanA kI vyAkhyA hI kI thii| phira bhI becaina se jIte rahe / 170 breDale mahodaya kA kathana hai ki mAnava svabhAva kI eka rahasyAtmaka vRtti hotI hai jisake zamana ke lie darzana kI utpatti hotI hai / ( I have been obliged to speak of philosophy as a satisfaction of what may be called the mystical side of our nature a satisfaction which, by ecotion persons, cannot be as well procured otherwise ) parantu jisa rahasyAtmaka vRtti ke sambandha meM breDale kaha rahe haiM vaha svayaM bahutoM ke lie eka rahasya hai / phira usakA yadi zamana na bhI ho to sAdhAraNa mAnavIya jIvana meM koI antara nahIM A sakatA / punaH svAyaMkare mahodaya kA mata hai ki darzana kA janma jijJAsAvRtti se nahIM apitu saundarya vRtti se hotA hai- It is not the intellectual satisfaction but the aesthetic sense that originates Philosophy. isa mata ke sambandha meM yaha to kahA hI jA sakatA haiM ki bahutere manuSya aise hai jinameM saundaryavRtti itanI aspaSTa rahatI hai ki usakA bhAna taka nahIM hotA hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki saundaryavRtti ke toSa ke binA bhI to mAnavIya jIvana jiyA jA sakatA hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki saundaryavRtti kI tRpti ho athavA nahIM, yaha hamAre jIvana kI anivArya va ka nahIM ho sakatI hai / aura Aja ke atyAdhunika vizleSaNavAdI pAzcAtyadArzanika to svayaM svIkArate haiM ki darzana kA kAryaM bhASA vizleSaNa hai, jIvana vizleSaNa nahI / yahA~ pAzcAtya darzana se kucha dRSTAnta isalie uddhRta kie gaye ki hama pAzcAtyoM ke darzanaviSayaka dRSTikoNa se avagata ho jo jIvana ke kisI pakSa vizeSa se sambaddha haiM aura mUlata: saiddhAntika haiN| isake viparIta bhAratIya dRSTikoNa apane udbhava aura lakSya donoM meM yathArthaparaka hai aura isalie vyAvahArika hai / yaha kauna nahIM svIkAra karegA ki jIvana ke kArya kalApa kA eka mAtra lakSya hotA hai duHkha kA parihAra aura sukha kI prApti / parisaMvAda - 3 duHkhaM na me syAt, sukhameva me syAt / iti pravRttaH satataM hi lokaH // ( buddhacarita )

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA bargIkaraNa 171 koI vyakti tabhI isakA apavAda ho sakatA hai yadi vaha pramatta ho| yaha jIvana kI ekamAtra yA sabase bar3I samasyA hai| aura kahanA nahIM hogA ki bhAratIya darzana kA udbhava isI paramavyAvahArika samasyA meM hai aura isakA lakSya bhI isI ke samAdhAna meM hai| bauddhoM ke cAra Arya satya' -duHkhasatya, duHkhasamudayasatya, duHkhanirodha aura duHkhanirodhamArgasatya suprasiddha hI haiM / sAMkhya kahatA hai -du:khatrayAbhidhAtAjijJAsA tadapaghAtake hetau| isI Azaya kI puSTi karate hue nyAya sUtra kahatA hai : duHkhajanmapravRttidoSamithyAjJAnAnAmuttarottarApAye tdnntraapaayaadpvrgH| ukta viSaya ko lekara sabhI bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM aikamatya hai- cArvAka bhI isakA apavAda nahIM hai| isI maulika sahajavRtti ko AdhAra banAkara bhAratIya darzana prArambha hotA hai| zutra:duHkha ke Thosa vyAvahArika taToM ke madhya se yahA~ ke dArzanika cintana kI dhArA pravAhita hotI hai isalie vaha bhI mUlataH vyAvahArika hai / cintana ke rUpa meM usakI saiddhAntikatA punaH niyamita hokara vyAvahArika svarUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai jise dharma kahate haiN| dharma ko yahA~ aMgrejI ke Religion yA arabI ke majahaba ke usa saMkucita artha meM nahIM lenA hai jisameM usakA AdhAra kevala kucha AsthAe~ aura mAnyatAe~ haiN| bhAratIyavicAra meM dharma una sabhI kartavyoM kA samavetarUpa hai jo kisI bhI vyakti ke lie dhAraNa karane yogya hai- 'dhaarnnaaddhrmmityaahuH|' isI se samaSTi ke lie usa sUtra kA nirmANa hotA hai jisameM gumphita ho kara mAnava samAja ko apane lakSya kI upalabdhi hotI hai-'dharmo dhArayati prjaaH|' yaha vastutaH vaha zAzvatatattva hai yA niyama hai jo darzana ke lie vastuparaka ( Positive truth ) satya hai aura dharma ke lie AdarzaparakamUlya ( normative value) hai| pAzcAtya vicAra meM dharma aura darzana kI ekavAkyatA Avazyaka nahIM samajhI gii| phalataH vahA~ darzana aura dharma meM donoM pRthak saraNiyoM para cle| isalie kANTa ke lie dhArmika lakSya kI pUrti kA mArga kevala vizvAsa hai-(By faith and faith alone ) usameM tarka kA koI sthAna nahIM hai kintu bhAratIya cintana meM tarka ko dharma kA atyAjya sahAyaka mAnA gayA hai-yastakeMNAnusaMdhatte sa dharma veda netaraH (mnu0)| itanA hI nahIM, yahA~ to yaha kahA gayA hai ki tarka ke tyAga se dharma kI hAni hotI hai -'tarkahInavicAre tu dharmahAniH prjaayte|' isalie bhAratIya vicAra meM darzana kevala vijJAnoM kA vijJAna aura kalAoM kI kalA hI nahIM, apitu sabhI dharmoM kA AdhAra bhI hai pradIpaH sarvavidyAnAmupAyaH sarvakarmaNAma / AzrayaH sarvadharmANAM zazvadAnvIkSikI matA // parisaMvAda-3

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172 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM jisa prakAra eka sikke ke do pahaluoM ko eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai usI prakAra bhAratIya vicAra meM darzana ko dharma se pRthak nahIM kiyA sktaa| isa prasaMga meM isa viSaya ko nahIM bhUlanA hogA ki cArvAkoM kA bhI unakI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra jIvana mArga arthAt dharma thA jisakA ullekha SaDdarzanasamuccaya ke prasiddha TIkAkAra guNaratna ne kiyA hai| isake atirikta, cArvAka darzana ko chor3a kara anya sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM kucha aise tattva haiM jinheM hama bhAratIya darzanoM kI asAdhAraNa pahacAna mAna sakate haiM jaise vairAgya kI AvazyakatA para bala, AdhyAtmikatA, karmavAdasambalita punarjanmavAda, bhavacakra se mukti kA Adarza paramazAnti kI prApti ke lie sAdhanA aura yoga kI AvazyakatA Adi / xxx xxx xxx 2. darzanoM kA kyA Astika nAstika vibhAjana ucita hai arthAt kyA Astika evaM nAstika dRSTi se nirapekSa bhAratIya darzanoM kA koI apanA svatantra svarUpa nahIM hai; yadi hai to usake lakSaNa kyA haiM ? yaha prazna vastutaH usa paramparAgata sAmAnya vicAra se saMlagna hai jisameM pUre bhAratIya dArzanika vicAra ko Astika evaM nAstika ke bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAtA hai| nAstika vicAra meM cArvAka, bauddha aura jaina kA grahaNa kara avaziSTa vicAroM ko Astika varga meM rakha liyA jAtA hai| parantu yaha vibhAjana yukti saMgata nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki isakA AdhAra Astika nAstika zabdoM ke bhrAnta artha para sthApita hai / sAdhAraNatayA yaha samajhA jAtA hai ki Izvara meM vizvAsa karane vAlA Astika aura avizvAsa karane vAlA nAstika / parantu AstikatA yadi IzvaravAditA kA vAcaka ho aura nAstikatA anIzvaravAditA kA, taba to prAcIna sAMkhya aura vaizeSika jaise darzanoM ko bhI nAstika darzana kI koTi meM rakhanA hogA jo paramparA ke viruddha hogaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jina bauddha aura jaina darzanoM ko nAstika darzanoM ke varga meM rakhA jAtA hai ve svayaM isakA virodha karate haiM / candrakItti ne apanI mAdhyamikavRtti meM spaSTa kahA hai ki bauddha nAstika nahI haiM-na vayaM nAstikAH, usI prakAra jaina ko bhI nAstika zabda se cir3ha hai| phira bhI unheM nAstika ke varga meM rakhanA ucita kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? bauddhoM aura jainoM kA yaha virodha yuktisaMgata bhI hai, kyoMki Astika aura nAstika parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa 173 zabdoM kA artha vastutaH IzvaravAdI aura anIzvaravAdI bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai / pANini sUtra 'asti nAsti diSTaM matiH' ( 4 / 4 / 60 ) kI kAzikA aura siddhAtakaumudI donoM hI nAstika use kahatI haiM jo paraloka meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai| paraloko'stIti yasya matirasti sa AstikaH / tadviparIto nAstikaH / (kaashikaa)| asti paraloka ityevaM matiryasya sa aastikH| nAstIti matiryasya sa nAstika: (siddhAntakaumudI, tadvita, ThagadhikAra) / parantu yaha kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ki bauddha aura jaina donoM hI paralokavAda meM vizvAsa karate haiN| isalie yaha spaSTa hai ki 'nAstika' ke varga se bauddha aura jaina ko haTAnA hI hogaa| ise dhyAna meM na rakhate hue katipaya Adhunika dArzanikoM ne bhI avaidika darzana mAtra ko nAstika darzana kI saMjJA dekara jahA~-tahA~ bhUla kI hai| ( dekhie Runes kI Dictionary of Philosophy) / isalie uparyukta tathya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa yadi 'Astika' aura 'nAstika' ke bhAgoM meM kiyA jAya to Astika darzana ke koSTha meM cArvAketara sabhI darzanoM ko rakhanA upayukta hogA aura nAstika ke koSTha meM kevala cArvAka raha jaaegaa| uparyukta IzvaravAdI-anIzvaravAdI vibhAjana kA mUla bhI bhAratIya darzana ke svabhAva meM nyasta nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki yadi hama bhAratIya darzana ke sAmAnya rUpa para vihaMgama dRSTi DAleM to IzvaravAditA kA rUpa atyanta gauNa pratIta hogaa| udAharaNa ke lie paramparAgata dArzanika prasthAnoM meM se cArvAka, bauddha aura jaina kI Izvara virodhitA prasiddha hI hai| prAcIna sAMkhya, vaizeSika aura mImAMsA ne bhI Izvara vicAra kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM smjhii| pIche cala kara prAyaH paurANika prabhAva ke kAraNa ina darzanoM meM Izvara ke samAveza kA prayAsa milatA hai| unakA yaha prayAsa unakI ukti se hI spaSTa ho jAtA hai : prAyeNava hi mImAMsA loke lokAyatI kRtA / tAmAstikapathe netu eSa yatnaH kRto mayA // yoga darzana meM 'IzvarapraNidhAnAdvA' ( 1 / 23 ) aura 'klezakarmavipAkAzapairaparAmRSTaH puruSavizeSa IzvaraH ( 1 / 24 ) jaise sUtra na to dArzanika dRSTi se bahuta Avazyaka samajhe jA sakate haiM aura mahattvapUrNa hii| Izvara ke vicAra meM jo sarvakartRtva, parisaMvAda-3

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174 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM sarvajJAtRtva evaM sarvazaktimattA Adi ke bhAva sanniviSTa kie jAte haiM, ve inameM anupasthita haiN| saiddhAntika dRSTikoNa se sAMkhaya aura yoga samAnatantra haiM aura isalie donoM meM tattva vicAra viSayaka samAnatA hai aura honI bhI caahie| taba yadi sAMkhya ko Izvara kI avazyakatA nahIM huI to phira yoga ko usakI AvazyakatA kyoM par3I? yadi vyAvahArika toSa ke lie usakI AvazyakatA par3I to gdd'e| dArzanika dRSTi se to sAMkhya-yoga ke darzana ke DhaHce ye usako AvazyakatA nagaNya-sI hai| isI se kucha vicArakoM kA yaha saMzaya ki yoga meM Izvara kA vicAra prakSipta aMza hai, nirAdhAra nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / yaha usI prakAra hai jaise IzvarakRSNa kI sAMkhyakArikA meM Izvara kA samAveza nahIM milatA hai| ki tu solahavIM sadI meM Akara vijJAnabhikSu ne apane sAMkhyapravacanabhASya meM sAMkhya ko bho vedAnta kA ekezvaravAdI cogA pahanA diyaa| advaitavedAnta ke darzana meM tattva to eka mAtra brahma hI hai| mAyA meM pratibimbita jo Izvara hai usakI koI pAramArthika satyatA nahIM hai, isalie yaha Izvara IzvaravAdiyoM ke Izvara ke samAna tattvamImAMsA kI koI parama sattA nahIM hai| vastutaH Izvara ke isI rUpa se khIjha kara mAdhvoM ne zaMkara ko pracchanna-bauddha taka kaha DAlA hai| nyAya ne pIche cala kara Izvara kA samAveza kiyA aura udayana ne usakI sthApanA ke lie aneka yuktiyA~ dii| kintu yaha svayaM unhIM kI ukti se spaSTa hai ki unhoMne use kevala apanI pratibhA ke bala se sthApita kiyA hai : aizvaryamadamatto'si mAmavajJAya vartase / punabauddha samAyAte mamAdhInA tava sthitiH|| aparaJca, nyAya vaizeSika ne padArthoM kA jaisA nirUpaNa kiyA hai aura vizva racanA kI jo praNAlI apanAI hai, usameM Izvara kI sarvazaktimattA Adi pramANita nahIM hotI hai / nitya paramANuoM, aneka jIvoM aura karmaphala ke sahAre saMcAlita saMsAra kA vaha kevala adhyakSa hotA hai| isase usakI sarvazaktimattA baddha hokara usake aizvarya meM bAdhaka hotI hai| isa prakAra jaba IzvaravAda hI bhAratIya darzana kA koI mUla paricAyaka ghaTaka nahIM hai to usake AdhAra para bhArata ke dArzanika prasthAnoM kA vargIkaraNa kahA~ taka tarka saMgata kahA jA sakatA hai ? parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa 175 isa prazna ke uttara khaNDa kA vicAra hama pahale hI prazna saM0 1 meM kara cuke haiN| 3. bhAratIya darzanoM meM viSayaparaka bhI cintana hue haiM, udAharaNasvarUpa meM dvaitavAda, advaitavAda ko hI leN| dekhA jAtA hai ki avAntara bhedoM ke sAtha zAGkaravedAnta, zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda tathA aneka tAntrika darzana advaitavAdI hI haiM / usI prakAra jIva jagata ke saMdarbha meM yA AtmA paramAtmA ke sambandha meM dvaitavAda ke bhI vibhinnarUpa haiM. usake antargata sAMkhyayoga, nyAyavaizeSika, jaina, vaibhASika, sautrAntika, vibhinnavaiSNavavedAnta tathA aneka tAntrika darzana A jAte haiM / usI prakAra sampUrNa bhAratIya darzanoM kA viSayaparaka vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| spaSTa hai ki jJAna kA viSayaparaka vikAsa darzanoM ke paraspara AdAnapradAna evaM khaNDana- maNDana ke mAdhyama se huA hai, isa sthiti meM sAmpradAyika vargIkaraNa ko chor3akara viSayaparaka vargIkaraNa ko svIkAra karane meM kyA bAdhA hogI ? yaha satya hai ki jJAna kA viSayaparaka vikAsa darzanoM ke paraspara AdAna-pradAna evaM khaNDana- maNDana ke mAdhyama se huA hai parantu isa vikAsa kI prakriyA bahudhA dArzanika pratibaddhatA kI sImA ko pAra kara svAbhAvika rUpa se Age nahIM bar3ha sakI / vicAra kI svAbhAvika unmukhatA anekatva se ekatva aura usase phira advaya kI ora hotI hai / isI meM cintana ke vibhinna tattvoM kI saMgati bhI baiThatI hai / vicAra kI isI svAbhAvika pramati ke phalasvarUpa advaitavedAnta, vijJAnavAda, zUnyavAda evaM aneka advaitavAdI tAntrika darzanoM kA vikAsa huaa| parantu vaicArika pratibaddhatA isa svAbhAvika vikAsa kI gati meM kabhI-kabhI bAdhaka rhii| udAharaNa ke lie yadyapi jaina dArzanika kA tarka unheM anekatva se nivRtta karatA hai aura ve anubhava karate haiM ki unakA dvaitavAda azobhana hai 3 udayati na nayazrIrastameti pramANaM / kvacidapi ca na vidyo yAti nikSepacakram | kimaparamabhidadhmo dhAmni sarvakaSe'smin / anubhavamupayAte bhAti na dvaitameva // parisaMvAda- 3

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176 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM phira bhI inakA kAraNa unako pratibaddhatA ko hI kahanA par3egA ki jainadarzana kA vikAsa kisI prakAra ke advaitavAda meM nahIM huaa| isalie pratyeka darzana ke antargata viSayaparaka cintana ke sopAna svAbhAvika rUpa se Age bar3hate hue pratIta nahIM hote haiN| isase bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki kisI darzana kI jo kucha tAttvika vikAsaprakriyA rahI, vaha usakI pratibaddhatA kI sImA ke bhItara hI huii| udAharaNa ke lie yadi hama bauddha advayavAda kA adhyayana karanA cAheM to sautrAntika, vaibhASika, vijJAnavAda aura anta meM mAdhyamika vicAra kI vikAsa paramparA kA vizleSaNa karanA par3egA / kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki kisI bhI uparyukta advaitavAda ko samajhane ke lie pahale isa bindu se prArambha karanA par3egA ki vaha kisa prakAra kI vaicArika pratibaddhatA kA vikasita rUpa hai| ataH mUla bibhAjana siddhAnta ( Fundamental divisions ) anekatva, dvitva, ekarA athavA advayatva ko mAnanA samucita nahIM pratota hotA hai| kyoMki bhAratIya dArzanika cintana kI pRSThabhUmi meM isa prakAra kA vibhAjana kucha aprAkRtika jaisA lagatA hai| paravartI pAzcAtya darzana ke kSetra meM pratibaddhatA samAna srota rahA IsAI mAnyatA kaa| isalie dArzanika cintana meM pratibaddhatA janya vividhatA kA avasara nahIM rhaa| tathApi pAzcAtya dArzanika sAhitya meM bhI, mere vicAra se, darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa uparyukta siddhAnta ke AdhAra para nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya darzana kI tattvamImAMsA ke granthoM meM uparyukta zIrSakoM ke sAtha darzana kI samasyA kA adhyayana avazya kiyA gayA hai jo kramika vikAsa ke vizleSaNa kI dRSTi se Avazyaka aura upAdeya hai| bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA meM isa prakAra kI pravRtti kama dekhane ko milato hai| parantu bhAratIya dArzanika cintana ke vyApaka pariprekSya meM yadi uparyukta zIrSakoM ke mAdhyama se vibhinna prasthAnoM kI samasyAoM kA vizleSaNAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA jAya aura sampUrNa bhAratIya cintana ke pravAha meM unakA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAya to yaha nizcita hI eka stutya prayatna hogaa| 4. kahA jAtA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA kArya apanI apanI dhArmika mAnyatAoM evaM vizvAsoM kI puSTi karanA hai| isalie yahA~ ke darzana eka prakAra ke dhArmika cintana hI haiN| isa dhArA meM na to svatantra dArzanika cintana sambhava hai aura na unakA vizuddha dArzanika dRSTikoNa se vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa bAta kA kahA~ taka aucitya hai ? kyA dharma nirapekSa dArzanika cintana kA koI varga bana sakatA haiM ? parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa 177 yaha prazna bhI AMzika rUpa se gata prazna ke sAtha sambaddha hai| yaha prazna isa bAta para AdhArita hai ki bhArata meM dharma viSayaka dhAraNA kisa prakAra kI hai jisakI mAnyatAoM evaM vizvAsoM kI puSTi karanA dArzanika cintana ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai| yahAM dharma mAtra kucha aupacArikatAoM kA saMgraha nahIM hai jinakI puSTi karanA darzana kA kArya kSetra hai| bhArata ke lie dharma vizva kA vaha zAzvata niyama hai jisake sAtha jIvana ko saMyojita karanA hai| bauddha darzana meM 'dharma' zabda kA bArambAra usI artha meM prayoga huA hai jo vaidika Rta aura satya ke bhI artha kA vyaMjaka hai| vahI zAzvata niyama jina rUpoM meM mAnava jIvana meM apane ko prakaTa kara sakatA hai unhIM ke dvArA dharma kA lakSaNa bhI kiyA gayA hai / dhRtiH kSamA damo'steyaM shaucmindriynigrhH|| dhIvidyAsatyamakrodho dazakaM dharmalakSaNam // yaha Adarzaparaka ( normative ) hai| isakA jo vastu paraka ( positive) pakSa hai usI kI mImAMsA karanA bhAratIya darzana kA kArya hai| usakA sAkSAtkAra antaHprajJA ( intuition ) se ho sakatA hai, usa buddhi se nahIM jo tarka ke bandhanoM se baMdhI hai| buddhi kI apanI sImAbaddhatA hai ki vaha apanI koTiyoM se bAhara nahIM jA sakatI hai| pAzcAtya darzana meM jarmana dArzanika kANTa ne isa viSaya ko apanI Critique of pure Reason meM atyanta paricchinnatApUrvaka samajhAyA hai| yaha satya hai ki antaHprajJA ke dvArA hI ukta tattva kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu antaHprajJA usakI vyAkhyA nahIM kara sakatI haiM jisakI apekSA manuSya jaise yuktizIla prANI ko hai| vaha kArya to buddhi kA hai jisakA Azraya lekara manuSya aneka paddhatiyoM se vyAkhyA karma meM pravRtta hotA hai| isI se darzana ke kSetra meM aneka matavAda kA udbhAvana hotA hai| aneka matavAda kA artha yaha kadApi * nahIM hai ki sabake cintana ke bhinna-bhinna upAdAna haiN| isalie prakriyA kI bhinnatA kA artha cintana ke viSaya kI maulikatA nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai| isa prasaMga ko spaSTa karane ke lie mAnava saMskRti ke itihAsa ke niSkarSa ko dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| TAyanavI, kArla jaisparsa Adi itihAsa darzana ke manISiyoM kI pratiSThita mAnyatA hai ki sabhyatA kI Adi se lekara aba taka bhI mAnavasaMskRti kI jo upalabdhi huI hai usakA mAnaka vaha satya hai jisakA AviSkAra prAyaH eka hI samaya meM saMsAra kI sabhI prAcIna saMskRtiyoM meM huaa| bhAratavarSa meM vaha avadhi upaniSatkAla se lekara buddha, mahAvIra ke AvirbhAva ke kAla taka kI hai| parisaMvAda-3

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178 bhAratIya cintanakI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM I0 pU0 chaThIM zatAbdI ke bAda se lekara aba taka jo kucha bhI cintana ke kSetra meM huA hai vaha maulika nahIM hai / mAnavatA usI dhrurINakAlika ( axial period ) mAnaka ke irdagirda kevala vibhinna mudrAoM meM aba bhI ghUma rahI hai / pAzcAtyadarzana ke kSetra meM Aja jina maulika cintanoM kI carcA kI jAtI hai unameM se vastutaH eka bhI maulika cintana nahIM hai / vahA~ ke darzana kA yahI itihAsa rahA hai ki kisI bhI dArzanika matavAda kI sthiti 25 varSa se adhika kI nahIM hotI hai / apanI sApekSatA kI durbalatA se ve sahaja hI niHzakta hokara vilIna ho jAte haiM / aura unakA kevala aitihAsika mahattva zeSa raha jAtA hai| ve abhI bhI usa nirIkSaNa aura parIkSaNa athavA aTakalabAjI kI sthiti meM hai jisameM hama prAyaH upaniSatkAla se pahale the / yaha kaThora AlocanA jaisI pratIta ho sakatI hai, parantu vANI hai yaha itihAsa kI, merI nahIM / ataH uparyukta prasaMga meM svatantra dArzanika cintana kA artha ho sakatA hai kevala parivartita jIvana prakriyA ke sAtha vaicArika sAmaJjasya, jo yahA~ hotA A rahA hai aura hotA bhI rahegA / jahA~ taka pUrNataH dharma nirapekSa dArzanika cintana ke varga banane kA prazna hai usa sambandha meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadi darzana aura dharma ke sambandha viSayaka mUla bhAratIya dRSTikoNa kA tyAga kara diyA jAya aura pAzcAtya vicAra kA hI anukaraNa kiyA jAya to vahA~ kI paramparA ke anusAra yahA~ ke darzanoM ko bhI khIMcatAna kara unakA vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / parantu yaha na bhUlanA hogA ki usa sthiti meM yahA~ ke darzanoM kI bhAratIyatA dhUmila ho jAegI kyoMki isa aprAkRtika vibhAjana ke dvArA yahA~ darzana aura dharma ke bIca jo gaharA sambandha rahA hai, vaha AvRtta ho jAegA / 5. bhAratIya darzanoM meM prAyaH yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki apane mata ke pakSa meM AgamoM kI sahamati tathA vipakSa ke khaNDana meM usakI vimati ke lie Agama vacana uddhRta kiye jAte haiN| inakA eka abhiprAya yaha ho sakatA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA yuktivAda durbala hai / isa durbalatA ko haTAne kI dizA meM dArzanika cintana kI prakriyA kyA ho ? isa prazna kA bhI vicAra aura uttara gata prazna ke uttara ke sAtha sambaddha hai / aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki rUr3hivAditA ( dogmatism ) ke rUpa meM yahA~ AgamoM kA anusaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / jo antaHprajJA ke dvArA hI samvedya hai / vaha vAstavika hone ke kAraNa sadA sabake sammukha hai aura kisI ke bhI dvArA usa zakti parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa ke mAdhyama se upalabdha ho sakatA hai| vaha aisA pratyakSa hai jisake lie hamArA tarkAzrita parokSa jJAna sAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai| usa tattva ke prasaMga meM hamAre sAmAnya anubhava ke sabhI pramANa parokSa hone ke kAraNa akSama siddha hote haiN| hama usakI vyAkhyA zabdoM dvArA kara hI nahIM sakate haiM, isalie use avAGmanasagocara kahA gayA hai| kabIradAsa ne usI ke lie 'jyoM gUge kA gUja' kahA hai aura upaniSadoM ne apanI mAnyatA rakhI hai ki 'naSA tarkeNa matirApaneyA' jo tarka ko sImA ke bAhara hai aura kevala svAnubhavavedya hai usameM tarka ko lagAnA hI anucita hai-'acintyAH khalu ye bhAvAH na tAMstarkeSu yojayet / ' tarka ke lie nirlakSya hokara kevala vyApArazIla honA patavAra ke binA nAva kI gati ke samAna hai| bhAratIya darzanoM kA yahI dRSTikoNa hai ki jo sAkSAt anubhava se saMsiddha ataeva sunizcita tattva hai vahI vAstavika lakSya hai| usI meM anugamana ke lie tarka kI sahAyatA lenI hai-zrutyanugRhIta eva hyatra trko'nubhvaanggtvenaashriiyte| parantu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki bhAratIya-darzana A~kha mUMdakara zruti kA anusaraNa karate haiN| zaMkarAcArya DaMke kI coTa para ghoSaNA karate haiM ki 'nAha zrutizatamapi zIto'gniraprakAza iti vana prAmANyamupaiti / ' tarka kI jisa akSamatA kA anveSaNa navIna yuga meM kANTa ne kiyA, vaha yahA~ bahuta pahale ho cukA thaa| aura yaha nizcita kara liyA gayA thA ki kevala tarka ke dvArA hama antima niSkarSa para kabhI nahIM pahu~ca sakate haiM : yatnenAnumito'pyarthaH kuzalaranumAtRbhiH, abhiyuktatarairanyairanyathaivopapAdyate / isalie zaMkara ne kahA ki 'tarkA apratiSThitA bhavanti, utprekSAyA niraMkuzatvAta / parantu isase yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM tarka kI kabhI upekSA kI gii| vahI zaMkarAcArya yaha bhA kahate haiM ki tarka kA bhI Adara apane kSetra meM avazya karanA cAhie--'tarkamapyAdartavyam,' kyoMki tarka kI apratiSThA bhI tarka ke hI dvArA pramANita ho sakatI hai-'etadapi hi tarkANAmapratiSThatatvaM tarkeNaiva pratiSThApyate / ' aparaM ca, tarka kA yaha svabhAva usake dUSaNa ke rUpa meM nahIM liyA gayA hai| yaha to usakA bhUSaNa hai ki vaha apratiSThita hai'ayameva tarkasyAlaMkAro yadapratiSThitatvaM nAma / ' tarka ke isa alaMkAra kA upayoga zUnyavAdiyoM aura advaitavedAntiyoM ne yatheSTa rUpa se apane darzanoM meM kiyaa| tarka parisaMvAda-3

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180 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM nanavI sambhAvanAeM jahA~ thaka kara apanI akSamatA svIkAra letA hai aura apane svatva ko jijJAsA meM Urdhvamukha karatA hai vahIM antaHprajJA ke udaya ke lie upayukta bhUmi nirmita ho jAtI hai| tarka kA dUsarA pakSa hai usa satya ko apanI vidhi se vyAkhyA karanA jo antaHprajJA ke sAkSitva se upalabdha aura siddha ho cukA hai| tarka kA yaha vyApAra pUrNataH AgamanAtmaka aura nigamanAtmaka paddhatiyoM para AdhArita rahatA hai jisameM sAmAnya anubhavoM ke AdhAra para hI tattvamImAMsAtmaka vicAra ko agrasAritA kiyA jAtA hai| zaMkara kA adhyAsabhASya isI prakAra ke atisAmAnya anubhava ke vizleSaNa se prArambha hotA hai-'yuSmadasmatapratyayagocarayoviSayaviSayiNostamaHprakAzavadviruddhasvabhAvayoritaretarabhAvAnupapattau siddhAyAm, taddharmANAmapi sutarAmitaretarabhAvAnupapattiH' ityaadi| tarka ke dvArA abhISTa kI sthApanA kara anta meM Agamagamya vastu ke sAtha usakA sAmaJjasya pradarzita kara diyA jAtA hai| candrakItti apanI prasannapadA meM zuddha yukti se apane siddhAnta kA sthApana kara anta meM buddha vacana kA sAkSya dete hue kahate haiM, 'etaccoktaM bhagavatA,' 'yathoktaM bhagavatA' ityAdi / yahI bhAratIya paddhati rahI hai| ise hama Agama kA na to andhAnugamana kaha sakate haiM aura na yukti kI durbalatA hii| vedAnta meM yukti ke prAbalya ko dekhate hue hI to vAcaspatimizra kahate haiM ki 'vedAntamImAMsA tAvartaka eva / ' dezakAla kI pravRtti ke anusAra cintana kI prakriyA meM antara honA to svAbhAvika aura ucita bhI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki eka hI advaitavedAnta zaMkarAcArya aura rAdhAkRSNan ke lekhoM meM bhinna prakriyAoM se vyAkhyAta milatA hai| 6. bhAratIya darzana meM dekhA jAtA hai ki koI navIna dArzanika prasthAna khar3A karane ke lie bhI prAcIna sUtra yA zAstroM ko apane anurUpa vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| isase yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM maulika cintana ati prAcInakAla meM huA, bAda meM usakI dhArA avaruddha ho gyii| kevala pUrva kA yA to piSTa peSaNa kiyA gayA yA yatkicit mUlAdhArita navInatA lAyI gyii| kahA jAtA hai ki isa prakAra darzana kA navIna cintana sambhava nahIM huaa| isa sthiti meM bhAratIya cintana kI dizA kyA ho ? isa prazna kA uttara AnuSaMgika rUpa se prazna saM0 4 ke hI uttara meM anusyUta hai jisameM itihAsa darzana kA sAkSitva dete hue kahA gayA hai ki vastutaH I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI ke bAda se kahIM koI maulika cintana huA hI nahIM hai| isakA artha parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa 181 yadyapi yaha nahIM hai ki bhaviSya meM isakI sambhAvanA bhI nahIM hai| kintu jaba taka mAnavasaMskRti kI koI naI upalabdhi sAmane nahI A rahI hai taba taka cintana kI navItatA kA artha hogA, usI pUrva sthApita tattva ko naye pariveza meM rkhnaa| isI Azaya se jayantabhaTTa kahate haiM : kuto vA nUtanaM vastu vayamutprekSitu kssmaaH| vacovinyAsavaicitryamAtramatra vicAryatAm // yaha vikAsa kA krama svAbhAvika hai jo calatA A rahA hai aura calatA rhegaa| yadyapi usakI gati meM katipaya kAraNoM se avarodha honA bhI eka svAbhAvika ghaTanA hai / upaniSad, zaMkarAcArya, vAcaspati, madhusUdanasarasvatI aura vivekAnanda kI racanAoM meM advaitavedAnta ke pratipAdana kI jo vibhinna prakriyAe~ dIkhatI haiM ve uparyukta kathana ko hI pramANita karatI haiN| yadi prakriyAMza kI navInatA ko hI navIna cintana kI saMjJA dI jAe to bhI isa AkSepa meM koI bala nahI hai ki bhAratIya darzana meM atiprAcIna kAla meM jo huA bAda meM usakA kevala piSTa poSaNa hI kiyA gayA / nyAyazAstra ke sAhitya se paricita koI bhI vyakti yaha kahane kA sAhasa nahIM karegA ki paravartI navyanaiyAyikoM ne gautamasUtra kA kevala piSTapoSaNa hI kiyA hai| 7. dekhA jAtA hai ki sampUrNa bhAratIya darzana kA pramukha prayojana prAyaH nirvANa kA lAbha karanA hai| isI artha meM ise AdhyAtmika kahA jAtA hai| vidita hai ki nirvANa aihika jIvana kA Adarza nahIM hai| isa sthitimeM yaha AkSepa hotA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya darzana vartamAna jIvana kI samasyAoM se vimukha haiN| aura samAja ko dRSTi se palAyanavAdI hai| yaha AkSepa jisa aMza taka saMgata hai usake nirAkaraNa ke lie kyA darzana ko aihika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie abhimukha karanA Avazyaka hai ? usa dRSTi se bhAratIya darzanoM kA kyA koI vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai ? yaha prazna kucha pAzcAtya AlocakoM ke vicAra se anuprANita pratIta hotA hai| nirvANa vastutaH aihika jIvana kA hI Adarza hai| nirvANa prApta hone para koI kahIM AtA-jAtA nahI hai balki yahIM aihika jIvana meM hI klezoM se chuTakArA pA jAtA hai : parisaMvAda-3

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182 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM tathA kRtI nirvRtimabhyupeto navAvani gacchati nAntarikSim / dizaM na kAMcit vidizaM na kAMcit ___ klezakSayAt kevalametizAntima // ( buddhacarita ) nirvANa hI bauddhetara darzanoM meM mukti, mokSa kaivalya, apavarga Adi nAmoM se vihita huA hai jo antima puruSArtha ke rUpa meM rakkhA gayA hai| nirvANa prApta ho jAne para jIvana kI koI samasyA hI nahIM avaziSTa raha jAtI hai-'AptakAmasya kA spRhA ?' taba phira jIvana kI samasyA se vimukhatA kA kyA artha ho sakatA hai ? yaha AkSepa bhI nirAdhAra lagatA hai ki bhAratIya darzana samAja kI dRSTi se palAyanavAdI hai| bodhisatva svayaM nirvANa kI avasthA se saMyukta hokara bhI samAja ke kalyANa ke lie apane Upara samAja ke sabhI duSkarmoM ke bhAra ko vahana karane ke lie udyata haiM-'kalikaluSakRtAni yAni mayi nipatantu vimucyatAM hi lokaH / ' usa darzana ko palAyanavAdI kisa artha meM kahA jA sakatA hai jo jIvana se bhAgane kA nahIM balki sannaddha hokara jUjhane kA upadeza detA hai-'tasmAdyuddhasva bhaart| aisA samajhanA ucita nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya darzana aihika samasyAoM para dhyAna nahIM detA hai| hama isakI carcA pahale hI isa nibandha meM kara cuke haiM ki darzana kA hI vyAvahArika pakSa dharma hai jisake Adarza abhyudaya arthAt laukika unnati aura niHzreyasa, donoM hI haiN| yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasa siddhiH sa dhrmH| ( prastuta prazna meM uThAe gaye bhAratIya darzanoM ke navIna vargIkaraNa sambandhI vicAra para apanA mantavya hama antima prazna ke vicAra ke prasaMga meM prastuta kara rahe haiN|) 8. yaha kahA~ taka ucita hogA ki aba bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa kiyA jaay| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM kyA nimnalikhita prakAra ke vargIkaraNa meM kisI prakAra kI bAdhA hai ? (ka) bhAratIya advaitavAda ( zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda, brahmAdvaitavAda, zivAta vAda, viziSTAdvaitavAda aadi)| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa 183 (kha) bhAratIya nyAya darzana ( nyAya-vaizeSika, bauddha, jaina, mImAMsA Adi ) / (ga) bhAratIya yogadarzana ( pAtaJjala, bauddha, jaina evaM tAntrika Adi ) / (gha) bhAratIya vastuvAdIdarzana (sAMkhya, vaizeSika, mImAMsA, vaibhASika, sautrAntika, jaina aadi)| yadi viSayaparaka vargIkaraNa apekSita hai to usake pAThyakramoM kA nirdhAraNa kisa prakAra kiyA jAya? yoM to kucha sAmAnya guNoM ke AdhAra para kisI bhI prakAra kA vargIkaraNa kiyA hI jA sakatA hai kintu vaha adhika upayukta taba hogA yadi vagIkaraNa ke lie koI nizcita siddhAnta rhe| aura vaha vikAsa ke krama ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue prayukta ho / udAharaNa ke lie (ka) varga meM vargIkaraNa siddhAnta kA AdhAra hai tattva kI saMkhyA / taba vargIkaraNa kA vikAsa krama yoM honA cAhie : (1) anekavAda ( Pluralism) (2) dvaitavAda ( Dualism ) ( 3 ) ekavAda ( Monism) (4) advaitavAda ( Non-dualism) cArvAka vastuvAdI anekavAda ( Realistic Pluralism ) kA samarthaka hai aura usI ke varga meM nyAyavaizeSika, jaina, sarvAstivAda aura mImAMsA bhI rakkhe jA sakate haiN| kintu vikAsa ke krama meM usakA prathama sthAna hai kyoMki vaha kevala sthUla bAhya jar3a padArtha taka hI sImita hai| dUsare sopAna para nyAyavaizeSika Adi ko rakhanA par3egA jo jar3a padArthoM ke atirikta AtmA ko bhI mAnatA hai| tIsare sopAna para hama sAMkhya aura yoga ko rakha sakate haiM jisameM bAhya padArthoM kI anekatA simaTa kara prakRti ke ekatva meM lIna ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra sAMkhya-yoga dvaitavAdI hai| isa varga meM madhva ko bhI rakkhA jA sakatA hai| caturtha sopAna para usa pravRtti ko rakkhA jA sakatA hai jisameM dvaita ko haTAkara tatva ke ekatvasthApana kA prayAsa hai jaise vijJAna bhikSu kA sAMkhya / isI prakAra kI ekatvavAdI bhAvanA kI parisaMvAda-3

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184 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM pariNati advayavAdI vicAra meM ho jAtA hai jisake udAharaNa vibhinna prakAra ke bhAratIya advaitavAda haiN| 'ga' varga ke antargata nyAya pradhAna darzanoM ko ekatrita kiyA gayA hai| parantu isa varga meM yaha Apatti ho hI sakatI hai ki sabhI darzanoM ke apane-apane nyAyazAstra haiM, jaise zaMkara aura mAdhva darzana ke / unakA grahaNa yahA~ nahIM ho pAyA hai| varga 'ga ke antargata aneka yoga darzanoM ko rakhA gayA hai| yoga darzana vastutaH pAtaJjalayoga hI hai| bauddha evaM jaina bhI hamAre vicAra se usI se pUrNataH prabhAvita haiM ataH unakI svatantra sattA mAnane kI AvazyakatA na bhI ho sakatI hai| yoga darzana aisA hai jo kisI bhI cArvAketara darzana ko citta zuddhi ke lie vyAvahArika pakSa pradAna karatA hai| vaidika sampradAya ke darzanoM ne to use aparivattita rUpa meM mAna liyaa| bauddha aura jainoM ne kevala pArthakya' dikhalAne ke lie hI idharaudhara thor3A-bahuta zAbdika parivartana kara liyA hai| varga 'gha' ke antargata vastuvAdI ( Realist ) darzanoM ko rakhA gayA hai| parantu isa varga ke kaI darzana varga 'ga' ke bhI antargata A gaye haiN| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki yadi eka koI varga vastuvAda ( Realism ) kA banatA hai to usakA dUsarA samakakSa varga pratyayavAda ( Idealism ) kA honA ucita pratIta hotA hai jisameM bauddha vijJAnavAda ke prakAra ke darzana A jAte haiN| phira bhI pAzcAtya darzana ke anukaraNa para vastuvAda aura pratyayavAda meM sabhI darzana antarbhUta nahIM ho pAte haiN| udAharaNa ke lie zaMkara kA darzana unameM se kisI meM bhI nahIM baiThatA hai| usake lie vastuvAdI pratyayavAda ( Realistic Idealism) jaise kisI bhinna varga kA samAveza karanA hogaa| aparaMca, uparyukta kisI bhI varga meM cArvAkoM ko kahIM koI sthAna nahIM milA hai, yadyapi bhAratIya darzana meM unakA bhI eka mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| isalie hamAre vicAra se bhAratIya darzana kA jo prAkRtika rUpa hai usako dhyAna meM rakhate hue hI vargIkaraNa karanA adhika svAbhAvika hogaa| aneka aitihAsika prabhAvoM ke kAraNa bhAratIya darzana tIna samAnAntara dhArAoM meM vikasita haAsvatantra darzana, zramaNa darzana aura vaidika darzana / ye tInoM mUla dRSTiyA~ haiM aura dRSTi hI darzana hai-Philosophy is an attitude towords life. ise hama ruci bhI kaha sakate haiM, jisake kAraNa darzanoM ke rUpa meM bhinnatA AtI hai-rucInAM vaicitryAt / parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa " uparyukta tIna prakAra ke dArzanika cintanoM meM pahalA indriyAnubhUtivAdiyoM yA svatantra buddhivAdiyoM kA thA / inheM hama buddhivAdI isalie kaha rahe haiM ki cArvAka zabda artha ho buddhivAdI dArzanika hai / virodhiyoM ne khIMcatAna kara 'cava' dhAtu se isa zabda ko niSpanna kara 'piva, khAda, varalocane' ke sAtha isa darzana ko jor3a diyA / kAzikAkAra spaSTa kahate haiM ki 'cArvI buddhiH, tatsambandhAt AcAryo'pi caarvii|' isa darzana ke AcArya yukti ke AdhAra para apanI mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana karate the / isalie loga inakA Adara karate the| yaha bhAva kAzikA ke 'sammAnanotsaJjana Adi sUtra kI vRtti meM kahA gayA hai| isake tIna rUpa haiM, pratyakSavAdI, pratyakSAnumAnavAdI aura saMzayavAdI / inakI yukti inheM paraloka meM vizvAsa karane se rokatI hai isalie ye nAstika bhI haiN| navIna samaya kI inakI paramparA meM devatAtmA kA prakRtivAdI darzana AtA hai aura sAmyavAda se prabhAvita ema. ena. re kA drshn| dUsarA varga hai una dArzanikoM kA jo paralokavAda meM vizvAsa karate haiM aura isalie Astika hai / ye zramaNa aura vaidika ke bheda se do vargoM meM vibhAjita kie jA sakate haiM / avaidika zramaNa darzana kI punaH do dhArAe~ huI, bauddha aura jain| jaina darzana apanI anekAnta dRSTi se samasyAoM kA samAdhAna karatA huA vikAsa ke krama meM Age nahIM bddh'aa| kintu bauddha vicAra sautrAntika evaM vaibhASika jaise anekatvaMvAda se Age bar3ha kara vijJAnavAda ke rUpa meM vikasita huaa| usa vikAsakrama kA paryavasAna zUnyavAda ke advayavAda meM dIkhatA hai / zUnyavAda ke hI tantrayAnI rUpa vajrayAna aura sahajayAna hue| vaidika darzana aneka dhArAoM meM vikasita hue / sAMkhya yoga aura nyAyavaizeSika jaise darzana Agama sambaddha haiM / AgamAzrita haiM mImAMsA aura vedAnta, jinhoMne kramazaH karma aura jJAnapakSa se apanA sambandha rakkhA / vedAnta kA vikAsa aneka rUpoM meM huA / zuddha upaniSadAzritavedAnta advaitavedAnta hai jisake punaH do mukhya prasthAna vivaraNa aura maNDana prasthAna haiN| upaniSad vaiSNavAgamAzrita hue viziSTAdvaita, zuddhAdvaita, dvaitAdvaita, acintyabhedAbheda Adi / upaniSat zaivAgamAzrita darzana pAzupata, pratyabhijJA, zaivasiddhAnta Adi darzanoM ke rUpa meM aura upaniSat zAktAgamAzrita aneka advaitavAdI tAntrika darzanoM ke rUpa meM vikasita hue / navIna yuga meM pAzcAtyadarzana kA bhI prabhAva pdd'aa| vargasA~se prabhAvita zrI aravinda kA pUrNAdvaita aura zrI ravIndranAtha kA brahmasamAja se prabhAvita darzana vaiSNavavedAnta ke hI upabhedoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hue / vivekAnanda evaM rAdhAkRSNana ke darzanoM ko advaitavedAnta ke hI avAntara bhedoM ke rUpa meM grahaNa karanA caahie| yaha bhAratIya darzanoM kA sthUla kintu vastuvAdI vargIkaraNa parisaMvAda - 3 24 185

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186 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM (Material classification ) hai jo paramparAgata vargIkaraNa ke sAtha bhI sAmaJjasya rakhatA hai| parantu isa saMgoSThI meM jina muddoM ko uThAyA gayA hai ve navIna dRSTikoNoM se sampRkta pratIta hote haiN| ve mudde bhI atyanta mahattvapUrNa isalie haiM ki Aja ke yuga meM vizleSaNAtmaka praNAlI adhika upayukta samajhI jAtI hai| AkArika vargIkaraNa ( Formal Classification ) kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki usase vastutattva kA vizleSaNa adhika paricchinnatApUrvaka hotA hai| bhAratIya dArzanika sAhitya meM isa pravRtti kA sAdhAraNataH abhAva rahA hai jisake kAraNa hamAre darzana ke vidyArthI dArzanika vicAra ke aitihAsika vikAsa ke pakSa se aparicita raha jAte haiN| Aja isakI bar3I AvazyakatA hai ki aitihAsika pariprekSya meM dArzanika cintana ko bhI dekhA jaay| mere eka mitra DA. jaoNna sI0 plaoNTa ne isI ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue Global Philosophy ( vizvadarzana ) nAma kA kaI bhAgoM meM grantha likhA hai| bhAratavarSa meM bhI isakI atyanta AvazyakatA hai ki ukta dRSTikoNa ko apanAyA jaay| vaha tabhI sambhava hai jaba darzanoM kI vibhinna samasyAoM ko pRthak kara unake vikAsa krama ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue unakA adhyayana kiyA jAya / isalie Aja ke yuga meM hamAre lie yaha utanA Avazyaka nahIM hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA hama kisa rUpa meM vargIkaraNa karate haiM jitanA yaha ki hama kisa prakAra se bhAratIya darzana kI samasyAoM ke adhyayana ko navIna paddhati se prastuta karate haiN| pAThyakramoM meM isakA dhyAna rakhanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| Ajakala bhI vizvavidyAlayoM meM bhAratIya darzanoM kA jo adhyayana cala rahA hai usameM sAdhAraNatayA prAcIna praNAlI kA hI anusaraNa kiyA jA rahA hai| ataH aba AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki dArzanika cintana ko pahale usake aMgoM meM bA~Ta diyA jAya-jaise tattvamImAMsA . Ontology ), jJAnamImAMsA ( Epistemology ), AcAravijJAna ( Ethics ) Adi / aura unameM AI huI samasyAoM kA vizleSaNa unake udbhava aura vikAsa ke krama se karate hue adyatana pravRttiyoM kA bhI unameM pradarzana kiyA jaay| prAcIna bhAratIya darzana ke granthoM meM rAjanIti darzana ( Political Philosophy ) samAja darzana ( Social Philosophy ) saundarya vijJAna ( Aesthetics) Adi ke tattva bhare par3e haiM, kintu unakA saMyojana kara navIna dRSTi ke anusAra unheM darzana kI zAkhA kA rUpa nahIM diyA gyaa| isake kAraNa loga yaha samajha baiThe haiM ki bhAratAya darzana kA kSetra saMkucita aura kevala pAralaukika hai| ataH isakI bar3I parisavA -3 .

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa 187 AvazyakatA hai ki apane vidyArthiyoM kI darzana viSayaka dhAraNA ke vistAra ke lie naye sire se ukta prakAra ke grantha likhe jaayeN| isake lie adhikArI vidvAnoM ko ekatrita kara isa prakAra kI eka bRhat yojanA banAnI caahie| isa kArya ke lie adhikArI vidvAn vahI samajhe jAyeM jinakA bhAratIya darzana viSayaka vyApaka jJAna usake Akara granthoM ke AdhAra para ho, jinheM pAzcAtya darzana kA sUkSma jJAna ho aura jo pUrva-pazcima ke navInatama pravRttiyoM se suparicita hoN| aise vidvAnoM kA cayana Aja ke yuga meM kaThina avazya hai phira bhI ise asambhava nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya samanvaya digdarzana AcArya DA0 mahAbhulAla gosvAmI bhAratIya darzanoM kI AlocanA karane para yaha pratIti hotI hai ki dArzanika siddhAnta sarvathA paraspara viruddha haiN| ApAta dRSTi se paraspara virodha kI avagati tAttvika cintana karane para jJAnAloka meM sarvathA tirohita ho jAtI hai| pAzcAttya darzana kA vizleSaNa vyakti sApekSa hone se unake vargIkaraNa meM vizeSa UhApoha kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| deza, kAla ke sAtha tattvamImAMsA, pramANamImAMsA, tarkazAstra, kartavyazAstra, saundaryazAstra, manovijJAna Adi ke dvArA dArzanika siddhAntoM kA vargIkaraNa upalabdha hai| bhAratIya darzana kI yaha sthiti nahIM hai, inake vargIkaraNa meM aneka vipratipattiyAM sammukha upasthita ho jAtI haiN| isakA pradhAna kAraNa eka akhaNDa satya kA sarvatra anusyata honA evaM jIvana ke carama lakSya ke rUpa meM mokSa kA nirdhArita honA hai| bhAratIya darzana eka nizcita tattva para AdhArita hai aura vaha buddhi se pare zruti ke dvArA siddha hai, jisameM nanu, naca kA avakAza hI nahIM hai| aisI sthiti meM paraspara virodha kI kalpanA buddhi kA vilAsa yA cItkAra hI mAnA jA sakatA hai| AcArya madhusUdanasarasvatI ne bhAratIya darzanoM kA samanvayAtmaka vizleSaNa zivamahimnaHstotra kI vyAkhyA meM prastuta kiyA, jise AcArya lakSmaNazAstrI drAviDa ne khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya kI bhUmikA meM prastuta kiyA aura unake ziSya mahAmahopAdhyAya DAkTara zrI yogendranAtha vAgacI ne apane sAGgopAGga vizleSaNa meM samIkSA kiyaa| AcArya sarasvatI ne vedAnta kalpalatikA grantha meM prakaraNa ke vibhAjana ke dvArA darzana ke vargIkaraNa kA mArga bhI prazasta kiyaa| astu, samanvayAtmaka dRSTikA prAzastya darzana kI ekatAnatA kI siddhi ke sAtha vargIkaraNa kA mArga nirdezaka hogA, ataH 16 vIM zatI ke AcArya kA mantavya zAstrI jI kI bhaGgimA meM prastuta kara rahA huuN| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya samanvaya digdarzana 186 yaha ekAnta nitAnta satya hai ki duHkha heya aura sukha upAdeya hotA hai| duHkha ke tyAga kI icchA evaM sukha kI prApti kI icchA mujhe unake kAraNoM ke anveSaNa ke lie bAdhya karatI hai| kAraNa kA uccheda kArya ke uccheda kA yatna hai isalie isase atirikta prayAsa kI apekSA hI nahIM hotI hai| kAraNa ke abhAva meM kAryamAtra kA abhAva prANimAtra ko anumata hai| mithyAjJAna se rAgadveSa Adi doSa kA udaya, isase vANI, mana zarIra ke ceSTAsvarUpa pravRti kA udaya, pravRtti se zubha aura azubha kA AvirbhAva, zubha aura azubha ke anusAra janma grahaNa aura usase duHkhAnubhUti-yahI bhavacakra yA saMsAracakra hai| isI viSaya ko AcArya akSapAda ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA- 'duHkhajanmapravRttidoSamithyAjJAnAnAmuttarottarApAye tadanantarApAyAdapavargaH" (nyA0 sU0 11112) mithyA jJAna du:kha bhavacakra kA mUlAdhAra hai, ataH tattvajJAna isake mUla uccheda kA sAdhana hai| tattvajJAna abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa kA sAdhana hai| yaha matabheda kA viSaya hI nahIM hai| isa dRSTi se darzana tattvamImAMsA hai, jisa mImAMsA ke lie UhApohAtmaka aneka sAdhana haiN| __ Atmatattvaviveka meM AcArya udayana ne bhI samanvaya kI dRSTi se dasavIM zatAbdI meM hI eka vizleSaNa prastuta kiyA thaa| "AtmA vA are draSTavyaH zrotavyo mantavyo nididhyAsitavyaH" yaha maitreyIbrAhmaNa bhAratIya dArzanikacintana kA sAratama upadeza hai / isI meM bhAratIya janatA kA jIvana pravAha aura AzA AkAMkSA kA paryavasAna hotA hai| isa brAhmaNa kA upasaMhAra 'etAvadare khalvamRtattvam" vAkya se kiyA gayA hai| AtmA kA zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana hI abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa kA eka mAtra upAya hai| priyatamA maitreyI ko pAribrAjya grahaNa kI bhUmikA meM yaha upadeza diyA gayA hai| isa mUla bhitti para asaMkhya jIvana darzana kI dhArAoM meM darzana zAstra pravAhita ho uThatA hai| AcArya udayana ne bhArata vasundharA ko Atma sAkSAtkAra ke lie zrutiyoM ke mukharita evaM yuktiyoM ke dvArA manana tathA nididhyAsana ke dvArA sAkSAtkAra ke lie upadeza kiyA hai| Atmatattva kA aparokSa avabhAsana hI mokSa hai| Atmatattva ke nididhyAsana yA upAsanA meM pravRtta hone para usakI dRSTi se akhila jagatprapaJca ko AtmA se atirikta hI mAnanA hogaa| yaha vahI avasthA hai jisa avasthA meM karmamImAMsAzAstra pravRtta hotA hai| isa avasthA meM bAhya dRSTi kI atizaya pradhAnatA arthAt lokakalyANaSaNA evaM rASTahitaiSaNA kI dRSTi se lokAyatamata vArhaspatyazAstra pravRtta hotA hai| dharmanIti kI pradhAnatA na hokara rASTranIti yA daNDanIti kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| yaha mArga bhI avasthAvizeSa ke AyAma meM zruti samarthita hai-"parAzci khAni vyatRNat svayaMbhUstasmAtparAG parisaMvAda-3

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190 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM pazyati nAntarAtman" ( ka0 u0 ) anAtmavastu grahaNapaTu-indriyagrAma bAhya viSaya vastu ko hI darzana karatI hai aura dRSTa bAhya vastu ke pariprekSya meM loka kalyANa aura rASTra kalyANa kI dRSTi se abhyudaya kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| kintu yaha dRSTi antadArzanika cintA kI dhArA se anusyUta yA anuprANita na rahe to cArvAka dRSTi se zarIra evaM katipaya indriyoM kI dAsatA ke rUpa meM bAhya dArzanika cintA ke anurUpa jIvanayApana kI bAdhyatA sammukha upasthita hogii| ataH ise niyamita kara lokaSaNA evaM rASTraSaNA kI bhAvanA ko balAdhAna karane ke lie evaM niSkAma karma ke paripoSa ke lie kahA -karmabhirmRtyumRSayo niSeduH prajAvanto draviNamacchamAnA, athApare RSayo manISiNaH paraM karmabhyo'matatvamAnazuH" / isa prakAra karma kA prAdhAnya karma kI vibhUti sampatti arthAt kartavya ko hI niyantA ke rUpa se sthApita kii| phalataH Izvara aura brahma kA niSedha yA vidhi una tattvoM ke vizleSaNa ke lie anupayukta samajha udAra ho karake jIvana yApana ke mArga ko sadAcAra yA ziSTAcAra yA zrati pratipAditAcAra kI dRSTi se parivAhita kara upasaMhRta kiyaa| yaha kartavya bhAvanA kI dRSTi buddha yA mahAvIra ke Agamana kAla taka sarvAtmaka rahakara ekAnta rUpa meM vyaktigata bhAvanA yA vaiyaktika jIvana ke anusAra susthira ho cukI thI, sArvabhauma bhAvanA sva-AtmA kI parivyApti zarIrAyatta hone ke kAraNa svArtha kA sannidhAna daihika sukha arthAt aindriyaka viSaya paribhoga meM nihita thaa| rASTra bhAvanA evaM loka kalyANa bhAvanA sarvathA tirohita thii| AtmabhUta bhAvanA ke zava para upAsanA kI prakarSatA ke AdhAra para AtmA ko arthAkAra ke rUpa meM darzana kiyA jAtA hai| cidrUpa AtmA arthAkAra ho jAtA hai, vaha viSNu ho, kRSNa ho, rAma ho, ziva ho, buddha ho, mahAvIra ho, jisa rUpa meM bhI ho sarvezvarya sampanna vaha sarvAtmaka ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM brahma pariNAmavAda, tridaNDImata evaM upAsaka sampradAya kA Agamana aura usakI vyAkhyA mahAkaruNA hRdaya kI ArdratA yA dravIbhAva se sampRkta hai| bhagavadAkAratA kI sArvabhauma pratiSThA jar3a cetana jagat para hone se bhagavAn buddha, bhagavAn mahAvIra Adi kI abhivyakti ke sAtha mahAkAruNya ke saJcAra se ahiMsA evaM rAgadveSa ke abhAva kI pratiSThAtmikA bhagavattA mukharita hotI hai kintu upAsaka bhagavattA kA sArvabhauma svarUpa kendrita kara detA hai, eka arthAkAra upAsya meM aura akhaNDa dArzanika cintA kA hAhAkAra sunane 1. vAtsyAyana bhA0 4-1-59 parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya samanvaya digdarzana ko milatA hai sarvAtmacintana sampradAya ke rUpa meM varga vizeSa ke sAtha vyakti vizeSa ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hote haiN| saMgIti, sAmpradAyika vizeSAnuSThAna ise zithila karane meM asamartha rahatA hai| itihAsa ke avalokana se yaha bhAvanA sudRr3ha hotI hai ki mUrti kI upAsanA bauddhoM kI dena hai| isase pUrva upaniSad yuga meM mUrti kI upAsanA kA koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| ataH yogAcAra taka ke abhyutthAna arthAkAratA upAsanA ke AdhAra para mAnanA anucita nahI hai| 'AtmaivedaM sarvam' yaha zruti isa mata kA samarthikA hai / dharma, artha, kAma ina tIna vargoM kI sthiti upAsanA kI mUla bhitti para hI sambhava hai| kAmanA pracura sAmrAjya arthAkAratA yA mUrta upAsanA kI dRSTi se samarthita hai| niSkAma upAsanA arthAkAra upAsanA meM sambhava nahIM hai| isa vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para yaha nizcita hai ki viSayoM kA sphuraNa mAnane ke lie vAdhyatA hai| isa mUrti upAsanA meM brAhmaNa virodhI bhAvanA kI suspaSTa jhalaka milatI hai| kyoMki bhagavattA kI sphUrti ke sAtha mAnavIkaraNa ( anthropomarphism ) kI bhAvanA sannihita rakhI jAya to yaha mAnanA hI hogA ki eka bhI brAhmaNa meM bhagavattA sphuraNa nahIM mAnA gayA hai, apitu sabhI kSatriya bAlaka haiN| kiMtu sanAtana devavAda mAnavIkaraNa varNa kI bhAvanA se sarvathA asampRkta sUrya yA Aditya kI pratIkAtmaka upAsanA kI dRSTi se bhedazUnya sakala jana kI upakRti lokaiSaNA yathA svasukhanirabhilASA ke sAtha Rta kI arthAkAratA ke rUpa meM upAsanA ko sannihita karatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM sanAtana upAsanA akhaNDa satya kI arthAt jyoti kI upAsanA hai, jo svayaM meM eka evaM abheda ke sAtha sAmarasya svarUpa hai| isa arthAkAra AtmasvarUpa meM darzana kI vizrAnti bhI loka evaM rASTra ke kalyANa ke lie paryApta nahIM thI. ataH AtmA kI viSayAkAratA ke sphuraNa kA niSedha kara viSaya zUnya sarvatra anusyUta AtmA ko upAsanA para balAdhAna diyaa| "bhagandhamarasamacakSarazrotram' 'sadeva saumyedamaga bAsIt ekamevAdvitIyam" isa zruti vacanoM ke AdhAra para viSayAdisphuraNa zUnya AtmopAsanA siddha huii| viSayAkAratA ke niSedha se AtmopAsaka viSaya ke abhAva kA darzana karatA thA, phalataH prapaJcahita AtmasvarUpa bhAsamAna huaa| isa avasthA kA avalambana kara vedAntadvAramAtra kI sthiti hotI hai| isako vedAnta kI prAthamika avasthA ke rUpa meM udayana parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ne nirdeza kiyA hai / viSayarahita cinmAtra sambhAvita nahIM hai, ataH zUnyavAdI mAdhyamika mata ke siddhAnta kA vizleSaNa prastuta hotA hai / 'asadeva saumyedamagra AsIt " yaha zruti isa siddhAnta ke samarthana ke lie paryApta hai / yahI bauddhoM ke nairAtmyavAda kA sAra hai / zUnyavAda kI asad rUpatA ko lekara bauddhoM ko nairAtyavAdI mAnA gayA hai / mRgamadavAsanAvasitavasana ke saMskAra saMkramaNa kI dRSTi se AtmavAda kA sthAna isa darzana meM bhI akSuNNa hai. ataH udayana ne 'asadeva saumyedamagra AsIt' isake AdhAra para zUnyavAda kI dRSTi hI nairAtmyavAda kI mUlabhitti hai / 162 upAsaka ko isa avasthA se nivRtta karane ke lie arthAt nairAtmyavAda ke sAmrAjya se manuSya kA uddhAra karane ke lie 'andhaM tamaH pravizanti ye ke cAtmahano janAH' ityAdi zrutiyA~ ke AdhAra para agrima vizleSaNa prastuta hotA hai| yaha vahI sthiti hai jahA~ mAnava AtmA aura viSaya kA viveka darzana karatA hai, arthAt AtmA anya hai aura viSaya anya hai / isa viveka darzana yA anyathAkhyAti ko grahaNa kara sAMkhya siddhAnta kA upakrama aura upasaMhAra hotA hai / phalataH prakRti vizva kI jananI hai, AtmA nirlepa hai-- isa siddhAnta kA abhyutthAna hotA hai / , 'prakRteH parastAt' ityAdi zrutiyoM ke dvArA isI siddhAnta kA samarthana ho rahA hai / bauddhoM ne sAMkhya darzana ko apane vivecana kA AdhAra avazya hI banAyA, kintu isase Age A kara prakRti ke asattva ke sAtha cidrUpa kA bhI asatyatva pratipAdana kara zUnyatA ke rUpa meM nairAtmya kA samarthana kiyA / ataH sAMkhya meM do tattva bhinna rUpa meM. avasthita haiM aura zUnyavAda meM eka bhI tattva avaziSTa nahIM hai / jaba viSaya nahIM hai taba viSayazUnya jJAna kA astitva kaise sambhava hai ? yaha isa siddhAnta kA samarthaka tarka hai / isI viveka dRSTi ko lekara isa tattva zUnya zUnyavAda ke zruti meM kahA gayA hai- 'nAnyat sat' / AtmA se atirikta koI bhI hai / isa avasthA meM sat jJAna svarUpa AtmA kA hI satyatva pratipAdana rahatA hai / isI tAttvika vicAradhArA ko lekara advaita siddhAnta kA upasaMhAra hotA hai / yato vAco nivartante aprApya manasA saha" isa zruti ke dvArA isI mata kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / zabda aura mana se atIta AtmA kA astitva kabhI bhI heya nahIM ho sakatA hai, ataH zUnyavAda kI sthApanA sambhava nahIM hai / AtmasvarUpamAtra meM prakAza kI avasthA meM viSaya kA darzana nahIM hotA hai / yaha vahI avasthA hai, jahA~ parisaMvAda - 3 khaNDana ke lie padArtha sat nahIM

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bhAratIya samanvaya digdarzana 193 sabhI eka arthAt sadAdhAra svarUpa rahatA hai| "na pazyatItyAhureko bhavati" isa zruti ke AdhAra para niSidhyamAna vastu kA ullekhapUrvaka usakA pratipAdana abhISTa hai| ekamevAdvitIyaM brahma, neha nAnAsti Adi zrutiyA~ aneka kA, dvaita kA niSedha karatI haiM, kintu niSedha nukha se tattva kA pratipAdana sadrUpatA kA abhAva ke adhikaraNa ke rUpa meM hI pratipAdana hai, ataH zUnyavAdiyoM ke dvArA niSedha mukha se tattva ke pratipAdana se virata hokara na dvaitaM nApi cAdvaitam' Adi zrutiyoM ke dvArA tattva kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM yadyate na toSo'sti mukta evAsi sarvadA sthiramatiH puruSaH punarIkSate vyapagatadvitayaM paramaM padama' ( saMkSepa zArI. 2-86 ) / yaha darzana jagat kI vaha avasthA hai, jahA~ jIva ke avidyA saMskAra bhI abhibhUta ho jAte haiN| phalataH AtmaviSayaka savikalpaka jJAna kI utpatti kA avasara hI nahIM rahatA hai| nirvikalpaka AtmaviSayaka jJAna ke udaya kI yahI avasthA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM mokSa nagara meM praveza ke dvAra para avasthiti hai| jJAnavAn AtmA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane vAle nyAya darzana kA yahIM upasaMhAra hotA hai| itanA hI nahIM tattvajJAna kI sthiti ke kAraNa carama vedAnta bhI yahAM upasaMhRta hote haiN| isa avasthA kA pratipAdana AcArya vAtsyAyana ne-niSkAma AptakAma AtmakAmaH sa brA~va sana brahmApyeti na tasya prANA utkrAmanti atraiva samavalIyante' ina zabdoM meM kahA hai| (vAtsyAyana bhA0 4 / 1159) navyanaiyAyika raghunAthaziromaNi ne zuddhasvaprakAza citsvarUpabrahmapratipAdakavedAntAnAmupasaMhAraH vedyAntaravirahAt / isa prakAra svayaM jyotiH svarUpa kA pratipAdana hI darzana kA abhISTa hai, jo veda ke uSa:kAla se eka rUpa meM pratipAdita ho rahA hai| manuSya bhUmi se AsurI bhUmi arthAt dehendriya meM mamabuddhimUlaka preraNA svAbhAvika hai| dArzanika cintana, zravaNa evaM manana ke AdhAra para daivI prakRti kI preraNA bhI usase bhI adhika sahaja evaM svAbhAvika hai| isa daivI prakRti kI preraNA ke sAtha jIva kI ceSTA kA sampreSaNa hone para hI maNikAJcana yoga hotA hai| aura yaha AtmajIvana kI uttIrNatA kI bhUmi para vizvajana ke jIvana ke nistAra kA sAdhana hai| isa udhvasrota ke balAdhAna ke lie Avazyaka hai vipula ceSTA aura abhyAsa, jisase sattvazakti sakala, dehendriya ko parivyApta kara ske| avirAma jIvana saMgrAma meM sattva tattva kI parivyApti ke anusmaraNa ke sAtha hI pravRtti satya para pratiSThita loka zivAtmaka aura parama sundarAtmaka hotA hai| loka ke sAtha atizaya sAnnidhya ( close relation) ekatva yA abheda buddhi yA nirvikalpaka jJAna hI zaraNa hai| yaha abheda buddhi tadbhAvabhAvita kara detI hai| jIvana ke anta kAla paryanta yaha smaraNa parisaMvAda-3 25

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194 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ke phalasvarUpa dhruvA ke smRti kI prApti ke sAtha naSTa moha vidhUta mithyAjJAna kara detI hai| naSTamoha nirveda kI bhUmikA hai| yaha nirveda ajJAna nAza kA ucchedaka zastra evaM discriminating avasthA hai| yahI bhUmi manuSya kI unity dazA hai, jo vyaSTi se samaSTi kI ora pratiSThita karatI hai gItA kI paMkti-"jJAnena tu tadajJAnaM yeSAM nAzitamAtmanaH / teSAmAMdityavajjJAnaM prakAzayati tatparam // ' ke anusAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki final unity yA dharma kI yaha paripUrNAvasthA hai| yahI se bhAratIya dArzanika dRSTi se morality yA complete perfection yA AdhyAsmikatA (spirituality) kI parisamApti hai| vyakti se samAja ke lie dArzanika cintana kA artha aura samAjoddhAra ke sAtha parama carama caritArthatA hai| isa vizleSaNa se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki darzana kA mUla lakSya bheva meM abheda darzana haiN| bauddhika vicAra kA parama uddezya hai, vizva meM sarvatra anusyUta eka tattva meM avasthiti yA upasaMhati hai| buddhi kA vicAra ke AdhAra para pradhAna kArya eka tattva kI avagati hai| sarvabhUteSu yenakaM bhAvamavyayamIkSate, yaha ikSaNa hI darzana hai| veda se lekara jitanI bhI AdhyAtmika cintAyeM pravAhita huI haiM sabhI kA eka hI uddezya hai, dvaita darzana kI eka tattva meM upasaMhati arthAt Subject & Object rUpa do tattvoM ko kisI eka Unity arthAt tattva meM paripuSTi / kriyA vizeSa bahula isa jIvana meM eka working principle yA Uniform Law yA vidhi ko grahaNa kara cAhe naitika yA prAkRtika arthAt Moral aura Natural Law donoM hI brahma saMbhUta arthAt ekatattva kA dvidhA bhAva bhAsita hone se una donoM meM eka nitya tattva pratiSThita rahatA hai| yahI darzana kA prazasta carama paramayAna hai| yaha jo bhavacakra hai yaha eka aisA vRtta hai jisa vRtta ke paribhramaNa ke sAtha vaha meru yA bhinna rUpa se parivartana karatA huA abheda yA Unity and Difference meM praveza karatA hai| isIlie parA yA aparA naitika aura prAkRtika vidhi Moral Law & Natural Law pRthaka rUpa meM paridRSTa hone para bhI yaha puruSa advaya puruSottama kI bhUmikA mAtra hai| isalie mahAyAna yA jJAnayAna kA sAdhaka bheda ko abheda sUtra se Abaddha rakhatA hai| antarnihita zakti kI dhAraNA mAnava meM udaya hone ke sAtha hI eka virATa ke sAtha sAmaJjasya sthApita hotA hai| karmabhUmi se Arambha mAnava jJAna kramazaH 'sva' meM vizrAnti lAbha karatA hai| arthAt apane hI dvArA maiM saMcAlita hU~, yaha bhAvanA prakRti kI adhInatA se parikSINa mArga para avatIrNa karatI hai| yaha avasthA kSINa kartRtva parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya samanvaya digdarzana kI bodhikA hai aura bAhya jagata ke kartRtva se mukta hokara antarjagat ke kartRtva meM meM pratiSThita hotA hai| arthAt ahaM ke sAtha bAhya jagat kA sAmarasya sthApita hotA hai| yaha paripUrNatA yA bhedazUnyatA kI bhUmikA hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki Aditya ke prakAza se sampUrNa vizva prakAzita hai kintu jAgrat se svapnAvasthA meM antaHprakAza hI sakala vizva kA prakAzaka hotA hai| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki indriya kA prakAza, mana kA prakAza, buddhi kA prakAza aura avasAna meM AtmA ke svayaM prakAza rAjya meM svayaM praviSTa hotA hai| yaha vahI avasthA hai jahA~ Materialism aura Idealism donoM khaMDita ho pUrNa darzana meM pratiSThita hote haiN| isa akhaMDa rAjya meM jise Spritual life kahA jA sakatA hai yA abheda kA rAjya kahA jA sakatA hai isameM karma jIvana sakalajanahitAya, sakalajanasukhAya hotA hai| vaha apanI jIvana kI priyatA ko Atmamaya aura jJAnamaya ke AdhAra para avazyaM bhAvi karmaphala ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai| 1-darzana meM deza kA vizeSaNa tattva ko dRSTi meM rakha kara nahIM diyA jA sakatA, varan vahA~ ke tattvajJa manISiyoM ko dRSTi meM rakha kara diyA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIyadarzana bhAratIya tattvavettA manISiyoM ke dvArA ihalaukika abhyudaya aura pAralaukika nizreyasa ke patha pradarzaka siddhAnta ko kahA jA sakatA hai| AdhyAtmika sAmrAjya ko avicala-sthira, dhruva aura zAzvata mArga ke anveSaka kI tattva dRSTi kA anuzAsaka evaM niyantraNa karane kI dRSTi bhAratIya darzana hai jo samAja evaM rAjanIti ko prabhA, bhAsvaratA pradAna karatA hai| pramANa, prameNa, pramAtA aura pramiti ina cAra vargoM ke svarUpa nirdeza ke lie bhAratIya darzana zAstra pravAhita hai| prameya kI avadhAraNA mUrdhanya hai| kintu pramANa svarUpa kI avadhAraNA ke adhIna hone ke kAraNa pramANa kI avadhAraNA meM bhAratIya dArzanika saceSTa haiM / isI taraha se pramiti aura pramAtA anAtma vastu meM Asakti se mukti ke lie Atmadarzana, zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana jo bhAratIya janatA ke jIvana pravAha aura AzA AkAMkSA kA paryavasAna hI isa darzana kI pIThikA hai| hajAroM dhArAoM meM pravAhita bhAratIya darzana ke pravAha kA sampUrNa paricaya pradAna karanA sambhava nhiiN| kintu itanA kahA jA sakatA hai bhAratIya AtmatattvadraSTA ke dvArA zruta tattva kA yuktiyoM ke dvArA, manana ke dvArA sambhAvita arthakA sAkSAtkAra hI bhAratIya darzana hai| yahI darzana meM bhAratIyatA hai| jise hama isake asAdhAraNa pahacAna ke rUpa meM mAna sakate haiN| 2--jJAna ke saulabhya kI dRSTi se Astika-nAstika vibhAjana cintA dhArA ke ArambhakAla se hI upalabdha hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pANini ne astika zabda prayoga parisaMvAda-3

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166 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kI siddhi ke lie eka sUtra likhA kintu yaha bhAratIya darzana kA svarUpa lakSaNa nahIM hai na koI asAdhAraNa vibhAjaka dharma hai| kintu kisI bhI rUpa meM vargIkaraNa kiyA jAya to bhI katipaya darzanoM ke sAmAnya paricaya ke lie Astika-nAstika zabda prayoga aparihArya hai| 3--koI bhI darzana cAhe vaha bhAratIya ho yA abhAratIya vaha viSaya darzana se bahirbhUta nahI hotA hai| jise sAmpradAyikarUpa mAnA jA rahA hai vaha usa darzana ke viSaya vaiziSya kA paricAyaka haiM, yathA sAMkhya nyAya Adi / bAda ke darzana vyakti ke nAma se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa usake pUrvavartI siddhAnta bhI sAmpradAyika darzana ke rUpa meM mAne gaye haiN| kintu pUrva meM ye isalie viSaya paraka rahe ki unhIM viSayoM ke adhyayana se sambaddha adhikArI apane prayojana kI siddhi ke lie usa dArzanika citA meM apane ko kendrita kara ske| ataH pUrva kA darzana apane viSaya ke AdhAra para nAma se nirdiSTa hai| kisI rUpa meM bhI vargIkaraNa ho, viSaya sambaddha dArzanika saMjJA kA parihAra sambhava nhiiN| itanA satya hai ki jaina aura bauddha darzana jo vyakti sApekSa hai unako viSaya sApekSa nAma se nirdiSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| aura isase sampradAya kA saMkIrNa artha pariSkRta ho jaayegaa| yadyapi yaha AzaMkA kI jA sakatI hai ki paravartI kAla meM zaMkara, rAmAnuja ke AdhAra para darzanoM kI paribhASA dI gaI hai kiMtu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki ye darzana bAdarAyaNa sUtra ke prayojana pariveza meM parivrahita advaita, viziSTAdvaita Adi viSaya sambaddha vargIkRta haiM jo bAda meM maThoM ke AdhAra para nAma se paricita ho gye| 4-jahA~ taka caturtha prazna hai yaha Aropita hai veda ke maMtra bhAgoM meM hI sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke AdhAra para dArzanika ciMtA upalabdha hai| yaha koI upaniSad kAlIna jJAna dhArA nhiiN| niHzaMka hokara bahuta dinoM se hI bhAratIya jJAnadhArA ke sambandha meM yaha Aropa hai ki veda kA maMtra bhAga mAtra dhArmika ciMtA evaM yAjJika AlocanAoM se paripUrNa hai| itanA hI nahIM yaha bhI Aropa hai ki yaha asambaddha pralApa aura niHsAra ciMtA se paripUrNa hai| kiMtu veda ke maMtroM ke adhyayana se yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki bhAratIya jJAnadhArA kI mUlabhitti veda kA maMtra bhAga hai| bhAratIya dArzanika ciMtA kA bIja maMtrabhAga meM nihita hai aura bhAratIya sabhyatA-saMskRti kA ananya sAdhAraNa vaiziSTya usameM sannihita hai| rASTrIya aura sAmAjika jIvana jAgaraNa se upalabdha hotA hai| ataH bhAratIyadarzana mAtra dhArmika mAnyatAoM kA paripoSaka nahIM varan vizuddha dArzanika ciMtA pravahamAna dhArA se paripuSTa hai| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya samanvaya digdarzana 197 5--yaha manana ko mukhyatama sthAna dene vAlA bhAratIya darzana mAtra zruti kI apekSA nahIM rakhatA, varan yuktiyoM ke AdhAra para zruta artha ke nididhyAsana kI preraNA pradAna karatA hai| ataH yaha prasiddhi hai ki "mAnAdhInA meyasiddhiH" arthAt pramANa kI prAdhanatA mAnI gayI hai| isalie yukti kA mukhyatama sthAna bhAratIya darzana kI ananya sAdhAraNa sampatti hai| ataH yukti sApekSadarzana hai mAtra vastu yA sApekSa nhiiN| 6.-SaSTha prazna ke UhApoha karane para yaha to mAnane ke lie vAdhya honA par3atA hai ki bhAratIya darzana eka aise cira zAzvata satya' ko lekara calatA hai jisake sAtha samanvita honA jJAniyoM ke lie aparihArya sA ho jAtA hai| kintu sAdhana ke bheda kA praur3ha prAjya pratApa isa dArzanika cintana dhArA meM pratiSThita na rahatA to Aja darzana ke asaMkhya cintana dhArA kA srota upalabdha na hotA aura sabhI ko samAna mAnyatA nahIM miltii| vastutaH bhAratIya darzana kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki navInatA kI jo manana kI bhitti para samarthita hai use ucita sthAna prApta hotA hai| aura Aja bhI yaha dArzanika zikSA samAja aura AcAra ke prariprekSya meM akSuNNa navIna dhArAoM meM pravahamAna hai, yathA gAndhI, aravinda Adi / 7-saptama prazna ke uttara meM maiM itanA hI kahanA ucita samajhUgA ki ekAnta dRSTi evaM ekAnta rUpa se anya vyaktiyoM kA isa darzana ke upara Aropa hI mujhe isa dizA kI ora bhrAnta rUpa se bar3hane ke lie bAdhya kara rahA hai| vastutaH nirvANa hI eka mAtra bhAratIya darzana kA pratipAdya viSaya nahIM hai yathA nyAyabhASya meM vAtsyAyana ne kahA hai-tadidaM tattvajJAnaniHzreyasAdhigamazca yathAvidhaM veditavyam / trayI, vArtA, daNDanIti aura AnvIkSikI ye cAra vidyAyeM haiN| sabhI ke bhinna bhinna tattvajJAna aura niHzreyasa haiM aura unameM bheda bhI hai| trayI kA phala svarga prApti aura jJAna hai svarga Atma sAkSAtkAra phala hai| agnihotrAdi sAdhana samUha evaM jJAna tattvajJAna hai| karma zAstra kA bhUjalAdi kA parijJAna tattvajJAna hai| zasya tRNa iMdhana kI prApti ni:zreyasa hai / nIti meM sAma, dAma, daNDa, vibheda cAra upAyoM kA yathA samaya viniyoga tattvajJAna hai| pRthvI naya aura prajA kA anurUpa sAdhana niHzreyasa hai| Atma-vidyA kA AtmajJAna tattvajJAna aura abhyudaya evaM niHzreyasa prayoga hai| isIlie ye vidyAeM paraspara bhinna hai / anyathA sabhI vidyAeM trayI meM hI antarbhUta ho jaatii| ataH bhAratIya darzana cintA mAtra nirvANa prayojanaparaka nahIM hai| varan jIvana ke samagra sAmAjika Arthika, rAjanaitika evaM dhArmika sabhI samasyAoM kA samyak darzana hai, ataH ise palAyanavAdI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM 8 - bhAratIya darzanoM kA pradarzita vargIkaraNa Aja bhI isI rUpa meM parigRhIta hai aura loga inhIM nAmoM se unheM samajhate bhI haiM ataH yaha vargIkaraNa pramANa aura prameya ke abadhAraNa kI dRSTi se yadi kiyA jAya to aura bhI samIcIna ho sakatA hai jaisepramANadarzana - nyAya, vaizeSika, mImAMsA, bauddha, jaina / isI taraha se bhAratIya tattva samIkSA - bAdarAyaNasUtramUlaka evaM bauddha darzana | yoga darzana jisameM pAtaMjala, bauddha, jaina, taMtra Adi / isI taraha se isakA viziSTa vargIkaraNa adhyayana ko sulabha karane kI dRSTi se kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu mUlarUpa meM parivartana nahIM ho sakatA / 168 parisaMvAda- 3 20

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa AcArya paM0 vizvanAthazAstrI dAtAra sarva eva yajanti tvAM sarvadevamayezvaraM / ye'pyanyadevatAbhaktA yadyapyanyadhiyaH prabho // (1) prazna-bhAratIya darzana se kyA samajhA jAya ? uttara-bhAratIya darzana kI vyAkhyA karane ke pahale darzana kI vyAkhyA samajhanI hogii| tabhI darzanoM kI bhAratIyatA kA ciMtana saMgata hogaa| matibhAvAtmaka "manobRtti ke nirUpaNa meM kahA gayA hai-'nAnAzAstrArtha niSpannA matiH syAccha tadhAriNI' ziSyoM ke hita meM vyAvahArika evaM pAramArthika jIvana ko dekhate hue zAstraniSNAta mati vidyArthI ko puruSArthasAdhaka mArga ko prakAzana karAtI hai / ukta prakAzana karanA hI darzana hai| ukta prakAzana jina zAstroM meM nirUpita haiM ve bhI lakSaNayAdarzana 'kahe jAte haiN| isa vyAkhyA ke anusAra bhAratIya manISiyoM ne nyAya, yoga, vaizeSika Adi ke samAna anyAnya zAstroM ko darzana-saMjJA se vyavahata kiyA hai yathA "darzanAttasya suhado vidyAnAM paardRshvnH|" darzana meM bhAratIyatA darzanoM meM jo prameya nirUpita hote haiN| ve yadi pramANoM se puSTa haiM .to. saMvAdI kahe jAte haiN| pramANoM ke antargata jina pramANoM kA ullekha zAstroM meM prApta hotA hai unameM pratyakSa, anumAna evaM zabda-ina tIna pramANoM ke bala ko hI bhAratIya manISiyoM ne prameya ke nirUpaNa meM upAdeya mAnA hai| ivaMprathamatayA sanda (parokSa) ko pramANa mAnanA bhAratavAsiyoM kI bhAratIyatA hai| matibhAvaprakAzana meM 'sahAyasAdhanAdipaJcAMgamantrasaMkhyAphalapradhAnaguNabhAvasvarUpa' nirvacana kI paryApti meM pUrNatA mAnI gayI hai| ataH darzanoM ke upadeza akATya evaM siddhAnta rUpa haiN| -parisaMsAra-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM bhAratIya darzana vedoM ko sarvAzena sarvopari pramANa mAnatA hai / anuSThAna lakSaNa prAmANyakI svIkRti ke lie to veda hI agragaNya hai / 200 (2) prazna - bhAratIya darzanoM kA Astika-nAstika bheda se vibhAjana kyA ucita hai ? uttara- idaM prathamatayA zabda pramANa kI adhInatA meM varNAzrama dharma svIkAra karate hue Izvara kI sattA ko mAnanA Astika pakSa hai / pratyakSAnumAna para hI calane vAlA Izvara ko na mAnanevAlA nAstika hai kyoMki usake lie zabda kA sAdhaka pratyakSAnumAna hai / bhAratIya darzana kA svatantra svarUpa uparyukta pratyakSAdipramANatrayapramita arthaparaka mati ke prakAzaka ko darzana mAte hue Astika yA nAstika vAdoM kA saMgraha sambhava nahIM hai / athavA parIkSA kI dRSTi se paramata pratiSedha evaM svamata vyavasthApana ko eka ikAI ke rUpa meM svIkRta kiyA jAya to pUrvottaramukhena sabhI bhAratIya darzana saMgrahIta ho sakate haiM / (3) prazna -- bhAratIya darzanoM ke viSayaparaka cintana meM sAMpradAyika vargIkaraNa ko chor3a kara viSayaparaka vargIkaraNa ko svIkAra kiyA jAya to kyA bAdhA hogI ? 1 uttara - viSayako dekhakara vargIkaraNa karane meM prathamataH prazna upasthita hotA hai ki yaha cintana upAsanA - nirapekSa hai yA upAsanA - sApekSa / smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki pUrvaparaMparA ke anusAra bhAratIya darzanoM meM vivecita sabhI bAda upAsanAparaka haiM jaise udAharaNArtha advaitavAda dvaitavAda karmakANDa parisaMvAda - 3 eke tvakhilakarmANi sanyasyopazamaM gatAH / jJAnino jJAnayajJena yajanti jJAnavigraham // anye ca saMskRtAtmAno vidhinAbhihitena te / yajanti tvanmayAstvAM ve bahumUrtyekamUrtikam // trayyA ca vidyayA kecittvAM vaM vaitAnikAH dvijAH / yajante vitatairyajJaH nAnArUpAma rAkhyayA //

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201 bhAratIyadarzanoM kA vargIkaraNa upAsanA nirapekSa cintana ke prati bhAratIya manISI udAsIna haiM / upAsanA karane ke lie pramANa kI sApekSatA Avazyaka hai anyathA upAsanA meM bhrama kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai| bhAratIyatA to pramANatraya para Azrita hai, nahIM to bhAratavAsitvena matoM kI grAhyatA-agrAhyatA avivikta tthhregii| isa prakAra viSaya ke vargIkaraNa meM upAsanA ko dRDhamUla banAne ke lie pramANoM kA vibhAjana karanA abhyarhita hai| pramANaprasUta upAsanAe~ jinameM kucha kA ullekha Upara kiyA gayA hai, unakI AlocanA karanA buddhimattA kA paricaya nahIM hai| pramANa sApekSatA kI dRSTi se prAyaH sabhI vAda upAsanA meM aMgatayA viniyukta haiM jo zAstroM ko iSTa hai| jaisA ki maMgalAcaraNa meM uddhRta hai| tvAmevAnye zivoktena mArgeNa zivarUpiNama / bahvAcAryavibhedena bhagavan samupAsate. isa bhAgavatokti ke anusAra dvaita-advaitavAda, vaiSNava-zaivamata Adi kI vividhatA paraspara khaNDana-maNDana ke lie nahIM hai balki apane mata meM upAsakoM ko kRtArtha kA anubhava karAne ke lie hai / zaMkAoM ke utthAna se jaba kisI mata ko malina banAne kA prayatna hotA hai taba usake nirAsa ke lie tathA apanI-apanI upAsanAoM meM dAdya evaM vizvAsa ko jAgRta karane meM "bahvAcAryavibhedena" kI upAdeyatA hai| buddhi-vaizAradya kA yaha eka zikSaNa-krama hai| yaha vicAra varNAzrametara ko mAnya nahIM hogA, kyoMki unake mata meM vedoM ke prati sthalavizeSa meM ApekSika prAmANya kI mAnyatA hai| ataH aisI sthiti meM sabhI vAda vargIkRta ho jAyeMge, kahA nahIM jA sktaa| pUrva itihAsa se vidita hai ki jaba taka nAstikavAda pramANa sApekSa ho upAsanArata thA taba taka varNAzrama samAja ne usakA bhI Adara kiyA tathA jIvikA Adi kI samasyAoM ko suljhaayaa| para jaba varNAzrama dharma ke virodha meM unhoMne veda prAmANya kI upekSA Arambha kI taba vedAbhimata vAdoM se unako pRthak karanA pdd'aa| jisa mata yA vAda meM pUrNa vedaprAmANya nahIM hai, usako bhAratIya darzana nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bhAratIya hone ke lie vedAnuyAyitva meM unako apanA yogadAna karanA pdd'egaa| yadi isako iSTa mAnate haiM to apanI upAsatA meM una varNAzrama nirapekSa matoM ke pracAra ke lie kSetra ati vistRta hai| ataH kahanA hogA ki vedoM ke varNAzrama vidhAna vizeSa ke adhikArI varNAzramI hI haiN| kiMbahunA varNAzramiyoM ko apanI-apanI upAsanA meM pravRtta na karAnA nAstikavAda kA lakSya hai tathA varNAzrama ke nAma para vaidika maryAdA meM rahate hue Izvara kI ArAdhanA ke mAdhyama se rAkSasI pravRtti ko jo pUrNa parisaMvAda-3

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202 bhAratIya cintanakI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM karanA cAhate haiM unake mohArtha hI unako nAstikya kI ora pravRtta karAte haiM, una matAcAryoM kI isa upakRti ke lie manISiyoM ne unako praNAma kiyA hai- " namo buddhAya zuddhAya daityadAnavamohine / ' isa prakAra sabhI darzanoM kA samanvaya iSTa hai to sabhI vAdoM se prArthanA hai ki ve apane pakSa ke samarthana meM varNAzrama kI upekSA se vedoM kA virodha karanA chor3a deM / anyathA pramANa sApekSa aura pramANa nirapekSa kA samanvaya karanA duHsAdhya hai / (4) prazna - dharma nirapekSa dArzanika cintana kA koI varga kyA bana sakatA hai ? dhArmika cintana kI dhArA meM svatantra dArzanika ciMtana sambhava nahIM hai aura na dArzanika dRSTikoNa se unakA vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai, isa mata kA aucitya kahA~ taka hai ? uttara- dharmanirapekSatA meM AtmaciMtana kA lAbha kyA hogA ? jaba ki zamadamAdi saMpatti evaM vairAgya ke abhAva meM mithyAbhASaNa, pratAraNA Adi se nivRtta karanevAlA niyAmaka dharma kA zAsana nahIM rhegaa| isakI upapatti isa prakAra hai - kiMcit viSaya viSayaka ghRNA hai to vIbhatsa hai / viSaya mAtra meM ghRNA hai to zama hai / ataH vIbhatsa ke bAda hI rAma kI siddhi mAnI gayI hai / dharmasApekSatA meM udmarottara jugupsA ko protsAhana hai / dharma nirapekSatA meM jugupsA kI nyUnatA hai jisameM vilAsa, anAcAra, vyabhicAra ko protsAhana milegA / ataH varNAzrama dharmAcaraNa meM Arambha meM dharmasApekSatA para hI bhAratIya manISiyoM ne bala diyA hai / viSayoM meM ghRNA kA pUrNa udaya hone para hI hI karma kA saMnyAsa hai aura tatpazcAt darzana ciMtana meM Ananda tathA kRtArthatA hai / sImitArtha meM mAna kara koI mahattva nahIM hai / dharmanirapekSa svataMtra ciMtana kA artha hai pramANa nirapekSatA ko apanAnA / vedoM kI pramANatA isalie mAnya hai ki brahma ke yathArtha nirUpaNa kA sAmarthya pramANAntara meM nahIM hai / dhyAtavya hai ki vedoM ke pramANa ko sthalAntaroM meM usakI upekSA karane meM svatantra darzana ko zaMkarAcAryajI ne bhI adhyAhAra na karate hue upaniSad ke pUrvApara vacana se hI brahma ko sat - cit Ananda mAnA hai, aura kahA hai "aupaniSadaM puruSaM pRcchAmi / " veda kI prAmANikatA meM bhrama rahate yA nirdoSitA kA bhAva na rakhate hue aMza vizeSa meM mAnanA upaniSad ko apramANa ThaharAnA hai / sarvAMza meM upaniSad saMhitAdi yathocita pramANa haiM to vibhinna paMthoM kA samanvaya upAsanA bheda ko svIkAra karane para hI sambhava hai jisakA vivecana Upara ho cukA hai / parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa 203 (5) prazna--apane mata ke pakSa meM samarthana aura vipakSa kA khaNDana karane meM vedavacana ko pramANa ke rUpa meM uddhRta karanA bhAratIya darzanoM kI yuktivAda kI durbalatA hai / isako dUra karane meM dArzanaka cintana kI kyA prakriyA ho? __uttara-khaNDana-maNDana meM vedavacana ko pramANa yA AdhAra mAnanA yukti-yukta hai| pUrvaparigRhIta upAsanA kI dRr3hatA ke lie khaNDana-maNDana hai| isakA prayojana dUsare meM doSa dekhanA, apane iSTa meM ananyatA, prema vizvAsa utpanna karanA hai| yaha vicAra patnI kI pati meM niSThA ke udAharaNa se vyakta hai| jisase vyAvahArika naitika bhAva banAne meM bAdhA nahIM dekhI jaatii| dUsarA udAharaNa yaha vaidika vacanaM hai / "udite juhoti anudite juhoti" ina donoM vidhAnoM ko vedoM ne nindita batAyA hai| vedoM ko sarvAMzena pramANa mAnane vAle manISiyoM kA isa para yaha nirNaya hai ki uditAnudita homa anyatara pakSa kI svIkRti hone para dUsarA pakSa sadA ke lie nindita aura tyAjya haiN| (6) prazna-bhAratIya darzana kI navInatA meM prAcIna sUtroM ke anurUpa vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai| isakA artha huA ki ati prAcIna kAla meM jo maulika ciMtana huA usake bAda usa dhArA kA vilopa huA / isa prakAra navIna ciMtana piSTapeSaNa hI hai aura use dUra karane ke lie bhAratIya cintana kI kyA dizA ho ? uttara-zabda pramANa vedya artha eka hI hai, apramANavedyatA ananta hai| aupaniSada artha bhAratIya darzana ke cintana kA viSaya hai, usako upaniSadoM ne prakaTa kiyA hai vaha artha pramANa siddha hai, trikAlAbAdhita hai kyoMki nirduSTa pramANa kA bAdha nahIM hotaa| usa cintana ke viparIta cintana ko manISIgaNa pramANa prasUta kahane meM vizvAsa nahIM krte| ataH bhAratIya darzana meM upaniSadAnumodita navIna cintana dhArA kA avakAza na hone se usakA vilopa honA iSTa hai| vidvAnoM kI vizeSatA yahI hai ki mUla siddhAnta para udita AkSepoM kA samAdhAna kara pramANa siddha siddhAnta kA nirbAdha bnaaveN| isa dRSTi se darzana kI navInatA ko koI sthAna hai, kahanA kaThina hai / brahma ke sambandha meM ciMtana kI navInatA kI kalpanA to sarvathA nirAdhAra hai| . (7) prazna-bhAratIya darzana kA prayojana nirvANa hai| AdhyAtmika artha meM nirvANa aihika jIvana kA Adarza nahIM hai| isalie bhAratIya darzana jIvana kI samasyAoM se vimukha haiN| isa AkSepa ke samAdhAna meM kyA bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargI karaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai ? / uttara--Atma cintana kA sambandha nyAya, nirNayayukta daNDatA, mAdhurya nItyukta sAmaprayoga siddhi evaM sneha kI sthApanA se hai| ukta pA~coM tattva Adarza jIvana parisaMvAda-3

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204 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM se sambandha haiN| rAjanItizAstra ne saMnyAsa kI upayogitA ko dhyAna meM rakha kara hI saMnyAsa para bala diyA hai| vizeSa vivecana rAjanIti ke 'kroDa patra' meM draSTavya hai| . bhAratIya darzana meM cintana kA saMbaMdha sneha ke sAtha isa prakAra hai| vahI zAsana bhAratIya nityAnugAmI saphala mAnA jAtA hai jisameM zAsaka apane prati dezavAsiyoM kA sambandha snehamaya' banA ske| sneha hI jIvana kA prANa hai jo zuci ujjvala zrRMgAra rasa kA pratIka hai| sAhityazAstra meM prema kA vyabhicArI bhAva capalatA mAnI gayI hai jisakA udaya rAga dveSa meM hotA hai| usakA pariNAma avimRzyakAritA, tAr3ana, bandhana yA vadha kahA gayA hai jo vaira kA kAraNa hai| ataH AtmatrANa ke lie rAgadveSa se vimukti upAdeya hai| binA darzana ke yathArtha ciMtana nahoM aura binA yathArtha tarka yukta vicAra ke rAgadveSa vimukti sambhava nahIM hai| isa rIti se nirvANa ko jIvana kA Adarza na mAnanA nItisaMgata nahIM hai| yadyapi vividiSA meM dharma ke aMgatva kA siddhAnta darzana siddhAnta ko mAnya hai, phira bhI nItisiddhAnta kI dRSTi isase pRthak hai arthAt saMpUrNa vidyA evaM tatprakAzita dharma rAjadharma kI sthApanA meM aMgabhUta haiM, isa siddhAnta ke poSaNa meM bhAratIya darzana jisa prakAra vargIkRta haiM, vaha Upara kahA gayA hai| (8) prazna--bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa karake usameM bauddha, jaina Adi kA saMgrahaNa karane meM kyA bAdhA hai ? uttara-vedapramANa sApekSatA va nirapekSatA, varNAzramadharma kI mAnyatA va amAnyatA, pAramArthika satya kI vyAvahArika satya para svIkRti-asvIkRti, zUnyavAda evaM sat-vAda, vedAdhIna zucitA evaM pramANa nirapekSa azucitA tathA pUrvapakSa evaM uttarapakSa ke bheda jahA~ taka jAgarUka haiM vahA~ taka vargIkaraNa ke nAma para kisI ke bhI mata ko andhere meM rakhanA bhAvI pIr3hI ke sAtha pratAraNA karanA hogaa| ukta matoM ko vargIkaraNa se pRthak rakhanA hI hai aura yadi vargIkaraNa meM unako sthAna denA hI hai to pArasparika sahayoga dete hue apane-apane sthAna meM unake tathAkathita pArthakya ko sarvatra pratyabhijJAta karAte hue yathAsthAna rakhane meM hI pratAraNA kA abhAva siddha hogaa| anyathA bhaviSya meM sanmatro, yathArthavAditA, kSIra-nIravivekitA ko khokara vartamAna vidvAna avizvAsa ke pAtra hoNge| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIyadarzanoM ke vargIkaraNa para eka vicAra zrIrAmavihArI dvivedI aneka dArzanikoM ke dvArA isa para vicAra hone ke bAvajUda Aja isa prazna kI punarAvRtti ki 'bhAratIya darzana se kyA samajhA jAya? darzana meM bhAratIyatA kyA hai? jisase bhAratIya darzanoM kI asAdhAraNa pahacAna samajhI jAya' ? viSaya kI jaTilatA kA dyotaka hai, phira bhI eka akiMcana prayAsa kiyA jA rahA hai / jisa jagat meM hama rahate haiM aura jagata ke sAtha jo hamArA samvandha hai, usI kI sammilita avadhAraNA darzana hai| pleTo ( Plato ) ne darzana kI utpatti Azcarya se batAyA hai ( Philosophy begings in wonder ) madhyayugIna zAstrIya cintakoM ne- vizvAsa ke dvArA jJAna kI utpatti hotI hai (Credo ut Intelligam) pratipAdita kiyaa| kintu Adhunika yuga kA prakhyAt vicAraka DekArTa sa (Descartes) ne sandeha paddhati [ Method of Doubt ] kA avalambana kara sandeha ko hI darzana kI utpatti kA mUla pratipAdita kiyA / DekArTas ne kahA ki-jJAna kI utpatti sandeha se hotI hai [ Dubeto ut Intelligam ] / kucheka ne jijJAsA se darzana kI utpatti batAI hai| __ spaSTa hai ki kisI bhI naI vastu ke nirdhAraNa meM dvividhA kA AnA svAbhAvika hai / vaidika RSi manuSya kI utpatti aura unakI samasyAoM kI, brahmANDa aura prAkRtika rUpoM kI, jJAna, vicAra, jIvana, kalA aura usakI samasyAoM kI, cintana aura astitva ke madhya upasthita mUlabhUta sambandhoM kI samasyAoM kI, mastiSka aura padArtha ke bIca sambandha kI samasyAoM kI vyAkhyA karane meM nirantara prayatnazIla se pratIta hote haiM, aura vAstava meM darzana kA kSetra bhI yahI hai| darzana isa prazna kA uttara DhUr3hatA hai ki isa brahmANDa kA nirmANa Izvara ne kiyA yA yaha anAdikAla se maujUda hai| sabase pahale padArtha kA udbhava huA yA AtmA kA? astitva kA athavA vicAra kA? kyA isa jagat kA vAstavika jJAna parisaMvAda-3

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206 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe hamAre vicAra meM ho sakatA hai ? isa jagata kA astitva hamAre cintana meM hI hai ? athavA cintana se pare bhI isakA koI svatantra astitva hai ? ina praznoM ke uttaroM ke sAtha hI samasta dezoM meM AdhyAtmika aura bhautikavAdI vicAra dhArA kA vikAsa huaa| bhAratIya darzana ko samajhane kI bAta jahA~ uThegI, vahIM hamArA dhyAna cintana ko prArambhika vindu kI ora AkarSita hogA, aura sahI mAnane meM tabhI hama niSpakSa rUpa se isake vikAsa ke svarUpa ko samajha skeNge| "bhAratIyadarzana AtmA kA vijJAna hai"1 vRcha vidvAn kahate haiN| kintu yaha kahane se pUrva hameM sAvadhAnI pUrvaka yathAsambhava sambandhita tathyoM ko ekatra karane ke sAtha hI niSpakSa evaM pUrvAgrahoM se vilaga aura taTastha rahanA hogaa| hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki viSaya kI uparathApanA meM hamArI dhArmika evaM pAramparika mAnyatAeM to nahIM praveza kara rahI haiM ? vastutaH apane vAstavika svarUpa ko chor3A nahIM jA sakatA, kintu viSayagata prayatna niSpakSa honA cAhie aura taTastha niSpakSatA ke abhAva meM yaha kahane kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki- "bhAratIya darzanoM kA kArya apanIapanI dhArmika mAnyatAoM evaM vizvAsoM kI puSTi karanA hai| isalie yahA~ ke darzana eka prakAra ke dhArmika cintana hI hai"| phrAMsisa bekana ( Francis Bacon ) ne darzanazAstra ke samIkSAtmaka cintana ko andhavizvAsoM evaM vyaktigata ruciyoM ko vyaktigata siddhAntoM se bacA rahanA cAhie, khaa| inhoMne Age kahA hai ki 'Alasya ke kAraNa bhAgya mAnakara santoSa karanA, sundaratA kI dRSTi se svarga amRta Adi kI kalpanA kara, mana ko bahalAnA Adi dArzanika kA kArya nahIM hai| kintu bekana kA yaha dRSTikoNa anubhavahIna tathA tathyahIna pratIta hotA hai| yaha to spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya darzana brahma kI ekAtmakatA ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra karatA hai aura vizvAsa kI puSTi Anubhavika tathyoM kI paripuSTatA ke AdhAra para karatA hai| Rgveda ke RSi eka ora indratva, varuNatva kI kalpanA karate haiM, vahIM dUsarI ora usI para sandeha karate haiM ki use kisane dekhA hai| kintu antataH ve isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce ki indra, varuNa, somAdideva alaga-alaga nahIM, apitu eka 1. nArAyaNa rAva, inTroDekzana TU vedAnta pR0 33 2. yUropIya darzana pRSTha 32 3. Rgveda 8 / 100 / 3 parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa para eka vicAra zakti ke aneka nAma haiM' isI prakAra prAcIna yUnAna meM apolo aura eghinA kA svarUpa hai, sAtha hI hibrU jAti meM sthAna hai / prAcIna bhArata kI sabhyatA, saMskRti aura darzana ke vikAsa kI prakriyA se bahuta kucha milatA huA grIsa deza kI sabhyatA, saMskRti aura darzana hai / grIka dArzanikoM sarvaprathama jar3a jagat kA vivecana kiyaa| Age calakara caitanyasvarUpa AtmA kA aura bAda meM jar3a aura AtmA ke samanvayAtmaka rUpa tattva [ Matter ] ko svIkArA / jisa prakAra grIka darzana ke prArambhika vicAraka jagat yA brahmANDa ke kAraNa kI parikalpanA arthAt -- yaha jagat jala, agni, vAyu kisI eka avyakta dravya aura paramANu Adi kA pariNAma hai, mAnate the / vahIM bhAratIya vaidika RSi jala, agni, vAyu Adi para devatva Aropita kara AvAhana karate hue dIkhate haiM, jisakI mAnyatA Aja bhI bhArata meM hai / 207 kahA jAtA hai ki grIka darzana kA prArambhika cintana prakRti darzana hai, aura usI ke antargata jyotiSa, gaNita, prAkRtika jJAna kI sampUrNa zAkhAoM tathA auSadhivijJAna taka ko darzana kI sImA meM rakhA gayA thA / vAstava meM ina vicArakoM ko AdhyAtmika aura bhautika tattvoM meM bheda kA jJAna nahIM thA / samaya ke avirala pravAha meM ekjimeNDara ( Anaximander ) ne tarka ke abhAva meM bhI manasa ko jagat kA mUla ghoSita kiyaa| Age pAithAgorasa ( Pythagoras ) ne dravya ( Matter ) aura mana, zarIra aura AtmA, tathA Izvara aura jagata ke bheda ko nirUpita kiyA thA / kintu pAithAgoriyansa bhI gaNitIya rahasyavAda ke kAraNa AdhyAtmika darzana kA vikAsa karane meM akSama rahe / Age sophisTo ne apane sandehavAdI aura vitaNDAvAdI siddhAntoM ke jarie eka aisI paddhati ko janma diyA jo vyAvahArika rUpa se lAbhaprada thI / isa nikAya kA siddhAnta vyaktivAdI tathA svArthapUrNatA se otaprota thA, aura aucityAnaucitya kA mAnadaNDa mAnava kI saMvedanAeM aura AkAMkSAeM hI thIM / 1. ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadanti / Rgveda 1 / 164 / 46 2. grIka darzana pR0 15 bhI jyU a, posIDAna, jehovA kA bhI yahI * isake pazcAt sukarAta ( Socrates) nAmaka ojasvI mahApuruSa ne pratyaya ko eka uccatara sattA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate hue cintanazIla tattva antazcetanA ( Spirit ) ko zarIra se pRthak mAna, vastu aura tattva meM bheda karate hue tattva ko hI parisaMvAda - 3

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208 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM dArzanika cintana kA viSaya pratipAdita kiyaa| sakarAta ne jJAna kI upalabdhi ke lie aneka Avazyaka zarto kA vivecana kiyA, jisake phala svarUpa tarkazAstra kA janma huaa| inake ziSya pleTo ke dvandva-nyAya ( Dialectic) aura arastU ke prathama darzana ( First Philosophy ) ke rUpa meM nItizAstra aura tarkazAstra kA vikAsa huaa| yajurveda yA sAmaveda jo Rgveda kI hI zRGkhalA ke haiM, yAjJika prakriyA se otaprota haiN| yajJakriyA kA vikasita rUpa brAhmaNa granyoM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| brAhmaNa granthoM ke bAda AraNyakoM kI racanA huI, jisake kucha aMza ko dArzanika kAvya ( Philosophical Poems ) kI saMjJA dI gayI, jo Aja upaniSad ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| Anandamaya jIvana kI bhAvanA se ota-prota upaniSad kI dArzanika dRSTi bhautika evaM aindriyaka nahIM, apitu alaukika evaM AdhyAtmika hai| yahIM se bhAratIya darzana kI vibhinna zAkhAe~ avirala dhArA meM pravAhita huiiN| IzA pUrva sAtavIM zatAbdI se dUsarI zatAbdI ke madhya aneka RSiyoM kA prAdurbhAva huA, jinhoMne apane ojasvI ciMtana se aneka darzanoM ko janma dithaa| inameM mukhyata: vRhaspati, kapila, gautama, kaNAda, jaiminI, vAdarAyaNa, varddhamAna aura buddha ne kramaza:--lokAyata, sAMkhya, nyAya, vaizeSika, yoga, mImAMsA, vedAnta, jaina aura bauddha darzana kA pratipAdana kiyaa| prAcIna bhArata ke ina mahAna dArzanikoM ne apane Anubhavika tathyoM ko sUtroM aura saMkSipta sUktiyoM meM vyakta kie| jisake khaNDana-maNDana se bhAratIya darzana vibhinna zAkhAoM-prazAkhAoM meM vikasita huaa| yahA~ yaha dhyAtavya hai ki ye sUtra ina dArzanika praNAliyoM ke Arambha bindu nahIM the, apitu ye parikalpanAoM ke eka lambe daura ke samApana ke saikar3oM varSoM se maujUda kisI vicAra ke aspaSTa svarUpa ke spaSTIkaraNa ke dyotaka the / arthAt inakA Arambha-vindu vaidika vAGmaya hI hai| prakRti-pradatta aihika jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kI sAmagrI to sulabha hai hI, para isa duHkhamaya saMsAra meM jahA~, anAvRSTi, bAr3ha, pracaNDa garmI, bhayaMkara tUphAna Adi kA prAbalya hai, vahIM mAnavIya saMvedanAoM kA, hiMsA-pratihiMsA kA, nIti-anIti kA, satyAsatya ke vicAra kA sarvathA abhAva hai| aise pariveza meM kisI divya zakti kI 2. ke. dAmodagn bhAratIya cintana paramparA pR0 85 parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa para eka vicAra 209 parikalpanA ravAbhAvika ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra trividhatApa se santapta mAnava kI zAnti ke lie bhArata meM darzana zAstra kA AvirbhAva haA hai| vastutaH mAnava meM do svAbhAvika avadhAraNAe~ vidyamAna rahatI haiM-( 1 ) bhautika jIvana se sambandha rakhane vAlI tathA ( 2 ) alaukika Adarza se sambandha rakhane vaalii| prAcIna bhArata ke taponiSTha manISiyoM ne apanI kuzAgra buddhi ke bala para parivartanazIla anekarUpAtmaka padArthoM ke antaH meM virAjamAna ekarUpatA ko phcaanaa| unhoMne yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki jisa prakAra isa parivartanazIla jagat meM eka aparivartanazIla tattva vidyamAna hai. usI prakAra eka aparivartanazIla tattva kI sattA isa zarIra ke bhItara vidyamAna hai| vahI jagata kA niyAmaka tattva brahma hai, aura zarIra kA niyAmaka tattva AtmA ke nAma se abhihita hai| zruti hameM upadeza detI hai ki-AtmA kA sAkSAtkAra karo--- 'AtmA vA are draSTavyaH' / Atmatattva kA jJAna prApta karanA pratyeka darzana kA lakSya hai| kahA bhI gayA hai ki-'AtmanaH svruupennaavsthitirmokssH'| zruti vAkyoM se Atmatattva kA zravaNa karanA caahie| tAkika vRttiyoM se usakA manana karanA cAhie tathA yoga pratipAdita upAyoM ke dvArA usakA nididhyAsana karanA caahie| bhAratIya darzana kA mukhya lakSya mAnava ko sAMsArika duHkhoM se, bandhana se mukti dilAnA hai aura vaha muktitattva jJAna yA AtmajJAna se hI prApta ho sakatA hai| ajJAna hI bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa hai| bAra-bAra janma lenA aura sAMsArika duHkhoM ko sahanA hI bandhana hai| bhAratIya darzana punarjanma kI saMbhAvanA kA nAza kara mokSa-prApti kA upAya-mArga pratipAdita karatA hai| isIlie ajJAna ke nAza ke lie vaha nididhyAsana kI bAta kahatA hai| nididhyAsana kA artha hai svIkArya siddhAntoM kA nirantara cintana / Adarzamaya jIvana kI prApti ke lie, ekAgra cintana aura dhyAna hetu yoga darzana kA vikAsa haA hai| mAtra tarka ke dvArA pratipAdita siddhAnta sthAyI nahIM hote| aura yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya darzana kI vibhinna zAkhAoM jaise-sAMkhya, nyAya-vaizeSika. vedAnta, bauddha aura jaina darzanoM meM bhI yoga kA varNana kisI na kisI rUpa meM nirUpita hai| 1. bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 2 / 4 / 8 parisaMvAda-3 27

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210 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM bhAratIya darzanoM meM apavAdasvarUpa eka cArvAka darzana hI aisA darzana hai jo mokSa ko jIvana kA antima lakSya nahIM maantaa| anya sabhI darzana bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM mokSa ko svIkAra karate haiM / vedAnta aura jainAdi darzanoM ke anusAra mokSa se jIvana ke duHkhoM kA mAtra zamana hI nahIM, apitu paramAnanda kI upalabdhi bhI hotI hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya darzana kA kArya niHzreyas phala kI prApti karAnA hai| aba yahA~ prazna hai ki kyA bhAratIyadarzana kA Astika-nAstika rUpa meM vibhAjana prAcIna cintana dhArAoM kI dRSTi se ucita hai| yaha pahale bhI likhA jA cukA hai ki kisI bhI samasyA ke samAdhAna se pUrva usa samasyA ko ThIka se samajhA jAya, sAtha hI isa bAta kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAya ki samasyA kA samAdhAna kisI pUrvAgraha yA pAramparika aura dhArmika mAnyatAoM se prabhAvita na ho| IzA pUrva ke pAtaJjali ke anusAra Astika kA artha hai 'asti' ko mAnane vAlA aura nAstika kA artha hai vaha jo 'nAsti' ko maane| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki Astika vaha hai jo paraloka ko mAnatA hai| aura 'nAstika' vaha hai jo paraloka meM vizvAsa nahIM krtaa| kintu ina zabdoM ke sAtha bAda meM naye artha judd'e| vedoM kI sattA svIkAra karane vAlI praNAliyA~ Astika ,kahI jAne lagI, aura vedoM kI sattA na svIkAra karane vAlI praNAliyoM ko nAstika kahA jAne lgaa| isa naye vargIkaraNa ke anusAra sAMkhya, nyAya-vaizeSika, yoga, vedAnta aura mImAMsA ko Astika varga meM rakhA gyaa| vahIM lokAyata mAdhyamika, sautrAntika, vaibhASika aura jaina ko nAstika varga meM rakhA gyaa| eka atyanta prakhyAta avadhAraNA ki nAstikavAda anIzvaravAda hai, galata pramANita kiyA jAtA hai| yadi bhAratIya darzana kA Astika-nAstika vibhAjana IzvaravAda ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hotA to sAMkhya, vaizeSika aura mImAMsA ko bhI anIzvaravAdI hone ke kAraNa nAstika darzanoM kI zreNI meM ginA jaataa| sAMkhya, vaizeSika aura mImAMsA isa jagata ke udbhava kA mUlatattva brahma athavA parama cetanA ke AdarzavAdI siddhAnta ko nahIM, apitu koI na koI bhautikavAdI siddhAnta hI mAnate haiN| ___ bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa ke aneka prayatna hue haiN| kucha to rUr3hivAdI aura dharma virodhI praNAliyoM ke rUpa meM vibhAjana karate haiN| sAMkhya-yoga, nyAya-vezeSika, vedAnta aura mImAMsA ko rUr3hivAdI praNAlI tathA lokAyata, bauddhadarzana aura jainadarzana ko vidharmI praNAlI kA mAnate haiN| yahA~ ullekhanIya hai ki svayaM apane Apako 1. nAstiko vedanindakaH / parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa para eka vicAra 211 bauddha dharma aura jaina dharma rUr3hivAdI mAnate the, vahIM vedAnta ko ve darzana kI vidharmI praNAlI mAnate the| isa prakAra manacAhI aneka praNAliyoM meM bhAratIya darzanoM kA vibhAjana ho jAyegA / jaisA ki "bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa se sambandhita kucha vicAraNIya prazna" meM bhI eka naI praNAlI darzAyI gayI hai| ataH agara bhAratIya darzana kA bhautikavAdI aura AdhyAtmavAdI yA abhautikavAdI praNAliyoM ke rUpa meM vibhAjana kiyA jAya to yaha atyanta yathArtha aura niSpakSa sA pratIta hotA hai| adhyAtmavAda ke kheme meM ve dArzanika Ate haiM jo AtmA ko prAthamikatA dete hue kisI na kisI rUpa meM isa jagata ko brahma kA kauzala mAnate haiN| dUsarI ora bhautikavAdI dArzanika ve haiM jo AtmA ke alAvA prakRti kI prAthamikatA kI upasthApanA karate haiN| bhAratIya samAja ne na kevala AdhyAtmika yA AdarzavAdI vicAroM ko hI apitu bhautikavAdI vicAroM ko bhI janma diyaa| vaise to devI prasAda caTTopAdhyAya ne apanI pustaka lokAyata meM AdhyAtmika vicAroM ke udaya ke sandarbha meM likhA hai kiAdarzavAda. Adima Adya-bhautikavAda ke, jo Adimavarga pUrvasamAja kI cetanA kA dyotaka thA, dhvaMsAvazeSoM para huA / inake anusAra na kevala lokAyata, apitu sAMkhya aura yoga, aura yahA~ taka ki madhyayugIna tantravAda, kabIloM ke rUpa meM rahane vAle logoM ke AdimakAlIna prajanana-sambandhI jAdU se utpanna hue the, jise suvyavasthita bhASA meM AhA bhautikavAda kahate haiM / Adya-bhautikavAda meM prakRti kI dharatI mAtA kI utpAdakatA ko mAnava prajanana kI prakriyA kA anukaraNa karake bar3hAyA athavA AkarSita kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isI prakAra mAnava urvaratA prAkRtika urvaratA se sambaddha hai,' para AdhArita hai| inake hI anusAra vaidika vizva dRSTikoNa eka prakAra se Adya bhautikavAda kI dharatI kA upaja thA, kyoMki vaha karmakANDoM se jur3A huA thaa| 1. ke. dAmodaran bhAratIya cintana paramparA pR0 88 2. devI prasAda caTTopAdhyAya lokAyata pR0 23 dekhie, bhAratIya cintana paramparA pR0 86 3. devI prasAda caTTopAdhyAya lokAyata pR0 20, 63, , 4. ke. dAmodarana bhAratIya cintana paramparA pR0 18 parisaMvAda-3

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212 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM yahA~ vicAraNIya viSaya yaha nahIM hai ki AdarzavAda kaise paidA huA ? valki mAnava mastiSka kI AdhyAtmavAdI avadhAraNAoM kA prArambha avazya dekhanA hogA aura vastutaH tabhI hama niSpakSa pramANita ho skeNge| aba to yaha spaSTa hI hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM adhyAtmavAda kI do dhArAe~ thiiN| eka Anubhavika tathyoM para AdhArita thI, to dUsarI vastu jagata se sambandha rakhatI thiiN| isa prakAra bhArata kI vikasita eka praNAlI ne aisA jJAna prApta karane kA prayatna kiyA jisake dvArA manuSya ko apane jIvana kAla meM Ane vAlI kaThinAiyoM aura pIr3AoM se mukti prApta ho sake / vastutaH bhAratIya itihAsa meM bhautikavAda ne bhI apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhA hai| bhautikavAda ne mAnavatAvAda kI rakSA karate hue jIvana ke prati sacce prema kA sabaka sikhAyA aura sAmAjika utthAna kA sAtha diyaa| bhautikavAda ke antargata aneka zAstroM, jaise--kalA, saMgIta, sAhitya, nRtya aura jJAna, citrakalA tathA nATyazAstra ke vikAsa ke sAtha hI yauna sambandhoM ke bAre meM atyanta ziSTatApUrvaka chAnabIna kI bhAvanA bhI pallakti huii| bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa ke sandarbha meM pujhe sirpha itanA hI kahanA hai ki viSaya kA pratipAdana svarUpa tattvoM kI dRSTi se honA caahie| vaha pratipAdana bhautikavAdI aura abhautikavAdI yA adhyAtmavAdI rUpa meM ho sakatA hai| viSaya ke bodha ke lie tarka Adi kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu tarka ko zAstra mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai, balki tarka ko inhI ke antargata samajhanA cAhie / 1. ke0 dAmodaran bhAratIya cintana paramparA pR0 90 parisaMvAda-3

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'bhAratIyadarzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa' paricarcA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa dinAMka 25-4-81 ko "bhAratIya darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa" viSaya para sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya ke mukhyabhavana ke vyAkhyAna kakSa meM dvidivasIya paricarcA DA0 devasvarUpa mizra ke svAgata bhASaNa ke anantara prArambha huI / sarvaprathama saMgoSThI ke saMyojaka zrIrAdhezyAmadharadvivedI ne goSThI se sambandhita praznAvalI ko vidvAnoM ke samakSa vicArArtha prastuta kiyA / tadanantara vizvavidyAlaya ke kulapati DA0 gaurInAtha zAstrI apane saMkSipta udghATana bhASaNa meM ina praznAvaliyoM kA mahattva svIkAra karate hue kahA ki sabhI darzanoM ke pravaktA RSi the / RSi satya draSTA hote haiM aura satya eka hI hotA hai / aisI sthiti meM yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai ki RSiyoM se sambandhita ina darzanoM meM matabheda kaise hotA hai / aura jaise Astika darzanoM ke tattvadraSTA RSi gaNa the vaise nAstika darzana ke tattva draSTA buddha ko bhI jJAna kA prakAza huA thA / aisI sthiti meM darzanoM kA Astika nAstika bheda karane kA aucitya kyA hai ? viSayopasthAna meM dharmo ke bIca se bhAratIya darzanoM kA kaise udbhava huA aura kisa prakAra prAraMbha se anta taka bhAratIya darzana vibhinna dhArmika dhArAoM se prabhAvita rahA hai ise batAte hue pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne kahA ki - vartamAna paristhiti meM dharma evaM sampradAyoM se nirapekSa hokara dArzanika cintana karanA Avazyaka ho gayA hai / isake lie unhoMne prastAvita kiyA ki darzanoM kA viSayAnurodhI nayA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAnA caahie| abataka zAstroM kI mAnyatAoM ko vizvasanIya banAne meM buddhi evaM tarka kA prayoga kiyA gayA, aba svayaM nirapekSa buddhi ko hI adhikAdhika spaSTa evaM vizvasanIya banAne kI AvazyakatA hai| isake lie unhoMne yaha bhI kahA ki prAcIna kAla meM jJAna ke srota alpatama the / aba bhautika vijJAna kucha aise tathyoM ko pragaTa karatA jA rahA hai jinase vizva kA dArzanika cintana eka nayA mor3a le rahA hai / hameM bhI apane jJAna kI vRddhi meM yathA sambhava unakI upalabdhiyoM kI sahAyatA lenI cAhie / anta meM unhoMne kahA ki darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa aura usameM naye tattva parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM cintana kI saphalatA isa para nirbhara hai ki hama darzana ko eka cintana kI prakriyA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kareM jisake dvArA jJAna ko vizuddha se vizuddhatara aura vizuddhatama banAyA jA ske| unhoMne bhAratIya darzanoM kI asAdhAraNatA ko yoga, tarka, tathA mokSa ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyaa| 214 uparyukta prastAva para vicAra karane ke pUrva usa sambandha meM paM0 raghunAtha zarmA ( bhU0 pU0 vedAnta vibhAgAdhyakSa saM0 vi0 vi0 ) tathA paM0 badarInAtha zukla (bhU0 pU0 kulapati saM0 vi0 vi0 ) ke likhita vicAra prastuta kiye gaye / zrozarmA jI ne kahA ki yadi viSayoM ke anusAra darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAya to unakA adhyayana asambhava athavA duHsAdhya ho jAyegA / isalie sampradAyAnusAra vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai / bhAratIya darzana ke viSayoM kA cintana RSiyoM svatantra rUpa se kiyA / buddha, jaina, vRhaspati Adi zAstrapravartakoM kA cintana svatantra huA / prArambha meM sabhI darzanoM ke maulika cintana svatantra hue| bAda meM sUtroM kA avalambana karake vyAkhyAna rUpa se cintana huA aura ho rahA hai / zrIzarmA jI ne aneka dRSTAntoM ke dvArA yaha batAyA hai ki bhAratIya darzana vizvAsa mUlaka dhArmika cintana mAtra nahIM haiM / sabhI cintana dharma nirapekSa haiM / unhoMne bhAratIya darzanoM kA mukhya rUpa se tIna vargIkaraNa batAyA ( 1 ) nyAya-vaizeSika (2) sAMkhya yoga (3) pUrvottara-mImAMsA unhoMne kahA ki viSayAnusAra naye vargIkaraNa meM advaitavAda meM zUnyavAda, vijJAnavAda, zakyadvaita, zivAda eta Adi ko jo rakhane kA prastAva hai yaha kathamapi ThIka nahIM hai / kyoMki ye mUlataH advaita siddhAnta nahIM haiM / viziSTAdvaita bhI maulika advaita nahIM hai / niSkarSa meM unhoMne kahA ki paramparAgata bhAratIya darzana paryApta evaM pUrNa hai / usameM kisI prakAra kA parivartana apekSita nahIM hai / O AcArya paM badarInAtha zukla ( bhU0 pU0 kulapati saM0 saM0vi0 vi0 ) ne bhAratIya darzanoM ke viSaya paraka vibhAjana kI sambhAvanA ke sandarbha meM kahA ki bhAratIya darzanoM ke pratipAdya viSayoM kI bahulatA hai / unameM kucha aise bhI viSaya haiM jo sabhI parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa paricarcA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 215 darzanoM meM samAna rUpa se parigrahIta haiM, aise sAmAnya viSayoM ke AdhAra para hI viSaya paraka vibhAjana kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu ye viSaya una una darzanoM meM varNita anyAnya viSayoM se anubaddha haiN| ataH yadi kevala samAna viSayoM ke AdhAra para hI vibhAjana hogA to anubaddha viSaya ke chUTa jAne se viSayoM kA samagra rUpa se bodha na ho sakegA / ataH viSayaparaka vibhAjana kI ucita upayogitA nahIM pratIta hotii| unhoMne kahA ki bhAratIya darzana meM kevala dhArmika mAnyatAoM aura vizvAsoM kI puSTi kI gayI hai| yaha ucita nahI haiM kyoMki sabhI darzanoM meM jJAna ko hI niHzreyasa kA pramukha sAdhana batAyA gayA hai| vaha jJAna dharma aura AcAroM kA nahIM kintu Atma-anAtma sabhI padArthoM ke viSaya kA hai| paravartI cintaka apane pUrvavartI vidvAnoM ke sAtha saMvAda ke lie unake bacanoM kA ullekha karate haiN| usakA niSkarSa yaha nahIM ki unakA yuktivAda durbala hai yA uttaravartI vidvAnoM meM svataMtra cinsana kI kSamatA nahIM hai| kyoMki unhoMne pUrvavartI cintakoM kI bota nayI zailI aura nayI zabdAvalI meM prastuta kI haiN| unhoMne kahA ki yaha ThIka hai ki prAcIna sUtroM ko AdhAra banA kara bAda meM vistRta TIkAyeM likhI jAtI haiN| kintu yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki eka choTe se sUtra ke Upara jo racanA hotI hai, usameM aise vicAra bhare rahate haiM jo pUrNa maulika hote haiN| anta meM unhoMne yaha kahA ki hamAre deza kA dharmazAstra jo rAjazAstrA, samAjazAstra, arthazAstrA bhI haiM, ve yahA~ ke darzanoM ke aMga bhI haiM / ataH unake adhyayana ke sAtha hI kisI darzana kA adhyayana pUrA hotA hai| idhara ke saikar3oM varSoM meM darzanoM kA adhyayana dharmazAstra ke adhyayana ke binA pUrA mAnA jAne lagA hai| isalie bhAratIya darzanoM ke sambandha meM samAja kI dRSTi se palAyanavAditA kA AkSepa hotA hai| uparyukta tIna vicAroM ke prastutIkaraNa ke anantara usa para vicAra vimarza meM nimnalikhita vidvAnoM ne bhAga lie-zrIrAmazaMkara tripAThI, zrI hebbArazAstrI, zrIkedAranAtha mizra, zrI sI0 ena mizra, zrI sempA dorje, zrIzivajI upAdhyAya, DaoN. mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI, pro0rAjArAma zAstrI, DaoN. revatIramaNa pANDeya, paM0 vizvanAthazAstrI dAtAra, paM. sudhAkara dIkSita, DA0 gokulacanda jaina aura DAH narendranAtha paannddey| parisaMvAda-3

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216 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM uparyukta vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya darzana kise kahate haiM ? aura una sabameM sAmAnya rUpa se vaha bhAratIyatA kyA hai ? jo ina darzano ko anya dhArAoM se ThagAvRtta karatI hai| isa viSaya para apane-apane vicAra vyakta kiye| zrI rAmazaMkara tripAThI ne paM0 raghunAtha zarmA tathA paM. badarInAtha zukla ke isa mata kI samIkSA karate hue kahA ki darzanoM kA viSayAkusArI vibhAjana ThIka nahIM hai / yadyapi unakA sAmpradAyika dhArmika pariveza meM udgama evaM vikAsa huA hai| phira bhI eka viSayaka vibhinna dArzanika siddhAntoM kA eka sAtha adhyayana karane se usa viSaya ke jJAna meM vyApakatA evaM gambhIratA tathA vikAsa meM sahAyatA milegii| unhoMne Age kahA ki bhAratIya advaita siddhAnta kA jJAna tabhI adhika vikasita mAnA jAyegA jaba ki zivAdvaita, zakyadvaita ke sAtha-sAtha hogela, kAnTa aura baiDale Adi ke advaita kA bhI adhyayana kiyA jaay| isI prakAra prAcIna bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne paramANu viSayaka jo vicAra prastuta kiye haiN| usake jJAna ke lie eka sAtha hI vaizeSika, vaibhASika, sautrAntika evaM jaina darzanoM ke paramANu viSayaka jJAna kA bhI adhyayana kiyA jAnA caahie| zrI hebvAra zAstrI ( rAmaghATa, vArANasI) ne bhAratIyadarzana kA dRSTisRSTivAda ke AdhAra para vivecana kiyaa| unhoMne Atyantika Ananda ko darzana kA uddezya btaayaa| unhoMne darzana ke adhyayana meM vijJAna kI AvazyakatA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unake anusAra vijJAna ke siddhAnta parivartita hote rahate haiN| jaba ki bhAratIya darzanoM ke siddhAnta ananta varSoM se eka samAna kAyama hai| pro0 sI0 ena0 mizra ( darzanavibhAga-bhAgalapura ) ne paMDita raghunAtha zarmA evaM paM0 badarInAtha zukla kA samarthana karate hue kahA ki bhArata meM utpanna vicAra bhAratIya darzana hai| unhoMne duHkha nivRtti meM bhAratIya darzanoM kI sarva sammata aikya dhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue dharma darzana ke aikya para vizeSa jora diyaa| DA0 ke0 ena0 mizra ( darzanavibhAga, kA. hi. vi. vi. ) ne bhAratIya darzana kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa karate hue kahA ki yadyapi bhArata meM utpanna logoM kA ciMtana hI bhAratIya darzana hai| kiMtu vistRta kAla ke pariprekSya meM deza-kAla-paristhiti tathA bhaugolika sAMskRtika tathA rAjanaitika parivartanoM ko bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA hogaa| bRhattara bhArata ke kAla meM usa samaya ke samasta utpanna vicAra bhAratIya darzana hI haiN| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa paricarcA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 217 mokSa ko bhAratIya darzana kI vizeSatA batAyA jAtA hai| kiMtu pUrvavartI mImAMsA darzana evaM lokAyata mokSa nahIM maante| isI prakAra AdhunikavicArakoM meM bhI mahAtmA gAMdhI, ravIndranAtha Taigora, kRSNacandra bhaTTAcArya Adi ke darzanamokSa paraka nahIM mAne jA sakate haiM, phira bhI ve bhAratIya darzana haiN| isa sthiti meM bhAratIya-darzana kI nizcita paribhASA karanA kaThina hai| kiMtu usake sandarbha meM kucha vivaraNa prastuta kiye jA sakate haiN| unhoMne isa sambandha meM paM. Ananda jhA ke vicAroM ko prastuta karate hue prAyaH unhIM ke samAna apanA mata vyakta kiyA ki jIvana meM gaharI ruci, jIvana kI sArthakatA, vizeSa anubhava, lokahita ke AdhAra para bhAratIya darzana ko samajhA jA sakatA hai / zrIsempAdorje ( upAcArya-tibbatI saMsthAna, sAranAtha ) ne kahA ki darzana ke sAtha kisI deza ko jor3anA ucita nahIM hai| unhoMne avidyA aura usake virodhI vidyA ke gambhIra aura vyApaka svarUpa ke vivecana ko hI bhAratIya darzana kA bhedaka svarUpa btaayaa| unhoMne Astika-nAstika vargIkaraNa kI apekSA bhAratIya darzanoM ko bAdhyAtmika darzana kahanA adhika upayukta maanaa| unhoMne viSayAnurodhI vargIkaraNa ke patha ko spaSTa karate hue kahA ki vastuvAda, avastuvAda jaisA vargIkaraNa karanA adhika samIcIna hogaa| pro.jagannAthopAdhyAya ke viSaya prastAvanA kA vizleSaNa karate hue zrI zivajI upAdhyAya (saM0 saM0 vi. vi. ) ne dharma-sampradAya nirapekSa dArzanika ciMtana, vargIkaraNa, vijJAna ke pariprekSya meM Agraha yukta ciMtana, vyApti ke navIkaraNa tathA zAstramuktaciMtana kA sujhAva diyaa| pro0 mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI (saM0saM0vi0vi0) ne kahA ki yahA~ ke darzanoM kA bhAratIya nAmakaraNa nitAnta anucita hai kinhIM pUrvavartI zAstroM meM isakA ullekha nahIM hai| bhAratIya ciMtakoM meM yaha pravRtti bhI nahIM rahI hai ki ve apanA udgama aura vikAsa nirdezita kreN| zrIrAmazaMkara tripAThI ne kahA ki darzana kA lakSya satya kA anveSaNa haiN| yaha sabhI para lAgU hotA hai| kiMtu darzana kA uddezya jIvana kA pariSkAra karanA bhI hai| yahI bhAratIya darzana kI vizeSatA hai| pro. rAjArAma zAstrI ne kahA ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA udgama vedoM ke pariprekSya meM huaa| unake anusAra baidikasAhitya meM jo pratyaya, zabda, bhASA vicAroM parisaMvAda-3 28

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218 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM dvArA prApta the, unhIM ke anumodana yA virodha meM jina vicAroM kA vikAsa huA, vaha bhAratIya darzana hai| bhAratIya darzana ke svarUpa kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue paM0 vizvanAthazAstrI dAtAra (saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 ) ne "nAnA zAstrArthaniSpannA matiH syAd zrutadhAriNI" ke AdhAra para ziSyoM ke hita ko unake vyAvahArika evaM pAramArthika jIvana ko dekhate hue zAstraniSNAtamati ko pragaTa karanA darzana mAnA, jo puruSArtha ke sAdhana kA mArga prakAzita karatI hai| pratyakSa, anumAna evaM zabda pramANoM se puSTa jJAna saMvAdI hotA hai, isalie darzana zAstra ke dvArA bhAratIya manISiyoM ne use prakAzita kiyaa| vAstava meM idaM prathamatayA zabda ko pramANa mAnanA darzanoM kI bhAratIyatA hai| paM0 dAtArazAstrI ne bhArata kA nivAsI hone se darzanoM ko bhAratIya kahanA ucita nahIM btaayaa| unhoMne sampUrNa ke udgama kA mUla srota veda ko hI nirdhArita kiyaa| pro. rAjArAma zAstrI ne paM0dAtArazAstrI se apane kathana kI bhinnatA ko spaSTa karate hue kahA ki dAtArazAstrI jI sabhI bhAratIya vicAroM ko vedoM se nirgata mAna kara vedoM ke prAmANya ke AdhAra para use vaidika mAnate haiM jabaki maiM vaidika pariprekSya meM unake saMpratyayoM ke AdhAra para udgata vicAroM ko bhAratIya kaha rahA huuN| isa sthiti meM veda ko pramANa na mAnane vAle unake virodhI svatantra vicAroM kA bhI udgama srota bhAratIya hI hai aisA maiM mAnatA huuN| zrI sudhAkara dIkSita ne pro. rAjArAma zAstrI ke vicAroM para TippaNI karate hue kahA ki jisa prakAra vaidika vicAroM ke pariprekSya meM zAstrI jI ne jo kahA hai vaha samasta bhAratIya vAGmaya para lAgU hotA hai| mAtra bhAratIya darzana kI dRSTi se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vedoM ke AdhAra para jo AtmA kA pratyaya banatA hai usake pariprekSya meM jo anukUla yA pratikUla vicAra udgata hue haiM, ve bhAratIya darzana haiN| isI prasaMga se jJAtavya hai ki vedoM ke AdhAra para mokSa ke sambandha meM jo pratyaya banatA hai use AdhAra mAna kara jo vicAra uddhRta hue haiM, ve sabhI bhAratIya darzana haiN| zrI kedAranAtha mizra jI kA yaha kathana ThIka nahI pratIta hotA ki mImAMsA darzana ke pUrvavartI AcAryoM ne mokSa kI kalpanA nahIM kI, kyoMki svayaM jauminI kA sUtra hai"sa: svargaH sarvAn pratyaviziSTatvAt" isameM svarga zabda nitya sukharUpa mokSa kA hI bodhaka hai| aura isI kI prApti ke lie samasta vaidika karmoM kA anuSThAna hotA hai| unhoMne Age kahA-jisa prakAra vaidika vicAroM ke pariprekSya meM unnata parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa paricarcA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa vicAroM ko bhAratIya kahA jAtA hai to AtmavAda ko bhI bhAratIya darzana kA lakSya kyoM na mAnA jAya / isake uttara meM pro. rAjArAma zAstrI ne svIkAra kiyA ki Atmapratyaya evaM anAtmapratyaya donoM hI vaidika saMpratyaya haiM / saMpratyaya mAnakara kahA jA sakatA hai ? 219 DA0 gokulacanda jaina ne isa viSaya para apanA mata prakaTa karate hue kahA ki darzanoM ke sAtha bhAratIya vizeSaNa denA ucita nahIM hai / kyoMki jina viSayoM para bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne vicAra vyakta kiyA hai| usa para pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhI vicAra kiyA hai / isa prakAra koI vyApti nahIM hai / jisake AdhAra para bhAratIya vizeSaNa ko upayukta mAnA jAya / DA0 revatIramaNa pANDeya ne pAzcAtya darzana se bhAratIya darzana kI bhinnatA batalAte hue kahA ki bhAratIyadarzana adhyAtmavAdI hai| jabaki pAzcAtya darzana bhautikavijJAnavAdI hai / bhAratIya darzana dharmaparaka hai jaba ki pAzcAtya darzana kAma aura arthaparaka | unhoMne sarvadarzanasaMgraha, sarvadarzanasamuccaya tathA DA0 rAdhAkRSNana bhAratIya darzana meM jina viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai una viSayoM kI tAlikA prastuta karate hue kahA ki itane vizAla vAGgamaya ko AtmasAta karane vAlA bhAratIya darzana hai / zrI narendranAtha pANDeya (saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 ) ne kahA ki sabhI bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI sAmAnya pravRtti duHkhanivRtti evaM sukhaprApti rahI hai / cArvAka aura sabhI mokSavAdI darzana sukha ke lie duHkha ko hI lakSya mAnate haiM / isalie yahI lakSaNa bhAratIya kA niyAmaka hai / dinAMka 26-4-81 ko pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI kI adhyakSatA meM sarvaprathama tulanAtmaka darzana ke zodhachAtra zrIrAmavihArI dvivedI ne apanA nibandha par3hA | tadanantara gatadina kI paricarcA kA sArAMza prastuta kiyA parisaMvAda goSThI ke saMyojaka zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI ne / viSaya kI upasthApanA karate hue pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne kahA - sarvaprathama dharma kA darzana se kyA sambandha hai ? tathA darzana ke prAmANya ke lie zAstroM kA kyA parisaMvAda - 3

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220 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM yogadAna hai isa para vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| punaH anya prazno para carcA prArambha kI jAya / bhAgalapura vizvavidyAlaya ke upAcArya DA0 sI0 ena0 mizra ne saMvAda prArambha karate hue kahA ki vedoM tathA upaniSadoM meM dharma ko Rta evaM satya ke rUpa meM sthApita kiyA gayA hai| manu ne dharma ko dhRtiHkSamAdamo'steyaM' ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai / ina Adarzamaya nIti vacanoM meM dharma bhI saMgRhIta hai| inakA sAkSAtkAra hama buddhi ke dvArA karate haiN| yaha buddhi tarka meM ulajhI huI nahIM, varan antaHprajJA rUpa hogii| isakA darzana se sambandha banatA hai| kANTa ne bhI isa antaHprajJA ke dvArA naitika dharmoM kI upalabdhi kA svarUpa batAyA hai| itihAsa darzana ke AdhAra para yaha siddha hotA hai ki prAyaH sabhI satyacitakA saMsAra meM eka hI samaya AvirbhUta hue| punaH unhIM ke AdhAra para vibhinna vyAkhyAe~ karake nayA darzana banAyA jAtA rhaa| yaha tattvaciMtana veda se lekara buddha, mahAvIra taka hotA rahA aura usake bAda kA bhAratIya dArzanika ciMtana vyAkhyA mAtra hai| isI prakAra pAzcAtya darzana meM bhI huA hai| pUrNarUpa se dharma se darzana ko nirapekSa karane para yaha bhAratIya darzana kI vicAra sAriNI se pRthaka jaisA ho jaayegaa| isa prakAra dharma kA darzana se alagAvaparaka ciMtana pAzcAtya ke prabhAva se hI sambhava hogaa| dUsarI vAta yaha hai ki bhAratIya darzana kA sambandha Agama ke sAtha rahA hai| vaha anubhava saMsiddha tattva kA tarka ke AdhAra para anugamana karatA hai| kahA~ bhI hai'zrutyanugRhIta eva hayA tarko'nubhavAGgatvenAzrIyate' para isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki kevala zruti para hI Azrita rahakara bhAratIya darzana anugamana karatA hai| kANTa ne tarka kI apratiSThA svIkAra kI hai tathA zaMkarAcArya ne bhI kahA ki yaha apratiSThA tarka para hI Azrita hai| na kevala vedAnta meM apitu zUnyavAda meM bhI yaha bAta dekhI jAtI hai| 'tarkAH apratiSThitAH bhavanti, utprekSAyA niraMkuzatvAt / ' isa prakAra dekhA jAtA hai ki jahA~ tarka thaka kara apanI akSamatA svIkAra kara letA hai| vahA~ antaHprajJA ke bala para satya kI vyAkhyA karatA hai| isa satya kA sAkSAtkAra karane para bhI Agamagamya sAkSya ke sAtha sAmaJjasya sthApita karanA par3atA hai| isa prakAra yaha prakriyA Agama kA andhAnugamana vAlI nahIM pratyut yukti pradhAna hai| DA0 devasvarUpa mizra ( vedAntavibhAgAdhyakSa saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0) ne darzana se dharma kA sambandha batAte hue kahA ki 'dhRtiH kSamAvamo'steyaM' Adi dharma ke lakSaNa parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa paricarcA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 221 hai | vaise vedavihitakarmAnuSThAna hI dharma hai| darzana ko dharma se alaga batAne kA kyA tAtparya hai ? kyA dharma vinA darzana ke cala sakatA hai ? dArzanika jJAna bhI Agamopadeza ke AdhAra para sAkSAtkRta hotA haiM / niSkAma karma ke dvArA jJAna prApta hone para ajJAna kA nivartana hotA hai / bhAratIya darzana karmoM ke vidhAna tathA ananuvidhAna ko batalAtA huA abhyudaya sAdhana kI ora pravRtta karatA hai / yahIM se dharmaM evaM darzana banatA hai / darzana ke pramANa ke lie Agama kI AvazyakatA hai kyoMki vinA niyAmaka ke kArya sampanna nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra binA Agamika ( zAstrIya ) pramANoM ke darzana dvArA sAkSAtkRta vastu kA pramANika paricaya nahIM ho sakatA / pro0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI ( bauddhadarzanavibhAgAdhyakSa saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 ) ne kahA ki satya kI parIkSA karanA darzana kA kAma hai| kisI Agama para AgrahazIla hokara satya kA adhigama nahIM ho sakatA / saca meM to mAnava ko cittamaloM ko dUra kara buddhi ke dvArA avitatha artha ko grahaNa karanA cAhie / yahI darzana kA viSaya hai / zrI sudhAkara dIkSita (saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 vArANasI) ne kahA- rAgadveSa se mukti ke lie anta:karaNa kI zuddhi kI AvazyakatA hai / aura yaha vibhinna yaugika sAdhanAo Adi se sambhava hai / satyAnveSaNa hI darzana hai tathA satya hI dharma hai / yaha cAhe veda pratipAdita ho yA anya pratipAdita ho / parantu yaha darzana hai isa prakAra prakAra dharma aura darzana kA aTUTa sambandha hai / DA0 zrIrAma pANDeya ( nyAyavibhAgAdhyakSa saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 ) ne kahA dharma kA darzana ke sAtha nitya kA sambandha hai / tattva kA nirNaya dhArmika ho kara sakatA hai / dharma tathA tattva pUrNata: nirNIta hote haiM / tattva kI upapatti jJAna dvArA hotI hai / jJAna adhikArI ko diyA jAtA hai, jisakA antaHkaraNa zuddha ho / yaha bhAratIya darzana ke vivecana kA krama hai / kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya ke darzana vibhAga ke upAcArya DA. kedAranAtha mizra ne kahA -- cintana do prakAra kA hotA hai eka zAstra - pratibaddha dUsarA mukta yA svatantra / sampradAyAnusArI cintana zAstrapratibaddha hotA hai / darzana yadi svatantra citana bana bhI jAya, taba bhI dharma ke binA usase koI bAta nahIM bana pAyegI / para sampradAya mUlaka cintana meM paripUrNatA mAna le, taba to vicAra Age hI nahIM bar3ha pAyeMge / parisaMvAda - 3

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222 bhAratIya cintama kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM isalie aba darzana kI avadhAraNA ko spaSTa karanA caahie| darzana kA matalaba dAyitvahIna yA udhAra khAte kA ciMtana nahIM honA caahie| yadyapi bhAratIya darzana meM bhI anubhava rahina ciMtana huA hai| kyoMki yahAM Uha ke dvArA puSTi mAnI gaI hai aura zAstra isake lie pramANa banate haiN| para isase bhinna svataMtra vicAra yA cintana bhI cala sakatA hai jisameM mAnavIya uddezyoM, AvazyakatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vivecana kiyA jAtA hai| zrIsudhAkara dIkSita (saM0 saM0 vi. vi. ) ne kahA ki unpukta cintana ko veda ke tathyoM ko parIkSAnusArI citana se jor3a diyA jAya to zAyada adhika upayukta hogaa| DA. gaurIzaMkara dube ( gAMdhIvidyAsaMsthAna rAjaghATa vArANasI) ne kahAbhAratIya darzana adhyAtma ke sambandha meM adhika jora detA hai lekina sAMsArika jIvana kA sambandha yadi isakA vivecana hai to vaha spaSTa rUpa se sAmane nahIM aataa| / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jo vicAra Age nahIM calatA hai aura usameM navInatA nahIM AtI hai to vaha pichar3a jAtA hai| vicAra hamezA Age rahatA hai aura usakA vyAvahArika prayoga usake pIche calatA hai| lekina bhAratIya darzana meM jo kucha kaha diyA gayA hai vahI saba kucha hai, usake bAda ciMtana kI koI aisI dhArA vikasita nahIM ho pAyI jo Aja ke samAja ke lie grAhya ho; isIlie usake mAnane vAloM kI saMkhyA dina pratidina sImita hotI jA rahI hai| pro0 DA. devasvarUpa mizra ne kahA ki yaha satya hai ki hama vaijJAnika sAdhanoM kA upabhoga karate haiM para hamArA karmAnuSThAna aisA honA cAhie jisase laukika evaM mokSa sAdhana donoM hI adhika upayukta bana ske| pro.DA0Ara0esa0 mitha (kAzIhinduvizvavidyAlaya) ne kahA ki dharma se darzana ke sambandha ko batAne ke lie pahale darzana yA dharma kI paribhASA nizcita kI jAnI cAhie / dharma ke bAre meM IsAI dharma meM batAyA gayA hai ki jIva kA Izvara se sambandha sthApita karanA dharma hai| isa paribhASA ke anusAra bauddha, jaina dharma nahIM bneNge| bhArata meM dharma tathA darzana alaga alaga nahIM rahA hai| para bhAratIya darzana kA cintana amUrtAtmaka hai| kyA yaha amUrtaciMtana samAja kA bhalA kara paayegaa| samAja paraka ciMtana ko hama videza se niryAta kara rahe haiM yA videzI samAjavAdI vicAroM ko AtmasAta kara parisaMvAda-3

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223 bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa paricarcA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa rahe haiN| hamako isa kSetra meM dekhanA cAhie ki hamArA ciMtana samAja se sambandhita kucha banA hai yA nhiiN| yadi nahIM hai to isake lie prayatna kiyA jAnA caahie| kyA bhArata videzI sAmAjika ciMtana ko svIkAra kara pAyegA, isa para bhI vicAra honA caahie| pro. rAjArAma zAstrI ne kahA dharma aura darzana ko alaga karane meM kaThinAI hogii| kyoMki pAralaukika sattA se manuSya kA sambandha dharma ke dvArA hotA hai| dharma se hama sAkSAtkAra karate haiN| usa sAkSAtkAra kA anubhava to karate haiM kahate nhiiN| kahane meM vaha dArzanika buddhi para AdhArita hotA hai| yaha sAkSAtkAra svayaM meM pramANa hai kyoMki isako samajhAne ke lie buddhi kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| buddhi saMpreSaNa ke lie pratIkoM ke bala para, udAharaNoM ke AdhAra para use batAtI haiN| isI ko Aptavacana ke rUpa meM zAstroM meM kahA gayA hai| saca meM to sAkSAtkRta satya preSaNIya nahIM hai| kyoMki preSaNIya bhASA samAja kI dena hai tathA satya kA sAkSAtkAra vaiyaktika hai| isa prakAra vicAravimarza ke sandarbha meM darzana tathA bhASA kA prazna uThatA hai / zabda pramANa yA zAstra pramANa eka hI hai aura pramANoM kA kAma usa sAkSAtkRta dharma se saMvAditva sthApana hai| DA0 kamalAkara mizra (kA* hi0 vi0 vi0) ne kahA-darzana kA kArya satya ko samajhAnA hai usake lie tarka hI usakI vidhi hai| tarka kI satya taka gati hai yA nahIM ? yadi gati hai to hama kaise jAnate haiM ki gati hai| yadi isa gati kA sahArA buddhi mAtra hai to buddhi se Upara usake anubhava ke data kA sahArA lenA hogaa| vaha anubhava dharma ke AdhAra para hI hogA isalie hI darzana ko dharma para AdhArita rahanA pdd'egaa| bAta ko samajhAne ke lie buddhi sAdhana hai aura buddhi tathA usakA tarka apratiSThita hai, yaha buddhi hI batalAtI hai| isalie buddhi tathA atibhautika tattva kA samanvaya hI dharma aura darzana kA samanvaya hogaa| pro. jagannAthopAdhyAya ne punaH viSaya kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kahArahasyAtmaka kathana ko dharma nahI kahA jA rahA hai| yahAM to dharma kI pustaka, yajJavidhAna, Izvara jIva milana, cAra Arya satya Adi jaisI bAtoM se dharma kA tAtparya liyA jA rahA hai| yahA~ yaha taya karanA hai ki darzana kI sImA uparyukta ke vivecana meM hai yA inase pRthak / parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM pro0 mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI ne kahA- mAnava karttavya nirdeza se bhinna dharma kyA hai ? jJAna ke lie darzana, zravaNa, manana evaM nididhyAsana Avazyaka hai / yaha hI duHkha nivRtti kA mArga hai / yaha buddhi kA bhI uddezya hai / 224 zrI narendranAtha pANDeya ne kahA--jJAna do prakAra kA hotA hai ( 1 ) parokSAtmaka tathA ( 2 ) aparokSAtmaka / sAkSAtkArAtmaka jJAna saMpradAya gat mArga para calane para milatA hai / isa prakAra AcArapAlana dharma hai tathA tattvAdhigama darzana / pro0 rAmazaMkara tripAThI ne kahA- satyAnveSaNa ke lie paramparAgata mArga se baMdhanA ucita nahIM hai / svatantrarUpa se satya kA anveSaNa kiyA jAnA cAhie / zrI zyAmanArAyaNadIkSita ( vedAnta vibhAga saM0 saM0vi0 vi0 ) ne kahAmanuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai / vaha samAja ke niyamoM kA pAlana karatA huA hI cala sakatA hai| isIlie AgamAnusAra hI jJAna prApta kiyA jAnA cAhie / paramparAvaddha kriyAnuSThAna hI dharma hai / zrIsudhAkara dIkSita ne kahA -- dharma vizvAsa para AdhArita hai darzana sAkSAtkAra para / yAgAdidharma ko mImAMsaka svIkAra karate haiM inakI phalAdhAyakatA adhikatara hai inase utpanna adRSTa ko naiyAyika dharma mAnate haiM / zrIvizvanAthazAstrI dAtAra ne kahA -- yajJAdi karma kA paryavasAna zucitA meM hai / rAga, dveSa, virahita hone para zucitva vRtti udita hotI hai / kabhI-kabhI sAdhanoM kA prayoga vIbhatsa bhAva kI utpatti meM bhI kiyA jAtA hai| isa vIbhatsa se mana meM jugupsA kI manovRtti paidA hotI hai / phalataH vyaktitva zucitA kI ora bar3hatA hai / isa prakAra dharma kA tAtparya azucitA se nivRtti karAkara zubha kI ora pravRtta karAnA hai / yahI dharma karatA hai aura darzana bhI isI ora unmukha hotA hai / phalata dharmaM darzana kA bheda nahIM aikya hI hai / darzanoM kA vargIkaraNa bhAratIya darzanoM kA navIna vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai yA nahIM ? isa viSaya kI prasthApanA karate hue pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne kahA paM0 raghunAtha zarmA ne apane nibandha meM kahA hai ki navIna vargIkaraNa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| hamAre darzanoM ke pUrva vargIkaraNa pUrNa evaM antima rUpa se hai / paM0 badarInAtha zukla ne kahA hai ki naye prastAvita vargIkaraNa meM bahuta se viSayoM ke chUTane kI sambhAvanA / samAnatA ke parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa paricarcA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 225 AdhAra para kiyA gayA vargIkaraNa zAstroM ke gambhIra cintana meM sahAyaka nahIM hai / upasthita vidvajanoM ko isa para vicAra karanA cAhie / prastAvita viSaya para bolate hue DA0 sI0 ena0 mizra ( bhAgalapura vizva - vidyAlaya ) ne kahA- vargIkaraNa ko siddhAnta AdhArita honA cAhie / yadi ( ka ) varga kA vargIkaraNa tattva kI saMkhyA para AdhArita hai to use nimnalikhita prakAra se banAyA jAya ( 1 ) anekavAda ( Pluralism ) cArvAka, nyAya, vaizeSika, jaina, mImAMsA aura sarvAstivAda / ( 2 ) dvaitavAda ( Dualism ) sAMkhyayoga, aura madhva / ( 3 ) ekavAda ( Monism ) vijJAna bhikSu kA sAMkhya / ( 4 ) advaitavAda ( Non-Dualism) advaitavAdI / nahIM to dArzanika cintana ko AdhAra banAkara yadi vargIkaraNa karanA hai to usako nimnalikhita aMgoM meM bATA jAya jaise ( 1 ) jJAnamImAMsA ( Epistemology ) / (2) tattvamImAMsA ( Ontology ) / ( 3 ) AcAra vijJAna ( Ethics ) / ( 4 ) rAjanItika darzana ( Political Philosophy ) (5) samAjadarzana ( Social Philosophy ) ( 6 ) saundarya vijJAna ( Aesthetics ) prastAvita vargIkaraNa kI samAlocanA karate hue DA0 ke0 ena0 mizra (kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0 ) ne kahA -- prastAvita vargIkaraNa meM koI navInatA nahIM hai / darzanoM ke pratipAdya viSayoM ke vikAsa krama ko samajhA kara yadi vibhAjana kiyA jAya, to isase tattat darzanoM ke AnuSaMgika viSayoM meM bhI jJAna bane raheMge aura yaha paricaya aitihAsika hogA / vartamAna meM jo darzanoM kA aitihAsika itihAsa batAyA jAtA hai vaha darzanoM kA saMkSepa mAtra hai, na ki kramika vikAsa kA itihAsa / isalie vizeSa darzanoM ke vizeSa pratyayoM kI seTiMga ko samajha kara pratyayoM ke vikAsa krama kA itihAsa likhA jAnA cAhie / isameM sAmpradAyika jJAna ke sAtha-sAtha vikAsAtmaka jJAna bhI sambhava hogA / isa prakAra ke adhyayana se darzana ke vidyArthI ko kAphI lAbha ho sakegA / parisaMvAda - 3 26

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/ bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI ne kahA- darzana ke donoM prakAra ke vargIkaraNa bana sakate haiM, sAmpradAyika tathA viSayagata / para yadi sampradAyagata viSaya vastu ko nikAla kara anya ke sAtha jor3a diyA jAya tathA usako adhyayanAdhyApana kA viSaya vastu banAyA jAya to usase samagratA kI jagaha para ekarUpatA AyegI / jaise ArambhavAda ke vAda pafNAmavAda aura punaH vivartavAda vikAsa ke krama meM dikhAI detA hai / para Aja vijJAna ne siddha kara diyA hai ki vaha ArambhavAdI hai / isalie vikAsa krama kA matalaba yaha nahIM honA cAhie ki pUrva kA dArzanika saMpratyaya aba vikAsa krama meM arthahIna ho gayA hai / pratyuta dArzanika cintana deza kAla meM paricchinna nahIM hotA hai / hara vikAsa krama ko jAnane ke lie itihAsa krama ko rakhA jA sakatA hai / 226 sAmpradAyika DhaMga se adhyayana karane para khaNDana maMDana ke krama meM andarUnI vikAsa kA bodha hotA hai / sampradAyagata vikAsa krama ke sAtha adhyayana karane para svataH vikAsa kA bodha ho jAyegA / nyAyoM kA adhyayana anusaMdhAna karane vAle kareMge / para isake lie alaga vibhAjana karake unakA eka vargIkaraNa karanA ucita nahIM hai / zrIsudhAkara dIkSita ne kahA- vargIkaraNa viSaya ke jJAnavRddhi meM sahAyaka hotA hai | ataH bhAratIya darzana anAdi kAla se vargIkRta hai / para yadi eka nayA vargIkaraNa karanA ho to pramANoM ke AdhAra para eka vargIkaraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / vAstava meM darzanoM kA koI aitihAsika krama sambhava nahI hai / kyoMki ye anAdikAla se vedoM se hI uddhRta haiM / ataH aitihAsika krama se inakA vargIkaraNa sambhava nahIM hai / vidvAnoM kI sAmAnyatayA rAya thI ki yadi vargIkaraNa Avazyaka hI ho to usake lie varkazApa kA svarUpa dekara Ayojana honA cAhie, sAmAnya goSThI meM isa bAta ko spaSTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / antima prazna ko prastuta karate hue pro0 upAdhyAya ne kahA- jIvana kI vartamAna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM darzana kA cintana honA cAhie / samatA eka mUlya hai / yaha mUlya rAjanIti, arthanIti tathA naitika dRSTi se bhinna-bhinna prakAra kA hai / darzana kI purAnI dRSTi ko kyA naye mUlyoM ke anusaMdhAna tathA vizleSaNa meM nahIM lagAnA cAhie? hamAre darzana prAcIna haiM tathA samasyAyeM navIna haiM to kyA inakA sambandha purAne vicAroM ko nae sandarbha meM rakha kara nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ? pro0 rAjArAma zAstrI ne kahA--jaisI cunautI vidyArthI ko milatI hai pAThyakrama meM usako dhyAna meM rakha kara vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| para samAja kI samasyA yA artha kI samasyA kI cunautI ko darzana meM kaise rakhA jA sakatA hai ? pratyeka zAstra 5 risaMvAda - 2

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bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa paricarcA kA saMkSipta vivaraNa una samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie darzana banAte haiM / ataH darzana kA mAtra kAma hai ki vaha dekhe ki jo dArzanika pariprekSya samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie rakhA gayA hai| vaha darzana kI dRSTi se ucita hai yA nahIM / jaise dvandvAtmaka bhUtavAda kA kaise vikAsa hogA, isako jAnanA apanI paramparA evaM dArzanikatA ke krama Avazyaka hai / DA0 sI0 ena0 mizra ( bhAgalapura ) ne kahA - yadyapi bhAratIya darzana kA cintana mokSa yA nirvANa ke lie hai / phira bhI naI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie naye sire se vicAra honA cAhie / nayI paddhati ke darzana kA adhyayana karane para samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke upAya mila sakate haiM / 227 zrIdAtAra zAstrI ne kahA -- bhAratIya zAstrakAra jIvana kI samasyAoM para vicAra karate haiM / nyAya par3hane kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki vaha loka vyavahAra se anabhijJa rahe / nIti se cyuta hone para jIvana aMdhakAramaya lagatA hai / para jagat kI upakAra buddhi kA vikAsa hone para samasyAoM kA samAdhAna bhAratIya cintana kI dizA se bhI ho sakatA hai / paM0 sudhAkara dIkSita ne kahA -- bhAratIya darzana jIvana kI samasyAoM se achUte nahIM haiM / gautama ne pratyakSa ke vivecana ke sAtha pravRtti evaM doSa kA bhI vivecana kiyA hai / inheM Aja ke sandarbhoM meM na socane se samasyAoM kA nidAna apane darzanoM meM nahIM dIkha rahA hai / para isa taraha kA cintana yadi prArambha kiyA jAya to sabakA samAdhAna bhAratIya darzanoM ke mAdhyama se kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaizeSikadarzana meM bhI sAGgopAMga rUpa meM vaha AcAra zAstra vivecita hai jo sAmAjika darzana kA prazasta AdhAra bana sakatA haiM / to rAmazaMkara mizra (kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0 ) ne kahA -- bhAratIya darzanoM meM Adhunika jIvana se sambandhita samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kA tattva to mila sakatA hai, para bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne apane zAstroM meM jIvana sambandhI bAtoM para kama dhyAna diyA hai | yahA~ pleTo, arastu ke samAna darzana ke sAtha sAmAjika samasyAoM yA jIvana kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie dArzanika cintana nahI upalabdha hai / hamAre yahAM kevala tattvapramANa Adi mImAMsAyeM hI upalabdha haiM sAmAjika darzana nahIM / isalie Aja ke darzana ko ina sAmAjika samasyAoM kA bhI darzana prastuta karanA hI cAhie / anta meM pro0 upAdhyAya ne kahA- paricarcA ke bAda saMkSipta meM carcita bAtoM kA rakhA jAnA tathA usa para nidvAnoM kI rAya jAnanA Avazyaka hotA hai / para itane parisaMvAda - 3

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228 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kama samaya meM yaha saMbhava nahI hai| maiM do eka prakAra kI bAtoM kI ora ApakA dhyAna AkRSTa kruuNgaa| isa saMgoSThI meM do prakAra kI pravRttiyAM dhyAna meM A rahI hai| (1) paramparAgata tathA (2) navInatAvAdI / eka paramparA se navInatA kI ora le jAne vAle loga the to dUsare do TUka bAte rakhane vAle paramparAvAdI loga bhI the| isa prakAra ke vicAra se paMDita meM bhI nayI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie viveka jgegaa| anta meM goSThI ke saMyojaka zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI ne kAzI hindUvizvavidyAlaya, kAzI vidyApITha, sAranAtha tibbatI saMsthAna, gAMdhI saMsthAna rAjaghATa, sampUrNAnanda-saMskRta-vizvavidyAla ke chAtroM, adhyApakoM ke sAtha DA. sI0 ena0 mizra bhAgalapura ko dhanyavAda diyA / zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI parisaMvAda-3 .

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naye darzanoM kI saMbhAvanAyeM [ga] yaha saMgoSThI 29, 30 evaM 31 mArca 1976 meM sampanna huI thii|

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guhyaM brahma tadidaM vo bravImi nahi mAnuSAccha ThataraM hi kiJcit / mahA* zAnti0 299 / 20 To be radical means to go to the roots, and the root is man himself-Max. da sena sosAiTI pR0 353 khudI ko kara bulanda itanA ki hara takadIra se pahale khudA bande se khuda pUche batA terI rajA kyA hai-ikabAla

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bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM naye darzanoM kI sambhavanAyeM zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI anavarata citana aura nayI jijJAsAoM ke samAdhAna ke bIca darzana kI urbaratA ubharatI hai| bhAratIya darzanoM ne sAmAjika praznoM kI apekSA jIvana ke antaraMga praznoM ke samAdhAna meM zatAbdiyoM taka gaMbhIra evaM vyApaka ciMtana kiyA hai| pAzcAtyadarzanoM ne samAja, rAjya, vijJAna aura jIvana ke vividha vikasamAna sandarbho ke vyApaka AyAma meM ubharate naye praznoM kI ora adhika dhyAna diyaa| phalataH pAzcAtya darzana jisa mAtrA meM jIvana ke bahiraMga praznoM se Aja taka juTe rahe haiM, usa mAtrA meM bhAratIyadarzana usase saMzakta nahIM hue| bhAratIya darzanoM kI gauravazAlI pRSThabhUmi meM naye praznoM ke sandarbha meM naye ciMtana ke lie paryApta avasara hai| isake lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki naye sandarbha meM prAcIna vicAroM kI bAra-bAra mImAMsA kI jAya, jisase naye vizleSaNa evaM vargIkaraNa se vicAroM kA navInIkaraNa ho| isake pahale ki hama kisI AzAprada niSkarSa para pahu~ceM, yaha Avazyaka hai ki sabhI sthitiyoM meM kucha cirantana praznoM para vicAra kiyA jAya, jisase niSkarSa yaha nikale ki Adhunika sandarbha meM darzana evaM jIvana kA lakSya kyA hai ? darzana kA viSaya aura kSetra kyA hai ? isa prakAra ciMtana se eka ora anubhava evaM tarka kI naI vidhiyoM ke vikAsa kI bhI sambhAvanA bar3hegI aura dUsarI ora naye prasthAnoM ke nirmANa dvArA naye dArzanika tathyoM ke udgam ke liye .. avasara milegaa| ye hI kucha vicAra haiM jo prerita karate haiM ki bhAratIya paramparA meM naye varzanoM ke udbhava para vicAra kiyA jAya / yahAM vicAra ko spaSTa karane ke lie nimnalikhita prazna prastuta kiye jA rahe haiN| jinakA pratidina vivecana hogaa| prathama divasa 29-3-76 viSaya:-darzana sambandhI bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtya vicAra (uddezya, vidhi, kSetra) parisaMvAda-3

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232 bhAratIya cintana kI paramarA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM (1) darzana zabda se kyA abhiprAya hai ? (2) kyA bhAratIya evaM pAzcAtyadarzana ke darzanapratyaya se sambandhita vicAra eka sA hai yA bhinna-bhinna ? (3) darzana kA uddezya aura satya prApti se kyA sambandha hai ? satya kyA hai ? vicAra yA vicAra se bhinna / (4) bhAratIya darzanoM kA uddezya kyA ajJAna ko dUra karanA mAtra hai? (5) darzana kI upayogitA kyA hai ? kyA upayogitA ke AdhAra para darzana kA vivecana honA caahie| (6) mAnavakalyANa kA darzana se kyA sambandha hai ? (7) kyA saMtoM kA anubhava darzana kI koTi meM AtA hai ? (8) kyA darzanoM ke vikAsa ke lie dharmanirapekSatA Avazyaka hai ? (9) naye ciMtana ke lie kyA vAdanirapekSa honA Avazyaka hai ? (10) mAnava kA sarvotkRSTa mahattva sthApita karanA kyA darzana kA eka uddezya hai ? . (11) dArzanika cintana ne kyA vAstavika samasyAoM ko ulajhA .. rakhA hai? (12) bhAratIya darzanazAstra anubhava jagat ko mahattva detA hai yA anubhavAtIta ko? (13) niHzreyasa ihalaukika hai yA rahasyAtmaka hai| (14) kyA bhAratIya dharmoM evaM nIti kA bhAratIya darzano se sambandha hai ? (15) darzana kA kSetra kyA hai ? aura vaha kina-kina viSayoM para vizeSa rUpa se dhyAna detA hai| ... (16) 'pAzcAtyadArzanika bAhya evaM samAja kI ora adhika unmukha hai to bhAratIyadArzanika antaH tathA vyakti kI ora' isa kathana meM yathArthatA kahA~ taka hai? (17) kyA jagat ko mithyA na mAnakara bhI zreSTha bhAratIyadarzana nahIM bana sakatA? (18) vikAsavAda bhAratIya darzanoM ke anukUla kyoM nahIM hai ? (19) kyA darzana mUlya mImAMsA (puruSArtha ) hai ? dhArmika mUlya evaM dArzanika mUlyoM meM kyA antara hai ? (20) darzana ke adhyayana kI kauna-kauna sI prakriyAyeM haiM tathA unameM kauna-sI zreSTha haiM ? ... parisaMvAda-3

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233 bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM naye darzanoM kI sambhavanAeM (21) dArzanikavidhi evaM vaijJAnikavidhi meM kyA sambandha hai ? dvitIya divasa 30-3-76 viSaya :--Adhunika jIvana mUlya aura prAcIna AdhyAtmika darzana / (samAja, rAjya, dharma aura vijJAna, (1) bhAratIya darzana AdhyAtmika hai, isakA artha kyA hai ? (2) kyA bhAratIya darzanoM kI ihalaukika evaM Abhyudayika vyAkhyA bhI kI jA sakatI hai? (3) adhyAtma kA samAja se kyA anivArya sambandha hai ? (4) samAja, rAjya evaM artha sambandhI duHkhoM se mukti kyA dArzanika mokSa ke antargata hai ? (5) bhAratIyadarzanoM kI Adhunika samatAvAdI mUlyoM se kyA sambandha hai ? (6) bhAratIyadarzana kI dRSTi se mAnava ke mUla adhikAra kyA hai ? (7) vibhedoM ko haTAne ke lie kyA vaiziSTya ko haTAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai ? (8) bhAratIyacitana meM svAdhInatA aura darzana kA kyA sambandha hai ? (9) kyA bhAratIyaciMtanaparamparA meM naye jIvana darzana banane kI sambhAvanA hai ? (10) dharma aura nIti meM kyA bheda hai aura usakA darzana se kyA sambandha hai ? tRtIya divasa 31-3-76 viSaya :-bhAratIya darzanoM kA navIna vargIkaraNa evaM naye prasthAna / (paramparAgata, viSayagata, tathA anya ) (.) bhAratIya darzanoM kA nayA vargIkaraNa kyA Avazyaka hai ? (2) kyA pAzcAtya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa se bhAratIya darzanoM ke naye vargIkaraNa meM kucha lAbha liyA jA sakatA hai ? bhAratIya darzana ke sAMpradAyika vargIkaraNa kI jagaha viSayAdhArita vargIkaraNa kyA ucita hogA? (3) bhAratIya darzana kI dRSTi meM darzana zabda ke prayoga kA kyA abhiprAya hai ? jisameM eka ora SaDdarzanoM, bauddhoM, jainoM kA saMgraha ho jAtA hai aura dUsarI ora vyAkaraNa, Agama, tantra Adi bhI saMgRhIta ho jAte haiM ? (4) naye prasthAnoM meM bhAratIya darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa se jJAna meM vyApakatA AyegI yA hraas| (5) kyA bhAratIya darzanoM ke tIna naye prasthAnoM ko svIkAra kiyA jAya, jaise parisaMvAda-3 30

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234 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM (ka) santadarzana--jisameM siddha, nAtha thA, anya santa logoM ke vicAroM kA saMgraha ho| (kha) navyabhAratIya darzana-jisameM zrI tilaka, zrI aravinda, zrI je. kRSNamUrti, zrI ema. ena. rAya, zrI Ara. jI. rAnADe, zrI ikabAla tathA zrI ke. sI. bhaTTAcArya / (ga) vyAvahArika darzana-jisameM zikSAdarzana, samAjadarzana, rAjanItidarzana, AcAradarzana Adi kA sanniveza ho aura isa sandarbha meM bhAratIya paramparAgata cintana bhI nikle| uparyukta vivaraNa sabhI mAnanIya vidvAnoM ko isa sandarbha meM bheje jA rahe haiM ki Apa vartamAna jIvana kI samasyAoM kA Akalana kara eka navIna darzana kI sambhAvanA para apanA vicAra prastuta kreN| vicAroM ko eka jagaha saMkalita karate vakta lagA ki paramparAvAdI vidvAn naye darzana ke pakSa meM nahIM haiM tathA naye adhyayanazIla dArzanika naye darzana kI sambhAvanA para pUrNarUpa se sahamata haiN| saMskRta-vizvavidyAlaya paramparAvAda kA poSaka hai phalataH vaha bhI naye vicAroM ke sandarbha meM kama hI utsAha dikhA pAtA hai| para Aja jisa prakAra hama mAnavIya samasyAoM se ghire hue haiM usa para vicAra na karanA apanA AtmaghAtI svarUpa prastuta karanA hai| paramparAvAda ke kucha mUlya samAja meM janmataH prApta haiM una mUlyoM kA sudhAra yadi hama apane dhArmika, dArzanika evaM nIti granthoM ke sandarbha se prastuta kareM to vaha adhika grAhya hogaa| hamArA samAja se kaTAva hamAre bhaviSya ke lie acchA nahIM hai| isI sandarbha meM tulanAtmakadarzanavibhAga dvArA naye samAyojana kA yaha kArya sampanna kiyA gayA hai| paramparAvAdI vidvAnoM ko isameM Age Akara bhAga lenA cAhie tathA jahA~ taka zAstrIya dRSTi bana sake, sahayoga dekara samAja ko pariSkRta karanA caahie| ina dRSTiyoM se navIna evaM prAcIna paramparAvAdI vidvAnoM ke sahayoga se naye vicAra darzana kI sthApanA meM sahayoga milegaa| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya ciMtana meM naye darzana ke udabhAvanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM svAmI karapAtrIjI mahArAja sanAtana dharma ke pracAraka tathA hindU darzana ke vyAkhyAtA svAmI karapAtrIjI mahArAja se jaba "bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM navIna darzana ko sambhAvanA" viSaya para bAtacIta kI gaI to unhoMne uttara diyA ki hamAre SaDdarzana vartamAna kAlika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna meM samartha haiM, ataeva unase jaba sabhI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna ho hI jA rahA hai to naye darzana kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| naye darzana kI AvazyakatA isalie pratIta huI kyoMki usa samaya Atyantika aura ekAntataH duHkhoM kA nAza anya upAyoM se sambhava nahIM thaa| isI prakAra naye darzana kI udbhAvanA kI AvazyakatA to tabhI samajhI jAnI cAhie jabaki SaDdarzanoM se kAma na cala ske| unhoMne kahA-maiM samajhatA hUM, Adhunika samasyAyeM una prAcIna zAstroM kI vivecanA se sulajha sakatI haiN| isalie naye darzana ke prAdurbhAva ko jarUrata hI nahIM hai| jaba svAmI jI se Adhunika samasyAoM ke sandarbha meM--jAti, bhASA sampradAya, asamAnatA, prAntIyatA ke saMkIrNa dAyare se UMcA uThakara saba meM samAnatA kI dRSTi ke lie eka naye dRSTikoNa para bAtacIta zurU kI gayI to unhoMne kahA- hamAre darzanoM meM kahIM bhedabhAva nahIM hai aura na kahIM saMkIrNatA hai| hama to maz2ahaba kI bAta nahIM karate haiN| hama to mandira meM jAnA bhI utanA anivArya nahIM ghoSita krte| jaisA isAI girijAghara ke lie tathA musalamAna masjida ke lie karate haiN| hamAre yahA~ to ghara meM baiThakara upAsanA kI bAta kahI gayI hai| vaha kahA~ bAdhaka hai, samAja ke abhyutthAna meN| hamArA hindUdarzana kahIM bhI vibheda ko nahIM batalAtA aura phira samAnatA baratanA, tathA saMkIrNatA kA parityAga kara samastaprANijagata meM ekAtmakabhAva jagAnA yaha to hamArA uddezya hI hai| lekina yaha naye darzana se hI nahIM sambhava hogaa| prAcIna granthoM meM bhI vidhi arthavAda ke sAtha prayukta huI hai aura arthavAda Avazyaka hotA hai kisI bhI bAta ke karavAne ke lie| lekina isakA matalaba yaha nahIM ki vyakti kA vaiziSTya haTA diyA jAya tathA samAja ke sAmAnya logoM kI taraha vizeSa parisaMvAda-3

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236 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ke jIvana ko tor3a maror3a kara barAbara kara diyA jaay| samAja vAstava meM samaSTi rUpa hai jisameM vyaktiyoM kA samudAya rahatA hai| samudAya kA vyaSTyAtmaka vyakti jaba acchA hogA to samAja bhI bhalA bnegaa| yadi vyakti burA huA to samAja bhI burA bnegaa| isIlie zAstroM meM vyaSTi ke sAtha samaSTi kI bAta kahI gayI hai aura vyaSTayAtmaka samaSTivAda tabhI sambhava hai jaba vyakti meM vartamAna ahaMtA, strI, parivAra, gA~va, janapada, prAnta, deza, saMsAra meM vikasamAna hotA huA samasta carAcara jagata meM vyApta ho jAya, yaha sambhava hai| kintu yaha tabhI sambhava hogA jaba hama apanA mamatva, strI parivAra, gA~va Adi meM usI prakAra bar3hAyeM jisa prakAra apane zarIra meM apanA mamatva hai isa mamatva kA bhI pramApaka hogA, mAnasika vednaa| jaise apane zarIra ke kaSToM kA apanayana manuSya apanI zArIrika mamatA ke vaza karatA hai vaise hI ghara pArivArikoM ke kaSToM kA bhI kreN| isI prakAra yaha dAyarA bar3hAte hue sampUrNa mAnavajAti taka le jAyA jAya / mAnava jAti hI kyA samagra prANijagat meM bhI yaha bhAvanA le jAyI jA sakatI hai| tabhI to zivi ne bAja se jIva kI rakSA ke lie apanA sarvasva arpita kara diyaa| kyA ye nidarzana nahIM batalAte ki hama kitane udAravRtta vAle haiN| jaba unase pUchA gayA ki jaise rASTranAmaka saMsthA meM manuSya saMpradAyoM kA ho kara apane rASTra ke sammAna, abhyudaya evaM vikAsa ke lie apanI saMkIrNatAoM kA tyAga kara prayatnazIla rahatA hai tathA usameM choTI-choTI paridhiyAM nahIM AtI haiM, usI prakAra bhAratIya cintanadhArA kA koI nayA svarUpa nahIM khar3A kiyA jA sakatA jisameM yaha chudra pravRti na jaga ske| unhoMne kahA isake lie bhI naye darzana kI jarUrata nahIM hai| kyoM na apane hindUdarzana meM vartamAna udAra vicAroM kA prasAra kiyA jAya tathA bhAgavata ke 30 mAnavIya dharma pravRttiyoM kA sabako pATha par3hAyA jAya, tAki ve isa mAnavIya dharma ko samajha sakeM aura isa prakAra sabakA sAtha-sAtha kalyANa ho ske| unhoMne Age kahA-Apa loga saMkIrNatA kI bAta kahate haiN| lekina kyA yaha Apa nahIM jAnate ki rAvaNa brAhmaNa thA, phira bhI koI apane sajAtIya brAhmaNa kA pakSa kyoM nahIM letA hai tathA rAma kA hI bhajana, manana tathA smaraNa kyoM karatA hai| isakA eka mAtra kAraNa guNa hai| vaha guNa jo hameM abhipreta hai yA hamArI saMskRti ko abhipreta hai / vaha rAma kA guNa hai, rAvaNa kA nhiiN| hA~ mAnavIya kamajoriyA~ bhI haiM phira bhI unakA nirAkaraNa yuktipUrvaka kiyA jA sakatA hai aura vaha yukti bhI hamAre zAstroM meM hai| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana meM naye darzana 237 mahAbhArata kI eka kathA hai ki duryodhana kA kabhI kisI gandharva ne haraNa kara liyA, taba yudhiSThira ne usako chur3Ane ke lie apane bhAiyoM ko kahA tathA svayaM prayatnazIla hue| isa para jaba unake bhAiyoM ne kahA- ThIka hI huA / isa prakAra se bhI hamArA duzmana samApta ho jAyegA, isalie Apa usakI ciMtA na kreN| taba yudhiSThira ne kahA - yaha ucita nahIM hai / baira hamArA Apasa kA hai lekina jaba vijAtIya se baira upasthita hogA to hama eka sau pA~ca bhAI sAtha-sAtha hoMge / yaha sAjAtyabhAva hai / lekina sAtha hI sAtha yaha mAnavIya dRSTi bhI hai| darzana kA kAma sAjAtya yA dharma se bar3hakara vizvakalyANa kI bhAvanA kA vikAsa karanA hai / yaha saba bhAva SaDdarzanoM ke udbhAvanA kI AvazyakatA hai / lekina yadi Adhunika vicAra paddhati ke pariprekSya meM isI mAnavIya bhAvanA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara sabameM ekarUpatA tathA samAnatA kA nArA dene ke lie darzana kI udbhAvanA kI bAta ho to Apa use kaha sakate haiM / hA~ yaha sAmAnyajanoM ke bIca avazya nayA darzana hogA, lekina paNDitoM ke bIca darzana kI kasauTI para yaha kharA nahIM sAbita ho sakegA / jaba unase darzana tathA dharma ke bhAratIya svarUpa para prazna kiyA gayA to unhoMne kahA- hamAre yahA~ sarvadarzanasaMgraha meM lokAyata, bauddha, jaina, SaDdarzana, tantra, rasezvara, dharma tathA pANinIya darzanoM kI carcA hai / ye sabhI dharma nahIM ho skte| darzana kA pratyaya sAdhya, sAdhaka evaM sAdhana se satya rUpI artha ke vivecana meM hotA hai aura satya kA vivecana vibhinna darzanoM meM upalabdha hai / mImAMsA vaise dharma hai lekina usameM bhI karma kA darzana prasthApita kiyA gayA hai| jJAna mImAMsA hI vedAnta hai aura vaha hI hindU sarvasva hai usake dvArA Atmapratyaya kA bodha karAyA jAtA hai / isa Atmapratyaya kA bodha pramANoM ke dvArA hotA hai aura isa prakAra pramANa hI satya kI prApakatA meM sAdhana haiN| isa prakAra darzana yadyapi dharma pratyaya se bhinna hai phira bhI hamAre darzanoM kI pravRtti dharma se samanvita hai| kyoMki dharma bhI tathyoM para AdhArita haiM, ve AcaraNIya haiM aura darzana ke prAptavya kA AcaraNa hama dhArmika vidhi se karate haiM / isalie dharma sAtha hamAre yahA~ darzana kA samanvaya hai / hama ise bilkula pRthaka nahIM kara sakate / jaba uname bhAratIya darzanoM meM svatantratA evaM dharmanirapekSatA ke mUlyoM ke bAre prazna kiyA gayA to bhI unhoMne kahA- hamAre yahA~ "sarva paravazaM duHkhaM sarvamAtmavazaM sukhama" kahA gayA hai / AtmavazatA hI svAtantrya hai / yaha svAtantrya hindUdarzana meM tIna prakAra se mAnA jAtA thA - ( 1 ) vidyA kI svAdhInatA ( 2 ) dharma kI svAdhInatA tathA ( 3 ) artha kI svAdhInatA / hamAre yahA~ kA jIvana evaM darzana vidyA kI svAdhInatA parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM sadA se svIkAratA A rahA hai / isaliye vidyA araNyoM meM aura RSiyoM ke AzramoM meM calatI thI / vahA~ rAjA kA bhI dabAva nahIM par3atA thA / rAjA bhI vahA~ vinIta bhAva se jAtA thA tathA jijJAsA ko zAnta karatA thaa| Aja kA zAsana hamAre vidyA ke kSetra meM air ar3AtA hai aura vaha jaisA cAhatA vesA karane ke lie bAdhya karatA hai / yaha bhautikavAdI dRSTi hai. yaha svAtantryapUrvaka vidyA AcaraNa nahIM hai / isaliye bhautikavAditA kI ora unmukha hokara hama mArksavAdI pravRtti ko panapA rahe haiM / jaba hama zAsanatantra se mukta raheMge to AdhyAtmikatA kA prasAra hogA tathA taba AcArya ke AvaraNa kA prabhAva ziSyoM para par3egA, aura rAmarAjya kI ora jAyeMge / 238 hamAre yahA~ dharma kI svatantratA bhI rahanI bhI cAhie, kyoMki dharmaM manuSya kA prANabhUta tattva hai, vaha cAhe AcaraNamUlaka ho yA zraddhAmUlaka / usase paropakAra, dayA, prANiyoM meM sadbhAvanA Adi kI pravRtti hotI hai / isalie dharma kI svatantratA bhI hamAre yahA~ kI mUla cIja hai / hama mandira jAyeM yA yajJa kareM to usake lie artha kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| yaha artha apane paramparA se hamane upArjita kiyA hai, ataeva hama usake dvArA mandira meM phUla mAlA car3hA sakate haiM yA jo bhI vidhividhAna cAhe anuSThita kara sakate haiM / isa para zAsana kI paratantratA ThIka nahIM lgtii| kyoMki isase dAna, dayA, dAkSiNya ke bhAvoM kA hrAsa hogaa| mAnava kI kisI abhIpsita vastu meM pravRtti kama ho jAyegI, isaliye hamAre yahA~ tIna prakAra kI svAdhInatA kahI gayI thI / lekina ina svAtantryoM ke sAtha pAratantrya bhI thA / hama itane svatantra na ho jAya~ kI mAtA-pitA ke bacanoM kA ullaMghana karane lage, AcArya kA apamAna kareM / hamako adhyAtmasukha ke lie kucha paratantratA bhI apekSita thI, varanA hamArA chAtra hamAre AdezoM kA virodha karegA, par3hane se bhAgegA, yaha sarvasvAtantrya hamArA vikAsa na karake hrAsa karegA / isalie svAtantrya kucha pAratantryoM ke sAtha rahatA hai / ve pAratantrya hamAre zAstroM meM varNita haiM tathA unakI adhInatA svIkAra karate hue samagra vizvAsAtmaka bhAva ko prApta karanA hamArA uddezya hai / isI prakAra dharmanirapekSatA kI bAta lIjie / yaha sekyUlara zabda kA anuvAda mAnA gayA hai para vAstava meM yaha dharma nirapekSatA pahale pahala jaba anuvAdita huI taba yaha adhArmika, dharmahIna, arthanIti para avalambita dharmavihIna laukika rAjya, lokAyatarAjya Adi ke rUpa meM thii| bAda meM isakA rUpa badalate badalate dharmanirapekSatA ke svarUpa meM A gayA / hameM isako yadi kahanA ho to dharma sApekSa pakSapAtavihIna rAjya parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana meM naye darzana ke udbhAdhanA kI AvazyakatA 239 ke rUpa meM rakhanA caahie| kyoMki dharmanirapekSa kA artha prAyaH jo Aja lagAyA jAta hai, vaha hai pakSapAta vihIna rAjya arthAt vaha rAjya jo kisI dharma ke pakSapAta meM vizvAsa na kare / khaira jo bhI artha zAsanatantra grahaNa kare, maiM usameM na jAkara kevala zukranIti, evaM kauTilya ke AdhAra para bAta karanA caahuuNgaa| zukranIti meM AyA hai ki jisa muhalle yA nagara meM jo dharma yA paramparA calI A rahI hai rAjA usa dharma evaM paramparA kI kabhI avahelanA na kare / aura una logoM ke lie unake anusAra mandira banavAne evaM pUjA-pATha karane kI chUTa de / isI prakAra cANakya bhI kahate haiM yasmin deze ya AcAra pAramparyakramAgataH / tathaiva paripAlyo'sau na vai svavazamAgataH / arthAt jisa deza meM jo AcAra paramparA jisa krama se AyI ho usakA usI prakAra pAlana honA caahie| svatantra hokara hI isa prakAra hamAre yahA~ dharmasApekSa pakSapAtavihIna rAjya kI aba dhAraNA hai| prastuta-kartA zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI parisaMvAda-3

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paurvAtya tathA pAzcAtya cintana dhArAoM ke samanvaya se nayA darzana saMbhava __DaoN. jayadeva siMha bhAratIya darzana mukhyata: mokSa rUpI iSTa ko lekara calate haiN| ye mokSazAstra haiM cAhe usake mokSa kA niva Na nAma deM athavA paramArtha yA mukti| darzana ke adhyayana kA mukhya dhyeya nimna pravRttiyoM para adhikAra prApta karanA, zamadama kI sampatti kA saMgraha karanA aura sAdhanA dvArA cAhe vaha bhakti ho, cAhe jJAna, cAhe dhyAna, apane vAstavika svarUpa ko prApta karanA hai| pAzcAtyadarzana kevala bauddhika vikAsa hai| unakA tattvajJAna adhikatara tarka aura kalpanA para pratiSThita hai| unhoMne nItizAstra ko vizeSarUpa se apanAyA hai aura jIvana kA dhyeya naitika utthAna ko mAnA hai| durbhAgyavaza pAzcAtyadarzana meM bhI naitikazAstra kA utanA mahattva nahI raha gayA, jitanA ki usakA honA cAhie thaa| pariNAma yaha ho gayA ki pAzcAtyadarzana bhI aba kevala bauddhika vilAsa raha gayA hai| kintu jisa prakAra se nAgArjuna ne yaha siddha kiyA ki tarka ke dvArA hama tathatA yA tattva ko nahIM jAna sakate, usI prakAra braDale, hvAiTaheDa ityAdi Adhunika pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne bhI yaha siddha kiyA hai ki paramArtha yA tattva kA jJAna tarka dvArA nahIM prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu sabhI pAzcAtya dArzanika saMsAra, itihAsa, sAmAjika jIvana ko heya nahIM maante| unakA yaha vizvAsa hai ki vizva ke virATa nATaka meM sAMsArika jIvana kA apanA mahattva hai aura isa mahattva ko unhoMne vivartanavAda dvArA samarthita kiyA hai| hamAre zAstroM kA dhyeya sAMsArika jIvana se mukti pAnA hI rahA hai| unake anusAra saMsAra jarA-maraNa kA kSetra hai aura isa jarAmaraNa rUpI duHkha se chuTakArA pAne ke lie prayatna karanA jIva kA carama dhyeya honA caahie| saMsAra sarvathA heya hai yaha eka prakAra se hamArI dRSTi kA palAyanavAda hai| isa saMsAra se bhAgakara kisI parisaMvAda-3

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paurvAtya tathA pAzcAtya cintanadhArAoM ke samanvaya se nayAdarzana saMbhava 241 aisI avasthA meM pahu~canA hai jahA~ na jarA ho, na maraNa ho| isa ciMtanadhArA kA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki yaha sRSTi pAgala kA pralApa siddha ho jAtI hai| eka krUra upahAsa bana jAtI hai| kevala eka hI bhAratIya cintaka aise hue haiM jinhoMne isa ciMtana pravRtti kA virodha kiyA thaa| ve haiM zrIaravinda ghoSa / unameM pUrvAtya aura pAzcAtya donoM citana dhArAoM kA anupama samanvaya huaa| vaha jagata ko heya nahIM smjhte| vaha ise prakRti kI prayogazAlA mAnate haiM, jisameM kramazaH prayoga cala rahA hai| isameM pahale kevala tamasa kA vikAsa huaa| jagata tamasa se AvRta rhaa| dhIre-dhIre prANa kA vikAsa huA / usake bAda mana kA vikAsa huaa| Aja kA mAnava usI mana kA eka vikasita prANI hai / unake anusAra mana ke bhI kaI stara haiN| nimnataramana, uccataramana, antaH prajJA, atimAnasa / yaha saba mana ke stara haiN| mAnava meM abhI taka adhika se adhika uccataramana kA vikAsa huA hai| kucha thor3e se RSiyoM, manISiyo meM antaH prajJA aura atimAnasa ke vikAsa kA patA calatA hai| isa jagata meM kramazaH mAnava meM antaH prajJA aura atimAnasa kA jaba vikAsa hogA, taba mAnava meM eka vizeSa jIvana kA prAdurbhAva hogaa| isake atirikta jaba dharA para atimAnasa kA avatAra hogA, taba mAnava ko apane jIvana para pUrNa adhikAra hogA aura vaha saba duHkho se chuTakArA pA jaayegaa| unake anusAra sRSTi niruddezya nahIM hai vaha apane hRdaya meM eka vizeSa ApUrti ko lie hue Age bar3ha rahI hai| prAcIna nairAzyavAda, duHkhavAda aura phlAyanavAda ke sthAna meM unhoMne AzAvAda, AnandavAda aura jIvana kI upAdeyatA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| bhAratIya darzana meM eka kamI yaha bhI rahI hai ki usane vyakti ko kendra mAnA hai samAja ko parigaNita nahIM kiyaa| pAzcAtyadarzana samAja ko vizeSa mahattva detA hai aura usa samAja ke poSaNa se hI vyakti kI samarthatA kA pratipAdana karatA hai| ataH pAzcAtya darzana se hama yaha bhI lAbha uThA sakate haiM ki samaSTi utanI hI mahattvapUrNa hai jitanI vysstti| samAja kA vikAsa aura utkarSa utanA hI Avazyaka hai jitanA vyakti kaa| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki jaisA kI zrI aravinda ne hamArI citana dhArA ko eka nayA mor3a diyA hai jisameM samAja aura vyakti donoM para samAna rUpa se bala diyA gayA hai| yadi hamArA darzana zAstra usa pravRtti ko apanAye aura kevala saMsAra se chuTakArA pAne kA dhyAna na rakha kara saMsAra meM rahate hue apanA aura samAja donoM kA kisI prakAra se parisaMvAda-3 31

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM uddhAra kiyA jA sakatA hai to maiM samajhatA hUM ki bhAratIya darzana meM eka nayI cetanA jAgRta hogI aura paurvAtya aura pAzcAtya citanadhArAoM kA eka sundara saMgama hogA / [ naye darzana kI udbhAvanA ke saMdarbha meM yogirUpa ThAkura jayadevasiMha se saMyojaka zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI ne bAtacIta karake unake vicAroM kA Akalana prastuta kiyA thA ] 242 parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya ciMtana paraMparA meM naye jIvana-darzana kI apekSA - pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya paramparA aura parivartana--bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM naye darzanoM ke udgama kI bAta uThane para paramparA ke pratibandha aura usakI sImA para dhyAna jAnA svAbhAvika hai| paramparAyeM sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika sandarbho ke bIca banatI haiN| usI kI pRSThabhUmi meM dArzanika cintana bhI vikasita hote haiN| bhAratIya cintana ke sampUrNa pariveza ko eka zabda meM kaheM to vaha hai dharma / aitihAsika sAkSya ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya darzanoM kA sampUrNa vikAsa dhArmika pariveza meM hI huA hai / yahA~ taka ki jina darzanoM ke dhArmika anuyAyI nahIM rahe, ve darzana nAma mAtra zeSa raha gaye, antatogatvA ve kAla-kavalita ho gaye / dhArmika pariveza meM rahate hue bhAratIyacintana paramparA kA vikAsa honA usake lie mAtra AnuSaMgikatA nahIM thI. pratyuta jIvana se darzana ko jor3a rakhane kA vaha eka cintana-kauzala bhI thaa| yaha svAbhAvika thA ki isa kAlavyApI vitrAra-yAtrA meM usake kucha pratibandha banate, jo use niyantrita karate, mArga banAte aura eka sImA ke bAda use avaruddha bhI krte| ina sabake bAvajUda bhAratIya dArzanikoM kA barcasva isameM hai ki unhoMne apane cintana ko yathAsambhava dharmAtIta rakhane kA ullekhanIya prayAsa kiyA hai| mUla buddhavacanoM ke bAda bauddhadarzana kA jo vikAsa huA, mUla brahmasUtra ke bAda jo vedAnta kA vikAsa huA, usase spaSTa hai ki yadi bhagavAn buddha aura maharSi vyAsa punaH AveM to unheM apane darzana ko samajhane meM vahI kaThinAI hogI, jo kisI bhI pratibhAzAlI antevAsI ko hotI hai| bhAratIya dArzanikoM ke liye yaha gaurava kI bAta hai kintu aitihAsika kAraNoM se pichale eka hajAra varSoM meM vaha dhArmikatA aura bhI ghanIbhUta huI hai, jisake phalasvarUpa bhAratIya cintana dharma ke rAjamArga se haTakara sampradAyoM kI saMkarI galiyoM meM sImita hotA gyaa| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzanoM kA eka vizeSa pariveza bana gayA hai-dhArmikatA evaM sAmpradAyikatA / kintu cintana kA Adhunika pariveza hai dharmAtItatA yA dhrmnirpeksstaa| parisaMvAda-3

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244 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM darzana tathA dharmAgraha evaM vAdAgraha :-cintana ke kSetra meM paramparA na to aparAdha hai aura na to kisI bhI sthiti meM usase ghabar3Ane ko bAta hai| dArzanika cintana kI vizAla paramparA ne hamAre tattvacintakoM ko vizva ke jJAnAkAza kA dhra vatArA svIkAra kiyA thaa| yaha paramparA hamAre cintana-varcasva kA pratIka hai| hA~, Aja hamAre cintana kI prakharatA kI kasauTI yaha hogI ki hama paramparA kI jakar3ana ko tor3akara parivartana ko kitanA avasara dete haiN| isa prakAra paramparA aura parivartana ke bIca kyA tAratamya evaM kyA sAmaMjasya ho ? ise nirdhArita karanA hogaa| isake liye yaha bhI Avazyaka hogA ki bhAratIya sandarbha meM hama dharma aura darzana kA sambandha nizcita kareM aura isa sambandha ke uThate praznoM kA samAdhAna kreN| mAna leM ki dArzanika cintana ko dharmAtIta yA dharma-nirapekSa honA caahie| kintu prazna uThatA hai ki kyA dharma ko bhI darzana-nirapekSa honA cAhie ? Adhunika sandarbha meM vizeSakara bhAratIya saMdarbha meM sambhavataH yaha ThIka nahIM hogaa| sArA deza dharmoM evaM upadharmoM kA, sampradAyoM evaM upasampradAyoM kA saMgrahAlaya sA bana cukA hai| isa zatAbdI meM naye dharmoM evaM sampradAyoM ke nirmANa meM to aura bhI tIbratA A cukI hai| isa sthiti meM inake aucitya kA prazna uThatA hai| aucitya kA nirdhAraNa yadi darzana nahIM karegA to unake dharmya aura adharmya hone kA vizleSaNa kahA~ hogA? aura janatA ke komala evaM bhAvukatApUrNa dhArmika vRttiyoM ko pAkhaNDa se kauna bacAyegA? isake liye yaha Avazyaka hogA ki hama yaha nirNaya leM ki dharmoM ke aucitya kA nirdhAraNa karanA darzana kA kSetra hai aura dharma ke nirNaya meM darzana kA prAmANya hai| eka sImA taka yaha kArya prAcIna darzanoM ne bhI kiyA hai kintu unakA kArya dharma ke darabAra meM vakIla kA thA, nyAyAdhIza kA nhiiN| dharmoM se pratibaddha dArzanikoM ne apaneapane dharmoM ke aucitya evaM zreSThatA ko siddha karane ke liye hI apanI utkRSTatama pratibhA kA upayoga kiyaa| bhAratIya tattvamImAMsA aura pramANa-mImAMsA ke isa paramparAgata abhyAsa meM aba ullekhanIya parivartana lAne kI bAta socanI cAhiye / tabhI yaha sthiti AyegI jisameM bhAratIya dArzanika mukta-cintana kara skeNge| mukta-cintana ke liye dharma nirapekSatA eka purAnI bAta ho cukI hai yadyapi paramparAgata darzanazAstrI Aja bhI usase virata nahIM hue| anekAneka kAraNoM se sarvatra hI dharma kI pakar3a kama ho cukI hai| kintu TUTate hue bhI usane eka dUsarA sudRr3ha gherA banA liyA hai| vaha hai vAdoM yA siddhAntoM ke Agraha kA / jahA~ taka navIna cintana ko kuNThita karane kA prazna hai, vAdoM kA Agraha apanI sampUrNa tArkikatA ke sAtha dharmoM ke Agraha ke samAna hI kAma karatA hai| mAnavI pratibhA ke kSetra meM vAdoM parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya ciMtana paraMparA meM naye jIvana-darzana kI apekSA 245 kA Agraha Aja eka vizvajanIna samasyA bana cukA hai jo jIvana ke vividha kSetroM ko sImita banAye hue hai| kintu bhAratIya pratibhA kI doharI kuNThA hai (1) dharmAgraha evaM (2) vaadaagrh| sthiti kA yaha vizleSaNa yadi galata nahIM hai, to bhAratIya dArzanikoM para doharA bhAra AtA hai ki ve cintana ko sirpha dharma-nirapekSa hI nahIM, eka kadama Age bar3hakara vAda-nirapekSa bhI bnaaveN| upaniSadoM, tripiTakoM Adi ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki anya nirapekSa hokara svAnubhava evaM svayaM prakAza cintana karanA, bhAratIya darzanoM kI mUla preraNA ke viruddha nahIM hai| bhAratIya darzana kA nayA AyAma : vyavahAra jaba hama darzana ke kSetra meM navInatA kI bAta karate haiM, to isakA hameM bAra-bAra dhyAna rakhanA par3egA ki bhAratIyadarzana cintana ke aneka kSetroM meM vividhatApUrNa evaM gambhIra hai, vAstava meM yaha vizvadarzana hai| isa sthiti meM kisa ora se navInatA ko avasara mila sakatA hai, isa para bahuta hI uttaradAyitvapUrNa DhaMga se socanA hogaa| isake lie gambhIra zAstrIyatA meM na jAkara bhI isa prazna para darzana ke AyAma evaM kSetra-vistAra kI dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM kA AyAma pahale se bhI yadi adhika vistRta mAna liyA jAya, jo Aja ke kisI bhI darzana ke liye apekSita hai to utane mAtra se naye-naye prazna uTheMge aura unake samAdhAna ke prasaMga meM maulika cintana ke liye avasara milegaa| usa sthiti meM avazya hI usakI zAstrIyatA bhI paramparAgata na rahakara navIna hogii| thor3e meM hama yahA~ dekheM ki bhAratIya cintakoM ne darzana kA kSetra aura usakA stara kyA svIkAra kiyA hai| tattvaciMtana kI prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya paramparAoM ne darzana kA kSetra evaM usakA stara zravaNa, manana evaM nididhyAsana athavA zruta, cintA aura bhAvanA dvArA spaSTa kiyA hai| nididhyAsana yA bhAvanA eka prakAra se bhAratIyadarzana kA caramotkarSa hai| isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhAratIya darzana kA lakSya manana evaM tarka se pare haiM, aura usakA pradhAna kSetra bhI vahI haiN| isa para se yaha zaMkA hotI hai ki darzana kA puruSArtha evaM kSetra mana se pare mAnA jAya ? usake antargata isakA uttara dene ke liye bhAratIya darzanoM kI paramparA tathA Adhunika sandarbha donoM kA hI dhyAna rakhanA hogaa| paramparA ke anusAra mana se pare ko eka zabda meM adhyAtma yA zreya yA nirvANa kahA jAtA hai| mana ke antargata sampUrNa vyavahAra, nIti, dharma saMskRti Adi hai, jise preya yA zIla kahA jA jAtA hai| uttara ke spaSTIkaraNa ke liye isa prazna kA bhI uttara socanA hogA ki kyA zreya aura preya ke bIca, adhyAtma aura vyavahAra ke bIca koI pula hai, jisase donoM hI tarapha parisaMvAda-3

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246 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kA AnA-jAnA sambhava ho sake ? yadi uttara kI sambhAvanA kare to yaha kahanA adhika surakSita hai ki darzana kA kSetra mana aura usake atIta donoM hI haiM aura donoM ke bIca sambandha hai / yaha uttara paramparA aura AdhunikatA donoM se bahuta dUra nahIM hai / kintu itanA kaha dene mAtra se kathA samApta nahIM hotii| kyoMki tatkAla dUsarA prazna uTha khar3A hogA ki jo kucha adhyAtma hai, usakI vyAvahArikajIvana ke dharAtala para parIkSA ho sakatI hai athavA nahIM ? yadi paramArtha aura vyavahAra ke svabhAvagata virodha ke kAraNa adhyAtma ke vyavahAra se parIkSA nahIM ho sakatI, to aisI sthiti meM adhyAtma kI prAmANikatA saMdigdha kyoM na samajhI jAyegI ? isa avasthA meM bhAratIyadarzanoM para kI jAne vAlI yaha AzaMkA kyoM na puSTa samajhI jAyegI ki inake AdhyAtmika utkarSa kI anivArya pariNati hai -- jIvana kI samasyAoM se darzana ko dUra rakhanA / kahIM aisA to nahIM hai ki darzana kA jo pradhAna lakSya jIvana hai, usakI ora pITha kara vaha daur3atA jA rahA hai aura uttarottara lakSya se dUrI bar3hatI jA rahI hai / rukakara isa para vicAra karane ke liye hameM vyavahAra-bhUmi para khar3A honA hogA / yadi adhyAtma kI satyatA ke liye vyavahAra pramANa nahIM hai to usakI svayaMbhU satyatA kA athavA kAlpanikatA kA rahasyAtmakatA se adhika artha nahIM raha jAyegA / adhyAtmikatA vyavahAra meM mAnavamUlyoM ke rUpa meM hI pratiSThita ho sakatI hai, jisakA mAdhyama hai dharma, nIti, saMskRti, kalA aura sAhitya / isa sthiti meM ve AdhyAtmika mUlya jo prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya darzanoM kI samAna prasUti haiM, unakA saphala prayoga vyavahAra meM honA hI cAhiye / jitane aMza meM darzana kA vyAvahArika prayoga ke kSetra meM saphalanA milegI, utane hI aMza meM usakI prayojanavattA aura yathArthatA bhI siddha hogI, isa prakAra darzana kI prAmANikatA kI eka pramukha kasauTI hogI vyakti ora samAja kA vyavahAra / tathA prayoga kA artha hogA vyavahAra kA nirIkSaNa aura usake AdhAra para tathyoM kA sAmAnyIkaraNa / prayoga kI isa prakriyA se bhAratIya darzanoM ke samakSa cintana ke naye AyAma aura naye pramANa prastuta ho skeNge| ina sArI bAtoM ke liye bhI bhAratIyadarzanoM kA dvAra sadA ke liye banda nahIM hai / jJAnakarmasamuccayavAda tathA prajJA aura karuNA ke abheda kA siddhAtta tathA bodhisattva evaM sthitaprajJa ke jIvanacaryA meM isakA bIja khojA jA sakatA 1 darzana aura vaijJAnika dRSTi pAzcAtyadArzanikoM ne adhyAtma ke bhAvasUkSma jagat se calakara bhautika vijJAna kA sahArA liyA hai / yaha avasara bhAratIya darzana ko nahIM milA, jo eka taraha kI kamI hai, kintu dUsarI ora se usakA lAbha bhI hai / tattvamImAMsA, jJAnamImAMsA aura mAnava parisaMvAda - 3 7

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bhAratIya ciMtana paraMparA meM naye jIvana-darzana kI apekSA 247 mUlyoM kA nirdhAraNa darzana kA eka svatantra kSetra hai, jisameM vijJAna sahAyaka ke rUpa meM praveza liyA thA, kintu bAda meM usane uttarottara apane zakti mUlaka vicAroM evaM camatkAroM ke kAraNa satya kI khoja aura bhAvajagata ke vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para itihAsa ne mAnavIya zraddhA ko jo zreSTha sammAna diyA thA, use ghaTA diyaa| isa sambandha meM isa zatAbdI ke sarvazreSTha dArzanika baTreDa rasala kI cintA kI ora sabhI dArzanikoM kA dhyAna jAnA caahiye| rasela darzana ke kSetra meM bhautika vijJAna kI jabardasta himAyata karate haiM kintu ve kahate haiM ki-"jahA~ taka vijJAna kA svarUpa jJAna kI khoja hai, vahA~ taka to ThIka hai; para usase bhinna mAnava mUlyoM kA kSetra vijJAna kI sImAoM se bAhara hai| zakti kI khoja ke rUpa meM vijJAna ko mAnava mUlyoM ke kSetra meM hastakSepa nahIM karane denA cAhiye / ' vizva meM girate hue mAnavasammAna se cintita hokara ve kahate haiM "eka naye naitika dRSTikoNa kI AvazyakatA hai, jisameM prakRti kI zaktiyoM kI adhInatA ke sthAna para manuSya meM jo kucha sarvottama hai, usake sammAna kI pratiSThA kI jaay| jahA~ isa sammAna kA abhAva hai, vahI vaijJAnika takanIka khataranAka hai|" rasela kI isa cetAvanI ke bAvajUda bhAratIyadarzanoM ke prasaMga meM bhautika vijJAna kI tAttvika upalabdhiyoM kA bahuta hI mahattva hai| bhAratIya darzanoM kI apanI vividha padArtha vidyAyeM haiM, unake upAdAnoM aura lakSaNoM ke adhyayana meM bhautika vijJAnoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna hogaa| isakI upayogitA kevala padArtha sambandhI apanI avadhAraNAoM ko saMzodhita evaM susaMgata kara lene meM hI nahIM, pratyuta naye khojoM ke dvArA naye siddhAntoM kI sthApanAoM meM bhI hai| isake atirikta bhautikI ne apane se bhinna anya sabhI mAnava-vijJAnoM evaM samAjavijJAnoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA hai, jinakA darzana ke adhyayana meM mahAn upakAra hai, jisakI bhAratIyadarzana ke prasaMga meM upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| pAzcAtya dezoM ke AdhAra para bhAratIya darzanoM ko yaha suavasara prApta hai ki ve apane tattvacintana ko samRddha karane meM Adhunika vijJAnoM kA sImita upayoga kara leN| jJAna ke jisa virAT pariveza meM vizva cala rahA hai, usameM isa viSaya meM kisI prakAra kA vivAda nahIM honA cAhiye ki adhyayana kI vaijJAnika paridRSTi ko hameM bhI aMgIkAra karanA hogA, anyathA hamAre tattvajJAna kI vyAvahArika parIkSA hI nahIM ho pAyegI aura na to hama naye tathyoM ko apane darzana meM jor3a paayeNge| bhAratIya cintana ke sandarbha meM vaijJAnika paridRSTi ke prayoga kA kyA rUpa hogA, isakA Akalana karanA bhI hamArA kartavya hai| parisaMvAda-3

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248 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM nayA jIvana-darzana-astu, apanI bAta ko vahIM taka sImita rakheM, jahA~ taka darzana kA jIvana se sAkSAt evaM ghaniSTa sambandha hai| AdhyAtmika cintana kA jIvana se ghaniSTa sambandha hai, ise prAyaH duharAyA jAtA hai kiMtu prazna hai ki kyA AdhyAtmika mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para hamAre pAsa koI suvyavasthita jIvana-darzana hai ? 'nAsti' meM isakA uttara ThIka nahIM hogA, kintu 'asti' ke uttara se kucha tathya chipa jaayeNge| sthiti ko spaSTa karane ke liye isa prazna kA samasyAtmaka rUpa adhika khulAsA kiyA jAnA cAhie, jisase jIvana ke prasaMga meM Akalana kiyA jA sake ki darzanoM kI kauna sI samasyA atyanta apekSita ho gayI hai aura jise Aja pramukhatA milanI caahie| Izvara hai yA nahIM, AtmA hai yA nahIM, jagata satya hai yA nahIM, paraloka se sambandhita karma aura karma phala hai yA nahIM, bhAratIya darzanoM ke cintana kA yaha Adhunika saMdarbha nahIM raha gayA hai| kintu aisA kahane kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki Aja mAnava-jIvana kI ye mAnyatAyeM kathamapi prabhAvita nahIM kara rahI haiM, athavA jina samasyAoM ko hama jIvita evaM pramukha samajhate haiM unako ye paramparAgata vizleSaNa kisI dazA meM prabhAvita nahIM kreNge| isake viparIta tathya yaha hai ki ve tattva-vizleSaNa pahale se bhI adhika prabhAvakara siddha ho sakegeM, yadi jIvana ke sandarbha meM unakA punamUlyAMkana kiyA jaay| yahAM taka ki cintana kA yaha nayA sandarbha una prAcIna mAnyatAoM ke adhyayana ko nayI dizA meM socane ke liye vivaza kara sakatA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM ne sAre matabhedoM ke bAda bhI jo kucha samAna mAnyatAyeM svIkAra kI haiM, jo jIvana ke sandarbha meM ullekhanIya rUpa se prabhAvahIna rahI haiM aura bhI pUrvavat udAsIna hI par3I haiM. unake AdhAra para mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM kI yadi parIkSA nahIM kI jAyagI, to ve jIvana kA apane asantulana evaM dvandvoM se adhikAdhika vikRta karatI jaayeNgii| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM yahA~ kucha dArzanika evaM AdhyAtmika mAnyatAoM kI carcA karanA isa sthiti ko spaSTa karane ke liye Avazyaka hai| kucha mAnyatAyeM haiM, jaise-samatva, ekatva, mokSa, ahiMsA Adi, jinheM sabhI darzanoM ne kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyo / kintu ina nirapavAda tattvoM kA sAmAjika aura dhArmika jIvana meM kabhI prayoga nahI kiyA gyaa| Azcarya taba hotA hai. jaba kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara usake sAmAnyIkaraNa kA kabhI prayatna taka nahIM kiyA gyaa| phalataH darzana meM samatva kiMtu jIvana ke sabhI AyAmoM para ghRNita vaiSamya phailA rahA, darzana meM advaita yA ekatva kintu jIvana meM samudAyavRtti kA koI ullekhanIya vikAsa nahIM ho sakA, darzana meM trividha du:khoM ke vinAza ke sAtha mokSa yA nirvANa kI parisaMvAda-3

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246 bhAratIya ciMtana paraMparA meM naye jIvana-darzana kI apekSA ghoSaNA, kintu jIvana meM du:kha, daridratA, parAdhInatA kA sAmrAjya chAyA rahA / darzana meM ahiMsA yA maitrI kiMtu jIvana meM mAtsyanyAya kI dhUma macI rhii| itane asantulana ke bAvajUda ina dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI vyavahAra meM kabhI parIkSA nahIM kI gyii| balki yaha mAna liyA gayA ki samatva' Adi tattva ke rUpa meM paramArtha hai unakI parIkSA vyavahAra se nahIM ho sakatI kyoMki ve ghaTiyA haiM, yahAM taka ki ve mithyA haiM / isa atArkika dArzanikatA ne vyavahAra se paramArtha kI parIkSA ko sadA ke lie banda kara diyA / isakI vikRtiyAM taba aura bhI ubhar3a kara sAmane AyIM, jaba isa deza kA Adhunika dezoM se samparka bar3hatA gayA / bAharI samparka evaM dabAvoM ke kAraNa yahAM ke loga aba samatA aura svatantratA ke sArvajanika mAnavIya mUlyoM se paricita hone lage haiM / vyavahArika kSetroM meM use caritArtha karane ke uddezya se vividha prakAra ke prayatna bhI kriyonmukha hoMne lage haiM / aba ina naye jIvana mUlyoM kA bhAratIya saMskAragata jIvana ke sAtha tAdAtmya sthApita honA caahie| kiMtu satya yaha hai ki samatAvAdI, svatantratAvAdI ye sArI preraNAyeM bAhara se AyAtita mAnI jA rahI hai | yaha spaSTa hai ki vyAvahArika samatva ke pIche jo varNana hai, vaha na to bhAratIya hai aura na to bhAratIya antazcetanA ne ise AtmIya svIkAra kiyA hai / isa sthiti meM bhAratIya janatA eka aise mana ko Dho rahI hai jo do nirodhI bhAgoM meM ba~Takara svayaM dvandva pIDita hai / mana kI AdhunikatA aparicita hai aura upara se aparicita kA dabAva hai, yadi abhyAsAnusAra khulakara usakA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAya, to vaha mAyA hai, mithyA hai| mana kI purAtanatA usakI apanI hai, vaha Aja ke vyavahAra meM yadyapi akSama hai kintu satya hai aura pavitra hai / isa dvandva ko deza bhoga rahA hai / phalataH pratikriyA meM apane prati aura apane dharma aura darzana ke prati vaha saMdigdha hotA rahA hai / yaha apekSA kI jAtI hai ki isa bar3hate hue saMdeha kA aura AtmahInatA kA nivAraNa bhAratIya darzana se ho| kisI darzana ke liye anivArya zarta yaha hai ki usake bAre meM saMdeha ko sthAna na mile| darzana ko eka aisA vyApaka tathya prakaTa karanA cAhie, jisake AdhAra para vaha anya kI sahAyatA ke binA buddhi aura jIvana ke virodhoM ko dUra karatA jAya / vAstava meM bhAratIya darzana apane antardvandvoM meM phaMsa cukA hai / eka prakAra se akSama jaisA ho cukA hai| eka ora jo duHkha dhvaMsa kA AzvAsana de, dUsarI ora vaha samAja meM vyApta duHkhoM se udAsIna ho jAya / eka ora samatA kA Adarza ke rUpa meM ghoSaNA kare, dUsarI ora saba parisaMvAda - 3 32

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250 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM prakAra kI viSamatA ko samarthana de yA usake prati mauna ho jaay| darzana ke isa Atmagata dvandva ke AdhAra para yaha AzA karanA ki vaha dharma aura nIti kA niyantraNa kara sakegA, yaha bahuta hI adhika hogaa| ye tArkika kaThinAiyA~ apane sulajhAva ke liye eka naye jIvana-darzana kI apekSA karatI haiM, jo AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko jIvana kA mUlya banAyeM aura usakI caritArthatA ke AdhAra para apane ko punaH pratiSThita kreN| parisaMvAda-3

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Adhunika pAzcAtyadarzana kI gatividhi pro0 DA. ramAkAnta tripAThI bhAratIya darzana kA jAnane vAlA koI vyakti yadi Aja ke pAzcAtya darzana para dRSTipAta kareM to use eka vicitra anubhava hogaa| eka ora to use aisA jAna par3egA ki cAroM ora naye-naye vicAraka ubhara rahe haiM. aura vicAra jagata meM navInatA kI khoja meM eka halacala macI huI hai| dUsarI ora use yaha jAna par3egA ki vahA~ kA vicAraka yadyapi svatantra vicAraka kahalAnA cAhatA hai phira bhI vaha anubhavavAda kI jaMjIra meM jakar3A huA hai indriya-janya anubhava aura vijJAna ke Age jAne kI usameM na sAmarthya hai na prvRtti| sAtha hI use apane darzana kI prayojanahInatA kA bhI anubhava hotA hai| ataH darzana kI sAmAjika upayogitA kyA hai athavA darzana kI koI upayogitA hai yA nhiiN| ye prazna bAra-bAra uThAye jA rahe haiN| aura kabhI-kabhI aisA lagatA hai ki yadi duniyA~ se sabhI darzana miTA diye jAyeM to bhI koI vizeSa kSati na hogii| saMkSepa meM bhAratIya dArzanika ko aisA lagegA ki pAzcAtya dezoM meM darzana kI vidhi ke viSaya meM, darzana ke uddezya ke viSaya meM aura darzana kI upayogitA ke viSaya meM vaicArika uthala-puthala macI huI hai aura eka prakAra kI dizA-hInatA kA sAmrAjya phailA hai / vyaktivAda, anubhavavAda, vaicArikaprayogavAda, kisI nizrita lakSya kA abhAva, kisI nizcita zodha vidhi kA abhAva, jIvana ke viSaya meM vizAhInatA kA bhAva--ye saba pAzcAtya dArzanika jagat ke lakSaNa haiN| isake ThIka viparIta bhAratavarSa meM dArzanika matabheda ke bAvajUda bhI kucha aisI mAnyatAyeM haiM jo prAyaH sabhI darzanoM meM pAI jAtI hai| jIvana baMdhana hai, vaha ajJAna ke kAraNa hai aura usa ajJAna ko dUra karane ke lie jJAnako khoja darzana kA lakSya hai| isa khoja meM darzana na to kevala indriya-janya anubhava taka sImita raha sakatA hai aura na to kevala vaiyaktika vicAra ke hI bharose raha sakatA hai| darzana ko aise vyakti (Apta puruSa ) ke nirdeza kI AvazyakatA hotI hai jo lakSya ko prApta kara cukA ho, kyoMki vaha lakSya koI sAMsArika lakSya nahIM hai jo sabako sulabha ho| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana meM satya kI khoja ajJAnagrasta vyakti kI vaicArika uchala-kUda parisaMvAda-3

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252 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe nahIM hai balki jIvana kI eka gambhIra samasyA hai jise hala kiye binA manuSya ko caina nahIM mila sakatI hai| pAzcAtyoM kA kahanA yaha hai ki darzana satya ko eka svatantra khoja hai, ataH use mokSa nAmaka lakSya ke baMdhana meM DAlanA ThIka nahIM hai| parantu prazna yaha hai ki yadi mokSa ko lakSya' na mAnA jAya taba bhI to satya' prApti kA koI uddezya honA caahiye| lAkhoM meM do eka vyakti dArzanika hote haiM, bAkI loga darzana kI paravAha kiye binA jIvanayApana karate haiM aura apane ko saphala aura sukhI bhI mAnate haiN| isase to yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki sAMsArika jIvana ke lie darzana kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, aura yadi hai to vaha avazya hI kisI asaMsArI uddezya ke lie hI hai| pAzcAtyoM kA kahanA hai ki satya kI khoja se taraha-taraha ke bhramoM aura andhavizvAso se mukti milatI hai, yahI usakI upayogitA hai| mAnava samAja meM bahuta sI burAiyAM ina aMdhavizvAsoM ke kAraNa haiM unako dUra karake darzana samAja ke lie upayogI bana jAtA hai| kucha andhavizvAsa vijJAna dvArA haTAye jAte haiM, zeSa ko haTAne ke liye dArzanika vicAra AvazyakatA hai / pAzcAtyoM meM darzana kI upayogitA ke viSaya meM eka dUsarI vicAradhArA bhI pAI jAtI hai| kahA jAtA hai ki jagata ke viSaya meM satyoM kI khoja vijJAna kara rahA hai / darzana kA kAma yaha hai ki vaha jIvana aura samAja ke viSaya meM aise siddhAntoM kI sthApanA kare jo vyakti aura samAja kI dizA-jJAna pradAna kreN| jaise samAjadarzana, rAjanItidarzana,AcAra darzana, zikSA-darzana Adi darzana ke upayogI kSetra hai aura pratyeka yuga meM dArzanika kA kartavya hai ki vaha paristhitiyoM kA adhyayana karake uparokta dArzanika siddhAntoM kI sthApanA kre| darzana kA kAma samaya kI pukAra ko samajhanA aura tadanusAra siddhAnta prastuta karanA hai| isI se pratyeka yuga meM naye darzanoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / yaha bAta bhAratIya darzana meM nahIM pAI jAtI hai| - ina bAtoM se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki pAzcAtya dArzanika darzana ko kevala vartamAna jIvana kI samasyAoM taka hI sImita rakhanA cAhate haiN| isI se kevala anubhava aura vicAra para avalambita rahanA pasanda karate haiN| jIvanoparAnta manuSya kA kyA hotA hai yA kyA hogA yaha unakI samasyA nahIM hai aura yadi hai bhI to ve use dharma ke kSetra meM rakhanA cAhate haiM ? darzana ke kSetra meM nahIM haiN| kyoMki dharma zraddhA aura vizvAsa kA AdhAra letA hai jaba ki darzana svatantra samIkSAtmaka vicAra kA / darzana aura dharma donoM pRthaka haiM kintu bhAratavarSa meM donoM kA mizraNa pAyA jAtA haiM jo ThIka nahIM mAnA jaataa| parisaMvAda-3

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Adhunika pAzcAtyadarzana kI gatividhi 253 isa prakAra hamako yaha jAna par3atA hai ki mUla samasyA darzana ke uddezya aura prayojana se sambandhita hai| usI para dArzanika vidhi kI samasyA avalaMvita hai| isake sAtha hI pAzcAtyoM kI vicAra kI kSamatA aura sAmarthya meM vizvAsa jur3A huA hai / kucha dArzanika vicAra kI sImAoM para jora dete haiM parantu adhikAMza loga vicAra ko atyanta sAmarthyadAna samajhate haiM aura usI kA sahArA lenA cAhate haiN| yahA~ taka kahA jAtA hai ki darzana ko vicAra para avalaMvita rahanA hI hai cAhe phala jo bhI ho kyoMki jo vicAra meM nahIM AtA, vaha darzana nahIM hai| yaha eka prakAra kI vicAra-pUjA hai jo pAzcAtyoM meM pAI jAtI hai| ataH vicAra karanA hai ki darzana kA lakSya kyA honA cAhie aura usakI prApti kahA~ taka isa vicAra pUjA se sambhava hai| kyA satya ke jijJAsu ke liye vicAra pUjA ko prAthamikatA denA ThIka hai yA satya prApti ko| kyA satya kI prApti ke liye vicAra ko tyAganA par3e athavA use Azrita kA sthAna denA par3e to ThIka na hogA? bhAratIya darzana meM vicAra ko sthAna nahIM prApta hai aisI bAta nahIM hai, nirAdhAra svatantra vicAra dizAhIna hotA hai aisI yahA~ kI mAnyatA hai / kevala vicAra hI karanA hai, aisA yahA~ kA Agraha nahIM hai kyoMki yahA~ ke loga vicAra kI sImA ko jAnate haiM, yahI nahIM balki yahA~ yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai ki vicAra kI sAdhana buddhi manuSya ke saMskAroM se prabhAvita hotI hai aura jisa koTi kI buddhi hotI hai usI koTi ke hamAre vicAra hote haiN| ataH buddhi kA zuddha aura satyaniSTha honA Avazyaka hai yaha bAta pAzcAtya loga nahIM smjhte| yadi anubhava ko hI vicAra kI AdhArazilA mAnA jAya to bhI pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa saMkucita mAlUma par3atA hai kyoMki ve loga santoM ke anubhava para vicAra karanA pasanda nahIM krte| yahI nahIM balki sAdhAraNa anubhava ke sabhI aMgoM para vicAra nahIM krte| udAharaNArtha suSupti kA anubhava / isa anubhava ke vizleSaNa se kina satyoM kI prApti ho sakatI hai, isa para ve vicAra nahIM krte| ise kevala ajJAna kI avasthA mAnakara chor3a diyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jAgrata, svapna, suSupti ina tInoM para vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| kevala jAgrata avasthA meM jo upalabdhi hai, usI ko AdhAra banAyA jAtA hai| hamako aisA jAna par3atA hai ki pAzcAtya vicArakoM para vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta kA aura vijJAna kI pragati kA vizeSa prabhAva par3A hai| vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jAtA hai ki mAnava kA kramazaH vikAsa hotA jAtA rahA hai| ataH isa samaya ke vicAra prAcInakAla ke vicAroM se zreSTha haiN| vijJAna kI pragati ne parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM mAnava kA yaha vizvAsa dRr3ha kara diyA hai ki antatogatvA mAnava kI jJAna sambandhI sArI samasyAoM kA hala vijJAna se ho jAyagA / ataH darzana jJAna kI vRddhi ke liye Avazyaka nahIM hai, darzana kA kAma kevala upalabdha jJAna meM samanvaya sthApita karanA, usameM spaSTatA lAnA, usake AdhAra para jIvana kI dizA nizcita karanA Adi hai / isI se darzana kA sambandha kevala isI jIvana kI samasyAoM se mAnA jAtA hai / manuSya jIvana kI samasyAoM kA AtyAMtika hala kaise ho ? yaha Aja kA dArzanika nahIM socatA hai / vyaktigata jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana donoM ke liye kAma, krodha, lobha Adi para hama vijaya kaise prApta kareM, yaha darzana kI samasyA nahIM hai yadyapi yaha samasyA sArvabhauma hai, satata hai aura sArI samasyAoM kA mUla hai / ataH yadi hama darzana ko isI jIvana kI samasyAoM taka hI sImita rakheM, taba bhI yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki hama ina samasyAoM para vicAra kareM / 254 parisaMvAda- 3

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bhAratIya paramparA ke anuzIlana se nayA darzana saMbhava pro0 DA. raghunAtha giri yaha eka jaTila prazna hai ki kisa prakAra ke sAhitya ko darzana kA sAhitya mAnA jAya, kyoMki abhI taka darzana kI koI sunizcita paribhASA nahIM bana sakI hai| usI prakAra yaha nirdhArita karanA ki darzana kA viSaya kyA hai ? yaha bhI eka kaThina kArya hai / darzana ke artha kI isa anizcayAtmakatA ko bhAratIyavizeSaNa spaSTa karane ke sthAna para aura bhI jaTila evaM bhrAmaka banA detA hai| saMbhavataH yaha vizeSaNa svarUpa nirdezaka na hokara itaravyAvartaka hI ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra 'bhAratIyadarzana' abhAratIyadarzana se bhinna kA nirdezaka ho sakatA hai| kiMtu isa prakAra kA dvivargAzrita vibhAga kisI nizcaya para pahu~cane ke lie patha pradarzaka nahIM ho paataa| ise spaSTa karane ke lie bhAratIyadarzana se nimnalikhita vikalpoM meM se kisI eka, kucha, mA sabhI kA nirdeza kiyA jAya' ise eka prazna ke rUpa meM hI yahA~ upasthita kiyA jA rahA hai| (1) sarvadarzanasaMgraha ke AdhAra para saMgahIta darzana--zrI mAdhavAcArya ne sarvaprathama apane sarbadarzanasaMgraha grantha meM- cArvAka, bauddha, jaina, rAmAnuja, pUrNaprajJadarzana, nakulIza, pAzupata, zaiva, pratyabhijJA, vaizeSika, naiyAyika, jaiminI pANinidarzana, sAMkhya, yoga tathA zAMkaradarzana kA saMgraha kiyaa| isI ke AdhAra para pAzcAtya prabhAva se prabhAvita bhAratIya cintakoM ne bhAratIyadarzana nAma se aneka granthoM kA aMgrejI hindI meM praNayana kiyA hai jisameM pro0 hiriyannA, DA. rAdhAkRSNana vAsaguptA, DA yadunAtha sinhA, paM. baladeva upAdhyAya, DA.umeza mizra Adi adhika khyAta hai| ina granthoM meM yahAM yathAsaMbhava kucha anya sampradAyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA mayA hai jaise vedAnta ke vividha sampradAya bhAskara- bhedAbheda, madhva kA dvaita, nimbArka kA dvaitAdvaita, zrIkaNTha kA zaiva, viziSTAdvaita, zrIpati kA vIrazaiva, viziSTAdala, vallabha kA zuddhAdvata, vijJAnabhikSu kA avibhAgAdvaita, baladeva kA acintyabhedAbheda

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256 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM Adi tantra meM zaiva, zAkta, vaiSNava, jaina aura bauddhatantra evaM anya vaidika aura vaiviketara sampradAya / (2) santoM tathA mahAtmAoM kA darzana-yadi bhArata ke jIvanazailI ko yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vaha vidvAnoM aura cintakoM ke vicAroM se utanA prabhAvita nahIM hai jitanA santoM tathA mahAtmAoM ke vicAra se / bhArata ina mahAtmAoM kA vicAra sampadA se sadA hI samRddha rahA hai aura yaha akSuNNa vaibhava Aja bhI deza ke vibhinna bhASAoM meM upalabdha hai udAharaNa ke lie kucha kA saMketa kiyA jA rahA haiM -- hindI meM kabIra, tulasI, sUra, raidAsa, mIrAbAI, dariyAsAheba aadi| marAThI meM-jJAnezvara, tukArAma, rAmadAsa, ekanAtha, mahIpati,Adi bhaauusaaheb| karNATaka meM-vAsavezvara, cannAvAsava, sarvajJa, prabhudeva-Adi / isI prakAra baMgAlI, ur3iyA, tamila, telagU Adi sabhI bhASAoM meM santoM ne apUrva jJAna sampadA ekatra kI hai| yadyapi yaha jJAna sampadA tarka yuktiyoM se utanA susaMgaThita nahIM hai jitanA sAkSAt anubhUti, niSThAtmaka prayAsa evaM Adarza AcaraNa se| (3) nava jAgaraNakAlIna cintakoM kA darzana- parAdhInatA ko ber3I ko kATane ke liye rAjyakrAnti ke sAtha hI vicArakrAnti kA bhI sUtrapAta huA / yaha anubhava kiyA jAne lagA ki vicAra tathA vyavahAra meM, kathanI evaM karanI meM sAmaJjasya sthApita kie binA nava samAja kA nirmANa nahIM ho sakatA / isa uddezya kI pUrti ke liye aneka cintakoM ne adhika prayAsa kiyA aura bhAratIya darzana ko nayA mor3a diyaa| ina cintako meM rAjArAmamohanarAya, rAmakRSNa, vivekAnanda, svAmI dayAnanda, rAmatIrtha, tilaka, gAndhi, Taigora, DA0 bhagavAnadAsa, araviMda, ikavAla Adi kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| (4) Adhunika bhArata meM aneka sampradAya apane siddhAnta ke pracAra evaM prasAra karate huye apane siddhAnta ke pUrNa niSThA ke dAvA ke sAtha raha rahe haiM, inake saiddhAntika tathA vyavahArika donoM pakSoM para vartamAna samAja ki sthiti tathA Age Ane vAle samAja kA AdhAra TikA huA hai| inameM zaiva, zAkta, vaiSNava, jaina, bauddha sikha, pArasI, musalamAna, isAI Adi pramukha haiN| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya paramparA ke anuzIlana se nayA darzana saMbhava 257 ataH inake siddhAMta evaM vyavahAra kA niSpakSa adhyayana bhAratIya darzana kA eka anivArya evaM avibhAjya aMga pratIta hotA hai| (5) ka-Aja ke bhArata meM aneka vizvavidyAlaya haiN| unameM darzana ke vibhAga haiM tathA darzana ke aneka vidvAna adhyApakoM dvArA darzana kA adhyayana adhyApana ho rahA hai| sambhava hai ki isa adhyayana-adhyApana meM Ane vAle aneka mata apanI utpatti kI dRSTi se abhAratIya haiM kintu unakA adhyayana-adhyApana hamAre vizvavidyAlayoM meM hamAre apane cintakoM dvArA ho rahA hai to kyA hama unheM sadA abhAratIya darzana hI kahate raheMge yA unakA samAveza bhAratIya darzana meM kareMge ? kha--ina vizvavidyAlayoM ke aneka udbhaTa vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra se darzana kI sevA kI hai tathA apane vicAroM ko sphuTa yA asphuTa rUpa meM apane dvArA racita granthoM meM nibaddha kiyA hai| kyA ina vicAroM ko bhAratIya darzana meM samAveza na kara hama eka mahatI jJAna sampadA ( jo vAstava meM bhAratIya haiM ) se apanA adhikAra samApta nahI kara rahe haiM ? ina vidvAnoM meM pro0 hiriyannA zrI ke. sI. bhaTTAcArya, DA. rAnADe, DA. rAdhAkRSNana, DA. je0 ena0 sinahA, DA0 dAsaguptA, DA. TI. Ara. vI. mUrti, DA0 mahAdevana Adi ke sAtha aneka aura nAma jor3e jA sakate haiN| (6) pratyeka pracalita bhASA meM darzana sambandhI vicAra hote haiN| ye vicara prAyaH do prakAra se nibaddha hote haiM (1) svatantra dArzanika grantha ke rUpa meM, (2) sAhityika kRtiyoM meM dArzanika pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meN| bhArata eka bahubhASIya deza haiM jisameM saMvidhAna dvArA caudaha bhASAoM ko rAjya bhASA kA stara pradAna kiyA gayA hai| ina prayeka meM upalabdha dArzanika sAmagrI ko bhAratIyadarzana kI upalabdha rAzi meM jor3anA kyA Avazyaka nahIM hai ? (7) yaha mAna lenA ki prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya-saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta Adi meM jo kucha dArzanika cintana kI sAmagrI thI saMgRhIta ho cukI haiM, nirAdhAra evaM kalpita mAnyatA hai| kyoMki abhI deza-videza ke aneka pustakAlayoM meM sahasroM pANDulipiyA~ par3I huI haiM jinako prakAzita kiye binA unake sambandha meM kucha bhI kahanA sImA kA atikramaNa karanA hai| jo prakAzita sahitya hai usakA bhI pUrNa evaM sAGgopAGga adhyayana aneka sUkSma dArzanika siddhAntoM ko prakAza meM lA sakatA hai jo vAstava meM bhAratIyadarzana ke ajJAta bhaNDAra haiN| inako prakAza meM lAye binA bhAratIya darzana kI sImA banAnA kahA~ taka yuktisaMgata hogA? parisaMvAda-3 33

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258 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM (8) Adhunika bhAratIya pariveza meM apekSita darzana-svatantra bhArata meM aneka aisI samasyAe~ haiM jina para dArzanika cintana Avazyaka hI nahIM, apitu anivArya ho gayA hai| hama apane pariveza meM bAharI vicAroM tathA siddhAntoM se kAma calAne kA prayAsa karate haiM kintu anubhava ke sAkSya ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha prayAsa pranthiyoM ko sujhalAne ke sthAna para unheM aura ulajhAtA jA rahA hai, ataH ina samasyAoM para gambhIratA pUrvaka vicAra kara nimnalikhita darzana zAkhAoM ko spaSTa rUpa denA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| (1) zikSAdarzana Aja kI zikSA, zikSaka, zikSArthI, zikSA kA uddezya, zikSaNa saMsthAoM kA svarUpa Adi para deza kI AvazyakatA, apanI saMskRti, vartamAna yuga tathA vizva meM apane deza kI sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara dArzanika ciMtana Avazyaka hai, isake binA na to zikSA phalavatI ho sakatI hai aura na zikSA saMsthAoM meM utpanna samasyAoM kA samAdhAna hI ho sakatA hai| (2) dharmanirapekSa samAjavAda kA darzana bhArata ke lie, jahA~ aneka dharma tathA aneka prakAra ke varNabheda, jAtibheda vyavasAyabheda vidyamAna haiN| jahA~ paramparAvAditA AdhunikatA kA satata saMgharSa calatA hai, atyanta Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| yuga kI AvazyakatA ko dekhate hue bhArata ke lie isI prakAra rAjadarzana, vijJAnadarzana Adi kI apekSA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| abhI taka hamAre vizvavidyAlayoM meM yUropIyadarzana kI hI bhAratIyadarzana ke sAtha tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI eka paramparA bana pAyI hai| isa paramparA ko vyApaka banAne kI AvazyakatA pratIta ho rahI hai| aura cAinIja, amerikana, islAma evaM vizva ke anya vibhinna darzanoM ke sAtha bhAratIyadarzana ke adhyayana kI bhI apekSA hai| ukta vikalpoM kI vyApakatA ko dekhate hue yaha nirNaya karanA Aja ke vidvAnoM ke lie Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki inameM se kina-kina vikalpoM ko bhAratIyadarzana meM samAveza kiyA jAya aura kinako nahIM ? hama yahA~ ise prazna rUpa meM hI chor3a denA cAhate haiM aura AzA karate haiM ki isa para vicAra vimarza ho aura bhAratIya darzana ke svarUpa kA spaSTa nirdhAraNa kiyA jAya, jisase sAmAnya par3hA likhA vyakti bhI bhAratIya darzana se eka nizcita artha samajha sake aura vicArakoM ko bhI khIMcAtAnI kA avasara na rhe| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya paramparA ke anuzIlana se nayA darzana saMbhava 259 vargIkaraNa -- bhAratIya darzana ke vargIkaraNa ke sambandha meM paramparAgata dRSTise darzana do bheda haiM Astika aura nAstika / nAstika ve haiM jo zruti ke prAmANya kA virodha karate haiM tathA tarka evaM pratyakSa kI prAmANikatA svIkAra karate haiM / inameM zruti ke prati leza mAtra kI zraddhA nahIM dekhI jAtI / nAstika do prakAra ke haiM / AdhyAkSika ( pratyakSa pramANavAdI ) tathA tArkika / cArvAka prathama prakAra kA nAstika hai / tArkika nAstika ke do bheda hai kSaNikavAda aura syAdvAda / inameM kSaNikavAdI bauddha haiM aura syAdvAdI jaina / Astika bhI do prakAra ke haiM ( 1 ) saguNa AtmavAdI ( 2 ) nirguNa AtmavAdI | ( 1 ) saguNa AtmavAdI bhI do prakAra ke haiM - (ka) tArkika, (kha) zrota / tArkika bhI do prakAra ke haiM- (1) pracchanna tArkika, (2) spaSTa tArkika / 1- pracchanna tArkika bhI do prakAra ke hai- (1) pracchannadvaita (2) spaSTadvaita, rAmAnuja darzana pracchanna dvaita hai to mAdhvadarzana spaSTa dva eta / 2-- spaSTatArkika bhI do prakAra ke haiM--bhoga sAdhana - adRSTavAdI tathA utpatti sAdhana - adRSTavAdI / bhogasAdhana adRSTavAdI bhI do prakAra ke haiM-- videha muktivAdI tathA jIvanamuktivAdI / videhamuktivAdI bhI do prakAra ke haiM -- AtmabhedavAdI tathA AtmaikyavAdI / AtmabhedavAdI ke do bheda haiM - karma-anapekSa- IzvaravAdI, karmasApekSa IzvaravAdI / karmaanapekSa IzvaravAdI ( nakulIza pAzupata ) karmasApekSa IzvaravAdI ( zaiva ) AtmaikyavAdI pratyabhijJAdarzana vAle haiM / utpattisAdhana adRSTavAdI bhI do prakAra ke haiM zabda ko pramANAntara anaGgIkAra karane vAle tathA zabda ko pramANAntara aGgIkAra karane vAle / inameM prathama meM vaizeSika tathA dUsare meM naiyAyikoM ko rakhA gayA hai / zrautadArzanika bhI do prakAra ke hai vAkyArthabhedI tathA padArthabhedI / mImAMsA prathama bheda kA pratinidhi hai, vaiyAkaraNa dUsare kA / nirguNa AtmavAdI bhI do prakAra ke haiM tArkika tathA zrauta / inameM tArkika bhI do prakAra ke haiM anIzvaravAdI tathA IzvaravAdI / inameM sAMkhya ko prathama varga meM aura yoga ko dUsare varga meM rakhA gayA hai / tathA zrota (nirguNa AtmavAdI ) zAMkaravedAnta ko mAnA gayA hai / 2 1. zrutiprAmANya/varodhinastArkika vizeSAH nAstikA eteSAM ca lezato'pi na zrutau zraddhA saMdRzyate / upodghAta sarvadarzanasaMgraha pR0 79 2. upodyAta pR0 118 ( sarvadarzanasaMgraha ) parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM isa vargIkaraNa meM bhAratIyadarzana ke prathama vibhAjakadharma ke rUpa meM zruti ke prAmANya yA aprAmANya ko mAna liyA gayA hai| isa mAnyatA kI sadoSatA ke samvandha meM kucha vicAra karanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai / 260 (1) yahA~ zruti kA artha nizcita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prathama vikalpa meM zruti kA artha veda evaM veda kA artha mantra brAhmaNa' mAnA gyaa| kiMtu aisA karane para upaniSad tathA unake upara AdhArita darzana bhI Astika varga se bAhara hone lage, taba veda ko karmakANDa aura jJAnakANDa bheda karake AraNyaka evaM upaniSada ko aveda ke antargata lAyA gayA / veda yA zruti ke isa pariSkAra ke vAda bhI jJAna kA eka vizAla bhaNDAra jo Agama aura tantra ke nAma se prasiddha thA jisake AdhAra para aneka dArzanika siddhAntoM kA udbhava huA thA Astika darzana meM samAviSTa nahIM ho rahA thA / ataH usakA samAveza karane ke lie zruti zabda ke artha kA punaH vistAra kiyA gayA aura yaha kahA gayA ki zruti do prakAra kI hai vaidikI evaM tAMtrikI / (2) ukta carcA se yaha spaSTa hai zruti zabda kA artha avasara ke anusAra badalatA rahA hai / (3) zruti ke sambandha meM dUsarA vivAda pauruSeyatA evaM apauruSeyatA kA rahA hai isameM pauruSeyapakSa haThAt Izvara kI mAnyatA ke lie bAdhya hai / apauruSeyapakSa ko zabda nityatA evaM bAhya nityatA mAnane ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA hai / ye donoM mAnyatAe~ zabda pramANa yA kisI uccatara anubhUti kI apekSA rakhatI haiM | sAmAnya anubhava tathA sAmAnya anubhavAzrita tarka ina donoM meM se kisI eka ko bhI siddha karane ke lie paryApta nahI hai / (4) uccatara anubhUti kI prApti ke uparAnta vyakti meM AptatA A jAtI hai aura Apta ke uccarita vAkya meM prAmANikatA mAnya hai to aisI sthiti meM yaha bheda karanA ki Astika sampradAya ke RSiyoM ke hue sAkSAtkAra evaM uccarita zabda pramANa hai aura nAstika sampradAya ke RSiyoM ke hue sAkSAtkAra evaM uccarita zabda pramANa nahIM haiM, nyAya saMgata nahIM ho sakatA / yadi buddhavacana evaM jinabacana ko bhI zruti kA sthAna prApta ho gayA hotA ( jo durbhAgya vaza nahIM ho sakA ) to nizcaya 1. zruti - veda hai: veda-mantra brAhmamaNAtmako veda: zruti dvedhA-vedikI tAntrikI ceti' ( medhAtithi-manusmRti ) parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya paramparA ke anuzIlana se nayA darzana saMbhava 261 hI usI prakAra yaha bheda bhI samApta ho gayA hotA, jisa prakAra nigama tathA Agama kA bheda karmakANDa ebhaM jJAnakANDa kA bheda samApta huaa| (5) vibhAjaka dharma ke rUpa meM ukta mAnyatA ko svIkAra karane kI mAtra paramparA rahI hai, jo saMskRtibheda evaM vicAra bheda kI asahiSNutA se utpanna hai| isakA koI maulika AdhAra nahI hai| navIna vargIkaraNa kI AvazyakatA-ukta doSoM ko dekhate hue yaha Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai ki Agraharahita hokara bhAratIya darzana kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jaay| kintu vargIkaraNa ko spaSTa evaM tArkika doSa se rahita rakhane ke lie kucha zartoM ko pUrA karanA hogaa| (1) vargoM meM vibhakta hone vAle bhAratIyadarzana kI sImA kA nirdhAraNa karanA hogaa| (2) una adhArabhUta vibhAjaka dharmoM ko lenA hogA jo eka ora mAnyatA para AdhArita na ho aura dUsarI ora parasparAcchAdanatA sAMkarya, ativyApti, avyApti vibhAga ke doSoM ke nivAraNa karane meM samartha hoN| ataH isa sambandha meM kevala kucha sujhAva upasthita kie jA rahe haiN| (1) bhASAbheda ke AdhAra para; saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, evaM Adhunika bhASAyeM / (2) zailI bheda ke AdhAra para : (ka) bhASAgata zailI-saMvAda, sUtra, bhASya, TIkA, nibandha, prabandha, Adi / (kha) pratipAdana shailii| (1) vizleSaNAtmaka (2) varNanAtmaka yA vivaraNAtmaka svatantratarka mUlaka zAstrAnukUlatarkamUlaka upadezAtmaka vyAkhyAnAtmaka (3) AlocanAtmaka, (4) samanvayAtmaka, (5) tulanAtmaka Adi (3) pratipAdya viSaya ke svarUpa ke AdhAra pr| jaise- ka) bhautikatattvavAda-atibhautikatattvavAda-AdhyAtmikatattvavAda (kha) ekatattvavAda, ubhayatattvavAda, anekatattvavAda (ga) pratyayavAda, vastuvAda parisaMvAda-3

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262 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM (gha) nityatAvAda (zAzvatavAda) ucchedavAda, madhyamavAda (Ga) AtmavAda, anAtmavAda, IzvaravAda, anIzvaravAda (4) lakSya ke AdhAra para-mukhya lakSya-aihikasukha, svarga, mokSa, nirvANa bhAgyavarddhaka Adi -gauNalakSya-tattvajJAna, zAstrArtha meM vijaya, pratibhA-vikAsa / samAjasudhAra, navanirmANa (5) pramANa ke AdhAra para-(ka) pramANasaMkhyA-eka pramANa, do pramANa, tIna pramANa, cAra pramANa, aneka pramANa (kha) pramANa samplava-pramANavyavasthA (ga) svataH prAmANya, ubhaya prAmANya, sApekSavAda (syAdvAda) (6) kAryakAraNa ke tathAbhUta AdhAra siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para-ArambhavAda, santAnavAda, pariNAmavAda, vivartavAda / (7) sAdhana ke AdhAra para-karmapradhAna, jJAnapradhAna, bhaktipradhAna, samanvayAtmaka, smuccyaatmk| (8) paramparAbheda ke AdhAra para bhAratIya paramparAnusArI, pAzcAtyaparamparAnusArI, tulanAtmaka, svatantracintanAtmaka / yaha saMkalana evaM digdarzana mAtra haiN| isakA vivecana, saMzodhana, saMvardhana, nitAnta apekSita hai| prasthAna-bhAratIyadarzana ke paramparAgata prasthAnoM kA nirUpaNa bhI Astika prasthAna tathA nAstika prasthAna ke rUpa kiyA gayA hai| jisakA eka saMkSepa kintu spaSTa varNana mahimnastotra ke "trayI sAMkhyayoga" zloka kI madhusUdanasarasvatI kI vyAkhyA meM upalabdha hai| nAstika prasthAnoM kA nAma yahA~ nirdeza karane ke bAda madhusUdana sarasvatI kahate haiM ki ina nAstika prasthAnoM kA samAveza Rju kuTila nAnA pathoM meM isalie nahIM kiyA gayA hai kyoMki veda vAkya hone se ye sAkSAt yA paramparayA puruSArtha ke upayogI nahIM hai| isa prakAra anyatra bhI darzana kA varNana samiti rUpa meM hI huA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya paramparA ke anuzIlana se nayA darzana saMbhava 263 isa nibandha ke prArambha meM upasthita aneka vikalpoM kA samAveza yadi bhAratIya darzana meM kiyA jAya to nizcaya hI isake navIna prasthAnoM kI AvazyakatA ko bhI asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ukta samasta vikalpoM ke AdhAroM ko bhI bhAratIya darzana ke prasthAna mAnakara una para vicAra karanA hogaa| __isalie naye prasthAnoM ke samAveza kA prazna navIna pariprekSya ke spaSTIkaraNa para nirbhara hai| ukta vivecana se hama isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki bhAratIya darzana ke svarUpa tathA kSetra usake vargIkaraNa tathA usake navIna prasthAna kI samasyA eka vyApaka evaM jaTila samasyA hai| usako sulajhAnA koI sarala kAma nahIM hai| isake lie Agraha rahita hokara saMghaThita prayatna karane kI AvazyakatA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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saMskRti-darzana-sambhAvanAyeM aura svarUpa --DA0 zambhunAtha siMha darzana kA mUla artha hai dekhanA, sAkSAtkAra krnaa| kintu jaba hama darzanazAstra zabda kA prayoga karate haiM to hamArA tAtparya usa zAstra se hotA hai jisameM tArkika paddhati se kisI aise siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA jAtA hai jo apane viSaya ke carama satya yA mUlatattva se sambandhita hotA hai| isa taraha darzanazAstra sAmAnyacAkSuSa sAkSAtkArajanya anubhava nahIM hai| annamaya koza se lekara Anandamaya koza taka ke sabhI anubhava cetanA ke sAkSAtkAra-janya' anubhava hai kintu unake aneka stara haiM jo kramazaH Uordhva rUpa meM sthita hote haiN| darzana Urvoca'krama se cetanA ke caturtha stara ke anubhavoM kA zAstra hai| usa stara se nIce ke staroM ke anubhavoM ke kramabaddha aura tarka pUrNa vivecana-vizleSaNa ko jJAna-vijJAna to kahA jA sakatA hai, para unheM darzana kI saMjJA nahIM dI jA sktii| ___ kintu isakA yaha tAtparya nahIM ki darzana jIvana se kaTA huA kisI atIndriya loka ke anubhavoM kA zAstra hai| mAnava sabhyatA ke vikAsa kA itihAsa vastutaH jJAna-vijJAna, vidyAoM aura kalAoM ke uttarottara vikAsa kA itihAsa hai| isa vikAsa krama meM darzana zAstra nirantara mAnava jIvana se sambaddha rahatA AyA hai| vibhinna dArzanika siddhAntoM meM antima niSkarSa bhale hI kalpanAzrita pratIta ho, kintu unakA prArambha jIvana kI yathArtha samasyAoM ko lekara hI huA thaa| duHkha, jarA, maraNa, kSaNikatA, parivartana Adi tathyoM se adhika yathArtha samasyA aura kyA ho sakatI hai ? sRSTi kI utpatti aura vikAsa kI samasyA kyA ayayArtha hai ? bhAratIya darzanoM kA prArambha inhIM praznoM ko lekara huaa| cetanA ke nimnastaroM ke anubhava darzana ke 'kacce mAla' arthAt cintana aura prayoga kI sAmagrI mAtra haiN| cetanA ke mukhyataH pA~ca stara haiM 1. sahajAtavRtti aura sahajajJAna kA stara, 2. vaMzaparamparAgata jJAna kA stara 3. zAstrIya jJAna kA stara, 4. dArzanika jJAna kA stara 5. prAtibhajJAna samAdhi dazA ke jJAna kA stara / parisaMvAda-3

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saMskRti-darzana sambhAvanAye aura svarUpa isameM se pahalA stara mAnavetara prANiyoM athavA Adima mAnava kI avikasita cetanA kA stara hai| jisameM racanA dharmitA sahajAtavRtti aura sahajajJAna kI preraNA para AdhArita hotI hai / madhumakkhI kA madhuchatra, bayA kA ghoMsalA, dImakoM kA balmIka tathA isI prakAra ke anya pazu pakSiyoM ke kArya adbhuta aura zramasAdhya hote hue bhI unakI bauddhika kriyA ke pariNAma nahIM haiN| ye unakI sahajAta pravRtti aura sahaja jJAna ke dvArA sampanna hote haiM / dvitIya stara vaMzaparamparAgata jJAna kA hotA hai jo mAnava sabhyatA ke Adima kAla meM hI prArasbha ho gayA thA aura Aja taka vartamAna hai| Adima yuga meM pASANakAla se lekara tAmrayuga taka manuSya ne sabhyatA ke jina upakaraNoM kA vikAsa kiyA unheM pratyeka kabIle ke loga vaMza-paramparAgata rUpa meM sIkhate rahate the| prastarAstra, guphAcitra, gRha-nirmANa mRtbhAMDa-nirmANa Adi se lekara gharelU upayoga kI vividha vastuoM aujAroM aura yaMtroM taka kA vikAsa vaMzaparamparAgata rUpa meM hI huA aura kRSi-yugIna samAja meM zrama-vibhAjana kI prathA prArambha ho jAne tathA varNoM aura jAtiyoM kA vibhAjana ho jAne ke bAda vividha pezevara jAtiyoM meM avaziSTa raha gyaa| telI, kumhAra camAra, koyarI, Adi jAtiyoM meM ve upayogI kalAyeM yA vidyAye vaMzaparamparAgata rUpa meM Aja bhI calI A rahI haiN| vaidika kAla meM bhArata meM brAhmaNoM ko nayo vidyA kA, sUta-mAgadhI ko itihAsa-purANa kA, rAjanya varga ko yuddha-vidyA kA, vaizya varga ko vyApAra-dhandho kA aura zUdroM ko kRSi-karma evaM kalA kauzala kA jJAna, vaMza paramparA dvArA hI prApta hotA thaa| inakA prArambha meM na to zAstra thA na inake prazikSaNa kI vyavasthA thii| yaha prathA Aja bhI aneka dezoM meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM vartamAna hai| cetanA kA tIsarA stara vaha hai jisameM vibhinna vidyAoM aura kalAoM ke zAstra bana jAte haiN| ye zAstra parizrama aura jJAna ke prazraya ke uddezya se banAye jAte haiN| kisI vidyA kA zAstra banane kA yaha artha nahIM ki usake pUrva vaha vidyA thI hI nhiiN| isake viparIta usase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki ye vidyAyeM vartamAna meM thI jisakA samyak adhyayana karake tArkika paddhati se unake avayavoM kA vargIkaraNa svarUpanirdhAraNa aura vivecana karake unake sambandha meM siddhAnta banAye gaye tathA unake , lakSaNoM aura niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gyaa| bhArata meM uttara vaidika kAla meM zikSA, nirukta, vyavasthA, jyotiSa, kalpa aura chandasa nAmaka zAstroM kA vikAsa vaidika jJAna ke saMrakSaNa evaM pracAra tathA vidyArthiyoM evaM ziSyoM ke lie hI huA thaa| parisaMvAda-3

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266 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM dhanurvidyA. nATyazAstra, dharmazAstra, purANa Adi kA praNayana bhI isI upayogitAvAdI uddezya se huaa| Adhunika yuga meM sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha naye-naye zAstroM kA prAdurbhAva sAmAjika upayogitA ke lie huaa| jaise itihAsa, bhUgola, arthazAstra, samAjazAstra, nRtatvazAstra, bhASA-vijJAna, manovijJAna, bhUgarbhazAstra, khagolazAstra, rasAyanavijJAna, jIvavijJAna, vanaspativijJAna, zarIravijJAna, tathA vividha prakAra ke prAvidhika zAstra aadi| jJAna, vijJAna aura pravidhi sambandhI ina sabhI zAstroM kA uddezya prazikSaNa dekara aise vizeSajJoM ko taiyAra karanA hai jo prAkRtika sAdhanoM dvArA vaijJAnika aura prayoga siddha paddhatiyoM kA upayoga kara unheM mAnava ke bhautika sukha ke hita meM niyojita kara skeN| ina Adhunika zAstroM ke vikAsa ke pUrva bhI ye vidyAyeM vartamAna thI kintu unakA zAstra nahIM thA, ve vaMzAnukrama paramparA se calatI A rahI thii| inhIM vidyAoM ke kSetra meM aneka vaijJAnika AviSkAra bhI kiye gaye, jinakA upayoga mAnava ke hita ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| cetanA ke vikAsa kA caturtha stara darzana kA hai| isa stara para jJAna kI upalabdhi upayogitA ke lie nahIM, kevala jJAna ke lie hotI hai| isa taraha darzana kA lakSya kevala satyAnveSaNa yA tattvAnveSaNa hai| yaha dUsarI bAta hai ki darzana dvArA upalabdha jJAna samAja ke hita ke lie bhI prayukta ho| kintu dArzanika kA lakSya tattvAnveSaNa hI hai| isa anveSaNa kI prakriyA bauddhika aura tarkasaMgata hotI hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki jJAna-vijJAna sambandhI zAstra jahA~ samApta hote haiM, vahA~ se darzana kA prArambha hotA hai| phira bhI darzana meM cetanA ke pUrvavartI tInoM staroM kA jJAna sAmagrI yA samavAya ke rUpa meM vartamAna rahatA hai| dArzanika kI pratibhA darzana kA nimitta kAraNa hotI hai jo vaijJAnika aura zAstrajJa ke bauddhika paddhati aura tArkikatA kA prayoga to karatA hai para upayogitA kI sImA taka jAkara ruka nahI jAtI, balki aura bhI U~cAI para pahu~ca kara carama satya ko balapUrvaka upalabdha karatI athavA upalabdha karane kA dAvA karatI hai| cetanA kA paMcama stara pazyantIvAk yA samyakajJAna kA stara hai jo sAdhanA kI saraNiyoM ko pAra karane ke bAda samAdhidazA meM upalabdha hotA hai| isa stara para jJAna kI upalabdhi prAtibhajJAna divyadRSTi ( Vision ) dvArA hotI hai| carama satya yA paramatattva kA sAkSAtkAra isI sthiti meM hotA hai aura isI jJAna ko prajJAna yA vAstavika darzana kahA jA sakatA hai| yaha jJAna kArya-kAraNa-paramparA parisaMvAda-3

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saMskRti-darzana sambhAvanAyeM aura svarUpa vihIna, tatIta aura aprameya hotA hai / isa stara para jo anubhava hotA hai, vaha lagabhaga anirvacanIya hotA hai / kintu anirvajanoya aura aprameya hote hue bho vaha atIndriya aura alaukika nahIM hotA / isa jJAna kA mUla yathArthaM jagata meM hI hotA hai, para usakI mUrdhA parokSa satya kA sparza karatI hai / isa taraha yaha jJAna pratyakSa aura parokSa loka ke bIca setu ke rUpa meM hotA hai / vaha sAdhana ko, vyaktitva ko sAmAnya rUpa se pUrNatayA parivartita kara detA hai jisameM vaha sAmAnya logoM se bhinna koTi kA vyakti bana jAtA hai, aise ho vyaktiyAM ko siddha mahAtmA, siddha kalAkAra aura kavi, siddha santa aura siddha vidvAna kahA jAtA hai / ve parapratyayaneya buddhi vAle nahIM hote, unakA nijI viziSTa anubhava hotA hai jise ve sarvasulabha banAnA cAhate haiM, para saba meM use grahaNa kI kSamatA nahIM hotI / ataH vibhinna loga usa jJAna ko apanI-apanI sabhyatA aura pAtratA ke anusAra alaga-alaga DhaMga se aura alaga-alaga rUpa meM grahaNa karate haiM / cetanA ke anubhavoM ke uparyukta pA~ca staroM ke krama meM yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki prathama aura antima stara meM bauddhika AyAsa aura tArkikatA kA upayoga bilkula nahIM hotA kintu ina donoM staroM meM mAnavIyatA aura naitikatA kA mahatva bahuta hotA hai / vaMzAnukrama dvArA upalabdha jJAna buddhi kA Azraya avazya letA hai, kiMtu usase bauddhika vivecanA kA Adhikya nahIM hotA / isa kAraNa usameM sahajatA ke sAtha sAmAjika sahayoga kI pravRtti hotI hai| yaha jJAna prayoktA se vyaktitva meM samA gayA rahatA hai jisase usake jJAna ke stara aura usakI sAMskRtika cetanA meM sAmaMjasya kI sthiti hotI hai / tRtIya stara meM bauddhika prayAsa aura tArkikatA kI adhikatA dikhAI par3ane lagatI hai, pariNAma svarUpa yaha jJAna grahItA ke bauddhika dharAtala para pahu~ca kara vahIM ruka jAtA hai / grahItA isa jJAna kA upayoga to apane jIvikopArjana ke lie karatA hai athavA sAmAjikahita ke upayoga ke lie; kintu usa jJAna se usakA vyaktitva aprabhAvita rahatA hai athavA yoM kaheM ki usa jJAna meM manuSya ke vyaktitva kA nirmANa karane vAlA koI tatva hI nahIM hotA / pariNAma svarUpa aisA zAstrIyajJAna samAja kA jitanA hita karatA hai, usase kahIM adhika usakA ahita karatA hai / vaha manuSya kA bauddhika vikAsa to bahuta adhika karatA hai kintu sAtha hI usakI naitika aura saundarya bodhAtmaka pravRttiyoM kI jar3oM ko kATa detA prabidhi ke zAstroM kI yahI hai jisase ve sUkha kara mara jAtI haiM / jJAna-vijJAna aura biDambanA hai ki jitanA hI adhika unakA vikAsa hotA jA rahA hai, manuSya jAti meM mAnasika zAnti aura Atmika Ananda kA utanA hI adhika abhAva hotA jA rahA hai / 267 parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe darzana zAstra bhI jJAna-vijJAna sambandhI zAstroM kI bhA~ti pUrNatayA bauddhika prayAsa aura tArkika paddhati para Azrita hai| kintu usakI dRSTi upayogitAvAdI nahIM hai, aura yadi usakA kucha sAmAjika prabhAva ho bhI sakatA hai to vaha itanA apratyakSa aura sUkSma hotA hai ki sAmAnya jana usakI ora AkRSTa hI nahIM hotaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jJAna vijJAna ke isa carama utkarSa ke yuga meM darzana kA mahattva bahuta kama ho gayA hai| Aja ke isa bhautikatAvAdI aura yathArthavAdI yuga meM itanA avakAza kisake pAsa hai ki vaha kevala tattvajJAna yA satya kI upalabdhi ke lie darzana zAba kI durgama bauddhika ghATiyoM ko pAra kre| dUsarI ora darzana zAstra kI sabase bar3I kamI yaha hai ki vaha satyAnveSaka ko asAdhAraNa to banA sakatA hai, para vaha asAdhAraNa, anAcArI aura asAmAjika vyakti ko sAmA-ya, sadAcArI aura sAmAjika banAne meM pUrNataH asamartha hai| vastutaH atizaya bauddhikatAyukta hone ke kAraNa vaha mAnava ke rAgAtmaka aura saundarya bodhAtmaka pakSa kA sparza nahI kara pAtA / phalataH darzana zAstra aura mAnavatA ke vyAvahArika guNoM ke bIca sAmaMjasya nahIM sthApita ho paataa| isa taraha dArzanika jJAna apanI jagaha rahatA hai aura dArzanika athavA jijJAsu kA jIvana apanI jagaha / darzanazAstra ko pUrNataH adhIna kara lene ke bAda bho. yadi koI dArzanika kevala Upara-Upara se dArzanika aura antara se mAnavatA ke guNoM se rahita aura rAkSasa ke lakSaNoM se yukta hai to isameM doSa darzana zAstra kA hI mAnA jaayegaa| sabhI zAstroM aura darzanoM kA jJAtA mahApaNDitarAvaNa anAcAra aura atyAcAra kA pratIka bana gayA thaa| yaha itihAsa-purANa kI bAta hai kintu Aja vedAnta ke mahApaNDita mukadamebAja haiN| pANini aura bhatRhari ke jJAna ko hastAmalakavat Ayatta kara lene vAle bhASA paNDita dUsaroM kA akAraNa ahita karane vAle aura tikar3amabAja haiM to yaha svataH pramANita hai ki darzana aura anya zAstra manuSya ko vAstavika manuSya banAne meM asamartha haiN| aMtaHcetanA ke uccatama stara-prAtibha jJAna ke stara ko hI hama Adhunika yuga meM mAnava kI mukti kA carama sAdhaka mAnate haiM kyoMki yaha bauddhika saMtrAsa aura pIr3A se mukta hotA hai| vaha mAnavIya guNoM kI pIThikA para AdhArita hotA hai aura usakI jar3eM mAnava vikAsa ke Adima kAla taka gayI haiN| vaha svAnubhUta aura sAkSAtkRta jJAna hai, vaha buddhi kA vyAyAma nahIM, vyaktitva kI upalabdhi hai| vaha tarka dvArA, pramANoM dvArA satya ko siddha nahIM karatA, balki anirvacanIya anubhavoM ko cAritrya kI mUka vANI meM vyakta karatA hai| yaha jJAna saMskRti kI carama pariNati hai, hajAroM varSoM se mAnava saMskAroM meM saMcita satyoM kI jIvanta abhivyakti hai / vaha parisaMvAda-3

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saMskRti darzana - sambhAvanAyeM aura svarUpa 269 asvIkAra nahIM paramparA kA abhinatrIkRta vyAkhyAna hai / yaha jJAna sAdhaka ke susaMskRta vyaktitva se bhinna nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha sAdhaka ke vyaktitva ko parivartita kara use apane sA~ce meM DhAla detA hai / isa stara para jJAna aura jJAtA meM, kathanI aura karanI meM koI bheda nahIM raha jaataa| yaha jJAna bauddhikadarzana nahIM, saMskRti kA darzana hai kyoMki vaha mAnavIya saMskRti ke zAzvata satyoM kA hI pratibimba hai / hamArI dRSTi meM darzana zAstra se draSTA ke sAAtkAra janya anubhava kA adhika mahatva hai aura dArzanika cintakoM se bar3A dArzanika maiM unheM mAnatA hUM jo apane sAkSAtkArajanya anubhUta satya ko svaM jIte haiM / isI kAraNa maiM Rgveda ke vAk sUkta ke draSTA vRhaspati ( maNDala 10 - - sUkta 71 ) ko tathA vAkyapadIyam ke karttA bhatRhari ko, pANini aura yAska se, hiraNyagarbha sUkta (R010 -122) ke draSTA hiraNyagarbha, nAsadIya sUkta (R010 - 129 ) ke draSTA prajApati parameSThI aura puruSasUkta R 10- . ) ke draSTA nArAyaNa ko vedAnta, mImAMsA, nyAya aura vaizeSika ke pravartaka dArzanikoM se adhika mahAna samajhatA huuN| merI dRSTi meM upaniSadoM ke cintaka janakayAjJavalkaya Adi kumArilabhaTTa aura zaMkarAcArya se gautamabuddha, nAgArjuna aura diGnAga se tathA mahAvIra, udayana aura kundakundAcArya se adhika mahAna dArzanika haiM / maiM kaNhapA, gorakhanAtha, rAmAnanda, kabIra, nAnaka aura tulasI ko kisI bhI dArzanika se adhika mahAna samajhatA hUM, Adhunika yuga meM maharSi aravinda, svAmI vivekAnanda, svAmI rAmatIrtha, ravIndranAtha ThAkura, mahAtmAgAMdhI aura nirAlA merI dRSTi meM rAdhAkRSNan, rAnADe tathA anya kisI darzana ke prAdhyApaka vidvAna se bar3e dArzanika the / isa prakAra jo darzana jIvana kI cirantana samasyAoM ko sulajhAne kI jagaha svayaM dArzanika ko hI sAMsArika prapaMcoM meM ulajhAkara bhaTakatA rahe, vaha darzana nahIM, darzana kI jar3a pratimA mAtra hai / uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki bauddhika vivecanA vAle samasta zAstra, jinameM darzana zAstra bhI sammilita hai, mAnava kI mukti ke carama sAdhaka nahIM hai / Antarika bhaya, bAhyasaMtrAsaH, antardvandva, bAhyasaMgharSa, AtmapIr3ana aura saMvedanazUnyatA kI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kisI bhI buddhivAdI zAstra ke pAsa ho hI nahIM sakatA / pazcimI dezoM meM Aja isa buddhivAda kI asaphalatA siddha ho cukI haiN| vaijJAnika aura audyogika unnati kI hor3a meM pazcima kA mAnava apanI samasta Atmika zAnti aura mAnasika saMtulana kho baiThA hai / use yaha bhaya ho gayA hai ki Adhunika vaijJAnika AviSkAroM dvArA manuSya jAti kA saMhAra kisI bhI kSaNa ho sakatA hai / apAra bhautika sampadA saMcita kara lene ke bAda vaha dekhatA hai ki use aitihAsika paramparA se parisaMvAda - 3

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270 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM mAnavIya guNI kI, Atmika sukha aura zAti kI jo saMcita sampadA prApta huI thI use Aja vaha kho cukA hai| pUrva ke deza bhI, jo kabhI dharmadarzana aura AdhyAtmikatA ke agradUta the, pazcimI dezoM kI buddhivAdI sabhyatA kI cakAcaudha meM apanI sAMskRtika dharohara ko bhulA cuke haiN| unake sAdhanA-mArga aura dArzanika ciMtana, unakI samasta AdhyAtmika sampadA Aja jar3a aura prastarIbhUta ho gayI hai| isI kAraNa ina dezoM ke loga use apane sira kA bojha samakSakara utAra pheMkanA cAhate haiN| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki isa samasta AdhyAtmika aura sAdhanAtmaka jJAna ko hajAroM varSoM se kevala pustakoM meM banda kara rakhA gayA hai| use sAmAnya janatA taka pahuMcAne aura jIvana meM utArane kA abhyAsa bahuta pahale chUTa gayA thA aura Aja ina dezoM ke loga bhI unhIM mAnasika rogoM se grasta haiM jinase pazcima ke log| ataH Adhunika mAnava kI mukti kA eka mAtra mArga yahI hai ki vaha sabase pahale mAnava bane, vaha akutobhaya hokara mAnavIya satyoM kA varaNa kre| yaha mArga sabhyatA kA nahIM, saMskRti kA mArga hai| Aja hameM eka aise darzana kI AvazyakatA hai jo buddhivAda para AdhArita na ho, balki AtmasAkSAtkAra aura Atmopalabdhi para AdhArita ho| Aja kI vaijJAnika aura tarkAzrita sabhyatA jJAna, vijJAna aura pravidhi ke sopAnoM ko pAra karatI huI eka aise bindu para A pahu~cI hai, jahA~ Age bar3hane kA artha hai atala garta meM girakara AtmahatyA krnaa| ataH mAnavatA ko vahA~ se pIche lauTAnA hogaa| use mAnava jAti kI usa sAMskRtika paramparA kA mArga dikhAnA hogA jisako mAnava ne sahajAta pravRtti aura sahaja jJAna dvArA Adima yuga meM kITa-pataMgoM aura pazu pakSiyoM se sIkhA thA jise usane vaMza paramparA dvArA prApta kara yuga yuga taka apane jIvana ko sukhamaya aura zAntimaya banAyA thaa| sAmAjika sahayoga, sAmAjika nyAya, vizva-maitrI, prANimAtra ke prati-prema, ananta karuNA aura audArya, vizAla sahRdayatA aura akSaya Atma zakti kA jo srota mAnava jAti ko upalabdha thA usake amRtatulya jala ko pIkara mAnava rAsakSatva kI zaktiyoM se nirantara lar3atA huA bhI sukhapUrvaka jIvita raha skaa| apanI isa ananta yAtrA meM usane jina vidyAoM aura kalAoM ko Ayatta kiyA thA, ve usako Atmika zAnti pradAna karane vAlI thIM kintu jisa dina una vidyAoM aura kalAoM ko bauddhikatA aura tarka ke tAroM se jor3a diyA gayA, usa dina se unakA zakti srota sUkhane lgaa| ve vidyA na rahakara zAstra bana nayIM, kalA na rahakara yaMtra ho gayI aura rasAtmaka tathA Anandamaya' na rahakara nIrasa aura duHkhamaya bana gyiiN| saMskRtizUnyatA kA hI yaha pariNAma huA ki Aja isa deza ke logoM kA naitika patana carama sImA taka pahuMca gayA hai| mahAtmAgAMdhI ne satya aura ahiMsA parisaMvAda-3

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saMskRti-darzana-sambhAvanAyeM aura svarUpa 271 ke lie Atma-balidAna taka kara dene kI jo zikSA dI thI, Aja usakA koI nAmalevA taka nahIM hai| sAmAnya logoM kI to bAta hI kyA bar3A se bar3A zakti sampanna vyakti bhI itanA adhika avasaravAdI, lobhI aura svArthaparAyaNa ho gayA hai ki vaha apanI rAjanaitika aura sAmAjika hAni ke bhaya se satya kahanA to dUra asatya kA hI satya ke rUpa meM DhiMDhorA pITatA hai| Atmika aura naitika zakti ke isa bhayAnaka hrAsa kA pariNAma yaha hogA ki hama na to apane sAMskRtika dharohara ko surakSita rakha sakeMge aura na pazcimI dezoM kI buddhivAdI naitikatA ko hI apanA paayeNge| ataH bhAratIya pariprekSya meM eka aise navIna darzana kI AvazyakatA hai jo saMskRti kA darzana ho, kintu saMskRti kA zAstra na bane, balki saMskRti-puruSoM kA nirmANa kare yaha darzana vastutaH jIvana-darzana hogA, vAk-vilAsa nhii| yaha prAyogika aura vyAvahArika satyAnveSaNa kI upalabdhiyoM ko mAnava hita meM niyojita kregaa| vaha vidvAnoM aura paNDitoM kA nahIM, siddha saMtoM, draSTA kaviyoM aura kalAkAroM tathA prAtibha zakti se yukta sAmAnya vyakyioM kA darzana hogaa| isa darzana kA adhyApana vidyAlayoM aura vizvavidyAlayoM meM ho yA na ho; kintu parivAroM sAmAjika saMgaThanoM aura vidvad goSThiyoM meM isa darzana ke siddhAntoM aura uddezyoM ko pahuMcAnA Avazyaka hogA, tAki nirantara prayAsa dvArA samAja ko mAnasika dhArA ko nayI dizA meM mor3A jA ske| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIyaciMtana kI paraMparA meM navInadarzanoM kI sambhAvanAeM nayA darzana kaise ? zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI darzana ko sabhI sAmA jaka aura vaijJAnika zAstroM kA janmadAtA mAnA jAtA hai aura saca to yaha hai ki dArzanika cintaka ne hI samAjazAstra, manovijJAna, aitihAsika darzana tathA rAjanItika darzana Adi ko janma diyA hai| bhArata meM bhI dArzanika cintana kI eka prAcIna paramparA hai aura vaha paramparA Aja bhI naye cintana ke rUpa meM to nahIM, parantu adhyayana adhyApana ke rUpa meM avazya avicchinna rUpa se calI A rahI hai| prAcIna bhArata ke RSiyoM ke vacana evaM kartavya meM ekatA thI, tabhI to RSi jaisA kahate the usake anurUpa hI artha sampanna ho jAyA karatA thA RSINAM punarAdyAnAM vAcamartho'nudhAvati / / darzana kevala eka said ntika zAstra nahIM hai balki jIvana kI vAstavikatAoM se usakA gaharA sambandha hai| hamArA vizvAsa hai ki kisI vidvAn ko isa tarka se koI virodha nahI hogaa| isaliye bhArata ke dArzanikoM ko apane paramparAgata cintana eva siddhAntoM kA vivecanAtmaka dRSTi se punarIkSaNa karanA cAhie tathA tarka kI kasauTI para jA bhAratIya mantavya pramANita nahI ho pAte haiM, unakA sAhasa ke sAtha khaNDana kara denA caahie| tarka aura pramAgoM ke AdhAra para satya kI sthApanA ho dArzanika cintana ko mUlabhitti hai| dharma se darzana kA yahIM pArthakya hai| darzana jisa satya ko pramANa ke AdhAra para mAnya mAnatA hai, dharma usa AsthA, vizvAsa tathA guruvAkya ke AdhAra para mAnatA hai| bhAratIya dArzanika isa vibheda ko bhulAkara na jAne kyoM dhArmika upadezoM ko hI darzana mAna lete haiN| isIlie hamAre yahA~ kaI zatAbdiyoM se tarka kI pradhAnatA na hone se AsthA ke kAraNa navIna cintana nahIM ubhara skaa| 1. uttararAmacaritam-bhavabhUti parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM navIna darzanoM kI sambhAvanAeM 273 bhAratIya darzana 12vIM 13vIM zatI ke bAda koI svatantra cintana nahIM de skaa| isake bAda kA bhAratIyadarzana kevala TIkA, upaTIkAoM kA hI darzana hai maulika nahI / lekina isake pUrva kumArila, zakarAcArya, diGnAga aura siddhasena kA darzana vAstava meM darzana thaa| vaha TIkA TippaNImAtra nahIM thaa| 12vIM zatI ke bAda bhAratIya darzana bhI dharma kA dAsa bana gyaa| jaise madhyayuga meM pAzcAtyadarzana dharma kA dAsa bana gayA thA aura vaha bhI samagra jIvana kA darzana na banakara ekAMgI bana gayA thaa| yadyapi pazcima ke dharmadArzanikoM ne grIka vicAroM ke sAtha IsAIyata ke vicAroM ko jor3A, lekina isase darzana kA upakAra nahIM huaa| isaliye darzana kA upakAra vijJAna ke sAtha sambandha juTane para huaa| yaha kAma pAdarI koparanikasa ne kiyaa| jo bhautikavAdI vijJAna kA janaka mAnA jAtA hai| pazcima meM dArzanika vijJAna kA adhyayana karate the tathA vaijJAnika bhI darzana kA cintana karate the| nyUTana darzana kA AcArya thA tathA prAkRtika vijJAna par3hAtA thA, jaba ki kAnTa phijiksa kA adhyApaka thA aura darzana para vicAra karatA thaa| isI prakAra pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne maithemeTiksa tathA manovijJAna para bhI adhyayana jArI rakhA hai| isIliye pazcima kA darzana vijJAna se prabhAvita rahA tathA vijJAna se samanvita rahA jabaki bhAratIya darzana isa prakAra kA nahIM hai| vaijJAnika dRSTi ke kAraNa hI pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne apanA cintana vaijJAnikatApUrNa rakhA, tabhI to pazcima meM yaha diyoM para hue atyAcAroM ko pratikriyA meM mAnava ke maulika adhikAroM para cintana prArambha huA tathA prathama mahAyuddha kI bhISaNa nRzaMsatA se prabhAvita hokara sAmrAjyavAdI rasela samAjavAdI bnaa| abhI hAla meM hI dakSiNa viyatanAma tathA hinda cIna para hue nRzaMsa hamaloM se Ubakara amerikA ke dArzanikoM ne amerikA ke AdarzoM ke prati AtmavizleSaNa kA eka nayA Andolana uThAyA thA jisake netA noma cAmskI the| lekina bhArata meM deza ke vibhAjana ke samaya hue khUna kharAboM para, striyoM para sadiyoM se calI A rahI nRzaMsatA para, harijanoM ke sAtha ke amAnuSika vyavahAroM para tathA baMgalA deza meM hue amAnuSika atyAcAroM para kabhI koI dArzanika cintana nahIM ubhraa| hama mAnava ke nRzaMsAtmaka hatyAoM ke samaya bhI brahmavAda, zUnyavAda tathA anekAntavAda meM hI par3e rahe tathA aba bhI hamArA cintana inhIM ke irdagirda calatA hai| hama Aja bhI pratyakSa para tArkika praNAlI se hI vivecanAtmaka vizleSaNa karate haiN| jabaki pratyakSa kA vaijJAnika vivecana manovijJAna meM acchI prakAra se cala rahA hai| hamArA dArzanika Aja bhI maMgalAcaraNa se kAryAsiddhi, zabda kI nityatA se apauruSeyatva pratipAdana, piTharapAka evaM pIlupAka se ghaTa ke pake parisaMvAda-3 35

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM svarUpa kA pratipAdana, andhakAra kI svatantra dravyasattA Adi para vivecana karatA hai / " inakA Aja ke vaijJAnika cintana meM koI sthAna nahIM hai / Aja ke dArzanika ke sAmane vedAnta kA abhyAsa, bauddhoM kA sAMvRttika satya tathA sAMkhya kI buddhi, ahaMkAra tattvoM kA svarUpa apane khokhalepana ko pragaTa kara cukA hai / lekina hamArA paramparAvAdI dArzanika isase bilkula asAvadhAna haiM / maulika dArzanikatA ke liye vicAroM kI maulikatA Avazyaka hotI hai aura vaha maulikatA tabhI A sakatI hai jaba vaicArika bhASA jisakA Apa upayoga kara rahe haiM vaha ApakI ho / hamAre deza kA durbhAgya hai ki hamAre yahA~ ke paramparAvAdI tathA naye dArzanika donoM hI aisI bhASAoM meM cintana karate haiM jisameM unakA kevala abhiniveza mAtra hai maulikatA nahIM / vicAroM kI maulikatA to dina pratidina kI samasyAoM se tathA vAtacIta se hI A sakatI hai aura vaha hama Ane denA hI nahIM cAhate, kyoMki yadi vaha AyegI to paramparAvAdI paNDitAI tathA alTrAmADarna kI cintanazIlatA para pAnI phira jAyegA / : 74 darzanazAstra ke adhyayana kI paramparA ko sAmAnya buddhi vAle mAnava ke hitoM se jor3akara usakA adhyayana mAnava kalyANa ke sampAdana meM honA caahie| vaha kalyANa sampAdana cAhe mAnava mUlyoM kI tArkika sthApanA se ho, cAhe dharma kI AsthA se | bekana ne kahA hai- "darzanazAstra kA alpa adhyayana manuSya ke mastiSka ko nAstikatA kI ora jhukAtA hai kintu gahana adhyayana use dharma kI ora le jAtA hai / Aja hama darzana kI madada ke lie yA to vijJAna kI tarapha AzAbharI nigAha se dekha rahe haiM yA nahIM to dharma kI tarapha AsthAbharI nigAha se dekha rahe haiM / pIche dekha cuke haiM ki dharma ne kisa prakAra madhyayuga meM darzana ke paMkha kATa liye the tathA darzana parakaTe kabUtara kI taraha mandira-masjida tathA girijAgharoM meM hI tar3aphar3A rahA thA / vijJAna ne bhI AsthAoM kA nirAsa kara aisA vAtAvaraNa paidA kara diyA ki hama manuSya se Age bar3hakara yA to dAnavI rUpa dhAraNa kareMge yA devIrUpa / pazcima ke samakAlIna dArzanikoM ne tattvamImAMsA kI AlocanA karate hue kahA hai ki - yadi koI nayA jJAna hameM prApta hotA hai jo hama anubhava se pramANita nahI kara sakate haiM to vaha jJAna zabda jhaMkAra mAtra hai, isakA koI artha nahIM hai / koI deva yA daitya hameM tattvamImAMsA kA jJAna nahI karA sakatA hai / " isa prakAra AsthA vihIna hama samAja kI kyA, apanA hI jIvana saMkaToM meM DAlakara bhaTakA rahe haiM / 1. pUrvI evaM pazcimI darzana DA0 devarAja 2. darzanazAstra kA paricaya pR0 38 hindI anuvAda TI0 DablyU paiTrika | 3. deyaraphora no gADa eNDa no Devila kaina gibha asa maiTAphijikala nAleja. 'da elimInezana Apha meTA phijiksa' pR0 73 parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana paraMparA meM navIna darzanoM kI sambhAvanAeM 275 saca to yaha hai ki vijJAna kI mahAna khojeM jinake dvArA vyAvahArika prayoga saMbhava huA hai, aura jinheM bar3A mahattva diyA jAtA hai, sAmAnyataH aise vyaktiyoM dvArA kI gayI haiM jinakI ruci vyAvahArika prayoga meM nahIM thI / kintu ve kevala vaijJAnika ruci se prerita the aura jinameM jJAna kI ruvi jJAna ke liye hI thI / yahI saiddhAntika vijJAna kA svarUpa darzanazAstra se sambandhita hai aura isa prakAra sabase adhika vyAvahArika banane ke icchuka jo hamezA vyAvahArika prayoga para cintana kiyA karate haiM, ve bhI vyAvahArika manobhAva meM nahIM rhte| kabhI-kabhI hama bhI 'jJAna ko jJAna ke lie' pAne ke icchuka hote haiM, taba hama vijJAna ke vyApaka artha meM, yathArtha jJAna ke prema ke artha meM usakI ora mur3ate haiM / kabhI-kabhI hama Azcarya ke manobhAva meM rahate haiM aura socate haiM ki kyA jagata kA koI artha uddezya yA mUlya hai, taba hama darzanazAstra kI ora mur3ate haiM yA hama sandeha yA nirAzA ke manobhAvoM meM rahate haiM aura una ulajhanoM evaM cintAoM ke bojha se dabe hote haiM taba hama dharma kI ora mur3ate haiM / " isa prakAra darzana ke do dAyAda dikhAI par3a rahe haiM donoM ke sAtha darzana apanA sambandha banA cukA hai aura donoM ne use apane-apane andara lAkara usake svarUpa ko vikRta kiyA hai| eka ne dhArmika haThavAditA evaM AsthA dI to dUsare ne nAstikatA vAda tathA nirAzA / isa bIca manuSya becArA banA huA hai / isaliye aba darzana ko donoM dAyAdoM se piNDa chur3Akara unapara prabhAvI bana kara apane ko svatantra rakhanA hai| tathA vivekapUrvaka mAnava hita, satya tathA jijJAsA kA cintana karate hue apanA svatantra sthAna banAnA hai tAki usameM na haThavAditA Aye aura na nAstikatA / 6060 1. darzanazAstra kA paricaya pR0 33 TI0 DablyU paiTrika | parisaMvAda - 3

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adhyAtma aura Adhunika samAja . pro. DA. devasvarUpa mizra darzana zAstra zabda se yahI tAttvika artha dArzanika vidvAn tathA anya vyakti samajhate haiM ki jisake dvArA vastu kA sahI svarUpa pratIta ho sake vahI darzana hai| vastu do prakAra ke haiM AtmA aura anaatmaa| sAdhAraNatayA anAtmA kA dina rzana karAte hue mukhyarUpa se AtmanirUpaNa karanA hI bhAratIya darzanoM kA lakSya rahA hai| jahAM-jahAM anAtmavastu kA nirUpaNa AyA hai usakA bhI AtmajJAna karane meM hI tAtparya nihita hai| isalie vedAnta zAstra meM sRSTi ke prayojana kI mImAMsA kI gaI hai| kyoMki jaba vedAntoM kA gatisAmAnya nyAya se paramAtmanirUpaNa hI prayojana haiM taba kyoM jaDAtmamithyA prapaMca ke nirUpaNa kA moghaprayAsa kiyA gayA ? yaha prazna svAbhAvika hai / kArya se kAraNa ke jJAna meM suvidhA hotI hai ataH kAryabhUta vizvaprapaMca kA nirUpaNa 'phalavatsannidhau aphalamapi tadaGga" nyAyamUlaka samupalabdha hai| nyAyAcArya dArzanika sArvabhauma udayanAcArya jI ke anAtmavastu kA nirUpaNa bhI AtmajJAna meM sahakArI hai| isa tattva kA digdarzana apane Atmatatvaviveka grantha meM kiyA hai| naiyAyika Izvara kI sattA svIkRta karate hue bhI, mokSarUpa paramapuruSArtha kA sAdhana AtmajJAna hI mAnate haiM / hA~, yaha hai IzvaropAsanA prabhRti sAdhana shkaarii| cArvAka darzana ke atirikta sabhI dArzanika AtmA ko deha se atirikta mAnate haiN| isI kAraNa anAtma dehAdi ke sAtha Atma ke tAdAtmya ko bandhana evaM usake nivRtti ko mokSa kA svarUpa mAnA gayA hai| zrI udayanAcArya jI spaSTa nirdeza karate haiM ki "naisagikaM jJAnamajJAnameva" / svAbhAvika arthAt binA vicAravimarza ke ke hI utpanna hone vAlA 'ahaM gauraH, ahaM sthUlaH ityAdi jJAnabhrama ho hai| AcArya jAnate the ki kahIM isI jJAna ko AtmajJAna na samajha baiThA jaay| isI kAraNa se dArzanika sArvabhauma zrI vAcaspati mizra ne bhAmatI grantha meM AtmA ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa bhalIbhAMti se pUrvottara pakSa dvArA kiyA hai| ataH sarvatobhAvena vimarza ke pazcAt yahI siddha hotA hai ki darzana kA mukhya uddezya AtmA ke yathArtharUpa kA nirUpaNa karanA hI hai| jisase ki sAdhaka tadanusAra cintana karake apane jIvana kA sukhamaya parisaMvAda-3

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adhyAtma aura Adhunika samAja 277 banA skeN| zrI zaMkarAcArya ne brahmasU trabhASya meM spaSTa rUpa se aMkita kara diyA ki unhoMne sUtrabhASya kA bhASya kyoM kiyaa| unakI yaha dhAraNA thI ki yadi spaSTarUpa se vedAnta sUtroM evaM zrutivAkyoM kA tAtparya nahI likhA jAyegA to viparIta artha samajha lene ke kAraNa bahuta se loga zreya se vaMcita hI nahIM hoMge, varan anartha ko bhI prApta ho jaayeNge| antatogatvA yahI sAratattva' darzanazAstra kA pratIta hotA hai ki mithyA anAtmatAdAtmya ko nivRtta karake AtmasvarUpa kA nizcaya kraanaa| yahI bhAva maharSi gautama ne bhI apane isa sUtra se vyakta kiyA- "duHkhajanmapravRttidoSamithyAjJAnAnanAmuttarottarApAye tadanantarApAyAdapavargaH' / brahmasUtra meM maharSivyAsa ne spaSTa kara diyA hai ki jo hama logoM ko svAbhAvika jJAna ho rahA hai isameM bhI Atma pratIti hai hI kintu vaha AvRtta hai, sAdhana ke pazcAt AvirbhUta karanA par3atA hai" aavirbhuutsvruupstu|' gItA meM bhagavAn yogezvara zrIkRSNa ne spaSTa kara diyA hai ki ajJAna ke kAraNa AtmA kA yathArtharUpa nikhara nahIM pAtA hai| usako nizcaya karane ke lie hI darzana aura dArzanika kI apekSA hotI hai / ajJAnenAvRttaM jJAnaM tena muhyanti jntvH| upadekSyanti te jJAnaM jnyaaninstttvdshinH| upaniSad ne bhI inhIM bhAvoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai tadvijJAnArtha gurumevAbhigacchet zrotriyaM brahmaniSTham / eka bAta yahA~ kaha denA atyAvazyaka hogA ki kucha aisA pravAda vyApta ho gayA hai ki bhAratIya darzana kA jo mukhya viSaya' adhyAtma hai usase samAja kA koI sambandha hI nahIM hai| vizeSataH Adhunika samAja jo ki prAcInatA ke suvyavasthita mArga se sarvathA viparIta hai aise samAja ke lie to bhAratIya darzanoM yA anya darzanoM kA koI lagAva hai hI nhiiN| ataH eka nayA darzana kA svarUpa sAmane lAnA caahie| yahA~ taka kahane kA sAhasa yA bhrama tabhI saMbhava hai jaba ki hama darzana ke tattva ko eka dezIya samajha baiThata haiM / vahadAraNyakopaniSad kA nAma sunate hI kisI ke mana meM yaha bhAva ki isakA zravaNa, manana, nididhyAsana ghora araNyasthalI meM hI sambhava hai| taba usa darzana kA kyA aparAdha hai| bhAratIya darzana ke mukhya grantha gItA meM kahA gayA 'mAmanusmara yuddhaca' 'na karmaNAmanArambhAnnaiSkarmyam // bhagavAn zrIkRSNa jo ki gItA ke upadeSTA hai unhoMne spaSTa kara diyA hai ki dArzanika apane darzana cintana prasUta divya jJAna se samAja ko kumArga se vimukha kara sanmArga para sthApita kara samAja meM zAnti suvyavasthA kI avasthA lAtA hai / lokasaMgraha zabda se yahI tAtparya vivakSita hai| prAcIna AkhyAe~ jo isa viSaya meM sAkSI haiM unase yahI upalabdhi hotI hai ki darzana aura dArzanika samAja se sadA sarvathA sambaddha hI rahate the| janaka, yAjJavalkya parisaMvAda-3

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278 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kRSNa, vaziSTha, zaMkarAcArya kI bhA~ti Aja ke samAja meM bhI dArzanika kA sthAna sarvocca hai| ataH yahI niSkarSa hai ki purAne athavA Adhunika samAja meM rahate hue bhI rAgadveSazUnya hokara dehAdyanAtmavastuoM se pRthak AtmasvarUpAnusandhAna karanA hI adhyAtmaniSThatA hai / adhyAtma kA sadA sarvavidha sambandha samAja se rahA hai tathA rhegaa| ataH gItA meM kahA hai adhyAtmavivAvidyAnAm upaniSada bhI yahI sandeza detI hai brahmavidyAM sarvavidyA pratiSThAmatharvaNAya jyeSThaputrAya prAha // parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya ciMtana paramparA meM naye darzanoM kA dizA-nirdeza pro0 brajavallabha dvivedI darzana hI nahIM, prAyaH sabhI zAstroM kA adhyayana prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM hrAsavAda ke AdhAra para Adhunika pAzcAtya paramparA meM vikAsavAda ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai| kevala dhAraNA hI nahIM, yaha vastusthiti hai ki jJAna-vijJAna kI pratyeka zAkhA meM bhArata meM pUrvavartI kAla' meM jisa taraha ke praur3ha granthoM kA nirmANa huA, paravartI kAla meM baha sthiti dekhane ko nahIM miltii| samasta sUtragrantha, pataMjali kA mahAbhASya, kauTilya kA arthazAstra, bharata kA nATyazAstra, vAtsyAyana kA kAmazAstra, caraka-suzruta Adi saMhitAyeM-ye saba aise grantha haiM ki paravartI kAla meM inake Takkara kA koI grantha nahIM bnaa| ina granthoM ke racayitA trikAlajJa RSi hai| isa pRSTabhUmi meM yaha socanA svAbhAvika hai ki zAstra kI paramparA kA hrAsa ho rahA hai| madhyakAlIna mahAn dArzanika AcArya udayana ko isIliye likhanA par3A janmasaMskAradhRtyAveH zaktaH svaadhyaayaakrmnnoH| hrAsadarzanato hrAsaH sampradAyasya mIyatAm // isake viparIta Adhunika pAzcAtya dRSTikoNa vikAsavAda ke AdhAra para sabhI zAstroM kA adhyayana karanA hai| yUnAna aura roma ke ciMtakoM kA ye RSitulya Adara karate haiM, kintu inakA darzana sukarAta aura arastU meM hI samApta nahIM ho jaataa| jJAna aura vijJAna kI pratyeka zAkhA meM, cintana ke vibhinna kSetroM meM, yUnAna aura roma kA hI nahIM, duniyAM kI sabhI prabuddha cintana-dhArAoM kI sahAyatA lekara inhoMne una-una zAstroM kA vikAsa to kiyA hI haiM, sAtha hI jJAna aura vijJAna ke kSetra meM krAntikArI udbhAvanAyeM kI haiM, jinase ki Aja kI sArI duniyA~ lAbhAnvita hI nahIM, saMcAlita bhI hai| parisaMvAda-3

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280 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM isa vaiSamya ke mUla kAraNoM kI khoja karanA aura bhArata kI Aja kI paristhiti meM usase hone vAle hAni-lAbha kA lekhA-jokhA prastuta karanA, Aja ke cintaka kA Avazyaka kartavya ho jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM hama yathAmati apane kucha vicAra yahA~ prastuta karanA cAhate haiN| ___apane vicAroM ko prastuta karane ke liye hama jAgatika jJAna ko AdhyAtmika aura Adhibhautika dRSTiyoM meM na bA~Takara aihalaukika aura pAralokika dRSTiyoM meM bA~TanA cAhate haiN| ___ abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa ( mokSa kI prApti prAyaH pratyeka bhAratIya darzana kA lakSya hai| manuSya jIvanmukta bhale hI ho jAya, kintu mokSa kI abhivyakti isa zarIra aura duniyAM kA moha chUTa jAne ke bAda hI hotI hai, abhyudaya aihalaukika bhI hai aura pAralaukika bhii| svarga Adi pAralaukika abhyudayoM kI prApti bhI isa zarIra ke chUTa jAne ke bAda hI hogii| bhAratIya darzanoM meM aihalaukika abhyudaya ko heya dRSTi se dekhA jAtA hai aura pAralaukika abhyudaya ko upaadey| phalataH inameM aihalaukikaka abhyudaya sambandhI vicAroM ko bahuta kama sthAna milA hai| bhAratIya vAGmaya kI eka zAkhA AgamazAstra aura tantrazAstra ne eka hI janma meM bhoga aura mokSa, abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa ko prApta karAne kI bAta kI, kiMtu isameM bhI vyaktigata bhAvanA hI pradhAna rahI hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya darzana aura AdhyAtmikatA meM vaiyaktika unnati kA to cUr3Anta utkarSa huA hai, kintu sAtha hI sAmUhika unnati kA pakSa atyanta durbala hai| isI taraha se isameM aihalaukika dRSTi kA apekSA pAralaukika dRSTi kA prAbalya ho gyaa| sAdhAraNa bhAratIya kI yaha dRr3ha mUla dhAraNA hai ki saMsAra avanati kI ora tejI se bar3ha rahA hai| isako rokA nahIM jA jA sktaa| karmavAda aura bhAgyavAda isI ora Dhakelate haiN| unakA sArA puruSArtha kalikAla kI argalA se avaruddha hai| pAralaukika dRSTi ke viSaya meM hamAre jaise sAmAnya ciMtaka kucha kaha sakane ke adhikArI nahIM haiN| mahAtmA buddha ne bhI kucha praznoM ko avyAkaraNIya mAnA thaa| aihalaukika dRSTi sandarbha meM hama kucha vicAra kara sakate haiM aura yaha huA bhI hai| dharmazAstrakAroM ne kucha viSayoM meM AgamazAstra aura tantrazAstra ko zruti smRti ke samakakSa mAnyatA dI hai| kahA jA sakatA hai ki dharmazAstroM meM AcAra ( loka vyavahAra) ko bahuta mahattva diyA gayA hai| kalivayaMprakaraNa ko dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisameM zrutiyoM aura smRtiyoM kI aneka mAnyatAe~ sthagita kara parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya ciMtana paraMparA meM naye darzanoM kA dizA-nirdeza 281 dI gaI haiM, isa sthagana kA kAraNa lokamAnasa (lokavyavahAra ) hI hai 'yadyapi zuddha lokaviruddhaM nAcaraNIyam nAcaraNIyam' isa sukti se nAcaraNIyam' pada kI dvirAvRtti lokavyavahAra ke viruddha AcaraNa kA dRr3hatA se niSedha karatI hai| Aja duniyAM simaTa gaI hai| vibhinna dRSTiyoM aura vyavahAroM meM TakarAva ho rahA hai| yaha nizcita hai ki isa TakArava meM utkRSTa tattva hI baca raheMge / duniyAM bhAratIya tattvajJAna ko AzAbharI dRSTi se dekhatI hai kintu sAtha hI bhAratIya jIvana kI visaMgatiyoM se use Azcarya bho hotA hai| yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki apane aihalaukika jIvana meM samAja ke prati aura rASTra ke prati pAzcAtya saMskRti adhika ImAnadAra hai| ajagara kare na cAkarI, apanA matalaba gA~Thane ke liye gadhe ko bApa banAnA, samaratha ko nahiM doSa gusAIM, svakArya sAdhayed dhImAna svArthabhraMzo hi mUrkhatA, AtmArthaM pRthivIM tyajeta-jaise vAkya svastha sAmAjika vikAsa meM sahAyaka nahIM ho skte| pAralaukika vivivAkoM kI parIkSA zAstrIya paddhati se hI kI jAya, yaha to ThIka hai kintu aihalaukika dRSTi se sambaddha pratyeka chandobaddha ukti ko vidhi vAkya nahIM mAnA jAnA caahiye| isake liye to hameM -'purANamityeva na sAdhu sarvaM na cApi sarva navamityavadyam / santaH parIkSyAnyatarad bhajante' vAlI kAlidAsa kI isa ukti kA anusaraNa karanA hI cAhiye / Aja kI duniyAM ko bhAratIya saMskRti, darzana aura dharma ke udAttatatvoM kA avadAna de pAne kI sthiti meM apane ko rakhane ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki pUre bhAratIya tattvajJAna kI pRSThabhUmi meM aihalaukika dRSTi se bhI vyaktigata aura samAjagata AcAroM kI parIkSA kI jAya / bhArata meM darzana ko buddhi kA vilAsa mAtra kabhI nahIM mAnA gayA hai| itanA avazya hai ki isameM pAralaukikadRSTi se vyaktigata unnati para adhika jora diyA gayA hai / 'kAmaye duHkhataptAnAM prANinAmAtinAzanam' jaise vAkyoM meM prANimAtra ke duHkha se nivRtti kI kAmanA kI gaI hai, kiMtu isameM bhI pAralaukika dRSTi hI kAma kara raho hai / satyayuga meM hone vAle aihalaukika vikAsa ko hamane bhagavAn kAla ke supurda kara diyA hai| isake viparIta 'svAtmaiva devatA proktA lalitA vizvavigrahA' sarIkhe Agamika evaM tAntrika darzana ke pratipAdaka vAkyoM ke sahAre apane meM vizvAhantA kA vikAsa kara aravinda jaise mahAyogI isI dharatI para divyamAnavatA ke avatAra kI bAta karate haiM aura mahAmanISI zraddheyacaraNa zrI gopInAthakavirAja mahodaya akhaNDa mahAyoga ke mAdhyama se isa sthiti ko lAnA cAhate haiN| parisaMvAda-3

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282 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM jaba hama bhAratIya cintana dhArA meM naye darzanoM kI sambhAvanAoM para vicAra karate haiM, to usa samaya hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA hogA ki vaha kevala buddhivilAsa ke liye na hokara aihalaukika dRSTi se samasta mAnavatA ke kalyANa ke lakSya ko apane sAmane rkhe| eka akhaNDa vizvasaMskRti kA vikAsa isakA pradhAna uddezya honA caahie| Adhunika vizva svAtantrya ke saMkoca ke kAraNa duHkhI hai| yaha svatva, dharma, rASTra, rAjya, bhASA, jAti, kuTumba-kabIle Adi ke nAnA vibhramoM meM par3akara ba~TA huA hai| akhaNDasaMskRti ke mAdhyama se ina vibhramoM ko to tor3a pAne ke uparAnta hI akhaNDa svatva kA bodha ho sakatA hai| sahiSNutA aura samanvaya bhAratIya itihAsa kI vizeSatA rahI hai| yaha prakriyA aba bhI nirantara kriyAzIla hai| tyAga aura tapasyA ke ucca AdarzoM se anuprANita sAdhu santoM kI paramparA paraspara ke sthUla bhedoM ko miTAne meM nirantara saceSTa rahI hai| Adhunika vizva ke vartamAna dharmoM aura vibhinna vAdoM ke virodhI dRSTikoNoM meM sahiSNutApUrvaka samanvaya sthApita kara akhaNDa saMskRti ke nirmANa kA patha prazasta kiyA jA sakatA hai, jisase ki vizva samaSTi meM isa akhaNDa saMskRti ke AvirbhAva se svatva kA saMkoca dUra ho aura 'vasudhaiva kuTumbakam' kI udAtta bhAvanA kA vikAsa ho| jahA~ pratyeka vastu ke sAtha pratyeka vastu ke abheda ke pratiSThita hone para bhI apane svarUpa ke naSTa hone kA koI prasaMga nahIM hai, vahA~ vizva ke kisI vAda, dharma athavA saMskRti ke svatva ke lopa kA bhaya kyoM upasthita hogA? isa taraha se aihalaukika sAmUhika mukti, arthAt samagra mAnavatA ke aihalaukika kalyANa ke liye bhAratIya darzana meM nUtana dRSTi kA unmeSa hone meM hameM prAcIna bhAratIya vicAradhArAoM ke sAtha bhI kisI TakarAva kI AzaMkA nahIM mAlUma pdd'tii| aisA karake hI hama vyaktigata unnati ke sAtha sAmUhika unnati kI bhAvanA kI, pAralaukika upalabdhi ke sAtha aihalaukika naitikatA kI, sImita rUpa meM hI sahI hrAsavAda ke sthAna para vikAsavAda aura bhAgyavAda ke sthAna para puruSArthavAda kI bhAratIya janamAnasa meM pratiSThA kara sakate haiN| aisA karate samaya hameM aihalaukika sAmUhika dRSTi kA vikAsa karane ke liye Adhunika dRSTi se sahAyatA lene meM paraheja nahIM karanA caahiye| varAhamihira kI yaha ukti isa prasaMga meM dhyAna dene yogya hai-vRddhA hi yavanAsteSu samyakazAstramidaM sthitm'| darzana kI nUtana dhArAoM kI sArthakatA isI meM hai| tabhI hama samasta mAnavIya vicAroM meM samanvaya sthApita kara eka akhaNDa-vizvasaMskRti ke nirmANa ko sAkAra rUpa dekara samagra mAnavatA kA kalyANa kara sakate haiN|

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darzana - digdarzana svAmI rAmAzrama prazna- darzana se Apa kyA samajhate haiM ? uttara - darzana zabda kA prayoga tIna prakAra se hotA hai 1 - pratyeka vijJAna se sambandhita usake nAma kA darzana bhI hotA hai jaise samAja vijJAna tathA samAjavijJAna darzana, dharmavijJAna tathA dharmadarzana / 2 - vijJAna kA viSaya tathA usakA darzana / 3- darzana kA darzana / ( 1 ) prathama vibhAjana meM darzana zabda kA artha hai jisa viSaya kA vaha vijJAna hai, usa viSaya kA jIvana se jo sambandha hai usakA vizleSaNa / jaise dharma kA vijJAna, dharma kA darzana | dharma kA vijJAna - dharmoM kI utpatti, aneka dharmoM kA vargIkaraNa, dharma dvArA kinhI satya siddhAntoM taka pahu~canA yA usakI prApti, usameM yadi vikAsa hotA haiM to usakA nirUpaNa, eka dharma kA dUsare dharma se tulanAtmaka adhyayana, dharmavijJAna kA anya vijJAnoM se sambandha, dharma kA itihAsa tathA dharmavijJAna kA itihAsa isI prakAra dharma kA manovaijJAnika adhyayana Adi AtA hai / dharma kA darzana - mAnava jIvana meM dharma kA kyA uddezya hai, mAnava meM kisI prakAra kA koI lakSya hai, jisakI prApti anivArya hai ? yaha lakSya evaM isakI prApti, isa samasta jagata ( sajIva evaM nirjIva ) meM jo kucha bhI ho rahA hai usase kyA sambandha hai ? samasta jagata kI kriyAyeM tathA usakA saMgaThana kisa prakAra aura kisa aMza meM usa lakSya ke bAdhaka yA sAdhaka yA kisI aMza meM sAdhaka yA kisI aMza meM bAdhaka haiN| manuSya jIvana kA sRSTi meM kyA sthAna hai, yaha saba dharma darzana ke viSaya haiM (2) dvitIya vibhAjana meM vijJAna kA viSaya haiM samasta anubhUtiyA~, jo manuSya ke lie sambhava haiM aura unakA paraspara samanvaya evaM sAmaJjasya hai / isako vijJAna i satya kahatA hai / parisaMvAda - 3

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284 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM vijJAna kI vidhi-prayoga tathA binAprayoga ke jo svayaM ho rahA hai usakA nirIkSaNa tathA ina para AdhArita anumAna hai| satya yA vAstavikatA vijJAna ke anusAra sAmaMjasya se hI jAne jAte haiN| vijJAna kA darzana--isakA viSaya hai ki kyA koI vAstavikatA hai, jisakA ki anubhava se sambandha hai ? jJAna tathA anubhava meM koI antara hai yA donoM eka-sI mAnasika kriyAe~ haiN| jJAna yA anubhava dvArA vAstavikatA meM sambandha kyA isa prakAra kA hai ki zanaiH zanaiH kramazaH vAstavikatA kA pUrNa jJAna athavA anubhUti saMbhava ho, yA mAnava mAnasI kriyA kI eka paridhi hai jisake bhItara vAstavikatA kA pUrNajJAna asambhava hai| mAnasI kriyA kA jise aMgrejI meM mAiNDa bhI kahate haiM, jIvana meM pArTa yA rola hai / deza, kAla, kAraNa, prayojana kA vAstavika svarUpa kyA hai ? inakA paraspara sambandha kyA hai ? kAryakAraNa sambandha kyA isa jagata kI samasta ghaTanAoM (phenomenA) kA tAnAbAnA hai ki koI bhI ghaTanA isase atirikta nahIM ho sktii| eka prakAra kI anizcayAtmakatA vaha hai jo hamAre jJAna kI apUrNatA ke kAraNa hai| dUsarI prakAra kI, anizcayAtmakatA vaha hai jo kAryakAraNa ke tAne-bAne se atIta, svatantratA yA svacchandatA kA svarUpa hai| tIsare prakAra kI anizcayAtmakatA vaha hai jo ki miTAI nahIM jA sakatI vaha hai hamAre jJAna tathA yantroM ke mAdhyamoM tathA anubhavoM kI apuurnntaa| pragati tathA vikAsa meM kyA bheda hai ? prakRti meM hama vikAsa dekhate haiN| vikAsa ke lakSaNa haiM saMzleSaNa tathA sAtha hI sAtha vibhed| pragati kA vAstava meM kisI pratyaya ke lie hI prayoga kiyA jAnA caahie| nirjIva jagata meM vikAsa tathA unnati kyA sambhava hai ? yadi hai to kisa rUpa meM ? sajIvajagata meM pragati kA kyA koI eka hI rUpa hai yA aneka ? (6) darzana kA darzana-isa zabda ke prayoga kA eka itihAsa hai jisa samaya Adhunika vijJAna kA janma huA aura usakA vikAsa hone lagA to kramazaH usake aneka pRthak-pRthak viSaya ho gye| pratyeka viSaya meM bAhya jagata tathA mAnasI kriyA kI pRthak pRthak sImAyeM banAkara anusandhAna hone lge| taba vijJAna nAma na rakha kara pratyeka kA nAma darzana hI thA-yathA prAkRtika drshn| yaha vaha vijJAna hai jisakA navIna nAma bhautikI hai| jaba vijJAnoM kA vikAsa kucha aMza taka ho gayA aura pratyeka ke adhyayana kartA tathA anusandhAna kartA kevala usI viSaya taka apane ko sImita karane lage, taba darzanoM ke sthAna para kevala vijJAna zabda kA prayoga hone lgaa| aisI sthiti meM darzana ke tIna vibhAjana kiye gaye-tattvavidyA, sRSTivijJAna, manovijJAna / tattvavijJAna yaha adhyayana karatA hai ki vAstavika tattva kyA parisaMvAda-3

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darzana-digdarzana 285 hai ? sRSTivijJAna yA vizvavijJAna samasta vAhya jagata kI vAstavikatA, alagaalaga vijJAnoM kI jAnakAriyoM kA samanvaya hai jo darzana kA dUsarA viSaya ho gyaa| manovijJAna jaba vijJAna ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai to usakA artha hai samasta mAnasika kriyAoM kA parigaNana, unakA svarUpa nirNaya, unakA eka dUsare se sambandha tathA zArIrika kriyA ke sAtha sambandha / manovijJAna jaba darzana ke eka aMga ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai taba usakA viSaya mAnasika kriyAoM kA vAstavika svarUpa jAnanA, unakI utpatti yA udbhava kahA~ se hai ? hotA hai| isa prakAra ke jitane bhI prazna sambhava haiM, ve isa darzana ke antargata A jaayeNge| tattvavijJAna, sRSTivijJAna aura manovijJAna kA vibhAjana yadyapi mUla rUpa se IsAI dharma ke zAstrIya darzana meM hai aura inake isa vargIkaraNa kA prayoga madhyakAlIna dArzanikoM ne kiyA hai to bhI lotz2a nAmaka jarmanadArzanika ne apane grantha meM usakA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| taba se abataka isa zabda kA prayoga isI artha meM hotA A rahA hai| kANTa ve apanI 'kriTika Apha pyora rIjana' arthAt zuddhabuddhimImAMsA meM yaha zaMkA uThAI hai ki samasta jAnakArI kI kriyA ke pahale isakA asandhAna kara lenA cAhiye ki kyA jJAna ke dvArA vAstavikatA kI anubhUti sambhava hogii| kANTa ne kahA 'aba taka ke sabhI darzana rUr3hivAdI rahe haiM aura isaliye isa pravRtti kA nAma unhoMne rUr3hivAda rkhaa| unhoMne kahA kyoM na rUr3hivAda ke sthAna para samIkSA kI vidhi apanAI jAya arthAt jJAna kI sambhAvanA kI paridhi kA nizcaya kiyA jaay| unhoMne 'kriTika Apha pyora rIjana' meM ise kiyA aura isakA nAma 'pramANamImAMsA' rkhaa| do zabda unhoMne apane sAmane rakhe-1. satya aura 2. jJAna / unhoMne isakA vizleSaNa kiyA ki jJAna se satya kA sambandha kyA hai ? jJAna aura satya kise kaheM? darzana kA 19 vIM zatI ke anta meM eka vargIkaraNa aura huaa| jisameM AdarzavAda aura yathArthavAda arthAt vijJAnavAda aura vastuvAda do zabda sAmane aaye| inake bhI aneka bheda hue| arastU yUnAnI vaijJAnika tathA dArzanika ne aneka vidvAnoM ke nAmakaraNa kie, mAnavajJAna ko aneka viSayoM meM baaNttaa| aneka vijJAnoM para pRthaka pRthaka darzana likhe| jaise sadAcAravijJAna, rAjanItizAstra, tarkazAstra, manovijJAna / inake atirikta vAstavika tattva kyA hai isa para bhI unhoMne eka grantha likhaa| unakI mRtyu ke uparAnta unake samasta vAGmaya' kA vargIkaraNa kiyA gyaa| phIjikA ke bhItara unhoMne una parisaMvAda-3

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286 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM samasta vijJAnoM ko rakhA jo aneka viSayoM se sambandha rakhate haiN| inase pare arthAt meTAphijiksa kA prayoga usa tattva vijJAna ke lie kiyaa| usa samaya se meTAphijikA philAsaphI bana gyaa| kArlamArksa ne meTAphijiksa kA ghora virodha kiyA aura kahA ki meTAphijiksa ke dvArA vAstavikatA kadApi nahIM jAnI jA sakatI hai| unakA kahanA yaha hai ki aparivartanazIla rUpa kA koI tattva nahIM hai / ataH tattvajJAna eka bar3A bhArI bhrama hai| ataH meTAphijiksa zabda kA prayoga unhoMne bahuta hI niSiddha maanaa| isaliye unhoMne apane dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda ke lie philAsaphI zabda kA prayoga ucita, samIcIna aura nyAyasaMgata maanaa| asTriyA meM kucha cintakoM aura vicArakoM ne eka maNDala banAyA; jisakA nAma 'viyanAsakila' rakhA gayA hai| usameM vijageMsTAina pramukha the| unhoMne TaikTasa nAmaka eka grantha likhA, jisameM tArkikapramANavAda kI sthApanA kii| isake vikAsa meM aMgreja dArzanika tathA gaNitajJa rasela ne ( maithemeTikala lAjika ) gaNitIya tarkazAstra jor3akara pratIkAtmaka tarkazAstra kA prArUpa khar3A kiyaa| pratIkAtmaka tarkazAstra tathA tAkikapramANavAda ke AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa yaha hai ki darzana vAstavikatA kA anusandhAna nahIM hai, kyoMki yaha asambhava hai| kiMtu jo kucha hama kahate haiM unake zabdoM meM arthoM kA vizleSaNa mAtra hai| isake liye do prakAra ke ciMtaka pRthak-pRthaka caahiye| eka ve jo prayoga tathA nirIkSaNa dvArA naye-naye satyoM ko udghATita kareM, dUsare ve jo kadApi prayoga ke kSetra meM kArya na karake prayogoM dvArA jo pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai unakI samAlocanA kreN| yahI dArzanika khlaayeNge| prazna--kyA bhAratIya darzana darzana hai ? mAnava ke jJAna vizeSa ke eka zAstra kA nAma svayaMsiddhavAda hai| isakA viSaya hai-parama artha = atyanta puruSArtha / dUsarA dRSTikoNa hai, vAstavikatA kyA hai ? isakA anusandhAna / yaha darzana hai jo pUrva se bhinna hai| vicAra se dekhA jAya to ye eka hI sikke ke donoM pRSTha haiN| eka kA adhyayana dUsare ko apane bhItara pAtA hai| meTAphijiksa kA prayoga usa tattva vijJAna ke lie kiyaa| usa samaya se hamArI vAstavikatA kyA hai, isakA jAnanA anivArya ho jAtA hai| jaba hama vAstavikatA ko jAnanA cAhate haiM to atyanta puruSArtha usase bhinna pAyA jAtA hai| yadi vAstavika tattva sRSTikartA hai jo apane ko sRSTi rUpa meM parivartita yA vikasita karatA hai to yaha bhI to usa vAstavikatA yA paramapuruSatattva kA atyanta puruSArtha ho gyaa| bhAratIya darzana kA nirUpaNa kisI darzana meM svayaMsiddhavAda arthAt parama puruSArtha ke anveSaNa ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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darzana-digdarzana 287 atyanta puruSArtha kyA hai aura vaha kaise prApta hotA hai ? ise sAMkhyasUtra ke prathama sUtra meM kahA gayA hai-'atha trividhadukhAtyantanivRttiratyantapuruSArthaH' / vaizeSika darzana meM tattva kyA hai, isakA jJAna kaise ho, Adi se tattvacintana kA Arambha kiyA gayA hai| anta meM usake atyanta puruSArtha rUpa kA tattvajJAna rUpa se sambandha dikhalAyA gayA hai| brahmasUtra meM brahma kyA hai, isakI khoja se Arambha kiyA gayA hai| anta meM brahma-jJAna yA brahma-anubhUti phala arthAt prayojana se paramAnanda kI prApti rUpa atyanta puruSArtha kA nirUpaNa kiyA gyaa| kisI kAla tathA kisI deza meM tattvajJAna tathA atyanta puruSArtha ko eka dUsare se pRthaka nahIM kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya darzana isa kAraNa, darzana zabda se yadi pukAre jAya~ to samIcIna hI hai| kyoMki usakA viSaya hai vAstavikatA kA anveSaNa tathA atyanta puruSArtha kI prApti / vAstavikatA zabda kA jisa kisI antimatattva, sthiti, parivartana, vijJAna, abhAva aura zUnyatA Adi ke vividha pratyayoM ke artha meM prayoga karate haiN| Adhunika manovijJAna isa niSkarSa para pahuMcA hai ki mAnava meM eka jijJAsA kI prabala zakti rahatI hai, jo bAdhya karatI hai ki manuSya nirantara satya kI khoja karatA rhe| yaha khoja svayaM eka Ananda rUpAtmaka hai| prastutakartA zrIrAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI parisaMvAda-3

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maulika darzana kI sambhAvya dizAeM DaoN. harSanArAyaNa samprati bhArata meM maulika darzana ke nAma para kucha nahIM ho rahA hai| yaha eka duHkhada hI nahIM zarmanAka satya hai| hama yA to paramparA-prApta darzana-sUtroM kI raTa lagAte rahate haiM athavA pazcimI aura usameM bhI kevala samasAmayika vastutaH hrAsazIla dArzanika pravRttiyoM kA anuvadana mAtra karate hue apane ko dhanya samajhate haiN| eka dRSTi se darzanoM ke do bheda kiye jA sakate haiM-anubhavAbhidhAyIdarzana aura anubhavApalApI darzana / anubhavAbhidhAyI darzana anubhava ko svIkAra karate hue usake vyAkhyAna kA prayatna karatA hai, jaba ki anubhavApalAyI darzana anubhava kA pratyAkhyAna karanA cAhatA hai| anubhavApalApI darzanoM meM mAdhyamika aura usake bAda zAGkara advaita pramukha haiN| mAdhyamika kI ghoSaNA hai-- anubhava eSa mRSA, anubhavatvAta, 'taimirikadvicandrAdyanubhavavat / ' mANDakyakArikA-bhASya meM anubhava athavA dRzya kA apalApa paJcAvayavAnumAnapaddhati se isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai jAnadRzyAnAM bhAvAnAM vaitathyamiti prtijnyaa| 'dazyatvAditi hetuH| svapnadRSTabhAvavaditi dRSTAntaH / 'yathA tatra svapne duzyAnAM bhAvAnAM vaitathyaM tathA jAgarite'pi dRSTatvamaviziSTamiti hetuupnyH| 'tasmAjjAgarite'pi vaitathyaM smRtamiti nigamanam / ' 1. madhyamaka-vRtti 1.3, pR. 20 2. mANDkya kArikA-bhASya 2.4. pR. 86 parisaMvAda-3

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maulika darzana kI sambhAvya dizAeM 286 isake viparIta, anubhavAbhidhAyI darzana ke anusAra, anubhava athavA tattva abhilApya ho athavA anabhilApya, kintu nizcaya hI anapalApya hai| vijJAnavAda ko anubhavApalApI nahIM mAnanA caahie| basubandhu kahatA hai ki vaha anubhUta jagat kA niSedha anabhilApyAtmanA nahIM, pratyuta kalpitAtmanA raratA hai-yo vAlera dharmANAM svabhAvo prAhya grAhakAdiH parikalpitas tena parikalpitenAtmanA teSAM nairAtmyaM na tu abhilApyenAtmanA yo buddhAnAM vissyH|' tAtparya yaha ki vasubandhu jagat kI vyAkhyA karatA hai, niSedha nhiiN| svabhAvamAtram-siddhAnta bhI isakI puSTi hai pazcima meM iliyAI jeno zAyada sabase bar3A anubhavApalApI aura AsTriyAI mAinAMga sabase bar3A anubhavAbhidhAyI dArzanika mAnA jA sakatA hai| astu, Adhunika bhAratIya dArzanika ko nirNaya karanA hai ki inameM se kauna-sA dRSTikoNa apanAne yogya hai| darzana eka anya dRSTi se do koTiyoM meM bA~Te jA sakate haiM--buddhivAda (Rationalism ) aura abuddhivAda ( Irrationalism) / buddhivAda ke anusAra anubhava athavA jagat buddhigamya hai, vyAkhyeya hai, jaba ki abuddhivAda ke anusAra abuddhigamya / buddhadhagamya hai, avyAkhyeya hai / maiM mAdhyamika darzana meM abuddhivAda kI spaSTa rekhA dekhatA huuN| pazcima meM jeno ke sAtha nItze ko bhI isI koTi ke antargata samajhanA caahie| pazcima kA sabase bar3A buddhivAdI hegela haiM, jisakA sukhyAta sUtra hai, sattAbuddhigamya hai (The real is rational) / lAibanIz2a isa jagat ko sarvazreSTha jagat (The best of all possible worlds ) mAnatA hai aura sarvazreSTha buddhivAdiyoM kI zreNI meM A jAtA hai| yahA~ buddhivAda aura abuddhivAda ke bheda kA eka nayA AyAma udghATita hotA hai| astitva ke viSaya meM do prakAra ke dRSTikoNa pAye jAte haiM / vaidika dRSTi meM saMsAra sasAra hai, samyaksAra hai, nissAra nhiiN| usakI sRSTi Rta aura satya se huii| hai, aura usakI saMsthiti bhI Rta, satya, Adi zreyoM, sutattvoM, kA phala hai| ___'satyaM bRhan, RtamugraM, dIkSA tapo, brahma, yajJaH pRthivIM dhArayanti / ' upaniSad kI ghoSaNA hai-- 'pUrNamadaH, pUrNamidaM, pUrNAt pUrNamudacyate / 'pUrNasya pUrNamAdAya pUrNamevAvaziSyate // ' 1.viMzatikA-svopajJavRtti, kArikA 10, pR. 41 2.( zAkalA-zezirIyA ) Rgveda-saMhitA 10.190 3. ( zaunakIyA ) arthavedasaMhitA 12.1 4. kaI upaniSadoM kA zAntipATha parisaMvAda-3 37

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kintu astitvasArazUnyatAvAdI usa zailI meM apanA mata isa prakAra prakAzita karegA -- 'zUnyamadaH, zUnyamidaM zUnyAc chUnyamudacyate / 'zUnyasya zUnyamAdAya zUnyamevAvaziSyate' || gItA meM 'sat' zabda kA artha satyaM zivaM sundaraM jaisA kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai-'sadbhAve, sAdhubhAve ca sadityetat prayujyate; 'prazaste karmaNi tathA sacchabdaH pArtha ! yujyate // 1 290 buddha 'sarvaM dukha kI ghoSaNA kara astitvasArazUnyatA- dRSTi kA hI paricaya dete pratI hote haiM / zopenahAyara unake sAtha haiM / kaI astitvavAdI bhI unakA sAtha dete pratIta hote haiN| eka dRSTi ke anusAra astitva mUlataH, tattvataH, zubha hai, aura dUsarI dRSTi ke anusAra azubha / bhAratIya dRSTi astitva kI pratIyamAna azubhatA, duHkhatA ke parihArArtha karmasiddhAnta kA Azraya letI hai / karmavAdI yaha mAna kara calate pratIta hote haiM ki nItimattA aura nisarga meM pUrA-pUrA tAla mela hai, yahA~ taka ki nisarga-jagat ( natural order ) nIti jagat ( moral order ) kA anucara mAtra hai| vaizeSikadarzana ke anusAra prakRti kA sArA kriyAkalApa hamAre adRSTa ( dharmAdharma ) se anuzAsita, paricAlita hotA hai, ra yogadarzana meM jagat ko kevala yoga aura apavarga kA sAdhana mAnA gayA hai / " vastutaH naitika aura naisargika karma meM sAmaJjasya kI kalpanA inIz2a kI kalpanA, pUrvasthApita sAmaJjasya (pre-established harmony) kI yAda tAjA kara detI hai / vaidika paramparA meM jagaccakra ko itanA sArthaka vyAkhyeya, buddhigamya aura aucityapUrNa mAnA gayA hai ki yahAM trAsada - kAvya tathA nATya ( tragedy ) kA vikAsa hI nahIM ho sakA / hamAre nATya meM kisI bhI zreSTha caritra, satpAtra kA duHkhada anta athavA usameM antarAtmA kA saMgharSa, nahIM dikhAyA jAtA, jo pazcimI nATaka kI vizeSatA hai / yahA~ saba kucha bhale ke lie hai, ataH trAsa-bodha ( Tragic sense ) ke 1. lekhaka kRta 'gAliba syArthaM gauravam' 2. gItA 47.26 3. vaizeSika-sUtrANi 5.1.15 / 5.2.2 ! 7,13,17 4. yoga-sUtrANi 2.18 parisaMvAda - 3

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maulika darzana kI sambhAvya dizAeM lie avakAza hI kahA~ ? yahI kAraNa hai ki hamane lagabhaga sahasra varSoM taka romaharSaNa atyAcAra mUkabhAva se sahA hai aura sAhitya meM bharasaka 'upha !' bhI nahIM Ane diyA hai| buddha kI duHkha cetanA trAsadI ke udbhava ke lie atyanta urvara bhUmi siddha ho sakatI thI, kiMtu unakI devatvApatti ke kAraNa unakA haindavIkaraNa ho gayA aura antataH trAsabodha panA hI nahIM skaa| vastutaH buddha kI duHva-cetanA aura nairarthakyadRSTi bhAratIya itihAsa meM eka anahonI-so ghaTanA hai| zAyada isIlie unheM ThIkaThIka samajhA hI nahIM gyaa| samAja aura sRSTi vyavasthA ke sAtha pUrNatAdAtmya aura manamela tathA unake pratipUrNa santoSa aura niSThA kI bhAvanA bhAratIya saMskRti kI anyatama vizeSatA rahI hai| ataeva yahA~ na to sukarAta se samAna sudhAraka dikhalAyI dete haiM, na mArsa ke samAna vidrohI / sRSTi ke sAtha isa prakAra sandhi rakhane vAlI saMskRti koI bhI krAntikArI kadama uThAne ke ayogya ho jAtI hai| vastutaH hamAre yahA~ aparIkSita saste nuskhe darzana ke kSetra meM bahuta calate haiN| sRSTi samajha meM nahIM AyI to usakA niSedha kara diyA gyaa| kahA gayA ki sRSTi huI hI nahIM, kintu itanI bar3I sRSTi chipAI kahA~ jAya ? hatyA kara DAlanA to sarala hai kiMtu lAza kahA~ chipAyI jAya ? ataH sRSTi ko mAyA ke havAle kara diyA gyaa| yaha nahIM socA gayA ki mAyA ko bhI kaThaghare meM khar3A honA pdd'egaa| mAyA ko samajhanA, sRSTi ko samajhane se kama kaThina nahIM hai| isI prakAra AtmA kA niSedha to kara diyA gayA, kiMtu 'nirvANa', 'tathAgatagarbha', Adi ke nAma se use gupta rUpa se sthAna denA pdd'aa| aise saste nuskhoM se pAkhaNDa bar3hatA hai| eka anya dRSTi se darzanoM ko do zreNiyoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai--sUcanAtmaka ( Informative) vedanAtmaka (epistemic) athavA zAstrIya (academic) tathA pariNAmanAtmaka ( Transformative ), recanAtmaka ( cathactic ) athavA upacArAtmaka ( therapentic) / darzana ko kucha loga, vizeSataH prAcInapazcimI dArzanika kevala kautUhala-nivartaka vidyA samajhate haiM, jaba ki kucha anya loga, vizeSataH prAcInabhAratIyadArzanika, use jIvana kA saMskAraka mAnate haiM / AnvIkSiko kI prazaMsA meM kauTilya kahatA hai pradIpaH sarvavidyAnAmupAyaH sarvakarmaNAm, AzrayaH sarvadharmANAM zazvadAnvIkSikI matA // 1. kauTalIya arthazAstra 1.2.12 parisaMvAda-3

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292 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM brahmajJAna ke lie sAdhanacatuSTaya ko anivArya batalAyA gayA hai| bauddhamata meM prajJA ke udaya ke lie zIla aura samAdhi anivArya zarta hai| prAcIna bhAratIya pratibhA ne darzana ko sadA saMskRta jIvana kA phala aura saMskRtetara jIvana kA hetu mAnA hai| vartamAna bhAratIya dArzanika isa samasyA para vicAra hI nahIM krtaa| vaha tathyajJAna aura tattva-jJAna meM ghapalA kiyA karatA hai| vastutaH pramANa-tarka-sAdhanopalabhyapradhAna darzana / pada-vAkya-pramANa-pradhAna darzana aura cIz2a hai aura zIla-samAdhi-prajJApradhAna aura / jJAna-darzana-cAritra-pradhAna darzana aura hai tathA paramArtha sAdhanatA pradhAna darzana aura hI / etatsambandhI nirNaya maulika darzana kI udbhAvanA ke lie Avazyaka hai| hameM kaha bhI taya karanA hogA ki darzana hai sAdhya yA sAdhana / prAyaH darzana ko svayaM apanA sAdhya mAnane kI pravRtti hamAre deza meM bhI bar3ha rahI hai / prazna hai ki kyA darzana ko koI sAmAjika-sAMskRtika arthavattA bhI hai athavA vaha vizuddha bauddhika UhApoha yA vAkyArthagata gutthiyA~ sulajhAne kA mAdhyama mAtra hai| vartamAna sthiti yaha hai ki hamAre darzana-vibhAgoM kA deza ke sAmAjika-sA~skRtika punarutthAna meM kisI prakAra kA yoga hI nahIM dikhAyI detaa| kyA yahI sthiti calanI cAhie ? merA namra nivedana hai ki rASTra isa vilAsitA ko adhika dina taka prazraya nahIM de sktaa| navanirmANa meM sahAyaka darzana hI aba sudarzana mAnA jA sakatA hai| hameM mArksa ke arthakriyAkArI jJAnavAda kA gambhIratA se manana karanA hogaa| jJAna prakAzaka hI nahIM, pravartaka bhI hotA hai aura ho sakatA hai| kyA darzana ko abhyudaya-pradhAna honA cAhie athavA niHzreyasa pradhAna ? samasAmayika bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM se jo bhAratIyatA kA dama bharate haiM ve bhI isa sambandha meM koI spaSTa dRSTikoNa rakhate pratIta nahIM hote| Aja kisI ko biralA hI dArzanika milA hogA, jise mumukSa, mAtra kahA jA sake aura jo darzana ko sacamuca mokSazAstra mAna kara calatA ho| mokSa aura kisI-kisI ke nirvANa meM bhI, niSedhapakSa aura vidhi-pakSa hotA hai| niSedha-pakSa kA sambandha, paramparA ke anusAra, jIvana jIvana ke niSedha se hai, jo Aja apanI apanI sArI apIla kho cukA hai| rahA vidhi-pakSa, usakA artha hai pUrNatA, kintu Aja kA mAnava usa pUrNatA kI AzA vijJAna se bA~dha cukA hai| vaha 'nau nakada na teraha udhAra' vAlI lokokti para amala karate hue prApta apUrNatA ko kAlpanika pUrNatA se badalane ke lie kathamapi taiyAra nahIM hai| ise dekhate hue kyA aba bhAratIya darzana ke prayojana meM kisI parivartana kI apekSA siddha nahIM hotI? yadi hotI hai, to usakA nirUpaNa honA caahie| parisaMvAda-3

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maulika darzana kI sambhAvya dizAeM darzana kA mumukSA se ghanA sambandha hone ke kAraNa paramparA prApta bhAratIya darzana vyaktitva kI abhibRddhi (enrichment of Personality) ke prati udAsIna athavA sahAnubhUti zUnya hI rahA hai| hamAre sukhyAta dArzanikoM meM zAyada hI koI mile jo prema aura zRGgAra ko bar3hAvA dene meM ruci rakhatA ho, kAvya aura saGgIta, kAlidAsa aura gAliba, ko dArzanika ke lie anivArya samajhatA ho| kahane ko to paramparA prApta puruSArtha catuSTaya kI sUcI meM tRtIya puruSArtha kAma hI hai, kintu kAma kI mahattA aura AvazyakatA para hamAre dArzanika mauna hI dikhAyI dete haiN| kAmAdhyAtma-siddhAnta eka Adhunika bhAratIya dArzanika kI sUjha hai| vaidika dArzanikoM, RSiyoM meM isa pavitratAvAdI pravRtti kA avazya hI abhAva thA / __ hamArA madhyakAlIna darzana jIvanonmukha nahI thA, ataH usameM samAja, saMskRti, rAjanIti, zikSA Adi jIvana-nirmAyaka vidhAnoM kI ora se udAsInatA hI parilakSita hotI hai darzana kA saphala sAmAjika-sAMskRtika viniyoga hI usake prAmANya kA pramANa hai / Aja hotA yaha hai ki dArzanika kabhI-kabhI una viSayoM para bhI ciMtana kara letA hai, yadyapi usakA usake darzana se koI sambandha nahIM hotaa| hama aise ciMtana kI bAta nahIM kara rahe haiN| hamArA sAmAjika-sAMskRtika cintana hamAre darzana se niHsRta honA caahie| aisA darzana saMsthAna-nirmANa kI zakti kI apekSA karatA hai, jisakA tejI se lopa hotA jA rahA hai| itanA hI nahIM Aja saMsthAna-nirmANa pAgalapana kI vastu mAnA jAne lagA hai| kintu hamArI antarAtmA, hamArI sahajabuddhi, jana-mAnasa tattvajJAna aura jIvana meM samanvaya ke pakSa meM pratIta hotA hai| Aja sphuTa vicAra prastuta karane vAle dArzanikoM kI nahIM, balki saMsthAna-nirmAtA mArksa kI pUcha adhika hone kA yahI kAraNa hai| vastutaH saMsthAna hI darzana kI sughaTita, suvyavasthita aura arthakriyAkArI rUpa de sakatA hai, saMsthAna hI darzana kA nikaSa hai| viSayAnupUrvI-bheda, zreNI-bheda, se darzana ke prAyaH Adhe darzana bheda ho jAte haiN| isa sandarbha meM prathamazreNI kA darzana vaha darzana hai jo astitva ke sArAsAra, sArthakyAnarthakya, kA vicAra karatA hai; dvitIya zreNI kA darzana anubhava aura anubhUta kI satyatA-asatyatA kA vicAra karatA hai; tRtIyazreNI kA darzana satyAsatya ke nikaSa ko nirdhArita karatA hai; caturthazreNI kA darzana sat aura satya kI abhivyakti ke prazna para vicAra karatA hai; paJcamazreNI kA darzana darzana-vijJAna (sAyansa Apha philaoNsofI) kahA jA sakatA hai, jisake antargata darzanetihAsa, darzana kA samAjazAstra, darzana kA manovijJAna, darzana-samIkSA, Adi Ate haiM; SaSThazreNI kA darzana darzanadarzana (Philosophy of Philosophy) kahA jA sakatA hai| hamAre yahA~ prathama aura parisaMvAda-3

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294 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM dvitIya zreNI ke darzanoM kA lopa ho calA hai| yahA~ yadi koI darzana cala rahA hai to vaha caturtha zreNI ke antargata AtA hai, jo aba paJcama aura SaSTha zreNI ke darzana para bhI AkramaNa karane lagA hai| tathApi isa caturtha zreNI meM maulika yogadAna zUnya hI baiThatA hai| hamArI sArI koziza yahI rahatI hai ki darzana ko adhika se adhika lAkSaNika (Technical ) banA diyA jAya / hama vastutaH darzana ke TeknIziyana banate jA rahe haiN| hameM isakA tanika bhI AbhAsa nahIM raha gayA hai ki darzana ke itihAsa meM lAkSaNikatA kA Agraha kisI maulika dArzanika pravRtti kI AdhArazilA nahIM bana sakA hai| maulika darzana kA udaya tattva ke sAkSAtkAra ( Encounter with reality ) kI apekSA karatA hai, na ki viSaya-vastu ke visarjana ( Dropping of the object) kii| hamArI dhAraNA hai ki jaba lAkSaNika darzana kA utkarSa hotA hai taba racanAtmaka darzana kA apakarSa hotA hai / vastutaH lAkSaNikadarzana tabhI upayogI siddha hotA hai jaba vaha racanAtmaka darzana ke adhIna kArya karatA hai| hameM darzana kI ukta chahoM vidhAoM meM maulika yogadAna kara sakane vAlI pratibhAoM kI pratIkSA hai| acchA, maulikadarzana zUnya meM nahIM bntaa| ( maulika ) darzana kA paudhA paramparA kI urvara bhUmi se prANa khIMcatA aura pallavita, puSpita, tathA phalita hotA hai| vastutaH atIta kI thAtI ko pacAye binA maulika darzana kA darzana svapna-darzana hai| ataH hameM atIta kA dAyitvapUrNa Akalana karane kI zakti caahie| bhAvI nirmANa, punarnimANa, navanirmANa ke lie atIta kA Akalana, itihAsa kA anusandhAna, aparihArya hai| hamAre darzanajJoM meM isa cetanA kA abhAva duHkhada hai| vicAroM ke itihAsa ko hegala aura laNjvAya jaise dArzanika darzana kI eka mahatpUrNa vidhA ke rUpa meM vikasita kara cuke haiM, spaeNglara aura sorokina jaise itihAsadArzanika darzana ke vaividhya ko sAMskRtika vikAsa-dhArAoM, viziSTa saMskRtiyoM ke vaividhya se jor3a kara sambaddha saMskRtiyoM ke sandarbha meM darzana kA Akalana-mUlyAMkana karane kI AvazyakatA para bala de cuke haiM, kiMtu hamAre yahA~ darzana ke kSetra meM kisI bhI kAraNa se praviSTa aura sucarcitavAda para itihAsAtIta saMskRti-nirapekSa, bhAva se vicAra-vimarza hone lagatA hai| jAne jA sakane yogya viSayoM kA kSetra asIma hai| saba kucha jAnanA sambhava nahIM, aura na Avazyaka hI hai| isa sambandha meM dharmakIti kI cetAvanI smaraNIya hai parisaMvAda-3

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maulika darzana kI sambhAvya dizAeM tasyA'nuSTheyagataM jJAnamasya kITasaGkhyAparijJAnaM tasya naH vicAryatAm / kvopayujyate ? sAmyupAyasya vedakaH / pAve svastha yaH pramANamasAviSTo, na tu sarvasya vedakaH // dUraM pazyatu vA mA vA tattvamiSTaM tu pazyatu / pramANaM dUradarzI cedeta gRdhAnupAsmahe // yUropa aura amerikA meM vAkya vizleSaNa- paryavasAyI darzana kA udaya dArzanika pratibhA kI hrAsonmukhatA se sahakRta dArzanikammanya kI hInatA - granthi tathA AtmapIr3anarati (maschism ) ke kAraNa ghaTita huA hai, aisA harbarTa mAkU z2a e jaise cintaka ka mata hai / 295. to hama kahanA cAhate the ki dArzanika cintana ke prati aitihAsika dRSTi ke abhAva meM hamAre yahA~ maulika darzana ke samudaya kI zubha ghar3I A hI nahIM sakatI / aura itihAsa kA tAtparya vaha adhakacarA darzanetihAsa nahIM jo Aja pracalita hai / tadartha darzana ke Adi srota vaidika vAGmaya ko bhalIbhA~ti kha~gAlanA tathA pratyeka darzana ke vikAsa ke naye sire se adhyayana kA upakrama Avazyaka hai / ise aMgrejI meM ( genetic study ) kahate haiM / vastutaH darzanetihAsa uparyukta pazcama darzana zreNI ke antargata AtA hai, aura isameM maulika yogadAna ke lie paryApta avakAza dikhAyI detA hai | darzana -saMgraha sambandhI prayatna isa deza meM prAyaH 1200 varSa se nirantara calA A rahA hai / bhAratIya darzana ke itihAsa lekhana kI paramparA bhI lagabhaga do sau varSa purAnI ho cukI hai| kintu yahA~ vAstavika darzanetihAsa kI abhI bhI pratIkSA hai / maiksamUlara se lekara yadunAthasinahA taka sabhI tathokta darzanetihAsakAra prAyaH darzana -saMgraha se Age nahIM bar3ha sake haiM / yadi unakI pustakoM se vibhinna darzanoM se sambaddha sthala pRthak kara diye jAya~ to ve sarvathA svatantra pustikAoM ke rUpa meM bikhare dikhAyI deMge / aisA nahIM lagegA ki kisI eka pustaka ke vividha avayava bikhara gaye haiM / vAstavika darzanetihAsa kI AvazyakatA kI yatkiJcit cetanA hameM pahalI bAra kArla eca0 paoNTara 1. pramANa - vArtika 1.33-35 2. harTa markaz2a One-Dimensional Man ( caturtha saMskaraNa, W. C. I Sphze Book, Ltd. 1970 ) pR. 141 parisaMvAda - 3

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296 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM meM dekhane ko milatI hai, kintu unake pAsa apekSita dRSTi kA abhAva hI pAyA hai / vaidika vAGmaya se matha kara udhara madhusUdana ojhA ne Dhera sA darzana-navanIta nikAlA hai jisakA hameM patA hI nahIM hai / yadi ojhA ke granthoM kI chAnabIna kI jAya to ho sakatA hai ki usameM kucha Azcaryajanaka sAmagrI prApta ho / kheda hai ki unakI sArI kRtiyA~ jo adhikAMzataH aprakAzita haiM naSTa prAya haiM / maulika darzana ke sisRkSu ko idhara dhyAna denA caahie| maulika darzana AkAza se nahI TapakatA, paramparA se hI prAdurbhUta hotA hai| maulika darzana zabda - pramANa kI thunnI ke sahAre khar3A nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika zabda pramANaka rahe haiM, ve cAhe zrautasmArta paramparA ke anuyAyI hoM, cAhe jaina athavA bauddha paramparA ke / sabhI apane AdyAcAryoM ko parama Apta aura svataH pramANa mAna kara calate pratIta hote haiM / kintu yadi dhyAna se dekhA jAya to patA calegA ki svata: pramANa basa eka hai, svasaMvit / koI bhI pramANa svasaMvit se mAnyatA le kara hI pramANatvena gRhIta ho sakatA hai| zruti kA zrutitva, pramANatva usake svasaMvita dvArA anumodita hone meM hI hai / vastutaH zruti azruti kA nirNaya bhI saMvit kA hI kArya hai| saca pUchA jAya to antataH pramANa eka hI hai, svasaMvit / naiyAyika ThIka hI to kahatA hai -- 'saMvideva hi bhagavatI vastupagame naH zaraNam / " svasaMvit ke upamAna se parasaMvit bhI pramANatvena grAhya ho jAtI hai / isake atirikta saMvinmUlaka tarka (anumAna, upamAna, zabda, arthApatti, Adi ) bhI hamAre jJAna kI zrIvRddhi karatA hai, ataH vaha bhI pramANa bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra pramANoM kI saMkhyA tIna ho jAtI hai, jinameM se eka svataH pramANa hai / eka svopajJa kArikA hai 'sva-saMvit, pada-saMvic ca, tarkas tanmUlakas tathA 'pramANatritayaM jJeyam, sva-saMvit tu svataH pramA // 2 zruti kA, Apta-vacana kA, buddha vacana kA paryApta mahattva aura prAmANya hai, kintu svataH prAmANya kadApi nahIM / Apta-svataH prAmANyavAda maulika darzana ke udaya meM bahuta bar3A bAdhaka hai| mahAyAna kA udaya deza meM eka bahuta hI bar3I dArzanika krAnti kA pratIka thA, kintu mAnanA hogA ki buddha ko parama Apta, devAdhideva, aura unake vacana ko zruti-vacana se bhI adhika prAmANika, svataH pramANa, siddha karane ke 1. nyAyavArtikatAtparyaTIkA 2.1.36, pR0 399 2. lekhaka- kRta 'pramANasaGkhyA vipratipattikArikAH '

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maulikadarzana kI sambhAvya dizAeM 297 abhiniveza ne use mUr3hagrAhoM kA mAlakhAnA banA ddaalaa| mArksavAda ko hI liijie| mArksa mAnavAtmA ko mUr3hagrAha se chuTakArA dilAne aura vyakti-svAtantrya kA patha prazasta karane ke lie avatarita huA thA, kintu usake aneka anuyAyI use sabase bar3A Apta mAnakara aura usake vacanoM ko bhagavadvacana kA darjA de kara maulika, sAhasapUrNa cintana kA mArga avaruddha karate dikhAyI dete haiN| vaidikadarzana sRSTi vidyA-pradhAna darzana hai, usakA Arambha sRSTi-sambandhI ciMtana se hotA hai| vedAntikadarzana AtmavidyA-pradhAna darzana hai, usakA Arambha AtmAnusandhAna se hotA hai| bauddha darzana anAtma pradhAna darzana hai, usakA Arambha Atma-viSayaka zAzvatavAda aura ucchedavAda ke khaNDana se hotA hai| kintu Aja AvazyakatA hai mAnava-pradhAna darzana kI, dArzanika cintana ko mAnava-viSayaka ciMtana se Arambha karane kii| mahAbhArata meM kahI kahA gayA hai -- 'guhya brahma tadidaM vo bravImi na mAnuSAc chaSThataraM hi kiJcit / ' mArksa ne ghoSaNA kI thI--'To be radical means to go to the root and root is man himself'2 arthAt maulikatA kA artha hai mUla taka pahu~canA, aura mUla svayaM mAnava hai / vastutaH Aja mAnava-mUlaka darzana hI cala sakatA hai| isa dizA meM pAzcAtyadarzana. vijJAna aura lokatantra meM koI tAlamela nahIM dikhAyI detaa| lokatantra yaha mAna kara calatA hai ki vyakti sAdhana nahIM, sAdhya hai| kintu mArksavAdI tathA anya bhautikavAdI darzana bhUta-tattva ko hI maulika sattA mAna kara calate haiM / unake anusAra AtmA bhUta kA hI dharmAntara pariNAma hai, koI maulika, sthAyI sattA nhiiN| unake lie vyakti eka kSaNabhaGgura sattA hai, jisakA apanA koI svatantra astitva nhiiN| aisI mAnyatA rakhane vAle samAja meM vyakti kabhI sAdhya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, vaiyaktika svAtantrya kA Agraha nahIM dIkha sakatA, eka-eka vyakti ke mata kA vaha mahattva nahIM ho sakatA jo lokatantra kI vizeSatA hai| nazvara dhyaktitva, kSaNabhaGgura AtmA ke lie, itanI hAya-tobA kyA ? jo vastu rahane vAlI nahIM hai, jo kevala eka Akasmika ghaTanA hai, jisako sattA kA koI bharosA nahIM, vaha apanA sAdhya svayaM kaise ? bauddhadarzana kI AtmA anivAryataH eka hI jIvana taka rahane vAlI vastu nahIM, vaha Age aparimita kAla taka calane vAlI sattA hai, taba taka calane vAlI jaba taka ki usakA nirvANa na ho jAya / tathApi pudgala-santAna ke 1. mahAbhArata, zAntiparva 266.20 2. mArksa, irika phraoNma, da sena sosAyaTI, raTaleja pepara baiMka ( laNdana : raTaleja aura kegana paoNla, 1963), pR0 253, meM uddhRta parisaMvAda-3 38

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bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM paryavasAna, virodha kI hI bauddhadarzana kAmanA karatA hai, ataH vaha usake lie koI pavitra vastu nahIM / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki pazcimI bhautikatAmUlaka STakoNa vyakti ko pAnI ke bulabule ke samAna Akasmika aura bhaGgura batalAtA hai aura isa prakAra usakA mahAtmya ghaTA detA hai, jaba ki usakA lokatantra vyakti kI aparimita maryAdA, pavitratA, mahattA kI ghoSaNA karatA hai / vahI darzana lokatantra ke upayukta ho sakatA hai jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM vyakti ko vastusat, svatantra aura sthAyI mAna kara cale, aura aisA darzana aba alIka ho calA hai / bhAratIya isa dizA meM maulika yogadAna kara sakate haiM / 268 vyakti kA vaijJAnika, bhautika rAsAyanika vizleSaNa karate hue haravarDa ne batalAyA hai ki adholikhita nuskhA vyakti ke nirmANa ke lie paryApta hai dasa gailana ke pIpe ko bharane ke lie paryApta jala; sAbuna ke sAta DaMDoM ke lie paryApta carbI; nau sahasra pensiloM ke lie kArbana; bAIsa sau diyAsalAiyoM ke lie phAsphorasa; eka madhyama AkAra kI kIla ke lie lohA; giyoM ke eka darbe kI saphedI ke lie paryApta cUnA, thor3I mAtrA meM maigneziyama aura gandhaka / basa, vyakti taiyaar| isake viparIta, vedAnta mAnavAtmA ko sAkSI caitanya ghoSita karatA hai jo isa nuskhe kA bhI sAkSI hone ke kAraNa usase atIta hai / vastutaH aupaniSada paJcakoza siddhAnta ke AdhAra para vyakti kA eka sarvAGgapUrNa rUpa khar3A kiyA jA sakatA hai aura apekSita mahimA se maNDita bhI / veda ke anusAra puruSa, vyakti, devatAoM kI purI haiM, brahma kI purI hai / " puruSa kA etAdRza svarUpa hI usakI Aja sarvasammata pavitratA kA AdhAra bana sakatA hai| isa dRSTi ke anusAra vyakti kevala sat nahIM, kevala saccita bhI nahIM, svatantra bhI hai / usake svAtantrya kA apara nAma hai Ananda | isa prakAra vyakti tattvataH saccidAnanda hai / ataH vyaktitva abhizApa nahIM, eka varadAna hai, jisakA uccheda nahIM, vikAsa apekSita hai| ikbAla ne vyakti ko itanA U~cA uThAyA ki vaha vidhAtA se hor3a lene lagA- 1. ( zaunakIyA ) arthaveda saMhitA 10.2,28, 30-31 parisaMvAda - 3

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maulika darzana kI sambhAvya dizAeM 299 'khudI ko kara bulanda itanA ki hara takadIra ke phle| khudA bande se khuda pUche batA terI rajA hai kyaa| yahI taka nahIM, ikbAla kA vyakti vidhAtA kA zikAra khelane kA bhI hausalA rakhatA hai 'dara dazte junUne mana jibIla z2abUM saide| yajdA~ va-kamanda Avara ai himmate mardAnA~ / ' arthAt mere AkheTa-vana meM jibrIla jaisA devadUta koI acchA zikAra nahIM hai| he vIra puruSa ! vidhAtA para Dora pheNk| isI svara meM vAgAmbhriNI nAmaka vaidikaRSikA zaGkhanAda karatI hai 'yaM kAmaye taM tamugna kRNomi, taM brahmANaM, tamRSi taM sumedhAm / " paJcaskandhoM ke saMghAta meM yaha dama-bama kahA~ A sakatA hai| kisI bauddha kavi kA zloka hai-- 'nartakIbhralatAkSepo na okaH prmaarthtH| paramANusamUhatvAdekatvaM tasya kalpitam // 2 yaha saMghAtavAda jaise nartakIbhralatAkSepa kA sArA majA kirakirA kara detA haiM vaise hI vyaktitva kI sArI garimA para pAnI phera detA hai| hamArI mAnyatA hai ki bhAvI bhAratIyadarzana kA svarUpa jo bhI ho, yadi use prAmANika bananA hai to puruSa ke viSaya meM vaidika dRSTikoNa se paryApta preraNA prApta karanI hogii| vaidika puruSavAda kI eka anyatama vizeSatA yaha hai ki usake anusAra pUrNatA puruSa meM hI pracchanna hai basa use ujAgara karanA hai| yaha mata bhalIbhA~ti pratipAdita hone para vartamAna vijJAna-yuga nitAnta anukUla pdd'egaa| Aja kA mAnava mahattvAkAMkSI mAnava hai, jo sRSTi-vijaya kI AkAMkSA le kara calA hai| yadi sRSTi ke pare kucha haiM to vaha usa para bhI apanI DorI pheMkane kA hausalA rakhatA hai| sucintita pUrNatvagarbha vyaktitva kA darzana hI use apIla kara sakatA hai| 1. (zAkalA-zaizirIyA ) Rgveda-saMhitA 20.125.5 2. nyAyavAtiMkatAtparyaTIkA 1.1.10 meM uddhRta parisaMvAda-3

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naye jIvana-darzana kI kucha samasyAeM aura sambhAvanAeM pro0 kRSNanAtha naye darzana kI AvazyakatA kyoM hai ? jaba purAne soca ke rAste calate-calate Age jA kara banda ho jAte haiM; to naye rAste kI jarUrata mahasUsa hotI hai / ho sakatA hai ki yaha nayA rAstA bilakula nayA na ho, pahale bhI batAyA gayA ho, lekina usakA mijAja, usakI bhASA, bhaMgimA nayo ho jAtI hai| phira vaha bhI calate-calate usI paramparA kA aMga ho jAtA hai aura taba naye udbhAvana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / isa prakAra vicAra kA pravAha nayA hotA hai aura calatA jAtA hai| naye darzana kI sambhAvanA para vicAra karane kA matalaba hI hai ki jo prAcya aura pAzcAtya, prAcIna aura navIna darzana hameM paramparA se prApta haiM ve hamAre lie paryApta nahIM haiN| Aja ke manuSya kI jo antara-bAhya jarUrateM haiM unheM pUrA nahIM kara pA rahe haiN| isalie hameM naye darzana kI AvazyakatA mahasUsa ho rahI hai| lekina prAcIna bhAratIya darzana paramparA meM kamI kyA hai ? SaDdarzana haiM, Astika-nAstika donoM darzana haiM, sarvadarzanasaMgraha hI hai| phira kisI naye darzana kI jarUrata kyA hai ? kamI kisa bAta kI hai ? kahA~ hai ? ___ mujhe lagatA hai ki kamI darzana ke una UparI DhA~coM meM nahIM hai jo hajAra varSoM se adhika se bahuta jatana aura bahuta tarkasaMgata DhaMga se banAye gaye haiN| inameM agara koI kamI hai to vaha yaha hai ki yaha DhA~ce jina mAnyatAoM para khar3e haiM ve mAnyatAe~ Aja kI duniyA kI nahIM haiN| ve AdhAra badala gaye haiM yA kama se kama unakA kasa, unakA bala badala gayA hai| jIvana aura darzana ke AdhAra Izvara-anIzvara, AtmAanAtmA, eka yA do yA tIna yA cAra pramANa ke nahIM haiN| ye AdhAra haiM karma, karmaphala, punarjanma jaise vizvAsa aura varNa-Azrama jaisI sNsthaaeN| ye vizvAsa aura saMsthAe~ Aja kI duniyAM meM nahIM haiM, aisA to nahIM hai| lekina unake pIche jo parisaMvAda-3

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naye jIvana darzana kI kucha samasyAeM aura sambhAvanAeM 301 vaicArika pratibaddhatA thI usameM kAphI kaTAva ho rahA hai| naye AdhAra abhI bhArata meM pratiSThita nahIM haiM aura purAne naSTa ho rahe haiM, isalie yaha eka saMkramaNa kAla hai / ye naye vizvAsa kyA haiM ? ye nayI saMsthAeM kyA haiM ? inake rUpa itane sthira nahIM hai jitane ki prAcInoM ke, isalie inakI pahacAna bhI utanI sarala nahIM hai / phira bhI purAne karma, karmaphala aura niyati aura paraloka ke bajAya Aja ihaloka ke pratyakSa arjana prApti aura puruSArtha kA mahattva bar3hA hai| isa mAne meM svatantratA jyAdA mUlyavAna hai / aisA nahIM hai ki karma-karmaphala kI vyavasthA meM svatantratA nahIM hai| prazna sApekSika mahattva kA hai| Aja ihaloka ke arjana aura usase prApta svatantratA kA jo mahattva hai vaha karma, karmaphala kI vyavasthA aura rAjatantra aura jAtitaMtra meM nahIM hai| isa taraha svatantratA ke mUlya bar3hane ke sAtha rAjA aura varNa kI vyavasthA bhI zithila par3I hai| phira, smtaa| sirpha antara kI nahIM, AmadanI aura sammAna ko samatA kI jaisI bhUkha Aja jagI hai vaisI prAcIna bhAratIya cintana aura saMsthAoM meM nahIM hai| koI gItA yA dharma pada kI usa Antarika samatA kA uddharaNa na de| vaha hai, bahumUlya hai, kintu usake sAtha hI byavahAra meM rIti-rivAjoM aura saMsthAoM meM Aja jo samatA kI chaTapaTAhaTa hai, vaha purAnI vyavasthA meM nahIM hai| samatA ko samRddhi ke sAtha prApta karane para bhI bala hai| vaha Antarika samatA bahuta karake apane zarIra ko aura samRddhi ko chor3a kara prApta kI jA sakatI thI / vaha AtyaMtika rUpa se zarIra chUTane para hI prApta ho sakatI hai yA samAdhi meM zarIra ko, prANa ko, jaise sthagita karake prApta kI jA sakatI hai| ihalaukika samatA ko samRddhi ke sAtha prApta karane para bala hai| samRddhi ke jarie samatA, aura samatA ke jarie samRddhi, yaha Aja ke manuSya kI eka samasyA lagatI hai| __ Aja ke saba manuSya eka jaise nahIM socate yA baratate haiN| na pUraba meM, na pazcima meM / isalie yaha eka ati saralIkaraNa hai| phira bhI kucha cIjoM ko ubhArane ke lie yaha jarUrI hai vaise vastuoM ko aura samRddhi ko chor3a kara bhIkha mAMga kara mAnaapamAna, ThaMDha-garama, sukha dukha meM samatA kI koziza pazcima meM zAyada hamase jyAdA ho rahI hai / ina mAne meM ve zAyada hamase jyAdA AdhyAtmika aura ImAnadAra haiN| bhArata meM vicAra meM to sonA, aura mATI aura gau aura sUara brAhmaNa aura cAMDAla samAna haiM / vyavahAra meM vaha nitAnta asamAna hai| isalie merI rAya meM samagra manuSya kI dRSTi se lakSya samatA ke jarie samRddhi aura samRddhi ke jarie samatA ho rahI hai| parisaMvAda-3

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302 bhAratIya cantana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhavanAeM isa dRSTi se abhyudaya yA niHzreyasa jaisA cunAva nahIM hai| prAcIna bhAratIya ciMtana paramparA meM inheM do bhinna aura jaise paraspara viruddha koTi mAna liyA gayA hai / naciketA ke sAmane yama ne vikalpa rakhA hai ki abhyudaya kA rAstA aura hai, niHzreyasa kA aura hai| tuma kise cunate ho ? mujhe lagatA hai ki ina do koTiyoM ko itanA alagA diyA gayA hai ki i ke bIca himAlaya khar3A ho gayA hai / jovana meM ye donoM mile-jule Ate haiN| prazna abhyudaya yA niHzreyasa kA nahIM hai| kitanA abhyudaya, aura kitanA niHzreyasa? kaba abhyudaya aura kaba niHzreyasa? kahA~ abhyudaya aura kahA~ niHzreyasa kA hai ? kisake lie abhyudaya aura kisake lie niHzreyasa kA hai ? inakA anupAta deza kAla pAtra kI prakRti, sthiti aura AkAMkSA ke hisAba se sthira kiyA jA sakatA hai / yaha sarva sarvatra sarvadA eka jaisA nahIM ho sktaa| jaise bhArata ke lie kula le de kara abhyudaya para jora diyA jA sakatA hai| garIbI isakI saba samasyAoM kI samasyA hai| yaha sirpha bAhya aura Arthika nahIM hai| isakA Antarika, mAnasika, vaicArika, rUpa bhI hai| donoM staroM para, AntarabAhya garIbI miTAye binA abhyudaya to nahIM ho sakatA, niHzreyasa bhI nahIM sadha sktaa| Aja kI duniyA meM yA zAyada prAcIna duniyA meM bhI, jisake pAza dhana hai usake pAsa dhyAna aura dhAraNA kI zakti hai| hA~, pazcimI dezoM ke lie sAmAnya rUpa se, abhyudaya ke bajAya niHzreyasa para bala diyA jA sakatA hai| prazna phira bala-abala kA hai| eka yA dUsare ke bIca nitAnta cunAva kA nhiiN| kitanA abhyudaya, kitanA niHzreyasa? phira bhArata meM bhI garIba ke lie eka jaisA abhyudaya niHzreyasa kA phAmUlA nahIM calegA, garIba ke lie aparigraha vagairaha sikhAne kA bahuta matalaba nhiiN| usake lie to roTI kI vyavasthA jarUrI hai| hA~ zrImAn ke lie aparigraha jarUrI hai| sirpha varga kA prazna nahIM hai| pratyeka vyakti kI apanI viziSTa prakRti, paristhiti aura AkAMkSA hai| abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa kA mela vyakti ko apane mutAbika banAne kI chUTa honI caahie| isa taraha zreya-preya kA mizraNa deza, kAla, aura antataH to vyakti kI jarUrata ke mutAbika banAne kI samasyA hai| isake alAvA, ahiMsA byakti aura samUha ke jIvana ke lie Aja jitanI mahattva kI hai utanI zAyada buddha aura mahAvIra aura gAMdhI ke kAla meM bhI nahI thii| ANavika astroM kI duniyA meM niHzastrIkaraNa Aja ke manuSya kI eka pramukha cintA hai| hathiyAra hI nahIM, rAjya kI anya zakti ke bar3hane aura saMcAra aura abhivyakti ke sAdhanoM para rAjya ke Adhipatya ke kAraNa vyakti ke astitva aura sammAna ke parisaMvAda-3

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naye jIvana darzana kI kucha samasyAeM aura sambhAvanAeM 303 lie Aja ahiMsAtmaka pratikAra atyanta Avazyaka hai| rAja aura samAja sattA ke mukAbale vyakti apane svatva kI rakSA ahiMsA ke sakriya prayoga se hI kara sakatA hai| prAcIna bhAratIyaciMtana aura jIvana vyavasthA meM rAjya aura samAja kI sattA kI avajJA ke lie prasthAna prAyaH nahIM ke barAbara hai| vyaktigata sAdhanA ke stara para koI kucha zAyada kara bhI sakatA ho to bhI rAjA aura samAja ko varNAzrama vyavasthA ke khilApha sAmUhika ahiMsaka pratikAra kA niSedha hI hai| maiM mAnatA hU~ ki Aja ke manuSya kI AvazyakatA rAjya aura samAja kI sattA ko jitanA mAnanA hai, usase jyAdA inakAra karanA hai| Aja ke manuSya kI eka samasyA zAnti kI hai| zAnti sirpha niHzastrIkaraNa yA ahiMsaka pratikAra nahIM hai| yaha yuddha yA zoSaNa kA abhAva mAtra nahIM hai| andarabAhara kI vaha zAnti jo bhAratIya ciMtana aura sAdhanA kA lakSya rahI hai, vaha zAMti bhI manuSya kI jarUrata hai| lekina zAnti, svatantratA aura samatA aura samRddhi aura ahiMsaka pratikAra ke sAtha. isake binA nhiiN| parataMtratA, viSamatA, garIbI hiMsA aura azAMti ke bIca sirpha Antarika zAnti kAphI nhiiN| zAyada vaha bahuta dUra taka sambhava bhI nhiiN| antara-bAhara donoM hI meM zAnti kI talAza hai / lekina jaba taka bAhya paryAvaraNa meM zAnti na ho taba taka andara azAMta bane rahanA yA jaba taka andara zAnti na Ae taba taka bAhara azAMti, lakSya nahIM ho sktii| yaha dUsare ko khArija karane vAlI koTiyA~ nahIM hai, pUrana karane vAlI haiN| . aba agara ye Aja ke manuSya kI ciMtA ke viSaya haiM to inake anurUpa hameM naye cAla ke ciMtana aura AcaraNa kI AvazyakatA hai| inake lie prAcIna aura navIna, prAcya aura pAzcAtya, zAstra aura zilpa se jo bhI kAma kA ho vaha le lenA jaisA hai, jo kAma kA nahIM hai vaha chor3anA jaisA hai| isameM mAna, tRSNA aura dRSTi ke bandhana bAdhaka haiN| prAcya yA pAzcAtya kA mAna, prAcIna yA navIna kA mAna, tRSNA aura dRSTi ke baMdhanoM se mukta ho kara naye darzana kI jarUrata hai| andara-bAhara dekhanA binA kisI pUrvAgraha ke aura phira usa sAkSAtkAra ke hisAba se kArya-kAraNa, pramANa-prameya vagairaha kI nayI vyavasthA karanA jarUrI hai| yahA~ eka prazna yaha uTha khar3A hotA hai ki kyA yaha darzana kA kAma hai ? eka mata hai ki darzana kA yaha kAma nahI hai| darzana ko agara ina sabase vAstA nahIM to vaise darzana se hamArA koI vAstA nhiiN| vaha bhASA-vizleSaNa bahuta gambhIra hai aura usakA apanA svAda hai, lekina hamAre bahuta kAma kA nahIM haiN| maiM mAnatA hU~ ki darzana kA parisaMvAda-3

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304 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvana eM prayojana hai| aura vaha prayojana mAtra vizleSaNa nahIM hai| darzana kA prayojana hai duHkha se chuTakArA aura sukha kI prApti / svataMtratA, samatA, samRddhi, ahiMsA, zAMti jaise pAMca lakSya isI hetu se haiM, mAtra ahetuka nhiiN| mujhe yaha bhI lagatA hai ki naye darzana kI sambhAvanAe antataH naye Andolana ke sAtha pragaTa hotI haiN| agara jIvana ko naye DhaMga se jIne kI jarUrata nahIM mahasUsa ho to nayA vicAra nahIM janamatA, aura puSTa nahIM hotaa| vaise jIvana aura darzana kA dutaraphA sambandha hai| naye-naye AndolanoM se naye-naye vicAra nikalate haiM, aura nayenaye vicAroM se naye-naye Andolana janamate haiN| hA~, saba vicAra darzana nahIM bana pAte, aura darzana kI bhI apanI sImA hai| naye darzana kA udbhAvana karane se ho nayA jIvana nahIM bana jaataa| zakti aura yukti, saMgaThana, Andolana, dezakAla, paristhiti aura saMyoga vagairaha mila kara kisI naye darzana ke anurUpa jIvana-krama kI vyavasthA karate haiN| inameM vicAra kI bhUmikA jabardasta hai, zAyada prathama mahattva kI hai, jarUrI hai kiMtu paryApta nahIM hai| naye darzana kI sambhAvanA ke lie purAne darzanoM ke dabadabe kA aura unake zAstra aura zabda ke prAmANya kA dhvaMsa jarUrI hai| purAne darzana aura unake zAstra aura zabda kA dhvaMsa nahIM hogaa| ve saMdarbha ke rUpa meM rheNge| manuSya kI mUlyavAna virAsata ke rUpa meM surakSita rheNge| kintu unakI AptatA nahIM hogii| isa dhvaMsa kI bhUmi para naye sRjana kI imArata khar3I kI jA sakatI hai anyathA nahI / isameM purAne dhvaMsAvazeSa kI jamIna, ITa, patthara kAma meM A sakate haiM lekina inakA abhiniveza badalA huA hogA, saraMjAma, saMyojana nayA hogaa| yaha eka sRjanAtmaka dhvaMsa kA kAma hai| dhvaMsa se sRjana hogaa| purAne bIja kI khola phaTane se nayA aMkura niklegaa| prArambha meM naye darzana kA udbhAva tAkika asaMgatiyoM ke bIca hogaa| balki ina asaMgatiyoM kI khAda para bdd'egaa| kyoMki satya tarka hI nahIM hai, tarkAtIta bhI hai| mujhe tarka aura satya meM cunanA ho to maiM jo hai jo sat hai use dekhakara tarka aura pramANa ko usake mutAbika lagAnA pasanda karU~gA, na ki tarka aura pramANa ke mutAbika satya ko tor3anA-maror3anA / satya kA yaha anveSaNa antara-bAhya donoM hI staroM para jasa-kA-tasa dekhane se hogA aura ise parIkSaNa ke lie khulA rakhanA hogaa| hA~, parIkSaNa kI vidhi, bhinna-bhinna ho sakatI hai| mujhe lagatA hai ki isa naye jIvana parisaMvAda-3

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305 naye jIvana darzana kI kucha samasyAeM aura sambhAvanAeM darzana kA sAkSAtkAra pahale hogaa| usake kucha sUtra Ae~ge, phira bhASyavagairaha hoNge| vyavahAra meM inakI parakha hogii| phira usake lAyaka usakA vizleSaNa kA DhA~cA pramANamImAMsA vagairaha banegI yA purAnI vyAkhyA, mImAMsA kucha hera-phera karake apanA lI jaaegii| purAne darzanoM ko yaha nayA darzana khArija nahIM kara skegaa| hAlAMki na yaha dAvA karegA ki vaha saba purAnA vyartha hai, bakavAsa hai, mRSA hai, aura jo yaha nayA darzana AyA hai vahI asalI cIja hai, vahI satya hai, paryApta hai, tarka saMgata hai, parIkSaNa meM Tikane vAlA hai ityAdi / kAlakrama meM yaha bhI dekhane kA eka dRSTikoNa bana kara raha jaayegaa| phira bhI yaha prayoga paramparA ko eka aMza taka paripUrita kregaa| isalie bhI isakI AvazyatA hai / naye darzana kI yaha sambhAvanA kaba, kaise saca hogI ? kahA~ aura kauna ise saca banAegA? koI nahIM jaantaa| lekina itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha kAma koI sAmarthyavAna manuSya hI karegA, koI deva yA ati-mAnava nhiiN| ___ mujhe lagatA hai ki pUraba aura pazcima meM eka sRjanazIla alpamata naye jIvanadarzana ko jarUrata mahasUsa kara rahA hai| vizva mana meM saMzaya hai| Uba hai, halAMki hAla meM saMsAra meM saba taraha kI sattA-vyavasthA kI jakar3a jyAdA majabUta ho gayI hai| naye jIvana darzana kI khoja kucha baMdha gayI hai| sthiti andara-bAhara badalatI rahatI hai| isalie agara isakI jarUrata hai to koI sRjana ho sakatA hai / hogA ki nahIM hogA, yaha bhI koI nahIM kaha sktaa| hA~, honA cAhie, aisA mujhe mahasUsa hotA hai / abhI to itanA hI basa hai| parisaMvAda-3 39

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dharma ? darzana ? vijJAna ? tIna prazna cinhoM kI adyatana niyatApti DAH mAyAprasAda tripAThI darzana yA darzana kA abhiSavaNa jitane rUpa yA mAtrA meM mAnavatA ko zArIrika, mAnasika zAntide pAtA hai, utane rUpa yA mAtrA meM maiM usakI sArthakatA dvArA vikalpahIna mAnatA huuN| usameM nirmANa yA mokSa kA atizaya athavA ekAnta vicAra prAyeNa buddhi-vaibhava hI kahalAne kA adhikArI hotA hai| darzana kI mokSAtmaka, nirvANAtmaka sattA avazya ho sakatI hai, para use lekara bahuta parezAna hone aura buddhi-vyAyAma karane kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| vaha kahIM kI aupavasti zAlatA ho sakatI hai| anivArya patha, kuTiyA, AvAsa evaM gantavya nhiiN| eka bAta aura, yahA~ mAnavatA meM vyaSTisamaSTi donoM samAviSTa haiN| dharma aura darzana kI pRthak sattAe~ svIkAra karanA zreyakara hogaa| vaise unameM kucha yA bahuta kucha ubhayaniSTha ho sakatA hai| Aja saMsAra ko aura adhika dharma aura darzana kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| aparihArya AvazyakatA hai purAne dharmo karmakANDoM ko chor3akara-darzanoM meM kahI bAtoM ko kAryAnvita karane kii| vizva meM saMprati tathA ataH paraM bhI sabase pahale aura darzana ke cintanamanthana kA eka mAtra uddezya honA cAhie pahale ke mahAn pratipAdanoM-anubhavoM kA kAryAnvaya / dharma to sabhyatA ke AraMbha se hI prAyeNa mAnava jIvana meM ghusA rhaa| kintu kahIM kahIM usakA vaNik-svarUpa, bar3he hue kSatriyatva kI hiMsratA-yadAkadA sAhasikatA bar3I spRhaNIya uthalaputhala macAtI rhiiN| darzana dharma ke DhaMga para samagra mAnava jIvana meM pUrNatayA kabhI nahIM ghusa pAyA, kyoMki udbhava pracAra-prasAra meM vaha mUrdhanya vyaktiyoM kI ur3Ana bhara kara raha ho gyaa| dezakAla, samAja, rAjanIti ke puTapAka se vaha jitanA dharatI ke kone-kone meM pahu~cA, utanA hI dharatI kA ho paayaa| Aja ke navya' yA navyAtmaka athavA tathAkathita nUtana darzanoM ke bAre meM bhI yahI lAgU hotA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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dharma ? darzana ? vijJAna ? tIna prazna cihnoM kI adyatana niyatApti 307 jaise jIvana meM nakArAtmakatA vipratipandamAgitA yA vinAza kA paryAya ho sakatI hai, usI prakAra darzana aura dharma ke kSetra meM bhI usakA utpathakAriNI yA vidhvaMsinI ho jAnA svAbhAvika hai| ataH ina kSetroM meM bhI sakArAtmakatA ko svIkAranA aura usako lekara calanA hI sArvajanIna zreyas preyas ke lie vizeSa stutya hai| prAcIna kAla meM darzana ko vidhi zAstrAnuzIlana, cintanamanana, anubhava, paraMparA saMprApti, tathA svopajJatA, vaicArika svAviSkArazIlatA yA gaveSaNA para vizeSa AvRta hotI thii| prAyogika vijJAna prarohAvasthA meM hone ke kAraNa vizeSa yogadAna de potA thA, na usase AhUta, nimaMtrita thA anAyAsa rUpa se sahAyatA lI jAtI thii| kAla krama se idAnIMtana prAyogika vijJAna bhI darzana ke parisara meM svayaM yA AhUtarUpa se Ane ke lie utsuka aura saceSTa hai| isa saMdarbha meM vijJAna kI antima sImA-rekhA svIkArate hue bhI usakI vidhi, sahAyatA aura preraNA ko pUrA mahattva denA caahie| yaha yathArtha hai pahale darzana vijJAna ke lie ber3iyA~ gar3hatA thaa| para aba buddhi ke utkhanana, sauvanirmANa aura vyAvahArikatA ke prakSAlana yaha siddha karate AyeMge ki donoM sahodara haiM aura rheNge| yamaja ke rUpa meM unakI zikSAdIkSA kA vikAsa ho to aura bhI uttama / donoM ko eka dUsare kA pUraka rakhane kI bhAvanA bhI bahuta sahI hai| ___darzana ko dhArmika, rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, Arthika Adi jIvana mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM pratibaddhatAoM tathA kuNThaoM se pahale apane hI pUrNa rUpa se nirvANa yA mokSa prApta karanA hogaa| jIvana mUlyoM kA gaNitIkaraNa karanA hogaa| usake calanakalana rAzikalana ko bhI samajhanA hogaa| use vijJAna para hAvI rahane kI apekSA vijJAna kA karAvalaba prApta karanA hogA, sAmaMjasya kI bhAvanA se zizukakSA kI paMktiyA~ gunagunAte hue ki puraje kisI mazIna ke, kahane ke hoM sATha, bigar3e unameM eka to, sabahoM bAraha bATa / . aura santoSa kI bAta hai ki uparyukta satarkatA kriyAzIla bhI hai| isameM arthazAstra tathA usakA svAvalaMbana ( authority ) nyUnatamApekSita (optimum ) bhAvanA kA AyAta karanA hogaa| usakI saMpreSaNIyatA para kar3I nigAha rakhanI hogii| parisaMvAda-3

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:08 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM aihikAnuSmika ko ghapar3asapar3a vAlA asantulita mizraNa ( mixture ) banAne kI apekSA eka suSThu navIna guNadharma vAlA oSadhidhamI yaugika ( compound) banAnA hogaa| ina sabake vyavahArya siddhAnta samAhAra-jIvana paddhati ko maiMne "aucitya jIvana" kI saMjJA dI hai / ' vijJAna udbhava meM darzana kA sahayogI yA niyAmaka ho, darzana pariNati meM vijJAna kA sAmyavAdI zAsaka ho; nRzaMsa, barbara svairI samrATa nhiiN| vaise yaha bhAvanA uttarottara jar3a jamAtI jA rahI hai| darzana ko vijJAna sRSTibrahmANDa, padArtha pratipadArtha, kAlAkAla, unake sabhI pUrvApara saMbaMdhoM, UrNanAbha jAloM, yaugapadyoM ko zuddha zuddha naye DhaMga se samajhane kI zakti degaa| isa anyonyAzrayatA se donoM kA mA~galyavidhAyaka vikAsa hogaa| dRzya pramAjagata ke nAnA bhedoM ke miTAne meM bhI vijJAna ne darzana ko bar3I Thosa sahAyatA kI hai-karatA rhegaa| vijJAna kI darzana ke lie yaha sahAyatA uttarottara sattA (existence or non-existence ) saMhati ( mass ) padArtha-UrjA aura cid kI sabhI jAtiyoM ke anirvacanIya sabhI saMkalana se prApta anudAna kI bhA~ti bar3hatI jaayegii| vicAroM, taraMgoM tathA padArtho kI ekatA banAkara vijJAna ne darzana kI pratna tathA navya AviSkRta, anAviSkRtaH uccArita, anuccArita sabhI prasthApanA saMbhAvanA ke ekAntika abhisaraNa (convergence ) kI bAta spaSTa kaha dI hai aura usake atizlAghanIya evaM lokasaMgrahAtmaka DhaMga se hame lie jA rahA hai zreNI vyavahAra ( Series behaviour ) ke eka ekAntika saMkalana (6 ) kI ora jisake lie eka prAcIna abhidhAna Izvara yA Izvaratva bodha vyavahRta hotA AyA hai| mokSa nirvANa kI icchA aura vivecana isI saMvedana se niSpanna hone caahie| darzana aura vijJAna ke yogapadya, yamajatA yA saMgIta vAlI saMgata hI sahI, ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki sattA ( Power ) aura sAdhana ( Armanent and resources ) ke samAjIkaraNa yA sAmyavAda ( purAnA par3atA jA rahA bahuta se logoM ko cauMkAne vAlA abhidhAna) se hI vizva zAnti aura lokasaMgraha hI nahIM triloka saMgraha saMbhAvya aura upalabdha ho sakatA / mArksa ( isa nAma se AMdolita yA uccArita hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM ), lenina tathA gA~dhI Adi vicArakoM ne sAdhanoM ke vikendrIkaraNa, samAjIkaraNa yA 1. aucitya jIvanam DA0 mAyAprasAda tripAThI / parisaMvAda-3

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dharma ? darzana ? vijJAna ? tIna prazna cihnoM kI adyatana niyatApti 309 sAmyavAda kI bAta to kahI / apanI krAntidarzitA dvArA usake vividha pahaluoM kA sAkSAtkAra to kiyA, kintu ve sattA ke samAjIkaraNa vA sAmyavAda kA samyak sAkSAtkAra na kara sake, yA kama se kama use utanA rekhAMkita saMhitApAThapluta na kara pAye jitanA aba ke vizva meM aparihArya ho gayA hai / deza kAla donoM meM sattA ke pU~jIvAda ke utsAdana yA sattA ke sAmyavAda kI bAta to kadAcit hI kisI vaijJAnika sAdhaka, dArzanika cintaka yA netA kI apanI dUrI pakar3a meM A pAI ho / ise bhI darzana tathA vijJAna ke pariniSThita ( consummate ) vikAsa evaM mAnava mUlyoM kI samyak evaM jIvanta pratiSThA ke lie gaNita ke sUtrAtmaka phalana kI bhA~ti pUrNatayA kAryAnvita karanA hogA / tabhI darzana evaM vijJAna apane lakSya ko siddha kara pAe~ge / anyathA daMbha, pAkhaMDa, bhaya, saMgharSa, yuddhAdi kI sthiti AtI hI jAyegI / isa Aloka yAtrA meM dharma kI paricarcA kI vizeSa AvazyakatA nahIM, kyoMki vaha pIche chUTatA jA rahA hai, riTAyara hotA jA rahA hai| usakI bAgaDora moTe rUpa se darzana aura vijJAna thAmate jA rahe haiM / yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jaise parAmarza tathA sAdhAraNa dekha rekha - kevala upasthiti dvArA agora ke lie parivAra meM eka vRddha kA honA hitAvaha hotA hai, samAja aura mAnavatA ke lie aMtarikSa yuga ke Arambha meM lokavyApta sArvajanika agara Adi ke lie aba dharma kI ThIka vahI sthiti ho gaI hai / parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM naye darzana kI sambhAvanA AcArya paM0 rAmaprasAda tripAThI bhAratIya cintanaparamparA do dhArAoM meM pravAhita huI hai eka hai vedamUlaka dhArA, jisameM nyAya vaizeSika-sAMkhya yoga, pUrvamImAMsA, uttara mImAMsA ( vedAnta ) kI ciMtana paramparAyeM haiM, dUsarI dhArA vaha hai jo vedoM ko pramANa nahIM mAnatI hai yaha cArvAka, jaina tathA bauddha dArzanikoM kI cintana dhArA hai| inameM cArvAka darzana pratyakSadarzI evaM bhautikavAdI kahalAtA hai| anya sabhI darzana paralokavAdI tathA kisI parama satya ke vivecaka haiN| prANiyoM ke janmamaraNa kA bandhana hI duHkha kI parAkASThA hai, isase mukta honA hI mokSa prApti hai, isake liye nAnAvidha upAya ina darzanoM ne batAyeM hai| ina upAyoM meM satyAnuSThAna, ahiMsA, asteya, paropakAra Adi kI pradhAnatA darzAyI gayI hai, jaise 'satyenottamitA bhUmiH, satye sarva pratiSThitam, mA hiMsyAt sarvA bhUtAni, mA gRdhaH kasyasviddhanam' ityaadi| sAtha hI samatA kI dRSTi kA paryApta samarthana milatA hai, jaise 'samAnI va AkRtiH, samAnA hRdayAni vaH samAnIprapA samo vo'nnabhAgaH ityAdi vedavacana prANiyoM ke abhiprAya evaM hRdaya kI samAnatA tathA anna jala ke samAna vitaraNa para prakAza de rahe haiN| 'zuni caiva zvapAke ca paNDitAH samadarzinaH' isa gItA vAkya se kutte aura cANDAla meM bhI samAna dRSTi karanA paNDita kA lakSaNa batAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra "mAtRvatparadAreSu paradravyeSu loSThavat / AtmavatsarvabhUteSu yaH pazyati saH paNDitaH', isa vacana se bhI yaha batAyA hai ki parastrI meM mAtRdRSTi, paradravya meM loSThadRSTi tathA sabhI prANiyoM meM AtmadRSTi karanevAlA paNDita hotA hai| sarvakSaNika kSaNikama, sarvaduHkhaM duHkhama kA ciMtana vairAgya kI parAkASThA kA sUcaka hai| aise aneka Adarza vacanoM ke rahate hue Aja yaha prazna kyoM uTha rahA hai ki bhAratIya ciMtana paramparA meM naye darzana kI sambhAvanA kI jaay| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ye Adarza vAkya bhAratIya darzana granthoM meM avazya haiM, para inake anusAra anuSThAna kI zUnyakoTi to kahanA sambhava nahIM, para hA~ nagaNya vaha avazya ho cukA hai| parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM naye darzana kI sambhAvanAeM 311 yaha kAla kA prabhAva hI mAnanA par3egA, jaisA ki zrImadbhAgata ke mAhAtmya meM kahA hai, "ekAkAraM kaliM dRSTvA sAravatsAranIrasam, yahA~ kali kA vizeSaNa hai ekAkAra, usameM hetubhUta dUsarA vizeSaNa hai sAravatsAranIrasama" jisakA artha haisAravatAM sAro'pi nIraso yasmAta / saravAn padArthoM ke sAra nIrasa ho gaye jisase aisA kali sabako ekAkAra arthAt eka rUpa banA diyA hai| sArAMza sahita hokara saba samAna ho cuke haiN| para isa prakAra kI AvazyakatA pratIta ho rahI hai| yadi yaha kahA jAya ki acchA pAzcAtya vaidezikadarzana jo prAyaH vijJAna kI kasauTI para bhI kasA jA rahA hai. usI se bhAratIya sAmAjika samasyA kA samAdhAna ho jAyagA, to yaha sarvathA asambhava hai, kyoMki vaha darzana tarka evaM buddhi ko pradhAna sahayogI mAnakara cala rahA hai| tarka pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatA, eka buddhimAn ke tarka ko usase viziSTa buddhimAn khaNDita kara detA hai| dUsarA sahayogI buddhi bhI sabhI kI prAyaH bhinna-bhinna evaM sImita hotI hai, vaha sattva vastu kI parIkSA meM pUrNa samartha nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki ghaTa paTa Adi ke rUpa ko dekhane meM buddhi svatantra nahIM hai| apitu netra ke paratantra hai, netra kI hI sahAyatA se vaha rUpa nizcaya kara skegii| aise hI gandha ke grahaNa meM vaha ghrANendriya ke paratantra hai, zabda ke grahaNa meM vaha zrotrendriya ke paratantra hai, astu isI prakAra alaukika paramasatya AtmA yA paramAtmA dharma ke nirNaya meM bhI use kisI anya sahayogI kI apekSA karanI par3egI, jisako vaidikadarzana vedavAkya ke rUpa meM tathA anya darzana apane-apane Adima AcArya vacana ke rUpa meM kheNge| aisI AdhArazilA pAzcAtyadarzana ko upalabdha nahIM hai| ataH aihalaukika jIvana ko hI sukhI samRddha banAne meM prayatnazIla pAzcAtyadarzana bhArata kI ukta samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM kara sktaa| aisI sthiti meM prAcIna darzanoM kI zaraNa lenA bhI sambhava nahIM hai| kyoMki ve paraspara eka dUsare se Ahata-pratyAhata hokara mUcchita se ho rahe haiN| tathA ye vibhinna kAla kI vibhinna paristhitiyoM meM nirmita kiye gaye, Aja kI sthiti unake samakSa nahIM thii| Aja to mAnavatA, dAnavatA kA rUpa le baiThI hai, arthaparAyaNatA hI pradhAna lakSya ho rahI hai| isa kAraNa se bhAI-bhAI meM, pitA-putra meM guru-ziSya Adi meM bhI sadvyavahAra samAptaprAya hai, samAja vizRGkhala ho rahA hai| isake sudhAra ke liye prAcIna darzanoM ke pIche kahe hue katipaya Adarza vacanoM kA punaruddhAra karanA hogA, arthAt svayaM vyaktigata AcaraNa meM una AdarzoM ko lete hue kuTumba, grAma, maNDala evaM janapada taka usake prAyogika rUpa ke liye satata prayatnazIla honA hogaa| "vasudhaiva parisaMvAda-3

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312 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM kuTumbakam" kI Adarza bhAvanA ko jagAnA pdd'egaa| vyakti ke sudhAra se hI samAja sudhAra sambhava hogaa| dhUyatAM dharma sarvasvaM zrutvA caivAvadhAryatAm / - AtmanaH pratikalAni pareSAM na samAcaret // kI bhAvanA ke proddipta hote hI samatA, ekatA, vizvabandhutva kA Adarza upasthita hone lgegaa| aSTAdazapurANeSu vyAsasya vacanadvayama / paropakAraH puNyAya pApAya parapIDanam // kA Adarza caritArtha hogaa| 'mAnava mAnava eka samAna' itane se santoSa na hokara prANI prANI eka samAna kA siddhAnta zikharArUr3ha hogaa| prANimAtra meM jaba paramAtmA virAjamAna haiM, to sabhI kI samatA kA darzana ucita hai| sabhI prANiyoM meM AtmadRSTi vedAntadarzana kA carama lakSya hai| tathA sabameM paramAtmadRSTi bhaktidarzana kA paramalakSya hai| isa uccatama dRSTikoNa ko Age rakhakara calane meM vyaktigata evaM samAjagata dhArmika niyamoM ke pAlana meM bhI koI bAdhA na hogI, unameM bahutara aMza Apaddharma ke antargata bhI samAhita ho jaayeNge| kyoMki bhAratAyadarzanoM kI dRSTidharma dharma ko sAtha lekara calatI hai| ye darzana paralokavAdI, janmAntaravAdI tathA mokSapatha pradarzaka haiN| inake dvArA dharmakarmavihIna kevala uccatama AdarzavAdI samAja kI kI sthApanA nahIM, apitu dharmakarmagarbhita ucca Adarza paripAlaka vyakti kI racanA ke sAtha vaise samAja kI racanA kA lakSya hai| yadyapi dhArmika niyamoM kA bandhana klezakara pratIta hotA hai, vaha mAnavatA ke astitva kA saMrakSaka hai| jaise eka ghar3A dUdha se bhara dIjiye, kapar3e se usakA mu~ha bA~dha kara gaGgAjI kI dhArA meM girA dIjiye, kucha dera meM koI nimajjanazIla vyakti usa ghar3e ko bAhara nikAle, dudha jyoM kA tyoM milegA, kyoMki ghar3e kA mu~ha ba~dhA thA, eka rattI jala usameM nahIM gyaa| na to usakA dUdha hI bAhara aayaa| yadi mukha binA bA~dhe hI dUdha bharA ghar3A jala meM prakSipta hotA to phira dUdha kA milanA sambhava nahIM thaa| vaha to dhArA meM banakara samudra meM pahuMca jaataa| isI prakAra dhArmika niyamoM kA bandhana mAnavatA kA AstitvAdhAyaka hI hai, vaha hai-satya kA bandhana, ahiMsA kA bandhana, paropakAra kA bandhana aadi| Aja inhIM niyamoM ke bandhana ko zithila kara dene kA phala sabako bhoganA hI par3a rahA hai| parisaMvAda-3...

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bhAratIya cintana paramparA meM naye darzana kI sambhAvanAeM 313 ina niyamoM meM lAghava-gaurava kI dRSTi se kahIM-kahIM para ye chor3e bhI jA sakate haiN| jaise rAjaSibharata kisI nadI ke taTa para gAyatrImantra kA japa kara rahe the, usI samaya eka siMha kI garjanA sunakara bhayabhIta hariNI nadI meM kUda par3I, usake garbha se zizu gira par3A, vaha jala meM chaTapaTAne lagA, use duHkha meM dekhakara rAjarSi bharata apanA japa chor3a kara jala meM se usa hariNa zizu ko nikAle tathA use smhaale| yahA~ para usa samaya gAyatrI japa karanA laghu niyama thA, ataH laghuniyama kA tyAga kiyaa| isa prakAra balAbala kA vicAra karane se niyamoM ke pAlana meM kahIM bAdhA na hogii| "tatra ko mohaH kaH zokaH ekatvamanupazyataH" kI bhAvanA kA utthAna hogaa| isa prakAra isa laghukAya nibandha meM bhAratIyaciMtanaparamparA meM naye darzana kI sambhAvanA" viSaya para vicAra karate hue yaha darzAyA gayA hai ki prAcIna darzanoM ke hI siddhAntoM ke prAyogika pracAra prasAra se samasyAoM kA samAdhAna sambhava hai, unhIM dRSTiyoM kA UhApoha nUtana dRSTAntoM se karanA sambhavataH nayA darzana kahA jA sakatA hai| sarve bhavantu sukhinaH sarve santu niraamyaaH| sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kAzcid duHkhabhAgbhavet // zAntiH zAntiH zAntiH AL parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIyacintanaparamparAyAM nUtanadarzanasya __ sambhAvanA ? paNDitarAjarAjezvarazAstrodrAviDa nAnAzAstrArthaniSpannA matiH syaacchtdhaarinnii| saMzayacchedanaH ziSyahitAdhAnArthadarzanaH / varNyate cittsntossaadvidgdhvyvhaartH|| iti bhAvaprakAzanoktapadye sanmatibhAvakAryatayA ziSyahitAdhAnArthadarzanamuktaM 'tadeva darzanapadArtha iti mama matam / etatsamAnArthakameva-- "apUrvapratibhAnaM syAnmatistAM tu vibhAvayet / anvayavyatirekotthaiH pratyayaH zAstracintanaH // UhApohaMzca vividharatha tAmanubhAvayet / sandezacaturAdyazca karairutkSepaNaMbhruvoH // nAnAzAstrArthaviSayaH ziSyANAmupadezanaH / sAMkhyau pratyayAvUhApoho vidhiniSedhayoH // " itisnggiitrtnaakrvaakymsti| ataH etAdRzamatibhAvo guru vinA na smbhvtiityrthaadgurubhktiHpraaptaa| "vivekazrutisampattigurubhaktitapasvitAsiddhArthaM vivekazrutisampattigurubhaktitapasvitAkhyavratacatuSTayaM yAvajjIvamahaM krissye|' iti saGkalpa eva dhRtibhAva iti "vivekaH shrutismpttigurubhktistpsvitaa| ete viSayabhAvena karaNatvena ca sthitAH // parisaMvAda-3

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315 bhAratIyacintanaparamparAyAM nUtanadarzanasya sambhAvanA ? iSTAdhikAnAmiSTAnAM lAbhastu viSayatvataH / bIDAkaraNabhAvena vibhAvA yatra sammatA // " ityAdisaGgItaratnAkaravacanAtspaSTam / tatra vivekasyAntarbhAvo matibhAve bhavati / evaM "nItizAstrAnusRtyAderarthanirdhAraNaM matiH / " iti lakSaNAnusAreNa bhAratIyarAjanItireva tasyAH pariNataM rUpaM bhavitumarhati nAnyat / / "pratyakSaparokSAnumAnalakSaNapramANatrayanirNIteSTasAdhanatAkakarmAnuSThAnaM nItiH" iti tallakSaNAnusAreNa pramANatrayaprAptamidaM nItitattvaM cArvAka-bauddhAdInAmapyavazyaM mAnyamasti / imAmeva sumatirUpAM zrutisampattimAzritya SaDdarzanAni pravRttAni atastAnyeva sumatipadavAcyAni bhavitumarhanti / "matizca me sumatizcame" iti vedabhAgasya bhASyeNApyetasyaivArthasya puSTirbhavati / ato guruparamparAprAptavaidikadarzanAnAmullaMghanaM kadApi hitAvahaM na bhavet / "utpadyante cyavante ca yAnyato'nyAni kAnicita / tAnyakkiAlikatayA niSphalAnyanatAni ca // yA vedabAhyAH smRtayo yAzca kAzca kudRssttyH| sarvAstA niSphalAH pretya tamoniSThA hi tAH smRtAH // iti rAjadharmapravartakasya manorapi kathanamasti / ato yadi matsammatiH pRcchyeta, tahi pUrvoktadhatibhAve sthirIbhUyAstikadarzanAnAmanusaraNameva mukhyaM kartavyamasti / guruparamparAprAptAstikadarzanatyAgena ziSyahitAdhAna na bhavedAdezasyApi hitaM na bhvedti| parisaMvAda-3

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paramparAyAM darzanAnAM dhyeyaM tatsvarUpaJca AcArya paM0 vizvanAthazAstrIdAtAra vedo nityamadhIyatAM taduditaM karmasvanuSThIyatAm / tenezasya vidhIyatAmapacitiH kAmye matistyajyatAm // iti padyenezasya nAma gRhNan darzanAnAM dhyeyaM tatsvarUpaM ca dezakAlaucityAnusAreNa vivecayitumabhilaSAmi / tathAhi ApAtato vibhinnaM panthAnaM anusRtya vedArthaM sAdhayituM zAstrasevakAMzca vedodite karmaNi saMprerayituM ca pravRttAni sarvANyapi darzanAni IzvarasyApacitI vizrAmyanti tathA, yathA vAraH itastato'bhivRSTAH bhinnaguNAH nadImukhena vAridhi prApya vizrAmyanti iti hi dArzanikAnAM siddhAntaH / nahyetanmate darzanAni svatantrANi bhavanti / yataH tAni vedaM vimukhIkRtya AtmAnaM rakSitumasamarthAni puruSasaMbandhenAprAmANyAdidoSazaMkAkavalitatvAt / evaMvidheSu darzaneSu katipayAni AtmatatvaM bodhayituM pravRttAni katicana taditaraM vedArtha sAdhayituM prasRtAni / aparANi punaH "vedArthasya tatsAdhanasya yAthArthyaM sAdhayituM pUrvapakSa mukhena samupasthitAni vartante, nyAyAdIni, rAjazAstrAdIni cArvAkazAstrAdIni ca iti / eteSAM darzanatvaM yathArthatayA tattadvedArthadarzanAt / tatra vedArthasya bhedena darzanAnyapi AtmataditarAn arthAt avasthAbhedena sAdhayanti / avasthAbhedazva jagato vyavahArikaM satyatvaM pAramArthikaM satyatvaM ca / dvitIyaMzuddhaM nirguNaM AnandAtmakaM nirdharmakaM brahma' neha nAnAsti kiMcana ityAdinA zrutyaiva sAdhitatvAt / prathamaM vyAvahArikaM etat kAle avAdhitaM brahmapramAtiriktapramA'vAdhyam / anayoH prathame nyAyAdIni SaTzAstrANi adhikRtAni bhavanti / itarANi tu vyAvahArikasatye / tayoH brahmaNa ekatvAttasya vividhatA nAsti, vyAvahArike tu sA asti / tadyathA jagatpratiSThA, ArogyaM, padArthasvarUpaparicayaH, arthasyaucityAnusAreNa vibhajanAdisuprajotpattirityAdiH / satyapyevaM matabhede idaM sat idamasat iti nAtra cintyam ubhayorapyavasyAbhedena abhIpsitatvAt / yadyapi 1. brahmakamadvitIyaM syAnnAnA nehAsti kiMcana / mAyekaM sarvamajJAnAM bhAti vedAntinAM matam // zu0 4149 // evaM paramparAprAptamidaM rAjarSayo viduH // bhaga0 iti // parisaMvAda - 3

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paramparAyAM darzanAnAM dhyeyaM tatsvarUpaJca nyAyAdiSaTsu zAstreSveva darzanavyavahAraH kluptaH tathApi so'yaM vyavahAraH tasmin samaye anuguNo bhavati yatra rAjA zAsanena varNAzramAn sve sve karmaNi prerayati, etepi ekAntasevino vAnaprasthAdayaH AtmatattvavicAre nimagnAH AtmAnaM kRtArthaMyanti / kintu yadA rAjA tathA nAsti, tadA lokasya vyAvahArikasyApi sthitaye darzanAni apekSante, tAni rAjazAstrAdIni / tathA cAyaM niSkarSaH paramArthasatyatve vyavasthitasya sUkSmamitarairaparicitacaraM ekAgre manasA niHzaMkatAyA AtmatatvaM yena dvAreNa vedAn vicArya dRzyate, tat darzanam anyat tadapi bhavitumarhati yac cakSuH sthAnIyaM vyAvahArika sUkSmamaparairaparicitacaraM jJApyate tacca / itthaM ca vA ubhayavidhasatyabhedena darzanamubhayavidhaM bhavati / eteSu yaiH kila darzanatvaM noktaM na tadavodhaviSTAbhimam / kintu pAramArthitatvadidRsNAM siddhAntAnusAreNa vedopaniSat prAmANyAnurodhAt tairmanISibhiH jagataH trikAlAbAdhyatvaM na svIkriyate, ataH jagadantaHpAtIni tattattatvapratipAdakAni zAstrANi na darzaneSu saMgRhyante iti kRtvA brahmatatvavivekArthaM pravRttAni zAstrANi sAkSAtparaMparayA ( avacchedaka ) vA paramAthikavastupratipAdikAnyeva saMkocya darzanabhAvena sNgRhotaanivrtnte| tAni ca ssdditipuurvmuktaanyev| rAjAbhAve nyAyAdyatiriktazAstrANAM varNAzramibhirapi cintanIyatvAt darzanatvena saMgraha kRtH| tasya kAraNaM kAmandakIyaM vcH| __ athaitadanurodhena kasya vedArthasya saMsthApanAya kIdRzaM zAstraM pravRttamityucyate vedena svAbhIpsitarAjasya svarUpaM yAdRzaM pradarzayitumabhidhIyate tAdRzaM janapade stenAbhAvaH puMzcalonAmabhAvaH iti / tadidaM dhyeyaM sAdhayituM prayatate kazcinmanuSyaH tadA taditikartavyatA paricayAya sAtvikatAmaitrI nirabhimAnitAdiprakAzakaM saMghakArakaM mitrabhAvena parasparasAhAyyasaMpAdakaM rAjazAstraM pravRttaM bhavati / atra sarvANi vidhAnAni pratyakSaparokSAgamasiddhahitasAdhanAni vatante soyaM niyamaH dRSTazAstreSu srvessvpynusndheyH| atha vyaakrnnmdhikRtyocyte| 'nApabhASitavai, sAdhUna prayuMjIta, nAmarUpe vyAkaravANi / ityuktaM shrutyaa| tataH ke sAdhavaH ityAkAMkSodeti tannirAsAya vyAkaraNaM prakAzitaM paannininaa| tattu 1. darzanaM zAstramiti medini-73 zAstraM tu SaDvidham-vaizeSika-nyAya-mImAMsA-sAMkhyapAtaJjalavedAntarUpam / etAni tasvajJanArtha vedAn vicArya kaNAda-gautama-jaimini-pataMjali-vedavyAsAkhyaiH muniSaTakaiH kRtAni-zabdakalpadruma / 2. darzanAttasya sudRzo vidyAnAM pAradRzvanaH / rAjavidyApriyatayA saMkSiptagranthamarthavat // 3. na me steno janapade na kadaryo na madyapaH / nAnAhitAgni yajvA na sverI svairiNI kutH|| parisaMvAda-3

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318 bhAratIya cintana paramparA kI navIna sambhavanAeM vedAMgam / evamanyAni kAlApAdInyapi santItyanyadetat / yadIdaM na bhavet tahi kauTilyAbhimatasya mantripurohitasakhe zabdasyArtho 'smAbhiH kathamavagataH syAt / vedAbhimatAnusyUtArthanirUpakatvAdidaM vyAkaraNamapi darzanameva / / saprajAjananaviSaye'bhidhIyate 'Abrahmana brAhmaNo brahmavarcasI jAyatA' mityAzIvacanena brahmavarcasvinaM vipraM rAjanyaM zUraM prstauti| tasiddhiH suprajAjanena saMbhavati / tadetannirUpayituM sarvAMgopasaMhAro yathA bhavet tat kAmasUtraM nirmitavAn vAtsyAyanaH / tat yathArthanirUpaNAt cakSuSTvAt darzanameva / vArtAzAstrasyApi darzanatvaM pUrvoktayuktayeva vedArthasAdhanAya pravRttaM sat pUrvata eva saphalaM dRzyate / etatsAdhyo'rthaH prcurHpussttaannsmRddhiH| sAca vedenoditA rAjyahitAya / tadyathA yantu nadayo varSantu parjanyAH supippalA oSadhayaH bhavantu ityAdi / subhikSaM pauSTika annaM ca vedAbhIpsitaM devatAyai havanIyaM annAdivArtAzAstramArgeNa saMpAditAyAM kRSyAmeva saMbhavatIti / ataH yathArthacakSuSTvAt vArtAzAstramapi darzanameva / pazyema zaradaM zataM, jIvema zaradAM zataM iti mantraiH sUryaH saMstUyate madhyAnhasandhyAsamaye tdupaaskaiH| tadaivodetIyamAkAMkSApi sahaiva kathaM pazyeyam, kathaM vA jIveyamiti / etacchamanAya AyurvedazAstraM pravRttaM AyurArogyasamRddhikaraM sarveSAmupakArAyAbhUt iti AyurvedazAstramapi rogiNaM ArogyapathapradarzakatvAt drshnmucyte| ___ atIndriyAdRSTArthapratipAdakamapi dharmazAstraM dharmo vizvasya jagataH pratiSThA ityAdizrutyarthaM sAdhayituM pravRttaM dharmopAsakeSu sthAyipremNaH asayAmAtsaryeAdidoSarahitasya samRddhaye samabhUt / yadIdaM dharmazAstraM na bhavet tarhi paralokaM kaH paricAyayet iti tadapi svAMze ca cakSuSaH kAryaM karoti ato dharmazAstramapi darzanameva / yA kilemanubhUtiH yat nyAyAdyatiriktazAstreSu pUrvajaiH darzanatvaM na vyavahRtamiti yataH kauTilyapraNIte'rthazAstre darzanatvaM kAmandekenoktam yadi zAstraM cakSuH upekSitaM syAt tahi taddhIno manujojJaH mandAndhaH kiM kiM na kuryAt sAMpratam / atopyetaddhoSanirAsAya zAstraM cakSuH sthAnIyaM darzanaM bhUSaNaM mantavyam ityevaM zAstrasya pAramArthikavyAvahArikabhedena darzanatvaM dvividham iti sthitam / 1. mantripurohitayoH sakheti SaSThIsamAsenAtmano'pi taporAdhikyamAha / anyathA tau sakhAyAvasyeti mantripurohitasakhA iti syAt / rAjAhasakhibhyaSTac ( 6 / 4 / 91) iti tatpuruSamAsAntasya vihitatvAt / iti 2. azAstracakSunRpatirandha ityabhidhIyate / varamandho na cakSuSmAn madAdAkSiprasatpathaH / parisaMvAda-3

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paramparAyAM darzanAnAM dhyeyaM tatsvarUpaJca atra kecit pratyavatiSThante pAramArthikAtmatatvadarzanAya pravRtteSu zAstreSu nyAyamImAMsAyogAnAM darzanatvaM nAsti Atmadarzane teSAmanupayogitvAt / iti / tatrocyate-zrutyA AtmA draSTavya ityuktam, kintu ghaTAdivadAtmatattvaM na dRzyaM bhUtvA sukaraM yat sarvepi cakSuSA sAralyena pazyeyuH / ata AtmadarzanaM prati zrotavyaH, mantavyaH, nididhyAsitavyaH, iti zrutirabhidadhAti / tatra AtmA tadA zrutyA zruto bhavati, yadA'sau samyaktayA zrutito'vagamyeta / tatra vinA mImAMsAM karmakANDa bhedena vibhinna panthAnamabhidadhatI parasparaM virodhino'rthAn ca ApAtataH bodhayantI ca hA hanta ! kathamivAtmAnaM bodhayituM samarthA bhavet ? ato mahAvAkyArthanirNayAya mImAMsA AtmasambandhinImAzaMkAmapasArya tadarzane sAdhanaM bhavati / satyapyevaM vedavAkyAnAM samanvaye pravRttA mImAMsA tatraiva vizrAmyati iti, yadyAgrahaH tarhi vedAntopi mahAvAkyatAtparyanirNayaM kRtvA'traiva vizrAmyanna tu kAmaM kiM tasyA aatmdrshntven| tat prativedAntasyAnyathAsiddhatvasya durapanhavatvAt / darzanantu ekAgratA bhUmikAyAM sthitena manasaiva saMbhavati / ato vedAntasyApi darzanatvaM Atmano yathArthajJApanAya pravRttatvAdvedAntasya iti cet kimaparAddhaM pUrvamImAMsayApi, tasyApi mImAMsAtvAt / vedAnteSu tAtparyagrAhakAni yAni pramANAni upakramAdInyuktAni tAnyeva pUrvamImAMsAyAmapi sphuTIkRtAni / ato pUrvamImAMsAyA api vedAntavat darzanatvaM kluptameva / bhatha nyAyasya darzanatvaviSaye ucyate / vedAntena tena brahmavicAre karaNIye adhyAtmajJAnaM AtmAnAtmavivekakartavyaH iti uktam puujyaacaarypaadaiH| sahaiva tena ihAmutrArthaphalabhogaH samAdisAdhanasaMpattiH mumukSutvaM cApekSate ityapi ca nirNItaM tatra ttr| etaJcatuSTaye vivekaH AtmA itarabhinnaH vijAtIyasvabhAvAt ityAdirItyA anumitirAptavyA bhavati / seyamanumitiH punarapi zaMkodaye aprAmANyajJAnAskanditA bhavet / mananaM cAnumAne tarkapaddhatyA nirdoSatvena sAdhitamanumAne antarbhavati iti anumAnaprayogArthaM pravRttaM nyAyazAstraM kathamiva darzanaM na bhavet ? evameva zugenAtmAnamanvicchet ityAdau AtmajJAnaM prati nyAyasyAGgatvaM tRtIyayA vidadhatIM zruti kathaM apramANatvena ko vA manyeta / ato nyAyasyApi darzanatvaM saadhu| yogo'pi drshnaannaatiricyte| cittavRttinirodhamantarA manasaH AtmadarzanaM prati ahetutvAt / ato manoniSThakAraNatAvacchedakaM cittavRttinirodho'pi goniSThakAhAyanItvAdivat kAraNameva / yadyapi vinA prayatnaM janmasaMbandhamAtrAdeva zukAdeH dhyAnena AtmadarzanaM klRptaM tathApi dhyAnArthaH Adau janmAntare eva zukadevAdinA dhyAtaM Atma parisaMvAda-3

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320 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM tatvamastIti yogasya kAraNatvamavyAvahatameva / athavA tRNAraNimaNinyAyena prayatnasAcivyena yena yoga AtmadarzanArtha sAdhitaH tatra tasya kAraNatvaM nirvAdhameva / kiM ca pAramArthikasatyatvadRSTayA nyAyAdInAM SaNNAM darzanatvaM prAcInaH yathA sAdhitaM tathA tatra tatra pratipAditasyArthasya yAthArthyasaMpAdanAya apekSitAH pUrvapakSA yatra tAni nAstikazAstrANyapi darzanAnyeva / AnvIkSikItvasyaiva lokAyate mantavyAni / vyAvahArikapAramArthikasatyatvAnurodhena zAstrANAM darzanatvaM svIkriyate / prAtibhAsikasatyatvAnurodhena tu pratibhAtaM upAdAnasamasattAkaM vyAvahArikakAle vAdhitatvAt, asatvAt, anItimatvAt, apratiSThitatvAt, duHkhasAdhanatvAt darzaneSa na saMgRhyate / ityevaM rItyA doSANAM prAtibhAsikakAraNAnAM darzanatvaM nAnumatam / ato vyAvahArikakAle'pi jIvanasya sArthakyAya' yathArthalAbhAya ca vedo nityamadhIyatAM taduditaM karmasvanuSThIyatAm / tenaiva ca Izasya pUjA saMsevyatAm / tadaiva ca ihaloke paratra ca zam / iti / parisaMvAda-3

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'naye darzanoM kI saMbhAvanAyeM' viSayaka goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa pro0 karuNApatitripAThI ( kulapati saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 ) kI adhyakSatA meM tulanAtmakadarzanavibhAga ke dvArA Ayojita 'naye darzanoM ko saMbhAvanAyeM' viSayaka 'dharmaMdarzanasaMskRtisamiti' ke tattvAvadhAna meM tridivasIya (26-3-76 se 31-3-76) saMgoSThI kA udghATana karate hue pro. rAjArAmazAstrI (kulati -- kAzIvidyApITha) kahA - Aja darzana vAcya eva pAzcAtyadarzana ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai / prAcyadarzana Antarika satyoM se tathA pAzcAtyadarzana bAhya satyoM se prArambha hotA hai donoM ke isa Arambha bindu ke bheda se aneka bheda ho jAte haiM / cetanA eka hai vaha aneka vidha jar3ajagat meM ekarUpatA kA khoja karatI hai / Atma pratyakSa se jJeya cetanA meM anekatA ke liye avakAza nahIM hai, ataH usase nirmita eka hI darzana honA cAhie / anubhava ke eka hone para bhI bhASA ke mAdhyama se usako abhivyakta karane para dArzanika bheda lagane lagate haiM / yugAnurUpa abhivyakti ke kAraNa bhI bheda hotA hai, kabhI pratIkAtmaka bhASA kA prayoga hotA hai to kabhI citrAtmaka / pravRti ke kSetra meM Ane para anekatA ke lie dvAra khula jAte haiM isalie naye-naye darzana banate jAte haiM / pazcima ke darzana Atmadarzana nahIM hai pratyuta niyama nirdhAraNa mAtra haiM / daizika, kAlika parivartanoM ke kAraNa niyamanirdhAraNa vAle darzana badalate hI rheNge| bAda ke niyama, prathama niyama se adhika vyApaka hote haiM kyoMki ve vAda kI samasyAoM, paristhitiyoM Adi ke bhI saMgrAhaka hote haiN| aisI sthiti meM nayI dRSTi paidA kI jA sakatI hai / jo adhika vyApaka tathA samanvaya kAriNI ho / bhArata meM navIna darzana paidA na hone kA kAraNa kAlika parivartanoM ko mahattva na denA hai| kAlika parivartanoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yadi parivartita jagat kI samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie darzana paidA ho to bahuta hI a chA hogA, AzA hai paNDita varga isa kArya meM Age bar3heM / udghATana bhASaNa para ne kahA- zAstrI jI parivartita 41 pratikriyA vyakta karate hue pro0 jagannAtha upAdhyAya paristhitioM meM cintana ke parivartana kI bAta karate parisavAda - 3

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322 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAe haiM para bhAratIya dArzanika to zAntipUrvaka jIvana yApana ke lie prayatnazIla banakara zAnti ko hI lakSya mAna lete haiM isa sandarbha meM yahA~ kA sampradAyika dArzanika mAtra apane sAMpradAyika vicAroM ko duharAtA bhara hai vaha samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI ciMtA nahIM krtaa| isakA prayatna honA caahie| pro0 ramAkantatripAThI (adhyakSa, darzanavibhAga, kA* hi0 vi0 vi0) ne kahA-pAzcAtya dezoM meM darzana kI vidhi ke viSaya meM uddezya evaM upayogitA ke viSaya meM vaicArika uthala-puthala hai, vyaktivAda, anubhavavAda, vaicArika prayogavAda, kisI nizcita lakSya kA abhAva, jIvana ke viSaya meM dizAhInatA Adi pAzcAtya dArzanika jagat ke sAmAnya lakSaNa haiN| isake viparIta bhAratIya dArzanikoM meM ajJAna dUra karane ke lie jJAna kI khoja jArI hai| isa khoja meM na kevala jAgatika anubhava pratyuta A'tapuruSa ke anubhava kA bhI yogadAna hai yaha uchalakUda nahIM, pratyuta jIvana kI gambhIra samasyA hai jisakI khoja ke binA manuSya ko caina nahIM hai| pAzcAtyadArzanika vartamAna jIvana kI samasyAoM taka sImita rahate haiM jaba ki bhAratIya ke lie jIvanoparAnta manuSya kA kyA hotA hai ? yaha mI ciMtana kA kSetra hai, ise pAzcAt loga dharma mAnate haiM jabaki bhAratIya ke lie vaha darzana bhI hai| pAzcAtyavicAraka darzana ko vicAra para avalambita mAnate haiM jo vicAra meM nahIM AtA vaha darzana nahIM hai, bhAratIya bhI vicAra ko mUlya dete haiN| para bhAratIya vicAra sAdhana buddhi ke saMskAroM ko pariSkRta kara zuddha buddhi ke dvArA sakala anubhavoM kA vizleSaNa karate haiN| pAzcAtya dArzanika ke vicAra kSetra meM suSupti kA anubhava nahIM AtA hai mAtra jAgrata kA anubhava hI hai| pAzcAtyadarzana meM jJAna kI sArI samasyAoM kA hala vijJAna karatA hai darzana kevala upalabdha jJAna meM samanvaya karatA hai tathA jIvana kI dizA nizcita karatA hai| manuSya jIvana kI samasyAoM kA Atyantika hala kaise ho ise Aja kA dArzanika nahIM krtaa| ataH Aja kI sArvabhauma samasyAoM ke sAtha unake Atyantika nidAna kA darzana bananA caahie| ____ DA. harizcandrazrIvAstava (samAjazAstravibhAga, kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0) ne kahA--jindagI ko kaise bardAsta kiyA jAya ? isakA vizleSaNa darzana karatA hai / darzanoM meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi mahattvapUrNa hai para satya kyA hai ? isakI vyAkhyA bahuta kaThina hai| vaha vicAra se pare kI cIja jaisI hai| ataeva sabhI darzanoM ke satya bhinna-bhinna haiN| usako vicAroM meM bAMdhanA kaThina hai bhAratIyaciMtana ke kucha Arche-types hokara parisaMvAda-3

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goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 323 usameM vicAroM ko bAMca dete haiM ataeva vaha hamAre ciMtana ko sA~ce meM mAtra DhAla dete haiN| DA. ramAkAnta tripAThI ne kahA pAzcAtyadarzana moTe taura para vicAroM kA eka mahala khar3A karatA hai| jaba ki bhAratIyadarzana vicAroM se pare satya ko prasphuTita karatA hai aura vaha usakA lakSya hai| DA. rAmazaGkara mizra ( kA. hi. vi0 vi0 ) ne kahA-pleTo ke anusAra darzana pUrvAgrahoM se nirapekSa dRSTi rakhakara anveSaNa mAtra hai| yadyapi Aja ke dArzanika ise nahIM mAnate, phira bhI yaha vicAra vedAntadarzana ke samIpa hai| pleTo koI AdhAra le kara nahIM calate jabaki vedAnta AdhAra le kara calatA hai| kiMtu pleTo kI buddhi kA abhiprAya uccakoTi kI buddhi hai aura vaha isa artha meM vedAnta se bhinna hai| ___ DA. harSanArAyaNa ( kA. hi. vi. vi. ) ne kahA-darzana eka sisTama hai samagra vicAradhArA hai jo jovana ke sabhI sAMgopAMga se sambandhita hai ataH isakI saMkSepa vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hai| darzana kA janma Azcarya meM hotA hai pleTo tathA arastU being qua being kA adhyayana karate haiM ataH kAdAcitka ke pIche akAdAcitka kI talAza darzana hai| paramparAvAdI vidvAna zrI kedAranAtha ojhA ( vArANasI) ne kahA--pramANa ke sAtha prameya' kA nirUpaNa bhAratIya dRSTi se darzana hai| pAzcAtya meM vastu aura pramANa kA vivecana pRthaka-pRthak hai| satya cUMki kAlAntara meM asatya siddha ho jAtA hai ataH darzana kA kArya niSkarSa kI prApti ke sAtha sambandha vicAra kA hai, vicAra kA niSkarSa vicAraNIya viSaya ke vicAra se bhinna hotA hai| samAjavAdI cintaka tathA prasiddha vicAraka pro0 zrIkRSNanAtha (kAzI vidyApITha) ne kahA-dRSTioM ko chor3a kara jaisA hai vaisA hI bhItara bAhara dekhanA darzana hai| mArksa ne darzana kA prayojana jagata meM parivartana mAnA hai para yahA~ vicAra karanA cAhie ki kyA darzana kA prayojana darzana ke andara hai yA bAhya jagat meM bhI hai| kucha loga bAhya jagat meM bhI mAnate haiM, kucha darzana kA prayojana darzana meM hI dekhate haiN| zrI surendranAtha dvivedI ( saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 ) ne kahA-dRzya, draSTA ke sambandha ke jJAna ke sAtha sambandha kA vizleSaNa darzana hai| bIca meM hastakSepa karate hue pro0 ramAkAnta tripAThI ( kA hi0 vi0 vi0 ) ne kahA--darzanoM meM bheda hai parisaMvAda-3

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324 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM bhAratIyadarzana nivRttiparaka tathA pAzcAtya pravRttiparaka haiM para vicAraNIya yaha hai ki kyA nivRtti jo niHzreyasa hai vaha prAptabya hai yA preya ko prAptavya svIkAra kiyA jAya / tulasI zodha saMsthAna ke nidezaka DA. zambhunAtha siMha ( vArANasI ) ne kahA divyadRSTi darzana hai pUrNa mAnava bananA darzana kA lakSya hai| jagata ke sAtha tAdAtya sthApita karake satya ko mAnava hita meM prayukta karanA darzana hai jo mAnava kalyANa kA sAdhaka banatA hai vaha saccA dArzanika hai| bIca meM DA0 tripAThI dvArA uThAye gaye prazna para hastakSepa karate hue pro. badarInAtha zukla ne kahA--vicAraNIya prAna hai ki darzana kA sambandha zreya se yA preya se yA donoM se hai| kyA preya se bhI darzana kA sambandha bana sakatA hai isa para vicAra kiyA jaay| paMDita vizvanAtha zAstrI dAtAra ne kahA--kupatha meM na jAkara mAnava kalyANa sampAdita karanA darzana hai / yahI hamArA Adarza rahA hai kahA bhI hai na me steno janapade na kadaryo na madyapaH / nAnAhitAgniH nA vidvAn svairI svairiNI kutaH // isa prakAra AdarzoM ke AdhAra para anumeya tattva kA nirUpaNa darzana hai| pro. ramezacandrativArI ( kAzI vidyApITha ) ne kahA- kyA isa samaya bhArata meM darzana naI dizA de sakatA hai ? darzana yadi dekhanA hai to yaha samajhane kI jarUrata hai ki yaha dekhanA kisa prakAra kA hai ? yadi mAnava kalyANa ke lie dekhanA hai to bhAratIya darzana ke Atmakendrita bhAvanA ko samaSTikendrita karanA Avazyaka hai| paM. lakSmaNa trivedI / saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0) ne kahA- bhAratIyazAstroM meM dharmAcaraNa ke lie mRtyu ke dvArA le jAye jAte hue mukha meM dhyAna bhAvanA rakhate hue vivecana karanA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / kahA bhI hai| 'gRhota iva kezeSu mRtyunA dharmamAcaret' / isIlie yahAM kA dArzanika loka hita kA sampAdana mRtyugRhIta keza kI sthiti meM sahI rUpa se karatA thaa| ataeva satya darzana banatA hai| pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya (saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0) ne kahA - mAnavakalyANa paraka darzana ke viniyoga kA artha hai mAnava kendrita samasta hita, vicAra, manuSyetara kI parisaMvAda-3

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goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 325 ora jAnA Avazyaka nahIM hai isI prakAra daivI dharma bhI honA Avazyaka nahIM hai / yadi mAnava kalyANa hI darzana kA uddezya hai to isameM abhyudaya, niHzreyasa mokSa tathA kAma saba hI mAnavIya kalyANa ke viSaya haiM aura inakA vizleSaNa darzana ke kSetra meM AnA caahie| DA. rAmazaMkara bhaTTAcArya ( kAzI) ne kahA- bhAratIyadarzana mAtra nivRttiparaka nahIM, lokopakAraparaka bhI hai isIlie darzanoM se laukika vidyAoM kA vikAsa huaa| mahAnadArzanika janaka ne bhI vANijya niyama batAye haiN| cANakya kRSi, gorakSAvANijya ko vArtAzAstra meM rakhakara niHzreyasaparaka vidhAna banAte haiN| . DA. bhaTTAcArya ke vaktavya para pratikriyA vyakta karate hue pro. ramAkAnta tripAThI ne kahA-nivRttiparaka darzana meM bhI mumukSu jisa jIvana praNAlI ko svIkAra karatA hai| usase svabhAvataH lokakalyANa hotA hai| ata: mokSonmukha prayatna lokakalyANakArI hai| pro. badarInAthazukla (saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0) ne kahA--bhAratIyadarzana vartamAna meM dArzanika svarUpa ke vivecana se haTa gayA hai pAzcAtyadarzana ke vidvAn kRpayA yaha batAye ki hamAre darzana kI truTiyA~.kyA haiN| mahAna dArzanika gaMgezopadhyAya ne mAnava kalyANa ke lie duHkha nimagna manuSya ke uddhAra ke lie AnvikSikI kA upadeza karane kI bAta kahI hai| saMsAra meM sukhI rahanA hara eka cAhatA hai| sabake lie zreyasa evaM preyasa kI suvidhAyeM upalabdha ho, yaha darzana kA kyoM na uddezya mAnA jAya / kahA jAtA hai ki bhAratIyadarzana meM punarjanma, Izvara Adi ke saMpratyaya' isake vikAsa ko paMgu kara dete haiM / pAzcAtya vicAradhArA ke bhAratIya vicArakoM ke sAtha baiTha kara ina saMpratyayoM para socanA caahie| isa lakSya kA adhigama yadi Aja taka ke ciMtana se nahIM ho sakA to kala se kaise vicAra kiyA jAya ki yaha lakSya prApta ho ske| pro. DA. devarAja ( kA0 hi. vi. vi. ) ne kahA navIna darzana mAtra navInatA ke liye na svIkAra kiyA jAya, pratyuta AvazyakatA eva paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa naye darzana banate haiN| vartamAna yuga meM vijJAna kI pragati ne kucha aisA vizvAsa paidA kara diyA hai ki hama samajhane lage haiM ki jo pahale nahIM thA vaha bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| vijJAna ne Izvara meM dharma granthoM kI anAditA meM, saMdeha paidA kiyA hai ataH hamArA dAyitva bar3hA hai| prAcIna vicAraka karmaphala, daivavidhAna, Adi samajha kara logoM parisaMvAda-3

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226 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM ko duHkhI bane rahane kA kAraNa prastuta karate the para Aja yogyavastuoM kI sulabha upalabdhi se vijJAna ne bahuta-sI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA hai| isa prakAra nayA kara gujarane kA sAhasa naye vicAra darzana ko bhI paidA kara sakatA hai / bIca meM svatantra ciMtana para hastakSepa karate hue kahA -- rAga dveSa mukta hokara satyAnveSaNa Avazyaka hai hotA thA jisakA artha zAzvata mUlyoM kA AvirbhAva thA samasyAoM kA ciMtana nahIM hotA thA / / DA0 ramAkAnta tripAThI ne vaha dharma ke mArga se pahale isameM dainandina jIvana kI pro0 kRSNanAtha ne kahA- varNAzramadharma para AdhArita darzana se bhinna Aja kA darzana banegA, karmaphala evaM jAtivyavasthA Aja mUlyahIna ho gaye hai / vizva meM zastrIkaraNa ke kAraNa ahiMsA kA mUlya bar3hA hai, svatantratA samRddhi, zAnti ke liye zreya aura preya para vicAranA hogA / Aja adhyAtma aura vyavahAra kI khAI bar3hI hai / isameM pramANabhUta zAstra ke davadave ko tor3anA par3egA / Agraharahita cintana prastuta karanA par3egA / parokSaNa se Agraha TUTeMge / pro0 karuNApatitripAThI ( kulapati, saM. saM. vi. vi. ) ne kahA - sampUrNAnandajI ne darzana, vijJAna tathA jIvana meM kI samanvaya sthApanA kI bAta kahI thI / vijJAna se anveSita satyoM kA prAcIna cintana se samAdhAna ho sakatA hai yA nahIM / yadi nahIM ho sakatA hai to unake parigrAhaka kI navIna paramparA meM vikAsa honA cAhie / pro0 badarInAthazukla ne kahA- darzanoM ne jisa jIvana kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| vaha hamAre vyavahArameM nahIM hai / viSamatA hamAre cintana meM nahIM dikhatI hai paurANika AkhyAnoM meM dharma zAstroM meM viSamatA avazya hai / yaha vicAraNIya hai ki darzana kA kAma samatva kI pratiSThA karanA hai para samAja meM viSamatA hai isake viruddha dArzanika loga kyoM nahIM bolate haiM / kyA hamAre cintana kI yaha koI truTi to nahIM hai / pro0 ramAkAntatripAThI ne kahA- sAmAjika viSamatA pravRti mArga meM dIkha par3atI hai nivRtti mArga meM yaha saba TAla diyA jAtA hai / hamako prAcIna jIvanapaddhati apanAnI cAhie tAki samasyAoM kA samAdhAna ho sake / pro0 devarAja ( kA hi0 vi0 vi0 ) ne kahA - pragatizIla samAja kI saMracanA meM hamAre dArzanikoM ko sahAyatA karanI caahie| darzana samagra mAnava mAtra ke lie yadi hai to usake siddhAnta saba ke lie prAyogika bhI bananA caahie| Izvara aba kAma nahIM parisaMvAda - 3

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goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 227 de sakatA hai ataH hamako apanI jimmevArI lekara samAjahita karane kI bAta karanI caahie| tibbatIsaMsthAna ke prAcArya pro. esa. rimpoche ne kahA--sAre saMsAra meM aparyAptatA kI anubhUti ho rahI hai aura isa sambandha meM bhAratIyadarzana se AzA bharI nigAheM lagAyI gayI haiM, para yahA~ ke mAhaula meM merI samajha meM yaha bAta nahIM A rahI hai ki Apaloga kisa naye darzana kI khoja meM lage hue haiN| Aja ke vaijJAnika bhAratIya yoga, dhyAna tathA sAdhana oM kA vaijJAnika parIkSaNa kara rahe haiM aura isakI saphala upalabdhiyoM se pUrNa rUpa meM saMtuSTa haiN| isI prakAra tantra dvArA varNita phijikala saMracanA kA bhI vaijJAnika adhyayana ho rahA hai| kucha hI dinoM meM usake pratiphala AyeMge taba naye darzana yA dharma kI jarUrata kI sambhavataH utanI AvazyakatA nahIM mahasUsa hogii| merA to vicAra hai ki bhAratIya prAcIna dharma evaM darzana apane meM paripUrNa hai mAtra una vicAroM ko jIvana meM lAne kI jarUrata hai| darzana yadyapi apane meM na to purAnI cIja kI vakAlata karatA hai aura na naye vicAroM ko rokatA hai ataH nayApana kI sambhAvanA se inkAra nahI kiyA jA sakatA hai| pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya ne kahA-maiM bhI aisA mAnatA hU~, bhAratIya darzanoM kA itihAsa abhI likhA nahIM gyaa| bhAratIya darzana mAnava svayaMbhU jJAna ke dvArA svayaMbhU RSiyoM ke dvArA prasUta mAna liye gaye haiN| maiM samajhatA hU~, aisA itihAsa ke saMdarbha meM 'kathamapi nahIM hai| sAre sAmAjika parivartanoM ke itihAsa ke bIca hI bhAratIya darzanoM kA nirmANa huA hai jisakA ki Aja taka isa dRSTi se adhyayana nahIM ho rahA hai| upaniSadoM kA veda ke virodha meM khar3A honA Akasmika nahIM hai kevala svayaMbhU jJAna nahIM hai, svayaM prakAza jJAna nahIM hai| balki usake pIche dhArmika aura sAmAjika prazna haiM jo ki khar3e hue, jisakA ki tattvajJAna upaniSadoM ke dvArA AvirbhUta huaa| . upaniSadoM ke virodha meM jaba buddha khar3e hote haiM, to buddha kevala isalie khar3e nahIM hote ki bodhivRkSa ke nIce vaha buddhatva prApta kara leM jo ki alaukika thA, usakA loka se matalaba nahIM thaa| bAta yaha thI ki yaha sArI paristhitiyAM jo ki upaniSadoM aura vedoM ke virodha meM jA rahI thI jisase loga Uba cuke the aura sArI Arthika, dhArmika paristhitiyA~ aura dArzanika paristhitiyA~ aisI thI jisameM buddha khar3e hue usameM una sArI paristhitayoM kA pratibimbana buddha ke darzana ke dvArA hotA hai| buddha ke virodha meM nAgArjuna ne unhIM ke AcArya ne dharma aura saMgha kI parIkSA kI, to unhoMne ni:svabhAvatA kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kara diyA parisaMvAda-3

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328 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM aura buddha kI hI paramparA meM unhoMne eka nayAdarzana khar3A kara diyA aura ve dUsare buddha khlaaye| isI prakAra jaba mahAyAna kA itanA bar3A vikAsa huA, to zaGkarAcArya Aye / usake kucha kAraNa the, rAjanaitika paristhitiyA~ thI aura sArI rAjanaitika, dhArmika, sAmAjika paristhitayoM ke bIca meM zaGkarAcArya Aye aura una rAjanaitika, dhArmika paristhitiyoM ke bIca meM hI Aja taka zaGkarAcArya kAyama haiM, unakA rAjya kAyama hai| yadi paristhitiyA~ badalegI to zaGkarAcArya kA siddhAnta bdlegaa| yaha jo karapAtrI jI kahate haiM ki hindu savaMtra hai, zaGkarAcArya kA darzana vaha nahIM raha jaayegaa| vaha sattAtmaka hai rAjya ke andara, samAja ke andara, hone se usake sAtha sambaddha hai| lekina yaha viSaya eka aisA viSaya hai jisa para jyAdA bolanA abhI sambhava nahIM hogaa| usake lie alaga se eka goSThI honI caahie| kArya-kAraNabhAva kI eka bAta jo kala paNDita jI ne uThAI thI usa para AtA hU~ jisako ki harSanArAyaNa jI ne vilAsitA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| hama saba loga paricita haiM ki darzana kI rIr3ha kArya kAraNabhAva hai| bhAratIya darzanoM ke sAre ciMtana kA, upaniSadoM se lekara ke anta taka, hama saba loga jAnate haiM ki kArya kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke bheda se hI prasthAna bheda ho jAte haiN| yadi nayA darzana apekSita hai to kArya kAraNa kI punarvyAkhyA karanI hogii| kArya-kAraNa ke sambandha meM bahuta sI vyAkhyAeM karane se bhAratIya darzanoM kA prasthAna bheda ho cukA hai| lekina usakI kucha samAna mAnyatAeM haiM jo ki aparyApta ho cukI haiN| Izvara eka vizeSa sthiti meM sthApita huA thA, Izvara khaNDita huA eka vizeSa sthita meM, AtmA sthApita huA eka vizeSa sthita meM, AtmA khaNData bhI huaa| AvazyakatAoM ke AdhAra para hI yaha sArA khaNDita huaa| mana usa taraha kA banA, samAja banA, rAjya banA, sArA bnaa| lekina kArya-kAraNabhAva darzana meM sthApita huA usI ke anurodha para / maiM samajhatA hU~ Aja bhI kisI sthiti meM kArya-kAraNa meM kAraNa ko nitya nahIM honA caahie| agara kAraNa nitya rahegA, to samAja parivartanazIla nahIM hogA, yathAsthitavAdI hogaa| isalie cAhe vaha nityatA kUTasthanityatA na ho, lekina pariNAmI nityatA bhI agara svIkAra kara liyA jAye yA pariNAmavAda taka bhI agara hama parivartana ko svIkAra kara leM, lekina pariNAmavAda kA kevala prAkRtika pariNAma nahIM-sArA AtmAsahita, puruSasahita, sAMkhya ke zabdoM meM puruSa, prakRti agara saba pariNAmI hai| aisA maiM sAMkhya meM praveza karAne kI bAbata nahIM kahatA parisaMvAda-3

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goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 329 hU~, balki maiM naye darzana ke lie kahatA hU~ ki kArya-kAraNabhAva meM kAraNa ko na Apa kSaNamaGgavAda mAnie aura na kSaNikatA kA siddhAnta mAnie, saba meM gatizIlatA lAne ke lie to kSaNabhaGgavAda hai lekina use Apa na svIkAra kareM, kama se kama naye darzana ke lie pariNAmavAda kI pragati to svIkAra karanI pdd'egii| vaise to Apa jAnate hI haiM ki yaha tantra ke darzanoM ne svIkAra kiyaa| apane paramaziva ko bhI nitya-nitya parivartanazIla unhoMne svIkAra kiyaa| yadyapi paramaziva ko unhoMne eka mAtra sattA svIkAra kiyA, lekina paramaziva ko jagat se. bhinna nahIM svIkAra kiyaa| jagat aura paramaziva jo unakA parama adhyAtma hai aura unakA parama jagat hai-tAntrikoM meM zaiva tAntrikoM kA, yA anyatAntrikoM kA unhoMne abheda sthApita kiyaa| maiM samajhatA hU~ jo agalA darzana hogA, vaha parivartanazIla darzana honA cAhie, parivartanazIla dharma, parivartanazIla samAja vyavasthA ke lie| to usameM kArya kAraNa meM kAraNa ko anitya honA caahie| anitya se agara parezAnI ho to pariNAmazIla honA cAhie aura usa pariNAmazIlatA meM jagat kI sabhI vastu jisameM Izvara aura AtmA saba hoM, IzvaravAdI kA Izvara ho AtmavAdI kA AtmA bhI hoM, pariNAma ke andara honA caahie| taba vaha eka pariNAmazIla samAja ko utpanna kregaa| dUsarI bAta kAraNa eka na ho yA do tIna kAraNa na ho| Apa asamavAyikAraNa ko chor3a dIjie, yaha to pAribhASika sthitiyoM meM asamavAyikAraNa kahA jAtA hai| upAdAnakAraNa aura nimittakAraNa kA nAma liyA jAtA hai| lekina kAraNa ko, kAraNabahutva ko agara leM aura sampUrNa kAraNa-sAmagrI se agara kArya utpanna hoM, to kAraNa sAmagrI meM cAhe Izvara ko lAnA ho to usa prakAra kA gatizIla Izvara Ave, AtmA ko lAnA ho to gatizIla Ave yA kisI kA bhI agara gatizIla pratibandha ko svIkAra karatA hai, to kAraNa koTi meM Ave, sAmagrIkoTi meM Ave aura agale kArya-jagat ko janma de| to isakA matalaba yaha hai ki sAmagrI jisameM samAja, dharma, nIti saba usake kAraNa kI koTi meM A jaae| jo aba taka kA samAja hai, dharma hai, rAjanIti hai, arthanIti hai, Izvara hai, AtmA hai aura sArI cIjeM haiM, vaha samagra kAraNa koTi meM hai aura usa gatizIla kAraNa sAmagrI se gatizIla naye jIvana kA, samAja kA udbhava honA caahie| - karma-phalambandha-eka AkharI bAta maiM kahanA cAhatA hU~ jo kArya-kAraNa bhAva se atyanta sambaddha hai-karma-phalasambandha / karma-phala sambandha jo jIvana ko yahA~ se parisaMvAda-3

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bhAratIya ciMtana paramparA ko navIna sambhava nAe vahA~ taka anusyUta rakhatA hai| karma-phala sambandha Avazyaka hai nIti ke lie, dharma ke lie / lekina punarjanma Avazyaka nahIM hai, punarjanma na svIkAra karate hue karma-phala kI vyavasthA honI caahie| kiMtu isake lie punarjanma kA khaNDana na kiyA jaaye| jo vizvAsAnusAra kucha loga punarjanma svIkAra karate haiM, karate rheN| lekina yaha vyavasthA darzana meM ho ki punarjanma svIkAra na karake bhI karma-phala kA siddhAnta bana jAe aura yaha jo ki vyakti ke sAtha karma ko jor3a diyA gayA hai, kRta hAni na hone pAye, akRta kA abhyAgama na hone pAye, nIti aura dharma kI vyavasthA na bigar3ane pAye, isake lie jo dArzanikoM ne sArA prayatna kiyA thA, vaha eka dama sahI bAta hai| usakI surakSA Aja bhI honI caahie| lekina kevala vyakti ke sAtha nahIM, vyakti ke sAtha sAtha aura samUha ke sAtha bhii| eka vyakti phala bhoga rahA hai samUha ke pApoM kA, rAjya ke pApoM kA, vizva ke pApoM kaa| aba kaheM ki tuma to apane pUrva karmoM kA phala bhoga rahe ho, yaha bAta bar3A hAsyAspada hai| isa taraha kA kyA darzana hai| jo ki sIdhe dikhAI par3atA hai ki hama beImAnI karanA nahIM cAhate / aise kAraNa bana jAte haiM, aise sAmAjika vyavasthAeM bana jAtI hai jisameM hama beImAnI karane ke lie vivaza ho jAte haiM aura Upara se dharma vAlA, darzana vAlA kahe ki tuma pApI ho, yaha nahIM honA caahie| karma-phala sambandha vyakti meM rhegaa| lekina phala-bhoga-vyakti kA phala samUha ko milatA hai, samUha ke karma kA phala vyakti ko milatA hai, svIkAra karanA caahie| do satyoM kI sthApanA-duniyA meM pacAsoM prakAra ke satya ho sakate haiM, lekina dArzanika dRSTi ne, jo bhrama aura pramA ko dhyAna meM rakha karake dArzamikoM ne, khAsa karake nAgArjuna ne, zaMkarAcArya ne do satya, tIna satya kI kalpanA kii| zaMkarAcArya ne to sIdhe kaha diyA-tamaH prkaashvviruddhsvbhaavH| eka prakAza hai, dUsarA andhakAra hai--sApha kara diyaa| lekina isa prakAra kA satya ThIka nahIM hai| satyoM kA stara honA cAhie, use viruddha nahIM honA caahie| nAgArjuna ne dUsarI bhUmikA adA kii| lekina do satyavAdI ve bhI haiN| nAgArjuna kI bhUmikA meM kucha ho sakatA hai, samAja ke lie gujAIza ho sakatI hai| kyoMki unakA vyavahAra mithyA vyavahAra nahI hai / ve mithyA karate haiM eka naye vyavahAra banAne ke lie| vahAM se vo satya kI yaha kalpanA hai| pro. rAmazaGkaramizra ( kA hi. vi. vi. ) ne kahA-isa bAta ko hama svIkAra karate haiM ki bhAratIya darzana kA laukika jIvana se koI najadIka kA sambandha nahI rahA aura yaha hamAre ciMtana-dhArA kI eka vizeSa kamI rahI hai, parisaMvAda-3

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goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa isameM koI sandeha nhiiN| aba isake kyA kAraNa the? kAraNa anekoM ho sakate haiM, lekina eka spaSTa kAraNa to yaha pratIta hotA hai ki kyoMki bhAratIya darzana mokSAbhimukha rahA hai / isIlie saMsAra kI samasyAoM kI tarapha usakA dhyAna nahIM gyaa| jaba hama pAcAtyadarzana se usakI tulanA karate haiM, to hama dekhate haiN| eka bAta bar3I vizeSa rUpa meM prAcInakAla se aba taka jo pAzcAtya jagat ke bar3e bar3e dArzanika hue haiN| unhoMne tattvajJAna aura jJAna-mImAMsA ke sAtha-sAtha anya viSayoM para bhI paryApta rUpa se vicAra kiyA hai jisakA ullekha bhI yahA~ AyA hai, jaise rAjanIti-darzana, samAjadarzana, zikSA-darzana Adi para bar3e vyApaka rUpa se dArzanikoM ne vicAra kiyaa| kabhI kabhI hamAre mana meM yaha jarUra AtA hai ki bhArata ke itane ucca-koTi ke dArzanika ina viSayoM para vicAra karate, to hama logoM kI saMskRti kitanI samRddha ho jaatii| eka mukhya kAraNa jo hamako lagatA hai ki bhAratIya dArzanika itane bar3e-baDe dArzanika jaise nAgArjuna ke bAre meM kahA jAtA hai ki ve rasAyana ke bahuta bar3e jJAtA the, unhoMne bar3e anveSaNa kiye| yahA~ taka ki gaNita meM jo zUnya kA AviSkAra huA vaha bhAratIya maNitajJa ne kiyaa| aba isa taraha kI pratibhA hote hue bhI eka jarUra yaha bAta bhAtI hai ki kyoM sAMsArika samasyAoM kI tarapha bhAratIya dArzanikoM kA dhyAna nahI gyaa| usakA darzana ke andara jo mokSa kA kAraNa milatA hai, vaha to hai hii| dUsarA bhI spaSTa kAraNa hai, vaha yaha mAlUma par3atA hai ki bhAratIya loka-jAvana aura lokajyapahAra dharmazAstroM se hamezA niyaMtrita rahA aura isIlie zAyada dArzanikoM ko svatantratA nahIM thI ki dharmazAstroM ke viSaya meM ve hastakSepa krte| isIlie bhAratIya darzana kucha laukika samasyAoM ke prati udAsIna rhe| lekina eka bAta hai, vaha yaha hai ki isakA sArA doSa dArzanikoM para nahIM denA cAhie ki unhoMne lokajIvana kI upekSA kI hai| hamako aisA lagatA hai ki apane deza kI havA kucha aisI hai ki yahA~ kucha isa prakAra kI udAsInatA tabhI se rahI hai| eka udAharaNa hama Apako dete haiN| jaise rAjapUta loga the, katayI ve dArzanika loga nahIM the| sAtha hI saMsAra meM lipta loga the| ina bar3e-bar3e rAjAoM ko kabhI yaha jijJAsA nahIM huI ki dUsare dezoM meM sainya-vijJAna kitanI unnati kara gayA hai hama bhI usakA vikAsa kreN| aba isakA eka jarA tamAzA dekhiye| alekjeNDara kA AkramaNa hotA hai| hAthI senaoN bilkula vyartha hotI hai kisI bhI yuddha ke lie yaha sabhI samaya siddha ho jAnA cAhie thA, paryAptarUpa se| bhAratIyoM ne kabhI nahIM siikhaa| usakA phala yaha huA ki jaba rAnA sAMgA aura bAbara kA yuddha parisaMvAda-3

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332 bhAratIya cintana paramparA ko navIna sambhavanAeM huaa| dasa hajAra sainika le kara ke bAbara AyA thA, rAnA sA~gA kI senA do lAkha thI / prAtaH kAla se zAma taka ke yuddha meM bhArata ke bhAgya kA nibaTArA ho gayA / kyoM ? kyoMki gana-pAuDara kA AviSkAra aphagAnistAna meM pahu~ca cukA thA / vaha topakhAnA le kara AyA aura dhvasta kara diyA sAMgA kI senA ko / eka baccA bhI kaha sakatA thA yuddha ke pahale hI ki yuddha kA pariNAma kyA hone jA rahA hai| lekina ye jo bhAratIya sainya vizeSajJa the unake dimAga meM yaha nahIM AyA / eka dUsarI bAta Apako batAe, muhammada sAhaba ke samaya se islAma kA bar3A pracAra huaa| lekina saMyoga se islAma kA jaba bhArata meM praveza huA to digvijaya usane kiyA, isameM saMdeha nahIM, lekina islAma ko bhI vahI havA lagI jisase ki hindu rAjA grasta the / usake senA meM bhI hAthI Adi kI usI prakAra kI vyavasthA kI gaI jisake kAraNa ahamadazAha abdAlI ne aura usase pahale jo Ae vaha jItate cale gaye / isa taraha yaha nahIM kahanA cAhie ki kevala darzana isakA kAraNa thA / balki aisA lagatA hai ki naye jJAna ke prati vibhinna saMdarbhoM meM yaha jo jJAna ke kisI prakAra kI vRddhi ho rahI hai; ina sabakA apane deza meM abhAva rahA / javAharalAlajI ne eka bAta bahuta acchI kahI thI / akabara ke samaya iMglaiNDa se zAyada koI AyA thA / usane akabara ko eka ghar3I bheMTa kI / akabara ne ghar3I kI to bar3I prazaMsA kI / lekina javAharalAla jI ne kahA ki akabara ke buddhi meM yaha nahIM AyI ki yahA~ bhI vaha kArakhAnA khola detA / prakhyAta kalAmarmajJa pramodakumAra gupta (vArANasI) ne kahA- maiM apane jisa jamAne meM jI rahA hU~, aura jisa jamAne meM jI kara jo kaThinAI jIvana ke prati mahasUsa kara rahA hU~, usako maiM thor3A kahUMgA / aura naye darzana kI kyA sambhAvanAe~ haiM, usameM jo maiM samajhatA hU~, usa para thor3e-thor3e izAre karane kI koziza karU~gA / AdhyAtmavAdI darzanoM kA daura maiM samajhatA hU~ ki darzana kI duniyA meM jaba taka calA thA taba taka koI maulika parivartana AdamI ke dimAga meM nahIM AyA thA / jhagar3e yAni parivartana usa samaya Aye, jaba jar3avAdI darzana meM AdamI, sAdhAraNa AdamI kI pratiSThA kI lar3AI ko sAmane rakhA / yahI se sAMskRtika, sAmAjika aura Arthika parivartana kI lar3AI zurU huI / parisaMvAda - 3

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goSThI 1 saMkSipta vivaraNa 333 jahA~ taka bhAratIyadarzana hai, adhyAtma usakI vizeSatA hai vaha viziSTa vyakti kA sRjana karatA hai / isalie usa viziSTatA meM eka jAti kA utanA sthAna nahIM haiM, sAdhAraNa AdamI kI pratiSThA ke sthAna nahIM hai / isalie jaba hama sAdhAraNa kI pratiSThA kareMge, to usake andara Avazyaka hogA ki AdamI ke rizte, samAja ke rizte, aura samAja aura AdamI kI maryAdA ke rizte aura usake sAtha-sAtha jar3a aura cetana ke riztoM ke sAtha masalA hala kareM / mAnavatAvAdI cintaka pro0 DaoN0 devarAja (kA0 hi0 vi0 vi0 ) ne kahAyaha jo prazna prakArAntara se goSThI meM uThAyA gayA hai ki navIna darzana kI parikalpanA honI caahie| yaha ciMtA kA viSaya ho bho sakatA hai, nahIM bhI / koI ye darzana kI jaba taka AvazyakatA mahasUsa na kI jAya tabataka usakI kAmanA kyoM kI jAya / hamAre hindI sAhitya meM kucha samaya taka yaha Andolana calatA rahA ki isameM nayApana honA cAhie / lekina apane meM navInatA mAtra koI acchI cIja hotI hai yA U~cI cIja hotI hai. aisA kisI jimmedAra AdamI ne zAyada nahIM kahA hai / navInadarzana isalie banAne kI ceSTA nahIM kI jAtI ki hameM maulika kahalAne kI icchA hai yA navInatA kA moha hai / bAlka navInadarzana paristhitiyoM se utpanna hotA hai aura paristhitiyoM kI kucha AvazyakatAe~ hotI hai / yaha jo nibandha par3he gaye haiM, inameM se kucha prazna uThate haiM / una para maiM kucha kahanA caahuuNgaa| vijJAna ke udaya se jitane parivartana idhara do-tIna zatAbdiyoM meM hue haiM, unake pIche kAraNa hai / yaha kisa taraha se huA hai, thor3A sA batalAnA Avazyaka lagatA hai / zraddhA kI dRSTi se dekheM madhyayuga thA, usameM prAcIna vicArakoM meM vijJAna ke udaya ne jo pahalA kAma yUropa meM kiyA, vaha yaha thA ki usane manuSya ko apane meM AsthA do, AtmavizvAsa diyA / usase pahale yahI nahIM yUropa meM bhI do bAteM mAnI jAtI thI / eka yaha ki prAcIna vicAraka bar3I jAte the aura unake prati bar3A AdarabhAva thA / dUsarI yaha jo bAIvila, dharma aura bAIbala ke saMsthAoM ke prati var3A moha thaa| yUnAna ke jo vicAraka the - arastU, pleTo, inake prati bar3A Adara bhAva thA / yaha samajhA jAtA thA ki jo kucha kAma kI bAta kahI jAnI thI, vaha pahale ke loga kaha gaye haiM / jo kucha jJAna-vijJAna kI, jIvana-vidhi kI acchI cIjeM thI, hama loga isase preraNA leN| hama svayaM na kucha bar3hA sakate haiM, yA haiM yA U~cA kAma kara sakate haiM / kahI jA cukI hai / acchA kara sakate parisaMvAda - 3

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bhAratIya cintana ko paramparA navIna sambhavanAeM vijJAna ke aviSkAroM ne yaha bAta bahuta dhIre-dhIre yUropa ke jana-mAnasa meM paidA kI ki hama kucha bAteM aisI kara sakate haiM jo prAcInoM ne nahIM kI hai / The Idea of Progress se patA calatA hai kI bar3I kaThinAI se yUropa ke jana-mAnasa meM yaha sthAna le rahA hai ki kucha pragati bhI hotI hai, unnati hotI hai, hama manuSyajAti ke loga Age bar3hate haiN| dhIre-dhIre jaise - jaise vijJAna kI pragati hotI gaI yUropIya manuSya meM yaha vizvAsa hotA gayA ki kAphI mAmaloM meM hama prAcIna logoM se Age haiM / yUropa kA itihAsa dekheM to kadama-kadama para vijJAna aura dharma kA jhagar3A milatA hai / vijJAna kI pragati ko rokane kI koziza kI gii| vaijJAnikoM ko jela meM DAlA gayA, svatantra citoM ko jindA jalA diyA gyaa| isakA yaha natIjA nikalA ki dharma aura vijJAna maiM virodha hai, aisA logoM ko mAlUma hone lagA / aura dharma kA, dhArmikatA kA, dharma granthoM kA virodha karake bhI vijJAna Age bar3hatA gayA / 334 isakA nicor3a yaha hai ki granthoM kI IzvarIyatA meM, granthoM kI IzvarIya evaM devI hone meM saMdeha hone lagA aura Aja dArzanikoM ke bIca zAyada hI yUropa meM koI aisA hai jo kisI bhI dharmagrantha ko prAmANika mAnatA hai / yahA~ se bahuta sI samasyAe~ zurU ho jAtI hai / dharma-granthoM ne eka jIvana kA khAkA diyA thA, eka jIvana kA mArga batAyA thA / usa mArga kA anugamana karate hue manuSya yaha mahasUsa karatA rahA ki eka bAra agara una granthoM ke prati AsthA calI jAe, taba sArA prazna, sArI jimmedArI hamAre Upara A par3atI hai ki hama jIvana kA lakSya kaise banAe~ ? to sabase bar3A parivartana jo Adhunika yuga meM aura purAne logoM meM hai, vaha yaha hai ki Aja kA vyakti kisI dharmagrantha kI prAmANikatA mAnane ko kabhI taiyAra nahIM hai / kyoMki kama se kama yUropa meM aisA huA ki dharma granthoM kI bahuta-sI bAteM jhUThI nikalIM / hamAre yahA~ to aisA itphAka se nahIM huA hai / isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki dharmagranthoM meM jo likhA hai saba galata hai / aisI bAta nahIM hai / lekina hameM viveka ke sAtha yaha * dekhanA par3egA ki dharmagranthoM meM kitanA aMza grAhya hai| hama unako svataH pramANa mAna leM yA IzvarIya mAnakara yA daivIya mAna kara calanA nahIM cAhate / taba jIvana kA lakSya kyA hai ? naitikatA kyA hai ? acchAI kyA hai ? burAI kyA hai ? sAdhanA kA svarUpa kyA honA cAhie ? ye sAre ke sAre prazna naye sire se khar3e ho jAte haiM, jaisA ki maiMne kahA, hamArI jimmedArI bahuta bar3ha jAtI hai / DA0 nIlakaNDa dezapANDeya meM kahA-- darzana aura samAja ke hai darzana ke vizleSaNa ke AdhAra para mUlyoM kA samarthana dharma karatA hai kevala vizleSaNa bana kara atireka meM pahu~catA hai to dharma bhI karma vyavasthA kA DhoMga bIca kar3I dharma para jaba darzana parisaMvAda- 3

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goSThI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa 335 racakara vyavahAra ke bauddhika vivecana se dUra haTa jAtA hai ina donoM dUriyoM ko hadAne kA mArga Adhunika pariprekSa ke ciMtaka kara sakate haiN| pro. ramezacandra tivArI ne kahA-darzana ko aba purAnI aitihAsika mAnyatAoM ke pariprekSya meM na dekha kara parivartita paristhitioM ke anusAra naye siddhAnta prasthApita karane cAhie nahIM to Aja ke yuga meM purAne AdhAra kA ciMtana damaghoTU jaisA lgegaa| paM0 kedAranAtha ojhA ne kahA-cAhe jitane Aropa bhAratIya darzana para lagAye jAMya para IzAvAsyopaniSad kA 'tena tyaktena bhuMjIthA' : kA yadi Adhunika sandarbha le to maiM mAnatA hU~ karma, santoSa, vairAgya Adi kA Aja bhI mUlya hai Aja bhI mAnava mana meM jo zucitA ke bhAva ujAgara hote haiM vaha hamAre isa purAne ciMtana ke pratiphala haiM ata eva inako paralokaparaka hI kyoM mAnA jAya, ise lokaparaka AcaraNa se kyoM nahIM banAyA jAtA hai| pro. devarAja ne kahA-mAnava puruSArthoM kA ciMtana karatA hai para una puruSArthoM kA ciMtana kiyA jAya jo jIvana yAtrA ke upayogI hoM tathA vyakti ko pariSkRta evaM samRsa karane vAle guNAtmaka utkApakarSa ke vidhAyaka hoN| satyAnveSaNa ke sAtha maitika mUlyoM kA vivecana bhI darzana kA kAma hai| vaMzaparamparA se hI nahIM pariveza se bhI adhikArI evaM adhikAra kA nirNaya kiyA jaay| U~ce mAne jAne vAle Aja se sandarbhita mUlya chipA kara nahIM, pragaTa rUpa meM pragaTa kiye jAMya / kyA ina para Aja vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| pro0 kRSNanAtha ne kahA-Aja ke badale pariveza meM asamAnatA ko kevala brahma kI bhAva samAnatA' se nahIM haTAyA jA sktaa| Aja 'paNDitaH samadarzinAH' hI maho, samavartinaH bhI bne| satya ke anusAra pramANa bananA cAhie tarka ke anusAra satya nahIM khar3A honA caahie| pro0 indrajIta siMha ne kahA--TAyanvI ke anusAra Aja bhAratIya darzana vizva darzana kA AdhAra bana rahA hai kyoMki yaha viveka pUrNa evaM samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kAraka hai / isake adhyAtma ke camatkAra meM jo samAdhAna hai usako vyavahAra paraka banAnA se sampUrNa samasyAoM kA samAdhAna sambhava hai| parisaMvAda-3

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336 bhAratIya cintana paramparA kI navIna sambhavanAeM pro. badarInAtha zukla ne kahA--samasyAoM kA AloDana Aja hI nahIM ho rahA hai purAne jamAne meM bhI huA hai sukha kI abhilASA manuSya kI zAzvata cAha hai para yaha sukha hamAre vahA~ Atyantika duHkhanivRttiparaka thaa| isIlie RSiyoM ne parA aparA vidyA ke dvArA inakA samAdhAna kiyaa| Aja ke vizleSaNa meM yaha bAta bhI dhyAna meM rakhA jAya ki vartamAna paristhiti meM kina AdhAroM para chAtroM ko calAne kA nirdeza diyA jAya / viveka para AdhArita yadi jIvana-mArga hI uddezya hai to usake nirdhAraNa meM atIta ke anubhavoM kA upayoga honA caahie| yadi paramparA ke krama meM naye anubhavoM kI vyAkhyA kI jAyegI tathA apanAne yA ghaTAne kI bAta kI jAyegI to nizcaya hI unakI vyAkhyA evaM pUrti kI vyavasthA supAcya hogI / anyathA eka prazna prastuta ho kara mAna cintana kA viSaya bana kara raha jaayegaa| pro0 karuNApatitripAThI (kUlapati saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0) ne kahA-tIna dina ke jJAnasatra meM jo nibandha tathA vAda-vimarza hue vaha avazya nayI dizA kI ora saMketa karate haiN| para buddhijIvI isa naye jIvana dRSTi kA manthana kara samAja ke hita ke lie vyAvahArika amala yadi pradAna kareM to adhika isakI upayogitA hogii| Aja ke pratyeka kSetra, pratyeka bhU-bhAga rAjanItika dRSTi se prabhAvita haiM / pratyeka deza meM paramparAgata kucha vicAra bhI haiM isalie hamAre vicAra vimarza se aisA koI AdhyAtmika, mAnasika evaM vyAvahArika dharAtalakA samanvaya nikalanA cAhie jo mAnavahita kA eka mAtra sAdhana bana ske| maiM isa goSThI meM bhAga lene vAle sabhI adhyApakoM ko dhanyavAda detA hUM tathA isa vicAra manthana ko mUrtarUpa dene kI ora bar3hane kI zubha kAmanA karatA huuN| anta meM goSThI ke saMyojaka zrI rAdhezyAmadharadvivedI ne tInoM vizvavidyAlayoM, gAMdhIvidyAsaMsthAna, tibbatIsaMsthAna tathA zahara ke mAnya paNDitoM ko isa nava citana meM yogadAna ke lie dhanyavAda diyaa| rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI parisaMvAda-3

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saMgoSThiyoM meM bhAga lene vAle vidvAnoM ko nAmAvalI 1. zrI amRtalAla jaina 9. DA. gaurIzaMkara dUve jaina vizvabhAratI gAMdhI vidyAsaMsthAna lADanU-rAjasthAna rAjaghATa, vArANasI 2. zrIanantaprasAda mizra 10. zrI gaNezasiMha mAnava sAMkhyayoga vibhAga jagatagaMja, vArANasI saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya 11. DA. gokulacandra jaina vArANasI rIDara-prAkRta vibhAga 3. pro. kamalAkara mizra sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya darzana vibhAga vArANasI kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya 12. pro. jagannAtha upAdhyAya-neharUphelo vArANasI sI. 27 / 61 jagatagaMja, vArANasI 4. pro. karuNApati tripAThI 13. ThAkura jayadeva siMha kulapati saM. saM. vi. vi. siddhagirIbAgakAlanI vArANasI vArANasI 14. zrI TazI palajora 5. pro. kRSNanAtha ___ atirakta priMsipala arthazAstra vibhAga vauddhavidyAsaMsthAna, leha, laddArava kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI 15. DA. dInavandhupANDeya 6. AcArya kedAranAtha ojhA priMsipala, sudiSTa bAbA DigrI kAleja mumukSu bhavana, assI sudiSTapurI rAnIgaMja, baliyA vArANasI 16.pro. devasvarUpa mizra 7. pro. ke. ena. mizra vedAnta vibhAgAdhyakSa darzana vibhAga saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya kAzI hindUvizvavidyAlaya vArANasI vArANasI 17. DA. narendranAtha pANDeya 8. DaoN. ke. sI. mizra vedAnta vibhAga ravIndra kAlonI, vArANasI saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI parisaMvAda-3

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237 saMgoSThiyoM meM bhAga lene vAle vidvAnoM kI nAmAvalI 18. nArAyaNabhAI desAI adhyakSa, akhila bhAratIya zAnti senA sarva sevAsaMgha rAjaghATa, vArANasI 19 ena. eca. santAnI pAli evaM vauddhadarzana vibhAga kA. hi. vi. vi. vArANasI 27. DA. nandakizora devarAja vijiTiMga prophesara lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya, lakhanaU 21. DA. nIlakaNTha dezapANDe samAja zAstra vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI 22. DA. pArasanAtha dvivedI saM0 vi0 vidyAlaya vArANasI 23. AcArya paTTAbhirAma zAstrI hanumAnaghATa vArANasI 24. zrI pramodakumAra gupta vI. 28/47 sI-2 motIjhIla mahamUragaMja, vArANasI 25. AcArya paM. badarInAtha zukla bhUtapUrva kulapati sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 26. DA. phUlacacandra jaina jainadarzana vibhAgAdhyakSa saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI 27. DA0 brahmadevanArAyaNa zarmA pAli eva theravAda vibhAgAdhyakSa sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 28. DA. bhagIratha prasAda tripAThI 'vAgIza' nidezaka-anusaMdhAna saMsthAna saM. saM. vi. vi. vArANasI 26. pro. mahAprabhulAla gosvAmI adhyakSa, dharmadarzanavibhAga saM. saM. vi. vi. vArANasI 30. pro. mukuTavihArIlAla bhU. pU. adhyakSa rAjanIti vibhAga kA. hi. vi. vi. vArANasI 31. AcArya paM0 raghunAtha zarmA chAtA, baliyA 32. pro. raghunAtha giri darzana vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI 33. sva0 zrI raghunAtha mizra Agama vibhAga saM. saM. vi. vi. vArANasI 34. sva0 pro0 ramAkAnta tripAThI imeriTasa prophesara-darzana vibhAga kA. hi. vi. vi. vArANasI | 35. pro. ramAzaMkara mizra darzana vibhAgAdhyakSa kA. hi. vi. vi. vArANasI | 36. zrI ramezacandra tivArI samAjazAstra vibhAga kAzI vidyApITha 37. DA. rAjanAtha tripAThI yogatantra vibhAga saM. saM. vi. vi. vArANasI 38. AcArya rAmaprasAda tripAThI paNDita cUr3AmaNi ___ saM. vi. vidyAlaya vArANasI parisaMvAda-3

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238 bhAratIya cintana kI paramparA meM navIna sambhAvanAeM 36, pro. rAjArAma zAstrI 49. pro0 vrajavallabha dvivedI bhUtapUrva kulapati adhyApaka AvAsa kAzI vidyApITha, vArANasI saM0 saM0 vi0 vi0 40. zrI rAdhezyAmadhara dvivedI vArANasI tulanAtmakadharmadarzanavibhAga 50. DA0 vaziSTha nArAyaNa tripAThI saM. saM. vi. vi. vArANasI darzana vibhAga 41. pro.rAmazaGkara tripAThI kAzI vidyApITha bhadhyakSa, zramaNavidyAsaMkAya vArANasI saM. saM. vi. vi. vArANasI 51. DA0 raMgamalAla pANDeya 42. DA. rAmazaMkara maTTAcArya adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga 388 hauja kaTarA prayAga vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI ilAhAbAda 52. samadoG rinpoche 43. rAmavihArI dvivedI, anusaMdhAtA prisipala saM. saM. vi. vi. vArANasI tibbatI ucca zikSA saMsthAna, 44. DA. revatIramaNa pANDeya sAranAtha, vArANasI darzana vibhAga 53. zrI sudhAkara dIkSita kAH hi. vi. vi. vArANasI nyAya vibhAga 45. zrI vIrendrakumAra siMha anasaMdhAtA saM. saM. vi. vi. vArANasI kAzI vidyApITha 54. zrI zrIrAma pANDeya bArANasI adhyakSa nyAya vaizeSika vibhAga 46. AcArya paM. vizvanAthazAstrI dAtAra | saM. saM. vi. vi. prAcInarAjazAstraarthazAstra vibhAga vArANasI saM saM. vi. vi. vArANasI 55, zrI sempA dorje 47. DA. vI. ke. rAya rIDara-tibbatI ucca zikSA saMsthAna ke061|74 IzvaragaMgI sAranAtha, vArANasI vArANasI 56. DA. sI. ena. mizra rIDara 48. DA. vaidyanAtha sarasvatI bhAgalapura vizvavidyAlaya, bhAgalapura nirdezaka 57. paM. subrahmaNya zAstrI nirmalakumAra bosa saMsthAna zaGkarAcAryamaTha hanumAnaghATa vArANasI vArANasI parisamvAda-3

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236 saMgoSThiyoM meM bhAga lene vAle vidvAnoM kI nAmAvalI 58. pro. satyaprakAza mittala |61. DA. zyAmanArAyaNa dIkSita gAMdhI vidyA saMsthAna vedAnta vibhAga rAjaghATa, vArANasI, saM. saM. vi. vi. vArANasI 56 DA. harSanArAyaNa rIDara | 62. hebbAra zAstrI nArtha isTarna hila yUnivarsITI, zilAMga | sAMgaveda vidyAlaya, rAjaghATa, 60. harizaMkara zukla vArANasI pAli evaM bauddhadarzanavibhAga 63. DA. hariharanAtha tripAThI kA. hi. vi. vi. rAjanIti zAstra vArANasI kA0 hi0 vi0vi0 vArANasI parisaMvAda-3

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2200. sampUrNAnandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlayasyAbhinavaprakAzanAni kamasaMkhyA granthanAma mUlyam zuklayajurvada kANvasaMhitA-[ uttaraviMzatiH] maMhiteyaM mAyaNabhASyasahitA prakAzitA / mampAdaka:-zrI cintAmaNi mizrazarmA2. vAkyapadIyam [ tRtIyakANDasya dvitIyo bhAgaH grantharatnamidaM helArAjapraNotayA prakAzavyAkhyayA tathA ca 50 raghunAthazarmaviraci. tayA 'ambAkI' TIkayA ca vibhUSya prakAzitam- 107-00 1. mahAbhASyanigUDhAkUtayaH- anusandhAnaprabandho'yaM nUnam AnusandhAnikaphalazratibhiH mamedhito vartate / lekhakaH sampAdakazva-DaoN0 devasvarUpamizraH-26-8.. 4. vyAkaraNadarzanapratimA- AcAryarAmAzApANDeyaviracite'smin granthe vyAkaraNazAstrasya dArzanikapadArthAnAM maulika vivecanaM kRtamasti-- 36-60 5. baudhAyanazulbasUtram- grantho'yaM zrIvyaMkaTezvaradokSitaviracitayA bodhAyanazulka mImAMsAkhyayA tathA ca zrIdvArakAnAthayajvapraNItabaudhAyanazulbasUtravyAkhyAnAkhyayA TIkayA'tha ca prabhUtaiH savAdAtmakaiH rekhAcitraizca sanAthIkRtaH1.tantraratmam [paJcamabhAgaH ] pArthasArathimizraviracitaH TupTIkAsanAthito mImAMsAgrantho'yaM sAmprataM sampAdakapaNDitapadrAbhirAmazAstriviracitatAttvikayA bhUmikayA sanAthito virAjate- 46-60 [tRtIyo bhAgaH] tantrazAstrasya vividhanandhasaGgrahAtmako'yaM grantho bahuvidhairanusandhAnAtmakaiH bhUmikA-TippaNa-pari ziSTaizca samullasati8. yoginIhadayam [tRtIyasaMskaraNam tantrazAstrIyo'yaM granthaH ambikAnandayogikRtadIpikAkhyayA. bhAskararAyakRtasetubandhavyAkhyAnAkhyayA ca TIkayA samalaGakutya prakAzitaH 33-40 9. rudrayAmalamU tantrazAstrasya prANabhUtamidaM grantharatnaM vividhaiH kila gaveSaNA pUrNa bhUmikA-TippaNa-pariziSTAdibhiH vibhUSya prakAzitam - 6400 10. banjarAjavicAraviMzAdhyAyI-AcAryanayanasukhopAdhyAyaviracite'smin granthe jyotiSa zAstrIyopayoginAM vedhAdiyantrANAM khala saiddhAntikaM prAyogika vivecanaM kRtaM vartate11. purANetihAsayoH sArakhyayogadarzanavimarza:-anusandhAnaprabandhe'smin lekhakena sampAdakena ca DaoN0 zrIkRSNamaNitripATinA mahatA prayAsena paurANikA mahAbhAratIyAzca sAGkhya-yogapadArthA vivecitA:-32-80 12. bhAratIyavicAradarzanam- [dvitIyo bhAgaH ] granthe'smin lekhakena DaoN. hariharanAtha tripAThinA bhAratIyavicArAcArANAm aitihAsika tulAbodhakatra vivecanaM kRtam17. pAlitipiTakasahAnukamaNikA-pAlitripiTakAntargatAnAM zabdAnAM sAndarbhikaH samAdhezo'. smin granthe kRto vartate 7. tantrasaGagraha: pAsisthAnam-vikrayavibhAgaH, sampUrNAnandasaMskRtavizvavidyAlayasya-221002.